Abstract:
An apparatus and method to construct programs for use in multiple-language environments. A subroutine is described to provide for reference to a translation table but maintain the self-documenting feature of direct coding. Also disclosed is an extractor program, which is capable of automatically creating a translation table based upon default values to be used for messages. Finally, the disclosed invention also provides a superior method of handling errors in translation table files by providing for a default message.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates in general to programming an application for use in multiple language environments. More particularly, the invention relates to a reliable method and system for accessing translation tables for efficient programming process and the automated creation of a translation table for output messages. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     The ability of a software package to interact with users in multiple languages is a strong benefit. Such an ability not only allows a software package to be exported for use in other countries, but also permits a single piece of software to be used in a multi-national organization, where all users may operate in their native language keeping efficiency high. 
     Two programming technologies are popular to accomplish this result. Multiple versions of the source code may be maintained, each containing messages in the language for which the code is written. Alternately, message identification keys may be used in the code which relate to an external message table. In the latter case, a LANGUAGE setting in the application may select the translation table file to be used, or the translation table file may be switched out at any time to permit for a change of language. 
     The multiple-version method has the advantage of ease of development because of the self-documenting code created by the messages. However, this same method has the distinct disadvantage of multiple source code versions, each of which need to be maintained individually. The external message table method has the advantage of a single source code, but that source code is more difficult to read and can take longer to develop and document. 
     Accordingly, what is needed is a means to more simply and cost-efficiently write applications for multiple languages applications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is a system for multiple language support which features an automated translation table creation. The invention is well-suited for use in the creation of any application program for a multi-language environment. 
     The invention utilizes a subroutine to display messages to the user. The subroutine accesses the message translation table in order to determine what text to display to the user. In the event there is a failure or corruption of the message translation table, the instant invention provides a facility for a default message text to be displayed, so that the reliability of the system is enhanced. 
     The instant invention also provides for the automatic creation and maintenance of translation tables derived from source code developed using the instant invention. The invention features a message extractor utility program which extracts the message keys and associated default text into a translation table file for the language of the default text. A translator can then more easily translate this file to create other language files. 
     In addition to creating the first translation table file, the extractor utility can also compare the key/message pairs generated to prior versions of the translation table file and produce a list of those messages that must be re-translated in other message translation table files due to changed default text or new messages added. 
     The foregoing broadly outlines the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereafter, which form the basis of the claims of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a system block diagram of a data processing system, including hardware and firmware, which may be used to implement the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is an example of code written in the C programming language demonstrating user input and output, 
     FIG. 3 is an example of two translation tables; 
     FIG. 4 is an example of C programming code which provides for input and output to a user in a single subroutine; 
     FIG. 5 is a system block diagram representing a program with messages imbedded in the code, 
     FIG. 6 is a system block diagram representing an external message table used by a program for output messages; 
     FIG. 7 is a system block diagram depicting the use of the extractor utility program of the instant invention; 
     FIG. 8 is a flow chart according to ANSI/ISO standard 5807-1985 depicting the operation of a program using the instant invention; and 
     FIG. 9 is a flow chart according to ANSI/ISO Standard 5807-19 demonstrating the operation of the printing subroutine under the instant invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as languages, computer programming languages, computer operating systems, microprocessors, bus systems, integrated circuits (I/S), display systems, input/output (I/O) systems, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, computer equipment, programming configurations, or file systems have been shown in block diagram form in order to not obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. For the most part, details concerning timing considerations, specific equipment used, specific programming languages used, specific storage systems used, and the like have been omitted in as much as these details are not necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present invention and are well within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
     A representative hardware environment for practicing the present invention is depicted with reference to FIG. 1, which illustrates the typical hardware configuration of a data processing system  113  in accordance with the subject invention. The data processing system  113  includes a central processing unit (CPU)  110 , such as a conventional microprocessor, and a number of other units interconnected via system bus  112 . The data processing system  113  includes a random access memory (RAM)  114 , a read-only memory (ROM)  116 , and an I/O adapter  118  for connecting peripheral devices, such as disk units  120  and tape drives  140  to the bus  112 , a user interface adapter  122  for connecting a keyboard  124 , a mouse  126  and/or other user interface devices such as a touch screen device (not shown) to the bus  112 , a communication adapter  134  for connecting the data processing system  113  to a data processing network  142 , and a display adapter  136  for connecting the bus  112  to a display device  138 . The CPU  110  may include other circuitry not shown herein, which may include circuitry found within a microprocessor, e.g. execution unit, bus interface unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), etc. The CPU  110  may also reside on a single integrated circuit (IC). 
     The instant invention greatly simplifies the traditional method of programming applications for multiple-language environments. By using a special subroutine and an extractor program, the instant invention provides for self-documented programs which are easily translatable and which can be very easily modified and retranslated. As such, the instant invention represents a significant advance in the art. 
     The instant invention is best described with reference to traditional multi-language programming methods. Traditionally, user output may be accomplished directly within code, as demonstrated by FIG. 2, which depicts a typical C program that outputs messages directly to the user by means of the printf command. The output to be displayed to the user is passed to the printf command as a string parameter. Placing full messages within the code, as demonstrated by FIG. 2, eliminates the need for some documentation. For example, it is obvious that the scanf command will be reading a character which is representative of a character selected by the user because of the preceding two printf commands. Likewise, it would be obvious to one skilled in the art of the purpose of the last two printf commands, being to output the key previously pressed. 
     One method of adapting the programming shown in FIG. 2, to a multi-language environment is through the use of an external translation table. A representation of such a table is depicted in FIG.  3 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that such a translation table may be stored in multiple files, one file for the English translation, a second file for the Spanish translation, and so on. The program shown in FIG. 2 may then be modified as demonstrated by FIG. 4, which demonstrates a main routine modified to use a translation table. Rather then directly outputting information to the screen and hard-coding messages within the main ( ) routine, the main ( ) routine of FIG. 4 makes subroutine calls which pass a variable associated with the message identification of the table, FIG.  3 . FIG. 4 also demonstrates a subroutine called tabprt which operates to effect the table with a switch branch. However, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the switch branch could be replaced by a routine that reads messages directly from an external file and writes that information directly to the screen, or any number of other duplications. 
     The main disadvantage of the printing method demonstrated by FIG. 4 is that extensive documentation is required. The purpose of the scanf or printf calls within the main ( ) routine is not evident without tracing to determine the various messages to be displayed from each message identification code used. However, unlike the program demonstrated with reference to FIG. 2, the FIG. 4 program is readily modified from one language to another because a translator may simply translate the message translation table rather than finding each message displayed within the entire program. While, such a task would not be difficult for the actual program demonstrated in FIG. 2, for a program having tens or hundreds of thousands of lines of code, the translation task becomes substantial, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
     The program described with reference to FIG. 2 has the additional advantage of presenting a very simple system, as demonstrated with reference to FIG.  5 . The program  510  may be packaged as a single unit, greatly reducing the need for additional files in order to track the program&#39;s operation for debugging and distribution. By contrast, the reference table method adds to the block diagram, as depicted with reference to FIG.  6 . In such a case, the program  610  is accompanied by an external translation table  612 . Often, the translation table  612  is embodied in a separate file and may be written in a different language, may contain only data, or otherwise inhibit a programmers ability to determine what is displayed on the screen in response to the calls from the program  610 . Moreover, there may be multiple external translation tables, further adding to the complexity. 
     A disadvantage of either of the methods of programming is that modifications and additions to either program  510 ,  610  require retranslation and verification of the entire program or translation table. While retranslation and verification may be accomplished by attempting to identify the changes to the program and retranslate only those portions changed, this process is subject to a large degree of human error. 
     A program utilizing the method and apparatus of the instant invention appears as described with reference to the flow chart in FIG.  8 . The program starts  810  without particular precondition. However, one of the first steps that the program executes is to determine the language to be used in the remainder of the program  812 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that the determination of language can be had from several sources, including direct user input, polling of information from a program configuration file, polling of the operating system or configuration files from the operating system, or the like. 
     When the programer wishes to display a message, a call to a print message routine is inserted in step  814 . The print message routine calls a subroutine  816  and passes to it a message ID code, default text to be used for the message, and the language in which the message is to be displayed. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the language need not be passed to the subroutine if the subroutine has the ability to poll the operating system or a configuration file directly for the language information. Similarly, if the determination of a language selection in step  812  then stores information regarding that selection as a global variable, then that information will be available to the subroutine  816  without need to pass the information. 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that such a print message routine may be called at various points in time between the determination of the language  812  and the end of the program  818 . By passing different message IDs and default messages to the subroutine  816 , the program maintains the ability to communicate with the user. 
     The subroutine  816  is shown with reference to FIG.  9 . The execution begins  910  by receiving parameter input from the calling program of the message ID, the default string to be displayed, and the language in which to display the message  912 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that additional parameters may be passed to the subroutine to provide for additional information to be printed, such as the name of the calling routine, or other information in which the programmer does not wish translated. 
     The subroutine then branches according to the language selected  914 . The subroutine opens a translation file  916 ,  918  depending upon the language selected. If the language selected does not exist, the selected message cannot be located in the file, or there is a corruption in the translation file, the subroutine displays the default message  920  and returns to the calling program  922 . 
     Otherwise, the subroutine accesses the translation file for the entry corresponding to the message ID parameter  924 . When the entry is retrieved, it is then output to the user  926 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that output to the user may be accomplished by means of writing to a monitor display screen, writing to a media file, output to a printer, passing the text to an output formatting program or subroutine, or any of several other methods. Finally, the translation file is closed  928  and the subroutine execution returns to the calling program  930 . 
     A programmer need not create a translation table file using the instant invention. The instant invention provides for an extractor program as demonstrated with reference to FIG.  7 . The extractor programer  712  reads from the programmed code  710  and searches for calls to the subroutine depicted in FIG. 8,  814 . Upon locating such a call, the extractor enters the message ID and the default message text into a translation table  714 . The message extractor utility then eliminates duplicate records and flags errors in the case that a message ID has two different default messages associated with it. The extractor program  712  also has the ability to compare the data in the translation table  714  with previous editions of the translation table  716 . The extractor  712  can then generate a retranslation report  718  for each message within the translation table  714  which has changed relative to the previous version of the translation table  716 . Accordingly, a translator need retranslate only the message IDs listed on the retranslation report  718  to other language translation tables (not shown). This feature reduces the work required of a human translator. 
     As to the manner of operation and use of the present invention, the same is made apparent from the foregoing discussion. With respect to the above description, it is to be realized that although embodiments of specific material, representations, compilers, languages, and file formats are disclosed, those enabling embodiments are illustrative and the optimum relationship for the parts of the invention is to include variations in composition, form, function, and manner of operation, which are deemed readily apparent to one skilled in the art in view of this disclosure. All relevant relationships to those illustrated in the drawings in this specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. 
     Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative of the principles of the invention and since numerous modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown or described, and all suitable modifications and equivalants may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.