Abstract:
A technique for associating privileges to people within an organization involves: maintaining for each of a plurality of objects an identification of an owner; maintaining for each of the objects an identification of at least one privilege associated therewith; and defining a role associated with a selected owner, the role identifying a privilege set containing at least one of the privileges, and the role having a criteria that defines which of a plurality of subjects are eligible to enjoy the privilege set, each privilege in the privilege set being associated with one of the objects associated with the selected owner.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates in general to the administration of privileges within an organization and, more particularly, to the association of privileges to people within an organization. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In an organization such as a business enterprise, there are various different privileges which can be associated with various different employees. For example, virtually all of the employees will be assigned the privilege of physical access to the building in which they work. On the other hand, there are privileges which will be available to some employees but not others. For example, employees who deal with financial aspects of the organization will typically be granted the privilege of access to the financial software used by the organization, whereas other employees will not have access to this software. Consequently, organizations face the issue of how to associate a variety of different privileges to a variety of different employees in an efficient and accurate manner. 
     A common traditional approach is to attempt to define a hierarchical model of the enterprise, primarily in terms in location, job function and/or organizational information. As a simple hypothetical example, a traditional enterprise may have an East facility, a Central facility and a West facility. Each of these three physical facilities may have a respective section of the overall sales department, a respective section of the overall production department, and respective section of the overall finance department. Each such section of each department may have a subset of employees who are identified as the clerical group of that department. Thus, there would be nine separate and distinct clerical groups, including the East sales clerical group, the East production clerical group, the East finance clerical group, the Central sales clerical group, the Central production clerical group, the Central finance clerical group, the West sales clerical group, the West production clerical group, and the West finance clerical group. 
     If management decided that all of the clerical employees in the organization were entitled to enjoy some new privilege, then a complex and manually intensive procedure is followed in order to associate the new privilege with each of the nine different groups of clerical employees. Of course, this hypothetical example is much simpler than would be the case in a typical large corporation, especially where the employees who are to receive the new privilege fall into a number of different categories, rather than just a single category such as “clerical”. The situation is even more problematic where the established hierarchy does not include a block or node corresponding to the particular group of employees to whom the new privilege is to be associated. In that case, it may be necessary to associate the privilege to some or all of those employees on an employee-by-employee basis, which is extremely cumbersome and prone to errors. 
     The traditional approach to administration of privileges is thus based on a model that does not accurately represent the enterprise in question, and that results in inefficient administrative and/or data management. The traditional approach is practical only for small businesses, or for businesses that assign privileges only on a high-level basis, or otherwise abstract the data structure describing the business. A further consideration is that the traditional approach typically grants several privileges to a specified group of employees, without regard to the fact there are different persons who are responsible for making the decisions regarding which employees will be allowed to enjoy the respective different privileges. A by-product of the traditional approach is that, due to abstraction of business structures in an attempt to administer a complex hierarchy, tradeoffs are commonly made that often lead to weaker security. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     From the foregoing, it may be appreciated that a need has arisen for a method and apparatus for facilitating efficient assignment of privileges to subjects within an organization. According to one form of the present invention, a method and apparatus are provided to address this need, and involve: maintaining for each of a plurality of objects an identification of an owner; maintaining for each of the objects an identification of at least one privilege associated therewith; and defining a role associated with a selected owner, the role identifying a privilege set containing at least one of the privileges, and the role having a criteria that defines which of a plurality of subjects are eligible to enjoy the privilege set, each privilege in the privilege set being associated with one of the objects associated with the selected owner. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A better understanding of the present invention will be realized from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the organizational structure of a hypothetical organization, and is utilized to achieve aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a location hierarchy for the hypothetical organization of  FIG. 1 , and is utilized to achieve aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram similar to  FIG. 1 , but with the addition of information about employees of the hypothetical organization; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram similar to  FIG. 2 , but with the addition of information about employees of the hypothetical organization; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of selected portions of the hardware and software of a computer system which is used by the hypothetical organization and which implements aspects of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 6  is an entity relationship diagram which provides a generalized view of various types of objects and the relationships between them, including types of objects and relationships which embody aspects of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     To facilitate a clear understanding of the present invention, the following explanation is presented in the context of a hypothetical company named Widget, Inc. Widget currently does business only in the United States, and is in the business of engineering, producing, marketing and distributing widgets. Widget is headquartered in Dallas, Tex., with other facilities in Houston, Tex. and Miami, Fla. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the organizational structure  10  of Widget, Inc. The organization includes a parent  12 , and two divisions in the form of a sales division  13  and a production division  14 . The sales division  13  includes three subdivisions, which are the East sales subdivision  16 , the Central sales subdivision  17 , and the West sales subdivision  18 . The production division  14  also includes three subdivisions, which are engineering  21 , manufacturing  22 , and distribution  23 . The sales division  13  is also matrixed to the engineering subdivision  21  of the production division  14 , as indicated by the broken line in  FIG. 1 . The divisions  13 - 14  and subdivisions  16 - 18  and  21 - 23  are not separate corporate entities, but instead represent organizational departments which are all portions of the parent company  12 . However, it would alternatively be possible for one or more of the divisions  13 - 14  and/or subdivisions  16 - 18  and  21 - 23  to be separate corporations, without affecting the manner in which the present invention would be utilized by Widget, nc. 
     For purposes of the following discussion, the word “owner” is not used to refer to the person or persons (such as stockholders) who have legal title to something. Instead, and as will become clear from the ensuing discussion, the word “owner” is used to refer to a person who has the power or control to make certain decisions regarding a given tangible or intangible “object”. An “object” is an entity such as a division, subdivision resource, data file, record, program, or person, which may contain information or processes. One example of a specific type of object is a “subject”, such as a person, application, or network. A subject is an object that becomes active and acts on one or more objects, for example by causing information to flow among objects, by altering an object, or by changing the state of an object. Another example of a specific type of object is a “technical object”, which is an entity of a technical nature that may be secured logically and sometimes physically, such as instances of networks, systems, applications (processes and data), and devices. Technical objects can sometimes be subjects. 
     Each of the blocks in  FIG. 1  is considered to be an object, and has an “owner”. In the case of Widget, each of the organizational blocks in  FIG. 1  has a manager who is a respective employee of the company. Widget has decided that the manager of each organizational block will be the “owner” of that block or object. The name of the manager or owner of each block in  FIG. 1  is set forth at the bottom of the block. TABLE 1 sets forth in tabular form the same organizational information which is expressed diagrammatically in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing a hierarchy of location information regarding the physical facilities used by Widget. In this regard, Widget uses five buildings disposed in four different locations. In particular, Widget has a Headquarters campus in Dallas, Texas, which includes two building  32  and  33 , each of which has five rooms. Several miles north of this campus, Widget has a North Dallas campus, with a single building  36  that has two rooms. In Houston, Tex., Widget has a Buffalo Bayou campus with a single building  37  that has three rooms. In Miami, Fla., Widget has a Distribution Center campus with a single building  38  that has three rooms. TABLE 2 sets forth in tabular form the same location information which is shown diagrammatically in  FIG. 2 . 
     Each block in  FIG. 2  is an “object” of the type discussed above, and has a designated employee who serves as its “owner”. That is, each room has an owner, each building has an owner, each campus has an owner, each city has an owner, each state has an owner, and each country has an owner.  FIG. 2  sets forth the names of the various Widget employees who serve as these owners. 
     The Widget company has four types of job positions or job codes, which are (1) manager, (2) engineer, (3) clerk and (4) labor (physical labor). TABLE 3 sets forth these positions or job codes in tabular form. Each such job code is an “object”, and each is associated with a designated employee who serves its “owner”. 
     The Widget company has 19 employees, all of whom are listed in TABLE 4. Each of these employees is a “subject” of the type discussed above. Each employee or subject is thus an object, and has an “owner”, where the “owner” for each employee is a person who is a supervisory manager as to that employee. The second column of TABLE 4 identifies the owner of each employee. The third column identifies the organizational block in  FIG. 1  to which each employee is assigned. The fourth column in TABLE 4 identifies the job code assigned to each employee. The fifth column in TABLE 4 identifies the particular room in the location hierarchy ( FIG. 2 ) to which each employee is assigned. 
     A few comments regarding TABLE 4 will be helpful. First, it will be noted that Bob Roberts is identified as his own owner or manager. This is because he is the president of Widget, and thus the most senior employee, who is not supervised by any other employee. In addition, it will be noted that Trudy Black is assigned to two different portions of the organization and two different rooms. Her primary responsibility is with the distribution organization, but she has frequent temporary assignments to manufacturing, when demand is high. Further, it will also be noted that Sidney Fowler is an engineer who is not assigned to any particular room in the location hierarchy. This is because he is a sales and support engineer who travels for Widget on a full-time basis, and thus has no assigned location. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram similar to  FIG. 1 , but has the names of all employees and their job position added in the respective organizational block to which they are assigned.  FIG. 4  is a block diagram similar to  FIG. 2 , but has the names of employees added in the blocks representing rooms, along with an indication of the job code for each employee, and an indication of the organizational section to which each employee is assigned. It will be noted that  FIG. 4  includes the names of all employees except Sidney Fowler. As explained above, Sidney Fowler is not assigned to any room, and his name thus does not appear in  FIG. 4 . 
     It will be noted that, in the case of the Widget company, there is a degree of correlation between the organizational hierarchy of  FIG. 1  and the location hierarchy of  FIG. 2 . For example, the North Dallas campus is dedicated to the manufacturing subdivision, the Buffalo Boyou campus in Houston is dedicated to the engineering subdivision, and the Distribution Center campus in Miami is dedicated to the distribution subdivision. However, it would alternatively be possible for the organizational hierarchy have very little correlation to the location hierarchy. For example, manufacturing, engineering and distribution could each have several groups of employees respectively working in various different locations. This is why the organization hierarchy of  FIG. 1  and the location hierarchy of  FIG. 2  are treated as separate and independent hierarchies for purposes of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of various hardware and software aspects of a computer system  101  utilized by Widget. The computer system  101  includes a corporate directory  103  that contains the subject data of TABLE 4, the location data of TABLE 2 and  FIG. 2 , and the organizational data of TABLE 1 and  FIG. 1 . The job code data of TABLE 3 is stored at  104 . Workforce profiles are stored at  106 , and will be explained in more detail later. Owner-scoped roles (OSRs) are stored at  107 , and will also be explained in more detail later. Privilege information is stored at  108 , and will be explained later. 
     The system  101  includes various types of standard software systems used by Widget, including an Internet Web site  121 , a billing program  122 , a sales and support program  123 , a public Internet firewall  126 , and a human resources (HR) system  127 . In addition, there is a financial system  131 , a computer aided drafting (CAD) system  132 , and a physical access system  133  which is used to administer the extent to which employees have physical access to the five buildings  32 - 38  ( FIG. 2 ) used by Widget. 
     The computer system  101  further includes a role administration system  143  which is used, among other things, to administer the role profiles stored at  107 . The role administration system  143  has several user interfaces, including an interface  146  used to administer the location and organization data stored at  103 , and an interface  147  used to administer HR information such as the HR system  127  and the subject data stored at  103 . A further interface  148  is used to administer the workforce profiles stored at  106 , and an interface  149  is used to administer the role profiles stored at  107 . The computer system  101  further includes an enterprise security administration system  152  with a user interface  154 , one capability of which is administration of the privilege information stored at  108 . 
     TABLE 5 presents a selected portion of the privilege information stored at  108 . A privilege involves a degree of permission or authorization to interact with a specified object. In this regard, the various software systems shown in the lower portion of  FIG. 5  are forms of objects that each have an owner, and TABLE 5 lists several of these objects and the associated employee who serves as the owner. Each of these software systems is configured to allow various different levels of access. For example, with respect to CAD files in the CAD system  132  that relate to a given project, some persons may be provided with “read” access so they can view the files but not alter them, whereas other persons will be provided with “write” access so they can both view and alter the files. These different levels of access represent different levels of privilege. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , a different type of object listed in TABLE 5 is each campus of Widget, including the Headquarters campus, the North Dallas campus, the Houston Buffalo Bayou campus, and the Miami Distribution Center campus. The capability of an employee of Widget to enter a building at any given campus represents a privilege to have physical access to that building. Thus, as indicated in TABLE 5, a physical access privilege is associated with each campus. The privileges listed in TABLE 5 do not constitute all of the privileges that exist for Widget company, but only a representative sample. 
     One of the features of the present invention is the manner in which privileges, such as those listed in TABLE 5, are granted or revoked as to subjects such as the employees of Widget. This is effected through use of the role profiles stored at  107  ( FIG. 5 ). TABLEs 6-13 are examples of profiles for several different roles which are used by Widget. Beginning with TABLE 6, a role includes a unique identification (ID) number, which is “001”. The role further includes a descriptive name, which is “Corporate Systems Manager Accounts”. Each role is a type of object, and therefore has an owner. In the case of the role shown in TABLE 6, the owner is employee Sally Johnson. 
     Each role is associated with one or more privileges. With reference to TABLEs 5 and 6, it will be noted that the role of TABLE 6 can provide access at the “Manager Account” level to each of the HR system  127  ( FIG. 5 ), the billing system  122 , and the financial system  131 . If a given role lists more than one privilege, then all of the privileges in that particular role must have the same owner, who must also be the owner of the role. Stated differently, the only person who is permitted to create a role profile is the person who is the owner of each object targeted by a privilege identified in that role profile, and the person who creates the role profile becomes its owner. This is why the roles disclosed herein are referred to as “owner-scoped” roles. As one specific example, it will be noted that Sally Johnson is the owner of the role profile shown in TABLE 6, and that each of the three privileges identified in this role profile are associated with objects (software systems) for which Sally Johnson is also the owner, as evident from TABLE 5. This ensures that the owner of a given role profile, which identifies one or more privileges, is also the owner of each object to which the privilege(s) apply, so that there is no possibility for conflict between a person who creates and maintains a role profile so as to grant or revoke privileges, and a person who is responsible for any object to which those privileges relate. 
     Still referring to TABLE 6, the role includes one or more role appropriators, which define the subjects (such as employees) that are to receive the benefit of the specified privileges. Appropriators do not identify subjects by name, but instead identify groups of subjects by job code, location, organization, and/or other organizational data, using simple Boolean expressions. In this regard, TABLE 14 sets forth some sample appropriators, with an explanation of the meaning of each. In the exemplary role of TABLE 6, the specified privileges will be assigned to employees who have the job code of manager, and who are below (rather than in) the sales and production divisions  13  and  14  of  FIG. 1 . Thus, with reference to  FIG. 1 , the subjects who will receive the benefit of the privileges specified in the role of TABLE 6 are Carl Owens, Don Travis, Mel Fry, James Jones, Fred Smith and Anne West. 
     In TABLE 6, the final item is an indication of whether the role is an “offered” type of role or a “granted” type of role. The role of TABLE 6 is indicated to be a “granted” type of role. In the case of a “granted” role, the subjects who meet the definition of the role appropriator are automatically and unconditionally assigned the specified privileges. In contrast, in the case of an “offered” role, the subjects falling within the role appropriator do not automatically and unconditionally receive the specified privileges, but instead receive the privileges only if specific managerial approval has been provided, in a manner discussed later. 
     TABLE 7 shows a different exemplary role, which will grant “Executive Account” level privileges within the HR system, billing system and financial system to any subjects who have a job code of “manager” and who are assigned to organizations at or above the sales or production organizations. Thus, with reference to  FIG. 1 , this role will result in the automatic assignment of the specified privileges to Bob Roberts, Derrick Evans and Robert Dennis. 
     TABLE 8 represents another exemplary role, which will offer the “User Account” privilege for the public Internet firewall to any subjects who are not assigned a job code of “labor”, and who are anywhere within the Widget organization. At Widget, physical laborers are not provided with computers, and therefore need no access to the public Internet through the firewall. It will be noted that this is an “offered” type of role. Thus, subjects do not automatically receive the specified privilege, but instead receive the privilege only if they have managerial approval, which can be provided in a manner discussed later. This is because use of the public Internet may involve actual monetary expense, such as charges from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Managers are thus given the ability to control whether or not a portion of their budgets will be used for this type of expense. In the case of the role of TABLE 9, the specified privilege is “offered” (pending managerial approval) to all employees other than those with a job code of “labor” (Ali Murray, Mike Little and Trudy Black). 
       FIG. 9  represents a further role which will grant to all subjects within the Widget organization the “Employee Account” privilege within the Web site, and the privileges of physical access each of the campuses. In this regard, even physical laborers are given access to employee areas of the Widget Web site, so that they can access information through the Internet from home, or from kiosks placed on plant or warehouse floors. 
     TABLE 10 is an example of a further role which grants the power to read but not to change various CAD files. These privileges are granted to any subject who has a job code of “engineer”, but who is not in the engineering subdivision. With reference to  FIG. 1 , this role will result in the automatic assignment of the specified privileges to a single employee (Justin Kemp). 
     TABLE 11 represents a different role, which will grant the privileges of both reading and writing various CAD files to every person who has a job code of “engineer”, and who is within the engineering subdivision of the Widget organization. With reference to  FIG. 1 , this role will result in the automatic assignment of the specified privileges to two employees (Terry Smith and Sidney Fowler). 
     TABLE 12 represents another role, which will grant the “Executive Account” privilege to the sales support system to any subjects who have a job code of “manager”, and who are in and above the production and sales divisions. With reference to  FIG. 1 , this role will result in the automatic assignment of the specified privilege to Bob Roberts, Derrick Evans and Robert Dennis. 
     TABLE 13 represents a further role, which will grant the “Sales Manager Account” privilege within the sales support system to any subjects who are in organizations below the sales organization. With reference to  FIG. 1 , This role will result in the automatic assignment of the specified privilege to Carl Owens, Don Travis, Mel Frey, James Jones, Terry Smith and Sidney Fowler. Note that the three employees in engineering receive these privileges because the engineering subdivision is matrixed to the sales division, as indicated by the broken line in  FIG. 1 . 
     As discussed above in association with TABLE 6, each role can be either an “offered” type of role or a “granted” type of role. A “granted” type of role automatically assigns each of the specified privileges to all qualifying subjects. In contrast, in the case of an “offered” type of role, qualifying subjects receive the specified privileges only if they have managerial approval. In the disclosed embodiment, managerial approval can be granted through the creation of one of the workforce profiles stored at  106  in  FIG. 5 . 
     TABLE 15 is example of a workforce profile. A workforce profile is created by a manager, in order to identify a group of people (subjects) who work for that manager, and in order to identify an existing role. The workforce profile serves as an indication that the subjects who are specified in the workforce and who also meet the criteria of the role have managerial approval to enjoy the specified privilege(s) of that role. 
     In more detail, TABLE 15 shows that the workforce profile includes a unique identification number, which in this example is “001.” The profile also has a descriptive name, which is “Eligible Public Internet Personnel”. The workforce profile is a form of object, and thus has an owner, who in this case is Bob Roberts. Stated differently, Bob Roberts is the owner because he is the manager who created this workforce profile in order to provide managerial approval for a specified group of subjects within his managerial domain to enjoy certain privileges if specified conditions are met. 
     The workforce profile in TABLE 15 also includes an identification of the role to which it applies, which in this case is the role “003” shown in TABLE 8 and discussed above. The last item in the workforce profile is an appropriator, which has a form of the type discussed above in association with TABLE 14. The appropriator must identify only employees who are within the managerial domain of the owner of the workforce profile, and the role administration system  143  ( FIG. 5 ) verifies that this condition is met before it allows the the workforce profile to actually be created. Thus, with reference to  FIG. 1 , James Jones manages engineering  21 , and can therefore create a workforce which affects himself, Terry Smith and/or Sidney Fowler. On the other hand, he cannot create a workforce which affects any other employee of any Widget organization, because he does not manage any of those other employees. 
     Various events can result in changes to various types of information maintained within the computer system  101  of  FIG. 5 , including roles and workforces. Examples of these events include newly-hired employees, employees who depart, new or removed organizations, changes in the existing organizational structure, security policy changes, new or removed locations, new or removed job codes, new or removed privileges, and so forth. In many situations, the role administration system  143  of  FIG. 5  can respond to events by automatically effecting updates which, in preexisting systems, required manually intensive analysis and data entry. 
     TABLE 16 is an example of an event definition which the HR administration interface  147  passes through to the role administration system  143  in response to the hiring of a new employee. The profile of TABLE 16 has a unique identification code, formed by concatenating the date, the time, and a three-digit numerical value. The next item in the profile is the name of the new employee, which in this case is “Julie Stroud”. The next item in the profile identifies the type of event, which in this case is a “new hire”. The final item in the profile identifies one or more types of data that are affected by this event. 
     In this case, the profile of  FIG. 16  indicates that the new employee&#39;s job code is “engineer”, that the new employee is assigned to the “engineering organization, and that the new employee is assigned to room H-002. The HR administration  147  uses the information in the profile of TABLE 16 to update the subject information stored at  103  and shown in TABLE 4. The role administration system  143  searches the role profile data stored at  107  and the workforce profile data stored at  106 , in order to determine which roles are to be appropriated to the new employee, and thus which privileges are to be enjoyed by the new employee. In the context of the present hypothetical, the roles appropriated to Julie Stroud will be those shown in TABLEs 8, 9, 11 and 13. Thus, the administration  143  will automatically ensure that new employee Julie Stroud starts work with access to all of the privileges granted by these roles, so that all privileges needed to do her job are immediately available to her on her first day, without any need for extensive manual updating on a piecemeal basis over several days or weeks. 
     TABLE 17 shows another example of an event profile, resulting from a decision by Anne West to resign and take a different position with another company. In response to this event, the HR administration  147  will automatically update the subject data stored at  103 . The role administration system  143  will disassociate from Anne West all of the privileges which she previously enjoyed pursuant to the roles discussed above in association with TABLEs 6, 8 and 9. 
     Due to Anne West&#39;s departure, Robert Dennis decides to promote Michael Little into the position that had previously been held by Anne West. As a result, the HR administration interface  147  generates the event profile shown in TABLE 18, and automatically updates the subject data stored at  103 . The role administration system  143  automatically evaluates the workforce and role profiles, in order to disassociate from Mike Little any privileges that he is no longer entitled to enjoy, and in order to associate to Mike Little any new privileges that he has now become entitled to enjoy. 
     As discussed above, role profiles such as those shown in  FIGS. 6-13  are each an object. Therefore, it is possible to define a privilege relating to a role profile, which is the privilege of “ownership” of that role profile. In that case, when Mike Little is promoted to replace Anne West, the ownership privileges previously held by Anne West could be automatically passed to Mike Little by the role administration system  143 . 
     The foregoing discussion has been presented in the specific context of the hypothetical company called Widget, Inc., which is a relatively small and simple company. However, the principles of the invention also apply to and work well within much more complex organizations. In this regard, the framework underlying the invention can be presented in a more generalized form. In particular,  FIG. 6  is an interrelationship diagram, where each of the major blocks represents one or more instances of a particular type of item. In this regard, reference numeral  201  designates the set of all objects. Specific types of objects include subjects  202 , workforces  203 , roles  206 , privileges  207 , appropriators  208 , and technical objects  209 . 
     With respect to appropriators  208 , each appropriator has a cardinality type  211 , which is either singular or pluralistic. Each subject may be associated with only one appropriator of the singular cardinality type, but may be associated with one or more appropriators of the pluralistic cardinality type. In addition, each appropriator  208  has a structure type  212 , which can either be linear, hierarchical, or network. Appropriators of the linear type are not related to each other. Appropriators of the hierarchical type may have only one parent of the same type, but may have one or more children of the same type. Appropriators of the network type may have one or more parents of the same type, and/or one or more children of the same type. Each role  206  has an appropriation type  216  which, as discussed above, is either “offered” or “granted”. 
     In  FIG. 6 , the relationships between objects are represented by lines which have symbols at each end to indicate required or permissive characteristics of the relationship. For example, one end of the line  241  has multiple lines in the form of a “crow&#39;s foot”  242  in order to indicate that a given object  201  can be associated with multiple privileges  207 . At its opposite end, the line  241  ends in a single line  243 , to indicate that a given privilege  207  can only be associated with a single object  201 . Turning to the relationship line  246 , the circle  247  near one end is an indication that an identification of one or more roles  206  is optional, whereas the crossbar  248  with no circle near the opposite end is an indication that at least one appropriator  208  must be identified. The relationship lines in  FIG. 6  are created and terminated manually, except for the relationship lines  256  and  257 , which are established and maintained automatically by the role administration system  143  of  FIG. 5 . 
     A given privilege technically targets only one object, but indirect or implied privileges may result if the targeted object contains one or more objects. An owner-scoped role  206  is a set of privileges with common ownership of the target objects, and with common criteria specifying which subjects should be associated with the specified privileges. The owner-scoped role  206  enables roles to be managed as sets of privileges, rather than as positions or jobs. This avoids problems associated with the fact that owners or managers of positions and jobs are often not the persons authorized to make privilege assignment decisions. Instead, it is the owners of the objects targeted by privileges who can decide which subjects will have permission to act on their objects. Since each owner-scoped role is “scoped-down” to a set of privileges that target only objects having a common owner, each owner-scoped role has a single owner with clear authority to determine who will enjoy the privileges addressed by that role. A workforce  203  is a set of subjects having common ownership (common management), and having common criteria to identify what role or roles are demanded for the specified subject. 
     The organizational hierarchy of  FIGS. 1 and 3  is maintained in a manner conforming to the interrelationship diagram of  FIG. 6 , as is the location hierarchy of  FIGS. 2 and 4 . Further, the job code data of TABLE 3, subject data of TABLE 4, privilege data of TABLE 5, role profiles of TABLEs 6-13, and workforce profile of TABLE 15 are all maintained in a manner conforming to the interrelationship diagram of  FIG. 6 . 
     The present invention provides a number of advantages. One such advantage is that a wide variety of organizations, including large-scale business enterprises, can efficiently and automatically handle the association of people to roles in support of security, provisioning, workflow and other functions. In this regard, the owner-scoped role enables roles to be managed as sets of privileges, rather than as positions or jobs. The owners or managers of positions or jobs are usually not the persons authorized to make typical decisions regarding privilege assignments. Consequently, the owner-scoped roles permit the owner of targeted objects to decide who should have permission to act on those objects. This is because the owner-scoped role is “scoped down” to only privileges that target one or more objects owned by the same person. 
     A further advantage results from the provision of roles which can be offered to specified persons subject to managerial approval, and the provision of workforce definitions to provide managerial approval to selected persons in an efficient manner. The present invention can provide advantages to an organization in a variety of different areas, such as security administration and provisioning, security access controls, system/network load balancing, directory data structuring and leveragability, mail distribution, and workflow. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 ORGANIZATION DATA 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PARENT 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ORGANIZATION 
                 MANAGER (OWNER) 
                 ORGANIZATION (S) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Widget, Inc. 
                 Bob Roberts 
                 — 
               
               
                 Sales 
                 Derrick Evans 
                 Widget, Inc. 
               
               
                 Production 
                 Robert Dennis 
                 Widget, Inc. 
               
               
                 East Sales 
                 Carl Owens 
                 Sales 
               
               
                 Central Sales 
                 Don Travis 
                 Sales 
               
               
                 West Sales 
                 Mel Frey 
                 Sales 
               
               
                 Engineering 
                 James Jones 
                 Production (and matrixed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to Sales) 
               
               
                 Manufacturing 
                 Fred Smith 
                 Production 
               
               
                 Distribution 
                 Anne West 
                 Production 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 LOCATION DATA 
               
             
          
           
               
                 LOCATION 
                 DESCRIP- 
               
             
          
           
               
                 NAME 
                 OWNER 
                 PARENT 
                 LEVEL 
                 TION 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 U.S.A. 
                 Sally 
                 — 
                 Country 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Texas 
                 Sally 
                 U.S.A. 
                 State 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Florida 
                 Sally 
                 U.S.A. 
                 State 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Dallas 
                 Sally 
                 Texas 
                 City 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Houston 
                 Sally 
                 Texas 
                 City 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Miami 
                 Sally 
                 Florida 
                 City 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Headquarters 
                 Sally 
                 Dallas 
                 Campus 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 North Dallas 
                 Sally 
                 Dallas 
                 Campus 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Buffalo Bayou 
                 Sally 
                 Houston 
                 Campus 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Distribution 
                 Sally 
                 Miami 
                 Campus 
                 — 
               
               
                 Center 
                 Johnson 
               
               
                 Building 1 
                 Bob 
                 Headquarters 
                 Building 
                 Executive &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 Roberts 
                   
                   
                 Administrative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Offices 
               
               
                 Building 2 
                 Bob 
                 Headquarters 
                 Building 
                 Sales 
               
               
                   
                 Roberts 
                   
                   
                 Center 
               
               
                 North Dallas 
                 Robert 
                 North Dallas 
                 Building 
                 Manufacturing 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
                   
                   
                 Center 
               
               
                 Buffalo 
                 Robert 
                 Buffalo Bayou 
                 Building 
                 Engineering 
               
               
                 Bayou 
                 Dennis 
                   
                   
                 Center 
               
               
                 Distribution 
                 Robert 
                 Distribution 
                 Building 
                 Distribution 
               
               
                 Center 
                 Dennis 
                 Center 
                   
                 Center 
               
               
                 1-111 
                 Robert 
                 Building 1 
                 Room 
                 Executive 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
                   
                   
                 Suite 
               
               
                 1-112 
                 Robert 
                 Building 1 
                 Room 
                 Cubicle 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 1-113 
                 Robert 
                 Building 1 
                 Room 
                 Office 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 1-211 
                 Robert 
                 Building 1 
                 Room 
                 Executive 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
                   
                   
                 Suite 
               
               
                 1-212 
                 Robert 
                 Building 1 
                 Room 
                 Cubicle 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 2-111 
                 Derrick 
                 Building 2 
                 Room 
                 Office 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
               
               
                 2-112 
                 Derrick 
                 Building 2 
                 Room 
                 Office 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
               
               
                 2-113 
                 Derrick 
                 Building 2 
                 Room 
                 Office 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
               
               
                 2-211 
                 Derrick 
                 Building 2 
                 Room 
                 Executive 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
                   
                   
                 Suite 
               
               
                 2-212 
                 Derrick 
                 Building 2 
                 Room 
                 Cubicle 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
               
               
                 D-001 
                 Fred 
                 North Dallas 
                 Room 
                 Office 
               
               
                   
                 Smith 
               
               
                 D-002 
                 Fred 
                 North Dallas 
                 Room 
                 Plant Floor 
               
               
                   
                 Smith 
               
               
                 H-001 
                 Robert 
                 Buffalo Bayou 
                 Room 
                 Office 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 H-002 
                 James 
                 Buffalo Bayou 
                 Room 
                 Engineering 
               
               
                   
                 Jones 
                   
                   
                 Lab 
               
               
                 H-003 
                 James 
                 Buffalo Bayou 
                 Room 
                 Cubicle 
               
               
                   
                 Jones 
               
               
                 M-001 
                 Anne 
                 Distribution 
                 Room 
                 Office 
               
               
                   
                 West 
                 Center 
               
               
                 M-002 
                 Anne 
                 Distribution 
                 Room 
                 Cubicle 
               
               
                   
                 West 
                 Center 
               
               
                 M-003 
                 Anne 
                 Distribution 
                 Room 
                 Warehouse 
               
               
                   
                 West 
                 Center 
                   
                 Floor 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 JOB CODE DATA 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 JOB CODE NAME 
                 MANAGER (OWNER) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Clerk 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                 Manager 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                 Engineer 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                 Labor 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 SUBJECT DATA 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SUBJECT 
                 MANAGER 
                 JOB 
                 LOCA- 
               
             
          
           
               
                 NAME 
                 (OWNER) 
                 ORGANIZATION 
                 CODE 
                 TION 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Bob 
                 Bob 
                 Widget, Inc. 
                 Manager 
                 1-211 
               
               
                 Roberts 
                 Roberts 
               
               
                 Sally 
                 Bob 
                 Widget, Inc. 
                 Clerk 
                 1-113 
               
               
                 Johnson 
                 Roberts 
               
               
                 Anne 
                 Bob 
                 Widget, Inc. 
                 Clerk 
                 1-212 
               
               
                 Tucker 
                 Roberts 
               
               
                 Derrick 
                 Bob 
                 Sales 
                 Manager 
                 2-211 
               
               
                 Evans 
                 Roberts 
               
               
                 Jerry 
                 Dale Evans 
                 Sales 
                 Clerk 
                 2-212 
               
               
                 Reece 
               
               
                 Robert 
                 Bob 
                 Production 
                 Manager 
                 1-111 
               
               
                 Dennis 
                 Roberts 
               
               
                 Chris 
                 Robert 
                 Production 
                 Clerk 
                 1-112 
               
               
                 Faber 
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 Carl Owens 
                 Derrick 
                 East Sales 
                 Manager 
                 2-111 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
               
               
                 Don Travis 
                 Derrick 
                 Central Sales 
                 Manager 
                 2-112 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
               
               
                 Mel Frey 
                 Derrick 
                 West Sales 
                 Manager 
                 2-113 
               
               
                   
                 Evans 
               
               
                 James 
                 Robert 
                 Engineering 
                 Manager 
                 H-001 
               
               
                 Jones 
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 Terry 
                 James 
                 Engineering 
                 Engineer 
                 H-002 
               
               
                 Smith 
                 Jones 
               
               
                 Fred Smith 
                 Robert 
                 Manufacturing 
                 Manager 
                 D-001 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 Justin 
                 Fred Smith 
                 Manufacturing 
                 Engineer 
                 D-002 
               
               
                 Kemp 
               
               
                 Ali Murray 
                 Fred Smith 
                 Manufacturing 
                 Labor 
                 D-002 
               
               
                 Anne West 
                 Robert 
                 Distribution 
                 Manager 
                 M-001 
               
               
                   
                 Dennis 
               
               
                 Mike 
                 Anne West 
                 Distribution 
                 Labor 
                 M-003 
               
               
                 Little 
               
               
                 Trudy 
                 Anne West 
                 Distribution 
                 Labor 
                 M-003 
               
               
                 Black 
                   
                 Manufacturing 
                   
                 D-002 
               
               
                 Sidney 
                 James 
                 Engineering 
                 Engineer 
                 — 
               
               
                 Fowler 
                 Jones 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 PRIVILEGE DATA 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OBJECT NAME 
                 MANAGER (OWNER) 
                 PRIVILEGE OPTIONS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HR System 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Employee Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Manager Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Executive Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Administrator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                 Billing System 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Manager Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Executive Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Administrator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                 Sales Support 
                 Derrick Evans 
                 Sales Manager 
               
               
                 System 
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Executive Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Administrator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                 Financial System 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Manager Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Executive Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Administrator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                 CAD System 
                 James Jones 
                 Engineer Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Administrator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                 Project X CAD 
                 James Jones 
                 Read 
               
               
                 Files 
                   
                 Write 
               
               
                 Project Y CAD 
                 James Jones 
                 Read 
               
               
                 Files 
                   
                 Write 
               
               
                 Project Z CAD 
                 James Jones 
                 Read 
               
               
                 Files 
                   
                 Write 
               
               
                 Public Internet 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 User Account 
               
               
                 Firewall 
                   
                 Administrator 
               
               
                 (Outbound) 
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                 Web Site 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Public Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Employee Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Administrator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                 Headquarters 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Physical Access 
               
               
                 Campus 
               
               
                 North Dallas 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Physical Access 
               
               
                 Campus 
               
               
                 Houston Campus 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Physical Access 
               
               
                 Miami Campus 
                 Sally Johnson 
                 Physical Access 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 001 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 001 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Corporate Systems Manager 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accounts 
               
               
                   
                 Owner: 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges: 
                 HR System, Manager Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Billing System, Manager 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Financial System, Manager 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator 
                 Job Code = Manager and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Organization &lt; Sales or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organization &lt; Production) 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or Granted: 
                 Granted 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 002 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 002 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Corporate Systems Executive 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accounts 
               
               
                   
                 Owner: 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges: 
                 HR System, Executive 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Billing System, Executive 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Financial System, Executive 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator: 
                 Job Code = Manager and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Organization &gt;= Sales or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organization &gt;= Production) 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or Granted: 
                 Granted 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 003 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 003 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Public Internet Firewall 
               
               
                   
                   
                 User Accounts 
               
               
                   
                 Owner: 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges: 
                 Public Internet Firewall, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 User Account 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator: 
                 Job Code &lt;&gt; Physical Labor 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and Organization &lt;= Widget, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Inc. 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or Granted: 
                 Offered 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 004 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 004 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Widget, Inc. Employee Privileges 
               
               
                   
                 Owner: 
                 Sally Johnson 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges: 
                 Widget.com Web Site, Employee 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Access to Headquarters 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Campus 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Access to North Dallas 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Campus 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Access to Buffalo Boyou 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Campus 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Access to Distribution 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Center Campus 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator: 
                 Organization &lt;= Widget, Inc. 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or 
                 Granted 
               
               
                   
                 Granted: 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 005 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 005 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Read Access to Engineering Assets 
               
               
                   
                 Owner 
                 James Jones 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges 
                 CAD System, Engineer Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Project X CAD Files, Read 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Project Y CAD Files, Read 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Project Z CAD Files, Read 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator 
                 Job Code = Engineer and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organization &lt;&gt; Engineering 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or Granted 
                 Granted 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 006 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 006 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Write Access to Engineering Assets 
               
               
                   
                 Owner 
                 James Jones 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges 
                 CAD System, Engineer Account 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Project X CAD Files, Write 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Project Y CAD Files, Write 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Project Z CAD Files, Write 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator 
                 Job Code = Engineer and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organization = Engineering 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or Granted 
                 Granted 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 007 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 007 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Executive Access to Sales Assets 
               
               
                   
                 Owner 
                 Derrick Evans 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges 
                 Sales Support System, Executive 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator 
                 Job Code = Manager and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Organization &gt;= Production or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organization &gt;= Sales) 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or Granted 
                 Granted 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ROLE PROFILE 008 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Role ID: 
                 008 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Sales Manager Access to Sales Assets 
               
               
                   
                 Owner 
                 Derrick Evans 
               
               
                   
                 Privileges 
                 Sales Support System, Sales Manager 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Account 
               
               
                   
                 Role Appropriator 
                 Organization &lt; Sales 
               
               
                   
                 Offered or Granted 
                 Granted 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 APPROPRIATOR LOGIC 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SAMPLE APPROPRIATORS 
                 MEANING 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Organization &lt;= Production 
                 Specified privilege set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 should be assigned to anyone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in Widget&#39;s production 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (including engineering, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 manufacturing and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 distribution). 
               
               
                   
                 Organization = Production 
                 Specified privilege set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 should be assigned only to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 owner/manager of Widget&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                   
                 production. 
               
               
                   
                 Organization &gt; Production 
                 Specified privilege set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 should be assigned to anyone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in the organizational 
               
               
                   
                   
                 structure above production. 
               
               
                   
                 Organization &lt;= Production 
                 Specified privilege set 
               
               
                   
                 and Location &lt;= Buffalo 
                 should be assigned to anyone 
               
               
                   
                 Bayou campus 
                 in Widget&#39;s production who 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is also based in the Buffalo 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bayou campus. 
               
               
                   
                 Organization &lt;= Production 
                 Specified privilege set 
               
               
                   
                 and Location &lt;&gt; Buffalo 
                 should be assigned to anyone 
               
               
                   
                 Bayou 
                 in Widget&#39;s production who 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is not based in the Buffalo 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bayou campus. 
               
               
                   
                 Organization &lt;&gt; Production 
                 Specified privilege set 
               
               
                   
                 or 
                 should be assigned to anyone 
               
               
                   
                 Location &lt;&gt; Buffalo Bayou 
                 not in Widget&#39;s production 
               
               
                   
                   
                 organization or not in the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Buffalo Bayou campus. 
               
               
                   
                 Location &lt;= Buffalo Bayou 
                 Specified privilege set 
               
               
                   
                 and 
                 should be assigned to anyone 
               
               
                   
                 Job Code = Engineer 
                 in Widget&#39;s Buffalo Bayou 
               
               
                   
                   
                 campus who is assigned the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 job code of “engineer”. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WORKFORCE PROFILE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Workforce ID: 
                 001 
               
               
                   
                 Name: 
                 Eligible Public Internet Personnel 
               
               
                   
                 Owner: 
                 Bob Roberts 
               
               
                   
                 Role: 
                 003 (Public Internet Firewall User 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accounts) 
               
               
                   
                 Workplace 
                 Organization &lt;= Widget Inc. 
               
               
                   
                 Appropriator: 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NEW HIRE EVENT 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Event ID: 
                 08.02.2002-16:09:58-001 
               
               
                   
                 Subject ID: 
                 Julie Stroud 
               
               
                   
                 Event Type: 
                 New Hire 
               
               
                   
                 Affected Profile 
                 Job Code = Engineer 
               
               
                   
                 Data: 
                 Organization = Engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Location = H-002 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EMPLOYEE DEPARTURE EVENT 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Event ID: 
                 08.04.2002-08:10:36-001 
               
               
                   
                 Subject ID: 
                 Anne West 
               
               
                   
                 Event Type: 
                 Departure 
               
               
                   
                 Affected Profile 
                 Job Code = Manager 
               
               
                   
                 Data: 
                 Organization = Distribution 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Location = M-001 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PROFILE CHANGE EVENT 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Event ID: 
                 08.02.2002-09:18:12-001 
               
               
                   
                 Subject ID: 
                 Mike Little 
               
               
                   
                 Event Type: 
                 Profile Change 
               
               
                   
                 Affected Profile 
                 Job Code = Manager 
               
               
                   
                 Data: 
                 Organization = Distribution 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Location = M-001 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Although one embodiment has been illustrated and described in detail, it will be understood that various substitutions and alterations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.