Abstract:
The disclosure relates to method and apparatus for isolating sensitive regions of a semiconductor device by providing a thermal path or an electromagnetic shield. The thermal path may include vias having different length, depth and configuration such that the thermal path between the two regions is lengthened. In addition, the vias may be fully or partially filled with an insulating material having defined conductive properties to further retard heat electromagnetic or heat transmission between the regions. In another embodiment, electrical isolation between two regions is achieved by etching a closed loop or an open loop trench at the border of the regions and filling the trench with a conductive material to provide proper termination of electromagnetic fields within the substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
   The operation of semiconductor devices such as laser diodes and photodiodes is sensitive to the device temperature. For example, the laser emission wavelength will typically shift as the device temperature rises. This shift is undesirable and, for optimal results, should be avoided. In many applications the laser diode is mounted on a separate substrate than that of the electronics that drives the laser. Physical separation is required so that the power dissipated by the laser driver circuit does not heat the laser diode. Physical separation, however, complicates system integration and packaging. For example, since separate substrates are used for mounting the laser and the laser driver chip, long wire traces are required to electrically connect the two together. The design of such wire (typically referred to as transmission lines at the frequency of operation) is not trivial. Moreover, to reduce losses the transmission lines should be made on insulating substrates which further limit the choice of substrate on which the laser diode may be mounted. Integrating the driver circuit and the laser diode on the same substrate is desirable since it would eliminate excess transmission lines and an insulating substrate. Because silicon is a good heat conductor, the close integration of the laser driver and the laser diode on the same silicon substrate is not possible for the reasons explained above. 
   It is therefore desirable to provide a substrate structure which enables thermal isolation between at least two regions of the substrate. The isolation structure should occupy a small area on the substrate. In addition to thermal isolation, efficient cooling of hot regions is also needed to reduce thermal cross-talk between the two regions. 
   Integration of digital components with analog or RF components on a single chip for System on a Chip (“SOC”) applications or on a single substrate for System on a Package applications is highly desirable to improve system performance and to achieve higher level of miniaturization. Digital components tend to be noisy and disturb the performance of sensitive low-noise RF or analog components. For an effective system, it is desirable to electrically shield the RF/analog components from the digital logic components. 
   SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
   In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to a system-on-chip where a first region is thermally isolated from a second region by a thermal barrier in the form of a maze of through wafer vias. The barrier region defines a thermal path between the first region and the second region. To extend the thermal path, the region may have a plurality of vias formed thereon in the shape of a maze. The maze of through-vias lengthen the thermal path between the two regions so thermal resistance between the regions is increased. In an exemplary embodiment, the two regions may comprise two circuits built on the same substrate. In another exemplary embodiment, two region are formed on a carrier onto which the chips are flipped bonded. 
   In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a semiconductor device having a substrate with a first and a second circuit regions, where the first circuit region emits electromagnetic energy or noise. To isolate the second region from the noise, an electromagnetic shield may be formed to shield the first region by communicating with a voltage source or with the ground. The electromagnetic shield may be interposed between the first an the second regions and at least partially encompass one of the first or the second regions. In one embodiment, the shield defines a continues structure. Finally, the electromagnetic shield may be configured to define a thermal path between the first and the second regions. 
   In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for thermo-electrically shielding a sensitive region of a semiconductor wafer by defining a first and a second region on the semiconductor, the first region generating thermo-electrical noise which conducts through a thermal path to the second region. A barrier region may be formed the substrate to separate the two regions. The barrier region may have a plurality of discrete vias extending through a cross section of the substrate to thereby lengthen the thermal path between the regions. The vias may be configured to have a pattern in order to extend the thermal path between the regions. The barrier between the regions may be formed by etching a trench by removing the wafer material in the trench region such that the trench bottom reaches a handle substrate. Optionally, the trench may be filled with a non-conductive material and the handle substrate may be then removed. 
   In another embodiment, the disclosure is directed to a system-on-chip device where the regions are thermally isolated using a thermal barrier. The region(s) that dissipate heat may be optionally cooled by a heat sink. The heat sink may include extensions (e.g., fingers) that extend trough the wafer and reach below the hot region&#39;s surface. The extensions may be made by drilling trenches that stop short of the wafer surface and fill the vias with a thermal conductor such as copper. The cooling structure is particularly suitable if the circuit regions that require cooling are built on SOI and have a buried oxide (“BOX”) layer serving as a stop-etch region. 
   In another embodiment, the disclosure is directed to an SOC where thermal barriers define an interdigitated trenches etched from both sides of the wafer in an overlapping manner. Here, the thermal path is lengthened since heat has to travel in different directions (up/down, zig zag, etc.) to cross the trenched area. 
   In another embodiment, an SOI wafer is attached to a thermally non-conductive substrate. The SOI wafer may be thinned by removing or grinding a portion thereof. The remaining silicon can be selectively etched using BOX as an etch-stop layer. A thermal barrier between two regions of the remaining SOI film may then be formed by etching a trench that separates the two regions. The trench may optionally reach the thermally non-conductive substrate. Finally, the trench may be filled with a non-conductive material and planarized to further deter noise (thermal or electromagnetic) transmission between the two regions. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The various embodiments of the disclosure are described with reference to the following non-exclusive illustrations in which similar elements are numbered similarly, and where: 
       FIGS. 1A–1B  respectively illustrate a top view and a cross-sectional view of a thermal barrier formed by a maze of through-vias; 
       FIGS. 2A–2B  illustrate a top view of maze layout of through-vias; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a chip in which two areas are isolated by through vias; 
       FIG. 4  shows another method for cooling the chip surface according to another embodiment of the disclosure; 
       FIGS. 5A–5C  illustrate various x-sectional views of the different embodiments of the disclosure; 
       FIGS. 6A–6C  show a process for thermally isolating two chips on a substrate; 
       FIGS. 7A–7F  illustrate a process for forming a thermal barrier according to another embodiment of the disclosure; 
       FIGS. 8A–8F  illustrate the process steps for forming a thermal barrier according to another embodiment of the disclosure; 
       FIGS. 9A–9C  show top and cross-sectional views of an electromagnetic shield formed between two regions using discrete embedded vias; 
       FIGS. 10A–10D  illustrate closed or open loop trenches forming an electromagnetic shield between two regions of a substrate; and 
       FIGS. 11A–11C  show various embodiments of the disclosure for grounding electromagnetic shields. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B  show a silicon substrate  101  including chip A occupying region  102 , chip B occupying region  103  and a thermal barrier  104  separating the two regions. The term “chip” as used herein, generally refers to a semiconductor wafer mounted on the substrate  101  or alternatively to a circuit fabricated in the silicon substrate  101 . The thermal barrier includes through vias  105  devised to form a maze-type structure. The maze of through-vias  105  lengthen the thermal path between chip A  102  and chip B  103  as illustrated by arrow  106 . In the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1 , thermal impedance is increased since vias  105  are poor thermal conductors and since conduction primarily occurs in the solid portion of maze  104  as indicated by the arrow  106 .  FIG. 1B  shows a cross sectional view of substrate  101  having through vias  105  formed thereon. Thus, in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure, thermal isolation may be enhanced by lengthening the conductive thermal path. 
   The shape of through-vias  105  is not limited to simple rectangles.  FIG. 2  shows a different maze layout. As shown in  FIG. 2 , maze  204  comprises a zigzag of through-vias  205 . The shape, width and length of vias  205  is optimized to increase the thermal impedance. 
   To electrically connect chip A  202  to chip B  203  a layer of a thermally insulating material  206  (such as SiO 2 ) may be formed on the top surface of substrate  201  and wires  207  may be formed in layer  206 . Layer  206  and wiring  207  may be fabricated prior to etching through wafer vias  205 . Through-vias  205  may be etched from the bottom surface of the wafer (the surface not containing the circuit). Layer  206  may be fabricated after trenches  205  are made by laminating a solid sheet of a dielectric material such as polyimide. 
     FIG. 3  shows a cross-sectional view of substrate  301  which includes chip A  302  and chip B  303 . The chips are thermally isolated by a thermal barrier  304  formed by a maze of thermal-vias  305 . Chip A  302  is cooled by heat sink  306 . The heat sink&#39;s operation is enhanced by a set of thermally conducting fingers  307 . Fingers  307  extend from heat sink  306  at the bottom of substrate  301  to the top&#39;surface but (optionally) do not break through the substrate&#39;s top surface. Fingers  307  may be made by drilling a set of trenches and then filling the trenches with a thermal conductor such as copper. 
     FIG. 4  shows another method for cooling the chip surface according to another embodiment of the disclosure. More specifically,  FIG. 4  illustrates cooling of hot areas in an SOI chip by a copper heat sink with copper filled trenches. Referring to  FIG. 4 , substrate  401  includes BOX layer  402 , SOI film  403  and circuit with hot spots  404 . The hot spots  404  are typically circuits in a chip that dissipate more power and thus require additional cooling. Cooling fingers  406  are formed under the hot spots to facilitate heat conduction from hot spot  404  to heat sink  405 . Fingers  406  may be made by etching trenches from the backside of substrate  401  and using BOX layer  402  as a stop etch layer. The trenches may optionally be filled with a good heat conductor material such as copper. 
     FIGS. 5A–5C  illustrate x-sectional views of the different embodiments of the disclosure.  FIG. 5A  shows an embodiment similar to that disclosed with reference to  FIGS. 1A–1B ; namely, substrate  500  having chip A and chip B separated by through vias acting as a thermal barrier.  FIG. 5B  show substrate  501  including chip A  502 , chip B  503  and thermal barrier  504 . The thermal barrier includes top trenches  505 A and bottom trenches  505 B formed on the top and bottom surfaces of the substrate, respectively. It can be readily seen that vias  505 A and  505  B overlap over a portion of substrate  501  thereby lengthening the thermal conduction path. Some or all of the trenches may be filled with a thermally non-conductive material. As discussed in relation with  FIG. 2 , the thermal path is lengthen since heat is conducted in an up/down pattern in order to transmit across the trenched area  504 . The traversing may be combined with the zigzag flow imposed by a maze architecture as discussed earlier to obtain an even greater thermal impedance. 
     FIG. 5C  shows substrate  511  including chip A  512  and chip B  513  separated by thermal barrier  514 . Thermal barrier  514  includes a maze of through-vias  516  and cavity  517 . Thermal impedance is increased since through vias are formed in a thinned portion of the substrate. The structure may be formed by first etching (optionally, from the back side of the substrate) a cavity  517  and then etching through-vias  516  from the top surface. 
     FIGS. 6A–6C  show another embodiment of the disclosure where a thermal barrier between chip A  602  and chip B  603  is formed by fully etching a portion of the substrate that thermally connects the two chips. Referring to  FIG. 6A , a thermally insulating handle substrate  604  is attached to substrate  601  having thereon chip A  602  and chip B  603 . Substrate  601  may be thinned to a specified thickness. For example, a 200 mm Si substrate can be thinned down to about 20 microns by grinding and polishing. Where substrate  601  is an SOI substrate in which chips A  602  and chip B  603  are formed in a SOI film over a buried oxide layer, the thinning process may be much more aggressive. In one such embodiment, substrate  601  is first ground down to a thickness of about 20 microns. The substrate&#39;s silicon is then selectively etched, with the etch terminating on the buried oxide layer (not shown.) An example of suitable silicon etchant that is selective to silicon dioxide is TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide.) This process allows thinning substrate  601  down to the thickness of the SOI film (i.e., about 0.1 micron in conventional CMOS technology.) 
   Referring to  FIG. 6B , thermal barrier  605  is formed by etching the portion of the thinned substrate that thermally connect chip A  602  and chip B  603 . The etching forms two regions  606  and  607  within the original substrate  601 ; these regions are thermally isolated. Separate heat sinks  608  and  609  are attached to the isolated substrate regions as shown in  FIG. 6C . 
   The handle wafer  604  may include electrical traces so that chip A  602  can electrically communicate with chip B  603 . These wires are typically thin enough and sparse enough to not be a significant thermal conductor between the two chips. Alternatively, the wires are embedded in an insulator such as oxide formed on the original substrate  601  prior to bonding. 
     FIGS. 7A–7F  illustrate a process for forming a thermal barrier according to another embodiment of the disclosure. More specifically,  FIGS. 7A–7F  illustrate a process for fabricating a thermal barrier having a trench filled with a thermally non-conductive material. In  FIG. 7A , wafer  701  such as a silicon wafer is provided. In step  2  ( FIG. 7B ) the wafer&#39;s underside is attached to handle wafer  702  and mask  703  is deposited and patterned to define the location of the thermal barrier. In step  3  ( FIG. 7C ) trench  704  is etched in the substrate. As shown, the trench bottom reaches the handle wafer  702 . In step  4  ( FIG. 7D ) trench  704  is filled with a thermally non-conductive material  705  (“the fill material”). Exemplary non-conductive fill material include polymer, oxides, nitrides, porous films and air. In step  5  ( FIG. 7E ) the structure is planarized and mask  703  is removed. In the optional step  6 , shown in  FIG. 7F , handle wafer  702  is removed and the structure is sustained due to the adhering nature of the fill material. Filling the trench enables placing electrical wires across the two thermally isolated regions of the wafer. 
     FIGS. 8A–8F  illustrate the process steps for forming a thermal barrier according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Specifically,  FIGS. 8A–8F  illustrate a variation of the process flow shown in  FIGS. 7A–7F  where the handle wafer is eliminated. In step  1  ( FIG. 8A ) wafer  801  is provided. In step  2  ( FIG. 8B ) mask  803  is deposited and patterned to define the location of the thermal barrier. In step  3  ( FIG. 8C ) a trench  804  is etched in the substrate  801 . The trench does not break through the wafer, but leaves membrane of silicon  802  at the bottom of the trench. In step  4  ( FIG. 8D ) trench  804  is filled with thermally non-conductive material  805 . In step  5  ( FIG. 8E ) the structure is planarized and mask  803  is removed. In step  6  ( FIG. 8F ) the underside of wafer  801  is polished (or etched) to remove membrane  802 . Etching of trench  804  may be implemented, for example, by using anisotropic silicon etchant such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). When such etchant is used mask  803  opening will also determine the depth of the trench since the etch will conventionally stop when the crystallographic &lt; 111 &gt; planes are exposed. 
     FIGS. 9A–9C  show top and cross-sectional views of an electromagnetic shield formed between two regions by a construction of through or embedded vias. A top view is shown in  FIG. 9A  where, vias  901  of desired dimensions are etched into a substrate (not shown) forming a boundary around the region of interest (e.g., a thermally sensitive chip) to provide electromagnetic shielding. For the purpose of the illustration, vias  901  are shown to be formed around region A to isolate region A from region B in  FIG. 9A . However, the number of regions and the formation of via shields may vary in shape and size without departing from the principles of the disclosure. Vias  901  may be formed, for example, by Reactive Ion Etching (“RIE”) or other chemically known methods.  FIG. 9B  shows a cross-sectional view of the via shield structure where vias  901  are shown to continue through the substrate.  FIG. 9C  shows a cross-sectional view of the via shield structure where the vias are shown to be embedded within the substrate. The vias may be fully or partially filled with a conductive material including copper, nickel, conductive pastes, etc. Where the via is partially filled, the remaining volume of the via may be filled with a conductive material, a non-conductive material or left unfilled. 
     FIGS. 10A–10D  illustrate closed or open loop trenches forming an electromagnetic shield between two regions of a substrate. A top view of a closed loop trench and an open loop trench is shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B , respectively, where a trench of desired dimensions is etched into a substrate forming a boundary around the region of interest to provide electromagnetic shielding. For the purpose of illustration, trench  1001  is shown to have been formed around region A, isolating this region from region B in  FIGS. 10A and 10B . In  FIG. 10B  Region B is isolated from Region A vis-à-vis the open loop trench  1001 . However, the number of regions and the formation of trench shields may vary in shape, size and configuration. The trench may be formed by Reactive Ion Etching or other conventional methods.  FIG. 10C  shows a cross-sectional view of trench shield  1001  where the trench is shown to extend through the substrate.  FIG. 10D  shows a cross-sectional view of the trench shield structure where trench  1001  is shown to be embedded within the substrate. The trench may be fully or partially filled with a conductive material such as copper, nickel, conductive pastes, etc. 
     FIGS. 11A–11C  show the presence of electrical contacts to the via shield or the trench shield structures by using subsequent levels of wiring built onto the chip or the substrate. The electrical contacts may be biased at a desired potential to provide an effective electromagnetic shield between the regions of interest. In addition, the electrical contacts may be grounded to avoid electromagnetic interference and improve shielding.  FIG. 11A  shows Region A in electromagnetic communication with voltage source which may be ground. Each of trenches  1104  are shown to communicate with source  1103  or ground  1105 . The electromagnetic shield of  FIG. 11A  may be similar to that shown in  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 11B  shows an electromagnetic shield provided by trench  1102  in communication with voltage source  1103  or ground  1105 . Similarly,  FIG. 11B  illustrates the structure of  FIG. 10(B)  having open-loop trench  1102  coupled to voltage source  1103  or optionally to ground  1105 . 
   Although the principles of the disclosure have been discussed in relation with the exemplary embodiments presented herein, it is noted that the invention is not limited thereto and includes permutations and modifications of the principles disclosed herein. For example, the electromagnetic shield illustrated in  FIGS. 9 and 10  may be combined with a thermal shield as shown in  FIGS. 1–5  to further thermal and electromagnetic isolation. According to this embodiment, the resulting structure may have one or more electromagnetic shields interposed, at least partially, between the regions A and B, as well as a barrier region having defining a thermal path between these regions. The electromagnetic shield may optionally be coupled to a voltage source or ground.