Abstract:
Microbolometers with regionally thinned microbridges are produced by depositing a thin film (0.6 μm) of silicon nitride on a silicon substrate, forming microbridges on the substrate, etching the thin film to define windows in a pixel area, thinning the windows, releasing the silicon nitride, depositing a conductive YBaCuO film on the bridges, depositing a conductive film (Au) on the YBaCuO film, and removing selected areas of the YBaCuO and conductive films.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to a method of producing a microbolometer. 
   2. Discussion of the Prior Art 
   It is sometimes desirable to use thin microbridges in microbolometers to reduce the response time of the bolometer. Improved response time is the result of a reduction of the thermal mass of the microbolometers. However, the use of thin microbridges increases the risk of a reduction of the mechanical strength of pixels, leading to less robust imaging systems. 
   Thinning of the microbridges also affects sensitivity and detectivity of microbolometers. Indeed, thin microbridges have smaller thermal time constants (τ) and thermal conductances (G). Since the signal-to-thermal noise ratio of microbolometers is proportional to the (τ/G) 1/2 , it is important to optimize this value by choosing the appropriate microbridge design. 
   GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing regionally thinned microbolometers having relatively high mechanical strength and sensitivity. 
   Accordingly, the invention relates to a method of producing a microbolometer comprising the steps of:
         (a) depositing a thin film of a compound selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, silicon dioxide and vanadium oxide on a substrate formed of a material selected from the group consisting of silicon, GeAs, GeLnP, quartz, a metal oxide and a ceramic;   (b) forming microbridges on the substrate;   (c) defining windows in a pixel area of the microbridges;   (d) etching the windows making them thinner than the remainder of the pixel area;   (e) releasing the thin film by chemical etching;   (f) depositing a thin film of material selected from the group consisting of YBaCuO, a nickel iron alloy, amorphous silicon, germanium, a low temperature superconductor and a high temperature superconductor on the bridges;   (g) depositing a conductive film on the thin film; and   (h) removing selected areas of thin and conductive films.       

   More specifically, the invention relates to a method of producing a microbolometer comprising the steps of:
         (a) depositing a thin film of silicon nitride on a silicon substrate;   (b) forming microbridges on the substrate;   (c) defining windows in a pixel area of the microbridges;   (d) etching the windows making them thinner than the remainder of the pixel area;   (e) releasing the silicon nitride film by chemical etching;   (f) depositing a thin YBaCuO film on the bridges;   (g) depositing a conductive film on the YBaCuO film; and   (h) removing selected areas of the YBaCuO and conductive films.       

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention is described below in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic top view of microbolometers prepared in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a graph of detectivity of standard and regionally thinned microbolometers as a function of bias current with a modulation frequency (f) of 10 Hz; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic top view of the microbolometer of  FIG. 1  showing regions where structural test results were taken; 
       FIG. 4  is an schematic, isometric view of a bolometer showing how a microbolometer deforms under pressure; and 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  are graphs of deflection versus location along a pixel length showing how a microbolometer deforms under pressure. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   The six different regionally thinned microbolometers having 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 windows shown in  FIG. 1  were produced using microfabrication techniques [P. Laou, L. Ngo Phong, “Effects of Bridge pattern on performance of YBaCuO microbolometers”, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 20, 1659 (2002)]. Each microbolometer includes a generally rectangular microbridge  1  having a plurality of windows  2  therein, the windows  2  (gray areas in  FIG. 1 ) being thinner than the remainder of the microbridge  1 . Generally L-shaped supporting arms  3  extend outwardly from diagonally opposed corners of the microbridges  1  for mounting the microbolometers in an apparatus. 
   Table I lists the width (in μm) of the different windows  2 . Each sample consists of a total of 48 pixels where there are four pixels of each design and 24 standard pixels. The presence of all of the pixels on the same sample permits a comparison of their performance without the possible effect of different processing conditions. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE I 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Windows dimensions 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Number of windows on microbridge 
               Width of windows (μm) 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               2 
               22 
             
             
                 
               3 
               14 
             
             
                 
               4 
               10 
             
             
                 
               6 
               6 
             
             
                 
               8 
               4 
             
             
                 
               12 
               2 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   A 0.6 μm thick silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) thin film was deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a silicon substrate. Microbridges were first defined using UV lithography and the silicon nitride thin film was then etched using reactive plasma etching (RIE) in a He/CHF 3 /SF 6  gas mixture. In a second lithography step, the windows on the pixel were defined and the thickness of the window regions was reduced to 0.3 μm. The Si 3 N 4   +  membranes were then released by chemical etching of the silicon substrate using KOH solution at 70° C. A 0.1 μm thick YBaCuO thin film was then sputtered on the microbridges by RF magetron sputtering with the following conditions: Ar pressure of 3 mTorr, RF power of 40 W and a deposition time of 4 hours. This material is the active component of the device. Since its resistivity changes—as temperature changes, the incident radiation to the YBaCuO film can be measured by monitoring the change of resistance as the YBaCuO film and the underneath Si 3 N 4  microbridge expose to infrared radiation. A 0.15 μm Au thin film is deposited on top of the YBaCuO thin film also using RF magnetron sputtering. This final layer is used as an electrical conductor. Two lithography steps combined with chemical etching of the YBaCuO and Au thin films complete the microbolometer fabrication. The resulting microbolometers have resistance values ranging from 0.2 to 2 MΩ. 
   The sensitivity (S) and the detectivity (D*) of the microbolometers were measured at different bias currents. A glow bar was used as the infrared source. A chopper (f=10 Hz) was used to modulate the power on the microbolometers and the voltage modulation was measured using a lock-in amplifier. The percentage change in resistance with temperature (TCR) of the microbolometers was measured from 285 to 315 K. τ was evaluated by measuring the sensitivity as a function of frequency using the following equation 3 .
 
 S=R η( TCR ) I/G (1+ w   2 τ 2 ) 1/2   Equation 1
 
   Where R is the resistance of the microbolometer, η is the absorption coefficient, I is the bias current, G the thermal conductance, and w the modulation of angular frequency of the incident radiation. 
   Table 2 presents τ and G of a standard pixel and three designs of regionally thinned microbolometers having 3, 6 and 12 windows. As expected, and for all the thin pixel designs, τ was reduced by about a factor 1.6 compared to the standard pixel. However, the different values of G do not present a clear result. These values could be affected by processing issues such as gold coverage of the microbolometers. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE II 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Thermal time constant and thermal conduction of regionally 
             
             
               thinned microbolometers 
             
           
        
         
             
               Microbolometer 
               Thermal time constant τ 
               Thermal conductance G 
             
             
               Design 
               (ms) 
               (μW/K) 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Standard Pixel 
               2.6 
               2.1 
             
             
                3 windows 
               1.7 
               2.3 
             
             
                6 windows 
               1.6 
               4.6 
             
             
               12 windows 
               1.5 
               3.0 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   From the results presented in Table II, it is clear that the regionally thinning of the microbridges reduces, as expected, the time response of the microbolometers. But it is also important to know the impact on detectivity of these designs.  FIG. 2  presents the detectivity of standard and regionally thinned microbolometers as a function of bias current with a modulation frequency (f) of 10 Hz. It is first observed that the two standard pixels (#5 and #29) have a very similar detectivity at around 5×10 6  cm-Hz 1/2 /W. This value will serve as baseline for comparison. The two and four windows design show a detectivity about a factor of two higher than that of the standard pixels at about 1×10 7  cm-Hz 1/2 /W. The six windows design presents the highest detectivity at about 3×10 7  cm-Hz 1/2 /W. Only the eight windows design shows a lower D* than that of the standard pixels at about 2.5×10 6  cm-Hz 1/2 /W. 
   These results show that f=10 Hz, the detectivity is maintained or increased for regionally thinned microbridges compared to the standard pixels. However, at this low frequency, the biggest D* limitation might be 1/f noise. Johnson noise also limits D*, not only the thermal noise. Also, The TCR values of the different microbolometers were measured to be uniform at about −2.5% K. 
   A finite element model was constructed with 8-noded iso-parametric hexahedral elements to capture the three-dimensional features of the thinned sections in the pixel area. The thermal element had a single degree of freedom (temperature) at each node. The structural element had three degrees of freedom, x, y and z displacement, at each node. The micron-kilogram-second units were used in place of the standard meter-kilogram-second units to accommodate the micron-based geometry. Therefore, pressure is expressed in mega-pascals (MPa), heat flux is in terms of pico-Watts (pW) and energy has the units pico-Joules (pJ). 
   The idealized thickness distribution of the Si 3 N 4 , YBaCuO and Au layers for the standard bolometer configuration are given in Table III. Compared to the pixel area linear dimensions (50 μm×50 μm), the aspect ratio of area length (l) to layer thickness (t) varies between 167&lt;l/t&lt;500. A mesh sensitivity study was carried out to determine a suitable aspect ratio that would minimize the structural and thermal elemental energy error norms. It was found that each layer had to be at least two elements thick to capture the bending stresses from pressure loading. The error norm increased as the l/t ratio increased as expected. To achieve a reasonable energy norm of less than 0.1 and to stay within the memory capacity of the computer being used, the surface area dimensions of an element were selected to be 0.5 μm×0.5 μm thereby giving aspect ratios ranging from 3.3&lt;l/t&lt;10. A thinner bolometer configuration without a layer 3 and 4 was also included. The dimensions for this configuration are given in Table IV. The material properties used in this study are given in Table V. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE III 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Idealized thickness distribution of bolometer 
             
             
               materials for standard configuration 
             
           
        
         
             
               Layer 
               Material 
               Thickness (μm) 
               Cumulative Thickness (μm) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               6 
               Au 
               0.15 
               0.85 
             
             
               5 
               YBaCuO 
               0.1 
               0.7 
             
             
               4 
               Si 3 N 4   
               0.2 
               0.6 
             
             
               3 
               Si 3 N 4 /YBaCuO 
               0.1 
               0.4 
             
             
               2 
               Si 3 N 4   
               0.3 
               0.3 
             
             
               1 
               — 
               — 
               0 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE IV 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Idealized thickness distribution of bolometer 
             
             
               materials for thin configuration 
             
           
        
         
             
               Layer 
               Material 
               Thickness (μm) 
               Cumulative Thickness (μm) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               6 
               Au 
               0.15 
               0.694 
             
             
               5 
               YBaCuO 
               0.1 
               0.544 
             
             
               4 
               Si 3 N 4   
               0.444 
               0.444 
             
             
               1 
               — 
               11 
               0 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE V 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Material properties 
             
           
        
         
             
               Property 
               Si 3 N 4   
               YBaCuO 
               Au 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Modulus (MPa) 
                 310 × 10 3   
                 310 × 10 3   
                77.2 × 10 3   
             
             
               Poisson ration (—) 
               0.27 
               0.27 
               0.42 
             
             
               Density (kg/μm 3 ) 
                3290 × 10 −18   
                3290 × 10 −18   
                19320 × 10 −18   
             
             
               Thermal Expansion 
                3.3 × 10 −6   
                3.3 × 10 −6   
                14.4 × 10 −6   
             
             
               (K −1 ) 
             
             
               Specific heat (pJ/kg-K) 
                 680 × 10 12   
                 544 × 10 12   
                132.3 × 10 12   
             
             
               Thermal conductivity 
                 30 × 10 6   
                 10 × 10 6   
                 301 × 10 6   
             
             
               (pW/μm-K) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   YBaCuO mechanical properties are assumed equal to Si 3 N 4  properties. 
   A comparative approach was employed for the finite element study because actual structural and thermal loading conditions were not available. The structural load was defined as a surface pressure that arises from processing operations. A nominal value of 0.01 MPa was used in the calculations. The free ends of the microbridge&#39;s arms were fully constrained from moving. For thermal loading, a heat flux of 1640 pW/μm 2  was selected. This value was based on experimental measurements. The temperature at the free ends of the micro-bridge&#39;s arms was fixed at 0 K. 
     FIG. 3  shows the regions where results were taken. Structural performances were evaluated along Line  1  and Line  2 . Thermal performances were compared with results taken along Line  3 . Baseline results were calculated from a standard pixel. 
     FIG. 4  shows how the microbolometer generally deforms under pressure loading. The structural impact of thinning the active pixel area is shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Generally, the more the pixel deforms under pressure, the higher the stresses and strains in the material, along the edge of the pixel (see  FIG. 5 ), deformation increases from where the bolometer arms are attached to the pixel. The reductions in stiffness as compared to the baseline pixel are 18%, 35% and 39% for the 12 (ST-02MU), 3(ST-14MU) and 2(ST-22MU) windows designs, respectively. The relative loss in stiffness between 3 and 2 windows is much less than the relative loss in stiffness between 12 and 3 windows designs. Because there are no trenches, the thinned pixel (ST-00TH) is more flexible than the 12 windows configuration (22%). Along the pixel centerline (see  FIG. 6 ), the 12 and 3 windows configurations experience similar reductions in stiffness at y=0 as found in the edge results. The loss in Si 3 Ni 4  for 2 windows has a larger effect on the centerline deflections. The thinned pixel is more deformed than the 12 windows configuration in the center as well. 
   Temperature contours were determined at steady state condition under a uniform heat flux. Using this information, relative values for τ, G and the ratio (τ/G) 1/2  for different microbolometer configurations were evaluated. This information is presented in Table VI, which provides simulated values for the thermal time constant and thermal conduction of regionally thinned microbolometers compared to a standard pixel. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE VI 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Simulated values for the thermal time constant and the thermal 
             
             
               conduction of regionally thinned microbolometers compared 
             
             
               to a standard pixel 
             
           
        
         
             
               Microbolometer design 
               τ (a.u.) 
               G (a.u.) 
               (τ/G) 1/2  (a.u.) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Standard pixel (thickness of 0.6 μm) 
               1 
               1 
               1 
             
             
               Standard pixel (thickness of 0.444 μm) 
               1 
               0.94 
               1.03 
             
             
               12 windows 
               0.87 
               0.94 
               1.03 
             
             
                3 windows 
               0.87 
               0.91 
               0.98 
             
             
                2 windows 
               0.87 
               0.90 
               0.98 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The first observation is that the standard pixel with a thickness of 0.444 μm and the 12 windows configuration have very similar thermal characteristics. For these two cases, the (τ/G) 1/2  ratio, which is proportional to the signal-to-thermal noise ratio, is higher than that of the standard pixel with a thickness of 0.6 μm. As the amount of material removed is increased (the 3 and 2 windows cases), the thermal time constant drops significantly. This increased speed is accompanied by a modest drop of the (τ/G) 1/2  ratio, suggesting that the reduced response time will not cause a significant drop in detectivity D*. The absorption coefficient η was assumed to be constant for all pixel types. 
   Microbolometers with regionally thinned microbridges have been produced by the method of the present invention. Experimental results show that the regionally thinned microbridges have a lower thermal time constants (about 1.6 ms) than the standard pixel configuration (2.6 ms). On the other hand, the regionally thinned microbolometers show D* values comparable to or even six times superior to that of the standard pixel. This implies that the increased speed is not accompanied by a loss of detection performance. 
   The simulation results show that the 12 windows design, which has the same thermal properties as the 0.44 μm thick standard pixel, will have a 22% higher stiffness. This confirms the validity of the regionally thinned microbridge approach. Also, as the amount of material removed is increased, the thermal time constant drops significantly while the (τ/G) 1/2  ratio only decreases slightly, suggesting that the increased speed will not cause a significant drop in detectivity D*, in total agreement with the experimental results. 
   It should be noted that although specific materials have been selected for different purposes, it will be appreciated that other materials, which are mentioned above, can be used. For example, the suspended surface membrane or microbridge (Si 3 N 4  in the foregoing) may be silicon dioxide, and the thermally sensitive thin film (YBaCuO in the foregoing) may be made of nickel iron alloy, amorphous silicon, germanium, or a layer of low temperature superconductor or high temperature superconductor. 
   Moreover, the microbridge may also be a metal oxide, e.g. vanadium oxide which maximizes the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). The substrate may also be a germanium compound such as GeAs or GeLnP, quartz, a metal oxide or a ceramic. The electrodes may be indium tin oxide or a metal. 
   The present invention can be applied to any type of thermodetector such as bolometric and pyroelectric. The invention, using a bulk micromachining technique, could be used with a micromachining technique to produce a thermodetector.