Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for the lining of a thin-walled sliding element ( 20 ) for internal combustion engine blocks ion which: (i) the pressure applied for honing the sliding element ( 20 ) is between 8 MPa and 9 MPa; and (ii) at least a part of the inner surface ( 21 ) of the sliding element ( 20 ) comprises a nano-coat of solid lubricant provided with roughnesses, before honing, of Rpk, Rk and Rvk no lower than ⅔ of the original.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to Brazilian Patent Application No. 10 2013 030435 2, filed Nov. 27, 2013, and International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2014/074513, filed Nov. 13, 2014, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a method for the tribomechanical conditioning of a thin-walled conditioning of a thin-walled cylinder/liner for use in particular in an internal combustion engine block. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    There is currently a growing demand for engine materials and/or components which offer greater wear resistance and reduced friction. With respect to the automotive sector, and more specifically the lining and/or treatment of surfaces of combustion engine cylinders/bores, recent research has been developed with a view to obtaining surface materials and finishes which contribute to a reduction in fuel consumption, and consequently CO2 emissions, through reduced losses due to friction. Solutions involving nanotechnology have been the particular focus of recent research. 
         [0004]    A possible solution is described in the patent document EP 2 229 467 which describes a method for manufacturing a mechanical element, such as an engine component, which has a surface of reduced friction which has a tribochemical conditioning/deposition of a substance such as a solid lubricant, which covers the surface of the element. 
         [0005]    Patent document CA 2 704 078 is very similar to the above European document and relates to the process for manufacturing a low friction element by tribochemically conditioning a solid lubricant, specifying the application of the solid lubricant to an engine cylinder liner. 
         [0006]    Finally, patent document U.S. 2010/0272942, of the same family of both of the above-mentioned documents, relates to a similar manufacturing process, with the emphasis on its use in cylinder liners and engine block cylinders. 
         [0007]    The three patent documents mentioned relate to a dedicated metal mechanical process which combines the extreme mechanical pressure of honing the surface of the component with the tribochemical or mechanicochemical deposition of the anti-wear film of low friction tungsten disulphate (WS2). 
         [0008]    Despite the advantages of reducing friction and wear in liners/cylinder, the extreme pressure applied during the tribomechanical conditioning used in the above-mentioned technique, may deform the liner/cylinder from its ideal circular shape in the thin-walled blocks normally used in low weight engine blocks. To prevent the increase in the consumption of lubricating oil in the aforementioned bore/cylinder of deformed engine blocks, use must be made of piston rings with higher forces, which jeopardises the reduction in friction. 
         [0009]    With a view to minimising the above-mentioned reduction in friction when piston rings with a higher load is used, the original roughness of the bore/cylinder of the blocks may be reduced, which may not be desirable. This is due to the fact that some degree of roughness is desirable since the roughness may serve as a lubricating oil reservoir, thus enabling the parts, the piston rig and block bore/cylinder, soften in the first few hours of operation of the engine. 
         [0010]    For the purpose of overcoming such limitations, the inventors have developed an improved tribomechanical conditioning process by using low pressure during the honing process yet still achieving a significant reduction in friction according to the description below. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    The objective of the present invention is to provide a method for the tribomechanical conditioning of a thin-walled sliding element for internal combustion engine blocks to ensure a reduction in the fuel consumption of the engine and low deformation of the same. 
         [0012]    The objectives of the invention are achieved by a method for the tribomechanical conditioning of a thin-walled liner/cylinder for internal combustion engine blocks in which:
   the pressure applied for honing the sliding element is between 5 MP and 15 MPa; and (ii) at least part of the inner surface of the sliding element, comprises a nano-coat of solid lubricant, provided with roughnesses, before honing, of Rpk, Rk and Rvk no lower than ⅔ of the original.   
 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The present invention will be described in more detail on the basis of embodiments shown in the drawings. In the figures: 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic view of the sliding element for use in an internal combustion engine covered by this invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  shows the result of FMEP measurement (comparative test) between the standard cylinder (base or baseline) and the cylinder with tribomechanical condition; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  shows the result of the comparative test between the standard liner (base or baseline) and the liner with tribomechanical conditioning under the force of friction and combustion pressure at 2500 rpm at 0.93 MPa (9.3 bars). 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  shows the result of the comparative test for loss due to friction between the standard liner (base o baseline) and the liner with tribomechanical conditioning; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  shows a schematic view of the thin-walled liner sliding element for use in an internal combustion engine covered by this invention, as tested in an engine with a floating liner. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    As described in the description of the state of the art, a tungsten disulphide (WS) lining for minimising the reduction in friction between the tribo system, piston rings  10 , liner/cylinder  20  and piston  3 , and tribomechanical conditioning by honing, are already known, but this solution, which impacts the oil/gas seal of the tribo system referred to due to possible deformations if the cylinder has thin walls, between 1.6 mm and 5 mm. 
         [0021]    This invention eliminates the problem referred to by using a low pressure, high speed honing process which provides a surface adequate for reducing friction whilst at the same time providing a low/reduced deformation of a thin-walled sliding element  20 . It is worth mentioning that the sliding element  20  referred to may be a cylinder liner or even an engine block cylinder/bore. 
         [0022]    It should be noted that the process makes it possible to work at a lower pressure sine longer tools have been created and even having a slightly slower process is compensated for by the lower pressure. It should also be noted that if the same length of tool were to be used in the tribomechanical conditioning process, the process time would be 50% longer with this configuration. Even with a longer process time the surface will still have sufficient roughnesses in contact with the others, between the tool and the part, to form the tribo film and obtain an improvement in the roughness of the surface. 
         [0023]    Table I below demonstrates the roughness values found before and after said process, where it is observed that unlike in the state of the art documents, the roughness is slightly reduced. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pre- and post-treatment roughnesses 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Original 
                 After process 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Rpk 
                 0.13 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Rk 
                 0.53 
                 0.48 
               
               
                   
                 Rvk 
                 1.81 
                 1.86 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0024]    Table II shows the characteristics of the test used for confirming the low pressure treatment. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Characteristics of the Floating Liner test 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Type of engine 
                 Single cylinder, 4-stroke SI 
               
               
                   
                 Displacement (litres) 
                 0.65 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter × stroke (mm 
                 96 × 89.2 
               
               
                   
                 Compression Rate 
                 9.7 
               
               
                   
                 Operating Conditions 
                 1300 rpm @ 0.53 MPa 5.3 bars, 
               
               
                   
                 (Speed and IMEP) 
                 0.83 MPa (8.3 bars) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2500 rpm @ 0.63 MPa (6.3 bars), 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.93 MPa (9.3 bars) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]      FIG. 2  shows the friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) measurement in each regime. The liner with tribomechanical conditioning (b) had a FMEP reduction of 5 to 11%. For repetition, the standard liner (baseline—a) also showed a reduction, but much smaller compared to the sliding element  20  with tribomechanical conditioning (b). The small FMEP reduction in the repetition of standard liner (baseline—a) is due to the fact that there is a transfer from the tribological layer of the lining to the rings and to the piston chamber. This hypothesis will be investigated in future tests. The fuel saving in each operating condition may be estimated as (ΔFMEP/IMEP), which would give a fuel saving of 0.13-0.27%. 
         [0026]    The floating liner test enables the frictional forces along the stroke to be resolved.  FIG. 3  shows a comparison between the standard liner (base/baseline—a) and liner  20  with tribomechanical conditioning (b) under the condition of frictional force and fuel pressure at 2500 rpm at 0.93 MPa (9.3 bars), where the force is measured along the travel of the crank. As expected, major reductions in friction occurred in the course of expansion, particularly loss of the upper point of reversal, where the fuel pressures are highest and the speeds lowest, which leads to a boundary lubrication regime. 
         [0027]    In terms of fuel saving, the losses by friction are more important than the forces of attrition.  FIG. 4  shows the instantaneous FMEP at each angle of the crankshaft. It is possible to establish from  FIG. 4  that the greatest FMEP reductions occurred between the angles of 20° and 60°, but in practice this occurs throughout the piston stroke. As discussed in the reciprocal tests, the tribo layer (b) appears to have a beneficial effect, even under conditions where the speeds are highest and the lubrication regime has a hydrodynamic tendency. 
         [0028]    After the test liner  20  with tribomechanical conditioning (b) was cut and its topography measured n three positions  1 ,  2 ,  3  along the stroke of the rings. As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , the lower region  3 , outside the piston stroke, was assumed to be representative of the new condition. In mid strike  2 , the topography was found to be almost unaltered. It was therefore concluded that the tribo layer was preserved, which would allow the preservation/maintenance of the reduction in friction. At the points of reversal, as expected, greater wear was found, which demonstrates that the tribo layer could have been removed, but although the forces of friction are high at the points of inversion, the speeds are low and there are even losses due to friction. 
         [0029]    Table III shows the different values of the roughnesses found in regions  1 ,  2  and  3  in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Roughnesses after test 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Rpk 
                 0.07 
                 0.09 
                 0.14 
               
               
                   
                 Rk 
                 022 
                 0.45 
                 0.26 
               
               
                   
                 Rvk 
                 0.66 
                 0.90 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0030]    In addition, after microscopic analysis of liners  20 , with tribomechanical conditioning (b), it was possible to observe the presence of tungsten on the surface. 
         [0031]    The invention therefore relates to a sliding element obtained by the method just defined. 
         [0032]    Now that preferred embodiments have now been described, it should be understood that the scope of the present invention extends to other possible variations limited only by the content of the attached claims, which include the possible equivalents.