Abstract:
A thermosetting foam, preferably polyisocyanurate or polyurethane foam, is prepared in an extruder which permits the incorporation of high levels of filler particles. The method includes introducing polyol, isocyanate and filler particles to an extruder screw for mixing. In conjunction with extruding, a catalyst is added. The catalyst may be added either in a last extruder barrel or with the extruder head. Foam with filler particle content in excess of 12% made be readily made. Filler particles, such as aluminum trihydrate, perlite, carbon black, diatomaceous earth, polyiso powders, ammonium phosphate, fly ash, barium sulfate, calcium silicate, and calcium carbonate, may be used. The process described is preferably used for making foam boards or bunstock.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/369,400, filed on Jan. 6, 1995, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/144,621, filed Nov. 1, 1993, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,014 on Jun. 13, 1995, which is a file wrapper continuation of Ser. No. 07/946,738, filed Sep. 18, 1992, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field Of The Invention 
     The invention relates to foamed polymer material, methods for producing polymer foams, and, particularly, to a method for extruding polymer foam material, such as polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foams, using a screw-type extruder. The extruded polymer foams contain substantial amounts of filler particles. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Polymer foams, such as polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foams, have not previously been able to be produced using an extruder. The foaming material &#34;firms&#34; in the extruder and blocks the equipment. Additionally, use of filler materials has been limited using conventional methods to produce foam sheets. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,466,705, (Richie) describes an apparatus for extruding foamable thermoplastic material, such as polystyrene, preferably in tubular form. Richie discloses that the apparatus can be used for thermosetting materials, such as polyurethanes, but that steam or hot water would have a damaging effect and therefore are not used. A foam-augmenting gas such as Freon is used as the foaming agent. Richie uses an expansion space of transverse cross-sectional area which increases in size gradually in the direction of travel of the extruded product. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,722 (Soukup) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,763 (Gluck) describe the use of about 1-10% by weight of carbon black as a filler material. Gluck specifically recites the problem of cell rupture which can occur with the addition of too much filler materials. The Soukup and Gluck patents are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Polymer foam board is disclosed which includes high levels of filler material, such as 15%-20% by weight filler particles, or higher. Polyisocyanurate or polyurethane foam is made using a screw-type extruder for mixing the components of the composition. Isocyanate and polyol are introduced into a screw of an extruder. Filler particles are also introduced in the extruder screw. The isocyanate, polyol, and filler particles are mixed together with a foaming agent and, optionally, a surfactant with the extruder to produce a high quality dispersion. The mixture is cooled via a cooling manifold of the screw extruder and the addition of the various components in the mixture. Cooling inhibits reaction of the mixed components within the screw. 
     Catalyst is added and mixed with the polyol/isocyanate/filler particle mixture in conjunction with extrusion proximate the extruder head, either in the last extruder barrel or the extruder head itself as a final mixing step. After the catalyst is introduced, the mixture immediately exits the extruder onto a conveyor so that the foaming and firming occurs outside of the extruder to avoid clogging. The mixture is foamed and firmed on the conveyor in a conventional manner and, preferably, formed into a continuous flat sheet which is thereafter cut to produce boards of standard sizes. Paper liners may be applied to both sides of the foam as it travels on the conveyor. 
     The filler particles included in the thermoset foams produced in accordance with the invention maintain the mechanical or insulative characteristics of the resultant extruded foam as compared to the properties of the extruded foam without filler particles. However, with some fillers improved characteristics result. For example, carbon black can improve the insulation properties of the foam as set forth in the Soukup and Gluck patents, supra. Ammonium phosphate can improve flame-retardant properties. Overall, the addition of filler particles makes the resultant foam more economical to produce and the process enables the use of more filler materials in the production of suitable foam board insulation. 
     Different filler particles can be used in the same foam. For example, carbon black and another type filler particle, which is less expensive, can be used to gain the insulative effect of the carbon black while increasing costs savings. Aluminum trihydrate, perlite, ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate are preferred filler materials, used either as the sole filler material or with carbon black. Other filler materials include carbon black, fly ash, diatomaceous earth, polyiso powder, barium sulfate, melamine and calcium silicate. The filler particles added to the polyol/isocyanate mixture in the extruder reduce the cost of the resultant extruded thermoset foam, since the filler particles are lower in cost than polyol and/or polyisocyanate. 
     Ammonium phosphate is also useful as a filler particle. This includes ammonium phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate compounds, including ammonium phosphate, primary ammonium phosphate, secondary ammonium phosphate and other like phosphate compounds. Monobasic ammonium phosphate has been found especially useful as a filler particle. 
     The filler particles and/or dispersant and/or foaming agent and/or surfactant may be mixed with the isocyanate or with the polyol before introduction thereof to the extruder screw. If multiple fillers are used, they can be mixed prior to entering the extruder screw or can be introduced, simultaneously or separately, into the extruder screw and mixed therein. Entry of the filler particles, or a filler particle mixture can occur simultaneously or separately from entry of dispersing agent and/or surfactant and/or the polyol and/or the isocyanate. Preferably, the filler particles have a Tyler Mesh size of 20 or smaller where only about 4% of the filler is 20 mesh. More preferably, the size of the filler particles are between 50-300 mesh, and most preferably 80-300 mesh. 
     The foaming agent, which is preferably a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) or water, is preferably introduced directly into the extruder or may be mixed with one of the components, preferably the polyol, before introduction thereof to the extruder screw. If water is the foaming agent, the water reacts with the isocyanate to form carbon dioxide, which further foams the mixture. Other foaming agents may alternatively be used. 
     Foam cell size is generally decreased when extruder speed is increased. 
     A filler particle dispersion may be made in the extruder using filler particles, dispersant, optional surfactant, and isocyanate or polyol. Preferably, a catalyst is added to this dispersion for immediate extrusion and foaming. Alternatively the dispersion can be stored for future use. An extruder provides better quality dispersion, measuring 7 or more on the Hegman scale, than a dispersion made in a Kady (kinetic dispersion) mill. 
     It is an object of the invention to provide an improved method for making polymer foams containing filler particles. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a method for extruding filler particle-containing thermosetting foams, such as polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foams, using a screw-type extruder, such as a single-screw or twin-screw extruder. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method for making a filler particle dispersion in an extruder. 
     It is a further object of the invention to combine preparation of a filler particle dispersion and production of a foam using the filler particle dispersion, in a single operation. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for extruding polymer foam onto a conveyor. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an extruder for an integrated process including preparation of a polymer premix before extruding the polymer mixture for foaming. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred extruder head. 
     FIG. 4 is a front elevational view of the extruder head shown in FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for polymer foam. 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of the extruder head for mixing catalyst with the extruding polymer foam. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Thermosetting foams, such as polyisocyanurate or polyurethane foams, are made using an extruder for mixing the foamable mixture before extruding onto a belt conveyor. Through such a continuous process, thermosetting foams are made much faster than previously possible without any decrease in quality. Additionally, the process enables the dispersion of filler particles with the polymer mixture to produce foams which include greater than 12% by weight of filler particles thereby reducing the production cost of the thermoset foams. Preferable range of filler particles is 12-50% by weight, more preferably 15-50% by weight. 
     The extruder enhances the dispersion of the polymer mixture. A twin-screw extruder is preferred. However, a single screw extruder with multiple mixing sections can also be used. The extruder can process materials for making a thermosetting polymer, such as an isocyanate polymer, in a controlled manner with independent catalyst addition and variable reactivity. High quality filler particle dispersions in isocyanate or polyol media are obtained. These dispersions exceed 7 on the Hegman scale. Moreover, higher levels of filler particles can be handled than on conventional foam mixing equipment. 
     The foams may be blown with blowing agents such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), CFC, HFC, HC, liquid CO 2  and/or water which produces CO 2 . Typical examples of hydrochlorofluorocarbon blowing agents are HCFC 141b and HCFC 22 which can be advantageously combined in preferred proportions. High viscosity isocyanates and polymer premix, which cannot be processed using a conventional Kady mill and conventional foam mixing equipment, may be used in the process described. 
     The extruder is cooled downstream of the dispersion section of the extruder to prevent premature reaction of the foam ingredient The low torque requirements permits use of virtually any size extruder. Flocculation of filler particle/polyol dispersions can be avoided by maintaining a high shear rate on the dispersion, through the foaming section, producing a foam with excellent filler particle dispersion. 
     In general, the quality of the dispersion increases with a decrease in filler particle size and with increased viscosity of the starting medium. Decreasing the particle size enables the use of higher loading of filler material without detriment to dispersion quality. Addition of the polyol or isocyanate in the dispersion section may be accomplished in several staged injections. This is preferred for keeping the viscosity and shear high enough to ensure a high quality dispersion. 
     The preferred dispersions were obtained when the charge of filler particles was added with the first injection of the dispersion medium to form a mixture. The final preferred filler percentage of 12% to 20% was then obtained by subsequent liquid injections in the dispersion section of the extruder. Maximum temperatures of about 50° C. in the dispersion section do not present an operational problem. The dispersion is actively cooled by cold water circulating in the barrel jackets and screws and passively cooled by injection of the remaining foam ingredients into the dispersion. 
     A preferred extruder screw speed to provide a good foam mix is about 300-900 rpm, with 600-800 rpm typical. Speeds may range to 1000 rpm or higher. For extended use at high speed, a special hardening treatment is advantageously used on the screw element in the dispersion section due to the abrasiveness of the filler particles. Throughput is a function of both screw speed and extruder size. A desired throughput for a 30-40 mm extruder is about 450-600 lb./hr. 
     One method of extruding polyisocyanurate foam includes adding a blend of isocyanate, and filler particles at a first position of the extruder, adding polyol blend to mix with the isocyanate blend at a second position of the extruder closer to the extrusion position than the first position, adding catalyst blend to the mixed polyol and isocyanate blend at a third position of the extruder proximate the extrusion position, and extruding the catalyzed mixture onto a belt conveyor for foaming. 
     With reference to FIG. 1, an extruder apparatus 2 suitable for practicing the invention is illustrated. The apparatus 2 includes an extruder 4 which has barrels, B1-B9. A single or twin screw extruder may be used. A twin screw extruder provides better mixing and is preferred. The barrels of the extruder are preferably separated by sheets of Graphoil paper, which aids in taking down the apparatus. 
     isocyanate solution is mixed and provided to reservoir 6 having a large capacity, preferably a 30 gallon capacity. A suspension of filler particles in the isocyanate may be fed to reservoir 6 or the filler particles can be fed into barrel B1 via a hopper 8. Solution from reservoir 6 is fed, in a non-limiting example, to barrel B7 of extruder 4. Polyol is mixed with water (foaming agent), for example in Lightening mixer 10, and fed to extruder 4 at location 12, between barrels B7 and B8. Alternatively, the isocyanate and the filler particles may be fed, for example, to hopper 8 feeding into barrel B1, and the isocyanate and/or filler particles mixed together in the extruder before the polyol is added. 
     The polyol and isocyanate containing filler particles and/or carbon black are mixed in the extruder. Thereafter catalyst is fed from a reservoir 14 to barrel B9 and mixed therewith. The catalyzed mixture is fed through the discharge end of the extruder onto a belt conveyor. The discharge end 16 of the extruder 4 suitably has an inclined discharge piece 18 or a flat discharge piece (FIG. 4), for directing the foam downward onto a conveying/forming apparatus 11. 
     The temperature in the extruder is controlled by cooling the barrels and screws, as known in the art. Barrels B7 through B9 (at least) are cooled, generally by water cooling, to facilitate mixing the components of the reaction mixture without clogging the extruder. 
     The conveying/forming apparatus 11 includes a conveyor 20, onto which the foam is discharged from end 16 of extruder 4. The foam, passes between a pair of rolls 23 which rotate in opposite directions and then onto a slat conveyor 24, 26 through a heated area 28 in which the foam rises. 
     Optionally the foam is introduced between upper and lower paper liners. Appropriate location of the lining paper rolls (not shown) is apparent to one skilled in the art. The resultant product is a laminated insulation sheet. 
     Slat conveyors typically vary from 20-100 feet in length. The slat conveyor 24 is heated to about 150° F. This portion of the conveyor is substantially closed in by enclosure 28 to conserve heat. Doors (not shown) are placed about every 10 ft. along the enclosure to allow access to the equipment. The mixture foams and firms as it passes at about 30 to 250 ft./min. along the conveyor. The foam passes onto a roller conveyor 30 about 20 to 100 ft. in length, substantially at room temperature for curing before being cut into panels for use. A typical apparatus of this type is shown in Gluck, U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,763, discussed above. 
     In another example, shown in FIG. 2, an extruder 32 having 12 barrels A1-A12 is used. Filler particles are fed to barrel A1 from hopper 34, a premix of polyol and surfactant is fed from mixer 36 between barrels A1 and A2 and mixed together with the filler particles in the extruder screw. The remainder of the polyol is added from a reservoir 38 to barrel A6 and mixed with the filler particle and optional carbon black and polyol premix. Isocyanate is fed from a reservoir 40 to barrel A9 and mixed with the ingredients already in the screw of the extruder. In this example, hydro-chlorofluorocarbon blowing agent (HCFC-141b) is used, and is added from a reservoir 42 to barrel A11. Catalyst, such as potassium octoate, is added from a reservoir 44 to barrel A12 of the extruder, and mixed into the reaction mix immediately before extrusion. The mixture is extruded from extruder head 46 onto a conveying/forming apparatus, such as illustrated in FIG. 1. 
     Where more than one type of filler material is to be used, separate feed bins 48 for each type of material are provided. The amount of filler fed to the hopper 34 from each bin is controlled to provide a desired proportion. A preferred combination of filler materials is carbon black and aluminum trihydrate, relative proportions are dependent upon the R value and physical properties desired. For making dispersions without foaming, the fillers are added via hopper 34 and the isocyanate is added from mixer 36 and reservoir 38. 
     It is well known in the art of thermosetting foams that, in the process of making polyisocyanurate or polyurethane foams, when the mixture is prepared, there is an exothermic foaming reaction. The speed of this reaction is controllable according to the temperature at which the reaction takes place. The foaming action is described as having a &#34;cream time&#34;, during which foaming is initiated and the material reaches a consistency of a soft creamy foam, and a &#34;firm time&#34; at which the foam sets up and hardens. In a typical non-limiting example, the cream time may be 7 to 12 seconds and the firm time may be 35 to 60 seconds. The properties of the product may be changed by adjusting the concentrations of the materials, temperatures of the barrels, etc. 
     In prior attempts to extrude thermosetting resins of this type, extrusion has not been successful because the reaction mechanism has not been controlled within the extruder and the mixture has creamed and/or foamed within the extruder and blocked the extruder, preventing extrusion. 
     A typical extruder head which is useful in avoiding excessive build-up of foam on the head is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Discharge plate 50 of extruder 52 is attached to barrel 54. Screw 56 has a flat tip 58 and discharged material 60 falls directly between rolls 62, 64 carrying lining paper 66, 68 for the conveyor (as shown in FIG. 1) on which the isocyanate polymer is foamed. 
     With reference to FIG. 5, a second embodiment of an extrusion system 102 which is also suitable for practicing the invention is illustrated. Extrusion system 102 includes a single or twin screw extruder 104 and an associated reservoir system 106. The extruder 104 includes a series of barrels C1-C12 and an extruder head 120. The reservoir system 106 includes a plurality of reservoirs 150-156 from which the foam components are supplied. 
     The reservoirs 150-156 feed the foam component materials to the barrels C1-C12 and head 120 of the extruder 104 via a network of feed lines and valves as illustrated. 
     In manufacturing foam using the extrusion system of FIG. 5, filler material is preferably provided to the extruder 104 at barrels C1 and C4 from reservoirs 150 and 152. Isocyanate solution is mixed and fed to barrels C2 and C6 of the extruder 104 from reservoirs 151 and 153. The isocyanate solution may be optionally mixed with a dispersing agent and/or surfactant. Surfactant may be mixed at reservoirs 151 and 153 with the isocyanate and dispersing agent and provided to the extruder 104 with the isocyanate and dispersing agent at barrels C2 and C6. 
     Polyol is preferably provided from a reservoir 155 and fed to the extruder 104 at barrel C9. The surfactant, curing agent and foaming agent may be mixed with the polyol at reservoir 155 and fed to the extruder 104 at barrel C9. 
     Foaming agent is provided to the extruder 104 at barrel C8 without previous mixing with other components. Additionally, foaming agent may be mixed with polyol at reservoir 155 prior to entry to the extruder 104 at barrel C9. For example, foaming agent is provided to extruder 104 at barrel C9 after the foaming agent is first mixed with polyol/surfactant mixture. Catalyst is introduced into the extruder 104 via an extruder head 120 from reservoir 156. 
     A cross-sectional side view of the extruder head 120 in the extrusion system is shown in FIG. 6. The mixture of the component parts of the filler, isocyanate, polyol, and additional agents, without the catalyst, arrives via a hose 200 (shown in FIG. 5) to entry port 202 in a mixing block 204 of the extruder head 120. At mixing block 204, the component mixture travels via a worm gear 206 to agitator 208 located in a cavity area 210. Concurrently, catalyst enters at a catalyst port 214 and travels along a duct 215 to arrive in the cavity area 210 via a catalyst entry port 216. The mixture of the component parts of the filler isocyanate, polyol and additional agents and catalyst are mixed together by agitator 208 in the cavity area 210 and continues out of the cavity area 210, preferably onto a conveyor system such as the conveyor forming system 11 illustrated in FIG. 1. Preferably, the cavity 210 is 2 to 3 inches wide and the agitator is rotated at approximately 3500 to 5500 rpm. 
     A preferred method of manufacturing foam using the extruder of FIG. 5 includes feeding a first filler from source 150 to the extruder 104 at barrel C1. A mixture of isocyanate, dispersing agent and surfactant is fed to the extruder 104 at barrel C2 from reservoir 151. Additional filler is added from source 152 and fed to the extruder 104 at barrel C4. An additional mixture of isocyanate, dispersing agent and surfactant is then added to the extruder 104 at barrel C6 from reservoir 153. Foaming agent is provided to the extruder 104 at barrel C8 from reservoir 154. Polyol, foaming agent, surfactant and curing agent are fed to the extruder 104 at barrel C9 from reservoir 155. Finally, a catalyst or catalyst mixture is provided to the extruder head 120 from reservoir 156. 
     In making insulation boards, the extrusion processes described herein allow fast, economical production. The use of filler particles additionally reduces the cost of the insulation boards. 
     The thermal conductivity of insulation board is reduced by adding carbon black. This advantageously reduces board thickness. The thermal conductivity of polyisocyanurate foams, based on different foaming agents, in BTU per cu. ft., per hr., per °F., are as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________isocyanurate/HCFC    0.12isocyanurate/carbon black/HCFC                0.09-0.1isocyanurate/water   0.14-0.19isocyanurate/carbon black/water                0.135-0.17isocyanurate/carbon black/HCFC/water                 0.09-0.135______________________________________ 
    
     Use of HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) foaming agent advantageously reduces the foam&#39;s thermal conductivity. Carbon black also reduces the thermal conductivity, compensating for increased thermal conductivity when water is the foaming agent. The formulation may also include inorganic flame retardants. Inorganic flame retardants increase the isocyanurate and polyol components&#39; viscosities. A screw extruder allows thorough mixing of higher viscosity components with better dispersion for use of higher percentage of filler materials. The mix is discharged from the extruder prior to the start of the firming reaction. 
     A filler particle dispersion may be made in the extruder using the filler particles, carbon black, optional surfactant and isocyanate or polyol. Dispersions may be used immediately or stored for future use. Isocyanate dispersions are preferred where storage is intended since polyol dispersions tend to become less disperse when stored. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following Examples 1-48 were made in accordance with the process described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-4. Examples 49-60 were made using the alternate embodiment of the process as described in conjunction with FIGS. 5-6. 
     Examples 1 to 33 
     Carbon Black Dispersion Made in the Extruder Screw 
     Table 1 shows the composition used for each formulation and Table 2 shows the composition of each polyol premix, used as indicated in Table 1. Pelron P-344 dispersant and Cabot Black Pearls 280 carbon black were used in all the examples. The catalyst was a 3:1 blend, by weight, of potassium octoate and DMP-30. A catalyst blend of 3:1 to 6:1 may be used. The ratio of the catalyst blend is dependent upon how close the catalyst is added to the extruder outlet. The average equivalent weight of BASF 226 prepolymer (polymer/isocyanate mix) and ICI high viscosity isocyanate is about 152. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________                Parts by           %Formulation   Component    Weight  %     Index                                   Trimer______________________________________I       Premix I     40.6    11.8  2.74 12.4   2852E Polyol 59.4    17.2   MR-200 Isocyanate                192.0   55.7   Catalyst     7.5     2.2   HCFC - 141b  45.0    13.1II      Premix II    40.6    11.2  2.93 12.8   Carbon Black (C/B)                17.4    4.8   2852E Polyol 59.4    16.4   MR-200 Isocyanate                192.0   53.0   Catalyst     7.5     2.1   HCFC - 141b  45.0    12.4III     Premix III   63.5    17.0  3.00 12.9   Carbon Black (C/B)                27.2    7.3   2852E Polyol 36.5    9.8   MR-200 Isocyanate                192.0   51.5   Catalyst     7.5     2.0   HCFC-141b    46.3    12.4IV      Premix IV    40.6    11.5  2.97 12.7   Carbon Black (C/B)                17.4    4.9   2852E Polyol 50.0    14.2   Isocyanate (ICI, or                192.0   54.5   BASF 226   Prepolymer)   Catalyst     7.5     2.1   HCFC-141b    45.0    12.8______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________  I       II        III       IVPolyol Premix    pbw    %      pbw  %    pbw  %    pbw  %______________________________________2852E Polyol    37.1   91.4   33.9 83.5 55.0 86.6 33.9 83.5Y10222   3.5    8.6    3.5  8.6  3.5  5.5  3.5  8.6SurfactantP-344    --     --     3.2  7.9  5.0  7.9  3.2  7.9Dispersant______________________________________ 
    
     The operating run schedule is shown in Table 3 and operating parameters of the extruder are shown in Table 4. The torque developed was higher for the carbon black dispersions when compared with the white controls, but was still very low relative to the capabilities of the extruder, and is not a limiting factor. Exit temperatures of the foam mix are shown to be a function of the level of carbon black and the original viscosity of the dispersion medium. The preferred exit temperature is about 25° to 32° C. 
     Table 5 shows properties of selected test foams. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________RUN SCHEDULERun No.  Formation           Foam Type  Key Variable______________________________________ 1     I        White Control                      Density Check 1.65 2     I        White Control                      Lower 141b 1.67 3     I        White Control                      Higher 141b 1.51 4     II       Black Control                      Hegman 7 5     II       Black Control                      Lower 141b 6     II       Black Control                      ISO Adjustment 7     II       Black Control                      Mix/Rate Study @ 600 RPM 8     II       Black Control                      Mix/Rate Study @ 500 RPM 9     II       Black Control                      Mix/Rate Study @ 600 RPM10     III      Black Control                      Mix/Rate Study @ 600 RPM11     III      Black Control                      Mix/Rate Study @ 500 RPM12     III      Black Control                      Mix/Rate Study @ 500 RPM13, 13A  IV       Black, Prepol.                      Mix @ 500 RPM, 13A Higher                      ISO14     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Mix @ 600 RPM15     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Mix/Rate Study @ 600 RPM16     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Mix/Rate Study @ 500 RPM17     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Mix/Rate Study @ 500 RPM18     IV       Black, ICI Mix @ 500 RPM19     IV       Black, ICI Mix @ 600 RPM20     IV       Black, ICI Catalyst Adjustment21     IV       Black, ICI 141b Adjustment22     IV       Black, ICI 141b Adjustment23     IV       White, Prepol.                      Control24     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Prepol + C/B25     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Higher C/B @ 500 RPM26     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Higher C/B @ 600 RPM27     IV       Black, Prepol.                      Low Rate, Low on Matl.28     IV       White Control                      ICI High Visc. ISO29     IV       Black Control                      Std. % C/B30     IV       Black Control                      Higher C/B31     IV       Black Control                      Higher C/B32     IV       Black Control                      Higher C/B33     IV       White Control                      R-22 Froth______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________OPERATING PARAMETERSRun                       Exit         FoamNo.  RPM    % Torque lbs/hr                     Temp. °C.                            % C/B Quality______________________________________ 1   500    5.1      300  28     0     Good 2   500    5        300  27     0     Good 3   500    4.9      300  28     0     Good 4   500    16       300  27     4.8   Good 5   500    15.9     300  28     4.8   Good 6   500    15.8     300  28     4.8   Good 7   600    15.2     300  29     4.8   Good 8   500    17.7     400  29     4.8   Good 9   600    16.4     400  29     4.8   Good10   600    16.7     450  29     7.3   Good11   500    22       450  29     7.3   Good12   500    24       400  29     7.3   Good13   500    14.3     300  30, 31 4.8   Good, S1. Soft14   600    13.7     300  33     4.8   Fair15   600    16.1     450  35     4.8   Fair16   500    16.8     450  34     4.8   Fair17   500    21.0     600  32     4.8   Fair18   500    20.6     300  31     4.8   V. Good19   600    19.8     300  32     4.8   V. Good20   600    18.0     300  32     4.8   V. Good21   600    17.6     300  33     4.8   V. Good22   600    17.4     300  32     4.8   V. Good23   500    7.0      300  7      4.8   V. Good24   500    14.0     300  14     4.7   V. Good25   500    27.0     300  27     7     V. Good26   600    24.8     300  25     7     V. Good27   600    24.0     190  24     7     V. Good28   500    6.4      300  34     0     V. Good29   600    13.5     300  37     4.7   V. Good30   600    14.7     450  34     7     V. Good31   600    29.0     300  39     7     V. Good32   600    27.6     300  40     7     V. Good33   600    26       300  33     0     V. Good______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________                    % Closed                            %Run No.  k-Init.   k-Aged  Cell    Friability                                   Density______________________________________ 1     .136      --      --      --     1.62 2     .140      --      --      --     1.69 4     --        .167    79      29 7     .128      --      --      -- 9     .124      --      --      --10     .131      --      --      --12     .134      --      --      --13     --        .141    81       813A    --        .136    81      1314     .123      --      --      --15     .121      .145    86      1216     --        .138    85      1317     --        .148    87      3518     --        .155    85      1819     .123      .146    --      --20     --        .146    86      2021     .128      --      --      --22     .139      --      --      --23     .132      .139    84       828     --        .149    90      2029     --        .132    --      --33     --        .177    81      12______________________________________ 
    
     Example 34 
     Foam with Pre-Mixed Carbon Black Dispersion 
     Component A: 
     Polymeric methyldiisocyanate (MDI) 91% 
     carbon black 9% 
     (viscosity: 20,000 cps) 
     (dispersion quality: Hegman bar--50 microns) 
     Component B: 
     polyol 91% 
     silicone surfactant 5% 
     water 4% 
     Component C: 
     preblended catalyst (potassium octoate) 2% 
     Components A, B and C were mixed in the percentage ratio A:B:C of 74:24:2, by weight. 
     Using the apparatus of FIG. 1, the process was started by injecting component A into barrel B7 until it was observed exiting the extruder. Component B was then injected to the spacer between barrels B7 and B8, followed by injection of catalyst to barrel B9. Shutdown was performed in reverse order. The machine was purged with methylene chloride. 
     The product had a compression strength of 26 psi, a density of 2.3 lb./cu. ft. and a K factor (thermal conductivity) of 0.168 BTU/sq. ft./°F. 
     When the machine was taken apart, it was easy to remove the barrels separated by Graphoil paper. The internal surfaces of the barrel in the process section were coated with a thin hard layer of cured material but this was readily removable. 
     Substantially higher concentration of isocyanate (component A) leads to hard and brittle foam. Substantially higher concentration of polyol (component B) leads to rubbery, soft foam and increased exotherm of reaction. 
     As the speed of the machine is increased, the cell size of the foam is decreased. Variation of these parameters to provide foam having certain characteristics will be apparent to one skilled in the art. 
     Example 35 
     Carbon Black Dispersion Made in the Extruder Screw 
     
         ______________________________________Component A:     polymeric methyldiisocyanate (MDI)                          100.00 parts     carbon black         9.29 parts     dispersant           1.93 parts     surfactant           1.7 parts______________________________________ 
    
     Using apparatus of FIG. 1, the process was started by injecting the ingredients for component A into barrel B7 until it was observed exiting the extruder. The dispersion produced was of better quality than that produced in a Kady mill and registered more than 8 on the Hegman scale. 
     In a further embodiment of the invention, polyisocyanurate bunstock may be made using an extruder. The bun is cut from an extrudate which is passed from the die of the extruder to a conveyor belt having release-coated paper liners on the top, bottom and sides. A kraft paper liner having a polymer coating is suitable for use as a release paper. A 20 ft. conveyor may be used, moving at about 9 to 10 ft/min The bunstock may be from 4 in. to 2 ft. or more in thickness. The foam is warm as it exits the extruder and is allowed to cure for 4 to 6 days. In a typical example of making bunstock on an extruder, the following formulation was used: 
     Example 36 
     Bunstock Made in the Extruder 
     
         ______________________________________Material             ppm______________________________________Isocyanate (Miles - Mondur MR)                101Polymer resin (Iso-Shield - P101)                78R-11 (Atochem - Isotron 11 or 141B)                13.81Catalyst #1 (Air Products - TMR-3)                1.17Catalyst #2a (Air Products - DMEA)                .312Catalyst #2b (Ashland - DEG)                .312______________________________________ 
    
     The foam was extruded from a die of an extruder, having a large cross-section, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, onto a conveyor lined with paper on the top, bottom and sides, to form bunstock having dimensions of about 27&#34; high×511/2&#34; wide. The cream time was 28 sec., the gel time was 2 min. 34 sec., the rise time was 3 min. 55 sec. and the tack free time was 4 min. 31 sec. The conveyor speed was about 9 to 10 ft./min. Bunstock may be extruded at a speed of about 200 lb./min. A typical bun may be about 27&#34;×511/2&#34;×10 ft. in size and may be cut to smaller blocks, as required. Different levels of carbon black may be used, providing different K-values. 
     The extruder may alternatively be used to make the filler particle dispersion only, which is then fed to a tank for storage and later use. 
     When the extruder is used for making both the dispersion and the foam, the cream time and gel time are relatively slow due to the size of the bunstock. The bunstock which is liquid at extrusion onto the conveyor, is firm after reaching the end of the conveyor and being released from the paper liners. The process described allows for large volume bunstock to be made, of very high quality. 
     Examples 37-48 
     High Filler Particle Content Foam 
     A number of examples of foams having a high filler particle content were produced using the process explained in conjunction with FIG. 2 above. 
     Table 6 presents the various formulations of materials which were used in the examples and Tables 7a and 7b provide a tabulation of the characteristics of the resultant thermoset foam. The examples illustrate how polymer foams can be made using the extrusion process which can contain in excess of 15% filler material. 
     Test runs were conducted using a ZSK-40 extruder having a 40 mm wide extruder. Depending upon the type and size of the sheet to be produced, larger capacity extruders are used for commercial production such as extruders having diameters 58 mm, 70 mm, 92 mm, or 120 mm. Table 8 provides ranges of preferred ranges of preferred processing rates for the various size extruders. 
     
                                           TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________        FORMULATION        A      B      C      D      E        pbw %  pbw %  pbw %  pbw %  pbw %__________________________________________________________________________Polyol Cape 254C        100 24.8               100 26 100 22.8                             100 22.6                                    100 22.7Surfact-  D.C. 9342        3   0.8               3   .78                      2   .5 2   .5 2   .5antBlowing  Water 0.5 0.1               0.5 .13                      1.40                          .3 1.40                                 .3 1.40                                        .3Agent  Forane        47.5            11.8               38  9.9                      43  9.8                             47  10.6                                    40  9.1  141b  HCFC 22        0   0  0   0  0   0  0   0  6   1.4Catalyst  TMR-30        0.84            .2 0.45                   .12                      0.96                          .2 1.25                                 .3 1.25                                        .3  OMG 977        2.51            0.6               2.2 .58                      2.65                          .6 3.40                                 .8 3.40                                        .8  Polycat        0.54            0.1               0.39                   .11                      0.57                          .1 0.65                                 .2 0.65                                        .2  46Filler Alumina        76  19 72.27                   18.7                      0   0  0   0  77.40                                        17.6  Trihy-  drate  Calcium        0   0  0   0  73.80                          16.8                             0   0  0   0  Carbon-  ate  Non-  0   0  0   0  0   0  77.80                                 17.6                                    0   0  expanded  PerliteISOCYANATE   171.84            42.7               168.4                   44 214.19                          48.8                             208.45                                 47.2                                    208.45                                        47.3__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 7a______________________________________EXAMPLE  37      38      39    40    41    42______________________________________Formulation    A       A       A     A     B     BTypeIso Index    2.30    2.50    2.50  2.50  2.50  2.20Avg. Thickness    1.53&#34;   1.56&#34;   1.56&#34; 2.12&#34; 1.28&#34; 1.44&#34;Board Density    2.29    2.45    2.54  2.09  2.83  2.48Core Density    2.10    2.39    2.39  1.86  2.61  2.17K-Value  0.138   0.136   0.138 0.135 0.133 0.13Compressive    22.41   19.6    26.44 19.34 32.62 30.4(psi)% Closed Cell    82.00%  84.20%  83.30%                          83.30%                                81.00%                                      77.30%Hot Dip  good    good    good  good  good  goodCold Aging    0.00%/  0.58%/  0.42%/                          0.00%/                                0.00%/                                      0.00%/(% shrink)    0.42%   0.00%   0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%machine/crosscutHumid Aging    0.93%/  0.37%/  0.37%/                          0.56%/                                0.37%/                                      0.37%/(% growth)    0.45%   0.69%   0.45% 0.00% 0.34% 0.34%machine/crosscut______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 7b______________________________________EXAMPLE  43      44      45    46    47    48______________________________________Formulation    C       C       0     0     E     ETypeIso Index    2.60    2.60    2.50  2.50  2.50  2.50Avg. Thickness    1.33    2.50    1.44  2.43  1.44  2.44Board Density    2.42    2.33    2.38  2.33  2.89  1.99Core Density    2.28    2.28    2.14  2.14  2.59  1.86K-Value  0.141   0.141   0.138 0.135 0.138 0.134Compressive    14.6    18.0    22.04 21.82 22.50 20.66(psi)% Closed Cell    81.13%  82.17%  83.37%                          82.00%                                84.19%                                      82.63%Hot Dip  good    good    good  good  good  goodCold Aging    0.00%/  0.09%/  0.17%/                          0.11%/                                0.00%/                                      0.08%/(% shrink)    0.00%   0.12%   0.00% 0.08% 0.00% 0.00%machine/cross cutHumid Aging    0.06%/  0.12%/  0.06%/                          0.13%/                                0.00%/                                      0.06%/(% growth)    0.17%   0.11%   0.12% 0.17% 0.00% 0.17%machine/cross cut______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 8______________________________________Extruder Output Ranges.sup.1Extruder  ZSK-40    ZSK-58  ZSK-70 ZSK-92 C-120______________________________________High Rangelbs/hr 450       1350    2411   5500   12150lbs/min  7.5       22.5    40     92     202.5Low Rangelbs/hr 600       1800    3215   7300   16200lbs/min  10        30      54     122    270ft/min --        33-44   58-78  134-177                                  276-391______________________________________ .sup.1 Calculated for 1&#34; thick foam product 49&#34; wide and 2.0 lbs/cu. ft. inplace density. 
    
     Examples 49-60 
     Tables 9a, 9b and 9c present the various relations of materials used in Examples 49-60. Tables 10a and 10b provide a tabulation of characteristics of the resultant thermoset foam examples. The examples illustrate how polymer foams can be made using the extrusion process while using ammonium phosphate and/or fly ash, with and without carbon black or alumina as fillers. 
     
                                           TABLE 9a__________________________________________________________________________         FORMULATION         49     50     51     52         pbw %  pbw %  pbw %  pbw %__________________________________________________________________________Polyol  Cape 254C         100 26.6                100 25.2                       100 23.7                              100 26.6Surfact-   D.C. 9342         2.0 0.5                2.0 0.5                       2.0 0.5                              2.0 0.5antBlowing Water 0.6 0.2                0.6 0.2                       0.6 0.1                              0.6 0.2Agent   Forane         41.5             11.0                41.5                    10.4                       41.5                           9.9                              41.5                                  11.0   141b   HCFC 22         5   1.5                5   1.3                       5   1.2                              5   1.5Catalyst   Octoate         8   2.0                8   2.0                       8   1.9                              8   2.0   P-5   Polycat   46Filler  Ammonium         --  -- --  -- --  -- 19  5   Phosphate   Alumina         --  -- --  -- --  -- --  --   Flyash         19  5  29.8                    7.5                       42.2                           10 19  5   Carbon         19  5  29.8                    7.5                       42.2                           10 --  --   BlackIsocyanate    175 46.6                175 44.0                       175 41.4                              175 46.6Dispensing Agent         1.75             0.5                1.75                    0.4                       1.75                           0.4                              1.75                                  0.5Curing Agent 828         4.0 1.1                4.0 1.0                       4.0 0.9                              4.0 1.1__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 9b__________________________________________________________________________         FORMULATION         53     54     55     56         pbw %  pbw %  pbw %  pbw %__________________________________________________________________________Polyol  Cape 254C         100 25.2                100 23.7                       100 26.6                              100 25.2Surfact-   D.C.  2.0 0.5                2.0 0.5                       2.0 0.5                              2.0 0.5ant     9342Blowing Water 0.6 0.2                0.6 0.1                       0.6 0.2                              0.6 0.2Agent   Forane         41.5             10.4                41.5                    9.9                       41.5                           11.0                              41.5                                  10.4   141b   HCFC 22         5   1.3                5   1.2                       5   1.5                              5   1.3Catalyst   Octoate         8   2.0                8   1.9                       8   2.0                              8   2.0   P-5   Polycat   46Filler  Ammonium         29.8             7.5                42.2                    10 19  5  29.8                                  7.5   Phosphate   Alumina         --  -- --  -- --  -- --  --   Flyash         29.8             7.5                42.2                    10 --  -- --  --   Carbon         --  -- --  -- 19  5  29.8                                  7.5   BlackIsocyanate    175 44.0                175 41.4                       175 46.6                              175 44.0Dispersing Agent         1.75             0.4                1.75                    0.4                       1.75                           0.5                              1.75                                  0.4Curing Agent 828         4.0 1.1                4.0 0.9                       4.0 1.1                              4.0 1.1__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 9c__________________________________________________________________________         FORMULATION         57     58     59     60         pbw %  pbw %  pbw %  pbw %__________________________________________________________________________Polyol  Cape 254C         100 23.7                100 26.6                       100 26.6                              100 29.6Surfact-   D.C. 9342         2.0 0.5                2.0 0.5                       2.0 0.5                              2.0 0.6antBlowing Water 0.6 0.1                0.6 0.2                       0.6 0.2                              0.6 0.2Agent   Forane         41.5             9.9                41.5                    11.0                       41.5                           11.0                              41.5                                  12.2   141b   HCFC 22         5   1.2                5   1.5                       5   1.5                              5   1.5Catalyst   Octoate         100 1.9                8   2.0                       8   2.0                              8   2.4   P-5   Polycat 46Filler  Ammonium         42.2             10 38  10 19  5  --  --   Phosphate   Alumina         --  -- --  -- 19  5  --  --   Flyash         --  -- --  -- --  -- --  --   Carbon         42.2             10 --  -- --  -- --  --   BlackIsocyanate    175 41.4                175 46.6                       175 46.6                              175 51.8Dispersing Agent         1.75             0.4                1.75                    0.5                       1.75                           0.5                              1.75                                  0.5Curing Agent 828         4.0 0.9                4.0 1.1                       4.0 1.1                              4.0 1.2__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 10a______________________________________EXAMPLE  49      50      51    52    53    54______________________________________Avg. Thickness    1.49&#34;   1.48&#34;   1.56&#34; 1.48&#34; 1.51&#34; 1.51&#34;Board Density    1.98    2.06    2.27  1.96  2.14  2.14Core Density    1.82    1.91    2.04  1.83  1.98  1.87K-Value  0.134   0.133   0.141 0.136 0.138 0.137Compressive    26.18   28.02   26.19 27.99 29.88 26.68Hot Dip  good    good    good  good  good  good______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 10b______________________________________EXAMPLE  55      56      57    59    59    60______________________________________Avg. Thickness    1.49&#34;   1.51&#34;   1.54&#34; --    --    --Board Density    1.83    1.91    2.06  1.88  1.91  1.96Core Density    1.69    1.80    1.84  1.77  1.74  1.81K-Value  0.130   0.137   0.133 0.127 --    0.135Compressive    27.51   28.01   26.46 32.61 29.79 --Hot Dip  good    good    good  good  good  --______________________________________ 
    
     The extruded examples contain various amounts of filler, which include examples at greater than 12% filler material. Polyol was premixed with foaming agent and curing agent prior to introduction into the extruder. Isocyanate was premixed with surfactant prior to introduction into the extruder. Catalyst was fed at the extruder head as previously described with reference to FIG. 6. 
     Various properties were maintained within set parameters for Examples 49-60. Cold aging, the percentage of shrinkage, remained less than 2%. Humid aging, the percentage of growth, also remained less than 2%. Percent (%) closed cell was in the range of 89-93% and Hegman Scale readings greater than 7.5 for the dispersions were present for all the examples 
     While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.