Abstract:
In a hearing aid and a method for processing microphone signals in a hearing aid, a signal processing unit is provided in order to amplify and/or attenuate signal parts of at least two microphone signals in a directionally dependent manner. The hearing aid has a signal analysis unit that is capable of modifying at least one property of the direction-dependent amplification and/or attenuation thereby achieving high transmission quality and noise suppression in a multitude of auditory situations.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is directed to a hearing aid of the type having a microphone unit with at least two microphones for generating at least two microphone signals, and a signal processing unit supplied with the microphone signals which generates an output signal therefrom, wherein signal components of the microphone signals are amplified and/or attenuated in a directionally dependent manner, and a reproduction unit connected to the signal processing unit from which the output signal is emitted. The invention is provided for use in all types of hearing aids, however, the invention is especially suited for highly developed hearing aids that, for example, have digital signaling processing components. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     European Application 802699 discloses a method for electronically increasing of the spacing between two acousto-electrical transducers as well as the application of this method in a hearing aid. The phase shift between the signals registered by the acousto-electrical transducers is thereby first identified. Subsequently, at least one of the signals is supplied to a phase shifter. 
     A hearing aid of the above general type is disclosed in German Patentschrift 43 27 901. Here, a signal processing unit serves the purpose of achieving a predetermined directional characteristic on the basis of a suitable mixing of signals of a plurality of microphones. The properties of this directional effect, however, are permanently prescribed. Signal components from lateral signal sources are always attenuated and signal parts from signal sources arranged in front of or behind the hearing aid user are amplified. 
     Given this hearing aid, therefore, little flexibility is established in the case of changing auditory situations. Noises from signal sources behind the hearing aid user are not attenuated. The attenuation mechanism, which also necessarily deteriorates the wanted sound reproduction, is constantly active. The reproduction quality of the hearing aid is therefore not optimum when no unwanted noise attenuation is required in an auditory situation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention, accordingly, is to avoid the aforementioned problems and offer a hearing aid as well as a method for processing microphone signals in a hearing aid having high transmission quality and noise suppression in numerous auditory situations. 
     The above object is achieved in a hearing aid, and in a method for processing signals in a hearing aid, of the type of initially described, wherein a signal analysis unit is employed for undertaking a directional analysis of the microphone signals, and wherein the signal processing unit of the microphone signals, and wherein the signal processing unit modifies at least one property of the directionally dependent amplification and/or attenuation dependent on the directional analysis made by the signal analysis unit. 
     The invention proceeds on the basis of the idea of varying the properties of an existing directionally dependent amplification/attenuation according to the result of an additional signal analysis. Thus, an especially good adaptation of the inventive hearing aid to different auditory situations can be realized. For example, the direction of a noise source can be taken into consideration in the directionally dependent amplification/attenuation in order to offer good noise elimination. When no noteworthy unwanted sound is present, in contrast, the noise attenuation can be switched off in order to minimize distortions. 
     The modification of a property of the directionally dependent amplification/attenuation assumes a directional dependency of the amplification/attenuation that exists without this modification. 
     In preferred embodiments of the invention, the intensities of signal parts of the microphone signals in a number of predetermined direction classes (angular ranges) are defined in the direction analysis. As a result, the approximate direction of the principal component of a noise source can be identified. Alternatively, the direction of one or more signal sources can be determined more precisely. 
     An adaptive LMS filter can be employed for the signal analysis, signal distortions, in particular, being estimated therewith by whole multiples of a sampling cycle. The coefficients of the LMS filter determined by the adaption event can influence the result of the direction analysis or (completely) define it or even represent this result themselves. 
     Dependent on the result of the signal analysis, different signal processing steps can be implemented in preferred embodiments. For example, the directional characteristic of a directional microphone (a virtual directional microphone formed by superimposition of the microphone signals) can be suitably modified. Such a modification can, in particular, be an alignment of the directional microphone pole. Alternatively or additionally, a suitable noise elimination method can be selected. 
     Weighting signals, that determine the weighting factors with which the results of different filter, noise elimination and/or directional methods enter into the output signal, are preferably generated in the evaluation of the signal analysis. 
     The microphones for generating the microphone signals in preferred embodiments are arranged at a relatively slight distance of at most 5 cm or at most 2.5 cm or approximately 1.6 cm from one another, whereby the connecting line between the microphones can extend at an angle of at most 45° or at most 30° relative to the line of sight of the hearing aid user or can lie approximately in this line of sight. In particular, a common housing can be provided for both microphones. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block circuit diagram of a hearing aid constructed and operating in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a block circuit diagram of a signal analysis unit in the circuit of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a block circuit diagram of an LMS filter in the circuit of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the coefficient signals relative to time in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a microphone signal and an output signal in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The hearing aid circuit shown in FIG. 1 has a known microphone unit  10  that contains two omni-directional microphones  12 ,  12 ′ and a two-channel, distortion-correcting pre-amplifier  14 . The two microphones  12 ,  12 ′ are arranged at a spacing of approximately 1.6 cm. This distance roughly corresponds to the distance that sound covers during a sampling cycle of the hearing circuit. When the hearing aid is worn, the connecting line between the two microphones  12 ,  12 ′ proceeds approximately in the line of sight of the hearing aid user, with the first microphone  12  located at the front and the second microphone  12 ′ located at the back. The microphone unit  10  generates a first microphone signal MIC 1  and a second microphone signal MIC 2  that respectively derive from the first and from the second microphones  12 ,  12 ′. 
     The two microphone signals MIC 1  and MIC 2  are supplied to a signal analysis unit  16  and to a signal processing unit  18 . The signal analysis unit  16  evaluates the microphone signals MIC 1 , MIC 2  and generates three weighting signals G 1 , G 2 , G 3  and an overall weighting signal GG therefrom. In the exemplary embodiment described here, the signal processing unit  18  is composed of a side signal reduction unit  20 , a back signal reduction unit  22  and a mixer unit  24 . An output signal OUT of the signal processing unit  18  is supplied to a reproduction unit  26  and is supplied thereat to a preferably electro-acoustic transducer  30 , for example a loudspeaker, via an output amplifier  28 . 
     The side signal reduction unit  20  receives the microphone signals MIC 1 , MIC 2  and generates a first noise-reduced signal R 1  therefrom wherein signal parts of the two microphone signals MIC 1 , MIC 2  that derive from a sound source that is to the side of the hearing aid user are largely suppressed. To this end, the side signal reduction unit  20  has a subtractor  32  that forms the difference between the two microphone signals MIC 1 , MIC 2 . The difference signal and the second microphone signal MIC 2  are conducted to a compensation unit  34  for producing the first noise-reduced signal R 1 . 
     In the simplest case, the compensation unit  34  merely forwards the difference signal obtained from the subtractor  32  as first noise-reduced signal R 1 , and the second microphone signal MIC 2  is not taken into consideration. In alternative embodiments, the compensation unit  34  is fashioned as predictor in order to achieve a better attenuation effect for signal parts of side signal sources by suitable mixing of the difference signal and the second microphone signal MIC 2 . A side signal reduction unit  20  having such a compensation unit  34  is disclosed in the application of the same inventor bearing the title “Verfahren zum Bereitstellen einer Richtmikrofoncharakteristik und Hörgerät”, the content thereof being herewith incorporated into the present application. 
     The back signal reduction unit  22 , similar to the side signal reduction unit  20 , has a subtractor  36  and a compensation unit  38  that generates a second noise-reduced signal R 2 . Those components of the microphone signals MIC 1 , MIC 2  that derive from signal sources behind the hearing aid user are suppressed in the second noise-reduced signal R 2 . The positive input of the subtractor  36  is connected to the first microphone signal MIC 1 , whereas the negative input (to be subtracted) is connected to the microphone signal MIC 2  via a delay unit  40  that effects a delay by one sampling cycle. Even taking the back signal reduction unit  22  into consideration, the compensation unit  38  in the simplest case can forward the different signal of the subtractor  36  unmodified as second to noise-reduced signal R 2 . Alternatively, the back signal reduction unit  22  can be provided with a compensation unit  38  fashioned as predictor as described in detail in the application cited in the preceding paragraph. 
     The mixing unit  24  has three weighting amplifiers  42 ,  44 ,  46 , of which the first multiplies the first microphone signal MIC 1  by the weighting signal G 3 , the second multiplies the first noise-reduced signal R 1  by the weighting signal G 2 , and the third multiplies the second noise-reduced signal R 2  by the weighting signal G 1 . The weighting signals G 1 , G 2 , G 3  are thus employed as gain factors. The output signals of the weighting amplifiers  42 ,  44 ,  46  are added by a summer  48 . The output signal of the summer  48  is multiplied by the overall weighting signal GG by a further weighting amplifier  50  in order to obtain the output signal OUT of the mixing unit  24  (and of the overall signal processing unit  18 ). 
     The more precise structure of the signal analysis unit  16  is shown in FIG.  2 . The first microphone signal MIC 1  is supplied as input signal X to an LMS filter  52  (LMS=least mean square). The filtered output signal Y of the LMS filter  52  is connected to the negative input of a subtractor  54 . The microphone signal MIC 2  is supplied to the positive input of the subtractor  54  via a delay element  56  that offers a delay of three sampling cycles, and the difference signal formed by the subtractor  54  is supplied to the LMS filter  52  as error signal E. In formal notation, the following is thus valid for each sampling time t: 
       e ( t )= mic   2 ( t− 3)− y ( t ),  (1) 
     whereby e(t) is the error value of the error signal E at time t, y(t) is the output value of the LMS filter  52  at time t and mic 2  (t−3) is the value of the second microphone signal MIC 2  at time t−3 (three time clocks receiving the time t). 
     A coefficient vector signal {overscore (W)} of the LMS filter  52  is adjacent at a demultiplexer  58 . The coefficient vector signal {overscore (W)} transmits a coefficient vector {overscore (w)} (t) for each sampling time t, this containing five values k 0 (t), k 1 (t), k 2 (t), k 3 (t), k 4 (t) for the filter coefficients (taps). Thus valid informal notation is: 
     
       
           {overscore (W)} ( t )=( k   0 ( t ),  k   1 ( t ),  k   2 ( t ),  k   3 ( t ),  k   4 ( t )).  (2) 
       
     
     The demultiplexer  58  determines five coefficient signals K 0 , K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , K 4  from the coefficient vector signal {overscore (W)}, these indicating the value curve of the respectively corresponding coefficients. The three “middle” coefficient signals K 1 , K 2 , K 3 —as shall described in greater detail later—contain information about the spatial arrangement of the signal sources relative to the hearing aid user. This allocation of the filter coefficients is the result of the delay of the second microphone signal MIC 2  by three time units as a result of the delay element  56 . The transmission of the coefficient vectors and of the filter coefficients in the coefficient vector signal {overscore (W)} ensues serially in the exemplary embodiment described here on the basis of suitable protocol to which the demultiplexer  58  is adapted. In modified embodiments, the coefficients are transmitted in some other way, particularly parallel or partially parallel and partially serially. 
     A norming unit  60  norms the three coefficient signals K 1 , K 2 , K 3  and generates the weighting signals G 1 , G 2 , G 3  as well as the overall weighting signal GG therefrom. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the internal structure of the LMS filter  52 . The input signal X is adjacent at a buffer  62  that generates an input vector signal {overscore (U)}. The input vector signal {overscore (U)} expresses an input vector {overscore (u)} (t) for each sampling time t that contains the values of the input signal X at the respectively five preceding sampling times. Thus valid is: 
     
       
           {overscore (u)} ( t )=( x ( t− 1),  x ( t− 2),  x ( t− 3),  x ( t− 4),  x ( t− 5)),  (3) 
       
     
     whereby x (t) indicates the value of the input signal X at the sampling time t. 
     The input vectors {overscore (u)} (t) are multiplied by a vector multiplier  64  in a matrix operation, being multiplied by the respectively current coefficient vector {overscore (w)} (t) of the coefficient vector {overscore (W)} in order to obtain the (scalar) output values y(t) of the output signal Y at the clock time t. Thus valid in formal notation is: 
     
       
           y ( t )= {overscore (w)} ( t )· {overscore (u)}   T ( t ),  (4) 
       
     
     whereby  —   T  represents the transposition operator. In other words, the LMS filter  52 , which can be classified as a FIR filter (FIR=finite impulse response) with five coefficients, that is shown in FIG. 3 forms a linear combination as an output value y(t) from the values of the input signal X for the last five sampling times weighted with the coefficients k 0 (t)-k 4 (t): 
     
       
           y ( t )= k   0 ( t )* x ( t− 1)+ k   1 ( t )* x ( t− 2)+ k   2 ( t )* x ( t− 3)+ k   3 ( t )* x ( t− 4)+ k   4 ( t )* x ( t− 5).  (5) 
       
     
     An element squaring unit  66  generates the element-by-element square of the signal vectors {overscore (u)} (t), and an element summing unit  68  serves for summing up the squared elements. A small positive constant C (order of magnitude 10 −10 ) is added to the sum obtained in this way using an adder  70 , this constant C being supplied from a constant generator  72 . The result is present as a (scalar) divisor at a scalar divider  74 . The dividend is the scalar product from the current error value e(t) of the error signal E and an output vector of a scalar multiplier  76 . This output vector arises by scalar multiplication of the input vector {overscore (u)} (t) by a adaptation constant μ. 
     The resulting vector of the scalar divider  74  is added to the current coefficient vector {overscore (w)} (t) by a vector adder  78 . A delay element  80  only outputs the result one clock time later, outputting this as adapted coefficient vector {overscore (w)} (t+1) of the coefficient vector signal {overscore (W)}. One thus obtains the following overall: 
     
       
           {overscore (w)} ( t+ 1)= {overscore (w)} ( t )+(μ* e ( t )* {overscore (u)} ( t )/©+ {overscore (u)} ( t )· {overscore (u)}   T ( t )))  (6) 
       
     
     The circuit shown in FIG. 3 implements a LMS algorithm that approaches (adapts) the filter coefficients k 0 (t)-k 4 (t) on the basis of a stochastic gradient method such that the error signal E is largely minimized insofar as possible. An exact explanation of this algorithm may be found in Chapter 9 (Pages 365 through 372) of the book “Adaptive Filter Theory” by Simon Haykin, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1996, the content thereof being incorporated herein by reference. 
     During operation of the hearing aid, as already mentioned, the first microphone  12  is situated approximately 1.6 cm in front of the second microphone  12 ′ in the line of sight of the hearing aid user. Given a sampling frequency of 20 kHz assumed in the exemplary embodiment described here, this approximately corresponds to the distance that sound traverses in a sampling period (50 μs). In alternative embodiments, other sampling frequencies and, correspondingly, other spacings are provided or the theoretically optimum spacings are not exactly adhered to. Relatively good results have also been achieved in experiments in deviations of up to 25%. 
     A signal S 0  from a sound source that is located in the line of sight (angle of 0°) of the hearing aid user will arrive at the front microphone  12  at the sampling time t and will arrive at the back microphone  12 ′ at the sampling time t+1 due to the microphone spacing. Given a signal S 2  from a noise source that is located behind the hearing aid user (angle of 180°), the conditions are opposite. A signal S 1  from a side noise source (angle of 90°) arrives approximately simultaneously at both microphones  12 ,  12 ′ and therefore also acts simultaneously on the microphone signals MIC 1 , MIC 2 . The following is valid overall: 
     
       
           mic ( t )= s   0 ( t− 1)+ s   1 ( t )+ s   2 ( t ),  (8) 
       
     
     In the above equations, mic 1  (t) indicates the value of the signal MIC 1  at the sampling time t. The analogous case also applies to the signals MIC 2 , S 0 , S 1 , S 2 . 
     By introducing equation (8) into Equation (1), the following is obtained: 
     
       
           e ( t )= s   0 ( t− 4)+ s   1 ( t− 3)+ s   2 ( t− 3)− y ( t ),  (9) 
       
     
     and further insertion of Equation (5) into Equation(9) yields: 
     
       
           e ( t )= s   0 ( t− 4)+ s   1 ( t− 3)+ s   2 ( t− 3)−( k   0 ( t )* x ( t− 1)+ k   1 ( t )* x ( t− 2)+ k   2 ( t )* x ( t− 3)+ k   3 ( t )* x ( t− 4)+ k   4 ( t )* x ( t− 5))  (10) 
       
     
     Since, as can be seen from FIG. 2, x (t)=mic 1  (t) is valid of all sampling times t, the following is ultimately obtained from Equation (10) by introducing Equation (7) five times: 
     
       
           e ( t )= s   0 ( t− 4)+ s   1 ( t− 3)+ s   2 ( t− 3)− 
       
     
     
       
         ( k   0 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 1)+ s   1 ( t− 1)+ s   2 ( t− 2))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   1 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 2)+ s   1 ( t− 2)+ s   2 ( t− 3))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   2 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 3)+ s   1 ( t− 3)+ s   2 ( t− 4))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   3 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 4)+ s   1 ( t− 4)+ s   2 ( t− 5))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   4 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 5)+ s   1 ( t− 5)+ s   2 ( t− 6))).  (11) 
       
     
     The value e(t) is minimized by the algorithm of the LMS filter  52 . In this minimization event, k 3 (t), whose term only comprises the summand s 0 (t−4), increases with increasing intensity of the signal S 0  (angle of 0°). Correspondingly, the amount of the filter coefficient k 2 (t) is an indicator for the part of the signal S 1 (90° angle) in the microphone signals (MIC 1 , MIC 2 , and the amount of the filter coefficients k 1 (t) indicates the signal part of S 2  (180° angle). The values of all other filter coefficients strive toward zero. 
     When, for example, only signals from 0° and from 90° relative to the line of sight of the hearing aid user arrive, s 2 (t)=0 applies to all sampling times t. The following thus derives from Equation (11): 
     
       
           e ( t )= s   0 ( t− 4)+ s   1 ( t− 3)− 
       
     
     
       
         ( k   0 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 1)+ s   1 ( t− 1))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   1 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 2)+ s   1 ( t− 2))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   2 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 3)+ s   1 ( t− 3))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   3 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 4)+ s   1 ( t− 4))+ 
       
     
     
       
           k   4 ( t )*( s   0 ( t− 5)+ s   1 ( t− 5)))  (12) 
       
     
     It is to be expected in this case that, as a result of the adaptation, the coefficients k 2 (t) (corresponding to the parts s 1 (t−3)) and k 3 (t) (corresponding to the part s 0  (k−4)) increase, whereas the other coefficients strive toward zero. Given signals from 0° and 180°, a relatively high level of the coefficient signals K 1 , K 3  derives for corresponding reasons and a low level of the coefficient signal K 2  derives. The following table summarizes the results for different auditory situations: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Signal parts from . . . 
                 K1 
                 K2 
                 K3 
                 G1 
                 G2 
                 G3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                  0° 
                 low 
                 low 
                 high 
                 low 
                 low 
                 high 
               
               
                   
                  90° 
                 low 
                 high 
                 low 
                 low 
                 high 
                 low 
               
               
                   
                 180° 
                 high 
                 low 
                 low 
                 high 
                 low 
                 low 
               
               
                   
                 0° and 90° 
                 low 
                 high 
                 high 
                 low 
                 high 
                 high 
               
               
                   
                 0° and 180° 
                 high 
                 low 
                 high 
                 high 
                 low 
                 high 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can likewise be seen from the Table, the weighting signals G 1 , G 2 , G 3  always correspond to the coefficient signals K 1 , K 2 , K 3 . The only difference is that the weighting signals G 1 , G 2 , G 3  have been normed onto a desired sum (for example, G 1 +G 2 +G 3 =1) by the normalization unit  60 , whereby the normalization factors enter into the overall weighting signal GG. Further, differences of the weighting signals G 1 , G 2 , G 3  could be increased (“spread”). In alternative embodiments, in contrast, the coefficient signals K 1 , K 2 , K 3  serve directly as weighting factors. The normalization unit  60  and the weighting amplifier  50  can then be omitted. 
     A high weighting factor G 1  results in the second noise-reduced signal R 2 , wherein a noise signal part from 180° has been largely reduced, contributing a large part in the output signal OUT. Overall, thus, the signal analysis unit determines the intensities or strengths of signal parts of the microphone signals MIC 1 , MIC 2  in the angular ranges in the line of sight of the hearing aid user, transversely relative to the line of sight and behind the hearing aid user. The weighting factors G 1 , G 2 , G 3  correspond to the identified intensity values. Dependent on these values, either signals from 90° or, respectively, 180° are classified as noise signals and are largely suppressed or the first microphone signal MIC 1  is “through-connected” when the directional analysis has found that noteworthy (noise) signal parts are not present either from 90° or from 180°. 
     FIG. 4 shows the time curve of the coefficient signals K 1  (line -*-*-), K 2  (Line -+-+-), and K 3  (Line -------------) in a realistic experiment having a useful signal source from 0° and a noise signal source from 90°(each irrespective voice signal). The abscissa axis represents the range from 0 through 10 seconds. The value of the coefficient signal K 2  (90° indicator) is, as anticipated, always critically higher then the value of the coefficient signal K 1  (180° indicator). 
     The first microphone signal MIC 1  and the output signal OUT for the signal example employed in this experiment are shown in FIG.  5 . The microphone signal MIC 1  contains mainly noise signal parts particularly in the time span between 7.3 and 8.1 seconds. It can be seen that these parts are largely suppressed in the output signal OUT. 
     The functioning of the inventive hearing aid and method have been described on the basis of the circuit shown as an example in FIGS. 1 through 3, but other implementations are possible in alternative embodiments. In particular, the functions of the circuit can be entirely or partly realized by program modules of a digital processor, for example of a digital signal processor. The circuit, further, can be constructed as a digital or as an analog circuit or in different mixed forms between these two extremes. 
     In further alternative embodiments, the result of the direction analysis is interpreted in some other way for signal processing. For example, the coefficient signals K 1 , K 2 , K 3  could also be employed for the time-variant drive of, for example, three permanently prescribed directional microphone characteristics having poles at 90°, 135° and 180°. 
     Further, modified embodiments are provided wherein an “intelligent” determination of noise and wanted signal parts is undertaken (for instance with the norming unit  60 ). Whereas the signal part in line of sight direction (0°) was always considered as the wanted signal part in the above-described exemplary embodiment, the signal S 1  given, for example, the presence of the signal S 1  from 90° at simultaneous non-presence of the signal S 0  from 0°, can then be viewed as wanted signal and no longer be suppressed.