Abstract:
In a circuit to convert a voltage range of a control signal, a first switch selectively couples, based on the control signal, an output node to a first reference voltage when the output node is to be in a first state. A second switch selectively establishes, based on the control signal, a second reference voltage when the output node is to be in a second state, the second state being a logical complement of the first state. A feedback control loop is coupled to the output node to maintain the second reference voltage in response to voltage fluctuation at the output node. The feedback control loop includes a current mirror and a transistor coupled to the current mirror. The transistor is controlled by feedback from the output node to modify a biasing current established by the current mirror to thereby counteract the voltage fluctuation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/821,906, entitled “DAC DRIVER With Feedback Control Loop,” filed on Aug. 9, 2006, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY 
   The present disclosure relates generally to digital circuits, and more particularly, to circuits for converting signals that vary in a first voltage range to signals that vary in a second voltage range. 
   DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
   Typical current steering digital-to-analog converters (DACs) comprise a plurality of cells, each cell selectively supplying a current to a current summing line based on the digital value that is to be converted. The total current selectively supplied by all of the cells corresponds to the digital value, and different digital values will result in different amounts of total current. 
   For instance,  FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example current steering DAC  100  having a plurality of cells  104 ,  108 ,  112 , and  116 . Each of the cells  104 ,  108 ,  112 ,  116  includes an output coupled to a current summing line  120 . Digital data that is to be converted may be supplied to each of the cells  104 ,  108 ,  112 ,  116 . Each of the cells  104 ,  108 ,  112 ,  116  cells includes a current source and a switch that selectively, based on the digital data, applies current from the current source to the summing line  120 . The total current on the summing line  120  will correspond to the digital value, and different digital values will result in different amounts of total current on the summing line  120 . 
     FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example cell  150  that may be utilized in the current steering DAC  100  of  FIG. 1 . The cell  150  includes a current source  154  and a switch comprising a p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor  158  and a PMOS transistor  162 . A source of the transistor  158  is coupled to the current source  154 , and a drain of the transistor  158  is coupled to the summing line  120 . A source of the transistor  162  is coupled to the current source  154 , and a drain of the transistor  162  is coupled to ground. The cell  150  also includes logic  166  that receives the digital data that is to be converted and generates a switch control signal based on the digital data. The switch control signal is coupled to a gate of the transistor  158  and is coupled to an input of an inverter  170 . An output of the inverter  170  is coupled to a gate of the transistor  162 . 
   In operation, the logic  166  will generate either a low signal (e.g., 0 volts) or a high signal (e.g., 1.2 volts) depending upon a value of the digital data. If a value of the digital data results in the logic  166  generating a low signal, the transistor  158  will be turned ON. Additionally, the inverter  170  will generate a high signal, and thus the transistor  162  will be turned OFF. This will result in the current source  154  being coupled to the summing line  120 . Thus, the current source  154  will supply its current to the summing line  120 . On the other hand, if a value of the digital data results in the logic  166  generating a high signal, the transistor  158  will be turned OFF. Additionally, the inverter  170  will generate a low signal, and thus the transistor  162  will be turned ON. This will result in the current source  154  being coupled to ground. Thus, the current source  154  will not supply any of its current to the summing line  120 . 
   SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
   In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, a circuit to convert a voltage range of a control signal comprises a first switch to selectively couple, based on the control signal, an output node to a first reference voltage when the output node is to be in a first state, and a second switch to selectively establish, based on the control signal, a second reference voltage when the output node is to be in a second state, the second state being a logical complement of the first state. The circuit also comprises a feedback control loop coupled to the output node to maintain the second reference voltage in response to voltage fluctuation at the output node. The feedback control loop includes a current mirror and a transistor coupled to the current mirror, wherein the transistor is controlled by feedback from the output node to modify a biasing current established by the current mirror to thereby counteract the voltage fluctuation. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a driving circuit to generate an output signal for a digital-to-analog converter cell in accordance with a control signal includes a first switch to selectively couple, based on the control signal, an output node to a first reference voltage when the output signal is to be in a first state. The driving circuit additionally includes a second switch to selectively establish, based on the control signal, a second reference voltage when the output signal is to be in a second state, the second state being a logical complement of the first state. The driving circuit further includes a feedback control loop coupled to the output node to maintain the second reference voltage in response to voltage fluctuation at the output node. The feedback control loop comprises a current mirror and first and second transistors coupled to the current mirror. The first transistor is coupled to the output node to be controlled by feedback from the output node to generate a bias voltage for the second transistor. The second transistor is coupled to the current mirror to modify current flow through a first branch of the current mirror in response to the feedback such that mirrored current through a second branch of the current mirror modifies a biasing current to counteract the voltage fluctuation. 
   In accordance with yet another aspect of the disclosure, a cell of a current-steering digital-to-analog converter includes a current source, and a p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor having a source coupled to the current source and a drain coupled to a current summing line. Also, the cell includes a driver circuit having a control input and an output node to drive a gate of the PMOS transistor. The driver circuit comprises a first switch to selectively couple, based on the control input, the output node to a first reference voltage when the cell is to be in a first state, and a diode coupled to the output node to establish, based on the control input, a second reference voltage for when the cell is to be in a second state, the second state being a logical complement of the first state. The driver circuit additionally comprises a feedback control loop coupled to the output node and the diode and comprising a current mirror to adjust a biasing current to be provided to the diode to counteract voltage fluctuation at the output node. 
   In accordance with still another aspect of the disclosure, a method for converting a voltage range of a control signal includes selectively coupling, based on the control signal, an output node to a first reference voltage when the output node is to be in a first state, and selectively establishing, based on the control signal, a second reference voltage when the output node is to be in a second state, the second state being a logical complement of the first state. Additionally, the method includes maintaining the second reference voltage in response to voltage fluctuation at the output node based on feedback from the output node. 
   In accordance with still another aspect of the disclosure, a circuit for converting a voltage range of a control signal comprises means for selectively coupling, based on the control signal, an output node to a first reference voltage when the output node is to be in a first state, and means for selectively establishing, based on the control signal, a second reference voltage when the output node is to be in a second state, the second state being a logical complement of the first state. The circuit additionally comprises means for maintaining the second reference voltage in response to voltage fluctuation at the output node. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the disclosure, reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawing figures, in which like reference numerals identify like elements in the figures, and in which: 
       FIG. 1  a block diagram of an example current steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC); 
       FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram of a cell of the current steering DAC of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of another cell that may be utilized in a current steering DAC; 
       FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram of an example driver circuit that may be utilized in the cell of  FIG. 3 ; 
       FIG. 5A  is a block diagram of a hard disk drive system that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 5B  is a block diagram of a digital versatile drive system that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 5C  is a block diagram of a high definition television that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 5D  is a block diagram of a vehicle that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 5E  is a block diagram of a cellular phone that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 5F  is a block diagram of a set top box that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 5G  is a block diagram of a media player that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; and 
       FIG. 5H  is a block diagram of a voice over IP device that may utilize a circuit such as the circuit of  FIG. 4 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example cell  200  that may be utilized in a current steering DAC. The cell  200  includes a current source  204  and a switch comprising a p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor  208  and a PMOS transistor  212 . A source of the transistor  208  is coupled to the current source  204 , and a drain of the transistor  208  is coupled to a summing line  216 . A source of the transistor  212  is coupled to the current source  204 , and a drain of the transistor  212  is coupled to ground. The cell  200  also includes a driver circuit  220  that receives an input signal and generates two output signals based on the input signal. The input signal is indicative of whether the current source  204  should be coupled to or isolated from the summing line  216 . The input signal may be generated by logic such as the logic block  166  of  FIG. 2 . 
   The two output signals control the transistors  208 ,  212  to selectively couple the current source  204  to the summing line  216 . One of the output signals, OUT, is coupled to a gate of the transistor  208 . The output signal, OUTB, is coupled to a gate of the transistor  212 . The input signal coupled to the driving circuit  220  will vary between voltages levels for a typical CMOS device. For example, the input signal may vary between 0 volts and 1.2 volts. An input signal of approximately 0 volts may indicate that the current source  204  should be coupled to the summing line  216 , and an input signal of approximately 1.2 volts may indicate that the current source  204  should be isolated from the summing line  216 , for example. Alternatively, an input signal of approximately 1.2 volts may indicate that the current source  204  should be coupled to the summing line  216 , and an input signal of approximately 0 volts may indicate that the current source  204  should be isolated from the summing line  216 , for example. 
   The driving circuit  220  generates the output signals such that they vary in a range that is less than the range of that of the input signal. For example, if the input signal varies between approximately 0 volts and 1.2 volts, the output signals may vary between approximately 300 millivolts and 1.2 volts, for example, or some other desired range of reduced voltage range or swing. It has been found that, in at least some implementations, using such a reduced range reduces charge injection associated with the transistors  208 ,  212 . It also has been found that, in at least some implementations, using such a reduced range tends to keep the transistors  208 ,  212  biased in a desired region, such as in saturation. In some cases, the reduced voltage range may desirably maintain a more constant output impedance for the cell of the current steering DAC. 
   In operation, when the input signal is HIGH (in the standard CMOS range), the driver circuit  220  will generate the signal OUT to be HIGH (in the reduced range) and will generate the signal OUTB to be LOW (in the reduced range). Similarly, when the input signal is LOW (in the standard CMOS range), the driver circuit  220  will generate the signal OUT to be LOW (in the reduced range) and will generate the signal OUTB to be HIGH (in the reduced range). As a specific example provided merely for explanatory purposes, if the input signal is 1.2 volts, the driver circuit  220  will generate the signal OUT to be 1.2 volts and will generate the signal OUTB to be 300 millivolts. Continuing with this example, if the input signal is 0 volts, the driver circuit  220  will generate the signal OUT to be 300 millivolts and will generate the signal OUTB to be 1.2 volts. 
     FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram of one example of a driving circuit  300  that may be used as the driving circuit  220  of  FIG. 3 . The driving circuit  300  includes a flip flop  304 . The flip flop  304  includes a data input coupled to the input signal and a clock input coupled to a clock signal. The clock signal may be a clock signal of a DAC for example. The flip flop  304  generates a Q signal and a QB signal. In the embodiments described below, the Q signal corresponds with the input signal, while the QB signal corresponds to the logical complement of the input signal. In alternative embodiments, the Q signal corresponds to the logical complement of the input signal, and the QB signal corresponds to the input signal, as either the circuit nomenclature or, for instance, the logic  166  ( FIG. 2 ) may be adjusted accordingly. 
   The driving circuit  300  also includes a PMOS transistor  308  having a source coupled to a reference voltage V DD , a drain coupled to a current source  310 , and a gate tied to the drain. The reference voltage V DD  may be 1.2 volts, for example, or any other suitable reference voltage. A PMOS transistor  312  has a source coupled to V DD , a drain coupled to a drain of an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor  314 , and a gate coupled to the Q signal. The transistor  314  has its gate tied to its drain such that, in operation, the transistor is arranged as a forward-biased diode in accordance with the current flow. The Q signal is also coupled to the gate of an NMOS transistor  316 , which has a source coupled to V SS , and a drain coupled to the source of the transistor  314 . The reference voltage V SS  may be ground, for example, or any other suitable reference voltage. A pair of PMOS transistors  322  and  324  are arranged as a current mirror. When the transistor  316  is ON, the current mirror that includes the transistors  322  and  324  provides a biasing current for the transistor  314 . 
   The gate of the transistor  314  is coupled to the OUTB node, as is the gate of an NMOS transistor  318 , which also shares a common source with the transistor  314 . The drain of the transistor  318  is coupled to the drain of a PMOS transistor  320 , which is configured as one-half of a current mirror formed with the transistor  308 . The source of the transistor  320  is coupled to V DD . 
   The transistor  318  may be considered a part of a feedback loop that interacts with the transistor  314  to compensate for (i.e., counteract) voltage fluctuations on the OUTB node. As described below, the OUTB node may exhibit dynamic behavior associated with the capacitive coupling between the driving circuit  300  and the remainder of the current steering DAC. The feedback loop includes a pair of PMOS transistors  322  and  324  arranged as a current mirror. The branch of the current mirror having the transistor  322  sources an NMOS transistor  326 , while the other branch of the current mirror (i.e., having the transistor  324 ) provides the biasing current to the transistor  314 . More specifically, and as shown in  FIG. 4 , the drain of the transistor  322  is coupled to the drain of the transistor  326 . The gate of the transistor  326 , in turn, is coupled to the node defined by the connection of the transistors  320  and  318 . 
   In some embodiments, the driving circuit  300  further includes an identical circuit for generating a logic signal on a node OUT based on the QB signal. That is, the driving circuit  300  shown in  FIG. 4  may correspond with only half of the driving circuit utilized to generate the logic signals on separate OUT and OUTB nodes. 
   Operation of the driving circuit  300  will now be described. First, assume that the Q signal is LOW, and the QB signal is HIGH. In this state, the transistor  312  is ON, and the transistor  316  is OFF. Thus, the transistor  312  acts as a switch to pull up the node OUTB to approximately V DD . In cases with a circuit complementary to the circuit  300 , the QB signal is HIGH, thereby turning the transistor  312  OFF, and the transistor  316  ON. In this event, and as will be described in more detail below, the transistor  316  acts as a switch such that the output node is drawn down toward V SS , to a desired voltage above V SS . This voltage will be referred to as V MIN . 
   With reference again to the driving circuit of  FIG. 4 , when the Q signal transitions to HIGH, the transistor  312  will turn OFF and the transistor  316  will turn ON. This will cause the OUTB node to discharge toward V SS  via the discharge path formed by the transistors  314  and  316 . The degree to which the transistor  314  is forward biased as a diode establishes the resulting desired voltage V MIN . The amount of current flowing through the transistor  314  thus affects the gate-to-source voltage (V GS ) of the transistor  314 . The eventual voltage V MIN  established for the node OUTB will accordingly approximate V GS  of the transistor  314 . The node OUTB can be made to fall to the desired voltage V MIN  by appropriately selecting the transistor  314 . A biasing current for the transistor  314  is set by the current mirror that includes the transistors  322  and  324 . Additionally, the node OUTB is maintained at the desired voltage V MIN  by the operation of the feedback loop and the quiescent current flowing through the transistor  320 , as described below. The supporting quiescent current is, in turn, established via the current mirror formed by the transistors  308  and  320 , and determined by the current IREF specified by the current source  310 . In one specific implementation, the voltage V MIN  may be approximately 300 millivolts. It is to be understood, however, that other values of V MIN  may be utilized as well. For example, the voltage V MIN  may be approximately 100 millivolts, 125 millivolts, 150 millivolts, 175 millivolts, 200 millivolts, 225 millivolts, 250 millivolts, 275 millivolts, 325 millivolts, 350 millivolts, etc. 
   When the driving circuit  300  resides in the state with the Q signal HIGH, the transistors  308  and  320  act as a current mirror to establish the quiescent current through the transistor  318 , as well as the gate voltage for the transistor  326 . The gate voltage for the transistor  326  is determined via the feedback control loop formed by the transistors  318  and  326 , and the current mirror having the transistors  322  and  324 . Generally speaking, the feedback control loop reacts to fluctuations of the voltage on the OUTB node to maintain a constant current flowing through the transistor  314 , and thereby counteract the output node fluctuations. 
   If the OUTB node is tending to increase, the transistor  318  starts to pull the gate of the transistor  326  closer to V SS , such that the current flowing through the branch having the transistors  322  and  326  decreases. This decrease is matched in the mirrored current through the transistor  324  in the other branch of the current mirror and, as a result, the current biasing the transistor  314  decreases. The V GS  of the transistor  314  accordingly starts to fall, thereby counteracting the initial tendency of the voltage on the OUTB node to increase. 
   Conversely, if the OUTB node is starting to decrease, the gate of the transistor  326  is provided a higher voltage, such that the current flowing through both branches of the current mirror formed by the transistors  322  and  324  increases. With the biasing current to the transistor  314  now increasing, the V GS  of the transistor  314  begins to increase to compensate for, and counteract, the initial decrease at the OUTB node. 
   Through these adjustments, the feedback control loop supports the current flowing through the biasing transistor  314 , thereby maintaining a constant V MIN . In so doing, the feedback control loop also helps to avoid output node fluctuations that would otherwise undesirably increase the output impedance of the driving circuit  300 . Fluctuations of the output node voltage may otherwise occur because the OUTB node is capacitively coupled to the output of the DAC  100 , which exhibits a dynamic voltage. If, as a result of the fluctuations, the current through the transistor  314  were to decrease dramatically, the impedance of the OUTB node would correspondingly increase to levels that may, for instance, detrimentally slow the transitions between logic states. 
   The continued operation of the feedback control loop while the driving circuit is in the LOW state may be supported by a very low quiescent current set by the current source  310 . For example, the quiescent current flowing through the transistors  318  and  320  may be about 0.5 μA. In other embodiments, the quiescent current may fall within the range from about 1 μA to about 5 μA. In still other embodiments, the quiescent current may fall within the range from about 0.4 μA to about 5 μA. 
   One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize many variations to the example circuit  300  are possible. For example, the flip-flop  304  may be omitted and/or replaced with circuitry generating complementary Q and QB signals. As another example, the example circuit  300  (or variations thereof) is not limited to implementation in a configuration in which the output node OUTB is generated by the input signal Q, but rather may, for instance, be implemented such that the principal output generated by the circuit  300  is the OUT signal. 
   A circuit such as described above may be utilized in a variety of devices that require the conversion of a logic signal into a signal having a reduced range. As just one example, such a circuit may be utilized in current steering DACs. More generally, such a circuit may be utilized in a variety of electronic devices such as communication devices, computation devices, storage devices, networking devices, measurement devices, etc. Referring now to  FIGS. 5A-5H , a few specific examples of devices that may utilize a circuit such as such as the circuit  300  will be described. 
   For example, referring to  FIG. 5A , a hard disk drive  500  may include a circuit such as the circuit  300 . For example, signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 5A  at  502 , may include a circuit such as the circuit  300 . For instance, signal processing and/or control circuits  502  may include one or more current steering DACs. In some implementations, signal processing and/or control circuit  502  and/or other circuits (not shown) in HDD  500  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, and/or format data that is output to and/or received from a magnetic storage medium  506 . 
   HDD  500  may communicate with a host device (not shown) such as a computer, mobile computing devices such as personal digital assistants, cellular phones, media or MP3 players and the like, and/or other devices via one or more wired or wireless communication links  508 . HDD  500  may be connected to memory  509 , such as random access memory (RAM), a nonvolatile memory such as flash memory, read only memory (ROM) and/or other suitable electronic data storage. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5B , a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in a digital versatile disc (DVD) drive  510 . A circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 5B  at  512 , and/or mass data storage  518  of DVD drive  510 . For instance, signal processing and/or control circuits  512  and/or the mass storage device  518  may include one or more current steering DACs. Signal processing and/or control circuit  512  and/or other circuits (not shown) in DVD  510  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, and/or format data that is read from and/or data written to an optical storage medium  516 . In some implementations, signal processing and/or control circuit  512  and/or other circuits (not shown) in DVD  510  can also perform other functions such as encoding and/or decoding and/or any other signal processing functions associated with a DVD drive. 
   DVD drive  510  may communicate with an output device (not shown) such as a computer, television or other device via one or more wired or wireless communication links  517 . DVD  510  may communicate with mass data storage  518  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. Mass data storage  518  may include a hard disk drive (HDD) such as that shown in  FIG. 5B . The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. DVD  510  may be connected to memory  519 , such as RAM, ROM, nonvolatile memory such as flash memory, and/or other suitable electronic data storage. 
   Referring to  FIG. 5C , a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in a high definition television (HDTV)  520 . The HDTV  520  includes signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 5C  at  522 , a WLAN interface  529 , and a mass data storage  527 . A circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in the WLAN interface  529  or the signal processing circuit and/or control circuit  522 , for example. For instance, the WLAN interface  529  and/or signal processing and/or control circuits  522  may include one or more current steering DACs. HDTV  520  receives HDTV input signals in either a wired or wireless format and generates HDTV output signals for a display  526 . In some implementations, signal processing circuit and/or control circuit  522  and/or other circuits (not shown) of HDTV  520  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other type of HDTV processing that may be required. 
   HDTV  520  may communicate with mass data storage  527  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices. The mass data storage  527  may include one or more hard disk drives (HDDs) and/or one or more digital versatile disks (DVDs). At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5A  and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5B . One or more of the HDDs may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. HDTV  520  may be connected to memory  528  such as RAM, ROM, nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. HDTV  520  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  529 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5D , a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in a control system of a vehicle  530 . In some implementations, a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized by a powertrain control system  532  that receives inputs from one or more sensors such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, rotational sensors, airflow sensors and/or any other suitable sensors and/or that generates one or more output control signals such as engine operating parameters, transmission operating parameters, and/or other control signals. For instance, the powertrain control system  532  may include one or more current steering DACs. 
   A circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in other control systems  540  of vehicle  530 . For instance, control systems  540  may include one or more current steering DACs. Control system  540  may likewise receive signals from input sensors  542  and/or output control signals to one or more output devices  544 . In some implementations, control system  540  may be part of an anti-lock braking system (ABS), a navigation system, a telematics system, a vehicle telematics system, a lane departure system, an adaptive cruise control system, a vehicle entertainment system such as a stereo, DVD, compact disc and the like. Still other implementations are contemplated. 
   Powertrain control system  532  may communicate with mass data storage  546  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. Mass data storage  546  may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5A  and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5B . One or more of the HDDs may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. Powertrain control system  532  may be connected to memory  547  such as RAM, ROM, nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Powertrain control system  532  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  548 . The WLAN interface  548  may include a circuit such as the circuit  300 . For instance, the WLAN interface  548  may include one or more current steering DACs. The control system  540  may also include mass data storage, memory and/or a WLAN interface (all not shown). 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5E , a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in a cellular phone  550  that may include a cellular antenna  551 . The cellular phone  550  includes signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 5E  at  552 , a WLAN interface  568 , and a mass data storage  564 . A circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in the signal processing and/or control circuits  552  and/or the WLAN interface  568 , for example. For instance, the signal processing and/or control circuits and/or the WLAN interface  568  may include one or more current steering DACs. In some implementations, cellular phone  550  includes a microphone  556 , an audio output  558  such as a speaker and/or audio output jack, a display  560  and/or an input device  562  such as a keypad, pointing device, voice actuation and/or other input device. Signal processing and/or control circuits  552  and/or other circuits (not shown) in cellular phone  550  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform other cellular phone functions. 
   Cellular phone  550  may communicate with mass data storage  564  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5A  and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5B . At least one HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. Cellular phone  550  may be connected to memory  566  such as RAM, ROM, nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Cellular phone  550  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  568 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5F , a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in a set top box  580 . The set top box  580  includes signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 5F  at  584 , a WLAN interface  596 , and a mass data storage device  590 . A circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in the signal processing and/or control circuits  584  and/or the WLAN interface  596 , for example. For instance, the signal processing and/or control circuits  584  and/or the WLAN interface  596  may include one or more current steering DACs. Set top box  580  receives signals from a source such as a broadband source and outputs standard and/or high definition audio/video signals suitable for a display  588  such as a television and/or monitor and/or other video and/or audio output devices. Signal processing and/or control circuits  584  and/or other circuits (not shown) of the set top box  580  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other set top box function. 
   Set top box  580  may communicate with mass data storage  590  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. Mass data storage  590  may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5A  and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5B . At least one HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. Set top box  580  may be connected to memory  594  such as RAM, ROM, nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Set top box  580  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  596 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5G , a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in a media player  600 . The media player  600  may include signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 5G  at  604 , a WLAN interface  616 , and a mass data storage device  610 . A circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in the signal processing and/or control circuits  604  and/or the WLAN interface  616 , for example. For instance, the signal processing and/or control circuits  604  and/or the WLAN interface  616  may include one or more current steering DACs. In some implementations, media player  600  includes a display  607  and/or a user input  608  such as a keypad, touchpad and the like. In some implementations, media player  600  may employ a graphical user interface (GUI) that typically employs menus, drop down menus, icons and/or a point-and-click interface via display  607  and/or user input  608 . Media player  600  further includes an audio output  609  such as a speaker and/or audio output jack. Signal processing and/or control circuits  604  and/or other circuits (not shown) of media player  600  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other media player function. 
   Media player  600  may communicate with mass data storage  610  that stores data such as compressed audio and/or video content in a nonvolatile manner. In some implementations, the compressed audio files include files that are compliant with MP3 format or other suitable compressed audio and/or video formats. The mass data storage may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5A  and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5B . At least one HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. Media player  600  may be connected to memory  614  such as RAM, ROM, nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Media player  600  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  616 . Still other implementations in addition to those described above are contemplated. 
   Referring to  FIG. 5H , a circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phone  650  that may include an antenna  654 , signal processing and/or control circuits  658 , a wireless interface  662 , and a mass data storage  666 . A circuit such as the circuit  300  may be utilized in the signal processing and/or control circuits  658  and/or the wireless interface  662 , for example. For instance, the signal processing and/or control circuits  658  and/or the wireless interface  662  may include one or more current steering DACs. In some implementations, VoIP phone  650  includes, in part, a microphone  670 , an audio output  674  such as a speaker and/or audio output jack, a display monitor  678 , an input device  682  such as a keypad, pointing device, voice actuation and/or other input devices, and a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) communication module  662 . Signal processing and/or control circuits  658  and/or other circuits (not shown) in VoIP phone  650  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform other VoIP phone functions. 
   VoIP phone  650  may communicate with mass data storage  666  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices, for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5A  and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 5B . The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. VoIP phone  650  may be connected to memory  686 , which may be a RAM, ROM, nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. VoIP phone  650  is configured to establish communications link with a VoIP network (not shown) via Wi-Fi communication module  662 . 
   While the present invention has been described with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not to be limiting of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that changes, additions or deletions in addition to those explicitly described above may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.