Abstract:
A capacitive position sensor system is provided for determining the position of an object, wherein the object is positioned within a sensitive area of the capacitive position sensor system and changes the capacitance of capacitors being arranged underneath the object.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a capacitive position sensor system for determining the position of an object. 
         [0002]    Beyond this, the invention relates to an electronic device. 
         [0003]    Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of determining the position of an object. 
         [0004]    Moreover, the invention relates to a computer-readable medium. 
         [0005]    Beyond this, the invention relates to a program element. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    Many modern consumer devices require comfortable user data entry and proximity sensing interfaces which became very popular in devices like smart phones and portable media players. A variety of two-dimensional capacitive proximity position sensors are known. A common two-dimensional sensor implementation comprises a matrix organization of capacitive sensors that are driven by row- and column drive signals and the resulting coupled charge on a sensing node is measured to yield a measure for the capacitive coupling. A position is obtained by calculating the position&#39;s x- and y-component separately by applying a center-of-gravity formula that assigns weights to the sensor signals related to the position of the sensor itself. The sum of the weighted sensor activity levels is divided by the sum of all un-weighted activity levels, yielding the averaged x- and y-position components. A drawback of this approach is the need for a plurality of sensors that increase the complexity of interfacing with a controller circuit. The matrix approach results in a long conversion time as every sensor capacitors activity level has to be evaluated for the detection of a touch event. 
         [0007]    The measurement principles applied in position sensing are many-fold. The following measurement principles are commonly applied: Capacitive Proximity Position Sensors, Resistive Position Sensors, Optical Position Sensors and Acoustical Position Sensors. 
         [0008]    The first two principles are the most popular ones and cover in total more than 90% of all position sensing applications. The measurement of touch dependent resistances and proximity dependent capacitances is utilized to obtain the position information by numerical post-processing. An integrator circuit is used to transform a resistance or a capacitance into timing information that can be captured by a microcontroller unit (MCU). The integrator is stimulated by an input signal and the resulting response is sampled and hold and evaluated by an MCU. Another common approach is to use a constant current to charge a capacitor under test and measure the time required to charge the capacitor to a predefined voltage. After the measurement, the capacitor is reset by a reset signal and a new charging cycle can be started. Another common method for capacitance measurement is to use a capacitor under test as timing element in a relaxation oscillator, resulting in a capacitance to frequency conversion. The resulting frequency is measured by a frequency measurement routine executed on a MCU. 
         [0009]    The before mentioned measurement principles are not very flexible in terms of software-based configuration, especially a two-dimensional position calculation is not provided. Besides that, special analog circuitry is required to implement these measurement principles. Especially the integration of analog circuitry adds complexity to an existing digital design and moreover in many cases additional process options are required that add unwanted cost. Monolithic integrations of proximity sensing devices are available, but these devices contribute to the device count (BOM) of a target system and furthermore contribute to the power consumption of the target system. Two-dimensional proximity position sensor device (i.e. for touch screens) are generally high-pin-count devices. 
         [0010]    A common capacitance measurement method is to use the capacitor under test as a frequency dependent resistor charging an integration capacitor in a switched capacitor integrator configuration. The basic principle is well known and documented, e.g., in the publications: Switched-Capacitor Circuit Design, R. Gregorian, et al, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 71, No. 8, August 1983 and Switched-Capacitor Circuit with Large Time Constant, Krishnaswamy Nagaraj, U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,620, Jan. 16, 1990. 
         [0011]    Common implementations of switched capacitor based position sensing devices share the same approach wherein one sensing capacitor is evaluated at a time. In order to remove noise, an n-key-rollover scheme is applied that evaluates a sensor capacitance multiple times and applies a filter function on the sample series in order to remove high frequent noise components. This approach results in long processing time which is hardly acceptable, for example for online-handwriting recognition systems. 
       OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    It is an object of the invention to provide a capacitive position sensor system or method for providing an efficient way of determining the position of an object avoiding the above mentioned disadvantages. 
         [0013]    In order to achieve the object defined above, a capacitive position sensor system, an electronic device, a determination method, a computer-readable medium and a program element according to the independent claims are provided. 
         [0014]    According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a capacitive position sensor system is provided for determining the position of an object, wherein the object is positioned within a sensitive area of the capacitive position sensor system and changes the capacitance of capacitors being arranged underneath the object. The capacitive position sensor system comprises a first plurality of sensing elements, each sensing element comprising a first capacitor having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each first electrode is coupled via a switch to a voltage supply to form a switched capacitor filter, wherein the second electrodes are coupled to form a sensing line, a sensing unit, wherein the sensing unit is adapted to sense a voltage level representing the amount of charge being present on the sensing line, and a control unit, wherein the control unit is adapted to apply a drive signal to each of the switches being coupled to the first electrodes. In one integration cycle, a part of the switches being coupled to the first electrodes is closed so that a part of the first capacitors is driven by a first drive signal, wherein the sensing unit is adapted to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors, wherein the number of the switches being closed is at least two. The control unit is adapted to determine the position of the object by analyzing the results of a plurality of sensed voltage levels of a plurality of integration cycles. 
         [0015]    According to a further exemplary embodiment, an electronic device for receiving an input from a user is provided. The electronic device comprises the capacitive position sensor system having the above mentioned features, wherein the input corresponds to the positioning of an object of the user. 
         [0016]    According to a further exemplary embodiment, a method of determining the position of an object is provided, wherein the object is positioned within a sensitive area of the capacitive position sensor system and changes the capacitance of capacitors being arranged underneath the object, wherein the capacitive position sensor system comprises a first plurality of sensing elements, each sensing element comprising a first capacitor having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each first electrode is coupled via a switch to a voltage supply to form a switched capacitor filter, wherein the second electrodes are coupled to form a sensing line. The method comprises sensing, by a sensing unit, a voltage level representing the amount of charge being present on the sensing line, applying, by a control unit, a drive signal to each of the switches being coupled to the first electrodes, wherein, in one integration cycle, a part of the switches being coupled to the first electrodes is closed so that a part of the first capacitors is driven by a first drive signal, wherein the sensing unit is adapted to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors, wherein the number of the switches being closed is at least two, determining, by the control unit, the position of the object by analyzing the results of a plurality of sensed voltage levels of a plurality of integration cycles. 
         [0017]    According to a further exemplary embodiment, a computer-readable medium is provided, in which a computer program of determining the position of an object is stored, which computer program, when being executed by a processor, is adapted to carry out or control a method having the above mentioned features. 
         [0018]    According to still another exemplary embodiment, a program element (for instance a software routine, in source code or in executable code) of determining the position of an object e is provided, which program element, when being executed by a processor, is adapted to carry out or control a method having the above mentioned features. 
         [0019]    Determining the position of an object, which may be performed according to embodiments of the invention, can be realized by a computer program that is by software, or by using one or more special electronic optimization circuits, that is in hardware, or in hybrid form, that is by means of software components and hardware components. 
         [0020]    The invention relates to position sensing devices. Particularly, the invention is related to position sensors utilizing capacitive proximity sensing. 
         [0021]    More specifically, the invention describes a capacitive position sensor that can determine the position of a finger or a stylus on a non conducting surface in a one- or two-dimensional plane. Capacitance measurement may be implemented utilizing a switched capacitor integrator principle. According to this, a switched-capacitor filter structure is utilized for the implementation of a capacitance measurement function. 
         [0022]    A sensing element may be implemented by using a proximity sensing capacitor being operated in a switched capacitor integrator configuration with the purpose of measuring the capacitance of the sensing capacitor. The sensor capacitor may be formed by two electrodes attached to a substrate. The electrodes may be very thin (3-50 μm) compared and very narrow (50-100 μm) and may have rounded edges. As a consequence, the direct plate capacitance of the sensing capacitor may be small compared to its fringe capacitance. An object, like a human finger, in close proximity with the substrate may cause a distortion of the fringe field of the sensing capacitor. This distortion may reduce the capacitance of the sensing capacitor. 
         [0023]    According to this embodiment, assuming three parallel capacitors, the capacitance of two paralleled sensing capacitors out of the three sensing capacitors may be measured during one measurement instead of just one sensing capacitor as described in the prior art. As a consequence every measurement may yield the sum of two out of three sensor capacitances. Summing in this case may act as a FIR low-pass filter meant to remove high frequent noise like high frequent carrier residues in smartcard applications. Thus, the noise filtering may be carried out during one measuring or integration cycle and no further noise filter cycle may be needed. 
         [0024]    The first drive signal as used herein may refer to a group of single drive signals, being associated to the first plurality of sensing elements. For instance, one drive signal may be associated with one sensing element. 
         [0025]    In the following, further exemplary embodiments of the capacitive position sensor system will be explained. However, these embodiments also apply to the electronic device, the determination method, to the program element and to the computer-readable medium. 
         [0026]    Analyzing the results of a plurality of sensed voltage levels may comprise computing the charge of each of the first capacitors. As per integration cycle the sum of the charges of more than one capacitor is measured, it might be needed to compute the charges per capacitor. 
         [0027]    The sensing unit and the control unit may provide an n-tap FIR noise filter by driving at least two capacitors in one integration cycle. 
         [0028]    The sampling method and system disclosed herein may economically implement position data sampling and noise filtering by implementing n-tap FIR noise filter support directly into the switched capacitor measurement unit. Together with a digital post-processing, an n-tap FIR function may be implemented. The implemented noise filtering may reduce the effort for separate data sample filtering, resulting in a speed advantage compared to prior art implementations. 
         [0029]    The number of integration cycles may correspond to the number of capacitors. In each integration cycle, the combination of the sensed or measured capacitors may change. After the sampling or measuring, the charge for each single capacitor may be determined. 
         [0030]    The sensing unit may comprise an integration capacitor being indicative for the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors, and a comparator for comparing the voltage level sensed via the integration capacitor with a reference voltage. 
         [0031]    The switches may be in conjunction with the sensing elements or capacitors of the sensing elements configured to periodically charge and discharge the integration capacitor. The amount of charge being coupled through the capacitors of the sensing elements into the integration capacitor may depend on the capacitance of the capacitors of the sensing elements and the actual voltage across the integration capacitor. The amount of charge being removed from the integration capacitor may depend on the capacitance of the capacitors of the sensing elements and may be independent of the actual voltage across the integration capacitor. 
         [0032]    The comparator may be a general purpose input/output pin being controlled as a comparator and/or a voltage comparator. 
         [0033]    Each of the switches may be a general purpose input/output pin being controlled as a switch. 
         [0034]    Many modern consumer devices are equipped with powerful micro controller units (MCU) that offer a plurality of general purpose input/output interfaces or pins (GPIO). In many applications, not all of the many GPIOs are utilized by the application and may be made available for the implementation of a touch sensing algorithm. 
         [0035]    A common capacitive proximity sensor device applies a pseudo dual slope integration scheme wherein the integration capacitor is charged in a switched capacitor integrator scheme to a negative voltage and discharged by a resistor to zero voltage. A timer determines the time required to discharge the capacitor. Due to the nature of integrated circuits the negative voltage level across the integration capacitor has to stay well below the threshold voltage of the implemented input protection diode to ground as otherwise the diode would start to conduct and unwanted discharge would occur. This behavior limits the integration voltage level and hence the signal to noise ratio and hence this implementation is not well suited for a GPIO-based implementation. 
         [0036]    Another common capacitive proximity sensor device applies single charge transfer action that charges an integration capacitor through the sensing capacitor. In fact, due to undocumented parasitic effects the integration capacitor approaches an operation point where the added charge is equalized by parasitic effects which prohibits a further increase of the integration voltage. This behavior is not well suited for a GPIO-based implementation as it limits the available drive range too much. 
         [0037]    The capacitive position sensor system may further comprise a second plurality of sensing elements, each sensing element comprising a first capacitor having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each first electrode is coupled via a switch to a voltage supply to form a switched capacitor filter, wherein the second electrodes are coupled to form a sensing line, wherein, in one integration cycle, a part of the switches being coupled to the first electrodes is closed so that a part of the first capacitors of the second plurality of sensing elements is driven by a second drive signal, wherein the sensing unit is adapted to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors of the first plurality of sensing elements and the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors of the second plurality of sensing elements. 
         [0038]    By using two sets of sensing elements, a two-dimensional sensor system may be provided. Each set of sensing elements may be driven by one driving signal. Thus, the number of needed driving signals may correspond to the number of the dimension. 
         [0039]    The first and the second drive signal in this case may each correspond to a group of driving signals per set of sensing elements. The first drive signal may refer to a combination of all signals controlling the switches related to the sensing elements of the first plurality and the second drive signal may refer to a combination of all signals controlling the switches related to the sensing elements of the second plurality. 
         [0040]    Each sensing element of the first plurality of sensing elements may comprise a second capacitor having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each first electrode is coupled via a switch to the voltage supply to form a switched capacitor filter, wherein the second electrodes are coupled to form a further sensing line, wherein a specific weighting factor is assigned to each capacitor, wherein the capacitances of the first and the second capacitor of one sensing element corresponds to a constant capacitance value, wherein, in one integration cycle, a part of the switches being coupled to the second electrodes is closed so that a part of the second capacitors is driven by a second drive signal, wherein the sensing unit is adapted to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors and the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the second capacitors, wherein the control unit is adapted to determine the position of the object by analyzing the results of a plurality of sensed voltage levels for the first capacitors and the second capacitors of a plurality of integration cycles. 
         [0041]    By using two capacitors per sensing element, a weighted summing function may be implemented. This is the core of the center-of-gravity position calculation algorithm. A direct implementation of the weighted summing function may reduce the requirement for drive signals to two for every dimension, resulting in a faster generation of position data and enabling higher position data sample rates. 
         [0042]    The capacitive position sensor system may further comprise a second plurality of sensing elements, each sensing element comprising a first capacitor having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each first electrode is coupled via a switch to a voltage supply to form a switched capacitor filter, wherein the second electrodes are coupled to form a sensing line, wherein each sensing element of the second plurality of sensing elements comprises a second capacitor having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each first electrode is coupled via a switch to the voltage supply to form a switched capacitor filter, wherein the second electrodes are coupled to form a further sensing line, wherein a specific weighting factor is assigned to each capacitor, wherein the capacitances of the first and the second capacitor of one sensing element corresponds to a constant capacitance value, wherein, in one integration cycle, a part of the switches being coupled to the first electrodes and a part of the switches being coupled to the second electrodes is closed so that a part of the first capacitors of the first plurality of sensing elements is driven by a first drive signal, a part of the second capacitors of the first plurality of sensing elements is driven by a second drive signal, a part of the first capacitors of the second plurality of sensing elements is driven by a third drive signal, and a part of the second capacitors of the second plurality of sensing elements is driven by a fourth drive signal, wherein the sensing unit is adapted to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors of the first plurality of sensing elements, to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the second capacitors of the first plurality of sensing elements, to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the first capacitors of the second plurality of sensing elements, and to sense the voltage level representing the sum of the amount of charge of the part of the second capacitors of the second plurality of sensing elements, wherein the control unit is adapted to determine the position of the object by analyzing the results of a plurality of sensed voltage levels of a plurality of integration cycles. 
         [0043]    Using the weighted summing function for a two-dimensional sensor system may lead to an efficient and fast determination of the position of the object. In one embodiment, the first capacitors of one set of sensing elements are weighted increasingly in one direction and the second capacitors of this set of sensing elements are weighted in an inverted way. 
         [0044]    The first plurality of sensing elements may be arranged in rows and the second plurality of sensing elements may be arranged in columns to form a two-dimensional array. The first capacitors of the first plurality of sensing elements may be coupled in a meander form and the second capacitors of the first plurality of sensing elements may also be coupled in a meander form. This may provide a good cover of the sensitive area without the need for many drive signals. 
         [0045]    In the following, further exemplary embodiments of the electronic device will be explained. However, these embodiments also apply to the capacitive position sensor system, the determination method, to the program element and to the computer-readable medium. 
         [0046]    The electronic device may be a keypad, a smart card or a mobile device. Due to the low energy consumption based on the fact that less drive signals are needed, the capacitive position sensor system may be used for many applications having strict place or energy requirements. The herein described capacitive position sensor system may require less I/O ports and less external components compared to common one- and two-dimensional sensors based on matrixed arrays and can be implemented utilizing standard GPIOs, which may also allow to integrate the system into a keypad or smart card. 
         [0047]    The capacitive position sensor system may be integrated in a secure element of the electronic device. The integration of position detection devices in security relevant target systems may have the disadvantage that interfacing signals have to be connected from the position sensing device to a secure element to deliver the position information. The position information might be security relevant, e.g., authentication information like online handwriting information that must not be intercepted by unauthorized thirds. 
         [0048]    The capacitive position sensor system may be implemented in a security relevant environment. In order to prevent interception of position information the touch sensing circuitry may be part of a secure element. 
         [0049]    The aspects defined above and further aspects of the invention are apparent from the examples of embodiment to be described hereinafter and are explained with reference to these examples of embodiment. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0050]    The invention will be described in more detail hereinafter with reference to examples of embodiment but to which the invention is not limited. 
           [0051]      FIG. 1  illustrates a capacitive position sensor system according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0052]      FIG. 2  illustrates a timing diagram indicating the sensor capacitor selection in the system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0053]      FIG. 3  illustrates various functional steps being executed in the system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0054]      FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate the charge transport to and from the integration capacitor during the charge step and the reverse step according to  FIG. 3 . 
           [0055]      FIG. 6  illustrates a FIR noise filter configuration based on the system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0056]      FIG. 7  illustrates the application of the center of gravity principle on a horizontal slider configuration made from four proximity sensing capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0057]      FIG. 8  illustrates the application of the center of gravity principle on a two-dimensional touch sensor configuration made from 16 proximity sensing capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0058]      FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of a one-dimensional position sensor based on the system illustrated by  FIG. 1 . 
           [0059]      FIG. 10  illustrates GPIOs used as switches connected to ground or to the DC supply voltage, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0060]      FIG. 11  illustrates an embodiment of a capacitance measurement circuit for capacitive proximity sensors based on a GPIO controlled switched capacitor filter, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0061]      FIG. 12  illustrates the capacitances being present when a human finger is in close proximity to a sensor capacitor, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0062]      FIG. 13  illustrates various components of a sensor array comprising weighted sensor elements made from weighted sensor capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0063]      FIG. 14  illustrates an embodiment of a one-dimensional horizontal slider created from three weighted sensor elements each with two weighted sensor capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0064]      FIG. 15  illustrates an embodiment of a one-dimensional horizontal slider created from three weighted sensor elements with weights implemented by interleaved unit sensor capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0065]      FIG. 16  illustrates an embodiment of a one-dimensional horizontal slider created from three paralleled weighted sensor elements comprising three triangle shaped sensor capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0066]      FIG. 17  illustrates an embodiment of a two-dimensional touch sensor array created from six un-weighted sensor elements each implemented by six unit sensor capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0067]      FIG. 18  illustrates an embodiment of a two-dimensional touch sensor array created from nine weighted sensor elements with weights in x- and y-direction each implemented by 16 interleaved unit capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0068]      FIG. 19  illustrates an embodiment of a keypad implemented by a one-dimensional slider structure made from 12 weighted sensor elements each with 16 interleaved unit capacitors, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0069]      FIG. 20  illustrates the GPIO structure being used to implement a two-dimensional position sensor utilizing the sensor structure of  FIG. 18 . 
           [0070]      FIG. 21  illustrates the GPIO structure being used to implement a two-dimensional position sensor utilizing the sensor structure of  FIG. 18 . 
           [0071]      FIG. 22  illustrates the GPIO structure utilizing a digital to analog converter (DAC) to generate a software controlled reference level comparison, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0072]      FIG. 23  illustrates the implementation of a capacitive position sensor system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0073]    The illustration in the drawing is schematically. In different drawings, similar or identical elements are provided with the same reference signs. 
         [0074]    Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these exemplary embodiments, implementation details which fall into the customary practice of the skilled person may not have been described. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill. 
         [0075]    According to the herein described system and method, techniques are provided for an economic implementation of one- and two-dimensional tactile user interfaces in a mobile device. In some embodiments, the system and method utilizes a set of general purpose input output ports (GPIO) of a standard microcontroller unit (MCU) integrated into said device and at least one integration capacitor. A switched-capacitor filter structure is utilized for the implementation of a capacitance measurement function. If not otherwise mentioned a DC supply voltage named Vcc is assumed to be applied to the circuitries described herein. 
         [0076]      FIG. 1  illustrates a capacitive position sensor system  100 . This sensor system may also be called in the following complementary sampling unit. In the example given here, three sensor capacitors Cs 1 , Cs 2  and Cs 3  each representing a sensing element are used. Complementary sampling may be implemented with a suitable number of sensing capacitors that should be larger than one. The circuit may also be configured such that two or any other number up to two less than the available sensing capacitors are not selected. The circuit illustrated by  FIG. 1  is configured to measure the capacitance of two paralleled sensing capacitors out of the three sensing capacitors during one measurement (or integration cycle) instead of just one sensing capacitor as it is the case in common systems. As a consequence every measurement yields the sum of two out of three sensor capacitances. Summing in this case acts as a FIR low-pass filter meant to remove high frequent noise like high frequent carrier residues in smartcard applications. If switch S 3 L is closed the voltage comparator  101  is used to compare the voltage across Cint with a suitable reference voltage Vref. Vref may also be the trip point voltage of a GPIO input buffer. In the following Figures, X may refer to a driving node to which the driving signal may be applied, Z may refer to a sensing node where the voltage may be sensed and S may refer to a switching node. In  FIG. 1 , all sensing capacitors Cs are coupled to a driving node, wherein a driving signal is present at these nodes, if the correspondent switches S 1   i H and S 1   i L are closed. 
         [0077]      FIG. 2  is a simplified timing diagram illustrating the logical selection of sensor capacitors in a complementary sampling unit as illustrated by  FIG. 1 . The complementary sampling unit performs in this example a sequence of three measurements as depicted by  FIG. 2  wherein each of the sensor capacitors is not selected during one measurement interval. After one complete measurement sequence comprising three measurements, the capacitance of each sensor may be retrieved by a set of arithmetic calculations. 
         [0078]      FIG. 3  illustrates in detail the functional steps that may be required to operate a complementary sampling unit according to the embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 1 . The table indicates when the involved switches S 11 H, S 11 L, S 12 H, S 12 L, S 13 H, S 13 L, S 12 H, S 12 L, S 3 H and S 3 L have to be closed. A closed switch is indicated by an “X”. A measurement sequence starts with the definition of the initial integration condition in step A by resetting the integration capacitor Cint. After that, the steps B, C, D, E, F and G are periodically executed until a measurement F results in an integration voltage above a predefined voltage threshold which concludes the actual measurement. After that, a new measurement is started with a different combination of sensing capacitors. After three measurements, the individual capacitance values can be calculated. As stated before, the amount of measurements required for the calculation of the individual capacitances may depend on the configuration of the complementary sampling unit. 
         [0079]      FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate the charging step ( FIG. 4 ) and the reverse step ( FIG. 5 ). With reference to  FIG. 1  the parasitic capacitance of node S, Cpars, and the parasitic capacitances of node Z, Cparz, are combined into a total parasitic capacitance Cpar=Cparz+Cpars for simplification in further considerations. As can be seen, the sensing capacitor Cs and the combined parasitic node capacitance of node Z and node S, Cpar, are connected in parallel. They are used as a fly capacitor in a switched capacitor filter configuration. The charge being moved into the integration capacitor Cint is in good approximation ΔQcint˜(Vcc−Vcint)*(Cs+Cparz+Cpars). The charge being removed from the integration capacitor Cint during the reverse step is in good approximation ΔQcint˜Vcc*Cs. Discharging is independent of the voltage across the integration capacitor and can be regarded as a touch-dependent current that discharges the integration capacitor. If added and removed charging of the capacitor is equal in size, the integration capacitor voltage will not increase any further. This voltage Vcint_max is in good approximation Vcint_max=Vcc*(Cparz+Cpars)/(Cs+Cparz+Cpars). The combined parasitic capacitance Cpar should be as small as possible in order to achieve a good sensor sensitivity. Reference numbers  21  and  22  represent virtual voltage sources. 
         [0080]      FIG. 6  is a simplified schematic illustration of the complete FIR filter structure comprising the complementary sampling unit  100 , a GPIO  310  used as voltage comparator and two delay elements  320  and  321 . The example below indicates the calculation process for a complementary sampling unit with three sensor capacitors and with two sensor capacitances being measured at the same time:
       Measurement at t Cs1  yields Σ 1 =Cs 2 +Cs 3     Measurement at t Cs2  yields Σ 2 =Cs 1 +Cs 3     Measurement at t Cs3  yields Σ 3 =Cs 1 +Cs 2         
 
         [0084]    The capacitance of every sensing capacitor may be retrieved by: 
         [0000]      Σtot=Σ1+Σ2+Σ3
 
         [0000]        Cs 1=Σtot/2−Σ1
 
         [0000]        Cs 2=Σtot/2−Σ2
 
         [0000]        Cs 3=Σtot/2−Σ3
 
         [0085]    Adder  330  provides the sum of three measurements being taken in a row. The multipliers  331  and  332  apply the required weights and finally adder  333  yields the filtered measurement results for the individual capacitance. The FIR-filter efficiently removes high frequent Gaussian noise components while leaving the baseband signal unaffected. 
         [0086]      FIG. 7  illustrates a method of evaluating a position in a one-dimensional plane by applying a modified center of gravity formula. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 7  is based on a horizontal slider with four sensing capacitors. The capacitances are measured using a complementary sampling unit illustrated by  FIG. 20 . If a human finger  50  is in close proximity to the sensor array  201 , capacitance deviations of the sensor capacitors are measured. These measurement results represent activity levels that are related to the strength of the capacitance variation. These activity levels are multiplied with the sensors position weight factors in X-direction. According to the herein described system and method, the origin of the X-weight-scale is positioned exactly in the middle of the sensor array  201 , which avoids asymmetric noise contributions. The X-position is calculated from the four activity levels ai: 
         [0000]    
       
      
       Xm=Σai*Xwi/Σa  
      
     
         [0087]      FIG. 8  illustrates a method of evaluating a position in a two-dimensional plane by applying a modified center of gravity formula. The embodiment as shown in  FIG. 8  is based on a horizontal slider with 16 sensing capacitors. The capacitances are measured using a complementary sampling unit similar to  FIG. 20  but with 16 sensor capacitors. The measured capacitance deviations are represented by an activity level that is related to the strength of capacitance variation. These activity levels are multiplied with the sensors position weight factors in x- and y-direction. According to the herein described system and method, the origin of the weight scale is positioned exactly in the geometrical center of the sensor array  201 , which avoids asymmetric noise contributions. The X-and Y-positions are calculated from the 16 activity levels ai: 
         [0000]    
       
      
       Xm=Σai*Xwi/Σai  
      
     
         [0000]    
       
      
       Ym=Σai*Ywi/Σai  
      
     
         [0088]      FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of a one-dimensional slider based on the complementary sampling unit according to  FIG. 1 . The sensor array comprises three un-weighted sensor capacitors  201 ,  202  and  203 . The touch position  51  caused by a finger  50  in close proximity is calculated applying the principles illustrated by  FIG. 8 . 
         [0089]      FIG. 10  illustrates how switches in switched capacitor integrators that may be connected to ground or to the DC supply voltage can be substituted by GPIOs. An open switch may be implemented by a GPIO with the output being switched to tri-state (high-impedance), OE=‘0’. A closed switch connected to ground may be implemented by a GPIO with its output being enabled (OE=‘1’) and the input value being set to a logic “LOW”-level. A closed switch connected to digital supply voltage level is implemented by a GPIO with its output being enabled and the input value being set to a logic “HIGH”-level. 
         [0090]      FIG. 11  illustrates a proximity sensing capacitor Cs in a sampling unit  1100  being operated in a switched capacitor integrator configuration with the purpose of measuring the capacitance of the sensing capacitor Cs. The sensor capacitor Cs is formed by two electrodes  222  and  223  attached to a substrate  221 . The electrodes  222  and  223  are very thin (3-50 μm) compared to the thickness of the substrate  221  (200-1000 μm). As a consequence the direct plate capacitance of the capacitor Cs is small compared to its fringe capacitance. The fringe field of capacitor Cs is indicated by  231 . A human finger in close proximity with the substrate  221  causes a distortion  232  of the fringe field. This distortion reduces the capacitance of the sensing capacitor Cs. GPIO  301 ,  310  and  311  are in conjunction with the sensing capacitor Cs configured to periodically charge and discharge the integration capacitor Cint. The amount of charge being coupled through the sensor capacitor Cs into the integration capacitor depends on the capacitance of the sensor capacitor Cs and the actual voltage across the integration capacitor and the amount of charge being removed from the integration capacitor depends on the capacitance of the sensor capacitor and is independent of the actual voltage across the integration capacitor Cint. The combined parasitic capacitance at node Z and node S caused e.g. by wiring capacitances or the output capacitances of GPIO  310  and GPIO  311  respectively are here considered by the capacitor Cpar. During charging of Cint the capacitor Cpar may be regarded as being in parallel to the sensing capacitor. With increasing voltage across the integration capacitor Cint less charge is coupled to the integration capacitor. 
         [0091]      FIG. 12  is a simplified model of a capacitive sensor touched by a human finger  50 . The capacitance variation caused by the finger is illustrated by the capacitors ΔCs 1  and ΔCs 2 . The capacitor Cint is the integration capacitor. The impedances Z 1   gnd  from the human body to earth ground potential and the impedance Z 2   gnd  from earth ground potential to the sensors circuit ground model the back current loop for ΔCs 1  and ΔCs 2 . Reference number  20  illustrates a X driver source. 
         [0092]    It is one idea of the herein described method and system to simplify the implementation of one- and two-dimensional position sensing devices. In order to reduce the amount of GPIOS required for the sensor implementation, the weights being applied by the center of gravity algorithm are partially applied to the sensor structure by implementing weighting and summing directly. Some definitions for better understanding of the principle are given by  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 13  depicts a sensor array  400  corresponding to the sensitive area as mentioned above. The sensor array comprises the complete sensor structure configured to generate position dependent capacitance variations. This sensor array  400  comprises multiple weighted sensor elements  411  (or sensing elements) with each weighted sensor element  411  comprises multiple weighted sensor capacitors, which in the depicted embodiment are the sensor capacitors  421  and  422 . However, each sensor element may also comprise more than two capacitors. 
         [0093]      FIG. 14  illustrates a one-dimensional position sensor comprising three weighted sensor elements  412 ,  412  and  414 , each of them comprising a first and a second weighted sensor capacitor. The capacitances of the first and the second weighted sensor capacitor of one sensor element sum up to a constant capacitance value. The size of the sensor capacitors capacitances represents the position weight assigned to that sensor element. In the configuration indicated by  FIG. 14 , three sensor elements are provided with the weights assigned as given below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Weight of first 
                 Weight of second 
               
               
                 Weighted Sensor 
                   
                 weighted Sensor 
                 weighted Sensor 
               
               
                 element # 
                 X-Position 
                 Capacitor 
                 Capacitor 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 −1 
                 0.25 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0094]    In the configuration according to  FIG. 14 , all first weighted sensor capacitors are connected to signal Cx 1 , all second weighted sensor capacitors are connected to signal Cx 2 . Measuring both capacitances Cx 1  and Cx 2  may allow a precise determination of the relative touch position. 
         [0095]    The capacitances measured at the nodes Cx 1  and Cx 2  represent a scaled weighted average of all sensor capacitor activity levels connected to the same node. Normalization is achieved during the position calculation by dividing the values of Cx 1  and Cx 2  by the sum of Cx 1  and Cx 2 : 
         [0000]        x=Cx 1/( Cx 1+ Cx 2) 
         [0000]      1− x=Cx 2/( Cx 1+ Cx 2)
 
         [0096]    x represents the relative position in x-direction and (1−x) represents the complementary x position. According to the herein described method and system, the position x is for numerical precision calculated from the larger of the two values Cx 1  and Cx 2 . 
         [0097]      FIG. 15  represents an implementation of the one-dimensional sensor of  FIG. 14  with three weighted sensor elements  411 ,  412  and  413  wherein the weighted sensor capacitors  421  and  422  may be created from unit capacitors that are evenly distributed over each sensor element area according to the required weights. The purpose of this embodiment is to determine the position of a human finger  50  during a horizontal movement  52  in close proximity with the sensor. 
         [0098]      FIG. 16  indicates a one-dimensional sensor structure comprising three parallel sensor arrays, each comprising three triangular shaped sensor capacitors  421 ,  422  and  423  connected to the signal lines X 1 , X 2  and X 3 . This sensor structure may provide an economic implementation of a one-dimensional position sensor. The position of a human finger  50  during a horizontal movement  52  is calculated as mentioned above. 
         [0099]      FIG. 17  represents an embodiment  400  of a two-dimensional position sensor, based on three interleaved sensor capacitors in x-direction and three interleaved sensor capacitors in y-direction. The six capacitors are formed by unit sensor capacitors  421 . A complementary sampling unit according to  FIG. 21  may be used to measure the six sensing capacitors. The position of a human finger  50  may be detected in a two dimensional plane  52 . 
         [0100]      FIG. 18  represents an embodiment  400  of a two-dimensional position sensor, based on nine sensor elements with four weighted sensor capacitors each wherein the weights are applied by in total 16 unit capacitors each. Weights are applied as indicated, using the exemplary weighting factors 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 repeatedly in x- and y-direction. Node Z is the summing node. According to the herein described method and system, the four sensing capacitors Cx 1 , Cx 2 , Cy 1  and Cy 2  are measured utilizing a complementary sampling unit according to  FIG. 20 . As a result, 75% of all weighted sensor capacitors may be evaluated in one measurement. The position components x and y may be calculated as: 
         [0000]        x=Cx 1/( Cx 1+ Cx 2) 
         [0000]      1− x=Cx 2/( Cx 1+ Cx 2)
 
         [0000]        y=Cy 1/( Cy 1+ Cy 2) 
         [0000]      1− y=Cy 2/( Cy 1+ Cy 2)
 
         [0101]    The principle described here may be applied to sensor arrays of any size and any amount of weighted sensor elements. The position resolution depends on the amount of weighted sensor elements and the achievable matching of the unit capacitors.  FIG. 19  indicates an embodiment representing a keypad. The keypad  450  comprises a sensor array comprising 12 weighted sensor elements  411  meant to identify key presses by a human finger  50  at certain predefined locations. The keypad according to the herein described method and system may be configured as a meandered one-dimensional position sensor with unique weights assigned to each keypad location. Weighting may be assigned by using unit capacitors as indicated to assign unique weights. 
         [0102]      FIG. 20  illustrates an embodiment of a complementary sampling unit with four sensor capacitors. The GPIOs  301 - 304 ,  310  and  311  are configured to implement one-dimensional and two-dimensional position detectors.  FIG. 21  illustrates the GPIO structure required to implement the two-dimensional position detector of  FIG. 17 . 
         [0103]      FIG. 22  is an embodiment of a sampling unit utilizing a software programmable comparator  101  that may be used to speed up the measurement process. The reference voltage is provided by an internal digital to analog converter (DAC)  350 . Normally, it takes some time to switch the GPIO  310  from output to input mode. Skipping the measurement step for a certain amount of cycles may speed up the integration. The programmable comparator may be used to detect the voltage level at which the measurement has to be enabled. Another purpose of the programmable comparator according to the herein described method and system is to implement an adaptable reference level that is set sufficiently below the maximum voltage across the integration capacitor Cint. 
         [0104]    The herein described method and system may enable the creation of a low power, low complexity touch based user interfaces for a variety of applications. 
         [0105]    To suppress unauthorized communication with a contactless smartcard, a one-dimensional touch sensor interface may be embedded into a contactless smartcard. A one-dimensional position sensor according to  FIG. 15  may be used to identify a horizontal sweep of a human finger on the surface of the smartcard. The smartcards communication interface stays deactivated until it gets deliberately activated with a horizontal finger movement over the sensing area by the card holder. 
         [0106]    A two-dimensional position sensor may be used to provide a touch interface on a smartcards surface. An electronic ID-Card may be equipped with a two-dimensional position sensor according to  FIG. 17  or  18 . The sensor may be used to enter a Personal Identification Number (PIN) directly on the smartcard&#39;s surface by drawing the PIN with a finger or a stylus. The two-dimensional position sensor provides a stream of position data to an online-handwriting recognition that retrieves the entered digits. This approach may make external keypads obsolete and furthermore may avoid skimming the PIN on the way from the keypad to a host application since the PIN never leaves the smart card unencrypted. In this scenario, the PIN can either be entered via touch buttons that represent different characters or by gesture recognition where different gestures represent different characters. This authentication method is especially beneficial if an external secure keypad for PIN entry cannot be provided. The use case is quite common in secure online authentication, e.g., in online payment. 
         [0107]    In case just a keypad interface is required the keypad according to  FIG. 19  can be applied, which is based on a one-dimensional slider implementation. This keypad may be implemented on generic MCUs with minimum number of GPIOs. The overhead for implementing the touch sensor reduces to a minor increase in the software footprint. 
         [0108]      FIG. 23  is an embodiment that represents several implementations of the capacitive sensor interface. The capacitive sensor interface may be integrated into a MCU  80  with a programmable state machine  81 . The integration of the capacitive sensor interface utilizing a programmable state machine offloads the CPU from timing critical tasks and furthermore reduces the power consumption of the MCU which is crucial for smartcard which are powered by the electromagnetic field of a reader device. In another embodiment, the capacitive sensor interface  81  may be integrated directly into a Secure Element  81  comprising a cryptographic processor. The integration of the capacitive proximity sensor interface into the Secure Element avoids insecure connections between a capacitive sensor device and a secure element. The output of the secure element is directly encrypted data. 
         [0109]    It should be noted that the term “comprising” does not exclude other elements or features and the “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. Also elements described in association with different embodiments may be combined. 
         [0110]    It should also be noted that reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.