Abstract:
There is described a method for road surface marking with tape material, including the steps of forming an essentially bituminous primer layer on such surface and then pressingly laying a prefabricated tape material on said primer layer, such layer being formed with an essentially adhesive composition having a relatively low viscosity when contacted with the road surface and comprising a substantial percentage of cross-linkable components at least part of which is hydrophilous. The layer is capable of attaining within a few minutes a viscosity of about 10 5  cp and then further hardening to provide a final resistance to horizontal stresses applied to the tape material of at least 3 kg/cm 2 . There also are described devices for promoting cross-linking by preforming pre-polymers of a two-component reactive composition.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention is generally concerned with the art of road and highway marking with strip or tape material, namely for providing a road or highway with centre-lines or with traffic lane-dividing lines or the like, prevailingly but not exclusively arranged lengthwise of the road. 
     More particularly, the present invention is concerned with the art of providing traffic signs of the above type, consisting of prefabricated tape material laid on the road surface upon a relatively thin underlayer generally comprising bitumen or asphalt or the like capable of thoroughly filling any road surface porosity, holes and hollows thus providing a tape material receiving, impervious, flat and planar surface which achieves a firm and permanent bond of the tape material to the road pavement. 
     Such underlayer is generally and usually indicated, in the art of road surface marking as above, by the word &#34;primer layer&#34; and therefore said expression will be made use of as this description proceeds and in the appended claims. 
     This invention is principally concerned with the art of compounding, forming, applying on the road pavement and taking advantage of a new and advantageous primer layer as hereinbelow set forth. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The art of road surface marking with tape material is a well worked one and a wide technical and patent literature thereabout exists. With relation to this art reference is herein made to the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,399,607 and 3,587,415, of the present Applicant. As far as the machines and devices for providing a road pavement with such markings are concerned, reference is also made to the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,007,838, 3,155,564, 3,235,436, 3,262,375 and 3,844,669, of the same Applicant. 
     It is also known that in relatively recent years the road marking tape materials have been substantially improved by making them &#34;non skidding&#34;, that is adapted to provide a sure frictional adherence with the vehicles&#39; tires, such a tape material being described, for example in the Applicant&#39;s U.S. Patent No. 3,782,842. This provision, which is essential for traffic safety, has made it imperative that the tape material shall be most firmly secured to the road pavement to prevent detachment and stripping of the tape from said pavement, under the extremely severe inertial force exerted by fast and heavy vehicles such as in the event of emergency braking, accelerations and so on. 
     It is further known to those skilled in the art that the entire cycle of operations required for marking a road surface involves a considerable overall time. Such time will seriously disturb the availability of the highway, and the traffic must be kept far removed from the areas to be marked. The time involved in the process of complete setting of the primer layer, from the very time at which the primer layer composition is laid in contact with the road pavement to the very time at which the same composition has been hardened to form a consistent and load and stress resistant layer, is principally responsible for the evidently undesirable traffic disturbance. 
     It is therefore the principal object of the invention to provide a new and advantageous method for road surface marking, comprising the essential steps of forming a primer layer on said pavement and laying a prefabricated mark-forming tape material, the invention including a solution to the sharply antithetical problems of (i) shortening as much as possible such overall time and therefore the traffic disturbance and (ii) providing the most firm and permanent binding of the tape material to the road pavement by means of a completely set and properly hardened primer layer which is intimately secured to said pavement. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An essential basis of the invention consists in the analysis of the said overall time, as follows: 1st Period: from the very time at which the primer layer forming composition is caused to contact the roadway pavement surface to the time at which the laying down and pressing of the tape material on said layer have been completed. 
     Therefore this 1st Period comprises the steps of pouring or otherwise laying a substantially fluidified composition on the road pavement, causing the intimate penetration of said composition in the pores of such pavement, promoting a certain viscosity of the laid down composition to obtain a layer, doctoring said layer to provide the same with an upper smooth face, and laying and pressing the tape material on the thus formed primer layer face when said layer has attained a consistency sufficient to resist said laying and pressing. It is evident that such steps will occur, at any given location of the area to be marked, during the passage of the road-marking machine over said location. 
     2nd Period: from the end of said 1st Period to the time at which the marked area can be safely re-opened to traffic, the term &#34;safely&#34; meaning herein that the sign has become able to resist, without damage, the regular traffic, taking into consideration the type and density of the traffic and the specific roadway being marked, but the term safely allowing for possibility that the freshly formed marking might be spoiled upon the occurrence of a exceptional that is a statistically rare stress (such as an emergency braking) applied to said marking, which latter individually forms a minor part of the entire road surface area open to traffic. 
     3rd Period: form the end of the 2nd Period to the time at which the primer layer has been completely set and the entire stratified marking structure has acquired its final and best status and ability to resist any stress which it has been designed to resist. 
     The above analysis has been conceived, upon the premise that it is not worth keeping the traffic far from a freshly marked area for a time longer than that required for the marking to become &#34;reasonably&#34; resistant to the statistically most common traffic stresses. Other premises of the above analysis are: 
     a. The primer layer composition should be nearly liquid and capable of properly &#34;wetting&#34; when contacted with the road pavement; 
     b. the laying down and pressing of the tape material on the primer layer requires that the compound which forms such layer will have a viscosity of not less than 10 3  cP (centipoises) and preferably of about 10 4  cP; 
     c. the opening of the marked area to traffic should occur when the primer layer is so hardened as to provide a resistance of at least 1.5 Kg/cm 2  to frictional stresses horizontally applied to the tape surface. This resistance is generally provided when the average viscosity of the primer layer compound is in the range from 10 5  to 10 6  cP; 
     d. the primer layer, when completely set, should provide a bond between the tape and the road pavement such which is such as to raise the above resistance up to at least about 3 Kg/cm 2 . 
     On the other hand, when the atmosphere has a high moisture content, the water content in the road pavement can be such as to prejudice and also prevent the intimate binding of the primer layer to said pavement, and even an intense heating of the road surface, such as by means of powerful burners, cannot eliminate this undesired status of the road. This is apart from the cost of such heating. 
     According to the invention, it has been found that the above and other problems can be satisfactorily solved by forming the primer layer from a suitable composition which contains a consistently high percentage of cross-linkable, at least partially hydrophilous resinous agents in liquid state, the said composition forming an essentially liquid, more or less viscous mass, which can be caused to cross-link in substantial absence of solvents provided that the above stated requirement of a rapid setting to a viscosity of 10 5  to 10 6  cP is satisfied in order to permit prompt re-opening of the marked area to the traffic. According to an important feature of the invention, said hydrophilous components are selected from among those which provide a substantial contribution to the speed of the cross-linking process at ambient temperature. According to a preferred embodiment of such feature, there is made use of urethane radicals. It has been found that such radicals can, when made use of as prevailing components of the cross-linkable compound, or as additives for or modifiers of epoxy resins, provide a previously unforeseeable cross-linking speed at the temperature of the road pavement. It has been also found that even epoxy radicals can promote a surprising activity, at said temperature, when forming part of pre-polymers (that is partially formed polymers) in the presence of monomers. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, as activator of the co-reagents there is made use of a pre-polymer obtained by the cross-linking of part of the same co-reagents, the amounts of such pre-polymer to be added being fed to the outlet of the apparatus in a regulated manner. The best results are attained by making use of a low percentage of such pre-polymer the molecules of which can be extended by mass-induction. It has been found that unexpectedly short induction times will sharply speed up the cross-linking which is to be completed within the already applied primer layer. 
     These and other features of the invention will be hereinbelow described, reference being made to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph which illustrates the increase in the viscosity η in centipoises (cP) times 10 5   (η cP.10 5 ) versus the time (t) in minutes for an epoxy-urethane type composition; 
     FIG. 2 is another graph which illustrates the most interesting portions of similar curves referred to various composition; 
     FIG. 3 is a ternary graph which illustrates certain relationships between temperature and amount of pre-polymer, for attaining the desired viscosity of 6 × 10 5  ; 
     FIG. 4 is a somewhat simplified partly sectional and partly side view of an apparatus for producing a cross-linkable mixture by making use of pre-polymers; 
     FIG. 5 is a similar view of a simplified embodiment of said apparatus. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring first to FIG. 1, the graph is self-explanatory and shows that a basically urethane composition can provide a primer layer which allows the marked area to be re-opened to the traffic, about 4 minutes and preferably about 6 minutes after the spreading of the composition at 100° C on the road pavement. 
     The graph of FIG. 2 comprises a curve I which illustrates the increase in viscosity (η cP.10 3 ) of a two component epoxy composition. Curve II illustrates how such increase can be improved by adding 30% by weight of pre-polymers. Curve III illustrates the further improvement provided by the use of a three-component composition. Curve IV illustrates the improvement provided by heating. As a matter of fact, said curve IV refers to the composition of curve II, but at a temperature of 50° C. 
     The ternary graph of FIG. 3 is to be considered upon the premise that a pre-polymer (as meant herein and in the appended claims) can be produced by adding a given percentage of one co-reagent &#34;A&#34; to the other co-reagent &#34;B&#34;, and vice-versa, in regulated quantities. The graph is subdivided into areas by curves indicating the length of time necessary to attain the most desirable viscosity of 6 ×  10 5  cP as a function of the temperature (T° ) in degrees centigrade and of the percentage of the pre-polymer formed by adding to A a certain percentage of B or vice-versa (A + Δ B, or B + Δ A), and taking into account the mass, in grams (M g ), of the reacting composition. The diagonally hatched area defines the parameters to be satisfied for attaining such viscosity within 40 seconds and the cross-hatched area those for attaining the same viscosity within about 15 seconds. 
     A few Examples for compositions follow, indicated in parts by weight. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     This Example describes the two components &#34;A&#34; and &#34;B&#34; adapted for forming a cross-linked epoxy-urethane primer layer. The specific actions and scope of certain components have been hereinbelow added, between brackets, for clearer understanding of the compositions and of their effects. 
     
         ______________________________________&#34;A&#34;  Urethane pre-polymer (such as &#34;Adiprene L 315&#34;by DuPont) (acting as wetting hydrophilousliquid)                      35Epoxy resin (such as &#34;Epon 828&#34; by Shell)(acting as wetting liquid)   15Solid oxidized bitumen       50Tar fractionated part for epoxy resin (&#34;EpoxyTar&#34;) (acting as wetting and impregnatingliquid)                      15Glycidil-ether of tercarboxylic acid (actingas wetting and reactive liquid)                              5Baryte (acting as inorganic filler)                             15Total parts                  135&#34;B&#34;  44&#39;methylene bis(2-chloroaniline (such as&#34;Moca&#34;) (solid)              18Low melting (at about 40° C) polyamide resin(such as &#34;Versamid 100&#34; acting also as awetting agent)               15Solid oxidized bitumen       65&#34;Epoxy Tar&#34; (acting as wetting and impregnatingliquid)                      15Dibutylphthalate (acting as a plasticizer andwetting liquid)               5Baryte (inorganic filler)    17Total parts                  135______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     This Example describes a composition which is particularly suitable for preparing epoxy primer layers according to the &#34;pre-polymer technique&#34;. 
     
         ______________________________________&#34;A&#34;  Solid oxidized bitumen       15&#34;Epoxy Tar&#34;                  10Hard kaolin (such as &#34;Suprex Clay&#34;)                              5Colloidal silica (such as &#34;Aerosil&#34;)                              2Wetting, liquid epoxy resin (such as forexample &#34;Araldite GY 250&#34; by Ciba)                             68Total parts                  100&#34;B&#34;  Solid bitumen 40/50          35&#34;Epoxy Tar&#34;                  15Cresylic acid                15Wetting and hydrophilous liquid amine (suchas for example &#34;Alkamine LT&#34; by AnchorChemical)                    18Hard kaolin                  15Liquid hydrophilous accelerator for epoxyresin (such as &#34;D M P 30&#34;)    2Total parts                  100______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     The two-component composition of Example 2 can advantageously be modified to a three-component one by injecting at or near the outlet of the machine, by means of a suitable mixer, 2% by weight of the sum of the two components of tolylene diisocyanate, which promply reacts with the amidic function. 
     The said &#34;pre-polymer technique&#34; of the invention can advantageously be made use of in an apparatus of the type shown in FIG. 4, for supplying one or more outlets 10 from which the primer layer forming material M is ejected on the road pavement. 
     The apparatus comprises a twin metering pump 12 actuated by a transmission 14. The pump 12 feeds the components A and, B, respectively (or vice versa) into ducts 16 and 18 at equal rates; these ducts comprise a twin valve system including a twin rotary valve 20 which provides controlled communication between by-pass ducts 26, 28 and said passages 16, 18 to discontinuing the supply when the downstream ducts 22, 24 so that the components are kept circulating during the times in which the ejection of the primer layer forming composition is necessarily discontinued. 
     By means of auxiliary ducts 30, 32, a suitable solvent is supplied such as from a pressurized supply tank (not shown) and injected into said passages 22 and 24, the ejection being activated by electro-valves 36, 38 controlled by thermostats 40, 42. 
     A twin valve gear system 44 is located downstream of said passages 22, 24 and comprises metering grooves or adjustable choking passages (the adjustment being provided by axial shifting of said valve member 44) so that the flows into said passages 22, 24 are each equally parted in &#34;primary&#34; flows progressing into downstream ducts 46, 48 and &#34;secondary&#34; flows switched into other ducts 50, 52 which, by means of cross ducts 54, 56, supply the said switched flows into the downstream ducts 48 and 46, respectively. 
     Therefore, part of each primary flow is switched to form a secondary flow which joins the other primary flow, and vice versa. By adjusting the rates of such flows the formation of pre-polymers having the desired degree of polymerization is provided. 
     The thus-mixed flows are fed into induction ducts 58, 60 which join into an ejection head 62 including mixer means 64 to ensure the homogeneity of the ejected mixture. 
     A simplified apparatus adapted to be associated with simple and lightweight road marking machines (such as the machine described in the U.K. Patent Specification No. 1,421,483) is shown in FIG. 5. Such apparatus comprises a container 70 divided into compartments 72, 74, each designed for processing and supplying an individual component A and B and each opening into a mixing chamber 76. The processing, feeding and mixing are accomplished by screw means 78 and 86 driven by a pneumatic motor 80, and the screw means to and 86 urge the mixture through an induction duct 82 and one or more outlets 84. 
     The compartments 72, 74 are separated by a wall 88 provided with an aperture, preferably in the lower part of the apparatus, so that a rotor 90, also driven by motor 80 and having radial vanes or blades, rotates in both compartments and carries metered amounts of the components from one to the other of said compartments, thus promoting the desired pre-polymer formation. 
     Both the apparatus of FIG. 4 and that of FIG. 5 are provided with means for ejecting residues of the reactive mixture from the outlet means and for cleaning the same when the operation is discontinued. Said ejection and cleaning is favorably accomplished by feeding pressurized air and preferably solvents into said outlets 10 and 84 through a duct 92 connected at 94 to a source (such as a pressurized tank, not shown) of said pressurized air or solvent.