Abstract:
A device for separating metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution uses a vessel for holding the colloidal suspension or solution. A membrane impermeable to the selected metal components of a colloidal suspension or solution is sealed over a support to form a leaf element. The leaf element includes an outlet for the selected components of the colloidal suspension or solution and is extended into the colloidal suspension or solution. The leaf element is controllably vibrated simultaneously with application of a negative or positive pressure which is used to motivate permeation of the membrane by the liquid of the colloidal suspension or solution to purify it. Metals removed by the method include metals with an atomic number greater than 10 including and/or silicon. The colloidal suspension or solution may optionally contain a metal precipitator such as a dithiocarbamate and/or trithiocarbamate to aid in the separation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application no. 60/620,532 filed Oct. 20, 2004. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The invention relates to methods and apparatus for separating metals from colloidal suspensions or solutions, and most particularly relates, in one non-limiting embodiment, to systems and techniques for separating metals from water using vibrating membranes.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Permeable and impermeable membranes have been used to separate ions, molecules, and solids from the liquid portion of the colloidal suspension or solution. Although filtration has been employed in this regard there is an ever present problem of plugging or fouling of the filter membrane. Methods of enhancing membrane permeate rates (dewatering rates) are found in the prior art. Such methods include the shearing of liquid slurry across the membrane in tangential flow i.e. crossflow filtration. This method uses a pump to force the feed slurry to flow tangentially to the dewatering membrane. The resulting sheer causes concentrated material, usually in the form of a filter cake, to be removed from the face of the membrane. Thus, the rate of liquid removal through the membrane is increased. Unfortunately, the provision of pumps to force the feed slurry in this manner requires expensive and bulky equipment and creates serious problems in the sealing of the vessel holding the colloidal suspension or solution.  
         [0004]     Another method proposes the use of sonic vibration, created by ultrasonic transducers, to produce cavitation at the face of the membrane. A different technique proposes a shock-type system where the membrane support structure and a filtration apparatus are periodically shocked to induce the filter cake to drop from the membrane. A further process employs a shearing plate which is oscillated parallel to a fixed membrane. Further, an additional method teaches a system where a membrane is mechanically vibrated in a direction normal to the membrane. Alternatively, screening and sieving devices used in dry mineral and wet powder classification use screens vibrated parallel to the face of the screen to induce the powder to fall through the pores of the screen. None of these devices are suitable for separation of the components of a colloidal suspension or solution with the application of negative or positive pressure.  
         [0005]     Ultrafilters manufactured by Millipore Corporation of Billerica, Mass. offer a system intended for separating proteins from aqueous solutions. The system utilizes a cylindrical probe which is inserted into a test tube containing the solution to be separated. The cylindrical wall of the probe is formed in part from a membrane material and the proteins pass through the filter from the solution occupying the annular volume between the probe and the test tube wall. The cylindrical probe is reciprocated over a small amplitude (less than 0.01 centimeters) and at 60 Hz. The shear created between the opposed walls of the probe and the test tube is partially effective in reducing plugging of the membrane by the proteins.  
         [0006]     In general, the technique of cross-flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration is limited since shear rates above 20,000 sec −1  of intensity are difficult to achieve. Such high intensities require a massive amount of power and the provision of entrance pressures which are uneconomical. Also, such membranes are often arrayed in a rectangular pressure vessel such as a plate and frame cross-flow device. The transmembrane pressure drop is limited by the inherently weak vessel walls.  
         [0007]     A membrane filtration device which is able to produce a large shear intensity on the exterior or face of the membrane simultaneously with the application of a large pressure drop across the membrane to create high permeate rates would be a great advance in the art of filtration and metal component separation.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     In accordance with the present invention a novel and useful method and device for concentrating, dewatering, or separating colloidal and molecular slurries containing metals through the use of membrane filtration, is provided.  
         [0009]     A colloidal particle is generally defined as a particle possessing a size such that the dominant force influencing the particle motion in a liquid are surface forces; e.g. surface charge interaction, Van der Waals&#39; forces, and the like. This normally occurs below a particle size of 50 microns. Practically, this definition includes finely divided clays, protein molecules, and ions.  
         [0010]     In carrying out these and other objects of the invention, there is provided, in one non-limiting form, a device for separating metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution formed of liquids, ions and/or solid particles. The device includes a vessel capable of holding the colloidal suspension or solution and a membrane having an exterior surface and an interior surface, where the membrane is impermeable to a metal component of the colloidal suspension or solution. The metal in the metal component removed includes, but is not necessarily limited to metals with atomics numbers greater than 10 and/or silicon and combinations thereof. The device also includes a support mounted at the interior surface of the membrane and sealed within the membrane, where the membrane and support member form a leaf element. The leaf element extends into the colloidal suspension or solution within the vessel, and the leaf element further includes an outlet for passage of the selected components of the colloidal suspension or solution permeating the membrane. The device additionally includes a mechanism for vibrating the leaf element tangentially along the exterior surface of the membrane to induce shearing between the exterior surface of the membrane and the colloidal suspension or solution. Also present is a mechanism for applying a pressure to motivate permeation of the membrane by a purified liquid of the colloidal suspension or solution.  
         [0011]     Mechanisms for vibrating the leaf element include, but are not necessarily limited to, a vibrator and a rod or shaft which is connected to the support of the leaf element. Such rod may be hollow and, thus, conducts the permeates from the interior of the leaf element outwardly from the vessel. Alternatively, the leaf element may be fixed rigidly to a containment vessel and vibration may be applied to both the pressure vessel and the attached leaf element or to one or the other separately. In many cases, a plurality of leaf elements may be fixed within a pressure vessel and vibrated in this manner. In summary, the vibration in all cases, is applied approximately parallel to the leaf element to produce a shearing between the leaf element and the liquid slurry or colloidal suspension or solution in the vessel.  
         [0012]     The leaf element or elements may be single-sided or double-sided. In the latter case, the support within the leaf member would be shaped to accommodate a plurality of faces on the membrane. In this regard, the support may be solid or of open construction i.e. a rigid screen.  
         [0013]     A mechanism is also included in the present invention for applying a pressure influence to motivate or to urge permeation of the membrane by the permeates. Such pressure may be in the form of a vacuum communicating with the outlet of the leaf element or leaf elements; in such format the pressure vessel would be open to atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, the vessel may be constructed as a pressure vessel to accept a positive pressure which presses on the slurry or colloidal suspension or solution and, in turn, on the membrane to increase permeate transfer to the interior of the leaf element or elements.  
         [0014]     It may be apparent that a novel and useful method and device for separating selective metal components from colloidal suspensions or solutions to give purified liquids has been described.  
         [0015]     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a device and method for separating selected metal components and purified liquids from a colloidal suspension or solution which produces a very high permeate flow rate.  
         [0016]     It is another object of the present invention to provide a device and method for separating selected metal components and purified liquids from a colloidal suspension or solution which includes a vessel that may be easily sealed for use with negative or positive pressure environments.  
         [0017]     Another object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for the separation of selected metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution which employs a mechanism for vibrating the permeable membrane at varying frequencies commensurate with the shear characteristics of the colloidal suspension or solution being separated by the membrane.  
         [0018]     Another object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for separating selective metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution which may employ a plurality of leaf elements in a pressure vessel holding the colloidal suspension or solution.  
         [0019]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for separating selected metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution which substantially improves the filtering rates of colloidal suspensions or solutions by preventing plugging of the filter membrane in such filtration process.  
         [0020]     Another object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for separation of selected metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution which employs a vibrator imparting linear, orbital, and/or torsional motion.  
         [0021]     Another object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for separation of selected metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution which substantially improves the filtering rates of colloidal suspension or solutions by treating the colloidal suspension or solution with metal precipitators.  
         [0022]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for separation of selected metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution which substantially increases the concentration of the selected metal components after permeation of the purified liquid through membrane by treating the colloidal suspension or solution with metal precipitators.  
         [0023]     A further object of the invention is to provide a metal component concentrate stream that may be disposed of as a coker elutriant to quench coke in a coker unit, such as a delayed coker unit.  
         [0024]     In carrying out these and other objects of the invention, there is provided, in another non-limiting form, a method of filtration of metal components from a colloidal suspension or solution that involves placing the colloidal suspension or solution in a vessel. The colloidal suspension or solution includes a metal component where the metal has an atomic number greater than 10 and/or silicon. A leaf element contacts or is immersed into the colloidal suspension or solution in the vessel, where the leaf element includes a membrane having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the membrane being impermeable to the metal component of the colloidal suspension or solution, the leaf element further including a support mounted at the interior surface of the membrane and sealed within the membrane. The method also involves vibrating the leaf element tangentially relative to the exterior surface of the membrane to induce shearing between the exterior surface of the membrane and the colloidal suspension or solution. A negative and positive pressure is applied to the leaf element to urge permeation of the membrane by a purified liquid of the colloidal suspension or solution. It is not necessary for the method to be accomplished in the sequence of steps described, that is, another order or sequence is acceptable as long as the purposes and goals of the method are achieved. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0025]      FIG. 1  is a schematic sectional view of a first embodiment of the present invention utilizing a membrane leaf element;  
         [0026]      FIG. 2  is a top perspective view with a portion broken away depicting the structure of a membrane leaf element employed in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0027]      FIG. 3  is a schematic view representing the generation of linear vibratory motion;  
         [0028]      FIG. 4  is a schematic view representing the generation of orbital vibratory motion;  
         [0029]      FIG. 5  is a schematic view representing the generation of torsional vibratory motion;  
         [0030]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view illustrating the conversion of flywheel rotary motion to linear vibratory motion;  
         [0031]      FIG. 7  is a schematic view representing conversion of flywheel rotary motion to torsional vibratory motion;  
         [0032]      FIG. 8  is a schematic view representing a mechanical linear resonating vibrator;  
         [0033]      FIG. 9  is a schematic view of a mechanical resonating torsional vibrator;  
         [0034]      FIG. 10  is a top perspective view with a portion broken away illustrating a second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0035]      FIG. 11  is an axial sectional view of a third embodiment of the present invention utilizing multiple membrane leaf elements;  
         [0036]      FIG. 12  is an axial sectional view of a fourth embodiment of the present invention utilizing multiple membrane leaf elements;  
         [0037]      FIG. 13  is a sectional view taken along line  13 - 13  of  FIG. 12 ;  
         [0038]      FIG. 14  is a schematic view depicting the operation of the fourth embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 12 and 13 ;  
         [0039]      FIG. 15  is a block flow chart of one non-limiting separation method herein;  
         [0040]      FIG. 16  is a block flow chart of another non-limiting embodiment separation method herein; and  
         [0041]      FIG. 17  is an alternate block flow chart of an embodiment separation method herein. 
     
    
       [0042]     It will be appreciated that the drawings are schematic and that the various elements are not necessarily to scale or proportion, and that many details have been removed or simplified for clarity, and thus the invention is not necessarily limited to the embodiments depicted in the FIGS.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0043]     Various aspects of the present invention will evolve from the following detailed description of the various alternate embodiments which should be referenced to the prior described drawings. The invention as a whole is depicted in the drawings by reference character  10  and an upper case letter, to denote specific embodiments.  
         [0044]     With reference to  FIG. 1 , filter device  10 A is depicted. Filter device  10 A includes as one of its elements a rectangular leaf element  12 , the structure which will be discussed hereinafter. Leaf element  12  is submerged in a slurry or colloidal suspension or solution  14  found in open vessel  16 .  
         [0045]     Leaf element  12  is vibrated by vibration mechanism  18  which includes a linear vibrator  20  connected to a hollow rigid shaft  22 . It should be noted that passageway  24  is employed to remove permeate from colloidal suspension or solution  14 . Permeate then passes through flexible tubing  26  having flexible fitting  28  which is linked to spout  30 . Vacuum pump  32  aids in the removal of permeate through conduit  34 , per directional arrow  36 . It should be apparent that rigid tube  22  serves a dual purpose. The first function is to transmit the vibratory motion from linear vibrator  20  to rectangular leaf element  12  along directional arrow  38 . The second function of rigid tube  22  is to serve as a pipe or conduit for permeate entering rectangular leaf element  12 .  
         [0046]     Turning to  FIG. 2 , the construction of membrane leaf element  12  is shown in particular detail. Membrane leaf element  12  includes a pair of membrane filters  40  and  42 . Colloidal suspension or solution, such as slurry  14 , include a wide variety of particulates and molecules suspended and/or dissolved in a liquid phase. Such particles may vary in size from ions through proteins and large molecules with a molecular weight up to and including one million or more. The former may be separated by defining membranes  40  and  42  as a reverse osmosis membranes; the latter may be separated by defining membranes  40  and  42  as ultrafiltration membranes. Also, membranes  40  and  42  may take the form of microfiltration membranes to filter colloidal particles up to fifty microns in diameter. In general, membranes  40  and  42  are chosen to prevent passage of selected metal components of colloidal suspension or solution while allowing the passage of a purified liquid slurry or solution  14  i.e. permeate. In particular, the membranes  40  and  42  are selected to be impermeable to a metal component where the metal is one having an atomic number greater than 10 and/or silicon or combinations thereof. It is appreciated that silicon is strictly a non-metallic element, but for the purposes of this invention, it is grouped with the other metallic elements. Otherwise, it is understood herein that metal has its normal, chemical meaning. In one non-limiting embodiment, the metal component includes, but is not necessarily limited to, selenium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, copper, silicon, and/or zinc. The liquid phase of colloidal suspension or solution  14  may be aqueous or organic; aqueous being the most commonly encountered liquid phase. In this regard, membranes  40  and  42  may be constructed from a variety of materials depending on the strength, permeate selectivity, pore size, and chemical resistance, required for the particular application. Suitable materials may include natural substances, such as cellulose and natural rubber or polymeric substances such as non-polar polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, nylon, and the like. Membrane  40  and  42  may also be composed of polar polymers such as polyamides or inorganic substances such as sintered glass and ceramics. Moreover, sintered metal and chemically etched screens may also be used as a material for membranes  40  and  42 . Membranes  40  and  42  are sealed or laminated to each other over support or plate  44 . Support  44  may be constructed of a relatively rigid plastic material, metal, or other suitable materials. Support  44  is sufficiently rigid to transmit the vibratory forces generated by vibrator  20 ,  FIG. 1 , and carried along tube  22 . Support  44  includes a bore  46  which accepts rigid tube  22 . Tube  22  is glued, welded, or otherwise attached to support  44  through bore  46 . In addition, leaf element  12  may include a pair of layers  48  and  50  of open weave cloth which may be laminated between membranes  40  and  42  and support  44 . It should be noted that permeate migrating through membranes  40  and  42  also migrates through layers  48  and  50 . Bore  46  terminates in an opening  52  in support  44  which communicates with both sides of support  44  adjacent layers  48  and  50 . Opening  52  serves as a collection mouth for tube  22 . It should be noted that the heretofore described lamination of parts of rectangular leaf element  12  may be accomplished along edge  54  by the use of adhesive, glues, welding, and any suitable technique. In essence, leaf element  12  is a unitary body such that the outer faces or surfaces  56  and  58  of rectangular leaf element vibrate with support member  44 .  
         [0047]     It will be appreciated that the method may be practiced with positive pressure on one side of the membranes  40 ,  42 , negative pressure on one side of the membranes  40 ,  42  or positive pressure on one side and negative pressure on the other.  
         [0048]     Although the motion imparted to leaf element  12  in  FIGS. 1 and 2  is designated as being linear, such vibration may be orbital, or torsional.  FIGS. 3-8  represents the generation of this variety of vibratory motions.  FIG. 3  depicts a linear vibrator  60  imparting linear vibratory motion along shaft  62  to a body  64  according to directional arrows  66 .  FIG. 8  represents an electromechanical linear resonator  68 . In such rendition, a mass  70  to be vibrated is connected to compression spring  72  which is fixed to a relatively immobile seismic mass  74 . Rigid shaft  76  connects mass  70  to a linear motor  78  which forces mass  70  to vibrate at the resonant frequency of the spring-seismic mass  72 / 74  system.  FIG. 6  depicts another method of producing linear vibration according to directional arrow  81 . In this case, a linear motion generator  83  is depicted employing a flywheel  85  which rotates according directional arrow  87 . Rotary motion of flywheel  85  is transmitted to mass or body  89  via double pivoting linkage  91 .  
         [0049]     Further,  FIG. 4  depicts an orbital vibration generator  80  which utilizes an orbital vibrator  82 , passing such vibration through rigid shaft  84  to body  86 . Directional arrows  88  represent the orbital vibration imparted thereby.  
         [0050]      FIG. 5  shows a generator of torsional motion or vibration  90  employing a torsional vibrator  92  which transmits such vibration along a torsion shaft  94  to a disk  96 . Disk  96  vibrates according to directional arrows  98 . Turning to  FIG. 7 a  mechanical engine  100  is depicted to convert the rotary motion of a flywheel  102  along shaft  104  to a body  106 . Directional arrow  108  represents the eventual torsional motion generated by flywheel  102  which moves according to directional arrow  110 .  FIG. 9  depicts an electromechanical torsional resonator  112  in which a torsion spring  114  is connected to a disc-shaped mass or body  116 . Torsion spring  114  is fixed to a relatively immovable seismic mass  118 . Body  116  is linked to the shaft  120  of a permanent magnet motor  122 . It should be noted that motor  122  is driven by an A.C. electrical current at the natural frequency of the torsional spring-mass  114 ,  118  system. It should also be pointed out that mass or bodies  64 ,  86 ,  96 ,  89 ,  106 ,  70 , and  116 , may schematically represent leaf element  12 . Thus, any of the vibrational systems depicted in  FIGS. 3-9  may be employed in the present invention  10 .  
         [0051]     Moreover, the force transducers (vibrators) schematically illustrated in  FIGS. 3-9  are generally of at least two types: mechanical engines, and spring-mass resonators. The former produces a reciprocating motion by an arm attached through a bearing through a rim of a rotating flywheel. In the latter, the body to be vibrated is connected to a spring whose size and stiffness are chosen to create a mechanical resonation with the desired resonant frequency and safe deflection amplitude. In either case, the system  10  of the present invention provides a high shear intensity on the faces  56  and  58  of membranes  40  and  42 . It should be noted that in certain cases only a single membrane may be used to form a leaf element. The details of the mechanics of such resonation will be discussed hereinafter.  
         [0052]     Turning to  FIG. 10 , another embodiment  10 B of the present invention is depicted. Device  10 B includes a membrane leaf element  124  which is placed at the bottom  126  of a cylindrical vessel  128 . Vessel  128  takes the form of a Buchner funnel type of filtration apparatus. Membrane leaf element  124  and vessel  128  are attached to shaft  130  which is driven by torsional vibrator  132 . As disk-shaped leaf element  124  and vessel  128  move in torsional vibration about the axis  134  of shaft  130 , permeate is removed through vacuum port  136  by the pressure motivation afforded by vacuum pump  138 . Permeate passes through spout  140  per directional arrow  142 .  
         [0053]      FIG. 11  shows embodiment  10 C of the present invention in which a plurality of circular leaf elements  144  are connected to a central shaft  145 . For example, disk-shaped element  146 , similarly constructed to each of the plurality of leaf elements  144 , includes a support structure  148  and a pair of membranes  150  and  152  laminated thereto. A shaft  154  possesses a passageway  156  which conducts permeate from opening  158  through support  148 . Passageway  156  leads to a central passage  160  through shaft  145 . Plurality of circular disk leaf elements  144  are each connected to central shaft  145  inside a cylindrical vessel  162 . A slurry or colloidal suspension or solution  164  is poured inside vessel  162  to contact plurality of leaf elements  144 . It should be noted that shaft  145  is rigidly attached to cylindrical vessel  162  at the base  166  by suitable fastening technique such as welding, gluing, fasteners, and the like. Of course, such attachment of  145  to vessel  162  would seal the escape of slurry  164  through opening  168  in vessel  162 . Cylindrical vessel  162  is also connected to rigid drive shaft  170 . Drive shaft  170  includes an L-shaped passageway  172  which exits shaft  170  at nipple  174 . Shaft  170  is driven by torsional vibrator  176 . Flexible tube  178  sealingly engages nipple  174  to complete the path of permeate from slurry  164  to outlet  180  according to directional arrow  182 . In other words, vacuum pump  185  aids in the withdrawal of permeate from slurry  164  from open vessel  162 , through central passage  160  of shaft  145 , opening  168  in vessel  162 , passage  172  of drive shaft  170 , and through flexible tube  178  to outlet  180 .  
         [0054]     With reference to  FIG. 12 , another embodiment  10 D of the present invention is depicted in which a plurality of disc-shaped leaf elements  184  are shown inside a cylindrical pressure vessel  186 . With reference to  FIG. 13 , a detail of disc-shaped leaf element  188  is depicted. The support member  190  periphery terminates in a quartet of tabs  192 ,  194 ,  196 , and  198 . Each of the tabs engage a corresponding groove, such as grooves  200 ,  202 ,  204 , and  206 , which are machined into the side wall  208  of pressure vessel  186 . A cylindrical support member  210  found within pressure vessel  186  permits the pre-stacking of plurality of leaf elements  184  to assure accurate fitting of the same within pressure vessel  186 . Returning to  FIG. 13 , it may be seen that leaf element  188  is shaped as an annulus with a pair of membranes  210  and  212  heat sealed to outside rim  214  and inside rim  216  surrounding opening  218 . It should be noted that membrane  212  is sealed in the same manner to the side opposite that shown in  FIG. 13  of leaf element  184 . Permeate removal tube  220  is inserted within leaf element  184  via opening  222  through pressure vessel  186  and passage  224  through support member  190 . Permeate from slurry or colloidal suspension or solution  225  exits through tube  220  and passes to manifold  226  according to directional arrow  228 . Pressure type bushing  231  seals any leakage through passage  222  outside of pressure vessel  186 . The plurality of leaf elements  184  are similarly constructed to leaf element  188 .  
         [0055]     Returning to  FIG. 12 , it may be observed that pressure vessel  186  is formed of a cylindrical body  230  and a pair of plates  232  and  234 . A multiplicity of long bolts  236  extend from top plate  232  to bottom plate  234 , where threading engagement occurs. A mechanism  238  for pressure motivating the separation of slurry  225  may takes the form of a positive pressure pump, or other pressure-producing device, which applies pressure to slurry  225  and eventually to plurality of leaf elements  184 . Bleed valve  242  permits the removal of concentrated material from pressure vessel  186 . With reference to  FIG. 13  it should be noted that each of the plurality of leaf elements  184  includes a gap  244  which permits circulation of slurry  225  within plurality of leaf elements  184 . Of course, slurry  225  does not extend into the grooves machined into pressure vessel  186  to engage a quartet of tabs found in each of the plurality of leaf elements  184 .  
         [0056]     Turning to  FIG. 14 , the pressure vessel  186  is schematically depicted, and is assumed to contain plurality of stacked leaf elements  184  as detailed in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . Pressure vessel  186  attaches to a torsion spring  244  which is itself rigidly attached to a large seismic mass  246 . Torsional force transducer  248 , which may be a brushless permanent magnet motor having a low inertia rotor, attaches to the top of pressure vessel  186  via shaft  250 . Alternating current from source  252  drives force transducer  248  at the natural frequency of the torsional resonating system created by the heretofore described elements. It should be noted that torsional spring  244  may be a coil spring, torsion bar, or similar torsion spring element.  
         [0057]     In operation, each of the embodiments of the present invention  10 A,  10 B,  10 C and  10 D are vibrated by vibration device or mechanism such as linear vibrator  20 , torsional vibrator  132 , torsional vibrator  176 , and torsional force transducer  248 , respectively. Respective leaf element or elements permit permeate to flow from each slurry containing vessel. In certain cases the flow of permeate is motivated by pressure mechanism such as a vacuum pump or a positive pressure pump. For example, in embodiments  10 C and  10 D, vacuum pump  185  and positive pressure pump  240  are used respectively in this way.  
         [0058]     Each separation system of the present invention provides a high shear intensity on the outer surface or faces of the leaf element membranes without resort to cross-flow pumping of the colloidal suspension or solution or slurry held in a particular vessel. Vibration may be induced in both the membrane leaf elements and the surrounding pressure vessel. For example, in embodiments  10 C and  10 D, a simultaneous application of high shearing and high transmembrane negative or positive pressure can be achieved. As an example, vibration frequencies of about 70 hertz (Hz), with a displacement amplitude of 10 centimeters peak to peak, in combination with a transmembrane pressure drop of several hundred psi (or megapascals) have been produced by using a steel pressure vessel mounted to a torsion spring. The resulting higher permeate flow rate is achieved at a lower cost than cross flow systems. It is believed that the device and method employed in the present invention will produce shear intensities on the particular membrane leaf elements greatly in excess of those typically achieved by cross-flow devices or any of the vibrating filtration devices described in the prior art. It has been found that the particular vibration induced on the leaf element produces the same motion of liquid on the face or outer surface of the membrane leaf element being employed. In this regard, vibration is always applied to cause shearing between the membrane and the slurry or colloidal suspension or solution in which the membrane is immersed. Vibration is therefore applied tangentially to the face or outer surface of a particular leaf element. Liquid contacting the face of the membrane moves at exactly the velocity of the membrane due to the no-slip boundary conditions obeyed by all liquids. As one travels away from the face or outer surface of the membrane, fluid velocity amplitude decays exponentially as the envelope of a propagating shear wave. The decay length for the shear wave velocity amplitude may be expressed as follows: 
 
L s =(μ/ρω) 1/2  
 
 where 
 
         [0059]     μ is the slurry viscosity,  
         [0060]     ρ is the slurry density and  
         [0061]     ω is the frequency of vibration in radians per second.  
         [0000]     It should be noted that where the frequency of vibration f is expressed in Hz then ω=2πf  
         [0062]     Within 3 or 4 decay lengths, (typically a fraction of a millimeter), the shear intensity is essentially zero. At this point the liquid is stationary. If the vibratory motion of the membrane leaf element is sinusoidal, the velocity of the membrane surface (μ) can be written as: 
 
μ≈ω sin ωt 
 
 where δ is the peak displacement of the membrane leaf away from its average position. 
 
         [0063]     The shear intensity (S) on the face of the membrane can be calculated to be approximately S=157f 1.5  δin c.g.s. units. Thus, a vibratory filter in which the frequency of vibration is 10 Hz and peak displacement amplitude is 10 centimeters, will produce shearing on the face of the membrane of 49,000 seconds −1 . Equivalently, a membrane leaf element vibrating at 50 Hz with a displacement amplitude of 1 centimeter would produce a shear intensity of 55,000 sec −1 . Many combinations of frequency and displacement amplitude would produce the same level of shearing.  
         [0064]     It has been determined experimentally that the permeate rate often increases proportionally to the square root of the shear intensity as defined herein, fixing the transmembrane pressure drop. The permeate rate also increases proportionally to the square root of the transmembrane pressure drop, fixing the shear intensity. If both shear intensity and transmembrane pressure are increased, the permeate rate increases proportional to the square root of the product of shearing times pressure. This implies that the highest permeate rate increase can be achieved by producing, simultaneously, a very intense shearing and a very large transmembrane pressure drop.  
         [0065]     Ultimately, the maximum obtainable shear intensity obtainable with the present invention depends to a large degree in strength of material used in constructing the membrane leaf elements. The force acting on the leaf elements is proportional to the acceleration times the mass of the leaf elements: 
 
F=ma 
 
 The peak acceleration is proportional to the frequency squared times the displacement. Thus, force acting on the leaf elements increases proportionally to frequency squared. 
 
         [0066]     In the some non-limiting embodiments, one range of frequency induced by the vibratory devices described hereinabove ranges between about 5 Hz and about 300 Hz. It has been found that low frequency operation, although producing low “g” forces on the membrane leaf elements requires high displacement amplitudes. In certain cases such amplitudes may be difficult to control. Also, if the frequency induced on the membrane leaf elements is too low, the distances between parallel leaf elements stacked as depicted in  FIGS. 11 and 12  must be increased. In other words, the zone of shear must be allowed to extend a greater distance from the outer surface or face of the membranes of the membrane leaf elements. It has also been found that increasing the frequencies of the embodiments depicted in the FIGS. produces a rather small increase shear intensity and a rather large increase in “g” forces above a frequency of about 300 Hz. However, other materials and arrangements may extend the heretofore described frequency range. Nevertheless, for the embodiments depicted, normal operation would typically take place between about 20 Hz and about 150 Hz. The low end of this range, at or about 20 Hz, may be employed to separate low viscosity slurries, especially those which are sensitive to shear, such as cellular suspensions. Conversely, the high end of the range, at or about 150 Hz, may be used to separate molecules in ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis applications. Also, such higher frequency may be employed to produce very high shear intensities in non-shear sensitive materials having high viscosity, such as in an application known as microfiltration of mineral clays. Commonly, the operating frequency of some non-limiting embodiments may range between about 40 Hz and about 70 Hz.  
         [0067]     Likewise, the displacement amplitude of the vibration induced in any of the systems above described may be varied depending on whether the materials to be filtered are shear sensitive. Many living cells and molecules of biological importance are sensitive to shearing. In this case, the vibration displacement amplitude and/or operating frequency would have to be limited to produce a shearing of less than about 10,000-20,000 second −1 . Non-shear sensitive material such mineral clays can be processed at very high shear intensities of 500,000 second −  or more. It is particularly advantageous in such application to simultaneously apply high shearing intensity and high transmembrane pressure to achieve a very high permeate flow rate.  
         [0068]     In general, the method and devices described above improved the filtering of colloidal suspensions or solutions by avoiding the plugging of the filter membrane. It is believed that applying a rigorous shear flow at the interface between the filter and membrane and the suspension removes the concentrated polarization layer primarily responsible for plugging of the filter membrane.  
         [0069]     It is further expected and discovered that the use of metal precipitator chemical additives in the colloidal suspensions or solutions will aid in the separation of the metal components therefrom. Such metal precipitators include, but are not necessarily limited to, dithiocarbamates, trithiocarbamates, iron salts, aluminum salts, potassium salts, sodium salts, copper salts, metal sulfides, and metal hydroxides and mixtures thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention the amount of metal precipitator used ranges from about 5 to about 50,000 ppm based on the colloidal suspension or solution, and in an alternate non-restrictive embodiment ranges from about 50 to about 5,000 ppm.  
         [0070]     Other additives and agents may be used in the method of this invention including, but not necessarily limited to sequestering agents and dispersing agents. Suitable sequestering agents include, but are not limited to, aminocarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and other chelates, whereas dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, sulfonates such as linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate).  
         [0071]     The invention will now be described with respect to specific Examples which are not intended to limit it in any way but to rather further illustrate it.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0072]     From the schematic flow diagram of  FIG. 15 , it may be seen that refinery water  300  having a pH of 9.5 and 3.5 ppm selenium with 2000 ppm O&amp;G under a pressure of 500 psi (3.4 MPa) and at a temperature of 65° C. may be fed at a feed rate of 10-110 gpm (38-416 liters/min.) to an I-84 model Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP®) module from New Logic Research, Inc. As shown in  FIG. 15 , the refinery water first encounters a reverse osmosis-type membrane  302  in accordance with this invention and a stream of purified water  304  having about 0.020 ppm Se is removed. The fluid  306  then has 1500 to 2000 ppm of a metal precipitator  308  (e.g. copper sulfate) added thereto and the fluid  306  is treated at a flow rate of about 8-107 gpm (30405 μm) through a nano filtration-type membrane  310 . Purified water  312  having about 0.5 to about 1.0 ppm Se and about 0.5 to 1.0 ppm Cu at a flow rate of about 2-3 gpm (7.6-11 lpm) is removed and sent to a waste treatment plant or recycled to the VSEP feed. A concentrate stream  314  having concentrated about 1000 to about 1500 ppm Se and about 5000 to about 10,000 ppm Cu at a flow rate of 0.1 to about 0.4 gpm (0.4-1.5 lpm) is removed to coker quench water or a re-evaporation unit.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0073]     Shown in  FIG. 16  is a VSEP Selenium Process Flow Diagram. It should be noted that the selenium numbers reported are the average of actual data. Based on this Example and 145 gpm (549 liters/minute or lpm) flow rate, approximately 0.8 pounds (0.36 kg) of Se/day were removed. The Se removal process is generally referred to in  FIG. 16  as  400 , where SSW (Stripped Sour Water) Feed  402  at a flow rate of 145 gpm (549 lpm) containing about 0.5 ppm Se was heated in heat exchanger  404  to 140° F. (60° C.). Line  406  injected 50% NaOH at 204 gpd (772 liters/day or lpd) as a metal precipitator prior to mixer  408  from which exited stream  410  to 450 bbl (54 kiloliter) tank  412  where the contents had a pH of 11.0 to 11.5. Oil was skimmed from tank  412  via line  414 .  
         [0074]     Exit line  416  has 38% ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) introduced into it via line  418  at a rate of 186 gpd (704 lpd) and 40% linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) injected into it via line  420  at a rate of 87 gpd (329 lpd) prior to mixer  422 . EDTA was employed as a sequestering agent and LABS was used as a dispersing agent in Examples 2 and 3. VSEP pump  424  operated at 500 psi (3.4 MPa) to pump 153.2 gpm (580 lpm) stream from line  416  containing 0.57 ppm Se into first stage VSEP module  426  that operated at 92% recovery. Recycle line  428  from VSEP unit  426  was pumped using VSEP pump  430  operating at 500 psi (3.4 MPa) to pump 12.2 gpm (46.2 lpm) stream containing 9.5 ppm Se into second stage VSEP module  432  that operated at 67% recovery. Concentrate stream  434  containing approximately 14 ppm Se was removed to a coker, evaporator, slurry dryer or solidification process (not shown) at a rate of 4.0 gpm (15 lpm). Recycle line  428  carried a 8.2 gpm (31 μm) stream containing 1.2 ppm Se back to stream  410 .  
         [0075]     Spiral pump  438  (operated at 800 psi/5.5 MPa) drew a purified stream  436  from first stage VSEP module  426  containing about 73 ppb Se at pH 12.0 at a rate of 141 gpm (534 lpm) and delivered it to first stage spiral wound membrane system  440  operated at 96.8% recovery. Concentrate stream  442  having about 2.0 ppm Se and pH 12.0 was withdrawn from system  440  at 4.5 gpm (17 lpm) to a coker, evaporator, slurry dryer or solidification process. Liquid stream  444  having less than 5 ppb Se at pH 12.0 was withdrawn by spiral pump  446  operating at 400 psi (2.6 MPa) for introduction into second stage spiral wound membrane system  448  operated at 98.5% recovery. Stream  450  having less than 350 ppb Se (pH=12.0) was withdrawn at 2.0 gpm (7.6 lpm) to waste water treatment (WWT). Finally, purified water stream  452  having less than 5 ppb Se (pH=12.0) was withdrawn from second stage membrane system  448  at 134.5 gpm (509 lpm).  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0076]     Shown in  FIG. 17  is another embodiment of a SSW VSEP Selenium System Design. The selenium balance was calculated using VSEP data results. The Se removal process is generally referred to in  FIG. 16  as  500 , where SSW Feed  502  at a flow rate of 700 gpm (2.6 kiloliters/min) containing an average concentration of about 0.5 ppm Se was treated with a 50% NaOH metal precipitator solution  504  to give a pH between 10.0-11.0 prior to injection into a 1000 bbl (119 kiloliter) tank  506 . Oil was skimmed from tank  506  via line  508 .  
         [0077]     Exit line  510  was treated with 38% EDTA introduced via line  512  and 40% LABS injected via line  514  prior to heat exchanger  516  which heated the SSW to 140° F. (60° C.) prior to pump  518  that introduced the stream into first stage VSEP module  520  that operated at 80% recovery giving 98.4% Se recovery. First stage  520  included 13 I-84 model VSEP® modules from New Logic Research, Inc. First stage permeate stream  522  containing an average Se concentration of 0.008 ppm at pH of 10.0-11.0 was withdrawn at 560 gpm (2.1 kiloliter/min). First stage concentrate was removed via line  524  having an average Se concentration of 2.5 ppm (pH=10.0-11.0) at 140 gpm (564 μm).  
         [0078]     Into stream  524  was introduced via line  526  50% NaOH, via line  528  38% EDTA and via line  530  40% LABS to give 148 gpm (560 lpm) second stage feed (average Se concentration of 2.5 ppm and pH=10.0-11.0) to pump  532  and second stage VSEP module  534  after recycle stream  550 . Second stage VSEP  534  included 4 I-84 model VSEP® modules giving 90% recovery and 95.2% Se recovery. Second stage permeate stream  536  was withdrawn containing an average Se concentration of 0.12 ppm and pH of 10.0-11.0 at 133 gpm (503 μm). Second stage concentrate was removed via line  538  having an average Se concentration of 23.4 ppm (pH=11.0-11.5) at 15 gpm (57 lpm).  
         [0079]     Into stream  538  was introduced via line  540  75% H 3 PO 4 , via line  542  38% EDTA and via line  544  40% LABS before third stage feed to pump  546  and third stage VSEP module  548 . Third stage VSEP  548  included one I-84 model VSEP® module giving 55% recovery and 92.0% Se recovery. Third stage permeate stream  550  was withdrawn containing an average Se concentration of 1.9 ppm and pH of 11.0-11.5 at 8 gpm (30 lpm) and recycled to stream  524 . Third stage concentrate was removed via line  552  having an average Se concentration of 47.4 ppm (pH=11.5-12.0) at 7 gpm (26 lpm) and sent to a coker, an evaporator, a slurry dryer or a solidification process.  
         [0080]     In another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the metal component concentrate stream may be disposed of by a process involving subjecting a contaminated waste water stream to chemical concentration process described above that includes metal precipitators, and which produces a contaminants concentrate stream and a clean water stream. The contaminants concentrate stream may then be passed to a coker unit wherein it is used as coker elutriant to quench the coke. Further details of this non-limiting embodiment of the invention may be seen with reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,376,262 and 5,846,404, both incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.  
         [0081]     In the coke quenching embodiment of the invention herein, the use of at least one metal precipitator would be required. Additionally, in another non-limiting embodiment, the process would involve injecting the selenium-containing concentrate as an aqueous water stream into the coke drum containing hot solid coke to lower the temperature in the coke drum to a temperature range from lower than about 150° F. (66° C.) and above about 220° F. (104° C.), and/or later injecting a pressurized cutting water stream maintained at a pH below about 6.5 into the coke drum to break up the formed selenium-coke product.  
         [0082]     Many modifications may be made in the methods of and implementation of this invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof that are defined only in the appended claims. For example, the exact membranes and frequencies used may be different from those used explicitly mentioned or suggested here. Additionally, techniques and methods for enhancing separations of metal components other than those specifically mentioned may find utility in the methods of this invention. Various combinations of membranes, frequencies, metal precipitator additives and pressures besides those explicitly mentioned herein are expected to be useful.