Abstract:
A maraging steel containing the following: Ni 14-23 wt. %, Mo 4-13 wt. %, Al 1-3.5 wt. %, C≦0.01 wt. %, remainder Fe and impurities resulting from the processing. The composition also preferably satisfies the following conditions: 
     
       Ni+Mo=23-27 wt. %, inclusively; 
     
     
       Ni+2.5×Mo+2.3×Al≧38 wt. %.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a maraging steel. The invention steel preferably contains no cobalt or titanium, and has a high elastic limit and good resistance to fatigue. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     Maraging steels are self-tempering steels which can acquire a soft martensitic structure by cooling in air, which structure can be appreciably hardened by a thermal aging treatment which gives rise to formation of intermetallic precipitates. In essence, these steels contain: 
     10-30 wt. % nickel, which enables one to obtain a martensitic structure by cooling in air; 
     a low carbon content which enables one to obtain a soft martensite; and 
     additional elements which enable hardening by formation of intermetallic precipitates, said elements being namely titanium, aluminum, and molybdenum, as well as cobalt, where the presence of the cobalt enhances the effects of the other added elements. 
     One may also add niobium, to fix the carbon and thereby soften the un-aged martensitic structure. 
     These steels were devised in the face of the problem of simultaneously obtaining a very high limit of elasticity and good ductility. Initially, good ductility was obtained by simultaneous addition of cobalt and molybdenum. However, cobalt as an alloying element is costly and not available from a reliable source of supply. In order to avoid the constraints imposed by cobalt, maraging steels without cobalt were developed which contain: 
     
         Ni 17-26 wt. %, Mo 0.2-4 wt. %, Ti 1-2.5 wt. %, 
    
     
         Al&lt;1 wt. %, and optionally some Nb, 
    
     with the remainder being Fe and impurities resulting from the processing. Such steels are described, e.g., in Brit. Pat. 1,355,475 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,443,254; both incorporated herein by reference. They enable one to obtain a high tensile strength (on the order of 1800 MPa) and satisfactory ductility, in a metal which is homogenized at elevated temperature followed by cooling and aging. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     For certain applications it is desirable to obtain a maraging steel with an elastic limit above 1900 MPa, such as &gt;1900 MPa, 1950 MPa, 2000 MPa, etc. with elongation at failure of &gt;4%, as well as good resistance to fatigue. In such instances, it is desirable that the steel not contain titanium. In practice, in processing, the steel will always acquire a small amount of nitrogen, which form nitrides with titanium; such nitrides are detrimental to good fatigue resistance. The present invention maraging steel provides the properties set forth above. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The steel which accomplishes the above object is a maraging steel, which steel comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the following chemical composition: 
     Ni 14-23 wt. %, Mo 4-13 wt. %, 
     Al 1-3.5 wt. %, C≦0.01 wt. %, (all based on total weight), 
     iron and impurities resulting from the processing; 
     where the composition preferably also satisfies the following conditions: 
     Ni+Mo=23-27 wt. %; 
     Ni+2.5×Mo+2.3×Al≧38 wt. %. Preferably, the steel contains no added cobalt, but cobalt may be present in small quantities as an impurity, generally preferably in amounts less than 0.2 wt. %. Also preferably, the steel contains no titanium. 
     The invention steel preferably has a limit of elasticity, Re, ≧1900 MPa, and elongation at failure ≧4% for steel which has been solution heat-treated at &gt;8020  C. followed by aging; or which has been cold rolled (or otherwise reduced in thickness by cold working) followed directly by aging, the cold rolling (or other cold-working) reduction in thickness being in the range 0-30%. 
     The invention will be further described in more detail hereinbelow, and will be illustrated in the form of examples. 
     The invention maraging steel comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of: 
     Ni 14-23 wt. %, preferably &gt;16 wt. %, and 
     Mo 4-13 wt. %, preferably 5-8 wt. %. 
     The preferred ranges enable the desired mechanical characteristics to be achieved more economically. Because the cost of molybdenum is 2-4 times that of nickel, it is preferable to use more nickel and less molybdenum. Further, the following constraints should preferably hold: 
     
         Ni+Mo=23-27 wt. %, preferably 24-26 wt. %. 
    
     In the invention steels it is preferred that the temperature of the beginning of transformation to martensite is neither too high nor too low, and such that the hardening effect obtained from the molybdenum is sufficient. 
     The invention steel also preferably comprises: 
     
         Al 1-3.5 wt. %, 
    
     to provide precipitation-hardening, and to limit the risk of defects developing during hot-rolling. 
     The invention steel preferably does not contain titanium, the reason for this being to avoid formation of nitrides which are detrimental to fatigue strength. Less than 0.01 wt % is preferred. 
     Nickel, molybdenum and aluminum are preferably present according to the relationship: Ni+2.5×Mo+2.3×Al≧38 wt % to assist in providing the desired elasticity limit. 
     Further, the carbon content of the invention steel is preferably limited to ≦0.01 wt. %, so as to obtain a martensite which is sufficiently soft prior to aging. The remainder of the composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of iron, and impurities resulting from processing. 
     The invention steel can be prepared in the molten state, cast into ingots, and then hot-rolled, according to the state of the art. It may also be cold-rolled, e.g. to obtain a strip of thickness less than 1.5 mm. For cold-rolling, depending on the initial and desired final thicknesses, the cold-rolling may be carried out in a plurality of stages separated by annealing at temperatures ≧800° C. One may provide, in particular, that the final stage of cold-rolling represents a cold-working reduction of 0-30%. In all cases, after aging at 450-540° C., the desired mechanical characteristics are obtained. This aging treatment may be carried out either directly after the solution heat-treatment above 800° C. or after the final stage of cold rolling. The elastic limit, Re, obtained is greater than 1900 MPa and the elongation at failure is &gt;4%. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     For purposes of example, ingots designated 1-5 were produced according to the invention (see Table below). These ingots were used to prepare cold-rolled strip wherewith the final cold-rolling stage involved various percentages of reduction of thickness (A). Said final stage was preceded by intermediate annealing at 1020° C. Each ingot was used to prepare cold-rolled strips wherewith the final cold-rolling stage involved various percentage of reduction of thickness. Said final stage was preceded by intermediate annealing at 1020° C. After said final stage, the strips were hardened by aging at 510° C. for 4 hours, following which the mechanical characteristics were measured by a tensile test. For each ingot, one strip was fabricated without final cold-rolling stage, i.e. with aging directly after the intermediate annealing. 
     
                       TABLE______________________________________Chemical compositions of the steels (wt. %):Sample  Ni        Mo     Al      C     Fe______________________________________1       15        9.91   2.16    0.0021                                  bal.2       17.99     6.75   2.98    0.0015                                  Bal.3       17.02     7.86   1.39    0.002 Bal.4       18.28     6.69   2.00    0.0071                                  Bal.5       19.55     5.46   2.21    0.0047                                  Bal.______________________________________ 
    
     The results of the mechanical tests were as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Sample 1______________________________________Reduction no cold rolling                4.5%      22.2% 47%Re(MPa)   2237       2320.8    2392  2479A %       5.82       4.13%     5.53% 3.62%______________________________________ 
    
     
         ______________________________________Sample 2______________________________________Reduction no cold rolling                2.9%      26.3% 48%Re(MPa)   2123.2     2140.1    2216.8                                2327.8A %       6.03%      5.9%      6.79% 2.79%______________________________________ 
    
     
         ______________________________________Sample 3______________________________________Reduction no cold rolling                8.0       24.7  50.4Re(MPa)   1971       2019      2068  2129A %       8.11%      8.21%     8.49% 7.59%______________________________________ 
    
     
         ______________________________________Sample 4______________________________________Reduction no cold rolling                11.1%     28.7% 51.57%Re(MPa)   1936       2038      2102  2185A %       8.73%      7.90%     8.19% 7.45%______________________________________ 
    
     
         ______________________________________Sample 5______________________________________Reduction no cold rolling                12%       27.6% 52.2%Re(Mpa)   1905       1986      2021  2117A %       8.77%      8.12%     7.89% 7.37%______________________________________ 
    
     The results demonstrate that steels according to the invention enable one to obtain simultaneously an elastic limit &gt;1900 MPa and an elongation at failure &gt;4%, if the aging treatment is carried out after solution heat-treating; or if the aging treatment is carried out directly after cold working (e.g., cold-rolling) with a reduction in the range 0-30%. In certain cases, the elongation at failure was &gt;4% even after cold working with a reduction in dimension greater than 50%. In all cases, the elastic limit was 2000 Mpa after cold working with a reduction in dimension greater than 8%. 
     The described maraging steels are particularly well suited to use in fabricating clock and watch parts, and conveyor belts and the like. 
     As noted above, the invention steels most preferably contain no added cobalt or titanium. This does not exclude trace or impurity levels of these compounds, however, which can be an inevitable result of smelting, processing, etc. and can be unintentionally added as unwanted impurities of other components. In a highly preferred embodiment care is taken to minimize or exclude titanium to the extent possible so as to avoid the deleterious formation of titanium nitrides, which are detrimental to fatigue resistance. 
     French patent application 98 01241 filed Feb. 4, 1998, is incorporated herein by reference.