Abstract:
The invention relates to controllable Fabry-Perot interferometers which are produced with micromechanical (MEMS) technology. Producing prior art interferometers includes a risk of deterioration of mirrors during the etching of the sacrificial layer ( 123 ). According to the solution according to the invention at least one layer ( 103, 105, 114, 116 ) of the mirrors is made of silicon-rich silicon nitride. In the inventive Fabry-Perot interferometer it is possible to avoid or reduce using silicon oxide in the mirror layers whereby the risk of deterioration of the mirrors is reduced. It is also possible to use mirror surfaces with higher roughness, whereby the risk of the mirrors sticking to each other is reduced.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a Fabry-Perot interferometer and a method for producing a Fabry-Perot interferometer. More specifically, the invention relates to tunable Fabry-Perot interferometers which are produced with micromechanical (MEMS) technology. The technical field of the invention is specified in the preamble of the independent claims. 
       BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY 
       [0002]    Fabry-Perot interferometers are used as optical filters and in spectroscopic sensors, for example. A Fabry-Perot interferometer is based on parallel mirrors, whereby a Fabry-Perot cavity is formed into a gap between the mirrors. The pass band wavelength of a Fabry-Perot interferometer can be controlled by adjusting the distance between the mirrors i.e. the width of the gap. It is common to use micromechanical technology for producing Fabry-Perot interferometers. Such a solution is described e.g. in patent document FI95838. 
         [0003]    Prior art structure of a micromechanical interferometer usually includes layers of silicon and silicon oxide, wherein mirrors of the interferometer have silicon oxide layer(s) between silicon layers. A movable mirror is provided by removing a sacrificial layer, which has initially been formed between two mirror layers. The sacrificial layer may be e.g. silicon dioxide, which can be removed by etching with hydrofluoric acid (HF), for example. In order to allow the etching substance to reach the sacrificial layer, holes are provided in the movable mirror. The position of a moveable a mirror is controlled by applying voltage to electrodes, which are included in the mirror structures. 
         [0004]    The micromechanical production technology allows series production of interferometers. However, there are some disadvantages related with the prior art solutions for production of interferometers and the interferometer components. 
         [0005]    In order to prevent the silicon oxide layers of the mirrors to be etched during the etching of the sacrificial layer, silicon layers are provided between the sacrificial layer and the silicon oxide layers of the mirrors. However, when the sacrificial layer is etched through the holes of the movable mirror the silicon oxide layers may also become etched at the edges of the holes. In order to prevent the prevent the silicon oxide layer from becoming etched in the etching process of the sacrificial layer the silicon oxide layer can be removed by patterning around the areas of the holes before the upper layers are deposited. This way a silicon layer forms the edges of the through-holes. The removed area of silicon dioxide may have e.g. three times larger diameter size compared to the diameter of a hole. However, this causes that the released mirror is not evenly thick at its all locations, and the mirror has an inhomogeneous structure. While the mirror inevitably has a tensile stress, this will further cause bending of the mirror, which degrades the performance of the mirror. Providing the holes also requires several patterning/etching phases since the silicon dioxide layers must be patterned and etched separately. 
         [0006]    The silicon layers at the surfaces of the mirrors also tend to have small holes, i.e. pinholes. During the etching of the sacrificial layer, it is therefore possible that the etching agent, such as HF, enters through the pinholes into the silicon oxide layers of the mirrors. If these layers are etched, the structure of the mirrors is deteriorated. 
         [0007]    The density of the pinholes in the silicon layers is dependent on the roughness of the surface of the silicon layer. In order to minimize the density of pinholes, the degree of roughness of the silicon layers is made as low as possible. However, when the surfaces of the mirrors are smooth, there is an increased risk of the sticking to each other if they touch each other. The mirrors may touch each other during the use or transportation, for example. E.g. instantaneous overvoltage at the control circuit of the component or high humidity may cause the mirrors to stick permanently to each other and thus cause the component to become non-functional. 
         [0008]    A further problem relates to removing the sacrificial layer between the mirrors. In prior art processes the removal is a separate process which must be made before the interferometers can be cut out from the wafers and encapsulated. Such a separate process increases the complicity of the production process. Also, the cutting, encapsulating and transportation of the interferometers require special handling because of the movable, released mirror. A released mirror is sensitive to environmental stress, such as changes of temperature or humidity, contamination, etc. 
         [0009]    As a result of these disadvantages, the yield of interferometers in the production may be low, and reliability of the produced interferometers possibly does not reach a required level. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The purpose of the present invention is to avoid or reduce disadvantages of the prior art. 
         [0011]    The object of the invention is achieved with a solution, in which a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer has silicon-rich silicon nitride in at least one layer of a mirror. The use of silicon oxide in the mirror layers can thus be avoided or reduced. With this inventive solution it is possible to avoid the above mentioned problems related with the prior art. 
         [0012]    A controllable Fabry-Perot interferometer according to the invention, comprising
       a substrate,   a first mirror structure on the substrate,   a second, movable mirror structure, whereby the first and second mirror structures comprise first and second mirrors which are substantially parallel,   a Fabry-Perot cavity between the first and second mirrors, whereby the cavity has been formed by providing a sacrificial layer between the first and second mirror structures before providing the second mirror structure, and removing the sacrificial layer after providing the second mirror structure,   electrodes for electrical control of the distance between the mirrors, is characterised in that   at least one said mirror has a layer of silicon-rich silicon nitride.       
 
         [0019]    A method according to the invention for producing a controllable Fabry-Perot interferometer, wherein
       a substrate is provided,   a first mirror is provided on the substrate,   a second, movable mirror structure is provided, whereby the first and second mirror structures comprise first and second mirrors which are substantially parallel,   a Fabry-Perot cavity is provided between the first and second mirrors, whereby providing the cavity comprises providing a sacrificial layer between the first and second mirror structures before providing the second mirror structure, and the sacrificial layer is removed after providing the second mirror structure,   providing electrodes for electrical control of the distance between the mirrors, is characterised in that at least one layer of at least one said mirror is made of silicon-rich silicon nitride.       
 
         [0025]    Some preferable embodiments of the invention are described in the dependent claims. 
         [0026]    Significant advantages can be achieved with the invention when compared to the prior known solutions. In an inventive Fabry-Perot interferometer it is not necessary to use silicon oxide layers in the mirrors. Therefore, the etching of the sacrificial layer does not deteriorate the mirror layers. It is therefore possible to provide the etching of the holes in the movable mirror after all mirror layers at the optical area have been deposited, and thus it is possible to etch at least two layers of different material, preferably all layers of the movable mirror, within the same etching phase. As the etching does not deteriorate the layers of the movable mirror it is possible to remain straight edges in the holes which are made to the movable mirror for etching the sacrificial layer. The movable mirror has thus a homogeneous structure and keeps its even form. It is also possible to include a higher density of etching holes in the movable mirror, which improves the etching process and whereby HF vapour etching can be used. 
         [0027]    When the sacrificial layer is removed with HF vapour etching, this can be performed after cutting the chips and possibly also after encapsulating the chips. This allows simple cutting and packaging procedures because the movable mirror does not need to be released at that phase and is therefore not sensitive to environmental stress, such as changes of temperature or humidity, contamination, etc. Also, it is possible to transport the interferometers in normal transportation manners because the movable mirrors can be released after the transport. 
         [0028]    Secondly, it is possible to allow a higher density of pinholes in the mirror layers because the etching agent is not harmful to any of the mirror layers. Therefore, it is possible to apply higher roughness at the mirror surfaces, whereby the risk of the mirrors sticking to each other is decreased. As a consequence of these advantages, higher yield can be achieved in the production of Fabry-Perot interferometers, and the high functional reliability of interferometers can be achieved. 
         [0029]    It is further possible to determine the index of refraction by adjusting the contents of silicon in the silicon-rich silicon nitride. By adding silicon to silicon nitride the value of the index of refraction is increased compared to the pure silicon nitride. By applying silicon-rich silicon nitride wherein the value of the index refraction is closer to the corresponding value of the polycrystalline silicon layer, a same optical effect is achieved by implementing the mirror with a larger number of λ/4 layers. This way it is possible to achieve a mirror structure which is thicker and stronger compared to, for example, structures where silicon oxide layers are used. Preferably, the silicon-rich silicon nitride of a mirror layer has such a proportion of silicon that the material has a value of the index of refraction which value is between the corresponding values of polycrystalline silicon and silicon nitride. 
         [0030]    It is also possible to adjust the tensile stress of the silicon-rich silicon nitride layer by adjusting the contents of silicon in the layer. By adjusting the tensile stress it is possible to optimise the control properties of an electrostatic-controllable mirror. Layers of silicon-rich silicon nitride can be produced with e.g. low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) process, wherein the contents of silicon in the layer can be controlled. Principles for controlling silicon contents in producing silicon-rich silicon nitride films with LPCVD process is described in e.g. document [1] J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 14(5) September/October 1996, pp. 2879-2892. The document also discloses how refractive index and tensile stress vary as a function of the silicon contents in a silicon-rich silicon nitride film. 
         [0031]    The interferometers according to the invention are well suited for near infrared radiation (NIR), but they can be designed for the usage for any other radiation within optical range as well; infrared radiation (IR) and visible light. It is only necessary to choose materials for the substrate and the mirror structures which are transparent for the operating wavelength. 
         [0032]    In this patent application the term “mirror” means a structure where there is a layer or a set of layers which reflects light. 
         [0033]    In this patent application the terms “radiation” or “light” are used to mean any radiation in the optical range of wavelengths. 
         [0034]    In this patent application “gap width” means the distance between the mirrors at the concerned position. 
         [0035]    In this patent application “sacrificial layer” means a material layer which is at least partially removed in the final product. 
     
    
     
       SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0036]    In the following part the preferable exemplary embodiments of the invention are described in more detail by referring to the enclosed drawings, in which: 
           [0037]      FIG. 1  illustrates a cross section of an exemplary Fabry-Perot interferometer according to the invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 2  illustrates a top view of an exemplary electrically tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer according to the invention; 
           [0039]      FIG. 3  illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary process according to the invention for producing an electrically tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer; 
           [0040]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary process for providing an electrical connection through a mirror layer. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0041]      FIG. 1  illustrates a cross section of an exemplary Fabry-Perot interferometer according to the invention. The interferometer has a substrate  130  of e.g. monocrystalline silicon material, on which there is an optical matching layer  101  of e.g. silicon oxide. The reflecting layers of the fixed mirror are provided by layers  102 - 105 , wherein layers  102  and  104  are of polycrystalline silicon, and layers  103  and  105  are of silicon-rich silicon nitride. Patterned layer  106  is made of doped polycrystalline silicon and serves as a control electrode of the fixed mirror. 
         [0042]    The interferometer has a second, movable mirror which has reflecting layers  114 - 117 . Layers  115  and  117  are of polycrystalline silicon, and layers  114  and  116  are of silicon-rich silicon nitride. Layer  113   a ,  113   b  is made of doped polycrystalline silicon and serves as electrically conducting control electrodes of the fixed mirror. 
         [0043]    The electrode  106  of the lower, fixed mirror is electrically connected to the connection  110   b . The centre electrode  113   b  of the movable mirror is connected to the same potential with the lower electrode. In this way it is possible to avoid a potential difference between the centre parts of the movable and fixed mirrors. If potential difference would exist, this could cause an uneven offset into the position of the centre part of the movable mirror. The centre electrode  113   b  of the movable mirror is connected to the electrical contact  110   b  with a lead-in  152  through other layers of the movable mirror, and via a patterned conductor layer  118  of doped polycrystalline silicon at the top of the movable mirror. The outer electrodes  113   a  of the movable mirror are electrically connected to another control connection  110   a  of the interferometer. The electrical connections  110   a ,  110   b  are made of aluminium, for example. The movable mirror has also through-holes  151  for etching the sacrificial layer. As shown in  FIG. 1 , all layers of the movable mirror around the hole reach the edge of the hole. 
         [0044]    The doped conductor structures of the mirrors may alternatively be located at opposite mirrors, i.e. the double layer structure may locate at the lower, fixed mirror, and the single layer structure may locate at the upper, movable mirror. 
         [0045]    The cavity of the interferometer is formed by the space  123 , from which sacrificial silicon oxide layer has been removed. The sacrificial layer is etched e.g. by vapour HF through holes  151  of the second mirror structure. The second mirror will thus become movable. The silicon oxide layer has been removed from the optical area of the interferometer but it is not removed from the edges  112  of the silicon oxide layer. The remaining silicon oxide layer between the edges of the movable upper mirror and the lower fixed mirror serves as a support for the movable upper mirror. The silicon oxide keeps the movable mirror in a straight and uniform position. It is thus preferable to use the silicon oxide layer also as a support for the movable layer, but it is also a possible alternative to provide the support for the movable mirror by applying a supporting layer above and over the edges of the movable mirror. Such a support can be made of aluminium, for example. 
         [0046]    At the opposite surface of the substrate there is a protective layer  122  of silicon-rich silicon nitride, which also serves as an antireflection layer. An aperture for radiation is formed by a patterned layer  123  of e.g. aluminium or some other material which does not transmit radiation within the operating range of the interferometer. 
         [0047]    In the structure described above the radiation penetrates through the substrate  130 , and the substrate must therefore be transparent for radiation of operative wavelength range of the interferometer. However, it is also possible to deposite an interferometer structure of two mirrors directly on a detector, such as pin diode. In this case it is not necessary to use a transparent substrate. 
         [0048]      FIG. 2  illustrates a top view of an exemplary electrically tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer  20  according to the invention. The contacts  110   a  and  110   b  for the electrodes of the upper and lower mirrors are located at corners of the interferometer. The optical area  261  is circular, and the upper, second mirror is provided with holes which have been used for removing the sacrificial layer. The holes are preferably evenly distributed across the optical area of the second mirror. The diameter of each hole may be e.g. 100 nm-5 μm. The holes may cover an area of 0.01%-5% of the optical area of the second mirror. Such holes function mainly as reflecting mirrors and do not therefore have substantial effect on the performance of the interferometer. 
         [0049]      FIG. 3  illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary method according to the invention for producing an electrically tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer, such as an interferometer of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . In the following description reference numbers of  FIGS. 1 and 2  are shown in brackets. 
         [0050]    The production process is started by providing a wafer ( 130 ) in phase  11 . The wafer material can be e.g. monocrystalline silicon or fused silica. Next layers ( 102 - 106 ) of the first, fixed mirror structure are provided on the substrate. The first mirror structure can be produced by e.g. depositing successive layers of polycrystalline silicon and silicon-rich silicon nitride on the substrate, phase  12 . For example, there may be two layers ( 103 ,  105 ) of silicon-rich silicon nitride between three layers ( 102 ,  104 ,  106 ) of polycrystalline silicon. The thickness of the layers can be e.g. 10 nm-2 μm. The actual thickness of the layers depends on the range of wavelengths at which the interferometer needs to be functional. The thickness of the layers is typically a quarter or a half of the operating wavelength of the radiation within the material of the concerned layer. These layers can be deposited on the substrate by LPCVD process, for example. The topmost layer ( 106 ) of the first, fixed mirror is a patterned layer of doped polycrystalline silicon and serves as an electrode for controlling the movable mirror. In the method of  FIG. 3  this electrically conductive layer is produced in phase  13 . 
         [0051]    In phase  14  a patterned sacrificial layer ( 112 ) is provided. The sacrificial layer is removed at the area of the electrical contact of the electrode of the fixed mirror. The sacrificial layer will define the Fabry-Perot cavity. The sacrificial layer is of silicon dioxide, and the thickness of the sacrificial layer is defined by the required distance between the mirrors of the interferometer. 
         [0052]    In phase  15  a patterned layer ( 113   a ,  113   b ) of doped polycrystalline silicon is provided. This electrically conductive layer serves as an electrode ( 113   a ) at the edges of the Fabry-Perot cavity for controlling the position of the movable mirror. The layer also serves as an electrode ( 113   a ) for avoiding electrical charging phenomena at the centre part of the movable mirror. The layer further serves as an optical layer of the second, movable mirror. 
         [0053]    Next in phase  16  a patterned layer of e.g. aluminium oxide is produced on the polycrystalline silicon layer for providing a stopping layer at the position of the electrical contacts for the electrodes. This procedure of providing electrical contacts is further described in connection with  FIG. 4 . 
         [0054]    In phase  17  further layers ( 114 - 117 ) for the second, movable mirror are formed. These further layers may include, for example, a layer ( 114 ) of silicon-rich silicon nitride, a layer ( 115 ) of polycrystalline silicon, a layer ( 116 ) of silicon-rich silicon nitride, and a layer ( 117 ) of polycrystalline silicon. The thickness of the layers can be e.g. 10 nm-2 μm. The actual thickness of the layers depends on the range of wavelengths at which the interferometer needs to be functional. The thickness of the layers is typically a quarter or a half of the operating wavelength of the radiation within the material of the concerned layer. These layers can be deposited by LPCVD process, for example. 
         [0055]    Next in phase  18  the electrical contact areas ( 110   a ,  110   b ) and required through-holes ( 151 ) and lead-ins ( 152 ) are opened by etching the layers of the movable mirror until the stopping layer of e.g. aluminium oxide. This procedure is further described in connection with  FIG. 4 . In etching the through-holes, a hole is etched into at least two layers of different material, preferably all layers around the hole of the movable mirror, within a same etching phase. In phase  19  electrode contacts are formed. First a conducting layer ( 118 ) of doped polycrystalline silicon is provided for wiring, and then a patterned layer of aluminium is provided for forming the contacts. 
         [0056]    In phase  20  a layer ( 122 ) of e.g. silicon-rich silicon nitride is deposited on the surface of the wafer, which surface is opposite to the previously mentioned interferometer layers. This protective layer may also serve as an antireflective layer. A further patterned layer ( 123 ) of e.g. aluminium is provided for forming an aperture for radiation. 
         [0057]    In phase  21  the chips are cut from the wafer. The sacrificial layer is then etched with vapour HF in phase  22  through the holes of the second mirror. When the sacrificial layer is removed from the optical area between the mirrors, the Fabry-Perot cavity ( 123 ) is formed and the second, movable mirror is released. Finally, the chips are capsulated in phase  23 . The electrical contacts may be bonded, but it is also possible to use the contacts of the Fabry-Perot interferometer chip for soldering without bonding. 
         [0058]    There are several phases in which the sacrificial layer can be removed: before the chip is cut out from the wafer or after the chip is cut from the wafer but before encapsulation of the chip. When the sacrificial layer is not removed before cutting the chips from a wafer, it is possible to use normal cutting procedures since the second mirror is not sensitive to environmental stress, such as changes of temperature or humidity, contamination, etc. 
         [0059]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary sub-process for providing electrical contacts through layers of a mirror. First, layers  42  of a fixed mirror and the electrode layers of the movable and fixed mirror have been deposited on a substrate  41 . The topmost layer forming the conductive electrodes is doped polycrystalline silicon. Then a stopping layer  43  of aluminium oxide is deposited by e.g. an ALD process. Although aluminium oxide is a preferable material, it is alternatively also possible to use other materials for providing the stopping layer, such as silicon dioxide or tantalum oxide. The stopping layer is then patterned, whereby the layer is remained at the location of the electrical contacts  44 . A layer  45  of silicon nitride, and possible further layers of silicon nitride or polycrystalline silicon of a mirror are then deposited. These layers of the mirror are etched with plasma at the location of the electrical contacts  46 . Several layers silicon nitride and polycrystalline silicon can be etched within a same etching phase. The openings achieved in the layers by etching may include e.g. small apertures or larger areas, possibly also at the edges of the layers. The layer  47  of isolating aluminium oxide is then wet etched with BHF, which does not remove silicon. Finally, an electrically conducting layer  48  of doped polycrystalline silicon or aluminium is deposited. As a result, an electrically conducting contact is produced through non-conducting layers of a mirror. 
         [0060]    The invention has been described with the reference to the enclosed embodiments. It is, however, clear that the invention is not restricted only to those, but it comprises all embodiments which can be imagined within the inventive idea and the enclosed patent claims. 
         [0061]    For example, some materials, dimensions and forms have been mentioned as examples for implementation of the invention. However, it is clear that dimensions, forms and materials as well as details of structure or phases of production can be changed and optimised for each implementation according to the specific requirements. 
         [0062]    Above, the use of aluminium was described as a conductive material forming electrodes electrical wiring and connections. However, it must be noted that is quite possible to use other alternatives of conductive materials, such as copper. Also, monocrystalline silicon has been mentioned as an exemplary preferable material for the substrate. However, it is naturally possible to use other alternative materials. 
         [0063]    The inventive interferometers have several preferable applications. They can be used as controllable filters in optical spectrometers, colour analyzers, imagers, optical data communications, and in various devices for measuring e.g. contents of specific gases or liquids.