Abstract:
A device for performing energy management in an electric vehicle which can be driven at least partially by an electric machine which can be supplied with electrical energy by a rechargeable battery, wherein the state of charge (SOC) of the rechargeable battery varies during charging and discharging, includes a driver-type recognition device for determining the driver-type (I, II). The driver-type recognition device monitors the discharge process of the rechargeable battery during driving and recognizes the driver-type (I, II) therefrom.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2011/002,062, filed Apr. 21, 2011, which designated the United States and has been published as International Publication No. WO 2011/144,291 and which claims the priority of German Patent Application, Serial No. 10 2010 021 031.5, filed May 19, 2010, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119( a )-( d ). 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a device for energy management in an electric vehicle and to a method for energy management in an electric vehicle. 
     In a vehicle-type-dependent control of a motor vehicle, in particular the dynamic driving characteristic of the vehicle can be adapted to an economical or a sporty driving style of the driver. Information about the specific driver-type is required to enable the control system to set the appropriate operating parameters. 
     DE 10 2004 023 512 A1 discloses a generic electric vehicle with a device for energy management. The vehicle has at least one electric machine for driving the vehicle wheels. The electric machine is supplied with electrical energy from an energy storage device, wherein the state of charge of the energy storage device varies during charging and discharging. Moreover, the vehicle control includes driver-type recognition capable of detecting a sporty driver or an economical driver. 
     The driver-type recognition can be derived from the operation of the accelerator pedal during driving. For this purpose, the angular positions as well as the rate of change upon actuation of the accelerator pedal can be detected. Alternatively or in addition, information about the driver-type may also be derived from the operation of a manual transmission. Measurements of these parameters require extensive sensor-related technical measures which are also associated with a substantial component expenditure. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is to provide a device or a method for energy management in an electric vehicle, which enables a simple and reliable detection of the driver-type. 
     According an aspect of the invention, a device for performing energy management in an electric vehicle, which can be at least partially driven by an electrical machine which can be supplied with electrical power from a rechargeable battery, wherein the state of charge (SOC) of the rechargeable battery varies during charging and discharging, includes a driver-type recognition device for determining a driver-type. The driver-type recognition device monitors during a driving operation the discharge process of the energy storage device, i.e. the high-voltage battery supplying power to the electric machine, and determines therefrom the driver-type. Upon detection of an accelerated discharge process, a sporty driver-type can thus be determined. Conversely, upon detection of a delayed discharge process, an economic driver-type can be determined. 
     The invention is therefore based on the observation that the course of the discharge process during a driving interval allows conclusions about the manner in which the driver demands power. Because the power electronics of the energy storage device monitors charge and also discharge process of the energy storage device anyway, the recognition of the driver-type according to the invention can be implemented with little expenditure and does not require the installation of additional sensor elements. 
     For monitoring the discharge process, the driver-type recognition device may include a measuring device. This measuring device may preferably measure the temporal course of the state of charge of the energy storage device or measurement values correlating therewith, for example the current or the voltage of the energy storage device. Such measuring devices may already be integrated into the power electronics of the energy storage device, so that the existing measuring devices instruments may be used according to the invention in a dual function also for recognizing the driver-type. 
     To obtain a measure of the vehicle power demanded by driver over a certain time span, the recognition device may detect the state of charge at the beginning of a driving interval and the state of charge at the end of the driving interval and determine therefrom a difference value. The driver-type can be derived from the difference value with an evaluation device receiving signal from the recognition device. 
     Preferably, the recognition device may determine from the difference value a gradient over the driving interval. This gradient may be compared in the evaluation device with a threshold value stored therein, wherein the evaluation device can detect the driver-type based on the comparison. The evaluation device is also in signal communication with a central electronic control device of the motor vehicle. Subsequent to the identification of the driver-type, a corresponding driver-type signal is then transmitted to the control device. The control device can then adapt, in particular, the dynamic behavior of the vehicle commensurate with the driver-type signal. 
     The state of charge of the energy storage can be measured in its power electronics by measuring the current flowing out of the energy storage device upon a power demand from the driver, which is then integrated over time. Alternatively and/or in addition, the aforementioned evaluation device may also measure the discharge process of the energy storage device in a different manner and compare the discharge process with corresponding stored threshold values, and recognize the driver-type based on the comparison. 
     For example, alternatively or in addition to measuring the state of charge, the temporal course of the voltage of the energy storage device, which correlates with the state of charge of the energy storage device, may also be measured, wherein the temporal characteristic of the state of charge is significantly more sluggish than the temporal characteristic of the voltage of the energy storage device during the driving operation. When monitoring the discharge process based on the temporal characteristic of the voltage, a particular phenomenon occurs wherein short-term voltage drops in the energy storage device occur in response to high power demands from the driver. These voltage drops are reproduced in the temporal characteristic of the voltage of the energy storage device, but not in the much more sluggish temporal characteristic of the state of charge of the energy storage device. The voltage drops can be used according to the invention for recognizing the driver-type. The evaluation device may compare the voltage drops occurring during the driving interval with respect to gradient, magnitude, duration and/or number and compare them with threshold values stored in the evaluation device. 
     By way of example, different profiles of driver-types may be stored in the evaluation device, each containing different threshold values for the gradient, the magnitude, the duration and/or the number of voltage drops. Upon a match with one of these profiles, the evaluation device may forward a corresponding driver-type signal to the central electronic control device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       Two exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the appended figures, which show in: 
         FIG. 1  a schematic diagram of a drive system of an electric vehicle; 
         FIG. 2  temporal diagrams of a torque demand from a driver, the state of charge of the vehicle battery, and the battery voltage during a driving operation; and 
         FIG. 3  a drive system according to the second exemplary embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  shows in a schematic diagram the drive system of an electric vehicle, which is driven by way of example only at a single vehicle axle  3 . An electric machine  5  is connected at the vehicle axle  3  to a drive train, which drives the two wheels  7  of the vehicle via an axle differential  9 . The electric machine  5  is electrically connected with a high-voltage battery  11  as an energy storage device, which depending on the driving conditions is discharged for supplying power to the electric machine  5  or is charged in a recuperation mode by the electric machine  5  which then operates as a generator. The additional drive components, such as the power electronics  13  of the electric machine  5  or the battery control device  15  are only roughly sketched in  FIG. 1  without further description for sake of clarity. 
     A central electronic control device  17  is provided for controlling the high-voltage battery  11  and the electric machine  5 . The control device  17  detects via a pedal module  19  changes made to the accelerator pedal angle by the driver. Additionally, the control device  17  detects as input parameters, inter alia, available battery power, the efficiency characteristic curve fields of the electric machine, ambient and/or aggregate temperatures, driving dynamics limits, load points of the electric machine  5  as well as the vehicle speed, the engaged gear and the like. 
     Based on these input variables, the control device  17  calculates a desired torque M S  with which the engine control device  13  is controlled. 
     The battery control device  15  of the high-voltage battery  11  is equipped with measuring devices (not shown in detail) configured to monitor a discharge process or the charge process of the high-voltage battery  11 . For this purpose, the current flowing out to the electric machine  5 , the battery voltage or the state of charge SOC can be monitored with the battery control device  15 . 
     According to the invention, the battery control device  15  is part of a driver-type recognition device, with which the central electronic control device  17  can adapt the dynamic driving characteristic of the vehicle to the respective driver. To this end, the discharge process of the energy storage device  11  is monitored during driving and is then used as a measure for the power of the vehicle demanded by the driver over a certain time span. 
       FIG. 2  shows three temporal diagrams illustrating an exemplary discharge process of the energy storage device  11  during a driving interval t b . The discharge process is derived here from an exemplary desired torque M S  set by the pedal module  19 . The desired torque M S  is in certain driving situations, for example when passing, briefly and abruptly increased at the times t 1 , t 2  and t 3  by difference values ΔM 1 , ΔM 2  and ΔM 3 . The resulting discharge process of the high-voltage battery  11  is illustrated in the temporal diagrams arranged underneath, which show the temporal course of the battery state of charge SOC and of the battery voltage U. As can be seen, both the SOC curve and the voltage curve decrease steadily during vehicle operating interval t B . During the abrupt increases ΔM 1 , ΔM 2  and ΔM 3  of the desired torque, the high-voltage battery  11  responds with an increased reduction of the battery-charge SOC. The curve of the state of charge shown in  FIG. 2  therefore decreases in the region of the abrupt increases ΔM 1 , ΔM 2  and ΔM 3  with a larger gradient. Commensurately, the high-voltage battery  11  responds to the increased torque demands from the driver with brief voltage drops ΔU 1 , ΔU 2  and ΔU 3 , which are reflected in the temporal course of the battery voltage U. 
     According to the first exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the vehicle-type recognition device includes a recognition device  21  and an evaluation device  23  connected downstream in the direction of signal flow. The detection device  21  detects a first state of charge SOC 1  at the beginning of the driving interval Δt B  and a second state of charge SOC 2  at the end of the driving interval Δt B  and determines therefrom a difference value ΔSOC. The detection device  21  then determines from this difference value a gradient ΔSOC/Δt B . This gradient is compared in the evaluation device  23  with a stored threshold value. Based on this comparison, the evaluation device  23  determines a driver-type I with a sporty driving style or a driver-type II with an economical driving style. The evaluation device  23  subsequently transmits a corresponding driver-type signal I or II to the central electronic control device  17 . 
       FIG. 3  shows a driver-type recognition device according to the second exemplary embodiment. The basic design of the vehicle drive system is identical to that of  FIG. 1 . In contrast to  FIG. 1 , however, the temporal course of the high-voltage battery voltage U is measured for monitoring the discharge process. The detection device  21  detects the brief voltage drops ΔU 1 , ΔU 2  and ΔU 3  and measures their magnitude, their duration and/or their number n. The voltage drops ΔU 1 , ΔU 2  and ΔU 3  are subsequently compared in the evaluation device  23  with driver-type profiles I and II, with threshold values typical for a sporty driver or for an economical driver being stored in each of the profiles I and II. Based on this comparison, the evaluation device  23  generates a driver-type signal I, II that is forwarded to the central electronic control device  17 .