Abstract:
A system and method of implementing an alarm hierarchy in a remote tracking device tracked by a monitoring center is described. The remote tracking device is worn by a wearer and includes a location determining mechanism, a wireless communication mechanism and a processor operable to monitor the status of the remote tracking device and to compare the location of the remote tracking device to a set of programmed rules. Detected alarm conditions and corresponding automated responses are escalated, respectively, in response to detecting the alarm conditions remain unresolved.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/486,992, filed Jul. 14, 2006, entitled “ALARM AND ALARM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR REMOTE TRACKING DEVICES”, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,737,841 on Jun. 15, 2010 and which is incorporated herein by specific reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. The Field of the Invention 
     The field of the present invention relates to remote tracking and communication systems and devices, and more particularly to alarm and alarm management systems for use with systems for tracking and monitoring persons from a central monitoring center. 
     2. The Relevant Technology 
     The Global Positioning System (GPS) is very well known as a mechanism for providing relatively accurate positioning information using small portable devices. To create a remote tracking device useful for tracking or monitoring persons GPS devices need a mechanism to transmit the location information from the GPS to a central site where a record of the person&#39;s location can be maintained. There have been several devices that have used terrestrial wireless or cellular networks coupled to a GPS engine to transmit the location data to a central repository. The GPS/cellular device can either transmit the raw GPS data over the cellular network to a central system which can then process the GPS data to determine the location of the device, or if enough processing power is built into the remote tracking device the GPS calculations can be done on the remote tracking device and the derived location information can be transmitted to the central repository. A time stamp can be associated with the location information to provide temporal context for the location information. 
     An example of such a device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,080 to Layson, Jr. The remote tracking device of Layson, Jr. includes a tamper resistant strap and housing which holds a GPS engine and a wireless data modem. The remote tracking device communicates with a central station computer using the wireless data modem and transmits the location data for the remote, tracking device. The central station includes a computer which is operable to take the position information from the remote tracking device and to compare that location information against a schedule of rules and location restraints to determine if the remote tracking device has strayed from a permitted inclusion zone or has entered a forbidden exclusion zone. 
     Another remote tracking device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,396 to Gaukel. The remote tracking device of Gaukel is a two-piece device with a tamper resistant unit securely attached to the person to be monitored. The secure unit is connected to, or in communication with, a body-worn device that includes a GPS engine and a cellular modem. As with Layson, Jr., the cellular modem is used to communicate the location information from the GPS engine to a control station. 
     Yet another remote tracking device and system is described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,103 to Taylor, Jr. The remote tracking device of Taylor, Jr. includes a tamper detection mechanism, a mechanism for receiving a signal from a positioning device, such as a GPS satellite, and a transmitter for transmitting a signal to a central station. The system for monitoring the remote devices includes a position determining mechanism for computationally determining the location of the remote device based on the signal from the positioning device and a temporal marking mechanism for providing a time stamp associated with the location determination. 
     While each of these devices shares a similar use of GPS and cellular or wireless data technology to gather information about the position of the remote device and to transmit information about the position to a central computer, each of these devices also suffer from the same deficiencies. Examples of these deficiencies are the lack of an ability to do anything with the information once it is received at the central computer. At most the central computers of these devices can generate messages of rules violations that can be transmitted to a parole officer or other recipient. The systems do not provide for any context for the message about the violation and do not provide for computer access to information about the remote tracking device and any violations or a monitoring center which can be contacted by the remote tracking device and the parole officer or other supervisor who has responsibility for the person being monitored. 
     These systems pass all location data obtained from the tracking devices directly through to the parole officer or supervisor who has responsibility for the person being monitored. This places the task of sorting through the mountain of location data directly on the parole officer or supervisor who may be in charge of a great number of persons being monitored. Placing such a heavy burden on the parole office or supervisor is generally undesirable and a waste of resources. 
     Further, these systems do not allow for voice communication with the person wearing the remote monitoring device. Some of the devices described above can initiate tones or vibrations in the device in the event of a rules violation, but none have the ability to initiate voice communication between the person being monitored and personnel at a monitoring center or the person&#39;s parole officer or supervisor. 
     Still further, these devices to not have any type of alarm system, alarm management, or alarm hierarchy which can be used to warn the person being monitored, or, as a last resort, warn those in the vicinity of the person being monitored that a violation is occurring. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment, the concepts described herein are directed to a remote tracking device for use in a remote tracking system having a central monitoring center. The remote tracking device includes a positioning system receiver, or transceiver, operable to receive signals indicative of the location of the remote tracking device, and a cellular transceiver operable to communicate with the central monitoring center. The remote tracking device also includes a processor connected to the positioning system transceiver and the cellular transceiver, the processor operable to monitor a status for the remote tracking device, and to compare the location of the remote tracking device with a set of rules programmed into the remote tracking device, and an audible alarm connected to the processor and capable of being activated by the processor when the processor detects a change in the status for the remote tracking device or a violation of the rules programmed into the remote tracking device, wherein a sound produced by the audible alarm when activated is audible to persons in the vicinity of the remote tracking device. 
     In another embodiment a system and method of implementing an alarm hierarchy in a remote tracking device tracked by a monitoring center is described. The remote tracking device is worn by a wearer and includes a location determining mechanism, a wireless communication mechanism and a processor operable to monitor the status of the remote tracking device and to compare the location of the remote tracking device to a set of programmed rules. The system and method include an automated response to an initial indication of an alarm condition invoked by the remote tracking device based on a change to the status of the remote tracking the device or a violation of the programmed rules. The automated response provides an indication of the alarm condition to the wearer. Next, communication can be established with the monitoring center when the alarm condition persists, such that the monitoring center can provide instructions to the wearer based on the alarm condition. If the wearer does not comply with the instructions from the monitoring center, a warning mechanism in the remote tracking device can be activated to warn those in the vicinity of the wearer. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. 
     These and other objects and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating the major elements of a remote tracking system according to the concepts described herein; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a remote tracking and communication device according to the concepts described herein; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view of the electrical components in a remote tracking and communication device; 
         FIGS. 4A-C  are flow charts illustrating embodiments of a data processing methods and data reporting methods using the remote tracking system; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a data processing method using the remote tracking system; 
         FIG. 6  is a chart illustrating an embodiment of a monitoring center administration flow according to the concepts described herein 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a monitoring center call flow according to the concepts described herein; 
         FIG. 8  is a illustration of a screen shot showing an embodiment of a status monitor for a remote tracking device according to the concepts described herein; and 
         FIGS. 9A-9J  are flow charts illustrating embodiments of monitoring center application flows for the setup, assignment and modification of various aspects associated with a remote tracking system according to the concepts described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Preferred embodiments of a remote tracking device and monitoring system according to the concepts described herein provides for a remote tracking that includes two-way voice communication between the person being monitored and monitoring center personnel or the persons parole officer, supervisor, or other administrator. It also provides for an alarm system for the remote tracking device and associated alarm management system and alarm hierarchy which is capable of warning the offender and potentially those around the offender of a violation of the terms and conditions surrounding the monitoring. Still further, it provides for a comprehensive monitoring system that includes a staffed monitoring center and access by the parole officer, supervisor or administrator to information and tools to manage the information related to the person being monitored and the status of the person and remote tracking device. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a simplified diagram showing the major elements of a preferred embodiment of a remote tracking system according to the concepts described herein is shown. System  100  is used to track multiple remote tracing devices (RTDs). Each RTD  101  includes a positioning system engine, such as a global positioning system (GPS) engine, which is able to receive signals from one or more sources, either terrestrial networks or satellite network such as multiple GPS satellites  102 , and to perform a location calculation based on the signals from the sources. While preferred embodiments described herein will use references to GPS, any position system engine or transceiver, terrestrial, airborne or satellite based, may be used in place of GPS according to the scope of the concepts described herein, including the Galeleo satellite tracking system. Applicant intends the use of GPS herein to be generic to any positioning system and to include all positioning systems. Location determination using terrestrial networks, satellite, or assisted satellite (using satellite signals in association with terrestrial signals such as cellular signals to provide a more precise location determination), is well known and will not be discussed further herein. 
     In addition to a GPS engine, the RTD includes a wireless/cellular transceiver. After a location determination has been made by the GPS engine or an internal microprocessor, the location information and information indicating the status of the RTD is sent over a terrestrial network, which is preferably a cellular network, as shown by cellular network  103 . In order to be useful, each position location for the RTD needs to include an indication of the time for the location. In a preferred embodiment, the RTD uses the time information contained in the GPS signals themselves to provide the time indication for the position determination, however, instead of using the time information from the GPS signal, the RTD itself may provide the time indication from an internal clock. An internal clock may also be used to provide time indications on when data packets were created and sent using the cellular connection. 
     The information sent by the RTD over its cellular connection is received by monitoring center  104 . Monitoring center  104  is preferably a staffed monitoring center providing representatives who can act as an intermediary between the person being monitored and the parole officer, supervisor or administrator with responsibility for the person being monitored. The monitoring center also includes the computer resources required to process, store and analyze the data received from the RTDs and provide the interface for the officers/supervisors/administrators to review the information in the system and to setup, modify and terminate the operating parameters for each individual RTD. 
     Access to the information in the monitoring center is available through a web interface which connects to a network  105 , such as the Internet, which allows persons with authorization  106  outside the monitoring center to access information in the monitoring centers computers. Additionally, cellular network  103  can also be used to establish two-way voice communication between the RTDs and the monitoring center, or responsible officer/supervisor/administrator. While reference is made to two-way voice communication, the term two-way is meant to encompass any interactive voice communication involving two or more parties, including three or more-way voice communication and would include conference type calls and multiparty calls. The two-way voice communications may use the same infrastructure as the data connections between the RTD and monitoring center, or may use completely different infrastructure or paths through the network than the data connections. Other third parties may also be in the voice or data path between the RTD and monitoring center to provide any number of functions, including the recording and archival of the voice communications between the RTD and monitoring center, and still be within the scope of the concepts described herein. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an embodiment of the physical characteristics a remote tracking device  200  according to the concepts described herein is shown in greater detail. Device  200  includes housing  201  with battery  202  removably affixed thereto. The single housing is configured to contain all electrical components necessary for tracking and communicating with the individual wearing device  200 . Battery  202  provides power to the electronic circuitry within housing  201 , as described below, and is preferably rechargeable. Top side  203  of housing  201  includes a first set of through ports  204 . Another side  205  of housing  201  includes a second set of through ports  206 . The first set of through ports  204  are configured to allow sound to pass through to a microphone (not shown) disposed within housing  201 , while the second set of through ports  206  are configured to allow sound to pass outward from a speaker (not shown) which is also disposed within the housing  201 . Top side  203  of housing  201  also includes two panels  207  and  208 , at least one of which is configured as a rocker button to activate one or more of the electronic components described below. 
     The rear face of device  200 -includes an appropriate curvature so that it can be attached to a person&#39;s body, preferably to an ankle Battery  202 , which is inserted into the bottom side of device  200 , includes a release lever (not shown) which is movable to release the battery from the housing. Each end of a strap  209  (partially shown) is secured within an extension on each side of housing  201 , such as extension  210 . Strap  209  and the strap connections to housing  201  are tamper resistant and include security measures intended to prevent the disconnection or severing of strap  209 , or if strap  209  is severed, device  200  can provide a signal indicating the status of the strap. The strap preferably includes one or more optical fibers and/or conductive materials embedded throughout its length, each of which is exposed at either end of the strap and connected to the electronics in device  200  which can determine the integrity of the connections. 
     Additional tamper detection may be achieved through monitoring all externally accessible fasteners, e.g., the screws affixing the pressure block  1 ′ 0  the housing, the external battery, and the like, for electrical continuity by using each fastener to complete, or as part of, an electrical circuit. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , an embodiment of the electronic aspects of the remote tracking device is shown. The type of connection between the various components is a matter of design choice, and may vary depending upon the specific component chosen to perform for a particular function. Further, where a specific component is indicated, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the indicated component may be substituted with other, functionally equivalent components that are readily available in the marketplace. 
     Electronics  300  includes microprocessor  301 . Microprocessor  301  controls overall operation of the device according to programming stored in memory  302 , which can be SRAM memory. Electronics  300  may include inputs  303 , which can be inputs such as switches or buttons, are included as inputs to microprocessor  301  and can be used to input data or provide for activation of pre-designated functionality controlled by microprocessor  301 . In embodiments of the RTD, there is one button dedicated for activation of voice communications with the monitoring center. LEDs  304  are used as function and status indicators. The programming stored in memory  302  may be placed there at the time of manufacture, and additional, new or modified programming may be uploaded to the device using a wired connection via the included diagnostic interface  305 , user interface  306 , or wirelessly via the cellular transceiver  307  received by antenna  308 . 
     Cellular transceiver  307  may be of the GSM/GPRS variety, and may include a SIM card  309 . Cellular transceiver  307  allows two-way voice and data communication between the remote device and the monitoring center  104  from  FIG. 1 . Voice communications are further enabled by a direct connection between cellular transceiver  307  and an audio codec  310 , which encodes and decodes the digital audio signal portion of the wireless transmission, and an associated speaker  311  and microphone  312 . Data communications preferably use the cellular data channel and/or the cellular control channel, which can make use of short message service (SMS) capabilities in the network. This has additional benefits in that it provides redundancy for cellular systems in which service for both types of data communication is supported. Also, for those cellular systems in which the voice channel cannot be used simultaneously with the data channel, or in which the data channel is simply unavailable, the control channel can provide a data link between the call center and the device. 
     Electronics  200  may also include short range wireless transceiver  313  and associated antenna  314 , which, if included, allow for short range wireless voice and data communications with peripheral devices. This second wireless transceiver  114  can be chosen to utilize the wireless communications standard published by the ZigBee Alliance, information about which may be found at www.zigbee.org. Wireless transceiver  313 , however, may be designed and implemented using any of the alternative wireless communication standards which are well known in the art. Microprocessor  301  can be programmed to pass through voice communications received by cellular transceiver  307  to a voice-capable peripheral when such a peripheral is employed in conjunction with the remote tracking and communication device and is activated. Voice communications received from a voice enabled peripheral can be passed through to cellular transceiver  307  for transmission. Data generated by the device or received from a peripheral, if any, may be stored by microprocessor  301  in memory  315 , which can be non-volatile memory such as serial flash memory until required by microprocessor  301  or until it is to be transmitted by the device. 
     GPS receiver  316  and antenna  317  receive signals transmitted by GPS satellites, the signal used to establish the geographical location of the device and the person being monitored. In one embodiment, data from GPS receiver  316  is passed through to microprocessor  301 , which in turn processes the data to determine a location and associated time, and stores it in the serial flash memory  315  pending transmission using cellular transceiver  307 . While electronics  300  are shown with a GPS receiver which passes the GPS signal data to the microprocessor for processing, a GPS engine which includes both the GPS receiver and the capability to process the GPS signal to produce a location determination and associated time indication may also be used according to the concepts described herein. Using a standalone GPS engine would free processing bandwidth in the microprocessor, thereby allowing the microprocessor to perform other additional functions. 
     Cellular transceiver  307  may also be used to geographically locate the device through well known methods of cell tower triangulation, or may be used to provide location information used in assisted GPS schemes. Geographical location using cellular transceiver  307  may be performed in addition to, in conjunction with, or as a substitute for the GPS receiver  316 . Other known methods for geographically locating the device may also be employed. 
     Either of memories  302  and  315 , or memory resident on the microprocessor, may be used individually, or may be used in any combination to store the operating program and parameters for the operation of the device, as will be discussed later, and may further be used to store prerecorded messages which can be played through speaker  311  as part of the monitoring and alarm management system which will be discussed in greater detail below. A siren/speaker  323  may also be included in the device and controlled by microprocessor  301 . Siren  323  is also used as part of the alarm system and can be activated to provide a high decibel audible alarm. This alarm can both warn those in the vicinity that the person being monitored has entered an exclusion zone or left an inclusion zone, and can aid the police in the location of the person being monitored. The siren can be activated automatically by the microprocessor as part of the alarm management system or can be activated remotely by sending a signal to the microprocessor using cellular transceiver  307 . Siren  323  can be a separate device or could be combined with the functionality of speaker  311 . Tamper detection circuit  322  monitors the condition of strap  209  from  FIG. 2  and any other tamper detection sensors that may be part of housing  201 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , power to the processor and other electronic components is provided though power controller  318  by external battery  319 , or internal battery  320  when the external batter is disconnected or the voltage of the external battery falls below a threshold. External battery  319  is removable and is preferably rechargeable by a separate recharging unit. Also, the person being monitored will preferably have multiple external batteries so that a charged external battery can be immediately inserted when a discharged battery is removed. Internal battery  320  is preferably internal to the housing and not accessible by the person being monitored. The internal battery allows the device to continue to operate normally while the external battery is being replaced. As the internal battery is intended to supply power to the device only during the transitioning from a depleted external battery to a charged external battery, or to provide a short amount of time to acquire a charged battery, the internal battery does not need to have a large capacity. Internal battery  320  is charged using power from external battery  319  using voltage converter  321  and/or a battery charger which may be connected to the device through voltage converter  321 . 
     Since RTD  200  is intended to be worn around the ankle of the person being monitored, the microphone and speaker used for two-way voice communication is a significant distance from the ears and mouth of the person being monitored. To compensate for this a peripheral device may be used in conjunction with the RTD to aid in the two-way voice communication. In one embodiment the peripheral device has the form factor of a watch and includes an internal speaker, an internal microphone, and an internal short range wireless transceiver. The microphone and speaker are positioned in the housing of the peripheral to better enable voice communications. The short range wireless transceiver is configured to use the same wireless communications standard as the RTD to enable wireless voice and data communications between the device and the peripheral. A button can be included which, when pressed, causes a command signal to be sent to the RTD. This command signal can be used to instruct the remote tracking and communication device to initiate two-way voice communications with the monitoring center. When the peripheral device is used for such voice communications, the peripheral device communicates wirelessly with the RTD using the respective short range wireless transceiver of each respective unit, and the RTD then uses the cellular transceiver to connect the voice communications with the monitoring center. The microphone and speaker in the RTD can be disabled by the microprocessor when a peripheral device, such as described, is in use. 
     Using electronics such as those described above, embodiments of a remote tracking devices according to the concepts described herein may be programmed with a variety of useful features. One such feature is the ability to track the geographical location the individual wearing the device. Most frequently, the GPS receiver is used to determine the location of the device (and thus the wearer) at the time indicated in the GPS signals received from GPS network satellites. When the GPS is unable to determine location, the cellular transceiver may be used to determine the location of the device using well-known cellular tower triangulation techniques. Once identified, the location of the device is passed to the microprocessor, which processes the data according to its programming and stores the data in the memory. 
     As illustrated in method  430  shown in  FIG. 4B , in some embodiments each element of location data, including the time is collected, as shown by process  431 , and along with the current status of the RTD, process  432 , is placed into a datagram, process  433 , and send through the cellular transceiver immediately, process  436 , as long as the RTD has a good cellular signal, process  434 . If there is not a good cellular signal, the RTD stores the datagram and all subsequent datagrams, process  435  until a good cellular signal is detected by the RTD. When the good cellular signal is established all of the unsent datagrams are then sent to the monitoring center computers over the cellular network, process  436 . 
     In other embodiments, the datagrams may be stored and sent in batches. In batch send embodiments, method  430  would repeat processes  431 ,  432  and  433  until a predetermined number of datagrams were stored, or until a timer expired before continuing on to process  434 . 
     In yet other embodiments, any number of operations, such as (in this example) the batch sending of datagrams, could be determined from environmental factors and not tied to a predetermined or preprogrammed number, such as the number of datagrams or a predetermined timer, as is illustrated in method  450  shown in FIG.  4 C. In method  450 , the environmental conditions are monitored to determine if the period, or frequency of the operation, should be adjusted. These environmental conditions could be any condition that might require a different reporting frequency, such as the current speed of the RTD, the location of the RTD, conditions/events detected by the RTD, such as physiological conditions/events, sensor inputs to the RTD, notices of conditions or events from the monitoring center, or any other environmental condition, event or factor. Operations could include, but are not limited to, sending of data by the RTD, performing location determinations, issuing alerts to the wearer, generating alarm conditions, or any other operation that may be tied to environmental conditions, events or factors. For movement speed, for example, the RTD can determine, from comparing previous location and time measurements, the rate of movement of the RTD, and by association its wearer. As a result, the RTD may determine that location information needs to be sent more frequently and may further determine that more frequent location determinations need to be made. Similarly, if the RTD is approaching an exclusion zone or the edge of an inclusion zone, the RTD may determine that more frequent location determinations should be made and/or transmitted to that the system is more quickly aware of a violation that would occur at normal rates. Though speed and proximity are used as examples of environmental factors that could be used to determine batch send frequency or even location determination frequency and factor that can be monitored and used in the frequency determination is included in the concepts described herein. 
     In process  452  of method  450  it is determined if the batch send timer needs to be adjusted. If yes, process  453  adjusts the timer accordingly. Process  454  then determines if the timer has expired, if not, the method returns to process  451 . If the timer has expired the method passes to process  455 , which sends the accumulated datagrams. 
     As referenced above, embodiments of the remote tracking devices and/or the remote tracking system can be programmed to track the location of an RTD with respect to inclusion and exclusion zones. In these embodiments the microprocessor can be programmed to compare location data against rules which establish predefined geographical areas where the person being monitored is required to be (inclusion zones), or forbidden from being (exclusion zones). These zones can be tied to specific times of the day, such as curfews. A curfew is defined by a geographical area within which the device (and thus the wearer) needs to be physically located during specified times. Examples of curfew rules include requiring the wearer to be at a home area during the evening and overnight hours or at a work area during work hours. An inclusion zone is a geographical area within which the wearer is required to remain during specified times or a boundary outside of which the wearer is not allowed to travel. Inclusion zones and curfews, under these definitions, can also therefore be layered. For example, there may be a permanent inclusion zone, such as the county of residence of the wearer, outside of which the wearer is not allowed to travel without specific permission. Inside of this permanent zone there may be time specific zones, such as the wearer&#39;s home during overnight hours or workplace between 8 am and 5 pm. 
     An exclusion zone is a geographical area outside of which the wearer is required at all times. The rules can be established for any particular device at the time of initialization, modified at any time, or even temporarily suspended, at any time through changes to the parameters entered into the monitoring center computers and downloaded to the device, or entered directly into the device through direct connections to the diagnostic or user interface components of the device. In addition to geo-zone type rules, rules dictating a “report-in” type requirement may also be programmed into the device. These “report-in” rules could be used to satisfy report in requirements for some parolees. The device would be programmed with chronological points at which the wearer could be notified, such as by a prerecorded voice message stored on the device, to contact the monitoring center or other person at that time, or within a specified interval. The wearer could activate the voice communication on the device or could report in by other means. Further, rules for monitoring physiological conditions/events can be programmed into the device. Sensors on the remote tracking device, or peripherals to the remote tracking device, could be used to monitor physiological conditions. If measurements associated with those physiological conditions fall outside an expected range, which could be programmed in the form of a rule, or if a physiological event occurs as detected by a sensor, an alarm condition could be generated by the processor and sent to the monitoring center. 
     As described, the memory can be utilized to store prerecorded voice messages or other audio which provide feedback during operation of the device. Prerecorded voice messages, are preferred to tones or vibrations because they do not require a reference manual or knowledge of the wearer for interpretation. In addition to alarm type messages, voice message feedback may be advantageously utilized during initial setup of the device in that it provides step-by-step instructions for the setup routine, including directing the administrative user to input information about the device and user into the database via the web application described below. Voice message feedback may be similarly utilized during the detachment process to ensure that the device is removed by an authorized individual. During the removal process, if the audible instructions are not followed, i.e., inputting requested information into the database, then the device is preferably programmed to generate an alarm, which is processed as described below. 
     Following the initial power-up sequence, the device may be programmed to establish a data connection with a monitoring center computer, or central server, to which the device provides device-specific identification data. This eliminates any need for the administrative user to connect the device to a local computer or terminal for the initialization process. The monitoring center computer(s) is/are programmed to maintain a data base of data sent by tracking and communication devices. Upon initial contact, the central server creates a database entry using the device-specific identification data. 
     The administrative user is provided access to data on the central server via a computer or terminal. In instances where the device is used as a tracking device for offenders, the administrative user may be the supervision officer or other authority figure. For other service applications, the administrative user and the wearer may be the same individual. Access to the database may be advantageously implemented as a web application, or it may be implemented as a standalone application. 
     During normal operation, the GPS receiver identifies the geographical location of the device, and the microprocessor processes and stores that location data according to its programming. The device may be programmed such that geographical location is continuously monitored or monitored at specified intervals. In certain embodiments, with an appropriate peripheral, the device may also be programmed to monitor physiological conditions of the wearer. The microprocessor actively monitors other components of the device for indications of tampering, battery exchanges/replacements, and equipment failure. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4A , a flow chart is shown illustrating an embodiment of a method  400  by which microprocessor  301  from  FIG. 3  can monitor and processes certain conditions. The microprocessor is preferably programmed to collect and store location data and data related to the status of the device and other monitored conditions in the flash memory, as shown by process  401 . The microprocessor is further programmed to perform additional functions based upon application of the rules to the data collected, shown by process  402 , upon predetermined intervals, or upon occurrence of a particular condition, such as, e.g., when tampering is detected, when the wearer has entered an exclusion zone, when the external battery need to be replaced, or when the wearer&#39;s heartbeat is irregular or no longer detectable, the latter requiring a separate peripheral. 
     When an alarm condition is raised or action is otherwise required, as shown by process  403 , whether because the action is preprogrammed based on the status of the device, or the action is the result of a command received from the monitoring center, the monitoring center server or the administrative user, the microprocessor proceeds through a series of queries to determine the appropriate action. It should be noted that both the condition resulting in an action, and the action taken the microprocessor, are preferably programmable through the monitoring center, the web application or through a direct interface connection to the device. The first query  404  is whether to send data to the monitoring center by immediately initiating a data connection with the central server to transmit data relating to an alarm or data that is stored in memory, as shown in process  405 . Next query  406  determines if siren  323  from  FIG. 3  is activated, producing an audible alert, as shown by process  407 . 
     The next query  408  determines whether the RTD should play one of the pre-recorded messages stored in memory, as shown by process  409 . Query  410  determines whether to call the monitoring center by initiating a two-way voice communication using the cellular transceiver, as shown by process  411 . Finally query  412  determines if the RTD should take some other programmed action as shown by process  413 . Other actions may include, but are not limited to, storing data related to an alarm in memory for transmission at a later time, storing updated rules data to memory, or suspending rule violations notification for a period of time. While queries  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410  and  412  are shown in  FIG. 4A  in a particular order, the order is arbitrary and may be modified by programming the device. 
     As an example of method  400 , in instances where the location data indicates the device is located outside of a geographical location permitted by the rules, the RTD may provides audio feedback to the wearer indicating the rule violation, in the form of a siren or a prerecorded message, and immediately sends notice to the central server for additional processing. The notice would include the geographical location of the device, the time of the location, and an indicator of the rule violated. If the wearer did not respond to the prerecorded message, the RTD might then escalate the alarm condition by establishing a two-way call with the monitoring center. The monitoring center personnel would then attempt to direct the wearer to leave the exclusion zone and verify that the wearer was complying with the request. If the wearer still did not comply with the request, the alarm condition could be escalated still further by activating the siren on the RTD and the monitoring center could then contact the local authorities and direct them to the wearer. 
       FIG. 4A  and the above example illustrate an alarm management system in accordance with the concepts described herein. Although the example above recited specific steps, the concepts described herein relate to any alarm management system where the remote tracking device and the remote tracking system step through a series of alarm conditions and upon failure by the wearer to resolve the alarm condition, escalate the alarm to a higher level of response or intervention. Such alarm conditions could include, but are not limited to, battery alarms, rules violation alarms, tampering alarms and any other condition that can be programmed into the device and recognized by the device. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , an embodiment of a method  500  illustrates processing data from the device when it is received at the central server. Initially, the central server determines if the data Includes information that was expressly requested by an operator at the call center or by the administrative user, as shown by process  501 , and if so, the data is relayed to the operator or administrative user for display at a computer or terminal, process  502 . Next, the central server determines if the data includes a standard tracer record in process  503 , which may include self-identification of the device, self-diagnostic reports, upload audit logs, component version identification, confirmation of parameter changes such as volume control, suspending audible alarms at the device, activating or deactivating the speaker, and the like. Standard tracer records are processed as necessary and noted in the database, as shown in process  504 . 
     If the data does not include a tracer record, the central server determines if the data is an indicator of an alarm condition in process  506 . If the data is indicative of an alarm condition, the central server determines if the alarm is a repeat of an alarm which was previously received and reported, as shown by process  507 . For alarms that were not previously received, the central server takes the appropriate notification action as programmed by the administrative user, as described by process  508 . 
     If the data is not indicative of an alarm condition, the central server determines whether the individual wearing the device is subject to geographical location rules in process  509 . In such instances, the central server determines whether a rule has, in fact, been violated, process  510 , and determines if an alarm condition exists, process  511 . When an alarm condition is raised, the central server first determines if the alarm is a repeat of a previous alarm, as shown in process  512 , and if so, takes the appropriate notification action as programmed by the administrative user in process  513 . 
     When immediate administrative user notification is not required, or no alarm condition is raised, the data is stored in the database, as shown by process  514 , and reported to the administrative user in periodic reports which at least lists all alarm conditions received since provision of the last report. All recorded data may optionally be included in the report. 
     In embodiments of the remote tracking system according to the concepts described herein, the notification actions are fully configurable by the administrative user through the web application. The administrative user may designate specific types of alarms for immediate notification, and notification may be arranged through one or more methods including fax, email, text messaging to a pager, text messaging to a cellular phone, or through a direct call from the call center, or the like. In addition, the administrative user may also designate that some specific types of alarms result in direct notification to local authorities for immediate action. 
     The web application may also provide the administrative user with the ability to temporarily suspend reactions to specific types of alarms. During suspension, the device will suspend localized reactions only (i.e., pre-recorded voice messages, siren, initiating voice communications with the call center). The device will still transmit all alarms identified during suspension to the central server, which will in turn include all identified alarms in the periodic reports (e.g., weekly) to the administrative user. The web application may also provide the administrative user and call center operators with the ability to enter and store notes. Notes may be in the form of personal daily monitoring logs, calendared appointments or action items, case management directives, or contextual notations related to particular alarms saved within the database. 
     In embodiments of the remote tracking system, the central server may enable the call center or the administrative user, through the web application, to send commands or other data to the device. Such commands may include playing a pre-recorded message to the wearer, instructing the microprocessor to transmit data to provide a current status of the location and status of the device, and the like. The administrative user may also use the web application to instruct to the call center to initiate voice communications with the wearer. The call center then contacts the wearer by placing a cellular call to the cellular transceiver. Once the wearer is contacted, the call center then initiates a call to the administrative user and conferences the two calls. 
     Preferably, all voice communications with the device are made through the call center so that all calls may be recorded and saved within the database. This enables the call center and the administrative user to access the recorded calls at a later time as needed. To ensure that all calls are recorded, the cellular transceiver may be configured to block all incoming calls that do not originate from the call center. Alternatively, the cellular transceiver may be configured to selectively block incoming calls by utilizing the area code and telephone prefix to identify the origin of the call, allowing calls only from selected area codes and prefixes. Alternatively, the cellular transceiver may selectively block all calls except those from list of phone numbers that is stored in memory. 
     In embodiments of the remote tracking system, the wearer may also initiate voice communications with the call center. In these embodiments, at least one of the buttons on the exterior of the device housing may be configured to activate voice communications using the cellular transceiver. When pressed, the device is programmed such that cellular transceiver may only contacts the monitoring center. The device preferably has stored in memory a primary number for the call center and a secondary number in case a connection cannot be achieved on the primary number. Further, the device is programmed to attempt make a predetermined number of attempts to contact the call center, first at the primary number, then at the secondary number. Should all attempts fail, the device is preferably programmed to sound an alert condition to the wearer as an indication that the device is out of a cellular service area or requires service for an internal fault. 
     As has been referenced above, the monitoring center, or call center, is the focal point of the preferred embodiments of the remote tracking system according to the concepts described herein. The monitoring center is able to communicate with the remote tracking devices, the wearers of the remote tracking devices, and the officers, supervisors or administrators in charge of the persons wearing the RTDs. The monitoring center is also the repository for all the data collected from the RTDs and allows direct access to the data by the monitoring center employees and remote access by the administrators through the web application. The monitoring center also provides the mechanisms for establishing and modifying the operating parameters of the RTDs, including the rules for each wearer. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , an example of an embodiment of a monitoring center administration flow  600  is shown. Flow  600  begins with the login access  626 . Administrator login  601  provides a user with administrator privileges access to the entirety of flow  600 , including administrator flow  627 , operator flow  628 , script manager flow  629 , fulfillment home  630 , and supervisor flow  631 . Lesser login privileges, such as supervisor login  602 , operator login  603 , script manager login  604  and fulfillment login  605  provided only access to their respective flows and any less included flows, such as the supervisor login providing access to supervisor flow  631  and operator flow  628 . 
     Administrator flow, accessible by an authorized administrator, includes access to the administrator home  606  and to agency overview functions  607  and manage agency functions  608 , as well as employee management functions  609 . Supervisor privileges provides access to supervisor home  610 , manage user functions  611 , as well as to employee management functions  610 . Supervisor privileges also provide access to operator flow  628  as does operator privileges. Operator flow  628  includes access to operator home  612  which includes access to reports functions  613 , messaging functions  614 , client and offender detail  615  and  616 , respectively, and to search function  617 . Client detail  615  and offender detail  616  provide further access to demographics functions  620  which contains access to contacts  621  and medical history  622 . 
     Script manager privileges provide access to script manager home  618  and to script management functions  619 . Fulfillment privileges provide access to fulfillment home  623  and device management functions  624  and device assignment functions  625 . 
     A preferred embodiment of a call monitoring center in accordance with the concepts described herein includes a monitoring center which is staffed 24 hours, seven days a week. The monitoring center is responsible for monitoring all of the remote tracking devices in the field and is staffed based on historical patterns of requirements for intervention by monitoring center staff. The computers of the monitoring center automatically receive and process the location and status information continuously or periodically sent by each of the remote tracking devices. Based on programmable rules in the monitoring center software, the occurrence of certain conditions in the remote tracking devices results in the monitoring center software sending an alert to one of the monitoring center personnel. These conditions are usually related to alarm conditions in a remote tracking device, but can be programmed to be any condition which might be of interest to the monitoring center personnel or the supervisors or administrators of the person being monitored. 
     When a condition is determined to require the attention of monitoring center personnel, the monitoring center software determines the appropriate monitoring center agent and sends the alert to the agent&#39;s terminal. The agent can then respond to the alert or access data in the monitoring center computers related to the history of the remote tracking device, the current parameters programmed into the remote tracking device, information on the wearer of the device or the agency or administrator in charge of the wearer and the device. If intervention, such as the initiation of a two-way voice call, is required by the agent, the monitoring center software provides a predetermined script for the agent to follow to ensure that the intervention by the agent conforms to the policies of the monitoring center and the agency or supervisor responsible for the tracking device and wearer. 
     In addition to the monitoring center software generating an alert which requires the attention of a monitoring center agent, agents may be required to respond to incoming calls from various interested persons including the wearer of the remote tracking device or the supervisor or administrator of a wearer or device. Referring now to  FIG. 7 , an embodiment of a call routing system  700  for use in the call monitoring center is described. Routing system  700  is operable to receive incoming calls from a variety of sources  70  I,  702 ,  703  and  704 , which could be the wearer of a remote tracking device  702 , a supervisor or administrator  703 , or other incoming call  701  or  704 . A routing function  705  in the monitoring center call system determines the appropriate agent to receive the call from currently active agents at the center. The call may be routed based on the source of the call or may be routed based on a queue of available agents or any other routing criteria which may be used to select an appropriate agent. 
     Once the agent has been selected the application passes the call details to the agent&#39;s terminal as shown by process  706 . In process  707 , the application uses the dialed number to select an application context, and then in process  708  determines a call handling flow for each specific type of call. Call routing system  700  also includes a contingent process flow  709  for situations in which no call detail information is available to determine context and call flow for the agent. In the contingent process  709 , the agent manually enters the caller&#39;s phone number into the agent application which then looks up the customer records and uses those records to determine the appropriate context and flow for the call. 
     As has been described, embodiments of the remote tracking device maintain status on themselves in the form of states for various aspects of the devices. This status is sent to the monitoring center and maintained by the monitoring center application. Monitoring center personnel, or supervisors or administrators can access the status of the any particular device under their control. An example of the types of status which can be maintained by the RTD and monitoring center is shown in  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 8  is an illustration of a screen shot of an embodiment of the monitoring center application in accordance with the concepts described herein. While  FIG. 8  shows particular aspects of the RTD on which status is maintained other aspects of the RTD, its operating environment, or operating conditions can also be maintained within the scope of the concepts described herein. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 9A through 9J , embodiments of flow charts illustrating the operation and functionality of an embodiment of aspects of the monitoring center software and/or applications are shown.  FIG. 9A  illustrates an embodiment of an agency setup flow. Agency setup flow  900  illustrates a process by which an administrator or operator can create an agency for which one or more officers will be assigned RTDs that will be monitored by the monitoring center.  FIG. 9B  illustrates an embodiment of an officer/administrator setup flow. Officer setup flow  901  illustrates the process by which officers/administrators of a particular agency can be setup with control over particular RTDs and provided access to the monitoring center application. 
       FIG. 9C  illustrates an embodiment of an offender/wearer setup flow. Offender/wearer setup flow  902  illustrates the process by which supervisors or agents of the monitoring center or officers/administrators of a particular agency can setup particular RTDs and provided relevant and required information to the monitoring center application concerning each offender wearer of an RTD.  FIG. 9D  illustrates an embodiment of an offender/wearer assignment flow. Assignment flow  903  illustrates the process by which officers/administrators of a particular agency are assigned with authority over particular RTDs and offenders/wearers. 
       FIG. 9E  illustrates an embodiment of an offender/wearer device assignment flow. Device assignment flow  904  illustrates the process by which individual offenders/wearers are assigned with particular RTDs.  FIGS. 9F ,  9 G and  9 H illustrate an embodiment of an inclusion/exclusion zone, referred to collectively as geo-zones, setup flow. Geo-zone setup flows  905 , 906  and  907  illustrate the process by which operators or officers/administrators can setup inclusion and exclusion zone rules for a particular RTDs and offender/wearer. 
       FIG. 91  illustrates an embodiment of a contact monitoring center flow. Assignment flow  903  illustrates the process by which the monitoring center can be contacted by standard message, live chat or email.  FIG. 9J  illustrates an embodiment of an offender/wearer scheduling flow. Scheduling flow  909  illustrates the process by which operators or officers/administrators of a particular agency can manage alarm schedules for particular RTDs and offenders/wearers. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. 
     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.