Abstract:
This invention detects mass and mass motion of external objects by virtue of its action as a gravimeter, gravity gradiometer, and detector of gravitational fields. This invention is for devices which function as accelerometers and gyroscopes for the bodies to which they are attached.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/877,261 filed Sep. 12, 2013 and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/796,420 filed Nov. 10, 2012, the respective disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to acceleration sensing and, more particularly, acceleration sensors utilizing superconducting (SC) materials operating at cryogenic temperatures and useful, for example, for sensing acceleration caused by movement of the sensor relative to its surroundings and for sensing accelerations associated with the detection of gravitational fields and gravitational waves. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    Electrons, including normal (non-superconducting) electrons and superconducting (SC) electrons, have a measurable mobility attribute in vacuum and in media (including non-SC and SC media). Measurement of the charge attributes (e.g., charge accumulation, charge distribution, and motion of charge) and the magnetic fields produced by the SC electrons in SC media include measurement of non-uniform quantum mechanical phases of the SC electrons and currents including SC Cooper-pair currents. A detection or measurement system for the charge attributes may include well-known standard devices such as SQUIDS, Josephson junctions, electromagnetic radiation detectors (the radiation results from the motion of charges), and magnetic-field measurement devices. A detection or measurement system may also include the probing of the mobile charge containing/conducting system with magnetic fields or charges and currents (both DC and AC) and deliberately moving the charge containing/conducting system (including rotation thereof about an axis or orbiting thereof about an axis) or measurement device to augment and/or enhance the charge situation or magnetic field measurements. 
         [0004]    The present invention relates to instrumentation that functions as accelerometers, gravity meters, gravity gradiometers, gravitational wave detectors, and gravitational field detectors or sensors and which employ superconducting elements as well as those which employ no superconductivity, but, instead, employ cooled and superconducting elements to achieve improve sensitivity. 
         [0005]    The present invention also relates to devices which detect electric fields and shifts in charge in structures and currents within and between different structures. The basic structures or element of these instruments are bars (rods, wires, longitudinally extending cylinders, or other configurations) which, when accelerated or being acted upon by a gravitational field, are distorted (compressed or stretched) sufficiently to effect a charge redistribution.  FIG. 1  illustrates two simple charge distribution states in conductive rods A 1  and A 2 , both of which are aligned in the local gravity field. In rod A 1 , the positive charge is upward; in rod A 2 , the positive charge is downward. An unchanged or nearly unchanged charge distribution and non-isotropic charge distribution state is also possible. 
         [0006]    The present disclosure presents ways to detect the above-described charge distribution and any redistribution thereof as a result of the g-fields and changing g-fields. As explained in more detail below, the conducting bars A 1  and A 2  are connected by a wire and a switch at the top and another wire and switch at the bottom to create a closed shunting circuit that allows observation of the current or changes in current therein. Additionally, electric field sensing devices can be used to detect charge redistribution(s) within the device without the need to place the bars in a shunt circuit configuration. 
         [0007]      FIG. 2  shows how charge is distributed in a conductive metallic rod at rest in the gravity field. The gravity field causes the lower portions of the rod to undergo axially compression relative to the upper portion of the rod; thus, gravity causes a density gradient in the rod that increases toward the bottom end of the rod. For many metallic conductors, this gravity-induced inhomogeneous deformation of the lattice creates a chemical-potential gradient, which redistributes the mobile electrons toward and to the top of the rod, as shown in  FIG. 2 . As a consequence, the conductive metallic rod accumulates a negative charge on the top and a positive charge on the bottom. This charge distribution has been described by Dessler (Dessler et al 1968) and confirmed experimentally by Beams (Beams 1968). The same redistribution of charge occurs if the rod is suspended by a non-conductive strand from above, since it is the gradient of the density of the material which causes the charge redistribution. 
         [0008]    If two different materials, A and B, are used for the rods, one may obtain a difference in E-field between the two different-material rods;  FIG. 3  shows the basic difference in charge distribution in two different rods of two different materials, A and B. 
         [0009]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the simplest way of detecting the difference is charge distribution is to connect the rods via switches in a parallel-circuit organization so that each rod shunts (i.e., shorts-out) the other rod. When both switches are closed, a current transients will flow through the current sensing device I, which can include a superconducting SQUID sensor and its related circuitry. 
         [0010]    After the initial pulse of current, the charge will redistribute itself between the rods and the charge within the lattice structure of each rod with also redistribute. The momentary current spike is related to the charge distribution which is related to g; thus, measurements of the E-field may also be used to determine g and time-varying changes thereof. 
         [0011]    When used as an accelerometer, the apparatus in  FIG. 4  will be sensitive to motion of the detector circuit along an axis when the switches closed. Similarly, the detector circuit will be sensitive to the motion of a massive object moving in one direction or the other along a sensing axis. Further, the detector circuit will be sensitive to gravitational waves. A three axis (or more) detector “cluster” may be used to detect changes in the g-field in three orthogonal directions. 
         [0012]    The basic elements may be used in several winding configurations and circuits both stationary and rotating or moving. Other circuit elements such as voltage sources may be added as needed. Further, piezoelectric elements may be used. 
         [0013]    The electric field in the conductor is given by (Dessler et al 1968) 
         [0000]        E=−αMg/e+m   e   g/e    (1)
 
         [0014]    where α is a dimensionless number approximately between 0.1 and 1.0 and depends on the material, M is the ion mass of the lattice, g is the gravitational acceleration, e is the charge on an electron, and m e  is the mass of an electron. Since M&gt;&gt;m e  we have from Eq (1). 
         [0000]        E≈−αMg/e    (2)
 
         [0015]    For copper α≈1/7, and 
         [0000]        E   Cu ≈10 −6 Volt/meter   (3)
 
         [0016]      FIG. 5  presents the values of pertinent parameters for several example conductors. 
         [0017]    Adler, in a paper in Nature (Adler 1976), disclosed this phenomenon for detection of gravitational waves, where Adler&#39;s conductors were many kilometers in length and advocated superconductors only for noise reduction. 
         [0018]    The total compression of a rod will be given by 
         [0000]      Δ L=ρg/ (2 Y )   (4)
 
         [0019]    and the work done in deforming the rod is given by 
         [0000]        W=ρ   2   g   2   SL   3 /(6 Y )   (5)
 
         [0020]    where ρ is the density, S is the cross sectional area, L is the length, and Y is Young&#39;s modulus of the rod. 
         [0021]    Using the table shown in  FIG. 5 , the values of ionic mass and Young&#39;s modulus for vanadium and lead indicates that these metals could provide a considerable difference in electric field and difference in charge distribution under the action of a gravitational field and thus be suitable elements for a sensing device. Furthermore, both of these elements become superconducting at sufficiently high temperature. 
         [0022]    Experimental results indicate that for the rod in  FIG. 2 , the energy of deformation in the rod is being transformed into electronic motion which results in the charge distribution shown therein. Rather than moving down, the electrons move up as a result of the ionic compression. The upward force on the electrons is much greater than the direct gravitational force on the electrons, and constitutes energy transfer from the lattice to electrons as shown in  FIG. 2 . When the circuit is closed ( FIG. 4 ), some of the deformation energy is transferred into electric current; if the material is superconducting, this current will persist. 
         [0023]    If all of the deformation energy of one conductor as given by Eq. (4) were converted into current, the current would be: 
         [0000]        I=e (2 WnS/ ( m   e   L )) 1/2    (6)
       where n is number density of electrons. Substituting the value for deformation energy into Eq (6), this current is:       
 
         [0000]        I=eM   Tot   g ( n /(3 Ym   e )) 1/2    (7)
 
         [0025]    where M Tot  is the mass of the rod. 
         [0026]    As an example, consider a Copper wire with diameter 0.1 micron and L=1 meter. The deformation energy is 10 −16  joule. Even if 1 percent of this energy is converted into current, the initial current, for a configuration shown in  FIG. 4 , will be approximately 10 microampere. This will be somewhat reduced because the conductor on the left will resist this current, but current at this level is easily detectable. For much smaller values of g, or changes in g, multiple loops could be used as shown in the figures below (for example a toroidal winding or other winding may employ many thousands of loops). Copper was used here because a accurate value a for Copper is known since copper cannot become superconducting, other suitable materials are available. 
         [0027]    An example of a basic single-axis accelerometer is presented in  FIG. 6  and is designated generally by the reference character  10 . As shown, the accelerometer  10  is shown as a loop  12  of a superconducting wire (or foil strips) of length L and width W. Current detector D 1  is shown at the lower right of the loop  12  and, if desired, a second or further detectors, such as detector D 2 , located within the loop  12 , can be used. Detector D 1  senses any magnetic field immediately proximate the adjacent superconductor pathway while the second detector D 2  detects any magnetic field developed by the loop  12 . The detector or detectors are preferably of the SQUID type that measure magnetic fields. As is well-known, SQUID detectors in their simplest form include a closed superconducting path (typically, cryogenically cooled niobium having a plurality of Josephson junctions) cooperating with a pick-up coil that provides an output signal to a signal processing pathway. In  FIG. 6 , the accelerometer  10  detects acceleration parallel to the longer sides L. The superconducting pathway on the left (dotted-line illustration) is fabricated in bar or wire form of a first superconducting material SC 1  having cross-sectional area S and, in a similar manner, the superconducting pathway on the right (solid-line illustration) is fabricated in bar or wire from of second superconducting material SC 2 , also having a cross-sectional area S. In an exemplary embodiment, tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) are suitable for use as the superconducting materials. The electrons in the superconductor materials SC 1  and SC 2  have respective effective masses m eff1  and m eff2  (assuming that effective masses are different than bare masses). The Cooper-pair number density of the superconducting electrons for the respective first and second superconductors are n 1   s  and n 2   s  and, in this example, n 1   s &lt;n 2 . While not shown in  FIG. 6 , the left and right superconducting pathways are attached to or formed on an underlying dielectric (i.e., non-conducting) substrate, as represented by the substrate  16  in  FIG. 8 . While the left and right superconducting pathways of the bi-SC loop  10  are shown as of equal path-length, some applications may use non-equal path-lengths. 
         [0028]    The left and right superconducting pathways can be formed by thin-film techniques in which the different materials are deposited on a non-conducting, dielectric substrate  16  ( FIG. 8 ) by sputtering, plasma deposition, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, etc. with the ends of the different superconductor pathways overlapped or otherwise connected to form a closed current-conducting loop. If desired, thick-film techniques can be use in which pre-cursor materials are applied to the substrate and heated to form the desired pathway pattern. In some cases, thin foils fabricated from appropriate superconductor materials can be attached or adhered to the substrate to form the loop  12 , and, for elemental superconductors, atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques are suitable. 
         [0029]      FIG. 7  illustrates that the size and shape of the superconducting pathway can be different from that shown in  FIG. 6 , such as the curved pathways shown, depending upon the particular application. 
         [0030]      FIG. 8  shows the detector mounted to the substrate  16  or mounting plate. In that case where the arrangement of  FIG. 8  is in alignment with the local gravity vector, changes in gravitational acceleration are subject to detection and, where the arrangement of  FIG. 8  is accelerating relative to its surroundings, the acceleration is likewise subject to detection. In  FIG. 8 , the acceleration of the electrons is in the clockwise direction so the rate of change of the current is in the counterclockwise direction, as shown. 
         [0031]      FIG. 9  represents an equivalent circuit for the configuration of  FIG. 6 , while  FIG. 10  represents an equivalent circuit for to coupled sensing loops as shown in  FIG. 11A . 
         [0032]    The sensing devices consistent with the present invention have a number of practical applications including use as a rate gyro. Rotational motion of the SC loop will create a circular current that is caused by the absence of friction between the ionic lattice and the Cooper pairs. Moreover, if the wire diameter is chosen to be about the London penetration depth, then the Meissner effect will not zero the effect of Cooper pair motion delaying vs. the lattice motion. The overall situation corresponds to the London momentum of rotating superconducting bodies which was described as a gyroscope. 
         [0033]    Other uses for the superconducting devices consistent with the invention include gravitational wave detection, as described below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0034]      FIG. 1  illustrates two simple charge distribution states in conductive rods, both of which are aligned in the local gravity field; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  illustrates charge distribution in a conductive metallic rod at rest in the gravity field; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  shows the basic difference in charge distribution in two different rods of two different materials; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  illustrates the rods of  FIG. 3  in a shunting circuit; 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  presents the values of pertinent parameters for several example conductors; 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  is an idealized drawing of a basic single-axis accelerometer showing a superconducting loop having a length and a width; 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  is a variation of  FIG. 6  and indicates that the superconductors can be curved or curvilinear; 
           [0041]      FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary loop configuration attached to a mounting plate and subject to an acceleration force g(t); 
           [0042]      FIG. 9  illustrates an equivalent circuit for the configuration of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0043]      FIG. 10  illustrates an equivalent circuit for two magnetically coupled circuits of the type shown in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0044]      FIG. 11A  is an idealized drawing of a dual-loop single-axis accelerometer; 
           [0045]      FIG. 11B  is a detail view of loop portions in relationship to a detector; 
           [0046]      FIGS. 12A ,  12 B, and  12 C are respective front, side, and rear views of a single superconducting loop device showing an exemplary processing path; 
           [0047]      FIGS. 13A ,  13 B, and  13 C are respective front, side, and rear views of a dual superconducting loop device; 
           [0048]      FIG. 14A  is isometric view of a single superconducting device have a substantial depth dimension relative to its length and width dimensions; 
           [0049]      FIG. 14B  is a variant of the configuration shown in  FIG. 14A ; 
           [0050]      FIG. 15  is perspective view of a helically extending superconducting coil; 
           [0051]      FIG. 16  is perspective view of a helically extending superconducting coil configured as a toroid; 
           [0052]      FIGS. 17A ,  17 B,  17 C,  17 D, and  17 E present a multi bi-loop superconducting arrangement; 
           [0053]      FIGS. 18 and 19  represent a further configuration; 
           [0054]      FIGS. 20A-20D  represent different connection patterns; 
           [0055]      FIGS. 21A ,  21 B, and  21 C presents configurations incorporating the principles of the present invention as antenna structures for detecting gravitational waves; 
           [0056]      FIG. 22A  presents a further embodiment and includes two spaced-apart longitudinally extending antenna; 
           [0057]      FIG. 22B  illustrates the antenna of  FIG. 22A  as connected at their respective ends for form a loop; 
           [0058]      FIG. 23  is an isometric view of two loops of the type shown in  FIG. 22B ; 
           [0059]      FIG. 24  is an isometric view of a plurality or a multitude of loops of the type shown in  FIG. 22B ; 
           [0060]      FIG. 25  is an isometric view of a detector array in which individual loops of the type shown in  FIG. 23  are arrayed in a cylindrical pattern; 
           [0061]      FIG. 26  illustrates different interconnection arrangements for the individual loops of the type shown in  FIG. 23 ; 
           [0062]      FIG. 27  illustrates the interdigitated pattern of sensing loops of  FIG. 25 ; 
           [0063]      FIG. 28  illustrates the manner in which plural detector arrays of  FIG. 25  can be nested together for increased sensitivity; and 
           [0064]      FIG. 29  illustrates an open loop connection circuit for the detector array of  FIG. 25 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0065]    A single bi-loop device  20  is shown in respective front, side, and rear views in  FIGS. 12A ,  12 B, and  12 C. As shown, the left side of the loop device  20  in  FIG. 12A  is fabricated from a first superconductor SC 1  (e.g., tin), as represented by the hash marks, and the right side is fabricated from a second superconductor SC 2  (e.g., lead) with ends of the two different materials joined at  22 , for example, by overlapping the two materials. The SQUID detector D is of the classic “washer” profile with a downwardly extending tab (unnumbered, best shown in  FIG. 12C ). As shown in the side view of  FIG. 12B , the downwardly extending tab is positioned behind the loop  20 . The detector D includes a pick-up coil  24  that supplies a sensed electrical value to a signal processing unit  26  which provides an output to a suitable device, such as a display  28 . SQUID detector systems are well-known commercially available devices and typically include an integrated cryogenic cooling system (not shown) and program-controlled computer processing pathways. While SQUID detector systems are presently preferred, other systems using different technologies may be equally suitable. 
         [0066]    A dual bi-loop device  30  is shown in respective front, side, and rear views in  FIGS. 13A ,  13 B, and  13 C. As shown, loop  1  is fabricated in the same manner as that of  FIG. 13A  and a second similarly fabricated loop, loop  2 , is positioned behind the loop  1  with the superconductor SC 1  in substantial registration or alignment with the superconductor SC 2  of the second loop, loop  2 . As shown in  FIG. 13B , the tab of the detector D is positioned between the two loops. 
         [0067]    In the embodiments of  FIGS. 12A-12C  and  13 A- 13 C, the superconducting pathways can be formed by thin-film techniques in which the different materials are deposited on a non-conducting, dielectric substrate by sputtering, plasma vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc. with the ends of the different superconductor pathways overlapped or otherwise connected to form a closed current-conducting loop. If desired, thick-film techniques can be use in which pre-cursor materials are applied to the substrate and heated to form the desired pathway pattern. In some cases, thin-foils fabricated from appropriate superconductor materials can be attached or adhered to the substrate, and, in other cases, elemental superconductors can be deposited by atomic layer deposition techniques (ALD). 
         [0068]    A loop-type device having a substantial depth dimension is shown in perspective view in  FIG. 14A  and designated generally therein by the reference character  30 . As shown, a sheet-like structure having the profile shown is fabricated from a first superconductor SC 1  (as indicated by the dot pattern) and a second sheet-like structure is fabricated from a second superconductor and joined along seam lines  32  and  34  at the top and bottom to create a relatively narrow loop-like profile with a relatively substantial depth dimension. A slot  36  is formed in the upper portion of the device  30  for receiving the sense-tab of the detector D. As indicated at  36 ′ in  FIG. 14A , the sense tab of the detector D can also be inserted into the open space between the two superconductors. 
         [0069]      FIG. 14B  illustrates a variant of the configuration of  FIG. 14A ; as shown, the upper edges of each superconductor sheet, SC 1  and SC 2 , are connected by a conductor  38  with the detector D positioned in magnetic proximity thereto. If desired, the a transient response similar to that discussed above with respect to  FIG. 4  and be obtained by placing a selectively operate switch in the conductor  38 . 
         [0070]      FIG. 15  illustrates a device in the form of a wire (or foil strip) helically wound about a longitudinally extending axis A x  and designated generally by the reference character  40  therein. While the helix is shown with six flights, the helix is extendible along the X axis and its diameter and interflight spacing can be changed for varied. The device  40  is formed from a linearly extending wire (or foil strip) having alternating segments of a selected length of the first superconductor SC 1  and selected lengths of the second superconductor SC 2 ; the multi-segment wire is then formed into a helix of selected diameter and interflight spacing for as many flights as desired with the junctions  42  between each alternating segment forming one-half of a flight. As shown at the top of the helix of  FIG. 15 , the various junctions  42  align with one another, as do the junctions  42  at the bottom of the helix. When viewed in side elevation, the flights alternate between the first superconductor SC 1  and the second superconductor SC 2 . The opposite ends of the helix are connected by a superconducting segment  44  with the detector  44  (shown in schematic form) located in magnetic proximity thereto. 
         [0071]      FIG. 16  illustrates a variant of the axially extending helix of  FIG. 15 . In  FIG. 16 , the device  50  is formed as a wire (or foil strip) helically wound about a circular toroidal axis with a selected diameter and interflight spacing. The device  50  is formed from a linearly extending wire (or foil strip) having alternating segments of a selected length of the first superconductor SC 1  and selected lengths of the second superconductor SC 2 ; the multi-segment wire is then formed into a helix of selected diameter and interflight spacing along the circular toroidal axis with the junctions  52  between each alternating segment forming one-half of a flight. As shown at the top of the helix of  FIG. 16 , the various junctions  42  align with one another along a circular path, as do the junctions at the bottom of the toroidal helix (not shown). When viewed in side elevation, the flights alternate between the first superconductor SC 1  and the second superconductor SC 2 . The opposite ends of the helix are connected together with the detector D (not shown) inserted between any two flights in magnetic proximity thereto. 
         [0072]      FIGS. 17A-17D  illustrate a further design for the device, as indicated by the reference character  60 . A shown in the elevational view of  FIG. 17A , the device  60  consists of a plurality of alternating wires (or foil strips) of the first superconducting material SC 1  (dotted-line illustration) and the second superconducting material SC 2  (solid-line illustration) to define sub-components  62 . As shown in  FIGS. 17B and 17C , a wire (or foil strip) of the first superconducting material SC 1  (dotted-line illustration) and the second superconducting material SC 2  (solid-line illustration) are joined at their respective lower ends, as shown to form a sub-component  62 . The various sub-components  62  are aligned in substantial registration with each other along the linearly extending axis A x  in an alternating interdigitated fashion as shown in  FIG. 17D . 
         [0073]    The upper ends of the various sub-components  62  are connected as shown in  FIG. 17E . On the left in  FIG. 17E , the upper ends of all the first superconductor materials SC 1  are connected together along a common connection path CCP 1 - 1  and, on the left in  FIG. 17E , the upper ends of all the second superconductor materials SC 2  are connected together along a common connection path CCP 1 - 2 . In a similar manner and on the right side of  FIG. 17E , the upper ends of all the first superconductor materials SC 1  are connected together along a common connection path CCP 1 - 2  and the upper ends of all the second superconductor materials SC 2  are connected together along a common connection path CCP 2 - 2 . The common connection path CCP 1 - 1  is electrically connected to the common connection path CCP 2 - 2  via the path “M”, and, in a similar manner, the common connection path CCP 1 - 2  is electrically connected to the common connection path CCP 2 - 1  via the path “N”. The detector (not shown) can be positioned in magnetic proximity to any on of the current carrying paths. 
         [0074]      FIGS. 18 ,  19 , and  FIGS. 20A-20D  illustrate a further variant of the sensor, designated generally therein by the reference character  70 . As shown, the sensor  70  includes multiple tines  72  at opposite ends of a connection path  74 . As shown in  FIG. 19 , an upper sub-assembly overlies and is in substantial registration with a lower sub-assembly with one sub-assembly being formed from a first superconductor material SC 1  and the other sub-assembly being formed from a second superconductor material SC 2  with the distal or remote ends of the tines  72  connected together at  76 . The detector D is positioned along the connection path  74  between the sub-assemblies. 
         [0075]      FIG. 20A  illustrates a first connection pattern between the ends of the tines as shown in  FIG. 19 . In  FIG. 20B , the tines of the first and second superconducting materials are offset from one another, and in  FIG. 20C , the tines are both offset in interdigitated.  FIG. 20D  presents a row/column array of first and second superconducting materials “A” and “B” which interconnects are made to from loops. 
         [0076]    The above-incorporated U.S. Provisional Application 61/877,261 filed Sep. 12, 2013 and U.S. Provisional Application 61/796,420 filed Nov. 10, 2012 disclose a configuration for an antenna type structure of superconductors “A” and “B” (as shown in  FIGS. 21A and 21B ) for detecting the h +  and h x  polarizations of gravitational waves. In the case of the h x  configuration ( FIG. 21B ), when rotated, is capable of also detecting the h +  gravitational wave ( FIG. 21C ). 
         [0077]    The detection of the quadrupolar gravitational waves is dependent upon the gravitational wave potential on the distance from the center of mass of the antenna. However, the problem can be addressed by sufficiently large consecutive bimetallic structures as  FIGS. 21A and 21B  demonstrates the two possible polarizations of the gravitational wave. 
         [0078]      FIG. 22A  represents a further embodiment including two spaced-apart antenna each of which includes a first superconductor SC 1 , as represented by the solid black portion, and a second superconductor SC 2  with ends of the two different materials joined, as represented by the dotted-lines in  FIG. 22A , at their opposite ends as shown, or, as shown in  FIG. 22B , by overlapping the two materials to form a continuous loop  100 . Thus, the loop structure in  FIG. 22A  has four segments, i.e., the first superconductor SC 1  segment followed by a second superconductor segment SC 2 , followed by a first superconductor SC 2  segment, and followed by a second superconductor segment SC 2  to close the loop  100 . 
         [0079]    As shown by the X symbol in  FIGS. 22A and 22B , the loop  100  can be mounted for rotation about an axis that passes through the geometry of the loop  100  or, if desired, mounted for orbiting or revolution about another axis (not shown) that does not pass through the geometry of the loop  100 . 
         [0080]    As shown in  FIGS. 22A and 22B , a detector D, such as the SQUID detector discussed above, can be positioned adjacent to or within the geometry of the loop  100  for measurement of any a magnetic fields or variations thereof produced by superconducting currents within the loop  100 . 
         [0081]      FIG. 23  illustrates the organization of a dual-loop arrangement in which a first loop  100 - 1  is mounted adjacent to a second loop  100 - 2  to provide increased sensitivity.  FIG. 24  illustrates the organization of a multi-loop arrangement in which a first loop  100 - 1  is mounted adjacent to a second loop  100 - 2 , along with a multitude of successive loops terminating with loops  100 -m and  100 -n to provide a ‘stacked’ array of loops. The number of such loops can be large (i.e. 10 6 -10 8 ) to increase sensitivity. As in the case of  FIGS. 22A and 22B , the loop array can be rotated about an axis that passes through the geometry of the array or revolved or orbited about an axis that does not pass through the geometry of the array, as represented in schematic form by the axis A x  shown on the right in  FIG. 24 . 
         [0082]    In the array shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , each first superconductor segment SC 1  is interdigitated or interposed between each second superconductor segment SC 2  and each second superconductor segment is interdigitated or interposed between each first superconductor segment SC 1 . As shown, each of the first superconductor segments SC 1  of the loop  100 - 1  face a second superconductor segments SC 2  of the loop  100 - 2 , and, in a similar manner, each of the second superconductor segments SC 2  of the loop  100 - 1  face a first superconductor segment SC 1  of the loop  100 - 2  with this organizational sequence being maintained for all loops in the array. 
         [0083]    While not shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , one or more detectors D can be associated with each array to sense magnetic fields generated consequent to superconducting currents in the various loops. 
         [0084]      FIG. 25  illustrates another embodiment of a detector array. The detector array  200  includes a substrate  202  formed into a hollow cylinder with a plurality of loops  100  distributed about the cylindrical substrate, preferably at an equi-angluar distribution. In  FIG. 25 , the SC 1 /SC 2  stripes not explicitly shown as connected at the respective bottom and top of the substrate  202 . As shown in  FIG. 26  on the left, the lower ends and the upper ends of the superconductor stripes can be connect by end caps  206  fabricated from both SC 1  and SC 2 . In another arrangement, as shown on the right in  FIG. 26 , a “via” or similar aperture can be etched through (or formed by other techniques with the ends of the SC 1 /SC 2  stripes interconnected therethrough. 
         [0085]    As shown in  FIG. 27 , the substrate  202  can be formed initially as a flat member upon which the various SC 1 /SC 2  stripes are formed with their upper ends connected a shown, for example, in  FIG. 26 . Thereafter, the substrate  202  in formed into the cylindrical form shown in  FIG. 26  with the edges thereof attached or secured together. 
         [0086]    While  FIG. 25  illustrates a single cylindrical detector array, further detector arrays can be nested therein. As shown in  FIG. 28 , a smaller diameter array  200 - 2  can be nested into the array  200 - 1  and even smaller diameter arrays  200 -n (not shown) further nested there into. Additionally, a further detector array (not shown) having an inside diameter larger than the outside diameter of the detector array  200 - 1  can receive the detector array  200 - 1  and any detector arrays received therein. 
         [0087]    In the various device disclosed above, the devices operate at cryogenic temperature depending upon that critical temperature T c  at which the material become superconducting. While not shown, it is assumed that a supply of cryogenic liquid and the necessary storage tanks, cryogenic pumps, distribution conduits, controls, etc. are provided with the various detector devices to effect cooling below the critical temperature T c  for the materials used. While also not shown, SQUID detection systems often are used in environments that are shielded (e.g., a mu-metal magnetic “bottle”) from magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic fields, depending upon the particular application. 
         [0088]    While many materials that exhibit superconductivity are known, the following table presents example superconductor densities for typical elemental superconductors. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Table of example SC densities of typical elements 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Difference 
                 Summed 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Element 
                 SC density 
                 from Nb 
                 with Nb 
                 Product 
                 n-factor 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                 5.56E+22 cm −3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nio- 
               
               
                 bium 
               
               
                 Al 
                 1.81E+23 cm −3   
                 1.25E+23 
                 2.37E+23 
                 1.01E+46 
                 5.33E+45 
               
               
                 Alu- 
               
               
                 minum 
               
               
                 Sn Tin 
                 1.48E+23 cm −3   
                 9.24E+22 
                 2.04E+23 
                 8.23E+45 
                 3.73E+45 
               
               
                 Pb Lead 
                 1.32E+23 cm −3   
                 7.64E+22 
                 1.88E+23 
                 7.34E+45 
                 2.99E+45 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0089]    In the one preferred form of the various detector arrays, the various loops are closed current loops (of which  FIG. 6  is an example) in which current within the loops is sensed via one or more SQUID sensors as described. In another preferred form of the various detector arrays, the loops are in-circuit with one another (as shown in  FIG. 17E , for example. The closed current loop of the embodiment of  FIGS. 25 and 26  can be configured as in-circuit with one another as shown in  FIG. 29 . While the circuit arrangement of  FIG. 29  is intended to interface with a measuring device, a switch of the type shown in  FIG. 4  can be used to periodically ‘shunt’ the sensing loops to provide transient current pulses representative of the transient charge redistribution. 
         [0090]    As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, various changes and modifications may be made to the illustrated embodiment of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as determined in the appended claims and their legal equivalent.