Abstract:
A flame retarded composition for polyester or plastic is provided to enhance the fire resistant property of the polyester or the plastic. The composition at least includes a mixture of copper nanoparticles and clay. Copper ions are mixed with clay and the copper ions in the clay are reduced by reducing reagent to form the copper nanoparticles. The clay containing copper nanoparticles are added and mixed in the polyester in the process for forming polyester chips and the chips with fire resistant property are formed. The chips, which have fire resistant property, is heated and used to produce fibers. The fibers are weaved to form the stuff, which has fire resistant property.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This invention is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/077,926, filed Mar. 11, 2005, titled “FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITION” and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates to a flame retard composition for fabric products or plastic. More specifically, the present invention relates to a flame retard composition for a polyester material or a multiplex polyester material.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     The fabric products or the plastic which is made of the artificial polymers have been wildly used in human beings&#39; life. Most artificial polymers are organic compounds. Generally, one of the characteristics of the organic compounds is low ignition point and high inflammability. For this reason, developing and exploitation a fabric product or plastic with flame-retardant characteristic for protecting the safety of personnel and livelihood or for special utility is necessary. The development of the fabric product or plastic with flame-retardant characteristic is in progress.  
         [0006]     Traditionally, a flame retardant reagent with halide or phosphorous is used as additive to manufacture the noncombustible artificial polymers, but using halide or phosphorous has many disadvantages, such as, expensive, large amount additivity, environment pollution, and contravening codes relating protection environment. Using the traditional flame retardant reagent is not only raising the cost but also altering the characteristic of the artificial polymer for the reason of large amount additivity. Moreover, using the halide or phosphorous as flame retardant reagent always increases the risk of damage to the people. Therefore, the traditional flame retardant reagent cannot match the specifications under the environmental code of many developed countries and the artificial polymer and products with the traditional flame retardant reagent cannot be imported or sold at the market of these countries. To solve the problems disclosed above, developing a new flame retardant reagent is necessary.  
         [0007]     Besides, the aluminum hydroxide or magnesium oxide is used as a flame retardant reagent for the plastic in the engineering field (engineering plastic) but the flame retardant effect of the kind of the flame retardant reagent is not good.  
         [0008]     Clay is one of hottest nano materials in research field. Clay has many functions, such as, emitting far infrared, anti-fungous effect, anti-UV, durability, dimension stability and flame retardant.  
         [0009]     For several characteristics of the clay, the clay can be used as a flame retardant reagent. The first, clay is a kind of inorganic material, silicate, and it is not flammable. The second, the stratiform structure of the clay can inhibit or decrease the oxygen penetrating in the plastic or resin when the clay is mixed in the plastic or resin. The third, a coal layer is formed and coats outside after the mixture of the clay and the plastic or the clay and the resin has been burned to protect the inside part avoiding damage by the flame. Basing on the three characteristics of the clay, clay is added into the polymer as a flame retardant reagent.  
         [0010]     The use of clay for a flame retardant reagent is disclosed in several US patents. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,280,949, titled “MODIFIED POLYESTER COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING MINERAL FILLER” and published in Jul. 28, 1981, discloses a modified thermoplastic polyester compositions comprising a flame-retarding agent, a mineral filler, such as clay and polyesters. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,502, titled “FIRE RETARDANT BLENDS” and published in Jun. 30, 1998, discloses a substantially flame retardant composition comprising: (a) a thermoplastic polyester and copolyester material, a halogenated organic fire retardant, antimony oxide, organo clay, and a fluorocarbon polymer. The combination of the organo clay and the fluorocarbon polymer exhibits a synergistic effect on the fire retardant properties of the instantly claimed composition. This synergistic effect helps reduce the amount of the halogenated organic fire retardant in the instantly claimed flame retardant composition.  
         [0011]     In the disclosures of prior arts, the clay always play as a comprimario because the flame retardant characteristic of clay is not enough to match the requirement, the main component of the flame retardant reagent is still halide or phosphorous. The problems caused by the halide or phosphorous flame retardant reagent is descended but could not be avoided because the clay just reduce the use of the amount of the halogenated organic fire retardant.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     Therefore, the present invention provides a modified clay composition and the composition has a high flame retardant effect.  
         [0013]     One aspect of the present invention is to provide a flame retardant composition with high flame retardant effect, the composition comprises clay and copper nanoparticles.  
         [0014]     Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a flame retardant composition with high flame retardant effect, the composition frees of traditional flame retardant reagent which contains halogenated organic fire retardant reagent or phosphorous fire retardant reagent.  
         [0015]     The other aspect of the present invention is to provide a flame retardant composition with high flame retardant effect, the amount of the composition added into the polymer or plastic could be far less than the amount of the traditional flame retardant reagent, and the physical properties of the polymer and plastic are not changed.  
         [0016]     The other aspect of the present invention is to provide a flame retardant composition with high flame retardant effect, the composition dose not cause environment pollution.  
         [0017]     According the aspects disclosed above, the present invention provides a flame retardant composition with high flame retardant effect for fibrous stuff or plastic. The present invention provides a mixture which is used to enhance the characteristic of retarding flame of polyester or polyester complex material. The mixture is made by copper nanoparticles and clay. The clay is selected from the group consisting of montmorillonite, bentonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite, vermiculites, hectorite, volknerite, hydrotalcite, muscovite, biotite, attapulgite, talc, pyrophyllite, and mixtures thereof.  
         [0018]     First of all, a cupric salt or a cuprous salt, such as, cupric nitrate, cupric nitrite, cupric chloride, copper sulfate, cuprous nitrate, cuprous nitrite, cuprous chloride, cuprous sulfate, and mixtures thereof, mixes with the clay in a special ratio. The mixture containing copper ions and clay is deposited in a de-ionized water, then the aqueous solution is blended in a temperature for a period of time. The temperature is about from room temperature to 95° C. and the preferred temperature is from 40° C. to 90° C. The period of time is about from 3 hours to 48 hours and the preferred time period is from 5 hours to 24 hours. After finishing the blending, the clay containing copper ions is gotten by removing the water and washing the residue with deionized water.  
         [0019]     A reduction reagent, such as sodium boron hydride, sodium citrate, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium tri-(t-butoxy) aluminum hydride, hydrazine, metal hydride, alkaline metal or other similar reducing reagent, is used to reduce the copper ion to copper. The particle size of the coppers is in nanometer scale because the copper ions are dispersed by the clay. The particle size of the copper is about from 5 nanometer to 500 nanometer. The clay containing copper nanoparticles could be used to mix with the polyester powder. After the mixture is dried, it can be prepared for advantage usage.  
         [0020]     A modifier could be used to increase the hydrophobic characteristics of the clay for enhancing the interactions between the clay and the polyester. The modifier is an ammonium salt, especially a primary and a quaternary ammonium salt with straight chain alkyl group, such as a primary ammonium salt or an amino acid containing a straight chain alkyl with 3 carbons to 17 carbons, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CT AC), distearyldimethylammonium chloride, stearylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, n-alkyltriethylammonium bromides or chloride, n-alkyltriethylammonium bromides or chloride and so on, wherein the carbon number of the n-alkyl is 13, 15, 17, 21, or 23. The clay containing copper nanoparticles could be used to mix with the polyester powder. After the mixture is dried, it can be prepared for advantage usage.  
         [0021]     The polyester mentioned above is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PST), the mixture of PST and PET or other polyester. A single screw extruder or twin screw extruder could be used for producing chips, which contains polyester and clay with copper nanoparticles.  
         [0022]     The clay containing copper nanoparticles can be used to form a mixture with an epoxy monomer. Most epoxy monomer is liquid, the Cu/clay can separate in the epoxy monomer very uniform. Some additives, such as hardener reagent or/and enhancer reagent, are added into the mixture and mix with the epoxy monomer for sequent co-polymerization reaction to form an epoxy co-polymer with the characteristic of flame retardant. The hardener reagent is another monomer for cross-linking the epoxy monomers to form a copolymer. The hardener could be polyether amine, m-phenylenediamine (mPDA), polypropylene glycol, poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether), boron trifluoride monoethylamine (STFA), benzyldimethylamine (SDMA), methylenedianiline (MDA) or the combination thereof. The enhancer reagent, such as nadic nethyl nnhydride (NMA), is used to enhance the polymerization reaction rate. The amount of the Cu/clay added in the polyester depends on the demand. Ordinarily, 0.5% wt. to 8% wt. Cu/clay additional amount for the epoxy monomer is enough and 2% wt. to 50% wt. aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide also could be used. The Cu/clay and Aluminum/magnesium hydroxide are uniformly distributed in the epoxy copolymer.  
         [0023]     It has been well-known that the copper nanoparticles can be used as a anti-fungus reagent, but in the present invention the copper nanoparticles are not only used as an anti-fungus reagent but used as flame retardant reagent. The block copper is a kind of stable and inactive metal, therefore the copper, likes the mercury, platinum and gold, belongs to noble metal. When the particle of the copper sizes down to nano-scale, the characteristics, such as catalysis, is different from the block size. The copper nanoparticles disclosed in the present invention is used as a catalyst. The carbon monoxide made from a burning plastics is catalyzed by the copper nanoparticle to become carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide surrounds the burning plastic to stop the plastics continuously burning. At the same time, a parching layer, which is made from the clay and copper nanoparticles, coating cover the plastics is to protect the inner parts of the plastics from the flame.  
         [0024]     Generally speaking, the clay contains some metal ion, such as sodium. The copper ion will substitute the metal ion inside the clay by an ion exchange reaction when the clay and the copper ion stir together in the aqueous solution. The copper amount in the clay depends on the cation exchange capacity of the clay, normally is not more than 15% wt. The copper amount in the clay is between about 0.03% wt. and 10% wt., preferred is between about 0.5% wt. and 8% wt.  
         [0025]     The amount of the Cu/clay added in the polyester depends on the demand. More Cu/clay is added and better flame retardant effect achieves. In fact, only 0.01% wt. Cu/clay additional amount in the polyester is enough to get flame retardant effect and 0.25% wt. Cu/clay additional amount in the polyester is enough to match the demand, for example, the limited oxygen index (LOI) for the commercial product. Ordinarily, 0.01% wt. to 20% wt. Cu/clay additional amount for the polyester or the plastic is enough, but for some rigorous requirement, such as some high flame retardant material, the additional amount of the Cu/clay will reach 30% wt. The flame retardant effect, illuminated in the experimental results, is very good even though the Cu/clay additional amount is less than 1% wt., and the preferred results are illuminated while the Cu/clay additional amount is between about 0.2% wt. and 2% wt. As the disclosure above, the ratio of the copper nanoparticle/polyester is between about 10 ppm and 1% wt. and the ratio of clay/polyester is between about 0.01% wt. and 2% wt.  
         [0026]     Because the modified clay composition contains copper nanoparticles is provided in the present invention has a high flame retardant effect, therefore, the composition frees of traditional flame retardant reagent and the problems caused by the traditional flame retardant reagent, such as the environment pollution, high cost and altering the characteristic of the artificial polymer, are solved. The modified clay composition contains free of halogenated organic fire retardant reagent or phosphorous fire retardant reagent, the environment will not be damaged by organo-halide or organo-phosphorous. The modified clay composition contains has a high flame retardant effect, the amount of the composition added into the polymer or plastic could be far less than the amount of the traditional flame retardant reagent, the physical properties of the polymer and plastic are not changed and the cost is also lower.  
         [0027]     Additionally, although free of traditional retardant reagent is disclosed in the present invention, it does not mean that the Cu/clay flame retardant reagent disclosed in the present invention can not cooperate with the traditional retardant reagent. The Cu/clay flame retardant reagent also can cooperate the traditional retardant reagent to lower the amount of usage in the polyester or plastic. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0028]     These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood by reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, with reference made to the accompanying drawings as follows:  
         [0029]      FIG. 1  illuminates the result of filter test of the polybutylene terephthalate with 0.5% wt. clay; and  
         [0030]      FIG. 2  illuminates the result of filter test of the polybutylene terephthalate with 0.5% wt. Cu/clay obtained from present invention.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0031]     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, and are intended to provide further explanation for the modified clay composition and the method for manufacturing the same in the present invention. The first and the second example disclose a method for manufacturing the modified clay composition. The third example discloses using the modified clay composition to manufacture polyester chips. The fourth example discloses using the polyester chips produced in example 3 to manufacture fibers and testing the flame retardant characteristic of the fibers. The fifth example discloses the result of using the textile produced in example 4 to perform the anti-fungous effect test.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0032]     1.98 g (0.01 mole) of cupric nitrate and 19 of clay (PK805) obtained from Pai Kong Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. are deposited in 500 ml deionized water, then heat the water to 90° C. and stir it for 24 hours. The solution is stilled for a while then remove portion of the water. The participate is then isolated by centrifugation and is washed by deionized water. The participate is the Cu 2+ /clay mixture.  
         [0033]     The Cu 2+ /clay mixture is then deposited in 100 ml deionized water. 0.1 g of sodium boron hydride is added into the water slowly and with magnetic stir. The sodium boron hydride is used as reducing reagent. Furthermore 0.05 g of sodium boron hydride is added in if necessary. The participate is then isolated by centrifugation and is washed by deionized water. The participate is the modified clay composition.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0034]     1.98 g (0.01 mole) of copper nitrate and 19 of clay (PK805) obtained from Pai Kong Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. are deposited in 500 ml deionized water, then heat the water to 90° C. and stir it for 24 hours. The solution is stilled for a while then remove portion of the water. The participate is then isolated by centrifugation and is washed by deionized water. The participate is the Cu 2+ /clay mixture.  
         [0035]     The Cu 2+ /clay mixture is then deposited in 100 ml deionized water. 0.1 g of sodium boron hydride is added into the water slowly and with magnetic stir. The sodium boron hydride is used as reducing reagent. Furthermore 0.05 g of sodium boron hydride is added in if necessary. The participate is then isolated by centrifugation and is washed by deionized water. The participate is the Cu/clay.  
         [0036]     The Cu/clay is deposited in 100 ml 0.01M cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) solution, heating to 60° C. and stirring for 3 hours. The participate is then isolated by centrifugation and is washed by deionized water. The participate is the modified clay composition.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0037]     The modified clay composition (Cu/clay) achieved from Example 2 is dried and uniformly mixes with 3 kg of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) powder. The mixture is put in a single screw extruder or a twin screw extruder for melt compounding chips, which contain polyester and clay with copper nanoparticles.  
         [0038]     Before spinning in textile, filter test is an important study to avoid causing high pack pressure that will stop the spinning. In addition, the filter test also help to monitor enhance of affinity in the polyester/clay interface and detect the clay layer which is well-delaminated and dispersed in polyester matrix or not. If the pressure of the filter test is high, reticulation of the spinning will be jammed by the particles of the molten chips. The pressure of filter test of the chips containing clay only is very high.  FIG. 1 . illuminates the result of filter test of the polybutylene terephthalate with 0.5% wt. clay. The pressure illuminated in  FIG. 1  achieves 175 Bar during the filter test.  FIG. 2 . illuminates the result of filter test of the polybutylene terephthalate with 0.5% wt. Cu/clay obtained from present invention. The pressure illuminated in  FIG. 2  just 12 Bar during the filter test. As the result illuminated in  FIG. 2 , the Cu/clay disperses in the PBT very well without aggregation situation and the chips are suitable for industrial use. By the way, the chips with 0.25% wt. Cu/clay are also produced to manufacture textile for flame retardant test disclosed in the Example 4.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0039]     The PBT chips containing 0.25% wt. Cu/clay is molten at the temperature between about −250° C. and 290° C. to make fiber. The fiber is spun to form flame retardant textile. Following the same procedures, the PBT chips and the PBT chips containing 0.25% wt. clay are also used to produce textile.  
         [0040]     Following ASTM D 2863-95 standard testing procedures, the three textiles are used to perform aflame retardant test. The test results are listed in the table 1.  
                                                             TABLE 1                           The LOI of the three polyester textiles                Sample                    0.25 wt. % Clay in   0.25 wt. % Cu/Clay           PBT without clay   PBT   in PBT                        LOI value   22   25   &gt;32                  
 
         [0041]     The LOI value of the textile made from the PST is only 22, and the LOI value of the textile made from the PST with 0.25% wt. clay is just little higher, 25, but the LOI value of the textile made from the PST with 0.25% wt. Cu/clay is very high, more than 32. The result illuminated that the Cu/clay composition is a very good flame retardant reagent and the copper nanoparticles has a very important contribution.  
         [0042]     The LOI value of the textile made from the PST with 0.25% wt. Ag/clay is about 31. Comparing with test results are listed in the table 1, in the preliminarily observing, the values of LOI of the PST with 0.25% wt. Ag/clay and the PST with 0.25% wt. Cu/clay seems no difference, but after the molar number of the metal contained in the clay is induced to estimate the effect of flame retardant, the molar number of copper is just half of the molar number of silver. Therefore, the copper show higher flame retardant efficiency than the silver.  
         [0043]     Generally speaking, in commercial demand, the LOI value of a textile is 28. The flame retardant reagent disclosed in the present invention provides a better result than the commercial demand. From the Examples disclosed above, there are several advantages to use the Cu/clay composition as a flame retardant reagent. Firstly, the present invention provides a modified clay composition and the composition has a high flame retardant effect. Secondarily, the composition frees of traditional flame retardant reagent which contains halogenated organic fire retardant reagent or phosphorous fire retardant reagent and the composition dose not cause environment pollution. Thirdly, the amount of the composition added into the polymer or plastic could be far less than the amount of the traditional flame retardant reagent, and the physical properties of the polymer and plastic are not changed and the cost is low.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0044]     The textile produced in example 4 is used to perform an anti-fungous effect test according the JIS Z 2911-2000 anti-fungous effect test standard method. The clones used in the test include ATCC 6275 ( Aspergillus niger ), ATCC 6205 ( Chaetomium globosum ), TCC 9095 ( Myrocethium verrucaria ) and ATCC 9849 ( Penicillium citrinum ). The growth of the clone is depressed.  
       EXAMPLE 6  
       [0045]     Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA) and benzyldimethylamine (BDMA) are mixed together in the weight ratio of 100:87.5:5 to form a mixture. The weight ratio of the three components depends on the demand. DGEBA contains 15 wt. % aluminum hydroxide and 3 wt. % Cu/clay made from Example 3. The mixture is put in an oven and heat to 150° C. for 6 hours to get an epoxy copolymer.  
       COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1  
       [0046]     The epoxy copolymer is synthesized according to the composition and process illuminated in Example 6 but the composition does not contain aluminum hydroxide and Cu/clay.  
       COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2  
       [0047]     The epoxy copolymer is synthesized according to the composition and process illuminated in Example 6 but the composition contain 18 wt. % aluminum hydroxide only.  
         [0048]     Following ASTM D 2863-95 standard testing procedures, the three copolymers made in Comparative Examples and Example 6 are used to perform a flame retardant test. The test results are listed in the table 2.  
                                                                 TABLE 1                           The LOI of the three copolymers                Sample                Comparative   Comparative               Example 1   Example 2   Example 6                            LOI   20   21   23                      
 
         [0049]     The LOI value of the copolymer made from the Comparative Example 1, without any flame retardant reagent, is only 22, and the LOI value of the copolymer made from the Comparative Example 2, with aluminum hydroxide only, is just little higher, 21, but the LOI value of the copolymer made from the Example 6, with 3% wt. Cu/clay to replace 3 wt. % aluminum hydroxide, is higher, about 23. The result illuminated that the Cu/clay composition is a very good flame retardant reagent and the copper nanoparticles has a very important contribution.  
         [0050]     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.