Abstract:
A method characterizes samples having units by monitoring fluctuating intensities of radiation emitted, scattered, and/or reflected by the units in at least one measurement volume, the monitoring being performed by at least one detection device, the method comprising the steps of: a) measuring in a repetitive mode a number of photon counts per time interval of defined length, b) determining a function of the number of photon counts per the time interval, and c) determining a function of specific brightness of the units on basis of the function of the number of photon counts.

Description:
This is a national stage of PCT/EP06/064244 filed Jul. 13, 2006 and published in English. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention addresses fields of recombinant molecular biology; the main topic are strong inducible promoters to be used for product synthesis in biological systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       Tetrahymena  is a ciliated eukaryotic unicellular organism belonging to the regnum of  Protozoa  and bearing two nuclei, a transcriptionally silent, diploid germline micronucleus (MIC) and a transcriptionally active, polyploid somatic macronucleus (MAC). In 1923, when Nobel Laureate Andre Lwoff succeeded in growing  Tetrahymena  in pure culture, the basis for exploiting this Alveolate as a model organism was laid. Milestone discoveries made in  Tetrahymena  are the discovery of dynein motors, telomeres, RNA-mediated catalysis, telomerase and the function of histone acetyltransferases in transcription regulation. Within the last decades molecular biological techniques have been developed to alter  Tetrahymena &#39;s genome and proteome: DNA transfection methods range from microinjection into the MAC, over electroporation into the MAC to biolistic bombardment of MIC and MAC. Episomal plasmids based on an rDNA-replicon are available, as well as knock-out/-in techniques based on homologous recombination. On protein level heterologous expression of related species has been performed and also endogenous proteins were silenced by a novel antisense-ribosome-technique. The biotechnological potential of  Tetrahymena  has been proven in numerous publications, demonstrating fast growth, high biomass, fermentation in ordinary bacterial/yeast equipment, up-scalability, existence of cheap and chemical defined media. 
     So far, only a few promoter active  Tetrahymena  DNA sequences have been characterised up to a useful extend to work with in molecular biology. These comprise the rather weak and moreover cellcycle dependent histone- 1  and beta-tubulin-promoter 2  and also heavy-metall-inducible metallothionein-promoters. 3,4  Metallothioneins, that are upregulated upon stress, are metal binding proteins playing a role in detoxification of the cell. In  Tetrahymena  metallothioneins are known, the promoters of which can be induced quite well by the presence of Cadmium, Copper, Zinc—induction becoming less in this order—but barely with other stress factors like peroxides or heat. As heavy metals are toxic, inhibit cell growth and lead—at higher concentrations—to cell death, a different system with less impact on the health of the system and an inducer that can be removed tracelessly would be favourable. Furthermore due to the heavy impact on the environment by heavy metal cations the disposal of contaminated media is time and resource consuming. As the financial effort in commercial bioproduction processes have to be minimal, Metallothionein promoters do not seem to be the inducible system of choice. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Heat shock proteins, HSPs, are evolutionary conserved stress response proteins with multiple protective functions within the cell. These proteins are ubiquitous, found in all eucaryotic organisms studied to date, and are inducible by heat stress as well as by a variety of other external agents. Thus, cells respond to these inducers, such as elevated growth temperatures, by synthesizing high levels of HSPs and coordinately reducing the rate of synthesis of other cellular proteins. HSPs are divided into several groups on the basis of size. Their occurrence in  Tetrahymena  has been described more than 20 years ago, too. 5  In  Tetrahymena thermophila  four proteins belonging to the HSP70 (accession # AAK29100) and HSP90 (accession # AAD41357) family have been described and characterized in terms of partial amino acid sequences, 6  yet the promoter active sequences have not been elucidated. 
     Regulation of HSPs in other systems has been studied extensively by various authors and it has been shown that promoter strength is not solely responsible for the level of protein expression: For HSP70 of  Drosophila  it is known that also the 3′-untranslated regions of hsp70 gene transcripts are responsible for regulating the level of protein and mRNA synthesis in the cell in both the induced and uninduced state. In the promoter region a heat shock element HSE is found 5′ of the start ATG of eucaryotic heat shock genes 7 . This region includes the sequences nGAAn and nTTCn, repeated at least two times in head-to-head or tail-to-tail orientation. Number and orientation of HSEs on HSP-genes differ among species, but the binding of a positive transactivating factor, the heat shock factor (HSF) to the heat shock elements is about a hundred fold higher than that of any other known mammalian transcription factor to its respective binding site, rendering these promoters among the strongest known so far. 
     Therefore HSP promoters of various organisms have been used in heterologous expression systems for many proteins 8,9 . 
     As organisms&#39; genomes do not only vary in their codon usage but also in their AT-content, it is obvious that promoters of more distant related species will not work if exchanged among these systems. In the regnum of protists the genomes are very AT rich and as mentioned above only few promoters have been characterised. Well known and widely used promoters of yeast,  E. coli , mammals and viruses have not been found to work in ciliates (own unpublished observation). 
     The present invention however shows that the present invention comprising promoters of the heat shock protein family of the ciliate  Tetrahymena thermophila  can be used for controlled foreign gene expression at high levels. It is especially preferred that the heat-inducible promoter according to the invention has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, also referred to as the HSP90 promoter, or promoter-effective fragments thereof. 
     The present invention is also directed to the use of the heat-inducible promoters according to the invention for the expression of homologous and/or heterologous proteins in the ciliate  Tetrahymena thermophila.    
     It can be preferred that the heat-inducible promoter according to the invention is integrated into an expression vector containing the nucleotide sequence of the protein of interest. This vector preferably contains  Tetrahymena thermophila &#39;s β-tubulin 2 terminator sequence flanking the 3′ position of the coding sequence of the protein of interest. 
     These promoters are inducible just by heat and do not need chemical substances to be added. The induction of product is manifold. The background level of transcriptional activity is low thereby showing it to be ideal promoters for elsewhere toxic or lethal products and to serve as very good tools for conditional knock-outs and knock-ins. During fermentation the synthesis process can be stopped easily by just lowering the temperature: cells will recover and the biosynthesis can be re-induced again. This offers higher yields than other systems: As continuous fermentation is a well established method for ciliates and as thermal stress can be taken away from the culture easily, the production cycle can be repeated over and over again. In the example presented below the produced heterologous mRNAs are more stable than the endogenous HSP-mRNAs: This is achieved by the use of a 3′ terminator of  T. thermophila &#39;s β-tubulin 2. For this reason the target gene&#39;s mRNA is still present and translated in the recovery phase of the culture. These properties of the invention lead to a new, efficient production process yet undescribed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       
         FIG. 1 
       
         FIG. 1  shows the used expression plasmid to verify a foreign gene&#39;s protein biosynthesis driven by different promoter active sequences. The vector consists of a bacterial backbone for amplification in  E. coli  (dark grey box), a  T. thermophila  specific origin (light grey box) for plasmid stability in  T. thermophila , a Neomycin based selection cassette (white arrow) for identification of transformed Ciliates and an openreading frame of a reporter protein (black arrow) followed by  T. thermophila &#39;s β-tubulin 2 terminator sequence (white box). Putative promoter sequences (black box) can be cloned into this vector by single cutting restriction endonucleases XhoI and EcoRV. 
       
         FIG. 2 
       
       Westernblot of different  T. thermophila  transformands showing expression of recombinant EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) upon induction. 
       Lane 1: positive control, lane 2: 1,000 cells negative control (wildtype), lane 3: 1,000 cells pPT HSP90 non induced, lane 4: 1,000 cells pPT HSP90 induced for 4 h, lane 5: 1,000 cells pPT MTT non induced, lane 6: 1,000 cells pPT MTT induced for 4 h 
       The invention will now be described in more detail by way of the following example. 
         FIG. 3  shows the nucleotide sequence of the HSP90 promoter (Seq Id No. 1) 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLE 
     The following example is provided to illustrate the embodiments of the present invention but is not intended to limit its scope. 
     Culturing and Transformation of  Tetrahymena    
     All strains used were derived from  Tetrahymena thermophila  and have been described in detail previously. The transformation of  T. thermophila  cells was performed with modifications as published earlier. 10,11  Cultivation was carried out at 30° C. Target gene expression was induced by heat shock at 41° C. (HSPs) or by addition of 20 nM Cd 2+  (MTT1). 
     Cloning of HSP Promoter Regions, Coding Sequences and Vector Construction 
     SEQ ID NO: 1 was amplified from genomic  T. thermophila  DNA by two primers HSP90_F  ATATCZCGAG AGCATGCTTTTTCATGTACTATTCC (SEQ ID NO: 2) and HSP90_R  ATCCAT TTGTTATGATATATCTTTTTTTTTAATTAATTGC (SEQ ID NO: 3), underlined bases bearing primer extensions. Obtained per fragment was subjected to gel electrophoresis, purified, cut by XhoI and ligated into the vector pPT Cilian, yielding a functional  Tetrahymena  vector pPT HSP90, expressing a gene coding for EGFP under control of aforementioned sequence. The 3′ region of the EGFP gene&#39;s cds is flanked by the terminator sequence of  T. thermophila &#39;s β-tubulin 2 gene (see  FIG. 1 ). A control vector (pPT MTT1) making use of the MTT1 promoter was constructed in the same way by the primer pair 
     MTT1_F  ATATCTCGAG GATAAGTAATATATETAGTGCACAATGTTTGAATG (SEQ ID NO: 4) and 
     MTT1_R  ATCCAT TATTTTAAGTTTAGATTTATTATTTATTTTATTAG (SEQ ID NO: 5). 
     Detection of EGFP 
     Harvested  T. thermophila  transformands were boiled in SDS-sample buffer and subjected to SDS-gel-electrophoresis. Separated proteins were blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes and EGFP was detected by a specific first antibody followed by a horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody in combination with Pierce SuperSignal on a raytest AIDA. 
     Inducible, Heterologous Expression of a Reporter Protein Under Control of  T. thermophila  HSP90 Promoter 
     To test whether the identified HSP promoter is capable of expressing foreign genes, exponentially growing  T. thermophila  cell cultures transfected with pPT HSP90 were divided; one half was grown at 30° C., the other half heat shocked. Foreign gene expression driven by the MTT1 promoter was induced in pPT MTT1 transformed cells by the addition of Cadmium. 
       FIG. 2  shows a western blot of cell lysates of these cultures. Only pPT transformed cells show detectable bands running at the same molecular weight as the control. The wildtype control (lane2) is all blank. A strong induction of expression by heat (lane 4) or by Cadmium (lane 6) is obvious compared to non induced cells (lane 3 and 5). Yet non induced cells show very low basal activity in both promoter systems. 
     From the data shown in  FIG. 2  it can be concluded, that the promoter activity of Seq ID 1 (HSP90) can be controlled as tightly as the already published MTT1-promoter activity and that it is comparably strong. 
     Therefore the heat-inducible promoters according to the invention can be used in all biotechnological applications like listed for the MTT1 promoter in 12  while still being superior and favourable because of their non toxic inducibility. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         1. Kahn, R. W., Andersen, B. H. &amp; Brunk, C. F. Transformation of  Tetrahymena thermophila  by microinjection of a foreign gene.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A  90, 9295-9299 (1993). 
         2. Peterson, D. S., Gao, Y., Asokan, K. &amp; Gaertig, J. The circumsporozolte protein of  Plasmodium falciparum  is expressed and localized to the cell surface in the free-living ciliate  Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.  122, 119-126 (2002). 
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          Ref Type: Patent