Abstract:
A three-dimensional printing process, a swirling device, and a thermal management process are disclosed. The three-dimensional printing process includes distributing a material to a selected region, selectively laser melting the material, and forming a swirling device from the material. The swirling device is printed by selective laser melting. The thermal management process includes providing an article having a swirling device printed by selective laser melting, and cooling a portion of the article by transporting air through the swirling device.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to manufactured articles, processes of manufacturing, and thermal management processes from using such manufactured articles. More specifically, the present invention is directed to printed swirling devices and manufactured articles and processes including printed swirling devices. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Turbine systems are continuously being modified to increase efficiency and decrease cost. One method for increasing the efficiency of a turbine system includes increasing the operating temperature of the turbine system. To increase the temperature, the turbine system must be constructed of materials which can withstand such temperatures during continued use. 
     In addition to modifying component materials and coatings, one common method of increasing temperature capability of a turbine component includes the use of complex cooling channels. The complex cooling channels are often incorporated into metals and alloys used in high temperature regions of gas turbines. The complex cooling channels can be difficult to form. Casting in the channels can require complex molds that are difficult to position and control placement of near the hot gas path where cooling is required. Machining in the channels after casting then requires closing them off at the surface through methods such as brazing and/or thermal spraying of materials often inadvertently fills the complex cooling channels blocking the flow of cooling fluids, such as air from a compressor section of a gas turbine. Some designs are actually not capable of being manufactured using traditional methods due to their complexity and require use of methods such as powder bed laser sintering. 
     If brazing of materials to a surface of the substrate to cover the channels is performed, the brazing temperatures required to sufficiently braze the material may soften the material. The softened material can sag or droop into the complex cooling channels, blocking them as they harden. As such, brazing requires a very narrow temperature range, outside of which the component can be damaged or made unusable. In general, machining of channels can be very difficult. 
     If thermal spraying of coatings is performed, the sprayed materials can fill the complex cooling channels with the coating. To avoid filling the complex cooling channels, a fill and leech method can be used. The fill and leech method includes filling the complex cooling channels with a sacrificial material, coating the component and leeching the sacrificial material to form the complex cooling channels. Such methods are expensive, difficult to apply and remove, and often have a high scrap rate. Also, making miniature-sized components and features using traditional manufacturing methods exacerbates such drawbacks. 
     A manufacturing process, a swirling device, and a thermal management process that do not suffer from one or more of the above drawbacks would be desirable in the art. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In an embodiment, a three-dimensional printing process includes distributing a material to a selected region, selectively laser melting the material, and forming a swirling device from the material. 
     In another embodiment, a swirling device is printed by selective laser melting. 
     In another embodiment, a thermal management process includes providing an article having a swirling device printed by selective laser melting, and cooling a portion of the article by transporting air through the swirling device. 
     Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a side schematic view of a swirling device, specifically a vortex tube, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of an arrangement of a plurality of swirling devices, specifically vortex tubes, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is an axial schematic view of a swirling device having a circular profile, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a side schematic view of an axial schematic view of a swirling device having a circular profile with internal protrusions, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a turbine bucket or blade having a swirling device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a cold side of a turbine shroud having a swirling device, specifically a swirling heat transfer device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a hot side of the turbine shroud in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of turbine nozzle having a swirling device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of turbine nozzle having a swirling device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is a side schematic view of a swirling device, specifically a swirling heat transfer device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to represent the same parts. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Provided is a manufacturing process, a swirling device, and a thermal management process. Embodiments of the present disclosure, in comparison to processes and articles that do not include one or more of the features disclosed herein, provide additional cooling, permit cooling in new regions, permit cooling with new materials, permit cooler and/or hotter streams to be directed from flow within turbine components, permit swirling without separation into multiple streams, permit the useful life of turbine components to be extended, permit turbine systems using embodiments of the turbine components to be more efficient, permit use of cooler streams to cool hot spots, permit use of hotter streams to heat cool spots, permit adjustable control of temperature and/or temperature uniformity, prevent undesirable effects (for example, thermal fatigue, oxidation, creep, or combinations thereof) through thermal management/distribution, permit use of less expensive materials, permit a reduction of cooling flow (for example, raising efficiency, increasing throughout, and/or reducing emissions), or a combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 1-4 and 10  show embodiments of a swirling device  102 , such as a vortex tube (see  FIGS. 1-2 ) or a swirling heat transfer device  608  (see  FIG. 10 ), capable of being manufactured by selective laser melting. As used herein, the term “vortex tube” refers to an arrangement that passively separates a flow  104  into a hotter stream  106  from a cooler stream  108  through rotation of the flow  104 . An example of the vortex tube is a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. In contrast, the swirling heat transfer device  608  does not separate the flow  104  into the hotter stream  106  and the cooler stream  108 , and instead, performs heat transfer and flows though a single stream  610 , which is a capable of being through a flush surface of the swirling heat transfer device  608  or through an elongate tube portion of the swirling heat transfer device  608  having any suitable length. 
     The swirling device  102  has any suitable dimensions. Suitable dimensions include, but are not limited to, having a diameter or maximum width of between about 0.25 inches and about 0.75 inches, between about 0.3 inches and about 0.6 inches, between about 0.4 inches and about 0.6 inches, about 0.5 inches, or any suitable combination, sub-combination, range, or sub-range therein. Other suitable dimensions include, but are not limited to, having a maximum height of between about 0.05 inches and about 0.2 inches, between about 0.05 inches and about 0.15 inches, between about 0.1 inches and about 0.2 inches, between about 0.06 inches and about 0.3 inches, about 0.1 inches, about 0.05 inches, about 0.06 inches, about 0.2 inches, about 0.3 inches, or any suitable combination, sub-combination, range, or sub-range therein. 
     The selective laser melting is achieved by any suitable three-dimensional printing or additive printing process. In one embodiment, the selective laser melting distributes an atomized powder onto a substrate plate (not shown) using a coating mechanism (not shown). The substrate plate is positioned within a chamber (not shown) having a controlled atmosphere, for example, an inert gas, such as argon, nitrogen, other suitable inert gases, or a combination thereof. The atomized powder is melted, for example, by electron beam melting, laser melting, or other melting from other energy sources, to form a portion or layer of a three-dimensional product, such as, a portion of the swirling device  102 . The process is repeated to form the three-dimensional product, such as the swirling device  102 , which is capable of being a vortex tube, a heat transfer device, or any other suitable device with the capability of swirling a fluid. 
     The selective laser melting is achieved from a predetermined design file or two-dimensional slices of a three-dimensional file, for example, from a computer-aided design program. The thickness of the two-dimensional slices determines the resolution of the selective laser melting. For example, when the two-dimensional slices are 20 micrometers thick, the resolution will be greater than when the two-dimensional slices are 100 micrometers thick for the selective laser melting of a predetermined component, such as, the swirling device  102 . In one embodiment, the swirling device  102  formed from the selective laser melting is near-net-shape. 
     The atomized powders are thermoplastic, metal, metallic, ceramic, other suitable materials, or a combination thereof. Suitable materials for the atomized powder include, but are not limited to, stainless steel, tool steel, cobalt chrome, titanium, nickel, aluminum, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the materials for the atomized powders correspond with materials of a substrate, such as, an alloy suitable for the hot-gas path of a turbine system (for example, nickel-based superalloys, cobalt-based superalloys, or other suitable superalloys). 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of about 13.70% to about 14.3% chromium, about 9% to 10% cobalt, about 3.5% to about 4.1% tungsten, about 1.4% to about 1.7% molybdenum, about 4.7% to about 5.1% titanium, about 2.8% to about 3.2% aluminum, about 0.08% to about 0.12% carbon, about 0.005% to about 0.02% boron, about 2.4% to about 3.1% tantalum, about 0.04% zirconium, 0.35% iron, 0.3% silicon, about 0.1% manganese, about 0.1% copper, about 0.015% phosphorus, about 0.005% sulfur, about 0.15% niobium, incidental impurities, and a balance of nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of about 9.75% chromium, about 7.5% cobalt, about 3.5% titanium, about 4.2% aluminum, about 6.0% tungsten, about 1.5% molybdenum, about 4.8% tantalum, about 0.08% carbon, about 0.009% zirconium, about 0.009% boron, incidental impurities, and a balance of nickel. 
     Suitable materials for the substrate is a nickel-based alloy or a cobalt-based alloy. In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of between about 8.0% and about 8.7% chromium, between about 9% and about 10% cobalt, between about 5.25% and about 5.75% aluminum, up to about 0.9% titanium (for example, between about 0.6% and about 0.9%), between about 9.3% and about 9.7% tungsten, up to about 0.6% molybdenum (for example, between about 0.4% and about 0.6%), between about 2.8% and about 3.3% tantalum, between about 1.3% and about 1.7% hafnium, up to about 0.1% carbon (for example, between about 0.07% and about 0.1%), up to about 0.02% zirconium (for example, between about 0.005% and about 0.02%), up to about 0.02% boron (for example, between about 0.01% and about 0.02%), up to about 0.2% iron, up to about 0.12% silicon, up to about 0.1% manganese, up to about 0.1% copper, up to about 0.01% phosphorus, up to about 0.004% sulfur, up to about 0.1% niobium, incidental impurities, and a balance of nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of about 6.6% to about 7.0% chromium, about 11.45% to about 12.05% cobalt, about 5.94% to about 6.3% aluminum, up to about 0.02% titanium, about 4.7% to about 5.1% tungsten, about 1.3% to about 1.7% molybdenum, about 2.6% to about 3% rhenium, about 6.2% to about 6.5% tantalum, about 1.3% to about 1.7% hafnium, up to or between about 0.1% to about 0.14% carbon, up to or at about 0.0035% manganese, up to or at about 0.03% zirconium, up to or between about 0.01% and about 0.02% boron, up to or at about 0.2% iron, up to or at about 0.06% silicon, up to or at about 0.1% potassium, up to or at about 0.004% sulfur, up to or at about 0.1% niobium, incidental impurities, and a balance nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of about 5% iron, between about 20% and about 23% chromium, up to about 0.5% silicon, between about 8% and about 10% molybdenum, up to about 0.5% manganese, up to about 0.1% carbon, incidental impurities, and a balance nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of between about 13.7% and 14.3% chromium, between about 9% and about 10% cobalt, between about 2.8% and about 3.2% aluminum, between about 4.8% and about 5.20% titanium, between about 3.7% and about 4.3% tungsten, up to about 0.1% rhenium, incidental impurities, and a balance nickel. In a further embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of up to about 4.3% rhenium and tungsten, up to about 0.1% tantalum, up to 0.1% hafnium, up to about 0.19% carbon, up to about 0.15% palladium, up to about 0.3% platinum, up to about 0.01% magnesium, up to about 0.1% zirconium, up to about 0.02% boron, up to about 0.35% iron, up to about 0.1% silicon, up to about 0.1% manganese, up to about 0.015% phosphorus, up to about 0.0075% sulfur, 0.1% niobium, or a combination thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of about 22% chromium, about 14% tungsten, about 2% molybdenum, up to about 3% iron, up to about 5% cobalt, about 0.5% manganese, about 0.4% silicon, about 0.3% aluminum, about 0.10% carbon, about 0.02% lanthanum, up to about 0.015% boron, incidental impurities, and a balance nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of about 20% chromium, about 10% cobalt, about 8.5% molybdenum, up to about 2.5% titanium, about 1.5% aluminum, up to about 1.5% iron, up to about 0.3% manganese, up to about 0.15% silicon, about 0.06% carbon, about 0.005% boron, incidental impurities, and a balance nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of between about 18% and about 20% chromium, between about 9% and about 10.5% molybdenum, between about 10% and about 12% cobalt, between about 1.4% and about 1.8% aluminum, between about 3.0% and about 3.3% titanium, up to about 0.01% boron, about 0.12% carbon, about 5% iron, about 0.1% manganese, about 0.5% silicon, about 0.015% sulfur, about 0.5% copper, incidental impurities, and a balance nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of up to about 1% carbon, up to about 0.5% manganese, up to about 0.02% sulfur, up to about 0.75% silicon, between about 18.0% and about 21.0% chromium, between about 3.5% and about 5.0% molybdenum, up to about 0.1% copper, between about 12% and about 15% cobalt, between about 2.6% and about 3.25% titanium, between about 1.0% and about 1.5% aluminum, up to about 2% iron, between about 0.2% and about 0.12% zirconium, incidental impurities, and a balance nickel. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of up to about 0.01% boron, up to about 0.03% carbon, between about 19% and about 21% chromium, between about 0.01% and about 1% iron, up to about 0.15% manganese, between about 9% and about 10.5% molybdenum, between about 33% and about 37% nickel, up to about 0.015% phosphorus, up to about 0.15% silicon, up to about 0.01% sulfur, up to about 1% titanium, incidental impurities, and a balance cobalt. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of between up to about 0.15% carbon, between about 19% and about 21% chromium, up to about 3% iron, between about 1% and about 2% manganese, between about 9% and about 11% nickel, up to about 0.03% phosphorus, up to about 0.4% silicon, up to about 0.03% sulfur, between about 14% and about 16% tungsten, incidental impurities, and a balance cobalt. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of up to about 0.1% beryllium, up to about 0.15% carbon, between about 18.5% and about 21% chromium, between about 39% and about 42% cobalt, between about 1% and about 2.5% manganese, between about 6% and about 8% molybdenum, between about 14% and about 18% nickel, up to about 0.015% phosphorus, up to about 1.2% silicon, up to about 0.015% sulfur, incidental impurities, and balance iron. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate has a composition, by weight, of up to about 0.14% carbon, between about 26% and about 30% chromium, up to about 0.75% iron, up to about 1% manganese, between about 5% and about 7% molybdenum, up to about 1% nickel, up to about 0.25% nitrogen, up to about 1% silicon, incidental impurities, and a balance cobalt. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, the swirling device  102  is arranged to direct the flow  104  into the hotter stream  106  and the cooler stream  108  such that the hotter stream  106  is directed in opposite or substantially opposite from the cooler stream  108  or in any other suitable manner. Such separation is achieved by pressurized gas being injected tangentially into a swirl chamber that accelerates due to rotation within the chamber and/or a tubular portion fluidly connected to the swirl chamber. In one embodiment, the swirling device  102  includes a conical nozzle at the end of the tube, allowing compressed gas to escape at that end. The remainder of the gas is forced to return in an inner vortex of reduced diameter within an outer vortex. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , in one embodiment, an arrangement  201  of the swirling devices  102  are arranged in parallel or substantially in parallel. In a further embodiment, a plurality of the cooler streams  108  merge or fluidly join a common cooling tube  202 , which is capable of expelling cooling fluid (not shown), such as air, through a cooling opening/hole  204 . Additionally or alternatively, a plurality of the hotter streams  106  merge or fluidly join a common tube  206 , which is capable of expelling heated fluid (not shown), such as air, through a heating opening/hole  208 . In one embodiment, one or more of the cooler streams  108  is directed to regions benefiting from cooling and/or the cooler stream(s)  108  forms a film. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the hotter streams  106  is directed to regions and/or other components with lower heat loads and/or directly to a hot gas path. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , in one embodiment, the swirling device  102  includes a chamber  302  having a circular profile or substantially circular profile capable of facilitating the separation of the cooler stream(s)  108  and the hotter stream(s)  106 . Alternatively, in embodiments with the swirling device  102  being the swirling heat transfer device  608 , the chamber  302  facilitates heat transfer. For example, in this embodiment, the swirling device  102  increases heat transfer and hence pick up of heat by cooling air. Instead of separating the flow into two distinct flows, the device acts to swirl the air only, allowing the higher heat transfer coefficient of the air to be utilized more effectively. After being heated, the air is directed, for example, through film cooling holes and/or dumped into a hot gas path. In a further embodiment, with the swirling device  102  being the vortex tube or the swirling heat transfer device  608 , as is shown in  FIG. 4 , the chamber  302  includes protrusions  402 , such as, turbulators, guide vanes, secondary/tertiary/quaternary inlets, secondary/tertiary/quaternary outlets, or combinations thereof. 
       FIG. 5  shows a turbine bucket  502  or blade, which is printed or fabricated by any other suitable process, that includes one or more of the swirling devices  102  (see  FIG. 1 or 10 ) positioned within or on the turbine bucket  502  or blade. In one embodiment, with the swirling device  102  being the vortex tube, the swirling device  102  is positioned in any suitable region of the turbine bucket  502  to increase or decrease cooling by separating the flow  104  (see  FIG. 1 ) into the hotter stream  106  (see  FIG. 1 ) and cooler stream  108  (see  FIG. 1 ), which are positioned to increase or decrease cooling in any suitable region. In one embodiment, the swirling device  102  is positioned proximal to a hot or suction side  504  of the turbine bucket  502 , where it separates the flow  104 , directs the cooler stream  108  through cooling channels toward cooling holes  506 , directs the hotter stream  106  to a predetermined region such as directly into the hot gas path, back into a dovetail  508  (for example, as purge), toward a lower heat load region of the component, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the swirling device  102  is positioned along any hot side of a component, is sized to cover as much or as little external surface as desired, and/or is configured to expel exhausted (heated) cooling air back into the hot gas path either directly or as film cooling air. In other embodiments, with the swirling device  102  being the swirling heat transfer device  608 , at least a portion of the turbine bucket  502  is cooled through heat transfer, for example, with the single stream  610  (see  FIG. 6 ) entering the hot gas path. 
       FIGS. 6-7  show a turbine shroud  602 , which is printed or fabricated by any other suitable process, with one or more of the swirling devices  102  (see  FIG. 10 ), specifically the swirling heat transfer device  602 , positioned in or on the turbine shroud  602 . The swirling device  102  is positioned in any suitable region of the turbine shroud  602  to increase or decrease cooling. In one embodiment, the swirling device  102  is positioned along any hot side of a component, is sized to cover as much or as little external surface as desired, and/or is configured for cooling air to be sent back into the hot gas path or directed elsewhere downstream. In one embodiment, with the swirling device  102  being the vortex tube, the flow  104  (see  FIG. 1 ) is separated into the hotter stream  106  (see  FIG. 1 ) and cooler stream  108  (see  FIG. 1 ), which are positioned to increase or decrease cooling in any suitable region, the swirling device  102  is positioned proximal to a hot side  604  of the turbine shroud  602 , where it separates the flow  104 , directs the hotter stream  106  from the hot side  604 , directs the cooler stream  108  to a predetermined region, such as an edge and/or toward an un-cooled side of the turbine shroud  208 , and/or the hotter stream  106  travels to a trailing edge of the turbine bucket  502 , flows directly into a hot gas path, or flows downstream toward components with lower heat loads. 
       FIGS. 8-9  show a turbine nozzle  802 , which is printed or fabricated by any other suitable process, with one or more of the swirling devices  102  positioned in or on the turbine nozzle  802 . In one embodiment, the swirling device(s)  102  is/are the swirling heat transfer device(s)  602  (see  FIG. 10 ). In another embodiment, the swirling device(s)  102  is/are the vortex tube(s). In an embodiment with the swirling device  102  being the vortex tube, the swirling device  102  is positioned in any suitable region of the turbine nozzle  802  to increase or decrease cooling by separating the flow  104  (see  FIG. 1 ) into the hotter stream  106  (see  FIG. 1 ) and cooler stream  108  (see  FIG. 1 ), which are positioned to increase or decrease cooling in any suitable region. In one embodiment, the swirling device  102  is positioned proximal to a hot side  804  of the turbine nozzle  802 , where it separates the flow  104 , directs the hotter stream  106  toward cooling holes  806 , directs the cooler stream  108  to a predetermined region, such as along cooling channels in a hot side of the turbine bucket  502  toward the leading edge of the turbine bucket  502 , and/or toward un-cooled sides of the turbine shroud  208 . In one embodiment, the hotter stream  106  flows to the trailing edge of the turbine bucket  502 , flows to the hot gas path, and/or flows downstream toward components with lower heat loads. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.