Abstract:
Presenting natural-language-understanding (NLU) results can include redundancies and awkward sentence structures. In an embodiment of the present invention, a method includes, responsive to receiving a result to a NLU query, loading a matching template of a plurality of templates stored in a memory. Each template has mask fields associated with at least one property. The method compares the properties of the mask fields of each of the templates to properties of the query and properties of the result, and selects the matching template. The method further completes the matching template by inserting fields of the result into corresponding mask fields of the matching template. The method may further suppress certain mask fields of the matching template to increase brevity and improve the naturalness of the response when appropriate based on the results of the NLU query. The method further presents the completed matching template to a user via a display.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    An increase of availability of content (e.g. movies, TV shows, sporting events, etc.) available on television coupled with an increased use of mobile devices (e.g., smart phones and tablets) has created significant interest, such as from both end-users and content providers in second screen applications. Second screen applications enrich the television viewing experience in numerous ways, such as helping end-users effectively find and control content on television via spoken natural language (e.g., speech driven TV program discovery). 
       SUMMARY 
       [0002]    Speech-driven TV program discovery applications have recently become available in the marketplace from select cable/satellite providers. However, these applications are limited to a set of pre-defined utterance types (e.g. in these existing systems, switch to &lt;channel&gt;, find a &lt;genre&gt; movie, or find a movie with &lt;actor&gt;). Hence, end-users must conform to these pre-defined utterance types, and cannot combine them in an ad hoc manner (e.g., simultaneously searching by genre, actor, and TV station with one command). 
         [0003]    “ A Conversational Movie Search System Based On Conditional Random Fields ,” Liu et al. 2012, Interspeech, (hereinafter “Liu”), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, informs focus on a small piece of the overall problem (e.g., entity recognition), but does not support the full range of features required of an end-to-end system. For example, the prototypes of Liu do not, for example: (1) support question answering (e.g., who is the French actress in the movie The Dark Knight); (2) handle expressive utterances involving conjunction, disjunction, and negation (e.g. find a movie without Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman); or (3) handle complexities of searching and controlling “live” television. 
         [0004]    In an embodiment of the present invention, and end-to-end speech-driven second screen application is provided for television program discovery that addresses these limitations. Embodiments of the present invention integrate the following Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language (NL) technologies: 
         [0005]    (1) Statistical and linguistic-based natural language understanding technologies to construct a rich semantic representation of the end-user&#39;s utterance. Such technologies are informed by, for example, “ A Maximum Entropy Model For Part - Of - Speech Tagging ,” Ratnaparkhi, 1996, Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 133-142 (hereinafter “Ratnaparkhi”) and “ The Interface Between Phrasal and Functional Constraints .” Maxwell et al., 1993, Computational Linguistics 19:571-589 (hereinafter “Maxwell”), which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0006]    (2) A large-scale common sense knowledge-base as the target output of linguistic processing and supports SQL query generation. 
         [0007]    (3) Techniques from Natural Language Interface to Databases (NLIDB) to transform the output of linguistic processing into a SQL query to execute against a commercial Electronic Program Guide (EPG) database that is updated on a daily basis. “ Towards a Theory of Natural Language Interfaces to Databases ,” Popescu et al. 2003, IUI, (hereinafter “Popescu”) which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, informs some NLIDB technologies. 
         [0008]    NL generation technologies to summarize and confirm the outcome of acting on the end user&#39;s utterance. “ SimpleNLG: A Realisation Engine For Practical Applications ” Gatt et al., 2009, Proceedings of ENLG-2009 (hereinafter “Gatt”), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, informs some NL generation technologies. 
         [0009]    In an embodiment of the present invention, when a user starts the application for the first time, the application prompts the user for his/her zip code and cable/satellite provider. The application uses this information to limit/filter all results to the user&#39;s provider and viewing area. The application then displays a screen with a speech icon, selectable by the user, which commences the application&#39;s recording the user&#39;s speech. 
         [0010]    If the user&#39;s utterance is a search request (e.g., watch an action movie tonight, or find a movie with Tom Hanks), then the application displays all relevant results (e.g., ordered/sorted by start time) along with a confirmation of these results in the prompt box. The user can scroll through these results, and tap on any one to view additional details such as the program synopsis, cast, ratings, etc. The user can also tap on the speech icon to issue additional utterances. 
         [0011]    If the utterance is a question (e.g., where was Tom Cruise born?), then the application displays the corresponding answer (i.e., Syracuse, N.Y.) in a prompt box. The application also displays any programs relevant to the question, such as any Tom Cruise movies or TV shows that are playing. If the utterance is a command (e.g., change channel, increase volume, etc.), then the application executes the command. For channel change commands, the application also displays the programs that are currently showing on the new channel. 
         [0012]    The application prompts the user accordingly for utterances that it does not understand. Table 1 shows a sample of utterance types supported by the application. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Samples of supported utterances 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Utterance Type 
                 Example 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Search: Multi-Slot 
                 Action movies with Tom Cruise playing tonight. 
               
               
                 Search: Hi-Precision 
                 Find a French movie with a British actor. 
               
               
                 Search: Logical 
                 Watch action movies without Tom Cruise or Bruce 
               
               
                 Expression 
                 Willis. 
               
               
                 WH-Question 
                 Who directed the Dark Knight? Where was 
               
               
                   
                 Terminator filmed? 
               
               
                 Command 
                 Switch to HBO. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0013]    Therefore, embodiments of the present invention can perform an NLU search of large data sources. Embodiments of the present invention can further generate NLU explanations of results/outcomes of the searches. 
         [0014]    In an example embodiment, an application of the present invention is media (e.g., TV Program, movies) discovery. When a user wants to find content on TV, the user performs a NLU search. The embodiment responsively presents the user with media options in addition to other information (e.g., actors, genre, year aired) to aid in selection. A person of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that embodiments of the present search system can be applied to other applications outside of media, such as car feature searches, website searches, music searches, searches for points of interest within an automobile, etc. 
         [0015]    In an embodiment, the present invention may employ a full linguistic parser with a back-end database to retrieve results from a television database (e.g., electronic program guide). Current systems can identify an entity that a user directly mentions in a natural language request, however, current systems cannot perform translation across multiple processing modules and data sources as described. The embodiment provides a shared semantic representation based on common information/knowledge sources across multiple processing components. Multiple processing components employ a common representation of the content being processed. The representation of content may be common across all modules, processing components, and data sources, based on ontologies—formal representations of content. 
         [0016]    The system may also employ semantic abstraction. Many times, there is a gap between what user said and what is stored in a backend database. An embodiment captures mapping between linguistic elements and database query fragments in a domain of interest. The system converts the output of linguistic processing into a query to run against databases to generate a result. 
         [0017]    The system may further allow additional components or databases to be added to the system by interfacing through the shared representation and semantic abstraction, respectively. Components in embodiments adhere to ontology standards to be added in a plug-and-play manner. 
         [0018]    The system further generates a multi-tiered linguistic output during the formulation of a database query. Prior systems may interpret the request “I want to watch a movie with Tom Cruise” by extracting “Tom Cruise” as a person, but not other information in the request, like the word “movie.” Such a request, based on its wording, implies the user wants to watch a movie showing Tom Cruise on the screen (e.g., where Tom Cruise is an actor), not a movie where Tom Cruise is affiliated as a director or executive producer but not an actor, for instance. In one embodiment, one component can detect that Tom Cruise is a person/actor. Other components extract relationships between the entities. For example, the phrase “with Tom Cruise” implies that the user wants a movie where Tom Cruise is an actor, but the phrase “by Tom Cruise” implies that the user wants a movie in which Tom Cruise is a director or writer, but not necessarily an actor. Information from one linguistic component can further be overridden by other linguistic components. “Cruising with Tom” might override another component detecting “Tom Cruise.” 
         [0019]    The system may further generate a database query without use of pre-defined templates. Prior systems employ pre-defined templates to be instantiated. Queries are dynamically generated based on output of semantic processing. Query generation allows for logical connectors like negations or conjunctions in WH-type questions (e.g., who, what, where, why). 
         [0020]    The system may further employ a target domain that organizes indices around semantic abstractions from a knowledge source such as an ontology. The index can be a look up table (LUT). The index can have two entries—(1) Name of element and (2) ID of the element. The look up table is configured to allow “fuzzy match” of an ID, such that multiple forms of the name of the element return the same ID. For example, three inputs, Tom Cruise, Tom M Cruise, and Thomas Cruise, all return the Same ID despite the slight variations of the name. 
         [0021]    The system can also query additional information/knowledge sources to resolve mismatches that may occur in generating the query. For example, the request “I want to watch an Asian movie” usually means “I want to watch a movie produced in Japan, China, Korea, etc.” In other words, the data sources may include country of origin of each movie, but not continent. Therefore, the request has to be broken down into individual countries. This means that the system has to extract the countries within Asia from a knowledge base by querying an ontology populated with relationships about world facts, and include this information in the query. 
         [0022]    The system can further dynamically modify/transform an output template based on the outcome of executing a query against a database. The templates give a more customized response to the user&#39;s input. 
         [0023]    Based on the output of the database lookup, results can include directors, shows, etc. The results are masked in the template based on which variable is to be filled. The best template is selected based on the variables found and compared to a template. 
         [0024]    In an embodiment, a computer-implemented method includes, responsive to receiving a result to a query, loading a matching template of a plurality of templates stored in a memory. Each template has mask fields associated with at least one property. The method compares the properties of the mask fields of each of the templates to properties of the query and properties of the result, and selects the matching template. The method further completes the matching template by inserting fields of the result into corresponding mask fields of the matching template. The method may also suppress some of the fields of the matching template based on the results of the query to increase brevity and to make the response sound more natural. The method further presents the completed matching template to a user via a display. 
         [0025]    In an embodiment, the properties of the result correspond with respective fields of the result. Properties of the query can correspond with respective fields of the query. 
         [0026]    In an embodiment, comparing includes assigning a score to the properties of the mask fields respective to properties of the query and properties of the result, combining the scores of the mask fields of each of the templates, and selecting the matching template being the highest scoring template of the templates. 
         [0027]    In an embodiment, the method further includes suppressing redundant or extraneous information presented in the completed matching template. Suppressing redundant or extraneous information can further include identifying redundant information in the result and identifying a matching template using the identified redundant information once. In an embodiment, loading the matching template includes providing a score bonus to templates suppressing redundant information in the result. Suppressing redundant or extraneous information can also include not inserting fields of the result into corresponding mask fields of the matching template if the fields of the results contain a multitude of values that are deemed to be extraneous. For example, a field in the results for a query contains all possible values for the field. Suppressing redundant information can further include blocking insertion of a field of the result into the corresponding masked field of the matching template when the values of the blocked field of the result is determined to contain information above a particular threshold. Information above a particular threshold can overwhelm the user, such that blocking it provides a better user experience. 
         [0028]    In an embodiment, a computer system can include a processor and a memory with computer code instructions stored thereon. The processor and the memory, with the computer code instructions being configured to implement a template matching module configured to load, responsive to receiving a result to a query, a matching template of a plurality of templates stored in a memory. Each of the templates having mask fields associated with at least one property. The template matching module is configured to compare the properties of the mask fields of each of the templates to properties of the query and properties of the result and selecting the matching template. The computer system further includes a template completion module configured to complete the matching template by inserting fields of the result into corresponding mask fields of the matching template. The computer system further includes a template modification module to suppress certain mask fields when appropriate based on the results of the query. The computer system further includes a presentation module configured to present the completed matching template to a user via a display. 
         [0029]    In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is configured to store instructions for selecting a grammar from among multiple grammars. The instructions, when loaded and executed by a processor, cause the processor to, responsive to receiving a result to a query, load a matching template of a plurality of templates stored in a memory. Each of the templates have mask fields associated with at least one property. The instructions compare the properties of the mask fields of each of the templates to properties of the query and properties of the result and selecting the matching template. The instructions further cause the processor to complete the matching template by inserting fields of the result into corresponding mask fields of the matching template. The instructions further cause the processor to suppress certain mask fields when appropriate based on the results of the query. The instructions further cause the processor to present the completed matching template to a user via a display. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an example embodiment of the present invention in a television/cable box context. 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a client interfacing with a server over a network interface as employed by an example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 3A-B  are diagrams illustrating user interfaces employed by example embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  illustrates a query tree and its logical form employed by an example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating an example embodiment of process employed by the present invention. 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram of an example embodiment of a process employed by the present invention performed by the results generation module (e.g., of  FIG. 2 ). 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example embodiment of coordinated processing requests. 
           [0038]      FIG. 8  illustrates a computer network or similar digital processing environment in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. 
           [0039]      FIG. 9  is a diagram of an example internal structure of a computer (e.g., client processor/device or server computers) in the computer system of  FIG. 8 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0040]    A description of example embodiments of the invention follows. 
         [0041]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram  100  illustrating an example embodiment of the present invention in a television  106 /cable box  108  context. A user  102  issues a natural language voice request  104 , which is recorded by the cable box  108  having a second screen module  110 . The second screen module  110  can also be a separate unit from the cable box  108  that operatively communicates with the cable box  108 .  FIG. 1  shows an embodiment having one cable box  108  and one television  106 , with no separate graphical user interface (not shown) for the second-screen module  110 . However, a person of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that the second-screen module  110  can have results displayed on a second screen separate from the television  106 , with a user interface operatively coupled to control the media shown on the television  106 . The second screen module  110  processes the natural language voice request  104  to produce automated speech recognition (ASR) parsed data  112 , which is sent to a hub module  114 . 
         [0042]    The hub module  114 , in one example, can be in a server over a network. The hub module  114  sends coordinated processing requests  116  to processing modules  117 . The processing modules  117  can include, for example, a Named Entity Recognizer (NER), a canonicalizer, a Linguistic Processing Component (e.g., an XLE) Module, a semantic query engine, and a response generation module. The hub module  114  may also send coordinated data requests  118  to data sources  125 . The data sources  125  can include knowledge bases, such as an Electronic Program Guide (EPG) and an ontology of world and domain relevant facts based on the context of the second screen module  110 . The data sources  125  can also include a database of actor names, movie names, TV show names, and genre names, for example. 
         [0043]    The hub module  114  coordinates requests to the processing modules  117  and data sources  125 . Each coordinated request to the processing modules  117  and data sources  125  can be also referred to as a dialog token or message. The coordinated requests are grounded in the system&#39;s ontology. That is, each coordinated request uses data that can be read by the other processing modules  117  and data sources  125 . For example, each coordinated requests can include either data in the same format of the other processing modules  117  and data sources  125 , or information on how to translate the data to other processing modules  117  and data sources  125 . Each coordinated request (or message or dialog token) can include multiple fields, and each of the processing modules  117  and data sources  125  can add additional fields and data to the coordinate request. 
         [0044]    Beyond the coordinated requests themselves, the hub module  114  further coordinates requests by dynamically determining which processing module or data source to access. While the hub module  114  may include a standard or default order to send a coordinated data request to the processing, the hub module  114  can dynamically determine that it should send a coordinated data request to a module not included in the default order based on data in the coordinated data request. For example, the system may include two Canonicalization components, a primary (default) canonicalizer, and a backup canonicalizer. If the primary canonicalizer fails, the hub module  114  can analyze the message and send a second request to the backup canonicalizer, which may have a more aggressive approach to reach a result. 
         [0045]    In addition, a downstream processing module may generate data that needs to be analyzed by an upstream module. For example, the linguistic processing module may convert the voice input “I want a movie” to “I want to watch a movie.” This modified data would then need to be re-analyzed by upstream processing modules. The hub module  114  can determine that data needs to be reanalyzed and send the data to the appropriate modules for analysis/reanalysis. 
         [0046]    Other examples of dynamically determining other modules are necessary for processing can include acquiring additional information, for example by a refresh module (not shown). The new information acquired can require new messages to be sent to modules as determined by the hub module  114 . 
         [0047]    The hub module  114  aggregates data first from the ASR parsed data, and then aggregates the response(s)  120  from the processing modules  117  and responses  122  from the data sources  125 . Based on the aggregated data of the ASR parsed data  112  and responses  120  and responses  125 , the hub module  114  issues coordinated processing requests  116  and coordinated data requests  118 . For example, the hub module  114  may issue a first coordinated processing request  116  to a NER, and then based on the results from the NER, issues a second request to a canonicalizer. The hub module  114  then issues a third request to a Linguistic Processing Component based on the results from the canonicalizer. The hub module  114  then issues a fourth request to a Semantic Query Engine based on the results from the Linguistic Processing Component. The hub module  114  then issues a request to the response generation module, which then generates a response to the natural language voice request  104 . In this manner, the hub module  114  coordinates the processing modules  117 . 
         [0048]    The hub module  114  can further coordinate the data sources  125  in a similar manner. However, the processing modules  117  can access the data sources  125  without facilitation by the hub module  114  by issuing a data request  124  to the data sources  125 , and receive a data response  126 . For example, the NER module may issue a data request  124  to the data source(s) for the names of actors/actresses, movies, or TV shows in one or more of its databases. The data response  126  may include one or more possible interpretations of such named entities in the ASR Parsed Data  112 . In other embodiments, the hub module  114  can determine whether it should initiate the coordinated data requests  118 , and receive the response(s)  122  to incorporate into its next coordinated processing requests  116 . 
         [0049]    The hub module  114 , after coordinating processing requests and data requests, may determine that processing is complete and return results  128  to the second screen module  110 . For example, the results  128  can be returned from a results generation module. The second screen module  110  then sends second-screen interface with results  130  to the television  106  or other display unit. The television  106  of  FIG. 1  shows an example results  130  screen. The results  130  may include the initial query of the second screen module: “What do you want to watch?” The results  130  further displays the textual interpretation of the words of the user&#39;s  102  natural language voice request  104 , which are “An Action Movie With Tom Cruise.” The results  130  may further include the answer to the user&#39;s request  104 , which are icons for the movies “Top Gun,” “Minority Report,” and “Mission Impossible.” The user may be able to select navigation buttons to show icons in a different form (e.g., a text list, movie posters, etc.), or a scrolling button to show more titles. 
         [0050]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram  200  illustrating a client  201  interfacing with a server  250  over a network interface  220  as employed by an example embodiment of the present invention. A person of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that, while this embodiment employs a client/server architecture, other embodiments of the present invention exist without a client/server architecture (e.g., client-only). The client  201  includes a graphical user interface (GUI)  206  receiving a speech request  204  (e.g., a natural language speech request) from a user  202 . The GUI  206  can be a smart phone, tablet, personal computer, television display, automobile head unit, etc. The GUI  206  forwards the speech request  204  to an automated speech recognition module  210 , which returns ASR results  214  to the GUI  206 . The client  201 , via the GUI  206 , forwards the ASR Results  214  to the server  250  over the network interface  220 . A hub module  252  of the server receives the ASR results  214 , and generates coordinated data requests  270 ,  274 ,  278 ,  282 , and  286  to a NER  254 , Canonicalizer  256 , Linguistic Processing Component  258 , Semantic Query Engine  260 , and Response Generation Module  262 , respectively. 
         [0051]    For example, the hub  252  issues the request  270  to the NER  254  to request detection and tagging of named entities (e.g., actors, actresses, TV show names, movie show names, etc.) of the ASR results  214 . The NER  254  receives the ASR results  214  from the client  201  and detects proper nouns, such as movie titles and people names, and other phrases that are not proper nouns but have significance in the TV domain (e.g., genres and time phrases). Table 2 shows an example of NER  254  input and output where the tag for each detected entity is grounded in the target ontology. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of NER input and output. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Input 
                 a tv show with jerry seinfeld playing this weekend 
               
               
                 Output 
                 a [TVShow-CW] tv show [/] with [Person] jerry seinfeld [/] 
               
               
                   
                 playing [CalendarDay] this weekend [/] 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0052]    In an embodiment, the NER  254  is a BIO-style tagger. The NER  254  tags each word with bX, iX, or o, which indicates, respectively, the start of entity X, the continuation of entity X, or that the word is outside any entity. The NER  254  is a machine-learned approach and may use a maximum entropy framework to predict BIO tags from annotated data. The NER  254  framework can be informed by, for example, “ Exploiting Diverse Knowledge Sources via Maximum Entropy in Named Entity Recognition ,” Borthwick et al., 1998, Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora. (hereinafter “Borthwick”), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The model features and search algorithm employ part-of-speech tagging approach described by Ratnaparkhi, however modify the original contextual features to include: (1) all consecutive word bi-grams in a window of ±2 words (plus or minus two words) from the current word, and (2) the previous tag, and previous two tags conjoined with the current word. 
         [0053]    The NER  254  also may use list match features to flag phrases in the utterance that match those in an externally provided dictionary. The dictionary is constructed by extracting all relevant entries (e.g., movie and TV show titles, actor names, and role names) along with their type (e.g., movie, actor, etc.) from an EPG database  264 . Each word in a phrase is assigned a feature if the phrase has an exact match in the dictionary. The features are of the form bY, iY, eY, and represent the beginning, middle, and end of a phrase of type Y, respectively. A word can receive multiple list match features if it participates in multiple matches. 
         [0054]    An embodiment of system applies the above feature patterns to the training data to create the actual feature set used by the model training. The system may be trained with a combination of real and synthetic utterances. The synthetic utterances may be employed in cases in which the real utterances alone do not cover all the anticipated linguistic phenomena. The synthetic utterances are generated using a combination of manually-authored natural language patterns and an EPG dictionary derived from a 3rd party EPG. 
         [0055]    The NER  254 , after performing the above processing, sends a response  272  to the hub module  252  having the ASR Results  214  tagged with named entities. 
         [0056]    The hub module  252  then sends a request  274  to the Canonicalizer  256  having the tagged ASR results  214 . The canonicalizer  256  maps relevant entities detected by the NER  254  to the corresponding database element based on text interpretation of the utterance. This mapping relates all tagged natural language speech requests to uniform terms for easier searching of databases. How a user may refer to an entity of interest (e.g., a movie, actor, etc.) may mismatch how the entity is encoded in the target EPG. For example, a user may refer to the second Terminator movie as “terminator two,” but the EPG may encode it as “Terminator 2: Judgement Day” (e.g., the official title). The canonicalizer  256  allows the user to speak casually, without knowing the exact terms used in the EPG, for example, but still be interpreted correctly by the system. 
         [0057]    In an embodiment, a canonicalizer  256  can be implemented using the open source search engine Apache Solr™ because it provides a wide array of fuzzy match options absent from many relational database systems, allowing fine-tuning of the match strategy. Hence, for each relevant entity (e.g., TV show, movie, actor, etc.), the canonicalizer  256  performs a fuzzy match lookup of the entity&#39;s surface form in the Solr index over the EPG table and attributes corresponding to the entity&#39;s type. Each match result can be encoded as a 3-tuple of the form &lt;T, A, I&gt;. T represents the table corresponding to the entity&#39;s type. A represents the attribute in T containing the unique identifier for the entity. I represents the unique identifier. For example, the tuple for “tom cruise” (an Actor type), who has an actor ID of 30914 in the EPG, has an associated canonical: &lt;credit, name, {(type, ‘Actor’,=), (id, 30914,=)}&gt;. If there are multiple matches (e.g., “Avatar” referring to both the movie and animated TV show), then the top N, based on popularity, may be returned. Additional attributes such as the popularity of the entity can also be encoded in the tuple result for other embodiments as needed. 
         [0058]    These results are associated with their respective entity for use by downstream components to formulate a further constrained SQL query. Moreover, downstream modules need only include the identifier (and not the surface form) in the resulting SQL query, which speeds up query execution. The canonicalizer then returns results  276  to the hub module  252 . 
         [0059]    The hub module  252  then issues a request  278  to the Linguistic Processing Component  258 . 
         [0060]    In one embodiment, the application employs the XLE system as described by Maxwell (“ The Interface Between Phrasal and Functional Constraints .” Maxwell et al., 1993, Computational Linguistics 19:571-589) to implement the Linguistic Processing Component. The XLE system includes a lexical-functional grammar (LFG) parser and an integrated rule system. The XLE system parses input utterances and rewrites them into Logical Forms (LFs) grounded in the target ontology. 
         [0061]    The LFG parser produces not just a single parse, but a packed representation as described in Maxwell (“ The Interface Between Phrasal and Functional Constraints .” Maxwell et al., 1993, Computational Linguistics 19:571-589) that compactly encodes all the viable alternative parses of the utterance (e.g., encoding multiple prepositional phrase attachments). Moreover, entities detected by the NER  254  are used to control the parsing. For example, for the input “watch tom cruise,” if the NER  254  tagged “tom cruise” as a Person type, then the parser observes this tag. It therefore does not generate alternative parses for the phrase such as Tom being the subject of a cruise event, or parsing “cruise” as a separate verb. “Tom Cruise” is tagged as a proper noun, and therefore other interpretations of his name are superfluous and not generated or considered. 
         [0062]    Xerox Transfer (XFR) rule convention rewrites the parse output into alternative LFs using, in one embodiment, three sets of rewrite rules. “ Semantics via f - Structure Rewriting ,” by Crouch et al., 2006, in Proceedings of the LFG06 Conference (hereinafter “Crouch”), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, informs one example of an XFR rule system. 
         [0063]    First, XFR rewrites the parse structure by adding word senses for each concept term (including NER entities) in the parse. These word senses can come from various lexical databases, and in this embodiment WordNet is used as the lexical database. “ A Lexical Database for English ,” Miller, 1995, Communications of the ACM 38(11):39-41 (hereinafter “Miller”), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes WordNet further. 
         [0064]    Second, XFR rewrites the resulting structure into alternative abstract knowledge representations (AKR) formulae, which encode the space of possible thematic roles between the concept terms based on the alternative parses from the LFG parser. “ A Basic Logic for Textual Inference ,” Bobrow et al., 2005, in Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Inference for Textual Question Answering (hereinafter “Bobrow”), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, informs some AKR technology. The AKR formulae also use logical contexts to capture various linguistic notions, such as utterance type (e.g., question, command, etc.), disjunction, negation, etc. The AKR representation serves as an intermediate representation, thereby allowing different ontologies to be supported by different modules, hence increasing the modularity of the application and the ability for the hub module  252  to interact scalably with other modules. 
         [0065]    Third, XFR rewrites the AKR formulae into alternative LFs in the target ontology. WordNet senses for each concept term are mapped to appropriate terms in the ontology. 
         [0066]    The system maps thematic roles to predicates (e.g., semantic relations), and applies type-checking rules to ensure terms are compatible with the arguments of the mapped predicates, removing ill-typed alternatives. For example, the AKR representation of “play terminator two” has multiple WordNet word senses for “play,” including one for playing a musical instrument and one for playing a movie. The former can be removed because “terminator two” is detected as a movie by the NER  254 , and choosing a “play music instrument” type in combination with a “movie name” type triggers a type violation. 
         [0067]    Additional structural rewrites may be performed to align better a LF alternative with the ontology (e.g., rewriting a set of binary thematic roles and their arguments into a ternary predicate). 
         [0068]    The application may score the resulting alternative LFs using a set of heuristics that prefer the most common (e.g., frequently occurring) interpretation for the TV domain. For example, in “watch a movie with tom cruise on TV,” it is unlikely that “Tom Cruise” is physically on/sitting on the TV, so this alternative is scored low and removed. Should multiple LFs (and, hence, unresolved ambiguity) remain, then one can be selected randomly as the final result. The Linguistic Processing Component  258  returns results  278  to the hub module  252 . 
         [0069]    The hub module  252  then issues a request  282  to the semantic query engine (SQE)  260 . The SQE  260  formulates an SQL query based on the output of the NER  254  and Linguistic Processing Component  258  modules. There are possible two approaches to this problem: 
         [0070]    First, learn the mappings from an utterance to a target query. “ Learning To Parse Database Queries Using Inductive Logic Programming ” Zelle et al., 1996, In AAAI/IAAI (hereinafter “Zelle”) and “ Learning to Transform Natural to Formal Languages ,” Kate et al., 2005, in AAAI (hereinafter “Kate”), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, inform examples of mappings. 
         [0071]    Second, compose a query from manually defined mappings between linguistic and database elements. The SQE  260  can compose a query from manually defined mappings approach because it does not require training examples, which can be difficult to acquire at scale. However, in situations where there are sufficient training data, then the embodiment can be implemented using the first approach or a hybrid approach that combines the first and second approaches. 
         [0072]    The SQE  260  first tries to specialize each NER  254  entity&#39;s type based on semantic relations between them produced by the Linguistic Processing Component  258 , which can be implemented using specific technologies such as XLE. This compensates for fine-grained types that may be difficult for the NER  254  to detect. For example, given the utterance “movies with Tom Cruise.” The NER  254  tags Tom Cruise as a Person type, and the Linguistic Processing Component  258  relates Tom Cruise to movies via a videoWorkActor relation. Hence, SQE  260  can retrieve the domain and range constraints of videoWorkActor from the underlying ontology. If this type constraint (e.g., Actor) is a subclass of the original type (e.g., Person), then the SQE  260  can specialize the type to Actor. 
         [0073]    The SQE  260  adds structure to the entities tagged by the NER  254  by traversing the Linguistic Processing Component  258  output (e.g., in a depth-first manner) to construct a query tree. 
         [0074]      FIG. 4  illustrates a query tree  410  and its logical form  402  employed by an example embodiment of the present invention. The query generating the logical form  402  and query tree  410  of  FIG. 4  is “find a movie with Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman.” Logically, this converts to finding media that is a “Movie AND has Tom Cruise OR Nicole Kidman,” which is shown in logical form  402 . Each logical connector (e.g., and, not, or, nor, etc.) traversed is converted into an internal node of the query tree  410 . For example, the “AND” logical operator is converted into AND node  412 . Each entity is converted to a leaf node, and attached to the most recent internal node traversed. Therefore, the “IS Movie?” node  414  becomes a first child of the AND node  412 , and an OR node  416  becomes the second child of the AND node  412 . Then, the process repeats for the OR node  416 , which receives a first Actor node  418  (for Tom Cruise) and a second Actor node  420  (for Nicole Kidman). For compactness, the SQE  260  removes any AND or OR node with only one child, and its child is attached to its parent node because the result of such an AND or OR node would simply be the result of its child node. The SQE  260  uses this query tree  410  to generate and connect nested-queries. 
         [0075]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , the SQE  260  maps each entity type into an SQL fragment: a 3-tuple of the form &lt;T, A, C&gt;. T represents the database table to include in the “from clause” of the query. A represents relevant attributes from T to include in the “select clause” of the query. C represents a set of constraints to include in the “where clause” of the query. Each constraint C is a 3-tuple of the form (A′, V, Op). A′ represents the constraint attribute from T. V represents the constraint value on A′ and Op represents the constraint operator (e.g., equality, membership, etc.). The mappings can be defined manually based on the target EPG database. The canonicalizer  256  results associated with the entity are also added to C. 
         [0076]    Based on these mappings, the SQE  260  finds the shortest join path between the tables in each fragment pair via a breadth-first search over possible joins in the database. The SQE  260  also observes the structure of the query tree  410 , and greedily merges fragments with overlapping database elements (e.g., tables and attributes). 
         [0077]    Finally, the SQE  260  checks the type of the utterance produced by the Linguistic Processing Component  258 . If the type is a WH-question (e.g., who, what, why, where), then SQE  260  includes the table and attribute associated with the question type in the “from” and “select” clause of the query, respectively, and extracts the return value as the answer. This strategy is sufficient because many WH-questions can be answered by applying the appropriate facet over the set of results satisfying the question constraints. The resulting SQL query is executed against the EPG  264 . The semantic query engine  260  then returns results  284  to the hub module  252 . 
         [0078]    The response generation module  262  then receives a request  286 . The response generation module  262  processes the request to generate a response  288  to the natural language query, which is forwarded to the hub module  252 . The hub module  252  then forwards results  268  to the GUI  206  of the client  201 . The GUI  206  interprets the results  268  and displays the interpreted results  212  to the user  202  in a form factor configured for the GUI  206 . The user  202  may then further select one of the options of the result  212 , and the GUI issues a TV Command  216  to the cable box  208 , which causes the television  214  to display the media selected by the user  202 . 
         [0079]    The response generation module  262  generates responses in three categories: 
         [0080]    (1) Confirmation Prompts: A confirmation prompt is a restatement of the constraints requested by the user. With possibly noisy ASR  210  and NER  254 , confirmations let the user know whether the application understands his/her request correctly. In cases where no results are found, the system also indicates this. This way, the user  202  can repeat or rephrase the speech request  204  if no results are found or if the application misinterprets the user&#39;s words. 
         [0081]    (2) Answers: The application presents possible answers found for WH-questions posed by the user. The systems performs processing, such as converting the time represented in the EPG  264  to local time, based on the question type. 
         [0082]    (3) Exception Responses: The application presents responses to inform the user of exception conditions (e.g., the NER  254  did not detect any entities, no answers were found for a question, etc.). 
         [0083]    In an embodiment, the response generation module  262  generates concise prompts using templates, the Simple Natural Language Generation (SimpleNLG) package as described in Gatt, cited above, and transformation heuristics. SimpleNLG enforces common grammatical constraints such as number, noun-verb, and article-noun agreement. The system selects an appropriate predefined set of SimpleNLG syntax tree templates based on the slots and values needed to be expressed in the prompt. The system instantiates the selected template appropriately, and applies relevant transformations (e.g., suppressing portions of the template) based on the context (e.g., number of results, result type, etc.). 
         [0084]    For example, if the NLG component is asked to generate a prompt for the slot-value tuple (genre=“romantic comedy”, type=“movie or tv show”), it suppresses the type slot if the result includes both movies and tv comedies and generates a response “romantic comedies” whereas a pure template-based approach generates the more verbose response “romantic comedy movies or TV shows.” This strategy allows the system to better handle variation, brevity, and fluency of natural English. 
         [0085]    Further, previous efforts have utilized one linguistic component. The hub module  252  of present system interacts with multiple linguistic components (e.g., the NER  254 , the canonicalizer  256 , and the Linguistic Processing Component  258 ). The hub module  252  coordinates requests among multiple modules to manage different ontologies and generate a real world result for the user based on real world input, which is novel and a unique challenge overcome by embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0086]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are diagrams  300  and  350 , respectively, illustrating user interfaces  302  and  352  employed by example embodiments of the present invention. The user interface  302  of  FIG. 3A  shows the system as it is receiving speech input from the user. The user can tap the microphone icon in the user interface to activate the system&#39;s recording device. In another embodiment, the system&#39;s recording device can be activated upon hearing speech. 
         [0087]    In relation to  FIG. 3B , a diagram  350  illustrating user interface  352  shows results of a user query. The user query of  FIG. 3B  and user interface  352  is “watch a movie with tom hanks” Therefore, several movies starring Tom Hanks are shown in the user interface  352 . The user can further select one of the shown movies by further voice command or other input. 
         [0088]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram  500  illustrating an example embodiment of process employed by the present invention. The process is coordinated by a hub module (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 1-2 ). The hub module is informed by an ontology stored in a memory, and can organize requests to a scalable number of modules by relating each request to entries in the ontology. The method first tags elements of automated speech recognition (ASR) data based on an ontology stored in a memory (e.g., at a named entity recognizer/NER) ( 502 ). The method then indexes tagged elements to entities in the ontology (e.g., at a canonicalizer module) ( 504 ). The method then generates a logical form of the ASR data based on the tagged elements and the indexed entities (e.g., at a linguistic processing component such as an XLE) ( 506 ). The method then maps the logical form a query to a respective corresponding database stored in the memory (e.g., the semantic query engine) ( 508 ). The method then issues the query to the respective corresponding databases (e.g., at a semantic query engine) ( 510 ). The method then generates a summarized result of the query in a natural language response (e.g., at a response generation module) ( 512 ). The method further presents results of the query to the user via at least one of a display or a voice response system ( 514 ) (e.g., at a response generation module). 
         [0089]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram  600  of an example embodiment of a process employed by the present invention performed by the results generation module (e.g., of  FIG. 2 ). First, the process determines whether a query is received ( 602 ). If not, the process waits until a query is received ( 602 ). If a query is received, however, the response generation module loads a matching template by comparing the properties of the mask fields of each of the plurality of templates to properties of the query and properties of the result and selecting the matching template ( 604 ). 
         [0090]    Each of the plurality of templates have one or more mask fields associated with at least one property. The response generation module then completes the matching template by inserting fields of the result into the corresponding mask fields of the matching template ( 606 ). The response generation module then presents the completed matching template on the display ( 608 ). 
         [0091]      FIG. 7  is a diagram  700  illustrating an example embodiment of a coordinated processing request (e.g., dialog token or message). A first coordinated processing request  702  includes an utterance, “Find an action movie with tom cruise.” The hub module, as described above, can generate the initial coordinated processing request  702  from output from an automated speech recognition (ASR) service. 
         [0092]    The hub module can then send the initial coordinated processing request  702  to a named entity recognizer, which appends a named entity field to the initial coordinated processing request  702 , creating coordinated processing request  704 . Coordinated processing request  704  includes data from the named entity recognizer, such as [“concept”: “Actor”, “surface”: “tom cruise”], indicating that the actor requested is Tom Cruise, and [“concept”: “Genre”, “surface”: “action”], indicating that the genre requested is Action. Upon receiving the coordinated processing request  704  from the NER, the hub module analyzes the coordinated processing request  704  and determines to send it to the canonicalizer. 
         [0093]    The canonicalizer receives coordinated processing request  704  and appends each named entity with a corresponding ID number to generate coordinated processing request  706 . The updated named entity fields of coordinated processing request  706  then become [“concept”: “Actor”, “surface”: “tom cruise”, “id”: “12345”], indicating that Tom Cruise&#39;s ID in the system is 12345, and [“concept”: “Genre”, “surface”: “action”, “id”: “00002”], indicating that the “action” genre ID in the system is 00002. This allows better coordination with other components such as an electronic program guide. 
         [0094]    The hub module then determines a logical form of the input should be generated and sends the coordinated processing request  706  to the linguistic processing module. The linguistic processing module generates a logical form and appends it to the coordinated processing request  706 , giving coordinated processing request  708 . The logical form, in this example, is Actor(X), Genre(Y), Movie(Z), hasGenre(Z,Y), hasActor(Z,X), which allows a query to be generated to search for the requested movies. 
         [0095]      FIG. 8  illustrates a computer network or similar digital processing environment in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. 
         [0096]    Client computer(s)/devices  50  and server computer(s)  60  provide processing, storage, and input/output devices executing application programs and the like. The client computer(s)/devices  50  can also be linked through communications network  70  to other computing devices, including other client devices/processes  50  and server computer(s)  60 . The communications network  70  can be part of a remote access network, a global network (e.g., the Internet), a worldwide collection of computers, local area or wide area networks, and gateways that currently use respective protocols (TCP/IP, Bluetooth®, etc.) to communicate with one another. Other electronic device/computer network architectures are suitable. 
         [0097]      FIG. 9  is a diagram of an example internal structure of a computer (e.g., client processor/device  50  or server computers  60 ) in the computer system of  FIG. 8 . Each computer  50 ,  60  contains a system bus  79 , where a bus is a set of hardware lines used for data transfer among the components of a computer or processing system. The system bus  79  is essentially a shared conduit that connects different elements of a computer system (e.g., processor, disk storage, memory, input/output ports, network ports, etc.) that enables the transfer of information between the elements. Attached to the system bus  79  is an I/O device interface  82  for connecting various input and output devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, displays, printers, speakers, etc.) to the computer  50 ,  60 . A network interface  86  allows the computer to connect to various other devices attached to a network (e.g., network  70  of  FIG. 8 ). Memory  90  provides volatile storage for computer software instructions  92  and data  94  used to implement an embodiment of the present invention (e.g., naming entity module, canonicalizer module, linguistic parser module, semantic query engine, response module, and user interface module code detailed above). Disk storage  95  provides non-volatile storage for computer software instructions  92  and data  94  used to implement an embodiment of the present invention. A central processor unit  84  is also attached to the system bus  79  and provides for the execution of computer instructions. 
         [0098]    In one embodiment, the processor routines  92  and data  94  are a computer program product (generally referenced  92 ), including a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., a removable storage medium such as one or more DVD-ROM&#39;s, CD-ROM&#39;s, diskettes, tapes, etc.) that provides at least a portion of the software instructions for the invention system. The computer program product  92  can be installed by any suitable software installation procedure, as is well known in the art. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the software instructions may also be downloaded over a cable communication and/or wireless connection. In other embodiments, the invention programs are a computer program propagated signal product embodied on a propagated signal on a propagation medium (e.g., a radio wave, an infrared wave, a laser wave, a sound wave, or an electrical wave propagated over a global network such as the Internet, or other network(s)). Such carrier medium or signals may be employed to provide at least a portion of the software instructions for the present invention routines/program  92 . 
         [0099]    In alternative embodiments, the propagated signal is an analog carrier wave or digital signal carried on the propagated medium. For example, the propagated signal may be a digitized signal propagated over a global network (e.g., the Internet), a telecommunications network, or other network. In one embodiment, the propagated signal is a signal that is transmitted over the propagation medium over a period of time, such as the instructions for a software application sent in packets over a network over a period of milliseconds, seconds, minutes, or longer. 
         [0100]    The teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0101]    While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.