Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of achieving selectively elasticized zones on nonwoven web substrates, such as may be suitable for the waistbands or leg cuffs of disposable absorbent pant garments, cuffs on sleeves of medical garments neck openings, or the elasticizing of any garment opening. A web, or webs, of nonwoven material which make up the substrate for the elasticized area are provided to be extendible in one or more directions of the material web at the time the elastic material is affixed to the substrate. The extendibility is provided through neck stretching of one or more of the webs. When the substrate is at a narrow, or necked dimension, the elastic material is affixed to the substrate thereby holding the substrate at its narrow dimension. If the elastic material is affixed in an untensioned state, a flat elastomeric cuff without gathering of the substrate may be had. If the elastic material is affixed to the substrate in a tensioned state, an elastomeric cuff with a gathering of the substrate may be had to allow for two-stage expansion via the gathers and the expansion of the substrate. After affixing the elastic material to the substrate, the substrate outside of the elasticized zone is allowed to resume its wider dimension through removal of necking tension, or is actively spread to a second wider dimension such as by mechanical intervention. The method is particularly suited for in-line machine direction assembling of nonwoven fabrics and garments where the necking force may be easily applied during processing.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       Field of the Invention  
         [0001]    It is desired that absorbent articles, and especially garments such as diapers, training pants or incontinence garments, without limitation referred to generically now for ease of explanation as “diapers”, provide a close, comfortable fit about the waist of the wearer and contain body exudates while maintaining skin health. In certain circumstances, it is also desirable that such garments are capable of being pulled up or down over the hips of the wearer to allow the wearer or caregiver to easily pull the article on and easily remove the article. Other garment openings such as sleeve or pant cuffs and necklines may benefit from similar elasticizing.  
           [0002]    Various schemes for producing elastic waistbands on disposable diapers have been proposed. Diaper waistbands are generally made by stretching an elastomer, applying the stretched elastomer to the diaper components, typically non-elastic in the waistband area, and allowing the elastomer to retract, thus gathering and shirring the attached diaper web components in the waistband area. The gathered waistband will then ungather to some extent when applied to a wearer, to give the waistband circumference some extension while the elastomer produces a retractive force holding the waistband snug to the wearer. However, this gathered-material waistband may be esthetically unappealing as looking less like a fully finished cloth garment or functionally deficient as forming channels for the leakage of exudates. Further, manipulation and application of the stretched, or tensioned, elastics to nonwoven webs moving at high speeds is difficult.  
           [0003]    Thus, there remains a need for other methods of making waistbands or other elasticized openings for disposable garments which provide ease and economy of manufacture, and adequate performance.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    In response to the above discussion, an alternative method of elastomeric cuff construction is provided by the present invention which provides improved ease and economy of manufacture, while maintaining adequate fit and improved sealing performance.  
           [0005]    The methods of the present invention allow elastomeric materials to be incorporated into the diaper assembly in a simplified fashion. In particular, with presently known methods, elastomeric materials are stretched, cut and held under tension. This type of manipulation of individual pieces of unstable elastomeric materials makes incorporation into a diaper assembly challenging. With the methods of the present invention, the elastomeric materials do not have to be under tension or can be under less tension than is necessary with conventional methods. This makes manipulation of the elastomeric materials easier. For example, the elastomeric materials that are elastomeric in the cross-direction can be applied without rotation.  
           [0006]    The methods of the invention may involve the application of elastomeric materials in either an untensioned state and a reduced tensioned state, or both. The selection of the tension under which the elastomeric materials are applied depends on how best to insure that the waistband will be flat in use so as to form a good seal. It is desirable to have a small circumference of the product at the waist for purposes of forming a good seal with the wearer&#39;s body and for purposes of eliminating any gathers or rugosities that could serve as channels for the leakage of body exudates. For example, when manufacturing a diaper to be used on small babies, it may be desirable to apply the elastomeric materials under low tension so that the finished diaper has some gathered material in the waistband. However, when such a diaper is applied to a baby, the waistband is extended by the baby&#39;s body, the gathers are removed and the result is a flat waistband against the baby&#39;s body during wear. While the desirability of a flat waistband is described, it is also desirable, for the same reasons, to be able to provide flat leg elastics.  
           [0007]    The methods of the invention permit the use of non-composite elastomerics (e.g. films, meltblown, etc.) in addition to conventional elastomeric materials that require nonwoven facings.  
           [0008]    The present invention presents an alternative way of making a elastomeric cuff area, such as a waistband, by temporarily narrowing, or necking, one dimension of one or more of the diaper components of the precursor garment, or garment webs, and attaching an elastomer, whether stretched or unstretched, to the cuff area of the necked precursor garment web. When the narrowing force, which may be applied in any direction necessary to neck the garment components, is removed, the necked garment component or components will relax and expand, or may be physically caused to expand, except where the elastomer was attached, thus forming a desirable narrowed, and substantially flat, elastomeric cuff area having expandable dimension and elastic tension, and providing an efficient seal against the skin of the wearer. In other embodiments, garment openings such as sleeve or leg cuffs, or necklines, may benefit from similar elasticizing. The margins of any garment opening can be collectively referred to as “cuffs” or “cuff areas”.  
           [0009]    The person having ordinary skill in the art of disposable diaper manufacture will appreciate that the disposable diaper is generally made up of the layers of a substantially liquid-impermeable backsheet or outer cover, a liquid-permeable topsheet or bodyside liner and an liquid retention or absorbent structure located between the backsheet and the topsheet. In order to be made extendible, such as by necking, any two joined layers must have compatible stretch to the limits of the desired processing parameters. In other words, the combined layers or webs, in those areas where the webs are fastened together, will be limited in the amount they may be stretched by the properties of the layer having the least amount of stretch.  
           [0010]    Generally, the present invention is illustrated as a disposable absorbent article such as a diaper, although the skilled artisan will appreciate that the teachings herein may be applied to any type garment with a need for elastomeric cuffs. The exemplary diaper defines a front waist section, a rear waist section, an intermediate section which extends between and connects the waist sections, a pair of laterally opposed side edges, a pair of longitudinally opposed waist edges, a longitudinal direction and a lateral direction. Exemplary elastic waistbands for waist sections are provided in a unique fashion with elasticity to help the waist sections conform to the body of the wearer.  
           [0011]    The absorbent article may also include other known components of diapers such as a pair of fasteners located on the laterally opposed side edges in one of the waist sections. In certain aspects, the disposable absorbent article may be provided in a prefastened, pant-like configuration such that the article can be pulled on or off over the hips of the wearer similar to conventional training pants. For example, the fasteners may refastenably attach the laterally opposed side edges in the front waist section to the laterally opposed side edges in the rear waist section to provide the pant-like, prefastened absorbent article prior to packaging the articles.  
           [0012]    There are various ways to accomplish the present invention.  
           [0013]    For example, the diaper backsheet, or outer cover; and topsheet, or bodyside liner; or both, may be necked as separate webs, or joined webs, during assembly into the precursor diaper in the diaper making process i.e., converting the components into a garment. A necked backsheet laminate according to one aspect of the present invention will generally remain flat in its extended position. An untensed elastomeric may then be applied to the necked and flat area resulting in an ungathered elasticized waistband or leg elastic area providing an efficacious and comfortable seal area against the body of the wearer.  
           [0014]    Alternatively, the diaper assembly may be produced with all but the elastomeric cuffs and then be longitudinally stretched, laterally stretched, or both, prior to applying the cuff elastics. This stretching can cause the entire diaper assembly to try to neck. Elastomer is then applied to the desired cuff area. A waistband or leg cuff area of reduced dimension is formed after the stretching or tensioning, force is removed and the elastomeric holds the reduced dimension area at the narrower dimension while the remaining area of the diaper retains or regains its wider dimension.  
           [0015]    In another alternative, an unstretched elastomer can be applied to the regular diaper assembly and the assembly with the elastomer thereon stretched to neck a cuff area. Heating the elastomer to a high enough temperature while it is necked will cause the elastomer to set at its narrowed width to form the flat cuff area. This method and the second method above could also be used with a thermoset elastomer where the elastomeric pre-cursor is placed on the necked, or to-be-necked, waistband area and then cross-linked. These three processes might be used individually or in combination with each other or with the known pre-stretched elastomer process to make excellent waistbands.  
           [0016]    While an exemplary embodiment of the invention is shown with the precursor garments oriented in the machine direction of the webs, it will be appreciated that the techniques of the present invention may be adapted to situations where the longitudinal direction of the precursor garments is in the cross machine direction.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    The present invention will be more fully understood and further advantages will become apparent when reference is made to the following detailed description of the invention and the drawings, in which:  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 representatively shows a partially cut-away, top plan view of the inward surface of an example of an article of the invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 illustrates a beginning manufacturing sequence of disposable diapers according to the present invention with the longitudinal direction of the diapers being in the Machine Direction for ease of necking the desired material webs.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 illustrates a middle manufacturing sequence of disposable diapers according to the present invention with the longitudinal direction of the diapers being in the Machine Direction for ease of necking the desired material webs.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 illustrates an ending manufacturing sequence including the individuation of disposable diapers from the precursor garment assemblage according to the present invention with the longitudinal direction of the diapers being in the Machine Direction for ease of necking the desired material webs.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the precursor garment is completely assembled except for the waist elastics before the waistband areas of the garment are necked.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein a precursor elastomer is applied to at least one layer of the precursor garment before the layer is necked and the precursor elastic is then treated while the layer is necked in order to turn the precursor elastic into an elastomeric material. 
     
    
     DEFINITIONS  
       [0024]    As used herein, the term “nonwoven web” means a web of fibrous material that is formed without the aid of a textile weaving or knitting process. The term “fabrics” is used to refer to all of the woven, knitted and nonwoven fibrous webs.  
         [0025]    As used herein, the terms “neck” or “neck stretch” and forms thereof, interchangeably mean that the fabric is drawn such that it is extended under conditions reducing its width or its transverse dimension by drawing and elongating to increase the length of the fabric. The controlled drawing may take place under cool temperatures, room temperature or greater temperatures and is limited to an increase in overall dimension in the direction being drawn up to the elongation required to break the fabric. The necking process typically involves unwinding a sheet from a supply roll and passing it through a brake nip roll assembly driven at a given linear speed. A take-up roll or nip, operating at a linear speed higher than the brake nip roll, draws the fabric and generates the tension needed to elongate and neck the fabric. U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122, issued Oct. 23, 1990, to Morman, discloses a process for providing a reversibly necked nonwoven material which may include necking the material, then heating the necked material, followed by cooling.  
         [0026]    As used herein, the term “neckable material or layer” means any material which can be necked such as a nonwoven, woven, or knitted material. As used herein, the term “necked material” refers to any material which has been drawn in at least one dimension (e.g. lengthwise) reducing the transverse dimension, (e.g. width), such that when the drawing force is removed, the material can be pulled back, or relax, to, or near, its original width. The necked material typically has a higher basis weight per unit area than the un-necked material. When the necked material returns to its original un-necked width, it should have about the same basis weight as the un-necked material. This differs from stretching/orienting a material layer, such as a film, during which the layer is thinned and the basis weight is permanently reduced.  
         [0027]    Typically, such necked nonwoven fabric materials are capable of being necked up to about 80 percent (or to about 20 percent of their original width). For example, the neckable backsheet  30  of the various aspects of the present invention may be provided by a material that has been necked from about 10 to about 80 percent, desirably from about 20 to about 60 percent, and more desirably from about 30 to about 50 percent for improved performance. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “percent necked” or “percent neckdown” refers to a ratio or percentage determined by measuring the difference between the pre-necked dimension and the necked dimension of a neckable material, and then dividing that difference by the pre-necked dimension of the neckable material and multiplying by 100 for percentage. The percentage of necking (percent neck) can be determined in accordance with the description in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122.  
         [0028]    As used herein, the terms “elastic”, “elastomeric”, and forms thereof, mean any material which, in its final form in the completed diaper, upon application of a biasing force, is stretchable, that is, elongatable, and which will return to substantially its original shape upon release of the stretching, elongating force. The term will include precursor elastomerics which are heat activated or otherwise subsequently treated after application to the precursor diaper structure to induce elasticity. By the term “non-elastic”, what is meant is that the sheet layers are made from polymers that are generally considered to be inelastic. In other words, use of such inelastic polymers to form the sheet layers would result in sheet layers that are not elastic.  
         [0029]    As used herein, the term “machine direction”, or MD, means the length of a fabric in the direction in which it is produced. The term “cross machine direction” or CD means the width of fabric, i.e. a direction generally perpendicular to the MD.  
         [0030]    Words of degree, such as “about”, “substantially”, and the like are used herein in the sense of “at, or nearly at when given the manufacturing and material tolerances inherent in the stated circumstances” and are used to prevent the unscrupulous infringer from unfairly taking advantage of the invention disclosure where exact figures or absolutes are stated as an aid to understanding the invention.  
         [0031]    “Precursor” as used herein means those components, materials, assemblies, or the like which are used or exist in the making of a finished diaper before its completion as a commercially ready product.  
         [0032]    “Causing” can include active causation, as for example in actively stretching the web to a second width, and passive causation, as in merely allowing the web to resume a wider width after removing the necking tension.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0033]    The various aspects and embodiments of the invention will be described in the context of disposable absorbent articles, and more particularly referred to, without limitation and by way of illustration only, as a disposable diaper with an elastic waistband. It is, however, readily apparent that the present invention could also be employed to produce other elasticized cuff areas and other garments, such as feminine care articles, various incontinence garments, medical garments and any other disposable garments, whether absorbent or not, needing an easily manufactured elasticized area around an opening in the garment. Typically, the disposable garments are intended for limited use and are not intended to be laundered or otherwise cleaned for reuse. A disposable diaper, for example, is discarded after it has become soiled by the wearer.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 1 is a representative plan view of an absorbent article, such as disposable diaper  20 , in its flat-out, or unfolded state. Portions of the structure are partially cut away to more clearly show the interior construction of diaper  20 . The surface of the diaper  20  which contacts the wearer is facing the viewer.  
         [0035]    With reference to FIG. 1, the disposable diaper  20  generally defines a front waist section  22 , a rear waist section  24 , and an intermediate section  26  which interconnects the front and rear waist sections. The front and rear waist sections  22  and  24  include the general portions of the diaper which are constructed to extend substantially over the wearer&#39;s front and rear abdominal regions, respectively, during use. The intermediate section  26  of the diaper includes the general portion of the diaper that is constructed to extend through the wearer&#39;s crotch region between the legs. Thus, the intermediate section  26  is an area where repeated liquid surges typically occur in the diaper.  
         [0036]    The diaper  20  includes, without limitation, an outer cover, or backsheet  30 , a liquid permeable bodyside liner, or topsheet,  32  positioned in facing relation with the backsheet  30 , and an absorbent body, or liquid retention structure,  34 , such as an absorbent pad, which is located between the backsheet  30  and the topsheet  32 . The backsheet  30  defines a length, or longitudinal direction  48 , and a width, or lateral direction  50  which, in the illustrated embodiment, coincide with the length and width of the diaper  20 . The liquid retention structure  34  generally has a length and width that are less than the length and width of the backsheet  30 , respectively. Thus, marginal portions of the diaper  20 , such as marginal sections of the backsheet  30 , may extend past the terminal edges of the liquid retention structure  34 . In the illustrated embodiments, for example, the backsheet  30  extends outwardly beyond the terminal marginal edges of the liquid retention structure  34  to form side margins and end margins of the diaper  20 . The topsheet  32  is generally coextensive with the backsheet  30  but may optionally cover an area which is larger or smaller than the area of the backsheet  30 , as desired.  
         [0037]    To provide improved fit and to help reduce leakage of body exudates from the diaper  20 , the diaper side margins and end margins may be elasticized with suitable elastic members, as further explained below. For example, as representatively illustrated in FIG. 1, the diaper  20  may include leg elastics  36  which are constructed to operably tension the side margins of the diaper  20  to provide elasticized leg bands which can closely fit around the legs of the wearer to reduce leakage and provide improved comfort and appearance. Waist elastics  38  are employed to elasticize the end margins of the diaper  20  to provide elasticized waistbands. The waist elastics  38  are configured to provide a resilient, comfortably close fit around the waist of the wearer.  
         [0038]    Materials suitable for use as the leg elastics  36  and waist elastics  38  are well known to those skilled in the art. Exemplary of such materials are sheets or strands or ribbons of a polymeric, elastomeric material which are adhered to the backsheet, such that elastic constrictive forces are imparted to the backsheet  30 . The elastics may also include such materials as polyurethane, synthetic and natural rubber that may optionally be heat shrinkable or heat elasticizable. Many variants of elastomeric materials suitable for use with the present invention will occur to the person having ordinary skill in the art upon gaining an understanding of the invention as presented herein.  
         [0039]    As is known, fastening means, such as hook and loop fasteners, may be employed to secure the diaper  20  on a wearer. Alternatively, other fastening means, such as buttons, pins, snaps, adhesive tape fasteners, cohesives, fabric-and-loop fasteners, or the like, may be employed. In the illustrated embodiment, the diaper  20  includes a pair of side panels  42  to which the fasteners  40 , indicated as the hook portion of a hook and loop fastener, are attached. Generally, the side panels  42  are attached to the side edges of the diaper  20  in one of the waist sections  22 ,  24  and extend laterally outward therefrom. The side panels  42  may be elasticized or otherwise rendered elastomeric. For example, the side panels  42 , or indeed, any precursor webs of the garment, may be an elastomeric material such as a neck-bonded laminate (NBL) or stretch-bonded laminate (SBL) material. Methods of making such materials are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,220 issued May 5, 1987 to Wisneski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,992 issued Jul. 13, 1993 to Morman, and European Patent Application No. EP 0 217 032 published on Apr. 8, 1987 in the names of Taylor et al. Examples of absorbent articles that include elasticized side panels and selectively configured fastener tabs are described in PCT Patent Application No. WO 95/16425 published Jun. 22, 1995 to Roessler; U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,219 issued Mar. 21, 1995 to Roessler et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,796 to Fries; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,618 to Fries.  
         [0040]    The diaper  20  may also include a surge management layer  44 , located between the topsheet  32  and the liquid retention structure  34 , to rapidly except fluid exudates and distribute the fluid exudates to the liquid retention structure  34  within the diaper  20 . The diaper  20  may further include a ventilation layer (not illustrated) located between the liquid retention structure  34  and the backsheet  30  to insulate the backsheet  30  from the liquid retention structure  34  to reduce the dampness of the garment at the exterior surface of the backsheet  30 . Examples of suitable surge management layers  44  are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,166 to Bishop and U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,846 to Ellis.  
         [0041]    As representatively illustrated in FIG. 1, the disposable diaper  20  may also include a pair of containment flaps  46  which are configured to provide a barrier to the lateral flow of body exudates. The containment flaps  46  may be located along the laterally opposed side edges of the diaper  20  adjacent the side edges of the liquid retention structure  34 . Each containment flap  46  typically defines an unattached edge which is configured to maintain an upright, perpendicular configuration in at least the intermediate section  26  of the diaper  20  to form a seal against the wearer&#39;s body. The containment flaps  46  may extend longitudinally along the entire length of the liquid retention structure  34  or may only extend partially along the length of the liquid retention structure  34 . When the containment flaps  46  are shorter in length than the liquid retention structure  34 , the containment flaps  46  can be selectively positioned anywhere along the side edges of the diaper  20  in the intermediate section  26 . Such containment flaps  46  are generally well known to those skilled in the art. For example, suitable constructions and arrangements for containment flaps  46  are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,96 issued Nov. 3, 1987 to K. Enloe.  
         [0042]    The diaper  20  may be of various suitable shapes. For example, the diaper may have an overall rectangular shape, T-shape or an approximately hour-glass shape. In the shown embodiment, the diaper  20  has a generally I-shape. The diaper  20  further has a longitudinal direction  48 , and a lateral direction  50 . Other suitable components which may be incorporated on absorbent articles of the present invention may include waist flaps and the like which are generally known to those skilled in the art. Examples of diaper configurations suitable for use in connection with the instant invention which may include other components suitable for use on diapers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,603 issued Jan. 17, 1989 to Meyer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,668 issued Jan. 5, 1993 to Bernardin; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,672 issued Jan. 5, 1993 to Bruemmer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,606 issued Mar. 9, 1993 to Proxmire et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,915 issued Apr. 23, 1996 to Hanson et al.  
         [0043]    The various components of the diaper  20  are assembled together employing various types of suitable attachment means, such as adhesive, ultrasonic bonds, thermal bonds or combinations thereof. In the shown embodiment, for example, the topsheet  32  and backsheet  30  may be assembled to each other and to the liquid retention structure  34  with lines of adhesive, such as a hot melt, pressure-sensitive adhesive. Similarly, other diaper components, such as the elastic members  36  and  38 , fastening members  40 , and surge layer  44  may be assembled into the article by employing the above-identified attachment mechanisms.  
         [0044]    The illustrated diaper  20  includes a distinctive waistband structure formed by applying an elastomeric  38  to at least the backsheet  30 . As known in the art, the backsheet  30  generally includes a fabric or material layer which may be operatively attached or otherwise joined to the other diaper layers to extend over a major portion of the outward surface of the diaper. According to the present invention, the waistband structure is formed by applying an elastomeric to that layer of the diaper which is neckable to a narrowed lateral dimension and which can resume its wider original lateral dimension upon removal of the necking force. At least portions of the backsheet  30  in the waistband area are not affixed to non-neckable portions of the diaper or otherwise restricted from extending and reexpanding. It will occur to the person having ordinary skill in the art that if the backsheet is not used in conjunction with the diaper waistband, other layers used in the construction of a diaper may be similarly utilized according to the precepts of the present invention. Generally, it is desirable for simplicity of construction that the backsheet  30  remains the structural unit of choice for applying the waistband elastomeric in the making of diapers according to the present invention.  
         [0045]    Desirably, the neckable backsheet  30  is constructed to be permeable to at least water vapor. For example, in particular embodiments, the neckable backsheet  30  defines a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) according to the Mocon Water Vapor Transmission Rate Test of at least about 400 g/sq.m/24 hr., desirably at least about 1200 g/sq.m/24 hr, more desirably at least about 2000 g/sq.m/24 hr., and even more desirably at least about 3000 g/sq.m/24 hr. in the non-extended condition. In such embodiments, the neckable backsheet  30  may define a WVTR of from about 400 to about 60,000 g/sq.m/24 hr. Materials which have a WVTR less than those above may not allow a sufficient amount of water vapor diffusion out of the diaper and undesirably result in increased levels of skin hydration. A Mocon WVTR test is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,421 issued Dec. 5, 2000 to Stopper et al.  
         [0046]    The backsheet  30  can be composed of any of various materials that provide the desired properties of neckability and lateral extendibility when necking tension is removed. For example, the backsheet  30  can be composed of nonwoven webs such as spunbond fabrics, films, or combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the backsheet  30  can be composed of an laminate of two or more layers. For example, the backsheet  30  may be a neckable laminate formed from at least one necked fabric laminated to at least one extendable film material wherein the necked laminate is expandable in at least one direction.  
         [0047]    Suitable non-elastic neckable materials for the present invention include nonwoven webs, woven materials and knitted materials such as those described in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122. Nonwoven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes, for example, bonded carded web processes, meltblowing processes and spunbonding processes. The non-elastic neckable material is preferably formed from at least one member selected from fibers and filaments of inelastic polymers. Such polymers include polyesters, for example, polyethylene terephthalate; polyolefins, for example, polyethylene and polypropylene; polyamides, for example, nylon 6 and nylon 66. These fibers or filaments are used alone or in a mixture of two or more thereof. Suitable fibers for forming the neckable material include natural and synthetic fibers as well as bicomponent, multi-component, and shaped polymer fibers. Many polyolefins are available for fiber production according to the present invention, for example, fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company&#39;s Escorene® PD 3445 polypropylene and Himont Chemical Company&#39;s PF-304. Polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical&#39;s ASPUN® 6811A linear low density polyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are also suitable polymers. The nonwoven web layer may be bonded to impart a discrete bond pattern with a prescribed bond surface area. If too much bond area is present on the neckable material, it will break before it necks. If there is not enough bond area, then the neckable material will pull apart. Typically, the percent bonding area useful in the present invention ranges from around five percent to around forty percent of the area of the neckable material. Alternative necked laminate materials that could be used to provide the backsheet 30 of the different aspects of the present invention are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/460,490 filed Dec. 14, 1999 and entitled “BREATHABLE LAMINATE PERMANENTLY CONFORMABLE TO THE CONTOURS OF A WEARER”.  
         [0048]    The topsheet  32 , as representatively illustrated in FIG. 1, typically presents a body-facing surface that is compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin. Further, the topsheet  32  can be less hydrophilic than the liquid retention structure  34 , and is sufficiently porous to be liquid permeable, permitting liquid to readily penetrate through its thickness to reach the absorbent composite. A suitable topsheet layer  32  may be manufactured from a wide selection of web materials, such as porous foams, reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, natural fibers (for example, wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers (for example, polyester or polypropylene fibers), or a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. The topsheet layer  32  is typically employed to help isolate the wearer&#39;s skin from liquids held in the liquid retention structure  34 .  
         [0049]    Various woven and nonwoven fabrics can be used for topsheet  32 . For example, the topsheet may be composed of a meltblown or spunbond web of the desired fibers, and may also be a bonded-carded-web. Layers of different materials that may have different fiber deniers can also be used. The various fabrics can be composed of natural fibers, synthetic fibers or combinations thereof. The topsheet  32  may be composed of a substantially hydrophobic material, and the hydrophobic material may optionally be treated with a surfactant or otherwise processed to impart a desired level of wettability and hydrophilicity. In a particular embodiment of the invention, topsheet  32  can be a nonwoven, spunbond polypropylene fabric composed of about 2.0-5.0 denier fibers formed into a web having a basis weight of about 22 gsm and density of about 0.06 gm/cc. The fabric can be surface treated with an operative amount of surfactant, as known in the art. The surfactant can be applied by any conventional means, such as spraying, printing, brush coating or the like.  
         [0050]    The topsheet  32  may be made from any suitable neckable materials compatible with the backsheet  30 . Suitable materials for use with the present invention may include nonwoven webs, woven materials and knitted materials. Such webs can include one or more fabric layers. Nonwoven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes, for example, bonded carded web processes, meltblowing processes and spunbonding processes. For example, a non-elastic neckable material may be formed from at least one member selected from fibers and filaments of inelastic polymers. Such polymers include polyesters, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins, for example, polyethylene and polypropylene, polyamides, for example, nylon 6 and nylon 66. These fibers or filaments are used alone or in a mixture of two or more thereof. Suitable fibers for forming the neckable material include natural and synthetic fibers as well as bicomponent, multi-component, and shaped polymer fibers. Many polyolefins are available for fiber production according to the present invention, for example, fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company&#39;s Escorene® PD 3445 polypropylene and Himont Chemical Company&#39;s PF-304. Polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical&#39;s ASPUN® 6811A linear low density polyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are also suitable polymers. The nonwoven web layer may be bonded to impart a discrete bond pattern with a prescribed bond surface area. If too much bond area is present on the neckable material, it will break before it necks. If there is not enough bond area, then the neckable material will pull apart. Typically, the percent bonding area useful in the present invention ranges from around 5 percent to around 40 percent of the area of the neckable material. For example, a particularly suitable material for the topsheet  32  is a necked spunbond web of polypropylene fibers having a basis weight of from about 5 to about 30 gsm. Such a web may be necked up to about 80 percent.  
         [0051]    The neckable material may be necked to form a narrowed waistband area by conventional necking processes that typically vary the surface speed of the web to draw or neck the material. Such necking will cause the material to retract and permit the material to reexpand in the lateral direction when necking tension is removed. Such necked nonwoven fabric materials typically are capable of being necked up to about 80 percent. For example, the backsheet  30 , or topsheet  32 , in various aspects of the present invention may be necked from about 10 to about 80 percent, desirably from about 20 to about 60 percent, and more desirably from about 30 to about 50 percent for improved performance.  
         [0052]    The topsheet  32  and backsheet  30  may be connected or otherwise associated together in an operable manner. As used herein, the term “associated” encompasses configurations in which topsheet  32  is directly joined to the backsheet  30  by affixing the topsheet  32  directly to the backsheet  30 , and configurations wherein the topsheet  32  is indirectly joined to the backsheet  30  by affixing the topsheet  32  to intermediate members which in turn are affixed to the backsheet  30 . The topsheet  32  and the backsheet  30  can, for example, be joined to each other in at least a portion of the diaper periphery by attachment mechanisms (not shown) such as adhesive bonds, sonic bonds, thermal bonds, pinning, stitching or any other attachment techniques known in the art, as well as combinations thereof.  
         [0053]    For example, a uniform continuous layer of adhesive, a patterned layer of adhesive, a sprayed pattern of adhesive or an array of separate lines, swirls or spots of construction bonds may be used to affix the topsheet  32  to the backsheet  30 . It should be readily appreciated that the above-described attachment mechanisms may also be employed to suitably interconnect, assemble and/or affix together the various other component parts of the garments or articles that are described herein.  
         [0054]    The liquid retention structure  34  provides an absorbent structure for holding and storing absorbed liquids and other waste materials, such as the shown absorbent pad composed of selected hydrophilic fibers and high-absorbency particles. The liquid retention structure  34  may also be neckable, not neckable, or elastic, although it should not interfere with the necking of the waistband area. The liquid retention structure  34  is positioned and sandwiched between the topsheet  32  and backsheet  30  to form the diaper  20 . The liquid retention structure  34  has a construction that is generally compressible, conformable, non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin, and capable of absorbing and retaining body exudates. It should be understood that, for purposes of this invention, the liquid retention structure may be a single, integral piece of material, or alternatively, may have a plurality of individual separate pieces of material which are operably assembled together.  
         [0055]    Various types of wettable, hydrophilic fibrous material can be used to form the component parts of liquid retention structure  34 . Examples of suitable fibers include naturally occurring organic fibers composed of intrinsically wettable material, such as cellulosic fibers; synthetic fibers composed of cellulose or cellulose derivatives, such as rayon fibers; inorganic fibers composed of an inherently wettable material, such as glass fibers; synthetic fibers made from inherently wettable thermoplastic polymers, such as particular polyester or polyamide fibers; and synthetic fibers composed of a nonwettable thermoplastic polymer, such as polypropylene fibers, which have been hydrophilized by appropriate means. The fibers may be hydrophilized, for example, by treatment with silica, treatment with a material which has a suitable hydrophilic moiety and is not readily removable from the fiber, or by sheathing the nonwettable, hydrophobic fiber with a hydrophilic polymer during or after the formation of the fiber. For the purposes of the present invention, it is contemplated that selected blends of the various types of fibers mentioned above may also be employed. The liquid retention structure  34  can include a matrix of hydrophilic fibers, such as a web of cellulosic fluff, mixed with particles of high-absorbency material. In particular arrangements, the liquid retention structure  34  may include a mixture of superabsorbent hydrogel-forming particles or fibers and synthetic polymer meltblown fibers, or a mixture of superabsorbent particles or fibers with a fibrous coform material including a blend of natural fibers and/or synthetic polymer fibers.  
         [0056]    The hydrophilic fibers and high-absorbency particles can be configured to form an average composite basis weight which may be within the range of about 400-900 gsm. In certain aspects of the invention, the average composite basis weight may be within the range of about 500-800 gsm, and alternatively may be within the range of about 550-750 gsm to provide desired performance. Ultimately, average composite basis weight will depend upon the application to which the personal care garment is put and the type and amount of hydrophilic materials.  
         [0057]    Optionally, a substantially hydrophilic tissue wrapsheet may be employed to help maintain the integrity of the fibrous structure of the liquid retention structure  34 . The tissue wrapsheet is typically placed about the liquid retention structure over at least the two major facing surfaces thereof and composed of an absorbent cellulosic material, such as creped wadding or a high wet-strength tissue that may or may not be pleated. In one aspect of the invention, the tissue wrapsheet can be configured to provide a wicking layer which helps to rapidly distribute liquid over the mass of absorbent fibers including the liquid retention structure  34 . The wrapsheet material on one side of the absorbent fibrous mass may be bonded to the wrapsheet located on the opposite side of the fibrous mass to effectively entrap the liquid retention structure  34 .  
         [0058]    With reference to FIG. 1, each of the leg elastic members  36  can include a plurality of elastomeric strands. Optionally, each leg elastic member  36  may be a composite that includes at least one carrier layer (not shown), and the elastomeric strands can be operatively attached to the carrier layer. Various mechanisms, such as adhesive, thermal bonds, sonic bonds, or the like as well as combinations thereof, can be employed to provide the desired attachments between the elastomeric strands and the carrier layer. For example, each leg elastic member  36  may be composed of a laminate of a plurality of elastomeric strands sandwiched and held between a pair of carrier layers. The carrier layers may desirably be composed of a woven or nonwoven fabric having a basis weight within the range of about 10-50 g/m 2 , but may optionally be composed of a polymer film material. For example, the carrier layers may be composed of a polypropylene spunbond nonwoven fabric, and the pair of carrier layers may be adhesively bonded together with a suitable pattern of adhesive, such as a swirl-pattern of pressure-sensitive adhesive.  
         [0059]    The leg elastic members  36  may have any of a multitude of configurations. For example, the width of the individual elastic members  36  may be varied from about 0.25 millimeters (0.01 inch) to about 25 millimeters (1.0 inch) or more. The elastic members may include a single strand of elastic material, or may include several parallel or non-parallel strands of elastic material, or may be applied in a rectilinear or curvilinear arrangement. Where the strands are non-parallel, two or more of the strands may intersect or otherwise interconnect within the elastic member. The elastic members may be affixed to the backsheet  30  or topsheet  32 , or both, of the diaper  20  in any of several ways that are known in the art. For example, the elastic members may be ultrasonically bonded, heat and pressure sealed using a variety of bonding patterns, or adhesively bonded to the diaper with sprayed or swirled patterns of adhesive. In particular embodiments of the invention, the leg elastic members  36  may include a carrier sheet to which are attached a grouped set of elastics composed of a plurality of individual elastic strands. The elastic strands may intersect or be interconnected, or be entirely separated from each other. The carrier sheet may, for example, include 0.002 inch thick polymer film, such as a film of unembossed polypropylene material. The elastic strands can, for example, be composed of LYCRA elastomer available from DuPont, a business having offices in Wilmington, Del. Each elastic strand is typically within the range of about 470-1500 decitex (dtx), and may be about 940-1050 dtx. In particular embodiments of the invention, for example, three or four strands can be employed for each elasticized leg band.  
       PROCESSING EXAMPLES  
       [0060]    The following examples are presented to provide a more detailed understanding of the invention. The examples are representative, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.  
         [0061]    With reference to FIGS.  2 - 4 , a method for constructing an absorbent article such as a disposable diaper according to the present invention may include the steps of constructing a precursor garment web and individuating the diapers therefrom as described below and as illustrated in FIGS.  2 - 4 .  
         [0062]    Referencing FIG. 2, in Step  1  a backsheet web  30  desirably including a web of substantially liquid impermeable and water vapor permeable material, is fed into the garment making process as the foundation layer of the precursor garment web. Backsheet material  30  will extend in the longitudinal direction and retract in the lateral direction when tension is applied in the longitudinal direction, i.e. necking, and can extend in the lateral direction after the tension is removed.  
         [0063]    In Step  2  tension is applied to the backsheet  30  which elongates and necks.  
         [0064]    In Step  3  a stretched leg elastic members  36 , e.g., composed of four LYCRA strands  37  for each leg of Lycra XA Spandex 740 DTEXZ T151 dull (/T-127) from E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., of Wilmington, Del., and adhesively laminated to a carrier sheet  39 , e.g., K-T Slit and Spooled 0.67 mil ALE Carrier Sheet from K. T. Industries Inc., of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, are applied to the top of backsheet material web  30 .  
         [0065]    In Step  4  an adhesive  52 , shown as diagonal lines, e.g., Disposamelt 34-5611, from National Starch and Chemical Co., of Bridgewater N.J., is applied to the backsheet material  30 .  
         [0066]    In Step  5  an adhesive  52 , e.g., Disposamelt 34-5611, is applied to the top surface  53  of a spacer layer  54 , e.g., a 0.8 osy spunbond-meltblown-spunbond nonwoven web which is then applied to the backsheet material  30 .  
         [0067]    In Step  6  a liquid retention structure  34 , e.g., including a composite fluff pad that is approximately a 60/40 blend of a superabsorbent material e.g., Favor SXM-880, from Stockhausen of Greensboro, N.C., and fiberized Fluff Pulp of 16% Hardwood, from Alliance Forest Products of Coosa Pines, Ala., is applied to the backsheet material  30 . The liquid retention structure  34  may further be covered on its side to be adjacent to topsheet  32  (Step  8 ) with a barrier tissue  56 , e.g., American Tissue 12.5 pound white tissue from American Tissue Corp. of Neenah, Wis. Additionally a forming tissue (not shown) e.g., white 9.79 pound per reel tissue from American Tissue Corp. of Neenah, Wis., may be positioned to cover the side of the liquid retention (absorbent) structure  34  adjacent to the backsheet layer  30 .  
         [0068]    Referencing FIG. 3, in Step  7  a surge management layer  44  e.g., a Through Air Bonded Carded Web nonwoven surge composite for the rapid uptake and channeling of liquids, is located operatively adjacent to the liquid retention structure  34 . An adhesive  52 , e.g., Disposamelt 34-5611, is applied to the top surface  56  of the surge management layer  44 .  
         [0069]    In Step  8  a porous, liquid permeable, and necked topsheet web  32 , indicated by broken cross hatching, which is laterally extendible when tension is removed in the longitudinal direction  48 ; is then applied and laminated to the layers of the precursor garment web. Alternately, the topsheet web  32 , i.e., the web which will become the topsheet in the finished garment, may have similar properties to the backsheet  30  web as described above.  
         [0070]    In Step  9  the provided side panels  42  having a fastening means  40 , e.g., hook material such as VELCRO 851 hook, from Velcro USA Inc. of Manchester, N.H., and carrier sheet  58 , e.g., 1.25 osy spunbond-meltblown-spunbond, and an elastic member  60 , e.g., Necked Bonded laminate, such as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,747 and 5,336,545; may them be adhesively or ultrasonically laminated, or both, to the precursor garment web.  
         [0071]    In Step  10  the containment flaps  46  may be adhesively laminated to the precursor garment web and have elastomeric materials, e.g., two elastic strands (not shown) such as Glospan S7 Spandex fiber 700 denier (777 decitex) from Radicspandex (Globe Manufacturing) of Fall River, Mass.. The flap elastic strands may be laminated to a nonwoven material e.g., blue spunbond-meltblown-spunbond 0.65 osy to comprise the flaps  46 .  
         [0072]    Referencing FIG. 4, in Step  11  waist elastics  38 , e.g., a Necked Bonded laminate may then be applied to the precursor garment web extending across the waistband region of the precursor garments. Alternatively, the waist elastics  38  may be tensioned and then applied to the precursor garment web. Leg hole cut outs on the lateral margins of the precursor diaper will be seen as introduced in this step.  
         [0073]    In Step  12 , the precursor garment is then cut, as at Ref. No.  62  into individual disposable diapers, collectively  20 .  
         [0074]    In Step  13 , the resultant diaper  20  can then be folded if desired (not shown). Over time the intermediate section  26 , or non waistband area of the diaper, which is not held by the waist elastics  38 , an expand in the lateral direction  50  as it contracts in the longitudinal direction  48 , thus laterally narrowing the waistband area relative to the remaining intermediate area  26  of the diaper  20 .  
         [0075]    Referencing FIG. 5, an alternative method is illustrated where the diaper assembly is produced with all but the waistband elastic and is then longitudinally stretched in Step A. This stretching causes the entire diaper assembly to try to neck. However, stretching and necking may not occur very much in the intermediate section  26  locations with the surge layer, absorbent layer, spacer layers, etc., but will occur predominately in the waistband areas  22 ,  24  where the topsheet and backsheet are the main components of the precursor diaper. Elastomer  38  is then applied to the waistband area in Step B. A narrowed waistband area is formed after the stretching/tensioning force is removed as the diaper  20  is individuated at Step C and the elastomeric holds the necked waistband areas  22 ,  24  at the narrower dimension while the intermediate area  26  of the diaper regains its wider dimension at Step D.  
         [0076]    Referencing FIG. 6, an alternative method is illustrated where an unstretched elastomer or precursor elastic  71  can be applied to the precursor diaper web assembly and the assembly/elastomer stretched longitudinally at Step X. Again, the waistband areas  22 ,  24  should be the areas that neck the most. Heating the elastomer to a high enough temperature, such as with a heated roller  73 , while it is necked will cause the elastomer  71  to set or activate at the narrowed width to form the waistband assembly. Narrowed waistband areas  22 ,  24  are formed after the stretching/tensioning force is removed at Step Y and the elastomeric  71  holds the necked waistband areas at the narrower dimension while the intermediate area  26  of the diaper  20  regains its wider dimension at step Z after individuation of the diaper  20 . This method and the method of FIG. 5 could also be used with a thermoset precursor elastic where the elastic precursor is printed on the necked or to-be-necked waistband area and then cross-linked to become elastomeric.  
         [0077]    While the invention has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto.