Abstract:
An apparatus for producing a holding or transmission frame ( 12, 20 ) for an electrostrictive actuator, in particular, a stacked piezoactuator ( 5 ) includes the following steps: a) a winding spindle ( 52 ), corresponding to the shape of the inner periphery of the frame ( 12, 20 ), is wound with several layers of a unidirectional prepreg for forming a laminate body; b) the laminate body is hardened; c) the hardened laminate body in the frame is cut by sections parallel to the direction of winding. An electrostrictive drive ( 100 ) includes an electrostrictive actuator ( 5 ) in which the length varies during actuation, and a transmission frame ( 12 ) that surrounds the actuator, is connected to the actuator for initiating the variation in length of the actuator and for amplifying the actuator, the transmission frame ( 12 ) being made of a prepreg that is wound in the laminate body and hardened.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/515,330, filed Jul. 20, 2009 which is the U.S. National Phase of PCT/DE2007/001997 filed Nov. 7, 2007 which claims priority to German Application No. 10 2006 054869.8 filed Nov. 20, 2006. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    (1) Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The invention relates to an apparatus for producing a holding and/or traversing frame for a stacked piezoactuator that contributes to increasing the piezopath. Moreover, the invention relates to an electrostrictive drive with such a holding and/or traversing frame. 
         [0004]    (2) Description of Related Art 
         [0005]    For activation of flaps in, for example, a helicopter rotor or other applications in aviation, piezoactuators or electrostrictive actuators are known to be used. In particular, stacked piezoactuators that are also called piezostacks are used that expand when an electrical voltage is applied and thus make available an adjustment path. Since, however, in, for example, a stacked piezoactuator with a length of 100 mm the possible expansion, i.e., the adjustment path, is approximately in the range of 0.1 mm, it is desirable to enlarge the piezopath by means of a traversing mechanism, for example, by a factor of 10 or the like. For this purpose, placing and clamping the electrostrictive actuator, especially the piezostack, in a traversing frame that makes available a path of the activated piezoelement that has been increased by the traversing factor in a direction perpendicular to the piezopath, i.e., perpendicular to the change in the length of the piezoelement, are known. 
         [0006]    Such a frame that is shaped essentially octagonally is known, for example, from DE 197 39 594 A1. The frame consists of rigid, metal frame parts that are connected to one another via flexible articulation sites. There are four fixed frame parts. The articulation sites are each formed from several elastic bending elements that lie on top of one another with bending joint axes parallel to one another and on one side are connected to a fixed frame part that connects all the bending elements of the articulation site integrally to one another. The other fixed frame part that is connected to the articulation site is divided into several separate individual levers that are each connected to a bending element of the articulation site. The frame parts are made integrally solid. 
         [0007]    DE 196 25 921 A1 discloses an arrangement in which the metallic frame parts of the above-described prior art are replaced essentially by bending-flexible tie rod parts that are, however, highly stiff in the lengthwise direction. The tie rod parts are formed from pieces of steel cable or a fiber composite laminate with a lengthwise fiber structure that is unidirectional in the lengthwise direction of the rod and are provided as necessary with reinforcing elements that increase the tensile strength on their middle regions located between the actuator pieces and output members. 
         [0008]    Another piezoelectric actuator is known from DE 196 44 161 C2, in which there are at least two disk-shaped bending elements that are located coaxially on top of one another and that each have a carrier plate of hard elastic material with a layer of piezoelectric material applied on one or both sides. Two bending elements at a time are connected to one another via at least two bending joints located on the periphery of the carrier plates, such a bending joint having at least one bending beam and a rigid spacer piece that is essentially perpendicular to it. 
         [0009]    So that the traversing frame can work reliably, it is necessary for the four frame legs that form such an essentially octagonal frame to have tensile stiffness and to be at the same time very flexurally soft in the joints. Moreover, it is necessary for them to tolerate continuous loads at high frequencies, for example on the order of magnitude of 30 Hz, and, moreover, to have, as much as possible, such slow damage progression in case of damage that sudden total failure cannot occur. Rather, damage that arises and leads to failure should be able to be discovered within the prescribed inspection intervals. This is especially important in safety-relevant applications, such as, for example, in applications of such an electrostrictive actuator for flap control of a helicopter rotor. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    With respect to these considerations, the object of the invention is to provide a process for producing a traversing frame for an electrostrictive actuator, especially a stacked piezoactuator, which enables economical production of traversing frames that meet these requirements. Moreover, it is the object of this invention to make available an electrostrictive drive that is capable of high performance and is durable. 
         [0011]    This object is achieved with a process for producing a holding or traversing frame for an electrostrictive actuator, especially a stacked piezoactuator, with the features of claim  1 , and by an electrostrictive drive with the features of claim  9 . Preferred embodiments are each given in the dependent claims. 
         [0012]    The idea of the invention is to make a holding or traversing frame in one piece from a wound fiber composite material, especially by winding a prepreg with unidirectional fibers in the lengthwise direction of a belt, preferably with unidirectional lengthwise fibers around a winding core and in a plane parallel to the winding direction by cutting the cured body that has been formed into individual holding or traversing frames with a predefined width. The fiber direction corresponds preferably to the winding direction or peripheral direction of the holding or traversing frame. 
         [0013]    The use of prepregs, i.e., layers with fibers that are already impregnated with resin (pre-impregnated), makes it possible to produce frames of high tensile strength, especially when the prepreg fibers are fibers with a very high modulus of elasticity, such as, for example, the carbon fibers called M40J. This yields a modulus of elasticity of the finished laminate, i.e., of the cured frame, which is comparable to steel and is, for example, in the range of roughly 210,000 N/mm 2 . 
         [0014]    Preferably, a plurality of layers, for example roughly fifty layers, are wound. 
         [0015]    The use of a winding process for producing the holding or traversing frame, moreover, allows economical production, since several holding or traversing frames can be quickly and economically produced by a simple winding process, curing and subsequent cutting, while complex mounting steps for assembling the frame can be eliminated. 
         [0016]    The use of a large number of prepreg layers at the same time compared to conventional metal frames, especially steel frames, greatly reduces the tensile stresses in the frame by roughly a factor of 1/7. At the same time, existing bending stresses are reduced by a factor of 1/13. Moreover, the material strength increases overall; this leads to the traversing frame having a very long service life and, moreover, becoming damage-tolerant. In particular, this means that as a result of the different prepreg layers, in the event of a failure of one of the layers, it can be assumed that the other layers are not adversely affected at the same time and thus all individual layers would have to break or tear in order to result in complete failure of the actuator or of the holding or traversing frame. Thus, the holding or traversing frame for a stacked piezoactuator produced in a winding process is also advantageous with respect to safety requirements, for example in aviation, in which slow damage progression is critical in order to ensure with certainty—for maintenance intervals that are as long as possible—that there is a maintenance instant between the initial damage detection possibility and subsequent failure and thus the damage can be reliably recognized before final failure. 
         [0017]    Due to the fact that a traversing frame produced from composite material is, moreover, very light, especially much lighter than a steel frame, it is possible to provide, for example, a larger number of piezoelements at a total weight of the electrostrictive actuator that has been kept the same; this in turn leads to an increase in the power of the actuator, i.e., greater deflection. 
         [0018]    Advantageously, in the winding process, several individual cut pieces of the prepreg are wound around the winding mandrel, the respective junctions between the cut pieces being offset between the individual layers in the peripheral direction. It is preferably not a continuous belt, but rather individual cut pieces of the belt whose length corresponds, for example, to the peripheral length of the holding or traversing frame. The offset of the junctions contributes to avoiding weak spots in the holding or traversing frame and rather to the frame being uniformly loadable due to the distribution of junctions along the periphery of the holding or traversing frame. 
         [0019]    The winding mandrel has a shape that corresponds to the desired peripheral outline of the finished frame, for example a shape similar to an octagon. Here, in the winding process, the individual layers are oriented preferably using positioning stops on the winding mandrel. This makes it possible to refer later in use to individual junctions and to label them. In particular, the junctions are defined within the finished holding or traversing frame. 
         [0020]    According to one especially preferred embodiment, on the holding or traversing frame along the peripheral direction, there are zones with low bending stiffness and zones with high bending stiffness. The zones with low bending stiffness are achieved by individual layers of the prepreg material being replaced by layers of separating film in winding in these zones. These zones with separating film, in which, for example, every other layer is a layer with separating film, have—compared to a compact laminate—a flexural stiffness that is reduced by a factor of 1/7000. This applies especially when, for example, a 0.025 mm thick Tedlar film is used between a thin, unidirectional CFK prepreg with a layer thickness of, for example, 0.14 mm. In the zones without separating film along the periphery, prepreg layers that equalize the film thickness are placed in the layers in which separating film is placed in the zones with separating film. Thus, it is possible, for the bending joints of the traversing frame or holding frame, to provide fewer flexurally stiff arrangements and thus to ensure extreme flexural softness, combined with very high tensile strength in a homogeneous body. 
         [0021]    To make the production process more efficient, for example, a 300 mm long winding laminate body is produced that is cut into 19 mm wide strips. 
         [0022]    When the traversing frame for an electrostrictive drive, especially in conjunction with an electrostrictive actuator in the form of a stacked piezoactuator, is used, it is preferred that surrounding the traversing frame along the periphery there is an additional holding frame, preferably produced from a winding body of prepreg layers with unidirectional fibers. With this holding frame, the traversing frame can be cemented to less deformable sites that correspond to flexurally stiff zones in which preferably no film has preferably been placed in the traversing frame, and in addition, a holding flange can be cemented or placed in the holding frame on one of the ends in the lengthwise direction of the traversing frame between the traversing frame and the holding frame, and the traversing frame is attached, for example, in the rotor blade with the holding flange. Cementing along regions of the periphery between the traversing frame and the holding frame ensures a reliable connection and uniform traversal of the piezopath or the path of the electrostrictive actuator. 
         [0023]    For connecting the stacked piezoactuator or the electrostrictive actuator to the traversing frame, preferably on the lengthwise ends of the traversing frame, force application elements are placed in the latter and are attached, for example cemented there. The force application elements are preferably made of metal and are essentially U-shaped or semicircular so that they correspond to the inside periphery of the traversing frame on the lengthwise ends. When such force application elements are cemented at opposite positions into the traversing frame so that they form an uppermost and a lowermost terminal element along the stack direction of the stacked piezoactuator, the change in the length of the piezoelement can be easily transferred to the traversing frame. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0024]    The invention is described below using the attached figures, in which 
           [0025]      FIG. 1  schematically shows a top view of an electrostrictive actuator without the holding frame; 
           [0026]      FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of an electrostrictive actuator with a holding frame; 
           [0027]      FIG. 3  schematically shows the traversing frame; 
           [0028]      FIG. 4  schematically shows a holding frame; 
           [0029]      FIG. 5  shows a perspective view of the electrostrictive drive for attachment in, for example, a rotor blade of a helicopter; 
           [0030]      FIG. 6  shows a winding mandrel for producing the holding and/or traversing frame. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0031]      FIGS. 1 to 5  show one embodiment of an electrostrictive drive  100  ( FIG. 5 ) with a frame arrangement  10  that contains a traversing frame  12  and a holding frame  20  according to the invention. 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  schematically shows the manner of operation of an electrostrictive drive with a traversing frame  12 . In particular, there is an electrostrictive actuator that is formed as a stacked piezoactuator  5 . When a voltage is applied from a voltage source that is not shown, the stacked piezoactuator  5  produces a change in length in itself that is shown in  FIG. 1  as the piezopath P. The stacked piezoactuator  5  in its stack direction on its two stack ends is connected by way of suitable connecting means, for example cement layers  6 , to force application elements  8  that for their part are in turn connected to the traversing frame  12 . The force application elements  8  are cemented into the traversing frame  12 , for example, and are made of metal in order to provide stable application of force and to hold the stacked piezoactuator  5 . 
         [0033]    The force application elements  8  are provided on both sides as the termination of the stacked piezoactuator  5  in its stacking direction that corresponds to the direction of the change in length of the stacked piezoactuator  5 , and are essentially U-shaped in the top view shown in  FIG. 1  with a closed inner surface. Their outer peripheral shape on the surface that is in contact with the traversing frame  12  corresponds essentially to the inner peripheral shape of the traversing frame  12 , especially on its lengthwise ends. 
         [0034]    In this case, the lengthwise direction is the direction in which the piezopath arises, i.e., the stack direction of the stacked piezoactuator  5  or the direction of change in length of a generally electrostrictive actuator. The traversing frame  12  is essentially octagonal in the top view shown in  FIG. 1  or rhombic with flattened corners. The stack direction of the piezoactuator corresponds to the longer of the two diagonals of the rhombus and is the lengthwise direction L. 
         [0035]    The arrangement consisting of the stacked piezoactuator  5 , the force application elements  8  and the traversing frame  12  that is shown in  FIG. 1  is symmetrical both with respect to the lengthwise axis L and also with respect to an axis that runs perpendicular to it in the plane of the drawings. The traversing frame  12  can be flexibly deformed. 
         [0036]    The octagonal configuration of the traversing frame  12  on the ends in the lengthwise direction L and the middle sections between the lengthwise ends (corresponding to the corners of the rhombus) has comparatively rigid coupling regions  11  and  12  in each case, while the zones  13  of the traversing frame  12  that lie in between are made as comparatively flexurally soft zones. 
         [0037]    When the length of the stacked piezoactuator  5  changes along the piezopath P, for example in expansion under an electrical voltage, the traversing frame  12  follows the deformation accordingly, by its fixed connection on the force application elements  8  to the stacked piezoactuator  5  and by flexural softness by means of the zones  13 , and its geometrical shape, traversal, especially an enlargement, of the piezopath P, arises, for example by a factor of 10. Accordingly, the piezopath P that has been enlarged by a factor of 10 can be tapped along the deflection T. For example, for a stacked piezoactuator with a length of roughly 100 mm that has a typical expansion of 0.1 mm when an electrical voltage is applied, a path of 1 mm for a transfer ratio of 1:10 along the enlarged path T of the traversing frame can be tapped. 
         [0038]    In addition to flexural softness through zones  13 , it is important for the traversing frame  12  that it has legs with tensile stiffness that correspond to zones  13 . 
         [0039]      FIG. 3  shows the traversing frame  12  in more detail. The traversing frame  12  is formed altogether from a fiber composite in a winding process. For this purpose, several layers of a prepreg along the winding direction W that is shown in  FIG. 12  and that corresponds essentially to the peripheral direction of the traversing frame  12  are laminated. The traversing frame  12  that is shown in  FIG. 3  is preferably formed from several individual cut pieces of the prepreg that are placed on top of one another and have interfaces offset between two layers along the peripheral direction or winding direction W. 
         [0040]    As is schematically indicated in  FIG. 3 , along the peripheral direction, the traversing frame  12  contains zones  13  with elevated flexural softness and zones  14  that are comparatively rigid. These zones  14  correspond to the coupling sites  11  in their position. 
         [0041]    The flexurally soft zones  13  acquire their higher flexural softness compared to zones  14  by a separating film being placed between individual layers of the fiber composite prepreg when the frame  12  is being wound. The separating film is, for example, a 0.025 mm thick Tedlar film. The film contributes to the individual layers of the prepreg being connected less tightly to one another and being able to move more easily against one another, which contributes to the deformation capacity in the zone  13 . For example, one separating film layer at a time can be placed between two layers of prepreg in zone  13 , i.e., separating film layers and prepreg layers alternate along the lamination direction of the winding body that shapes the traversing frame  12 . 
         [0042]    In zones  14 , conversely, there is no separating film. In other words, in zones  14  without separating film, there is a pure body laminated from prepreg in which the layer thickness that arises by insertion of separating films between the prepreg layers in zones  13  can be equalized by additional prepreg layers, so that the traversing frame  12  has an essentially constant thickness or one that passes uniformly into one another. As is shown in  FIG. 3 , the zones  14  of compact laminate are located both on the two ends in the lengthwise direction of the traversing frame  12  and also at the coupling sites of the legs between the two end zones  14  of pure laminate, and four zones  13  are provided with separating film in alternation therewith around the periphery of the traversing frame  12 . Preferably, the transitions between the separating film and the laminate, i.e., between zones  13  and  14 , are made such that they are likewise offset with respect to the individual layers to one another somewhat in the peripheral direction so that a theoretical failure site cannot arise due to repeated transitions at a certain site along the peripheral direction of the traversing body  12 . 
         [0043]    When a preimpregnated layer with high modulus carbon fibers M40J is selected as a prepreg, and, for example, 52 layers are wound to form a traversing frame  12 , and between two layers of prepreg at a time in zones  13  a layer of separating film is placed, the film in sum has a total thickness of roughly 1.2-1.3 mm, which can be equalized by several layers of the prepreg, of which one layer is, for example, 0.14 mm thick. The zones  14  without the separating film compared to zones  13  with the separating film have increased flexural stiffness that is increased by a factor of 7000 for the aforementioned parameters. 
         [0044]    The selected prepreg is preferably a unidirectional CFK prepreg, in which preferably the aforementioned high modulus carbon fibers are used, and in each case, the fibers should be oriented along the winding direction W to ensure optimum tensile stiffness. 
         [0045]    To attach the traversing frame with the force application elements  8  that are mounted in it and that are shown in  FIG. 1 , and the electrostrictive actuator in the form of a stacked piezoactuator  5 , for example to a helicopter rotor blade, it is necessary for the attachment to be dimensioned such that, on the one hand, it allows high-frequency deformations of the traversing frame and, on the other hand, absorbs or tolerates the forces that arise in the rotor blade, i.e., for example a centrifugal acceleration of 800 g that acts on the actuator (corresponding to a centrifugal force of 4700 N). 
         [0046]    For this purpose, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the traversing frame  12  is placed in a holding frame  20  that is provided with a holding flange  26 . 
         [0047]    The holding frame  20 , as is shown in  FIG. 4 , is likewise produced preferably from a winding body of a fiber composite material, however differently from the traversing frame  12  its being only symmetrical to the lengthwise axis L, but as a result of providing the holding flange  26  ( FIG. 2 ) that is placed between one lengthwise end of the traversing frame  12  and the holding frame  20  its not having axial symmetry with respect to one axis perpendicular to the lengthwise axis of the holding frame. The holding frame  20  is also formed in the same manner as the traversing frame  12  with zones with separating film  23  and zones without separating film  24  that alternate in the peripheral direction that corresponds to the winding direction W of the holding frame  20 . To attach the traversing frame  12  to the holding frame  20 , the latter are cemented against one another by cement sites  16  (see  FIG. 2 ) that are provided essentially along the respective zones  14 ,  24  without separating film, with the exception that in one of the lengthwise-side ends of the holding frame  20 , i.e., in one of the two end-side zones  24  without a separating film, instead of a connection to the traversing frame  12 , the holding flange  26  is cemented in or attached there. Between the cement sites  16  along the zones  13  and  23  with separating film—along the regions  17 —the holding frame  20  and traversing frame  12  are not connected to one another. 
         [0048]    The arrangement  10  that is shown in  FIG. 2  and that corresponds essentially to the electrostrictive drive  100 , the stacked piezoactuator  5 , however, not being shown in  FIG. 2 , is finally provided with holes on one housing side and the drive side for attachment (see  FIG. 5 ). For this reason, in the coupling zones  11  along the long sides of the traversing frame  12  or holding frame  20  in the regions  14  without separating film, there are through holes that in addition to preventing cracks or breaks in the zone of the holes are reinforced by additional fabric reinforcing layers  30  being cemented on the outside to the holding frame and on the inside in the traversing frame. These layers additionally prevent damage of the electrostrictive drive  100  in the region of the holes under operating loads. A dowel screw  40  is placed in the intended hole for housing-side attachment. For attachment of the measurement frame  42  on the drive side, a sleeve  41  is routed into the hole through the traversing frame  12  and the holding frame  20 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 6  finally shows a winding mandrel  50  that can be used to produce the traversing frame  12 . The winding mandrel for the holding frame is not shown and is made similarly, but as a result of the aforementioned asymmetry of the holding frame  20 , it is likewise made asymmetrical. The winding mandrel  50  contains a mounting shaft  51  with which it can be clamped, for example, in a turning device. The direction of rotation of the mounting shaft  51  in the turning device is shown schematically by the arrow D. The winding mandrel  50  has a width B between the end plates  54  into which the prepreg can be wound, which is, for example, 300 mm, i.e., a multiple of the end width of the holding frame  20  or traversing frame  12 . Thus, by a single winding process, several holding and traversing frames  20  and  12  can be produced that—after the laminate is cured—are cut into pieces of the corresponding width, for example 19 mm. 
         [0050]    The end plates  54  of the winding mandrel  50  are additionally provided with positioning stops  56  for strips of film. Thus, for example, the strips of film can be placed over a greater width (including the width of the end plates), while the prepreg layers lie only within the zone between the two end plates  54 . 
         [0051]    Thus, reliable positioning of the film layers can be ensured. When the positioning stops  56  have, for example, beveled side surfaces  57 , film layers lying on top of one another are slightly offset to one another along the winding direction so that there is no abrupt transition between the zones  13  with separating film and zones  14  without separating film in, for example, the traversing frame. 
       REFERENCE NUMBER LIST 
       [0000]    
       
           5  piezoactuator 
           6  cement layer 
           8  force application element 
           10  frame arrangement 
           11  coupling region 
           12  traversing frame 
           13  zone 
           14  zone 
           16  cementing site 
           17  region 
           20  holding frame 
           23  separating film 
           24  separating film 
           26  holding flange 
           30  fabric reinforcing layer 
           40  dowel screw 
           41  sleeve 
           42  measurement frame 
           50  winding mandrel 
           51  mounting shaft 
           52  winding mandrel 
           54  end plate 
           56  positioning stop 
           57  side surface 
           100  electrostrictive drive 
         B width 
         D direction of rotation 
         L lengthwise axis 
         P piezopath 
         W angle direction