Abstract:
A method for connecting substrates having electrical conductive elements thereon, comprising: providing at least one spacer between the substrates; applying a conductive material to at least one of the electrical conductive elements; aligning the electrical conductive elements; and, connecting the substrates by urging them together, wherein the at least one spacer prevents lateral spreading of the conductive material on the substrates from bridging a distance between adjacent conductive elements during the connecting.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     The present application claims the benefit under 119(e) of U.S. Provisional application 60/631,254 filed on Nov. 29, 2004 entitled “Transparent Sensor Assembly Process”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present application is concerned with methods for manufacturing a sensor assembly.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Existing methods of creating electrical and mechanical contacts between conductive pads include soldering, using anisotropic conductive paste (“ACP”) or film (“ACF”), and conductive adhesives.  
         [0004]     Soldering is commonly used in the electronics industry. However, in order to create a good electric contact both pads are heated to relatively high temperatures. This method is unsuitable when the electric pads are part of polymeric substrates, such as a PET foil, due to the relatively high temperatures required to practice this option.  
         [0005]     Anisotropic conductive materials, such as ACF or ACP, are common alternatives for soldering. ACP/ACF works by trapping conductive particles between the corresponding conductive pads. An exemplary prior art method of using an anisotropic material is shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . Referring to  FIG. 1A , a pre-bonding step is shown. During the pre-bonding step, an ACF or ACP  102  is placed between a PET foil  104  and a printed circuit board (“PCB”) substrate  106 . The ACF/ACP  102  consists of conductive particles  108  dispersed within a non-conductive epoxy/adhesive. The electric pads  110  on PCB substrate  106  and PET foil  104  are slightly elevated from the surface. The bonding step consists of applying pressure and heat across the top surface of the PCB substrate  106 . As seen in  FIG. 1B , after the bonding process, some of the conductive particles are trapped between the electric pads  110  of PCB substrate  106  and the electric pads  114  of the PET foil  104 . The trapped particles form an electric contact in the vertical direction. The conductive particles in the medium  112  between the electric pads are distributed in a way that doesn&#39;t allow electrical contact in the lateral direction. After the bonding process, the epoxy material  102  is cured and the conductive particles are locked in their compressed position. The curing technique depends on the anisotropic conductive material.  
         [0006]     In order to ensure sound electrical contacts, the bonding process must provide an even amount of heat and pressure across the entire surface of the top substrate  106 . These requirements lead to some of the ACF/ACP major disadvantages including: 
        1. the PCB substrate  106  has to be of limited dimensions in order to ensure an even distribution of pressure and heat;     2. the top surface of the PCB substrate  106 , opposite the electric pads  110 , has to be smooth;     3. at least one of the substrates  104 ,  106  has to be thin and flexible;     4. high stress levels do not allow assembling of brittle parts; and,     5. the typical curing temperature of the ACF/ACP  102  is greater than 120° C., which is still relatively high.        
 
         [0012]     These disadvantages make it impossible to use ACF/ACP on uneven surfaces such as rigid PCB boards assembled with electronic components because standard bonding machinery supports limited surface areas and specific geometries. In addition the ACF/ACP will not allow assembly at low temperature.  
         [0013]     A third alternative for creating electrical and mechanical contacts between electric pads includes using a conductive adhesive. However, the use of a conductive adhesive, such as Epo-Tek E4110, is very likely to result in lateral conductance. Lateral conductance is undesirable because it causes a short circuit between the electric pads.  FIG. 2  shows an attempt to use a conductive adhesive  202  in order to electrically connect the electric pads  204  on a first substrate  206  to the electric pads  208  on a second substrate  210 . Applying even a small amount of pressure to the first substrate  206  will cause the adhesive  202  to spread sideways, in which case, undesirable lateral conductance is likely to occur.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to methods for creating electrical and mechanical contacts between electrical components, having located thereon electrical pads, using a conductive material, such as adhesive, while avoiding the risk of creating lateral conductance between the pads. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the electrical pads are located on polymeric/heat sensitive substrates, such as PET foils, as well as brittle components, such as PCBs. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, at least one non-conductive spacer is used to avoid creating lateral conductance between the pads. Optionally, the non-conductive spacer is located on a PCB. Optionally, the non-conductive spacer is located on a sensor. Optionally, a conductive adhesive is applied to the pads subsequent to the placement of the non-conductive spacer. The spacer is operative, in some embodiments of the invention, to act as a blocking element to stop lateral flow of the conductive epoxy.  
         [0015]     In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a conductive spacer is used as part of the contact mechanism, avoiding any lateral conductance between the pads. Optionally, at least one conductive spacer is placed on a pad. Since for use as a spacer, the conductive spacer is required to be coherent and, when conductive epoxy is used, should be cured before assembly, optionally a supplemental coating of a conductive adhesive is placed on the conductive spacer prior to assembly. Since the spacer is conductive and forms part of the contact, only a small amount of epoxy is used, making it easier to avoid lateral flow to the next spacer.  
         [0016]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, electric pads are mated by placing their respective substrates in proximity to each other such that the electric pads match up. Optionally, weight and/or pressure are used to force the two substrates together. Optionally, planarization of the substrates is achieved by using the weight and/or pressure in combination with the spacers. Optionally, the height of a gap between the two substrates is determined by the height of the spacers. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, gaps between the two substrates being mated together are filled in with a non-conductive material.  
         [0017]     An aspect of some exemplary embodiments of the invention relates to methods of manufacturing a sensor assembly. Optionally, the sensor assembly is a component of a digitizer, a personal computer, a personal data assistant or a mobile phone. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a sensor array and at least one PCB are connected together electrically and/or mechanically while avoiding creating lateral conductance between electrical pads located thereon. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the connected sensor array and at least one PCB are secured within a frame. Optionally, the frame provides mechanical stability to the sensor assembly. Optionally, the frame provides a recess for locating a peripheral coil. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the frame is provided with alignment extensions to assist with aligning the frame with another object, such as an LCD screen. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a peripheral coil is placed within the recess of the frame. Optionally, the peripheral coil is constructed of a conductive material, such as copper. Optionally, the peripheral coil is wound about the frame in order to position it within the recess. Optionally, one end of the peripheral coil is connected to a first set of electrical pads and a second end of the peripheral coil is connected to a second set of electrical pads. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the sensor array, PCB, frame and peripheral coil are encapsulated in a non-conductive material to improve the mechanical stability of the assembly and to help secure the peripheral coil in place.  
         [0018]     There is thus provided in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method for connecting substrates having electrical conductive elements thereon, comprising: providing at least one spacer between the substrates; applying a conductive material to at least one of the electrical conductive elements; aligning the electrical conductive elements; and, connecting the substrates by urging them together, wherein the at least one spacer prevents lateral spreading of the conductive material on the substrates from bridging a distance between adjacent conductive elements during the connecting. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises filling in gaps between the substrates. Optionally, the gaps are filled in with a non-conductive adhesive. Optionally, at least one of the substrates is a PCB. Optionally, at least one of the substrates is a sensor array. Optionally, at least one spacer is non-conductive. Optionally, at least one spacer is conductive. Optionally, at least some of the conductive spacers are comprised in the conductive elements. Optionally, at least one non-conductive spacer is planar. Optionally, at least one non-conductive spacer is elongate. Optionally, the planar spacer prevents lateral spread by blocking the spread. Optionally, at least one spacer determined a distance between the substrates. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, at least one conductive spacer is comprised of a cured conductive material. Optionally, the electrical conductive elements are pads. Optionally, urging is performed by a weight. Optionally, the urging planarizes at least one of the substrates by conforming the electrical component to the at least one spacer. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the conductive material is a conductive adhesive.  
         [0019]     There is thus provided in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method for manufacturing a sensor assembly, comprising: connecting at least two substrates having electrical connections thereon, matching connections on adjacent substrates being connected by conductive epoxy, wherein the substrates are provided with at least one spacer to avoid lateral conduction between adjacent connections on a same substrate; and, adding a frame, wherein the frame provides additional mechanical stability to the connected substrates. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises providing a peripheral coil. Optionally, the peripheral coil is situated in a recess located on the frame. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises encapsulating the assembly with a non-conductive adhesive. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises integrating the sensor assembly with another device. Optionally, the peripheral coil is wound around the frame. Optionally, encapsulating includes filling in any gaps between the electrical components and the frame. Optionally, encapsulating further includes filling in the recess wherein the peripheral coil is situated. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, integrating occurs with at least one of a personal computer, a mobile phone, a digitizer or a personal data assistant. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises providing a hard protective layer on top of at least one of the substrates. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]     Exemplary non-limiting embodiments of the invention are described in the following description, read with reference to the figures attached hereto. In the figures, identical and similar structures, elements or parts thereof that appear in more than one figure are generally labeled with the same or similar references in the figures in which they appear. Dimensions of components and features shown in the figures are chosen primarily for convenience and clarity of presentation and are not necessarily to scale. In the attached figures:  
         [0021]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic showing a prior art pre-bonding step using anisotropic conductive materials;  
         [0022]      FIG. 1B  is a schematic showing a prior art post-bonding step using anisotropic conductive materials;  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  is an illustration showing a prior art disadvantage of using conductive adhesive;  
         [0024]      FIG. 3  is a schematic showing a sensor array and PCBs prior to connection, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart outlining an exemplary method for connecting a PCB substrate to a sensor array, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0026]      FIG. 5A  is a side view of a PCB with non-conductive spacers, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0027]      FIG. 5B  is a top view of a PCB with non-conductive spacers, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0028]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a sensor array with non-conductive spacers, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0029]      FIG. 7  is a top view of a PCB with non-conductive spacers, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0030]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a sensor array with conductive spacers, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0031]      FIG. 9  is an exemplary perspective view of a sensor array provided with non-conductive spacers with conductive adhesive applied to electric pads, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0032]      FIG. 10  is an exemplary side view of a sensor array provided with conductive spacers with conductive adhesive applied to electric pads, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0033]      FIG. 11  is a side view of a non-conductive spacer embodiment showing a PCB mated to a sensor array prior to curing, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0034]      FIG. 12  is a side view of a conductive spacer embodiment showing a PCB mated to a sensor array prior to curing, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0035]      FIG. 13  is a side view of a connected PCB and sensor array with the gaps therebetween filled in, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0036]      FIG. 14  is a flowchart showing an exemplary method for manufacturing a sensor assembly, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0037]      FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of a framed sensor array with connected PCBs, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0038]      FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view of a peripheral coil located in a recess in a frame, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention; and,  
         [0039]      FIG. 17  is a side view of a sensor assembly with the gaps filled in, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS  
       [0040]     The present invention is best understood when described in conjunction with position detecting systems, such as a digitizer or touch screen. U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,156 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/649,708, entitled “Transparent Digitizer”, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference, describe positioning detecting devices located on top of a flat screen display. Some of the exemplary embodiments in both disclosures describe a sensor assembly built of transparent foils containing a matrix of vertical and horizontal conductors. Optionally, the sensor assembly is for use with at least one of: a tablet personal computer (tablet “PC”), a lap-top PC, a personal data assistant (“PDA”) or any hand held device such as a mobile phone. The exemplary embodiments described herein are suitable for manufacturing such a sensor assembly.  
         [0041]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , an exemplary sensory array  302  is shown in proximity to a first PCB substrate  304  and a second PCB substrate  306 . In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, sensor array  302  is manufactured on a substrate, which is typically a transparent material such as glass or plastic. Optionally, sensor array  302  is comprised of transparent PET foils, each patterned with conductive antennae  308 . Optionally, conductive antennae  308  are made of ITO or other transparent organic conductors. The transparent foils are combined to create a grid of conductive antennae  308 . Optionally, each conductive antenna  308  is connected to or formed with one of a plurality of electrical conductive elements, such as electric pads  310 , at or near the edge of the foils. Optionally, the electric pads are made of graphitic or silver material. First PCB substrate  304  is assigned to the x-axis antennae and second PCB substrate  306  is assigned to the y-axis antennae, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Optionally, more or less PCBs are used depending on the configuration of the sensor array or functionality considerations. Optionally, flex circuits are used instead of PCB substrate  304 .  
         [0042]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a first PCB substrate  304  and a second PCB substrate  306  are provided with electronic components  312  of various shapes and heights on one side and electric pads  314  on the opposite side. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, electric pads  314  face electric pads  310  of sensor array  302 . PCB substrates  304 ,  306  are optionally narrow, thin and of an elongated rectangular shape, which causes a certain curvature across its longitudinal axis. Electric pads  314  at the bottom of the PCB substrates are electrically connected to electric pads  310  on the transparent foils, in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, optionally using methods of connection as described herein. Optionally, electric pads  314  at the bottom of the PCB substrates are electrically connected to the conductive lines of the transparent foils of the sensor. Optionally, electric pads  314  are made of nickel coated with gold.  
         [0043]     In operation, user interactions on sensor array  302  generate electric signals on conductive antennae  308 . The received signals are transferred to the PCB substrates  304 ,  306  through the electric contacts provided by the electric pads  310 ,  314 . PCB substrates  304 ,  306  are optionally electrically connected through flex cables  316 ,  318  to a control circuit or to a digitizer for further analysis.  
         [0000]     Exemplary Methods for Connecting at Least One PCB to a Sensor Array  
         [0044]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, at least one PCB substrate is mechanically and electrically secured to a sensor array without creating lateral conduction. There are a number of optional methods for accomplishing this securing, as described below.  
         [0045]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , a flowchart  400  outlining an exemplary method for connecting a PCB substrate to a sensor array is depicted, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, at least one spacer, and generally a plurality of spacers, optionally in a pointed pattern or in a planar shape is provided ( 402 ) to a PCB substrate and/or a sensor array. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the spacers are placed using a dispenser. The spacers can be non-conductive when placed on top of the PCB and/or the sensor substrate or conductive when placed on top of the electric pads of the PCB substrate and/or the sensor array, depending on which of the methods is used. Optionally, both conductive and non-conductive spacers are used. Optionally, at least one spacer is planar. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, at least one spacer is provided with a larger height dimension than that of the electric pads located on the PCB substrate and/or sensor array.  
         [0046]     A conductive adhesive is applied ( 404 ) to the electric pads of the PCB substrate and/or the sensor array (which may be the spacers themselves, in some embodiments of the invention). The PCB substrate to be connected to the sensor array is aligned ( 406 ) with the sensor array such that electric pads located thereon are aligned with corresponding electric pads on the sensor array. The PCB substrate and the sensor array are connected ( 408 ) by applying pressure to the PCB substrate and/or the sensor array, such that the two come together and compress the conductive adhesive located therebetween. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the electric pads located on the PCB substrate and the sensor array mate with a conductive connection provided by the conductive adhesive. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the at least one spacer avoids creation of lateral conductivity between the electric pads after a conductive adhesive is applied and pressed. Any gaps between the PCB substrate and the sensor array are filled ( 410 ) with a non-conductive material, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.  
         [0047]     Optionally, filling ( 410 ) is accomplished by using a capillary effect caused by the small spaces in between the PCB substrate and the sensor array.  
         [0048]     In most of the embodiments described herein, the PCB substrates are assembled in the same general plane as the sensor array, however other embodiments may include other configurations. For example, the PCB substrates can be optionally positioned above or below the sensor array plane. Optionally, the frame (described in more detail below) has integrated PCBs and is connected directly to the sensor array.  
         [0049]     Referring to  FIG. 5A , a side view  500  of an exemplary PCB substrate  502  is shown. Located on one side of PCB substrate  502  are various components  504  related to the functionality of PCB substrate  502 . Optionally, various components  504  are of variable size, shape and/or height. Electric pads  506  are provided on the side opposite various components  504 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As described in the “Background of the Invention” section, application of a conductive adhesive to this structure would most likely result in creating lateral conduction. Therefore, in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, non-conductive spacers  508  are provided to PCB substrate  502  in order to avoid creating lateral conduction between electric pads  506  when a conductive adhesive is added and subsequently subjected to pressure.  
         [0050]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, non-conductive spacers  508  are provided ( 402 ) on PCB substrate  502  in sufficient quantity to prevent lateral conduction by resisting the application of pressure to the conductive epoxy which would cause sufficient lateral flow of the epoxy to cause shorts between the pads. This would happen, in the absence of the spacers, when a sensor array, depicted in  FIG. 6 , is mated thereto and the two are pressed together. For example, non-conductive spacers  408  are located at least in between each of electric pad  506 . Non-conductive spacers  508  are optionally provided with a height dimension  510  which is larger than that of electric pads  506 , such that when the sensor array is pressed onto PCB substrate  502 , non-conductive spacers  508  support the pressure rather than electric pads  506 .  FIG. 5B  shows an exemplary configuration of non-conductive spacers  508  from a top view, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.  
         [0051]      FIG. 5A  shows a variety of configurations for non-conductive spacers  508 , and it should be understood that these configurations are by way of example only and should not be considered limiting. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, non-conductive spacers  508  are elongate. It is also noted that PCB substrate  502  is slightly warped, as is typically the case for long, thin substrates like PCBs. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, warped substrates do not present a manufacturing hurdle due to the use of spacers and the application of pressure.  
         [0052]     Additionally or alternatively to providing non-conductive spacers  508  on PCB substrate  502 , sensor array non-conductive spacers  602  are provided ( 402 ) on a sensor array  604 , shown in  FIG. 6 . In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, when PCB substrate  502  and sensor array  604  are pressed together, sensor array non-conductive spacers  602  prevent a conductive adhesive located therebetween from being squashed enough to create lateral conduction between electric pads  606 . Of course, since the pads are lower than the spacers, enough epoxy must be applied to fill the gap between the sensor and the PC board when the two are pressed together. However, since this amount can be relatively small it does not cause too much lateral flow.  
         [0053]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a planar non-conductive spacer  702 , shown in  FIG. 7 , is provided ( 402 ) additionally or alternatively to non-conductive spacers  508 ,  602 . Planar non-conductive spacer  702  is configured to insulate electric pads  706  located on a PCB substrate  704  such that when a conductive adhesive is applied to electric pads  706 , lateral conduction between electric pads  706  is blocked by the spacers. Optionally, planar non-conductive spacer  702  is a one piece element. Optionally, planar non-conductive spacer  702  is comprised of a plurality of pieces. Optionally, planar non-conductive spacers are used on sensor array  604  instead of PCB substrate  704 . Optionally, planar non-conductive spacers are used on sensor array  604  and placed in a row pattern between the conductive foils. Planar non-conductive spacer  702  is optionally provided with a height dimension (not shown, in a top view  700 ) which is larger than that of electric pads  706 , such that when sensor array  604  is pressed onto PCB substrate  704 , planar non-conductive spacer  702  supports the pressure rather than electric pads  706 . In a sense, the pads sit in wells (at least in one dimension) formed by the spacer. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, planar non-conductive spacer  702  is not affixed, or does not rest upon PCB substrate  704  or sensor array  604 , and instead placed in between them when they are pressed together.  
         [0054]     Referring to  FIG. 8 , an exemplary side view  800  of a sensor array  802  is provided, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. For those embodiments described herein where non-conductive spacers  906  were provided ( 402 ), a small amount of conductive adhesive  804  is applied ( 404 ) to electric pads  806 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Enough conductive adhesive  804  must be applied ( 404 ) to adhere sensor array  802  electric pads  806  to correlative electric pads on a PCB substrate. Furthermore, an electrical connection should be made in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. However, not so much conductive adhesive  804  should be applied ( 404 ) such that the amount of adhesive  804  overwhelms the non-conductive spacers  806  and creates lateral conduction. Optionally, conductive adhesive  804  is applied ( 404 ) to electric pads on a PCB substrate (not shown) and then the PCB substrate electric pads are mated to electric pads  906 . Optionally, conductive adhesive  804  is applied ( 404 ) to both PCB substrate electric pads and electric pads  806 .  
         [0055]     In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, at least one conductive spacer  902  is provided ( 402 ), as seen in  FIG. 9 . A measured amount of conductive adhesive is carefully placed on each electric pad  904 , the electric pads  904  being located on a sensor array  906 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Optionally, sensor array  906  is constructed of PET foil. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the conductive adhesive is cured, which causes the conductive adhesive to solidify. The cured conductive adhesive becomes a conductive spacer  802  upon its solidification.  
         [0056]     While not shown in the attached Figures, a component holder is optionally used in addition to or alternatively to the spacers described above. Optionally, the component holder is a vacuum holder. In an exemplary embodiment, the vacuum holder holds one of the components, such as the PCB substrate, a fixed distance above the sensor array. In such an embodiment, a conductive adhesive would be dispensed on the electric pads of one or both of the PCB and sensor array. The fixed distance between the PCB and sensor array helps to ensure that the conductive adhesive does not spread sideways in a way that may cause lateral conductance. The components can be moved any distance apart as is necessary after the application of the conductive adhesive for curing.  
         [0057]      FIG. 10  is an exemplary side view  1000  of a sensor array  1002  provided ( 402 ) with conductive spacers  1008 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Optionally, conductive spacers  1002  are the same as conductive spacers  802 , previously cured and hardened. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, after conductive spacers  802  have cured, a second coating of conductive adhesive  1004  is applied ( 404 ) on top of conductive spacers  802 . In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, conductive spacers  802  are hard and conductive adhesive  1004  is still elastic. Optionally, enough conductive adhesive  1004  is applied to adhere PCB substrate electrical pads to the hardened conductive spacers  802  and establish an electrical connection between conductive spacers  802 , and thus their underlying electric pads  1006  and the PCB substrate electric pads. Optionally, conductive adhesive  1004  is applied ( 404 ) to electric pads on a PCB substrate (not shown) and then the PCB substrate electric pads are mated to electric pads  1006  via conductive spacers  802 . Optionally, conductive adhesive  1004  is applied ( 404 ) to both PCB substrate electric pads and conductive spacers  802 .  
         [0058]     While not shown in any of the attached Figures, screen printing can be used as a method of dispensing the conductive adhesive on the electric pads. Screen printing is an optionally useful technique for applying a moderate amount of conductive adhesive to all the electric pads of the designated substrate or surface at one stroke. A stencil or screen is overlaid on the electric pads whereby a gap in the stencil positioned above each electric pad permits adhesive to become deposited thereon when adhesive is applied to the stencil. Once the stencil is removed, the conductive adhesive that went through the gaps remains on the electric pads. Optionally, screen printing can be used as a method of dispensing the non-conductive adhesive on the PCB substrate and/or the sensor substrate in the same process.  
         [0059]      FIG. 11  is side view  1100  of a non-conductive spacer embodiment showing a PCB substrate  1104  aligned ( 406 ) with a sensor array  1108  in preparation for connecting ( 408 ) them together, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Alignment is optionally performed by matching electric pads  1102  on PCB substrate  1104  with corresponding electric pads  1106  on sensor array  1108 . In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, PCB substrate  1104  and sensor array  1108  are connected ( 408 ) together using a conductive adhesive  1110 . Optionally, conductive adhesive  1110  is the same as conductive adhesive  804  applied ( 404 ) in  FIG. 8 . In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a force or pressure is applied to PCB substrate  1104  to force PCB substrate  1104  and sensor array  1108  together. Optionally, a weight  1112  is used to exert the force or pressure. Optionally, a vise is used to exert the pressure. It should be noted that pressure can be exerted on PCB substrate  1104  towards sensor array  1108 , on sensor array  1108  towards PCB substrate  1104 , or any combination of both. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the exerted force causes PCB substrate  1104  and sensor array  1108  to come together, separated by non-conductive spacers  1114 . Conductive adhesive  1110  is compressed between electric pads  1102 ,  1106  establishing an electrical and mechanical connection between them.  
         [0060]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, non-conductive spacers  1114 , and proper application of conductive adhesive amounts, prevent excess conductive adhesive  1110  from flowing laterally from one electric pad to another electric pad on the same substrate, thereby avoiding creation of lateral conduction. It should also be noted that thin, long components like PCB substrate  1104  are often prone to warping before, during and after their manufacture. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, using a force, such as weight  1112 , on PCB substrate  1104  helps to planarize PCB substrate  1104  and in some embodiments of the invention, the combined structure of PCN substrate  1104  and sensor array  1108 .  
         [0061]      FIG. 12  is side view  1200  of a conductive spacer embodiment showing a PCB substrate  1202  aligned ( 406 ) for connecting ( 408 ) to a sensor array  1204 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Electric pads  1206  of PCB substrate  1202  are aligned ( 406 ) opposite corresponding electric pads  1208  on sensor array  1204 . In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, PCB substrate  1202  is connected ( 408 ) to sensor array  1204  by using a conductive adhesive  1210  to adhere them together. Optionally, conductive adhesive  1210  is conductive adhesive  1004  previously applied ( 404 ), as in  FIG. 10 . PCB substrate  1202  is then pressed against sensor array  1204  in order to connect ( 408 ) them electrically and mechanically, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Optionally, a weight  1214  is used to press PCB substrate  1202  and sensor array  1204  together. Pre-formed and hardened conductive spacers  1212  ensure a certain spacing between PCB substrate  1202  and sensor array  1204  according to a height dimension of conductive spacers  1212 . Optionally, conductive spacers  1212  are conductive spacers  902 , as described with respect to  FIG. 9 , however they can be performed by any method known in the art.  
         [0062]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the gap enforced between PCB substrate  1202  and sensor array  1204  by conductive spacers  1212  prevents conductive adhesive  1210  from spreading sideways in a way that would cause lateral conductance between electric pads on the same substrate. The spacers allow for using only a small amount of epoxy and provide the necessary support for the gap which avoids lateral spread. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, pressure is applied from PCB substrate  1202  towards sensor array  1204 . Optionally, pressure is applied from sensor array  1204  towards PCB substrate  1202 . Optionally, pressure is applied as a combination from both PCB substrate  1202  and sensor array  1204 .  
         [0063]     Referring to  FIG. 13 , a side view  1300  is shown of a PCB substrate  1302  and a sensor array  1304  after a curing process, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The embodiment shown is that of the non-conductive spacers  508  from  FIG. 5A , however, it should be noted that in some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the non-conductive spacers have a different configuration ( FIG. 7 ) or conductive spacers ( FIG. 9 ) are used. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention where conductive spacers are used, the first and second coats of conductive adhesive are optionally unified into a single solid conductive mass as a result of curing. No matter the type of spacer used, by this time electrical contact is established between the electric pads  1306  of PCB substrate  1302  and sensor array  1304 . However, in some exemplary embodiments this structure is mechanically fragile since PCB substrate  1302  and sensor array  1304  are connected solely at electric pads  1306 .  
         [0064]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the structure of PCB substrate  1302  and sensor array  1304  is reinforced mechanically by filling ( 410 ) the gaps between PCB substrate  1302  and sensor array  1304  with a non-conductive adhesive  1308 . After a final curing process, non-conductive adhesive  1308  hardens and the entire structure is rendered more mechanically stable, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Optionally, Epo-Tek 302 is used as non-conductive adhesive  1308 . The non-conductive adhesive is optionally filled with silica or other non-conductive materials for better mechanical properties. Other embodiments may use different types of non conductive materials to supply mechanical stability to the structure.  
         [0065]     It should be noted that although this method is described in the context of securing a PCB to a sensor array, this method can be utilized in order to create electric contacts between different components, modules and substrate materials. For example, two sensor arrays could be connecting using the disclosed methods.  
         [0000]     Exemplary Methods for Manufacturing a Sensor Assembly  
         [0066]     Referring to  FIG. 14 , a flowchart  1400  is depicted showing an exemplary method for manufacturing a sensor assembly, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, at least one PCB substrate is connected ( 1402 ) to a sensor array. Optionally, the connection ( 1402 ) is accomplished according to any of the methods described with respect to  FIGS. 5A-13 . Optionally, the connection is mechanical and/or electrical. A frame is added ( 1404 ) to the assembly once the PCB substrates are connected ( 1402 ) to the sensor array, in some exemplary embodiments of the invention. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a peripheral coil is provided ( 1406 ) to the assembly, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Optionally, the peripheral coil is situated within a recess on the frame. Optionally, the peripheral coil is wound onto the frame. Optionally, the peripheral coil is situated on the PCB substrate. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, gaps within the assembly are filled in with a non-conductive adhesive, thereby encapsulating ( 1408 ) the sensor assembly. Optionally, encapsulating ( 1408 ) is performed to provide better stability to the sensor assembly. Optionally, encapsulating ( 1408 ) is performed to help secure the peripheral coil in its place. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the sensor assembly is integrated ( 1410 ) into another device, such as a personal computer.  
         [0067]      FIG. 15  shows a cross-sectional view of a framed sensor array  1500  with at least one PCB substrate  1502  connected ( 1402 ) to a sensor array  1504 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The added ( 1404 ) frame  1506  optionally provides mechanical stability to the sensor assembly and/or optionally provides a place for a peripheral coil to be positioned and in some exemplary embodiments of the invention helps align the sensor assembly with another device, such as a personal computer. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a hard protective layer  1508  is provided to the sensor assembly to protect sensor array  1504 . Optionally, a non-conductive adhesive is applied in a gap  1512  between a sensor support  1510  and frame  1506 . In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the non-conductive adhesive can be applied either to frame  1506  and/or sensor support  1510  before both parts are attached. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, frame  1506  is adapted to accommodate PCB substrate  1502  and any electronic components  1514  that are assembled on it. Optionally, frame  1506  is designed to support sensor support  1510  and counteract pressure that is applied to hard protective layer  1508  of sensor array  1504 . In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, frame  1506  is transparent, which allows the use of a UV curable adhesive such as Dymax 3069. Optionally, after frame  1506  is added ( 1404 ) to the sensor assembly the adhesive is cured and frame  1506  is firmly attached to sensor array  1504  and PCB substrate  1502 .  
         [0068]      FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view  1600  of a peripheral coil  1602  provided ( 1406 ) in a recess  1604  on frame  1506 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,156 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/649,708, peripheral coil  1602  can be used to supply energy to an electromagnetic stylus and/or game pieces and/or other physical objects. However, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, if peripheral coil  1602  is not required, providing ( 1406 ) is optionally omitted. Optionally, peripheral coil  1602  is located elsewhere in the sensor assembly. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, peripheral coil  1602  is comprised of a copper wire coated with insulating material, such as insulating varnish. Other embodiments may utilize other types of conductive wires.  
         [0069]     In an exemplary embodiment, peripheral coil  1602  is wound about frame  1506 . A recess  1604  within frame  1506  provides a convenient place to locate peripheral coil  1602  around the sensor array. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, peripheral coil  1602  is connected to at least one of the PCB substrates  1502 . Optionally, this connection is made to supply peripheral coil  1602  with power. Optionally, a gap in frame  1506  allows access to two electric pads on one of the PCB substrates  1502 . A first end of peripheral coil  1602  is connected to a first electric pad, and the second end of peripheral coil  1602  is connected to a second electric pad, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Other embodiments may use a different configuration to connect the peripheral coil to the power supply.  
         [0070]     A cross-sectional view of a sensor assembly  1700  is shown in  FIG. 17 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, upon the provision ( 1406 ) of peripheral coil sensor assembly  1700  is essentially complete. In order to improve the mechanical stability of sensor assembly  1700  and/or to secure peripheral coil  1602  in position, air gaps within sensor assembly  1700  are filled with a non-conductive adhesive  1702 . In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, this filling serves to encapsulate ( 1408 ) sensor assembly  1700 . Non-conductive adhesive  1702  is inserted into all the air gaps between frame  1506  and PCB substrate  1502  as well as the gaps in and around peripheral coil  1602 .  
         [0071]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, frame  1506  helps integrate ( 1410 ) sensor assembly  1700  with another device, such as an LCD screen. Optionally, frame  1506  is used to align the sensor array with a viewing area of an LCD. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, frame  1506  is provided with extensions  1706  which are designed to fit frame  1506  to the LCD screen. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, ribs (not shown) are provided to frame  1506  and overlap screw holes in the LCD. Thus, a screw through a rib and into the screw hole in the LCD secures frame  1506  to the LCD. Other embodiments may utilize different techniques, or combine them, in order to secure the sensor assembly to another device in an aligned configuration.  
         [0072]     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, PCB substrates  1502  are connected to a controller  1704 . Optionally, this connection is via a flex cable. Other embodiments may assemble a controller directly on PCB substrates  1502 . In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, sensor assembly derived information is transferred to a host device by a simple electrical connection such as a USB connection. Optionally, the PCBs and/or the frame include some or all of the electronic components of a digitizer.  
         [0073]     The present invention has been described using non-limiting detailed descriptions of embodiments thereof that are provided by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. It should be understood that features and/or steps described with respect to one embodiment may be used with other embodiments and that not all embodiments of the invention have all of the features and/or steps shown in a particular figure or described with respect to one of the embodiments. Variations of embodiments described will occur to persons of the art. Furthermore, the terms “comprise,” “include,” “have” and their conjugates, shall mean, when used in the disclosure and/or claims, “including but not necessarily limited to.” 
         [0074]     It is noted that some of the above described embodiments may describe the best mode contemplated by the inventors and therefore may include structure, acts or details of structures and acts that may not be essential to the invention and which are described as examples. Structure and acts described herein are replaceable by equivalents, which perform the same function, even if the structure or acts are different, as known in the art. Therefore, the scope of the invention is limited only by the elements and limitations as used in the claims.