Abstract:
A bus driver circuit divides an internal data bus for an integrated circuit memory into at least two groups, designated by speed. A faster group of data lines and a slower group of data lines are placed in an interleaved fashion in order to provide a two group shielding solution. At the earliest opportunity following the reception of a read command, the data from memory banks in the memory is sorted into these two groups. For a DDR3 memory, the sorting method is based on the A2 column address, known as C2. All of the data is brought out of the banks in parallel and sorted as it enters the main amplifiers. These main amplifiers are also divided into two groups, faster and slower. Each amplifier then connects to a data line (G-line) of the same group. The clock assigned to the fast group fires right away, thereby connecting the data associated with the fast amplifiers to the fast data group. This data group then proceeds to the output buffers through the entire data path as fast as possible. The second, slower data group is started with a delayed clock signal and proceeds through the data path to the output buffer maintaining a fixed delay. Since the first and second data groups are not switching at the same time they act as shields to one another.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present invention is related to the subject matter disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/625,744 filed Jan. 22, 2007 as Attorney Docket No. UMI-375 DIV, for SHIELDED BITLINE ARCHITECTURE FOR DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (DRAM) ARRAYS and 11/679,632 filed Feb. 27, 2007 as Attorney Docket No. UMI-382 for METHOD TO REGULATE PROPAGATION DELAY OF CAPACITIVELY COUPLED PARALLEL LINES assigned to ProMOS Technologies PTE.LTD, assignee of the present invention, the disclosures of which are herein specifically incorporated by this reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to integrated circuit memories and other types of integrated circuits and, more specifically, to a circuit and method for shielding long data lines from one another in the integrated circuit. 
         [0003]    For a one giga-bit DDR3 DRAM the length of the internal data lines is so long that the inherent RC delays make it difficult to obtain the very aggressive DDR3 speed targets. Furthermore, the internal data bus is so wide, typically 64 or even 128 bits wide, that the data lines usually run together in a group. Thus, the situation where one data line is switching in a given direction surrounded by two data lines switching in the opposite direction results in a very slow data path. Referring now to  FIG. 1 , three closely spaced data lines  112 ,  114 , and  116  are shown. The parasitic capacitance between the first and second data lines is shown as capacitor  102 . The parasitic between the second and third data lines is shown as capacitor  104 . The first data line  112  is designated Ia, the second data line is designated Ib, and the third data line is designated Ic. The corresponding data line waveforms are shown, wherein waveform  106  corresponds to data line Ia, waveform  108  corresponds to data line lb, and waveform  110  corresponds to data line Ic. Note that waveforms  106  and  110  are switching with a positive step, whereas waveform  108  is switching with a negative step. Note that there is extra undesirable delay on the Ib waveform  108  since both adjacent waveforms  106  and  110  are switching in opposite directions at the same time. 
         [0004]    As is shown in  FIG. 1 , one option to an integrated circuit designer is to use no shields at all, but this “solution” is slow due to the mutual capacitive coupling of adjacent lines switching at the same time. 
         [0005]    Running a “shield”, either a ground line or a line known not to be switching when the data lines are switching is one solution that is known to those skilled in the art, but this solution adds numerous extra lines and therefore adds chip area. Usually there are not enough “DC signal lines” to separate all the data lines, and adding power lines certainly adds area. 
         [0006]    Running an internal bus that is half the width, but switches at twice the rate, and has “shields” is another solution known to those skilled in the art. This solution leads to no net increase in line slots, but the control and timing of such a scheme has proved difficult. 
         [0007]    What is desired, therefore, is a shielding technique for a group of closely packed long data lines, but without the drawbacks of significantly increased chip area or significantly increased circuit complexity associated with known prior art circuits and methods. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    According to the present invention, high frequency response performance in data line transmission is achieved without the addition of unnecessary shielding lines and their associated area penalty, or without significantly increased control circuit complexity. 
         [0009]    According to the present invention, an internal data bus is divided into at least two groups, designated by speed. That is, a “Fast” group of data lines and a “Slow” group of data lines is proposed for a two group solution. At the earliest opportunity following the reception of a read command, the data from the memory banks is sorted into these two groups. For a DDR3 chip this is based on the A2 column address, which is known as C2. All of the data is brought out of the banks in parallel and sorted as it enters the main amplifiers. These main amplifiers are also divided into two groups, fast and slow. Each amplifier then connects to a data line (G-line) of the same group. The GCLK assigned to the fast group fires right away, thereby connecting the data associated with the fast amplifiers to the “fast data group”. F-lines assigned to both C2=0 and C2=1 are multiplexed into each main amplifier to accomplish this. This group of data then proceeds through the G-Bus to the H-Bus, and then the I-bus, and finally to the output buffers as fast as possible. Various clocks control the flow of data along the way, but all these clocks are based on the initial “fast” GCLK and are configured to move the data as fast as possible. The data bus itself is laid out such that fast and slow data lines are interleaved. The GCLK assigned to the slow group fires with some delay after the fast one. This ensures that the slow G-lines are not switching when the fast ones are switching, and thus present no mutually destructive coupling. The assigned delay in the GCLKs has to be enough that the fast group has fully switched before the slow group starts, but short enough that the slow group sill arrives at the data buffer in time. The progression of data along the slow group is controlled by a series of clocks all based on the slow GCLK. Therefore, all along the entire flow of the data bus, the fast group and the slow group are never switching at the same time. Even the clocks that load the data into the output buffer FIFO register are based on different timing for the fast and slow groups, all derived from the difference in the initial fast versus slow GCLK timing. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a set of three data lines according to the prior art, showing parasitic capacitances between the data lines, and the corresponding switching waveforms associated with the data lines; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a bus including several alternating fast and slow data lines according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a core circuit according to the present invention for providing the alternating fast and slow data lines shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of the circuit of  FIG. 3  in the larger context of a DDR3 memory application; 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of alternating fast and slow “H” data lines according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of a multiplexer circuit suitable for use in the circuits shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of an “H-to-I” data line translator circuit suitable for use in the circuit shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram of a “G-to-H” data line translator circuit suitable for use in the circuit shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram of a GCLK generator circuit suitable for use in the circuit shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram of a GCLK generator circuit sub-block suitable for use in the circuit shown in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram of a RGHCLK generator circuit suitable for use in the circuit shown in  FIG. 4 ; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of an HICLK circuit suitable for use in the circuit shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    The present invention uses 128 data lines with no dedicated shields, but relies on the nature of the DDR3 eight bit pre-fetch to split the data bus into two groups: a fast group and a slow group. Since both groups are not switching at the same time, they appear to shield each other as long as they are physically placed in a fast-slow-fast-slow-etc. orientation. Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a data bus  200  according to the present invention is shown. Lines Ia through Ie alternate, wherein lines Ia, Ic, and Ie are fast data lines, and lines Ib and Id are slow data lines. The corresponding data line waveforms are shown, wherein waveforms  204 ,  208 , and  212  step up first, and then a Δt later, waveforms  206  and  210  step down. Thus, the slow group is switched a Δt after the fast group. This Δt has to be long enough to allow the fast group to have completed switching (roughly 90% of Δv switch), but the Δt must be short enough so the slow data arrives at the output buffer in time. By using a self-timed strobe signal, with a line path that mimics the fast data path, this Δt generation has been optimized. 
         [0023]    A necessary part of the present invention is to “sort” the 8 bit/IO data from the array as soon as possible. Only if the 8 bits can be sorted into a “fast 4-bit” group and a “slow 4-bit” group can this scheme be used. For DDR3 operations the C 2  (A 2  column address) determines this. For this reason, the I/O lines inside a bank (the F-lines) are not hard-tied to a particular main data amplifier (DAMP). Instead, the I/O lines are connected to two DAMPs, each with a different C 2  address assignment. The sorting circuit  300  is shown in  FIG. 3 . Each DAMP  310  and  312  has inputs to both FLINE pairs  302  and  304 . During a read sense operation either (mux=C2=0) is enabled or (mux=C2=1) is enabled. Both DAMPs  310  and  312  actually sense data and output it to their respective Gmux  314  or  316 . These “muxC2” signals (labeled “MUX SIGNALS” in  FIG. 3 ) are used only to determine from which F-line the data comes. The “muxC2” inputs are swapped for the second placement so each DAMP  306  and  308  has unique data. 
         [0024]    Thus, if a read operation starts with C2=0, the fast DAMP  310  gets data from the F Ø  pair  302  and outputs the data to the fast G-line  324  when the fast GCLK  320  fires. The slow DAMP  312  loads data from the F 4  pair  304  and outputs it to the slow Gline  322  when the slow GCLK  318  fires. If a read operation starts with C2=1, the fast DAMP  310  loads with the F 4  pair  304 , and the slow DAMP loads with the F Ø  pair  302 . From that point operations are the same. 
         [0025]    For writing, the fast G-line  324  is hard coded through only one DDRV to the F Ø  pair  302 , and the slow G-line  322  is hard coded to the F 4  pair  304  for DDR3; write operations are specified such that a “write mux” operation is not necessary here in this path. 
         [0026]    This fast vs. slow shielding scheme continues all the way to the I/O pads as shown in  FIG. 4  and described immediately below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0027]    The larger context of the DDR3 memory is shown in  FIG. 4  including the “F-to-G” translator/sorting circuits  300 A,  300 B,  300 C, and  300 D and fast and slow output G data lines previously described.  FIG. 4A  shows a GCLK generator  900  for providing the fast and slow GCLK signals on lines  320  and  318 . The GCLK generator circuit  900  is described below with reference to  FIG. 9 . The fast and slow GCLK signals are also provided to the RGHCLK circuits  1100 A and  1100 B, which are also shown in  FIG. 4A . The RGHCLK circuits  1100 A and  1100 B are described in further detail below with respect to  FIG. 11 .  FIG. 4B  shows the “G-to-H” translator circuits  800 A,  800 B,  800 C, and  800 D that receive the fast and slow G data lines and provide the output signals to the corresponding fast and slow H data lines. The translator circuits  800  are further described below with respect to  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 4B  also shows the “H-to-I” translator circuits  700 A,  700 B,  700 C, and  700 D that receive the fast and slow H data lines and provide the output signals to the corresponding fast and slow I data lines. The HICLK circuits  450 A and  450 B provide fast and low speed HICLK signals to the “H-to-I” translator circuits  700 . 
         [0028]    An HICLK circuit  450  for use in  FIG. 4B  is shown in  FIG. 12 . Circuit  450  includes the RGHCLK input signal, and the TMCOMP input signal, which is set to VSS for normal operation. NAND gate I 36  receives the RGHCLK signal and the TCOMPB signal from inverter I 20 . The output of NAND gate I 36  is coupled to a serially-coupled inverter chain including inverters I 10 , I 7 , and I 8  for providing the HCLK output signal. NAND gate I 37  receives the RGHCLK signal and the TMCOMP signal. The output of NAND gate I 37  is coupled to a serially-coupled inverter chain including inverters I 24 , I 26 , I 21 , I 22 , and I 23  for providing the delayed THCLK signal. 
         [0029]    Referring back to  FIG. 3 , once the data has been sorted by the DAMP circuits  310  and  312  into fast/slow groups, these groups maintain themselves and stay separate all the way to the output buffer. To maintain the shielding scheme, a fast line is always surrounded by two slow lines and vice-versa. 
         [0030]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , within a 4-bit group (fast or slow) further sorting and muxing may be done, but bits never cross from the fast to slow or vice-versa. As shown in  FIG. 5 , a group  500  of HCLK signals is sub-sorted into hh&lt;0&gt; SLOW, h&lt;0&gt; FAST, and hh&lt;1&gt; SLOW data lines. Further examples: C1C0 sorting is done in conjunction with G bus to H bus transition and ×4/×8 muxing is done at the H bus and I bus transition point. The fast and slow groups handle this within themselves. 
         [0031]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , an example of a GMUX circuit  600  is shown suitable for use as either GMUX  314  or GMUX  316  shown in  FIG. 3 . GMUX circuit  600  includes NAND gate I 6  for receiving the R13K and GCLK signals and for generating the GCLKB signal. The R13K signal is a master data select address based on the A13 row address and is not part of the critical timing. That is, inverter I 6  is fixed either high or low prior to any data operations. The RG2C signal is the ‘data signal’ from the DAMP to the GMUX, see  FIG. 3 . Inverter I 45  receives the GCLKB signal and generates the GCLK2 signal. NOR gate I 43  receives the GCLKB and RG2C signals. NAND gate I 44  receives the GCLK2 and GCLKB signals. The gate of transistor  130  is driven by the output of NAND gate I 44  and the gate of transistor M 0  is driven by the output of NOR gate I 43 . The coupled drains of transistors  130  and M 0  provide the G&lt;0&gt; output signal. 
         [0032]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , the “H-to-I” translator circuit  700  is shown, which is suitable for use as any of the “H-to-I” circuits  700 A,  700 B,  700 C, or  700 D shown in  FIG. 4B . Circuit  700  is used to drive an H-line to an I-line during read operations. The timing of the drive operation is controlled by the HCLK signal. During read operations a particular H-line may be selected from a group of H-lines in order to perform multiplexer operations related to operating the device on an ×4 or ×8 I/O device. The H1113R&lt;0:1&gt; and their complements perform this function. The circuit  700  also serves to drive the I-line data (e.g. II&lt;8&gt;) onto an H-line (e.g. H&lt;8&gt;) during write operations based on the WGDRV, WGDRVB, and GWEN2C&lt;0&gt; signals. Write operations are not described. Passgate I 122  receives an exemplary input H signal H&lt;14&gt; and is passed to the output of passgate I 122  with control signals H1113R&lt;1&gt; and H1113RB&lt;1&gt;. The HP output signal is coupled to the inputs of NAND gate I 113  and NOR gate I 2 . NAND gate I 113  also receives an HCLK input signal, and NOR gate I 2  also receives an HCLKB input signal. The output of NAND gate I 113  is coupled to the gate of transistor M 0  and the output of NOR gate I 2  is coupled to the gate of transistor  119 . Transistors M 0  and I 19  generate the I&lt;8&gt; signal, which is latched by cross-coupled inverter latch I 8 /I 10 . Circuit  700  also receives the II&lt;8&gt; and GWEN2C&lt;0&gt; signals. Passgate I 120  receives the inverted II&lt;8&gt; signal through inverter I 6  and is controlled by the GWEN2C&lt;0&gt; and inverted GWEN2C&lt;0&gt; signal through inverter I 3 . The output of pass-gate I 120  is passed through cross-coupled inverter latch I 73 /I 74  to the input of NAND gate I  116  and NOR gate I 7 . NAND gate I 116  also receives the WGDRV signal and NOR gate I 7  also receives the WGDRVB signal. The output of NAND gate I 116  drives the gate of transistor M 4  and the output of NOR gate I 7  drives the gate of transistor M 5 . Transistors M 4  and M 5  generate the H&lt;8&gt; signal, which is received by the input of passgate I 121 . Passgate I 121  is controlled by the H1113R&lt;0&gt; and H1113RB&lt;0&gt; control signals. The output of pass-gate I 121  is also coupled to the HP node. The drain of transistor M 1  is also coupled to the HP node and selectively pulls the HP node to ground under the control of the IOX4 signal. 
         [0033]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , circuit  800  can be used for any of the “G-to-H” translator circuits  800 A,  800 B,  800 C, or  800 D shown in  FIG. 4B , which are used to drive a G-line to an H-line during read operations, the timing of which is controlled by the RGHCLK. A particular G-line is selected from a group based on the SORT/SORTB signals. This executes the data sorting based on the C1 and C0 column addresses. The circuit  800  also serves to drive the H-line onto the G-line (WG) during write operations. Passgates I 250 , I 123 , I 124 , and I 125  respectively receive the G0E, G0D, G1E, and G1D input signals. The same passgates are respectively controlled by the SORT&lt;0&gt;/SORTB&lt;0&gt;, SORT&lt;1&gt;/SORTB&lt;1&gt;, SORT&lt;2&gt;/SORTB&lt;2&gt;, and SORT&lt;3&gt;/SORTB&lt;3&gt; control signals. The common output of the passgates is the GP node, which is coupled to an input of NAND gate I 115  and NOR gate I 7 . The other input of NAND gate I 115  receives the RGHCLK signal, and the other input of NOR gate I 7  receives the RGHCLKB signal. The output of NAND gate I 115  drives the gate of transistor M 2  and the output of NOR gate I 7  drives the gate of transistor M 1 . Transistors M 1  and M 2  generate the H signal. Circuit  800  also receives the WH&lt;11&gt; signal. Pass-gate I 119  receives the H signal and passgate I 120  receives the WH&lt;11&gt; signal. Passgates I 119  and I 120  are controlled by the IOX4 and IOX4B control signals. The coupled outputs of passgates I 119  and I 120  drive the coupled inputs of NAND gate I 116  and NOR gate I 8 . The other input of NAND gate I 116  receives the WGDRV signal, and the other input of NOR gate I 8  receives the WGDRVB signal. The output of NAND gate I 116  drives the gate of transistor M 4  and the output of NOR gate I 8  drives the gate of transistor M 5 . Transistors M 4  and M 5  generate the WG signal, which is latched by coupled inverter latch I 1 /I 2 . 
         [0034]    Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a GCLK generator  900  is shown suitable for use as the GCLK generator in  FIG. 4A . The GCLK generator block  1000  is described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 10 , and receives the YCLKR and YCLKRX signals, and generates the “fast” GCLKX clock signal. The “slow” GCLKDELX clock signal is derived from the “slow” GCLKX signal. Inverter I 1  receives the GCLKX signal and the output thereof is coupled to the input of inverter I 13 . The outputs of inverters I 1  and I 13  are used to control passgate I 98 . The input of passgate I 98  receives the GCLKDELENYR signal through inverter I 1 . The GCLKDELENYR signal is derived from the YCLKRX and C12 signals through inverter I 5 , passgate I 83 , inverter I 10 , and cross-coupled inverter latch I 8 /I 9 . The output of passgate I 98  is received by cross-coupled inverter latch I 12 /I 14  to generate the GCLKDELEN signal. Inverter I 13  provides the GCLK2 signal. NAND gate I 20  receives the GCLKDELEN and GCLK2 signals and generates an output signal. The output signal is delayed by a delay chain comprised of coupled inverters I 22 , I 24 , I 6 , I 4 , I 3 , I 2 , and I 0 . The output of the delay chain is the “slow” GCLKDELX clock signal. 
         [0035]    Referring now to  FIG. 10 , the basic core GCLK generator block  1000  is shown in greater detail. In  FIG. 10A , NOR gate I 12  receives the YCLKRX and YCLK signals, as well as the output from the delay chain comprising delay stages I 4 , I 8 , I 9 , I 28 , and I 29 . In  FIGS. 10A and 10B , the output of NOR gate I 12  is passed through another delay chain comprising I 15 , I 19 , I 25 , I 26 , and I 27  to generate the GKB4 signal, which is coupled to the input of inverter I 23 . Inverter I 25  generates the GKB2 signal and inverter I 27  generates the GKB4 signal. The output of inverter I 23  is coupled to an input of NOR gate I 24 , the other input of which is shorted to ground. The output of NOR gate I 24  generates the GKB6 signal, which is received by coupled inverters I 14 , I 6 , and I 7  to generate the GCLKX signal also shown in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0036]    Referring now to  FIG. 11 , the RGHCLK circuit  1100  is shown, which is used to time the transfer of the G-line data to the H-line bus. When the RGHCLK is asserted high, the correct G-line(s) will be driven to the correct H-line(s) via the plurality of “G-H” translator circuits  800 . Circuit  1100  can be used as circuits  1100 A and  1100 B shown in  FIG. 4A . An input digital circuit includes P-channel transistor M 0  for receiving the CGCLK&lt;30&gt; signal, P-channel transistor M 1  for receiving the CGCLK&lt;47&gt;, and P-channel transistor M 2  for receiving the MPRENB signal. N-channel transistor M 3  receives the CGCLK&lt;30&gt; signal, N-channel transistor M 4  receives the CGLK&lt;74&gt; signal, and N-channel transistor M 6  receives the MPRENB signal. The output of the input digital circuit is loaded with delay stage I 11 . A first delay chain including delay stages I 0 , I 1 , I 2 , and I 3  provides the RGHCLK signal. A second delay chain including delay stages I 10 , I 7 , and I 8  provides the complementary RGHCLKB signal. 
         [0037]    A Key Terms List is provided for further detailed description of the invention. 
         [0038]    Bank—A group of memory sub-arrays with a distinct address. Banks are typically arranged in a memory such that different banks can have different row addresses activated at the same time. For a read operation, all the bits for a given prefetch size are sensed and sent to the main amplifiers simultaneously. This is essentially necessary to maintain synchronization with the column address bus and any possible pre-charge requirements. 
         [0039]    Main Amplifier—As the data lines connecting to all the sense-amps within a bank become heavily loaded (capacitance), they are usually made up of a differential pair which carries only small voltage differences for reading. As such, these differences must be sensed by a “main” amplifier other than the column sense-amp that actually connects to the bitlines. In the present invention chip these bank data lines are referred to as the F line. (F and F-bar). Sense-amp band—Interfacing to each column of a sub-array is a sense-amp. Each sense-amp senses the bit-bitbar differential when a row in that sub-array is activated for possible future reading purposes. All the sense-amps stacked together for a sub-array comprise a sense-amp band. Sense-amps are typically bi-directional, having the ability to connect to the columns in the sub-array on each side of it, therefore one sense-amp band typically divides two sub-arrays. 
         [0040]    I/O pins—The point of the design that actually communicates data to the network outside the chip. I/O pins are also called DQ pins. These drive data in (I) when writing and drive data out when reading (O). 
         [0041]    Chip datapath or databus—The datalines that connect the banks to the I/O pins. At least one line per I/O pin is necessary, but in the present invention there are eight per I/O pin as the bank must pre-fetch 8 bits for each read command. To achieve the high rate, the data pin is pipelined through the chip by various clocks, and therefore the bus, is segmented into sections, G-bus, H-bus, I-bus. The present invention divides these busses in half, fast versus slow. 
         [0042]    G-bus=fast, GG-bus=slow 
         [0043]    H-bus=fast, HH-bus=slow 
         [0044]    I-bus=fast, II-bus=slow 
         [0045]    Y-select—The column select line; this is based on the decoded column address input to the chip for read or write operation. 
         [0046]    GCLK—Clock that enables data to flow from the main amplifier (bank based) to the global G-bus. 
         [0047]    GHCLK—Clock that enables data to travel from the G-bus to the H-bus. 
         [0048]    HICLK—Clock that enables data to travel from the H-bus to the I-bus. 
         [0049]    FICLK—Clock that controls the input of the data on the I-lines into the FIFO register assigned to each individual I/O buffer. 
         [0050]    While there have been described above the principles of the present invention in conjunction with a specific circuit, it is to be clearly understood that the foregoing description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention. Particularly, it is recognized that the teachings of the foregoing disclosure will suggest other modifications to those persons skilled in the relevant art. Such modifications may involve other features which are already known per se and which may be used instead of or in addition to features already described herein. Although claims have been formulated in this application to particular combinations of features, it should be understood that the scope of the disclosure herein also includes any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed either explicitly or implicitly or any generalization or modification thereof which would be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art, whether or not such relates to the same invention as presently claimed in any claim and whether or not it mitigates any or all of the same technical problems as confronted by the present invention. The applicant hereby reserves the right to formulate new claims to such features and/or combinations of such features during the prosecution of the present application or of any further application derived therefrom.