Abstract:
A capacitor device, which is mountable on a substrate, has an electrically conductive bottom lead frame with a bottom plate mountable substantially parallel to, and in contact with, the substrate and an electrically conductive top lead frame having a top plate spaced apart from the bottom plate and a first transition portion having a first end connected to the top plate and a second end, opposite the first end, electrically connectable to the substrate. Multilayer capacitors are mounted between the top plate and the bottom plate. The capacitors have opposed end terminations electrically connected to the top and bottom plates, such that internal electrode plates are substantially nonparallel to the substrate.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/753,090, filed May 24, 2007, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to stacked ceramic capacitors and more specifically, to mounting a stacked ceramic capacitor to a substrate. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Multilayer ceramic chips  22  ( FIG. 1 ) are common capacitors used for bypass, coupling, or energy storage applications in electronic circuits. The chips  22  include internal parallel plates  26  in dielectric body  28  such as a ceramic. The parallel plates are connected by terminations  24 ,  25  on the outer edges of the chip  22 . End terminations  24 ,  25  electrically connect each of the respective internal electrode plates  26  and provide an external electrical connection to the multilayer capacitor. Common sizes of the chips may range from 0201 (0.02″×0.01″) to 1206 (0.12″×0.06″). Larger sized chips may give higher capacitance at any given voltage rating. In some cases, there may be a need for much larger multilayer ceramic capacitors, ranging in size from 0.25″×0.25″, up to 1.2″×1.2″ in area. Usually in these larger sizes, it is desirable to use multiple chips together. These chips  22  are often stacked one on top of another as illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , then soldered  29  together with leads or are soldered to a lead frame  26 . With this technique, it is possible to make large capacitance values (1 μF to 180 μF) at moderate voltages (50 V to 500V). 
         [0004]    Stacked capacitors  20  may be used in different power supply designs including: (1) resonant power supplies, operating at 1 MHz to 60 MHz, with a high power AC sine wave applied to the capacitors; (2) direct filtering across three phases of an AC supply operating at low frequency (60-800 Hz) at moderate voltages (48-480 volts); and (3) DC-DC converters, on the input or output side of the supply, where the capacitors see a moderate DC voltage plus an AC ripple that comes off of a switching transistor (at  100   k  kHz to 500 kHz and 0.1 to 3 amps current). The stacked capacitors may carry high power due to high ripple current from switching transistors. 
         [0005]    Circuit designers who use stacked capacitors  20  for these applications are concerned first with the capacitance and voltage rating that will make the circuit function. There is also a concern with second order effects such as the effects of heat dissipation affecting thermal expansion or contraction and vibration from mechanical shock. Heat dissipation is primarily achieved by conduction. It is generally accepted that air convection accounts for only a small portion of the heat dissipated from the chip  22 . Conduction occurs through an internal electrode to the silver end terminations  24  through the solder  29  to the lead frames  26  and then into a circuit board  30  or other substrate. In the case of the stacked capacitor  20 , the heat conduction has a longer path due to the height of the stack. Heat conduction from the top of the stack down to the circuit board  30  may be very inefficient. 
         [0006]    Generally speaking, since a significant amount of heat is generated in the vicinity of a source, substrates are normally constituted with aluminum having a high heat discharge capacity. However, since the temperature in the vicinity of the source changes greatly when the source is turned on and off, a significant amount of thermal stress occurs at a ceramic capacitor mounted on the aluminum substrate, which has a high coefficient of thermal expansion. This thermal stress may cause cracking to occur at the ceramic capacitor, which, in turn, may induce problems such as shorting defects and arcing. 
         [0007]    Further concerns about the performance of stacked capacitors arise under vibration and mechanical shock conditions. The stacks may be tall and heavy. Under normal design conditions, the height may reach 0.72 inches in some stacked configurations, with areas ranging from 0.25″×0.25″ up to 1.2″×2.0″. When used in a satellite or rocket, there is a legitimate concern of the part falling off of the circuit board, or at least of the solder joints cracking or breaking loose resulting from excessive vibrations and extreme environmental conditions. Many designers resort to using an epoxy to help adhere the capacitor to the board, but this is not optimal because the epoxy itself might cause problems, such as thermal stresses, under certain temperature conditions due to the expansion or contraction of the epoxy. 
         [0008]    An additional concern is that the inductance of the capacitors in a power application may have a large impact on the performance of the chip. Lower inductance is always a good property in a ceramic capacitor. One common method of achieving lower inductance is to rotate the aspect ratio of the chip as can be seen in  FIG. 2C . A traditional 1206 chip  22  (0.12″×0.06″),  FIG. 1B , can have half the inductance if the dimensions of the chip  22  are changed to 0612 (0.06″×0.12″) as shown on chip  32 ,  FIG. 2C . Literature claims that the change from 1206 to 0612 will reduce the inductance from 1200 pH to 170 pH. 
         [0009]    Beam lead capacitors, such as the beam lead capacitor  40  of  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B , are typically composed of a single layer parallel plate capacitor  40  with the parallel plates  42  on either side of a dielectric  44  parallel to a circuit board  46  ( FIG. 3C ). Two silver foil leads  48 ,  50  electrically connect the capacitor to the circuit board  46 . The bottom lead  48  is traditionally soldered to the circuit board  46  and the top lead  50  solders down to a different location on the board  46 . One key aspect of the beam lead capacitor  40  is that the configuration of the capacitor was not intended to be soldered at the chip itself. Rather, the ribbon leads  48 ,  50  specifically exist to allow the part to be soldered away from the capacitor. This is done to either avoid thermal shock, or to allow connection to some other location away from the capacitor as seen, for example in  FIG. 3C  and  FIG. 3D . The width of the top “beam” lead  50  may be the same width as a conductor on the circuit board  46 . Because the beam lead arrangement does not contain interior plates, it does not benefit from the advantages of multilayer capacitors. 
         [0010]    What is needed in the art, therefore, is a stacked multilayer capacitor that does not have the disadvantages described above. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    The present invention provides a stacked multilayer capacitor that substantially improves heat transfer from the capacitor, is tolerant of thermal stresses caused by expansion and contraction, is resistant to vibration and mechanical shock conditions and has a low inductance. The stacked multilayer capacitor has a split lead frame that provides larger areas in electrical contact with the capacitor and a substrate to substantially improve heat transfer from the capacitor and provide an improved tolerance to thermal stresses resulting from expansion and contraction. Further, the split lead frame may optionally be used to attach the stacked multilayer capacitor to the substrate with fasteners, thereby making it more tolerant to vibration and mechanical shock. In addition, the split lead frame facilitates mounting the stacked multilayer capacitor on the substrate in an orientation that reduces inductance. 
         [0012]    In one embodiment, the stacked multilayer capacitor has a split lead frame with an electrically conductive bottom lead frame having a bottom plate adapted to be mounted substantially parallel to, and in contact with, a substrate. An electrically conductive top lead frame has a top plate spaced apart from the bottom plate, and a first transition portion having a first end connected to the top plate and a second end, opposite the first end, adapted to be electrically connected to the substrate. Multilayer capacitors are mounted between the top plate and the bottom plate. The multilayer capacitors have respective first end terminations, which are electrically connected to the bottom plate, and respective second end terminations, which are electrically connected to the top plate. The multilayer capacitors have first electrode plates electrically connected to the respective first end terminations and second electrode plates electrically connected to the respective second end termination. The multilayer capacitors are mounted between the top plate and bottom plate such that the first electrode plates and the second electrode plates are substantially nonparallel to the substrate. 
         [0013]    In other embodiments of the split lead frame, the bottom lead frame has a corrugated shape. The corrugated shape of the bottom lead frame may provide compliance between the first multilayer capacitor and the substrate to potentially reduce problems with thermal expansion causing thermal stresses. 
         [0014]    In some embodiments of the split lead frame in the invention, the top lead frame has a first flange portion in electrical connection with the substrate. The first flange portion is electrically connected to the second end of the first transition portion of the top lead frame. In some embodiments, the flange portion is soldered to the substrate, while in others the flange portion is mechanically and electrically connected to the substrate using a fastener such as a screw or a rivet. 
         [0015]    In other embodiments of the top lead frame, a second transition portion may be added. The second transition portion also has a first end connected to the top plate and a second end, opposite the first end, adapted to be electrically connected to the substrate. Some embodiments of this top lead frame also include a second flange portion, which is in electrical connection with the substrate, and is electrically connected to the second end of the second transition portion of the top lead frame. Other embodiments of the top lead frame may contain a third transition portion with a third flange portion. Embodiments of the top lead frame may also be configured without flange portions. Some of these embodiments may contain a plurality of finger type connectors. The finger type connectors are electrically connected to the transition portions of the top lead frame and are mounted to the substrate though mounting holes in the substrate. 
         [0016]    In still other embodiments, the top lead frame may be electrically connected to the substrate through a separate electrically conductive element. The top lead frame may additionally contain a flange element, which may assist in forming the electrical connection between the top lead frame and the separate electrically conductive element. Some embodiments having a flange portion may consist of multiple parts rather than being formed as one continuous piece. The electrically conductive element may be a wire that is used to connect the top lead frame to the substrate, or the electrically conductive element may be another circuit element that connects directly to the top lead frame. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with a general description of the invention given above, and the detailed description given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates the internal electrodes of an exemplary known multilayer capacitor. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2A  illustrates a known configuration for a stacked multilayer capacitor. 
           [0020]      FIG. 2B  illustrates a stack of known multilayer capacitors, such as in  FIG. 1A . 
           [0021]      FIG. 2C  illustrates the stack of multilayer capacitors in  FIG. 1B  with rotated aspect ratios. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3A  illustrates a known configuration for a beam lead capacitor. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3B  illustrates a cross-section of the beam lead capacitor of  FIG. 3A . 
           [0024]      FIG. 3C  illustrates an exemplary mounting of the beam lead capacitor of  FIG. 3A . 
           [0025]      FIG. 3D  illustrates an alternate exemplary mounting of the beam lead capacitor of  FIG. 3A . 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  illustrates a front view of a stacked multilayer capacitor consistent with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  is an exploded view of the components of the stacked multilayer capacitor in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  illustrates a front view of a single multilayer capacitor consistent with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7  is an exploded view of the components of the single multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0030]      FIG. 8  is an exploded view of an alternate embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor shown in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 9  is a top view of the stacked multilayer capacitor shown in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0032]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of the embodiment of  FIG. 7 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 11  illustrates a perspective view of a stacked multilayer capacitor consistent with another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 12  is a top view of the stacked multilayer capacitor shown in  FIG. 11 . 
           [0035]      FIG. 13  illustrates an exploded, perspective view of a stacked multilayer capacitor consistent with another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0036]      FIG. 14  is a top view of the stacked multilayer capacitor shown in  FIG. 13 . 
           [0037]      FIG. 15A  illustrates an exploded, perspective view of a stacked multilayer capacitor consistent with another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 15B  is an alternate configuration of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 15A . 
           [0039]      FIG. 16A  illustrates an alternate exemplary embodiment of the stacked multi-layer capacitor shown in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0040]      FIGS. 16B-16D  illustrate alternate mounting configurations of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 16A . 
           [0041]      FIG. 17A  is a perspective view of a configuration of the top lead frame shown in  FIGS. 16A-16D . 
           [0042]      FIG. 17B  is a top, flattened view of the top lead frame shown in  FIG. 17A . 
           [0043]      FIG. 17C  is an alternate top, flattened view of the top lead frame shown in  FIG. 17A . 
           [0044]      FIG. 18  illustrates an alternate exemplary embodiment of a bottom lead frame of the stacked multi-layer capacitor shown in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0045]      FIG. 19  is a perspective view of the bottom lead frame shown in  FIG. 18 . 
           [0046]      FIG. 20  illustrates an alternate exemplary embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor shown in  FIG. 4  without the bottom lead frame. 
           [0047]      FIG. 21  illustrates a front view of an alternate embodiment of the capacitors of the stacked multilayer capacitor in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0048]      FIG. 22  is a front view of a stacked multilayer capacitor consistent with another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0049]      FIG. 23A  is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 22 . 
           [0050]      FIG. 23B  is a front view of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 23A . 
           [0051]      FIG. 23C  is a front view of the embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 23A  with an alternate placement of an electrically conductive element. 
           [0052]      FIG. 24A  is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 22 . 
           [0053]      FIG. 24B  is a front view of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 24A . 
           [0054]      FIG. 25A  is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 22 . 
           [0055]      FIG. 25B  is a front view of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 25A . 
           [0056]      FIG. 25C  is a front view of the embodiment of the staked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 25A  with an alternate placement of an electrically conductive element. 
           [0057]      FIG. 26  is a perspective view of the stacked multilayer capacitor of  FIG. 8  mounted on a circuit board. 
           [0058]      FIG. 27  is a cross section of the stacked multilayer capacitor shown in  FIG. 26  generally along line  27 - 27 . 
           [0059]      FIG. 28  is a cross section of the stacked multilayer capacitor shown in  FIG. 27  generally along line  28 - 28 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0060]    Embodiments of the present invention address the problems in the prior art by providing stacked multilayer capacitors with improved vibration, inductance and thermal characteristics as well as improved single multilayer capacitors. The multilayer capacitors may be of the type illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0061]    Turning now to the remaining drawings, wherein like numbers denote like parts throughout the several views,  FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor. The stacked multilayer capacitor  60  is composed of a split lead frame  62  having a bottom lead frame  64  containing a bottom plate and a top lead frame  66 . The lead frame  62  electrically connects one or more multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  having respective conductive end terminations  70   a - 70   d ,  71   a - 71   d . The multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  may be capacitors similar to capacitor  22  or  32  known in the art and discussed above ( FIGS. 1 ,  2 B, and  2 C). As discussed above, the aspect ratios of the multilayer capacitors may be rotated to achieve a lower inductance in each of the multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  in the stack. For embodiments of the capacitor where vibration rather than inductance or heat reduction is the design variable, then the length of the capacitors from termination to termination may be equal to the width of the capacitor, or the length from termination to termination may be longer than the width of the capacitor. For example, a chip size of 0.4″×0.4″ in area and 0.125″ thick, with about four chips standing on end may make up the stacked capacitor. 
         [0062]    The split lead frame  62  may be composed of materials made out of various types of conductive material, for example, copper, alloy  42 , kovar or other conductive metals or materials. Any combination of alloy may be chosen for optimal properties when looking at thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and the coefficient of thermal expansion. The materials for the top  66  and bottom  64  lead frames may be different. For example, copper may be chosen for the top lead frame  66  for electrical conductivity but alloy  42  may be chosen for the bottom lead frame  64 , because it has reasonable conductivity but very low thermal expansion which may help match the expansion between a circuit board  30  or other substrate and the stacked multilayer capacitor  60 . In some of the embodiments solder  72  is used to connect the parts of the stacked multilayer capacitor  60  as well as to connect the capacitor  60  to the circuit board  30 . The solder may be a high temperature solder such as 10Sn/88Pb/2Ag. Alternately, some other solder or a conductive epoxy could be used. For example, if the top lead frame is composed of silver and the termination on the capacitor is also composed of silver, the top lead frame may then be joined to the termination with a silver paste that may contain silver powder and glass frit. 
         [0063]      FIG. 5  shows an exploded view of the components of the multilayer capacitor  60 . The bottom lead frame  64  is electrically connected to the end terminations  71   a - 71   d  of a plurality of multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d . By orienting the multilayer capacitors substantially in the vertical direction, and making the capacitors short in vertical height, the stack is of inherently low inductance and presents a lower profile against the circuit board. The top plate  74  of the top lead frame  66  is designed to electrically contact the terminations  70   a - 70   d  on the opposite ends of the multilayered capacitors  68   a - 68   d . The opposed edges of the top plate  74  connect to transition portions  76 ,  78 , which extend down toward the circuit board  30  and connect to respective flange portions  80 ,  82  of the top lead frame  66 . This orientation of the stacked multilayer capacitor  60  may result in better electrical performance. 
         [0064]    As best seen in  FIG. 4 , the multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  may be positioned such that the interior electrodes  84 ,  86  are oriented substantially nonparallel with the circuit board  30 . Embodiments of the stacked capacitor  40  having multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  with interior electrodes  84 ,  86  oriented substantially normal to the circuit board  30  may provide a smaller footprint on the circuit board  30 . Solder areas  72  electrically connect the plurality of multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  through the end terminations  70   a - 70   d ,  71   a - 71   d  to the top lead frame  66  and the bottom lead frame  64  respectively. The top  66  and bottom  64  lead frames may also be soldered  72  to a circuit board  30  to provide electrical connections between the circuit board  30  and the stacked capacitor  60 . 
         [0065]    The relative size of the solder areas  72  at the bottom lead frame  64  and flange portions  80 ,  82  of the top lead frame  66  may be considerably larger than those of the traditional lead frame  26  contacts of a stacked configuration  20  known in the prior art and seen in  FIG. 2A . Even more importantly, the end terminations  70   a - 70   d ,  71   a - 71   d  in the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  are directly in contact with the circuit board through a single base plate of conductive material making up the bottom lead frame  64 . This increased contact area directly in contact with the board  30  may allow for better heat transfer characteristics between the stacked multilayer capacitor  60  and the circuit board  30 . Typically, the circuit board  30  in a power supply may contain a thick ground plane that may give high conductivity both electrically and thermally. The top lead frame  66  may also assist in transferring heat away from the top of the capacitors  68   a - 68   d . Having conductive material connecting from the top of the capacitors  68   a - 68   d  down to the circuit board  30  on both sides of the capacitors  68   a - 68   d , as seen in  FIG. 4 , provides heat dissipation from the top of the stacked capacitor  60  that is at least as good as a traditional stack capacitor  20  ( FIG. 1 ). However, due to the increased conductive material making up the top lead frame  66 , this configuration may be better at dissipating heat energy. 
         [0066]    The top lead frame  66  may also function to hold down the stacked multilayer capacitor  60  overcoming problems due to vibration from mechanical shock. For existing stack capacitors  20 , as seen in the prior art in  FIG. 2A , the mass of the stack is substantial with its center of gravity well above the board, creating a concern that the capacitor may break loose during operation. Previous solutions included using an epoxy to better adhere the stacks to the board. Epoxies may be problematic, however, because many epoxy-based materials have a high co-efficient for thermal expansion. If the epoxy is placed under the stack in a manner that would best hold it down to the circuit board, the epoxy may expand upon normal heating and push the stack off the board, like a jack under a car. Another method applies the epoxy on the side so that it touches the stacked capacitor, but does not flow under. In this case, the co-efficient of thermal expansion may still cause problems, and it is doubtful that the strength of the epoxy on the side will be sufficient to hold the capacitor down. 
         [0067]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4  the top lead frame  66  not only provides an electrical connection, but also may hold down the capacitor mechanically. The top lead frame  66  may be soldered  72  to the circuit board  30 , soldering both flanges  80 ,  82 . In another exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 , a hole  88  may be placed on the flange portions  80 ,  82  of the top lead frame  66  to allow for a fastener (not shown), such as a screw, a rivet, or other comparable fastener, to be used to mechanically connect the top lead frame  46  to the circuit board  30 . 
         [0068]    In an alternate embodiment of a multilayer capacitor  60   a , the split lead frame  62  of the previous embodiment may also be used with a single multilayer capacitor  90 . As best seen in  FIG. 6 , the multilayer capacitors  90  may be positioned such that the interior electrodes  92 ,  94  are oriented substantially nonparallel with the circuit board  30 . Embodiments of the capacitor  60   a  having a single chip (multilayer capacitor)  90  with interior electrodes  92 ,  94  oriented substantially normal to the circuit board  30  may provide a smaller footprint on the circuit board  30 . Solder areas  72  electrically connect the multilayer capacitor  90  through the end terminations  96 ,  98  to the top lead frame  66  and the bottom lead frame  64  respectively. The top  66  and bottom  64  lead frames may also be soldered  72  to a circuit board  30  to provide electrical connections between the circuit board  30  and the capacitor  60   a . As with the previous embodiment, the top lead frame  66  may also function to hold down the multilayer capacitor  60   a  overcoming problems due to vibration from mechanical shock. This single chip embodiment differs from the known beam lead capacitor configuration. In contrast to the beam lead capacitor, at least one of the terminals, such as end termination  98  is specifically intended to allow solder beneath the chip or stack. This solder location gives better heat transfer out of the chip and into the circuit board  30  material than contemporary beam lead configurations. 
         [0069]    Optional holes  88  may also be seen in an alternate embodiment of the stacked multilayered capacitor  60   b  in  FIG. 8 . In addition to the holes  88  in this particular embodiment, the plurality of capacitors  68   a - 68   c  may be oriented such that their lengths are substantially perpendicular to a length of the flanges  80 ,  82  of the top lead frame  66 . Orienting the plurality of capacitors  68   a - 68   c  in such a fashion may lead to improved performance. Orienting the capacitors  68   a - 68   d  as shown on the stacked capacitor  60  in  FIG. 5  may not realize the performance improvements of the stacked capacitor  60   b  in  FIG. 8 , but may allow for better inspection after manufacturing operations because it is possible to look between the capacitors  68   a - 68   d  in the stacked capacitor  60 .  FIG. 9  shows a top view of the embodiments in either  FIG. 5  or  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 9  is also a top view of the capacitor  60   a  utilizing a single multilayer capacitor as shown in  FIGS. 6 ,  7 , and  10 . 
         [0070]    In other embodiments of a split lead frame  62   c  for a stacked multilayer capacitor  60   c , the top lead frame may have alternate configurations. For example, in an exemplary embodiment of a split lead frame  62   c  shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the top lead frame  100  used in the stacked multilayer capacitor  60   c  may contain only one flange portion  102 . The top lead frame  100  contacts the end terminations  70   a - 70   d  of the multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  in the same manner as described in previous embodiments, and shown in  FIGS. 5 and 8 . The top lead frame  100  may also have an optional hole  88  as previously discussed above. An advantage of using an embodiment such as the stacked capacitor  60  in  FIGS. 11 and 12  would be a smaller footprint on the circuit board  30  which is provided by the top lead frame  100  having only one flange portion  102 . The split lead frame  62   c  consisting of top lead frame  100  and bottom lead frame  64  may be soldered to the circuit board as discussed above, or the top lead frame  100  may also be mechanically connected to the circuit board  30  by a fastener through the optional hole  88  as discussed above. The orientation of the capacitors  68   a - 68   d  in the stacked configuration  60   c  may also be oriented parallel to or normal to a length of the flange portion  102  of the top lead frame  100 . 
         [0071]    As shown in  FIGS. 13 and 14 , and in still another embodiment, a split lead frame  62   d  for a stacked multilayer capacitor  60   d  has a third flange portion  104  extending from the top lead frame  106 . The third flange portion  94  may increase thermal dissipation of the capacitor  60   d  as well as provide additional electrical and mechanical connections. In the stacked multilayer capacitor configuration  60   d , the three flange portions  104 ,  108 ,  110  may be soldered to a circuit board, or may contain optional holes  88  through which the top lead frame  106  may be fastened to the circuit board. Similar to the other embodiments, the orientation of the multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  may be substantially parallel to, or substantially normal to, the open end of the top lead frame  106 . End terminations  70   a - 70   d ,  71   a - 71   d  may be connected directly to the respective top and bottom lead frames  106 ,  64  by the use of solder. Because this particular embodiment has three flange portions  104 ,  108 ,  110 , a combination of fasteners and solder inside may be utilized to electrically or mechanically connect this particular embodiment to a circuit board in a manner similar to that described with respect to  FIG. 8 . 
         [0072]    Another exemplary embodiment of the split lead frame  62   e  is shown in the stacked multilayer capacitor  60   e  of  FIG. 15A . In this embodiment, a fourth flange portion  112  extends from the top lead frame  114 . Similar to the embodiment above and shown in  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the additional flange portion  112  may increase thermal dissipation of the capacitor as well as provide additional electrical and mechanical connections. All four flange portions  112 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120  may be soldered to a circuit board or may contain optional holes  88  through which the top lead frame  114  may be fastened to the circuit board. Alternately top lead frame  114   a  in this embodiment may be drawn as a single piece as shown in  FIG. 15B , rather than the cut and bent configuration shown in  FIG. 15A . With this configuration, the corners of the chips would not be exposed, which may make inspection difficult, but may be useful for shielding. An advantage of either configuration in  FIGS. 15A and 15B  provides for shielding. Shielding may become important for higher operating frequencies, such as in the range of about 13 MHz and above. 
         [0073]    In another exemplary embodiment, a split lead frame  60   f  shown in  FIGS. 16A through 16D  has an alternate embodiment of the top lead frame  122 . In this embodiment, the top lead frame  122  connects to the circuit board  30  and potentially buried traces (not shown) with a through hole  124  connection. The top lead frame  126  may be a ribbon type configuration where the ends  126  of the ribbon extend through the holes  124  in the circuit board  30 . The ends  126  of the top lead frame  122  may then be soldered directly or bent and soldered to the circuit board as shown in the different attachment configurations in  FIGS. 16A-16D . 
         [0074]    Alternately, the ends  126  may be finger type connectors  126   a  as shown in  FIGS. 17A ,  17 B and  17 C. The fingers  126   a  are connected to a transition portion  130 , which electrically connects the fingers  126   a  to the end terminations  70   a - 70   d  of the multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d  through the top plate  132  of the top lead frame  134 . The fingers  110   a  may be inserted and soldered in holes  112  in the circuit board  30 . As with the ribbon type configuration in the top lead frame  126  above, the fingers may be soldered directly or bent and soldered as shown in the  FIGS. 13A-13D  above. 
         [0075]    These embodiments of the top lead frame  126 ,  136  may have an advantage over the previous embodiments as the additional area devoted to connecting the top lead frames  122 ,  134  to the circuit board  30  is negligible when compared to connecting the flange portions  80 ,  82  of the top lead frame  66  ( FIG. 4 ) to solder pads on the circuit board  30  for the embodiments discussed above. Thus, these embodiments have a smaller overall footprint when compared with further examples of the split lead frames  62 ,  62   a ,  62   b ,  62   c ,  62   d ,  62   e  of the embodiments discussed above, which utilize connecting flanges. 
         [0076]      FIGS. 18 and 19  illustrate a stacked multi-layer capacitor  60   g  with a split lead frame  62   g  having an alternate embodiment of the bottom lead frame  136 . In this embodiment, the bottom lead frame  136  may have a corrugated shape designed to provide compliance between the multi-layer capacitor  68   a - 68   d  and the circuit board  30 . The compliance may be useful in overcoming issues with thermal stress as the coefficient of thermal expansion of the multilayer capacitor  68   a - 68   d  and the circuit board  30  may be different. As with the previous embodiments, the bottom lead frame  136  electrically connects to the circuit board  30  and an end termination  71   a - 71   d  of the capacitors  68   a - 68   d . The top lead frame  66  provides electrical connections to the opposing end terminations  70   a - 70   d  and electrically connects to the circuit board  30  in a manner similar to that described with respect to  FIG. 8 . Any of the alternate embodiments of the top lead frame  100 ,  106 ,  114 ,  114   a ,  122 ,  134  discussed above may be used with the corrugated bottom lead frame  136  shown in  FIG. 19 . 
         [0077]    In some embodiments and as best seen in  FIG. 20 , the bottom lead frame may be omitted and the individual capacitors  68   a ,  68   b ,  68   c , and  68   d  may be electrically connected directly to the circuit board  30 . End terminations  70   a - 70   d  may be attached to the top lead frame  66  as discussed above. The opposite end terminations  71   a - 71   d  may be connected directly to a conductive pad on the circuit board by solder, conductive paste, conductive epoxy, or some other attachment. 
         [0078]    An alternate embodiment of the multilayer capacitor  60   i  may be seen in  FIG. 21 . In this embodiment, the capacitors  68   a - 68   d  may be oriented at oblique angles. Orienting the capacitors  68   a - 68   d  in such a fashion may still provide the benefits of capacitors that have a more substantial vertical orientation and allow for an altered footprint of the stacked capacitor. This orientation of the capacitors  68   a - 68   d  oriented at oblique angles may be used with any of the embodiments of the stacked multilayer capacitors  60 - 60   h  discussed above or  60   j - 60   m  discussed below. 
         [0079]    Another embodiment of the split lead frame  62   j  of the multilayer capacitor  60   j  may be seen in  FIG. 22 . The top lead frame  140  in this embodiment may connect to the circuit board or other elements by a separate electrically conductive element  142 . Element  142  may connect the top lead frame  140  directly to the circuit board  30  or element  142  may connect to other circuit elements on the circuit board  30  such as an inductor  144  as illustrated in  FIG. 22 . The element  142  may be soldered directly to the top lead frame  140 , or the element  142  may be electrically attached using other methods. 
         [0080]      FIGS. 23A through 23C  illustrate a similar embodiment of the split lead frame  62   k  of the multilayer capacitor  60   k . In this embodiment, the top lead frame  150  may contain a flange portion  152  extending from an edge of the top lead frame  150 . The electrically conductive element  142  may be connected to the top lead frame  150  approximately parallel to the flange portion  152  such that the element  142  may electrically contact the flange portion  152  and a top surface  154  of the top lead frame  150 . The flange portion  152  may optionally contain a hole  156  through which the electrically conductive element  142  may extend, as can be seen best in  FIG. 23B . The electrically conductive element  142  may then be soldered or otherwise electrically attached to top lead frame  150 . 
         [0081]    The flange portion  162  may also be located toward the center of the top lead frame  160  as best seen on the multilayer capacitor  60   l  in  FIGS. 24A and 24B . In this configuration, the electrically conductive element  142  may be connected to the top lead frame  160  substantially parallel to the flange portion  162  such that the element  142  contacts both the flange portion  162  and a top surface  164  of the top lead frame  160 . The element  142  may also be electrically connected to the top lead frame  160  in other orientations. 
         [0082]      FIGS. 25A through 25C  show an alternate embodiment of a top lead frame  170  with a flange portion  172  toward the center of the multilayer capacitor  60   m . In this embodiment, the top lead frame may consist of multiple parts electrically connected to one another. One part  170   a  may contain the flange portion  172 , which is arranged proximate to a second part  170   b , such that the two parts may be electrically connected. The electrically conductive element  142  may be connected to the portion of the top lead frame  170   a  similar to the embodiment in  FIG. 24B , where the element  142  may electrically contact both the flange portion  172  and a top surface  174  of the top lead frame  170 . Also, similar to the embodiment in  FIGS. 25A and 25B , the flange portion  172  may contain an optional hole  176  through which the electrically conductive element  142  may extend, as can be seen best in  FIG. 25C . 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIGS. 26 through 28 , an embodiment of the stacked multilayer capacitor  60   b  ( FIG. 8 ) may be mounted to a printed circuit board  180 . The top lead frame  66  may contact and be soldered to one or more solder pads  182  which are electrically connected through respective vias  184  to a buried trace  186 . The bottom lead frame  64  may be soldered directly to a surface trace  188 . In this particular example, one conducting trace  188  is on top of the board  180 ; and the other conducting trace  186  is inside of the board  180 . Connecting the top lead frame  66  to the solder pads  182  that are connected through vias  184  to the buried trace  186  may provide an advantage of a lower inductance than with other possible board layouts. 
         [0084]    Though the stacked multilayer capacitors  60 - 60   m  have been illustrated utilizing different split lead frames  62 - 62   m  and a plurality of chips or multilayer capacitors  68   a - 68   d , the single chip  90  ( FIG. 6 ) configuration may also be used with any of the split lead frames  62 - 62   m . The single chip embodiment would have the same heat dissipation advantages, lower inductance and mechanical stability of the multi-chip embodiments. 
         [0085]    Additionally, with the multiple chip embodiments, the equivalent series resistance of the stack would be generally lower than traditional designs. For example, a traditional design may have two chips of a 0.4″×0.4″ cross section, but the equivalent design in an embodiment described above may have four vertical chips juxtaposed having cross section of 0.2″×0.4″. The new design has twice as many electroplates which provide the same amount of capacitance (because the plates are half the size, there will be twice as many, hence four chips versus two). Twice as many electrodes give a lower equivalent series resistance, which may help with the performance of the overall stack. 
         [0086]    While the present invention has been illustrated by a description of various embodiments and while these embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the scope of applicants&#39; general inventive concept.