Abstract:
Provided is an OFDM reception apparatus that can reduce, even in an environment where the influence of noises is strong, this influence of the noises, thereby improving the precision of detecting a carrier frequency error. In this apparatus, a filtering unit ( 151 ) receives received signals each including a short preamble (STF) in which a plurality of pilot subcarriers are intermittently arranged in the frequency domain and repeatedly arranged in the time domain, and the filtering unit ( 151 ) attenuates the frequency components between respective two adjacent ones of the plurality of pilot subcarriers in the frequency domain. A correction unit ( 154 ) corrects a carrier frequency error of the received signal on the basis of the signals of the plurality of pilot subcarriers having passed through the filtering unit ( 151 ).

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates to a receiving apparatus and a frequency error correction method. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    Standardization efforts for the wireless LAN standard in IEEE 802.11 so far have mainly targeted indoor communication and has successively added physical layer standards mainly focusing on an increase in transmission capacity such as 802.11b (maximum 11 Mbps), 802.11a, 11g (maximum 54 Mbps), 802.11n (maximum 600 Mbps), and 802.11ac (maximum 6.9 Gbps). Meanwhile, as examination of smart meters to implement a smart grid has been well under way, the need for low rate and long-distance outdoor transmission is also increasing. There are also ongoing discussions about assignment of available specified low power radio frequencies and the like intended for such applications. Against this background, studies aiming at development of new communication standards using a sub GHz band (frequency band slightly lower than 1 GHz) have started and IEEE802.11 started up TGah (802.11ah), a task group working on wireless LAN standards using sub GHz frequency bands in 2010. A principal required specification in TGah (802.11ah) is “data rate of 100 kbps or higher and maximum transmission distance of 1 km.” 
         [0003]    IEEE 802.11a and subsequent standards including TGah (802.11ah) using an OFDM modulation scheme establish various kinds of synchronization using a preamble at the beginning of a packet to perform burst communication. A preamble is constructed of an STF (Short Training Field, which may also be called “short preamble”) used for AGC (Automatic Gain Control) or coarse adjustment AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) and LTF (Long Training Field, which may also be called “long preamble”) used for estimation of fine adjustment AFC or transmission path characteristic. In the STF, ten STS (Short Training Symbol) symbols are repeatedly mapped in the time domain and in the LTF, two LTS (Long Training Symbol) symbols are repeatedly mapped in the time domain. 
         [0004]    In digital transmission such as OFDM, a carrier frequency generated on the receiving side normally does not match a carrier frequency on the transmitting side, and therefore, the receiving side needs to detect an error (carrier frequency error) in the carrier frequency and perform AFC for correcting the carrier frequency. The carrier frequency error appears as phase rotation of constellation of a received signal for each sample. 
         [0005]    For example, NPL 1 discloses a method for performing AFC using a preamble made up of an STF and an LTF as a scheme for detecting/correcting carrier frequency errors in 802.11a. More specifically, this method calculates an auto-correlation between a received signal and a signal obtained by causing the received signal to delay by a repetition period (time corresponding to 1 symbol) using repetition mapping of an STF or LTF, calculates an angle component (phase component) of the signal obtained, and thereby detects a carrier frequency error. 
         [0006]      FIG. 9  illustrates a configuration of AFC section  10  to which the method disclosed in NPL 1 is applied. 
         [0007]    Correlation calculation section  1  calculates a correlation using repetition mapping of STS. More specifically, correlation calculation section  1  calculates a correlation between an STS at a certain time in the STF and an STS delayed by a repetition period (time corresponding to 1 STS). Detection section  2  detects a phase component obtained from the correlation result of correlation calculation section  1  as a phase rotation amount after a lapse of time corresponding to the repetition period, that is, a carrier frequency error. Correction section  3  corrects the carrier frequency using the carrier frequency error obtained in detection section  2 . 
         [0008]    Here, a general carrier frequency error detection method (processing by correlation calculation section  1  and detection section  2 ) will be described. Here, of STSs repeatedly mapped, an n-th STS is expressed by equation 1 or 2. In equation 1, A n  denotes amplitude of an STS. 
         [0000]      [1] 
         [0000]      STS n   =A   n exp( j 2πft)  n= 0,1,2,  (Equation 1)
 
         [0000]      [2] 
         [0000]        a   n ( t )=STS n   (Equation 2)
 
         [0009]    In this case, an STS delayed by repetition period S (time corresponding to 1 STS) with respect to the n-th STS (STS n ) corresponds to an (n+1)th STS (STS n+1 ) as shown in equation 3. 
         [0000]      [3] 
         [0000]        a   n ( t+S )=STS n+1   (Equation 3)
 
         [0010]    Here, for example, when a carrier frequency error resulting from a phase rotating by a phase amount δ [degree] every lapse of a time of period S is included in a received signal, STS n  shown in equation 1 is expressed by following equation 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       STS 
                       n 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         A 
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         exp 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               j 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               2 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               π 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               f 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               t 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               2 
                                
                               π 
                                
                               
                                 
                                   n 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                    
                                   δ 
                                 
                                 360 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     
 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       n 
                       = 
                       0 
                     
                     , 
                     1 
                     , 
                     2 
                     , 
                     … 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                     , 
                     9 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   4 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0011]    Thus, the result of calculation of an auto-correlation between the n-th STS (STS n ) and the (n+1)th STS (STS n+1 ) (complex multiplication of the STS n  by a complex conjugate of the STS n+1  or complex multiplication of the STS n+1  by a complex conjugate of the STS n ) is expressed by equation 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     5 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       STS 
                       
                         n 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     * 
                     
                       STS 
                       n 
                       * 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           n 
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         exp 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               j 
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                                
                               2 
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                                
                               π 
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                               f 
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                               t 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               2 
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                               π 
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                                     ( 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       + 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                    
                                   δ 
                                 
                                 360 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       * 
                       
                         A 
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                         exp 
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                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
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                                
                               
                                   
                               
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                               2 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               π 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               f 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
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                               t 
                             
                             - 
                             
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                                
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                    
                                   δ 
                                 
                                 360 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           n 
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         A 
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                         exp 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             2 
                              
                             π 
                              
                             
                               δ 
                               360 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   5 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0012]    By extracting the phase component (angle component) in the correlation calculation result shown in equation 5, a phase rotation amount δ after a lapse of time, that is, a carrier frequency error is detected. 
         [0013]    A general method for detecting a carrier frequency error has been described so far. 
         [0014]    PTL 1 discloses a method for detecting a carrier frequency error between the transmitting side and the receiving side using an initial packet at a start of communication and correcting the carrier frequency using the carrier frequency error at the time of receiving a subsequent packet. 
       CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     PTL 1 
       [0000]    
       
         Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2009-519689 
       
     
       Non Patent Literature 
     NPL 1 
       [0000]    
       
         Masahiro Morikura, Shuji Kubota, “802.11 High Speed, Fast Wireless LAN Textbook,” Impress R&amp;D, p. 212-213 
       
     
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0017]    However, according to the method in NPL 1, an error between phase components obtained in a correlation calculation increases due to the influence of noise under a reception environment where the influence of noise is large, and there is a problem that a carrier frequency error may not be detected accurately. Similarly, according to the method in PTL 1 as well, reception of an initial packet may fail under a reception environment where the influence of noise is large, and there is a problem that communication cannot start. 
         [0018]    An object of the present disclosure is to provide a receiving apparatus and a frequency error correction method capable of reducing the influence of noise even under an environment where the influence of noise is large, and improving the accuracy of detecting a carrier frequency error. 
       Solution to Problem 
       [0019]    A receiving apparatus according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes: a filtering section that receives a received signal including a short preamble in which a plurality of pilot subcarriers are intermittently mapped in a frequency domain and repeatedly mapped in a time domain and that attenuates a frequency component between two adjacent pilot subcarriers in the frequency domain of the plurality of pilot subcarriers; and a correction section that corrects a carrier frequency error in the received signal based on signals of the plurality of pilot subcarriers that have passed through the filtering section. 
         [0020]    A frequency error correction method according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes: performing filtering that receives a received signal including a short preamble in which a plurality of pilot subcarriers are intermittently mapped in a frequency domain and repeatedly mapped in a time domain and that attenuates, a frequency component between two adjacent pilot subcarriers in the frequency domain of the plurality of pilot subcarriers; and correcting a carrier frequency error in the received signal based on signals of the plurality of pilot subcarriers after the filtering. 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0021]    According to the present disclosure, it is possible to reduce the influence of noise even under an environment where the influence of noise is large, and improve accuracy of detecting a carrier frequency error. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating an example of a packet configuration according to each embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating an example of subcarrier mapping of OFDM symbols according to each embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0024]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are diagrams illustrating receiving power of subcarriers in each symbol according to each embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of main parts of an OFDM receiving apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure; 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the OFDM receiving apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure; 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating an internal configuration of an AFC section according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure; 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating filtering in an STF according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure; 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating an internal configuration of a filtering section according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure; and 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating an internal configuration of a conventional AFC section. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0031]    Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  illustrates a packet configuration in a time domain of 802.11a. As shown in  FIG. 1 , in a short preamble (STF) at the beginning, ten STSs (fixed patterns) of period S are repeatedly mapped. In a long preamble (LTF) that follows the short preamble, two LTSs (fixed patterns) of period L are repeatedly mapped. A guard interval (GI) is added to an LTF section between the STS and LTS. A region (SIG) for transmitting information (modulation scheme or the like) to demodulate a payload (DATA) portion is mapped after the long preamble and a region for transmitting a payload (DATA) after the SIG. Note that with 802.11ah, although there is a possibility that the number of times each portion is repeated, 802.11ah basically uses the same configuration as the packet configuration of 802.11a shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0033]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example of subcarrier mapping of an OFDM symbol making up an 802.11a packet. In  FIG. 2 , the horizontal axis denotes a subcarrier direction corresponding to a frequency domain and the vertical axis represents a symbol direction corresponding to a time domain. In  FIG. 2 , hatched blocks denote resources having predetermined amplitudes and phases to which pilot signals known to transmitting and receiving sides are assigned and white blocks denote resources to which data is assigned. 
         [0034]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , in the STF, pilot signals multiplexed at 4-subcarrier intervals, each of which includes 10 continuous STSs, each STS having ¼ time of an effective symbol length which corresponds to a time for two data symbols. In the LTF, pilot signals are multiplexed with all subcarriers except a subcarrier of a DC component in the center (DC subcarrier), and in “SIG” and “DATA,” pilot signals are multiplexed with specific subcarriers and control signals or data signals are multiplexed with subcarriers other than the subcarriers to which the above-described pilot signals are assigned. 
         [0035]      FIG. 3A  illustrates subcarrier mapping in the STF and  FIG. 3B  illustrates subcarrier mapping in a symbol other than the STF (LTF, SIG, DATA). As shown in  FIG. 3A , in the STF, subcarriers used for transmission of pilot signals (hereinafter referred to as “pilot subcarriers”) are mapped at four-carrier intervals (except DC subcarrier). That is, in the STF, pilot subcarriers are mapped intermittently. Furthermore, subcarriers not used for transmission of signals are mapped between the pilot subcarriers (hereinafter referred to as “null subcarriers”). That is, the STF includes a plurality of pilot subcarriers and a plurality of null subcarriers which are alternately mapped in a transmission band at predetermined frequency intervals. 
         [0036]    In contrast, as shown in  FIG. 3B , in a symbol other than the STF, all subcarriers (except subcarrier of a DC component) are used for transmission of a signal (data signal, control signal or pilot signal). 
         [0037]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of main parts of OFDM receiving apparatus  100  according to the present embodiment. In OFDM receiving apparatus  100  shown in  FIG. 4 , filtering section  151  receives a received signal including a short preamble (STF) in which a plurality of pilot subcarriers are intermittently mapped in the frequency domain and repeatedly mapped in the time domain, and causes frequency components between two adjacent pilot subcarriers in the frequency domain to attenuate among a plurality of pilot subcarriers. Correction section  154  corrects a carrier frequency error of the received signal based on signals of a plurality of pilot subcarriers that have passed through filtering section  151 . 
         [0038]    [Configuration of OFDM Receiving Apparatus  100 ] 
         [0039]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of OFDM receiving apparatus  100  according to the present embodiment. OFDM receiving apparatus  100  shown in  FIG. 5  includes antenna  101 , LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)  102 , quadrature detection section  103 , AD conversion section  104 , AFC section  105 , FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) section  106 , equalization section  107 , soft decision section  108 , and error correction section  109 . 
         [0040]    LNA  102  receives a signal transmitted from an OFDM transmitting apparatus (not shown) (see  FIG. 1  or  FIG. 2 ) via antenna  101 , applies amplification at a predetermined level to the received signal and outputs the amplified signal to quadrature detection section  103 . 
         [0041]    Quadrature detection section  103  performs quadrature-coherent detection on the signal received from LNA  102  at a predetermined frequency and outputs an OFDM signal mapped on a desired reception channel as a complex baseband signal (analog signal) to AD conversion section  104 . 
         [0042]    AD conversion section  104  converts the complex baseband signal (analog signal) received from quadrature detection section  103  to a digital signal and outputs the digital complex baseband signal to AFC section  105 . 
         [0043]    AFC section  105  detects a carrier frequency error of the complex baseband signal using an STF signal of the complex baseband signal received from AD conversion section  104 . Next, AFC section  105  applies carrier frequency correction to the complex baseband signal based on the detected carrier frequency error and outputs the corrected complex baseband signal to FFT section  106 . Note that details of the method for detecting the carrier frequency error in AFC section  105  will be described later. 
         [0044]    FFT section  106  applies Fourier transform from a time domain to a frequency domain to the signal obtained by extracting a portion corresponding to an effective OFDM symbol period at a predetermined window position of the complex baseband signal received from AFC section  105 . FFT section  106  outputs the signal after the Fourier transform to equalization section  107 . 
         [0045]    Equalization section  107  applies amplitude and phase correction (equalization) to the data signal using a transmission path characteristic estimated from the signal received from FFT section  106  (e.g., pilot signal in the LTF) and outputs the signal after the equalization to soft decision section  108  as a demodulated data signal. 
         [0046]    Soft decision section  108  makes a soft decision on the demodulated data signal received from equalization section  107 . 
         [0047]    Error correction section  109  corrects a transmission error according to a likelihood of the soft decision value received from soft decision section  108  and obtains received data. 
         [0048]    [Operation of AFC Section  105 ] 
         [0049]    Details of the method for detecting the carrier frequency error in AFC section  105  shown in  FIG. 5  will be described. 
         [0050]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating an internal configuration of AFC section  105 . AFC section  105  shown in  FIG. 6  includes filtering section  151 , correlation calculation section  152 , detection section  153  and correction section  154 . The operations of correlation calculation section  152 , detection section  153  and correction section  154  are the same as the operations of correlation calculation section  1 , detection section  2  and correction section  3  shown in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0051]    In AFC section  105  shown in  FIG. 6 , the received signal (complex baseband signal) of the OFDM signal received via antenna  101  after the quadrature detection and AD conversion is inputted to correction section  154  and filtering section  151 . That is, AFC section  105  is provided with a branch section that branches the complex baseband signal (received signal) received from AD conversion section  104 , sends one branched received signal to filtering section  151  and sends the other branched received signal to correction section  154 . The signal corrected by correction section  154  is outputted to FFT section  106 . 
         [0052]    More specifically, filtering section  151  in AFC section  105  performs filtering processing on the STF of the complex baseband signal received from AD conversion section  104 . More specifically, filtering section  151  receives the complex baseband signal including the STF in which a plurality of pilot subcarriers are mapped intermittently in the frequency domain and mapped repeatedly in the time domain, and causes to attenuate, frequency components between every two adjacent pilot subcarriers of the plurality of pilot subcarriers in the frequency domain. In other words, filtering section  151  performs filtering processing that allows the signal components of pilot subcarriers in the STF to pass therethrough and reduces the signal components of subcarriers (null subcarriers) other than pilot subcarriers in the transmission band. For example, filtering section  151  is a comb filter. 
         [0053]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example of the filtering processing by filtering section  151 . Subcarrier numbers of pilot subcarriers are −24, −20, −16, −12, −8, −4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 as shown in  FIG. 7 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the filter characteristics of filtering section  151  are set so as to allow a signal component corresponding to a pilot subcarrier to pass through and to suppress a signal component of a subcarrier other than a pilot subcarrier (that is, a noise component). 
         [0054]    Correlation calculation section  152  receives the signal that has passed through filtering section  151  and performs correlation calculation on the signals (STS) repeatedly mapped in the time domain. More specifically, correlation calculation section  152  calculates an auto-correlation between an STS at a certain time in the STF and an STS delayed by repetition period S. As described above, correlation calculation section  152  can perform correlation calculation using a signal whose signal component other than a pilot subcarrier in the STF is suppressed. This reduces an error between a phase component (angle component) of a correlation calculation result due to the influence of a signal component (noise component) of a subcarrier other than pilot subcarriers. 
         [0055]    Detection section  153  detects a carrier frequency error of the received signal based on the correlation calculation result in correlation calculation section  152 . More specifically, detection section  153  detects the phase component of the correlation result in correlation calculation section  152  as a carrier frequency error (phase rotation amount). 
         [0056]    Correction section  154  corrects the carrier frequency using the carrier frequency error obtained in detection section  153 . That is, correction section  154  corrects the carrier frequency error of the received signal based on the signals of a plurality of pilot subcarriers that have passed through filtering section  151 . 
         [0057]    Next,  FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating an internal configuration of filtering section  151  using a comb filter. Filtering section  151  shown in  FIG. 8  includes delay section  511 , addition section  512  and adjustment section  513 . 
         [0058]    Delay section  511  in filtering section  151  causes an inputted signal (that is, signal after quadrature detection of an OFDM signal) to delay. More specifically, delay section  511  causes the signal received from AD conversion section  104  to delay by period S (time corresponding to 1 symbol in the short preamble) and outputs the delayed signal to addition section  512 . 
         [0059]    Addition section  512  adds up the delayed signal from delay section  511  and the signal before the delay. More specifically, addition section  512  adds up an STS in the STF of the signal received from AD conversion section  104  and an STS in the STF of the delayed signal received from delay section  511  and outputs the addition result to adjustment section  513 . That is, addition section  512  adds up an n-th STS (STS n ) and an (n+1)-th STS (STS n+1 ). 
         [0060]    Adjustment section  513  adjusts the amplitude (gain) of the addition result received from addition section  512  and outputs the adjusted signal (that is, signal after filtering) to correlation calculation section  152 . 
         [0061]    Here, in the STF, a plurality of pilot subcarriers are intermittently mapped at 4-subcarrier intervals in the frequency domain and ten STSs each having a symbol length of ¼ time of the effective symbol length (corresponding to period S) are repeatedly mapped (see  FIG. 2 ). Thus, by setting the delay time of the received signal in delay section  511  to a time corresponding to period S, the filter characteristics of the comb filter become characteristics in which peaks appear at four-subcarrier intervals (interval of two adjacent pilot subcarriers) as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0062]    The filtering processing of filtering section  151  shown in  FIG. 8  is expressed by following equation 6. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                         ( 
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                           } 
                         
                       
                     
                   
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                     8 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   6 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0063]    In equation 6, b(t) denotes a signal after filtering in the n-th STS (STS n ). 
         [0064]    Generally, performing the calculation shown in equation 6 in the signal processing is equivalent to generating multipath interference for itself. However, when a phase rotation amount after a lapse of a time on the complex plane of the received signal (STS) is extracted as in the case of detection of a carrier frequency error in AFC section  105 , there is no influence of the above-described multipath interference. Hereinafter, a detailed description will be given of the fact that there is no influence of the above-described multipath interference due to filtering when detecting a carrier frequency error. An assumption is made that the amplitude of each repeatedly mapped STS is equal (that is, equation 7 is satisfied). 
         [0000]      [7] 
         [0000]        A   n   =A   n+1   =A   n+2   (Equation 7)
 
         [0065]    A calculation of a correlation between the n-th STS (STS n ) and the (n+1)th STS (STS n+1 ) in the STF after filtering by filtering section  151  is expressed by equation 8. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                             * 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
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                          
                         
                           
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                             4 
                           
                            
                           
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                                     n 
                                     + 
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                                 * 
                                 
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                               + 
                               
                                 
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                                     + 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 * 
                                 
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                                     n 
                                     + 
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                         = 
                           
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                   [ 
                   8 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0066]    As shown in equation 8, a phase rotation amount δ appears in the phase component in the correlation calculation result using the STF after filtering by the comb filter as in the case of equation 5. That is, it can be seen that even when a correlation calculation is performed on the filtered STS, the carrier frequency error δ can be obtained by extracting the phase component (angle component). That is, even when detecting a carrier frequency error after applying filtering (comb filter) to the STF, AFC section  105  can detect a carrier frequency error without being affected by multipath interference or the like caused by the filtering. 
         [0067]    Furthermore, as described above, in the STF, pilot subcarriers are mapped at 4-subcarrier intervals and subcarriers other than pilot subcarriers are null subcarriers. That is, three null subcarriers are mapped on both sides of each pilot subcarrier. In contrast, in a symbol other than the STF (e.g.,  FIG. 3B ), subcarriers to which signals are assigned are consecutively mapped. That is, the interval of pilot subcarriers in each symbol of the STF is wider than the interval of subcarriers used for transmission of a symbol other than STS. Thus, as shown in  FIG. 7 , by performing filtering processing that allows signal components of pilot subcarriers to pass through, even when signal components are suppressed in subcarriers peripheral to the pilot subcarriers, there is no influence on other signals. In other words, in the STF, noise components are included as signal components of subcarriers peripheral to pilot subcarriers whose signal components have passed through the filter by the filtering processing. Thus, OFDM receiving apparatus  100  can suppress noise components without causing the reception performance to deteriorate in the filtering processing on the STF. 
         [0068]    As shown in  FIG. 8 , using the comb filter having a simple configuration including delay section  511 , addition section  512  and adjustment section  513 , it is possible to reduce signal components (noise components) between pilot subcarriers in the STF. 
         [0069]    Thus, according to the present embodiment, OFDM receiving apparatus  100  detects a carrier frequency error using the STF using filtering which allows components of pilot subcarriers to pass through. By so doing, it is possible to suppress noise components between pilot subcarriers even under a reception environment where the influence of noise is large, and as a result, it is possible to prevent errors of phase components (angle components) obtained through correlation calculation from increasing. Thus, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to reduce the influence of noise even under an environment where the influence of noise is large, to improve detection accuracy of a carrier frequency error and also to improve accuracy of AFC. 
         [0070]    In the present embodiment, a description has been given of the case where a received signal (STS) is delayed by repetition period S in an auto-correlation calculation (that is, delay amount of a time shift: 1 symbol). However, the delay amount of a time shift of a received signal in auto-correlation calculation is not limited to 1 symbol, but may also be N symbols (N is a natural number equal to or smaller than the repetition count, for example, repetition count=10 in  FIG. 2 ). 
         [0071]    The present embodiment has described auto-correlation calculation carried out using a received signal and a signal obtained by time-shifting (delaying) the received signal as the correlation calculation carried out by correlation calculation section  152 . However, the correlation calculation carried out by correlation calculation section  152  is not limited to this, and for example, when a preamble signal used for AFC is known between transmission and reception, the correlation calculation may also be a cross-correlation between a pattern of preamble signals of the received signal and a pattern of preamble signals generated on the receiving side. 
         [0072]    A case has been described where a comb filter is used as an example of filtering section  151  described in the present embodiment. However, the method for implementing filtering section  151  is not necessarily limited to the case where the comb filter is used, but may be filtering that allows signal components of pilot subcarriers to pass therethrough and reduces signal components of null subcarriers other than pilot subcarriers. 
         [0073]    A case has been described in the above embodiment where an 802.11 transmission format ( FIG. 2 ) is used. However, the transmission format in the above embodiment needs to include a preamble made up of a pilot subcarrier and a null subcarrier, and not limited to the 802.11 transmission format. 
         [0074]    The above embodiment has described a configuration in which AD conversion section  104  is provided after quadrature detection section  103  (configuration in which AD conversion is performed after quadrature detection) in  FIG. 5 , but without being limited to this, a configuration in which quadrature detection is performed after AD conversion may also be adopted. Furthermore, a configuration provided with a demapping section, a deinterleaving section and an error correction section may also be used as a configuration after equalization section  107  shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0075]    Each function element (function block) of the OFDM receiving apparatus employed in the description of the aforementioned embodiment may typically be implemented as an LSI constituted by an integrated circuit. These may be individual chips or partially or totally contained on a single chip. “LSI” is adopted here but this may also be referred to as “IC,” “system LSI,” “super LSI,” or “ultra LSI” depending on differing extents of integration. 
         [0076]    Further, the method of circuit integration is not limited to LSI&#39;s, and implementation using dedicated circuitry or general purpose processors is also possible. After LSI manufacture, utilization of a programmable FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) or a reconfigurable processor where connections and settings of circuit cells within an LSI can be reconfigured is also possible. 
         [0077]    Further, if integrated circuit technology comes out to replace LSI&#39;s as a result of the advancement of semiconductor technology or a derivative other technology, it is naturally also possible to carry out function block integration using this technology. Application of biotechnology is also possible. 
         [0078]    At least part of the procedure of operation of the OFDM receiving apparatus shown in the above-described embodiments may be written in a program so that, for example, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) may read and execute the program stored in a memory or the program may be stored in a recording medium and distributed, for example. 
         [0079]    The OFDM receiving apparatus of the above-described embodiments may be implemented using a reception method that performs at least part of the described reception processing. 
         [0080]    The above-described embodiments may also be implemented by combining any receiving apparatus, reception method, reception circuit or program that performs part of the reception processing that implements the above-described embodiments. For example, part of the configuration of the receiving apparatus described in the above-described embodiments may be implemented by a receiving apparatus or integrated circuit, a procedure of operation to be performed by the configuration except the part may be written in a reception program and, for example, a CPU may read and execute the program stored in a memory. 
         [0081]    The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-282730, filed on Dec. 26, 2012, including the specification, drawings and abstract is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0082]    The present disclosure is applicable to a communication system using a preamble including a short preamble and is useful to correct deterioration in reception performance due to the influence of frequency selective interference caused by leakage power of an adjacent channel or the like. 
       REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
           100  OFDM receiving apparatus 
           101  Antenna 
           102  LNA 
           103  Quadrature detection section 
           104  AD conversion section 
           105  AFC section 
           106  FFT section 
           107  Equalization section 
           108  Soft decision section 
           109  Error correction section 
           151  Filtering section 
           152  Correlation calculation section 
           153  Detection section 
           154  Correction section 
           511  Delay section 
           512  Addition section 
           513  Adjustment section