Abstract:
An efficient hashing technique uses 
                 w   2     +   w     2         
operations to hash a string “w” words long rather than the w 2  operations of the prior art. This efficiency is achieved by squaring the sum of the key and the string to be hashed rather than forming a product of the key and the string to be hashed
   h ( m )=(( m+a ) 2  mod  p )mod 2 1 .

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to data manipulation; more specifically, the invention relates to an efficient technique for representing long strings of data as shorter strings of data. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   Hashing is a technique for representing longer lengths of data as shorter lengths of data. The techniques are such that there is a relatively small probability that two different longer lengths of data will be represented as identical short lengths of data. The feature is called a probability of collision. 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Pr 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               h 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             = 
                             
                               h 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         &lt; 
                         _ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       ɛ 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       ɛ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         &gt; 
                         _ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         1 
                         
                           2 
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 1 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The probability of collision is represented by Equation (1) which indicates that the probability of a hashing function “h” performed on a string m 1  being equal to the result of a hashing function “h” performed on a string m 2  being less than or equal to 
   
     
       
         
           
             1 
             
               2 
               ′ 
             
           
           ⁢ 
           
               
           
           ⁢ 
           or 
           ⁢ 
           
               
           
           ⁢ 
           
             ɛ 
             . 
           
         
       
     
   
   The number of bits contained in the longer unhashed string is “n”. The number of bits in the shorter or hashed string is “l”. A hashing function that satisfies Equation (1) is often referred to as ε universal. 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Pr 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               h 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             = 
                             
                               
                                 h 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               = 
                               Δ 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         &lt; 
                         _ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       ɛ 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       ɛ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         &gt; 
                         _ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         1 
                         
                           2 
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 2 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Another property typically associated with hashing functions is represented by Equation (2) where it indicates that the probability of the difference between the output of a hashing function “h” on string x 1  and the output of a hashing function on string x 2  being equal to some preselected number Δ is less than or equal to 
           1     2   ′           
or ε. Hashing functions that satisfy Equation (2) are typically referred to as εΔ universal hash functions.
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Pr 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 h 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               = 
                               
                                 c 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             , 
                             
                               
                                 h 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               = 
                               
                                 c 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         &lt; 
                         _ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ɛ 
                         
                           2 
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       ɛ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         &gt; 
                         _ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         1 
                         
                           2 
                           ′ 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 3 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Some hash functions also have a third property illustrated by Equation (3). Equation (3) shows that the joint probability of the output of hashing function “h” for input string x 1  being equal to a predetermined number c 1  and the output of hashing function “h” for input string x 2  being equal to predetermined number c 2  is less than 
           1     2   ′           
or ε. A hashing function that satisfies Equation (3) is referred to as ε strongly universal. Hashing functions that satisfy Equation (3) automatically satisfy Equations (1) and (2).
 
   Hashing functions are used in many applications, one of which is to simplify searching for text strings. When used for searching for text strings, the hashing function is used to reduce the size of the stored information and then the same hashing function is used to reduce the size of the search criteria. The shortened search criteria is then used to search for the shortened stored information to more efficiently locate a desired piece of information. Once the desired piece of information has been located, the unhashed or full length text associated with the shorted text can be provided. 
   Hashing functions are also used in wireless communications for message authentication. A message is authenticated by sending a message string along with a tag, calculated by performing a cryptographic function on the message. Forming a tag of a message string is computationally intensive. Hash functions are used to shorten the message to a tag so that the cryptographic processing required is less intense.
 
 h ( m )=( ma ) mod  p   (4)
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   h 
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         m 
                         1 
                       
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                       … 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       , 
                       
                         m 
                         k 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         K 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           m 
                           i 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           a 
                           i 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   mod 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   p 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 5 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Techniques such as linear hashing illustrated by Equation (4) and MMH hashing illustrated by Equation (5) are now used to represent longer strings of data or text as shorter strings where the probability of two different long strings producing the same short string is relatively small. These hashing functions require a multiplication of a key that is “w” words long by a “w” words long message or text that is to be hashed. As a result, w 2  operations are required to perform a hashing of a particular string of data or text. For large strings of data or text having many words, this results in a computationally intensive operation. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention provides an efficient hashing technique that uses 
                 w   2     +   w     2     .         
operations to hash a string “w” words long rather than the w 2  operations of the prior art. The present invention achieves this efficiency by squaring the sum of the key and the string to be hashed rather than forming a product of the key and the string to be hashed.
   h ( m )=(( m+a ) 2  mod  p )mod 2 l   (6) 
   In one embodiment of the invention, as illustrated by Equation (6), a hashing of a message “m” is performed by summing the message string with a key string “a” and then forming the square of that summation. A modular “p” operation performed on the result of the squaring operation and a modular 2 l  operation is performed on the result of the modular “p” operation. In this case, both “m” and “a” are of the same length, that is, “n” bits or “w” words long. It should be noted that “a” may be longer than “n” bits, but “n” bits is preferable. The value “l” refers to the length in bits of the shortened string that results from the hashing. The value “p” is selected as the first prime number greater than 2 n  where “n” is the number of bits in the message string “m”. It should be noted that Equation (6) provides a hashing method that satisfies Equations (1) and (2), that is, the hashing method of Equation is Δ universal.
 
 h ( m )=((( m+a ) 2   +b )mod  p )mod2 l   (7)
 
   In the second embodiment of the present invention, a strongly universal hashing method is provided. In this case, message string “m” is summed with key “a” and then the resulting sum is squared. Both message string “m” and key “a” are “w” words long containing a total of “n” bits. It should be noted that key “a” may contain more than “n” bits, but “n” is preferable. The result of the squaring operation is then summed with a second key “b” which is at least “n” bits long. A modular “p” operation is performed on the sum of the squared term and key “b” as discussed above with regard to Equation (6). A modular 2 l  operation is performed on the result of the modular “p” operations as was described with regard to Equation (6). Using this hashing method provides a strongly universal hashing method that satisfies Equation (1), (2) and (3). 
   In yet another embodiment of the present invention, “k” messages or strings are hashed so that a single shorter string is produced. 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                 ( 
                 8 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Equation (8) illustrates the hashing function where “k” messages, each of which is “w” words long are hashed to form a single shorter string. Each message m i  is summed with a key a i  and the resulting sum is squared. The result of the squaring operation for each message m i  is then summed over the “k” messages. A modular “p” operation is performed on the overall sum, and a modular 2 l  operation is performed on the result of the modular “p” operation. The values “p” and “l” are once again defined as described above. The hashing method illustrated by Equation (8) produces a Δ universal hashing function that satisfies Equations (1) and (2). 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       FIG. 1  is a flowchart of a square hashing method; 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a strongly universal square hashing method; and 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart of a second Δ universal square hashing method. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1  illustrates a method for carrying out the square hashing method of Equation (6). In step  100  an input string or message “m” is inputted. In step  102  an input key “a” is inputted. The message or string “m” and the key “a” are each “n” bits long consisting of “w” words. Key “a” is a random or pseudo-random number and may be longer than “n” bits, but “n” bits is preferable. In step  104  the sum “s” of string “m” and key “a” is formed. In step  106  sum “s” is squared. In step  108  a modular “p” operation is formed on the result of step  106 . “p” is the next prime number larger than 2 n ; however, “p” may be a larger prime which may degrade performance. In step  110  a modular 2 l  operation is performed on the result of step  108 . “l” is the number of bits in the short output message or string. In step  112  the result of the modular 2 l  operation is outputted. The process of  FIG. 1  results in a message or string of “n” bits being reduced to a message or string of “l” bits. It should be noted that the process associated with  FIG. 1  executes an εΔ universal hash function that satisfies the properties of Equations (1) and (2). 
     FIG. 2  illustrates a method for carrying out the strongly universal hashing method described by Equation (7). In step  140  a message or string “m” is inputted. In step  142  keys “a” and “b” are inputted. Message “m”, key “a” and key “b” are each “n” bits long having “w” words. In step  144  the sum of message “m” and key “a” is formed and stored as sum “s”. In step  146  the square of sum “s” is stored as term “SQ”. In step  148  the sum of the term “SQ” and key “b” is formed. In step  150  a modular “p” operation is performed on the result produced by step  148 . Once again, “p” is equal to the next prime number greater than 2 n ; however, “p” may be a larger prime which may degrade performance. In step  152  a modular 2 l  operation is performed on the result from step  150 . “l” is equal to the number of bits in the string or message to be outputted by this method. In step  154  the short message or string of length “l” is outputted. It should be noted that the method of  FIG. 2  reduced a string or message of “n” bits to a string or message of “l” bits. It should also be noted that the process of  FIG. 2  is an ε strongly universal hash function that satisfies the properties of Equations (1), (2) and (3). 
     FIG. 3  illustrates a method for performing the εΔ universal hashing method described by Equation (8). In step  170  index “i” is set equal to 1 and the variable SUM is set equal to 0. In step  172  the value of “k” is inputted. “k” is equal to the number of strings or messages that will be inputted to produce a single shortened message. In step  174  message or string m i  is separated, and in step  176  input key a i  is inputted. It should be noted that message or string m i  and input key a i  are of equal length and have “n” bits composing “w” words. Key “a i ” is a random or pseudo-random number and may be longer than “n” bits, but “n” bits is preferable. Preferably, a i  is a random number. Random numbers can be generated from many sources such as pseudo-random generators. In step  178  sum s i  is formed by forming the sum of message m i  and key a i . In step  180  the square of s i  is set equal to variable SQ i . In step  182  the variable SUM is set equal to the variable SUM plus SQ i . In step  184  the value of “i” is checked to determine if it is equal to the value “k”. If it is not equal to the value “k”, step  186  is executed where the value of index “i” is incremented by “l” and then step  174  is executed. If in step  184  the value of “i” is determined to be equal to “k”, step  188  is executed where a modular “p” operation is performed on the current value of the variable SUM. As discussed previously, the value “p” is the next prime number greater than the value 2 n ; however, “p” may be a larger prime which may degrade performance. In step  190  a modular 2 l  operation is performed on the results produced in step  188 . Once again, “l” is the number of bits composing the output string or message. In step  192  the shortened message or string of “l” bits is outputted. It should be noted that the process of  FIG. 3  reduced “k” messages of “n” bits each to one message of “l” bits. It should also be noted that the hashing method of  FIG. 3  is a εΔ universal hashing method that satisfies the properties of Equations (1) and (2). 
   In reference to  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  3 , it should be noted that the value “l” is typically chosen based on a trade-off between desiring a short output message of length “l” and the desire to minimize the probabilities of Equations (1) and (2) and in the case of an ε strongly universal hash function, Equation (3). 
   The following section provides an abbreviated proof showing that the disclosed squaring hash functions satisfies the properties for Equations (1), (2) and (3). 
   Theorem 1: The hashing function described by Equation (6) is Δ—universal. 
   Proof: For all m≠nεZ p , and ΔεZ p :
 
 P   x   r[h   x ( m )− h   x ( n )=Δ]  (1)
 
= P   x   r [( m+x ) 2 −( n+x ) 2 =Δ]  (2)
 
= P   x   r [( m   2   −n   2 +2( m−n ) x=Δ]   (3)
 
=1 /p   (4)
 
Where the last inequality follows since for any given m≠nεZ p  and δεZ p  there is a unique x which satisfies the equation m 2 −n 2 +2(m−n)x=δ.
 
Theorem 2: The hashing function described by Equation (7) is a strongly universal family of hash functions.
 
Proof: Follows as an immediate corollary of the following lemma which shows how to convert any Δ—universal family of hash functions into a strongly—universal family of hash functions.
 
Lemma 1: Let “h”={h x : D→R|xεK}, where R is an abelian group and “k” is the set of keys, be a Δ—universal family of hash functions. Then H′={h′ x,b : D→R|xεK,bεR} defined by h′ x,b  (m)≡(h x  (m)+b) (where the addition is the operation under the group R) is a strongly universal family of hash functions.
 
Proof: For all m≠nεD and all α, βεR:
 
                   Pr     x   ,   b       [             h   ′       x   ,   b       ⁡     (   m   )       =   α     ,           h   ′       x   ,   b       ⁡     (   n   )       =   β               (   5   )               =       Pr     x   ,   b       ⁡     [             h   x     ⁡     (   m   )       +   b     =   α     ,           h   x     ⁡     (   n   )       +   b     =   β       ]               (   6   )               =       Pr     x   ,   b       ⁡     [             h   x     ⁡     (   m   )       -       h   x     ⁡     (   n   )         =     α   -   β       ,     b   =     α   -       h   x     ⁡     (   m   )             ]               (   7   )               =       Pr     x   ,   b       ⁢     {           h   x     ⁡     (   m   )       -       h   x     ⁡     (   n   )         =         α   -   β     ❘   b     =     α   -       h   x     ⁡     (   m   )             ]     ⁢       Pr     x   ,   b       ⁡     [     b   =     α   -       h   x     ⁡     (   m   )           ]                 (   8   )               =1 /|R|   2   (9) 
   The last equation follows since h x  is a Δ—universal hash function and h x (m)−h x (n) can take on any value in R with equal probability.