Abstract:
A method for making an essentially unsaturated synthetic meixnerite with high CO 2  adsorption abilities. The method comprises activating hydrotalcite, then cooling and rehydrating such activated material in a carbon dioxide-free environment. The resultant material can absorb more than 10 milliliters of CO 2  per gram.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/473,828, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,810. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the field of making mixed metal hydroxides or layered double hydroxide compounds. More specifically, the invention relates to a high surface area synthetic meixnerite product capable of adsorbing CO 2  at a high rate and method for making the same. 
     2. Technology Review 
     Naturally occurring meixnerite exists as a secondary mineral in the cracks of serpentine rocks near Ybbs, Persenberg in lower Austria. In its crystalline state, such meixnerite material is tabular, colorless and has perfect basal cleavage. Natural meixnerite is closely related to hydrotalcite and pyroaurite in overall structure. It has an infrared absorption spectrum that compares favorably with those for hydrotalcite and other synthetic magnesium-aluminum double hydroxides. Hydrotalcite ideally has the formula Mg 6  Al 2  (OH) 16  CO 3  ·4H 2  O. Synthetic hydrotalcites generally have the formula  Mg l-x  Al x  (OH) 2  !x+(CO3 n-   x/n )·m H 2  O where x may very over a range of approximately 0.1 to 0.35 corresponding to magnesium to aluminum ratios as high as 9 and as low as 1.9. Others in the literature have claimed to synthesize hydrotalcites with magnesium to aluminum ratios as high as 12 (see Shen et al, &#34;Synthesis and Surface Acid/Base Properties of Magnesium-Aluminum Mixed Oxides Obtained From Hydrotalcites&#34;, Langmuir, Vol. 10, 1994). In some circles, meixnerite is even listed among other hydrotalcite-like materials, or grouped in the broader family of &#34;hydrotalcites&#34;. Under the latter definition, meixnerite is a carbonate-free member of the hydrotalcite family which has only hydroxy anions. Still others refer to meixnerite as an all hydroxyl, layered double hydroxide. 
     Meixnerite, or magnesium aluminum hydroxide hydrate, is often symbolized by the formula Mg 6  Al 2  (OH) 18  ·4H 2  O, although still other formulaic representations include: Mg 4  Al 2  (OH) 14  ·3H 2  O and  Mg 3  Al(OH) 8  !OH·2H 2  O. Hydrotalcite and meixnerite share the same general X-ray diffraction pattern. 
     The synthesis of meixnerite is fairly new and the following various methods of manufacture do not appear to be commonly practiced or commercially practical. In March 1980, G. Mascolo et al described a synthesis process in Mineralogical Magazine whereby magnesium oxide, decomposed from basic magnesium carbonate at 650° C. for 6 hours, was combined with an alumina gel and rotated in an air thermostated oven for one week at 80° C. The resulting product was then dried over silica gel. It was analyzed to contain some brucite compound and about 0.8-1.0 wt. % carbon dioxide. 
     Six years later, I. Pausch et al wrote of a variation on the aforementioned process in Clay and Clay Minerals. Therein, magnesium oxide, annealed at 1050° C., was combined with an alumina gel(δ-Al 2  O 3 ), MgC 2  O 4  ·2H 2  O and distilled water. This combination was heated to between 100°-350° C. at a pressure of 100 MPa for various reaction times ranging from 7 to 42 days. IR spectroscopy analysis of the resulting product showed some carbonate contamination, but at an intensity of less than 5% as compared to natural hydrotalcite. 
     From a series of experiments reported by E. Dimotakis et al in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 29, No. 13 (1990), synthetic meixnerite was prepared by calcining a hydrotalcite of the formula  Mg 3  Al(OH) 8  ! CO 3  ! 0 .5 ·2H 2  O at 500° C. to form a metal oxide solution. This oxide was then hydrolyzed at 25° C. in a carbon dioxide-free environment. 
     It is a principal objective to provide a method for making a synthetic meixnerite capable of adsorbing gases like CO 2 . It is another objective of this invention to provide a means for making a synthetic meixnerite which, when activated, has a B.E.T. surface area of about 290 m 2  /g or greater. It is yet another objective to make a synthetic meixnerite that consists of a double layered hydroxide with 100% or more of its weight in water. It is still another objective to make a high surface area synthetic meixnerite that when activated may be capable of catalyzing chemical reactions with or without supported metals. It is still another objective to provide a process for synthesizing meixnerite and related minerals from two different hydrotalcites. It is still another objective to create a hydrotalcite-like compound having significantly lower carbonate levels and virtually no other anion contamination. It is still another objective to provide a method for making high surface area synthetic meixnerite which is not dependent on the use of alumina gels. 
     On a preferred basis, synthetic meixnerite can be made from fairly inexpensive and readily available reactants by this process, thus making it suitable for the commercial scale production. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the foregoing objectives, there is provided a method for making a synthetic meixnerite which, when activated, has a high surface area. The method comprises activating hydrotalcite, then cooling and hydrating such activated material in a carbon dioxide-free environment. Such hydration can produce an unactivated meixnerite material that absorbs more than 100% of its weight in water and can adsorb CO 2  at a very high rate. The latter material can be activated a second time in a virtually carbon dioxide-free environment to produce an activated product with a B.E.T. surface area of about 290 m 2  /g or greater. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the meixnerite of Example 1 made from hydrotalcite A, activated to 600° C. and using vapor hydration. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph showing the temperature at which the hydrotalcite and resulting meixnerite of FIG. 1 dehydrates. 
     FIG. 3 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the meixnerite of Example 2 made from hydrotalcite A, activated to 600° C. and using liquid hydration. 
     FIG. 4 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the meixnerite of Example 3 made from hydrotalcite B, activated to 600° C. and using vapor hydration. 
     FIG. 5 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the meixnerite of Example 4 made from hydrotalcite B, activated to 600° C. and using liquid hydration. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Meixnerite of the present invention is synthesized from a metal hydroxide compound or a layered double hydroxide compound. More specifically, the meixnerite is a mixed magnesium-aluminum oxide prepared from one or more hydrotalcite compounds. A preferred way of comparing such materials uses the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (or B.E.T.) surface area measurement method. This invention provides an activated synthetic meixnerite having a B.E.T. surface area of about 290 m 2  /g or greater and an unactivated synthetic meixnerite having an ability to adsorb CO 2  at a high rate. 
     Typical activation of a hydrotalcite material between about 500° to 1000° C. produces a material with a B.E.T. surface area in the range of about 140 to 230 m 2  /g. The following table lists actual B.E.T. surface area measurements of one of the hydrotalcites used in the examples of this invention. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Hydrotalcite A Activation Surface Areas  Activation          B.E.T.  Temperature          Surface Area  (°C.)          (m.sup.2 /g)______________________________________  100     26  150     24  200     25.5  300     30.5  400     83  425     134  450     139.5  500     178  550     213.5  600     210.5  650     220.5  700     226.5  800     231.5  900     202.5  1000    140______________________________________ 
    
     The method of this invention includes first activating the hydrotalcite to about 600° C. and then hydrating the activated material in a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment. The resulting material is then activated at one or more temperatures between about 500° and 800° C. in a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment to produce a mixed metal oxide having a surface area that exceeds about 290 m 2  /g. 
     During the first step of hydrotalcite activation, most of the physi-sorbed and chemi-sorbed water and carbon dioxide from the hydrotalcite structure are desorbed or removed. This reaction preferably proceeds at one or more temperatures between about 500° and 850° C. When this activated material is hydrated in a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment, the reaction which is believed to take place may be summarized by the following formula: 
     
          mixed metal oxide+H.sub.2 O!→ Mg.sub.(l-x) Al.sub.x (OH).sub.2 !(OH).sub.x ·y H.sub.2 O(meixnerite). 
    
     Following hydration, the resulting meixnerite is activated to yield a high surface area mixed metal oxide, that is, an activated meixnerite. 
     Experiments were conducted using two representative hydrotalcites; namely, hydrotalcites A and B for starting material when processed by the preferred hydration mechanisms summarized above. Both materials were synthesized by Alcoa. Hydrotalcite A, as manufactured by the process set forth in U.S. Reissue No. 34,164, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated by reference herein, has an Mg/Al molar ratio of 2.0. Hydrotalcite B, as manufactured by the process set forth in U.S. application Ser. No. 290,220, filed Aug. 15, 1994(abandoned) the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference, has an Mg/Al molar ratio of 1.9. Both of these hydrotalcites resulted in a meixnerite-based end product with a B.E.T. surface area greater than 300 m 2  /g. Other hydrotalcites may also be suitable as a base material. 
     At elevated temperatures, these high surface area meixnerites should have excellent catalytic activity because of the large surface area. Such properties make the products of this invention suitable for many end uses. For example, these meixnerites may be used as CO 2  gas adsorbents or for catalytic reactions. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The hydrotalcites for the following examples were activated by heating. Various hydration methods were also employed using both vapor and liquid mediums for the substantially carbon dioxide-free environments employed herein. 
     For comparison purposes, Examples 1 through 6 were conducted using alternate base materials as well as varying hydration mediums. As demonstrated in the experiments reported by E. Dimotakis et al in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 29, No. 13 (1990), when using a liquid hydration medium, the material prior to hydration had a solid weight ratio of 2%. However, it is expected that other weight ratio percentages will also work in accordance with this invention. 
     Example 1 
     Hydrotalcite A was activated to about 600° C. Activation was performed in air in a Fisher Scientific ashing furnace with a ramp rate of 10° C./minute. After reaching a temperature of 600° C., the material was held for one additional hour at 600° C. The activated material was then cooled to room temperature in a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment. Once cooled, the material was hydrated in a vapor phase environment that was also substantially carbon dioxide-free. This was accomplished by placing cooled activated hydrotalcite in a closed, carbon dioxide-free vessel filled with a nitrogen or argon gas saturated with water vapor. This resulted in a flowable meixnerite material. The XRD pattern of the resulting material is shown in FIG. 1. On an activated weight basis, this meixnerite material readsorbed approximately up to 120% of its original weight in water. 
     Following hydration, the meixnerite material was activated to a temperature of 600° C. and held there for 10 minutes using an Altamira Instruments AMI-1 (&#34;AMI-1&#34;). In this device, the activated sample is not exposed to air between activation and taking of surface area measurements. FIG. 2 shows a temperature programmed reaction (TPR) scan done on the AMI-1 using a 10° C./min ramp rate. From this scan, the significant difference between hydrated original hydrotalcite and meixnerite can be seen. Specifically, the meixnerite gives up water at a substantially lower temperature than the hydrotalcite. The activated meixnerite&#39;s B.E.T. surface area was measured after cooling to be 334 m 2  /g using the AMI-1. Experiments were performed varying the time of vapor hydration. The surface area was also measured on three of the samples. Results are presented in Table 2. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Vapor Rehydration DataActivated  Rehydration            % Water   % ChemisorbedHydrotal-  Length    Pickup Act.                      Water Act. Wt.                                Post 600° C.cite Used  (hrs.)    Wt. Basis Basis     Surface Area______________________________________A      2         17        11A      8         25.5      18        274A      24        43        30A      50        53        41A      100       64        63        293A      200       76.5      58.5A      300       93        66A      600       124       75        335______________________________________ 
    
     Example 2 
     For this variation on Example 1, a substantially carbon dioxide-free, liquid phase environment was used for hydrating the activated material produced in accordance with the procedure described above. This liquid phase hydration involves plunging 600° C. activated hydrotalcite material into a container of double deionized water which is treated deionized water that is virtually carbon dioxide-free. The hydration was allowed to continue for 16 hours after which time the sample was filtered and dried by evaporation in a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment. The XRD pattern of the resultant meixnerite is shown in FIG. 3. The meixnerite was activated to 600° C. and held for 10 minutes, cooled on the AMI-1 without exposure to CO 2 , after which its surface area was measured. The resulting activated meixnerite had a measured B.E.T. surface area of 344 m 2  /g. 
     Example 3 
     The experiment of Example 1 was repeated using hydrotalcite B as a base material rather than hydrotalcite A. The XRD of the resulting meixnerite is shown in FIG. 4. The activated meixnerite had a measured B.E.T. surface area of 341 m 2  /g. 
     Example 4 
     For this variation on Example 3, a substantially carbon dioxide-free, liquid phase environment was used for hydration of the activated material. Liquid phase hydration involves plunging the cooled activated hydrotalcite material into a container of double deionized water. The hydration process was performed for 16 hours after which time the sample was filtered and allowed to dry at room temperature in an evaporating dish in a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment. The XRD pattern of the meixnerite is shown in FIG. 5. The meixnerite was activated to 600° C. and had its surface area measured after cooling on the AMI-1. The B.E.T. surface area of the resulting material was measured at 349 m 2  /g. 
     Example 5 
     The meixnerite of Example 4 was activated to 800° C. rather than 600° C. The resulting meixnerite had a measured B.E.T. surface area of 333 m 2  /g. 
     Example 6 
     The same experiment as that conducted in Example 5 was rerun except that the meixnerite material was held for 120 minutes rather than 10 minutes at an activation temperature of about 800° C. Even with such a drastic increase in activation soak hold time, there was very little effect observed on the final B.E.T. surface area of the activated meixnerite, which was measured at 319 m 2  /g. 
     Examples 1 through 6 are summarized in the following Table 3. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Surface Area Summary                              B.E.T.                                    NormalEx-  Hydro-  Hydra-  Activation                       Activation                              Surface                                    Hydrotalciteam-  talcite tion    Temp.  Soak Hold                              Area  SA Afterple  Used    Method  (°C.)                       (min.) (m.sup.2 /g)                                    Activation______________________________________1    A       Vapor   600    10     334   2112    A       Liquid  600    10     344   2113    B       Vapor   600    10     341   190-2104    B       Liquid  600    10     349   190-2105    B       Liquid  800    10     3336    B       Liquid  800    120    319______________________________________ 
    
     Example 7 
     Hydrotalcite B was activated to 600° C. for 60 minutes. The activated material was then cooled to a room temperature in a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment. Once cooled, the material was hydrated in a substantially carbon dioxide-free glycerol solution for 16 hours. As in the Dimotakis et al experiments, two volumes of glycerol were added to the carbon dioxide-free double deiorized water directly before hydration commenced. Following hydration, the resulting material was filtered to remove excess water, then dried to a powder at room temperature in a evaporating dish using a substantially carbon dioxide-free environment. The material was then reactivated to 600° C. within the AMI-1 machine. The resulting activated material had a B.E.T. surface area measured at 288 m 2  /g. Thus, it appears that using a glycerol solution as the medium for hydration negatively affects the B.E.T. surface area of the resulting material. 
     Example 8 
     Four samples utilizing hydrotalcite B were packed in beds and analyzed with the AMI-1. The samples were sized 15-30 mesh and packed in a 0.25 inch diameter tube. Pure 50 cc per minute helium flow was replaced with a 5000 ppm (50 cc per minute) CO 2  in helium certified gas blend. Carbon dioxide adsorption amounts were then determined. All four samples totally adsorbed the 5000 ppm of CO 2  initially. Adsorption results are tabulated in the following Table 4. The first sample was original hydrotalcite B. The second sample was hydrotalcite B tested after a 600° C. activation. The third sample was a meixnerite sample prepared according to the method described in Example 4 without activating the meixnerite. The fourth sample was prepared according to the method described in Example 4 including the 600° C. activation of the meixnerite before CO 2  adsorption was commenced. The last column of Table 4 shows that the unactivated meixnerite picked up significantly more CO 2  than the other three samples. However, the activated meixnerite also picked up significantly more CO 2  than either the unactivated or activated hydrotalcite. 
     The purpose of these experiments was to determine if the meixneritic structure would facilitate the adsorption of CO 2  or like gases. The results indicate that this is indeed the case. The fact that the activated and unactivated meixnerite also adsorbed more CO 2  than either the hydrotalcite or activated hydrotalcite demonstrates that the carbon dioxide-free rehydration does produce a unique layered double hydroxide (meixnerite). This layered double hydroxide thus could be used to adsorb trace amounts of CO 2  from process gas streams. Also, it is expected that other dioxides may also be adsorbed in similar fashion. It should be noted that while the invention picked up CO 2  from a fluid consisting essentially of a helium gas stream in the aforementioned example, it is expected that CO 2  removal from liquid streams or solutions would also be accomplished hereby. 
     Example 9 
     Meixnerite made via vapor rehydration of hydrotalcite A was packed as a powder in a 0.25 inch diameter tube. The pure 20 cc per minute helium flow was replaced with a 5000 ppm (20 cc per minute) CO 2  in helium certified gas blend. Carbon dioxide adsorption amounts were then determined. The sample initially adsorbed the 5000 ppm CO 2 . Adsorption results are tabulated in Table 4. The sample was prepared according to the method described in Example 1, except for further reactivation. Thus, the unactivated meixnerite, as also shown in Example 8, had a high CO 2  adsorption rate. Note that the adsorption rate is affected by both the particle size and the CO 2  -helium flow rate. Thus, this material could be used, for example, as a secondary CO 2  adsorber when residual CO 2  needs to be adsorbed. This would be economically beneficial when a less expensive primary CO 2  scrubber could be used to adsorb most of the CO 2 , and this type of material could be used as the tail-end CO 2  scrubber to trap any CO 2  residual. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________CO.sub.2  Adsorption Data                            CO.sub.2                                  CO.sub.2  Pickup             Charge  Post   Ad-   Activated     Particle             Wt.     Activation                            sorbed                                  Wt.Material  Size    (gms)   Wt. (gms)                            (ml)  (ml/g)______________________________________Hydrotalcite B     15-30   0.4752  0.2509 0.5304                                  2.113     meshHydrotalcite B     15-30   0.4803  0.2757 1.379 5.001Activated to     mesh600° C.Meixnerite from     15-30   0.4826  0.286  4.2432                                  14.84Hydrotalcite B     meshMeixnerite from     15-30   0.4992  0.2836 2.1236                                  7.841Hydrotalcite B     meshActivated to600° C.Meixnerite from     1-5     0.1248  0.0734 1.803 24.56Hydrotalcite A     microns______________________________________ 
    
     Having described the presently preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention may be otherwise embodied within the scope of the appended claims.