Abstract:
A variable speed drive (VSD) can be used to vary the voltage-to-frequency ratio (V/f) supplied to a compressor motor of a heating, ventilation, air conditioning or refrigeration (HVAC&amp;R) system to compensate for varying conditions in the HVAC&amp;R system.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/787,758, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING COMPRESSOR MOTOR VOLTAGE, which Application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The application generally relates to controlling the voltage of a compressor motor. The application relates more specifically to controlling the voltage of a compressor motor using only the inputs available on a variable speed drive logic board and motor design information. 
         [0003]    In a chiller system or other heating, ventilation, air conditioning or refrigeration (HVAC&amp;R) system where the compressor is coupled with a variable frequency drive (VFD) or variable speed drive (VSD), the compressor motor is typically sized to operate at a particular voltage-to-frequency (V/f) ratio and a particular load point. Because the compressor in the actual system can operate during a variety of conditions, the motor is typically not operating at peak efficiency. 
         [0004]    Therefore, what is needed is a control system for a variable speed drive or variable frequency drive that can vary the ratio of voltage to frequency provided to a compressor motor to optimize motor efficiency. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    The present invention is directed to a method for controlling compressor motor voltage. The method includes calculating a motor current based on an operating frequency of a compressor motor operating at a predetermined volts/frequency ratio and calculating a first current/volts ratio based on the calculated motor current, the operating frequency and the predetermined volts/frequency ratio. The method also includes calculating a second current/volts ratio based on a measured motor current, the operating frequency and the predetermined volts/frequency ratio and comparing the calculated first current/volts ratio to the calculated second current/volts ratio. The method further includes adjusting a voltage provided to the compressor motor by a variable speed drive in response to the calculated first current/volts ratio being unequal to the calculated second current/volts ratio. 
         [0006]    The present invention is further directed to a system having a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device and an evaporator connected in a closed refrigerant circuit. The system also has a motor connected to the compressor to power the compressor and a variable speed drive connected to the motor to power the motor. The variable speed drive is operable to provide a variable voltage to the motor and a variable frequency to the motor. The system further has a control panel to control operation of the variable speed drive and one or more components of the system and a sensor to measure a current for the motor. The sensor communicates the measured motor current to the control panel. The control panel executes a control algorithm with the measured motor current as an input to adjust a voltage provided to the motor by the variable speed drive in order to operate the motor at a current/volts ratio stored in a memory device. 
         [0007]    One embodiment of the present application is for a method for controlling compressor motor voltage. The method includes calculating an optimum motor current based on an operating frequency of a compressor motor operating at a predetermined volts/hertz ratio and calculating an optimum current/volts ratio based on the calculated optimum motor current, the operating frequency and the predetermined volts/hertz ratio. The method also includes calculating an operating current/volts ratio based on a measured motor current, the operating frequency and the predetermined volts/hertz ratio, comparing the calculated optimum current/volts ratio to the calculated operating current/volts ratio and adjusting a voltage provided to the compressor motor by a variable speed drive in response to the calculated optimum current/volts ratio being unequal to the calculated operating current/volts ratio. 
         [0008]    In the present application, the VFD or VSD can vary the V/f supplied to the motor to make the motor “stronger” or “weaker” to compensate for the varying conditions in an HVAC&amp;R system. 
         [0009]    One or more advantages of the present application can include: the incorporation of a simple control algorithm; the use of existing inputs to a VSD logic board; the requirement for a minimum of motor design information; the providing of stability and reliability to motor operation; the providing of an expanded operating range for the motor; the providing of a lower motor temperature during operation; the providing of a lower input current to the motor; and the providing of improved system efficiency. 
         [0010]    Other features and advantages of the present application will be apparent from the following, more detailed description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the application. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary embodiment for a heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  shows an isometric view of an exemplary embodiment of a vapor compression system. 
           [0013]      FIGS. 3 and 4  schematically show exemplary embodiments of a vapor compression system. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  schematically shows an exemplary embodiment of a variable speed drive. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  shows an exemplary embodiment of a process for adjusting the voltage of a compressor motor. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 7 and 8  show exemplary charts of motor current at optimum motor efficiency. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  shows an exemplary embodiment of an equivalent circuit for a motor. 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  shows an exemplary chart of motor current normalized for voltage. 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  shows an exemplary chart of optimum motor voltage versus input power and frequency. 
           [0020]      FIG. 12  shows an exemplary chart of estimated efficiency improvements compared to fixed V/f. 
       
    
    
       [0021]    Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0022]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary environment for a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system  10  in a building  12  for a typical commercial setting. The system  10  can include a vapor compression system  14  that can supply a chilled liquid which may be used to cool the building  12 . The system  10  can include a boiler  16  to supply heated liquid that may be used to heat the building  12  and an air distribution system which circulates air through the building  12 . The air distribution system can also include an air return duct  18 , an air supply duct  20  and an air handler  22 . The air handler  22  can include a heat exchanger that is connected to the boiler  16  and vapor compression system  14  by conduits  24 . The heat exchanger in the air handler  22  may receive either heated liquid from the boiler  16  or chilled liquid from the vapor compression system  14 , depending on the mode of operation of the system  10 . The system  10  is shown with a separate air handler on each floor of the building  12 , but it is appreciated that the components may be shared between or among floors. 
         [0023]      FIGS. 2 and 3  show an exemplary vapor compression system  14  that can be used in an HVAC system  10 . The vapor compression system  14  can circulate a refrigerant through a circuit starting with a compressor  32  and including a condenser  34 , expansion valve(s) or device(s)  36 , and an evaporator or liquid chiller  38 . The vapor compression system  14  can also include a control panel  40  that can include an analog to digital (A/D) converter  42 , a microprocessor  44 , a non-volatile memory  46 , and an interface board  48 . Some examples of fluids that may be used as refrigerants in the vapor compression system  14  are hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) based refrigerants, for example, R-410A, R-407, R-134a, hydrofluoro olefin (HFO), “natural” refrigerants like ammonia (NH 3 ), R-717, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), R-744, or hydrocarbon based refrigerants, water vapor or any other suitable type of refrigerant. In an exemplary embodiment, the vapor compression system  14  may use one or more of each of variable speed drive (VSD)  52 , motor  50 , compressor  32 , condenser  34 , expansion valve  36  and/or evaporator  38  in one or more refrigerant circuits. 
         [0024]    The motor  50  used with the compressor  32  can be powered by a VSD  52 . The VSD  52  receives AC power having a particular fixed line voltage and fixed line frequency from the AC power source and provides power having a variable voltage and frequency to the motor  50 . The motor  50  can include any type of electric motor that can be powered by a VSD. The motor  50  can be any suitable motor type, for example, a switched reluctance motor, an induction motor, or an electronically commutated permanent magnet motor. 
         [0025]    The compressor  32  compresses a refrigerant vapor and delivers the vapor to the condenser  34  through a discharge passage. The compressor  32  can be a screw compressor in one exemplary embodiment. However, the compressor  32  can be any suitable type of positive displacement compressor or a centrifugal compressor. The refrigerant vapor delivered by the compressor  32  to the condenser  34  transfers heat to a fluid, for example, water or air. The refrigerant vapor condenses to a refrigerant liquid in the condenser  34  as a result of the heat transfer with the fluid. The liquid refrigerant from the condenser  34  flows through the expansion device  36  to the evaporator  38 . In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the condenser  34  is water cooled and includes a tube bundle  54  connected to a cooling tower  56 . 
         [0026]    The liquid refrigerant delivered to the evaporator  38  absorbs heat from another fluid, which may or may not be the same type of fluid used for the condenser  34 , and undergoes a phase change to a refrigerant vapor. In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the evaporator  38  includes a tube bundle having a supply line  60 S and a return line  60 R connected to a cooling load  62 . A process fluid, for example, water, ethylene glycol, calcium chloride brine, sodium chloride brine, or any other suitable liquid, enters the evaporator  38  via the return line  60 R and exits the evaporator  38  via the supply line  60 S. The evaporator  38  lowers the temperature of the process fluid in the tubes. The tube bundle in the evaporator  38  can include a plurality of tubes and a plurality of tube bundles. The vapor refrigerant exits the evaporator  38  and returns to the compressor  32  by a suction line to complete the cycle. 
         [0027]      FIG. 4 , which is similar to  FIG. 3 , shows the vapor compression system  14  with an intermediate circuit  64  incorporated between the condenser  34  and the expansion device  36 . The intermediate circuit  64  has an inlet line  68  that can be either connected directly to or can be in fluid communication with the condenser  34 . As shown, the inlet line  68  includes an expansion device  66  positioned upstream of an intermediate vessel  70 . The intermediate vessel  70  can be a flash tank, also referred to as a flash intercooler, in an exemplary embodiment. In an alternate exemplary embodiment, the intermediate vessel  70  can be configured as a heat exchanger or a “surface economizer.” In the configuration shown in  FIG. 4 , the intermediate vessel  70  is a flash tank and the expansion device  66  operates to lower the pressure of the liquid received from the condenser  34 . During the expansion process, a portion of the liquid vaporizes. The intermediate vessel  70  may be used to separate the vapor from the liquid received from the expansion device  66  and may also permit further expansion of the liquid. The vapor may be drawn by the compressor  32  from the intermediate vessel  70  through a line  74  to the suction inlet, a port at a pressure intermediate between suction and discharge or an intermediate stage of compression. The liquid that collects in the intermediate vessel  70  is at a lower enthalpy from the expansion process. The liquid from the intermediate vessel  70  flows in a line  72  through a second expansion device  36  to the evaporator  38 . 
         [0028]    In an exemplary embodiment, a compressor  32  can include a compressor housing that contains the working parts of the compressor  32 . Vapor from the evaporator  38  can be directed to an intake passage of the compressor  32 . The compressor  32  compresses the vapor with a compression mechanism and delivers the compressed vapor to the condenser  34  through a discharge passage. The motor  50  may be connected to the compression mechanism of the compressor  32  by a drive shaft. 
         [0029]    Vapor flows from the intake passage of a positive displacement compressor  32  and enters a compression pocket of the compression mechanism. The compression pocket is reduced in size by the operation of the compression mechanism to compress the vapor. The compressed vapor can be discharged into the discharge passage. For example, for a screw compressor, the compression pocket is defined between the surfaces of the rotors of the compressor. As the rotors of the compressor engage one another, the compression pockets between the rotors of the compressor, also referred to as lobes, are reduced in size and are axially displaced to a discharge side of the compressor. 
         [0030]      FIG. 5  shows an exemplary embodiment of a VSD. The VSD  52  receives AC power having a particular fixed line voltage and fixed line frequency from an AC power source and provides AC power to a motor  50  at a desired voltage and desired frequency, both of which can be varied to satisfy particular requirements. The VSD  52  can have three components: a rectifier/converter  222 , a DC link  224  and an inverter  226 . The rectifier/converter  222  converts the fixed frequency, fixed magnitude AC voltage from the AC power source into DC voltage. The DC link  224  filters the DC power from the converter  222  and provides energy storage components such as capacitors and/or inductors. Finally, the inverter  226  converts the DC voltage from the DC link  224  into variable frequency, variable magnitude AC voltage for the motor  50 . 
         [0031]    In an exemplary embodiment, the rectifier/converter  222  may be a three-phase pulse width modulated boost rectifier having insulated gate bipolar transistors to provide a boosted DC voltage to the DC link  224  to obtain a maximum RMS output voltage from the VSD  52  greater than the input voltage to the VSD  52 . Alternately, the converter  222  may be a passive diode or thyristor rectifier without voltage-boosting capability. 
         [0032]    The VSD  52  can provide a variable magnitude output voltage and a variable frequency to the motor  50 , to permit effective operation of the motor  50  in response to particular load conditions. The control panel  40  can provide control signals to the VSD  52  to operate the VSD  52  and the motor  50  at appropriate operational settings for the particular sensor readings received by the control panel  40 . For example, the control panel  40  can provide control signals to the VSD  52  to adjust the output voltage and output frequency provided by the VSD  52  in response to changing conditions in the vapor compression system  14 . In one exemplary embodiment, the control panel  40  can provide instructions to increase or decrease the output voltage and output frequency, while maintaining the same V/f ratio, provided by the VSD  52  in response to increasing or decreasing load conditions on the compressor  32 . However, in another exemplary embodiment, the control panel  40  can individually increase or decrease the output voltage and/or the output frequency from the VSD  52  to obtain different V/f ratios from the VSD  52 . 
         [0033]      FIG. 6  shows an exemplary embodiment of a process executed by the control panel for adjusting the voltage of a compressor motor. The process begins by starting a motor at a nominal or predetermined voltage/frequency (V/f) ratio (step  602 ). The motor current corresponding to the optimum motor efficiency (optimum motor current) for the motor at the predetermined V/f can then be calculated (step  604 ) as function of operating frequency (either measured or determined by the control panel) using a curve fit technique as shown in either of  FIGS. 7 and 8 . In other words, the optimum motor current is determined as a function of operating frequency resulting from a curve fit of measured current values at selected frequencies (as indicated by the points in  FIGS. 7 and 8 ) when operating the motor at the predetermined V/f ratio. In another embodiment, instead of using the value calculated from the curve fit function, the optimum motor current can be calculated or assigned to be the corresponding measured value used to generate the curve (or function), if that data is available. In the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , each curve corresponds to a predetermined motor type having a predetermined maximum voltage (e.g., 460 V) and operating at the predetermined V/f ratio (e.g., 2.3 V/Hz). In other embodiments, different charts and curves can be generated for different motor types, different maximum voltages and/or different V/f ratios. In the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , a linear regression technique was used for the curve fit. However, in other embodiments, different curve fitting techniques can be used. 
         [0034]    The corresponding optimum current to voltage ratio can be calculated (step  606 ) using the calculated optimum motor current and the operating voltage, i.e., the voltage based on the operating frequency and the predetermined V/f ratio. An operating current to voltage ratio can be calculated (step  608 ) based on the measured current and the operating voltage. A determination is made as to whether the operating current to voltage ratio is greater than the optimum current to voltage ratio (step  610 ). If the operating current to voltage ratio is greater than the optimum current to voltage ratio then the motor voltage is increased (step  612 ) in one or more increments or steps until the ratios are about the same (e.g., within 5%) or equal and the process returns to calculate the optimum motor current. If the operating current to voltage ratio is not greater than the optimum current to voltage ratio then a determination is made as to whether the operating current to voltage ratio is less than the optimum current to voltage ratio (step  614 ). If the operating current to voltage ratio is less than the optimum current to voltage ratio then the motor voltage is decreased (step  616 ) in one or more increments or steps until the ratios are about the same (e.g., within 5%) or equal and the process returns to calculate the optimum motor current. If the operating current to voltage ratio is not less than the optimum current to voltage ratio then the operating motor voltage is held or maintained at the same level (step  618 ). The process then returns to calculate the optimum motor current. In one embodiment, steps  604 - 618  are periodically repeated at a preselected times or intervals to maintain the motor voltage near the optimum value. In another embodiment, the motor voltage may be updated several times a second (e.g., in steps  612  or  616 ) since the motor should respond to any voltage changes within a few electrical cycles. 
         [0035]    In one exemplary embodiment, sudden changes in motor speed or load may require an interrupt or override to the process that results in the use of the nominal V/F during the transient period and then, once the conditions are reasonably stable, the process resumes or restarts to adjust to the optimum voltage. In another exemplary embodiment, the increasing or decreasing of the motor voltage in step  612  and step  618  can be increased until a predetermined maximum voltage is reached or obtained and decreased until a predetermined minimum voltage level is obtained or reached. 
         [0036]      FIG. 9  shows an exemplary embodiment of an equivalent circuit for a motor. The equivalent circuit in  FIG. 9  can be used as a starting point to determine the output voltage for the motor (as supplied by the inverter of the variable speed drive). In  FIG. 9 , s=slip; R1=resistance; X1 and X2=reactances; R2=resistance corresponding to output power; Rm=stator winding resistance; and Xm=stator winding reactance. In other exemplary embodiments, different equivalent motor circuits can be used. Regardless of the equivalent motor circuit that is used, a common feature of the equivalent circuit is that motor efficiency is a function only of slip for a given frequency. For a given torque requirement, the optimum voltage is simply the one that gives the optimum slip. In addition, the equivalent circuit of  FIG. 9  can indicate that torque is proportional to the square of current for a given value of slip. While the VSD logic board or control panel may not measure torque, the VSD logic board or control panel does measure motor current. The above relations directed to torque, the optimum voltage and optimum slip and torque, current and slip result in an optimum motor impedance (corresponding to the optimum current to voltage ratio) at the optimum slip condition. The optimum current to voltage ratio should be more or less independent of actual motor load so long as the equivalent circuit is reasonably valid. 
         [0037]      FIG. 10  shows a motor curve normalized for voltage. Torque is divided by voltage squared (or the ratio of the optimum voltage to the nominal voltage squared) and the current is divided by voltage (or the ratio of the optimum voltage to the nominal voltage) to give the normalized values.  FIG. 10  shows that the normalized motor current, efficiency, and power factor all line up or match very well for 380 V (an exemplary optimum voltage) and 460 V (an exemplary nominal voltage). In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10 , the optimum efficiency at 460 V corresponds to a nominal torque of about 100 ft-lbs and normalized current of 140 amps. At 380 V, the optimum current would be 140 amps*(380 V/460 V)=116 amps and the corresponding torque would be 100 ft-lbs*(380 V/460 V)̂2=68 ft-lbs. 
         [0038]    The calculations can also work in reverse (or the opposite direction) to give the optimum voltage for a given torque condition. For example, if the required torque is 60 ft-lbs, the optimum voltage would still correspond to a normalized torque of 104 ft-lbs. The optimum voltage would be 460 V×sqrt(60 ft-lbs/100 ft-lbs)=356 V. If the motor were operating at this torque condition at 460 V, the motor current would be approximately 102 amps. The optimum normalized current is 140 amps, which corresponds to 140 amps*356V/460 V=108 amps at the reduced voltage. Using the control process of  FIG. 6  with this embodiment, the process would start with the nominal V/f, which corresponds to 460 V. At 460 V, the motor current is about 102 amps, which gives a ratio of motor current to voltage of 0.221 amps/volt. The optimum motor current from the curve fit in  FIG. 7  is 138 amps at the nominal V/f, which corresponds to motor current to voltage ratio of 138 amps/460 V=0.300 amps/volt. Since the operating amps/volt are less than the optimum, the control process should gradually reduce motor voltage to get to the optimum voltage condition. 
         [0039]      FIG. 11  shows the optimum input voltage versus input power and frequency for a 460 V motor such as the one from  FIGS. 7 and 10 .  FIG. 12  shows the potential efficiency improvement based on the assumption that optimum voltage can give the peak motor efficiency found on the motor curve for that same frequency and a V/f of 2.3 V/Hz.  FIG. 12  shows the largest improvements in motor efficiency are at the combination of high load and low speed. The conditions are where the motor temperatures are the highest, so the optimum voltage may expand the operating range without liquid injection cooling in addition to improving efficiency. 
         [0040]    Based on the information in  FIG. 11 , the use of the optimized motor voltage can result in the supplied voltage to the motor staying at or below the maximum available voltage for frequencies up to ˜120 Hz. The use of the optimized motor voltage can result in better system efficiency, lower motor temperatures, and lower input current to the motor, especially for air-cooled chillers in high ambient temperature environments and high-temperature heat pumps. 
         [0041]    In another exemplary embodiment, the control process can be modified to use a V/f ratio instead of a current to volts ratio to determine the optimum voltage. The optimum V/f ratio can be calculated as V/f new =V/f nom *sqrt(I measured /I opt ). 
         [0042]    Referring back to  FIG. 8 , the data points used in  FIG. 8  were determined with a motor having a nominal or design V/f of 2.3 V/Hz, which means that the motor requires 460 V when operated at 200 Hz. The data points in  FIG. 8  are identified in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Motor Current at Optimum 
               
               
                   
                 Frequency 
                 Efficiency 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 200 
                 144 
               
               
                   
                 180 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 125 
               
               
                   
                 140 
                 122 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 115 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 80 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 107 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0043]    In one embodiment using the curve/function of  FIG. 8 , a inverter output frequency (or motor input frequency) of 200 Hz can result in a motor current of 116 amps. Using the curve/function of  FIG. 8 , the optimum current for 460 V and 200 Hz is 140.4 amps. The optimum voltage for the measured current is then 380 V. 
         [0044]    A maximum voltage limit should also be included in the controls in many cases. The equivalent circuit does not consider the non-linear effects such as magnetic saturation. These effects can become important at high voltage to frequency ratios. For this reason, it can be desirable to limit the maximum output voltage. The limit can be a linear relation with motor input frequency, a maximum V/f ratio, table lookup, or other functional relation. 
         [0045]    It is important to note that the construction and arrangement of the present application as shown in the various exemplary embodiments is illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this application, those who review this application will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters (e.g., temperatures, pressures, etc.), mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter described in the application. For example, elements shown as integrally formed may be constructed of multiple parts or elements, the position of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied, and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present application. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. In the claims, any means-plus-function clause is intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Other substitutions, modifications, changes and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present application. Accordingly, the present application is not limited to a particular embodiment, but extends to various modifications that nevertheless fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0046]    Furthermore, in an effort to provide a concise description of the exemplary embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not have been described (i.e., those unrelated to the presently contemplated best mode of carrying out the invention, or those unrelated to enabling the invention). It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation specific decisions may be made. Such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure, without undue experimentation.