Abstract:
Betz&#39;s law establishes an efficiency limit of 0.59 for wind turbines. Increasing turbine output power requires making the blades larger thereby increasing the radius of the turbine, which increases power by that factor squared, or by increasing the velocity of the air which increases the power according to that factor cubed. It would be beneficial to provide a wind turbine that overcame some of the disadvantages of prior art horizontal and vertical turbines including but not limited to, installation infrastructure, operation in non-laminar flow environments, operation over a wider range of air velocities, operation in low air velocity that defines many regions of the world and continental United States, and capable of supporting installations over a wide range of instances from discrete residential/commercial installations to large wind farms as well as providing increased output power through increased air velocities generated within the turbines.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application U.S. 61/481,297 filed May 2, 2011 entitled “Methods and Devices for Compact Forced Velocity Turbines.” 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to wind turbines and more specifically compact turbines with forced velocity increase. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Wind energy has been harnessed for centuries and used for a variety of useful purposes including propelling sailing ships to newly discovered continents, grinding grain, pumping water, and generating electricity. Recently large propeller-type horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) devices mounted on towers used to turn electrical generators have become a familiar site either individually or in arrays, commonly referred to as wind farms, to provide a portion of the electrical power generated into the large electrical distribution grids of a city, territory, region, or country. 
         [0004]    Wind farms where significant numbers of these wind turbines can be located in areas with high average wind speeds have demonstrated considerable generating capability. These may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines, and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles, although the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes. They may also be located offshore. Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in the USA. As of November 2010, the Roscoe Wind Farm was the largest onshore wind farm in the world operating at 781.5 MW, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center at 735.5 MW. In terms of offshore wind farms as of November 2010, the Thanet Offshore Wind Project in the United Kingdom was the largest at 300 MW, followed by Horns Rev II at 209 MW in Denmark. 
         [0005]    Accordingly wind energy acts as a potential substitute for at least a portion of the power generated by burning fossil fuels in conventional power plants in combination with other approaches including but not limited to geothermal and solar. These energy generation approaches instead of fossil fuels reduces the production of atmospheric pollution including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulates, and acid rain, for example as well as reducing the production of greenhouse gasses, i.e. carbon dioxide. Additionally, these approaches which are being driven by environmental factors today provide a long term global energy production strategy for the exhaustion of fossil fuels and an alternative to nuclear power. Wind energy instead of nuclear beneficially would avoid the risk of accidents and terrorist acts, as well as the long-term commitment of future generations associated with the production of radioactive waste. 
         [0006]    Despite the significant political pressure environmental and global climate issues have and the stated commitments of governments to reduce dependency on fossil fuels in 2009 on 73,886 thousand MWhrs of electricity were generated in the United States to address an annual consumption 3,723,803 thousand MWhrs, just under 2%. Of this approximately 90% was generated by private companies and not the public utilities themselves. That is not to say that wind power is not being invested in as it has been the fastest-growing source of new electric power generation for several years. In 2009, generation from wind power increased 33.5 percent over 2008 and followed year-over-year generation gains of 60.7 percent in 2008, 29.6 percent in 2007, and 49.3 percent in 2006 respectively. 
         [0007]    In the United States in 2009 (and 2010), wind generators were eligible for Federal production and investment tax credits or a cash grant in lieu of those tax credits. Further since passage of the 2005 Energy Policy Act (EPACT2005), interest-free financing via Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs) has been available to government entities investing in wind energy production whilst the 2002 and 2008 Farm Bills both contained grant and loan guarantee provisions for wind projects for farmers, ranchers, and other rural businesses. Renewable generation is fostered by both Federal incentives and State renewable portfolio standards. 
         [0008]    So with such long-standing Federal and State incentives the rapid expansion in wind energy production over 2006-2009 may be explained. But with such generous incentives what limited the increase? Amongst the issues for conventional large HAWT devices and wind farms is the annual average wind across the contiguous United States as illustrated in  FIG. 1A  ( FIG. 2A  of “Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the United States” by National Renewable Energy Laboratory http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas). As evident from  FIG. 1A  there are large areas of the contiguous United States that have very low average annual wind except for vary narrow bands along the coast, upper north-east (New England), upper north west (Washington and Oregon states) and a belt down the centre associated primarily with the eastern edge of the Rockies. 
         [0009]    Referring to  FIG. 1B  there is shown the 2009 levelized Cost per MWhr of generating electricity for systems entering production in 2016 based upon the Department of Energy “Annual Energy Outlook 2011” issued in 2010 (DOE/EIA-0383). Accordingly, continental US based production cost with wind turbines is approximately US$97 per MWhr. By contrast coal is approximately US$95, natural gas approximately US$65 and nuclear approximately US$114. By contrast the dominant alternative environmentally “friendly” technology of solar photovoltaic is approximately US$211 as a stand-alone and approximately US$312 when combined with thermal generation. Accordingly wind energy stands very competitive to today&#39;s fossil fuels and nuclear energy and ahead of the solar technology. 
         [0010]    However, as evident from  FIG. 1A  certain locations are far better than others for locating devices that harness wind energy, and available locations with adequate and relatively consistent wind speeds are limited. Further, it is evident that wind velocities at 50 m (approximately 165 feet) and hence power generation at 10 m (approximately 33 feet). Thus to maximize power generation turbine towers must be very tall plus typically should be spaced apart from one another by a fairly substantial distance to avoid overly impacting adjacent turbines. 
         [0011]    Consequently, the number of wind turbines that have been installed in a particular area of land has been rather limited. Thus, a need exists, or potential for benefit, to be able to improve the power production capability of a wind farm, or of a particular area of available land which may not today support state-of-the-art HAWT devices. Additionally, as evident from the issues identified below for HAWT and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) from environmental, cost, and political issues it would be beneficial if wind power could exploit lower structures. Further, it would be beneficial to allow greater power production per area of land, more wind turbines per area of land, less interference between adjacent wind turbines, or wherein adjacent turbines improve wind speeds through each other, at least in some cases, rather than reducing wind speeds through each other. 
         [0012]    Considering initially HAWT devices these include a main rotor shaft, a gear box, an electrical generator of some type and in many cases, a solid state power converter, The turbine is mounted on top of a tall tower with the main rotor shaft pointed into the wind direction. For HAWT devices with smaller blades these may in many instances be pointed by a simple wind vane, while the pointing of larger turbines typically is performed by a wind direction sensor coupled to a closed loop controlled servo drive motor or they are simply fixed in orientation for the prevalent wind direction, e.g. coastal deployments. 
         [0013]    Almost all HAWTs are equipped with three rotor blades where individual rotor blade lengths may range from 65 to 130 feet or more and rotate from 10 to 25 rpm. As known in the prior art, this rather complex and relatively heavy equipment package usually is installed on top of tubular towers ranging in height from 150 to 300 feet to access the higher average winds at these heights than close to the ground. Modern wind turbines also are equipped with a high wind shut down feature, or governor, to prevent catastrophic damage due to unexpectedly high wind velocities. The wind shut down velocity typically is between 25 and 30 meters per second (approximately 55 to 65 miles per hour). 
         [0014]    The common problems associated with HAWT devices include. but are not limited to:
       a) cannot efficiently operate in turbulent wind conditions encountered close to the ground requiring laminar flow for efficient operation   b) the large dimensions of tall towers and associated blades are difficult and expensive to handle and transport such that these can range between 30% to 40% of the basic hardware cost depending on the location and topography of the installation site;   c) tall HAWT devices are extremely expensive to install, particularly in topographically challenging and remote terrains;   d) substantial tower foundation construction required to support tall HAWT structures and prone to damage;   e) maintenance is very expensive and has generated an entirely new industry to support them;   f) HAWT devices directly and detrimentally affect military and commercial air traffic control and safety based on their interference with radar technology;   g) environmental groups oppose them due to their adverse and detrimental impact on the population and migration of birds, landscape, etc;   h) tall HAWT devices, especially in wind farms, are obtrusively visible across large areas, disrupting the appearance of the landscape and in numerous cases causing local opposition to their construction;   i) cyclic stresses, fatigue and vibration are a major cause of failure of HAWT devices.       
 
         [0024]    Some industry estimates are that why 15% or more of HAWT devices may be out of service at any one time in major installations. In comparison VAWT devices rotate on a vertical rotor shaft and are less commonly used for various reasons today. The technical problems associated with VAWT devices typically include, but are not limited to:
       a) VAWT devices are typically about 50% less efficient than a HAWT due to higher blade drag while rotating in the wind;   b) VAWT devices are typically not packaged and installed on towers such that they are not able to take advantage of stronger, more laminar, wind conditions at higher elevations although this is an engineering challenge that does not limit their deployment it does add to cost, complexity, failure mechanisms, and opposition;   c) VAWT devices cannot efficiently operate in turbulent wind conditions typically encountered near the ground;   d) some VAWT devices have a high starting torque and require auxiliary energy sources to get started;   e) VAWT devices may require guy cables to hold them in place adding additional load to the bottom bearing of the VWT which is particularly so in the event of strong wind gusts as the bearing absorbs the total weight of the turbine rotor; and   f) superstructures may be required to support and hold the top bearing in place.       
 
         [0031]    Whilst wind turbines have their limitations as described above, they remain an important way of converting the mechanical energy of the wind into electrical energy. However, wind turbines have further limitations imposed by the laws of physics that cannot be easily overcome. For example, Betz&#39;s law states that the maximum power P that can be extracted by any wind turbine from the free flow of wind is given by the following equation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   P 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       2 
                     
                      
                     α 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     ρ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     π 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       r 
                       2 
                     
                      
                     
                       v 
                       3 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where P is the power (watts), α an efficiency factor based on the design of the wind turbine as defined by Betz&#39;s law, ρ is the density of air (kg/m3), r the radius of the wind turbine blade path (m), and v is the wind velocity (m/s). 
         [0032]    Betz&#39;s law states that the efficiency factor α cannot exceed 0.59 regardless of the type and design of the wind turbine. Accordingly, it would be evident that increasing the output power of a wind turbine can be achieved either by increasing the efficiency factor to within predetermined limits, which is a linear increasing, making the blades larger thereby increasing the radius of the turbine which increases power by that factor squared, or by increasing the velocity of the air which increases the power according to that factor cubed. Accordingly a 60% increase in air velocity is equivalent to doubling the radius of the turbine. 
         [0033]    It would be beneficial therefore to provide a wind turbine that overcame some of the disadvantages of prior art HAWT/VAWT devices including but not limited to, installation infrastructure, operation in non-laminar flow environments, operation over a wider range of air velocities, operation in low air velocity that defines many regions of the world and continental United States, and capable of supporting installations over a wide range of instances from discrete residential/commercial installations to large wind farms. It would be further beneficial if the wind turbine could be deployed in continental and offshore environments without significant modifications. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0034]    It is an object of the present invention to provide wind turbines addressing limitations in the prior art and specifically to provide compact turbines with forced velocity increase. 
         [0035]    In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method comprising:
   providing a first rotor for receiving an air flow and generating rotation of a first shaft in dependence upon the first rotor rotating with the air flow;   providing a second shaft having at least a first compressor rotor coupled to the first shaft wherein the first compressor rotor acts to adjusted a characteristic of the air flow after the first compressor rotor to create an adjusted air flow;   providing a turbine rotor receiving the adjusted air flow and rotating a third shaft at a rate established in dependence upon at least the adjusted air flow;   providing a generator providing an electrical output in dependence upon the rotation of the third shaft.   
 
         [0040]    In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method comprising:
   providing a first compressor for receiving a first air flow and generating a compressed air flow therefrom;   providing an annular air outlet connected to the first compressor for receiving the compressed air flow and feeding the compressed air flow as an annular flow into a turbine shaft;   providing a turbine rotor disposed within the turbine shaft for receiving the annular air flow and entrapped air generated by the compressed air flow within the turbine shaft and generating a rotation of a first shaft in dependence upon the turbine rotor rotating with the mixed annular air flow and entrapped air;   providing a generator either linked to the turbine rotor or comprising the turbine rotor for generating an electrical output in dependence upon the rotation rate of the turbine rotor.   
 
         [0045]    Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0046]    Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein: 
           [0047]      FIG. 1A  depicts the annual average wind power for the continental United States; 
           [0048]      FIG. 1B  depicts the projected levelized cost of generating electricity for different technologies in 2016; 
           [0049]      FIG. 2A  depicts unshrouded (open) wind turbines according to the prior art; 
           [0050]      FIG. 2B  depicts shrouded (ducted) wind turbines according to the prior art; 
           [0051]      FIG. 3  depicts a wind turbine according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0052]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  depict wind turbines according to embodiment of the invention with entrapment and single or multiple turbines; 
           [0053]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  depict wind turbines according to embodiments of the invention with entrapment and secondary Venturi; 
           [0054]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  depict wind turbines according to embodiments of the invention with forced entrapment; 
           [0055]      FIG. 7  depicts a wind turbine array according to an embodiment of the invention wherein a basic turbine unit is repeated but provides dual functionality; 
           [0056]      FIG. 8  depicts an alternate generator concept according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0057]      FIG. 9  depicts a shroud/air channel design according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0058]    The present invention relates to wind turbines and more specifically compact turbines with forced velocity increase. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 2A  there are depicted unshrouded (open) wind turbines according to the prior art including a HAWT structures  210  and  220 , giromill  230 , Darrieus turbine  240  and a Savonius turbine  250 . The giromill  230 , Darrieus turbine  240  and Savonius turbine  250  being VAWT devices. All of these wind turbines operate at the air velocity of the natural environment, i.e. the wind blowing, as there is no shroud around the turbine allowing the air speed to be artificially increased through the Venturi effect. 
         [0060]    Now referring to  FIG. 2B  there are shrouded (ducted) wind turbines according to the prior art. First Venturi turbine  260  employs a shroud to funnel the air thereby increasing air speed through the Venturi effect as taught by Reidy et al in U.S. Pat. No. 7,484,363 entitled “Wind Energy Harnessing Apparatuses, Systems, Methods and Improvements.” Second Venturi turbine  270  according to the prior art of Payne in U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,973 entitled “Wind Turbine Electric Generator” addresses the issue over wind direction by providing an omnidirectional structure wherein each segment around the structure narrows as it impinges the central single impeller. Third Venturi turbine  280 , actually intended for use in water but applicable to air as another fluid medium, provides increased reduction of the central channel from the input throat to the turbine blades. Third Venturi turbine  280  being taught by Susman in US Patent Application 2005/0,001,432 entitled “Power Generator and Turbine Unit.” Fourth Venturi turbine  290  according to Finney in U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,320 entitled “Superventuri Power Source” teaches to an initial Venturi fed turbine coupled to a secondary turbine wherein the Venturi effect is not present and accordingly a larger second turbine blade is employed. 
         [0061]    Accordingly it would be evident to one skilled in the art that the increased air velocity in the prior art solutions is derived solely from Venturi effect in relatively moderate reduction ratio, i.e. ratio of starting shroud diameter to diameter of turbine. As noted supra the power of a wind turbine increases as the cube of the air velocity such that if additional velocity increase can be provided further increases in power output can be achieved. 
         [0062]    Referring to  FIG. 3  there is depicted a wind turbine  300  according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown there is an outer shroud  390  to the wind turbine  300  wherein a Venturi effect is provided at the input through a reduction in the inner diameter of the outer shroud  390  therein increasing the air speed at the throat of the wind turbine  300  where the air initially impacts stator  310  that directs the air flow onto rotor  320  therein inducing rotation of the shaft  380  within the air turbine  300 . The air flowing past stator  310  and rotor  320  then impacts in sequence first compression blade  330 , first static blade  340 , second compression blade  350 , and second static blade  360  that act to increase the air flow through the compression of the air therein creating a draw effect from the throat of the wind turbine  300 . The high speed compressed air now exiting the second static blade  360  impacts generator blade  370  causing it to rotate and generate electricity through the known dynamo/generator effect of a coil and magnet rotating relative to one another. The generator not shown for clarity. 
         [0063]    Referring to  FIG. 4A  there is depicted a wind turbine  400  according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown the outer shroud is comprised of a first section  480 A and second section  480 B for the wind turbine  400  wherein a Venturi effect is provided at the input through a reduction in the inner diameter of the first section  480 A therein increasing the air speed at the throat of the wind turbine  400  where the air  490 A initially impacts stator  410  that directs the air flow onto rotor  420  therein inducing rotation of the shaft  425  within the air turbine  400 . The air flowing past stator  410  and rotor  420  then impacts in sequence first compression blade  430 , first static blade  440 , second compression blade  450 , and second static blade  460  that act to increase the air flow through the compression of the air therein creating a draw effect from the throat of the wind turbine  400 . The high speed compressed air now exiting the second static blade  460  impacts generator blade  470  causing it to rotate and generate electricity through the known dynamo/generator effect of a coil and magnet rotating relative to one another. The generator not shown for clarity. 
         [0064]    However, unlike wind turbine  300  with a single continuous shroud  300  the wind turbine  400  has first and second sections  480 A and  480 B. The resulting channel within the outer shroud between rotor  420  and first compression blade  430  with increased air flow from the preceding Venturi effect results in a reduced pressure in between the rotor  420  and first compression blade  430  thereby causing secondary air flow  490 B to be drawn into the wind turbine  400  increasing the overall air in the second stage of compression and generation as it combines with primary air flow  490 A. 
         [0065]    Now referring to  FIG. 4B  there is depicted a wind turbine  4000  according to an embodiment of the invention wherein the single generator blade  470  of  FIG. 4A  is now replaced by first to third turbines  4110 ,  4120  and  4130  respectively providing increased production from the wind turbine  4000 . 
         [0066]    Referring to  FIG. 5A  there is depicted a wind turbine  500  according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown the outer shroud is comprised of a first section  580 A and second section  580 B for the wind turbine  500  wherein a Venturi effect is provided at the input through a reduction in the inner diameter of the first section  580 A therein increasing the air speed at the throat of the wind turbine  500  where the air  590 A initially impacts stator  510  that directs the air flow onto rotor  520  therein inducing rotation of the shaft  525  within the air turbine  500 . The air flowing past stator  510  and rotor  520  then impacts in sequence first compression blade  530 , first static blade  540 , second compression blade  550 , and second static blade  560  that act to increase the air flow through the compression of the air therein creating a draw effect from the throat of the wind turbine  500 . The high speed compressed air now exiting the second static blade  560  impacts generator blade  570  causing it to rotate and generate electricity through the known dynamo/generator effect of a coil and magnet rotating relative to one another. The generator not shown for clarity. 
         [0067]    However, unlike wind turbine  300  with a single continuous shroud  300  the wind turbine  500  has first and second sections  580 A and  580 B. The resulting channel within the outer shroud between rotor  520  and first compression blade  530  with increased air flow from the preceding Venturi effect results in a reduced pressure in between the rotor  520  and first compression blade  530  thereby causing secondary air flow  590 B to be drawn into the wind turbine  500  increasing the overall air in the second stage of compression and generation. Further second section  580 B undergoes a reduction in diameter between the second static blade  560  and generator blade  570  thereby increasing the compressed air speed even further. 
         [0068]    Now referring to  FIG. 5B  there is depicted a wind turbine  5000  according to an embodiment of the invention with forced entrapment now provided at two stages. Accordingly the second section  580 B of the shroud for wind turbine  500  is now replaced by third and fourth sections  580 C and  580 D respectively that provide a route for tertiary air flow  590 C between them as air is pulled through the entrapment effect of the moving air within the wind turbine  5000 . 
         [0069]    It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that wind turbines  500  and  5000  may be augmented in similar manner to that of wind turbine  4000  in  FIG. 4B  supra in that multiple turbines may be employed rather than the single generator blade  570  depicted. 
         [0070]    Now referring to  FIG. 6A  there is depicted a wind turbine  600  according to an embodiment of the invention with forced entrapment. Accordingly a first stator—rotor assembly  610  receives air flow  690 A and pressurizes the flow before channeling it into duct  620  of the wind turbine  600 . Duct  620  feeds an annular orifice  630  in the wind turbine  600  that feeds air flow  690 C into the wind turbine  600  thereby entrapping air flow  690 B at higher velocity thereby creating a pressure reduction at the front of the wind turbine. The combined air flows  690 B and  690 C are then directed to a first tapering bore  650 A, coupled to first turbine  660 A, second tapering bore  650 B and second turbine  660 B in series. 
         [0071]    Accordingly the combined air flows  690 B and  690 C increase velocity at each stage overcoming reduction in velocity arising from the initial mixing and subsequent impacting of first turbine  660 A. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that the number of turbines in the wind turbine may be increased further and that these may be used in combination with varying central bore diameter or fixed bore diameter. It would also be evident that turbines may be placed within the tapering section of a wind turbine which may or may not require design modifications to the turbine blades. 
         [0072]    Now referring to  FIG. 6B  there is depicted a wind turbine  6000  according to an embodiment with forced entrapment. Accordingly, as with wind turbine  600  in  FIG. 6A  a first stator—rotor assembly  610  receives air flow  690 A and pressurizes the flow before channeling it into duct of the wind turbine  6009  and therein feeding the annular orifice  630  in the wind turbine  6000  that feeds air flow  690 C into the wind turbine  6000  thereby entrapping air flow  690 B at higher velocity thereby creating a pressure reduction at the front of the wind turbine. The combined air flows  690 B and  690 C are then directed to a first tapering bore  6070  wherein they are coupled to compressor  6050 , into second tapering bore  6080  and thence to turbine  6060 . It would be evident that multiple turbines may be provided within the wind turbine  6000  with or without additional tapering of the wind turbine bore as presented supra in respect of  FIGS. 4A and 4B . 
         [0073]    Within the descriptions for wind turbines supra in respect of  FIGS. 3 to 6B  the generator associated with each turbine or generator blade has not been explicitly defined. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that these may be deployed in many embodiments as presented within the prior art including but not limited to Susman in US Patent Application 2005/0,001,432; Corcoran et al in U.S. Pat. No. 7,116,005; Uzzell in U.S. Pat. No. 3,883,750 and Finney in U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,320; Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElectricaLgenerator); and Danish Wind Industry Association (http://guidedtour.windpower.orglen/tour/wtrblelectric.htm). 
         [0074]    Referring to  FIG. 7  there is depicted a wind turbine array according to an embodiment of the invention wherein a basic turbine unit  710   x  is repeated but provides dual functionality. Accordingly as depicted a first sub-array of turbine units  710 A,  710 B and  710 C of a design such as wind turbine  400  of  FIG. 4A  are disposed receiving incoming air, providing shaft rotation through an initial stator-rotor assembly before the air flow is compressed and impacts the turbine blade. Each first sub-array of turbine units  710 A,  710 B and  710 C also receiving through the annular opening entrapped airflow. The output from each of the first sub-array of turbine units  710 A,  710 B and  710 C is then directed to two turbine units of a second sub-array of which only turbine units  710 D and  710 E are depicted. Accordingly, the output of turbine unit  710 B is coupled to first turbine unit  710 D and second turbine unit  710 E of the second sub-array by first flow director  720 A. Likewise part of the airflow from turbine unit  710 A is directed to first turbine unit  710 D by second flow director  720 B (partially shown) and part of the airflow from turbine unit  710 C is directed to first turbine unit  710 E by third flow director  720 C (partially shown). 
         [0075]    Whilst  FIG. 7  depicts a one-dimensional array of turbine units, either horizontal or vertical, it would be evident to one skilled in the art that a two-dimensional array may be deployed either by simple stacking the one-dimensional arrays as discrete uncoupled elements or by linking them through a variant of the flow directors that couple in both directions such that each turbine in the second sub-array is coupled to three or more turbines in the first sub-array such that removal of one turbine in that first sub-array for maintenance, bird strike etc does not reduce the overall array performance as significantly. 
         [0076]    In order to reduce the mechanical complexity of the wind turbines wherein the generator is mounted axially within the wind turbine and alternative embodiments of the invention is depicted in  FIG. 8  for the generator wherein a shaft  840  has mounted upon it blade vanes  830  that have permanent magnet tips  820 . As such when the blade vane  830  rotates the permanent magnet tip  820  moves relative to a coil  810  embedded into the casing  850 . As shown the permanent magnet tips  820  and blade vane  830  are profiled to match the tapering inner geometry of the casing  850  providing the increased air velocity through the Venturi effect. It would be evident that the permanent magnet tips  820  and blade vane  830  may be engineered for constant inner geometry of the casing  850  as well. Accordingly, it would also be evident to one skilled in the art that the multiple turbines/generator blades described supra in respect of different embodiments of the invention may exploit such blade/turbine designs. Further where multiple turbine/generator blades are depicted supra in respect of  FIGS. 3 to 7  within constant diameter bore structures of the wind turbine it would be apparent that a tapering bore design may also be deployed without departing from the scope of the invention. 
         [0077]    Within the descriptions presented supra in respect of  FIGS. 4A  through  FIG. 7  there has been presented the concept of air entrapment wherein air from outside the turbine is pulled into the turbine through access channels in the shroud. It may be evident to one skilled in the art that such access channels may be simple slots with rounded corners, blunt corners, sharp corners etc according to the design implemented. However, these access channels may also be designed to ensure that the mixing of two air flows, e.g. primary and secondary air flows  490 A and  490 B respectively in  FIG. 4A , of reduced turbulence. Accordingly first cowl design  900  depicts such a modified linear access slot has been modified through computer aided design to include an array of ports  910  in addition to the gap between first section  480 A and second section  480 B. Second cowl design  950  depicts a design compatible with wind turbine  5000  in  FIG. 5B  wherein the shroud is composed of three sections  580 A,  580 C, and  580 D. Accordingly the annular ring is between first section  580 A and second section  580 C is modified by the inclusion of first flow channels  920  into the outer surface of first section  580 A as it enters second section  580 C. Similarly the annular ring is between second section  580 C and third section  580 D is modified by the inclusion of second flow channels  930  into the outer surface of second section  580 C as it enters third section  580 D. Such mixer designs for example being taught by Presz in U.S. Pat. No. 5,761,900 entitled “Two-Stage Mixer Ejector Suppressor”, Hauser in U.S. Pat. No. 6,012,281 entitled “Noise Suppressing Fluid Mixing System for a Turbine Engine” and Presz et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,233,920 entitled “Contoured Thrust Reverser and Lobed Nozzle Noise Suppressor for Gas Turbine Engines.” Such mixers being taught as reducing the noise from jet engine exhausts through the improved mixing and flow resulting from their profiled geometry. 
         [0078]    Within the embodiments described above in respect of  FIGS. 3  though  7  the shaft connecting the rotor at the front of the turbine to the compressor section in the central portion of the turbine has been shown as a single element. It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative designs may exist include linked designs allowing the front rotor/stator assembly to tilt into the wind without moving the entire turbine or that a gearbox may be employed between the shaft of the rotor and the compressor unit. 
         [0079]    The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.