Abstract:
A system and method for rapid deployment of economically feasible wide-area general-purpose telecommunications systems and services in urban, suburban, rural, and other inhabited geographical areas is disclosed. The solution described here is of particular importance in the aftermath of such events as catastrophic accidents, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, riots, and acts of war during which the local telecommunications infrastructure is destroyed. In addition, the basic methods and architectures defined herein are applicable to those scenarios in which wide-area telecommunication services must be deployed rapidly in previously uninhabited area such as military deployments.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/384,310 filed May 30, 2002 entitled RAPIDLY DEPLOYABLE EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to rapid deployment of telecommunications systems, and in particular to the deployment and use of infrastructureless networks for emergency purposes. 
   A common characteristic of natural, man-made, accidental, or intentional disasters is the damage to, or destruction of, buildings and other outdoor structures such as communication antennas, radio towers, and utility poles. Such damage and destruction can cause the local telecommunications infrastructure to become inoperative and/or overloaded. Systems that can be affected by such disasters include residential and commercial telephone service, cellular telephone service, and mobile radio systems used by local, state, and federal emergency and law enforcement agencies. Disasters can occur in urban, suburban, and rural areas, and can be the result of such diverse events as, for example, catastrophic accidents, natural disasters, or intentional attacks. Even in non-disaster situations, such as for example, military deployments, basic wide-area telecommunication services might need to be deployed rapidly in previously uninhabited areas. 
   For example, a disaster has occurred, one which affects a large number of people over a large geographical area, spanning anywhere from many city blocks to 10&#39;s of miles in suburban or rural areas. Buildings and other outdoor structures (such as antennas, radio towers and utility poles) are damaged or destroyed. All or portions of the local telecommunications infrastructure—including regular telephone system and the cellular telephony system used by inhabitants; land mobile radio systems used by local, state, and federal emergency and law enforcement agencies, etc.—are inoperative. The portions that might have survived are tremendously overloaded. This disaster may be a natural one—such as multiple tornado strikes, an earthquake, volcanic eruptions, or floods—or it may be accidental, due to plane crashes, train derailments, or refinery explosions. The disaster may be intentional, or it may take place in an area where means for communication is limited to begin with, or in an area where millions of citizens could need access to telecommunication services. A common problem in all of these situations is the need for immediate communication among emergency personnel, law enforcement agencies, and the local citizens. 
   To properly support this type of situation, a system is needed which is designed to be general purpose and hence capable of supporting any application that used to be supported by the damaged or destroyed system that it is trying to replace. The system needs to be standards-based and hence can be used with existing end-user communication devices. Further, the system needs to be economically affordable by local and state governing bodies. The system should be capable of temporarily replacing a destroyed communications network (e.g. cellular telephone service) and operating for weeks or even months, and the equipment of the system should be useful for a non-emergency situation as well. The system should be capable of inter-operating with any modern internet protocol-based network, allowing it to be connected to standard networks like the internet. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The problems set forth above as well as further and other problems are solved by the present invention. The solutions and advantages of the present invention are achieved by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention described hereinbelow. 
   The method of the present invention includes the steps of receiving location and severity information and determining positions to locate mobile communications platforms based on location and severity information. For operator-deployed mobile communications platforms, the method of the present invention further includes the steps of contacting personnel and instructing them to transport mobile communications platforms to located positions. The method further includes the steps of setting up mobile communications platforms and initiating communication among the mobile communications platforms. For self-deployed mobile communications platforms, the method further includes the steps of directing the mobile communications platforms to their assigned locations, and remotely providing instruction for initiation of operations. The method also includes the step of establishing a temporary communications infrastructure at the located positions. The method also includes the steps of transmitting control information to the mobile communications platforms and receiving data from the mobile communications platforms. 
   The Emergency Communications System (ECS) of the present invention includes a plurality of mobile communication platforms, a planner subsystem, a dispatch subsystem, a control subsystem, and optionally a training subsystem. Numerous mobile communications platform designs are possible, depending upon varying capability requirements and technical and cost constraints. Certain specialized mobile communications platforms can exist for special purposes. For example, fire trucks can contain a mobile communications platform so that the location of firefighters inside the burning buildings can be monitored. Other mobile communications platforms can be located on rooftops of buildings to function as bridges to other networks. Still other mobile communications platforms be located in a temporary tower and in a dedicated radio truck. A mobile communications platform can provide cellular telephony service, so that standard cell phones continue to function. One goal of the ECS is to quickly erect a temporary multi-use communications infrastructure where no such infrastructure exists (or cannot be relied upon). The ECS can provide voice, data, and visual imagery via wireless means over the incident area, and to one or more local or non-local control centers. Furthermore, the ECS can actively assist in tracking incident workers, victims, assets, and the on-site conditions. These data can be made available to site coordinators, and even to on-site incident workers. 
   For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects thereof, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and detailed description. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
       FIG. 1  is a flowchart of the method of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram of the major components of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic block diagram of the major components of the planner subsystem; 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic block diagram of the major components of the dispatch subsystem; 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic block diagram of the major components of the control subsystem; 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic block diagram of the major components of the mobile communications platform; 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic block diagram of the major components of the optional training subsystem; 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram of the illustrative embodiment of the present invention in which postal service carrier vehicles host the mobile communications platforms of the ECS, and an incident occurs in an urban setting near a body of water; 
       FIG. 9  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention in which school buses host the mobile communications platforms of the ECS, and an incident occurs in mountainous terrain in a rural setting; 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram of a further alternate embodiment of the present invention in which a combination of public and private vehicles host the mobile communications platforms of the ECS, and an incident occurs in hilly terrain in a farming community; 
       FIG. 11  is a diagram of a still further alternate embodiment of the present invention in which rooftops host the mobile communications platforms of the ECS, and an incident occurs in a large city; 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram of another alternate embodiment of the present invention in which personal vehicles and farming vehicles in conjunction with commercial satellites host the mobile communications platforms of the ECS, and an incident occurs in hilly terrain in a farming community; 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram of a still another alternate embodiment in which personal vehicles and balloons host the mobile communications platforms of the ECS, and an incident occurs in mixed terrain suitable for balloon launch and tracking; and 
       FIG. 14  is a pictorial representation of a balloon-based mobile communications platform of an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is now described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various illustrative embodiments of the present invention are shown. 
   The system and method of the present invention provide an emergency communications system for managing the establishment of emergency personnel, equipment, and communications in the vicinity of the incident. More specifically, and referring now to  FIG. 1 , the method of the present invention is shown to includes the steps of receiving location and severity information of an incident, preferably at a dispatch center, which may be a police station or fire station (method step  11 ), and determining positions in which to locate mobile communications platforms based on the received location and severity information (method step  13 ). At the same moment that the local volunteer and professional firefighters, emergency medical personnel, and rescue workers are mobilized to respond to an incident, the ECS is also triggered into action. The goal of the ECS is to quickly, for example, within less than two hours, deploy and make operational a temporary general-purpose telecommunications infrastructure at the incident site. A function of an ECS is to provide basic telecommunication services such as those normally provided by the Public Switched Telephone System (PSTN), cellular telephone systems, and the Mobile Land Radio (MLR) systems. 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1 , the method next includes the step of contacting appropriate personnel and, in the case of operator-deployed mobile communications platforms, instructing them to transport the mobile communications platforms to the determined positions (method step  15 ). In a similar manner to how volunteer firefighters are alerted of a fire emergency while they are at home or at their places of work, or how a local elementary school principal can within minutes inform many hundreds of parents of an event at their child&#39;s school through a pre-arranged telephone-tree, appropriate personnel are notified that their services are needed. Depending on the situation, the notification could be achieved in numerous ways, for example, but not limited to, manual telephone-trees automated Internet-based messaging, gathering at predetermined locations, town-wide emergency bullhorns, etc. Appropriate personnel could include, for example, emergency services personnel who are, at the time of the incident of interest, physically located near the site of the incident. After being notified of the incident, appropriate personnel travel to one or more predetermined ECS pickup locations. Mobile communications platforms are self-deployed or operator-deployed to particular locations in or around the incident site. These locations are chosen to provide the best wireless and cellular coverage over and around the incident site. The physical size of the mobile communications platforms is not restricted in any way. 
   With further reference to  FIG. 1 , the method also includes, the step of initiating operations of the mobile communications platforms (method step  17 ). There is no limitation on the number, size, or functionality of the set-up procedures for the mobile communications platforms. Previously-trained personnel deploy the mobile communications platforms, performing functions such as, but not limited to, installing a vehicle-mountable (potentially telescopic) antenna, connecting the mobile communications platform to an electric power source (for example, the vehicle&#39;s electrical system, fossil-fuel generators, solar cells, fuel cells, etc.), powering up the mobile communications platform, and performing some rudimentary testing to verify proper operation of the mobile communications platform. Mobile communications platforms may be partially or wholly pre-configured to go through an automated self-configuration after deployment. After operations on the mobile communications platforms are initiated, the method also includes the step of establishing a temporary communications infrastructure in the vicinity of the incident (method step  19 ). With this temporary communications infrastructure, the inhabitants in the vicinity of the incident can, for example, use their telephones. This step also involves creating a network with the mobile communications platforms as nodes, which are the temporary communications infrastructure, and providing interconnection of the mobile communications platform network with external undamaged communications infrastructures. 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1 , the method also includes the step of transmitting, among the mobile communications platforms and preferably to a dispatch center, data and control information to track the progress of the incident, and to direct control of a response to the incident (method step  19 ). Mobile communications platforms communicate through use of an electronic network, and collect data for transmission around the network from such sources as, but not limited to, radio, telephone, video, and computers. Each mobile communications platform provides, at least, communication with other mobile communications platforms, communication with external networks, and standards-based wireless telecommunication services to devices within the range provided by the technology. 
   The method of the present invention can be, in whole or in part, implemented electronically. Signals representing actions taken by elements of the system can travel over electronic communications media. Control and data information can be electronically executed and stored on computer-readable media. The system can be implemented to execute on a node in a computer network. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disks, flexible disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, or any other magnetic media, CDROMs or any other optical media, punched cards, paper tape, or any other physical media with patterns of holes, RAMs, PROMs, EPROMs, FLASH-EPROMs, or any other memory chip or cartridge, carrier waves, smart cards, compact flash cards, flash memory, or any other media from which a computer can read. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , the ECS includes planner  25 , dispatch  27 , and control  29  subsystems to implement the method of the present invention. The division of functionality within these subsystems herein presented is not intended to limit other possible such divisions. Any division of functionality, so long as the functions of the present invention are performed, is within the scope of this invention. Note also that the automated portions of the subsystems can execute in the same CPU, or they can execute in a distributed way in separate CPUs, or any combination of combined and separate execution, or they can execute in the mobile communications platforms  22 , and/or the incident report center  41 . Mobile communications platforms  22  and incident report center  41  can be physically co-located, even executing within the same CPU, or they can be physically separated, communicating through wireless interface  33  and communications interface (CI)  81 . 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 2 , the ECS is engaged when operator  39 A provides the location and best available severity information of the incident to planner subsystem  25 . An emergency dispatcher, a local emergency coordinator, or some other person of authority can perform this action as part of a local or regional emergency reaction plan. Location and severity information can be provided at the incident report center  41 , which could be executing planner subsystem  25 , or which could be in communication with a system that is executing planner subsystem  25 . Planner subsystem  25  locates components of the ECS and determines how to position them in order to provide the communications infrastructure that will ultimately operate through wireless interface  33 . In particular, the planner subsystem  25  can determine where mobile communication platforms  22  must be located with respect to the previously-specified location and severity information to best provide wireless audio, video, and data services over and around the site of interest. 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 2 , once planner subsystem  25  determines the best possible locations for mobile communications platforms  22 , planner subsystem  25  invokes dispatch subsystem  27  which, in the case of operator-deployed mobile communications platforms  22 , contacts personnel and directs them to transport mobile communications platforms  22  to the locations determined by planner subsystem  25  and to set them up. In the case of self-deployed mobile communications platforms  22 , dispatch subsystem  27  electronically directs (through information provided as control  37 ) mobile communications platforms  22  to the locations determined by planner subsystem  25 . Planner subsystem  25  then invokes control subsystem  29  which manages the interfaces among mobile communications platforms  22  and their movement during the incident. Control subsystem  29  manages incident termination. Mobile communications platforms  22  send data  35  to dispatch  27 , control  29 , and planner  25  subsystems. Training subsystem  31  is described with respect to  FIG. 7 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 3 , planner subsystem  25  includes receiver  42 , platform locator  43 , and component positioner  45 . Receiver  42  accepts from operator  39 B the location and severity of the incident. Receiver  42  provides this information to platform locator  43 , which determines which mobile communications platforms  22  are appropriate to activate for the particular incident. Mobile communications platforms  22  are, in the illustrative embodiment, pre-stored at various locations, known by platform locater  43 , such as, for example, schools, firehouses, police depots, and local government buildings. Mobile communications platforms  22  could be stored in any fixed or mobile location, not limited to fixed-position structures such as government facilities and private residences. These locations are provided by platform locator  43  to component positioner  45  which determines, from, for example, but not limited to, the location of the incident, which mobile communications platforms  22  are to be deployed in which locations and provides this information to dispatch subsystem  27 , perhaps by means of CI  81 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , dispatch subsystem  27  includes a contact information locater  51 , a contactor  53 , a director  55 , and optionally, a incident response communicator  57 . Director  55  generates a list of appropriate personnel for the incident, perhaps derived from a previously-determined list of personnel who have pledged to act during an incident. Contact information locater  51  locates contact information for appropriate personnel for the incident according to any pre-set or dynamically-determined criteria. Contactor  53  contacts personnel using, for example, a conventional telephone-based interactive voice response system  48  such as, for example, Alcatel OmniTouch® Interactive Voice Response, to dial each number in a list of telephone numbers. The conventional telephone-based interactive voice response system  48  is configured to, in the illustrative embodiment, on receiving no answer or a negative answer at a dialed number, dial the next number on the list. Director  55  determines a match between contacted personnel and platform location (determined by platform locater  43  (FIG.  3 )), and directs contacted personnel to pick up particular mobile communications platforms  22  at the determined location. The personnel, perhaps trained by optional training subsystem  31  (described with respect to  FIG. 7 ), set up mobile communication platforms  22  and provide power to them which automatically invokes control subsystem  29 . Optionally, and in parallel with deployment of personnel with mobile communications platforms  22 , incident response communicator  57 , if tied to an emergency telephone system similar to 911, could, for example, communicate the incident and/or a proper response to the incident to inhabitants of the area surrounding the incident. Note that if the communications infrastructure in the vicinity of the incident has been severely compromised, a subset of the complete suite of mobile communications platforms  22  is either operator-deployed or self-deployed in order to establish a temporary communications infrastructure (described below), thus enabling more personnel to be contacted and more mobile communications platforms  22  to be deployed. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5 , control subsystem  29  includes communications manager  61 , movement manager  63 , control handler  65 , tracker  67 , and incident termination  69 . Communications manager  61 , through CI  81 , enables personnel at the incident to communicate with each other and to coordinators. In particular, communications manager  61  determines the aspects of the communications infrastructure in the vicinity of the incident and manages their temporary establishment. Communications manager  61  insures that network connectivity is achieved and maintained, and that high-priority communications take precedence on the network. Communications manager  61  provides network services needed for internode communication, and manages a publish/subscribe mechanism used to distribute video and other data collected by mobile communication platforms  22  and other sources. Further, communications manager  61  manages data routing between nodes of the ECS network and external networks  93  ( FIG. 6 ). Communication manager  61  provides an infrastructure for cellular phones, radio frequency identification interrogators  95  ( FIG. 6 ), and wireless mobile devices in use by the emergency workers and victims as well as for transmitting surveillance data. Communications manager  61  receives data from external networks  93  and routes them to personnel as needed. For example, Emergency Medical Technicians could access a database of exotic diseases or of hazardous materials handling procedures. Movement manager  63 , control handler  65 , and incident termination  69  enable automatic and manual dissemination of orders and information updates, perhaps received from external networks  93 , to personnel. Tracker  67  monitors location and status of personnel and equipment associated with the incident. In the illustrative embodiment, and for administrative and control purposes, one or more mobile communications platforms  22  can be designated as a “control node” in which control handler  65  manages and controls the operations of the network of mobile communications platforms  22 . The control node may also be accessible by coordinators who monitor situational awareness display  99  ( FIG. 6 ), looking for potential problems, as well as for people in need. Control handler  65  is capable of relinquishing its control to other entities if/when necessary. Control handler  65  receives direction from any of operators  39 A, B, or C (which could in fact be one and the same person or computer or other means of supplying direction) and provides that direction to personnel, devices, other platforms, etc., depending on the nature of the direction. Control handler  65  monitors the relative positions of mobile communications platforms  22  and orders their reorganization should the situation change. Incident termination  69  controls the orderly dismantling of the ECS network. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 6 , mobile communications platforms  22  form the core of the ECS. Each mobile communications platform  22  is a node that forms part of an ad hoc communications network (described later) with other mobile communications platforms  22  and incident report center  41  through their communication interfaces  81 . Mobile communications platforms  22  can be equipped with such devices as radios/telephones  87 , video recorders  89 , and computers  91 , and may carry communications, computing, and sensor equipment necessary to provide and restore wireless and cellular coverage over and around the incident area. Mobile communications platforms  22  enable surveillance and location tracking, and are designed for non-stop performance. Further, mobile communications platforms  22  enable connection, if possible, through communications interface  81 , to external networks  93 , including, but not limited to, libraries, databases, and the internet. In the illustrative embodiment, mobile communications platforms  22  are quickly moved into place, and are designed for non-stop performance over long periods of time, for example, but not limited to, days, weeks, or months. Designed for high mobility, mobile communications platforms  22  can be configured as compact and self-contained, and can be surrounded by a weatherproof exterior. During configuration, mobile communications platforms  22  may be packaged, for example, so that their equipment can fit into suitcase-sized containers, or they may be packaged to be carried in or mounted on vehicles (see  FIGS. 8-10  and  12 - 13 ), or they may be packaged to be sent aloft using scientific instrumentation balloons (see  FIGS. 11 and 14 ), thereby providing greater range in hilly terrain. 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 6 , once mobile communications platforms  22  are in place, communications manager  61  ( FIG. 5 ) begins transmitting readiness status and sensor information through communications interface  81  between/among one or more mobile communications platforms  22  and/or incident report center  41 . CI  81  enforces quality of service, data priority, and authentication through use of advanced ad hoc mobile routing protocols. Further, CI  81  supports coordination and routing services over low bandwidth and unreliable network links. This functionality enables communications manager  61  ( FIG. 5 ) to control the establishment of the temporary communications infrastructure in the vicinity of the incident. In addition, CI  81  scales to a large number of nodes, and is capable of automatically configuring and updating network routes. Supporting further a mobile environment, CI  81  automatically routes messages in a dynamic environment where nodes enter and leave the network at will and nodes move throughout the physical environment. To implement these capabilities, CI  81  enables wireless interface  33  ( FIG. 2 ) and other types of communication, and enables the formation of a distributed ad hoc communications network. An ad hoc communications network is one in which mobile units interact with one another without a centralized infrastructure. In an ad hoc network, mobile units may not continuously remain in range of each other, thus the topology of the network is maximally dynamic. Characteristic of an ad hoc network, CI  81  minimizes the delay between when a node enters, leaves, or moves and when the network readjusts to that change (ideally making the readjustment almost instantaneously). Many protocols support ad hoc networking, for example, Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. Each protocol has features that serve a particular type of ad hoc network. 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 6 , data handler  83 , through CI  81 , receives data from and controls devices that gather information about the incident, such as, for example, conventional video cameras  89  and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) radio frequency scanners or interrogators  95  such as, for example, interrogators included in Matrics™ RFID systems. Data handler  83  provides the gathered information to control subsystem  29  ( FIG. 5 ), possibly through CI  81 . 
   In the illustrative embodiment, and continuing to refer to  FIG. 6 , to enable tracking, personnel and equipment may carry conventional RFID electronic product code (ePC) tags. RFID interrogator  95  sends radio waves towards the ePC tags, powering them. The tags broadcast their individual ePCs, which are received by interrogator  95 . Data handler  83  receives these data from interrogator  95 , and provides them to tracker  67  ( FIG. 5 ) through CI  81  and other sources for display and analysis. Data handler  83  also receives video data and provides those data to tracker  67 . Tracker  67 , using a known location (known via a system such as the Global Positioning System) and triangulation data shared between two or more mobile communications platforms  22 , locates and identifies equipped personnel and equipment. Tracker  67  then sends the location and identity information to situational awareness handler  97  which displays this information dynamically on situational awareness display  99 , which is a display of the incident site. Personnel and equipment tracking can be accomplished in any way and is not limited to RFID technology. Control rooms, which may be located in places such as an emergency shelter, a government building, or a specially converted vehicle where it can travel to the disaster site, contain situational awareness displays  99 . Situational awareness handler  97  displays in real-time icons and other indicators on situational awareness displays  99  representing the location of the incident, personnel and equipment, perhaps victims, and other entities, such as hospitals. In the case of victims, their immediate health status can be provided through any means to data handler  83  through CI  81  and displayed on the situational awareness display  99 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7 , optional training subsystem  31  provides personnel with necessary training to enable them to deploy mobile communications platforms  22  and other associated devices. These personnel can be, but aren&#39;t limited to, firefighters, policemen, emergency medical services personnel, members of community organizations, city/state/town employees (e.g. local transit service operators), employees of a local school district (e.g., school bus drivers), and employees of local federal agencies (e.g. the National Guard, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Federal Emergency Management Administration, or the United States Postal Service), and are willing to assist with incident response. Training subsystem  31  includes mobile communications platform  22  set-up training  121 , operational training  123 , control training  125 , and incident termination training  127 . These training modules can be completely or partially self-paced instruction. Although ideally, all personnel are trained in all aspects of the system, there can be specialized training for particular types of operations, for example, mobile communications platform personnel (operator  39 C) could be required to complete set-up training  121  and operational training  123  only, whereas dispatchers (operator  39 B) could be required to complete control training  125  only. Control room personnel (operator  39 A) could be required to complete both control training  125  and incident termination training  127 . Training subsystem  31  could be available for use within the ad hoc network formed by the mobile communications platforms  22  as shown in  FIGS. 2-7 , or it could be a stand-alone module available for use outside of the operational environment. 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 8-10 , the system and method of the present invention can efficiently utilize the local fleet of public vehicles  131  (for example postal service mail trucks and school buses) or private vehicles (for example family cars or commercial trucks) to transport mobile communications platforms  22  establish an ECS. This is particularly efficient since many of local fleets of public vehicles  131  remain unused during incidents due to, for example, closure of public schools or interruptions in mail delivery. Also, as shown in  FIGS. 8-10 , mobile communications platforms  22  can be deployed in an urban setting ( FIG. 8 ), in mountainous terrain ( FIG. 9 ), and in hilly farmland ( FIG. 10 ). 
   Referring now to  FIG. 10 , the system and method of the present invention can be implemented with a combined use of both public vehicles  131  and private vehicles  133 . This flexibility is a result of the compact and portable nature of mobile communications platforms  22 , which can be transported by virtually any means. 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 11 ,  12  and  13 , mobile communications platforms  22  can be deployed on rooftops  135  in densely-populated urban settings as shown in  FIG. 11 . Mobile communications platforms  22  can also be deployed in unmanned aerial vehicles, for example satellite  137  and balloon  139 , to provide beyond-line-of-site communications as illustrated in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . Satellite  137  provides for long-distance connectivity from the incident site. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 14 , mobile communications platform  22  can be deployed in a balloon  139  which can include, but isn&#39;t limited to, a housing  201 , a control processor  203 , a local subsystem  205  such as, for example, a global positioning system receiver, network enabling technology  207  such as, for example a wide area network antenna, and a wireless communications capability such as, for example, a wireless local area network radio transceiver  210 , wireless wide area network radio transceiver  209 , and antenna  223 . Balloon  139  further includes video capability  211  such as, for example, a video camera and positioning servo, a radio frequency identification interrogator  213 , and a power generator  215 , all attached to a helium balloon  217  fitted with a tether  219  and multiple warning lights  221 . 
   Although the invention has been described with respect to various embodiments, it should be realized this invention is also capable of a wide variety of further and other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.