Abstract:
An apparatus for propagating electromagnetic waves at a predetermined reduced guide wavelength. A waveguide (27b) is provided for receiving and guiding the electromagnetic waves. A dielectric (28) is disposed in the waveguide (27b) to decrease the guide wavelength of the received electromagnetic waves. The dielectric (28) allows the width of the waveguide (27b) to be reduced without significantly compromising its power-carrying capability.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to waveguide devices, and more particularly, to size and guide wavelength modification for waveguide devices. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     A significant disadvantage of conventional waveguides is their size and large guide wavelength. For example, WR-975 waveguides (which can be obtained from such companies as Mega Industries and are designed for use between the frequencies of 0.75 and 1.12 GHz) has a width of 9.75 inches and a height of 4.875 inches. The height of a conventional waveguide can be reduced without affecting the fundamental-mode cutoff frequency and guide wavelength, but the same is not true of its width. 
     Moreover, reductions in cross-sectional area in ridged waveguides require that the gap between the ridges be on the order of one-quarter the height of the waveguide. This substantially reduces the power-carrying capacity of the waveguide, leaving it susceptible to breakdown at high power levels. In addition, the guide wavelength in ridged waveguides is approximately equal to that in other conventional waveguides, so that nearly equal lengths of either ridged or conventional waveguides are required to achieve a given phase shift. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, an apparatus is provided for propagating electromagnetic waves at a predetermined reduced guide wavelength. A waveguide is provided for receiving and guiding the electromagnetic waves. A dielectric is disposed in the waveguide to decrease the guide wavelength of the received electromagnetic waves. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a conventional waveguide with electric field lines depicted; 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b are electric field line diagrams showing degenerate TE 10  and TE 01  modes respectively for a conventional square waveguide; 
     FIGS. 3a and 3b are perspective views showing respectively a conventional full-height WR-975 waveguide and a full-height reduced-size waveguide that utilizes the techniques of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 4a and 4b are perspective views showing respectively a conventional half-height WR-975 waveguide and a half-height reduced-size waveguide that utilizes the techniques of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 5a and 5b are top and side views respectively of an artificial dielectric; 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the measurement set-up for measuring dielectric constants and loss tangents; and 
     FIG. 7 is an x-y graph depicting normalized transmission loss through a cavity vs. frequency. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section of a conventional rectangular waveguide 20. The desired mode of propagation in such a waveguide is usually the TE 10  mode, whose electric field lines 22 are as shown in FIG. 1. The cutoff frequency f c  for this mode is ##EQU1## where ε R  is the relative permittivity of the dielectric filling the waveguide 20 and the term c is velocity of light constant. If the width a of waveguide 20 is chosen to maintain the cutoff frequency at some desired value, then a must decrease as ε R  increases. For example, WR-975 waveguide, which is designed for use with RF frequencies between 0.75 and 1.12 GHz, has a=9.75&#34; and b=4.875&#34;. Its cutoff frequency is 0.605 GHz. If the guide is filled with a dielectric having ε R  =4, a can be reduced by a factor of two (to 4.875&#34;) without changing the cutoff frequency of the TE 10  mode. 
     While the guide could be filled with a conventional isotropic dielectric and achieve the same size reduction, this approach can be costly (depending on the material) and adds significantly to the weight of the waveguide. Also, for the example considered above, it results in a square waveguide in which the TE 10  (FIG. 2a) and TE 01  (FIG. 2b) modes are degenerate, i.e., they have the same cutoff frequency, which is undesirable in many applications. 
     FIG. 3a depicts a conventional full-height WR-975 waveguide 27a. Conventional waveguide 27a has a cutoff frequency of 605 MHZ and a height and width respectively of: 4.875 inches and 9.75 inches. 
     FIG. 3b depicts a novel full-height reduced-size waveguide 27b that has been filled with dielectric 28. The dielectric-filled waveguide 27b has the same cutoff frequency as conventional waveguide 27a but has only half the width (i.e., 4.875 inches) Accordingly, the novel dielectric-filled waveguide 27b has the decided advantage of consuming less space than conventional waveguide 27a. 
     As another example, FIG. 4a depicts a conventional half-height WR-975 waveguide 29a with a cutoff frequency of 605 MHZ and a height and width respectively of: 2.4375 inches and 9.75 inches. 
     FIG. 4b depicts a novel half-height reduced-size waveguide 29b that has been filled with dielectric 28. The dielectric-filled waveguide 29b has the same cutoff frequency as conventional waveguide 29a but has only half the width (i.e., 4.875 inches). 
     The present invention preferably includes dielectric 28 being an anisotropic artificial dielectric with metallic scatterers embedded in a lightweight substrate, in order to reduce the width of the waveguide while not affecting the cutoff frequency of the waveguide. By using a lightweight anisotropic artificial dielectric, e.g., one having ε R  =4 for a vertically-polarized electric field and ε R  =1 for a horizontally-polarized electric field, a factor of two reduction in size is obtained with little or no weight penalty and the cutoff frequency of the TE 01  mode is unaffected by the presence of the artificial dielectric. 
     FIGS. 5a and 5b depict an embodiment of an artificial dielectric 28 which is embedded with small metallic scatterers 30 in a lightweight substrate 32 (e.g., a foam, such as Styrofoam). If the individual scatterers 30 are small relative to the wavelength of interest, then the permittivity of the artificial dielectric 28 is given by: 
     
         ε.sub.R =1+nα,                               (2) 
    
     where n is the number of scatterers per unit volume, and α is the polarizability of an individual scatterer. 
     While there are many scatterer shapes that can be selected, a long, thin wire with its major axis parallel to the electric field is particularly effective. The polarizability of an individual wire can be calculated numerically by using the method of moments to calculate the free-space scattered far field due to an incident plane wave having its electric field polarized parallel to the axis of the wire. The scattered far field E.sub.θ of a wire having dipole moment p is given by: ##EQU2## The dipole moment p is determined by equating the calculated amplitude of the scattered far field at broadside (θ=90°) to the amplitude in the above expression (3): ##EQU3## The polarizability is proportional to the ratio of the dipole moment to the incident electric field. For a wire scatterer (30) one-half cm in length and 0.6 mm in diameter, the polarizability is found to be: ##EQU4## where E inc  is the electric-field amplitude of the plane wave incident on the wire (1 V/m in this case and the term P wire  represents the dipole moment of the wire). 
     If it is desired to reduce the width of a given waveguide by a factor of two, then it is filled with a material having ε R  =4. The artificial dielectric should satisfy: 
     
         nα.sub.wire 3,=                                      (6) 
    
     where n is the density of scatterers in the artificial dielectric. Given the value of α wire  determined above, the required density is given by the following equation: ##EQU5## 
     With reference to FIG. 5b, an artificial dielectric 28 was constructed in four layers (layers 34, 36, 38, and 40), each 0.5 cm thick and containing a rectangular grid of vertical wire scatterers 30 with 0.2 cm between nearest neighbors in the plane of each layer. To prevent wires in adjoining layers from touching, the grid patterns were offset in alternating layers, and thin sheets of Mylar (42, 46 and 48) were placed between neighboring layers to provide extra insulation against breakdown. 
     With reference to FIG. 6, measurements of the electromagnetic properties of the dielectric 28 were made using a perturbation technique, in which the dielectric 28 was placed inside a cavity 50 and its properties determined by its perturbing effect on the cavity&#39;s resonant frequency and bandwidth. The dielectric 28 was placed inside a metallic cavity 50, constructed from a piece of WR-975 waveguide. The length of cavity 50 was adjusted so that the TE 101  cavity mode would resonate near 915 MHZ, the frequency at which the properties of the dielectric 28 were desired. 
     The resonant frequency and bandwidth of the cavity 50 were measured by means of two coaxial probes 52 and 54 connected to a network analyzer 56 which was capable of measuring the insertion loss through cavity 50. At resonance, the insertion loss between the probes (52 and 54) is decreased to a small but measurable value, over a small bandwidth (the coaxial probes 52 and 54 were constructed so that they had little coupling into cavity 50 in order to maintain a relatively high loaded cavity Q). The cavity resonant frequency and bandwidth could then be measured with or without a dielectric inserted inside the waveguide cavity. 
     With the setup in FIG. 6, the relative dielectric constant of the sample was shown to be approximately: ##EQU6## where: ε r  =Relative dielectric constant of the sample, 
     F r1  =Cavity resonant frequency with no sample, 
     F r2  =Cavity resonant frequency with sample, 
     E 1  =Electric field inside cavity with no sample, 
     V=Volume of cavity, and 
     ΔV=Volume of sample. 
     The electric field (E 1 ) is known from waveguide theory to be the TE 101  mode of cavity 50. Similarly, the loss tangent can be shown to be approximately: ##EQU7## where δ=Loss tangent of the sample, 
     B 1  =Cavity bandwidth with no sample, and 
     B 2  =Cavity bandwidth with sample. 
     Three measurements of the cavity insertion loss were performed (using the network analyzer 56): the empty cavity 50, the cavity 50 with the dielectric 28, and cavity 50 with a known sample of dielectric TEFLON (i.e., polytetrafluoroethylene) having the same size as dielectric 28. 
     Plots of the insertion loss versus frequency for these three cases are shown in FIG. 7: plot 64 which plots the relationship for when cavity 50 was empty; plot 60 which plots the relationship for when cavity 50 contained artificial dielectric 28; and plot 62 for when cavity 50 contained a sample of TEFLON. From the insertion loss data of FIG. 7, the resonant frequency and bandwidth of the insertion loss could be found. This information is summarized in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________                     TransmissionSample       Resonant Frequency                     Bandwidth______________________________________None         911.78 MHZ   372.30 kHzArtificial   906.22 MHZ   399.96 kHzDielectricTEFLON       909.88 MHZ   392.65 kHz______________________________________ 
    
     From the information in Table 1, and using Equations (8) and (9), the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the samples were computed. These values are shown in Table 2. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Sample      Dielectric Constant                    Loss Tangent______________________________________None        N/A          N/AArtificial  4.18         0.0020DielectricTEFLON      2.09         0.0029______________________________________ 
    
     From Table 2, it can be seen that the dielectric constant for the TEFLON sample was measured to be 2.09. Typically in the literature, TEFLON is reported to have a dielectric constant of about 2.1, which makes this measurement very close. The loss tangent of the TEFLON was measured at 0.0029. 
     When dielectric 28 is used in a waveguide carrying significant amounts of RF (radio frequency) power, it is designed to have a reasonable voltage-standoff capability. A dc high voltage was placed across dielectric 28 described above. Voltage breakdown did not occur for any voltage applied to dielectric 28. Styrofoam pads (not shown) were used to separate the top and bottom surfaces of dielectric 28 from the electrodes, which resulted in a separation of 1.1 inches (2.794 cm) between electrodes. At the maximum applied voltage of 30 kV, the electric field strength corresponding to this separation was 10.7 kV/cm. The significance of this is seen by calculating the power-handling capability of an artificial-dielectric filled reduced-size waveguide through which is propagating a TE 10  mode having a peak electric-field amplitude of 10.7 kV/cm. The propagating power is: ##EQU8## where η 0  =377 Ω and is the impedance of free space and the term f c  is the cutoff frequency, and the term a is the width and the term b is the length. The propagating power is proportional to the product of the area and √ε R  . When this product is held constant as the waveguide dimensions are reduced, the power-carrying capacity remains constant. Consider a reduced-size version of WR-975 waveguide in which the width was reduced by a factor of two, resulting in a square waveguide having &#34;a=b=4.875&#34; (12.3825 cm) and a resulting cross-sectional area of 23.77 in 2 . With f c  =605 MHZ and f=915 MHZ, the maximum power P max  that can be propagated through this waveguide without breakdown satisfies the following equation: ##EQU9## where E max  =10.7 kV/cm. The 17.5 MW is a lower limit and not an absolute limit. The present invention includes an artificial dielectric that safely stands off 15 kV/cm. For such a material, the power-handling capacity of the waveguide described above increases to 34.3 MW, which is substantially similar to the rated power-handling capacity of a conventional WR-975 waveguide at this frequency. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the embodiments discussed in the specification without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, while an artificial dielectric has been discussed, the present invention also includes using a dielectric consisting of naturally occurring materials, such as Corning 7070 glass, for which ε=4.0 and tan δ=1.2×10 -3  at 3 GHz.