Abstract:
n-Propanol and 2-butanol cannot be separated from each other by distillation because of the proximity of their boiling points. n-Propanol can be readily separated from 2-butanol using extractive distillation in which the extractive agent is a higher boiling oxygenated organic compound or a mixture of two or more of these. Typical examples of effective agents are: methyl benzoate; benzoic acid and methyl benzoate; cinnamic acid, phthalic anhydride and methyl benzoate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method for separating n-propanol from 2-butanol using certain higher boiling liquids as the extractive agent in extractive distillation. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART 
     Extractive distillation is the method of separating close boiling compounds from each other by carrying out the distillation in a multiplate rectification column in the presence of an added liquid or liquid mixture, said liquid(s) having a boiling point higher than the compounds being separated. The extractive agent is introduced near the top of the column and flows downward until it reaches the stillpot or reboiler. Its presence on each plate of the rectification column alters the relative volatility of the close boiling compounds in a direction to make the separation on each plate greater and thus require either fewer plates to effect the same separation or make possible a greater degree of separation with the same number of plates. The extractive agent should boil higher than any of the close boiling liquids being separated and not form a minimum azeotrope with them. Usually the extractive agent is introduced a few plates from the top of the column to insure that none of the extractive agent is carried over with the lowest boiling component. This usually requires that the extractive agent boil about twenty Centigrade degrees or more higher than the lowest boiling component. 
     At the bottom of a continuous column, the less volatile components of the close boiling mixtures and the extractive agent are continuously removed from the column. The usual methods of separation of these two components are the use of another rectification column, cooling and phase separation, or solvent extraction. 
     n-Propanol and 2-butanol are two of the most widely used alcohols in commerce today. When they are used as solvents, they frequently end up as a mixture of solvents. Whenever practical, it is mandatory to recover the solvent and re-use it. The usual way of recovering liquid components is by distillation in a multiplate rectification column. n-Propanol boils at 97.2° C., 2-butanol at 99.5° C. and these two have a relative volatility of 1.07, making it virtually impossible to separate these two by ordinary rectification. 
     Extractive distillation would be an attractive method of effecting the separation of n-propanol from 2-butanol if agents can be found that (1) will alter the relative volatility between n-propanol and 2-butanol, (2) form no azeotrope with n-propanol or 2-butanol and (3) are easy to recover from 2-butanol, that is boil sufficiently above 2-butanol to make the separation by rectification possible with only a few theoretical plates. 
     Extractive distillation typically requires the addition of an equal amount to twice as much extractive agent as the n-propanol-2-butanol on each plate of the rectification column. The extractive agent should be heated to about the same temperature as the plate into which it is introduced. Thus extractive distillation imposes an additional heat requirement on the column as well as somewhat larger plates. However this is less than the increase occasioned by the additional agents required in azeotropic distillation. 
     Another consideration in the selection of the extractive distillation agent is its recovery from the bottoms product. The usual method is by rectification in another column. In order to keep the cost of this operation to a minimum, an appreciable boiling point difference between the compound being separated and the extractive agent is desirable. We recommend twenty Centrigrade degrees or more difference. It is also desirable that the extractive agent be miscible with the 2-butanol otherwise it will form a two phase azeotrope with it and some other method of separation will have to be employed. 
     Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 2,559,520 described an extractive distillation process to separate n-propanol from 2-butanol using 1,3-butanediol as the agent and reported a relative volatility of 1.79. In our Table 1 below, we report a relative volatility of only 1.01 for this agent. Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 2,559,519 report a relative volatility of 2.21 using ethylene glycol butyl ether; we get 1.16 with this agent. He reports a relative volatility of 1.97 with diethylene glycol ethyl ether; we get 1.05 for this agent. Carlson &amp; Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 2,570,205 report a relative volatility of 2.22 using sulfolane; we get 1.05 for this agent. These data are summarized in Table 1. We suspect that in 1948, they did not have accurate analytical methods for their liquid mixtures. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Comparison With Results In The Literature.                          RelativeCompounds         Investigator Volatility______________________________________1,3-Butanediol    Berg &amp; Vosburgh                          1.01             Smith, 2,559,520                          1.79Ethylene glycol butyl ether             Berg &amp; Vosburgh                          1.16             Smith, 2,559,519                          2.21Diethylene glycol ethyl ether             Berg &amp; Vosburgh                          1.05             Smith, 2,559,519                          1.97Sulfolane         Berg &amp; Vosburgh                          1.05             Carlson &amp; Smith,                          2.22             2,570,205______________________________________ 
    
     OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of this invention is to provide a process or method of extractive distillation that will enhance the relative volatility of n-propanol from 2-butanol in their separation in a rectification column. It is a further objective of this invention to identify organic compounds which are stable, can be separated from 2-butanol by rectification with relatively few plates and can be recycled to the extractive distillation column and re-used with little decomposition. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The objects of this invention are provided by a process for separating n-propanol from 2-butanol which entails the use of certain oxygenated organic compounds as the agent in extractive distillation. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     We have discovered that certain oxygenated organic compounds, some individually but principally as mixtures, will effectively enhance the relative volatility between n-propanol and 2-butanol and permit the separation of pure n-propanol from 2-butanol by rectification when employed as the agent in extractive distillation. Table 2 lists benzoic acid, its mixtures and approximate proportions that we have found to be effective. Table 3 is a similar listing for cinnamic acid, Table 4 for salicylic acid, Table 5 for aromatic anhydrides and Table 6 for methyl benzoate and methyl salicylate. The data in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were obtained in in a vapor-liquid equilibrium still. In each case the starting material was the 50--50% n-propanol-2-butanol mixture. The ratios are the parts of extractive agent used per part of n-propanol-2-butanol mixture. The relative volatilities are listed for each of the two ratios employed. The compounds that are effective as extractive agents when used alone are methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, hexahydro-phthalic anhydride and methyl hexahydro-phthalic anhydride. The compounds which are effective when used in mixtures of two or more components are benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, phthalic anhydride, methyl tetrahydro-phthalic anhydride, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, sulfolane, trimellitic anhydride and butyl benzyl phthalate. The ratios in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are the parts of extractive agent used per part of n-propanol-2-butanol mixture. The two relative volatilities correspond to the two different ratios. For example, in Table 6, one part of methyl benzoate with one part of n-propanol-2-butanol mixture gives a relative volatility of 1.20, 6/5 parts of methyl benzoate give 1.24. In Table 2 one half part of benzoic acid mixed with one half part of methyl benzoate with one part of n-propanol-2-butanol mixture gives a relative volatility of 1.23, 3/5 parts of benzoic acid plus 3/5 parts of methyl benzoate give 1.24. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Extractive Agents Which Contain Benzoic Acid                             RelativeCompounds                 Ratios  Volatilities__________________________________________________________________________None                      --      1.07Benzoic acid, Benzyl benzoate                     (1/2).sup. 2                         (3/5).sup.2                             1.17                                1.20Benzoic acid, Methyl benzoate                     &#34;   &#34;   1.23                                1.24Benzoic acid, Methyl salicylate                     &#34;   &#34;   1.21                                1.23Benzoic acid, Phthalic anhydride, Methyl benzoate                     (1/3).sup. 3                         (2/5).sup.3                             1.19                                1.20Benzoic acid, Phthalic anhydride, Methyl salicylate                     &#34;   &#34;   1.25                                1.26Benzoic acid, Salicylic acid, Methyl THphthalic anh.                     &#34;   &#34;   1.19                                1.19Benzoic acid, Salicylic acid, Methyl benzoate                     &#34;   &#34;   1.26                                1.24Benzoic acid, Salicylic acid, Benzyl benzoate                     &#34;   &#34;   1.18                                1.19Benzoic acid, Benzyl benzoate, Hexahydro phthalic anh                     &#34;   &#34;   1.16__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Extractive Agents Which Contain Cinnamic Acid                          RelativeCompounds          Ratios      Volatilities______________________________________Cinnamic acid, Methyl benzoate              (1/2).sup. 2                      (3/5).sup.2                              1.19 1.21Cinnamic acid, Methyl salicylate              &#34;       &#34;       1.18 1.25Cinnamic acid, Sulfolane              &#34;       &#34;       1.09 1.22Cinnamic acid, Phthalic anhydride,              (1/3).sup. 3                      (2/5).sup.3                              1.24 1.28Methyl benzoateCinnamic acid, Methyl salicylate,              &#34;       &#34;       1.22 1.23Trimellitic anhyd.______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Extractive Agents Which Contain Salicylic Acid                         RelativeCompounds         Ratios      Volatilities______________________________________Salicylic acid, Benzyl benzoate             (1/2).sup. 2                     (3/5).sup.2                             1.20  1.20Salicylic acid, Methyl benzoate             &#34;       &#34;       1.24  1.27Salicylic acid, Methyl salicylate             &#34;       &#34;       1.27  1.21Salicylic acid, Cinnamic acid,             (1/3).sup. 3                     (2/5).sup.3                             1.23  1.25Methyl salicylateSalicylic acid, Methyl benzoate,             &#34;       &#34;       1.23  1.21Trimellitic anhyd.______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Extractive Agents Which Contain Aromatic Anhydrides                              RelativeCompounds                  Ratios  Volatilities__________________________________________________________________________Phthalic anhydride, Methyl benzoate                      (1/2).sup. 2                          (3/5).sup.2                              1.18                                 1.18Phthalic anhydride, Methyl salicylate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.19                                 1.21Hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHphanh)                      1   6/5.sup.                              1.17                                 1.16HH ph anh., Benzyl benzoate                      (1/2).sup. 2                          (3/5).sup.2                              1.13                                 1.24HH ph anh., Methyl benzoate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.22                                 1.21HH ph anh., Methyl salicylate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.23                                 1.22HH ph anh., Benzoic acid   &#34;   &#34;   1.20                                 1.20HH ph anh., Salicylic acid &#34;   &#34;   1.18                                 1.20HH ph anh, Benzoic acid, Methyl benzoate                      (1/3).sup. 3                          (2/5).sup.3                              1.21                                 1.19HH ph anh, Benzoic acid, Methyl salicylate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.24                                 1.21HH ph anh, Benzoic acid, Butyl benzyl phthalate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.17                                 1.15HH ph anh, Salicylic acid, Methyl benzoate,                      &#34;   &#34;   1.20                                 1.21HH ph anh, Phthalic anhydride, Benzyl benzoate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.13                                 1.18HH ph anh, Phthalic anhydride, Methyl benzoate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.16                                 1.19HH ph anh, Phthalic anhydride, Methyl salicylate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.18                                 1.13HH ph anh, Methyl benzoate, Trimellitic anhydride                      &#34;   &#34;   1.18                                 1.11Methyl hexahydro phthalic anhydride (MeHH ph anh)                      1       1.19                                 --MeHH ph anh, Benzyl benzoate                      (1/2).sup. 2                          (3/5).sup.2                              1.19                                 1.20MeHH ph anh, Methyl salicylate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.24                                 1.10MeHH ph anh, Benzoic acid  &#34;   &#34;   1.20                                 1.20MeHH ph anh, Cinnamic acid &#34;   &#34;   1.18                                 1.20MeHH ph anh, Salicylic acid                      &#34;   &#34;   1.20                                 1.17MeHH ph anh, HH ph anh.    &#34;   &#34;   1.16                                 1.21MeHH ph anh, Phthalic anhydride                      &#34;   &#34;   1.09                                 1.11MeHH ph anh, Benzoic acid, Benzyl benzoate                      (1/3).sup. 3                          (2/5).sup.3                              1.16                                 1.16MeHH ph anh, Benzoic acid, Methyl benzoate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.22                                 1.20MeHH ph anh, Benzoic acid, Cinnamic acid                      &#34;   &#34;   1.22                                 1.19MeHH ph anh, Phthalic anhydride, HH ph anh.                      &#34;       1.14                                 --MeHH ph anh, Phthalic anhydride, Methyl salicylate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.21                                 1.17MeHH ph anh, Salicylic acid, Methyl salicylate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.22                                 1.20MeHH ph anh, Salicylic acid, Methyl benzoate                      &#34;   &#34;   1.20                                 1.19MeHH ph anh, Methyl benzoate, Benzoic acid, Cinnamic                      (1/4).sup. 4                          (1/3).sup. 4                              1.17                                 1.24acidMeHH ph anh, Methyl benzoate, Phthalic anhydride,                      &#34;   &#34;   1.17                                 1.22Salicylic acidTrimellitic anhydride, Methyl benzoate                      (1/2).sup. 2                          (3/5).sup.2                              1.22                                 1.25__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________Miscellaneous Extractive Agents Which Are Effective                           RelativeCompounds      Ratios           Volatilities______________________________________Methyl benzoate          1     6/5        1.20 1.24Methyl salicylate          &#34;     &#34;          1.17 1.13______________________________________ 
    
     One third parts of benzoic acid plus 1/3 parts of phthalic anhydride plus 1/3 parts of methyl benzoate mixed with one part of n-propanol-2-butanol mixture gives a relative volatility of 1.19, with 2/5 parts, these three give 1.20. In every example in Table 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 the starting material is a 50--50% mixture of n-propanol-2-butanol which possesses a relative volatility of 1.07. 
     Several of the compounds listed in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and whose relative volatility had been determined in the vapor-liquid equilibrium still, were then evaluated in a glass perforated plate rectification column possessing 4.5 theoretical plates. The results are listed in Table 7. The n-propanol-2-butanol mixture used conatined 50% n-propanol. The first run is with no extractive agent and with 400 grams of about 50% mixture in the stillpot. After 60 minutes of operation, the separation is that in accordance with a relative volatility of 1.06. Further operation for another hour does not change the relative volatility. The second run is with methyl salicylate as the extractive agent and here a relative volatility of 1.21 is obtained. This compares with the 1.17 and 1.12 shown for methyl salicylate in Table 6., the data for which was obtained in the vapor-liquid equilibrium still. The third run is with a mixture comprising 83% methyl salicylate, 17% cinnamic acid. This agent gives a relative volatility of  1.23 which may be compared with values of 1.27 and 1.21 in Table 3. The fourth run is with methyl benzoate which gave an average relative volatility of 1.23. In Table 6, this agent gave relative volatilities of 1.20 and 1.24. The fifth run is with methyl benzoate and cinnamic acid which gave an average relative volatility of 1.18 and can be compared with 1.19 and 1.20 shown in Table 3. The sixth run is with methyl benzoate and salicylic acid which gave an average relative volatility of 1.18 and can be compared with 1.24 and 1.27 shown in Table 4. 
     THE USEFULNESS OF THE INVENTION 
     The usefulness or utility of this invention can be demonstrated by referring to the data presented in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. All of the successful extractive distillation agents show that n-propanol can be removed from 2-butanol by means of distillation in a rectification column and that the ease of separation as measured by relative volatility is considerable. Without these extractive distillation agents, virtually no improvement will occur in the rectification column. The data also show that the most attractive agents will operate at a boilup rate low enough to make this a useful and efficient method of recovering high purity n-propanol from any mixture with 2-butanol. The stability of the compounds used and the boiling point difference is such that complete recovery and recycle is obtainable by a simple distillation and the amount required for make-up is small. 
     
                                           TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________Data From Runs Made In Rectification Column.   Time       Stillpot           Temp. °C.                 Overhead Temp.                           Weight %                                 n-Propanol                                       RelativeAgent   min.       at Start           Sampling                 when Sampling                           Overhead                                 Bottoms                                       Volatility__________________________________________________________________________None    60  96.6           97.2  84.6      49.0  42.6  1.06&#34;       90  96.6           96.8  87.8      49.1  41.9  1.07&#34;       120 96.6           96.6  89.2      49.4  41.8  1.07                                 Average =                                       1.07Methyl  60  100.8           113.2 83.2      61.7  41.8  1.20salicylateMethyl  80  100.8           117.6 83.4      63.9  42.2  1.22salicylateMethyl  100 100.8           121.2 88.6      61.7  41.5  1.22salicylate                            Average =                                       1.21Methyl  60  98.0           121.2 83.4      65.2  42.4  1.23salicylate,Cinnamic acidMethyl  90  98.0           131.6 87.6      62.8  42.0  1.21salicylate,Cinnamic acidMethyl  120 98.0           136.2 89.6      64.6  41.2  1.24salicylate,                           Average =                                       1.23Cinnamic acidMethyl  60  100.2           112.8 82.6      63.9  42.8  1.21benzoateMethyl  90  100.8           122.8 92.0      65.6  41.7  1.24benzoateMethyl  120 100.8           128.4 91.8      64.7  41.7  1.23benzoate                              Average =                                       1.23Methyl  60  99.4           119.4 84.4      60.5  43.5  1.17benzoate,Cinnamic acidMethyl  90  99.4           128.2 85.8      61.9  43.4  1.18benzoate,Cinnamic acidMethyl  120 99.4           135.0 84.6      62.4  42.2  1.20benzoate,                             Average =                                       1.18Cinnamic acidMethyl  60  96.6           129.2 82.4      59.4  41.3  1.18benzoate,Salicylic acidMethyl  90  96.6           136.0 79.4      59.2  38.3  1.17benzoate,Salicylic acidMethyl  120 96.6           144.2 78.4      59.9  40.5  1.19benzoate,                             Average =                                       1.18Salicylic acid__________________________________________________________________________Notes           Feed, Wt. %                  Agent Flow                         Boilup Rate                                Agent AgentAgent           n-PrOH Rate, ml/min                         ml/min Temp. °C.                                      Comp. Wt %None            50     20     10-20  --    --Methyl salicylate           50     20     10-20  80-85 100Methyl salicylate, Cinnamic acid           50     20     10-20  75-85 83 MeSal.Methyl benzoate 50     20     10-20  85-95 100Methyl salicylate, Cinnamic acid           50     20     10-20  70-80 83 MeBen.Methyl benzoate, Salicylic acid           50     20     10-20  80-85 80 MeBen. 
    
    
    
     WORKING EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Twenty-five grams of n-propanol, 25 grams of 2-butanol and fifty grams of methyl benzoate were charged to an Othmer type glass vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for 16 hours. Analysis of the vapor and liquid by gas chromatography gave a vapor composition of 46% n-propanol, 54% 2-butanol; a liquid composition of 41.6% n-propanol, 58.4% 2-butanol. This indicates a relative volatility of 1.20. Ten grams of methyl benzoate were added and refluxing continued for another ten hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 46% n-propanol, 54% 2-butanol; a liquid composition of 40.8% n-propanol, 59.2% 2-butanol which is a relative volatility of 1.24. 
     Example 2 
     Fifty grams of the n-propanol-2-butanol mixture, 25 grams of benzoic acid and 25 grams of methyl benzoate were charged to the vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for 13 hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 46% n-propanol, 54% 2-butanol, a liquid composition of 40.9% n-propanol, 59.1% 2-butanol which is a relative volatility of 1.23. Five grams of benzoic acid and five grams of methyl benzoate were added and refluxing continued for another eleven hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 45.6% n-propanol, 54.4% 2-butanol; a liquid composition of 40.3% n-propanol, 59.7% 2-butanol which is a relative volatility of 1.24. 
     Example 3 
     Fifty grams of the n-propanol-2-butanol mixture, 17 grams of cinnamic acid, 17 grams of phthalic anhydride and 17 grams of methyl benzoate were charged to the vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for twelve hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 41.7% n-propanol, 58.3% 2-butanol; a liquid composition of 36.5% n-propanol, 63.5% 2-butanol which is a relative volatility of 1.24. Three grams each of cinnamic acid, phthalic anhydride and methyl benzoate were added and refluxing continued for another twelve hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 40.6% n-propanol, 59.4% 2-butanol and a liquid composition of 34.8% n-propanol, 65.2% 2-butanol which is a relative volatility of 1.28. 
     Example 4 
     A glass perforated plate rectification column was calibrated with ethylbenzene and p-xylene which possesses a relative volatility of 1.06 and found to have 4.5 theoretical plates. A solution of 200 grams of n-propanol and 200 grams of 2-butanol was placed in the stillpot and heated. When refluxing began, an extractive agent consisting of pure methyl benzoate was pumped into the column at a rate of 20 ml/min. The temperature of the extractive agent as it entered the column was 70°-80° C. After establishing the feed rate of the extractive agent, the heat input to the n-propanol-2-butanol in the stillpot was adjusted to give a reflux rate of 10-20 ml/min. After one hour of operation, overhead and bottoms samples of approximately two ml. were collected and analysed using gas chromatography. The overhead analysis was 63.9% n-propanol, 36.1% 2-butanol. The bottoms analysis was 42.8% n-propanol, 57.2% 2-butanol. Using these compositions in the Fenske equation, with the number of theoretical plates in the column being 4.5, gave an average relative volatility of 1.21 for each theoretical plate. After 1.5 hours of total operating time, the overhead and bottoms samples were again taken and analysed. The overhead composition was 65.6% n-propanol, 34.4% 2-butanol and the bottoms composition was 41.7% n-propanol, 58.3% 2-butanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.24 for each theoretical plate. After two hours of total operating time, the overhead and bottoms samples were again taken and analysed. The overhead composition was 64.7% n-propanol, 35.3% 2-butanol and the bottoms composition was 41.7% n-propanol, 58.3% 2-butanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.23 for each theoretical plate. 
     Example 5 
     A solution of 200 grams of n-propanol and 200 grams of 2-butanol was placed in the stillpot of the same column used in example 4 and heat applied. When refluxing began, an extractive agent comprising 83% methyl salicylate, 17% cinnamic acid was fed to the top of the column at a feed rate of 20 ml/min. and a temperature of 75°-80° C. After establishing the feed rate of the extractive agent, the heat input to the n-propanol-2-butanol in the stillpot was adjusted to give a total reflux rate of 10-20 ml/min. Having established the reflux rate, the column was allowed to operate for one hour. After one hour of steady operation, overhead and bottoms samples of approximately two ml. were collected and analysed by gas chromatography. The overhead analysis was 65.2% n-propanol, 34.8% 2-butanol; the bottoms analysis was 42.4% n-propanol, 57.6% 2-butanol. Using these compositions in the Fenske equation with the number of theoretical plates in the column being 4.5, gave an average relative volatility of 1.23 for each theoretical plate. After 1.5 hours of total operation, the overhead composition was 62.8% n-propanol, 37.2% 2-butanol and the bottoms composition was 42% n-propanol, 58% 2-butanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.21 for each theoretical plate. After two hours of total operation, the overhead composition was 64.6% n-propanol, 35.4% 2-butanol and the bottoms composition was 41.2% n-propanol, 58.8% 2-butanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.24 for each theoretical plate.