Abstract:
Nucleotide sequences are isolated from  Drosophila melanogaster  that code for proteins essential for larval viability. These proteins are useful for discovering new insecticides based on the essentiality of the nucleotide sequences for Drosophila larval viability. Further provided are recombinant proteins and methods for identifying inhibitors to these proteins. Protein inhibitors active in the methods disclosed herein are useful as insecticidal, ectoparasiticidal, antiparasitic, anthementhic and acaracidal agents.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/761,142, filed Jan. 16, 2001, which itself claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/176,418, filed Jan. 14, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.  
         [0002]    The Sequence Listing associated with the instant disclosure has been submitted as a 1.37 megabyte file on CD-R (in duplicate) instead of on paper. Each CD-R is marked in indelible ink to identify the Applicants, Title, File Name (31133B.ST25.txt), Creation Date (Mar. 25, 2002), Computer System (IBM-PC/MS-DOS/MS-Windows), and Docket No. (31133B). The Sequence Listing submitted on CD-R is hereby incorporated by reference into the instant disclosure. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF INVENTION  
         [0003]    The present invention pertains to nucleic acid sequences isolated from  Drosophila melanogaster  that encode proteins essential for larval viability. The invention particularly relates to methods of using these proteins as insecticide targets, based on this essentiality.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    Insects contribute or cause many human and animal diseases, and are responsible for substantial agricultural and property damage. The societal costs associated with insect pests in dollars, time and suffering are monumental. The total worldwide market size for insecticide crop protection is over $5 billion. To combat these problems, insecticidal compounds have been developed and employed.  
           [0005]    The idea to use chemicals for insect control is not new. The scientific use of pesticides started with the introduction of arsenical insecticides and organic compounds such as tar, petroleum oils, and dinitrophenol emulsions at the end of the last century. But, the systematic search for synthetic organic insecticides was only launched after the discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT in 1939. After World War II, chemical research concentrated mainly on chlorinated hydrocarbons and cyclodienes, which all require high rates of application and have a rather broad spectrum of activity. Most of them are persistent in the environment and may pose a significant risk for accumulation in the food chain. Today the use of these chemicals is very much restricted.  
           [0006]    From this point, the major emphasis in research has been given to organophosphates and carbamates, which are readily degradable in the environment with little tendency for bioaccumulation. The toxicity of these compounds varies within a broad range from medium to highly toxic. Organophosphates and carbamates are still widely use, although the more toxic ones are banned in certain countries. The formamidines have as their major advantage a different mode of action and their selectivity, which made them suitable for use in IPM (insect pest management) programs. They are easily degradable with no accumulation potential, but for toxicological reasons some have had to be withdrawn from the market.  
           [0007]    For the past decade, insecticide research has concentrated on leadfinding for new chemical structures interfering with new target mechanisms. The chances for success are rather remote, because the hurdles for the registration of a new insecticide are set very high. Toxicological aspects, insecticide resistance, environmental behavior, and IPM fitness are some of the critical factors that have to be considered together with economical factors.  
           [0008]    Novel insecticides can now be discovered using high-throughput screens that implement recombinant DNA technology. Proteins found to be essential to insect viability can be recombinantly produced through standard molecular biological techniques and utilized as insecticide targets in screens for novel inhibitors of the enzymes&#39; activity. The novel inhibitors discovered through such screens may then be used as insecticides to control undesirable insect infestation.  
           [0009]    However, as the world population continues to grow, there will be increasing food shortages. Therefore, there exists continuing need to find new, effective and economic insecticides.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    In view of these needs, it is one object of the invention to provide essential genes in insects such as  Drosophila melanogaster.  It is another object to provide the essential proteins encoded by these essential genes for assay development to identify inhibitory compounds with insecticidal activity. It is still another object of the present invention to provide an effective and beneficial method for identifying new or improved insecticides using the essential proteins of the invention.  
           [0011]    In furtherance of these and other objects, the present invention provides DNA molecules comprising nucleotide sequences isolated from  Drosophila melanogaster  that encode proteins essential for larval viability. The inventors are the first to demonstrate that the nucleotide sequences of the invention are essential for larval viability. This knowledge is exploited to provide novel insecticide modes of action. One advantage of the present invention is that the proteins encoded by the essential nucleotide sequences provide the bases for assays designed to easily and rapidly identify novel insecticides.  
           [0012]    Disruption of the nucleotide sequences of the invention demonstrates that the activity of each corresponding encoded protein is essential for Drosophila larval viability. Genetic results show that when each nucleotide sequence of the invention is mutated in Drosophila, the resulting phenotype is larval lethal in the homozygous state. This demonstrates a critical role for the protein encoded by the mutated nucleotide sequence. This further implies that chemicals that inhibit the expression of the protein when in contact with insects are likely to have detrimental effects on insects and are potentially good insecticide candidates. The present invention therefore provides methods of using the disclosed nucleotide sequences or proteins encoded thereby to identify inhibitors thereof. The inhibitors can then be used as insecticides to kill undesirable insect populations where crops are grown, particularly agronomically important crops such as maize, and other cereal crops such as wheat, oats, rye, sorgum, rice, barley, millet, turf and forage grasses and the like, as well as cotton, sugar cane, sugar beet, oilseed rape, soybeans, vegetable crops and fruits.  
           [0013]    The present invention accordingly provides cDNA sequences derived from  Drosophila melanogaster.  In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of the even numbered SEQ ID NOs: 14-360. In another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein selected from the group consisting of the odd numbered SEQ ID NOs:15-361.  
           [0014]    The present invention also provides a chimeric construct comprising a promoter operatively linked to a DNA molecule according to the present invention, wherein the promoter is preferably functional in a eukaryote, wherein the promoter is preferably heterologous to the DNA molecule. The present invention further provides a recombinant vector comprising a chimeric construct according to the present invention, wherein said vector is capable of being stably transformed into a host cell. The present invention still further provides a host cell comprising a DNA molecule according to the present invention, wherein said DNA molecule is preferably expressible in the cell. The host cell is preferably selected from the group consisting of an insect cell, a yeast cell, and a prokaryotic cell.  
           [0015]    The present invention also provides proteins essential for  Drosophila melanogaster  larval viability. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the odd numbered SEQ ID NOs:15-361. In accordance with another embodiment, the present invention also relates to the recombinant production of proteins of the invention and methods of using the proteins of the invention in assays for identifying compounds that interact with the protein.  
           [0016]    In another preferred embodiment, the present invention describes a method for identifying chemicals having the ability to inhibit the activity of the disclosed proteins. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for selecting compounds that interact with a protein of the invention, comprising: (a) expressing a DNA molecule according to the present invention to generate the corresponding protein of the invention, (b) testing a compound suspected of having the ability to interact with the protein expressed in step (a), and (c) selecting compounds that interact with the protein in step (b).  
           [0017]    Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art and from a study of the following description of the invention and non-limiting examples. The entire contents of all publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference.  
         BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES IN THE SEQUENCE LISTING  
         [0018]    SEQ ID NOs:1-13 are PCR primers.  
           [0019]    Even numbered SEQ ID NOs:14-360 are nucleotide sequences described in the table below.  
           [0020]    Odd numbered SEQ ID NOs:15-361 are protein sequences encoded by the immediately preceding nucleotide sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO:15 is the protein encoded by the nucleotide of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:17 is the protein encoded by the nucleotide sequence of NO:16, etc.  
                                                                       SEQ ID                NO:   CT   Gene Name   BLAST                    14   CT7922   late bloomer (lbl)     H. sapiens  4507541 9.e−05 48.4 gi|4507541|ref|NP_003261.1∥                   transmembrane 4 superfamily member 6 &gt;gi|2829196                   (AF043906) T245 protein       16       18   CT23784   CG7840     C. elegans  3873678 7.e−35 148 gi|3873678|emb|CAA94885.1|                   (Z71178) Similarity with yeast hypothetical protein (Swiss                   prot accession       20       22   CT23155       24   CT1431   CG1070     C. elegans  465904 5.e−16 87.8                   gi|465904|sp|P34447|YMA2_CAEEL HYPOTHETICAL                   56.5 KD PROTEIN F54F2.2 IN CHROMOSOME III                   &gt;gi|630637|pir       26   CT13858   twinstar (tsr)     C. elegans  4262577 4.e−20 175.6 gi|4262577|gb|AAD14704|                   (AF125953) contains similarity to  C. elegans  actin                   depolymerizing factor UNC       28   CT12433       30   CT41667   ornithine decarboxylase               antizyme       32   CT41667   GUTFEELING   2.e−12 74.5 gi|1709427|sp|P54368|OAZ_HUMAN               PROTEIN   ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ANTIZYME (ODC-AZ)                   &gt;gi|2576244|dbj|BAA23101|(       34   CT24701   small nuclear     H. sapiens  4759160 2.e−37 156 gi|4759160|ref|NP_004166.1∥               ribonucleoprotein Sm   small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D3 polypeptide (18kD)               D3 (from EST)   &gt;gi|1173456|sp|P4       36   CT3681   Deadpan Protein   122214 2.e−38 161 gi|122214|sp|P29303|HAIR_DROVI                   HAIRY PROTEIN &gt;gi|157590 (M87885) basic-helix-loop-                   helix protein [ Drosophila virilis         38       Hsp70/Hsp90               organizing protein               homolog       40   CT13570   DnaJ60   6323870 4.e−08 59.3 gi|6323870|ref|NP_013941.1|SCJ1|dnaJ                   homolog; Scj1p &gt;gi|134297|sp|P25303|SCJ1_YEAST SCJ1                   PROTEIN &gt;g       42       44   CT20524   rab-protein 6     H. sapiens  4506373 2.e−99 363 gi|4506373|ref|NP_002860.1∥                   RAB6, member RAS oncogene family                   &gt;gi|131796|sp|P20340|RAB6_HUMAN RAS-RE       46   CT29466   CG10496       48   CT20712   Klingon   7.e−13 196.7 gi|1017427|emb|CAA62189|(X90569) elastic                   titin [ Homo sapiens ]       50   CT21638   protein disulfide   687235 1.e−144 578.2 gi|687235 (U12440) protein disulfide               isomerase   isomerase [ Onchocerca volvulus ]       52   CT3604   ferritin subunit   2e−11 120532 P19976 FRI_SOYBN FERRITIN                   PRECURSOR (SOF-35) &gt;gi|81773|pir∥A40992 ferritin                   precursor -       54       RM62 mRNA for novel               RNA helicase       56   CT3224   string, CDC25 involved   266557 5.e−52 207 gi|266557|sp|P30309|MPI1_XENLA M-               in cell cycle control   PHASE INDUCER PHOSPHATASE 1/B                   &gt;gi|419980|pir∥A42679 protein-tyrosi       58   CT23521       60   CT5673   tramtrack p69     H. sapiens  4650844 9.e−08 60.5 gi|4650844|dbj|BAA77027.1|                   (AB026190) Kelch motif containing protein [ Homo sapiens ]       62   GM03018       64   CT2210   UDP-Glucose 4-     H. sapiens  4503891 1.e−125 448 gi|4503891|ref|NP_000394.1∥               Epimerase   galactose-4-epimerase, UDP-                   &gt;gi|2494659|sp|Q14376|GALE_HUMAN UDP-GLUCOS       66       68       ferritin subunit 1 (Fer1)       70   CT38280   SNF4/AMP-activated               protein kinase gamma               subunit       72   CT27760   CG9829       74   CT13958   heat shock protein   Remainders 662802 0 1114 gi|662802 (U20256) heat shock-               cognate 70 (Hsc4)   like protein, similar to heat shock 70 kDa proteins [ Ceratitis                       capitat         76       probable transcriptional               regulator dre4       78   CT23870   punt receptor   4406075 1.e−123 444 gi|4406075|gb|AAD19844|(AF069500)               serine/threonine kinase   activin receptor IIB [ Danio rerio ]       80       histone 4 replacement               gene       82   CT32834   CG17173     H. sapiens  5748487 4.e−57 222 gi|5748487|dbj|BAA83464.1|                   (AB000624) UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha-1,3-D-                   mannoside beta-1,4-N-acet       84   CT7286   abnormal wing disc   2827444 2.e−65 249 gi|2827444 (AF043542) nucleoside                   diphosphate kinase [ Gallus gallus ]       86   CT7116   CG2922     H. sapiens  286001 i.e−121 436 gi|286001|dbj|BAA02795|                   (D13630) KIAA0005 [ Homo sapiens ]       88   CT16413   head involution     D. melanogaster  2498442 1.e−146 521               defective protein (hid)   gi|2498442|sp|Q24106|HID_DROME HEAD INVOLUTION                   DEFECTIVE PROTEIN (WRINKLED PROTEIN)       90   CT20570   adenylate kinase (ATP-   6707707 2.e−58 226 gi|6707707|sp|Q9WTP7|KAD3_MOUSE               AMP   GTP:AMP PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE MITOCHONDRIAL               Transphosphorylase)   (AK3) &gt;gi|4760600|dbj|BAA77       92   CT38193     Drosophila       H. sapiens  4506119 8.e−53 265.4                 melanogaster  prospero   gi|4506119|ref|NP_002754.1∥prospero-related homeobox 1               gene   &gt;gi|3024449|sp|Q92786|PRX1_HUMAN HOMEOBOX P       94   CT13750   nonstop, not       96   CT38193       98   CT33205   serine/threonine protein               kinase       100       102         Drosophila                   melanogaster  laminin               A chain gene       104   CT36397     Drosophila     5730154 0 732 gi|5730154|emb|CAB52475.1|(AJ245748)                 melanogaster  fatty acid   fatty acid desaturase [ Drosophila simulans ]               desaturase       106   CT9405       4.e−30 130 gi|6691812|emb|CAB65846.1|(AL133506)                   /prediction=(method: ““genscan””, version: ““1.0””,                   score:““109.       108   CT15810   CG4919     H. sapiens  4504011 3.e−19 97.1 gi|4504011|ref|NP_002052.1∥                   glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory protein; gamma-                   glutamylcysteine sy       110       112         D.melanogaster  E2F       114   CT39616   cytochrome p450   0.69 AB018267 g3882168 Human mRNA for KIAA0724               monooxygenase   protein, complete cds. 0               (Cyp6a8)       116   CT1010   Extra-Macrochaetae               Protein       118       frizzled       120   CT16140   CG7496   4.e−30 131 gi|4827036|ref|NP_005082.1∥TNF superfamily,                   member 3 (LTB)-like (peptidoglycan recognition protein       122   CT37086   cation-independent   3.e−41 221.7 gi|3876396|emb|CAB02981.1|(Z81068) similar               mannose-6-phosphate   to LIM domain containing proteins (5 domains); cDNA EST               receptor       124   CT37466   pointed ets-like protein     H. sapiens  4885219 8.e−51 316 gi|4885219|ref|NP_005229.1∥               (D-ETS-2)   v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1                   &gt;gi|119641|sp       126   CT22943   osa       128   CT37466   pointed ets-like prtein               (D-ETS-2)       130   CT42507     D.melanogaster  mRNA   8.e−72 455 gi|4505695|ref|NP_002604.1∥3-phosphoinositide               for serine/threonine   dependent protein kinase-1 &gt;gi|2407613 (AF017995) 3-               protein kinase       132   CT42507     D.melanogaster  mRNA               for serine/threonine               protein kinase       134   CT36957   Protein Kinase DOA   1.e−151 535 gi|4502883|ref|NP_003984.1∥CDC-like kinase 2               (Protein Darkener Of   isoform hclk2 &gt;gi|1705919|sp|P49760|CLK2_HUMAN               Apricot   PROTEI       136   CT31823   CG11399   (AL137473) hypothetical protein [ Homo sapiens ], 0.51                   J04444 g181239 Human cytochrome c-1 gene       138       Dros Brother protein       140   CT38229   CG17249   5.e−13 76.5 gi|5174643|ref|NP_005964.1|&gt;gi|2498802|s, 5.1                   AF047002 g2896145 Human transcriptional coactivator ALY       142   CT25420   CG8865     H. sapiens  4589562 4.e−94 347 gi|4589562|dbj|BAA76803.1|                   (AB023176) KIAA0959 protein [ Homo sapiens ]       144         Drosophila                   melanogaster  mRNA for               ferritin subunit 1       146   CT27454   nuclear distribution   2.e−74 280 gi|1083762|pir∥A55897 prolactin-induced T cell               gene C   protein c15 - rat &gt;gi|619907|emb|CAA57825|(X82445)       148   CT20570   Adenylate Kinase               (ATP-AMP               Transphosphorylase)       150   CT18833   ANON-66Da protein   2.e−16 87 gi|1350554|sp|P18615|RDP_HUMAN RD                   PROTEIN &gt;gi|480387|pir∥S36789 gene RD protein - human                   &gt;gi|190974       152       154   CT31389     Drosophila                   melanogaster  maelstrom               (mael)       156   CT23870   activin receptor // punt               receptor               serine/threonine kinase       158       histone H4       160   CT40931     Drosophila     4.e−07 58.6 gi|3413900|dbj|BAA32314|(AB007938)                 melanogaster  GAGA   KIAA0469 protein [ Homo sapiens ]               transcription factor       162       BcDNA // serine/               threonine protein kinase       164       H2AvD gene for histone               H2A variant       166   CT20867   CG6719   2.e−50 199 gi|4507873|ref|NP_003363.1∥von Hippel-Lindau                   binding protein 1 &gt;gi|3212112|emb|CAA76761|(Y17394)       168       IRBP       170   CT20438   heat shock protein   654 gi|6225806|sp|O95757|OS94_HUMAN OSMOTIC               cognate 70   STRESS PROTEIN 94 (HEAT SHOCK 70-RELATED                   PROTEIN APG-1) &gt;gi|       172       174       176       178       180   CT30041   CG10724   1.e−168 591 gi|3420175|gb|AAD05042|(AF020054) WDR1                   protein [ Gallus gallus ]       182       184   CT7410   elongation factor 2b   0 1357 gi|3123205|sp|P29691|EF2_CAEEL ELONGATION                   FACTOR 2 (EF-2) &gt;gi|3876400|emb|CAB02985.1|(Z81068)                   simil       186   CT14690   argos   1e−122 2708327 (AE038405) argos [ Musca domestica ]       188   CT8431   Hus-like protein     H. sapiens  4758576 3.e−27 123 gi|4758576|ref|NP_004498.1∥                   HUS1 ( S. pombe ) checkpoint homolog                   &gt;gi|2980665|emb|CAA76518.1|(Y16893)       190       192   CT21861   pyruvate kinase (Pyk)   0 636 gi|125598|sp|P11979|KPY1_FELCA PYRUVATE               gene   KINASE, M1 ISOZYME (PYRUVATE KINASE MUSCLE                   ISOZYME) &gt;gi|8908       194   CT26561   CG9351   1.e−118 428 gi|2315451 (AF016448) No definition line found                   [ Caenorhabditis elegans ]       196       198   CT42625   casein kinase I (dbt)       200   CT28337   kiwi UDP-glucose   0 660 gi|4507813|ref|NP_003350.1∥UDP-glucose               dehydrogenase   dehydrogenase &gt;gi|6175086|sp|O60701|UGDH_HUMAN                   UDP-GLUCOSE       202       204       G protein alpha subunit               gene       206   CT1010   extramacrochaetae               (emc)       208       (CKI-ALPHA)       210       ecdysone-inducible               gene E75A       212   CT24290   ecdysone-inducible   6166165 0 769.8 gi|6166165|sp|Q08893|E75_MANSE               gene E75B   ECDYSONE-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN E75       214       Rga       216       paramyosin       218   CT42625   casein kinase I (dbt)       220       222       224   CT23357   phosducin-like protein   4.e−51 202 gi|5912172|emb|CAB56011.1|(AL117602)                   hypothetical protein [ Homo sapiens ]       226   CT23245   CG7623     C. elegans  2315363 2.e−59 231 gi|2315363 (AF016441) No                   definition line found [ Caenorhabditis elegans ]       228   CT30379   CG10849   6.e−88 324 gi|2144098|pir∥I56573 SC2 - rat                   &gt;gi|256994|bbs|115268 (S45663) SC2=synaptic glycoprotein                   [rats, bra       230       232   CT5336   CG12078     H. sapiens  4128029 1.e−38 160 gi|4128029|emb|CAA09865|                   (AJ011916) hypothetical protein [ Homo sapiens ]       234       fused protein kinase       236   CT29244       238   L08811   daschous (adherin)       240       242   CT42625   casein kinase I (dbt)       244           ABC1 transporter; ABC-type ATPase  Magnaporthe grisea         246   CT18629   cyclin A   3.e−72 274 gi|116170|sp|P24861|CG2A_PATVU                   G2/MITOTIC-SPECIFIC CYCLIN A &gt;gi|84527|pir∥S17792                   cyclin A - common       248           (DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase sea urchin)       250   CT22273   fibroblast growth factor   i.e−113 461.3 gi|558584|emb|CAA68679|(Y00665) tyrosine               receptor homolog DFR1   kinase [ Homo sapiens ]       252   CT22775   (Ca2+−transporting   1026 gi|285369|pir∥A42764 Ca2+−transporting ATPase (EC               ATPase chicken)   3.6.1.38) - rat &gt;gi|202862 (M93017) [Rat alternat       254       ald gene for aldolase       256   CT24935   karyopherin alpha 1   1.e−180 633 gi|4504903|ref|NP_002260.1∥karyopherin alpha                   5; importin alpha 6 &gt;gi|3122273|sp|O15131|IMA6_HUMAN       258       glutamate               dehydrogenase       260       LD21334 unknown               mRNA       262       264       266       268   CT39178   phosphate transporter   1.e−143 508 gi|127276|sp|P16036|MPCP_RAT               precursor (MPCP)   MITOCHONDRIAL PHOSPHATE CARRIER PROTEIN                   PRECURSOR (PTP) &gt;gi|112124|pir|       270   CT4906   GAL4 enhancer trap   6.e−93 340 gi|1154645|emb|CAA644O2.1|(X94917) head-               line   elevated expression in 0.9 kb [ Drosophila melanogaster ]       272       cuticle proteins part of               ANT-C gene       274       276   CT10611   CG3172   9.e−99 361 gi|6679541|ref|NP_032997.1∥protein tyrosine                   kinase 9 &gt;gi|1769577 (U82324) A6 protein tyrosine kina       278   CT27808   CG9852, upstream of   1.e−135 481 gi|85010|pir∥JQ1024 hypothetical 30K protein               RpII140   (DmRP140 5′ region) - fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogast         280   CT18415   CG589, myosin   9.e−86 381.5 gi|633040|dbj|BAA07202|(D37986) 130 kDa               phosphatase like   myosin-binding subunit of smooth muscle myosin phophatase       282   CT19500   twins, phosphoprotein   0 705.6 gi|4506019|ref|NP_002708.1∥protein phosphatase 2               phosphatase 2A 55 kDa   (formerly 2A), regulatory subunit B (PR 52), alph               regulatory subunit       284   CT22097   CG7150     H. sapiens  3258663 4.e−31 217 gi|3258663 (AF064094)                   KL04P [ Homo sapiens ]       286   CT24102   CG8045, Su(Raf)3B,   Remainders 6634778 6.e−48 342               d14-3-3epsilon,   gi|6634778|gb|AAF19758.1|AC009917|17 (AC009917)                   Contains similarity to gi|629253 1mbW protein from S       288       STS Dm15553       290   CT2537   cytochrome B561   4.e−36 153 gi|461668|sp|P34465|C561_CAEEL PUTATIVE                   CYTOCHROME B561 (CYTOCHROME B-561)                   &gt;gi|482195|pir∥S40988 hy       292   CT23608   CG7769     H. sapiens  1136228 0 1349 gi|1136228 (U32986) UV-                   damaged DNA binding factor [ Homo sapiens ]                   &gt;gi|1588524|prf∥2208446A xeroderma       294       catalase (from EST)       296       298       Nuclear Pore Complex               Protein NUP98       300   CT21460   LK6 protein kinase   i.e−115 419 gi|4464284|gb|AAD21217|(AC007136) Putative               (LK6)   map kinase interacting kinase [ Homo sapiens ] [ Homo sapie         302   CT14980   CG4699   Remainders 6331206 5.e−17 91.7                   gi|6331206|dbj|BAA86581.1|(AB033093) KIAA1267 protein                   [ Homo sapiens ]       304           (nonmuscle myosin heavy chain chicken)       306       Atu       308   SD10928       310   CT5324   CG11526     C. elegans  1086830 9.e−91 335 gi|1086830 (U41264) coded                   for by  C. elegans  cDNA yk20f8.5; coded for by  C. elegans                     cDNA yk44g1.5; co       312       314       316   CT5324   Rel/NF-kappa B     H. sapiens  4502089 5.e−14 271.6               homolog (Relish)   gi|4502089|ref|NP_000028.1∥ankyrin 1, erythrocytic               mRNA   &gt;gi|178646 (M28880) ankyrin [ Homo sapiens ]       318   CT27692       320   CT25986   DEAD-box protein   0 881 gi|4826686|ref|NP_004930.1∥DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-                   Asp/His) box polypeptide 1 &gt;gi|6919862|sp|Q92499|DD       322       324       Dos protein; PH domain               protein       326       328   CT34516   cytochrome c oxidase   9.e−81 300 gi|6685358|sp|Q94514|COXA_DROME               subunit Va preprotein   CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE POLYPEPTIDE VA,                   MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR &gt;gi|165       330   CT22777   effete, UbcD1,   5.e−83 309 gi|464979|sp|P35129|UBC2_CAEEL UBIQUITIN-               CT22799   CONJUGATING ENZYME E2-17 KD (UBIQUITIN-                   PROTEIN LIGASE) (UBI       332   CT30099   derailed, CT30136   3.e−72 358.7 gi|1296650|emb|CAA65406|(X96588) receptor                   tyrosine kinase [ Homo sapiens ]       334   CT29418   CG10479       336       338       340       342   CT14836   failed axon connections   5.e−28 127 gi|3875233|emb|CAA99802.1|(Z75531) similar to               protein   Glutathione S-transferases.; cDNA EST EMBL:T01925 com       344       346       89B helicase       348       brabma associated               protein 155kDa       350   CT21153   CG6833   2.e−42 173 gi|1079321|pir∥S53818 XPMC2 protein - African                   clawed frog &gt;gi|595380 (U10185) XPMC2 protein [Xenopu       352       354   CT22295   CG7228   3.e−75 283 gi|6014727|sp|Q27367|CRQ_DROME                   CROQUEMORT PROTEIN (D-CD36)                   &gt;gi|542557|pir∥S43137 D-CD36 protein - f       356   CT9784   prophosphoribosylamid               otransferase (Prat)       358       360                  
 
         DEFINITIONS  
         [0021]    For clarity, certain terms used in the specification are defined and used as follows:  
           [0022]    “Associated with/operatively linked” refer to two nucleic acid sequences that are related physically or functionally. For example, a promoter or regulatory DNA sequence is said to be “associated with” a DNA sequence that codes for an RNA or a protein if the two sequences are operatively linked, or situated such that the regulator DNA sequence will affect the expression level of the coding or structural DNA sequence.  
           [0023]    A “chimeric construct” is a recombinant nucleic acid sequence in which a promoter or regulatory nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to, or associated with, a nucleic acid sequence that codes for an mRNA or which is expressed as a protein, such that the regulatory nucleic acid sequence is able to regulate transcription or expression of the associated nucleic acid sequence. The regulatory nucleic acid sequence of the chimeric construct is not normally operatively linked to the associated nucleic acid sequence as found in nature.  
           [0024]    Co-factor: natural reactant, such as an organic molecule or a metal ion, required in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. A co-factor is e.g. NAD(P), riboflavin (including FAD and FMN), folate, molybdopterin, thiamin, biotin, lipoic acid, pantothenic acid and coenzyme A, S-adenosylmethionine, pyridoxal phosphate, ubiquinone, menaquinone. Optionally, a co-factor can be regenerated and reused.  
           [0025]    A “coding sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence that is transcribed into RNA such as mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, sense RNA or antisense RNA. Preferably the RNA is then translated in an organism to produce a protein.  
           [0026]    Complementary: “complementary” refers to two nucleotide sequences that comprise antiparallel nucleotide sequences capable of pairing with one another upon formation of hydrogen bonds between the complementary base residues in the antiparallel nucleotide sequences. “Conservatively modified variations” of a particular nucleic acid sequence refers to those nucleic acid sequences that encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleic acid sequence does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given polypeptide. For instance the codons CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG all encode the amino acid arginine. Thus, at every position where an arginine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded protein. Such nucleic acid variations are “silent variations” which are one species of “conservatively modified variations.” Every nucleic acid sequence described herein which encodes a protein also describes every possible silent variation, except where otherwise noted. One of skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except ATG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule by standard techniques. Accordingly, each “silent variation” of a nucleic acid which encodes a protein is implicit in each described sequence.  
           [0027]    Furthermore, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions deletions or additions that alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids (typically less than 5%, more typically less than 1%) in an encoded sequence are “conservatively modified variations,” where the alterations result in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. The following five groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: Aliphatic: Glycine (G), Alanine (A), Valine (V), Leucine (L), Isoleucine (I); Aromatic:Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W); Sulfur-containing:Methionine (M), Cysteine (C); Basic:Arginine (R), Lysine (K), Histidine (H); Acidic: Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E), Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q). See also, Creighton (1984)  Proteins,  W. H. Freeman and Company. In addition, individual substitutions, deletions or additions which alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in an encoded sequence are also “conservatively modified variations.” 
           [0028]    DNA Shuffling: DNA shuffling is a method to rapidly, easily and efficiently introduce mutations or rearrangements, preferably randomly, in a DNA molecule or to generate exchanges of DNA sequences between two or more DNA molecules, preferably randomly. The DNA molecule resulting from DNA shuffling is a shuffled DNA molecule that is a non-naturally occurring DNA molecule derived from at least one template DNA molecule. The shuffled DNA encodes an enzyme modified with respect to the enzyme encoded by the template DNA, and preferably has an altered biological activity with respect to the enzyme encoded by the template DNA.  
           [0029]    Enzyme/Protein Activity: means herein the ability of an enzyme (or protein) to catalyze the conversion of a substrate into a product. A substrate for the enzyme comprises the natural substrate of the enzyme but also comprises analogues of the natural substrate, which can also be converted, by the enzyme into a product or into an analogue of a product. The activity of the enzyme is measured for example by determining the amount of product in the reaction after a certain period of time, or by determining the amount of substrate remaining in the reaction mixture after a certain period of time. The activity of the enzyme is also measured by determining the amount of an unused co-factor of the reaction remaining in the reaction mixture after a certain period of time or by determining the amount of used co-factor in the reaction mixture after a certain period of time. The activity of the enzyme is also measured by determining the amount of a donor of free energy or energy-rich molecule (e.g. ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, acetyl phosphate or phosphocreatine) remaining in the reaction mixture after a certain period of time or by determining the amount of a used donor of free energy or energy-rich molecule (e.g. ADP, pyruvate, acetate or creatine) in the reaction mixture after a certain period of time.  
           [0030]    Essential: an “essential”  Drosophila melanogaster  nucleotide sequence is a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein such as e.g. a biosynthetic enzyme, receptor, signal transduction protein, structural gene product, or transport protein that is essential to the growth or survival of the insect.  
           [0031]    Expression Cassette: “Expression cassette” as used herein means a DNA sequence capable of directing expression of a particular nucleotide sequence in an appropriate host cell, comprising a promoter operatively linked to the nucleotide sequence of interest which is operatively linked to termination signals. It also typically comprises sequences required for proper translation of the nucleotide sequence. The coding region usually codes for a protein of interest but may also code for a functional RNA of interest, for example antisense RNA or a nontranslated RNA, in the sense or antisense direction. The expression cassette comprising the nucleotide sequence of interest may be chimeric, meaning that at least one of its components is heterologous with respect to at least one of its other components. The expression cassette may also be one which is naturally occurring but has been obtained in a recombinant form useful for heterologous expression. Typically, however, the expression cassette is heterologous with respect to the host, i.e., the particular DNA sequence of the expression cassette does not occur naturally in the host cell and must have been introduced into the host cell or an ancestor of the host cell by a transformation event. The expression of the nucleotide sequence in the expression cassette may be under the control of a constitutive promoter or of an inducible promoter which initiates transcription only when the host cell is exposed to some particular external stimulus. In the case of a multicellular organism, such as an insect, the promoter can also be specific to a particular tissue or organ or stage of development.  
           [0032]    Gene: the term “gene” is used broadly to refer to any segment of DNA associated with a biological function. Thus, genes include coding sequences and/or the regulatory sequences required for their expression. Genes also include nonexpressed DNA segments that, for example, form recognition sequences for other proteins. Genes can be obtained from a variety of sources, including cloning from a source of interest or synthesizing from known or predicted sequence information, and may include sequences designed to have desired parameters.  
           [0033]    Heterologous/exogenous: The terms “heterologous” and “exogenous” when used herein to refer to a nucleic acid sequence (e.g. a DNA sequence) or a gene, refer to a sequence that originates from a source foreign to the particular host cell or, if from the same source, is modified from its original form. Thus, a heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell but has been modified through, for example, the use of DNA shuffling. The terms also include non-naturally occurring multiple copies of a naturally occurring DNA sequence. Thus, the terms refer to a DNA segment that is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found. Exogenous DNA segments are expressed to yield exogenous polypeptides.  
           [0034]    A “homologous” nucleic acid (e.g. DNA) sequence is a nucleic acid (e.g. DNA) sequence naturally associated with a host cell into which it is introduced.  
           [0035]    The terms “identical” or percent “identity” in the context of two or more nucleic acid or protein sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection.  
           [0036]    Inhibitor: a chemical substance that inactivates the enzymatic activity of an enzyme (or protein) of interest. The term “insecticide” is used herein to define an inhibitor when applied to an insect at any stage of development.  
           [0037]    Insecticide: a chemical substance used to kill or inhibit the growth or viability of insects at any stage of development.  
           [0038]    Interaction: quality or state of mutual action such that the effectiveness or toxicity of one protein or compound on another protein is inhibitory (antagonists) or enhancing (agonists).  
           [0039]    A nucleic acid sequence is “isocoding with” a reference nucleic acid sequence when the nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide having the same amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleic acid sequence.  
           [0040]    An “isolated” nucleic acid molecule or an isolated enzyme is a nucleic acid molecule or enzyme that, by the hand of man, exists apart from its native environment and is therefore not a product of nature. An isolated nucleic acid molecule or enzyme may exist in a purified form or may exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a recombinant host cell.  
           [0041]    Mature Protein: protein that is normally targeted to a cellular organelle and from which the transit peptide has been removed.  
           [0042]    Minimal Promoter: promoter elements, particularly a TATA element, that are inactive or that have greatly reduced promoter activity in the absence of upstream activation. In the presence of a suitable transcription factor, the minimal promoter functions to permit transcription.  
           [0043]    Modified Enzyme Activity: enzyme activity different from that which naturally occurs in an insect (i.e. enzyme activity that occurs naturally in the absence of direct or indirect manipulation of such activity by man), which is tolerant to inhibitors that inhibit the naturally occurring enzyme activity.  
           [0044]    Native: refers to a gene that is present in the genome of an untransformed insect cell.  
           [0045]    Naturally occurring: the term “naturally occurring” is used to describe an object that can be found in nature as distinct from being artificially produced by man. For example, a protein or nucleotide sequence present in an organism (including a virus), which can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory, is naturally occurring.  
           [0046]    Nucleic acid: the term “nucleic acid” refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g. degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences and as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al.,  Nucleic Acid Res.  19: 5081 (1991); Ohtsuka et al.,  J. Biol. Chem.  260: 2605-2608 (1985); Rossolini et al.,  Mol. Cell. Probes  8: 91-98 (1994)). The terms “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence” may also be used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.  
           [0047]    “ORF” means open reading frame.  
           [0048]    Purified: the term “purified,” when applied to a nucleic acid or protein, denotes that the nucleic acid or protein is essentially free of other cellular components with which it is associated in the natural state. It is preferably in a homogeneous state although it can be in either a dry or aqueous solution. Purity and homogeneity are typically determined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography. A protein which is the predominant species present in a preparation is substantially purified. The term “purified” denotes that a nucleic acid or protein gives rise to essentially one band in an electrophoretic gel. Particularly, it means that the nucleic acid or protein is at least about 50% pure, more preferably at least about 85% pure, and most preferably at least about 99% pure.  
           [0049]    Two nucleic acids are “recombined” when sequences from each of the two nucleic acids are combined in a progeny nucleic acid. Two sequences are “directly” recombined when both of the nucleic acids are substrates for recombination. Two sequences are “indirectly recombined” when the sequences are recombined using an intermediate such as a cross-over oligonucleotide. For indirect recombination, no more than one of the sequences is an actual substrate for recombination, and in some cases, neither sequence is a substrate for recombination.  
           [0050]    “Regulatory elements” refer to sequences involved in controlling the expression of a nucleotide sequence. Regulatory elements comprise a promoter operatively linked to the nucleotide sequence of interest and termination signals. They also typically encompass sequences required for proper translation of the nucleotide sequence.  
           [0051]    Significant Increase: an increase in enzymatic activity that is larger than the margin of error inherent in the measurement technique, preferably an increase by about 2-fold or greater of the activity of the wild-type enzyme in the presence of the inhibitor, more preferably an increase by about 5-fold or greater, and most preferably an increase by about 10-fold or greater.  
           [0052]    Substantially identical: the phrase “substantially identical,” in the context of two nucleic acid or protein sequences, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least 60%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90, even more preferably 95%, and most preferably at least 99% nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. Preferably, the substantial identity exists over a region of the sequences that is at least about 50 residues in length, more preferably over a region of at least about 100 residues, and most preferably the sequences are substantially identical over at least about 150 residues. In an especially preferred embodiment, the sequences are substantially identical over the entire length of the coding regions. Furthermore, substantially identical nucleic acid or protein sequences perform substantially the same function.  
           [0053]    For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters.  
           [0054]    Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith &amp; Waterman,  Adv. Appl. Math.  2: 482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman &amp; Wunsch,  J. Mol. Biol.  48: 443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson &amp; Lipman,  Proc. Nat&#39;l. Acad. Sci. USA  85: 2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally, Ausubel et al., infra).  
           [0055]    One example of an algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al.,  J. Mol. Biol.  215: 403-410 (1990). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information on the world wide web at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., 1990). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always &gt;0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always &lt;0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value, the cumulative score goes to zero or below due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments, or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff &amp; Henikoff,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89: 10915 (1989)).  
           [0056]    In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin &amp; Altschul,  Proc. Nat&#39;l. Acad. Sci. USA  90: 5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a test nucleic acid sequence is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid sequence to the reference nucleic acid sequence is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.  
           [0057]    Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. The phrase “hybridizing specifically to” refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a molecule only to a particular nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions when that sequence is present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular) DNA or RNA. “Bind(s) substantially” refers to complementary hybridization between a probe nucleic acid and a target nucleic acid and embraces minor mismatches that can be accommodated by reducing the stringency of the hybridization media to achieve the desired detection of the target nucleic acid sequence.  
           [0058]    “Stringent hybridization conditions” and “stringent hybridization wash conditions” in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and Northern hybridizations are sequence dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993)  Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid  Probes part I chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays” Elsevier, N.Y. Generally, highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Typically, under “stringent conditions” a probe will hybridize to its target subsequence, but to no other sequences.  
           [0059]    The T m  is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the T m  for a particular probe. An example of stringent hybridization conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids which have more than 100 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or northern blot is 50% formamide with 1 mg of heparin at 42° C., with the hybridization being carried out overnight. An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 0.15M NaCl at 72° C. for about 15 minutes. An example of stringent wash conditions is a 0.2×SSC wash at 65° C. for 15 minutes (see, Sambrook, infra, for a description of SSC buffer). Often, a high stringency wash is preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal. An example medium stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is 1×SSC at 45° C. for 15 minutes. An example low stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is 4-6×SSC at 40° C. for 15 minutes. For short probes (e.g., about 10 to 50 nucleotides), stringent conditions typically involve salt concentrations of less than about 1.0 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and the temperature is typically at least about 30° C. Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. In general, a signal to noise ratio of 2× (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific hybridization. Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the proteins that they encode are substantially identical. This occurs, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code.  
           [0060]    The following are examples of sets of hybridization/wash conditions that may be used to clone homologous nucleotide sequences that are substantially identical to reference nucleotide sequences of the present invention: a reference nucleotide sequence preferably hybridizes to the reference nucleotide sequence in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., more desirably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., more desirably still in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., preferably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., more preferably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.  
           [0061]    A further indication that two nucleic acid sequences or proteins are substantially identical is that the protein encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with, or specifically binds to, the protein encoded by the second nucleic acid. Thus, a protein is typically substantially identical to a second protein, for example, where the two proteins differ only by conservative substitutions.  
           [0062]    The phrase “specifically (or selectively) binds to an antibody,” or “specifically (or selectively) immunoreactive with,” when referring to a protein or peptide, refers to a binding reaction which is determinative of the presence of the protein in the presence of a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under designated immunoassay conditions, the specified antibodies bind to a particular protein and do not bind in a significant amount to other proteins present in the sample. Specific binding to an antibody under such conditions may require an antibody that is selected for its specificity for a particular protein. For example, antibodies raised to the protein with the amino acid sequence encoded by any of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be selected to obtain antibodies specifically immunoreactive with that protein and not with other proteins except for polymorphic variants. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays, Western blots, or immunohistochemistry are routinely used to select monoclonal antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein. See Harlow and Lane (1988)  Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual,  Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York “Harlow and Lane”), for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity. Typically a specific or selective reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and more typically more than 10 to 100 times background.  
           [0063]    A “subsequence” refers to a sequence of nucleic acids or amino acids that comprise a part of a longer sequence of nucleic acids or amino acids (e.g., protein) respectively.  
           [0064]    “Synthetic” refers to a nucleotide sequence comprising structural characters that are not present in the natural sequence. For example, an artificial sequence that resembles more closely the G+C content and the normal codon distribution of dicot and/or monocot genes is said to be synthetic.  
           [0065]    Substrate: a substrate is the molecule that an enzyme naturally recognizes and converts to a product in the biochemical pathway in which the enzyme naturally carries out its function, or is a modified version of the molecule, which is also recognized by the enzyme and is converted by the enzyme to a product in an enzymatic reaction similar to the naturally-occurring reaction.  
           [0066]    Target gene: A “target gene” is any gene in an insect cell. For example, a target gene is a gene of known function or is a gene whose function is unknown, but whose total or partial nucleotide sequence is known. Alternatively, the function of a target gene and its nucleotide sequence are both unknown. A target gene is a native gene of the insect cell or is a heterologous gene that had previously been introduced into the insect cell or a parent cell of said insect cell, for example by genetic transformation. A heterologous target gene is stably integrated in the genome of the insect cell or is present in the insect cell as an extrachromosomal molecule, e.g. as an autonomously replicating extrachromosomal molecule.  
           [0067]    Transformation: a process for introducing heterologous DNA into a cell, tissue, or insect. Transformed cells, tissues, or insects are understood to encompass not only the end product of a transformation process, but also transgenic progeny thereof.  
           [0068]    “Transformed,” “transgenic,” and “recombinant” refer to a host organism such as a bacterium or a plant into which a heterologous nucleic acid molecule has been introduced. The nucleic acid molecule can be stably integrated into the genome of the host or the nucleic acid molecule can also be present as an extrachromosomal molecule. Such an extrachromosomal molecule can be auto-replicating. Transformed cells, tissues, or plants are understood to encompass not only the end product of a transformation process, but also transgenic progeny thereof. A “non-transformed,” “non-transgenic,” or “non-recombinant” host refers to a wild-type organism, e.g., a bacterium or plant, which does not contain the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.  
           [0069]    Viability: “viability” as used herein refers to a fitness parameter of an insect. Insects are assayed for their homozygous performance of Drosophila larval development, indicating which proteins are indispensable to maintain larval life in Drosophila. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0070]    I. Identification Of Essential  Drosophila melanogaster  Nucleotide Sequences Using Transposable Element Insertion Mutagenesis  
         [0071]    As shown in the examples below, the identification of novel nucleotide sequences, as well as the essentiality of the nucleotide sequences for normal insect viability, have been demonstrated in Drosophila using P-element transposable insertion mutagenesis. Having established the essentiality of the function of the encoded proteins in Drosophila and having identified the nucleotide sequences encoding these essential proteins, the inventors thereby provide an important and sought-after tool for new insecticide development.  
         [0072]    A lethal phenotype caused by insertion of a P-element indicates that the affected nucleotide sequence codes for an essential protein in the insect. The characterization of the insertion site using flanking sequence DNA is needed to associate an individual larval lethal line with specific nucleotide sequences. Genomic DNA adjacent to the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the P-element from the insertion line is generated using inverse PCR.  
         [0073]    II. Determining The Complete Coding Sequences Of The Essential Drosophila Nucleotide Sequences  
         [0074]    The essential Drosophila nucleotide sequences are identified by isolating nucleotide sequences flanking the P-element insertion and aligning that sequence with genomic Drosophila sequence obtained from the Celera Drosophila database. The protein prediction for each genomic region is obtained by use of an exon algorithm program such as GeneMark. All exon algorithm programs currently used for prediction of proteins are susceptible to inaccuracies, including incomplete predictions of coding sequences, missing alternative splice variants, combining of nearby exons of adjacent genes, and mistranslation at intron-exon borders. The prediction of a complete coding sequence can be confirmed by several methods including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the 5′ and 3′ sequence to verify the message, reverse transcription PCR (rtPCR) using an oligonucleotide internal sequence to identify the 5′ and/or 3′ end, and screening of cDNA libraries from insect tissues with probes made from a particular sequence to isolate a true full-length clone. To confirm that the message size is accurate, a Northern blot can be hybridized with a probe from the nucleotide sequence. In addition, matches to the Drosophila EST database helps to confirm existence of message and gives information about the temporal and spatial pattern of expression. Mutation-causing P elements are known to preferentially cluster in the 5′ region of affected genes (Spradling et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  92: 10824-10830 (1995)), a tendency that increases the chance of recovering overlaps between short flanking sequences and 5′ ESTs. The present invention therefore provides a number of essential nucleotide sequences as well as the amino acid sequences encoded thereby. cDNA clone sequences are set forth in even numbered SEQ ID NOs:14-360. The corresponding encoded amino acid sequences are set forth in odd numbered SEQ ID NOs:15-361.  
         [0075]    The isolated gene sequences disclosed herein may be manipulated according to standard genetic engineering techniques to suit any desired purpose. For example, an entire Drosophila gene sequence or portions thereof may be used as a probe capable of specifically hybridizing to coding sequences and messenger RNAs. To achieve specific hybridization under a variety of conditions, such probes include, e.g. sequences that are unique among insect nucleotide sequences for a particular protein of interest and are at least 10 nucleotides in length, preferably at least 20 nucleotides in length, and most preferably at least 50 nucleotides in length. Such probes are used to amplify and analyze related nucleotide sequences from a chosen organism via PCR. This technique is useful to isolate additional insect nucleotide sequences from a desired organism or as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of particular nucleotide sequences in an organism. This technique also is used to detect the presence of altered nucleotide sequences associated with a particular condition of interest such as insecticide tolerance, poor health, etc.  
         [0076]    Gene-specific hybridization probes also are used to quantify levels of a particular gene mRNA in an insect using standard techniques such as Northern blot analysis. This technique is useful as a diagnostic assay to detect altered levels of gene expression that are associated with particular conditions such as enhanced tolerance to insecticides that target a particular gene.  
         [0077]    III. Recombinant Production Of Protein And Uses Thereof  
         [0078]    For recombinant production of a protein of the invention in a host organism, a nucleotide sequence encoding the protein is inserted into an expression cassette designed for the chosen host and introduced into the host where it is recombinantly produced. The choice of the specific regulatory sequences such as promoter, signal sequence, 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequence, and enhancer appropriate for the chosen host is within the level of the skill of the routineer in the art. The resultant molecule, containing the individual elements linking in the proper reading frame, is inserted into a vector capable of being transformed into the host cell. Suitable expression vectors and methods for recombinant production of proteins are well known for host organisms such as  E. coli,  yeast, and insect cells (see, e.g., Lucknow and Summers,  Bio/Technol.  6:47 (1988)). Additional suitable expression vectors are baculovirus expression vectors, e.g., those derived from the genome of  Autographica californica  nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). A preferred baculovirus/insect system is PVL1392(3) used to transfect  Spodoptera frugiperda  SF9 cells (ATCC) in the presence of linear  Autographica californica  baculovirus DNA (Phramingen, San Diego, Calif.). The resulting virus is used to infect HighFive  Tricoplusia ni  cells (Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif.).  
         [0079]    Recombinantly produced proteins are isolated and purified using a variety of standard techniques. The actual techniques used vary depending upon the host organism used, whether the protein is designed for secretion, and other such factors. Such techniques are well known to the skilled artisan (see, e.g. chapter 16 of Ausubel, F. et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, pub. by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. (1994).  
         [0080]    IV. Assays For Characterizing The Proteins  
         [0081]    Recombinantly produced proteins are useful for a variety of purposes. For example, they can be used in in vitro assays to screen known insecticidal chemicals whose target has not been identified to determine if they inhibit protein activity. Such in vitro assays may also be used as more general screens to identify chemicals that inhibit such protein activity and that are therefore novel insecticide candidates. Recombinantly produced proteins may also be used to elucidate the complex structure of these molecules and to further characterize their association with known inhibitors in order to rationally design new inhibitory insecticides. Alternatively, the recombinant protein can be used to isolate antibodies or peptides that modulate the activity and are useful in transgenic solutions.  
         [0082]    V. In vivo Inhibitor Assay: Discovery of Small Molecule Ligands That Interact with Proteins Of Unknown Function.  
         [0083]    Having identified a protein as a potential insecticide target based on its essentiality for insect larval viability, a next step is to develop an assay that allows screening large numbers of chemicals to determine which ones interact with the protein. Although it is straightforward to develop assays for proteins of known function, developing assays with proteins of unknown functions can be more difficult.  
         [0084]    To address this issue, novel technologies are used that can detect interactions between a protein and a ligand without knowing the biological function of the protein. A short description of three methods is presented, including fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization, and biacore technologies. In addition to those descibed here, there are additional methods that are currently being developed that are also amenable to automated, large-scale screening.  
         [0085]    Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) theory was developed in 1972 but it is only in recent years that the technology to perform FCS became available (Madge et al. (1972)  Phys. Rev. Lett.,  29: 705-708; Maiti et al. (1997)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  94: 11753-11757). FCS measures the average diffusion rate of a fluorescent molecule within a small sample volume. The sample size can be as low as 10 3  fluorescent molecules and the sample volume as low as the cytoplasm of a single bacterium. The diffusion rate is a function of the mass of the molecule and decreases as the mass increases. FCS can therefore be applied to protein-ligand interaction analysis by measuring the change in mass and therefore in diffusion rate of a molecule upon binding. In a typical experiment, the target to be analyzed is expressed as a recombinant protein with a sequence tag, such as a poly-histidine sequence, inserted at the N- or C-terminus. The expression takes place in  E. coli,  yeast or insect cells. The protein is purified by chromatography. For example, the poly-histidine tag can be used to bind the expressed protein to a metal chelate column such as Ni2+ chelated on iminodiacetic acid agarose. The protein is then labeled with a fluorescent tag such as carboxytetramethylrhodamine or BODIPY® (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.). The protein is then exposed in solution to the potential ligand, and its diffusion rate is determined by FCS using instrumentation available from Carl Zeiss, Inc. (Thormwood, N.Y.). Ligand binding is determined by changes in the diffusion rate of the protein.  
         [0086]    Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization (SELDI) was invented by Hutchens and Yip during the late 1980&#39;s (Hutchens and Yip (1993)  Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.  7: 576-580). When coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF), SELDI provides means to rapidly analyze molecules retained on a chip. It can be applied to ligand-protein interaction analysis by covalently binding the target protein on the chip and analyze by MS the small molecules that bind to this protein (Worrall et al. (1998)  Anal. Biochem.  70: 750-756). In a typical experiment, the target to be analyzed is expressed as described for FCS. The purified protein is then used in the assay without further preparation. It is bound to the SELDI chip either by utilizing the poly-histidine tag or by other interaction such as ion exchange or hydrophobic interaction. The chip thus prepared is then exposed to the potential ligand via, for example, a delivery system able to pipet the ligands in a sequential manner (autosampler). The chip is then submitted to washes of increasing stringency, for example a series of washes with buffer solutions containing an increasing ionic strength. After each wash, the bound material is analyzed by submitting the chip to SELDI-TOF. Ligands that specifically bind the target will be identified by the stringency of the wash needed to elute them.  
         [0087]    Biacore relies on changes in the refractive index at the surface layer upon binding of a ligand to a protein immobilized on the layer. In this system, a collection of small ligands is injected sequentially in a 2-5 microlitre cell with the immobilized protein. Binding is detected by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) by recording laser light refracting from the surface. In general, the refractive index change for a given change of mass concentration at the surface layer is practically the same for all proteins and peptides, allowing a single method to be applicable for any protein (Liedberg et al. (1983)  Sensors Actuators  4: 299-304; Malmquist (1993)  Nature  361: 186-187). In a typical experiment, the target to be analyzed is expressed as described for FCS. The purified protein is then used in the assay without further preparation. It is bound to the Biacore chip either by utilizing the poly-histidine tag or by other interaction such as ion exchange or hydrophobic interaction. The chip thus prepared is then exposed to the potential ligand via the delivery system incorporated in the instruments sold by Biacore (Uppsala, Sweden) to pipet the ligands in a sequential manner (autosampler). The SPR signal on the chip is recorded and changes in the refractive index indicate an interaction between the immobilized target and the ligand. Analysis of the signal kinetics on rate and off rate allows the discrimination between non-specific and specific interaction.  
         [0088]    The compounds that are active in the methods disclosed herein may be used to combat agricultural pests such as aphids, locusts, spider mites, and boll weavils as well as such insect pests which attack stored grains and against immature stages of insects living on plant tissue. The compounds are also useful as a nematodicide for the control of agriculturally important soil nematodes and plant parasites.  
         [0089]    VI. Production of peptides  
         [0090]    Phage particles displaying diverse peptide libraries permits rapid library construction, affinity selection, amplification and selection of ligands directed against an essential protein (H. B. Lowman,  Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct.  26, 401-424 (1997)). Structural analysis of these selectants can provide new information about ligand-target molecule interactions and then in the process also provide a novel molecule that can enable the development of new insecticides based upon these peptides as leads.  
         [0091]    The invention will be further described by reference to the following detailed examples. These examples are provided for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0092]    Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used here are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, et al.,  Molecular Cloning,  eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) and by T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Berman, and L. W. Enquist,  Experiments with Gene Fusions,  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) and by Ausubel, F. M. et al.,  Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,  pub. by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987). Well known Drosophila molecular genetics techniques can be found, for example, in Robert, D. B.,  Drosophila, A Practical Approach  (IRL Press, Washington, DC, 1986).  
       Example 1  
       [0093]    Identification Of Larval Lethal Lines  
         [0094]    Essential nucleotide sequences are identified through the isolation of lethal mutants defective in larval development. The genetic scheme for mobilization of P-lacW is as performed in Deak et. al,  Genetics  147: 1697-1722 (1997). Additional larval lethal lines are identified and disclosed in Braun, A., B. Lemaitre, et al.,  Genetics  147: 623-634 (1997); Galloni, M. and B. A. Edgar,  Development  126: 2365-2375 (1999); Gateff, E.,  Int. J. Dev. Biol.  38(4): 565-590 (1994); Mechler, B. M. J. Biosci.,  Bangalore  19(5): 537-556 (1994); Roch, F., F. Serras, et al.,  Mol. Gen. Genet.  257: 103-112 (1998); Russell, M. A., L. Ostafichuk, et al.,  Genome  41: 7-13 (1998); and in Torok, T., G. Tick, et al.  Genetics  135: 71-80 (1993). Furthermore, the BDGP gene disruption project of single P-element insertions reveals larval lethal lines mutating 25% of vital Drosophila genes Spradling, A. C., D. Stern, et al.,  Genetics  153: 135-177 (1999).  
         [0095]    Males carrying the transposase source P(Δ2-3) are crossed en masse to yellow white females homozygous for a P-lacW insertion on the X chromosome. Males carrying the PlacW insertion on the X and Δ2-3 on the third chromosome are collected from this cross. The F0 “jumpstart” males are crossed in groups of 10-15 to 20-25 females of w sp1; Sb/TM3, Ser genetype. Male F1 progeny with pigmented eyes indicate that the P-lacW has jumped to an autosome. An average of 10-15 males from each F0 cross lacking Δ2-3 are crossed individually to y w; DTS-4/TM3, Sb Ser females, that all third chromosomal insertions result in balanced F2 stocks. Insertions on other autosomes yield white-eyed flies in the F2 generation and are eliminated. The balanced third chromosome insertions are tested for lethality in the next generation by placing four to six pairs of y w; P-lacW/TM3, Sb Ser flies in a vial and examining their progeny for the presence of homozygous P-lacW flies. To analyze the lethal phase, the TM3, Sb Ser balancer is replaced by the TM6C, TB Sb chromosome. In such a genetic background, homozygous mutants can be identified by their wild-type body-length. An average of 10-15 pairs of flies are placed in vials supplemented with yeast paste, and the eggs are collected from each line for 1 day. The development of 50-100 progeny is monitored, and the presence of homozygotes are recorded in all developmental stages. Lethal phase is assigned to a developmental stage in which homozygote animals last appear. Larval lethal lines are identified and maintained.  
       Example 2  
       [0096]    Sequence Determination  
         [0097]    Inverse PCR: To determine the flanking sequence of the larval lethal lines, the “Inverse PCR and Cycle Sequencing Protocol for Recovery of Sequences Flanking PZ, PlacW, and PEP elements” of E. Jay Rehm, Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project on the world wide web at fruitfly.org/methods/ is used with slight modifications. These modifications include the following: genomic DNA is obtained from 10 flies, rather than 30 flies, with adjustments for final concentrations; all DNA precipitations are performed using glycogen; for some reactions, all of the digest volume is used in the appropriate ligations; the number of cycles in PCR reactions was increased to 40; Pry1 and Pry2 were used to sequence the PEP line flanking sequences.  
         [0098]    Genomic DNA isolation: Flies are collected and frozen at −20° C. until ready for use. Genomic DNA is prepared by grinding flies in 200 μl Buffer A with a disposable grinder 30× (Buffer A is composed of 100 mM Tris-Cl, pH7.5, 100 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 0.5% SDS). Add 200 μl additional Buffer A; grind another 15×. Keep on ice until finished. Incubate at 65° C. for 30 minutes. Vortex to mix. Add 800 μl freshly made LiCl/KAc Solution (LiCl/Kac Solution is comprised of 1 part 5 M KAc and 2.5 parts 6 M LiCl). Vortex. Incubate −20° C. for 20 minutes. Spin at maximum speed at room temperature 15+ minutes. Transfer 1 ml supernatant to a clean tube avoiding floating debris. Add 600 μl room temperature isopropanol to supernatant. Mix well by tipping. Add 0.5 μl glycogen. Vortex. Incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes. Spin 15 minutes at room temperature, maximum speed. Aspirate away the supernatant. Wash 2× with 500 μl 70% room temperature ethanol; vortex between washes. Spin for 10 minutes at room temperature, maximum speed. Aspirate away supernatant. Dry in a speed vacuum for 10 minutes. Resuspend in 50 μl TE+0.1 mg/ml RNAse A {for 1 ml TE/RNAse A Solution, add 990 μl TE+10 μl RNAse A (10 mg/ml)). Check 5 μl on 0.8% gel.  
         [0099]    Digest Genomic DNA (Sau3A I, HinP1 I, or Msp I—done separately): Set up digests in 96 well tray. Per reaction, add 10 μl genomic DNA, 5 μl 10×Buffer, 2 μl 0.1 mg/ml RNAase A stock, 30.5 μl dH 2 O, 10 units of enzyme (8 units for Sau 3A I), 0.5 μl of 100×BSA (for Sau 3AI only). Incubate at 37° C. for 2.5 hours. Check on 0.8% gel before heat-inactivating at 65° C. for 20 minutes.  
         [0100]    Ligate P Element and Flanking DNA: Set-up ligation tube with 400 μl of ligation mixture then add 30-50 μl of the digest: Per reaction, add 30 μl of digested genomic DNA, 43 μl of 10×ligation buffer (NEB), 375 μl of dH 2 O, and 2 μl of ligase (2 Weiss units). Incubate overnight at 4° C. Total reaction volume is adjusted as appropriate.  
         [0101]    Precipitate Ligated DNA: To ligation tube, add 40 μl 3M NaAc pH5.2+1 ml 100% room temperature ethanol+1 μl glycogen. Mix by tipping. Incubate −20° C. for 15+ minutes. Spin 15 minutes, 4° C. Aspirate away supernatant. Wash with 500 μl room temperature 70% ethanol. Vortex. Spin room at temperature for 10 minutes. Aspirate away supernatant. Dry in speed vacuum for 10 minutes. Resuspend in 50 μl TE. Vortex to mix. Transfer to 96 well plate.  
         [0102]    PCR: Set up PCR reactions in 96 well plates (Applied Biosystems). Set up PCR reactions with primers appropriate for the type of P element and the end of the element from which genomic sequence is to be recovered.  
         [0103]    Primers for PCR: (type of P element 5′ or 3′ end forward primer reverse primer annealing temperature):  
                                       PZ P-element5′endPlac4Plac1   60°       PZ P-element3′endPry4Pry1   55°       PZ P-element3′endPry2Pry1   60°       PlacW P-element5′endPlac4Plac1   60°       PlacW P-element3′endPry4Plw3-1   55°       PlacW P-element3′endPry2Pry1   60°       PEP P-element5′endPwht1Plac1   60°       PEP P-element3′endPry4Pry1   55°       PEP P-element3′endPry2Pry1   60°                  
 
         [0104]    The Pry2/Pry1 combination has a higher annealing temperature than the Pry4/Pry1 and Pry4/Plw3-1 combinations, but the resulting PCR products do not allow sequencing directly off the 3′ end of the P-element. The latter primer combinations are therefore used in all initial experiments; the Pry2/Pry1 combination can be used in those cases where strong and unique bands do not result.  
         [0105]    Per reaction: 10 μl of ligated genomic DNA, 1 μl of 10 mM dNTP mix, 1 μl of 10 μM forward primer stock, 1 μl of 10 μM reverse primer stock, 5 μl of 10×Qiagen Taq buffer, 31.5 μl of dH 2 O, 0.5 μl of Qiagen Taq.  
         [0106]    Cycles: 1×95° C. for 5 minutes; 40×(95° C. for 30 seconds; 60° C. (high temp) or 55° C. (low temp) for 30 seconds; 68° C. for 2 minutes); 1×72° C. for 10 minutes; hold at 4° C.; run 10μl on 1.5% gel to check. Rearray positive wells to 96 well plate for sequencing clean-up. The primer sets for PCR are as shown in the table below:  
                                       Digest, End, Temperature   Forward PCR Primer   Reverse PCR Primer                   H5h   Plac4   Plac1       H3h   Pry2   Pry1       H31   Pry4   Plw3-1       M5h   Plac4   Plac1       M3h   Pry2   Pry1       M31   Pry4   Plw3-1       S5h   Plac4   Plac1       S3h   Pry2   Pry1       S31   Pry4   Plw3-1                  
 
         [0107]    [0107]                                           Plac4 (27)   - act gtg cgt tag gtc ctg ttc att gtt   SEQ ID NO:1       Plac1 (24)   - cac cca agg ctc tgc tcc cac aat   SEQ ID NO:2       Pry4 (23)   - caa tca tat cgc tgt ctc act ca   SEQ ID NO:3       Pry1 (26)   - cct tag cat gtc cgt ggg gtt tga at   SEQ ID NO:4       Pry2 (28)   - ctt gcc gac ggg acc acc tta tgt tat t   SEQ ID NO:5       Plw3-1 (19)   - tgt cgg cgt cat caa ctc c   SEQ ID NO:6       Pwht1 (19)   - gta acg cta atc act ccg aac agg tca ca   SEQ ID NO:7                    
         [0108]    Enzymatic Clean-Up for Sequencing: To 40 μl PCR reaction, add 4 μl of enzyme mix. Incubate at 37° C. for 1 hour. Inactivate at 70° C. for 10 minutes. (Enzyme Mix consists of 2.5U/μl Exonuclease I (Amersham E700732), 0.5U/μl Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (Amersham E70183), 1×Amplitaq PCR buffer, add dH 2 0 to final volume.)  
       Example 3  
       [0109]    Sequence Analysis  
         [0110]    Sequence of the flanking sequence generated by inverse PCR is performed on an ABI 3700 sequencer (Perkin Elmer) using BIG DYE sequencing reaction.  
         [0111]    Primer sets for sequencing are as shown in the table below:  
                                       Digest, End, Temperature   Forward Primer   Reverse Primer                   H5h   Splac2   Sp1       H3h   Pry2   Sp5       H31   Spep1   Sp5       M5h   Splac2   Sp1       M3h   Pry2   Sp5       M31   Spep1   Sp5       S5h   Splac2   Sp1       S3h   Pry2   Sp6       S31   Spep1   Sp6                  
 
         [0112]    The following primer sets are designed to sequence both ends of PCR products recovered from PlacW and PZ strains:  
         [0113]    Splac2 and Sp1—for use with the Plac4/Plac1 5′ PCR primer combination with either PZ or PlacW P-elements; allows sequencing of both ends of the PCR fragment.  
         [0114]    Spep1 and Sp3—for use with the Pry4/Pry1 3′ PCR primer combination with PZ P-elements; allows sequencing of both ends of the PCR fragment.  
         [0115]    Spep1 and Sp6—for use with the Pry4/Plw3-1 3′ PCR primer combination with PlacW P-elements where Sau3a digestion is performed; allows sequencing of both ends of the PCR fragment.  
         [0116]    Spep1 and Sp5—for use with the Pry4/Plw3-1 3′ PCR primer combination where HinP1 digestion is performed; allows sequencing of both ends of the PCR fragment.  
         [0117]    Pry1 and Pry2—for use with the Pry1/Pry2 3′ PCR primer combination; allows sequencing of both ends of the PCR fragment.  
         [0118]    The PCR products recovered from PEP strains are sequenced with the following primers: Sp1—for use with the Pwht1/Plac1 5′ PCR primer combination with the PEP element; Spep1—for use with the Pry4/Pry1 3′ PCR primer combination with the PEP element; Pry1 and Pry2 for use with the Pry1/Pry2 3′ PCR primer combination with the PEP element.  
         [0119]    Primer Sequences (5′ to 3′):  
         [0120]    Splac2 (25)-gaa ttc act ggc cgt cgt ttt aca a SEQ ID NO:8  
         [0121]    Sp1 (22)-aca caa cct ttc ctc tca aca a SEQ ID NO:9  
         [0122]    Sp3 (24)-gag tac gca aag ctt taa cta tgt SEQ ID NO:10  
                                           Sp6 (23)   - tga cca cat cca aac atc ctc tt   SEQ ID NO: 11       Sp5 (25)   - gca tca caa aaa tcg acg ctc aag t   SEQ ID NO:12       Spep1 (19)   - gac act cag aat act att c   SEQ ID NO:13                  
 
         [0123]    Melting temperatures of sequencing primers:  
         [0124]    Splac2-60.1° C.  
         [0125]    Sp1-50.6° C.  
         [0126]    Sp3-49.3° C.  
         [0127]    Sp6-54.9° C.  
         [0128]    Sp5-60.3° C.  
         [0129]    Spep1-44.8° C.  
       Example 4  
       [0130]    Secondary Confirmation of Lethality  
         [0131]    The lethality of the chromosome carrying the P-element insertion is demonstrated genetically as described in Example 1. The essential Drosophila nucleotide sequences are identified by isolating nucleotide sequences flanking the P-element insertion and aligning those sequences with genomic Drosophila sequence obtained from the Celera Drosophila database. However, in some instances, a second site mutation exists on the chromosome that is responsible for the lethality. In other instances, the location of the flanking sequence is such that determination of which gene(s) are affected by the P-element insertion is rendered difficult or impossible. Thus, to provide secondary confirmation that the gene indicated is essential, there are many methods that one skilled in the art can use, e.g., rescue of the lethality using transformation technology, perturbation of the gene in a targeted manner, or failure to complement a deficiency.  
         [0132]    To provide secondary confirmation, larval lethal lines are crossed to a line containing a deficiency spanning the region of the insert. This creates a hemizygous condition in that particular region and reveals the recessive phenotype of the P-element. Complementation with deficiencies that unequivocally remove the P-element insertion site is taken as proof that the P-element does not cause the associated phenotype. Failure to complement indicates that the strain is verified. This method is as performed in Spradling, A. C., D. Stern, et al.,  Genetics  153: 135-177 (1999). While lines with secondary mutations closely linked to the P insertion might be erroneously verified by this procedure, further molecular and genetic analyses suggest that the frequency of such errors is small. RNA interference, described in Fire, A., S. Xu, et al.,  Nature  391, 806-811 (1998) and Kennerdell, J. R. and Carthew, R. W.,  Cell  95, 1017-1026 (1998), is used as a method to target a gene of interest and demonstrate that the perturbation of the identified gene produces a lethal phenotype.  
       Example 5  
       [0133]    Isolation Of Full Length cDNA  
         [0134]    A cDNA screen is performed using a  Drosophila melanogaster  cDNA library probed with a portion of each nucleotide sequence disclosed in the Sequence Listing. Positive colonies are selected, a subset sequenced, and a clone corresponding to the full-length cDNA is recovered. Alternatively, primers from the predicted 5′ and 3′ end are used in polymerase chain reaction with either a Drosophila cDNA library or first strand cDNAs obtained by reverse transcription of Drosophila mRNAs as template to amplify a fragment representing the full-length clone.  
       Example 6  
       [0135]    Expression Of Recombinant Protein In Insect Cells  
         [0136]    Baculovirus vectors, which are derived from the genome of AcNPV virus, are designed to provide high levels of expression of cDNA in the SF9 line of insect cells (ATCC CRL#1711). Recombinant baculovirus expressing the cDNA of the present invention is produced by the following standard methods (InVitrogen MaxBac Manual): cDNA constructs are ligated into the polyhedrin gene in a variety of baclovirus transfer vectors, including the pAC360 and the BleBAc vector (InVitrogen). Recombinant baculoviruses are generated by homologous recombination following co-transfection of the baculovirus transfer vector and linearized AcNPV genomic DNA (Kitts, P. A.,  Nucleic Acid. Res.  18: 5667 (1990)) into SF9 cells. Recombinant pAC360 viruses are identified by the absence of inclusion bodies in infected cells and recombinant pBlueBac viruses are identified on the basis of B-galactosidase expression (Summers, M. D. and Smith, G. E., Texas Agriculture Exp. Station Bulletin No. 1555). Following plaque purification, the Drosophila cDNA expression is measured.  
         [0137]    The cDNA encoding the entire open reading frame for the Drosophila cDNA is inserted into the BamHI site of pBlueBacII. Constucts in the positive orientation, which are identified by sequence analysis, are used to transfect SF9 cells in the presence of linear AcNPV wild type DNA. Authentic, active Drosophila cDNA is found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Active Drosophila cDNA is extracted from infected cells by hypotonic or detergent lysis.  
       Example 7  
       [0138]    Expression Of Recombinant Protein In  E. coli    
         [0139]    A cDNA clone of the present invention is subcloned into an appropriate expression vector and transformed into  E. coli  using the manufacturer&#39;s conditions. Specific examples include plasmids such as pBluescript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), pFLAG (International Biotechnologies, Inc., New Haven, Conn.), and pTrcHis (Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif.).  E. coli  is cultured, and expression of the recombinant protein is confirmed. Recombinant protein is then isolated using standard techniques.  
       Example 8  
       [0140]    In vitro Binding Assays  
         [0141]    Recombinant protein is obtained, for example according to Example 6 or Example 7. The protein is immobilized on chips appropriate for ligand binding assays. The protein immobilized on the chip is exposed to sample compound in solution according to methods well know in the art. While the sample compound is in contact with the immobilized protein measurements capable of detecting protein-ligand interactions are conducted. Examples of such measurements are SEDLI, biacore and FCS, described above. Compounds found to bind the protein are readily discovered in this fashion and are subjected to further characterization.  
         [0142]    The above disclosed embodiments are illustrative. This disclosure of the invention will place one skilled in the art in possession of many variations of the invention. All such obvious and foreseeable variations are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims.  
 
     
       
       
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                 SEQUENCE LISTING 
               
             
          
           
               
                 The patent application contains a lengthy “Sequence Listing” section. A copy of the “Sequence Listing” is available in electronic form from the USPTO 
               
               
                 web site (http://seqdata.uspto.gov/sequence.html?DocID=20020160934). An electronic copy of the “Sequence Listing” will also be available from the 
               
               
                 USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3).