Abstract:
The frequency spectrum of a transmitter system is spreaded in the transmitter (1) through the codification of information bits by means of sequence pairs of Golay complementary sequences. The spectrum is received in the receiver (2) and is subject to a filter, which is adapted to the features of such sequences enabling the detection of digital levels corresponding to the original transmitted information. If pairs of orthogonal sequences, A amplitudes for moduling data, and N-PSK modulation are used, it is possible to get a transmission speed (C) equal to: 
     Where B is to the null-to-null spread bandwidth used in Hertz. It allows an improvement in quality as compared to other digital-communication systems, which use spread spectrum techniques and CDMA, obtaining a process gain independent of the transmission speed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention refers to the modulation and demodulation method, as well as the transmitter and receiver which makes it possible to transmit and receive data by means of any transmission means, particularly when it is necessary or preferable to use spread spectrum techniques. 
     The spread spectrum concept was developed for use in military communications due to its immunity features towards noise and interference. Its principle is based on the use of certain binary sequences having certain features similar to noise and which, however, a receiver which knows said sequence is capable to detect as a signal. In the same manner, the compression of impulses by means of binary sequences is useful also in RADAR, SONAR, and echography applications since it allows to improve the resolution of the detected objects. However, in recent years its use has become widespread in space applications and civil communications such as mobile telephony, DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence Code-Division Multiple Access), radio telephone access loops, Internet access, wireless local area networks, deep space communications, etc. all of which are based on digital modulation by means of using sequences which are suitable for this type of applications due to their autocorrelation and cross-relation features. Therefore international organisations (IEEE, UIT, etc.), have begun normalising and standardising modulation systems which facilitates the use of certain sequences to modulate the transmitted binary data and thus obtain characteristics which makes it possible to use, among others, certain frequencies reserved for industrial, scientific and medical applications (ISM bands) and whose use and exploitation do not require any kind of administrative license. The need to send as much information as possible with the same bandwidth has made the telecommunications industry to develop commercial applications which use the IEEE 802.11 standard for the transmission of information by radio in local networks obtaining increasingly higher speeds by means of the use of binary sequences such as the 11-bit Barker (to obtain a minimum processing gain of 10.4 dB) or 8-bit Walsh, and different modulation techniques (BPSK, QPSK, MBOK, QMBOK, etc.) which makes it possible to attain transmission speeds of up to 11 Mbps. This standard makes it possible to work within three frequency bands with a null-to-null bandwidth of 22 MHz, in the so-called 2.4 GHz band. 
     Likewise, reliable transmission methods are needed for the so-called deep space communications between spaceships and the bases on Earth, allowing a big processing gain due to the need to limit the emission power of the ship&#39;s transmission equipment, and due to the reduced signal to noise ratio of said signals when they are received. 
     In the present applications ( FIG. 1 ) the length of the coding sequence (Barker, PN, Walsh, etc.) determines both the processing gain and the bandwidth used. Generally, the transmission speed will be reduced if we attempt to increase the processing gain, which is why a compromise between the two parameters must always be found. The transmission speed may be increased by increasing the number of modulation phases, however, the restrictions of this technique increase with the decrease in the signal to noise ratio during reception. 
     Based on the above it can be deduced that there is a need for a spread spectrum digital modulation technique which on the one hand makes it possible to increase transmission speed and on the other to obtain a bigger processing gain to make it possible to reduce the needed transmission power or improve the signal to noise ratio during reception, and at the same time to reduce the complexity of the present modulation tables. 
     No patent or utility model whatsoever is known whose features are the object of the present invention. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention uses pairs of Golay complementary sequences for the modulation by means of spread spectrum and DS-CDMA of the amplitude modulated binary data in combination with an N-PSK modulation widely used in digital communication systems. 
     The main property of the sequences used in this invention is that in contrast to the Barker sequences, which have side lobes, the Golay sequences are characterised by an ideal autocorrelation, that is, they correspond to a perfect Kronecker delta so that they meet:
 
 C   A   [n]+C   B   [n]={ 2 M,n= 0
 
{0 ,n≠ 0
 
     where C A  and C B  are the individual autocorrelations of A and B sequences of the pair of selected Golay complementary sequences, M length; and whose values belong to the bivalued set (1, −1). 
     The generation of such sequences is based on the so-called kernel basics of 2, 10 and 26 bits, known hitherto (the rules of Golay sequence generation are discussed in the article called “Complementary Sequences” by M. J. E. Golay, published in IRE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-7, pp. 82-87, April 1961). 
     The communication system object of the present invention makes it possible to establish a physical end-to-end or end-to-multipoint connection at a transmission rate, which will depend on the employed means and on the available bandwidth and on the acceptable error rate. 
     It consists of two pieces of equipment or devices: One is a transmitter and the other one is a receiver. 
     The transmitter equipment is used to perform the following tasks:
         Receive the data and generate the symbols corresponding to each group of (m) bits as a function of the Golay sequence number (η) of the selected length (M), number of amplitudes (A) per symbol, number of phases (N) used for the modulation and processing gain needed to comply with the quality requirements of the system.   Carry out the adding up of the different phases to form an N-PSK modulation and thus generating the transmission signal.   Transmit the composite signal to the transmitter means for example by means of an RF stage and antenna.       

     The receiver equipment is used to perform the following operations:
         Demodulate the N-PSK information and extract the components of each of the different phases.   Adapt, filter and correlate the extracted components with their corresponding complementary pairs or Golay.   Sum up the correlations and thus obtain the original data stream as digital levels.   Perform the level decoding to obtain the original data.       

     The first advantage of this method is that of being able to obtain as big a processing gain as one wishes, independently, as will be seen later, of the transmission rate, and only by increasing the length of the selected Golay sequences, for which reason high transmission power is not needed to obtain a high signal to noise ratio during reception. The processing gain (in decibel) in this case is defined as:
 
 GP= 10 log 10 (2 M ) dB  
 
     where M corresponds to the length of the Golay sequences used in the modulation. This feature is very important in applications where a low transmission power is desired (portable terminals, space ships and communication satellites), the communication is performed over great distances (deep space transmissions), and even military applications in which the interferences caused by the enemy or the need to encrypt the transmission determine the security and quality of the communication. 
     Furthermore, this method makes it possible to transmit simultaneous information flows in the same frequency bands over the channel by means of using η different low cross-correlation Golay sequences, thus facilitating the creation of η communication sub networks within a same band, or to multiply the transmission rate by a factor proportional to η. 
     Likewise, it is possible to increase the transmission rate even more if a prior amplitude modulation of the entry data by means of A amplitudes is performed. 
     Therefore, from the aforementioned it can be deduced that the transmission speed or capacity (C), that can be obtained in a spread spectrum communication system using this method will be: 
     
       
         
           
             C 
             = 
             
               
                 ηlog 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               A 
               ⁢ 
               
                 1 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 log 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               N 
               ⁢ 
               
                 B 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               bits 
               ⁢ 
               
                 / 
               
               ⁢ 
               seg 
             
           
         
       
     
     Where B (Hertz) is the null-to-null bandwidth used, N is the number of phases used in the modulation (power of 4), A is the number of amplitudes used in the binary data encoding and η is the number of pairs of Golay complementary sequences used. In the previous expression it is observed that C is independent of M. 
     Therefore, the described invention constitutes a powerful communication system for use in spread spectrum applications, DS-CDMA, hostile environments, when restrictions on the transmission power exists, or simply when there is a wish to improve the quality of the communication without a transmission rate degradation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the present prior art basic transmission technique of a spread spectrum system and particularly using an 11-bit Barker sequence, which by means of a exclusive OR function performs the spreading of the spectrum of the original data signal, wherein the bit frequency is 11 times lower to the one used for the Barker sequence, which makes it possible to obtain a processing gain of 10·log 10  (11)˜10.4 dB; 
         FIG. 2  shows the basic elements of a transmission method and a possible implementation of the transmitter; 
         FIG. 3  corresponds to a possible embodiment of a basic modulator block, for the sake of simplification only the embodiment of phase I is shown. 
         FIG. 4  shows a basic outline of a reception method and, particularly, an example of the receiver apparatus; 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  shows a block diagram of a prior art transmitter and receiver for a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) communication system, respectively. In the examples of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the sequence used to spread the spectrum is a Barker sequence. A Barker sequence is a sequence of symbols which may vary in length but typically have a maximum length of 13 bits. When embedded in a string of randomly chosen symbols, Barker sequences have a close but not ideal autocorrelation. Barker sequences are used to check, and if necessary to correct, the synchronization and framing of received data. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates a transmitter  10  used to transmit a Barker sequence  12 . The Barker sequence may be any valid Barker code of any proper length, typically between 2 and 13 bits. The barker sequence is summed with a clock  14  at a binary adder  16 . The clock  14  may be run at any desired speed such as, for example, 1 MHz. The output at the adder  16  may be input into a modulator  18 . The modulator  18  may be, for example, a Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK) modulator. Of course, the modulator  18  may be any of a variety of modulators such as, for example, QPSK modulator, FSK modulator, QAM modulator, etc. These modulation techniques are well known in the art and will not be described further. The input from the adder  16  may be mixed with a carrier signal such as oscillator carrier  20  at mixer  22 . The output of the mixer  22  may then be input into an RF stage  24  to be transmitted to a receiver. Although the transmitter is shown with an antenna, signifying a wireless transmission, the transmitter may also transmit the data by other means such as, for example, via coax cable, fiber, etc. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an example receiver system  30  including an RF stage  32  which may be used to receive incoming data and, in some cases, convert the data into usable information. The data received at the RF stage  32  may then be input into a demodulator  34  such as, for example, a BPSK demodulator. The demodulator may be any of a variety of demodulators such as a QPSK demodulator, FSK demodulator, QAM demodulator, etc. The data may be mixed with an oscillator carrier  36  via mixer  38 . The output of the demodulator  34  may be input into a Barker correlator  40  which may result in an output of autocorrelations such as, for example, the chart  42 . The Barker correlation output may then be input into a decision block  44  and a final output is received and may be sent to another part of the system. 
     A possible embodiment of a method applied to an end-to-end open-air radio communication system is shown below. For reasons of clarity the implementation in this case of a QPSK transmitter (N=4) is outlined in  FIG. 2 , performing data modulation using η Golay sequences, amplitude modulated by means of A amplitudes. It will be noted that the values η and n may both be used. Therefore, by applying the formula (1.2), the transmission rate will be: 
     
       
         
           
             C 
             = 
             
               
                 ηlog 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               A 
               ⁢ 
               
                 B 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               bits 
               ⁢ 
               
                 / 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 seg 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In accordance with what has been explained above, the starting point is a set of η pairs of Golay sequences of m bits generated and stored in the transmitter by means of, generally, 2×η binary registers (values 1 and −1) which we aim to amplitude modulate with A amplitudes and with 4 Q-PSK phases (4-PSK). In the same  FIG. 2  one of the basic modulator blocks (BMB) of which the transmitter consists is shown in detail. 
       FIG. 2  is an exemplary embodiment of a transmission method implementing the use of a transmitter using Golay sequences. The transmitter, generally, transmits data using the properties of orthogonal sets of Golay complementary sequences in order to improve the efficiency of any DSSS in terms of data rate and energy, among others. The transmission method may rely on properties of Golay complementary sequences. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example embodiment using η (n) sets of orthogonal or pseudo-orthogonal sequences including a transmitter  100  for transmitting data such as binary data shown in chart  102 . The data  102  may be divided into symbols at encoder  104 . The total amount of bits each symbol is composed of may depend on the number of simultaneous bits the system may need to send at one time. That is, the data  102  may be divided into n symbols each with a length of m bits and may also be encoded and divided into n symbols with m bits according to the equation m=log 2 A bits. Each symbol at encoder  104  may then be input into a Basic Modulator Block (BMB)  106 . Each BMB  106  may process in parallel, a group of m bits or one symbol so that the transmitter  100  or system may transmit n×m bits per symbol. In the example of  FIG. 2 , only one BMB  106  is shown in detail, however, each BMB corresponding to each received symbol may have a similar architecture. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 3  shows a more detailed example of the architecture of the example BMB  106  shown in  FIG. 2 . Although described here as a BMB,  FIG. 3  may also function as a basic demodulator block (BDB) and may have a similar architecture. For simplicity, only one phase of the BMB  106  is shown, however, as seen in  FIG. 2 , BMB  106  includes two phases, such as for example phases I and Q. Furthermore, for clarity, each of the elements for the phase shown in  FIG. 3  is labeled as such in  FIG. 2  while the complementary phase will be labeled with the same element number and a prime (′) symbol. The BMB  106  may be designed to store Golay sequences used to encode and decode data.  FIG. 3  includes Golay sequences  110 , which may be stored in a Golay register, used to encode and decode the symbols  104 , from  FIG. 2 . The Golay sequences  110  stored in the BMB  106  may be of length m corresponding to the length of the symbol inputted from encoder  104 . Each bit of the Golay sequence may be multiplied at block  112 , with each of the bits of each of the symbols  104 . The output from each of the multipliers of the block  112 , may be added and shifted by block  114 . The block  114  may comprise double accumulators or adders  116  and shift registers  118 : The shift register  118  may be formed by basic elements which store signal values, and therefore, the number of bits used in each basic element of said register  118 , may be dimensioned to avoid overflow during the accumulation operations at adders  116 . Thus, the number of elements in the shift register  118  may be equal to or higher than m for each of the phases. The block  114  may perform the arithmetic summing of the result of the multipliers  112  with the content of the shift register  118 . The data may be added and shifted by a register to the right for each symbol cycle, thereby updating the register. The output from the adder block  114  may result in one phase of the data such as phase I  120 . This filtering, for a BMB example, may be similar to a mathematical convolution of the data by the Golay sequence of block  110 . In the example of a BDB, the stored Golay sequences  110  may be reversed in time, that is, this process may result in the equivalent of a mathematical correlation. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 2 , the output of each of the phases I and Q are each inputted into adder blocks  122 . Each adder  122  independently sums up the data corresponding to the output of each shift register of each of the BMBs  106  thus obtaining the total for each phase such as, for example, I T  and Q T  signals which are afterwards modulated at modulator  124 . Modulator  124 , which may be, for example, a QPSK modulator may modulate the output signals from the adder  122  by multiplying the output signals of the adders  122  by, for example, two quadrature symbols, a sinusoidal symbol with phase .Φ 0  (via for example I T ) and another quadrature .Φ 0+π/2  (via for example Q T ) using oscillator carrier block  126 . That is, in one example phase I and Q separated by π/2. Once modulated at mixers  128 ,  130 , the resulting output of both phases may be added at adder  132 , thus obtaining the transmission signal in for example, QPSK. The transmission signal may then be input to an RF or exit stage  134  which may consist of a D/A converter stage and a conventional radio frequency stage, for example, sending the signal to the transmission means. 
       FIG. 4  shows a basic outline of a reception method and particularly an example of a receiver  200  formed by n BDBs. Receiver  200  may include a receiver stage  202  which may be, for example, a QPSK receiver. The receiver stage  202  may amplify the RF input signal received from transmitter  100  and if necessary convert the signal to an intermediate frequency (IF). The receiver stage  202  may then obtain phase information to demodulate and recover the different flows in-phase I and Q corresponding to the phases Φ 0  and .Φ 0−π/2  at demodulator  204  The demodulator  204  may include oscillator carrier block  206  used to modulate the received signal at mixers  208 ,  210  into their I and Q components. The I and Q signals may be digitised and their output passed on to the correlator blocks  212  within BDB  214 . This block may be common for all the BDBs. 
     As with the description of  FIG. 2  above, the demodulated signal may be separated into symbols each of m bits. Each of the digitized symbols may be input separately into their corresponding BDBs as shown in  FIG. 4 , similar to the inputs of encoders  104  of  FIG. 2 . Each BDB  216  may include Golay correlators  212 . The correlators  212  make it possible to correlate the different flows received with their corresponding Golay sequences  218 ,  220 . In some cases, the sequences may be normalized, thus, reducing the correlation to performing addition and subtraction of the symbol with Golay sequences  218 ,  220 . The Golay sequences  218 ,  220 , as described above, may be reversed in time which is defined mathematically as a correlation. Each of the correlators may output data corresponding to each phases&#39; Golay sequence and may then be added at adder  222 . The adder  222  may perform the adding up of the correlations so that the results are the original amplitude modulated data. The outputs may be thresholded and converted into binary data at demodulator and detector block  228  which generates the data at a specific symbol rate at the output of each block. Following the BDB  216  a decoder  230  such as, for example, a pulse amplitude demodulator decoder, may perform the grouping of the symbols received within the data stream, corresponding to the transmitted data in the order in which they were transmitted.