Abstract:
According to a first embodiment, a dryer for removing hydrocarbons and/or moisture from metal chips is provided. The dryer includes a top portion and a base portion. The top portion comprises an elongated tubular chamber containing a scrap conveyor. The base portion comprises a burner, a heat exchanger, a high temperature VOC elimination chamber and a vent for returning reduced VOC gasses to the top portion. The top portion is configured to receive the metal chips at an inlet and transport the metal chips to an outlet while receiving heated air from the base portion.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The present exemplary embodiment relates to a chip dryer with integrated exhaust gas treatment. It finds particular application in conjunction with a scrap metal submergence device, and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the present exemplary embodiment is also amenable to other like applications. 
         [0002]    This disclosure relates to a method for the treatment of waste products, in particular, waste products of metal which are contaminated with water, oil and oleaginous cooling agents, and to an apparatus for carrying out such method. 
         [0003]    When metals are machined, a number of waste products are automatically produced in the form of particles or chips, e.g. fillings, turnings, borings or machining scrap. In the machining of metals, for example, aluminum and aluminum alloys, oil or oil containing cooling fluids may be employed. The machined chips will therefore be contaminated with oil. In a typical situation, the borings and turnings will include, by weight, from 2 to 20 percent cutting oil. 
         [0004]    Nonetheless, recovery of the scrap borings, turnings and chips is desirable in view of the cost of the base materials. However, the high moisture and hydrocarbon content in the material creates a dangerous situation of moisture expansion or explosion within the furnace. In addition, the hydrocarbon content will create contamination, melt loss and excessive smoking. Accordingly, direct introduction of the material into a molten metal environment is, for all practical purposes, nearly impossible. 
         [0005]    Various attempts have been made in the industry to overcome the foregoing problems by removing the moisture and hydrocarbons from the material. One recovery process used for chips is washing of the chips with a subsequent drying process. The washers will basically dissolve the hydrocarbon leaving the chips somewhat free of the hydrocarbons but still heavy with moisture. The wet material is then dried. The use of solvents to remove the oil from the oil-coated chips works well. However, this is an expensive method and not desirable from an environmental point of view. Alternatively, centrifuge can remove both hydrocarbon content and water to a certain extent. However, this can be a time consuming and expensive process. As a further alternative, thermal dryers have been developed which uses various means of heating the products with hot air. However, to date these systems have been inefficient and not particularly environmental friendly. 
         [0006]    The present disclosure provides a description of an improved thermal dryer apparatus to provide scrap pieces having very low hydrocarbon and water content. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
       [0007]    Various details of the present disclosure are hereinafter summarized to provide a basic understanding. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure and is neither intended to identify certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate scope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the more detailed description that is presented hereinafter. 
         [0008]    According to a first embodiment, a dryer for removing hydrocarbons and/or moisture from metal chips is provided. The dryer includes a top portion and a base portion. The top portion comprises an elongated tubular chamber containing a scrap conveyor. The base portion comprises a burner, a heat exchanger, a high temperature VOC elimination chamber and a vent for returning heated gas to the top portion. The top portion is configured to receive the metal chips at an inlet and transport the metal chips to an outlet while receiving heated air from the base portion. 
         [0009]    According to a second embodiment, a dryer for removing at least one of hydrocarbons and moisture from metal chips is provided. The dryer includes a top portion and a base portion. The top portion comprises an elongated tubular chamber having an inlet end and an outlet end with a screw conveyor extending between the inlet end and the outlet end. The base portion includes an inlet portion receiving exhaust gas from the top portion and a plenum for transporting the exhaust gas to a heater which increases the temperature of the exhaust gas to obtain a super-heated exhaust gas. A heat exchanger is also provided which receives the super-heated exhaust gas and transfers heat to the process gas. 
         [0010]    According to a third embodiment, a dryer for removing hydrocarbons and/or moisture from metal chips is provided. The dryer comprises a top portion and a base portion. The top portion includes an elongated tubular chamber containing a scrap conveyor. The base portion includes a burner, a heat exchanger and a high temperature VOC elimination chamber wherein exhaust gas from the top portion is received in the base portion and heated by the burner within the VOC elimination chamber to obtain a super-heated gas. The super-heated gas is introduced to a first side of the heat exchanger with external air being introduced to a second side of the heat exchanger. The device is configured to receive metal chips at an inlet and transport the metal chips to an outlet while receiving heated external air from the heat exchanger of the base portion. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a representative embodiment of the subject chip dryer; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view (partially in phantom) of a first embodiment of the subject chip dryer; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is an exploded side elevation view, partially in cross section of the chip dryer of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view (partially in phantom) of an alternative chip dryer embodiment; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a side elevation view, partially in cross section, of the chip dryer of  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is an end view of the top portion of the device of  FIGS. 2-5 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view, partially in cross-section of a further alternative embodiment of the chip dryer; 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  is an end view of the jet feed tray of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 9  is a side plan view of the jet feed tray of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 10  is a schematic illustration of an adjustable exhaust zone; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 11  is a side elevation view in cross-section of a further alternative embodiment of the chip dryer. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a schematic description of the present chip dryer is illustrated. Wet chips are metered into the dryer where they are conveyed over hot jets via a screw conveyor. The chips are dried, for example to less than 0.1% residual moisture for delivery to a scrap submergence device such as a LOTUSS (available from Pyrotek Inc. of Spokane, Wash. The exhaust air from the drying process is drawn into the heat exchanger where it is heated to at least about 1400° F. in the oxidizer such that the VOC&#39;s are eliminated. This air is then cooled down as it passes across the heat exchanger and then discharged to the atmosphere. Simultaneously, fresh air is passed across the other side of the heat exchanger where it is heated to about 600-800° F. and then blown into the chips in the screw conveyor. 
         [0023]    In certain embodiments, it may be advantageous to introduce waste heat obtained from a location in the plant such as the metal melting furnace. Waste heat of for example 500° F. could be introduced just upstream of the introduction of air into the afterburner chamber. In addition, it may be useful to utilize a heat exchanger in the air flow channel between air intake and introduction into the afterburner chamber, the heat exchanger being heated by waste heat. These are efficient means to obtain a preheated air source such that the gas heater requires less fuel to achieve a VOC elimination temperature. 
         [0024]    In certain embodiments, it may be advantageous to include a by-pass between the process air fan and the heat exchanger to provide improved temperature control and allow for system turn-down. Moreover, in this manner the temperature and the flow rate of air being delivered to the chip drying bed are possible. 
         [0025]    In certain embodiments, a cyclone collector may be employed to collect dust from the treatment air after passing through the chips being dried. The cyclone may rely on inertial collection and/or may also include a filter. Typically a metal filter of pores having a diameter between about 1/32″ and ¾″ can be employed. Furthermore, although a cart is depicted in  FIG. 1  for fines collection, it is also likely that a drum or other closed container may be employed. In the case of a closed container, it may be advantageous to include a sensor to provide a warning of the container reaching a nearly full state. For example, paddle wheel sensor could be included. 
         [0026]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an open loop dryer assembly is depicted. Particularly, dryer assembly  1  includes an upper unit  3  and a lower unit  5 . Upper unit  3  constitutes the chip feeder component and lower unit  5  constitutes the heated air supply apparatus. 
         [0027]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , the dryer assembly is depicted in more detail. Upper unit  3  is comprised of an elongated tube  7 , having a first end including scrap inlet  9  and a second end including outlet  11 . Motor  13  powers a conveyor screw  15  which transports scrap introduced through inlet  9  to outlet  11 . A cap element  17  overlies the elongated tube  7  and provides a head space  19  suitable for the collection of dryer exhaust gasses which are discharged through an outlet  21  and circulated to the lower unit  5 . 
         [0028]    Lower unit  5  includes a blower  23  which receives exhaust gas from outlet  21 . The exhaust gas is forced by the blower  23  through a heater  25  and into a volatile organic component (VOC) removal zone  27 . VOCs are eliminated in this zone by heating to approximately 1400° F. or higher. The super-heated gas produced in the VOC removal zone  27  passes into and is cooled in a heat exchanger  29  and exits the lower unit  5  via exhaust duct  31  to the atmosphere. 
         [0029]    External air is introduced to the lower unit  5  via inlet  33  and blower  35 . The external air is passed through a chamber  36  and introduced into a plenum  37  forming an outer portion of the lower unit  5 . Advantageously, the plenum  37  creates a temperature barrier to the external environment. Plenum  37  is in fluid communication with the heat exchanger  29 , particularly, a side of the heat exchanger opposed to the side containing the super-heated exhaust gas. In this regard, the external air is circulated through and heated in heat exchanger  29 . Plenum  37  includes a pair of outlets  39  and  39 ′ arranged to mate with inlets  41 ,  41 ′ in the upper unit  3  and provide heated (e.g. 800° F. or higher) external air for chip treatment. 
         [0030]    In operation, wet chips are metered into the dryer where they are conveyed through hot air via the screw conveyor. The blower units  23  and  35  may allow the hot air to be introduced into the upper unit  3  at a high velocity, such as in excess of 10%. The chips can be dried to a 0.1% moisture content. The exhaust air from the upper unit is drawn into the lower unit where it is heated to 1400 F or higher, for example, in the oxidizer zone where the VOCs are eliminated. This “clean” air is then cooled down as it passes across the heat exchanger and released to the atmosphere. Simultaneously fresh air sent across the other side of the heat exchanger is heated to 600-800 F then blown into the chips being transported by the screw conveyor. 
         [0031]    The dryer assembly  1  is advantageous because chips containing oil or moisture result in melt loss, poor melt quality, higher maintenance costs and potential environmental/health/safety problems. The dryer assembly  1  can be used in combination with a Pyrotek LOTUSS system for optimal energy efficiency and melt recovery for in house chip processing. Particularly, the present dryer assembly can be used with the scrap submergence device of U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,823, herein incorporated by reference. Of course, use of the present dryer assembly is not limited to use with the Pyrotek LOTUSS system. 
         [0032]    With reference to  FIG. 6 , the orientation of the upper unit  3  is depicted showing the upper unit outlet  11  and demonstrating the preferred asymmetrical relationship between the conveyor screw  15  and the elongated tube  7 . In certain designs it may be advantageous for the conveyor screw to be oriented closer to a bottom surface  43  of the tube  7  than to a top surface  45 . The screw conveyor speed can be easily adjusted for proper residence time to achieve optimal drying and high energy efficiency. 
         [0033]    With reference now to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , a closed loop dryer configuration  101  is provided. This embodiment is beneficial because recuperative heat flow may save 40% or more in energy usage. In the closed loop configuration  101 , the upper unit  103  is generally configured the same as in the open loop configuration described above. Lower unit  105 , however, is configured differently. Dryer exhaust gas is fed from outlet  121  in the upper unit  103  to a blower  107 . Exhaust gas is passed from the blower  107  into a first end  108  of a heat exchanger  109  and travels to a remote end  110  of the lower unit  105 . In addition to passing through the heat exchanger  109 , the exhaust gas is preferably passed through plenum  112  forming an exterior surface of the lower unit  105  such that an outer surface of the lower unit  105  is at a relatively low temperature. Remote end  110  includes a heater  111  which increases the temperature in a VOC elimination chamber  113  to an elevated temperature such as 1400° F. or higher. Super-heated air is then transferred from the VOC elimination chamber  113  to an opposed side of the heat exchanger  109  from the exhaust gas whereby the temperature of the exhaust gas is increased as it approaches the VOC elimination chamber  113  and the temperature of the super-heated gas is reduced prior to its reintroduction into the upper unit  103  via outlet  115  and inlet  117 . 
         [0034]    With reference to  FIG. 4B , the use of a quadralobal drive-conveyor screw shaft connection is illustrated. The connection can include four concave sidewall portions  680  and four rounded corners  700  that connect the sidewall portions. Moreover, while the end of the shaft adjacent the discharge end of the of the upper unit  103  can be pinned to a rotational support mechanism, the drive end can have a shape suited for mating with a coupling that allows for both radial and axial thermal expansion. Moreover, a gap can be provided between the longitudinal end of the shaft and the closed end of the coupling. Similarly, the quadralobal coupling provides expansion regions radially at the point of engagement with the shaft. As one example the coupling and shafting mating assembly described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,770, herein incorporated by reference. 
         [0035]    Referring now to  FIGS. 7-9 , an alternative embodiment chip dryer  201  is depicted. In the depicted embodiment, an alternative version of an upper unit  203  is illustrated. In this embodiment, a plurality of exhaust outlets  205  are provided. Furthermore, the chip feeding elongated tube  206  is comprised of a pair of semi-circular troughs  207  and  209 . Elongated tube  206  receives scrap chips via inlet  210 . 
         [0036]    With specific reference to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , it is noted that hot air (see arrows  FIG. 8 ) from lower unit  211  enters the troughs  207  and  209  via a plurality of passages  213  along edges  215 . A flat plate  217  (an air knife) is either bent or welded adjacent to the edges  215 . The region of plate  217  opposite the edges  215  can include a gap relative to the respective trough  207  and  209 . In this manner, a channel  219  is formed between each respective plate  217  and its associated trough  207  or  209  with a jet passage  221  formed opposite the attachment point at the edge  215 . Accordingly, hot air delivered by the lower unit  211  air is channeled into the respective channels  219  exiting through a gap  221  for high velocity delivery to the scrap feed. In this manner, an increased velocity flow of high temperature air is provided into the passing scrap feed. In certain embodiments, the point of intersection between upper edge  215  and the plate  217  can be completely sealed. The jet passage  221  can be continuous or may be intermittently interrupted by a spot weld, for example. 
         [0037]    Returning now with specific reference to  FIG. 7 , it is noted that the lower unit  211  may include a housing exterior  301  and an internal high temperature VOC elimination chamber body  303  which may on occasion need cleaning. Accordingly, internal VOC elimination chamber body  303  can be secured to the exterior housing  301  via cooperative mating elements including screws or bolts  305 . VOC elimination chamber body  303  can also be equipped with a plurality of wheels  307  interactive with housing  301  such that upon removal of the screws  305 , VOC elimination chamber body  303  can be slidingly removed from exterior housing  301 . This can facilitate the cleaning of the VOC elimination chamber  313 . 
         [0038]    An expansion joint  314  can be included to accommodate the differences in thermal expansion between the exterior housing  301  and the internal high temperature VOC elimination chamber body  303 . In addition, it is noted that it may be desirable to provide an insulation layer  316  surrounding the high temperature VOC elimination chamber body  303  to prevent overheating of air residing in the plenum  318 . 
         [0039]    It is also noted that the embodiment of  FIG. 7  has been equipped with a filter element  311  (such as a ceramic foam filter) disposed within the VOC elimination chamber  313 . In this manner, the contaminants contained within the heated air of the VOC elimination chamber  313  may be prevented from entering the remainder of the system such as heat exchanger  315  or the upper scrap treatment chamber  211 . 
         [0040]      FIG. 7  also provides an illustration of the association of the chip dryer  201  with scrap submergence chamber  319  which is shown in association with a molten metal pump  321 . These components would reside in or otherwise be associated with a furnace charge well and/or pump well as is known to the skilled artisan. 
         [0041]    Turning now to  FIG. 10 , an additional aspect of the present disclosure is provided. An adjustable baffle  401  may be included in the scrap treatment chamber  211 . Particularly, the adjustable baffle  401  can be located in the upper unit  203  and surround the exhaust outlet  403 . A sliding mechanism  405  or other mechanism known to the skilled artisan can be provided within adjustable baffle  401  to provide control of the size of passage holes  405  to further control the rate of heated air transfer from the treatment chamber  211  into the exhaust outlet  403 . 
         [0042]    Referring now to  FIG. 11 , an alternative burner system  500  is depicted. In this embodiment, the heat exchanger constitutes a plenum chamber  501  surrounding a high temperature chamber  503 . VOC inclusive air is introduced to system  500  via inlet  505  to burner chamber  507  where it is acted upon by burner  509 . Treated air is circulated within chamber  503  rearwardly for discharge to the atmosphere via outlet  511 . Air forced by fan  513  into plenum  501  is circulated around chamber  503  and heated to the desired temperature for introduction into the chips via passage  515 . Plenum  501  may be in the form of a spiral passage encircling chamber  503  to increase residence time. Furthermore, the outer surface of chamber  503  may be formed of a corrugated, or other roughened surface  515 , to increase surface area exposure for air within plenum  501 . 
         [0043]    In this regard, it is noted that the overall system is a contained unit which by properly controlling and integrating the various adjustable features thereof, a desirable chip temperature and air flow speed can be controlled. More particularly, it is noted that by integrating control of the exhaust fan, the process fan, the gas supply and/or the baffle element, the system becomes highly controllable. To maintain an idealized chip temperature of, for example, 800° F., the system, is adjustable by varying the fan speed, the exhaust feed and the burner output. 
         [0044]    Moreover, by varying the operational rate of the heater and the speed of gas flow within the device, the temperature within the VOC elimination chamber can be controlled. Similarly, it is desirable to maintain a gas flow which is between slightly negative and neutral. This can be achieved by properly balancing the dryer exhaust fan operation speed, the fresh air intake fan (if present) operation speed, and the outlet baffles. 
         [0045]    In this regard, it may be desirable to provide a 3 PID loop control with associated monitoring of temperature in various locations of the chip dryer. For example, if the chip temperature is gauged to be too low, the operational rate of the heater may be automatically increased, and/or the baffles may be somewhat closed to provide greater residence time for a higher temperature gas. Similarly, it is envisioned that the baffle and the fan(s) can be linked to provide suitable pressure variations within the system and provide an efficient rate of gas circulation. 
         [0046]    Lastly, it is noted that the system is also amenable to the utilization of waste heat from other locations of the plant environment as a source of elevated temperature gas into the chip dryer. 
         [0047]    In operation, wet chips are metered into the dryer where they are conveyed via screw conveyor; the chips can be dried to 0.1% or lower moisture contact. The exhaust air from the drying process is drawn into the heat exchanger where it is preheated to 800 F then into the burner equipped oxidizer where VOCs are eliminated. The air is then cooled down as it is passed back across the heat exchanger and returned to the chips for drying. Excess clean air exhaust can be tapped off from the oxidizer to atmosphere. 
         [0048]    The present dryer is advantageous because it reduces organic contact in the scrap material to 0.1% or less. This is significant because contamination induced melt loss is typically 1% organics=2% melt loss. 
         [0049]    As seen on the table below, a large variation in processing conditions exist in the industry. The dryer was evaluated with a variety of scrap types encountered in the real world and demonstrated an excellent ability to achieve low cost reduction in contamination of scrap. 
         [0050]    Sample Testing: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Jet Dryer Testing 
               
               
                 043013rev0 
               
               
                 48″ 6″ Screw in 8″ Diameter Unit 
               
               
                 1740 Jet holes at 0.95″ diameter in 8″ lower diameter 
               
               
                 ¼ scale of 1000 lbs./hr. unit 
               
               
                 Air flow set up at 300 SCFM maximum 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test # 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test wt. (lbs.) 
                 600 
                 600 
                 300 
                 700 
               
               
                 Chip type 
                 Test Standard 
                 Test standard 
                 Aisin 
                 Albany Die 
               
               
                   
                 wheel chips 
                 wheel chips 
                 Automotive 
                 Cast 
               
               
                 Chip moisture at inlet (%) 
                 5 
                 5 
                 23 
                 12 
               
               
                 Chip bulk density (lbs/ft3) 
                 44 
                 44 
                 25 
                 22 
               
               
                 Screw speed (HZ) 
                 10 
                 15 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Fluid % oil 
                  5% 
                  5% 
                 est. 5% 
                 est. 5% 
               
               
                 Process air (F.) 
                 800 
                 800 
                 825 
                 900 
               
               
                 Oxidizer temperature (F.) 
                 1200 
                 1200 
                 1150 
                 1200 
               
               
                 Preheat air temperature 
                 900-700 
                 900-700 
                 900-700 
                 1000 
               
               
                 Inlet Air to HX (F.) 
                 300 
                 300 
                 268 
                 300 
               
               
                 Air flow DP pitiot tube (″wg) 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.14 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Air flow (ACFM) 
                 300 
                 300 
                 360 
                 240 
               
               
                 0.2% 
                 ~8% 
                 ~8% 
                 ~8% 
                 ~8% 
               
               
                 Final chip temp est. 
                 650 
                 600 
                 750 
                 780 
               
               
                 Recirculation fan (Hz) 
                 30 
                 30 
                 25 
                 20 
               
               
                 Moisture at exit sample 1 
                 0.05%   
                 0.20%   
                 0.01%   
                 0.01%   
               
               
                 Rate (lvs./hr.) 
                 300 
                 450 
                 200 
                 200 
               
               
                 Visual melt test (melting in molten metal 
                 No 
                 No flame/light 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                 bath vortex) 
                 flames/smoke 
                 smoke 
                 flame/smoke 
                 flame/smoke 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0051]    The dryer of this disclosure is advantageous because it treats the contamination in the scrap during the drying process in the integrated thermal oxidizer with an energy efficiency of between about 600 and 800 BTU/lb or less. This device is simple and easy to install allowing foundry operations to process their own material instead of shipping to a secondary processor. Use of the present heat exchanger system also allows for high velocity air flow to the chips for optimized forced convection. A further benefit of the design is the use of relatively cool air to surround the thermal oxidizer resulting in a system that only requires light insulation (vs. 8-12″ on conventional oxidizer). In addition, in the closed-loop embodiment of  FIG. 5 , the present dryer runs at about an 8% or less oxygen level which allows for good contamination removal but prevents the treated aluminum scrap from oxidizing. 
         [0052]    The exemplary embodiment has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the exemplary embodiment be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.