Abstract:
An LED lighting device comprising a plurality of light-emitting diodes (LED) and a power supply that receives alternating-current (AC) power from an input node and provides rectified direct-current (DC) power to the LEDs. The LED lighting device further comprises a capacitive power-factor compensation means and a bridge rectifier, wherein the capacitive power-factor compensation means is electrically downstream from the input node and electrically upstream from the bridge rectifier, and wherein the bridge rectifier is electrically downstream from the capacitive power-factor compensator means and electrically upstream from the LEDs; and a heat sink that contains said power supply, wherein said heat sink comprises a plurality of carriers, on which the LEDs are mounted. The LED lighting device does not include an electronic module that performs digital computation of software.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/404,220, filed on Sep. 30, 2010. The disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a light emitting diode (LED) system, and more particularly to an LED system with power factor modification. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. 
         [0004]    The goal of any light-emitting diode (LED) driver power supply is to successfully light an LED array to the desired level of intensity, while preventing the inherent tendency of an LED to thermally runaway and self destruct. 
         [0005]    All presently known drivers for LED arrays which require more than a fraction of a watt of power utilize digital PWM control loops to achieve these objectives. Most known drivers use microprocessors. This approach requires a high component count which can lead to lower reliability, higher cost, and larger size. 
         [0006]    This prior art provides acceptable levels of driver efficiency, but requires components whose cost and size are counter-productive to the application. Light bulbs come in standard sizes, the most common of which is the A 19  (a normal 60 watt incandescent). The heat generated by the LEDs and driver must be dissipated into the environment, and in all known A 19  form factor LED bulbs, the physical size of the driver forces the use of a glass dome as a part of the heat sink. The EMI/RFI generated by PWM power supplies is also a major issue. 
         [0007]    The present invention employs innovative approaches described herein, and provides solutions counter-intuitive to the prior arts while resolving issues thereof. Advantageously, this invention provides an LED lighting system which has fewer components, is more reliable, and is less expensive. 
         [0008]    Advantageously, this invention also provides an LED lighting system that generates no EMI/RFI and is safer to the environment. This invention also provides an LED light bulb, of which the bulb dome can be made of plastic material. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    In one embodiment this disclosure describes an LED lighting device. The LED lighting device includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes (LED) and a power supply. The power supply receives alternating-current (AC) power from an input node and provides rectified direct-current (DC) power to the LEDs. The LED lighting device also includes a capacitive power-factor compensation means and a bridge rectifier. The capacitive power-factor compensation means is electrically downstream from the input node and electrically upstream from the bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier is electrically downstream from the capacitive power-factor compensator means and electrically upstream from the LEDs. The LED lighting device also includes a heat sink. The heat sink contains the power supply, and the heat sink also includes a plurality of carriers. The LEDs are mounted on the carriers. The LED lighting device does not include an electronic module that performs digital computation of software or performs pulse-width modulation (PWM). 
         [0010]    In another embodiment this disclosure describes an LED light bulb. The LED light bulb includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes (LED). The LED light bulb has a translucent dome that contains the LEDs. The translucent dome is made of plastic material. The LED light bulb includes a power supply. The power supply receives alternating-current (AC) power from an input node and provides rectified direct-current (DC) power to the LEDs. The LED light bulb includes a current-limiting circuit. The current-limiting circuit includes at least one reactive analog component. The LED light bulb also includes a bridge rectifier. The current-limiting circuit is electrically downstream from the input node and electrically upstream from the bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier is electrically downstream from the current-limiting circuit and electrically upstream from the LEDs. The LED light bulb includes a heat sink. The heat sink contains the power supply. The heat sink includes a plurality of carriers. The LEDs are mounted on the carriers. The LED light bulb consists of only analog electronic components. 
         [0011]    Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  is an electrical schematic diagram of the LED bulb according to the principle of this invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of an LED bulb according to the principle of this invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a cutaway view of the heat sink of the LED bulb according to the principle of this invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of the LED mounting section of the heat sink according to the principle of this invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the LED carrier according to the principle of this invention; and 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of another embodiment of an LED bulb according to the principle of this invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers with or without a single or multiple prime symbols appended thereto will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. It should be understood that steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure unless otherwise specified. 
         [0020]    As used herein, the term module refers to an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable electrical or electronic components or devices that provide the described functionality. 
         [0021]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , the schematic diagram of an LED bulb  10  is shown. The LED bulb  10  includes a power supply  20  and an LED array  21 . The power supply  20  includes components used for any embodiment made according to the principles of this invention, for example, one illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0022]    The power supply  20  may receive alternating current (AC) power from two terminals AC Pwr, AC Corn, and provide power needed for the LED lighting. The power supply  20  may include a conventional slow blow fuse  24  to prevent hazardous current flow in the case of any component failure. The power supply  20  may also include a metal oxide varistor  26  for protection against incidental high-voltage surge that may damage the power supply  20 , such as lightening strikes, for example. The power supply  20  may also include a capacitor  28  for protection against input power surges. 
         [0023]    The power supply  20  may include a current limiting circuit  11  electrically downstream from an input node  13 , from which AC power flows into the power supply via the fuse  24 . The current limiting circuit  11  may be a reactive current limiting circuit that contains a reactive component. The reactive component is an analog component according to the principle of this invention. The reactive current limiting circuit  11  may include typical analog components illustrated in the schematic diagram, which include an array of one or more capacitors,  34 ,  36 ,  38 ,  42 , and a switch  32  which can be a hard wired mechanical switch, or any type of electronic switch. The switch  32  may be used to adjust the current limit to a desired value. The switch  32  may have an ON state and an OFF state, and control of the state can provide the effect of a “digital dimmer” that may be controlled by an external switch (not shown) available to an operator, or perhaps a detector of some sort (not shown) to determine if a room was occupied, and then turn the lights on. It is understood that the state of the switch  32  may be controlled via various external control means such as a local USB, WiFi, InfraRed, or other wired or wireless network (not shown). 
         [0024]    The current limiting circuit  11  that contains a capacitor or capacitors, such as one or multiple of  34 ,  36 ,  38  or  42 , provides power-factor compensation to the LED system according to the principle of the present invention. The current limiting circuit  11  of the power supply  20  generates capacitive reactance (current leading voltage) which can be used to compensate for the inductive reactance (voltage leading current) that is generated by various inductive loads present in the electric grid, such as electric motors, switched power supplies for electric appliances, for example. While most of the household appliances contribute inductive reactance to the electric grid, the power-factor compensation provided by the LED system of the present invention ameliorates the magnitude of electric grid power factor, resulting in an overall higher efficiency of the electric grid system. Therefore, this power-factor compensation mechanism provided by the current limiting circuit  11  modifies the power factor of the LED system, and can have a significant effect on the efficiency of the national power grid if significant numbers of these light bulbs are placed in service. 
         [0025]    The values of the capacitors  34 ,  36 ,  38 , and  42  may be selected based on the AC line voltage, the number of LEDs, and the desired selection of LED brightness versus LED operating life as determined by the objectives of the application and specific electrical characteristics of the LED. In one embodiment there is no switch or multiple capacitors, and only one capacitor  38  is hard wired to limit the current to the desired value. In other embodiments, the switch  32  may be present, and multiple capacitors may be included with values selected to allow for operation of a particular bulb on various AC line voltages while maintaining the desired current value. 
         [0026]    The power supply  20  may include bleed resistors  44  and  46 . The bleed resistors  44 ,  46  are not required in some embodiments, but are provided in this embodiment to eliminate any shock hazard when the LED bulb  10  is removed from its fixture. The power supply  20  may include a bridge rectifier  48  that converts input AC power to the DC power required by the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76 . The bridge rectifier  48  is electrically downstream from the current limiting circuit  11 . In the case of a change of the electrical load applied between the AC input terminals of the bridge rectifier  48  where excessive current may arise, the impedance of the current limiting circuit  11  may act as a current limited supply. This would typically occur during an attempted “thermal runaway” of the LEDs or the failure of the bridge rectifier  48 , and the current limiting circuit  11  can protect the power supply  20  against such undesirable events. 
         [0027]    The power supply  20  may include a polymer fuse  52  which serves multiple purposes. One primary use of the polymer fuse  52  is to protect the power supply  20  from inadvertant use with a Triac dimmer or other non-sine-wave AC power sources. Secondary uses include protection from an inadvertant connection of the positive side of LED power to the terminal of AC Com or earth ground, protection from input power surges, and protection from inadvertant use in excessive ambient temperature conditions. Current through the polymer fuse  52  generates heat which causes it to go into a self latching, high impedance “fuse mode” until the power is removed. As this protection is triggered by the sum of generated and ambient heat, the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  will be protected under any operating conditions. 
         [0028]    The power supply  20  may include a conventional fuse  54  to prevent hazardous current flow in the case of an inadvertant connection of the negative side of LED power to AC Com or earth ground. The power supply  20  may also include a transient voltage suppressor  56  that suppresses all voltage transients that exceed a threshold level (V TH ), which could damage the LEDs. The value of the threshold level (V TH ) may be selected based on the number of LEDs used and the sum of their working voltages. The transient voltage suppressor  56  also provides reverse bias protection. The power supply  20  may further include a filter capacitor  58  which is not required in all embodiments, but provided in this embodiment to eliminate any “flicker” of the light produced. 
         [0029]    Referring also to  FIG. 2 , an overview of one embodiment of a LED bulb  10 ′ is shown. The LED bulb  10 ′ includes a screw base  12  and a translucent dome  16 . The screw base  12  may be a conventional E 26  screw base, and the translucent dome  16  may be in compliance with standards of A 19  form factor. The translucent dome  16  may be made of plastic material. The LED bulb  10 ′ may include a heat sink  14  that supports the translucent dome  16 . The heat sink  14  further contains the power supply  20  and provides mounting surfaces for the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 3  shows a cutaway view of the heat sink  14  illustrated in  FIG. 2  to expose the power supply  20 ′ which was discussed with  FIG. 1 . In this embodiment, the heat sink  14  consists of several parts that are mechanically bonded together. The several parts of the heat sink  14  may be formed using castings in other embodiments, but in any case, the screw base  12  forms a part of the heat sink path to dissipate heat generated within the LED bulb  10 ′. The heat sink  14  includes an LED mounting section  30  that supports the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  and directs the generated heat to be dissipated. 
         [0031]    Now also refer to  FIG. 1  where the LED array  21  is shown. In this embodiment the LED array  21  contains seven LEDs,  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  connected in series. The LED array  21  is electrically downstream from, and receives DC power from a power output node  70  which is electrically downstream from the bridge rectifier  48 . The number of LEDs selected may be determined by the desired lumen output and the capability of the heat sink  14 . The heat sink capability is limited by the size of the bulb, airflow over the heatsink, and the ambient temperature. The maximum number of LEDs that can be controlled may depend on the input AC voltage. 
         [0032]    The LED array  21  consists of only one set of LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74  connected in series, there is no other set of LEDs or any individual LED connected in parallel with the LED array  21 . Under this electrical architecture, when a potential thermal runaway event arises in any of the individual LEDs, the current limiting effect of the electrical architecture provided by the LED array  21  in conjunction with the current limiting circuit  11  can limit the level of current flowing through the LEDs in series, thus preventing thermal runaway from taking place. As a result, even though each individual LED in series may exhibit an intrinsic variation during the manufacturing process, the thermal runaway of the LED bulb can be prevented with the electrical architecture disclosed in this invention. 
         [0033]    It should be noted that the operation of LED lighting including achieving prevention of thermal runaway, according to the principle of this invention, does not employ any electronic module that performs digital computation, such as a microprocessor or imbedded system that requires digital signal processing and a timing clock for supervision of a control loop for execution of software. The LED lighting device does not perform pulse-width modulation (PWM). The LED bulb  10  contains only analog electronic components. The LED array  21  consists of only one set of LEDs connected in series without parallel connection to any other LED or set of LEDs. 
         [0034]    Referring now to  FIG. 4  a perspective view of an LED mounting section  30  is shown. The mounting section  30  provides support to the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  and the carriers  82 . The mounting section  30  may include foils  88  on the carrier  82  to provide electrical conductivity for the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76 . The LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  are soldered to foils  88  on the carrier  82  which is similar to a printed circuit board. The carrier  82  is then attached to the heat sink  14  by mechanical alignment as shown and pressure applied by tooling (not shown) which bends the carrier and aligns each LED  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  with its proper surface for bonding. Bonding can be accomplished by various means. One of the preferred means is by use of a heat sensitive carrier which, when cured, acts as both a mechanical bond and an electrical insulator. In any case, the mounting of the LED  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  and carrier  82  to the heat sink  14  is performed at a temperature and a cure time to assure quality bonding while avoiding damage to the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76 .  FIG. 5  illustrates one of the LEDs  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76  attached to the carrier  82  by means of soldering to the foils  88 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 6  shows a perspective view of another embodiment of LED bulb  40 . This embodiment of LED bulb  40  includes a translucent lens cover  92 , and allows the use of more LEDs for higher lumen output due to its larger heat sink (not shown). The power supply for this embodiment shares the same schematic with some components deleted and more LEDs added. 
         [0036]    The broad teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims.