Abstract:
A liquid crystal, cell having plates defining a gap between them which is filled with a liquid crystal, especially a twisted nematic. The plates are made non-parallel to a predetermined degree so that the liquid crystal assumes a wedge shape, producing different effective thicknesses of the liquid crystal depending on the lateral position within the cell. In use, a narrow beam irradiates a portion of the cell, and the cell is positioned along the wedge direction so as to optimize the cell performance. The invention is particularly useful with a liquid-crystal multi-wavelength switch, which requires extinction ratios between the two states of the cell.

Description:
This is continuation of application Ser. No. 08/780,925 filed on Jan. 9, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,500. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention generally relates to liquid-crystal optical devices. In particular, the invention relates to a mechanical structure for establishing the gap of the cell into which the liquid crystal is filled and to a method of optimizing the optical performance of a liquid-crystal cell. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Liquid-crystal modulators are well known. They are most prevalently used in displays ranging in size from wrist watches to flat-panel displays on lap top computers. In such displays, the bias applied to the pixel of the multi-element cell, when used in combination with polarizers, determines whether the pixel absorbs or passes light. Since the output is directly viewed, the ratio of the light passed in the transmissive mode to the light passed in the absorptive mode need not be very high. This ratio is referred to as the extinction ratio for a liquid-crystal cell. 
     Specialized liquid-crystal optical modulators are also known in which a single, well defined beam strikes the modulator and its intensity is modulated according to the electrical bias applied across the liquid-crystal cell. Many applications of optical modulators require a high extinction ratio. 
     A relatively new application of liquid crystals involves optical switches in a multi-wavelength optical communication. Brackett et al. in “A scalable multiwavelength multihop optical network: a proposal for research on all-optical networks,”  Journal of Lightwave Technology,  vol. 11, no. 5/6, 1993, pp. 736-753 describe an all-optical communication network based on optical fibers, each carrying multiple optical signals of different carrier wavelengths. The all-optical network requires for its most useful applications switching nodes connecting multiple fibers that can switch the different optical signals between three or more fibers or other optical paths according to their wavelength, all the while the signals are maintained in the optical domain, that is, without any electro-optical conversion. 
     One type of such optical switch is the liquid-crystal switch described by Patel and Silberberg in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,414,540 and 5,414,541, both incorporated herein by reference, and in “Liquid Crystal and Grating-Based Multiple-Wavelength Cross-Connect Switch,”  IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,  vol. 7, no. 5, May 1995, pp. 514-516. A schematic representation of a 2-wavelength switch based on this technology is illustrated in perpendicularly arranged views in FIGS. 1 and 2. A two-wavelength optical beam  10 , assumed in this simple example to be polarized in they-direction, strikes a frequency-dispersive element  12 , such as a Bragg grating to produce two optical beams  14 ,  16  separated according to their wavelengths. A lens  18  may be required to produce the required optical configuration. The two beams  14 ,  16  strike respective segments  20 ,  22  of a segmented liquid-crystal modulator  24  after passing through a first polarization-dispersive element  26 , such as a calcite crystal or Wollaston prism. The calcite crystal  26  is arranged such that the y-polarization corresponds to the ordinary polarization of the calcite. The utility of the first polarization-dispersive element  26  is not readily apparent in this simple explanation, but its need become more obvious when two input beams are being switched in an add/drop circuit. 
     Many aspects of the invention are not directly dependent upon the use of a liquid-crystal modulator, but that example will be used here for definiteness. Each segment  20 ,  22  of the liquid-crystal modulator  24  constitutes a separately controllable liquid-crystal modulator. More details will be given later, but the liquid-crystal cell  24  has been previously used in configurations which typically include two glass plates with a gap between them which is filled with a nematic liquid crystal. In one embodiment, one side of the segmented modulator  24  has a uniform biasing electrode while the other has an array of electrode fingers. In this configuration, states of polarization are use for switching, as discussed in the cited Patel and Silberberg patents. Depending upon whether electrical bias is applied to the respective segment  20 ,  22  the polarization of the beam  14 ,  16  striking the segment either is left in its y-polarization or is rotated by 90° to the x-polarization, which is the extraordinary polarization with respect to the two calcite crystals  26 ,  28 . 
     After the beams  14 ,  16  have passed through the liquid-crystal modulator  24  with perhaps the polarization state of one or the other of the two wavelength signals being rotated, the beams pass through a second polarization-dispersive element  28 . As shown in FIG. 2, the polarization-dispersive element  28  distinguishes the polarization states of the beams  14 ,  16  and accordingly transmits the ordinarily polarized light into beams  32 ,  36  (FIG. 2) and transmits the extraordinarily polarized light into beams  34 ,  38 . Following focusing by a second lens  30 , a second wavelength-dispersive element  40  recombines the two beams into either first output beam  42  or second output beam  44 , the two output beams  42 ,  44  being of different polarizations. If the beams exiting the second polarization-dispersive element  28  are of different polarizations, one is directed to the first output beam  42  and the other to the second output beam. It is understood that the two segments  20 ,  22  allow this switching to be performed independently for each wavelength. Thus, the electrical biasing conditions determine onto which output beam  42 ,  44  each of the two wavelength-differentiated signals  14 ,  16  are switched. 
     This explanation is intended only as an example of the type of multi-wavelength optical switching that is provided by liquid-crystal cells. The example will be used to illustrate some problems addressed by the invention. Many other configurations of liquid-crystal switches and modulators are included within the invention. 
     The above optical switching networks do not depend critically upon the modulator being based upon a liquid crystal. Such a switching network, particularly when applied to multiple input beams and to beams of mixed polarization, depends upon a selective polarization converter that in one state can pass the light with its polarization unchanged and in another state simultaneously converts TE-polarized light to TM-polarized light and vice versa. 
     A schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional segmented liquid-crystal modulator  20  is shown in FIG.  3 . On one transparent glass plate  50  are formed two semi-transparent electrode fingers  52 ,  54 , for example, of indium tin oxide (ITO), which are connected to respective biasing sources. On the other transparent glass plate  56  is formed a semi-transparent planar counter-electrode  58 , also of ITO, typically grounded or biased to a fixed potential. Alignment layers  62 ,  64  of an organic dielectric material are deposited over the electrodes on both glass substrates  50 ,  56 . The alignment layers  62 ,  64  are buffed in predetermined directions that are perpendicular to each other when the substrates  50 ,  56  are assembled together. Typically, the buffing direction on the first substrate  50  is along the long direction of the finger electrodes  52 ,  54 . The two glass substrates  50 ,  56  are then assembled into a liquid-crystal cell with the buffing directions perpendicular between them and with a gap  66  of thickness d between the two alignment layers  62 ,  64 . 
     A nematic liquid crystal  68  is then filled into the gap  66 . Because of the perpendicularly buffed alignment layers  62 ,  64 , the director of the liquid crystal (i.e., the direction of the long axis of the molecules constituting the liquid-crystal  68 ) is fixed at the surfaces of the respective alignment layers  62 ,  64  to lie along the respective buffing directions. In the absence of other forces, the director smoothly varies between the two alignment layers  62 ,  64 . That is, its vector head follows a helix, and the liquid-crystal molecules resemble a 90° screw between the two alignment layers. 
     Nematic cells for optical displays should satisfy the Mauguin condition, which for a 90° twist is stated as                    Δ                   n   ·   d                                       λ   2       ,           (   1   )                                
     where Δn is the difference in refractive index between the two principal directions of the liquid crystal molecule, d is the thickness of the liquid crystal in the cell, and λ is the wavelength of the light. If a beam of light of light traverses such a gap  66  filled with a twisted liquid-crystal structure and if the light&#39;s polarization is parallel or perpendicular to the alignment direction of the incident side, and if the pitch of the helix is sufficiently long to satisfy the Mauguin condition, the helically wound liquid crystal will waveguide the light. As a result, the polarization of the traversing light beam is twisted substantially by 90° upon traversing the liquid-crystal cell in this state. 
     However, if the electrodes  52 ,  54 ,  58  impose an electric field of sufficiently high magnitude across the liquid crystal  68 , the liquid-crystal director is forced to be parallel to the electric field which exists across the gap  66  except in areas immediately adjacent to the alignment layers  62 ,  64 . Thereby, the electric field destroys the waveguiding, and the light exits the cell  20  with the same polarization with which it entered. By the appropriate placement of polarizers and analyzers relative to the alignment directions, the voltage applied across the liquid-crystal will change the light characteristic of the cell transmissivity between blocking and transmissive. 
     Since the twist of the director between the two alignment layers  62 ,  64  could be either +90° or −90°, a chiral dopant is typically added to the liquid crystal  68  to break the symmetry by inducing the twist only in one helical direction, and to thereby avoid scattering from different domains. This solution is well known in the prior art. 
     For most display applications, extinction ratios of 100:1 (20 dB) or even 10:1 (10 dB) are acceptable for adequate viewing quality. However, the liquid-crystal multiwavelength optical switch of FIGS. 1 and 2 and other such switches present much more stringent requirements. In view of the fact that the output wavelength-dispersive element  40  passes any remnants of a blocked channel onto the output beams  42 ,  44 , a finite extinction ratio is equated with cross talk between channels. For a practical all-optical networks, cross talk introduced by the switching elements needs to be kept as low as possible. For example, if there are two input beams each having the same wavelength comb of signals, a finite extinction ratio means that an output path will carry both the transmitted signal at a particular wavelength switched to that output path as well as residual amounts of the blocked signal at that same wavelength which was principally switched to another output path. 
     A principal cause for finite extinction ratios in liquid-crystal cells is that the Mauguin condition of Equation (1) is only approximately satisfied in most practical liquid-crystal cells. Scheffer et al. give a more complete expression for the transmissivity T of light through parallel polarizers sandwiching a 90° twisted nematic liquid crystal in “Twisted Nematic and Supertwisted Nematic Mode LCDs,”  Liquid Crystals: Applications and Uses,  vol. 1, ed. Bahadur (World Scientific, 1990), pp. 234-236, specifically,                T   =         sin   2          (       π   2            1   +     u   2           )         1   +     u   2           ,           (   2   )                                
     where                u   =       2        d   ·   Δ                   n     λ       ,           (   3   )                                
     with the previously defined quantities. The transmissivity T thus depends upon the thickness d with the dependence defined in Equation (2). Although the transmissivity T is relatively small for values of u greater than 1, it assumes a zero (minimum) value only for a discrete set dependent upon the positive even integers 
     
       
         {square root over (1 +u   2 +L )}=2, 4, 6, . . . ,  (4) 
       
     
     which can be alternately expressed as 
     
       
           u= 1.732, 3.873, 5.916, . . .   (5) 
       
     
     The values stated in either Equation (4) or (5) are known as the first, second, and third minimum conditions respectively and represent conditions for which exact polarization conversion occurs. 
     Thus, only for discrete values of cell thickness d does the extinction coefficient assume an infinite value. For laboratory purposes, the liquid-crystal cells can be customized and the optical setup temporarily optimized to achieve nearly ideal characteristics. However, as the liquid-crystal optical switches move out of the laboratory into the field, such stringent cross-talk requirements are becoming very difficult to achieve with the conventional liquid-crystal cell. Cells used in verifying the invention have typical lateral dimensions of about ½ inch (1 cm) and maintaining gaps of a few micrometers, as required for complete matching of the gap to the minimum condition of Equation (4) or (5) over these dimensions has generally been infeasible with reasonably priced components and simple fabrication techniques. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention can be summarized as a liquid-crystal cell in which the gap has a wedge shape and into which is filled the liquid crystal. A beam irradiating the cell has a lateral size small compared to the variation width of the wedge. During use, the beam or cell are positioned such that the beam is caused to irradiate the spot of the cell exhibiting optimum performance. That is, the width of the gap is selected which provides the best characteristics. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS  1  and  2  are perpendicularly arranged schematic side views of a liquid-crystal optical switch, particularly for use in a multi-wavelength optical communication system. 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional liquid-crystal cell for use in the switch of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid-crystal cell according to the invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a portion of the cross section of FIG. 4 showing important dimensions. 
     FIG. 6 is a graph of the optical transmission characteristic of a wedge-shaped liquid-crystal cell as a function of position along the wedge. 
     FIG. 7 is an orthographic view of an embodiment of the liquid-crystal modulator. 
     FIG. 8 is an orthographic schematic view of a polarization-sensitive embodiment of the optics surrounding a wedge-shaped liquid-crystal modulator. 
     FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment to that of FIG.  8 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4. A wedge-shaped liquid-crystal cell  80  includes the conventional glass substrates  50 ,  56 , electrodes  52 ,  58 , and buffed alignment layers  62 ,  64 . Only a single electrode  52  is shown on the lefthand side since many aspects of the invention apply to non-segmented liquid-crystal cells. According to the invention, a wedge-shaped gap  82 , illustrated more geometrically in FIG. 5, is established between the glass substrates  50 ,  56  and their attached layers  52 ,  58 ,  62 ,  64 . An example of the means for establishing the gap  82 , that is, the means for fixing the two glass substrates in this geometry, will be discussed later, but any mechanical or other structure that performs this function will conform to the invention. The nematic liquid crystal  68  is filled into the wedge-shaped gap  82 . A light beam  86 , such as the light beams  14 ,  16  of FIG. 1, is incident upon the wedge-shaped cell  80 , preferably near its middle portion and preferably approximately perpendicularly to the symmetry axis of the wedge. The lateral size of the light beam  86  in the variation direction of the wedge, vertically as illustrated, is relatively small compared to the wedge variation scale, as defined in Equations (2) through (5). 
     As shown in FIG. 5, the wedge-shaped gap  82  has an average gap of size d avg  disposed at the middle of the extremal gaps of sizes d min  and d max . For clarity of exposition, the acuteness of the gap  82  is exaggerated in the drawings. In typical uses, it is anticipated that variation in the gap ranges from a few percent upwards to 30% or perhaps even more for difficult structures, depending on the beam sizes being employed. The important consideration is that the variation be sufficient to accommodate the expected variations in the gap due to manufacturing tolerances and operational fluctuations. 
     The average gap size d avg  is selected to be near one of the minima of Equation (4) or (5), and the extremal values d min  and d max  are chosen to include any expected variations. The design values of d min  and d max  can be chosen to correspond to neighboring maxima of Equation (2) with a minimum falling in between. Since the beam width is required to be small, the entire beam can be characterized by a selected point of the dependence of Equation (2). 
     The wedge-shaped cell  80  is mounted on a support  84  that is movable along the wedge direction along which the gap size varies, that is, vertically as illustrated. Whether the small end or the large end of the wedge-shaped cell  80  is mounted on the support  84  is not material to the fundamental aspects of the invention. 
     The vertical movement of the wedge-shaped cell  80  can compensate for variations in the effective cell thickness caused by fabricational errors, component irregularities, or thermal effects. In operation, the wedge-shaped cell  80  is placed near its medial position illustrated in FIG.  4 . Then, the support  84  is moved vertically upwards or downwards to achieve the optimal performance believed to be provided when the true gap size, that is, the size of the physical gap at the position of the light beam  86  equals the design gap size. For example, the segmented liquid-crystal modulator  24  of FIG. 1 may be redesigned to have a wedge shape with both segments  20 ,  22  extending along the variation direction of the wedge. Then, its vertical position is adjusted to minimize the cross talk between the multi-wavelength channels. The vertical movement may be provided by a number of mechanisms. For initial tuning, a manually turnable screw  88  may control a translatable stage to which the support  84  is attached or a cell support can be slid to an optimal position and clamped there. Automatic means may be used for the dynamic control when other factors are influencing the gap size. 
     Experiment 
     A wedge-shaped liquid-crystal cell was fabricated having thickness varying between 6 μm and 8 μm, as established by techniques to be described later. It was placed between parallel polarizers, and the optical intensity transmitted through the cell at a wavelength of 635.8 nm was measured as the cell was moved along the wedge direction. The results are shown in FIG. 6 with a linear intensity scale with zero at the origin. An arbitrary elevation of the liquid-crystal cell was chosen as the zero reference, and the minimum in transmission (corresponding to maximum in extinction coefficient) was determined to be about 750 μm away from this point. The graph shows the significant variations in transmission caused by variations in gap size over a range significantly less than 6 μm and 8 μm, but that substantially zero transmission can be obtained for a precisely controlled elevation. Transmissivity measurements, as done for FIG. 6, performed with parallel polarizers can be used to optimize the beam position on the wedge-shaped twisted nematic cell. 
     The fabrication of an embodiment of a wedge-shaped liquid-crystal cell  5  will now be described with reference to the orthographic view of FIG.  7 . The lateral dimensions of this figure are approximately to scale and extend over about 1 inch (2.54 cm). A uniform substrate  120  and a patterned substrate  122  are both composed of optical-quality soda-lime float glass, which can be purchased from Donnelly Applied Films Corp of Michigan already coated with a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). The patterned substrate  122  is photolithographically formed with the illustrated pattern of eight fairly large contact pads  124  connected to respective smaller finger electrodes  126 , with the ITO being etched with a conventional etching solution of HCl or H 2 O:HCl:HNO 3 . Both the patterned and unpatterned substrates  120 ,  122  may be coated with protective dielectric layers  128 ,  130  of SiO 2  except on the ends of the finger contact pads  126  on the patterned substrate  122  and a back contact pad  132  on the unpatterned substrate  120 . 
     An organic dielectric to form the alignment layers is then spun onto the dielectric protective layers on both the unpatterned and patterned substrates  120 ,  122  and thereafter thermally cured. The alignment material may be an organic layer such as a polymer or polyimide, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,726 to Goodby et al. The alignment layers of both substrates  120 ,  122  are then buffed along respective directions. As illustrated, the alignment layer of the patterned substrate  122  is buffed in the vertical direction parallel to the finger electrodes  126  and that of the unpatterned substrate  120  is buffed in the horizontal direction. In the preceding steps, the two substrates  120 ,  122  have been processed as separate assemblies. 
     Up to this point, the processing has generally followed the procedures presented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,150,236 to Patel, and the next step of establishing the gap between the two substrates  120 ,  122  also generally follows those procedures with one major exception. Two pairs of spacers  140 ,  142  establish the wedge-shaped gap  82  between the substrates  130 ,  132 . The first pair  140  has a larger thickness than does the second pair  142  although the relative sizes may be reversed. Typical sizes are 6 μm for the smaller pair  142  and 8 μm for the larger pairs  140  since the design thickness is near to 7 μm. 
     In preparing the spacers  140 ,  142 , two sizes of glass spacer rods are suspended in respective solutions of isopropyl alcohol. The sized spacer rods may be purchased from a commercial vendor, such as E.M. Chemical of Hawthorne, New York. The two solutions are applied to the areas of the respective pairs of spacers  140 ,  142  surrounding the active area of the patterned substrate  122 . The alcohol wets the thin glass rods so that they slide over each other as the alcohol evaporates and all finally rest firmly on the alignment layer of the patterned substrate  122 . Thereby, the rods are prevented from being piled on top of each other, which piled arrangement would cause an uncertain thickness to the spacers. 
     After the alcohol has evaporated, four small drops of a ultraviolet-curable adhesive are placed in the area of the spacers  140 ,  142 . The two substrates  120 ,  122  are then placed together in the illustrated orientation with the buffed grooves of the two alignment layers perpendicular to each other and with the contact pads  124 ,  132  exposed to the side of the other substrate. The substrates  120 ,  122  are clamped together and optically inspected in the clamped state to assure their parallelism, and then the adhesive is partially cured with UV radiation. To obtain the maximum extinction ratio, the alignment directions of two substrates when assembled should be exactly perpendicular. Preferably, the non-perpendicularity should be less than ±1°. 
     Alternatively, the spacers are mixed in the UV curable epoxy before its application to form the spots  140 ,  142 . 
     With the cured assembly held in the illustrated orientation, the assembly is heated to above the melting point of the liquid crystal, and one drop of a nematic liquid crystal is spread over the length of the top gap edge formed between the two substrates  120 ,  122 . Capillary action pulls the melted liquid crystal into the entire area of the wedge-shape gap  82  between the substrates  120 ,  122 . An example of a nematic liquid crystal is E 7 , available from E. Merck of Darmstadt, Germany. A suitable amount of chiral additive is added to the prevent the formation of reverse domains, for example, 0.5% of ZLI811 from Merck. Once the liquid crystal has been optically determined to fill the gap  82 , the excess liquid crystal exposed on the exterior is wiped away, and the same UV-curable adhesive is applied to all exposed edges around the gap  82 . A long exposure to UV radiation completely cures both sets of adhesive. The filling procedure described here is meant only as an illustrative example, and other methods may be employed. 
     The assembly is then mounted on the movable support  84 , and the contact pads  124 ,  132  are electrically connected to the multi-signal biasing source. Thereafter, the vertical position of the liquid-crystal cell  80  is controlled so as to optimize performance by more closely matching the actual gap size to the minimum condition of Equation (4) or (5) for the nematic liquid crystal. 
     As illustrated schematically in the orthographic view of FIG. 8, a wedge-shaped liquid-crystal modulator  150  with individually activatable segments  152  can be placed between two polarization-dispersive elements  154  and  156 . Two input sheet beams  158 ,  160  are incident upon the input polarization-dispersive element  154 , and the beam  158 ,  160  travel in parallel but are displaced from each other. The beams  158 ,  160  are shaped as sheets because an unillustrated wavelength-dispersive element has spread out the wavelength components across the sheets. For this polarization-sensitive embodiment, the two sheet beams  158 ,  160  are assumed to be orthogonally polarized so that the input polarization-dispersive element  154  deflects one beam  158  but does not deflect the other beam  160 . The optical configuration is chosen such that input polarization-dispersive element  154  combines the two input beams  158 ,  160  into one combined sheet beam  162 , which strikes the wedge-shaped liquid-crystal modulator  150  with the sheet  162  arranged perpendicularly to the length of the segments  152 . Each segment operates upon two polarization-distinguished signals having a common wavelength to either leave both polarizations undisturbed or to exchange the polarizations of the two signals. 
     According to the invention, the wedge-shaped modulator  150  is vertically moved to optimize the transmission characteristics of the signals, particularly the polarization rotation. 
     The combined sheet beam  162  leaves the wedge-shaped modulator  150  and strikes the output wavelength-dispersive element  156  which separates each wavelength component according to polarization into output sheet beams  164 ,  166 . An unillustrated wavelength-dispersive element shrinks each output sheet beam  164 ,  166  into respective pencil-shaped output beams. 
     The afore cited patents provide polarization-insensitive versions of the above optics. 
     The transmission characteristics as a finction of lateral position, shown in FIG. 6, demonstrate that the point at which the beams strike the wedge-shaped liquid-crystal cell is critical. If two beams are being combined and the wavelength components of the two beams are being commonly polarization modulated, both beams must pass through the same point. The optical requirements are eased if Wollaston prisms are used to combine the beams, similarly to the technique of the second Patel and Silberberg patent. A polarization-sensitive embodiment is illustrated schematically in FIG.  9 . The two input sheet beams  158 ,  160  of orthogonal polarizations are focused by the lens  18  onto a common line of an input Wollaston prism  170 . This assures that the beams  158 ,  160  both pass through a common line on the wedge-shaped modulator  150 . Another Wollaston prism  172  on the output side separates the modulated signals according to polarization into the output sheet beams  164 ,  166 . 
     The described embodiments optimized performance by moving the wedge-shaped cell with respect to a fixed optical beam. Equivalent results are obtained by moving the beam with respect to a fixed cell. 
     Although the invention has been described for a wedge having straight sides with a linearly graded gap, the invention is not limited to such linear gaps but extends also to curved sides as long as the gap size varies monotonically over the operational range. The gap and its variation can be established by other means than rod spacers, for example, a flexible spacer that is compressed on one side. 
     Although the invention has been described in the context of a twisted nematic liquid crystal, other liquid crystal may advantageously be used with the invention. Supertwisted nematics having a twist angle of more than 90° may be used. Other liquid crystals may be used that benefit from a precisely defined thickness for the liquid crystal. 
     Although the invention has been motivated by segmented liquid-crystal modulator cells used in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) communications networks, the invention is not so limited and may be applied to other liquid-crystal cells used as full or partial modulators and as polarization rotators in many applications. The communications application is not required. The same beneficial results can be obtained with a non-segmented liquid-crystal cells. 
     The invention thus provides an easy method of achieving closely determined gaps in liquid-crystal cells, and the gap may be effectively adjusted after the cell assembly and during its use.