Abstract:
The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for controllably adjusting a fluid delivery device. The device includes an electrochemical pump capable of transporting a fluid. A displaceable member is positioned between a pump product chamber and a reservoir, wherein the pump product chamber is capable of retaining water generated from the pump. The displaceable member is controllably displaced upon generation of water from the electrochemical pump and the reservoir contains the fluid that is delivered upon displacement of the displaceable member.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/908,804, filed May 26, 2005; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/137,661, filed May 1, 2002; and is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled, “An Electro-osmotic Fluid Delivery Device And Method,” filed simultaneously on this date; the contents of these applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     The present invention relates in general to a fluid delivery device that includes an electrochemical pump for controllably delivering small volumes of fluid with high precision and accuracy. The fluid delivery rate of the device can also be changed during operation by simple means.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     In many medical situations, it may be necessary or at least desirable to deliver small amounts of fluids and/or chemical agents over a relatively long period of time. Such fluids may include, biologicals, drugs, lubricants, fragrant fluids, and chemical agents. A common example of such an application is the gradual administration of a pharmaceutical agent into the human body. A very common and traditional apparatus for the gradual administration of fluid into the human body is an intravenous administration set in which gravity induced hydrostatic infusion dispenses a fluid from a familiarly suspended bottle or bag above the patient.  
         [0004]     Other methods for the gradual administration of fluids have been devised to eliminate the need for suspending the fluid above the patient and thereby provide the patient with greater mobility. One such method utilizes a diffusion controlled delivery pump wherein the fluid diffuses through a membrane at a constant rate. The rate of delivery may be adjusted by varying the nature of the membrane and the concentration of the solution in contact with the membrane, e.g., a transdermal drug delivery patch. Additional transdermal technologies include: iontophoresis, wherein low voltage electrical current is utilized to drive charged drugs through the skin; electroporation, wherein short electrical pulses of high voltage is utilized to create transient aqueous pores in the skin; sonophoresis, wherein low frequency ultrasonic energy is utilized to disrupt the stratum corneum; and thermal energy, wherein heat is utilized to make the skin more permeable and to increase the energy of drug molecules. Even magnetic energy, or magnetophoresis, has been investigated as a means to increase drug flux across the skin. Of these transdermal technologies, only iontophoresis has been successfully developed into a marketable product, albeit for local pain relief. A transdermal system may not be the preferred method for gradually administering fluids in every case and various factors should be considered that may affect its usefulness, such as: the adhesive utilized to secure the system to the individual may not adhere well to all types of skin; some drug formulation may cause skin irritation or allergy; the transdermal system may be uncomfortable to wear or too costly; and some drugs that require high blood levels (low potency) cannot be properly administered.  
         [0005]     A mechanical pump dispenser is yet another mechanism for gradually administering fluids to an individual. The mechanical pump dispenser utilizes various types of mechanical pumps to expel the fluid from a reservoir. Some processes incorporating a mechanical pump dispenser include: a continuous intravenous infusion pump system, for example from Intevac Inc.; an epidural infusion system; and a subcutaneous infusion system, e.g., utilizing a portable insulin infusion pump. An externally worn pump is also conventionally used with a transcutaneous catheter, however, the external pump is often bulky and inconvenient because it is typically strapped onto the wearer, or carried on a belt or in a harness. A common drawback of the mechanical pump is that the required entry site into the body is susceptible to infection. In addition, most mechanical pumps are designed to deliver relatively large quantities of fluid and do not effectively dispense small volumes over longer time periods.  
         [0006]     Other fluid delivery processes utilize pressure to administer a fluid to the individual. For instance, a charged reservoir dispenser stores a fluid under pressure in a flexible reservoir and then selectively expels the fluid by the force of internal reservoir pressure—the rate of release is often regulated by a plurality of complex valve systems. The pressurized gas dispenser implements a pressurized gas to expel the fluid, while an osmotic dispenser relies on a solute that exhibits an osmotic pressure gradient against water to dispense the fluid. The OROS® system produced by ALZA Corporation is an example of an osmotically driven system in which osmosis is the energy source for drug delivery. In the OROS® system, the drug solution flows from a tablet at a constant zero-order rate as the tablet progresses through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract until the entire solid drug in the core is dissolved or until the unit is eliminated. In vivo and in vitro testing has shown that the delivery rate is independent of GI motility, pH, and food in the gastrointestinal tract. The release of the drug is controlled by the solubility of the drug in gastric fluid, the osmotic pressure of the core formulation, and the dimensions and permeability of the membrane.  
         [0007]     Although the above-identified fluid administration device types or techniques are available, there remains an ongoing desire for improvements therein. For example, the gradual administration of a pharmaceutical agent into the human body often requires the continuous delivery of small quantities of fluids over a period of many hours. In such an application, it is desirable that the fluid dispenser be highly accurate and reliable, sufficiently small and lightweight to be portable, and convenient and easy to use. In general, implantable drug delivery pumps and systems allow for the direct delivery of the pharmaceutical agent to the desired site, thus maximizing the impact of the drug while minimizing unwanted side effects in other parts of the body.  
         [0008]     There are a number of implantable drug delivery pumps and systems presently being used. One widely used implant is the large capacity (18 mL) programmable electromechanical SynchroMed® pump. While applicable in a number of therapies, several drawbacks of the SynchroMed® pump are its cost, the overall cost of the therapy, and that surgery is required for placement of the large pump.  
         [0009]     Smaller sized implantable drug delivery pumps are also available; such as the osmotic pump of the DUROS® system. In operation, water is imbibed osmotically through a membrane into a salt chamber pressurizing a piston to expand into a drug chamber to force a drug out through a delivery orifice. The driving force behind the drug delivery of this pump is osmotic pressure, which can be as high as 200 atmospheres depending on the salt used, even though the pressure required to disperse the drug from the device is small and the drug delivery rate remains constant as long as some excess undissolved salt remains in the salt chamber. In comparison with mechanically driven devices, osmotic systems are small, simple, reliable, and less expensive to manufacture. Because of the small size of the osmotic system, it can be implanted during a simple procedure in the physician&#39;s office. On the other hand, the fixed delivery rate of the osmotic pump in not adjustable during its operation.  
         [0010]     Gas generating devices that are both portable and accurate for dispensing small volumes have also been used in drug delivery systems. These gas-generating methods include galvanic cells and electrolytic cells. By definition, a galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that requires no externally applied voltage to drive the electrochemical reactions. In galvanic gas generating cells, hydrogen or oxygen gas is formed at the cathode or anode, respectively, as a result of a reaction between a metal or metal oxide and an aqueous electrolyte. Typically, the anode and cathode of the galvanic cell are connected through a resistor that regulates the current passed through the cell, and in turn, directly regulates the production of gas that exerts a force on a diaphragm or piston—thereby expelling the drug.  
         [0011]     A number patents have disclosed delivery systems based on the use of galvanic hydrogen generating cell, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,951,538; 5,707,499; and, 5,785,688. In the cells disclosed in these patents, a zinc anode reacts with an alkaline electrolyte producing zinc oxide and water molecules are reduced on a porous carbon electrode producing gaseous hydrogen. Additionally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,242,565 and 5,925,030 disclose a galvanic oxygen-generating cell that is constructed much like a zinc/air button cell, wherein a reducible oxide is reduced at the cathode while hydroxyl ions are formed. The hydroxyl ions oxidize at the anode and release oxygen.  
         [0012]     In contrast to a galvanic cell, an electrolytic cell requires an external DC power source to drive the electrochemical reactions. When voltage is applied to the electrodes, the electrolyte gives off a gas that exerts a force on a diaphragm or piston—thus expelling the fluid. Three types of electrolytic gas generating cells have been proposed for use in fluid delivery devices. A first type is based on water electrolysis requiring an operating voltage over 1.23 V. A second type, also known as oxygen and hydrogen gas pumps, requires a lower DC voltage than that utilized in water electrolysis systems. Both of these cell types utilize an ion exchange polymer membrane. A third type of gas generating electrolytic cell is based on the use of an electrolytically decomposable chemical compound that produces a reduced metal at the cathode, and generates gaseous oxygen by oxidation of water at the anode.  
         [0013]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,097 discloses an electrochemically driven fluid dispenser based on the electrolysis of water. In this dispenser, water is contained in an electrochemical cell in which porous metal electrodes are joined to both sides of a solid polymer cation exchange membrane, and both of the two electrodes are made to contact with the water so as to use oxygen or hydrogen generated from an anode or cathode respectively, upon current conduction. Thus, hydrogen, oxygen, or a gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen—generated by electrolysis of water when a DC current is made to flow between the electrodes—is used as a pressurization source of the fluid dispenser.  
         [0014]     Electrochemical oxygen and hydrogen pumps are constructed in a similar manner to the above-discussed water electrolysis cell and are described in several U.S. patents, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,938,640; 4,902,278; 4,886,514; and, 4,522,698. Electrochemically driven fluid dispensers disclosed within these patents have an electrochemical cell in which porous gas diffusion electrodes are joined respectively to the opposite surfaces of an ion exchange membrane containing water functioning as an electrolyte. The electrochemically driven fluid dispenser uses such a phenomenon that when hydrogen is supplied to an anode of the electrochemical cell and a DC current is made to flow between the anode and the cathode, the hydrogen becomes hydrogen ions at the anode. When the produced hydrogen ions reach the cathode through the ion exchange membrane, an electrochemical reaction arises to generate gaseous hydrogen thereat. Since the net effect of these processes is the transport of hydrogen from one side of the membrane to the other, this cell is also called a hydrogen pump. The hydrogen generated and pressurized at the cathode is used as a driving source for pushing a displaceable member, e.g., a piston, a diaphragm, or the like.  
         [0015]     Alternatively, oxygen may be used in place of hydrogen as a reactant in this type of electrochemical cell, wherein the cell then acts as an oxygen pump. Thus, oxygen is reduced on one side of a water-containing electrolytic cell and water is oxidized on the opposite side to generate molecular oxygen, wherein the molecular oxygen so generated is used as the propellant to force liquid from an adjacent reservoir.  
         [0016]     A gas generating electrolytic cell using an electrolytically decomposable chemical compound that produces a reduced metal at the cathode, and generates gaseous oxygen by water oxidation at the anode, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,014. This cell generally includes a graphite anode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a copper hydroxide cathode. As electrical current passes through a circuit in which the cell is connected, and copper is plated out in the cathode and oxygen is released at the anode. To ensure storage stability, an active cathode material is selected such that the cells require an applied voltage for the electrochemical reactions to proceed. A battery cell is provided in the circuit to drive the current through the gas-generating cell. The rate of oxygen generated at the anode is directly proportional to the current and acts as a pressurizing agent to perform the work of expelling a fluid from a bladder or other fluid-containing reservoir, which has a movable wall that is acted upon as the gas is generated.  
         [0017]     While the above-identified electrochemically driven fluid delivery devices are operable for certain applications, they are not optimal for others. In particular, gas generating cell based pumps are sensitive to temperature and atmospheric pressure. For this reason, osmotic and electroosmotic pumps are often more appropriate.  
         [0018]     The osmotic pump involves imbibing water or another driving fluid. The pump consists of three chambers: a salt chamber, a water chamber, and a fluid chamber. The salt and water chambers are separated by a semi-permeable membrane. This configuration creates a high osmotic driving force, e.g., environmental osmosis, for water transport across the membrane. This membrane is permeable to water, but impermeable to salt. The fluid chamber is separated from the other two chambers by a flexible diaphragm. Water imbibes osmotically into the salt chamber creating substantial hydrostatic pressures, which in turn exert a force on the displaceable member, e.g., diaphragm—thus expelling the fluid. The use of osmotic pumps is typically directed to applications requiring constant fluid delivery. In order to vary the fluid flow, it is often necessary to provide numerous osmotic pumps with differing outputs. The osmotic pump also requires charging—the time required for liquid to diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane and begin dissolving the osmagent at steady state—which in turn delays delivery of the active and further limits its suitability for instantaneous or emergency use. The fluid delivery rate of the osmotically driven device can neither be changed nor is it possible to shut-off the delivery of the active after commencement of delivery. Hence, it is preferable to utilize a device that can be rapidly switched-on and allows the delivery rate to be changed by a remote controlling mechanism.  
         [0019]     An electroosmotic pump is an electrolytic cell having a permselective ion exchange membrane and therefore requires an external DC power source to drive the electrode reactions. U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,426 discloses an electrochemically driven fluid dispenser based on electroosmotic fluid transport. The pump comprises a plastic housing having a fluid inlet and outlet, a pair of spaced silver-silver chloride electrodes disposed in the housing and connected to a D.C. power source, a porous ceramic plug that has a high zeta potential relative to the fluid, a cation exchange membrane positioned on each side of the ceramic plug between it and the electrode facing it, and a passageway in the housing extending from the fluid inlet to one side of the plug and from the other side of the plug to the outlet. When a potential difference is applied across the anode and cathode, the transport fluid will flow through the porous plug from the anode to the cathode. One particular disadvantage of this electroosmotic pump with a porous plug is that the delivery pressures are very low, well below 0.5 ATM. In addition, any ions in the driving fluid will substantially affect the zeta potential and reduce the electroosmotic flow. Another disadvantage of this electroosmotic pump is that it requires an external D.C. power source that lessens the overall volume efficiency of the fluid delivery device.  
         [0020]     Accordingly, there is a need for an implantable volume efficient fluid dispenser including a highly accurate programmable delivery mechanism that can be quickly adjusted to change its delivery rate as desired. The delivery mechanism occupies a small portion of the fluid dispenser, is capable of delivering small volumes of fluid with precision and accuracy, and is impervious to barometric pressure and temperature.  
         [0021]     The present invention is directed to resolve these and other issues.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0022]     The present invention is directed to a controlled adjustable water transporting fluid delivery device and method including a reservoir containing a fluid to be delivered. The fluid delivery device includes an electrochemical pump for transporting water and an electrochemical pump product chamber capable of retaining water transported by the electrochemical pump. A displaceable member is positioned between the electrochemical pump product chamber and the reservoir, wherein the displaceable member is responsive to the transported water. A control circuit is operably connected to the electrochemical pump wherein the rate of water transport is responsive to electrical current flowing through the control circuit. A housing contains the electrochemical pump, the electrochemical pump product chamber, the displaceable member, and the reservoir therein.  
         [0023]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fluid delivery device includes a protective porous separator, an auxilary electrode, an active electrode, an ion exchange membrane, and an a resistor capable of being controlled remotely to facilitate quicker fluid delivery start-up, shut-off, and adjustability.  
         [0024]     An object of the present invention is to provide a fluid delivery device that includes a volume efficient fluid dispenser wherein the delivery mechanism occupies a small part of the overall device.  
         [0025]     Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluid delivery device that is small, portable, and capable of being implanted.  
         [0026]     A further object of the present invention is to provide a fluid delivery device that is highly accurate and capable of precisely delivering small volumes of fluid.  
         [0027]     A still further object of the present invention is to provide an adjustable fluid delivery device that can be controlled to quickly change the delivery rate.  
         [0028]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a fluid delivery device that utilizes few moving parts, is simple to construct, and is less susceptible to mechanical failure.  
         [0029]     Yet a still further object of the present invention is to provide a fluid delivery device that does not utilize compressible components and thus enables the device to operate at different altitudes and a wide range of barometric pressures. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]     The invention will now be described with reference to the drawings wherein:  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional schematic representation of a fluid delivery device having an ion exchange membrane fabricated in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  is a graph of volume flux versus current density in the volume flux range from 2.0 to 10.0 μL h −1  cm −2  for a fluid delivery device having an anionic exchange membrane fabricated in accordance with the present invention; Cell parameters: AMI 7001 ion exchange membrane, powder zinc anode, nickel mesh cathode, 0.9% NaCl electrolyte;  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  is a graph of volume flux versus current density in the volume flux range from 0 to 2.5 μL h −1  cm −2  for a fluid delivery device having an anionic exchange membrane fabricated in accordance with the present invention; Cell parameters: Neosepta® AFN ion exchange membrane, solid zinc anode, silver chloride cathode, 0.9% NaCl electrolyte;  
         [0034]      FIG. 4  is a graph of volume flux versus current density in the volume flux range from 0.5 to 2.5 μL h −1  cm −2  for a fluid delivery device having an anionic exchange membrane fabricated in accordance with the present invention; Cell parameters: Neosepta® AMX ion exchange membrane, solid zinc anode, silver chloride cathode, 0.9% NaCl electrolyte;  
         [0035]      FIG. 5  is a graph of volume flux versus current density in the volume flux range from 0.2 to 1.2 μL h −1  cm −2  for a fluid delivery device having an cationic exchange membrane fabricated in accordance with the present invention; Cell parameters: NAFION® 117 cation exchange membrane, solid zinc anode, silver chloride cathode, 0.9% NaCl electrolyte;  
         [0036]      FIG. 6  is a graph of volume flux vs. pressure applied to the electrochemical product chamber at two different current density values for a fluid delivery device having an anionic exchange membrane fabricated in accordance with the present invention; Cell parameters: Neosepta® AFN ion exchange membrane, solid zinc anode, silver chloride cathode, 0.9% NaCl electrolyte;  
         [0037]      FIG. 7  is a graph of volume flux vs. pressure applied to the electrochemical product chamber at two different current density values for a fluid delivery device having an cationic exchange membrane fabricated in accordance with the present invention; Cell parameters: NAFION® 117 cation exchange membrane, solid zinc anode, silver chloride cathode, 0.9% NaCl electrolyte;  
         [0038]      FIG. 8  is a graph of volume delivered vs. test time for a single fluid delivery device fabricated in accordance with the present invention wherein data was recorded at three different current density values with no current steps in-between in which the different slopes at different current densities clearly show that the flow-rate can be adjusted; Cell parameters: Neosepta® AFN ion exchange membrane, solid zinc anode, silver chloride cathode, 0.9% NaCl electrolyte;  
         [0039]      FIG. 9  depicts a cross-sectional side view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention having an external auxiliary electrode;  
         [0040]      FIG. 10  depicts a cross-sectional side view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention having an external auxiliary electrode positioned on the external surface of the device; and,  
         [0041]      FIG. 11  depicts a cross-sectional side view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention having a self-contained auxiliary electrode compartment with a retractable piston. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0042]     While this invention is capable of embodiment in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail several specific embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated.  
         [0043]     It is to be understood that like or analogous elements and/or components—referred to herein—may be identified throughout the drawings with like reference characters.  
         [0044]     The teachings of the present invention may be useful in implantable medical devices. These devices are implanted within patients for the delivery of medicament to a patient over a long period of time. The teachings of the present invention will be discussed relative to such an implantable device, and will be shown within such an environment. The present invention can potentially be used for continuous, bolus intermittent pulse or periodic pulse (matching circadian, menstrual, ovulation or daily cycles) release of a drug or cell culture in a systemic or localized fashion. The present invention is also capable of adjusting the fluid delivery rate based on the response of a sensor (bio-feed back loop). The present invention can be used for delivering a fluid in various applications, including, but not limited to: parasite control, oncology drugs, pain management drugs, growth hormones, lobotomy (where a portion of the brain is selectively deteriorated by a delivered agent), antibiotics, DNA delivery, lactate hormone, cardioactive drugs, anti-malarial drugs, compliance medications such as antiabuse, vaccines, sexual dysfunction drugs, steroids, hormones, stimulants, or sleep aids. The present invention can also be used when provision is made for a device to contain water/electrolyte where the device is external to the body and delivery of a drug is via oral, anal, ear, nasal, or by piercing a part of the skin. The present invention can also be utilized in the form of a patch. Although the present invention is generally described in conjunction with implantable devices, it should be noted that the teachings contained within this specification and the appended claims may be translated to other devices and applications without straying from the intended scope of this disclosure.  
         [0045]     Referring now to the drawings and to  FIG. 1  in particular, a first embodiment of the present invention is shown wherein a fluid delivery device  10  comprises a reservoir  12 , a displaceable member  14 , an electrochemical pump product chamber  16 , an electrochemical pump  18 , and a housing  20 . It is to be further understood that  FIG. 1  (as well as  FIGS. 9-11 ) is merely a schematic representation of the fluid delivery device  10  of the present invention and as such, some of the components have been distorted from their actual scale for pictorial clarity.  
         [0046]     The reservoir  12  is capable of containing a fluid  22 , such as a biological, drug, lubricant, fragrant fluid, chemical agent, or mixtures thereof, which is delivered upon displacement of the displaceable member  14 . It will be understood that the term “fluid” is herein defined as a liquid, gel, paste, suspension (with or without dispersant), or other semi-solid state material that is capable of being delivered out of a reservoir. Solid forms such as rods or encapsulated pills, paint balls, depots can be also delivered. The fluid can be either layered or homogenous. In the layered form, different fluids can be made into layers and can be delivered in succession. The reservoir  12  may include one or more apertures  24 —e.g., outlet and filling/refilling port—for directing delivery of the fluid  22  from the fluid delivery device  10 . The reservoir  12  may be fabricated from any one of a number of materials, including, for example, metal, glass, natural and synthetic plastic, and composites.  
         [0047]     A catheter or a plurality of catheters may be operably connected to the reservoir  12  and aperture(s)  24 . The catheter may be long, short, flexible, perforated, contain an auxiliary electrode, contain a diffusion outlet or check valve to regulate pressure and flow rate, or be designed to serve as a reservoir.  
         [0048]     The displaceable member  14  is positioned between the reservoir  12  and the electrochemical pump product chamber  16 . The displaceable member  14  is shown in  FIG. 1  as comprising a piston, however, other displaceable members that would be known to those having ordinary skill in the art having the present disclosure before them are likewise contemplated for use; including, but not limited to: a bladder, a diaphragm, a flexible bag, a bellows, a plunger, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, the fluid to be displaced may be contained within tubing wherein a plunger, e.g., ball, pushes fluid out of the tubing. The plunger may be a bubble, solid, separating fluid, bung, or gel.  
         [0049]     The electrochemical pump product chamber  16  is positioned between the displaceable member  14  and the electrochemical pump  18 , and is capable of containing water  26  that—as will be discussed in greater detail below—is controllably generated during operation of the electrochemical pump  18 . Similar to the reservoir  12 , the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  may be fabricated from any one of a number of materials, such as metal, glass, natural and synthetic plastic, composites, etc.  
         [0050]     The electrochemical pump  18  shown in  FIG. 1  includes a protective porous separator  28 , an auxiliary electrode compartment  30 , an auxiliary electrode  32 , an ion exchange membrane  34 , an active electrode  36 , an electric controller  38 , an activation switch  40 , and a support member(s)  42 .  
         [0051]     The protective porous separator  28  is positioned at an end of fluid delivery device  10  distal from the reservoir  12 . The purpose of this protective separator is to prevent unwanted species in the external fluid source  46 , e.g., body fluid, to come in direct contact with the electrode and the ion-exchange membrane. The protective porous separator  28  is generally permeable to H 2 O molecules or saline from the body, and in cooperation with saline from the auxiliary electrode compartment  30 , enables the water from the external source  46 —e.g., an inside of a living being&#39;s body—to diffuse or migrate into the auxiliary electrode compartment  30 . The protective porous separator  28  may be fabricated from any one of a number of materials, including, but not limited, to metal, glass, natural and synthetic plastic, and composites. Additionally, a porous protective gel also generally permeable to H 2 O molecules or saline may be used to serve the purpose of the separator  28 .  
         [0052]     Alternatively, the auxiliary electrode  32  need not be positioned inside the device  10  and can be positioned either entirely away from the housing ( FIG. 9 ) or on the outside wall of the device ( FIG. 10 ), wherein the ion exchange membrane  34  has more direct access to the body fluid and the porous separator  28  can be placed directly adjacent to the ion-exchange membrane  34  to prevent biofouling and to prevent unwanted species from directly contacting the membrane directly. This alternate configuration will eliminate trapping of any unwanted solid, liquid, or gaseous species in the auxiliary chamber  30  and near the membrane.  
         [0053]     While the use of the protective porous separator  28  is generally desirable for applications within the body, the separator is not absolutely required, especially in the case where water or saline is self-contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment  30  without any migration of water from the external source  46 . In this case, either a displaceable member  44  retracts ( FIG. 11 ) or the flexible auxiliary electrode compartment  30  collapses around the auxiliary electrode  32  on transfer of water from the auxiliary electrode chamber to the active electrode chamber  16  via electrosomosis. In such an embodiment, the auxiliary electrode  32  can be exposed directly to fluid.  
         [0054]     The ion-exchange membrane  34  can be in the form of a sheet, a hollow fiber, or a tube; and can be made from a polymer or a ceramic. Additionally, multiple membranes of the same type or types with differing functionalities and properties can be used. The electrical control circuit  38  is connected to the electrodes via conventional electrical conduit and directly controls the rate of water transfer from the external source  46  to the electrical pump product chamber  16 .  
         [0055]     The support member(s)  42  is a highly porous solid disk material that provides mechanical rigidity for the ion exchange membrane  34  and allows water to transport through it. The support member(s)  42  can be made of hard plastic, ceramic, glass, corrosion stable metal, e.g., titanium; or a combination thereof and can be in the form of a fabric, perforated plate, mesh, or a disk with a single or multiple holes. The support  42  can be a variety of shapes, including, but not limited to flat, concave, or convex.  
         [0056]     The ion-exchange membrane  34  along with the support disk  42  is placed between the auxiliary electrode compartment  30  and the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  containing the active anode  36 . The two compartments  16 ,  30  along with the ion-exchange membrane  34  there between can be sealed using gaskets, sealants, nipples, clamps, compression or by using ultrasonics, crimping, nipples, or clamp.  
         [0057]     A controller  38  is operably connected to the electrodes  32 ,  36  and varies the fluid delivery rate of the device  10  and can be positioned within the body, external to the body, or remote from the body. In simple form, the controller  38  can be a resistor, but may also be a more complex circuit, variable resistor, multi-position switch, wave form generator/processor, or switch that uses electromagnetic induction, RF signaling, infrared, magnetism, mechanics, or transduction for communication. As such, the controller  38  may or may not contain a battery. An activation switch  40  is preferably connected to the controller  38  and can be of the electronic, ionic, or mechanical type and capable of being controlled remotely via the controller  38 .  
         [0058]     The device  10  described in the present invention may be configured in various shapes and forms and have additional features. Such shapes contemplated by the present invention include, and are not limited to: tubular, coin, coil, planar, flexible bag form, hardball, jellyroll, and patch. And the additional features may include: a pressure relief valve, a bio-feed back sensor, a remote battery, a locater, a problem indicator, a flow indicator, an anchor, an anti-biofouling sheath, a trocar, an extraction enhancer, an external switch, or an add-on to a stent. The device  10  can also be encased in a gel to avoid encapsulation or to promote diffusion of a drug.  
         [0059]     In one embodiment of the present invention, the auxiliary electrode  32 , the ion-exchange membrane  34 , and the active electrode  36  are respectively positioned adjacent to the protective porous separator  28 . Alternatively, the auxiliary electrode  32  need not be positioned inside the device  10  and can be positioned either on the outside wall of the device or entirely away from the housing  20 . See  FIGS. 9 and 10 .  
         [0060]     Referring to  FIG. 11 , the necessary water or saline may be self-contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment  30  without any migration of water from external source  46 . In this case, either a displaceable member  44  retracts or the flexible auxiliary electrode compartment or chamber  30  collapses around the auxiliary electrode  32  on transfer of water from the auxiliary electrode chamber to the active electrode chamber  16  via electrosomosis. In addition, the auxiliary electrode  32  can be exposed directly to fluid.  
         [0061]     In an embodiment of the present invention incorporating an anionic exchange membrane  34 , the auxiliary electrode  32  can be a porous cathode pellet that can be readily reduced when coupled with the active metal anode  36 . The auxiliary electrode  32  may be fabricated from porous silver chloride, manganese dioxide, or other materials that can be readily reduced or may catalyze reduction reaction—e.g., reduction of oxygen or evolution of gaseous hydrogen from water—when coupled with the active metal anode. The active metal anode  36  can be a solid pellet, mesh, or metal powder type electrode fabricated from zinc, iron, magnesium, aluminum, silver, or another corrosion stable metal or alloy. Although not shown, the auxiliary electrode  32  may include a conventional current collector, such as a screen, a mesh, or a wire current collector fabricated from silver, titanium, platinum, or another corrosion stable metal. If the auxiliary electrode reaction is hydrogen evolution or oxygen reduction, then the auxiliary electrode  32  may be made from active carbon with or without catalysts such as Pt or Ni. The active metal anode  36  may also include a conventional current collector, such as a screen, a mesh or a wire current collector fabricated from the same metal as that of the active metal anode; or it may be fabricated from other metals such as brass, which is coated with the same metal as is the active anode metal. While specific examples of electrode materials and current collectors have been disclosed, it is to be understood that other electrode materials known to those with ordinary skill in the art having the present disclosure before them are likewise contemplated for use.  
         [0062]     The anion exchange membrane  34  is positioned between the first electrode  32  and the active electrode  36 . The anion exchange materials from which the membrane  34  may be made are well known in the art and do not require extensive elaboration. In brief, these materials are cross-linked polymer resins of the strong base type. Preferred resins are the copolymers of styrene and di-vinyl benzene having quaternary ammonium ion as the charge group, which have a high selectivity for chloride ions and high resistance to organic fouling. Such anionic membranes are, for example, Neosepta-type membranes, which are commercially available from AMERIDIA (www.ameridia.com).  
         [0063]     In an embodiment of the present invention incorporating a cationic exchange membrane, the auxiliary electrode  32 , the cationic exchange membrane  34 , and the active electrode  36  are respectively positioned adjacent to the protective porous separator  28 . The auxiliary electrode  32  need not be positioned inside the device  10  and can be positioned either on the outside wall of the device or entirely away from the housing  20 . See  FIGS. 9 and 10 . Alternatively, the necessary water or saline may be self-contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment  30  without any migration of water from external source  46 . The auxiliary electrode  32  can be a solid pellet, mesh, or metal powder type electrode that is fabricated from zinc, iron, magnesium, aluminum, or another corrosion stable metal or alloy. The active metal anode  36  is a porous cathode pellet that can be readily reduced when coupled with the active metal anode  36 . The auxiliary electrode  32  may be fabricated from porous silver chloride, manganese dioxide, or other materials that can be readily reduced, or may catalyze reduction reaction—e.g., reduction of oxygen or evolution of gaseous hydrogen from water—when coupled with the active metal anode. Although not shown, the auxiliary metal anode  32  may also include a conventional current collector, such as a screen, a mesh, or a wire current collectors fabricated from the same metal as that of the active metal anode  36 ; or it may be fabricated from other metals such as brass, which is coated with the same metal as is the active anode metal. The active electrode  36  may also include a conventional current collector such as a screen, a mesh, or a wire current collectors fabricated from silver, titanium, platinum, or another corrosion stable metal. While specific examples of electrode materials and current collectors have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, it is to be understood that other electrode materials known to those with ordinary skill in the art having the present disclosure before them are likewise contemplated for use.  
         [0064]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the ion-exchange membrane  34 , e.g., cation, is positioned between the auxiliary electrode  32  and the active electrode  36 . The cation exchange materials from which the membrane  34  may be constructed are well known in the art and do not require extensive elaboration. In brief, these materials are cross-linked polymer resins of the strong base type. Some preferred resins include copolymers of styrene and di-vinyl benzene having sulfonate ion as the charge group, which have a high selectivity for sodium ions. Such commercial cationic membranes, e.g., Nafion type membranes, are available from Dupont®.  
         [0065]     In operation, the fluid delivery device  10  can deliver a fluid  22  in accordance with the following process. Initially, the activation switch  40  is actuated, whereupon an electrical circuit is complete and causes electrode reactions to take place at the electrodes  32 ,  36 , and water to be extracted from the external environment  46 ; and, ultimately to be driven across ion-exchange membrane  34  into the electrical pump product chamber  16 . Thus, water from the external environment  46 —such as a human body—diffuses through the protective porous separator  28  and into the auxiliary electrode compartment  30 . Alternatively, the auxiliary electrode  32  need not be positioned inside the device and can be positioned either on the outside wall of the device or entirely away from the housing. In that case the ion-exchange membrane  34  is directly exposed to the body fluid and a porous separator  28  can be placed directly adjacent to the ion-exchange membrane to prevent adverse effects to such an exposure. In addition, the necessary water or saline may be self-contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment  30  without any migration of water from the external source  46 .  
         [0066]     For exemplification purposes, the reaction(s) associated with an embodiment of the present invention utilizing an anionic membrane  34  is now described wherein the auxiliary electrode  32  is made of silver chloride and the active electrode  36  is made of zinc. At first, the electrode silver chloride is reduced to metallic silver, thus releasing chloride ions into solution according to the equation: 
 
2AgCl+2 e   − →2Ag+2Cl −   (1) 
 
         [0067]     The chloride ions subsequently formed are dissolved in water and migrate under the influence of the electric field through the ion-exchange membrane  34  towards the active electrode  36  in the electrical pump product chamber  16 . At the active  36 , zinc is dissolved according to the equation: 
 
Zn→Zn 2+ +2 e   −   (2) 
 
         [0068]     The zinc ions thus formed react with incoming chloride ions forming zinc chloride according to the equation: 
 
Zn 2+ +2Cl − →ZnCl 2   (3) 
 
         [0069]     In addition to the electrochemical formation of zinc chloride according to the equation (3), during passage of the chloride ions through the membrane, water is entrained with the chloride ions so that at the opposite side of the membrane, an additional amount of water is produced. This water transport is known in the art as electroosmotic transport. Since the anionic membrane is selective for anions, only anions can pass through the membrane. Therefore, water may be transported through the membrane only in one direction.  
         [0070]     The steady buildup of ion concentration in the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  due to the continuous formation of zinc chloride induces further water transport through osmotic effect. However, the ion-exchange membrane  34  allows back diffusion of the zinc chloride molecules from the electrochemical product chamber  16  to the auxiliary electrode chamber  30 . The extent of back-diffusion depends on the properties of the ion-exchange membrane  34  and the concentration difference between the electrochemical product chamber  16  and the auxiliary electrode compartment  30 . Thus, an equilibrium concentration of zinc chloride is established in the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  resulting in water transport via osmotic effect. A steady-state flux of water transport into the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  by combined electroosomotic and osmotic effects is thus established. It must be noted that the osmotic flux is the result of the electro-osmotic flux, which establishes the necessary concentration gradient. Therefore, the osmotic flux can be modified by virtue of modifying the electroosmotic driving force. This is not possible with osmosis based devices and so their delivery rate is not adjustable. The water molecules transported into the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  generate pressure within the electrochemical pump product chamber  16 . The pressure build-up causes some back transport of water from the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  to the auxiliary electrode compartment  30 .  
         [0071]     The steady-state flux obtained for a given ion-exchange membrane can be expressed in terms of the following mathematical equation: 
 
 J   Steady State Flux   =J   eo   +J   of   −J   bd   −J   hf   (I) 
 
         [0072]     Where,  
         [0073]     J eof =electroosmotic flux  
         [0074]     J of =osmotic flux  
         [0075]     J bdf =back diffusion flux  
         [0076]     J hf =hydraulic flux  
         [0077]     The reaction(s) associated with an embodiment of the present invention utilizing a cationic membrane  34  is now described wherein the auxiliary electrode  32  is made of zinc and the active electrode  36  is made of silver chloride, the following reactions take place. At first, the electrode zinc is dissolved according to the equation: 
 
Zn→Zn 2+ +2 e   −   (4) 
 
         [0078]     Sodium ions present in the saline solution migrate under the influence of the electric field through the ion exchange membrane  34 , e.g., cationic, towards the active electrode  36  in the electrical pump product chamber  16 . At the active electrode  36 , silver chloride is reduced to metallic silver releasing chloride ions into solution according to the equation: 
 
2AgCl+2 e   − →2Ag+2Cl −   (5) 
 
         [0079]     The migrated sodium ions react with the chloride ions forming sodium chloride according to the equation: 
 
Na + +Cl − →NaCl  (6) 
 
         [0080]     In addition to the electrochemical formation of sodium chloride according to the equation (6), during passage of the sodium ions through the membrane, water is electroosmotically transported with sodium ions so that at the opposite side of the membrane, an additional amount of water is produced. Since the cationic membrane  34  is selective for cations, only cations can pass through the membrane. Therefore, water may be transported through the membrane only in one direction.  
         [0081]     Due to the continuous formation of sodium chloride, the steady buildup of ion concentration in the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  induces further water transport through osmotic effect. However, the ion-exchange membrane  34  allows back diffusion of sodium chloride molecules from the electrochemical product chamber  16  to the auxiliary electrode chamber  30 . The extent of back-diffusion depends on the properties of the ion-exchange membrane  34  and the concentration difference between the electrochemical product chamber  16  and the auxiliary electrode compartment  30 . Thus, an equilibrium concentration of sodium chloride is established in the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  resulting in water transport by the osmotic effect. A steady-state flux of water transport into the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  is established by the combined electroosomotic and osmotic effects. It must be noted that the osmotic flux is the result of the electro-osmotic flux, which establishes the necessary concentration gradient. Therefore, the osmotic flux can be modified by virtue of modifying the electroosmotic driving force. This is not possible with osmosis-only based devices and so their delivery rate is not adjustable. The water molecules transported into the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  generate pressure within the electrochemical pump product chamber  16 . The pressure build-up causes some back transport of water from the electrochemical pump product chamber  16  to the auxiliary electrode compartment  30 . The steady state flux obtained for a given ion-exchange membrane  34  can be expressed in terms of the same mathematical equation I shown above.  
         [0082]     Both embodiments of the present invention described above are capable of generating high pressure within the electrochemical pump product chamber  16 . High pressure is desired to deliver viscous formulations and to also produce delivery that is less sensitive to the ambient pressure changes. The high pressure in the device  10  can be created either by outlet orifice restriction using a pressure relief valve, a duck bill valve, a ball and spring, a restricted catheter, A tortuous path, a flow moderator or diffuse membrane, or from the displaceable member  14  using a stiff bag, bellows, diaphragm, or from piston friction with the inner walls of the device.  
         [0083]     The pressure generated by the first embodiment of the present invention discussed above is shown in  FIG. 6  wherein the maximum pressure (P max , the pressure at which the flux becomes zero) that can be achieved is 20 psi at 0.136 mA/cm 2 . Operation at 3.8 times the current density (0.525 mA/cm 2 ) provides a P max  of 700 psi. In the case of the second embodiment of the present invention,  FIG. 7  shows P max  to be 350 psi at 0.136 mA/cm 2 .  
         [0084]     The generated pressure, in turn, imparts a force upon the displaceable member  14 —the only movable component. The displaceable member  14  is displaced laterally away from electrochemical pump product chamber  16 , which controllably expels fluid from the reservoir  12 . It is to be understood that the above-identified device and process enables a controlled delivery of a fluid over an extended period of time at a relatively precise and accurate rate inasmuch as the water transported is proportional to the current, which in turn depends on the value of the resistor, or on the signal output from the electrical controller  38 . Therefore, the fluid delivery rate of the device is controlled by selection of the resistor or on the signal output from the electrical controller  38  and not by the rate at which water is permitted to enter the housing via convection action of the protective porous separator  28 . It is also to be understood that the fluid delivery rate, or a fluid delivery rate profile, e.g., pulsing, can be facilely varied by other means, including, but not limited to, selecting resistors with different resistance values or by changing the signal output from the electrical controller  38 .  
         [0085]     For the embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the drawings, a linear relationship between volume flux and current density was obtained at high and low volume fluxes. This is illustrated in the case of first embodiment in  FIG. 2  for volume flux ranging from 2.0 to 10.0 μL h −1  cm −2 ; and in  FIG. 3  for volume flux ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 μL h −1  cm −2 . The current density required to produce such volume fluxes depends on the membrane type used and may be as low as 20 μA cm −2  to produce a volume flux of 0.5 μL h −1  cm −2 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . Another feature of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  is high stability operation over more than 1000 hours of operation.  
         [0086]     The foregoing description merely explains and illustrates the invention and the invention is not limited thereto except insofar as the appended claims are so limited, as those skilled in the art that have the disclosure before them will be able to make modifications without departing the scope of the invention.