Abstract:
A small item pneumatic diverter for high speed diversion of articles, such as fruit, from a moving conveyor in a product handling system. The pneumatic diverter is particularly suited for diversion of small, relatively fragile articles after they have been optically scanned for size, weight, quality or other characteristics. The diverter has a nozzle connected to an electrical solenoid controlled air valve that is connected to a source of compressed air and a computer for controlling the release of air to the nozzle. The nozzle has a plurality of small discharge ports at one end for discharging air towards an article on the moving conveyor. In one configuration, the nozzle discharges air across the top of a small article to provide lift and against the article to off-load it from the conveyor. A delay mechanism is utilized to selective discharge an article after it has been scanned.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    A. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The field of the present invention relates generally to conveying systems wherein the conveyor is actively operative to off-load products from the conveying surface. More particularly, the present invention relates to such conveying systems that utilize pneumatic diverters to selectively off-load products from the conveying surface. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to such conveying systems and diverters that are specially configured for use with small and easily damaged products, such as small spherical and ovular shaped fruit and the like.  
           [0003]    B. Background  
           [0004]    As is generally known, many products are available in different sizes, shapes and levels of quality. This is particularly true with regard to food products, including fresh, dried or processed fruit and vegetables, which must be sorted into different classifications with regard to various specific characteristics for the different types of food products. In general, product handling and sorting activities for the discrimination of individual product units have been in use for some time, particularly in the food product industry. Discrimination of product units in the food industry is generally based on certain selected product qualitites, including such qualities as the size, ripeness and color of the product and/or the amount and type of blemishes and the like on the product. Until somewhat recently, the handling and sorting of products, particularly food products, was primarily accomplished through the use of manual labor by having products conveyed past workers at individual work stations so the workers could review and separate products based on the selected criteria for that product. A principal benefit of manual labor is the versatility of the worker in being able to handle and make selections for different types of products. As is well known in the food industry, however, such labor has become generally more expensive and, due to its seasonal nature, it can be somewhat unreliable with regard to consistency. Due to the difficulties in finding experienced seasonal workers and the normal administrative problems associated with a fluctuating work force, there has been a need for less labor intensive systems.  
           [0005]    With regard to automated product handling systems for the food industry, the nature, volume, relative unit cost and variety of different types of food products severely inhibit the ability to design product handling equipment that is uniformly applicable to different foods. Naturally, due to the nature of food products, particularly most fresh fruit and vegetables, the products must be handled with great care to avoid damage to the product that would reduce its market value or, in some cases, its ability to be sold. In addition, the perishable nature and large quantities of products that need to be processed in a short period of time after harvesting makes rapid processing of the food products an economic necessity. However, due to the varied nature of food products, it is difficult for the average food processor to economically justify food processing equipment that is suitable for processing only a very limited type of food product (i.e., one type of fruit or vegetable). As a result, it is generally preferred that any automated food handling equipment which is intended to replace the versatility of the human worker must be configured for use with a number different types of food products. Unfortunately, due to the varied characteristics of food products, this places great demand for versatility on the equipment.  
           [0006]    The availability of relatively inexpensive yet high powered computers and computer related and controlled equipment and the ability to use such equipment with ever improving optical sensing equipment has benefitted numerous product handling industries, including the food industry. The use of these computers and optical sensors, and the relatively sophisticated software available for such computers and sensors, has vastly improved the capability for detecting the size and condition of individual product units and distinguishing between the units based on the desired selection criteria. This equipment is used with conveyor lines that move the product into position for scanning and then move the product to a storage or shipping container that is appropriate for the category of product (i.e., based on the selection criteria). In conjunction with the equipment to optically scan and characterize products, the handling equipment requires the use of responsive mechanisms that rapidly respond to commands from the computerized equipment so as to off-load products from the conveyor system into the appropriate container. If the product fails to meet the minimum allowable criteria, it is generally conveyed to a separate container or location for discarding.  
           [0007]    Automated responsive mechanisms suitable for off-loading products in response to commands from the computer and optical scanning equipment require a somewhat exacting placement of individual product units relative to the responsive mechanism, sufficient separation of product units from each other, proper orientation, and if necessary reorientation, of the product unit relative to the responsive mechanism and an ability to quickly separate the product unit from the conveying line. In separating the product from the conveying line, it is generally necessary that this be done with some care relative to the product so as not to damage the product. This is particularly a concern in the food industry and, even more particularly, with certain types of foods. In general, responsive mechanisms for larger fruit and vegetables, such as citrus, apples and tomatoes, have been in use for some time. The ability to properly handle certain types of food products, such as cherries and the like, in an automated handling system has been very limited due to their small size, relative fragility and characteristics of the product (i.e., long stems).  
           [0008]    With regard to the typical food product handling system for fresh fruit, the products are loaded into multiple single file lanes, each consisting of linear pockets that are typically mounted on a roller chain or cables. Being generally spherical in shape, each individual fruit product will generally find a pocket for itself. This process is generally referred to as “singulation.” Typically, the lanes are separated from each other by a gap so that any excess fruit will fall onto a return belt. The fruit lanes proceed through an inspection box, where the fruit is illuminated by radiation, typically by fluorescent lamps, and inspected by sensors, which are typically black and white or color area array video cameras of medium resolution. If the pockets comprise rotatable rollers, the fruit may be rotate during the inspection process to allow different sides of the fruit to be analyzed. The camera video signal is digitized and analyzed by a computer. The fruit pockets are tracked by the computer using a shaft encoder monitoring the progress of the pocket lanes. The images are analyzed to obtain the diameter/size, average color (i.e., green, yellow, orange), surface defects and/or other information pertinent to the particular fruit. The operator of the system has a console where he or she selects which combinations of size/color/defect grade are to go to each output belt on the grader. These output belts generally pass perpendicularly under the lanes such that when the fruit/pocket reaches the proper output belt, a computer controlled electrical device is activated to trigger the responsive mechanism so that it lifts, pushes or drops the fruit out of the pocket where it falls onto the moving output belt.  
           [0009]    Referring to the related patents discussed below, various responsive mechanisms evolved to remove the fruit from the lane. For larger fruit, the generally preferred system has flippers and a connected lever arm that is mounted between each roller at the bottom of the pocket. When the fruit is at the ejection point, a solenoid actuator trips the lever arm into a different channel such that the chain motion causes the flipper to rotate up from one side, thereby pushing the fruit off the other side of the pocket and onto the belt. An early automatic sorting system for handling of products is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,106,628 to Warkentin et al., which describes a plurality of cups arranged on a chain conveyor for holding individual product units. Solenoids act to dump selected cups for product separation responsive to discriminating sensing and electronic commands. U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,489, also to Warkentin, discloses a product handling system having a conveyor that includes elements capable of tipping to off-load individual units of a product being processed. The nature of the conveyor permits some variety in shapes and sizes, including elongated products. However, a range of round or oval products in smaller sizes is not as easily accommodated by this system. U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,167, also to Warkentin, discloses an off-loading conveying system having off-loading elements mounted to endless roller chains. The off-loading elements include levers to pivot paddles extending between bow tie rollers so as to remove the product at the appropriate stations. The system is particularly configured to handle small, easily damaged spherical and ovular shaped product units in a high-speed, electronically controlled processing stream of product units. U.S. Pat. No. 4,595,091 to Scopatz et al., describes an article diverter having an ejector lever member for rapidly and gently diverting articles such as fruit from a moving conveyor.  
           [0010]    Other product handling systems include devices for batting, tipping, pushing, dropping, blowing or otherwise depositing selected product units from the lane conveyors to the output belts or containers. The use of a pneumatic air system to blow large fruit of the side of cables with a single port nozzle has been tried. However, this system is believed to have failed because the air damaged the larger fruit and the amount of air needed to operate the system required unfeasibly large compressors. Others, such as Key Technology and SRC Vision have used a horizontally space air nozzle array to divert small items falling off the end of the conveyor. Blueberry Equipment Incorporated has an electronic sorter that ejects defective units, such as blueberries and cranberries, by blowing them straight up as they pass by between two cables. A single port nozzle is used between each cable. Because this could harm some fruit, they are generally only used for good versus bad separation.  
           [0011]    With regard to certain types of products, however, the mechanical devices typically utilized have certain problems. For instance, cherries typically have one to two inch long stems that can become caught in mechanical diverters, such as the chain mounted removal mechanisms. Consumer market cherries are generally sized into four different sizes. Because of the long stems, a special sizing system for cherries has been developed and is now used universally. This sizer organizes the incoming cherries in rows and each row enters the valley formed by two long tubes about six to eight ft long. The axis of each tube is about 45 degrees downward, so the cherries then tumble down. The spacing between the tubes widens as they tumble down, with the smaller ones (smallest size) passing through first, onto a belt, and so on. The rolls are also counter rotating to keep cherries from jamming. There are several variations of this basic two tube system designed to improve the sizing accuracy, which is particularly difficult, as the diameter of each packed size are quite close to each other. For instance, the smallest size for Bing type cherries is 12 Row, with a minimum diameter of {fraction (54/64)} inch, the minimum for a 11½ Row is {fraction (57/64)} inch and the 11 Row is {fraction (61/64)} inch. The other complicating thing is that the cherry diameter is the maximum diameter as viewed by looking straight down from the stem end. In most cases, this diameter is the largest width on the cherry, as they are three dimensional fruit. In general this diameter is not what is actually measured by the mechanical cherry system used as described above. Electronic sizing systems using video cameras could find the correct diameter more reliably.  
           [0012]    Although the prior art discloses product handling systems for handling and sorting small, somewhat delicate fruit such as cherries and the like, none of the presently known product handling systems provides a responsive mechanism or diverter particularly suitable for sorting small, relatively delicate products, such as cherries and the like, into closely separated categories according to selected characteristics of the products (i.e., size, color, quality and etc.). The known mechanical devices and pneumatic devices do not function as desired. What is needed, therefore, is a small item diverter mechanism suitable for rapidly responding to electronic commands to cause products to be sorted according to selected criteria.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0013]    The small item pneumatic diverter for product handling systems of the present invention solves the problems identified above. That is to say, the present invention discloses a pneumatic diverter particularly configured to rapidly and accurately sort small, relatively delicate products into selected categories according to specified criteria for those categories. The small item pneumatic diverter of the present invention is particularly suited for high speed processing of a stream of product units, such as cherries and the like, in an electronically controlled product handling system. In addition, the pneumatic diverter of the present invention reduces the number of parts necessary to divert small items from a conveyor system, which reduces the likelihood of mechanical problems and cost of manufacturing such systems and improves the reliability of the system and its to operate at higher conveyor speeds.  
           [0014]    In one aspect of the present invention, the small item pneumatic diverter is configured for use for high speed diversion of articles from a moving conveyor in a product handling system having a source of compressed air and a computer system. The diverter has an air valve in pneumatic communication with the source of compressed air and in operative communication with the computer system and a nozzle in pneumatic communication with the air valve. The nozzle has a nozzle body with a first end and an opposing second end. The first end of the nozzle body is connected to the air valve and the second end has a plurality of spaced apart discharge ports. The nozzle body is configured with an internal channel to allow compressed air to flow from the air valve to the plurality of discharge ports. Each of the plurality of discharge ports are in spaced apart relationship with each other and in a vertical relationship relative to the articles on the moving conveyor. Typically, the nozzle body will have a connector for connecting the nozzle to the air valve. In the preferred embodiment, the plurality of discharge ports includes an upper discharge port, a lower discharge port and one or more middle discharge ports disposed between the upper and lower discharge ports. Also in the preferred embodiment, for small articles, the upper discharge port is configured to discharge compressed air across the top of the article and the discharge ports are configured to discharge a plurality of horizontal air streams toward the article.  
           [0015]    In another aspect of the present invention, the diverter is used in a product handling system having a moving conveyor configured to transport the articles, an inspection means along the conveyor for inspecting the plurality of articles on the conveyor, and a diverter in communication with the computer system for selectively off-loading an article from the conveyor. The moving conveyor is operatively mounted on a support structure and the inspection means is in operative communication with a computer system for reviewing the articles one at a time. The diverter has an air valve in pneumatic communication with a source of compressed air and a nozzle in pneumatic communication with the air valve. The nozzle has a nozzle body with a first end and an opposing second end, with a plurality of spaced apart discharge ports located at the second. The nozzle body is configured to allow compressed air to flow from the air valve to the plurality of discharge ports, which are in a vertical relationship relative to the articles on the moving conveyor. In the preferred embodiment, the product handling system has a delay mechanism interconnecting the computer and the diverter for delaying the discharge of compressed air through the plurality of discharge ports until the article is at or near the nozzle so that the article may be off-loaded into a basket or other output collection mechanism. As above, the plurality of discharge ports can include an upper discharge port, a lower discharge port and one or more middle discharge ports configured to discharge compressed air across the top of the article and a plurality of horizontal air streams at the article.  
           [0016]    Accordingly, the primary objective of the present invention is to provide an improved, versatile small item diverter suitable for use in a high-speed product handling and sorting system that overcomes the disadvantages associated with presently available diverters.  
           [0017]    It is also an important objective of the present invention to provide a pneumatic diverter that is particularly suited to divert small, relatively fragile items from a moving conveyor so as to sort such items into different categories according to selected criteria for the item.  
           [0018]    It is also an important objective of the present invention to provide a small item pneumatic diverter that is suitable for rapidly responding to commands from an electronically controlled system so as to sort the small items into different categories.  
           [0019]    It is also an important objective of the present invention to provide a small item pneumatic diverter that is particularly suited for use in a high-speed processing line for handling and sorting fruit such as cherries and the like.  
           [0020]    The above and other objectives of the present invention will be explained in greater detail by reference to the attached figures and the description of the preferred embodiment which follows. As set forth herein, the present invention resides in the novel features of form, construction, mode of operation and combination of processes presently described and understood by the claims. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]    In the drawings which illustrate the best modes presently contemplated for carrying out the present invention:  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a product handling system configured for use with the diverter of the present invention;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 is a side plan view of the product handling system of FIG. 1;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 3 is an isolated section view showing the rollers and endless roller chain used to convey articles through the product handling system of FIGS. 1 and 2;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 4 is an isolated section view through the diverter section of the product handling system showing the pneumatic diverter of the present invention;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 5 is side view of the nozzle component of the diverter of the present invention;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 6 is cross-sectional view of the nozzle of FIG. 5 showing the internal channel and plurality of discharge valves; and  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 7 is a chart showing the flow articles through the product handling system described above. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0029]    With reference to the figures where like elements have been given like numerical designations to facilitate the reader&#39;s understanding of the present invention, and particularly with reference to the embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 7, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are set forth below. The pneumatic diverter of the present invention, identified generally as  10 , is configured for use in a product handling system  12 , such as those used to handle and sort cherries, kiwi and other fruit. The diverter  10  of the present invention may be incorporated into product handling systems as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,106,628 to Warkentin and Mills, U.S. Pat. No. 4,515,275 to Mills and Richert, U.S. Pat. No. 4,534,470 to Mills and U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,898 to Mills and Brown (collectively, these patents are referenced as the “Patents”). The Patents disclose various attributes, including mechanical features, of product handling systems  12  that can be used with diverter  10  of the present invention. The disclosures of the Patents are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, various peripheral devices and processes known in the industry are intended to be incorporated into the product handling system  12  described herein for use with diverter  10  for high speed diversion of articles from a moving product line.  
         [0030]    A typical product handling system  12 , shown in FIGS. 1 through 3, generally comprises feed-in section  14 , singulator section  16 , sorting section  18 , diverter section  20  and output section  22 . Articles to be sorted, such as fruit  24  (shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 4) are generally received from chutes, not shown, onto a first conveyor  26  in feed-in section  14  and conveyed to singulator section  16 . Singulator section  16  has one or more lanes of singulator conveyors  28 , four are shown in FIG. 1, comprised of a plurality of spaced apart conveyor rollers  30 , best shown in FIG. 3, rotatably mounted on each side of endless roller chain  32 , which advance fruit  24  from left to right. Endless roller chain  32  will typically have a chain guard (not shown) to keep fruit  24  off of the chain portion, made up of multiple joined link elements forming a plurality of links, of endless roller chain  32 . Singulator section  16  is typically configured such that any fruit  24  that falls off of the singulator conveyors  28 , typically due to having more than one fruit unit on one roller  30  at a time, will fall below endless roller chain  32  onto a lower conveyor section (not shown) that conveys the fallen fruit back up to feed-in section  14  or the entrance to singulator section  16 .  
         [0031]    As shown in FIG. 2, endless roller chain  32  and the remaining components of product handling system  12  are supported off the ground by a support structure  34  that includes a frame  36  having a plurality of sprocket wheels  38  that are used to conventionally mount endless chain  32 . Endless roller chain  32  is driven in a conventional manner by a motor about sprocket wheels  38 . Conventional runners (not shown), disposed on the upper portion of support structure  34 , support and guide the endless roller chain  32  along each lane. Rollers  30  mounted to endless roller chain  32  support fruit  24  as it move along the high speed conveying line. As is known in the art, rollers  30  may be of the “bow tie” type of shaped elements that are rotate on rods or other members relative to endless chain  32 . As also known in the art, rollers  30  may be advantageously configured to cause fruit  24  to spin or rotate thereon so as to place fruit  24  in the desired position for inspection in sorting section  18 . An example of rollers  30  configured for orientation of fruit  24  is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,730,719 to Brown, et al.  
         [0032]    Singulator conveyors  28  convey fruit  24  through sorting section  18 , which comprises an optical scanning unit  40  housing one or more illuminators (not shown) for uniformly illuminating the surface areas of fruit  24  as it passes through scanning unit  40  for testing and/or evaluation. The illumination can be accomplished with visible, ultraviolet or infrared radiation, depending on the specific application desired. One common form of illumination is accomplished through the use of one or more flourescent lights. The illuminators direct their radiation to the surfaces of fruit  24  at various angles so as to illuminate the surfaces of fruit  24  for the scanning camera (not shown), also inside scanning unit  40 . The scanning camera is in operative communication with computer system  42  and generates video signals for controlling diverter  10 , as explained in more detail below, to select, sort and reject fruit  24  depending on criteria for fruit  24 . The scanning camera may comprise a television camera or other form detection system, such as a discrete detector array. The video signals generated by the scanning camera are digitized and fed into computer  42  capable of performing evaluation of the fruit in accordance with the selected criteria important for the particular fruit  24  being inspected. The determined grade signals suitably control the operation of pneumatic diverter  10  on each lane for ejecting items into output section  22 .  
         [0033]    [0033]FIGS. 1 and 2 show the use of receiving containers, such as buckets  44  below singulator conveyors  26  after optical scanning unit  40  to receive the off-loaded fruit  24  from singulator conveyors  26 . Fruit  24  is off-loaded by action of diverter  10 , as explained in more detail below, in response to commands received from computer system  42  as a result of analysis performed on fruit  24 . For most fruit  24 , the object of diverter section  20  and output section  22  is to gently off-load fruit  24  into the appropriate containers depending on the grade, color, size and/or other criteria for fruit  24 . In the configuration shown in FIG. 2, the first four buckets, from the left, are placed to receive selected fruit  24  according to the desired criteria and the last (i.e., fifth) bucket is to receive items that do not meet any of the desired criteria. Alternatively, fruit that does not get off-loaded because of selection criteria can be configured to go off the end of the product handling system  12 . In addition to buckets  44 , other containers, such as bags, boxes or the like, may be used to receive off-loaded fruit  24 . Alternatively, fruit  24  may be off-loaded into a flume, shoot, conveyor, collecting tray or other arrangement for transfer to another part of product handling system  24  for packaging or further inspection, weighing or other action. If conveyors are used to receive the off-loaded fruit, they are typically configured to be located below and perpendicularly displaced relative to the lanes of singulator conveyors. As is known in the art, such conveyors could comprise flexible take-out belts to cushion the fall of fruit  24  from singulator conveyors  28  after diversion by pneumatic diverter  10  of the present invention.  
         [0034]    Diverter section  18 , best shown in FIG. 4, comprises pneumatic diverter  10  and various components to assist with the off-loading of fruit  24  or other items into output section  22 . As shown, diverter  10  comprises an electrical solenoid controlled air valve  46  operatively interconnecting a source of compressed air (shown as  49  in FIG. 7) and nozzle  48  to divert fruit  24  off of rollers  30  as the fruit  24  passes by nozzle  48 . Air valve  46  can be of the two-way type of air valve suitable for receiving and distributing compressed air. As shown in FIG. 4, air valve  46  may be mounted on a horizontally displaced ejector mount  50  mounted above and to guide rails  52  used to mount the components for endless roller chain  32  using one or more spring nuts  54 . Alternatively, air valve  46  and/or nozzle  48  may be mounted from below if the system  12  is configured to accept such mounting. As described in more detail below, nozzle  48  is specially configured to gently remove fruit  24  from one of the pair of rollers  30  disposed on either side of endless roller chain  32  and nozzle  48 . In one configuration compressed air is supplied at approximately 50-110 psi. This amount could vary up or down depending on the size, weight or configuration of fruit  24  or the other items and other factors with regard to the need for high speed diversion of such items from singulator conveyors  28 . As shown in FIG. 4, if desired or necessary, depending on the fruit  24  or other item being processed, an upper deflector  56  and/or a lower deflector  58  may be utilized to deflect the fruit into output section  22 . As is known in the art of fruit handling systems, any such deflectors  56  and  58  should be made out of materials and configured to gently receive and deflect the fruit  24  into output section  22  so as not to cause an bruising or other damage to fruit  24 . One such material is a rigid, rubberized fabric or other piece of cloth. For some fruit  24  or other items, it may not be necessary to utilize deflectors  56  or  58 . A deflector strap can be placed between pneumatic diverters  10  over the endless roller chain  32  so fruit  24  will not make contact with the endless roller chain  32  when it is off-loaded from the singulator conveyors.  
         [0035]    Nozzle  48  of the pneumatic diverter  10  of the present invention is specially designed for high speed diversion of small articles, such as fruit  24 , from a moving line of such articles. As shown in FIG. 4, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, nozzle  48  is positioned between a pair of rollers  30  such that first end  60  of nozzle  48  is slightly above endless roller chain  32  along side rollers  30  and second end  62  of nozzle  48  operatively connects to air valve  46 . Nozzle  48  is configured so as to transfer compressed air to the plurality of discharge ports  64 , shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, on side  66  of nozzle body  68 . In diverter section  20 , nozzle  48  is configured such that side  66  having discharge ports  54  is facing the moving fruit  24  on singulator conveyors  28  so as to cause fruit to be off-loaded into output section  22 . Second end  62  of nozzle body  68  can be configured with either a female connector  70  or a male connector (not shown) to operatively connect to air valve  46 . An internal channel  72  interconnects connector  70  to discharge ports  64 . In a preferred embodiment, shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, discharge ports  64  are disposed in a cut-out section  74  of nozzle body  68  at first end  60  thereof. Nozzle body  68  can be made from a variety of materials, including metals such as aluminum and stainless steel, composite materials and various plastics, depending on the air pressure needed and other considerations, such as corrosiveness of the environment in which it is used.  
         [0036]    As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, a preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes four discharge ports  64  in nozzle body  66 . After experimenting with a single discharge port, the inventor found that small, relatively light weight items, such as cherries, would be blown too hard, causing them to travel too far or hit upper deflector  50  too hard, or they would be blown off at undesirable angles. Larger items, such as larger fruit  24 , would not be moved very much by air from a single discharge port  64 . The use of a single discharge port  64  created a problem for optimal placement of nozzle  48  relative to fruit  64 , as it depended on the size of fruit  24 . As a result, at a given setting for single discharge port  64 , some fruit  24  would take a severe upward and/or sideward trajectory, missing the desired exit location.  
         [0037]    To solve the problems with a single air stream from a single discharge port  64 , the inventor found that multiple horizontal air streams, shown as  75  in FIG. 4, would provide consistent removal of both large and very small items, such as fruit  24 , of a given lot at approximately the same exit speed. Use of at least an upper discharge port  76  and a lower discharge port  78  provided substantial benefits with regard to off-loading fruit  24  or other items of different size. The preferred embodiment also utilizes one or more middle discharge ports  80 , two are shown in the figures, for more uniform and consistent removal of fruit  24  from singulator conveyors  28 . The discharge ports  64  are configured such that upper discharge port  76  blows air at or across the top of fruit  24 , lower discharge port  78  blows at the bottom of fruit  24  and middle discharge ports  80  blows into the side of fruit  24 . The transfer of air across the top of fruit  24  from upper discharge port  76  slightly lifts the fruit  24  out of the valley located at the bottom of rollers  30 , similar to the effect of air traveling over the top of an air foil (aerodynamic lift). This is particularly important for smaller items, such as small fruit  24 , that have a tendency to get jammed in the valley of roller  30 . Diverter systems that physically knock fruit from between the roller valleys have been known to have a problem with smaller items, such as fruit  24 .  
         [0038]    Various factors affect the effectiveness of ejecting fruit at the proper direction and at sufficient speed to accomplish the objectives of the present invention. These factors include the weight and size of fruit  24 , the linear speed of rollers  30  (they are not rotating fruit  24  during ejection), the air supply pressure and an electrical air control pulse one shot duty cycle (which is the percentage of distance traveled, compared to the roller spacing, for the electrical solenoid control pulse sent by computer system  42 ). The faster the linear speed of rollers  30  and/or the larger fruit  24 , the higher the air pressure must be to operate effectively. As an example, a ten gram fruit (i.e., about 1.0 inch in diameter) at a linear roller speed of 26 inches per second (about 20 fruit per second), requires approximately 90 psi air pressure.  
         [0039]    In a preferred embodiment, nozzle body  68  is made out of aluminum and has four discharge ports  64  near first end  60  of nozzle body  68 . In this configuration, discharge ports  64  can be approximately 0.045 inches in diameter and be located on approximately 0.280 inch centers, providing a distance of about 0.840 inches between lower discharge port  78  and upper discharge port  76 . Fruit  24  having a diameter of less than about 0.75 inches has air moving past the top, tending to provide it the slight lift described above. The inventor has found that this configuration results in fruit  24  having a diameter of 0.5 inches to 1.0 inches come off the rollers  30  at an upward angle. Even very small fruit  24 , such as those sitting below lower discharge port  78  are off-loaded from the singulator conveyors  28 . Because air cannot be discharged through nozzle  48  the entire time, as it would off-load all fruit coming past it, delay mechanism  82 , illustrated in FIG. 7, is necessary to provide controlled air release. Delay mechanism  82  is provided to provide an electrical pulse to the solenoid controlled air valve  46  at the proper time that fruit  24  is present at the output section  22  where the fruit  24  is to be deposited. In the preferred embodiment, delay mechanism  82  is part of the software associated with computer system  42 . Alternatively, a mechanical delay mechanism can be provided. The inventor has found that a duty cycle of about 75% has been effective.  
         [0040]    In use, as summarized in FIG. 7, fruit  24  or other items are placed into feed-in section  14  which deposits them into singulator section  16  for placement into separate lanes of singulator conveyors  28  to convey the fruit  24  to sorting section  18 , where it passes through an optical scanning unit  40  or other sorting device. A computer system  40  in communication with the camera in optical scanning unit  40  scans fruit  24  to make a determination as to what category fruit  24  should be place, depending on criteria for the particular fruit  24 . As fruit  24  continues to move forward, a determination is made as to what category it belongs in and a signal is sent to pneumatic diverter  10  in diverter section  20  to off-load fruit  24  into output section  20 . Electrical controlled solenoid air valve  46  receives air from a source of compressed air  49  and releases air through a plurality of discharge ports  64  in nozzle  48  to off-load fruit  24  to output section  22 . Depending on the size of fruit  24 , air from one of the discharge ports  64 , such as upper discharge port  76 , will pass across the top of fruit  24  so as to cause a slight lift to make it easier to push fruit  24  off singulator conveyor  28  by middle  80  and/or lower  78  discharge ports to output section  22 .  
         [0041]    While there are shown and described herein certain specific alternative forms of the invention, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not so limited, but is susceptible to various modifications and rearrangements in design and materials without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In particular, it should be noted that the present invention is subject to modification with regard to the dimensional relationships set forth herein and modifications in assembly, materials, size, shape and use. In addition, although shown and discussed for use with fruit, pneumatic diverter  10  of the present invention is adaptable for use with other items that may require high speed diversion from a moving line.