Abstract:
The compositions and methods of the invention are related to RTV silicones having enhanced oil resistance. The compositions of the invention are useful for forming seals having oil resistance and desired tensile strengths after exposure to oil, including gear oil. The compositions are also useful for manufacturing articles sealed with the cured oil resistant RTV silicones.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/157,763 filed Mar. 5, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention in general relates to RTV silicone and, in particular, to an RTV silicone having gear oil resistant properties. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    RTV silicone presently is the preeminent material in forming vehicle power train seals that include oil pan, valve cover, and transmission pan seals. Because of the exposure to oil at elevated temperatures, including such exposure to gear oil, efforts have been made to develop RTV silicone that has oil resistance properties. Indeed, it is recognized that certain grades of gear oils are known to quickly break down RTV silicone materials due to the additive package and base oils they contain; and substantial losses in tensile strength occur, often in newer gear oil formulations. Thus, there exists a need for RTV silicones with enhanced oil resistance properties, more particularly for such RTV silicones that maintain certain desired tensile strengths. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The compositions and methods of the invention are related to RTV silicones having enhanced oil resistance. The compositions of the invention are useful for forming seals having oil resistance and desired tensile strengths after exposure to oil, including gear oil. The compositions are also useful for manufacturing articles sealed with the cured oil resistant RTV silicones. 
         [0005]    A condensation curable silicone composition is provided that includes a hydroxy-terminated diorgano polysiloxane and a performance enhancing additive of dicyandiamide. 
         [0006]    Alternatively, a condensation curable silicone composition is provided that includes a hydroxy-terminated diorgano polysiloxane; a filler component including a magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, or calcium oxide; and an additive component comprising a compound having at least two terminal functional groups wherein each said terminal functional group is independently selected from: epoxy functional group, unsaturated hydrocarbon functional group, and amine functional group. In one embodiment, the at least two terminal functional groups are each independently selected from —CH═CH 2  and 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    In another, the at least two unsaturated hydrocarbon functional groups have the structure: —CH═CH 2 . 
         [0007]    The cured form of the inventive composition demonstrates enhanced oil resistance. An additive component is provided that includes a cyandiamide derivative or at least one of:
       a) compound of the general formula:
           I) R1-(R2-X) n , or   II) Z-M˜(R2-X) n , wherein
               R1 and R2 are each independently any carbon containing structure, X is any —CH═CH 2 , —CH≡CH or   
               
               
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     n is 2 or more, 
                     ˜ is 1 to 4 bonds, 
                     Z is independently zero to 3 of hydrogen, —OH, or ═O, 
                     M is an atom selected from a metal, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, sulfur, or carbon; and 
                   
                 
               
             
             b) an amine containing at least two amine functional groups wherein each functional group is independently a primary or secondary amine functional group. 
           
         
       
     
         [0017]    In a particular embodiment, X is acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl ether, or vinyl ester. An additive component is also provided that includes at least one of: a di-glycidyl ether, a trifunctional epoxy, a diacrylate, a di-vinyl ether, a trimethacrylate, a triacrylate, a phenolic resin having an aliphatic amine moiety. 
         [0018]    An inventive composition also optionally includes a filler component of calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, diatomaceous earth, carbon black, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc oxide, other metal oxide particulate, silica, or combinations thereof. 
         [0019]    In instances when the filler component includes calcium carbonate, the calcium carbonate is preferably present at 10-40% by weight of said composition. Exemplary calcium carbonate for use herein is precipitated calcium carbonate of less than 500 nm particle size. 
         [0020]    An inventive composition including magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, or calcium oxide as the filler component of the inventive composition preferably has a particle size of less than about 5 microns or more than about 1.5 microns or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, or calcium oxide has a mean surface area of less than about 50 square meters per gram (m 2 /g) or more than about 175 m 2 /g or a mixture thereof. 
         [0021]    An exemplary hydroxy-terminated diorgano polysiloxane of the inventive composition is hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane. 
         [0022]    In a particular composition, the hydroxy-terminated diorgano polysiloxane is 20-60% by weight; the magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, or calcium oxide is 5-25% by weight; and the additive component is 2-20% by weight of the inventive composition. 
         [0023]    Optionally, the inventive composition further includes a crosslinker. An exemplary crosslinker is an oximino silane. Typically, the crosslinker is 0-5% by weight of the inventive composition. 
         [0024]    An inventive composition has an additive component that further optionally includes at least one of a pigment, plasticizer, fumed silica, or precipitated silica. Typically, each of the pigment, plasticizer, filmed silica, or precipitated silica is 0-5% by weight of the composition. 
         [0025]    An inventive composition further optionally includes a condensation cure catalyst selected from the group consisting of dialkyldi(β-diketo) stannate, dialkyltin dicarboxylate, calcium dicarboxylate, zinc dicarboxylate, butyltitanium chelate compound, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, and dibutyltin di(2-ethylhexanoate). Typically, the condensation cure catalyst is 0-5% by weight of the composition. 
         [0026]    The invention also provides a process of providing an oil resistant composition to a surface exposed to oil that includes: applying an inventive composition as detailed above to a surface; forming the composition into an appropriate sealing configuration; and allowing the composition to cure. The cured composition is intended to demonstrate enhanced oil resistance. In a related aspect, the invention provides a silicone article formed from an inventive composition described herein. A gasket or O-ring is also formed from the inventive article. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    The present invention has utility as a cured silicone producing composition with performance properties making the present invention particularly useful in combustion engine power train assemblies. The present invention provides a performance-enhancing additive of dicyandiamide in one embodiment that not only enhances performance of the cured silicone but also forms a stable dispersion in a curable base silicone fluid. 
         [0028]    The invention broadly encompasses a condensation curable silicone composition which includes a base silicone fluid containing polysiloxane and a performance-enhancing additive of cyandiamide derivative, alone or in combination with, or wholly replaced by, a filler component of magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, or calcium oxide or a combination thereof; and an additive component including a compound having at least two terminal functional groups wherein each of the terminal functional groups is independently epoxy functional group, unsaturated hydrocarbon functional group, and amine functional group. 
         [0029]    As used herein, “silicone fluid” includes room temperature condensation curing silicone polymers. These polymers cure/vulcanize with moisture from ambient air over a wide temperature range. Representative silicone fluid polymers conventional to the art typically contain functional groups capable of reacting with ambient moisture to substantially induce cure. Representative of such polymers are acetoxy silanes or diorganopolysiloxanes terminated with hydroxyl, the reaction product thereof with a silicone crosslinker, or a combination of these polymers. It is appreciated that other silicone fluids are operative herein provided that upon condensation cure, the resulting composition has the desired enhanced oil resistance property described herein. 
         [0030]    “Enhanced oil resistance” as used herein means that the inventive condensation cured composition has a tensile strength of at least 80 psi, more preferably 120 psi, or most preferably 150 psi or more following submersion for 168 hours in gear oil of OEM specification MS-9763 (Chrysler) at 150° C., the tensile strength determined according to ASTM D412. 
         [0031]    As used herein, a “cyanamide derivative” is defined as a molecule having a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons that contains both a cyano (—CH) and amide C(NH)NH 2  moieties. Specific examples of cyanamide derivatives operative herein include chlorohexidine, biguanide, 3-amino-1,2,4-trazole, aminoguanidine, tetramethyl guanidine, benzoguanamine, 1-o-tolylbiguanide, 2-aminopyrimidine, dodecyl guanidine, guanidine, cyanamide, dicyandiamide, butylbiguanide, 2-amino-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-trazine, phenylguanidine, O-methylisourea, amino guanidine bicarbonate, 3-amino-5-carboxy-1,2,4-triazole, 5-amino-1H-tetrazole, 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, and 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidine. 
         [0032]    For the purposes of the invention, the silicone fluid used herein typically has a viscosity in the range from about 500 to about 1200,000 Centistokes (Cst) when measured at 25° C. In general, lower viscosity fluids provide improved oil resistance, so fluids of less than 25,000 Cst are preferred and less than 10,000 Cst highly preferred. The silicone fluid used herein can be selected from the fluids, polysiloxanes, and diorganosiloxanes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,514,529; 6,444,740; 6,103,804; and 7,205,050; the entire contents of each of which patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference. For the purposes of the invention, the silicone fluid is 20-60% by weight of the inventive composition. 
         [0033]    A suitable polysiloxane operative herein is a hydroxy-terminated diorganopolysiloxane represented by the structure: HO—(—SiR 3 R 4 —O—) n —H wherein R 3  and R 4  are independently an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group exemplified by alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups; cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl groups; alkenyl groups, such as vinyl and allyl groups; and aryl groups, such as phenyl and tolyl groups; as well as those substituted groups obtained by replacing a part or all of the hydrogen atoms in the above-referenced hydrocarbon groups with halogen atoms (such as trihalopropyl), cyano groups, and the like; and n is at least 2. In a particular embodiment, the hydroxy-terminated diorganopolysiloxane is hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In a more particular embodiment, the PDMS has a viscosity of 500-1200,000 Cst. 
         [0034]    In a preferred embodiment the cyanamide derivative is dicyandiamide H 2 NC(═NH)NHCN and is added to a curable polysiloxane formulation. Dicyandiamide is solid at 20° C. and preferably added as a powder mixed throughout the curable polysiloxane formulation. Typically, cyanamide derivative loadings range from 0.5 to 10 total weight percent of curable polysiloxane formulation absent fillers. 
         [0035]    In another embodiment, the additive component includes an alkali earth oxide or hydroxide and at least one of a) or b):
       a) compound of the general formula:
           I) R1-(R2-X) n , or   II) Z-M˜(R2-X) n , wherein
               R1 and R2 are each independently any carbon containing structure,   X is any —CH═CH 2 , —C≡CH or   
               
               
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     n is 2 or more, 
                     ˜ is 1 to 4 bonds, 
                     Z is independently zero to 3 of hydrogen, —OH, or ═O, 
                     M is an atom selected from a metal, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, sulfur, or carbon; or 
                   
                 
               
             
             b) an amine containing at least two amine functional groups wherein each functional group is independently a primary or secondary amine functional group. 
           
         
       
     
         [0046]    For the purposes of the invention, a “carbon containing structure” is any saturated or unsaturated, branched or straight, cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbon group including and exemplified by alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups; alkenyl groups such as vinyl and allyl groups; alkynyl groups; cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl groups; and aryl groups such as phenyl and tolyl groups; as well as those substituted groups obtained by replacing a part or all of the hydrogen atoms in the above-referenced hydrocarbon groups with halogen including bromo, chloro, and fluoro (such as trihalopropyl), —OH, ═O, amino, cyano groups, and the like; including structures containing all aliphatic (carbon to carbon) linkages and structures containing one or more non-aliphatic linkages exemplified by and including ester and ether linkages and the like. Any chain length or substitution is encompassed by the carbon containing structure, so long as the use of the structure for the purposes of the invention as described herein maintains the enhanced oil resistance of cured inventive composition. In one embodiment, the carbon containing structure is C 2  to C 6  alkyl or alkenyl. In another, the carbon containing structure is C 2  to C 12  alkyl or alkenyl. In another, the carbon containing structure is C 2  to C 24  alkyl or alkenyl. In one embodiment, the specified carbon number ranges include all integers and endpoints within the specified ranges as well as including those ranges definable by overlapping the specified ranges (e.g. C 6  to C 12 ). In a particular embodiment, the carbon containing structure comprises at least one ester or ether linkage. 
         [0047]    In a particular embodiment, X is acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl ether, or vinyl ester. 
         [0048]    In another embodiment, the additive component includes at least one of: a di-glycidyl ether, a trifunctional epoxy, a diacrylate, a di-vinyl ether, a trimethacrylate, a triacrylate, a phenolic resin having an aliphatic amine moiety, EPON 58034, GE 100, SARET 633, VECTOMER 4060, SARTOMER SR350, SARTOMER SR 351, or ANCAMINE. 
         [0049]    The composition further comprises a filler component selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, diatomaceous earth, carbon black, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc oxide, other metal oxide particulate, silica, and combinations thereof. 
         [0050]    In a particular embodiment, the filler component further includes calcium carbonate. In a more particular embodiment, the filler component comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, calcium, oxide, calcium carbonate, or combinations thereof. Calcium carbonate is typically present from 10-40% by weight of the composition. In another, the calcium carbonate is precipitated calcium carbonate of less than 500 nm maximum linear dimension particle size. 
         [0051]    It is recognized that the particular particle size, surface area, or grade of a metal oxide including magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, and other metal oxide is not restrictive. Thus, any particle size, surface area, or grade of a metal oxide is operable for the purposes of the invention. 
         [0052]    In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the magnesium oxide of the filler component of the inventive composition has a particle size of less than about 5 microns or more than about 1.5 microns or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the magnesium oxide has a mean surface area of less than about 50 m 2 /g or more than about 175 m 2 /g or a mixture thereof. 
         [0053]    In another embodiment, the hydroxy-terminated diorgano polysiloxane is 20-60% by weight; the magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, or combination thereof is 5-25% by weight; and the additive component is 2-20% by weight of the inventive composition. 
         [0054]    One or more crosslinkers are added to the inventive composition to allow condensation cure of the composition. Thus, an inventive composition described herein also includes a crosslinker. Any conventional crosslinker known to the art that is capable of reaction with a silicone fluid according to the present invention at room temperature under condensation cure conditions is operative herein, with the proviso that the crosslinker is not an acetoxy crosslinker. A crosslinker operative in the present invention illustratively includes methyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, methyl tris-(N-methylbenzamido)silane, methyl tris-(isopropenoxy)silane, methyl tris(cyclohexylamino)silane, methyl tris-(methyl ethyl ketoximino)silane, vinyl tris-(methyl ethyl ketoximino)silane, methyl tris-(methyl isobutyl ketoximino)silane, vinyl tris-(methyl isobutyl ketoximino)silane, tetrakis-(methyl ethyl ketoximino)silane, tetrakis-(methyl isobutyl ketoximino)silane, tetrakis-(methyl amyl ketoximino)silane, dimethyl bis-(methyl ethyl ketoximino)silane, methyl vinyl bis-(methyl ethyl ketoximino)silane, methyl vinyl bis-(methyl isobutyl ketoximino)silane, methyl vinyl bis-(methyl amyl ketoximino)silane, tetrafunctional alkoxy-ketoxime silanes, tetrafunctional alkoxy-ketoximino silanes and enoxysilanes. In one embodiment, the crosslinker is an oximino silane. In another embodiment, the crosslinker is an oximino silane crosslinker selected from the crosslinkers specifically listed above. In another embodiment, the crosslinker is vinyl tris(methyl ethyl ketoximino)silane (VOS) or tetra(methylethylketoximino)silane (TOS) or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the crosslinker is 0-5% by weight of the composition. 
         [0055]    In other particular embodiments, the additive component further optionally comprises at least one of a pigment, plasticizer, fumed silica, or precipitated silica. The pigment, plasticizer, and silica are readily and commercially available. For example, particular embodiments include aluminum flake, titanium dioxide pigment, and/or fumed silica. In one embodiment, the pigment, plasticizer, fumed silica, or precipitated silica is each independently present 0-5% by weight of said composition. 
         [0056]    The silicone compositions of the present invention may also include a plasticizer, such as aliphatic liquid polymers and oils, illustratively including alkyl phosphates, polyalkylene glycol, poly(propylene oxides), hydroxyethylated alkyl phenol, dialkyldithiophosphonate, poly(isobutylenes), poly(α-olefins), and mixtures thereof. 
         [0057]    The present invention also optionally includes effective amounts of a condensation cure catalyst conventional to the art to facilitate silicone fluid adherence to an RTV silicone. In one embodiment, the condensation cure catalyst is 0-1% or 0.05-0.5% by weight of said composition. 
         [0058]    Condensation cure catalysts conventional to the art and operative herein representatively include organometallics of the metals including tin, zirconium, lead, iron, cobalt, manganese, antimony, bismuth, and zinc. Representative of these organometallic condensation catalysts are dibutyl tin dilaurate, dibutyl tin diacetate, dibutyl tin dimethoxide, tin oleate, dibutyl tin maleate, and combinations thereof; titanium compounds such as 1,3-propanedioxytitanium bis(ethylacetoacetate), 1,3-propanedioxytitanium bis(acetylacetonate), diisopropoxytitanium bis(acetylacetonate), titanium naphthenate, tetrabutyltitanate, tetra-2-ethylhexyltitanate, tetraphenyltitanate, tetraoctadecyltitanate, ethyltriethanolaminetitanate, and β-dicarbonyltitanium compounds; organozirconium compounds such as zirconium octoanate; and esters of the above-recited organometallics, the esters illustratively including 2-alkyl octoanate, alkyl hexoanate; carboxylates illustratively including octoanate, stearate, and naphthenate. Non-metallic condensation catalysts conventional to the art and operative herein include primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, illustratively including hexylammonium acetate, aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, and benzyltrimethyl ammonium acetate. In another particular embodiment, the inventive composition optionally comprises a condensation cure catalyst selected from the group consisting of dialkyldi(β-diketo) stannate, dialkyltin dicarboxylate, calcium dicarboxylate, zinc dicarboxylate, butyltitanium chelate compound, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, and dibutyltin di(2-ethylhexanoate). In one embodiment, the condensation cure catalyst is 0-5% by weight of said composition. 
         [0059]    It is appreciated that the silicone fluid, filler, additive, crosslinker, pigment, plasticizer, silica, and condensation cure catalysts specifically described herein are operative, provided that upon condensation cure the resulting composition has the desired enhanced oil resistance described herein. 
         [0060]    In another aspect, the invention provides a method of providing an oil resistant composition to a surface exposed to oil, the method comprising: applying a composition according to claim  1  to a surface; forming the composition into an appropriate sealing configuration; and allowing the composition to cure. 
         [0061]    In one embodiment, the cured composition demonstrates enhanced oil resistance. In a related aspect, the invention provides a silicone article formed from an inventive composition described herein. 
         [0062]    In a further related embodiment, the invention provides a gasket or O-ring formed from the inventive article. 
         [0063]    The present invention is further detailed with respect to the following non-limiting examples. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Cyanamide Derivative Inventive Composition, Typical Manufacturing Process and Test Methods 
       [0064]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 % weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 hydroxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 
                 20-60 
               
               
                 (viscosity 500-1200,000 Csy) 
               
               
                 cyanamide derivative (e.g. dicyanamide) 
                  1-10 
               
               
                 precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC)- small particle 
                 10-40 
               
               
                 size preferred (&lt;500 nm) 
               
               
                 Pigment (optional) (e.g. aluminum, TiO 2 , carbon black) 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 surface treated fumed or precipitated silica (optional) 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 TOS/VOS (crosslinker) 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 VOS (crosslinker) 
                 1.0-5   
               
               
                 Plasticizer (optional) (may be unreactive PDMS or 
                  0-15 
               
               
                 organic fluid) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
     Compositions, Typical Manufacturing Process and Test Methods 
       [0065]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 % weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 hydroxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 
                 20-60 
               
               
                 (viscosity 500-1200,000 Csy) 
               
               
                 Alkali earth oxide of any particle size or surface area 
                  5-25 
               
               
                 precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC)-small particle size preferred (&lt;500 nm) 
                 10-40 
               
               
                 Pigment (optional) (e.g. aluminum, TiO 2 , carbon black) 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 surface treated fumed or precipitated silica (optional) 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 TOS/VOS (crosslinker) 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 VOS (crosslinker) 
                 1.0-5   
               
               
                 Plasticizer (optional) (may be unreactive PDMS or organic fluid) 
                  0-15 
               
               
                 Minimally difunctional additive (at least 2 terminal epoxy, amine or 
                  1-20 
               
               
                 unsaturated groups): additional data is included to validate the 1% level 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Epoxy fuctional examples: 
               
               
                 Epon 58034 (an elastomer modified epoxy functional adduct formed from the reaction of 
               
               
                 HELOXY ™ 68 modifier and a carboxyl terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer) 
               
               
                 GE100 (tri-functional epoxy) 
               
               
                 Unsaturated examples: 
               
               
                 Saret SR 633 (diacrylate)* 
               
               
                 Vectomer 4060 (di-vinyl ether) 
               
               
                 Sartomer SR350 (tri-methacrylate) 
               
               
                 Sartomer SR351 (tri-acrylate) 
               
               
                 Amine example: 
               
               
                 Ancamine 2014 AS (aliphatic amines with phenolic resin of unknown structure) 
               
               
                 *Saret SR 633: 
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       General Process for Manufacturing Follows: 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Charging hydroxy PDMS, PCC, alkali earth oxide or cyanamide derivative, fumed silica; 
             Mixing with heating and vacuum if moisture removal required—30-120 minutes; 
             Cooling, then adding crosslinkers; 
             If alkali earth oxide present then adding the additive (minimally difunctional (at least 2 terminal epoxy, amine or unsaturated groups) additive); 
             Adding remaining optional additives; 
             Mix until uniform—10-60 minutes; 
             Mix until uniform—10-60 minutes. Variations are recognizable by the ordinarily skilled artisan, and include condensation cure processes, and other processes compatible with condensation cure processes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,514,529; 6,444,740; 6,103,804; and 7,205,050; the entire contents of each of which patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
           
         
       
     
       Test Methods: 
       [0073]    Tensile strength and elongation ASTM D412 
         [0074]    Fluid immersion testing ASTM D471 (time and temperature as specified) 
         [0075]    Shore A Hardness: ASTM D2240. 
       Example 3 
     Test Data 
       [0076]    P number designations in the tables below denote experimental samples. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Mopar Sample 
                 Inventive A 
                 Inventive B 
                 Inventive C 
                 Inventive D 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of 
                 Control Permatex ® 
                 Mopar ® MS-GF 46 
                 +5 total wt % 
                 +2 total wt % 
                 +5 total wt % 
                 +5 total wt % 
               
               
                 RTV silicone 
                 Ultra Grey RTV 
                 silicone (Iron 
                 dicyanadiamide 
                 dicyandiamide 
                 dicyandiamide 
                 guanidine 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 silicone (24 total 
                 oxide, magnesium 
                 yields 24 total 
                 yields 23.5 total 
                 yields 22.8 total 
                 yields 27.8 total 
               
               
                   
                 wt % calcium 
                 oxide, and calcium 
                 wt % calcium 
                 wt % calcium 
                 wt % calcium 
                 wt % calcium 
               
               
                   
                 carbonate) 
                 carbonate) 
                 carbonate 
                 carbonate 
                 carbonate 
                 carbonate 
               
               
                 Initial Tensile 
                 394 psi 
                 213 psi 
                   
                   
                 375 psi 
               
               
                 Strength 
               
               
                 Tensile 
                  32 psi 
                  84 psi 
                   
                   
                 251 psi 
               
               
                 Strength after 
               
               
                 1 week in Gear 
               
               
                 Oil @ 150° C. 
               
               
                 % Change 
                 −92% 
                 −61% 
                   
                   
                 −33% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Inventive E 
                 Inventive F 
                 Inventive G 
                 Inventive H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Description of 
                 +19 total wt % 
                 +10 total wt % 
                 +10 total wt % 
                 +10 total wt % 
               
               
                   
                 RTV silicone 
                 Magnesium oxide and 
                 Epoxy resin, +18 
                 Unsaturated 
                 Unsaturated 
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 yields 16 total 
                 total wt % 
                 acrylate, +19 
                 vinyl ether, +19 
               
               
                   
                   
                 wt % calcium 
                 magnesium oxide, and 
                 total wt % 
                 total wt % 
               
               
                   
                   
                 carbonate 
                 yields 16 total 
                 magnesium oxide, and 
                 magnesium oxide, and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 wt % calcium 
                 yields 16 total 
                 yields 16 total 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 carbonate 
                 wt % calcium 
                 wt % calcium 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 carbonate 
                 carbonate 
               
               
                   
                 Initial Tensile 
                 265 psi 
                 202 psi 
                 351 psi 
                 223 psi 
               
               
                   
                 Strength 
               
               
                   
                 Tensile 
                 no data- 
                 137 psi 
                 266 psi 
                 228 psi 
               
               
                   
                 Strength after 
                 samples 
               
               
                   
                 1 week in Gear 
                 fell apart 
               
               
                   
                 Oil @ 150° C. 
               
               
                   
                 % Change 
                 −100% 
                 −32% 
                 −24% 
                 +2% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Preliminary Test Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Description 
                 I 
                 Inventive F 
                 J 
                 K 
                 Inventive E 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20,000 Cst OH fluid 
                 44.30 
                 51.00 
                 44.30 
                 51.00 
                 50.50 
               
               
                 Al Flake 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 MgO 
                 14.30 
                 18.10 
                 14.30 
                 18.10 
                 18.30 
               
               
                 PPC 
                 12.40 
                 16.20 
                 12.40 
                 16.20 
                 16.35 
               
               
                 Red Iron Oxide 
                 14.30 
                   
                 14.30 
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Epon Resin 
                 9.50 
                 9.50 
                   
                   
                 4.80 
               
               
                 SR 351 
                   
                   
                 9.50 
                 9.50 
                 4.80 
               
               
                 VOS 
                 3.80 
                 3.80 
                 3.80 
                 3.80 
                 3.85 
               
               
                 Ureidosilane 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 Dimethyl tin mercaptide 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test 
                 Spec 
                 P32-14 
                 P32-10 
                 P32-15 
                 P32-11-2 
                 P32-12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Initial 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 48 + 5 points 
                  43 points 
                  40 points 
                  45 points 
                  40 points 
                  37 points 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 247 psi minimum 
                 238 psi 
                 202 psi 
                 289 psi 
                 206 psi 
                 192 psi 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 200% minimum 
                 431% 
                 399% 
                 346% 
                 417% 
                 413% 
               
               
                 Fluid Aging - 
               
               
                 Gear Oil 150° C. 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 10 points, minimum 
                  60 points 
                  55 points 
                  31 points 
                  30 points 
                  50 points 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 196 psi minimum 
                 123 psi 
                 137 psi 
                  97 psi 
                  88 psi 
                 138 psi 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 150% minimum 
                  35% 
                  28% 
                  82% 
                 123% 
                  51% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Inventive L 
                 E 
                 M 
                 C 
               
               
                 Description 
                 WT % 
                 WT % 
                 WT % 
                 WT % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6,000 Cst OH fluid 
                 45.50 
                 54.30 
                 44.3 
                 40.38 
               
               
                 Al Flake 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.7 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 TOS/VOS 
                   
                 4.00 
                 1 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 VOS 
                 4.00 
                 1.00 
                 4 
                 5.38 
               
               
                 Fumed silica 
                 3.00 
                 5.00 
                 3 
                 2.85 
               
               
                 PPC 
                 46.00 
                 16.00 
                 30 
                 22.80 
               
               
                 MgO 
                   
                 19.00 
                 15 
                 — 
               
               
                 Ureidosilane 
                 0.70 
                 0.00 
                 0 
               
               
                 Dimethyl tin mercaptide 
                 0.10 
                 0.00 
                 0 
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
                 98.00 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test 
                 Spec 
                 Inventive L 
                 E 
                 M 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Initial 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 48 + 5 points 
                 58 points 
                 43 points 
                  57 pt 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 247 psi minimum 
                 383 ± 27 psi 
                 265 ± 12 psi 
                 326 psi 
                 375 psi 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 200% minimum 
                 167 ± 16% 
                 454 ± 31% 
                 353% 
                 144 
               
               
                 Fluid Aging- 
               
               
                 Gear Oil 150° C. 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 10 points, minimum 
                 23 points 
                 samples 
                  10 pt 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 196 psi minimum 
                  71 ± 2 psi 
                 fell apart - 
                  14 psi 
                 251 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 150% minimum 
                 127 ± 5% 
                 no data 
                  57% 
                 137 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE IV 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 P36-9-1 
                 P36-9-2 
               
               
                   
                 P31-100-3 
                 SR351 
                 SR351 
               
               
                   
                 5% Saret 
                 m&#39;caps 
                 m&#39;caps 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Description 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 6000 OH Fluid 
                 43.4 
                 41.3 
                 41.3 
               
               
                   
                 80000 OH Fluid 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 PPC 
                 29.5 
                 28.0 
                 28.0 
               
               
                   
                 MgO 
                 15.8 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Al flake 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 TOS/VOS 
                 2.1 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 VOS 
                 3.2 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 Zinc diacrylate 
                 SARET 633 
                 5.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 (non-melting powder) 
               
               
                 Amine functional resin 
                 ANCAMINE 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 (100 C. melt point) 
               
               
                 micro-encapsulated SR351(90% 
                 SR351 Microcaps 66-25 
                 0.0 
                 10.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 active, 100 C. shell melt point) 
               
               
                   
                 SR351 Microcaps 66-26 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 100 cst 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 Test 
                 Spec 
               
               
                 Initial 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 48 + 5 points 
                 70 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 247 psi minimum 
                 290 
                 273 
                 213 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 200% minimum 
                 126% 
                 144% 
                 136% 
               
               
                 75w90 Fluid Aging- 
               
               
                 Gear Oil 150° C. 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 10 points, minimum 
                 15 
                 20 
                 21 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 196 psi minimum 
                 139 
                 161 
                 106 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 150% minimum 
                 326% 
                 161% 
                 125% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE V 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 P36-11-1 
                 P36-11-3 
               
               
                   
                 P36-10-1 
                 5% 
                 5% Saret, 
               
               
                   
                 10% Saret 
                 ANCAMINE 
                 5% 100 cst 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Description 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 6000 OH Fluid 
                 41.3 
                 43.4 
                 38.9 
               
               
                   
                 80000 OH Fluid 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 PPC 
                 28 
                 29.4 
                 26.4 
               
               
                   
                 MgO 
                 15 
                 15.8 
                 14.1 
               
               
                   
                 Al flake 
                 0.68 
                 0.68 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                 TOS/VOS 
                 2 
                 2.1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 VOS 
                 3 
                 3.2 
                 4 
               
               
                 Zinc diacrylate 
                 SARET 633 
                 10 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                 (non-melting powder) 
               
               
                 Amine functional resin 
                 ANCAMINE 
                 0 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 (100 C. melt point) 
               
               
                 micro-encapsulated SR351(90% 
                 SR351 Microcaps 66-25 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 active, 100 C. shell melt point) 
               
               
                   
                 SR351 Microcaps 66-26 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 100 cst 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100.0 
                 99.9 
                 100.8 
               
               
                 Test 
                 Spec 
               
               
                 Initial 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 48 + 5 points 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 247 psi minimum 
                 209 
                 272 
                 229 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 200% minimum 
                 126% 
                 198% 
                 345% 
               
               
                 75w90 Fluid Aging- 
               
               
                 Gear Oil 150° C. 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 10 points, minimum 
                 NA 
                 30 
                 30 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 196 psi minimum 
                 194 
                 194 
                 234 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 150% minimum 
                 370% 
                 174% 
                 437% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE VI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P34-6-1 
                 P34-6-2 
               
               
                   
                 7% Saret 
                 7% Saret 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Description 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 6000 OH Fluid 
                 37.1 
                 33.8 
               
               
                   
                 80000 OH Fluid 
                 13 
                 19.7 
               
               
                   
                 PPC 
                 25.1 
                 22.9 
               
               
                   
                 MgO 
                 13.4 
                 12.2 
               
               
                   
                 Al flake 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 TOS/VOS 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 VOS 
                 2.6 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 Zinc diacrylate 
                 SARET 633 
                 6.9 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 (non-melting powder) 
               
               
                 Amine functional resin 
                 ANCAMINE 
               
               
                 (100 C. melt point) 
               
               
                 micro-encapsulated SR351(90% 
                 SR351 Microcaps 66-25 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 active, 100 C. shell melt point) 
               
               
                   
                 SR351 Microcaps 66-26 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 100 cst 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 Test 
                 Spec 
               
               
                 Initial 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 48 + 5 points 
                 53 
                 48 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 247 psi minimum 
                 264 
                 264 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 200% minimum 
                 320% 
                 409% 
               
               
                 75w90 Fluid Aging- 
               
               
                 Gear Oil 150° C. 
               
               
                 Durometer 
                 10 points, minimum 
                 15 
                 11 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 196 psi minimum 
                 164 
                 144 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 150% minimum 
                 718% 
                 768% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE VII 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Experimental 
                   
               
               
                 Sample: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ANCAMINE 
                 MagChem Ancamine 100 cst 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ECHIP #1 
                 6000 OH 
                 13000 OH 
                 20000 OH 
                 Socal 322 
                 35 
                 2014AS 
                 Plasticizer 
                 OS/VOS 
                 VOS 
                   
                 Initial Cure 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  5b 
                 53 
                 0 
                 0 
                 20 
                 10 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  5a 
                 53 
                 0 
                 0 
                 20 
                 10 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  2b 
                 51 
                 0 
                 0 
                 20 
                 15 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  2a 
                 51 
                 0 
                 0 
                 20 
                 15 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  1b 
                 40.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 27.5 
                 15 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  1a 
                 40.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 27.5 
                 15 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                 18b 
                 0 
                 0 
                 36 
                 35 
                 15 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 18a 
                 0 
                 0 
                 36 
                 35 
                 15 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 15b 
                 0 
                 0 
                 40.5 
                 27.5 
                 15 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 15a 
                 0 
                 0 
                 40.5 
                 27.5 
                 15 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 22 
                 36.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 36.5 
                 15 
                 7 
                 0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                 21 
                 37.75 
                 0 
                 0 
                 37.75 
                 12.5 
                 7 
                 0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                 20 
                 38 
                 0 
                 0 
                 38 
                 15 
                 4 
                 0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                 19 
                 36 
                 0 
                 0 
                 35 
                 15 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                 17 
                 0 
                 0 
                 52 
                 20 
                 12.5 
                 5.5 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 16 
                 0 
                 0 
                 51 
                 20 
                 15 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 0 
                 56 
                 20 
                 10 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 0 
                 41 
                 35 
                 10 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 0 
                 45.5 
                 27.5 
                 10 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 0 
                 38 
                 35 
                 10 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 0 
                 40.5 
                 27.5 
                 15 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                  9 
                 0 
                 46 
                 0 
                 27.5 
                 12.5 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                  8 
                 0 
                 48 
                 0 
                 20 
                 15 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 72 hr RT; 5 hr 50 c. 
               
               
                  7 
                 56 
                 0 
                 0 
                 20 
                 10 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  6 
                 36 
                 0 
                 0 
                 35 
                 15 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  4 
                 48.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 27.5 
                 10 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                  3 
                 33 
                 0 
                 0 
                 35 
                 15 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 100 
                 50 c. 24 hr 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Experimental 
                 150 c. 75w90 Gear Oil (1 wk) 
                   
                 Extrusion Rate 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample: 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Δ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                 Initial 
                 Initial 
                   
               
               
                 ANCAMINE 
                 Shore 
                 TS 
                 Elong 
                 Shore 
                 Shore 
                 TS 
                   
                 Elong 
                   
                 (1 day 
                 (6 day 
                 (12 day 
                 % 
               
               
                 ECHIP #1 
                 A 
                 (psi) 
                 (%) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 (psi) 
                 % ΔTS 
                 (%) 
                 % ΔElong 
                 RT) 
                 RT) 
                 RT) 
                 decline 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  5b 
                 33 
                 165 
                 304 
                 2 
                 −31 
                 71 
                 −57% 
                 347 
                   14% 
                 900 
                 360 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  5a 
                 31 
                 125 
                 317 
                 11 
                 −20 
                 99 
                 −21% 
                 244 
                 −23% 
                 696 
                 750 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  2b 
                 34 
                 187 
                 338 
                 12 
                 −22 
                 115 
                 −39% 
                 234 
                 −31% 
                 840 
                 850 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  2a 
                 34 
                 191 
                 341 
                 10 
                 −24 
                 126 
                 −34% 
                 262 
                 −23% 
                 918 
                 750 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  1b 
                 44 
                 224 
                 303 
                 20 
                 −24 
                 173 
                 −23% 
                 306 
                    1% 
                 549 
                 430 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  1a 
                 43 
                 237 
                 347 
                 18 
                 −25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 480 
                 360 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 18b 
                 44 
                 270 
                 633 
                 4 
                 −40 
                 105 
                 −61% 
                 568 
                 −10% 
                 142 
                 112.8 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 18a 
                 45 
                 270 
                 745 
                 1 
                 −44 
                 84 
                 −69% 
                 497 
                 −33% 
                 154 
                 111 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 15b 
                 45 
                 246 
                 565 
                 9 
                 −36 
                 100 
                 −59% 
                 375 
                 −34% 
                 118 
                 88.2 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 15a 
                 46 
                 225 
                 502 
                 4 
                 −42 
                 86 
                 −62% 
                 375 
                 −25% 
                 103 
                 81.6 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 22 
                 63 
                 280 
                 301 
                 34 
                 −29 
                 230 
                 −18% 
                 317 
                    5% 
                   
                 108 
               
               
                 21 
                 60 
                 283 
                 322 
                 35 
                 −25 
                 223 
                 −21% 
                 313 
                  −3% 
                   
                 72 
               
               
                 20 
                 60 
                 284 
                 307 
                 26 
                 −34 
                 224 
                 −21% 
                 366 
                   19% 
                 194 
                 108 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 19 
                 49 
                 284 
                 420 
                 23 
                 −26 
                 202 
                 −29% 
                 339 
                 −19% 
                 356 
                 240 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 17 
                 32 
                 190 
                 594 
                 0 
                 −32 
                 62 
                 −67% 
                 385 
                 −35% 
                 291 
                 267.6 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 16 
                 35 
                 255 
                 736 
                 5 
                 −30 
                 97 
                 −62% 
                 418 
                 −43% 
                 209 
                 189.6 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 14 
                 29 
                 150 
                 376 
                 2 
                 −27 
                 56 
                 −63% 
                 322 
                 −14% 
                 369 
                 360 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 13 
                 39 
                 238 
                 640 
                 0 
                 −39 
                 106 
                 −55% 
                 477 
                 −25% 
                 206 
                 171 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 12 
                 36 
                 228 
                 651 
                 3 
                 −33 
                 103 
                 −55% 
                 489 
                 −25% 
                 248 
                 231.6 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 11 
                 43 
                 260 
                 655 
                 6 
                 −37 
                 133 
                 −49% 
                 540 
                 −18% 
                 160 
                 126.6 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                 10 
                 35 
                 193 
                 502 
                 0 
                 −35 
                 73 
                 −62% 
                 602 
                   20% 
                 252 
                 272.4 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  9 
                 34 
                 243 
                 511 
                 0 
                 −34 
                 78 
                 −68% 
                 529 
                    4% 
                 383 
                 326.4 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  8 
                 35 
                 197 
                 352 
                 5 
                 −30 
                 101 
                 −49% 
                 444 
                   26% 
                 420 
                 372 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  7 
                 32 
                 185 
                 344 
                 5 
                 −27 
                 57 
                 −69% 
                 253 
                 −26% 
                 1020 
                 780 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  6 
                 48 
                 275 
                 375 
                 8 
                 −40 
                 144 
                 −48% 
                 428 
                   14% 
                 360 
                 240 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  4 
                 33 
                 206 
                 419 
                 15 
                 −18 
                 141 
                 −32% 
                 267 
                 −36% 
                 780 
                 620 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                  3 
                 45 
                 248 
                 347 
                 22 
                 −23 
                 167 
                 −33% 
                 234 
                 −33% 
                 303 
                 186 
                   
                 −100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0077]    Patent documents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. These documents and publications are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual document or publication was specifically and individually incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0078]    The foregoing description is illustrative of particular embodiments of the invention, but is not meant to be a limitation upon the practice thereof. The following claims, including all equivalents thereof, are intended to define the scope of the invention.