Abstract:
A liquid crystal display and method of manufacturing the same according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention include: a plurality of gate lines formed on a first substrate; a plurality of data lines intersecting the gate lines; a plurality of thin film transistors connected to the gate lines and the data lines; a plurality of pixel electrodes connected to respective thin film transistors, each of the pixel electrodes partially overlapping the data line and including a first sub-electrode and a second sub-electrode; a plurality of storage electrode lines formed on the first substrate, each of the storage electrode lines disposed between the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode and including a portion overlapping a respective pixel electrode; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; a common electrode formed on the second substrate, the common electrode including cutouts corresponding to the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode; a liquid crystal layer formed between the common electrode and the pixel electrodes; a plurality of bead spacers supporting the first substrate and the second substrate; and a plurality of column spacers formed on the second substrate which do not make contact with the first substrate.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2006-0060651, filed on Jun. 30, 2006, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the contents of which in its entirety are herein incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    (a) Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display. 
         [0004]    (b) Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    A liquid crystal display (“LCD”) includes a liquid crystal (“LC”) material injected between an upper panel and a lower panel and generates an electric field in the LC material to alter the orientation of the LC molecules, thereby inducing a change in the polarization of light passing through the LC material. The amount of light passing through polarizers is also changed according to the polarization to thereby display an image. 
         [0006]    A uniform cell gap between the upper panel and the lower panel should be maintained, for which active spacers are used. Bead spacers or column spacers are used as the active spacers. 
         [0007]    The bead spacers offer advantages including a simplified process and facilitate manufacture of an LCD, but since the bead spacers are floating in the LCD, the bead spacer move along with the LC material during the injection of the LC material into the LCD. Therefore, when the movement pressure and the movement distance are large, the alignment layer may be curved such that light leakage occurs. 
         [0008]    On the other hand, since the column spacers are formed by a photolithography process, the column spacers can be selectively formed in necessary positions with fixed shapes. For such reasons, at present, the column spacers are used more often than the bead spacers. 
         [0009]    However, the number of column spacers formed per unit area is smaller than that of the bead spacers. This problem, which is due to the photolithography process, is solved by adjusting the size of the column spacers. 
         [0010]    When an external pressure (or impact) is exerted on an LCD with column spacers, the column spacers are not able to absorb the impact as well compared with bead spacers, so the column spacers damage electrodes under the spacers. 
         [0011]    Also, since the column spacers are formed away from pixel electrodes, when the volume of LC material injected into an LCD is decreased at a low temperature of less than −20 degrees Celsius, the cell gap at the pixel electrodes is greatly reduced so that a difference between the cell gap at the pixel electrodes and the cell gap where the column spacers are formed is increased, which causes a phenomenon such as bubbles. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    Therefore, the present invention has been made in an effort to provide an LCD having advantages of a cell gap which is stably maintained even with an external applied pressure and at a low temperature. 
         [0013]    An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a liquid crystal display including: a first substrate; a plurality of gate lines formed on the first substrate; a plurality of data lines intersecting the gate lines; a plurality of thin film transistors connected to the gate lines and the data lines; a plurality of pixel electrodes each connected to a respective thin film transistor of the plurality of thin film transistors, each of the pixel electrodes partially overlapping a data line and including a first sub-electrode and a second sub-electrode; a plurality of storage electrode lines formed on the first substrate, each of the storage electrode lines disposed between the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode and including a portion overlapping a respective pixel electrode; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; a common electrode formed on the second substrate, the common electrode including cutouts corresponding to the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode; a liquid crystal layer formed between the common electrode and the pixel electrodes; a plurality of bead spacers supporting the first substrate and the second substrate; and a plurality of column spacers that are formed on the second substrate nd are separated from the first substrate. 
         [0014]    The column spacers may be distributed at about 1200 column spacers per cm 2 . 
         [0015]    The total area occupied by the column spacers may be about 0.41 μm 2  per cm 2 . 
         [0016]    The column spacers may have a height of about 3.21 μm. 
         [0017]    The liquid crystal display may further include a light blocking member formed on the second substrate and corresponding to the gate lines. 
         [0018]    The liquid crystal display may further include an auxiliary light blocking member formed on the second substrate and corresponding to the column spacers. 
         [0019]    A width of the auxiliary light blocking member may be about 8 μm to about 10 μm greater than a width of the widest portion of the column spacers. 
         [0020]    The column spacers may be disposed in a region where the storage electrode lines and the data lines intersect each other. 
         [0021]    The first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode may have rounded corners. 
         [0022]    The liquid crystal display may further include a plurality of color filters formed intermediate the common electrode and the second substrate. 
         [0023]    The thin film transistor may include a gate electrode connected to a corresponding gate line, a semiconductor overlapping the gate electrode, a drain electrode formed on the semiconductor, and a source electrode opposing the drain electrode on the semiconductor and connected to a corresponding data line. 
         [0024]    The drain electrode may include an expansion overlapping a respective storage electrode line. 
         [0025]    The first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode may be connected to each other via a connecting member, and the connecting member may include a vertical portion in plan connecting the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode in a row and a protrusion protruding from the vertical portion and connected to the expansion. 
         [0026]    The first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode may have substantially the same area. 
         [0027]    A gap between neighboring pixel electrodes may be about 4 μm to about 7 μm. 
         [0028]    Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display. The method includes: forming a plurality of gate lines on a first substrate; intersecting the gate lines with a plurality of data lines; connecting a plurality of thin film transistors to the gate lines and the data lines; connecting each of a plurality of pixel electrodes to a respective thin film transistor of the plurality of thin film transistors, each of the pixel electrodes partially overlapping a data line and including a first sub-electrode and a second sub-electrode; forming a plurality of storage electrode lines on the first substrate, each of the storage electrode lines disposed between the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode and including a portion overlapping a respective pixel electrode of plurality of pixel electrodes; opposing the first substrate with a second substrate; forming a common electrode on the second substrate, the common electrode including cutouts corresponding to the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode; forming a liquid crystal layer between the common electrode and the pixel electrodes; supporting the first substrate and the second substrate with a plurality of bead spacers therebetween; and forming a plurality of column spacers on the second substrate and separated from the first substrate. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0029]    The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in further detail exemplary embodiments thereof which: 
           [0030]      FIG. 1  is a plan view layout of a pixel in an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  is a plan view layout of a thin film transistor (“TFT”) array panel of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  is a plan view layout of a common electrode panel of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along line IV-IV; 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along line V-V; 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  is a schematic plan view layout of an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 7  is a three-dimensional graph illustrating cell gaps at respective portions of an LCD according to the prior art; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 8  is a three-dimensional graph illustrating cell gaps at respective portions of an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0038]    The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. The present invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
         [0039]    It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
         [0040]    It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention. 
         [0041]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof. 
         [0042]    Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top” may be used herein to describe one element&#39;s relationship to other elements as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on the “upper” side of the other elements. The exemplary term “lower” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending upon the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures were turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
         [0043]    Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning which is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
         [0044]    Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations which are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments of the present invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes which result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles which are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
         [0045]    Hereinafter, an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 5 . 
         [0046]      FIG. 1  is a plan view layout of a pixel in an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,  FIG. 2  is a plan view layout of a TFT array panel for the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 3  is a plan view layout of a common electrode panel for the LCD shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along line IV-IV,  FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along line V-V and  FIG. 6  is a schematic plan view layout of an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 to 5 , an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a TFT array panel  100  and a common electrode panel  200  facing each other, and an LC layer  3  interposed between the two panels  100  and  200 . 
         [0048]    First, the TFT array panel  100  will be described. 
         [0049]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  4  and  5 , a plurality of gate lines  121  and a plurality of storage electrode lines  131  are formed on an insulating substrate  110 . In exemplary embodiments, the insulating substrate  110  is made of transparent glass or plastic. 
         [0050]    The gate lines  121  for transmitting gate signals extend substantially in a horizontal direction, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Each gate line  121  includes a plurality of gate electrodes  124  protruding upward and an end portion  129  having a large area for connection with another layer or an external driving circuit (not shown). A gate driving circuit (not shown) for generating gate signals may be mounted on a flexible printed circuit film (not shown) which is attached to the substrate  110 , it may be directly mounted on the substrate  110 , or it may be integrated with the substrate  110 . When the gate driving circuit is integrated on the substrate  110 , the gate lines  121  may extend to be directly connected thereto. 
         [0051]    Each of the storage electrode lines  131  receives a predetermined voltage, and includes a storage electrode  133  protruded upwardly and downwardly, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The storage electrode lines  131  are separated from an adjacent gate line  121  by the same distance. 
         [0052]    The gate lines  121  may be made of an aluminum-(Al) containing metal such as Al or an Al alloy, a silver-(Ag) containing metal such as Ag or a Ag alloy, a copper-(Cu) containing metal such as Cu or a Cu alloy, a molybdenum-(Mo) containing metal such as Mo or a Mo alloy, chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), or titanium (Ti). Alternatively, the gate lines  121  may have a multi-layered structure including two conductive layers (not shown) having different physical properties. In an exemplary embodiment, one of the two conductive layers is made of a low resistivity metal such as an Al-containing metal, a Ag-containing metal, or a Cu-containing metal for reducing signal delay or voltage drop. On the other hand, the other conductive layer is made of a material such as a Mo-containing metal, Cr, Ti, or Ta, which has good physical, chemical and electrical contact characteristics with other materials particularly such as indium tin oxide (“ITO”) and indium zinc oxide (“IZO”). Good examples of the combination of two layers include a pair of a lower Cr layer and an upper Al (alloy) layer or a pair of a lower Al (alloy) layer and an upper Mo (alloy) layer. However, the gate lines  121  may be made of various metals or conductors other than those described above. 
         [0053]    The lateral sides of the gate lines  121  and storage electrode lines  131  are inclined relative to a surface of the substrate  110 , and the inclination angle thereof ranges from about 30 degrees to about 80 degrees in exemplary embodiments. 
         [0054]    A gate insulating layer  140  preferably made of silicon nitride (“SiNx”) or silicon oxide (“SiOx”) is formed on the gate lines  121  and storage electrode lines  131 . 
         [0055]    A plurality of semiconductor islands  154  and  157  preferably made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (abbreviated to “a-Si”) or polysilicon, but not limited thereto, are formed on the gate insulating layer  140 . The semiconductor islands  154  are disposed on the gate electrodes  124 . The semiconductor islands  157  overlap the storage electrode lines  131 . 
         [0056]    Ohmic contact islands  163  and  165  are formed on the semiconductors  154 . The ohmic contacts  163  and  165  are preferably made of n+ hydrogenated a-Si heavily doped with an n-type impurity such as phosphorus (P), or of silicide, but are not limited thereto. The ohmic contact islands  163  and  165  are disposed in pairs on the semiconductor  154 . Ohmic contact islands (not shown) may be also formed on the semiconductor islands  157  overlapping the storage electrode lines  131 . 
         [0057]    The lateral sides of the semiconductors  154  and  157  and the ohmic contacts  163  and  165  are also inclined relative to a surface of the substrate  110 , and the inclination angle thereof ranges from about 30 degrees to about 80 degrees in exemplary embodiments. 
         [0058]    A plurality of data lines  171  and a plurality of drain electrodes  175  are formed on the ohmic contacts  163  and  165  and the gate insulating layer  140 . 
         [0059]    The data lines  171  for transmitting data signals extend substantially in a longitudinal direction and intersect the gate lines  121  and the storage electrode lines  131 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Each data line  171  includes a plurality of source electrodes  173  branched out toward the gate electrodes  124  and an end portion  179  having a large area for connection with another layer or an external driving circuit (not shown). The data driving circuit (not shown) for generating data signals may be mounted on a flexible printed circuit film (not shown) attached to the substrate  110 , or it may be directly mounted on the substrate  110 , or it may be integrated on the substrate  110 . When the data driving circuit is integrated on the substrate  110 , the data lines  171  may extend to be directly connected to the data driving circuit. 
         [0060]    Each drain electrode  175  is separated from the data line  171  and opposes a source electrode  173  with respect to a gate electrode  124 . The drain electrode  175  is connected to an expansion  177  overlapping the storage electrode  133  via a connector  176 . A gate electrode  124 , a source electrode  173  and a drain electrode  175 , along with a semiconductor  154 , form a TFT having a channel formed in the semiconductor  154  disposed between the source electrode  173  and the drain electrode  175 . 
         [0061]    The data lines  171  and the drain electrodes  175  are preferably made of a refractory metal such as Mo, Cr, Ta, and Ti, or an alloy thereof, but is not limited thereto, and they may have a multi-layered structure including a refractory metal layer (not shown) and a conductive layer (not shown) having low resistivity. An example of the multi-layered structure includes double layers of a lower Cr or Mo (alloy) layer and an upper Al (alloy) layer, and triple layers of a lower Mo (alloy) layer, an intermediate Al (alloy) layer and an upper Mo (alloy) layer. However, the data lines  171  and the drain electrodes  175  may be made of many various metals or conductors besides those described above. 
         [0062]    The lateral sides of the data lines  171  and the drain electrodes  175  are also inclined relative to a surface of the substrate  110 , and the inclination angles thereof are preferably in a range of about 30 degrees to about 80 degrees in exemplary embodiments. 
         [0063]    The ohmic contacts  163  and  165  are interposed only between the underlying semiconductors  154  and the overlying data lines  171  and the drain electrodes  175  thereon, and reduce the contact resistance therebetween. The width of the semiconductor islands  154  and  157  is widened near locations where the semiconductor islands  154  and  157  meet the gate lines  121  and the storage electrode lines  131  so as to make the profile of the surface smooth, thereby preventing disconnection of the data lines  171 . The semiconductors  154  include exposed portions that are not covered with the data lines  171  and the drain electrodes  175 , such as the portion (e.g., channel) between the source electrode  173  and the drain electrode  175 . 
         [0064]    A passivation layer  180  is formed on the data lines  171 , the drain electrodes  175  and the exposed portions of the semiconductors  154 . 
         [0065]    The passivation layer  180  is preferably made of an inorganic insulator or an organic insulator, and the surface thereof may be flat in exemplary embodiments. An example of the inorganic insulator includes silicon nitride and silicon oxide. The organic insulator may have photosensitivity, and the preferable dielectric constant thereof is lower than about 4.0. Alternatively, the passivation layer  180  may have a double-layered structure including a lower inorganic layer and an upper organic layer in order to not harm the exposed portions of the semiconductors  154  as well as to take advantage of the excellent insulating characteristics of the organic layer. 
         [0066]    The passivation layer  180  has a plurality of contact holes  182  and  185  exposing the end portions  179  of the data lines  171  and the drain electrodes  175 , respectively, and the passivation layer  180  and the gate insulating layer  140  have a plurality of contact holes  181  exposing the end portions  129  of the gate lines  121 . 
         [0067]    A plurality of pixel electrodes  191 , a plurality of connecting members  85 , and a plurality of contact assistants  81  and  82 , which are made of IZO or ITO, are formed on the passivation layer  180 . 
         [0068]    Each pixel electrode  191  includes a first sub-electrode  9   a  and a second sub-electrode  9   b . The first sub-electrode  9   a  and the second sub-electrode  9   b  have a shape of a quadrangle with rounded corners, and the first sub-electrode  9   a  and the second sub-electrode  9   b  are connected to each other through the connecting member  85 . 
         [0069]    The connecting member  85  includes a vertical portion connecting the first sub-electrode  9   a  and the second sub-electrode  9   b , and protrusions protruding from the vertical portion to the right and left, as best seen with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
         [0070]    The protrusions are physically and electrically connected to the expansions  177  through the contact holes  185  and are supplied with a data voltage from the drain electrode  175  to transmit the data voltage to the pixel electrodes  191 . 
         [0071]    The pixel electrode  191  supplied with a data voltage generates an electric field in cooperation with a common electrode  270  on the common electrode panel  200  supplied with a common voltage so that the orientations of LC molecules in the LC layer  3  interposed between the two electrodes  191  and  270  are determined. In accordance with the determined orientations of the LC molecules, the polarization of light passing through the LC layer  3  is varied. A pixel electrode  191  and the common electrode form a capacitor (hereinafter referred to as “an LC capacitor”) to store and preserve the applied voltage even after the TFT is turned off. 
         [0072]    The gap between neighboring pixel electrodes  191  may be about 4 μM to about 7 μm. When the gap between pixel electrodes  191  is over 4 μm, light leakage due to disclination caused by a fringe field between pixel electrodes is reduced. 
         [0073]    The contact assistants  81  and  82  are connected to the end portion  129  of the gate line  121  and the end portion  179  of the data line  171  through the contact holes  181  and  182 , respectively. The contact assistants  81  and  82  supplement the adhesive property of the end portions  129  of the gate lines  121  and the end portions  179  of the data lines  171  to exterior devices, and protect them. 
         [0074]    Next, the common electrode panel  200  will be described in further detail. 
         [0075]    Referring to FIGS.  1 , 3 ,  4  and  5 , a light blocking member  220   a  is formed on an insulating substrate  210  that is preferably made of transparent glass or plastic. The light blocking member  220   a  is also called a black matrix, and is formed to widely cover the neighborhood of the gate lines  121  where the TFTs are located. 
         [0076]    A plurality of color filters  230  are also formed on the substrate  210 , and the color filters  230  may extend substantially in the vertical direction along the pixel electrodes  191  to form stripes with reference to  FIG. 1 . Each of the color filters  230  may represent one of the primary colors such as red, green and blue colors, for example, but is not limited thereto. 
         [0077]    An overcoat  250  is formed on the color filters  230 . The overcoat  250  may be made of an (organic) insulator. The overcoat  250  protects the color filters  230  and prevents them from being exposed and also provides a flat surface. 
         [0078]    A common electrode  270  is formed on the overcoat  250 . The common electrode  270  is preferably made of a transparent conductive material such as ITO and IZO in exemplary embodiments. 
         [0079]    The common electrode  270  has a plurality of circular cutouts  27 , and each cutout  27  corresponds to the center of the sub-electrodes  9   a  and  9   b.    
         [0080]    Column spacers  320   a  for maintaining a uniform gap between the two panels  100  and  200  are formed on the common electrode  270 . 
         [0081]    The column spacers  320   a  may be formed in the regions corresponding to the portions where the storage electrode lines  131  and the data lines  171  intersect each other, and they are disposed at uniform intervals in the panels  100  and  200 . Referring to  FIG. 6 , the distribution of the column spacers  320   a  may be 1 column spacer  320   a  per 6 dots (unit of one pixel P), that is, 1200 column spacers  320   a  per cm 2 . However, the area taken by the column spacer  320   a  is not over 0.41 μm 2  per cm 2 . The nondescribed reference numeral D represents the pixel region where pixels P are formed. 
         [0082]    An auxiliary light blocking member  220   b  is further formed in the region corresponding to the column spacers  320   a . This is because of the possible light leakage occurring near the column spacers  320   a , and the width of the auxiliary light blocking member  220   b  is formed to be about 8 μm to about 10 μm greater than the width of the widest portion of the column spacers  320   a.    
         [0083]    Without an external applied pressure and a low temperature phenomenon, the column spacers  320   a  do not contact the TFT array panel  100 . This will be described more in further detail below. 
         [0084]    Alignment layers  11  and  21  are coated on inner surfaces of the panels  100  and  200 , respectively, and they may be homeotropic. 
         [0085]    Also, the two panels  100  and  200  are supported by bead spacers  320   b  so that the two panels  100  and  200  can maintain a uniform gap therebetween. 
         [0086]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , the bead spacers  320   b  are distributed somewhat randomly in the panels  100  and  200 , and they are disposed in the regions corresponding to the pixels P rather than at the data lines  171  or the gate lines  121 . 
         [0087]    Meanwhile, the height of the column spacers  320   a  is less than the diameter of the bead spacers  320   b . By making the sizes of the two spacers  320   a  and  320   b  different from each other, a more stabilized cell gap can be maintained even if a physical external pressure is applied to the two panels  100  and  200 , or a change in the volume occurs due to a low temperature. 
         [0088]    In other words, since the heights of the two spacers  320   a  and  320   b  are different from each other, the two panels  100  and  200  are supported by the bead spacers  320   b  while the column spacers  320   a  are not in contact with the TFT array panel  100  when there is no external influence. However, the diameter of the bead spacers  320   b  decreases gradually when an external influence is given, and as the diameter of the bead spacers  320   b  reaches a certain level and decreases more, the TFT array panel  100  makes contact with the column spacers  320   a  so that the TFT array panel is supported simultaneously by the two spacers  320   a  and  320   b.    
         [0089]    Here, the diameter of the bead spacers  320   b  is about 4.2 μm, while the height of the column spacers  320   a  is about 3.2 μm before the two panels  100  and  200 , which are attached to each other after formation thereof, are attached to each other, which means there is a difference of about 1 μm between the bead spacers  320   b  and column spacers  320   a . On the other hand, after attachment of the two display panels  100  and  200 , the diameter of the bead spacers  320   b  is about 4.0 μm while the height of the column spacers  320   a  is about 3.2 μm, which means the difference decreases to less than 1 μm, which was the difference prior to the attachment of the two display panels  100  and  200 . 
         [0090]    Additionally, in the prior art, only column spacers  320   a  are formed so that the cell gap at pixel electrodes decreases greatly as the volume of the LC layer  3  varies at a low temperature, but according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a stable cell gap can be maintained even at a low temperature because additionally formed bead spacers  320   b , as described above, sustain the cell gap at the pixel electrodes  191 . 
         [0091]    This can be confirmed with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
         [0092]      FIG. 7  is a three-dimensional graph illustrating cell gaps at respective portions of an LCD according to the prior art, and  FIG. 8  is a three-dimensional graph illustrating cell gaps at respective portions of an LCD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Here, the targeted cell gap of an LCD is 4 μm. 
         [0093]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , the average cell gap in an LCD according to the prior art is 3.8 μm, but the average cell gap in an LCD according to an embodiment of the present invention in  FIG. 8  is 3.89 μm, which is closer to the targeted cell gap of 4 μm. 
         [0094]    Polarizers  12  and  22  are provided on the outer surfaces of the panels  100  and  200 , respectively, and their polarization axes may be perpendicular to each other. 
         [0095]    The LCD may further include a retardation film (not shown) for compensating the retardation of the LC layer  3 . The LCD may further include a backlight unit (not shown) for supplying light to the polarizers  12  and  22 , the retardation film, the panels  100  and  200 , and the LC layer  3 . 
         [0096]    The LC layer  3  is in a state of negative dielectric anisotropy, and the LC molecules in the LC layer  3  are aligned such that their long axes are substantially vertical to the surfaces of the panels  100  and  200  in the absence of an electric field. Therefore, the incident light into the LC layer  3  can&#39;t pass through the crossed polarizers  12  and  22 , and the incident light is blocked. 
         [0097]    When a common voltage is applied to the common electrode  270  and data voltages are applied to the pixel electrodes  191 , an electric field substantially perpendicular to the surfaces of the panels  100  and  200  is generated. The LC molecules (not shown) tend to change their orientations in response to the electric field such that their long axes are perpendicular to the electric field direction. 
         [0098]    The cutouts  27  of the field generating electrodes  191  and  270  and the edges of the pixel electrodes  191  distort the electric field to generate a horizontal component, which determines the tilt directions of the LC molecules  31  (see  FIG. 4 ). The horizontal component of the electric field is substantially perpendicular to the edges of the cutouts  27  and the pixel electrodes  191 . Since the LC molecules  31  tilt according to the electric field generated by the four edges of the first sub-electrode  9   a  and the second sub-electrode  9   b , and the cutouts  27 , the azimuthal distribution of the tilt directions is localized to four directions. In this manner, if the tilt directions of the LC molecules  31  are various, the reference viewing angle of an LCD is increased. 
         [0099]    Also, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, transmittance of an LCD is increased by forming a light blocking member  220   a  only around the gate lines  121 . 
         [0100]    As described above, by forming both column spacers and bead spacers, an LCD having a stable cell gap which is maintained even under an external applied pressure and at a low temperature is provided according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0101]    Also, by forming quadrangular sub-electrodes and cutouts in the common electrode, the viewing angle of an LCD is increased. 
         [0102]    While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the present invention should not be limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments herein. Rather, it is intended that various modifications and equivalent arrangements can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing form the spirit and scope of the present invention, as described in the following claims.