Abstract:
A method of making a container includes applying an insulating material in an inactive form to form a layer on a first substrate. The applied insulating material includes expandable microspheres. The method further includes joining a second substrate to the first substrate to adhere the first substrate to the second substrate and to create at least a portion of a multi-layer composite having at least one air gap between the first substrate and the second substrate. The method further includes heating the applied insulating material to activate expandable microspheres thereof to form expanded microspheres. The method further includes increasing the thickness of the applied insulating material layer to thereby increase the volume of the air gap between the first substrate and the second substrate of the multi-layer composite by the heating of the applied insulating material. The method further includes forming the multi-layer composite into a container having expanded microspheres.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 14/739,804 entitled “Thermally Activatable Insulating Packaging,” filed Jun. 15, 2015, which is a continuation of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 11/728,973 entitled “Thermally Activatable Insulating Packaging,” filed Mar. 27, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,056,712, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to United States Provisional Application No. 60/789,297 entitled “Temperature Activatable Insulating Packaging,” filed Apr. 3, 2006, the content of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Consumers frequently purchase ready-made products, such as food and beverages, in disposable containers. Thermally insulated containers may be designed for hot or cold liquids or foods, such as hot coffee, iced-tea, or pizza. These containers may maintain the temperature of the liquid or food contents by preventing heat or cold transfer from the contents to the consumer&#39;s hand. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0003]    A package or container includes a side wall, the side wall having an inner surface and an outer surface. At least one of the inner surface or the outer surface of the side wall may be at least partially coated by a layer of a thermally expandable material. The material may be adapted to be expanded to provide thermal insulation. 
         [0004]    Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be, or will become, apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the following claims. 
     
    
     
       BREIF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a cup assembled with a die cut blank. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a cup assembled with a full-body die cut blank with openings. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of another integrated container with channels. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a cross section view of an assembled die cut blank. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  is a top view of a cross section of a cup assembled with a die cut blank. 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  is a view of a die cut blank disassembled from a cup. 
           [0011]      FIG. 7  is a view of a die cut blank disassembled from a cup. 
           [0012]      FIG. 8  is a view of a die cut blank disassembled from a cup. 
           [0013]      FIG. 9  is a view of a die cut blank disassembled from a cup. 
           [0014]      FIG. 10  is a view of a die cut blank disassembled from a cup. 
           [0015]      FIG. 11  is a view of a die cut blank disassembled from a cup. 
           [0016]      FIG. 12  is a view of a cup assembled with a die cut blank illustrating heat transfer. 
           [0017]      FIG. 13  is a side cutaway view of a double-wall cup. 
           [0018]      FIG. 14  is a block diagram of an exemplary process for applying a micro-particle coating to substrates. 
           [0019]      FIG. 15  is a schematic of applying a coating to a substrate with spray nozzles. 
           [0020]      FIG. 16  is a schematic of applying a coating to a substrate with nonspray nozzles. 
           [0021]      FIG. 17  shows a graphical representation of how an expandable material alters thermal conductivity of a cup. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    A package or container may be constructed of, and/or insulated with, a die cut blank, such as a sleeve. The die cut blank may be fixed to a container or it may be removable. Thermally-expandable material may be applied to the container and/or die cut blank. Expandable materials that are expanded in ways other than by temperature may also be used. The material may be expanded before reaching an end user, such as when the container and/or die cut blank are manufactured, and/or the material may be expanded only on end use and only in response to a determined temperature. The material may be used to aid with insulating capabilities of the container and/or die cut blank, and/or to add rigidity to the container and/or the die cut blank, such as to reduce a thickness of the material components of container and/or die cut blank. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates a container  101 , such as a cup, and a die cut blank  102 , such as a sleeve. The container is described in terms of a cup, for example, but may also include other containers such as a plate or tub. The blank may be in the form of a container sleeve or an outer wall to the container. The container is not limited to a cup and may be any other container, including but not limited to, a bulk coffee container, a soup tub, and press-formed containers, with or without covers or sleeves. The container  101  may be a cylindrical cup or a container having other geometrical configurations, including conical, rectangular, etc. The die cut blank is not limited to a corrugated die cut blank, and may be constructed of paperboard, paper, etc. The die cut blank  102  may be made of any nominal paper stock, including but not limited to natural single-face, white-topped single face, coated bleached top single-face, corrugate, fluted corrugate or any combination of these. The die cut blank  102  may be removable from the container or the die cut blank may be adhered to the container  101 . The blank  102  may be adhered, for example, by laminating the die cut blank onto the container, using a hot melt, cold melt and/or any other adhesive or sealing mechanisms. Alternatively or in addition, the blank may be adhered with an expandable material, such as a microsphere material. If the die cut blank is attached to the cup during manufacture, it may increase efficiency by eliminating an assembly step by the commercial end-user. Further, it may decrease the amount of storage space required by the commercial end-user, e.g., storing one item as opposed to two. 
         [0024]      FIG. 1  is not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the die cut blank  102  may cover a larger or smaller portion of the container&#39;s  101  surface than illustrated. For example, the die cut blank may provide full body coverage. Increasing the surface area of the die cut blank  102  may provide a larger insulated area as well as a larger print surface. Although the drawing illustrates the die cut blank on a cup, the die cut blank may be added to any other containers, such as but not limited to, a bulk beverage container, press-formed container, and soup tub. 
         [0025]    A thermally activatable coating may be applied between the  101  and the blank  102 . The expandable material may be thermally-activatable, by a hot or cold temperature, and may be an expandable coating or adhesive, including but not limited to, binder, expandable microspheres or other microencapsulated particles, pigment and other additives, or any combination of these or other materials. The material may be expandable when wet or dry. The material may include any synthetic or natural material including aqueous based, solvent based, high solids, or 100% solid materials. The amount of solid content is typically 30% to 80% of the material, and more preferably 40% to 70%. Additional ingredients may be added to the binder, including but not limited to, pigments or dyes, fillers/extenders, surfactants for dispersion, thickeners or solvents to control viscosity for optimized application, defoaming agents, additives like waxes or slip aids, etc. Alternatively, the binder may be an adhesive. The expandable material may have several properties, including but not limited to thermal insulation to keep container contents hot or cold, and/or it may expand on contact with hot material (such as, over 150 degree F.), and preferably remains inactive before a determined designed activation temperature, such as at about room temperatures. The coating may be repulpable, recyclable, and/or biodegradable. 
         [0026]      FIGS. 2 and 3  illustrate a container  101  with an outer wall of a die cut blank  102 . The container  101  be constructed as a double-wall cup assembly. The container  101  may be a cylindrical cup or container having other geometrical configurations, including conical, rectangular, etc. The die cut blank may fully or partially cover the body of the container. The die cut blank  102  may be an outer wall of the container  101 . The container  101  and die cut blank  102  may be integrated into a cup  100  and the expandable material or adhesive may be applied between the container body  101  and the die cut blank  102 . The activatable material may additionally have adhesive properties and thus may form the only attachment between the container and the blank. The die cut blank  102  may be made of any nominal paper stock, including but not limited to, natural single-face, white-topped single face, coated bleached top single-face or any combination of these. The die cut blank and/or container may be repulpable recyclable and/or biodegradable. The die cut blank  102  may include, for example, corrugated, flute corrugated or embossed grooves. The grooves may be in a vertical, diagonal, or other direction and may channel heat away from the hands. 
         [0027]    The die cut blank  102  may be removable from the container or the die cut blank may be adhered to the container. For example, a one-piece container, such as a cup, may be manufactured  101  by laminating the die cut blank onto the container, using a hot melt and expandable material to secure the die cut blank, or any other adhesive or sealing method. Alternatively, the thermally-activated material may be used to adhere the blank to the cup. If the die cut blank  102  is permanently attached to the container  101  during manufacture (e.g., creating an integrated one-piece cup), it may increase the efficiency of using a thermal die cut blank by eliminating an assembly step by the commercial end-user. Further, it may decrease the amount of storage space required by the commercial end-user, e.g., storing one item as opposed to two. 
         [0028]    The die cut blank may remain open ended on one side or on opposing sides, which may permit airflow. For example, in  FIG. 2 , the container may contain openings  210  near the top  212  of the integrated container  100 . The opening may be formed into the die cut blank, for example as holes) and the air flow may be created when the space between the container  101  and the die cut blank  102  is expanded by the expandable material. Airflow may be further manipulated, for example, upward and away from the holding fingers by corrugated, flute corrugated or other channels in the die cut blank  102  or expandable material application pattern  216 . For example, the pattern of application of the expandable material may create heat release channels  216 . 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  illustrates an alternate non-limiting example of how application of the expandable material may form openings  310  near the top  212  of the container  101 . The channels may be formed on expansion of the material. There may be openings on opposing ends of the container  101 , such as at the top  212  and the bottom  214 . The openings may be formed by wrapping the die cut blank on the container without completing the seal at the top  212  or bottom  214 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 4  illustrates a cross section of a die cut blank  102  assembled with the cup  101 . This figure is meant to be illustrative and not limiting. The cup may be replaced with any container, for example, a press-formed tray, a soup tub, or a bulk beverage container. The die cut blank  102  may have an inner face  406  and an outer face  404 . An expandable material may be applied to the inner face  406 , the outer face  404  and/or to a surface between the inner face  406  and the outer face  404 . The inner face  406  and outer face  404  do not necessarily contain a space  402  between. In another non-limiting example, the expandable material may be applied between the container wall  101  and the die cut blank  102  and may result in an integrated container  100 . 
         [0031]    A thermally-expandable material  408  may be applied to an inner face  406  of the die cut blank  102  in an inactive form. The inactivated material  408  may be applied as a thin film that does not materially alter the thickness of the die cut blank  102 . Applying the expandable material to the inside of the die cut blank may also maintain the printability of the outer face of the die cut blank. If the inactivated expandable material  408  on the die cut blank  102  is assembled, for example, with a standard paper cup, it may maintain the slim profile of the cup. Maintenance of the slim profile may retain the efficient nesting qualities of a standard cup, allowing it to be efficiently cased, crated and shipped. 
         [0032]    The expandable material  408  may be activated and thereby expanded by, for example, adding hot liquid, beverage or food into the container  101 . Activation may occur only at the consumption stage and not at the processing stage of the die cut blank, such that the die cut blank may be shipped to the consumer with a substantially inactivated expandable material. For example, the activation point of the expandable material may be greater than about 120° F. (and/or less than 60° F., such that the expandable material may be activated only by the temperature of hot liquids, beverages, or food and not activated by ambient or body temperature. The activation may cause the expandable material to expand and “push back” the die cut blank  102  from the container  101  creating an increased air gap. The air gap may create a thermal barrier between the hot beverage container  101  and the hand of the consumer. The activation may also enhance the stiffness and/or rigidity of the container, which may allow for a reduction in the material or thickness of the container wall. As described in more detail below, the coating may also be activated, or at least partially activated, before reaching the consumer. 
         [0033]    The expandable material  408  may be applied to the die cut blank  102  in an unexpanded state. Expansion of the die cut blank may not occur until activated by adding hot fluid or solids, such as at the point of serving. This may be different from expanding the material during manufacture of the die cut blank. Expansion during manufacture may increase the bulk of the die cut blank. The expandable material may be controlled to effect nesting efficiency. The properties of the die cut blank may be further controlled by, for example but not limited to, combining a die cut blank constructed from fluted corrugate material with patterned application of expanded material to provide specific insulation, air flow characteristics and container rigidity enhancement. For example, the corrugation and/or the pattern of expandable material applied to the die cut blank may direct heat convection upward, and may therefore reduce heat transfer horizontally toward the holding hand of consumer. In other implementations, expansion may occur before shipping, such as before, during or after the manufacturing of the container. 
         [0034]      FIG. 5  is an exemplary top view of a cross-section of a container  101  assembled with a thermal die cut blank  102 . This figure is illustrative only and not limiting. The expandable material  408  may be applied to the inner-face  406  of the die cut blank  102 . For example, the expandable material  408  may be applied between the die cut blank  102  and the wall of the container  101  and may form an integrated two-layer cup with thermally-activatable insulated expandable material in between. The expandable material may include, for example, expandable microspheres  502  dispersed in a binder or any other suitable material  504  disclosed above and may include an adhesive property. 
         [0035]      FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary die cut blank  602 . This drawing is illustrative and not meant to be limited to a size or shape. The size and shape may be adapted to the dimensions of any container. An expandable material  408  may be applied to the die cut blank  602 . The expandable material may be applied by a number of methods, such as but not limited to, a nozzle spray gun, printing, a slot coater, or other methods, such as those described in more detail below. The expandable material  408  may be applied to the die cut blank  602 , for example, on an in-line cup wrapping machine, in-line on a folder/gluer, or by other suitable methods, such as off-line coating and drying. The expandable material  408  may be applied to the die cut blank  602  in any suitable pattern, such as but not limited to, banded, dotted, waved, squares, circles, diamonds, random, a combination of these or any other pattern. For example, the expandable material may be applied in a pattern that manipulates air flow and/or conducts heat, for example, vertically upward away from the holding fingers. The expandable material may be applied such that it forms channels, or expands to form channels on activation. The channels may direct the natural convection. The expandable material  408  may fully or only partially cover the surface being coated. 
         [0036]    The coated die cut blank may be removably or permanently attached to a container or cup by, for example, wrapping the die cut blank around the container. For example, a one-piece cup or container may be manufactured  101  by laminating the die cut blank onto the container, using a hot melt and expandable material to secure the die cut blank, using an expandable material with adhesive properties, a combination of these or any other adhesive or sealing method. If the die cut blank  102  is permanently attached to the container  101  during manufacture for example, creating an integrated one-piece cup), it may increase the efficiency of using a thermal die cut blank by eliminating an assembly step by the commercial end-user. Further, it may decrease the amount of storage space required by the commercial end-user (storing one item as opposed to two). The shape of the die cut blank in the drawing is not meant to be limiting. The shape of the die cut blank may be adapted to the shape of other containers, for example but not limited to, a soup tub, press-formed container, or bulk beverage containers. 
         [0037]    The die cut blank  602  may, optionally, contain in-seam hot-melt  604  or cold-set glue. If the expandable material  408  is also an adhesive, the in-seam hot-melt or cold-set  604  may be omitted. The in-seam hot-melt/cold-set glue  604  may be used in addition to the expandable material  408 , such as, for bonding reinforcement. The die cut blank may be applied to a cup by, for example, wrapping, laminating, or other manufacturing processes. 
         [0038]      FIGS. 7 through 11  illustrate other examples of a die cut blank  402 . These examples are merely illustrative and not limiting.  FIG. 7  illustrates a die cut blank  602  with expandable material  408  applied in a pattern  709  to channel the release of heat. The die cut blank  602  may be made of, for example, corrugated paper, such as but not limited to fluted corrugate. Convection may be manipulated by corrugation, the pattern of application of the expandable material, or in another suitable manner. 
         [0039]      FIGS. 8 through 11  illustrate other possible, non-limiting examples of potential patterns of expandable material. The patterns of expandable material arc represented by numbers  809 ,  909 ,  1009 , and  1109 , respectively. The expandable material may be applied in patterns other than those illustrated in  FIGS. 7-11 . The pattern of expandable material  809 ,  909 ,  1009 , and  1109 , respectively, may vary in thickness and may provide graduated flow to channel heat to die cut openings. Die cut openings are represented by numbers  814 ,  912 ,  1012 , and  1112 , respectively. Die cut openings may also be located and/or include shapes such as illustrated by numbers  812 ,  914 ,  1014 , and  1114 . There may be die cut openings at opposing ends of the blank, or only at one end. The shapes of the die cut openings in  FIGS. 8-11  are illustrative only and not limiting. For example, the patterns of expandable material and the shape of the die cut openings may be so arranged as to manipulate air flow, for example but not limited to, creating a Venturi effect. 
         [0040]      FIG. 12  is an illustrative example showing exemplary heat transfer. This example is not meant to be limiting, but merely illustrative of possible heat loss manipulation. Total heat loss of the system may be represented by the following equation: 
         [0000]        Q   T [Cal./second]= Q   1   +Q   2   +Q   3   +Q   4    
         [0000]    Where Q T  is the total heat loss. Q 1    1204  may be the heat loss due to water evaporation. Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4  represented by  1202 ,  1206 , and  1208 , respectively, may represent the convectional and conductional heat loss. 
         [0041]    The objective of keeping contents hot may be achieved by minimizing Q T . The die cut blank may minimize Q T  by minimizing Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 . The low thermal conductivity of the expandable material may result in much lower heat loss due to Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 . 
         [0042]    The objective of preventing consumer flesh burns may be achieved by, for example, minimizing Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 , especially Q 2 , Q 3 , while allowing Q 1  and Q 4  to channel the unavoidable high heat flux (due to the hot liquid) vertically up or down This may be achieved by, for example, adding corrugated grooves to the die cut blank. The grooves may be, for example, in a generally vertical or diagonally tilted. 
         [0043]    Non-limiting examples follow. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
       [0044]    Example 1 provides a graphical representation shown in  FIG. 17  of how the expandable material may alter thermal conductivity. The temperature on the inside of a cup may be represented by Ti. The temperature on the outside of the cup may be represented by To. The top line, X, may represent a container without the coated die cut blank. The second line, Y, may represent a container assembled with a coated die cut blank. This example may illustrate that, in a container without a die cut blank coated with the expandable material, the difference in the temperature inside versus the outside of the container may be very small. In a container with a die cut blank coated with the temperature activated material, the difference in the temperature between inside and outside may be small when the hot food or beverage is added to the container. However, the food or beverage may activate the material, A, on contact, causing the material to expand. When the material expands, the difference in temperature Ti-To, may increase. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0045]    Example 2 illustrates temperature sensory comparison of various die cut blank materials coated with the thermally-expandable material compared to without the thermally-expandable material. The following experiment is for illustration only and is not limiting, other experimental results might be obtained. 
         [0046]    A thermally, or other, expandable material may be applied to die cut blanks made of various materials, such as but not limited to paper, paperboard, and fluted corrugated paper. Each die cut blank may be wrapped around a container, such as a cup. The cup may be filled with hot water. The cups may then be handled with bare hands and a comparison made between the sensory responses to the two conditions. In each test, the cups with coated die cut blanks were less “hot” to the touch than those with uncoated die cut blanks. Expansion occurred within a few minutes of pouring hot water into the cup. 
       EXAMPLE 3 
       [0047]    Coatings may be applied by smearing the coating to a single face medium. The coating may be expanded when wet using a MASTERMITE 120 V, 475 W heat gun at 600 degrees F. 
       EXAMPLE 4 
       [0048]    Coatings may be applied to the outside of a 12 ounce cup and allowed to air-dry overnight. The next day, 190 degree F. hot water may be poured into the cup. Noticeable expansion may be observed shortly after filing the 190 degree F. hot water into the cup. Lids may be placed on the cup, and after 7 minutes more expansion may be observed, but still partial expansion. A benefit of post-heat activation may be that the hotter the liquid the more the coating expands. 
       EXAMPLE 5 
       [0049]    Coating was applied to a cup. A 250 W IR heater manufactured by Fisher Scientific model no. 11-504-50 may he used to heat the coating. Expansion may be slow when the lamp is six inches away from the coating and immediate when one inch away from the coating. Excess heat and time may cause coating deformation from the substrate surface. 
       EXAMPLE 6 
       [0050]    Coating may be applied to paper, which may then be wrapped around a paper cup after the coating is allowed to air dry. Heat from a heat gun may be used to heat the part of the coating indirectly through the paper shell for one minute. The coating expanded. Another part of the unheated coating may be heated under an IR lamp through the paper. The coating expanded. 
         [0051]      FIG. 13  is a side cutaway view of a double wall container  101 . The double wall container  101  may provide a jacket of air between an outer wall  1300  and contents  1302 , such as a hot or cold beverage or food, of the container  101 . The air jacket may provide thermal insulation as measured by an outside surface temperature To. The air jacket may partially or completely surround the container  101 . When the container  101  is grabbed, a pressure exerted on the outer wall  1300  may act to collapse the outer wall  1300  at pressure points to reduce the air jacket and potentially initiate contact with an inner wall  1304  of the container  101 . The air jacket may collapse under pressure points and may give a sense of low rigidity, and the contact may create hot spots on the outer wall  1300  if a thermally expandable coating  216  is not used. 
         [0052]    If a sufficient amount of coating  216  is used, the coating  216  may act to provide rigidity without compromising the thermal insulation of the air jacket to the outer wall  1300  such that the outer wall  1330  does not collapse, completely or partially. The coating  216  may add mechanical strength to the container  101 . Lighter weight materials may be used to produce the container  101  due to mechanical strength added by the coating  216 , such that the source of a substrate forming the container  101  may be reduced. The coating  101  may be applied in spots, such as dots, or another pattern, either on the inner wall  1304 , the outer wall  1300 , or both, such that the coating  216  provides an air gap and prevents the container  101  from collapsing under holding pressure. The coating  101  may also provide a rigid feel to the user, while allowing a reduction of the substrate material. 
         [0053]      FIG. 14  is a block diagram of an exemplary process for applying a micro-particle coating to substrates. The process may include applying a microsphere or other expandable coating to any of a substrate, die cut blank, container, sleeve, catering trays, double-wall cups, press-formed tray, soup tub and bag-in-the box containers. The process may include inline  1400  and off-line  1410  procedures. The inline procedure  1400  may include stacking stations  1420 , manufacturing stations  1430 , and packaging stations  1440  used for the manufacturing of the container from paper or die cut stock. The stacking, manufacturing and packaging stations may be completely automated and/or include manual stations. 
         [0054]    Coating application processes may occur inline  1400  or offline  1410 , at the same or another facility. In-line application may include the application of the coating at one or more of the stacking stations  1420 , manufacturing stations  1430 , and packaging stations  1440 . The coating may be applied in various ways, including but not limited to brushes, sponges, printing, a nozzle, spray, and a slot die coater. Any of these applications, or various combinations of them, may occur in-line  1400  or offline  1410 , where the off-line process may occur before the stacking stage  1420 . 
         [0055]    Application with a brush or brushes may occur by feeding the coating with pressure through a tube to the brush. The brush may be manufactured from different materials such as horse hair or synthetic materials. The brush may include hollow filaments such that the coating is applied through the filaments. The brush may apply a swatch or pattern of the coating. The amount of coating to the brush may be controlled such that the amount of coating applied to the substrate may be metered. As an illustrative and not limiting example, the amount may be controlled such that a 1/64th inch layer of coating is applied, which may expand to 1/16 or 1/32 of an inch, or the distance of the gap between an inner and outer layer of a double-wall cup. It may be preferable that the coating does not deform a shape of the outer layer once expanded. The coating may be distributed in a uniform or varying pattern. The brush may be used for broader applications, such as to coat the inside of a bag-in-the-box container. 
         [0056]    Application with a printing press may occur by running substrates through rollers. The substrates may be roll or web form of paper stock, or alternatively in sheet form. The coating may be press applied in spots or patterns or with full coverage, depending on an implementation. 
         [0057]    In  FIG. 15 , spray nozzles  1500  may be used to apply a coating  1510  to a substrate  1520 . The nozzles may diffuse the coating to apply a thin, uniform layers of the coating on the substrate. One or more spray nozzles may be used to form continuous or interrupted patterns of the coating. The nozzles may be arranged such that the applied coatings overlap, are side-by-side and/or are separated by a space. The spray may be metered to control a thickness of the applied coating. The nozzle may also be positioned to direct spray of the coating onto designated portions of the substrate, such as at a comer. 
         [0058]    In  FIG. 16 , non-spray nozzles  1600  may be used to apply a stream  1610  of coating to the substrate  1620 . The stream may be metered through the nozzle to apply a precise amount. The nozzle may be sized to control a specified width and height of the stream  1610 . Flow from the nozzles may be turned on and off to accommodate a specified pattern of the coating to the substrate. 
         [0059]    In a trough or a dip coating application, substrates may be moved through the trough that contains coating material. One or both sides of the substrate may be run through the trough. A thickness of the coating being applied to the trough may be controlled by how long the substrate sits in the material. A temperature of the coating and substrate may be controlled to activate or not activate the expandable coating during the coating process. A control blade may be used to meter off excess coating. The substrates may be belt fed though the through or individually held in the through. 
         [0060]    With any of the above application processes, and with any other process, the applied coating may be dried or set, such as by applying or blowing cool air or warm air without activating the coating, if it is desired to expand the coating in a later process, such as during manufacturing or at the time of consumer use. The coating may also be expanded after manufacturing and before consumer use, such as at the stacking station  1440 . The coating may be expanded before or after stacking the containers. 
         [0061]    Coated or uncoated blanks may be fed to the staking station  1420 . The coating may be applied during in-line or off-line processing. If applied in-line, the coating may be allowed to dry before the cups, sleeves, containers, etc. are formed, or they may be formed while the coating is wet. Depending on the properties of the coating, it may take a couple of seconds to several minutes to dry. The coating may be activated during the in-line manufacturing or afterwards, such as at the consumer stage. To activate the coating in-line, any or all of infrared (IR), air, convection or conductive heating methods may be used. The coating may take a couple of seconds to several minutes to fully expand. For example, a mandrel, which holds a container from the inside of the container, and/or a collar, which holds a cup from the outside of the container, may be used to apply heat to expand the coating during the container manufacturing process. If a wet or partially dry coating contacts the mandrel during process, the mandrel may be manufactured to include a non-stick material, such as TEFLON to prevent sticking or transfer of the coating onto the mandrel. Lower activation temperatures may be preferred if the activation occurs in-line. By activating the coating, the coating expands to form a reinforced air gap. The coating may be partially expanded during manufacturing of the container, and then the expansion may continue to the consumption stage. 
         [0062]    As mentioned, use of the coating may help to reduce the thickness of substrate needed to make the container, sleeves, etc., while maintaining a better rigid feel to the consumer. The coating may also improve insulation properties of the container, and to help keep the beverages or foods warm or cold longer, depending on the application. The substrates may be made of natural fibers, synthetic or both, such as SBS (solid bleached sulfate) paper board or box board. Sleeve materials, such as the liner and medium, may be produced of 15 LB/3000 ft2 to 100 LB/3000 ft2 material, and preferably 18 LB/3000 ft2 to 50 LB/3000 ft2. The caliper of the paper substrate for hot or cold cups, soup tub, press-formed container and other non-corrugated containers may range from 9 point to 24 point, and preferably 10 point to 24 point, where a point is equal to 1/1000 inch. 
         [0063]    While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of the invention.