Abstract:
A double conversion tuner (DCT) free of spurious signals generated by the local oscillator frequencies and the crystal reference frequency is described herein. These spurious signals are generated by the first and/or second oscillator signals as well as by their harmonic frequencies. Spurious signals are also generated when the crystal reference frequency is not properly selected. In the past, complex-mechanical designs had to be used to isolate circuit blocks to reduce these spurious signals. By using a dynamic first intermediate frequency and/or selecting the value of the crystal reference frequency, these spurious signals can be reduced or eliminated.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF APPLICATION 
     This invention relates to elimination of spurious signals in double conversion tuners by dynamic selection of the frequency of a first IF signal and selection of a crystal frequency. Such operation reduces or eliminates interference caused by spurious signals generated by the combination of first and second local oscillator frequencies and their harmonics, as well as by changes to the crystal reference frequency. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In double conversion tuners, two mixers are used to convert an incoming signal into a predetermined intermediate frequency (IF) output signal called the IF output. Each mixer must use a local oscillator (LO) to tune a desired channel. Each LO produces a local oscillator signal of a certain frequency. The frequency of each LO signal is controlled by a frequency synthesizer circuit which in turn is controlled by means of digital words provided by an external controller. The first mixer receives a group of incoming signals that are combined with the first-LO signal to select one of the incoming channels and convert it to a first IF signal. This first IF signal is then passed through a second mixer that receives a second LO signal from a second LO to convert the first IF signal into a second IF signal. The second IF signal is filtered and amplified to produce the IF output. 
     Conventionally, double conversion tuners use a first IF signal with a fixed frequency for the entire range of input channels. The frequency of this first IF signal is determined in different ways. For example, in order to avoid image frequencies, it is frequently convenient to set the first IF signal to as high a frequency as possible. Currently, there are on the market many double conversion tuners and it can be said that almost every manufacturer has selected a first IF signal frequency that is considered to be optimum or proper to a particular tuner design because of cost, topology, and circuit limitations. 
     A double conversion tuner has many sections, any of them can generate spurious signals that cause interference with tuner operation if not properly isolated or filtered. Either (or both) of the local oscillators (LO) can produce spurious signals, when an LO signal or its harmonics are combined with other signals. Some of the spurious signals can be generated by the crystal oscillator. External signals can also generate spurious signals in a tuner when they combine with preexisting spurious signals. Generally any or all of the above-described spurious signals are undesirable and, if possible, should be reduced or eliminated to enhance tuner operation. 
     The following equations describe the two types of spurious signals which cause most of the interference with tuner operation. 
     Equation (1) describes the spurious signals generated by the local oscillators: 
     
       
         Spurious Signal= ABS ((first  LO  frequency* n )-(second  LO  frequency* n ))  (1) 
       
     
     Where: 
     n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7, . . . . 
     ABS=Mathematical Absolute Value *=Multiplier symbol 
     Equations (2) &amp; (3) describe two kinds of interference generated by the crystal reference frequency: 
     
       
         Spurious Signal= IF  output− Xtl   (2) 
       
     
     
       
         Spurious Signal= IF  output−( Fch   1   −Fch   2   −Xtl )  (3) 
       
     
     Where, for equation (2) and equation (3): 
     IF output=second intermediate frequency (IF) signal. 
     Fch 1,2 =video frequency of the channel. 
     Xtl=crystal reference frequency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is a technical advantage of the present invention to provide techniques to reduce or eliminate spurious signals in the bandwidth of the IF output signal of a double conversion tuner. As mentioned before, conventional double conversion tuners have a fixed first IF value. Moreover, the second LO signal frequency in such conventional tuners is the same for all the tunable input channels. If the first IF signal frequency becomes dynamic then it is possible to select a specific first IF frequency per channel in such way as to eliminate the possible combinations between the harmonics of the first LO signal and the second LO signal that can cause an interference in the bandwidth of the IF output signal. The invention is embodied in this dynamic IF technique. For example, according to the invention, on an NTSC system, the bandwidth of the IF output signal includes those frequencies whose values are greater than or equal to a second IF signal frequency −4.75 MHz and are less than or equal to a second IF signal frequency +1.25 MHz; other system standards have different bandwidths. 
     Most of the double conversion tuners use a 4 Mhz crystal reference frequency. If the crystal reference frequency modulates the IF output signal then spurious signals might appear in the bandwidth of the IF output signal. The invention is further embodied in a technique to move spurious signals from the bandwidth of the IF output signal by selection of a crystal reference frequency such that, when the crystal reference frequency is tested according to equations (2) &amp; (3), the result is outside the IF output bandwidth. 
     Hereinafter, the following definitions are used: 
     “IF output bandwidth” - Bandwidth of the IF output signal; 
     “first IF” - The IF signal produced by the first mixer; 
     “second IF” - The signal produced by the second mixer; 
     “first LO signal” - The signal produced by the first LO; 
     “second LO signal” - The signal produced by the second LO; 
     “IF output bandwidth” - The bandwidth of the IF output signal produced by the tuner. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS. 
     FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a double conversion tuner according to this invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a flow diagram that can be implemented in a computer program to predict spurious signals generated by a double conversion tuner. 
     FIG. 3 is a table that shows an example of results produced by a computer program that implements the flow diagram of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a chart that illustrates how spurious signals are generated by LO operation in a double conversion tuner and how those spurious signals cause interference in the IF output bandwidth of the tuner. 
     FIG. 5 is a variation of the chart of FIG. 4; this figure illustrates the same mechanism as FIG. 4 but uses a different first IF value. 
     FIG. 6 is a chart that illustrates how spurious signals are generated by crystal operation in a double conversion tuner and how those spurious signals cause interference in the IF output bandwidth of the tuner. 
     FIG. 7 is a variation of the chart of FIG. 6; this figure illustrates the same mechanism as FIG. 6 but uses a different crystal reference frequency. 
     FIG. 8 is a table of the USA, CATV band channels. This table can be used as a reference for the examples illustrated in FIGS. 3-7. 
     FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a multi-channel display system incorporating a double conversion tuner according to the invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an appliance such as a set top or cable modem box incorporating a double conversion tuner according to the invention. 
     FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an appliance such as an IP (Internet provider) telephone modem box incorporating a double conversion tuner according to the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a double conversion tuner  10  according to this invention. RF signals are input to the tuner  10  through a high pass filter (HPF)  11  to eliminate RF signals below the lowest desired RF signal frequency. In order to keep the total gain of the tuner  10  in a predetermined range of values, an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit  12  is used. One of the most important parameters for the tuner  10  is the noise figure, which is the amount of noise added by the tuner  10  to the noise existing at its input. To achieve good noise performance, a low noise amplifier (LNA)  13  is connected to the output of the AGC  12 . As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the LNA  13  should be carefully designed, otherwise its performance might degrade the composite second order (CSO) performance of the tuner  10  by increasing second order distortions. After amplification by the LNA  13 , the RF signal passes through a low pass filter (LPF)  14  that is connected to the output of the LNA  13 . The main function of the LPF  14  is to attenuate leakage from the first local oscillator (LO)  16 . 
     A first mixer  15  is connected to the output of the LPF  14  and the output of the first LO  16 . The first mixer  15  receives both the RF signal from the LPF  14  and a first LO signal produced by the first LO  16  and generates an output signal, which may be called the first IF. In the prior art, the first IF had a fixed single frequency for all the tunable input channels. In the tuner  10  of this invention, the first IF can be selectively set to any value necessary to reduce or eliminate the injection of spurious signals into the tuner&#39;s IF output bandwidth. Accordingly, the frequency of the signal produced by the first LO  16  is controlled by a first frequency synthesizer (FS 1 )  17  which is, in turn, controlled by an external controller  30  by way of a digital interface  31  (i.e. I 2 C, 3 wires, etc.). The synthesizer  17  produces a first frequency-determining signal that is provided to the first LO  16 ; the magnitude of the first frequency-determining signal is set by a word provided on the digital interface  31  of the controller  30 . 
     The first IF, generated by the first mixer  15 , is connected through the output of the first mixer  15  through a band pass filter (BPF)  18 , which attenuates undesired signals (such as the image frequency). The output of the BPF  18  is connected to a second mixer  19 . Once the first IF generated by the first mixer  15  has been filtered, it is mixed with a second local oscillator (LO) signal generated by a second local oscillator (LO)  20 , whose output (the second LO signal) is connected to the second mixer  19 . The second mixer  19  operates to generate an output signal, which may be called the second IF signal. The frequency of the signal produced by the second LO  20  is controlled by a second frequency-determining signal produced by a second frequency synthesizer (FS 2 )  21  which is also controlled by a word from the external controller  30  through the above-mentioned digital interface  31 . The output of the second mixer  19  is connected to a second band pass filter (BPF)  22 . The second BPF  22  reduces the interference injected into the second IF signal by those channels that are adjacent to the tuned channel. Finally, the output of the second BPF  22  is connected to a low distortion amplifier (LDA)  23 . The LDA  23  is utilized to achieve the required amplitude level of the signal. The output of the LDA  23  provides the IF output produced by the tuner  20 . 
     A crystal oscillator  24  provides a reference frequency for the frequency synthesizers  17  and  21 . The frequency synthesizers operate conventionally to derive the frequency-determining signals in response to the crystal reference frequency. In the prior art, the frequency of a double conversion tuner crystal oscillator is typically 4 MHz. In the tuner  10  of this invention, the frequency of the crystal oscillator  24  is 12 MHz so that any spurious signal caused by the crystal oscillator is moved out of the IF output bandwidth. 
     Manifestly, the external controller  30 , by way of the frequency synthesizers  17  and  21 , enables the frequency of the first IF generated by the first mixer  15  to be varied dynamically, or selected, in order to solve the problem of spurious signal generation at certain channel values that characterize the prior art double conversion tuners. The frequency of the first IF may be selected, for example, according to the following descriptions. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment and illustrative example of a double conversion tuner according to the invention. As FIG. 1 shows, a double conversion tuner that embodies this invention might be provided in two modules, each module comprising, for example, a respective printed circuit board with appropriate shielding for installation and operation in an appliance. In modularized form, the first (front end) module  40  can be provided with any electronic architecture appropriate to preparing a multi-channel signal for input into the second (tuner) module  50 . In this regard, the front end module  40  would be configured as appropriate for a specific application such as high definition television (HDTV) equipment, and cable terminal equipment such as modems, cable television (CTV) equipment, and so on. It is expected that the blocks in the front end module  40  would be changed according to the application, while the elements in the tuner module  50  would be common for any application. Of course, it is contemplated that the double conversion tuner of this invention could also be provided as a single module including a first, conditioning section, corresponding to the front end module  40  and a second, tuning section, corresponding to the tuning module  50 . 
     In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the frequencies of the first IF are selected based on a prediction of the quantity of channels that could experience interference from spurious signals when a determined first IF frequency is used. FIG. 2 illustrates a process to predict if a selected first IF frequency will produce spurious signals and what harmonic frequencies will cause the spurious signals. This figure illustrates a computer program that may be used for this prediction. Of course, the program may be written in an appropriate language, compiled, and executed by a general-purpose digital computer. Alternatively, the process may be executed by a dedicated, special purpose processor. In the first step S 1 , the frequencies of the first IF and the second IF are received. With reference to an example set forth in FIG. 3, the frequency of the second IF is 45.75 MHz. In steps S 2  and S 12 , an input channel frequency (CH Freq) is received. In the preferred embodiment, the input channel frequency is provided to the procedure from a database. Thus, when the process is executing, it will calculate the spurious signals for all the channels of a determined channel band, (i.e. USA-CATV Band-Channels, USA-Air Band-Channels, Japan-Air-Band Channels, etc). Next, in step S 3  the frequency of the first LO signal and the frequency of the second LO signal are calculated. In this invention, the frequency of the second LO signal is equal to the frequency of the first IF minus the frequency of the second IF. The frequency of the first LO signal is equal to the frequency of the first IF plus the frequency of a specified channel&#39;s video frequency (Fv), in the figure this value is denoted as CH Freq. Next, in step S 4  it is necessary to decide how many harmonics will be used to calculate the.spurious signals. For the example in FIG. 3, only the first ten harmonics of the local oscillators  16  and  20  will be used, although more or fewer may be used according to specific design requirements. The next steps are: a) calculate all the spurious signals in steps S 5 , S 8 , S 9 , S 10 , S 11 ; b) determine what spurious signals are in the IF output bandwidth (step S 6 ); c) indicate in step S 7  (by display, for example) the spurious signals that are in the IF output bandwidth as being the same as the harmonic numbers that cause each spurious signal. 
     An easy way to calculate the spurious signals of many first IF frequencies using the process of FIG. 2 does not require the indication of the frequency of a first IF. Instead, a first IF start frequency, a first IF stop frequency and the value of step size are input to the process. By doing this, all the frequencies of the first IF that the user wants to evaluate can be calculated. First, the process calculates the spurious signals using the first IF start frequency as the first IF value. Then, the process calculates the spurious signal values using the first IF start frequency plus the step size as the first IF value; this procedure continues until the first IF value is equal to the first IF stop frequency. Representative results produced by a computer program using the process described above are shown in FIG.  3 . For the example in FIG. 3, the first IF start frequency is 1390 MHz, the first IF stop frequency is 1397 MHz and the step size is 0.5 MHz. FIG. 3 shows the spurious signals calculated for a set of first IF frequencies. In the figure, columns  1  and  6  are, the set of the first IF frequencies. Columns  2  and  7  list the channels that have spurious signals. Columns  3  and  8  list the frequencies where the spurious signals are located; those frequencies are referred from the second IF signal. Columns  4  and  9  list the numbers of the first LO signal harmonics, which cause the spurious signals. Columns  5  and  10  list the numbers of the second LO signal harmonics, which cause the spurious signals. For example, in row  4  the first IF, with frequency equal to 1391.5 MHz, has only two channels with spurious signals: channel 37 and channel 100. The spurious signals of channels  37  &amp;  100  are located +3.5 MHz and +1.5 MHz, respectively, from the second IF frequency. The spurious signal of channel  37  is generated by the combination of the fourth harmonic of the first LO signal and the fifth harmonic of the second LO signal; while the spurious signal of channel  100  is generated by the combination of the second harmonic of the first LO signal and the third harmonic of the second LO signal. However, in row  11  where the first IF is equal to 1395 MHz, there are only two channels with spurious signals: channel  98  and channel  88 . The spurious signals of channels  98  &amp;  88  are located +0.0 MHz &amp; +2.5 MHz, respectively, from the second IF frequency. The spurious signal of channel  98  is generated by the combination of the ninth harmonic of the first LO signal and the tenth harmonic of the second LO signal; while the spurious signal of channel  88  is generated by the combination of the second harmonic of the first LO signal and the third harmonic of the second LO signal. 
     As an example of the dynamic IF technique of this invention, one could design a double conversion tuner where the frequency of the first IF was 1391.5 MHz for all channels except channels  37  &amp;  100 . For those channels the first IF frequency could be set to 1395 MHz. Thus, by using two or more frequencies for the first IF, the spurious signals generated by LO operation would be eliminated for all channels. Refer now to FIGS. 4 and 5, which illustrate the generation by LO operation of spurious signals for channel  37  (US, CATV) with a first frequency for the first IF signal (FIG. 4) and a second frequency for the first IF signal (FIG.  5 ). In these figures the IF output bandwidth is illustrated by the gray band extending vertically across all of the charts. FIG. 4 illustrates how spurious signals for channel  37  are generated. Chart  1  shows the first LO signal frequency, which depends on the first IF frequency, which typically can vary between 1 GHz &amp; 1.5 GHz. For the example, assume that the first IF frequency is 1391.5 MHz. In accord with FIG. 3, the harmonic number of the first LO signal that causes a spurious signal is four; this harmonic is illustrated in chart  2 . Chart  3  shows the second LO signal frequency, which also depends on the first IF frequency. The harmonic number of the second LO signal that causes a spurious signal is five; this harmonic is illustrated in chart  4 . Chart  5  shows the spurious signal as a combination of the fourth harmonic of the first LO signal, chart  2 , and the fifth harmonic of the second LO signal, chart  4 . Chart  6  shows the IF output bandwidth and the location of the video carrier (IF output). 
     FIG. 5 illustrates how a spurious signal for channel  37  is generated, but with a different frequency for the first IF than the frequency in FIG.  4 . Chart  7  shows the first LO signal frequency when the frequency of the first IF is 1395 MHz; the video frequency (Fv) for channel  37  depends on the band of channels being used. For the example, the band of channels may be the USA CATV band, which is shown in FIG.  8 . Chart  8  shows the fourth harmonic for the first LO signal. Chart  9  shows the second LO signal frequency. Chart  10  shows the fifth harmonic for the second LO frequency. Chart  11  shows the spurious signal as a combination of the fourth harmonic of the first LO frequency, chart  8 , and the fifth harmonic of the second LO frequency, chart  10 . Chart  12  shows the IF output bandwidth and the location of the video carrier. The gray area extends across all charts so it is easy to determine the spurious signals. As illustrated in chart  12 , there are no spurious signals for channel  37  in the IF output bandwidth when the first IF frequency is 1395 MHz. 
     Refer now to FIGS. 6 and 7, which illustrate the generation of spurious signals due to crystal operation. In these figures, the IF output bandwidth is illustrated by the gray band extending vertically across all of the charts. FIG. 6 illustrates how spurious signals are generated by operation of the crystal at a first crystal reference frequency (4 MHz). Chart  13  shows the crystal reference frequency. Then, chart  14  shows the crystal reference frequency modulating the IF output, i.e. 45.75 MHz minus 4 MHz. The result is one of the two crystal spurious signals. Chart  15  illustrates the result of subtracting the video frequency of two adjacent channels; as an example, the result of the video frequency of channel two, 55.25 MHz, minus the video frequency of channel three, 61.25 MHz, is 6 MHz. Chart  16  shows how a second crystal spurious signal is generated from the difference of these two adjacent channels, 6 MHz, minus the crystal reference frequency, 4 MHz, the result being 2 MHz. Chart  17  shows the 2 MHz frequency modulating the second IF. Chart  18  illustrates the IF output bandwidth and the location of the video carrier. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates how the crystal spurious signals are generated, with selection of a different crystal reference frequency than FIG.  6 . Chart  19  illustrates a crystal reference frequency of 12 MHz. Chart  20  illustrates the crystal reference frequency modulating the IF output. By using this greater value for the crystal reference frequency, the crystal spurious signal has been moved out of the IF output bandwidth. Chart  21  illustrates the same result as chart  15  since the difference between the adjacent channels is almost always the same, i.e. 6 MHz. Chart  22  illustrates how the second crystal spurious signal is generated when the crystal reference frequency is subtracted from the difference of the two adjacent channels, i.e. 12 MHz - 6 MHz=6 MHz in this case. Chart  23  shows how, with the new value for the crystal reference frequency, the second crystal spurious signal was moved out of the IF output bandwidth. Chart  24  illustrates the IF output bandwidth and the location of the video carrier. 
     The inventive subject matter included in the discussion above in respect of FIGS. 2-8 can be implemented in a channel selection combination that may be understood with reference once again to FIG.  1 . In FIG. 1 a table  60  contains a sequence of entries, each having at least three fields: CH, FS 1 , FS 2 . These fields define corresponding columns of the table  60 . The table  60  is indexed in the first column (CH) by a channel number. For any particular application, the CH column will contain the channels that may be tuned using the double conversion tuner. Each of the columns FS 1  and FS 2  contain digital words that are necessary to cause the FS 1   17  and FS 2   21  to operate the first and second LOs  16  and  20  at frequencies that reduce or eliminate the generation of spurious signals by LO operation by the IF output bandwidth. Thus, for example, in a CTV appliance such as a set top box, a modem, or a set, a conventional channel selection module  62  receives user inputs  63  indicative of either a desired channel, or of a change in channel (up or down). The number of the indicated channel is provided to the controller  30 , which uses the number to index into the table  60  and to obtain therefrom the words out of the FS 1  and FS 2  columns that control the FS 1   17  and FS 2   21 , respectively in such a way as to reduce or eliminate the generation of spurious signals in the IF output bandwidth. It should be evident that the table  60  may be implemented as a programmable or programmed device incorporated into the structure of an appliance that uses the double conversion tuner of FIG. 1 to tune a channel. In addition, the frequency of operation of the crystal oscillator  24  is selected in order to realize the benefit of the teachings of this invention by keeping spurious signals generated by oscillator operation outside of the IF output bandwidth. 
     The invention may be included or otherwise embodied in a display system having a multi-channel source and a tuning capacity. For example, the cable television (CTV) system illustrated in FIG. 9 includes a source  100  of a multi-channel signal that is provided to an apparatus such as the CTV set  101 . The set  101  includes a double conversion tuner  103  according to this invention which enables a user to select a desired channel from the multi-channel signal provided by the source  100 . The user operates a channel selector  104  by conventional means, for example, either by a remote control device, or by buttons or knobs on the set  101 . For convenience, the controller  30  and table  60  of FIG. 1 are incorporated into the block representing the channel selector  104 ; this is for illustration only, it being understood that these elements may be located wherever convenient to the design and operation of the set  101 . The dual conversion tuner  102  includes at least first and second mixing sections and a crystal oscillator in which the frequency of the LO signals and the frequency of the crystal oscillator are selected and established according to the teachings of this invention. The set  101  receives a multi-channel signal from the multi-channel source  100  and amplifies the signal at  102 . The amplified signal is provided to the tuner  103 , which extracts a channel from the signal, providing the IF output which is amplified at  105 . The amplified IF output is provided to video and audio demodulation and decoding circuitry  106 , which extracts an audio signal (Audio) fed to one or more speakers  107 , and a video signal (Video) that is provided to display electronics and drive circuitry  108  which operates a display device such as the cathode ray tube (CRT)  109  to provide a visual output embodying video programming information in the selected channel. 
     FIG. 10 shows another application of the double conversion tuner in an appliance such as a set top or cable modem box  200 . The appliance  200  incorporates two double conversion tuners according to this invention; the tuners are indicated by reference numerals  205  and  210 . This application is representative of appliances that may use more than-one tuner according to this invention. The replicated tuner design of the appliance illustrated in FIG. 10 represents a set top box that provides an analog RF output (RF OUT) and a cable modem box, providing a digital data output (Digital Data Out). FIG. 10 therefore illustrates a simplified block diagram of a single set top/cable modem box  200 . 
     In the appliance of FIG. 10, a multi-channel RF signal is received at a diplexer/splitter module  204 , which separates signals into a higher band, for example 54-860 MHz, and a lower band, for example 5-42 MHz. The signals in the higher band are split between a first double conversion tuner  205  and a second double conversion tuner  210 . The first double conversion tuner  205  tunes any desired channel in accord with information received from a channel selection circuit  206 , which in turn receives channel selection information from a microprocessor  202 . The microprocessor  202  receives user input from a receiver  201 , which may be an infrared (IR) receiver. A user provides information to the receiver  201  by, for example, an IR transmitter such as would be found in a remote control device. The IF output of the tuner  205  is provided to a video and audio demodulator/decoder  207 , which delivers video and audio base band signals. The video signal is mixed by a video mixer  208 , which also receives other video signals from a video generator  203 . The video generator  203  creates video signals for screen functions such as clock, menus, etc. The microprocessor  202  provides the required screen function to the video generator  203 . An RF modulator  209  receives the audio and mixed video base band signals and converts those signals into a single RF signal. A portion of the high band signals provided to the second tuner  210  will tune any desired channel in accord with information received from a channel selection circuit  211  which, in turn, receives information identifying a desired channel from the microprocessor  202 . The IF output of the tuner  210  is provided through an integrated circuit  212  which incorporates and performs many standard functions including down conversion of the IF output signal, demodulation of quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) information and transmission information modulated in QAM or QSPK. The integrated circuit  212  may also include a media access controller (MAC). The output of the integrated circuit  212  is provided to a central processor unit (CPU)  213 , which drives a digital interface  214  that delivers the digital data output signal. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates an appliance that may be used, for example, for internet protocol (IP) telephony using a double conversion tuner  310  according to this invention to tune channels that may include, in addition to digital information channels, a telephony channel whose output is provided on a standard RJ- 11  telephone connector. 
     Although the above explanation has described a double conversion tuner, a way to predict spurious signals in the tuner and how to avoid them in the IF output bandwidth of the tuner, it will be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations may made to this invention and it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.