Abstract:
Presenting data flows in a parallel coordinate chart. The parallel coordinate chart allows a user to search for data flows. Exploration occurs by providing visualization of a searched data flow(s) to ascertain the typical from the atypical flow. Each data flow represented in a parallel coordinate chart is measured against various attributes represented among parallel lines. A single chart could be used to visualize thousands of flows at once. Overlaying data flows in on top of each other in the parallel coordinate chart can reveal a concentration of flows. The concentration of flows allows a user to visualize, among other things, the relationship between the flows and observe typical and atypical flows. Additionally the user can filter specific dimensions (to observe joint distributions between a pair of dimensions—combined probabilities of what is occurring between two dimensions) or a specific window of time.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/171,899, entitled “SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND MANAGING DATACENTERS,” filed Jun. 5, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present technology pertains visualization of data flows, and more specifically to the visualization of data flows represented in a chart comparing one or more attributes of a plurality of flows. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Datacenters can include a large number of servers and virtual machines. As such datacenters can have a large number of data flows between each server and virtual machine. Monitoring and managing the network of a datacenter can be cumbersome especially with a datacenter with a large number of servers, virtual machines and data flows. Visualizing the network of a datacenter can help network operators manage and monitor the network of a datacenter. However, because of the large number of data flows, visualizing these data flows can be very cumbersome. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0004]    In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and attributes of the disclosure can be obtained, a more particular description of the principles briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only example embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principles herein are described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a network traffic monitoring system in accordance with some embodiments; 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a network environment in accordance with some embodiments; 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a data pipeline for determining clusters in an application dependency map in accordance with some embodiments; 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example method for displaying a parallel coordinate chart in accordance with some embodiments; 
           [0009]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate parallel coordinate charts in accordance with some embodiments; and 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example system embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Overview 
       [0011]    The present technology is directed to presenting data flows in a parallel coordinate chart. The parallel coordinate chart allows a user to search for data flows. Exploration occurs by providing visualization of a searched data flow(s) to ascertain the typical from the atypical flow. Each flow has a record of many variables or dimensions. 
         [0012]    Each data flow represented in a parallel coordinate chart is measured against various attributes represented among parallel lines. Examples of dimensions include consumer host, open source host, provider host, destination host, protocol, tags, packet counts, bit count, latency, etc. Furthermore, each flow is overlaid on top of each other. A single chart could be used to visualize thousands of flows at once. 
         [0013]    Overlaying data flows in on top of each other in the parallel coordinate chart can reveal a concentration of flows. The concentration of flows allows a user to visualize, among other things, the relationship between the flows and observe typical and atypical flows. Additionally the user can filter specific dimensions (to observe joint distributions between a pair of dimensions—combined probabilities of what is occurring between two dimensions) or a specific window of time. 
         [0014]    An outlier view can also be used to filter out typical flows and leave flows that are atypical. The visualization of the outliers should be an easily consumable number of outliers (display the top 20 outliers, not the bottom 20% as that could be hundreds of flows). An outlier can be calculated by calculating each distribution per dimension weighed against all the dimensions. 
       DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations may be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. 
         [0016]    The disclosed technology is directed to the visualization of data flows within a datacenter. Specifically, to the generation and presentation of a parallel coordinate chart to represent analyzed data describing data flows. The parallel coordinate chart can be used to display a large number of data flows in the same chart, each flow intersects a plurality of parallel lines representing attributes of the respective flows. By representing flows in this manner it can be possible to identify outlier flows for further investigation. 
         [0017]    Referring now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  is an illustration of a network traffic monitoring system  100  in accordance with an embodiment. The network traffic monitoring system  100  can include a configuration manager  102 , sensors  104 , a collector module  106 , a data mover module  108 , an analytics engine  110 , and a presentation module  112 . In  FIG. 1 , the analytics engine  110  is also shown in communication with out-of-band data sources  114 , third party data sources  116 , and a network controller  118 . 
         [0018]    The configuration manager  102  can be used to provision and maintain the sensors  104 , including installing sensor software or firmware in various nodes of a network, configuring the sensors  104 , updating the sensor software or firmware, among other sensor management tasks. For example, the sensors  104  can be implemented as virtual partition images (e.g., virtual machine (VM) images or container images), and the configuration manager  102  can distribute the images to host machines. In general, a virtual partition may be an instance of a VM, container, sandbox, or other isolated software environment. The software environment may include an operating system and application software. For software running within a virtual partition, the virtual partition may appear to be, for example, one of many servers or one of many operating systems executed on a single physical server. The configuration manager  102  can instantiate a new virtual partition or migrate an existing partition to a different physical server. The configuration manager  102  can also be used to configure the new or migrated sensor. 
         [0019]    The configuration manager  102  can monitor the health of the sensors  104 . For example, the configuration manager  102  may request for status updates and/or receive heartbeat messages, initiate performance tests, generate health checks, and perform other health monitoring tasks. In some embodiments, the configuration manager  102  can also authenticate the sensors  104 . For instance, the sensors  104  can be assigned a unique identifier, such as by using a one-way hash function of a sensor&#39;s basic input/out system (BIOS) universally unique identifier (UUID) and a secret key stored by the configuration image manager  102 . The UUID can be a large number that may be difficult for a malicious sensor or other device or component to guess. In some embodiments, the configuration manager  102  can keep the sensors  104  up to date by installing the latest versions of sensor software and/or applying patches. The configuration manager  102  can obtain these updates automatically from a local source or the Internet. 
         [0020]    The sensors  104  can reside on various nodes of a network, such as a virtual partition (e.g., VM or container)  120 ; a hypervisor or shared kernel managing one or more virtual partitions and/or physical servers  122 , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)  124  of a switch, router, gateway, or other networking device, or a packet capture (pcap)  126  appliance (e.g., a standalone packet monitor, a device connected to a network devices monitoring port, a device connected in series along a main trunk of a datacenter, or similar device), or other element of a network. The sensors  104  can monitor network traffic between nodes, and send network traffic data and corresponding data (e.g., host data, process data, user data, etc.) to the collectors  108  for storage. For example, the sensors  104  can sniff packets being sent over its hosts&#39; physical or virtual network interface card (NIC), or individual processes can be configured to report network traffic and corresponding data to the sensors  104 . Incorporating the sensors  104  on multiple nodes and within multiple partitions of some nodes of the network can provide for robust capture of network traffic and corresponding data from each hop of data transmission. In some embodiments, each node of the network (e.g., VM, container, or other virtual partition  120 , hypervisor, shared kernel, or physical server  122 , ASIC  124 , pcap  126 , etc.) includes a respective sensor  104 . However, it should be understood that various software and hardware configurations can be used to implement the sensor network  104 . 
         [0021]    As the sensors  104  capture communications and corresponding data, they may continuously send network traffic data to the collectors  108 . The network traffic data can include metadata relating to a packet, a collection of packets, a flow, a bidirectional flow, a group of flows, a session, or a network communication of another granularity. That is, the network traffic data can generally include any information describing communication on all layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. For example, the network traffic data can include source/destination MAC address, source/destination IP address, protocol, port number, etc. In some embodiments, the network traffic data can also include summaries of network activity or other network statistics such as number of packets, number of bytes, number of flows, bandwidth usage, response time, latency, packet loss, jitter, and other network statistics. 
         [0022]    The sensors  104  can also determine additional data for each session, bidirectional flow, flow, packet, or other more granular or less granular network communication. The additional data can include host and/or endpoint information, virtual partition information, sensor information, process information, user information, tenant information, application information, network topology, application dependency mapping, cluster information, or other information corresponding to each flow. 
         [0023]    In some embodiments, the sensors  104  can perform some preprocessing of the network traffic and corresponding data before sending the data to the collectors  108 . For example, the sensors  104  can remove extraneous or duplicative data or they can create summaries of the data (e.g., latency, number of packets per flow, number of bytes per flow, number of flows, etc.). In some embodiments, the sensors  104  can be configured to only capture certain types of network information and disregard the rest. In some embodiments, the sensors  104  can be configured to capture only a representative sample of packets (e.g., every 1,000th packet or other suitable sample rate) and corresponding data. 
         [0024]    Since the sensors  104  may be located throughout the network, network traffic and corresponding data can be collected from multiple vantage points or multiple perspectives in the network to provide a more comprehensive view of network behavior. The capture of network traffic and corresponding data from multiple perspectives rather than just at a single sensor located in the data path or in communication with a component in the data path, allows the data to be correlated from the various data sources, which may be used as additional data points by the analytics engine  110 . Further, collecting network traffic and corresponding data from multiple points of view ensures more accurate data is captured. For example, a conventional sensor network may be limited to sensors running on external-facing network devices (e.g., routers, switches, network appliances, etc.) such that east-west traffic, including VM-to-VM or container-to-container traffic on a same host, may not be monitored. In addition, packets that are dropped before traversing a network device or packets containing errors may not be accurately monitored by the conventional sensor network. The sensor network  104  of various embodiments substantially mitigates or eliminates these issues altogether by locating sensors at multiple points of potential failure. Moreover, the network traffic monitoring system  100  can verify multiple instances of data for a flow (e.g., source endpoint flow data, network device flow data, and endpoint flow data) against one another. 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, the network traffic monitoring system  100  can assess a degree of accuracy of flow data sets from multiple sensors and utilize a flow data set from a single sensor determined to be the most accurate and/or complete. The degree of accuracy can be based on factors such as network topology (e.g., a sensor closer to the source may be more likely to be more accurate than a sensor closer to the destination), a state of a sensor or a node hosting the sensor (e.g., a compromised sensor/node may have less accurate flow data than an uncompromised sensor/node), or flow data volume (e.g., a sensor capturing a greater number of packets for a flow may be more accurate than a sensor capturing a smaller number of packets). 
         [0026]    In some embodiments, the network traffic monitoring system  100  can assemble the most accurate flow data set and corresponding data from multiple sensors. For instance, a first sensor along a data path may capture data for a first packet of a flow but may be missing data for a second packet of the flow while the situation is reversed for a second sensor along the data path. The network traffic monitoring system  100  can assemble data for the flow from the first packet captured by the first sensor and the second packet captured by the second sensor. 
         [0027]    As discussed, the sensors  104  can send network traffic and corresponding data to the collectors  106 . In some embodiments, each sensor can be assigned to a primary collector and a secondary collector as part of a high availability scheme. If the primary collector fails or communications between the sensor and the primary collector are not otherwise possible, a sensor can send its network traffic and corresponding data to the secondary collector. In other embodiments, the sensors  104  are not assigned specific collectors but the network traffic monitoring system  100  can determine an optimal collector for receiving the network traffic and corresponding data through a discovery process. In such embodiments, a sensor can change where it sends it network traffic and corresponding data if its environments changes, such as if a default collector fails or if the sensor is migrated to a new location and it would be optimal for the sensor to send its data to a different collector. For example, it may be preferable for the sensor to send its network traffic and corresponding data on a particular path and/or to a particular collector based on latency, shortest path, monetary cost (e.g., using private resources versus a public resources provided by a public cloud provider), error rate, or some combination of these factors. In other embodiments, a sensor can send different types of network traffic and corresponding data to different collectors. For example, the sensor can send first network traffic and corresponding data related to one type of process to one collector and second network traffic and corresponding data related to another type of process to another collector. 
         [0028]    The collectors  106  can be any type of storage medium that can serve as a repository for the network traffic and corresponding data captured by the sensors  104 . In some embodiments, data storage for the collectors  106  is located in an in-memory database, such as dashDB from IBM®, although it should be appreciated that the data storage for the collectors  106  can be any software and/or hardware capable of providing rapid random access speeds typically used for analytics software. In various embodiments, the collectors  106  can utilize solid state drives, disk drives, magnetic tape drives, or a combination of the foregoing according to cost, responsiveness, and size requirements. Further, the collectors  106  can utilize various database structures such as a normalized relational database or a NoSQL database, among others. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, the collectors  106  may only serve as network storage for the network traffic monitoring system  100 . In such embodiments, the network traffic monitoring system  100  can include a data mover module  108  for retrieving data from the collectors  106  and making the data available to network clients, such as the components of the analytics engine  110 . In effect, the data mover module  108  can serve as a gateway for presenting network-attached storage to the network clients. In other embodiments, the collectors  106  can perform additional functions, such as organizing, summarizing, and preprocessing data. For example, the collectors  106  can tabulate how often packets of certain sizes or types are transmitted from different nodes of the network. The collectors  106  can also characterize the traffic flows going to and from various nodes. In some embodiments, the collectors  106  can match packets based on sequence numbers, thus identifying traffic flows and connection links. As it may be inefficient to retain all data indefinitely in certain circumstances, in some embodiments, the collectors  106  can periodically replace detailed network traffic data with consolidated summaries. In this manner, the collectors  106  can retain a complete dataset describing one period (e.g., the past minute or other suitable period of time), with a smaller dataset of another period (e.g., the previous 2-10 minutes or other suitable period of time), and progressively consolidate network traffic and corresponding data of other periods of time (e.g., day, week, month, year, etc.). In some embodiments, network traffic and corresponding data for a set of flows identified as normal or routine can be winnowed at an earlier period of time while a more complete data set may be retained for a lengthier period of time for another set of flows identified as anomalous or as an attack. 
         [0030]    Computer networks may be exposed to a variety of different attacks that expose vulnerabilities of computer systems in order to compromise their security. Some network traffic may be associated with malicious programs or devices. The analytics engine  110  may be provided with examples of network states corresponding to an attack and network states corresponding to normal operation. The analytics engine  110  can then analyze network traffic and corresponding data to recognize when the network is under attack. In some embodiments, the network may operate within a trusted environment for a period of time so that the analytics engine  110  can establish a baseline of normal operation. Since malware is constantly evolving and changing, machine learning may be used to dynamically update models for identifying malicious traffic patterns. 
         [0031]    In some embodiments, the analytics engine  110  may be used to identify observations which differ from other examples in a dataset. For example, if a training set of example data with known outlier labels exists, supervised anomaly detection techniques may be used. Supervised anomaly detection techniques utilize data sets that have been labeled as normal and abnormal and train a classifier. In a case in which it is unknown whether examples in the training data are outliers, unsupervised anomaly techniques may be used. Unsupervised anomaly detection techniques may be used to detect anomalies in an unlabeled test data set under the assumption that the majority of instances in the data set are normal by looking for instances that seem to fit to the remainder of the data set. 
         [0032]    The analytics engine  110  can include a data lake  130 , an application dependency mapping (ADM) module  140 , and elastic processing engines  150 . The data lake  130  is a large-scale storage repository that provides massive storage for various types of data, enormous processing power, and the ability to handle nearly limitless concurrent tasks or jobs. In some embodiments, the data lake  130  is implemented using the Hadoop® Distributed File System (HDFS™) from Apache® Software Foundation of Forest Hill, Md. HDFS™ is a highly scalable and distributed file system that can scale to thousands of cluster nodes, millions of files, and petabytes of data. HDFS™ is optimized for batch processing where data locations are exposed to allow computations to take place where the data resides. HDFS™ provides a single namespace for an entire cluster to allow for data coherency in a write-once, read-many access model. That is, clients can only append to existing files in the node. In HDFS™, files are separated into blocks, which are typically 64 MB in size and are replicated in multiple data nodes. Clients access data directly from data nodes. 
         [0033]    In some embodiments, the data mover  108  receives raw network traffic and corresponding data from the collectors  106  and distributes or pushes the data to the data lake  130 . The data lake  130  can also receive and store out-of-band data  114 , such as statuses on power levels, network availability, server performance, temperature conditions, cage door positions, and other data from internal sources, and third party data  116 , such as security reports (e.g., provided by Cisco® Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., Arbor Networks® of Burlington, Mass., Symantec® Corp. of Sunnyvale, Calif., Sophos® Group plc of Abingdon, England, Microsoft® Corp. of Seattle, Wash., Verizon® Communications, Inc. of New York, N.Y., among others), geolocation data, IP watch lists, Whois data, configuration management database (CMDB) or configuration management system (CMS) as a service, and other data from external sources. In other embodiments, the data lake  130  may instead fetch or pull raw traffic and corresponding data from the collectors  106  and relevant data from the out-of-band data sources  114  and the third party data sources  116 . In yet other embodiments, the functionality of the collectors  106 , the data mover  108 , the out-of-band data sources  114 , the third party data sources  116 , and the data lake  130  can be combined. Various combinations and configurations are possible as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0034]    Each component of the data lake  130  can perform certain processing of the raw network traffic data and/or other data (e.g., host data, process data, user data, out-of-band data or third party data) to transform the raw data to a form useable by the elastic processing engines  150 . In some embodiments, the data lake  130  can include repositories for flow attributes  132 , host and/or endpoint attributes  134 , process attributes  136 , and policy attributes  138 . In some embodiments, the data lake  130  can also include repositories for VM or container attributes, application attributes, tenant attributes, network topology, application dependency maps, cluster attributes, etc. 
         [0035]    The flow attributes  132  relate to information about flows traversing the network. A flow is generally one or more packets sharing certain attributes that are sent within a network within a specified period of time. The flow attributes  132  can include packet header fields such as a source address (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) address, Media Access Control (MAC) address, Domain Name System (DNS) name, or other network address), source port, destination address, destination port, protocol type, class of service, among other fields. The source address may correspond to a first endpoint (e.g., network device, physical server, virtual partition, etc.) of the network, and the destination address may correspond to a second endpoint, a multicast group, or a broadcast domain. The flow attributes  132  can also include aggregate packet data such as flow start time, flow end time, number of packets for a flow, number of bytes for a flow, the union of TCP flags for a flow, among other flow data. 
         [0036]    The host and/or endpoint attributes  134  describe host and/or endpoint data for each flow, and can include host and/or endpoint name, network address, operating system, CPU usage, network usage, disk space, ports, logged users, scheduled jobs, open files, and information regarding files and/or directories stored on a host and/or endpoint (e.g., presence, absence, or modifications of log files, configuration files, device special files, or protected electronic information). As discussed, in some embodiments, the host and/or endpoints attributes  134  can also include the out-of-band data  114  regarding hosts such as power level, temperature, and physical location (e.g., room, row, rack, cage door position, etc.) or the third party data  116  such as whether a host and/or endpoint is on an IP watch list or otherwise associated with a security threat, Whois data, or geocoordinates. In some embodiments, the out-of-band data  114  and the third party data  116  may be associated by process, user, flow, or other more granular or less granular network element or network communication. 
         [0037]    The process attributes  136  relate to process data corresponding to each flow, and can include process name (e.g., bash, httpd, netstat, etc.), ID, parent process ID, path (e.g., /usr2/username/bin/, /usr/local/bin, /usr/bin, etc.), CPU utilization, memory utilization, memory address, scheduling information, nice value, flags, priority, status, start time, terminal type, CPU time taken by the process, the command that started the process, and information regarding a process owner (e.g., user name, ID, user&#39;s real name, e-mail address, user&#39;s groups, terminal information, login time, expiration date of login, idle time, and information regarding files and/or directories of the user). 
         [0038]    The policy attributes  138  contain information relating to network policies. Policies establish whether a particular flow is allowed or denied by the network as well as a specific route by which a packet traverses the network. Policies can also be used to mark packets so that certain kinds of traffic receive differentiated service when used in combination with queuing techniques such as those based on priority, fairness, weighted fairness, token bucket, random early detection, round robin, among others. The policy attributes  138  can include policy statistics such as a number of times a policy was enforced or a number of times a policy was not enforced. The policy attributes  138  can also include associations with network traffic data. For example, flows found to be non-conformant can be linked or tagged with corresponding policies to assist in the investigation of non-conformance. 
         [0039]    The analytics engine  110  may include any number of engines  150 , including for example, a flow engine  152  for identifying flows (e.g., flow engine  152 ) or an attacks engine  154  for identify attacks to the network. In some embodiments, the analytics engine can include a separate distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack engine  155  for specifically detecting DDoS attacks. In other embodiments, a DDoS attack engine may be a component or a sub-engine of a general attacks engine. In some embodiments, the attacks engine  154  and/or the DDoS engine  155  can use machine learning techniques to identify security threats to a network. For example, the attacks engine  154  and/or the DDoS engine  155  can be provided with examples of network states corresponding to an attack and network states corresponding to normal operation. The attacks engine  154  and/or the DDoS engine  155  can then analyze network traffic data to recognize when the network is under attack. In some embodiments, the network can operate within a trusted environment for a time to establish a baseline for normal network operation for the attacks engine  154  and/or the DDoS. 
         [0040]    The analytics engine  110  may further include a search engine  156 . The search engine  156  may be configured, for example to perform a structured search, an NLP (Natural Language Processing) search, or a visual search. Data may be provided to the engines from one or more processing components. 
         [0041]    The analytics engine  110  can also include a policy engine  158  that manages network policy, including creating and/or importing policies, monitoring policy conformance and non-conformance, enforcing policy, simulating changes to policy or network elements affecting policy, among other policy-related tasks. 
         [0042]    The ADM module  140  can determine dependencies of applications of the network. That is, particular patterns of traffic may correspond to an application, and the interconnectivity or dependencies of the application can be mapped to generate a graph for the application (i.e., an application dependency mapping). In this context, an application refers to a set of networking components that provides connectivity for a given set of workloads. For example, in a conventional three-tier architecture for a web application, first endpoints of the web tier, second endpoints of the application tier, and third endpoints of the data tier make up the web application. The ADM module  140  can receive input data from various repositories of the data lake  130  (e.g., the flow attributes  132 , the host and/or endpoint attributes  134 , the process attributes  136 , etc.). The ADM module  140  may analyze the input data to determine that there is first traffic flowing between external endpoints on port  80  of the first endpoints corresponding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests and responses. The input data may also indicate second traffic between first ports of the first endpoints and second ports of the second endpoints corresponding to application server requests and responses and third traffic flowing between third ports of the second endpoints and fourth ports of the third endpoints corresponding to database requests and responses. The ADM module  140  may define an ADM for the web application as a three-tier application including a first EPG comprising the first endpoints, a second EPG comprising the second endpoints, and a third EPG comprising the third endpoints. 
         [0043]    The presentation module  116  can include an application programming interface (API) or command line interface (CLI)  160 , a security information and event management (SIEM) interface  162 , and a web front-end  164 . As the analytics engine  110  processes network traffic and corresponding data and generates analytics data, the analytics data may not be in a human-readable form or it may be too voluminous for a user to navigate. The presentation module  116  can take the analytics data generated by analytics engine  110  and further summarize, filter, and organize the analytics data as well as create intuitive presentations for the analytics data. 
         [0044]    In some embodiments, the API or CLI  160  can be implemented using Hadoop® Hive from Apache® for the back end, and Java® Database Connectivity (JDBC) from Oracle® Corporation of Redwood Shores, Calif., as an API layer. Hive is a data warehouse infrastructure that provides data summarization and ad hoc querying. Hive provides a mechanism to query data using a variation of structured query language (SQL) that is called HiveQL. JDBC is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java®, which defines how a client may access a database. 
         [0045]    In some embodiments, the SIEM interface  162  can be implemented using Hadoop® Kafka for the back end, and software provided by Splunk®, Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. as the SIEM platform. Kafka is a distributed messaging system that is partitioned and replicated. Kafka uses the concept of topics. Topics are feeds of messages in specific categories. In some embodiments, Kafka can take raw packet captures and telemetry information from the data mover  108  as input, and output messages to a SIEM platform, such as Splunk®. The Splunk® platform is utilized for searching, monitoring, and analyzing machine-generated data. 
         [0046]    In some embodiments, the web front-end  164  can be implemented using software provided by MongoDB®, Inc. of New York, N.Y. and Hadoop® ElasticSearch from Apache® for the back-end, and Ruby on Rails™ as the web application framework. MongoDB® is a document-oriented NoSQL database based on documents in the form of JavaScript® Object Notation (JSON) with dynamic schemas. ElasticSearch is a scalable and real-time search and analytics engine that provides domain-specific language (DSL) full querying based on JSON. Ruby on Rails™ is model-view-controller (MVC) framework that provides default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. Ruby on Rails™ relies on web standards such as JSON or extensible markup language (XML) for data transfer, and hypertext markup language (HTML), cascading style sheets, (CSS), and JavaScript® for display and user interfacing. 
         [0047]    Although  FIG. 1  illustrates an example configuration of the various components of a network traffic monitoring system, those of skill in the art will understand that the components of the network traffic monitoring system  100  or any system described herein can be configured in a number of different ways and can include any other type and number of components. For example, the sensors  104 , the collectors  106 , the data mover  108 , and the data lake  130  can belong to one hardware and/or software module or multiple separate modules. Other modules can also be combined into fewer components and/or further divided into more components. 
         [0048]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a network environment  200  in accordance with an embodiment. In some embodiments, a network traffic monitoring system, such as the network traffic monitoring system  100  of  FIG. 1 , can be implemented in the network environment  200 . It should be understood that, for the network environment  200  and any environment discussed herein, there can be additional or fewer nodes, devices, links, networks, or components in similar or alternative configurations. Embodiments with different numbers and/or types of clients, networks, nodes, cloud components, servers, software components, devices, virtual or physical resources, configurations, topologies, services, appliances, deployments, or network devices are also contemplated herein. Further, the network environment  200  can include any number or type of resources, which can be accessed and utilized by clients or tenants. The illustrations and examples provided herein are for clarity and simplicity. 
         [0049]    The network environment  200  can include a network fabric  202 , a Layer 2 (L2) network  204 , a Layer 3 (L3) network  206 , and servers  208   a ,  208   b ,  208   c ,  208   d , and  208   e  (collectively,  208 ). The network fabric  202  can include spine switches  210   a ,  210   b ,  210   c , and  210   d  (collectively, “ 210 ”) and leaf switches  212   a ,  212   b ,  212   c ,  212   d , and  212   e  (collectively, “ 212 ”). The spine switches  210  can connect to the leaf switches  212  in the network fabric  202 . The leaf switches  212  can include access ports (or non-fabric ports) and fabric ports. The fabric ports can provide uplinks to the spine switches  210 , while the access ports can provide connectivity to endpoints (e.g., the servers  208 ), internal networks (e.g., the L2 network  204 ), or external networks (e.g., the L3 network  206 ). 
         [0050]    The leaf switches  212  can reside at the edge of the network fabric  202 , and can thus represent the physical network edge. For instance, in some embodiments, the leaf switches  212   d  and  212   e  operate as border leaf switches in communication with edge devices  214  located in the external network  206 . The border leaf switches  212   d  and  212   e  may be used to connect any type of external network device, service (e.g., firewall, deep packet inspector, traffic monitor, load balancer, etc.), or network (e.g., the L3 network  206 ) to the fabric  202 . 
         [0051]    Although the network fabric  202  is illustrated and described herein as an example leaf-spine architecture, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that various embodiments can be implemented based on any network topology, including any data center or cloud network fabric. Indeed, other architectures, designs, infrastructures, and variations are contemplated herein. For example, the principles disclosed herein are applicable to topologies including three-tier (including core, aggregation, and access levels), fat tree, mesh, bus, hub and spoke, etc. Thus, in some embodiments, the leaf switches  212  can be top-of-rack switches configured according to a top-of-rack architecture. In other embodiments, the leaf switches  212  can be aggregation switches in any particular topology, such as end-of-row or middle-of-row topologies. In some embodiments, the leaf switches  212  can also be implemented using aggregation switches. 
         [0052]    Moreover, the topology illustrated in  FIG. 2  and described herein is readily scalable and may accommodate a large number of components, as well as more complicated arrangements and configurations. For example, the network may include any number of fabrics  202 , which may be geographically dispersed or located in the same geographic area. Thus, network nodes may be used in any suitable network topology, which may include any number of servers, virtual machines or containers, switches, routers, appliances, controllers, gateways, or other nodes interconnected to form a large and complex network. Nodes may be coupled to other nodes or networks through one or more interfaces employing any suitable wired or wireless connection, which provides a viable pathway for electronic communications. 
         [0053]    Network communications in the network fabric  202  can flow through the leaf switches  212 . In some embodiments, the leaf switches  212  can provide endpoints (e.g., the servers  208 ), internal networks (e.g., the L2 network  204 ), or external networks (e.g., the L3 network  206 ) access to the network fabric  202 , and can connect the leaf switches  212  to each other. In some embodiments, the leaf switches  212  can connect endpoint groups (EPGs) to the network fabric  202 , internal networks (e.g., the L2 network  204 ), and/or any external networks (e.g., the L3 network  206 ). EPGs are groupings of applications, or application components, and tiers for implementing forwarding and policy logic. EPGs can allow for separation of network policy, security, and forwarding from addressing by using logical application boundaries. EPGs can be used in the network environment  200  for mapping applications in the network. For example, EPGs can comprise a grouping of endpoints in the network indicating connectivity and policy for applications. 
         [0054]    As discussed, the servers  208  can connect to the network fabric  202  via the leaf switches  212 . For example, the servers  208   a  and  208   b  can connect directly to the leaf switches  212   a  and  212   b , which can connect the servers  208   a  and  208   b  to the network fabric  202  and/or any of the other leaf switches. The servers  208   c  and  208   d  can connect to the leaf switches  212   b  and  212   c  via the L2 network  204 . The servers  208   c  and  208   d  and the L2 network  204  make up a local area network (LAN). LANs can connect nodes over dedicated private communications links located in the same general physical location, such as a building or campus. 
         [0055]    The WAN  206  can connect to the leaf switches  212   d  or  212   e  via the L3 network  206 . WANs can connect geographically dispersed nodes over long-distance communications links, such as common carrier telephone lines, optical light paths, synchronous optical networks (SONET), or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) links. LANs and WANs can include L2 and/or L3 networks and endpoints. 
         [0056]    The Internet is an example of a WAN that connects disparate networks throughout the world, providing global communication between nodes on various networks. The nodes typically communicate over the network by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data according to predefined protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). In this context, a protocol can refer to a set of rules defining how the nodes interact with each other. Computer networks may be further interconnected by an intermediate network node, such as a router, to extend the effective size of each network. The endpoints  208  can include any communication device or component, such as a computer, server, blade, hypervisor, virtual machine, container, process (e.g., running on a virtual machine), switch, router, gateway, host, device, external network, etc. 
         [0057]    In some embodiments, the network environment  200  also includes a network controller running on the host  208   a . The network controller is implemented using the Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC™) from Cisco®. The APIC™ provides a centralized point of automation and management, policy programming, application deployment, and health monitoring for the fabric  202 . In some embodiments, the APIC™ is operated as a replicated synchronized clustered controller. In other embodiments, other configurations or software-defined networking (SDN) platforms can be utilized for managing the fabric  202 . 
         [0058]    In some embodiments, a physical server  208  may have instantiated thereon a hypervisor  216  for creating and running one or more virtual switches (not shown) and one or more virtual machines  218 , as shown for the host  208   b . In other embodiments, physical servers may run a shared kernel for hosting containers. In yet other embodiments, the physical server  208  can run other software for supporting other virtual partitioning approaches. Networks in accordance with various embodiments may include any number of physical servers hosting any number of virtual machines, containers, or other virtual partitions. Hosts may also comprise blade/physical servers without virtual machines, containers, or other virtual partitions, such as the servers  208   a ,  208   c ,  208   d , and  208   e.    
         [0059]    The network environment  200  can also integrate a network traffic monitoring system, such as the network traffic monitoring system  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . For example, the network traffic monitoring system of  FIG. 2  includes sensors  220   a ,  220   b ,  220   c , and  220   d  (collectively, “ 220 ”), collectors  222 , and an analytics engine, such as the analytics engine  110  of  FIG. 1 , executing on the server  208   e . The analytics engine  208   e  can receive and process network traffic data collected by the collectors  222  and detected by the sensors  220  placed on nodes located throughout the network environment  200 . Although the analytics engine  208   e  is shown to be a standalone network appliance in  FIG. 2 , it will be appreciated that the analytics engine  208   e  can also be implemented as a virtual partition (e.g., VM or container) that can be distributed onto a host or cluster of hosts, software as a service (SaaS), or other suitable method of distribution. In some embodiments, the sensors  220  run on the leaf switches  212  (e.g., the sensor  220   a ), the hosts  208  (e.g., the sensor  220   b ), the hypervisor  216  (e.g., the sensor  220   c ), and the VMs  218  (e.g., the sensor  220   d ). In other embodiments, the sensors  220  can also run on the spine switches  210 , virtual switches, service appliances (e.g., firewall, deep packet inspector, traffic monitor, load balancer, etc.) and in between network elements. In some embodiments, sensors  220  can be located at each (or nearly every) network component to capture granular packet statistics and data at each hop of data transmission. In other embodiments, the sensors  220  may not be installed in all components or portions of the network (e.g., shared hosting environment in which customers have exclusive control of some virtual machines). 
         [0060]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , a host may include multiple sensors  220  running on the host (e.g., the host sensor  220   b ) and various components of the host (e.g., the hypervisor sensor  220   c  and the VM sensor  220   d ) so that all (or substantially all) packets traversing the network environment  200  may be monitored. For example, if one of the VMs  218  running on the host  208   b  receives a first packet from the WAN  206 , the first packet may pass through the border leaf switch  212   d , the spine switch  210   b , the leaf switch  212   b , the host  208   b , the hypervisor  216 , and the VM. Since all or nearly all of these components contain a respective sensor, the first packet will likely be identified and reported to one of the collectors  222 . As another example, if a second packet is transmitted from one of the VMs  218  running on the host  208   b  to the host  208   d , sensors installed along the data path, such as at the VM  218 , the hypervisor  216 , the host  208   b , the leaf switch  212   b , and the host  208   d  will likely result in capture of metadata from the second packet. 
         [0061]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a data pipeline  300  for determining clusters in an application dependency map in accordance with an example embodiment. In some embodiments, the data pipeline  300  can be directed by a network traffic monitoring system, such as the network traffic monitoring system  100  of  FIG. 1 ; an analytics engine, such as the analytics engine  110  of  FIG. 1 ; an application dependency mapping module, such as the ADM module  140  of  FIG. 1 ; or other network service or network appliance. The data pipeline  300  includes a data collection stage  302  in which network traffic data and corresponding data (e.g., host data, process data, user data, etc.) are captured by sensors (e.g., the sensors  104  of  FIG. 1 ) located throughout the network. The data may comprise, for example, raw flow data and raw process data. As discussed, the data can be captured from multiple perspectives to provide a comprehensive view of the network. The data collected may also include other types of information, such as tenant informationvirtual partition information, out-of-band information, third party information, and other relevant information. In some embodiments, the flow data and associated data can be aggregated and summarized daily or according to another suitable increment of time, and flow vectors, process vectors, host vectors, and other attribute vectors can be calculated during the data collection stage  302 . This can substantially reduce processing during an ADM run. 
         [0062]    The data pipeline  300  also includes an ADM input data stage  304  in which a network or security administrator or other authorized user may configure an ADM run by selecting the date range of the flow data and associated data to analyze, and those nodes for which the administrator wants application dependency maps and/or cluster information. In some embodiments, the administrator can also input side information, such as server load balance, route tags, and previously identified clusters during the ADM input data stage  304 . In other embodiments, the side information can be automatically pulled or another network element can push the side information for the ADM run. 
         [0063]    The next stage of the data pipeline  300  is pre-processing  306 . During the pre-processing stage  306 , nodes of the network are partitioned into selected node and dependency node subnets. Selected nodes are those nodes for which the user requests application dependency maps and cluster information. Dependency nodes are those nodes that are not explicitly selected by the users for an ADM run but are nodes that communicate with the selected nodes. To obtain the partitioning information, edges of an application dependency map (i.e., flow data) and unprocessed attribute vectors can be analyzed. 
         [0064]    Other tasks can also be performed during the pre-processing stage  306 , including identifying dependencies of the selected nodes and the dependency nodes; replacing the dependency nodes with tags based on the dependency nodes&#39; subnet names; extracting attribute vectors for the selected nodes, such as by aggregating daily vectors across multiple days, calculating term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf), and normalizing the vectors (e.g., l 2  normalization); and identifying existing clusters. 
         [0065]    In some embodiments, the pre-processing stage  306  can include early attribute fusion pre-processing. Early fusion is a fusion scheme in which attributes are combined into a single representation. Attributes may be derived from various domains (e.g., network, host, virtual partition, process, user, etc.), and a attribute vector in an early fusion system may represent the concatenation of disparate attribute types or domains. 
         [0066]    Early fusion may be effective for attributes that are similar or have a similar structure (e.g., fields of TCP and UDP packets or flows). Such attributes may be characterized as being a same type or being within a same domain. Early fusion may be less effective for distant attributes or attributes of different types or domains (e.g., flow-based attributes versus process-based attributes). Thus, in some embodiments, only attributes in the network domain (i.e., network traffic-based attributes, such as packet header information, number of packets for a flow, number of bytes for a flow, and similar data) may be analyzed. In other embodiments, an ADM run may limit analysis to attributes in the process domain (i.e., process-based attributes, such as process name, parent process, process owner, etc.). In yet other embodiments, attribute sets in other domains (e.g., the host domain, virtual partition domain, user domain, etc.) may be the focus of the ADM run. 
         [0067]    After pre-processing, the data pipeline  300  may proceed to a clustering stage  308 . In the clustering stage  308 , various machine learning techniques can be implemented to analyze attribute vectors within a single domain or across different domains to determine the optimal clustering given a set of input nodes. Machine learning is an area of computer science in which the goal is to develop models using example observations (i.e., training data), that can be used to make predictions on new observations. The models or logic are not based on theory but are empirically based or data-driven. 
         [0068]    During the clustering stage  308 , respective attribute vectors of nodes are evaluated using machine learning to identify an optimal clustering for a selected set of nodes. Supervised or unsupervised learning techniques can be used depending on the availability of training data and other related information (e.g., network topology). For example, an ADM module (or other suitable system) can receive configuration information regarding a network from a configuration management system (CMS), configuration management database (CMDB), or other similar system. In some embodiments, the ADM module can receive the configuration data in a proprietary or open source format utilized by the CMS or CMDB and translate the information to training data observations for the particular machine learning approach(es) implemented by the ADM module. In other embodiments, the CMS or CMDB and the ADM module may be closely integrated and the CMS or CMDB can automatically provide the ADM module with suitable training data. In yet other embodiments, a network administrator or authorized user may receive the configuration data from the CM and the administrator or user can manually label nodes to create the training data. 
         [0069]    In some embodiments network traffic monitoring system  100  is useful for presenting a visualization of data flows so that a network administrator can better monitor or investigation data flows. Presentation module  112  can create parallel coordinate charts for visualizing data flows based on the output of analytics engine  110 . 
         [0070]    After clusters are identified, the data pipeline  300  can include a post-processing stage  310 . The post-processing stage  310  can include tasks such as naming or labeling clusters, which may be automatic or user-specified; identifying cluster edges; and validating the clusters, such as by calculating silhouette scores. Silhouette scoring is a method of interpretation and validation of consistency within clusters of data. A silhouette score is a measure of how similar an object is to its own cluster compared to other clusters, which can range from −1 to 1, where a high value indicates that the node is well matched to its own cluster and badly matched to neighboring clusters. If most nodes have a high silhouette score, then the clustering maybe accurate. If many nodes have a low or negative silhouette score, then the clustering may have too many or too few clusters. The silhouette score can be calculated with any similarity or distance metric, such as the Euclidean distance or the Manhattan distance. 
         [0071]    The end of the data pipeline  300  is a presentation stage  312  in which clustering data can be meaningfully and intuitively displayed to the user. In some embodiments, a user interface of the presentation stage  312  may allow the user to view statistics on clusters (e.g., number of nodes, edges, clusters, summaries of changes in clustering from the last ADM run, etc.) and detailed information for each cluster (e.g., nodes, server ports, and client ports, etc.). In some embodiments, the user interface may also allow the user to edit clusters (e.g., add or modify names and descriptions of clusters, move nodes from one cluster to another, approve an automatically determined cluster). In some embodiments, the user may operate the user interface to create application profiles, perform ADM re-runs, and/or export policies for cluster edges. It should be understood that the data pipeline  300  is only an example and that stages may be added, combined, removed, or modified without departing from the scope of the various embodiments. 
         [0072]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example method for creating, displaying, and interacting with the parallel coordinate charts of the present technology, and  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  illustrate example parallel coordinate charts. 
         [0073]    Network traffic monitoring system  100  can analyze too many flows to all be displayed on a chart. As such, the present technology includes search engine  156  for searching for flows of interest. A search can identify any relevant attribute of desired flows, and in some embodiments can also be limited by a time in which a flow was observed. As such, the first step in creating a parallel coordinate chart of the present technology can include searching  402  data analyzed by an analytics engine  110  configured to analyze flow data describing flows within, transmitted by, or received by one or more data centers for flows matching search criteria. The search criteria can identify any attribute of a recorded flow. The search engine  156  can return data describing flows matching the search criteria. 
         [0074]    The flows returned matching the search criteria can be associated with many attributes—too many to fit in a reasonable presentation format all at one time. As such, in some embodiments, the presentation module can receive  404  a selection of the plurality of attributes to be represented in the parallel coordinate chart. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5A , the parallel coordinate chart illustrated in this figure illustrates attributes including at least packet count  502 , bit count  504 , latency  506 , and protocol  508 . Other attributes may have also been selected  404 , but are not displayed on screen in this view. In some embodiments it may be possible to scroll the parallel coordinate chart to the right or left to expose additional variables. 
         [0075]    The selected variables can be used to created and/or display a parallel coordinate chart representing the selected plurality of attributes as evenly spaced parallel lines. The flows returned matching the search criteria can be represented  408  in the parallel coordinate chart. Each flow intersects each line of the evenly spaced parallel lines at a point representing a respective value associated with the flow for that attribute. Each attribute of the plurality of attributes can be represented in units specific to the respective attribute. Accordingly a line representing a byte count can be represented in units of bytes; a line representing hosts, can be represented in units that allow representing host IDs or by IP address of the host; and a line representing latency can be represented in units of time, etc. 
         [0076]    In some embodiments it is possible to select the order of the attributes represented in the parallel coordinate chart at the time of selection  404 . In some embodiments, it can be possible for a user to provide a input selecting one of the evenly spaced parallel lines and repositioning  410  the selected line(s) representing one of the attributes among the evenly spaced parallel lines to be adjacent to other attributes. For example, packet count attribute  502  in  FIG. 5A  could be selected and moved between latency attribute  506  and protocol attribute  508 . 
         [0077]    While a search  402  was performed to identify flows to be represented in the parallel coordinate chart, it may be desired to further filter that search results, and thereby the flows represented in the parallel coordinate chart. Accordingly, a user can provide inputs effective to filter  412  the flows in the parallel coordinate chart. Filtering can be performed by any attribute regardless of whether or not that attribute is one of the attributes displayed in the parallel coordinate chart. 
         [0078]    In some embodiments, one attribute that might be filtered by is whether or not the flow has been identified as likely an attack or malicious. In such embodiments, the flows can be filtered to only show (or to exclude, depending on the filter) such flows. However, in some embodiments, the filter might not be used to reduce the flows shown in the parallel coordinate chart, but instead the filter might be used to graphically distinguish filtered flows, e.g., graphically distinguish flows labeled as potentially malicious from flows not labeled as potentially malicious. In some embodiments, flows labeled malicious or as an attack are displayed in a graphically distinguished representation by default. 
         [0079]      FIG. 5B  illustrates a collection of flows  530  that have be labeled as malicious and they are represented in dashed lines, while flows that have not been labeled malicious  532 ,  534  are displayed in solid lines. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are many ways to graphically distinguish flows from each other including colors, symbols, line weights, etc. 
         [0080]    In some embodiments, multiple flows can overlap when both flows have the same attribute value for two attributes located next to each other in the parallel coordinate chart. In such embodiments, the multiple flows (or segments of multiple flows) can be represented as a single line with an increased line weight. 
         [0081]    In some embodiments, an administrator can review a parallel coordinate chart and notice a flow or collection of flows that appear to be different than the majority of other flows in the chart. In such embodiments, the administrator can select one of the flows and the system can present detailed data specific to the selected flow from analytics engine  110 . 
         [0082]    In some embodiments, presentation layer  112 , can present an outlier view, which identifies outliers based on volume of flows that are exactly the same, or other anomalies identified by analytics engine  110 . The outlier view can serve as a filter to remove non-outlier flows. 
         [0083]      FIG. 5A  illustrates an example parallel coordinate chart. Chart  500  includes visible attributes: Packet counts  502 , bit count  504 , latency  506 , and protocol  508 . Other attributes might be displayable by scrolling right or left. The graph shows a few flows having high packet counts and as would be expected, these flows also have relatively high bit counts so the relationship between these two attributes for these flows makes sense. However, many of the flows have low packet counts but the highest bit counts, which might be unusual and thus these flows might warrant investigation. Likewise the high packet count flows might be unusual depending on the search criteria, but the chart shows that there are relatively less of these type of flows that the low packet count flows so these high packet count flows might warrant investigation. 
         [0084]      FIG. 5B  illustrates another example parallel coordinate chart. Chart  515  includes visible attributes: sending host  520 , latency  522 , packet count  524 , application  526 . In  FIG. 5B  a collection of flows  530  have been identified by analytics engine  510  as potentially malicious because all of these flows are have substantially similar attributes. In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 5B  these flows can be visually distinct from flows  532  and  534  that have not been labeled as malicious. From viewing chart  515  it is apparent that flow  532  has some attributes in common with malicious flows  530 , but some attributes are more unique to flow  532 . An administrator viewing graph  515  might want to further investigate flow  532  as it too could be malicious since it also came from the same host IP address  520  which looks as if it has been attacked. Flows  534  might also warrant further investigation. While these flows do not come from the same host IP address  520 , that are sent as part of the same application  526 . An administrator might be concerned that if one service of the application has been attacked that the rest of the services of application  526  might also be compromised. In this way an administrator can use a parallel coordinate chart to make sense of a large amount of data describing data flows. 
         [0085]      FIG. 6  illustrates a conventional system bus computing system architecture  600  wherein the components of the system are in electrical communication with each other using a bus  605 . Exemplary system  600  includes a processing unit (CPU or processor)  610  and a system bus  605  that couples various system components including the system memory  615 , such as read only memory (ROM)  670  and random access memory (RAM)  675 , to the processor  610 . The system  600  can include a cache of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of the processor  610 . The system  600  can copy data from the memory  615  and/or the storage device  630  to the cache  612  for quick access by the processor  610 . In this way, the cache can provide a performance boost that avoids processor  610  delays while waiting for data. These and other modules can control or be configured to control the processor  610  to perform various actions. Other system memory  615  may be available for use as well. The memory  615  can include multiple different types of memory with different performance characteristics. The processor  610  can include any general purpose processor and a hardware module or software module, such as module  1   637 , module  2   634 , and module  3   636  stored in storage device  630 , configured to control the processor  610  as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. The processor  610  may essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric. 
         [0086]    To enable user interaction with the computing device  600 , an input device  645  can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. An output device  635  can also be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to those of skill in the art. In some instances, multimodal systems can enable a user to provide multiple types of input to communicate with the computing device  600 . The communications interface  640  can generally govern and manage the user input and system output. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement and therefore the basic attributes here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed. 
         [0087]    Storage device  630  is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAMs)  675 , read only memory (ROM)  680 , and hybrids thereof. 
         [0088]    The storage device  630  can include software modules  638 ,  634 ,  636  for controlling the processor  610 . Other hardware or software modules are contemplated. The storage device  630  can be connected to the system bus  605 . In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as the processor  610 , bus  605 , display  635 , and so forth, to carry out the function. 
         [0089]    For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks including functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software. 
         [0090]    In some embodiments the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit stream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se. 
         [0091]    Methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer readable media. Such instructions can comprise, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, or source code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store instructions, information used, and/or information created during methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, and so on. 
         [0092]    Devices implementing methods according to these disclosures can comprise hardware, firmware and/or software, and can take any of a variety of form factors. Typical examples of such form factors include laptops, smart phones, small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example. 
         [0093]    The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are means for providing the functions described in these disclosures. 
         [0094]    Although a variety of examples and other information was used to explain aspects within the scope of the appended claims, no limitation of the claims should be implied based on particular attributes or arrangements in such examples, as one of ordinary skill would be able to use these examples to derive a wide variety of implementations. Further and although some subject matter may have been described in language specific to examples of structural attributes and/or method steps, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to these described attributes or acts. For example, such functionality can be distributed differently or performed in components other than those identified herein. Rather, the described attributes and steps are disclosed as examples of components of systems and methods within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, claim language reciting “at least one of” a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set satisfy the claim.