Abstract:
The present invention, generally speaking, provides a digitally-tunable, echo-cancelling analog front end (AFE) for wireline digital communications. The analog front end is especially useful in a High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) or HDSL 2  environment. An analog echo simulation path is provided capable of simulating echo from a wide variety of echo paths. Digitally controlled attenuators are provided in the transmission path and in the analog echo simulation path. Also provided is a digital-tunable equalizer stage. The equalizer stage is tuned to match the characteristics of the receive path. The same arrangement may be adapted for various DSL technologies, i.e., xDSL. There results an analog front end that is well-adapted to high-speed wireline communications.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to signal conditioning for digital wireline communications, e.g., echo cancellation, equalization, etc. 
     2. State of the Art 
     Echo cancellation, or echo attenuation, facilitates achievement of efficient, full-duplex data communications on two-wire channels. Various echo-cancellation techniques are known. FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a widely known prior art “adaptive hybrid”  100 . Adaptive hybrid  100  is trained on the signal from the local transmitter received via port  103 . This is usually done while the signal, normally received from the far end, is absent. 
     Filters  101  and  102  approximate the characteristics of nominal short and nominal long “near-end” echo paths, respectively. Interpolator  104  is automatically adjusted in response to the operation of adaptive algorithm  105  in an attempt to provide an echo estimate to summer  106  that closely approximates the echo. Circuit  106  subtracts the estimated echo from one output of the fixed hybrid, and this output normally includes echo plus received signal. 
     The prior art approach of FIG. 1, however, provides little attenuation of some echoes. This limitation arises from the fact that a substantial percentage of echo paths (even near-end echo paths) differ widely from any characteristic that is capable of being provided as an interpolation between the two filters  101  and  102 . 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,854 describes an adaptive hybrid capable of achieving substantial echo attenuation for a wider variety of echo paths. This versatility, however, is achieved at the expense of substantial complexity. 
     There remains a need for an analog front end (AFE) that is simple in its realization yet highly effective in its attenuation of echo from a wide variety of echo paths. The present invention addresses this need. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention, generally speaking, provides a digitally-tunable, echo-cancelling analog front end (AFE) for wireline digital communications. The analog front end is especially useful in a High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) or HDSL 2  environment. An analog echo simulation path is provided capable of simulating echo from a wide variety of echo paths. Digitally controlled attenuators are provided in the transmission path and in the analog echo simulation path. Also provided is a digital-tunable equalizer stage. The equalizer stage is tuned to match the characteristics of the receive path. The same arrangement may be adapted for various DSL technologies, i.e., xDSL. There results an analog front end that is well-adapted to high-speed wireline communications. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The present invention may be further understood from the following description in conjunction with the appended drawing. In the drawing: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical prior art adaptive hybrid; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an AFE in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a digital data feed and data receiving circuit that interfaces with the AFE of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the digitally-tunable equalizer of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram showing one suitable frequency response characteristic for the digitally-tunable equalizer stage of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an AFE in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an AFE in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, a block diagram is shown of an AFE in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The AFE may be divided into a transmit side and a receive side. A hybrid  201  is shared between the transmit side and the receive side. The transmit side may in turn be divided into a transmit signal path and an analog echo synthesis path. 
     The transmit signal path differs from the conventional transmit signal path of an AFE in that a digitally controlled attenuator  203  is used to realize a power cutback feature. More particularly, the transmit signal path receives a digital transmission signal and converts the digital signal into an analog signal using a transmit digital to analog converter (DAC)  205 . An output signal of the transmit DAC is filtered using a transmit filter  207 . The transmit filter ensures that signal energy is confined to the transmission band. An output signal of the transmit filter is then selectively attenuated by the digitally controlled attenuator  203 . Alternatively, the order of the transmit filter and the digitally controlled attenuator may be reversed; i.e., the digitally controlled attenuator may precede the transmit filter without affecting operation of the present invention. A suitable attenuation setting for the digitally controlled attentuator is selected by a control processor or digital signal processing engine (DSPE, not shown) and applied via a control bus  209 . An output signal of the digitally controlled attenuator is then applied to a power amplifier and line driver  211 , which drives the communications line through the hybrid  201 . 
     The digitally controlled attenuator may be realized as an analog potentiometer having a digital control setting. Based on computed signal levels, the DSPE determines the appropriate scale factor for the transmit path. This setting is then communicated digitally through the control bus to the attenuator. Very fine tuning may therefore be achieved. 
     Digitally controlled power cutback is also invoked via the digitally controlled attenuator in the transmit path. 
     The analog echo synthesis (AES) path is composed of similar blocks as the transmit path. In particularly, the analog echo synthesis path receives a digital echo signal and converts the digital echo signal into an analog signal using an AES DAC  213 . An output signal of the AES DAC is filtered using an AES filter  215 . An output signal of the transmit filter is then selectively attenuated by a digitally controlled attenuator  217 . Again, the order of the transmit filter and the digitally controlled attenuator may be reversed; i.e., the digitally controlled attenuator may precede the AES filter without affecting operation of the present invention. A suitable attenuation setting is selected by the control processor and applied via the control bus. An output signal of the digitally controlled attenuator is then applied to a summing amplifier  219  connected to the hybrid on the receive side. 
     In general, the attenuation setting of the digitally controlled attenuator in the AES path will be different than in the transmit path. More particularly, the digitally controlled attenuator in the AES path compensates for both the rejection level through the hybrid and the attenuation of the transmit attenuator for power cutback. 
     The manner in which the digital echo signal is produced may be appreciated with reference to FIG. 3, showing a digital circuit that interfaces with the AFE, including a mechanism for feeding digital data to the transmit DAC and the AES DAC. A digital transmit signal is read out of a buffer  301  and applied to a digital transmit filter  303 . The sample time of the digital transmit signal may be represented as T. A delayed replica of the same digital transmit signal is also applied to an adaptive digital AES filter  305 . Separate Tx and AES pointers point to the current location in the buffer to be read out and applied to the digital transmit filter and to the adaptive digital AES filter, respectively. The effect of such an arrangement is the same as if the same digital transmit signal were applied to the digital transmit filter and also through an adjustable delay to the adaptive digital AES filter. The characteristics of the adaptive digital AES filter are set by the control processor through an adaptation algorithm that is run during initial training or at intervals, as desired. 
     The digital transmit filter and the adaptive digital AES filter are both interpolating filters that reduce the sample time to T/2 (i.e., double the sample rate). In an exemplary embodiment, these filters are followed by respective interpolation filter stages  307  and  309  that further reduce the sample time to T/4. The sample rate is therefore 4× the original sample rate. Output signals of the interpolation filter stages are applied to the transmit DAC  311  and the AES DAC  313 , respectively. 
     The adaptive digital AES filter is trained during initialization to minimize a suitable measure of error such as mean-square error (MSE). 
     Note that the overall echo characteristic is simulated by two separate filters, an adaptive digital AES filter and an analog AES filter, operating in concert, and that an independent AES DAC is provided instead of using the transmit DAC. (In an exemplary embodiment, the analog AES filter and the analog transmit filter are both low-pass filters and have substantially the same characteristic.) Using an adaptive digital AES filter and an analog AES filter operating in concert enables a wide range of echo characteristics to be more easily simulated. More particularly, if the AES path were to share the transmit DAC, the AES filter would be required to simulate the echo response quite accurately, which would involve designing a very complicated analog filter. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the AES filter can be kept simple by placing an adaptive digital filter in front of the AES DAC. 
     Referring again to FIG. 2, on the receive side, the hybrid produces a receive signal that is applied to the summing amplifier, along with the AES signal. The summing amplifier subtracts the AES signal from the receive signal, thereby accomplishing echo attenuation or cancellation, and applies the resulting echo-cancelled signal to an optional pre-anti-aliasing filter  220 . An output signal of the anti-aliasing filter is applied to a digitally-tunable equalizer stage  221  controlled through the control bus. An output signal of the digitally-tunable equalizer stage is applied to a digitally-tunable variable gain amplifier  223 . In contrast to a conventional AGC circuit that operates automatically to raise the receive signal to a predetermined level for processing by a receive analog to digital converter (ADC), the stage is digitally controlled. It therefore functions as a digitally-tunable AGC (DT-AGC). An output signal of the DT-AGC is input through a conventional anti-aliasing filter  225  to the receive ADC  227 . 
     Instead of a regular analog AGC, the foregoing architecture uses the DSPE to digitally compute with greater accuracy the required gain setting, which information is then sent to the DT-AGC via the control bus. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, the digitally-tunable equalizer stage (DT-EQ) is shown in greater detail. In an exemplary embodiment, the digitally-tunable equalizer stage is realized as a bank of equalizers, each of the equalizers being tailored for different line characteristics. An input signal is applied to all of the equalizers in parallel. A switch is used to select an output signal of one of the equalizers. A suitable switch setting is determined by the control processor and a corresponding control signal is applied to the switch. 
     The purpose of having a selectable DT-EQ stage is to provide different shaped compensation characteristics for different types of loops. For long loops, the compensation characteristic is different than for short loops. Different compensation characteristics may be provided for wires of different gauges as well. In an exemplary embodiment, the frequency response of the equalizer is as shown in FIG.  5 . 
     Referring again to FIG. 3, the digital circuitry used to interface to the receive path of the AFE will now be described. A digital output signal of the ADC is sample-rate converted by a decimation filter  315 . Whereas an input signal of the decimation filter has a sample time of T/4, an output signal of the decimation signal has a sample time of T/2. This signal is applied to an adder/subtracter  317 . An adaptive digital echo canceller  319  is used to cancel residual echo not cancelled by the AFE. The digital transmit signal is applied to the adaptive digital echo canceller, which produces a residual echo signal. The adder/subtracter subtracts this signal from the output signal of the decimation filter. 
     Referring to FIG. 6, a block diagram is shown of an AFE in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention. The AFE of FIG. 6 differs from that of FIG. 2 in the details of the receive side. In particular, multiple parallel receive paths are provided, identical in construction but individually controlled. Multiple ADCs are controlled in accordance with different phases of a multi-phase clock. The output signals of the ADCs are summed together to form a resultant output signal. The ADCs may be of lower resolution, speed and linearity than if a single ADC is used. The receive path of FIG.  6  and the receive path of FIG. 2 are functionally equivalent. A corresponding technique may be used on the transmit side, i.e., providing plural AES paths with plural DACs of lower accuracy, speed and linearity than is required if a single DAC is used. Such an embodiment is illustrated in FIG.  7 . 
     It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential character thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalents thereof are intended to be embraced therein.