Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a family of unique antimycotic lipopeptide compounds produced by  Pseudomonas viridiflava . The lipopeptides are effective against both human and plant fungal pathogens, and are typically characterized by their ability to inhibit growth of  Candida albicans . Representative lipopeptides of the invention have molecular weights of 1137, 1153, 1164 and 1181 daltons.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of Provisional application Ser. No. 60/129,431, filed Apr. 15, 1999. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for producing one or more pseudomycins and to cultures of  Pseudomonas syringae  that produce one or more pseudomycins. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Fungal infections are a significant cause of disease, degradation of quality of life, and mortality among humans, particularly for immune compromised patients. The incidence of fungal infections in humans has increased greatly in the past 20 years. This is in part due to increased numbers of people with immune systems weakened or devastated by organ transplants, cancer chemotherapy, AIDS, age, and other similar disorders or conditions. Such patients are prone to attack by fungal pathogens that are prevalent throughout the population but are kept in check by a functioning immune system. These pathogens are difficult to control because some existing antifungal agents are either highly toxic or only inhibit fungal activity. For example, the polyenes are fungicidal but toxic; whereas, the azoles are much less toxic but only fungistatic. More importantly, there have been recent reports of azole and polyene resistant strains of  Candida  which severely limits therapy options against such strains. 
     One class of new antifungal agents, the pseudomycins, shows great promise for treating fungal infections in a variety of patients. (see i.e., Harrison, L, et al., “Pseudomycins, a family of novel peptides from  Pseudomonas syringae  possessing broad-spectrum antifungal activity,”  J. Gen. Microbiology,  137(12), 2857-65 (1991) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,576,298 and 5,837,685). Pseudomycins are natural products derived from isolates of  Pseudomonas syringae. P. syringae  is a large group of plant-associated bacteria that have been the source of several bioactive substances, such as bacitracin and the syringomycins. Natural strains and transposon-generated mutants of  P. syringae  produce compounds with antifungal activity. A transposon-generated regulatory mutant of the wild type strain of  P. syringae  MSU 174, known as MSU 16H (ATCC 67028), produces several pseudomycins. Pseudomycins A, B, C and C′ have been isolated, chemically characterized, and shown to possess wide spectrum antifungal activity, including activity against important fungal pathogens in both humans and plants. The pseudomycins are structurally related to but are distinct from syringomycin and other antimycotics from isolates of  P. syringae . The peptide moiety for pseudomycins A, B, C, C′ corresponds to L-Ser-D-Dab-L-Asp-L-Lys-L-Dab-L-aThr-Z-Dhb-L-Asp(3-OH)-L-Thr(4-Cl)SEQ ID NO:1 with the terminal carboxyl group closing a macrocyclic ring on the OH group of the N-terminal Ser. The analogs are distinguished by the N-acyl side chain, i.e., pseudomycin A is N-acylated by 3,4-dihydroxytetradeconoate, pseudomycin B by 3-hydroxytetradecanoate, pseudomycin C by 3,4-dihydroxyhexadecanoate and pseudomycin C′ by 3-hydroxyhexadecanoate. (see i.e., Ballio, A., et al., “Novel bioactive lipodepsipeptides from  Pseudomonas syringae : the pseudomycins,”  FEBS letters,  355(1), 96-100, (1994) and Coiro, V. M., et al., “Solution conformation of the  Pseudomonas syringae  MSU 16H phytotoxic lipodepsipeptide Pseudomycin A determined by computer simulations using distance geometry and molecular dynamics from NMR data,”  Eur. J. Biochem.,  257(2), 449456 (1998).) 
     Despite the increase in prevalence of fungal infections and the promise of pseudomycins, production of commercial-scale quantity pseudomycins has proved problematic. Published methods for producing pseudomycins are conducted in culture without agitation or stirring and employing expensive potato dextrose medium. Such cultures typically produce pseudomycins in small amounts suitable for laboratory studies and concentrations that are unsuitable for production on a large or commercial scale. Still culture is also unsuitable for use on a scale of greater than about one liter where diffusion of nutrients, gases, especially oxygen, and maintaining adequate cell growth become problematic. 
     There remains a need for a method for producing pseudomycins using  P. syringae  on a scale and at a concentration suitable for commercial uses of the pseudomycins as antifungal agents for application against infections in animals, humans, or plants. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides using microorganisms in a method for producing an antifungal agent, such as one or more pseudomycins. The method involves culturing  Pseudomonas syringae  in media including three or fewer amino acids and recovering one or more pseudomycins from the culture. The three or fewer amino acids include glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment,  P. syringae  culture is in medium including glycine and, optionally, a lipid, a potato product, or a combination thereof at a pH of about 4 to 6.5 until one or more pseudomycins is produced at a concentration of at least about 10 μg/mL, preferably more than about 40 μg/mL. The method is especially useful to produce one or more pseudomycins on a scale sufficient for recovering one or more pseudomycins for use as an antifungal agent for treating animals, humans or plants. In addition, pseudomycins prepared by the method described above is also provided. 
     This invention also relates to biologically-purified cultures of the  P. syringae  strains that are useful for producing pseudomycins. Strains of  P. syringae  can be wild type strains isolated from environmental sources including plants, such as barley plants, citrus plants, lilac plants, and the like; strains selected from such environmental isolates; and mutants of such strains. Preferred environmental isolates are from plants. Preferred  P. syringae  have characteristics including ability to grow and produce one or more pseudomycins on medium lacking potato products or on minimal medium; to produce pseudomycins at significant levels, such as at least about 10 μg/mL; to produce a desired distribution of pseudomycins; and/or to inhibit growth of one or more fungi. 
     According to the invention, the  P. syringae  exhibits sustained growth and metabolism in a nutrient medium including three or fewer amino acids and, optionally, a lipid, a potato product, or a combination thereof until one or more pseudomycins is produced at a concentration of at least about 10 μg/mL. More preferably, the  P. syringae strain produces about  40 μg/mL to about 700 μg/mL of one or more pseudomycins, and most preferably about 200 μg/mL of pseudomycin A or at least about 100 μg/mL of pseudomycin B. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the method, one or more pseudomycins are produced by growth of a strain of  P. syringae  under fed-batch or continuous culture conditions. The  P. syringae  cultures grow for sufficient time and at sufficient density to enhance pseudomycin production. Preferably, the culture is maintained at pH from about 4 to about 6.5 more preferably at a pH from 4.5 to 5.5 to maintain the stability of the pseudomycin. 
     Definitions 
     As used herein, the term “pseudomycin” refers to compounds having the following formula I SEQ ID NO:1: 
                        
 
where R is a lipophilic moiety. The pseudomycin compounds A, A′, B, B′, C, C′ are represented by the formula I above where R is as defined below.
         Pseudomycin A R=3,4-dihydroxytetradecanoyl   Pseudomycin A′ R=3,4-dihydroxypentadecanoate,   Pseudomycin B R=3-hydroxytetradecanoyl   Pseudomycin B′ R=3-hydroxydodecanoate   Pseudomycin C R=3,4-dihydroxyhexadecanoyl   Pseudomycin C′ R=3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates levels of production of pseudomycins A, B, C, and C′ by several strains of  P. syringae  cultured in N2 μM or potato pearl medium for ˜67 hours. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates levels of production of pseudomycins A, B, C, and C′ by several strains of  P. syringae  that have been grown in N21SM in bottles for ˜67 hours. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates production of pseudomycins A, B, and/or C employing  P. syringae  strain MSU 16H in unshaken flasks with a medium including potato dextrose broth and in that medium plus salts, glycine, methyl myristate, and/or soluble starch. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates pseudomycin production under the conditions described for  FIG. 3 , except the flasks are shaken. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates production of pseudomycins employing glycine containing media and shaken flasks as described for FIG.  4 . These results illustrate synergy between glycine and methyl myristate in stimulating pseudomycin production. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates production of pseudomycin A, B, and/or C by  P. syringae  strain MSU 16H in the presence of various fatty acid methyl esters added at a concentration of 0.1% v/v to medium including potato dextrose broth, glycine, salts, and soluble starch. Each of the fatty acids was saturated and the numbers under the bars represent the length of the carbon chain. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates pseudomycin factor titers in a 150 liter fermentation. Dissolved oxygen was controlled at 30% by computer-controlled adjustment of agitation and air flow. Glucose was fed at 200 mL/h beginning at 18 h and ammonium hydroxide was fed at 20 mL/h beginning at 20 h. No pseudomycin C′ was detected in this fermentation. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates oxygen uptake and dissolved oxygen in the 150 liter fermentation run for which pseudomycin production is illustrated in FIG.  7 . 
         FIG. 9  illustrates production of pseudomycins A, B, and/or C by various strains of  P. syringae  employing a medium free of added potato products and with or without methyl myristate in shaken flasks. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     
       Pseudomonas syringae  
     
       Pseudomonas syringae  include a wide range of bacteria that are generally associated with plants. Some of the  P. syringae  are plant pathogens, while others are only weakly pathogenic or are saprophytes. Many different isolates of  P. syringae  produce one or more cytotoxic agents that can help this bacterium survive in the wild where it must compete with fungi and other bacteria. The cytotoxic agents produced by  P. syringae  include antifungal agents such as the pseudomycins, the syringomycins, the syringotoxins, and the syringostatins. 
     Isolated strains of  P. syringae  that produce one or more pseudomycins are known in the art. For example, wild type strain MSU 174 (isolated from a Montana barley field) and a mutant of this strain generated by transposon mutagenesis using Tn905 (MSU 16H), have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,298, issued Nov. 19, 1996 to G. Strobel et al.; Harrison et al., “Pseudomycins, a family of novel peptides from  Pseudomonas syringae  possessing broad-spectrum antifungal activity,”  J. Gen. Microbiology  137, 2857-2865 (1991); Lamb et al., “Transposon mutagenesis and tagging of fluorescent pseudomonas; and Antimycotic production is necessary for control of Dutch elm disease,”  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  84, 6447-6451 (1987). Cultures of MSU 174 and MSU 16H are on deposit at Montana State University (Bozeman, Mont., USA) and available from the American Type Culture Collection (Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md., USA). The disclosures of the references cited in this paragraph are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The present invention includes a strain, an isolate, and a biologically-purified culture of  P. syringae  that produce one or more pseudomycins in amounts greater than about 10 μg/mL preferably from at least about 10 μg/mL to about 900 μg/mL, and more preferably from about 800 μg/mL to about 900 μg/mL. Preferably, the biologically-purified culture of a microorganism is of  Pseudomonas syringae strain MSU  16H, 25-B1, 67H1, 7H9-1, or 7D11-6, or a pseudomycin-producing mutant, variant, isolate, or recombinant of these strains. Cultures MSU 174 and MSU 16H were obtained as described in the references cited herein above. 
     A strain of  P. syringae  that is suitable for production of one or more pseudomycins can be isolated from environmental sources including plants, such as barley plants, citrus plants, lilac plants, and the like, and also from sources such as soil, water, air, dust, and the like. A preferred strain is isolated from plants. Strains of  P. syringae  that are isolated from environmental sources can be referred to as wild type. As used herein, “wild type” refers to a dominant genotype which naturally occurs in the normal population of  P. syringae  (i.e., strains or isolates of  P. syringae  that are found in nature and not produced by laboratory manipulation). As is the case with other organisms, the characteristics of the pseudomycin-producing cultures employed in this invention,  P. syringae  strains such as MSU 174, MSU 16H, MSU 206, 25-B1, and 7H9-1 are subject to variation. Thus, progeny of these strains, e.g., recombinants, mutants and variants, may be obtained by methods well-known to those skilled in the art. 
     Mutant strains of  P. syringae  are also suitable for production of one or more pseudomycins. As used herein, “mutant” refers to a sudden heritable change in the phenotype of a strain, which can be spontaneous or induced by known mutagenic agents, including radiation and various chemicals. Mutant  P. syringae  of the present invention can be produced using a variety of mutagenic agents including radiation; such as ultraviolet light, or x-rays; chemical mutagens, site-specific mutagenesis, and transposon mediated mutagenesis. Examples of chemical mutagens are ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), diepoxyoctane, N-methyl-N-nitro-N′-nitrosoguanine (NTG), and nitrous acid. 
     Pseudomycin-producing mutants of  P. syringae  of the present invention can be produced by treating the bacteria with an amount of a mutagenic agent effective to produce mutants that overproduce one or more pseudomycins, that produce one pseudomycin, such as pseudomycin B, in excess over other pseudomycins, or that produce one or more pseudomycins under advantageous growth conditions. While the type and amount of mutagenic agent to be used can vary, a preferred method is to serially dilute NTG to levels ranging from 1 to 100 μg/ml. Preferred mutants of the invention are those that overproduce pseudomycin B and grow in minimal defined media. The mutants overproduce one or more pseudomycins preferably from at least about 10 μg/mL to about 900 μg/mL, and more preferably from about 800 μg/mL to about 900 μg/mL. 
     Environmental isolates, mutant strains, and other desirable strains of  P. syringae  can be subjected to selection for desirable traits of growth habit, growth medium, nutrient source, carbon source, growth conditions, and amino acid requirements. Preferably, a pseudomycin producing strain of  P. syringae  is selected for growth on minimal defined medium, such as N21 medium, and/or for production of one or more pseudomycins at levels greater than about 10 μg/mL. Preferred strains exhibit the characteristic of producing one or more pseudomycins when grown on a medium including three or fewer amino acids and, optionally, either a lipid, a potato product, or a combination thereof. 
     Recombinant strains can be developed by transforming the  P. syringae  strains, using procedures well-known to those skilled in the art. Through the use of recombinant DNA technology, the  P. syringae  strains can be transformed to express a variety of gene products in addition to the antibiotics these strains produce. For instance, one can transform the strains with a recombinant vector that confers resistance to an antibiotic to which the strains are normally sensitive. Transformants thus obtained will produce not only pseudomycins but also the resistance-conferring enzyme that allows selection of the transformed from wild-type cells. Furthermore, using similar techniques, one can modify the present strains to introduce multiple copies of the endogenous pseudomycin biosynthesis genes to achieve greater pseudomycin yield. Progeny, i.e. natural and induced variants, mutants and recombinants, of the  P. syringae  strains 25-B1, 67H 1, and 7H9-1 which retain the characteristic of pseudomycin overproduction are part of this invention. 
     Pseudomycins 
     As used herein, pseudomycin refers to one or more members of a family of antifungal agents that has been isolated from the bacterium  Pseudomonas syringae . A pseudomycin is a lipodepsipeptide, a cyclic peptide including one or more unusual amino acids and having one or more appended hydrophobic or fatty acid side chains. Specifically, the pseudomycins are lipodepsinonapeptides, with a cyclic peptide portion closed by a lactone bond and including the unusual amino acids 4-chlorothreonine, 3-hydroxyaspartic acid, dehydro-2-aminobutyric acid, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. It is believed that these unusual amino acids are involved in biological characteristics of the pseudomycins, such as stability in serum and their killing action. Pseudomycins include pseudomycin A, pseudomycin A′, pseudomycin B, pseudomycin B′, pseudomycin C, and pseudomycin C′. Each of these pseudomycins has the same cyclic peptide nucleus, but they differ in the hydrophobic side chain attached to this nucleus. 
     Pseudomycins A, A′, B, B′, C and C′ have each been isolated and purified and their structures have been characterized by methods including amino acid sequencing, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Pseudomycins A, B, C, and C′ are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,298, issued Nov. 19, 1996 to G. Strobel et al.; Harrison et al., “Pseudomycins, a family of novel peptides from  Pseudomonas syringae  possessing broad-spectrum antifungal activity,”  J. Gen. Microbiology  137, 2857-2865 (1991); and Ballio et al., “Novel bioactive lipodepsipeptides from  Pseudomonas syringae : the pseudomycins,”  FEBS Lett.  355, 96-100 (1994). Pseudomycins A′ and B′ are described in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. PCT/US00108727, by Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, et al. entitled “Pseudomycin Natural Products” submitted evendate herewith and exemplified in the Examples. Antifungal activity due to several pseudomycins was traced to  P. syringae  bearing a transposon known as Tn 903, which encodes factors including kanamycin resistance. The sequence of and methods for manipulating transposon Tn 903 are known. Oka et al., “Nucleotide sequence of the kanamycin resistance transposon Tn 903 ,” J. Mol. Biol.  147, 217-226 (1981). Each of the references cited in this paragraph is specifically incorporated herein by reference. 
     The pseudomycins vary in structure and properties. Preferred pseudomycins A, B, C and C′ exhibit activity against a wide variety of fungi and also exhibit generally acceptable toxicity. Compared to the other preferred pseudomycins, pseudomycin B has greater potency against certain fungi and a lower level of toxicity. Therefore, for the present methods, pseudomycin B is more preferred. Each pseudomycin has a cyclic nonapeptide ring having the sequence Ser-Dab-Asp-Lys-Dab-aThr-Dhb-HOAsp-ClThr (Serine; 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid; Aspartic acid; Lysine; 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid; alloThreonine; Dehydro-2-aminobutyric acid; 3-hydroxyAspartic acid; 4-chloroTheonine), more specifically, L-Ser-D-Dab-L-Asp-L-Lys-L-Dab-L-aThr-Z-Dhb-L-Asp(3-OH)-L-Thr(4-Cl), with the carboxyl group of the ClThr and the hydroxyl group of the serine closing the ring with a lactone bond. The pseudomycins differ in the nature of the lipophilic moiety that is attached to the amine group of the N-terminal serine. The amine group of the serine forms an amide bond with the carboxyl of a 3,4-dihydroxytetradecanoyl moiety in pseudomycin A, a 3-monohydroxytetradecanoyl moiety in pseudomycin B, a 3,4-dihydroxyhexadecanoyl moiety in pseudomycin C and a 3-monohydroxyhexadecanoyl moiety in pseudomycin C′. The carboxyl group of the serine forms an amide bond with the Dab of the ring. 
     Biological Activities of Pseudomycins 
     A pseudomycin has several biological activities including killing various fungi, such as fungal pathogens of plants and animals. In particular, a pseudomycin is an active antimycotic agent against fungi that cause opportunistic infections in immune compromised individuals. These fungi include various species of  Candida  including  C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis , and  C. krusei . They also include other genera such as  Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus , and  Histoplasma capsulatum . Killing, rather than inhibiting the growth of fungi, particularly of fungal pathogens, is a desirable and preferred biological activity of a pseudomycin. 
     The pseudomycins have been also shown to be toxic to a broad range of plant-pathogenic fungi including  Rynchosporium secalis, Ceratocystis ulmi, Rhizoctonia solani, Scierotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium albo - atrum, Verticillium dahliae, Thielaviopis basicola, Fusarium oxysporum  and  Fusarium culmorum . (see Harrison, L., et al., “Pseudomycins, a family of novel peptides from  Pseudomonas syringae  possessing broad-spectrum antifungal activity,”  J. of General Microbiology,  7, 2857-2865 (1991).) In addition,  P. syringae  MSU 16H has been shown to confer a greater protection than the wild-type strain in elms infected with  Ceratocystic ulmi , the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. (see e.g., Lam et al.,  Proc. Natl. Sci. USA,  84, 6447-6451 (1987)). 
     Growth of  Pseudomonas syringae    
     As described herein, “aqueous nutrient media” refers to a water-base composition including minerals and organic compounds and their salts necessary for growth of the microorganism used in the present invention. Preferred nutrient media contain an effective amount of three or fewer amino acids, preferably, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the medium contains an effective amount of glycine and, optionally, one or more of a potato product and a lipid. Glycine can be provided as a single amino acid or as part of a mixture of amino acids, such as hydrolyzed protein. Suitable lipids include soybean oil, fatty acids with a 14 or 16 carbon aliphatic chain, and fatty acid esters with a 14 or 16 carbon aliphatic chain. Preferred fatty acid esters include methyl palmitate and methyl myristate, preferably methyl myristate. Suitable potato products include potato dextrose broth, potato dextrin, potato protein, and commercial mashed potato mix food product. Preferred minerals in the nutrient medium include salt mixtures typically used in cell culture and fermentation, such as Czapek mineral salts, which includes KCl, MgSO 4 , and FeSO 4 . Organic compounds in the nutrient media preferably include glucose or sucrose and can optionally include soluble starch; other like organic compounds can also be included. The pH of the medium is preferably from about 4 to 6.5, more preferably from about 4.5 to about 5.7, most preferably about 5.2. 
     Although the amount of each ingredient in the nutrient broth is not typically critical to growth of the bacteria or to production of one or more pseudomycins, certain levels of nutrients are advantageous. A preferred amount of glycine is about 0.1 g/L to about 10 g/L, more preferably about 0.3 g/L to about 3 g/L, most preferably about 1 g/L. 
     A preferred amount of lipid is about 1 g/L to about 10 g/L of an oil product such as soybean oil, more preferably about 0.5 g/L to about 2 g/L of soybean oil. A preferred amount of a fatty acid or fatty acid ester is about 0.5 g/L to about 5 g/L. A preferred fatty acid ester is methyl myristate, in amounts of about 0.1 to about 10 g/L, preferably about 0.3 g/L to about 3 g/L, more preferably about 1 g/L. Preferred amounts of potato products include about 12 g/L to about 36 g/L, more preferably about 24 g/L of potato dextrose broth; about 5 g/L to about 50 g/L, more preferably about 30 g/L of commercial washed potato mix; about 1 g/L to about 30 g/L, preferably about 20 g/L of potato dextrin; and/or about 1 g/L to about 10 g/L, preferably about 4 g/L of potato protein. A preferred nutrient medium includes minerals, such as, KCl at about 0.02 to about 2 g/L, more preferably about 0.2 g/L; MgSO 4 , preferably MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, at about 0.02 to about 2 g/L, more preferably about 0.2 g/L; FeSO 4 , preferably FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, at about 0.4 to about 40 mg/L, more preferably about 4 mg/L; and the like. When present, soluble starch is preferably at about 0.5 to about 50 g/L, more preferably about 5 g/L. Glucose is preferably present at about 2 to about 80 g/L, more preferably about 20 g/L. Sucrose is preferably present at about 2 to about 80 g/L, more preferably about 30 g/L. 
       P. syringae  is typically grown in the media described under conditions of controlled or regulated pH, temperature, and the like.  P. syringae  grow and produce one or more pseudomycins at temperatures between about 15° C. and about 35° C., preferably about 20° C. to about 30° C., more preferably about 22° C. to about 27° C., most preferably about 25° C.  P. syringae  grow and produce one or more pseudomycins at pH between about 4 and about 7, preferably about 4 and about 6, more preferably about 4.5 to about 5.5. Typically growth of  P. syringae  does not occur when the temperature is above 37° C. or below 10° C. or when the pH is above 9 or below 4. 
     Method for Pseudomycin Production 
     To produce one or more pseudomycins from a wild type or mutant strain of  P. syringae , the organism is cultured with agitation in an aqueous nutrient medium including an effective amount of three or fewer amino acids. The three or fewer amino acids are preferably glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, or a combination thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the amino acids include glycine and, optionally, one or more of a potato product and a lipid. Culturing is conducted under conditions effective for growth of  P. syringae  and production of the desired pseudomycin or pseudomycins. Effective conditions include temperature of about 22° C. to about 27° C., and a duration of about 36 hours to about 96 hours. When cultivated on the media such as those described herein,  P. syringae  can grow in cell densities up to about 10-15 g/L dry weight and produce pseudomycins in total amounts at least about 10 μg/mL, preferably at least about 40 μg/mL, more preferably about 500 μg/mL or more. 
     Controlling the concentration of oxygen in the medium during culturing of  P. syringae  is advantageous for production of a pseudomycin. Preferably, oxygen levels are maintained at about 5% to about 50% saturation, more preferably about 30% saturation. Sparging with air, with pure oxygen, or with gas mixtures including oxygen can regulate the concentration of oxygen in the medium. Further, adjustment of the agitation rate can be used to adjust the oxygen transfer rate. 
     Controlling the pH of the medium during culturing of  P. syringae  is advantageous for production of a pseudomycin. Pseudomycins are labile at basic pH, and significant degradation can occur if the pH of the culture medium is above about 6 for more than about 12 hours. Preferably, the pH of the culture medium is maintained at less than about 6, more preferably less than about 5.5, and most preferably above 4.0. The pH is preferably maintained at about 5 to about 5.4, more preferably about 5.0 to about 5.2. Although not limiting to the present invention, it is believed that pseudomycin degradation at basic pH is due to opening of the lactone ring and leaving of Cl. 
       P. syringae  can produce one or more pseudomycins when grown in batch culture. However, fed-batch or semi-continuous feed of glucose and, optionally, an acid or base, such as ammonium hydroxide, to control pH, enhances pseudomycin production. Pseudomycin production by  P. syringae  can be further enhanced by using continuous feed methods in which glucose and, optionally, an acid or base, such as ammonium hydroxide, to control pH, are fed automatically. 
     Employing  P. syringae , one or more pseudomycins can be produced in substantial quantities. That is, total quantities of one or more pseudomycins from at least about 200 μg/mL to about 900 μg/mL, preferably of from about 600 μg/mL to about 900 μg/mL, more preferably from about 800 μg/mL to about 900 μg/mL. Preferably, for production of pseudomycin A, pseudomycin A is produced in total quantities from at least about 10 μg/mL to about 400 μg/mL, more preferably of from about 300 μg/mL to about 400 μg/mL, most preferably from about 350 μg/mL to about 400 μg/m L. Preferably, for production of pseudomycin B, pseudomycin B is produced in total quantities from at least about 10 μg/mL to about 300 μg/mL, more preferably from about 200 μg/mL to about 300 μg/ml, most preferably from about 250 μg/mL to about 300 μg/mL. Preferably, for production of pseudomycin C, pseudomycin C is produced in total quantities from at least about 5 μg/mL to about 100 μg/mL, more preferably of from about 5 μg/mL to about 50 μg/mL, most preferably from about 10 μg/mL to about 50 μg/mL. Preferably, for production of pseudomycin C′, pseudomycin C′ is produced in total quantities from at least about 1 μg/mL to about 50 μg/mL, more preferably of from about 10 μg/mL to about 50 μg/mL, most preferably from about 30 μg/mL to about 50 μg/mL. 
     Choice of  P. syringae  strain can affect the amount and distribution of to pseudomycin or pseudomycins produced by culturing under the conditions described herein. For example, strains MSU 16H and 67 H1, and like strains, each produce predominantly pseudomycin A, but also produce pseudomycin B and C, typically in ratios of roughly 4:2:1. Strain 67 H1 and like strains, however, typically produce levels of pseudomycins about 3- to about 5-fold larger than are produced by strain MSU 16H. Compared to strains MSU 16H and 67 H1, strain 25-B1 and like strains produce more pseudomycin B and less pseudomycin C. Strain 7H9-1 and like strains are distinctive in producing predominantly pseudomycin B and for producing larger amounts of pseudomycin B than other strains. For example this strain can produce pseudomycin B in at least a 10-fold excess over either pseudomycin A or C. 
     Each pseudomycin or mixtures of pseudomycins can be detected, determined, isolated, and/or purified by any of a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, the level of pseudomycin activity in a broth or in an isolated or purified composition can be determined by antifungal action against a fungus such as  Candida  Numerous methods are known for the preparation and analysis of the pseudomycins. For example, one or more pseudomycins can be isolated and purified by chromatography, such as HPLC. 
     The pseudomycins produced by the process of the present invention may be isolated as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, as used herein, refers to salts of the compounds described above that are substantially nontoxic to living organisms. Typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds of the present invention with a mineral or organic acid or an inorganic base. Such salts are known as acid addition and base addition salts. 
     Acids commonly employed to form acid addition salts are mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, and acetic acid. Examples of such pharmaceutically acceptable salts are the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1,4-dioate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, glycollate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, napththalene-2-sulfonate, and mandelate. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are those formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, and those formed with organic acids such as maleic acid and methanesulfonic acid. 
     Base addition salts include those derived from inorganic bases, such as ammonium or alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates. Such bases useful in preparing the salts of this invention thus include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate. The potassium and sodium salt forms are particularly preferred. 
     It should be recognized that the particular counterion forming a part of any salt of this invention is not of a critical nature, so long as the salt as a whole is pharmacologically acceptable and as long as the counterion does not contribute undesired qualities to the salt as a whole. 
     The present invention may be better understood with reference to the following examples. These examples are intended to be representative of specific embodiments of the invention, and are not intended as limiting the scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Biological Materials on Deposit 
       P. syringae  MSU 16H is publicly available from the American Type Culture Collection, Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md., USA as Accession No. ATCC 67028 . P. syringae  strains 25-B1, 7H9-1, and 67 H1 were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection on Mar. 23, 2000 and were assigned the following Accession Nos.:
         25-B1 Accession No. PTA-1622   7H9-1 Accession No. PTA-1623   67 H1 Accession No. PTA-1621       
     Example 1 
     Determination and Purification of Pseudomycins 
     Detection and Quantification of Pseudomycins by Antifungal Activity 
     The presence or amount of a pseudomycin or mixture of pseudomycins can be determined by measuring the antifungal activity of a preparation. Antifungal activity was determined in vitro by obtaining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the preparation using a standard agar dilution test or a disc-diffusion test. A preparation of one or more pseudomycins can be an extract of a cell culture, or a more purified mixture. A typical fungus employed in testing antifungal activity is  C. albicans . Antifungal activity was considered significant when the test preparation (50 μL) caused 10-12 mm diameter zones of inhibition on  Candida albicans  x657 seeded agar plates. 
     Detection and Quantification of Pseudomycins by HPLC 
     A sample believed to contain one or more pseudomycins was first extracted with either an equal volume of acetonitrile or 1.5 volume of methanol/H 3 PO 4  (0.1% v/v) and then clarified by filtration or centrifugation. The clarified mixture was chromatographed on a Zorbax 300SB-C8 column (3.5 μm particles, 5.0×0.46 cm, MacMod catalog no. 865973-906) with a flow rate of 2 mL/min and a column temperature of 60° C. The column was eluted with a gradient of mobile phase A (25 mM sodium phosphate, 7.74 g/L octane sulfonic acid, and 10% acetonitrile in water at pH 6.5) and mobile phase B (25 mM sodium phosphate, 7.74 g/L octane sulfonic acid, and 60% acetonitrile in water at pH 6.5). Pseudomycins were separated and quantified employing a gradient over 10 min of 28% to 38% mobile phase B. Typically, pseudomycin A eluted at about 10.2 min (612 sec), pseudomycin B at 10.98 min (659 sec), pseudomycin C at 11.5 min (691 sec), pseudomycin B′ at 9.6 min (576 sec), and pseudomycin C′ at 12.17 min (730 sec). Pseudomycins were detected by absorbance at 214 nm and quantified by integration of uv peaks. Known standards of each of the pseudomycins provided a standard for identification and quantification. 
     Purification of Pseudomycins from Stirred Fermentors 
     Broth from a 150 liter, 1000 liter, or other fermentor was filtered to remove cells. The filtrate was loaded onto a HP-20SS column to capture the pseudomycin factors. Fractions were collected while washing the column with 15 to 30% acetonitrile with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Fractions containing the pseudomycins were loaded onto an Amberchrom CG300-sd column. Factor A was eluted with 22-30% acetonitrile in 0.2% sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.8). Factors B, C, and C′ were eluted with 25-35% acetonitrile with 0.2% sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.8). Factor A was 85% pure (UV absorption). Factor A was loaded onto a C18 reverse phase HPLC column and eluted with 30-60% acetonitrile with 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid. Eluted material was greater than 95% pure (UV/NMR). 
     Example 2 
     Isolation, Characterization and Mutagenesis of  Pseudomonas syringae    
     As a first step toward production of large quantities of pseudomycins, environmental isolates of  P. syringae  were selected and mutants of these isolates were generated. These isolates and mutants were then studied for factors that improved pseudomycin production and culture medium. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Strains MSU 174 and MSU 16-H were isolated and characterized as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,298, issued Nov. 19, 1996 to G. Strobel et al.; Harrison et al., “Pseudomycins, a family of novel peptides from  Pseudomonas syringae  possessing broad-spectrum antifungal activity,”  J. Gen. Microbiology  137, 2857-2865 (1991), and Lamb et al., “Transposon mutagenesis and tagging of fluorescent pseudomonas: Antimycotic production is necessary for control of Dutch elm disease,”  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  84, 6447-6451 (1987). The disclosures of the references cited in this paragraph are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Additional strains were derived from such wild type and transposon-generated mutants by chemical mutagenesis. Strains subjected to mutagenesis include MSU 174, MSU 16H and 25-B1. The strain to be mutagenized was grown in a medium containing potato product, then divided into the medium including 0, 1, 2, 4, 16, or 32 μg/mL of the chemical mutagen 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (NTG or MNNG). These cells were then frozen for future screening and selection. 
     Mutagenized cells were selected for desirable growth conditions and/or pseudomycin production. Chemically mutagenized cells of  P. syringae , such as mutagenized strain 25-B1, were thawed and diluted to 6 cells/mL in N21SM medium (Table 1). This medium sometimes contained one or more components for selection, such as varying concentrations of phosphate. A 50 μL volume of mutagenized cells was dispensed into a well of a 96-well round bottom microtiter plate for delivery targeting an average of 0.3 cells/well. Typically, silicone oil was added to each well to minimize evaporation. The plates were incubated with shaking for 6 to 12 days at 25° C. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The Composition of N21SM Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 GRAMS 
               
               
                   
                 INGREDIENT 
                 PER LITER 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Sulfate 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Monosodium Glutamate or 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 L-Glutamic Acid 
               
               
                   
                 L-Histidine 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Glycine 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Soluble Starch 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 KH 2 PO 4   
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Czapek Mineral Salts 
                 2 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Solution 
               
               
                   
                 MES Buffer 
                 9.8 
               
               
                   
                 Adjust pH to 5.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     After this incubation, an aliquot, typically 5 μL, from each well was serially diluted (e.g. 1:56, 1:196, 1:320, 1:686, and/or 1:1715) and evaluated for activity against  Candida albicans  in a liquid microtiter plate bioassay. The plates were incubated at 37° C. overnight and the wells were scored for inhibition of  C. albicans  growth. Strains that resulted in inhibition at extremes of dilution (e.g. 1:320, 1:686, and/or 1:1715) were picked, inoculated into CSM medium (Table 2), and grown for 1 to 3 days at 25° C. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Complete Streptomyces Medium (CSM) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Concentration (g/L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Maltose 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Difco Tryptic Soy Broth 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Difco Yeast Extract 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 MgSO 4 .7H 2 O 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 No pH adjustment 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The selected strains were preserved and inoculated into fermentation bottles containing 13 mL of N21SM medium and grown for approximately 66 hours at 25° C. An aliquot was removed from this fermentation, extracted for 1 hour with a volume of acetonitrile equal to the volume of the aliquot, centrifuged, and decanted for HPLC analysis of pseudomycins as described in Example 1. Strains producing suitable levels of pseudomycins, typically in excess of 10 μg/mL were reisolated, refermented, and prepared for growth on a larger scale. 
     The medium and growth conditions were also screened for their effect on yield and distribution of pseudomycins. Several components of the medium were varied simultaneously in a statistically designed series of experiments. These experiments selected for a chemically defined medium lacking a potato product, having defined levels of phosphate, having increased clarity, and producing high levels of growth of  P. syringae.    
     Results 
     Numerous strains exhibiting high levels of pseudomycin production, producing predominantly a single pseudomycin, and/or growing on minimal medium were produced using the methods described above. Strains producing elevated levels of one or more pseudomycins and a distribution of pseudomycins obtained in a 13 mL fermentation are shown in Table 3. Pseudomycin distributions and levels obtained using a potato medium and N21SM medium are shown for certain mutants in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Strains Selected for Production of Pseudomycins and/or Growth 
               
               
                 on Minimal Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Cell 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PSEUDOMYCIN (μg/mL) 
                 Density 
                 
                   PSA  +  PSB 
                 
                 
                   PSB 
                 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Strain 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 C′ 
                 (OD 600 ) 
                 OD 600   
                 PSA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 30 E3 
                 109 
                 69 
                   
                   
                 0.759 
                 234 
                 0.64 
               
               
                 40G11 
                 81 
                 66 
                   
                   
                 0.818 
                 179 
                 0.82 
               
               
                 7H9-1 
                 3.3 
                 60.4 
                   
                   
                 0.744 
                 86 
                 18.58 
               
               
                 75F8 
                 65 
                 57 
                   
                   
                 0.884 
                 137 
                 0.88 
               
               
                 18 E6 
                 111 
                 57 
                   
                   
                 0.855 
                 196 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 8 E3 
                 38.47 
                 55.07 
                   
                   
                 0.830 
                 113 
                 1.43 
               
               
                 305H8 
                 165.0 
                 48 
                 39 
                 7 
                 0.762 
                 280 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 17H9 
                 96 
                 46 
                   
                   
                 0.769 
                 185 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 67H1-1 
                 216.9 
                 44.2 
                 39.9 
                 5.8 
                 0.817 
                 320 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 49C5 
                 110 
                 43 
                   
                   
                 0.804 
                 190 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 67H1 
                 197 
                 42 
                   
                   
                 0.817 
                 293 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 67H1-6 
                 225.9 
                 42.1 
                 40.2 
                 4.8 
                 0.791 
                 339 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 67H1-6 
                 216.4 
                 41.5 
                 38.6 
                 5 
                 0.797 
                 324 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 67H1-1 
                 232.7 
                 38.3 
                 41.7 
                 4.7 
                 0.819 
                 331 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 160G8 
                 123.5 
                 38 
                 27 
                 7 
                 0.738 
                 219 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 96C8 
                 175.1 
                 38 
                 44 
                 6 
                 0.719 
                 296 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 52G11 
                 68 
                 36 
                   
                   
                 0.822 
                 127 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 11G3 
                 110 
                 33 
                   
                   
                 0.675 
                 212 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 7D11 
                 77.13 
                 32.73 
                   
                   
                 0.706 
                 156 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 8B6 
                 72.1 
                 32.3 
                   
                   
                 0.706 
                 148 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 16E12 
                 46.4 
                 30 
                 10 
                 5 
                 0.672 
                 113 
                 0.64 
               
               
                 11B11 
                 41 
                 29 
                   
                   
                 0.779 
                 89 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 49G5 
                 61 
                 29 
                   
                   
                 0.744 
                 121 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 288 E11 
                 87.0 
                 28 
                 20 
                 6 
                 0.736 
                 157 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 224H8 
                 76.9 
                 26 
                 20 
                 5 
                 0.570 
                 181 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 19D3 
                 40 
                 24 
                   
                   
                 0.804 
                 80 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 37 E9 
                 33 
                 23 
                   
                   
                 0.776 
                 72 
                 0.68 
               
               
                 40B2 
                 56 
                 23 
                   
                   
                 0.420 
                 187 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 13B8 
                 38.1 
                 21.15 
                 9.6 
                   
                 0.676 
                 88 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 7D10 
                 50.95 
                 20.4 
                 14.05 
                   
                 0.898 
                 79 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 51D2 
                 45 
                 20 
                   
                   
                 0.817 
                 80 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 49D1 
                 41 
                 20 
                   
                   
                 0.826 
                 73 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 6B7 
                 34.35 
                 18.3 
                 8.55 
                   
                 0.698 
                 75 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 17G1 
                 30 
                 17 
                   
                   
                 0.848 
                 55 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 159D4 
                 30.6 
                 15 
                 7 
                 2 
                 0.699 
                 65 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 1F12 
                 47.7 
                 14.9 
                   
                   
                 0.756 
                 83 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 12E 9 
                 64.7 
                 14.3 
                   
                   
                 0.769 
                 103 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 41G8 
                 48 
                 14 
                   
                   
                 0.850 
                 73 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 37F8 
                 43 
                 14 
                   
                   
                 0.935 
                 60 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 218F10 
                 66.0 
                 13 
                 18 
                 1 
                 0.619 
                 128 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 45E10 
                 27 
                 13 
                   
                   
                 0.698 
                 58 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 7G5 
                 50.2 
                 12.7 
                   
                   
                 0.703 
                 89 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 3C11 
                 44.4 
                 12.5 
                   
                   
                 0.895 
                 64 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 18C2 
                 29.45 
                 12.45 
                 7.8 
                   
                 0.474 
                 88 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 8D6 
                 19.43 
                 11.63 
                   
                   
                 0.783 
                 40 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 6D5 
                 2.5 
                 11.5 
                   
                   
                 0.230 
                 61 
                 4.60 
               
               
                 3C3 
                 36.0 
                 10.4 
                   
                   
                 0.622 
                 75 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 4E 12 
                 27.6 
                 10.3 
                   
                   
                 0.695 
                 54 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 25B-1 
                 26.6 
                 10.2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.38 
               
               
                 25B-1 
                 26.5 
                 10.1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.38 
               
               
                 40G2 
                 26 
                 10 
                   
                   
                 0.489 
                 73 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 18G1 
                 31 
                 9 
                   
                   
                 0.699 
                 58 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 8H3 
                 16 
                 0.45 
                 3.2 
                   
                 0.843 
                 29 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 42F2 
                 22 
                 8 
                   
                   
                 0.754 
                 40 
                 0.37 
               
               
                 25B-1 
                 22.63 
                 7.9 
                 6.23 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.35 
               
               
                 7A10 
                 21.8 
                 7.7 
                   
                   
                 0.731 
                 40 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 102D5 
                 9 
                 8 
                   
                   
                 0.791 
                 21 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 11E9 
                 24.85 
                 7.2 
                 5.25 
                   
                 0.561 
                 57 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 101 E4 
                 16.0 
                 7 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0.850 
                 27 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 18C7 
                 28 
                 7 
                   
                   
                 0.737 
                 48 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 25B-1 
                 18.9 
                 6.7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.36 
               
               
                 15E 6 
                 13.05 
                 6.2 
                 3.8 
                   
                 0.391 
                 49 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 263H12 
                 13.8 
                 6 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0.832 
                 23 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 40D2 
                 32 
                 5 
                   
                   
                 0.866 
                 42 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 25B-1 
                 13.53 
                 4.27 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.32 
               
               
                 10A4 
                 28.1 
                 4.2 
                   
                   
                 0.190 
                 170 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 6B2 
                 8.55 
                 4.1 
                 2.9 
                   
                 0.535 
                 24 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 41G6 
                 14 
                 4 
                   
                   
                 0.798 
                 23 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 6C1 
                 14.7 
                 4.1 
                   
                   
                 0.726 
                 26 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 6A4 
                 25.7 
                 4.0 
                   
                   
                 0.685 
                 43 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 7G3 
                 17.2 
                 3.8 
                   
                   
                 0.210 
                 100 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 17G10 
                 43.0 
                 3.7 
                   
                   
                 0.341 
                 137 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 7C5 
                 15.1 
                 3.6 
                   
                   
                 0.836 
                 22 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 11E 1 
                 9.55 
                 3.5 
                 1.6 
                   
                 0.873 
                 15 
                 0.37 
               
               
                 97D11 
                 12.4 
                 3 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0.685 
                 23 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 16F9 
                 7 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 0.833 
                 12 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 40G6 
                 11 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 0.243 
                 57 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 19H12 
                 5 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 0.703 
                 11 
                 0.59 
               
               
                 6F4 
                 8.0 
                 2.8 
                   
                   
                 0.655 
                 16 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 024 E5 
                 14.5 
                 2.5 
                 3.4 
                 0 
                 0.697 
                 24 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 52A3 
                 17 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 0.188 
                 102 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 6H4 
                 6.2 
                 1.2 
                   
                   
                 0.307 
                 24 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 37B28 
                 8 
                 1 
                   
                   
                 0.749 
                 12 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 5H8 
                 8.2 
                 1.2 
                   
                   
                 0.725 
                 13 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 97C3 
                 4.9 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0.740 
                 8 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 9D7 
                 19.07 
                 0.00 
                   
                   
                 0.626 
                 30 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 7C11 
                 5.3 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 0.709 
                 7 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 18H8 
                 10 
                 0 
                 3.1 
                   
                 0.760 
                 13 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 11B3 
                 2.75 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 0.351 
                 8 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 7H10 
                 6.4 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.205 
                 31 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 7B5 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.286 
                 20 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 6F1 
                 2.6 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.719 
                 4 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 6B12 
                 4.4 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.467 
                 9 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 4C4 
                 8.8 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.744 
                 12 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 3H7 
                 4.2 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.777 
                 5 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 3H6 
                 4.7 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.727 
                 6 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 3G5 
                 7.1 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.636 
                 11 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 3C12 
                 3.1 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.711 
                 4 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 13G11 
                 5.4 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.887 
                 6 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 50G10 
                 9 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.526 
                 18 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 50F2 
                 12 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.651 
                 18 
               
               
                 48F3 
                 11 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.585 
                 19 
               
               
                 47C3 
                 2 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.123 
                 13 
               
               
                 46H5 
                 8 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.375 
                 20 
               
               
                 38 E5 
                 5 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.803 
                 6 
               
               
                 12A3 
                 6 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.658 
                 10 
               
               
                 37B11 
                 2.2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.158 
                 14 
               
               
                 215B1 
                 2.2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.500 
                 4 
               
               
                 25B-1 
                 8.4 
                 0 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 25B-1 
                 7.6 
                 0 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 269A7 
                 4.6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.08 
                 58 
               
               
                 7G3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 0.729 
                 0 
               
               
                 17C1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 0.171 
                 0 
               
               
                 13B10 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 0.103 
                 0 
               
               
                 10C4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 0.682 
                 0 
               
               
                 9B6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.338 
                 0 
               
               
                 7A9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                   
                   
                 0.509 
                 0 
               
               
                 52H7 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.828 
                 0 
               
               
                 41A6 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.583 
                 0 
               
               
                 16 E5 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                 0.224 
                 0 
               
               
                 277H4 
                 0.0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.123 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Conclusion 
     The selection methods and criteria disclosed herein are effective for producing strains of  P. syringae  that grow on minimal medium and produce elevated levels of one or more pseudomycins. Certain strains and conditions were identified that alter the distribution of pseudomycins produced. The lower solids and increased clarity of the minimal medium provides faster filtration of the medium and more accurate determination of cell density. 
     Example 3 
     Attempted Scale Up of Pseudomycin Production Employing Known Culture Conditions 
     Pseudomycin Production by Static or Shaken Culture in Flasks 
     As a first step toward large scale production of pseudomycins it was necessary to reproduce known laboratory scale methods for growing  P. syringae  and producing pseudomycins. 
     Materials and Methods 
       P. syringae  strain MSU 16H was cultured without agitation (static or still culture) and in shaken flasks in 250 mL culture flasks for 1-10 days at 25° C. using the nutrient solution described in Table 4. This solution is similar to that used by Harrison et al. J. Gen. Microbiol. supra. As a control,  P. syringae  inoculum was added to flasks containing the nutrients of Table 4, but lacking the potato dextrose broth. In an additional test of potato derived nutrients, potato dextrose broth was replaced with a glucose (20 g/L) and potato protein (Alburex) (4 g/L) medium or a glucose (20 g/L) and potato dextrin (Avebe) (20 g/L) medium. Antifungal activity was measured as described in Example 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Potato Dextrose Broth Plus Additives Medium (PDB Medium) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Con- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 centration 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Difco Potato Dextrose Broth 
                 24 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Soluble Starch 
                 5 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Glycine 
                 1 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Czapek Mineral Salts Solution Stock (see Table 5) 
                 2 
                 mL/L 
               
               
                   
                 MES buffer 
                 9.8 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Adjust pH to 5.0  
               
             
          
         
       
     
                                                         TABLE 5                   Czapek Mineral Salts Stock Solution                Component   Amount                                Part A                   KCl   100   g           MgSO 4 .7H 2 O   100   g           Deionized H 2 O   900   mL           Part B           FeSO 4 .7H 2 O   2   g           HCl (1N)   2   mL           Deionized H 2 O   98   mL                       Add Part B to Part A slowly; mix until solution clears             
Results
 
     Antifungal activity was produced at levels indicative of about 10.5-29 μg/mL of pseudomycin when  P. syringae  were grown in the potato dextrose broth medium of Table 4. Static flask cultures also produced antifungal activity indicative of pseudomycin content of about 30 μg/mL under these conditions when the potato dextrose broth was replaced with a glucose and potato protein (Alburex) medium or a glucose and potato dextrin (Avebe) medium. No antifungal activity was observed in static flasks cultured under these conditions and with this nutrient solution lacking the potato products. 
     For incubations with the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium, time courses of pseudomycin production demonstrated that pseudomycins were produced both in static (Table 6) flasks and in flasks shaken at 250 rpm (Table 7). Shaken flasks produced pseudomycins early in the incubation period but the pseudomycin factors disappeared after the culture pH rose to a value of 7.5 or greater. At the point of maximum total pseudomycin production in static culture, the distribution of pseudomycins was 77% A, 11% B, and 12% C. At the point of maximum total pseudomycin production in shaken culture, the distribution of pseudomycins was 67% A, 24% B, and 9% C. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Time Course of Pseudomycin Production in Static Flasks Containing 
               
               
                 PDB Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Pseudomycins 
               
               
                 Incubation Period (Hours) 
                 pH of Culture 
                 A + B + C (μg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 5.1 
                 0 
               
               
                 8 
                 5.9 
                 0 
               
               
                 24 
                 5.5 
                 0 
               
               
                 48 
                 5.5 
                 4 
               
               
                 72 
                 5.6 
                 7 
               
               
                 96 
                 5.7 
                 14.5 
               
               
                 120 
                 5.5 
                 19.5 
               
               
                 168 
                 4.9 
                 21.5 
               
               
                 192 
                 4.6 
                 23 
               
               
                 312 
                 4.9 
                 29 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
                                                 TABLE 7                   Time Course of Pseudomycin Production in Shaken Flasks Containing       PDB Medium                    Pseudomycins       Incubation Period (Hours)   pH of Culture   A + B + C (μg/mL)                    0   5.1   0       8   5.3   0       24   5.0   4.5       32   4.6   9.0       40   4.9   10.5       48   7.5   6.5       56   7.9   0.5       72   8.3   0.5       80   8.3   0.5                    
for incubations with the potato dextrin medium, time courses of pseudomycin production demonstrated that pseudomycins were produced both in static flasks and in flasks shaken at 250 rpm (Table 8). The pH was adjusted to 5.0 and strain MSU 16H was inoculated into 50 ml portions of sterilized medium to start growth. In shaken flasks using this medium, some of the pH values remained below pH 6.0 and only a small loss of pseudomycins was noted. At the point of maximum total pseudomycin production in static culture, the distribution of pseudomycins was 70% A, 16% B, and 14% C. At the point of maximum total pseudomycin production in shaken culture, the distribution of pseudomycins was 62% A, 19% B, and 19% C.
 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Time Course of Pseudomycin Production in Shaken Flasks Containing 
               
               
                 Potato Dextrin Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Incubation 
                 Pseudo. in Static Flasks 
                 Pseudo. in Shaken Flasks 
               
               
                 Period (Hours) 
                 (A + B + C in μg/mL) 
                 (A + B + C in μg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 24 
                 11 
                 13.5 
               
               
                 48 
                 22.5 
                 15.5 
               
               
                 72 
                 28.5 
                 11 
               
               
                 96 
                 28.5 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Conclusions 
     The known laboratory scale methods were used to produce pseudomycins. Potato products are essential for reproducing the known production method. A medium including potato protein or potato dextrin can substitute for potato dextrose broth. 
     Pseudomycin Production by Static or Stirred Culture in Fermentor Tanks 
     As a second step toward large scale production of pseudomycins, known laboratory scale methods for growing  P. syringae  and producing pseudomycins were attempted in 150 L tanks. 
     Materials and Methods 
       P. syringae  strain MSU 16H was cultured with or without agitation in a 150 L fermentor for up to 10 days at 25° C. using the nutrient solution described in Table 4 adjusted to pH 5.2. Agitation of the 150 L tank included stirring at 75-150 rpm and sparging with air flow rates of 0.5 SCFM. In a test of alternate potato-derived nutrients, potato dextrose broth was replaced with a glucose and potato protein (Alburex) medium or a glucose and potato dextrin (Avebe) medium. Antifungal activity was measured as described in Example 1. 
     Results 
     Tank culture without agitation produced very little growth of  P. syringae  and undetectable levels of antifungal activity or pseudomycin. Agitation of the 150 L tank by stirring at low speeds and sparging with low air flow rates under these conditions also produced very little growth of  P. syringae  and undetectable levels of antifungal activity or pseudomycin. Substitution of a glucose and potato protein (Alburex) medium or a glucose and potato dextrin (Avebe) medium for the potato dextrose broth also resulted in little growth of  P. syringae  and undetectable levels of antifungal activity or pseudomycin. 
     Conclusion 
     Known methods of static culture for producing pseudomycins using  P. syringae  did not work when conducted at a 150 L scale. 
     Example 4 
     Successful Scale Up of Pseudomycin Production Employing Modified Known Culture Conditions and Media 
     Alterations of known culture conditions for  P. syringae  were tested for their effect on pseudomycin production. 
     Controlling Oxygen Concentration 
     Materials and Methods 
       P. syringae  were grown in 150 L tanks employing the conditions described in Example 3 with the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium and control of oxygen concentration. In another test of alternative potato products, the potato pearl medium (PPM) of Table 9 was substituted for the medium of Table 4 and oxygen concentration was controlled. The potato pearls were Classic Country Style Potato Pearls® from Basic American Foods. 
     Dissolved oxygen concentration was controlled at 30% for the first 24 hours of culture and then, in certain runs decreased to 5% for the remaining 72 hours of the run. Dissolved oxygen was maintained at 5% by reducing the sparge rate or by blending nitrogen gas with the air sparged into the tank. These conditions were evaluated for growth of strains MSU16H and the mutant strain 25-B1. Antifungal activity was measured and pseudomycin A levels were determined as described in Example 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Potato Pearl Medium (PPM) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Amount 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 20 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Potato Pearls 
                 30 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Soluble Starch 
                 5 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Glycine 
                 1 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Czapek Mineral Salts Solution 
                 2 
                 mL/L 
               
               
                   
                 Adjust pH to 5.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For determining a time course of pseudomycin production with a modified potato pearl medium, a 150 liter fermentor was charged with dextrose (2.3 kg), soluble starch (575 g), Basic American Foods Country Style Potato Pearls instant mashed potatoes (3.45 kg), glycine (115 g), MgSO 4 .7H 2 O (23 g), KCl (23 g), FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.46 g), and 115 L of water. The pH was adjusted to 5.0. Seed culture of strain 25-B1 (1.8 liters) was inoculated into the fermentor following steam sterilization and cooling. Fermentor agitation was set at 150 rpm and air flow was set at 0.5 SCFM (0.14 vvm.). Agitation and air flow were adjusted automatically during the run to maintain dissolved oxygen at 30% of saturation. The temperature was controlled at 25° C. The culture pH was kept at or below 5.5 through the addition of 30% H 2 SO 4 . 
     For an even larger scale run, a 1000 liter fermentor was charged with Difco PDB (24.0 kg), soluble starch (5.0 kg), glycine (1.0 kg), MgSO 4 .7H 2 O (200 g), KCl (200 g), FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (4 g), and 1000 liters of water. The pH was adjusted to 5.0. Fifty liters of a 16-hour seed culture of strain MSU 16H were inoculated into the fermentor. The temperature was controlled at 25° C. and the dissolved oxygen was maintained at or above 30% of saturation with agitation and sparged air. The pH was controlled so as not to exceed a value of 5.5 through the addition of 30% H 2 SO 4 . 
     Results 
     Antifungal activity was produced by culturing in a 150 L tank when the oxygen concentration was controlled (Table 10). Control of oxygen levels by addition of nitrogen gas to the sparge resulted in higher levels of pseudomycin. Substitution of mutant  P. syringae  strain 25-B1 for strain MSU 16H approximately doubled both growth of the microbe and yield was of antifungal activity (Table 10). A further approximate doubling of growth and yield was obtained by substituting the nutrient medium of Table 9 for the medium of table 4. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Production of Pseudomycins With Two Potato Media and Control of 
               
               
                 Oxygen Level 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total Titer and Pseudomycin A 1  in μg/mL 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PPM with 
                   
               
               
                   
                 PDB with 
                 PDB lacking 
                 nitrogen 
                 PPM lacking 
               
               
                 Strain 
                 nitrogen sparge 
                 nitrogen sparge 
                 sparge 
                 nitrogen sparge 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MSU 16H 
                 21 (8) 
                 12 (ND) 2   
                 NT 3   
                 NT 
               
               
                 25-B1 
                 49 (27) 
                 20 (13) 
                 87 (37) 
                 75 (44) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Pseudomycin A titers are shown in parentheses  
               
               
                   2 ND denotes not determined  
               
               
                   3 NT denotes not tested  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The time course of pseudomycin production is shown in Table 11. In this time course at 150, the distribution of pseudomycin factors produced by this fermentation was 79% A, 10% B, and 11% C. Factor C′ was produced in trace amounts. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Time Course of Pseudomycin Production in 150 L Fermentor 
               
               
                 Containing Potato Pearl Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Elapsed Fermentation Time (Hours) 
                 Pseudomycins A + B + C (μg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 16 
                 17 
               
               
                 24 
                 35 
               
               
                 32 
                 45 
               
               
                 40 
                 41 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the 1000 L fermentor run a similar time course for production of pseudomycins was obtained (Table 12). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Time course of Pseudomycin Production in 1000 L Fermentor 
               
               
                 Containing a Modified Potato Dextrose Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Elapsed Fermentation Time (Hours) 
                 Pseudomycins A + B + C (μg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                 16 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 28 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 40 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 52 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 76 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 100 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Conclusions 
     Yield of pseudomycins can be significantly increased by control of factors such as dissolved oxygen concentration, strain selection, and further changes in medium composition. 
     Supplementation with Lipid and Additional Ingredients 
     The potato pearl medium of Table 9 was supplemented with additional ingredients to determine their effect on pseudomycin production. 
     Materials and Methods 
     The potato pearl medium of Table 9 was supplemented with additional ingredients such as lipid (e.g., methyl myristate or soybean oil), phosphate, higher concentrations of glycine, ammonium hydroxide feeding, and glucose feeding (Table 13). Cell growth was conducted as described above. Antifungal activity was measured as described in Example 1. 
     Results 
     The results of these experiments are shown below in Table 13. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Increased Yield of Pseudomycin with Supplementation of the Potato 
               
               
                 Pearl Medium. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yield of Pseudomycin 
               
               
                 Supplement 
                 A + B + C (μg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 none 
                 80 
               
               
                 methyl myristate (1 g/L) 
                 150 
               
               
                 glycine (2 g/L) 
                 110 
               
               
                 feed ammonium hydroxide (10 mL/hr) 
                 110 
               
               
                 glycine at 2 g/L and methyl myristate (1 
                 160 
               
               
                 g/L) 
               
               
                 glycine (4 g/L) 
                 240 
               
               
                 glucose feed (200 mL/hr) 
                 80 
               
               
                 glycine (4 g/L), methyl myristate at 1 g/L, 
                 287 
               
               
                 and glucose feed 
               
               
                 soybean oil (1 g/L) 
                 150 
               
               
                 KH 2 PO 4  (0.5 g/L) 
                 60 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Conclusions 
     Supplementation of the medium with glycine and methyl myristate significantly increases production of pseudomycins by  P. syringae . Glucose feeding is also advantageous. 
     Example 5 
     Glycine and Methyl Myristate Stimulate Production of Pseudomycins 
     The effects of glycine, methyl myristate and several other components on production of pseudomycins were determined to allow production of improved levels of pseudomycins. 
     Materials and Methods 
       P. syringae  were grown in 50 mL of culture medium in a 250 mL flask. The culture was started with an inoculum of  P. syringae  MSU 16H and maintained at 25° C. and 70% humidity for 7 days without shaking in an incubator. At the end of the incubation period, 4 mL of the broth are removed from the flask and mixed with 6 mL of methanol containing 0.1% phosphoric acid. It is believed that low pH stabilizes the pseudomycins. Particulate matter is removed by filtration or centrifugation and the pseudomycins are determined by HPLC as described in Example 1. 
     The media used in this study are potato dextrose broth (PDB, Difco) at 24 μL in water sterilized (control medium); the control medium plus 2 mL/L Czapek mineral salts solution; control medium plus 1 g/L glycine; control medium plus 1 mL/L methyl myristate (Sigma); control medium plus 5 g/L soluble starch (Difco); control medium plus 2 mL/L Czapek mineral salts solution, 1 g/L glycine, and 5 g/L soluble starch; and control medium plus 2 mL/L Czapek mineral salts solution, 1 g/L glycine, 1 mL/L methyl myristate, and 5 g/L soluble starch. 
     On the same day the same media were used to grow  P. syringae  in shaken flasks for 30 hours at the conditions described above except with shaking. The flasks were shaken at 250 rpm. 
     In another experiment with shaken flasks, control medium was compared to control media including glycine and several other additives. The cells were grown as described above for shaken flasks. The media employed were control medium; control medium plus 1 g/L glycine; control medium plus 1 g/L glycine and 2 mL/L Czapek mineral salts solution; control medium plus 1 g/L glycine and 5 g/L soluble starch; control medium plus 1 g/L glycine and 1 mL/L methyl myristate; control medium plus 1 g/L glycine, 2 mL/L Czapek mineral salts solution, and 5 g/L soluble starch; and control medium plus 1 g/L glycine, 2 mL/L Czapek mineral salts solution, 1 mL/L methyl myristate, and 5 g/L soluble starch. 
     Results 
     The results obtained with unshaken flasks are shown in FIG.  3 . The control medium is that used by G. Strobel et al. of Montana State for growing  P. syringae  as described in Harrison et al. J. Gen. Microbiol. supra. The detection limit for pseudomycins in this experiment is about 1 μg/mL.  FIG. 3  illustrates that the known medium and conditions taken from the work of G. Strobel produce about 5 μg/mL of pseudomycin A and undetectable levels of pseudomycins B and C. Addition of Czapek mineral salts solution to the control medium results in a slight increase in pseudomycin A production, to about 6.5 μg/mL, and undetectable levels of pseudomycins B and C. Addition of 1 g/L glycine to the control medium results in a significant increase in pseudomycin A production to about 10.5 μg/mL and detectable production of pseudomycin B (2.5 μg/mL), but undetectable levels of pseudomycin C. Addition of methyl myristate to the control medium results in a significant increase pseudomycin A production to 8 μg/1 mL, and detectable production of about 1 μg/mL of each of pseudomycins B and C. Addition of soluble starch to the control medium results in a slight depression of production of pseudomycin A and undetectable levels of pseudomycins B and C. A dramatic and greater than additive increase in production of pseudomycins A, B and C is observed using control medium plus the Czapek mineral salts solution, glycine, and soluble starch (FIG.  3 ). A further increase is seen when methyl myristate is added to the control medium plus Czapek mineral salts solution, glycine, and soluble starch (FIG.  3 ). For the unshaken flasks, each result is a mean of 3 flask cultures. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , similar results are obtained in shaken flasks. However, in the shaken flasks, addition of glycine or methyl myristate is essential to obtaining more than minimal levels of pseudomycin A and the combination of glycine and methyl myristate causes a dramatic and more than additive increase in levels of each of pseudomycins A, B and C. Similar results are observed with the combinations and ingredients shown in FIG.  6 . 
     Conclusions 
     In unshaken flasks, glycine and/or methyl myristate each cause significant increases in production of pseudomycins A and B. Methyl myristate stimulates production of pseudomycin C. In shaken flasks, the presence of glycine or methyl myristate is required for significant production of pseudomycin A. Furthermore, glycine and methyl myristate exhibit synergy in stimulation of production of pseudomycins A, B and C. 
     Example 6 
     Among Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, Methyl Myristate and Methyl Palmitate Stimulate Production of Pseudomycins 
       P. syringae  were cultured in the presence of fatty acid methyl esters of different chain lengths to demonstrate that stimulation of pseudomycin production depends on the carbon chain length. 
     Materials and Methods 
       P. syringae  were cultured as described in Example 5 with shaking in a medium including methyl esters of the fatty acids at a concentration of 0.1% v/v in control potato dextrose broth medium plus 1 g/L glycine, 2 mL/L Czapek mineral salts solution, 5 g/L soluble starch, at pH 5.0. Pseudomycins were determined by HPLC as described in Example 1. 
     Results 
       FIG. 6  shows the results obtained from incubations of  P. syringae  with fatty acid methyl esters having even numbered carbon chain lengths from 6 to 22 carbon atoms. Levels of pseudomycins similar to those obtained in Example 5 for incubations without methyl myristate were produced by fatty acid methyl esters having 6 to 12 or 18 to 22 carbon atoms in their chains (FIG.  6 ). A significant increase in pseudomycin production was seen with 14 and 16 carbon chains. Methyl myristate is the 14 carbon fatty acid methyl ester. Each of the 14 and 16 carbon chain fatty acids methyl esters significantly increased production of each of pseudomycins A, B and C. 
     Conclusions 
     Among the fatty acid methyl esters tested, methyl myristate produces the largest amounts of pseudomycins employing strain MSU 16H. Significantly, the fatty chain attached to the peptide ring of pseudomycins is a 14 carbon chain. This suggests that the added methyl myristate may serve as a precursor to the pseudomycins. 
     Example 7 
     Procedures for Tank-Scale Production of Pseudomycins with a Medium Including Potato Product 
     Medium developed according to Examples 4 and 5 can be used for production of pseudomycins by growing  P. syringae  on a 150 L and 5000 L scale in medium containing potato product. 
     Production Employing a 150 L Tank Fermentor 
     Materials and Methods: 
     Vegetative-stage flasks containing complete  streptomyces  medium (CSM, Table 2) were inoculated with a frozen  P. syringae  culture and were shaken at 250 rpm and 25° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours of incubation of the vegetative-stage flasks, the contents of these flasks was used to inoculate bump-stage flasks. The bump-stage flasks include the CSM medium and were rotated at 250 rpm and held at 25° C. The bump-stage flasks were inoculated with about 0.45 mL of pooled culture from three or four vegetative-stage flasks. The bump stage flasks typically include about 900 mL of CSM in a non-baffled 2.5 L Tunair™ flask. Two bump-stage cultures in Tunair™ flasks were set for each fermentor. The bump-stage flasks were incubated for 16 hours. 
     Then, two of the bump-stage cultures (1.8 L total volume) were pooled by combining in an inoculation bazooka. These combined cultures were used to inoculate 115 L of the medium described in Table 9 that has been supplemented with an additional 0.3 g/L (for a total of 4 g/L) of glycine and 1 g/L of soybean oil. These large-scale cultures were grown at 25° C. for three to four days. During this growing period, dissolved oxygen was controlled at 30% of air saturation with agitation and air flow. pH was controlled at 5.2±0.2 by addition of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide as required. Eighteen hours after beginning the large-scale culture, a glucose feed was started at a rate of 200 mL/h. Twenty hours after the start of the large-scale culture, ammonium hydroxide feed was started at a rate of 20 ml/h. During this culture, the holdback pressure was 5 psig. The initial setting for agitation was 150 rpm and air flow is 0.5 scfm. If required, an anti-foam agent was added, as well. After the three to four days of large-scale culture, the  P. syringae  were harvested. Antifungal activity was measured as described in Example 1. 
     Results 
     Profiles for several different fermentation parameters in a run conducted by this procedure are shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
     Conclusions 
     Significant and commercially viable amounts of pseudomycins can be produced using this method. 
     Production Employing a 5000 L Tank Fermentor 
     The methods developed for successful production of pseudomycins at a 150 L scale were scaled up further to 5000 L. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Inoculant  P. syringae  were prepared as described above for the 150 L scale fermentor. Conditions were as described above for the 150 L scale with modifications as described in Table 14. Four trials were run, the first three of which were satellited by aseptic transfer of inoculated broth to a sterile 150 liter tank. The satellites served to eliminate nutrient make-up and sterilization as variables when comparing performance in the 150 L and 5000 L fermentors. Antifungal activity was measured as described in Example 1. 
     Results 
     Table 14 summarizes the results obtained at the 5000 liter scale and how they compared to the satellite runs. Titers in the 5000 L tank essentially matched those in the 150 L tank except in Trial 1. In Trial 1, the agitation in the 5000 L tank was initially set at 150 rpm and then reduced to 50 rpm at 36 hours. The level of cell growth was only one-third that of the 150 L tank satellite and the pseudomycin A titer was one-fourth that of the satellite. Reducing the 5000 L tank agitation to 25 rpm (initial setting) in subsequent trials resulted in levels of cell growth and pseudomycin titers comparable to satellites and individually run 150 L tanks. The data suggest that  P. syringae  strain 25-B1 is sensitive to shear. 
                                                                         TABLE 14                   Results of Scale-Up to 5000 Liter Fermentors (PPM)                5000       Satellite               Trial   L Lot   Titer 1     Lot   Titer   Comments                    1   055CE7   12   313CA7   45   4 g/L glycine, 0.1 g/L methyl                           myristate, no pH control, no                           feeds; in the 5000 L tank: DO 2                             high, reduce agitation from 150                           to 50 rpm at 36 h       2   060CE7   89   318CA7   77   Same as trial 1 but medium                           included 1 g/L methyl myristate;                           in the 5000 L tank: agitation at                           25 rpm, DO 2  controlled at 30%       3   063CE7   50   332CA7   44   Medium as per trial 1 but                           including Potato Pearls at 10 g/L                           and caramelized broth. After a                           rapid drop in pH, raise to 5.5 at                           24 h with NH 4 OH       4   068CE7   120   Not   135   pH controlled @5.2 with NaOH                   Done       and ammonium hydroxide feed,                           also glucose feed, medium as                           per trial 1 except with soybean                           oil in medium rather than methyl                           myristate                 1 Titer denotes pseudomycin A in μg/mL.             
Glucose feeding of fermentors used an 80% w/v solution of glucose and ammonia feeding used a 58% w/w solution of ammonium hydroxide.
 
     Conclusions 
     Significant and commercially viable levels of pseudomycins can be produced employing this method at a 5000 liter scale. 
     Example 8 
     Large Scale Growth of  P. syringae  and Production of Pseudomycins in Medium Lacking Potato Products 
     Fermentation of  P. syringae  in medium N21, which does not include any of the potato products used in media described in the previous Examples, produced pseudomycins at levels suitable for isolation of gram amounts. 
     Production of Pseudomycins in Shaken Flasks and N21 Medium 
     Materials and Methods 
       P. syringae  were cultured under conditions described in Example 5, with the exception that the medium included no potato products. This medium, known as N21 medium has the composition shown in Table 15. For determination of the effect of methyl myristate on pseudomycin production, methyl myristate was added at a concentration of 0.2%. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The Composition of N21 Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 GRAMS 
               
               
                   
                 INGREDIENT 
                 PER LITER 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Sulfate 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Monosodium Glutamate 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 L-Histidine 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Glycine 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Soluble Starch 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 KH 2 PO 4   
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Czapek Mineral Salts 
                 2 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Solution 
               
               
                   
                 Yeast Extract 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 MES Buffer 
                 9.8 
               
               
                   
                 Adjust pH to 5.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Production of pseudomycin by several strains of  P. syringae  was evaluated employing N21 medium with and without methyl myristate. The strains of  P. syringae  evaluated were MSU 16H, 25-B1, 67H1, and 7H9-1. 
     Results 
     The results of studies of production of pseudomycins by various strains of  P. syringae  with and without methyl myristate are shown in Table 16 and FIG.  9 . These results show that strain 67H1 produces higher levels of each of the pseudomycins either in the presence or absence of methyl myristate. Strain 7H9-1 is distinctive for producing pseudomycin B at much higher levels that either pseudomycin A or C. Methyl myristate stimulated pseudomycin production for each of the strains. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Production of Pseudomycins by Several Strains of  P. syringae  With 
               
               
                 and Without Methyl Myristate 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Pseudomycin 
               
               
                   
                 Methyl 
                 Pseudomycin A 
                 Pseudomycin B 
                 C 
               
               
                 Strain 
                 Myristate 
                 μg/mL 
                 μg/mL 
                 μg/mL 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MSU 16 H 
                 − 
                 59 
                 19 
                 12 
               
               
                 25-B1 
                 − 
                 66 
                 50 
                 15 
               
               
                 67H1 
                 − 
                 334 
                 173 
                 83 
               
               
                 7H9-1 
                 − 
                 3 
                 110 
                 0 
               
               
                 MSU 16H 
                 + 
                 126 
                 45 
                 27 
               
               
                 25-B1 
                 + 
                 154 
                 123 
                 36 
               
               
                 67H1 
                 + 
                 390 
                 207 
                 95 
               
               
                 7H9-1 
                 + 
                 8.5 
                 222 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Conclusions 
     Various strains of  P. syringae  produce commercially significant levels of pseudomycins in medium lacking potato products, and this production is stimulated by methyl myristate. 
     Production of Pseudomycins at a Scale of 5000 L Employing N21 Medium 
     The methods for producing pseudomycins employing a medium without added potato products was scaled up to a 5000 liter level. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Production of pseudomycins in a 5000 L fermentor was conducted as described in Example 7, with the exception that the medium employed was N21 medium (Table 15). The N21 medium was supplemented with yeast extract at 1 g/L. The strain employed was  P. syringae  67H1. 
     Results 
     Mean values from ten 5000 L fermentor trials are reported in Table 17. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Profile of Mean Amounts of Pseudomycins Obtained in Ten 5000 L 
               
               
                 Fermentor Runs 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pseudomycin 
                 μg/mL at Harvest 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 A 
                 243 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 203 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                 C′ 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Conclusions 
     Pseudomycins A, B, C, and C′ can be produced in commercially significant amounts at the 5,000 L scale employing a medium free of added potato products. 
     Example 9 
     Further Simplification of Medium for Production of Pseudomycins 
     Fermentation of  P. syringae  in medium N21SM resulted in successful production of pseudomycins in the absence of potato products. Media based on N21SM but lacking certain of its ingredients also support production of pseudomycins at significant levels. 
     Materials and Methods 
       P. syringae  were cultured in shake flasks under conditions described in Example 5, with the exception that the medium is as described below. The base medium, known as CNP medium has the composition shown in Table 18. Additives were tested at the concentrations and in the combinations listed below (Table 18). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The Composition of CNP Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 QUAN- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 INGREDIENT 
                 TITY 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 20 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 KH 2 PO 4   
                 0.41 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Czapek Mineral Salts 
                 2 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Solution 
               
               
                   
                 MES Buffer 
                 9.8 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Sulfate 
                 1 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Adjust pH to 5.2 
               
               
                   
                 ADDITIVES TO CNP 
               
               
                   
                 MEDIUM 
               
               
                   
                 Glutamate 
                 2 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Glycine 
                 0.5 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 L-Histidine 
                 2 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Soluble Starch 
                 5 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Yeast Extract 
                 1 
                 g/L 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Production of pseudomycin by several strains of  P. syringae  was evaluated employing CNP medium with and without one or more of the additives. The strain of  P. syringae  25-B1 was one of the strains evaluated. 
     Results 
     The results of studies of production of pseudomycins by  P. syringae  with and without the additives are shown in Table 19. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Production of Pseudomycins By  P. syringae  in CNP Medium With 
               
               
                 and Without Additives 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pseudomycin (μg/mL) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Additive 
                 OD 600   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 C′ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 None 
                 0.221 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 0.222 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Glutamate 
                 0.943 
                 82.6 
                 16.3 
                 24.5 
                 5.9 
               
               
                   
                 0.94 
                 87 
                 16.7 
                 25.7 
                 6 
               
               
                 Glycine 
                 0.628 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 0.567 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Histidine 
                 0.331 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 0.354 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Glutamate, Glycine, and Histidine 
                 0.984 
                 153 
                 41 
                 44 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 0.98 
                 149 
                 40 
                 42 
                 12 
               
               
                 Glutamate, Glycine, Histidine, and 
                 0.985 
                 134 
                 29 
                 34 
                 9 
               
               
                 Soluble Starch 
                 0.996 
                 125 
                 34 
                 35 
                 11 
               
               
                 Soluble Starch 
                 0.28 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 0.289 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Yeast Extract 
                 0.441 
                 40 
                 6 
                 11 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 0.449 
                 39 
                 6 
                 11 
                 2 
               
               
                 Glutamate, Glycine, Histidine, 
                 0.998 
                 215 
                 52 
                 55 
                 17 
               
               
                 Soluble Starch, and Yeast Extract 
                 1.001 
                 197 
                 52 
                 56 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Conclusions 
     Various minimal media can be used for growth of  P. syringae  and production of commercially significant levels of pseudomycins. 
     Example 10 
     Production of Pseudomycins A′ and B′ 
     Fermentation methods were developed for producing pseudomycin A′ and/or B′ in the fermentation broth of a  Pseudomonas syringae  strain. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Preparation of inoculum: An aliquot of cells stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen was thawed and used to inoculate two 900 mL portions of CSM broth. CSM broth was composed of (g/L): dextrose (5), maltose (4), Difco Tryptic Soy Broth (30), Difco yeast extract (3), and MgSO 4 7H 2 O (2). Approximately 0.5 mL of cells was used to inoculate each 900 mL portion of medium contained in a two liter flask. Flasks were incubated with shaking for 24 hours at 25° C. The contents of two flasks were combined to inoculate a 150 liter fermentor containing 115 liters of sterile fermentation broth. 
     Fermentation Stage: Fermentation broth was composed of (g/L): dextrose (20), soluble starch (5), Basic American Foods Country Style Potato Pearls instant mashed potatoes (30), glycine (1), MgSO 4 7H 2 O (0.2), KCl (0.2), and FeSO 4 7H 2 O (0.004) in tap water. The pH was adjusted to 5.2 before sterilization. Fermentation was carried out at 25° C. for 68 hr. Dissolved oxygen was maintained at or above 30% of air saturation by continuous adjustment of air flow and impeller agitation rate. The pH was maintained between 4.0 and 5.4 through the addition of either H 2 SO 4  or NaOH. 
     Variations on the Batch Methods: Several variations of the simple batch process were also found to produce pseudomycins A′ and/or B′. Dextrose can be fed to the fermentors starting 24 hours after initial inoculation at a rate of 60 mL per hour. Feeding can be continued throughout the course of the fermentation. Alternatively, a process has been used where dissolved oxygen is maintained at 5% of air saturation starting 24 hours after inoculation and continuing until the end of the fermentation period. Maintenance of dissolved oxygen at 5% was achieved through addition of inert nitrogen gas (N2) to the air supply leading to the fermentor. In all cases, gas was supplied through a single submerged sparger tube with an opening positioned just below the bottom agitator turbine in the fermentor. 
     Results and Conclusions 
     Several fermentation methods produce pseudomycin A′ and/or B′ from  P. syringae.    
     Isolation and Purification of Pseudomycins A′ and B′ 
     Methods were developed for isolation and purification pseudomycins A′ and B′ from the fermentation broth of a  Pseudomonas syringae  strain. 
     Materials and Methods 
     The whole fermentation broth (4×100 L) after harvest was filtered through a Membralox ceramic filter (0.45 μm) to afford a filtrate (fraction A) and a solid slurry (fraction B). Fraction B (135 L) was extracted with an equal volume of acetone containing 0.1% TFA for 120 min and allowed to settle. The clear acetone extract was separated by filtration and then evaporated in vacuo to an aqueous solution to yield fraction C (88 L). First, fraction A was charged on to a HP20ss resin column (10 L) packed in water and the column was washed with 15% acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA (20 L). Fraction C was then loaded on to the same column and the column was washed with 20 L of 15% acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA as before. 
     The column was then eluted with a linear gradient of 15-20% acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA over 30 min and 20-35% acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA over 60 min with 1 L/min flow rate. One liter fractions were collected. Fractions 6-9 were combined (4 L) to yield fraction D (24 g). A portion of fraction D (˜1 g) was chromatographed over a reversed-phase column (Dynamax C 18  41.4×250 mm) using triethylammonium phosphate buffer (pH 3)-acetonitrile-methanol as mobile phase (65:17:18 to 30:35:35 gradient elution over 45 min with 40 ml/min flow rate). Appropriate fractions were combined, volume was reduced to 75 ml and rechromatographed over a C 18  column as before using a gradient 80:10:10 to 46:27:27 to afford fraction E (113 mg) and fraction F (116 mg). Further chromatography of fractions E and F over a C 18  column (Dynamax 21.4×250 mm) furnished 45 mg pseudomycin A′ and 62 mg of pseudomycin B′, respectively. 
     Results and Conclusions 
     HPLC methods similar to those used to purify other pseudomycins resulted in purification of pseudomycins A′ and B′ from fermentation broth. 
     The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.