Abstract:
Optical coherence tomography light sources can be non-linear and attempts to linearize them can lead to asynchrony between the light source and A-line scans and missampling in the scans causing signal noise. Accordingly, a system and methods are provided herein to detect missampling by obtaining a plurality of interferograms; providing at least two wavenumber reference signals at different wavenumbers, wherein the wavenumber reference signals comprise attenuated or enhanced portions of each of the plurality of interferograms; aligning each of the plurality of interferograms according to one of the at least two wavenumber reference signals; and for each of the plurality of interferograms, identifying an interferogram as missampled if another of the at least two reference signals does not align with a corresponding reference signal in a statistically significant number of the plurality of interferograms. An optical element, for example, an optical notch, may be used to generate the reference signals.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    This application relates generally to optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging methods and apparatuses and, more specifically, to a method capable of detecting missampling in a swept source OCT imaging system. 
         [0003]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0004]    OCT is an imaging technique capable of non-invasively acquiring sub-surface images of a subject at micrometer resolutions. Given such high resolutions, OCT is a preferred imaging technique in medical fields. OCT works by detecting the interference light of a light signal passing through an object and comparing it to a reference light signal. A major advance in this technique is frequency domain OCT (FD-OCT) because it is several hundred times faster than conventional time domain OCT (TD-OCT). FD-OCT includes both spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) in which the interference light is detected through spectral decomposition, and swept source OCT (SS-OCT) in which interference lights of various wavelengths, interferograms, are obtained using a wavelength-swept light source. 
         [0005]    However, because the spectral interferograms are detected in real values, reconstruction of the image consists of a true image and a complex conjugate artifact displayed as a mirror image of the true image. As a result, the measurement depth of the object must be shifted and the possible imaging depth of FD-OCT is shrunk by half. Currently, various phase shifting, modulation, and alternation techniques exist to remove or suppress the problem of complex conjugate artifacts. These techniques are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,564,788, which is incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0006]    One drawback with such techniques is that they require phase stability in the detected interferogram. In SS-OCT, sequential spectral interferograms are acquired along the lateral direction to construct the axial lines (A-lines) that form a 2D OCT image (B-scan). These interferograms are represented graphically by plotting the intensity of the interference signal in k-space, where k is the wavenumber (the inverse of wavelength) of a frequency in the swept source bandwidth. Due to nonlinear sweeping of wavenumbers by the light source in SS-OCT, an external linear k-clock synchronized to the light source is commonly used to ensure the linearity of the sampling points for the interferogram in k-space. In this way, the data points of the interferogram are acquired at a set of wavenumber points with fixed sampling intervals. In practice, when forming a 2D FD-OCT image, each A-line is first constructed by performing a Fourier transform of the interferogram. It is the Fourier transform that requires the sampling to be linear in k-space, so that the interferogram in k-space is transferred to A-line in depth without errors caused by k-space non-linearity. 
         [0007]    Despite the addition of a k-clock, there is still the problem that an asynchrony exists between the k-clock and a sweep trigger used to trigger the light source to begin sweeping frequencies for each A-line scan. This asynchrony results in the uncertainty of the starting wavenumber of the interferogram, which in turn affects phase sensitive measurements by introducing depth dependent phase jittering among A-lines. 
         [0008]    To address the asynchrony problem, for example, “Doppler velocity detection limitations in spectrometer-based versus swept-source optical coherence tomography” (Aug. 1, 2011) by Hendargo et al. introduced a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical notch filter to the OCT system to ensure a stable starting wavenumber; “Phase-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography imaging of the human retina with a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser light source” (Feb. 1, 2013) by Choi et al. similarly introduced an FBG to be used as a wavenumber reference signal so that fluctuations can be numerically compensated for during postprocessing by shifting the interferograms based on the reference signal; and “Three-dimensional anterior segment imaging in patients with type 1 Boston Keratoprothesis with switchable full depth range swept source optical coherence tomography” (August 2013) by Poddar et al. illustrated different locations to place an FBG in the OCT system to generate a reference signal. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    A simplified summary is provided herein to help enable a basic or general understanding of various aspects of exemplary, non-limiting embodiments that follow in the more detailed description and the accompanying drawings. This summary is not intended, however, as an extensive or exhaustive overview. Instead, the sole purpose of the summary is to present some concepts related to some exemplary non-limiting embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description of the various embodiments that follow. 
         [0010]    In one aspect, an SS-OCT imaging system is adapted provide wavenumber reference signals at two wavenumbers on the interferogram to correct starting wavenumber uncertainty and detect missampling that occurs during phase sensitive applications. These wavenumber reference signals can be generated, for example, by optical notch filters. To determine whether missampling has occurred, detected interferograms are aligned according to one of the wavenumber reference signal. If the interferograms are misaligned with respect to another of the wavenumber reference signals, then missampling has occurred at some wavenumber between the two wavenumber reference signals. The missampled interferogram may then be corrected or removed from a compiled 2D image. 
         [0011]    In another aspect, the bandwidth of the optical notch filter is optimized to reduce the number of samples of an interferogram that are affected by the filter. The optimal bandwidth for the optical notch filter is between one and two times the wavenumber resolution of the SS-OCT system in which the optical notch filters are used. 
         [0012]    In a further aspect, the samples of the interferogram affected by the optical notch filter are restored using various techniques, such as interpolation. 
         [0013]    According to one example, a method for optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging comprises the steps of providing at least one optical element to an OCT imaging system configured for generating at least two wavenumber reference signals, wherein the wavenumber reference signals comprise attenuated or enhanced interferogram signals; generating light from a light source; obtaining a plurality of interferograms using an optical detector; aligning each of the plurality of interferograms according to one of the at least two wavenumber reference signals; determining a sample number corresponding to another of the at least two wavenumber reference signals for each of the plurality of interferograms; for each of the plurality of interferograms, identifying an interferogram as missampled if the determined sample number corresponding to the other wavenumber reference signal does not match the determined sample number for the other wavenumber reference signal for a statistically significant number of interferograms; and correcting, replacing, or discarding the identified interferograms. 
         [0014]    According to other examples of the above method, the at least one optical element comprises at least one optical notch filter; the statistically significant number of interferograms is a majority of interferograms; the at least one optical notch filter comprises at least one fiber Bragg grating (FBG); the at least one optical element has a bandwidth of between one and two times a wavenumber resolution of the OCT imaging system; the at least one optical element is located before a balanced detector in the OCT imaging system; the method further comprises the steps of obtaining a spectrum profile by summing the absolute value of the interferogram, calculating a transmission ratio at the wavenumber corresponding to each of the at least two wavenumber reference signals, and for each of the plurality of interferograms, recalculating the interferogram at the wavenumber corresponding to each of the at least two wavenumber reference signals by dividing the interferogram at said wavenumber by the transmission ratio; and/or the at least one optical notch filters has a center wavenumber in one half of wavenumbers associated with a light source of the OCT imaging system and another of the at least one optical notch filters has a center wavenumber in the other half of wavenumbers associated with the light source of the OCT imaging system. 
         [0015]    According to another example, an OCT imaging system comprises a light source; a reference arm; a sample arm; a detection arm; and at least one optical element configured for generating at least two wavenumber reference signals, wherein the wavenumber reference signals comprise attenuated or enhanced interferogram signals. 
         [0016]    According to other examples of the above OCT imaging system, the at least one optical element comprises at least one optical notch filter; the at least one optical notch filter comprises at least one fiber Bragg grating (FBG); the at least one optical element is located in the detection arm; the at least one optical notch filter has a bandwidth between one and two times a wavenumber resolution of the OCT imaging system; one of the at least one optical notch filters has a center wavenumber in one half of wavenumbers associated with a light source of the OCT imaging system and another of the at least one optical notch filters has a center wavenumber in the other half of wavenumbers associated with the light source of the OCT imaging system; the system further comprises a processor configured to obtain a plurality of interferograms, align each of the plurality of interferograms according to one of the at least two wavenumber reference signals, and for each of the plurality of interferograms, identify an interferogram as missampled if another of the at least two wavenumber reference signals does not align with a corresponding wavenumber reference signal in a statistically significant number of the plurality of interferograms; the statistically significant number of the plurality of interferograms is a majority of the plurality of interferograms; and the processor is further configured to correct, replace, or discard the identified interferograms; and/or the processor is further configured to obtain a spectrum profile by summing the absolute value of the interferogram, calculate a transmission ratio at the wavenumber corresponding to each of the at least two wavenumber reference signals, and for each of the plurality of interferograms, recalculate the interferogram at the wavenumber corresponding to each of the at least two wavenumber reference signals by dividing the interferogram at said wavenumber by the transmission ratio. 
         [0017]    According to still another example, a method for optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging comprises the steps of obtaining a plurality of interferograms; providing at least two wavenumber reference signals at different wavenumbers, wherein the wavenumber reference signals comprise attenuated or enhanced portions of each of the plurality of interferograms; aligning each of the plurality of interferograms according to one of the at least two wavenumber reference signals; and for each of the plurality of interferograms, identifying an interferogram as missampled if another of the at least two reference signals does not align with a corresponding reference signal in a statistically significant number of the plurality of interferograms. 
         [0018]    According to other examples of the above method, the method further comprises the step of correcting, replacing, or discarding the identified interferograms; the statistically significant number of the plurality of interferograms is a majority of the plurality of interferograms; the at least two wavenumber reference signals are generated by at least one optical notch filter; the at least one optical notch filter comprises at least one fiber Bragg grating (FBG); the at least one optical notch filter has a bandwidth between one and two times a wavenumber resolution of the OCT imaging system; the at least one optical notch filter is located before a balanced detector in the OCT imaging system; the method further comprises the steps of obtaining a spectrum profile by summing the absolute value of the interferogram, calculating a transmission ratio at the wavenumber corresponding to each of the at least two wavenumber reference signals, and for each of the plurality of interferograms, recalculating the interferogram at the wavenumber corresponding to each of the at least two wavenumber reference signals by dividing the interferogram at said wavenumber by the transmission ratio; and/or one of the at least one optical notch filters has a center wavenumber in one half of wavenumbers associated with a light source of the OCT imaging system and another of the at least one optical notch filters has a center wavenumber in the other half of wavenumbers associated with the light source of the OCT imaging system. 
         [0019]    These and other embodiments are described in more detail below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic diagram of a swept source OCT imaging system utilizing a k-clock to ensure the linearity of the sampling points for the interferogram in k-space; 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  illustrates the non-linear sweeping of wavenumbers in a wavelength tunable light source of a swept source OCT imaging system; 
           [0022]      FIG. 3   a  illustrates missampling associated with interferograms caused by wavenumber uncertainty; 
           [0023]      FIG. 3   b  illustrates the resulting noise in an interferogram associated with the missampling; 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic diagram of a swept source OCT imaging system utilizing a filters to generate wavenumber reference signals; 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating a method for detecting missampled interferograms; 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  graphically illustrates alignment of interferograms according to two wavenumber reference signals; 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  is a flow chart of one method for compensating data points affected by the optical notch filter; and 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  illustrates the visual meaning of the variables used in the method for compensating data points as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0029]    Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention. Relative language used herein is best understood with reference to the drawings, in which like numerals are used to identify like or similar items. Further, in the drawings, certain features may be shown in somewhat schematic form. 
         [0030]    Despite the use of a k-clock and an FBG in SS-OCT as described above, missampling still commonly occurs, which causes data point loss, where the loss of a single data point can result in a significantly higher noise level. 
         [0031]    Turning attention to the figures,  FIG. 1  illustrates a non-limiting example of an OCT imaging system in which one or more aspects described herein can be implemented.  FIG. 1  is a simplified depiction of an OCT imaging system intended to provide a general structural overview and does not necessarily represent a complete implementation of an imaging system. For example, optical elements such as polarization controllers, additional beam splitters, other light paths, etc., are omitted for clarity. 
         [0032]    In general, OCT operates according to many of the same basic principles as ultrasonography but utilizes light as a medium whereas ultrasonography utilizes sound. That is, OCT images a subject or object  100  by irradiating the subject or object  100  with light and measuring a time delay and intensity of reflected light. However, light is much faster than sound. So, unlike the time delay in an ultrasound echo, the time delay of the reflected light is not directly measured. Instead, OCT utilizes low-coherence interferometry to detect time differences corresponding to distances between structures of the subject. Particularly, a low-coherence broadband light source is split into a sample portion and a reference portion. The reference portion travels a path, through a reference arm  106  of the OCT system, toward a reference (i.e., a reference mirror  108 ) at a known distance from a light source  102  where it is reflected back through the reference arm  106 . At the same time, the sample portion is directed through a sample arm  104  of the OCT system towards the subject or object  100  (e.g., an eye and, specifically, the retina) where it is reflected back through the sample arm  104 . The reflected reference portion and sample portion are recombined and then directed to an optical detector  110 . When a distance traveled by the sample portion and a corresponding reflection off the subject or object  100  is within a coherence length of a distance travelled by the reference portion and its corresponding reflection, an interference pattern is generated. The interference pattern indicates an intensity of light at a certain depth of the subject, which in turn, facilitates generating image data pertaining to the subject. 
         [0033]    In one aspect, the OCT imaging system in  FIG. 1  is configured to generate cross-sectional images. Such images are generated, generally, by impinging light from a light source  102  onto the subject or object  100  and observing reflected light. The light source can be a low-coherence broadband in the case of spectral-domain OCT or a tunable laser in the case of swept source OCT (SS-OCT). Light emitted from the light source  102  is split by an optical adaptor  112 , such as a beam splitter, into two portions: a sample portion that travels toward the subject or object  100  in a sample arm  104 , and a reference portion that travels along a path toward a reference reflector  108  in a reference arm  106 . In some embodiments, the reference portion can include a fiber optic cable leading to a collimator (not shown), which transmits the light from the light source  102  to an optical element (not shown), such as a lens, for focusing onto the reference mirror  108 . Similarly, the sample portion can follow a fiber optic cable to a collimator (not shown), which transmits light to a scanner  118 . The scanner is configured to direct or scan the light over various points of a surface of the sample subject or object  100 . In particular, the scanner enables a 2D B-scan of the sample  100 . 
         [0034]    According to the principles of OCT, when a distance traveled by the sample portion and a corresponding reflection off the subject or object  100  is within a coherence length of a distance travelled by the reference portion and its corresponding reflection, an interference pattern is generated. The interference pattern is detected by a detector  110 , sampled and digitized by data acquisition device (DAQ)  122  and output as image data, which can be an interferogram. The interference pattern encodes intensity information for portions of the subject or object  100  which are scanned, which in turn, facilitates generating displayable images of the subject or object  100 . The image data can be provided to an image processor  120  for processing. 
         [0035]    A “processor” as used herein refers to any, or part of any, electrical circuit comprised of any number of electrical components, including, for example, resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and the like. The circuit may be of any form, including, for example, an integrated circuit, a set of integrated circuits, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a collection of discrete electronic components on a printed circuit board (PCB) or the like. The processor may also stand alone or be part of a computer used for operations other than processing image data. It should be noted that the above description is non-limiting, and the examples are but only a few of many possible processors envisioned. 
         [0036]    To derive intensity information at varying depths of the subject, several different techniques can be utilized. In FD-OCT techniques, various wavelengths can be encoded, spatially or temporally for example, where different detected frequencies of interference signal correspond to different depths within the subject. A Fourier analysis on a received signal that represents reflected intensities at different frequencies generates the intensities reflected at different depths at a point of the subject. 
         [0037]    According to one example of an FD-OCT technique, SS-OCT, a wavelength tunable light source  102  is utilized to scan over different wavelengths. The intensities at each scanned wavelength can be collected and transformed by a Fourier analysis to generate an intensity profile that details intensities at various depths. In SS-OCT, a sweep trigger  114  triggers the movement of the scanner  118  in the direction of the desired scan to detect a new A-line for each tuning period  200  of the light source  102 . That is, for each A-line, the entire bandwidth of the tunable laser  102  is transmitted and detected. After every A-line has been detected for the desired scan, a B-scan image can be formed from the A-lines. 
         [0038]    As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , the tuning period  200 , in k-space (where k=wavenumber=1/wavelength), of the tunable light source  102  is often non-linear with respect to time. As also shown, there is often a dead time between tuning periods  200 . Therefore, an external k-clock  116  is commonly used to ensure the linearity of the sampling points in k-space for each tuning period. A sweep trigger  114  can be provided by the light source  102  to move the scanner  118  at the beginning of each tuning period  200 , so that each A-line comprises the entire tuning period  200  of the light source  102 . However, the k-clock  116  and sweep trigger  114  may be asynchronous, causing an uncertainty as to the starting wavelength of the tuning period for a particular A-line. Such uncertainty affects phase sensitive measurements by introducing depth dependent phase jittering or deviation among the A-lines. This can also result in missampling that causes data point loss. Such missampling, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , may be the result of mechanical or optical jittering during laser sweeping, or because the external linear k-clock varies its frequency rapidly to accommodate the nonlinearity of the wavelength tuning period. For high speed SS-OCT, the sampling clock goes up to a fairly high frequency (e.g., &gt;100 MHz) and, more importantly, its frequency varies extremely rapidly—about 4×10 13  Hz/s. 
         [0039]    Referring now to  FIG. 3   a , two detected interferograms  304 ,  306  are shown overlayed on each other  300 . An exploded view  302  of the overlayed interferograms  300  is shown where a missampling has occurred. As can be seen in the exploded view  302 , a missampled interferogram  304  is missing a data point  308  that exists in a correctly sampled interferogram  306 . In other words, missampled interferogram  304  comprises at least one fewer data point than correctly sampled interferogram  306 . As a result, there is a phase shift of one data point between missampled interferogram  304  and correctly sampled interferogram  306 .  FIG. 3   b  illustrates point spread functions  314  and  316  for the missampled interferogram  304  and correctly sampled interferogram  306 , respectively. As can be seen, the baseline noise for the missampled interferogram  304  is roughly 10 dB higher than that of the correctly sampled interferogram  306 . 
         [0040]    In one aspect, various techniques may be used correct the starting wavenumber uncertainty discussed above. One such technique requires generating a wavenumber reference signal so that detected interferograms can be aligned according to a known wavenumber or wavelength. That is, rather than generating a B-scan by aligning interferograms according to sample numbers as they were detected, the interferograms may be shifted and aligned according to whatever sample number corresponds to the known wavelength or wavenumber of the wavenumber reference signal. 
         [0041]    In another aspect, a second wavenumber reference signal can be used to detect missampling, according to methods discussed below. In short, these methods align interferograms according to one wavenumber reference signal and look for misalignment at other wavenumber reference signals, where misalignment indicates a missampled interferogram. 
         [0042]    A “reference signal” as used herein means a detected interference signal that is attenuated or enhanced beyond the normally detected signal levels of an interferogram. One way of generating wavenumber reference signals is by using an optical element such as an optical notch filter. One such filter is a Fiber Bragg grating (FBG), a type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others. This effect is achieved by creating a periodic variation in the refractive index of the fiber core, which generates a wavelength specific dielectric mirror. FBGs, therefore, can be used as an inline optical filter to block certain wavelengths, or in other words, act as a wavenumber-specific reflector for generating a wavenumber reference signal. It should be noted that optical notch filters and FBGs are used throughout this description for illustrative purposes for generating wavenumber reference signals. However, FBGs and optical notch filters are but a single technique, and should not be seen as a limiting embodiment. In other embodiments, a bandpass filter may be used, wherein the upper and lower frequencies of the bandpass filter each represent wavenumber reference signals at the corresponding wavenumbers. 
         [0043]    In selecting an exemplary filter to use in the present invention, it is important to look for filters that can generate stable and high resolution reference signals. Specifically, for ophthalmic OCT applications, the spectral resolution often goes below 0.1 nm to provide sufficient imaging range. Therefore, it is desirable for the filter used to generate reference signals to have substantial transmission ratio change within 0.1 nm, so that the reference signal has resolution that is better than 0.1 nm. For other OCT applications, a lower or higher resolution may be applicable. 
         [0044]      FIG. 4  illustrates one embodiment of an SS-OCT imaging system of the present invention utilizing two filters to generate wavenumber reference signals. The OCT system of  FIG. 4  comprises many of the same elements discussed in relation to  FIG. 1 , such as the light source  102 , reference mirror  108 , subject or object  100 , optical adapter or beam splitter  112 , k-clock  116 , data acquisition device (DAQ)  122  sweep trigger  114 , and scanner  118 . However,  FIG. 4  adds two optical notch filters  400 ,  402 , corresponding to two wavenumbers, to the detection arm  404  of the OCT system. In such an embodiment, light recombined in the detection arm passes through each filter in series. Although the optical notch filters  400 ,  402  are shown as distinct elements, they may exist in a single filter device as a double notch filter. In other embodiments, a single bandpass filter may be used, as well as other devices or filters known to those skilled in the art to generate a wavenumber reference signal by attenuating or enhancing the signal detected at known wavelengths. 
         [0045]    Additionally, although the example embodiment of  FIG. 4  shows both optical notch filters  400 ,  402  being located in the detection arm  404 , it should be appreciated that the optical notch filters  400 ,  402  can be placed anywhere in the optical paths of the OCT system. For example in other embodiments, the detection arm  404  may be split into two parallel light paths. In such an embodiment, the optical notch filters  402 ,  404  may be placed in parallel rather than in series. In still other embodiments, the optical notch filters  402 ,  404  may be placed in the sample arm  104 , reference arm  106 , or between the light source  102  and optical adapter  112 , in a similar fashion to those embodiments discussed with respect to the detection arm  404 . The optical notch filters  402 ,  404  may be placed in the same arm or in different arms of the OCT system. When a balanced detector is used in the OCT system, inserting optical notch filters before the balanced detector is the most effective way to generate the wavenumber reference signal because inserting the optical notch filters elsewhere results in suppression of the wavenumber reference signal by the balanced detector as common mode noise. However, it is noted that it is still possible to generate a wavenumber reference signal by inserting the optical notch filters elsewhere because usually the splitter ratio of the coupler before the balanced detector is not perfectly  50 / 50  at the referenced wavenumber. Given various design limitations that may be required by in developing an OCT system, locations other than before a balanced detector may be the most desirable. In still further embodiments, more than two optical notch filters may be used for generating more than two wavenumber reference signals. 
         [0046]      FIG. 5  illustrates one possible method for detecting missampled interferograms using reference signals. A graphical depiction of some of the steps of  FIG. 5  is shown in  FIG. 6 . In a first step  500 , interferograms  600  representing each A-line of a scan are aligned according to one of the wavenumber reference signals  604 , as shown in exploded view  602 , so as to remove any starting wavenumber uncertainty. In a second step  502 , the interferograms  600  are analyzed with respect to at least one other wavenumber reference signal, as shown in exploded view  606 . Although  FIG. 6  illustrates first aligning the left most wavenumber reference signal, then the right most wavenumber reference signal, it should be noted that any wavenumber reference signal may be used for removing uncertainty and any other wavenumber reference signal may be used to detect missampling. In the case of missampling, the other wavenumber reference signal for the missampled interferograms  608  will not align with the wavenumber reference signal of properly sampled interferograms  610 . Thus, it may be determined that a missampling occurred with respect to a wavenumber between the two wavenumber reference signals  604  and  608 ,  610 . According to a third step  504 , misaligned interferograms are identified as missampled. Accordingly, it is ideal to generate wavenumber reference signals at the very beginning and end of the tuning spectrum so as to identify as many missampled points as possible. However, the farther apart in the tuning period each wavenumber reference signal is, the harder it is to determine where in the light source spectrum the missampling occurred. Of course, it is also possible to use more than two wavenumber reference signals, however, as the quantity of wavenumber reference signals increases, the number of wavelengths in the tuning spectrum that are affected (either attenuated or enhanced) increases as well. As more wavelengths are affected, the quality of the scan decreases. Therefore, it is another aspect, discussed below, to use a filter with an optimized bandwidth and to compensate the data points affected in generating the reference signals. 
         [0047]    Other methods for identifying missampled interferograms are also envisioned. For example, given a known sampling rate and wavelength tuning period, it is possible to determine the number of data points that should be collected between any two wavenumber reference signals. This is accomplished by multiplying the period between the two wavenumbers used as reference signals of the wavelength tuning period by the sampling rate. Then, after an interferogram has been acquired, the sample number for each wavelength reference number would be determined. If the absolute value of the difference between the sample numbers for each wavenumber reference signal does not match the determined number of data points that should be collected, then that interferogram was missampled at some point between the two wavenumber reference signals. 
         [0048]    Once an interferogram has been identified as missampled in the third step  504 , it may be desirable to discard the interferogram or try to correct the interferogram. If the interferogram is discarded, a B-scan may still be generated, however. In one embodiment, the B-scan can simply be compiled without the missampled interferogram. In other embodiments, the missampled interferogram can be replaced by an identical copy of the interferograms directly before and after it, or by interpolation techniques or averaging of the interferograms before and after it. Rather than replacing the entire interferogram, it may also be possible to actually correct the lone missampled portion of the missampled interferogram. Again, a number of interpolation or interpolation-like techniques are envisioned. In these cases, it is likely first necessary to determine where the missampling occurred. It may be possible to find the missampled point by sophisticated numerical methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For instance, piece wise correlation can be performed with the neighboring good data to locate the missampling. If the interferogram has been oversampled, the extra data point(s) can simply be removed. However, if the interferogram has been undersampled, then an interpolation technique could be used to recreate the missing data point(s). One example of an interpolation technique is to average the data points directly before and after where the missed data point should belong, then insert a data point with the averaged value at the missampled location. Another technique relies on averaging the interferograms directly before and after the missampled interferogram at the data point corresponding to the missampled data point. Another technique might involve merely duplicating the data point from a neighboring interferogram. It should be noted that any interpolation technique or any technique for replacing a missing data point known to those skilled in the art could be used. 
         [0049]    In another aspect, the optical notch filters are optimized to minimize the number of data points affected by each optical notch filter. The wavenumber reference signals contain a set of data points that are affected due to the blocking of light by the optical notch filters. Some of the affected data points may be simply distorted, while others may be saturated. These affected data points, especially those saturated ones, inevitably compromise the signal integrity and thus cause undesirable artifacts in the OCT image. In optimizing the bandwidth of an optical notch filter, at least two factors should be taken in to account. First, when the bandwidth of the wavenumber reference signal is much smaller than the resolution of an OCT system, it may not be “visible” to the OCT system and, thus, the wavenumber reference signal is of no use. Therefore, the resolution of the OCT system establishes a lower boundary for the bandwidth of the wavenumber reference signal. Second, as previously mentioned, a larger bandwidth of the wavenumber reference signal will result in more data points being affected. Therefore, the upper boundary for the bandwidth of the wavenumber reference signal should be as small as possible to minimize the number of affected data points. In one embodiment, the optimal bandwidth for the optical notch filters is between δk and 2δk, where δk is the wavenumber resolution of the SS-OCT system. Such optimal bandwidth provides the wavenumber reference signal with at least one data point. 
         [0050]    In another aspect, as illustrated in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , data points affected by the optical notch filters are compensated for, and restored, to decrease the effect each optical notch filter has on the quality of the image. Although saturated data points carry no interference signal, non-saturated data points contain an interference signal that can be restored. One method for restoring these non-saturated data points is described herein. It is noted that this compensation method benefits from the optimization of the optical notch filter bandwidth, as previously discussed, to minimize the number of data points affected in that the approximation is more accurate. 
         [0051]    According to the method illustrated in the flow chart of  FIG. 7 , interferograms are first obtained  700  by laterally scanning a highly heterogeneous sample, e.g. biological tissues, so that the sum of I(k, n) approximates the spectrum profile. In the second step  702 , each interferogram is aligned and those with missampling are removed or corrected. This step may be performed by the method described above with respect to  FIGS. 5 and 6  or similar techniques known to those skilled in the art. Although not necessary, according to one embodiment, common mode noise is removed 704 from the remaining interferograms by subtracting the mean or median value of all interferograms along the lateral scan from each interferogram. 
         [0052]    The next steps  706  and  708  represent a one-time calibration of the OCT system comprising wavenumber reference signals at wavenumbers k={k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , . . . , k n }. As used in this method, the value of each sampling point, that is, the data point value in acquired interferogram data is defined as: 
         [0000]        I ( k )= A ( k )cos( kz +φ)
 
         [0000]    where A(k) is the spectrum profile of the light. According to step  706 , the spectrum profile is determined by summing the absolute value of the interferogram along the lateral scan, where n is the index of interferograms along the lateral scan, according to the equation A(k)∝Σ n |I(k, n)|. 
         [0053]    Due to the insertion of an optical notch filter for the bandwidth within the wavenumber reference signal, light is partially blocked and the data point value becomes: 
         [0000]        I ′( k )=τ( k )· A ( k )cos( kz +φ)
 
         [0000]    where τ(k) is the transmission ratio at wavenumber k. Thus, step  708  is the calculation of τ(k) for the OCT system. If OCT data is acquired with many interferograms along a lateral scan, τ(k) can be approximated by: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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         [0054]    An approximated spectrum profile can be generated by finding the sum of the absolute value of all interferograms along the lateral scan. Due to its narrow bandwidth, the spectrum profile around the wavenumber reference signal can be considered as a flat line. Therefore, Σ n |I(k, n)| can be approximated by neighboring unaffected data points Σ n |I(k′, n)|, where k′ represents the unaffected wavenumbers neighboring k. 
         [0055]    As discussed above, the spectrum profile A(k) is generated by finding the sum of the absolute value of each interferogram along the lateral scan. τ(k) can then be found according to the equation: 
         [0000]      τ( k )= A ′( k )/ A ( k ′)
 
         [0000]    where A(k′)  802  is the averaged value of neighboring unaffected data points near k, and A′ (k)  804  is the value of the affected data point at k. The graphical meanings of A(k′)  802  and A′ (k) are illustrated in  FIG. 8 , which shows a graph of A(k)  800  comprising a wavenumber reference signal shown in exploded view  802 . 
         [0056]    Once the system has been calibrated once, affected data points can be restored according to step  710  as: 
         [0000]        I ( k )= I ′( k )/τ( k )
 
         [0000]    It should be noted that the order of the steps in the above method may be varied depending on the embodiment. For example, the system may first be calibrated according to steps  706  and  708  before obtaining interferograms for the current scan, presuming the system previously generated a set of interferograms to be used in calibration. Additionally, affected data points may be restored prior to identifying missampled interferograms. In still other embodiments, the removal of common mode noise according to step  704  and the restoration of affected data points according to step  710  may both be performed on a single interferogram before proceeding to the next interferogram in the scan, or could individually be performed on every interferogram before proceeding to the next step. Similarly, other variations to the steps or order of the steps in the method known to those skilled in the art are within the scope of the presented method. 
         [0057]    It should be evident that this disclosure is by way of example and that various changes may be made by adding, modifying or eliminating details without departing from the fair scope of the teaching contained in this disclosure. The invention is therefore not limited to particular details of this disclosure except to the extent that the following claims are necessarily so limited.