Abstract:
The present invention relates to a container carrier and to packaging systems for containers and using the same. This invention pertains to carrier stock for machine application to substantially identical containers such as beverage cans having annular chimes, cylindrical side walls, and frusto-conical walls between the chimes and the side walls. In particular, the present invention relates to plastic film having apertures to securely retain drinks cans, food cans, bottles and similar containers, a method of applying the film and the resultant combination.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a plastics container carrier and to packaging systems for containers and using the same. This invention also pertains to carrier stock for machine application to substantially identical containers such as beverage cans having annular chimes, cylindrical side walls, and frusto-conical walls between the chimes and the side walls. In particular, the present invention relates to plastic film having apertures to securely retain drinks cans, food cans, bottles and similar containers, a method of applying the film and the resultant combination. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     It is common practice to package beverages such as sparkling fruit juices, cola drinks, beers and the like in cans, typically being manufactured from pressed aluminium or plated steel, the thickness being of the order of 50 μm or so. These cans are typically sold in four- or six packs. Early examples of packaging such packs utilised cardboard which enveloped the cans. In the 1950&#39;s plastic film container carriers were first promulgated. The early forms of plastics film container carrier utilised apertures which were deformed upon application of the sheet over the cans, whereby the film formed a continuous flange area about the side of the can. The films were placed about the top of the can, underneath a beaded edge formed at the junction of the lid of the can. 
     Such early forms of carrier film allowed the cans to be pulled through—albeit with some difficulty—but a reverse movement of the can with respect to the carrier would mean that the plastics flange would abut the bead and further movement required a considerable force to release the can. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example from U.S. Pat. No. 2,874,835 (ITW) which provides a carrier  30  comprising a flat sheet of plastic material which is provided with a plurality of apertures  32 . The apertures are distinctly smaller (&gt;20%) than a diameter of a can retained by the carrier.  FIG. 1 a    shows how cans, in use are retained, with the circumferential inner edge of the plastics apertures engaging with a lower edge of rim  46 . It can be seen that the plastics carrier material is substantially deformed by stretching—after considerable forces have been applied—such that the edge of the aperture is perpendicular to the plane of the plastics carrier period to placement of the cans, especially with reference to feature  40  in  FIG. 1 b   . Indeed, we are advised that it is substantially impossible for the cans to come loose from the retainer device accidentally. We are advised that the use of polyethylene is a preferred plastics material, which is stamped in a press to form the apertures. This example taught of additional holes through which the ends of an elongate handle can subsequently be inserted. These plastics films—commonly referred to as carrier stock—are stretched beyond their elastic limit. That is to say the size of aperture will in turn stretch into shapes which are complimentary to the shapes of the container (per U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,682 (ITW)). The carrier stock is typically polyethylene and early examples were of a thickness of 500 μm or more, although it is typically 400 μm or more for rim applied carriers. 
     The forces necessary to enable the plastics film to engage with the sides of a can were considerable and, of course, the large forces that were utilised to pack the containers together resulted in problems in a consumer accessing an individual tin. GB1200807 (ITW) introduced slits in apertures, but forces of application were still considerable since the apertures were “significantly smaller than the diameter of a can with which the carrier film is to be assembled” and therefore were still stretched beyond the elastic limit of the material. U.S. Pat. No. 2,997,169 taught of a solution to the problem by the inclusion of tear-off tabs  72   b ; per  FIGS. 2 a    &amp;  2   b , where pre-stressed members associated with tab portion enabled a tear in the plastics retaining film, which was considered easier than forcing the rim of the can around the already stretched plastics film. 
     The cans are of a greater diameter than the apertures and, accordingly, stretch the apertures and deform the material adjacent into a frusto-conical shape whereby the cans are aggressively retained against withdrawal in the direction opposite to that in which they have been inserted . . . .”. U.S. Pat. No. 2,936,070 teaches of a still further patent, the teaching of which was to address that a plastic carrier that provides a gripping section not susceptible to loss of a can through twisting and bending movements. With reference to  FIGS. 3 a  and 3 b   , resilient, flexible fingers  28  were forced upwardly (as the plastics film is placed upon a number of cans during packing), the fingers being determined by roots  30  defined partway into an inside edge portion of an aperture.  FIGS. 3 b  and 3 c    show the teaching from this prior retainer in side views, where the rounded crenulations  28  are clearly visible. U.S. Pat. No. 2,936,070 advises, in particular, that the root diameter is less than the diameter of the cans and a considerable stretching force is, nonetheless, applied to the plastic material in the vicinity of the roots in stretching the material into the frustoconical, almost cylindrical conformation shown in  FIG. 3 c   . The description further discloses that “the carrier can be assembled with cans with considerable facility, simply by stamping the carrier down over the proper number of cans. The cans simply cam into the apertures, deflecting the fingers . . . whereby the cans are gripped aggressively with the fingers abutting beneath the can beads”. Indeed, the stamping forces would have been considerable. 
     Further developments included various modifications: one proposal for an article carrier was formed from a tube which was alternately slit from side-to-side in a manner leaving un-slit connecting portions at subsequent alternate opposite sides whereby successive sections of the tube may be folded relative to each other generally into a common plane for receiving the articles to be carried. In order to economize on material, it is generally desirable to make the wall of the tube as thin as possible consistent with the required strength and durability. Thus, in such heretofore proposed structures, immediately adjacent articles in a package are spaced from each other at the area of contact with the carrier only by a double thickness of the relatively thin material. It was found that such spacing is, for many purposes, insufficient since, in practice, the closely adjacent articles such as bottles or cans would rub against each other so that the respective surfaces may be scratched or otherwise defaced. For example, it is common practice to apply a label or other decorative design by lithography or other means to beverage cans and such labelling would be damaged if the cans were permitted to rub together unduly such as when the package was subjected to continual motion or vibration during transport. U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,738 provided a solution to this problem by forming longitudinally extending rib means whereby to provide a separation spacing between cans, as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,621 taught of manufacturing a carrier by the formation of an extruded net, which net was subsequently flattened by the use of a roller to produce an apertured film of carrier stock, as shown in  FIG. 5 . U.S. Pat. No. 3,317,234 teaches of a packaging system using an upper laminate and a lower laminate. As seen with reference to  FIGS. 6 a  and 6 b   , the upper laminate comprising a first, continuous plastics layer and a second laminate comprising an apertured card layer is placed over an arrangement of bottles. The apertures of the card layer are arranged to fit over respective metal cap of a drinks bottle, the peripheral edges of the apertures being arranged to engage with the underside of the metal cap, whereby to retain the upper part of the bottle. The lower laminate being arranged to act in a similar fashion with a bottle having a characteristic waist, about which a card member of the second laminate could engage, in conjunction with a plastics layer, which enveloped a lower portion of the bottle. In a similar fashion, cans were retained by substantially similar first and second laminates, the card element of which engaging with a body-directed edge of the respective upper and lower rims of a double rimmed can. 
     In the early 1980&#39;s, there was a shift in the method of applying film stock to cans and the like. Previous forms of strip stock for circularly cylindrical containers had been provided with substantially circular apertures. In contrast teachings equivalent to or derived from U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,117 (ITW), which were designed for application by dedicated jaw and drum machinery (such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,682) utilised stock that had integrally joined band segments defining can receiving apertures in longitudinal rows and transverse ranks. The band segments included generally longitudinal outer segments with each outer segment partly bounding the can receiving apertures in an outer row. The apertures defined in such stock are generally of a triangular/D shape, primarily to assist in the mechanical placement of the stock around the rim of a can, which mechanical application necessitated the use of mechanical fingers which generally prevented the simultaneous use of such devices in any configuration other than in the provision of two-rank longitudinal rows. That is to say the cans are attached with two cans being in a side-by-side arrangement: the systems generally could not reliably operate to provide cans packed, for example in 3×3 or 3×4 or 4×4 etc arrangements. 
     In the carrier stock illustrated and described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,117, the band segments also included inner segments partly bounding the can-receiving apertures, along with transversely extending segments joining the inner segments, for finger-hold grip elements. 
     Can manufacturers have in the past introduced cans having smaller chime diameters, as compared to the diameters of the side walls. Cans of this type are known as “necked-in” cans. The newest versions of these necked-in cans further and drastically reduce the ratio of the chime diameter and the side wall diameter. When stock is applied by known procedures, the band segments defining the can receiving apertures grip the frusto-conical walls of the cans tightly and engage the lower edges of the chimes. 
     In a necked-in can of a newer type, the frusto-conical wall between the chime and the side wall defines a conical angle greater than approximately 28° and in some instances as great as approximately 37°. When the frusto-conical wall defines such a large angle relative to the can axis, it is difficult to apply carrier stock since the band segments defining the can receiving apertures have an undesirable tendency to slide up the cans and to rest on the cans above the lower edges of the chimes. This tendency is enhanced due to the jaw application system mentioned above. 
     A further problem of known systems, where great forces have been used to apply the carrier stock, that they can be difficult to remove—not only by accident; in use, especially by youngsters, has caused effervescent spillage to occur since the removal by force of a drinks can from a carrier strip has resulted in an unnecessary disturbance of the effervescent liquid inside, resulting in a spray or spillage upon a subsequent opening of the can. In EP0461748(ITW) and EP0621203 (ITW)—which address the provision of tear-open tabs, which extend upwardly across the chimes of straight-walled and conical cans, respectively, whereby to simplify release. The tabs in the later patent have concave lateral portions adjacent a stem of the tab “for stress relief”. Furthermore, both these documents involve the use of relatively thick (greater than 400 μm) and in placement around cans are stretched beyond their elastic limit. These types of carrier stock have not, however, been widely adopted. This utilises a thick plastics sheeting which is stretched beyond its elastic limit. 
     OBJECT TO THE INVENTION 
     The present invention seeks to overcome at least one problem associated with the prior art. The present invention seeks to provide a process for grouping containers such as cans and bottles whereby great stretching forces are not required to enable attachment of several containers in a six-pack or similar. The present invention also seeks to provide a carrier film which can locate with cylindrical containers and frusto-conical containers using the elastic properties of the carrier film. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, there is provided carrier stock provided with a number of apertures for holding a number of containers together, the stock comprising a thin plastics sheet material having a number of apertures arranged in at least a first direction, wherein the apertures comprise a plurality of finger elements, separated by troughs, the apertures having a centre; wherein the peak of the finger elements lie on a first circumference relative to the centre and the bottom of the troughs lie on a second circumference relative to the centre, the second circumference being equal to or greater than the circumference of the container; wherein the peaks of the fingers are operably engageable with a beading of a container as the troughs are urged downwardly and outwardly; the troughs being operable to allow the film to elastically deform upon placement and enable the film to adopt a three dimensional structure. Whilst the present invention requires at least three fingers, it has been found that a four fingered aperture benefits in terms of packaging of product by reason of the forces from the chime, through the finger, allow upward movement of film adjacent the troughs, whereby to create a wave effect. The three dimensional structure adopted by the film is analogous to a vehicular monocoque structure; the strength of the shaped stock with containers is greater than that of the otherwise flexible material. 
     Applicants have determined that at the point where the fingers meet with the underside of a beading of a container, such as the chime of a beverage can, the material is deflected in a downwards direction. Because the contact is discontinuous, this creates a three dimensional wave in the material which acts against the tabs or fingers and forces them to remain in contact with the containers. At the corners of the sheet (in the case of a four pack for example) opposite where the cut outs in the aperture are situated, because there are no downward forces, only lateral ones exerted by the effect of the fingers acting against the chimes, the material is forced into an apex at its furthest point from the can contributing to the wave effect. This combination of wave effect and apex further prevents the fingers from moving away from the underside of the chime and ensures the containers are held securely. 
     The film is conveniently manufactured from 100-300 μm thickness plastics, which plastics can be selected from the group comprising polyethylene, polyethylene derivatives and plastics materials with similar mechanical properties. The material, since it is not stretched to an extent where any occlusions or similar defects may give rise to subsequent problems, can be made from recycled plastics such as post consumer waste (PCW) plastics. In view of the stresses that are applied both in the fitting of the stock by machines and in subsequent use and transportation, previous systems always employed good quality plastics: re-cycled plastics materials (post consumer waste (PCW) material) may have inclusions within the material whereby the integrity of the stressed plastics sheet is questionable. 
     The apertured material conveniently has further reduced size apertures within the material between the container receiving apertures, such further apertures assisting in the wave effect to be defined and assists in the apertures be more simply fastened about a container. Apertures may also assist in the manual handling of completed container pack, by providing finger access apertures. Additionally, it should be borne in mind that having an increased number of apertures in the film will mean that the overall cost of material supply is reduced. 
     The apertured material can be dimensioned to fit around traditional cylindrical walled cans such as traditional baked-bean can. The apertured film can be dimensioned to fit about the necked-in cans as are typically presently produced in the beverage industry. The apertured film can be dimensioned to fit about the necks of bottles, wherein beading around the neck of a bottle can act in a similar fashion to the chime or beading of a can. The apertures can resemble a generally square-like (quadra-arcuate) aperture, with the tabs comprising slightly outwardly extending arcs. Other poly-arcuate apertures are possible, the number of tabs, however being less than ten, for containers as are commonly employed for beverages. 
     The carrier stock or film of the present invention can comprise integrally joined band segments defining can receiving apertures in longitudinal rows and transverse ranks. There may be a single longitudinal row. The band segments include generally longitudinal outer segments with each outer segment partly bounding the can receiving apertures in an outer row. In application, the carrier stock or film can be provided as a roll for use in a roll on method of applying the product, conveniently in a multi-lane format of typically but not exclusively 6 lanes wide. The sheet material is supplied on a roll and feeds into the application machine in a near continuous action, whereupon it is sub-divided within the machine into the required pack sizes, e.g. 4 packs, 6 packs etc. The method of rolling film on to the top of the container uses the downward pressure of the roller as the containers pass beneath it to gently elastically form the material through the interaction of film and container in order to achieve the aforementioned gripping action and 3 dimensional transformation of the sheet material. 
     In particular, the film after application to a number of containers defines a three dimensional shape as a direct result of the various forces acting upon the material, whereby to increase the inherent strength of the resultant product. As a direct result of the increase in strength of the applied film (in three-dimensions), a reduction in the grade and thickness of the film material can be realised: costs can be reduced because less raw material is required. Further by virtue of the machinery not being required to exert tremendous forces to enable the material to engage with containers, the specification of the packaging plant can be reduced, again reducing costs. A still further advantage is that because the machinery is less massive and can be applied without large mechanical jaws/hands (as are presently used in the industry—which impede the function of adjacently located mechanical jaws/hands), several packing streams can be simply placed in side-by-side configuration—even enabling 12-aperture rows to be manufactured. 
     Thus the present invention takes advantage of physical properties of sheet material whereby, surprisingly, containers such as beverage cans can be retained by a sheet of a thickness much reduced to the sheet widely employed hitherto which has been placed over the rim of the container, whereby a plurality of inner edges defined along an inner circumference of the aperture abut an underside of the rim, in the free state the inside circumference being less than the circumference of the can, below the rim, the sheet material, by virtue of a discontinuous circumferential contact about said rim, whereby to conform in a three-dimensional form which offers stability and strength to a container and film combination. Specifically, the three-dimensional form provides a strength far greater than that which would have been achievable with a standard film. As a direct result of its increased strength, the material of choice can be selected for price and availability rather than quality per se. 
     The above and other advantages enable the objectives of the invention to be achieved. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       Some preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: 
         FIGS. 1 a - c    show a first example of known carrier stock; 
         FIGS. 2 a, b    show a second example of known carrier stock; 
         FIG. 3 a - c    show a third example of known carrier stock; 
         FIG. 4  shows a container carrier comprising strips of material; 
         FIG. 5  shows another prior art container retaining means; 
         FIGS. 6 a, b    show card and plastics laminate container retaining means; 
         FIGS. 7 a - e    show examples of presently commonly used carrier stock; 
         FIGS. 8 a - c    show a first embodiment of a film and the same in use; 
         FIG. 9  shows a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  shows a third embodiment; 
         FIG. 11  shows a still further embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 12-12   f  detail steps in the application process; 
         FIGS. 13 a    &amp;  b  show manufacturing equipment in plan and side views; 
         FIGS. 14-15  show views of a application drum in accordance with another aspect of the invention; and, 
         FIGS. 16-21  show cans unitized with a further example of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     There will now be described, by way of example only, the best mode contemplated by the inventor for carrying out the present invention. In the following description, numerous specific details are set out in order to provide a complete understanding to the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, that the present invention may be put into practice with variations of the specific. 
     The present invention shall now be described with reference to a first embodiment as shown in  FIGS. 8 a - c   .  FIGS. 8 a  and 8 b    show first and second perspective views of an arrangement of five beer cans retained by plastics film stock having six container apertures. The plastics film is shown in plan view in  FIG. 8 c   . Each aperture  80   a  is of a general square shape, operably arranged to accept a circularly cylindrical part of a container therethrough, with four fingers or tabs  81 ,  82 ,  83  &amp;  84  extending from indentations or troughs having a web element connecting adjacent fingers. The troughs lie on a radius slightly greater than the radius of the container about which the film is designed to retain. The nails of the fingers, i.e. the portions that will abut the rim or chime of the can, are conveniently slightly curved inwardly. Indeed, in order to most closely fit about a container, the arc corresponds to an arc of a circle of a radius corresponding to a radius of the container that lies immediately adjacent the rim or chime of the container, the shape taking into account the fact that the film will adopt an undulating shape in view of the resilience of the plastics film being utilised. It is important to note that whilst the elastic properties of the film are utilised, the elastic limit of the material is not approached. 
     In use, carrier stock provided with a number of apertures for holding a number of containers together, the stock comprising a thin plastics sheet material having a number of apertures arranged in at least a first direction. The apertures comprise a plurality of finger elements, separated by troughs, the apertures having a centre. The peak of the finger elements lie on a first circumference relative to the centre whilst the bottom of the troughs (that part of the troughs most distant from the centre) lie on a second circumference relative to the centre, the second circumference being equal to or greater than the circumference of the container. In use the peaks of the fingers engage with a beading of a container whilst the troughs, as a direct result—since they are part of the same film—are urged downwardly and outwardly. In so doing the troughs urge the film to elastically form upon placement and enable the film to adopt a three dimensional structure. Whilst the number of fingers can vary from three upwards, it has been found that a four fingered aperture (or multiple finger equivalents operable to achieve the same effect) benefits in terms of packaging of product by reason of the forces from the chime, through the finger, allow upward movement of film adjacent the troughs, whereby to create a wave effect. The three dimensional structure adopted by the film is in many ways analogous to the types of structures in vehicular manufacturing i.e. the structure is a monocoque structure where the overall strength of the finished film is greater than that of the inherently flexible material. 
     Referring in particular to  FIG. 8 c   , film  80  is provided with apertures  81 , the apertures being defined by fingers  82 - 85 . One aperture  81  will now be discussed: the distance between the centres of oppositely facing fingers is approximately 90% of the diameter of the portion of the container about which the aperture will close upon, whilst the distance between opposite troughs corresponds to 110% of said diameter. As can be seen, with further reference to  FIGS. 8 a  and 8 b   , the fingers  82 - 85  abut the lower part of the chime or rim of the can and the film closely follows the necked-in portion of the container. Rather than utilising the elasticity of the material to enable containers to be retained, the film in accordance with the invention adopts a three dimensional geometrical form that enables the shape of the film to thereby provide a relatively rigid arrangement. In actual fact, rather than utilise high quality virgin plastics film of a preferred thickness in the range of 400-500 μm, the present invention can utilise recycled plastics film of a thickness of 350 μm or less. It is to be realised that whilst the weight of a single apertured film for a six-pack is of the order of a couple of grammes, globally, several thousands of tons of plastics are employed in the manufacture of container film. A reduction in the amount of plastics by 25% or more will provide a significant reduction in operating costs for any canning plant. Additionally, it is known in the art (for example EP1038791), that any buckling of a transverse web is to be minimised because of customer perception; a smooth transverse web is believed to be more aesthetically pleasing. 
     As will be appreciated, prior systems for linking containers more closely approach the elastic deformation limit of the plastics material. Indeed, in the apparatus as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,682 a machine is shown which engages a carrier strip and assembles the carrier strip with a plurality of articles moving in close relation thereto. The apparatus in Braun has a rotary drum with carrier stretching members for engaging, stretching and positioning the carrier strip over the tops of the articles moving there-under such that the carrier material is retained under the chime of the article. Similarly, in another teaching (EP0456357) it is stated that a carrier strip engaging assembly is used to elastically deform the engaged carrier strip for assembly with articles. 
     Since recycled materials are more likely to have inclusions and other faults, which can compromise the strength of material that is stretched towards an elastic limit, the industry has previously not been able to accept such materials, increasing the financial burden in the packaging industry. Not only does the present invention provide a solution which uses less raw material and is according more “environmentally friendly” than prior solutions, the raw material for the present invention can indeed comprise re-cycled material or at least have a significant recycled material content. 
     The procedure of application of the apertured film in accordance with the present invention can be conveniently formed by a number of methods. A presently preferred method will be described with reference to  FIG. 8 c   , which, for convenience shall be assumed to be receiving a can, not shown, from the right; the inside edge of finger  84  of the aperture is urged toward the under-chime (upper rim) of a can; the adjacent side fingers  81 ,  83  of the aperture are then eased over the corresponding rim parts of the can until the inside edge of the aperture opposite the first engaged side of the aperture is adjacent the rim, whereupon continuing pressure enables the inside edge of the last aperture finger  82  to engage with an underside of the rim, thereby enabling the apertured film to be simply, safely and securely engaged therewith. It will be appreciated that since significant forces would not be required to enable the apertures to be placed over containers, then the machinery need not be so massive and that three or more containers may be easily be retained by a film in accordance with the invention; previous systems cannot reliably unitize more than two containers in a process such as a fast moving production line. 
     Whilst the first example is a square aperture, it will be appreciated that a generally three fingered aperture may be provided, comprising a generally equilateral triangular configuration, and would provide a minimally fingered design with a security of retention. It will be appreciated that many polygonal form can be configured which operate in accordance with the inventions, although, a regular four-sided aperture is likely to be more readily generally accepted. Containers of other cylindrical shapes can be retained; it may be appropriate to have five, six or more fingers or tabs per aperture. Ten have been found to be a convenient limit for large domestic containers. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a portion of film  90 , with six apertures abreast, is shown, the apertures  91  being of a second regular quadrilateral shape. Further apertures or slits  92 , together with circular apertures  93  are sized and positioned to assist in the maintenance of the monocoque film shape, once containers have been retained by the film. The circular opening  93  may be formed of difference shapes or may be replaced by a number of smaller aperture, conveniently closely spaced together. In this film the shape and position of the apertures are such that the troughs between the fingers correspond with the corners of the curved sides, the distance between opposite troughs being approximately 110% the diameter of the container at the rim. 
       FIG. 10  shows a further portion of film  100 , which has generally square apertures  101 , which have fingers  102 - 105  separated by small troughs  106 - 109 . The troughs are more pronounced with respect to the troughs of  FIGS. 9 and 11 , but may be of other shapes with regard to a requirement not to induce tears in the film. Again the distance between opposite troughs is approximately 110% the diameter of the container at the rim.  FIG. 11  shows a still further embodiment, wherein each side of a generally square aperture comprises distinct arc sections  111 - 114 ; the troughs can be considered to exist at the centre of adjacent arcs  115 - 118 .  FIG. 11 a    shows a variant of the arcuate quadrilateral design wherein a substantially square aperture acts with tab elements having an inwardly facing arcuate tab.  FIGS. 11 b -11 d    show the variant of  FIG. 11 a    in use. 
     A significant advantage of the present invention is that the mechanical properties of the material are only required to be strong enough to hold the cans, and not stand up to the rigours and high stretch of the standard application processes encountered in the prior art. Not only does this have significant advantages in the manufacturing processes (reduced operating forces incur less wear for application machines and thus further reduce operating costs), and also enables the use of cheaper plastics to be employed. Indeed, recycled plastics such as low grade Post Consumer Waste (e.g. low density polyethylene—LDPE) can be employed which also satisfies the perennial demands of market requirements in that the basic consumable materials are cheaper. As discussed above, in view of the materials not needing to be stretched to particular limits, the thickness of the basic product can also be reduced i.e. the thickness can be 300 μm (or less): the issue of the presence of inclusions or not is of no consequence. A preferred thickness for such stock for prior systems in an unstressed condition has been in a range from approximately 16 mils (400 μm) to approximately 17.5 mils (445 μm). The present invention allows the use of raw material that can be purchased at far more favourable rates than specified high quality material. 
     A preferred method of application utilises a simple roll on application method as shall be disclosed in detail hereinafter; a simple machine can be utilised in manufacturing industry; since great stretching forces are not applied, lever arm and/or hydraulic operations can be minimised and the strength of the machine need not be great, as a direct result compared to systems which stretch plastics towards and beyond their elastic limits. The use of simpler and cheaper machines will also enable the systems to be operated by smaller manufacturing concerns and thereby increase markets. 
       FIGS. 12 a -12 f    show a superposition of the edges of an un-stretched aperture upon a beading  126  of a container  122 .  FIG. 12 a    shows how, in a first application step associated with retaining a number of containers with a stock of apertured plastics sheeting in accordance with the present invention. An inside tab edge  121  of the aperture abuts against an underside edge of a bead  126  of the container.  FIG. 12 b    shows how, in relation to the apertured plastics sheet stock  100  an application roller will rotate with respect to a container passing underneath in a direction perpendicular to the roller axis. The roller is not shown, although the stock is shown having an arcuate profile and will be discussed in greater detail with respect to machinery below. 
     As the roller continues to move, with reference to  FIGS. 12 c    &amp;  12   d  the side edges  123  &amp;  125  of the aperture diverge elastically to surround the sides of the container beading  126 . It will be appreciated that this figure is part cross-section in the plane of the beading  126  and part side-perspective view of the can  122 . The application forces AF, acting from a centre of the application roller, are relatively gentle—no forces which stretch the plastics sheet material beyond its elastic limit are present. 
       FIGS. 12 e  and 12 f    show corresponding plan and side view of the application process as the edge  127  is received by the rim of the container  126 —as shown, the application roller is shown as the container passes below the axis of the roller 
     As discussed above, in view of the reduced forces necessary to assemble containers, system power requirements would be reduced and energy consumption would be reduced. For example, by having the system applying film to containers in 6-12 rank widths, then packing stations can be made more compact and simplify distribution since larger widths of format negate a need to divert packs after application ready for tray packing process. A still further advantage in having a wider operating width is that the overall velocity of machinery can be reduced. Compared to a 2-rank packing system, the operating speed is one third to one sixth the speed of such 2-rank packing systems. This will have concomitant advantages in the lifetime, reliability (down-times are expensive) and cost in the conveyor, the motors and supporting equipment. Equally the demands on material would be reduced, also permitting the use of lower grade material. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 13 a    &amp;  13   b , there are shown plan and side views of an otherwise standard conveyor system  130  for the transport of containers in the form of soft-drinks cans  139  or similar. In particular, with reference to  FIG. 13 a   , the cans  139  are fed along a conveyor to an accumulation position  134  (proceeding in a direction indicated by arrow  138 ). In the accumulation position, the containers are brought towards each other in close proximity in preparation for the application of the apertured retaining sheet, performed by roller  132  which receive sheet  110  from sheeting supply system  133 . Cutting apparatus controlled between the units labelled  136  enable appropriate pack sizes to be produced. With reference to  FIG. 13 b   , sheeting supply mandrel  135  can co-operate with another mandrel (not shown) to provide a continuous supply of sheeting to the roller  132 . As is known, seamless connection of separate sheets can be performed to provide effective continuous operation, or at least almost continuous operation of the system. 
       FIGS. 14 and 16  show, respectively side and detail view of the application drum and production line conveyor arrangement.  FIGS. 17-21  show cans unitized with a further example of a carrier stock in accordance with the invention. 
     It will be appreciated that, since the containers can be arranged in 6+ wide lines, then different lines may be packaged differently using known techniques, adding variability to the production line process. Additionally, it would be possible, with appropriate channelling, to have cross over with other products (brands) whereby a perceived need for other machines/systems is not necessary. The carrier stock is formed, for example by die-cutting, from a single sheet of resilient polymeric material, such as low density polyethylene. Known carrier stock has been formed of high quality plastics sheet, such as low density polyethylene.