Abstract:
A reinforcing bar connection for concrete construction utilizes a sleeve supporting internal spring washers having flexible inner edges which engage a bar inserted in the sleeve. The reinforced inner edges of the washers bite into the bar and grip the bar preventing withdrawal. The washers have openings which permit the sleeve to be filled with a hardenable matrix such as grout or resin. In a preferred form, shoulder forming wedge grooves are formed in ends of the sleeve. The connection may be used as a dowel socket, a continuity set, or as butt end-to-end bar splice for axially aligned bar of the same or different size. The connection provides not only high compressive and tensile strengths but also will provide the dynamic and/or fatigue characteristics to qualify as Type 2 coupler approved for use in all United States earthquake zones.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/270,423, filed Feb. 21, 2001. 
     
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0002]    This invention relates generally as indicated to a reinforcing bar connection, and more particularly to a high strength reinforcing bar splice which provides not only high tensile and compressive strengths, but also has the dynamic or fatigue characteristics to qualify as a Type 2 coupler approved for all earthquake zones in the United States. The invention also relates to a method of making the connection.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    In steel reinforced concrete construction, there are generally three types of splices or connections; namely lap splices; mechanical splices; and welding. Probably the most common is the lap splice where two bar ends are lapped side-by-side and wire tied together. The bar ends are of course axially offset which creates design problems, and eccentric loading whether compressive or tensile from bar-to-bar. Welding is suitable for some bar steels but not for others and the heat may actually weaken some bars. Done correctly, it requires great skill and is expensive. Mechanical splices normally require a bar end preparation or treatment such as threading, upsetting or both. They also may require careful torquing. Such mechanical splices don&#39;t necessarily have high compressive and tensile strength, nor can they necessarily qualify as a Type 2 mechanical high fatigue strength connection.  
           [0004]    Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a high strength coupler which will qualify as a Type 2 coupler permitted anywhere in a structure in all four earthquake zones of the United States, and yet which is easy to assemble and join in the field and which does not require bar end preparation or torquing in the assembly process. It would also be desirable to have a coupler which could be assembled initially simply by sticking a bar end in an end of a coupler sleeve or by placing a coupler sleeve on a bar end.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    A reinforcing bar connection for reinforced concrete construction utilizes spring washers mounted in a sleeve. The washers have flexible inner edges which deflect when a bar end is inserted through the washers. The reinforced inner edges of the washers bite into and grip the bar end preventing withdrawal. The connection may be used as a socket in a dowel bar extension, a continuity set, or in a butt splice joining axially aligned bars of the same or different size. The sleeve with the bars locked in place is filled with a grout or other hardenable matrix. In a preferred form wedge grooves forming shoulders are formed in the ends of the sleeve. These grooves enhance the tensile elongation performance of the connection. The sleeve may have a substantial number of washers facing in opposite directions to grip bars inserted in either axial end to a stop. The connection or splice provides not only high compression and tensile strength but also the dynamic and/or fatigue strength to complete the cycle tests to qualify as a Type 2 coupler useful anywhere in a structure in all earthquake zones in the United States.  
           [0006]    To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends the invention, then, comprises the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims, the following description and the annexed drawings setting forth in detail certain illustrative embodiments of the invention, these being indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a connection with the upper half of the sleeve removed showing the finger washers in each end of the sleeve, the wedge grooves at the ends of the sleeves, and the center stop disk or washer;  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2 is a view like FIG. 1 but with the bar ends inserted;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 3 is an axial section of the sleeve as seen from the line  3 - 3  of FIG. 4 but without the washers or bars;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 4 is an end elevation of the sleeve of FIG. 3;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 5 is an axial section of another form of sleeve as seen from the line  5 - 5  of FIG. 6;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 6 is an end elevation of the sleeve of FIG. 5;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 7 is a broken perspective view of a connection useful in poured or cast concrete as an anchorage;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 8 is an axial plan view of a spring lock washer;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 9 is an edge view of the washer of FIG. 8 showing three of the eight fingers;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 10 is an enlarged axial plan view of one of the fingers;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 11 is a further enlarged view of the finger reinforcement as seen from the bottom of FIG. 10;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 12 is a radial section through the finger as seen from the line  12 - 12  of FIG. 11; and  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 13 is a broken perspective view of a connection useful in poured or cast concrete as a dowel bar, or continuity connection. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0020]    Referring initially to FIGS. 1 through 4, there is illustrated a coupling sleeve shown generally at  20 . The upper half of the sleeve has been removed for clarity of illustration in FIGS. 1 and 2. The sleeve  20  is generally cylindrical and is provided with a through hole indicated at  21  extending from end-to-end. The center of the sleeve is provided with an interior groove indicated at  22  adapted to receive a stop washer (also referred to herein as a “stop disc”) shown generally at  23 . The stop washer is thus positioned at the substantial mid-point of the sleeve. The stop washer is provided with a central opening  24  smaller than the diameter of the bars being joined, which are shown at  25  and  26  in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the bars  25  and  26  are deformed reinforcing bar for use in concrete construction and the ends of the bars shown at  27  and  28 , respectively, abut against the stop washer or disc  23 .  
         [0021]    On each side of the center groove  22  and the stop washer  23 , the uniform wall thickness portion of the sleeve  20  is provided with a number of equally spaced grooves. On the left side of the disc  23 , as seen in FIGS. 1, 2 and  3 , the uniform wall thickness center portion of the sleeve is provided with grooves seen at  30 ,  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 , and  35 . These grooves accommodate respective finger washers  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  39 ,  40  and  41 , which have their fingers shown generally at  42  oriented toward the mid-point of the sleeve  20  (toward the stop washer  23 ).  
         [0022]    On the opposite side of the stop washer, the uniform wall thickness center section of the sleeve is provided with interior grooves seen at  44 ,  45 ,  46 ,  47 ,  48  and  49 . These six grooves accommodate finger washers  52 ,  53 ,  54 ,  55 ,  56  and  57 , respectively. These finger washers  52  through  57  in the equally spaced grooves are, however, oriented so that the fingers shown generally at  59  extend oppositely from the fingers  42  of the finger washers  36 - 41 , that is, also toward the center stop washer  23 . In this manner, the two sets of finger washers, six in each set, equally spaced along the uniform wall thickness center section of the sleeve are oriented or face in opposite directions.  
         [0023]    The ends of the sleeve  20  beyond the uniform wall thickness center section are provided with tapered wedge shaped grooves as seen at  62 ,  63  and  64  on the left hand end and at  66 ,  67  and  68  on the right hand end, as illustrated. Each of the respective wedge shaped grooves forms a right angle stop shoulder. The stop shoulders formed by the wedge shaped grooves  62 ,  63  and  64  are shown at  70 ,  71  and  72 , respectively. The stop shoulders on the right hand end as illustrated are shown at  74 ,  75  and  76  for the wedge shape grooves  66 ,  67  and  68 , respectively.  
         [0024]    As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the sleeve  20  may be provided with small ports seen at  80  and  81  on each side of the center stop washer or disc  23 . This permits a hardenable matrix such as grout or epoxy resin, for example, to be injected into the sleeve after the bars  25  and  26  are in place. Examples of a suitable hardenable matrixes are Ciba&#39;s 4036/RP1500 epoxy system and Erico&#39;s HY10L grout.  
         [0025]    Because of the orientation of the fingers, the bar shown at  25  may be inserted into the left hand end of the sleeve  20  seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, and the fingers  42  of the spring finger washers will deflect toward the center of the coupling permitting the bar to be inserted until the bar end  27  abuts against the center stop disc  23 . The opposite orientation of the fingers of the washers on the opposite side permits the same thing with regard to the bar  26  and its end  28 . Thus, both bars may be readily inserted into the opposite ends of the sleeve to abut against the center stop disc  23 . However, the reinforced fingers of the washers will bite into the bar exterior surfaces and preclude withdrawal. When the sleeve is filled with the hardenable matrix such as the grout or epoxy, the splice is complete. It will, however, be appreciated that the splice can be accomplished either by inserting the bar ends into the sleeve or inserting the sleeve over at least one bar end.  
         [0026]    The wedge grooves and axially outwardly facing shoulders at each end of the sleeve enhance the dynamic and/or fatigue strength characteristics of the coupling. It has been found that near the ultimate strength of the bar, the bar shrinks somewhat due to the Poisson effect and pulls away from the hardenable matrix. The configuration described above in elongation the hardenable matrix core tends to pull away from the wall of the sleeve at the end of the coupling as the coupling elongates and this structure enables the elongation without destructive consequences.  
         [0027]    While the splice of FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrates a set of six spring finger washers on opposite sides of the center stop disc oppositely oriented, it will be appreciated that more or fewer may be employed. There should be at least three washers in each end of the sleeve and it will be appreciated that a total of more than six may be employed. It will also be appreciated that the washers in each end of the sleeve may not be of the same interior size. Thus, the oppositely arranged washer sets may accommodate reinforcing bar of different diameters thus providing a transition splice from one size bar to another.  
         [0028]    Referring now to FIG. 5, there is illustrated another form of sleeve shown generally at  84  which has a substantially uniform wall thickness throughout. The sleeve is provided with a through-hole or opening  85  and the mid-point of the sleeve is provided with an interior groove indicated at  86 . Equally spaced on opposite sides of the center groove  86  are two sets of interior grooves shown at  87  and  88 . In each set, there are sixteen equally spaced grooves which will accommodate sixteen equally spaced finger washers. The two sets of washers in each end will be oppositely oriented. Thus, each end of the splice may have as few as three washers in the set or as many as six, eight, ten or even sixteen or more. Again, with the washers in place and the bar ends inserted, the sleeve is filled with a hardenable matrix such as epoxy resin, grout or cement paste.  
         [0029]    Referring now to FIG. 7, there is illustrated the connection of the present invention used as an anchorage connection shown generally at  90  in poured concrete  91 . The connection  90  includes a sleeve  92  which may be approximately half the axial length of the sleeve seen in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2. The sleeve is provided with a blind-hole  94  having an opening  95 . The opposite end of the sleeve is closed by circular anchor plate  96 . The plate  96  has a diameter larger than the sleeve and closes the blind end of the opening or hole  94 . The plate  96  may be secured to the end of the sleeve as by welding.  
         [0030]    The sleeve  92  includes in its inner uniform wall thickness section  97  equally spaced interior grooves  98 ,  99 ,  100 ,  101 ,  102  and  103 , in which are mounted spring finger washers  105 ,  106 ,  107 ,  108 ,  109 , and  110 , respectively. The spring finger washers are oriented in the same manner as the right hand set in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 to permit a deformed reinforcing bar to be inserted into the opening  95  through the spring fingers of the washers and to bottom out against the interior of the anchor plate  96 .  
         [0031]    The outer end of the sleeve is provided with the three wedge grooves seen at  111 ,  112  and  113 , which form the respective shoulders  114 ,  115  and  116 . The outer or open end of the sleeve is provided with a flange  118  having holes  119  therein to enable the connection to be mounted on a form, not shown, which forms the concrete surface  120 . The connection is simply secured to the form in the desired location by fasteners through the holes  119 . The opening  95  may be plugged to prevent concrete paste intrusion into the interior of the sleeve. When the concrete form is removed after the concrete  91  hardens and the plug is removed, the opening  95  will be exposed at the concrete surface. A anchorage bar may then be inserted into the open end of the sleeve, forced through the fingers of the finger washer set, until the end of the bar contacts the interior of the anchor plate  96 . The sleeve may then be filled with a hardenable matrix such as the noted grout or epoxy resin. In this manner, an anchorage bar may be anchored into the surface  120  of the previously poured concrete.  
         [0032]    Referring now to FIGS. 8 through 12, it will be seen that the spring finger washer shown generally at  36  is provided with a circular rim  124 , which fits within the appropriate groove inside the sleeve. In the illustrated embodiment, the washer  36  is provided with eight inwardly projecting reinforced fingers shown at  126 ,  127 ,  128 ,  129 ,  130 ,  131 ,  132  and  133 . The detail of the fingers is seen more clearly in FIGS. 10, 11 and  12 .  
         [0033]    It should be noted that each finger shown in FIG. 8 is separated from the adjacent finger in a clockwise direction by a substantially open V-shape window which provides substantial openings through the spring finger washers to permit the hardenable matrix to flow around a reinforcing bar inserted into the connection and axially along the sleeve. These V-shape windows are shown at  135 ,  136 ,  137 ,  138 ,  139 ,  140 ,  141  and  142 , reading clockwise around the washer from the finger  126 . These openings are formed by bending the inwardly projecting edges of each finger as seen at  144  and  145  in FIGS. 9, 10 and  11 , to form each finger into a general channel-shape. The radially extending bent edges of the fingers are provided with a pointed or chiseled edge indicated at  146  and  147 , respectively, literally designed to bite into the bar as the inner edge of the finger deflects due to bar insertion. Each finger is additionally reinforced by a radially inwardly extending barrel vaulted section  150  extending inwardly from the half dome section  151 , which is radially inwardly spaced from the rim  124 .  
         [0034]    As will be noted from FIGS. 8 and 10, the interior opening of the washer is not completely circular, and that each tooth presents a shallow V-shape configuration with the teeth  146  and  147  formed by the reinforcements  144  and  145  projecting radially further inwardly as seen at  153  and  154  than the center of the tooth as seen at  155 .  
         [0035]    When the washers are inserted in the mounting grooves in the interior of the sleeve and properly oriented, the fingers will be positioned to deflect as a bar is inserted, but bite into that bar to prevent withdrawal. The filling of the sleeve with a hardenable matrix such as the noted grout or resin completes the connection to form a connection having not only high compression and tensile strength, but also sufficient fatigue strength or characteristics to complete the cycle tests to qualify as a Type 2 coupler useful anywhere in any structure in any of the earthquake zones of the United States.  
         [0036]    Referring now to FIG. 13, there is illustrated the connection of the present invention used as a dowel bar connection or continuity connection shown generally at  190  in poured concrete  191 . The connection  190  includes a sleeve  192  which may be similar in length and interior configuration to the sleeve seen in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2. The sleeve  192  is provided at a first end  193  with a hole  194  having an opening  195 .  
         [0037]    The first end  193  includes in its inner uniform wall thickness section  197  equally spaced interior grooves  198 ,  199 ,  200 ,  201 ,  202  and  203 , in which are mounted spring finger washers  205 ,  206 ,  207 ,  208 ,  209 , and  210 , respectively. The outer end of the sleeve is provided with the three wedge grooves seen at  211 ,  212  and  213 , which form the respective shoulders  214 ,  215  and  216 . The outer or open end of the sleeve is provided with a flange  218  having holes  219  therein to enable the connection to be mounted on a form, not shown, which forms the concrete surface  220 . The spring finger washers  205 - 210  are oriented in the same manner as the right hand set in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 to permit a deformed reinforcing bar to be inserted into the opening  195  through the spring fingers of the washers and to bottom out against a stop disc  223 , which resides in a center groove  222 .  
         [0038]    A second end  224  of the sleeve  192  includes means to secure a reinforcing bar  225 . The securing means includes grooves  230 ,  231 ,  232 ,  233 ,  234 , and  235  which accommodate respective finger washers  236 ,  237 ,  238 ,  239 ,  240 , and  241 , which secure the bar  225  in a manner similar to that as described above with regard to the left hand set in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. The second end  224  also has stop shoulders formed at  270 ,  271 , and  272 . Ports at  280  and  281  may be provided to permit entry of the hardenable matrix.  
         [0039]    The sleeve is secured onto the bar  225  in a manner which may be similar to the described above with regard to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. Then the connection may be simply secured to the form in the desired location by fasteners through the holes  219 . The opening  195  may be plugged to prevent concrete paste intrusion into the interior of the sleeve. When the concrete form is removed after the concrete  191  hardens and the plug is removed, the opening  195  will be exposed at the concrete surface. A dowel bar or continuation bar may then be inserted into the open end of the sleeve, forced through the fingers of the finger washer set, until the end of the bar contacts the stop disc  223 . The sleeve may then be filled with a hardenable matrix such as the noted grout or epoxy resin. In this manner, a continuation bar or dowel is anchored into the surface  220  of the previously poured concrete. This may be used in continuing pours, dowel bar connections, or the construction of continuation reinforcing from pour-to-pour in conventional concrete construction. With an additional bar inserted into the exposed end of the sleeve, the sleeve then is further filled with a hardenable matrix such as the grout or epoxy resin. After the connection is made, further pours will embed the additional rod in further concrete.  
         [0040]    Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to certain preferred embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification. The present invention includes all such equivalent alterations and modifications, and is limited only be the scope of the claims.