Abstract:
A method for operating a power plant is disclosed. The power plant includes a power machine and a flue gas flow path following downstream of the power machine. A flue gas flow path is scavenged with fresh air before the flue gas flow path is acted upon with flue gas. To carry out the scavenging operation, air is extracted from a pressure accumulator and the air is introduced into the flue gas flow path downstream of the power machine. The power machine can be an exhaust gas heat exchanger.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/635,516 filed on Dec. 8, 2006, which is a continuation application under 35 U.S.C. §120 of International Application No. PCT/EP2005/052595, filed Jun. 7, 2005 designating the U.S., and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to German Application No. 10 2004 028 531.4, filed Jun. 11, 2004. The entire contents of all three of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    A method for operating a power plant is disclosed, including a power plant for carrying out the method. 
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0003]    It is known to scavenge the exhaust gas tract of gas turbines or gas turbo groups with fresh air after a standstill before the flue gases take action. This avoids the situation where combustible gases, which may potentially accumulate during lengthy standstill phases, ignite when the plant is put into operation. The importance of this scavenging operation comes to the fore particularly when the arrangement of exhaust gas heat exchangers in the flue gas tract of a gas turbo group or of another thermal power engine provides large volumes in which ignitable gas mixtures may potentially accumulate. For example, in combined-cycle power plants, to drive the gas turbo group for several minutes without firing before the gas turbo group is put into operation, in order thereby to generate a flow of fresh air through the waste-heat recovery steam generator. Only when the volume of the waste-heat recovery steam generator has been conveyed, for example, five times by the gas turbo group does an ignition of the gas turbo group take place. On account of the limited maximum throughput through the gas turbo group, such an operation takes up several minutes, typically of the order of ten minutes to 20 minutes. The result of this is that power plants of this type can deliver power to the network, from standstill, only after a comparatively long delay time. In air accumulator plants, too, the stored fluid is in most instances heated in an exhaust gas heat exchanger before it is supplied to the expansion machine. Accordingly, even these plants, which are intended per se for covering peak load and in which short start-up times are therefore desirable, can deliver to the network only after delay. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Applicant has disclosed a method for operating a power plant which can remedy these problems. An exemplary method as disclosed can avoid these and other disadvantages of the prior art. In one aspect, the disclosed exemplary method can be employed to drastically reduce the waiting times for putting a power plant into operation which are caused by the scavenging operation. 
         [0005]    One aspect of the disclosed method, therefore, is not to convey the air required for carrying out the scavenging operation by means of the power engine preceding the flue gas flow path or to supply this air to the flue gas flow path through the power engine, but, instead, to extract the air required for carrying out the scavenging operation, under pressure, from an accumulator volume and to supply it to the flue gas flow path essentially directly, that is to say bypassing preceding power engines. The disclosed method is suitable most especially for the scavenging of exhaust gas heat exchangers, in particular of waste-heat recovery steam generators, which are arranged in the flue gas flow path and which serve, for example, for the generation of fresh steam for the steam circuit of a combined-cycle plant or for the generation of process steam or heating steam, or of air preheaters, such as serve, for example for supplying heat to the accumulator fluid of air accumulator plants. 
         [0006]    The disclosed method is suitable particularly for use in air accumulator plants having an accumulator volume which is filled with compressed air. The air which is required for scavenging the flue gas flow path can in this case be extracted directly from the accumulator volume of the pressure accumulator plant. If, in a simple gas turbine plant or a combined-cycle plant, such an accumulator volume is absent, an accumulator vessel may advantageously be arranged above ground or below ground, which is connected to a charging compressor. The accumulator volume is then advantageously designed such that its standard volume, that is to say its accumulator capacity with respect to the ambient pressure, amounts to 5 to 30 times the volume to be scavenged. A piston compressor or screw compressor may then be used, for example, as a charging compressor and can charge this accumulator volume to the nominal pressure within a time span of, for example, one hour. 
         [0007]    In one exemplary embodiment of the method, the air is introduced into the flue gas flow path directly upstream of an exhaust gas heat exchanger. In another exemplary embodiment of the method, in a power plant in which a firing device is arranged downstream of the power engine and upstream of an exhaust gas heat exchanger, the air is introduced upstream of the firing device into the flow path leading from the power engine to the firing device. 
         [0008]    In a further exemplary embodiment of the method, during the scavenging operation, the power engine is set in movement, that is to say, for example, a turbine is rotated. As a result, in addition to the first air mass flow which is extracted from the pressure accumulator and is introduced into the flow path downstream of the power engine, a second air mass flow is conveyed through the flue gas flow path. For example, when the power engine and the accumulator fluid expansion machine are identical, that is to say when, in stationary operation, the accumulator fluid mass flow expanded in the expansion machine is supplied to an exhaust gas heat exchanger on the primary side, a second air mass flow is conducted out of the accumulator volume into the expansion machine during the method. 
         [0009]    An exemplary power plant suitable for carrying out the disclosed exemplary methods comprises a line with a shut-off member, said line leading from the pressure accumulator to the flue gas flow path and, in particular, to the primary-side flow path of an exhaust gas heat exchanger. In the framework of the statements made here, moreover, that part of a heat exchanger through which the heat-emitting fluid flows is designated as the primary side. Correspondingly, that part through which the heat-absorbing fluid flows is designated as the secondary side. In one embodiment of this power plant, a flow path leads from the pressure accumulator through a secondary-side flow path of the exhaust gas heat exchanger and from there to an accumulator fluid expansion machine. In this exemplary embodiment, the first air mass flow which is extracted for scavenging the exhaust gas heat exchanger can be branched off upstream of the secondary-side flow path of the exhaust gas heat exchanger. 
         [0010]    In one exemplary embodiment of the power plant, the output from the accumulator fluid expansion machine leads to the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger. Accordingly, the accumulator fluid expansion machine and the power machine, which is arranged upstream of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, may be identical. Such a pressure accumulator plant is known, for example, from DE 102 58 594, which publication in this respect is incorporated by reference in the present disclosure, constituting an integral part of the present disclosure. It is also known, further, from this publication to arrange a firing device in the flow path of the accumulator fluid. From DE 44 10 440, it is known, moreover, to arrange an exhaust gas heat exchanger in the exhaust gas flow of a gas turbo group and to conduct the accumulator fluid of a pressure accumulator plant through this exhaust gas heat exchanger, where the accumulator fluid is heated by means of the exhaust gas heat of the gas turbo group. Applicant&#39;s disclosure can also be employed effectively in this case. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0011]    The invention is explained in more detail below by means of exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing in which, in particular: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  shows a first example of a power plant suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  shows a second example of a power plant suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  shows a further example of a power plant suitable for implementing the method according to the invention; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  shows a fourth example of a power plant suitable for implementing the method according to the invention. 
       
    
    
       [0016]    The exemplary embodiments and the figures should be understood as being explanatory and should not be used to restrict the disclosed subject matter. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary power plant. An exemplary gas turbo group  1  comprises a compressor  101 , a combustion chamber  102  and a turbine  103 . The type of construction of the gas turbo group is in this case not essential to the invention; it will be possible, for example, readily to make use of a multi-shaft arrangement of a gas turbo group or else a gas turbine with sequential combustion, as is known from EP 620 362. The gas turbo group drives a generator  104  for generating useful electrical power. In the flue gas flow path of the expanded flue gases flowing out of the turbine  103 , an exhaust gas heat exchanger  202  is arranged. The hot flue gases flow through the latter on its primary side. On the secondary side, a fluid stored under pressure in an accumulator volume  201  can be conducted through the heat exchanger  202 . The mass flow of the accumulator fluid is controlled by the accumulator fluid actuating member  7 . The accumulator fluid flows through the exhaust gas heat exchanger in countercurrent to the flue gas and in this case absorbs heat from the flue gases. The heated accumulator fluid is expanded in the accumulator fluid expansion turbine  203  so as to perform work. The turbine  203  drives the generator  204  which likewise generates a useful electrical power. The accumulator volume  201 , the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 , the turbine  203  and the generator  204  together form a pressure accumulator plant  2 . It is basically possible, and is also known from the prior art, to arrange the gas turbo group  1  and the accumulator fluid expansion turbine  203  on a common shafting, the gas turbo group  1  and the accumulator fluid expansion machine  203  acting on a common generator. In times of low electricity demand and correspondingly low power prices, the compressor arrangement  3  is operated in order to fill the accumulator volume  201  with compressed air which, in times of high electricity demand and correspondingly high power prices, is available again for electricity generation by means of the turbine  203  and the generator  204 . The compressor arrangement  3  comprises a first compressor  301 , a first cooler  302 , a second compressor  303  and a second cooler  304  and, furthermore, a nonreturn member  306  and a motor  305 . The compressors  301  and  303  are arranged together with the motor  305  on a common shaft. When the compressor arrangement  3  is in operation, air is sucked in by the compressor  301  and compressed, cooled in the first cooler  302 , compressed further in the second compressor  303 , cooled once again in the second cooler  304  and conveyed to the accumulator volume  201  via the nonreturn member  306 . The nonreturn member  306  prevents the backflow of fluid from the accumulator volume  201  in the compressor train. After a plant standstill, the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202  has to be scavenged before the gas turbo group  1  is put into operation. This avoids the situation where combustible gases, which have potentially collected on the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, ignite when the combustion chamber  102  is ignited. For this purpose, according to the prior art, the gas turbo group  1  is driven by the motively operated generator  104 , with the result that a flow through the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger is induced. The fresh air mass flow available in this case is limited. The scavenging of the exhaust gas heat exchanger therefore takes up several minutes. In this case, the power plant illustrated can deliver power to the network only with a long delay. In the power plant illustrated in  FIG. 1 , therefore, a line  8  branches off from the flow path of the accumulator fluid and issues, upstream of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, in the flue gas flow path of the gas turbo group  1 . A firing device may also be arranged between the turbine  103  of the gas turbo group  1  and the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 ; the scavenging air line  8  can then issue, upstream or downstream of the firing device, in the flue gas flow path. The line may be closed or opened by means of a shut-off and/or actuating member  9 . According to the invention, when the plant is started up, the shut-off member  9  is opened. At the same time, the gas turbo group  1  can be driven by the electromotively operated generator  104 . In addition to the mass flow conveyed by the gas turbo group, accumulator fluid then flows out of the accumulator volume  201  through the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 . The fresh air mass flow then available for scavenging the exhaust gas heat exchanger amounts to a multiple of that which is provided by the gas turbo group driven empty. For this reason, the time necessary for scavenging the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger is appreciably reduced, and the power plant can deliver power to the electricity network more quickly. After the scavenging of the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 , the shut-off member  9  is closed again. The further start-up operation of the power plant is then carried out in a way known to a person skilled in the art. 
         [0018]    In the exemplary power plant illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the gas turbo group is omitted. Compressed air stored in the accumulator volume  201  flows via the actuating member  7  into the secondary-side flow path of the heat exchanger  202 . The accumulator fluid is heated there in heat exchange with a flue gas flowing on the primary side of the heat exchanger. The heated accumulator fluid flows to the accumulator fluid expansion turbine  203  where the accumulator fluid is expanded so as to perform work. The shaft power generated in this case serves for driving the generator  204 . The expanded accumulator fluid flows into a firing device  205  and is heated there. The hot flue gas occurring flows into the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202  and, when it flows through, is cooled in heat exchange with the accumulator fluid, before it flows out into the surroundings through a chimney  4 . In the power plant illustrated in the exemplary embodiment, when the power plant is put into operation again after a standstill the actuating member  7  can be opened a specific amount for the necessary scavenging of the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 , with the result that accumulator fluid flows through the turbine  203 , the firing device  205  and the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202  and thus ensures that combustible gases are no longer contained there. At the same time, the shut-off member  9  is opened, with the result that additional accumulator fluid is conducted via the line  8  into the flow path downstream of the turbine  203 . This accumulator fluid can be introduced upstream of the firing device, but, as illustrated by the dashed line, can also be introduced into the flue gas flow path directly upstream of the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 . Introducing the scavenging air upstream of the firing device  205  has the advantage in this case that, by means of the air introduced there, the firing device can be put into operation at a very early stage in the start-up operation and the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202  can be preheated, with the result that the start-up times can be further reduced. 
         [0019]    The exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3  corresponds, in terms of carrying out the scavenging operation for the primary side of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 , essentially to what has already been discussed in connection with  FIG. 2 . However, the power plant illustrated here differs in terms of the accumulator fluid expansion machine. This corresponds essentially to a type of construction also known from DE 102 58 594. Accumulator fluid flows through the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202  on the secondary side before it is partly expanded in a first turbine  206 . The partly expanded accumulator fluid flows to a combustion chamber  207  where it is heated as a result of the combustion of a fuel. The flue gas occurring is expanded further in the turbine  203  and flows through the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202  on the primary side, in countercurrent to the accumulator fluid, the flue gas being cooled in heat exchange with the accumulator fluid flowing on the secondary side. Of course, as proposed in DE 102 58 594, a further firing device may be arranged between the turbine  203  and the primary-side flow path of the exhaust gas heat exchanger  202 . The issue of the scavenging fluid which is routed via the line  8  and the shut-off member  9  may then likewise take place upstream or downstream of the firing device. 
         [0020]      FIG. 4  exemplifies an application of the disclosed method with reference to a combined-cycle plant. The combined-cycle plant comprises the gas turbo group  1  and the water/steam circuit  4 . The water/steam circuit comprises a waste-heat recovery steam generator  402  through which the flue gas from the gas turbo group  1  flows on the primary side. A boiler feed pump  409  conveys a feed water mass flow through the secondary-side flow paths of the waste-heat recovery steam generator  402 . Fresh steam is generated from the feed water by means of the exhaust gas heat of the gas turbo group and is supplied to a steam turbine  403  via a fresh steam actuating member  407 . In the steam turbine  403 , the steam is expanded so as to perform work, and a generator  404  is driven by means of the useful power thus generated. It is also known in the prior art for the steam turbine  403  and the gas turbo group  1  to be of single-shaft design such that they act on a common generator. The expanded steam is condensed in a condenser  408 , and the condensate occurring is supplied to the boiler feed pump  409  again. The water/steam circuit is in this case illustrated in greatly simplified form. Moreover, the embodiment of the water/steam circuit is not essential to the invention. The steam could just as well be used for process or heating purposes. In conventional combined-cycle plants, the waste-heat recovery steam generator  402  has to be scavenged before the gas turbo group  1  is started, wherein the gas turbo group  1  is set in rotation and therefore a flow through the waste-heat recovery steam generator is induced. As illustrated initially, this operation takes up several minutes. In the power plant illustrated, an air accumulator  201  is arranged, which is filled with compressed air by a compressor arrangement  3 . Accordingly, for scavenging the primary-side flow path of the waste-heat recovery steam generator  402 , the shut-off member  9  is opened and air is introduced from the accumulator  201  through the line  8  into the flue gas flow path of the gas turbo group. The scavenging air mass flow achievable here is substantially greater than the air mass flow which can be achieved when the gas turbo group is rotated at a limited rotational speed. The scavenging operation is thereby terminated substantially more quickly. That is to say, the combustion chamber  102  of the gas turbo group can be ignited earlier, with the result that the combined-cycle plant can be connected to the network more quickly. As compared with the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the above figures, the accumulator volume  201  is substantially smaller because the stored air does not serve for power generation, but for scavenging the exhaust gas tract in the gas turbo group  1 . It may be assumed, as a rule of thumb, that, for scavenging the waste-heat recovery steam generator  402 , the volume of the latter should be replaced about five times. The result of this is that the air mass stored in the accumulator volume  201  should be greater than five times the content of the steam generator  402 . Values of between five times and thirty times can be selected. This makes it possible, after a possibly faulty starting attempt, to scavenge the waste-heat recovery steam generator  402  a second time with air stored in the accumulator volume  201 . The charging compressors  3  may also be configured correspondingly for relatively low mass flows. For example, piston compressors or screw compressors may be employed here. 
         [0021]    Exemplary embodiments described above and the drawing also open up to a person skilled in the art embodiments of the invention which differ from the exemplary embodiments and which are contained in the scope of the patent claims. The invention, as characterized in the claims, is likewise suitable for scavenging the exhaust gas tract of a simple gas turbo group. 
         [0022]    It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the exemplary circuit breakers described here can be embodied in various specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalence thereof are intended to be embraced. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS 
       [0000]    
       
           1  Gas turbo group 
           2  Pressure accumulator plant 
           3  Compressor plant 
           4  Chimney 
           7  Accumulator fluid actuating member 
           8  Scavenging air line 
           9  Shut-off member 
           101  Compressor 
           102  Combustion chamber 
           103  Turbine 
           104  Generator 
           201  Pressure accumulator, accumulator volume 
           202  Heat exchanger, exhaust gas heat exchanger 
           203  Accumulator fluid expansion machine 
           204  Generator 
           205  Firing device 
           206  Accumulator fluid expansion machine 
           207  Combustion chamber 
           301  Compressor 
           302  Cooler 
           303  Compressor 
           304  Cooler 
           305  Motor 
           306  Nonreturn member 
           402  Exhaust gas heat exchanger, waste-heat recovery steam generator 
           403  Steam turbine 
           404  Generator 
           407  Fresh steam actuating member 
           408  Condenser 
           409  Feed pump