Abstract:
A hydrostatic transmission includes a fan and pulley, attached to the input drive shaft, the fan and pulley being connected by a coupling device and including aligned air flow holes for drawing the air into the fan. The fan has several types of blades for directing the inflowing air downwardly and outwardly and in cooperation with radially curved fins cast in the transmission casing directly below the fan such that the helical air flow pattern developed by the fan and pulley is helically drawn over the transmission to effect efficient cooling thereof with fresh cool air.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention generally relates to hydrostatic transmissions and transaxles and, more particularly, is concerned with a fan and pulley arrangement for providing external cooling for a hydrostatic transmission or transaxle of either the radial piston or swash-plate type. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Hydrostatic transmissions transmit rotary mechanical motion, typically from an internal combustion engine, to fluid motion, then back to rotary mechanical motion to rotate a pair of drive axles in order to drive a vehicle such as a lawn and garden mower or tractor. The hydrostatic transmission regulates or controls the output rotary mechanical motion such that varying output speeds in the forward and reverse directions are possible with a single speed input rotary mechanical motion. This type of hydrostatic transmission is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,583 entitled Variable Speed Transaxle, issued Dec. 25, 1990, and pending application Ser. No. 07/535,462 entitled Variable Speed Transaxle filed Jun. 8, 1990 both of which are specifically incorporated by reference herein. 
     Because of the circulating oil within the hydrostatic unit, it is necessary to provide external cooling to maintain the oil at a proper temperature and to ensure that the unit does not become overheated which can degrade the oil or the performance of the hydrostatic transmission. External cooling is typically done by circulating air over the transmission casing in order to dissipate the heat conducted from the oil to the casing into the moving air. 
     Prior art solutions to external cooling have typically included providing a fan attached to the input shaft which rotates with the shaft thereby circulating air over the transmission casing. Some prior art solutions have also included, in addition to the provision of a fan, straight ribs formed on the transmission casing to increase the surface area in order to dissipate more heat as the fan blows air over the ribs. These prior art ribs, instead of providing more efficient cooling, actually act as impediments to proper and efficient air flow over the transmission casing. This may cause an excess buildup of heat since the air flow generated by the fan is generally helical while the ribs formed on the transmission casing are straight, thus the helical air flow generated by the fan must undergo a change in direction as it deflects off of the ribs causing air turbulence over the transmission casing and between the fan and ribs, thereby recirculating the heated air rather than providing fresh, cool air. Therefore, continuous cooler air is not circulated over the transmission casing which would provide faster and more efficient cooling. 
     Thus, these prior art solutions often do not provide adequate cooling of the transmission and therefore the hydrostatic transmissions may suffer performance and life expectancy degradation due to undissipated heat buildup within the transmission because of the inadequate external cooling. 
     The present invention is thus directed towards eliminating the aforementioned problems associated with external cooling of hydrostatic transmissions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides in a hydrostatic transmission, a bladed fan drivingly coupled to the input drive shaft including a pulley in a mutually cooperative air flow relationship thereto, the transmission casing including fins radially curved in the direction of the helical air flow pattern produced by the bladed fan. 
     The present invention solves the aforementioned problems by providing external fins on the casing which cooperate with the specially bladed fan and pulley to assist and direct the helical air flow pattern generated by the fan and pulley over the transmission casing such that air turbulence is minimized. The minimization of turbulence allows the generated air flow pattern to more smoothly and efficiently flow over and away from the transmission casing thus dissipating more heat for a given amount of air quantity and flow. 
     In the preferred form of the transmission, a central hub is splined onto the drive shaft onto which is bolted the bladed fan and pulley. The pulley and fan include aligned air intake holes radially inwardly of the outward blades of the fan to draw in air from the top of the pulley and through the fan blades. Three different blades are arranged on the fan to direct some of the air inwardly and downwardly while a portion of the air is directed outwardly and downwardly providing a parallel air flow pattern onto the transmission casing. 
     It is an advantage of the present invention that a larger volume of air is efficiently passed over the casing such that more heat is dissipated from the transmission casing. 
     A hydrostatic transmission comprises a housing having an input aperture and external radially projecting fins outwardly curved from the input aperture in a generally helical fashion, an input drive shaft extending through the input aperture, a hydrostatic unit within the housing operably connected to the input drive shaft, and a fan disposed on the input drive shaft external to the housing, the fan including a plurality of downwardly extending blades for producing a helical air flow pattern over the radially projecting fins. 
     It is further an object of the present invention to provide an improved external fan assembly for a hydrostatic transmission capable of providing a large amount of useable air flow over the casing. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above mentioned and other features and objects of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a horizontal sectional view showing a variable transaxle in accordance with the a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a partially cut away end view of the variable speed transaxle; 
     FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the track ring capturing arrangement in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the pivot pin bolt taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 15; 
     FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of the control guide assembly; 
     FIG. 6 is an end view of the control guide; 
     FIG. 6A is an elevational view of the control guide; 
     FIG. 7 is a plan view of the ring guide; 
     FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view of the dump valve assembly taken along line 8--8 of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 9 is a plan view of the pulley; 
     FIG. 10 is a plan view of the input drive coupling; 
     FIG. 11 is a bottom view of the fan; 
     FIG. 12 is a top view of the fan; 
     FIG. 13 is a fragmentary plan view of the upper transaxle housing over the input drive portion depicting the cast-in cooling vanes; 
     FIG. 14 is an elevational view of the pump track ring pivot pin; 
     FIG. 15 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the dashed circular portion of FIG. 1 showing the connection of the pivot pin; and 
     FIG. 16 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the oil seal. 
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention, in one form thereof, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown a variable speed hydrostatic transaxle (HST) 20 in accordance with the principles of the present invention. HST 20 includes a hydraulic or hydrostatic unit 21 housed in a lower transaxle casing 22 having bolt holes 23, the hydrostatic unit 21 including a pump 24 and motor 26, being described in detail hereinbelow, for transferring rotary motion from an energy source such as an internal combustion engine (not shown) to the drive wheels of a vehicle (not shown) in which the HST 20 is installed. The drive wheels (not shown) are drivingly connected to the hydrostatic unit 21 through a succession of gearing beginning with an output member 28 axially connected to motor 26 so as to rotate therewith. Output member 28 is drivingly connected to an output shaft 30 seated in the transaxle casing of which only lower transaxle casing 22 is shown in FIG. 1, while pinion gear 36 is disposed on output shaft 30 which meshes with an output gear 37 disposed on a transfer shaft 38 supported by bearings 40 and 41. Disposed on transfer shaft 38 is a transfer gear 42 imparting its rotational energy to differential 44 for driving right and left axle shafts 46 and 47 each respectively supported in lower transaxle casing 22 by right and left axle bearings 48 and 49. Differential 44 includes a ring gear 50 meshed with transfer gear 42, a transverse shaft 51 and bevel gears 52, 53, 54, and 55, which are drivingly connected to right axle shaft 46 and left axle shaft 47. Surrounding differential 44 and the gearing is an oil chamber 56, which is separated from the chamber for the hydrostatic unit 21, and serves as a reservoir of oil to lubricate the differential 44. Thus as the motor 26 rotates, the motion is transferred to the axle shafts 46 and 47 to turn the wheels (not shown) attached thereto in order to drive the vehicle. Since the oil chamber 56 is separate from the hydrostatic unit 21, it is necessary to ensure that the oil from oil chamber 56 does not mix with the oil in the hydrostatic unit 21 to avoid contamination of this hydrostatic oil. Thus, there is radially provided on output shaft 30 a double-lipped oil seal 31 located adjacent output member 28. Referring to FIG. 16, the double-lipped oil seal 31 is essentially W-shaped having two lips 34 and 35 which are urged into contact with the surface of output shaft 30 by annular spring clip 32 and annular retainers 33. The retainers 33 hold lips 34 and 35 against shaft 30 while spring clip 32 urges the bowed center portion 39 inwardly. The double-lipped construction o oil seal 31 thus prevents the flow of oil from the differential side of the transaxle to the hydrostatic unit side, and vice versa. 
     The hydrostatic unit 21, as mentioned above, is driven by an external energy or drive source such as an internal combustion engine (not shown) and, referring to FIG. 2, is generally connected to the hydrostatic transmission 20 via a belt (not shown) from an output shaft of the internal combustion engine to a pulley 58. The pulley 58, depicted in FIG. 9, has an input drive shaft bore 74 that allows input drive shaft 60 to extend therethrough and is drivingly connected thereto by a nut 59 threaded onto the input drive shaft 60 which also extends through a bore 62 in the upper transaxle casing 64 (see FIG. 13) and terminates with a bevel gear 66 that meshes with a pump input bevel gear 68 mounted to a cylinder 70 being rotatably mounted on pintle 72 being fixed within the hydrostatic unit 21 by pin 73 and saddle clamp 75 (see FIG. 2). Thus, the rotation of input drive shaft 60 is imparted to the pump 24 to cause rotation thereof in order to drive motor 26 and the axles 46 and 47 as described above. 
     In accordance with the present invention, and referring to FIGS. 2 and 9-13, pulley 58 (FIG. 9) forms part of an external transaxle cooling system which, in cooperation with a fan 76 (FIGS. 11 and 12), a drive coupling 78 (FIG. 10), and external helical fins 80 (see FIG. 13) on the upper transaxle casing 64, all of which are described in detail hereinbelow, provides a continuous, helical air flow pattern that smoothly and unimpededly flows over the hydrostatic transmission 20 effecting cooling thereof with minimal air turbulence, since the fins 80 being curved in the same direction as the air flow pattern produced by the fan 76 act in mutual cooperation. 
     As best seen in FIG. 2, axially downwardly of pulley 58 is the drive coupling 78 likewise disposed or splined on input drive shaft 60 extending through an input drive shaft bore 82 of the drive coupling 78, and axially downwardly of drive coupling 78 is the fan 76 also disposed on input drive shaft 60 extending through an input drive shaft bore 84 of the fan 76. Thus the drive coupling 78 is as one with input drive shaft 60 so as to be rotatable therewith. Pulley 58, FIG. 9, drive coupling 78, FIG. 10, and fan 76, FIGS. 11 and 12, each respectively include bolt apertures 86, 88, and 90 in which are received coupling bolts 92 (of which only one is shown in FIG. 2) that hold pulley 58, drive coupling 78 and fan 76 together while disposed on the input drive shaft 60. Bolt apertures 88 ar located at the apexes of the equilateral triangular shaped drive coupling 78 while bolt apertures 86, and 90 each form the apexes of an equilateral triangle that correspond with the shape of drive coupling 78. The drive coupling 78 is triangular shaped to correspond with a triangular shaped hub portion 94 in the center of fan 76 forming a semi-locking driving fit between the drive coupling 78 and fan 76. In addition, the triangular shape of drive coupling 78 allows for the communication of air apertures 96 and 98 respectively located in pulley 58 and fan 76 on the sides of the triangle formed by respective bolt apertures 86 and 90. Thus when the pulley 58, drive coupling 78, and fan 76 are bolted together the air apertures 96 of the pulley 58 and air apertures 98 of the fan 76 are axially aligned (FIG. 2). 
     The fan 76, referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, has three different shapes of outer fan blades X, Y, and Z, and includes upper outwardly curved portion, inner helical portion, and outer flat portion. Blades X, Y, and Z axially extend from the top to the bottom of the fan 76 such that rotation of the fan 76 on input drive shaft 60 causes air to be drawn axially downwardly through air apertures 96 and 98 towards the hydrostatic transaxle 20, then radially outwardly, and finally axially downwardly. Blades X, Y, and Z also radially extend from the outer periphery 100 to an inner radius 102 for an extension distance that is approximately 1/3 of the total radius of the fan 76. Extending from the inner radius 102 to the triangular shaped hub portion 94 are fan ribs 104 that also axially extend from the top to the bottom of the fan 76 and act to direct the inflowing air downwardly toward external fins 80. 
     In operation, three elements, namely the air apertures 96 and 98, the blades X, Y, and Z, and the fan ribs 104 cooperatively serve to draw air into the fan 76 and create a helical air flow pattern which spreads downwardly and outwardly over the external fins 80 formed in the transaxle upper casing 64, while the radial shape of the external fins 80 correspond to the rotational direction of the helical air flow pattern to permit smooth and efficient cooling of the hydrostatic transaxle 20 by allowing the air to flow without impediment or created air turbulence that would retard or hinder the constant flow pattern created by the fan 76. 
     Now, referring again to FIG. 1, the hydraulic unit 21 of the hydrostatic transaxle 20, includes a pump 24, driven by the input system described above, which in turn drives the motor 26, both the pump and motor 26 being mounted on a fixed conduit in the form of pintle 72. The pintle 72 comprises two passageways or conduits 106 and 107 each having a spring 108 and 109 disposed therein which retain ball valves 110 and 111 adjacent seats 119 and 121 of plugs 112 and 113 threaded into one end of the pintle, each defining discharge ports 115 and 117. Thus ball valves 110 and 111 normally close discharge ports 115 and 117 during operating condition due to the pressure exerted within pintle 72, except when make-up oil is needed, and this maintains a closed pressure system between the pump 24, the motor 26, and pintle 72. Radially outwardly surrounding pintle 72 is pump 24 (in FIG. 1 being on the left side) and motor 26 (in FIG. 1 being on the right side). The specific principles of operation of a hydrostatic unit 21 of the type as described hereinabove and below, will not be explained as the principles are known in the art and do not form a part of this invention. In general, however, a cylinder such as pump cylinder 70, being applicable to both the pump 24 and motor 26 of the hydrostatic unit 21, is rotatable on pintle 72 and has a plurality of bores (not shown) in which are disposed a plurality of pistons (e.g. pump piston 134 and motor piston 116) that axially reciprocate within the bores and radially rotate with respect to the pintle 72. The cylinders thus rotate around pintle 72 and within their respective track ring, described hereinbelow, while the respective pistons pump fluid through rotating action of the cylinder as in the case of pump 24, or are pumped by fluid pressure flowing through pintle passageways 106 and 107 of pintle 72 as in the case of motor 26. The pump 24 and motor 26 form a closed fluid path being in communication with each other via the pintle 72 and its pintle passageways 106 and 107, the fluid flowing from the action of the rotating pistons 134 of the pump 24 into the pistons 116 of the motor 26 causing the motor to rotate output member 28 being attached to the motor cylinder 71. 
     Motor 26 comprises a motor track ring 114 radially surrounding a plurality of pistons 116 having corresponding slippers 118, of which only one of each is shown, the slippers 118 radially adjacent to the inner radius 120 of motor track ring 114. The pistons 116 with their slippers 118 are rotatable around pintle 72 within the motor track ring 114 and are in fluid communication with the pintle tubes 106 and 107 via motor pintle ports 122 and 123. The motor track ring 114, however, is fixed eccentrically relative to the pintle 72 so that the pistons 116 reciprocate radially and rotate. 
     Referring to FIG. 3, the motor track ring 114 includes radially extending lug portions 124 and 125 which fit into recesses 126 and 127 cast into the lower transaxle casing 22. The upper transaxle casing 62 being attached to the lower transaxle casing 22, includes, radially adjacent the lug portions 124 and 125, bolt apertures 128 and 129 through which bolts 128 and 129 extend to thereby clampingly fix the motor track ring 114 between the upper and lower transaxle housings 64 and 22. The elimination of a pin or rod extending through the transaxle 20 to retain or fix the motor track ring 114 shortens the overall axial length of the transaxle and permits drive train gearing to be closer to the motor 26. 
     Alternatively, recesses could be formed in both housing halve 22 and 64, or in only the upper half 64. Other techniques could be used to clamp track ring 114 other than lugs 124 and 125. 
     As stated above, pump 24 radially surrounds pintle 72 and comprises a pump track ring 132 surrounding a plurality of pistons 134 having corresponding slippers 135, of which only one of each is shown, the slippers 135 radially adjacent to the inner radius 138 of pump track ring 132. The pistons 134 with their slippers 135 are rotatable around pintle 72 within the pump track ring 132 and are in fluid communication with the pintle tubes 106 and 107 via pump pintle ports 140 and 141. Pump track ring 132, however, is not fixed relative to pintle 72 as is motor track ring 114 although pump 24 is eccentric relative to pintle 72 as is motor 26 In order to create a variable output in both the forward and reverse directions from motor 26 and thus the axles 46 and 47, the pump track ring 132 eccentrically pivots around the pintle 72 which causes more or less fluid to be pumped from pistons 134 into pintle ports 140 and 14 through pintle tubes 106 and 107 out through motor pintle ports 122 and 123 driving motor pistons 116 depending on the degree and relative direction of eccentricity of the pump track ring 132 to the pintle 72. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1, 4, and 14-15, a pivot pin 142 having radial clearance bores 144 and 145 on both ends thereof is located on the outboard side 146 of the hydrostatic transaxle 20 relative to axle 46 and 47 and extends through the pump track ring 132 so that the pump track ring 132 may pivot about pivot pin 142. Since pivot pin 142 is subjected to a large amount of stress due to large hydrostatic pressures within pump 24, pivot pin 142 must be rigidly held in place. Two hydrostatic casing bolts 148 extend through the casing and through bores 144 and 145. Thus, as shown in FIGS. 15 and 4, pivot pin 142 is secured between the upper and lower casing halves 64 and 22 not only by the normal clamping force existing between the casing halves but also by the casing bolts extending through the pivot pin 142 itself exerting high localized clamping force. In order to promote smooth pivoting of the pump track ring 132, pivot pin guides 150 and 151 having pivot pin guide bores 152 (see FIG. 7) are disposed on pivot pin 142 on both sides of pump track ring 132 adjacent pump track ring 132 and the upper and lower casings 64 and 22. The pivot pin guides are preferably made of a resilient plastic material such as Hytrel® or nylon since this would prevent rattling and promote smooth pivoting. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2, and 5, pump track ring 132, being pivotable around pivot pin 142 so as to be eccentrically pivotable about pintle 72, and controlled by an operator through a control mechanism 156 is located on the inboard side 154 of the hydrostatic unit 21. The control mechanism 156 consists of a control rod 158 extending into the transaxle and which rotates therein through action of a control lever 162 attached to the control rod 158 via nut 164 threaded on the end of control rod 158 projecting beyond the transaxle. The control rod 158 has a radial bore 166 in which is disposed a control pin 168 that pivots in the direction of rotation of control rod 158, being attached thereto. The control pin 168 radially extends beyond the control rod 158 in one direction into a recess 170 formed in the upper and lower casings 64 and 22 in which is disposed a control guide 172. The control guide 172, FIGS. 6 and 6A, is a longitudinally elongated U-shaped member, preferably made of a plastic material such as Hytrel® or nylon, and serves to eliminate noise and rattling as the control pin 168 pivots within the recess 170 when the control unit 156 is actuated. The control pin 168 also radially extends in the other direction and is captured in a recess of rod 174 disposed between pump track ring ears 176 and 177 so as to pivot pump track ring 132 around pivot pin 142 and eccentrically around pintle 72. Thus as control lever 162 is moved by the operator, the stationary control rod 158 is rotated within the transaxle (FIG. 5), the dotted lines showing the movement of the control unit 158 and pump track ring 132. This pivots pump track ring 132 around pintle 72, and depending on the direction and relative degree of movement of the pump track ring 132, drives the motor 26 faster or slower in a forward or reverse direction according to the general principles of hydrostatic transmissions. 
     As pump track ring 132 is rotated, stops 178 and 179 radially disposed 180° from each other and 90 in both radial directions from the control unit 156, respectively cast in the upper and lower casings 64 and 22 (FIG. 2) provide a positive stop to prevent overtravel of the pump track ring 132. As pump track ring 132 upwardly pivots towards upper inner surface 189, the pump track ring contacts projection 178, and as pump track ring downwardly pivots towards lower inner surface 191, the pump track ring contacts projection 179. Thus on upward or downward travel, pump track ring 132 contacts the respective projection. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1 and 8, there is shown a flat one-piece dump valve plate 180 fabricated from stamped metal or alternatively made of a plastic material, having a bore 185 and plate fingers 182 and 183. Dump valve plate 180 with fingers 182 and 183 is disposed at the end of pintle tubes 106 and 107 where ball valves 110 and 111 are located within clearance slot 181 formed between the upper and lower casings 64 and 22. The plate fingers 182 and 183 respectively extend through discharge ports 115 and 117 to urge respective ball valves 110 and 111 off their seats 119 and 121 thereby causing communication of pintle passageways 106 and 107 with the interior chamber of the hydrostatic transaxle 20. A cam rod 184 having offset portion 186 extends through the plate 180 and is seated in cam rod journal 187 in lower housing 22. The cam rod 184 also extends in the axial direction through the upper housing 64 (see FIG. 13) and is connected to an operator controlled actuating lever (not shown) which allows the operator to rotate the cam rod 184 to cause disengagement of the hydrostatic unit 21. Upon a 90° rotation of cam rod 184, the cam portion 186 engages the plate 180 so as to cause radial movement of the plate 180 and fingers 115 and 117 towards pintle 72 to unseat the ball valves 110 and 111. Counterrotation of the cam rod 184 by 90° thus rotates the Cam portion 186 to urge plate 180 and fingers 115 and 117 away from ball valves 110 and 111 whereupon fluid pressure Within pintle passageways 106 and 107 force the ball valves 110 and 111 into a closed position so that the hydrostatic unit 21 may again be operable. 
     In operation, when the operator of the vehicle in which the hydrostatic transaxle 20 is installed wants to manually push the vehicle, the hydrostatic unit 21 must be disengaged so that motion transmitted through the axles 46 and 47 does not cause the motor 26 to pump fluid to the pump 24 thereby transferring motion back to the input drive shaft 60 and the external energy source such as an internal combustion engine (not shown), as it would be difficult to act against the resistance of the hydrostatic unit 21 and the input shaft 60. Releasing the oil within the pintle passageways 106 and 107 of the pintle 72 fluidly disconnects the motor 26 from the pump 24 as the oil pumped from the motor 26 thereby exits from the discharge ports 115 and 117, into the hydrochamber, rather than into pump 24. The release of oil pressure within pintle 72 is accomplished by unseating the ball valves 110 and 111, being urged closed against threaded plug 112 and 113 defining discharge ports 115 and 117, through rotation of cam rod 184. Upon reseating of ball valves 110 and 111 when fingers 182 and 183 retract, the pump 24 and motor 26 are once again in fluid communication. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, particulates in the hydrostatic fluid circulating through the hydro unit are captured by cast-in protrusions or baffles 188 located in the lower transaxle housing 22 which serve as particulate traps, the impinging particulates settling to the bottom of the troughs 190 defined by the protrusions 188. Thus, any particulates that might be suspended in the oil are settled out upon circulation. This keeps the oil within the transaxle 20 relatively free from particulates that would otherwise degrade the performance and damage the various sensitive moving parts of the transaxle 20, and eliminates the need for a filter. In addition, a magnet 192 can be attached to the interior of lower housing 22 to attract and capture large ferrous materials that would not otherwise be captured by protrusions 188. 
     While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.