Abstract:
A system and method for operating a motor drive unit. The motor drive unit is coupled to a motor driving a load and is configured to selectively control the motor according to a torque control mode and a speed control mode. The motor drive unit includes a circuit configured to generate an operational condition signal indicating an operational condition of the motor and a regulator configured to receive the operational condition signal and generate a motor control signal. The motor drive unit also includes a first controller configured to receive the motor control signal and a reference control signal and select either the motor control signal or the reference control signal to use as a control signal to drive the motor according to either torque control or speed control. The motor drive unit also includes a second controller configured to monitor the operational condition signal and, upon detecting a preliminary indication of a change in the load, bypass the first controller to drive the motor according to the other of torque control or speed control.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   Not applicable. 
   STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
   Not applicable. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to motor systems and, more particularly, to a system and method for controlling a motor over a dynamic operating range, specifically, changes between torque control and speed control. 
   Motors and linked loads are one type of common inductive load employed at many commercial facilities. To drive a motor, an inverter formed from a plurality of switches is controlled to link and unlink positive and negative DC buses to motor supply lines. The linking-unlinking sequence causes voltage pulses on the motor supply lines that define alternating voltage waveforms of controlled magnitude and frequency. When controlled correctly, the waveforms cooperate to generate a rotating magnetic field inside a motor stator core. In an induction motor, the magnetic field induces a field in motor rotor windings. The rotor field is attracted to the rotating stator field and; thus, the rotor rotates within the stator core. In a permanent magnet motor, one or more magnets on the rotor are attracted to the rotating magnetic field. 
   The inverter and control circuitry are collectively referred to as a motor drive unit. By controlling operation of these components, the motor drive unit controls the overall operation of the motor. A variety of control methods are commonly employed to control the operation of the motor. For example, two common control methods are called speed control and torque control. As suggested by the name, speed control methods seek to control the overall operation of the motor by using the speed of the motor as the control criteria. Likewise, torque control methods use the torque experienced by the motor as the primary control criteria for controlling the motor. 
   The particular control method employed by a motor drive unit is typically dependent upon the load associated with the motor and/or the operation/application being driven by the motor. For example, motors are commonly employed in the paper manufacturing and printing industries to move the web through various processing stages. In this case, an electronic line shaft is often employed to move the web or paper material over rollers and through various stages of the printing process. Within such applications, the motors are typically torque controlled to ensure that a proper and consistent tension is applied to the web as it is moved to each stage. 
   However, in most applications, there are instances when it is advantageous to switch between various control methods. For instance, with respect to the example of web fabrication or printing applications that are typically torque controlled, it is often necessary to switch from torque control to speed control or vice versa, for example, when the end of the web is reached or when a line break is experienced. That is, when the resistance presented by the web is removed, such as when the end of the web is reached or a line break is experienced, the control method is typically switched to speed control in order to avoid excessive speeds. However, since the need to change from torque control to speed control (or vice versa) is often sudden and unexpected, a motor drive unit may remain in torque control mode too long, which can result in driving the motor to an excessive over-speed that could potentially damage the associated load or product. 
   As a result, a variety of control algorithms, such as torque reference control methods, have been developed that seek to effectively and efficiently transition between torque and speed control methods. One such method referred to as speed limited adjustable torque (SLAT) control relies upon a min/max comparison of a torque reference to a speed regulator output to select the torque reference for the drive. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , a traditional system for implementing SLAT control includes a min/max torque reference control system  1 . The min/max torque reference control system  1  is designed to determine the control method that should be implemented based on the current operating conditions and includes a proportional integral (PI) regulator  2  and min/max selector  3 . The input to the PI regulator  2  is a speed error  4  that is calculated by a circuit that determines the difference between an application-dependent speed reference bias  5  and the actual speed of the motor delivered as a motor speed feedback  6 . In this regard, the application-dependent speed reference bias  5  serves to limit the actual over- and/or under-speed that the drive unit will permit the motor to achieve should the speed limitation be removed (e.g., a line break). In this regard, the application-dependent speed reference bias  5  causes the PI regulator  2  to integrate to its maximum absolute value limit, which is then delivered as a speed regulator output (SRO)  7  to the min/max select  3 . 
   Hence, one input to the Min/max select  3  is the SRO  7 . The other input to the min/max select  3  is an external torque reference (ETR)  8 . The min/max select  3  acts as a controller that selects the algebraic or absolute minimum or maximum value of SRO  7  or the ETR  8  and delivers that value as an internal torque reference (ITR)  9  for the drive based on whether it is presently configured to detect an over speed (min mode) or an under speed (max mode) condition. 
   However, this design is still prone to excessive speed overshoots when switching from torque control to speed control. For example, the level to which the integral term is permitted to integrate can vary significantly between products. In particular, when transitioning to speed mode, the min/max torque reference control system  1  requires that the SRO  7  slew to a value that results in the min/max select  3  selecting the ETR  8 . Therefore, the amount of actual over or under speed that occurs before being controlled will vary based on the specifics of the motor drive unit and application-dependent integral time constant of the PI regulator  7 . 
   As a result, some systems have been developed that attempt to implement a “bumpless” transition to speed control. For example, some systems have been designed that reset the integral term of the PI regulator  2  to a level that results in the SRO  7  being equal to the existing ITR  9 . While this does reduce the “bumps” experienced when switching to speed control from torque control, if the speed error  4  is particularly high and the integral slew rate is relatively low, the integral term will be reset to a relatively high positive value. However, based on the application requirements and the speed error  4 , a high level of negative torque may be required. In this case, due to the relatively long time constant of the integral term, the motor drive unit will cause the motor to deliver this inappropriate and potentially damaging forward torque for an extended period of time. 
   Therefore, it would be desirable to have a system and method for switching between control methods of a motor drive unit, such as switching between torque control and speed control, that is less prone to variations between motor drive units, motors, applications, and the like so as to provide smooth and accurate transitions between control methods. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks by providing a system and method for selecting and switching the control method employed to control a motor and associated load while reducing the potential for the motor to overshoot a desired speed. In particular, the present invention provides a forced speed mode control system coupled with a “bumpless” speed regulator integrator preset that work together to provide a fast and consistent transition between torque and speed control modes while controlling speed overshoot. 
   In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a motor drive unit is disclosed that is coupled to a motor driving a load and is configured to selectively control the motor according to a torque control mode and a speed control mode. The motor drive unit includes a circuit configured to generate an operational condition signal indicating an operational condition of the motor and a regulator configured to receive the operational condition signal and generate a motor control signal. The motor drive unit also includes a first controller configured to receive the motor control signal and a reference control signal and select either the motor control signal or the reference control signal to use as a control signal to drive the motor according to either torque control or speed control. The motor drive unit also includes a second controller configured to monitor the operational condition signal and, upon detecting a preliminary indication of a change in the load, bypass the first controller to drive the motor according to the other of torque control or speed control. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method is disclosed for selectively controlling a motor coupled to a load according to a torque control mode and a speed control mode. The method includes generating a speed error signal associated with the motor operating under torque control and generating a speed regulation signal from the speed error signal. The method also includes determining whether to control the motor according to the torque control mode or the speed control mode based on either a min selection criteria or a max selection criteria applied to the speed regulation signal and an external torque control signal. Additionally, the method includes monitoring the speed error signal to detect a change in polarity in the speed error signal and, upon detecting an indication of a change in the speed error signal indicating a change in the load, overriding the min selection criteria or the max selection criteria to control the motor according to the speed control mode. 
   In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a motor drive unit is disclosed that is coupled to a motor driving a load and is configured to selectively control the motor according to a torque control mode and a speed control mode. The motor drive unit includes a speed regulator configured to receive a speed error signal and generate a speed regulation signal. The motor drive unit also includes a min/max controller configured to receive the speed regulation signal and a reference torque signal and select either a minimum value or a maximum value of the speed regulation signal and the reference torque signal to use as a control signal to drive the motor according to either the speed control mode or the torque control mode. Additionally, the motor drive unit includes a state controller configured to monitor the speed error signal and, upon detecting a change the load, bypass the selection of the min/max controller to drive the motor according to the speed control mode. 
   Various other features of the present invention will be made apparent from the following detailed description and the drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will hereafter be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a prior-art control system for implementing a min/max torque reference control; 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a motor system configured to control operating of a motor in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a control system for implementing a forced speed mode based on a set of criteria; 
       FIG. 4  is a state diagram of the control system of  FIG. 3  when operating according to a min mode; and 
       FIG. 5  is a state diagram of the control system of  FIG. 3  when operating according to a max mode. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , the present invention can be described in the context of a motor system  10 . The motor system  10  generally includes a power supply  12 , a motor drive unit  14 , and a motor  16 . The power supply  12  provides power to the motor drive unit  14  that, in turn, converts the power to a more usable form for the motor  16  that drives an associated load  18 . 
   The motor drive unit  14  includes a variety of components, such as a rectifier  20 , an inverter  22 , and a controller  24 . During operation, the power supply  12  provides three-phase AC power, for example, as received from a utility grid over transmission power lines  26 . However, it is also contemplated that the power supply  12  may deliver single-phase power. The rectifier  20  is designed to receive the AC power from the power supply  12  and convert the AC power to DC power that is delivered to positive and negative DC buses  28 ,  30  of a DC link  31 . It is also contemplated that the power supply  12  may deliver DC power. In that case, the rectifier  20  would not be used, and the power supply  12  would connect directly to the DC link  31 . The inverter  22 , in turn, is positioned between the positive and negative DC buses  28 ,  30  to receive the DC power delivered by the rectifier  20 . The inverter  22  includes a plurality of switching devices (e.g., IGBTs or other semiconductor switches) that are positioned between the positive and negative buses  28 ,  30  and controlled by the controller  24  to open and close specific combinations of the switches to sequentially generate pulses on each of the supply lines  32  to drive the motor  16  and, in turn, the load  18  through a drive shaft  34 . 
   The above-described system  10  can be controlled according to any of a variety of control methods. Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a system  40  is illustrated for controlling the above-described motor system  10  to operate according to a speed limited adjustable torque (SLAT) control method with a forced speed mode. In particular, the system  40  includes two subsystems. The first subsystem includes the component of the prior-art SLAT control system  1  described above with respect to  FIG. 1 . In addition to the components described above with respect to  FIG. 1 , the system  40  includes a subsystem  42  of components for implementing a forced speed mode. 
   The forced speed mode subsystem  42  includes a low-pass filter  44  that, along with a user-selected setpoint input  46  and dwell time  47 , form inputs to a state controller  48 . Based upon these inputs  44 ,  46 ,  47 , the state control  48  controls a pair of switches  50 ,  52  that set the ITR  9  to the value selected by the min/max select  3  or bypass the min/max select  3  to set the ITR  9  to the value of SRO  7 . Hence, as will be described, by bypassing or overriding the min/max select  3  to set the ITR  9  to the value of SRO  7 , the system  40  enters a forced speed mode (FSM). Additionally, as will be described, these components work in concert to monitor the direction of the applied torque and the material movement and select a SLAT min operational mode ( FIG. 4 ) or SLAT Max operational mode ( FIG. 5 ). Thus, the system  40  is capable of operating according to two different operational modes (SLAT min or SLAT max) and, within each operational mode, the system  40  is capable of operating in two different states (FSM “OFF” or “ON”). 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , when the system  40  is operating in SLAT min mode, the user-configured speed reference bias  5  serves to force the PI regulator  2  into saturation because the speed reference bias  5  is generally slightly above the motor speed feedback  6 . In this case, the min/max select  3  (operating as a min select) sets the ITR  9  to the value of the ETR  8 . As such, the system operates in a traditional torque control mode (i.e. FSM OFF state  54 ) as long as there is no significant change in the load driven by the motor, for example, a breakage or slippage in the load. 
   That is, by default, when operating in SLAT min mode, the system  42  is in a torque reference mode  54  where FSM is OFF  54 . Hence, the system  40  will remain in the FSM OFF state  54  until one of two conditions cause the system to transition into the speed reference mode (FSM ON state  56 ). The first condition occurs when the SRO  7  from the PI regulator  2  becomes less than the ETR  8 . This condition causes the system to transition to the FSM ON state  56  based on the selection of the min/max select  3  in the manner described with respect to in  FIG. 1 . 
   The second condition occurs when the speed error  4  becomes negative because the motor speed feedback  6  becomes greater than the speed reference bias  5 . This results in a change in the polarity of the speed error signal  4 , which is often indicative of a mechanical change in the load driven by the motor, such as a line break or the like in continuous web applications. However, as described above, such a change is often not sufficient to cause the min/max select  3  to transition to the system  40  into speed control until after the motor has already reached an undesired overspeed condition. 
   However, in the present system  40 , a change in the load manifested through a change in polarity of the speed error signal  4  will cause the state controller  48  to initiate a transition to the FSM ON state  56  by closing the first switch  50  and opening the second switch  52 . This sets the ITR 9  to the SRO  7 , which effectuates a transition to the speed control. By using a change in the polarity of the speed error  4  from positive to negative as a new criteria for determining that operating under speed control would be beneficial and bypassing the control of the min/max select  3  to force the drive to enter the FSM ON state  56 , the transition occurs earlier than it would have in a system operating in a traditional min torque mode, such as described above with respect to  FIG. 1 . Accordingly, the potential velocity overshoot indicated by the increase in motor speed feedback  6  (for example, as a result of a line break in a continuous web) is reduced. 
   Additionally, in accordance with one embodiment, when the system  40  switches from FSM OFF state  54  (torque mode) to FSM ON state  56  (speed mode), the PI regulator  7  is loaded with the value of the ITR  9  via a feedback line  58  to create a smooth transition between the states  54 ,  56 . In particular, the state controller  48  causes the PI regulator  2  to match the integral term to the value communicated over the feedback line  58 . 
   Once the load fault or potential load fault has been rectified, in order for the system  40  to switch from the FSM ON state  56  to the FSM OFF state  54 , forced speed mode (if active) must first be turned off. When the min/max select  3  is operating in SLAT min mode, the setpoint input  46  determines the amount of variation between the motor speed feedback  6  and the speed reference bias  5  that will be tolerated by the state controller  48  before transitioning to the FSM OFF state  54 . On the other hand, the dwell time input  47  determines the duration for which the speed error  4  must exceed setpoint input  46  before the state controller  48  transitions to the FSM OFF state  54 . 
   Therefore, the state controller  48  will transition from FSM ON state  56  to the FSM OFF state  54  when the speed error  4  is greater than the value at the setpoint input  46  for at least the value at the dwell time input  47 . It is contemplated that under default parameter settings, this transition will occur when the speed error  4  becomes positive. However, the setpoint input  46  and dwell time input  47  allow a user to select a desired hysteresis for transitioning to the FSM OFF state  54 . By default, these inputs  46 ,  47  can be set to zero so that there is no hysteresis injected into the system  40 . 
   In the example of a paper winder or other continuous web application, the system  40  is typically set to operate in SLAT min mode. Therefore, the system normally runs in a traditional torque mode and follows the ETR  8 . In a paper or other web feeding application, the ETR  8  is typically provided by an external controller and is approximately 60% motor torque during a particular snapshot. The speed reference bias  5  is also provided by an external controller and is set just above the value of the motor speed feedback  6  in order to saturate the PI regulator  2  while in torque mode. 
   That is, when operating under SLAT min control, the application dependent speed reference bias  5  is set to a level that results in the SRO  7  magnitude becoming saturated when the motor speed feedback  6  is constrained as a result of the speed of the motor being mechanically limited. The active “min” select function will then cause the min/max select  3  to select the smaller ETR  8  value over the SRO  7 . Hence, the speed error  4  will be positive in value. Therefore, the default state in the SLAT min mode is the FSM OFF state  54 , whereby the ITR  9  is set to the smaller of either the SRO  7  or the ETR  8 . This state is also utilized when the PI regulator  2  is disabled. 
   Should a web break occur (or, generally, the mechanical speed limitation be removed), the motor will accelerate and the speed error  4  will become negative. At this time, the state controller  48  will cause the system  40  to enter the FSM ON state  56  by connecting the ITR  9  to the SRO  7 . This is achieved by closing the first switch  50  and opening the second switch  52  (regardless of the value of the ETR  8 ). Coincident with the transition into the FSM ON state  56 , a preset operation will occur within the PI regulator&#39;s  2  functional specification by connecting the PI regulator  2  to the ITR  9  and; thereby, forcing the integral term of the PI regulator  2  to match the ITR  9  value. 
   The system  40  will remain in the FSM ON state  56  until the speed limitation is restored, as indicated by the speed error  4  exceeding the value of the setpoint input  46  for the duration set by the value of the dwell time input  47 . When these two conditions are met, the system transitions to the FSM OFF state  54  and the traditional “min” select operation becomes active. 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 3 and 5 , the system  40  may also operate in a SLAT “max” mode. In this configuration, the controlled system will typically operate as a holdback against an overhauling lead section. SLAT max mode can be used to accommodate applications that require operation in a reverse torque direction. For reverse torque operation, the speed reference bias  5 , ETR  8  and ITR  9  are all negative quantities. In SLAT max mode, the system  40  is typically configured to have a speed reference bias  5  that forces the PI regulator  2  into saturation (i.e., the speed reference bias  5  is set to a value slightly more negative than the value of motor speed feedback  6 ). As a result, the SRO  7  is more negative than the ETR  8 . Accordingly, the min/max select  3 , which is now configured to select the maximum of either SRO  7  or ETR  8 , sets the ITR 9  to the ETR  8  until there is a breakage or slippage in the application. 
   In SLAT max mode, the system  40  will switch from the FSM OFF state  54  (torque mode) to the FSM ON state  56  (speed mode) when one of the two conditions occur. First, a state transition will occur when the SRO  7  from the PI regulator  2  is more positive than the ETR  8 . The system  40  will naturally transition into speed control through the max selection made by the min/max select  3 , as described above with respect to  FIG. 1 . 
   Second, a state transition also will occur when the speed error  4  becomes positive (i.e., when the motor speed feedback  6  becomes more negative than the speed reference bias  5 ). While such a change may not typically be sufficient to trigger a change to speed control using the min/max select  3 , the state controller  48  is designed to utilize such as a new control criteria to cause the system  40  to enter speed mode (FSM ON  56 ). In this case, the transition to speed mode occurs earlier than it would have in a traditional max torque mode and the potential for a velocity overshoot is reduced. At the time that the drive switches from the FSM OFF state  54  (torque mode) to FSM ON state  56  (speed mode), the integral term of the PI regulator  2  is loaded with the value from the ITR  9  to create a smooth transition between torque and speed mode. 
   Again, in order for the system  40  to switch back from speed mode to torque mode, FSM (if active) must first be turned off. When transitioning back from the FSM ON state  56  to the FSM OFF state  54 , the setpoint input  46  sets how much greater the motor speed feedback  6  should be than the speed reference bias  5  before the state controller  48  causes a transition to the FSM OFF state  54 . In this case, the dwell time input  47  sets the duration for which the speed error  4  must fall below the value of the setpoint input  46  before the state controller  48  causes a transition to the FSM OFF state  54 . Hence, under the SLAT max mode, the setpoint input  46  and the dwell time input  47  allow a user to set a hysteresis for transitioning to the FSM OFF state  54 . In accordance with one embodiment, it is contemplated that the inputs  46 ,  47  will be set to zero as a default. With these default parameter settings, the transition will occur when the speed error  4  becomes negative; however, it is contemplated that the values of the inputs  46 ,  47  can be user selectable. 
   Therefore, the max mode operation ( FIG. 5 ) is similar to the min mode operation ( FIG. 4 ) except that the signs of the values reviewed for transition decisions are inverted. That is, the active “max” select function will select the larger value of the SRO  7  or the ETR  8 . In the example of a continuous web application, since the SRO  7  value will be a negative quantity, when the motor speed is mechanically overhauled, the SRO  7  is a saturated (limited) negative value. Therefore, though the ETR  8  also has a negative value, the ETR  8  is smaller in magnitude than the SRO  7 . Hence, the ETR  8  is selected by the min/max select  3  operating under the “max” operation. 
   Since the speed error  4  will be negative in value, the system will transition to the FSM ON state  56  when the speed error  4  becomes positive. As was the case in min mode operation, the integral term of the PI regulator  2  is set to the value of the ITR  9  in conjunction with this transition. When the speed error  4  becomes negative again, and less than the value of the setpoint input  46  for the duration indicated by the dwell time input  47 , the system transitions to the FSM OFF state  54  and the traditional “max” select operation becomes active. 
   Therefore, the above-described traditional SLAT min mode and SLAT max mode are improved upon by including a forced speed mode. The system is particularly advantageous in applications that require a smooth transition from a torque mode to a speed mode of operation. For example, it is contemplated that the above-described system can be used with web handling applications, center winder systems, center unwind systems, or other systems and applications where a significant change in torque, such as caused by a break or slippage, may occur. 
   The present invention has been described in terms of the various embodiments, and it should be appreciated that many equivalents, alternatives, variations, and modifications, aside from those expressly stated, are possible and within the scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to a particular described embodiment.