Abstract:
A light emitting device based on a AlInGaN materials system wherein a coating is used to improve the extraction of light from a device. A coating has a very low optical loss and an index of refraction greater than 2. In a preferred embodiment the coating is made from Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , TiO 2 , or SiC and has a thickness between about 0.01 and 10 microns. A surface of a coating material may be textured or shaped to increase its surface area and improve light extraction. A surface of the coating material can also be shaped to engineer the directionality of light escaping the layer. A coating can be applied directly to a surface or multiple surfaces of a light emitting device or can be applied onto a contact material. A coating may also serve as a passivation or protection layer for a device.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Light emitting devices (LEDs) are an important class of solid state devices that convert electric energy to light and commonly comprise an active layer of semiconductor material sandwiched between additional layers. As the quality of semiconductor materials have improved, the efficiency of LEDs has also improved. Commercially-available LEDs are being made from alloys of indium, aluminum, and gallium with nitrogen (AlInGaN). These alloys make possible LEDs which operate in the ultra-violet to green spectral regions. However, the efficiency of LEDs is limited by their inability to couple all of the light that is generated by an active layer out of the LED chip. When an LED is energized, light emitting from its active layer (in all directions) reaches the LED surfaces at many different angles. Typical semiconductor materials have a high index of refraction compared to ambient air (n=1.0) or encapsulating epoxy (n≈1.5). According to Snell&#39;s law, light traveling from a material having an index of refraction, n 1 , to a material with a lower index of refraction, n 2 , at an angle less than a certain critical angle θ C  relative to the surface normal direction will cross to the lower index region, where
 
θ C =sin −1 ( n   1   /n   2 )  (1)
 
     Light that reaches the semiconductor surface at angles greater than θ C  will experience total internal reflection. This light is reflected back into the LED chip where it can be absorbed within the chip or in metal contact layers that are attached to the chip. For conventional LEDs, the vast majority of light generated within the structure suffers total internal reflection before escaping from the semiconductor chip. In the case of conventional GaN-based LEDs on sapphire substrates ˜70% of the emitted light is trapped between the sapphire substrate and the outer surface of the GaN. This light is repeatedly reflected, greatly increasing its chance for reabsorption and loss. 
     Several techniques have been described to improve light extraction from LEDs. Providing the device with reflective contacts is one such technique. This improves LED efficiency because light that is trapped within the structure and is incident on the contact metals will be reflected back into the device rather than being absorbed. This allows the light to have another opportunity to escape the chip the next time it is incident on the LED surface. While reflective contacts improve light extraction, conventional LEDs still suffer from significant absorption losses. Roughening the top surface is another technique to improve light extraction. Roughening scatters, or sometimes randomizes, the angle of reflected light so that trapped light is redirected. This prevents light from being repeatedly reflected by parallel interfaces. Some of the scattered light then has an opportunity to strike a surface within the critical angle for internal reflection before being absorbed. Typical semiconductor layers are thin so only fine-scale roughening is usually possible. Also, roughened surfaces can cause other problems with the LED fabrication process. For example, contacts to roughened surfaces can be problematic. Also, roughened surfaces can cause it to be difficult to align photomasks to the wafer. And they make it difficult for the pattern recognition equipment that are used to bond and inspect the wafers to work properly. Therefore another technique to redirect trapped light is desirable. Another technique to scatter trapped light is to provide a rough interface between the GaN and the underlying substrate. This can be done by patterning and roughening the substrate prior to the growth of the semiconductor layers. This technique is effective at improving light extraction; however, the textured surface of the substrate affects the subsequent growth of the semiconductor layers. The quality of the semiconductor layers is often adversely affected, and the reproducibility of the growth is poor. 
     Additional methods of improving light output efficiency are reviewed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,236 which is included herein in its entirety by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,236 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,804 teach another method requiring a first spreading layer of a n type doped AlInGaN based material; a second spreading layer is preferably a thin, semi-transparent metal such as Pd, Pt, Pd/Au, Ni/Au, NiO/Au or some combination thereof deposited on, preferably, a p-type AlInGaN surface. Light extraction structures are then fashioned as arrays of light extraction elements or disperser layers. The light extraction elements are formed from a material having an index of refraction higher than the devices encapsulating material. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,302 teaches a structure comprising a multi-layer stack of materials, a layer of reflective material capable of reflecting at least about 50% of light impinging thereon and wherein a surface of a n-doped material, such as n-GaN, has a dielectric function that varies spatially according to some pattern. U.S. 2005/0227379 teaches shaping a surface of a semiconductor layer with a laser to improve the light extraction efficiency. Alternatively a substrate may contain three dimensional geometric light extraction patterns or a light emitting element on a substrate contains at least one layer with a pattern to produce light extraction features. 
     All of the prior art suffer from marginal improvement of light extraction efficiency or high manufacturing cost or both. A simple solution is needed which improves the overall light delivered from a light emitting device at a low cost. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to light emitting devices and more particularly to new combinations for enhancing their light output. 
     One object of the present invention is to provide a low cost device structure with improved light extraction efficiency. In contrast to the prior art no changes are made in the basic semiconductor portion of a light emitting device, so that virtually all of current light emitting diodes or other light emitting device structures can employ the benefits of this invention. The invention improves light extraction from LEDs by providing a medium, as a coating material, that light can enter easily and can propagate through with minimum attenuation. Surfaces of the medium may be configured to facilitate light exiting into air or an encapsulant. Additionally, the invention improves light extraction by greatly increasing the surface area of the device. 
     The present invention provides for a medium, as a dielectric coating or material within a given index of refraction and light extinction coefficient range, to be placed on the surface, or surfaces, of a solid state light-emitting device. When the refractive index of the dielectric coating is close to or higher than that of the light emitting surfaces then there are only minimal Fresnel reflections at the light emitting/dielectric interfaces. Also, the critical angle for light to enter the dielectric coating will be close to 90 degrees; thus, a very high percentage of the light that is incident from the semiconductor layers can enter the dielectric coating layers. If the dielectric coating is made to have very low loss then light can travel through the layer without appreciable attenuation. Further, if the dielectric coating is rough or appropriately patterned the surface area for light emission is increased. Since the dielectric coating can be thick compared to many semiconductor layers, larger-scale patterns can be formed in them compared to what is typically possible in semiconductors. This provides a greater opportunity for the photons to strike a surface where they may be extracted rather than being reflected back into lossy semiconductor or metal layers. One example of a material with an index of refraction greater than GaN is silicon carbide, which can be deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, for example. 
     In one embodiment the dielectric medium is a coating layer added to the top layer of the structure of a light emitting device to improve the extraction of light from the device. The coating has low optical loss and an index of refraction about 2 or greater, preferably having an index of refraction close to or greater than the index of refraction of the uppermost semiconductor layer, for instance, GaN in an AlInGaN based materials system. The coating is made from one or combinations of a group of metal oxides comprising Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , TiO 2 ; certain other materials are also acceptable such as silicon carbide and GaN based solid solutions. The coating has a thickness ranging from about 0.01 to about 10 microns. In alternative embodiments the surface of the coating material may be textured or shaped or patterned to increase the surface area, improve light extraction and to engineer the directionality of light escaping the layer. The coating may be applied directly to a primary surface or multiple surfaces of a light emitting device and may be applied over a contact electrode pattern. In alternative embodiments a coating layer is comprised of more than one coating layer, designed for specific optical functions such as improving or impeding the transmission of specific wavelength ranges or gradually diminishing the refractive index of a composite film as a films outer surface is approached. In these embodiments a coating may comprise additional materials such as SiO 2  in order to achieve specific optical properties of a multilayer coating. The coating layer may replace a passivation or protective layer on the device or function as one. The coating layer may be crystalline or not. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic of one embodiment of the invention with a metal-oxide coating layer on top of a light emitting device. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a back reflector. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a coating on a transparent metallic layer. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a reflector layer over a substrate. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a reflector structure over a substrate. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a flip chip design. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a flip chip design with a submount substrate. 
         FIGS. 8   a - 8   q  are schematics of alternative patterns for a metal-oxide coating. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic of another embodiment of a metal-oxide coating with a photonic crystal pattern. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic view of one embodiment of the invented light emitting structure  100  comprising a substrate portion  101 , a light emitting device portion  110  and a metal-oxide coating portion  120 . As used herein a substrate or submount portion provides at least a mechanical support for a light emitting device portion and metal-oxide coating portion. A substrate is chosen from a group comprising Al 2 O 3 , Si, SiC, AlInGaN based materials, metals, ceramics and glasses; these materials may be single crystal or not. A submount is chosen based on manufacturing convenience; typically a submount is chosen from a group comprising Al 2 O 3 , Si, SiC, metals, ceramics, plastics and glasses. As used herein a light emitting device portion is chosen from a group comprising light emitting diodes, light emitting heterojunctions, light emitting quantum well structures and other solid state devices capable of emitting light. As used herein a metal-oxide coating portion is chosen from a group comprising metal oxides, silicon carbide, gallium nitride based materials and other materials of appropriate optical and manufacturing characteristics such as SiO 2 . As used herein, preferably, a metal-oxide coating portion has an index of refraction of about 2.0 or greater and transmits a high percentage of radiation passing through it; the thickness of a coating may be from about 10 nm to more than 10 microns depending on device requirements. Preferably, the coating&#39;s light extinction coefficient (the complex portion of the index of refraction) is about 0.2 or less, preferably 0.1 or less. Preferably a metal-oxide coating portion is chosen from a group comprising niobium pentoxide (Nb 2 O 5 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). A metal-oxide coating also has a dielectric property; the term dielectric layer is used interchangeably herein. 
     Propagation of light within a specific material is characterized by the material&#39;s complex index of refraction, defined as:
 
 n*=n−iκ   (2)
 
Here, n is the refractive index indicating the phase velocity relative to the speed of light in vacuum, while κ is called the light extinction coefficient or optical loss factor, which indicates the amount of absorption loss when the electromagnetic wave propagates through the material. Both n and κ are dependent on the wavelength of the radiation; values for different materials are readily available. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the n value of the metal-oxide coating is close to or greater than the n of GaN, ˜2.45. The proximity of the refractive indices insures very little reflection of light occurs as light passes from a GaN layer and to a metal oxide layer. The κ value, a measure of absorption, should be as small as possible, preferably below 0.2 and more preferably below 0.1, so that light can travel within the coating with minimal attenuation.
 
     When a dielectric layer has an index of refraction, n, that is somewhat less than that of a semiconductor then the critical angle for internal reflection of light incident from a semiconductor will be very large. The result is that a vast majority of light incident on a dielectric layer from a GaN based LED will be transmitted into the dielectric layer. Niobium pentoxide (Nb 2 O 5 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), and tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) are examples of such dielectric layer materials. These dielectrics have indices of refraction of approximately 2.39, 2.46, and 2.08, respectively, compared to GaN which has an index of refraction of approximately 2.4. Dielectric coatings can be formed readily using sputtering, reactive sputtering, ion-beam assisted sputtering, e-beam evaporation, or ion-assisted, e-beam evaporation. Other deposition techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, CVD, plasma enhanced CVD, PECVD, metal-organic CVD, MOCVD, atomic layer deposition, ALD and others known to one knowledgeable in the art are considered equivalent embodiments. 
     Another advantage of a preferred dielectric coating is that it can be deposited in relatively thick layers and have extremely low optical losses. The thickness of a film can be on the order of the thickness of the semiconductor layers, approximately 3 to 4 microns. The limit on thickness is only limited by deposition time and by built up stresses in the films. Since a dielectric layer can be made thick it can be patterned to have textures or shapes with dimensions of several microns. This is an advantage compared to texturing semiconductor layers since larger structures cannot be formed; additionally semiconductor layers are expensive to form. Also, texturing or shaping a coating layer provides more surface area for light emission, increasing the light extraction efficiency. A coated dielectric layer can also be easily patterned into lenses or other specific shapes intended to maximize light extraction or reflect light in particular directions. 
     Coated dielectric layers can be combined with textured semiconductor surfaces. Also when there is a good index match between a semiconductor active or cap layers and a dielectric then a semiconductor surface can be smooth and not textured and an outer surface of a dielectric coating can be textured or otherwise patterned. This is an advantage because it allows for processing of smooth wafers which are less costly to manufacture. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention; light emitting structure  200  comprises a back reflector  230  on a transmissive substrate  102 , such as sapphire or silicon carbide, with one or more first, optionally n-type, layers  280 , at least one of which functions as a first cap layer, one or more second, optionally p-type, layers  270 , at least one of which functions as a second cap layer, and, optionally, additional intervening layers, indicated as  295 , a transmissive contact layer  260 , such as ITO, n-layer contact  250 , p-layer contact  240  and metal-oxide coating  120 . In one embodiment, one or more n-type layers  280 , one or more p-type layers  270  and, optionally, additional intervening layers (not shown), comprise an active region of an LED structure. Alternative structures of LED active regions may be a simple p-n junction diode or double heterojunction structure or multiple quantum well structure or others familiar to one knowledgeable in the art. An embodiment of a light emitting portion in a AlInGaN material system based light emitting device comprises a buffer layer  290 , one or more first cap layers, within  280 , at least one of which is a first conductivity type, an active region  295  comprising one or more layers, one or more second cap layers, within  270 , at least one of which is a second conductivity type, one or more contact layers and one or more electrode layers. For instance, one embodiment of a light emitting portion comprises an InGaN nucleation and/or buffer layers, followed by GaN and/or n-type GaN first cap layers, followed by an active region comprising multiple quantum well active layers of InGaN type and barrier layers of n-type GaN, followed by p-type AlGaN type second cap layers, followed by n-type GaN and/or InGaN third cap layers, followed by one or more electrode layers. An electrode layer may be of aluminum, Ti/Al, Cr/Al, Ni/Au, Ni/Pd, Ni/Pt, or other combinations well known in the art. The preceding descriptions of various light emitting portions apply equally to light emitting portions  350 ,  450 ,  550 ,  650  and  750 . In a  FIG. 2  embodiment a back reflector  230  may be of aluminum or silver or multiple reflective layers to reflect light back into a LED structure and recapture its utility. Transmissive contact layer  260  may be of indium tin oxide; alternatively, a transmissive contact layer may be of nickel/gold (Ni/Au) composition or other alloys having high light transmission. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic of another embodiment  300  of the invention with a metal-oxide coating  120  on a transparent metallic layer  261 , underlying metal contact  341 , which is already textured or roughened. Transparent substrate  103  may be sapphire or silicon carbide. A roughened transparent metallic layer provides for additional angles of incidence for entering and departing light; in combination with metal-oxide coating  120  of a predetermined index of refraction light extraction efficiency is increased. 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic of another embodiment  400  of the invention with a reflector layer  410  over a substrate serving as a mechanical support. In this embodiment a light emitting device portion  450 , comprising, at least, one or more n-type layers  280 , one or more p-type layers  270  and, optionally, additional intervening layers (not shown), is manufactured on another substrate, removed and attached to substrate  104 . Substrate  104  may comprise one or more layers such as reflector  410  and conductivity layer  262 ; optionally, reflector layer  410 , conductivity layer  262 , metal trace  420  and n-metal trace  421  and metal-oxide coating  120  may be formed on light emitting device portion  450  prior to separation from an original substrate. 
     One technique for separating a light emitting device portion from its original substrate is termed “laser liftoff”. This technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,795 and “Laser Liftoff of Gallium Nitride from Sapphire Substrates”, Sands, T., et al.; Nov. 18, 2005: http://www.ucop.edu/research/micro/98 — 99/98 — 133.pdf. An alternative description is provided by Ambacher, O., et al., “Laser Liftoff and Laser Patterning of Large Free-standing GaN Substrates”; Mat. Res. Soc. Symp., Vol. 617, © 2000 Materials Research Society. All three publications are included in their entirety herein by reference. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic of another embodiment  500  of the invention similar to  FIG. 4 . A reflector structure  411  is formed over a patterned metal-oxide coating  121  on substrate  105 . As in the previous embodiment a laser liftoff technique is used to transfer light emitting region  550  to substrate structure  105 . Substrate  105  may comprise one or more layers such as reflector  411  and metal-oxide layer  121 ; optionally, conductivity layer  262  and metal-oxide coating  120  may be formed on light emitting device portion  550  prior to separation from an original substrate or after combination with substrate  105  comprising reflector  411  and coating  121 . Reflector structure  411  with a patterned metal-oxide coating  121  on substrate  105  may take on various configurations and shapes; only one example is shown. One knowledgeable in the art of silicon on insulator wafer processing is familiar with alternative methods for transferring an active layer(s) to another substrate. 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a flip chip design. Light emitting device  600  comprises metal-oxide coating portion  622 , transmissive substrate  106 , for instance sapphire, light emitting portion  650 , n contact  651 , p contact  641  and submount  601 . N contact  651 , p contact  641  and submount  601  are in mechanical contact and electrical communication. Submount  601  contains electrical circuits, not shown, to provide electrical connection to external circuits or packages. Optionally, submount  601  may comprise additional layers such as reflector  411  and metal-oxide coating  121 , as shown in  FIG. 5 , to enhance reflection of light back through layers beginning with  641  and out through  106  while maintaining mechanical contact and electrical communication to contacts  651  and  641 . 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic of another embodiment of the invention with a flip chip design with a submount substrate  701  and the original substrate removed. Light emitting device  700  comprises metal-oxide coating portion  722 , active region  750 , n contact  751 , p contact  741  and submount  701 . N contact  751 , p contact  741  and submount  701  are in mechanical contact and electrical communication. Submount  701  contains electrical circuits, not shown, to provide electrical connection to external circuits or packages. Optionally, submount  701  may comprise additional layers such as reflector  411  and metal-oxide coating  121  to enhance reflection of light back through active region  750  while maintaining mechanical contact and electrical communication to n and p contacts  751  and  741 . 
       FIGS. 8   a - 8   q  are schematics of alternative patterns and shapes for a metal-oxide coating. Patterns and shapes for metal-oxide coating layer  801 - 813  are chosen from a group comprising  801 , ribs or rectilinear trenches or solids,  805  cylinders,  807  polygon shaped ribs,  803  triangular shaped ridges, hemispherical shaped mounds,  804  horizontal cylindrical shaped ribs,  809  ellipsoids,  808  hemispheres,  806  cones,  810  angled cylinders,  811  angled hemispheres,  812  angled ellipsoids,  802  angled rectilinear trenches or solids and  813  angled cones.  FIG. 9  is a schematic of an alternative embodiment of a metal-oxide coating with a pattern or shape that also functions as a photonic crystal lattice  901 . Not shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9  are substrates or submounts. Patterns and shapes for elements for metal-oxide coating layer  801 - 813  and  901  have a geometrical shape chosen from a group comprising cylinders, ellipsoids, hemispheres, rectilinear trenches or solids, cones, angled cylinders, angled hemispheres, angled ellipsoids, angled rectilinear trenches or solids and angled cones and wherein element to element spacing may be uniform or not. In alternative embodiments, a metal-oxide coating layer may comprise one or more metal-oxide layers of different compositions resulting in one or more different refractive indices in the one or more layers. Non-stoichiometric compositions of metal-oxide materials may be incorporated to achieve varying indices of refraction and extinction coefficients. In embodiments where multiple layers are employed a layer of silicon dioxide integral to other layers may be of utility to enable additional light transmissive or inhibiting capabilities of a multilayer coating. Feature sizes of patterns and photonic crystal shapes may vary from about 50 nm to more than several microns depending on a requirement. 
     Foregoing described embodiments of the invention are provided as illustrations and descriptions. They are not intended to limit the invention to precise form described. In particular, it is contemplated that functional implementation of invention described herein may be implemented equivalently. Alternative construction techniques and processes are apparent to one knowledgeable with integrated circuit and MEMS technology. Other variations and embodiments are possible in light of above teachings, and it is thus intended that the scope of invention not be limited by this Detailed Description, but rather by Claims following.