Abstract:
Nutraceutical compositions for improved administration of important phytochemicals from pomegranate to a human or animal. More particularly, enables oral or enteral dosage forms containing phytochemicals from pomegranate for administering on a routine basis. In at least one instance the natural contents of a pomegranate are encapsulated into a pill form or concentrated juice that provides for more efficient administration than eating a pomegranate but contains the same key ingredients present in the fruit. Enables the recipient to receive the benefits of the fruit but allows for the dosages to be taken in pill or concentrated juice form. Composition is chemically similar or equal to a natural pomegranate but is in a powder, pill or concentrated liquid form.

Description:
This application is a continuation in part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/687,480 filed Mar. 16, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,185, and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/888,763 filed Feb. 7, 2007, and Ser. No. 60/888,762 filed Feb. 7, 2007. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     One or more embodiments of the invention described herein pertain to processes for making nutraceutical compositions for improved administration of phytochemicals from pomegranate to a human or animal and methods of use thereof. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, one or more embodiments of the invention enable oral or enteral dosage forms containing phytochemicals from pomegranate in a quantity that reflects that of the natural fruit itself. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Pomegranates have a long history of use. The pomegranate is an ancient food native to the Middle East. The historical record shows that it was among the first fruits to be cultivated. 
     Pomegranates are popularly consumed as fresh fruits, as beverages (e.g., juices and wines), and as food products (e.g., jams and jellies). Commercial sources of pomegranate juice are obtained namely by a hydrostatic pressing process of whole fruits whereby various types of phytochemicals contained within the pomegranate are extracted into juice form. 
     The consumption of phytochemical-rich diet has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic human illnesses such as certain types of cancers, inflammation, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The pomegranate has recently been acclaimed for its health benefits and for its disease-fighting potential. There are studies concerning associated beneficial effects of pomegranate phytochemicals, including polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, hydrolysable tannins, etc. Hence it is desirable to gain whatever beneficial effects might be present by consuming pomegranate and its phytochemicals. The oral route is the least invasive, most convenient route for administering pomegranate phytochemicals on a routine basis. However, the pomegranate fruit is a difficult fruit to consume and certain pomegranate phytochemicals may lose their health beneficial effects by undergoing chemical reactions into less bioavailable and/or less bioactive forms during processing and storage of juices and extracts. 
     For example, a major polyphenol antioxidant called punicalagin hydrolyzes into ellagic acid during processing and storage of juices and extracts, its ability to offer antioxidant potency to the body is wasted since free ellagic acid has not been found to be bioavailable. But when punicalagins are preserved and then consumed, they offer the researched health benefits of ellagic acid, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream in this way. Punicalagins are 100% water-soluble, highly bioavailable, and shown to possess a high absorption rate up to 95%. Not only do punicalagins offer antioxidant activity on their own, they can break up into smaller polyphenols that are also absorbed into the body. Punicalagins are one important component of pomegranate polyphenols, but the total composition of the polyphenols themselves is a complex mixture of numerous other components. 
     Predominant types of pomegranate polyphenolic compounds are hydrolyzable tannins, which are found in the peels (rind, husk, or pericarp), membranes, and piths of the fruit. Hydrolyzable tannins, of which punicalagin is classified, are susceptible to enzymatic and non-enzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrolyzable tannins are gallic acid and ellagic acid esters of core molecules that consist of polyols such as sugars. During hydrolysis, gallotannins yield gallic acid and glucose while ellagitannins yield ellagic acid and glucose. The reported soluble polyphenol content in pomegranate juice varies within the limits of 0.2 to approximately 1.5% and ellagic acid was measured in commercial juices around 100 to 3000 mg/L. 
     For the reasons above, many of products claiming to contain “natural pomegranate” may in fact lack key ingredients or phytochemicals that may have health beneficial effects. Hence there is a need to find ways to concentrate pomegranate phytochemicals, including polyphenol antioxidants such as punicalagins and its isomers, in their bioavailable and bioactive forms that may be otherwise lost during the processing and storage of juices and extracts. 
     For at least the limitations described above there is a need for processes for producing an oral or enteral dosage form containing key phytochemicals from pomegranates. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One or more embodiments of the invention are nutraceutical compositions for improved administration of important phytochemicals from pomegranate to a human or animal. More particularly, one or more embodiments of the invention enable oral or enteral dosage forms containing phytochemicals from pomegranate for administering on a routine basis. In at least one instance the natural contents of a pomegranate are encapsulated into a pill form or concentrated juice that provides for more efficient administration than eating a pomegranate but contains the same key ingredients present in the fruit. Hence the composition described herein enables the recipient to receive the benefits of the fruit but allows for the dosages to be taken in pill or concentrated juice form. Put simply the composition is chemically similar or equal to a natural pomegranate but is in a powder, pill or concentrated liquid form. To formulate the juice whole pomegranates are sliced to release the arils and pressed. The concentrated liquid is then produced by conducting a further round of pressing on the byproducts that remain after the juice is extracted and hence the liquid concentrate is made from the de-juiced by-products that remain after the first pressing. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention include enteral or oral dosage forms for administration on a routine basis of the nutraceutical composition containing pomegranate phytochemicals, including punicalagins, its isomers, and other high molecular weight polyphenols. Particularly suitable is a dosage or serving for administration containing a dry composition of pomegranate which contains same compounds as pomegranate juice, or the fruit itself optionally differing only in higher proportional content of polypheonols, particularly punicalagin and its isomers. 
     The liquid is concentrated such that one-teaspoon contains the polyphenol content of roughly one 8 oz. glass of pomegranate juice. Either the powder extract or the concentrated liquid may be mixed into any other volume of liquid to form various mixtures. A consumer or manufacture may, for instance, create a drink such as a tea or any other mixture that once mixed contains polyphenols equivalent to an 8 oz. glass of juice. Other variations in polyphenol content are controllable by varying the amounts of powder or liquid concentrate introduced into the mixture. 
     Generally speaking the process for extracting the polyphenols to make the powder or liquid concentrate uses a two step “food type” process: (1) extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate fruit, and (2) purification of the extract to produce pomegranate food polyphenol extract powder. Extraction is performed using a mixture whole and juice-pressed pomegranate fruit and separated arils. Each of these process steps is briefly described further below. Aqueous Extract ion: The mixture of whole and juice-pressed pomegranate fruit and separated arils are milled and screened to remove seeds. The de-seeded fruit (mash) is immersed in hot water and treated with enzymes (pectinase) to accelerate the release of polyphenols from the fruit. Mash solids are removed using a decanter. The resulting liquid is pasteurized and ultra-filtered to remove insoluble solids. The filtered aqueous extract is concentrated in an evaporator to produce a concentrate high in natural polyphenols which are similar in range to the polyphenols in pomegranate juice. The liquid extract concentrate is stored in a secure, refrigerated warehouse pending purification 
     Ethanol in Water Purification. Polyphenols are recovered from the extract concentrate using FDA food-grade resins. Extract concentrate, diluted with water, is passed through resin columns which preferentially adsorbs polyphenols minus most of the anthocyanins from the extract liquid. The resins do not chemically modify the polyphenols; they reversibly adsorb and desorb the polyphenols with their original chemical structure remaining unchanged. Non-phenol compounds, such as sugars, organic acids, cellulose, and other carbohydrates, pass unadsorbed through the resin column. Polyphenols adsorbed on the resin are recovered (de-adsorbed) using ethanol in water. The recovered polyphenols are concentrated by completely removing ethanol. The remaining polyphenol water solution is dried to produce a pomegranate food polyphenol extract powder. 
     One or more embodiments for enteral or oral dosage forms for administration of the nutraceutical composition may preserve or stabilize certain pomegranate phytochemicals, including punicalagins and its isomers, in their bioavailable and bioactive forms that may be otherwise lost during the processing and storage of juices and extracts. Accordingly, the dosage used in embodiments of the invention may be applied in any suitable solid or semisolid form such as capsule, pill, powder, tablet, and the like. 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. It is to be understood, however, that detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration and not limitation. Many changes and modifications within the scope of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications and equivalents thereof. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Compositions and processes for making oral or enteral dosage forms containing phytochemicals from pomegranate and methods of use thereof will now be described. In the following exemplary description numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to an artisan of ordinary skill that the present invention may be practiced without incorporating all aspects of the specific details described herein. In other instances, specific features, quantities, or measurements well known to those of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. Readers should note that although examples of the invention are set forth herein, the claims, and the full scope of any equivalents, are what define the metes and bounds of the invention. 
     All patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. This specifically includes, the following copending applications: 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/294,307 (filed Apr. 19, 1999); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/998,883 (filed Nov. 19, 2001); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/701,918 (filed Nov. 4, 2003); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/252,842 (filed Oct. 18, 2005); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/784,861 (filed Mar. 21, 2006); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/137,248 (filed May 24, 2005); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/782,437 (filed Mar. 15, 2006) 
     The term nutraceutical as used herein denotes usefulness in both the nutritional and pharmaceutical field of application. Thus, the nutraceutical compositions refer to any compound or chemicals, including but not limited to pomegranate phytochemicals, that can provide dietary or health benefits when consumed by humans or animals. The nutraceutical compositions can find use as supplements or additives to food and beverages, and as pharmaceutical formulations for enteral or parenteral application that may be solid or semisolid formulations such as capsules or tablets, or liquid formulations, such as solutions or suspensions. As will be evident from the foregoing, the term nutraceutical composition also comprises supplement including pomegranate compositions containing at least one component selected from phytochemicals including punicalagin, punicalin, other ellagitannins, and gallotannins, as well as food and beverage compositions containing the aforesaid active ingredients. 
     As used herein, the term “phytochemicals” refers collectively to compounds which are naturally-occurring in the pomegranate and to reaction products and metabolites of these compounds, which are considered to have a beneficial effect on the human or animal health. Examples of such phytochemicals include, but not limited to phenolics, polyphenols, organic and phenolic acids, sterols and triterpenoids, fatty acids and triglycerides, and alkaloids. 
     As used herein, the term “polyphenols” refers generally to a family of compounds in the pomegranate and includes phenols and polyphenols. Phenols are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a single phenol unit in their structure. Although similar to alcohols, phenols have unique properties including relatively higher acidities due to the aromatic ring tightly coupled to the oxygen and a relatively loose bond between the oxygen and the hydrogen. Examples of phenolic compounds within this group include ellagic and gallic acid. Polyphenols are a group of compounds, characterized by the presence of more than one phenolic group. Polyphenols include tannins (e.g., ellagitannins and gallotannins), flavonoids (e.g., anthocyannins and isoflavones) and stilbenes (e.g., resveratrol). 
     As used herein, the term “pomegranate juice” refers to the juice that is substantially obtained from the arils of the pomegranate by crushing and squeezing the whole fruit itself. 
     As used herein, the term “pomegranate solids” refers to any one or a combination of the pericarp, the inner membrane and seeds of a pomegranate. 
     It has been discovered that hydrolyzable tannins are susceptible to enzymatic and non-enzymatic hydrolysis during processing and storage of pomegranate juices and extracts. More particularly, a predominant pomegranate hydrolyzable tannin, punicalagin, hydrolyzes into ellagic acid during processing and storage of juices and extracts thus its ability to offer antioxidant potency to the body may be wasted. Punicalagin is a powerful antioxidant and shown to be 100% water-soluble and highly bioavailable. The researched health benefits of ellagic acid may only be obtained when punicalagins are preserved and then absorbed into the bloodstream after an oral or enteral route and break up into smaller polyphenols. While the antioxidant and other beneficial health effects of the pomegranate are due to the presence of polyphenols, the presence of other phytochemical compounds in pomegranate, or the synergistic effect of these phytochemicals, may also be responsible for the antioxidant and other beneficial health effects of pomegranate. 
     The polyphenols are responsible for a bitter taste and astringent quality of the pomegranate juice. It has been discovered that the taste of polyphenols and the other constituents of pomegranate significantly limit the concentration of active ingredients in liquid form for food and beverage applications. The susceptibility of hydrolyzed tannins to hydrolysis and other phytochemicals of pomegranate to undesirable chemical reactions also significantly limit the concentration of active ingredients in pomegranate juices and extracts for food and beverage applications. The separation process which makes us of various chromatographic techniques to separate and purify polyphenols from the fruit or byproducts of the fruit will now be described. 
     Separation Process 
     Polyphenols are a mixture of substances of very different molecular weight and polarity. They are known to be soluble or partly soluble in polar solvents or admixtures thereof (e.g., water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate). 
     The adsorption mechanism typically relies upon non-specific dipole-dipole interactions between the separation medium and the components of the liquid extract. The eluent (solvent) carries molecules faster those of which are less tightly bound to the medium. In preferred embodiments the separation medium is a chromatographic medium acceptable for use in the food industry. The medium is conveniently supported in a large (preparative) scale chromatographic column. Separation column resin beds up to 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet in height are described herein, and it is contemplated that substantially larger diameter resin beds may be utilized without the need for internal flow distributing structures, thereby substantially increasing the total output volume from the system. 
     The separation medium may include a synthetic polymeric adsorbent resin. Generally these synthetic polymeric adsorbents take the form of non-ionic macroreticular resins that adsorb and release ionic and polar molecules (compounds) through hydrophobic and polar interactions; these are usually employed under isocratic conditions (i.e., only a single eluent of fixed composition is used). Such polymeric resins are usually derived from a synthetic hydrophobic polyaromatic resin such as cross-linked polyvinylbenzene (polystyrene) and polydivinylbenzene. These resins are manufactured under trade names such as Amberchrom™, Amberlite™, Diaion™, and Dowex™. One advantage of the polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer resin is that the polyphenols are especially well adsorbed when dissolved in water or dilute aqueous C1-C3 alkanol (e.g. 2% v/v ethanol), preferably at the nominal operating range of 100° to 140° F. 
     It may be possible to use natural polymeric media, such as microparticulate cellulose which is particularly well suited for the separation of nucleotides, sugars, amino acids and polyphenols. Potential drawbacks to the use of microparticulate cellulose or derivatives thereof, are swelling in an aqueous environment and/or compressibility under pressure. Other alternatives are dextran polymers (e.g. Sephadex™, Pharmacia UK) or agarose beads (e.g., Sepharose™, Pharmacia, UK). 
     In one or more embodiments, temperature range for operating the separation process is in the range of 100° to 140° F. Less preferred is using the separation medium at the temperature below 100° F. which alters the adsorption characteristics of polyphenols and other phytochemicals of interest. 
     In one or more embodiments, the flow rate through the separation medium is in the range one to three bed volumes an hour, optimally two bed volumes per hour. A bed volume is the amount of the adsorbent resin in a separation medium. The volume and total time of flow of a particular feed stream into the column can be controlled by the desired output and the input stream. The optimal flow rate enables the separation medium to sequester polyphenols and other phytochemicals of interest, and rinse out the unbound material. 
     For rinsing step in one or more embodiments, a dilute aqueous alcohol is passed through the separation medium to remove unbound material (e.g., sugars, proteins, fibers, enzymes, carbohydrates). When obtaining a high purity of polyphenols in the pomegranate dry composition is desired, it is preferred that this rinsing step performed prior to the elution of polyphenols. Optionally, the rinse step may include back flushing the separation medium with a dilute aqueous alcohol to remove any insoluble material that may collect on the top of the separation medium. Dilute aqueous alcohol is any aqueous solution containing alkanol having one to four carbon atoms and of less than about 5% v/v, more preferable 2% v/v. Ethanol is preferred alkanol since it is approved for food use. Less preferable is water, which is not as effective at getting unbound material out of the separation medium and reduces the purity of polyphenols in the pomegranate dry composition. 
     For an elution of polyphenols and other phytochemicals of interest from the separation medium in one or more embodiments, eluting solvents may be any polar solvent which are accepted for the preparation of food (e.g., water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, methylene dichloride, chloroform or mixtures thereof). In one or more embodiments, the eluting solvent is a concentrated aqueous alcohol containing alkanol having one to four carbon atoms and of at least about 5% v/v, more preferably alkanol is ethanol. More preferred is aqueous ethanol of no more than 20% v/v which does not require the need of an expensive explosion-proof equipment. 
     Pomegranate Dry Composition 
     A pomegranate dry composition is obtained from the pomegranate solid, in accordance with the methods disclosed herein, which has a substantially higher polyphenol content than other known methods. This is particularly true with respect to the higher molecular weight polyphenols and, in particular, punicalagins. In addition to punicalagin, other high molecular weight polyphenols characterized in the pomegranate dry composition include ellagitannin and other hydrolysable tannins, such as punicortein A, punicalin, pedunculagin, and gallotannin dimers and trimers. Once obtained the dry composition may be filled into capsules for distribution in pill form or mixed into various liquids to increase the polyphenol content of a particular liquid. 
     Punicalagins and other phytochemicals of pomegranate may remain stable when processed and stored in the pomegranate dry composition. Thus, less of hydrolysable tannins, for example, in the dry composition become hydrolyzed to nonbioavailable and/or less bioactive forms. Thus embodiments of the invention may be used in oral or enteral dosage form as a nutraceutical composition including, for instance, a pomegranate dry composition. This nutraceutical composition may be administered in oral, pill or liquid form. 
     Accordingly, methods are provided for producing a pomegranate dry composition containing phytochemicals from the pomegranate solids. The pomegranate dry composition produced from the methods disclosed herein differs from the commercially-available pomegranate juice in that the concentrate is substantially derived from the pomegranate solid, whereas pomegranate juice is substantially derived from the arils that surrounds the pomegranate seeds. The pomegranate dry composition is characterized as powder and containing polyphenols, particularly, high molecular weight polyphenols, such as punicalagin. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes providing any one of a combination of pomegranate solids. For instance, one may make use of the pericarp, inner membrane and seeds to create a mixture comprising the pomegranate solids in an aqueous solution. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the mixture of the pomegranate solids may be created by adding water in an amount that is about 20-80% w/v, and more preferably about 50% w/v, of the pomegranate solids. The mixture is preferably crushed or milled to create a rough grind of pomegranate solids dispersed in the aqueous solution. 
     Alternatively, the starting materials for production of the concentrate are solids from the husks and residual fruits that remain after the first or second pressing of whole fruits in the production of the juice concentrate. Both powder or concentrated liquid forms may be made with these materials. In another embodiment of the invention, the mixture of the solids may be created by adding water in an amount that is about 20-80% w/v, and more preferably about 50 w/v, of the solids. The mixture may be crushed or milled to create a rough grind of pomegranate solids dispersed in the aqueous solution. 
     The mixture is then heated to a temperature of about 60° F. to 210° F. Various ranges are operative for purposes of implementing the invention. One embodiment of the invention for instance uses a range of about 85° F. to 185° F. while alternatives may make use of ranges of about 110° F. to 160° F. The temperature to which the mixture is heated depends upon the selection of enzymes, or combination of enzymes, that is added to the mixture. The mixture is heated to a temperature that permits the maximum catalysis of the enzyme or combination of enzymes. 
     Alternatively, enzymes may be added before the mixture is heated. Thus, the order of the steps of heating the mixture and adding the enzymes is not meant to be limiting, so long as the mixture is heated to a temperature that permits the enzymes to at least partially degrade the pomegranate solids and liberate phytochemicals from the plant tissues and/or cells. Once liberated, the phytochemicals may react and/or polymerize to create new phytochemical compounds or reaction products. 
     Enzymes suitable for use in accordance with this embodiment of the invention include those that are capable of at least partially degrading the plant tissue or cells to liberate the phytochemicals from the pomegranate solids. Such enzymes include any one or a combination of pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase, amylase, arabanase, and other hydrolyzing enzymes, to name a few. The enzymes added to the mixture may be naturally-occurring or synthetic. They may be derived from any one or a combination of sources, such as animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial sources. The amount of the enzyme or combination of enzymes added to the mixture depends on the temperature of the mixture and the amount of pomegranate solids present in the mixture. 
     After enzymes are added, the mixture is maintained at a temperature for a time sufficient to allow at least partial degradation of the pomegranate solids. The temperature and length of time required depends on the type of enzymes added to the mixture, the rate of enzyme catalysis and the amount of the pomegranate solids contained in the mixture. 
     Thus, in one preferred embodiment, a combination of pectinase, cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes are added to the mixture, which is heated to a temperature of about 60° F. to 210° F. One embodiment of the invention for instance makes use of a heat of about 110° F. to 160° F. whereas other embodiments of the invention stop at 120° F. The mixture is maintained at these temperatures, typically with agitation or stirring, for about 45-195 minutes. Variations are feasible however as in one embodiment of the invention the mixture is maintained for 45-75 minutes. In at least one instance 60 minutes is thought to be an effective amount of time for maintaining the mixture at temperature. 
     After the enzymes have at least partially degraded the pomegranate solids, the residual insoluble solid materials are removed from the mixture. Optionally, a clarification agent, such as bentonite, may be added before the step of removing the residual insoluble materials from the mixture. The removal of residual insoluble materials from the mixture may be accomplished by filtration, centrifugation, chromatographic techniques, and other techniques. Filtration techniques suitable for the practice of the methods disclosed herein include micro-filtration at a molecular weight cut-off of at least 100,000 Da, and preferably of about 100,00 to 200,000 Da. The mixture may be passed through more than one filtration step, e.g., first step with filtration at a higher molecular weight cut-off then one or more subsequent steps with filtration at a lower molecular weight cut-off. After filtration, the resulting liquid extract is about 2° to 8° Brix. 
     The resulting liquid extract may be pasteurized at a temperature and for a length of time sufficient to kill microorganisms that could cause disease, spoilage or undesired fermentation. In one embodiment of the invention, the extract may be pasteurized at a temperature of about 140° F. to 280° F., preferably of about 195° F. to 240° F., and optimally of about 205° F. The pasteurization may also denature the remaining enzymes that were added to the mixture. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the filtered liquid extract may be further concentrated to, for example, 15°-20° Brix before the filtered liquid extract is being applied to a separation medium. The concentration of the liquid extract may be accomplished with any suitable evaporator or distillation methodology and apparatus. For example, the liquid extract may be concentrated in a rising-film plate evaporator. 
     The filtered liquid extract is passed through a separation medium, which is then rinsed with a dilute aqueous alcohol to remove unbound material. Eluted dilute aqueous alcohol containing unbound material may be collected and can be further processed, for example, for use in foods as flavors. The polyphenols bind to the separation medium and may be eluted with a solvent, preferably a concentrated aqueous ethanol. 
     In one or more embodiments, the concentrated aqueous alcohol eluate containing polyphenols may be processed through a conventional distillation unit to remove the alcohol. Alcohol may be recovered from distillation and reused in the subsequent cycles of rinse and/or elution steps. 
     The resulting liquid eluate containing polyphenols may be dried by employing any suitable drying methodology and apparatus, which includes the steps including a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and followed by further drying in a desiccator. Another drying methodology is lyophilization, which comprises freezing the liquid extract and then drying the same under high vacuum conditions in order to allow the water in the solid state to sublimate at low temperature. That is, the water is removed from the material by passing directly from the solid to the gaseous state, without passing through the liquid state. A drying methodology used in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention is tray drying or spray drying the liquid eluate containing polyphenols. After drying step, these results in pomegranate dry composition in a powder form and may be utilized in other embodiments of the invention. 
     Enteral or Oral Dosage Unit 
     The purity of polyphenols in the pomegranate dry composition may influence the number and size of dosage unit. The amount of pomegranate dry composition may varies in the preparation of dosage unit. In one or more embodiments of the invention, it is preferred that polyphenol content in the dry composition is of a sufficiently high purity that the dosage unit is delivered in a single oral or enteral form that is conveniently administered to human subject that is equivalent to polyphenol content of 8 oz. freshly made pomegranate juice. The method of making pomegranate dry composition with high purity of polyphenols (e.g, about 90%) is disclosed herein enables a convenient single oral or enteral dosage unit that is equivalent to polyphenol content of approximately 8 oz. freshly made pomegranate juice. 
     In another embodiment, pomegranate dry composition may be formulated in nutraceutical compositions and be delivered in an oral or enteral dosage form. Such compositions may be administered orally or enterally employing dry form preparations containing the pomegranate dry composition. The preparation of the nutraceutical composition may optionally include one or a combination of suitable binders, carriers, disintegrants, excipient, lubricants, colorants, and diluents. Such nutraceutical composition optionally may comprise one or more additional coatings surrounding the core and/or the control releasing coat such as moisture barrier coats, enteric coats or coatings that affect the physical integrity and/or appearance of the nutraceutical composition. 
     The dosage used in the embodiments may be applied in any suitable form, such as bars, pills, capsules, gels, liquid, etc. A dosage unit may comprise a powder, solid or semisolid form, and more acceptable in a dosage form includes without limitation, caplets, capsules, gelatin coated capsule, granules, microparticles, microspheres, pills, powder, tablets, and other solid or semisolid formulations. The solid or semisolid dosage form preferably has a weight between 0.1 and 30 grams, more preferably between 0.2 and 10 grams. In the embodiments, a daily dosage of the preparation as used in the invention can include one or more pills, tablets or other dosage forms. Concentrated liquid forms are also contemplated and make be made by mixing in the powder or other forms of the polyphenol composition described herein. Alternatively or in addition the liquid concentrate itself can be produced from byproducts of the juice production process. 
     Excipients include, for example, lactose, glucose, corn starch, sorbit, and crystalline cellulose. Disintegrants include, for example, starch, sodium alginate, gelatin powder, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, and dextrin. Binders include, for example, dimethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ether, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, gum arabic, gelatin, hydroxypropylcellulose, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Lubricants include, for example, talc, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, silica, and hydrogenated vegetable oils. 
     The effective amount of a nutraceutical composition is the amount or dosage unit of the pomegranate dry composition sufficient to achieve the intended beneficial health results. Accordingly, the effective amount of the nutraceutical composition to be administered depends on considerations such as the dosage unit employed, the mode of administration, the period of treatment, the age, sex, and weight of the person treated and the nature and extent of the condition treated. The effective amount can readily be determined based upon standard techniques known to evaluate whether the intended effect of the composition has been achieved, by standard toxicity texts and by standard pharmacological assays. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention the enteral or oral administration of a nutraceutical composition including the pomegranate dry composition. As mentioned concentrated liquid forms are also feasible. Particularly suitable is the administration of a dosage or serving the nutraceutical composition containing the pomegranate dry composition. Capsule form is typically most well suited for easy consumption but all other alternatives are within the scope and spirit of the invention. 
     The following examples further illustrate the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein. These examples are provided only for purpose of illustrating the embodiments of the invention and do not limit the invention in any manner whatsoever unless specifically claimed. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Production of Pomegranate Dry Composition 
     The starting material for the production of the pomegranate dry composition is the pomegranate solids, which generally comprise the pericarp, the inner membrane and seed of the pomegranate. The pomegranate solids were obtained and collected after the primary juice from the arils has been substantially expelled or otherwise removed from the pomegranate by pressing, crushing, or other methods known to the art for extracting pomegranate juice. 
     The pomegranate solids were then transferred to three Reitz Mills with ⅜ inch screens. The material was milled to a fine puree and heated to approximately 125° F. This step, coupled with the following enzyme addition, assisted in breaking down the colloidal structure of the remaining pomegranate solids, thereby releasing the remaining soluble solids. 
     The mixture was heated to a temperature of about 125° F. for two hours. Three enzymes were added to the mixture: pectinase (Rohapect® DA6L), cellulase/pectinase (Rohapect® CL), and hemi-cellulase/pectinase (Rohapect® B1L). These enzymes were used to liberate the remaining pomegranate soluble solids, such as sugars, minerals, anthocyanins, and remaining polyphenols. 
     The mixture was then pumped from the extraction plant to the primary processing plant where it was held in the mash treatment tanks for approximately one hour. After one hour, 50-100 pounds of bentonite in a 125 gallon of water slurry, per 8,000 gallons of the mixture, was added for protein removal. The treated mixture was then passed through a Westphalia 755 Decanter for removal of solids. The residual insoluble material was discharged as waste. The liquid extract then exited the decanter and was filtered on Koch SUPER-COR® microfiltration membranes at a 500,00 Da molecular weight cut-off and then filtered again on Koch ultrafiltration membranes at a 100,000 or 200,000 Da molecular weight cut-off. 
     The filtered liquid extract was then applied to a Schmidt-Bretten rising-film plate evaporator. Initial heat on this step was about 140° F. In this step, the filtered liquid extract was concentrated to about 15° to 20° Bx. 
     The filtered liquid extract was maintained at the temperature of about 140° F. and then passed through a pre-heated 140° F. preparative column (4-foot diameter, 4-foot tall) packed with Amberlite™ FPX66 (Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.) at the flow rate of two bed volumes an hour until the resins gets loaded. Any portions of liquid effluent that indicate bleed-through of polyphenols were collected for subsequent loading step. 
     After the load step, dilute aqueous alcohol (2% ethanol/H 2 O) was passed through the preparative column at the flow rate of two bed volumes an hour to remove unbound material. Dilute aqueous alcohol effluent was discarded as a waste. 
     After the rinse step, concentrated aqueous alcohol (20% ethanol/H 2 O) was applied to the resin and the liquid eluate containing polyphenols was collected. In an optional step, the liquid eluate was then entered through Arnold Holstein distillation unit to remove and recover alcohol. The recovered alcohol was reused for subsequent cycles of rinse and elution steps. 
     The liquid eluate was transferred into a tray and dried in an oven at about 70°-80° C. After drying step, the resulting eluate was in form of a dense powder, which was used in other embodiments of the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Analysis of the Pomegranate Dry Composition 
     The pomegranate dry composition from Example 1 was analyzed using HPLC and MALDI-TOF. The pomegranate dry composition is qualitatively identical to that of pomegranate juice and differs only in having a higher proportional content of pomegranate polyphenols, primarily punicalagin and its isomers. See Table 1 for breakdown of polyphenols in 100 grams of the pomegranate dry composition powder. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
                 Glucose 
                   
               
               
                 Polyphenols 
                 Total 
                 Part 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Punicalagin (17% 
                 25.5 
                 4.3 
                 Mean of the range 
               
               
                 glucose) 
                   
                   
                 (16-35%) 
               
               
                 Punicalin (23% 
                 4.4 
                 1.0 
                 Mean of the range 
               
               
                 glucose) 
                   
                   
                 (2.2-6.6%) 
               
               
                 Free ellagic acid 
                 6.7 
                 0.0 
                 Mean of the range 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (4.6-8.8%) 
               
               
                 Other ellagitannins and 
                 53.4 
                 13.4 
                 Determined by difference 
               
               
                 gallotannins (23-27% 
                   
                   
                 (range 55-75); mean 
               
               
                 glucose) 
                   
                   
                 glucose 25% 
               
               
                 Unidentified 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 Assumed 
               
               
                 Sum: 
                 100.0 
                 28.7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Once produced in accordance with one or more embodiments  
               
               
                 of the invention described herein the pomegranate dry com- 
               
               
                 position comprises the following generalized specifications. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SPECIFICATIONS 
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Classification 
                 Organic, Nutritive 
               
               
                 Physical Classification 
                 Dried Fruit 
               
               
                 Color 
                 Red-Brown 
               
               
                 Odor 
                 Characteristic Tannin 
               
               
                 Taste 
                 Characteristic Tannin 
               
               
                 Plant Part Used 
                 Husk, Arils (Juice), and Fruit 
               
               
                 Chemical Parameters 
                   
               
               
                 Total Phenolics 
                 &gt;85% (UV adsorption std. to 
               
               
                   
                 pomegranate polyphenols) 
               
               
                 pH (1 g/100 ml water) 
                 3.0 to 5.0 
               
               
                 Heavy Metals (ppm) 
                 Less than 1 ppm. 
               
               
                 Physical Parameters 
                   
               
               
                 Particle Size (wt. % retained on 
                 Less than 2%. 
               
               
                 60 mesh) 
                   
               
               
                 Bulk Density (g/cc) 
                 0.8 to 0.9 
               
               
                 Tap Density (g/cc) 
                 0.9 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Microbiological Assays: 
                   
               
               
                 Total Plate Count (CFU/g) 
                 &lt;1,000 
               
               
                 Yeast (CFU/g) 
                 &lt;100 
               
               
                 Mold (CFU/g) 
                 &lt;10 
               
               
                 Total Coliforms (CFU/g) 
                 &lt;10 (none detected) 
               
               
                   E. coli  (CFU/g) 
                 &lt;10 (none detected) 
               
               
                   Salmonella  (CFU/g) 
                 Negative in 25 grams. 
               
               
                   Staph. aureus  (CFU/g) 
                 &lt;10 (none detected) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SHELF LIFE 
               
               
                 18 months at or below 70 F in a sealed container. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PACKAGING 
               
               
                 10 kg. in a double-lined plastic bag. Product should be stored in the  
               
               
                 original sealed container and tightly closed after usage. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     One created the powder and liquid forms provide similar polyphenol components of one serving of pomegranate juice. One serving of pomegranate juice contains at least 800 mg total natural polyphenols (650 mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE) with expected variation from year to year and batch to batch. Pomegranate juice has been shown to have up to 4,370 mg/L or 1,049 mg/8 oz of punicalagin compounds by Cerda et. al., 2004. GAE underestimates the total polyphenol level because gallic acid is not optimized standard. A 1,000 mg capsule of powder made using the process described herein contains at least 800 mg natural polyphenol using a pomegranate polyphenol standard. The table below is illustrative: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Polyphenols in the specialized powder are similar to pomegranate  
               
               
                 juice polyphenols minus most of the anthocyanins. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pomegranate Powder/Liquid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pomegranate Juice 
                 Special Pomegranate  
               
               
                   
                 mg/8 oz. juice 
                 Powder mg/1,000 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 #1 
                 #2 
                 Batch 1 
                 Batch 2 
                 Batch 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Anthocyanins 
                  67.6 
                  76.7 
                 trace 
                 trace 
                 Trace 
               
               
                 Gallagyl-type  
                 181.8 
                  96.9 
                 169.4 
                 141.4 
                 161.1 
               
               
                 (punicalagins &amp; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 punicalin) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ellagic acid and  
                  26.4 
                  37.2 
                  27.6 
                  33.1 
                  35.9 
               
               
                 derivatives 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Other hydrolysable  
                 720.9 
                 627.0 
                 593.0 
                 665.5 
                 663.1 
               
               
                 tannins 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                 966.7 
                 837.9 
                 790.0 
                 840.0 
                 860.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Subchronic Toxicity Study of the Pomegranate Dry Composition 
     A 28-day oral gavage study in rats was conducted at an outside laboratory. 10 male and 10 female rats per group were dosed with 0, 150, 700, or 1500 mg/kg/day of the pomegranate dry composition from Example 1. Samples of blood were collected for clinical pathology evaluation on test days 29 and 31-32, and were shipped to a laboratory for analysis and interpretation. 
     Complete blood counts, including reticulocytes, were determined on a Bayer® Advia 120 hematology analyzer or determined from microscopic evaluation of the blood smear. Wright-Giemsa-stained blood smears from all animals were examined microscopically for confirmation of automated results and evaluation of cellular morphology. Coagulation times were determined on a Sysmex® CA-1000 Coagulation Analyzer. The following parameters were determined: red blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, platelet count, white blood cell count, differential white blood cell count, microscopic blood smear examination, absolute reticulocyte count, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. 
     Serum clinical chemistry parameters were determined on an Olympus® AU640 clinical chemistry analyzer to determine the following parameters: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, inorganic phosphorous, sodium, potassium, and chloride. 
     Remaining sera from 4 randomly chosen animals were pooled into 2 aliquots, frozen at approximately −80° C. and sent to a laboratory for comprehensive antibody screening as part of a routine health screen. Titers to the following pathogens or antigens were determined: Sendai virus, pneunomia virus of mice, rat coronavirus/sialodacryoadentitis virus, Kilham&#39;s rat virus, Toolan&#39;s H-1 virus, reovirus,  mycoplasma pulmonis , rat parvovirus, parvovirus non-structural protein 1, and rat minute virus 1. 
     Statistical analysis of clinical pathology data was performed with significance at p&lt;0.05. Separate analysis was performed on the data collected for each sex. 
     The summary of the results follows. The following adverse serum clinical chemistry changes occurred in rats dosed with 1500 mg/kg/day: increased bilirubin and decreased triglyceride concentration (males and females), decreased total protein due to decreased globulin concentration (males only), and decreased glucose concentrations (females only). There were no other adverse changes in clinical chemistry parameters and no adverse changes in hematology, or congulation parameters in male or female rats dosed with the pomegranate dry composition powder. Therefore, under the conditions of this study and for the clinical pathology parameters measured, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was 1500 mg/kg/day for males and females, based on the finding of adverse effects at higher doses. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Pomegranate Capsule 
     The method described below was employed to obtain an oral dosage unit in a form of a capsule exhibiting rapid disintegration characteristics in gastric acid. 
     About 1000 mg of the pomegranate from Example 1 and about 200 mg of maltodextrin, which is used as a flow agent, are intimately mixed for prior to filling in a capsule comprising of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. 
     This amount provides the polyphenol content equivalent to an 8 oz. bottle of pomegranate juice. The purification process of Example 1 enables the requisite polyphenol dose in a single capsule. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Administering Pomegranate Capsules to Overweight Individuals 
     Pomegranate capsules prepared according to Example 4 were evaluated for dietary supplement use and safety in 88 overweight human individuals with increased waist size. Generally healthy male and female subjects recruited were overweight (above normal body mass index of 25 to 32) and had central obesity as evidenced by a waist circumference of ≧35 inches for female and ≧40 inches for male. Exclusions included confounding factors such as those who were being treated for chronic diseases related to oxidative stress such as diabetes or hypertension. Subjects were counseled to eat a low flavonoid diet for the duration of the study. Individuals with any changes in smoking status, or those taking any supplement or drugs that might interfere with adsorption of polyphenols were excluded. Subjects were divided into two groups, each at a different clinical study site (“Site A” and “Site B”). 
     At the Site A, 64 subjects consumed either one or two pomegranate capsules per day. In order to maintain blinding, subjects in 1 pomegranate capsule a day received one bottle of placebo and one bottle of pomegranate capsules. 7 of the 64 subjects received only placebo throughout the trial to assess the incidence of adverse effects in a group receiving only placebo. At the Site B, 22 subjects consumed one pomegranate capsule per day. 
     Following a screening visit, subjects received dietary instruction as to avoidance of foods with strong antioxidant properties for the duration of the trial. Safety laboratory determinations were made at each of three visits. At visits subsequent to the screening visit, subjects were queried for any adverse events since the previous visit and any changes in concomitant medications. Vital signs were taken at each visit. Safety laboratories include CBC, chemistry, and urinalysis. Studies of antioxidant activity as evidenced by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma and paraoxonase 1 activity (PON1) were measured before and after pomegranate capsule supplementation. 
     The arylesterase activity of PON1 was measured using phenylacetate as substrate. The reaction mixture contained 1 ml of 1 mM phenylacetate in 9 mM of Tris/HCL containing 0.9 mM of CaCl2 at a pH of 8.0. To this was added 10 μl of a 10-fold dilution of the plasma sample. The increase in absorbance at 270 nm was read. The change in molar extinction coefficient was 1,310 M-1 cm-1. Assays were corrected for the small spontaneous hydrolysis of phenylacetate by subtracting the rate observed in a reaction mixture without the addition of plasma. Arylesterase activity is expressed in units per milliliter. One unit was defined as 1 μM of phenylacetate hydrolyzed per minute. 
     Plasma was assayed for TBARS by using 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane as a standard. Plasma samples were stabilized upon collection and separation from packed cells by the addition of 1 μM butylated hydroxytoluene to prevent any further lipid peroxidation. They were assayed on the day of collection, or, if necessary frozen at −70° C. for a few days. The TBARS test measures lipid peroxidation products, including precursors that will continue to break down to yield malondialdehyde. 
     At the Site A, there was a formal assessment of adverse reactions and a comprehensive series of blood tests for toxicity by comparison to the control group receiving placebo (see Tables 3 to 6). No subject discontinued the study due to an adverse event and no serious adverse events were reported. Eleven minor adverse events were reported by nine of the 64 randomized subjects at the Site A (see Table 3). These events were distributed between the two treatment groups. Two of 27 (7.4%) subjects in the low dose group reported minor adverse effects as did five of 28 (17.9%) high dose subjects. There were no qualitative or quantitative differences between treatment groups or by comparison to placebo. There were no apparent treatment-related changes in any of the chemistry, hematology or urinalysis laboratory results in the subjects at the Site A (see Tables 4 to 6). 
     At the Site B, 22 subjects (18 females, 4 males) completed the treatment. The study results at the Site B are presented separately, because this study was carried out during the late Fall when a number of holidays occurred. As a result, a significant increase in body weight (1.30 lb±1.95 lb, p=0.005) was observed during the study. Despite this weight gain, there was a decrease in both AST (−2.64±5.36 U/L, p=0.031) and ALT (−3.09±6.94 U/L, p=0.049) (see Table 7). Before adjusting for change in weight, TBARS levels showed a significant decrease between baseline and 4 weeks (−0.13±0.23 μM, p=0.011). After adjusting for change in weight, decrease in TBARS was still significant but changes in ALT and AST were no longer significant. With the adjustment for weight, free fatty acids (FFA) increased slightly (0.09 mmol/l, p=0.035). There were no changes in glucose, BUN, creatinine, lipids, insulin, c-peptide, paraoxonase-1 or electrolytes. 
     This study demonstrates in preliminary fashion that a pomegranate extract dietary supplement is safe when ingested by healthy human subjects in amounts of 2 pomegranate capsules per day for 28 days. No adverse events related to the dietary supplement consumption or changes in hematology, serum chemistry or urinalyses were observed. Preliminary evidence of a reduction in TBARS was seen in the subjects who were studied at the Site B. 
     No allergic reactions were observed in any of the 79 subjects who consumed the dietary supplement at the two clinical study sites. 
     Therefore, the studies conducted demonstrate both the safety of a pomegranate ellagitannin enriched dietary supplement in humans and suggest that there may be a demonstrable antioxidant effect observable in humans. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Adverse Events Reported at the Site A 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Number of  
                 Number of  
                 Number of  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Subjects (%) 
                 Subjects (%) 
                 Subjects (%) 
               
               
                 Body System 
                 Preferred Term 
                 Placebo 
                 1 Capsule/Day 
                 2 Capsules/Day 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Respiratory System 
                 Cough 
                   
                 1 (11%) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Laryngopharyngeal 
                   
                 1 (11%) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pain 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bronchitis 
                   
                 1 (11%) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Nasopharyngitis 
                 1 (11%) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sinusitis 
                 1 (11%) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Central Nerv. Syst. 
                 Headache 
                   
                   
                 1 (11%) 
               
               
                 Blood 
                 Anemia 
                   
                   
                 1 (11%) 
               
               
                 Musculoskeletal 
                 Hand Fracture 
                   
                   
                 1 (11%) 
               
               
                 Vascular 
                 Hematoma 
                   
                   
                 1 (11%) 
               
               
                   
                 Superficial 
                   
                   
                 1 (11%) 
               
               
                   
                 Thrombophlebitis 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Skin 
                 Herpes Simplex 
                   
                   
                 1 (11%) 
               
               
                 No. with any AE 
                   
                 2 
                 2 
                 5 
               
               
                 % with any AE 
                   
                 22.2% 
                 7.4% 
                 17.9% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrolytes and Renal Function Laboratory Results (p-values) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 1 Pomegranate Capsule/Day 
                 2 Pomegranate Capsules/Day 
                 Placebo 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 End of  
                   
                   
                   
                 End of 
                   
                   
                   
                 End of 
                   
               
               
                 Test 
                 Units 
                 Baseline 
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
                 Baseline 
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
                 Baseline 
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BUN 
                 mg/dL 
                 14.11 
                 2.34 
                 13.56 
                 2.46 
                 13.71  
                 2.45 
                 13.67 
                 2.79 
                 12.67 
                 3.56 
                 11.56 
                 2.27 
               
               
                 Creatinine 
                 mg/dL 
                 0.84 
                 0.12 
                 0.86 
                 0.13 
                 0.84 
                 0.09 
                 0.82 
                 0.11 
                 0.76 
                 0.08 
                 0.77 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 Potassium 
                 mEq/L 
                 4.49 
                 0.38 
                 4.33 
                 0.33 
                 4.36 
                 0.22 
                 4.29 
                 0.20 
                 4.23 
                 0.25 
                 4.21 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 mEq/L 
                 140.74 
                 1.71 
                 138.88 
                 1.73 
                 140.21 
                 1.76 
                 138.70 
                 1.39 
                 140.22 
                 1.19 
                 140.11 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 Chloride 
                 mEq/L 
                 104.63  
                 2.14 
                 103.64 
                 2.05 
                 104.11 
                 1.12 
                 103.70 
                 1.21 
                 105.78 
                 1.58 
                 104.44 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 Bicarbonate 
                 mEq/L 
                 22.78 
                 2.01 
                 23.88 
                 1.52 
                 22.86 
                 1.79 
                 24.07 
                 1.86 
                 22.67 
                 2.22 
                 24.89 
                 1.70 
               
               
                 Calcium 
                 mg/dL 
                 9.32 
                 0.33 
                 9.36 
                 0.30 
                 9.32 
                 0.30 
                 9.33 
                 0.25 
                 9.19 
                 0.28 
                 9.36 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 Uric Acid 
                 mg/dL 
                 5.16 
                 1.36 
                 5.00 
                 1.17 
                 4.36 
                 1.02 
                 4.20 
                 0.96 
                 4.50 
                 1.07 
                 4.58 
                 1.04 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Liver Function Laboratory Results (p-values) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 1 Capsules/Day 
                 2 Capsules/Day 
                 Placebo 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 End of 
                   
                   
                   
                 End of  
                   
                   
                   
                 End of 
                   
               
               
                 Test 
                 Units 
                 Baseline 
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
                 Baseline 
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
                 Baseline  
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ALK PHOS 
                 U/L 
                 67.59 
                 16.54 
                 67.68 
                 17.11 
                 70.71 
                 11.93 
                 72.52 
                 13.28 
                 69.00 
                 13.78 
                 69.33 
                 14.07 
               
               
                 AST/GOT 
                 U/L 
                 19.04 
                 5.60 
                 21.44 
                 8.36 
                 17.00 
                 3.64 
                 24.19 
                 13.74 
                 19.33 
                 3.56 
                 22.56 
                 6.30 
               
               
                 ALT/GPT 
                 U/L 
                 20.78 
                 8.63 
                 23.92 
                 12.52 
                 17.86 
                 6.74 
                 26.07 
                 17.08 
                 18.22 
                 4.37 
                 22.00 
                 6.89 
               
               
                 Total Bilirubin  
                 mg/dL 
                 0.58 
                 0.19 
                 0.57 
                 0.15 
                 0.66 
                 0.20 
                 0.59 
                 0.17 
                 0.58 
                 0.18 
                 0.53 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 Total Protein 
                 g/dL 
                 7.35 
                 0.39 
                 7.29 
                 0.25 
                 7.27 
                 0.35 
                 7.35 
                 0.27 
                 7.24 
                 0.32 
                 7.32 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 Albumin 
                 g/dL 
                 4.41 
                 0.23 
                 4.40 
                 0.23 
                 4.41 
                 0.15 
                 4.44 
                 0.14 
                 4.40 
                 0.13 
                 4.42 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Direct Bilirubin 
                 mg/dL 
                 0.10 
                 0.02 
                 0.10 
                 0.02 
                 0.11 
                 0.03 
                 0.11 
                 0.02 
                 0.09 
                 0.02 
                 0.11 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Glucose and Triglycerides Laboratory Results (p-values) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 1 Capsules/Day 
                 2 Capsules/Day 
                 Placebo 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 End of 
                   
                   
                   
                 End of 
                   
                   
                   
                 End of 
                   
               
               
                 Test 
                 Units 
                 Baseline 
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
                 Baseline 
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
                 Baseline  
                 SD 
                 Study 
                 SD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Glucose 
                 mg/dL 
                 95.30 
                 10.40 
                 94.76 
                 11.93 
                 89.18 
                 7.61 
                 90.30 
                 5.57 
                 97.78 
                 9.04 
                 96.33 
                 10.59 
               
               
                 Cholesterol 
                 mg/dL 
                 215.26  
                 27.99 
                 209.52 
                 27.50 
                 205.39 
                 28.42 
                 210.85 
                 36.18  
                 212.11 
                 29.23 
                 207.11 
                 21.88 
               
               
                 Triglyceride 
                 mg/dL 
                 209.15 
                 155.13 
                 204.00 
                 128.00 
                 153.04 
                 80.91 
                 127.89 
                 58.75  
                 153.00 
                 42.67 
                 148.22 
                 71.19 
               
               
                 HDL 
                 mg/dL 
                 53.93  
                 9.99 
                 52.56 
                 10.90 
                 59.75 
                 11.30 
                 59.70 
                 8.93  
                 47.67  
                 6.15 
                 48.67 
                 6.67 
               
               
                 LDL Direct 
                 mg/dL 
                 148.44 
                 29.58 
                 139.76 
                 29.87  
                 137.89 
                 26.24 
                 144.52 
                 32.13 
                 152.78 
                 37.48 
                 150.75 
                 30.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Results of Study at the Site B Demonstrating a Significant Decrease 
               
               
                 in TBARS Despite an Increase in Body Weight 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Change 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Baseline 
                 30-days 
                 Mean ± SD 
                 p- 
               
               
                 Variable 
                 Mean ± SD 
                 Mean ± SD 
                 (95% CI) 
                 value 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Weight (lbs) 
                 201.77 ± 55.27 
                 203.07 ± 55.52  
                 1.30 ± 1.95 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (0.44, 2.17) 
                   
               
               
                 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 
                 33.36 ± 8.52 
                 33.57 ± 8.51  
                 0.21 ± 0.35 
                 0.010 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (0.05, 0.36) 
                   
               
               
                 TBARS (uM) 
                  1.02 ± 0.20 
                 0.89 ± 0.21 
                 −0.13 ± 0.23  
                 0.011 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (−0.23, −0.03) 
                   
               
               
                 AST (U/L) 
                 25.45 ± 7.17 
                 22.82 ± 5.93  
                 −2.64 ± 5.36  
                 0.031 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (−5.01, −0.26) 
                   
               
               
                 ALT (U/L) 
                  26.27 ± 14.17 
                 23.18 ± 12.32 
                 −3.09 ± 6.94  
                 0.049 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (−6.17, −0.01) 
                   
               
               
                 BUN 
                 12.86 ± 3.91 
                 11.68 ± 3.09  
                 −1.18 ± 2.77  
                 0.059 
               
               
                 (mg/dL) 
                   
                   
                 (−2.41, 0.05) 
                   
               
               
                 Creatinine  
                  0.86 ± 0.13 
                 0.88 ± 0.16 
                 0.02 ± 0.11 
                 0.427 
               
               
                 (mg/dL) 
                   
                   
                 (−0.03, 0.06 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.