Abstract:
A coating apparatus with a coating chamber configured for receiving a particulate, a horizontally-oriented rotor having a plurality of paddles mounted thereon, the rotor and the paddles defining a liquid injection path fluidly connected to a liquid injection system, the liquid injection system arranged to supply a liquid under conditions suitable to continuously coat the particulate in a manner that substantially reduces formation of caked solid-liquid mixture on inner walls of the coating chamber.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for mixing, coating, and/or hydrating dry materials with liquids. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    In coating and mixing processes, a solid product is often coated with a liquid (e.g., sprayed or atomized liquid) and then heated, dried, cooled, and/or crystallized to form a product. Such coating and mixing processes can be used in a range of applications including converting drink mixes into “instant” form, coating solids with a hydrophobic coating to reduce moisture intrusion, coating food products with shortening or oil to facilitate dispersion of pigments and the like. 
         [0003]    Applicant itself is a leader in the production of food and chemical processing equipment and systems that include thermal processing, polymer processing, drying, agglomeration, size reduction, compaction, briquetting, liquid/solid separation, mixing and blending for the food, chemical and polymer markets. An example of such coating and mixing apparatus has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,163 A and U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,335, assigned to the assignee of the instant application. Such an apparatus can be used for treating material, for example, in the course of drying, heating, cooling, reacting and recrystallizing materials. This apparatus comprises a plurality of paddles or vanes mounted on the rotatable shaft, and these extend substantially to the inside wall of the vessel. 
         [0004]    Another type of mixing apparatus includes a mixing shaft with a plurality of blades, wherein the flow of material in the mixing apparatus is in a generally vertical orientation. In such a mixing apparatus, granular material can be coated and/or mixed with a spray liquid delivery system and moved along the vertical direction assisted by gravity. An example of such an apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,099, assigned to the assignee of the instant application. In such a system, due to the vertical orientation and gravity feed, the solid may cloud the coating chamber, and the liquid may be sprayed at a single point (e.g., near the top of the coating chamber), and may contact the walls of the coating chamber before contacting the solid, resulting in uneven and/or inefficient mixing. 
         [0005]    What is clearly needed is an improved systems and processes for coating and/or mixing particulate with liquids to provide useful products, and particularly in a manner that improves performance and corresponding economics, e.g., by optimizing such things as transport, residence time, density and dimensions of the product and the like. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    The present disclosure provides an apparatus for use in mixing or coating particulate or powder material with one or more liquid materials, and preferably bulk liquid materials, in a manner that can provide an improved and optimal combination of properties as compared to apparatuses previously known, including in terms of mixing parameters (e.g., residence time and uniform liquid distribution), coating parameters (e.g., controllability, coating uniformity, particle size, particle density) and operational parameters (e.g., reduced and controllable energy input, minimizing material build up, productivity, cost of construction, and ease of use). In turn, the invention provides a method of making a coating apparatus and a method of using an apparatus as described herein, as well as a coated product made using an apparatus of this invention. 
         [0007]    In one preferred embodiment, the coating apparatus comprises a coating chamber for receiving a particulate material and for mixing the particulate material with one or more liquids, preferably bulk liquids, under conditions suitable to form liquid coated particles, the chamber being adapted to substantially minimize the formation of caked liquid-solid mixture on its inner surface. As used herein, particulate material refers to solids, e.g., in granular form. A powder, in turn, is generally a granular medium made of particles less than about 100 microns in diameter, while a granular solid is composed of granules whose size ranges from about 100 to about 3000 microns. 
         [0008]    In one such embodiment, the apparatus comprises a horizontally-oriented rotor rotatable about a longitudinal axis, the rotor being centrally positioned in the coating chamber, with the rotor having a plurality of mixing paddles mounted thereon. The apparatus further comprises a controllable system for delivering liquid along a path from a liquid metering source to the chamber interior, and in turn, onto the particulate material. The rotor can be configured such that the liquid can be delivered into the coating chamber at a desirable location, or multiple locations, in the coating chamber having a controllable trajectory so as to maximize the contact between liquids and solids. Optimal combination of liquid characteristics (e.g., viscosity, density, temperature and the like) and delivery characteristics (e.g., delivery flow rate or velocity, supply pressure of the liquid, size of the liquid injection path) can be controlled by controllable system for liquid delivery. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “bulk liquid” when used herein will refer to a liquid having low viscosity with or without dissolved solids, and can include, for instance to liquid materials that are delivered in the form of a liquid or atomized form, as by the use of nozzles, hydraulic atomizers or injectors designed for such purposes. As used herein, low viscosity refers to viscosity of the liquid that maximizes mixing between the solid and the liquid, for instance, between about 1 centipoise and about 100,000 centipoise, preferably between about 10 centipoise and about 20,000 centipoise, and more preferably about 100 centipoise, wherein the numerical values of viscosity mentioned herein are measured at the entrance to the coating apparatus (e.g., at the point of entrance of the liquid from the rotor). 
         [0009]    In one such embodiment, for instance, the apparatus can comprise a pressurized liquid metering delivery source in fluid communication with a liquid injection path to deliver liquid through the rotor, to a plurality of apertures in the rotor and/or paddles, and into contact with particulate material within the apparatus chamber. Advantageously, the liquid can be injected at multiple points in the coating chamber. Applicant has discovered the manner in which delivery of liquid in this manner can provide significant properties and unexpected advantages over, for instance, the delivery of fluids in vertical coating apparatus, which tends to be common in the art. For instance, the liquid enters in liquid phase into a central aperture of the rotor, and flows into apertures/passages defined on the paddles, and leave the apertures of the paddles as a liquid. The liquid leaves the paddles in a continuous fashion (e.g., as a stream) or intermittently as droplets, and directly contacts the solid material. No air is introduced with this manner of liquid injection. The liquid injection system according to some preferred embodiments allow uniform and steady/continuous contact of liquid and solid, leading to a more efficient mixing than that can be permitted by vertical mixing apparatus using air atomized nozzles or horizontal mixing apparatus without a flexible wall. Advantageously, the liquid is introduced at various points (e.g., axial locations along the longitudinal axis of the rotor) in the coating chamber preventing local overwetting, leading to more uniform coating, more uniform liquid distribution and more uniform final product particle size distribution. 
         [0010]    In yet another preferred embodiment, the coating chamber comprises a wall that is operably deformable, in order to release any caked solid-liquid mixture that adheres to the flexible wall. 
         [0011]    In yet another preferred embodiment, some or all of the paddles can be angled relative to the longitudinal axis of the rotor to direct material flow from one end of the coating chamber to an opposite end of the coating chamber. 
         [0012]    These and other features can be provided by means of a corresponding array of features and functions, e.g., the use of a horizontal material flow path, in which liquid can be injected to directly and continuously contact the particulate material in the coating chamber and the mixing chamber itself provides a flexible wall that can be deformed in order to minimize material buildup. In contrast with the limitations and disadvantages that can be encountered with prior methods, particularly when used with/to liquid-absorbent materials, the apparatus and method of this invention can provide continuous movement, uniform coating(s), steady agitation of the particulate material, and providing the ability control the size and shape of coated solid. 
         [0013]    In turn, the apparatus will typically comprise a vessel of the type described in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,163 A and U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,335. As set forth in those disclosures, the vessel is in a generally horizontal orientation, comprising an inlet for receiving the particulate, a rotor with paddles mounted thereon for mixing the material with solid, and an outlet for delivering the mixture to further processing such as heating and drying. By contrast, however, those disclosures are concerned largely with the delivery of fluid that was not coherent so as to allow uniform mixing of the solid and liquid, resulting in products that have low density and non-uniform shapes. Moreover, these disclosures do not address caking and may not be suitable for forming coated products that require long residence times. Advantageously, the present disclosure provides a liquid injection system wherein the liquid feed is injected in a controlled manner resulting in direct contact between the solid and liquid, controllable liquid trajectory and more efficient use of energy input into the coating apparatus due to uniform mixing. The liquid uniformly and generally continuously comes in contact with the particulate in the coating chamber. As used herein, the term “uniformly” refers to the velocity of the liquid leaving each paddle being generally equal. As used herein, the term “continuously” or “steadily” refers to a steady stream of liquid leaving the paddles and contacting the solid, as opposed to break-up of the stream into intermittent droplets of liquids atomized by air atomizers typically caused by nozzle fouling. The liquid can be supplied through a liquid injection path defined along the rotor and the paddles to directly contact, coat and mix with the solids. Advantageously, the liquid injection path follows a controllable trajectory without introducing air that maximizes mixing with the solid. Horizontal orientation of the coating chamber permits longer residence times relative to those observed in vertically oriented coating chambers. The liquid injection system substantially reduces plugging or caking associated with conventional coating apparatuses, where nozzles are located within the material stream. 
         [0014]    The apparatus will typically, and preferably, also provide a deformable wall of the coating chamber. By contrast, U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,099 describes the use of an elongated vertical flexible wall, though in the context of a vertical housing. However, the vertically-oriented mixing apparatus of that disclosure is limited to uncontrolled trajectory of the liquid and the short residence times due to the vertical orientation, wherein gravity flow of the coated material results in short residence times, and lower mixing intensity between the solid material and the liquid. 
         [0015]    A process of forming a granular product from a dry powder using the apparatus of the present disclosure preferably includes the steps of providing a horizontally-oriented coating apparatus that receives the dry powder, injecting a liquid through a central aperture defined on the rotor of the coating apparatus such that the liquid flows through the central aperture along a longitudinal axis of the rotor, out of apertures defined on select paddles, and directly contacts the dry powder without the introduction of air. The process also includes the steps of coating and/or mixing the dry powder with the liquid, thereby agglomerating the powder and conveying the wetted powder out of the coating apparatus by rotating the rotor. 
         [0016]    A coated product made using an apparatus and process described in this disclosure can be characterized by its physical properties such as density, size, shape, and the like. Coated products made using apparatus and methods according to the present disclosure have a higher density and generally spherical shape relative to prior vertically oriented coating and mixing apparatus. Advantageously, the apparatus and process described herein allows coating or mixing materials that have a tendency to absorb liquid, swell and adhere to surfaces, such as super absorbent polymers. 
         [0017]    The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a schematic of an overall coating system according to some embodiments; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a side view cutaway of the coating system of  FIG. 1  that illustrates all material feed systems, mixing chamber, mixing elements and flexible mixing chamber wall deforming mechanism removed; 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a side elevation view of the solids material feed port, mixing chamber and discharge housing, with the wall deforming system of  FIG. 1  and its housing removed; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is a side elevation view of the system of  FIG. 3  with the wall deforming mechanism shown; 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is a side view of a rotor of the coating system of  FIG. 2  according to an embodiment; 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is an end view of the rotor of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a schematic illustrating the flow of materials over the rows of paddles illustrated in  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 8A  is a front end perspective view of an arcuate support member for deforming a wall of the coating chamber according to an embodiment; and 
           [0026]      FIG. 8B  is a side view of the arcuate support member of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0027]    The disclosure will be further described with reference to the Figures, wherein  FIG. 2  provides a schematic view of the overall coating system  100  of  FIG. 1 . 
       Processing Apparatus 
       [0028]    In one preferred embodiment, the overall coating system  100  comprises a housing  102  mounted on a base  104 . The housing  102  is generally elongated in shape having a longitudinal axis  108  that is parallel to the plane on which the base  104  is mounted. As alluded to previously, the housing  102  is disposed in a generally horizontal orientation. Accordingly, the longitudinal axis  108  is parallel to a generally horizontal plane on which the base  104  is positioned. 
         [0029]    With continued reference to  FIG. 2 , the coating system comprises a coating chamber  110  in which a particulate material can be received. As used herein, the term “coating” chamber may refer to a chamber where particulate material can be coated or mixed. Hence, the term “coating chamber” can be used to refer to both coating chambers and mixing chambers. As shown therein, the coating chamber  110  can be divided into a feed zone  112  where the particulate material is introduced laterally to the view illustrated in  FIG. 2 , and a mixing zone  114  downstream of the feed zone  112  where the liquid is injected and directly contacts the particulate material in the coating chamber  110 . In the illustrated embodiment of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the particulate material is generally fed by a screw feeder (not shown) positioned on the housing  102  in the feed zone  112 . As perhaps best seen in the detailed view of  FIG. 3 , the particulate can be fed via an inlet opening  120  positioned lateral to the plane of the coating chamber  110 . While a screw feeder is the preferred embodiment and illustrated, a gravity feeder or other material delivery apparatus known to one skilled in the art can be used when appropriate. 
         [0030]    Continuing with the schematic shown in  FIG. 2 , the particulate moves from one end of the coating chamber  110  (e.g., the material feed end  112  on the right side of  FIG. 2 ) and is conveyed to the opposite end of the coating chamber  110  (e.g., the material delivery end  132  on the left side of  FIG. 2 ). As the particulate moves generally along the longitudinal axis  108  of the housing  102 , traveling generally in a thin turbulent layer along the periphery of coating chamber  110 , it is coated and/or mixed with a liquid. A rotor  140  centrally disposed in the coating chamber  110  is to facilitate the movement of the particulate centrifugally against the chamber wall and longitudinally from inlet to outlet in the coating chamber  110 . As seen in  FIG. 1 , the rotor  140  is coupled to a motor  142  by drive systems  144 . While a belt drive system is illustrated any other drive systems (e.g., gears, direct coupling) known in the art are contemplated. The rotor  140  can be generally elongated and is configured for rotating about the longitudinal axis  108  of the housing  102 . The rotor  140  can have a plurality of paddles  150  mounted thereon to agitate and disperse the particulate as it mixes with the liquid. Advantageously, the paddles  150  also facilitate physically moving the material along the direction illustrated in  FIG. 2 , as will be described further below. Such embodiments can, for instance allow for longer residence time, and thereby allow for better coating, mixing, shape forming and density adjustment. 
         [0031]    As referred to above, the particulate enters the coating chamber  110  and is coated and/or mixed with a liquid therein. The coating apparatus according to some embodiments comprises an improved liquid injection system  160 . The liquid injection system according to the present disclosure advantageously provides more uniform coating and/or mixing unlike known coating systems where liquids are injected into the coating chamber  110  from the outside of the mixing chamber as opposed to from within the mixing chamber, either by liquid nozzle or by spray atomizing. As described previously, the term “bulk liquid” as used herein refers to liquid streams that do not undergo atomization and break up into droplets. Both bulk liquid injection and spray atomization are contemplated in the present disclosure, but in either case, the liquid injection system can inject the liquid along a controllable trajectory, by initiating liquid injection from the rotor. As a result, the liquid can continuously mix with or coat the particulate as it leaves the liquid injection path and enters the coating chamber  110 , resulting in improved and more uniform mixing relative to coating apparatuses and processes known in the art. 
         [0032]    Additionally, the liquid injection system according to embodiments of the present disclosure allows for controlling the position at which the liquid contacts the particulate. As illustrated herein, the liquid enters the coating chamber  110  in the mixing zone  114 , from the rotor, thereby reducing caking/plugging of liquid-solid mixture from occurring in the mixing zone  114 . Moreover, by having the liquid directly contact the particulate in the coating chamber  110 , the liquid injection system according to some embodiments facilitates uniform coating and/or mixing of the particulate unlike spray atomizing injectors well-known in the art. 
         [0033]    As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the liquid injection system according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure is injected in a direction along the longitudinal axis  108  of the housing  102 . For instance, as illustrated, the rotor  140  can be generally hollow cylinder, with a central aperture  162  defined thereon. The rotor  140  can have a central aperture  162  with dimensions sufficient to carry the liquid at predetermined flow rates and pressures. The liquid can be fed through the central aperture  162  and flow out of apertures  164  defined on the paddles  150  and directly contact the particulate in the coating chamber  110 . Liquid feed systems driven by the motor  142  can be used for pulling the liquid through the central aperture  162  of the rotor  140  from a liquid feed end. The liquid feed system such as those contemplated herein can have a reservoir and a pump (not shown) along with associated electrical and fluid controls in fluid communication with the central aperture  162  of the rotor  140  to pump the liquid with desired flow characteristics (e.g., flow rate, pressure, and the like). For instance,  FIG. 2  illustrates a fluid connection system  166  for fluidly connecting the liquid feed. 
         [0034]    In the illustrated embodiment, the liquid feed end is proximal to and downstream of the inlet opening  120 . By injecting the liquid feed downstream of the particulate, the material feed end  130  of the coating chamber  110  is free of liquids. In turn, such a liquid feed configuration substantially reduces the chances of the material zone  112  from becoming plugged with solid/liquid mixture (e.g., in slurry or cake form), in turn substantially facilitating the material in freely moving along the longitudinal axis  108  from the material feed zone  112  to the discharge end unlike in conventional spray atomizing injector systems where the direction of liquid injection is not controlled. Conversely, the liquid feed system according to embodiments of the present disclosure facilitates controlling the direction and properties (e.g., flow rate, pressure, and other physical properties) of the liquid feed such that portions of the coating chamber  110  in the feed zone  112 , (e.g., proximal to the material feed end  130 ) are generally dry. Such embodiments are especially beneficial in coating materials such as superabsorbent polymers and clays that have a tendency to become sticky and plug the machine or block liquid flow from immersed liquid injectors. 
         [0035]    In the illustrated embodiment, a single liquid is injected in the central aperture  162  of the rotor  140 . Additional embodiments are also contemplated as will be described below. In one embodiment, a single liquid can be injected from opposite sides (e.g., near ends  168  and  169 ) of the rotor  140  into the central aperture  162 . Alternatively, and referring to  FIG. 5 , two liquids (e.g., miscible or immiscible liquids) can be injected from opposite ends  168 ,  169  of the rotor  140 , such that a first liquid forms an initial coating on the particulate, and as the solid moves further downstream from the location of the first liquid, it can come in contact with a second liquid that can form a subsequent coating layer or initiate a reaction on the particulate coated with the first liquid. 
         [0036]    Referring back to  FIG. 2 , as mentioned previously, the rotor  140  has a plurality of paddles  150  mounted thereon. The paddles  150  can each selectively have an aperture  164  in fluid communication with the central aperture  162  of the rotor  140  such that the liquid injected into the central aperture  162  of the rotor  140  flows via the aperture  164  in the paddles. The liquid can then leave the paddle via apertures  164  of the paddles  150 , and directly contact the particulate in mixing zone  114  of coating chamber  110 . As the liquid directly contacts the particulate, coating and/or mixing can be uniform, thereby substantially reducing undesirable effects such as plugging of caked liquid-solid mixture, blockages and the like, and keep the coated and/or mixed material freely flowing from the material feed zone  112  to the discharge end. The apertures  164  of the paddle can be of a size to provide a uniform rate and velocity of the liquid as it leaves each paddle. 
         [0037]    Referring now to the side elevation view of  FIG. 5  and the end view of  FIG. 6 , the rotor  140  according to some exemplary embodiments is generally elongated, with paddles  150  mounted on its outer surface at various circumferential locations. For instance, as seen in  FIG. 6 , the paddles  150  can be arranged in rows around the circumference of the outer surface of the rotor  140  at a spacing of about less than or about equal to 90 degrees there between. In  FIG. 6 , the direction of rotation of the rotor  140  is indicated by the arrow  170 . Additional or fewer paddles  150  are also contemplated based on the desired coated or mixed product consistency. 
         [0038]    As best seen in  FIG. 5  and referring now to the schematic of  FIG. 6 , the paddles  150  on the rotor  140  can be adjusted to facilitate optimal flow of the material. For instance, the paddles  150  can be adjusted such that they move the material longitudinally in the coating chamber  110  from the material feed end  130  to the discharge end. For instance, paddles  150  can be angled relative to a plane normal to the longitudinal axis  108  such that they direct the material in a generally forward direction. In this context, a generally forward direction is defined as one where the material flows from the material feed end  130  to the discharge end, and is shown by the arrow  182  in  FIG. 7 . In  FIG. 7 , the direction of rotation of the rotor  140  is shown by arrow  184 . In such cases, the angle of each row  174 ,  176 ,  178 ,  180  of paddles  150  (or each paddle) relative to the plane normal to the longitudinal axis  108  can be varied. For instance, each row  174 , 176 ,  178 ,  180  of paddles  150  can have an angle relative to the plane normal to the longitudinal axis  108  that is different from adjacent rows  174 , 176 ,  178 ,  180  of paddles  150 . 
         [0039]    Continuing with the foregoing description, in  FIGS. 5 and 7 , for instance, the plane normal to the longitudinal axis  108  in the present example can be the plane of the paper. The paddles  150  near the material feed end  130  can be angled between about 15 degrees and about 60 degrees, and preferably about 45 degrees from the plane normal to longitudinal axis  108  (e.g., facing away from the plane of the paper) such that they move the particulate forward. As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 7 , the angles of paddles  150  on each row  174 ,  176 ,  178 ,  180  can be adjusted to a desired value. For instance, the paddle  150  can be angled 0 degrees over a first length of the rotor  140 , 22 degrees over a second length of the rotor  140 , 45 degrees over a third length of the rotor  140  as illustrated. Additionally, each row  174 ,  176 ,  178 ,  180  of paddles  150  can be angled differently relative to adjacent rows  174 ,  176 ,  178 ,  180  of paddles  150 . Referring back to  FIG. 2 , in some specific embodiments, the angle of the paddles near the material feed end  130  can be opposite to the angle of the paddles near the discharge end. 
         [0040]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , the coating chamber  110  can have a flexible wall  190  to substantially reduce build-up of any material that adheres to the walls of the coating chamber  110 . The flexible wall  190  can be flexible relative to the housing  102  in feed zone  112 . According to one of the aspects of the present disclosure, the coating system incorporates a deforming system  200  for flexing or deforming the flexible wall  190  to substantially reduce accumulation of materials on the surface of the flexible wall  190 . As will be appreciated, the mixing zone  114  of coating chamber  110  is designed especially for coating or mixing a powdered material with a liquid or binder material, to produce granules of a predetermined size. Thus, the mixture or coated material may tend to adhere to the inner surface of the coating chamber  110  particularly in mixing zone  114  defined by the flexible wall  190 . 
         [0041]    In the specific embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4 , and referring now to  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the deforming system  200  consists of a generally arcuate support member  210  that extends at least partially around the flexible wall  190  and has one or more deforming member  220  rotatably supported thereon. The generally arcuate support member  210  can be shaped in the form of a cylindrical roller cage. An exemplary roller cage system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,099 assigned to the assignee of the instant application which is incorporated herein by reference. The deforming members  220  can preferably be spindle-shaped, and can deform by pressing against the flexible wall  190 . All deforming member  220  can be actuated by a drive system  230  (e.g., gearmotor, gears, sprockets and the like) to rotate deforming members  220  continuously around the flexible wall  190  at an adjustable speed. In turn, the deforming members  220  can be adjusted radially to press against the flexible wall  190 . Advantageously, the flexible wall  190  can be made of a material flexible relative to other components of the coating chamber  110  (or the housing  102 ) such that the flexible wall  190  deforms radially. This radial inward deformation can in turn break off or peel off any caked solid-liquid mixture adhering to the walls of the flexible wall  190 . The deforming system  200  selectively deforms the flexible wall  190  such that any material that adheres thereto is broken up due to deformation of the flexible wall  190 . 
         [0042]    Preferably, the flexible wall  190  can be made of a polymer material such as natural and synthetic deformable rubbers such as silicone, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), acrylonitrile butadiene (commercially available as “nitrile”), fluoropolymer (commercially available as “Viton”) rubbers, elastomers, and synthetic polymers such as polyurethane. Optionally, the central rotor  140  and the paddles  150  can also be coated with a polymer material as the flexible wall  190  to substantially reduce the chances of material adhering thereto, particularly when the liquid is injected via apertures  164  on the paddles  150 . 
         [0043]    Once the material is coated and moved toward the discharge end, it can be discharged by means well known in the art, and subsequently processed (e.g., drying, thermal treatment, size reduction and the like). 
         [0044]    In the following section, a few exemplary coating and mixing processes will be described. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0045]    An exemplary embodiment of a process for forming granular material by coating, mixing and thermally treating dry powders with a liquid coating agent in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein is described below. An exemplary embodiment of a process for forming a granular material by agglomerating dry powders by mixing with a liquid binding agent, followed by drying and sifting is also described. 
       Description of Particulate Feed 
       [0046]    In one example, the particulates can comprise super-absorbent polymer (SAP). The particulates can be characterized by particle sizes between about 100 micron and 850 micron with an average size of about 350 micron. The powder is fed by the screw feeder into the coating chamber  110  at bulk density of between about 35 pounds per cubic foot at about 2% moisture. Other examples are powders used in chemical processing such as minerals, clays or pigments (e.g., iron oxide powder). Clay powder can be characterized by particle sizes between about 10 micron and about 100 micron with an average size about 25-30 micron and fed by the screw feeder into the coating chamber  110  at bulk density of between about 46 pounds per cubic foot and about 53 pounds per cubic foot at about 8% moisture. 
       Description of Liquid Feed System 
       [0047]    The liquid feed system for SAP can be a coating agent and include water and an alcohol solution containing water and a water soluble polymer and has a viscosity of between about 1 centipoise (e.g., viscosity of water) and about 1,000 centipoise. The liquid is pumped from a reservoir on a scale using a metering pump. Liquid enters the rotor  140  and flows through the central aperture  162 , via the aperture  164  defined in the paddles  150  and directly contacts the dry powder. As the liquid mixes with the powder, it coats and forms agglomerates. The coated material is conveyed by the rotation of the paddles  150  from the material feed end  130  toward the discharge end wherein in is dispensed. The residence time of the material in the coating chamber  110  can be between about 2 seconds and about 60 seconds, and preferably about 4 seconds, with all paddles adjusted to convey material to the discharge, due to rapid swelling of this material on contact with liquid. Any material that adheres to the flexible wall  190  can be broken by deforming at least a portion of the flexible wall  190  by actuating the roller cage. Coated product moistures ranged from 4% to 7% before being subjected to further processing such as drying, heating, cooling, and the like. This being a surface treatment, (i.e. coating) there was very little change in particle size and density. Energy consumption was on the order of 0.5 hp/ton/hr to 3.5 hp/ton/hr, with higher energy associated with the higher moisture product. Operating tip speed of the mixer was 2400 ft/minute. This compares to 8.5 hp/ton/hr for a vertical mixer using air atomized nozzles, operating at 4700 ft/minute tip speed, and coating at 4% final moisture content. 
         [0048]    The granular product formed according to the foregoing exemplary methods processing clay powders can be characterized by material density changing by about 12% to as much as 47%, increasing from the start of the agglomerating process to the end of the agglomerating process, wherein the density is measured on a dry weight basis. Clay powders were wetted using water addition as described above, with 6 paddles used as injectors, increasing the feed powder from 8% moisture to a final moisture range of from 17% moisture to 22% moisture. The optimum moisture content for the wetted material is in the range of 18%-19% to maximize the granular product with a particle size range between about 850 microns and about 2400 microns upon drying. Resultant particle shape is generally spherical. Final density range starting from 46 lb/ft 3  was 52-64 lb/ft 3  and starting from 53 lb/ft 3  was 60-62 lb/ft 3 . 
         [0049]    Embodiments such as those disclosed herein can allow for one or more advantages. A horizontally oriented coating apparatus such as those described herein can facilitate longer residence times of the material and in turn, a higher density of products formed in comparison to vertically oriented (e.g., gravity fed) coating apparatus. The liquid injection system taught herein can facilitate injecting liquids in a controlled manner to provide more uniform mixing than spray atomizing injector systems. Moreover, such controlled injection of liquid substantially reduces plugging and material build-up resulting in moving the material in the coating chamber in a smooth and efficient manner. Additionally, the coating apparatus taught herein, with mixing chamber wall continuous cleaning by the deforming mechanism greatly reduces build-up of material resulting in reduced energy to achieve equivalent or better mixing, extended wear life of mixing elements and therefore increased productivity at reduced operating cost. 
         [0050]    Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.