Abstract:
A heavy duty flexible marine pipeline has the capability of being assembled on the surface of the sea. In order to do this a certain amount of slack is required in the pipeline. Both deep and shallow water systems are described. The deep water system has an operational minimum depth about midway between the sea floor and the surface. Tension force in the pipe sections is automatically compensated and is relayed to adjacent pairs of vertically taut anchor cables. The pipeline is buoyant and the flexible pipe wall has a very high bursting strength and the pipeline is therefore particularly adapted to deep water applications.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This application is a division of my copending application 652,281 filed on Jan. 26, 1976 now abandoned. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to a marine pipeline, particularly, but not exclusively, for the transport of oil or gas. 
     For heavy duty permanent installations welded rigid steel pipeline has been almost exclusively used. The rigid pipeline is pretty much obliged to accommodate the profile grade of the sea floor which gives rise to many vexing problems, particularly in resisting ocean currents. This is sometimes overcome if the bottom soil allows trenching and burial. Leakage is very difficult to overcome in the very hostile environment of for example 100 fathoms. Welding of damaged parts is then necessary and is both a hazardous and very expensive operation. 
     Accordingly it is an important object of the invention to reduce material and installation costs of a pipeline in comparison with welded rigid steel pipeline and to improve the rate of installation greatly. 
     It is another object of the invention to take advantage of water pressure at the operational depth of the pipeline to at least partially neutralize the bursting pressure created by pumps driving liquid along the pipeline. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a pipeline which can be completely assembled on the surface of the sea. 
     By another further object a container for the storage of gas or liquid such as radioactive waste or hazardous by-products of the chemical industry is provided. 
     It is also an object of the invention to provide prefabricated lengths of assembled pipeline for a pipeline which can then be joined on the sea surface. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the invention there is provided a marine pipeline comprising a plurality of flexible pipe sections coupled together, each section being buoyant in sea water when filled with a fluid (liquid or gas), to be carried by the pipeline. A cable means, preferably formed by four spaced apart cables, extends along the coupled pipe sections and is so coupled thereto by spaced apart snubber means that when the cable means is in tension the pipe sections are slack. A plurality of anchor means, such as an anchor permanently buried in the sea bed or a weight resting on the sea floor, are spaced apart along, and coupled to, the cable means. 
     For deep water installations, for example 2000 feet below the sea surface, the buoyancy means comprises a plurality of vertically taut anchor cables spaced along the cable means (which may be nylon or saran ropes) and pipe sections. Preferably one buoyancy device is provided for each anchor means to keep the four cables vertically taut. A plurality of weighting means for keeping the pipeline in position along a vertical sinuous path are positioned along the pipeline spaced alternately between the buoyancy devices. Each weighting means may comprise a length of heavy chain attached by cable to the cable means, and, in equilibrium of the pipeline, resting partially on the sea bed. The additional length of pipeline for installation on, or recovery to, the surface is then accommodated in the vertical sinuous path. 
     For shallow water installations buoyancy devices are also required (except perhaps when the pipe sections are themselves buoyant) and the cable means can be kept usually taut by positioning the anchor means, preferably along a sinuous path. 
     Deep or shallow water pipelines for gas or oil according to the invention may be used close to the sea floor. Each weighting means may then comprise first and second longitudinal members joined by a plurality of spaced apart transverse flexible members such as chains. The first and second longitudinal members are fastened by comparatively short cables to weights on the sea floor and in use the flexible transverse members are positioned on the pipe sections with the longitudinal members alongside the pipe sections. 
     The development of a suitable anchoring device, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,281, has made possible the invention, as recited above, of a flexible marine pipeline to be used in water 400 to 2,000 feet in depth for example. With buoyant pipe sections, the pipeline can be completely assembled on the surface of the sea and then hauled down to operational depth with only a small amount of individual diving time and even this time restricted to a maximum depth of 400 feet. Replacement of damaged sections can be made on the surface. Tension force is automatically compensated for and relayed to each anchor by way of the anchor&#39;s vertically taut tether cables. Additionally, the pipe wall and the pipe coupling are relieved of virtually all tension by means of the cable means. 
     Advantage is taken of ambient water pressure at operational depth to neutralize either partially or completely the pressure created by pumps driving liquid along the pipeline. At a certain depth the skin of the pipe will feel no pressure. The pumps have to be shut down to allow retrieval of the pipe to the surface to prevent bursting. For shallow water installations the bursting strength of the pipe wall can be doubled. 
     Material cost and installation cost are modest even in comparison to a much smaller diameter rigid steel pipe. Rates of installation are incomparably greater. 
     Once the anchoring devices have been installed flexible pipeline installation is very simple and direct. 
     Pipe section diameters may for example be between 4 and 20 feet. Since coupling is usually by bolting sections together, welding is not then required. The pipe wall is flexible but has a very high bursting strength. 
     The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated on the accompanying drawings. 
     It will be understood that the terms &#34;marine&#34; and &#34;sea bed&#34; used in this specification and claims apply to any large body of water whether salt or fresh, and whether called for example a sea, or a lake or by some other name. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the drawings, 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a marine pipeline according to the invention in deep water, 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of a marine pipeline according to the invention in shallow water, 
     FIG. 3 shows the deep water pipeline during installation, 
     FIG. 4 shows a new section of deep water pipeline about to be coupled to existing sections, 
     FIG. 5 shows the new pipeline section of FIG. 4 with one end in position below the sea surface. 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of a coupling between pipeline sections showing how tension in cables is carried across the coupling, 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing including a snubber showing how pipe sections are coupled to the cables, 
     FIG. 8 is an end view of a snubber, 
     FIG. 9 shows details of how the snubber is seized to the wall of a pipe section, 
     FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional side view on the line X -- X of the snubber of FIG. 9, and 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view of weighting means for a marine pipeline which is installed close to the sea floor. 
    
    
     The diversity of functions of the specification may best be comprehended if a list of elements and their purported use is supplied. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Element         Its Use__________________________________________________________________________  Pipe Coupling Allows pipe lengths to be           bolted together.  Snubber       A device for the collection           of tension force acting to           tear the pipeline apart to           then relay this force to a           plurality of tension cables.  Octahedron    Provides strong buoyant force           to keep anchor tether cables           taut.  Anchor        Deeply buried permanent anchor           encapsulated by a layer of concrete.  Dragging chain           A weight. The stronger the           tension force acting on the pipe-           line the more weight of chain           is lifted to neutralize this force.  Radio monitor Pipeline internal pressure radioed           to shore station. Any sharp drop           in pressure warns of trouble.  Tension cables (nylon ropes)           Relays tension force from a           plurality of snubbers to pairs of           adjacent tether cables to anchors.  Concrete blocks           A dragging weight to be used for water           less than 200 feet in depth.  Clamp         Common device for mating a pair of cables.10.  Coupling cable           A short length spliced across coupling           after mating of a pair of pipes with sag           induced in pairs of temporary ropes to           provide seizure to coupling.  Sag           Sag must be provided in pipe in order to           allow snubber to collect tension force.  Temporary seizure ropes           Prior to installation of the pipeline these           ropes are seized to coupling and to loose           end of tension rope.  Sleeve        Supplies rigidity to interior pipe wall.  Pipe wall     A flaccid steel wire reinforced plastic           composite.  Compression plate           Squeezes pipe wall to sleeve.  Bolts         Applies pressure to compression plate.  Aluminum pipe Thick walled tubular center section of           snubber unit.20.  Sea surface  Sea bed  Barge with lifting tackle           For use in joining pipe line sections.  Block and tackle           For pulling pipe coupling into position           during installation.  Snubber walls To form framework of snubber.  Plates        Used in clamping snubber walls together.  Plates        To clamp tension cables to snubber.  Bolts         To clamp snubber walls together.  Spacer        Used in clamping snubber walls together.  Nuts          Nuts to clamp snubber walls together.  Grooves       For tension cables passing through snubber.  Clamps        To prevent tension cables passing through__________________________________________________________________________           snubber. 
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In FIG. 1 pipeline couplings 1 allow sections of buoyant flexible pipeline to be coupled together and along the pipeline a plurality of pipe snubbers 2 is required to relay tension from the pipeline to cables (not shown in FIG. 1) extending along the pipeline. A six foot diameter pipe requires one snubber for every 20 feet of pipeline. Spacing for larger sizes is more distant. 
     Individual pipe sections for a six foot diameter pipe is 200 feet but a pipe reach (group of coupled sections) can easily become 1,000 feet in length. 
     Strongly buoyant octahedrons 3 as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,281 are seized at for example a depth of 400 feet by two pairs of vertically taut tether cables to anchors 4 in the sea bed 21 at a depth of for example 800 feet. Pipe couplings 1 or pipe snubbers 2 are seized, to the taut tether cables. A sag is created between pairs of adjacent anchors by using a dragging chain 5 partially raised from the sea floor and using its weight to maintain the sag. Any attempt by tension force to reduce the sag to a horizontal profile results in lifting the chain. This gradually increases the weight and equilibrium is eventually restored. 
     A transmitter buoy 6 floating on the sea surface 20 is spaced at ten miles intervals to monitor flow rates to a shore based station. 
     FIG. 2 shows a modified shallow water version (for example for a depth of 100 feet) of the pipeline of FIG. 1, with the induced sag necessary for retrieval of the pipe to the surface, assuming a zig zag or more precisely a sinuous pattern near to the sea floor. Cables 7 for taking tension which would otherwise be applied to the pipe sections are shown. The buoyant pipeline is primarily weighted by concrete blocks 8 but a wide variety of other weighting devices may be used to maintain a uniform profile. one example is to attach a pair of buckets to the uppermost tension cable 7 and to add dry sand to the buckets on either side of the pipe to give the necessary ballast. The pipeline should clear the sea floor to prevent damage to the pipe wall by abrasion with the bottom. RWL. 
     A completed installation of a section of deep water pipeline is shown in FIG. 3 with a further section having an end C floating on the surface 20 to allow more sections to be coupled. Section A to B is filled with sea water. Section B to C is partially filled with air. 
     FIG. 4 depicts a fresh reach of pipeline section D to F in the process of being mated to the existing pipeline. A barge with lifting tackle indicated generally at 22 is employed. Each fresh reach is filled with air under slight pressure at the fabrication plant and a plurality of reaches are then rafted to the installation site. As section D to E is seized and allowed to fill with sea water a block and tackle 23 pulls a pipe coupling at E into position alongside the tether cables of an octahedron 3. Section B to C is allowed to fill with sea water and then the couplings at C and D are bolted together. A length of heavy chain 5 (see FIG. 5) is then attached by means of a cable just long enough to hold a desired portion of the chain 5 vertical in equilibrium of the pipeline, and the pipeline is allowed to sink to its normal operating attitude. An inspection by mini sub of each coupling made at sea is required to make sure that pipeline specification is met. 
     FIG. 5 shows the coupling of ends C and D in position after having been added to a reach of completed pipeline. The method is modified slightly for the shallow water version but it is basically the same and will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In FIG. 1 pipeline couplings 1 allow sections of buoyant flexible pipeline to be coupled together and along the pipeline a plurality of pipe snubbers 2 is required to relay tension from the pipeline to cables (not shown in FIG. 1) extending along the pipeline. A 6 foot diameter pipe requires one snubber for every 20 feet of pipeline. Spacing for larger sizes is more distant. 
     Individual pipe sections for a 6 foot diameter pipe is 200 feet but a pipe reach (group of sections) can easily become 1,000 feet in length. 
     A strongly buoyant octahedron 3 as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,281 is seized at for example a depth of 400 feet by two pairs of vertically taut tether cables to an anchor 4 in the sea bed 21 at a depth of for example 800 feet. Pipe snubbers 2 are seized, one each, to the taut tether cables. A sag is created between pairs of adjacent anchors by using a dragging chain 5 partially raised from the sea floor and using its weight to maintain the sag. Any attempt by tension force to reduce the sag to a horizontal profile results in lifting the chain. This gradually increases the weight and equilibrium is eventually restored. 
     A transmitter buoy 6 floating on the sea surface 20 is spaced at ten mile intervals to monitor flow rates to a shore based station. 
     FIG. 2 shows a modified shallow water version (for example for a depth of 100 feet) of the pipeline of FIG. 1, with the induced sag necessary for retrieval of the pipe to the surface, assuming a zig zag or more precisely a sinuous pattern near to the sea floor. Cables 7 for taking tension which would otherwise be applied to the pipe sections are shown. The buoyant pipeline is primarily weighted by concrete blocks 8 but a wide variety of other weighting devices may be used to maintain a uniform profile. One example is to attach a pair of buckets to the uppermost tension cable 7 and to add dry sand to the buckets on either side of the pipe to give the necessary ballast. The pipeline should clear the sea floor to prevent damage to the pipe wall by abrasion with the bottom. 
     A completed installation of a section of deep water pipeline is shown in FIG. 3 with a further section having an end C floating on the surface 20 to allow more sections to be coupled. Section A to B is filled with sea water. Section B to C is partially filled with air. 
     FIG. 4 depicts a fresh reach of pipeline section D to F in the process of being mated to the existing pipeline. A barge with lifting tackle indicated generally at 22 is employed. Each fresh reach is filled with air under slight pressure at the fabrication plant and a plurality of reaches are then rafted to the installation site. As section D to E is seized and allowed to fill with sea water a block and tackle 23 pulls a pipe snubber at E into position alongside the tether cables of an octahedron 3. Section B to C is allowed to fill with sea water and then the couplings at C and D are bolted together. A length of heavy chain 5 (see FIG. 5) is then attached by means of a cable just long enough to hold a desired portion of the chain 5 vertical in equilibrium of the pipeline, and the pipeline is allowed to sink to its normal operating attitude. An inspection by mini sub of each coupling made at sea is required to make sure that pipeline specification is met. 
     FIG. 5 shows the coupling of ends C and D in position after having been added to a reach of completed pipeline. The method is modified slightly for the shallow water version but it is basically the same and will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     In order to relieve tension in the pipeline at couplings between pipe sections it is necessary to induce slack in cables 12 (see FIG. 6) which are terminated at the pipe couplings during fabrication at a shore based plant. After two pipes are bolted together a short length of cable 10 is spliced to the tension cable 7 by means of clamps 9. A &#34;comealong&#34; (not shown) induces slack and the free end of cable length 10 is clamped to the adjacent tension cable. The slack shows up in the cables 12 shown in FIG. 6 and the cable length 10 is shown both before and after installation. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates how induced slack in the pipe sections allows the transfer of tension force from the pipe wall to the pipe snubbers. This operation takes place in the fabricating plant when the snubbers and the tension cables are first progressively added to the pipe as it is fabricated. The slack shows up at 11 and is quite generous initially. The pipe couplings may then be sealed and the pipe gradually filled with air. As the pipe fills the clamps to the snubbers are gradually tightened to give the desired degree of slack. In this way a long reach of pipeline is prefabricated ready for transport to an installation site. 
     A view of the end wall of a pipe snubber 2 suitable for the above described pipelines will now be described. The snubber wall 24 (see FIG. 8) must not only be very strong, it should also be strongly buoyant and be inert to corrosion by sea water. Further, it should have a smooth very tough surface. All of these requirements can be met, for example by using a composite of foamed urethane reinforced with open mesh glass fabric along with fiberglass. A coating of polyvinyl fluoride is applied to this material to give a smooth surface to the snubber. The flange unit of the pipe couplings 1 is a similar composite product. 
     The tension cables 7 are clamped to, and between, the edges of snubber walls 24 by means of plates 25 and 26, bolts 27, collars 28 and nuts 29. As seen in FIG. 8 two of the cables 7 are clamped snugly in grooves 31 while the other two such cables are clamped between the plates 26 and the walls 24. In FIG. 8 the pipe section is omitted for simplicity. 
     As seen in FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 each snubber has two pairs of end walls 24 separated by an aluminium casting 17 slit into semi-cylindrical sections. Each section is machined to receive a compression plate 15 (see FIG. 9) used to squeeze the pipe wall 14 towards an interior metal sleeve 13 inserted as the pipe section is fabricated. Bolts 16 are used to squeeze the pipe wall between the sleeve 13 and the plate 15 so fixing the snubber to the pipe section. 
     FIG. 10 also indicates an alternative way of clamping the end walls 24 to the cables 7. Clamps 32 are used to prevent the upper and lower wires as seen in FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 from sliding through the grooves 31. 
     Where a pipeline according to the invention is to be installed close to the sea floor weighting means for buoyancy control of the type shown in FIG. 11 may be used, other details of the pipeline system being omitted for simplicity. Each weighting means indicated generally at 35 comprises longitudinal members 36 such as steel pipes joined by transverse chains 37 laid across the pipe designated 38. The longitudinal members 36 are attached by short cables 39 to weights 40 resting on the sea bed. A plurality of such weighting means sufficient to keep the pipeline in place are spaced apart along the pipeline. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.