Abstract:
A dual band voltage controlled oscillator. First and second bipolar transistors are differentially connected, and have base and collector terminals cross-coupled. A pair of inductors serially connect the collectors of the transistors to one terminal of a d.c. power supply source. A current source connects to the other terminal of the d.c. power supply source and to the emitters of the differentially connected transistor. A tuning capacitor connected between collector terminals establishes a resonant frequency for the oscillator. Cross-coupling is affected at a level that produces harmonic signals which can be used along with a fundamental frequency signal in numerous radio telecommunications applications.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to high frequency telecommunications applications. Specifically, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) which may be used in a digital telephone for generating multiple bands of radio frequency signals and intermediate frequency signals is disclosed.  
           [0002]    Voltage controlled oscillators are used for multiple purposes in the radio telecommunications industry. Specifically, in cellular telephone applications, voltage controlled oscillators are used to established a channel frequency within one or two bands according to the GSM digital telephone standard. The two frequency bands employed in the GSM standard are 850 to 900 MHZ, and 1800 to 1900 MHZ. In order to provide local oscillator signals, as well as transmit carriers, tunable voltage controlled oscillators are implemented in a frequency synthesizer application.  
           [0003]    Local oscillator signals are usually generated with the same signal source ii--; used for generating a transmit frequency. In both applications, it is necessary to maintain the signal phase noise below a level which would otherwise increase the noise floor and limit the range of the cellular telephone. In one conventional voltage controlled oscillator design, a pair of bipolar transistors are utilized in a cross-coupled differential configuration having a current source connected to the emitter connections. A resonant collector circuit is digitally and analog tuned to control the oscillation frequency. Phase noise in the output signal is produced by the harmonic content of the signal produced by the current source which is re-modulated in the resonant collector circuit. In some of these applications, it is therefore desirable to suppress the harmonic content generated by the current sources.  
           [0004]    In other applications of the voltage controlled oscillator, the presence of phase noise is not as critical. For instance, in quadrature phase modulation and demodulation systems, which use a lower intermediate frequency, phase noise is significantly less of a problem. The I and Q signals of a quadrature system are generated from a second harmonic signal using CML, or ECL logic, which is then divided by two, or by four, with a digital counter to produce symmetrical I and Q signals.  
           [0005]    The present invention is directed to a voltage controlled oscillator which will perform in applications where phase noise is a critical design parameter or where phase noise is a lesser concern.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    A dual band voltage controlled oscillator is provided wherein first and second bipolar transistors have collector connections cross-coupled to the base connection of the other transistor. A common current source supplies current to the emitters of the first and second transistors. A tuned parallel resonant circuit comprises inductors connecting the collectors to a power supply terminal and a tuning capacitor to establish a resonant frequency for the tuned oscillator.  
           [0007]    The circuit has sufficient coupling between the collector and bases of the bipolar transistors to generate harmonic signals across the current source. The harmonic signals may be advantageously coupled to further circuitry to provide, for instance, a tunable second harmonic signal which can be used along with a fundamental frequency signal derived from the collectors of the bipolar transistors. By controlling the amount of cross-coupling, a trade off between harmonic amplitude and phase noise for the voltage controlled oscillator may be made depending on the specific application.  
           [0008]    The circuit may be provided with adjustable feedback, so that the trade off between harmonic content and phase noise can be appropriately made. Where the voltage controlled oscillator is used in an application requiring only the fundamental frequency signal, a further harmonic control circuit may be employed to suppress the harmonic frequency signals. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-coupled bipolar transistor VCO which provides for a fundamental frequency signal and second harmonic frequency signal.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein the amount of cross-coupling between bipolar transistors is controlled to control the level of second harmonic signal.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which the second harmonic frequency signal is suppressed for reducing phase noise of the system.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 4A illustrates the fundamental frequency signals generated by the circuit of FIG. 1.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4B illustrates harmonic signals generated by the circuit of FIG. 1.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5 illustrates the fundamental frequency spectrum produced by the circuit of FIG. 1.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6 illustrates the harmonic frequency spectrum produced at the harmonic frequency by the circuit of FIG. 1. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0016]    Referring now to FIG. 1, a dual output frequency voltage control oscillator (VCO) is shown. The circuit employs two bipolar transistors  11  and  12 , which have collector connections cross-coupled to the base connection of the opposite transistor. Current for the bipolar transistors  11  and  12  is generated by the current source  14  having one terminal connected to the common ground terminal  25 .  
         [0017]    The frequency of operation for the circuit is established by the series inductors  22 ,  23 , and the tunable capacitors, shown as varactors diodes  19  and  20  varactors diodes  19  and  20  are connected back-to-back, and are tuned by a common tuning voltage applied to terminal  15 . The tuning voltage establishes the capacitance of varactor diodes of  19  and  20  which establishes the resonant frequency formed by the parallel resonant circuit comprising varactor diodes  19 ,  20  and inductors  22 ,  23 .  
         [0018]    A circuit in accordance with FIG. 1 can be operated to produce a resonant frequency signal in the 800 to 900 MHZ range for The GSM cellular telephone band application. Additionally, in those applications where low phase noise is not required, a second output signal, which is a harmonic of the VCO fundamental frequency of operation, may be obtained from terminal  18 .  
         [0019]    As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, a fundamental frequency signal in the frequency range of 800 to 950 MHZ is available from the collectors of transistors  10 ,  11 , on terminal  16 , and a high amplitude second harmonic signal in the frequency range of 1600 MHZ to 1900 MHZ is available at terminal  18 . Accordingly, the circuit may be used in those applications where an I and Q signal is developed by dividing a frequency multiplied signal available at terminal  18 . FIG. 5 shows the frequency spectrum of the signal available at terminal  18 . The second harmonic signal is especially prominent, and may be used for such applications as generating I and Q signals by dividing a multiplied signal using a digital divider circuit.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 illustrates the frequency content of a fundamental frequency signal derived from either single ended terminal  16  or differentially from terminal  16  and  17 . Since all harmonic signals are located at least 40 db down from the fundamental frequency signal, the fundamental frequency signal can be considered to be relatively free of harmonic signal content.  
         [0021]    The magnitude of the harmonic frequency signal can be controlled by controlling the coupling between collectors and bases of the opposite transistors of the differential pair of transistors  11 ,  12 . Referring now to FIG. 2, MOSFETS  26 ,  27  provide capacitive cross-coupling between collectors and bases of opposite differentially connected transistors  11 ,  12 . The remaining components of FIG. 2 are identical to the components of FIG. 1 and are identified by identical components numbers.  
         [0022]    MOSFETS  26 ,  27  have gate connections connected to the collector of transistors  11 ,  12 , and source and drain connections connected to DC blocking capacitors  28 ,  29 , respectively. A bias potential is applied from feedback control terminal  32  through resistors  30 ,  31  to the gates of transistors  26 ,  27 . The amount of capacitance coupling between the base and collector connections of opposite transistors is controlled by the voltage applied to the feedback control terminal  32 . When the feedback control terminal  32  is at the lower voltage, each of the MOSFETS  26 ,  27  are in a depletion mode, and the capacitance of MOSFETS  26 ,  27  is a function of the gate oxide capacitance for each of the devices.  
         [0023]    The capacity exhibited by each of the MOSFETS  26  and  27  is lowered, providing less coupling between base and collector connections when a higher potential is applied to the feedback control terminal  32 . In this instance, the gate oxide capacitance and substrate capacitance are a serially connected together, lowering the overall capacitive coupling between transistors  11  and  12 .  
         [0024]    The embodiment of FIG. 2 permits selective control over the amount of feedback, and, therefore, the amount of harmonic signals generated at terminal  18 . The generation of harmonic signals at terminal  18  will necessarily increase the phase noise for signals at the fundamental frequency of the VCO circuit produced at terminal  16 . In applications where less harmonic signal is required from terminal  18 , the feedback control voltage applied to terminal  32  may be used to decrease the feedback voltage and lower the amplitude of the harmonic signals appearing at terminal  18  in favor of a fundamental frequency signal on terminal  16  having lower phase noise.  
         [0025]    The foregoing principles may be used with even further control of the harmonic signal level in the embodiment according to FIG. 3. Referring now to FIG. 3, a voltage controlled oscillator of the general configuration as previously described is shown. Components which are common to the circuits of FIGS.  1 - 3  are identified by the same reference numeral.  
         [0026]    Control terminal  34  is provided to permit suppression of harmonic signals appearing at the terminal  18 . In this way, when the fundamental frequency signal phase noise is to be maintained at a minimal level, the harmonic signals appearing across the current source  15  can be suppressed using a series resonant filter trap. The filter trap comprises a capacitor  37  and inductor  36  serially resonant at a harmonic frequency such as the second harmonic of the VCO. MOSFET  35 , when enabled by the signal appearing on terminal  34 , connects the trap across the current source  14  and suppresses signals falling within the bandwidth of the filter trap. As the second harmonic is typically the major harmonic component appearing at terminal  18  in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 3, the filter trap components  36 ,  37  have values selected to provide series resonance at the second harmonic frequency.  
         [0027]    Thus, there is disclosed a circuit that is capable of generating a fundamental frequency signal from terminal  16 , as well as harmonic frequency signals from terminal  18 .  
         [0028]    The foregoing description of the invention illustrates and describes the present invention. Additionally, the disclosure shows and describes only the preferred embodiments of the invention in the context of a voltage controlled oscillator, but, as mentioned above, it is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachings and/or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art. The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain best modes known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such, or other, embodiments and with the various modifications required by the particular applications or uses of the invention. Accordingly, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form or application disclosed herein. Also, it is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments.