Abstract:
Described herein are light-based devices for use in the detection of plaque or delivery of a whitening effect; and, inter alia, toothpaste formulations containing ultraviolet brighteners that provide a whitening or bleaching effect when exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Description:
[0001]    This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/767,573, filed Jan. 29, 2004 (7191-00), and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/776,972, filed Feb. 11, 2004 (7190-00), and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/776,554, filed Feb. 11, 2004 (7422-00), all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Various techniques have been used to deliver an oral care benefit to one&#39;s teeth. In some cases, techniques have been used attempting to detect the presence of plaque on one&#39;s teeth. Such techniques include, for example, the application of various compositions to the teeth which are intended to visually indicate the presence of plaque. It would be highly advantageous for a person brushing one&#39;s teeth to obtain feedback immediately upon brushing regarding the brushing effectiveness. 
         [0003]    Various techniques have also been used for creating a whitening effect of a user&#39;s teeth. Current at home tooth whitening techniques require several days for the user to see the effect of the treatment and are generally considered to be inconvenient and in some cases difficult to use. It would be desirable to provide techniques which give a more immediate whitening effect so as to encourage the user to have a regular brushing program in addition to giving the satisfaction of whiter teeth. 
         [0004]    A technique marketed by BriteSmile, Inc. involves providing a tooth whitening composition which includes an oxidizing compound which when applied to a stained tooth and exposed to actinic light is activated to facilitate tooth whitening. The light is provided by a device which has a generally crescent-shaped surface with spaced optical outputs located along the surface. In practice the device would be applied for an extended period of time. Examples of compositions and devices of BriteSmile, Inc. are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,645,628, 5,713,738, 6,162,055, 6,254,388, 6,343,933, 6,416,319 and D438,622 and in published patent application US2002/0137001. Other U.S. patents dealing with the whitening of teeth are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,661,070, 4,952,143 and 5,032,178. Typically, where lights have been used to activate the oxidizing agent such lights have been xenon lamps, flash lamps, mercury short arc lamps, metal halide lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, etc. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    In accordance with one embodiment of this invention, a dye is incorporated in a carrier. The dye has the characteristic of being able to attach itself to residual plaque on the tooth surface and also has the characteristic of becoming fluorescent in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. In a broad practice of this invention an ultraviolet light source is used for directing ultraviolet light against the teeth so that the fluorescent effect would be created and easily visible to the user to indicate the presence of residual plaque. In a preferred practice of this invention the ultraviolet light source is incorporated in a toothbrush. The carrier for the dye could be the toothpaste on the toothbrush cleaning head. Alternatively, the carrier could be some form of liquid such as an oral rinse or mouthwash or could be a gum or lozenge or polymer strip or any other common devices used for delivering oral health benefits. 
         [0006]    In accordance with another embodiment of this invention, optical brighteners are incorporated in a carrier, such as toothpaste. The brighteners have the characteristic of being able to have a whitening or bleaching effect when coming into contact with ultraviolet radiation. The carrier would also include an adhering agent which would adhere to the teeth while the brighteners adhere to the adhering agent. As a result the brighteners remain on the outer surface of the teeth. In the broad practice of this embodiment, an ultraviolet light source is used for directing ultraviolet light against the teeth so that the whitening effect would be created and easily visible to the user. In a preferred practice of this embodiment, the ultraviolet light source is incorporated in a toothbrush. The carrier for the brightener is preferably the toothpaste on the toothbrush cleaning head. 
         [0007]    In accordance with another embodiment of this invention, an oxidizing agent is provided which may be activated by light and/or heat energy in order to speed the chemical process of whitening stained teeth. The oxidizing agent is applied to the teeth preferably by toothpaste, although other forms of application may be used such as whitening gels, whitening strips or other such products. In the broad practice of this embodiment, an ultraviolet or infrared radiation source is used for directing radiation against the teeth so that the oxidizing agent would be activated. In a preferred practice of this embodiment, the radiation source is from LED devices incorporated in a toothbrush. The carrier for the oxidizing agent is preferably the toothpaste on the toothbrush cleaning head. 
     
    
     
       THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is a side elevational view of one embodiment of a manual toothbrush in accordance with this invention; 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a front elevational view of the toothbrush shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2A  is a view similar to  FIG. 2  showing a toothbrush head with surface mounted LEDs; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a side elevational view of a powered toothbrush in accordance with this invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a front elevational view of the toothbrush shown in  FIG. 3 . 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a side elevational view of another embodiment of a manual toothbrush in accordance with this invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  is a front elevational view of the toothbrush shown in  FIG. 5 ; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is a front elevational view of a powered toothbrush in accordance with this embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]      FIGS. 1-4  show one embodiment and  FIGS. 5-7  show another embodiment of a toothbrush that may used in accordance with this invention. In the first embodiment, toothbrush  10  includes a hollow handle  12  and a cleaning head  14 . Cleaning head  14  has an outer surface  16  from which a plurality of cleaning elements  18  extend outwardly. Cleaning elements  18  may be of any suitable form such as bristles or elastomer members of any size or shape. The cleaning elements may also be a combination of different types of cleaning elements. The cleaning elements  18  are arranged on the outer surface  16  of the cleaning head to form a cleaning field. Thus the light(s) is located within the cleaning field. 
         [0017]    Mounted within the hollow handle  12  is a source  20  of ultraviolet light. Any suitable source may be used such as miniature UV bulbs as manufactured by Welch Allyn. 
         [0018]    Although miniature UV bulbs may be used this is a less preferred practice of the invention in that generally such bulbs are of relatively large size with high power consumption and tend to emit undesired UVB radiation. A more preferred practice of the invention, which is described in connection with the embodiment of  FIGS. 5-7 , is the use of LEDs  26 A as the source  20  of ultraviolet light. A particular advantage of LEDs is that they can be surface mounted. In addition LEDs would have small or low power consumption and provide tight emissions in a tight spectrum band with minimum power requirements and have relatively low intensity. The LEDs could preferably have a safe UVA wavelength of 350-410 nm and more preferably a wavelength of 378-383 nm. Suitable LEDs can be obtained from Roithner Lasertechnik of Vienna, Austria. A suitable LED would be a 3.0×2.2×1.5 nm 3TOP LED. Whatever form of source is used, care should be taken to control the intensity of the UV radiation in order to avoid possible negative health effects. 
         [0019]    Although the ultraviolet light can constantly be emitted, it is preferable that the light source be selectively actuated. Any suitable structure could be used for accomplishing that task.  FIGS. 1-2 , for example, show the hollow handle  12  to include a battery  22  electrically connected to the UV light source  20 , while  FIGS. 5-7  show the hollow handle  12  to include a battery  22  electrically connected by suitable wiring  28 A to the surface mounted LED devices  26 A. A switch  24  located externally on the handle  12  selectively actuates the light source  20  ( FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ) or LEDs  26 A. 
         [0020]    When the light source  20  is actuated the light is transmitted from the handle to the carrier field and to at least one emitter  26  in the carrier field. The light could be transmitted in any suitable manner by transmitting structure  28  such as a light pipe, fiber optic, wiring  28 A or other suitable devices. Preferably, the light(s) or emitters  26  are surface mounted and are located in the carrier field. FIGS.  2 A and  5 - 7 , for example, show two surface mounted emitters  26  in the form of LEDs  26 A. 
         [0021]    Although  FIGS. 1-2  and  5 - 6  illustrate the toothbrush to be a manual toothbrush it is also possible to practice the invention with a powered toothbrush  10 A and  10 B as shown in  FIGS. 3-4  and  7  respectively. In these embodiments the powered toothbrush includes a moveable section  30  in the cleaning field. Movable section  30  could be of any size or shape and could be moved in any known manner such as continuous rotation in one direction, oscillating rotation or linear back and forth and/or side to side movement. One example of movement is an oscillating back and forth rotational movement such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,916, all of the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto. 
         [0022]    In the illustrated embodiment toothbrush  10 A,  10 B includes in its cleaning field a fixed portion  32  which does not move but which also contains cleaning elements. For the sake of simplicity the emitters  26  or LEDs  26 A are located only in the fixed portion  32  rather than having to account for the movability of the optic fibers, light pipe or LED wiring if the emitters or LEDs were also located in the movable section  30 . It is, however, in the scope of this invention that the emitters or LEDs could be in either the movable section  30  and/or the fixed section  32 . 
         [0023]    The invention could be practiced where the same switch  24  actuates both the light source  20  and the drive mechanism for the movable section  30 . Alternatively, the movable section and the light source could be actuated by separate switches. 
         [0024]    In one use of toothbrush  10 , toothpaste would be applied to the outer ends of the cleaning elements  18 , such as bristles. The toothpaste would incorporate a dye that has the characteristic of attaching itself to residual plaque on the tooth surface. The dye has the further characteristic that it can be actuated by the presence of ultraviolet radiation and would then have a fluorescent effect that would be easily visible to the user. In the normal use of the toothbrush the toothpaste would be applied to the teeth. The dye in the toothpaste would become attached to or be absorbed by residual plaque on the tooth surface. Upon rinsing the dye would be located only on the plaque. Either during or preferably immediately after the brushing and rinsing the user would actuate the ultraviolet light source through switch  24  to radiate the ultraviolet light from the emitters  26 ,  26 A toward the teeth. If the dye becomes visible the user knows that not all of the plaque has been removed. If any residual plaque is present the dye would have remained attached to the plaque and in the presence of the ultraviolet radiation there would be readily visual fluorescent effect. This would alert the user that it is necessary to continue the brushing or to be at least aware that all of the plaque has not been removed. It would also provide immediate feedback to the user as to the user&#39;s brushing habits and areas where improvement in the brushing habits are necessary. 
         [0025]    Any suitable dye could be used in the practice of this invention as long as the dye has the two characteristics noted above with respect to attaching itself to residual plaque and with respect to having a visible fluorescent effect in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. The dye should be absorbed in the plaque but not to the teeth. Before inspecting the teeth for plaque, the user would spit or rinse and spit the carrier and dye from the mouth, leaving only the dye attached to any plaque. One form of suitable dye is TINOPAL, marketed by Ciba Geigy. Preferably only a small amount of dye is necessary, such as 0.075 to 0.30% by volume of the total combination of the carrier and dye. 
         [0026]    Various types of carriers may be used for applying the dye to the teeth. A convenient form of carrier could be by incorporating the dye in the toothpaste itself. Other forms of carriers could be conventional products that would be applied to the mouth. Such products include, but are not limited to, an oral rinse or mouthwash, a gum or lozenge, a polymer strip carrier which may or may not dissolve, or any other common means of delivering oral health benefits. For example, an oral rinse or mouthwash or other liquid applicator could be applied to the teeth and then the user discharges the applicator from the mouth, such as by a gargling with the liquid applicator or with water and then spitting the excess applicator and dye from the mouth leaving only the dye that is attached to the residual plaque in the mouth on the tooth surface. Preferably after the application the user would rinse with water to remove excess carrier and dye. 
         [0027]    The UV light source whether from a toothbrush or a separate light source could then be actuated to radiate the UV light toward the teeth. In a broad practice of this invention, however, the ultraviolet or UV light source could be any device that provides the light emissions for the teeth. By using any of the combinations of applicator and UV light source the user can easily see how effective the cleaning operation, such as tooth brushing, has been. 
         [0028]    In another use of the toothbrush of the present invention, toothpaste would be applied to the outer ends of the cleaning elements  18 , such as bristles. The toothpaste would incorporate optical brighteners. In the normal use of the toothbrush the toothpaste would be applied to the teeth. The brighteners in the toothpaste would become attached to the tooth surface. Either during or immediately after the brushing the user would actuate the ultraviolet light source through switch  24  to radiate the ultraviolet light from the emitters  26 ,  26 A toward the teeth. The brighteners in the presence of the ultraviolet radiation, would create a whitening effect. 
         [0029]    The brightener has the characteristic that it can be actuated by the presence of ultraviolet radiation, such as that present in sunlight, and would then have a whitening or bleaching effect that would be easily visible to the user. In a preferred practice of this invention the ultraviolet radiation is emitted from a toothbrush; such that as a result, when the user is brushing the user&#39;s teeth there is an immediate, significant, visual whitening appearance. In a broad practice of this invention, however, the ultraviolet or UV light source could be any device that provides the light emissions for observing the teeth. 
         [0030]    Various types of carriers may be used for applying the brightener to the teeth. The preferred form of carrier is incorporating the brightener in the toothpaste itself. As later described any suitable form of carrier may be used. The carrier would also include an adhering agent which would adhere to the teeth while the brighteners adhere to the adhering agent. As a result the brighteners remain on the outer surface of the teeth. A preferred adhering agent is a gantrez polymer, such as is used in antibacterial toothpastes to retain the antibacterial agent on the tooth surfaces. In the practice of this invention the optical brighteners could be selected from such types of brighteners which adhere to the whitening ingredients in such toothpastes and thereby the optical brighteners also remain on the teeth. Other forms of carriers could be conventional products that would be applied to the mouth. Such products include, but are not limited to, an oral rinse or mouthwash, a gum or lozenge, a polymer strip or any other common means of delivering oral health benefits. These carriers would also include some form of adhering agent which would deposit the brighteners on the surface of the teeth. 
         [0031]    The presence of the optical brighteners on the teeth gives a white appearance when in the appearance of ultraviolet or fluorescent light. Such white appearance results when ultraviolet light or radiation is directed to the teeth such as by being incorporated in a toothbrush. The white appearance results from a combination of the bluish light from the radiation combining with any yellowness on the teeth to give a more white appearance. This same appearance would occur when the optical brighteners are in the presence of fluorescent lights in a room or in sunlight. The immediate creation of the whitening appearance would be beneficial in encouraging a user to have a regular brushing program so as to continue obtaining the whitening effect. 
         [0032]    The benefit of incorporating the optical brighteners in toothpaste is that the optical brighteners would be applied through the brushing of one&#39;s teeth which would be reasonably easy and familiar to all users. If the optical brightener is incorporated in other forms of carriers the carriers should be such that the optical brighteners sufficiently adhere to the teeth to be present on the teeth and have the brightening effect when in the presence of ultraviolet energy. The activation of the brightener could thus occur through use of a special toothbrush as later described in which UV light is allowed to be transmitted through the bristle field of the toothbrush. 
         [0033]    Any suitable optical brightener could be used in the practice of this invention. Suitable optical brighteners are common in the pulp and paper industry as well as being use in applications such as laundry detergent. Other uses of suitable optical brighteners are found in commercially available materials used to trace leaks in water systems. When these materials come into contact with ultraviolet radiation they have a whitening or bleaching effect. Typically, this chemical reaction occurs relatively quickly after the activation of the ultraviolet energy. One form of suitable brightener is TINOPAL, marketed by Ciba Geigy. Preferably only a small amount of brightener is necessary, such as 0.075 to 0.30% by volume of the total combination of the carrier and brightener. 
         [0034]    In another use of toothbrush of the present invention, toothpaste would be applied to the outer ends of the cleaning elements  18 , such as bristles. The toothpaste would incorporate oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide. In the normal use of the toothbrush the toothpaste would be applied to the teeth. Either during or immediately after the brushing the user would actuate the ultraviolet light source through switch  24  to radiate the ultraviolet light from the emitters  26 ,  26 A toward the teeth. The oxidizing agent would be activated to speed the chemical process of whitening the stained teeth. Because of the short time required in practicing the invention the procedure could be repetitively performed and over time should result in an effective whitening action. This would have a benefit over conventional practices in being more convenient to use. 
         [0035]    The above-mentioned process can be accomplished through the use of a toothbrush emitting light energy in the form of either ultraviolet radiation or infrared radiation. In the case of infrared energy heating would occur which would accelerate the process. The oxidizing agent could be applied to the teeth in any known manner and could be of any known composition, such as disclosed in the aforenoted patents and application of BriteSmile, Inc., all of the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto. 
         [0036]    In a preferred practice of this invention the oxidizing agent is incorporated in a toothpaste composition. The invention, however, could also be practiced where the radiation is used to activate or accelerate reactions of specific formulations of whitening gels, whitening strips or other such products. 
         [0037]    In contrast to the conventional practices of using various types of lamps the present invention utilizes, as shown in FIGS.  2 A and  5 - 7 , light energy preferably from LED devices  26 A which can be very wavelength specific and much easier to physically place in the norms of typical toothbrush dimensions. 
         [0038]    Unlike some previous applications the user, in the practice of this invention, would use the system more frequently for a very short usage period as opposed to the very long infrequent applications of the light energy as with prior techniques. Moreover, many applications in the past have required professional supervision. In contrast the present invention has the benefit of light energy that could be applied by the user in the user&#39;s home. 
         [0039]    The benefit of incorporating the oxidizing agents in toothpaste is that the oxidizing agents would be applied through the brushing of one&#39;s teeth which would be reasonably easy and familiar to all users. The activation of the oxidizing agents could thus occur through use of a special toothbrush in which UV or infrared light is allowed to be transmitted through the bristle field of the toothbrush. 
         [0040]    The toothbrush used in the practices of the invention could be a powered toothbrush type, i.e. a toothbrush in which there is movement of the bristles created by a motor and a drive transmission, or a manual toothbrush in which there is no driven movement of the bristles by a power source other than the user. The manual toothbrush could have the light source and the power supply for the light contained inside the brush handle with an external structure, such as a switch  24 , for turning on the light. However, the tufts of bristles  18  would remain relatively stationary as is common in manual toothbrushes. Where the toothbrush is a powered toothbrush the light source or LEDs could be turned on or activated by the same switch which activates the power or could be turned on from a separate switch. The emitters or LEDs could be located in a movable section of the powered toothbrush or in a fixed section.