Abstract:
According to this invention, plants of the genus  Triodia  are harvested for use as a renewable energy source or as a means of carbon sequestration.  Triodia  is a hummock-forming grass endemic to Australia, commonly known as spinifex. It is an abundant perennial plant which grows in semi-arid and arid regions. The novel use of  Triodia  as a biofuel feedstock has many advantages over the prior art. Being perennial, there is no need to plant and fertilise crops. The plants can be continuously harvested without damaging the soil.  Triodia  grows well with even small amounts of natural rainfall.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to methods and products using grass of the genus  Triodia  systems, for example for generating energy using the plant as a feedstock. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Systems for using plant matter as an energy source are well known. In the simplest case, biomass can be burned to release energy. 
         [0003]    First-generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch or vegetable oil. The basic feedstocks for the production of first generation biofuels are typically seeds or grains such as wheat, which yield starch that is fermented into bioethanol. This process is of limited value for many reasons. For example, the feedstock could otherwise be used as food, and the energy consumed in cultivating it might in some cases exceed the energy recoverable froth the biofuel produced. 
         [0004]    Second generation biofuel processes use biomass consisting of the residual non-food parts of current crops or non food crops, such as switchgrass, jatropha, cereals that bear little grain, and also industry waste such as wood chips. In the second generation process the plant&#39;s cellulose must be broken down to release the sugar which is then fermented to produce ethanol in the same way as first generation bioethanol production. The plant&#39;s remaining lignin can be burned as a carbon-neutral fuel to produce energy. 
         [0005]    Second generation biofuels have been criticised because of the use of large scale agriculture to provide the feedstock, possible adverse effects on land, use of fertilisers and pesticides, risks posed by genetically engineering crops, consumption of large amounts of energy for processing and so on. 
         [0006]    Energy can also be extracted from plant matter by pyrolysis and gasification, that is, heating under controlled conditions to produce combustible synthesis gas and oil which can be burnt or used for other purposes. Pyrolysis also produces a carbon-rich residue known as bio-char, which can be used as a soil enhancer. Bio-char also sequesters carbon for long periods, potentially thousands of years, as it is an extremely stable form of carbon. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention provides a system for utilising plants of the genus  Triodia  as an energy source.  Triodia  is a hummock-forming grass endemic to Australia, commonly known as  spinifex.  It is an abundant perennial plant which grows in semi-arid and arid regions. 
         [0008]    It is an object of this invention to provide a system for supplying renewable energy which does not consume plants which would otherwise provide food. 
         [0009]    It is also an object of this invention to provide a system for providing renewable feedstocks for production of energy which requires significantly less energy and resource input than prior art biofuel systems. 
         [0010]    It is also an object of this invention to provide a low-carbon-output system for extracting energy from renewable feedstocks. 
         [0011]    According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for producing energy which utilises grass of the genus  Triodia  as fuel for an external combustion engine. For example, in some embodiments of this invention  Triodia  is harvested and burned to produce steam to power a turbine which drives an electrical generator. 
         [0012]    In another aspect, the present invention provides a biofuel process which utilises grass of the genus  Triodia  as a feedstock. 
         [0013]    In another aspect, the present invention provides a biofuel production method comprising the steps of harvesting  Triodia  and mechanically processing it to form solid fuel suitable for burning. Examples of suitable mechanical processes include grinding, chopping, pulverising, drying, pressing, compacting, pelletising and so on. In some embodiments of the invention according to this aspect, resins present in the  Triodia  help bind fibres together when the  Triodia  is compacted. In other embodiments, finely pulverised  Triodia  mixed with air or oxygen can be used as a fuel or explosive. 
         [0014]    In another aspect, the present invention provides a biofuel production method comprising the steps of harvesting  Triodia , pretreatment to liberate cellulose and hemicellulose, hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, fermentation, and distillation to provide ethanol. Some embodiments of the invention further comprise the step of lignin separation. In some embodiments of the invention, the pretreatment step comprises steam explosion. In other embodiments, the pretreatment step comprises mechanical treatment. In yet other embodiments, the pretreatment step comprises chemical treatment. In other embodiments, the pretreatment step comprises a combination of different treatments. 
         [0015]    In some embodiments of the invention, hydrolysis is catalysed by enzymes. In other embodiments hydrolysis is catalysed using an acid. In some embodiments hydrolysis is assisted by use of heat, pressure or both. 
         [0016]    In another aspect, the present invention provides a biofuel production method comprising the steps of harvesting  Triodia , pretreatment to liberate cellulose and hemicellulose, and conversion of cellulose and/or hemicellulose to ethanol using suitable micro-organisms. Some embodiments of the invention further comprise the step of lignin separation. 
         [0017]    In one embodiment of the invention, the pretreatment step includes utilising an acid, for example 2% sulphuric acid at about 120° C. for about 60 minutes. 
         [0018]    In one embodiment of the invention, the hydrolysis step is achieved using, approximately, the enzymes 2% cellulase and 4% β-glucosidase at 50° C., pH 5.0 stirred at 180 rpm for 22 hours. 
         [0019]    In one embodiment of the invention, the fermentation step is achieved using a recombinant strain of the bacterium  Zymomonas mobilis  ZM4 (pZB5), preferably for about 40-60 hours. 
         [0020]    According to another aspect of the invention, the energy used in processing the  Triodia  feedstock is derived at least in part from solar energy. For example, pretreatment by steam explosion can be achieved using solar energy to produce the required steam. 
         [0021]    In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) production method comprising the steps of harvesting  Triodia  and gasification. Gasification can for example be accomplished by steam gasification or partial pyrolysis under sub-stoichiometric, high temperature conditions. 
         [0022]    The invention in the foregoing aspect can be further extended to produce liquid hydrocarbons such as diesel fuel from  Triodia  feedstock, for example by including the further steps of the Fischer-Tropsch process. 
         [0023]    In yet another aspect the invention provides a bio-oil production method comprising the steps of subjecting  Triodia  to pyrolysis. Preferably, anyhydrous fast pyrolysis can be used. 
         [0024]    In another aspect the invention provides a gas production method comprising the steps of feeding  Triodia  to termites and capturing the gas emitted by the termites. In one embodiment of the invention, the gas captured is hydrogen. In another embodiment the gas captured is methane. 
         [0025]    In yet another aspect the invention provides a gas production method comprising the steps of subjecting  Triodia  to termite gut protists and capturing the gas emitted by the protists. In one embodiment of the invention, the gas captured is hydrogen. In another embodiment the gas captured is methane. 
         [0026]    In another aspect, the invention provides a system for obtaining volatile chemicals from  Triodia  comprising the steps of heating all or part of a  Triodia  plant and collecting volatile chemicals exuded. In some cases, material exuded sets to hard lumps after cooling and can be mechanically separated from the plant. It has been found by experiment that, for example, heating to approximately 100° C. useful organic polymers are exuded from certain species of  Triodia . It has been found that such polymers in some cases are similar to Sandrac, Rosin and Copal. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of using  Triodia  as a source of furniture polish, for example as an alternative to shellac or Tung oil, for the manufacture of incense, aromatic enhancers, or for medicinal uses. 
         [0027]    In a further extension of the inventive concept, chemical exudates are fractionated to produce a range of volatile substances that have uses as biopharmaceuticals, bactericides, fungicides, insecticides, antibiotics, aromatic enhancers and so on. For example, very few animals eat  Triodia  in the wild other than termites due in part to chemicals in  Triodia  that act as deterrents to herbivory. 
         [0028]    In yet another aspect, the present invention provides an ethanol production method comprising the steps of gasification of  Triodia,  fermentation and distillation. Fermentation can be achieved, for example, by use of suitable microorganisms such as  Clostridium ljungdahlii  bacteria which ingest the products of gasification and produce ethanol and water. 
         [0029]    In yet another aspect, the present invention provides an ethanol production method in which the cellulose of  Triodia  is converted directly into ethanol using suitable bacteria, for example  Clostridium thermocellum.    
         [0030]    In yet another aspect, the invention further comprises the step of separating any resin which may be present, depending on the species of  Triodia . For example, some species of  Triodia  have a high resin content and in an embodiment of the invention in which  Triodia  is pressed into pellets for fuel, the invention can include the step of separating the resin so that the amount of resin in the pellets is minimised. The separated resin can of course be used for other purposes. 
         [0031]    According to another aspect of the invention, the energy used in processing the  Triodia  feedstock is derived at least in part from the products of the process, for example by burning the extracted lignin or the produced gas or ethanol. 
         [0032]    In another aspect the invention provides a system for harvesting elements such as metals comprising the steps of harvesting  Triodia  and processing it to extract the desired elements or metals. 
         [0033]    In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of creating bio-char from  Triodia.  In some embodiments of this aspect of the invention,  Triodia  is subjected to pyrolysis. In other embodiments of this aspect of the invention,  Triodia  is subjected to gasification. Heating for pyrolysis or gasification can be accomplished by any of the well-known methods including solar heating, either directly or via a medium such as steam or fluid. 
         [0034]    In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of carbon sequestration comprising the steps of creating bio-char from  Triodia  and storing it. In some embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the storage step comprises burying the bio-char underground. In other embodiments, bio-char is simply stockpiled; for example entire valleys can be filled, providing enormous carbon sinks. In yet other embodiments the bio-char is mixed with soil. Studies have shown that addition of bio-char to soil has many benefits, including carbon sequestration, water retention, crop enhancement and so on. 
         [0035]    The invention also consists in combinations of the foregoing aspects, for example systems which convert  Triodia  into both bio-char and ethanol or other bio-fuel. 
         [0036]    The invention can be further adapted to improve energy efficiency by use of solar energy as the energy source for endothermic reactions of the inventive process. 
         [0037]    In another aspect, the invention provides a method of maximising the storage of carbon in the soil in which  Triodia  grows using harvesting techniques which maximise survival of the basal clump of the plants. According to this aspect minimum damage is done to the plant&#39;s root system so that its ability to transfer carbon to the soil is maximised. 
         [0038]    The inventive concept can also be applied to conversion of  Triodia  to animal fodder, optionally in addition to fuel. For example, in one embodiment of the invention,  Triodia  is pelletised and used as animal feed. In other variations of this inventive concept, other substances are added to the  Triodia  to improve its digestibility, palatability, nutritional value and so on as required by particular animals to be fed. 
         [0039]    In another aspect, the invention provides a system of producing fodder comprising the steps of harvesting  Triodia  and mechanically processing it to render it edible. For example, the processing step can comprise the step of removing sharp points of the  Triodia  leaves. 
         [0040]    The invention also consists in apparatus adapted to perform the steps of the invention described herein. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
         [0041]    Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings in which: 
           [0042]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which  Triodia  is converted into fuel pellets; 
           [0043]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which  Triodia  is used to generate electricity and bio-oil; 
           [0044]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which  Triodia  is used to generate electricity, ethanol and lignin briquettes; and 
           [0045]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which  Triodia  is used to create bio-char. 
       
    
    
       [0046]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 ,  Triodia  plants ( 1 ) are first harvested and dried ( 2 ). In this embodiment solar energy is used for drying, to maximise the carbon footprint of the process, although any other method can be used with good results. Moisture content is typically reduced to 10%-15%. 
         [0047]    Solar energy is also collected by collector ( 4 ) which is used to power solar engine ( 5 ), which can, for example, be an external-combustion Stirling engine or a boiler/steam turbine combination. Solar engine ( 5 ) provides motive power for the other components of the system through suitable mechanical couplings. 
         [0048]    The dried  Triodia  enters mill ( 6 ) which reduces the grass to small particles, for example 3 mm or less. The milled product ( 7 ) then passes to press ( 8 ) which is typically a ring die pellet press, which squeezes the milled product ( 7 ) through small openings, typically 4-8 mm, in a die. The pressure causes the temperature of the lignin content of the  Triodia  to rise to the degree that it plasticises slightly. The pellets are ejected from press ( 8 ) into bin ( 9 ) and when they cool, the plasticised lignin binds the particles of the pellet. In some embodiments of the invention apparatus is also provided to manage the cooling of the pellets. 
         [0049]      FIG. 2  illustrates the process of converting  Triodia  into char (also known as biochar), bio-oil and electricity, using pyrolysis. 
         [0050]      Triodia  ( 21 ) is harvested and fed into dryer ( 22 ), which is typically a tumbler which can be heated by concentrated solar energy, by burning the products of the invention or a combination of sources. 
         [0051]    Grinder ( 29 ) chops or grinds the  Triodia  to smaller particles, facilitating the subsequent process. Pyrolysis reactor ( 23 ) heats the  Triodia  particles in the absence of oxygen. Char collected ( 27 ) can be used as a soil improver, fuel, or for carbon sequestration. Other fluid products are fed from pyrolysis reactor  23  to cooler  24 , where bio-oil ( 31 ) is condensed and separated from synthesis gas ( 30 ) 
         [0052]    The relative amounts of char, oil and gas produced by pyrolysis reactor ( 23 ) can be controlled by the conditions within the reactor. To achieve the objective of maximum energy yield for minimum carbon release, the process can be optimised to maximise the char residue. 
         [0053]    Representative yields resulting from different parameters are summarised in the following table (Source: Aston University Bio-Energy Research Group, RenuResin Kick-off meeting, 27-28 Jan. 2003): 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid 
                 Solid 
                 Gas 
               
               
                 Process 
                 (bio-oil) 
                 (biochar) 
                 (syngas) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 FAST PYROLYSIS 
                 75% 
                 12% 
                 13% 
               
               
                 Moderate temperature (~500° C.) 
                 (25% water) 
               
               
                 Short hot vapour 
               
               
                 residence time (&lt;2 s) 
               
               
                 INTERMEDIATE PYROLYSIS 
                 50% 
                 25% 
                 25% 
               
               
                 Low-moderate temperature, 
                 (50% water) 
               
               
                 Moderate hot vapour residence time 
               
               
                 SLOW PYROLYSIS 
                 30% 
                 35% 
                 35% 
               
               
                 Low-moderate temperature, 
                 (70% water) 
               
               
                 Long residence time 
               
               
                 GASIFICATION 
                 5% tar 
                 10% 
                 85% 
               
               
                 high temperature (&gt;800° C.) 
                 (5% water) 
               
               
                 Long vapour residence time 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0054]    In this embodiment of the invention, syngas ( 30 ) is used to power gas engine ( 25 ) which provides the motive power for the processing plant. This engine also drives electric generator ( 25 ) which can be used as a source of electricity for the plant or elsewhere. 
         [0055]    Bio-oil ( 31 ) is collected and can be used for purposes such as heating. Some of the syngas or bio-oil can be used to provide the process heat required. Solar energy can also be used for process heating. 
         [0056]      FIG. 3  illustrates the process of converting  Triodia  into ethanol, electricity and solid fuel (lignin briquettes). In this embodiment,  Triodia  ( 41 ) is chopped or ground by grinder ( 42 ), which may for example comprise a hammer mill. The ground  Triodia  is then subjected to pre-treatment ( 43 ) which liberates the cellulose and hemicellulose from the plant matter. In the embodiment of the invention of  FIG. 3 , pre-treatment ( 43 ) comprises sugar extraction using, approximately, 2% sulphuric acid at 120° C. for 60 minutes. 
         [0057]    The pre-treated product is then subjected to hydrolysis ( 45 ) where enzymes ( 44 ) are used to break the cellulose and the hemi-cellulose down (hydrolysed) into sugars. 
         [0058]    Lignin is separated from the hydrolysate and after pressing ( 51 ) is collected by lignin briquette bin ( 52 ). The sugars of the hydrolysate undergo fermentation ( 46 ) through the action of fermentation agent ( 54 ). 
         [0059]    Effective practise of hydrolysis ( 45 ) in this embodiment of the invention has been achieved using the enzymes 2% cellulase and 4% β-glucosidase at 50° C., pH 5.0 and 180 rpm for about 22 hours. 
         [0060]    This embodiment of the invention has experimentally been found to produce 70-85% sugar recovery from  Triodia.    
         [0061]    Effective fermentation in this embodiment of the invention has been achieved using for the fermentation agent ( 54 ) a recombinant strain of the bacterium  Zymomonas mobilis  ZM4 (pZB5) for 40-60 hours.  Zymomonas mobilis  degrades sugars to pyruvate using the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The pyruvate is then fermentated to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as the only products. 
         [0062]    The water/ethanol fermentation product is separated by fractional distillation ( 47 ). Some of the resulting ethanol is used to fuel engine ( 49 ), which provides the motive power for the processing plant, and the remainder is taken off as ethanol ( 48 ) for use as a fuel additive or other purpose. 
         [0063]    Heat required by the process (for example distillation) is preferably provided by solar power, but can of course be provided by burning some of the produced ethanol or lignin. 
         [0064]    This embodiment of the invention has experimentally been found to yield about 17-21 g/L ethanol, showing that the  Triodia  hydrolysate is attractive for biofuel production. 
         [0065]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which  Triodia  is used to create bio-char, which has many uses for example as a solid fuel, to improve soil quality, or for carbon sequestration etc. 
         [0066]    The system of  FIG. 4  is designed to be simple and require minimal external energy or material inputs. In this embodiment,  Triodia  ( 61 ) is mowed and the resulting chopped plant matter is fed into one end of a long drum ( 65 ). The drum is metallic and designed for maximum solar energy absorption, for example a steel drum with a dull black finish. Drum ( 65 ) is fixed inside evacuated tube ( 63 ) which is partly or completely transparent. The space between drum ( 65 ) and evacuated tube ( 63 ) is, as far as practical, evacuated so that heat conduction from drum ( 65 ) to the environment is minimised. Energy from the sun ( 60 ) is focussed on drum ( 65 ) by solar concentrators ( 64 ) resulting in heating. Drum ( 65 ) and evacuated tube ( 63 ) are rotated by suitable means, preferably solar powered. 
         [0067]    Drum ( 65 ) performs as a pyrolysis kiln, and is accordingly adapted using well-known techniques to minimise oxygen entry and to cause the contents to travel from the entry end to the exit end. In this embodiment of the invention, chopped  Triodia  from mower ( 62 ) enters drum ( 65 ) from one end and is tumbled and heated to about 400-500° C. and travels slowly along the length of drum ( 65 ) before exiting, typically many hours later, as char into char receptacle ( 66 ). 
         [0068]    This embodiment of the invention can be further extended to include means for capturing gas or liquid pyrolysis products which can be utilised in well-known ways. 
         [0069]    Whereas some exemplary embodiments of the invention are described above, it will be understood that many variations can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. 
         [0070]    For example, the harvesting of  Triodia , referred to herein as a step of the inventive process, can include any method of removing  Triodia  from its growing environment. In most cases it is preferable that damage to the plant be minimised so that the leaves can regrow easily, to which end suitable mowing and gathering equipment can be applied. It will also be understood that it will be preferable in many cases that not all  Triodia  in a given area be removed, to minimise environmental damage and to maintain sufficient habitat for fauna. It is also environmentally beneficial to harvest the  Triodia  using a pattern which maintains firebreaks. For example, breaks 50 metres wide every 500 metres help limit the extent of fire in the event of man-made or natural fire. 
         [0071]    It is also desirable for sustainability that the amount of  Triodia  harvested be controlled so that it is not removed faster than it can regrow. For example, in a region where  Triodia  typically takes 5 years to reach maturity, harvesting 20% of the population per annum will result in resource sustainability. The harvesting strategy can achieve both fire control and sustainability, for example by harvesting in a chequerboard pattern, harvesting say 50 metre strips perpendicularly every 250 metres.