Abstract:
The present invention relates to a stabilized oil, a method of producing said oil, and use thereof. Thus the invention comprises the use of fullerene (C60) for the stabilization of oils, seeing as fullerene appears to be a very effective antioxidant in oils. Up to 0.05% by weight of fullerene is added to the stabilized oil, witch is suitable as a nutriment.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to a stabilized oil, methods for the production of said oil, and use thereof. Thus the invention comprises use of fullerene (C60) for stabilizing oils, seeing as fullerene appears to be a very effective antioxidant in oils. 
       INTRODUCTION  
       [0002]    The applicant of the present application, UNI Pharma Holding AS, developed the Omega-3 products UNIC Omega-3 and AniMega in cooperation with SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, Trondheim, Norway, in the time period of 1999-2000. At that point in time shelf life tests showed the herb rosemary to be the most effective antioxidant (stabilizer) for salmon/fish oil. 
         [0003]    The research institute of St. Petersburg, Russia, has since 2001 performed extensive research for UNI Pharma Holding AS. Through 10 years of researching fullerene the institute has carried out several shelf life tests which establish that fullerene molecule C60 is a very good antioxidant. 
       BACKGROUND  
       [0004]    Twenty years ago independent researchers in the USA (Rais University in Huston) and England (Sussecs University) a new mesomorph form of carbon, which was named fullerene. 
         [0005]    It was earlier thought that pure carbon (molecules comprising carbon only) could only be found in two allotropic forms: graphite and diamond. The structure of the new form is very special—the fullerene molecule has 60 carbon atoms, and looks like a soccer ball. Therefore there is also a different name for it in English—buckyball. Please see  FIG. 1 . for a schematic representation of the chemical structure of fullerene. 
         [0006]    Through the years research on the properties of the fullerene molecule was intensified, and from the 90-ies several thousand printed and electronic pieces of information were published. In 1996 the Australian researcher Peter C. Docherty and the Swiss researcher Rolf M. Zinkernagel were rewarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their research on fullerene. 
         [0007]    In the mid 90-ies articles and patent literature regarding the biological activity of the fullerene molecule started to appear. There were suggestions of using this molecule or its complexes (as an additive to other compounds) in medicines, and for other purposes in connection with the functions of the human body. 
         [0008]    By year 2000 it was established that the fullerene molecule in complex with a high molecular weight carrier has potential on at least two fronts: as an anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agent. Some of the publications showed that fullerene may bind free oxygen, i.e. that fullerene has the ability to accept free oxygen radicals. 
         [0009]    The stabilized oil according to the present invention is thus characterized by that it contains fullerene (C60). 
         [0010]    The method according to the present invention is thus characterized by that fullerene (C60) is added to the oil as an antioxidant. 
         [0011]    Use according to the present invention is thus characterized by use of the stabilized oil as a nutritional additive. 
         [0012]    Further variations of the invention are given in the dependent claims  2 - 7  and  10 - 11 . 
     
    
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
         [0013]    The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the following figures: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1 . Structural formula of fullerene C 60    
           [0015]      FIG. 2 . Shelf life tests for salmon oil stabilized with fullerene or rosemary. The results are given as the change in the oxidation level of fatty acids in the oil. The antioxidants rosemary and fullerene were present at 0.1% and 0.001% by weight, respectively. 
       
    
    
       [0016]    Based in numerous research; physics and chemistry laboratory experiments and the study of scientific and patent literature—the inventors have found a way that makes it possible to add up to 0.05% by weight of fullerene in salmon oil with no change in the main parameters of the oil. 
         [0017]    Salmon oil contains complicated mixed materials made of different components, where the main component is lipids. Salmon oil lipids may be divided into the following main groups: triglycerides, phospholipids, alkoxy diglycerides, vaxes, sphingolipids or cerebrosides, neutral plasmogens, carbohydrates, styrenes and styrides, vitamins and carotenoids. 
         [0018]    The composition of the oil content varies, and is dependent on which parts of the fish it is produced from, the fishing season, the fishing area, and so forth. For example, the oil from fish flesh from Atlantic salmon contain 83% triglycerides, 5.5% phospholipids, and 3.7-5.3% other lipids. 
         [0019]    The premise was that adding it, in a soluble form, to the salmon oil, could employ the useful properties of fullerene. Dissolving fullerene in the oil is ensured by the interactions between fullerene and lipids in the salmon oil, which are hydrofob-hydrophile hybrids. Dissolving fullerene with lipids makes it possible to dissolve it in oil and make fullerene-containing compositions based on salmon oil with the necessary fullerene concentration. Additionally, this ensures the digestibility of fullerene in the organism, and its uptake into the blood of the intestine. 
         [0020]    From scientific publications it is known that fullerene is easily dissolved in monoethanol amide and derivatives thereof, and form stabile solutions (J. Saut Afrika Chem. 1996). 
         [0021]    Our new method for dissolving fullerene in salmon oil is related to specific π-π interactions of fullerene with phosphoglycerides-lecithines. The general formula of these compounds are: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0022]    Where R1 And R2 are fragments of fatty acids. These bonds are ether of amine ethyl alchohol-holin (monoethanolamine). 
         [0000]      HO(CH 2 CH 2 )—N—(CH 3 ) 2    
         [0023]    In this manner the interaction between phospholipids and fullerene, or between sphingophospholipids and fullerene, is achieved: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0024]    where n=12-18 
         [0025]    This ensures the dissolution of fullerene in salmon oil. Dissolution occurs due to the interaction of free n-electron pairs from nitrogen and/or phosphorus with π-electrons of fullerene. The formed complexes (with coordination number 6) are stabile. 
         [0026]    Analytical research using modern spectrometry methods has convincingly shown the presence of fullerene in salmon oil. This is confirmed by the results of the UF-test: the presence of an absorption peak for fullerene C60 at 328 nm. 
         [0027]    Additional research by means of spectroscopic JMR  13 C (Equipment: AM-500 “User”) confirm the existence of fullerene in the research material, and also confirm the hypothesized mechanism of fullerene complex formation in salmon oil. 
         [0028]    After interacting with the lipids of the oil, the chemical mobility of the fullerene is changed to a slower relaxation. This leads to removal of the fullerene C60 signal (146 m.d) from the spectra. At the same time new signals appear in the phospholipids spectra as a result of the interaction with fullerene. They point to the connection points between fullerene C60 and the lipids (60-64 m.d.—fragments of moroethanolamines and phosphoric acids). 
         [0029]    When bound by fragments to phospholipids, the stabile state of fullerene is ensured, resulting in a long time period where fullerene exists in salmon oil in an “active” state. 
         [0030]    Concentrates made in this manner can be added to a product to achieve a desired concentration of fullerene as an antioxidant in a nutritional additive. 
         [0031]    One object of the invention relates to use in production of nutritional and pharmaceutical products, and a new additive for storing a high quality product of salmon oil/fish oil over a long time period. A different object of the invention relates to a new method of increasing the favourable properties of a product, based on the inclusion of a nano-structured carbon molecule, namely fullerene, at microscopic dosages, in the product. 
         [0032]    Even though salmon oil is used in the following experiments, there are no reasons why other oils cannot be stabilized in the same manner with fullerene. Fullerene may thus be used generally as an antioxidant to produce stabilized oils. 
         [0033]    The addition of fullerene does not change the properties of the product, is not toxic, and increase the keeping quality. Oils stabilized with fullerene are thus well suited for addition in nutritional products, for example in fish oil used as a nutritional supplement, such as capsules filled with fish oil for supplementation of omega fatty acids. 
         [0034]    In vitro experiments with concentrations of fullerene of up to 100 mM in water has shown that fullerene is not cytotoxic or hepatoxic, and does not inhibit cellular respiration or inhibition of membrane catalytic activity. It was also shown that the antioxidant activity of fullerene is greater than ionol, vitamin E, and beta-carotene, that fullerene stabilizes cellular membranes and improve their stability during unfavourable conditions, and have no bearing on blood fibrillation. 
         [0035]    Further, in vivo experiments with dosages of fullerene of up to 25 mg/kg (0.0025% by weight) in a aqueous solution showed that fullerene is not toxic, immunogenic, or an allergen. 
         [0036]    It is thus safe to use fullerene for stabilizing oil in concentrations of up to 0.05% by weight. Preferably concentrations of up to 0.001% by weight are employed. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
     Production of a Fullerene Concentrate in Salmon Oil 
       [0037]    5 g fullerene powder was added to one litre salmon oil and stirred at ambient temperature (20 degrees Celsius) for 20 hours. The suspension was then exposed to ultrasound hashing by an ultra sound frequency of 10 KHz for 5 minutes. The suspension was then stirred for another 5 hours. The entire procedure was then repeated twice, and the suspension filtered through a double layer of Whatman filter paper nr. 595 without the application of any additional pressure. The obtained concentrate had a violet colour and contained 1 g fullerene per 1 litre of salmon fat (0.1% by weight of fullerene, about 0.0005% by weight of all impurities). An estimate of the fullerene concentration may be performed easily by spectroscopic analysis at a wavelength of 335 nm by comparison with a standard solution of fullerene in xylene. 
         [0038]    The concentrate can be utilized by mixing it with oil until the desired level on fullerene is achieved. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Comparative Analysis of Fullerene (C60) and Rosemary as Antioxidants 
       [0039]    Purpose of the experiment: to perform parallel tests to ascertain the effects of fullerene C60 and rosemary as antioxidants in salmon oil, and to provide recommendations as to the choice of the antioxidant of better quality. 
         [0040]    Rosemary is one of the most well known antioxidants, especially for long-term storage. In the experiment the keeping time was doubled from 300 to 600 days by fish oil stabilized with fullerene when compared to rosemary. 
         [0041]    The Russian Scientific Academy, an institute in St. Petersburg, Russia, obtained the salmon oil from the producer Vikholmen Bioprocess AS, Vikholmen, Norway. Fullerene was bought from the research institute in Karelia, Russia. The extract of rosemary (Herbalox) was obtained by the research institute in St. Petersburg, Russia. 
         [0042]    Research on storage of salmon oil was carried out at temperatures of 25° C. and 5° C. during the time period from Jun. 11, 2003 to Nov. 10, 2004 (17 months). The quality of the rosemary and fullerene C60 as antioxidants in salmon oil was studied in parallel during the entire duration of the experiment. 
         [0043]    The concentration of the two chosen antioxidants used in the experiment were obtained by an addition of 0.1% rosemary (the same concentration used in the products UNIC Omega-3 and AniMega) and 0.001% fullerene C60. 
         [0044]    The results of the tests are shown below in Table 1. Standard methods of defining the degree of oxidation in fatty acids were used during selected time periods during the storage test.  FIG. 2 . presents data from a storage temperature of 5° C. 
         [0045]    As shown in Table 1, the testing revealed fullerene C60 as a more effective additive than rosemary at a temperature of 5 C. Once every second week the spectral (H         M3) characteristics of the research materials were monitored. No notable difference in the acceptance of non-saturated fatty acids (5.0-5.5 m.d. and 4.0-4.5 m.d.) were seen. This method showed the salmon oil to be the same in all the tests. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 fullerene 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C60 
                 fullerene 
                 rosemary 
                 rosemary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temperature 
                 C60 
                 Temperature 
                 Temperature 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 
                 Temperature of 
                 of 
                 of 
               
               
                 Date 
                 Days 
                 25 C. 
                 5 C. 
                 25 C. 
                 5 C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 11.06 
                 0 
                 0.00036 
                 0.00036 
                 0.00036 
                 0.00036 
               
               
                 25.06 
                 14 
                 0.00076 
                 0.00083 
                 0.00076 
                 0.00083 
               
               
                 8.09 
                 81 
                 0.0020 
                 0.0010 
                 0.0020 
                 0.0010 
               
               
                 22.09 
                 95 
                 0.0031 
                 0.00095 
                 0.0031 
                 0.00095 
               
               
                 6.10 
                 109 
                 0.0090 
                 0.0014 
                 0.0090 
                 0.0014 
               
               
                 20.10 
                 123 
                 0.0015 
                 0.0012 
                 0.0015 
                 0.0012 
               
               
                 21.12 
                 185 
                 0.012 
                 0.0023 
                 0.012 
                 0.0023 
               
               
                 05.01 
                 200 
                 0.015 
                 0.0027 
                 0.015 
                 0.0027 
               
               
                 19.01 
                 214 
                 0.022 
                 0.0028 
                 0.022 
                 0.0028 
               
               
                 02.02 
                 228 
                 0.034 
                 0.0028 
                 0.034 
                 0.0028 
               
               
                 16.02 
                 242 
                 0.037 
                 0.0030 
                 0.037 
                 0.0030 
               
               
                 2.03 
                 256 
                 0.038 
                 0.0030 
                 0.040 
                 0.0031 
               
               
                 16.03 
                 270 
                 0.040 
                 0.0031 
                 0.041 
                 0.0031 
               
               
                 30.03 
                 284 
                 0.041 
                 0.0033 
                 0.043 
                 0.0031 
               
               
                 13.04 
                 298 
                 0.044 
                 0.0037 
                 0.046 
                 0.0036 
               
               
                 27.04 
                 312 
                 0.047 
                 0.0039 
                 0.054 
                 0.0042 
               
               
                 11.05 
                 326 
                 0.049 
                 0.0040 
                 0.060 
                 0.0045 
               
               
                 25.05 
                 340 
                 0.054 
                 0.0043 
                 0.076 
                 0.0059 
               
               
                 8.06 
                 354 
                 0.059 
                 0.0046 
                 0.087 
                 0.0067 
               
               
                 22.06 
                 368 
                 0.063 
                 0.0048 
                 0.11 
                 0.0078 
               
               
                 06.07 
                 372 
                 0.066 
                 0.0050 
                 0.14 
                 0.0086 
               
               
                 20.07 
                 386 
                 0.068 
                 0.0052 
                 0.22 
                 0.011 
               
               
                 15.08 
                 414 
                 0.070 
                 0.0054 
                 0.35 
                 0.023 
               
               
                 29.08 
                 428 
                 0.072 
                 0.0055 
                 0.45 
                 0.042 
               
               
                 12.09 
                 442 
                 0.080 
                 0.0058 
                 0.60 
                 0.061 
               
               
                 26.09 
                 456 
                 0.085 
                 0.0061 
                 0.56 
                 0.062 
               
               
                 10.10 
                 470 
                 0.088 
                 0.0065 
                 0.66 
                 0.065 
               
               
                 24.10 
                 484 
                 0.089 
                 0.0066 
                 0.72 
                 0.072 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 3 
     Organoleptic Characteristics of Salmon Oil Stabilized by Fullerene 
       [0046]    With basis in salmon oil as a nutritional supplement, organoleptic characteristics (determination of the quality of the oil by taste and smell) are also of importance. Standardized methods for organoleptic testing were utilized: one drop of salmon oil was placed on the arm and applied in a thin layer by means of a piece of glass. After one minute the quality of the oil could be determined by taste and smell. Five different individuals were tested, once per week, to obtain independent results. The results of these tests were that after 17 months the salmon oil containing fullerene C60 as an additive still displays good user applicability. Both smell and taste was satisfactory at this point in time, and better for fullerene, witch kept well for 600 days, than for rosemary, witch only kept for 300 days.