Abstract:
System and method for 3D retinal disruption/elevation detection, measurement and presentation using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are provided. The present invention is capable of detecting and measuring the abnormal changes of retinal layers (retinal disruptions), caused by retinal diseases, such as hard drusen, soft drusen, Pigment Epithelium Detachment (PED), Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV), Geographic Atrophy (GA), intra retinal fluid space, and exudates etc. The presentations of the results are provided with quantitative measurements of disruptions in retina and can be used for diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 61/414,805, filed on Nov. 17, 2010, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The embodiments described herein relates to methods and systems to detect and measure the retinal disruption/elevation of optical coherence tomography (OCT) data, as well as to present the detection and measurement results using 3D OCT data. 
     2. Background State of the Arts 
     Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has been an important modality for imaging eyes and facilitating ophthalmologists to diagnose and treat subjects with different eye diseases, retinal diseases in particular. The importance of OCT to the field of ophthalmology has also dramatically increased since Fourier Domain OCT (FD-OCT) became commercially available. FD-OCT has much higher scanning speed and higher resolution than the traditional Time Domain OCT (TD-OCT) technologies. 
     One of the major pathologic changes for retinal subjects is retinal layers disruption from their normal locations, especially around the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) and Photoreceptor Inner Segment/Outer Segment (PR-IS/OS) area. Quantitative measurements of such disruptions provide important information for ophthalmologists to diagnose and treat patients. 
     Previous methods using 3D OCT data follow the same scheme of first segmenting retinal layers, and then detecting the disruption (e.g. drusen) by comparing the segmented layers with expected referenced layers or with some layers which are elevated from the segmented layers by some constants. The referenced layers are often generated by fitting some smooth surfaces to the segmented layers, assuming the layers are not disrupted by any disease or pathology. In general, the presence of a disruption is determined by only comparing two 2D surfaces; this means the original 3D OCT data is not fully utilized after the layer segmentations have been performed. Such scheme has at least four major drawbacks. First, such detection methods are error prone because they are highly dependent on results of layer segmentations. If the 2D surface segmentation is not optimal, the disruption detection will be directly affected and likely produce inaccurate results. Second, to reduce noise effects associated with OCT data, layer segmentation often employs smoothing operation which can likely introduce the problem of scale. Excessive smoothing (such as the case with a large smoothing scale) will likely reduce details in desired features, while insufficient smoothing (with a small smoothing scale) will likely be inadequate to reduce noise effectively to generate optimal layer segmentations. Third, methods assuming constant elevations from segmented layers are less clinically meaningful because disruptions often occur locally with different and unpredictable sizes. Finally, a majority of existing methods only detect disruptions above the referenced layers, and any disruptions under the referenced layers are ignored. Since disruptions can occur above and below the reference layers of interest, it is important to devise a method to detect and measure disruptions in both scenarios. 
     SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to briefly indicate the nature and substance of the invention. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, an imaging apparatus includes an optical source, an x-y scanner receiving light from the optical source and directing it onto a sample, a detector receiving reflected light from the scanner, and a computer receiving a signal from the detector and providing a 3D data set containing voxels of a sample, the computer further executing instructions for processing the 3D data set, identifying one or more 3D seeds from the 3D data set, performing image processing to obtain characteristics of 3D disruptions from the 3D seeds, generating measurements for the 3D disruptions, and displaying the results of the 3D disruptions. 
     An image processing method according to some embodiments of the present invention includes acquiring a 3D data set utilizing an OCT system, processing the 3D data set, identifying one or more 3D seeds from the 3D data set, performing image processing to obtain characteristics of 3D disruptions utilizing the 3D seeds, generating measurements for the 3D disruptions, and displaying the results of the 3D disruptions. 
     These and other embodiments are further discussed below with respect to the following figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an exemplary flowchart of some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an example of a clinically useful presentation scheme for a disruption report. 
         FIG. 3  shows an example of a color fundus photograph with drusen. 
         FIG. 4  shows examples of retinal disruptions in en face images with different offsets in the z directions. 
         FIG. 5  is an example of an Intelligent Fundus Image (IFI) of some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is an exemplary presentation scheme for a progression report. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of an Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scanner. 
         FIG. 8   a - d  show example images used for 3D disruption seeds generation: (a) Adaptive Seed Search Image (AS SI) using elevation map between inner segment and outer segment (IS/OS) and Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) fit used for 3D disruption seeds generation (b) ASSI to generate drusen/Pigment Epithelium Detachment (PED) 3D disruption seeds; (c) ASSI to generate geographic atrophy 3D disruption seeds; and (d) example 3D disruption seeds for Geographic Atrophy (GA) detection. 
         FIG. 9   a - d  show exemplary images of disruption region: (a) before disruption post processing; (b) after disruption post processing; (c) user defined sensitivity at 0.5; and (d) user defined sensitivity at 1.0. 
         FIG. 10  is an exemplary plot of the relationship between the size of the disruption and its distance to the center of the fovea. 
         FIG. 11  shows exemplary displays of 3D disruption clouds (a) at RPE-fit layer, and (b) at RPE layer. 
       Where appropriate, elements having the same or similar functions have the same element designation. Figures are not to scale and do not illustrate relative sizes. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The aspects and embodiments of the invention disclosed herein relate to a computer-aided detection and measurement system and method to detect and measure the retinal disruption (or elevation), as well as to present the results using the OCT 3D volume data. 
     In some embodiments, the retinal disruptions are detected by 3D region growing methods with different constraints, such as 3D shape, size, intensity and texture, 3D labeled mask generation, and Intelligent Fundus Image (IFI) construction. 
     In some embodiments, the 3D disruption seeds for the 3D region growing are obtained by a method which contains retinal layer segmentation of Inner Limiting Membrane (ILM), Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL), Outer Plexiform Layer (OPL), Photoreceptor Inner Segment/Outer Segment (IS/OS), and Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) layers, normal RPE layer construction, IS/OS elevation map construction, Adaptive Seed Search Image (ASSI) construction, and 3D disruption seeds detection from all of the above information as well as the OCT 3D volume data. 
     In some embodiments, based on the detected disruption, the following quantitative measurements are performed: the number of disruptions, the 3D boundary of each disruption, the size (diameter, area and volume) of each disruption, the distribution of the disruptions, the sum of the disruptions in size in defined regions, e.g. the standard ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) sectors, and the change of these measurements over time. 
     In some embodiments, an interactive Graphical User Interface (GUI) is provided to display the above measurements as well as for changing the intermediate results, e.g. segmented retinal layers, disruptions seeds, and disruption boundaries in 3D, to correct some errors from the auto-method to obtain more accurate results. In some embodiments, progression analysis is performed and the report is provided when multiple datasets are available. 
     The approaches discussed herein can be implemented on a device for measuring samples using optical coherence tomography (OCT). One such device has been commercially available in the US and internationally by the assignee herein under the trademark RTVue®. A more compact version of such device has also been commercially available in the US and internationally by the assignee herein under the trademark iVue®. Both the RTVue® and the iVue® are frequency domain OCT system with a broadband light source and a spectrometer, and acquire OCT data sets with both high definition scan(s) and lower resolution data cubes within a short period of time capable of clinical interpretation and diagnosis by clinicians. Embodiments described in this disclosure can be applied to any imaging devices and are not limited to the OCT technology discussed above. 
     A system and method for retinal disruption detection, measurement and presentation using a 3D data set acquired using an OCT scanner is disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention can be utilized to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases with quantitative measurements of disruptions in retina. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example of an OCT imager  700  that can be utilized in 3D retinal disruption detection according to some embodiments of the present invention. OCT imager  700  includes light source  701  supplying light to coupler  703 , which directs the light through the sampling arm to XY scan  704  and through the reference arm to optical delay  705 . XY scan  704  scans the light across eye  709  and collects the reflected light from eye  709 . Light reflected from eye  709  is captured in XY scan  704  and combined with light reflected from optical delay  705  in coupler  703  to generate an interference signal. The interference signal is coupled into detector  702 . OCT imager  700  can be a time domain OCT imager, in which case depth (or A-scans) are obtained by scanning optical delay  705 , or a Fourier domain imager, in which case detector  702  is a spectrometer that captures the interference signal as a function of wavelength. In either case, the OCT A-scans are captured by computer  708 . Collections of A-scans taken along an XY pattern are utilized in computer  708  to generate 3-D OCT data sets. Computer  708  can also be utilized to process the 3-D OCT data sets into 2-D images according to some embodiments of the present invention. Computer  708  can be any device capable of processing data and may include any number of processors or microcontrollers with associated data storage such as memory or fixed storage media and supporting circuitry. 
     In further illustration,  FIG. 1  is an exemplary flowchart of some embodiments of the present invention. In the flowchart illustrated in  FIG. 1 , there are ten steps of the present retinal disruption detection, measurement and presentation method, namely, 1) 3D disruption seeds detection  100 , including five sub-steps  101 - 105 ; 2) 3D region growing  106 ; 3) 3D labeled mask generation  107 ; 4) Intelligent Fundus Image (IFI) construction  108 ; 5) disruption region post-processing  109 ; 6) optional disruption sensitivity calculation  110 ; 7) measurements assessment  111 ; 8) optional interactive presentation  112 ; 9) final presentation and report  113 , and 10) optional progression analysis  114 . 
     3D Disruption Seeds Detection 
     The first step  100  of the flowchart in  FIG. 1  is to facilitate the detection of 3D seeds of potential disruptions in the retina, wherein disruptions seeds are detected and identified for subsequent 3D region growing to determine a final 3D disruption volume in the 3D data set. As shown in  FIG. 1 , step  100  includes five sub-steps for preparing and identifying the seeds and they are described in detailed below. 
     In sub-step  101 , segmentation for different retinal layers of a subject eye, such as Inner Limiting Membrane (ILM), Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL), Outer Plexiform Layer (OPL), Photoreceptor Inner Segment/Outer Segment (PR-IS/OS), Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), choroid boundaries, or other layers of interest, can be performed. Layer segmentation is commonly performed on measurement data acquired using the OCT technology and numerous methods have been used to achieve retinal layer segmentation in OCT data set. Some well-known methods are graph-cut, active contour model (snake), level set theory, and dynamic programming (see for example, J. A. Noble et. al., “Ultrasound Image Segmentation: A Survey”,  IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging , vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 987-1010, 2006). 
     The second sub-step  102  is to determine a segmentation curve or surface as a representation of a normal retinal layer, e.g., RPE layer, location by assuming the layer is not disrupted by any disease or pathology; hence, points of disruption suspects on the layer are not considered. For example, this representation of a normal RPE layer location is called a “RPE-fit”. In some embodiments, a RPE-fit is assumed to be convex and smooth in local segments and free of disruptions. After excluding the suspected pathological segments, the RPE-fit can be fitted by low order polynomials to represent a normal RPE layer. For instance, second order or third order polynomials are sufficient to achieve an ideal RPE-fit layer. The idea of fitting the RPE surface to the actual RPE from SD-OCT image volume was presented soon after the SD-OCT was developed and methods for line or surface fitting are well-known in the art (see for example, M. Szkulmowski et. Al, “Analysis of posterior retinal layers in spectral optical coherence tomography images of the normal retina and retinal pathologies”, Journal of Biomedical Optics 12(4), 2007). 
     The third sub-step  103  is to create an elevation map from the layers of interest. For example, an elevation map of the IS/OS can be created to help identify seed candidates needed for subsequent 3D retinal disruption detection. In some embodiments, the IS/OS segmented layer from step  101  is compared to the RPE-fit generated in step  102  to create an elevation map of IS/OS.  FIG. 8   a  shows an example of an elevation map between IS/OS and RPE-fit that can be used to detect the 3D disruption seeds for drusens with further processing step in accordance with some embodiments of this invention. 
     The fourth sub-step  104  is to identify seed candidates by evaluating the OCT data distribution for each A-scan between the IS/OS segmented layer step  101  and the RPE-fit layer step  102 , or below the RPE-fit layer, depending on the type of disruptions. The evaluation of each A-scan helps confine the search range for the seed candidates and results in an image, called an “Adaptive Seed Search Image” (AS SI). The ASSI enhances the bright regions in the image for seed candidates that can be used to identify potential locations of retina disruptions with further processing. 
     In some embodiments, sub-step  104  can be performed without performing sub-step  103 . For example, to detect GA, the 3D disruption seeds can be detected directly from an ASSI constructed below the RPE-fit layer. The elevation map constructed between IS/OS to RPE fit in step  103  can later be used to further refine the 3D disruption detection constraints and the GA detection results. 
       FIG. 8   b  is an example ASSI by performing further image processing, such as edge detection, on an en face image to enhance the disruption regions  810  used in the seeds detection step  105 .  FIG. 8   c  is another example ASSI generated by performing further image processing, such as commonly known smoothing filter(s), on an en face image to enhance the disruption regions  820  used to detect a seed in the case of GA disruption.  FIG. 8   d  is an exemplary 2D disruption seeds image generated by locating the regions with value higher than a selected threshold in  FIG. 8   c . 
     In some embodiments, local intensity maxima can be extracted from the IS/OS elevation map and the x-y positions of these local maxima can then be considered as the x-y positions of the seed candidates of retinal disruptions for further 3D seed detection in step  105 . The local intensity maxima can be detected using commonly used 2D image segmentation algorithm, such as, Otsu adaptive thresholding (Otsu, N, “a threshold selection method from gray-level histograms”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 62-66, 1979), a marker controlled watershed transform (Vincent, L and Pierre, S, “Watersheds in Digital Spaces: an efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 583-598, 1991.), or a kernel based mean shift clustering (Cheng, Yizong, “Mean shift, mode seeking and clustering”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 17, No. 8, 1995). In some embodiments, the resulting local intensity maxima (brightest points) can be extracted from the ASSI obtained in step  104  and their respective x-y positions of these local maxima can be selected as the 2D seed candidates of 3D retinal disruptions segmentation. 
     The last sub-step  105  of step  100  is to detect 3D disruption seeds by incorporating the 3D OCT data set, the 2D seed candidates from the elevation map of IS/OS map construction step  103 , and/or the 2D seed candidates from the ASSI construction step  104 . The previous steps demonstrate the steps to detect the x-y positions of the seed candidates according to an embodiment in the exemplary flowchart in  FIG. 1 . To obtain seed candidates in a 3D data set, the z positions of the seed candidates need to be determined, for example, by searching the seed candidates from steps  103  and  104  along the A-scan direction with the x-y positions identified in steps  103  and  104 . In some embodiments, 3D voxels with the most expected intensity values can be selected to be the 3D seeds. Other common known methods for a person of ordinary skills in the art can be used to identify the z positions using the x-y positions obtained from previous steps. This method effectively determines the x, y and z locations of the 3D seeds to facilitate 3D retinal disruption detection. 
       FIG. 4  shows examples of retinal disruptions in en face images with different offsets in the z directions. Different techniques have been used to generate en face images (see for example U.S. application Ser. No. 12/909,648). Image  410  shows an en face image obtained from the entire volume of a 3D data set. Image  420  shows an image with 55 um offset from the RPE-fit. Drusens  425  are indicated as the bright spots or brighter boundary surrounding darker area in the image  420 . Image  430  is an image from the same 3D data set used to generate image  410  with 54 um offset from the RPE-fit. Drusens  435  are again the bright spots in the image  430 . Image  440  is another image using the same 3D data set with 74 um offset from the RPE-fit, with drusens  445  as the bring spots. The characteristics of the drusens  425 ,  435  and  445  changes from images  420 ,  430  and  440 , with different offset amounts from the RPE-fit. Using this simple approach as shown in  FIG. 4 , the detection of the actual drusens is likely to be error prone and non-reproducible because the characteristics of drusens in the images are highly dependent on the amount of offsets as shown herein. Therefore, 3D segmentation methods used for 3D retinal disruption detection can significantly improve clinical usefulness of the OCT data. 
     The embodiments disclosed herein do not simply use 2D segmented surfaces to identify the disruptions directly, but utilize the 2D segmented surfaces as intermediate results to identify local 3D seeds. Based on the local 3D seeds from determined in step  105 , 3D region growing techniques can then be applied to detect areas of interest more reliably, especially disruptions of various sizes and locations. Therefore, the accuracy of 2D surface segmentation is less critical as compared to some current methods discussed above. 
     3D Region Growing 
     In the exemplary flowchart illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the next step, step  106 , is to perform 3D region growing in the 3D OCT data set. Segmentation methods using 2D region growing are well known in the field (see for example, Adam and Bischof, “Seeded Region Growing,”  IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence , vol. 16, pp. 641-647, 1994). 3D region growing in step  106  can be performed using the 3D seeds identified in step  105  with region growing constraints. Some examples of region growing constraints are 3D shape and size determined by clinical understanding of pathologies and image properties of the OCT data set. For instance, many of the retinal disruptions/pathologies, such as, hard and soft drusen, PED, and CNV, form a half-spherical shape above a normal RPE location (RPE-fit) in most cases. Also, image characteristics of the OCT data set, such as area of high reflectivity and salt-pepper texture features, are commonly observed in hard drusen formation. A 3D region growing method utilizing these constraints improves the robustness and accuracy of the region growing process and substantially reduces some commonly known leaking problem often encountered in region growing techniques. In some embodiments, 3D region growing step  106  utilizing the above mentioned constraints using the 3D seeds identified in step  105  is capable of detecting disruptions with diameter as small as 60 um. 
     Alternatively, in situations where processing time is critical, the 3D disruption regions can be detected using other 3D segmentation techniques other than the 3D region growing method. In some embodiments, 3D segmentation can be performed by interpolating multiple 2D cross-sectional regions at different z distance based on the 3D seeds identified in step  105 , similar to piecing together volume using contour map. Some commonly used interpolation methods, such as, linearly, bi-linear, b-spline interpolation can be employed. In some other embodiments, to further reduce process time and computation burden, enhanced 2D retinal disruption can be obtained using the ASSI. For example, ASSI can be constructed from a certain clinically meaningful pre-selected range of z positions, in addition to the adaptive local seed identifications discussed in steps  101  to  105 . A 2D region segmentation algorithm (for example, marker-controlled watershed segmentation) can then be applied to generate a 2D counterpart of the 3D labeled disruption mask as in step  107 . In some embodiments, for drusen and PED type of disruption, the ASSI can be constructed from 100 um to 30 um above the RPE-fit layer. For Geographic Atrophy (GA) type of disruption, the ASSI can be constructed from 100 um to 400 um below the RPE-fit layer. Additional ASSI image can also be constructed from 100 um above IS/OS layer to IS/OS layer as reference of reflectivity. 
     3D Labeled Mask Generation 
     The next step  107  is to label voxels of each of the 3D connected objects segmented using the 3D region growing step  106 . For example, the labeling procedure can be as discussed below. First, all voxels filled by the 3D region growing step  106  can be initially assigned a mask value N larger than the maximum allowable number of 3D connected objects identified in step  106  (e.g., N=255, assuming there is less than 255 3D connected objects in the 3D data set); while voxels not filled in step  106  are assigned values of 0. Next, an iterative process can be used to label each of the 3D connected objects with a unique value. The iterative process can have k iterative steps, where 1≦k≦K, and K is the total number of 3D connected objects from step  106 . A commonly used flood-fill algorithm can also be applied to a randomly selected voxel having a mask value N to search for all mask voxels connected to this selected voxel. New mask values k will be assigned to these connected voxels having mask values N previously. After this first iteration, k will be incremented (e.g. k=k+1) and the flood-fill algorithm will be applied to another randomly selected voxel having a mask value N to search for voxels connected to this randomly selected voxel. The mask values of these voxels will then be updated to the incremented k value. This iteration process continues and stops at the K th  iteration, where there is no more voxel with the mask value initially assigned mask value N. This process labels the K total number of 3D connected objects in the 3D data set to facilitate further processing steps  108 - 110  and to evaluate subsequent disruption measurements in step  111 . 
     Intelligent Fundus Image (IFI) Construction 
     Based on the 3D labeled mask inform step  107 , an Intelligent Fundus Image (IFI) can be constructed in step  108 . 3D data smoothing and enhancement techniques such as nonlinear filtering and histogram equalization can be applied, depending on the application at hand, to one or more specific 3D connected objects to generate the optimal fundus image representation. An example of such IFI is shown in  FIG. 5 . The IFI image as shown in  FIG. 5  resolves the problem of the sensitivity of different arbitrary offset amounts illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The IFI image as a result of the process described above produces constant and more accurate retinal disruptions characteristics. Image  510  is an image generated from the same 3D data set used for image  410 . The characteristics of drusens  520  are more pronounced and can be more clearly identified than drusens  425 ,  435 , or  445  illustrated in images  420 ,  430 , and  440 , respectively, of  FIG. 4 . 
     Disruption Region Post-Processing 
     In some embodiments, disruption region post-processing step  109  can be applied to the disruption labeled mask to remove or minimize the impacts of motion artifacts, such as eye movement during the data acquisition, false positive regions near disc area or due to size and shape, or optical and electronic noise. For example, eye motion can be detected using edge information and histogram distribution of the IFI image. A motion probability map can be constructed and a probability of motion artifacts can then be assigned to each labeled region so that regions with higher motion probability are removed from the disruption image.  FIGS. 9   a - b  show examples of disruption regions before ( FIG. 9   a ) and after ( FIG. 9   b ) the post processing. In  FIG. 9   b , the artifacts due to eye movement, too small and too slim clusters, and false positive clusters associated with the optic disc area in  FIG. 9   a  were removed. In some embodiments, instead of removing the motion and other artifacts region, the artifacts could be displayed as different shades or colors to make them more distinguishable for easier interpretation. 
     Disruption Sensitivity Calculation 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, an optional step  110  can be implemented to enhance the retinal disruption detection results; a disruption sensitivity metric can be defined and assigned to each disruption region or volume. A sensitivity value can be set in a range reasonable to the user, such as a range of [0.0, 1.0] or [0%, 100%]. User can adjust this parameter to display disruption region or volume at a desire sensitivity level. A high sensitivity value can lead to a larger number of disruptions with smaller sizes to be detected, and vice versa. Alternatively, a user defined fixed sensitivity value can be selected by default. The sensitivity value can be assigned, manually or automatically, using information from the 3D OCT data set, such as, the height of the elevation, the area of the disruption, the volume of the disruption, or combination of these metrics. For instance, if the user wants to visualize large drusens or PED, a lower sensitivity value, such as 0.5 out of 1.0, can be selected. On the contrary, if the user wants to visualize all possible disruptions, a sensitivity value of 1.0 out of 1.0 could be selected.  FIG. 9   c - d  show examples of detected disruption regions with different sensitivity values (sensitivity value at 0.5 and 1.0, respectively). 
     Disruption Measurements 
     3D regions of retinal disruptions detection can be achieved as described in steps  100 - 110  described above. The next step, step  111  of  FIG. 1 , is to obtain quantified measurements and perform image processing to identify characteristics and properties of the disruptions in a manner to aid in the diagnosis of a disease or a disease state. The measurements of the 3D retinal disruptions are clinically meaningful; and the image processing helps the user to evaluate the identified conditions in a clinically useful manner. In some embodiments of the present invention, the following measurements and image processing can be performed in step  111 . Such measurements may include but are not limited to the following:
         The number of disruptions;   The 3D boundary of each disruption;   The size (diameter) of each disruption;   The area of each disruption;   The volume of each disruption;   The distribution of the size in the categories of small (&lt;63 um), intermediate (63 um˜124 um), large (125 um˜249 um), very large (250 um˜499 um), super large (&gt;=500 um);   The distribution of the volume, in the same size categories defined above;   The total size of the disruptions in any user specified area;   The total volume of the disruptions in any user specified area;   The total size of the disruptions in the standard ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) sectors;   Total circle (6 mm diameter circle);   Center circle (1 mm diameter circle);   Inner ring (1 mm˜3 mm ring);   Out ring (3 mm˜6 mm ring);   Inner Tempo;   Inner Superior;   Inner Nasal;   Inner Inferior;   Out Tempo;   Outer Superior;   Outer Nasal;   Outer Inferior;   The total volume of the disruptions in the standard ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) sectors as defined above; and   Disruption area percentage in the standard ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) sectors as defined above.       

     In addition to calculating these numerical measurements, they can be displayed in a clinically meaningful manner. For example, distances of disruption centers to a reference point, such as the fovea, can be calculated and plotted in relation to some measurements, such as diameter, area, or volume of the disruptions.  FIG. 10  shows an exemplary plot of the size of the disruption versus its distance to fovea. 
     Interactive Presentation 
     An intuitive and user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) providing user interaction with the 3D disruption regions can be employed in some embodiments of the present invention. An interactive GUI presentation step  112  of the 3D retinal disruption segmentation steps  106  to  110  and the measurements performed in step  111  can be incorporated in the exemplary flowchart in  FIG. 1 . An example of an intuitive and user-friendly user interaction could allow a user to modify the layer segmentation results form step  101  to better identify the region of interest. Another example of such user interaction can allow the user to modify, add, or remove 3D disruption seeds inform step  105  for customized results. Also, such user interaction can allow the user to modify, add, remove, or emphasize the resulting 3D disruption segmentation from step  106 . The interactive presentation and GUI allow the user to verify and confirm the detection results to better meet the user&#39;s clinical needs. From the retinal layer segmentation to the generation of measurements and image processing of the detected 3D disruption from steps  100 - 111  can be evaluated again when the user chooses to make a modification through the interactive GUI presentation step  112 . 
     Final Presentation and Report 
     After the user has verified and confirmed the 3D retinal disruption results and measurements, a clinically useful detection report can be generated in step  113 .  FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a clinically useful presentation scheme for a disruption results report. Two IFI  200  and  202  are displayed in this sample report. IFI  200  is an IFI with a ETDRS grid overlay with the detected retinal disruptions highlighted in different colors. A color scheme is used in some embodiments to help easily identify characteristics of the disruptions. Some clinically useful characteristics are area, volume and depth. In this instance in  FIG. 2 , the color scheme of green  203 , purple  204  and red  205  are used to designate the size of the disruption for intermediate, large and very large size, respectively. IFI  202  is an IFI with another ETDRS grid overlay with an area percentage indicated in each of the ETDRS grid region. IFI  202  is a quantitative display to indicate the percentage of area affected in each of the ETDRS region. It is clinically useful to be able to identify the location and concentration of disruption in each of the sensitive ETDRS region. Region  206  is one ETDRS region where  1 % in area of the total number of drusens is located. Image  207  is one example of B-scan image where retinal layers are segmented and displayed (first red: ILM, green: IPL, cyan: RPE, second red: RPE-fit). Region  208  is the disruption regions (pink bumps) detected for the corresponding B-scan image. Additionally, some commonly used clinical information can be displayed or integrated in such a report, namely, total disruption number, disruption number for each size category (small, intermediate, large, very large, and super large), total disruption area, disruption area for each ETDRS sectors, total disruption volume, disruption volume for each ETDRS sectors, disruption area percentage for each ETDRS sectors, color ETDRS region by the disruption area percentage, overlay the above colored ETDRS region onto the IFI image  202 , overlay the above colored ETDRS region onto the color fundus photograph, and mark the disruption boundaries on to in image, with different color for the boundary to distinguish the size category  200 .  FIG. 3  shows an example color fundus photograph commonly used by clinicians to identify one form of retinal disruptions (drusens). In photograph  300 , drusens  302  are displayed in yellowish color. However, this traditional presentation or report is less clinically useful than the quantitative, objective and more accurate 3D retinal disruption detection method and presentation discussed above. 
     Alternatively, the final presentation of the 3D disruptions can be rendered as “3D disruption clouds” in a 3D display interface. The 3D OCT scan could be displayed in full or at certain layers depending on the user&#39;s selection. The 3D disruption clouds can be rendered as pseudo or semi-transparent color volume to present of 3D location and shape.  FIG. 11   a  shows an exemplary 3D disruption clouds display at the RPE-fit layer, and  FIG. 11   b  shows another example at the RPE layer. 
     Progression Analysis 
     In addition to a single clinically useful final report, it is often more advantageous for a clinician to be able to monitor and effectively track a condition or a disease state in the field of ophthalmology. Some embodiments of the present invention include an integrated progression report generated in reporting step  114 , which compares and presents clinically useful information from longitudinal exams acquired within or across multiple visits.  FIG. 6  is an exemplary presentation scheme for a progression report; it shows an example of a progression analysis for two data sets acquired in two different points in time, points  600  and  610  (retinal disruption  620  segmented with boundaries). The number of longitudinal data sets can be extended from two to a reasonable number that would be clinically meaningful. When multiple datasets are available (often from multiple patient visits), progression analysis can be performed and the progression report can then be generated. When multiple data sets are available, the analysis from steps  100  to  113  of disruption 3D seeds detection will be adapted accordingly to use the multiple datasets. Using multiple dataset can further help validate and enhance robustness of the 3D disruption detection method, especially when the disease state does not change significantly between visits. Some common and clinically meaningful display and representation of measurements can be used in the progression report, for example, change in total disruption number, change in disruption number for each size category, change in disruption area, change in disruption area for each ETDRS sectors, change in disruption volume, change in disruption area percentage for each ETDRS sectors, and change in the disruption region, overlaid onto IFI images, with different colors for the disruption areas only in one data, and disruption areas in both datasets. Examples of some of these useful information are shown in graphs  630  and  640 . A similar report can be created for other disruption presentation and measurement discussed above by a person with ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention. 
     As is demonstrated from the analysis of data obtained from each of the prior art techniques, none of them provide a complete, reliable, or accurate analysis of the 3D retinal disruption. Each fails to reliably determine one or more measurement or segmentation in an accurate and reproducible manner. 
     The above examples are provided in order to demonstrate and further illustrate certain embodiments and aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof. In the description above, reference is made primarily to the eye as the object. This has to be understood as merely a way to help the description and not as a restriction of the application of the present invention. As such, where the term “eye” is used, a more general transparent and scattering object or organ may be sought instead. Similarly, embodiments described herein use drusen and RPE-disruption as example demonstration and the same embodiments can be applied to retinal disruption generally. Although various embodiments that incorporate the teachings of the present invention have been illustrated and described in detail herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art can readily device other various embodiments that incorporate the teachings of this subject invention.