Abstract:
In a heavy oil reservoir containing water-sensitive clay which impedes injections of either steam or cold CO 2 , oil is produced by injecting CO 2  vapor at more than about 130° F. at a pressure below the critical pressure for the CO 2  or fracturing pressure for the reservoir.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to injecting CO 2  into a reservoir containing swelling clay. More particularly, the invention provides a method for increasing the oil recovery obtainable by injecting an oil mobilizing and oil displacing proportion of CO 2  into an oil containing reservoir having a combination of permeability and swelling clay content capable of significantly impeding the injection of heated or unheated aqueous fluid or unheated CO 2 . 
     It is commonly known that CO 2  can be injected in various types of oil reservoirs in order to increase the amount of oil recovery from either cyclic or continuous oil displacement processes by becoming dissolved in the oil and increasing its mobility and/or displacing the oil into a production location within the reservoir. In addition, CO 2  has been injected into reservoirs at various temperatures for various reasons, for example, as described in the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,332 relates to using a combination of producing CO 2  while producing ammonia, and using the CO 2  to recover oil by injecting it at the lowest temperature at which it provides a producible oil viscosity at a suitable injection pressure. U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,029 describes producing oil from an extensively fractured reservoir by injecting CO 2 , heated if desired, into a gaseous zone overlying a liquid zone within the reservoir and producing oil from the liquid zone. U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,432 describes a process of injecting internal engine combustion gas treated with mangenese or manganese dioxide, at temperatures greater than 400° F., into an oil or oil shale reservoir. U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,744 describes a process of injecting CO 2  in steam, or in slugs alternated with steam, while using a specified schedule of production pressure recycling in a fluid drive oil production process. 
     But, where an oil reservoir has a combination of permeability and swelling clay content capable of significantly impeding the injection of steam or other hot or cold aqueous fluid or unheated CO 2  in order to increase the mobility of the oil and its displacement toward a production location; as far as the Applicant is aware, the problem of how to effect an economical recovery of the oil has heretofore remained unsolved. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to improving a process for recovering oil from a subterranean reservoir by injecting fluid for increasing the mobililty of the oil and displacing it toward the production location in spite of the reservoir having a combination of permeability and swelling clay content capable of significantly impeding an injection of hot or cold aqueous fluid or unheated CO 2 . The improvement is provided by injecting a fluid which consists essentially of gaseous CO 2  at a temperature high enough to materially increase its mobility within the reservoir at conditions not productive of a critical state for the injected fluid or the fracturing pressure for the reservoir. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 show the relative rates of oil production in the hot CO 2  soak wells before and after applications of the present process. 
     FIG. 3 shows the oil and water production rates before and after the present process at an offset well location approximately 600 feet from the injected locations. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is, at least in part, premised on a discovery that with respect to a reservoir having a combination of swelling clay content and permeability which significantly impedes the injection of aqueous fluid or unheated CO 2 , a gaseous fluid consisting essentially of heated CO 2  can provide a capability of both inflowing into the reservoir at rates significantly higher than unheated CO 2  and displacing oil within the reservoir toward a production location at a rate significantly greater than could have been obtained by injecting unheated or heated aqueous fluid or unheated CO 2 . 
     The Pyramid Hill sand in the Mount Poso field is a reservoir formation typical of the type for which the present process is particularly useful. Its composition is shown in Table 1. A typical Pyramid Hill recovery history is summarized in Table 2. All previously attempted recovery mechanisms, as summarized in Table 2, have failed due to low or no injectability. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________PYRAMID HILL SANDSMineral Composition Analysis    WEIGHT PERCENT    1     2     3       4   5     6   7______________________________________CrystallineComponentQuartz     22      30    22    14  27    30  19Feldspar   40      35    35    35  40    35  30Dolomite    1       1     1    --  --     1   1Pyrite      2       2     2     1  --     1  --Clay       35      30    40    50  30    30  50Clay ComponentMontmorillinite      70      70    85    90  70    70  80Illite     20      20    10     5  20    20  15Chlorite   10      10     5     5  10    10   5______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________PYRAMID HILL SAND RECOVERY HISTORYDATE  COMPANY        FIELD             PROJECT/TECHNIQUE                          OUTCOME__________________________________________________________________________1952-1960 Non-Shell        Mt. Poso             Sarrett &amp; Mack Pilot                          Low injectivity. Acid jobs evaluated as             water flood. Wells                          no improvement. Fracture treatment             43-47. Diluent oil,                          attempted and evaluated as a failure.             Acidize, fracture                          Result; after 8 years, injection was             attempted to stimulate                          terminated. Project was a failure.             production and injec-                          Dilution of oil with a solvent also             tion.        failed.1982  Shell  Mt. Poso             Acidize Vedder-Rall 372                          Acidize attempted to reduce swelled             to return to production.                          clays after well had ceased flow.                          Result; Acid pumped in and no flow back.                          Failure.1982  Shell  Mt. Poso             Acidize Vedder 34 to                          Could not pump acid into formation. Well             improve rate of                          returned at pre stimulation rate; job             production.  failed.1982  Shell  Mt. Poso             Steam soak Vedder 268                          Steam injected into well with no flow             attempted to stimulate                          back when returned to production; job             production by reducing                          failed.             oil viscosity.1984  Shell  Round             Injectivity Test for                          Formation took no water; job failed, due        Mountain             waterflood evaluation.                          to low injectivity.1984  Shell  Mt. Poso             Hot CO.sub.2 soak program;                          Higher injectability than anticipated.             Vedder 52 and Vedder 31.                          Successfully stimulated soak wells with                          initial rates of 4-5 times                          pre-stimulation                          and 2-3 times after two months. Also,                          offset well exhibited a doubling in Gross                          production and a 50% increase in oil                          production at a distance of 500-600&#39;                          away from injected location.__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Each of the projects and techniques listed in Table 2, prior to the hot CO 2  soak program in Vedder #52 and Vedder #31, employed conventional materials and procedures. In the hot CO 2  treatment, liquid CO 2  was vaporized, compressed to 1000 psi, then heated to a gas at about 130° to 160° F. and injected into the well. The effect of the heat on the CO 2  is clearly shown in Table 3. 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________    Cumulative     Wellhead          Surface               Downhole                     CO.sub.2 LiquidTime    Pounds     Temp.          Pressure               Pressure                     Temp. Rate                               Density__________________________________________________________________________9:00 P  0  130° F.          950             psi               1000 psi                     6.0° F.                           15 gpm                               9.0 lb/gal9:307500 135  900  1030  5.8   18  8.5610:00    Restart10:00  0  120  932  1050  3.8   25  8.610:306600 130  934  1050  4.6   26  8.611:0013500     125  950  1060  4.0   28  8.612:00 P28500     120  956  1065  5.1   26  8.6 9/20/841:00 A43300     125  952  1060  6.5   25  8.562:0056500     130  935  1060  8.1   25  8.53:0068100     125  930        8.0   25  8.54:0084200     120  930        8.3   25  8.515:0097000     120  928        7.7   25  8.536:00    109200     120  930        7.5   25  8.537:00    121600     125  937        7.9   25  8.528:00    134700     134  941        7.8   25  8.529:00    146800     130  946        8.2   24  8.5210:00    161700     132  953        7.3   25  8.5310:37     145  960        6.9   32  8.5511:00    175200     130  950  1065  7.5   33  8.5312:00 A    188700     130  948  1100  7.7   32  8.521:00 P    204200     120  977  1090  5.47  40  8.592:00    223400     120  975  1050  4.9   37  8.603:00    242000     140  965  1050  5.9   32  8.514:00    255000     160  868  1000  5.5   20  8.575:00    268100     125  965  1050  5.9   35  8.586:00 P    285500     140  926  1035  6.9   28  8.547:00    300600     140  990  1090  5.3   30.0                               8.68:00    318100     130  1000 1099  5.6   35.0                               8.69:00    337200     135  995  1095  5.8   35.0                               8.510:00    335900     130  1000 1098  8.1   35.0                               8.511:00    370800     130  860   980  7.0   20.0                               8.512:00 A    376300     Shut Down to Change Pumps 9/21/841:30 A    379500     120  948  1100  4.65      8.6__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     A low rate of about 15 to 18 gallons per minute at pressures of 1000-1030 psi was exhibited initially. As the heat from the inflowing 130° F. CO 2  began to raise the temperature of the rocks near the well, the injectability increased to 25 gallons per minute. When the temperature was increased to 140° F. the injectability increased to 35 gallons per minute with the bottom hole pressure staying at about 1000-1050 psi. Throughout the treatment it was apparent that when the temperature increased up to about 140° F. the bottom hole pressure dropped, for example from about 1078 to 1046 psi. When the temperature dropped, for example from 104° to 85° F. the bottom hole pressure increased, for example from 1106 to 1145 psi, all of which is indicative of a better injectability with hotter CO 2 . 
     The effects of the hot CO 2  soak on the Vedder #31 and Vedder #52 wells are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The &#34;post CO 2  oil&#34; initiated by the return to production (RTP) after the CO 2  soak near the right hand portions of the curves, indicate the dramatic increase in oil production which resulted from the injection of the hot CO 2 . The indicated amounts of oil and water production prior to those treatments were the amounts attained in response to depletion drive processes initiated when the wells were opened into fluid communication with this reservoir. 
     The benefits of the hot CO 2  penetration deep into the formation are shown in FIG. 3. The oil and water production rates are shown before and after the hot CO 2  soaks took place. Prior to the application of the present process the well was produced by depletion methods only. Subsequent to the hot CO 2  soaks in Vedder #52 and Vedder #31, as shown in the Figure, a dramatic increase was exhibited in both the oil and water production rates. This response was recorded at a location some 600 feet from the injected locations and is evidence of deep penetration into the reservoir by the relatively small volume of hot CO 2 . 
     SUITABLE COMPOSITIONS AND TECHNIQUES 
     In general, the reservoir formations for which the present process is particularly applicable, comprise oil-containing reservoirs of moderately low permeability such as about 50MD to 150MD and a relatively high concentration of a swelling clay such as a Bentonetic or montmorillinetic clay present in a concentration such as about 25% to 50% where the combination of reservoir permeability, swelling clay concentration, and oil viscosity, etc., interact to provide a significant impediment to the injection of unheated or heated aqueous liquids or unheated CO 2 . A reservoir having properties typified by those of the Pyramid Hill sand in the Mount Poso field is a particularly good candidate for use of the present process. 
     In general, the CO 2  used in the present process can be one consisting essentially of CO 2 . It can include mixtures of CO 2  with other relatively inert gases such as nitrogen, air, or the like in amounts up to about 10 percent as long as such other gases do not materially affect the capability of the CO 2  to enter into the reservoir and dissolve in and swell the oil. 
     The pressure at which the CO 2  is injected can be substantially any which is less than the reservoir fracturing pressure and less than a pressure at which the CO 2  being injected is substantially in its critical state. The temperature at which the CO 2  is injected is preferably one in which a significant increase is provided in the rate at which at the CO 2  enters the reservoir at a pressure suitable for use in that reservoir. In reservoirs having properties similar to those of the Pyramid Hill sand, temperatures in the order of 130°-150° F. are preferred. 
     The present process is particularly suited for use in a cyclic or soak, or huff and puff, tpye of operation. But, particularly where a plurality of cycles of hot CO 2  injection has extended heat throughout significant proportions of the reservoir zones between adjacent wells, the process can advantageously be converted to a hot CO 2  drive process with fluid being injected into one well while fluid is produced from another.