Abstract:
The invention describes compositions and methods containing nonconventional plant materials, and more particularly the species  Flemingia macrophylla  and  Careya arborea , that help to maintain normal blood sugar levels in humans and animals. The method of preparation of such compositions and methods of quantifying active principles therein are also described. A Metformin-like compound were found to be the active hypoglycemic principle in  Flemingia macrophylla  and  Careya arborea  root bark. The compositions of the invention were found to be safe for therapeutic use.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims foreign priority benefit of Indian Patent applications # 8542/MUM/2003, # 8543/MUM/2003, # 8541/MUM/2003, # 8540/MUM/2003 filed on May 28, 2003 at the Indian Patent Office, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is one of the world&#39;s oldest known diseases. In 1997, diabetes prevalence was introduced as a “basic health indicator” for member states by the WHO, which estimated in 1995 that the number of people with diabetes in the world would reach 300 million by 2025. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in the U.S. rose rapidly across all regions, demographic groups and in almost every state during the past decade. About 16 million people suffer from diabetes in the US alone, with an estimated 120 million sufferers worldwide. Diabetes was ranked as the seventh leading cause of death in the US, accounting for more than 300,000 premature deaths every year with about 800,000 new diabetes cases being diagnosed annually. Type II or non-insulin dependent diabetes accounts for most of these cases. 
     Diabetes mellitus is caused either by a lack of the hormone insulin (Type I diabetes) or the body&#39;s inability to use insulin (Type II diabetes also known as maturity-onset diabetes). Type II diabetes is often triggered by obesity, stress and a sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes is a chronic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels and abnormal metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat. The disease is a result of the failure of the body to control blood sugar levels adequately. The normal fasting blood sugar levels are in the range of 75–115 mg/dL. After a meal, the body tightly regulates increases in blood sugar to a level not exceeding 180 mg/dL in people without diabetes. 
     Depending upon the nature of the disease, insulin and certain synthetic drugs like sulphonylureas, biguanidines and acarbose are widely used in its treatment. Careful management of diabetes, including control of high blood pressure, can delay some of the serious complications associated with the condition, which include eye diseases, disease of the peripheral blood vessels and kidney failure. In recent years, evidence of cases of “insulin resistance” and the occurrence of side effects from prolonged administration of conventional drugs have triggered the search for safe and effective alternatives. Several plant extracts and isolated phytochemicals have been examined for antidiabetic activity with a view to identify alternative treatment strategies for diabetes. It has been observed that certain resistant cases of diabetes that do not respond well to conventional drugs often respond well to supplementation with natural remedies. 
     The present invention describes compositions and methods containing the plant species  Flemingia macrophylla  and  Careya arborea  that are useful in maintaining normal blood sugar levels in humans and animals. 
     Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent, which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its pharmacological mechanisms of action are different from other classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin does not produce hypoglycemia in either patients with type 2 diabetes or normal subjects and does not cause hyperinsulinemia. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may actually decrease. Metformin hydrochloride is a biguanide, which does not create any adverse effects on the metabolic reactions. 
     The presence of this metformin-like compund in the roots of  Flemingia macrophylla  and  Careya arborea  was confirmed using Micro HPLC. 
     The inventors are not aware of any prior art that describes specific compositions of  Flemingia macrophylla  and/or  Careya arborea  useful in maintaining normal blood sugar levels in humans and animals. The identity of the active principles therein that contribute to this effect has also not been elucidated before. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The invention describes compositions and methods containing nonconventional plant materials, and more particularly the species  Flemingia macrophylla  and  Careya arborea , that help to maintain normal blood sugar levels in humans and animals. The method of preparation of such compositions and methods of quantifying active principles therein are also described. A Metformin-like compound were identified to be the active hypoglycemic principle in  Flemingia macrophylla  and  Careya arborea  root bark. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Flemingia macrophylla  (bar graph). 
         FIG. 2  shows the blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Flemingia macrophylla  (line graph). 
         FIG. 3  shows the percent rise in blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Flemingia macrophylla  (bar graph). 
         FIG. 4  shows the percent increase in blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Flemingia macrophylla  (line graph). 
         FIG. 5  shows the blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Careya arborea  (bar graph). 
         FIG. 6  shows the blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Careya arborea  (line graph). 
         FIG. 7  shows the percent rise in blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Careya arborea . (bar graph) 
         FIG. 8  shows the percent rise in blood glucose levels of the groups at different time intervals in the study with  Careya arborea  (line graph). 
         FIG. 9  shows the HPLC chromatogram of standard metformin hydrochloride. 
         FIG. 10  shows the HPLC chromatogram of the aqueous extract of the root covering of  Flemingia macrophylla.    
         FIG. 11  shows the HPLC chromatogram of the aqueous extract of the root covering of  Careya arborea.    
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     EXAMPLE 1 
       Flemingia macrophylla  Herbal Drug for Hypoglycemic Activity 
     Materials and methods: Root of Flemingia macrophylla was collected. The root cover (bark) was removed and dried under shade below 40° C. and powdered. Aqueous decoction Sample F-I was prepared by soaking the powdered root bark in 1% gum acacia solution overnight. The decoction was filtered to give Sample F-I. Sample F-II was freshly prepared by mixing the powdered root bark with 1% gum acacia solution, and used immediately for testing. The dose of drug in each case is 100 mg/kg body weight of the rats. Glucose solution (12.5 g/100 ml) was prepared in distilled water. 
     Normal albino rats were used for screening of natural product for hypoglycemic activity. At the primary screening level the natural product was fed to the animals orally. The dried sample powder as well as its aqueous extract was used. The blood glucose level was read in glucometer using Accutrend sensor comfort strip used in Advantage glucometer. The natural product was fed to the animal orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. 
     Fifteen Sprague Dawley strain (outbred) albino rats were taken and kept in polypropylene cages in three groups of three each for fifteen days for acclimatization under standard experimental room conditions. 
     On the sixteenth day all the food from each cage was removed and the animals were kept for overnight starvation (5:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m.). 
     On seventeenth day, approximately 0.10 ml blood was drawn from tail end of each rat. This blood was introduced on the area specified on the strips for blood sample (Accutrend sensor comfort used in Advantage Glucometer). The strip was put in the glucometer for reading of blood sugar count. Animals, which showed blood glucose levels between 60 to 80 mg/dl, were finally selected and grouped into three and termed as Control Group, test sample treated groups F-I and F-II. Each group contained three rats. 
     Aqueous decoction sample F-I was prepared by soaking 0.5 g/3 ml, powdered sample overnight in distilled water in the night of day seventeen. 
     On day eighteen, glucose solution (12.5 g/100 ml) was prepared in distilled water. Aqueous solution of F-I was filtered. F-II was freshly prepared by adding 1 g sample/3 ml of water. Gum acacia solution was used as vehicle for oral administration of test samples to animal of group F-I and F-II at an arbitrary dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of the rats. The plant test samples were dissolved in 1% gum acacia solution (1 g/100 ml) in the ratio of 0.3 g in 3 ml. These doses were given with the help of 1.0 ml plastic syringe and cannula at zero hours. An equal amount of 1.0% acacia was given to animals of Control group immediately after drawing 0.10 ml blood from the tail end of each rat for glucose content (Zero hour sample). Table 1 gives the detailed account of body weight and dose of each group. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Body weight and dosage data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Doses 
               
               
                   
                 GROUP 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GROUP 
                 GROUP F I 
                 GROUP F II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Body 
                 Gum 
                 Glucose 
                 Body 
                 Test 
                 Glucose 
                 Body 
                 Test 
                 Glucose 
               
               
                   
                 wt. 
                 acacia 
                 solution 
                 wt. 
                 sample 
                 solution 
                 wt. 
                 sample 
                 solution 
               
               
                 S. No. 
                 (gm) 
                 (ml) 
                 (ml) 
                 (gm) 
                 (ml) 
                 (ml) 
                 (gm) 
                 (ml) 
                 (ml) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 175 g 
                 0.5 
                 1.4 
                 175 
                 0.5 
                 1.4 
                 125 
                 0.25 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 2 
                 175 g 
                 0.5 
                 1.4 
                 125 
                 0.25 
                 1.0 
                 150 
                 1.30 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 3 
                 150 g 
                 0.3 
                 1.2 
                 175 
                 0.5 
                 1.4 
                 150 
                 1.30 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Glucose solution was administered to animals of each group at a dose of 2.0 g/kg body weight, after 30 min of giving test samples. Approximately 0.10 ml blood was drawn from tail end of each rat at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Glucose content was determined for each animal with the help of Advantage Glucometer using Accutrend strips. No food was given to animal till the collection of last blood sample at 120 min. post glucose loaded. Tables 3 and 4 represent the blood glucose level of different groups at different time interval. The blood glucose levels at different time intervals are shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blood Glucose Level - Control Group 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TIME 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                 S.No. 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 56 
                 86 
                 69 
                 73 
                 80 
               
               
                 2. 
                 58 
                 127 
                 79 
                 104 
                 69 
               
               
                 3. 
                 60 
                 99 
                 80 
                 76 
                 66 
               
               
                 Mean (X i ) 
                 58 
                 104 
                 76 
                 84.3 
                 71.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blood Glucose Level - Group (F-I) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                 S.No. 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 54 
                 82 
                 52 
                 57 
                 43 
               
               
                 2. 
                 65 
                 82 
                 72 
                 70 
                 69 
               
               
                 3. 
                 57 
                 68 
                 65 
                 20 
                 41 
               
               
                 Mean(X i ) 
                 58.6 
                 77.3 
                 63 
                 49 
                 51 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blood Glucose Level-Group (F II) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TIME 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                 S No. 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 55 
                 88 
                 74 
                 90 
                 79 
               
               
                 2. 
                 75 
                 113 
                 78 
                 81 
                 79 
               
               
                 3. 
                 85 
                 73 
                 72 
                 86 
                 80 
               
               
                 Mean (X i ) 
                 71.6 
                 91.3 
                 74.6 
                 85.6 
                 79.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Statistical Analysis Of Control Group, Group F-I 
               
               
                 And Group F-II 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Groups 
                 BloodSugar(X i ) 
                 Mean (  X ) 
                 Xi −  X   
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 Standard 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 Deviation 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 σ 
                                 = 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ∑ 
                                       
                                         x 
                                         = 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       5 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             
                                               X 
                                               i 
                                             
                                             - 
                                             
                                               X 
                                               _ 
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         2 
                                       
                                       n 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                           
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CONTROL 
                 58 
                 78.78 
                 −20.78 
                 15.21 
               
               
                 GROUP 
                 104 
                   
                 25.22 
               
               
                   
                 76 
                   
                 −2.78 
               
               
                   
                 84.3 
                   
                 5.52 
               
               
                   
                 71.6 
                   
                 −7.18 
               
               
                 GROUP F I 
                 58.6 
                 59.78 
                 −1.18 
                 10.13 
               
               
                   
                 77.3 
                   
                 17.52 
               
               
                   
                 63 
                   
                 3.52 
               
               
                   
                 49 
                   
                 −10.78 
               
               
                   
                 51 
                   
                 −8.78 
               
               
                 GROUP F II 
                 71.6 
                 80.48 
                 −8.88 
                 7.18 
               
               
                   
                 91.3 
                   
                 10.82 
               
               
                   
                 74.6 
                   
                 −5.88 
               
               
                   
                 85.6 
                   
                 5.12 
               
               
                   
                 79.3 
                   
                 −1.18 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean + S.D. Of Control Group, Group F-I And Group F-II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Rat 
                 BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL (mg/dl) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 GROUPS 
                 No. 
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CONTROL 
                 1 
                 56 
                 86 
                 69 
                 73 
                 80 
               
               
                 GROUP 
                 2 
                 58 
                 127 
                 79 
                 104 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 60 
                 99 
                 80 
                 76 
                 66 
               
               
                 MEAN ± SD 
                   
                   58 ± 15.21 
                   104 ± 15.21 
                   76 ± 15.21 
                  84.3 ± 15.21 
                  71.6 ± 15.21 
               
               
                 TEST 
                 4 
                 54 
                 82 
                 52 
                 57 
                 43 
               
               
                 SAMPLE 
                 5 
                 65 
                 82 
                 72 
                 70 
                 69 
               
               
                 GROUP F I 
                 6 
                 57 
                 68 
                 65 
                 20 
                 41 
               
               
                 MEAN ± SD 
                   
                  58.6 ± 10.13 
                  77.3 ± 10.13 
                   63 ± 10.13 
                   49 ± 10.13 
                   51 ± 10.13 
               
               
                 TEST 
                 7 
                 55 
                 88 
                 74 
                 90 
                 79 
               
               
                 SAMPLE 
                 8 
                 75 
                 113 
                 78 
                 81 
                 79 
               
               
                 GROUP F 
                 9 
                 85 
                 73 
                 72 
                 86 
                 80 
               
               
                 II 
               
               
                 MEAN ± SD 
                   
                 71.6 ± 7.18 
                 91.3 ± 7.18 
                 74.6 ± 7.18 
                 85.6 ± 7.18 
                 79.3 ± 7.18 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Percentage Rise In Blood Glucose Level At Particular Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Group 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control Group 
                 79.31 
                 31.03 
                 45.34 
                 23.44 
               
               
                   
                 Group F I 
                 31.91 
                 7.50 
                 −16.38 
                 −12.96 
               
               
                   
                 Group F II 
                 27.51 
                 4.18 
                 19.55 
                 10.75 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent Antihyperglycaemic Activity of  Flemengia macrophylla   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Value details 
                 Group 
                 Group FI 
                 Group FII 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Area under the curve 
                 5022 
                 1711.2 
                 1698.45 
               
               
                   
                 % Anti hyperglycemic 
                 — 
                 −65.92 
                 −66.17 
               
               
                   
                 activity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The percentage rise in blood glucose profile of post glucose loaded of rats in different groups at each time interval was determined from 0 min value (Table 7) as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               %  Rise  in  blood  glucose 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Blood  glucose  level  at 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             determining  time  period 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Blood  glucose  level  at  0 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             min  time  period 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   × 
                   100 
                 
                 ) 
               
               - 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     The area under each curve for control and test groups was also determined ( FIG. 4 ). 
     
       
         
           
             
               %  Anti  hyperglycemic  activity 
             
             = 
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Area  under  curve  of 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             test  sample  plant  drug 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             treated  group 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Area  under  curve  of 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             control  group 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   × 
                   100 
                 
                 ] 
               
               - 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     The control group showed a considerable increase at thirty minutes compared to the two test groups. At sixty minute the blood glucose level lowered down in all the line groups. As per the figure at ninety minutes, the level increased in control group and Group FII, whereas the decrease in blood glucose level in Group F-I was very much apparent. No considerable change was observed in the groups at 120 minutes of the experiment. Statistical treatment was done for the observed values of blood glucose level at different time interval (Tables 5 and 6). Percent rise in blood glucose level was calculated (Table 7). 
     The two test groups FI and FII showed marked hypoglycemic activity ( FIGS. 3 and 4 ). Percent inhibition in post prandial hypoglycemia by test sample plant drug was calculated as per the adopted standard method (Table 8). Test Group FI showed 65.92% antihyperglycemic activity, and Test Group FII gives 66.17% antihyperglycemic activity. The experiments prove that the plant species have antihyperglycemic property. At the same time hypoglycemia was not observed in any of the experimental animals. 
     The effect of the herbal drug is more pronounced when used in powdered form in the doses standardized as described. It was found that the effect of the doses persisted after a fortnight. No indication of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) was observed in any of the experimental animals. 
     Conclusions:  Flemingia macrophylla  root cover powder and aqueous decoction of the root cover powder showed hypoglycemic activity in glucose loaded albino rats. Hypoglycemia was not observed in any of the experimental animals, proving it to be a safe drug. Use of aqueous decoction of powdered froot cover of  Flemingia macrophylla  or its aqueous decoction in standardized formulations is a safe and effective method for treating abnormal blood sugar levels. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A method of Making  Careya arborea  Herbal Drug for Complex Hyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Activity 
     Materials and Methods: Root of  Careya arborea  was collected. The root cover was removed and dried under shade below 40° C. and powdered. Aqueous decoction sample C-I was prepared by soaking the sample in 1% gum acacia overnight and in the next morning it was filtered and used for testing. Sample C-II freshly prepared by adding sample in 1% gum acacia for immediate use. Gum acacia solution was used as vehicle for oral administration of test samples to animal of group C-I and C-II. The dose of drug in each case is 100 mg/kg body weight of the rats. Glucose solution (12.5 g/100 ml) was prepared in distilled water. 
     Normal albino rats were used for screening of natural product for hypoglycemic activity. At the primary screening level, the natural product was fed to the animals orally. The dried sample powder as well as its aqueous extract has been used. Animals were fasted for sixteen hours. The blood from tail end of each rat was withdrawn for estimating blood glucose level. The blood glucose level was read in glucometer using Accutrend sensor comfort strip used in Advantage glucometer. The natural product was fed to the animal orally and a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was used. 
     Fifteen Sprague Dawley strain (out bred) albino rats were taken and kept in polypropylene cages in three groups of three each for fifteen days for acclimatization under standard experimental room conditions. 
     On the sixteenth day all the food from each cage was removed and the animals were kept for overnight starvation (5:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m.). 
     On the eighteenth day, glucose solution (12.5 g/100 ml) was prepared in distilled water. Aqueous solution sample C-I was filtered. Sample C-II was freshly prepared by adding 1 g powder/3 ml of water. Gum acacia solution was used as vehicle for oral administration of test samples to animals of group C-I and C-II at an arbitrary dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of the rats. The plant test samples were dissolved in 1% gum acacia solution (1 g/100 ml) in the ratio of 0.3 g in 3 ml. These doses were given with the help of 1.0 ml plastic syringe and cannula at zero hours. An equal amount of 1.0% gum acacia was given to animals of Control group immediately after drawing 0.10 ml blood from the tail end of each rat for glucose content (Zero hour sample). Table 9 gives the detailed account of body weight and dose of each group. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 DOSES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CONTROL GROUP 
                 GROUP C I 
                 GROUP C II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Body 
                 Gum acacia 
                 Glucose 
                   
                 Test 
                 Glucose 
                   
                 Test 
                 Glucose 
               
               
                 S. 
                 Wt. 
                 sample 
                 solution 
                 Body wt. 
                 sample 
                 solution 
                 Body 
                 sample 
                 solution 
               
               
                 No 
                 (gm) 
                 (ml) 
                 (ml) 
                 (gm) 
                 (ml) 
                 (ml) 
                 wt.(g) 
                 (ml) 
                 (ml) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 175 
                 0.5 
                 1.4 
                 125 
                 0.25 
                 1.0 
                 150 
                 0.3 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 2 
                 175 
                 0.5 
                 1.4 
                 250 
                 0.5 
                 2.0 
                 125 
                 0.25 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 3 
                 150 
                 0.3 
                 1.2 
                 150 
                 0.3 
                 1.2 
                 200 
                 0.4 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blood Glucose Level - Control Group 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                   
               
               
                 S.No. 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 120 min (mg/dl) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 56 
                 86 
                 69 
                 73 
                 80 
               
               
                 2 
                 58 
                 127 
                 79 
                 104 
                 69 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 99 
                 80 
                 76 
                 66 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 58 
                 104 
                 76 
                 84.3 
                 71.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blood Glucose Level - Group C-I 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                   
                 S.No. 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 57 
                 89 
                 71 
                 70 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 64 
                 97 
                 84 
                 80 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 54 
                 68 
                 64 
                 56 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                 Mean 
                 59.3 
                 84.6 
                 73 
                 68.6 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blood Glucose Level - Group C-II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                   
                 S.No. 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
                 (mg/dl) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 56 
                 59 
                 70 
                 87 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 97 
                 104 
                 86 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 58 
                 168 
                 175 
                 84 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 Mean 
                 58 
                 108 
                 116.3 
                 85.6 
                 89.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Statistical Analysis Of Control Group, Group C-I And Group C-II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 STANDARD 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DEVIATION 
               
               
                 GROUPS 
                   MEAN  Xi     X   
                 Xi −  X   
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         σ 
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 x 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                               5 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   Xi 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     X 
                                     _ 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             n 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Control 
                 58 
                 78.78 
                 −20.78 
                 15.21 
               
               
                 group 
                 104 
                   
                 25.22 
               
               
                   
                 76 
                   
                 −2.78 
               
               
                   
                 84.3 
                   
                 5.52 
               
               
                   
                 71.6 
                   
                 −7.18 
               
               
                 Group 
                 59.3 
                 70.7 
                 −11.4 
                 8.16 
               
               
                 C-I 
                 84.6 
                   
                 13.9 
               
               
                   
                 73 
                   
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 68.6 
                   
                 −2.1 
               
               
                   
                 68 
                   
                 −2.7 
               
               
                 Group 
                 58 
                 91.44 
                 −33.44 
                 20.24 
               
               
                 C-II 
                 108 
                   
                 16.56 
               
               
                   
                 116.3 
                   
                 24.86 
               
               
                   
                 85.6 
                   
                 −5.84 
               
               
                   
                 89.3 
                   
                 −2.14 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean ± S.D. Of Control Group, Group C-I And Group C-II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Rat 
                 BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL (mg/dl) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 GROUPS 
                 No. 
                 0 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
                 90 min 
                 120 min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Control 
                 1 
                 56 
                 86 
                 69 
                 73 
                 80 
               
               
                 group 
                 2 
                 58 
                 127 
                 79 
                 104 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 60 
                 99 
                 80 
                 76 
                 66 
               
               
                 MEAN ± SD 
                   
                   58 ± 15.21 
                  104 ± 15.21 
                   76 ± 15.21 
                 84.3 ± 15.21 
                 71.6 ± 15.21 
               
               
                 Group C-I 
                 4 
                 57 
                 89 
                 71 
                 70 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 64 
                 97 
                 84 
                 80 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 54 
                 68 
                 64 
                 56 
                 49 
               
               
                 MEAN ± SD 
                   
                 59.3 ± 8.16  
                 84.6 ± 8.16  
                   73 ± 8.16  
                 68.6 ± 8.16  
                   68 ± 8.16  
               
               
                 Group C-II 
                 7 
                 56 
                 59 
                 70 
                 87 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 60 
                 97 
                 104 
                 86 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 58 
                 168 
                 175 
                 84 
                 85 
               
               
                 MEAN ± SD 
                   
                   58 ± 20.24 
                  108 ± 20.24 
                 116.3 ± 20.24 
                 85.6 ± 20.24 
                 89.3 ± 20.24 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
                                                                                       TABLE 15                   Percent Rise In Blood Glucose Level At Particular Time                Time                    Group   30 min   60 min   90 min   120 min                            Control group   79.31   31.03   45.34   23.44           Group C-I   42.66   23.10   15.68   14.67           Group C-II   86.20   100.51   47.58   53.96                        
% Rise in blood glucose profile of post glucose loaded of rats in different groups of each time interval was determined from 0 min value, as follows:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               %  Rise  in  blood  glucose 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Blood  glucose  level  at 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             determining  time  period 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Blood  glucose  level  at  0 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             min  time  period 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   × 
                   100 
                 
                 ) 
               
               - 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     The area under each curve was determined (from  FIG. 8 ). Percent inhibition in post parandial hyperglycemia by test sample was calculated as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               %  Anti  hyperglycemic  activity 
             
             = 
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Area  under  curve  of 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             test  sample  plant  drug 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             treated  group 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             Area  under  curve  of 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             control  group 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   × 
                   100 
                 
                 ] 
               
               - 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-hyperglycemic activity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Test sample Group 
                 Test sample Group 
               
               
                 Value details 
                 group 
                 C I 
                 C II 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Area under the 
                 5022 
                 2663.25 
                 7838.1 
               
               
                 curve 
               
               
                 % Anti 
                 — 
                 −46.96 
                 56.07 
               
               
                 hyperglycemic 
               
               
                 activity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Group C-I and Group C-II were administered with aqueous decoction of the sample powder and powdered sample respectively The results on blood glucose levels are shown in  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  and tabulated in Tables 10–12. Test Group C I showed effective lowering of the blood glucose level (hypoglycemic effect), but, surprisingly the Test Group CII showed increase in blood glucose level (hyperglycemic effect) (Tables 11, 12). Statistical treatment was done for the observed values of blood glucose level at different time interval (Tables 13 and 14). Percent rise in blood glucose level was calculated (Table 15). Percent antihyperglycemic activity was calculated as per the standard method for both the test groups (Table 16). The percent rise in blood sugar levels shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8  clearly indicates the complex hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity of  Careya arborea.    
     The effect of herbal drug is more pronounced when used in powdered form itself in the doses standardized as described. It was found that the effect of the doses given still persisted after a fortnight. 
     This species showed complex hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity in glucose loaded albino rats. Hypoglycemia was not observed in any of the experimental animals, proving it to be a safe drug. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     An Improved Micro HPLC Method for Identification of Metformin Hydrochloride in Root of  Flemingia Macrophylla    
     Micro High Pressure Liquid Chromatography was the method employed. Large reduction in solvent consumption and therefore solvent operation and toxic waste disposal cost, very low flow rates used with microcolumns make it the method of choice for HPLC-MS, particularly the bench-top MS with electrospray and nanospray interfaces. 
     Low flow rates used in microcolumns facilitate the unified approach to chromatography. These major advantages are the result of the fact, that small particles, such as 3 and 5 μm can be efficiently packed in microcolumn and therefore same separation chemistry and elution pattern as that obtained from a 4.6 mm id, column can be expected. As a result of smaller column diameters for microcolumn HPLC, the flow rate requirement is also reduced and the elution peak volume (flow rate times peak width at half-height) is therefore reduced by a factor equal to the ratio of the cross-sectional areas for the 4.6 mm to the microcolumns. 
     The stationary phase bonded to a porous polymer is held in a narrow bore stainless steel column and the liquid mobile phase is forced through under considerable pressure with the help of a suitable pumping system. The mobile phase is a miscible solvent mixture. The compounds are monitored as they elute off the column by means of a detector, usually measuring in the ultra violet or visible regions of the spectrum. 
     HPLC was Carried Out Under Following Conditions 
                                     Column   Octadecyl silane (ODS) C-18/15 cm.       Particle size   3 micrometer       Inner diameter of column   5 mm       Mobile phase   50:50, Water:Methanol       Wave length   220 nm       Flow rate   0.2 ml/min.       Instrument used   TSP (Thermo Separation Product) make           micro HPLC system with UV-VIS detector.                    
Materials and Methods: HPLC Grade water and methanol from E Merck India, Standard Solution: Aqueous solution of metformin hydrochloride (0.1666 mg/ml) was used as standard. Test Sample of  Flemingia macrophylla:  500 mg. of sample powder was submerged in 3 ml distilled water. After keeping for 6 hours, it was stirred for 30 min, filtered and the solution diluted 20 times.
 
     The chromatograms obtained during HPLC Studies are represented in  FIGS. 9 and 10 . The retention time and characteristic peak was recorded. The standard samples were run in micro HPLC under the similar conditions as described. The test samples were also run under the same experimental conditions. 
     For both the test samples peaks were observed at the same retention time, This confirms the presence of the same compound metformin hydrochloride or metformin-like compound in the test sample. Thus with the help of micro HPLC, a new method has been evolved to determine the presence of an inherent natural compound in the herbal preparation having the same pharmacological effect as synthetic metformin hydrochloride. 
     Metformin hydrochloride is a synthetic compound used in synthetic drugs for the treatment of diabetes. An identical compound was found to be naturally present in the root cover of  Flemingia macrophylla.    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     An Improved Micro HPLC Method for Identification of Metformin Hydrochloride in Root of  Careya Arborea    
     Micro High Pressure Liquid Chromatography was the method employed. Large reduction in solvent consumption and therefore solvent operation and toxic waste disposal cost, very low flow rates used with micro-columns make it the method of choice for HPLC-MS, particularly the bench-top MS with electrospray and nanospray interfaces. Low flow rates used in micro-columns facilitate the unified approach to chromatography. These major advantages are the result of the fact that small particles such as 3 and 5 μm can be efficiently packed in micro column and therefore same separation chemistry and elution pattern as that obtained from a 4.6 mm id column can be expected. As a result of smaller column diameters for micro-column HPLC, the flow rate requirement is also reduced and the elution peak volume (flow rate times peak width at half-height) is therefore reduced by a factor equal to the ratio of the cross-sectional areas for the 4.6 mm to the micro-columns. 
     The stationary phase bonded to a porous polymer is held in a narrow bore stainless steel column and the liquid mobile phase is forced through under considerable pressure with the help of a suitable pumping system. The mobile phase is a miscible solvent mixture. The compounds are monitored as they elute off the column by means of a detector, usually measuring in the ultra violet or visible regions of the spectrum. 
     HPLC was carried out under following conditions: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Column 
                 Octadecyl silane (ODS) C-18/15 cm. 
               
               
                 Particle size 
                 3 micrometer 
               
               
                 Inner diameter of column 
                 5 mm 
               
               
                 Mobile phase 
                 50:50, Water:Methanol 
               
               
                 Wave length 
                 220 nm 
               
               
                 Flow rate 
                 0.2 ml/min. 
               
               
                 Instrument used 
                 TSP (Thermo Separation Product) make 
               
               
                   
                 micro HPLC system with UV-VIS detector. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Materials and methods: HPLC Grade water and methanol from E Merck India, Standard Solution: Aqueous solution of Metformin hydrochloride (0.166 mg/ml) was used as standard. Test Sample of  Careya arborea:  500 mg. of sample powder was submerged in 3 ml distilled water. After keeping for 6 hours, it was stirred for 30 min, filtered and the solution was diluted 20 times. 
     The chromatograms obtained during HPLC studies are represented in  FIGS. 9 and 11 . The retention time and characteristic peak was recorded. The standard samples were run in micro HPLC under the similar conditions already mentioned. The test samples were also run under the same experimental conditions. For both the test samples peaks were observed at the same retention time. This confirms the presence of the same compound metformin hydrochloride or metformin-like compound in the test sample. Thus with the help of micro HPLC, a new method has been evolved to determine the presence of an inherent natural compound in the herbal preparation having the same pharmacological effect as synthetic metformin hydrochloride. 
     Metformin hydrochloride is a synthetic compound used in synthetic drugs for the treatment of diabetes. An identical compound was found to be naturally present in the root cover of  Careya arborea.