Abstract:
A robust communication system for transmitting through a noisy environment includes a signal source for providing discrete signals, a chaotic modulator for modulating the discrete signals, and an incoherent discriminator or receiver for receiving the modulated signals. The incoherent discriminator includes a high-pass filter for removing the lowest frequency harmonics of the received signals, a rectifier for providing an absolute value of the received signals, a low-pass filter and a comparator after the low-pass filter.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of information systems, and, more particularly, to a robust communication system for transmitting through a noisy environment.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Communication and telecommunication systems are generally classified according to the following: nature of the signal (i.e., digital or analog), the type of transmission, the type of modulation, the transmissive medium, the type of channel, and the nature of the receiver.  
           [0003]    The minimal objective of any communication systems is to ensure that the information transmitted on the transmission channel is correctly received. The term “correctly” may actually be too restrictive, and the term “efficiently” is a better description. In practice, the goal is to provide re-constructed information closer to the transmitted information.  
           [0004]    With an ideal transmission channel, no special measures would have to be taken. However, all channels have to put up with some disturbance. The nature of this disturbance may vary with the type of channel, the environmental and weather conditions under which the transmission is carried out, and the frequency and nature (digital or analog) of the signal.  
           [0005]    The problems encountered in digital signal transmission are reviewed below. Digital information, expressed as a sequence of symbols, is converted into an analog waveform by a modulation process and is then transmitted on the transmission channel. At the receive end, a demodulator re-constructs the transmitted sequence of symbols.  
           [0006]    Transmission efficiency is usually stated as Bit Error Rate (BER), i.e., as the number of erroneous bits over the total bits transmitted. To keep the BER low, a symbol redundancy is usually introduced at the transmit end, upstream of the modulator. Thus, a larger number of symbols are transmitted than are required. This results in increased band occupation. The redundancy is added by a channel encoder, and is removed by a channel decoder at the receive end. Another, but not necessarily exclusive, approach to lowering the BER increases the amount of energy associated with each bit. This is done by either transmitting greater power or transmitting the same bit for a longer time.  
           [0007]    A communication system may be called robust when the information re-constructed at the receive end is correct despite the channel type, or despite the type of noise present in the channel. Therefore, robustness of the communication system is a necessity when the conditions for communication are poor.  
           [0008]    Over the last ten years, an advanced modulation system, known as spread-spectrum, was introduced. This type of system provides high-quality communications and is presently widely exploited in satellite, cellular telephone and military communication systems. Its name comes from the fact that the power of the signal to be transmitted is spread over a much wider band than needed. To provide robust and safe transmissions, e.g., in wireless communications, through noisy environment, the spread-spectrum modulation system currently represents the best choice.  
           [0009]    A peculiar feature of this modulation system is band occupation by the discrete signal to be transmitted on an analog channel, which exceeds the minimum needed for transmission. In addition, a code is used which is independent of the sequence to be transmitted and can be utilized to re-construct the information at the receive end.  
           [0010]    This modulation changes the harmonics of the information signal by expanding its spectrum and distributing the power spectral density in a near-uniform manner such that the signal to be transmitted is given a shape resembling that of wide-band noise. This ensures a degree of immunity to noise because the evenly spread spectral power is less likely to become corrupted by the noise for the same source power, same band width of the channel, and same noise power, if compared to other conventional modulation methods. These conventional modulation methods include AM, FM, PSK and other modulation methods.  
           [0011]    The advantages of this type of modulation include the removal of the effects of interference between users in the form of multipath signal reflections. Also, a signal can hide beneath the noise, and the information may be transmitted at low power. The message is also safeguarded from active and passive attacks.  
           [0012]    In general, spread-spectrum modulation is based on the application of special binary sequences, called pseudo-random or pseudo-noise sequences, which are combined with the original sequence of the signal to be transmitted. These pseudo-random sequences are effective to spread the information energy over a very wide band. For example, by using mutually orthogonal pseudo-random sequences, several users are enabled to communicate simultaneously on the same channel, as with the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system.  
           [0013]    At the receive end, the same pseudo-random sequence allows the signal to be re-constructed, provided that synchronization with the generators of pseudo-random sequences at the transmit and receive ends can be ensured. One example of a pseudo-random sequence generator is shown in FIG. 1.  
           [0014]    This technique, although in many ways advantageous, is based on the generation of pseudo-random sequences. However, there are certain limitations which can be identified in the very “pseudo” attribute thereof. This implies that the sequence is not a fully randomized one since it must be known at both the transmit end and the receive end, and can closely look like a random sequence. This implies a cyclic and periodic character for the sequence which although very large, still has a finite value dependent on the complexity of the pseudo-random sequence generator. A major disadvantage of this type of modulation resides in the complex circuitry that is needed to keep the transmitter and the receiver synchronized.  
           [0015]    More recently, the conventional modulation technique based on pseudo-random sequences has been superseded by techniques based on a so-called chaotic modulation. For example, reference is made to an article titled “Communicating With Chaos: State of the Art and Engineering Challenges” by M. P. Kennedy, 4th Int. Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronic Systems, Jun. 27-28, 1996 Sevilla (ES), pages 1-8.  
           [0016]    The properties which are peculiar to modulation systems based on the use of chaotic signals include the following. Unpredictability, because the value taken at a time t+Dt is unpredictable at a time t, with the larger becoming Dt. Close resemblance to random signals (randomness), since a chaotic process is by its very nature a non-stationary process. In particular, it is an aperiodic process with its spectrum continuously changing its power distribution.  
           [0017]    Other properties include a self-synchronizing capability, which results in convergence of the paths of two interacting chaotic systems. There is also sensitivity to the starting conditions, causing divergent behaviors of identical, freely evolving systems with starting conditions which are arbitrarily close to one another. Another property is bifurcation, which is a phenomenon tied to the high sensitivity of chaotic circuits to parameter variations. This results in the dynamic behaviors of one system being thoroughly unrelated even where the starting coditions are the same.  
           [0018]    In particular, the principal chaotic modulation methods are the following. There is a chaotic masking method, wherein the information to be transmitted is masked by adding a chaotic signal thereto. Another method is the Chaos shift keying method, wherein one of two chaotic signals generated by two different systems respectively associated with a bit of 0 value and a bit of 1 value is transmitted. The same result can be obtained by having one system generate both signals, but changing the parameters between two or more sets of predetermined values.  
           [0019]    There is also a reverted system method, wherein the chaos-generating circuit and the receiver of the communication system are the reverse of each other. There is a feature which ensures the self-synchronization property through the duration of the transmission, with no additional circuitry.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0020]    An underlying technical problem of the present invention is to provide a robust communication system for transmissions through a noisy medium. The communication system is to have structural and functional features useful in spread-spectrum modulation, but is based on a chaotic carrier.  
           [0021]    The principle behind this invention is one of providing a spread-spectrum communication system based on modulating a chaotic carrier and on the use of an incoherent discriminator for robust transmissions through a noisy medium.  
           [0022]    The chaotic carrier may be generated, for instance, by a Chua&#39;s circuit. Based on this principle, the technical problem is solved by a communication system comprising a cascade of a discrete signal source, a chaotic modulator for the signal, a noisy transmission channel, and an incoherent discriminator or receiver. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0023]    The features and advantages of a communication system according to the present invention will be apparent from the following description of an embodiment thereof, given by way of example and not of limitation with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram for a generator of pseudo-random sequences used in a spread-spectrum modulation system according to the prior art.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram for a communication system according to the present invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 3 illustrates a circuit diagram for one embodiment of a chaotic modulator known as Chua&#39;s circuit according to the prior art.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 4 is a plot of evolution paths in the modulator illustrated in FIG. 3.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5 is a plot of evolution paths in a single portion of the modulator illustrated in FIG. 3.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIGS. 6 a - 6   d  are respectively plots of input, transmit, receive and output signals for the communication system according to the present invention.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram for one embodiment of a portion of the communication system according to the present invention.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 8 is a plot of evolution paths in one portion of the modulator illustrated in FIG. 3.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 9 is a plot of evolution paths in another portion of the modulator illustrated in FIG. 3.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIGS. 10 a - 10   d  are respectively plots of input, transmit, receive and output signals for a modified embodiment of the communication system according to the present invention.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a second embodiment of a portion of the communication system according to the present invention.  
         [0035]    FIGS.  12 - 15  are exemplary circuit diagrams of components of the portion of the communication system shown in FIGS. 7 and 11. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0036]    Referring to the drawing, and in particular to the example of FIG. 2, a communication system for effecting transmissions through a noisy environment embodying the present invention is generally shown at  1  in schematic form.  
         [0037]    The system  1  is robust, meaning that the information re-constructed at the receive end is efficient regardless of the transmission channel type, or rather regardless of the type of noise present on the channel. The system  1  includes a discrete source  2  of logic values (0 or 1) or symbols.  
         [0038]    Provided downstream of the source  2  is a chaotic-type modulator  3 . The chaotic modulator  3  may be a conventional one, e.g., based on a Chua&#39;s circuit as shown diagramatically in FIG. 3. Downstream of the chaotic modulator  3  is a transmission channel  4  leading to a receiver  5 , which is essentially an incoherent discriminator.  
         [0039]    In the simplest of cases, the source  2  will generate the 0 and 1 bits as voltage levels, respectively equal to 0V and 5V. This signal is amplified and deprived of its direct component to produce a waveform between +3V and −3V which forms the modulating signal. The chaotic modulator  3  is controlled by the modulating signal shifting its path between attractors.  
         [0040]    Where the modulator  3  comprises the Chua&#39;s circuit shown in FIG. 3, the modulating signal d would be added to the voltage present across one C 1  of two capacitors C 1  and C 2 . This technique is known as dithering, and is used with non-linear systems in order to control their evolution so as to linearize the system itself.  
         [0041]    The control signal d, also referred to as dither, is added to the input signal u(t), upstream of the non-linear element of the system. This modifies the characteristic that links the circuit output to the input u(t). In this case, the system is desired to stay non-linear, and the dither signal is only used for shifting the modulator  3  paths by acting on the non-linearity input.  
         [0042]    Advantageously in this invention, a different construction may be selected for the incoherent discriminator  5 . In a first preferred embodiment, the discriminator  5  is implemented by the sequence of functional blocks shown in FIG. 7.  
         [0043]    As shown in FIG. 4, the chaotic modulator  3  is stimulated by an external signal to evolve across different attractors. For transmission, an attractor is associated with each symbol. At the receive end, the incoherent discriminator  5  re-constructs the sequence of the original signal by an appropriate filtering arrangement.  
         [0044]    As said above, the source  2  generates a sequence of 0 and 1 bits. Associated with the 0 bit, i.e., with the low logic level, is a chaotic evolution corresponding to the complete Chua&#39;s attractor. This is referred to as double-scroll and is shown in FIG. 4. On the other hand, the high logic level has a Rossler&#39;s attractor associated therewith that is a single lobe of Chua&#39;s attractor whose evolution is illustrated in FIG. 5.  
         [0045]    The graph of FIG. 6 a  shows a sequence of transmitted bits versus time. FIG. 6 b  shows the output from the chaotic modulator  3 . In this first embodiment, the discriminator  5  comprises a high-pass filter  6  effective to remove the lowest frequency harmonics of the received signal. A rectifier  7  then provides the absolute value with the wave. A low-pass filter  8  carries out a mean of the rectified wave to produce a filtered signal as shown in FIG. 6 c.    
         [0046]    The result can be compared with a positive threshold by a comparator  9 , since both rectified waveforms relating to the two chaotic evolutions have a direct component which is higher than zero. The output signal from the comparator  9  is transmitted to a divider  10 , and the original sequence is re-constructed at the receive end as shown best in FIG. 6 d.  It will be appreciated by skilled persons in the art that the system of this invention is self-synchronizing.  
         [0047]    In a second embodiment, discussed by way of non-limitative examples in relation to FIGS.  8  to  11 , the incoherent discriminator  5  has been simplified, yet still within the principle of this invention. In this embodiment, the low logic level is associated with a chaotic dynamics corresponding to the left-hand lobe of Chua&#39;s attractor, as shown in FIG. 9. Conversely, the right-hand lobe of Chua&#39;s attractor is made to correspond to the high logic level, as shown in FIG. 8.  
         [0048]    The two waveforms associated with the logic levels of FIG. 10 a  are characterized by a direct component which is of equal module and opposite sign. Positive for the right-hand lobe and negative for the left-hand lobe. The discriminator  5  is input the signal of FIG. 10 b,  and will filter it through a low-pass filter  11  of the fourth order, as shown in FIG. 11. The output signal from the filter  11  is processed through a comparator  12  having a null threshold to produce a square wave in the −15V to +15V range. Finally, a divider  13  will scale the square wave to between 0V and 5V, producing the output signal shown in FIG. 1 d.    
         [0049]    Shown in FIG. 12 is a circuit of the first embodiment previously described, i.e., relating to a complete Chua&#39;s attractor. In particular, FIG. 12 shows the input module in the form of a high-pass filter  6  of the 4th order. Shown in FIG. 13 is a diagram of a full-wave rectifier  7 , and in FIG. 14, the low-pass filter  8 , also of the 4th order, followed by a threshold type of comparator  9 . The output divider  10  will scale the voltage between 0V and 5V.  
         [0050]    For the second embodiment, FIG. 15 similarly illustrates a discrete element implementation of the incoherent discriminator. As said above, this second embodiment provides a much simpler discriminator, which reduces the number of its components. In fact, a low-pass filter  11  of the 4th order, a null threshold comparator  12 , and a divider  13  are all that are required.  
         [0051]    The differences between the two embodiments described above are briefly reviewed below. One obvious distinction lies in the complexity which characterizes the discriminator  5 , depending on whether the first or the second embodiment is applied. In the first, no less than nine operational amplifiers are required as compared to four needed in the second embodiment.  
         [0052]    The extra elements are necessary to provide, in the waveform derived by the double scroll attractor, a direct component resulting from filtering and rectifying steps. In the second embodiment, the two waveforms are inherently characterized by a readily identifiable direct component of opposite sign. The above leads to a second distinction including a lower average power expended to transmit the waveforms of the first system proposed. This is by virtue of the double scroll having a near-null direct component. Both embodiments ensure a transmission rate which is approximately one tenth of the channel band width corresponding to the same limit of spread-spectrum transmissions according to the prior art.  
         [0053]    A comparison with the conventional modulation systems discussed above might resemble the chaos shift keying method due to the fact that, in CSK modulation, the 0 and 1 bits are associated with two different chaotic evolutions. However, a communication system based on that modulation would have the disadvantage of requiring special circuits and conditions for synchronizing the transmission between the transmitter and the receiver.  
         [0054]    The system of this invention, on the contrary, sets aside without such synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver, although relying on the characteristics of chaotic attractors. Where other attractors than the proposed ones are associated with the information generated by the source  2 , simple adaptations can be made onto the discriminator  5  for the system to ensure a correct transmission.