Abstract:
The contact piece ( 1 ) comprises a portion of female type able to accommodate a corresponding portion of male type. This female type portion includes a contact clip ( 4 ) provided with elastic fingers ( 42 ) oriented towards the opening of a lodging ( 10 ) destined to accommodate said male type portion. The piece is completed with a bushing ( 5 ) encircling the clip and provided with a front side ( 50 ) comprising a passage opening ( 51 ) serving as gauge, accepting or refusing the passage of a male portion according to its diameter. In this manner, the elastic fingers ( 42 ) always operate in an elastic mode and never suffer a permanent deformation. Such a disposition has many other advantages.

Description:
The content of Application No 99811102.5, filed Nov. 30, 1999 in Europe, is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention concerns a contact piece of the female type usable in a connector, for example a connector answering the MIL norm or any other specification, or for any other application, such as for example in an integrated circuit base, or destined to be placed on a printed circuit board. The invention concerns more particularly the portion of this contact piece destined to accommodate the corresponding element of the male type. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Several specifications or norms, notably the MIL norms and in particular the MIL-C 39029 norm, define a certain number of characteristics which this portion of the contact piece must comply with, for example contact resistance, engagement and separation force of the male contact piece, depth of engagement of the male piece before contact is established etc. According to these norms, these various parameters are to be measured both when the pieces are new as well as after multiple uses, and this under very diverse environmental, temperature, humidity and other conditions. 
     In order to attempt to comply with these requirements, manufacturers have proposed various constructions of this portion of the contact piece. 
     Several known embodiments of such portions of contact pieces will be described further below, in connection with FIGS. 1A and 1B as well as FIG. 2 ; these embodiments encounter notably the following disadvantages according to the constructions described : need to work the entire contact piece in a costly metallic alloy since it must have excellent electrical conduction properties as well as excellent mechanical properties, notably spring power, need to heat treat at least several portions of the piece in order to give it the necessary mechanical characteristics, need to cover the whole piece, or an important portion thereof, with costly plating, of gold or silver, in order to give it the necessary electrical characteristics, difficulty to comply with certain norm requirements, notably MIL norms, lack of any possibility of interchanging the different elements of the contact piece, etc. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is thus to propose a contact piece comprising notably a female portion destined to accommodate a corresponding male portion, of improved construction relatively to the known contact pieces, so as to avoid the aforementioned inconveniences of these contact pieces. 
     To achieve this object, a contact piece is proposed as described in the independent claim, particular embodiments or variants being described in the dependent claims. The last claims indicate more precisely some possible uses of such a contact piece. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will be described in detail below, this description, which further includes certain advantages of the invention, making reference to the attached drawing comprising the figures, in which: 
     FIGS. 1A,  1 B and  1 C represent a portion of a contact piece according to a prior art construction, seen in partial longitudinal section, in elevational projection and in cross section, respectively, 
     FIG. 2 represents a portion of a contact piece according to another prior art construction, seen in partial longitudinal section, and 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B represent a portion of a contact piece according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, seen in partial longitudinal section and in elevational projection, respectively. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the following description as well as in all the figures, only the female type portion of the contact piece  1 , destined to accommodate a corresponding male type element, will be mentioned or represented. This male element is constituted of a pin, its mating end being hemispherical or shaped like a truncated cone, and having a determined diameter. This male element can be the male portion of a corresponding contact piece or else a pin of an integrated circuit or even a connecting part of an electronic component etc. The other portion of the contact piece  1 , not described or represented here, can be of any known type for this kind of contact piece and can comprise for example a portion in which a wire can be crimped, screwed or soldered, or a fastening portion on a connector or printed circuit board or a second female type portion to constitute a transition contact piece, etc. 
     According to the simplest embodiment known, the portion of the contact piece which is of interest here is constituted of an axial bore of one of the contact piece&#39;s extremities, followed by the making of radial slits on a portion of the length of the tubular portion realized by the bore, so as to form elastic tongues or fingers. These fingers are then pressed together so as to form an elastic clamp. This construction has many inconveniences, namely a risk of permanent deformation of one or many of the fingers in the case of the askew engagement of a male element or the engagement of a male element of too big a diameter. Furthermore, although the contact piece is constituted of only one piece, it is costly as the necessary material must have the electrical and mechanical properties required for its functioning. 
     A first advantages modification made to the above contact piece includes in covering the portion in question with a bushing, as seen in FIGS. 1A,  1 B and  1 C. One can see in these figures the contact piece  1 , constituted essentially of a metallic pin of which one end, visible in the figure, is destined to accommodate a male element, not visible in the figures. The other end of the contact piece, not visible in the figures, is worked in a conventional manner to fulfil any known function of such a contact piece. It can be seen that the portion of the contact piece  1  which is of interest here has been bored axially, so as to build a lodging  10  in which the male element will come to be lodged. Slits  11 , three in the embodiment represented here, have been shaped in order to separate three fingers  12 . The free extremities  120  of these three fingers  12  are then pressed together, by permanent deformation, so as to close slightly the clamp formed by the three fingers, as can be seen in the figures. As described so far, this construction represents the first embodiment described previously. In order to prevent too strong an opening movement of the fingers  12 , this portion of the contact piece is provided with a tube-shaped bushing  2 , affixed by crimping or any other means onto the portion of the contact piece  1  behind the fingers  12 . This bushing  2  abuts against the external surfaces of the fingers  12 , preventing these from being moved apart too much. 
     The extremity of bushing  2  facing the opening of lodging  10  comprises an end side  20  provided with a traversing opening  21  coaxial to the longitudinal axis of contact piece  1 , respectively of lodging  10 . The diameter of this opening  21  is determined so as to let pass only a male element of a diameter inferior to that of a male element which would flatten the fingers  12  against the bushing  2 . 
     The opening  21 , coaxial to the longitudinal axis of the lodging  10  further serves as guiding means of the male element when mating. 
     Although this latter construction limits the risk of deformation of the fingers  12  when a male element having too wide a diameter or being not aligned is engaged, the pressure applied by the bushing  2  on the fingers  12  when these are apart, notably on the rear portion of these fingers, means that the latter no longer work fully elastically, which in particular decreases the electric conducting qualities of the contact, notably in case of vibrations. 
     The inconvenience of machining the fingers  12  and the rest of the contact piece  1  from a single rough piece, i.e. of the same material, remains and results in a costly contact piece. For the same reasons, it is difficult and/or expensive to shape the extremities  120  of the fingers so that they become rounded for an easier mating of the male element; a slightly askew engagement of the male element relative to the longitudinal axis of the lodging  10  can result in the male element being brought to bear against the extremity  120  of a finger, leading this finger to be bent towards the inside of lodging  10 , i.e. to the contact piece being destroyed. 
     FIG. 2 shows a construction proposed to remedy these last flaws. 
     As previously, one has a contact piece  1  whose extremity that is of interest here is provided with an axial bore forming a lodging  10  for the male element to be accommodated. A contact clip  3  is inserted inside lodging  10 . The contact clip  3  is formed from a metallic band, of a width corresponding to the length of the clip, which is embossed so as to form a lateral strip fitted with several fingers of an essentially trapezoidal shape, projecting on one of the sides of the lateral strip, the larger bases of each finger being adjacent to the lateral strip whereas the small bases are free. The strip is divided in portions, each comprising several trapezoidal fingers of the length of the portion corresponding to the interior perimeter of the lodging  10 . The portion of strip is then coiled, the fingers being then pressed together by their extremities so as to deform them and decrease the inscribed diameter between the free extremities of the fingers. The clip  3  thus formed is inserted in the lodging  10 , the free extremities of the fingers  30  being directed towards the bottom of lodging  10 ; the portion  31  of clip  3 , formed by the aforementioned lateral strip, is maintained towards the open extremity of lodging  10  by any known means, insertion, crimping or other. 
     According to this construction, only clip  3  must be made of an alloy having excellent conductive qualities as well as excellent mechanical qualities of spring power. Therefore, the rest of contact piece  1  can be worked in a cheaper metal or alloy, for example brass. The clip  3  will be constituted preferably of a bronze/beryllium alloy or other. 
     During the mating of a male element, the fingers  30  move apart in order to clamp said male element. The moving apart of the fingers  30  is also restricted here by the inner surface of the lodging  10 , with the same inconveniences as mentioned above. 
     Another inconvenience of this construction is that, in view of the low value of the angle α relative to the longitudinal axis formed by the fingers  30  pressed together, relative to the longitudinal axis of the lodging  10 , the length at which it is necessary to engage the male element into the lodging  10  before its extremity comes into contact with the fingers  30  is important. Increasing this angle in order to diminish this distance could lead to the fingers  30  buttressing against the male element when the latter is withdrawn, thus causing it to be spoiled. 
     All the inconveniences mentioned previously in relation to the known constructions of the prior art are remedied by the construction according to the invention, of which a preferred embodiment is represented in FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIG. 3A shows a male element  6  for connection to the contact piece and a connector, component or printed circuit board  60  fitted to the contact piece. 
     As previously discussed, one has a contact piece  1  whose extremity destined to accommodate the male element  6  is bored longitudinally so as to form a lodging  10  for accommodating the male element. The open extremity of lodging  10  comprises a first inner cylindrical neck  100 , whose interior diameter is superior to that of lodging  10 , followed by a second inner cylindrical neck  101  whose inner diameter is comprised between that of neck  100  and that of the bottom of lodging  10 . 
     A contact clip  4  is inserted by the open extremity of lodging  10 , so that its cylindrical portion  40  comes to be positioned on the inner cylindrical neck  101 . 
     The clip  4  is obtained preferably in a manner rather similar to that which has been described previously for clip  3 . A complementary arching operation towards the outside of the fingers&#39; extremities is conducted when the clips are always assembled in a continuous strip. As an alternative to the trapezoidally shaped lamellae described, one can also have lamellae of a rectangular shape and separation slits of a trapezoidal shape. 
     The clip  4  is fastened, by pressing in, crimping or any other known means on this inner neck  101 . Unlike what has been described above in connection with clip  3 , the contact fingers  41  of clip  4  have their free extremities  410  facing the opening of lodging  10 . Furthermore, these free extremities  410 , for each of the fingers  41 , are formed so as to present an arched end portion  411 , the free extremity directed towards the exterior being moved away from the longitudinal axis of lodging  10 . This device is completed by an external bushing  5  pressed on and fastened on an outer cylindrical neck  102  of the contact piece  1 . The extremity of bushing  5  facing the opening of lodging  10  comprises an end side  50  provided with a traversing opening  51  coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the contact piece  1 , respectively of lodging  10 . The diameter of this opening  51  is determined so as to let pass only a male element  6  of a diameter acceptable by the contact clip  4 . It can further be seen in the figure that if a male element  6  has been engaged into clip  4 , its diameter being lower than the diameter of opening  51 , the moving apart of the fingers  41  of clip  4  is never restricted by the inner diameter of neck  100 , since it is superior to that of neck  101 , nor by the inner diameter of bushing  5 , since it is greater than that of neck  101 , nor by the inner diameter of bushing  5 , since the latter is dimensioned so as to allow the fingers  41  to move away to a maximum. Thus, for a determined diameter, respectively gauge, of a male element  6  , the corresponding female contact piece comprises a contact clip  4  whose fingers  41  are subjected to an exclusively elastic deformation, on their whole length and on their whole range of deformation, the diameter limitation of the male element  6  being determined by the calibrated opening  51  of the bushing  5 . This operating method in elastic mode ensures a maximum electrical conductivity of the contact, even in case of vibrations. 
     The angle α of each finger relative to the longitudinal axis is also small; this angle is typically comprised between 4° and 10°, being preferably comprised between 6° and 8°. In view of the arched portion  411  of the fingers  41 , the male element cannot be buttressed when engaged or withdrawn from the fingers  41 . 
     Another advantage of the presence of the arched portion is that the fingers  41  thus offer a greater contact surface with the male element, decreasing consequently the contact resistance between the female contact piece and the male contact piece. 
     Another advantage of this arched portion is a better transmission of the mechanical power between the male element and the clip, notably in the presence of vibrations. A spoiling of the contact surface of the male element in case of vibrations has namely been observed when the extremities of the contact fingers present an edge rather than a rounding as described for this embodiment. 
     Another advantage of this device is that the length of engagement of the male element before a contact is established is short since the male element meets first the portion of small diameter of the clip  4  formed by the fingers  41  pressed together. 
     Yet another advantage of this device is that the opening  51 , aligned with the free extremities  410  of the fingers  41  forms a two point guiding means of the mating male element, thus preventing it from engaging askew. 
     The presence of the bushing  5  over the region of the contact piece  1  where the clip  4  is inserted and fastened ensures a mechanical reinforcement of the latter region by banding, respectively a better fastening of clip  4 . 
     Tests have shown that when a male element mates with a female contact piece as represented in FIG. 2, either with a contact clip with the free extremities of the fingers facing the bottom of lodging  10 , one has first a power peak as soon as the contact between the male element and the fingers is established, followed by an approximately constant force of lower value. On the other hand, when a male element engages in a contact piece according to the invention, one has a constant engagement force of low value, without the initial peak. The engaging movement of the male element in the female element is therefore much smoother, thus sparing the state of the male element&#39;s surface and reducing the risk of breakage of the male element, notably in the case of a pin of an integrated circuit which must be inserted into a base. 
     The separate manufacture of the clip and of the rest of the contact piece has many advantages, such as optimizing the choice of material for one or the other components according to the requirements, heat and/or surface treatment adapted for each element, separate management of the stocks of clips and of connecting pieces according to different types, for fastening on connectors, on integrated circuit bases or on printed circuits etc., these different qualities bringing about an overall decrease in the production costs. 
     The contact piece  1 , with the exception of clip  4 , will be manufactured in a low-cost metal or alloy, for example brass or more particularly brass able to bear the crimping of a conductor in the portion of the contact piece  1  opposite that described in detail here above. The clip  4  will be manufactured preferably in an alloy of bronze and beryllium.