Abstract:
The present invention comprises a method of enhancing illumination by a variety of lamp types through the use of reflective technologies, for example, replacement of expensive high intensity density of mercury vapor lamps with low wattage fluorescent tubes having at least one and in some cases, up to three reflective surfaces for focusing otherwise lost light toward a target illumination area. Further, the placement of light sources at the focal point of said reflective surfaces aids in optimizing the amount of light focused in a desired direction.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This is a continuation-in-part of applications, Ser. No. 10/393,816, filed on Mar. 21, 2003, and 11/588,959, filed on Oct. 27, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,390,106, which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The instant invention may be considered to be in the field of lighting devices, specifically lamps of high intensity discharge and fluorescent lamps, but not limited thereto. 
   BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
   Many industrial and commercial buildings have the burden of illuminating large areas from standard height as well as from higher than normal ceilings. One solution to this lighting application has been the use of high intensity discharge lamps. Mercury vapor, sodium and other high intensity discharge lamps in commercial applications may consume as much as 400 to 1000 watts, and generate an associated amount of heat, contributing to additional heating, ventilating and air conditioning (“HVAC”) operation and fire protection considerations. 
   These lamps also utilize a certain time duration to warm up and achieve full illumination capability, resulting in time periods with less than desired lighting coverage. Such high intensity discharge lamps are also relatively expensive costing several hundreds of dollars per lamp. 
   Lamp manufacturers are constantly looking for ways to maximize the amount of foot candles of illumination which can be generated for a fixed amount of power consumption or wattage. These objectives have resulted in the evolution of high intensity discharge lamps which burn metallic vapors to achieve high lumen output. 
   A fairly common discharge lamp with a reflective lamp is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,936 B, issued Sep. 18, 2001 to MacLennan et al. Summarizing, the MacLennan patent discloses a discharge lamp including an envelope, a source of excitation power coupled to the fill for excitation thereof and thereby emit light, a reflector disposed around the envelope and defining an opening, and a reflector configured to reflect some of the light emitted by the fill back into the fill while allowing some light to exit through the opening. This description is typical of a high intensity discharge lamp. The high pressure sodium lamp emits the brightest light while metal halide and mercury vapor lamps emit about the same amount of light. For a lamp in the 400 W range, for example, a ballast which acts as the excitation for the fill may typically consume 40 to 58 watts. 
   Fluorescent lamps are also used in commercial applications, often in offices and warehouses where a plurality of fluorescent tubes are positioned in front of a washboard-shaped, mirrored reflector. The purpose of the reflector is to reflect the light emitted upward back down toward the targeted illumination area. Fluorescent lamps differ from high intensity discharge lamps in that the “strike” time (the time to excite the interior of the lamp) is short—almost immediate, where the high intensity discharge lamps must warm up to full illumination. Fluorescent lamps also operate at a cooler temperature than do high intensity discharge lamps. The same approach may be applied to retrofitting existing installations in the commercial office environment. 
   Fluorescent lamps are also used in residential applications. A growing trend is the replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps to achieve not only brighter light, but also savings in power consumption. 
   Lamps like the Sylvania ICETRON lamp are touted as having a 100,000 hour lamp life, or roughly five times the life of a standard high intensity discharge lamp. Consequently, with such added lamp life, the amount of maintenance required to change lamps in order to maintain illumination is reduced by 80%. 
   When one examines the shortcomings attendant to the use of high intensity discharge lamps and the advantages of fluorescent lamps, several observations result. By comparison, fluorescent lamps provide crisp white light in comparison to high intensity discharge lamps which offer unpleasant color and distracting color shift. Fluorescent lights my also be flexibly dimmed whereas high intensity discharge lights may not be operated below 50% output. 
   What is needed is a lamp which can illuminate a target area with the same amount of foot candles as a high intensity discharge lamp without consuming the same amount of energy, without requiring a warm-up period, and in operation generating less heat. 
   There exists a further need for high intensity discharge lamps which can illuminate a target area with the same amount of foot candles as a higher wattage, high intensity discharge lamp without consuming the same amount of energy. 
   Also, what is needed is a lamp which can illuminate a target area with the equivalent of foot candles as an incandescent lamp, but without consuming the same amount of energy. 
   Further, if the illuminating capability of a high intensity discharge lamp could be accomplished without the high capital cost associated with the purchase and operation of such lamps, the relative operating cost of illuminating industrial and commercial buildings would be reduced. The same can be said for the improvement of residential illuminations as well. 
   If such a lamp as described immediately above were developed, the cost of retrofitting fixtures with such lamps would be paid for relatively quickly by the associated savings from reductions in energy consumption. 
   One area of the art that remains to be fully developed is the optimal use of reflective surfaces to assist in directing light which would normally travel away from the targeted illumination area. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention combines the advantages of compact fluorescent light tubes with reflective technology aimed at retrofitting high intensity discharge lamps in industrial and commercial applications. Applicant&#39;s invention also combines the advantages of high intensity discharge, incandescent and other light sources with reflective technology aimed at retrofitting each type of lamp for industrial, commercial, and residential applications. 
   By using a combination of cooler operating fluorescent tube lamps with concentrating reflective surfaces, an equivalent illumination result can be achieved at a reduction in energy consumption in the range of 40% to 74%. As a result of the much lower cost of a compact fluorescent lamp, multiple lamps may be used in combination to generate the equivalent illumination of a target area as that of high intensity discharge lamps. 
   The present invention utilizes reflective surfaces in a variety of ways to increase the intensity of light delivered to the target illumination area. 
   First, the lamp glass may be manufactured having a reflective surface to reflect light which would normally emanate away from the target illumination area back toward the target area, thereby increasing the amount of light delivered to said target illumination area (“TIA”). 
   Second, a housing which is normally used for lamps such as a semi-conical or paraboloid-shaped high bay fixture, or a flat “washboard” type reflector may be retrofitted with a combination lamp and reflector which not only uses whatever reflective capability exists in the housing, but adds its own intensity focus factor to deliver light to the TIA, even delivering an equivalent amount of light at much less of a wattage rating (and thereof less power consumption) than the original lamp or lamps in the housing. 
   In a first embodiment of the present invention, a spiral fluorescent tube is combined with an interior reflector and a single secondary paraboloid reflector. A third reflector such as a semi-conical or paraboloid shape can be utilized by positioning the floodlight fixture at the focal point of said reflector. Important in this case is the distance between the tubes themselves as well as between each tube and its associated reflectors. 
   The importance stems from the amount of space needed to allow the reflector to bounce light back past the tubes and toward the TIA, and also the space needed for dissipation of heat. Convection allows cool air to be drawn past the fins and dissipating heat will protect the ballast. The compact fluorescent floodlight has a lens designed to precisely control the light from the reflector. It is covered with small, detailed shapes to direct the light into the desired beam pattern. The lens also acts as a cover to allow the lamp to act as it own fixture. 
   A second embodiment of applicant&#39;s invention employs an “implant” consisting of a spirally configured fluorescent or compact fluorescent lamp which is fitted with a reflective surface proximate to the interior portion of the lamp itself. This implant may be retrofitted into a conventional high-bay industrial fixture, thereby delivering an equivalent amount of light to the TIA with less wattage consumed. Each spiral lamp has proximate to it a primary reflector to re-direct light which might otherwise be “lost,” meaning not directed to the TIA, and as well, a secondary reflector which helps direct the light to a third reflector which finally directs the focused light to the TIA. 
   A third embodiment of applicants invention employs a high intensity discharge compact fluorescent lamp consisting of an array of “spirally” configured fluorescent lamps, each fitted with a reflective surface proximate to the interior portion of the lamp itself. This “HID” may be retrofitted into a conventional high-bay industrial fixture, thereby delivering an equivalent amount of light to the TIA with less wattage consumed. As in the case of the second embodiment, each spiral lamp has proximate to it a primary reflector to re-direct light which might otherwise be “lost,” meaning not directed to the TIA, and as well, a secondary reflector which helps direct the light to a third reflector which finally directs the focused light to the TIA. This triple reflective light fixture could be placed in a fourth semi-conical or paraboloid shape reflector and can be utilized by positioning the floodlight fixture at the focal point of said reflector to increase the foot candles at the TIA and reduce energy consumption. Fins allow cool air to be drawn in, dissipating heat and protecting the ballast. The compact fluorescent floodlight has a lens designed to precisely control the light from the reflector. It is covered with small, detailed shapes to direct the light into the desired beam pattern, but could also be smooth. The lens also acts as a cover to allow the lamp to act as its own fixture. 
   In a fourth embodiment, a plurality of spiral lamps having primary reflectors is positioned inside a plurality of secondary reflectors. This array is then positioned inside a single third reflector having its own focusing characteristics, thereby further optimizing the delivery of light to the TIA. Consistent with the applicant&#39;s approach, the array is positioned at the focal point of the third reflector. 
   In a fifth, or preferred embodiment, of the instant invention a light source is positioned at the focal point of a reflective surface which optimizes the amount of light which is directed to the TIA. In this embodiment, a small wattage fluorescent tube is placed inside a second tube having a partially reflective surface and in some cases, a partial lens. An all-in-one open “said” Reflector Lamp can also be used by placing a smaller lamp at the focal point of said reflector. The placement of the smaller fluorescent tube is determined by the focal point of the second outer tube, thereby dependent upon the diameter of the second outer tube. 
   In a sixth embodiment of the present invention, a U-shaped tube is positioned at the focal point of a reflective surface thereby optimizing the amount of light which is directed to the TIA. Also, in this embodiment, a small wattage fluorescent tube is placed inside another tube or concave, open reflector having a partially reflective surface. 
   In a seventh embodiment of the instant invention, a high intensity discharge lamp employs a light source at the focal point of a reflective surface again optimizing the amount of light which is directed to the TIA. In this embodiment, a small wattage HID “said invention” Reflector Lamp is placed at the focal point of an outer second reflective surface. The placement of the small light source is again determined by the focal point of the bulb. 
   In another embodiment, an incandescent lamp employs a light source at the focal point of a reflective surface which optimizes the amount of light which is directed to the TIA. In this embodiment, a small wattage incandescent “same said” Reflector Lamp is placed at the focal point of an outer second reflective surface. The placement of the small light source is determined by the focal point of the bulb. 
   As one can see, a variety of different shaped lamps can be positioned in the focal point of a reflective surface, even taking advantage of a reflective surface with multiple facets, thereby increasing the amount of light reflected toward the TIA. The placement of the light is typically determined by the focal point of the reflector, thereby dependant upon its diameter. The resultant light delivered to the TIA is consistent with the values expressed in Tables A, B, and C. 
   The focal point is determined using the formulas developed to describe light reflected from a concave mirror. The equation may be expressed as f=R/2, where R is the radius of the mirror (in the case of the preferred embodiment, the outer tube) and f is the focal length, or the distance from the mirror where the light source should be placed for optimal reflection. 
   Graph  1  shown in  FIG. 16  illustrates how the various types of lamps; i.e., fluorescent, halogen, mercury vapor and high pressure sodium compare with one another. As can be seen from the table, the fluorescent bulb has a higher color rendition index, or “CRI” than other lamp media utilizing the same wattage rating of power consumption. 
   Graph  2  shown in  FIG. 17  shows the asymptotic relationship between an object&#39;s distance from the focal point of a reflector and the associated magnification. 
   Summarizing, the embodiments shown herein comprise seven examples of applicant&#39;s invention: 
   First, a compact or fluorescent lamp such as that already available on the open market, be it spiral, U-shaped, or other configuration, is fitted with a conical (or a variety of other shapes such as concave, or a flat washboard) reflector proximate to the exterior of the lamp glass itself. The purpose of the reflector is to redirect light toward the TIA which would normally scatter in all directions. This Reflector Lamp combination may also be used in conjunction with a single secondary reflector in a combination akin to what is commonly referred to as a floodlamp type apparatus. Positioning of the lamp or lamps in said secondary reflectors proximate to the focal points thereof is advantageously employed. 
   Second, an embodiment comprising a plurality of spiral fluorescent or compact fluorescent lamps each having a primary reflector is positioned inside a secondary reflector at the focal point forming an array. In this embodiment, a third reflector is employed at the focal point to provide additional direction or focusing of light toward the TIA. 
   The third embodiment utilizes a small fluorescent tube of low wattage placed proximate to the focal point of a larger tube having, in the preferred embodiment, a reflective hemisphere acting as a primary reflector. In this configuration, light may be directed with substantial increased intensity to the TIA, and when used with a secondary reflector, may provide even more intensity to the TIA. 
   The fourth embodiment utilizes the amount of space needed for reflector and tubes to allow cool air to flow past the space between reflector and tubes as heat dissipates. Fin spacing allows cool air to pass the fins thereby dissipating heat. Over heating will deteriorate lamp life of the fluorescent ballast. 
   A fifth embodiment of applicant&#39;s invention comprises, the compact fluorescent floodlight with a lens designed to precisely control the light emanating from the reflector. Although it could be smooth, the lens is covered with small, detailed shapes to direct the light into the desired beam pattern. The lens also acts as a cover to allow the lamp to act as its own fixture. 
   A sixth embodiment of applicant&#39;s invention comprises, high-intensity discharge lamps with a light emitting source at the focal point of a reflective surface which optimizes the amount of light directed to the TIA. High pressure sodium is one of the most efficient HID sources available today. These lamps are used for general lighting applications where high efficiency and long life are desired while color rendering is not critical. Typical applications include street lighting, industrial hi-bay lighting, parking lot lighting, building floodlighting and general area lighting. The placement of the small light emitting source is determined to be at the focal point of the reflective hemisphere of the outer tube, thereby being determined by said outer tubes diameter. 
   A seventh embodiment of applicant&#39;s invention comprises incandescent lamps with a light emitting source at the focal point of a reflective surface, which optimizes the amount of light directed to the TIA. The placement of the small light emitting source is determined to be at the focal point of the reflective hemisphere of the outer tube, thereby being determined by said outer tubes diameter. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a side view of the first embodiment showing a spiral compact fluorescent tube at the focal point of a primary reflector proximate thereto and positioned at the focal point of a secondary reflector, in a configuration commonly referred to as a “floodlight;” 
       FIG. 2  is a side view of the second embodiment of applicant&#39;s invention, disclosing a plurality of spiral fluorescent tubes having primary reflectors positioned as an array and having also secondary reflectors, said array positioned in a third reflector each at its focal point; 
       FIG. 3  is a side view of the aforementioned “implant,” which may be utilized with a variety of light sources such as the spiral fluorescent tube with primary reflector and beyond, and which may be used to retrofit existing high bay fixtures; 
       FIG. 4  is a top view of the invention of  FIG. 3 , further showing the orientation of secondary and third reflectors; 
       FIG. 5  is a top view of the secondary reflector of the invention disclosed in  FIG. 3 ; 
       FIG. 6  is a side view of the fifth embodiment of applicant&#39;s invention, disclosing a smaller fluorescent tube proximate to the focal point of a larger cylindrical enclosure having a reflective hemisphere and manufactured as one piece; 
       FIG. 6A  is a side view of the lighting apparatus of  FIG. 6  having a tubular housing of a circular shape. 
       FIG. 6B  is a side view of the lighting apparatus of  FIG. 6  having a tubular housing of a U-shape. 
       FIG. 7  is a side view of the aforementioned spiral compact fluorescent or fluorescent lamp, disclosing a smaller fluorescent spiral tube proximate to the focal point of a larger concave spiral reflector; 
       FIG. 8  is a side view of the aforementioned “HID” compact fluorescent lamp with an array of spiral fluorescent tubes with primary, secondary and third reflectors in a configuration commonly referred to as a “floodlight;” 
       FIG. 9  is a side view of the invention, disclosing a smaller U-shaped fluorescent tube proximate to the focal point of an enclosed partially reflective tube or concave open reflector; 
       FIG. 10  is a side view of the invention, disclosing the HID high pressure sodium lamp with part of the glass envelope having reflective surface; 
       FIG. 11  is a side view of the invention, disclosing an incandescent lamp with part of the glass bulb as a reflective surface; 
       FIG. 12  is a side view of the aforementioned “reflector”, disclosing a concave reflector; 
       FIG. 13  is a side view of the aforementioned “reflector”, disclosing a W-Shape reflector; 
       FIG. 14  is a side view of the aforementioned “reflector”, disclosing a wash board reflector; and 
       FIG. 15  is a side view of the aforementioned “reflector”, disclosing a wash board shaped reflector. 
       FIG. 16  is a graph showing the appearance of color under different types of light. 
       FIG. 17  is a graph showing the relationship between an object and magnification. 
       FIG. 18  is a side view of an illumination device with a light source coiled around a primary reflector. 
       FIG. 19  is an exploded view of the illumination device of  FIG. 18 . 
       FIG. 20  is a side view of the illumination device of  FIG. 18  having a secondary reflector and a tertiary reflector. 
       FIG. 21  is a perspective view of an illumination device including a reflector having a curved path. 
       FIG. 22  is a side elevation view of a cross section of the  FIG. 21  illumination device taken along line  22 - 22  in  FIG. 21 . 
       FIG. 23  is a plan view of an underside of an illumination device including a reflector having a spiral curved path. 
       FIG. 24  is a side elevation view of a cross section of the  FIG. 23  illumination device example taken along line  24 - 24  in  FIG. 23 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   As seen in  FIG. 1 , a flood light  10  comprises a spiral compact fluorescent lamp  20  around which a primary reflector  30  is positioned. A first bonding means, such as glue or other adhesive or mechanical means is employed to fix lamp  20  and primary reflector  30  in a predetermined position. Lamp  20  is constructed in accordance with typical fluorescent lamps, comprising phosphor coating applied to the inside of the tube with hot cathodes at each end of the lamp. Air is exhausted through the exhaust tube during manufacture and an inert gas is introduced into the bulb. A minute quantity of liquid mercury is included with gas, the gas is usually argon. The stem press has lead-in-wires connecting the base pins and carry the current to and from the cathodes and the mercury arc. Reflector  30  may be fashioned from a variety of materials including but not limited to chrome-plated glass, chrome-plated metal, polished or painted aluminum plate, painted glass, and painted plastic with a variety of reflective coatings. When utilizing molded metal for reflector  30 , “mirro 4,” “mirro 27” or white reflective aluminum may be selected. Commonly configured, a ballast housing  40 , contains a ballast of either electrical or magnetic type, said ballast having a connecting means for electrical connection to lamp  20  and screw plug  50 . A second bonding mean is necessary to attach housing  40  to lamp  20 . While a bonding means in specified, other means, mechanical or otherwise, may be employed. In addition, ballast housing  40  and screw plug  50  could be fashioned as one unit rather than as separate structures, said unit having either glass, plastic, ceramic or other typical construction known in the art. The area of ballast housing  40  through screw plug  50  is typically fashioned from brass. A secondary reflector  60  in combination with a lens  70  encloses the lighting apparatus. Lens  70  can be made of glass or plastic. Fins  80  are provided on ballast housing  40  to assist in the dissipation of heat. 
   Secondary reflector  60 , in the preferred embodiment, is of paraboloid shape, with its inner surface having a reflective coating  90  said reflector may be fashioned typically from glass, plastic, or metal. 
     FIG. 2  discloses an embodiment  100  of applicant&#39;s invention which is primarily employed as a retrofit of existing high bay fixtures. The common housing  110  provides a dual function as a support for a frame  120 , said frame fashioned to hold an array  122  of fluorescent lamps  124  having primary reflectors  126 . Array  122  further comprises a secondary reflector  128  commonly of assembled sections. Assembled sections are put into third reflector  161 . Electrical connections  130 , to which electrical wires  131  are attached, are positioned below frame  120  and are fed through a platform  132  and through a transition piece  134 , to a fastening means  136 . Fastening means  136  fixes secondary housing  140  and therefore housing  110 , to a ballast housing  150 , through which the electrical wires  131  again pass. These electrical wires may be hard wired to a lighting circuit. 
   When utilizing embodiment number two for retrofitting a typical high bay fixture such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,388 (See sheet 1 of 6), the capacitor and igniter in part  12  are replaced with a ballast. The wiring is kept along with the structure there above. The core and coil which housed in the space adjacent to part  12  is removed. Part  12  may be then fastened to secondary housing  18 , each of which can be utilized in addition to reflector  21 . All other numbered parts are replaced by those items listed above and below and shown in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . 
   A typical high bay fixture can be retrofitted, the capacitor and igniter are replaced with an appropriate capacitor and igniter for a lower wattage high pressure sodium, metal halide, or mercury vapor lamps. The wiring is kept along with the structure thereabove. The core and coil which is housed in the space adjacent to part  12  shown above in U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,388 is replaced with the appropriate core and coil for the lower wattage lamp. All other numbered parts are replaced by those items listed below as shown in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . 
     FIG. 3  discloses “implant”  160 , described above, provided also with a third reflective mirror-like surface  161 . The third reflector could also be used as a secondary reflector  161  in cases where existing technology lamps are used. The implant may be set into an existing high bay enclosure for retrofitting, The height of the implants third reflector depends on condition of reflector  110 . Light sockets  162  are provided to accept lamps or other light sources as previously described, and are typically of ceramic construction. As seen in  FIG. 4 , access holes  163  are provided in reflector  161 , allowing for the installation of light source  122 , also facilitating the passage of air through holes  163 . 
     FIG. 5  further discloses secondary reflector  128 , and tabs  129 , used to fasten the reflector to reflector  161  of  FIG. 4 , typically by rivets or equivalent means. Folded metal slips  123  slip reflectors  128  together. 
     FIG. 6  shows what appears on the surface to be a standard fluorescent tube. However,  FIG. 6  depicts a lighting apparatus  200 , which comprises a first fluorescent tube  210 . First fluorescent tube may include a bulb  255  with Phosphor coating inside the bulb  255 . Cathodes  265  at each end of lamp are coated with emissive materials which emit electrons. Air is exhausted through a tube  270  during manufacture and a minute quantity of liquid mercury  205  is place in the bulb to furnish mercury vapor. Gas  215 , usually comprises Argon or a mixture of inert gases at low pressure, but Krypton is sometimes used. Stem Press  225  includes lead-in wires that have an air tight seal here and are made of specific wire to assure about the same coefficient of expansion as the glass. Lead-in wires  235  connect to the base pins and carry the current to and from the cathodes and the mercury arc. The first fluorescent tube  210  housed in a larger cylindrical housing  220 . Housing  220  is usually a straight glass tube, but may also be circular or U-shaped, and may be made of plastic, glass or other suitable material. Housing  220  has a reflective hemisphere  230 , at the focal point of which is located tube  210 , serving as a primary reflector. Several different types of base  240  used to connect the lamp to the electric circuit and to support the lamp in the lamp holder serve to position tube  210  in proper position in housing  220 , and further provide penetrations whereby pins  250  may be in electrical contact with the circuitry  260  of tube  210 . Of course, the primary reflective surface of hemisphere  230  is provided on the inside or outside of housing  220 , which provides reflective capability for light emitted from tube  210 . Lens  245  may be smooth, but could be designed to precisely control the light from the reflector. It is covered with small, detailed shapes to direct the light into the desired beam pattern. The lens also acts as a cover to allow the lamp to act as it own fixture. A common material for lens  245  can be glass or plastic or other suitable materials. Reflector  230  could also not be enclosed to save on material costs. 
   Lighting apparatus  200  depicted in  FIG. 6  may be manufactured as one unit or the different elements of lighting apparatus  200  may be used separately with an adapter. The benefit of these separate elements is that standard “T5” units or equivalent fluorescent lamps can be replaced, but the other parts will continually last and not need replacement. 
   For example, base  240  and pins  250  may be in electrical contact with the circuitry of a tombstone. The tombstone positioned at the focal point of the base hemisphere  240  can hold the smaller pins used in T5 fluorescent lamps. Several different types of lamp pins maybe used to connect lamp  210  and the tombstone. Common materials for the adaptor tombstone, pins, and connectors—could be metal, ceramic, plastic, or the equivalent. 
   Housing  220  of  FIG. 6  may be provided in a number of suitable configurations, including a larger cylindrical housing. Housing  220  has a reflective hemisphere  230  with lens cover  245 . Some common materials that could be used for housing  220  may be glass or plastic, or other suitable materials commonly employed in the art. 
   The fluorescent tube may also be combined with bases  240 , pins  250 , and fluorescent tube  210  as one unit. 
   Additionally or alternatively, lighting apparatus  200  may include enclosure caps and end caps with slots to hold pins  250  in place. Lighting apparatus  200  may also be employed in a secondary reflector, such as a wash board type reflective housing, thereby giving additional reflective assistance in delivering light to a target illumination area. 
   In lighting apparatus  200  depicted in  FIG. 6  and disclosed hereinabove, standard type electrical connections including ballasts, sockets, and standard wiring are employed. Applicant&#39;s invention focuses primarily on the reflective aspects of providing additional light to a TIA, resulting in more lighting where desired with conservation of energy. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B  depict the housing  220  shown in  FIG. 6  in circular and U-shapes, respectively, as discussed above. 
     FIG. 7  discloses spiral compact fluorescent (or fluorescent lamp)  170  comprising a spiral compact fluorescent lamp  184  around which a primary reflector  176  is positioned. A first bonding means, such as glue or other adhesive or mechanical means is employ to fix lamp  184  and primary reflector  176  in a predetermined position. Ballast housing  181  for compact fluorescent lamp (or no ballast housing  181  for fluorescent lamp without ballast). In addition, housing  181  and screw plug  185  could be fashioned as one unit rather than as separate structures. Also air space  171 , as heat dissipates cool air is drawn into space  171  cooling housing  181  and reflector  176 . 
     FIG. 8  discloses the “HID” fluorescent lamp  191 , of applicant&#39;s invention which is primarily employed as a retrofit of existing high bay fixtures. HID fluorescent lamp  191  holds an array  192  of fluorescent lamps  193  having primary reflectors  194 . The array  192  further comprises a secondary reflector  195  commonly of assembled sections or one molded piece slips into a third reflective mirror-like surface  196  which is coated with a reflective material. The paraboloid shape housing  197  is made up of material like glass or plastic or other suitable equivalents. A variety of reflective materials may be used for reflectors  194 ,  195 , and  196  including but not limited to chrome-plated glass, chrome-plated metal, polished or painted aluminum plate, painted glass, and plastic painted with a variety of reflective coatings. When utilizing molded metal for reflectors  194 ,  195 , and  196  “mirro 4”, “mirro 27” or white reflective aluminum may be selected. A first bonding means, such as glue or other adhesive or mechanical means is employed to fix lamp array  192  and primary reflector array  186  in a predetermined position relative to secondary  195  and third  196  reflectors housing. Commonly configured, a ballast housing  198 , contains a ballast of either electrical or magnetic type, said ballast having a connecting means for electrical connection with lamp  193  and screw plug  189 . A second bonding means is necessary to attach housing  198  to housing  197 . Fins  199  are provided on ballast housing  198  to assist in dissipation of heat. A smooth lens  188  or a lens  188  designed to precisely control the light from the reflector is provided. Lens  188  covered with small, detailed shapes to direct the light into the desired beam pattern. The lens also acts as a cover to allow the lamp to act as its own fixture. 
     FIG. 9  shows a U-shaped fluorescent lamp  221  with tube  222  in a predetermined positioned of reflective surface  223 . Tube  222  and reflector  223  are bonded to base  224  by glue or other mechanical means. Pin  225  and base  224  can be manufactured as one unit or as separate pieces. Many types of base  224  are used on the open market. 
     FIG. 10  discloses a high pressure sodium Lamp (“HPS”)  300  comprising a glass envelope  310  having a substantially concave reflective surface  320 . An arc tube  340 , with hermetic end seal  360 , typically an alumina arc tube or equivalent, is located proximate to the focal point of reflector  320  via a frame  330 , usually steel. A residue gas repository  380  is positioned in lamp  300  on a base  390 , where it is affixed in its location, and serves to support frame  330 . Brass base  390  secures lamp  300  to a suitable light fixture and connects the light fixture&#39;s electric circuitry to the lamp. This lamp is made up of glass, metals, or other suitable materials commonly employed in the art. 
     FIG. 11  shows an incandescent lamp  405  comprising a soft glass envelope  415 . Filament  425 , generally tungsten is electrically connected by wires  430  to a glass stem press  440 . Wires  430  are made typically of nickel-plated copper or nickel from stem press  440  to filament  425 . Tie wires  445  support wires  435  in the largest envelope area. Wires  430  pass through stem press  440 , and an air evacuation tube  450  toward a base  455 . In this stem press area, wires  430  transition from nickel-plated copper or nickel to a nickel-iron alloy core and a copper sleeve (Dumet wire). In this area, there exists an air tight seal at the termination of tube  450 , said wires&#39; material change made to assure about the same coefficient of expansion of the wires as the glass, and air exhaust tube  450 . Base  455  is made of brass or aluminum. A fuse  460  protects the lamp and circuit if filament  425  arcs. A heat deflector  465  is used in higher wattage general service lamps and other types when needed to reduce circulation of hot gases into neck of bulb. 
   Glass button rod  470  projects from stem press  440  and supports button  475 . Button  475  has affixed thereto support wires  480  and  485 . Gas  490  a mixture of nitrogen and argon is used in most lamps 40 watts and over to retard evaporation of the filament  425 . A coating is applied to glass envelope  415 , creating a substantially sphere-shaped reflective surface  495 . Filament  425  is located proximate to the focal point of surface  495 . The lamp is made of material like glass or plastic or other suitable equivalents. 
     FIG. 12 , discloses reflector  500 , a concave reflector  501 , made of a variety of reflective materials including but not limited to chrome-plated glass, chrome-plated metal, polished or painted aluminum plate, painted glass, and plastic painted with a variety of reflective coatings. When utilizing molded metal for reflector  500  “mirro 4”, “mirro 27” or white reflective aluminum may be selected or other suitable equivalents. 
     FIG. 13 , discloses reflector  510 , a W-shape reflector  511 , again fashioned from a variety of reflective materials as mentioned in  FIG. 12 . 
     FIG. 14 , discloses reflector  520 , and a wash board shape reflector  521 , again made from a variety of reflective materials as mentioned in  FIG. 12 . 
     FIG. 15 , discloses reflector  530 , and a wash board shape reflector  531 , both made from a variety of reflective materials as mentioned in  FIG. 12 . 
     FIG. 16  is a graph showing the appearance of color under different types of light. 
     FIG. 17  is a graph showing the relationship between an object and magnification. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 18-20 , an illumination device  610  may include a light source  612 , such as a fluorescent light, coiling around a primary reflector  614  in a helical fashion. The combination of light source  610  and primary reflector  614  may define a light reflection unit  615 . Light reflection unit  615  is typically mounted to one or more bases  616 . 
   Bases  616  may include electrical contacts  618  for electrically coupling with an external power supply. Electrical contacts  618  may take the form of any suitable type of electrical contact known in the art, such as electrically conductive pins as pictured in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , or a screw base connector as pictured in  FIG. 20 . Base  616  may house a ballast (not pictured) for regulating current flow through light source  612 . 
   As shown most clearly in  FIG. 19 , primary reflector  614  may include a helical groove  620  having reflective properties. Helical groove  620  may have an interior curve forming a curved channel  621  with a helical groove apex  622 . Helical groove apex  622  is the minimum (or maximum depending on the frame of reference) point along curved channel  621 . The interior curve of helical groove  620  may define an effective radius R extending from helical groove apex  622  to an imaginary center C of what would be an approximate circle were curved channel  621  to extend further along its curved path. Light source  612  may be spaced apart radially from primary reflector  614  half the distance of effective radius R, which may correspond to the focal point of light reflected from primary reflector  614 . 
   As shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , bases  616  may be fitted with endcaps  624 . In some examples, illumination device  610  may include two or more endcaps  624 . In the example shown in  FIG. 19 , fasteners  630 , such as screws, secure endcaps  624  to bases  616  through apertures  632 . 
   Each endcap  624  may include a tombstone  626  in which mating members  628  of light source  612  may insert to electrically couple light source  612  with a power supply. Tombstone  626  may be a “tombstone” style electrical connector as known in the art for facilitating electrical communication between light source  612 , such as a fluorescent light, and electrical contacts  618 . In the examples shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , electrical contacts  618  comprises electrically conductive pins extending from each endcap  624 . The electrically conductive pins are typically configured to mate with a complimentary electrical socket linked to a power supply. Tombstone  626  may be in electrical communication with electrical contacts  618  via a ballast (not pictured), which may regulate the current flow through light source  612 , such as a fluorescent light. 
   In some examples, such as shown in  FIG. 20 , illumination device  610  may include a secondary reflector  640  and/or a tertiary reflector  642 . In some examples, illumination device  610  may include secondary reflector  640  without tertiary reflector  642  or vice versa. Secondary reflector  640  and tertiary reflector  642  each compliment the reflective properties of reflector  614  by redirecting light from light reflection unit  615  towards a target illumination area. However, neither secondary reflector  640  nor tertiary reflector  642  is required and one may be used without the other. 
   Secondary reflector  640  may generally be in the shape of a paraboloid with a secondary reflector apex  644  opposite an opening  646 . Secondary reflector  640  may take additional or alternative shapes such as pyramidal, tubular, or an irregular shape. An interior surface  648  of secondary reflector  640  may have reflective properties. As shown in  FIG. 20 , secondary reflector may include an effective paraboloid radius R′ extending from secondary reflector apex  644  to opening  646 . 
   Secondary reflector apex  644  defines an effective minimum (or maximum depending on the frame of reference) region in the paraboloid shape. Secondary reflector apex  644  may include an apex aperture (not pictured) through which base  616  may extend. Secondary reflector  640  typically attaches to base  616  at secondary reflector apex  644  to yield certain reflective properties from the shape of secondary reflector  640 . In the example shown in  FIG. 20 , the curved shape of secondary reflector  640  may direct light from light reflection unit  615  to a target illumination area. 
   Tertiary reflector  642  may also have a paraboloid shape with a tertiary interior surface  648  having reflective properties. However, tertiary reflector  642  may take additional or alternative shapes such as pyramidal, tubular, or an irregular shape. Tertiary reflector  642  may also have an exterior surface  650  having reflective properties. In the example shown in  FIG. 20 , light entering tertiary reflector  642  is reflected downward onto secondary reflector  640 . Upon reaching secondary reflector  640 , the light may then be reflected towards a target illumination area. 
   In all embodiments disclosed hereinabove, standard type electrical connections including ballasts, sockets, and standard wiring are employed. Applicant&#39;s invention focuses primarily on the reflective aspects of providing additional light to a target illumination area, resulting in more lighting where desired with conservation of energy. 
   A further example of an illumination device  710  is shown in  FIG. 21 . As shown in  FIG. 21 , illumination device  710  may include a primary reflector  712  and a light source  714  spaced from primary reflector  712 . As a point of reference, primary reflector  712  in  FIG. 21  may be described as extending longitudinally in a plane P. Additionally or alternatively, primary reflector  712  may extend in three dimensions. Illumination device  710  may be suitable for providing illumination a variety of residential, commercial, and industrial settings. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 21 and 22 , primary reflector  712  may include an exterior surface  716 . In some examples, exterior surface  716  reflects light, such as reflecting light towards a first target illumination area. Exterior surface  716  itself may be mirrored or otherwise have reflective properties. Additionally or alternatively, a layer of reflective material or a reflective coating may be supported by exterior surface  716 . For example, exterior surface  716  may be a substrate including a metallic coating having light reflective properties. 
   Exterior surface  716  may define a curved path P as shown in  FIG. 21 . A wide variety of curved paths are envisioned. For example, a random curved path P extending longitudinally is shown in  FIG. 21 . An exterior surface  716 A shown in  FIG. 23  defines a spiral curved path. Helical curved paths are shown generally in  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  7 ,  8 , and  18 - 20 , a circular curved path is shown generally in  FIG. 6A , and U-shaped curved paths are shown generally in  FIGS. 6B and 9 . Other curved paths (not pictured) may include sinusoidal and oblong portions. 
   Exterior surface  716  may be curved in a plane transverse to the reference plane N. For example, as can be seen in  FIGS. 21 and 22 , a cross section of exterior surface  716  taken transverse to curved path P may be curved in the shape of a parabola. The curvature of exterior surface  716  may alternatively be described as being latitudinal relative to the longitudinally extending curved path P. Any or all two-dimensional sections of exterior surface  716  along curved path P may be curved in some manner. Alternatively, one or more sections may not be curved. 
   Exterior surface  716  may partially enclose an interior space  718 . Interior space  718  may be the space bounded by exterior surface  716  and an imaginary surface S shown in  FIG. 22 . Imaginary surface S is shown in  FIG. 22  to extend between a first edge  720  of exterior surface  716  and a second edge  722  of exterior surface  716 . Imaginary surface S may be a plane, as depicted in  FIG. 22 , or may be a curved surface complimenting first and second edges  720 ,  722 . For example, imaginary surface S may be curved if the height of the edges  720 ,  722  varies as curved path P extends longitudinally. 
   With reference to  FIG. 22 , the curvature of exterior surface  716  may include a minimum point M and define an effective radius R. The minimum point M may be the point along the curvature of exterior surface  716  in which the curve transitions between ascending or descending or between any other opposed relationship, such as inward and outward. Effective radius R may be the distance between exterior surface  716  and an imaginary center P of an imaginary circle C. Imaginary circle C is a circle that approximately corresponds to or shares a common circumference with a portion of the curvature of exterior surface  716 . 
   Light source  714  of illumination device  710  may be spaced from primary reflector  712  at least partially within interior space  718 . As can be seen in  FIG. 22 , a variety of spacing distances are contemplated. For example, in  FIG. 22 , light source  714  is shown to be spaced approximately one-half effective radius R from minimum point M of the curved exterior surface  716 . The position of light source  714  in  FIG. 22  may be referred to as the focal point of exterior surface  716 . 
   As an alternative example, a light source  714 B is shown to be spaced greater than the effective radius R from minimum point M of exterior surface  716 . Further, a light source  714 C is shown to be spaced a distance greater than effective radius R from minimum point M of exterior surface  716 . A portion of light source  714 C is within interior space  718  and a portion of light source  714 C is outside interior space  718 . 
   Spacing light source  714  different distances from exterior surface  716  may be suitable for different applications. For example, different spacing distances may modify the light concentration emanating from illumination device  710 . Additionally or alternatively, the spacing may modify the power consumed by illumination device  710  to produce a given amount of illumination. Further, the spacing may modify how heat generated by illumination device  710  is dissipated. In some examples, light source  714  is positioned approximately at the focal point of exterior surface  716  to increase the intensity of light emanating from illumination device  710 . 
   In comparison to light source  714  having a circular cross section as shown in  FIG. 22 , in some examples, the light source may have oblong cross section (not pictured). In examples where the light source has an oblong cross section, the longer dimension of the oblong cross section may extend along a line extending from minimum point M to center X. Having the longer dimension of the oblong cross section oriented in this manner may fill more of the height of exterior surface  716  with a source of light. As with light source  714  shown in  FIG. 22 , the light source having an oblong cross section may be spaced a variety of distances from minimum point M. 
   Light source  714  may include a wide variety of lighting technologies. For example, light source  714  may include fluorescent, incandescent, halogen, xenon, neon, mercury-vapor lights, and gas-discharge lights, as well as light emitting diodes. The light sources shown in  FIGS. 21-24  depict fluorescent lights. However, those skilled in the art will understand that fluorescent lights represent only one example of lighting sources that my be used with the presently described illumination devices. 
   As shown in  FIG. 21 , light source  714  may extend between a first terminal end  725  and a second terminal end  727  and be curved to compliment curved path P. Light source  714  shown in  FIG. 21  may alternatively be described as substantially following curved path P. Thus, light source  714  may be longitudinally curved and extend along exterior surface  716  of primary reflector  716 . 
   For electrically coupling to a power supply (not pictured), light source  714  is shown in  FIG. 21  to include a first conductive pin  724  extending from first terminal end  725  and a second conductive pin  726  extending from second terminal end  727 . The first and second conductive pins  724  and  725  may couple with a tombstone or other electrical connecter as necessary to electrically couple light source  714  to a power supply. 
   An alternative illumination device  710 A is shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 . As shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , illumination device  710 A may include a primary reflector  712 A at least partially surrounding a light source  714 A. Light source  714 A may extend between a first terminal end  725 A and a second terminal end  727 A. Primary reflector  712 A may include an exterior surface  716 A having reflective properties. 
   As shown in,  FIG. 23 , exterior surface  716 A may extend in a curved path, such as a spiral curved path. Additionally or alternatively, exterior surface  716 A may be curved to at least partially surround light source  714 A. The curvature of exterior surface  716 A may be concave facing light source  714 A and may partially enclose an interior space  718 A. The partially enclosed interior space  718 A may be defined as the space surrounded by the concave exterior surface  716 A and within an imaginary surface extending between a first edge  720 A of exterior surface  716 A and a second edge  722 A of exterior surface  716 A. 
   With reference to  FIG. 24 , illumination device  710 A may include a lens  723  extending between first edge  720 A and second edge  722 A. Lens  723  may be formed from glass, plastic, or other polymeric material. Permanent, semi-permanent, or selective attachment of lens  723  to primary reflector  712 A is contemplated, such as with adhesive, magnetic, snap on, or screw in, attachment means. Lens  723  may be curved, as shown in  FIG. 24 , or may be flat, angular, or irregular. 
   Lens  723  may be transparent, translucent, colored, or selectively opaque. Light may be refracted by lens  723  or may pass substantially unaffected through lens  723 . Lens  723  may include patterns, designs, or etchings configured to direct light in certain directions or to concentrate light towards certain areas, such as a target illumination area. In some examples, lens  723  may redirect or reflect ambient light towards a target illumination area. 
   Light source  714 A may be spaced a variety of distances from exterior surface  716 A. For example, light source  714 A may be spaced at the focal point of exterior surface  716 A, or may be spaced closer to or farther from exterior surface  716 A than the focal point. In some examples, such as shown in  FIG. 24 , light source  714 A is positioned wholly within the interior space  718 A, while in other examples, light source  714 A is positioned partially within interior space  718 A. Further, light source  718 A may be positioned wholly outside of interior space  718 A in some applications. 
   As shown in  FIG. 23 , light source  714 A may be bent into a bent configuration that brings first terminal end  725 A and second terminal end  727 A substantially adjacent to one another. In the bent configuration, light source  714 A may include one or more bends  729 . Bend  729  may be formed at a midpoint of light source  714 A or at any point between first and second terminal ends  725 A , 727 A. In some examples, exterior surface  716 A includes complimentarily bends to correspond with light source  714 A in the bent configuration. 
   As can be seen in  FIG. 23 , the spiral curved path may include a center portion. First and second terminal ends  725 A,  727 A may be substantially adjacent to each other at or adjacent to the central portion. Having first and second terminal ends  725 A,  727 A substantially adjacent at the central portion may obviate the need for tombstones or other electrical connectors. In the bent configuration shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , a common, centrally disposed screw base connector  726  is used to connect both first and second terminal ends  725 A,  727 A to a power supply (not pictured). 
   A variety of connectors and connection means may be used to electrically connect light source  714 A to a power supply. As shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , light source  714 A may include first and second conductive pins  724 A,  726 A extending from first and second terminal ends  725  and  727 , respectively. As mentioned above, an example of a screw base connector  728  is shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 . In the example shown in  FIG. 24 , first and second wires  730 ,  732  electrically couple first and second conductive pins  724 A,  726 A with screw base connector  728 , respectively. 
   Screw base connector  728  may include a first connection portion  733  providing a current path for an electrical circuit. Further, screw base connector  728  may include a second connection portion  734  providing a current path for an electrical circuit. First connection portion  733  may provide a current path from a power supply to illumination device  710 A and second connection portion  734  may provide a current path to electrical ground or other relatively lower electrical potential destination, or vice versa. As shown in  FIG. 23 , a first wire  730  may electrically couple first conductive pin  724  with first connection portion  733 . Further, a second wire  732  may electrically couple second conductive pin  726  with second connection portion  734 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 24 , screw base  738  may couple with a fixture  736  that mounts to a mountable surface  738 , such as a ceiling, wall, bookcase, or desk. Additionally or alternatively, illumination device  710 A may be supported from the ground by a base, such as in a free-standing lamp configuration. Illumination device may also by supported in handheld devices, such as flashlight, lantern, or torch bodies. 
   Illumination device  710 A may include any and all components necessary for proper functioning of light source  714 A. For example, ballasts, internal connection components, such as wires and other circuitry, and suitable insulating materials may be included as necessary. Further, in some examples, illumination device  710 A may include a portable power source, such as a battery, a generator, or a fuel cell, to power light source  714 A. 
   Additionally or alternatively to primary reflector  712 A, illumination device  710 A may include a secondary reflector  740  having a reflective surface  742 . As shown in  FIG. 24 , secondary reflector  740  may be supported by primary reflector  712 A and extend beyond primary reflector  712 A. By extending beyond primary reflector  712 A, secondary reflector  740  may reflect light emanating from light source  714 A that would not be reflected by primary reflector  712 A. Additionally or alternatively, secondary reflector  740  may reflect again light that was previously reflected by primary reflector  712 A. 
   In some examples, secondary reflector  740  is configured to reflect light towards a second target illumination area. The second target illumination area may be the same or different than the first target illumination area towards which primary reflector  712 A may reflect light. The size, the angle and orientation, and the shape of secondary reflector  740  may influence how it reflects light. In some examples, secondary reflector  740  is frustoconical. A frustoconical secondary reflector  740  may enclose an inner volume and orient interior surface  742  at a non-90 degree angle to light emanating from light source  714 A and reflecting from primary reflector  712 A. 
   While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered the most practical and preferred embodiment(s), it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment(s) but, on the contrary is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims.