Abstract:
A space-tapered antenna has a collinear array of radiating elements coupled via a cable feeding system to a Butler matrix feed system. Either the collinear array has compressed rows spaced in a range of ⅜ to ¼ λ, where λ is the operating wavelength of the antenna, the cable feeding system is a phase progression cable feeding system, or both. One 120° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ⅜ λ for providing six 20° degree beams with −10 dB side lobe suppression. Another 120° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ¼ wavelength for providing four 30° beams with −15 dB side lobe suppression. A 60° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ⅜ λ in combination with a 22 ½° phase progression cable feeding system for providing three 20° beams with −14 dB side lobe suppression. One 90° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ¼ λ in combination with a 22 ½° phase progression cable feeding system for providing three 30° beams with −17 dB side lobe suppression. Another 90° space-tapered antenna has four rows spaced at ½ λ and a 45° phase progression cabling feeding system for providing three 30° beams with −12 dB side lobe suppression.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     This invention relates to an antenna; and more particularly relates to a multibeam antenna. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     FIG. 1A shows an antenna  20  of U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,843 having a space tapered multi-beam antenna  24 , a Butler-matrix feed network  28 , and a radio receiver and/or transmitter  37 . The antenna  20  is known as a space tapered one hundred twenty degree antennas having four thirty degree beams. 
     The radio receiver and/or transmitter  37  receives and/or provides radio receiver and/or transmitter signals from or to the 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  via cabling  41 . The radio receiver/transmitter equipment  37  is generally shown since the specific type of equipment used in an actual installation can vary widely. The Butler matrix feed network  28  is implemented using a planar microstrip design  39  shown in FIG. 1B with no crossovers and is fabricated from a printed circuit board having a dielectric substrate made of low loss ceramic material, such as glass epoxy. In general, the Butler-matrix feed network  28  has N antenna ports  29  and N receiver/transmitter equipment ports  31 , where N is equal to the number of co-linear arrays of the associated antenna. As shown, the 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  has four antenna output ports  29  and four radio receiver/transmitter input ports  31 . The standard phase shift of the 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  is as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 BEAM 2L 
                 0 
                 −135 
                 +90 
                 −45 
               
               
                   
                 BEAM 1L 
                 0 
                 −45 
                 −90 
                 −135 
               
               
                   
                 BEAM 1R 
                 0 
                 +45 
                 +90 
                 +135 
               
               
                   
                 BEAM 2R 
                 0 
                 +135 
                 −90 
                 +45 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The Butler-matrix feed network  28  is connected to the space-tapered antenna  24  with equally phased cables  35  that provide phase shifting of outgoing signals to electronically steer the radiating pattern of the space-tapered antenna  24 . 
     In FIG. 1A, the space tapered multi-beam antenna  24  has a space-tapered array  26  (ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4) with rows of radiating elements spaced at about ½ λ (i.e. wavelength), where λ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic energy to be received or transmitted. (In practice, the spacing between adjacent co-linear arrays may actually be approximately 0.47 λ.) The number of radiating elements in outermost rows is less than the number of radiating elements in center rows in order to suppress side-lobes distortion in the antenna signal, which is typically −9 or −10 Db. The space-tapered array  26  includes four co-linear arrays of associated electromagnetic radiating elements  30 . Each antenna output port  29  of the 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  is respectively connected to a respective antenna ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4 of the co-linear array  26  by cables  35  and connectors  27  associated with each antenna array. The cables  35  are all the same length (i.e. equal phase cables) so as not to introduce any phase change with respect to the signals carried thereover relative to the other cables  35 . In comparison, the cables  41  need not be equal phase cables since any phase changes introduced by these cables is not relevant to the electronic beam(s) being used. 
     In FIG. 1A, the outermost co-linear antenna arrays ANT1 and ANT4 each comprise two radiating elements  30 , while the innermost antenna arrays ANT2 and ANT3 each comprise four radiating elements  30 . These radiating elements  30  are typically dipole elements, although other types of radiating element can be used. Energy is radiated or received from these dipole elements by means of a feedstrap  43  having a centrally located connector  27 . The dipole elements are spaced from each adjacent dipole element of the same array by a distance approximately equal to λ. The feed strap includes portions  45  extending beyond the lowermost and uppermost dipole element, with the end of these portions connected to the electrically conductive back plate  47  of the antenna. Such a feed strap configuration is known in the art as a Bogner type feed (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,598, hereby incorporated by reference). 
     The phase progression for the antenna beam of the antenna shown in FIG. 1A is show in the table below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2L 
                 0 
                 −135 
                 +90 
                 −45 
               
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −45 
                 −90 
                 −135 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +45 
                 +90 
                 +135 
               
               
                 2R 
                 0 
                 +135 
                 −90 
                 +45 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The one hundred twenty degree antennas  20  suffer from high side-lobe levels that do not meet desired customer specifications of being below −10 dB from the beam peak. Also, the outer beams suffer from a drop in gain as compared to the inner beams. 
     FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E show frequency plots for the antenna  20  in FIG. 1A that show these problems, including frequency plots respectively at frequencies of 1.850 giga Hertz (hereinafter “GHz”), 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. As a person skilled in the antenna design art would appreciate, each plot shows various plot characteristics, including four plot overlays (i.e. 1LH, 1RH, 2LH, 2RH), four beam peaks in degrees, four beamwidths in degrees, four front-to-back (hereinafter “f/b”) ratios in decibels (hereinafter “dB”) and four sidelobes in degrees and dBs. In FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E, the various “triangles” help to indicate these various plot characteristics. 
     The technical problem to be solved is to provide an antenna having reduced side-lobe suppression, including a spaced-tapered antenna having outer beam signals that do not have a significant drop in gain as compared to inner beam signals. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The basic idea of the present invention is to either compress the row spacing of radiating elements in the collinear arrays of the antenna, or use phase progression cables leading from the feed system to the collinear array, or both. 
     The invention provides a new antenna, including a space-tapered antenna, having a collinear array of radiating elements coupled via a cable feeding system to a Butler matrix feed system. In the antenna, either the collinear array has compressed rows spaced in a range of ⅜ to ¼ of a wavelength, the cable feeding system is a phase progression cable feeding system, or both. 
     One 120° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ⅜ wavelength for providing six 20° degree beams with −10 dB side lobe suppression. The six beam antenna is unique in that it provides a way to use an 8-way Butler matrix, because in the prior art there is no 6-way Butler matrix feed system. 
     Another 120° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ¼ wavelength for providing four 30° beams with −15 dB side lobe suppression. 
     A 60° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ⅜ wavelength in combination with a 22 ½° phase progression cable feeding system for providing three 20° beams with −14 dB side lobe suppression. 
     A 90° space-tapered antenna has eight compressed rows spaced at ¼ wavelength in combination with a 22 ½° phase progression cable feeding system for providing three 30° beams with −17 dB side lobe suppression. 
     A 90° space-tapered antenna has four rows spaced at ½ wavelength and a 45° phase progression cabling feeding system for providing three 30° beams with −12 dB side lobe suppression. For this antenna, the phase progression shifts the beams so that a center beam is down the middle, normal to the antenna. This also reduces the number of beams by one such that the radiating pattern of the antenna includes the center beam with an equally balanced number of side beams around the center beam. The phase progression may also be achieved directly in the output of the feed network. 
     One advantage of the present invention includes improved side-lobe distortion suppression and reduced dropoff in gain of the outer beams as compared to the inner beams. The sidelobe distortion is reduced by about −6 dB which translates into 4× less side lobe distortion in the antenna signal for improved signal transmission. 
     These embodiments provides improved side-lobe suppression and the outer beams that do not have the gain dropoff associated with prior art space tapered antennas. 
    
    
     A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a fuller understanding of the nature of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed descriptions taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, not in scale, in which: 
     FIG. 1A shows a prior art antenna  20  shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,843. 
     FIG. 1B shows a 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  that is part of the antenna  20  shown in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E show frequency plots for the antenna  20  in FIG. 1A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. 
     FIG. 2A shows a block diagram of an antenna that is the subject matter of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 2B,  2 C,  2 D show plots for the antenna in FIG. 2A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. 
     FIG. 3A shows a block diagram of an antenna that is the subject matter of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3B shows a diagram of an space tapered multibeam antenna that is part of the antenna shown in FIG.  3 A. 
     FIGS. 3C,  3 D,  3 E show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 3A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. 
     FIG. 4A shows a block diagram of an antenna that is the subject matter of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4B shows a diagram of an space tapered multibeam antenna that is part of the antenna shown in FIG.  4 A. 
     FIGS. 4C,  4 D,  4 E show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 4A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. 
     FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of an antenna that is the subject matter of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 5B,  5 C,  5 D show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 5A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. 
     FIG. 5E shows a block diagram of an antenna that is the subject matter of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 5F,  5 G,  5 H show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 5E respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. 
     FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of an antenna that is the subject matter of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 6B,  6 C,  6 D show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 6A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. 
     FIG. 7 shows an 8-way Butler matrix feed network  128  that is part of the antenna  200  shown in FIG.  3 A. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Various embodiments of the invention will be described below. For the convenience of the reader, and to the extent possible, the reference numeral system used to describe embodiments of the present invention will substantially track the numeral system used to describe the antenna shown in FIG. 1A with the addition of multiples of 100s. 
     Space Tapered 90° Multi-beam Antenna with Three 30° Beams 
     FIG. 2A shows a ninety degree antenna generally indicated as  100  having a 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  similar to that shown in FIG. 1A, having a space tapered multibeam antenna  24  with a 2-4-4-2 configuration and a horizontal spacing of 0.50 λ similar to that shown in FIG. 1A, and also having four cables  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  with different cable lengths for connecting the 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  to the space tapered multibeam antenna  24 . The ninety degree antenna  100  provides three thirty degree beams. 
     In effect, the ninety degree antenna  100  works similar to the principles used on the four beam antenna  20  shown and described with respect to FIG.  1 A. The space tapered multibeam antenna  24  and the 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  remain the same as before. As shown, the 4-way Butler matrix feed network  28  has four input ports  101   a ,  101   b ,  101   c ,  101   d . Only three of the four input ports  101   a ,  101   b ,  101   c  receive antenna input signals from the radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown). The other input port  101   d  is connected via a resistor  120  to electrical ground. In one embodiment, the resistor  120  is 50 ohm resistors, although the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular resistor value. The only other change is the cabling that feed the Butler matrix signal to the space tapered multibeam antenna  24 , as discussed below. In FIG. 1A, the cables  35  are equally phased. Similar in structure to cable  35  in FIG. 1A, each cable  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  connects a respective antenna array ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4 (see FIG. 1A) to a respective Butler matrix output port  29  (see FIG.  1 A). However, in contrast to the cables  35  in FIG. 1A, each cable  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  has a different length to introduce a phase progression in the antenna signals provided to the respective antenna array ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4(see FIG.  1 A). When the cables  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  have a respective different length to provide a phase progression of forty-five degrees (i.e. 0, +45, +90, +135), then the antenna  100  will get the following “total” phase progression: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −90 
                 −180 
                 +90 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +90 
                 +180 
                 −90 
               
               
                 C 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     FIGS. 2B,  2 C,  2 D show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 2A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHZ, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. As a person skilled in the antenna design art would appreciate, each plot shows various plot characteristics, including four plot overlays (i.e. Center, Left, Right), three beam peaks in degrees, three beamwidths in degrees, three f/b ratios in dB and three sidelobes in degrees and dBs. In FIGS. 2B,  2 C,  2 D, the various “triangles” help to indicate these various plot characteristics. 
     In operation, beams  2 L,  1 L,  1 R are steered to become beams  1 L, C, and  1 R respectively. As shown, beam  2 R is not used and is terminated with a fifty ohm load. In essence, the beams are steered fifteen degrees in order to get the center beam. Another way to get the extra phase is to add the phase progression directly onto the Butler&#39;s outputs. 
     The scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular phase progression or cable lengths. A person skilled in the art would appreciate how to determine the different cable lengths to achieve the desired phase progression, which would typically depend may on the cable type and the frequency. 
     One advantage of the ninety degree antenna  100  is that it has side-lobe suppression better than −12 dB. The outer beams do not have the gain drop off associated with the one hundred twenty degree antenna when compared to the frequency plots shown in FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E. 
     The ninety degree antenna  100  can be used wherever the original four beam antenna  20  in FIG. 1A is used. 
     Space Tapered 120° Multi-beam Antenna With Six 20° Beams 
     FIG. 3A shows a one hundred and twenty degree antenna generally indicated as  200  having an 8-way Butler matrix feed network  202 , having a space tapered multibeam antenna  224  with a 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and a horizontal spacing of 0.375 λ, and also having eight cables  204 ,  206 ,  208 ,  210 ,  212 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218  with the same cable lengths for connecting the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  202  to the space tapered multibeam antenna  224 . The one hundred and twenty degree antenna  200  provides six twenty degree beams. 
     In effect, the one hundred and twenty degree antenna  200  works with the principles used on the original four beam antenna shown and described with respect to FIG.  1 A. However, instead of four rows of dipoles there are eight rows. When hooked up to the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  202 , eight fifteen degree beams are normally formed. 
     For the present invention the eight rows are squeezed into the space normally occupied by six rows for providing the six twenty degree beams. This gives the antenna a horizontal spacing of 0.375 wavelengths. 
     In operation, the one hundred and twenty degree antenna  200  is a six beam antenna that is a compromise between the four and eight beam models. It has the same side-lobe suppression as the four beam antenna with a fifty percent increase in channel capacity. This is not as large an increase as the eight beam antenna, but the side-lobe suppression is much better. (A normal antenna with half wavelength spacing between the dipoles would have eight usable beams. Due to the compressed spacing, only six beams are usable.) 
     The 8-way Butler matrix feed network  202  is known in the art, is shown and described with respect to FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,843, and is connected to a radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown) such as  37  shown in FIG.  1 A. As shown, the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  202  has eight input ports  202   a ,  202   b ,  202   c ,  202   d ,  202   e ,  202   f ,  202   g ,  202   h . Only six of the eight input ports  202   b ,  202   c ,  202   d ,  202   e ,  202   f ,  202   g  receive antenna input signals from the radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown). The other two input ports  202   a ,  202   h  are connected via a respective resistor  220 ,  222  to electrical ground. In one embodiment, the respective resistors  220 ,  222  are 50 ohm resistors, although the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular resistor value. 
     As shown, the eight cables  204 ,  206 ,  208 ,  210 ,  212 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218  provide eight Butler matrix feed network signals to the space tapered multibeam antenna  224 . 
     FIG. 3B generally shows the space tapered multibeam antenna  224  having the 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and the horizontal spacing of 0.375 λ. The space-tapered multibeam antenna  224  includes eight co-linear antenna arrays ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4, ANT5, ANT6, ANT7, ANT8 of associated electromagnetic radiating elements  230 . Similar to that shown and described in FIGS. 1A and 2A, these radiating elements  230  are typically dipole elements, although other types of radiating element can be used. Each of the eight Butler matrix feed network signals on the eight cables  204 ,  206 ,  208 ,  210 ,  212 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218  is separately provided to a respective antenna ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4, ANT5, ANT6, ANT7, ANT8 of the space-tapered multibeam antenna  224  by cables and connectors (not shown) associated with each antenna array, which a person skilled in the art would appreciate how to do. For the embodiment in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the cables (not shown) are all the same length (i.e. equal phase cables) so as not to introduce any phase change with respect to the signals carried thereover relative to the other cables. Similar to that shown and described in FIGS. 1A and 2A, the space tapered multibeam antenna  224  uses a feedstrap configuration that is known in the art as the Bogner type feed. 
     The one hundred and twenty degree antenna  200  provides six twenty degree beams at the following angles: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3R 
                 0 
                 −112.5 
                 +135 
                 +22.5 
                 −90 
                 +157.5 
                 +45 
                 −67.5 
               
               
                 2L 
                 0 
                 −67.5 
                 −135 
                 +157.5 
                 +90 
                 +22.5 
                 −45 
                 −112.5 
               
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −22.5 
                  −45 
                 −67.5 
                 −90 
                 −112.5 
                 −135   
                 −157.5 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +22.5 
                  +45 
                 +67.5 
                 +90 
                 +112.5 
                 +135   
                 +157.5 
               
               
                 2R 
                 0 
                 +67.5 
                 +135 
                 −157.5 
                 −90 
                 −22.5 
                 +45 
                 +112.5 
               
               
                 3R 
                 0 
                 +112.5 
                 −135 
                 −22.5 
                 +90 
                 −157.5 
                 −45 
                 +67.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     FIGS. 3C,  3 D,  3 E show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 3A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. As a person skilled in the antenna design art would appreciate, each plot shows various plot characteristics, including four plot overlays (i.e. 1L, 1R, 2L, 2R, 3L, 3R), six beam peaks in degrees, six beamwidths in degrees, six f/b ratios in dB and six sidelobes in degrees and dBs. In FIGS. 3C,  3 D,  3 E the various “triangles” help to indicate these various plot characteristics. 
     In order to achieve desired side-lobe suppression, a space taper technique is used. The eight rows of dipoles do not have an equal number of elements. The 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration supplies a side-lobe suppression of −9 dB. Fine tuning the antenna may eventually get the side-lobe suppression of −10 dB. 
     In comparison to the present invention, the known prior art space tapered one hundred twenty degree antenna has four thirty degree beams or eight fifteen degree beams. The four beam antennas do not provide as much channel capacity as the eight beam models. The eight beam models suffer from even higher side-lobe levels than the four beam antennas. 
     The one hundred and twenty degree antenna  200  of the present invention can be used wherever the original four beam antenna is used. 
     Space Tapered 120° Multibeam Antenna With Four 30° Beams and Suppressed Side-lobes 
     FIG. 4A shows a one hundred and twenty degree antenna generally indicated as  300  having an 8-way Butler matrix feed network  302 , having a space tapered multibeam antenna  324  with a 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and a horizontal spacing of 0.250 λ, and also having eight cables  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316 ,  318  with the same cable lengths for connecting the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  302  to the space tapered multibeam antenna  324 . The one hundred and twenty degree antenna  300  provides four thirty degree beams. 
     In effect, the one hundred and twenty degree antenna  300  works with the principles used on the original four beam antenna shown and described with respect to FIG.  1 A. However, instead of four rows of dipoles, there are eight rows. When hooked up to a typical 8-way Butler matrix feed network, eight fifteen degree beams are normally formed. However, in the present invention the eight rows may be squeezed into the space normally occupied by four rows for providing four thirty degree beams. This gives the one hundred and twenty degree antenna  300  a horizontal spacing of 0.250 wavelengths. 
     The 8-way Butler matrix feed network  302  is known in the art, is shown and described with respect to FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,843, and is connected to a radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown) such as  37  shown in FIG.  1 A. As shown, the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  302  has eight input ports  302   a ,  302   b ,  302   c ,  302   d ,  302   e ,  302   f ,  302   g ,  302   h . Only four of the eight input ports  302   c ,  302   d ,  302   e ,  302   f  receive antenna input signals from the radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown). The other four input ports  302   a ,  302   b ,  302   g ,  302   h  are connected via a respective resistor  320 ,  321 ,  322 ,  323  to electrical ground. In one embodiment, the respective resistor  320 ,  321 ,  322 ,  323  are 50 ohm resistors, although the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular resistor value. 
     As shown, the eight cables  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316 ,  318  provide eight Butler matrix feed network signals to the space tapered multibeam antenna  324 . 
     FIG. 4B generally shows the space tapered multibeam antenna  324  having the 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and the horizontal spacing of 0.250 λ. The space-tapered multibeam antenna  324  includes eight co-linear antenna arrays ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4, ANT5, ANT6, ANT7, ANT8 of associated electromagnetic radiating elements  330 . Similar to that shown and described in FIGS. 1A,  2 A,  3 A, these radiating elements  330  are typically dipole elements, although other types of radiating element can be used. Each of the eight Butler matrix feed network signals on the eight cables  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316 ,  318  is separately provided to a respective antenna ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4, ANT5, ANT6, ANT7, ANT8 of the space tapered multibeam antenna  324  by cables and connectors (not shown) associated with each antenna array, which a person skilled in the art would appreciate how to do. For the embodiment in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the cables (not shown) are all the same length (i.e. equal phase cables) so as not to introduce any phase change with respect to the signals carried thereover relative to the other cables. Similar to that shown and described in FIGS. 1A,  2 A,  3 A, the space tapered multibeam antenna  324  uses a feedstrap configuration that is known in the art as the Bogner type feed. 
     In order to achieve further side-lobe suppression, a space taper technique is used. The eight rows of dipoles do not have an equal number of elements. The 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration supplies a side-lobe suppression of −15 dB. This antenna is also much broader banded than the original four beam model. It has a working bandwidth of  280  MHz as opposed to the normal 140 MHz. 
     The one hundred and twenty degree antenna  300  provides four thirty degree beams at the following angles: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BEAM 2L 
                 0 
                 −67.5 
                 −135 
                 +157.5 
                 +90 
                 +22.5 
                  −45 
                 −112.5 
               
               
                 BEAM 1L 
                 0 
                 −22.5 
                  −45 
                 −67.5 
                 −90 
                 −112.5 
                 −135 
                 −167.5 
               
               
                 BEAM 1R 
                 0 
                 +22.5 
                  +45 
                 +67.5 
                 +90 
                 +112.5 
                 +135 
                 +167.5 
               
               
                 BEAM 2R 
                 0 
                 +67.5 
                 +135 
                 −157.5 
                 −90 
                 −22.5 
                  +45 
                 +112.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     FIGS. 4C,  4 D,  4 E show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 4A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. As a person skilled in the antenna design art would appreciate, each plots shows various plot characteristics, including four plot overlays (i.e. 1L, 1R, 2L, 2R), four beam peaks in degrees, four beamwidths in degrees, four f/b ratios in dB and four sidelobes in degrees and dBs. In FIGS. 4C,  4 D,  4 E, the various “triangles” help to indicate these various plot characteristics. 
     The suppressed side-lobe one hundred twenty degree antenna has side-lobe suppression better than −15 dB. The outer beams do not have the gain drop off associated with the one hundred twenty degree antenna as shown in the frequency plots in FIGS. 4C,  4 D,  4 E. 
     In comparison to the present invention, a normal antenna with half wavelength spacing between the dipoles would have eight usable beams. In the present invention, due to the compressed spacing, only four beams are usable. Also, half of the feedlines are on the back side of the reflector. This means the feedlines on the front side of the reflector are two half wavelengths long. For proper side-lobe suppression, an antenna needs to have feedlines which are an even number of half wavelengths long. 
     The prior art space tapered one hundred twenty degree antennas have four thirty degree beams. These one hundred twenty degree antennas suffer from high side-lobe levels that do not meet customer specifications of being below −10 dB from the beam peak. Also, the outer beams suffer from a drop in gain as compared to the inner beams. See the frequency plots in FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E. 
     The antenna  300  can be used wherever the original four beam antenna is used. 
     Space Tapered 60° Multibeam Antenna with Three 20° Beams 
     FIG. 5A shows a sixty degree antenna generally indicated as  400  having an 8-way Butler matrix feed network  402 , having a space tapered multibeam antenna  424  with a 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and a horizontal spacing of 0.375 λ, and also having eight cables  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416 ,  418  with the different cable lengths for connecting the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  402  to the space tapered multibeam antenna  424  to provide twenty two and a half degree phase progression. The sixty degree antenna  400  provides three twenty degree beams. 
     In effect, the antenna works with the principles used on the original four beam antenna. Instead of four rows of dipoles there are eight rows. When hooked up to an eight way Butler matrix, eight fifteen degree beams are normally formed. In the present invention, the eight rows were squeezed into the space normally occupied by six rows for providing the three twenty degree beams. This gives the antenna a horizontal spacing of 0.375 wavelengths. 
     The 8-way Butler matrix feed network  402  is known in the art, shown and described with respect to FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,843, and is connected to a radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown) such as  37  shown in FIG.  1 A. As shown, the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  402  has eight input ports  402   a ,  402   b ,  402   c ,  402   d ,  402   e ,  402   f ,  402   g ,  402   h . Only three of the eight input ports  402   c ,  402   d ,  402   e  receive antenna input signals from the radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown). The other five input ports  402   a ,  402   b ,  402   f ,  402   g ,  402   h  are connected via a respective resistor  420 ,  421 ,  422 ,  423 ,  425  to electrical ground. In one embodiment, the respective resistors  420 ,  421 ,  422 ,  423 ,  425  are 50 ohm resistors, although the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular resistor value. 
     The phase progression of the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  402  is as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3R 
                 0 
                 −112.5 
                 +135 
                 +22.5 
                 −90 
                 +157.5 
                 +45 
                 −67.5 
               
               
                 2L 
                 0 
                 −67.5 
                 −135 
                 +157.5 
                 +90 
                 +22.5 
                 −45 
                 −112.5 
               
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −22.5 
                  −45 
                 −67.5 
                 −90 
                 −112.5 
                 −135   
                 −157.5 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +22.5 
                  +45 
                 +67.5 
                 +90 
                 +112.5 
                 +135   
                 +157.5 
               
               
                 2R 
                 0 
                 +67.5 
                 +135 
                 −157.5 
                 −90 
                 −22.5 
                 +45 
                 +112.5 
               
               
                 3R 
                 0 
                 +112.5 
                 −135 
                 −22.5 
                 +90 
                 −157.5 
                 −45 
                 +67.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown, the eight cables  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416 ,  418  provide eight Butler matrix feed network signals to the space tapered multibeam antenna  424 . 
     The space tapered multibeam antenna  424  is shown in FIG. 3B generally having the 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and the horizontal spacing of 0.375 λ. In order to achieve further side-lobe suppression a space taper technique was used. The eight rows of dipoles do not have an equal number of elements. The 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration supplies a side-lobe suppression of −14 dB. 
     When the cables  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416   418  have a phase progression of 0, +22.5, +45, +67.5, +90, +112.5, +135, +157.5 together with the standard phase progression of the Butler matrix, then sixty degree antenna generally indicated as  400  provides three twenty degree beams at the following angles: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −45 
                 −90 
                 −135 
                 −180 
                 +135 
                 +90 
                 +45 
               
               
                 C 
                 0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +45 
                 +90 
                 +135 
                 +180 
                 −135 
                 −90 
                 −45 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     FIGS. 5B,  5 C,  5 D show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 5A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. As a person skilled in the antenna design art would appreciate, each plot shows various plot characteristics, including three plot overlays (i.e. 1L, 1R, CH), three beam peaks in degrees, three beamwidths in degrees, three f/b ratios in dB and four sidelobes in degrees and dBs. In FIGS. 5B,  5 C,  5 D, the various “triangles” help to indicate these various plot characteristics. 
     The sixty degree antenna has side-lobe suppression better than −14 dB. The outer beams do not have the gain drop off associated with the one hundred twenty degree antenna as shown in the frequency plots in FIGS. 5B,  5 C,  5 D. 
     The prior art space tapered one hundred twenty degree antennas has four thirty degree beams. The one hundred twenty degree antenna suffers from high side-lobe levels that do not meet the customer specification of being below −10 dB from the beam peak. Also, the outer beams suffer from a drop in gain as compared to the inner beams. See the frequency plots in FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E. 
     A normal antenna would only send beams down either side. To get a middle beam, the equally phased cables normally leading from the Butler matrix to the antennas were replaced with cables having a twenty-two and a half degree phase progression. This shifted the beams so that one was down the middle. This set up actually produces five twenty degree beams, but customer demand was for only three. This could also be done by adding the phase progression directly to the Butler&#39;s outputs. 
     The antenna  400  can be used wherever the original four beam antenna is used. 
     FIG. 5E shows a one hundred degree antenna generally indicated as  500  having an 8-way Butler matrix feed network  502 , having a space tapered multibeam antenna  524  with a 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and a horizontal spacing of 0.375 λ, and also having eight cables  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  512 ,  514 ,  516 ,  518  with the different cable lengths for connecting the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  502  to the space tapered multibeam antenna  524  to provide twenty two and a half degree phase progression. The antenna  500  provides five twenty degree beams. 
     The 8-way Butler matrix feed network  502  is known in the art, shown and described with respect to FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,843, and is connected to a radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown) such as  37  shown in FIG.  1 A. As shown, the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  502  has eight input ports  502   a ,  502   b ,  502   c ,  502   d ,  502   e ,  502   f ,  502   g ,  502   h . Only five of the eight input ports  502   b ,  502   c ,  502   d ,  502   e ,  502   f  receive antenna input signals from the radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown). The other three input ports  502   a ,  502   g ,  502   h  are connected via a respective resistor  520 ,  522 ,  523  to electrical ground. In one embodiment, the respective resistors  520 ,  522 ,  523  are 50 ohm resistors, although the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular resistor value. 
     The phase progression of the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  502  is as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3R 
                 0 
                 −112.5 
                 +135 
                 +22.5 
                 −90 
                 +157.5 
                 +45 
                 −67.5 
               
               
                 2L 
                 0 
                 −67.5 
                 −135 
                 +157.5 
                 +90 
                 +22.5 
                 −45 
                 −112.5 
               
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −22.5 
                  −45 
                 −67.5 
                 −90 
                 −112.5 
                 −135   
                 −157.5 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +22.5 
                  +45 
                 +67.5 
                 +90 
                 +112.5 
                 +135   
                 +157.5 
               
               
                 2R 
                 0 
                 +67.5 
                 +135 
                 −157.5 
                 −90 
                 −22.5 
                 +45 
                 +112.5 
               
               
                 3R 
                 0 
                 +112.5 
                 −135 
                 −22.5 
                 +90 
                 −157.5 
                 −45 
                 +67.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown, the eight cables  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  512 ,  514 ,  516 ,  518  provide eight Butler matrix feed network signals to the space tapered multibeam antenna  524 . 
     The space tapered multibeam antenna  524  is shown in FIG. 3B generally having the 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and the horizontal spacing of 0.375 λ. In order to achieve further side-lobe suppression a space taper technique was used. The eight rows of dipoles do not have an equal number of elements. The 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration supplies a side-lobe suppression of −12 dB. 
     When the cables  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  512 ,  514 ,  516 ,  518  have a phase progression of 0, +22.5, +45, +67.5, +90, +112.5, +135, +157.5 together with the standard phase progression of the Butler matrix, then one hundred degree antenna generally indicated as  500  provides five twenty degree beams at the following angles: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 2L 
                 0 
                 −90 
                 −180   
                  +90 
                 0 
                  −90 
                 −180 
                 +90 
               
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −45 
                 −90 
                 −135 
                 −180    
                 +135 
                  +90 
                 +45 
               
               
                 C 
                 0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                 0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +45 
                 +90 
                 +135 
                 +180    
                 −135 
                  −90 
                 −45 
               
               
                 2R 
                 0 
                 +90 
                 +180   
                  −90 
                 0 
                  +90 
                 +180 
                 −90 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     FIGS. 5F,  5 G,  5 H show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 5E respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. As a person skilled in the antenna design art would appreciate, each plots shows various plot characteristics, including three our plot overlays (i.e. 1L, 1R, CH), three beam peaks in degrees, three beamwidths in degrees, three f/b ratios in dB and four sidelobes in degrees and dBs. In FIGS. 5F,  5 G,  5 H, the various “triangles” help to indicate these various plot characteristics. 
     Space Tapered 90° Multibeam Antenna with Three 30° Beams and Suppressed Side-lobes 
     FIG. 6A shows a ninety degree antenna generally indicated as  600  having an 8-way Butler matrix feed network  402 , having a space tapered multibeam antenna  626  with a 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration and a horizontal spacing of 0.250 λ, and also having eight cables  604 ,  606 ,  608 ,  610 ,  612 ,  614 ,  616 ,  618  with the different cable lengths for connecting the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  602  to the space tapered multibeam antenna  624  to provide twenty two and a half degree phase progression. The ninety degree antenna  600  provides three thirty degree beams. 
     In effect, the antenna works with the principles used on the original four beam antenna. Instead of four rows of dipoles there are eight rows. When hooked up to an eight way Butler matrix, eight fifteen degree beams are normally formed. For the present invention, the eight rows were squeezed into the space normally occupied by four rows, together with twenty two and a half degree phase progression in the cabling, for providing three thirty degree beams. This gives the antenna a horizontal spacing of 0.250 wavelengths. To get a centered beam, the equally phased cables leading from the Butler to the antenna were replaced with cables having a twenty two and a half degree phase progression. This gives one beam down the middle and one on either side. This could also be done by adding the phase progression directly to the Butler&#39;s outputs. 
     In order to achieve further side-lobe suppression, a space taper technique is used. The eight rows of dipoles do not have an equal number of elements. The 1-2-4-4-4-4-2-1 configuration supplies a side-lobe suppression of −17 dB. This antenna is also much broader banded than the original four beam model. It has a working bandwidth of 280 MHz as opposed to the normal 140 MHz. 
     The 8-way Butler matrix feed network  602  is known in the art, shown and described with respect to FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,843, and is connected to a radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown) such as  37  shown in FIG.  1 A. As shown, the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  602  has eight input ports  602   a ,  602   b ,  602   c ,  602   d ,  602   e ,  602   f ,  602   g ,  602   h . Only three of the eight input ports  602   c ,  602   d ,  602   e  receive antenna input signals from the radio receiver and/or transmitter (not shown). The other five input ports  602   a ,  602   b ,  602   f ,  602   g ,  602   h  are connected via a respective resistor  620 ,  621 ,  622 ,  623 ,  625  to electrical ground. In one embodiment, the respective resistors  620 ,  621 ,  622 ,  623 ,  625  are 50 ohm resistors, although the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular resistor value. 
     The phase progression of the 8-way Butler matrix feed network  602  is as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BEAM 2L 
                 0 
                 −67.5 
                 −135 
                 +157.5 
                 +90 
                 +22.5 
                  −45 
                 −112.5 
               
               
                 BEAM 1L 
                 0 
                 −22.5 
                  −45 
                 −67.5 
                 −90 
                 −112.5 
                 −135 
                 −167.5 
               
               
                 BEAM 1R 
                 0 
                 +22.5 
                  +45 
                 +67.5 
                 +90 
                 +112.5 
                 +135 
                 +167.5 
               
               
                 BEAM 2R 
                 0 
                 +67.5 
                 +135 
                 −157.5 
                 −90 
                 −22.5 
                  +45 
                 +112.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown, the eight cables  604 ,  606 ,  608 ,  610 ,  612 ,  614 ,  616 ,  618  provide eight Butler matrix feed network signals to the space tapered multibeam antenna  624 . 
     When the cables  604 ,  606 ,  608 ,  610 ,  612 ,  614 ,  616 ,  618  have a phase progression of 0, +22.5, +45, +67.5, +90, +112.5, +135, +157.5 together with the phase progression of the Butler matrix, then the ninety degree antenna  600  provides three thirty degree beams at the following angles: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 BEAM 
                 ANT1 
                 ANT2 
                 ANT3 
                 ANT4 
                 ANT5 
                 ANT6 
                 ANT7 
                 ANT8 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1L 
                 0 
                 −45 
                 −90 
                 −135 
                 −180 
                 +135 
                 +90 
                 +45 
               
               
                 C 
                 0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
                    0 
               
               
                 1R 
                 0 
                 +45 
                 +90 
                 +135 
                 +180 
                 −135 
                 −90 
                 −45 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The sixty degree antenna  600  also provides a fourth unused beam. 
     FIGS. 6B,  6 C,  6 D, show frequency plots for the antenna in FIG. 6A respectively at frequencies of 1.850 GHz, 1.920 GHz and 1.990 GHZ. As a person skilled in the antenna design art would appreciate, each plot shows various plot characteristics, including three plot overlays (i.e. 1L, 1R, CH), three beam peaks in degrees, three beamwidths in degrees, three f/b ratios in dB and four sidelobes. In FIGS. 6B,  6 C,  6 D, the various “triangles” help to indicate these various plot characteristics. 
     The suppressed side-lobe ninety degree antenna has side-lobe suppression better than −17 dB. The outer beams do not have the gain drop off associated with the one hundred twenty degree antenna as shown in the frequency plots in FIGS. 6B,  6 C,  6 D. 
     The prior art space tapered one hundred twenty degree antenna having four thirty degree beams suffers from high side-lobe levels that do not meet the customer specification of being below −10 dB from the beam peak. Also, the outer beams suffer from a drop in gain as compared to the inner beams. See frequency plots in FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E which show these problems. The normal ninety degree antennas with four rows of dipoles have side-lobe suppression of −12 dB as shown in FIGS. 1C,  1 D,  1 E. 
     A normal antenna with half wavelength spacing between the dipoles would have eight usable beams. Due to the compressed spacing, only four beams are usable. Also, half of the feedlines are on the back side of the reflector. This means the feedlines on the front side of the reflector are two half wavelengths long. For proper side-lobe suppression, an antenna needs to have feedlines which are an even number of half wavelengths long. 
     The ninety degree antenna  600  can be used wherever the original four beam antenna is used. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates the layout of the microstrip printed circuit board implementation of a Butler matrix feed network  128  used for connection with the antenna  224  shown in FIG.  3 A. The ports  29  are identified with the 4L, 3L, 2L, 1L, 1R, 2R, 3R, 4R notation corresponding to the co-linear array connections with the ports  31  for connection to the radio receiver(s) and/or transmitter(s) having a similar notation. 
     SCOPE OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the invention comprises the features of construction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth. 
     It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, and those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 
     It is also to be understood that the invention is intended to be claimed in a regular utility application to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.