Abstract:
In this invention, a novel substrate-triggered technique is proposed to effectively improve the electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of integrated circuit (IC) products. The ESD protection circuit derived from the substrate-triggered technique is comprised of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor and an ESD detection circuit. The MOS transistor is composed of a bulk region, a gate, a source region coupled to a power rail, and a drain region couple to a pad. The source region, the bulk region and the drain region further construct a parasitic bipolar junction transistor (BJT) The ESD detection circuit is located between, and connected to, the power rail and the pad. During normal operation, the ESD detection circuit maintains the coupling of the bulk region to the first power rail. During an ESD event, the ESD detection circuit biases the bulk region to trigger the BJT thereby releasing ESD stress. Research and experiment demonstrate the substrate-triggered technique can substantially improve the ESD protection level of an MOS transistor.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention generally relates to an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit. Specifically, the present invention relates to a substrate-triggered technique for an on-chip ESD protection circuit in the integrated circuits (IC). 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     With the scaled-down device dimension, shallow junction depth, thinner gate oxide, lightly-doped-drain (LDD) structure, and use of salicide process techniques in advanced deep-submicron complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, CMOS integrated circuit (IC) products become more susceptible to ESD damage. Therefore, on-chip ESD protection circuit had been built to protect the devices and circuits of the IC from ESD damages. In general, the ESD robustness of commercial IC products should exceed 2 kV in the human-body-model (HBM) ESD events. To sustain a high ESD voltage, on-chip ESED protection circuit often has large device dimension. Typically, the N-type Metal Oxide Semiconductor field effect transistor (NMOS) in input/output (I/O) circuits for ESD protection has a total channel width greater than 300 μm. With such a large device dimension, the NMOS is often designed with a multiple fingered layout. The finger-type layout pattern of the traditional NMOS device and its corresponding cross-sectional view are shown in FIGS. 1A and  1 B. The cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 1B corresponds to the dashed line A-A′ of FIG.  1 A. As shown in FIG. 1A, the traditional finger-type NMOS has two poly-silicon fingers  10  serving as the gate(s) of the finger-type NMOS. The drain electrode, the source electrode and the bulk electrode of the finger-type NMOS are respectively represented by an n+ doped region  12 , two n+ doped regions  14  and a p-well  15 . The p-well  15  is grounded via two p+ doped regions  16 . Several small finger-type NMOSs, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B can be connected in parallel to create a large device dimensioned NMOS with high current driving ability. However, a large-dimension NMOS constructed with multiple, parallel finger-type NMOSs is unable to be uniformly switched on (whereas simultaneous ‘firing’ of the parallel NMOSs would allow the device to bypass ESD current). Rather, only several fingers of a large device dimensioned NMOS are able to be switched on simultaneously thereby resulting in NMOS damage from the ESD pulse. Often, this methodology nets insufficient ESD protection levels despite the NMOS&#39;s large device dimension capacity. 
     To improve the turn-on uniformity among the multiple fingers of the above described device, a gate-driven design had been used to increase ESD protection levels of the large device dimensioned NMOSs. FIG. 2 shows the concept of the gate-driven design. However, experiments and journal papers have demonstrated that the ESD level of a gate-driven NMOS is dramatically decreased when the gate voltage is over-increased. The gate-driven design causes ESD current to flow through the channel surface of NMOS making the NMOS vulnerable to burn-out from the ESD energy. 
     To investigate ESD performance of the gate-driven design, NMOS&#39;s with different channel widths, but a fixed channel length of 0.3 μm, had been fabricated in a 0.18 μm salicide CMOS process with a silicde-blocking mask  17  to hinder the formation of silicide material on the drain and source regions of the NMOS devices. A transmission line pulse generator (TLPG) with a pulse width of 100 ns is used to measure the second breakdown current (It 2 ) of the fabricated NMOSs under different gate biases. In theory, the human body model (HBM) ESD level VESD is equal to the product of It 2  and. 1.5 kΩ, the equivalent resistance for the HBM. The TLPG measured I-V curves of NMOSs under different gate biases are shown in FIG. 3, where the channel width of the NMOS is 300 μm. The dependence of It 2  on the gate biases for two different sized NMOSs is shown in FIG.  4 . In FIG. 4, the It 2  of the gate-driven NMOS with a channel width of 300 μm is first increased when the gate bias is increased from 0V. However, It 2  drops suddenly when gate bias is greater than some critical value (˜0.3V). This same ‘dropping’ also occurs at a voltage around 0.2V for the NMOS with a W/L of 100 μm/0.3 μm. Hence, these results demonstrate the aforementioned conclusion, that over-biased gate voltage will degrade the performance of ESD protection. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The objective of the present invention is to provide a substrate-triggered ESD protection circuit where regardless of substrate current volume, the substrate-triggered ESD protection circuit provides steady and excellent ESD protection performance. 
     The present invention achieves the above-indicated objective by providing an ESD protection circuit comprised of a first MOS transistor of a first conductive type and an ESD detection circuit. Further, the first MOS transistor has a bulk region of a second conductive type, a gate, a source region of the first conductive type and a drain region of the first conductive type. The gate is positioned on the bulk region, the source is coupled to a first power rail, and the drain is coupled to a pad. The source region, the bulk region and the drain region construct a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The ESD detection circuit is between, and connected to, the first power rail and the pad. During normal operation, the ESD detection circuit initiates a coupling of the bulk region to the first power rail. During an ESD event, the ESD detection circuit biases the bulk region to trigger the BJT and in-turn releases ESD stress. 
     The present invention can also provide an MOS transistor with superior ESD protection. Wherein the MOS transistor comprises a well region of a first conductive type, a control gate on the well region, a drain region and a source region of a second conductive type. The drain and source regions are positioned on the well region, adjacent to the control gate, and respectively coupled to a pad and a first power rail. The drain region, the well region and the source region construct another BJT. A well contact region of the first conductive type is positioned on the well region and coupled to an ESD detection circuit. During an ESD event, the ESD detection circuit biases the well region thereby triggering the BJT to release ESD current. During normal operation, the ESD detection circuit prompts the well region to couple with the first power rail. 
     Another benefit of the present invention provides a method for improving ESD robustness in an MOS transistor. 
     Here, the MOS transistor is comprised of a substrate, a gate, a source and a drain. During normal operation, the substrate is coupled to a first power rail and the gate is coupled to the first power rail through an ESD detection circuit. The source and the drain are coupled to the first power rail and the pad, respectively. The source, the substrate and the drain constitute a BJT. The method detects occurrence of an ESD event between the first power rail and the pad. When such an ESD event is detected, the second step of the method is to bias the substrate of the MOS transistor thereby triggering the BJT for releasing an ESD current. 
     The primary advantage of the present invention is dramatically improvement ESD protection level in an NMOS transistor. Constructed by an 0.18-μm CMOS process, the substrate-triggered NMOS with a W/L of 300 μm/0.3 μm (according to the present invention) has an HBM ESD level of 3.5 kV. In contrast, the traditional gate-coupled NMOS technique, also with a W/L of 300 μm/0.3 μm on the same wafer, has an HBM ESD level of only 0.5 kV. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The drawings referred to herein are to be understood as not being drawn to scale except where specifically noted. The emphasis instead being placed upon illustration of the principles of advantages of the present invention. 
     In the accompanying drawings: 
     FIG. 1A shows the finger-type layout pattern of the traditional NMOS device; 
     FIG. 1B shows the cross-sectional view of the NMOS in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 2 demonstrates the concept of the gate-driven NMOS design for ESD protection; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the TLPG-measured I-V curves of an NMOS under different gate biases; 
     FIG. 4 shows the dependence of It 2  on the gate biases for two different sized NMOSs; 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively show the layout pattern and corresponding device cross-sectional view of the substrate-triggered NMOS according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 shows the substrate-triggered NMOS design for ESD protection; 
     FIG. 7 shows the TLPG-measured I-V curves of an NMOS under different substrate bias currents (I B ) according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 8 shows the dependence of It 2  on the substrate bias current; 
     FIG. 9 illustrates the ESD protection circuit design for an input port to actualize the substrate-triggered technique on an NMOS device according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 compares the positive-to-VSS HBM ESD levels of the fabricated input ESD protection circuits, with gate-driven design versus substrate-triggered design, using different NMOS channel widths; 
     FIG. 11 illustrates the ESD protection circuit design for an output port to actualize the substrate-triggered technique on an NMOS device according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 12 shows the power-rail ESD clamp circuit with substrate-triggered design according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 13 diagrams the circuit used to apply the substrate-triggered ESD protection technique on both the input NMOS Mn 1  and MOS Mp 1 ; 
     FIG. 14 shows a representative example of the design in FIG. 13 
     FIG. 15 diagrams the circuit used to apply the substrate-triggered ESD protection technique to both the output(s) NMOS and PMOS; and 
     FIG. 16 shows a representative example of the design in FIG.  15 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference is now made in detail to embodiments of the present invention that illustrate the best mode presently contemplated by the inventor(s) for employing the present invention. Other embodiments are also described herein. 
     The layout pattern and corresponding device cross-sectional view of the substrate-triggered NMOS according to the present invention are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, respectively. Several small finger-type NMOSs as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, can be connected in parallel to create a large device dimensioned NMOS with high current driving ability. The substrate-triggered NMOS in FIGS. 5A and 5B is positioned in a p-well  32  on a p-substrate  30 . Two poly-silicon gates  34 , serving as the gate (electrode) of the substrate-triggered NMOS, are positioned above the p-well  32 . Two n+ doped regions  36 , functioning as the drain (electrode) of the substrate-triggered NMOS, are positioned between poly-silicon gates  34  on the surface of the p-well  32 . Between the n+ doped regions  36 , a p+ doped region  40  is positioned for the electrical connection to p-well  32  and serves as the trigger node for the substrate-triggered NMOS. Isolation object(s)  42 , in this example, the silicon oxide formed by the shallow trench isolation processes, isolate the p+ doped region  40  from the n+ doped regions  36 . The two n+ doped regions  38  on the surface(s) of p-well(s)  32  provide the source (electrode) of the substrate-triggered NMOS. As shown in FIG. 5B, one of the n+ doped regions  38 , a p-well  32  and one of the n+ doped region  36  together can construct a parasitic npn bipolar junction transistor (BJT). 
     An n-well  44  is positioned to partially overlay and electrically couple with the n+ doped region  38 . Beside the n+ doped region  38 , a p+ doped region  46  forms the electrical connection to p-well  32 ′. All the surfaces of the p+ regions  46  and  40  are capped by silicide material. The areas of the n+ doped regions  36  and  38  are patterned by a photo mask  52  to block silicide material on their surfaces but the contact areas will be still covered with suicide. 
     The contacts  54  for the n+ doped regions  36  must be separated from poly-silicon gate  34  by a specific distance, as shown in FIG. 5A, to sustain a higher ESD stress. The shortest conductive path from the base of the npn BJT to the p+ doped region  46  must travel around n-well  44 , to take advantage of the higher resistance provided by spread resistor Rsub. 
     According to the present invention, the substrate-triggered design for use in ESD-protected NMOSs is shown in FIG.  6 . The n+ doped region  36  (the drain electrode from FIG. 5B) is coupled to pad  60  via contacts. The n+ doped region  38  (the source electrode) and the p+ doped region  46  are all coupled to power rail VSS. The p+ doped region  40  is coupled to an ESD detection circuit  62 . During normal operation, the ESD detection circuit  62  makes the p+ doped region  40 , also serving as a bulk electrode of the NMOS, couple to the power rail VSS. During ESD-stress condition, the instant ESD detection circuit  62  discovers an ESD event occurring on pad  60 , ESD detection circuit  62  biases the bulk electrode to trigger activation of the npn BJT thereby releasing ESD stress. 
     In order to compare ESD protection performance of the present invention against the gate-driven design in the prior art, a substrate-triggered NMOS, with the same device dimensions and fabrication processes used for the gate-driven NMOS, has been measured by TLPG. All the measured NMOSs have different channel widths but a fixed channel length of 0.3 μm and are fabricated by a 0.18-μm salicide CMOS process with a silicide-blocking mask. TLPG inputs a pulse with a pulse width of 100 ns into pad  60  to find the It 2  of the fabricated NMOSs under different substrate biases. The TLPG-measured I-V curves of NMOSs under different substrate bias are shown in FIG. 7 (where the measured NMOS has a W/L of 300 μm/0.3 μm). The dependence of It 2  on the substrate bias is shown in FIG.  8 . Independent of NMOS channel width measured at 100 μm or 300 μm, It 2  increases as long as bias current IB increases, provided by the ESD detection circuit  62 . Note that the abrupt degradation of It 2  as seen in FIG. 4 is not found in FIG.  8 . The substrate-triggered effect ‘instructs’ the parasitic lateral npn BJT of the NMOS structure to pull current flowing through the substrate (bulk) of the NMOS, which has been located far enough away from the surface channel of the NMOS. The NMOS&#39;s bulk comprises a large volume to dissipate the ESD generated heat; therefore the substrate-triggered NMOS can sustain a much higher ESD level within the same silicon area. 
     The ESD protection circuit for an input port to actualize the substrate-triggered technique on an NMOS device according to the present invention is shown in FIG.  9 . The input port is composed of a pad  64  and a buffer resistor (Rbuffer) located between, and connected to, pad  64  and internal circuits  67 . The design composed of PMOS Mp 1  and a gate resistor Rgp 1  located between, and connected to, pad  64  and power rail VDD is well known in the art. In the current invention, a substrate-triggered NMOS is connected between pad  64  and power rail VSS, wherein the NMOS is composed of a drain electrode coupled to pad  64 , a source electrode coupled to power rail VSS, and a gate electrode coupled either directly or, via a gate resistor Rgn 1 , to power rail VSS. 
     ESD detection circuit  66  is used for driving the bulk electrode of Mn 1 , where the substrate resistor Rsub is used for coupling the bulk electrode of Mn 1  to VSS during normal operation e.g., operation without an ESD event. The ESD detection circuit  66  contains a PMOS Mp 2  with a source electrode, a drain electrode and a bulk electrode connected to pad  64 , the bulk electrode of Mn 1  and the power rail VDD, respectively. The ESD detection circuit further has a RC-delay circuit constructed from a detection capacitor C 2  and a detection resistor R 2  connected in series (see FIG.  9 ). The product of R 2  and C 2  must be near the order of a micro-second (μs) to distinguish an ESD event from normal operation. During normal operation, the power rail VDD is stably biased at a fixed potential, such as 1.8, 2.5 or 3.3 volt, so that, through the conductivity of R 2 , the gate electrode of Mp 2  is also biased at the electric potential of the power rail VDD to turn off Mp 2 . The bulk electrode (substrate) and the gate electrode of Mn 1  is coupled to power rail VSS enabling Mn 1  to be turned off, whereby the signals in the pad  64  can convey to internal circuits  67 . When a positive-to-VSS ESD ‘zapping’ occurs on the pad  64 , the RC circuit (R 2  and C 2 ) temporarily maintains the gate voltage of Mp 2  at approximately 0V. Therefore, Mp 2  is simultaneously turned on to conduct a trigger current into the substrate of Mn 1  thereby initiating the substrate-triggered effect. Thus, ESD current will be drained off by the parasitic npn BJT while the IC remains protected. 
     The primary function of ESD detection circuit  66  is to maintain, during normal operation, the substrate of Mn 1  coupled to VSS; and to bias, during an ESD event, the substrate of Mn 1 , such that the parasitic npn BJT is triggered to release ESD current. Again, the embodiment of the detection circuit  66  in FIG. 9 is simply an example and does therefore not constrain the application of the present invention. 
     In FIG. 10, the positive-to-VSS HBM ESD levels of the fabricated input ESD protection circuits utilizing gate-driven design or substrate-triggered design under different NMOS channel widths have been tested and compared. All circuits tested were fabricated on the same wafer using the 0.18-μm salicide CMOS process technology at Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). The NMOS with substrate-triggered design rendered by the present invention demonstrates obvious improvement in ESD protection levels relative to the NMOS with gate-driven design found in the prior art. In FIG. 10, the substrate-triggered NMOS (W/L=300 μm/0.3 μm) can sustain an ESD stress level of 3.3 kV. In contrast, an NMOS with the same device dimension, yet absent the substrate-triggered design, can only withstand an ESD level of 0.8 kV. In summary, FIG. 10 verifies the superior effectiveness of the current invention&#39;s substrate-triggered technique in improving ESD robustness within 0.18-μm CMOS technology. 
     Beyond providing exceptional ESD protection for an input port, the substrate-triggered design can also be employed in an output port environment. FIG. 11 illustrates an output port ESD protection circuit used to apply the substrate-triggered technique to an NMOS device. Pad  68  is part of the output port and is driven by NMOS Mn 3  and PMOS Mp 3 . Mn 3  has an MOS structure similar to the NMOS in FIGS. 5A and 5B, functioning simultaneously as a large current driver and an ESD protection device. Therefore, some or all of the finger gates are driven by a pre-driving circuit  70 . Concerning ESD detection circuit  72  as constructed by detection resistor R 3 , detection capacitor C 3 , the substrate resistor Rsub and the PMOS Mp 4 , its inherent connection and operation are both described and explained in the previous paragraph, therefore they are not re-iterated here. 
     The power-rail ESD clamp circuit with substrate-triggered design according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 12, wherein NMOS Mn 5  functions as an ESD protection device controlled by resistor R 5 , capacitor C 5  and inverter Inv. Mn 5  can have a structure similar to that shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, and includes a drain electrode and a source electrode coupled respectively to power rails VDD and VSS. The RC time constant of R 5  and C 5  should be kept in the order of μs to distinguish whether the circuit is subject to an ESD event or operating under normal circuit condition. During normal circuit operating conditions, the input node of Inv in FIG. 12 is biased at VDD to turn off Mn 5 . While the ESD voltage is bridging power rails VDD and VSS, the input node of Inv in FIG. 12 is kept at a low voltage level (near to VSS) through the time delay of R 5  and C 5 . Therefore the output node of Inv in FIG. 12 is charged up to the same voltage level on power rail VDD in order to bias the substrate of Mn 5 . The ESD voltage crossing power rails VDD and VSS is therefore discharged by Mn 5 , which again, is triggered by the substrate-triggered technique. 
     The substrate-triggered technique of the present invention can be also applied to PMOS devices to increase their ESD robustness. The circuit diagram to apply the substrate-triggered technique on both input(s) ESD-protection NMOS Mn 1  and PMOS Mp 1  is shown in FIG.  13 . An example of this design is shown in FIG. 14, where the bulk electrodes of Mn 1  and Mp 1  are respectively controlled by ESD detection circuits  76  and  78 . In FIG. 14, Rw represents the well resistance of the n-well where Mp 1  is inside, and Rsub represents the spread resistance of the p-substrate and the p-well where Mn 1  is inside. If an n-type substrate is used to fabricate the circuit, the resistor connected to the bulk of Mp 1  must be changed into Rsub representing the spread resistance of the n-substrate and the n-well where Mp 1  is inside. Furthermore, the resistor connected to the bulk of Mn 1  must be changed into Rw representing the well resistance of the p-well where Mn 1  is inside. 
     The circuit diagram to apply the substrate-triggered technique on both the output NMOS Mn 3  and PMOS Mp 3  is shown in FIG. 15. A representative example of this design is shown in FIG.  16 . 
     While the invention has been described by way of examples and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Similarly, any process steps described herein may be interchangeable with other steps in order to achieve the same result. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements as defined by the following claims and their equivalents.