Abstract:
This invention discloses a clock generator capable of automatically adjusting output clock when process, voltage, or temperature variation occurred. The clock generator comprises a current generator, for generating a first current and a second current according to a control voltage; a oscillator, coupled to the current generator, for generating a clock signal according to the first current; and a voltage adjuster, coupled to the current generator and the oscillator, for adjusting the control voltage according to the clock signal and the second current; wherein, when the signal frequency of the clock signal changed, the voltage adjuster correspondingly adjusts the control voltage so as to adjust the first current.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]    (a) Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a clock generator, and more particularly, to a clock generator that is substantially immune from the influence of manufacturing process, supply voltage, and temperature. 
         [0003]    (b) Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    In an integrated circuit, the clock signal is an indispensable reference signal. The clock signal can be used as a reference signal when sampling input data, a reference clock for the arithmetic circuits, and so forth. 
         [0005]    Generally, a clock signal used in an integrated circuit is generated from a an outside external quartz oscillator which generating a reference clock signal, and then to output the clock signal with a higher frequency by the phase lock loop of the integrated circuit according to the reference clock signal. However, although the method of generating the clock signal by the quartz oscillator can generate a more precise clock signal to be used by the integrated circuit, such a method still needs least one extra pin of the integrated circuit to receive the reference clock signal. That will cause a higher cost and hard to reduce the package area. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    In light of the above-mentioned problem, one object of the invention is to provide a clock generator, and more particularly, to a clock generator that is substantially immune from the influence of manufacturing processes, supply voltages, and temperature. 
         [0007]    Hence, one object of the invention is to provide a clock generator to be applied in the network communication integrated circuits. 
         [0008]    One embodiment of the invention discloses a clock generator. The clock generator includes a current generator, an oscillator, and a voltage adjuster. The current generator is to generate a first current and a second current according to a control voltage. The oscillator, coupled to the current generator, is to generate a clock signal according to the first current. The voltage adjuster, coupled to the current generator and the oscillator, is to adjust the control voltage according to the clock signal and the second current. When the signal frequency of the clock signal is varied, the voltage adjuster adjusts the control voltage correspondingly according to the frequency change so as to change the first current. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0009]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram illustrating a clock generator according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic diagram illustrating a clock generator according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  shows a schematic diagram illustrating a calibrating circuit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    First of all, please refer to  FIG. 1 , which shows a schematic diagram illustrating the clock generator according to a first embodiment of the invention. As shown in this figure, the clock generator  100  includes a current generator  101 , an oscillator  102 , and a voltage adjuster  103 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the clock generator  100  is applied in the network communication integrated circuits, such as: the 10M/100M/100M Ethernet integrated circuits, the 802.11a/b/g/n integrated circuits, and so forth. The current generator  101  generates the first current I 1  and the second current I 2  according to the control voltage Vc. The oscillator  102 , coupled to the current generator  101 , generates the clock signal clk and the inverse clock signal  clk  according to the first current I 1 . The voltage adjuster  103  is coupled to the current generator  101  and the oscillator  102 . The voltage adjuster  103  adjusts the control voltage Vc according to the clock signal clk, the inverse clock signal  clk , and the second current I 2 . It should be noted that the coupling relationships between each components are shown in the figures and omitted here for sake of brevity. 
         [0013]    The operation of the clock generator will be described in detail in the following descriptions. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the output terminal of the operational amplifier OP is coupled to the gate of the NMOS transistor Q 1 . The non-inverting input terminal receives the control voltage Vc outputted from the voltage adjuster  103 . The inverting input terminal outputs an output voltage Vo and is coupled to the resistor R 1  so that a control current Ic is generated when the output voltage Vo passes the resistor R 1 . The output voltage Vo is substantially equal to the control voltage Vc. 
         [0014]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the control current Ic flows to the current mirror circuit  101   a . The transistor M 1  generates the first current I 1  and the transistor M 2  generates the second current I 2 . When the aspect ratio of the transistor M 1  is designed to be “b” times more than the aspect ratio of the transistor Mr, the first current I 1  is substantially equal to “b” times more than the control current Ic. Similarly, when the aspect ratio of the transistor M 2  is designed to be “a” times more than the aspect ration of the transistor Mr, the second current I 2  is substantially equal to “a” times more than the control current Ic. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the source terminal of the transistor M 1  is coupled to the oscillator  102 . The oscillator  102  can generate the first clock signal clk and the second clock signal  clk  according to the first current I 1  outputted by the transistor M 1 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the first clock signal clk and the second clock signal  clk  are substantially inverse to each other. 
         [0015]    Please further refer to the voltage adjuster  103  shown in  FIG. 1 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the voltage adjuster  103  includes the transistor Q 2 , the transistor Q 3 , the capacitor C 1 , and the capacitor C 2 ; and the coupling relationships thereof as shown in  FIG. 1 . The gate of the transistor Q 2  is coupled to the oscillator  102  and the drain of the transistor Q 2  is coupled to the first capacitor C 1 , wherein the conduction of transistor Q 2  is is determined by the first clock signal clk. The gate of the transistor Q 3  is coupled to the oscillator  102  and the drain of the transistor Q 3  is coupled to the source terminal of the transistor Q 2  and the second capacitor C 2 , wherein the conduction of the transistor Q 3  is determined by the second clock signal  clk . 
         [0016]    During the first phase, that is, when the first clock signal is logic 0 and the second clock signal  clk  is logic 1, the transistor Q 2  is operated at turned-off state while the transistor Q 3  is operated at turned-on state. Meanwhile, the state of second current I 2  charging the capacitor C 1  can be represented as following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             aI 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     1 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                        
                       v 
                     
                     
                        
                       t 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⇒ 
                 
                   
                     ∫ 
                     0 
                     
                       V 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       1 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                      
                     v 
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       aI 
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         ∫ 
                         0 
                         
                           1 
                           
                             2 
                              
                             f 
                           
                         
                       
                        
                       
                          
                         t 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⇒ 
                   
                     V 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     aI 
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     1 
                     
                       2 
                        
                       f 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0017]    where aI is the magnitude of current of the second current I 2 , V 1  is the voltage increase of the capacitor C 1 , and f is the signal frequency of the first and the second clock signals. 
         [0018]    During the second phase, that is, when the first clock signal is logic 1 and the second clock signal  clk  is logic 0, the transistor Q 2  is operated at turned-on state while the transistor Q 3  is operated at turned-off state. When the transistor Q 2  is turned-on, the charge sharing effect occurred between the capacitor C 1  and the capacitor C 2 . The related equation of charge sharing effect can be represented as following: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 V 
                 1 
               
                
               
                 C 
                 1 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     x 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 ⇒ 
                 
                   V 
                   X 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     1 
                   
                   
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                  
                 
                   V 
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0019]    where Vx is a reduced voltage of capacitor C 1  caused by the charge sharing effect. Hence, during the second phase, the state of the second current I 2  charging the capacitor C 1  can be represented by the following equations: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             aI 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                        
                       v 
                     
                     
                        
                       t 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⇒ 
                 
                   
                     ∫ 
                     
                       v 
                       x 
                     
                     
                       v 
                       2 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                      
                     v 
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       aI 
                       
                         
                           C 
                           1 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           C 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         ∫ 
                         
                           1 
                           
                             2 
                              
                             f 
                           
                         
                         
                           1 
                           f 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                          
                         t 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⇒ 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       V 
                       x 
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     aI 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     1 
                     
                       2 
                        
                       f 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               V 
               2 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   V 
                   x 
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     aI 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     1 
                     
                       2 
                        
                       f 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     V 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     aI 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     1 
                     
                       2 
                        
                       f 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0020]    where V 2  is an increased voltage of capacitor C 1  during the second phase. Since the state of phase  1  and the phase  2  will repeat continuously, it can be assumed that: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             β 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     1 
                   
                   
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 and 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   V 
                   C 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   aI 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                  
                 
                   
                     1 
                     
                       2 
                        
                       f 
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0021]    Therefore, the control voltage Vc outputted by the voltage adjuster  103  can be derived by the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     
                       2 
                        
                       n 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               β 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               
                                 V 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               V 
                               C 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               β 
                               
                                 n 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               β 
                               
                                 n 
                                 - 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             … 
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ⇒ 
                       
                         V 
                         C 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       aI 
                       
                         fC 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0022]    Furthermore, the relationship between the control current I and the control voltage Vc can be represented by the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   I 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       C 
                     
                     
                       R 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0023]    Combining the equation (1) and the equation (2), the signal frequency f of the first and the second clock signals can be derived by the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             f 
             = 
             
               
                 a 
                 
                   
                     R 
                     1 
                   
                    
                   
                     C 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0024]    The result of the above mentioned derivations clearly indicates that the signal frequency f of the first and the second clock signals generated by the oscillator  102  is related to the resistor R 1 , the capacitor C 2 , and the aspect ratio “a” of the transistor M 2 . It is noticed that the signal frequency f of the first and the second clock signals is substantially independent of supply voltage VDD. 
         [0025]    For example, when the supply voltage VDD drifts downward, the first current I 1  and the second current I 2  will be decreased due to the decrease of the Vgs. Then, the signal frequency of the first clock signal clk and the second clock signal  clk  outputted by the oscillator  102  also will be decreased accordingly. Due to the decrease of the signal frequency of the first clock signal clk and the second clock signal  clk , the voltage adjuster  103  adjusts the control voltage Vc upwardly to compensate the first current I 1 . Therefore, the signal frequency of the first clock signal clk and the second clock signal  clk  outputted by the oscillator  102  will be adjusted back to the desired situation for maintaining the stability of the clock signal. 
         [0026]    Please refer to  FIG. 2 , which shows a schematic diagram illustrating the clock generator according to a second embodiment of the invention. The difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiments of the invention is the addition of a calibrating circuit  104 . Considering the manufacturing process and the temperature variation factors, the second embodiment of the invention further includes a calibrating circuit  104  to calibrate the capacitor C 1 , the capacitor C 2 , and the resistor R 1 . The coupling relationships are shown in the figure. When the manufacturing process and the temperature variation occurred, the calibrating circuit  104  calibrates the capacitor C 1 , the capacitor C 2 , or the resistor R 1  to maintain the R 1 ×C 2  keeping in a constant value. Therefore, the clock signal outputted by the oscillator  102  can be more stable. The details of the calibrating circuit  104  according to one embodiment of the invention are shown in  FIG. 3 . The calibrating circuit  104  includes current source I 3 , current source I 4 , resistor R×1, resistor R×2, resistor R×3, resistor Rd, comparator  302 , comparator  304 , and logic control circuit  306 . The resistor Rd is used to detect the magnitudes of the manufacturing process and the temperature variation. According to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the current generated by current source I 3  flows to the resistor R×1, the resistor R×2, and the resistor R×3 for respectively generating the reference voltage V 1  and the reference voltage V 2  where reference voltage V 1  and reference voltage V 2  are independent of the manufacturing process and the temperature variation. The current generated by the current source I 4  flowing to the resistor Rd is used for generating the detecting voltage Vd. Where the detecting voltage Vd is dependent of the manufacturing process and the temperature variation. Then, the detecting voltage Vd is compared to the reference voltage V 1  and the reference voltage V 2  respectively by the comparator  302  and the comparator  304 . Next, a comparing result is outputted to the logic control circuit  306 . The comparing result will reflect the variation of the manufacturing process and the temperature. Finally, the logic control circuit  306  generates the calibrating signal to the resistor R 1  for calibrating the resistance according to the above mentioned comparing result. Furthermore, the approach of the calibrating circuit  104  calibrating resistor R 1  can also be used to calibrate the capacitor C 1  and the capacitor C 2 . The detail description about calibrating the capacitor C 1  and the capacitor C 2  is omitted herein for sake of brevity. 
         [0027]    In conclusion, by means of the three feedback control mechanisms of the current generator  101 , the oscillator  102 , and the voltage adjuster  103 , the clock signal outputted by the oscillator  102  of the clock generator of the invention will not be substantially influenced by the manufacturing process, the supply voltage, and the temperature. Furthermore, the clock generator of the present invention does not need external clock signal to be reference and thus saves at least one pin count of the integrated circuit. 
         [0028]    While the invention has been described by way of examples and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Various equivalent changes and modifications according to the claims of the present invention are to be encompassed by the scope of the present invention.