Abstract:
A medical probe having at least one transducer or electrode for registering or influencing tissue activities is disclosed. The probe comprises a substrate having a supporting surface and a cover layer which, together, form a chamber bounded on one side by the supporting surface and on an opposed side by a wall of the cover layer. The electrode or transducer is carried on the supporting surface of the substrate. An aperture in the wall of the cover layer provides communication between the exterior of the probe and the chamber. The probe is extremely accurate and selective, and extraneous signals which made prior art probes inaccurate do not detract from the accuracy of probes according to the instant invention.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 373,207, filed Apr. 29, 1982, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This invention is concerned with a medical probe for use in registering and influencing tissue activities. Especially meaningful are the thin film probes, called electrode probes or transducer probes, used in medical research as well as in human medicine in order to determine or to influence electrical activities of the tissue, metabolic activities, blood flow, ion and molecular changes, etc. 
     Thin film probes are qualified in particular for multiple recordings because of their possible variation in design and dimension (O. Prohaska, F. Pacha, P. Pfundner, H. Petsche: A-16-fold semi-microelectrode for intracortical recording of field potentials, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 47, 629-621, 1979). 
     One previously known medical electrode, disclosed in Austrian Patent No. 342,189, consists of a non-conducting body that carries on one end a contact electrode which is connected to a lead within the non-conducting body. In addition, a throw-away enclosure of non-conducting material is mounted around the individual reusable electrode. Within the cover is a cavity which borders on the contact electrode as well as on the outer area by at least one aperture in the throw-away enclosure and is filled by a viscous electrolyte. This type of structure provides for direct contact between the material under test and the metal or intermetallic compound electrodes and/or transducers which cause some serious disadvantages: 
     (a) the electrode impedance varies as an inverse function of the electrode area (H. J. Vetter: Elektrochemische Kinetik, Springer Verl. Berlin, 1961) and, therefore, miniaturization of the electrode(s) results in unacceptably high electrode impedance; 
     (b) polarographic recordings (I. M. Kolthoff, J. J. Lingane: Polarographie, Intersci, Publ. N.Y., 1952) cause a current flow through the tissue which irritates and, frequently, injures the tissue, 
     (c) the extracellular ion and molecular concentration is only recordable under stable conditions which, unfortunately, seldom exist, 
     (d) ion concentration changes in the material under test often alter potential recordings within the tissue; for instance: Cl -  concentration changes cause the electrode potential change of an Ag/AgCl electrode to change. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INSTANT INVENTION 
     A probe according to the instant invention overcomes these disadvantages. The probe comprises at least one electrode or transducer (2) which is enclosed by an insulating cover (6) that is supported on an insulating substrate (7,11). The thickness of the cover is in the range of 0.5 μm up to 10 μm--preferably 3 μm. A chamber (1) is formed between the substrate (7,11) and the insulating cover (6). The chamber (1) can be up to 30 μm high (5) and is filled by a gaseous and/or fluid and/or solid medium (3) which provides communication between the electrode or transducer and at least one aperture (4). The insulating cover (6) is comprised of at least one of the materials SiO, SiO 2 , Si 3  N 4 , TiO 2 , Ta 2  O 5  or similar materials which have mechanical or electrical properties comparable to the above-mentioned materials. 
     Significant new results are obtained by virtue of the fact that the chamber(s) (1) contain(s) a material, i.e., the medium (3), that establishes the contact between the electrode or transducer and the material under test (e.g., tissue). As a consequence, electrode impedance is reduced. In addition, in multi-electrode probes, the reference electrode is separated from the material under test, so that the potential of the reference electrode remains constant. In a probe according to the invention, through the use of thin film technology, one can incorporate a plurality of chambers whereby a plurality of parameters can be evaluated or influenced with a single probe. 
     For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings a form which is presently preferred; it being understood, however, that this invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are cross-sectional views showing three embodiments of chambers according to the instant invention; and 
     FIGS. 4, 5, 6 and 7 are cross-sectional views showing four embodiments of probes according to the instant invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 shows an elevated chamber (1) which is called a &#34;thin film buffer chamber&#34;. Chamber (1) is defined by a thin insulating cover layer (6) which determines the outer shape of the thin film buffer chamber (1). Layer (6) is 0.5 μm to 10 μm thick, preferably 3 μm. The cover layer (6) may be composed of at least one of the following materials: SiO x , Si 3  N 4 , SiO y  N z , TiO 2 , Ta 2  O 5 , where x is at least 1 but not greater than 2, y is greater than 0 and less than 2 and z is greater than 0 and less than 1.33. Materials similar to the named materials and having comparable mechanical or electrical properties may also be utilized. Layer (6) is directly supported on the insulating substrate (7) in such a way that it encloses at least one electrode or transducer (2). 
     Layer (6) has at least one aperture (4) which communicates between medium (3) and the material under test (9). In doing this, a new result was obtained: the aperture (4) represents now the actual electrode or transducer of the probe in forming the direct connection to the material under test (9), enabling a pointlike, local recording or influence. On the other hand, the metal or metal compound electrode (2) which was previously determining the qualities of the probe can be made much larger now since they are no longer in direct contact with the material under test (9) but only indirectly by means of the medium (3) within the thin film buffer chamber (1). In this way, the recording disturbances caused by the electrode impedance can be reduced up to 1000 times. 
     The property and shape of the insulating substrate (7) is widely variable. It can be stiff or pliable, round, uneven, flat, needle-shaped or cylindrical, etc. 
     FIG. 2 shows another possible type of thin film buffer chamber (1) where the chamber shape is obtained by etching a recess (10) into the substrate (7). Cover layer (6) is flat. The probe is otherwise the same as that disclosed in FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 3 demonstrates the chamber construction in a &#34;sandwich design&#34; where the recess (12) is etched into an insulation layer (11) which is supported by the substrate (7). In the versions of FIGS. 2 and 3, the recesses (10) or (12) are covered by a thin insulation layer (6) in which the aperture (4) is etched. The probe of FIG. 3 is otherwise the same as that disclosed in FIG. 1. 
     The advantages of a thin film version, using thin film technology methods for production, reside in the possibility of a very precise arrangement of several thin film chambers (1) within a very small area next to or above each other. This is extremely important for the practical application of the invention because the thin film version enables one to record or influence a parameter regardless of the structure of the tissue under test. Due to this precision as well as the multiple arrangement of the electrode and transducer areas, a new result is achieved--a connection between different activities and parameter changes of the tissue can be exhibited and a spatial resolution of the above-mentioned processes can be demonstrated, yielding completely new results. 
     The medium (3) within the thin film buffer chamber (1) determines the identity of the recordable or influencable parameters. The medium (3) can consist of gaseous and/or liquid and/or solid material, for instance an electrolyte, an enzyme, an ion exchanger or any combination thereof. In order to be operable in the instant invention, the medium need only contain a material which is capable of registering or influencing a measurable signal which changes as a function of changes in a property, including optical properties, of the material being tested. Numerous electrolytes are known in the art and many of them are polymers. The properties of the material under test and the activities thereof which are to be registered or influenced will dictate, to a large extent, the choice of a particular medium, in conjunction with other factors which are well known to those skilled in the art. In the case where the chamber (1) is filled with a medium (3) which reacts with the material under test, such as an enzyme or an ion exchanger, there is a reservoir of that medium (3) in the chamber (1). As a consequence, the medium does not need to be replenished nearly as often as would be necessary in prior art probes. Just as important for the recording or influencing mode is the selection of the electrode or transducer materials (2), which may be composed of a precious metal, preferably gold or platinum, or a semi-conductor, or intermetallic compounds or metal salts, a suitable one being Ag/AgCl. They could also function as a thermocouple or a resistance thermometer. Alternatively, at least two electrodes or transducers (2) can be utilized to form an electrochemical cell together with the medium (3). In doing this, an essentially new result is yielded: the current, caused by voltommetric recordings, flows within the &#34;thin film buffer chamber&#34; (1) and does not influence the material under test in an undesired way. 
     One embodiment of the thin film buffer chamber probe is shown in FIG. 4. Thereby, the insulating substrate (7), due to easy application or performance, might be mounted on an additional insulating and/or conducting supplementary substrate (20), preferably supported on an insulating carrier (13) on which conductors (14) are arranged. The conductors (8) on the insulating substrate (7) are electrically connected (15) with the conductors (14) on the carrier (13). In order to guarantee a simple, fast and reliable electrical contact to the conductors (14) and (8) and therewith to the electrode or transducer (2) within the thin film buffer chambers (1), contact plugs (16) are mounted on the insulating carrier (13) in such a way that they are connected electrically (19) with the conductors (14). By appropriate casting of the described arrangement with insulating materials (17), preferably synthetic plastic resin or the like, a container (18) is formed by the insulating material (17) and the insulating substrate (7) on top of which the thin film buffer chambers (1) are situated. The container (18) is open upwardly and can be sealed arbitrarily. This type of process is especially suitable for investigations of tissue cultures, which are placed into the container (18). The probe is otherwise the same. 
     Another embodiment of the thin film buffer chamber probe is shown in cross section in FIG. 5. The insulating substrate (7) has a needle-like shape. The insulating substrate (7) is supported on an insulating and/or conducting additional substrate (20) which has the same needle-like shape as the insulating substrate (7). In this way, tissue damage is prevented. By the insulating material (17), the non-insulated parts of the conductors (8) and (14) are poured in as well as the electrical connections (15) and (19). The probe is otherwise the same. 
     An additional embodiment of the instant invention is shown in FIG. 6. The insulating substrate (7) or the insulating and/or conducting additional substrate (20) has a cylindrical shape. All other features are the same as those described in connection with FIG. 5. 
     FIGS. 5 and 6 show probe types which are especially suitable for investigation or the influencing of tissue areas located deeper within the body, i.e., deep brain structures subcutaneous tissue parts, etc. 
     A variation of the probe in FIG. 4 is the probe type shown in FIG. 7. By embedding the described probe suitably in insulating material (17), this insulating material (17) forms containers (18) which are open in the upward direction, whereby the apertures (4) of the chambers (1) are kept free. 
     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.