Abstract:
Disclosed is a method for controlling efficient charge and discharge of a plurality of batteries. At the beginning of the discharge cycle, parallel discharge of the rechargeable batteries is performed until the batteries discharge to a predetermined percentage of total capacity. Following, serial discharge is performed with the secondary battery being fully discharged before the primary battery is discharged. Thus, the rechargeable batteries respectively are each at least partially discharged at start of charging. When charging commences, the rechargeable batteries are first charged serially until predetermined percentages of capacity are realized. The serial charging is performed with full constant current. Following, the batteries are charged in parallel utilizing a constant voltage whereby the current decreases as the respective capacities approach 100%. As a result, the plurality of batteries are charged more efficiently and in a shorter time than if charge individually or serially.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates in general to rechargeable batteries and, in particular to a method of controlling charge and discharge of a pair of rechargeable batteries utilized as individual power supplies in an electronic apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Because of increase in demand for mobile computing, portable personal computers including notebook-type personal computers (PC), subnotebook-type PCs, palm-top-type PCs, and Personal Data Assistants (PDA)(hereafter collectively referred to as portable PCs) have been developed. 
     A typical portable PC has a built-in battery, which allows the user to use the portable PC in an environment, such as the inside of a train, in which a commercial power supply cannot be used. The built-in battery is typically a rechargeable battery that can be repeatedly discharged and charged. 
     In an environment in which a commercial power supply is available, a user connects an AC adapter (i.e., unit for receiving commercial alternating current (AC) and converting it to direct current (DC) for use by a portable PC). Use of the AC adapter makes it possible to charge a rechargeable battery of the portable PC while the portable PC is being powered by the converted DC current. 
     A rechargeable battery has limited capacity and therefore is only able to power a portable PC for a limited time. To increase the battery powering time for portable-PC, portable PCs are often equipped with two rechargeable batteries, which may be built in. These two rechargeable batteries are referred to as a main battery and an auxiliary battery. The portable PC initially operates by using the auxiliary battery as a power supply. Then, when the capacity of the auxiliary battery is exhausted, the portable PC switches from the auxiliary battery to the main battery to continue powering. 
     Typically, a charger is capable of charging only one rechargeable battery at a time (i.e., the charger generates only enough charge to fulfill the capacity requirements of a single battery). Therefore, to charge both the main and auxiliary rechargeable batteries, the main battery is first charged followed sequentially by the auxiliary battery. However, because the two batteries are charged in sequence, the time required to charge both batteries is the sum of the two individual times. If both batteries have similar capacity, then the time to charge both batteries is double the time to charge one battery. 
     Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 9-103033 discloses a method by which a main battery up to the 50% capacity by one charging circuit, then charges an auxiliary battery up to the 50% capacity, and thereafter connects the main battery and the auxiliary battery in parallel to charge both batteries at the same time, thereby decreasing the charging time. 
     As described above, the portable PC uses a main battery after completely discharging the auxiliary battery. The effect decreases as a main battery is used less. When a main battery is not used, however, the method fails to show the effect. Normally, when a portable PC is used, the auxiliary battery is not frequently completely discharged because charging is performed early. Therefore, the main battery is rarely used. The method disclosed in the above application is thus not always effective at the time of considering an actual operating state of a main battery or auxiliary battery. Thus, the problem of decreasing the time for charging a plurality of rechargeable batteries still remains unsolved. The present invention recognizes and solves the above problem. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling charge and discharge of a plurality of batteries, by which the plurality of batteries may be efficiently charged in a short time. 
     The foregoing object is achieved as follows. Disclosed is a method for controlling efficient charge and discharge of a plurality of batteries. At the beginning of the discharge cycle, parallel discharge of the rechargeable batteries is performed until the batteries discharge to a predetermined percentage of total capacity. Thereafter, the batteries are discharged serially with the secondary battery being fully discharged before the primary battery is discharged. Thus, the rechargeable batteries each have are at least partially discharged at the start of charging. When charging commences, a serial charge of the rechargeable batteries is first completed until predetermined percentages of capacity are realized. The serial charging is completed with full constant current. Following, the batteries are charged in parallel utilizing a constant voltage such that the current decreases as the charges approach 100%. As a result, the plurality of batteries are charged more efficiently and in a shorter time than if charge individually or serially. 
     In addition, a method is disclosed of controlling charge and discharge of a plurality of rechargeable batteries in an environment where the battery charger does not provide sufficient capacity to parallel-charge the rechargeable batteries. When a rechargeable battery is being charged from a completely discharged state up to a fully charged state, the charging efficiency (that is, the charging current over the charging cycle) is high at the beginning of the charging cycle and gradually decreases when approaching the end of the charging cycle. The charging current also decreases as the charging time passes and subsequently the margin of the charger increases. Based on these characteristics and other factors, the invention switches from sequential to parallel charging. The present invention makes it possible to control a discharging and recharging sequence of a plurality of rechargeable batteries. 
     All objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed written description. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a flow chart which illustrates the discharge processing according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a first discharge circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a second discharge circuit utilized in an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart, which illustrates the process of charging two rechargeable batteries according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a charging circuit utilized in one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph depicting charge characteristics of a rechargeable battery used in an embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device used to execute a charge-discharge control program according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The present invention provides a method of controlling charge and discharge of a plurality of batteries coupled to an electronic device. To simplify the description of the invention, all embodiments will be presented with two rechargeable batteries. The first battery is hereafter referred to as a main battery and the other battery is referred to as an auxiliary battery. For illustrative purposes, the invention is presented within the context of a portable PC, which is powered by the main and auxiliary batteries during operation. 
     Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 9-103033 discloses a method by which a main battery up to the 50% capacity by one charging circuit, then an auxiliary battery is charged up to the 50% capacity, and thereafter the main battery and the auxiliary battery are connected in parallel to charge both batteries at the same time, thereby decreasing the charging time. However, the method of the above Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 9-103033, only provides the maximum effect when a main battery is also completely discharged. 
     Referring now to the figures and in particular to FIG. 2 there is illustrated a discharge circuit in which one embodiment of the invention may be implemented. A portable-PC circuit section  21  is provided with two terminals  21   a  and  21   b  for connecting two batteries. One end of a diode D 1  is connected to terminal  21   a , and one end of a diode D 2  is connected to terminal  21   b . The other ends of diodes D 1  and D 2  are connected to each other and then to a DC/DC converter circuit (not shown). 
     A main battery  22  and an auxiliary battery  23  are connected to portable-PC circuit section  21  according to the above structure. The positive electrode of the main battery  22  is connected to terminal  21   a , and the positive electrode of auxiliary battery  23  is connected to terminal  21   b . Negative electrodes of main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  are respectively connected to ground (GND). 
     According to the invention, main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  are rechargeable batteries. For example, both batteries may be lithium ion batteries. Moreover, main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  can respectively take a form of a battery pack removable from portable-PC circuit section  21 . All references herein to a battery refer to a rechargeable battery, unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     The circuit depicted in FIG. 2 performs parallel discharge. In the preferred embodiment, the portable PC first discharges the main  22  and auxiliary batteries  23  in parallel and then discharges them serially. When parallel discharge is performed, positive electrodes and negative electrodes of the main and auxiliary batteries  22  and  23  are connected to each other. By connecting the electrodes in this manner, current flows into the battery having a low terminal voltage from the battery having a high terminal voltage. To prevent a power loss from occurring due to the current, diodes D 1  and D 2  are connected to positive electrodes of main and auxiliary batteries  22  and  23 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates another circuit in which the above described process maybe completed. In FIG. 3, a portable-PC circuit section  24  is provided with two terminals  24   a  and  24   b  for connecting two batteries. Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) field effect transistors FET 1  and FET 2  are connected in series to terminal  24   a . FIG. 3 also illustrates body diodes used in FET 1  and FET 2 . Because a body diode has a large forward voltage (V f )valve, a power loss is produced which cannot be ignored. To decrease the power loss, FET 1  is connected in parallel with a Schottky barrier diode D 3  having a forward voltage (V f ) smaller than that of the body diode in parallel. 
     Similarly, FET 3  and FET 4  are connected in series to terminal  24   b  and a Schottky diode D 4  is connected in parallel to FET 3 . The drains of FET 2  and of FET 4  are connected to each other and to a DC/DC converter circuit. The positive electrode of main battery  22  is connected to terminal  24   a , and the positive electrode of auxiliary battery  23  is connected to terminal  24   b . Negative electrodes of main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  are both connected to ground (GND). 
     The term “C” will be frequently utilized in the following description and refers to nominal capacity (rated capacity), or capacity that is available. Thus,  1 C denotes a current used to discharge the rated capacity of a rechargeable battery for one hour. For example, discharging a rechargeable battery having a rated capacity of 2,450 mAh at 2,450 mA is referred to as discharging the battery at  1 C. Discharge at 0.1 C may be performed at 2,450 mA×0.1=245 mA. C is also refers to a charging current similarly discharging current. In general, the rated capacity of a rechargeable battery is defined as a capacity when the rechargeable battery is charged at a current of 0.5 C and discharged at a current of 0.5 C. 
     Operations of the discharge circuit shown in FIG. 3 are described below by referring to the flow chart illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     At the beginning of the process, main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  are simultaneously discharged (step  11 ) (i.e., parallel discharge is performed). In order for parallel discharge to occur, FET 2  and FET 4  are turned on, and FET 1  and FET 3  are turned off. Schottky barrier diodes D 3  and D 4  prevent main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  from short-circuiting. 
     While parallel discharge is being performed, a determination is made whether capacities of main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  are respectively kept at (or above) a predetermined value (step  12 ). This determination is performed by subtracting an accumulated discharge quantity from a fully-charged capacity or simply, measuring a voltage of the battery. When the batteries are at or above the predetermined capacity value, parallel discharge continues. If, however, the batteries are below the predetermined capacity values, discharge of main battery  22  is stopped. 
     The above predetermined capacity depends on the type of battery cells utilized as main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  or a maximum charging current. When the maximum charging current is equal to  x C (where x is a positive real number), it is preferable to set the predetermined capacity to a capacity when the charging current become, for example,(1/2) x C. Thus, the predetermined capacity is kept in a range of 70 and 90% of the rated capacity. The reasons for the selected range are described below. 
     After stopping discharge of main battery  22  (step  13 ), only auxiliary battery  23  is discharged (step  14 ). To complete the change, FET 1  and FET 2  are turned off, and FET 3  and FET 4  are turned on. Then, a determination is made whether any capacity remains in auxiliary battery  23  (step  15 ). If there is some capacity left, discharge of only auxiliary battery  23  continues. If, however, no capacity is left, discharge of the auxiliary battery  23  automatically stops and discharge of main battery  22  is triggered (step  17 ) by turning on FET 1  and FET 2  and turning off FET 3  and FET 4 . 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit by which charging operations of the invention are implemented. A portable-PC circuit section  41  is provided with a charger  42 , a voltage feedback control circuit  43 , and terminals  41   a ,  41   b ,  41   c , and  41   d . One end of charger  42  is connected to terminal  41   a . The other end of charger  42  is divided into two paths. One of the paths is connected to terminal  41   c  through a switch SW 1  and a diode D 5 . The other path is connected to terminal  41   d  through a switch SW 2  and a diode D 6 . 
     Terminal  41   c  is connected to a series resistance branch comprising resistors R 1  and R 2 , and terminal  41   d  is connected to a series resistance comprising resistors R 3  and R 4 . The midpoint between series resistors R 1  and R 2  and the midpoint between the series resistors R 3  and R 4  are connected to an input of voltage feedback control circuit  43 . An output of voltage feedback control circuit  43  provides the input to charger  42 . Terminal  41   b  is connected to a ground (GND). 
     Terminal  41   c  is connected to main battery  45 , and terminal  41   d  is connected with auxiliary battery  46 . Both main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  are rechargeable batteries, such as lithium ion batteries. Moreover, main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  may be a battery pack removable from portable-PC circuit section  41 . 
     When a commercial power supply is available, a user connects an AC adapter  44  to terminals  41  and  41   b . Main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  are charged by the power supplied from the AC adapter  44 . AC adapter  44  provides a capacity that is capable of performing current charging at a rate of 0.7C. 
     Operations of the charging circuit shown in FIG. 5 will be described using lithium ion batteries as main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46 . The lithium ion battery is normally first charged at a constant current and then at a constant voltage. The current for performing constant-current charge is referred to herein as “CC.” 
     FIG. 6 shows charging characteristics of a lithium ion battery. Constant-current charge is performed for approximately 50 minutes at a “CC” of 2750 mA. Thereafter, constant-voltage charging is performed. The charging current gradually decreases as time elapses. The battery reaches 100% (i.e., the fully charged state) after 2.5 hours (hr), and charging is completed. 
     In this embodiment, charging time is decreased by first serial-charging and then parallel-charging main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46 . Changing from serial-charging to parallel-charging occurs when the charging current becomes “CC”/2 (that is, half the current value under constant-current charge). When the changing between charge states occurs (i.e., changing to parallel charge), a charging current may be set to “CC” for both batteries. Therefore, a charger  42  is more efficiently utilized. 
     It is normally possible to charge a rechargeable battery at a current of  1   C . However, a lithium ion battery is frequently charged at approx. 0.7C for safety. 
     That is, “CC” is equal to 0.7C. Therefore, in the preferred embodiment, “CC”/2 is equal to 0.35C. 
     Hereafter, operations of the charging circuit shown in FIG. 3 will be described by referring to the flow chart shown in FIG.  4 . In the first illustrative embodiment, main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  are completely discharged to allow for a comparison with the previous methods within the art. Thereafter, a second illustrative embodiment is provided in which only auxiliary battery  46  is serially-discharged after parallel discharge, but the main battery  45  is not serially-discharged. 
     In the first illustrative embodiment, main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  are initially completely discharged, i.e., depleted of charge. First, main battery  45  is charged by closing switch SW 1  (step  31 ). The charging method uses constant-current charge and constant-voltage charge. “CC” for a current for initial constant-current charge is equal to 0.7C. During charging, a determination is made whether the main battery  45  has been charged to a predetermined value (e.g., “CC”/2=0.35) (step  32 ). When the charge is less than or equal to the predetermined value, charging of main battery  45  continues. If, however, the charge is greater than the predetermined value, switch SWl is opened, and charging of main battery  45  stops. 
     Thereafter, switch SW 2  is closed to charge auxiliary battery  46  (step  34 ). The charging method uses constant-current charge and constant-voltage charge as described above for battery  45 . In this embodiment CC for initial constant-current is also equal to 0.7C. During charging, a determination is made whether the charge of auxiliary battery  46  is equal to or less than a value corresponding to, for example, “CC”/2=0.35 (step  35 ). When the capacity is equal to or less than the value, charging of auxiliary battery  46  continues. If, however, the charge is greater than the value, switch SW 2  is opened, and charging of auxiliary battery  46  stops. 
     Switches SW 1  and SW 2  are then closed to charge the main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  at the same time (step  37 ). Two diodes D 5  and D 6  prevent the main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  from short-circuiting. Voltages obtained by dividing a voltage of main battery  45  with series resistors R 1  and R 2  are input to voltage feedback control circuit  43 . Voltages obtained by dividing a voltage of auxiliary battery  46  with series resistors R 3  and R 4  are also input to voltage feedback control circuit  43 . While main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  are charged at the same time (parallel charge), voltages of both batteries are not always kept at the same value. As a result, during checking, charger  42  charges either of main battery  45  or auxiliary battery  46  that has a lower voltage. Therefore, it is necessary to feed back the voltage of main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  being currently charged to charger  42 . The feedback is provided by voltage feedback control circuit  43 . 
     During the above charging, a determination is made whether or not charging of main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  is complete (step  38 ). If not simultaneous charging of main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  (i.e., parallel charging) continues. If, however, charging is complete, charging of main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  is stopped. 
     The effects of this embodiment are verified by referring to the graph of FIG. 6, which illustrates charging characteristics. First, a time for serially charging main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  is calculated. From FIG. 6, it is shown that the time for charging one battery is equal to 2.5 hr. Therefore, the time for charging main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  is equal to 2.5 hr.×2=5 hr. 
     According to FIG. 6, “CC” is equal to 0.7 C or 2,750 mA. Therefore, “CC”/2 is equal to 0.35 C, which is equal to 1,375 mA. The charging current becomes “CC”/2 at 1.5 hr after charging begins. Therefore, the time for serial-charging main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  is equal to 1.5 hr×2=3 hr. Moreover, the time for parallel-charging main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  is equal to 2.5 hr−1.5 hr=1 hr. Therefore, a time for charging the main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46  is equal to 3 hr+1 hr=4 hr. That is, according to this embodiment, it is possible to decrease the charging time by 5 hr−4 hr=1 hr as compared with the prior art methods. 
     The second embodiment describes when main battery  45  is parallel-discharged but is not serially-discharged. When self-discharge of the battery  45  is ignored, charging is started with the charging of only auxiliary battery  46  in step  34  of FIG.  4 . Because subsequent operations are the same as the case described above, description thereof is omitted. 
     Effects of the second embodiment in the above case are verified below by referring to FIG. 6, which illustrates charging characteristics. According to FIG. 6, “CC” is equal to 0.7C or 2,750 mA. Therefore, “CC”/2 is equal to 0.35 C, which is equal to 1,375 mA. The charging current becomes “CC”/2 at 1.5 hr after charging is started. Therefore, it takes 1.5 hr to charge auxiliary battery  46 . Moreover, it takes 2.5 hr−1.5 hr =1 hr to parallel-charge main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46 . Therefore, it takes 1.5 hr+1 hr=2.5 hr to charge main battery  45  and auxiliary battery  46 . 
     As described above, parallel discharge of main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  ends when the capacities of both batteries respectively reach a predetermined value. Moreover, when a maximum charging current is equal to xC (where x is a positive real number), it is preferable to set the above predetermined capacity to a value at which the charging current becomes approximately (½)xC. By utilizing the above setting, the predetermined capacity is kept in a range of 70 to 90% of the rated capacity. 
     Thus, in the preferred embodiment, xC is equal to “CC,” which is equal to 0.7C, and (½)xC is equal to “CC”/2, which is equal to 0.35 C. When applying the above expression to FIG. 6, a charging current becomes (½)xC =“CC”/2=0.35 C at 1.5 hr after charging starts and the battery capacity is approximately 85%. Therefore, in the discharging circuit embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, parallel discharge of the main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  ends when the capacities of both batteries respectively become 85%. In other words, parallel discharge of main battery  22  and auxiliary battery  23  ends when both batteries discharge 15% of their respective capacities. 
     The above examples describe application of the present invention to control charge and discharge of a plurality of batteries when applied to a portable PC powered by two batteries. However, the present invention is not restricted to the above examples. The invention may be applied to an electronic device having three batteries or more. For example, when n (where n is an integer equal to or greater than 3) batteries are used, a maximum charging current (1/n)xC becomes equal to “CC”/n. Here, “CC” denotes a current for performing constant-current discharge, and x denotes a positive real number. 
     The described embodiment for controlling charge and discharge of a plurality of batteries may be implemented and/or controlled by a program (hereafter referred to as “charge-discharge control program”) created with one of various programming languages. The charge-discharge control program may be recorded in a computer-readable recording medium. The recording medium may use a memory to be mounted on a computer system such as a ROM (Read Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), or flash EE 
     ROM, a portable recording medium such as a floppy disk (FD), CD-ROM (Read Only Memory Using a Compact Disk), or MO (Magneto-Optical) disk or a external memory provided for a server computer connected to a network. 
     A charge-discharge control program recorded in a recording medium is captured into an electronic device as described below. When a recording medium of this embodiment storing a charge-discharge control program comprises a portable recording medium, the portable recording medium is set to a drive and a charge-discharge control program stored in the portable recording medium is read from the portable recording medium. The read charge-discharge control program is stored in a main memory. 
     When the recording medium uses an external memory on a network, a charge-discharge control program is down-loaded from the external memory through a network connector. The down-loaded charge-discharge control program is stored in a main memory. 
     An electronic device used to execute the charge-discharge control program of this embodiment is described below by referring to FIG.  7 . The electronic device can be any electronic device as long as it uses a plurality of rechargeable batteries. In this case, description is made by assuming that a computer  50  is used as the electronic device. Computer  50  is configured with CPU  51 , cache memory  52 , memory/PCI control chip  53 , main memory  54 , AGP port  55 , video controller  56 , display unit  57 , PCI bus  58 , audio controller  59 , loudspeaker  60 , PCI-ISA bridge chip  61 , hard disk drive (HDD)  62 , mouse  63 , keyboard  64 , floppy disk drive (FDD)  65 , ISA bus  66 , network connector  67 , network  68 , power-supply controller  69 , and power supply  70 . FIG. 7 shows only main components. The computer  50  may be configured with many components in addition to these main components. Moreover, a system excluding some of the main components may be present depending on the configuration. CPU (Central Processing Unit)  51  may be one of the x86-series microprocessors made by Intel Corporation and the PowerPC processor, PowerPC is a trademark of IBM (International Business Machines) Corporation and Motorola Inc. 
     Cache memory  52  is a memory for temporarily storing the data to be read or written by CPU  51  in order to accelerate data transfer between CPU  51  and the main memory  54 . The memory  52  may be a SRAM (Static Random Access Memory), which is faster than main memory  54 . 
     The memory/PCI control chip  53  is an LSI (Large Scale Integrated circuit) for connecting CPU  51  and the main memory  54  with PCI bus  58 . Memory/PCI control chip  53  is generally referred to as “north bridge.” Memory/PCI control chip  53  is provided with a CPU bus interface, main memory interface, PCI bus interface, and AGP port interface. Main memory  54  is a memory comprising a DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) to be directly read or written by CPU  52  and for an operating system (OS) or an application program to store a program or data. 
     The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)  55  is a port standard dedicated to graphics proposed by Intel Corporation. Graphics drawing is accelerated by directly connecting main memory  54  and video controller  56  without passing through PCI bus  58 . 
     Video (or graphics) controller  56  controls indications on the display unit  57 . Display unit  57  is an output unit for displaying results processed in computer  50  with characters and graphics on a screen. Display unit  57  can be implemented with a CRT display unit or a liquid crystal display or the like. Audio controller  59  drives loudspeaker  60  to generate sound in accordance with audio data generated by computer  50  or received from an external unit. 
     PCI bus  58  is a standard high-speed bus of a personal computer (PC). PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is a local bus architecture defined by PCI Special Interest Group. 
     PCI-ISA bridge chip  61 , which is generally referred to as a “south bridge,” is originally an LSI (semiconductor chip) for connecting PCI bus  58  with ISA bus  66 . ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) is an international bus standard based on an extension bus used in the IBM PC/AT personal computer. Because of advancement of high-integration arts, PCI-ISA bridge chip  61  has been provided with various functions. For example, PIIX 4 E of Intel Corp. includes an IDE controller, mouse/keyboard controller, FDD (floppy disk drive) controller, and USB controller. 
     IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) is one of interfaces of a hard disk drive. Standardization of interfaces was first proposed by a group of hard-disk drive manufacturers, and thereafter ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standardized interfaces as ATA (AT Attachment). Thereafter, a specification for connecting a CD-ROM drive to an IDE interface was deformed as ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface). A hard-disk drive (HDD) and a CD-ROM drive used by a personal computer (PC) are normally connected by IDE. 
     USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a bus standard for a personal computer (PC) jointly developed by seven companies such as Intel Corp., Microsoft Corporation, Compaq Computer Corp., DEC Corp. (Digital Equipment Corporation), IBM Corp., Northern Telecom, and NEC Corp. USB is a serial bus that is used to connect comparatively-low-speed peripheral units. 
     Hard-disk drive (HDD)  62  is a unit for reading or writing data from or in a hard disk rotating at a high speed by a magnetic head. Mouse  63  is a typical pointing device (device for designating a position on a screen) of a personal computer (PC). Keyboard  64  is a standard input unit used to input characters to a computer. Floppy-disk drive (FDD)  65  is a unit for reading or writing data from or in a floppy disk. 
     ISA bus  66  is a bus for an extended slot for an IBM PC/AT compatible unit, which is used for a comparatively-low-speed purpose. Network connector  67  is, for example, NIC. A NIC (Network Interface Card) is an interface card used to connect computer  50  Network  68 . Network  68  is, for example, a LAN, a WAN (Wide Area Network), or the Internet. 
     Power supply controller  69  is a unit for controlling power supply  70 . Power supply  70  is, for example, a primary battery, rechargeable battery, or AC adapter. 
     The invention provides several advantages stemming from the fact that parallel discharge of the rechargeable batteries is automatically performed at the beginning of discharge. Thus, all the rechargeable batteries each have a vacant capacity at the start of charging, and parallel charging of the rechargeable batteries are realized by these vacant capacities. A chief benefit of the invention is that a plurality of batteries may be efficiently charged in a short time. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.