Abstract:
Disclosed are detector devices and related methods. In an Al EUV detector a low temperature AlN layer is deposed above an AlN buffer layer. In one embodiment, the low temperature AlN layer is deposed at about 800° C. Pulsed NH3 is used when growing an AlN epilayer above the low temperature layer. Numerous embodiments are disclosed.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims benefit of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/849,394, filed Oct. 4, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     UV astronomy is essential to studies ranging from our own galaxy to the edge of the Universe. The UV range supplies a richness experimental data which is unmatched by any other domain for the study of hotter objects in the universe because it samples molecular, neutral and atomic gas at temperatures ranging from 10 to 10 5  K. The performance of UV detectors has steadily improved over the last decades in many respects, and astronomical applications benefit from this evolution. Nevertheless, current detectors designed for UV, especially for extreme UV (EUV) and vacuum UV (VUV) observations (ranging approximately from 2 to 200 nm), are based on Si semiconductors and exhibit a few major drawbacks that are difficult to overcome within silicon technology. Because EUV signal is more than 5 orders of magnitude weaker than the visible counterpart, Si based charge coupled devices (CCDs) must be used in conjunction with filters in order to screen the visible background, which not only attenuate the EUV signal (and hence provide fairly low detectivity efficiency), but also require a sophisticate instrumentation design in order to suppress the visible background. Although cooling reduces the dark current and prevents degradations from ionizing radiations, it is a difficult and expensive solution in space missions. Si-based CCDs also degrade in space due to radiation damage.  
         [0003]     The performance of UV detectors has steadily improved over the last decades in many respects, and space surveillance applications have benefited from this evolution. Nevertheless, current solid-state detectors designed for EUV observations (ranging approximately from 2 to 200 nm), are based on Si semiconductors and exhibit a few major drawbacks that are difficult to overcome within silicon technology. Because EUV signal is more than 5 orders of magnitude weaker than the visible counterpart, Si based charge coupled devices (CCDs) must be used in conjunction with filters in order to screen the visible background, which not only attenuate the EUV signal (and hence provide fairly low detectivity efficiency), but also require a sophisticate instrumentation design in order to suppress the visible background. Although cooling reduces the dark current and prevents degradations from ionizing radiations, it is a difficult and expensive solution in space missions. Si-based CCDs also degrade in space due to radiation damage.  
         [0004]     Considering the general engineering requirements and constrains for space surveillance applications—reliability, radiation hardness, light weight, and minimal power usage, the next generation of space surveillance systems require orders-of-magnitude performance advances in detectors, detector arrays, and enabling technologies. AlN appear to be an ideal material for the development of EUV detectors, because AlN possesses the widest direct energy bandgap (˜6.2 eV) among all semiconductors and offers the ability for bandgap engineering through the use of alloying and heterostructure design. AlN detectors would help to circumvent many of the limitations imposed by Si technology. The 6.1 eV bandgap permits the visible background to be intrinsically suppressed and the detectors to operate at room temperature, which drastically relive the harsh requirements on optical filters and cooling hardware and greatly simplify the system design. The compact crystal structure of AlN inherently provides radiation hardness.  
         [0005]     It was demonstrated by Prof. Hiramatsu&#39;s group of Mie University in Japan that AlGaN ternary alloys out perform GaN in terms of photoresponsivity in the EUV and VUV region due to their wider energy band gaps and their result is shown in  FIG. 1 . For example, at λ&lt;193 nm, the responsivity of Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N detectors is  16  times higher than that of GaN detectors due to the larger bandgap of Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N than GaN. Thus, it is expected that the detection efficiency of AlGaN based detectors in EUV and UVU region increases with an increase of the Al content and is highest for pure AlN.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0006]      FIG. 1  shows responsivity spectra of GaN and Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N UV detector in UV and VUV region (2-25 eV). at λ&lt;193 nm, the responsivity of Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N detector is 16 times higher than that of GaN detector.  
         [0007]      FIG. 2  shows AlN epilayers with ( a ) previous and ( b ) newly improved layer structure.  
         [0008]      FIG. 3  shows AlN epilayer growth with pulsed NH 3    
         [0009]      FIG. 4  shows AFM images of AlN epilayers comparison.  FIG. 4   a  shows an AlN epilayer with a conventional structure (TS1268 with RMS=4 nm), and  FIG. 4   b  shows the new structure values (TS1320 with RMS-1.2 nm).  
         [0010]      FIG. 5  shows PL spectrum of new structure AlN epilayer measured at 300 K.  
         [0011]      FIG. 6  ( a ) The basic layout and ( b ) the optical microscopy image of a fabricated AlN MSM photodetector with a device size of 80 μm×80 μm and 2 μm/4 μm finger width/spacing.  
         [0012]      FIG. 7  shows the I-V characteristics of an AlN MSM detector under dark (open circles) and light excitation λ exc =200 nm (closed squares)  
         [0013]      FIG. 8  The spectral response of an AlN MSM detector. The inset shows the detector responsivity as a function of the applied bias voltage.  FIG. 15  shows the AlN Schottky diode EUV camera fabrication (vertical contacts).  
         [0014]      FIG. 9  EUV and VUV detector layer structure based upon AlN. One may add more intermediate layer to further enhance the material quality and device performance. Substrate includes sapphire, silicon, SiC, AlN bulk crystal, and other substrates that are suitable for AlN growth.  
         [0015]      FIG. 10  EUV and VUV detector layer structure based upon AlN Schottky diode. The n-type Al x Ga 1-x N includes n-type AlN. One may add more intermediate layer to further enhance the material quality, reduce n-type contact resistance and improve device performance. Substrate includes sapphire, silicon, SiC, AlN bulk crystal, and other substrates that are suitable for AlN growth.  
         [0016]      FIG. 11  EUV and VUV detector layer structure based upon AlN p-i-n structure. Here Al x Ga 1-x N includes AlN. One may add more intermediate layer to further enhance the material quality, reduce n- and p-type contact resistances, and improve device performance. Substrate includes sapphire, silicon, SiC, AlN bulk crystal, and other substrates that are suitable for AlN growth.  
         [0017]      FIG. 12  shows the Al N MSM EUV Camera Fabrication Steps (Lateral Contacts). More specifically,  FIG. 12 A  (material alone), B (Schottky array added), C (metal net added), D (in bumps on pixel Pt Schottky contacts), E (diagram for one unit), F (flip-chip bonding to CMOS read out circuit), G (substrate is removed by ICP etching), H (i-AlN removal by ICP etching), and I (diagram for one unit). It should be noted that the isolation between pixels is accomplished through Schottky pixel arrays. There is no need to employ etching.  
         [0018]      FIG. 13  AlN MSM EUV camera fabrication (vertical contacts). More specifically,  FIG. 13 A  (material alone), B (Schottky contact array (Pt)), C (In bumps on pixel Pt Schottky contacts), D (diagram for one unit), E (flip-chip bonding to CMOS read out circuit), F (substrate is removed by ICP etching), G (i-AlN removal by ICP etching), H (depositing top contacts (Pt/Ni/Au)), and I (diagram for one unit). Advantages here are that the fabrication process is simplified. The disadvantage are EUV absorption by the top metal layer (very thin) and inability to anneal top contacts.  
         [0019]      FIG. 14  AlN Schottky diode EUV camera fabrication (lateral contacts). More specifically,  FIG. 14 A  (material alone), B (mesa etch stop at n-Al(Ga)N), C (deposit Ti/Al n-contacts), D (Schottky contact array (Pt)), E (In bumps on pixel Pt Schottky contacts), F (diagram for one unit), G (flip-chip bonding to CMOS circuit), H (substrate is removed by ICP etching), and I (i-AlN removal by ICP etching).  
         [0020]      FIG. 15  AlN Schottky diode EUV camera fabrication (vertical contacts). More specifically,  FIG. 15 A  (material alone), B (Schottky contact array (Pt)), C (In bumps on pixel Pt Schottky contacts), D (diagram for one unit), E (flip-chip bonding to CMOS circuit), F (substrate is removed by ICP etching), G (top n-contacts (Ti/Al), and H (diagram for one unit). Advantages here are that the fabrication process is simplified. The disadvantage are EUV absorption by the top metal layer (very thin) and inability to anneal top contacts.  
         [0021]      FIG. 16  Device layer structure  
         [0022]      FIG. 17  AlN active layer grown on Si substrate  
         [0023]      FIG. 18  Schottky contact array (Pt) formation  
         [0024]      FIG. 19  Metal net formation (Ni/Au)  
         [0025]      FIG. 20  In bumps on pixel Pt Schottky contacts  
         [0026]      FIG. 21  diagram for one pixel  
         [0027]      FIG. 22  flip-chip bonding to CMOS circuit  
         [0028]      FIG. 23  Si substrate removal by ICP etching  
         [0029]      FIG. 24  ud-AlN remove by ICP etching  
         [0030]      FIG. 25  Diagram for one pixel 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0031]      FIG. 1  Responsivity spectra of GaN and Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N UV detector in UV and VUV region (2-25 eV). at λ&lt;193 nm, the responsivity of Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N detector is 16 times higher than that of GaN detector.  
         [0032]     In the past, Al-rich Al x Ga 1-x N alloys (x&gt;0.5) and pure AlN were known as excellent insulators due to their ultrahigh bandgaps, which limits the device design and functionality. Recently, it was demonstrated that AlN epilayers with an optical quality comparable to GaN can be grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Several groups have also made significant progress toward the realization of conductive AlGaN alloys with high Al contents. Furthermore, it was also shown that it is possible to obtaine n-type AlN with Si doping. More recently, light emitting diodes (LED) based upon pure AlN with an emission wavelength of 210 nm has been demonstrated. These recent progresses have demonstrated the high promise of AlN as an active material for optoelectronic device applications. Many groups have previously demonstrated UV photodetectors based upon AlGaN alloys with superior performance. However, the shortest cut-off wavelength achieved with AlGaN so far is 229 nm.  
         [0000]     Feasibility Demonstration  
         [0033]     By innovating the MOCVD growth process, we have demonstrated the operation of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors detectors based upon pure AlN epilayers with a cut-off wavelength of about 200 nm and up to four orders of magnitude of deep UV to near UV/visible rejection ratio. To our knowledge, this is so far the shortest cut-off wavelength achieved for semiconductor detectors without the use of optical filters. Based on the prior demonstration of Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N EUV detector by A. Motogaito, et al., the fact that AlN has the largest energy band gap among the AlGaN alloys, and our recent demonstration of 200 nm AlN based MSM deep UV detectors described in more details below, we believe that AlN holds high promise for EUV and VUV detection applications. Thus, the intention of this disclosure is to disclose the idea of using AlN as EUV detector materials.  
         [0000]     MOCVD Growth Process Innovation  
         [0034]     For AlN EUV detector, the AlN epilayer quality is still the most important issue. In order to improve the UV and visible rejection ratio and decrease the dark current, we have devoted our effort to optimize the growth conditions for obtaining AlN epilayers with improved quality. We have incorporated the following modifications.  
         [0000]     Insertion of a Low Temperature Layer  
         [0035]      FIG. 2  shows the layer structures of a ( a ) conventional AlN epilayer and ( b ) improved AlN epilayer utilized for MSM detector fabrication. By inserting one more layer of AlN grown at an intermediate temperature (for example grown at 800° C.) in between the low temperature buffer (AlN buffer) and the top active AlN layers, we found that the subsequent active AlN epilayers have a better surface morphology and fewer cracks, which allowed us to improve the device performance.  
         [0000]     Pulsed NH 3  Growth  
         [0036]     For AlN epilayer growth, the pre-reaction between Trimethylaluminium (TMAl) and blue ammonia (NH 3 ) during the growth is a big problem. The by-products of the pre-reaction deposited on the growth surface cause rough surface and higher crystalline defect density. By using pulsed NH 3  during AlN growth, the possibility of this pre-reaction is dramatically reduced.  FIG. 3  shows the growth procedure of pulsed NH 3  growth. During the pulsed growth process, the TMAl flow was kept constant while NH 3  flow was stayed on for one second and off for five seconds.  
         [0037]     The surface and crystalline quality of AlN epilayer have been improved with optimized pulsed growth process.  FIG. 4  shows the AFM images of AlN epilayer with a 5×5 μm 2  scan.  FIG. 4  ( a ) is a typical surface obtained using conventional growth conditions of  FIG. 2  ( a ), while  FIG. 4  ( b ) is the surface obtained after using the improved growth process (new structure of  FIG. 2 ( b )). Both samples have a total AlN thickness about 1.5 μm. We can clearly see that the sample grown with improved process and structure has much fewer surface defects and the surface RMS roughness reduced from about 4 nm to 1.2 nm.  
         [0000]     Optical Characterization  
         [0038]     In general, the presence of defects and impurities will decrease the UV to visible rejection ratio and increase the leakage current. We employed deep UV photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to investigate the optical properties of AlN epilayers. The optical quality of our AlN epilayers has improved with the use of the optimized growth conditions and layer structures. In  FIG. 5 , the room temperature PL spectrum shows that AlN epilayers emit predominantly the band-edge emission and virtually no impurity transitions in the near UV and visible region—implying very high optical quality.  
         [0000]     MSM Detector Fabrication and Characterization  
         [0039]     We have fabricated MSM detectors using these improved AlN epilayers. We employed interdigital finger structure for the active area and fabricated AlN MSM detectors with Pt as Schottky contacts. The basic device layout is schematically shown in  FIG. 6 ( a ), which utilizes an AlN epilayer as an active layer.  FIG. 6 ( b ) shows the optical microscopy image of a fabricated device with an active area of 80×80 μm 2  and a finger width of 2 μm and spacing of 4 μm.  
         [0000]     I-V Characterization  
         [0040]      FIG. 7  shows the typical I-V characteristics of the AlN MSM detectors under dark and 200 nm light excitation, respectively. The devices exhibit a very low dark current (about 100 fA at a bias voltage of 200 V). The devices also exhibit virtually no sign of breakdown up to a bias voltage of 200 V (our system limit). The response current of the AlN MSM detector increases by about 4 orders of magnitude even at near 0 V bias under 200 nm light excitation. We believe that these characteristics are direct attributes of the outstanding material properties of AlN, including large energy bandgap, dielectric constant and mechanical strength.  
         [0000]     Spectral Response  
         [0041]     The spectral response at 30 V bias voltages is shown in  FIG. 8 . These AlN MSM detectors exhibit a peak responsivity at 200 nm, an extremely sharp cut-off wavelength around 207 mm and more than 4 orders of magnitude DUV to near UV/visible rejection ratio as probed by our system setup. The detector responsivity increases almost linearly with the bias voltage, as illustrated in the inset of  FIG. 8 . The responsivity varies from 0.1 to about 0.4 A/W when the bias voltage is increased from 0 to 100 V. To our knowledge, this is so far the shortest cut-off wavelength achieved for semiconductor detectors.  
         [0000]     Basic Device Structures for EUV and VUV Detectors  
         [0042]     We intend to disclose three basic detector structures based upon AlN. All of the structures are grown epitaxially on AlN epilayer templates on suitable substrates. We envision several distinctive advantageous features of the detector structures by incorporating highly resistive undoped (or intrinsic) AlN epilayer (&gt;10 12  cmΩ) as template. By doing so, parasitic conduction and trapping density in the detector structure and leakage current will be eliminated and the sensitivity and device stability will be improved. Furthermore, the insertion of a high quality AlN epilayer template prior to the subsequent growth of device layers will also reduce defect density and enhance doping efficiency in AlN Schottky barrier and p-i-n detector structures. Furthermore, due to the compact crystal structure and elimination of alloy effects, Schottky contacts formed directly on AlN can provide very low leakage current and high breakdown voltage.  
         [0000]     Basic AlN MSM Detector Epitaxial Layer Structure  
         [0043]     MSM detector structure is the simplest one to construct. MSM detectors possess desirable features such as high gain, low dark current, high speed, large bandwidth and high sensitivity. Some of these outstanding attributes have been demonstrated in section II (Feasibility demonstration) above.  FIG. 9  is a schematic view of a basic AlN MSM detector structure we wish to disclose.  
         [0000]     Basic AlN Schottky Diode Detector Structure  
         [0044]     Schottky barrier detectors are particularly attractive due to their unipolar structure. Schottky barrier detectors are majority carrier devices and do not suffer from minority carrier diffusion, Schottky barrier photodiodes may outperform other types of detectors in terms of UV/visible ratio, temperature dependence and non-linearity with incident power.  FIG. 10  is a schematic view of a basic AlN Schottky diode detector structure we wish to disclose.  
         [0000]     Basic AlN P-I-N Detector Structure  
         [0045]     P-i-n detector structures are expected to provide highest level of performance. Advantageous features of p-i-n detector structures include: 1) very low dark current due to large potential barrier, 2) high operation speed, 3) direct control of quantum efficiency and speed through the control of the thickness of the intrinsic (i) layer, and 4) the device can operate under very low bias.  FIG. 11  is a schematic view of a basic AlN p-i-n detector structure we wish to disclose.  
         [0000]     AlN EUV Detector Array Architectures  
         [0046]     We intend to disclose basic architectures for the construction of AlN EUV and VUV detector arrays, which are the basis of future AlN EUV cameras. Below, we illustrate examples of array fabrication for device structures grown on Si substrates. However, the same approach can be applied to detector structures grown on other substrates, which eventually can be removed by etching. More detailed fabrication procedures are also described for the AlN MSM detector structure and AlN Schottky diode structure. However, the descriptions can be extended and slightly modified to the fabrication of EUV detector arrays based upon AlN p-i-n detector structures.  
         [0000]     Detailed Description of Fabrication of EUV Detector Array (Camera) Based Upon AlN MSM Structure (Lateral— FIG. 12 )  
         [0047]     Below, we provide a more detailed fabrication procedure description for the AlN MSM detector structure grown on Si substrate. However, the descriptions can be extended and slightly modified to the fabrication of EUV detector arrays based upon AlN Schottky diodes and p-i-n detector structures. Furthermore, the same approach can also be applied to detector structures grown on other substrates, which eventually can be removed by etching.  
         [0000]     Layer Structure  
         [0048]     The basic layer structure of an AlN MSM detector structure grown on Si substrate is shown in  FIG. 16  and  FIG. 9 . Si substrate with (111) orientation is used for the easy removal in the late device processing stage as illustrated in  FIGS. 12-15 .  
         [0000]     Fabrication Procedures  
         [0049]      FIG. 17  represents the starting material or layer structure as that shown in  FIG. 16  for detector array fabrication.  
         [0000]     Schottky Contact Array Formation  
         [0050]     To make the AlN MSM detector array, first we need to make Schottky contact array on the AlN/Si starting wafer. The Schottky contact array is made by depositing Pt metal with circular shape. As Schottky contacts for AlN detector, Pt metal can form high performance Schottky contacts on AlN epilayer, which provides high breakdown voltage and low leakage current, as demonstrated in section II (Feasibility demonstration). To form Schottky contacts, first a photo resist is used to define the array patterns, then metal Pt is deposited using e-beam evaporation and a lift-off technique is used to form the Schottky contact array. To obtain high quality Schottky contacts with low leakage current and high breakdown voltage, surface treatment before metal deposition is critical. Surface treatment with NH 4 OH and HF solution is a good way to ontain high quality contacts. The thickness of the Pt metal is also important. Typically, Pt with thickness of 6 nm is good enough to form Schottky contacts.  FIG. 18  shows the schematic of the detector array after depositing Pt Schottky contact array.  
         [0000]     Metal Net for the Second Contacts  
         [0051]     For detector structure, two metal pads are necessary for each pixel. Pt metal already forms one of the pads, and depositing Ni/Au metal forms the other pad. The Ni/Au pad is in a net form that makes the fabrication process fairly easy.  FIG. 19  shows the schematic of the detector array after depositing Ni/Au metal net.  
         [0000]     In Bumps for Flip Chip Bonding  
         [0052]     In order to bond the detector array onto a CMOS readout circuit by flip-chip bonding, we fabricate In bump on top of the Schottky contact array.  FIG. 20  illustrates the detector array after depositing In bump on Pt Schottky contact pixels.  
         [0000]     Unit Cell of a Pixel Detector  
         [0053]      FIG. 21  shows the schematic of one pixel within the detector array  
         [0000]     Flip-Chip Bonding  
         [0054]     Flip-chip bonding is a very good approach to bond two different devices. It makes good contact between two device parts and is also excellent for dissipating heat in devices through submount.  FIG. 22  shows the schematic of the detector array after flip-chip bonding to a CMOS readout circuit  
         [0000]     Si Substrate Removal  
         [0055]     After flip-chip bonding the detector array and the CMOS readout circuit, Si substrate on the detector array side will block the EUV light, so the Si substrate has to be removed from the detector array. By ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) etching with SF 6  gas, Si substrate can be easily removed. SiF 6  based ICP etching provides high etching rate (up to 10 μm/min) on Si and generates virtually no etching damage on AlN, which guarantees a complete Si substrate removal while keeps the AlN layer untouched.  FIG. 23  shows the schematic of the detector array after Si substrate removal.  
         [0000]     Removal of Undoped i-AlN  
         [0056]     The thick AlN epilayer template may also block the EUV light transferred to the active area. In order to improve the detector performance, further reduction in AlN epilayer template thickness may be necessary. By using Cl 2  based ICP etching, we can reduce and control the thickness of AlN epilayer template in the final stage of the array fabrication.  FIG. 24  shows the schematic of the completed EUV camera after the removal of the undoped i-AlN epilayer template.  
         [0000]     Finished Pixel Within the Detector Array  
         [0057]     For the finished devices, each pixel unit is schematically shown in  FIG. 25 .