Abstract:
A high resolution, fault tolerant, variable optical attenuator and polarizer module for fiber optical beam control using parallel, serial, and serial-parallel optical control architectures. The module uses mixed control modes to control a macropixel array and includes spatially multiplexed processing techniques. The macropixel array consists of an array of individually controlled pixels, such as a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror array, where each pixel has a specific addressable location in the array, and each pixel can have a unique size, shape and electrical or optical drive format. The module can provide amplitude, routing, and polarization control of an input optical beam. In an embodiment, the module can control the gain of a light beam in fiber optical systems coupled to lenses. In another embodiment, the modules can be cascaded to form a high-resolution fiber optic attenuator. In yet another embodiment, the modules can be used in 1×N optical switching applications having on demand gain control.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/397,822 filed Sep. 17, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,954. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to high resolution fiber-optic (FO) beam control modules for gain controls using active mixed-mode SMP macropixel device concept in a parallel, serial, and serial-parallel device placement optical module structure. The basic SMP macro-pixel device is operated in a mixed digital-analog mode combined with a serial and/or parallel placement of other such mixed-mode devices between two fiber collimator lens-fiber ports to form a basic high resolution fiber-optic variable gain control module. Extensions to 1×N switch modules with on demand variable gain controls are achievable with a mixed-mode SMP macropixel device using a dead pixel concept. Applications for such modules include gain, switch, and tap control elements in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical communications, distributed sensor networks, lasers, transmitter modules, receivers, optical switches, crossconnects, WDM programmable add-drop modules, optical amplifier units, gain equalizers, polarization dependent loss (PDL) compensators, polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensators, various FO monitoring and test equipment, and general photonic signal processing systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     Optical communication used to provide explosive bandwidth increases using WDM technology. Data rates are expected to increase from 10 Giga bits per second (Gbps) to 40 Gbps and higher per wavelength channel. Plus, wavelengths are expected to increase from 80 wavelengths to 512 wavelength. These straining demands on the optical networks implies stringent accuracy and performance requirements for optical components supporting the network. A critical element of the optical network is the variable optical attenuator (VOA). With increasing bits rates, optical power levels, wavelength channels, spatial channels or routing fibers, the performance requirements for the fiber-optic VOA are driven to demanding numbers. For instance, the next generation VOA will require 60 dB dynamic range, 16-bits of controls, 0.01 dB resolution through full dynamic range, fault-tolerance, ease of controls, low (&lt;1 dB) loss, and moderately fast (in milliseconds) attenuation setting speeds. Today, it is extremely difficult to simultaneously deliver the high dynamic range with high resolution. The present application shows how VOA can provide both the high resolution and high dynamic range using the concept of the mixed-mode SMP macro-pixel-based VOA. 
     Prior art VOAs employ the interaction of a single fiber-optic beam with a single beam attenuating (reflective, absorptive, deflective, transmissive) element. In other words, any fiber beam globally interacts with one electrically controlled optical beamforming element such as the spatial pixel in two dimensional space or on-axis waveguide element (e.g., thermo-optic element on a section of a silica waveguide). For example, a single predesigned micromirror or polarization altering liquid crystal pixel is optically illuminated by the single beam emanating from an optical fiber. Hence, the entire spatial beam is simultaneously effected by the one optical attenuating response (varying transmittance or reflection) on the pixel. Thus light coupled into the output fiber undergoes an attenuation. If this pixel fails, the VOA completely stops working. This prior art is an example of centralized single-point optical beam processing that is prone to catastrophic component failure. This single pixel (or single point) fiber-optic processing method has been vigorously used to make both optical switching and attenuation FO components, such as using liquid crystals and MEMS based micromirrors. Example of prior art using polarization includes: K. Y. Wu, “Fault tolerant optical routing switch,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,724,165, 1998; J. S. Patel and Y. Silberberg, “Frequency selective optical switch employing a frequency dispersive element, polarization dispersive element, and polarization modulating elements,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,540, May 9; J. S. Patel and Y. Silberberg, “Optical switch employing first and second ferroelectric cells with alignment layers having alignment directions offset by 45 degrees,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,541, May 9, 1995; K.-Y. Wu and J.-Y. Liu, “1×N digitally programmable optical routing switch,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,946,116, Aug. 31, 1999; E. G. Hanson, “Polarization-independent liquid-crystal optical attenuator for fiber-optical applications,”  Applied Optics,  21, 1342(1982) and E. G. Hanson, “Optical switch attenuator,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,238, Oct. 18, 1983; J. J. Pan, “Polarization independent optical switch/attenuator,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,747, Jan. 4, 1994 and J. J. Pan, M. Shih, “Optical attenuator with low polarization mode dispersion,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,727,109, Mar. 10, 1998, K-Y Wu, J-Y Liu, Y-C Chen, “Optical attenuation using polarization modulation and a feedback controller,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,963,291, Oct. 5, 1999; J. L. Wentz, “Polarization independent light modulation means using birefringent crystals,” U.S. Pat. No. 3,719,414, Mar. 6, 1973. 
     Example of prior art using optical MEMS includes: G. A. Magel and T. G. McDonald, “Optical switch using spatial light modulators,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,778, Oct. 13, 1992; G. A. Magel, “Fiber optic switch with spatial light modulator device,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,088, Mar. 30, 1993; J. J. Pan, “1×N Electromechanical optical switch,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,683, Oct. 25, 1994; J. E. Ford, “Fiber optic switching device and method using free space scanning,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,829, Apr. 15, 1997; V. A. Aksyuk, D. J. Bishop, J. E. Ford, and J. A. Walker, “Freespace optical bypass-exchange switch,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,943,454, Aug. 24, 1999; V. A. Aksyuk, D. J. Bishop, and C. Randy, “Micro-machined optical switch with tapered ends,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,466, Aug. 22, 2000.; J. E. Ford and D. J. DiGiovanni, “1×N Fiber bundle scanning switch,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 967-969, July 1998; V. Aksyuk, B. Barder, C. R. Giles, R. Ruel, L. Stulz, and D. Bishop, “Low insertion loss packaged and fibre connectorised MEMS reflective optical switch,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 14, pp. 1413-1414, July 1998; S. S. Lee, E. Motamedi, and M. C. Wu, “Surface-micromachined free-space fiber optic switches with integrated microactuators for optical fiber communication systems,” Transducers &#39;97, pp. 85-87, Chicago, Ill., June 1997; S. S. Lee, L. Y. Lin, and M. C. Wu, “Surface-micromachined free-space fibre-optic switches,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 17, pp. 1481-1482, August 1995; J. E. Ford and J. A. Walker, “Dynamic spectral power equalization using micro-opto-mechanics,”  IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,  Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 1440-1442, October, 1998, V. Askyuk, B. Barber, C. R. Giles, R. Ruel, L. Stulz, and D. Bishop, “Low insertion loss packaged and fibre connectorized MEMS reflective optical switch,”  IEE Electronics Lett.,  Vol. 34, No. 14, pp. 1413-1414, Jul. 9, 1998, and B. Barber, C. R. Giles, V. Askyuk, R. Ruel, L. Stulz, and D. Bishop, “A fiber connectorized MEMS variable optical attenuator,”  IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 1262-1264, September 1998; V. A. Aksyuk, D. J. Bishop, P. L. Gammel, C. R. Giles, “Article comprising a light actuated micromechanical photonic switch,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,239, Jun. 13, 2000; E. E. Bergmann, D. J. Bishop, “Moving mirror switch,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,946, Feb. 29, 2000; P. Colbourne, J. Obhl, N. Teltelbaum, “Variable optical attenuator,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,063, Jun. 22, 1999; J. E. Ford, K. W. Goossen, “Level setting optical attenuator,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,983, May 4, 1999; C. M. Garrett, C Fan, D. Cugalj, D. Gransden, “Voltage controlled attenuator,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,634, Apr. 28, 1998; J. E. Ford, D. A. B. Miller, M. C. Nuss, J. A. Walker, “Attenuation device for wavelength multiplexed optical fiber communications,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,271, Apr. 28, 1998; R. Wood, V. Dhuler, E. Hill, “A MEMS variable optical attenuator,” 2000 IEEE/LEOS International Conf. on Optical MEMS, pp.121-122, Kauai, Hi., Aug. 21-24, 2000; K. W. Goossen, J. A. Walker, D. T. Neilson, J. E. Ford, W. H. Knox, “Micromechanical gain slope compensator for spectrally linear optical power equalization,” IEEE Photonic Technology Letters, Vol.12, No.7, pp.831-833, July 2000; F. Chollet, M. de Labachelerie, H. Fujita, “Compact evanescent optical switch and attenuator with electromechanical actuation, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol.5, No.1, January/February, 1999; F. Chollet, M. de Labachelerie, H. Fujita, “Electromechanically actuated evanescent optical switch and polarization independent attenuator”, Proc. IEEE MEMS Conf., pp.476-481, 1998. 
     Earlier, space has been exploited for free-space based optical computing systems such as in works of J. L. de Bougrenet de le Tocnaye and J. R. Brocklehurst, “Parallel access read/write memory using an optically addressed ferroelectric spatial light modulator,” Applied Optics, Vol.30, No.2, p.179, Jan. 10, 1991; W. Hartmann, “Ferroelectric liquid crystal video display,” Proc. Soc. Information Display, Vol.30, pp.99-103, 1989; M. Kimura, et.al., “Electrically and optically controlled gray scale in SSFLCDs,” Proc. Soc. Information Display, Vol.31, pp.139-143, 1990. 
     More recently, for single-mode fiber optics, N. A. Riza has introduced the concept of spatially distributed fiber-optic beam processing using actively controlled pixels called a macropixel. For instance, N. A. Riza suggests active macropixel implementations using MEMS technology based micromirrors and polarization rotators using liquid crystals that interconnect with single mode fiber lenses to realize powerful actively controlled fiber-optic modules and processors. See, for example, applicant&#39;s copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/397,822 entitled, “Fault-tolerant fiber-optical beam control modules,” filed Sep. 17, 1999, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference; N. A. Riza and S. Sumriddetchkajorn, “Digitally controlled fault-tolerant multiwavelength programmable fiber-optic attenuator using a two dimensional digital micromirror device,” Optics Letters, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 282-284, Mar. 1, 1999; N. A. Riza and S. Sumriddetchkajorn, “Small tilt micromirror device-based multiwavelength three-dimensional 2×2 fiber-optic switch structures,” Optical Engineering, Vol.39, No.2, pp.379-386, Febuary, 2000; and N. A. Riza and S. Sumriddetchkajorn, “Fault-tolerant dense multiwavelength add-drop filter with a two-dimensional digital micromirror device,” Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 27, pp. 6355-6361, Sep. 20, 1998. In each of these cited references, each SMP macropixel in a beam controlling device operates in either a digital mode or an analog mode. 
     Serial cascading of independently controllable VOA elements to add VOA control resolution and dynamic performance has also been proposed earlier such as by N. A. Riza in N. A. Riza, “Advances in three dimensional reversible photonic modules for phased array control,” SPIE Conference Proceedings on Photonics and Radio Frequency, Vol.2844, pp.274-283, Aug. 7-8, 1996. 
     The present invention is the first time a mixed-mode SMP macro-pixel, i.e., a macropixel simultaneously using some digital pixels and some analog pixels within a macropixel are combined with a serial-parallel SMP macropixel device placement architecture sandwiched between two single mode fiber collimator lenses/fibers to form a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA. The one embodiment of the VOA uses a MEMS micromirror-based macropixel, pixels are designed to have their own location, size, shape, and electrical drive format that in turn controls the VOA attenuation dynamic range and resolution. Some pixels in the SMP macropixel have digital tilt states while some pixels work in analog drive mode with various states in a continuous mirror positional setting. This mixed mode SMP MEMS micromirror device is combined with a fiber lens with at least two fibers to form a reflective design VOA. This VOA design can accomplish precision and high dynamic range attenuation-based fiber-optic signal processing. These VOAs can be designed with other macropixel technologies such as polarization rotating liquid crystals, diffraction-based polymer dispersed liquid crystals, holograms in electrically controlled crystals, acousto-optic materials, bubble-based devices, magneto-optic devices, and quantum well devices used for absorption or polarization rotation. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG.  1 ( a ) shows a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA mixed control mode parallel processing architecture for fiber-optic beam controls using a mixed analog-digital control mode SMP macropixel device operating in transmission mode; FIG.  1 ( b ) is an enlarged view of the macropixel device of FIG.  1 ( a ); 
     FIG.  1 ( b ) is an enlarged view of the macropixel device of FIG.  1 ( a ); 
     FIG.  2 ( a ) shows a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA mixed control mode serial processing architecture for fiber-optic beam controls using a mixed analog-digital control mode SMP macropixel device operating in transmission mode and another single pixel analog drive mode transmissive device where the single pixel analog device acts as a coarse or bias attenuation setting device while the mixed device acts as a fine attenuation tweeker; 
     FIG.  2 ( b ) is an enlarged view of the mixed mode macropixel device of FIG.  2 ( a ); 
     FIG.  2 ( c ) illustrates the single pixel analog macropixel device of FIG.  2 ( a ); 
     FIG.  3 ( a ) shows a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA mixed control mode parallel-serial processing architecture for fiber-optic beam controls using two mixed analog-digital control mode SMP macropixel devices operating in transmission mode in which one device is shown in an exemplary form segmented into two macropixel areas wherein the sum of the two areas equals the incident beam area; 
     FIG.  3 ( b ) illustrates one form of macropixel used in FIG.  3 ( a ); 
     FIG.  3 ( c ) illustrates another form of macropixel used in FIG.  3 ( a ); 
     FIG.  4 ( a ) illustrates an embodiment of the high resolution and high dynamic range VOA based on micromirror of MEMS based device and the parallel beamforming architecture in which the reflective architecture consists of two fibers connected to a single fiber collimator lens via a mixed-mode SMP Macropixel Device using small tilt micromirrors to deliver the desired optical power attenuation level 
     FIG.  4 ( b ) illustrates an N micromirror device where a central larger micromirror operates in a continuous analog mode while the remaining micromirrors operate in a digital mode and wherein the micromirrors operate in either a first mode in which small tilt displacement along the x or y direction causes output beam deflection and prevents coupling into the output fiber in which the micromirrors can operate either in a continuous analog mode or a two tilt state digital mode; 
     FIG.  4 ( c ) illustrates a second macropixel arrangement; 
     FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of high resolution and high dynamic range VOA using polarization rotation technology based mixed-mode SMP macropixel devices with serial processing and parallel-serial beamforming architectures. 
    
    
     SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     High resolution fiber-optic attenuation beam control modules of the present invention are based on unique parallel, serial, and serial-parallel optical controls architectures using devices based on a mixed control mode spatially multiplexed processing (SMP) technique using actively controlled macro-pixels. The mixed-mode SMP macro-pixel method involves multiple device pixels per beam where some pixels are controlled in a digital mode and some pixels are controlled in an analog-mode. It is also feasible that under certain attenuation requirement situations, all pixels may be operated in analog mode or all pixels work in digital mode, i.e., working in the extreme cases of the mixed-mode. 
     The mixed-mode SMP macropixel device consists of an array of individually controlled pixels where each pixel has its specific location, shape, size, and electrical drive signal format. The mixed-mode SMP control method inherently provides a robust and highly accurate technique for amplitude and routing controls of an input optical beam. The preferred embodiment of the mixed-mode SMP macropixel approach is implemented for optical beams being coupled in and out of the versatile beam processing module for gain controls via fiber-optics coupled to fiber lenses. A preferred embodiment of the mixed-mode device consists of micromirrors fabricated via optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. In the digital-mode, the micromirror pixel has two positional states such as two tilt states. In the analog-mode, the micromirror pixel has more than two positional states such as N angular tilt or piston motion positional states. Other embodiments of the mixed mode SMP macropixel based VOA includes one using polarization control pixels such as made from liquid crystals. This VOA operates in a serial or serial-parallel architecture, depending on the design of the macro-pixel devices used in the module. The serial cascade of one or more mixed-mode SMP macropixel devices sandwiched between fiber-optics can be used as a high resolution variable fiber-optical attenuator. The SMP devices and pixels can be designed to function in independent roles as coarse and fine power control mechanisms for the light beams. 
     Pixels in any SMP macro-pixel device can also operate as a dead pixel where any given chosen pixel is not driven during component operations. The dead pixel can also be predesigned into the SMP chip as a pixel area that has a given area with a given transmission or reflection coefficient. These dead pixels are useful when tapping of a given amount of optical power needs to be activated during component operations. In these cases, the proposed component embodiments have more than one output fiber, leading to switching capabilities with built in gain controls for the output ports. 
     In general, the proposed VOAs and 1×N switches can be designed with other macropixel technologies such as polarization rotating liquid crystals, diffraction-based polymer dispersed liquid crystals, holograms in electrically controlled crystals, acousto-optic materials, bubble-based devices, Faraday rotation magneto-optic devices, photonic bandgap engineered crystals, and quantum well devices used for absorption or polarization rotation. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIGS.  1 ( a ) and  1 ( b ) show one form of high resolution and high dynamic range VOA module  10  mixed control mode parallel processing architecture for fiber-optic beam controls. The VOA uses a mixed analog-digital control mode SMP macropixel device  12  operating, for example, in a transmission mode. The VOA module  10  is a two fiber port structure, where light coupling from input fiber  14  is implemented via a fiber lens  16  such as a graded-index rod or GRIN lens or a ball lens. The input lens  16  acts to collimate light coming from the input fiber  14  while an output lens  18  focuses light into an output fiber  20 . The module in FIG. 1 is reversible.(i.e., light can flow in either direction) as shown by the IN/OUT labels on the fibers  14 ,  20 . Collimated light strikes the mixed-mode SMP macropixel device  12  with N pixels  22  of any desired shape, size, position, and electrical drive format. The total area of all the pixels  22  adds up to equal the area of the incident beam indicated by dotted line  24 . The relationship between the relative areas of the pixels can follow any desired allocation based on the fiber-optic component being realized. For instance, the pixel areas can follow a binary relationship where areas increase by a factor of two. Other examples of pixel area design are also possible such as ternary or factor of three designs or non-linear pixel area modulation ratios. 
     Some pixels in device  12  are chosen to be driven in analog mode while the remaining pixels are driven in digital mode. FIG.  1 ( b ) shows a configuration where certain pixels  22  have analog drive (A) and some have digital drive (D). It is also possible to have dead pixels in the device design, implying that these pixels are not electrically driven or don&#39;t change state as rapidly as some of the other pixels. The dead pixel can also imply a chip zone that has a fixed transmission or reflection coefficient and a given desired area. The dead pixel design can be useful when fixed power flow is desired for a given fiber output port. If a pixel has analog drive, it operates through all states between the two extreme digital states of the pixel. In other words, in digital drive for a pixel, in one binary state the pixel has essentially zero attenuation on the incident optical beam and in the other digital state has maximum attenuation on the incident beam. The pixel in the analog state goes through all the attenuation states between the two digital settings. Typically, the digital mode is robust when small repeatable attenuation settings are required. The analog state is useful when setting the overall attenuation position of the VOA. Thus, the mixed mode of operation of the SMP macropixel helps in providing a VOA with both high resolution and high dynamic range. Because all pixels simultaneously act on the incident fiber-optic beam, the architecture is called a parallel processing architecture for the VOA. While FIG.  1 ( a ) shows the parallel processing concept in a transmissive design, a reflective design is possible using a reflective device at  12  or a mirror placed after the transmissive device  12  as will be shown. The macropixel device  12  can be built using any optical technology that provides interaction of light with a planar pixelated surface. Example technologies include polarization rotating liquid crystals, diffraction-based polymer dispersed liquid crystals, holograms in electrically controlled crystals, acousto-optic materials, bubble-based devices, Faraday rotation magneto-optic devices, photonic bandgap engineered crystals, and quantum well devices used for absorption or polarization rotation. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA  26  employing a mixed control mode with a serial processing architecture for fiber-optic beam controls. The VOA module  26  uses a mixed analog-digital control mode SMP macropixel device  28  operating in transmission mode and another single pixel analog drive mode transmissive device  30 . Device  30  acts as a coarse or bias attenuation setting device while Device  28  acts as a fine attenuation tweeker. Device  28  has several pixels  32  of different area values, with each pixel having the option to be driven in either analog (A) or digital (D) mode. As shown, some pixels  32  in Device  28  have digital drive while others have analog drives. In an extreme case for super control, all pixels in Device  28  can be driven in analog mode to eliminate any digital quantization effects on the power attenuation curve of the VOA module  26 . On the contrary, pure digital control of the device  28  pixels is all possible as the component application desires. FIG.  2 ( c ) shows the single-pixel analog device  30 . 
     FIG.  3 ( a ) shows an alternate embodiment of the invention that combines parallel and serial optical layout embodiments of FIGS.  1 ( a ) and  2 ( a ) to realize a parallel-serial embodiment, i.e., a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA mixed control mode parallel-serial processing architecture  34  for fiber-optic beam controls. The VOA module  34  uses two mixed analog-digital control mode SMP macropixel devices  36  and  38  operating in transmission mode. Device  36  (FIG.  3 ( b )) may be segmented into multiple areas such as the two macropixel areas  1 A and  2 A, where  1 A plus  2 A add up to equal the incident beam area. The relative area size of the  1 A and  2 A pixel areas can follow any desired format as required for the component application. The  1 A and  2 A pixels can have either analog or digital drives, as shown by the A/D notation. Device  38  (FIG.  3 ( c )) also has two sub-areas where each sub-area has its own array of pixels labeled  1 B 1 ,  1 B 2 ,  1 B 3 , . . . ,  1 BN, for the first N-pixel sub-area and similarly  2 B 1 ,  2 B 2 ,  2 B 3 , . . . , 2 BN, for the second N-pixel sub-area. The relative adjacent pixel areas between the two sub-areas can be chosen to follow any desired format. Again, these pixels have the A/D drive option for maximum effectiveness. The first N-pixel subarea in device  38  controls the beam coming from pixel area  1 A in Device  36  while the second N-pixel subarea in device  38  controls the beam coming from pixel area  2 A in Device  36 . As shown, Device  38  has 2N pixels. The FIG.  3 ( a ) embodiment uses Device  38  for coarse attenuation controls while device B is used for fine optical power attenuation controls. Depending on the optical application need, all or some of the pixels are activated to deliver the desired VOA response. This supreme flexibility in drive type, pixel size and position, and optical component architecture realizes a powerful VOA with extraordinary features. Also note that the VOA module of FIG.  3 ( a ) is reversible. 
     FIG.  4 ( a ) shows another embodiment of a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA module  40  based on a micromirror of MEMS based device  42  and the parallel beamforming architecture. The FIG.  4 ( a ) design is a reflective mode embodiment of the FIG.  1 ( a ) transmissive design. The module  40  in FIG.  4 ( a ) uses a reflective architecture having two fibers  44 ,  46  connected to a single fiber collimator lens  48  via the mixed-mode SMP Macropixel Device  42  using small tilt micromirrors. Small tilt here implies fewer than about ten degrees mirror tilt angle. In practice, because commercial dual fiber collimators have short (e.g., 125 micron) distances between the two fibers at the fiber lens  48 , much smaller tilt angles such as about three degrees can implement the VOA operation. The dashed lines represents the incident optical beam of area A and the reflected optical beam of a desired area that enters the output fiber  46  to deliver the desired optical power attenuation level. FIG.  4 ( b ) shows  42  as an N micromirror device where the central larger micromirror operates in a continuous analog mode while the other N−1 micromirrors operate in a digital mode. These micromirrors operate in small tilt displacement modes along the x or y direction to cause output beam deflection, hence preventing coupling into the output fiber. FIG.  4 ( c ) shows Device  42  as an N micromirror device where all N micromirrors can operate either in a continuous analog mode or a two tilt state digital mode giving full VOA operational flexibility. Although two fibers  44 ,  46  are shown in FIG.  4 ( a ), other fibers can be added to the design to realize multi-output port light switches with built-in gain controls. For instance, if three fibers are used, the third fiber can act as a second output port such as used for tapping power when required during monitoring applications. In this case, the two tilt states of the micromirrors correspond to the two output fiber ports. The dead pixel concept continues to play a role here when a fixed power flow needs to be turned on for a given port such as during network performance monitoring. The area of the dead pixel versus the active pixels controls the power division between fiber ports when the pixels are activated for implementing the required tapping operations. Also, the number of pixels can be designed for any number from one to N, giving total flexibility in optical power controls for the user. 
     FIG. 5 is another embodiment of a high resolution and high dynamic range VOA module  50  using polarization rotation technology based mixed-mode SMP macropixel devices  52 ,  54  with serial processing and parallel-serial beamforming architectures. Macropixel Device  52  may comprise two of the pixel devices such as sown in FIG.  2 ( c ) or two pixel areas such as in the device  36  of FIG.  3 ( b ). Also, here Device  54  may use two devices  28  of FIG.  2 ( b ) or be formed such as shown for device  38  of FIG.  3 ( c ). Both devices  52 ,  54  are polarization sensitive devices such as electrically controlled 90 degree linear polarization rotation devices such as liquid crystal devices. Note that polarization beam displacing prisms BDP 1  and BDP 2  are used for splitting and combining the light linear polarizations to implement the well known polarization diversity-based processing for light from fiber-optics. Again, the FIG. 5 design is reversible in nature. The polarizer  56  between the devices  52  and  54  is used for attenuating light between the two stages of the polarization processing. Recall that the pixels in the devices  52  and  54  can have any number, shape, position, size, and drive, to give full flexibility to this VOA. For example, in one embodiment of FIG. 5 design, device  52  can be a 2-pixel analog drive liquid crystal device while device  54  can be a 2N pixel digital drive liquid crystal device. Although two fiber ports are shown in FIG. 5, extensions to additional output fiber ports is possible to give additional routing controls with built-in gain controls. In addition, the dead pixel concept can also be employed to yield fixed power flow at a desired port when this port is activated by controlling the appropriate pixel.