Abstract:
Calculating and validating energy savings. Energy savings from programs such as telework are calculated and validated through the use of authenticated remote access systems. A person or device working away from the place of work authenticates themselves with a remote access system using a personal digital device. Through such authenticated remote access logs including location information, systems can determine where a person and/or device is, and is not. Energy savings can be calculated based not only on the energy expenditures of avoided travel, but also on the energy expenditures saved at the place of work location. These energy savings may be summed over employees and/or devices and/or places of work. Energy savings are documented, and may be expressed in terms of KWH, BTUs, metric tons of CO2, or other similarly derivable units. These may be used for example for credit trading. Such monitoring, calculating, and trading may be locally provided, offered as a managed service, or provided as a Software as a Service application for individuals, devices, groups of individuals, groups of devices, or enterprises.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to monitoring and validating energy savings such as carbon offsets. 
         [0002]    Saving energy is becoming more important to enterprises large and small. As an example, automated building control systems save energy by monitoring building occupancy in real-time, combining these data with inferred data derived from weather forecast or past occupancy trends, and factoring in other environmental information such as interior and exterior temperature and humidity, sun and solar data, and building models to adjust internal temperature, humidity, and light levels. 
         [0003]    Another form of energy saving involves telecommuting and telework programs. Employees working from home or from satellite offices are not traveling to and occupying an office. Particularly, an employee working from home is avoiding travel-based energy expenditures from the system. An employee working from home is also reducing the energy required at his or her place of work to maintain environmental conditions at the office, support parking areas, and/or run ancillary services (such as janitorial, security, and food services). 
         [0004]    Another developing aspect of these energy savings is emissions trading—known as “cap and trade”—an administrative approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing the emission of pollutants. A government authority sets a “cap” (limit) on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted. Companies are issued emission permits to pollute and are required to hold an equivalent number of pollution “credits.” The total credits cannot exceed the cap. If a company needs to pollute more than the cap allows then it must buy credits from those who pollute less in a transfer known as a “trade.” Active trading programs exist for several pollutants. The largest trading market for greenhouse gases is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. In the United States there is a national market to reduce acid rain, as well as regional markets for nitrogen oxides. 
         [0005]    One of the issues with the present system is that credits are often purchased from countries in the developing world where promised emission reductions may actually never come to pass. A farmer in Brazil might promise to reduce methane gas emissions from a farm, submit the credit application to the United Nations for approval, and then sell the credits without any assurance that the promise will be fulfilled. 
         [0006]    Enterprises engage in many activities that reduce carbon emissions and have the potential to generate trading credits. Previously mentioned telework programs under which employees work from home can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by removing commuter and mass transit vehicles going to and from work (the longer the distance travelled), lowering heating/ventilation/air conditioning/refrigeration/lighting/electricity (HVACRLC) expenses at the place of business, and lowering ancillary service costs (such as janitorial, security, and food services) at the place of work. 
         [0007]    Another example pertains to the energy savings achieved by automated building control systems. Building energy consumption can be reduced in real-time by the use of automated systems that monitor building occupancy, enthalpy, sun position, temperature, and other factors and then act on them by adjusting temperature, humidity, and light levels to achieve energy savings. 
         [0008]    These are but a few of many examples. In these cases, the primary objective of the programs is to reduce on-going operating expenses by lowering energy consumption. The associated reduction in greenhouse gases and other pollutants goes unmonitored and therefore unexploited by the cap and trade system. 
         [0009]    What is needed is a way of monitoring and validating these energy savings, and a means of generating credits that is verifiable and which doesn&#39;t of necessity rely on purchasing credits from outside the region in which the purchaser conducts business. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    The invention may be best understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings that are used to illustrate embodiments of the invention in which: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  shows clients in a wireless network. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]    Embodiments of the invention relate to methods of detecting and measuring energy savings. According to the invention, authenticated remote access to information networks, such as wired and/or wireless digital networks, is used to validate the location from which a person is working. When an individual works away from the office their location is determined by entry into the remote access system, which may be an authenticated system to prevent spoofing. Location information is made available to a monitoring process attached to the network, which calculates or derives energy savings and credits from this location information. 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  shows a network in which access points (APs)  100  and controllers  300  are purpose-made digital devices, each containing a processor  110 ,  310 , memory hierarchy  120   320 , and input-output interfaces  130 ,  330 ,  140 . In one embodiment of the invention, a MIPS-class processor  110   310  such as those from Cavium or RMI is used. Other suitable processors, such as those from Intel or AMD may also be used. The memory hierarchy  120   320  traditionally comprises fast read/write memory for holding processor data and instructions while operating, and nonvolatile memory such as EEPROM and/or Flash for storing files and system startup information. Wired interfaces  130   330  are typically IEEE 802.3 Ethernet interfaces, used for wired connections to other network devices such as switches, or to a controller, but may include traditional interfaces such as wired telephone lines or control networks comprised of sensors and actuators such as BACnet or L ON W ORKS . Wireless interfaces  140  may be wireless telephone, WiMAX, 3G, 4G, control networks such as 802.15.4 Zig Bee, and/or IEEE 802.11, and are typically present on access points and remote access points, but not on controllers. In one embodiment of the invention, controllers  300  and APs  100  operate under control of a LINUX operating system, with purpose-built programs providing host controller and access point functionality. Controllers  300  typically provide more computational capabilities, such as faster processors and more memory. Controllers  300  may also host processes such as databases, accounting, and the like. 
         [0014]    Client devices  200  have similar architectures, chiefly differing in input/output devices; a laptop computer will usually contain a large LCD; a sensor may include a current or voltage detector; and a control output may include a load control. Client devices may range from small handheld wireless devices such as cell phones, dual mode (Wi-Fi and Cellular) phones, and other handheld devices with wireless capabilities, computing devices from tablets and netbooks to laptops and desktop computers, as well as devices such as control sensors and actuators, handheld data collection and/or entry devices, barcode scanners, and the like. 
         [0015]    The invention uses authenticated remote access to a digital network to validate the location from which a person is working or device is functioning. When an individual wishes to work away from their primary work location such as an office, their location is determined by entry into the remote access system, optionally in an authenticated manner to prevent spoofing. In operation, the individual activates a digital device such as a laptop or handheld device, which authenticates through the remote access system of the digital network. 
         [0016]    According to the invention, as part of the authentication process, the current location of the user being authenticated is obtained. This authentication event information, including at least user identification, time and date, and the location, are made available to an energy monitor process  350  attached to the network. As an example, this information may be stored in a database which is accessible by the energy monitor process through the network, or this information may be sent through the network to the energy monitor process. 
         [0017]    An energy monitor attached to, or energy calculation application associated with, the network processes this location information, including default location information for the user, to determine energy savings. These energy savings may be summed across all users for the system, and combined with information from similar systems enterprise-wide. 
         [0018]    In one embodiment, a user or device  200   a  authenticates through a remote access point  100   a . Communication is established between the digital device  100   a , such as a laptop, and the remote access point  100   a . This communication may be wired or wireless. The remote access point  100   a  is connected to the switched Internet  150 , possibly through a router, modem, or the like. The remote access point  100   a  communicates with a controller  300  such as an enterprise controller to authenticate the digital device, and the individual. This authentication may involve presentation and verification of device MAC addresses, device serial numbers, digital certificates, credentials, storage devices, access cards, smart cards, biometric data, passwords, challenge—response, or any combination thereof. As examples, a laptop computer may authenticate through the use of digital certificates, while with a wireless handheld device, authentication by the device&#39;s MAC address may be deemed sufficient. 
         [0019]    In such an embodiment the user&#39;s location is established by the location of the remote access point, laptop, or control device. This location, in turn, may be established in a number of ways. One way is to record the location of the remote access point on installation. This may be established for example by having the user of the remote access point enter the location such as a street address the first time the remote access point is connected to the system. This location may also be audited. 
         [0020]    Location may also be established and/or verified through the use of location-aware devices. Many cellphones, tablets, and other handheld devices are location aware, whether through the use of GPS or similar technologies, or through the use of triangulation services such as those used for E911 services. When a location-aware device authenticates with the network through an access point, location information provided by the device may be used not only to establish the user&#39;s location, but also to validate the location of the access point. When a location-aware device authenticates through the public network, such as through a Wi-Fi hotspot, or through a guest connection provided by a client, the location information may be cached along with other information about the entry device to the network, such as MAC address, BSSID, time, data, and the like. 
         [0021]    The energy monitor calculates the “out-of-office” savings by calculating the distance from the device or user&#39;s location (identified by IP address and/or physical location or address of the remote access device with which the individual is authenticated) and the device or individual&#39;s default or primary place of work. The total calculated distance is multiplied by either a typical distance-related value representing the hydrocarbon consumption of an average commuter or the actual mileage of the individual&#39;s personal or commuter vehicle in order to derive the total commuter-related hydrocarbon savings. This value may be derived for all users working away from their primary offices, and then summed to arrive at the total out-of-office savings. The calculated distance may be generated using simple geodesic calculations, or by using mapping services such as Google Maps to calculate road mileage and optionally transit times to further model commute savings. 
         [0022]    The “office” energy savings are calculated for all users that are determined to be working away from the office. These savings for example may be based on the square foot/meter of unoccupied space and include factors such as (1) energy savings estimated from an average HVACR value per occupied area, (2) in the case of individual offices with switched lights by the energy savings achieved by ballasts required to illuminate the define space, (3) by a services value that is calculated based on the total energy consumption of the offered services or devices divided by the total number of employees in the facility. 
         [0023]    Optionally, the occupancy state of a user&#39;s primary office can be inferred and validated by monitoring and recording that no wired ports are actively being used within the defined office space, and/or no access controlled entry has been granted to a person or associated vehicle, and/or by using presence or Wi-Fi triangulation to ensure that no wireless devices associated with the user are used in the space and/or by ensuring that no data or telecommunication transmission are made and/or manually answered by any apparatus within the or elsewhere within the place of work. 
         [0024]    The commuter and office savings are summed to arrive at the total savings per user. These savings may be summed over all devices and users at a particular location, and/or over all locations in an enterprise. Detailed reports may be provided on a per user, per location, per enterprise basis, or on the basis of other affinity groups such as business divisions. The individual and/or summed data are stored in a data base, together with the associated authentication, location, triangulation, and other means and metrics required to validate the authenticity and correctness of the results. This database may be associated with the energy monitor process, or may be hosted with a database server attached to the network. The energy monitor itself may be in the nature of a process running in an existing host attached to the network, or it may be hosted in a separate computing platform attached to the network. The actual savings calculated by the energy monitor may be in the form of kWh, BTU, metric tons of CO2, and/or any other unit of measurement that can be derived and is required or desired for credit trading. 
         [0025]    A copy or electronic facsimile of reports generated by the energy monitor will serve as evidence of the savings achieved on whatever unit of time measurement is required for credit trading on one or more markets or through private exchange(s). 
         [0026]    It is anticipated that the processes described in the invention, and the credit monitoring and trading can be performed by the user, contractor, or service provider such as AT&amp;T, Honeywell, IBM, or Orange. Monitoring and trading could be locally provided, offered as a managed service, and/or provided as a software-as-a-service (SaaS) application. Such services may be operated by or on behalf of enterprises, as well as for devices, individuals, groups of devices, or groups of individuals. Groups of individuals may include, for example, affinity groups such as Lions or Kiwanis who wish to pool energy savings and associated credits. 
         [0027]    While energy monitor  350  is shown as being hosted in controller  300 , it may be hosted on any suitable device attached to the network, but is dependent on its operation on information provided by access points  100  on the network, and wireless devices  200 . 
         [0028]    It is also anticipated that some form of credit sharing could occur under which the owner/user of the facility generating credits and the person/company/service monitoring and/or trading the credits could jointly split and/or trade the credits. 
         [0029]    This invention does not anticipate one specific trading market. It does anticipate that credits could be measured and/or traded in monetary units and/or in units of greenhouse gases, units of energy, units of hydrocarbons, units of nitrous oxide, or any other unit of measurements required or useful for trading. 
         [0030]    Aspects of the present invention may be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. The energy monitor of the present invention may be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system such as a process on a network controller or database server, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems and/or services associated with the network. Any kind of computer system or other apparatus connected to the network and adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software may be a general purpose computer system connected to the network with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein. 
         [0031]    The present invention also may be embedded in a computer program product in non-transitory form, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods. Computer program in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following: a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form. 
         [0032]    This invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.