Abstract:
According to the methods and apparatus taught herein, processor caching policies are determined using cache policy information associated with a target memory device accessed during a memory operation. According to one embodiment of a processor, the processor comprises at least one cache and a memory management unit. The at least one cache is configured to store information local to the processor. The memory management unit is configured to set one or more cache policies for the at least one cache. The memory management unit sets the one or more cache policies based on cache policy information associated with one or more target memory devices configured to store information used by the processor.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention generally relates to caching operations in a processor, and particularly relates to determining cache policies. 
     2. Relevant Background 
     Processor performance is improved by including one or more levels of cache locally in a processor for storing frequently accessed or most recently used information. A processor cache is a small, fast memory which stores a copy of select information stored in main memory such as DRAM or a hard-disk drive. When an instruction accesses a memory location, the processor first checks whether the memory location is replicated in a local cache. Particularly, the address associated with the memory access is compared to all tags in a cache. If the desired memory is located in the cache, a cache hit occurs. Otherwise, a cache miss occurs. 
     When a cache hit occurs, the processor immediately reads or writes the information such as data or instructions in the identified cache line. In the event of a cache miss, the desired information is retrieved from a higher-level cache or main memory. Also, a new entry is conventionally allocated in the cache to store the newly retrieved information. The new entry comprises a tag identifying the address that caused the cache miss and a copy of the information retrieved from main memory. 
     To accommodate a new cache entry, an existing entry is evicted from the cache. The heuristic used to choose the entry to evict from a cache is based on a replacement policy such as least recently used or first-in, first-out. Other cache policies (also referred to as cache attributes) are also utilized to determine how a cache is accessed, used and maintained. Other cache policies include write policies, allocation policies, cache level policies, and customized policies. 
     Write policies determine when information written to a cache block is also written to main memory. For example, cache and main memory are updated at the same time when a write-through policy is used. When a write-back policy is employed, main memory is updated only when the corresponding cache block is replaced. A write-once policy uses a write-through policy for the first write to a particular cache block and a write-back policy for subsequent writes to the same block. 
     A cache allocation policy determines when a cache block is written. For example, if the allocation policy associated with a particular cache block is “allocate on read only”, the block is not disturbed during writes. To the contrary, the cache block is updated during both writes and reads when the allocation policy is “allocate on read and write”. For processors having multiple levels of caches such as first-level instruction and data caches and at least one higher level cache, a cache level policy determines which level of cache is used to store information. For example, instructions may be stored in a first-level instruction cache while other information may be stored only in a second level cache. 
     Cache policies are conventionally stored in a page table. The page table is maintained in main memory with frequently accessed or most recently used entries being stored locally to a processor, e.g., in a Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB). Each page table entry maps a virtual address to a corresponding physical address. Particularly, a page table stores a list of virtual page numbers and corresponding physical page numbers. The virtual page numbers identify respective blocks of virtual memory allocated to processes running on a processor while the physical page numbers identify the corresponding blocks of physical memory containing the actual information used by the processes. 
     When a processor accesses a particular memory location, page table entries are searched using the virtual page number portion of the virtual address provided as part of the access. The physical page number is retrieved from the matching page table entry. The physical page number and page offset form a physical address which is used to access the desired memory location. 
     If the desired memory location is not contained within a local processor cache, main memory is accessed. Cache policy information stored in the matching page table entry determines whether information read from or written to main memory as part of the memory access is stored locally in the cache, and if so, how the information is maintained in the cache. Thus, cache policies are conventionally set and applied to a cache on a per-page (or per block) basis. Further, cache policies are conventionally programmed by the operating system. As such, cache policies are applied generally to all processes running on a processor and may result in inefficiencies when utilized by a particular type of main memory device. For example, an “allocate on read only” cache allocation policy may optimize cache utilization for some processes such as graphics applications, but not others. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     According to the methods and apparatus taught herein, processor caching policies are determined using cache policy information associated with a target memory device accessed during a particular memory operation. Thus, caching operations may be tailored to particular memory device settings instead of general cache policy settings. Processor performance is improved by determining cache policies for a current memory operation based on cache policy information associated with the target memory device accessed during the memory operation. 
     According to one embodiment of a processor, the processor comprises at least one cache and a memory management unit. The at least one cache is configured to store information local to the processor. The memory management unit is configured to set one or more cache policies for the at least one cache. The memory management unit sets the one or more cache policies based on cache policy information associated with one or more target memory devices configured to store information used by the processor. 
     According to one embodiment of a system, the system comprises a processor having at least one cache configured to store information local to the processor, one or more target memory devices coupled to the processor and a memory management unit included in the processor. The one or more target memory devices are configured to store information used by the processor. The memory management unit is configured to set one or more cache policies for the at least one cache based on cache policy information associated with the one or more target memory devices. 
     Of course, the present invention is not limited to the above features and advantages. Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon viewing the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system including a processor having circuitry for determining cache policies. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of an address decoder circuit for providing cache policy information associated with a memory device. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of a system including a processor having circuitry for determining cache policies. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of circuitry for determining cache policies in a processor. 
         FIG. 5  is a logic flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of program logic for determining cache policies in a processor. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating how the circuitry of  FIG. 4  determines caching policies responsive to an exemplary write operation. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating how the circuitry of  FIG. 4  determines caching policies responsive to an exemplary read operation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of a system  10  including a bus  12  coupling a processor  14  to one or more peripheral devices  16  and main memory such as a hard-disk drive (HDD)  18  and DRAM such as Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)  20  and Synchronous Graphics RAM (SGRAM)  22 . The processor  14  includes a processor core  24 , data and instruction caches  26 ,  28 , a second-level cache (L2)  30  and a bus interface unit  32 . The processor core  24  provides centralized control of instruction flow and instruction execution. The data and instruction caches  26 ,  28  store data and instructions, respectively. The L2 cache  30  provides a high-speed memory buffer between the data and instruction caches  26 ,  28  and main memory external to the processor  14  such as the HDD  18 , SDRAM  20 , and SGRAM  22 . The bus interface unit  32  provides a mechanism for transferring data, instructions, addresses, and control signals between the processor  14  and devices external to the processor  14  such as peripherals  16  and main memory  18 ,  20 ,  22 . 
     Main memory  18 ,  20 ,  22  is represented as virtual memory to processes running on the processor  14 . That is, pages of physical memory are allocated as virtual memory for use by processes during program execution. A page table  34  is maintained in main memory  18 ,  20 ,  22 , e.g., as shown in  FIG. 1 , for enabling mapping between virtual and physical address spaces. A Memory Management Unit (MMU)  36  included in the processor  14  accesses the page table  34  and handles memory accesses issued by the processor  14 , including virtual memory management, memory protection, cache control, and bus arbitration. As part of virtual memory management, the MMU  36  maintains frequently or recently referenced page table entries (PTEs) local to the processor  14 , e.g., in a Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)  38 . 
     When the processor  14  accesses a desired memory location identified by a virtual address, the MMU  36  accesses the TLB  38  to determine whether the TLB  38  contains a matching entry. If so, the virtual address is translated into a physical address using address translation information stored in the matching TLB entry. Otherwise, the page table  34  is searched for a matching entry. Either way, the MMU  36  initiates a cache lookup operation in one of the physically-tagged caches  26 ,  28 ,  30  based on the resulting physical address. If one of the caches  26 ,  28 ,  30  contains the desired memory location, the corresponding cache line is accessed and the memory access completes, e.g., by reading from or writing to the cache line. Otherwise, the MMU  36  initiates a memory access to main memory  18 ,  20 ,  22  for accessing the desired memory location. 
     Main memory  18 ,  20 ,  22  is accessed by providing the physical address which identifies the desired memory location. The memory device containing the desired memory location is referred to herein as the target memory device. According to the various embodiments disclosed herein, the target memory device may comprise any addressable memory module, device or bank included in the system. For example, a target memory device may be one of the SDRAMs  20 , SGRAMs  22  or other memory device (not shown) depending on the particular process being executed by the processor  14 . 
     In response to an external memory access, cache policy information associated with the corresponding target memory device is provided to a cache policy setting circuit  40  included in or associated with the MMU  36 . The cache policy setting circuit  40  determines the cache policy settings for the current memory operation based on the cache policy information associated with the corresponding target memory device. This way, when the processor  14  accesses a particular external memory location, cache policies are tailored to the corresponding target memory device containing the desired memory location. 
     For example, if a memory operation is directed to one of the SGRAM devices  22 , the cache allocation policy associated with the target SGRAM device may be “allocate on read only” when the target device functions as a video frame buffer for a multimedia application. The processor  14  may write frequently to the target SGRAM device during execution of a multimedia application, but rarely read from the device. Thus, the target SGRAM device&#39;s cache allocation policy may indicate “allocate on read only” for improving processor performance. The target memory device&#39;s cache policy information may also indicate a particular replacement policy, write policy, allocation policy, cache level policy, and/or one or more customized policies. 
     In one embodiment, cache policy information associated with a target memory device is provided by a memory controller  42  that provides an interface between the bus  12  and the various DRAM devices  20 ,  22  as shown in  FIG. 1 . According to this embodiment, the memory controller  42  includes an address decoder circuit  44  for decoding physical memory addresses provided by the processor  14  as part of memory accesses (e.g., reads or writes). The cache policy information generated by the address decoder circuit  44  is a function of the physical memory address provided as part of a particular memory access. The physical address identifies the memory device containing the memory location which is the target of the current memory operation. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates one embodiment of the address decoder circuit  44 . According to this embodiment, the decoder circuit  44  includes an address decoder  46 , a multiplexer  48  and a table  50  having various entries  52  associated with respective memory devices  20 ,  22  supported by the memory controller  42 . Each table entry  52  contains cache policy information associated with a corresponding memory device. 
     When the processor  14  accesses external memory, the physical address included as part of the access identifies one of the memory devices  20 ,  22  supported by the memory controller  42 . The address decoder  46  decodes the physical address, causing the multiplexer  48  to select the entry  52  containing the cache policy information associated with the target memory device identified by the physical address. The memory controller  42  provides the selected cache policy information to the MMU  36  via the bus  12  and the bus interface unit  32  (e.g., as shown by the dashed line going from the address decoder circuit  44  to the MMU  36  in  FIG. 1 ). The cache policy setting circuit  40  uses the received cache policy information to set the cache polices for the current memory operation. This way, cache policies may be set on a per-cache line basis as a function of target memory device. 
     In another embodiment, cache policy information is provided by an address decoder circuit  54  included in the processor  14  as shown in  FIG. 3 . According to this embodiment, the address decoder circuit  54  provides cache policy information based on virtual addresses or physical addresses, e.g., as previously described and in accordance with  FIG. 2 . In yet another embodiment, one or more of the memory devices  20 ,  22  supported by the memory controller  42  store their cache policy information, e.g., in a device ID register or other register (not shown). When a target memory device is accessed by the memory controller  42 , cache policy information is provided to the controller  42  and forwarded to the processor  14  as previously described. Alternatively, the cache policy information is provided to the processor  14  without solicitation, e.g., automatically during system boot or upon reset of the processor  14 . Further, the processor  14  may store the tailored cache policy information upon receipt, thus obviating the need to request the same information when the corresponding target memory device is subsequently accessed. Instead, the processor  14  internally retrieves and uses the tailored cache policy information. Regardless, the cache policy setting circuit  40  uses target memory device cache policy information to set cache policies during memory operations. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of the cache policy setting circuit  40  included in or associated with the MMU  36 . According to this embodiment, the cache policy setting circuit  40  includes selection circuitry  56  for setting cache policies directed to a current memory operation. In more detail, a page table entry (PTE)  58  matching the virtual address provided as part of a memory access is retrieved from either the TLB  38  or page table  34  (e.g., as shown by the dashed line going from the page table  34  to the MMU  36  in  FIG. 1 ). The virtual address is translated into a corresponding physical address based on address translation information  60  stored in the matching PTE  58  where the physical address identifies the desired memory location. 
     If the desired memory location is not located in one of the processor caches  26 ,  28 ,  30 , the MMU  36  initiates an external memory access. In response to the request, the memory controller  42  identifies the target memory device containing the desired memory location based on the translated physical address. The processor  14  gains access to the target memory device via the memory controller  42 . The target memory device performs the desired memory operation (e.g., a read or write). In addition, cache policy information associated with the target memory device is provided to the cache policy setting circuit  40  and stored in a buffer  62  as part of the memory operation, e.g., as illustrated by Step  100  of  FIG. 5 . 
     The selection circuitry  56  processes cache policy information  64  retrieved from the matching PTE  58  and the target memory device&#39;s cache policy information stored in buffer  62 , e.g., as illustrated by Step  102  of  FIG. 5 . The cache policy information  64  retrieved from the matching PTE  58  is overwritten with the target device&#39;s information and used as the current cache policy settings. However, if no cache policy information is provided for the target memory device, the cache policy information  64  retrieved from the matching PTE  58  is used instead. 
     A purely illustrative example of how the cache policy setting circuit  40  determines caching policies is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The processor core  24  issues a memory write request to virtual address X. The MMU  36  retrieves the matching PTE from either the TLB  38  or page table  34  and uses it to convert virtual address X to a corresponding physical address X′. The MMU  36  then probes one or more of the physically-tagged caches  26 ,  28 ,  30  using physical address X′. In this example, none of the caches  26 ,  28 ,  30  contains the desired memory location as indicated by a cache miss. Accordingly, the MMU  36  issues an external memory write request to the memory controller  42  based on physical address X′. The memory controller  42  selects the target memory device containing the memory location identified by physical address X′. The target memory device performs the desired write operation and informs the controller  42  that the write is complete. 
     Additionally, the physical address X′ is decoded and cache policy information corresponding to the target memory device retrieved as previously described, e.g., by address decoder circuit  44  or  54 . Alternatively, the target memory device provides its cache policy information to the memory controller  42 . Regardless, the MMU  36  is notified that the write operation has completed. Further, the cache policy setting circuit  40  is provided the target memory device&#39;s cache policy information. In this example, the cache policy information indicates “allocate on read only.” Thus, the write operation completes in the processor  14  and the MMU  36  does not allocate a cache line in one of the processor caches  26 ,  28 ,  30 . 
       FIG. 7  continues the exemplary illustration by showing a subsequent read request issued by the processor core  24  to the same virtual address X. Recall, the target memory device&#39;s cache policy information indicates “allocate on read only” for the memory location identified by physical address X′. Therefore, no cache lines were previously allocated for physical address X′. As such, a cache miss occurs during the present read operation. 
     Further, when the target memory device completes the read operation, the read operation is not complete in the processor  14  because the target device&#39;s cache policy information indicates that a cache line should be allocated. Thus, the cache policy setting circuit  40  sets the current cache allocation policy such that the MMU  36  instructs one of the processor caches  26 ,  28 ,  30  to allocate a cache line for the physical address X′. Additionally, a cache level policy associated with the target memory device may indicate which level of cache should allocate a cache line, e.g., one of the first level caches  26 ,  28  or the L2 cache  30 . Other cache policies may also be set based on the target device&#39;s cache policy information. Regardless, the corresponding data is also provided to the processor core  24  for processing. 
     With the above range of variations and applications in mind, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited by the foregoing description, nor is it limited by the accompanying drawings. Instead, the present invention is limited only by the following claims and their legal equivalents.