Abstract:
A transmission method and apparatus for use in a multi-cell orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless system. A base station includes a plurality of antennas and a plurality of switches coupled to the plurality of antennas. In a unicast transmission mode, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals are generated and routed to multiple of the plurality of antennas for transmission by turning on multiple of the plurality of switches. In a single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission mode, OFDM signals are generated and routed to one of the plurality antennas for transmission by turning on one of the plurality of switches. The plurality of antennas produce a first beam pattern during the unicast transmission mode and a second beam pattern during the SFN transmission mode.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/276,240, filed Oct. 18, 2011, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/908,262 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,041,395), having a 371 date of Oct. 30, 2008, which is a national stage application of International Application No. PCT/US06/60888, filed Nov. 14, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/736,500, filed on Nov. 14, 2005. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/276,240 and 11/908,262 are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The disclosed embodiments relate, in general, to wireless communication and, in particular, to antenna systems for use in cellular communication and broadcasting. 
     BACKGROUND 
     An antenna system is an indispensable component of any wireless communication network. Wireless communications is presently available in many forms, among which the most common one is cellular/mobile communications. 
     In a cellular wireless network, the geographical region to be serviced by the network is normally divided into smaller areas called cells. Within each cell are mobile stations (MSs) that are used by users to access the network. A cell may be further divided into multiple sectors and in each sector the coverage is provided by a base station (BS). A BS also serves as a focal point to distribute information to and collect information from MSs that are located in the cell by radio signals that are transmitted by the BS antenna. 
     There are different types of transmissions carried out by BSs. A BS can send specific data to an individual MS within its sector; a BS may also send a set of common data to all the MSs with its sector; a BS may also send data via a common channel to all the MSs within a cell; and a group of BSs may broadcast information via a common channel simultaneously to all MSs within a group of cells. Depending on the type of transmission, a distinctive set of requirements may be required for the BS antenna system in terms of radiation patterns, power settings, etc. In addition, a frequency-reuse scheme may impose constraints on the antenna system. The extent to which an antenna system meets the wide range of requirements and constraints directly impacts on the wireless network performance. Therefore, there is a need to create an antenna system that is reconfigurable, adjustable, and controllable to enable a BS to carry out transmissions from a type of application to the other. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the coverage of a wireless communication network that is comprised of a plurality of cells. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a receiver and a transmitter, such as might be used in a multi-carrier wireless communication network. 
         FIG. 3  is a graphical depiction of a multi-carrier signal structure in the time domain. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a particular realization of a transmitter for cellular communication and broadcast. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a variant realization of a transmitter for cellular communication and broadcast. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a distribution network used in a transmitter for cellular communication and broadcast. 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  are block diagrams of alternate implementations of the distribution network. 
         FIG. 8  is a graphical depiction of using different types of antenna beams for different types of transmissions. 
         FIG. 9  is a graphical depiction of using a conformed elevation beam for unicast and sector-specific broadcast and an extended elevation beam for broadcast. 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are perspective views of examples of antenna systems. 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram of a beamforming process in an OFDMA system. 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view of an antenna that generates different elevation beams. 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram of a bank of N distribution networks used in beamforming, transmit-diversity, or MIMO applications. 
         FIG. 14  is a graphical depiction of inserting a transition period between a video broadcast slot and a data unicast slot. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A multiple-antenna system for cellular communication and broadcasting is disclosed. The multiple-antenna system can be controlled, adjusted, configured, or reconfigured to produce desirable radiation beam patterns suitable for different types of applications (e.g., voice, data, video, etc.). For example, the multiple-antenna system can be controlled to enable unicast transmissions with a specific reuse scheme or broadcast transmissions with one or more channels. 
     In some embodiments, a signal distribution network is provided in the multiple-antenna system. The signal distribution network is embedded in a transmitter at a base station (BS) and controls the distribution of signals to one or more antennas. Various antenna radiation patterns suitable for different applications can be generated by reconfiguring the connections and gain settings in the signal distribution network. By shaping the azimuth pattern of a beam and activating appropriate antenna elements to produce a predefined elevation pattern of a beam, different radiation beam patterns may be generated for use in different types of applications. For example, narrow beams may be generated for use in unicast applications, whereas sector beams may be generated for use in broadcast applications. 
     In some embodiments, certain techniques are employed to manage the transition from one type of transmission mode to another type of transmission mode. A transmission mode may correspond to a particular antenna beam pattern or to other settings for a particular application. 
     The following discussion contemplates the application of the disclosed technology to a multi-carrier system, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), or Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA). The invention can be applied to either Time Division Duplexing (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD). Without loss of generality, OFDMA is therefore only used as an example to illustrate the present technology. 
     The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding of, and enabling description for, various embodiments of the technology. One skilled in the art will understand that the technology may be practiced without these details. In some instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the technology. It is intended that the terminology used in the description presented below be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain embodiments of the technology. Although certain terms may be emphasized below, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. 
     I. Wireless Communication Network 
       FIG. 1  is a representative diagram of a wireless communication network  100  that services a geographic region. The geographic region is divided into a plurality of cells  102 , and wireless coverage is provided in each cell by a base station (BS)  104 . One or more mobile devices (MS)  108  may be fixed or may roam within the geographic region covered by the network. The mobile devices are used as an interface between users and the network. Each base station is connected to the backbone of the network, usually by a dedicated link. A base station serves as a focal point to transmit information to and receive information from the mobile devices within the cell that it serves by radio signals. Note that if a cell is divided into sectors  106 , from a system engineering point of view each sector can be considered as a cell. In this context, the terms “cell” and “sector” are interchangeable. 
     In a wireless communication system with base stations and mobile devices, the transmission from a base station to a mobile device is called a downlink (DL) and the transmission from a mobile device to a base station is called an uplink (UL).  FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a representative transmitter  200  and receiver  220  that may be used in base stations and mobile devices to implement a wireless communication link. The transmitter comprises a channel encoding and modulation component  202 , which applies data bit randomization, forward error correction (FEC) encoding, interleaving, and modulation to an input data signal. The channel encoding and modulation component is coupled to a subchannel and symbol construction component  204 , an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) component  206 , a radio transmitter component  208 , and an antenna  210 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that these components construct and transmit a communication signal containing the data that is input to the transmitter  200 . Other forms of transmitter may, of course, be used depending on the requirements of the communication network. 
     The receiver  220  comprises an antenna  234 , a reception component  232 , a frame and synchronization component  230 , a fast Fourier transform component  228 , a frequency, timing, and channel estimation component  226 , a subchannel demodulation component  224 , and a channel decoding component  222 . The channel decoding component de-interleaves, decodes, and derandomizes a signal that is received by the receiver. The receiver recovers data from the signal and outputs the data for use by the mobile device or base station. Other forms of receiver may, of course, be used depending on the requirements of the communication network. 
       FIG. 3  depicts the basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the time domain, which is generally made up of time frames  300 , subframes  302 , time slots  304 , and OFDM symbols  306 . A frame consists of a number of time slots, and each time slot is comprised of one or more OFDM symbols. The OFDM time domain waveform is generated by applying an inverse-fast-Fourier-transform (IFFT) to the OFDM signals in the frequency domain. A copy of the last portion of the time waveform, known as the cyclic prefix (CP)  308 , is inserted in the beginning of the waveform itself to form the OFDM symbol. In the case of TDD, guard periods (GP 1   310  and GP 2   312 ), are inserted between an uplink (UL) subframe and a downlink (DL) subframe and between a DL subframe and a UL subframe to account for the time needed to turn on and off transmitters and receivers, as well as radio propagation delay. 
     II. Multiple-Antenna System for Cellular Communication and Broadcasting 
     In cellular communications, different types of transmission modes may be used for different types of applications. When a base station sends specific data to an individual mobile station within its sector, the transmission mode is referred to as unicast and when a base station sends the same data to all mobile stations within its sector or cell, the transmission mode is referred to as broadcast. The multiple-antenna system disclosed herein can be controlled, adjusted, configured, or reconfigured to produce desirable radiation patterns suitable for different types of applications, such as unicast transmissions with a specific reuse scheme or broadcast transmissions with one or more channels. 
     Although a cell divided into three sectors is used as an example herein, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a cell may be divided into an arbitrary number of sectors and that the disclosed technology is not limited by the number of sectors within a cell. 
     A Cellular Communication and Broadcasting Transmissions 
       FIG. 4  depicts a transmitter  400  at a base station for cellular communication and broadcasting. The transmitter may consist of the following subsystems:
         1. baseband processors (BBPs)  404 , which process digital data, assembling or disassembling data payloads and formatting the data in accordance with certain protocols as was previously described with respect to  FIG. 3 ;   2. intermediate frequency (IF) and radio frequency (RF) transceivers (TRXs)  406  that are coupled to the baseband processors  404  and which convert digital baseband signals from the baseband processors into analog signals for transmission;   3. a signal distribution network  408  coupled to the RF/IF transceivers  406 , the signal distribution network receiving signals from the RF/IF transceivers and splitting and/or combining the signals in accordance with the requirements of particular applications being served by the transmitter;   4. RF units (RFUs)  410  that are coupled to the signal distribution network  408 , the RF units amplifying the signals to a certain power level for transmission; and   5. a multiple-antenna system  412  that is coupled to the RF units  410 , the multiple-antenna system transmitting the signals with various beam patterns (sectorial, omni-directional, etc.) in accordance with a transmission mode that is selected based on the frequency reuse scheme and the type of application. The multiple-antenna system depicted in  FIG. 4  consists of three sector-antennas, the radiation pattern of each sector-antenna which is fan-shaped. Alternatively, the system may consist of an omni-directional antenna, the radiation pattern of which is omni-directional in azimuth. In some embodiments, the system may consist of both omni-directional antennas and sector antennas in a particular combination. For example, antenna  1  in the multiple-antenna system  412  may be an omni-directional antenna and antennas  2  and  3  may be sector antennas.       

     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the subsystems in the transmitter  400  may be constructed with appropriate components and devices, such as switches, amplifiers, and/or couplers. The subsystems in the transmitter are controlled by a controller  402 , which is coupled to each of the subsystems. 
     While the distribution network  408  is depicted between the RF/IF transceivers  406  and RF units  410  in  FIG. 4 , those skilled in the art will appreciate that the distribution network can be placed at various other points in the transmitter  400 . For example, the distribution network can be placed between the antenna system  412  and RF units  410 . Alternatively, as depicted in  FIG. 5 , if the functionality of the RF/IF transceivers  406  is split into IF transceivers  502  and RF transceivers  504 , the distribution network  408  can be placed between the IF and RF transceivers. In the reuse-3 case (that is, each cell is split into three sectors and each sector uses a different frequency band for communication), f 1 , f 2 , and f 3  in  FIG. 4  denote the three bands in RF or f IF1 , f IF2 , and f IF3  in  FIG. 5  denote the three bands in IF. In the reuse-1 case, f 1 , f 2 , and f 3  represent the same RF channel or f IF1 , f IF2 , and f IF3  represent the same IF channel. 
     The signal distribution network  408 , which consists of amplifiers, splitters, switches, and combiners, is used to distribute and adjust signals so as to realize different settings or configurations required by various transmission modes to accommodate different applications.  FIG. 6  depicts a typical implementation of the distribution network  408 . Three signal paths through the distribution network are depicted, with three inputs ( 1 ,  2 , and  3 ) to the distribution network and three outputs (A, B, and C) from the distribution network. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the number of inputs to and outputs from the distribution network can be varied depending on the desired transmission modes to be implemented. The gain on each path is controlled via a corresponding amplifier  602 . The output from each amplifier is coupled to a splitter  604 , which splits the output from the amplifier into multiple signals. Each output from the splitter  604  is coupled to a switch  606 , which may be a simple ON-OFF control device. The output from each switch is coupled to a combiner  608 . The splitters  604  perform the function of splitting (or fanning out) the input signal and the combiners  608  perform the function of combining the input signals. In some embodiments, the combiners may add the signals and operate over a broad range of frequencies. By selectively controlling the gain of amplifiers  602  and the state of switches  606 , the signals on outputs (A, B, and C) may be any combination of the signals received on inputs ( 1 ,  2 ,  3 ). Additional filtering or signal conditioning (not shown) may be implemented in the signal distribution network as well. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other configurations of components can used to achieve the same functionality as is implemented by distribution network  408 . For example, the combination of an amplifier, a splitter, and switches identified by reference numeral  610  in  FIG. 6  can be replaced by one of the variations shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B . In  FIG. 7A , switches  606  are replaced by a switch  700  that either directly connects the amplifier  602  to the combiner, or connects the amplifier to the splitter  604 . In  FIG. 7B , switches  606  are replaced by a coupler  704  and a switch  706  that allows the amplifier  602  to be directly connected to the combiner, or connected to the splitter  604 . 
     Various types of transmissions can be carried out by controlling the amplification provided by the amplifiers and the state of the switches. For example, to enable unicast transmission, switches  1 ,  5 , and  9  are turned on and switches  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  6 ,  7 , and  8  are turned off. When the switches are in this state, the signals received on inputs ( 1 ,  2 ,  3 ) of the distribution network are directly coupled to the outputs (A, B, C) of the distribution network. Referring to  FIG. 4 , if the signal flow for a sector  1  transmission were to be followed, the signals would flow from the baseband processor BBP 1  through the distribution network to RFU A and antenna  1 . 
     To enable broadcast transmission using only one channel but three sector antennas, only the switches connected to a particular splitter (for example, switches  1 ,  2 , and  3 ) are turned on and the rest of the switches (in this example,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 , and  9 ) are turned off. Signals generated by a particular BBP (BBP 1 ) are thereby transmitted via all three antennas while other BBPs (BBP 2  and BBP 3 ) are not transmitted. 
     To enable broadcast transmission using two channels but three sector antennas, only the switches connected to a particular splitter (for example, switches  7 ,  8 , and  9 ) are turned off and the rest of the switches (in this example,  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 , and  6 ) are turned on. Signals generated by the two BBPs (BBP 1  and BBP 2 ) are thereby transmitted via all three antennas while the other BBP (BBP 3 ) is not transmitted. 
     Turning on all switches enables broadcast transmission using three channels and three sector antennas. That is, signals generated by any BBP are transmitted via all three sector antennas. Some typical examples of transmission modes are listed in Table 1 with their corresponding switch states. A configuration index is provided in Table 1 to distinguish the different transmission modes and enable quick look-up of configuration information as will be described in additional detail below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Schemes of frequency reuse and types of transmission 
               
               
                 and their corresponding configuration index and settings 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Config- 
                 Frequency reuse 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 uration 
                 and type of 
                 ON 
                 OFF 
                 Gain 
                 Elevation 
               
               
                 Index 
                 transmission 
                 switches 
                 switches 
                 settings 
                 beam 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Unicast 
                 1, 5, 9 
                 2, 3, 4, 
                 Amp 1 = x1 
                 Conformed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6, 7, 8 
                 Amp 2 = y1 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Amp 3 = z1 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Broadcast using  
                 1, 2, 3 
                 4, 5, 6, 
                 Amp 1 = x2 
                 Extended 
               
               
                   
                 one channel 
                   
                 7, 8, 9 
                 Amp 2 = y2 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Amp 3 = z2 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Broadcast using 
                 1, 2, 3,  
                 7, 8, 9 
                 Amp 1 = x3 
                 Extended 
               
               
                   
                 two channels 
                 4, 5, 6 
                   
                 Amp 2 = y3 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Amp 3 = z3 
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 Broadcast using  
                 1, 2, 3, 
                 N/A 
                 Amp 1 = x4 
                 Extended 
               
               
                   
                 all channels 
                 4, 5, 6, 
                   
                 Amp 2 = y4 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 7, 8, 9 
                   
                 Amp 3 = z4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While Table 1 represents many of the most common transmission modes, other combinations of the switch states can be employed to enable transmissions for specific applications. For example, with switches  1 ,  2 ,  4 ,  5 , and  9  on and the rest of the switches off, signals generated by BBP 1  and BBP 2  are transmitted using two channels in both Sector  1  and Sector  2 , whereas signals generated by BBP 3  are only transmitted in its own corresponding sector (i.e., Sector  3 ). The number of transmission modes is only limited by the construction of the signal distribution network and antennas. 
     The switch configuration necessary to achieve a desired transmission mode may also depend, in part, on the types of antennas used in the multi-antenna system  412 . For example, if antenna  1  in the multiple-antenna system  412  is an omni-directional antenna and antennas  2  and  3  are sector antennas, a broadcast transmission mode can be enabled using only the omni-directional antenna. With switch  1  turned on, signals from BBP 1  (one channel) are transmitted through antenna  1 . With switches  1  and  4  turned on, signals from both BBP 1  and BBP 2  (two channels) are transmitted through antenna  1 . With switches  1 ,  4 , and  7  turned on, signals from all BBPs (three channels) are transmitted through antenna  1 . 
     In other embodiments, the gain setting on each path is set according to a specific scheme of frequency reuse and a specific type of transmission by the adjustable amplifier. 
     B Controllable Beam Patterns for Cellular Communication and Broadcasting 
     By shaping the azimuth beam patterns and activating a predefined elevation beam pattern, different radiation beam patterns are generated by the antennas for transmissions in different types of applications. For example,  FIG. 8  depicts the radiation beam pattern of a cell sector antenna as viewed from overhead. As depicted in  FIG. 8 , a narrow beam  806  in azimuth is used for unicast; a sector-specific beam  804  is used for broadcast transmissions within the cell; and a broadcast beam  806  is used for multi-cell broadcast transmissions.  FIG. 9  depicts the radiation beam pattern of a cell sector antenna as viewed in elevation. As shown in  FIG. 9 , an elevation beam  904  that is conformed within a cell boundary is used for unicast and sector-specific broadcast, whereas an elevation beam  902  that extends beyond the cell boundary is used for multi-cell broadcast. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  are each examples of an antenna system  412  that are controllable in azimuth and elevation, and are suitable for operating in different transmission modes in cellular communication and broadcasting. The antennas depicted in  FIGS. 10A and 10B  possess the following attributes:
         1. the antenna consists of a plurality of antenna elements that can be controlled individually or collectively; and   2. the azimuth pattern and elevation pattern of the antenna can be shaped independently.
 
The antenna system depicted in  FIG. 10A  is a 2-dimensional antenna systems  1000 , meaning that the antenna elements  1002  are mounted in an array on a substrate  1004  that orients the antenna elements in roughly a plane. One or more antenna systems  1000  may be mounted in a desired configuration in order to transmit within a particular region. For example, six of the antenna systems may be deployed in a regular hexagon shape in order to provide 360 degrees of coverage to a cell. In contrast, the antenna system depicted in  FIG. 10B  is a 3-dimensional antenna system  1020 , meaning that the array of antenna elements  1002  are mounted on a substrate that orients the antenna elements in various directions. The substrate  1024  in  FIG. 10B  is a cylindrical substrate, creating an antenna capable of generating a 360 degree radiation pattern.
       

     The azimuth beam pattern and the elevation beam patterns of the antenna systems in  FIGS. 10A and 10B  may be shaped in a variety of ways. With respect to the azimuth pattern, one or more beamformers  1022  may be coupled between the RF units (which provide RF signal feeds) and the antenna systems. The beamformers may be controlled by the controller  402 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that beamformers control the amplitude and phase of a signal at each transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and destructive interference that controls the directionality of the radiation pattern emitted by the antennas. The azimuth patterns can be defined, either in a digital or analog manner, by the signal weights to the antennas. In general, the weights are applied in either time or frequency domain. In the case of OFDMA, the weights are applied to the corresponding subcarriers in the frequency domain within the beamformers  1106 , as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     With respect to the elevation beam pattern, a desired beam pattern can be achieved by controlling how antenna elements  1002  are activated by the system.  FIG. 12  depicts two representative antenna elements  1002 , such as might be fixed to an antenna substrate. The antenna elements comprise one or more electronic circuits  1202  that are surrounded by radiation elements  1204 . By activating some or all of the electronic circuits  1202 , the resulting emitted radiation beam may be adjusted in elevation. Certain elevation beam patterns may be predefined and can be activated, individually or in combination, by the antenna controller. 
     It will be appreciated that in certain applications of beamforming, transmit-diversity, or multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions in azimuth, the transmitter  400  design (including distribution network  408 ) may be modified to accommodate greater antenna complexity.  FIG. 13  is a block diagram of a parallel transmitter construction for such an application. Specifically, the transmitter is modified to generate N outputs from each BBP, where N corresponds to the number of antenna subsystems in the azimuth dimension or to the number of azimuth beams need to cover a desired area (e.g., a sector). The outputs from the BBPs are coupled to an array of RF transceivers  1302 , a bank of N distribution networks  1304 , and an array of RF Units  1306 . Outputs from the transmitter with a parallel construction are coupled to the antenna system and used for beamforming, transmit-diversity, or MIMO transmission. 
     The transmitter and antenna constructions disclosed herein enable the multiple-antenna system to switch between a variety of transmission modes that are suitable for different applications, such as audio, video, voice, etc. In one transmission mode, unicast data such as user-specific data and pilot subcarriers are transmitted to MSs by their serving BS using narrow beams (adaptively shaped or otherwise) or orthogonal beams in azimuth. Adaptive modulation and coding, as well as power control, can be jointly applied with these unicast-shaped beams. 
     In another transmission mode, sector-specific data and pilot subcarriers are transmitted to MSs by their serving BS using a shaped beam that covers its designated sector in azimuth. Signals that are associated the sector-specific data subcarriers include preamble, mid-amble, frame control header, downlink resource allocation, uplink resource allocation, or any information that is required to be disseminated to the MSs within the sector covered by the serving BS. Since the directivity gain of a sector beam is typically smaller than a narrow beam in the unicast case, a relatively robust modulation and coding scheme may be used for a sector-specific broadcast with a sector-shaped beam. 
     In still another transmission mode, broadcast data and pilot subcarriers are transmitted by a BS using a beam pattern that is shaped in both elevation and azimuth to maximize the network coverage. For example, in the same frequency network (SFN), it is desirable that the beam pattern of a BS should, to a certain degree, overlap in both azimuth and elevation with others, so as to achieve the optimal effects of macro-diversity. The gain from the macro-diversity should be able to offset, to a certain extent, the link-budget imbalance as compared to the sector beam case and narrow beam case. 
     The combination of a particular scheme of frequency reuse and a specific type of transmission can be represented by a configuration index, such as the configuration index represented in column 1 of Table 1. For example, an instruction to or from the controller  402  to modify the transmission mode may be in the form of the configuration index. The controller may use a look-up table or other data construct to determine the appropriate switch  606  settings and amplifier  602  gain settings that are associated with the specified configuration index, as exemplified in Table 1. In addition, the configuration index may also dictate the type of elevation beam used for a specific transmission (e.g., “conformed” or “extended” in Table 1). Given a configuration index, the controller will control the gain, switch setting, and beamformer or other antenna control to produce a desired beam pattern for transmission or reception. 
     In some embodiments, mechanisms are employed to deal with the transition from one transmission mode to another transmission mode. In particular, a transition period (TP) may be inserted between transmission slots of different types of applications. For example, in the time structure shown in  FIG. 3 , DL Slot # 1  may be a video broadcast slot and DL Slot # 2  may be a data unicast slot.  FIG. 14  is a block diagram depicting how the DL subframe  302  may be modified to incorporate a transition period. As depicted in  FIG. 14 , a transition period  1404  is inserted between a video broadcast slot  1402  and a data unicast slot  1406 . The transition from one type of application to the next may require turning on/off switches and/or amplifiers, antenna control circuits, etc. The TP that is inserted must be sufficiently long for these devices to reach steady or near steady states. In addition, necessary MAC functions dealing with the TP such as scheduling and control messages will be performed by the MAC processor. It will be appreciated that the length of the transition period may be a constant that is selected based on the worst-case amount of time necessary for devices to reach steady or near steady state when switching from one transmission mode to another transmission mode. Alternatively, the length of the transition period may be varied so that it is optimized depending on the type of transition between transmission modes. 
     Instead of inserting a transition period to accommodate a switch from one transmission mode to another transmission mode, the transition can be scheduled to take place between OFDM symbols such that a portion of the cyclic prefix or postfix can be used for the switched devices to reach a steady or near-steady state, provided that the cyclic prefix or postfix is designed to be longer than the time required for the transition. 
     The above detailed description of embodiments of the system is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the system to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the system are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the system, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while processes are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps in a different order, and some processes may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified to provide alternative or subcombinations. Each of these processes may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Further any specific numbers noted herein are only examples: alternative implementations may employ differing values or ranges. 
     These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description describes certain embodiments of the technology, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its implementation details, while still being encompassed by the technology disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the technology should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the technology with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.