Abstract:
The present invention relates a circuit arrangement for the lowering of the threshold voltage of a diode configured transistor comprising a mirror transistor, a first transistor and a second transistor, said mirror transistor and said first transistor having in common the gate electrodes in a circuit node, said second transistor being connected in a transdiode configuration and placed between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of said first transistor, and a current source being connected to the gate electrode of said first transistor and to the drain electrode of said second transistor, characterized by comprising a third transistor which is configured to receive a switching signal at its gate electrode and is connected between the drain and the gate electrode of said first transistor.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for the lowering of the threshold voltage of a diode configured transistor, particularly for a reading circuit of Flash-EEPROM memory cells having a low supply voltage.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    In the reading circuits of Flash-EEPROM memory cells, if the dynamics of the voltage available to the circuit are very limited, which is the case of low supply voltages, then circuit configurations, called source mirrors, are provided. A source mirror, in addition to the classic mirror transistor, also have a first and a second transistor. The second transistor is connected as a diode and placed between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the first transistor. A current source, having an electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor and to the drain electrode of said second transistor, is adapted to bias the diode connected transistor, as shown successively in FIG. 2.  
           [0003]    In this way and using a productive process that allows the transistors having threshold voltages of different values, it is possible to lower the value of the threshold voltage in the first transistor, so as to realize a conductive channel with a lower voltage value between the gate and source electrode, that is with a lower v gs .  
           [0004]    An arrangement and a process of this type have the advantage of providing a transistor having a lower threshold voltage but inside a circuit architecture adapted for a reading operation of a Flash-EEPROM type memory cell, said operation is not made by a discharging current of the memory cell but by means of the bias source current.  
           [0005]    This involves said bias current being much lower than the memory cell current, a delay in the settlement of all the voltages and of all the currents of the circuit architecture in examination, causing relevant repercussions on the access time during the reading operation of the stored voltage value.  
           [0006]    Moreover, the presence of the diode bias source introduces a systematic offset that alters the value of the discharge current of the memory cell, causing a wrong interpretation of the stored logic state.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    It is an object of the present invention to obtain a lowering of the threshold voltage.  
           [0008]    According to the present invention, such object is achieved by a circuit arrangement for the lowering of the threshold voltage of a diode configured transistor comprising a mirror transistor, a first transistor and a second transistor, the mirror transistor and the first transistor having the gate electrodes in common in a circuit node. The second transistor is connected in a transdiode configuration and placed between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of said first transistor. A current source is connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor and to the drain electrode of the second transistor. A third transistor, configured to receive a switching signal at its gate electrode, is connected between the drain and the gate electrode of said first transistor.  
           [0009]    Thanks to the present invention it is possible making a circuit arrangement for the lowering of the threshold voltage of a diode configured transistor in a reading circuit of Flash-EEPROM type memory cells so that the static characteristics, that is the discharged time of the memory cells, and the dynamic characteristics, that is the precision of the mirror factor of the circuit architecture in examination, are maintained unchanged. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    The features and the advantages of the present invention will be made evident by the following detailed description of an embodiment thereof, which is illustrated as not limiting example in the annexed drawings, wherein:  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 shows a current mirror without a diode according to the prior art;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 shows a current mirror with a diode according to the prior art;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 shows a current mirror with a diode according to the present invention;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 shows a possible embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]    In FIG. 1 a current mirror without a diode according to the prior art comprising a first p channel MOS transistor P 1 , having its source electrode SP 1  connected to a supply line Vdd and the drain and gate electrodes DP 1  and GP 1  short-circuited to each other, and a second p channel MOS transistor P 2 , having its source electrode SP 2  connected to the supply line Vdd and the gate electrode GP 2  connected in a circuit node REFSIDE with the electrodes GP 1  and DP 1  of the transistor P 1 , so as to realize the classic mirror configuration  1 , is shown.  
         [0016]    The transistor P 2  is the mirror transistor and it has a shape ratio, that is the ratio between the width (W) and length (L) of the conductive channel, equal to the shape ratio of the transistor P 1  for a multiplicative factor “m”, that is (W/L) P1 =m*(W/L) P2 .  
         [0017]    Generally, the reason the mirror  1  can work correctly is that it works in the saturation region that is: V ds &lt;=v gs −v th  wherein v th  is the threshold voltage of the transistor. Therefore higher is the value of v th  bigger has to be the value of v gs , in order to create the conductive channel.  
         [0018]    This has the problem that at low supply voltage values Vdd the node REFSIDE can have a voltage value too low to enable the mirror  1 , not permitting the correct bias of a memory cell (the memory cell is not shown in Figure). This problem is solved by using a diode for the lowering of the threshold voltage as shown in FIG. 2.  
         [0019]    With the configuration described in FIG. 1, the discharge operation of the cell is made by means of a current I cell  equal to the value of the stored voltage in the memory cell.  
         [0020]    As shown in FIG. 2, in addition to the mirror transistor P 2  and the MOS transistor P 1 , there is a n channel MOS transistor N 1  placed in transdiode configuration having its drain electrode DN 1  connected to its gate electrode GN 1  and the source electrode connected to the circuit node REFSIDE.  
         [0021]    Moreover a source I leaker  with a low consumption is adapted to bias said transistor N 1 .  
         [0022]    The role of transistor N 1  is to uncouple the nodes GP 1  and DP 1  of the transistor P 1  and thanks to a production process that allows implementing transistors having threshold voltages of different values it is possible to obtain a transistor equivalent to a diode configuration  2  with a value of the threshold voltage v th  lower than the minimum provided by the process. In this way a conductive channel is established with a lower value of voltage v gs .  
         [0023]    By means of the prior art heretofore described, the discharge of a memory cell, not shown in Figure, is made by a current value provided by the bias current source I leaker  of the transistor N 1 . Because the provided current by said bias source is much lower than the value of the memory cell current, that is I leaker &lt;&lt;I cell , a slower settlement of all the voltages and of all the currents of the circuitry adapted to the programming and reading operations of the memory cells is obtained.  
         [0024]    In FIG. 3 a current mirror with diode according to the present invention is shown, wherein is shown the introduction of n channel MOS transistor N 2 , having its drain electrode DN 2  connected with the electrode DN 1  of N 1  and with the electrode GP 1  of P 1  and its source electrode SN 2  connected with the electrode SN 1  of N 1  and with the electrode DP 1  of P 1 .  
         [0025]    The transistor N 2  is controlled by means of a signal SWITCH, connected to the electrode GN 2 , adapted to control the turning on of said transistor N 2 . In one embodiment, the drain of transistor N 2  is coupled to the bit line B to which a non-volatile memory cell MC is coupled. In other embodiments the line B is not the bit line, but is an extension of the bit line and numerous other switches, transistors, and enable devices are between the transistor N 2  and the actual bit line B.  
         [0026]    Said signal SWITCH is provided by means of a timing circuit that is part of the whole circuit system, the details of which are not shown in Figure.  
         [0027]    At the moment of the turning on of the programming circuit of the memory cell the circuit node REFSIDE must have a voltage level equal to the static working voltage, that is equal to the voltage by which the equivalent configuration  2  is able to sustain the discharge current of the memory cell.  
         [0028]    The introduction of the transistor N 2  resolves an existing problem because, thanks to the signal SWITCH, that is enabled in the initial phase of the enabling of the circuit, that is in the instant of turning on of the system, said transistor N 2  works in triode region for a period of time, during which the discharge of the memory cell occurs with the value of the current of the same cell and not with the value of the current of the bias source I leaker . The time over which the transistor works in the triode mode varies over a range, for example a few nanoseconds to tens of nanoseconds.  
         [0029]    In this way the benefit introduced by the use of the diode equivalent configuration  2  for the lowering of the threshold voltage v th  while leaving almost unchanged the dynamic behavior of the circuit is taken advantage of.  
         [0030]    In FIG. 4 a possible embodiment of the present invention is shown.  
         [0031]    As shown in FIG. 4, further to the circuit structure described in FIG. 3 it is possible to note a first structure  3  comprising a couple of p channel MOS transistors P 4 , e and P 5 . The transistor P 4  is connected at its source electrode SP 4  with the supply Vdd, its drain electrode DP 4  connected with the electrode SP 2  of P 2  and its gate terminal GP 4  connected with a signal  5  adapted to enable said first structure  3 , while the transistor P 5  has its source electrode SP 5 , connected with the supply Vdd, its drain electrode DP 5  connected with the electrode SP 1  of P 1  and its gate electrode GP 5  connected with the signal  5  and with the gate GP 4  of P 4 .  
         [0032]    A second structure  4  called a local mirror, comprising a mirror configuration  6  composed of a couple of n channel MOS transistors N 4  and N 3 . The transistor N 3  is placed in transdiode configuration, working as current comparator, having an increased shape ratio of a factor “n” with respect to the mirror transistor N 4 , a capacitor Cbus representing the capacity of the signal line and a further equivalent configuration  2 , having a first p channel MOS transistor P 3  and a second n channel MOS transistor N 5 , and the bias current source I leaker , of said transistor N 5 .  
         [0033]    The source I leaker , used to bias N 1 , introduces a current systematic offset on the output branches of P 1 , with a law equal to: 
           I   P1   =I   cell   +I   leaker   (1) 
         [0034]    This current I P1 , apart from the mirror intrinsic errors, such as output finite resistance of P 2  and process and dimensional matching of P 1  and P 2 , is mirrored on P 2 , according to: 
           I   P2   =m* ( I   cell   +I   leaker )  (2) 
         [0035]    wherein “m” is the ratio between the shape factor of P 2  and of P 1 .  
         [0036]    The introduced offset by the source I leaker  is propagated with the current information of the cell  3  to the input of the comparators  6 . It is, therefore, necessary to recover such offset so as to not distort the content of the information.  
         [0037]    In order to perform this objective the configuration  2  is also used in the local mirror  4  and, so doing, the current provided by P 3  replays that provided by P 1 , that is: 
           I   P3   =I   N4   +I   leaker   (3) 
         [0038]    The relationship (3) shows that, further to the information value I N4 , there is also the systematic error I leaker .  
         [0039]    In order to recover such I leaker , so that P 3  provides a current equal to the reference cell current, taking in consideration the relationship (3), the current of N 4  has to be equal: 
           I   N4   =I   cell   −I   leaker   (4) 
         [0040]    the shape factor of N 3  being equal to: 
         ( W/L ) N3   =n* ( W/L ) N4   
         [0041]    and, taking in consideration the relationship (4), the transistor current N 3  has to be: 
           I   N3   =n*I   N4   =n* ( I   leaker   −I   cell )  (5) 
         [0042]    The relationship (5) represents the condition to be satisfied on the transistor N 3  in order that the transistor P 3  is exempt from the current systematic offset error introduced by the bias sources of the transistors N 1  and N 5  connected as diodes.  
         [0043]    The introduced offset value by the transistor N 3 , as it is possible to deduce from the equation (5), is: 
         
       I 
       osN3 
       =−n*I 
       leaker 
     
         [0044]    The introduced offset value by the transistor P 2 , as it is possible to deduce from the equation (2), is: 
         
       I 
       osP2 
       =m*I 
       leaker 
     
         [0045]    By applying the Kirchoff&#39;s law to the node DN 3  of the transistor N 3 , and to the node DP 2  of the transistor P 2 , for resetting this offset current contribute a source, called I recovery , is introduced, having a value: 
           I   recovery   =I   osP2   −I   osN3   =m*I   leaker −(− n*I   leaker )=( m+n )* I   leaker   (6) 
         [0046]    wherein “m” and “n” are respectively the multiplicative factor of the mirror composed by the transistors P 1  and P 2  and the demultiplicative factor of the mirror  6 , factors known a priori.  
         [0047]    Such a circuit arrangement, that is the sources I leaker  and I recovery  afferent to the same mirror, guarantees, therefore, the best possible matching among the current values of the two sources, because said two sources can be deduced from an unique reference current.  
         [0048]    Moreover putting into practice the offset current recovery, introduced by I leaker , at only a point of the circuit, ensures an equal distribution of the mirrored current information and such a choice allows also to implement the recovery in only one point of the reference circuitry.  
         [0049]    Finally, a circuit arrangement, as described heretofore, guarantees the offset recovery, introduced by I leaker , in every point where the reference information can be.  
         [0050]    The current source I recovery  is, therefore, inserted in the branch of the mirror transistor P 2  and in this way, by using the transistor connected as transdiode N 1 , it is possible to lower the threshold voltage in the current mirror of the reference circuit. The circuit maintains the precision characteristics of the mirror factor and the duration of the turning on phase of the circuit architecture for reading of the stored voltage in the memory cell. The circuit thus has the correct dynamic characteristics, such as the turning on times, and static characteristics, including the precision of the mirror shape of the circuit architecture under examination.  
         [0051]    From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.