Abstract:
Objects (SKUs) are tagged with standard data, including an identifier. The tag is readable by a device such as a scanner or radio receiver. As these objects are inventoried, the tags are read by fixed or hand-held readers that are equipped to append GPS coordinates (4D data) to the tag data. These objects may also be summarized by identifier. This information is subsequently transferred to a client node computer where it is further summarized into a hierarchical scheme such as commodity code. Each object is coded to indicate its usage (in reserve, available, private, hidden, etc.). A database index composed of commodity code, quantity and a usage code is built and published to a network on a defined schedule. A second database of stocking entity names and 4D locations is also established, published and updated by the site administrator as needed. Commodities are networked through a global system of increasing levels of summation. The base (root) level represents the most general commodity code and the greatest level of summation. A means is provided for physically locating the objects within a site. A means is provided to source commodities globally using the network and to determine the location of the nearest stocking entity.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates generally to improved methods of and apparatus for identifying objects, such as pallets and cartons, during inventory operations, and also to improved methods of and apparatus for locating such objects. Further, an improved method publishing and searching for inventoried objects is provided.  
         [0003]     2. Brief Description of the State of Knowledge in the Art  
         [0004]     The use of image-based bar code symbol readers and scanners is well known in the field of auto-identification. The use of radio frequency identification tag readers is also well known in the field of auto-identification. Examples of such systems include, for example, hand-hand scanners, point-of-sale (POS) scanners, and industrial-type conveyor scanning systems.  
         [0005]     Presently, most GPS technology is used for locating persons or vehicles in motion or for routing and as an assistance to navigation. The data GPS makes available may be used in other ways as: providing information about the current locale (attractions, restaurants), for timing in games or competitions, treasure hunts or rallying.  
         [0006]     Supply chain management (SCM) software such as the SCM solutions provided by SAP AG of Walldorf, Germany, enable a user to manage materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from a supplier to a manufacturer to a wholesaler to a retailer. The SCM software generally includes databases for tracking the physical status of the goods, the management of materials, and financial information.  
         [0007]     Inventory management is a component of most SCM systems. Inventory management enables suppliers to keep track of how much inventory they have and how much inventory they have distributed to particular retailers. Periodically, the retailer reports to the supplier the current inventory level of the store. Based on the report, the supplier determines whether the store inventory needs to be replenished.  
         [0008]     However, the prior art generally fails to disclose, teach or suggest how such prior art techniques might be successfully integrated into a consistent and easily accessable system.  
         [0009]     Thus, there is a great need in the art for an improved method of and apparatus for capturing object data and location data during inventory operations, and also an improved method of and apparatus for locating said objects for further operations, while avoiding the shortcomings and drawbacks of prior art recording and scanning systems and related methodologies.  
       SUMMARY AND OBJECT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION  
       [0010]     The present subject matter relates generally to computerized systems or networks interconnecting systems that process inventory objects in storage facilities. More particularly, the present subject matter relates to the collection of data and information on apparatus and systems, the transmission of the collected data to a centralized computer or computerized apparatus, and the manipulation, processing and accessing of the collected data through web pages by authorized users interfacing via web browser applications or programs on user computers or other client devices.  
         [0011]     Further, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a method for combining available technology in a novel fashion and system for employing the new device to record the identity and location of objects during inventory operations and also improved methods of and systems for capturing, storing, indexing and retrieving such object information.  
         [0012]     The drawing figures depict one or more implementations in accord with the present concepts, by way of example only, not by way of limitations. The description may be better understood when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.  
         [0013]     The subject matter has been described and illustrated with respect to certain preferred aspects by way of example only. Those skilled in that art will recognize that the preferred examples or aspects may be altered or amended without departing from the inventive spirit and scope of the subject matter. Therefore, the subject matter is not limited to the specific details, representative devices, and illustrated examples in this description. The novel subject matter is limited only by the following claims and equivalents.  
         [0014]     The present invention relates to computer systems for the management of information distributed across a plurality of electronic system devices. More particularly, the invention relates to a system which includes a plurality of network servers, interface nodes and remote data collecting devices to facilitate information collection and storage such that the location of specific objects can be recorded and later accessed. The invention also relates to information storage, indexation and retrieval methods.  
         [0015]     As an initial matter, in the interest of simplifying this explanation and unless indicated otherwise, the description which follows describes the invention in the context of a warehouse. However, it should be recognized that the invention should not be so limited and clearly has applications which are outside warehousing, only some of which are specifically discussed hereinafter.  
         [0016]     In many industries a need exists for collection and storage of information about the location of objects which provides subsequent information retrieval. For example, in warehouses there is a need, for the collection, storage, and retrieval of information about objects in stock known as stock keeping units (SKUs).  
         [0017]     Inventory management systems (IMS) have evolved over time to facilitate warehouse administration. These systems provide information about SKUs. The minimum information provided is the identity of the SKU, the quantity available, and where the SKU is stored. Many variants on this theme are in general use. They all lack a global standard which has hindered their implementation and operation. By standardizing location coding, a major source of confusion and error can be eliminated. By standardizing SKU categorization using class code, interoperability across facilities and companies can be facilitated.  
         [0018]     A typical IMS requires that an SKU be counted, physically placed in a bin in the warehouse, the location identifier (row, aisle, and bin) be noted and the three elements (SKU quantity, SKU identification code, and location) be recorded on a computer. The IMS will provide for the publication of this information in various formats. The IMS will allow for changes to inventoried SKU counts either by a transaction scheme (e.g., adding items received and subtracting items shipped out) or by the operator going to the bin location and counting the SKUs periodically or a combination of these methods.  
         [0019]     While this approach has allowed a greater span of control than manual systems, it results in a complex system wherein it is often difficult to share information outside the facility. This is because a single facility, or related facilities, may employ different SKU identification schemes, different location identification schemes and an enterprise may have several different physical locations.  
         [0020]     As modern management practices have embraced just-in-time delivery and supply chain management, internet and extranet based solutions have become increasingly important. This requires the sharing of IMS data among businesses as well as facilities and creates issues of scale with attendant issues of data accessibility. Further, SKU identifiers are not necessarily standard and are not designed for aggregation. While these concerns are well known, the solutions so far have been adhoc(Electronic Data Interchange, the XML language) and complicated.  
         [0021]     While such IMS systems can usually meet the information gathering needs of a single enterprise, current systems have a number of shortcomings.  
         [0022]     First, information-gathering and entry into such a system are extremely time consuming and therefore are often thought of as onerous tasks. The operator must code both the location and the SKU, or use a (potentially lengthy) printed or electronic check-list. Each method either increases the likelihood of errors or reduces the timeliness of the data or both.  
         [0023]     Second, because inventory identifiers are often unique to a enterprise or stocking entity, they cannot be used to answer inquiries from customers.  
         [0024]     Third, in addition to providing for queries within a entity, there is often a need to search for inventory closest to a customer&#39;s location. This usually requires a multiplicity of data sources including maps, lists of SKUs, and item identifier exchange charts.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0025]     The present invention relates to an information gathering system wherein a Geo Location Information Tag Reader (GLITR) is equipped to remotely and electronically collect a large portion of the information that identifies stock at a entity. On completion of the gathering function, data is transferred to a client node computer. This computer or a master (inventory) computer, by reference to a file of standards, will categorize and aggregate the data into a summary database. This database may be re-aggregated by department, facility, division or enterprise and published to a public network. A method is proposed for the indexation and retrieval of this data globally.  
         [0026]     One object of the invention is to reduce the amount of manual data entry. Another is to simplify information management. To these ends, the inventive GLITR facilitates automated electronic entry of data. All SKUs are associated with absolute GPS 4D coordinates (Cf., World Geodetic System—1984: WGS84). The coordinates of 4D are latitude, longitude, elevation and time. Latitude and longitude may be represented in degrees, minutes and seconds, decimal degrees or some grid system. Elevation may be represented as metric distance to earth center. Time may be recorded in Universal Metric Time (UMT). Also, a numeric key pad may be used by the operator to enter quantities, if needed (for work in progress, open cartons, high value SKUs).  
         [0027]     When an SKU tag is read by the GLITR processor, the GLITR processor provides 4D information read from a satellite, wireless network, cellular telephone tower, or other broadcast point of calibrated location and time. The 4D information and, if desired an entered quantity, is then appended to information from the tag to create a packet. The information packets are transferred from the GLITR to a client node on an inventory network. The data is further processed and retained on a master inventory computer. The collection of these records will then provide the absolute location of the SKUs in the facility. This location information may be used to count, value or direct physical retrieval of the SKUs.  
         [0028]     To be suitable for use with the inventive GLITR, a system must include at least one, and preferably several, client node computers, a master inventory computer and a network to join them. A file consisting of the data collected from the GLITR(s) will be maintained on each node; and all of the nodes&#39; data will be collected to a database on the master inventory computer. The master inventory computer may publish information to a classical IMS (as described above). The master inventory computer is intended to publish the data to a computer (Internet server) which, in turn, publishes to the Internet or other public network (infra).  
         [0029]     The public network server functions as the facility node on a public network, which is designated the World Wide Commodity Locater net (WWCL) The WWCL is to be composed of a hierarchical system of servers at various levels of service. As the level number decreases, the level of aggregation increases. The final or root server level would have a single entry representing the entire global stock of each commodity type (as reported to the WWCL network). Thus, the highest or facility node might report 100 L frozen apple juice, 200 L fresh apple juice, etc. An intermediate level might report 300 L of apple juice. The root level might report 300,000,000 L of preparations of vegetables and fruit.  
         [0030]     By reference to the stocking entity identification data, the geographical location of the entity may be associated with the commodities. This data could be used to re-aggregate data by region (report much apple juice is stored in Oregon).  
         [0031]     Another goal is to provide information in a standard format so that all commonly trained operators can gather and use the information. To this end, the data collected is always provided and stored in the same format.  
         [0032]     One of the central features of this invention is the use of a network to index or find the physical location of the datum and, by implication, the SKU. One extension of this property of the invention would be matching luggage to passengers on airplanes. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0033]      FIG. 1  is a modular design for a Geo Location Information Tag Reader Geo Location Information Tag Reader (GLITR);  
         [0034]      FIG. 2  is a view of a Geo Location Information Tag Reader (GLITR);  
         [0035]      FIG. 3  is a view of a Geo Location Information Tag Reader (GLITR) in connected to a client node via a docking station;  
         [0036]      FIG. 4  is a view of a keypad and light system that may be added to the GLITR;  
         [0037]      FIG. 5  is a modular design for an enhanced Geo Location Information Tag Reader (GLITR);  
         [0038]      FIG. 6  is a view of an enhanced system (GLITR) with a display;  
         [0039]      FIG. 7  is a modular design for a fixed position GLITR.  
         [0040]      FIG. 8  is a view of a fixed position GLITR connected to a local network;  
         [0041]      FIG. 9  depicts a traditional warehouseman taking inventory;  
         [0042]      FIG. 10  represents a local inventory management network;  
         [0043]      FIG. 11  represents the data transferred from the client node(s) to the inventory master computer;  
         [0044]      FIG. 12  represents the commodity code network;  
         [0045]      FIG. 13  shows a hierarchical commodity code (based on Schedule B) with aggregation.  
         [0046]      FIG. 14  represents the world wide entity location network;  
         [0047]      FIG. 15  is an example of 4D GPS notation;  
         [0048]      FIG. 16  is an example of a query by commodity code;  
         [0049]      FIG. 17  is an example of a query by stocking entity. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0050]     The invention may be adapted for use in a wide variety of applications and is suitable for any environment in which numerous data records having one or multiple formats are to be identified, indexed or retrieved. By way of illustration and not by way of limitation, unless indicated otherwise, the preferred embodiment is presented in the context of a warehouse environment in which a computer system is used.  
         [0051]     I. The Geo-Location Information Tag Reader (GLITR)  
         [0052]     The Geo-Location Information Tag Reader (GLITR) is made up of a GPS module, a tag reader module (bar-code, radio frequency identification) with an on-off switch, memory, a rechargeable battery, and a means of communication with the inventory client node ( FIG. 1 ). The GLITR is intended to be packaged in a user-friendly housing ( FIG. 2 ). One or two-way communication with the inventory client node may be effected by means of a coupling or docking station (via USB, RS232c, IEEE1394, etc.) or by various wireless transmission schemes (WIFI, Bluetooth, etc.). The docking station may be used to transfer data and to charge the battery ( FIG. 3 ).  
         [0053]     Variants of the basic GLITR include: addition of a numeric key-pad to enter quantities and addition of computational logic and a light or tone to indicate operation status ( FIG. 4 ). An enhanced GLITR includes a display ( FIGS. 5 &amp; 6 ) to guide in accessing stock (described below).  
         [0054]     A fixed position GLITR for constantly or periodically monitoring the presence of items at a specific location is also described. The fixed GLITR consists of a GPS module, a tag reader module, a connection to the network or client node, and a power source or supply ( FIG. 7 ). The fixed position GLITR may be equipped with a signal, such as a light, to alert operators of its status ( FIG. 8 ).  
         [0055]     II. A GLITR Collecting Data  
         [0056]      FIG. 9  depicts a warehouseman gathering data from printed tags and writing the information on paper. This operation is replaced by the GLITR as described here. The operator brings the GLITR near the SKU as it rests in its storage location (bin). The operator then presses the switch to read the tag. The GLITR records the tag data and the 4D (GPS) data. This operation is repeated until all the SKUs are recorded. In some applications, the operator may use a keypad to record the quantity of a given SKU in a bin.  
         [0057]     III. A GLITR Exchanging Data  
         [0058]      FIG. 3  describes the operation of a GLITR in exchanging data with client node systems. GLITR may utilize alternate communication means, such as infrared, magnetic coupling or low power radio transmission, rather than the direct connection means of the GLITR depicted. Regardless of the means of communication used, the data record that is transmitted by the GLITR is consistent. It is formatted is a manner consistent with the Open Document file format.  
         [0059]     III. GLITR used to Guide Operator  
         [0060]     Referring again to  FIGS. 5 &amp; 6 , an embodiment of the GLITR intended to assist in locating items. This type of GLITR is essentially identical to the GLITR of  FIG. 1 , sharing internal components but including memory capable of loading route maps, computational module(s) to monitor the route and a display. This GLITR is intended to facilitate guiding the operator to a series of bins to locate SKUs for various purposes (counting, shipping). Software on the inventory client node is used to create a list of SKUs and to select the optimal route through the entity in order to visit each of the locations that are associated with the designated SKUs. These data are then loaded onto the GLITR. The operator uses the display on the GLITR to guide him/her to the desired items.  
         [0061]     IV. Facility Inventory System  
         [0062]     Referring to  FIG. 10 , a simplified example of a system used with the present invention is illustrated as a computer network. The system includes a number of computers or computer terminals comprising client nodes (located in a warehouse or administrative office thereof), a number of network devices (including databases) and a master (inventory) computer. A server sending data to the public network completes the system.  
         [0063]     For the most part, system components communicate with each other via a communication network which may comprise a combination of local and wide area networks, using Ethernet, serial line, token ring, wireless, or other communication standards. The functions performed by the various components of the preferred embodiment of the system may be divided among multiple computer systems or consolidated into fewer components.  
         [0064]     The client node computers contain files of data collected by the operative GLITR. Refer to  FIG. 11  for a graphic representation of the data flow. The data from these files is summarized and coded using a database of basic SKU information. This database is often called an SKU master, an item master or a part master. It usually resides on the inventory master computer. The database includes: SKU identifier, a hierarchical class code, a volatility indicator describing how frequently this class should be recounted, a privacy code, and number of items in this unit (24 per carton, six-pack).  
         [0065]     The summary data is used to create an index entry in a stocking database. One such database is created at each stocking entity (warehouse, factory, retail store). The stocking entity database consists of commodity code, total quantity, 4D data and codes (security, privacy, usage).  
         [0066]     Data collected by the system described may be transferred to an IMS such as described in the Background Section above. The GLITR derived data is summarized as desired by an enterprise and used to create an enterprise database which is published to the WWCL. The elements of the enterprise database are the same as those of the stocking entity database.  
         [0067]     V. The Class Code Hierarchy Network  
         [0068]     Refer to  FIG. 12  for a simplified example of a hierarchal network system. The system includes a number of network computers, a network, databases and a server. Network nodes are defined by level where each level represents a more general commodity and aggregates a larger sub-class of objects.  
         [0069]     VI. An Example of Commodity Code and Aggregation  
         [0070]     Every 10-digit item is part of a series of progressively broader product categories. For example, concentrated frozen apple juice is assigned a 10-digit identifier that is aggregated into a broader category assigned a 6-digit identifier described as apple juice. The 6-digit identifier described as apple juice is aggregated into a broader category assigned a 4-digit identifier described as fruit juices and vegetable juices. The 4-digit identifier is further aggregated into a broader category assigned a 2-digit identifier described as Preparations of Vegetables, Fruit, Nuts, etc.  
         [0071]     U.S. Census Bureau, foreign trade statistics, schedule B  
         [0072]     Refer to  FIG. 13  for an example of commodity code and its use to aggregate objects.  
         [0073]     VI. The Entity Location Network  
         [0074]     Refer to  FIG. 14  for a simplified example of a entity location network system. The system includes a number of network computers, a number of network devices (including databases) and servers. This function may be supplied by the existing World Wide Web (Internet).  
         [0075]     VII. An Example of 4D Coordinates  
         [0076]     Refer to  FIG. 15  for an example of 4D GPS coordinates. The 4D system uses Universal Metric Time. The 4D system further uses earth centered elevation, latitude and longitude. Elevation is given in meters. Latitude and longitude are given in decimal degrees + and − the prime meridian for North and South.  
         [0077]     VIII. An Example of a Query  
         [0078]     Queries may be initiated by different departments within an enterprise. During the course of business, sales, production, purchasing, and accounting may wish to know the quantity of a given SKU and its location(s) in the warehouse. Customers and vendors may wish to know aggregate data about a specific seller or about all sellers within 20 km of their own location. Interested parties may wish to know the stocking locations of volatile pesticides proximate to evacuation routes in a city. Customers or vendors may wish to contact a specific stocking entity.  
         [0079]     Queries may be made by specifying a commodity code to the desired degree of specificity from most general (2 digits) to the most specific (10 digits). Queries may be made by SKU number to restrict the result: a general query for all steel SKUs in the world might give a very large result. Most queries will specify a location (using city, state and country; latitude and longitude; postal code; etc.). Queries may be made for entity information in order to contact an entity representative as needed.  
         [0080]     Refer to  FIGS. 16 &amp; 17  for examples of queries.  
                                         Definition List 1            Term   Definition               4D   The GPS architecture provides the           inherent capability to solve for a four-           dimensional solution (latitude,           longitude, elevation and time).       Barcode   A barcode (also bar code) is a machine-           readable representation of information           in a visual format on a surface.           Originally barcodes stored data in the           widths and spacings of printed parallel           lines, but today they also come in           patterns of dots, concentric circles,           and hidden in images. Barcodes can be           read by optical scanners called barcode           readers or scanned from an image by           special software. Barcodes are widely           used to implement Auto ID Data Capture           (AIDC) systems that improve the speed           and accuracy of computer data entry.       Bluetooth   Bluetooth is an industrial specification           for wireless personal area networks           (PANs). Bluetooth provides a way to           connect and exchange information between           devices like personal digital assistants           (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs,           printers and digital cameras via a           secure, low-cost, globally available           short range radio frequency.       EDI   Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the           computer-to-computer exchange of           structured information, by agreed           message standards, from one computer           application to another by electronic           means and with a minimum of human           intervention. In common usage, EDI is           understood to mean specific interchange           methods agreed upon by national or           international standards bodies for the           transfer of business transaction data,           with one typical application being the           automated purchase of goods and           services.       Ethernet   Ethernet is a frame-based computer           networking technology for local area           networks (LANs). The name comes from the           physical concept of ether. It defines           wiring and signaling for the physical           layer, and frame formats and protocols           for the media access control (MAC)/data           link layer of the OSI model. Ethernet is           mostly standardized as IEEEs 802.3. It           has become the most widespread LAN           technology in use during the 1990s to           the present, and has largely replaced           all other LAN standards such as token           ring, FDDI, and ARCNET.       GPS   The Global Positioning System, usually           called GPS (the US military refers to it           as NAVSTAR GPS - Navigation Signal           Timing and Ranging Global Positioning           System), is a satellite navigation           system used for determining one&#39;s           precise location and providing a highly           accurate time reference almost anywhere           on Earth or in Earth orbit. It uses an           intermediate circular orbit (ICO)           satellite constellation of at least 24           satellites.       IEEE 1394   IEEE 1394 (also known as FireWire) is a           personal computer and digital video           serial bus interface standard offering           high-speed communications and           isochronous real-time data services.           FireWire can be considered a successor           technology to the obsolescent SCSI           Parallel Interface. Up to 63 devices can           be daisy-chained to one FireWire port.       information retrieval   Automated information retrieval (IR)           systems were originally used to manage           information explosion in scientific           literature in the last few decades. Many           universities and public libraries use IR           systems to provide access to books,           journals, and other documents. IR           systems are often related to object and           query. Queries are formal statements of           information needs that are put to an IR           system by the user. An object is an           entity which keeps or stores information           in a database. User queries are matched           to documents stored in a database. A           document is, therefore, a data object.           Often the documents themselves are not           kept or stored directly in the IR           system, but are instead represented in           the system by document surrogates.       Internet   The Internet, or simply the Net, is the           publicly accessible worldwide system of           interconnected computer networks that           transmit data by packet switching using           a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)           and many other protocols. It is made up           of thousands of smaller commercial,           academic, domestic and government           networks. It carries various information           and services, such as electronic mail,           online chat, and the interlinked web           pages and other documents of the World           Wide Web.       JIT   Just In Time (JIT) is an inventory           strategy implemented to improve the           return on investment of a business by           reducing in-process inventory and its           associated costs.       Query   In information retrieval, a query is a           statement of information needs,           typically keywords combined with boolean           operators and other modifiers.       RFID   Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is           an automatic identification method,           relying on storing and remotely           retrieving data using devices called           RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag           is a small object that can be attached           to or incorporated into a product,           animal, or person. RFID tags contain           antennas to enable them to receive and           respond to radio-frequency queries from           an RFID transceiver. Passive tags           require no internal power source,           whereas active tags require a power           source.       Root   A root node is a specially chosen node           in a tree data structure at which all           operations on the tree begin. It is not           the child of any other node, and all           other nodes can be reached from it by           following edges or links. In diagrams,           it is typically drawn at the top. In           some trees, such as heaps, the root node           has special properties. Every node in a           tree can be seen as the root node of the           subtree rooted at that node.       RS-232   In telecommunications, RS-232 is a           standard for serial binary data           interconnection between a DTE (Data           terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data           communication equipment). It is commonly           used in computer serial ports.       SKU   A Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) is an           identifier used for management of an           inventory. The acronym SKU is used           almost exclusively when talking about           this concept. Furthermore, it&#39;s           pronounced as a word (skyü), rather than           three letters, as if you were saying the           English word skew. Merchants assign SKUs           to every product they sell (as opposed           to the EAN or GTIN bar code number which           is assigned by the manufacturer). This           SKU is then used to order, locate and           manage the inventory of a product.           Successful inventory management systems           assign a unique SKU for each product and           also for its variants. For example,           different flavours or models of product,           or different bundled packages including           a number of related products, have           independent SKUs. This allows merchants           to track, for instance, whether blue           shirts are selling better than green           shirts.       Supply chain   Supply chain is a business process that           links suppliers, manufacturers,           warehousing, logistics, retailers and           the end customer in the form of a linear           integrated skill and resource pool with           the aggregated goal of delivering a           product or service. It encompasses all           activities and the flow of information           both upstream and downstream the chain           and is associated with the           transformation of a product from raw           materials through to a finished product.       USB   Universal Serial Bus (USB) provides a           serial bus standard for connecting           devices, usually to a computer. The           design of USB is standardized by the USB           Implementers Forum (USB-IF), an industry           standards body incorporating leading           companies from the computer and           electronics industries. Notable members           have included Apple Computer, Hewlett-           Packard, NEC, Microsoft, Intel, and           Agere.       Warehouse   A warehouse is a commercial building for           storage of goods. Warehouses are used by           manufacturers, importers, exporters,           wholesalers, transport businesses,           customs, etc. They are usually large           plain buildings in industrial parts of           towns.       World Geodetic   The International Terrestrial Reference       System 1984 (WGS-84)   System (ITRS) describes procedures for           creating reference frames suitable for           use with measurements on or near the           Earth&#39;s surface. This is done in much           the same way that a physical standard           might be described as a set of           procedures for creating a realization of           that standard. The IERS defines a           geocentric system of coordinates using           the SI system of measurement.       Wi-Fi   Wi-Fi (sometimes written Wi-fi, WiFi,           Wifi, wifi) is a trademark for sets of           product compatibility standards for           wireless local area networks (WLANs).           Wi-Fi was intended to allow mobile           devices, such as laptop computers and           personal digital assistants (PDAs) to           connect to local area networks, but is           now often used for Internet access and           wireless VoIP phones. Desktop computers           can also use Wi-Fi, allowing offices and           homes to be networked without expensive           wiring.       XML   The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is           a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup           language for creating special-purpose           markup languages. It is a simplified           subset of SGML, capable of describing           many different kinds of data. Its           primary purpose is to facilitate the           sharing of data across different           systems, particularly systems connected           via the Internet. Languages based on XML           (for example, RDF, RSS, MathML, XHTML,           SVG, and cXML) are defined in a formal           way, allowing programs to modify and           validate documents in these languages           without prior knowledge of their form.                  
 
         [0081]     To apprise the public of the scope of this invention I make the following claims: