Abstract:
Media manipulation and sensing apparatuses having a media type detector and method for media type detection, wherein non-linear characteristics of light sensors used for measuring a media type are compensated for by adjusting for the light flux capability of one of the sensors to be greater than the light flux capability of another sensor, such that the ratio between the two sensors accurately represents the glossiness of an illuminated media. An algorithm technique is applied such that a value for a detected sensor signal, which falls in a non-linear range of a sensor characteristic curve, is extrapolated to a value that corresponds to a position on a projection of a linear portion of the sensor characteristic curve, and thereby measuring the glossiness based on the extrapolated sensor signal.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting the media type of a media. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting a type of media based on a glossiness of the media while adjusting for the nonlinear characteristics of sensors used for measuring the glossiness. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   Typically, media manipulation or sensing apparatuses operate in different modes based on the presence of different types of media. A media manipulation or sensing apparatus may operate in a different mode if the media type is of a high glossy type, like a transparency media type, compared to when the media type is of a low glossy type, like plain paper. For example, in a printing environment, certain parameters of printing onto a media are adjusted based upon the media type determination. Typically, in the printing environment, a user must manually indicate to a printing apparatus what type of media is present. Alternatively, some printing systems “pick,” or grab, the media and advance it through the printing system, and then determine the type of media, format the parameters for printing thereon, and proceed with printing onto the media. However, these systems are not usually desirable as the printing system cannot know what type of media is being picked until after advancing the media, which reduces the throughput of media in the printing system. 
   Optical methods and apparatuses previously implemented for such media type detection have included media type detectors having multiple sensors detecting an amount of light reflected off a media. For example, Minerd et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,887, illustrates a media presence detector and Courtney et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,339, utilizes diffusely and specularly arranged sensors in a media type detector. Courtney et al. specifically sets forth discriminating a media type, though the media type discrimination is not based on a ratio of the specular and diffuse light intensities, as done in the present invention. In addition, the following references briefly discuss the non-lineararities of sensors used in such media detection applications: Borton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,443, Whitehouse et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,144, and Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,236. 
   In one media type detector, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , when light source  10  irradiates media  5 , light reflecting off media  5  is detected by diffuse sensor  20  and specular sensor  30 . 
   The glossiness of media  5  may be determined by measuring the ratio of the detected diffuse I(D) and specular I(S) light intensities via typical transducers, such as photo transistors. These transducers or sensors convert the light intensities I(D) and I(S) to output signals i(D) and i(S), respectively, with i(D) and i(S) typically being current signals, which vary proportionally to the input light intensities input to them (I(D) and I(S) respectively). Glossier papers tend to reflect specularly more than diffusely, thus a media detecting ratio i(S)/i(D) can be used to determine the glossiness of media  5 , from which the type of media can be determined. Typically, before measuring the media detecting ratio i(S)/i(D), a ratio table is developed, wherein media detecting i(S)/i(D) ratios are stored for a corresponding multitude of different types of media By referencing back to this ratio table after measuring media detecting ratio i(S)/i(D), corresponding types of media can be differentiated. Typically the determination of a media type according to the media detecting ratio i(S)/i(D) can be accomplished in a determining portion of an overall system by hard wiring or software in a processing unit. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , diffuse sensor  20  is typically, but is not required to be, arranged at a position normal from media  5  and specular sensor  30  should be arranged at a position along a positive incidence angle α from normal, with light source  10  being arranged at a position along a negative incidence angle α from normal.  FIG. 2  illustrates the variation of the ratio i(S)/i(D) and glossiness for a large incidence angle α′ and a small incidence angle α″. Typically, a media type detector with a large incidence angle α′ has better gloss resolution and is usually preferred in media type detection. However, such systems will have very small diffuse sensor signal i(D) in the presence of highly glossy media Even with low gloss media, diffuse sensor signal i(D) will be lower than specular sensor signal i(S). 
     FIGS. 3A-3C  illustrate angular distributions of reflected light intensities for different types of media, where the illustration of LO represents the incident light, OR represents specularly reflected light, and ON represents the normal to the reflecting surface. With a perfectly diffuse media type in  FIG. 3A , the intensity distribution is substantially equal in all reflected directions. Whereas, with low glossy and high glossy media types shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C , respectively, the intensity in the specular direction is larger than the reflected intensity in non-specular directions. 
   Corresponding to the different media types in  FIGS. 3A-3C ,  FIGS. 4A-4C  respectively illustrate operating points for both diffuse sensor signal i(D) and specular sensor signal i(S) on sensor output signal i vs. sensor input light intensity I characteristic curves. In these illustrations, the aperture of both the diffuse and specular sensors are of equal dimensions and the sensors have equal sensitivity.  FIG. 4A  shows the operating points of both sensors&#39; signals i d (S) and i d (D) as being equal and in a linear region of the sensor characteristic curve for a perfectly diffuse media.  FIG. 4B  shows the operating point of the specular sensor signal i lg (S) as being in a linear region and the operating point of the diffuse sensor signal i lg (D) as moving down the sensor characteristic curve close to a non-linear region for a low gloss media Lastly,  FIG. 4C  shows that in a high glossy media type the operating point of the diffuse sensor signal i hg (D) has moved entirely to the non-linear region of the sensor characteristic curve, while the specular sensor signal i hg (S) operating point is in a linear region of the sensor characteristic curve. When either diffuse or specular sensor signal operating points move into a non-linear region of the sensor characteristic curve, the resulting ratio measurements are not accurate for media type detection. 
   In the illustrations of  FIGS. 4A-4C , it is noted that specular sensor signal i(S) has been shown as always being in a stationary operating position, whereas  FIGS. 3A-3C  indicate that the specular intensity I(S) is actually increasing. To prevent specular intensity I(S) from saturating detector circuitry, specular intensity I(S) is maintained at a certain level by varying the light source intensity. The light source is typically, but not limited to, an infrared LED, and is pulsed during measurements using a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal. The diffuse and specular sensors are usually phototransistors and the media type detector typically amplifies and filters their outputs to get DC outputs when the PWM is being performed. By changing the duty cycle of the PWM for the light source, the light intensity can be varied, and thus prevent the specular sensor signal i(S) from saturating the media type detector circuitry. Thus, the diffuse sensor signal, i(D), actually moves down the sensor characteristic curves in  FIGS. 4A-4C  because the intensity of the light source has been decreased, which undesirably forces the diffuse sensor signal, i(D), into the non-linear region of the sensor characteristic curve. Additional methods for adjusting the strength of the light source are also available without using a PWM method. 
   Therefore, to overcome these non-linear operating point problems, the present invention sets forth an operating point adjusting method and apparatus to keep the operating points of diffuse sensor signal i(D) and specular sensor signal i(S) in the linear region, and thus produce accurate media detecting ratios of i(S)/i(D). In addition, in solving these aforementioned problems, the present invention allows for the use of a wider variety of sensors and thus achieve lower sensor cost due either to higher yields of a particular sensor part from a single supplier or the ability to use different sensor parts from different suppliers. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   An object of the present invention is to provide a media type detector which adjusts for the non-linear characteristics of sensors used for measuring a glossiness of the media. 
   Another object of the present invention is to provide a media manipulation apparatus, having a media type detector including, a light source to illuminate a media, a specular light sensor, and a first light sensor, wherein the first light sensor has a higher light flux capability compared to the specular light sensor. The media manipulation apparatus further includes a determination unit to determine a media type of the media based on a signal ratio of a detected specular light sensor intensity and a detected first light sensor intensity. 
   A further object of the present invention is to provide a media sensing apparatus, having a media type detector including, a light source to illuminate a media, a specular light sensor, and a first light sensor, wherein the first light sensor has a higher light flux capability compared to the specular light sensor. The media sensing apparatus further includes a determination unit to determine a media type of the media based on a signal ratio of a detected specular light sensor intensity and a detected first light sensor intensity. 
   Another object of the present invention is to provide a media type detector, including a specular light sensor, and a first light sensor, wherein the first light sensor has a higher light flux capability compared to the specular light sensor, such that, upon an illumination of a media, a signal ratio of a detected specular light sensor intensity and a detected first light sensor intensity is determinative of a media type of the media 
   Another object of the present invention is to provide a media type detector, including a specular light sensor, and a first light sensor, wherein the first light sensor has a higher light flux capability compared to the specular light sensor, such that, upon an illumination of a media, when a signal of a detected first light sensor intensity falls within a linear characteristic range of the first light sensor, a signal ratio of a detected specular light sensor intensity and the detected first light sensor signal is determinative of a media type of the media. 
   Another object of the present invention is to provide a media type detection method, including measuring a plurality of light intensities radiating off of a media, including a specular light sensor intensity by a specular light sensor, where the specular light sensor has a smaller light flux capability than a first light sensor measuring one of the plurality of light intensities other than the specular light sensor intensity, and determining a media type of the media based on a signal ratio of the specular light sensor intensity and at least the first light sensor intensity. 
   A further object of the present invention is to provide a media type detection method, including measuring at least first and second light intensities radiating off of a media, determining if one of the first and second light intensities does not fall within a linear region of a characteristic curve of a light sensor, and determining a media type of the media based on a signal ratio of at least the first and second light intensities if it is determined that at least both of the first and second light intensities falls within the linear region of the characteristic curve of a light sensor. Otherwise, the media type detection method includes determining a media type of the media by extrapolating one of the first or second light intensities, which does not fall within the linear region of the characteristic curve of a light sensor, by projecting the one of the first or second light intensities onto a linear curve and then determining the media type based on a signal ratio of the one of the first or second light intensities that was not projected and the projected one of the first or second light intensities. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Advantages of the invention will become apparent and more readily appreciated for the following description of the preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which: 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of a media type detector having a light source, a diffuse sensor, and a specular sensor, 
       FIG. 2  is a graph showing variation of the intensity ratio and glossiness for a large incidence angle and a small incidence angle; 
       FIGS. 3A-3C  are illustrations of angular distributions of reflected light intensities for, respectively, perfectly diffuse media, low glossy media, and high glossy media; 
       FIGS. 4A-4C  are graphs illustrating conventional operating points for diffuse and specular sensor signals for, respectively, perfectly diffuse media, low glossy media, and high glossy media, on a sensor characteristic curve; 
       FIGS. 5A-5C  are graphs illustrating operating points for diffuse and specular sensor signals for, respectively, perfectly diffuse media, low glossy media, and high glossy media, on a sensor characteristic curve, with an increased diffuse light flux; 
       FIG. 6  is an illustration of an embodiment of the present invention for a media manipulation apparatus showing the diameter of the aperture of the diffuse sensor being larger than that of the specular sensor, 
       FIG. 7  is an illustration showing the results of a configuration when the incidence angle is too large; 
       FIGS. 8A-8C  are graphs illustrating experimental operating points for diffuse and specular sensor signals for, respectively, perfectly diffuse media, low glossy media, and high glossy media, on a sensor characteristic curve, with the diffuse and specular sensors having the same aperture diameter; 
       FIGS. 9A-9C  are graphs illustrating experimental operating points for diffuse and specular sensor signals for, respectively, perfectly diffuse media, low glossy media, and high glossy media, on a sensor characteristic curve, with an increased diffuse light flux capability; 
     FIG  10  is a flow chart showing the operations for implementing a linear extrapolation algorithm in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and 
       FIGS. 11A and 11B  are illustrations showing examples of arrangements of a media type detector in a printing environment. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In accordance with the preferred embodiments, there is provided a method and apparatus for providing accurate media type detection. 
   As noted above, in the traditional sensor configuration for a media type detector, the values of diffuse sensor signal i(D) and/or specular sensor signal i(S) may fall along non-linear operating points of a corresponding sensor curve, thereby preventing accurate media detecting ratio measurements and accurate media type determinations. 
   Through research and experimentation, it has been determined that the above non-linear operating point problem may be overcome by moving the diffuse sensor signal i(D) operational point, shown in  FIG. 4C , further up the sensor characteristic curve and out of the non-linear region. The operational point for the diffuse sensor signal i(D) can be moved up the curve by relatively increasing the diffused light flux entering into the diffuse sensor. A relatively larger diffused channel aperture, while not changing the size of the specular channel aperture, could be used to increase the diffuse sensor signal i(D) value and allow for both diffuse sensor signal i(D)and specular sensor signal i(S) operational points to fall in a linear region of the sensor characteristic curves of each sensor. With the diffuse sensor having a larger aperture than the specular sensor, the diffuse sensor could be considered as having a larger light flux capability than that of the specular sensor. 
     FIGS. 5A-5C  illustrate results of the above mentioned movement of the diffuse sensor signal i(D) operational point up the sensor characteristic curve when the diffuse sensor aperture is wider than the specular sensor aperture. Similar to  FIGS. 4A-4C ,  FIGS. 5A-5C  show the operational points of the specular and diffuse sensor signals on sensor characteristic curves for different types of media, with  FIG. 5A  being a perfectly diffuse media,  FIG. 5B  being a low glossy media, and  FIG. 5C  being a high glossy media. 
     FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for a media manipulation apparatus where the size of the diffused channel aperture is greater than the size of the specular channel aperture. In this embodiment, the media type detector has been designed to be embodied in a small package, using commercially available low cost optical components in a new and novel manner. Specifically,  FIG. 6  illustrates an optimized media detector design using T-1 size optical components. Each sensor is placed in an approximately 3 mm diameter (a)×5 mm long ( 1 ) cylindrical cavity. The diameter of each individual light channel (b 1 , b 2 , and b 3 ) is optimized by limiting the acceptance angle of the sensors, and thereby improve the resolution of the media sensor. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the diameter of a light channel for light source  100  and specular sensor  130  are about 1.3-1.7 mm (b 1  and b 3 ), and 2.2-2.6 mm (b 2 ) for diffuse sensor  120 , with the length of the channel (d) being approximately 5 mm.  FIG. 6  also illustrates a configuration of light source  100 , diffuse sensor  120 , and specular sensor  130 , where each component is arranged at equal radii from the light incidence point on the media surface. Therefore, the present embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6  includes a “rainbow” shaped interior surface. This rainbow surface allows for a sufficient amount of light to reflect off the surface of the media to be adequately detected by the diffuse and specular sensors. 
   In this embodiment, the incidence angle a has been chosen to be 65°. The incidence angle has been chosen so that it is large enough to increase the glossiness resolution and small enough to keep specular sensor  130  from the direct view of light source  100 .  FIG. 7  illustrates that if specular sensor  130  were in the direct view of light source  100 , i.e., if incidence angle α is too large, then specular sensor  130  may inappropriately receive specular reflected light as well as light radiating directly from light source  100 . Preferably, the incidence angle α may be 65°±3°. 
   As noted above, when the diameter of the aperture of diffuse sensor  120  is the same as the aperture of specular sensor  130 , the diffuse sensor signal i(D) operational point may lie in a non-linear region of the sensor characteristic curve.  FIGS. 8A-8C  illustrate the experimental operational point results for different media when the above sensor configuration is used and when both the diffuse and specular apertures have a 1.5 mm diameter, for perfectly diffuse, low glossy, and high glossy media types, respectively. As shown in  FIGS. 8A-8C , the phototransistors are non-linear below 20 μA. As shown in  FIGS. 8A-8C , specular sensor signal i(S) operational point is maintained near 150 μA to keep specular sensor signal i(S) in the measurable range of the detector circuitry. In addition,  FIG. 8B  shows the diffuse sensor signal i lg (D) operational point being near 75 μA, and  FIG. 8C  shows the diffuse sensor signal i hg (D)operational point being less than 15 μA, and thus within the non-linear region of the sensor characteristic curve. 
   Similar to  FIGS. 8A-8C ,  FIGS. 9A-9C  illustrate sensor characteristic cure results using the present embodiment configuration, with the aperture diameter of diffuse sensor  120  being 2.4 mm and the aperture diameter of specular sensor  130  being 1.5 mm. As shown in  FIGS. 9A-9C , the maximum sensor signal operational point is 150 μA, with the diffuse sensor signal i(D) operational point being kept within the linear region of the sensor curve, e.g., i hg (D) being near 30 μA when the media is of a high glossy type, instead of less than 15 μA where it was when the apertures were equal. 
   In the above embodiment, although specific incidence angles and aperture dimensions have been discussed, the present invention is not limited thereto. Based on the application and the desired amount of resolution, the incidence angle and aperture dimensions could be adjusted further as long as sufficient amounts of light can be detected by diffuse sensor  120  and specular sensor  130  and the sensors do not see direct light from the light source. 
   Although the above embodiments have set forth a solution of previous non-linear problems by increasing the diffuse flux amount, when very reflective media are present in the media type detector path the amount of specular light detected may be so substantial that the diffuse sensor signal i(D) may still be in a non-linear region of the sensor characteristic curve. Typically, as noted above, when the sensors and corresponding components are limited in their maximum detected value amount, the strength of the light source is adjusted to keep the sensor signals, usually the specular sensor signal i(S), below the maximum value allowed by the detection circuitry. However, when the media is very reflective, e.g., when several transparencies are stacked back to back, the light source may be adjusted to such a low strength that the operational point of diffuse sensor signal i(D) is moved sufficiently into the non-linear value region of the sensor characteristic curve that even the aforementioned increase in diffuse flux capability of the diffuse sensor cannot fully move the operational point back into a linear region of the sensor characteristic curve. 
   In this situation, it may be necessary to also implement an algorithm technique to calculate the appropriate media defining ratio. By using a relationship between the duty cycle of the PWM, controlling the light source, when only one sensor signal operational point is in a linear region of the sensor characteristic curve and the duty cycle necessary to move the other non-linear region operational point into a linear region, an appropriate media defining ratio can be calculated. For example, if the operational point for the diffuse sensor signal i(D) were in the non-linear region for a light source duty cycle DO, the duty cycle for the light source could be changed from DO to D 1 , for example, to move the corresponding operational point of the diffuse sensor signal i(D) into a linear region. The new operational point of the diffuse sensor signal i(D)* is detected and multiplied by the ratio of DO to D 1  to derive an extrapolated diffuse sensor signal i(D) for use in the media detecting ratio i(S)/i(D). By multiplying the diffuse sensor signal i(D)* by the ratio of the PWM duty cycles, DO/D 1 , an operational point for diffuse sensor signal i(D) can be extrapolated to a position on the sensor characteristic curve by projecting where the operational point would be if the sensor did not have such a non-linear region, thereby ignoring the non-linear region of the sensor characteristic. The change in the duty cycle may also be increased to a maximum amount and the algorithm initiated even if the diffuse sensor signal i(D) is not in a linear region. As recited herein, the use of DO and D 1  to represent duty cycles is not limited thereto, as DO and D 1  may be merely indicative of any two differing levels of light source intensity. The above algorithm is not limited to utilizing the ratio of duty cycle, but rather is descriptive of extrapolating the non-linear operational point to a projected operational point and utilizing that projected operational point in the media detecting ratio. Of course, in the above algorithm technique, measurement of the sensor corresponding to the higher of the two sensor values will be ceased while the smaller value is increased into the linear region of the curve. Otherwise, the components of the media type detector circuitry may be pushed into a saturation level or overload overall system components. 
   Although the above algorithm technique has been set forth by extrapolating the non-linear operational point for i(D) to a projected operational point, and utilizing that projected operational point in the media detecting ratio, alternatively, the non-linear operational point for i(D) can be moved into a linear region of the characteristic curve to operating point i(D)*, using the same change of DO to D 1 , but now i(S), after such a change from DO to D 1 , can be also be projected onto a continuing linear curve of the characteristic curve at the upper range of the characteristic curve by multiplying i(S) by D 1 /DO. 
   Thus, the media detecting ratio can be defined as R=[i(S)]/[i*(D)×DO/D 1 ] or R=[i(S)×D 1 /DO]/[i*(D)], or to encompass both aforementioned alternative methods R=[i(S)i*(D)]×[D 1 /DO]. 
   This algorithm method may be used independently of the aforementioned increase in diffuse flux capability, or alternately the algorithm may be implemented in conjunction therewith.  FIG. 10  is a flow chart illustrating operations for implementing an embodiment of the present media detecting ratio measurement. Operation  500  sets forth the aforementioned manipulating the duty cycle of the light source such that the larger of the two sensor signal values, i(D) or i(S), is equal to a set value, preferably the maximum signal value the detector circuitry can handle. Thereafter, in operation  505 , the values of both i(D) and i(S) are measured and it is determined whether the smaller of the two sensor values would fall in a non-linear region of the sensor characteristic curve. If not, then in operation  510  the media detecting ratio is measured by calculating the ratio of i(S)/i(D). If the smaller of the two sensor values is in a nonlinear region then in operation  515  the measuring of the larger of the sensor signals is ceased and the duty cycle is adjusted from DO to D 1 , i.e., until the smaller sensor signal value is in the linear region or the duty cycle reaches its maximum amount. Thereafter in operation  525 , the extrapolated smaller sensor signal value is calculated based on the ratio of duty cycles and the value of the smaller sensor signal after being increased by the increased duty cycle. From the extrapolated smaller sensor signal the media detection ratio can be determined in operation  535  by using the extrapolated smaller sensor signal in the i(S)/i(D) equation. 
   The above disclosed media type detector has been described as being able to detect a type of media, even when a sensor&#39;s signal value falls into a non-linear region of a corresponding sensor curve. This media type detector has a multitude of different applications and may be bodily incorporated into a number of different media manipulating or sensing apparatuses. 
   For example,  FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate embodiments where the present invention may be arranged in a printer, for example, in vertical ( FIG. 11A ) or horizontal sheet ( FIG. 11B ) feeders. As illustrated in  FIGS. 11A and 11B , an embodiment of the present invention has been mounted in a housing sled  60 . 
     FIG. 11A  illustrates multiple arrangements within a printer for housing sled  60  in a vertical sheet feeder. As illustrated in  FIG. 11A , housing sled  60  can be positioned at the trailing edge  350  of paper stack  310 , before picking mechanism  340  on paper stack  310  at position  352 , after picking mechanism  340  on paper stack  310  at position  354 , before feeding nip  320  at position  356 , after feeding nip  320  and before printhead  300  at position  358 . 
     FIG. 11B  illustrates multiple arrangements within a printer for housing sled  60  in a horizontal sheet feeder. As illustrated in  FIG. 11B , housing sled  60  can be positioned at the trailing edge  450  of paper stack  410 , before picking mechanism  440  on paper stack  410  at -position  452 , after picking mechanism  440  on paper stack  410  at position  454 , in the paper transport path  470  at position  460 , before feeding nip  420  at position  456 , after feeding nip  420  and before printhead  400  at position  458 . Although these arrangements within a printer have been set forth herein, the present invention should not be limited thereto. 
   Further,  FIGS. 11A and 11B  have illustrated a printing example of a media manipulation and the present invention should not be limited thereto. For example, additional media manipulation apparatuses could also include photocopiers, inkjet printers, laser printers, paper handlers, as well as additional apparatuses that move or manipulate media, such as a printing thereon, and have a need to determine a media type. Media sensing apparatuses could also include several of the aforementioned apparatuses that manipulate the media as well as perform some type of media sensing, such as photocopiers which scan the media and move the media from place to place, as well as apparatuses that perform sensing without any manipulation, such as flat bed scanners, where the type of media may be of importance, but no manipulation is performed on the media. In the sensing apparatuses, similar to the manipulation apparatuses, it is advantageous to perform the media detecting prior to performing the media manipulation or sensing operations. 
   Thus, although a few preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the claims and their embodiments.