Abstract:
The invention relates to seismic protection (anti-seismic) devices and, in particular, to seismic hysteretic dampers, used to protect the structures against severe earthquakes. These devices are installed at points where large displacements are expected due to earthquake shakings, such as between a bridge deck and bearing points of said bridge (e.g. the pier cap beam).

Description:
RELATED FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to seismic resistant (anti-seismic) devices and, in particular, to seismic hysteretic dampers, used to protect the structures against severe earthquakes. These devices are installed at points where large displacements is expected due to earthquake shakings, such as between the bridge deck and bearing points (pier cap beam). 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (PRIOR ART) 
       [0002]    The available multi-directional hysteretic dampers for bridges in the prior art are devices composed of Crescent Moon Shaped elements, devices composed of Tapered Pin energy dissipating elements and devices composed of U-clamps. 
         [0003]    Other hysteretic dampers are also available in the prior art, though they do not have multi-directional action, such as Butterfly-Shaped energy dissipating elements. 
         [0004]    Dampers are energy dissipators. They dissipate the kinetic energy swept into them due to the relative motion of two (mounting) ends. Speaking in terms of force-displacement rather than energy, they work by exerting a force upon their moving ends which always opposes the relative displacement of two ends. We shall call this force that can be used as a measure of energy dissipation capacity of the damper, the ‘reaction force’ of the damper. In hysteretic dampers such property is achieved by utilizing the hysteretic behavior in metals. 
         [0005]    In multidirectional devices composed of crescent moon shaped energy dissipators, Italian patent No. MI96A1447, curved variable section beams are used as energy dissipators. These energy dissipating elements are so shaped as to allow for uniform yielding along the length of the element and are so arranged as to create a symmetric device in which all of these ‘individual’ energy dissipators work together as a unit to create a larger reaction force. 
         [0006]    Tapered pin elements are straight beams with circular sections variable along the length, so that bending causes uniform yielding along the height, avoiding strain concentration. Because of their ‘inherent’ symmetry along all directions, they can be simply arranged into a multi directional damper system without the need for any mechanism to bring them into multi directional action. 
         [0007]    U clamps are U shaped plates which provide hysteretic energy dissipation as they are bent and yielded along the width, in a folding/unfolding deformation. They are arranged into a multi-directional device in an arrangement similar to that of devices with crescent moon shape elements. 
         [0008]    The main differences between the invented device (MTHD) and the aforementioned existing devices are explained in the following section. 
       Aims of the Invention 
       [0009]    The aim of the present invention is to develop a multidirectional hysteretic damper, better or as effective in behavior as the available hysteretic dampers and more economical to manufacture. As far as the behavior is concerned, the main difference between the invented device and the available ones can be summarized as: 
         [0000]    1. Variable post-elastic stiffness as a result of its special working mechanism which creates a geometric hardening effect which will be explained subsequently and is shown in graph in  FIG. 13 ,
 
2. Easily adjustable arm (and rail) length allows for easily adjustable properties of the device: reaction force and maximum allowable displacement.
 
3. The device allows for the relative vertical displacements between the top and bottom anchoring points without any interference of such displacements with the intended behavior of the system in the horizontal direction. Regarding the economy of the device, it is built up of simple sections, most of them need no or little machining operations. The most complicated part of the device is the yielding core(s) ( 1 ) which, due to their symmetrical and mostly-cylindrical shape are easy and economical to produce.
 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    Although the use of cylindrical steel cores as hysteretic damping elements is known in the prior art, the design through which they are assembled into a multi-directional hysteretic damper is the new and unique feature of the present invention. 
         [0011]    The basic parts of the present invention consist of;
       Yielding cores with arm assembly (composed of parts  1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 ),   A central supporting structure (composed of parts  5 , 6 ),   A rail system (composed of parts  10 , 11 ).       
 
     
    
     
       DEFINITION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0015]    In order to explain the present invention in more detail, necessary figures have been prepared and attached to the description. The list and definition of the figures are given below. 
           [0016]      FIG. 1 . 3D isometric view of the device with the rail system removed to allow for a better view of all the parts underneath, 
           [0017]      FIG. 2 . 3D isometric view of the rail system, 
           [0018]      FIG. 3 . 3D isometric view of the device with the overlaid sketch of rail system, 
           [0019]      FIG. 4 . Side view of the device with the rail system removed, 
           [0020]      FIG. 5 . Top view of the device with the rail system removed, 
           [0021]      FIG. 6 . Top view of the entire device with all the parts showing (no hidden lines), 
           [0022]      FIG. 7 . Cutaway view S 1 -S 1  according to  FIG. 4 , 
           [0023]      FIG. 8 . Cutaway view S 2 -S 2  according to  FIG. 5 , 
           [0024]      FIG. 9 . S 3 -S 3  view according to  FIG. 6 , 
           [0025]      FIG. 10 . Rail system, bottom view, 
           [0026]      FIG. 11 . Rail system, top view. 
           [0027]      FIG. 12 . One of the arms and its corresponding rail shown in undisplaced and displaced positions. 
           [0028]      FIG. 13 . Force-displacement diagram of the device when the displacement is imposed in the direction of one of the rails (any) and with the assumption of elasto-plastic behavior for the steel. 
       
    
    
     DEFINITION OF THE ELEMENTS (FEATURES/COMPONENTS/PARTS) ON THE FIGURES 
       [0029]      1  Yielding core(s), 
         [0030]      2  Arm(s), 
         [0031]      3  Core ball bearing(s) is an ordinary steel ball bearing used to create the hinge connection between the core ( 1 ) and plate diaphragm ( 6 ). Since it is used at the core-diaphragm connection, we may call it ‘core’ ball bearing to distinguish it from arm ball bearing(s), 
         [0032]      4  Arm ball bearing is an ordinary steel ball bearing used to create the roller hinge connection between the arm(s) ( 2 ) and rail(s) ( 10 ), 
         [0033]      5  Supporting column, 
         [0034]      6  Plate diaphragm, in the shape of an octagon, with circular holes, 
         [0035]      7  Solid, cylindrical, mounting shaft(s) welded to the arm for mounting the arm ball bearing, 
         [0036]      8  Upper hollow cylindrical ring(s) welded at the top to the cylindrical shaft to hold the arm ball bearings in place. Also any other type of attachment such as a pin(s) can be used instead of upper hollow cylindrical ring(s), 
         [0037]      9  Bottom hollow cylindrical ring(s) to hold the arm ball bearing in place. Also any other type of attachment such as a pin(s) can be used instead of bottom hollow cylindrical ring(s), 
         [0038]      10  Rail(s), there are eight of them, as part of the rail system. Guide rails for arm ball bearing(s). 
         [0039]      11  Top octagonal plate (a part of the rail system) with slits (or any other appropriate arrangement of slits depending on the type of connection) to allow for top connection of the device (to bridge deck), 
         [0040]      12  Base plate, to connect the entire device to the base (pier cap beam). 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0041]    The said hysteretic damper device related to the present invention consists of three main parts; 
         [0042]    1. The Yielding Cores: Along with the arm assembly which includes a steel ball bearing ( 4 ) to create a roller hinge type connection between the arm ( 2 ) and the rail system and allow for frictionless movement of the arm ( 2 ) end inside the rail ( 10 ). The arm ( 2 ) is welded to the core ( 1 ) on one end and in the other end has a cylindrical solid shaft ( 7 ) welded to it which serves as a mounting axis for the arm ball bearing ( 4 ), all shown in  FIG. 9 . There are also two rings ( 8 ,  9 ) on the top and bottom sides of the arm ball bearing ( 4 ) to fix it in place. Also any other type of attachment such as a pin(s) can be used instead of upper and bottom hollow cylindrical ring(s) ( 8 ,  9 ). The upper ring ( 8 ) is welded to the mounting shaft ( 7 ). The yielding cores ( 1 ) are energy dissipation elements of the said hysteretic damper of the present invention and are made of steel. The cores ( 1 ) yield, mostly due to large torsional shear stresses, and dissipate energy as the arms ( 2 ) travel back and forth. The yielding cores ( 1 ) are welded to a base plate ( 12 ), thus the entire device (hysteretic damper) can be attached to the pier cap beam of the bridge through the base plate ( 12 ). 
         [0043]    2. The Supporting Structure: The Supporting Structure is composed of a central solid steel supporting column ( 5 ) and a plate diaphragm ( 6 ) welded to it. The plate diaphragm ( 6 ) will be connected to the yielding cores ( 1 ) through core ball bearings ( 3 ). The core ball bearings ( 3 ) are incorporated to create a (torsional) hinge connection between the yielding cores ( 1 ) and the plate diaphragm ( 6 ), allowing for free twisting of the cores ( 1 ). The main function of the supporting column ( 5 ) is to support the yielding cores ( 1 ) against bending. Due to its large lateral stiffness and its parallel connection with the cores ( 1 ), the central supporting column ( 5 ) will take the major share of the bending moment and thus preventing large bending stresses in the yielding cores ( 1 ) which are intended to yield in nearly pure torsional shear. 
         [0044]    The central supporting column ( 5 ) can be in any other shape, such as a box or an octagonal prism as long as it provides the necessary lateral stiffness. The central supporting column ( 5 ) will be welded to the base plate ( 12 ). The plate ( 12 ) diaphragm&#39;s ( 6 ) connection to the central core ( 1 ) is also through welding at the top and bottom of the central hole of the plate diaphragm ( 6 ). 
         [0045]    3. The Rail System: The rail system facilitates the connection between the bridge deck and the arms ( 2 ). The rail system will be attached to the deck though pins and holes and, if required, a shock transmission unit. It is composed of an octagonal steel plate diaphragm ( 6 ) with slotted holes on it and rails ( 10 ) welded to this plate ( 6 ). The rails ( 10 ) can be steel plates welded together to form a channel section or, in case rolled channel sections with suitable dimensions are available, can be used as rails ( 10 ). Depending on the case, side stiffeners might be needed to laterally stiffen the cantilever part of the rail channels. The connection of the octagonal plate diaphragm ( 6 ) to the deck is made by bars (pins) embedded inside the concrete deck of the bridge. 
         [0046]    The rail system along with the arm ball bearings ( 4 ), form the desired connection (roller hinge type connection) between the arm ( 2 ) ends and the bridge deck. With this type of a connection, each arm ( 2 ) will always be displaced laterally (relative to its corresponding rail) regardless of the movement direction of the bridge deck and the arm ( 2 ) does not need to follow the component of the deck displacement along the rail ( 10 ). This is true for all eight rails ( 10 ). As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , at the undeformed position, each arm ( 2 ) is parallel to its rail ( 10 ). As the displacement is imposed on the device, the arms ( 2 ) rotate and the angle,  6 , between the arm ( 2 ) and its rail ( 10 ) increases. Since the arm ( 2 ) has to twist the yielding core ( 1 ) as it rotates, a shear force (V) will be created in the arm ( 2 ), perpendicular to it ( FIG. 12 ). This shear force must be balanced by the component of the force (F) along the arm ( 2 ) at the arm ball bearing-rail (arm end and rail) interface as shown in  FIG. 12 . This force, due to the presence of the arm ball bearing ( 4 ), is always perpendicular to the rail ( 10 ). However, its two components along and perpendicular to the arm ( 2 ) depend on the angle, θ, between the arm ( 2 ) and its rail ( 10 ): 
         [0000]      V=F. Cos (θ)
 
         [0000]      H=F. Sin (θ)
 
         [0047]    This means that for a shear force V (that is the force effective in creating a torsional moment in the core) to be created in the arm ( 2 ), the force, F, must be equal to: 
         [0000]        F=V /Cos (θ)
 
         [0048]    As the angle, θ, increases, even if V remains constant (assuming an elasto-plastic behavior for steel), F will increase, giving the device its geometric hardening capability. It should be mentioned that the sum of the component of these forces (F) along the displacement direction, coming from all the eight rails ( 10 ) is equal to the reaction force of the hysteretic damper device. That is, the reaction force of the device is dependant on its displacement level even in plastic range and elasto-plastic material behavior. This hardening behavior is shown in  FIG. 13 . Also, this means that the displacement cannot exceed a certain limit. Theoretically, the limiting displacement is equal to the length of the arm ( 2 ). This displacement corresponds to θ=90°. However, since at angles close to 90° the axial force generated in the arm ( 2 ) and the force, F, will be extremely large, the practical limit to this displacement can be set to, say, “arm length X sin ( 60 )”, corresponding to a maximum rotation of 60°. Considering some specific cases, if the anticipated displacement in the bridge deck should increase above this amount, a larger hysteretic device should be considered.