Abstract:
The invention relates to a process for insulating surfaces for the purpose of preventing or reducing occurrence of condensation on the surface, comprising applying to the surface a layer of a coating composition containing a binder and, distributed therein, granules of an expanded inorganic material having a bulk density of at least 150 kgs/m 3 . The invention also provides for a composition suitable for carrying out such process, comprising a binder and granules of an expanded inorganic material of the nature indicated.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 957,660, filed Nov. 3, 1978, which is a division of application Ser. No. 800,200, filed May 25, 1977, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 593,661, filed July 7, 1975, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a process and a composition for the insulation of surfaces, preferably uninsulated surfaces, for the purpose of preventing or reducing the formation of condensate on the surface. 
     A long-standing problem has been the formation of condensates on the interior surface of uninsulated roofs and walls usually found in high-volume buildings, such as storage spaces, hangars, halls of different kinds etc. Many attempts have been made to solve this difficult problem manifesting itself in the formation of condensate to such an extent that run off by dropping or coherent flow will result. The problem is multi-faceted, since the solution of the problem by application of different forms of insulating materials in turn results in phenomena in the form of problems of the supporting ability of the construction, corrosion between support and insulation, increase in constructional costs etc. Moreover, it is desirable on the one hand to apply the insulation in connection with the manufacture of the building material in question and on the other hand to apply the insulation on existing constructions in a simple manner without need for disassembling the construction. 
     In an attempt to solve the problem of the formation of condensate, compositions have been prepared including binder and so-called diatomite, i.e. the naturally occurring material kieselguhr, and some advantageous effects have been obtained but the problem has not up to now received a satisfactory solution. Among the disadvantages connected with these prior art compositions it can be mentioned that they require relatively high contents of inorganic materials, that in view of the formation of cracks the composition must contain a fibre material, and that the drying does not proceed in a satisfactory way, especially at high layer thickness. 
     One purpose of the present invention is to provide a process and a composition for insulating uninsulated surfaces for the purpose of preventing or reducing occurrence of condensation on the surfaces while at the same time avoiding the disadvantages associated with the prior art. 
     In connection with the present invention it has surprisingly shown that this purpose can be obtained by applying to the surface to be insulated a layer of a coating composition including binder, optionally together with solvent, and granules of an expanded, inorganic material distributed therein. The expression &#34;binder, optionally together with solvent&#34; refers to an inherently liquid binder or a binder dissolved or dispersed in a liquid phase. 
     The problem of crack formation associated with the prior art having for a result that hitherto it has been necessary to include in the compositions applied some form of fibre material, for instance asbestos, is satisfactorily solved by this invention. Thus, it is found that the use of an expanded, inorganic material in conformity with the technique of this invention gives the result that the fibre material of the prior art can be completely excluded without the material showing tendency to crack-formation after application. While the invention is not to be bound to any particular theory it seems that the rough surface of the expanded inorganic material results in the necessary binding in the covering layer. The roughness also results in the advantage that the moisture absorption is improved in view of the enlargement of the surface resulting from the roughness of the granules. 
     The application according to the invention can be carried out either in connection with the preparation of the material to be made subject to insulation or can be carried out on existing building constructions. 
     Depending on the material to be insulated or coated, for instance metal sheet, inorganic materials, such as eternite, plastic materials or mortars, it may be advantageous for the binding of the insulating material to the substrate to apply a so-called primer to the surface before the application of the insulating material. The insulating material in the form of a coating composition is applied to the surface in question to a certain desired thickness, for instances 0.5-10 mm and preferably about 1-5 mm. The composition can be applied in any manner, for instance by coating, rolling or by spraying, and the latter procedure is preferred in connection with application of the composition on existing constructions. 
     The expanded inorganic material distributed in the composition in the form of granules can have a varying bulk density, and quite generally it is to prefer that the bulk density is less than about 150 kgs/m 3 . A preferred range is 20-150 kgs/m 3  and the range 50-90 kgs/m 3  is particularly preferred. Different inorganic materials are conceivable, but a particularly preferred material is so-called perlite, which is a mineral existing in nature and consisting of liparite or quartz porphyry glass. This natural material of a volcanic origin contains confined water, and when the material is crushed and heat treated it expands heavily in view of the evaporization of the water and occupies a substantially enlarged volume. 
     By using an expanded inorganic material in granule form in conformity with the present invention, surprisingly good anti-condensation characteristics are obtained at relatively low contents of granulate. A preferred range is 5-20 percent by weight based on the composition before application, particularly 8-15 percent by weight and especially about 10 percent by weight. The granulate is preferably not too fine-grained, since it has been shown that relatively coarse granules impart particularly good absorption characteristics to the coating applied. A grain size of up to a few millimeters thus gives excellent results, and the range up to about 1.5 mm is particularly preferred. The lower limit with regard to the grain size is not critical but the fraction of fines should, of course, not be too high in view of the fact that this results in practical inconveniences in the form of dusting and the like. A practical lower limit with regard to grain size can be said to be about 0.01 mm. 
     The compositions of this invention contain suitably, in addition to liquid, dissolved or dispersed binder, and expanded granules distributed therein, a wetting agent by which the granules have been pretreated. This wetting agent treatment results in an improved moisture-absorbing ability of the final insulating coating. Wetting agent is supplied in relatively small amounts, suitably in an amount of from about 0.2-2 percent by weight based on the composition. 
     In addition to such constituents the composition may contain a pigment of the desired type, for instance a white pigment, such as TiO 2 , or a coloured pigment such as iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, chromohydroxide green, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, soot etc. in dependence on the colour desired. To fill up the cavities between the granules it is suitable to include in the composition also a so-called extender, which can consist of talcum, calcium carbonate, microdolomite, SiO 2  or kaolin. The amounts of extender and pigment are not critical and are adjusted in relation to the composition of the material. A suitable range of each is about 3-15 percent by weight based on the weight of the composition before its application. Any conventional binder of the art of paints can be used as a binder. The binder may, of course, be selected in accordance with the particular application, the desired fire-resistency etc., but the character of the binder is not critical for providing the desired effect of preventing formation of condensate. Among suitable binders there may be mentioned homo or copolymerisates dispersible or emulsifiable in water, for instance of the type polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl acrylate. Moreover, homo- or co-polymerisates dissolved in a solvent may be mentioned. Furthermore, oxidatively drying binders, for instance vegetable oils, such as linseed oil, alkyd, etc. 
     Another type of binder is the curing type of binder, for instance two-component systems, such as epoxy binders. 
     When a particularly pronounced fire-resistancy is desirable inorganic binders can be used, for instance of the water glass type. When in this disclosure it is said that the composition includes binder and solvent it is meant that the composition may contain only binder and solvent included therein or binder together with further solvent. 
     The invention also covers the finally insulated product, i.e. substrate together with insulating coating. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The drawing is a graph comparing coating compositions of the invention with coating compositions of the prior art. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following the invention will be further described by non-limiting examples. The parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise stated. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A coating composition was prepared in the following manner: 
     Chloro caoutchouc (Alloprene® R10, ICI, England) having a viscosity of 10 centipoises (10.5 parts by weight) together with chlorinated paraffin (Cerechlor® 42, ICI, England) as a plasticizer (6.0 parts by weight) is dissolved in xylene as a solvent (19.5 percent by weight). In the solution obtained TiO 2  is dispersed as pigment (5 parts by weight) together with talcum, 20 μm, as an extender (11.5 parts by weight). In parallel herewith there is prepared a mixture of xylene as a solvent (34.0 parts by weight), soya lecithin as a wetting agent (1.0 part by weight) and a granulate of perlite, bulk density 60-70 kgs/m 3 , (10 parts by weight). 
     The above components prepared separately are mixed to a coating composition, which can be applied by spraying with a spray gun. The coating composition was applied underneath to an uninsulated roof of iron sheet subjected to temperature variations within the range -10° to +20° C. on the outer side and -6° to +18° C. on the inside at a relative humidity varying between 60 and 95%. The composition was applied to a thickness of about 1.5 mm, and on the coated surfaces no condensation can be seen in the form of dropping from the roof, which normally constitutes a difficult problem in connection with roofs in an uninsulated state. The effect obtained by using the coating composition according to the invention is in principle based on two effects, namely the effect due to the insulating and water-absorbing characteristics of the layer. If at extreme conditions condensation occurs on the coating, the moisture is distributed in the surface layer without dropping occurring, and the moisture may pass over later on to the surrounding at a lower atmospheric humidity. 
     The granules (perlite) used in this example have the following approximate chemical composition: 
     Silica, SiO 2  : 71-75 percent by weight 
     Alumina, Al 2  O 3  : 12.5-18 percent by weight 
     Potassium oxide, K 2  O: 4-5 percent by weight 
     Sodium oxide, Na 2  O: 2.9-4 percent by weight 
     Calcium oxide, CaO: 0.5-2 percent by weight 
     Iron oxide, Fe 2  O 3  : 0.5-1.5 percent by weight 
     Magnesia, MgO: 0.1-0.5 percent by weight 
     Total chlorides maximum: 0.2 percent by weight 
     The particle size of the granules lies within the range 0-1.5 mm. Preferred weight ranges and preferred weight fraction for the constituents of the instant example are given in the table below. 
     
         ______________________________________                Percent by weight          Range Preferably about______________________________________Chloro caoutchoue            15-40   30Chlorinated paraffine             2-10   6Titanium dioxide  3-15   5Talcum            5-15   11.5Xylene           20-40   34Soya lecithin    0.5-2   1Granulate (Perlite)             5-15   12.5______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     In this example a composition is prepared starting from two components in the same manner as in Example 1, the first component being prepared starting from the following constituents: 
     Water: 10.0 percent by weight 
     Hydroxyethyl cellulose 2%-visc.adjust. 
     (Nartosol® HR, Hercules AB, Sweden): 10.0 percent by weight 
     NH 4  OH pH adjusted to pH 8 Polyphosphate wetting/dispersing agent: 0.1 percent by weight 
     Polyglycol ester emulsifier (Arkopal N-090, Hoechst AG, West Germany): 0.5 percent by weight 
     Antifoam agent (Antifoam Troy 999, Troy, USA): 0.5 percent by weight 
     Ethylene glycol 3.0 percent by weight 
     TiO 2  Pigment 5.0 percent by weight 
     Talcum--20 μm 8.0 percent by weight 
     Vinyl-acrylic copolymer (Mowilith 5152-5, Hoechst AG, West Germany) 50% solids in H 2  O: 40.0 percent by weight 
     The second component is the same type of granulate as in Example 1 (12.0 parts by weight) in water (10.7 parts by weight) together with a polyphosphate (0.2 parts by weight) as a wetting and dispersing agent. 
     Said two components are intermixed to the formation of a coating composition which in accordance with Example 1 is applied with a spray gun on an uninsulated iron sheet used as a roof and primed. The same advantageous results as in Example 1 are obtained. 
     The pigment TiO 2  used in the above example may be replaced by coloured pigments as desired with regard to the colour of the coating, such as iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, chromo hydroxide green, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, soot etc. 
     By applying the technique of this invention essential advantages are obtained in connection with insulation of roof or wall constructions of current interest. Among these advantages the following may be mentioned: 
     The layer resulting from the coating composition gives an effective insulation and thus a significantly reduced formation of condensate. 
     Condensates formed in spite of this are distributed over a larger surface in view of the contents of granules of the material. The layer results in a certain absorption of moisture, which further reduces the risk that dropping shall occur. 
     The composition can be applied in one step to form a relatively thick coating without any drying problems arising. The composition need not contain fibre material in order that cracking shall be avoided. 
     To further illustrate the advantages of the invention comparing tests have been made, which are presented in the table below: 
     
                       TABLE______________________________________Periodof time A       B       C    D     E     F     G______________________________________10 min. --      --      --   x     --    x     --15 min. --      --      --   1.0   x     1.5   x30 min. --      --      --   2.5   2.5   2.5   2.045 min. --      --      --   3.0   4.0   3.5   3.01 hour --      --      --   5.0   7.0   7.5   6.02 hour --      --      --   14    15.0  16    15.03 hour --      x       --   test  test  test  test                      com-  com-  com-  com-                      pleted                            pleted                                  pleted                                        pleted4 hour --      2.5     x5 hour --      7.5      1.06 hour --      15.0     5.57 hour --      test    12.0         com-         pleated8 hour --      test    20.0 after   com- com-    pleted pleted testing the surface is com- pletely dry______________________________________ 
    
     In the testing on condensation, the apparatus employed was as described in Ministry of Works specification D.D.F. B./111 and consisted of several identical copper canisters mounted on an iron framework. Each canister was in the form of a cylinder open at the top and closed at the bottom by a right-angled cone. The copper canisters were coated externally with the materials under test to give coatings of the thicknesses indicated below. The canisters were attached to the iron framework and then filled with ice and water. Under these conditions moisture was gradually deposited on the coating by condensation and commenced to drip from the bottom of the canisters. The drops were caught in measuring cylinders and the amount of water collected was noted periodically. The temperature difference in the tests was 22° C., i.e. the difference between +25° C. being the environmental temperature and +3° C. being the temperature of the ice water used. The relative humidity was 60-65%. 
     In the table, X refers to the time of the first water drop run off, whereas the figures refer to the collected amount of water in ml. Moreover, the columns designated A, B . . . G refer to different applied materials. A is a coating composition according to Example 2 above, whereas B and C consist of known anti-condensation masses based on the use of diatomite. All of these compositions are applied to a layer thickness of about 1.5 mm. D consists of a known glossy latex paint, E of a known dull oil paint and F of a known glossy lacquer paint applied to a layer thickness of 60 μm. G is a conventional reinforced primer applied to a thickness of about 1/2 mm. 
     In order to further show the advantageous characteristics of applying the composition of this invention, the composition according to Example 2 above was compared to the anti-condensation material described in Swedish patent specification No. 315,380. The same apparatus was employed as that used in the above presented comparing tests, and the results obtained are illustrated on the appended drawing. In the drawing, run-off water in milliliters is given as a function of the period of time from starting the tests. In the diagram, line A refers to a layer of a conventional iron oxide primer applied to a thickness of about 1/2 mm. Lines B, C and D refer to the material described in Swedish patent specification No. 315,380, i.e. glass fibre mats having a thickness of 20 mm, 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. Finally, line E refers to a layer of the anti-condensation composition according to Ex. 2 above in accordance with the present invention. 
     It is clearly seen from the diagram that the composition of this invention is outstanding in that dripping starts later than when using the prior art materials, and also the run-off rate does not increase by increasing time but remains essentially constant.