Abstract:
A continuous time equalizer for equalizing an input signal using a feedforward equalizer portion and a feedback equalizer portion is provided that includes: a slicer operable to make bit decisions on a combined output from the feedforward and feedback equalizer portions; an adaptive delay circuit operable to delay the combined output to form a delayed output; and a controller operable to control the delay provided by the adaptive delay circuit such that a first group delay through the slicer and a second group delay through the adaptive delay circuit in response to a sinusoidal form of the input signal are substantially equal.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to continuous time equalizers, and more particularly to a continuous time equalizer having improved timing alignments. 
   BACKGROUND 
   Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a hindrance to high-speed digital communication. Effective digital communication depends on a sharp transition between data pulses whereas pulse transitions “smear” into each other in communication channels having ISI, a phenomenon denoted as pulse dispersion. Pulse dispersion occurs because high-frequency components of the data pulses are attenuated by the transmission medium. At higher data rates, the interference can become such that data pulses cannot be accurately distinguished from one another, leading to unacceptably high error rates. Such interference may be classified into two types: a) Precursor ISI in which interference from a given pulse (the cursor) leads and interferes with previously sent pulses; and b) Postcursor ISI in which interference from a given pulse trails and interferes with subsequently sent pulses. 
   Equalizers combat pulse dispersion by partially canceling the high-frequency cutoff that occurs in the transmission medium. A feedforward equalizer performs this mitigation of ISI using a combination of signal samples and thus addresses precursor ISI. In contrast, a feedback equalizer mitigates ISI based upon a combination of past output decisions and thus addresses postcursor ISI. A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is a combination of both a feedforward and a feedback equalizer and typically provides greater ISI mitigation then either technique alone in that both precursor and postcursor ISI are mitigated.  FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary DFE  10 , which includes a feedforward equalizer portion  105  and a feedback equalizer portion  110  to equalize an input signal s(t). A slicer  115  operates on the combined outputs from equalizer portions  105  and  110  to output a current digital decision  120 . The number of taps in equalizer portions  105  and  110  is arbitrary and may be denoted as n and m, respectively. 
   It will be appreciated that a feedback loop (not illustrated) is required to control the adaptation of the coefficients employed in the taps. For example, the input signal to slicer  115  may be sampled and compared to delayed versions of the slicer output signal to generate an error signal. Corresponding error mixers (not illustrated) then process the error signal to generate the coefficients for the feedforward and feedback equalizer portions. 
   Although DFE equalizers may effectively equalize transmission channels to abate ISI, there are limits to their effectiveness as data rates in the transmission channel continue to be increased. Timing misalignments between the error mixers and the feedforward and feedback portions make ISI performance problematic at higher data rates. For example, semiconductor process variations may cause one portion to operate too slow or fast with respect to the remaining portions. 
   Accordingly, there is a need in the art for equalizers having adaptive timing alignments. 
   SUMMARY 
   In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a continuous time equalizer for equalizing an input signal using a feedforward equalizer portion and a feedback equalizer portion is provided that includes: a slicer operable to make bit decisions on a combined output from the feedforward and feedback equalizer portions; an adaptive delay circuit operable to delay the combined output to form a delayed output; and a controller operable to control the delay provided by the adaptive delay circuit such that a first group delay through the slicer and a second group delay through the adaptive delay circuit in response to a sinusoidal form of the input signal are substantially equal. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a continuous time equalizer for equalizing an input signal using a feedforward equalizer portion having a first set of coefficients and a feedback equalizer portion having a second set of coefficients is provided that includes: a slicer operable to make bit decisions on a combined output from the feedforward and feedback equalizer portions; an adaptive delay circuit operable to delay the input signal to form an delayed input; a feedforward error mixer configured to process an error signal representing the difference between the slicer output and the combined output with the delayed input to form the first set of coefficients in a closed mode of operation, the feedforward error mixer forming open loop coefficients in an open loop mode of operation; and a controller operable to perform the following acts: configure the feedforward error mixer into the open loop mode of operation; set a subset of two center coefficients in the first set to one and the remaining coefficients in the first set to zero; set the coefficients in the second set to zero; and control the delay provided by the adaptive delay circuit such that a maximum occurs between a subset of two center coefficients in open loop coefficients in response to a pseudo random bit sequence (PRBS) form of the input signal. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a continuous time equalizer for equalizing an input signal using a feedforward equalizer portion having a first set of coefficients and a feedback equalizer portion having a second set of coefficients is provided that includes: a slicer operable to make bit decisions on a combined output from the feedforward and feedback equalizer portions, the slicer forming an output signal having a slicer delay; an adaptive delay circuit operable to delay an output signal from the slicer to form an delayed input signal to the feedback equalizer portion; a feedforward error mixer configured to process an error signal representing the difference between the slicer output and the combined output with the input signal to form the first set of coefficients in a closed mode of operation, the feedforward error mixer forming open loop coefficients in an open loop mode of operation; and a controller operable to perform the following acts: configure the feedforward error mixer into the open loop mode of operation; set a subset of two center coefficients in the first set to one and the remaining coefficients in the first set to zero; set the coefficients in the second set to zero and determine a first phase of the error signal; set a first coefficient F 0  in the second set to one and the remaining coefficients in the second set to zero and determine a second phase of the error signal; and control the delay provided by the adaptive delay circuit such that the first phase equals the second phase in response to the input signal having a sinusoidal frequency. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a continuous time equalizer for equalizing an input signal using a feedforward equalizer portion having a first set of coefficients and a feedback equalizer portion having a second set of coefficients is provided that includes: a slicer operable to make bit decisions on a combined output from the feedforward and feedback equalizer portions, the slicer forming an output signal having a slicer delay; an adaptive delay circuit operable to delay an output signal from the slicer to form an delayed input signal; a feedforward error mixer configured to process an error signal representing the difference between the slicer output and the combined output with the input signal to form the first set of coefficients in a closed mode of operation, the feedforward error mixer forming first open loop coefficients in an open loop mode of operation; a feedback error mixer configured to process the error signal and delayed input signal to form the second set of coefficients in the closed mode of operation, the feedback error mixer forming second open loop coefficients in the open loop mode of operation; and a controller operable to perform the following acts: configure the feedforward and feedback error mixers into the open loop mode of operation; set a subset of two center coefficients in the first set to one and the remaining coefficients in the first and second set to zero; and control the delay provided by the adaptive delay circuit until a first coefficient F 0 ′ in the second open loop coefficients equals zero in response to the input signal having a sinusoidal frequency. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a conventional decision feedback equalizer. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an LMS-based decision feedback equalizer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The present invention may be used to time align any continuous-time equalizer having both a feedback and feedforward portion. Although the following discussion will assume that the adaptation of the coefficients in the continuous-time equalizer is least-mean-squares-based (LMS-based), it will be understood that the timing alignment techniques described herein are applicable to other suitable coefficient adaptation techniques as well. Turning now to  FIG. 2 , an exemplary continuous-time DFE equalizer  200  is illustrated. 
   As discussed with respect to conventional DFE  10  of  FIG. 1 , DFE equalizer  200  includes a feedforward equalizer portion  205  and a feedback equalizer portion  210  to equalize an input signal s(t)  211 . A slicer  215  operates on a combined output  214  from equalizer portions  205  and  210  to output a current digital decision  220 . The number of taps in equalizer portions  205  and  210  is arbitrary and is denoted as (N+1) and (K+1), respectively. Thus, feedforward equalizer portion  205  uses feedforward coefficients C 0  through C N  (which may be collectively represented by a vector C) whereas feedback equalizer portion  210  uses feedback coefficients F 0  through F K  (which may be collectively represented by a vector F). 
   Coefficients C 0  through C N  are generated by an error mixer  225  responsive to an error signal e(t)  230  formed as the difference between output signal  220  and slicer input signal  214  in adder  235 . For example, input signal s(t)  211  is received at a first tap in error mixer  225 , mixed with error signal  230 , amplified by amplifier G 0 , and then low pass filtered to form coefficient C 0 . Similarly, s(t)  211  is delayed by a time “T” corresponding to the delay unit used in feedforward equalizer portion  205 , mixed with error signal  230 , amplified by amplifier G 1 , and then low pass filtered to form coefficient C 1 . The remaining coefficients C 2  through C N  are produced analogously as known by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
   Coefficients F 0  through F K  are generated by an error mixer  240  responsive to error signal  230  as well. For example, slicer output signal  220  is mixed with error signal  230 , amplified by amplifier G 0 ′, and then low pass filtered to form coefficient F 0 . Similarly, slicer output signal  220  is delayed by a time “T′” corresponding to the delay unit used in feedback equalizer portion  210 , mixed with error signal  230 , amplified by amplifier G 1 ′, and then low pass filtered to form coefficient F 1 . The remaining coefficients F 2  through F K  are produced analogously as known by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
   In the timing alignment technique disclosed herein, the coefficient outputs {C 0 , . . . , C K } and {F 0 , . . . , F K } from error mixers  225  and  240  are disconnected from equalizer portions  205  and  210 . Thus, the timing alignment described herein is an open loop adjustment. To denote the open loop nature of the coefficients from error mixer  225  during the timing alignment procedure, these coefficients will be denoted as C 0 ′through C N ′. During this open loop operation, the terms C 0  through C N  will thus only refer to the coefficients used in equalizer portion  205 . Similarly, coefficients from error mixer  240  in an open loop mode of operation will be referred to as F 0 ′ through F K ′ such that the terms F 0  through F K  will refer only to the coefficients used in equalizer portion  205 . 
   Slicer Timing Adaption 
   To adjust timing with respect to slicer  215 , an adaptive delay circuit  250  having a delay of τ STA  (Slicer Timing Adaptation) is provided in the path that couples slicer input signal  214  to adder  235 . The goal of inserting this adaptive delay circuit is to set a delay through slicer  215  (τ SLC ) equal to the delay τ STA . To achieve this goal, coefficient C 0  is set to 1 and C 1  through C N  set to zero. Similarly, coefficients F 0  through F K  are also set to zero. A switch SW 1  couples slicer input signal  214  to adaptive delay circuit  250 . Similarly, a switch SW 2  couples slicer input signal  214  to slicer  215 . 
   To begin the slicer timing adaptation procedure, switch SW 1  is closed and switch SW 2  is opened while input signal s(t)  215  is provided as a sinusoidal input at a frequency in which it is desired to align the group delays of slicer output  220  and an output  251  of adaptive delay circuit  250 . In this configuration, the phase of the signal  230  (represented as φ 1 ) at point P 1  is determined. Advantageously, the determination of this phase requires no additional circuitry in that open loop coefficients C 0 ′ through C N ′ represent a sampled cross correlation of the signal  230  at point P 1  and sinusoidal input s(t) at point P 2 . By curve fitting a sinusoidal signal A(t)sin(2πft+φ) on these open loop coefficients, the quantity φ represents the phase φ 1  at point P 1 . For example, a controller  251  may perform this analysis. Controller  251  may be implemented using a processor, hardwired logic, state machine, programmable logic, or other suitable means. Having determined φ 1 , the settings of switches SW 1  and SW 2  may be reversed such that switch SW 1  is closed and switch SW 2  is open. The sinusoidal input s(t) is then used to excite a phase φ 2  at point P 1 , which may be measured as just described. The adaptive delay circuit  250  is then adjusted to vary τ STA  such that φ 1 =−(φ 2 ). Controller  251  may control the operation of switches SW 1  and SW 2  as well as the adaptive delay circuit  250 . Alternatively, another controller or controller(s) may be used. In the following discussions, it will be assumed without loss of generality that controller  251  performs the control of the various timing adaptations. 
   Error Timing Adaptation 
   In some embodiments, an error timing adaptation is performed as follows. An adaptive delay circuit  260  introduces an error timing adaptation delay (τ ETA ) into the input signal s(t)  215  provided to error mixer  225 . In this procedure, amplifiers G 0  through G N  in error mixer  225  are adjusted to provide the same gain G such that the mixer outputs are not saturated. The center two coefficients C i  and C j  for equalizer portion  205  are set to one with all remaining coefficients in portions  205  and  210  set to zero. With switch SW 1  open and switch SW 2  closed, input signal s(t) is provided as a pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) input. The resulting open loop coefficients C 0 ′ through C N ′ from such an excitation may then be interpolated to determine the point of maxima on the interpolated curve. The adaptive delay circuit  260  is then adjusted to vary τ ETA  such that the point of maxima occurs between the center two coefficients C i ′ and C j ′ (and corresponding mixers/taps). 
   Feedback Loop Timing Adaptation 
   In some embodiments, an adaptive delay circuit  265  having an adaptive feedback delay of (τ FBK ) is provided at the input to feedback equalizer portion  210 . The goal of adjusting this adaptive delay is to achieve a desired loop delay (τ LOOP ) that equals the sum of the delay through the slicer (τ SLC ) plus the feedback delay τ FBK . For example, at a 10 GHz symbol rate, the desired τ LOOP  would be 100 pico seconds. In this procedure, the center two coefficients C i  and C j  for equalizer portion  205  are set to 1 with all remaining coefficients in equalizer portions  205  and  210  set to zero. With switch SW 1  open and switch SW 2  closed, input signal s(t) is provided as a sinusoid at a frequency f equaling (½(τ LOOP )). Thus, at a 10 GHz symbol rate, the input frequency f would be 5 GHz. In response to this excitation, the phase φ 1  at point P 1  may be determined as described previously. The coefficient F 0  may then be set to zero with all the remaining coefficients unchanged so that a phase φ 2  at point P 1  may be determined with the same sinusoidal excitation and switch settings. The adaptive delay circuit  265  may then be controlled to vary τ FBK  such that φ i  equals φ 2 . 
   Feedback Data and Error Path Timing Alignment 
   In some embodiments, an adaptive delay circuit  275  having an adaptive feedback delay of (τ FETA ) is provided at the input to error mixer  240 . Controller  251  may then adaptively tune the delay provided by delay circuit  275  by setting the center two coefficients for feedforward equalizer portion  205  to one and its remaining coefficients to zero. The coefficients in feedback equalizer portion  210  are also set to zero. In addition, switch SW 1  is opened and switch SW 2  closed. With equalizer  200  in this configuration, an input signal s(t) having a sinusoidal frequency f equaling ¼*(τ LOOP ) may be used as the excitation. For example, if the symbol rate is 10 GHz, a frequency f of 2.5 GHz may be used. With this excitation present, controller  251  varies τ FETA  until open loop coefficient F 0 ′ is zero. 
   Consider the advantages of the preceding timing adjustments. Regardless of variations in performance such as those produced by semiconductor process variations and the like, a continuous time equalizer is provided that automatically adjusts itself to correct for any timing misalignments. 
   Although the invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments, this description is only an example of the invention&#39;s application and should not be taken as a limitation. For example, although the previous embodiments included error mixers using LMS-based coefficient adaptation, other adaptation techniques may be implemented. Consequently, the scope of the invention is set forth in the following claims.