Abstract:
The present invention relates to technology for, among other things, administering, and analyzing the results of, ophthalmic examinations. The technology involves generating a display on a display device to enable a first ophthalmic exam to be administered, receiving a request for results of a second ophthalmic exam, requesting the results of the second ophthalmic exam from a data source, receiving the results of the second ophthalmic exam from the data source, displaying the results of the second ophthalmic exam on the display device and enabling annotation or modification of the results displayed on the display device.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Field 
         [0002]    Various embodiments of the present invention generally relate 
         [0003]    2. Background 
         [0004]    A typical trip to an ophthalmic office usually involves several different ophthalmic examinations for a patient—each of which often involves a separate testing apparatus. For example, the patient may receive a glaucoma exam using a non-contact tonometer, then a visual field exam using a perimeter, then a retinal exam using a Fundus camera, etc. Oftentimes, many of these testing apparatuses are found in physically separate locations within the ophthalmic practitioner&#39;s office. The apparatuses for performing pre-examinations, such as low-vision exams, color blindness exams, auto-refractions, and glaucoma exams, which may be performed by a technician, may be located in a “pre-test” room, while the apparatuses for performing other exams, such as refracting, retinoscopy, and gonioscopy, which may only be performed by a licensed optometrist or ophthalmologist, may be located in a separate examination room. 
         [0005]    Thus, the typical patient-flow in an optometric clinic is as follows. First, the patient is taken to a pre-test room by a technician. There, the technician will usually perform those tests on the patient that do not require optometrist/ophthalmologist involvement. Once the first series of tests have been completed, the technician escorts the patient to an examination room, where the patient waits for the practitioner. While the patient is waiting, the technician provides the results of the first series of test to the ophthalmic practitioner, and the practitioner reviews and (sometimes) annotates the results. 
         [0006]    Once the practitioner has reviewed the test results, the practitioner will then usually join the patient in the examination room, where the practitioner will complete the patient&#39;s eye examination. This will often involve the practitioner performing some additional tests on the patient, such as refracting, gonioscopy or retinoscopy. 
         [0007]    Clearly, it is not desirable to leave the patient waiting for an extended period of time. Thus, the practitioner generally only has time to conduct a brief, cursory review of the results of the tests performed by the technician, and it is often desirable to review the results more thoroughly at a later time. 
         [0008]    Conventionally, the results of the abovementioned tests were printed and inserted into the patient&#39;s file. If a practitioner wished to annotate the results, s/he would simply make written notes in the patient&#39;s file. Clearly, this is undesirable from the standpoint of efficiency and portability, since physical access to the patient&#39;s file is necessary in order to review and/or annotate test results. 
         [0009]    More recently, testing apparatuses have allowed for electronic annotation of test results; however, such annotations are required to be made at the testing apparatus itself, before the results are printed or saved electronically to a static file format. This is not only inefficient, in that a practitioner must tie up a testing apparatus in order to annotate the results electronically, but the annotation interfaces on such testing apparatuses can also be cumbersome. 
         [0010]    More recent advancements in optical testing equipment have focused on creating so-called “distributed” environments among the various testing apparatuses and throughout the associated clinics. In such environments, test results are saved to a centralized database that is accessible by other computers in communication therewith. One major drawback in conventional distributed environments is that these systems save the test results to the database as static image files, such as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) files, Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) files, Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) files, Bitmaps (BMP), Portable Document Format (PDF) files, or the like. It should be appreciated that such file formats are all essentially two-dimensional “snapshots” of the test results, and the viewer applications therefor only allow for a limited amount of file manipulation (i.e. zooming and two-dimensional panning). Thus, these formats are typically incapable of fully representing the three-dimensional data generated by some of today&#39;s more advanced eye testing technologies. For example, a corneal topographer creates a three-dimensional, topographical map of the surface of the eye which, in its native format, can be freely rotated so as to view the rendered image from a variety of perspectives. Clearly, such functionality is not achievable with a PDF, JPEG, or other such static image file. Thus, in conventional systems, the practitioner or technician must select the “best” snapshots of the three-dimensional data to save to the database. 
         [0011]    Moreover, none of the technologies discussed above, no matter how recent, allows for the practitioner to present the patient&#39;s test results to the patient in a convenient, user-friendly, and full-featured manner. On the contrary, to do so using conventional technologies would require the practitioner and the patient to go back to the pre-test room containing the testing apparatus having the desired test results—during which time the testing apparatus is again unavailable for use by any other practitioner or technician. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0012]    This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
         [0013]    Described herein is technology for, among other things, administering, and analyzing the results of, ophthalmic examinations. The technology involves generating a display on a display device to enable a first ophthalmic exam to be administered, receiving a request for results of a second ophthalmic exam, requesting the results of the second ophthalmic exam from a data source, receiving the results of the second ophthalmic exam from the data source, displaying the results of the second ophthalmic exam on the display device and enabling annotation or modification of the results displayed on the display device. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of embodiments of the invention: 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary computing system environment for implementing various apparatuses used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of a system  200  for administering and analyzing ophthalmic examinations, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example exam room setup of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  illustrates a smart ophthalmic examination apparatus displaying a visual acuity test, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  illustrates a smart ophthalmic examination apparatus displaying a first view of a three-dimensional graphical representation of the results of a corneal topography test, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  illustrates a smart ophthalmic examination apparatus displaying a rotated view of the three-dimensional graphical representation of  FIG. 5 , in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  illustrates a smart ophthalmic examination apparatus displaying a annotated version of the three-dimensional graphical representation of  FIG. 5 , in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  illustrates a smart ophthalmic examination apparatus displaying an exam room status indicator, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  illustrates a smart ophthalmic examination apparatus displaying an updated exam room status indicator, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. Furthermore, in the detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention. 
         [0025]    Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented in terms of procedures, logic blocks, processing, and other symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer or digital system memory. These descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. A procedure, logic block, process, etc., is herein, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these physical manipulations take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated in a computer system or similar electronic computing device. For reasons of convenience, and with reference to common usage, these signals are referred to as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like with reference to the present invention. 
         [0026]    It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these terms are to be interpreted as referencing physical manipulations and quantities and are merely convenient labels and are to be interpreted further in view of terms commonly used in the art. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the discussion herein, it is understood that throughout discussions of the present embodiment, discussions utilizing terms such as “determining” or “outputting” or “transmitting” or “recording” or “locating” or “storing” or “displaying” or “receiving” or “recognizing” or “utilizing” or “generating” or “providing” or “accessing” or “checking” or “notifying” or “delivering” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data. The data is represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories and is transformed into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission, or display devices. 
       Overview 
       [0027]    Generally speaking, embodiments provide for methods and systems that allow for an ophthalmic practitioner to utilize a first examination apparatus to review and annotate exam results not only from the first examination apparatus, but also from a second, separate examination apparatus. In a preferred embodiment, the first examination apparatus is a wall-mountable, flat-panel display, which is capable of displaying one or more ophthalmic exams, such as a visual acuity exam. Responsive to an input from an ophthalmic practitioner, the display can switch from an examination mode to an analysis mode, in which the user is able to review, manipulate and annotate the exam results from the second or other examination apparatuses. 
       Exemplary Operating Environment 
       [0028]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary system for implementing various apparatuses used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention includes a general purpose computing system environment, such as computing system environment  100 . Although specific components are illustrated in computing system  100 , such components are exemplary. That is, apparatuses according to various embodiments may include various other components. It is further appreciated that not all of the components computing system  100  may be necessary for particular apparatuses. 
         [0029]    In its most basic configuration, computing system environment  100  typically includes at least one processing unit  102  and memory  104 . Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing system environment, memory  104  may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or some combination of the two. This most basic configuration is illustrated in  FIG. 1  by dashed line  106 . Additionally, computing system environment  100  may also have additional features/functionality. For example, computing system environment  100  may also include additional storage (removable and/or non-removable) including, but not limited to, magnetic or optical disks or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in  FIG. 1  by removable storage  108  and non-removable storage  110 . Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, and removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Memory  104 , removable storage  108  and non-removable storage  110  are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, DVD or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computing system environment  100 . Any such computer storage media may be part of computing system environment  100 . 
         [0030]    Computing system environment  100  may also contain communications connection(s)  112  that allow it to communicate with other devices. Communications connection(s)  112  is an example of communication media. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR) and other wireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein includes both storage media and communication media. Computing system environment  100  may also have input device(s)  114  such as a keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch screen  124  or other touch input device, remote control receiver  126 , microphone  128 , etc. Output device(s)  116  such as a display  118 , speaker(s)  120 , printer, etc. may also be included. All these devices are well known in the art and need not be discussed at length here. 
       Exemplary Systems and Methods for Administering and Analyzing the Results of, Opthalmic Examination, According to Various Embodiments 
       [0031]      FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of a system  200  for administering, and analyzing the results of, ophthalmic examinations, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. System  200  is suitable for operation and communication over a computer network  210 . Network  210  may be a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), the Internet, or any combination thereof. 
         [0032]    System  200  includes one or more ophthalmic examination apparatuses  220 ,  230 , such as an optical coherence tomographer, a retinal tomographer, a refractor, a keratometer, a perimeter, a fundus/retinal camera, a corneal topographer, an auto-refraction system, and/or a non-contact tonometer. However, it is appreciated that examination apparatuses  220  and  230  are not limited as such. Examination apparatuses  230  are “dumb examination apparatuses,” in that they communicate over network  210  by way of one or more imaging stations  240 . Imaging stations may be general purpose computers, such as computing system  100  of  FIG. 1 , which, in the case of imaging stations  240 , are also capable of interfacing with, and controlling, examination apparatuses  230 . A single imaging station (e.g. station  240   1 ) may control multiple examination apparatuses (e.g. apparatuses  230   1 , and  230   2 ). 
         [0033]    Examination apparatuses  220  are “smart examination apparatuses,” in that they comprise computing systems, such as computing system  100 , and they communicate directly over the network  210 . In addition to the features described above with respect to  FIG. 1 , examination apparatuses  220  also include ophthalmic examination components  122 , which include the hardware and/or software necessary for performing a particular ophthalmic exam. 
         [0034]    System  200  may include one or more conventional, general-purpose office computers  250 . System  200  may include an electronic medical record (EMR) database  270  for storing electronic patient records, including results of ophthalmic examinations conducted by apparatuses  220  and  230 . System  200  further includes a server  260 , which facilitates communications and data transfer between smart examination apparatuses  220 , imaging stations  240 , office computers  250 , and EMR  270 . It should be appreciated that instead of the server  260  and the EMR  270  being physically separate, as depicted in  FIG. 2 , EMR  270  may alternatively reside on server  260  itself. 
         [0035]    Particularly advantageous aspects of the present invention involve the smart examination apparatuses  220  discussed briefly above. In a preferred embodiment, the smart examination apparatus  220  is wall-mountable and includes a flat-panel display, such as an LCD display, a plasma display, or the like. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the apparatus  220  is preferably mounted on the wall that a patient  300  would normally face when being examined by an ophthalmic practitioner. 
         [0036]    As discussed above, the smart examination apparatus  220  is operable to perform an ophthalmic examination. In a preferred embodiment, the ophthalmic exam is a visual acuity test, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In one embodiment, the smart examination apparatus  220  may perform the ophthalmic exam in response to an input received at an input device(s)  114 . In the illustrated embodiment, the examination apparatus includes multiple input devices  114 , including a touch screen  124  and a remote control receiver  126 . The remote control receiver may be IR, RF, or any other conventional remote control technology. By way of example, a practitioner may press a predetermined button on a remote control to initiate the visual acuity test. The remote control input is received by the remote control receiver  126 , upon which receipt the apparatus displays a visual acuity exam, such as the illustrated Snellen chart, on display  118 . Alternatively, the practitioner may utilize the touch screen  124  to initiate the exam. 
         [0037]    Either during or after the administration of the acuity test, the practitioner may wish to pull up the patient&#39;s results from a different ophthalmic exam that was previously performed taken by a separate examination apparatus (e.g. apparatus  230   1 ). In response to a second input received from the practitioner, the examination apparatus  220  switches from an examination mode to an analysis mode, so as to display the desired test results. Again, the second input may be received via the remote control receiver  126 , the touch screen  124 , or any other conventional input device (mouse, keyboard, etc.). 
         [0038]    Upon switching to analysis mode, the smart ophthalmic apparatus  220  may access the EMR  270  through the server  260 . For example, the server  260  may provide the smart ophthalmic apparatus  220  with the ability to query the EMR  270  for the desired exam results. Once the desired results have been found, the ophthalmic apparatus  220  may request the desired results from the server  260 . In response to the request, the server  260  may in turn retrieve the requested results from the EMR  270  and provide them to the apparatus  220 . In one embodiment, the smart opthalmic apparatus  220  and the server  260 , as well as other components in system  200 , such as the imaging stations and the office computers  250 , exchange EMR data using an integrated clinical software environment, such as Medmont Studio from Medmont International Pty. Ltd. 
         [0039]    In the example shown in  FIG. 5 , the examination apparatus  220  is displaying the three-dimensional results obtained from a corneal topography exam. Significantly, the examination apparatus  220  is capable of displaying the results of a separate exam performed by a separate machine in a manipulatable and annotatable format. This may be achieved, for example, by displaying the subject test results in their native file format, rather than a static image (e.g. PDF, JPEG, etc.) of the results. Thus, rather than merely displaying a single view of three-dimensional results, various embodiments can display a fully-manipulatable version of the results, capable of being freely rotated. For example,  FIG. 6  shows a rotated view of the three-dimensional test results of  FIG. 5 . 
         [0040]    In addition to the ability to freely manipulate result data from ophthalmic examinations—and in particular, three-dimensional test data—various embodiments also enable the annotation of the test result data. As shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the three-dimensional, topographical data displayed therein has been annotated to include free-form  610 , which draws attention to an area of the image that a practitioner feels is significant. In one embodiment, the practitioner may use touch screen  124  to annotate the data, for example, by “drawing” the annotation on the touch screen  124 . Either during the practitioner&#39;s annotation of the data, or upon the completion thereof, the result data in the EMR  270  may be updated to reflect the practitioner&#39;s annotations. 
         [0041]    In addition to accessing, reviewing, manipulating, and annotating result data via a smart examination apparatus  220 , system  200  also allows for such result data to also be manipulated and annotated in a similar manner via office computers  250 . Thus, depending on a practitioner&#39;s preference, the practitioner can review and annotate test results either privately (i.e. on an office computer  250  in the practitioner&#39;s office) or in the presence of the patient on a smart examination apparatus  220 . Moreover, because network  210  may include a WAN or even the Internet generally, a practitioner could review and annotate the exam results from virtually anywhere in the world that an internet connection in available. 
         [0042]    Thus, various embodiments enrich the clinical experience for both the patient and the practitioner. First, the practitioner is not forced to keep the patient waiting while the practitioner reviews the patient&#39;s exam the exam results can be reviewed right in the exam room in the presence of the patient, and presented in a convenient, user-friendly, and full-featured manner. By allowing for full-featured, electronic annotation of exam results, clinic efficiency is enhanced, because physical access to a patient&#39;s file is not necessary each time a practitioner wishes to the patient&#39;s test results. 
       Enhanced Features for Providing a Comprehensive Clinic Solution According to Various Embodiments 
       [0043]    In addition to the foregoing, various embodiments also provide for other enhanced features toward providing a comprehensive clinic solution. For example, in one embodiment, the system  200  is capable of providing an intra-office intercom system across any compatible devices on network  210 . As shown in  FIGS. 4-9 , the smart examination apparatus  220  may include a microphone  128  and one or more speakers  120 . In one embodiment, in response to a particular input (e.g. from a remote control), the apparatus  220  may begin recording sound received at the microphone  128 , during which time a user may speak a message into the microphone  128 . When the apparatus  220  is finished recording the sound clip, the apparatus  220  may then transmit the sound clip to the server  260 , which may in turn broadcast or “push” the sound clip to all compatible devices on the network  210  or, alternatively, to a selected subset of such devices. In an alternative embodiment, the recording apparatus  220  may bypass the server  260  and broadcast the sound clip to the other devices by itself. 
         [0044]    In various embodiments, system  200  also provides a patient tracking system. This patient tracking system is particularly advantageous in offices employing multiple ophthalmic practitioners and/or utilizing multiple patient examination rooms. In these cases, it is beneficial for practitioners and other office employees to keep updated on which patient each practitioner is, or will be, examining, and in which examination room. 
         [0045]    Accordingly, various embodiments are operable to cause an exam room status indicator to be displayed on the displays  118  of smart examination apparatuses  220 , imaging stations  240 , and office computers  250 . In one embodiment, the status indicator appears on a display as a temporary pop-up window which is displayed for a predetermined amount of time (e.g. 30 seconds). 
         [0046]    In other embodiments, the status indicator is displayed persistently. In yet other embodiments, the status indicator is displayed as a tab or panel within another application, such that it may be called up for viewing, or hid from view, as desired. 
         [0047]      FIG. 8  illustrates the display of a exam room status indicator  810  on a smart examination apparatus  220 , in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. It should be appreciated that the size of status indicator  810  depicted in  FIG. 8  has been exaggerated for the purpose of illustration. The status indicator  810  includes a plurality of patient indicators  820 , which indicate which patient is in which exam room. This may be achieved in number of ways. 
         [0048]    In the illustrated embodiment, a patient number is shown as being associated with a particular exam room. Specifically, the exam room status indicator  810  indicates that Patient No. 45678 is currently in Exam Room 1, that Patient No. 65789 is in Exam Room 2, and that Patient No. 87453 is in Exam Room 3. As an alternative to displaying patient numbers, the status indicator  810  may display the patients&#39; initials or the patients&#39; names, though this may be undesirable in terms of preserving patient confidentiality. Instead of the simple table format of  FIG. 8 , the status indicator  810  may alternatively be in the form of a graphical floor plan, which displays the layout of the exam rooms in a given office. The patient indicators  820  would then be displayed within the appropriate exam room. 
         [0049]    In one embodiment, in addition to showing which patients are currently in each of the exam rooms, the status indicator  810  also indicates which patient is scheduled to be each exam room next. For example, in the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 8 , the middle row of status indicator  810  indicates which patients are currently in the exam rooms, while the bottom row indicates which patients are scheduled to be in the rooms next. 
         [0050]    The exam room status indicator  810  may also indicate which practitioner is scheduled to see a particular patient. It should be appreciated that this may be achieved in a number of ways. In one embodiment, the patient indicators  820  may be color-coded by practitioner. For example, a red patient indicator  820  may correspond to Dr. X, a blue patient indicator  820  may correspond to Dr. Y, an orange patient indicator  820  may correspond to Dr. Z, etc. In the illustrated embodiment, an underlined patient indicator  820  corresponds to Dr. X, a bold-faced patient indicator  820  corresponds to Dr. Y, and an italicized patient indicator  820  corresponds to Dr. Z. In one embodiment, a patient indicator  820  corresponding to a patient that a practitioner is currently seeing is persistently displayed, while a patient indicator  820  corresponding to a patient that the practitioner is scheduled to see next may be flashing. For example, as shown in  FIG. 9 , Dr. X currently has patients in both Exam Room 1 and Exam Room 2. Dr. X knows that s/he should see Patient No. 54870 first because the number 54870 is solid, while the number 46581 is flashing (flashing indicated by dashed lines). 
         [0051]    The exam room status indicator  810  is updated or “refreshed” as patients are cycled through the exam rooms. In one embodiment, a particular user, such as a receptionist or office manager, may use administrative software running on his or her office computer  250  to control and update the display of the status indicators  810  displayed on other terminals  220 ,  240 ,  250  throughout the office. For example, a receptionist may enter or edit the listing of which patients are currently in, and/or are scheduled to be in, the exam rooms. Once the receptionist has finished updating the listing, the updated listed is transmitted to server  260 , which in turn pushes the update to the rest of the terminals. As shown in  FIG. 8 , Patient No. 45678 is currently in Exam Room 1, Patient No. 65789 is in Exam Room 2, and Patient No. 87453 is in Exam Room 3, while Patient Nos. 54870 and 43567 are the next scheduled patients to be in Exam Rooms 1 and 3 respectively.  FIG. 9  shows the status indicator  810  after a subsequent update. Notably, Patient Nos. 54870 and 43567 have been updated from a “next-in-room” status in Exam Rooms 1 and 3, respectively, to a “current” status. Additionally, Patient No. 45681 has been added to status indicator  810  as currently in Exam Room 2, and Patient No. 87453 has been added as “next-in-room” for Exam Room 3. 
         [0052]    Thus, various embodiments provide an “at-a-glance” indicator which allows for clinic employees to stay updated on which patients are in which exam rooms, and which practitioners are scheduled to see those patients. Moreover, because status updates can be provided via a server-push and may appear as a temporary pop-up window, clinic employees do not have to constantly log in and/or refresh their displays to receive status update. 
         [0053]    The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.