Abstract:
In a method for manufacturing an article ( 1 ), particularly a prototype of a product or component, a tool prototype or spare part, by using selected laser melting, for the application onto the article ( 1 ) of a layer ( 13 ) or portion of a second metallic material, which is different from the material of the first metallic powder ( 4 ), a tape ( 12 ), sheet ( 14 ), foil or three-dimensional pre-form ( 18 ) of a second material is applied to the article ( 1 ) and is heated by a focused laser or electron beam ( 6 ) to a specified temperature such that the tape ( 12 ), sheet ( 14 ), foil or pre-form, respectively, are made molten by the electron laser beam ( 6 ), wherein the focused beam ( 6 ) is applied to a given area corresponding to a selected cross-sectional area of the model of the article ( 1 ) under formation of a new layer or part made of second material integral with the article ( 1 ).

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. provisional patent application no. No. 61/256,382, filed 30 Oct. 2009, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field of Endeavor 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to methods of applying multiple different materials with selective laser melting on a 3D article as well as to 3D articles, in particular turbine components and parts thereof. 
         [0004]    2. Brief Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Methods for manufacturing a molded body, e.g., a prototype of a product or component, a tool prototype or spare part, in accordance with three-dimensional CAD data of a model of a molded body, by depositing layers of a liquid material or a metallic material in powder form, have become increasingly popular and commercially important. 
         [0006]    One of these methods is known as stereo lithography. In stereo lithography, a molded body to be manufactured is divided into individual layers and the data of the individual layers concerning the prototype to be manufactured are supplied to a manufacturing device. Such a manufacturing device consists of a liquid bath with a UV hardening liquid that a UV beam sweeps over according to the contours and fields of the prototype to be manufactured in order to harden the liquid. Then, this initial layer is lowered to a defined layer thickness in order to harden a second coating on to it in accordance with the established data. Layer by layer this process continues until the entire model or prototype is created. Thin pipe walls, hollow cavities or intertwined components can be manufactured in a manner that corresponds to the serial product. Depending on the degree of partitioning of the layers, that is, the thickness of each layer that is hardened, even curvatures can be built in detail, within the general process limits. 
         [0007]    Further methods of building a prototype of sintered metallic material in powder form are known, also designated as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selective laser melting (SLM), or electron beam melting (EBM). Such a method is, e.g., described in WO 92/10343. According to the method described in WO 92/10343, in order to manufacture a component, a first layer of powder that can be sintered is deposited and the powder is sintered according to the layer areas of the part to be manufactured. Then, this method is repeated in a manner where each time a new layer is deposited on the previously sintered layer and where these layers correspond to the respective layers or cross-sectional areas of the component to be manufactured. Also, WO 98/24574 discloses a method in which several layers of the powder are successively deposited one on top of the other, whereby each layer of powder is heated to a specified temperature by a focused laser beam applied to a given area corresponding to a selected cross-sectional area of the model of the molded body, before deposition of the next layer. The laser beam is guided over each layer of powder in accordance with the CAD cross-sectional data of the selected cross-sectional area of the model in such a way that each layer of powder is fixed to the layer below. 
         [0008]    DE 102 19 983 discloses a method for making metallic or non-metallic products by freeform laser sintering, in which the products are fabricated from powdery material on a substrate plate in vertically additive, layer-by-layer fashion by a computer-controlled laser beam. Here, in particular for solving problems with the use of such a method for the production of small parts, the method is characterized in that at least one support is fabricated between the substrate plate and the outer surface of the product, the support being connected via a predetermined breaking area with the outer surface of the product, wherein the predetermined breaking area is formed by reducing the strength of the support along the outer contour of the product. 
         [0009]    WO 2008/155021 also relates to a method for producing a component based on three-dimensional data for the component which is characterized in that, to produce the component from at least two different materials in defined regions of each of the cross-sectional regions, a type of powder is applied corresponding to the material of the cross-sectional region and the applied powder of the powder layer is fused by energy radiation suitable for the powder type. 
         [0010]    One of the problems associated with these methods is the delivery of the powder for the individual steps. Therefore, particular devices have been proposed to this end. U.S. Pat. No. 6,672,343, for example, discloses an apparatus for delivering powder onto a plane surface of a device for creating a three-dimensional part in a layer-by-layer fashion, in particular of a laser sintering machine. It includes a covering device which can be moved back and forth in a second direction perpendicular to a first direction by a drive between a lateral first position and a second position located on the opposite side. In at least one of the positions it can be filled with powder. In order to simplify the apparatus and improve its operation, the covering device includes a slit extending across the entire width and open at its top and its bottom as well as smoothening elements at the ends opposite of the surface. A store container is provided above the coveringdevice, the volume of the store container at each location across the entire width being at least equal to the volume of the slit cavity located underneath. 
         [0011]    In order to treat the surface of direct metal laser sintered materials to improve corrosion resistance and reduce surface defects, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/141375 proposes a direct metal laser sintered material including a substrate formed from a laser sintering process, the substrate having at least one surface, and a cladding material brazed onto at least a portion of the surface. 
         [0012]    Apart from prototype manufacturing, DMLS is also used for the production of engine parts. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2001/014403 discloses a method and an apparatus for fabricating a component by a direct laser process. One form embodying principles of the present invention contemplates a gas turbine engine blade having an abrasive tip formed directly thereon. U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,613 also discloses a generative method of fabrication and an accompanying device with which components can be fabricated in a DMLS process, but this time from a combination of materials using different types of metal powders. The device includes a bottom surface with a lowerable building platform, a leveling mechanism for leveling a first material in a processing plane above the building platform, a laser beam source for emitting a laser beam, a processing unit with a focusing optical system for focusing the laser beam onto the processing plane and a positioning mechanism which can position the processing unit in any desired positions in a plane parallel to the processing plane above the component. Furthermore, the device is provided with a suction device for sectioning off the material from the processing plane and an introduction mechanism for a second material with which the latter is brought into the focal range of the laser beam. This device permits fabrication of components of any desired complexity and adapted to a certain function, in which individual regions can be made of a second, harder material to increase sturdiness or to improve wear-resistance. 
         [0013]    3D articles manufactured with SLM process are conventionally built up on a platform in a movable powder bed. The state of the art process is to build up the 3D article by melting metal powder (first material) in a multiple layer arrangement using a laser beam. In order to apply a second material (different metal powder), the first material has to be removed completely with great efforts or the powder bed is contaminated. Possible methods and devices to locally remove previously deposited first material powder with a suction or blow-off device are expensive, slow and may not avoid powder contamination. Therefore the layer-wise powder SLM process can not efficiently be used for this task and a laser generating process such as DMD (Direct Metal Deposition)/LENS (Laser Engineered Net Shape) has to be integrated. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0014]    One of numerous aspects of the present invention thus relates to an improved method to apply multiple materials with a selective laser melting (SLM), or an electron beam melting (EBM) process, optionally in combination with an ultrasonic welding process, on a 3D article without contamination of the powder bed. 
         [0015]    Another aspect of the present invention includes a method to use foils/tapes/sheets instead of powder for a second and any additional material different from the previous (powder based) to be applied. These foils/tapes/sheets can be used, e.g., for the application of abrasive materials or hardface materials and can be applied on different sections/portions (e.g., on edges) of the 3D article. A different material can also be applied on contact faces to improve the heat transfer. An improvement of the welding quality can also be achieved. 
         [0016]    Among other potential benefits, one important benefit is the avoidance of the powder bed contamination when using foils/tapes/sheets instead of different powder material for the application of a different material on specific sections/portions of the part to be manufactured. Thus, the expensive powder in the powder bed can be reused for another application on the same or a different part. 
         [0017]    Correspondingly, yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an article, such as (but not limited to) a prototype of a product or component, a tool prototype or spare part, in accordance with three-dimensional CAD data of a model of a (molded) body. The article is produced by depositing layers of a first metallic powder material, whereby normally several layers of the first metallic powder are successively deposited one on top of the other, and whereby each layer of first metallic powder is heated to a specified temperature with a focused laser or electron beam applied to a given area corresponding to a selected cross-sectional area of the model of the article, before depositing the next layer. In the process, the beam is typically guided over each layer of powder in accordance with the CAD cross-sectional data of the selected cross-sectional area of the model in such a way that each layer of powder is fixed to the layer below. In order to allow the use of a different material for parts of the article it is proposed for the application onto the article of a layer or portion of a second metallic material, which is different from the material of the first metallic powder, to use a tape, sheet, foil, or three-dimensional pre-form of a second material (and not a powder) and to apply it to the article, heating it with a focused laser or electron beam (ultrasonic welding is also possible) to a specified temperature such that the tape, sheet, foil or pre-form, respectively, is at least partly, preferably essentially completely molten by the laser or electron beam. Normally in this process the focused beam is applied to a given area corresponding to a selected cross-sectional area of the model of the article under formation of a new layer or part made of second material integral with the article, this given area can, however, also be the complete area of the tape/sheet/foil/pre-form. 
         [0018]    Correspondingly, therefore, according to a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the entire tape, sheet, foil or three-dimensional pre-form of a second material tape, sheet, foil or three-dimensional pre-form of a second material is heated to a specified temperature with the focused beam. Alternatively the focused laser beam is applied only to a restricted area of the second material tape, sheet, foil or three-dimensional pre-form corresponding to a selected cross-sectional area of the model of the article and subsequently the non irradiated parts of the second material tape, sheet, foil or three-dimensional pre-form are removed. 
         [0019]    According to another preferred embodiment, the material of the first metallic powder is selected from the group of: nickel base alloy, cobalt base alloy, titanium base alloy, steel, and combinations thereof. 
         [0020]    Preferably, the second material, which as stated above is different from the material of the first metallic powder, is selected from the group of: nickel base alloy, cobalt base alloy, titanium base alloy, steel, and combinations thereof. 
         [0021]    The second material can also be an abradable material, preferably selected from the group of: ceramics, abradable metallic materials, and combinations or composite thereof. 
         [0022]    On the other hand, the second material can also be an abrasive material selected from the group of ceramics, abrasive metallic materials, and combinations or composite thereof. 
         [0023]    The second material may also include hardface material, preferably selected from the group of: boron nitride, chromium carbide, silicon carbide, and combinations or composites thereof. 
         [0024]    For most preferred uses the tape or the sheet has a thickness in the range of 200 μm-1.5 mm, preferably in the range of 0.5-1.0 mm. 
         [0025]    On the other hand, typically a foil used in this process has a thickness in the range of 20-200 μm, preferably in the range of 20-100 μm. 
         [0026]    It should be noted that it is possible and in some cases advisable to combine sheets, foils and/or tapes, in one or several sequential steps of formation of second material portions, and it is also possible and even preferable for certain applications, to combine pre-forms with sheets, plates and/or foils in one or several sequential steps of formation of second material portions on the article. 
         [0027]    According to yet another preferred embodiment of the proposed method, the step of application of a layer or portion of the second metallic material is carried out at least twice sequentially, by which a large second material layer thickness can be achieved. 
         [0028]    It should be noted that combinations of the proposed steps are possible. This means that it is possible to combine several different types of materials in the step of using tapes and/or sheets and/or foils and/or pre-forms by selecting correspondingly different materials for the individual tapes/sheets/foils/pre-forms. It is also possible to, after the application of a second (or third, etc.) material using tapes/sheets/foils/pre-forms, to again apply portions or sections by using metallic powder, so it is possible to have embedded layers of the second material, of second and third material, etc., enclosed by portions of first material made by conventional selected laser melting methods using metallic powder. 
         [0029]    According to yet another preferred embodiment of the invention, the layer or portion of second metallic material is applied on the article on flat and/or three-dimensionally structured (non-flat) contact faces and/or edges and/or within the article. 
         [0030]    The second material can, for example, be applied to contact faces to increase the weld ability/brazeability and/or to facilitate a joint to another three-dimensional article, for example, to a single crystal or a directional solidified article. 
         [0031]    One particular potential advantage of methods embodying principles of the present invention is not only the independence of a metallic powder bed, but also the fact that the three-dimensional shape of pre-forms used can be adapted and tailored. This adaptation is possible in the sense as to define a target outer shape of the article by providing a specifically three-dimensionally pre-form of the second material. On the other hand, the pre-form can be structured in a complementary manner to the contact face of the article at the place where the pre-form is to be applied. Also combinations of these two shapes, so a complementary adaptation to the outer form of the article prior to the application of the pre-form and a three-dimensional structure in the outer side to define the outer shape of the final article after the step of application the pre-form, is possible. This shows the tremendous versatility of methods in accordance with principles of the present invention. 
         [0032]    To summarize, exemplary methods in accordance with the present invention apply multiple materials with selective laser melting (SLM) or an electron beam process on a 3D article without contamination of the powder bed, including at least one of the elements given below, preferably a combination thereof in particular, as outlined in somewhat more detail above.
       a 3D article is built by selective laser melting on a platform and/or a support structure;   the 3D article is built up by melting metal powder (first material) in a multiple layer arrangement using a laser beam or electron beam;   the first material is formed out of nickel base alloy or cobalt base alloy or titanium base alloy or steel;   a second material is applied on a plane on the 3D article or on sections/portions;   these sections can be within the 3D article or on edges, contact faces or other surfaces of the 3D article;   a pre-form can be used for application of the second material, typically only on preferred areas, but not on the whole plane of the 3D article;   different pre-form geometries can be applied on each other so that a stepwise assembly is build up;   the second material can be applied within the base metal of the 3D article to create a layer different from the base metal with a thickness between 20 μm and 1.5 mm;   different materials in any sequences can be applied, only limited by the function of the 3D article;   the second material includes Ni- or Co-base alloys or Ti-alloys or steel, but is different from the first material;   material on contact faces can be applied to increase the weldability/brazeability of the 3D article to another 3D article/to facilitate a joint between the 3D article and a single crystal or directional solidified article;   the second material may include hardface materials such as boron nitride, chromium carbide, silicon carbide and others known in the art;   the second material can be an abradable material such as ceramics, metallic, or composites;   the second material can be an abrasive material such as ceramics, metallic, or composites;   the second material can be a foil;   the foil is made molten by using the laser or electron beam;   the thickness of the foil is between 20 μm and 200 μm, preferably between 20 μm and 100 μm;   the second material can be a tape;   the tape is made molten by using the laser or electron beam;   the thickness of the tape can be between 200 μm and 1.5 mm, preferably between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm;   the second material can be a sheet;   the sheet is made molten by using the laser or electron beam;   the thickness of the sheet is between 200 μm and 1.5 mm, preferably between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm.       
 
         [0056]    Advantages of the methods described herein include, for example:
       Application of multiple, different materials without contamination of the powder in the powder bed. The expensive powder can be reused.   There is no need of process combinations and therefore, besides a handling device, no other process equipment is required.   Cost reduction.   Flexibility and productivity improved.   Simplified handling.   Increase of product functionality.       
 
         [0063]    Furthermore, another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a method as outlined above for the manufacturing and/or the repair and/or the surface coating of gas turbine parts, in particular of blades, vanes, and/or structural parts. 
         [0064]    Last, but not least, yet another aspect of the present invention relates to gas turbine parts, in particular blades, vanes, and structural parts, made using a method as defined above, inclusive of gas turbine parts having parts and/or coatings and/or sections made using methods described herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0065]    Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the following with reference to the drawings, which are for the purpose of illustrating the present preferred embodiments of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the same. In the drawings, 
           [0066]      FIG. 1  shows, in a schematic representation, the individual steps of the formation of a three-dimensional article, wherein in a) the situation just before a selective laser melting step using a powder bed is shown, in b) the situation after the selective laser melting step is shown, in c) the situation after application of a tape of second material and in d) the situation after the formation of a layer of second material on the three-dimensional article is shown; and 
           [0067]      FIG. 2  shows, in a schematic representation, various possibilities made available using the proposed method, wherein in a) the use of tape of second material is illustrated as in  FIG. 1 , in b) the use of a sheet/foil of second material is illustrated, in c) the use of a sheet/foil of second material around a corner of the body of first material is shown; the section of the second material that is located on the side surface of the first material preferably rests on a support structure built from the first material, by gradually extending the side surface to yield the support, in d) the situation before the application of a second layer of second material for the build-up of a multilayer structure is illustrated, in e) the possibility of the formation of second material structures on side surfaces is illustrated; here, the second material on the side surface is supported by a support structure manufactured from the first material; the support structure may be detached from the article after completion of the manufacturing, in f) the possibility of structuring the surface by using second material tape of different thickness is illustrated, in g) the use of a three-dimensionally shaped sheet or foil is illustrated, in h) the possibility of several sequential steps of application of different materials is illustrated, in i) the possibility of using tape in situations where there is a three-dimensionally structured surface on the body of first material is shown, in k) as in i) but with a different surface topology of the body of first material, in l) the possibility of applying second material on complex bodies of first material is illustrated, and in m) the possibility of using pre-forms of second material on a complex body of first material is illustrated. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0068]    In  FIG. 1  a sequence of the production steps using a method embodying principles of the present invention is shown.  FIG. 1   a  schematically illustrates the basic set up of a metal powder based selective laser melting (SLM) or direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) or electron beam melting (EBM) process. In this process, according to the state of the art processes, an article with a three dimensional shape  1  is consecutively built up layer by layer in a metal powder bed  4 . 
         [0069]    The metal powder bed  4  is present in a cavity enclosed by side walls  8  in which typically a support platform  2 , for example by a vertical bar  3 , is mounted such as to be vertically displaceable. With respect to the general principles of such a process, reference is made to the disclosure of WO 92/10343 as well as to the one of WO 98/24574. 
         [0070]      FIG. 1   a  shows the situation just prior to the deposition of yet another layer of material on a block of first material  11  already solidified by preceding laser melting steps. In the production process the three dimensional article (not yet finished) is placed such that its upper surface is covered by a thin metal powder layer  7  in the metal powder bed  4 . The whole three dimensional article  1  is made of one single first material  11 , which is basically the melt result of the metal powder being present in the metal powder bed  4 . 
         [0071]    Now a controllable laser head  5 , the energy and motion of which is controlled by a computer and a corresponding motion control unit, is activated and irradiates a laser beam  6  onto those places where the metal powder present in the metal powder layer  7  is to be melted and to be attached/formed integrally with the three dimensional article  1 . To this end the laser beam  6  is directed depending on corresponding model data over the surface in a certain pattern, optionally repetitively, until, what is illustrated in  FIG. 1   b , a next layer of first material  1  has been built up, this newly formed layer  9  being schematically illustrated by reference numeral  9 . Since, however, this new layer is formed integrally with the previously existing part of article  1 , in a well controlled process the layer  9  will hardly be distinguishable as a true layer. The height of this new layer  9  or part of the article  1  is typically smaller than the height of the metal powder layer  7  due to the melting of the material under irradiation with the laser  6 . 
         [0072]    One main disadvantage of these methods is the fact that only one single material can be used for the build-up of the article. If combinations with other types of material are envisaged, this either leads to a contamination of the metal powder bed  4 , or is associated with a complicated and expensive removal of the powder bed and build-up of a new, different powder bed. These disadvantages can be overcome by methods embodying principles of the present invention. 
         [0073]    As illustrated in  FIG. 1   c , a new layer of a second material different from the first material  11  is build up on a surface of the article  1  by attaching or just putting on top a tape  12  of a second material. This tape  12  can be pre-cut to the desired shape of the new layer of second material; it does not, however, have to be pre-cut. The tape can either be loosely laid on top of the article  1 , or it may also be provisionally attached to a corresponding surface by using adhesives or mechanical fixation. 
         [0074]    Once this layer of strips of tape  12  are put in place, again the laser  5  is activated and the laser beam  6 , by locally melting the material of the tape  12  and moving along the surface, forms a new layer on top of the first material part  11  of the article  1 . At the end of the process the situation is as illustrated in  FIG. 1   b , there is a new layer  13  formed on the surface of the first material  11 , wherein this newly formed layer  13  of the three dimensional article is made of a second material different from the first material. 
         [0075]    Using the embodiments of  FIG. 2  it shall be illustrated how versatile and useful the methods embodying principles of the present invention can be. 
         [0076]      FIG. 2   a  shows essentially the set up as being the starting point of what is illustrated in  FIG. 1   c . Here strips of tape  12  are used for the formation of a layer or portion  13  of a second material and potentially further materials different from the first material generated in the powder bed. 
         [0077]    According to another embodiment, not tape but an actual foil or sheet of second material is used. In case of a sheet  14 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2   b , the sheet typically has a thickness in the range of 200 micrometers to 1.5 millimeter. For thinner structures, foils can be used with thicknesses in the range of 20 micrometer to 200 micrometer. 
         [0078]    As illustrated with the help of  FIG. 2   c , one potential great advantage is also that in one step it is possible not only to provide a new layer on top of an existing body  1  of a first material  11 , but it is also possible to, for example, cover edges by using either a standard foil or by using an actually pre-contoured pre-form around a corner, as illustrated in  FIG. 2   c . If the perform is such that the lateral part over the edge is held by the part lying on top of the body  1 , no further support for the lateral part is necessary. If however the lateral part is not already joined to the horizontal part, the lateral part should be resting on a support structure  19  prior to its attachment to the body. The support structure  19  can be made of the same or another material  11  as the section  1 . The support structure  19  may also be removed after fusion of the lateral part with the body  11   
         [0079]    If a very thick layer of second material  13  has to be built up, it may in some cases be advisable to go through several steps of application of second material, which is illustrated in  FIG. 2   d , where in a preceding step a first layer  13  of second material already has been made using a process as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , and wherein in a yet other step again layers of tape  12  are attached to the new layer  13  and again fused to this layer  13  to form a thicker layer of second material in a process analogous to the one as illustrated in  FIGS. 1   c  and  1   d.    
         [0080]    As already mentioned above, methods embodying principles of the present invention can also be used for applying a different material not only to top surfaces of the article but also to essentially any other surface portion of the article. As illustrated in  FIG. 2   e , it is, for example, possible to attach a strip or tape  12  to a side surface of the article  1  of first material  11  in order to form a lateral protrusion thereon, normally by supporting the second material tape  12  with a support structure  19 . If this is done of course the powder bed should be lowered and should not remain at a level as illustrated in  FIG. 1   c . Again, the support structure  19  may also be removed after fusion of the lateral part with the body  11 . 
         [0081]    One additional possible advantage is the fact that, by particular tailoring of the second material elements, the final outer shape of the final three-dimensional article  1  can be determined by a corresponding choice of the second material elements. As for example illustrated in  FIG. 2   f , different layer thicknesses of the tape  12  can be used in order to result in a stepped final outer shape of the article  1 . 
         [0082]    In a similar manner a foil or sheet can be structured as illustrated in  FIG. 2   g , for example, on a horizontal surface plane of the article  1  made of a first material  11 , a tilted slope of second material can be generated by providing a sheet which gradually gets thinner towards one side. Essentially any kind of grading is possible using correspondingly structured second material elements or pre-forms. 
         [0083]    Another potential advantage is illustrated with the aid of  FIG. 2   h . Indeed multitudes of different materials can be deposited in a very convenient manner. As illustrated here, it is possible to have in the bottom part a first section of first material  11 , then followed by a third material layer  16 , which for example is generated using tapes or sheets. This can be done in the metal powder bed essentially as illustrated in  FIG. 1   c , and for the generation of another layer of first material on top of layer  16 , it is sufficient to lower the support platform  2  and to fill again with metal powder and to solidify a subsequent layer of first material from the powder on top of layer  16 . This can then be combined with yet another layer of a second material  12  by using, as illustrated in  FIG. 2   h , tape  12  which is put on top of the layer of first material. 
         [0084]    The three-dimensional structuring possibilities of the proposed approach can also be used for compensating for a particular 3D structure in the first material surface. As illustrated in  FIG. 2   e  in case of a top surface of the first material part  11  of the article  1  which is three-dimensionally structured as illustrated with reference numeral  17 , it is possible to provide second material elements which are complementary structured to have an again flat horizontal top surface of the final article. 
         [0085]    Indentations, grooves, gaps, holes and the like can also selectively be filled by providing corresponding inserts of second material as illustrated schematically by  FIG. 2   k . The three-dimensional articles can be complex shapes as illustrated with the aid of  FIGS. 2   l  and  2   m . In particular with reference to  FIG. 2   m , a pre-form  18  can essentially take any form which is necessary to, on the one hand, complement the shape of the surface  17  of the underlying part made of first material  11 , but on the other hand, also to define the final three-dimensional outline of the final article  1 . Essentially the shaping of a pre-form  18  is in most cases only limited by the availability of a support structure and the irradiation power of the laser which needs to be sufficiently high to allow for a complete bonding of the pre-form made of second material with the structure provided underneath made of first material. Due to the coating process in powder-based DMLS or EBM processes, the structures can only be built up on a layer-for-layer basis in these processes. Also the regions based on a second material should normally be built up on a layer-for-layer basis. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
               1  Three-dimensional article 
               2  support platform 
               3  bar 
               4  metallic powder material, metal powder bed 
               5  controllable laser head 
               6  laser beam 
               7  metal powder layer 
               8  sidewalls of powder bed 
               9  newly formed layer 
               10  top level of metal powder bed 
               11  first material 
               12  tape of second material 
               13  newly formed layer of three-dimensional article made of second material 
               14  sheet/foil of second material 
               15  three-dimensionally structured sheet/foil of second material 
               16  layer of a third material within three-dimensional article 
               17  three-dimensionally structured surface area of three-dimensional article of first material 
               18  pre-form of second material 
               19  support structure for lateral attachment 
           
         
       
     
         [0105]    While the invention has been described in detail with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and equivalents employed, without departing from the scope of the invention. The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents. The entirety of each of the aforementioned documents is incorporated by reference herein.