Abstract:
A method and system for determining one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for a driver. The system of the invention comprises a processor configured to receive values of one or more parameters indicative of a driving profile of the driver and to calculate a value of each of one or more parameters indicative of the one or more conditions of the insurance policy based upon the values of the one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile. Typically the one or more parameters indicative of the driving profile are calculated from a data steam generated by a vehicle sensor utility installed in a vehicle that monitors the state of the vehicle while being driven by the driver.

Description:
[0001]     This application claims the benefit of prior U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/688,726 filed Jun. 9, 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to a method and system for devising a driving insurance policy for a driver.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Driver skill and responsible behavior is critical for vehicle safety. Various methods and systems have therefore been proposed for automatically monitoring a driver and the manner in which the vehicle is being driven. Such systems and methods allow objective driver evaluation to determine the quality of the driver&#39;s driving practices and facilitate the collection of qualitative and quantitative information related to the contributing causes of vehicle incidents, such as accidents. These systems and methods help to prevent or reduce vehicle accidents, and vehicle abuse, and also help to reduce vehicle operating, maintenance, and replacement costs. The social value of such devices and systems is universal, in reducing the impact of vehicle accidents. The economic value is especially significant for commercial and institutional vehicle fleets.  
         [0004]     Driver monitoring systems vary in their features and functionality and exhibit considerable variability in their approach to the overall problem. Some focus on location and logistics, others on engine diagnostics and fuel consumption, whereas others concentrate on safety management.  
         [0005]     For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,868 to Tokitsu et al. is intended as an adjunct in driving instruction. By monitoring a variety of sensors (such as engine speed, vehicle velocity, selected transmission gear, and so forth), the system of Tokitsu determines whether certain predetermined condition thresholds are exceeded, and, if so, to signal an alarm to alert the driver. Alarms are also recorded for later review and analysis. The Tokitsu system is valuable, for example, if the driver were to rapidly depress the accelerator pedal resulting in an acceleration exceeding a predetermined threshold. This would result in an alarm, cautioning the driver to reduce the acceleration. If the driver were prone to such behavior, this is indicated in the records created by the system.  
         [0006]     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,671,111 and 5,570,087 to Lemelson teach the use of accelerometers and data recording/transmitting equipment to obtain and analyze vehicle acceleration and deceleration.  
         [0007]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,708 to Kamishima discloses a system that detects a vehicle&#39;s position and orientation, turning, and speed, and coupled with a database of past accidents at the present location and determines whether the present vehicle&#39;s driving conditions are similar to those of a past accident, and if so, alerts the driver. If, for example, the current vehicle speed on a particular road exceeds the speed threshold previously stored in the database at that point of the road, the driver could be alerted. Moreover, if excessive speed on that particular area is known to be the cause of many accidents, the system could notify the driver of this.  
         [0008]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,305 to Kondo performs an analysis of vehicle speed and acceleration, engine rotation rate, and applies threshold tests. Such an analysis can often distinguish between good driving behavior and erratic or dangerous driving behavior (via a driving “roughness” analysis). Providing a count of the number of times a driver exceeded a predetermined speed threshold, for example, may be indicative of unsafe driving.  
         [0009]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,989 to Gehlot describes a system of sensors within a vehicle for determining physical impairment of the driver that might interfere with the driver&#39;s ability to safely control his vehicle. Specific physical impairments illustrated include intoxication, fatigue and drowsiness, or medicinal side-effects. In Gehlot&#39;s system, sensors monitor the driver directly, rather than the vehicle.  
         [0010]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,438,472 to Tano, et al. describes a system which statistically analyzes driving data (such as speed and acceleration data) to obtain statistical aggregates that are used to evaluate driver performance. Unsatisfactory driver behavior is determined when certain predefined threshold values are exceeded. A driver whose behavior exceeds a statistical threshold from what is considered safe driving, is classified as a “dangerous” driver. Thresholds can be applied to the statistical measures, such as standard deviation.  
         [0011]     In addition to the above issued patents, there are several commercially available products for monitoring vehicle driving behavior. The “Mastertrak” system by Vetronix Corporation of Santa Barbara, Calif., is intended as a fleet management system which provides an optional “safety module” that addresses vehicle speed and safety belt use. A system manufactured by SmartDriver of Houston, Tex., monitors vehicle speed, accelerator throttle position, engine and engine RPM, and can detect, count, and report on the exceeding of thresholds for these variables.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     The present invention provides a method and system for determining the terms or conditions of an insurance policy for a driver. In accordance with the invention, a driver is profiled according to the risk associated with his driving and one or more conditions are determined for an insurance policy is based upon the driver&#39;s profile. Profiling the driver involves collecting data on the driver&#39;s driving activity and processing the data to calculate one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving skills, his aptitude in handling driving situations, the general safety of his driving, and his risk of being involved in an adverse driving event.  
         [0013]     The calculated parameters are used to determine one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for the driver such as calculating the insurance premium for the policy or calculating a policy deductible (the amount deducted from an indemnification payment made to the insured driver in accordance with the terms of the insurance policy).  
         [0014]     The driver&#39;s profile may be obtained by any method known in the art. The profile is typically obtained by recording driving data of the driver using one or more sensing devices installed in a vehicle while being driven by the driver. The sensing devices may be linked to a processor in the vehicle for initial processing of the data. However, part of the processing of the collected day may be performed in a remotely located server that receives raw or partially processed data from a unit in the vehicle.  
         [0015]     The driver&#39;s driving data may include, for example, any one or more of acceleration in the direction of driving, radial acceleration, speed, and a variety of other factors that relate to the physical location or movement of the vehicle. The driving parameter may also include other parameters more directly associated with the driver such as use of the vehicle&#39;s accelerator pedal or breaks, use of a hand-held mobile communication device while driving, and many others.  
         [0016]     The invention may be applied to a plurality of drivers, for example, a plurality of drivers driving one or more joint vehicles, for example, drivers of a fleet of vehicles, drivers in a family all jointly sharing one or a few vehicles, etc. In this embodiment, driving parameters for each driver may be calculated and the conditions of a driver&#39;s insurance policy may be determined for each driver. Alternatively, the driving parameters obtained for each driver may be used to determine the conditions for a group insurance policy for the entire plurality of drivers. As will be appreciated, the calculation of the conditions of the group insurance policy may involve the extent of driving each driver. For example, a driver that spends a relatively large amount of time driving may be assigned a higher weight in the calculation of the group insurance policy in comparison to a drive that spends only a relatively small amount of time driving.  
         [0017]     A system according to the invention comprises one or more vehicle-installed sensing devices for monitoring the state of the vehicle and outputting data indicative thereof. The sensing devices may be linked to a processor located on the vehicle for initial processing of the data.  
         [0018]     The system in most cases comprises a system server utility and vehicle-carried processor unit. The communication between the vehicle and a server utility will typically be wireless, e.g. transmitted over a cellular network or any other suitable wireless link. A wireless link between the vehicle-installed utilities and the server, permit an essentially real time download of data on the driving activity, and at times partially processed data from the vehicle utilities to the server. However, the communication may at times be through a physical link or a short range contact-less communication, for example, when the a vehicle arrives at a central location such as a service center or refueling station.  
         [0019]     As stated above, the driver&#39;s profile may be obtained from the driver&#39;s driving data which may be collected and initially analyzed in any manner known in the art. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the driving data are collected as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/894,345, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.  
         [0020]     The method and system of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/894,345 is based on the realization that a driver&#39;s driving ability is revealed in the manner that he executes common driving maneuvers. Such driving maneuvers include passing, lane changing, traffic blending, making turns, handling intersections, handling off- and on-ramps, driving in heavy stop-and-go traffic, accelerating, accelerating before turn, accelerating during lane change, accelerating into a turn, accelerating into a turn from rest, accelerating from rest, accelerating out of a turn, accelerating while passing, braking, braking after a turn, braking before a turn, stopping, braking out of a turn, braking within a turn, failed lane change, failed passing, lane change, lane change braking, turning, turning and accelerating, and executing a U-turn.  
         [0021]     The method of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/894,345 calculates the values of parameters of the driver&#39;s driving from parameter values extracted from the driving maneuvers executed by the driver. Fundamental driving events in the driver&#39;s driving are detected from the data streams from the vehicle&#39;s, sensors and driving maneuvers are identified as predetermined sequences of driving events. The driving maneuvers are analyzed to calculate the values of parameters of the driving maneuvers as executed by the driver.  
         [0022]     A driving event handler and the maneuver detector may each, independently, be a software utility operating in a processor, a hardware utility configured for that purpose or, typically, a combination of the two. The event handler and the maneuver detector may both be included in one computing unit, as hardware and/or software modules in such unit, each one may constitute a separate hardware and/or software utility operative in different units. Such different units may be installed in a vehicle, although, as may be appreciated, they may also be constituted in a remote location, e.g. in a system server, or one installed in the vehicle and the other in the remote location. In case one or more of the system&#39;s components is installed in a remote location, the receipt of input from the upstream vehicle installed component may be wireless, in which case the input may be continuous or batch wise (e.g. according to a predefined transmission sequence) or may be through physical or proximity communication, e.g. when a vehicle comes for service or refueling.  
         [0023]     The system of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/894,345 may include a database characteristic driving maneuver and an anomaly detector operative to compare at least one driving maneuver as executed by the driver to a characteristic driving maneuver previously stored in the database. The database may record driving maneuver representations representative of an average driver&#39;s performance, e.g. an average performance in a fleet of drivers, in a defined neighborhood, in a country, drivers of a specific age group, etc. In such a case the driving maneuver for a driver may be compared to a characteristic driving maneuver for a plurality of drivers.  
         [0024]     Thus, in its first aspect, the invention provides a system for determining one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for a driver, comprising a processor configured to:  
         [0025]     (a) receive values of one or more parameters indicative of a driving profile of the driver; and  
         [0026]     (b) calculate a value of each of one or more parameters indicative of the one or more conditions of the insurance policy based upon the values of the one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile.  
         [0027]     In its second aspect, the invention provides a method for determining one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for a driver, comprising a processor configured to:  
         [0028]     (a) receiving values of one or more parameters indicative of a driving profile of the driver; and  
         [0029]     (b) calculating a value of each of one or more parameters indicative of the one or more conditions of the insurance policy based upon the values of the one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile.  
         [0030]     In its third aspect, the invention provides a system for determining one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for a driver, comprising  
         [0031]     (a) a vehicle sensor utility operative to monitor the state of a vehicle and to output a data stream indicative of a driver&#39;s driving; and  
         [0032]     (b) a processor configured to: 
        (i) detect one or more driving events in the driver&#39;s driving from the data stream output from the vehicle sensor utility;     (ii) identify one or more driving maneuvers executed by the driver, a driving maneuver being a predetermined sequence of driving events;     (iii) calculate the values of the one or more parameters indicative of one or more detected driving maneuvers;     (iv) calculate the values of parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile in a calculation involving the values of the one or more parameters indicative of one or more detected driving maneuvers; and     (v) calculate a value of each of one or more parameters indicative of the one or more conditions of the insurance policy based upon the values of the one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile.        
 
         [0038]     In its fourth aspect, the invention provides a method for determining one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for a driver, comprising:  
         [0039]     (a) detecting one or more driving events in the driver&#39;s driving in a data stream output from a vehicle sensor utility;  
         [0040]     (b) identifying one or more driving maneuvers executed by the driver, a driving maneuver being a predetermined sequence of driving events;  
         [0041]     (c) calculating the values of the one or more parameters indicative of one or more detected driving maneuvers;  
         [0042]     (d) calculating the values of parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile in a calculation involving the values of the one or more parameters indicative of one or more detected driving maneuvers; and  
         [0043]     (e) calculating a value of each of one or more parameters indicative of the one or more conditions of the insurance policy based upon the values of the one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile.  
         [0044]     In its fifth aspect, the invention provides a program storage device readable by machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to perform method steps for determining one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for a driver, comprising calculating a value of each of one or more parameters indicative of the one or more conditions of the insurance policy based upon the values of the one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile.  
         [0045]     In its sixth aspect, the invention provides a computer program product comprising a computer useable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein for determining one or more conditions of a driving insurance policy for a driver, the computer program product comprising computer readable program code for causing the computer to calculate a value of each of one or more parameters indicative of the one or more conditions of the insurance policy based upon the values of the one or more parameters indicative of the driver&#39;s driving profile.  
         [0046]     In its seventh aspect, the invention provides computer program comprising computer program code means for performing all the steps of the method of the invention when said program is run on a computer.  
         [0047]     In its eighth aspect, the invention provides a computer program comprising computer program code means for performing all the steps of the method of the invention when said program is run on a computer embodied on a computer readable medium.  
         [0048]     It will also be understood that the system according to the invention may be a suitably programmed computer. Likewise, the invention contemplates a computer program being readable by a computer for executing the method of the invention. The invention further contemplates a machine-readable memory tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine for executing the method of the invention. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0049]     The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0050]      FIG. 1  shows a method and system for providing insurance in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0051]      FIG. 2  shows a method and system for providing insurance in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;  
         [0052]      FIG. 3  shows a graph of a raw data stream from multiple vehicle accelerometers;  
         [0053]      FIG. 4  shows filtering of the raw data stream of  FIG. 3 ;  
         [0054]      FIG. 5  shows parsing the filtered data stream of  FIG. 4  to derive a string of driving events;  
         [0055]      FIG. 6  shows a data and event string analysis for a “lane change” driving maneuver;  
         [0056]      FIG. 7  shows a data and event string analysis for a “turn” driving maneuver;  
         [0057]      FIG. 8  shows a data and event string analysis for a “braking within turn” driving maneuver.  
         [0058]      FIG. 9  shows a data and event string analysis for an “accelerate within turn” driving maneuver;  
         [0059]      FIG. 10  shows a non-limiting illustrative example of transitions of a finite state machine for identifying driving maneuvers;  
         [0060]      FIG. 11  is a flowchart of a method for analyzing and evaluating vehicle driver performance;  
         [0061]      FIG. 12  is schematic diagram of an arrangement for assessing driver skill according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0062]      FIG. 13  is a schematic diagram of an arrangement for assessing driver attitude; and  
         [0063]      FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram of an arrangement for determining whether there is a significant anomaly in the current driver&#39;s behavior and/or performance. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS  
       [0064]     The principles and operation of a system and method according to the present invention may be understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description that illustrate some specific and currently preferred embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments, while illustrative are non-limiting but rather illustrative to the full scope of the invention defined above.  
         [0065]      FIG. 1  shows a system for determining one or more conditions of a driver&#39;s insurance policy in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. A typical set of sensors  101  installed in a vehicle includes one or more sensors such as a tachometer  103 , a speedometer  105 , one or more accelerometers  107 , a GPS receiver  109 , and optional additional sensors  111 . As will be appreciated, the invention is not limited to a specific type of a sensor set and any currently available or future available sensing system may be employed in the present invention. In the case of accelerometers, it is understood that an accelerometer is typically operative to monitoring the acceleration along one particular specified vehicle axis, and outputs a raw data stream corresponding to the vehicle&#39;s acceleration along that axis. Typically, the two main axes of vehicle acceleration that are of interest are the longitudinal vehicle axis—the axis substantially in the direction of the vehicle&#39;s principal motion (“forward” and “reverse”); and the transverse (lateral) vehicle axis—the substantially horizontal axis substantially orthogonal to the vehicle&#39;s principal motion (“side-to-side”). An accelerometer which is capable of monitoring multiple independent vector accelerations, along more than a single axis (a “multi-axis” accelerometer) is herein considered as being equivalent to a plurality of accelerometers, wherein each accelerometer of the plurality is capable of monitoring acceleration along a single axis. Additional sensors in the set of sensors  101  can include sensors for foot brake position, accelerator position, steering wheel position, handbrake position, activation of turn signals, transmission shift position, clutch position, and the like. Some of the sensors, such as tachometer  103  and speedometer  105  may output a continuously varying signal which represents the magnitude of a measured parameter. Other sensors, such as a transmission shift position sensor may have a discrete output which indicates which gear is in use. A more complex output would come from GPS receiver  109 , according to the formatting standards of the manufacturer or industry. Other sensors can include a real-time clock, a directional device such as a compass, one or more inclinometers, temperature sensors, precipitation sensors, ambient light sensors, and so forth, to gauge actual road conditions and other driving factors.  
         [0066]     The output of sensor set  101  is a stream  102  of raw data, in analog and/or digital form. The data stream  102  is input into an analysis and evaluation unit  113 . The evaluation unit  113  calculates the values of one or more parameters of the driver&#39;s driving on the basis of the raw data stream  102 . For example, the evaluation unit  113  may include threshold settings  115  and a threshold discriminator  117 . A statistical unit  119  provides report summaries, and an optional continuous processing unit  121  may be included to preprocess the raw data. The output of analysis and evaluation unit  113  is a statistically-processed data stream  124 .  
         [0067]     The data stream is input to an insurance policy processor  129 , which determines one or more conditions of an insurance policy of the driver. As stated above, determining the one or more conditions of the insurance policy may include calculating a premium for the driver&#39;s driving insurance or calculating a deductible for the policy.  
         [0068]      FIG. 2  illustrates a system for determining one or more conditions of an insurance policy for a driver according to a more preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a driver&#39;s profile is obtained as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/894,345, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The system of this embodiment includes a sensor set  101  that is similar to the sensor set  101  of the  FIG. 1  that monitors states of a vehicle while being driven by the driver, and outputs a raw data stream  102 . The raw data stream  102  is input into a driving event handler  201 , which contains a low-pass filter  202 , a driving event detector  203 , a driving events stack and driving event extractor  205  for storing and managing driving events, and a driving event library  207 , which obtains data from a database  209 .  
         [0069]     In this embodiment, driving events are fundamental driving operations that characterize basic moves of driving, as explained and illustrated in detail below. The driving event handler  201  performs an analysis on the raw data stream  102  from sensor set  101 , and outputs a string of driving events  206 . A driving event string may be a time-ordered non-empty set of driving event symbols arranged in order of their respective occurrences. Driving event detector  203  performs a best-fit comparison of the filtered sensor data stream with event types from event library  207 , such as by using a sliding window technique over the data stream. A real-time clock  208  provides a reference time input to the system, illustrated here for a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention as input to driving event handler  201 .  
         [0070]     A driving event may be characterized by a symbol that qualitatively identifies the basic driving operation, and may be associated with one or more numerical parameters which quantify the driving event. These parameters may be derived from scaling and offset factors used in making a best-fit comparison against events from the event library  207 . For example, the scaling of the time axis and the scaling of the variable value axis which produce the best fit of the selected segment of the input data stream to the model of the event in event library  207  can be used as numerical parameters (in most cases, one or more of these numerical parameters are related to the beginning and end times of the driving event). If close fits can be obtained between the string of driving events and the input data stream, the event string (including the event symbols and associated parameter set) can replace the original data stream, thereby greatly compressing the data and providing an intelligent analysis thereof.  
         [0071]     The driving event string  206  is input into a driving maneuver detector  211 . A driving maneuver is recognized as a sequence of driving events which are executed when the maneuver is executed. A “lane change”, for example, is a driving maneuver that, in the simplest case, may be represented by a sequence of a lateral acceleration followed by a lateral deceleration during a period of forward motion. A lane change during a turn is more involved, but can be similarly represented by a sequence of driving events. As in the case of the driving events themselves, driving maneuvers can contain one or more numerical parameters, which are related to the numerical parameters of the driving events which make up the driving maneuver.  
         [0072]     A driving maneuver sequence is a time-ordered non-empty set of driving maneuvers arranged according to the respective times of their occurrence. Referring still to  FIG. 2 , it is seen that in order to derive a sequence of driving maneuvers from a string of driving events, maneuver detector  211  contains a maneuver library  213  fed from the database  209 , a pattern recognition unit  215  to recognize sequences of driving events which make up driving maneuvers, and a maneuver classifier  217  to construct a driving maneuver sequence output. By comparing the timing and other quantities of the driving maneuver with those of known skillful drivers, a skill assessor  219  calculates a skill rating for the driver&#39;s execution of one or more driving maneuvers. Furthermore, by analyzing the magnitude of certain key parameters (such as those related to acceleration and deceleration during the maneuver), an attitude assessor  221  can develop and assign an attitude rating to the current driver&#39;s execution of the driving maneuver. Moreover, each maneuver may be assigned a weighting driving risk coefficient for developing and assigning an aggregate attitude rating for the current driver.  
         [0073]     As a non-limiting example, a simple event is to start the vehicle moving forward from rest (the “start” event). A numerical parameter for this event is the magnitude of the acceleration. A generalized version of this event is a speed increase of a moving vehicle (the “accelerate” event). Another simple event is to slow the vehicle to a halt from a moving condition (the “stop” event).  
         [0074]     The following Table 1 includes non-limiting examples of some common driving maneuvers, their common meaning in a driving context, and their suggested driving risk coefficients. It is noted that there are many possible descriptive terms for the driving events and driving maneuvers described herein, and the choice of the terms that are used herein has by itself no significance in the context of the invention. For example, the “passing” driving maneuver is herein named after the common term for the maneuver in the United States, but the same maneuver is also referred to as “bypassing” or “overtaking” in some locations.  
         [0075]     In the non-limiting example shown in  FIG. 1 , coefficients range from 1 to 10, with 10 representing the most dangerous driving maneuvers. Risk coefficients, of course, are subjective, and according to other embodiments of the present invention may be redefined to suit empirical evidence. The coefficients may also be different for different countries, different driver populations, etc. The coefficients may be different at different times. For example, driving at a speed above a given threshold may be assigned a relatively low risk coefficient during the daylight hours, and a higher risk coefficient during the night.  
                                   TABLE 1                           Examples of Driving Maneuvers and Driving Risk Coefficients            Driving Maneuver   Coefficient                    Accelerate   3       increase vehicle speed       Accelerate before Turn   6       increase vehicle speed prior to a turn       Accelerate during Lane Change   5       increase vehicle speed while moving to a different       travel lane       Accelerate into Turn   5       Increase vehicle speed while initiating a turn       Accelerate into Turn out of Stop   6       start moving vehicle while initiating a turn from       a stopped position       Accelerate out of Stop   5       start moving vehicle from a stopped position       Accelerate out of Turn   4       increase vehicle speed while completing a turn       Accelerate while Passing   5       increase vehicle speed while overtaking and bypassing       a leading vehicle when initially traveling in       the same travel lane       Braking   5       applying vehicle brakes to reduce speed       Braking after Turn   6       applying vehicle brakes to reduce speed after       completing a turn       Braking before Turn   7       applying vehicle brakes to reduce speed before       beginning a turn       Braking into Stop   3       applying vehicle brakes to reduce speed and coming       to a stopped position       Braking out of Turn   7       applying vehicle brakes to reduce speed while       completing a turn       Braking within Turn   8       applying vehicle brakes to reduce speed during a turn       Failed Lane Change   10       aborting an attempted move to a different travel lane       Failed Passing   10       aborting an attempt to overtake and bypass a leading       vehicle when initially traveling in the same       travel lane       Lane Change   4       moving into a different travel lane       Lane Change and Braking   8       moving into a different travel lane and then applying       vehicle brakes to reduce speed       Passing   4       overtaking and bypassing a leading vehicle       when initially traveling in the same travel lane       Passing and Braking   8       overtaking and passing a leading vehicle when       initially traveling in the same travel lane and       then applying vehicle brakes to reduce speed       Turn   3       substantially changing the vehicle travel direction       Turn and Accelerate   4       substantially changing the vehicle travel direction       and then increasing vehicle speed       U-Turn   5       substantially reversing the vehicle travel direction                  
 
         [0076]     The maneuver detector  211  may include an anomaly detector  223  in which the driving maneuvers executed by the driver are checked for inconsistencies with a previously obtained driving profile of the driver. A profile or set of profiles for a driver can be maintained in the database  209  for comparison with the driver&#39;s current driving profile. A set of profiles for various maneuvers can be maintained so that whatever the current driving maneuver happens to be, a comparison can be made with a previously recorded reference maneuver of the same category (namely, for example, a lane change maneuver with a recorded lane change maneuver, etc.). If there is a significant discrepancy between the current driving maneuvers and stored previously reference profiles for the driver, which are used as reference, the driving inconsistencies can be reported to an emergency alert  227  for follow-up checking or investigation. As previously noted, a significant discrepancy or inconsistency may indicate an unsafe condition (e.g. as a result of a driver&#39;s current attitude, as a consequence of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, etc.).  
         [0077]     The output  220  of the maneuver detector  211  icludes a sequence of driving maneuvers together with the skill ratings of the driver&#39;s execution of the maneuvers. The output  220  is input to an insurance policy processor  229 . The insurance policy processor  229  determines one or more conditions of an insurance policy of the driver in a calculation involving the data in the output  220 . As stated above, determining the one or more conditions of the insurance policy may include calculating a premium for the driver&#39;s driving insurance or calculating a deductible for the policy.  
         [0000]     Analysis of Raw Data to Obtain a Driving Event String  
         [0078]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of raw data stream  307  obtained from two vehicle accelerometers, as plotted in a 3-dimensional form. An x-axis  301  represents the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle (in the direction in which the vehicle is normally traveling), and hence represents forward and reverse acceleration and deceleration data  307 . A y-axis  303  represents the transverse (lateral) acceleration of the vehicle to the left and right of the direction in which the vehicle is normally traveling,. A time axis  305  is perpendicular to the x and y-axes. Data  307  are representative of the time-dependent raw data stream output from sensor set  101  ( FIG. 2 ).  
         [0079]     Note that  FIG. 3  is a non-limiting example for the purpose of illustration. Other raw sensor data streams besides acceleration can be represented in a similar manner. Other examples include accelerator (gas) pedal, position, speed, brake pedal position and brake pressure, gear shifting rate, etc. In other cases, however, the graph may not need multiple data axes. Acceleration is a vector quantity and therefore has directional components, requiring multiple data axes. Scalar variables, however, have no directional components and two-dimensional graphs may suffice to represent the data stream in time. Speed, brake pressure, and so forth are scalar variables.  
         [0080]      FIG. 4   a  shows the data depicted in  FIG. 3  in a two-dimensional form in which the acceleration data in two dimensions (the x and y axes in  FIG. 3 ), are shown on a common time axis. The longitudinal acceleration (the x axis in  FIG. 3 ) is shown as a data stream  401   a , and the lateral acceleration (the y axis in  FIG. 3 ) is shown as a sta stream  140   b .  FIG. 4   b  illustrates the effect of the initial filtering of the data streams x and y in  FIG. 4   a  performed by low-pass filter  202 . After applying low-pass filter  202  to each of the data streams  401   a  and  401   b , respective filtered data streams  403   a , and  403   b  are output in which noise has been removed is output. In addition to low-pass filtering, low-pass filter  202  can also apply a moving average and/or a domain filter.  
         [0081]      FIG. 5  illustrates the parsing each of the filtered data streams  403   a  and  403   b  into a string of driving events. Driving events are indicated by distinctive patterns in the filtered data stream, and can be classified according, for example, to the following non-limiting set of driving events:  
         [0082]     a “Start” event  501 , designated herein as S, wherein the variable has an initial substantially zero value;  
         [0083]     an “End” event  503 , designated herein as E, wherein the variable has a final substantially zero value;  
         [0084]     a maximum or “Max” event  505 , designated herein as M, wherein the variable reaches a substantially maximum value;  
         [0085]     a minimum or “Min” event  507 , designated herein as L, wherein the variable reaches a substantially minimum value;  
         [0086]     a “Cross” event  509 , designated herein as C, wherein the variable changes sign (crosses the zero value on the axis);  
         [0087]     a local maximum or “L. Max” event  511 , designated herein as  0 , wherein the variable reaches a local substantially maximum value;  
         [0088]     a local flat or “L. Flat” event  513 , designated herein as T, wherein the variable has a local (temporary) substantially constant value; and  
         [0089]     a “Flat” event  515 , designated herein as F, wherein the variable has a substantially constant value.  
         [0090]     As previously mentioned, each of these driving events designated by a symbolic representation also has a set of one or more numerical parameters which quantify the numerical values associated with the event. For example, a “Max” event M has the value of the maximum as a parameter. In addition, the time of occurrence of the event is also stored with the event.  
         [0091]     It is possible to define additional driving events in a similar fashion. For events involving vector quantities, such as for acceleration (as in the present non-limiting example), the driving event designations are expanded to indicate whether the event relates to the x component or the y component. For example, a maximum of the x-component (of the acceleration) is designated as Mx, whereas a maximum of the y-component (of the acceleration) is designated as My.  
         [0092]     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , it is seen that filtered data streams  403   a  and  403   b  contain the following time-ordered sequence of driving events:  
         [0093]     an Sx event  521 ;  
         [0094]     an Lx event  523 ;  
         [0095]     an Fy event  525 ;  
         [0096]     an Ex event  527 ;  
         [0097]     an Sy event  529 ;  
         [0098]     an Mx event  531 ;  
         [0099]     an My event  533 ;  
         [0100]     an Ly event  535 ;  
         [0101]     a Ty event  537 ;  
         [0102]     an Ey event  539 ;  
         [0103]     an Sx event  541 ; and  
         [0104]     an Mx event  543 .  
         [0105]     The above analysis is performed by the event handler  201  ( FIG. 2 ). The resulting parsed filtered data thus results in the output of the driving event string from event handler  201 :  
         [0106]     Sx Lx Fy Ex Sy Mx My Ly Ty Ey Sx Mx  
         [0107]     Once again, each of the symbols of the above event string has associated parameters which numerically quantify the individual events.  
         [0108]     According to another embodiment of the present invention, there are also variations on these events, depending on the sign of the variable. For example, there may be an Sx positive event and an Sx negative event, corresponding to acceleration and deceleration, respectively.  
         [0000]     Analysis of a Driving Event String to Obtain a Sequence of Driving Maneuvers  
         [0109]      FIG. 6  illustrates raw data stream  601  for a Lane Change driving maneuver, as a 3-dimensional representation of the x- and y- acceleration components as a function of time. A two dimensional graph  603  shows the x- and y-acceleration components on a common time axis. The driving event sequence for this maneuver is: an Sy event  605 ; an My event  607 ; a Cy event  609 ; an Ly event  611 ; and an Ey event  613 . Thus, the driving event sequence Sy My Cy Ly Ey corresponds to a Lane Change driving maneuver.  
         [0110]      FIG. 7  illustrates raw data  701  for a Turn driving maneuver, The driving event sequence for this maneuver is: an Sy event  703 ; an Ly event  705 ; and an Ey event  707 . Thus, the driving event sequence Sy Ly Ey corresponds to a Turn driving maneuver.  
         [0111]      FIG. 8  illustrates raw data  801  for a Braking within Turn driving maneuver. The driving event sequence for this maneuver is: an Sy event  803 ; an Sx event  805 ; an My event  807 ; an Ey event  809 ; an Lx event  811 ; and an Ex event  813 . Thus, the driving event sequence Sy Sx My Ey Lx Ex corresponds to a Braking within Turn driving maneuver.  
         [0112]     It is noted that the Braking within Turn driving maneuver illustrates how the relative timing between the x-component events and the y-component events can be altered to create a different driving maneuver. Referring to  FIG. 8 , it is seen that the order of Sx event  805  and My event  807  can in principle be reversed, because they are events related to different independent variables (the forward x-component of acceleration versus and the lateral y-component of acceleration). The resulting driving event sequence, Sy My Sx Ey Lx Ex thus corresponds to a driving maneuver where the maximum of the lateral acceleration (My) occurs before the braking begins (Sx), rather than afterwards as in the original driving maneuver Sy Sx My Ey Lx Ex, as shown in  FIG. 8 . This change in timing can create a related, but different driving maneuver that can, under some circumstances, have significantly different dynamic driving characteristics and may represent a completely different level of risk. Because the timing difference between these two maneuvers can be only a small fraction of a second, the ability of a driver to successfully execute one of these maneuvers in preference over the other may depend critically on his level of driving skill and experience.  
         [0113]     It is further noted that a similar situation exists regarding the relative timing of the Ey event  809  and Lx event  811 . These two events are also related to independent variables and in principle can be interchanged to create another different driving event sequence, Sy My Sx Lx Ey Ex. All in all, it is possible to create a total of four distinct, but related event sequences:  
         [0114]     1. Sy My Sx Ey Lx Ex  
         [0115]     2. Sy Sx My Ey Lx Ex  
         [0116]     3. Sy My Sx Lx Ey Ex  
         [0117]     4. Sy Sx My Lx Ey Ex  
         [0118]     It is noted above that some of these event sequences may have different characteristics. However, some of these sequences may not have significant differences in the characteristics of the resulting driving maneuvers. In this latter case, an embodiment of the present invention considers such differences to be variations in a basic driving maneuver, rather than a different driving maneuver. The alternative forms of the driving event strings for these similar driving maneuvers are stored in the database in order that such alternative forms may be recognized.  
         [0119]     It is further noted that the above remarks are not limited to this particular set of driving maneuvers, but may apply to many other driving maneuvers as well.  
         [0120]      FIG. 9  illustrates raw data  901  for an Accelerate within Turn driving maneuver. The driving events indicated are: an Sy event  903 ; an Sx event  905 ; an Mx event  907 ; an Ex event  909 ; an My event  911 ; and an Ey event  913 . Thus, the driving event sequence Sy Sx Mx Ex My Ey corresponds to an Accelerate within Turn driving maneuver.  
         [0121]      FIG. 10  illustrates a non-limiting example of the transitions of a finite state machine for identifying driving maneuvers, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Such a machine can perform pattern recognition and function as the pattern recognition unit  215  ( FIG. 2 ), or can supplement the action thereof. In this example, the machine of  FIG. 10  can recognize four different driving maneuvers: Accelerate, Braking, Turn, and Turn and Accelerate. The transitions initiate at a begin point  1001 , and conclude at a done point  1003 . The machine examines each driving event in the input event string, and traverses a tree with the branchings corresponding to the recognized driving maneuvers as shown. If the first event is Sx, then the maneuver is either Accelerate or Braking. Thus, if the next events are Mx Ex, it is an Accelerate maneuver, and a transition  1005  outputs Accelerate. If the next events are Lx Ex, however, a transition  1007  outputs Braking. Similarly, if the first event is Sy, the maneuver is either Turn or Turn and Accelerate. If the next events are My Ey, a transition  1009  outputs Turn. Otherwise, if the next events are Mx My Ex Ey, a transition  1011  outputs Turn and Accelerate. In this illustrative example, if there is no node corresponding to the next driving event in the event string, the machine makes a transition to done point  1003  without identifying any maneuver. In practice, however, the finite state machine will associate a driving maneuver with each physically-possible input string.  
         [0000]     Method and Processing  
         [0122]      FIG. 11  is an overall flowchart of a method according to a preferred embodiment of the invention for analyzing and evaluating vehicle driver performance and behavior. The input to the method is a raw sensor data stream  1101 , such as the output  102  from sensor set  101  ( FIG. 2 ). The method starts with a filter step  1103  in which the sensor data stream is filtered to remove extraneous noise. This is followed by an event-detection step  1105 , after which a driving event string  1107  is generated in a step  1109 . After this, a pattern-matching step  1111  matches the events of event string  1107  to maneuvers in maneuver library  213  ( FIG. 2 ), in order to generate a maneuver sequence  1113  in a step  1115 . Following this, a step  1119  assesses the driver&#39;s skill and creates a skill rating  1117 . In addition, a step  1123  assesses the driver&#39;s attitude and creates an attitude rating  1121 . The results of the driver skill assessment step  1119 , the driver attitude assessment step  1123 , and the driving anomaly detection step  1127  are then input to is input to an insurance policy processor  229  that determines one or more conditions of an insurance policy of the driver.  
         [0000]     Assessing Skill and Attitude  
         [0123]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of an arrangement or process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention for assessing driver skill for a maneuver  1201 . For this assessment, an executed maneuver  1201  is represented by a driving event sequence, as described above. The maneuver library  213  ( FIG. 2 ) contains a poorly-skilled maneuver template  1203 , which is a driving event sequence for the same maneuver, but with parameters corresponding to those of an inexperienced or poor driver. Maneuver library  213  also contains a highly-skilled maneuver template  1205 , which is a driving event sequence for the same maneuver, but with parameters corresponding to those of an experienced and skilled driver. Poorly-skilled maneuver template  1203  and highly-skilled maneuver template  1205  are combined in a weighted fashion by being multiplied by a multiplier  1207  and a multiplier  1209 , respectively, with the weighted components added together by an adder  1211 . Multiplier  1209  multiplies highly-skilled maneuver template  1205  by a factor f which ranges from 0 to 1, whereas multiplier  1207  multiplies poorly-skilled maneuver template  1203  by a factor (1−f), so that the output of adder  1211  is a weighted linear combination of poorly-skilled maneuver template  1203  and highly-skilled maneuver template  1205 . This weighted linear combination is input into a comparator  1213 , which also has an input from the executed maneuver  1201 . The output of comparator  1213  adjusts the value off for both multiplier  1207  and multiplier  1209 , such that the stable value off corresponds to the weighted combination of poorly-skilled maneuver template  1203  and highly-skilled maneuver template  1205  that comes closest to being the same as maneuver  1201 . Thus, the factor f serves as a skill ranking of the driver&#39;s performance for maneuver  1201 , where a value of f=1 represents the highest degree of skill, and a value of f=0 represents the lowest degree of skill. In an embodiment of the present invention, skill ratings corresponding to several driving maneuvers can be statistically-combined, such as by analyzer  225  ( FIG. 2 ).  
         [0124]     As noted,  FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of a process to assess skill level for a maneuver. From the perspective of an algorithm or method, the procedure involves finding the value off in the interval [0, 1] for which the f-weighted highly-skilled template added to a (1−f)-weighted poorly-skilled most closely approximates the maneuver in question.  
         [0125]     In still another embodiment of the present invention, the assessing of skill by comparison of the maneuver with various standards is accomplished through the application of well-known principles of fuzzy logic.  
         [0126]     A similar assessment regarding driver attitude is illustrated in  FIG. 13 . The templates retrieved from the maneuver library  213  are a template  1303  for a safely-executed maneuver corresponding to maneuver  1201 , and a template  1305  for a dangerously-executed maneuver corresponding to maneuver  1201 . These are combined in a weighted fashion by a multiplier  1309 , which multiplies dangerously-executed maneuver  1305  by a factor g, on the interval [0, 1], and a multiplier  1307 , which multiplies safely-executed maneuver  1303  by a factor of (1−g). The multiplied maneuvers are added together by an adder  1311 , and the combination is compared against maneuver  1201  by a comparator  1313  to find the value of g which yields the closest value to the original maneuver. Thus, g serves as a ranking of the driver&#39;s attitude for maneuver  1201 , where a value of g=1 represents the greatest degree of danger, and a value of g=0 represents the lowest degree of danger. An intermediate value of g, such as g=0.5 can be interpreted to represent “aggressive” driving, where the driver is taking risks.  
         [0127]     As noted,  FIG. 13  is a schematic diagram of a process to assess attitude level for a maneuver. From the perspective of an algorithm or method, the procedure finds the value of g in the interval [0, 1] for which the g-weighted dangerously-executed maneuver template added to a (1−g)-weighted safely-executed maneuver most closely approximates the maneuver in question.  
         [0128]     In an embodiment of the present invention, attitude ratings of many driving maneuvers as executed by the driver can be statistically-combined, such as by analyzer  225  ( FIG. 2 ). When statistically combining attitude ratings for different maneuvers according to embodiments of the present invention, note that different maneuvers have different risk coefficients, as shown in Table 1. The more risk a maneuver entails, the higher is the risk coefficient. As a non-limiting example, a driver who performs a Lane Change (risk coefficient=4) with a g=0.3 and then performs a Braking within Turn (risk coefficient=8) with a g=0.7 would have an average driving attitude for these two maneuvers given by: 
 
(4*0.3+8*0.7)/2=3.4 
 
         [0129]     In another embodiment of the present invention, the assessed attitude of the driver is statistically computed using the maximum (most dangerous) value of the set of maneuvers. For the example above, this would be 8*0.7=5.6.  
         [0130]     It is further noted that the factors f and g are arbitrary regarding the choice of the interval [0, 1], and the assignment of meaning to the extremes of the interval. A different interval could be chosen, such as 1-10, for example, with whatever respective meanings are desired for the value 1 and the value 10. Thus, the examples above are non-limiting.  
         [0000]     Anomaly Detection  
         [0131]      FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram of an arrangement or process according to an embodiment of the present invention for determining whether there is a significant anomaly in the behavior and/or performance of the current driver in comparison to that driver&#39;s past behavior and performance. A particular driving maneuver  1401  is under scrutiny, and is compared against a previously obtained record  1403  of the current driver&#39;s past execution of the same maneuver. Characteristic record  1403  is retrieved from database  209  ( FIG. 2 ). The magnitude of the difference between maneuver  1401  and characteristic maneuver  1403  is obtained by a magnitude subtractor  1405 , which outputs the absolute value of the difference. A discriminator  1409  compares the difference magnitude from magnitude subtractor  1405  against a threshold value  1407 . If the difference magnitude exceeds threshold value  1407 , discriminator  1409  outputs a driving inconsistency signal.  
         [0132]     As noted,  FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram of a process to assess discrepancies or anomalies in the performance of a maneuver when compared to a previously-recorded reference. From the perspective of an algorithm or method, the procedure compares the magnitude of the difference of the maneuver and the previously-recorded reference against a threshold value  1407 . If the magnitude of the difference exceeds threshold value  1407 , a discrepancy is signaled.  
         [0133]     In some cases, such as for inexperienced drivers, it is to be expected that over time the quality of driving may steadily improve. In cases such as this, there may come a point where the driver&#39;s performance and/or attitude may improve to the point where his or her driving may exhibit significant anomalies (because of the improvements). Therefore, in an embodiment of the present invention, the system may update the characteristic records in database  209  to account for improved quality of driving.  
         [0134]     While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made.  
         [0135]     While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made.