Abstract:
A light-emitting system for emitting light, comprising: (a) at least one light-emitting diode (LED) configured to emit LED light; (b) at least one optical element optically coupled to said at least one LED and configured to direct a first fraction of said LED light along a first optical path and a second fraction of said LED light along a second optical path; and (c) a color modification element disposed along said second optical path and configured to modify the spectrum of said second fraction of said LED light to emit modified light.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/191,679, filed Feb. 27, 2014, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/851,094, filed Mar. 1, 2013, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The disclosure relates to the field of LED illumination systems and more particularly to techniques for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Conventional halogen-based MR16 lamps include certain designs. In many cases, for aesthetic purposes, perceptible radiation is emitted in a direction substantially opposite that of the projection direction. For example, MR16 lamps on “track lighting” systems used in higher-end restaurants employ this characteristic. This backward-emitted light is actually the residual effect of visible light leakage through the dichroic filter applied to the reflector in many MR16 lamps. The multi-layered reflector causes different regimes of the visible spectrum to be transmitted (backwards) or reflected (projected), so that the backward emitted light has a “rainbow” appearance which is pleasing to the eye and contributes positively to the overall ambience. A side-view photograph of such a halogen lamp in operation is shown below (left). 
         [0004]    Unfortunately, halogen lamps are extremely inefficient (˜10-20 lm/W, or ˜5% of theoretical light-generation efficiency) and are thus not cost effective to operate. LED reflector lamps, on the other hand, exhibit efficacies up to 60 lm/W (˜20% efficient) and correspondingly lower operating costs. However, LED reflector lamp designs today substantially block the backward emitted light, and thus are unable to provide an aesthetic feature that is highly valued by many lighting designers and end users (see above: middle, right). Thus, legacy LED reflector lamps are not able to be deployed in certain applications, meaning reduced market adoption for energy-efficient lamps and thus slower reduction of greenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity consumption for lighting. 
         [0005]    Prior descriptions of LED lamps to effect decorative illumination require additional LEDs to provide such illumination directly (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,597,456). The additional LEDs add cost and complexity to the LED lamp. What is needed is a cost-effective LED reflector lamp solution that provides for backward emitted light. The aforementioned legacy technologies do not have the capabilities to perform apportioning of the optical projection paths in an LED lamp. Therefore, there is a need for improved approaches. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]    Those skilled in the art will understand that the drawings, described herein, are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
           [0007]      FIG. 1A  exemplifies a halogen lamp with a dichroic reflector. 
           [0008]      FIG. 1B  exemplifies a low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp that exemplifies low bound or zero bound of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0009]      FIG. 1C  exemplifies an alternative low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp that exemplifies lower bounds of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic that shows techniques for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2B  is a side view of an MR16 reflector lamp having a dichroic TIR lens that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3A  shows a series of assembly views of a lamp having a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3B  shows a bottom view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4A  shows a side view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4B  shows a rear view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4C  shows a front view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5A  is a side view of a PAR30L lamp, showing visible effects of apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5B  is a top orthogonal view of a PAR30L lamp, showing a variable surface area reflector for use in apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  depicts side views of a selection of form factors, according to some embodiments. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7A  through  FIG. 7I  depict embodiments of the present disclosure in the form of large form-factor lamp applications, according to some embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Definitions 
       [0021]    The term “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. 
         [0022]    The term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or is clear from the context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A, X employs B, or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or is clear from the context to be directed to a singular form. 
         [0023]    A “module” includes any mix of any portions of computer memory and any extent of circuitry including circuitry embodied as a processor. 
         [0024]    Reference is now made in detail to certain embodiments. The disclosed embodiments are not intended to be limiting of the claims. 
       Overview 
       [0025]    An LED-based emitter is mounted on a heatsink and electrically connected to a socket connector (GU10, E27, EZ10, etc.). The emitter is optically coupled to one or more lens elements which has the primary function to project light from the emitter into the desired beam for the reflector lamp type being emulated (e.g., MR16 spot, narrow-flood, wide-flood, etc.). The emitter (“LED”) faces towards the projection direction; geometry is shown below (left). A typical lens element might be a total-internal-reflector (TIR) lens. The lens is designed to allow a perceptible amount of light to “leak” backwards as described above. More importantly, the lamp housing is designed such that there is a direct optical path for the leaked light from the lens to outside of the lamp envelope. 
         [0026]    In one embodiment, the emitter is direct-bonded to a heatsink comprising a branch configuration for convective thermal management, as described by Shum et al. in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/025,791. A side-view photograph of such a lamp in operation is shown in  FIG. 2B . The backward-emitting leaked light is clearly visible. 
         [0027]    In another embodiment, the side surface(s) of a TIR lens may be coated with a multi-layer (“dichroic”) reflector in order to provide a “rainbow” appearance to the backward-emitted light. Different appearances can be achieved by changing the reflector coating and may be tuned to suit certain applications and/or customers. The same effect could be achieved with a reflective lens, wherein the opaque metallized reflective layers are replaced by a combination of dichroic coating and thin metal reflective layers. 
         [0028]    In another embodiment, a color modification element is provided between the lens and the back-side of the LED lamp housing. The color modification element may compromise a dichroic filter, an absorbing medium, a pigmented medium, or a fluorescing medium. 
         [0029]    In one embodiment, the color modification element is a lens retaining sheath. A prototype of this embodiment is shown in the figures below. The retaining sheath is comprised of colored plastic which serves to determine the color of the decorative light emitted out the backside of the lamp. In principle, the retaining sheath could be “field-changeable” so that scenes employing such lamps could be configured for different colors of decorative lighting on an ongoing basis. In cases wherein decorative lighting is not wanted, the sheath could be provided as opaque. 
         [0030]    While the present description is focused on MR16 lamp form factors, other reflective lamp form factors (e.g., PAR, AR-111, etc.) are within the scope of the invention as well as new reflective lamp form factors which will develop in the future. Thus the invention is not limited to specific types of reflective lamp form factors. 
       Descriptions of Exemplary Embodiments 
       [0031]      FIG. 1A  exemplifies a halogen lamp with a dichroic reflector  1 A 00  apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present dichroic reflector  1 A 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The dichroic reflector  1 A 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0032]      FIG. 1B  exemplifies a low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp  1 B 00  that exemplifies lower bounds of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp  1 B 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp  1 B 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0033]    The apportioning causes different regimes of the visible spectrum to be transmitted (backwards) or reflected (projected), so that the backward emitted light has a controllable and/or selectable appearance. 
         [0034]      FIG. 1C  exemplifies an alternative low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp  1 C 00  that exemplifies lower bounds of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp  1 C 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp  1 C 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0035]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic  2 A 00  that shows techniques for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present schematic  2 A 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The schematic  2 A 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0036]    As shown, an LED  212  emits light, which light is incident on lens  208 . Some of the light passes through a projection plane  206 , resulting in forward emission  204 . Some of the light reflects off of a projection plane  206 , resulting in rearward or backward emission  210   
         [0037]      FIG. 2B  is a side view of an MR16 reflector lamp  2 B 00  having a dichroic TIR lens that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present MR16 reflector lamp  2 B 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The MR16 reflector lamp  2 B 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0038]    The MR16 reflector lamp  2 B 00  (or other lamps) may be inserted partially or completely into an electrical fixture or housing. The shown electrical fixture provides a mechanical and electrical mount point for connecting the lamp to a power source. The shown electrical fixture can further be fitted with electrical mount points (e.g., connectors inside or outside a housing) and/or the electrical fixture can further be fitted with additional mechanical mount points (e.g., such as in a luminaire) for retaining the lamp in a position. 
         [0039]      FIG. 3A  shows a series of assembly views of a lamp  3 A 00  having a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present lamp  3 A 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The lamp  3 A 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0040]    The shown color modification element can be fitted to a lens or ring or heatsink. 
         [0041]      FIG. 3B  shows a bottom view of a lamp  3 B 00  fitted with a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present lamp  3 B 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The lamp  3 B 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0042]      FIG. 4A  shows a side view of a lamp  4 A 00  fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present lamp  4 A 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The lamp  4 A 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0043]      FIG. 4B  shows a rear view of a lamp  4 B 00  fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present lamp  4 B 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The lamp  4 B 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0044]      FIG. 4C  shows a front view of a lamp  4 C 00  fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp. As an option, the present lamp  4 C 00  may be implemented in the context of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. The lamp  4 C 00  or any aspect therein may be implemented in any desired environment. 
         [0045]      FIG. 5A  is a side view of a PAR30L lamp showing visible effects of apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments. This embodiment is in the form of a lamp  500  comprising one or more light-emitting diodes and a lens within an envelope (e.g., form factor of the PAR30L lamp). As shown, the lamp has a projection plane at a primary exit surface of the lens (e.g., in this case the shown downward-direction, away from the neck). In this embodiment:
       At least some of the light-emitting diodes face toward the primary projection plane to form a primary projection path.   Additionally, the envelope of the shown form factor and characteristics of the heatsink  502  provides a direct optical path other than the primary projection path for perceptible light from the light-emitting diodes to emanate to points outside the envelope, wherein the emanated light from the direct optical path other than the primary projection path does not intersect the projection plane.       
 
         [0048]    It is possible that emanated light from the direct optical path other than the primary projection path can reflect off of surroundings, and those reflections can possibly intersect the projection plane, however such reflections comprise indirect paths rather than direct optical paths. 
         [0049]    The PAR30L lamp has a primary projection direction that is normal to the projection plane (e.g., pointing away from both the lens and the light-emitting diodes, as show) wherein the perceptible light is emitted at angles greater than 90 degrees from the projection direction. Other designs emanate perceptible light at angles greater than 120 degrees from the projection direction. 
         [0050]      FIG. 5B  is a top orthogonal view of a MR-16 lamp, showing a variable surface area reflector for use in apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments. 
         [0051]    As shown, the construction of the lamp includes a reflective surface in the form of a reflector that is integrated with or added to the heatsink body. The shown variable area reflector  526  can be formed by shaping and/or treating surfaces of the heatsink, or can be an element that is fitted in place over or near the surfaces of the heatsink. In some embodiments, the variable area reflector  526  is painted or otherwise treated to exhibit particular reflective characteristics. 
         [0052]    As can be seen, the aforementioned reflector serves to apportion the light from the LED(s), depending at least in part on the size and shape of the reflector. Specifically, the location of the light-emitting diodes and the shape and reflective characteristics of the reflector (with or without paint or treatment), and/or the presence of absence and size and shape of holes or other openings provided in the reflector, and/or the shape an reflective characteristics of the interior and lateral surfaces of the heatsink  502  serve to provide a primary projection path through the projection plane for light from the light-emitting diodes as well as at least some paths of reflected light through the projection plane. Further, the shape of the reflector and/or the presence of absence and size and shape of holes or other openings provided in the reflector allows for some perceptible light from the light-emitting diodes to emanate to points outside the envelope, wherein the perceptible light from the direct optical path other than the primary projection path does not intersect the projection plane (e.g., the reflector allows for some perceptible light from the light-emitting diodes to emanate through the back side of the heatsink). 
         [0053]    The lamps depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  (e.g., lamp  500 ) each have an envelope similar to a PAR30L lamp, and MR-16 lamp respectively, however other embodiments may have different envelopes. For example, the neck length  504  (see  FIG. 5A ) can be shortened (e.g., to comport with a PAR30S form factor), or for example, the shape of an envelope can corresponds to an A series lamp, a PS series lamp, a B series lamp, a C series lamp, a CA series lamp, an RP series lamp, an S series lamp, an F series lamp, an R series lamp, an MR series lamp, a BR series lamp, a G series lamp, a T series lamp, a BT series lamp, an E series lamp, an ED series lamp, an AR series lamp, and a PAR series lamp, and others (see  FIG. 6 ). 
         [0054]    The aforementioned lamps are merely selected embodiments of lamps that conform to fit with any one or more of a set of mechanical and electrical standards. Other form factors comporting to various mechanical and electrical standards are possible, and a selection of such mechanical and electrical standards are briefly discussed below. 
         [0055]      FIG. 6  depicts side views of a selection of form factors. Embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in any of the shown lamps. Moreover, and as shown, a particular form factor may be configured to confirm to one or more standards corresponding to bases and/or electrical connections. For example, Table 1 gives standards (see “Designation”) and corresponding characteristics. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Base Diameter 
                   
                 IEC 60061-1 
               
               
                 Designation 
                 (Crest of thread) 
                 Name 
                 standard sheet 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 E05 
                 05 mm 
                 Lilliput Edison Screw 
                 7004-25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (LES) 
                   
               
               
                 E10 
                 10 mm 
                 Miniature Edison Screw 
                 7004-22 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (MES) 
                   
               
               
                 E11 
                 11 mm 
                 Mini-Candelabra Edison 
                 (7004-06-1) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Screw (mini-can) 
                   
               
               
                 E12 
                 12 mm 
                 Candelabra Edison Screw  
                 7004-28 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (CES) 
                   
               
               
                 E14 
                 14 mm 
                 Small Edison Screw (SES) 
                 7004-23 
               
               
                 E17 
                 17 mm 
                 Intermediate Edison Screw  
                 7004-26 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (IES) 
                   
               
               
                 E26 
                 26 mm 
                 [Medium] (one-inch) 
                 7004-21A-2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Edison Screw (ES or MES) 
                   
               
               
                 E27 
                 27 mm 
                 [Medium] Edison Screw 
                 7004-21 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (ES) 
                   
               
               
                 E29 
                 29 mm 
                 [Admedium] Edison Screw 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (ES) 
                   
               
               
                 E39 
                 39 mm 
                 Single-contact (Mogul) 
                 7004-24-A1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Giant Edison Screw (GES) 
                   
               
               
                 E40 
                 40 mm 
                 (Mogul) Giant Edison 
                 7004-24 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Screw (GES) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    Additionally, the base member of a lamp can be of any form factor configured to support electrical connections, which electrical connections can conform to any of a set of types or standards. For example Table 2 gives standards (see “Type”) and corresponding characteristics, including mechanical spacing between a first pin (e.g., a power pin) and a second pin (e.g., a ground pin). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Pin centre 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Type 
                 Standard 
                 to centre 
                 Pin Diameter  
                 Usage 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 G4 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 4.0  
                 mm 
                 0.65-0.75  
                 mm 
                 MR11 and other  
               
               
                   
                 (7004-72) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 small halogens  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of 5/10/20 watt  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and 6/12 volt 
               
               
                 GU4 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 4.0  
                 mm 
                 0.95-1.05  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-108) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GY4 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 4.0  
                 mm 
                 0.65-0.75  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-72A) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GZ4 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 4.0  
                 mm 
                 0.95-1.05  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-64) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 G5 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 5  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 T4 and T5  
               
               
                   
                 (7004-52-5) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fluorescent  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tubes 
               
               
                 G5.3 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 5.33  
                 mm 
                 1.47-1.65  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-73) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 G5.3- 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 4.8 
                 (7004-126-1) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GU5.3 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 5.33  
                 mm 
                 1.45-1.6  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-109) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GX5.3 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 5.33  
                 mm 
                 1.45-1.6  
                 mm 
                 MR16 and other  
               
               
                   
                 (7004-73A) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 small halogens  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of 20/35/50 watt  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and 12/24 volt 
               
               
                 GY5.3 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 5.33  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-73B) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 G6.35 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 6.35  
                 mm 
                 0.95-1.05  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-59) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GX6.35 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 6.35  
                 mm 
                 0.95-1.05  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-59) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GY6.35 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 6.35  
                 mm 
                 1.2-1.3  
                 mm 
                 Halogen 100 W  
               
               
                   
                 (7004-59) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 120 V 
               
               
                 GZ6.35 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 6.35  
                 mm 
                 0.95-1.05  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (7004-59A) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 G8 
                   
                 8.0  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 Halogen 100 W  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 120 V 
               
               
                 GY8.6 
                   
                 8.6  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 Halogen 100 W  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 120 V 
               
               
                 G9 
                 IEC 60061-1 
                 9.0  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 Halogen 120 V  
               
               
                   
                 (7004-129) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (US)/230 V  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (EU) 
               
               
                 G9.5 
                   
                 9.5  
                 mm 
                 3.10-3.25  
                 mm 
                 Common for  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 theatre use,  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 several variants 
               
               
                 GU10 
                   
                 10  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 Twist-lock  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 120/230-volt  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MR16 halogen  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 lighting of  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 35/50 watt,  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 since  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mid-2000s 
               
               
                 G12 
                   
                 12.0  
                 mm 
                 2.35  
                 mm 
                 Used in theatre  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and single-end  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 metal halide  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 lamps 
               
               
                 G13 
                   
                 12.7  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 T8 and T12  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fluorescent  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tubes 
               
               
                 G23 
                   
                 23  
                 mm 
                 2  
                 mm 
                   
               
               
                 GU24 
                   
                 24  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 Twist-lock for  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 self-ballasted  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 compact  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fluorescents,  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 since 2000s 
               
               
                 G38 
                   
                 38  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 Mostly used for  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 high-wattage  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 theatre lamps 
               
               
                 GX53 
                   
                 53  
                 mm 
                   
                   
                 Twist-lock for  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 puck-shaped  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 under-cabinet 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 compact  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fluorescents, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 since 2000s 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    The list above is representative and should not be taken to include all the standards or form factors that may be utilized within embodiments described herein. 
         [0058]      FIG. 7A  through  FIG. 7I  depict embodiments of the present disclosure in the form of large form-factor lamp applications. In these lamp applications, one or more light emitting diodes are used in lamps and fixtures. Such lamps and fixtures include replacement and/or retro-fit directional lighting fixtures. 
         [0059]    In some embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure can be used in an assembly. As shown in  FIG. 7A , the assembly comprises:
       a screw cap  728     a driver housing  726     a driver board  724     a heatsink  722     a metal-core printed circuit board  720     an LED lightsource  718     a dust shield  716     a lens  714     a reflector disc  712     a magnet  710     a magnet cap  708     a trim ring  706     a first accessory  704     a second accessory  702         
 
         [0074]    The components of assembly  7 A 00  may be described in substantial detail. Some components are ‘active components’ and some are ‘passive’ components, and can be variously-described based on the particular component&#39;s impact to the overall design, and/or impact(s) to the objective optimization function. A component can be described using a CAD/CAM drawing or model, and the CAD/CAM model can be analyzed so as to extract figures of merit as may pertain to e particular component&#39;s impact to the overall design, and/or impact(s) to the objective optimization function. Strictly as one example, a CAD/CAM model of a trim ring is provided in a model corresponding to the drawing of FIG.  7 A 2 . 
         [0075]    The components of the assembly  7 A 00  can be fitted together to form a lamp.  FIG. 7B  depicts a perspective view  730  and top view  732  of such a lamp. As shown in  FIG. 7B , the lamp  7 B 00  comports to a form factor known as PAR30L. The PAR30L form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left  740 , right  736 , back  734 , front  738  and top  742 ) given in array  7 C 00  of  FIG. 7C . 
         [0076]    The components of the assembly  7 A 00  can be fitted together to form a lamp.  FIG. 7D  depicts a perspective view  744  and top view  746  of such a lamp. As shown in  FIG. 7D , the lamp  7 D 00  comports to a form factor known as PAR30S. The PAR30S form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left  754 , right  750 , back  748 , front  752  and top  756 ) given in array  7 E 00  of  FIG. 7E . 
         [0077]    The components of the assembly  7 A 00  can be fitted together to form a lamp.  FIG. 7F  depicts a perspective view  758  and top view  760  of such a lamp. As shown in  FIG. 7F , the lamp  7 F 00  comports to a form factor known as PAR38. The PAR38 form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left  768 , right  764 , back  762 , front  766  and top  770 ) given in array  7 G 00  of  FIG. 7G . 
         [0078]    The components of the assembly  7 A 00  can be fitted together to form a lamp.  FIG. 7H  depicts a perspective view  772  and top view  774  of such a lamp. As shown in  FIG. 7H , the lamp  7 H 00  comports to a form factor known as PAR111. The PAR111 form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left  782 , right  778 , back  776 , front  780  and top  784 ) given in array  7100  of  FIG. 7I . 
         [0079]    The following claims describe in detail examples of constituent elements of the herein-disclosed embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials and methods, may be practiced without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
         [0080]    Finally, it should be noted that there are alternative ways of implementing the embodiments disclosed herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the claims are not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents thereof.