Abstract:
Inversion liners are provided which in a first embodiment include first and second flexible fabric layers separated by one or more glass fiber containing layers and joined in tubular form. The second flexible fabric layer further is bonded to a third flexible fabric layer comprising a substantially fluid impermeable layer. An invertible glass-faced liner is also provided by this invention which includes a glass facing on one side and a substantially fluid impermeable layer on the other. The substantially fluid impermeable layer is joined to a flexible fabric layer which is preferably heat bonded to a thin veil joined to a second glass containing layer of this liner embodiment. The inversion liners of this invention can be built-up in multiple layers or blocks to meet end-use design demands while still providing flexural moduli in excess of 500 ksi, preferably about 700-800 ksi.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
   This application is related to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,836,357; 5,931,199; 5,911,246; and 5,873,391 which are all hereby incorporated by reference. 
   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to conduit liners for making repairs in underground piping systems, and more particularly to inversion liners that provide improved strength and greater inversion speed. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Underground piping systems are essential in providing the transportation of liquids and gases to homes and businesses. Used mostly by utilities in sewer pipes, water pipes, water mains, gas mains, electrical conduits and other applications, such pipes are often found many feet under ground or in inaccessible areas, such as under buildings or roadways. 
   Due to cyclical loadings, premature wear, manufacturing defects, corrosion, and other factors, these pipes can often develop cracks or weakened areas requiring repair. Since the replacement of underground pipes is extremely costly, an alternative is to provide a lining repair while leaving the remaining pipe structure in place. Various types of lining products have been commercialized in the past, some flexible, some rigid and some flexible when applied, but rendered rigid by a resin after application. In most cases, it is highly desirable to closely conform the lining to the inner surface of the pipe. This has been generally accomplished by pressure-expandable techniques and inversion techniques. 
   In a “pressure-expandable” technique (also called the “winch-in-place” technique), a pliable polyester felt sleeve, which has been previously impregnated with a thermosetting resin is inserted into a damaged pipe portion and pressurized so that the resin-impregnated liner presses firmly against the inner wall of the damaged pipe. The expanded liner is then permitted to cure to form a new lining within the original pipe. More recently, pressure-expandable conduit liners have been introduced with glass reinforcement dispersed along the inner and outer surfaces of the liner. See Kittson, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,357, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
   In the “inversion” technique, the pipe liner is first impregnated with a suitable curable synthetic resin. The resin-filled liner is next inserted into a pipe. The leading end of the liner is turned back onto itself and fixed to the lower end of a feed elbow of a manhole. A fluid, such as water or air, is pumped into the feed elbow which causes the liner to invert into and along the interior of the pipe. The liner is maintained in engagement with the pipe until the resin cures. After the resin cure has been completed, the fluid is drained from the inside of the liner, thus leaving a hard, rigid lining applied to the pipe&#39;s inner surface. 
   Most inversion liners are formed of heavily needled felt of polyester or acrylic fibers. Needling causes the fibers to generally extend in right angles to the plane of the material, which results in a less optimized tensile strength than if the fibers were oriented in the plane of the material. 
   Efforts to improve upon the mechanical properties of felt liners have included flowing chopped glass fibers onto the felt web prior to needling, Wood, U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,574, or needling the felt with reinforcing fibers, such as carbon fibers, Kevlar® fibers or high tenacity polypropylene fibers, such as disclosed in Wood, U.S. Pat. No. 4,836,715. Other techniques include the use of glass fiber cloth, mat or felt, or a non-woven felt of a mixture of synthetic and glass fibers, such as disclosed in Kamiyamma, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,914. 
   The introduction of glass or other high strength fibers in needling operations, while increasing the average tensile strength of the fibers themselves, still presents a less than desirable orientation, since the needled reinforcing fibers are also generally disposed at right angles to the plane of the material. 
   Kittson, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,357, shown in  FIG. 2 , teaches the use of glass roving in conjunction with chopped glass fibers for improving the tensile strength in at least the longitudinal direction of the liner. The Kittson et al. liner is “glass-faced”, being formed by a pair of glass fiber layers  2  and  3  stitched with a thread to a pair of felt layers  4  and  5 , and sewn together in a tubular form. While this dramatically improves the liner&#39;s mechanical properties, this liner has not been recommended for inversion techniques, and was designed for winch-in-place applications. The Kittson, et al. liner is also difficult to “build”, as in the subsequent building-up of additional liner layers due to the fact that glass layers are not “heat bondable” through conventional means. In addition, a separate impermeable foil or film must be added to contain pressure for expansion of this liner by heated fluids. Moreover, artisans have generally regarded building up layers of liners within an underground pipe to be impractical. 
   Accordingly, there remains a need for an inversion liner that can optionally be built up, such as by heat bonding or by adhesive bonding, for example, with several liner layers for large diameter pipe and manhole applications. There further remains a need for a reinforced inversion liner material, suitable for small and large conduits alike, which can be made thicker by layering a number of simple building blocks, preferably without significantly affecting the overall modulus of the liner. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention provides inversion liners which, in a first embodiment, include a first flexible fabric layer fastened to a first glass fiber containing layer, a second flexible fabric layer fastened to a second glass fiber containing layer, and a third flexible fabric layer comprising a substantially fluid impermeable layer. These three flexible fabric layers are joined together such that the first and second glass fiber containing layers are sandwiched between the first and second flexible fabric layers, and the third flexible fabric layer is joined to the second flexible fabric layer so that the substantially fluid impermeable layer becomes the outermost layer, and the first flexible fabric layer becomes the innermost layer of the inversion liner, prior to inversion. Following inversion, the resin saturated first flexible fabric layer conforms to the conduit&#39;s inner diameter and cures, preferably forming a mechanical lock therewith, while the substantially fluid impermeable layer becomes the liner&#39;s inner diameter surface, protecting the conduit and the liner from the corrosive effects of the conduit&#39;s contents. 
   In a more detailed version of this invention, an inversion liner is provided which includes a first flexible fabric layer containing a polyester felt stitched to a first plurality of glass fibers and a second flexible fabric layer containing a polyester felt stitched to a second plurality of glass fibers. The first and second flexible fabric layers are stitched to the first and second pluralities of glass fibers so that the glass fibers face one another and are sandwiched between the first and second flexible fabric layers. Added to the second flexible fabric layer is a third flexible fabric layer containing a polyester felt and first and second opposing surfaces. The first surface is bonded to the second flexible fabric layer by a heat bond and the second surface of the third flexible fabric layer is coated with a substantially fluid impermeable resinous material. 
   In still a further embodiment of this invention, a glass-faced liner is provided which includes a first glass fiber containing layer, a first flexible fabric layer fastened to the first glass fiber containing layer, and a second flexible fabric layer disposed over the first flexible fabric layer. A second glass fiber containing layer is disposed over the second flexible fabric layer and fastened thereto, and a third flexible fabric layer is disposed over the second glass fiber containing layer and fastened thereto. This embodiment further includes a fourth flexible fabric layer disposed over the third flexible fabric layer and fastened thereto, and a substantially fluid impermeable layer joined to the fourth flexible fabric layer which becomes the innermost layer of this inversion liner after inversion. This last embodiment is extremely strong, having a flexural modulus of about 700-800 ksi (higher than polyester felt tubes which are about 300 ksi), and can be used for small diameter pipe in layers of less than 15 mm, preferably about 6-12 mm, in thickness, without requiring multiple layers. 
   Finally, a substantially fluid impermeable liner material, useful as a sub-component for the inversion liners of this invention, is provided, which includes a thin felt having a thickness of about 0.5-3.0 mm. The thin felt includes first and second surfaces thereon, the first surface including a flame-bondable resinous fiber, and the second surface being at least partially penetrated by a resinous material to form a fluid barrier. Alternatively, this impermeable liner material could be adhered or glued to other layers, instead of flame-bonding, and the resinous penetration could be substituted or used in conjunction with a coating or laminated plastic film. 
   Accordingly, invertible liners made with building blocks of “fabric-glass-glass-fabric” configurations can be provided by this invention. The “fabric-glass-glass-fabric” building blocks can be layered together in 3-9 layers or more, to form tubular products of various diameters and thicknesses, and are especially suited for large diameter pipes in excess of 24 inches, and more preferably, pipes and conduits greater than 48 inches in diameter. This size domain has traditionally been served by felt liners alone, but now can be successfully tackled with glass reinforced liners produced in accordance with the present teachings. While it is expected that the modulus or tensile strength of the composite liners of this invention would increase with the addition of glass fibers, testing liners produced in accordance with these teachings has shown improvements in the flexibility of the liner during the inversion process, a quite unexpected result. Glass fibers have significantly higher stiffness and tensile strength than polyester felt fibers, and would lead one to suspect that the inversion process, being a severe form of flexural force, would tend to be more difficult with the addition of stiffer, higher modulus fibers. However, in inversion testing in pipes up to 500 feet in length, the liners of this invention, incorporating glass fiber-containing layers, had inversion speed increases of about 10-30%. 
   Because of the higher modulus and strength attributable to the glass and fabric building blocks of this invention, a significant reduction in liner wall thicknesses can be achieved, compared to 100% felt liners, while still satisfying the standard design equations of the pipe rehabilitation industry. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention according to the practical application of the principles thereof and in which: 
     FIG.  1 : is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view illustrating a preferred double-block inversion liner of this invention disposed within a pipe; 
     FIG.  2 : is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a segment of a typical prior art lining having a glass-faced construction; 
     FIG.  3 : is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a segment of a preferred liner of this invention; 
     FIG.  4 : is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a segment of a composite double-block liner, including the liner of  FIG. 3 ; 
     FIG.  5 : is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a segment of an improved glass-faced liner of this invention; and 
     FIG.  6 : is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a segment of a composite triple-block liner, including the double-block liner of FIG.  4 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   The present invention is related to inversion liners of the type that can be inverted with the assistance of fluid pressure, such as compressed air, steam or hot water (hereinafter “fluids”) to expand within a defective conduit and generally, mechanically mate or bond within, or come in close proximity to, the inner diameter of the conduit prior to curing to form a substantially corrosion and water resistant sleeve. As such, the liners of this invention are thin, tubular members which can exhibit a tubular, tape-like or ribbon-like cross-section prior to inversion. As used herein, the term “buildable” refers to the ability of the liners of this invention to be adhesively bonded to a second or subsequent liner to build up the thickness of the liner to its final thickness, and the term “glass-faced” means a liner having at least one glass layer located on, or proximate to, its face or faces. Building techniques for liner materials are often useful for large pipes of 36-40 inches or greater in diameter, in which liner building blocks of about 4-14 mm are added together to build up to a thickness of about 25-44 mm in final thickness, for example. This building can be done whenever the tube is assembled, by the manufacturer or installer, for example, preferably before inversion or installation. The liners described herein provide high flexural modulus and strength but are still vibration and corrosion resistant. 
   With reference to the drawings, and particularly  FIGS. 1 through 4  and  6  thereof, there is shown a preferred inversion liner or liner block  100  containing first and second flexible fabric layers  18  and  28  adhesively, mechanically and/or heat bonded to one or more glass fiber containing layers  24  and  34 . This is most preferably accomplished, for example, by stitch thread  33  sewn to bond the fabric layer  18  to the glass fiber containing layer  24 , and the flexible fabric layer  28  to the glass fiber-containing layer  34 , then followed by stitching all of these layers  28 ,  38 ,  24  and  18  together. The resulting form, shown in  FIG. 3 , includes one or more longitudinal seam portions, preferably an outer seam portion and an inner seam portion which are preferably not radially aligned so as to avoid a continuous radial discontinuity through the wall thickness of the conduit liner  100 , as described in Kittson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,357. 
   In the preferred embodiment of  FIG. 3 , glass-faced needled felt is manufactured in blankets by disposing chopped glass and/or glass roving onto a moving felt. The glass fibers are stitched or sewn onto each of the flexible fabric layers  18  and  28  separately, thus forming, in the preferred embodiment, individual glass containing layers  24  and  34 . These “layers” can be continuous or discontinuous, meaning that there may be gaps or undulations in the glass containing layers  24 ,  34  of liner block  100 ; layers  124 ,  134  of liner block  200 ; layers  234 ,  224  of liner  300 ; and layers  324  and  334  of liner block  400 . The glass containing layers  24 ,  34 ,  124 ,  134 ,  234 ,  224 ,  324  and  334  may or may not be needled, stitched, flame bonded and/or adhesive bonded to other components of the liner blocks  100 ,  200  and  400 , and liner  300 . Glass-faced flexible fabric layers made in accordance with these teachings are cut to size and, preferably, are joined by stitches  33  which assemble them together as shown in  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 . Alternatively, glass containing layers  24 ,  34 ,  124 ,  134 ,  234 ,  324  and  334  can comprise preformed glass mats stitched or needled into the flexible fabric layer, for example. Additionally, instead of two glass containing layers, such as glass containing layers  24  and  34 , a double thickness glass layer can be applied to one of the flexible fabric layers, such as flexible fabric layer  28 , without adding glass fibers to the other, such as flexible fabric layer  18 . 
   Liner or liner block  100  is illustrated to be nearly identical to liner block  200 , which contains glass containing layers  124  and  134 , and flexible fabric layers  148  and  138 . However, since liner or liner block  100  is designed to be the innermost layer, following inversion, a substantially fluid resistant layer  20  is applied. With other liner systems, such fluid impermeable layers were provided by a fluid impermeable foil or “calibration hose” which could be removed or left in place. The present invention desirably provides thinner flexible fabric layers  35  or  235 , such as needled polyester felt layers having a thickness of about 1-3 mm. These flexible fabric layers  35  and  235  preferably contain a first surface, which contains flame-bondable fibers, for bonding to flexible fabric layer  18  and veil  228 , for example. They also include a substantially fluid impermeable layer  20 , such as a coating, film or saturant, having a thickness of about 0.1-1 mm, so that the final thickness of the plastic-coated fabric is about 1.1-3 mm, preferably about 1.2-1.8 mm. Preferably, the substantially fluid impermeable layer  20  is partially disposed within the porosity of the flexible fabric layers  35  and  235  to form a mechanical or melt bond. 
   With respect to liner or liner block  100 , the flexible fabric  35 , containing the substantially fluid impermeable layer  20 , is heat bonded, such as by flame tacking, to the flexible fabric layer  18 . In like manner, the flexible fabric layer  28  of liner  100  can be flame tacked to the flexible fabric layer  148  to form a melt bond  126 . Melt bonds  26  and  126 , as well as melt bonds  226  and  326 , while strong, are temporary fastening measures. 
   In the preferred inversion liner blocks  100 ,  200  and  400 , and liners  300 ,  500  and  600  of this invention, the glass fiber-containing layers  24 ,  34 ,  134 ,  124 ,  234 ,  224 ,  334  and  324  represent the reinforcement layers and are preferably of a thin cross-sectional thickness, such as less than 5 mm, preferably about 0.1-3 mm, and most preferably, about 0.6 mm, 1 mm and 1.5 mm for standard 4 mm, 6 mm and 9 mm building blocks, respectively. The flexible fabric layers  18 ,  28 ,  138 ,  148 ,  238 ,  218 ,  318 ,  328 ,  35  and  235  are preferably about 0.5-14 mm in thickness each, preferably 1-6 mm, and most preferably about 1.33 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm for 4 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm building blocks, respectively. Glass fiber-containing layers  24  and  34  in liner or liner block  100 ; layers  24 ,  34  and  124 ,  134  in composite liner  500 ; and layers  24 ,  34 ,  124 ,  134  and  324 ,  334  in composite liner  600 , are desirably located radially outwardly, preferably less than 5 mm, and more preferably, less than 2.5 mm, from the outermost fabric-containing layers, prior to inversion, so as to provide flexural modulus and strength to the cured liner  100 . Accordingly, glass fiber-containing layers, such as layers  124  and  134  of composite liner  600  of  FIG. 6 , can be optionally lightened or eliminated, since they are located along a neutral axis when the laminate if flexed and do not significantly contribute to the flexural performance of the liner  600 . 
   For the glass-faced liner  300 , improved flexural modulus and strength is most desirably accomplished by placing the glass containing layer  224  no more than 2.5 mm from the liner&#39;s surface, and more preferably, within about 1.2-1.8 mm. Thicknesses for the plastic or resin coated flexible fabric layers  35  and  235  should be about 0.1-3.0 mm, preferably about 0.25-2 mm, and more preferably about 0.75-1.25 mm. The veil  228  should be as thin as possible while still permitting bonding (by heat or other methods) to the next flexible fabric layer. The veil  228  may have a thickness of only about 0.01-1 mm, preferably about 0.1-0.3 mm. The impermeable layer itself  220  should be less than 1 mm thick and, preferably, less than 0.5 mm thick. 
   The preferred fabric layers  18 ,  35  and  28  of liner  100 , fabric layers  138  and  148  of the second liner  200 , fabric layers  238 ,  218 ,  228  and  235  of liner block  300 , and fabric layers  318  and  328  of liner block  400 , can be one or more sewn or bonded fabric layers, comprising a natural or synthetic fibrous material in needled, knit, woven or non-woven mat form. Suitable materials should be water and corrosion-resistant. Examples of fibers for such fabrics include pulp fiber, hemp, cotton, polyethylene, polypropylene, rayon, nylon and/or polyester fibers. In certain instances, woven or non-woven glass material can be used in addition to, or as a substitute for, these other fibers. The most preferred embodiment for the fabric layers is a needle-punched non-woven polyester or acrylic felt employing standard technology for manufacturing needle-punched materials. 
   The glass fiber-containing layers  24 ,  34 ,  124 ,  134 ,  234 ,  324 ,  224 ,  324  and  334  of this invention preferably contain chopped glass fibers, glass roving, or both. Glass fiber compositions can include, for example, E, D, R, AR, S and/or C-type glass fibers. Such fibers can be blended with, or replaced by, thermoplastic (such as, polypropylene, polyamide, or polyethylene), or thermosetting, such as polyester, or other materials such as, carbon, graphite or basalt fiber. Alternatively, one hundred percent glass fibers can be distributed over the surface of flexible fabric layers  18 ,  28 ,  138 ,  148 ,  218 ,  238 ,  324  and  334 , for example, and mechanically bonded thereto to produce a base layer for the liner blocks  100 ,  200  and  400 , and liner  300 . This can be accomplished using a light needling process which keeps the majority of the glass fibers properly oriented, or more preferably, a stitch mat process, in which the preferred needle punched polyester mat is stitched to a plurality (about 200-1000 g/m 2 ) of chopped glass fibers on its top surface. This results in a fiber glass-coated-polyester substrate laminate. Preferably, unidirectional polymer or glass rovings (750-2,200 tex) can also be provided in the machine direction or cross-machine direction, or in both directions, to allow for the handling of the resulting laminate without significant unintended stretching. Although a uniform application of glass fibers is illustrated in the Figures, the glass fibers can be unevenly distributed on each or some of the fabric layers, or disposed in a double thickness on one fabric layer, such as fabric layer  28 , while not applying any fibers to the other fabric layer, such as layer  18 , prior to final stitching. 
   Because of the glass fiber reinforcement, the cured conduit liners of this invention, for example, liners  500  of  FIG. 4 ,  300  of  FIG. 5 and 600  of  FIG. 6 , will have a flexural modulus of at least about 650 ksi and, typically, about 700-800 ksi or more, with a tensile modulus of at least about 5,000-9,000 psi. The glass-faced liner  300  of  FIG. 5  will have a modulus of about 700-800 ksi or more, due to the outer glass-containing layers  224  and  234  being located at or near the surface. These properties represent a tremendous improvement over cured 100% polyester felt conduit liners, which are known to have a flexural modulus of less than 500 ksi, and commonly about 300-400 ksi. In these forms, this invention preferably uses a total of no more than about 5 mm, preferably less than 1-3 mm of glass, in each of the liner blocks  100 ,  200 , in composite liners  500  and  300 , with the balance being polyester or other fabric material. A full thickness 100% glass liner could be used with some additional cost, such as, for example, by using a pair of needled glass felt layers with chopped glass and/or glass roving sandwiched therebetween. Alternatively, the glass component can be limited to the outermost liner blocks only, such as within liner blocks  100  and  400  in composite liner  600 . The same would also apply to composite liners having 5, 7 and 9 liner blocks, for example. 
   In addition, a substantially fluid-impermeable layer  20  or  220 , such as a membrane, coating, saturant, film or resinous latex coating, can be provided on fabric layers  35  and  235 , and optionally on the innermost surface (prior to inversion) of the liner, such as fabric layers  28  and  138 , or on glass-containing layer  234  of liner  300 , to prevent fluid leakage and aid in pressurization. In the preferred embodiment, the fabric layers  35  and  235  are (1) painted or coated with a latex saturants such as polyurethane or acrylic, or (2) melt bonded to a polyethylene film, on one side only. In a preferred embodiment, a thin polyester felt of about 0.8-1.5 mm can be heat bonded to a thermoplastic film of about 0.3-0.5 mm in thickness for a final thickness of about 1.2-1.8 mm. 
   The membrane, film, coating or layer should be substantially impermeable to fluids, such as air, steam or water, at a pressure of less than 1 atmosphere (15 psi), preferably about 3-5 psi, and temperatures of about 100-260° F. For example, in a hot water cure system the temperature of the water can be cycled up to 180-190° F. More specifically, the heat can be applied from one side, ramped from ambient to 180° F. over 3-4 hours, and held at 140° F. for one-half hour. The exothermic reaction for a thermosetting resin should occur during the 140° F. hold, and peak at 250-260° F. A temperature of 180° F. is maintained for 3 hours, then the liner is cooled at a rate of no higher than about 15° F. per hour down to about 10° F. over ambient. 
   The liners  300 ,  500  and  600  of this invention are designed to be impregnated with a curable or settable resin. The resinous impregnation liquid introduced into the fabric layers  18 ,  28 ,  35 ,  138 ,  148 ,  218 ,  238 ,  228 ,  235 ,  318 , and/or  328 , glass fiber-containing layers  24 ,  34 ,  134 ,  124  and/or  224 , or within all or some of these layers, can be any number of thermosetting or thermoplastic compositions which can be introduced by dipping, injecting, extruding or painting, for example. The resinous impregnation liquid becomes set or hardened by light or heat to provide a solid matrix around the fibers. Suitable thermoplastic compositions include thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and the like. Suitable thermosetting resins can include those containing a heat-activatable curing agent, a light-activatable agent, a curing agent, or a heat deactivatable curing retarding agent. Such examples include ultraviolet curing unsaturated polyester, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,531, incorporated herein by reference, vinyl ester, epoxy and thermosetting polyester. 
   The liners  300 ,  500  and  600 , and optionally, liner blocks  100 ,  200  and  400  of this invention further include an adhesive, glue, solvent , flame and/or melt bonds  26 ,  126 ,  226  and  326 . The bonds  26 ,  126 ,  226  and  326  preferably include a flame or melt bond between molten fibers of polyester felt or polyolefin fibers, for example. The bonds  26 ,  126 ,  226  and  326  preferably “tack” the adjoining layers together so that they can be resin impregnated, inserted into a pipe and inverted under pressure without breaking apart. Curing of the resinous saturant will provide the final bond between fabric and glass layers to provide the final tensile and hoop strength. 
   With respect to  FIG. 1 , one procedure for inserting the preferred inversion liner  500  of this invention will now be described. This improved method is designed to repair a crack in a ruptured underground conduit  12 , such as pipes, mains or drains. Man holes, when not already present, can be provided on opposite sides of the ruptured pipe sections after the pipe  12  has been suitably emptied and the particular section is uncoupled from adjacent sections. The unexpanded inversion liner  500 , containing the composite liner portions  100  and  200  of  FIG. 4 , is then inserted into the cleaned pipe  12 , the free end  11  is then inverted and clamped by fasteners  13  to the feed elbow  22 . Hot pressured fluids, such as steam, air or water can be pumped into the liner  500  until it completely inverts and expands. This pressure can remain within the liner  500  until the thermosetting or thermoplastic resin impregnated therein sets or cures. The free end of the liner  500  can then be removed from the elbow  22  and the repaired section of the pipe  12  re-coupled to the adjacent pipe sections. The liners  100 ,  200 ,  300  and  500  of this invention may also be used with new or undamaged conduit before installation, or can be used to manufacture original equipment piping and conduit, as a liner, or as a stand alone product. 
   From the foregoing, it can be realized that this invention provides improved inversion liners having reinforced glass fiber-containing layers for improving the hoop and longitudinal strength of the liner material, while providing a heat or light-activatable saturant for curing. Although various embodiments have been illustrated, this is for the purpose of describing, but not limiting the invention. Various modifications, which will become apparent to one skilled in the art, are within the scope of this invention described in the attached claims.