Abstract:
An oral care composition containing a synergistic antiplaque/antigingivitis combination of a nonionic halogenated diphenyl ether compound such as Triclosan and an extract of Magnolia Officinalas containing honokiol and magnolol.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a antiplaque combination of a noncationic halogenated hydroxydiphenyl ether antibacterial agent and an extract of Magnolia Officinalis and more particularly to an oral composition containing such combination which exhibits increased antigingivitis effect due to synergistic antibacterial effect against plaque bacteria. 
     2. The Prior Art 
     It is difficult to predict the antiplaque efficacy of antibacterial compounds when incorporated in a delivery vehicle and particularly in oral compositions. For example, dental plaque is a soft deposit which forms on teeth as opposed to calculus which is a hard calcified deposit on teeth. Unlike calculus, plaque may form on any part of the tooth surface, particularly at the gingival margin and is implicated in the occurrence of gingivitis. Cationic antibacterial compounds such as chlorhexidine, benzothonium chloride and cetyl pyridinium chloride have been used by the art as antibacterial antiplaque agents in oral compositions. However, such agents are generally not effective when there is also present in the oral composition an anionic surfactant required for the effective performance of oral compositions such as toothpaste and mouthrinses. 
     Noncationic antibacterial materials are compatible with anionic surfactants in oral compositions and noncationic halogenated hydroxydiphenyl ethers such as Triclosan have been effectively employed in commercial oral compositions as antiplaque agents when mixed with neutral ingredients such as humectants, abrasives and thickeners conventionally used in the formulation of oral compositions. Nothwithstanding the efficacy of halogenated hydroxydiphenyl ethers such as Triclosan, there is a continuing interest in the oral care field for agents which improve the efficacy of such noncationic halogenated hydroxydiphenyl ethers. 
     Recently, interest has been displayed in the medicinal properties of herbal preparations for use in oral compositions. Herbal preparations are considered “more natural” and are therefore viewed as more acceptable antibacterial ingredients to the consumer. 
     Extracts of Magnolia Cortex (barks of Magnolia officinalis) are known to have antibacterial efficacy. For example, it has been reported in “Dental caries Prevention by Traditional Chinese Medicines”, T. Namba et al, J. Medicinal Plant Res., vol. 44, pp. 100-106(1982) that some active principles of these extracts, identified to be magnolol and honokiol, were bactericidal against  S. mutans  in the in vitro test Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) but was not found to be inhibitory to plaque adherence to teeth in vitro tests designed to determine the therapeutic efficacy of antiplaque antigingivitis. 
     The dental art is continuously seeking synergistic enhancement of antiplaque/antigingivitis of non-herbal, antibacterial compositions such as halogenated biphenylether using herbal compositions in which the non-herbal ingredient has high antibacterial activity alone, while the herbal ingredient has little or no antiplaque activity, wherein the two ingredients have far higher antiplaque activity than could be expected from their individual activities, thus displaying synergism. The advantage of such synergism is that the effectiveness of the non-herbal antiplaque agent is greatly increased, without a concomitant increase in the dosage level or rate of administration so that lower quantities of the non-herbal antiplaque agent can be administered, yet still achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Such synergistic combinations are particularly important in the treatment of delicate or sensitive tissues, such as the oral mucosa, where the ability to reduce the level of the non-herbal antiplaque agent in the oral composition would be beneficial. 
     There is thus a recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have a antiplaque dentifrice in which a combination of a non-herbal antiplaque agent and a herbal ingredient exhibited synergistic antiplaque activity resulting into enhanced effectiveness against gingivitis. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention it has been unexpectedly discovered that a combination of a nonionic halogenated hydroxydiphenyl ether such as Triclosan and phenolic compound selected from magnolol and honokiol and mixtures thereof extracted from the cortex of Magnolia Officinalas hereinafter referred to as “Magnolia Extract”, are synergistically effective in inhibiting the growth of plaque causing bacteria whereby enhanced antiplaque activity in substantial excess of the additive antibacterial effect of the individual noncationic halogenated hydroxydiphenyl ether or Magnolia Extract is exhibited by the combination of these agents. 
     The fact that halogenated hydroxydiphenyl ether compounds such as Triclosan have been approved as safe and effective for use in oral care products and that the Magnolia Extract is a widely used herbal extract, particularly in Chinese medicine, suggests that these compounds will both be commercially acceptable as ingredients in oral hygiene products such as dentifrice, mouth rinse, chewing gum and lozenge formulations. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The Magnolia Extract of the present invention is a dried cortex extract of Magnolia officinalis which belongs to the family Magnoliaceae. As used herein, “extracting” or “extraction” of a solid or liquid material means contacting the material, which if solid is preferably dried and crushed or ground, with an appropriate solvent to remove the substance(s) desired to be extracted from the material. Such an extraction may be carried out by conventional means; for example, by using an extraction apparatus, such as a Soxhlet apparatus, which retains the solid material in a holder and allows the solvent to flow through the material; or by blending the solvent and material together and then separating the liquid and solid phases or two immiscible liquid phases, such as by filtration or by settling and decanting. 
     Preferred Magnolia Extracts used in the practice of the present invention are made from dried Magnolia plant bark and can be prepared by extracting the bark using an appropriate solvent. Preferred solvents include methanol, ethanol, methylene chloride, hexane cyclohexane, pentane, petroleum ether, chloroform and ethylene dichloride, one part of plant tissue (dry basis) is extracted with from about 5 to about 50 parts, preferably from about 15 parts to about 30 parts of solvent using an extraction apparatus where the solvent is contacted with the bark to obtain a concentrated paste which is then subjected to one or more additional extraction steps with different solvents to further concentrate the originally obtained paste over an extended period of time, preferably from about 6 hours to abut 1-2 days, more preferably for about 1 day. 
     In one method of extraction, the dried, crushed Magnolia bark in the form of a powder is sequentially contacted with ethanol, methylene chloride, and cyclohexane to form in each step a concentrated paste, the last paste form being dissolved in heated petroleum either at about 50°-60° C. and then dried under vacuum, the final extraction yielding an extract containing about 5 to about 10% by weight honokiol and about 15 to about 25% by weight magnolol. 
     Magnolol and honokiol are hydroxybiphenyl compounds, the structures of which being represented as follows:                           
     In the practice of the present invention, the antiplaque efficacy of an oral composition containing a noncationic antiplaque agent such as Triclosan, is synergistically enhanced by the presence in the oral composition of an amount of Magnolia Extract which will yield to the oral composition about 0.001 to about 50% by weight of magnolol and preferably about 0.01 to about 0.3 by weight and about 0.02 to about 0.1% by weight of honokiol and preferably about 0.024 to about 20% by weight. 
     These amounts of magnolol and honokiol are yielded to the oral composition when the Magnolia Extract about 1 to about 20% by weight of magnolol about 2 to about 50% by weight of honokiol. 
     Typical examples of noncationic halogenated diphenyl ethers which are particularly desirable from considerations of effectiveness, safety and formulation for use in synergistic combination with the Magnolia Extract are 2′,4,4′trichloro-2-hydroxy-diphenyl ether (Triclosan) and 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dibromodiphenyl ether. 
     The synergistic antiplaque combination of Magnolia Extract and noncationic halogenated diphenyl ether may be administered to the oral cavity while dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. 
     When the noncationic halogenated hydroxyphenyl ether is used in combination with Magnolia Extract to prepare oral compositions such as dentifrices and mouthrinses the sassafras, clove, sage, eucalyptus, cinnamon, lemon, and orange, and methyl salicylate. Suitable sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, maltose, xylitol, sodium cyclamate, perillartine, aspartyl phenyl alanine methyl ester, saccharine and the like. Suitably, flavor and sweetening agents may each or together comprise from about 0.1% to 5% or more of the preparation. 
     Antitartar agents such as sodium tripolyphosphate, tetrapotassium or tetrasodium pyrophosphate, or mixtures thereof, can be present in the oral compositions of the present invention at concentrations from about 0.5 to about 8% by weight. 
     Agents used to diminish teeth sensitivity such as potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and potassium citrate can also be included in oral compositions of the present invention at concentrations of about 0.1 to about 10% by weight. 
     Various other materials may be incorporated in oral compositions of tis invention including preservatives, such as sodium benzoate, vitamins and chlorophyll compounds. These adjuvants, when present, are incorporated in the compositions in amounts which do not substantially adversely affect the properties and characteristics desired. 
     The oral compositions of the present invention may be prepared by suitably mixing the ingredients. For instance, in the preparation of a mouthrinse, the noncationlic halogenated hydroxyphenyl ether and hydrogenated lupulone antibacterial agent combination is dispersed in a mixture of ingredients, e.g. alcohol, humectants, surfactants, and flavor are then added and mixed. The ingredients are then mixed under vacuum for about 15-30 minutes. The resulting rinse product is then packaged. Dentifrices are prepared similarly, additional thickener and polishing agents being included in the last or penultimate step. 
     The antiplaque combination of this invention can be incorporated in lozenges, or in chewing gum or other products, e.g. by stirring into a warm gum base or coating the outer surface of a gum base, illustrative of which may be mentioned include jelutone, rubber latex and vinylite resins desirably with conventional plasticizers or softeners, sugar or other sweeteners or carbohydrates such as glucose, soxbitol and the like. 
     The vehicle or carrier in a tablet or lozenge is a non-cariogenic solid water-soluble polyhydric alcohol (polyol) such as mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, malitol, a hydrogenated starch hydrozylate, hydrogenated glucose, hydrogenated disaccharides or hydrogenated polysaccharides, in an amount of about 90 to 98% by weight of the total composition. Salts such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium bicarbonate or potassium chloride may totally or partially replace the polyol carrier. Tableting lubricants, in minor amounts of about 0.1 to 5% by weight, may be incorporated into the tablet or lozenge formulation to facilitate the preparation of both the tablets and lozenges. Suitable lubricants include vegetable oils such as coconut oil, magnesium stearate, aluminum stearate, talc, starch and Carbowax. 
     Lozenge formulations contain about 2% gum as a barrier agent to provide a shiny surface as opposed to a tablet which has a smooth finish. Suitable non-cariogenic gums include kappa carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and the like. 
     The lozenge or tablet may optionally be coated with a coating material such as waxes, shellac, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer or kappa-carrageenan to further increase the time it takes the tablet or lozenge to dissolve in the mouth. The uncoated tablet or lozenge is slow dissolving, providing a sustained release rate of active ingredients of about 3 to 5 minutes. Accordingly, the solid dose tablet and lozenge composition of this invention affords a relatively longer time period of contact of the teeth in the oral cavity with the active ingredients. 
     The following Examples further illustrate the present invention, but it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto. All amounts and proportions referred to herein and in the appended claims are by weight unless otherwise indicated. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     A 0.3% solution in ethanol of Magnolia Extract containing 8% by weight honokiol and 21% by weight magnolol and a 0.3% by weight solution in ethanol of Triclosan were prepared, and the mixed solution at a 1:1 weight ratio designated “Composition 1” was evaluated in an MIC assay for bactericidal activity against  S. mutans  and  F. nuceatum.  The bacterial strain  F. nuceatium  is implicated in the occurrence of gingivitis. 
     MIC Assay 
     The bacterial strains of  S. Mutans  and  F. nucteatum  grown for 24 hours in trypticase soy broth and FTG* broth for 48 hours at 37° C. respectively to adjust its optical density between 0.1 and 0.2 absorption units at 610 nm prior to MIC determinations. 
     The Magnolia Extract and Triclosan solution mixture (Composition 1) was diluted and MIC assayed using the microtiter format according to standard procedures (Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 1995). The results are recorded in Table I below. 
     The FIC value (fractional inhibitory concentration) of Composition 1 was determined to assess whether the antibacterial efficacy of the Magnolia Extract Triclosan combination exhibited synergistic activity as is described in L. B. Quesnel et al in Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1978, vol. 45, pages 397-405, L. O. Garrod et al in Antibiotic and Chemotherapy, pages 282-286 and 514-518.        FIC   =         MIC                 of                 Triclosan                 in                 mixture       MIC                 of                 Triclosan                 alone       +         MIC                 of                 Magnolia                 Extract                 in                 mixture       MIC                 of                 Magnolia                 Extract                 alone                       FIC             &lt;=        0.7               1   +     /     -   0.3                 &gt;=        1.3                             Implies         Synergism           Additive           Antagonistic                                      
     The FIC value for the Magnolia Extract/Triclosan combination is recorded in Table I. 
     For purposes of comparison, individual 1% by weight solutions of Magnolia Extract, (designated “Composition C1”) and Triclosan, (designated “Composition 2”) were also subjected to MIC assay. The results are also recorded in Table I below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                                                             TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                    Composition 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 Solution 
                 
                          S. mutans 
                 
                 
                   F. nucleatum 
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                      C1 
                 Magnolia Extract 
                 62.5 ± 0.0 
                 31.3 ± 0.0  
               
               
                 C2 
                 Triclosan 
                 15.6 ± 0.0 
                 2.0 ± 0.0 
               
               
                 1 
                 Magnolia Extract + Triclosan 
                  7.8 ± 0.0 
                 1.3 ± 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 FIC Composition 1 
                 0.62 
                 0.69 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results recorded in Table I show that Composition 1, the combination of the Magnolia Extract and Triclosan exhibit significantly greater bactericidal activity against  S. mutans  and  F. nucleatum  than would be expected from the additive effect of these materials. The FIC value for Composition 1 indicates an unexpected synergistic antibacterial activity against  S. mutans  and  F. nucleatum.    
     EXAMPLE II 
     A dentifrice formulation (designated “Composition A”) containing both Triclosan and a Magnolia Extract containing 8% by weight honokiol and 21% by weight manganol and the ingredients listed in Table II was prepared. A dentifrice having substantially same ingredients as Composition A except that the Magnolia Extract was not included in the dentifrice was used as a comparative composition and designated “Composition B”. The ingredients of Compositions A and B are recorded in Table II below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                                                              TABLE II 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                  A 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Composition Ingredients 
                 Weight % 
                 Weight % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Di water 
                 16.107 
                 15.807 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerin 
                 20.00 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 Carboxymethyl cellulose 
                 1.100 
                 1.100 
               
               
                   
                 Carrageenan 
                 0.400 
                 0.400 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium saccharin 
                 0.300 
                 0.300 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium fluoride 
                 0.243 
                 0.243 
               
               
                   
                 Titanium dioxide 
                 0.500 
                 0.500 
               
               
                   
                 Noncrystalizing sorbitol 
                 20.850 
                 20.850 
               
               
                   
                 Gantrez S-97 
                 15.000 
                 15.000 
               
               
                   
                 Silica abrasive 
                 20.000 
                 20.000 
               
               
                   
                 Silica thickener 
                 1.500 
                 1.500 
               
               
                   
                 Flavor 
                 1.000 
                 1.000 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium hydroxide - 50% solution 
                 1.200 
                 1.200 
               
               
                   
                 Triclosan 
                 0.300 
                 0.300 
               
               
                   
                 Magnolia Extract 
                 0 
                 0.300 
               
               
                   
                 SLS 
                                           1.500 
                                   1.500 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 100.000 
                 100.000 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In a six week study to monitor the effect of Composition A and comparative Composition B on gingivitis, 40 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, one group of subjects brushed their teeth twice daily with Composition A and the second group with Composition B. Product efficacy was clinically assessed using standard scoring methods. All subjects were examined professionally at baseline, three and six week intervals for presence of gingivitis according to the Gingival Index system a (G I, Löe 1967). 
     The scoring criteria was as follows: 
     Gingivital Inflammation 
     Score 0 Absence of inflammation 
     Score 1 Mild inflammation—slight change in color and little change in texture 
     Score 2 Moderate inflammation—moderate glazing, redness, edema and hypertrophy-bleeding on probing 
     Score 3 Severe inflammation—marked redness and hypertrophy; tendency to spontaneous bleeding 
     The GI score results are recorded in Table III as average/tooth/subject score. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                                                        TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gingival Index Scores 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                                                        Elapsed Time 
                 % Reduction 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Base- 
                 3 
                 6 
                 v. 
                   
               
               
                 Dentrifrices 
                 N 
                 line 
                 Weeks 
                 Weeks 
                 Baseline 
                 P 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  Composition A 
                 20 
                 1.09 
                 0.02 
                 0.04 
                 95% 
                 P = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.002 
               
               
                 Composition B 
                 20 
                 1.11 
                 0.67 
                 0.58 
                 47% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results recorded in Table III indicate that the presence of the Magnolia Extract in the dentifrice composition produced a significant reduction in gingivitis by those subjects who brushed their teeth with Composition A.