Abstract:
A method for producing a component and to a component as such made of a ceramic material having a predefined shape. The method includes providing a plurality of sheets made of carbon material), providing an adhesive containing a carbonizable component and joining the plurality of sheets to each other by the adhesive to form a sheet arrangement. The spatial dimensions of which are such that the predefined shape of the component can be generated from the arrangement by material removal. The sheet arrangement is worked by removing carbon material from the sheet arrangement to obtain a preform which is made of carbon material and has the predefined shape of the component to be produced. The perform is siliconized to obtain the component made of ceramic material.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This is a continuation application, under 35 U.S.C. §120, of copending international application No. PCT/EP2011/060751, filed Jun. 27, 2011, which designated the United States; this application also claims the priorities, under 35 U.S.C. §119, of German patent applications No. DE 10 2010 030 552.9, filed Jun. 25, 2010 and DE 10 2011 007 815.0, filed Apr. 20, 2011; the prior applications are herewith incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a method for producing a component and to a component produced by the method. The present invention in particular also relates to the production of large two-dimensional structures and/or of 3D structures having a particularly homogeneous property profile. 
         [0003]    When producing complex components having a predefined three-dimensional structure and/or extensive planar structure from a piece, the problem that an underlying material block or material combination, from which the desired three-dimensional or planar structure for the product to be produced is to be worked out, can only be prepared homogeneously with difficulty is often encountered. 
         [0004]    The inhomogeneity concerns the material density as such, but also in particular the distribution of the individual components forming the material. 
         [0005]    As a result, the end product once worked out from a starting material block or starting material composition, which is already inhomogeneous per se, also has inhomogeneous physical and/or chemical properties. Often, this cannot be tolerated. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The object of the invention is to disclose a method for producing a component made of ceramic material having a predefined shape, in which a particularly high level of homogeneity for the product can be ensured in a particularly simple, yet reliable manner. Furthermore, the object of the invention is achieved with a component having a predefined three-dimensional structure made of a carbon-fiber-reinforced material. 
         [0007]    In accordance with one aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a component made of a ceramic material having a predefined shape. The method includes providing a plurality of sheets made of a carbon material and providing an adhesive containing a carbonizable component and joining the plurality of sheets to each other by the adhesive to form a sheet arrangement. The spatial dimensions of which are such that the predefined shape of the component can be generated from the arrangement by material removal. The sheet arrangement is worked by removing the carbon material from the sheet arrangement to obtain a preform which is made of the carbon material and has the predefined shape of the component to be produced. The perform is siliconized to obtain the component made of ceramic material. 
         [0008]    A predetermined pressure distribution, temperature distribution, radiation and/or a process atmosphere can be applied to the produced arrangement of the encasing body or in order to form the encasing body, either when joining the sheets to each other, or once the sheets have been joined to each other, and in particular before working. 
         [0009]    A temperature step, in particular to carbonize components of the arrangement, can be carried out on the produced arrangement of the encasing body or in order to form the encasing body, either when joining the sheets to each other or once the sheets have been joined to each other, in particular before working. 
         [0010]    A temperature step, in particular to siliconize components of the arrangement, can be carried out in a process atmosphere on the produced arrangement of the encasing body or in order to form the encasing body, either when joining the sheets to each other or once the sheets have been joined to each other, in particular before working. 
         [0011]    Different intermediate and post-processing steps can be carried out and offered so as to further define the material properties of the encasing body then provided or the preform of the product, that is to say once the predefined geometric manifestation of the product to be produced has been worked out. 
         [0012]    Here, the finding according to the invention is utilized that sheet structures, whether planar or curved, can be produced with a high level of homogeneity of the material distribution, of component distribution and thus of their physical and/or chemical properties due to their relatively low layer thickness compared to solid bodies, and that a corresponding solid body, an extensive planar structure, or an encasing body having homogeneous properties substantially identical to those of the individual sheets is produced once the sheets, which are homogeneous per se, have been joined to each other. 
         [0013]    Due to the approach according to the invention, the inhomogeneities normally occurring inherently when processing a solid body are thus avoided, in particular if identical or very similar sheets are used and if fluctuations in specific properties at the interfaces between adjacent sheets do not occur, are so low that they can be tolerated, and/or can be reduced, counterbalanced or eliminated within the scope of a post-treatment process. 
         [0014]    The sheet arrangement is preferably formed by stacking on top of one another or joining to each other a plurality of sheets, or all sheets, by joining the underside of a sheet or subsequent sheet as a first joining face to the upper side of a sheet as a second joining face. 
         [0015]    A solid body or encasing body is thus constructed in a particularly simple manner by simply joining the sheets to each other at their upper sides and undersides, in the form of a stack so to speak. Here, the size of the surfaces has a positive influence on the stability of the bond between adjacent sheets. 
         [0016]    In another embodiment of the method according to the invention, one or more of the sheets may additionally or alternatively have edges or edge faces. One or more of the sheets may then additionally or alternatively be joined by at least one of their edges or one of their edge faces as a joining face to one or more sheets. 
         [0017]    Here, one or more sheets can be joined at one or more of their edges or edge faces as a first joining face to edges or edge faces of one or more sheets as a second joining face. 
         [0018]    It is thus also conceivable for the underlying sheets to be joined to each other at the edges or edge faces, even if these have a smaller area compared to the upper sides and undersides. Here, it is conceivable that an edge face rests on an upper side or underside of another sheet. On the other hand, it is also conceivable for two or more sheets to be interconnected via edges. 
         [0019]    Of course, a combination in which a large encasing body or solid body is formed by relatively smaller sheets, which are interconnected on the one hand in a stacked form and on the other hand via their edge faces, is also conceivable. For example, a plurality of stacks may thus initially be formed via the upper sides and undersides, the stacks then being interconnected via the edge faces, preferably arranged in abutment. The reverse approach is also conceivable, in which smaller sheets are first joined to each other via edges to form a larger sheet and are then in turn interconnected via the upper sides and undersides in stacks. 
         [0020]    One or more joining faces to be joined to each other can be provided with at least one connection device and/or at least one connection device can be formed between a plurality of joining faces to be joined to each other, before the joining process. 
         [0021]    In principle, it is conceivable for the interconnected faces of the fundamental sheets to enter into a sufficient bond when contacted together, without further aids, for example if a specific pressure, possibly with the introduction of heat, is exerted. 
         [0022]    It is often expedient, however, to take assistive measures for a durable connection of this type, one of the measures may lie in forming the sheets in a material precursor, for example in the manner of a partly cross-linked state, and then, once the individual sheets have been joined to each other, inducing a reaction inherently in the material of the joined sheets, in particular at the interfaces there-between, the reaction producing the connection between the sheets that have been joined to each other. 
         [0023]    It is also conceivable for additional external agents to be used, such as an adhesive agent or the like. Pressure and temperature can be varied accordingly, either in addition or alternatively, so as to construct and to promote a connection of this type. 
         [0024]    In addition, mechanical aids at the joining faces are conceivable, either alternatively or in addition. 
         [0025]    The sheets preferably have side faces determined by the thickness of the sheets, and at least one of the sheets is joined by one of its side faces as a first joining face to the upper side or underside of another of the sheets as a second joining face. 
         [0026]    The sheets preferably have side faces determined by the thickness of the sheets, and at least one of the sheets is joined by one of its side faces as a first joining face to one of the side faces of another of the sheets as a second joining face. 
         [0027]    Before the joining process, a dust or powder made of the same material or from the same material class as that of the material, or a material, of the sheets can be introduced between the joining faces as a bonding agent or as part thereof. This measure is also suitable for producing a high level of homogeneity of the material distribution and of the physical and chemical properties at the transition between joining faces. 
         [0028]    In the case of at least two of the sheets to be joined at the joining faces, a recess is preferably integrally formed in the joining face of one sheet and a protrusion shaped in a manner complementary to the recess is preferably integrally formed on the joining face of the other sheet and the two sheets are joined together by engaging the recess with the protrusion. 
         [0029]    It is preferable if, in the case of at least two of the sheets to be joined at the joining faces, a recess is integrally formed in the joining faces of both sheets and a connection element shaped in a manner complementary to the recesses is provided, wherein the two sheets are joined together by engaging the connection element with both recesses. 
         [0030]    The mechanical aids in the sense of recesses and plug-in elements can stabilize straight contacts at the edges, but are also provided when contacting the upper sides and undersides together, for example so as to allow sheets that are identical per se to be aligned relative to one another. 
         [0031]    A recess can be formed as a bore, groove, channel or shoulder. 
         [0032]    An adhesive agent can be used as a bonding agent or as part thereof. With an adhesive agent, particularly close contact between joined sheets can be produced, which also takes into account the surface structure for example, that is to say roughness or the like. In this case, the adhesive agent may advantageously be selected such that material inhomogeneities at the interfaces are not produced or are compensated. 
         [0033]    The carbonizable portion of the adhesive preferably contains a resin, in particular a phenolic resin. 
         [0034]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the adhesive contains silicon carbide powder in addition to the resin. Preferred mixing ratios in this case are 42% binder and 58% SiC F1000 (silicon carbide powder) or 40.4% binder and 55.8% SiC F1000, in each case in 3.8% of a saturated para toluene sulfonic acid in water. 
         [0035]    The silicon carbide powder has a mean particle diameter of 1-50 μm, preferably 5-20 μm, more preferably 3-5 μm. 
         [0036]    The carbonizable adhesive contains 5-50% by weight water, 20-80% by weight silicon carbide powder and 10-55% by weight resin, preferably 10-40% by weight water, 30-65% by weight silicon carbide powder and 20-45% by weight resin, more preferably 15-25% by weight water, 45-55% by weight silicon carbide powder and 27-33% by weight resin. 
         [0037]    The carbonizable adhesive contains less than 10% by weight, in particular less than 3% by weight, and in particular no, filler made of carbon material. 
         [0038]    The carbonizable adhesive preferably contains between 0.5 and 5% by weight of a curing agent. 
         [0039]    The adhesive preferably contains the material from which the sheets made of carbon material are fabricated. 
         [0040]    The sheet arrangement is preferably carbonized and the preform is preferably carbonized. 
         [0041]    The sheets are subjected to pressure and/or heat when joined together. 
         [0042]    It is preferable if the physical and/or chemical properties of some, in particular all, sheets are identical over the spatial expansion of the sheets in question. 
         [0043]    At least some of the sheets preferably have a spatial expansion (length×width×thickness) in the range from 20-80 cm (length)×20-80 cm (width)×3-10 cm (thickness). 
         [0044]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, some, in particular all, sheets have the same composition of the carbon material, considered among one another. 
         [0045]    Some, in particular, all of the sheets are preferably produced by preparing a homogeneous mixture with carbonizable, powdery binder and carbon fibers, compacting the mixture under the action of pressure and molding it into a sheet-shaped preliminary product and further processing the sheet-shaped preliminary product by carbonization, or by carbonization and graphitization, to form a sheet made of carbon material. Preferred mixing ratios of binder and fibers are 30% binder and 70% carbonizable cellulose fibers or 29.3% binder, 68.3% carbonized cellulose fibers and 2.4% paraffin. 
         [0046]    It is preferable if the powdery binder is phenolic resin powder, in particular with a particle size distribution D 50 &lt;100 μm. 
         [0047]    The homogeneous mixture contains 20-50% by weight of the binder and 50-80% by weight of the carbon fibers, preferably 30-40% by weight of the binder and 60-75% by weight of the carbon fiber powder. 
         [0048]    The homogeneous mixture preferably contains a filler, such as silicon carbide powder and/or graphite powder. 
         [0049]    It is preferable if at least some of the sheets, in particular all sheets, made of carbon material have a material density in the region of approximately 0.5 g/cm 3  to approximately 0.85 g/cm 3 . 
         [0050]    The carbon fibers are preferably produced by grinding and carbonizing viscous and/or cellulose material, in particular by first grinding and then carbonizing the material(s). 
         [0051]    The carbon fibers are present in the mixture in the form of short chopped fibers, preferably having a fiber length distribution D 50 &lt;20 μm. 
         [0052]    The carbon fibers in the mixture preferably have a fiber length distribution D 95 &lt;70 μm. 
         [0053]    In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a component made of the ceramic material is produced by the method according to the invention from a ceramic material having a material density in the range from 2.8 g/cm 3  to approximately 3.1 g/cm 3 . 
         [0054]    The component is formed preferably as a housing of an optical system, preferably as a housing of an optical lithography system, more preferably as a housing of an EUV lithography system. 
         [0055]    The component formed as a housing of an optical system is preferably formed so as to hold optical components, such as lenses and/or mirrors. 
         [0056]    In a preferred variant, the component is formed as a substrate of an optical mirror, in particular as a substrate of a mirror for an optical lithography system. 
         [0057]    The component preferably has a spatial expansion (length×width×height) in the range from 50-150 cm (length)×50-150 cm (width)×5-150 cm (height). 
         [0058]    It is preferable if the ceramic material of the component has a modulus of elasticity of 270 GPa or more, preferably more than 300 GPa, in particular in the range from 320 GPa to 350 GPa. 
         [0059]    The ceramic material of the component has a flexural rigidity of 280 MPa or more, preferably 350 MPa or more, more preferably 400 MPa or more. 
         [0060]    The ceramic material of the component has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 3.4×10 −6 /K, preferably less than 3.0×10 −6 /K, more preferably 2.7×10 −6 /K. 
         [0061]    The ceramic material of the component has a thermal conductivity of 120 W/(mK) or more, preferably 140 W/(mK) or more, more preferably 170 W/(mK). 
         [0062]    The product or the preform thereof is worked from the encasing body by mechanical working, in particular by cutting, sawing, drilling, milling, turning, planing and/or grinding, preferably within the scope of a CNC process. 
         [0063]    Optical-thermal methods are also conceivable however. 
         [0064]    Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims. 
         [0065]    Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a method for producing a component and a component produced by the method, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. 
         [0066]    The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0067]      FIG. 1  is a flow diagram schematically explaining an embodiment of a method according to the invention for producing a product from a carbon-fiber-reinforced material; 
           [0068]      FIGS. 2-5  are schematic flow diagrams illustrating details of different sub-steps of further embodiments of the method according to the invention for producing the product from the carbon-fiber-reinforced material; 
           [0069]      FIGS. 6A-6F  are schematic and cut side views of intermediate stages that are reached in one embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing the product from the carbon-fiber-reinforced material; and 
           [0070]      FIGS. 7A-10D  are illustrative views showing various sequences of joining processes that may be applied in other embodiments of the method according to the invention for producing the product from the carbon-fiber-reinforced material. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0071]    Embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinafter. All embodiments of the invention as well as the technical features and properties thereof can be isolated individually or electively grouped together as desired and combined without restriction. 
         [0072]    Structurally and/or functionally like, similar or identically acting features or elements will be denoted hereinafter in conjunction with the figures by like reference signs. A detailed description of these features or elements will not be repeated in each case. 
         [0073]    Reference is first made to the drawings in general. 
         [0074]    The present invention also relates, inter alia, to the production of large three-dimensional or 3D structures having homogeneous property profiles. 
         [0075]    Previously, large monolithic block structures for example were formed and worked mechanically, for example by milling or the like, so as to produce complex structures of three-dimensional structure. 
         [0076]    In that case, it was disadvantageous that monolithically produced material blocks demonstrate severe inhomogeneities in the material distribution, whether just in respect of specific components and/or in respect of the physical and/or chemical properties. This often occurs in conjunction with fluctuations in density of one or more components and/or with the occurrence of “compression density gradients”. 
         [0077]    To avoid these problems, the present invention proposes two-dimensional joining of predefined sheets, in particular of green body sheets, with subsequent working of the structure thus obtained by the joining process to produce a large and possibly complex object of three-dimensional or 3D structure. 
         [0078]    There are various variants of the joining process. 
         [0079]    In accordance with a first variant, a large structure of sheets, in particular CFC sheets, joined together two-dimensionally by an adhesive is produced. A connection may be produced under low compressive force, for example so as to prevent the adhesive agent used from penetrating the sheets. For example, the adhesive has to compensate for two gaps between the sheets to be arranged one on the other and also for the different reliefs, but the interface at the joining faces should not be subject to additional or new inhomogeneities as a result of the adhesive. For example, the adhesive may consist of a mixture of phenolic resin and SiC powder. A process of siliconization may then follow. Next, the encasing structure or sandwich structure thus obtained is further worked to produce the required complex 3D structure. 
         [0080]    Sheets of low layer thickness can be produced with practically homogeneous density and thus with practically homogeneous chemical and physical material properties. The structure of a plurality of sheets to form an encasing body or to form a sandwich structure enables subsequent mechanical working, for example by milling or the like. A structure of this type can be easily fixed and held in a corresponding milling device for example. 
         [0081]    With the use of SiC powder as a filler in the adhesive agent, there is no change during the process of siliconization. The particle size of the silicon carbide or SiC may therefore be adapted beforehand to the particle size of the SiC particles in the main body at the gluing point, that is to say at the interface between the joining faces, such that similar material properties and therefore similar physical and/or chemical properties compared to the rest of the sheet material are produced at the joining point between the joining faces. This increases the homogeneity of the entire product. 
         [0082]    With regard to the particle size distribution of the SiC powder, sieving with sieve size F1200 is preferable. 
         [0083]    In a further embodiment, the encasing body or volume body is constructed from partially cross-linked sheets, that is to say from sheets having a partially cross-linked basic material, which are interconnected two-dimensionally and without adhesive. The connection is made under a compressive force greater than in the variants described above, since no adhesive is used. However, a powder originating from the same material class as the basic material or the basic materials of the underlying sheets may be scattered between the joining faces to assist the connection. Carbonization with subsequent siliconization is then performed. The encasing body or the sandwich structure is then mechanically worked again to form the complex 3D structure of the desired product. 
         [0084]    A material having a fiber size in the green body of approximately 10 μm can be used to produce highly rigid structures. In a finished CSiC component for example, this provides silicon carbide grains having a size of approximately 20 μm and therefore a comparatively fine structure. Flexural rigidities of more than 280 MPa, with moduli of elasticity of more than 300 MPa, with thermal conductivities of more than 120 W/m·K, with CTE values of less than 3.4 and specific thermal capacities cp of more than 0.68 J/g·K, can therefore be produced. 
         [0085]    It is important for the invention that the joining point, that is to say the interface between the joining faces or at the joining faces, must always be similar in terms of material and its properties to the material of the main body. For example, this means that SiC grains must have a similar grain size as the SiC grains in the main body. There must be no carbon residue present at the joining faces, that is to say at the interface between the joining faces, since atomic hydrogen present could react, during operation or further processing, with a residual carbon to form volatile hydrocarbon compounds or CH compounds. The processes of evaporation occurring in this instance could have a disadvantageous effect. 
         [0086]    It is also important that only small influences, if any, are exerted on the properties of the interfaces when using adhesives. Depending on the circumstances, it may be advantageous if the adhesive is selected and formed such that it does not react during the process of siliconization, and in particular does not expand or shrink. Adhesives containing SiC particles may therefore be used so that the same mechanical properties as in the main body result at the interfaces of the joining faces after siliconization. 
         [0087]    Reference will now be made to the drawings in detail. 
         [0088]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic block or flow diagram illustrating a first embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing a product  200  from a carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′ having a predefined three-dimensional structure R. 
         [0089]    In an initial step S 0 , all precautions necessary for the method are taken. 
         [0090]    In a subsequent step S 1 , a plurality of homogeneous sheets  10  are produced or provided. These sheets  10  are formed from the carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′ or a preform  10 ″ thereof. The sheets  10  are preferably identical or substantially identical, but at least comparable, in terms of geometry and their chemical and/or physical properties, more specifically in such a way that any variation in their natural properties, if present, is not disadvantageous to the properties of the end product, namely the product  200 . 
         [0091]    The provided sheets  10  are joined together in the subsequent step S 2 . As a result, an encasing body  100 , which has a specific three-dimensional structure R′ is created. The encasing body  100  is dimensioned such that it at least encases the desired product  200  and the three-dimensional structure R thereof. At best, the three-dimensional structure R′ of the encasing body  100  is identical to the three-dimensional structure R of the product  200  to be produced. This is not necessary however, and in general is not the case. 
         [0092]    Following the joining process in step S 2 , the encasing body  100  is then worked in the subsequent step S 3  so as to obtain therefrom the product  200  or the preform  200 ′ thereof. 
         [0093]    Within the meaning of the invention, a preform  200 ′ is always provided in respect of the desired product  200  if, after working, that is to say after working out the three-dimensional structure R actually desired, further intermediate working steps or post-working steps are necessary, for example carbonization, siliconization and/or the like. 
         [0094]    The last-mentioned steps can then be contained in the optional method block S 4  of the post-working of the preform  200 ′ to obtain the product  200 . 
         [0095]    The measures for finishing the method are then taken in the subsequent step S 5 . 
         [0096]      FIGS. 2 to 5  show subordinate block or flow diagrams illustrating possible details of steps S 1 , S 2  and S 4 , which may be provided in some embodiments of the method according to the invention for producing a product  200  from a carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′. 
         [0097]    According to  FIG. 2 , instead of a mere provision of sheets  10  already prefabricated, step S 1  may also include production of these sheets  10 . For example, a production sub-method of this type includes the steps T 1  of mixing the material components required for the sheets  10 , the step T 2  of molding or compressing the components mixed in step T 1  to form corresponding sheets  10 , whether planar or curved, and optional steps T 3  of carbonization and T 4  of siliconization. 
         [0098]    The last-mentioned steps T 3  of carbonization and T 4  of siliconization are optional in this instance, because in many cases it is advisable, after the step T 2  of compressing or demolding the sheets, to first form the encasing body  100  by joining together the sheets  10  with the sheets in their basic form, that is to say in the substantially non-post-worked form of the sheets  10 , that is to say as a green product or green body. Due to the changing material properties with carbonization T 3  and siliconization T 4 , certain further processing procedures are easier to implement in the basic form. 
         [0099]    The flow diagram in  FIG. 3  shows sub-steps of the joining process S 2  of the sheets  10  in one embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing a product  200  from a carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′. In this embodiment a coupling agent or adhesive agent  20  is applied U 1 , before the actual joining of the sheets  10 , either to one of the joining faces  10   o ,  10   u ,  10   k  or part thereof or to all joining faces  10   o ,  10   u ,  10   k  or parts thereof. 
         [0100]    The actual joining of the sheets  10  then takes place in the next step U 2 . 
         [0101]    The joining process is then optionally assisted for a specific period of time by a step U 3  of impressing pressure and/or heat. 
         [0102]      FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative procedure for joining S 2  the sheets  10 . In this case, a recess  32  is formed in at least one of the sheets  10  in a first step V 1 . Two sheets  10  to be interconnected may also be formed with recesses  32 . 
         [0103]    In a subsequent step V 2 , a prepared plug-in element  31  is then inserted into the recess  32  or the recesses  32 . 
         [0104]    In the following step V 3 , the sheets  10  are then joined together, wherein the plug-in elements  31  in the recesses  32  assist the alignment and/or joining of the sheets  10  relative to one another. 
         [0105]    In an optional step V 4 , pressure and/or heat may then again be impressed on the structure so as to assist the connection. 
         [0106]    With regard to step V 2 , it is necessary for a separate plug-in element  31  to be prepared for insertion into the recesses. Rather, the plug-in element  31  may also be part of one of the sheets  10 . 
         [0107]      FIG. 5  lastly shows the optional step S 4  as a step of carbonization W 1  and siliconization W 2  following the mechanical working or working out S 3 . 
         [0108]    Due to the carbonization W 1 , specific or all carbonaceous components of the materials  10 ′,  10 ″ forming the basis of the sheets  10  are converted into carbon structures, for example by pyrolysis or the like, wherein silicon is then taken up in the subsequent step W 2  into the structures thus created, namely so as to form the corresponding ceramic structure. 
         [0109]    The sequence of  FIGS. 6A to 6F  describes details of another embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing a product  200  from a carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′. 
         [0110]    In the intermediate state illustrated in  FIG. 6A , a plurality of identical sheets  10  made of the carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′, each having an upper side  10   o  and an underside  10   u  as well as edges  10   k , are first provided and arranged in place. 
         [0111]    In the transition to the intermediate state illustrated in  FIG. 6B , layers of a coupling agent  20 , for example of an adhesive  20 , are then applied to the upper sides  10   o  of the sheets  10 , excluding the uppermost sheet. It is also conceivable for the respective upper sides and undersides  10   o  and  10   u  assigned to one another to be provided with the adhesive agent  20 . 
         [0112]    In the transition to the intermediate state illustrated in  FIG. 6C , the sheets  10  are then joined together in the manner of a stack under the action of a pressure P, wherein the upper side  10   o  of a lowermost sheet  10  in each case receives the underside  10   u  of a respective sheet  10  arranged thereabove, with the adhesive  10  between. 
         [0113]    Under the action of the pressure P, the sheets  10  are thus joined together in the transition to the intermediate state in  FIG. 6D  to form an encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof. In this case, the interfaces  21  between the sheets  10  previously provided separately are not illustrated. 
         [0114]    In the transition to the intermediate state illustrated in  FIG. 6E , the process of working the three-dimensional structure R of the desired product  200  or preform  200 ′ thereof from the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof is begun. 
         [0115]    In the stack of the three-dimensional structure R′ of the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof indicated in  FIG. 6E , the outlines of the three-dimensional structure R of the body  200  or preform  200 ′ thereof to be produced are already indicated by a dotted line. 
         [0116]    In the transition to the intermediate state illustrated in  FIG. 6F , the product  200  or preform  200 ′ thereof having the three-dimensional structure R is worked from the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof. 
         [0117]    Over the sequence of  FIGS. 6A to 6E , all sheets  10  are joined together via their upper sides  10   o  and their undersides  10   u , such that a stack is created on the whole for the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof. 
         [0118]    Above and hereinafter, reference is made respectively to a preform  100 ′,  200 ′ for the encasing body  100  and for the product  200  to be produced if processing steps, such as carbonization or siliconization, are still necessary after the respective fabrication or as intermediate steps. If such steps are not necessary, reference is made directly to an encasing body  100  or product  200  respectively. 
         [0119]    In the embodiment in  FIGS. 7A to 7C , the joining process between directly adjacent sheets  10  takes place via the edges  10   k  or edge faces  10   k  of the sheets. 
         [0120]    In the intermediate state illustrated in  FIG. 7A , two sheets  10  made of a carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′ are joined together via their edges  10   k , wherein, in  FIG. 7A , the sheet  10  arranged on the left-hand side has an adhesive agent  20  in the form of an adhesive  20  at its right edge  10   k.    
         [0121]    In the transition to the intermediate state shown in  FIG. 7B , the two sheets  10  are then joined together via their edges  10   k  and the adhesive agent  20  therebetween, wherein a suitable compressive force P is impressed from each of the opposite edges  10   k.    
         [0122]    Due to the action of the compressive force P, a connection of the two sheets  10  made of carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′ is then achieved in the intermediate state shown in  FIG. 7C , such that the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof consists of a pair of sheets  10  in the intermediate state shown in  FIG. 7C . In principle however, two-dimensional objects containing more than two sheets are also conceivable. 
         [0123]    In the approach according to the sequence of  FIGS. 7A to 7C , no further aids apart from the adhesive agent  10  at the edge faces  10   k  were used to join together the sheets  10 . 
         [0124]    By contrast, in the sequence of  FIGS. 8A to 8D , recesses are formed in the edge faces  10   k  of the sheets  10  made of the carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′ and mutually opposed via the edge faces  10   k . These recesses are shaped in a manner complementary to and cooperating with an additionally provided plug-in element  31 , such that the intermediate structure illustrated in  FIG. 8B  is first produced when the sheets  10  and their recesses  32  are joined cooperatively to the plug-in element  31 , wherein, due to the adhesive agent  20  additionally provided on the left-hand side in the recess  32 , a type of embodiment of the plug-in element  31  in the recesses  32  occurs with wetting by the adhesive agent  20 . 
         [0125]    In the transition to the intermediate state illustrated in  FIG. 8C , a structure in which the two sheets  10  are joined together to form the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof is produced under the action of the pressure P, wherein the plug-in element  31  is also clearly visible at the interface  21  between the previously separate sheets  10 . 
         [0126]    With a suitable selection of the material for the plug-in element  31  and the adhesive agent  20 , the differences at the interfaces can be suitably remedied, such that a substantially homogeneous structure is also provided at the interface  21 , that is to say the plug-in element  21  can no longer be materially detached once the individual sheets  10  have been joined together, as is illustrated in the arrangement in  FIG. 8D . 
         [0127]    The sequence in  FIGS. 9A to 9D  describes an approach similar to the sequence in  FIGS. 8A to 8D , but in this case a separate plug-in element  31  is not formed, but rather the plug-in element  31  is formed integrally with, that is to say as part of, the right-hand sheet  10  made of the carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′. Again, an adhesive agent  20  is filled into the recess  32  in the other sheet  10  so that the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof is obtained in accordance with  FIG. 9C  once the sheets have been joined together in accordance with the arrangement in  FIG. 9B  and a suitable pressure P has been applied, wherein material detachment of the previously separate sheets  10  and of the interfaces  21  is no longer possible with suitable material selection in accordance with  FIG. 9D . 
         [0128]    The sequence in  FIGS. 10A to 10D  shows an approach in which recesses  32  and plug-in elements  31  are not inserted at the edges  10   k , but for connection of the upper sides  10   o  and undersides  10   u  of the sheets  10  made of carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′. 
         [0129]    According to  FIG. 10A , recesses  32  are formed in the upper sides  10   o  and undersides  10   u  of directly adjacent sheets  10 . Furthermore, separate plug-in elements  31  are provided in this instance. In each case, the upper side  10   o  of the lowermost sheet  10  is coated with an adhesive agent  20 . 
         [0130]    In the transition to the intermediate state shown in  FIG. 10B , the directly adjacent sheets  10  made of carbon-fiber-reinforced material  10 ′ are joined together under the action of pressure, wherein the plug-in elements  31  are plugged into the respective recesses  32  assigned to one another and the adhesive agent  20  between the upper sides and undersides  10   o  and  10   u  respectively provides the connection. 
         [0131]    In the transition to the intermediate state shown in  FIG. 10C , the sheets  10  are then joined together such that the encasing body  100  or preform  100 ′ thereof is obtained. In this case, in the arrangement in  FIG. 10C , the plug-in elements  31  can also be seen clearly in the interfacial regions  21 . A material detachment in accordance with  FIG. 10C  is no longer possible with suitable selection of the material components for the plug-in elements  31  and of the adhesive  20 , as indicated in  FIG. 10D . 
       LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS 
       [0000]    
       
           10  sheet, sheet element 
           10 ′ material of the sheet/sheet element  10 , carbon-fibre-reinforced material 
           10   k  edge, edge face, edge region 
           10   o  upper side, upper face 
           10   u  underside, lower face 
           20  coupling aid, coupling agent, adhesive agent, bonding agent 
           21  interface, interfacial region 
           30  connection means 
           31  plug-in means, plug-in element 
           32  recess, groove, bore, channel 
           100  encasing body, encasement body 
           100 ′ preform of the encasing body 
           200  product 
           200 ′ preform of the product 
         R three-dimensional structure, 3D structure of the product 
         R′ three-dimensional structure, 3D structure of the encasing body  100 /preform 
           100 ′ thereof