Abstract:
The present invention relates to an anther-specific cotton gene (CoFS), and active promoter fragments thereof. These promoters show strong anther-specific activity.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/SG01/00022, filed Jan. 17, 2001, and claims priority therefrom. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to the field of plant molecular biology. In particular, the invention pertains to cotton promoters and their uses in creating transgenic plants, and more specifically to cotton anther-specific promoters. 
     2. Description of the Background Art 
     Cotton is the most extensively used natural fiber in the textile industry. Annual production of cotton worldwide is over 100 million bales valued at 45 billion U.S. dollars. Although significant improvements have been made in quality and yield by means of classical breeding in the past decades, the potential for further improving the properties of cotton through classical breeding is limited due to requirements for species compatibility and available traits. Genetic engineering provides novel approaches for further improving cotton by introducing genes to create new germplasms with highly desirable characteristics, for example, insect pest resistance. 
     The anther is the male reproductive organ in flowering plants. Anther development can be divided into two general phases. During phase 1, most of specialized cells and tissues differentiate, microspore mother cells undergo meiosis and tetrads of microspores are formed. During phase 2, microspores are released from tetrads followed by pollen grain maturation, tissue degeneration, dehiscence and pollen release. Genes specifically expressed during anther and pollen development have been studied in a few plant species. Allen and Lonsdale,  Plant J . 3:261–271, 1993; Bird, et al.,  Plant Mol. Biol . 11:651–662, 1988; Brown and Crouch,  Plant Cell  2:263–274, 1990; Grierson et al.,  Nucl. Acids Res . 14:8595–8603, 1986; Hanson, et al.,  Plant Cell  1:173–179, 1989; Ursin et al.,  Plant Cell  1:727–736, 1989; John and Petersen,  Plant Mol. Biol . 26(6):1989–1993, 1994; Atanassov et al.,  Plant Mol. Biol . 38:1169–1178 1998; Liu et al.,  Plant Mol. Biol . 33:291–300, 1997; Treacy et al.,  Plant Mol. Biol . 34:603–611, 1997; Agnes et al.,  Plant Mol. Biol . 40:857–872, 1999. Among the 20,000 to 25,000 expressed genes in tobacco anther, only 10,000 genes are anther-specific. Kamalay and Goldberg,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  81:2801–2805, 1984; Koltunow, et al.,  Plant Cell  2:1201–1224, 1990. 
     A promoter is a DNA fragment which determines the temporal and spatial specificity of gene expression during plant and animal development. Many tissue-specific genes and their promoters have been identified and isolated from a wide variety of plants and animals over the past decade, including cotton tissue-specific genes and promoters. Loguerico et al.,  Mol. Gen. Genet . 261(4/5):660–671, 1999; Kawai et al.,  Plant Cell Physiol . 39(12):1380–1383, 1998; Song and Allen,  Biochem. Biophys. Acta  1351(1):305–312, 1997; Ma et al,  Biochim. Biophys. Acta  1344(2):111–114, 1997 ; John, Plant Mol. Biol . 30(2):297–306, 1996; Rinehart et al.,  Plant Physiol . 112(3):1331–1341, 1996; Hasenfratz et al.,  Plant Physiol . 108(4):1395–1404, 1995; John and Peterson,  Plant Mol. Biol . 26(6): 1989–1993, 1994; John and Crow,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89(13):5769–5773, 1992. These plant tissue-specific promoters can be used to control the expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants in a tissue-specific manner that will dominate the majority of the second generation of transgenic crops. Some plant tissues do not express high levels of the transgene in all desired tissues or the particular desired tissue. In transgenic Bt cotton, for example, Bt gene expression level is extremely low in the flower, including in the anther, resulting in little protection from pest insects in these tissues. To achieve better control of pest insects of cotton, it would be highly advantageous to identify anther-specific promoters which can produce higher levels of gene expression in these tissues. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a promoter that is cotton another-specific, comprising the promoter of the cotton CoFS gene. The invention also provides a cotton anther-specific promoter comprising SEQ ID NO:2. In yet a further embodiment, the invention provides a transgenic plant expressing a transgene under control of a cotton anther-specific promoter of the cotton CoFS gene. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the results of a CoFS cDNA differential display assay. 
         FIG. 2  provides a Northern blot showing CoFS gene expression. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of constructs of CoFS promoter vector constructs and the cotton CoFS gene. 
         FIG. 4  provides the results of an assay of the expression of the GUS gene under the control of the CoFS gene promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. 
         FIG. 5  shows the results of an expression assay of the GUS gene under the control of the CoFS promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     An anther-specific gene (CoFS) and its corresponding promoter were isolated from cotton by differential display assay. The activity and tissue specificity of the isolated promoter was confirmed in transgenic tobacco plants using the CoFS promoter to control the expression of the GUS reporter gene. 
     Northern blot analysis of cDNAs from a variety of cotton tissues showed that a cDNA clone comprising the CoFS gene was strongly expressed in anthers, and also expressed in petal tissue, but less or not at all in other tissues. See  FIG. 1 . 
     An anther-specific gene (named CoFS)was isolated from cotton. The isolated complete CoFS cDNA is 8.4 kb in length. See Table I. Based on the CoFS cDNA sequence, a CoFS promoter fragment (2.6 kb) was isolated. See Table II. Comparing the nucleotide and predicted polypeptide sequences of the cotton CoFS gene with published sequences revealed that the gene was about 54–58% identical at the amino acid level with acyl-CoA synthetase (probable long-chain-acid cCoA ligase, EC 6.2.1.3) genes from some plants such as  Brassica napus  (X94624) and Arabidopsis (AL078468, AL161560). Less homology was found at the nucleotide level, indicating that CoFS is a novel gene found in cotton. Analyzing the CoFS gene sequence revealed that it may contain 9–10 exons and 8–9 introns in its open reading frame, based on amino acid sequences of the known acyl-CoA synthetases. 
     The CoFS promoter fragment was fused with the GUS gene to construct gene expression vectors for analyzing the function of the promoter. Transgenic tobacco plants with the CoFS promoter/GUS fusion genes were identified by Southern blot hybridization. In the transgenic plants studied, GUS activity was detected in anther, and weakly in ovaries, styles and stigmas, but not in petals or other tissues. This result, together with Northern blot analysis, indicates that the CoFS promoter is anther-specific in cotton. The promoter controls specific gene expression at the transcriptional level in cotton anthers. The isolated promoter may be used in improving expression of desired genes in anther and related tissues of the plant sexual organs to create new plant varieties, thereby enhancing quality and yield of the plant by gene manipulation. 
     The promoters of the present invention are useful in creating transgenic plants, especially including cotton, having improved expression of the transgene in anther tissue. Better expression of protective genes, such as the Bt gene, in anther tissue results in a plant with increased resistance to Bt-sensitive pests. Genes which may be expressed under the control of this promoter include any gene suitable for the purpose. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence of the CoFS Gene From Cotton (SEQ ID NO:1). 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CCTCACATTTAAGCGGAAAAAAATATTAACTAATTACTAATTACTAAGGTCATGGGT 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCGCATTAAAGTTCACTGACGATTGTGCAAATGATGTTCCATAGAGCTTAATTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAATGGGAACTCATGACCCGCTTGAAGTAACTCGACTTGTAGAACTCATGAAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCTTATCTACTTGAAGTTTTGGTAGCCCAATGAAATACTCTCGTAAATCTAGAGTTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAGTGTAAACCCTAAAGGGATCAAATTGTATAAATTTAAATCCCTTATGACTTTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGTAGATAGACTCTAATCTCGATCATGGATGTAACTCAATCTATTTGTTGGGTTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTGATTACTTCAATTCATTCCATTCATAGTTGTGAATATATTTGAGAGTATTTACGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAACATTTGGTGTGTGCTATTTTTCCTTTGGTCTTTTGTTCTTCGTTGCCCATTCGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAGTTTGCTTTCGCTATATTTTAATGCCTTAGAAAATTTTTGCGAGAATTCTCATTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTGAGAGTTAAGCGAACTTAGAATTATTTTTTTTAAAATCGCTTAAGGCTGTATGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTGTGAGACTAAAATTCTAGTCTCGTAACACTAATACAATCACAAGTAATTTACATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTCAAGTTCTTATTCACATAAGCGGTTGGATAAAGAAAATTAAAAAAAAACAATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGATATAATTACAAAAAAATAAATTGAAATGTGCAATAATACAAATAATAATTATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCTAAAGGTAAATAAAAAATGTAAATAATATCAATGAAGTTTGAAACCTTAAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTGAAGTTTGTGTCAACTAATAGAAGAAAAAATAAATTATTTATATAACTCTACTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTATTATTTTATTTTGTAAAATTGATTTATTTATATTATTTCTACTAAATTGATGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATTAGTGATATCTACTTAATTAACTATATATAATTATAATGAATCTCCGGGACTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GACTGGTCAAAGATCATAAAGTGGTATCCAATAAATTTAAAATGCACTTGTAAAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTAGACTCATGATGGCACTGAGGCGGAGGTGAAGAGGCGGCAAAGCACATGGAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCTATATAGAAAATTCTTTCACGAAAAAGGCAACTCTTGGCTTGTGTGTTGGGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTGTTAAGAACTGGATTATATAAAAACAATTATATGGGGAAAGGAAATGGTCCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTCAATAGTTTACTATAAGCAAGTTGGAGATATAAAATTAAATATATATTCAGTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATATACGAGTTTGAGCAACAAAATTAGAGATCTTTTTTGTCAAGTTGATATCTTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTTATAACGTAAATGTTCTTTTGAAGGCAACAGTAATGATATATATATATGTAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAATTTAACTAAAAATAGATAATTAGGCTTAATTTAATTAATTCAAGTGCAATTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTATCATAATATATATTACATTACAAGGCTTGAATTATTCATATTTTAAATTTATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTAGTTAACAAAGTAATTATTGGTGCAAAAATAAATAAATTATTACCCCATTATCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTTTCTTAAATAAAAAAATATATTATATATGCCATTTACTCTCTTTAAAAAAATTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTTACAAATAAACTAATAAATTTGTATATGATGATTTCGAATGAGGGTTTTAATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTTATCATGATGATTTCAATACAATGGTTCCAAATGAATAAGGATTCCACTACAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTAAACTCACCATAATGGTGATTCCAATTGAGTGTTCCTACATAATTATCATCATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTCTTACTTGGCAGGATACAAAAAATAATAATGGGTAAGGTAATTAAAAATTAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATAATTATCAATAAAGTTTTTATTATGGTGACAAAGTTTGATAATCATTATTAAATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTAATTGAGTAAAATATTTAAATATAGTAATGTATATATAATGAATCTCCGGCGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGGCTGTTCAAAGATCATAAAATCCAATACATTTAAAATGCAGCTGTAAAATATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTAAAGGGCGGATAAAGCACATGGAGAAGCCATATAGAAATTTCTTCCATGAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGCGACTCTTAGCTTGTGTGTTGGGAATTGTGTTAAGTTATATGGGAAAGGAAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCCACTGTCAATAGTTTATTATAAGCAAGTGGGAGAAACAAAATTAAATATGTTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTGAAGGCAACAGTAATAATATAATTATAAATTAAAATAACATAATTTAGGCTTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTAATTAATGGTAAACTATAAAAAAAAGTCATTTTTGTTTGCTTCAGATTACATTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTCACTTATGTTTGAAATGTTACGTTTTAGTCACTTACATTACCGTTTTGTTACGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTGGTCACTTTACCATTAAACTCTATTACCTCCCTAACGACAGTCCTACGTGGCAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAAATGAATTTTAAATGCTAACTTGGACGTCCAGTTGCTGGGACATTTTCCGGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACCTACAGCCACCTAATACTTAGGCGCTATATATTTTCCCAAAATTATTCTCCACATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCACTCCCAGAGCCCTCCATCTATGTAGAGAGCTGTAAGAGAGAATATAAAAAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAAGCTAGCTGAGGATCGTTTGATTTTGGACATTTTGATGAAACGGCCTGGAAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTTTGTAATAGAGGTAGAGAAAGGTAAAGACCCCAGCGATGGACAGCCGTCGATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTCCTGTTTATCGCAGTTCTTTTGCTGCTAATGGATTCCCTGCTCCGATTCCTGGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGAGAGTTGCTGGGACATTTTCCGGTTCGTTTTTAGCTTTCTCTTTTTTACTTTACGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCTTGCTTGGCTGCTAAGAAAATAAGGATACTAGGAGAAGATTTGACTTCTTCTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTTTGCTTTGATTTCAGATGGCTTTCGCAATAGTTGCCATTTTTTTTGAATTTTTACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCCCCTTTTTTAAGTTGAGTAGATTTTTCTTCTAATTTGTTGGCTTTGTTATTTTTTTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCGCGACGAGGTGGCGATGAAATCGAGAAACGTACTTTTAAGGATCCTATGAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTTATATGCAAGATCGAAACGCCTAATATTTGAAACTATTGAATTTTAACGCTCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACAGAGCAAGAATCGAGTTACTGGTATTTCCATTCTTATAGCTGAAAGATTGATGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTCATTCAACTCAATGTAAAACTGTGAAATAAATTGTTTAATAGTAGTAATTATTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTTTTGATGCTTATGTGATGTGGAGATTAAAATATTGCCTCCTTATAACTTAGCTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACCGTAGATATGGGCTGATTGAACTTGCTAACTAACTGTATGACAGCTCCTATTTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAAAAGTAATATTTTATTTGAGGATGATGATTTCGATTTCATTTTCTCCTTGCAGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTCAGTTGAGAAATATCCTGACAACCATATGCTTGGTCGCCGACAGATTGTGGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGAAAGTATGTTGCTGCTGCAGTTTCCTTTTTTCTTGTTACTTTTGCGTTCTGTTTGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTGCGGCCTTTGACTTTTAGTTCATGTATCTAAATTGACATGCTTTGATTGCAGGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAAATACGTGTGGCAAACTTACAGAGAAGTTTATGACATTGTAACAAAAGTTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATTCCATCCGAAGTTGTGATGTTGTGGAAGTAATGCTTTAACCTCCTTTTTTCCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAATTGTAAAATTATTGTCAATTTTTTTTATAACAAATATCCTATTTCTGGGGATCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATCCACCCACAATTGATGCTAATAAAAAAAAAAATTAAGCTTTTTATTCTTGCTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGGGAGGAAAGTGTGGTATTTATGGTGCCAATTGCCCAGAATGGATAATTAGCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGAGGTATGATCATTCTGGCATGTTTCATCTGATTTGCACAGTGGACATCCCAAGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACTTAGATGTCGCTATAACTTGTTTCTTTGGATCATACTATTTGCTACCAAATTGCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTGCCCGAAATGTTTACTAATGTTGCAAGATTGATACAGGCCTGCAACGCTCATGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACTCTATTGTGTTCCTTTATATGACACTTTGGGTATTTCTTCTTGAGATCCAACAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCATTCTTTCAGTTTTTGCCAAACAACTACCTTTCTCTAACAACCATCTTATGTGTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATGTACTCTTCATATAGTCTGTGATCATAATATCCTTAAACTCTTTAAATTATTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCATTCCAACGCGCCTGCTACTCTTTTTGAATGTTTGATACGTTGCTACATATTTGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTGCCGGTGCTGTGGAGTTTATCATATGCCATGCAGAAATTTCTATTGCTTTTGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGAAAAGAAGATTAATGAGGTATGCCTGTTTACATCTATATTTGAAACCCTAGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGATATGGCAACTACTGGGAAAGATACTTCTAGATACTTGCAAAAATAAGATATCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTACAAAATAGATTCGATGTTTTATTTTTATTATCAGCATTTGCTTCTATGCTTGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTCACTTATGCATAGTTGATATTGATACAAGAATCTGTAATTTCACAAATTTTCTGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTTTTTCTTTTGGGTTTCTCATGTAAGGTTTTTCTTTTTCCTTTCAGCTGTTCAAAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTTCCAGCCTCAACAGAACACTTGAAAAGTAAGCTATCTGATTATTTAGGGGGATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTGAAATAGTACGTTACAAATTATTTATGTCCATGTATTTTTGCTATGCAGCAATTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTAGCTTCGGGAAGGTAACACCTGAGCAGAAGGCAGAAGCTGAGAAGCATGGTTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGATATATCCTTGGGAGGAATTTTTGCAACTGGTAAGCTCTTTGCTCTGTTATTTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CACTTCAATTTATCAGAAATAAAATTTATTCTGCTGAACTAATTGTGTCTATTTTAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGACTGCCATCCTGTTAGTTACGAGTTCAGATGAAGCCATATGGCTGTAGAAAACAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCTTCTGGCAGTGCTTAATATGAACTAGGCTTCATTACATTTTCATGCATGCGCCTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCTTTTTTCCTTAGCTAACCGTTATTGGATTGATGGATTTTAACCTGTAGATGACTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGTTCTGATTTAAGCTCTTATGTCTGTTTCTTGCAGGGAGAAAATAAGAATTATGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTCCGGTGAAGAAGAAAACTGATATCTGCACGATAATGTATACTAGTGGAACAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGTGATCCAAAGGGAGTATTGATTTCAAATGATAGTATTGTTACTCTTATAGCAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTGAAACGCCTGCTGGGGAGTGTAAATGAACAGGTGACCTTTTCATTTTATTTTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACCATTTCACCAGTCACTTGGTTTGATCTGTCGTTTCTTTTCTTTCCTCCACCAAATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GACATGATTGTTCCCTTGTTTTCCCTTTCTCATTTGTTTGTTTCTTGTGAAATTTACAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGACTATGAAGGATGTATATATTTCTTATCTTCCTCTTGCTCATATCTTTGACCGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGATTGAGGAATTATTTATTTCGCATGGTGCTTCAATAGGATTTTGGCGTGGGGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCATGATTAGTTAGTACTCTGACAACAAATACGGGTTCATTCAAATCAGCAAGTGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATTTGTTTCATCTTCAGGATGTGAAACTATTGGTCGAAGATATTGGAGAGCTAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCAAGTATCTTCTGTGCTGTTCCTCGTGTCTTAGATAGAATTTATTCAGGTAAACTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTATATTCGTGGATTAGGCAATGTCATTTTTGGGTTGTTTGTGGAGGTTATACTAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAACCTGGAACATGTACTAGCTGGAAAACTTGTCTTAATTTACTTATTTTTAGTATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATAAATGAAACAAAACTAGATTGATTCACTTTTCTGTTAAATACAATGAATATATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCAGCTTTTTTCAGAAGATGCATGTTCTCAGCTGTGAGATTGTCATAACCTTTGTACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTATCAGGTTTACTACAGAAGATTTCTTGCGGGCGGCTTATTGAAAAAGAAGATGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGATTTAGCATACACATAGTAAGTTACTCTCATATTTTCAGTTTCTTATGTGAAGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCATTTTATCTGCTGGCCGCCCAAAAATATTGATTGGAAATAGAGTTAAATTGCTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTAGTTCTGCCACTGCAGACTCACCGGAGTAAAGGAAAATAAAAGATATTTGGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTCTCTAACAAGCAACAGGGTCAAAAGCATATTTTTCCTTGTAGACAAATATAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTGTTAGAGTTGTGTGACCCAAATTCTAGTTAAAAAAAAGTGGCAAGATAGGGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTTGTGGGGGCATCGGAGGCCCCCACGGTACGGTACAGACTGCACAAGTGGAATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGTATAAAAGTACACTTCTTCTATTTGATATTGATTTGAATAAGGTGTTTCAACCTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGCATTGCTTCTATTAGGTTTTGATTAGAATAAGGTTTATAGGTCGTCGTCTCTCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCCCGTGGTTTTGTGTGTTATATTTTTACCCTCTTTCTTTACGATTCATTGTCATTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGAGGTTTGTTTTTCACAGAATTGTCTCAATCCCTTTGGGTTTATGAGCTTTTGCATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTAGAGATCCATTTGCAGTCTGTGATTGCACTTTTCGTGAATATGTTTAACAGAGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACTGAATCAGGATTACGGTTTCTTGGCTTTGATTTTACTAATATCTGACATCTGTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AACCTACAGCAAATACTACAACATGAAGAAGGGCCGCAAACATGGAGAAGCATCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAATTTGTGACAAAATTGTATTTAGTAAGGTGATGAAAGTCTTCATTGATACATTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGCACGAGGCTCCTTGAATATTGGCCAAAAGCCCATTAAATCACATTTACCTGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATAATCCTCTTGACTACTCAAATCTCATGTTGAGTTGTAATTTTTCTCAGGTAAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGGATTGGGAGGGAATGTGCGGCTTATTCTATCTGGTGCAGCACCTCTTTCAGCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGTGGAAGAGTTCTTGCGAGTTGTGGCATGTTGTCATGTTCTGCAAGGATATGGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAGTTGAAGTCAGCCTTTGTGCTTGTGATAAGTTCTTTTTTTCCCTTTACCAGCTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CACACTGGCTGCAACATGAACATTTATTATTATGTTGATCCAAATGTAGGTCTGACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAGAGTTGTGCGGGGAGTTTTGTCTCTTTACCTAATGAATTGTCAATGCTTGGTACTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGGGCCTCCCAGTACCAAACATAGATGTACGCCTGGAATCTGTTCCCGAAATGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATGATGCCCTTGCTAGCACACCACGGGGGGAAATTTGTATCAAAGGAAATACATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCTCAGGATACTACAAACGTGAAGACCTCACCCGTGAAGTATTGATTGATGGATGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCCACACAGGTCTTCCAACTTTTGTTTCTTTTAAGGTTCTATGCATTATTAGTTTTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTATAAGTTGAAGACCTTGAATCTTTGTGCATTAGGGGATATTGGAGAGTGGCAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTAATGGAAGCATGAAGATTATTGATCGAAAGAAGAACATTTTTAAGCTTTCACAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTGAATATGTTGCTGTTGAGAACCTGGAGAACATTTACGGTCTCGTGTCAGCTATTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTCGGTACATCTCTTATGCTCTCTTTGATACATTAACATACACTGCTTCTCGGATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTAGCCATGCACTGAATGTTGGTCAAACGTAAAATTGATTTTGAAATGATTGGCAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTAAACATTTTCTTTCTTATGTTACCTTATGATTGCATTCCTTTTTTAGCACTAGGTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAACCCATTGCCATTGATGGTTGCTTGATTGAACAAAAATAAACATAATAATCGAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATGCATGTCATGTTACAGTGTTTTTATCGTATCAGTTGTGTAAACATGTGTCAAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCTTTAACAGAAATATGACAAATGTACTAAATATGTTAAATCATGCTTAAGCGCATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATATGGTATCTAAATTTGTCATACATATATGTCATGGAAGTGATGTAAAATAAACTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAGTTTATGTCAGATTTGTAATTTACTTGCTGGAGATTGGCATTCTTTTAAACTTTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTTTCATGTCTTTATCAATTTCAGATATGGATTTACGGAAACAGCTTTGAGTCGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTGTTGCGGTTGTTAACCCCAATAAGGAAGCACTTGAAAGCTGGGGTGCCGACAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AACGTAAGTGGTGACTTCGAGTCCCTCTGTCAAAACCCCAAGGCCAAAGAGTTCATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTGGGGAGCTCGCAAAGACTGGCAAAGAGAAAAAGGTTAGTTATTCATGCTTTTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCCCCTTTTTTATTTTTCAAAATTTATGAAATATGGGTTTATCAATTCATACTGAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTATAATCTTTACTCAGCTAAAAGGTTTTGAATTCTTTGGATCC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence of the Cotton CoFS Promoter (SEQ ID NO:2). 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 GGGAAGCTTATCTACTTGAAGTTTTGGTAGCCCAATGAAATACTCTCGTAAATCTAG 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTTATTAGTGTAAACCCTAAAGGGATCAAATTGTATAAATTTAAATCCCTTATGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTCAATTGTAGATAGACTCTAATCTCGATCATGGATGTAACTCAATCTATTTGTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTTGGGGTGATTACTTCAATTCATTCCATTCATAGTTGTGAATATATTTGAGAGTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTACGCAAACATTTGGTGTGTGCTATTTTTCCTTTGGTCTTTTGTTCTTCGTTGCCCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCGTTCGAGTTTGCTTTCGCTATATTTTAATGCCTTAGAAAATTTTTGCGAGAATTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATTTTGTGAGAGTTAAGCGAACTTAGAATTATTTTTTTTAAAATCGCTTAAGGCTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGGTCTGTGAGACTAAAATTCTAGTCTCGTAACACTAATACAATCACAAGTAATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACATTGTTCAAGTTCTTATTCACATAAGCGGTTGGATAAAGAAAATTAAAAAAAAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATCGGATATAATTACAAAAAAATAAATTGAAATGTGCAATAATACAAATAATAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATTGCTAAAGGTAAATAAAAAATGTAAATAATTATCAATGAAGTTTGAAACCTTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGGTGAAGTTTGTGTCAACTAATAGAAGAAAAAATAAATTATTTATATAACTCTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAATGTATTATTTTATTTTGTAAAATTGATTTATTTATATTATTTCTACTAAATTGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGAATTAGTGATATCTACTTAATTAACTATATATAATTATAATGAATCTCCGGGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTGACTGGTCAAAGATCATAAAGTGGTATCCAATAAATTTAAAATGCACTTGTAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATATTAGACTCATGATGGCACTGAGGCGGAGGTGAAGAGGCGGCAAAGCACATGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAGCTATATAGAAAATTCTTTCACGAAAAAGGCAACTCTTGGCTTGTGTGTTGGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTGTGTTAAGAACTGGKATTATATAAAAACAATTATATGGGGAAAGGAAATGGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACTGTCAATAGTTTACTATAAGCAAGTTGGAGATATAAAATTAAATATATATTCAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACATATACGAGTTTGAGCAACAAAATTAGAGATCTTTTTTGTCAAGTTGATATCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATTTTATAACGTAAATGTTCTTTTGAAGGCAACAGTAATGATATATATATATGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGAAATTTAACTAAAAATAGATAATTAGGCTTAATTTAATTAATTCAAGTGCAATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTTTATCATAATATATATTACATTACAAGGCTTGAATTATTCATATTTTAAATTTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTATTAGTTAACAAAGTAATTATTGGTGCAAAAATAAATAAATTATTACCCCATTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTATTTTCTTAAATAAAAAAATATATTATATATGCCATTTACTCTCTTTAAAAAAATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAATTTACAAATAAACTAATAAATTTGTATATGATGATTTCGAATGAGGGTTTTAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACAGTTATCATGATGATTTCAATACAATGGTTCCAAATGAATAAGGATTCCACTACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACATTAAACTCACCATAATGGTGATTCCAATTGAGTGTTCCTACATAATTATCATCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATTCTTACTTGGCAGGATACAAAAAATAATAATGGGTAAGGTAATTAAAAATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATAATTATCAATAAAGTTTTTATTATGGTGACAAAGTTTGATAATCATTATTAAATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTAATTGAGTAAAATATTTAAATATAGTAATGTATATATAATGAATCTCCGGCGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTGGCTGTTCAAAGATCATAAAATCCAATACATTTAAAATGCAGCTGTAAAATATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGTGAAGGGCGGATACCACACATGGAGAAGCCATATAGAAATTTCTTCCGGTACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGAAAAAGGCGACTCTTAGCTTGTGTGTTGGGAATTGTGTTAAGTTATATGGGAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGAAATATTCCACTGTCAATAGTTTATTATAAGCAAGTGGGAGAAACAAAATTAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGTTATTTTGAAGGCAACAGTAATAATATAATTATAAATTAAAATAACATAATTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCTTAATTTAATTAATGGTAAACTATAAAAAAAAGTCATTTTTGTTTGCTTCAGATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACATTTTAGTCACTTATGTTTGAAATGTTACGTTTTAGTCACTTACATTACCGTTTTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TACGAAGTGGTCACTTTACCATTAAACTCTATTACCTCCCTAACGACAGTCCTACGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCAGTCAAAATGAATTTTAAATGCTAACTTGGACGTCCAGTTGCTGGGACATTTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGGTTCACCTACAGCCACCTAATACTTAGGCGCTATATATTTTCCCAAAATTATTCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CACATTTCACTCCCAGAGCCCTCCATCTATGTAGAGAGCTGTAAGAGAGAATATAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAGGGAAAGCTAGCTGAGGATCGTTTGATTTTGGACATTTTGGGATCC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence of a CoFS 275 bp cDNA Fragment (SEQ ID NO:3). 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 GGTCACTGTGACGTGCCGTGGCTACTGTGAAACGAGCCGTGGCTACTGTGAACGTGC 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGTGGCTACTGTGAACGAGCCGTGGCTACTGTGAACGTGCCGTGGCTACTGTGAACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCCGTGGCTACTGTGAACGAGCCGTGGTCACTGTGATACGTGCCGGGAGTTTTGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTTTACCTAATGAATTGTCAATGCTTGGTACTGTGGGGCCCCATACCAAACATAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTACGCCTGGAATCTGTTCCGAAAAAAAAAAAACTGAATTCCGAGT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following non-limiting examples are included to illustrate the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Isolation of an Anther-specific cDNA Fragment Encoding a CoFS Sequence Expressed in Cotton Anthers 
     Cotton seeds were surface-sterilised with 70% ethanol for 30–60 seconds and 10% H 2 O 2  for 30–60 minutes, followed by washing with sterile water. The seeds were germinated on ½ MS medium at 28 C with 16 hr lighting. Cotyledons and hypocotyls were cut from sterile seedlings as transformation explant material. Cotton plants were grown in pots for DNA and RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted from young fibres, ovaries, anthers, petals, sepals, leaves and roots of cotton using the guanidinium thiocyanate method or SV Total RNA Isolation System (Promega). Poly (A) + RNA was purified using oligo(dT)-cellulose spin columns from an mRNA purification kit (Pharmacia Biotech). Total RNAs from different tissues of cotton were used to reverse-transcribe first-strand cDNAs. These cDNAs were used as templates in differential display PCR. 
     Differential display analysis was carried out with the Differential Display Kit (Clontech). First-strand cDNA was synthesised with 2 μg total RNA as starting materials of reverse transcription and oligo(dT) as primers at 42 C for 1 hour. Reactions of differential display PCR were carried out with an initial cycle consisting of 94 C for 5 minutes, 40 C for 5 minutes and 68 C for 5 minutes, followed by two cycles consisting of 94 C for 2 minutes and 40 C for 5 minutes and 68 C for 5 minutes, and then 25 cycles consisting of 94 C for 1 minute, 60 C for 1 minute and 68 C for 2 minutes, and a final extension at 68 C for 7 minutes. Target differential display bands were excised and re-amplified for further analysis. PCR fragments, DNA and cDNA fragments were sub cloned into vectors, and plasmid DNA and phagemid DNA prepared with a Qiagen Plasmid Kit were used as templates in PCR reactions. The PCR products were sequenced by autosequencer. 
     Cotton cDNA was synthesised using a cDNA synthesis kit (Stratagene). Cotton cDNA libraries were constructed by inserting the cDNA fragments into the ZAP express vector (Stratagene). Reproducible anther- and petal-specific differential display products (see  FIG. 1 ) were targeted for further analysis. The cDNAs in each target band were harvested and regenerated by PCR amplification. The isolated cDNAs were subsequently sub cloned into a vector and sequenced. 
     To confirm which cDNA transcripts specifically accumulated in cotton anthers, cDNA expression patterns were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization with total RNA isolated from cotton fibers, ovules, anthers, petals, sepals, stems, leaves and roots, using probes from the cDNA clones. For Northern blot analysis, RNA samples from different cotton tissues were separated on agarose-formaldehyde gels, and transferred onto Hybond-N nylon membranes by capillary blotting. RNA Northern blots were hybridised in ExpressHyb solution (Clontech) at 68 C with  32 P-cDNA probes prepared by random labelling (Prime-a-Gene Labelling System, Promega). After hybridisation, the blots were washed at 68 C in 0.1×SSC, 0.5% SDS for 30–60 minutes. 
     One clone was identified as a 275 bp CoFS cDNA fragment (see Table III). The cDNA fragment was found to share 73% homology with the acyl-CoA synthetase gene (X94624) of  Brassica napus  in a region of 33 amino acids of the open reading frame. Northern blot hybridization revealed the CoFS cDNA transcripts accumulated largely in cotton anthers, and also accumulated more or less in petals, but these transcripts were not detected in RNA from fibers, ovules, stems, leaves and roots (see  FIG. 2 ). This result shows that CoFS cDNA expression is anther-specific in cotton. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Isolation and Structure Analysis of CoFS Gene 
     Plant materials from cotton were prepared as in Example 1. Tobacco seeds were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30–60 seconds and 0.1% HgCl 2  for 15 minutes, followed by washing with sterile water. The seeds were germinated on ½ MS medium in light at 28 C, and leaves cut from sterile seedlings were used as experimental materials. 
     Total DNA was extracted and purified from leaves of cotton and tobacco plants according to the following method. Leaf tissues (z-4 g) were thoroughly homogenised in liquid N 2 . The homogenized tissues were placed in a 50 ml tube with 20 ml ice-cold extraction buffer and sedimented at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes. After removing the supernatant, each pellet was resuspended in 10 ml lysis buffer and incubated at 65 C for 30 minutes. Ten milliliters chloroform was added to each tube and mixed with the samples. The samples then were sedimented at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a clean tube, and chloroform extraction was repeated once more. The supernatant was transferred to a clean tube, and 0.6 volume isopropanol was added to each tube for DNA precipitation. After centrifuging at 3500 rpm for 30 minutes, the DNA was washed with 70% ethanol. The isolated genomic DNA was then dissolved in sterile water for use. 
     Cotton genomic DNA libraries were constructed from leaves of cotton plants. DNA was partially digested with BamH I, and the DNA fragments were cloned in the BamH I site of ZAP express vector (Stratagene). The cotton genomic DNA libraries were screened using CoFS gene fragments isolated by Genome Walk PCR as probes. 
     Genome Walker libraries were constructed using the Universal Genome Walker Kit (Clontech). Genomic DNA from leaves of cotton plants was digested with five restriction enzymes respectively, purified by phenol/chloroform extraction and precipitated in ethanol. The digested DNA was ligated to Genome Walker adaptors. 
     Two Genome Walker polymerase chain reactions were carried out successively: 1 μl of each Genome Walker DNA library was used as the templates in the primary PCR, and the primary PCR products were used as templates in the secondary PCR. The PCR was started at 95 C for 1 minute, followed by 35 cycles of 95 C for 15 seconds and 68 C for 4 minutes and a final extension at 68 C for 6 minutes. Target PCR bands were purified using a Geneclean Kit (Bio 101). 
     The screens revealed two CoFS gene positive clones. One clone contained a 4.801 kb cotton CoFS gene region, and the other contained a 3.913 kb cotton DNA fragment covering part of CoFS promoter region. Three CoFS promoter fragments (0.7, 1.4 and 2.6 kb, respectively) were isolated from the cotton Genome Walker libraries. The complete CoFS gene isolated from cotton was 8.4 kb in length, including a 2.6 kb promoter region. The sequences are provided in Tables I and II. 
     EXAMPLE 3  
     Functional Analysis of CoFS Promoters 
     To characterize the function of the CoFS promoter in anther-specific expression of the CoFS gene, a 0.7 kb fragment, a 1.4 kb fragment and a 2.5 kb fragment of the CoFS promoter were fused with the GUS coding sequence in the gene expression vector pBI121 (replacing the CaMV35S promoter), respectively. See  FIG. 3 . 
     Vectors were constructed as follows. A Hind III site and a BamH I site were created by PCR at the 5′-end and 3′-end of the 0.7, 1.4 and 2.4 kb CoFS promoter fragments respectively. The Hind III/BamH I fragment was initially sub cloned into pGEM-T vector (Promega). Plasmid DNA containing the CoFS promoter fragments was digested with Hind III and BamH I, and the digested fragment was isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Three chimeric CoFS promoter/GUS constructs were generated by insertion of the 0.7, 1.4 or 2.4 kb fragment, respectively, replacing the CaMV 35S promoter, into the Hind III/BamH I sites of pBI121 vector. 
     The CoFS promoter/GUS fusion gene constructs were used to transform tobacco by  Agrobacterium -mediated gene transfer, using the pBI121 vector containing a CaMV35S promoter/GUS fusion protein as a positive control. The CaMV35S promoter is a constitutive promoter, active in all plant tissues. Odell et al.,  Nature  313:810–812, 1985; Ow et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  84:4870–4874, 1987; McCabe and Martinell,  Biotechnol . 11:596–598, 1993. 
     The binary vectors containing CoFS promoter/GUS fusion genes were transferred into  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  strain LBA 4404. Tobacco transformations were carried out using the leaf-disc method (Horsch, et al., 1985). Tobacco leaves were cut into pieces about 2×2 cm, and immersed in the Agrobacteria suspension for five minutes. The infected tobacco explants were cultivated on MS medium with 1 mg/L 6-BA for 48 hours at 28 C and transferred onto selection MS medium containing 100 mg/L kanamycin and 1 mg/L 6-BA for 20–30 days. Kanamycin-resistant (transformed) shoots were selected. The transformed shoots were cut from the calli and rooted on MS medium with 50–100 mg/L kanamycin. The transformed tobacco plants were transplanted to soil for growing to maturity. 
     Transgenic tobacco plants possessing the chimeric CoFS promoter/GUS gene (or 35S/GUS gene), and negative control, non-transformed plants were analyzed by DNA Southern blot hybridization and by GUS histochemical assay. For Southern blot analysis, total genomic DNA from the transgenic tobacco leaves was digested with restriction enzymes, separated on agarose gels, and transferred onto Hybond-N nylon membranes by capillary blotting. DNA Southern blots were hybridized in ExpressHyb solution (Clontech) at 68 C with  32 P-DNA probes prepared by random labelling (Promega Prime-a-Gene Labelling System). After hybridization, the blots were washed at 68 C in 0.1×SSC, 0.5% SDS for 30–60 minutes. The  32 P-labelled nylon membranes were exposed to X-ray film at −70 C for autoradiograph. See  FIG. 4  for the results. 
     Histochemical assays for GUS activity in transgenic tobacco plants were conducted according to a protocol described previously, Jefferson,  Plant Mol. Biol. Rep . 5:387–405, 1987, with some modifications. Fresh tissues from the plants were incubated in X-gluc (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylglucuronide) solution consisting of 0.1 M sodium phosphate (pH 7.0), 10 mM ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 0.5 mM potassium ferrocyanide and 0.1% X-gluc (Clontech chemical) overnight. The stained plant materials were then cleared and fixed by rinsing with 100% and 70% ethanol successively, and the samples were examined and photographed directly or under a microscope. See  FIG. 5 . 
     The results of Southern blot analysis demonstrated that CoFS promoter/GUS gene was integrated into the tobacco genome. More than 50 tobacco transgenic plants were obtained and transplanted in soil to grow to maturation. Consistent with the results from Northern blot analysis of cotton, the GUS gene driven by the CoFS promoter was specifically and strongly expressed in tobacco anthers. Weak activity of GUS gene under CoFS promoter was also detected in ovaries, styles and stigmas, but no GUS activity was detected in petals or other tissues in all the transgenic tobacco plants studied. This result, together with the above Northern blot analysis, indicates that the CoFS promoter is able to control specific gene expression at the transcriptional level in plant anthers. 
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