Abstract:
Displaying information to a user which includes categories of information to be displayed. The categories are displayed with each color representing a specific category, where the different categories can include at least an alarm category and a non-alarm category. Colors are selected for the two categories which can be perceived by both red dichromats and blue dichromats, and in this way, many colorblind individuals will still be able to discern between alarms and non-alarms.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/133,457, filed May 11, 1999. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Color Vision Deficiency is present in a percentage of the human population. Certain tasks which rely on color can become more challenging for these people. 
     Computer workstation tasks are often highly color dependent. Consider, for example, web browsing. Web browsers may indicate a link that has been visited in one color, and a link that has not been visited in another color. A person who cannot distinguish between the two colors simply misses the cue. 
     Non-color cues, such as text icons, graphics and so on can be used in conjunction with the colored cues. This technique works well in web page design. Other interfaces, which are more intensely visual, often cannot use this technique. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present application teaches a fault display system which can be selected to use a special color scheme that is color—which may be more viewable by people having color vision deficiencies. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the Necessary Fee. 
       These and other aspects will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  shows the basic screen in color, showing different alarms and different aspects of these different alarms; 
         FIG. 1B  shows how these alarms might be perceived by certain color blind people; 
         FIG. 2A  shows the basic TowerView system, with alarms whose height represents an anomaly between normal and alarms; 
         FIG. 2B  shows how this would be viewed by a green blind dichromat; and 
         FIG. 2C  shows a basic computer system that is used according to the present system. 
         FIG. 3A  shows a basic color scheme; 
         FIGS. 3B and 3C  show how this color scheme would be viewed by different kinds of dichromats; and 
         FIG. 4  shows a flowchart of operation to either select a special color scheme for color blind people, or to use the default scheme. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The basis of vision is special photosensitive cells called rods and cones in the retina of an eye. The cone cells each include a light sensitive pigment that is sensitive to wavelengths in three parts of the visible light spectrum. The cones receive information for three colors which are often called the primary colors; red, green and blue. 
     People with normal vision are often called trichromats. They are sensitive to color in all three areas of the light spectrum. If the genetic code that forms the pigments is incorrect, then cone cells that include the pigments may be sensitive to different wavelengths of light. People with color vision deficiencies are referred to as anomalous trichromats. These people can see the color in all the ranges but are less sensitive to either green or red then are people with normal vision. 
     Other people with color vision deficiencies are called dichromats. These dichromats often have no sensitivity to one of the colors, usually either green or red. 
     The four common types of color vision deficiency are summarized below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Color Vision Deficiency 
                 Category 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Green insensitive (deuteranomalous 
                 Anomalous  
                 Person is less 
               
               
                 trichromat) 
                 trichromat 
                 sensitive to greens 
               
               
                 Red insensitive (protanomalous 
                 Anomalous 
                 Person is less 
               
               
                 trichromat) 
                 trichromat 
                 sensitive to reds 
               
               
                 Green blind (deuteranope) 
                 Dichromat 
                 Person can&#39;t see 
               
               
                   
                   
                 greens at all 
               
               
                 Red blind (protanope) 
                 Dichromat 
                 Person can&#39;t see 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reds at all 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Some studies provide surprising numbers about how many people have such deficiencies. As many as 8% of Caucasian men have some degree of color vision deficiency. An order of magnitude fewer women have that deficiency. 
     The reliance on color to indicate critical information may prevent people with color vision deficiencies from effectively appropriately using certain tools. The present application addresses this problem. 
     A display which shows faults and parameters is, such as that described in our co-pending application Ser. No. 08/797,769. This display uses the standard, conventionally used colors, e.g., green, red and yellow to distinguish between normal, critical and warning, values of parameters respectively. For example, green can mean that the data is within limits and does not require any analysis or attention. Yellow can mean that data is out of limits and in a warning level state. Red can mean that the data is out of limits and in a critical state. This system also displays “towers”, the height of which indicates the percentage different from some normal, or baseline, value. This system may be very powerful, since it enables perceiving large amounts of information. However, without the ability to interpret certain color cues, an analyst could be limited in their ability to determine the state of the data parameters. 
       FIG. 1A  shows a screen showing data parameters. A plurality of data parameters are shown along with their colors. The parameter titles are in white, and their values are shown displayed in green if normal, yellow if warning, or red if alarmed. The parameters for the thrusters  102 ,  104  are in alarm states and hence shown as red. The thruster  5 , value  108 , is shown in yellow. 
     A normal color-sighted person would see the text in  FIG. 1A  as white text, the values as green and red and yellow. In the screen of  FIG. 1 , the values such as  100  are all green. The values  102 , 104  are red indicating alarm. The value shown as  108  is shown as yellow, indicating a fault. 
     While this color scheme may be best for normal sighted people, a red blind dichromat does not see the red values. The red blind dichromats sees the green values as some other color, which can be thought of a version of green. In commonly used black display backgrounds, red also offers almost no contrast with the background, making the serious condition the easiest for a person with color vision deficiency to overlook. 
     The following figures show certain information as it is believed that the dichromat will perceive them. These may be worst case analyses. 
       FIG. 1B  shows the view that might be seen by a red blind dichromat. Since the red cannot be perceived, those values would be seen as a shadowy view of the words represented by the alarm. The yellow value here,  108 , is seen by the red blind dichromat as virtually yellow. The yellow values become virtually indistinguishable from the green. 
     For this case, the fault values may become less visible. Hence, critical information can be completely lost by a color impaired sight person. 
     The system used by TowerView is shown in  FIG. 2A . Blue may be used as an advisory color, yellow as a warning color, and red as a critical color. This display shows a plurality of different parameters all displayed on one display. The height of the towers represents the amount of difference between that parameter&#39;s current value and normal. Taller towers represent more severe faults. This enables quickly determining which parameters are in alarm. This system calls attention to the parameters that are exhibiting anomalous behavior, and de-emphasizes those that do not require action on the part of the analyst. If all of the objects in the CyberGrid represent normal parameters, then all would compete for the analyst&#39;s attention. While this use of color may make it possible to grasp large quantities of information, the use of color also poses the usual problems for persons with color vision deficiency.  FIG. 2A  shows the portion of a CyberGrid display in the default color scheme. The view in  FIG. 2  shows red alarms  210 , blue alarms  200 , and yellow alarms  220 . A green blind dichromat, however, sees only the dichromic view shown in  FIG. 2B . The red alarms blend in to the black background. Blue alarms do not display distinctly from gray data objects. Much of the effect of this system is lost on the color blind. 
       FIG. 2C  shows the computer  250  used to display these display parts. The computer runs a program to display the display shown in  FIG. 2A . The user interface  252  enables selection between the normal color scheme of  FIG. 2A , or a color blind-preferred color scheme described herein. The program also receives input from plural sensors  255 ,  256 . 
     The present application teaches a color scheme for the color blind which is selectable by a user. The system allows switching to an alternative color scheme, which can be more easily perceived by the color blind. The system uses colors which can be easily differentiated by all the different kinds of color blind people, with all the different kinds of color blindness. The system can also operate advantageously for the different types of color blindness. In a particular embodiment, a color scheme is optimized for viewing by all or many of the different kinds color vision impaired. 
     In this way, the colors can be changed in a way that allows the different users to see differently. Other embodiments are within the disclosed embodiment. For example, other color schemes are contemplated. 
     A system shown in  FIGS. 3A–3C  is for the color blind. The background is gray. Alarms are blue, yellow and black, and normal colors are green.  FIG. 3A  shows this view.  FIG. 3B  shows the view that would be perceived by a green blind dichromat. The greens would appear slightly less green, but the alarms would still be viewable. Similarly, a red blind dichromat sees the view shown in  FIG. 3C . The background is seen as being greenish, and the viewer also sees the yellow, blue and black. For dichromats of both types, the colors of the towers are all markedly different and in high-contast from one another and from their surroundings. 
     A flowchart of operation is shown in  FIG. 4 . This flowchart can be executed by the computer  250 . 
     In  FIG. 4 , different parameters are viewed in different ways. 
     At  410 , the user of the system actuates a user interface control which indicates whether the system is being used by a color blind person. The normal color scheme goes to direction N, where the parameters are viewed in a normal color scheme. For example, normal parameters can be viewed in a normal color scheme such as green, yellow, red or some other normal indicative color. Alarms are preferably shown in red, while warning colors are shown in yellow. 
     Color blind follows the “C” path, and the color scheme is changed to one which is easier to view by color blind people at  420 . At  430 , an optional operation is carried out whereby the user is given the opportunity to specify a specific type of color blindness, and a color scheme for that. If not, the scheme noted above, which is usable for all different kinds of color blindness, is used. Alternatively, the user can continue to change color schemes until they find one that fits them best. As part of the display in  FIG. 430 , the user can be asked to select a color scheme they can see best, using a plurality of displayed tests. The tests provide color schemes, and the user is asked which of the multiple color schemes they can most easily perceive. That color scheme can be selected for the user to view. 
     Other modifications are contemplated. For example, while only a single color scheme has been described herein, other color blind type schemes can be used. A scheme is preferably used that can be seen by all different kinds of dichromats. 
     The attached figures show these color schemes in color. However, as with many colors, these can also be described in terms of words, as below. It should also be understood that many of these drawings show what we believe that the dichromats may perceive. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Default Scheme 
               
             
          
           
               
                 CyberGrid Elements 
                 Color 
                 RGB 
                 Hex 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1. Upper grid 
                 Medium Blue 
                 0-112-255 
                 00-70-FF 
               
               
                 2. Lower grid 
                 White 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 3. Advisory tower 
                 Medium Blue 
                 28-120-237 
                 99-BF-CC 
               
               
                 4. Warning tower 
                 Yellow 
                 255-255-0 
                 FF-FF-0 
               
               
                 5. Critical tower 
                 Red 
                 255-0-0 
                 FF-0-0 
               
               
                 6. Objects (receiving data) 
                 White 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 7. Objects (not receiving 
                 Gray 
                 171-171-171 
                 AB-AB-AB 
               
               
                 data) 
               
               
                 8. Quick summary 
                 Medium Blue 
                 38-179-143 
                 26-B3-8F 
               
               
                 9. Column labels 
                 White 
                 255-255-255 
                 0-FF-0 
               
               
                 10. Row labels 
                 White 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 11. Text on background 
                 Medium Blue 
                 38-179-143 
                 26-B3-8F 
               
               
                 12. Background 
                 Black 
                 0-0-0 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 13. Data suppression 
                 Medium Blue 
                 0-112-255 
                 00-70-FF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Color Blind Scheme 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Color (what it looks like to the 
                   
                   
               
               
                 CyberGrid Elements 
                 color blind is in parentheses) 
                 RGB 
                 Hex 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1. Upper grid 
                 Medium blue (medium blue) 
                 0-102-255 
                 0-66-FF 
               
               
                 2. Lower grid 
                 Dark blue (dark blue) 
                 0-51-102 
                 0-33-66 
               
               
                 3. Advisory tower 
                 Blue (blue) 
                 102-102-255 
                 66-66-FF 
               
               
                 4. Warning tower 
                 Gold (gold) 
                 255-204-0 
                 FF-CC-0 
               
               
                 5. Critical tower 
                 Black (black) 
                 0-0-0 
                 0-0-0 
               
               
                 6. Objects (receiving data) 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 7. Objects (not receiving data) 
                 Dark green (dark brown) 
                 51-102-0 
                 33-66-0 
               
               
                 8. Quick summary 
                 Dark blue (dark blue) 
                 0-51-102 
                 0-33-66 
               
               
                 9. Column labels 
                 Dark blue (dark blue) 
                 0-51-102 
                 0-33-66 
               
               
                 10. Row labels 
                 Dark blue (dark blue) 
                 0-51-102 
                 0-33-66 
               
               
                 11. Text on background 
                 Dark blue (dark blue) 
                 0-51-102 
                 0-33-66 
               
               
                 12. Background 
                 Gray (tan and gray) 
                 153-153-153 
                 99-99-99 
               
               
                 13. Data suppression 
                 Medium blue (medium blue) 
                 0-102-255 
                 0-66-FF 
               
               
                 14. Upper grid 
                 Medium blue (medium blue) 
                 0-102-255 
                 0-66-FF 
               
               
                 15. Lower grid 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 16. Advisory tower 
                 Blue (blue) 
                 102-102-255 
                 66-66-FF 
               
               
                 17. Warning tower 
                 Gold (gold) 
                 255-204-0 
                 FF-CC-0 
               
               
                 18. Critical tower 
                 Black (black) 
                 0-0-0 
                 0-0-0 
               
               
                 19. Objects (receiving data) 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 20. Objects (not receiving data) 
                 Red (green/brown) 
                 255-0-0 
                 FF-00-00 
               
               
                 21. Quick summary 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 22. Column labels 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 23. Row labels 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 24. Text on background 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 25. Background 
                 Rose (tan/gray) 
                 255-153-153 
                 FF-99-99 
               
               
                 26. Data suppression 
                 Medium blue (medium blue) 
                 0-102-255 
                 0-66-FF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Color Blind Scheme 2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Color (what it looks like to the 
                   
                   
               
               
                 CyberGrid Elements 
                 color blind is in parentheses) 
                 RGB 
                 Hex 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14. Upper grid 
                 Medium blue (medium blue) 
                 0-102-255 
                 0-66-FF 
               
               
                 15. Lower grid 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 16. Advisory tower 
                 Blue (blue) 
                 102-102-255 
                 66-66-FF 
               
               
                 17. Warning tower 
                 Gold (gold) 
                 255-204-0 
                 FF-CC-0 
               
               
                 18. Critical tower 
                 Black (black) 
                 0-0-0 
                 0-0-0 
               
               
                 19. Objects (receiving data) 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 20. Objects (not receiving data) 
                 Red (green/brown) 
                 255-0-0 
                 FF-00-00 
               
               
                 21. Quick summary 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 22. Column labels 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 23. Row labels 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 24. Text on background 
                 White (beige) 
                 255-255-255 
                 FF-FF-FF 
               
               
                 25. Background 
                 Rose (tan/gray) 
                 255-153-153 
                 FF-99-99 
               
               
                 26. Data suppression 
                 Medium blue (medium blue) 
                 0-102-255 
                 0-66-FE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Other embodiments are contemplated.