Abstract:
A traffic information system for predicting travel times utilizes Internet based collecting and disseminating of information. The system accounts for vehicle type, driver specific disposition, and its predictions of future traffic account for the effects of predictable events, particularly weather, on traffic patterns. The traffic information system includes a computer model of a transportation route map, the route map having a multiplicity of possible destinations points connected by route segments. An equation is developed for each route segment, the equation incorporating variables and constants which relate to the fixed and variable parameters which are indicative of the time it will take to travel along a particular route segment. Predicted travel time along the route segment can be improved over historical data for a time in the future for which there are reasonably accurate weather predictions. Incorporation of the effect of predicted weather on travel time over a route segment can be accomplished by developing a correlation between weather conditions and decreased traffic speeds. Personalized prediction times are generated by taking into account the vehicle type and level of agressiveness of a particular driver.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not applicable. 
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to systems for predicting travel times between locations in general and more particularly relates to systems which provide information about traffic based on real-time and historic traffic data over the Internet. 
     Recently, many traveler information systems have been developed to inform travelers with regard to real-time traffic information. Examples of such traveler information systems can be found in several major traffic information websites, including 
     SmartRoute Systems http://www.smartraveler.com/ (1998): 
     Etak http://www.etaktraffic.com/ (1997): 
     Traffic Station Group http://www.trafficstation.com/ (1998): 
     TrafficOnline System http://www.trafficonline.com (1996): and 
     Traffic Assist http://www.trafficassist.com/ (1998). 
     The travel information systems are based on the availability of reliable computer-based maps and the availability of traffic data, available over the Internet, which are typically supplied by each state&#39;s Department of Transportation. Internet provided data includes real-time velocities and the number of vehicles per minute traveling selected roads. Over time such data can also supply historical travel times between selected points. Existing systems display maps which indicate road construction or other incidents and show or predict travel time along particular routes or between selected points. 
     In addition to companies that provide Internet based traffic reporting and vehicle routing solutions, many other institutions, including state departments of transportation (DOT) and city departments of transportation, as well as transportation consulting companies in the US, have deployed their own traveler information systems, which use variable message signs (VMS), travel advisory radios (TAR), TV and cable TV channels, radios, kiosks, telephones, pager, and cell phone to provide traveler information to individual users. 
     In a typical travel information system, a road map is divided into route segments and historical and/or real-time sensor data is used to predict the time it will take a vehicle to travel along a particular route segment. Predictions of trip travel times are then based on linking together route segments to create routes along which it is desirable to calculate a travel time. 
     What is needed is a better system for predicting future traffic congestion based on a wider range of data including weather, and known movements to and from special events. Further, a system is needed which takes into account the attributes of the vehicle and driver in predicting trip times. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The traffic information system of this invention employs a computer model of a transportation route map, the route map having a multiplicity of possible destination points connected by route segments. Each route segment is representative of a particular path between destination points. The path may represent a road segment, but can also be used to represent other transportation links, such as airplane routes, train routes, and water transportation routes. Between any two destinations points there will typically be a number of different routes, each route being made up of one or more route segments. An equation is developed for each route segment. The equation incorporates variables and constants which relate to the fixed and variable parameters which are indicative of the time it will take to travel along a particular route segment. The fixed parameters for a road would include the route segment&#39;s length, the posted speed limit, and the carrying capacity of the route segment. Variable factors include the time of day, day of week, day of year, number of vehicles predicted or measured to be moving along the route segment, the measured velocity of the vehicles, the type of driver, and type of vehicle for which a prediction of travel time is desired. In addition, there are variables which adjust the carrying capacity of the route segment, for example lane closures due to construction or accident. The carrying capacity of a route segment as well as the maximum speed will also be dependent on weather, and other factors affecting visibility. 
     The number of vehicles using a given route segment will in the short run depend on the number of vehicles on other route segments which supply traffic to the different route segment. Longer-term prediction of vehicle traffic will be based on historical data and on data concerning future construction on alternative routes, and planned events which will increase traffic along the route segment. 
     The capacity of a route typically remains constant, until the occurrence of a predictable event, such as construction, and adverse weather, or is reduced by an unpredictable event such as an accident. 
     Uncertainty with respect to the time required to transit a route segment relates to the unpredictability of the future and the imperfection of knowledge about the current situation. Predictions based on a given confidence level will produce a range of trip times which will reflect the type of uncertainty and its magnitude. Future predictions of weather are given in probabilistic terms and therefore result in probabilistic predictions of future transit times. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a traffic information system which provides long-term predictions of time to transit particular route segments and multiple route segments. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a traffic information system which can predict route segment speeds based on predicted weather. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a traffic information system which provides an estimate of the uncertainty, presently estimated or future predicted, for travel time along a route segment. 
     It is a yet further object of the present invention to provide a traffic information system which provides an estimate of travel time over route segments which considers the type of vehicle and the type of driver who is traversing the route segments. 
     Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the system architecture of the Internet-based traffic prediction system of this invention. 
     FIG. 2 summarizes the input databases and corresponding data sources for Internet-based traffic prediction and forecast in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 shows the data fusion process and how to integrate the real-time data in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4A illustrates a family of traffic prediction models. 
     FIG. 4B illustrates traffic prediction for a rolling time horizon. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified Internet-based traffic prediction system. 
     FIG. 6 summarizes the output data of the Internet-based traffic prediction system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7A illustrates the origin-based predictive travel time maps. 
     FIG. 7B illustrates the destination-based predictive travel time maps. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates the system architecture of an Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system. 
     FIG. 9 shows the user-input process and final output example of the text report of the Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 shows the user-input process and final output example of the address-based routing of the Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates the system architecture of an Internet-based personalized travel prediction and decision support system for a multi-modal transportation network. 
     FIG.  12 . shows the information flow process and example of an Internet-based personalized travel prediction and decision support system for a multi-modal transportation network in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG.  13 . illustrates the determination of weather factors which are used to predict traffic delay due to weather. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring more particularly to FIGS. 1-13 wherein like numbers refer to similar parts, an improved system for providing traffic routing information to individual users is disclosed. 
     With the advent of the interstate system of roads a new discipline, Urban Transport Planning developed in the mid &#39;50&#39;s and became the focus of professional practice and academic research. The purpose of this discipline was to forecast urban travel demand so as to have a basis for making decisions about investment in transportation facilities. The discipline of Urban Transport Planning build on certain standard models, developed during the 1950&#39;s to predict average or steady-state conditions for transportation system usage. During the second decade following the advent of the discipline, research was directed towards addressing the mechanistic and behavioral limitations of systems developed in the 1950&#39;s. By and large these traditional concepts and methods were used through the 1980&#39;s. Even into the 1990&#39;s, where new methods were developed which considered transportation as a good subject to the laws of supply and demand, and employed the principles of microeconomics, the new methods remained largely static models of average or steady-state conditions. Dynamic models are needed to provide real-time predictions and applications, but, because of their complexity, have been slow in their development. 
     The individual traveler requires more than information about average or steady-state conditions on roads. Steady-state information can be useful in planning a trip where traffic congestion is not a consideration. Where traffic congestion causes significant delay, information about real-time and future conditions is needed for trip planning. Traffic reporting by radio within major metropolitan areas roughly parallels the development of the discipline of Urban Transport Planning and provides some of the real-time information about traffic congestion needed by the individual consumer of the transportation good. With the advent of the Internet it has become possible to provide information over the Internet which is customized to each individual user. 
     Many sources of information concerning traffic flow are available over the Internet. The information available over the Internet includes feeds from WebCams which provide real-time visual information concerning traffic levels at various points within a metropolitan area. This information can be converted by computer vision recognition systems into vehicle velocities and vehicle flow numbers. This information in turn is used by various service providers to provide real-time information about traffic along specific routes and even to provide suggestions for optimal routes between points. However, the consumer of trips, i.e. the commuter, traveler, or delivery person, is interested in information about trips which may take place/be consumed sometime in the future. 
     The prediction of future events can generally be divided into four categories: deterministic events which can be predicted based on the laws of physics; chaotic events where limitations imposed by chaos theory restrict the time period over which it is possible to have sufficiently detailed information on which to base predictions; and thirdly the future conditions may be determined by random events which cannot be predicted. The fourth and very useful category of future predictions is a simple extrapolation from similar historical circumstance. 
     The science of weather forecasting can be compared and contrasted with the difficulties of forecasting future traffic congestion. Weather is a physical system dictated by the properties of the physical atmosphere and its interaction with land, water and solar heating. With sufficient knowledge concerning the beginning states of current atmospheric conditions it is possible by means of mathematical models implemented on computers to project the physical system forward to predict future weather conditions. 
     Weather is however inherently a chaotic system, which means future conditions become over time infinitely sensitive to initial conditions. Weather prediction with current knowledge about initial conditions is only better than a prediction based on climate for a period of two or three days into the future. Climate is simply average conditions determined historically for a particular time of year. Weather predictions for the short run can be remarkably precise, although there remains a random component with respect to small-scale aspects of time and location. Ultimately it is random movements in the atmosphere through their effect on initial conditions which governs the weather of tomorrow, within the physical system which produces a given climate. 
     Forecasting traffic conditions is an inherently less deterministic system in the sense that predictions about the future based on present conditions are better than predictions based on historical average conditions based on time-of-day, day-of-week, etc., for only about one hour into the future. The improved traffic predictions system of this invention discloses how to predict what the next morning&#39;s commute will be with more precision than a prediction based on what a typical commute on a similar day would be. 
     Referring to the analogy of weather prediction, although chaos theory, and knowledge of initial conditions, limits weather prediction to two or three days, it is possible to make predictions months or even years into the future based on the understanding of climatology phenomena such as El Nino. Changes in ocean surface temperatures indicate a temporary change in climate, which then allows prediction of changes in rainfall, cloud cover, etc. In the same way, changes in external factors which affect travel over a system of roadways or other transportation links can be used to more accurately predict traffic in the future, and more generally to predict travel times over specific route links in the future. 
     The factors affecting transportation climate which can be predicted generally are factors which relate to road or route link capacity. The three major sources of abnormal congestion in order of importance are construction, weather, and traffic incidents, such as lane blockage due to accident. These factors essentially decrease capacity of routes links, and so change the expected average commute time, by increasing traffic congestion. Construction and the weather are both phenomena which can be predicted a day or more into the future. 
     To a lesser extent, total demand for trips on a specific route segment can be predicted where they relate to specific events, for example the scheduling of a cultural event, the closing of some roads due to construction increasing travel on other roads, etc. However, most factors relating to demand for trips will be predicted from the historical data, i.e.: when school is in session students commute to school; on Memorial Day weekend there will be a historically observed amount of vacation travel. So better predicting of travel demand will often be related to better picking of a historically analogous day. For example, where the Fourth of July falls on the weekend traffic patterns will be different than where it falls on a weekday. 
     Nevertheless, speed along a route segment in the future can be predicted with improved accuracy by adjusting historically expected route speed by a factor to account for a known increase in traffic due to a predicted future event. A delay factor can be developed over time for specific events by comparing historically expected traffic with actual traffic during the predicted event. In this way delay factors could be developed over time for events such as sporting events, theatrical events, or public events which would be able to take predicted traffic based on historical data and adjust expected traffic velocities to account for the known future events which are shown to have a correlation with increased traffic. 
     Even more useful is to predict decreased traffic velocity due to decreased capacity along a particular route segment. Construction along a route segment normally occurs at predicted times, and with a known scope, i.e. the number of lanes closed, and the length of the road segment affected, etc. As a first approximation, the amount of traffic that will try to move along a road will be the amount predicted from historical data. It is possible to project decreased traffic velocity along route segments by working from the standard road construction advisories. Such advisories may include delay factors which account for the degree of road capacity constriction, the length of the constriction, and the interaction of traffic flow with the constriction. Thus traffic at a specific future time can be predicted, when a construction event is predicted to decrease route segment capacity. 
     Weather is a predictable aspect of the future which can be applied to predicting the capacity of route segments to carry traffic at some time in the future. Weather is also a major cause of traffic congestion. Because weather patterns can be predicted relatively accurately for a matter of hours, and with less accuracy several days into the future, applying weather predictions to better predict future travel times along route segments results in improvements in future predicted travel times between destinations. 
     Weather forecasts are provided on the World Wide Web on a county by county basis, or by city, or zip code. To apply future weather forecasts to the prediction of future traffic conditions it is simply necessary to develop a transfer function between specific forecast variables and traffic conditions—more particularly, a transfer function between specific forecast of weather conditions such as rain and specific levels of traffic delay resulting therefrom. Such a transfer function can be developed by comparing over time the actual effect of weather on trip time. From such actual data, a lookup table for decreased traffic velocity for specific weather conditions can be developed, or a model based on how weather conditions affect the parameters of the physical model can be developed. FIG. 13 shows such a weather type effects tree, wherein for various conditions traffic velocities decrease to a determined percentage of normal for a particular time of day and day of the week. 
     Typical forecast systems do not consider the particularity of the individual vehicle or of the individual driver. The typical traffic forecast system assumes that everyone moves with the flow of traffic, and therefore averaged traffic flow numbers are representative of the time for individual drivers to complete a particular route segment. However on many routes the speed limit for different types of vehicles many differ—often trucks are not allowed to travel as rapidly as cars, for example. Further, the handling and acceleration characteristics of different vehicles may mean a particular type of vehicle is less capable of exceeding the average speed of the traffic flow. Perhaps the most important factor, beyond the varying speed limit set by law between trucks and cars, is the aggressiveness of the driver. Some drivers are content to minimize driving effort by simply maintaining a set position behind another vehicle. Other drivers actively pursue a course of action designed to maximize safety, such as avoiding groups of vehicles which are closely spaced, yet other drivers attempt to maximize speed, frequently passing cars which impede the flow of traffic. 
     Some drivers are regular commuters along a route and with little effort will make those lane changes necessary to optimize travel time by avoiding traffic slowdowns caused by on-ramps and off-ramps. Because regular commuters must spend less effort considering their route and observing the particularities of a route segment, they can spend more time and effort analyzing traffic and avoiding traffic congestion. The performance of a particular driver can be categorized over time by a coefficient particular to an individual driver, or each driver can self-assess, choosing an appropriate category, with respect to driving style. By comparing expected travel times based on traffic flow data with actual travel times for a particular individual, over time a coefficient could be developed, specific to that individual and even specific to various routes such as the route along which an individual typically commutes. 
     Therefore an improved prediction of travel time along a particular route for a particular individual can be achieved by applying vehicle and driver specific factor to historical or real-time data. When predicting the future, vehicle and drivers specific factors generally are multiplicative. 
     Other factors such as those used to account for predicted adverse weather are also generally multiplicative, whereas other factors may be in the form of (1−f) where f is a parameter between zero and one. This approach is used when two mutually exclusive factors are combined to predict trip time such as real-time vs. historical traffic flow data. The factor f can be determined by statistical, empirical, heuristic, or model based analysis. 
     1. Traffic Prediction Models 
     A simple statistical model can be built for predicting travel speed on a route segment. It follows that: 
     Predictive_Speed=Historical_Speed*b+Current_Speed*(1−b)+Random Error 
     where: 
     Predictive_Speed is the predictive value in future time instant t; 
     Historical_Speed is the historical average at the same time instant t for the same type of day; 
     Current_Speed is the real-time speed measured using field devices; 
     b is a weighting parameter; 
     Random Error is an error term for the speed prediction. 
     In real-world applications, the historical_speed is typically available and the current_speed may or may not be available. Thus, the major work for traffic prediction model calibration is to estimate the value of the weighting parameter b and the random error distribution. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Speed Prediction on an Urban Segment on I-90 in Chicago 
     For an urban segment, the weighting parameter b is affected by the traffic flow, traffic control, route segment capacity, incident, construction, and event on this route segment, and upstream and downstream segments. This weighting parameter b is to be determined using regression based on the observed values and the predictive values. The current_speed for an urban interstate segment is typically available in major metropolitan areas. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Speed Prediction on a Rural Segment on I-94 from Milwaukee to Madison 
     For a rural segment, the weighting parameter b is mainly affected by the incident, construction, and event on this route segment. This weighting parameter b is to be determined using regression based on the observed values and the predictive values. For a rural segment, the current_speed is typically not available due to the lack of detection and sensing devices on rural highways. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Relationship of Impacting Factors and Variables for Short-Term (0-60 
               
               
                 Minutes) Traffic Prediction 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Terms in Predictive Travel 
                   
                   
                   
                 RandomErr 
               
               
                 Time Formula 
                 Cruise Time 
                 Delay 
                 Random Error 
                 or ζ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Traffic 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
                   
               
               
                 Flow/ 
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Small impact 
                 Small impact 
               
               
                 Demand 
               
               
                 Traffic 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
               
               
                 Control 
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Small impact 
                 Small impact 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Roadway Classification &amp; 
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Max Capacity 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Incident 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Historical Data 
               
               
                 Construct 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Reduce cruise 
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
               
               
                 ion 
                   
                 speed 
               
               
                   
                 Planned 
                 Reduce cruise 
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                 speed 
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Event 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
               
               
                   
                 Scheduled 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Weather 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Reduce cruise 
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
               
               
                 Report 
                   
                 speed 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Forecast 
                 Reduce cruise 
                 Large impact 
                   
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                 speed 
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Vehicle 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 Type 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 Composit 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 ion of 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 Different 
               
               
                 Types of 
               
               
                 Vehicles 
               
               
                 Driver 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 Behavior 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 Composit 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 ion of 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 Different 
               
               
                 Types of 
               
               
                 Drivers 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Relationship of Impacting Factors and Variables for Mid-Term (1-3 Hours) 
               
               
                 Traffic Prediction 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Terms in Predictive Travel Time 
                 Cruise 
                   
                 Random 
                   
               
               
                 Formula 
                 Time 
                 Delay 
                 Error 
                 Random Error ζ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Traffic 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Diminishing 
                 Diminishing 
                   
               
               
                 Flow/ 
                   
                   
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                 Demand 
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
               
               
                 Traffic 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Diminishing 
                 Diminishing 
               
               
                 Control 
                   
                   
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                   
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Roadway Classification &amp; Max 
                 Large 
                 Large impact 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Capacity 
                 impact 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Incident 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Diminishing 
                 Diminishing 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                   
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Minor impact 
                 Minor impact 
               
               
                 Construction 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Diminishi 
                 Diminishing 
                 Diminishing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ng impact 
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                   
                 Planned 
                 Reduce 
                 Large impact 
                   
                 Large impact 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cruise 
               
               
                   
                   
                 speed 
               
               
                 Event 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                 Diminishing 
                 Diminishing 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                   
                 Scheduled 
                   
                 Large impact 
                   
                 Large impact 
               
               
                 Weather 
                 Real-Time Data 
                 Diminishi 
                 Diminishing 
                 Diminishing 
               
               
                 Report 
                   
                 ng impact 
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                   
                 Forecast 
                 Reduce 
                 Large impact 
                   
                 Large impact 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cruise 
               
               
                   
                   
                 speed 
               
               
                 Vehicle 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 Type 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 of 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium 
               
               
                 Different 
                   
                 impact 
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Types of 
               
               
                 Vehicles 
               
               
                 Driver 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 Behavior 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 impact 
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 of 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium 
               
               
                 Different 
                   
                 impact 
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Types of 
               
               
                 Drivers 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Relationship of Impacting Factors and Variables for Long-Term (&gt;3 Hours) 
               
               
                 Traffic Prediction 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Terms in Predictive Travel Time 
                   
                   
                 Random 
                 Random 
               
               
                 Formula 
                 Cruise Time 
                 Delay 
                 Error 
                 Error ζ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Traffic Flow/ 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Demand 
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Traffic 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 Control 
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Roadway Classification &amp; Max 
                 Large impact 
                 Large impact 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Capacity 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Incident 
                 Real-Time Data 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Historical Data 
                   
                 Minor impact 
                 Minor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Construction 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                   
                 Planned 
                 Reduce cruise 
                 Large impact 
                 Large 
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                 speed 
                   
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                 Event 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                   
                 Scheduled 
                   
                 Large impact 
                 Large 
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                 Weather 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 Report 
                 Forecast 
                 Reduce cruise 
                 Large impact 
                 Large 
                 Large 
               
               
                   
                   
                 speed 
                   
                 impact 
                 impact 
               
               
                 Vehicle Type 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                   
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 of Different 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium 
               
               
                 Types of 
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Vehicles 
               
               
                 Driver 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 Behavior 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 Real-Time Data 
               
               
                 of Different 
                 Historical Data 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium impact 
                 Medium 
               
               
                 Types of 
                   
                   
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                 Drivers 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     1. Background of Traffic Speed and Travel Time Estimation Models 
     The traffic speed on a route segment is a function of the following variables: number of vehicles or vehicle density, route segment capacity, compositions of different vehicles and drivers in traffic stream, and driver behavior. The compositions of different vehicles and drivers are determined by the percentages of different types of vehicles (car, van, bus, truck) and percentages of different types of drivers (aggressive, neutral, conservative) in the traffic stream on the route segment. Based on the vehicle density, Greendshields proposed the following fundamental speed-density relationship for a freeway segment: 
     
       
         V=V o (1−D/D j )  (1) 
       
     
     where V: speed (vph) 
     V o : freeflow speed based on the route segment classification (vph) 
     D: density or number of vehicles per mile (vehicles/mile) 
     D j : jam density or maximum number of vehicles per mile (vehicles/mile) 
     The above model captures the impact of some of the major variables—the vehicle density and the capacity (jam density). But it ignores the impact of compositions of different vehicles and drivers in traffic stream, and driver behavior. In addition, it ignores the stochastic variation due to uncertainty on route segments, such as weather and event. 
     For an arterial segment, a closed-form formula similar to the above is not available. Because the driving speed on an arterial segment is different from location to location due to the fact that the segment portion with traffic control has slower speeds in general. Therefore, a travel time formula can be developed and an average driving speed can be derived using the travel time and driving distance. 
     For a general route segment, the following general travel time formula can be developed: 
     
       
         T=αT 1 +βT 2   (2) 
       
     
     where T 1 : cruise time without congestion (seconds) 
     T 2 : delay due to congestion and traffic control (seconds) 
     α: parameter affecting cruise time on route segment 
     β: parameter affecting delay on route segment 
     The cruise time T 1  can be computed using the cruise speed, which is determined based on the functional classification of route segments. For different types of route segments, the formulae for computing delay T 2  are different. For a freeway segment, the following formula can be developed: 
     
       
         T 2 =T o (D/D j ) m   (3) 
       
     
     where T 2 : delay (seconds) 
     T o : parameter to be calibrated (seconds) 
     D: density or number of vehicles per mile (vehicles/mile) 
     D j : jam density or maximum number of vehicles per mile (vehicles/mile) 
     m: integer parameter 
     For an arterial segment, the following formula can be developed: 
     
       
         T 2 =β 1 d 1 +β 2 d 2   (4) 
       
     
     where T 2 : delay (seconds) 
     d 1 : delay due to traffic signal cycle effects (seconds) 
     d 2 : delay due to oversaturation of vehicles on segment (seconds) 
     β 1 : adjustment parameter to account for vehicle progression on segment 
     β 2 : adjustment parameter to account for filtering effect by traffic signal 
     The delay d 1  due to traffic signal cycle effects is determined using a Webster formula (1958) as follows:                d   1     =       0.5          c        [     1   -     g   /   c       ]       2         1   -     ρ   ·     g   /   c                   (   5   )                                
     where c: traffic signal cycle length (seconds) 
     g: effective green time of traffic signal (seconds) 
     ρ: degree of saturation at segment downstream, and 
     
       
         ρ=u/μ 
       
     
     where u: vehicle flow rate arriving at segment downstream (vehicles/second) 
     μ: queue discharging capacity at segment downstream (vehicles/second) 
     The delay d 2  due to oversaturation can be computed using the following formula: 
     
       
         d 2 =x/μ  (6) 
       
     
     where x: number of queuing vehicles arriving at segment downstream (vehicles) 
     μ: queue discharging capacity at segment downstream (vehicles/second) 
     2. Predictive Travel Time Formula and Impacting Factors 
     For a typical route segment, the following travel time formula can be used for prediction purpose: 
     
       
         T=αT 1 +βT 2 +ε  (7) 
       
     
     where ε: random error. 
     The above travel time formula can be applied for the entire vehicle flows in the segment or can be applied for an individual vehicle or driver. 
     A simple statistical model can be built for predicting travel time on a route segment. It follows that: 
     
       
         T P =T H *θ+T R *(1−θ)+ξ  (8) 
       
     
     where: 
     T P : predictive value in future time instant t; 
     T H : historical average at the same time instant t for the same type of day; 
     T R : real-time value measured using field devices; 
     θ: weighting parameter; 
     ξ: random error term for prediction. 
     The historical average and real-time value can be computed using the travel time formula (7) based on historical data or real-time data, respectively. It follows that 
     
       
         T H =α H T 1   H +β H T 2   H +ε H   (9) 
       
     
     
       
         T R =α R T 1   R +β R T 2   R +ε R   (10) 
       
     
     where the superscripts H and R indicate the historical values and real-time values of respective variables. The random error term ξ accounts for errors, which can not be captured by historical data and real-time data. Substituting equation (9) and (10) into equation (8) and re-arranging the terms, it follows that 
     
       
         T P =θα H T 1   H +(1−θ)α R T 1   R +θβ H T 2   H +(1−θ) β R T 2   R +θε H +(1−θ)ε R +ξ  (11) 
       
     
     For simplicity, the above formula is rewritten as follows: 
      T P =T 1   P +T 2   P +ε P +ξ  (12) 
     where T 1   P : predictive cruise time and T 1   P =θα H T 1   h +(1−θ)α R T 1   R    
     T 2   P : predictive delay and T 2   P =θβ H T 2   H +(1−θ)β R T 2   R    
     ε P : predictive error due to historical and real-time data 
     
       
         ε P =θε H+( 1−θ)ε R   
       
     
     ξ: predictive error due to predictive data, such as weather and event 
     In real-world applications, the historical travel time is typically available or computable and the real-time travel time may or may not be available or computable. Thus, the major work for traffic prediction model calibration is to estimate the value of the weighting parameter θ, the discounting parameters α R , α H , β R  and β H , and the distributions of random errors ε P  and ξ. 
     In general, the major factors affecting the traffic speed or the travel time prediction include: traffic flow/demand, traffic control, route segment classification/capacity, incident, construction, event, weather, vehicle type, composition of different types of vehicles, driver behavior, and composition of different types of drivers. Tables 1-3 summarize the impact of the above factors on key variables—predictive cruise time T 1   P  and delay T 2   P  as well as random errors ε P  and ξ. This table also differentiates the prediction time intervals as short-term (0-60 minutes), mid-term (1-3 hours) and long-term (&gt;3 hours). The availability of data corresponding to the above factors and how these data affect the traffic prediction are also illustrated in this table. 
     Short-Term Prediction 
     All the real-time data have the largest impact on the travel time prediction for short-term purposes. On the other hand, the historical data and predictive data have relatively small impact. This fact is reflected using a small weighting factor θ for historical travel time. Specifically, the real-time data of traffic flow/demand and traffic control affect the predictive delay T 2   P  and random error ε P  significantly by directly changing the values of T 2   P . The historical data of traffic flow/demand and traffic control have a small impact on the predictive delay T 2   P  and random error ε P  by directly changing the values of T 1   P . The route segment classification determines the predictive cruise speed and cruise time T 1   P  directly and the maximum capacity has a large impact on the predictive delay T 2   P  by changing the values of T 2   R  and T 2   H . 
     The real-time incident data have a significant impact on predictive delay T 2   P  and random error ε P  due to its effect on route segment capacity reduction (changing the values of T 2   R  and T 2   H  directly or reducing the discounting parameters β R  and β H ) and uncertainty for its duration and clearance time. The real-time and predictive data of both construction and event have similar impact on predictive delay T 2   P  and random error ε P . The real-time and predictive data of construction and event increase the values of T 2   R  and T 2   H  directly or the discounting parameters β R  and β H  for delay estimation, respectively. However, the real-time and planned construction activities also significantly reduce the cruise speed so as to increase the predictive cruise time T 1   P . Specifically, the discounting parameters α R  and α H  are further increased based on real-time and planned construction activities, respectively. 
     Similarly, the real-time and forecast data of adverse weather increase the discounting parameters α R  and α H  respectively so as to reduce the cruise speed and increase the predictive cruise time T 1   P . Furthermore, the real-time and forecast data of adverse weather increase the discounting parameters β R  and β H  for delay estimation respectively so as to increase the predictive delay T 2   P . The uncertainty of weather reports and forecast contribute significantly to the prediction random error ξ. For example, an icy snow will reduce the cruise speed, the friction between pavement and vehicle, and the visibility. Thus, it will worsen the congestion and increase the delay so that both the predictive cruise time T 1   P  and the predictive delay T 2   P  will be increased. In the mean time, the uncertainty on when the icy snow will stop adds to the uncertainty of travel time prediction into the future. 
     For traffic prediction for an individual driver and the entire traffic stream on a route segment, the vehicle type and driver behavior data directly affect the discounting parameters α R  and α H  so as to affect the cruise speed and the predictive cruise time T 1   P . For example, a heavy truck has a slower cruise speed than a car, which means that the discounting parameters α R  and α H  for a heavy truck are larger than for a car. Furthermore, an aggressive driver has a much faster cruise speed than a conservative driver on a light-congested freeway segment, which means that the discounting parameters α R  and α H  for an aggressive driver are smaller than for a conservative driver. 
     The vehicle type and driver behavior data directly affect the discounting parameters β R  and β H  for delay estimation so as to affect the predictive delay T 2   P . For instance, a bus has frequent stops and passenger loading and unloading on urban streets. Thus, its discounting parameters β R  and β H  are larger than the discounting parameters β R  and β H  for cars on urban street segments. Even on congested route segments, an aggressive driver tends to find empty spacing in the traffic stream whenever he/she can so that he/she has shorter delay than a conservative driver does. Thus, the discounting parameters β R  and β H  for an aggressive driver are smaller than the discounting parameters β R  and β H  for a conservative driver. 
     The compositions of different types of vehicles and drivers also affect the predictive cruise time and delay. For instance, a traffic stream with a large percentage of trucks has a slower cruise speed, longer cruise time, and longer delay than a traffic stream with a small percentage of trucks. Thus, the discounting parameters α R , α H , β R  and β H  for a traffic stream with a large percentage of trucks are larger than the discounting parameters for a traffic stream with a small percentage of trucks. 
     The stochasticity of driver behavior and the random composition of different types of vehicles and drivers contribute to the random error ε P  for traffic prediction. For example, the aggressiveness of drivers in a traffic stream follows a stochastic distribution, which adds to the random error ε P  for traffic prediction. 
     Mid-Term Prediction 
     All the real-time data have diminishing impact on the travel time prediction for mid-term purposes. On the other hand, the historical data and predictive data have relatively larger impact. This fact is reflected by using a larger weighting factor θ for historical travel time. 
     Long-Term Prediction 
     All the real-time data become historical data and have no direct impact on the travel time prediction for long-term purposes. On the other hand, the historical data and predictive data have the largest impact. This fact is reflected by using a weighting factor θ=1 for historical travel time. 
     Uniqueness of this invention on travel time prediction models can be summarized as follows: 
     1. Significantly improved prediction model for vehicle flows by considering the impact of weather and event. 
     2. Personalized prediction model, which can be applied to individual driver and vehicle by considering the vehicle type and driver behavior. 
     3. Random Errors in Traffic Prediction 
     There are two types of random errors identified in the travel time prediction model: (1) predictive error ε P  due to historical and real-time data, and (2) predictive error ξ due to predictive data, such as weather and event. The major factors affecting the travel time prediction have different impact on these random errors. 
     Impact of Weather 
     The impact of weather on random errors in traffic prediction is mainly reflected in its impact on the predictive error ξ due to weather forecast data. Since the weather forecast is accompanied by forecast probability, this probability will affect the distribution of ξ. For a weather forecast with high accuracy and probability, the variance for traffic prediction will be small and the travel time prediction will be generated with high accuracy and probability. 
     The impact of weather on traffic prediction is considered using the following equation: Predictive_Speed=Original_Predictive_Speed*Weather_Factor+Random Error 
     where: 
     Predictive_Speed is the final predictive value by considering the weather impact; 
     Original_Predictive_Speed is the speed value predicted using all other factors; 
     Weather_Factor is a discounting parameter due to the weather effect; 
     Random Error is an error term for the speed prediction due to the weather effect. 
     Using historical speed data and corresponding weather information, the weather factor can be calibrated for various types of weather combinations. A weather matrix is created to represent the weather combinations. The random error is given by a random number generator, which is typically assumed as having a normal distribution. The maximum value of the random error is constrained by the range of feasible speed change due to weather changes, which could be a percentage of the original predictive speed. The mean of the random error is assumed as 0 and its variance is constrained by the probability of weather forecast. If the probability of weather forecast is high, the variance of the random error is small and vice versa. 
     Four types of weather conditions are defined as standard conditions in the database schema—rain, wind, snow, and ice. These four types of conditions are again classified based on visibility: good visibility, reduced visibility (&lt;100 m), and severely reduced visibility (&lt;50 m). All the weather forecast messages are converted into the above standard combinations. The weather factors are then determined using regression based on measured travel speeds and predictive travel speeds. An example of the weather factors is shown in FIG.  13 . 
     The weather report and forecast data are typically available zone by zone. To apply the weather report and forecast data for travel speed prediction, the same weather adjustment factors will be applied to all the route segments in the same weather report zone. See FIG.  13 . 
     Impact of Incident, Construction, and Event 
     The real-time data on incident, construction, and event affect the prediction error ε P  due to real-time data. Specifically, the incident clearance time and reduction of route capacity and travel time have large uncertainty, which contribute to the prediction error ε P . The lane closure and reduction of route capacity and travel time due to construction and event are also random and this fact should be reflected by prediction error ε P . 
     Furthermore, the future lane closure and reduction of route segment capacity and travel time due to planned construction and scheduled event have a larger uncertainty and this fact should be reflected by prediction error ξ. 
     Impact of Driver Behavior 
     The driver behavior affects the travel time prediction for individuals significantly. The wide distribution of driver aggressiveness contributes to the prediction error ε P . Of course, the aggregate driver behavior affects the travel time prediction for route segments significantly as well and this fact should be reflected using the prediction error ε P . Furthermore, the driver behavior changes from time to time, from place to place, and from driver to driver. This fact should be reflected using the prediction error ε P . 
     Impact of Vehicle and Driver Composition in Traffic Stream 
     The random distribution of vehicle and driver composition in a traffic stream causes the travel time prediction to be less uncertain and this randomness should be reflected using the prediction error ε P . The vehicle and driver compositions in a traffic stream tend to change with time, location and highway segment, and are highly stochastic. This will affect the travel time prediction error ε P  to some extent. 
     The objective of this invention is to provide an Internet-based traffic prediction system and personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system for travelers to make intelligent decisions before and during their trips. Another objective of this invention is to expand the Internet-based traffic prediction system and personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system to the applications in a multi-modal transportation network. 
     As shown in FIG. 1, the Internet-based traffic prediction system has a data processing and fusion server  5 , a traffic forecast server  6 , and a data feed server  7 . The data processing and fusion server  5  uses wireline or wireless internet  4  and communications network to retrieve static data  1 , historical data  2 , and real-time data  3 . With the input databases from the data processing and fusion server  5 , the traffic forecast server  6 , uses one or a plurality of traffic prediction models  8  to generate predicted speeds and travel times  9  for a route segment network. 
     The predicted speeds and travel times  9  are then used to produce various types of customized traffic forecast products, including traffic forecast maps  10 , point-to-point text report and alert  11 , and address-to-address routing and alert  12 . At the data feed server  7 , the data feeds are customized for different applications and different devices. For instance, some of the data feeds need to be created using XML and WAP standards for wireless applications. Subsequently, these customized traffic forecast products and data services are then sent to users via various types of devices and wireline or wireless Internet  4 . These devices include website  13 , cell phone  14 , pager  15 , PDA  16 , hand-held computer  17 , in-vehicle device  18 , and cable TV  19 . It should be noted, of course, that the traffic forecast products and data services can be used via other types of user devices, which are either available today or will be developed in the future. 
     The input databases and data sources are further illustrated in FIG.  2 . Basically, the input databases include three types of major databases: static databases  21 , historical and time-dependent databases  25 , and real-time databases  210 . The static databases  21  define the route segment network  23 —node, link, node coordinate, link length, address, route segment classification, speed limit, driving restriction, facility, landmark, etc., and route segment geometry  24 —number of lanes, intersection layout, interchange layout, road curvature, vertical/horizontal alignment, etc. These databases are typically available from map database vendors and government agencies  22 , such as NavTech, GDT, and US Department of Transportation. The static databases  21  are typically updated quarterly or monthly. 
     The historical and time-dependent databases  25  mainly comprise three types of databases: traffic demand  27 , travel speed and travel time  28 , and traffic control  29 . The traffic demand  27  database typically includes traffic volumes on route segments, trip generation at origin, trip attraction at destination, and origin-destination trip demand. The travel speed and travel time  28  database provides the historical information for different time of day and day of week. The traffic control  29  database stores the information on signal control, ramp control, freeway mainline control, stop/yield control, HOV control and toll plaza control. The historical and time-dependent databases  25  are generated mainly based on the input of data collection organizations and government agencies  26 , and are updated daily or weekly or monthly, depending on the data availability at different locations. 
     The real-time databases  210  comprise seven major databases: traffic demand  27 , traffic control  29 , real-time incident  213 , travel speed and travel time  28 , real-time weather reports and forecasts  214 , real-time and planned events information  217 , and real-time and planned construction activity information  218 . These real-time databases are typically updated in intervals of a minute or a plurality of minutes by retrieving data from various sources via wireline or wireless Internet  4 . The real-time data of traffic demand  27 , traffic control  29 , and incident  213  are typically provided by traffic reporting services, agencies and field data collectors  211 . The real-time travel speed and travel time  28  data are directly measured using field devices  212 , such as directors and sensors, or provided by probe vehicles  212 . Moreover, the real-time weather reports and forecasts  214  are available from weather reporting services  215 . The real-time and planned events information  217  is available from various public and private organizations  216 , and the real-time and planned construction activity information  218  is typically available from transportation agencies and construction firms  219 . 
     In order to create a reliable data stream for traffic prediction models, a data fusion  31  process is needed. FIG. 3 illustrates the data fusion  31  process and how to integrate the real-time data for traffic prediction. This data fusion  31  process works closely with the traffic prediction models  8  in order to generate accurate traffic prediction. The historical and time-dependent databases  22  are used as the basis for data fusion  31 . The historical travel time and speed data are generated for each route segment and each time of day, day of week, week of month, and month of year. All other real-time data are fused to create a more accurate basis for short-term forecast  39  and longer-term forecast  310 . The data fusion  31  could use various types of models, including weighted average and fuzzy logic. 
     Specifically, the real-time probe data  34 , detector data  35 , and sensor data  36  are used as the major basis to update the current travel time and travel speed estimates and short-term forecast over the next 30-60 minutes. The real-time incident data  32  is used to provide the basis for the estimate and prediction of route segment capacity reduction and speed reduction over the next few hours until the impact of incidents, such as shock wave on freeways, are cleared. Similarly, the real-time weather data  33  and weather forecast are used as the basis for the estimate and prediction of route segment capacity reduction and speed reduction during the entire period of traffic prediction, which typically ranges from a plurality of minutes to a plurality of days. The real-time construction data  37  and planned construction activities as well as the event data  38  are used in similar fashion to estimate and predict route segment capacity reduction and speed reduction during the entire period of traffic prediction. 
     FIG. 4A illustrates a family of traffic prediction models  41  and how they can be used for estimation and prediction of time-dependent travel times and speeds. 
     There are at least four types of prediction models available: 1) simulation models  42 , 2) dynamic traffic assignment models  43 , 3) statistical models  44 , and 4) heuristic models  45 . Simulation models  42  typically represent each vehicle as an entity and use pseudo random numbers to predict speeds and travel times once traffic flow volumes have been predicted or collected by other means. The simulation models  42  are typically applied to areas where historical and/or real-time traffic volume data are available  47 . The dynamic traffic assignment models  43  are to determine the dynamic trajectories of link flows and travel times at each instant of time resulting from drivers using routes based on some route choice criteria, given the time-dependent origin-destination (O-D) departure rate requirements. The dynamic traffic assignment models  43  are typically applied to areas where historical and/or real-time origin-destination trip matrices are available  48 . 
     The statistical models  44  use information on flow conditions in the immediate past to estimate future values of travel time and flow. Statistical models predict traffic flow characteristics by identifying regularities in traffic flows and traffic flow patterns over time. The heuristic models  45  are similar to the statistical models except that heuristical rules are used for the prediction of flow variables instead of formal statistical models. The statistical models  44  and the heuristic models  45  are typically applied to areas where historical and/or real-time traffic speed or travel time data are available  49 . Other types of prediction models  46  are also useful when neither of the above prediction models can be applied. Moreover, one or a plurality of these traffic prediction models  8  are sometimes used simultaneously for an area in order to generate a set of traffic predictions which can be verified against each other. 
     The traffic prediction models  8  have two roles: 1) generate estimates of route segment speeds and travel times for the current time instant, and 2) produce prediction of route segment speeds and travel times for future time instants. Currently, the real-time speed and travel time data collected from field devices and probe vehicles only cover a small portion of the entire route segment network, typically major freeway segments in major urban areas. On the other hand, the historical speed and travel time data cover a larger portion of the entire route segment network, typically freeway segments and arterials. Moreover, such historical speed and travel time data are not available for each time of day, day of week, week of month, and month of year. Nevertheless, a significant part of the route segment network will have no historical speed and travel time data. Such route segments include some rural freeways, minor arterials, surface streets, and residential streets. Therefore, it is the role to use the traffic prediction models to estimate the time-dependent travel times and speeds for each route segment for each time of day, day of week, week of month, and month of year. 
     Since the traffic prediction is a continuous process, it needs to be provided in intervals of a plurality of minutes or hours or days. FIG. 4B illustrates the traffic prediction over a rolling time horizon. As indicated on the time  411  horizon, the traffic prediction procedure is executed for the current time instant  412  in order to provide the traffic prediction for future traffic conditions  414 . In this prediction, the real-time data  415  are used to modify the historical traffic data in order to provide a better estimate and forecast for the short-term traffic conditions. In this forecast process, the databases of static data and historical data  416  are used as the basis and are updated using the real-time data  415 . As time moves on to a future time instant  413 , the real-time data  415  for the current time instant  412  become outdated and the updated real-time data  417  have to be used to modify the historical traffic data in order to provide a better estimate and forecast for the short-term traffic conditions. This rolling process will continue as time  411  moves on. 
     Using the traffic prediction models  8 , the traffic forecast server  6  generates a set of basic output of predicted speeds and travel times  9 . Similar to weather forecast, the traffic speed and travel time prediction is associated with a prediction probability. Furthermore, this prediction probability is further defined for each route segment and each time of prediction. Consequently, the prediction probability can be further determined for predictive travel times on each route, between each origin-destination pair, and each time of prediction. 
     Sometimes, the available traffic data is limited and a simplified traffic prediction system is needed. FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified Internet-based traffic prediction system. In this scenario, only historical travel time and speed data  51  are available and no other historical traffic data are available. The statistical models  44  and the heuristic models  45  can be used as traffic prediction models  8  in the traffic forecast server  6 . The final output are the predicted speeds and travel times  9  on route segments for each predictive time instant. To refine the short-term traffic prediction, all real-time data can be applied, including real-time travel time and speed data from field devices and probe vehicles  52 , real-time incident data  213 , real-time and planned construction activity information  218 , real-time and planned events information  217 , and real-time weather reports and forecasts  214 . Via the wireline and wireless Internet  4 , these real-time data will be retrieved, processed and fused by the data processing and fusion server  5 . 
     For longer-term forecast (e.g., next morning commute), the impact of real-time data will be diminishing. Instead, the weather forecasts, planned construction activity information, and planned events information will have more significant impact on the predictive speeds and travel times. Typically, adverse weather, planned construction and planned events will reduce the driving speeds and increase the travel times. The specific parameters for these impacts need to be calibrated using real-world data for different cities and areas. 
     The basic traffic prediction data can be used to generate various types of traffic forecast for motorists. FIG. 6 illustrates the three types of traffic prediction output: traffic forecast maps  10 , point-to-point text report and alert  11 , and address-to-address routing and alert  12 . Examples of traffic forecast maps  10  and point-to-point text report and alert  11  can be found in website http://www.trafficcast.com. The traffic forecast maps  10  can be further personalized and customized based on different types of vehicles and different driver behavior. The types of vehicles typically include car, van, bus, and truck. The driver behavior can be defined based on the driver&#39;s level of aggressiveness, such as aggressive, neutral, and conservative driving behavior. A fuzzy logic can be used to define fuzzy-type driver behavior, which aggressive level is between very aggressive and very conservative. The types of vehicles and driver behavior are used to refine the traffic prediction due to the fact that heavy vehicles typically drive slower than light vehicles and conservative drivers drive slower than aggressive drivers, even when the average driving speeds are the same on one route segment. The types of vehicles and driver behavior will apply to point-to-point text report and alert  11  and address-to-address routing and alert  12 . 
     There are at least five types of traffic forecast maps  10  which can be produced: travel speed maps  61 , travel time maps  62 , travel cost maps  63 , bottleneck maps  64 , and delay maps  65 . The travel speed maps  61  are also termed congestion maps, which use different colors to illustrate different predictive speeds on route segments. FIG. 7A illustrates the origin-based predictive travel time map. In an origin-based travel time map, an origin  72  is first defined on a route segment network  71 . Then, a contour line is used to represent the predictive minimum travel time from the origin  71  to the contour line. As shown in FIG. 7A, the three contour lines  73 - 75  represent predictive minimum travel times—10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes, respectively. This travel time map can be developed for each departure time from the origin  72 . If the departure time is specified for the origin  72 , each contour line will represent the earliest arrival time for traveling from the origin  72  to the contour line. 
     If the origin  72  is replaced by a destination  76 , the desired arrival time has to be specified. FIG. 7A illustrates the destination-based predictive travel time map. As indicated in FIG. 7B, in order to arrive at the destination by 5PM  76 , motorists have to leave each contour line at 4:45PM  77 , 4:30PM  78 , and 4:15PM  79 , respectively. These times are also the latest time for motorists to leave in order to arrive at the destination by 5PM  76 . On the other hand, each contour line can also represent the predictive minimum travel time to arrive at the destination. 
     The travel cost maps  63  are similar to the travel time maps  62 . For an origin-based travel cost map, each contour line represents the minimum travel cost from the origin to the contour line for each departure time at the origin  72 . For a destination-based travel cost map, each contour line represents the minimum travel cost from the contour line to the destination  76  for each desired arrival time at the destination  76 . The bottleneck maps  64 , use colors (red or yellow) to highlight the route segments with low predictive travel speeds. The delay maps  65  are similar to the travel time maps  62 . For traveling from point A to point B, the delay is defined as the difference between the predictive travel time and the free-flow travel time without congestion. For an origin-based delay map, each contour line represents the minimum delay from the origin to the contour line for each departure time at the origin  72 . For a destination-based delay map, each contour line represents the minimum delay from the contour line to the destination  76  for each desired arrival time at the destination  76 . 
     As shown in FIG. 6, the point-to-point text report and alert  11  provides three types of point-to-point, route-specific information: 1) predictive travel time, speed, cost, delay and prediction confidence probability for different drivers and vehicles  66 ; 2) departure time/arrival time choice recommendations and prediction confidence probability  67 ; and 3) warning of incident, construction, event, abnormal travel times, and abnormal departure time/arrival times by voice, text, and maps  68 . 
     The text report is further illustrated by FIG.  8  and FIG.  9 . FIG. 8 illustrates the system architecture of an Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system  85 . Using the general traffic estimate and prediction data  81  generated by the traffic forecast server  6  as the basis, the Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system  85  produces personalized, point-to-point traffic prediction and routing recommendations. This system can be located in a central server or be located in a user device, such as in-vehicle computer, palm, or desktop. 
     When a traveler is at his/her origin  83 , his/her current location and destination information  86  will be provided to the personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system  85  via wireline or wireless devices  82 . Furthermore, the motorist is required to input his/her personalized profile and parameters  87 , including preferred devices, account number, and password to receive personalized predictive traffic information. Subsequently, the user is required to input his/her driver type and vehicle type  88 , departure time or arrival time preference  89 , and route selection criteria and preference  810 . At the last step, the final output for personalized traffic prediction and trip recommendations  811  can be generated. The final output also contains a summary of the historical statistics for the user, if the same route was used before. Therefore, the personalized traffic prediction information and alert may be pushed to the motorist based on user&#39;s preferred schedule or be received by the user whenever the user wants it. In this way, a pre-trip user can get personalized pre-trip traffic prediction and recommendations on routing, departure time, arrival time, alternative destinations from origin to destination  84 . 
     While en-route  812 , various location technologies, such as GPS, can be used to identify the current location  813  of the user. The current location information can be sent back to the personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system  85 . Instead, the user can also input the current location using voice or text. If the user has selected all the personalized profiles and parameters before the trip, the user can use an account and password to retrieve this saved information so that the personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system  85  re-compute the updated traffic prediction and routing recommendations from the current location to destination. On the other hand, the user can also allow the wireline or wireless devices  82  to do all of these tasks. The user only needs to confirm some of the key selections via voice or text command. In this way, the en-route motorist can get updated personalized traffic prediction and recommendations on routing, arrival time, alternative destinations from current location to destination  814 . 
     FIG. 9 shows the user-input process and final output example of the text report of the Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system. At the beginning, the user is asked to input his/her state and city selection from the menu “Where do you want to go? Select a City/State”  91 . Then, in the menu “Select your Highway Type”  92 , the used is asked to input the type of highway he/she will be driving on. The types of highway available include all roads, interstate highway, state highway, US highway, and other roads. The next menu is “Select your Vehicle Type”  93 . The types of vehicles include car, van/mini bus, bus, and truck. Subsequently, the user is asked to identify the highway names, origin (from cross street), and destination (to cross street) in the menu “Select your Highway &amp; Cross Streets”  94 . The next menu is “Select your Driver Type”  95 . The driver types include aggressive, neutral, and conservative. The user is also asked to identify either a preferred departure time or a preferred arrival time in the menu “Departure Time Choice or Arrival Time Choice”  96 . The user can input any time today or tomorrow as the preferred departure time or arrival time. Moreover, the user can modify the “Parameters for Calculating Predictive Travel Cost”  97 , including mileage cost, toll, parking fee, and hourly value of travel time. With the above input, a traffic prediction report  98  can be generated. This report provides a predictive “Summary for Your Trip”  99 , including travel time, travel speed, travel delay, travel distance, travel cost, arrival time, and start time (or departure time). 
     As shown in FIG. 6, the address-to-address routing and alert  12  provide three types of information: 1) traffic prediction and prediction confidence probability for user-defined routes  69 ; 2) routing, departure time, arrival time, destination recommendations and prediction confidence probability based on route choice criteria of major roads, minimum time, minimum cost, alternative routes  610 ; and 3) alert for incident, construction, event, abnormal travel times, and abnormal departure time/arrival times for user-specified routes and recommended routes  611 . 
     FIG. 10 shows the user-input process and final output example of the address-based routing of the Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system. At the beginning, the user is asked to “Enter Starting Location”  101  and to “Enter Destination Location”  102  in address format. The next menu is “Select your Vehicle Type”  93 . The types of vehicles include car, van/mini bus, bus, and truck. Subsequently, the user is asked to “Select your Driver Type”  95 . The driver types include aggressive, neutral, and conservative. The user is also asked to identify either a preferred departure time or a preferred arrival time in the menu “Departure Time Choice or Arrival Time Choice”  96 . Moreover, the user can select a route choice criterion in the menu “Enter Desired Route Selection Criteria”  103 . The available route choice criteria include: 1) prefer freeway and major roads, 2) user-defined route, 3) shortest distance, 4) minimum time, and 5) minimum cost. With the above input, a predictive routing report and driving direction maps can be generated. In the first part “Get Direction or Select Location Along the Way”  104 , this predictive routing report provides the total distance traveled, total estimated travel times based on distance and based on traffic forecast, starting time, and arrival time. Then, an origin-to-destination driving direction map  105  is provided. The turn-by-turn driving directions and maps  106  can also be provided. Finally, a predictive trip “Summary”  107  provides information on total distance, total estimated travel times based on distance, total estimated travel times based on traffic forecast, total delay, given starting time, and estimated arrival time. 
     The Internet-based personalized traffic prediction and trip decision support system  85  can be applied to a multi-modal transportation network. In such a network, a traveler may need to use one or a plurality of transport modes and intermodal transfer facilities. These modes include automobile, railroad, transit, air transport, and waterway transport. FIG. 11 illustrates the system architecture of an Internet-based personalized multi-modal travel prediction and decision support system  117 . Again, this system can be located in a central server or a user device, include in-vehicle computer, hand-held computer, or desktop computer. The route segment traffic prediction information generated by the traffic forecast server  6  is still used as the major basis. In addition, the transit information center  113  and the railroad information center  114  will provide transit and train schedule, real-time status, and predictive arrival time at each station. The air transport information center  111  will provide flight information, real-time status, predictive departure time/arrival time, and delay. The parking information center  112  will provide the available parking space at different parking facilities. The waterway transport information center  115  will provide water transport schedule, real-time status, and delay. The multi-modal terminal information center  116  will provide information on planned connections among transport modes, connection schedules, real-time status, and delays. 
     The above multi-modal information is transmitted to the personalized multi-modal travel prediction and decision support system  117  via wireline or wireless Internet  4  so that this system produces personalized, point-to-point travel prediction and itinerary recommendations. This system can be located in a central server or be located in a user device, such as in-vehicle computer, palm, or desktop. 
     When a traveler is at his/her origin  83 , his/her current location and destination information  86  will be provided to the personalized multi-modal travel prediction and decision support system  117  via wireline or wireless devices  82 . Furthermore, the traveler is required to input his/her personalized profile and parameters  87 , including preferred devices, account number, and password, (the account number and password constituting a user identifier) to receive personalized predictive traffic information. Subsequently, the user is required to input his/her data on traveler behavior, vehicle type, mode preference  119 , departure time or arrival time preference  89 , and route/mode selection criteria and preference  1110 . At the last step, the final output for personalized travel prediction and trip recommendations  1111  can be generated. The final output also contains a summary of the historical statistics for the user, if the same route/mode and itinerary were used before. Therefore, the personalized travel prediction information and alert may be pushed to the traveler based on user&#39;s preferred schedule or be received by the user whenever the user wants it. To accomplish this the personalized travel prediction information is associated with a user identifier in such a way as to transmit the information to the user. In this way, a pre-trip user can get pre-trip personalized travel prediction and recommendations on routing, travel modes, mode transfer, departure time, arrival time, itinerary, waypoints to visit, alternative destinations from entire trip origin to destination  118 . 
     While en-route  1112 , various location technologies, such as GPS, can be used to identify the current location  1113  of the user. The current location information can be sent back to the personalized multi-modal travel prediction and decision support system  117 . On the other hand, the user can also input the current location using voice or text. If the user has selected all the personalized profiles and parameters before the trip, the user can use an account and password or user identifier to retrieve this saved information so that the personalized multi-modal travel prediction and decision support system  117  re-computes the updated travel prediction and itinerary recommendations from the current location to destination. Thus information related to predicting the trip time is associated with the user identifier, so it can be, and is transmitted to the user, over the Internet or by other means. On the other hand, the user can also allow the wireline or wireless devices  82  to do all of these tasks. The user only needs to confirm some of the key selections via voice or text command. In this way, the en-route traveler can get updated personalized travel prediction and recommendations on routing, travel modes, mode transfer, departure time, arrival time, itinerary, waypoints to visit, alternative destinations for trip from current location to destination  1114 . 
     FIG. 12 shows the information flow process and a business trip example of an Internet-based personalized travel prediction and decision support system for a multi-modal transportation network. This business trip comprises automobile, transit, and air transport as well as intermodal transfer at parking, transit terminal, and airport. Initially, when the traveler is at his/her origin  121 , he/she can get pre-trip personalized travel prediction and recommendations over PC or wireless devices  112 . After walking  123  to his/her parking  124  lot, he/she starts to drive on route segment  125  towards the remote parking  124  lot at the airport. During his/her driving, his/her car can report his/her current location  126  so that he/she can use wireless devices to get updated personalized travel prediction and recommendations  128  from the personalized multi-modal travel prediction and trip decision support system  117 . This updated information could include additional driving delay on the route segment, updated arrival time estimate at the airport, and updated flight departure time and possible delay. 
     After walking  123  from the remote parking  124  lot to the transmit terminal  127 , the traveler takes an airport transit line  129  and arrives at the airport terminal  1210 . With a flight  1211 , the traveler arrives at the airport terminal  1211  closer to his/her destination  1213 . He/she can use the ground transportation  1212  at the destination city to arrive at his/her destination  1213 . During the trip, the traveler can connect to the personalized multi-modal travel prediction and trip decision support system  117  at any time and at any place so that he/she can get the updates about his/her travel prediction and itinerary recommendations. 
     It should be understood that the user will make a request in combination with a user identifier which may be an account and password or simply the Internet cookie or other identifier attached by the device which transmits the user&#39;s request for information. The information generated by the traffic information system of this invention, which is specific to a particular user, is transmitted in association with the user identifier so that the information returns to the user who made a specific request. 
     It should be understood that nominal route velocity, means the velocity along a route segment based on historical data, for a similar day, at a similar time. 
     It is understood that the invention is not limited to the particular construction and arrangement of parts herein illustrated and described, but embraces such modified forms thereof as come within the scope of the following claims.