Abstract:
A method and apparatus for embedding critical data directly onboard a physical asset is disclosed. Since the critical data and the asset are never separated, accurate and timely data pertinent to the asset travels with it, and may be written, read, and updated. Accurate data collection ensures a digital model/twin of the asset reflects the true physical state of the asset. Data is embedding optically or magnetically and may be read or rewritten so that information about the life/usage of the asset is continually available, right up to the current state.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The invention relates generally to smart manufacturing and more particularly to creating digital surrogates of a product during design, manufacturing and life-cycle use of the product. 
         [0002]    The term “smart manufacturing” is generally understood to encompass a wide variety of model based engineering, system engineering and manufacturing technologies that characterization the digitization of manufacturing. This is also known as “digital thread” which provides for cradle to grave planning, design, manufacturing, monitoring, and maintenance of assets such as aircraft, spacecraft, land and sea vehicles, etc. Data is collected throughout the lifecycle of an asset, including design, manufacturing process and usage to create a “digital twin” of an asset. A digital twin can also be created for older legacy assets after manufacturing is complete. Another term for “digital twin” is “life cycle model.” 
         [0003]    Typically, when manufacturing a complex asset such as an aircraft, for example, many experts in a wide variety of disciplines contribute to the end result. Providing a format and method of collecting and managing the data models and information generated by the different experts so that it is widely usable is critical to the overall success of smart manufacturing. Currently, there are problems with effective communication between designers and manufacturers of an asset, for example, and between manufacturers and inspectors as another example. Although ID tagging using, for example, two-dimensional bar codes or RFID tags, is known in the prior art, they are typically not miniaturized and are only employed at only a single discrete location on an asset. 
         [0004]    In addition, prior art ID tags typically only include a part number or other identification. While the part number may be associated with data generated about the part, for example repairs or usage, the data itself is typically stored by users in a separate computer system or even on paper. Over the life cycle of a part or complete asset, the data may be stored in different locations or incompatible computer systems/software, thus becoming inaccessible to subsequent users. 
         [0005]    Thus, a need exists for accurate and timely data pertinent to the asset to be collected and maintained in a way that is accessible to everyone working on the asset. There is also a need for distributed tags that provide complete information about individual parts of an asset even when only a portion of the part is available. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In an embodiment, the invention is a method and apparatus for embedding critical data directly onboard the asset, such that the two are never separated. This allows for accurate and timely data pertinent to the asset to travel with it, and to be written, read, and updated. Accurate data collection ensures the digital model/twin of the asset reflects the true physical state of the asset. The invention parallels the function of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in biological beings, in that it will allow the user to understand the genesis, and lineage of the asset, but will go one step further beyond biological DNA, and will include information about the life/usage of the asset, right up to the current state. 
         [0007]    The invention in one implementation encompasses an method of encoding information on an object including the steps of generating a two dimensional (2D) code representing information about the object; printing a plurality of redundant copies of the 2D code on the entire surface of the object; and updating the 2D codes on the surface of the object when changes are made to the object. 
         [0008]    In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a system for digitally simulating a physical object having a plurality of components, including a computer processing device for generating and storing a life cycle model of the physical object; a plurality of two dimensional (2D) codes, each 2D code representing information about a component of the physical object; a printing device for embedding redundant copies of each 2D code on the entire surface of the component associated with the 2D code; and a reading device for reading one or more 2D codes on the physical object and adding the information from the 2D code to the life cycle model. 
         [0009]    In either of the above embodiments, the redundant copies of the 2D code have a length and width of less than an inch. 
         [0010]    In a further embodiment, the redundant copies of the 2D code are optically printed on the surface of the object. 
         [0011]    In any of the above embodiments, the surface of the object is coated with a photo-sensitive emulsion prior to exposing the surface of the object to a projected pattern of the 2D code. 
         [0012]    In any of the above embodiments, the 2D codes are printed on separate carriers, mixed into a paintable coating and applied to the surface of the part. 
         [0013]    In any of the above embodiments, the copies of the 2D code are magnetically encoded on the surface of the object by coating the surface of the object with a magnetic medium and writing the copies of the 2D code onto the surface of the object using a magnetoresistive (MR) head. 
         [0014]    In any of the above embodiments, the 2D codes are optically or magnetically read and added to the life cycle model or updated with new information. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]    Features of example implementations of the invention will become apparent from the description, the claims, and the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0016]      FIG. 1  is a representation of the process of transferring information between virtual digital twins and physical assets according to the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 2A-2E  are depict several mechanisms for optically and magnetically writing and reading digital DNA according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    The “digital thread” is an extensible, configurable enterprise-level framework, or life cycle model, that seamlessly expedites the controlled interplay of data, information, and knowledge among design, manufacturing, operations, and sustainment disciplines that informs decisions throughout a system&#39;s life cycle. The “digital twin” is a virtual idealization (surrogate model) of an individual physical asset (i.e. aircraft) codified as a collection of computer models and data that accurately capture its behavioral responses at multiple spatial and temporal scales. When used to process “as built”, “as flown”, “as maintained” and health data as experienced by its physical counterpart, the digital twin faithfully mimics the health state and system response of the real vehicle. The virtual fleet of digital twins and the engineering community that creates, interacts with and maintains them are connected together by the digital thread. 
         [0019]    A critical factor in the creation of a digital twin of a physical asset is collecting data from the physical asset and processing it into the digital twin. In an embodiment, the invention comprises Digital Nomenclature Appliques, or DNA, that provides for embedding critical data directly on the physical asset in a digitally readable and writable way. A representation of the relationship between the virtual and physical assets and the use of digital DNA to connect the two is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0020]    Although specific steps and processes are described below, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the design of an asset and manufacture of a complex asset such as an aircraft is very individualized. There could be many variations within the following steps, depending on technology available, resources, contract requirements or company policies, for example. 
         [0021]    The lower half of  FIG. 1  represents a physical asset  102 , particularly a complex asset such as an aircraft that requires extensive design and coordination among a team of workers. Step  116  represents the large volume of test data that is generated in support of a vehicle design, including structural test, chemical testing, etc. Tests start out at the small-scale coupon level, and progress to subcomponents, components, and full-scale aircraft testing. Depending on the asset, thousands of tests may be conducted during design and manufacture. In addition to, for example, verifying performance of a designed product or component, data from the tests is also used to generate one or more material databases in step  118 . The one or more material databases become the authorized set of material properties that are used by both design and manufacturing engineering for their calculations and analysis. It is also the metric against which all incoming material verification tests are measured before they are allowed to be used on the vehicle. In step  120 , additional feedback data from the actual manufacturing of the various detail parts and assemblies is generated. It includes such information as actual part measurements (as opposed to the theoretical design size), tolerance variances, substitutions, discrepancy reports, etc. Finally step  122  of  FIG. 1  represents data generated during use of the physical asset, including flight recorder data, maintenance records, redesigns and part replacement, for example. 
         [0022]    The upper half of  FIG. 1  depicts a virtual asset  100 , or digital twin, comprised of digital surrogate models, processes, knowledge, engineering disciplines and simulation environments that are tied together by the digital thread infrastructure. 
         [0023]    In parallel with the lower half of  FIG. 1 , the virtual process starts with an operational needs analysis step  106 . This is where the mission parameters are defined, for example, flight envelope, weight, range, payloads, etc. These parameters will be run through trade study models to arrive at general design guidelines. In step  108 , these guidelines will be used to generate design models in various computer aided design (CAD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) systems to build a virtual vehicle. The virtual vehicle is run through structural, mechanical, vibrations, etc. analyses to produce a final design which is then captured in a CAD model. The CAD model becomes the master document that governs the manufacturing of the vehicle, and will be used to generate subsequent manufacturing CAD models (for tool and fixture designs), and well as manufacturing process models. In step  110 , manufacturing process models are used to govern the methods and procedures used in creating the detail components and assemblies. They will dictate processes such chemical treatments, finishes, hole drilling, etc., and the interaction of these processes throughout the manufacturing and use of the vehicle. 
         [0024]    Following the manufacture of an asset, the asset begins the usage portion of its life cycle in step  112 . Every physical vehicle will have some sort of data acquisition “black box” system on board which will record parameters such as speed, elevation, “G” levels of maneuvers, stresses and strains, temperature, etc. This data is also added to the digital twin and used to “fly” virtual digital twins in the same exact manner as their real world counterparts, then analyzed to ascertain the structural “health” and make decisions about future use, retirement, maintenance, etc of the corresponding physical asset. Generally, structural health refers to fatigue damage, which is the development of microscopic cracks due to repeated cyclic loading of a part that may link up over time into larger and larger cracks, and can ultimately lead to component failure. Although, structural health more broadly includes additional factors such as corrosion, surface coating failure, over loading damage, etc. The maintenance step  114  also captures data and adds it to a maintenance model to strike a balance of usage profiles that minimizes wear and tear/damage to the vehicle, and allows maximum use and minimum cost. In this way the digital twins of each vehicle will live a virtual life identically to their physical counterparts, and allow fleet managers to make informed decisions about all aspects of the physical vehicles. 
         [0025]    Life cycle arrow  104  depicts various engineering phases throughout the life cycle beginning with conceptual design and ending with the final retirement/disposition of the asset. As shown, the virtual world remains in step with the physical world as the cycle progresses. Digital DNA  124  is taken from the physical asset and added to the digital twin at every stage of the life cycle of the asset. As noted above, a digital twin can also be created for legacy assets. 
         [0026]    Digital DNAs  124  are incorporated into individual parts, and enables instantaneous interrogation of the design, manufacturing and use pedigree of the individual parts of an asset as well as assemblies of parts. The unique aspect of this technology that rightly qualifies it as something similar to biological DNA, and distinguishes it from current technologies, is the fact that it will not employ isolated tags, located in just a few discrete places (typically as few as one), but it will employ appliqué tags distributed throughout the component in many places. In this way, no matter how small a piece of the part that is interrogated, its complete history will be accessible from on-board digital DNAs  124 . In an embodiment, digital DNAs  124  are on the order of fractions of an inch down to microscopic sizes. 
         [0027]    According the present invention, digital DNAs are applied repeatedly over the entire surface of a part being encoded. In a first embodiment, the surface of the part is coated with a photo-sensitive emulsion, much like a piece of photographic film, and exposed to a projected light pattern, or a laser projected pattern (not unlike that currently used to print CD-R disks), to imprint multiple digital DNAs throughout its surface. This embodiment is depicted in  FIG. 2A . Part  126  represents any part of an asset to be encoded. Although a specific shape is shown, one of ordinary skill would understand that any type of part could receive the digital DNAs of the present invention. Part  126  is coated with a photo-sensitive emulsion, and then laser printer  128  is used to project a pattern of 2D digital DNAs  132 , as shown in exploded view  130 . Although a laser printer is depicted in  FIG. 2A , any means of projecting an optical pattern could be used. 
         [0028]    In a second embodiment, shown in  FIG. 2B , the surface of the part  134  is coated with a magnetic media so that data is written onto the surface similarly to the process used to write data on computer hard disk drives using, for example, a magnetoresistive (MR) head  136  on an articulated arm  138  connected to controller  139 . As explained above, the size and shape of part  134  is not restricted to the embodiment shown. 
         [0029]    In either of these embodiments, the surface of part  120  or  130  may be painted over to conceal or embed the digital DNA, and provide any necessary protective or aesthetic qualities necessary for a particular application. Additionally, the part receiving digital DNAs may be a complicated 3D shape, but, since individual digital DNAs are on the order of fractions of an inch or smaller, they are applied to areas sufficiently small as to be effectively two-dimensional. 
         [0030]    In yet another embodiment shown in  FIG. 2C , digital DNAs  142  are printed onto separate carriers, for example, an ultra-thin Mylar, metallic, or non-metallic chip, much like confetti, mixed into a paintable coating  144  (similarly to “metal flake” automotive paints), and sprayed over the surface of part  140  using a paint spray gun  146 . In this manner, the digital DNAs will be integral to the part&#39;s paint/coating system, and not require additional processing steps. The chips can be imprinted using either optical or magnetic technologies as explained above. 
         [0031]    The method of reading the information contained in digital DNAs depends on the method using to write them. For the first embodiment shown in  FIG. 2D , a digital DNA on either part  150  or a fragment  152  of part  150  is read using an optical or infrared (IR) camera  154 . Camera  154  is coupled to a computer  156  to perform decoding of the digital DNAs read by camera  154 . In embodiments where the digital DNAs have been painted over, a digital infrared camera is used to “see” through the paint to the underlying appliqués to capture the codes and deliver them to a computerized decoding system  156 . 
         [0032]    As shown in  FIG. 2E , if digital DNAs are applied to a part  160  or fragment  162  thereof using the magnetic writing embodiment of  FIG. 2B , they are read using a similar magnetic read head  164  that is also located on an articulated arm  166  or in a hand held device (not shown). The read and write heads can be in separate devices or combined in one device. 
         [0033]    In any of the above embodiments, the digital DNAs store, at least, several kilobytes of data that is encoded on the part thousands, or millions, of times over its surface depending on factors such as camera and printer resolution, part shape, bar code size, etc. This quantity of data allows for the critical design, manufacturing, and usage parameters to easily be captured in a compact 2D design. 
         [0034]    In a further embodiment, additional data is added to a part at any time during its lifecycle. For example, in the optical embodiment of  FIG. 2A , additional digital DNAs are printed, or written and applied next to the existing digital DNAs, essentially appending data or adding it in parallel. In the rewriteable data chips of embodiments of  FIGS. 2B and 2C , such that the new data is written onto the chips similarly to read/write CD disks, or an electrically addressable device like an electrically erasable read-only memory (EEROM). 
         [0035]    Digital DNA technology has many possible applications, ranging from archiving pertinent data for identification, to properly direct repair procedures, part replication, anti-counterfeiting, accident scene reconstruction, etc. 
         [0036]    The steps or operations described herein are just for example. There may be many variations to these steps or operations without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted, or modified. 
         [0037]    Although example implementations of the invention have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.