Abstract:
The present invention is a circuit comprising two series-coupled field effect transistor (FET) devices with a resistor network coupled in parallel forming a composite device (that can be substituted directly for a single FET device). In applications such as active loads or current sources, the composite device exhibits a greater breakdown voltage and superior high-frequency characteristics. The resistor network provides optimum direct current (DC) bias for depletion mode devices and superior high-frequency loading. Bandwidth and stability are both increased. Furthermore, this circuit is compatible with depletion mode FET processes having a single fixed threshold voltage.

Description:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to electronic circuits comprising field effect transistors (FET), and more specifically to composite transistors comprising a plurality of FET devices. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Field-effect transistors (FET) are today the fundamental building block for the majority of integrated electronic circuits. These circuits include, but are not restricted to, integrated circuits for fiber optic communications systems, such as amplifiers and high-speed analog and digital circuits. Various types of FETs are implemented in a number of semiconductor technologies including silicon (CMOS), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and Indium Phosphide (InP). 
     FETs are widely used as active loads and current sources in integrated circuits. These applications employ the saturation region of the nonlinear channel current-voltage relation in which FETs behave as voltage-controlled current sources. The current in the FET channel, between the drain and source nodes, is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate node and the source node. In the saturation region, the channel current is largely independent of the voltage applied across the channel—this results in high impedance presented to AC signals while allowing substantial DC current to pass. Applications include the insertion of DC bias current (a current source) as well as signal current-to-voltage conversion (an “active load”) in amplifier circuits. 
     Applications such as fiber optic communications require circuits that operate near the speed limits of transistor technology. Fast FET devices like high electron mobility transistors (HEMT and PHEMT) fabricated in GaAs and InP, as well as silicon CMOS devices with ever smaller geometries, are being used in integrated circuits to meet these demands on switching speed and bandwidth. Traditional FET active load and current source circuits using high performance semiconductors become inadequate as the frequency of operation approaches the limits of the device. 
     FIG. 1 a  shows a stacked FET active load configuration  110 . Two FETs W 1   101  and W 2   102  are coupled in series and each gate and source wired together. This circuit exhibits poor high frequency response due to the interaction between the impedances at the FET gate  103  and FET drain  104 . In a high-frequency FET implementation, it may also exhibit negative resistance. 
     FIG. 1 b  shows a self-bootstrapped active load configuration  110 . Two FETs  111  and  112  have their channels coupled in series, and both the gate  113  of FET  111  and the gate  114  of FET  112  are coupled to the source node  115  of FET  112 . This circuit is not well suited to high-perfornance FET technologies, in which there is a single threshold voltage that is not variable by the circuit designer. This forces one FET device to operate near cutoff and the other in the triode region, with the result that the device periphery must be roughly twice that of the present invention to obtain the same DC current. 
     FIG. 1 c  is a cascode current source  120 . Two FETs  121  and  122  are coupled with their channels in series, with bias voltages and AC ground presented to the gate terminals of both. This circuit is potentially unstable at high frequencies, and its overall stability is highly sensitive to the impedance presented to a gate  123  of FET  121 , e.g. a small unavoidable inductance may lead to significant negative conductance at the output of the current source. Additionally, this circuit cannot be used as an active load with HEMT devices due to the lack of a P-type device. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for reliable high-performance active loads and current sources at higher frequencies. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a circuit comprising two series-coupled field effect transistor (FET) devices with a resistor network coupled in parallel forming a composite device (that can be substituted directly for a single FET device). In applications such as active loads or current sources, the composite device exhibits a greater breakdown voltage and superior high-frequency characteristics. The resistor network provides optimum direct current (DC) bias for depletion mode devices and superior high-frequency impedance control. Bandwidth and stability are both increased. Furthermore, this circuit is compatible with depletion mode FET processes having a single fixed threshold voltage. Advantageously, the composite FET active load and current source in the present invention operates in an unconditionally stable state at all frequencies. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 a  is a prior art circuit diagram illustrating two series-connected field effect transistor devices in the stacked FET active load configuration. 
     FIG. 1 b  is a prior art circuit diagram illustrating two series-connected field effect transistor devices in the self-bootstrapped active load configuration. 
     FIG. 1 c  is a prior art circuit diagram illustrating two series-connected field effect transistor devices in a cascode configuration. 
     FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a first embodiment of two series-connected field effect transistor devices with a resistive network in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating a second embodiment of two series-connected field effect transistor devices with a resistive network used as a voltage follower in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram illustrating a third embodiment of two series-connected field effect transistor devices with a resistive network in an active load/current source configuration in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 a  is a circuit diagram illustrating the use of the present invention as an active load. 
     FIG. 5 b  is a circuit diagram illustrating the use of the present invention as an active load and current source. 
     FIG. 6 is a graphical diagram illustrating DC i-v curve representations. 
     FIGS. 7 a ,  7   b , and  7   c  are graphical diagrams illustrating, respectively, the comparison of broadband impedance of active load using identical FET devices between a stacked FET, a self-bootstrapped, and the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The general structure of the invention as shown in FIG. 2 is useful as a direct replacement for a single FET device. It exhibits higher impedance characteristics and voltage-handling capability than single FET devices, while exhibiting high-frequency stability that is critical for robust implementations in fast FET technologies. 
     FIG. 2 depicts a circuit diagram  200  illustrating a first embodiment of the present invention using field effect transistors (FETs) W 1   210  and W 2   220 , coupled to a resistive network  230 . The resistive network  230  includes a Resistor  231 , having a top end and a bottom end, connected in series with a Resistor  232 , having a top end and a bottom end. A gate  212  of FET  210  (W 1 ) is coupled to the bottom end of Resistor R 1   231  and the top end of Resistor R 2   232 . A drain terminal  211  of FET  210  is coupled to the top end of Resistor  231 . A source terminal  213  of FET  210  is coupled to a drain  221  of FET  220  (W 2 ). A gate  222  of FET  220  (W 2 ) is coupled to the bottom end of Resistor  232  (R 2 ). Resistors R 1   231  and a resistor R 2   232  form the resistive network that provides the proper dc bias voltages to the FET devices. This is the basic form of the invention, and while it may itself be used in circuits, variations on this topology compounds its usefulness in a variety of electronic applications. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art should recognize that transistor devices W 1   210  and W 2   220  are not limited to FETs as implemented in FIG.  2 . The circuit can be similarly implemented with other transistor types, such as bipolar junction transistors. 
     FIG. 3 shows a circuit diagram  300  illustrating a second embodiment of the present invention configured as a voltage follower using the general circuit topology as shown in FIG.  2 . As in FIG. 2, FETs  310  and  320  are used as devices W 1  and W 2 . In this instance, the invention directly replaces a single-FET voltage follower, and the resulting circuit achieves a higher output voltage and linear response range. The input signal is fed through input node  330  and a corresponding output voltage is received through output node  331 . Because of the higher voltage range of the output, the circuit can also tolerate greater variations of the input voltage. Furthermore the gain of the device more closely approaches unity, i.e. the output accurately replicates the voltages of the input, resulting from reduced parasitic channel conductance as compared to a single FET. 
     FIG. 4 shows a circuit diagram  400  illustrating a third embodiment of the present invention configured with a gate  422  and a source  423  of transistor  420  (W 2 ) tied together. In such a configuration, the circuit acts as an active load or a current source. 
     The FET gate width  422  of Transistor W 2   420  controls the DC current, which is equal to the Idss (current from drain to source with the gate shorted to the source) of W 2   420 . FET W 1   410  in conjunction with resistors R 1   431  and R 2   432  operates as a current source in series with W 2   420  to double the DC voltage range and as a voltage follower to signals at the source node  423  of W 2   420  to reduce the signal voltage across W 2   420  and thereby increase its output impedance. For the case of W 1   410 =W 2   420  (sizes of transistors are equal resulting in equal performance characteristics) and R 1   431 =R 2   432 , half of the applied DC voltage is presented to the gate of W 1   410 , which forces the Vds (voltage between the drain and the source) across both transistors W 1   410  and W 2   420  to be equal while both devices conduct the full Idss current. This maximizes the voltage handling range and the DC current output of the active load. R 1   431  and R 2   432  also reduce the Q (quality factor) at the gate node of W 1   410  to greatly stabilize the circuit at high frequencies while adding a real conductance across the input and output nodes of the circuit. This enables the use of large periphery FET devices and allows the circuit to function as a broadband RF load. 
     FIG. 5 a  is a circuit diagram  500  illustrating the use of the present invention in a high-speed differential amplifier with the present invention serving as an active load for converting the signal current in the differential pair W 3 /W 4   510 / 511  into an output voltage. FIG. 5 b  replaces the current source with the present invention providing a constant DC bias current to the amplifier. In both cases, the circuit performance exhibits many advantages. The range of the output voltage swing is higher due to the active load&#39;s high DC voltage range and linearity. For a given supply voltage, the differential amplifier provides higher current (increased headroom) and gain-bandwidth product. The circuit also exhibits flatter amplitude and group delay response over a larger bandwidth. At any frequency and over a high voltage range, the active load is unconditionally stable without oscillation or ringing effects. Finally, the reduced reactive component of the current source impedance contributes to common-mode stability at high frequencies. 
     FIG. 6 is a graphical diagram illustrating DC i-v curve representations, showing increased current and linearity compared to the self-bootstrapped active load. FIGS. 7 a ,  7   b , and  7   c  are graphical diagrams illustrating, respectively, the comparison of broadband impedance of active load using identical FET devices between a stacked FET, a self-bootstrapped, and the present invention. The present invention exhibits superior high-frequency impedance, stability, and dynamic range. The above embodiments are only illustrative of the principles of this invention and are not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and combinations of various features of the described embodiments can be practiced without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.