Abstract:
A system for monitoring breathing of a subject, the system comprising: (a) a wearable subject unit comprising: an elastic resistive sensor positionable such that breathing motion of the subject applies mechanical pressure to said elastic resistive sensor, wherein said elastic resistive sensor is configured to change its resistance responsive to the mechanical pressure, and a transmitter configured to wirelessly transmit a signal based on the change in resistance of the elastic resistive sensor; and (b) a platform unit comprising a receiver and being positionable in wireless transmission range with said subject unit, said platform unit configured to receive said signal from said subject unit and to issue an advisory signal indicative of the breathing of the subject.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to system and methods for monitoring physiological conditions of a subject. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a syndrome in which an infant dies suddenly in its sleep due to stopping breathing. 
         [0003]    A variety of methods for monitoring a patient&#39;s vital signs are available for doctors and care-givers these days. These range from baby monitors, which transmit the sounds and even video of a baby to its parents in a different room, to pregnant women&#39;s contractions monitors, to EKG or ECG monitors in a hospital that monitor the vital signs of a patient. 
         [0004]    Bar Hayim (WO 2009/083980) discloses a disposable monitor that includes an adhesive sensing unit that includes a flexible conductive wire wherein the sensing unit is attached to the skin of a person being monitored. 
         [0005]    Rahamim (WO 2009/050702) discloses an apnea detector. It incorporates a capacitive type sensor that emits an alert signal upon detecting symptoms of apnea. In one embodiment, a detector unit is in communication with a curvature sensor adapted to detect a variable curvature of a subject body surface resulting from breathing patterns of a subject. The detector unit is attached to an article of clothing of the subject. A monitoring system comprises a detector unit for detecting one or more subject related parameters of interest and for emitting acoustical information after determining that a subject related parameter of interest has a predetermined status, and a stationary unit disposed within an audible range of the detector unit for receiving the emitted acoustical information. 
         [0006]    Scanlon (U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,865) discloses an apparatus to monitor a living being&#39;s breathing movement and, in the absence of breathing movement, the apparatus attempts to stimulate breathing. The apparatus has a base member that may be a pad placed under the baby&#39;s body. 
         [0007]    Young (U.S. Published Patent Application 2008/0077020) discloses a method and apparatus for monitoring vital signs remotely. It describes the use of a single sensor to monitor the cardiopulmonary activity of a patient using a ballistograph. 
         [0008]    The current state in the field of monitoring a patient&#39;s vital signs involves large and cumbersome devices which can be very uncomfortable for the patient and may limit their use with babies and infants due to their size. The devices&#39; size and complexity dictates the price of such devices to be high and that the devices must be reused and cannot be disposable. 
         [0009]    Furthermore, most of today&#39;s devices include a sensor that is able to sense only one type of vital sign and, in case one needs to monitor several vital signs simultaneously, one is required to use several devices. 
         [0010]    An important aspect in preventing SIDS and sleep apnea is said to do with the air composition in the vicinity of the baby. Elements such as air temperature, humidity and presence of poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) or cooking gases (such as Propane) may contribute to SIDS and sleep apnea. 
         [0011]    There is therefore a need in the art for a system and method to incorporate one or more sensors into a cheap, single, small and disposable device, possibly manufactured into diaper and/or clothes. Another need is for a device that could control environmental influencing devices (air conditioning, electric fan, ionizer etc.) and also monitor the air in the vicinity of the baby as part of the prevention of SIDS or sleep apnea. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    According to some embodiments, there are provided unique methods, devices and systems, having a sensor for monitoring physiological conditions of a subject body. In particular, the methods, devices and systems may be used for monitoring the physiological condition of a baby. The methods, devices and system disclosed herein enable a cheap, non invasive, accurate, small and disposable means for providing real time monitoring of physiological condition of a subject being monitored. In particular, the methods, devices and systems disclosed herein provide means to monitor physiological conditions of a baby and to aid in prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), sleep apnea as well as additional health related conditions, such as, for example, elevation of body temperature of the baby. Additionally, the devices, methods and system are able to control over environmental influencing devices (such as, for example, air conditioning, electric fan, ionizer, window openers, and the like) and are also able to monitor environmental parameters that are related to breathing in the vicinity of the subject (such as, for example, temperature, humidity, carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, light, and the like). 
         [0013]    According to some embodiments, there is provided a sensor wherein application of pressure on the sensor causes changes in the resistance of the sensor, where the level of pressure is relative to the resistance. According to some embodiments, the sensor may be an elastic resistive sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor may be an electrically conductive sensor, such as, for example, conductive wires or printed circuit board (PCB) traces or solder pads in conjunction with conductive fabric, conductive paper, conductive paint, conductive ink, elastomer, piezoresistive sheet, or the like. In some embodiments, the elastic resistive sensor may be made of a foam material soaked with conductive electrolyte that may further be contained in a non-electrically-conductive housing, such as, for example, an air tight polymer cover. 
         [0014]    According to some embodiments, there is provide a system for monitoring the physiological conditions of a subject body and to issue/provide an alert when these physiological conditions have changed to the detriment of the subject. In some embodiments, the physiological conditions are breath related parameters, such as, for example but not limited to: rate of breathing (number of breaths per minute), deepness of breath, lack of breathing, and the like and combinations thereof. 
         [0015]    In some embodiments, the system may include a sensor of the physiological condition(s) of a subject body and which issues signals based on those physiological conditions. A receiver in proximity to a responsible overseer detects these signals and issues an appropriate warning signal/alert. 
         [0016]    According to some embodiments, the sensor of the system may be a sensor (such as an elastic resistive sensor) wherein pressure on the sensor causes changes in resistance of the sensor, where the level of pressure is relative/proportional to the resistance. Additionally, a tactile element (such as, for example, a vibrator) may be included to alert/move the subject to reinvigorate him to restore normal physiological conditions. In some cases, there may also be a monitor of local environmental conditions. 
         [0017]    According to some embodiments, the present invention may improve a sleeping baby&#39;s safety and prevents SIDS based on the monitoring of baby&#39;s physiological conditions, such as breathing, and analyzing them by a system and method that incorporate one or more sensors into a single, small and disposable device, possibly manufactured into the diaper during the diaper manufacturing or at a later time, or possibly, in the form of a sticker to be placed on a baby&#39;s diaper. In some embodiments, the system may further include a detector that is able to monitor/detect various breath related environmental conditions/parameters in the vicinity of the baby subject (such as, of example, temperature, light, humidity, CO concentration, and the like) and to further affect such conditions by controlling the operation of various devices (herein after also referred to as “electrical appliances”) that may influence the environmental parameters (such as, for example, air conditioning, electric fan, ionizer, electric window openers, and the like). In some embodiments, the system may be used to monitor the air/atmosphere in the vicinity of the subject baby as part of the prevention of SIDS or sleep apnea. 
         [0018]    In some aspects, the present invention overcome deficiencies of the background art by providing a system and method that may include one or more of the following units: (a) a “subject unit” (also referred herein to as: “wearable subject unit” or “diaper unit”) placed within or on a garment used by the subject. For example, the subject unit may be placed on or within a baby&#39;s disposable diaper (optionally embedded within the diaper during manufacturing of the diaper); (b) a “crib unit” (“CU” in short, also named hereinafter as “platform unit”) for receiving/relaying and processing data. The platform unit may be placed in the near vicinity of the subject, and may be permanently or transiently attached to, for example, but not limited to:, a bed, a crib, a stroller, a room, high chair, car safety seat, and the like.; (c) an “overseer unit” (also named hereinafter as “supervisor unit” or “parents&#39; unit”), which is a receiver and monitor unit located away from the subject&#39;s vicinity; (d) a “tactile unit” (for example, a vibrating unit); and (e) at least one “control unit” (also referred to as “interface unit”), such as, for example, electrical appliance control unit (with its corresponding electrical appliance). 
         [0019]    According to some embodiments, the diaper unit may include one or more sensors (such as, for example, micro-sensors) to monitor the baby&#39;s breathing by analyzing the mechanical movement of the lower abdomen to detect various breath related events, such as, for example, cessation of breath, shortness of breath, breath rate, rhonchus and cessation of breath during sleep (sleep apnea). In some embodiments, the diaper unit also may include a body temperature sensor (such as a thermometer for measuring the baby&#39;s body temperature). 
         [0020]    Exemplary sensors for use in the diaper unit are, for example, nut not limited to: an electrically conductive elastomer made by Chomerics, (part number: 10-04-2463-S6305), a conductive paper made by PASCO (part number: PK-9025), and Piezo resistive sheet (Velostat™). Additional options for movement sensors may include, for example, but not limited to: conductive fabrics such as those manufactured by Hebei Metals Inc. Exemplary fabrics that can be used include SS Mesh Shielding Fabric, ESD Static Fabric, Staticot™, EeonTex (Catalog number: LG SLPA 10E4, made by EEONYX LTD). Additionally or alternatively, a piezoelectric film may be used, such as, for example, piezoelectric film made by Meas, part number LDT0-028K/L w/crimps. 
         [0021]    Further options for movement/pressure sensors may be, for example, a generally non-conductive foam/sponge material soaked in a conductive electrolyte. 
         [0022]    According to some embodiments, the elastic resistive sensor may activated (automatically or manually), prior to use. In some embodiments, there is provided an activator for electrically activating the elastic resistive sensor, wherein the activator may be selected from the group consisting of: a strain gauge, a pull strip, a circuit-shortening conductive patch, a non-conductive pull strip on a battery contact, a reed switch, a battery comprising a built-in activation mechanism and a cover for activating a Zinc-air battery. 
         [0023]    According to some embodiments, the electronic components of various units of the system may be packaged into a single device (Application Specific Integrated Circuit—ASIC) or may be composed using discrete components. This is true for the diaper unit as well as to any of the other units described hereinafter. 
         [0024]    According to some embodiments, the platform unit may communicate with the diaper unit using various communication routes, such as, for example, acoustic communications in audible frequencies or ultrasonic frequencies, and optionally, using a wireless link, such as radio-frequency (RF) link. 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, the data from the diaper unit&#39;s sensors is transmitted to the platform unit to be analyzed. Should the readings from the diaper unit exceed pre-set/predetermined limits; the platform unit may send an alert to the overseer unit via, for example, a wireless route. The overseer unit may, in turn, alert the overseers (such as for example, parents) by means of auditory and/or visual and/or tactile means (alarm, flashing lights, vibrations, etc.). When using an electromagnetic wireless link, it is possible to use common methods of low-range RF communications, such as Zigbee, Bluetooth and DECT. 
         [0026]    In some embodiments, in order to prevent false alarms, the acoustic communications from the diaper unit may operate in a different frequency range than that of a baby&#39;s cry which is in the range of 1,000 Hertz (Hz) to 5,000 Hz, centered around 3,500 Hz, as well as from a baby&#39;s voice centered around 400 Hz. 
         [0027]    According to some embodiments, the platform unit may be equipped with a digital signals processor (DSP) which can analyze the signals coming from the diaper unit and distinguish between an alert and other sounds such as a baby&#39;s cry, people speaking, etc. 
         [0028]    In some embodiments, the acoustic communication from the diaper unit to the platform unit may be encoded such that only the corresponding platform unit would communicate with its diaper unit. The encoding can be done by specific timings and frequency of the sounds generated by the diaper unit. 
         [0029]    In other embodiments, when an alert, which is indicative of breath related condition (such as, for example, apnea, breath rate below a predetermined threshold and the like) is activated, the platform unit may signal the tactile unit to start moving the crib (for example, by vibrating/rocking the crib). Research shows that vibrating a sleep apnea subject may re-initiate spontaneous breathing. 
         [0030]    In some embodiments, in case that the air in the vicinity of the baby does not meet the pre-defined specifications/characteristics/limits, the system may further control external electrical appliances (devices) that can influence the baby&#39;s immediate vicinity. For example, in case the temperature is not within the pre-defined specification, the system may operate an air conditioner, an electrical fan an ionizer, and the like. For example, in case the CO concentration in the baby&#39;s vicinity is too high, the system may operate an electrical window opener to allow fresh air to come into the room. In some embodiments, once the issued alert had been addressed, the overseer may reset the system and halt the alarm(s). 
         [0031]    According to some embodiments, the diaper unit may be in the form of a disposable sticker, that may be packaged in a sticker dispenser. The sticker dispenser may be designed in such a manner, that the diaper unit is powered up/activated only after it is taken out of the sticker dispenser. Furthermore, in some embodiments, it can also be powered by detecting initial vibrations after mounted on the abdomen, as explained hereinafter with respect to the disposable sensor. 
         [0032]    According to some embodiments there is provided a system for monitoring breathing of a subject, the system comprising: (a) a wearable subject unit comprising: an elastic resistive sensor positionable such that breathing motion of the subject applies mechanical pressure to said elastic resistive sensor, wherein said elastic resistive sensor is configured to change its resistance responsive to the mechanical pressure, and a transmitter configured to wirelessly transmit a signal based on the change in resistance of the elastic resistive sensor; and (b) a platform unit comprising a receiver and being positionable in wireless transmission range with said subject unit, said platform unit configured to receive said signal from said subject unit and to issue an advisory signal indicative of the breathing of the subject. 
         [0033]    According to some embodiments, the elastic resistive sensor comprises an elastic, electrically-conductive material contained within a non-electrically-conductive housing. The elastic, electrically-conductive material is selected from the group consisting of: foam soaked in a conductive electrolyte, a conductive fabric, a conductive paper, conductive paint, conductive ink, a conductive elastomer and a piezoresistive sheet. 
         [0034]    In some embodiments, the wearable subject unit is embedded within a disposable diaper. 
         [0035]    According to some embodiments, the transmitter of the wearable subject unit is a radio frequency (RF) transmitter, and the receiver of the platform unit is an RF receiver. In some embodiments, the transmitter is an acoustic transmitter, and said receiver of said platform unit is an acoustic receiver 
         [0036]    According to some embodiments, the system may further include a remote unit configured to receive the advisory signal from the platform unit and to issue an alert to a supervisor of the subject. 
         [0037]    According to some embodiments, the system may further include a tactile unit configured to reinvigorate the subject based on the signal from the wearable subject unit, when the signal indicates lack of breathing or breathing rate below a predetermined threshold. 
         [0038]    According to some embodiments, the system may further include an environmental detector configured to detect at least one environmental parameter potentially affecting the breathing of the subject, the at least one environmental parameter may be selected from the group consisting of: temperature, humidity, light and carbon monoxide. 
         [0039]    According to some embodiments, the system may further include an interface unit configured to affect the at least one environmental parameter in order to improve the breathing of the subject. 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, the system may further include an activator for electrically activating the elastic resistive sensor, wherein the activator is selected from the group consisting of: a strain gauge, a pull strip, a circuit-shortening conductive patch, a non-conductive pull strip on a battery contact, a reed switch, a battery comprising a built-in activation mechanism and a cover for activating a Zinc-air battery. 
         [0041]    According to some embodiments, there is provided a disposable diaper comprising: an elastic resistive sensor embedded within said disposable diaper and being positionable such that breathing motion of a subject wearing the disposable diaper applies mechanical pressure to said elastic resistive sensor, wherein said elastic resistive sensor is configured to change its resistance responsive to the mechanical pressure; and a transmitter embedded within said disposable diaper and being configured to wirelessly transmit a signal based on the change in resistance of the elastic resistive sensor. 
         [0042]    In some embodiments, the elastic resistive sensor comprises an elastic, electrically-conductive material contained within a non-electrically-conductive housing. The elastic, electrically-conductive material may be selected from the group consisting of: foam soaked in a conductive electrolyte, a conductive fabric, a conductive paper, conductive paint, conductive ink, a conductive elastomer and a piezoresistive sheet. 
         [0043]    In some embodiments, the transmitter may be a radio frequency (RF) transmitter. In some embodiments, the transmitter may be an acoustic transmitter. 
         [0044]    According to some embodiments, there is provided a disposable diaper comprising an elastic resistive sensor embedded within said disposable diaper and being positionable such that breathing motion of a subject wearing the disposable diaper applies mechanical pressure to said elastic resistive sensor, wherein said elastic resistive sensor is configured to change its resistance responsive to the mechanical pressure; a transmitter embedded within said disposable diaper and being configured to wirelessly transmit a signal based on the change in resistance of the elastic resistive sensor; and an activator for electrically activating said elastic resistive sensor. 
         [0045]    In some embodiments, the activator may be selected from the group consisting of: a strain gauge, a pull strip, a circuit-shortening conductive patch, a non-conductive pull strip on a battery contact, a reed switch, a battery comprising a built-in activation mechanism and a cover for activating a Zinc-air battery. 
         [0046]    In further embodiments, the elastic resistive sensor comprises an elastic, electrically-conductive material contained within a non-electrically-conductive housing. The elastic, electrically-conductive material may be selected from the group consisting of: foam soaked in a conductive electrolyte, a conductive fabric, a conductive paper, conductive paint, conductive ink, a conductive elastomer and a piezoresistive sheet. 
         [0047]    In further embodiments, the transmitter may be a radio frequency (RF) transmitter. In some embodiments, the transmitter may be an acoustic transmitter. 
         [0048]    Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings and the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0049]    Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures. Dimensions of components and features shown in the figures are generally chosen for convenience and clarity of presentation and are not necessarily shown to scale. The figures are listed below. 
           [0050]      FIG. 1  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a monitoring system for a baby, equipped with a diaper unit (DU), a platform unit (CU), and a vibrating unit (VU); 
           [0051]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a monitoring and alerting system (MAS); 
           [0052]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the monitoring and alerting system (MAS); 
           [0053]      FIG. 4   a  is a front, perspective view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper equipped with a diaper unit; 
           [0054]      FIG. 4   b  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper unit; 
           [0055]      FIG. 4   c  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper unit containing conductive fabric sensors; 
           [0056]      FIG. 4   d  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper unit containing a sponge material sensor with contacts for resistive sensing; 
           [0057]      FIG. 4   e  is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the diaper unit; 
           [0058]      FIG. 4   f  is an isometric top view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper unit containing a piezoelectric film sensor; 
           [0059]      FIG. 4   g  is an isometric bottom view of the diaper unit containing a piezoelectric film sensor shown in  FIG. 4   f;    
           [0060]      FIG. 4   h  is an isometric top view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper unit containing a resistive sensor; 
           [0061]      FIG. 4   i  is an isometric bottom view of the diaper unit containing a resistive sensor shown in  FIG. 4   h;    
           [0062]      FIG. 4   k  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper unit containing multi sensor; 
           [0063]      FIG. 5   a  is an isometric view, schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a platform unit (CU), according to embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0064]      FIG. 5   b  is a schematic block diagram of the platform unit, according to embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0065]      FIG. 6   a  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a parents&#39; unit (PU); 
           [0066]      FIG. 6   b  is a block diagram of the parents&#39; unit; 
           [0067]      FIG. 7   a  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a sticker dispenser (SD); 
           [0068]      FIG. 7   b  is a block diagram of the sticker dispenser; 
           [0069]      FIG. 8   a  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a vibrating unit (VU); 
           [0070]      FIG. 8   b  is a block diagram of the vibrating unit (VU); 
           [0071]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of an electrical appliance control unit (EACU); 
           [0072]      FIG. 10  is a flow chart that illustrates a method for monitoring a baby&#39;s physiological conditions, for alerting people to conditions, and for operating electrical appliances; 
           [0073]      FIG. 11   a  is an isometric view of an alternate embodiment of a diaper unit (DU); 
           [0074]      FIG. 11   b  is an isometric view of another alternate embodiment of a diaper unit (DU); 
           [0075]      FIG. 11   c  is an isometric view of another alternate embodiment of a disposable diaper unit (DU); 
           [0076]      FIG. 12  is a view of a diaper, partially broken away, with an embedded DU resistive sensor; 
           [0077]      FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  are graphs of experimental results of a DU resistive sensor; 
           [0078]      FIG. 14   a  is a schematic illustration of an experiment setup, measuring various properties of a DU resistive sensor; 
           [0079]      FIGS. 14   b  through  14   e  are graphs of experimental results of a DU resistive sensor; 
           [0080]      FIG. 15  is a view, partially broken away, of a diaper equipped with a diaper unit with partial cutouts, and a first type of activation mechanism; 
           [0081]      FIG. 16   a  is a sectional front view of a diaper equipped with a diaper unit, and a second type of activation mechanism; 
           [0082]      FIG. 16   b  is a bottom view of a diaper equipped with a diaper unit, and a second type of activation mechanism; 
           [0083]      FIG. 17   a  is an isometric view of an illustrative, diaper unit equipped with a pull strip assembly, as a third type of activation mechanism; 
           [0084]      FIG. 17   b  is a top view of an illustrative, diaper unit equipped with a pull strip assembly, as a third type of activation mechanism; 
           [0085]      FIG. 17   c  is a cross sectional view along line a-a of  FIG. 17   b;    
           [0086]      FIG. 18  is a schematic illustration of a diaper equipped with a diaper unit, and a fourth type of activation mechanism; 
           [0087]      FIG. 19   a  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit and another activation mechanism; 
           [0088]      FIG. 19   b  is a side view of the device shown in  FIG. 19   a;    
           [0089]      FIG. 20  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit, connected to an array of DU resistive sensors laid out in a grid onto a resistive sensor support sheet using a set of conductive leads; 
           [0090]      FIG. 21  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit and another activation mechanism; 
           [0091]      FIG. 22  is a view similar to  FIG. 15 , but showing another position for the activation mechanism; 
           [0092]      FIG. 23  is a view similar to  FIGS. 15 and 22 , but showing another position for the activation mechanism; 
           [0093]      FIG. 24  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit and another discharge mechanism; 
           [0094]      FIG. 25  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit and another activation mechanism; 
           [0095]      FIG. 26  is an isometric view of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a diaper unit containing a multi sensor; 
           [0096]      FIG. 27  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit similar to  FIG. 4   d  and showing that the resistive sensor is printed with resistive ink or dye onto the diaper or embedded within the diaper; 
           [0097]      FIG. 28  is an isometric view of a bent sensor; 
           [0098]      FIG. 29  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit and another activation mechanism; 
           [0099]      FIG. 30  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit and another discharge mechanism; and 
           [0100]      FIG. 31  is an isometric view of an illustrative diaper unit and another activation mechanism. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0101]    According to some embodiments, there are provided devices systems and methods for monitoring a subject&#39;s physiological conditions and for alerting changes in said physiological condition. In some embodiments, there are provided methods, devices and systems for monitoring physiological conditions of a baby, by non-invasive means, and for alerting changes in said conditions so as to prevent health related conditions, such as, for example, sleep apnea and SIDS. 
         [0102]    As referred to herein, the term “subject” may refer, for example, to a baby, a child or an adult. For simplicity of presentation, the term “baby” is sometimes used to represent all types of subjects. 
         [0103]    Referring now to the drawings, any internal elements, placed within the units&#39; cases, are marked using a dashed line. The arrangement and shape of the elements as they appear in the drawings is exemplary only. 
         [0104]      FIG. 1  is a view of a baby  100 , equipped with diaper unit (DU)  10 , laying in a crib  110  equipped with platform unit (CU)  20 , and a vibrating unit (VU)  50 , according to embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0105]    The crib includes a mattress  182  that may include an embedded resistive sensor support sheet  180  or, alternatively, the mattress  182  may be covered with a bed sheet  184  that includes the resistive sensor support sheet  180 . This sensor support sheet acts as a movement sensor. 
         [0106]    The CU  20  is placed near the baby, possibly on the crib  110  itself, or on a nearby shelf or piece of furniture, and the VU  50  is fastened onto the crib  110  in order to ensure proper vibration of the crib  110 . 
         [0107]    It may be appreciated that the crib is shown for illustrative purposes only. Additional environments in which the baby is situated/located, such as, for example, a baby carriage, bassinet, or any other object in which a baby is resting or positioned may be used in the various embodiments. 
         [0108]      FIG. 2  shows a monitoring and alerting system (MAS)  1 , according to some embodiments. The crib  110  together with the baby  100 , DU  10 , CU  20 , VU  50  and optional sticker dispenser (SD)  40  may be placed away from the overseer (such as a parent) bed  120  and PU  30 , which could even be in a different room. The cellular phone  60  and personal computer  70  may usually be away from the crib  110 , as well. 
         [0109]    Electrical appliance control units (EACU)  80  with their corresponding electrical appliances  90  are in the vicinity of the crib  110  and baby  100  in order to increase their effectiveness. (For illustrative purposes only one electrical appliance control unit with its corresponding electrical appliance is shown, but any number of such devices may be used, as necessary to control the environment.) 
         [0110]    When the person being monitored is older than a baby and uses a bed, rather the person&#39;s bed can include a mattress  182  that may include an embedded resistive sensor support sheet  180  or may be covered with a bed sheet  184  that includes a resistive sensor support sheet  180  in order to act as a movement sensor. 
         [0111]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the monitoring and alerting system (MAS)  1 , according to embodiments of the present invention, including the major units of the MAS  1  and their inter-connections. Data gathered by the sensors of the DU  10  is transmitted by the DU  10  as a diaper unit to platform unit communication  91  to the platform unit (CU)  20  and is then transmitted, as necessary, as a SMS message  92  from the CU  20  to a telephone (shown as cellular phone  60 ), as an e-mail message  93  to personal computer  70 , as platform unit to parents&#39; unit RF communication  94  to the parents&#39; unit (PU)  30 , as platform unit to electrical appliance control units RF communication  95  to the electrical appliance control units  80 , and/or as platform unit to vibrating unit RF communication  96  to the vibrating unit  50 . The electrical appliance control units (EACU)  80  control electrical appliances  90 . In some embodiments, the personal computer  70  may be equipped with an application for monitoring the system. 
         [0112]    The sticker dispenser  40  generally may or may not communicate with other components/units of the system. In some embodiments, the sticker dispensed may communicate by any communication route, such as, for example, by wireless means. 
         [0113]    The MAS  1  may also include a diaper unit activation mechanism  12   s  (not shown in  FIG. 3  but herein after described), which is operatively connected to the diaper unit  10 . The diaper unit activation mechanism  12   s  can be made so as not to require any special action for the purpose of activation of the diaper unit  10 , namely the diaper unit  10  can be activated by a simple action such as the opening of the diaper. 
         [0114]      FIG. 4   a  is a perspective view of a diaper  11  equipped with diaper unit  10 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The DU  10  can be placed on the diaper  11  or inside the diaper  11 . 
         [0115]    The DU  10  can be packaged in a sticker-like package by various means, such as, illustrated, for example, by any of the embodiments described in following figures. 
         [0116]    The functionality of each of these elements is as described by name, and will be detailed in the description of the following illustrations. The geometrical shapes of the elements as shown in the present illustration, as well as their relative size and locations relative to each other, are in no way limiting the present invention. 
         [0117]      FIG. 4   b  is an isometric view of a DU  10  in a sticker configuration, according to embodiments of the present invention. In the present illustration, the DU  10  is equipped with a DU adhesive tape  14  and is encased in a sensing module sticker case with the DU printed circuit board  12  and DU magnetic flux direction detector device  15  disposed inside it. All of the components are enclosed within a DU sensing module case  13 . 
         [0118]      FIG. 4   c  is an isometric view of a DU  10  containing conductive fabric sensors, according to embodiments of the present invention. The DU resistive sensors  12   bb  in this figure are made of a conductive fabric material and are connected to the DU printed circuit board  12  using a pair (or more) of DU conductive wires  12   bf , possibly yarn or nonwoven wires or printed circuit board traces or solder pads. The pressure applied on the fabric, causes changes in the resistance of the wires as the fabric touches the wires (traces or solder pads), where the pressure is relative to the resistance. By way of comparison and explanation and without being limited to any theory or mechanism, it would be the same as, if a resistor&#39;s components are connected in parallel or series in an electric circuit, any change of the resistance value or the addition or removal of a resistor will change the circuit resistance as a whole. The resistance changing feed into the converter can be a discrete chip or made integral in the microcontroller. This converter is composed of a voltage divider and an operational amplifier (hereinafter, OpAmp). The change in the resistance causes a change in the voltage divider output, thereby resulting in a change in the current fed into the OpAmp. Then, the OpAmp output is changing within the limits of its supply voltage. In some embodiments, the limits are between about 0 volts to about 3 volts. Therefore, the voltage may swing in this range at the output of the OpAmp. 
         [0119]    Alternatively, in some embodiments, the fabric sensor can be implemented on the flexible or thin rigid PCB (printed circuit board) which would also contain the electronics. In this embodiment, it is also possible to discharge the DU battery  12  by using a pair of DU discharge contacts  12   n.    
         [0120]    As shown in  FIGS. 26 and 32 , the elements shown as components of the DU in the present illustration comprise one possible configuration out of various options, and include: a DU printed circuit board  12 , a DU RF transceiver  12   a , a DU movement sensor  12   b , a DU audio sensor  12   c , a DU infra-red transceiver  12   d , a DU body temperature sensor  12   e , a DU body humidity sensor  12   f , a DU microcontroller  12   h , DU control lights  12   i , DU filter and amplifiers  12   j , a DU power switch  12   k , DU filters and amplifiers  12   l , a DU analog to digital converter (ADC)  12   m , a DU sensing module case  13 , DU adhesive tape  14 , a DU magnet  15 , and a DU liquid crystal display (LCD)  16 . 
         [0121]      FIG. 4K  is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of diaper unit  10 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The diaper unit  10  includes several sensors such as the DU movement sensor  12   b , the DU audio sensor  12   c , DU infra-red transceiver  12   d , DU body temperature sensor  12   e  and the DU body humidity sensor  12   f  which continuously send their readings to the DU filter and amplifiers  12   j . The DU filters and amplifiers  12   j  send the filtered and amplified sensor readings to the DU analog to digital converter (ADC)  12   m  for digitization. The digitized data is then sent to the DU microcontroller  12   h  for analysis. The DU microcontroller  12   h  analyzes the received data and outputs the corresponding information on the DU monitoring lights  12   i  and the DU liquid crystal display (LCD)  16 . If required, the DU microcontroller  12   h  sends out a diaper unit to platform unit communication  91  to the platform unit  20  using the DU radio frequency transceiver  12   a  or the DU acoustic transmitter  12   p.    
         [0122]    In order for the DU  10  to function properly, it includes a DU power supply  18  which is controlled by the DU power supply controller  17  for voltage stability, current drain and power consumption monitoring and can be turned on and off by using the DU power switch  12   k.    
         [0123]      FIG. 4   d  is a DU  10  containing a sponge/foam material sensor, according to embodiments of the present invention. The sponge/foam material is usually inert, but when it is soaked with highly conductive multi-purpose electrolyte (such as “Signa Spray” made by Parker) and packaged in an air tight polymer cover, it changes its resistivity when pressure is applied to it, and it is also possible in the foam manufacturing process to mix the foam resin with any conductive material such as, copper, silver, etc. 
         [0124]    In this configuration, the DU printed circuit board  12  and all of the components on it may be embedded within the sponge/foam material. 
         [0125]    In this embodiment it is also possible to discharge the DU battery  12   be  using a pair of DU discharge contacts  12   n.    
         [0126]      FIG. 4   e  is a diaper unit  10 , according to embodiments of the present invention. This exemplary embodiment of the diaper unit  10  contains a DU movement sensor  12   b  such as a DU piezoelectric film sensor  12   ba  and/or a DU resistive sensor  12   bb  followed by a DU resistance to voltage converter  12   bc , or any other suitable device for measuring movement. 
         [0127]    The DU resistive sensor  12   bb  may be an elastomer based sensor, a fabric based sensor, a paper based sensor, a piezoresistive sensor, a sponge based sensor foam based sensor or any other material that changes an electrical property as it deforms when a pressure is applied to it. 
         [0128]    An elastomer is a material that changes its resistivity when it is stretched or bent. A conductive fabric sensor (such as made by EEONYX and called EeonTex, catalog number: LG SLPA 10E4), or conductive paper (such as PK-9025 made by PASCO), or Piezo resistive sheet (such as Velostat™) with conjunction with conductive yarn (such as “Silver plated Nylon Yarn” P/N PY16125 made by Statex Production &amp; Distribution PLC) or with any other conductive wires/pcb solder pads is a combination that causes changes in the resistance when pressure is applied to them or by bending them. A sponge/foam based sensor uses a sponge/foam soaked with a highly conductive multi-purpose electrolyte (such as “Signa Spray” made by Parker) and packaged in an air tight polymer cover, and changes its resistivity when pressure is applied to it. 
         [0129]    The output of the DU movement sensor  12   b  (which is a low voltage signal) is input to a DU control unit  133  and in particular to a DU amplifier  130  that amplifies the low voltage signal from the DU movement sensor  12   b  and the output of the DU amplifier  130  is input to a DU filter  131  for noise removal. The output of the DU filter  131  is input to the DU comparator  132 . When the voltage level of the DU filter  131  output is high enough, above a predefined level, the DU comparator  132  outputs a logic “1” signal. Otherwise, the DU comparator  132  outputs a logic “0” signal. This comparison can also be done within the DU microcontroller  12   h  using an internal comparator, or sampling the DU filter  131  output by its (uC) internal ADC by averaging the digital counting, etc. The DU comparator  132  output is input to a single DU mono-stable multi-vibrator  134  with output logic level latch, implemented by a DU Flip-Flip  135 , or by a DU microcontroller  12   h  with zero, one or more sensors such as a DU body temperature sensor  12   e . Other sensors may also be added for additional functionality. The DU control unit  133  controls the DU RF transceiver  12   a  and/or the DU acoustic transmitter  12   p , which communicates with the platform unit  20  (not shown in the present drawing). Depending on its inputs via the DU RF antenna  12   o , the DU RF transceiver  12   a  also sends incoming communications from the platform unit  20  (not shown in the present drawing), to the DU control unit  133 . These communications may contain system status updates. Power is supplied to the DU  10  components from the DU battery  12   be  and is activated by the DU power switch  12   k.    
         [0130]    In some embodiments, the mechanical pressure on the sensor may be different each time a diaper is put on the baby; therefore, the analog input voltage that the sensor will produce depends on its bending and is different on each occasion. The sensor produces resistance change and then DU resistance to voltage converter  12   bc  converts it to voltage for processing. This architecture may cascade with several comparators (block  132 ) and mono-stable multivibrators (block  134 ). Each of the comparators may be configured for different presets of input voltage, and also it might have a logic AND/OR/NOT/XOR gate (any combination) at the outputs of the mono-stable multivibrators in order to get the absolute decision for alerting without false alarms. 
         [0131]    It is not possible to control the precise place and the tightness of the diaper when diapering a baby. Therefore in one embodiment ( FIG. 28 ), a bent shape of the sensor may be used as a default. This may override the gap between the abdomen and the diaper. 
         [0132]    When the two DU discharge contacts  12   n  are shorted, or when for a known/predetermined period of time there is no abdomen movement, the DU  12   h  may drive current through the DU load resistor  136 , or any kind of load component or electronic circuit, in order to deplete the charge of the DU battery  12   be.    
         [0133]      FIG. 4   f  is a diaper unit  10  containing a piezoelectric film sensor  12   ba , according to embodiments of the present invention. The elements shown as components of the DU  10  in  FIG. 4   f  comprise one possible configuration out of various options of the top side of the DU  10 , and include: a DU printed circuit board  12 , a DU RF transceiver  12   a , a DU acoustic transmitter  12   p , a DU power switch  12   k , a DU control unit  133 , a DU piezoelectric film sensor  12   ba  and a DU RF antenna  12   o.    
         [0134]      FIG. 4   g  is a diaper unit  10  containing a piezoelectric film sensor  12   ba , according to embodiments of the present invention. The elements shown as components of the DU  10  in  FIG. 4   g  comprise one possible configuration out of various options of the bottom side of the DU  10 , and include: a DU printed circuit board  12 , a DU body temperature sensor  12   e  and a DU battery  12   be.    
         [0135]      FIG. 4   h  is a diaper unit  10  containing a resistive sensor, according to embodiments of the present invention. The elements shown as components of the DU  10  in  FIG. 4   h  comprise one possible configuration out of various options of the top side of the DU  10 , and include: a DU printed circuit board  12 , a DU RF transceiver  12   a , a DU acoustic transmitter  12   p , a DU power switch  12   k , a DU control unit  133 , a DU resistive sensor  12   bb , a DU resistance to voltage converter  12   bc  and a DU RF antenna  12   o.    
         [0136]      FIG. 4   i  is a diaper unit  10  containing a resistive sensor, according to embodiments of the present invention. The elements shown as components of the DU  10  in  FIG. 4   i  comprise one possible configuration out of various options of the bottom side of the DU  10 , and include: a DU printed circuit board  12 , a DU body temperature sensor  12   e , and a DU battery  12   be.    
         [0137]    With the configuration shown in  FIG. 4   d , the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  ( FIG. 27 ) is printed with resistive ink or dye onto the diaper  11  or embedded within the diaper  11 , and the DU  10  is attached onto the diaper so that the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  connects to the DU  10  by means of the two DU resistive sensor contacts  19 . 
         [0138]      FIG. 5   a  is a platform unit (CU)  20 , according to embodiments of the present invention. Some of the elements of the CU  20  are within the interior of CU  20  and are marked with a dashed line. The elements shown as components of the CU  20  in the present illustration comprise one possible configuration out of various options, and include: a CU case  20   a , a CU magnet  20   b , a CU printed circuit board  21 , a CU loudspeaker  21   a , a CU liquid crystal display  21   b , a CU microprocessor  21   c , a CU RF transceiver  21   d , a CU cellular modem  21   e , CU microphone  21   i , a CU air temperature sensor  22   a , a CU cooking gas sensor  23   a , a CU carbon monoxide (CO) sensor  24   a , a CU air humidity sensor  25   a , CU control light  26 , a CU power supply control light  27 , a CU power switch  28 , and a CU disable alarm button  29 . The functionality of each of these elements is as described by name, and will be detailed in the description of the following illustration. The geometrical shapes of the elements as shown in the present illustration, as well as their relative size and locations relative to each other, are in no way limiting the present invention. 
         [0139]      FIG. 5   b  is a block diagram of the platform unit  20 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The platform unit  20  includes several sensors such as the CU cooking gas sensor  23   a , the CU carbon monoxide sensor  24   a , the CU air humidity  25   a  and the CU air temperature sensor  22   a . Each sensor transmits its readings to the corresponding sensor interface unit (a CU cooking gas sensor interface unit  23   b , a CU carbon monoxide (CO) sensor interface unit  24   b , a CU air humidity sensor interface unit  25   b  and a CU air temperature sensor interface (IF) unit  22   b  respectively) which convert the sensor data into microcontroller readable data. 
         [0140]    The CU microprocessor  21   c  analyzes the data from the sensors and outputs the appropriate signals to the CU liquid crystal display  21   b  (via the CU liquid crystal display controller  21   f ) and to the CU loudspeaker  21   a  (via the CU audio amplifier  21   g ). Additionally, the CU microprocessor  21   c  communicates with the CU RF transceiver  21   d  and the CU cellular modem  21   e.    
         [0141]    The CU microphone  21   i  listens for acoustic transmissions from the diaper unit  10  (shown in  FIG. 4   b ) and sends its data to the CU digital signals processor (DSP)  21   h  to analyze and detect specific frequencies sent by the diaper unit  10 . When the CU DSP  21   h  detects a valid communication, it signals the CU microprocessor  21   c.    
         [0142]    In some embodiments, when the DU is working, it may produce an acoustic sound in a known interval, which indicates a proper functionality when received by the CU. 
         [0143]    The CU disable alarm button  29  signals the CU microprocessor  21   c  to turn off the alarm once it had started. 
         [0144]    In order for the CU  20  to function correctly, it includes a CU power supply  28   c  which is turned on by the CU power switch  28   a  and is controlled and monitored by the CU power supply controller  28   b . The CU power supply  28   c  has several CU power supply control lights  28   d  to display its status. 
         [0145]      FIG. 6   a  is a parents&#39; unit (PU)  30 , according to embodiments of the present invention. Some of the elements of the PU  30  are within the interior of PU  30  and are marked with a dashed line. The elements shown as components of the PU  30  in the present illustration comprise one possible configuration out of various options, and include: a PU case  30   a , a PU printed circuit board  31 , a PU loudspeaker  31   a , a PU liquid crystal display  31   b , a PU microprocessor  31   c , a PU RF receiver  31   d , a PU cooking gas sensor  32   a , a PU power supply control light  33 , a PU power switch  34 , and a PU disable alarm button  35 . 
         [0146]      FIG. 6   b  is a block diagram of the parents&#39; unit  30 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The parents&#39; unit  30  includes several sensors such as the PU cooking gas sensor  32   a , the PU carbon monoxide sensor  38   a , the PU air humidity sensor  36   a  and the PU air temperature sensor  37   a . Each sensor transmits its readings to the corresponding sensor interface unit (a PU cooking gas sensor interface (IF) unit  32   b , a PU carbon monoxide sensor interface unit  38   b , a PU air humidity sensor interface unit  36   b  and a PU air temperature sensor interface unit  37   b  respectively), which converts the sensor data into microcontroller readable data. 
         [0147]    In some embodiments, the PU microcontroller  31   c  analyzes the data from the sensors and outputs the appropriate signals to the PU liquid crystal display  31   b  (via the PU liquid crystal display controller  310  and to the PU loudspeaker  31   a  (via the PU audio amplifier  31   g ). Additionally, the PU microcontroller  31   c  communicates with the PU RF receiver  31   d.    
         [0148]    The PU disable alarm button  35  signals the PU microcontroller  31   c  to turn off the alarm once it starts. 
         [0149]    In order for the PU  30  to function correctly, it includes a PU power supply  33   c  which is turned on or off by the PU power switch  33   a  and is controlled and monitored by the PU power supply controller  33   b . The PU power supply  33   c  has several PU power supply control lights  33   d  to display its status. 
         [0150]      FIG. 7   a  is a sticker dispenser (SD)  40 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The elements shown as components of the SD  40  in the present illustration comprise one possible configuration out of various options and include: Several diaper units (DU)  10  on a SD sticker strip  42 , a sticker dispenser (SD)  40 , a SD strip opening  41 , a SD case  43 , a SD auditory alert  46  and a SD power supply  47 . 
         [0151]    The sticker dispenser  40  holds the SD sticker strip  42  in the SD sticker and removal assembly. The DU  10  units are attached on the SD sticker strip  42 , in a manner that enables their easy removal, for the purpose of using them as necessary. The SD sticker strip  42  comes out of the sticker dispenser  40  through the SD strip opening  41 . 
         [0152]    The geometrical shapes of the elements as shown in the present illustration, as well as their relative size and locations relative to each other, are in no way limiting. 
         [0153]      FIG. 7   b  is a block diagram of the sticker dispenser  40 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The individual DU  10  units (not shown in the present drawing) are stored on the sticker strip  42  (not shown in the present drawing) within the SD case  43  (not shown in the present drawing) inside the sticker storage a removal assembly  44 . Once a DU  10  (not shown in the present drawing) is removed from the SD sticker strip  42  (not shown in the present drawing), the SD removal and activation mechanism  45  includes one polar magnet and the DU  10  is turned on automatically as its magnetic flux device (such as the Murata P/N:AS-M15TA-R) feels the fixed magnet within the SD removal and activation mechanism  45 , and the DU  10  makes a specific sound to indicate it is active. 
         [0154]    The SD auditory alert  46  will sound to indicate that the entire available DU  10  units in the SD  40  have been used up. In order to function properly, the SD  40  is equipped with a SD power supply  47 . 
         [0155]      FIG. 8   a  is a vibrating unit (VU)  50 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The elements shown as components of VU  50  in the present illustration comprise one possible configuration out of various options and include: a VU grip pole  51 , a VU  18 , power supply light  52 , a VU case  53 , a VU lock screw  54 , a VU printed circuit board  55 , a VU trembling motor assembly  55   a , a VU microcontroller  55   b , and a VU RF transceiver  55   c.    
         [0156]    The functionality of each of these elements is as described by name, and will be detailed in the description of the following illustration. 
         [0157]    Some of the elements of the VU  50  are within the interior of VU  50  and are marked with a dashed line. 
         [0158]    The geometrical shapes of the elements as shown in the present illustration, as well as their relative size and locations relative to each other, are in no way limiting the present invention. 
         [0159]      FIG. 8   b  is a block diagram of the vibrating unit (VU)  50 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The VU RF transceiver  55   c  is constantly waiting to receive the alert signal via the RF communication platform unit to vibrating unit RF communication  96  (not shown in  FIG. 8   b , shown in  FIG. 3 ). Upon receiving the alert signal it signals the VU microcontroller  55   b . The VU microcontroller  55   b  operates the VU electronic adapter unit  58 , which in turn operates the VU trembling motor assembly  55   a . At this stage, the VU RF receiver  55   c  is waiting to receive a reset signal via the RF communication platform unit to trembling unit  96  (not shown in  FIG. 8   a , shown in  FIG. 3 ). Once the reset signal is received, it signals the VU microcontroller  55   b , which turns off the VU electronic adapter unit  58  and the VU trembling motor assembly  55   a . It is also possible to have the VU turn itself off after a predefined period of time. 
         [0160]    In order for the VU  50  to function properly, it includes a VU power supply  57  which is controlled by the VU power supply controller  56  for voltage stability, current drain and power consumption monitoring. 
         [0161]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of an electrical appliance control unit (EACU)  80 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The EACU  80  connects to an AC wall outlet on the EACU AC wall outlet interface  82  and to an electrical appliance on the EACU load electrical interface  84 . The EACU microcontroller  83  receives commands from the CU  20  (not shown in the present drawing), via the EACU RF transceiver  81 , to allow electrical connection between the EACU AC wall outlet interface  82  and the EACU load electrical interface  84 , providing electricity to the electrical appliance. The EACU monitoring lights  85  are used to indicate the status of the EACU  80 . 
         [0162]      FIG. 10  is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for monitoring a baby&#39;s physiological conditions, for alerting, and for operating electrical appliances in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0163]    Upon power up of the MAS  1 , it enters the start stage (stage  201 ). Proper power up of the system includes first turning on the CU  20  and the PU  30 , and receiving an indication from the CU  20  and PU  30  that they are functioning correctly (via their control lights or LCDs). 
         [0164]    The first stage in the operation of the system, is the “measure air composition in the vicinity of the DU” (stage  222 ) where the DU  10  measures the different parameters of the air in the vicinity of the DU  10  such as, for example, the air humidity, temperature, CO 2 , etc. 
         [0165]    Immediately following that, the MAS  1  moves to the “test air composition in the vicinity of the DU” (stage  202 ) in which the DU  10 , begins to test the air composition in its vicinity testing for hazardous materials such as carbon monoxide and cooking gas. 
         [0166]    Should the air composition fail to meet the specified criteria for safety, namely ‘not in order’, the MAS  1 , goes to “operate electrical appliances” (stage  203 ) in which the MAS  1 , operates the EACU  80 , that in turn operates the corresponding electrical appliance in order to influence the air composition. For example, the EACU  80 , operates an electrical window opener to allow fresh air to enter the room. 
         [0167]    In the case where the air composition test done in “test air composition in the vicinity of the DU” (stage  202 ) is within the specifications, namely ‘in order’ the system moves to the “measure breath parameters” stage (stage  204 ) where the DU  10 , measures the baby&#39;s breath parameters such as movement of the lower abdomen Following that, the DU  10  should be turned on (by one of the implemented methods). 
         [0168]    At this point, the DU  10  sounds (or transmits) a predefined sequence to the CU  20  for a communication check ensuring proper communications between the DU  10  and the CU  20 . 
         [0169]    The DU  10  then waits for several abdomen movements before moving into the full operative mode. This is done in order to prevent false alarms upon opening of the diaper  11  before placing it onto the baby. 
         [0170]    Stage “measure breath parameters” ( 204 ) may be composed of several simultaneously occurring measurements such as “regular breath—Eupnea” (sub-stage  204   a ), “fibrillation” (sub-stage  204   b ), “respiratory arrest” (sub-stage  204   c ), “Dyspnea” (sub-stage  204   d ), “Bradypnea” (sub-stage  204   e ), “Hyperpnoea” and “Tachypnea” (sub-stage  204   f ) as well as a Built-In-Test (BIT), (sub-stage  204   g ). Thresholds and algorithms for detecting the various measurements are programmed into the CU microprocessor  21   c.    
         [0171]    After measuring the breath parameters, the DU  10 , analyzes the measured breath parameters in “analyze breath parameters” (stage  205 ), and if the parameters are within the proper specification, the MAS  1 , returns to “measure breath parameters” (stage  204 ) and continue to monitor the baby&#39;s breath parameters. 
         [0172]    In the event that the breath parameters fall out of the proper specifications; the system moves into “initiate alert array” (stage  206 ). 
         [0173]    In the “initiate DU alerts” (stage  207 ) where the DU sends a diaper unit to platform unit communication  91  signal in order for the CU  20  to send out the various alerts simultaneously: The “initiate crib vibrating” (stage  208 ) sends out the platform unit to vibrating unit RF communication  96  signal to initiate the VU  50  to vibrate the crib. The “initiate CU alerts” (stage  209 ) operates several alerts: an auditory alert using the CU loudspeaker  21   a  CU control light  26  and by sending the SMS message from platform unit to cellular telephone  92  and e-mail message  93 . 
         [0174]    The “initiate PU alerts” (stage  210 ) sends out the platform unit to parents&#39; unit RF communication  94 , in order to initiate the PU  30  alerts using the PU loudspeaker  31   a  and the PU liquid crystal display  31   b.    
         [0175]    The “initiate BIT alert” (stage  212 ) sends out a diaper unit to platform unit communication  91  in order to have the CU  20  sound an alert notifying that the BIT has failed. 
         [0176]    Once the overseer (for example, parents) press the PU disable alarm button  35  or the CU disable alarm button  29  the system moves to the disable alerts (stage  211 ) where it turns off all of the alerts, and following that, restarts the system at the start (stage  201 ). 
         [0177]    The software in the microcontroller has the ability to “learn” (with a proper algorithm) the typically abdomen movements for period of time. Thereafter, the initiation of an alert will be more accurate and stable, thereby eliminating false alarms. It means the DU may have the ability to adapt itself for each baby. This feature can be implemented in stage  204  as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
         [0178]      FIG. 11   a  is a diaper unit (DU)  10 , according to embodiments of the present invention. The DU  10  includes a DU resistive sensor  12   bb  that is connected to a DU printed circuit board  12  which may be built into the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  itself or via two or more DU resistive sensor contacts  19 . The DU printed circuit board  12  contains the required circuitry to communicate with the platform unit  20  (not shown in the present drawing), as well as the DU battery  12   be , and DU power switch  12   k  and two DU discharge contacts  12   n.    
         [0179]    In this exemplary embodiment, the DU printed circuit board  12  is placed under or within the DU resistive sensor  12   bb.    
         [0180]      FIG. 11   b  is a diaper unit (DU)  10 , which is disposable, according to embodiments of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the DU printed circuit board  12  is connected to the DU resistive sensor top side  12   bbt  and is connected near the DU resistive sensor short side  12   bbs  and may be embedded within the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  itself. 
         [0181]      FIG. 11   c  is a disposable diaper unit (DU)  10 , which is disposable, according to embodiments of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the DU printed circuit board  12  is connected to the DU resistive sensor top side  12   bbt  and is connected near the DU resistive sensor long side  12   bbl  and may be embedded within the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  itself. 
         [0182]      FIG. 12  is a diaper  11  with an embedded DU resistive sensor  12   bb  in it, according to embodiments of the present invention. The DU resistive sensor  12   bb  can be manufactured into the diaper  11  between the diaper outer layer  11   a  and the diaper inner layer  11   b , or it can be embedded within the diaper fluff material  11   c  so that the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  does not come in contact with the baby&#39;s skin. 
         [0183]      FIG. 13   a  is a graph of experimental results of a DU resistive sensor  12   bb  in its idle state, according to some embodiments. In the idle state experiment, the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  (not shown in the present drawing), was attached to a diaper  11  (not shown in the present drawing), and placed on a table untouched. A resistance to voltage converter was connected to the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  (not shown in the present drawing), with its output captured by a Fluke 289 Data Logger. The output was sampled once every second for one hour. The voltage measured averaged at 0.574 Volts with a minimum value of 0.4884 Volts and a maximum value of 0.6348 Volts, with very little variance. 
         [0184]      FIG. 13   b  is a graph of experimental results of a DU resistive sensor  12   bb  (not shown in the present drawing), in its active state, according to some embodiments. In the active state experiment, the same diaper  11  (not shown in the present drawing), used for the idle state experiment was put on a three week old baby and the sensors&#39; output was captured once every second for one hour. The voltage measured averaged at 0.3812 Volts with a minimum value of 0.0508 Volts and a maximum value of 1.1033 Volts, with very high variance. 
         [0185]      FIG. 14   a  is an experiment setup measuring various properties of a DU resistive sensor  12   bb , according to embodiments of the present invention. In the active state experiments, a baby  100  was dressed with a diaper  11  equipped with a conductive fiber type DU resistive sensor  12   bb . The DU resistive sensor  12   bb  was connected to a resistance to voltage converter  140  using a pair of conductive leads  141 . A second pair of conductive leads  141  connects the resistance to voltage converter  140  to a data logger  142 , which is connected to a personal computer (PC)  144  using a data logger to personal computer (PC) cable  143 . 
         [0186]    The resistance to voltage converter  140  is measuring the resistivity of the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  and converts it to a voltage value, which is logged by the data logger  142 . The data logged by the data logger  142  is transferred to the PC  144  to be analyzed. 
         [0187]    In order to test the resistivity of the DU resistive sensor  12   bb , the resistance to voltage converter  140  is removed from the experiment setup and the DU resistive sensor  12   bb  is connected directly to the data logger  142 . 
         [0188]    The same experiments were also performed in an idle state, where the diaper  11  was laid stationary on a table instead of being worn by a baby  100 . 
         [0189]      FIG. 14   b  is a graph of the voltage measurements logged during an idle state experiment as described above. 
         [0190]    In this experiment, data was logged every second for approximately 300 seconds. The voltage measured averaged at 0.1245 Volts with a minimum value of 0.1179 Volts and a maximum value of 0.1419 Volts, with very little variance. 
         [0191]      FIG. 14   c  is a graph of the resistance measurements logged during an idle state experiment as described above. 
         [0192]    In this experiment, data was logged every second for approximately 400 seconds. The voltage measured averaged at 8,590 Ohms with a minimum value of 8,262 Ohms and a maximum value of 8,956 Ohms, with very little variance. 
         [0193]      FIG. 14   d  is a graph of the voltage measurements logged during an active state experiment as described above. 
         [0194]    In this experiment, data was logged every second for approximately 600 seconds. The voltage measured averaged at 0.1661 Volts with a minimum value of 0.1016 Volts and a maximum value of 0.2934 Volts, with very high variance. 
         [0195]      FIG. 14   e  is a graph of the resistance measurements logged during an active state experiment as described above. 
         [0196]    In this experiment, data was logged every second for approximately 400 seconds. The voltage measured averaged at 10,234 Ohms with a minimum value of 5,089 Ohms and a maximum value of 15,315 Ohms, with very high variance. 
         [0197]    According to these experiments, it is possible to define limits for deciding whether the sensor is sensing breath conditions or not, thus triggering an alert. 
         [0198]      FIG. 15  is a diaper  11  equipped with a DU  10  with partial cutouts, and an activation mechanism  12   s  of a first type, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The partial cut outs show the DU  10  connected with a pair of DU conductive wires  12   bf  to a DU strain gauge  12   q . It is possible to place the DU strain gauge  12   q  on the right side as well or to have two DU strain gauges  12   q  on both sides, and in any case, the present invention is in no way limited to any specific location on the diaper  11 , or quantity, of the strain gauges  12   q .  FIG. 22  shows another position for the strain gauge. Another place is shown in  FIG. 23 , which is tight and shrinkable. When a person stretches this place, it is changing the strain gauge resistance. 
         [0199]    The DU strain gauge  12   q  is used as the activation mechanism  12   s . The DU strain gauge  12   q  is used as a power switch of the DU  10 . When the diaper  11  is folded open, the DU strain gauge  12   q  is stretched and changes its resistivity thereby turning on the DU  10 . Alternatively, the turning on mechanism may be implemented as a pull-strip ( FIG. 25 ). 
         [0200]    In this way, the user does not need to perform any additional actions in order to turn on the DU  10 . The DU strain gauge  12   q  can be made out of flexible materials such as an elastomer or a conductive wire. 
         [0201]      FIG. 16   a  is a front view of a diaper  11  equipped with a DU  10 , and a DU activation mechanism  12   s  of another type, according to an embodiment of the present invention. It shows the DU  10  equipped with a DU power switch  12   k  which in this case, made from a flexible material (such as silicon rubber) and is placed just under the diaper outer layer  11   a . The power switch  12   k  is used as the DU activation mechanism  12   s.    
         [0202]      FIG. 16   b  is a bottom view of a diaper  11  equipped with a DU  10 , and a DU activation mechanism  12   s  of a second type, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0203]      FIG. 16   b  shows a DU label  12   r  showing a message “Press Here” located over the DU power switch  12   k  as described in  FIG. 16   a . The label instructs the user on the correct location to press in order to activate the DU  10 . The label may be written in other languages as well, contain a graphic symbol, or a combination of both. 
         [0204]      FIG. 17   a  is a DU  10  equipped with a pull strip assembly  156 , as a DU activation mechanism  12   s  of a third type, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The pull strip assembly  156  is affixed on top of the DU  10  and is used to activate the DU  10  by pulling the pull strip  152 , or the pull strip assembly  156  is affixed between the diaper outer layer  11   a  and the diaper inner layer  11   b  in DU  10  and is used to activate the DU  10  by pulling fastening flap  11   d  which connected to pull strip  152 . 
         [0205]      FIG. 17   b  is a top view, schematic illustration of an illustrative, DU  10  equipped with a pull strip assembly  156 , as a DU activation mechanism  12   s  of another type, upon the section plane a-a is marked, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0206]      FIG. 17   c  is a cross sectional side view a-a of illustrative embodiment of a DU  10  equipped with a pull strip assembly  156 , as a DU activation mechanism  12   s  of another type, according to embodiments of the present invention. The pull strip  152  is composed of two sections: a non-conductive portion of pull strip  152   a  and a conductive portion of pull strip  152   b . By pulling the protruding part of the pull strip  152 , the non-conductive portion of pull strip  152   a  pulls the conductive portion of pull strip  152   b  until it moves over the two pull strip case contacts  154 , thereby closing an electrical circuit and switching on the DU  10 . At this stage, the non-conductive portion of pull strip  152   a  is pulled apart of the conductive portion of pull strip  152   b  and is discarded. 
         [0207]      FIG. 18  shows a diaper  11  equipped with a DU  10 , and a DU activation mechanism  12   s  of another type, according to embodiments of the present invention. When the DU  10  is used in the present figure&#39;s configuration, the diaper fastening flap  11   d  is used to fasten the diaper  11  as with a regular diaper  11  except that when the diaper fastening flap  11   d  is fastened, the DU conductive patch  162  (which is placed on the inner side of the diaper, fastening flap  11   d ) comes in contact with the two DU power contacts  160 , closes an electrical circuit, and turns on the DU  10 . 
         [0208]      FIG. 19   a  is a DU  10 , and a DU activation mechanism  12   s , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The DU  10  is connected to a DU battery  12   be  using a first battery contact  171  and a second battery contact  172 . A non-conductive pull strip  170  is kept between the first battery contact  171  and the DU battery  12   be  so that there is no electrical contact between them and the electrical circuit is open. Only when the user removes the non-conductive pull strip  170 , does the DU  10  turn on.  FIG. 19   b  is a DU  10 , and a DU activation mechanism  12   s  of a fifth type, according to an embodiment of the present invention as presented in  FIG. 19   a.    
         [0209]    Various other known methods may be used for activating the battery and the DU  10 . These various implementations include, for example, but not limited to: reed switches, magnetic strip  224  ( FIG. 31 ) (e.g. when the diaper is opened then a reed switch on the sensor side is switched on (N.O. type) because the magnetic field is gone), built in activation mechanism in a battery with reed switch or pull strip ( FIG. 17   a ), cover removal  223  for activating Zinc-Air battery ( FIG. 21 ), two discharge terminals that will short circuit by conductive label ( FIG. 29 ), discharge by reed switch and magnetic tray ( FIG. 24 ) or trash can ( FIG. 30 ), and discharge by magnetic field. 
         [0210]      FIG. 20  is a diaper unit  10 , connected to an array of DU resistive sensors  12   bb  laid out in a grid onto a resistive sensor support sheet  180  using a set of conductive leads  141 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The resistive sensor support sheet  180  may be embedded within the cribs&#39; mattress or within the mattress&#39; sheets. 
         [0211]    The same principles apply to the case where the person being monitored is not a baby and sleeps in a regular bed. It is easy to implement the resistive sensor support sheet  180  in any standard mattress and bed sheet. 
         [0212]    The various embodiments herein described involve several creative, surprising and unique features. One such aspect is fitting the electronic diaper mechanism as an integral part of the diaper—the mechanism is inserted directly into the diaper with the sensor as part of the manufacturing process (built in). Another such feature is automatic operation of the baby diaper mechanism—activation of the diaper mechanism upon opening of the diaper without any user particular activity. Unique to this disclosure is the use of sensors not previously used for sensing the physiological conditions of a body. The sensor may also be implemented as a sticker and placed anywhere on the body or in the diaper. Depending on the embodiment, the sensor may be an integral part of the electronic circuit or be made separate. To implement such embodiments, there was necessarily unique ASIC development only for this use. There is acoustic communication between the baby diaper mechanism to the in-platform unit for maintenance—acoustical communication for alerting about physiologic problems or diaper mechanism failure, or proper function indication in any known audible or non-audible sound interval. Moreover, the system influences the baby environment in order to wake him up—operating appliance to vibrate the crib. The subject unit and platform unit can be used in various places outside the baby bed, for example, as part of/associated with/integrated with/attached to a baby carriage or stroller, infant seat, crib, and the like. Further application of the system is for bedclothes—the mechanism can be embedded inside baby mattress or bed sheet with elastomeric/piezo/resistive sheet/conductive fabric which serve as the sensor device. There can be discharge of the diaper battery by: placement on a magnetic plate or trash can and activation of the diaper reed switch; automatic activation of the load resistor by the microcontroller after a period of non movement of the sensor; or by using a wireless signal. One embodiment has an embedded operating mechanism inside a battery. The platform unit also monitors the environment. There are various types of communications for alerting a responsible person—SMS, windows application, email. 
         [0213]    While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. The invention is described in detail with reference to a particular embodiment, but it should be understood that various other modifications can be effected and still be within the spirit and scope of the invention. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention. 
         [0214]    In the description and claims of the application, each of the words “comprise” “include” and “have”, and forms thereof, are not necessarily limited to members in a list with which the words may be associated.