Abstract:
A method wherein waste cellulosic material is used as an alternative fiber source during chemical pulping to replace a fraction of the wood chips. The waste cellulosic material is fed to the digester along with wood chips. The waste cellulosic material need not be repulped or slurried prior to digestion. The wood chips may be any species of hardwood or softwood. Normal chemical pulping charges, temperatures and cooking times applied in the case of 100% wood chip pulping may be used for the co-pulping of waste cellulosic material and wood chips. Thereafter, the pulp is processed as usual for chemical pulping, including the steps of blowing the digester, washing and thickening the brown stock, and bleaching the brown stock under the normal conditions used for the component co-pulped with the waste cellulosic material. Further screening or cleaning steps may be required to remove debris from waste cellulosic material.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to methods for recycling waste corrugated paperboard. In particular, the invention relates to a method of producing bleachable grade pulps using a mixture of recycled cellulosic materials and wood chips. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Previous efforts to recycle cellulosic materials, such as waste corrugated materials, boxcuts (i.e., waste similar to cereal boxes or soda cases/cartons), old newspapers, have focused on various methods to treat the cellulosic material before it is reused by itself or mixed with virgin pulp. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,440,134 to Murphy discloses a method for producing an acceptable grade of paper utilizing waste corrugated cardboard and corrugated paper. The method of Murphy comprises the steps of comminuting waste corrugated material, forming a water slurry with said waste, adjusting the solids content of the waste in slurry form to approximately 20%, digesting the comminuted waste slurry with caustic soda in an amount consisting of 10% by weight of the waste, heating the slurry with direct steam to approximately 160° C. for about 3 hours, pulping the digested slurry at a temperature of approximately 35° C. for 3 to 5 minutes, increasing the solids content of the resulting pulp to approximately 30%, and bleaching the pulp as required to achieve a desired brightness. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,503 to Nguyen discloses a process and an apparatus for recycling waste cellulosic material including corrugated paperboard to produce a cellulosic fiber pulp. The process involves the steps of cooking the waste cellulosic material, for example, corrugated paperboard, in an aqueous alkaline cooking liquor to produce a brown stock pulp having a kappa number lower than that of the waste material. The recycled pulp can be employed as the sole pulp component of brown paper products, or can be bleached to provide a pulp for white products. The brown stock can be mixed with virgin pulp. 
     As disclosed in the Nguyen patent, paperboard is typically produced from virgin pulp. The production of virgin pulp involves reacting or cooking wood chips with an alkaline cooking liquor at an elevated temperature. Lignin is a component of the wood chips which is dissolved by the cooking liquor in the manufacture of cellulose pulp. The character of the pulp produced is dependent on the extent of lignin removal from the wood chips, and hence on the residual lignin content of the final pulp. The kappa number represents a measure of residual lignin content. Higher kappa numbers indicate higher residual lignin levels. The kappa number of a brown stock pulp obtained from cooking softwood in a kraft liquor is typically 50 to 100, and such a pulp is used for making linerboard of corrugated paperboard. The kappa number of a brown stock pulp obtained from cooking hardwood in a kraft liquor is typically 130 to 160, and such a pulp is used for making the corrugated medium of the corrugated paperboard. The kappa number of a hardwood brown stock pulp would need to be reduced to about 10 to 15, and that of a softwood brown stock pulp to about 25 to 35 to provide a pulp suitable for bleaching to produce white paper products. Corrugated paperboard waste comprising linerboard and corrugating medium has a kappa number of 80 to 120. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,191,610 to Prior discloses the manufacture of corrugated boxes from a corrugated medium consisting of virgin semichemical pulp, corrugated clippings, old corrugated boxes or mixed waste material using waste liquor. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,925,150 to Marsh discloses a method of recycling corrugated paperboard of the type comprising a fluted layer sandwiched between layers of linerboard. The fluted layer is usually made from relatively low grade and short-fibered pulp, such as neutral sulfite semichemical pulp and short-fibered kraft pulp. The liners are commonly made of a good grade of kraft pulp. When corrugated board is pulped for use as waste paper stock, the high-grade kraft constituents of the liners and the relatively lower-grade fiber constituents of the corrugating medium are thoroughly mixed, and the resulting furnish is no longer suitable as liner stock. The Marsh patent discloses a method for separating used corrugated board into two fractions, one being kraft fiber suitable for use as virgin kraft pulp and the other fraction containing the majority of the semichemical pulp and other short-fibered constituents of the corrugated medium. 
     Canadian Patent No. 1,110,411 discloses a method for recycling waste consisting of paperboard which has been previously impregnated with waxes or resins in a previous converting process, such as wet strength packaging or furniture component manufacture. To avoid the expense of using original kraft cooking liquor (white liquor) to digest the waste paperboard, Canadian Patent No. 1,110,411 proposes to use the effluent by-product of a prior pulping process, i.e., the weak black liquor from the kraft (sulfate) process for making pulp by cooking wood chips under heat and pressure in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. 
     None of the aforementioned prior art discloses or suggests to co-pulp waste cellulosic material with wood chips 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a method for recycling cellulosic materials, such as waste corrugated materials, boxcuts and newspapers. In accordance with this method, the waste cellulosic material is used as an alternative fiber source during chemical pulping to replace a fraction of the wood chips. Reusing waste cellulosic materials such as corrugated cardboard and corrugated paper has the benefit of recycling this material and using less wood products in the production of acceptable grades of paper. Utilizing waste cellulosic material also helps minimize the impact of escalating prices and limited availability of wood chips. 
     In accordance with the method of the invention, the waste cellulosic material is shredded and then fed to the digester along with wood chips. The waste cellulosic material need not be repulped or slurried prior to digestion. The wood chips may be any species of hardwood or softwood. Alternatively, the waste cellulosic material can be co-pulped with non-wood fibrous material, e.g., bagasse. When corrugated material is used as the cellulosic material, normal chemical pulping charges, temperatures and cooking times applied in the case of 100% wood chip pulping can be used for co-pulping the corrugated material and wood chips. After the cooking operation, the pulp is processed as usual for chemical pulping, including the steps of blowing the digester, washing and thickening the brown stock, and bleaching the brown stock under the normal conditions used for the wood or non-wood component co-pulped with the waste cellulosic material. Further screening or cleaning steps may be required to remove debris from waste cellulosic material. 
     Co-pulping of wood chips and waste cellulosic material provides recycled fiber content in consumer products and enables the cost-effective use of scrap waste cellulosic mate-rial in bleachable grade pulps. Unexpectedly, co-pulping of waste cellulosic material with wood chips gave a higher pulp yield than that obtained using wood chips alone. 
     Co-pulping in accordance with the method of the invention provides the capability to vary pulp properties by varying the amount of waste cellulosic material used. Co-pulping of waste cellulosic material with wood chips can be accomplished using existing batch or continuous wood chip digesters using pulping conditions established for 100% wood chip pulping. This allows flexibility in the amount of waste cellulosic material combined with the wood chips and provides the critical process robustness essential for routine commercial use. Finally, the use of waste cellulosic material may provide a lower raw material cost than the cost of the wood chips which the waste cellulosic material replaces. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the essential components of a conventional kraft pulp manufacturing system. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph of total screened yield (%) for various corrugated material contents (%) used in laboratory co-pulping of corrugated material clippings and southern hardwood. 
     FIG. 3 is a graph of total screened yield (%) for various corrugated material contents (%) used in laboratory co-pulping of corrugated material clippings and southern hardwood with various additives or pretreatment: (♦) prewetting the corrugated material with water; () prewetting the corrugated material with black liquor; (x) prewetting the corrugated material with black liquor and using anthraquinone in the cook; (□) prewetting the corrugated material and the southern hardwood with water and using anthraquinone in the cook. 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing tear strength versus tensile strength for handsheets made from a furnish containing various amounts of corrugated clippings (CC) and softwood chips. 
     FIG. 5 is a graph showing tear strength versus tensile strength for handsheets made from a furnish containing various amounts of corrugated clippings (CC) and hardwood chips. 
     FIG. 6 is a graph showing tear strength versus tensile strength for handsheets made from a furnish containing various amounts of boxcuts (BC) and softwood chips. 
     FIG. 7 is a graph showing tear strength versus tensile strength for handsheets made from a furnish containing various amounts of newsprint (NP) and hardwood chips. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention is practiced using a conventional kraft pulp manufacturing system comprising a kraft pulp digester 2 into which wood chips are introduced via line 22, shredded waste cellulosic material is introduced via line 24 and white cooking liquor is introduced via line 26. The shredded waste cellulosic material may be fed to the digester dry or wet with water or other pulping chemicals (e.g., white liquor, black liquor, green liquor, alkaline sulfite liquor, sodium hydroxide solution, sodium sulfide solution, anthraquinone solution [soluble or dispersion] or any combination of these) . The shredded waste cellulosic material can be wetted either prior to or while being fed to the digester 2, thereby increasing the amount of waste cellulosic material per volume for pulping. 
     In the case of corrugated waste material, the wetting process will decrease the consistency and flatten the fluting in the corrugated material. However, corrugated material will retain its shredded form and will not become a defibered slurry. Wetting, pre-steaming or steam packing of the digester will allow pulping of more corrugated material per volume than dry corrugated material without these treatments. Shredded corrugated material may be detrashed in a wet or dry state. 
     The waste cellulosic material content may vary from 1 to 99 wt. %, with the remainder being wood chips. The wood chips may be any species of hardwood or softwood. The waste cellulosic material can also be co-pulped with non-wood fibrous materials, e.g., bagasse. The digester feed material may be fed as is, exposed to pre-steaming before entering the digester or steam packed in the digester. 
     The digester may be operated in a continuous or batch mode. Inside the kraft pulp digester 2, the wood chips and shredded waste cellulosic material are cooked for a period of time under heat and pressure to separate the fibers to produce kraft pulp. Normal chemical pulping charges, temperatures and cooking times applied in the case of 100% wood chip pulping are used for the co-pulping of waste cellulosic material and wood chips. Modification of these conditions may be necessary with varying amounts and types of waste cellulosic material. In particular, as the weight percent of waste cellulosic material in the digester is increased, one or more of the following parameters can be decreased: cooking temperature, cook duration and amount of active chemical (e.g., sodium hydroxide) in the cooking liquor. At the end of the cook, the contents of the digester including pulp and spent cooking liquor (weak black liquor) are discharged through line 28 into a blow tank 4 for temporary retention. 
     From the blow tank 4 the pulp and black liquor are discharged as unwashed pulp through line 30 into a brown stock washer 6. The function of the brown stock washer 6 is to wash the spent chemicals and impurities out of the pulp, the resultant solution being called &#34;weak black liquor&#34;. In a conventional kraft system there are usually a series of brown stock washers with the pulp going from a first washer (e.g., washer 6 indicated in FIG. 1) to successive washers. The pulp is washed in progressively cleaner water, with the wash water moving countercurrently against the progression of the pulp from washer to washer so that the cleanest pulp is washed with the cleanest water in the last washer and the dirtiest pulp is washed with the dirtiest water in the first washer. After washing, the brown stock may be thickened and bleached under the normal conditions used for the wood or non-wood component being co-pulped with the waste cellulosic material. Further screening or cleaning steps may be required to remove debris from the brown stock. 
     The weak black liquor from washer 6 passes through a conduit 32 into a weak black liquor storage tank 8. From the storage tank 8, the weak black liquor is transferred by a pump 10 through a line 34 into an evaporator 12, from which it emerges through line 36 as concentrated black liquor ready for burning to produce heat energy and recovered sodium chemicals for re-use as original cooking liquor. 
     The types of waste cellulosic material suitable to practice this invention include, but are not limited to, clean corrugated clippings, old corrugated containers or wax- or resin-treated corrugated material, as well as other cellulosic scrap paper (i.e. newspaper, wet-strength packaging, etc.). The waste cellulosic material may be in the form of clippings, scraps or pellets. Binders for pelletizing the waste cellulosic material include water, pulping liquor, black liquor (or spent liquor for processes other than kraft), green liquor, sodium hydroxide solution, anthraquinone solution, oxidized or partially oxidized white liquor or any combination of the above. Pelletizing will increase the corrugated material weight per volume. Pellets may have consistencies ranging from 40 to 95%. 
     The process of co-pulping waste cellulosic material and wood chips may be accomplished using a kraft pulping process or some other chemical pulping process, such as acid sulfite, neutral sulfite, alkaline sulfite, soda, kraft-polysulfide and any modification of these processes using pulping catalysts and additives such as anthraquinone and surfactant type digester aids. 
     EXPERIMENTAL DATA 
     Laboratory Co-Pulping of Corrugated Clippings and Southern Hardwood. In the first experiment, the feed to the digester consisted of 50% dry corrugated material (brown boxes) and 50% hardwood chips (ratio by oven dry weight). The dry corrugated material was shredded into 1.5-inch square clippings. The hardwood chips consisted of mixed species Southern hardwood chips screened to have a thickness of 2 to 6 mm. The pulping process was carried out in a laboratory digester. The corrugated material and hardwood chips were mixed in the digester basket. Kraft pulping was carried out at 16% active alkali on wood (as Na 2  O), 28.9% sulfidity, 5:1 liquor-to-digester feed ratio, and a time/temperature profile of 60 minutes from 100° C. to 170° C. and 60 minutes at 170° C. After pulping, the basket was removed from the digester and the material in the basket was cooled and washed with tap water. The respective cooked corrugated material and hardwood chips were then separated, fiberized by mechanical means and processed separately to measure various data for the individual components of the cook. Measurement of data for the combined cook was done after the separated pulps were recombined according to their individual yields. 
     The pulps were tested for kappa number, screened yield, percentage rejects and viscosity. The black liquor was tested for pH and residual alkali. Table 1 shows data for various ratios of corrugated material (CM), i.e., clippings, and southern hardwood (HW) chips. These results show that co-pulp has a higher yield (combined yield in Table 1) than hardwood chips alone. The efficacy of the practice of this invention is shown in FIG. 2, where the combined screened yield is shown to increase generally proportionally to the increase in the corrugated material content and achieves a maximum yield at about 25% hardwood and 75% corrugated material. 
     Laboratory Co-Pulping of Corrugated Clippings and Southern Hardwood with Additives or Pretreatments. Table 2 includes the results of further experiments performed in a laboratory digester, including prewetting of the CM with black liquor or water, with and without anthraquinone in the cook. Data for different ratios of corrugated material and hardwood chips with pretreatment or additives are shown in Table 2. FIG. 3 again shows that the combined screened yield increases generally proportional to the increase in the corrugated material content and achieves a maximum yield at about 25% hardwood chips and 75% corrugated material. 
     Pilot Digester Co-Pulping of Corrugated Clippings and Wood Chips. Further experiments were carried in a pilot digester. Corrugated box clippings were recooked in the digester along with wood chips to make an acceptably bright, clean and strong fiber furnish. Box factory corrugated clippings were mixed with Northern wood chips and cooked in the pilot digester. Nine pilot digester cooks were performed: four using softwood chips and four using hardwood chips. One cook recooked 100% corrugated clippings. Kraft pulping of the corrugated clippings/hardwood chips mixture was carried out at 16% active alkali on wood (as Na 2  O). Kraft pulping of the corrugated clippings/softwood chips mixture was carried out at 20.65% active alkali on wood (except for cook #5). All of these mixtures were cooked at a temperature of 170° C. for 115 minutes. These pilot digester studies showed the following: (1) pulp from digester cooks containing corrugated clippings and hardwood chips was slightly stronger and cleaner than pulp made from 100% hardwood chip digester cooks; and (2) pulp from digester cooks containing corrugated clippings and softwood chips was slightly weaker but of comparable brightness and cleanliness levels as pulp made from 100% softwood chip digester cooks. Tables 3 and 4 list the handsheet strength results for the hardwood and softwood pilot digester cooks, respectively. The L, a and b values indicate the shade and lightness of the sample. They were measured using a Hunter L, a, b meter. The values listed for the entry &#34;Ball Mill&#34; refer to the amount of refining the samples received. 
     The results of recooking corrugated clippings with softwood chips (listed in Table 3) showed that corrugated clippings required less white liquor to cook than did softwood chips, as evidenced by the lower resultant kappa number with increased percentages of corrugated clippings. The softwood chip yield was 44.5%. The yield from recooked corrugated clippings was 66.5%. Compared to pulp made from 100% softwood chips, pulp made from 90% softwood chips and 10% corrugated clippings had comparable kappa numbers, brightness, L, a, and b values, and dirt counts. Handsheet strength values were slightly lower. FIG. 4 shows that as the percentage of corrugated clippings increases, the tear strength v. tensile strength relationship for the handsheet decreases. 
     The results of recooking corrugated clippings with hardwood chips (listed in Table 4) showed that corrugated clippings required more white liquor to cook than did hardwood chips, as evidenced by the higher resultant kappa number with increased percentages of corrugated clippings. The hardwood chip yield was 45.1%. The yield from recooked corrugated clippings averaged 70.3%. Compared to pulp made from 100% hardwood chips, pulp made from 90% hardwood chips and 10% corrugated clippings had a slightly higher kappa number, slightly lower brightness, comparable L, a, and b values, and much less dirt. Handsheet strength improved as the percentage of corrugated clippings increased, as shown in FIG. 5. 
     Digester Co-Pulping of Corrugated Clippings and Softwood Chips. Two separate digester trials were conducted to investigate co-pulping of corrugated clippings and softwood chips. The first trial examined the effect of recooking one bale of corrugated clippings in a digester with softwood chips. The second trial examined the effect of recooking 3.5 bales of corrugated clippings in a digester with softwood chips. The bales of corrugated clippings were loosened by hand and then manually placed on the chip belt. The clippings were not shredded. The corrugated clippings were placed on a cross haul belt for Trial 1 and on a chip conveyor for Trial 2. The chip screens were bypassed during trial 2. Pulp samples from the blow line sampler and from the final brown stock washer (BSW) were collected, tested and compared to pulp samples collected from digester cooks that did not contain corrugated clippings. These trials showed that cooking one bale and 3.5 bales of corrugated clippings in a digester along with softwood chips had no significant impact on resultant pulp properties. 
     For Trial 1, the weight of the corrugated clippings was 0.75 ton/digester and the weight of the wet softwood chips was 64.75 tons/digester (est.), giving a weight percentage of 1.2 wt. % corrugated clippings in the digester. The resultant fiber included 0.44 ton/cook from the corrugated clippings and 14.46 tons/cook from the softwood chips, i.e., 3.0% corrugated clipping fiber. For Trial 2, the weight of the corrugated clippings was 2.63 tons/digester and the weight of the wet softwood chips was 62.37 tons/digester (est.), giving a weight percentage of 4 wt. % corrugated clippings in the digester. The resultant fiber included 1.54 tons/cook from the corrugated clippings and 14.04 tons/cook from the softwood chips, i.e., 9.9% corrugated clipping fiber. 
     Table 5 shows the results for Trial 1. Cook #7 contained one bale of corrugated clippings. Cooks #5 and #6 contained no clippings. There were no significant differences between these cooks, i.e., the kappa number, L, a and b values, dirt counts and handsheet strength properties were all similar. 
     Table 6 shows the results for Trial 2. Cook #6 contained 3.5 bales of corrugated clippings. Cook #7 contained no corrugated clippings. Both cooks had lower than targeted kappa numbers. Compared to each other, cook #6 and cook #7 were very similar. Cook #6, which had the clippings, had a slightly higher kappa number, slightly lower L value, and lower dirt counts. Handsheet strengths of cook #6 and cook #7 were similar. Compared to the softwood averages for Trial 1, both of cooks #6 and #7 in Trial 2 had lower kappa numbers, higher L values, lower dirt counts and lower pulp strength values. All of these differences were due to cooks #6 and #7 being overcooked. 
     Pilot Digester Co-Pulping of Boxcuts and Softwood Chips. Wood substitutes other than corrugated clippings were also co-pulped with wood chips. Boxcuts were mixed with softwood chips and the materials were recooked in a pilot digester at various weight percentages. After cooking, the pulp was evaluated for its color and strength properties. Table 7 shows the cook conditions and the pulp quality results for each of four cooks. As seen from the data in Table 7, the cooks involving boxcuts had higher kappa numbers and slightly lower rejects (% shives) than the cook with 100% softwood. The pulp from the 100% softwood furnish and the pulp from the 95% softwood/5% boxcuts furnish had comparable L, a, and b color values and 60-minute ball mill results (see FIG. 6). However, the tensile strength and fiber length were slightly higher for handsheets made of pulp from the 95% softwood/5% boxcuts furnish and the tear strength was about 3-4% lower. The boxcuts had a higher crude yield at 65%, compared to 48% for softwood chips. The handsheet strength test results suggest that the addition of one bale of boxcuts to each softwood chip cook, corresponding to a weight percentage of 1.5%, would have little or no adverse effects on the pulp quality. 
     Pilot Digester Co-Pulping of Newsprint and Hardwood Chips. In other trial cooks, newsprint was mixed with hardwood chips and the materials were recooked in a pilot digester at various weight percentages. After cooking, the pulp was evaluated for its color and strength properties. Table 8 shows the cook conditions and the pulp quality results for each of six cooks. As seen from the data in Table 8, the cooks involving newsprint had higher kappa numbers and considerably lower rejects than the cook with 100% hardwood. Excluding the 100% newsprint trial, all of the newsprint cooks had lower tensile and tear (0-min. ball mill) strengths than the 100% hardwood cook (see FIG. 7). This arises from the shorter fiber lengths in the newsprint cooks (Kajaani). The L and b color values and the brightness were higher for the newsprint cooks than for the 100% hardwood values. All of the handsheet strength results for the 2.5% newsprint cook are comparable to the values for the 100% hardwood cook. The yields for the newsprint trials were the same as those for the boxcuts trials (newsprint--65%; hardwood--48%). The handsheet strength test results suggest that the addition of one bale of newsprint to each hardwood chip cook, corresponding to a weight percentage of 1.5%, would have little or no adverse effects on the pulp quality. 
     Co-Pulping of Wax-Coated Corrugated Material and Softwood Chips. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the waste cellulosic material to be co-pulped may be wax-coated material, e.g., wax-coated corrugated clippings. When wax-coated corrugated clippings are co-pulped with wood chips (e.g., softwood chips) in a digester, the fat of the wax will be dissolved by turpenes in the black liquor, by pitch dispersant and by defoamer. The wax will also be broken down by heat and sodium hydroxide in the digester. In accordance with the method of the present invention, the wax is washed out in the brown stock washers utilizing a wax dispersant, which is added to the brown stock washers. Alternatively, wax dispersant can be added to the digester or the clippings can be pre-treated with wax dispersant before the clippings are fed to the digester. The wax dispersant used will depend on the specific wax impregnating the clippings. 
     In accordance with one preferred method, bales of wax-coated corrugated clippings are shredded in both a low-speed shredder and a high-speed shredder. The shredded clippings are then sent to a cuber to be densified. These pellets are then added to the softwood chip pile. The pellets and softwood chips follow the normal path to the digester. The digester parameters will be the same as those for a typical softwood cook. However, the temperatures of the brown stock washers, the screen room and the wet lap machine are increased to keep the wax in a liquified form. All the pulp is wet lapped, i.e., made into large thick folded sheets or rolls still containing a large amount of moisture. The pulp usually contains from 35 to 55% by weight of air dry pulp. 
     The preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed for the purpose of illustration. Variations and modifications of the disclosed preferred embodiments which fall within the concept of this invention will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art of pulp manufacturing. All such variations and modifications are intended to be encompassed by the claims set forth hereinafter. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Results of Laboratory Co-Pulping of Corrugated Material (CM) Clippingsand Southern Hardwood (HW)                                               Black                                               Liquor           % Total                             Residual % HW % CM Combined                HW   CM   Combined   CM   Combined                                               Effective                                                     % Total%  %  Screened      Screened           Screened                Viscosity                     Viscosity                          Viscosity                               HW Kappa                                     Kappa                                          Kappa                                               Alkali                                                     CombinedHW CM Yield      Yield           Yield                (cP) (cP) (cP) Number                                     Number                                          Number                                               Na.sub.2 O/liter)                                                     Rejects__________________________________________________________________________100   0  42.8 --   42.8 50.6 --   50.6 16    --   16   8.4   0.09100   0  44.4 --   44.4 59.9 --   59.9 16.1  --   16.1 13    0.1875 25 43.1 67.1 49.1 44.5 14.4 33.3 14.9  23.6 17.4 9.9   0.1150 50 40.8 63.8 52.3 37.8 13.9 18.7 13.1  19.1 16.6 13    0.0850 50 40.1 65.2 52.7 38.2 13   26.1 13.1  20.2 17.5 12.4  0.0125 75 39.3 66.7 59.9 31.5 11.3 12.1 12.8  17.2 16.4 7.1   0.040  100 --   58.7 58.7 --   6.9  6.9  --    15.6 15.6 11.5  0.02__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Laboratory Co-Pulping of CM and Southern HW With Additives orPretreatment                                                Black                                                Liquor                                                Residual             % Total                            Effective   % HW % CM Combined                  HW   CM   Combined                                 HW   CM   Combined                                                Alkali                                                     % Total%  %    Screened        Screened             Screened                  Viscosity                       Viscosity                            Viscosity                                 Kappa                                      Kappa                                           Kappa                                                (g                                                     Combined O/HW CM   Yield        Yield             Yield                  (cP) (cP) (cP) Number                                      Number                                           Number                                                liter)                                                     Rejects__________________________________________________________________________50 50   40.6 64.7 52.7 37.4 11.9 17.2 12.8 17.3 14.3 11.2 0.03   Presoaked   with Black   Liquor50 50   41.6 67.8 54.7 26   8    12.5 12.4 17.3 15.8 14.3 0.03   Presoaked   with Black   Liquor50 50   41.8 65.3 53.5 36.1 9.2  15.8 13.1 18.2 15.7 11.2 0.13   Presoaked   with Black   Liquor   and 0.05%   Anthra-   quinone   (on o.d.   CM)50 50   42.7 68.4 55.5 38.8 11   17.4 13.6 18   16.9 10.9 0.25   Presoaked   with   Water   and 0.05%   Anthra-   quinone   (on o.d.   CM)75 25   43.4 68.9 49.7 47   12   30.4 15.4 23.2 17.7 9.9  0.18   Presoaked   with Black   Liquor75 25   43   65   48.5 44.5 13.2 29.3 14.5 23.9 17.3 9.3  0.11   Presoaked   with   Water   and 0.05%   Anthra-   quinone   (based on   o.d. CM)75 25   42.1 69.4 48.9 44.6 12.4 28.4 14.3 22.5 16.9 17.1 0.2   Presoaked   with   Water   and 0.05%   Anthra-   quinone   (based on   o.d. CM   and wood   chips)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________COOK No.          #4  #1  #2  #3  #5WT % SOFTWOOD CHIPS             100%                 90% 90% 50% 0%WT % BOX CLIPPINGS             0%  10% 10% 50% 100%__________________________________________________________________________SW RECOOKING RESULTSK No.             28.2                 28.3                     26.4                         17.2                             16.8TOTAL YIELD, %    44.5                 49.6                     49.45                         55.2                             67CLIPPING YIELD, % --  95.5                     94  65.9                             67(ASSUMING A 44.5% WOOD YIELD)BRIGHTNESS        25.6                 25.5                     24.5                         27.2                             26.4L value           60.16                 59.98                     59.92                         61.35                             60.77a value           5.25                 5.08                     5.31                         4.61                             4.58b value           12.8                 12.98                     12.83                         12.28                             12.04IA DIRT, PPM      208 423 319 209 205THIL DIRT         781 550 852 332 171SW HANDSHEET STRENGTH RESULTSBALL MILL, MIN.   0   0   0   0   0FREENESS          855 860 860 840 805TENSILE           24.5                 17  15.6                         16  16.7MULLEN            121 80  74  74  63TEAR              273 315 329 274 250DENSITY           5.8 5.1 5.1 5.5 5.8POROSITY          0   0   0   0   0FIBER LENGTH      2.18                 2.22                     2.22                         2   1.68BALL MILL, MIN.   60  60  60  60  60FREENESS          750 745 750 650 555TENSILE           33.4                 31.1                     30.1                         26.5                             23.4MULLEN            166 147 148 127 109TEAR              180 204 183 178 170DENSITY           8.9 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.5POROSITY          17  11  14  38  59FIBER LENGTH      2.03                 2.01                     1.96                         1.79                             1.49SW RECOOKING CONDITIONSACTIVE ALKALI, %  20.65%                 20.65%                     20.65%                         20.65%                             17.00%COOK TEMP, F.     342 342 342 342 342CYCLE TIME, MIN   115 115 115 115 115__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________WT % HARDWOOD CHIPS            100%    90%     75%   50%WT % BOX CLIPPINGS            0%      10%     25%   50%______________________________________HW RECOOKING RESULTSK No.            11.8    13.3    16.8  15.1TOTAL YIELD, %   45.1    52.2    49.1  62.3CLIPPING YIELD, %            --      116.1   61.1  79.5(ASSUMING A 45.1% HWWOOD YIELD)BRIGHTNESS       30.3    28.6    27.3  27.3L value          61.92   60.69   59.6  60.5a value          3.76    3.9     4.69  4.3b value          9.55    10.03   10.05 11.5IA DIRT, PPM     1943    783     559   188THIL DIRT        253     165     117   27HW HANDSHEET STRENGTH RESULTSBALL MILL, MIN.  0       0       0     0FREENESS         820     800     820   800TENSILE          12.2    14      13.2  15.1MULLEN           33      45      46    57TEAR             89      135     162   216DENSITY          5.3     5.7     5.4   5.6POROSITY         0       0       0     0FIBER LENGTH     0.72    0.73    0.75  0.79BALL MILL, MIN.  60      60      60    60FREENESS         625     630     600   530TENSILE          33.4    31.1    29.3  26.3MULLEN           153     143     132   118TEAR             131     152     160   157DENSITY          9.8     9.6     9     8.9POROSITY         49      42      45    62FIBER LENGTH     0.64    0.67    0.71  0.75HW RECOOKING CONDITIONSACTIVE ALKALI, % 16.00%  16.00%  16.00%                                  16.00%COOK TEMP, F.    344     344     344   344CYCLE TIME, MIN  115     115     115   115______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________Trial Results from Recooking 1 Bale Corrugated Clipping withSoftwood Chips______________________________________Cook No.        #5         #6      #7______________________________________Digester No.    3          2       1Bales Corrugated Clippings           0          0       1% Active Alkali 16.6       16.6    16.6Top Temperature 340        343     340H-Factor        1000       1000    1000Species         SW         SW      SW______________________________________Digester     BSW     Digester                        BSW   Digester                                    BSW______________________________________K Number   25.0     22.1    25.6  22.6  26.1  22.9L Value 59.26    61.8    59.49 61.47 59.20 61.30a value 4.88     4.69    4.92  4.67  5.02  4.75b value 12.40    13.90   12.52 13.07 12.31 13.24Brightness   24.2     26.4    24.4  25.8  24.5  25.5Dirt ImageAnalysisSpeck Count   83       131     80    143   86    86TAPPI, ppm   132      276     134   264   102   129ThilmanyCount   29       37      32    33    --    37TAPPI, ppm   310      714     333   530   --    411% Hardwood   0%       0%      1%    1%    2%    1%Refining,   0        0       0     0     0     0minutesFreeness   845      850     850   855   850   850Tensile 17.7     14.5    17.2  15.5  13.5  14.4Mullen  72       93      73    75    63    65Tear    270      271     253   253   286   291Density 5.3      5.0     5.1   5.0   4.8   5.0Porosity   0        0       0     0     0     0Fiber Length   2.20     2.24    2.21  2.22  2.23  2.17Refining,   60       60      60    60    60    60minutesFreeness   670      735     700   750   680   720Tensile 30.6     30.5    28.9  29.3  28.2  29.0Mullen  135      149     142   148   133   142Tear    162      186     153   169   171   177Density 9.3      8.8     9.3   8.9   9.0   8.9Porosity   82       23      50    18    50    29Fiber Length   1.90     1.99    1.95  2.00  1.92  1.91______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________Trial Results from Recooking 3.5 Bale Corrugated Clipping withSoftwood Chips______________________________________Cook No.       #5        #6        February______________________________________Digester No.   4         3         AverageBales Corrugated Clippings          3.5       0         0% Active Alkali          16.3      16.2      16.7Top Temperature          344       343       --H-Factor       1000      1000      1000Species        Softwood  Softwood  Softwood______________________________________Digester     BSW     Digester                        BSW   Digester                                    BSW______________________________________K Number   20.5     17.2    17.4  147   23.7  --L Value 60.17    63.60   61.29 64.45 --    61.16a value 4.67     4.31    4.53  4.05  --    --b value 12.69    13.17   11.96 12.65 --    --Brightness   25.6     28.3    27.0  29.9  --    --Dirt ImageAnalysisSpeck Count   64       62      120   102   --    --TAPPI, ppm   393      226     196   321   --    --ThilmanyCount   16       12      21    20    --    38TAPPI, ppm   179      111     299   191   --    417% Hardwood   3%       3       1%    1%    --    --Refining,   0        0       0     0     0     0minutesFreeness   835      835     850   855   --    --Tensile 16.4     13.5    14.6  13.3  --    --Mullen  72       60      69    59    --    --Tear    269      295     259   295   --    --Density 5.2      5.4     5.2   5.3   --    --Porosity   0        0       0     0     --    --Fiber Length   2.04     2.06    2.11  2.02  --    --Refining,   60       60      60    60    60    60minutesFreeness   680      700     635   690   --    700Tensile 24.6     24.3    26.9  25.7  --    29.4Mullen  118      126     123   122   --    134Tear    183      196     160   190   --    181Density 8.8      8.9     9.2   9.1   --    --Porosity   27       43      79    38    --    46Fiber Length   1.78     1.86    1.65  1.78  --______________________________________                                      -- 
    
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________RESULTS FROM BOXCUT/SWD TRIAL COOKSOD WT % SWD 100%      97.5%    95%    90%OD WT % BC  0%        2.5%     5%     10%______________________________________ACTIVE ALKALI %       21%       21%      21%    21%TOP TEMP, F.       342       342      342    342COOK TIME, MIN       115       115      115    115K No.       21.9      29.8     24     23.9CRUDE YIELD %       47.21%    56.69%   51.79% 50.85%% SHIVES    9.69%     6.23%    6.66%  6.38%HANDSHEETPROPERTIESBALL MILL,0 MINUTESFREENESS    830       860      840    850TENSILE     18.1      12.4     13.8   14.9MULLEN      80        53       63     66TEAR        301       273      311    260DENSITY     5.9       4.6      4.6    5.2POROSITY    0         0        0      0KAJAANI     2.08      2.39     2.16   2.24BALL MILL,60 MINUTESFREENESS    765       740      750    750TENSILE     26.9      25.7     27.7   26.8MULLEN      135       122      141    128TEAR        194       186      187    184DENSITY     8.7       8.5      9.2    9.1POROSITY    21        9        22     38KAJAANI     1.85      2.04     1.9    1.92COLORL VALUE     61.5      58.12    62.7   63.73A VALUE     4.8       5.14     4.43   4.51B VALUE     12.33     14.81    13.77  13.56BRIGHTNESS  27.2      21.3     27.7   28.4______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________OD WT % HDWD 100%            97.5%                95% 90% 85% 0%OD WT % NP   0%  2.5%                5%  10% 15% 100%__________________________________________________________________________RESULTS FROM NEWSPRINT/HDWD TRIAL COOKSACTIVE ALKALI %        18% 18% 18% 18% 18% 18%TOP TEMP, F. 12.6            342 342 342 342 342COOK TIME, MIN        115 115 115 115 115 115K No.        12.6            13.5                13.1                    13.3                        13.9                            17CRUDE YIELD %        48.63%            47.85%                50.02%                    49.96%                        51% NA% SHIVES     6.41%            5.03%                1.93%                    1.4%                        5.4%                            0%HANDSHEET PROPERTIESBALL MILL, 0 MINUTESFREENESS     845 820 830 820 800 200TENSILE      9   8.7 8.2 10.8                        11  19.8MULLEN       25  25  23  28  30  76TEAR         81  70  73  91  95  181DENSITY      5.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.6 8.3POROSITY     0   0   0   0   0   122KAJAANI      0.87            0.66                0.75                    0.71                        0.67                            1.43BALL MILL, 60 MINUTESFREENESS     645 660 670 565 560 190TENSILE      28.8            28.7                24.9                    26.2                        25.3                            19.9MULLEN       125 112 102 107 107 76TEAR         135 134 125 123 124 107DENSITY      9.5 9.5 9.7 9.3 9.3 10.1POROSITY     35  19  17  28  46  1133KAJAANI      0.74            0.57                0.62                    0.61                        0.58                            1.2COLORL VALUE      61.08            67.74                65.18                    66.44                        66.07                            54.96A VALUE      4.47            3.27                3.83                    3.72                        3.83                            2.77B VALUE      10.44            11.46                10.99                    11.06                        10.74                            9.36BRIGHTNESS   28.6            34.5                31.3                    33.5                        34.2                            23.2__________________________________________________________________________