Abstract:
A method for carrying out a comprehensive quality control of MOX fuel rods, including measurement of plutonium content of pellets contained in the rod, check of internal structure and constituents in the rod, including the detection of rogue pellets, and measurement of dimensional characteristics and radioactive contamination along the rod surface, by moving the fuel rod axially, performing concurrently the measurements and checks along the fuel rod moved axially, using radiometry and radiography. An apparatus for carrying out the method.

Description:
[0001]     This invention relates to a method for a comprehensive quality control of MOX (mixed oxide) fuel rods, and to an apparatus designed for carrying out said method.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Nuclear fuel rods are utilized in most power reactors (light water reactors, heavy water reactors, breeder reactors, . . . ) as the elementary unit isolating the nuclear fuel from the environment. As such, they must meet high quality standards and are controlled accordingly, before being released for mounting into a fuel assembly (sometimes called fuel element or fuel bundle), which is the final product, used to transport the fuel, to load it into the reactor, to maintain it in the reactor core, to unload it from the reactor and eventually to dispose of it by interim storage for later reprocessing or final disposal.  
         [0003]     A fuel rod  1  ( FIG. 1 ) consists typically of a stack of pellets  2  made from fissionable material, enclosed in a tube or cladding  3 , sealed at both open ends by an end plug, an upper end plug  4  and a lower end plug  5 . The pellet stack is usually maintained in place by a spring  6 , located in a plenum  7 , designed to accommodate the fuel rod internal pressure. This internal pressure results from the initial gaseous filling of fuel rods, from the helium mainly produced by alpha decay of the plutonium and of the curium formed during irradiation and from the gaseous fission products. In some fuel rod designs, a plenum is provided at the bottom end as well as at the top end of the fuel rod. An isolating pellet  8  is sometimes provided between the plenum spring  6  and the adjacent fuel pellet  2 .  
         [0004]     Besides leak tightness of the fuel rod, related to welding the end plugs, the most prominent quality attributes of any fuel rod are: 
        the enrichment level of each pellet along the stack, which determines the power rating. It is most commonly verified by scanning the native or induced gamma emission or X-ray fluorescence of the fuel rod;     the absence of inter-pellet gaps, which cause high local power peaking and may result in failure of the cladding. It can be verified by radiographing the full length of the fuel rod;     the pellet stack length, plenum length and presence of the plenum spring and other structural components (getters, Al 2 O 3  insulating pellets, UO 2  blanket pellets, . . . ). It is commonly verified by radiographing the plenum regions of each rod;     the total length of the fuel rod, which relates to good behavior of the fuel assembly. It is commonly verified by metrology;     contamination of the external surface of the fuel rod by radioactive material, which affects internal radiation exposure of the personnel in the further fabrication and transportation steps, as well as the radioactivity level of the whole primary circuit of the power reactor and its purification system. It is commonly verified by measuring the alpha activity of the fuel rod or selected areas of the fuel rod. The alpha radiations have indeed a very small penetration capability and therefore correctly represent the amount of nuclear fuel present at the surface; and     the relationships between a fuel rod identification code, a mark and/or a number, and the specified type and characteristics of fuel. They are verified by comparing the fuel rod identification and the results of quality verifications mentioned above.        
 
         [0011]     The most usual type of nuclear fuel is made from enriched uranium dioxide in which the natural content of  235 U has been increased, leaving as residue depleted uranium, with a lower than original  235 U content. This enrichment process is conducted on gaseous uranium fluoride, producing therefore highly homogeneous enriched uranium, as is typical for any gaseous phase process. Re-conversion of the enriched uranium hexafluoride into uranium dioxide to be manufactured into fuel rods does not alter the good enrichment homogeneity of the feed and of the resulting fuel. The verification of pellet enrichment along a fuel rod, mentioned above, therefore has the sole purpose of verifying that ‘rogue’ pellets (pellets not meeting specifications of the fabrication lot being manufactured) have not sneaked in.  
         [0012]     Plutonium recuperated from reprocessing spent nuclear UO 2  fuel is a more energetic material than  235 U and can therefore favorably be utilized to manufacture nuclear fuel. For this purpose, the plutonium oxide is blended with depleted (or natural) uranium dioxide to constitute a mixed oxide, commonly referred to as MOX, fuel functionally equivalent to the enriched uranium fuel that it replaces for loading into the power reactor core. The mechanical blending of powders to constitute MOX fuel does not benefit from the inherent homogeneity of enriched uranium (resulting from a gaseous processing step). The enrichment control along the fuel rod has to verify that each pellet has a plutonium content within the specified tolerance range and detect any rogue pellets in the fuel stack.  
         [0013]     Additionally, unlike  235 U, which is a single fissile isotope, plutonium feed consists mainly of five plutonium isotopes ( 238 Pu,  239 Pu,  240 Pu,  241 Pu,  242 Pu) and of americium ( 241 Am), which is a decay product of  241 Pu. In this plutonium feed, only two isotopes are ‘fissile’,  239 Pu and  241 Pu, and the four others are essentially neutron absorbers. Several plutonium lots are used to fabricate a MOX fuel reload. These lots have inherently different isotopic compositions and americium contents. The resulting MOX fuel must however contain plutonium with uniform isotopic composition and americium content, within specified tolerance ranges. It is achieved by judiciously taking aliquots of different plutonium feed lots for blending with uranium oxide. As a consequence, the quality control of MOX fuel rods has to verify also that the specified uniformity of plutonium isotopic composition and americium content is actually achieved in the end product. It is an additional challenge for the quality control equipment.  
         [0014]     MOX fuel is also considered the most efficient way to process plutonium declared in excess of military needs. Irradiation of MOX fuel from weapon-grade plutonium irreversibly degrades the isotopic composition of the plutonium to an extent that renders it inadequate for later military purposes. As compared to civil plutonium, weapon-grade plutonium is essentially composed of  239 Pu, with a small content of  240 Pu and a minute content of  241 Pu. So variability of isotopic composition and americium content are not a problem. But the very low content of neutron absorbing plutonium isotopes results in reduced tolerance margins having to be specified for plutonium contents in each pellet. Moreover, the negligible quantity of americium, the most intense gamma emitter, renders the detection of pellet-to-pellet variations in plutonium content less sensitive. So the quality control problem is finally as acute for MOX fuel using weapon-grade plutonium as that coming from civil plutonium.  
         [0015]     The higher neutron cross-section and the higher radiotoxicity of plutonium compared to  235 U result in a lower tolerable surface contamination of MOX fuel rods than enriched uranium fuel rods. Extra attention must therefore be devoted to obtaining reliable and reproducible alpha contamination data from quality control.  
         [0016]     The nuclear material accountancy and the safeguards surveillance are much stricter for plutonium than for enriched uranium. Hence, the quality control of the fuel rods must provide more accurate data to the nuclear material accountancy system and to the safeguards inspectors in a MOX fuel fabrication plant than in a uranium fuel fabrication plant.  
         [0017]     A MOX fuel assembly is constituted from MOX fuel rods with three to five different Pu contents, while an equivalent enriched uranium fuel assembly contains usually a lower number of fuel rods of different uranium enrichments. Simultaneously, the power peaking resulting from an inter-pellet gap in the pellet stack, from a non-conforming pellet in a fuel rod or from a non-conforming fuel rod in a given position within a fuel assembly is much more severe in MOX fuel than in enriched uranium fuel. For MOX fuel, it is therefore more important than for uranium fuel, to assure detection of inter-pellet gaps in the pellet stack, of rogue pellets in a fuel rod or of mismatch of rod identification code with contained fuel type.  
         [0018]     All plutonium isotopes and americium are gamma emitters, to such an extent that the gamma radiation from a MOX fuel rod is orders of magnitude higher than from an equivalent enriched uranium fuel rod. The neutron activity, resulting partially from spontaneous fissions and partially from (α, n) reactions with the oxygen of the oxide, is also many orders of magnitude higher than enriched uranium fuel rods. Hence the handling of MOX fuel rods must be reduced to a minimum and their presence outside shielded storage places must be as short as possible, to minimize radiation exposure of the personnel.  
         [0019]     To summarize the challenge, quality control of MOX fuel rods is encompassing more attributes and needs to be more accurate than for uranium fuel rods, but the time devoted to quality control must be as short as possible, to minimize personnel exposure.  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]     Most of the existing quality control methods developed specifically for fuel rods containing mixed oxides (herein included not only uranium-plutonium oxides, but also uranium-gadolinium oxides) place emphasis on the verification of the enrichment uniformity (or specified axial distribution) along the fuel rod. One apparatus is generally dedicated to the implementation of such quality control method.  
         [0021]     One example is the method and apparatus for passively gamma scanning a nuclear fuel rod described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,552. The fuel rod is stepwise advanced along a linear path of travel and its natural gamma radiation emission (proportional to the enrichment) is counted by a plurality of regularly spaced apart detectors, the signals of which are summed to obtain the calculated enrichment of each length segment along the fuel rod. The stepwise progression of the fuel rod through the apparatus prevents incorporating in the same apparatus the control of other attributes, as mentioned in the challenge described in the conclusion to the above Background of the Invention.  
         [0022]     Another example is the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,692 for non-destructive testing of fuel rods containing uranium oxide pellets with axially variable enrichment contents and/or for fuel rods containing uranium-gadolinium oxide pellets. The fuel rod is conveyed at uniform speed through a test channel, in front of successively a magnetometer (sensitive to the gadolinium content), a background gamma rays detector, a densitometer (consisting of a gamma source and a scintillation detector) and an active scanner (consisting of a neutron source and a gamma ray detector). A computer determines, from those counts, the gadolinium content and the enrichment, by correcting the active scanner response for the background gamma rays and for the density at each location along the fuel rod. While this is an example of non-destructive testing of fuel rods for multiple attributes, it does not address the specific challenge of MOX fuel, described in the Background above.  
         [0023]     Neutron coincidence counting is also a known method to obtain the mass of fissile material within a tested volume. Time required to achieve a good precision precludes utilizing this method to determine local variations of Pu content for fuel rod scanning purposes. The method is practically only used for global fissile material verification by safeguards inspectors.  
         [0024]     X-ray fluorescence systems that count the X-rays emitted by Pu and U are used industrially to provide a direct measure of the enrichment of MOX pellets. An example is the system described in “Use of X-ray fluorescence for high precision measurement of uranium and plutonium in MOX”, presented by C. G. Wilkins and H. Spottiswoode, in Proceedings of the ESARDA Symposium, Sevilla, 4-6 May 1999. Such a system can be used to implement a passive radiometric method in a fuel rod scanner, but the sensitivity is low if the fuel rod scanner has to operate at industrial throughputs. Moreover, X-rays have a lower penetrating power in the materials than gamma rays. So X-ray fluorescence measures essentially the periphery of the pellets and is practically insensitive to large fissile or inert inclusions or other heterogeneities at or near the center of the pellet.  
         [0025]     All those known systems address only one or a few attributes that need to be controlled in industrially fabricated MOX fuel rods. In that respect, they do not meet the challenge described in the Background above.  
         [0026]     In approaching the challenge, it was recognized that the solution should encompass as many as possible non-destructive verifications of quality attributes (hereafter “quality controls”). It minimizes the buffer storages to be provided between quality controls. As a result, the quality control area is reduced, which reduces the expensive capital cost of the MOX plant, and the fuel handling is reduced, which reduces the radiation exposure of the workers.  
         [0027]     Amongst the quality controls to be performed, some were identified as impossible to match within a single comprehensive quality verification on moving fuel rods, namely: 
        the helium leak test, which involves enclosing the fuel rods to be tested in a vacuum chamber;     the X-ray quality control of the end plug welds, the low sensitivity of which requires the fuel rod to be immobilized during a long time under the X-ray source; and     the control of geometrical features such as fuel rod bow or end plug out-of-round, which require the fuel rod to be axially rolled on a flat inspection marble or in a geometry measuring bench.        
 
         [0031]     The invention focuses on a comprehensive method to non-destructively control all the other quality attributes.  
         [0032]     To be industrially applicable in modern medium and large size MOX fuel fabrication plants, the duration of an inspection should be 2 to 4 minutes per fuel rod, corresponding to an inspection rate of 2-4 cm fuel rod length per second.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0033]     According to the invention, the quality attributes are controlled by moving the MOX fuel rod axially and performing concurrently measurements and checks using exclusively radiometry and radiography methods.  
         [0034]     Other details and particular features of the invention will emerge from the appended claims and the description of the method and apparatus of the invention, given below by way of non-limiting examples, with reference to the appended drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0035]      FIG. 1  is a schematic axial cross-section of a fuel rod to be controlled with the method and/or apparatus of the invention.  
         [0036]      FIG. 2  is a simplified schematic representation of an apparatus which can be used for carrying out the control method of the invention.  
         [0037]      FIG. 3  is a simplified schematic representation of a γ-radiometric detector, which can be used in the apparatus of the invention, the fuel rod to be checked being oriented perpendicularly to the drawing.  
         [0038]      FIG. 4  is a simplified schematic cross-section according to the direction IV-IV of  FIG. 3 .  
         [0039]      FIG. 5  is a simplified schematic representation of a γ-radiographic detector, which can be used in the apparatus of the invention, the fuel rod to be checked being oriented perpendicularly to the drawing.  
         [0040]      FIG. 6  is a simplified schematic representation of the same γ-radiographic detector as of  FIG. 5  but the fuel rod is oriented parallel to the drawing.  
         [0041]      FIG. 7  is a simplified schematic representation of an alpha contamination detector, which can be used in the apparatus of the invention, the fuel rod being oriented perpendicularly to the drawing.  
         [0042]      FIG. 8  is a simplified schematic cross-section according to the direction VIII-VIII of  FIG. 7 .  
         [0043]      FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic representation of signal conditioning, acquisition and processing units, which can be incorporated in the apparatus of the invention. 
     
    
       [0044]     In the various figures, the same references denote the same or similar elements.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0045]     Apparatus and method will be described at the same time in order to avoid unnecessary repetitions.  
         [0046]     According to the invention, all or most of the quality attributes to be controlled are verified by having one single MOX fuel rod  1  ( FIG. 2 ) moved at a time, at strictly constant speed, in front of controlling devices implementing different controls, from before the fuel rod  1  passes in front of the first controlling device until it has passed the last controlling device.  
         [0047]     The controls performed in series along the path of the moving fuel rod  1  consist of: 
        a γ-radiometry (in a device  12 ) based on the scanning and the processing of the native or induced gamma radiation emitted by the fuel pellets  2  of the rod  1 . It provides signals related to important quality attributes of the fuel stack: rogue pellet detection and variations along the fuel stack of Pu contents and of isotopic composition (basically  239 Pu,  241 Pu,  241 Am). By integrating the measurement along the stack length, it reveals the total Pu content of the fuel rod  1 . Among others, it is a confirmatory input data for nuclear material accountancy and safeguards inspection;     a γ-radiography (in a device  13 ) based on the quantitative detection and the processing of the gamma radiation emitted by a gamma source and traversing the fuel rod  1 . It provides signals related to the structural attributes to be controlled: inter-pellet gaps, fuel stack length, presence and position of isolating pellets  8  at the end(s) of fuel pellet stack, presence of the plenum spring  7 , and length of the plenum;     an α-radiometry (in a device  14 ) based on the counting of the alpha emission of the fuel rod surface, to measure the local Pu contamination and, by integration, the total Pu contamination;     an electro-optical reading (in a device  15 ) of the fuel rod identification code(s); and     a conditioning and an acquisition of the signals as well as a calibration and a computation of all the signals received to locate them adequately along the fuel rod  1 , a comparison of the signals with limits derived from the fuel rod specification or a translation into units used subsequently (% Pu, mm, Bq/cm 2 , . . . ) and an integration of the results concerning attributes pertaining to the full fuel rod.        
 
         [0053]     The successive position and the numbering of the devices  12 - 15 , as given in  FIG. 2 , are of no importance and may be modified.  
         [0054]     A constant speed V movement of the fuel rod  1  is preferred for the embodiment of the invention. Alternatively a step-by-step progression of the fuel rod  1  in front of the controlling devices  12 - 15  could be selected. But a stepwise movement is not adapted to the detection of rogue pellets partially overlapping with the collimating windows of the controlling devices  12 . Moreover to obtain the desired inspection rate, the stepwise progression of the fuel rod  1  could induce shocks, with a danger of deconsolidating the pellet stack and/or of damaging some pellets at pellet/pellet interfaces. Two pairs of rollers  16 ,  17  represent diagrammatically driving means for the rod motion in the apparatus.  
         [0055]     The γ-radiometry (as exemplified with more details in  FIGS. 3 and 4 ) used for the detection of rogue pellets is preferably based on measuring the gamma radiation emitted by the radioactive decay of plutonium and americium using a simplified spectrometric method with one or several gamma detector(s)  21  and different energy window discriminators. Rogue, or non-conforming, pellets are pellets that differ from specified pellets in the fuel rod  1  as regards enrichment and/or isotopic composition. The selection of gamma detectors  21  can be made between either scintillators or solid state semiconductors (e.g. NaI, Ge, CdTe, . . . ).  
         [0056]     A NaI (Tl) crystal  21  is preferred for the embodiment because of its high detection sensitivity and its working at room temperature and its weak sensitivity to temperature, as well as the possibility to get large monocrystals at low cost. However, its ability to distinguish between gamma rays of different energies is relatively poor, as compared to the two other types of detectors. Selecting a quite large gamma energy band specific to one Pu isotope, as outlined below, can compensate this inconvenience.  
         [0057]     Ge detectors have by far the best energy resolution, but also have the disadvantage of having to operate at very low temperature, usually achieved by cooling with liquid nitrogen. For those reasons, their use is restricted to cases involving complex gamma ray spectra or requiring detailed information about the isotopic content of materials. In this respect, their use is practically limited to global safeguards inspections and to laboratories and research centers. GeLi can also be considered.  
         [0058]     CdTe (and CdZnTe) detectors do not need cooling and have the highest intrinsic detection efficiency of the three types of detectors. Their superior energy resolution makes them a candidate for use instead of NaI detectors, whenever required by the characteristics of the MOX fuel to be fabricated (e.g. low  241 Am and  241 Pu contents). Known CZT detectors can also be considered.  
         [0059]     The identification of non-conforming pellets is preferably based on the measurement of the isotopes contributing significantly to the gamma spectrum emitted naturally by the fuel (i.e.  239 Pu,  241 Pu,  tot Pu and  241  Am), using the following selection of energy windows: 
         241 Am strongly influences the low- and the high-energy parts of the spectra (below 100 KeV and above 500 KeV);      241 Pu (through the radioactive decay of  237 U) is responsible for most of the rays between 150 KeV and 350 KeV;      239 Pu is responsible for most of the radiations between 350 KeV and 500 KeV;      tot Pu is responsible for the total gamma rays between 90 and 500 KeV.        
 
         [0064]     All the isotopes present (U, Pu, Am) contribute directly and indirectly through their X and γ-emission. This emission is induced by the native radioactivity of the fuel and thus reflects the global enrichment level.  
         [0065]     The gamma emission captured by the gamma detectors  21  is collimated with fixed collimators  23 , the width of which is determined by calculation on basis of the pellet length, the plutonium content and isotopic composition, the amount and size of detectors  21  and the motion speed V of the fuel rod  1 . The NaI (or CdTe) detectors  21  can also be provided with cadmium filters to reduce the low energy gamma count. A multiplicity of gamma detectors  21  can be incorporated, as required to reach the necessary quality control precision or reproducibility.  
         [0066]     A possible embodiment of a gamma detector comprises an annular scintillator  21 , a plurality of associated photomultipliers  20 , an annular cadmium filter or screen  24  to dim the  241 Am signal, collimators  23  and mechanical guides  25  for the fuel rod  1 , as schematized in FIGS.  3  and/or  4 .  
         [0067]     Considering typical gamma spectra of different plutonium types, it appears that the statistical significance of the measurements associated with the high-energy windows is low due to the reduced counting rate. At the other end, the low energy radiations are strongly absorbed by the fuel itself and by the rod cladding  3 . That means that the window between 150 KeV and 350 KeV is the most effective one and that measurements must be correlated with the  241 Pu content of the pellets.  
         [0068]     The measurements of gamma rays emitted by the  241 Am and Pu through a narrow detector and the detection of their low/high transition signals provide also information on the length and position of the pellet stack.  
         [0069]     Whenever the isotopic composition of Pu processed into MOX fuel is unfavorable for the passive γ-radiometry described so far, an active γ-radiometry can be utilized, which is specifically incorporated in this description. It is, for instance, the case in fabricating MOX fuel from weapon-grade plutonium, which is essentially composed of  239 Pu, with a small content of  240 Pu, a minute content of  241 Pu and almost no  241 Am. The active γ-radiometry is based on activating the fuel by properly thermalized neutrons from an external neutron source (e.g.  252 Cf or  241 AmLi) and measuring the gamma radiation resulting from the neutron induced fissions of predominantly  239 Pu, to a small extent  241 Pu and negligibly  235 U. It provides therefore a direct measurement of the fissile content. The measurement can be performed by any of the detectors already mentioned.  
         [0070]     The γ-radiography (exemplified with more details in  FIGS. 5 and 6 ) is based in a possible embodiment on the measurement, with at least one gamma detector  34  and at least one photomultiplier  35 , of the traversing radiation emitted by a gamma source  30  of  241 Am or  137 Cs placed along the fuel rod  1  and narrowly collimated by a first collimator  32  near the source  30  and a second collimator  33  in front of the scintillator  34 .  
         [0071]     The selection of NaI (TI) crystal gamma-detectors  34  is preferred for the embodiment because of its counting efficiency and its working at room temperature and its weak sensitivity to temperature. The  241 Am or  137 Cs isotopes are preferred as a gamma source  30  because of their long half-life and their availability.  
         [0072]     The necessary associated photomultiplier  35  and a source shielding  31  are represented in  FIGS. 5 and 6 .  
         [0073]     The control of some attributes is based on the detection of low/high transitions of the counting after due processing while other controls are based on the level of counting. The position of the upper and lower ends of the fuel rod is measured by a low/high transition in one or several photocells. The low/high transitions of the signals are converted into lengths by exploiting the constant speed of the moving rod.  
         [0074]     It provides the required data on length and position of all internal components of the fuel rod, such as the presence of spring and isolating pellets and the presence, position and magnitude of any gap between components and within stack. It also provides the total rod length and the plenum length. It contributes to the localization with respect to the lower end plug of the signals pertaining to the various attributes controlled with the γ-radiometric methods. When necessary, the data on rod length, position of components or localization of gaps can be corrected taking into account the temperature of the rod cladding.  
         [0075]     Some attributes are controlled using both the γ-radiometry and radiography in combination. For instance, the presence of blanket pellets at the edge of the MOX fuel stack can be deduced from the measurement of the total pellet stack length using the radiography and the total MOX fuel pellet stack length using the radiometry.  
         [0076]     The above mentioned γ-radiographic method can be used for monitoring some pellet fabrication process parameters (e.g. pellet density, . . . ).  
         [0077]     The α-radiometry (exemplified with more details in  FIGS. 7 and 8 ) is based in a possible embodiment on the detection of alpha particles with a ZnS(Ag) scintillation detector  41  coated with thin light-opaque sheets  42  and having a plurality of photomultipliers  40 . The measured contamination is the sum of the remaining fixed and transferable alpha contaminations at the surface of the fuel rod  1 . Because of the short distance of propagation of α-radiation in air, the mechanical guiding  25  of the rod  1  has to be accurate. CaF 2 (Eu), Gd 2 O 2 S, Y 2 O 2 S doped with Tb or Eu scintillators can also be considered.  
         [0078]     It must be understood that the present invention is in no way limited to the embodiments described above and that many modifications may be carried out thereon without departing from the scope of the claims presented below.  
         [0079]     The electro-optical rod identification (device  15  of  FIG. 2 ) consists of a computerized image processing of the markings engraved in one of the rod end plugs to indicate the enrichment and/or in a computerized image processing of a human or machine readable identification code provided at the surface of the rod and/or in a reading on a barcode identification provided at the surface of the fuel rod.  
         [0080]     A more sophisticated image processing could even detect out of specification scratches on the surface of the moving fuel rods, by providing adequate lighting.  
         [0081]     Another possible embodiment of the γ-radiometric method can also be based on a comprehensive γ-spectrometry, as well known by those skilled in the art.  
         [0082]     It should be noted that these methods (i.e. γ-radiometry, γ-radiography, α-radiometry, electro-optical rod identification) can be combined with other non destructive methods for the concurrent performance of the comprehensive quality control of MOX fuel rods.  
       EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS  
       [0083]     Non-limiting examples of individual devices used and of an apparatus implementing the integrated quality control method are provided hereunder for illustration of the method.  
         [0084]     The constant speed movement V of the fuel rods  1  in front of the controlling devices  12 - 15  can be obtained by a driving mechanism with the pressing rolls  16 ,  17  driven by two stepping motors strictly electronically synchronized, one located at the feed end of the apparatus and the other at the exit end.  
         [0085]     The rods  1  are loaded from a load table and unloaded to an unload table, with mono-layers of rods, thereby providing self-shielding of the controlling devices.  
         [0086]     To enhance the counting of the native γ-emission in order to have the appropriate precision, an annular geometry for the NaI (or CdTe) detector  21  is often preferred to an asymmetrical geometry for the embodiment of the invention. For the same purpose, a plurality of photomultipliers  20  fixed to the annular NaI (or CdTe) detector is also preferred, as well as a plurality of detectors  12  mounted in series. In this latter case, the distance between the successive detectors is adjusted to be a multiple of the longitudinal control channels that are the result of multiplying the sampling time by the rod motion speed and a summing of the delivered signals is performed after temporal shifting. In this latter case too, the successive detection units (composed of scintillator, collimator, photomultipliers, . . . ) can be dedicated for the detection of one given Pu or Am isotope in order to optimize the related performances (the latter results of the optimization of the collimation width and the thickness of the cadmium filter as a function of the gamma emission of this isotope, the response of the scintillator and the rod motion speed).  
         [0087]     In the same way, to enhance the alpha counting in order to have the appropriate precision, an annular geometry for ZnS detector  41  is often preferred to an asymmetrical geometry for the embodiment of the invention. For the same purpose, a plurality of photomultipliers  40  fixed to the annular ZnS is also preferred.  
         [0088]     For the γ-radiometric and γ-radiographic measurements, the collimators  23 ,  32 ,  33  are usually made out of tungsten or machinable tungsten alloys.  
         [0089]     As a non-limitative example, a system to condition, acquire and process the radiation signal ( FIG. 9 ) delivered by photomultipliers  20  or  40  is composed of summing  50 , preamplifying  51  and amplifying  52  units, optional pulse height analyzer  53 , single channel analyzer  55 , spectrum stabilizer  54 , counter  56 , and interface  57  to computer  58 . All these devices are known by the common practice in radiometry.  FIG. 9  shows a possible combination of those units.  
         [0090]     The spectrum stabilizer unit  54  is tuned on a specific energy peak of either the MOX fuel or a gamma source built in the scintillator in order to correct the different drifts in the measurement devices. Especially  137 Cs doped NaI crystals or CdZnTe crystals can also be used for that purpose.  
         [0091]     The system can periodically be calibrated by running through the apparatus a standard and/or reference fuel rod that contains all the features and attribute limits to be detected. Alternatively, this calibration can be performed by computer modeling of the gamma emissions and of the active gamma transmissions.  
         [0092]     The computing can be performed with any microcomputer provided with parallel and serial interfaces for signal acquisition and appropriate peripherals for reporting and archiving.  
         [0093]     The above γ-radiometric and γ-radiographic methods can also be applied for fast breeder reactor MOX fuel rods containing UO 2  blankets, as well as for light water reactor MOX fuel rods containing different plutonium enrichments inside a same cladding.  
         [0094]     Although the here above described invention pertains to the quality control of MOX fuel rods, it can be easily understood that this invention also applies to fuel rods made from any plutonium-bearing fuel pellets, like 
        Plutonium-bearing fuel with a content of burnable or not burnable poisons (e.g. B, Gd, Er, Hf),     mixed oxide fuel (MOX) made from thorium and plutonium,     plutonium nitrides and carbides,     inert matrix plutonium-bearing fuel for plutonium incineration.        
 
         [0099]     The invention has been demonstrated on MOX fuel rods with the following hardware configuration: 
        a combination of two stepping motor mechanisms driving the rod  1  at a speed of 3 cm/sec constant at 1/1000,     a γ-radiometric detecting unit composed of 3 annular NaI(Tl) detectors provided each with a 15 millimeter wide collimator, a 1 mm thick cadmium filter, 2 photomultipliers and 3 energy windows,     a γ-radiographic detecting unit composed of a 300 mCi  241 Am source and a thin asymmetrical NaI(Tl) detector provided with a 2 millimeter wide collimator and one photomultiplier,     a α-detecting unit composed of an annular ZnS (Ag) scintillation crystal and provided with one photomultiplier,     a signal conditioning, acquisition and preprocessing unit (optimized for 10 mm long channels), and     a Pentium Intel microcomputer operating under Windows NT and hosting a C program, 
 
 and has lead to the detection of rogue pellets, rod structure non-conformities (i.e. related to gaps, spring, plenum) and rod surface contamination with following performances reported for a confidence level corresponding to one standard deviation: 
       
 
         [0106]     reproducibility (measured using multiple runs with a caliber rod):  
                                                       fuel rod length   0.2 mm           pellet stack length   0.4 mm           plenum length   0.2 mm           gap length (gaps &gt; 0.5 mm)    30% relative             tot Pu per channel   0.8% relative             239 Pu per channel   0.8% relative             241 Pu per channel   0.7% relative             241  Am per channel   0.8% relative           alpha contamination (for a total activity    20% relative           &gt; 75 Bq on the whole rod):                      
        detection limits: 
            rogue pellet: any pellet presenting a single or a multiple deviation of 7% relative to the neighboring measurements for  239 Pu,  241 Pu and/or  tot Pu and 15% for  241 AM     alpha contamination: 15 Bq (over the whole rod)     gap: 0.5 mm    
            throughput: one 4 m long fuel rod every 2 minutes.