Abstract:
A time-domain time-scale modification method based on the synchronous overlap-and-add method consists of a generalization of the envelope-matching time-scale modification method. The cross-correlation function employs n most significant bits rather than merely the sign bit of the prior envelope matching method. This provides higher accuracy for n&gt;1. A fixed-size cross-correlation buffer is employed to eliminate the need for normalization inside the search loop. This invention makes full use of fast/parallel shift and multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) instructions of current digital signal processors to become at the same time faster and more precise than envelope-matching time-domain time-scale modification.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
   This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(c) from U.S. Provisional Application 60/426,716 filed Nov. 15, 2002. 

   TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The technical field of this invention is digital audio time scale modification. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Time-scale modification (TSM) is an emerging topic in audio digital signal processing due to the advance of low-cost, high-speed hardware that enables real-time processing by portable devices. Possible applications include intelligible sound in fast-forward play, real-time music manipulation, foreign language training, etc. Most time scale modification algorithms can be classified as either frequency-domain time scale modification or time-domain time scale modification. Frequency-domain time scale modification provides higher quality for polyphonic sounds, while time-domain time scale modification is more suitable for narrow-band signals such as voice. Time-domain time scale modification is the natural choice in resource-limited applications due to its lower computational cost. 
   A primitive time-domain time scale modification method known as overlap-and-add (OLA) overlaps and adds equidistant and equal-sized frames of the signal after changing the overlap factor to extend or reduce its time duration. A more sophisticated method known as synchronous overlap-and-add (SOLA) achieves considerable quality improvement by evaluating a normalized cross-correlation function between the overlapping signals for each overlap position to determine the exact overlap point. This process is called overlap adjustment loop. The synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification method requires high computational resources for the cross-correlation and normalization processes. Several methods have been proposed to reduce the computational cost of the overlap adjustment loop of the synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification method. These include: global-and-local search time scale modification (GLS-TSM) which limits the search to just a few candidates; and envelope-matching time scale modification (EM-TSM) which calculates the cross-correlation using only the sign of the signals. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention proposes a new time domain time scale modification method based on the synchronous overlap-and-add method. This invention is a generalization of the envelope matching time scale modification method. Instead of using only the sign of the sample, this invention uses the n most significant bits. This invention provides higher accuracy than the envelope-matching time scale modification method when n&gt;1. In addition, a fixed-size cross-correlation buffer is proposed in order to eliminate the need for normalization inside the search loop. With these improvements, the invention makes full use of features such as fast/parallel shift and multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) instructions in some new digital signal processors. This method is at the same time faster and more precise than envelope-matching time scale modification. Tests indicate that the present invention yields better or indistinguishable quality compared to other time domain time scale modification methods such as the synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification, envelope-matching time scale modification and global-and-local search time scale modification. The computational cost of this invention is lower than any other method with comparable quality. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other aspects of this invention are illustrated in the drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a system to which the present invention is applicable; 
       FIG. 2  is a flow chart illustrating the major functions of digital audio processing in the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the overlap in the prior art overlap-and-add time-scale modification technique; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the overlap in the prior art synchronous overlap-and-add time-scale modification technique; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates calculation of cross-correlation for only the center of the overlap region according to this invention; and 
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating the steps in this invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a system to which this invention is applicable. The preferred embodiment is a DVD player or DVD player/recorder in which the time scale modification of this invention is employed with fast forward or slow motion video to provide audio synchronized with the video in these modes. 
   System  100  received digital audio data on media  101  via media reader  103 . In the preferred embodiment media  101  is a DVD optical disk and media reader  103  is the corresponding disk reader. It is feasible to apply this technique to other media and corresponding reader such as audio CDs, removable magnetic disks (i.e. floppy disk), memory cards or similar devices. Media reader  103  delivers digital data corresponding to the desired audio to processor  120 . 
   Processor  120  performs data processing operations required of system  100  including the time scale modification of this invention. Processor  120  may include two different processors microprocessor  121  and digital signal processor  123 . Microprocessor  121  is preferably employed for control functions such as data movement, responding to user input and generating user output. Digital signal processor  123  is preferably employed in data filtering and manipulation functions such as the time scale modification of this invention. A Texas Instruments digital signal processor from the TMS320C5000 family is suitable for this invention. 
   Processor  120  is connected to several peripheral devices. Processor  120  receives user inputs via input device  113 . Input device  113  can be a keypad device, a set of push buttons or a receiver for input signals from remote control  111 . Input device  113  receives user inputs which control the operation of system  100 . Processor  120  produces outputs via display  115 . Display  115  may be a set of LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light emitting diode) indicators or an LCD display screen. Display  115  provides user feedback regarding the current operating condition of system  100  and may also be used to produce prompts for operator inputs. As an alternative for the case where system  100  is a DVD player or player/recorder connectable to a video display, system  100  may generate a display output using the attached video display. Memory  117  preferably stores programs for control of microprocessor  121  and digital signal processor  123 , constants needed during operation and intermediate data being manipulated. Memory  117  can take many forms such as read only memory, volatile read/write memory, nonvolatile read/write memory or magnetic memory such as fixed or removable disks. Output  130  produces an output  131  of system  100 . In the case of a DVD player or player/recorder, this output would be in the form of an audio/video signal such as a composite video signal, separate audio signals and video component signals and the like. 
     FIG. 2  is a flow chart illustrating process  200  including the major processing functions of system  100 . Flow chart  200  begins with data input at input block  201 . Data processing begins with an optional decryption function (block  202 ) to decode encrypted data delivered from media  101 . Data encryption would typically be used for control of copying for theatrical movies delivered on DVD, for example. System  100  in conjunction with the data on media  101  determines if this is an authorized use and permits decryption if the use is authorized. 
   The next step is optional decompression (block  203 ). Data is often delivered in a compressed format to save memory space and transmit bandwidth. There are several motion picture data compression techniques proposed by the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG). These video compression standards typically include audio compression standards such as MPEG Layer 3 commonly known as MP3. There are other audio compression standards. The result of decompression for the purposes of this invention is a sampled data signal corresponding to the desired audio. Audio CDs typically directly store the sampled audio data and thus require no decompression. 
   The next step is audio processing (block  204 ). System  100  will typically include audio data processing other than the time scale modification of this invention. This might include band equalization filtering, conversion between the various surround sound formats and the like. This other audio processing is not relevant to this invention and will not be discussed further. 
   The next step is time scale modification (block  205 ). This time scale modification is the subject of this invention and various techniques of the prior art and of this invention will be described below in conjunction with  FIGS. 3 to 6 . Flow chart  200  ends with data output (block  206 ). 
     FIG. 3  illustrates this process. In  FIG. 3(   a ), x(i) is the analysis signals represented as a sequence with index i. Similarly,  FIG. 3(   b ) illustrates synthesis signal y(i) having a sequence index i. The quantity N is the frame size. S a  is the analysis frame interval between consecutive frames 
           f   j         
(where j=1, 2 . . . ). S s  is the similar synthesis frame interval. The relationship between the analysis frame interval S a  and the synthesis frame interval S s  sets the time scale modification. The overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm is simple and provides acceptable results for small time-scale factors. In general this method yields poor quality compared to other methods described below.
 
   The synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm is an improvement over the previous overlap-and-add approach. Instead of using a fixed overlap interval for synthesis, the overlap point is adjusted by computing the normalized cross-correlation between the overlapping regions for each possible overlap position within minimum and maximum deviation values. The overlap position of maximum cross-correlation is selected. The cross-correlation is calculated using the following formula, where L k  is the length of the overlapping window: 
                   R   ⁡     [   k   ]       =         ∑     i   =   0         L   k     -   1       ⁢           ⁢       y   ⁡     [       mS   s     +   k   +   i     ]       ⁢     x   ⁡     [       mS   a     +   i     ]               [       ∑     i   =   0         L   k     -   1       ⁢           ⁢         y   2     ⁡     [       mS   s     +   k   +   i     ]       ⁢       ∑     i   =   0         L   k     -   1       ⁢           ⁢       x   2     ⁡     [       mS   a     +   i     ]             ]       1   2                 (   1   )                 FIG. 4  illustrates the synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm. The same variables are used in  FIG. 4(   a ) for analysis as  FIG. 3(   a ) and used in  FIG. 4(   b ) for synthesis as in  3 ( b ). In  FIG. 4 , k is the deviation of the overlap position, with k limited to the range between k min  and k max . Note that k=0 is equivalent to the overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm illustrated in  FIGS. 3(   a ) and  3 ( b ).
 
   The synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm requires a large amount of computation to calculate the normalized cross-correlation used in equation 1. The global-and-local search time scale modification method and envelope-matching time scale modification method are derived from the synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm. These methods attempt to reduce the computation cost of the synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm. 
   The global-and-local search time scale modification method uses global and local similarity measures to select the overlap point. Global similarity is the similarity around a region and local similarity is the similarity around a sample point. In a first global search stage, a region of high similarity between the signals is found by taking a region around the point of minimum difference between the numbers of zero crossings. In a second local search stage, each zero crossing within the region is tested using a distance measure and a feature vector formed by combining values of samples and their derivatives. The resulting algorithm provides better quality than the basic overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm and requires lower computation than the synchronous overlap-and-add time scale modification algorithm and the envelope-matching time scale modification method described below. The limitation of global-and-local search time scale modification method lies in the global search based only on the zero-cross count and in the intrinsic difficulty of empirically designing an efficient feature vector for a large variety of input signals. 
   The envelope-matching time scale modification method represents an improvement over global-and-local search time scale modification. Rather than subdividing the search process into 2 phases, the amount of computation is reduced by modifying the original cross-correlation function of equation 1. The new cross-correlation function is described as: 
                     R   ⁡     [   k   ]       =         ∑     i   =   0         L   k     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     sign   ⁢       {     y   ⁡     [       mS   s     +   i   +   k     ]       }     ·   sign     ⁢     {     x   ⁡     [       mS   a     +   i     ]       }           L   k         ⁢     
     ⁢     where   ⁢     :       ⁢     
     ⁢       sign   ⁡     (   t   )       =     {                   ⁢     1   ,               if   ⁢           ⁢   t     ≥   0                 -   1     ,             if   ⁢           ⁢   t     &lt;   0                       (   2   )               
The amount of computation in equation 2 is substantially reduced relative to equation 1 by eliminating the square root in the normalization process. Listening tests indicate that the quality achieved by the envelope-matching time scale modification method is better than global-and-local search time scale modification and almost as high as synchronous overlap-and-add. However, this technique does not provide the maximum achievable quality for the amount of computation required.
 
   When implementing the envelope-matching time scale modification algorithm on a fast digital signal processor (DSP) architecture containing special instructions for multiply and accumulate functions, it is believed advantageous to implement the sign function as a shift instead of as a conditional instruction. In the case of 16-bit signed samples, the cross-correlation function of equation 2 can be rewritten as: 
                   R   ⁡     [   k   ]       =         ∑     i   =   0         L   k     -   1       ⁢           ⁢       {       y   ⁡     [       mS   s     +   i   +   k     ]       ⪢     1   ⁢   5       }     ·     {       x   ⁡     [       mS   a     +   i     ]       ⪢     1   ⁢   5       }           L   k               (   3   )               
In this case, the 15 least significant bits are unnecessarily disregarded in the calculation. By using a shift value smaller than 15, a more accurate calculation could be carried out without increasing the computational cost.
 
   The computational cost of the division operation of equations 2 and 3 is another problem with this envelope-matching time scale modification technique. For example, the fastest implementation of 16-bit division in a digital signal processor may require at least 15 subtractions, a shift and perhaps one or two memory loads. For an example case where k max −k min  is 512, the normalization process would require 8192 processor cycles. 
   This invent-on addresses both the precision and division problems. These two solutions combined make up the proposed fast, generalized envelope-matching search technique for time scale modification. This invention employs a new cross-correlation calculation function to effectively use the fast multiply-and-accumulate feature of some fast digital signal processor architectures such as the TMS320C5000 family from Texas Instruments. Each sample is right-shifted by m for 10&lt;m&lt;15 instead of a right shift of 15 bits taking just the most significant bit. The value of m was experimentally examined and a value m=12 is suitable. The proposed cross-correlation function is: 
                   R   ⁡     [   k   ]       =         ∑     i   =   0         L   k     -   1       ⁢           ⁢       {       y   ⁡     [       mS   s     +   i   +   k     ]       ⪢   m     }     ·     {       x   ⁡     [       mS   a     +   i     ]       ⪢   m     }           M   k               (   4   )               
Here: M k  is a measure proportional to the overlap length. Setting M k =L k /2 is a good compromise between quality and computation cost. The newly proposed function achieves results indistinguishable and potentially of better quality than the envelope-matching time scale modification technique.
 
   This invention proposes a simple solution to the computational problem related to the division operation executed inside the search loop of equations 2 to 4. The size of the region where the cross-correlation function is to be calculated is fixed. Instead of calculating the cross-correlation function along the entire overlapping region, an effective overlap region of the input vector x[i] is defined as follows:
 
initial —   x≦x[i ]≦final —   x   (5)
 
where:
 
initial —   x =overlap_size/4,
 
final —   x= 3*overlap_size/4
 
In equation 5, overlap_size is the number of samples of the overlapping region when k=0.  FIG. 5  illustrates this effective overlap region. This limits the cross-correlation calculation region to the center half of the overlap region. Calculating the cross-correlation only in a fixed effective overlap region eliminates the need to normalize the cross-correlation result inside the search loop. This results in a considerable computational saving. Furthermore, computation is also largely reduced by about half due to the shorter size of the cross-correlation buffer, since the amount of computation is proportional to the size of the cross-correlation buffer.
 
     FIG. 6  illustrates process  600  showing the time scale modification of this invention. Process  600  begins by analyzing the input data in a series of equidistant and equally sized, overlapping frames as illustrated in  FIG. 4(   a ) (block  601 ). Block  602  selects the base output overlap S s  as shown in  FIG. 4(   b ). This base output overlap is selected to achieve the desired time scale modification. Next process  600  computes a cross-correlation for various values of a fine overlap deviation k from k min  to k max . Block  603  sets an index variable k to k min . Block  604  calculates the cross-correlation R[k] for that particular k using equation 4. As noted above, this cross-correlation calculation could be made for only the middle half of the overlap region as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Block  604  resets global variable R to the current cross-correlation R[k] if R[k] is greater than R. This captures the current maximum cross-correlation value. If the current cross-correlation R[k] is the new maximum, then the index value k is saved as K. Block  606  increments the index variable k. Test block  607  determines if the incremented index variable k is now greater than k max . If not (No at block  607 ), the process  600  returns to block  604  to calculate the cross-correlation R[k] for the new index value. If true (Yes at block  607 ), then the entire range of k from k min  to k max  has been considered. Block  608  sets the output overlap as the sum of the base overlap S s  and the saved index value K producing the greatest cross-correlation R[k]. Block  609  synthesizes the output using this computed overlap value. 
   Listening tests were conducted for three input sounds including female speech, male speech, and female speech with background music over a range of time scale modifications from twice normal to half normal speed. The quality achieved by this invention is indistinguishable from synchronous overlap-and-add and slightly higher than envelope-matching time scale modification, in spite of its lower computational cost.