Abstract:
A method of inhibiting the inflammatory process, the method comprising administering to a mammal suffering from inflammation a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where:
 
R is a C 1 -C 10  alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR 1  (where R 1  is H, alkyl, or acyl), O, or S; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group and pharmaceutically acceptable esters or salts of the compounds and wherein the inflammatory process results from a disease selected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis, endotoxic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, Crohn&#39;s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, gout, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, vital or post-viral arthritis and ankylosing spondylarthritis.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/704,421 filed Feb. 10, 2007 which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/503,400 filed Aug. 10, 2006, now abandoned, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/707,567 filed Aug. 10, 2005. This application is also a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/475,097 filed May 29, 2009 which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/077,596 filed Feb. 15, 2002, which is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 10/053,625 filed Nov. 2, 2001, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,929,808 on Aug. 16, 2005. 
         [0002]    This application is also a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/188,636 filed Jul. 22, 2011, and a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/837,721 filed Jul. 16, 2010 which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. Ø120 to, and is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/269,017, now abandoned, filed Nov. 11, 2008 which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/452,851, filed May 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,514,583, which claimed priority under 35 USC 119(e) to:
   (1) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/385,144, filed May 31, 2002,   (2) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/409,100, filed Sep. 9, 2002,   (3) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/412,272, filed Sep. 20, 2002,   (4) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/435,880, filed Dec. 20, 2002, and   (5) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/463,104, filed Apr. 14, 2003.   
 
         [0008]    The entire contents of all of these applications are incorporated by reference into this application. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0009]    This invention relates to bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds and their methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters, their synthesis, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use in the treatment of inflammation that results from diseases such as arthritis, and in the manufacture of medicaments for such treatment. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    Various forms of inflammation are characterized by activation of macrophages. Macrophages are thought to induce and maintain inflammatory processes mainly by producing various products that, by acting on other cells, bring about the deleterious consequences of inflammation such as the generation of nitric oxide. For example, macrophages produce cytokines. These proteins are central mediators in inflammatory processes, such as the local inflammatory processes characteristic of arthritis or colitis. Cytokines produced by macrophages are also thought to be involved in systemic inflammatory processes, such as endotoxic shock. Macrophage products are more generally involved in pathophysiological mechanisms, such as plasma extravasation, inflammatory cell diapedesis, release of toxic free radicals such as nitric oxide, endothelial injury, and release of tissue degrading enzymes, which result in tissue injury and, ultimately, organ failure. 
         [0011]    Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine associated with macrophage activation. TNF-α is also thought to be involved in inducing most of the pathophysiological events characteristic of inflammation. TNF-α plays an important role in regulating inflammation, cellular immune response, and host defense. TNF-α is a key cytokine associated with the toxic effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin and in the pathogenesis of septic shock, as evidenced by high serum plasma levels of TNF-α after LPS administration to animals or to human volunteers, or in septic subjects. Administration of anti-TNF-α antibodies protects against the lethal effects of LPS and of live bacteria in a variety of animal models. Moreover, TNF-α can be a central target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Conversely in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, Crohn&#39;s disease, inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic disorders of the immune system, excessive levels of TNF-α play a role in the pathophysiology. Indeed, blocking TNF-α can halt disease progression and has led to the search for inhibitors of TNF-α. 
         [0012]    Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is another macrophage product that has been shown to be involved in the induction of pathology in several inflammatory diseases. These diseases include autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory states such as septic shock and the generalized Schwarzman reaction. 
         [0013]    Rheumatoid arthritis is a common rheumatic disease, affecting more than two million people in the United States alone. The disease is three times more prevalent in women as in men but afflicts all races equally. The disease can begin at any age, but most often starts between the ages of forty and sixty. In some families, multiple members can be affected, suggesting a genetic basis for the disorder. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. It is suspected that certain infections or factors in the environment might trigger the immune system to attack the body&#39;s own tissues, resulting in inflammation in various organs of the body. Regardless of the exact trigger, the result is an immune system that is geared up to promote inflammation in the joints and occasionally other tissues of the body, Lymphocytes are activated and cytokines, such as TNF-α and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are expressed in the inflamed areas. 
         [0014]    The clinical expression of rheumatoid arthritis is manifested by chronic inflammation of the joints, the tissue surrounding the joints such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles, as well as other organs in the body such as the eyes. The inflammation process of causes swelling, pain stiffness, and redness in the joints. In some patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the cartilage, bone and ligaments causing deformity of the joints. Rheumatic diseases can involve other, seemingly unrelated organs as well, such as eyes, skin and glands. Rheumatic diseases are usually divided into those that primarily involve joints, known as arthritis, and those involving other tissues, generally referred to connective tissue diseases. Arthritis is further subdivided into inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis. The more common types of inflammatory arthritis are rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis (associated with the skin condition psoriasis), reactive arthritis, viral or post-viral arthritis (occurring after an infection), and spondylarthritis which affects the spine as well as joints. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    In a first aspect, this invention is the use of the compounds described herein in methods of inhibiting the inflammatory process, the method comprising administering to a mammal suffering from inflammation a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds and particularly when wherein the inflammatory process results from a disease selected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis, endotoxic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, Crohn&#39;s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, gout, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, viral or post-viral arthritis and ankylosing spondylarthritis. 
         [0016]    In another aspect, this invention is bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds and their methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
         [0017]    The compounds are:
   (1) compounds of the formula:   
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         where: 
         R is a C 1 -C 10  alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR′ (where R′ is H, alkyl, or acyl), O, or S; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group; and 
         (2) the compounds that are: 
         3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin (compound 1); 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin (compound 2); 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane (compound 3); 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (compound 4); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane (compound 5); 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone (compound 6); 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline (compound 7); 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine (compound 8); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine (compound 9); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 10); 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 11); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diamino-cyclohexane (compound 12); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (compound 13); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (compound 14); N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 15); 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 16); 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone (compound 17); 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone (compound 18); 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone (compound 19); tris-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane (compound 20); α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide (compound 21); 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one (compound 22); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine (compound 23); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine (compound 24); 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane (compound 25); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (compound 26); N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (compound 27); 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 28); 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine (compound 29); N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 30); 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane (compound 31); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 32); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene (compound 33); 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine (compound 34); 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 35); 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene (compound 36); 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 37); 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (compound 38); 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (compound 39); 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (compound 40); 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane (compound 41); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane (compound 42); trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-cyclopentane (compound 43); N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine (compound 44); 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 45); 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 46); 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 47); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 48); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide (compound 49); 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine (compound 50), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 51); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 52); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 53); 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 54); 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 55); 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 56); 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 57); 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 58); 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 59); 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide (compound 60); 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (compound 61); 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide (compound 62); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 63); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 64); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxy-phenethylamide) (compound 65); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 66); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 67); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide) (compound 68); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 69); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 70); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (compound 71); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide) (compound 72); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 73); N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (compound 74); tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine (compound 75); 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea (compound 76); 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea (compound 77); 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea (compound 78); 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 79); 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin (compound 80); 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine (compound 81); 10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol (compound 82); acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol (compound 83); phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol (compound 84); dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol (compound 85); and 6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,10,11-triol (compound 86); 
         (3) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters of compounds of (1) and (2); and 
         (4) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) to (3). 
       
     
         [0025]    In another aspect, this invention is pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the first aspect of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and, as the sole active ingredient, a compound of the first aspect of the invention. 
         [0026]    In another aspect, this invention is a method of treating inflammatory diseases such as arthritis in mammals, especially humans, by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the first aspect of this invention, for example as a pharmaceutical composition. 
         [0027]    In another aspect, this invention is the use of a compound of the first aspect of this invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and use of a compound for inhibition of the inflammatory cascade. 
         [0028]    In another aspect, this invention is a method of treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and includes the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention. Preferably the compound is selected from the groups described below with respect to their inhibitory activity of microglial nitric oxide (NO) production and/or TNF-α release. 
         [0029]    The various compounds disclosed herein inhibit lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/interferon gamma (IFNγ) induced NO release by microglia. This release by the microglia is in response to LPS/IFNγ pro-inflammatory stimulation. These compounds may prevent oxidative stress induced cell death in addition to the inhibition of NO and TNF-α release by microglia and subsequent inhibition of the inflammatory cascade. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
       [0030]    In this application, the following terms shall have the following meanings, without regard to whether the terms are used variantly elsewhere in the literature or otherwise in the known art. 
         [0031]    The compounds of the invention, i.e. the compounds of the formula shown in the paragraph numbered (1) at the top of page 1 of the application and the compounds on the list immediately following and numbered (2) (compounds #1 to #86), are referred to generally as bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds, or sometimes just as “dihydroxyaryl compounds” and sometimes just “compounds”. It will be noted that compound #84 has an additional hydroxy group, but does have two dihydroxyaryl groups; while compound #86 has only one dihydroxyaryl group but has an additional phenolic hydroxyl moiety. 
         [0032]    “Methylenedioxy analogs” refers to the compounds of this invention in which each of the pairs of adjacent hydroxyl moieties of the dihydroxyaryl groups have been replaced by methylenedioxy groups. The methylenedioxy compounds are illustrated and referred to as compounds #1B to #86B. The methylenedioxy groups also are convenient intermediate protecting groups for the dihydroxy moieties and therefore these disclosed compounds are believed to also serve as effective prodrugs. The methylenedioxy analogs #1B to #80B are illustrated in Example 3. 
         [0033]    “Pharmaceutically acceptable esters” refers to the compounds of this invention where the hydroxyl moieties of the dihydroxyaryl groups of the compounds are esterified with an acid or acids that result in a pharmaceutically acceptable poly(ester). The compounds are shown in Example 4 as acetylated, and these acetylated compounds are illustrated and referred to as compounds #1C to #86C; but it should be understood that the depiction of acetyl esters in Example 4 is merely illustrative, and all pharmaceutically acceptable esters are included within this invention. The ester groups are expected to serve as intermediate protecting groups for the hydroxyl moieties and therefore the pharmaceutically acceptable esters are expected to serve as effective prodrugs for their underlying bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. 
         [0034]    Chemical structures for each of the compounds of this invention (with the note that the acetates are shown as representative of the pharmaceutically acceptable esters as a class) are shown. The names of the compounds are variously IUPAC names [names derived according to the accepted IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system established by the coalition of the Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and the Commission on Physical Organic Chemistry, as can be found at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac], names derived from IUPAC names by addition or substitution (for example, by the use of “3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl” derived from “phenyl” instead of “benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl”), and names derived from the names of reactants (for example, by the use of “3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide” instead of “N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzamide”). However, the names used are explicitly equated to chemical structures, and are believed to be readily understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0035]    “Mammal” includes both humans and non-human mammals, such as companion animals (cats, dogs, and the like), laboratory animals (such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, and the like) and farm animals (cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, and the like). 
         [0036]    “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is conventionally useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and desirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as for human pharmaceutical use. Such excipients may be solid, liquid, semisolid, or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous. 
         [0037]    “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and have the desired pharmacological properties. Such salts include salts that may be formed where acidic protons present in the compounds are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases. Suitable inorganic salts include those formed with the alkali metals, e.g. sodium and potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. Suitable organic salts include those formed with organic bases such as the amine bases, e.g. ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. Such salts also include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids (e.g. hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids) and organic acids (e.g. acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, and the alkane- and arene-sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid). When there are two acidic groups present, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be a mono-acid mono-salt or a di-salt; and similarly where there are more than two acidic groups present, some or all of such groups can be salified. 
         [0038]    A “therapeutically effective amount” in general means the amount that, when administered to a subject or animal for treating a disease, is sufficient to affect the desired degree of treatment for the disease. A “therapeutically effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective dosage” preferably inhibits, reduces, disrupts, NO or TNF-α release, or treats a disease associated with these conditions, such as an inflammatory disease, by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 40%, even more preferably by at least 60%, and still more preferably by at least 80%, relative to an untreated subject. Effective amounts of a compound of this invention or composition thereof for treatment of a mammalian subject are about 0.1 to about 1000 mg/Kg of body weight of the subject/day, such as from about 1 to about 100 mg/Kg/day, especially from about 10 to about 100 mg/Kg/day. A broad range of disclosed composition dosages are believed to be both safe and effective. 
         [0039]    “Treating” or “treatment” of a disease includes preventing the disease from occurring in a mammal that may be predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or exhibit symptoms of the disease (prophylactic treatment), inhibiting the disease (slowing or arresting its development), providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the disease (including palliative treatment), and relieving the disease (causing regression of the disease), such as by disruption of the inflammatory cascade. One such preventive treatment may be use of the disclosed compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 
         [0040]    “A pharmaceutical agent” or “pharmacological agent” or “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a compound or combination of compounds used for treatment, preferably in a pure or near pure form. In the specification, pharmaceutical or pharmacological agents include the compounds of this invention. The compounds are desirably purified to 80% homogeneity, and preferably to 90% homogeneity. Compounds and compositions purified to 99.9% homogeneity are believed to be advantageous. As a test or confirmation, a suitable homogeneous compound on HPLC would yield, what those skilled in the art would identify as a single sharp-peak band. 
       Compounds of the Invention 
       [0041]    The compounds of this invention are:
   (1) compounds of the formula:   
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         where: 
         R is a C 1 -C 10  alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR′ (where R′ is H, alkyl, or acyl), O, or S; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group; and 
         (2) the compounds that are: 
         3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine; N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline-3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane; trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)cyclopentane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin; 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine; 10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol; acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol; phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol; dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol; and 6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,10,11-triol; 
         (3) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the compounds of (1) and (2); and 
         (4) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) to (3). 
       
     
         [0049]    Within the compounds of this invention, a first group of compounds is the compounds selected from the group consisting of:
   (1) compounds of the formula:   
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         where: 
         R is a C 1 -C 10 , especially a C 1-6 , alkylene group, in which, when the number of carbon atoms is at least 2, there are optionally 1 or 2 non-adjacent double bonds; 1 to 3 non-adjacent methylene groups are optionally replaced by NR′ (where R′ is H, C 1-3  alkyl, or C 2-4  acyl), O, or S, especially NH or N—CH 3 ; and 1 or 2 methylene groups are optionally replaced by a carbonyl or hydroxymethylene group; 
         (2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable tetraesters thereof; and 
         (3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2). 
       
     
         [0055]    Within this first group, a subgroup of compounds is the group of compounds selected from the group consisting of:
   (1) compounds of the formula:   
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         where: 
         R is a C 2 -C 10 , especially a C 2-6 , alkylene group, in which there is optionally 1 double bond; and 1 or 2 non-adjacent ethylene groups are replaced by —C(O)NR′— or —NR′C(O)— (where R′ is H or lower alkyl); 
         (2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable tetraesters thereof; and 
         (3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of (1) and (2). 
       
     
         [0061]    Within the compounds of this invention, a second group of compounds is:
   (1) the compounds that are:   3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine; N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline-3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane; trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)cyclopentane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin; 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroacridine; 10-aminoanthracene-1,2,7,8-tetraol; acridine-1,2,6,7-tetraol; phenoxazine-2,3,7,8,10-pentaol; dibenzo[c,f][2,7]napthyridine-2,3,10,11-tetraol; and 6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,10,11-triol;   (2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and   (3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).   
 
         [0066]    Within this second group, a subgroup of compounds is:
   (1) the compounds that are:   3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydesoxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2-pyrazoline; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)proline 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)cyclohexanone; 3,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinone; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)methane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylaminomethylene)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazolin-5-one; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,5-diaza[2.2.1]bicycloheptane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-cis-1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine; 3,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine; N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)proline-3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)benzene; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)pyridine; 2,5-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)thiophene; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; 3,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane; 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)ethane; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)propane; trans-1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)cyclopentane; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylamine; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid p-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid o-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)anilide; 2,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)pyridine; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); maleic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); fumaric acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)urea; 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea; 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)aminoepicatechin; and 3-deoxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminoepicatechin;   (2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and   (3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).   
 
         [0071]    Within this subgroup, a further subgroup is:
   (1) the compounds that are:   3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; 4,6-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-cyano-2-methylpyridine; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; 2,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-tropinone; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl amide; 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)piperazine; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; oxalic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxyanilide); succinic acid bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide); bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; tris(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; and 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea;   (2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and   (3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).   
 
         [0076]    Within each of these groups and subgroups, there are especially the compounds of the invention that are the bis- and tris(dihydroxyaryl) compounds (i.e. the compounds of the formula or of the list) and compound #86, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 
       Synthesis of the Compounds of the Invention 
       [0077]    The compounds of this invention may be prepared by methods generally known to the person of ordinary skill in the art, having regard to that knowledge and the disclosure of this application. 
         [0078]    The starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.), or Lancaster Synthesis Inc. (Windham, N.H.) or are prepared by methods well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, following procedures described in such references as Fieser and Fieser&#39;s  Reagents for Organic Synthesis,  vols. 1-17, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1991;  Rodd&#39;s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,  vols. 1-5 and supps., Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989; Organic Reactions, vols. 1-40, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1991; March J.:  Advanced Organic Chemistry,  4th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.; and Larock:  Comprehensive Organic Transformations,  VCH Publishers, New York, 1989. 
         [0079]    In most cases, protective groups for the hydroxy groups are introduced and finally removed. Suitable protective groups are described in Greene et al.,  Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,  Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991. A preferred protective group is the methylenedioxy group, as seen in many of Examples 1-23, and a wide variety of methylenedioxyphenyl compounds (such as 3,4-methylenedioxyacetophenone, 3,4-methylenedioxyaniline, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzonitrile, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl chloride, 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxynitrobenzene, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetonitrile, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl isocyanate, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylmagnesium bromide, and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylmethanol) are commercially available. Other protecting groups, such as the benzyl and methoxymethyl groups, may also be used. 
         [0080]    Other starting materials or early intermediates may be prepared by elaboration of the materials listed above, for example, by methods well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0081]    The starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of this invention may be isolated and purified using conventional techniques, including precipitation, filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, and the like. The compounds may be characterized using conventional methods, including physical constants and spectroscopic methods. 
       Pharmacology and Utility 
       [0082]    The compounds of this invention, either as the dihydroxyaryl compounds per se, or as the methylenedioxy analogs or pharmaceutically acceptable esters (once de-protected either in the body or in vitro), act to inhibit or prevent microglial NO and/or TNF-α. Their activity can be measured in vitro by methods such as those discussed herein. 
         [0083]    Compounds of special interest for treating inflammatory diseases such as arthritis are selected from the group consisting of
   (1) the compounds that are:   3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybenzoin; 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane; 1,2-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane; N,N′-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; α-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxyanilide; bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amine; 1,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)urea; and 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)urea;   (2) the methylenedioxy analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof; and   (3) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of (1) and (2).   
 
         [0088]    Especially of interest are the compounds of (1) above and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 
       Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration 
       [0089]    In general, compounds of the invention will be administered in therapeutically effective amounts by any of the usual modes known in the art, either singly or in combination with at least one other compound of this invention and/or at least one other conventional therapeutic agent for the disease being treated. A therapeutically effective amount may vary widely depending on the disease, its severity, the age and relative health of the animal being treated, the potency of the compound(s), and other factors. As anti-inflammatory agents, therapeutically effective amounts of compounds of this invention may range from 0.1-1000 mg/Kg body weight/day, such as from 1-100 mg/Kg/day; for example, 10-100 mg/Kg/day. A person of ordinary skill in the art will be conventionally able, and without undue experimentation, having regard to that skill and to this disclosure, to determine a therapeutically effective amount of a compound for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. 
         [0090]    Preferred compositions will contain a compound of this invention that is at least substantially pure. In general “pure” means better than 95% pure, and “substantially pure” means a compound synthesized such that the compound, as made as available for consideration into a therapeutic dosage, has only those impurities that can not readily nor reasonably be removed by conventional purification processes. 
         [0091]    In general, the compounds of this invention will be administered as pharmaceutical compositions by one of the following routes: oral, topical, systemic (e.g. transdermal, intranasal, or by suppository), or parenteral (e.g. intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection). Compositions may take the form of tablets, pills, capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, aerosols, or any other appropriate compositions; and comprise at least one compound of this invention in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Suitable excipients are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, and they, and the methods of formulating the compositions, may be found in such standard references as  Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,  A. Gennaro, ed., 20th edition, Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. Suitable liquid carriers, especially for injectable solutions, include water, aqueous saline solution, aqueous dextrose solution, and glycols. 
         [0092]    In particular, the compound(s)—optimally only one such compound is administered in any particular dosage form—can be administered, orally, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspension, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known in the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. 
         [0093]    Tablets contain the compound in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, maize starch or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, maize starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate or stearic acid or tale. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol distearate may be employed. Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the compound is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. 
         [0094]    Aqueous suspensions contain the compound in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be naturally occurring phosphatides, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example, heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids such as hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters from fatty acids and a hexitol anhydrides, for example, polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example, ethyl or n propyl p hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, or one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin. 
         [0095]    Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the compound in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil, or coconut oil or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents, such as those set forth below, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid. Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already described above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and agents, may also be present. 
         [0096]    The compounds of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oils, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example, glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents. 
         [0097]    The compounds of the invention can also be administered by injection or infusion, either subcutaneously or intravenously, or intramuscularly, or intrasternally, or intranasally, or by infusion techniques in the form of sterile injectable or oleaginous suspension. The compound may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. These suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing of wetting agents and suspending agents that have been described above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer&#39;s solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oils may be conventionally employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided dosages may be administered daily or the dosage may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. 
         [0098]    It is especially advantageous to formulate the compounds in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each containing a therapeutically effective quantity of the compound and at least one pharmaceutical excipient. A drug product will comprise a dosage unit form within a container that is labelled or accompanied by a label indicating the intended method of treatment, such as the treatment of an inflammatory disease such as arthritis. 
       Sustained Release Formulations 
       [0099]    The invention also includes the use of sustained release formulations to deliver the compounds of the present invention to the desired target (i.e. systemic organs) at high circulating levels (between 10 −9  and 10 −4  M) are also disclosed. 
         [0100]    It is understood that the compound levels are maintained over a certain period of time as is desired and can be easily determined by one skilled in the art using this disclosure and compounds of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the invention includes a unique feature of administration comprising a sustained release formulation so that a constant level of therapeutic compound is maintained between 10 8  and 10 −6  M between 48 to 96 hours in the sera. 
         [0101]    Such sustained and/or timed release formulations may be made by sustained release means of delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 4,710,384; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556 and 5,733,566, the disclosures of which are each incorporated herein by reference. These pharmaceutical compositions can be used to provide slow or sustained release of one or more of the active compounds using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or the like. Suitable sustained release formulations known to those skilled in the art, including those described herein may be readily selected for use with the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Thus, single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration, such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, caplets, powders and the like, that are adapted for sustained release are encompassed by the present invention. 
         [0102]    In a preferred embodiment, the sustained release formulation contains active compound such as, but not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, maltodextrin, ethylcellulose, and magnesium stearate. As described above, all known methods for encapsulation which are compatible with properties of the disclosed compounds are encompassed by this invention. The sustained release formulation is encapsulated by coating particles or granules of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention with varying thickness of slowly soluble polymers or by microencapsulation. In a preferred embodiment, the sustained release formulation is encapsulated with a coating material of varying thickness (e.g. about 1 micron to 200 microns) that allow the dissolution of the pharmaceutical composition about 48 hours to about 72 hours after administration to a mammal. In another embodiment, the coating material is a food-approved additive. 
         [0103]    In another embodiment, the sustained release formulation is a matrix dissolution device that is prepared by compressing the drug with a slowly soluble polymer carrier into a tablet. In one preferred embodiment, the coated particles have a size range between about 0.1 to about 300 microns, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,710,384 and 5,354,556, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Each of the particles is in the form of a micromatrix, with the active ingredient uniformly distributed throughout the polymer. 
         [0104]    Sustained release formulations such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,384, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, having a relatively high percentage of plasticizer in the coating in order to permit sufficient flexibility to prevent substantial breakage during compression are disclosed. The specific amount of plasticizer varies depending on the nature of the coating and the particular plasticizer used. The amount may be readily determined empirically by testing the release characteristics of the tablets formed. If the medicament is released too quickly, then more plasticizer is used. Release characteristics are also a function of the thickness of the coating. When substantial amounts of plasticizer are used, the sustained release capacity of the coating diminishes. Thus, the thickness of the coating may be increased slightly to make up for an increase in the amount of plasticizer. Generally, the plasticizer in such an embodiment will be present in an amount of about 15 to 30% of the sustained release material in the coating, preferably 20 to 25%, and the amount of coating will be from 10 to 25% of the weight of the active material. Preferably 15 to 20%. Any conventional pharmaceutically acceptable plasticizer may be incorporated into the coating. 
         [0105]    The compounds of the invention can be formulated as a sustained and/or timed release formulation. All sustained release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-sustained counterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designed sustained release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition. Advantages of sustained release formulations may include: 1) extended activity of the composition, 2) reduced dosage frequency, and 3) increased patient compliance. In addition, sustained release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the composition, and thus can affect the occurrence of side effects. 
         [0106]    The sustained release formulations of the invention are designed to initially release an amount of the therapeutic composition that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of other amounts of compositions to maintain this level of therapeutic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level in the body, the therapeutic composition must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the composition being metabolized and excreted from the body. 
         [0107]    The sustained release of an active ingredient may be stimulated by various inducers, for example pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds. The term “sustained release component” in the context of the present invention is defined herein as a compound or compounds, including, but not limited to, polymers, polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, liposomes, microspheres, or the like, or a combination thereof, that facilitates the sustained release of the active ingredient. 
         [0108]    If the complex is water-soluble, it may be formulated in an appropriate buffer, for example, phosphate buffered saline, or other physiologically compatible solutions. Alternatively, if the resulting complex has poor solubility in aqueous solvents, then it may be formulated with a non-ionic surfactant such as Tween, or polyethylene glycol. Thus, the compounds and their physiologically solvents may be formulated for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose) or oral, buccal, parenteral, or rectal administration, as examples. 
         [0109]    Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are formulated as controlled release powders of discrete microparticles that can be readily formulated in liquid form. The sustained release powder comprises particles containing an active ingredient and optionally, an excipient with at least one non-toxic polymer. 
         [0110]    The powder can be dispersed or suspended in a liquid vehicle and will maintain its sustained release characteristics for a useful period of time. These dispersions or suspensions have both chemical stability and stability in terms of dissolution rate. The powder may contain an excipient comprising a polymer, which may be soluble, insoluble, permeable, impermeable, or biodegradable. The polymers may be polymers or copolymers. The polymer may be a natural or synthetic polymer. Natural polymers include polypeptides (e.g., zein), polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose), and alginic acid. Representative synthetic polymers include those described, but not limited to, those described in column 3, lines 33-45 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,556, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Particularly suitable polymers include those described, but not limited to those described in column 3, line 46-column 4, line 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,556 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0111]    The sustained release compounds of the invention may be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., by intramuscular injections or implants for subcutaneous tissues and various body cavities and transdermal devices. In one embodiment, intramuscular injections are formulated as aqueous or oil suspensions. In an aqueous suspension, the sustained release effect is due to, in part, a reduction in solubility of the active compound upon complexation or a decrease in dissolution rate. A similar approach is taken with oil suspensions and solutions, wherein the release rate of an active compound is determined by partitioning of the active compound out of the oil into the surrounding aqueous medium. Only active compounds which are oil soluble and have the desired partition characteristics are suitable. Oils that may be used for intramuscular injection include, but are not limited to, sesame, olive, arachis, maize, almond, soybean, cottonseed and castor oil. 
         [0112]    A highly developed form of drug delivery that imparts sustained release over periods of time ranging from days to years is to implant a drug-bearing polymeric device subcutaneously or in various body cavities. The polymer material used in an implant, which must be biocompatible and nontoxic, include but are not limited to hydrogels, silicones, polyethylenes, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, or biodegradable polymers. 
       General Experimental Procedures 
       [0113]    All solvents were distilled before use and were removed by rotary evaporation at temperatures up to 35° C. Octadecyl functionalized silica gel (C18) was used for reversed phase (RP) flash chromatography, and Merck silica gel 60, 200-400 mesh, 40-63 μm, was used for silica gel flash chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out using Merck DC-plastikfolien Kieselgel 60 F 254 , first visualized with a UV lamp, and then by dipping in a vanillin solution (1% vanillin, 1% H 2 SO 4  in ethanol), and heating. Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter. Mass spectra were recorded on a Kratos MS-80 instrument. NMR spectra, at 25° C., were recorded at 500 or 300 MHz for  1 H and 125 or 75 MHz for  13 C on Varian INOVA-500 or VXR-300 spectrometers. Chemical shifts are given in ppm on the delta scale referenced to the solvent peaks CHCl 3  at 7.25 and CDCl 3  at 77.0 ppm, (CH 3 ) 2 CO at 2.15 and (CD 3 ) 2 CO at 30.5 ppm, or CH 3 OD at 3.30 and CD 3 OD at 39.0 ppm. 
       HPLC Conditions 
       [0114]    The analytical HPLC equipment consisted of a Waters 717 autosampler, 600 pump and controller, and a 2487 UV detector controlled by Omega software. Samples were analyzed by using an RP-18 semi-preparative column (Phenomenex Prodigy 5 mm C18 100A, 250×4.6 mm) with a guard column (Phenomenex SecurityGuard cartridge containing a C18 ODS 4×3 mm, 5 mm column) fitted at 30° C. Samples (5 ml) were analyzed using a mobile phase flow rate of 5.0 ml/min, with UV detection at 280 nm. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Method 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time (minutes) 
                 CH 3 CN 
                 H 2 O containing 0.1% TFA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 11 
                 89 
               
               
                 20 
                 11 
                 89 
               
               
                 30 
                 100 
                 0 
               
               
                 31 
                 11 
                 89 
               
               
                 40 
                 11 
                 89 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]                                                        Method 2                CH 3 CN/H 2 O (95:5)           Time (minutes)   containing 0.1% TFA   H 2 O containing 0.1% TFA                    0   11   89       20   11   89       30   100   0       31   11   89       40   11   89                    
The following non-limiting Examples are given by way of illustration only and are not considered a limitation of this invention, many apparent variations of which are possible without departing from the spirit or scope thereof.
 
       EXAMPLE 1 
     Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds of the Invention 
       [0115]    This Example describes bis- and tris(dihydroxyaryl) compounds that serve as potent inhibitors of inflammation and in particular the release of NO and TNF-α from microglial cells. A common structural motif that is present in all of the compounds disclosed herein is the presence of two or three dihydroxyaryl groups. These compounds are generally indicated on succeeding pages and identified variously herein by simple number. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Compounds of the Invention with Rigid Scaffolds 
       [0116]    This Example illustrates six further compounds of this invention; compounds #81, 82, 83, 84, 85, and 86. These compounds have relatively rigid scaffold structures. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 3 
     Methylenedioxy Analogs 
       [0117]    A strategy for the delivery of the dihydroxyaryl compounds of this invention to improve and/or cause more favorable metabolism and bioavailability characteristics involves the protection of the hydroxy groups of the dihydroxyaryl compounds with methylenedioxy groups. This strategy is exemplified in the 80 structures shown below, and is equally applicable to protect the dihydroxyaryl groups of compounds #81-86. Methylenedioxy analogs represent intermediate hydroxy protecting structures that are made to successfully complete the synthesis of the dihydroxyaryl compounds described in the invention. These closed-ring compounds also tend to be more stable, and hydrophobic (water insoluble), and less likely to be altered or degraded due to the oxidation that could occur if hydroxyl groups were present. In addition, these compounds make good prodrugs for delivery. Hydrophobic compounds that are lipid soluble tend to be attractive compounds for delivery since they are usually able to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier. 
         [0118]    The methylenedioxy analogs are generally available as intermediates in the synthesis of the corresponding dihydroxyaryl compounds. These compounds are expected to be efficacious once the methylenedioxy structures are cleaved to yield hydroxyl groups. Conversion of the hydroxyl groups to methylenedioxy derivatives also yields prodrugs that are believed to improve toxicity (i.e. being less toxic), metabolism (since the OH groups will be less likely to be altered by methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation), and bioavailability. In this prodrug concept, it is believed that the prodrug conversion takes place in the plasma (following its protection through the gut), and closer to its appropriate target tissue (systemic organs). Enzymes in the blood and appropriate tissues are believed to be able to cleave the methylenedioxy group on these analogs to yield the dihydroxy structures to achieve the observed efficacy. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 4 
     Acetylated Compounds 
       [0119]    Another potential strategy for the delivery of the bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds of this invention to improve and/or cause more favorable metabolism and bioavailability characteristics, involves methods of protecting the hydroxy groups as their pharmaceutically acceptable esters. Ester groups replacing the hydroxy groups also tend to make the compounds more stable, and less likely to be altered or degraded due to oxidation of the hydroxyl groups. 
         [0120]    The compound table below illustrates the acetyl esters of the 86 dihydroxyaryl compounds previously presented herein, and are presented below in which the OH groups are replaced by acetyl groups. The illustration of acetyl esters here is merely exemplary for the class of pharmaceutically acceptable esters that are part of the compounds of this invention and may be prepared by analogous methods. Other compounds disclosed herein also form pharmaceutically acceptable esters in the same manner, and these compounds, though not illustrated in the compound table below, are also compounds of this invention. 
         [0121]    These compounds are expected to be efficacious once the ester linkages are cleaved (by enzymes in the plasma or in the brain tissue), and the hydroxyl groups are regenerated. Replacement of the hydroxyl groups with ester groups will yield prodrugs that are believed to improve toxicity (i.e. being less toxic), metabolism (since the OH groups will be less likely to be altered by methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation), and bioavailability. In this prodrug concept, it is believed that the prodrug conversion takes place in the plasma (following its protection through the gut), and closer to its appropriate target tissue. Enzymes in the blood and appropriate tissues are believed to be able to cleave the ester linkages on these pharmaceutically acceptable esters to yield the dihydroxy structures important for the observed efficacy. 
         [0122]    The pharmaceutically acceptable esters of compounds #1 through #86 are prepared by methods well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, such as by reaction of the dihydroxyaryl compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, especially in activated form (such as the acyl halides) and/or in the presence of reagents facilitating esterification (such as an acidic catalyst) and/or under conditions favoring esterification (such as by conducting the reaction under conditions where the water formed in the esterification is removed, e.g. by distillation). Methods of esterification of phenolic hydroxyl groups are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0123]    Suitable acids for the formation of pharmaceutically acceptable esters are the C 2-6  alkanoic acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, and the like), benzoic acid, arylalkanoic acids (phenylacetic acid, and the like); though many other acids are suitable for the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable esters, and a person of ordinary skill in the art will have no difficulty in choosing a suitable acid. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 5 
     Pharmaceutical Formulations 
       [0124]    Compositions of Compounds of this Invention. 
         [0125]    The compounds of this invention, as mentioned previously, are desirably administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Suitable pharmaceutical compositions, and the method of preparing them, are well-known to persons of ordinary skill in the art and are described in such treatises as  Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,  A. Gennaro, ed., 20th edition, Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. 
         [0126]    Representative compositions are as follows: 
       Oral Tablet Formulation 
       [0127]    An oral tablet formulation of a compound of this invention is prepared as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Compound of this invention 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Starch 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 86.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0128]    The ingredients are mixed to homogeneity, then granulated with the aid of water, and the granulates dried. The granulate is then compressed into tablets sized to give a suitable dose of the compound. The tablet is optionally coated by applying a suspension of a film forming agent (e.g. hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), pigment (e.g. titanium dioxide), and plasticizer (e.g. diethyl phthalate), and drying the film by evaporation of the solvent. The film coat may comprise, for example, 2-6% of the tablet weight. 
       Oral Capsule Formulation 
       [0129]    The granulate from the previous section of this Example is filled into hard gelatin capsules of a size suitable to the intended dose. The capsule is banded for sealing, if desired. 
       Softgel Formulation 
       [0130]    A softgel formulation is prepared as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Compound of this invention 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 400 
                 80.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0131]    The compound is dissolved or dispersed in the polyethylene glycol, and a thickening agent added if required. A quantity of the formulation sufficient to provide the desired dose of the compound is then filled into softgels. 
       Parenteral Formulation 
       [0132]    A parenteral formulation is prepared as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Compound of this invention 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Normal saline 
                 99.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0133]    The compound is dissolved in the saline, and the resulting solution is sterilized and filled into vials, ampoules, and prefilled syringes, as appropriate. 
       Controlled-Release Oral Formulation 
       [0134]    A sustained release formulation may be prepared by the method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,384, as follows: 
         [0135]    One Kg of a compound of this invention is coated in a modified Uni-Glatt powder coater with Dow Type 10 ethyl cellulose. The spraying solution is an 8% solution of the ethyl cellulose in 90% acetone to 10% ethanol. Castor oil is added as plasticizer in an amount equal to 20% of the ethyl cellulose present. The spraying conditions are as follows: 1) speed, 1 liter/hour; 2) flap, 10-15%; 3) inlet temperature, 50° C., 4) outlet temperature, 30° C., 5) percent of coating, 17%. The coated compound is sieved to particle sizes between 74 and 210 microns. Attention is paid to ensure a good mix of particles of different sizes within that range. Four hundred mg of the coated particles are mixed with 100 mg of starch and the mixture is compressed in a hand press to 1.5 tons to produce a 500 mg controlled release tablet. 
       EXAMPLE 6 
     No Release Inhibition by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl  Compounds 
       [0136]    The purpose of this experiment was to screen compounds 3, 4, 21, 26, 51, 52, 66, and 78 for their ability to inhibit Nitric oxide release from microglia. Previous experiments demonstrated the ability of some compounds to inhibit NO release from LPS/IFNγ stimulated microglia. EOC 13.31 microglia cells were plated into 96 well plates for 24 hours. Confluent cells were treated with 50 μM of the bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds either with or without stimulation at 1 pg/ml LPS, and 1 ng/ml IFNγ. NO release was measured at 24 hours using the Griess reaction which is a spectrophotometric measure of NO release (reagents from Promega). 
         [0000]                                                        TABLE 1                   Inhibition of NO release from microglia exposed to LPS/IFNγ       treated with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds                Compound   Compound and               Only   LPS/IFNγ   % inhibition                        Media control   1.0979   18.6224   —        3   1.0417   9.5299   48.8%        4   0.8660   1.0417   94.4%       21   −0.0417   15.3486   17.6%       26   0.0000   14.8384   20.3%       51   1.2500   20.6633   −11.0%        52   −0.0417   16.2840   12.6%       66   0.8333   15.4762   16.9%       78   1.1667   18.7925   −0.9%       L-NAME*   1.4512   6.9568   62.6%               *L-NAME (nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) is a positive control for NO inhibition            
NO was not detected in cells not exposed to LPS/IFNγ. Exposure of cells only to 1 mg/ml LPS and 1 ng/ml IFNγ induced NO release to 18.6 uM. Concurrent treatment with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compound inhibited NO release as set out in table 2. Bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds 3, 4 and 26 were very effective inhibitors of NO release by LPS/IFNγ stimulated microglial cells. Specifically compound 4 caused a significant, (p&lt;0.001) 94.4% inhibition.
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Inhibition of NO release from microglia 
               
               
                 exposed to LPS/IFNγ treated with bis- and 
               
               
                 tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 % Inhibition of NO 
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 release 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3 
                 48.8% 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 94.4% 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 17.6% 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 20.3% 
               
               
                   
                 51 
                  −11% 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 12.6% 
               
               
                   
                 66 
                 16.9% 
               
               
                   
                 78 
                 −0.9% 
               
               
                   
                 L-name (+control) 
                 62.6% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 7 
     Inhibition of NO Release by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl  Compounds 
       [0137]    In this experiment, additional bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds were screened for their ability to inhibit nitric oxide release from microglial cells. Microglial cells stimulated with LPS/IFNγ release nitric oxide. Previous experiments suggest some bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds block NO release. This is a continuation of screening experiments. EOC 13.31 microglial cells were plated into 96 well plates. At 24 hours and at confluency, cells were treated with 10 μg/ml LPS/10 ng/ml IFNγ+50 uM bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. NO release was measured by using the Griess reaction at 48 hours and is shown in Table 3. 
         [0000]                                                TABLE 3                   NO release from microglia                    Avgerage %       Compound   μM NO release   Inhibition                    Untreated   3.782   —       67   10.579   60.85       63   23.193   14.16       61   21.285   21.22       23   23.394   13.42       19   25.828   4.41       9   26.299   2.66       8   25.265   6.49       1   22.038   18.43       L-NAME*   2.288   91.53       LPS   27.019   —       Untreated   4.782   —       77   24.398   12.06       58   26.605   4.10       75   23.343   15.86       57   23.756   14.37       12   18.976   31.60       76   23.745   14.41       73   2.301   91.71       85   23.445   15.49       3   1.000   96.40       LPS   27.743               *Positive control            
From this experiment, 3, 12, 61, 67 and 73 were compounds that demonstrated the most dramatic effect. L-NAME treated cells appeared exactly like cells that weren&#39;t exposed to LPS/IFNγ. Compounds 3, 12, 61, 67 and 73 were effective inhibitors of NO release by LPS/IFNγ stimulated microglia.
 
       EXAMPLE 8 
     Dose Response Inhibition of NO Release from Microglia by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds 
       [0138]    This experiment was designed to determine dose response inhibition of NO release from microglia by bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds when stimulated with LPS/IFNγ. Earlier experiments demonstrated that some bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds are good inhibitors of NO release from microglia. This experiment is designed to determine a dose response for various bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. Microglial cells were plated into 96 well plates at 1×10 5  cells/ml. At 48 hours, media was exchanged for media containing 10 ng/ml IFNγ and 10 μg/ml LPS and the following compounds 3, 4, 21, 26 and the positive control L-NAME were used. The doses tested were: 0.75 μM, 1.56 μM, 3.125 μM, 6.25 μM, 12.5 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM. Nitric oxide release was measured after 48 hours using the Griess reaction. 
         [0000]                                                                TABLE 4                   Dose response                    Dose   Average   Avg %           Compound   μm   μM NO release   Inhibition                            3   LPS   19.792   —               0.75   21.563   −8.947               1.56   19.792   0.000               3.125   19.635   0.789               6.25   18.333   7.368               12.5   18.490   6.579               25   16.875   14.737               50   10.417   47.368               100   7.448   62.368               200   6.510   67.105           4   LPS   24.323   —               0.75   27.011   −11.054               1.56   23.709   2.525               3.125   22.829   6.143               6.25   15.521   36.188               12.5   4.208   82.698               25   3.357   86.197               50   3.292   86.467               100   4.333   82.184               200   6.000   75.332           21   LPS   19.792   —               0.75   22.865   −15.526               1.56   21.094   −6.579               3.125   20.990   −6.053               6.25   20.156   −1.842               12.5   18.802   5.000               25   19.219   2.895               50   17.083   13.684               100   13.125   33.684               200   6.094   69.211           26   LPS   24.323   —               0.75   24.756   −1.780               1.56   22.865   5.996               3.125   22.917   5.782               6.25   24.219   0.428               12.5   21.875   10.064               25   21.875   10.064               50   19.531   19.700               100   18.594   23.555               200   13.490   44.540           L-name   LPS   22.292   —               0.75   23.542   −5.607               1.56   22.448   −0.701               3.125   21.563   3.271               6.25   19.583   12.150               12.5   16.615   25.467               25   13.594   39.019               50   9.531   57.243               100   6.292   71.776               200   4.500   79.813                        
Compounds 3, 4, 21, and to a lesser extent 26 were effective inhibitors of NO release. At the highest concentration tested (200 μM), compounds 3, 4, and 21 inhibited NO release by 67%, 75%, and 69% respectively.
 
       EXAMPLE 9 
     Dose Response Inhibition of NO Release from Microglia by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds 
       [0139]    This experiment was designed to determine the dose response inhibition of NO release from microglia by bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds when stimulated with LPS/IFNγ. Earlier experiments have demonostrated that some bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds are good inhibitors of NO release from microglia. This experiment is designed to determine a dose response for various effective bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. Microglial cells were plated into 96 well plates at 1×10 5  cells/ml. At 48 hours, media was exchanged for media containing 10 ng/ml IFNγ and 10 μg/ml LPS and the following compounds 3, 4, 21, 26 and the positive control L-NAME. The doses tested were: 0.5 μM, 1.0 μM, 5.0 μM, 10 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 250 μM, and 500 μM. Nitric oxide release was measured after 48 hours using the Griess reaction. 
         [0000]                                            TABLE 5                   Dose Response                Average % Inhibition                            Compound 21               0.5   −0.76%           1   1.01%           5   0.76%           10   −1.27%           25   4.82%           50   13.19%           100   35.25%           250   83.51%           500   80.28%           Compound 26           0.5   −4.06%           1   0.51%           5   −4.31%           10   −1.01%           25   6.85%           50   6.59%           100   16.23%           250   35.25%           500   99.51%           Compound 67           0.5   −2.75%           1   1.50%           5   −0.75%           10   −12.74%           25   −5.50%           50   −9.24%           100   15.99%           250   44.35%           500   76.91%           Compound 73           0.5   12.74           1   16.49           5   1.50           10   1.75           25   0.75           50   0.25           100   32.98           250   45.27           500   72.34           L-name   —           0.5   24.74           1   29.19           5   38.81           10   40.07           25   65.03           50   80.53           100   81.74           250   94.02           500   96.73                        
All of the compounds tested were effective inhibitors of NO release. At the highest concentration tested (500 μM), compounds 26, 67, and 73 inhibited NO release by 99%, 76%, and 72% respectively. Compound 21 was most effective at the 250 μM dose.
 
       EXAMPLE 10 
     Inhibition of NO Release from Microglia following Pretreatment with Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds 
       [0140]    This experiment was designed to determine if pretreatment for 24 hours with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds changes NO inhibition previously observed with concurrent exposure of bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds. Previous screens demonstrated significant inhibition by different bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds of LPS/IFNγ induced nitric oxide release by microglial cells. This study seeks to determine if pretreatment with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds increases NO release inhibition. EOC 13.31 microglia cells were plated at 1×10 6  cells/ml in 96 well plates. After 48 hours, confluent cells were exposed to 50 μM compound (stock 10 mM in DMSO) prepared in fresh cell culture media. After 24 hours, 10 μg/ml LPS and 10 ng/ml IFNγ was added to wells directly without a media change. Cells were incubated for a further 48 hours and nitric oxide release was measured using the Griess Reaction. 
         [0000]                                                TABLE 6                   Pretreatment and inhibition of NO release                50 uM Compound   Average % Inhibition                            4   100.00%           73   100.00%           57   100.00%           77   96.85%           85   94.94%           21   83.88%           19-2    82.93%           63   82.08%           52   79.97%           3   79.87%           76   76.28%           58   72.48%           67   65.63%           78   65.52%           66   64.26%           51-S1   60.14%           75   59.62%           51   56.03%           L-NAME*   100.00%           LPS/IFN   —                       *Positive control            
Pretreatment with bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds significantly inhibited NO release. All of the compounds tested showed inhibition of NO release by at least 55%. Specifically, compounds 4, 73, 57, 77, 85, 21, 19, 63, 52, 3, and 76 showed greater than 75% inhibition of NO release following pretreatment.
 
       EXAMPLE 11 
     TNF-A Inhibition by Bis- and Tris-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds 
       [0141]    This experiment was designed to determine if bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds inhibit TNF-α release from microglia immunostimulated with LPS and IFNγ. Previous experiments demonstrated signficant TNF-α release from microglia stimulated with LPS and IFNγ. Also, bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compound&#39;s ability to inhibit NO release strongly supports their interference with the inflammatory cascade and utlimately inhibition of inflammation. Microglia cells were plated at 1×10 cells/ml into 96 well plates. At day three, they were treated with 50 μM bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compound for 1 hour and then exposed to 10 μg/ml LPS+10 ng/ml IFNγ for 24 hours. 10 μl of media was removed and stored at −80° C. until TNF-α ELISA assays were performed. Samples were diluted 1:50 before running the TNF-α ELISA (kit commercially available from Sigma). 
         [0000]                                  TABLE 7                   TNF-α release from microglia treated with bis-       and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds and       10 ug LPS and 10 ng IFNγ                Compound   Average % Inhibition                       No LPS   —           51-1   −14.64%           51-4   −16.24%           51-S1   −11.55%           51-S3   −9.64%           51-S4   −0.48%           51-S5   55.05%           51-S6   −0.27%           51-S7   −13.53%           51-S8   −21.83%           51-S9   44.58%            3-2   29.41%            4-3   89.89%           73   −45.90%           67   −19.65%           12   17.20%           LPS   —           No LPS   —           61   −9.32           26   −16.82            1   −17.26           21-2   −23.18           66-2   −13.70           75   1.86           85   −16.77           76-2   −9.81           57   −3.89           63   −9.48           23   −19.18           52   −23.18           77-1   2.58            8-1   92.47           19-2   9.42           58   −12.60           LPS   —                       *S numbers indicate analogs and numerals after dashes indicate synthetic batch numbers.            
Dexamethasone, the positive control, demonstrated 72.4% inhibition. Some of the bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds like 51-S5 (55% inhibition), 51-59 (44% inhibition), 4-3 (89% inhibition) and 8-1 (92% inhibition) were good inhibitors of TNF-α release indicating that the compounds are also good inhibitors of the inflammatory cascade.
 
       EXAMPLE 12 
     Ranking of NO Release Inhibition 
       [0142]    The bis- and tris-dihydroxyaryl compounds were ranked in order of effectiveness for the inhibition of NO release as set out in Table 8. 
         [0000]                                                TABLE 8                   Ranking of effectiveness of compounds for       the inhibition of NO release.                Compound   % Inhibition at 50 μM                            4   94           8   92           67   61           12   32           3   30           61   21           26   20           1   18           21   18           66   17           75   16           85   16           76   14           57   14           63   14           23   13           52   13           77   12           19   4           58   4           9   3           73   2           78   −1           L-NAME   92                        
The present invention is not limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.