Abstract:
The invention disclosed herein is to a device to assist in the determination of the presence and type of dyskinesia in a patient. The device includes a sensor, removably attachable to a patient&#39;s body, such as on a limb or torso, the sensor being capable of detecting 3-D motion. Data generated by the sensor is transferred to and retained in a data retention means. A processing means is included to process the generated data, along with a look-up table of processed data for already known dyskinesia conditions for comparison, The processing means employs an evolutionary algorithm in the classification of the data. Output means display the diagnosed condition to a user.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a device to determine the presence and type of dyskinesia exhibited by a patient. The device can be worn by the patient without interrupting their daily routine. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Clinical Management of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesia (LID) is one of the most challenging problems in the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). One of the main issues is that patients and clinicians frequently fail to document in detail when dyskinesias are occurring and hence attempts to alter medications may not be well-informed and lead to little improvement, or even worsening of the problem. 
         [0003]    Inaccurate recording of dyskinesias may occur for a number of reasons. Firstly, there are several sub-types of dyskinesia e.g. choreiform movements occurring at peak dose, dystonia occurring with trough doses and diphasic dyskinesia that occurs both when plasma drug doses rise and also as they fall. This makes it very difficult for physicians, and certainly for patients, to document the character and timing of each symptom in detail. For example, peak dose dyskinesia may rook similar to PD tremor—both are involuntary movements—but the former is due to high drug levels (on) and the latter to sub-therapeutic levels (off). Incorrect labelling of an involuntary movement may lead therefore to inadvertent worsening of the problem if the medication doses are adjusted in the wrong direction. Furthermore patients with advanced PD may move quickly from an off tremor state to an on dyskinetic state, further complicating this issue. 
         [0004]    Second, even if the patient and/or clinician correctly recognise different types of dyskinesia they rarely are able to document the timing of these periods accurately for prolonged periods without considerable interruption to the patient&#39;s daily activities. If the timing of symptoms is not known, the treating physician will have difficulty deciding which particular doses need to be altered. Some patients are able to meticulously document their symptoms themselves for several days to help the physician but this is clearly rather onerous and an electronic device that is able to record this information would be much easier for the patient, and more accurate for the physician. If the dyskinesias are particularly troublesome and attempts to manage them as an outpatient are not succeeding, patients may need to be admitted to the ward for detailed monitoring. This involves a specialist nurse, or a junior doctor, assessing the patient every hour or so and recording this information on a chart for the consultant to then use to guide treatment decisions. This is clearly an expensive and time consuming method but may be the only way to manage patients with complicated symptoms and drug regimes. 
         [0005]    Third, it is important to highlight that drug regimes in PD are rarely straightforward by the time dyskinesias have become problematic—i.e. typically patients will be on 2 or more types of drugs—usually a levodopa based drug (such as Sinemet or Stalveo) which may be taken 3 to 6 (or even 10 in advanced disease) times a day and a dopamine agonist drug (such as Pramipexole or Ropinerole) typically taken 1-4 times a day so the statement that physicians may simply alter the drug depending on the dyskinesia is an over simplification. Typically patients will have periods of dyskinesia when on, alternating with periods of being off. The medications given prior to the periods of peak dose dyskinesia will need to be lowered or the frequency of doses reduced, and those given prior to the period of being off will need to be raised. This is clearly quite a delicate task when up to 10 doses of medications are being used over a 24 hours period, and accurate recording of exactly when dyskinesia is occurring is of paramount importance. 
         [0006]    Fourth, technological methods for recording paroxysmal symptoms are used in other areas of neurology (e.g. video telemetry for patients with epilepsy) and medicine (Hotter monitor recording for paroxysmal arrhythmias in cardiology) but currently there is no equivalent method for dyskinesia in Parkinson&#39;s disease. This is surprising since PD is a fairly common condition, affecting approximately 1% of those aged over 60 years old: and dyskinesias develop in approximately 40% of PD patients taking levodopa for 4-6 years and in almost 90% of those treated for 10 years. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    According to the invention there is provided a device to determine the extent of dyskinesia in a subject, the device comprising a sensor, removably attachable to a subject&#39;s limb, torso or head, said sensor including a first detector to detect 3-D motion, 
         [0008]    data retention means to retain data generated by the detector; 
         [0009]    transfer means to transfer said data to the data retention means; 
         [0010]    processing means, to process the data in the data retention means and clarify said processed data; 
         [0011]    output means to display the diagnosed condition to a user; 
         [0012]    wherein the processing means employs an evolutionary algorithm in the classification of said data and comparison with a known dyskinesia condition. 
         [0013]    The device allows constant monitoring of a subject to take place, without the need for a clinician to be present, and for accurate analysis to be rapidly made of the subject&#39;s condition. This represents a time saving for the clinician, and can also, due to the non-invasive nature of a sensor causes less distress to the subject. 
         [0014]    Conveniently, the first motion detector comprises one or more accelerometers to provide 3-D motion data. 
         [0015]    Preferably the device includes a second motion detector to detect pitch, roll and yaw of the device. 
         [0016]    Conveniently, the device includes a further motion detector to measure position data further conveniently the position data is determined with reference to Cartesian co-ordinates, which position data can be processed by the processing means to yield velocity and/or acceleration data. 
         [0017]    Preferably the transfer means is a wireless transmission means to a remote data retention means which allows for a smaller device to be worn by the user, said device not having to include processing elements and also allowing for a subject to be assessed whilst at home, with data being processed centrally at a hospital or clinic. 
         [0018]    Advantageously, the device comprises a plurality of sensors. 
         [0019]    Preferably, the or each sensor obtains data readings at a rate of from 10-200 Hz, and especially preferably at around 100 Hz. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
         [0020]    The invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawing which shows by way of example only, one embodiment of a device. In the drawing: 
           [0021]      FIG. 1  illustrates the sampling and processing of data from a subject. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0022]    Although Parkinson&#39;s disease can be treated through the oral administration of the drug Levodopa, it is very important that the dose administered be the correct one. Both a deficiency and an excess of Levodopa can result in the patient suffering unwanted effects. The situation is complicated by a number of factors. Firstly, there is the general concern as to whether the patient, who may well be in a confused state of mind, is taking the prescribed medication correctly. Second, the effects of a wrong dosage can very often, especially to the untrained eye be indistinguishable from one another. It is certainty not unknown, for example, for individuals whose Levodopa levels were too high, to be misdiagnosed with the opposite problem and given additional doses of the drug and for patients with too low a level to have the drug withheld. 
         [0023]    Often the only way of assessing accurately the state of a patient is for dose monitoring in a hospital under the detailed supervision of a qualified physician. 
         [0024]    The present invention provides a device for monitoring the movement of a patient which device includes a means for effectively determining the symptoms displayed by the patient and also of clarifying said symptoms to provide an assessment of the patient. This then enables the correct treatment to be carried out to address the second of the above problems and in many instances avoid the first problem. 
         [0025]    The invention contemplates in its broadest aspect a device for determining dyskinesia, including the type of dyskinesia being exhibited by a patient. The type of dyskinesia is related to Levels of Levodopa within the patient&#39;s body. A device, or plurality of devices records the movements of the subject under investigation. The movements are then analysed for given markers which are indicative of the particular dyskinesia type. 
         [0026]    In one embodiment of the invention, the subject patient wears a number, typically eight sensors, about their limbs, and also attached to their head and trunk. These record the direction, velocity, or acceleration of the limb. Data can thus be collected on a continuous and automatic basis without discomfort to the subject, who can be in their normal environment, and also without the need for a medical practitioner to be present to observe the subject. 
         [0027]    As illustrated with respect to  FIG. 1 , the sensors are wireless accelerometer gyroscopes which are small enough to be strapped to and worn by the subject. Attachment to the patient can be by conventional means, such as Velcro™. The sensors include six measuring means to measure movement in three mutually perpendicular directions x, y, z along with pitch, roll and yaw, (i.e. rotation about each of those three directions). Data is sampled in accordance with a timing mechanism within the sensor at a rate of about 100 Hz. Other data collection rates can be contemplated such as 10, 20, 60 Hz, along with 120, 150, 200 Hz etc. The skilled person will make the decision as to the rate to use based on the desired accuracy and the memory capacity available for the data. Increasing the amount of data seat wilt usually require a greater data storage capacity. 
         [0028]    Any data which needs to be transmitted can be sent via, for example, Bluetooth to a Smartphone. Alternative means can of course be employed, if analysis means are not included with each sensor then processing can be carried out remotely. 
         [0029]    An example of processed data is as follows. Firstly, speed data on the movement of an individual sensor can be obtained from accelerometer derived data or other position data, from the application of geometry. So for example, the distance d moved during two different data sampling times (t-1) and t, is d=sqr[(x t −x t-1 ) 2 +(y t −y t-1 ) 2 +(z t −z t-1 ) 2 ], where x, y and z are expressed in Cartesian co-ordinates, This translates to a speed of d/Δt where Δt is the time between t and t-1. For a sampling rate of 100 Hz Δt will be 0.01 s. 
         [0030]    In addition angular rotation can be assigned with value: abs(roll t −roll t-1 )+abs (pitch t −pitch t-1 )+abs (yaw t −yaw t-1 ) where abs indicates the operator, ‘take absolute value’. 
         [0031]    Once calculated the speed data is presented to an analyser means to determine the type of dyskinesia being exhibited by the subject. 
         [0032]    The analyser means employs an evolutionary analysis methodology as disclosed in GB 1100794.5 in order to aid in the decision making process. As such an initial training stage for the decision making process is used in which data from each device is passed to and processed by the methodology to predict one of the five conditions previously set down in the methodology, and is detailed below. Again as further conditions are identified, these can be included in the methodology. 
         [0033]    The algorithm underlying the evolutionary analysis is executed a number of times. Each execution produces one or more classifiers. An ensemble classifier is then created by selecting a subset of maximally-diverse classifiers from those found during all executions of the evolutionary algorithm. This selection of maximal-diversity can be achieved either by (i) carrying out different runs of the evolutionary algorithm on different subsets of the data or 
         [0034]    (ii) by post-hoc analysis, where the behaviour of each classifier is explicitly measured and those with minimal behavioural overlap are chosen for the ensemble. Behaviour, in this sense, can either be the differential response of the classifier to different subsets of the data, or the classifier&#39;s ability to recognise particular patterns within the data. 
         [0035]    In addition, angular rotation data is similarly processed through a second evolutionary analysis methodology and again the results compared with previously set down conditions to provide an assessment of the subject. 
         [0036]    The data from the speed and the angular rotation classifier can be combined together in an ensemble classifier analysis methodology to yield higher accuracy in reaching a conclusion. In addition, an artificial biological network (ABN) can be employed in combination with the evolutionary algorithm and an ensemble classifier. 
         [0037]    One means of producing classifications to which the results of analysed data can be fitted, and which in particular can be used in the training stage of the analysis methodology, involves using one or more trained clinicians to carry out the assessment. For example, the clinicians can assign a value of, for example, 1-4 against each of several types of different dyskinesia it will be recognised that a broader value range can be used, although the difficulty in assessing which of a then narrower value to assign would increase. For example, the four categories which could be used are 1) minimal, 2) mild, 3) moderate, 4) severe/incapacitating. As examples of overt dyskinesia which can be classified in this manner are a) choreiform dyskinesia, b) dystonic dyskinesia, c) other dyskinesia, d) tremor, bradyskinesia. Again, it will be recognised that other dyskinesias can also be characterised as will be apparent to the skilled person. Moreover, the difference between dyskinesia (involving the side effect of the medication Levodopa) and the symptoms of Parkinson&#39;s Disease. 
         [0038]    Once an evolutionary Algorithm has been tried to recognise dyskinesia, such as bradykinesia (the main symptom of Parkinson&#39;s Disease, a slowing of movement) and Parkinsonian rest tremor, the evolved expression is examined to identify those common aspects of all the subject patient&#39;s movement disorders that contributed most to the expression. A second evolutionary algorithm can be trained on those specific aspects to evolve a yet more discriminating expression. 
         [0039]    It will of course be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific details described herein, which are given by way of example only, and that various modifications and alterations are possible within the scope of the invention.