Abstract:
Methods and systems for collecting high-density wind velocity data for the inflow area of a wind turbine are presented. Wind turbines are provided with one or more wind velocity sensors that provide a plurality of wind velocity measurements to the turbine from various ranges and locations across the inflow. Sensors are proximate to the wind turbine. Sensors mounted on the turbine&#39;s nacelle work collaboratively to provide the wind velocity measurements. Sensors mounted on the turbine&#39;s hub spin with the turbine blades. Spatial and temporal wind mapping provides improved fidelity of data to the wind turbine control system.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The disclosure relates to forecasting wind velocities and in particular to using laser Doppler velocimeters to forecast high-density wind velocities for wind turbine control. 
         [0002]    Wind turbines harness the energy of the wind to rotate turbine blades. The blade rotation is used to generate electric power. However, because wind velocities constantly change, using a wind turbine or multiple wind turbines in a wind farm to generate a constant power supply requires adapting the operation of the wind turbine to the changing conditions of the wind. Additionally, the operation of a wind turbine may also need to be adapted in order to protect the turbine from damage from severe gusts of wind. 
         [0003]    Wind turbines may be adaptively controlled using a turbine-mounted wind velocity sensor whose output informs a control system to modify the operation of the turbine. In response to an output of a wind velocity sensor, a wind turbine nacelle may be rotated into or out of alignment with the wind, thereby modifying the yaw of the turbine. The individual blades of the turbine may also be angled in response to the strength or speed of the wind, thus modifying the pitch of the turbine blades. Yaw and pitch control are crucial to the efficient and safe operation of a wind turbine. As wind turbines increase in size, other aerodynamic devices (such as flaps and tabs) will be used to maintain desired performance and avoid over stressing the blades and other components. 
         [0004]    One example of a turbine-mounted wind velocity sensor is a turbine-mounted wind speed laser Doppler velocimeter (“LDV”). A wind speed LDV transmits light to a target region (e.g., into the atmosphere) and receives a portion of that light after it has scattered or reflected from the target region or scatterers in the target region. In atmospheric measurements, the target for this reflection consists of entrained aerosols (resulting in Mie scattering) or the air molecules themselves (resulting in Rayleigh scattering). Using the received portion of scattered or reflected light, the LDV determines the velocity of the target relative to the LDV. 
         [0005]    In greater detail, a wind speed LDV includes a source of coherent light, a beam shaper and one or more telescopes. The telescopes each project a generated beam of light into the target region. The beams strike airborne scatterers (or air molecules) in the target region, resulting in one or more back-reflected or backscattered beams. In a monostatic configuration, a portion of the backscattered beams is collected by the same telescopes which transmitted the beams. The received beams are combined with reference beams in order to detect a Doppler frequency shift from which velocity may be determined. 
         [0006]    An example of an LDV that may be used as a turbine-mounted wind velocity sensor is disclosed in International Application Publication No. WO/2009/134221 (“the &#39;221 publication”), the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The LDV of the &#39;221 application includes a plurality of transceiver telescopes that are remotely located from the LDV coherent light source. 
         [0007]    As disclosed in an embodiment of the &#39;221 publication, the disclosed LDV includes an active lasing medium, such as e.g., an erbium-doped glass fiber amplifier for generating and amplifying a beam of coherent optical energy and a remote optical system coupled to the beam for directing the beam a predetermined distance to a scatterer of radiant energy. The remote optical system includes “n” duplicate transceivers (where n is an integer that may be, for example, one, two or three) for simultaneously measuring n components of velocity along n noncolinear axes. 
         [0008]    Also as disclosed in the &#39;221 application, the optical fiber is used to both generate and wave guide the to-be-transmitted laser beam. A seed laser from the source is amplified and, if desired, pulsed and frequency offset, and then split into n source beams. The n source beams are each delivered to an amplifier assembly that is located within the n transceiver modules, where each of the n transceiver modules also includes a telescope. Amplification of the n source beams occurs at the transceiver modules, just before the n beams are transmitted through the telescope lens to one or more target regions. When the n source beams are conveyed through connecting fibers from the laser source to each of the n telescopes within the respective transceiver modules, the power of each of the n source beams is low enough so as not to introduce non-linear behaviors from the optical fibers. Instead, power amplification occurs in the transceiver module, just before transmission from the telescope. Consequently, fiber non-linear effects are not introduced into the system. 
         [0009]    By using the LDV disclosed in the &#39;221 application, wind velocities may be measured remotely with a high degree of accuracy. Because the source laser is split into n beams, the measurements taken along all of the n axes are simultaneous. Additionally, splitting the source beam into n beams does not necessarily require that the source laser transmit a laser with n times the necessary transmit power, because each of the n beams are subsequently power amplified before transmission. Additionally, the disclosed LDV has no moving parts, and is thus of reduced size and improved durability. Because of the light-weight and non-bulky nature of the LDV, the LDV of the &#39;221 application is ideal for mounting on a wind turbine. 
         [0010]    The advantages of speed and direction measurements from a turbine-mounted wind velocity LDV are described in detail in the &#39;221 application. And while measurements generated by a single turbine-mounted wind velocity LDV are very useful and provide information for general yaw and pitch control of the turbine, more detailed data regarding the wind velocity across the inflowing air mass is necessary in order to more finely control the wind turbines. For example, at any given time, wind velocities may vary with respect to spatial dimensions. In the wind industry vertical spatial variation in the wind is commonly known as shear and is important in relation to both wind turbines and aircraft. Horizontal spatial variation in wind is commonly known as veer. Shear and veer may manifest at any given time and/or together should be accunted for in controlling a wind turbine. For example, the velocity of wind approaching a turbine blade at the apex of its rotation may differ significantly from the velocity of the wind approaching a turbine blade at the bottom of its rotation. Unless this difference is accounted for in the blade controls, there will be asymetric loading of the wind turbine. In order to compensate for the variation in wind velocities, the individual turbine blades on a single turbine are capable of changing pitch independently of each other. However, without sufficient data regarding apatial variations in wind velocities approaching the individual turbine blades, the turbine can not take full advantage of these control capabilities. In order to take advantage of these capabilities in turbine control, the collected wind velocity data must be of a sufficient spatial resolution and density. Methods for measuring high-density wind velocity data are therefore desirable. 
         [0011]    What is needed, then, is a method and system for measuring high-density wind velocity data for accurate wind turbine control. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates a typical wind turbine generator; 
           [0013]      FIGS. 2A-D  illustrate a wind turbine with high-density wind velocity LDV sensors and a method for using the sensors in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed invention; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate a wind turbine with a high-density wind velocity LDV sensor and a method for using the sensor in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed invention; and 
           [0015]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate a wind turbine with high-density wind velocity LDV sensors and a method for using the sensors in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed invention 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    In order to provide the desired high-density wind velocity data for wind turbine control, wind velocities in atmospheric spaces in front of a wind turbine must be sampled at sufficient densities and frequency.  FIG. 1  illustrates this concept. In  FIG. 1 , a wind turbine  10  is illustrated with blades  20  that rotate about a horizontal axis. The turbine includes a tower  30 , a nacelle  40 , a hub  50 , and a plurality of blades  20 . The nacelle  40  sits atop the tower  30  and allows for horizontal rotation or yawing of the turbine  10  so that the turbine  10  aligns with the wind direction. The blades  20  and hub  50  are attached to the nacelle  40  via an axle and together spin about a horizontal axis. The nacelle  40  that contains the drive-train and electric generator does not spin with the blades  20  and hub  50 . The rotation of the blades  20  encompasses a disc-shaped area that extends equally above, below and to the sides of the nacelle  40 . Accurate wind velocity measurements must therefore include measurements in an inflow region  60  in front of and including as much as possible of the disc-shaped area. The measurements are preferably independent of each other and cover locations within the inflow region  60  with sufficient density. 
         [0017]    In order to provide the multiple data measurements in the inflow region  60  of  FIG. 1 , a plurality of wind velocity LDVs, such as those disclosed in the &#39;221 application, are mounted on a turbine. In an embodiment, two wind velocity LDVs  212 ,  214  are mounted on the nacelle  40  of a wind turbine  200 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2A , or in some similar orientation or on some other stationary surface with relation to the wind turbine nacelle  40 . The illustrated wind velocity LDVs  212 ,  214  each have three telescopes that are each oriented to take measurements along different beam paths  215 . As a result, six separate and divergent beam paths  215  extend from the wind turbine  200 , allowing for up to six measurements to be made at any given target plane  220  in front of the turbine  200 . Measurements may be made simultaneously at different target planes  220 . The measurements at known angles to each other may be used to determine three-dimensional wind vectors  240  at each of the target planes  220 . 
         [0018]    In  FIG. 2B , an example configuration of measurement points in a target plane  220  is illustrated. In the example of  FIG. 2B , the top three measurement points are from beams  215  originating from one of the wind velocity LDVs  212 , while the bottom three measurement points are from beams  215  originating from the other of the wind velocity LDVs  214 . If the two wind velocity LDVs  212 ,  214  each operated independently of the other, each would measure three one-dimensional vectors at points representing the vertices of a triangle. The three vectors for each triangle could be used to calculate a three-dimensional wind velocity for a point within the center of each triangle. Thus, one of the wind velocity LDVs  212  would determine a single three-dimensional wind velocity  242  at the target plane  220  (centered in a first triangle  232 ) while the other wind velocity LDV  214  would determine a second single three-dimensional wind velocity  244  at the target plane  220  (centered in a second triangle  234 ). 
         [0019]    However, if the two wind velocity LDVs  212 ,  214  are configured to share data points, then the two sensors  212 ,  214  will generate a total of six data points from which up to 20 different triangles could be formed, each triangle resulting in its own calculated three-dimensional wind velocity.  FIG. 2C  illustrates how the six data points may be used to create three of the possible 20 different triangles  230  and locations of resulting calculated three-dimensional wind vectors  240  for each triangle  230 . The three triangles  230  are illustrated using solid lines. An additional three triangles  250  are illustrated using dashed lines and are differentiated only for ease of visualization. Thus, six different three-dimensional wind velocities  240  could be determined using the triangles  230  illustrated in  FIG. 2C . 
         [0020]      FIG. 2D  illustrates still additional possible triangles  230  derived from the same six data points. If each possible triangle configuration  230  is used, 20 different three-dimensional wind velocities  240  could be determined, with six velocities being near the outer boundary of the target area and an additional 14 velocities being closer to the center of the target area  220 . This high-density real-time wind velocity measurement data is then used to characterize the real time spatial distribution of wind in the inflow and optimize the adjustment of the pitch or other aerodynamic control of, or along, individual turbine blades  20  as they sweep through the inflow according to the respective location of each blade to the measured data. 
         [0021]    Of course, depending on a given application, not all 20 determined wind velocities need be used or even determined. For example, depending on the level of detail required for the blade pitch control of a given turbine, fewer than all 20 possible wind velocity determinations may need to be calculated. For example, if desired, only the six determined wind velocities illustrated in  FIG. 2C  could be used. Other combinations may be used as well. 
         [0022]    The concept exemplified in  FIGS. 2A-D  is not limited to the use of just two three-telescope wind velocity LDVs. Additional sensors may be used to provide additional data points. Alternatively, the sensors may include different numbers of telescopes. For example, a four-telescope system could be used (using either a four-telescope sensor, two two-telescope sensors, four one-telescope sensors, or any combination thereof) to generate four data points and up to four unique triangles with four corresponding three-dimensional wind velocity measurements per target plane  220 . A five telescope system could be used to produce up to ten unique triangles with ten corresponding three-dimensional wind velocity measurements per target plane  220 . A seven telescope system could be used to produce up to 35 unique triangles with 35 corresponding three-dimensional wind velocity measurements per target plane  220 . Combinatorial math is used to determine the maximum number of unique sets of three data points used of the total number of data points. 
         [0023]    Referring again to  FIG. 2A , the data measurements may be made nearly simultaneously (limited by the speed of light) at various target planes  220  that are each at different distances from the wind turbine. In  FIG. 2A , three different target planes  220  are shown. Different numbers of target distances  220  may be used. With a sufficient number of target distances  220 , the high-density wind velocity data can be used to accurately predict wind velocities at the wind turbine  200 . More specifically, accurate predictions may be made of wind condition arrivals with respect to individual blade locations, thus allowing improved individual blade pitch or other aerodynamic control. 
         [0024]    The embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-D  result in a plurality of independently measured wind velocities. No individually-determined wind velocity is dependent upon any other determined wind velocity. The independent measurements result in greater confidence in the resulting wind velocity map determinations. Additionally, for each target plane  220 , wind measurements are made simultaneously. Thus time of measurement is not a variable in comparing wind velocities either across the inflow disc or from any given target plane  220 . 
         [0025]    Another embodiment for providing high-density wind velocity information is illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . In  FIG. 3A , a wind turbine  300  is illustrated with a tower  30 , a nacelle  40 , a hub  50  and a plurality of blades  20 . In this embodiment, a wind velocity LDV  312  is mounted on the rotating hub  50  of the turbine  300 . As a result, the wind velocity LDV  312  spins with the hub  50  and blades  20  scanning the inflow. In this illustration, the LDV  312  includes three telescopes and is oriented so that laser beams  215  are able to take multiple measurements around the sweep at the appropriate radius in one or more target planes  220  in the turbine&#39;s inflow region  60 , as further illustrated in  FIG. 3B . Thus, using just one wind velocity LDV  312 , the wind turbine  300  is provided with a plurality of three-dimensional wind velocity vectors  240  at or near the perimeters of one or more different target planes  220 . 
         [0026]    The amount or density of data that could be collected using turbine  300  is significant. As an example, if the wind velocity LDV  312  on the turbine  300  collects data measurements at a frequency of 12 Hz, and if the turbine blades were spinning with a frequency of 12 revolutions per minute (“RPM”), then the LDV  312  would collect data for up to 60 three-dimensional wind vectors  240  per target distance  220  per revolution. With, for example, three target planes  220  being measured simultaneously, the turbine  300  would receive up to 180 three-dimensional wind vectors  240  per revolution. While data collected at a given target distance  220  will be time-shifted, as indicated by arrow  320  in  FIG. 3B , the data collected for a given angle at multiple target planes  220  is simultaneous. Additionally, every measurement is independent of other measurements. 
         [0027]    In yet another embodiment of mapping wind velocity measurements, measurements are made using wind velocity LDVs that direct lasers and take measurements from the hub along a beam path that is substantially parallel to the span of each turbine blade. An example is illustrated in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . In  FIG. 4A , a plurality of two-telescope wind velocity LDVs  412 ,  414 ,  416  are mounted on the hub  50  of the turbine  400 . Each LDV  412 ,  414 ,  416  corresponds with one of the turbine blades  20 . Therefore, a three-blade turbine  400  would include three two-telescope LDVs  412 ,  414 ,  416 . Each LDV  412 ,  414 ,  416  is mounted so that its telescopes direct a beam  215  in front of and along the major axis of its corresponding turbine blade  20 . Each LDV  412 ,  414 ,  416  then gathers wind measurement data immediately in front of the blade from different target planes  420  along the span length of the blade  20 . For example, measurements may be taken at regular spatial intervals along the length of the blade  20  (e.g., every six feet). Each measurement along the length of a given blade  20  is made simultaneously. Therefore, the turbine  400  is provided with independent and simultaneous wind velocity data for wind that is about to arrive at each individual blade  20 . 
         [0028]    Because wind velocity measurements are made in the area directly in front of each blade  20 , three-dimensional wind vectors are not necessary. In other words, only two telescopes per LDV  412 ,  414 ,  416  need be used. The two telescopes are oriented to project laser beams that are not colinear but that allow the determination of two-dimensional wind velocity vectors  440  for target planes  420  that are directly in front of the corresponding blade  20 . The target planes  420 , of course, rotate with the rotation of the LDVs  412 ,  414 ,  416  and blade  20 . If three-dimensional wind vectors are desired, however, three telescopes per sensor may also be used. 
         [0029]    Wind measurements may be made by the LDVs  412 ,  414 ,  416  as frequently as desired. Thus, at any given moment in time, the wind turbine  400  is provided with detailed incoming wind information for each blade  20 , thereby allowing accurate control of the pitch and other devices of each individual blade  20 . As the sophistication of blade aerodynamic control increases by the use of rapidly responding individual flaps and/or tabs controlled along the length of the blade  20 , this span-wise data is invaluable to optimizing performance and controlling stress and vibration. 
         [0030]    Using one or more of the disclosed embodiments, a high-density wind velocity profile may be collected for a wind turbine. The collection of many wind velocity measurements in the inflow region of a wind turbine allows for the accurate mapping and predicting of wind shear and veer in the measured region. Additionally, statistical analysis of measured wind velocities, shear, and veer can indicate the characteristics of turbulence approaching the turbine. Therefore, not only does the measured data provide information for the control of individual blade pitch for efficient or maximal power generation, but the measured data also provides data for turbulence intensity prediction, thus allowing protective measures to be taken to preserve the integrity of the wind turbine. 
         [0031]    In addition to the high-density measurement embodiments described herein, wind turbines may also be mounted with additional long-range wind velocity LDVs for additional yaw control warning time forecasting and power output prediction. Thus, a wind turbine may include one or more long-range sensors as well as one or more sensors for the collection of high-density inflow data. 
         [0032]    The above description and drawings should only be considered illustrative of embodiments that achieve the features and advantages described herein. Modification and substitutions to specific structures can be made. For example, although the embodiments have been described for use with LDVs, other wind velocity measurement devices that can determine two- and three-dimensional wind vectors may be used. Accordingly, the claimed invention is not to be considered as being limited by the foregoing description and drawings.