Abstract:
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for a multilayer optical articles. A method comprises forming a first multilayer article with a first substrate, first adherent, and second substrate using a first holder and a second holder. The method further comprises forming a second multilayer article with the first multilayer article, a second adherent, and a third substrate using the first holder and second holder to grasp the second multilayer article. After removal of the first and second holders, the first and second adherent maintains the second multilayer article in a posture at which the second multilayer article was held by the first and second holders, wherein the first and second adherent comprise a photopolymer such that the article is capable of storing data in a reflective holographic data storage system.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a pressurized, damping medium-filled shock absorber having an externally located pressure reservoir, a so-called piggyback. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In order to avoid cavitation whilst retaining a large adjustment range and a rapid response time even with large pressure differentials over the main piston, which divides a shock absorber into two damping medium-filled chambers, a compression chamber and a rebound chamber, use is currently made of a principle which is referred to by the applicant as so-called positive pressure build-up or TTX. A pressurized damper with positive pressure build-up always has a pressure greater than zero on both sides of the main piston arranged in the damping cylinder, regardless of what conditions prevail. Pressurization on both sides of the main piston is achieved in that a gas pressurized member, arranged in a pressurization reservoir, pressurizes a damping medium-filled chamber common to both damping chambers to a predetermined pressure. Pressurization of the damping medium in the body of the damper can then be said to occur parallel with the movement, since the pressurized common chamber has a parallel connection to both of the damping chambers. The two damping chambers can be connected to the common chamber by means of a first flow duct between the compression chamber and the common chamber and a second flow duct between the rebound chamber and the common chamber. Two separate adjusting elements are provided in order to adjust the flow in the flow ducts between the respective damping chamber and the pressurized common chamber. Said adjusting elements comprise one or more damping force-generating, one-way valves(s) and a check valve, which opens as soon as the pressure in the common chamber exceeds the pressure in the chamber having the lowest pressure at that particular instant. 
         [0003]    See the applicant&#39;s own patent application EP 1659310 A2, for example, in which a solid piston is used and in which the pressurization reservoir is arranged in a defined space inside the damping cylinder. Arranging the pressurization reservoir in line with the body of the damper results in a long overall length of the damper, and requires a complicated manufacturing process in order to create the flow ducts between the pressurization reservoir and each damping chamber. 
         [0004]    Ohlins TTX system has also been used in a type of damper which has an external reservoir, a so-called “piggyback”. The external reservoir is then arranged outside but connected to the damping cylinder, and the internal damping medium-filled volume of the damping cylinder is connected to the interior of the reservoir via ducts defined by separate adjusting elements. 
         [0005]    Some of these types of damper are designed to be capable of absorbing rapid movements and heavy impacts, caused by the nature of the running surface with its stones, holes and large irregularities. The limitation of the TTX principle in this type of damper lies in the area of the flow ducts and their capacity to transmit a sufficiently large flow of damping medium. In the prior art this limitation is solved by allowing a flow over the main piston in the event of large pressure differentials. The flow of damping medium is therefore parallel in the event of small pressure differentials and linear in the event of large pressure differentials, which means that in order to modify the damping characteristic of the shock absorber, adjustments need to be made to at least two adjustment points in order to adjust both the high-speed and the low-speed damping. In addition, it has proved difficult to fully control the pressure balance in a damper having two adjustment points. Further disadvantages are that a complete modification of the damping characteristic requires dismantling of the damper, whilst the pressure in the pressurizing reservoir has to be adjusted and balanced with the pressure in the damping chambers. 
         [0006]    Another known solution is disclosed in the patent EP 1505315, which describes a damper having an external reservoir in which the damping chambers are separated from one another by a main piston, which at certain pressure differentials over the main piston allows a flow through the main piston. The damper also has two separate adjusting valves, designed to adjust the flow in flow ducts extending between the respective damping chamber and a pressurized damping medium-filled chamber in the external reservoir. Under a compression stroke, the compression chamber is pressurized via a first adjusting valve to a pressure that prevails in an external pressurization vessel, so as to prevent a negative pressure in the chamber. Under a rebound stroke the second adjusting valve is used to adjust the damping characteristic. In this damper also, a flow is allowed over the main piston and the ducts that extend between the valves and the respective damping chamber are only adjusted to the flow that prevails at small to medium damping speeds. 
         [0007]    With a TTX damper having a solid main piston, like that in EP 1659310 A2, all the damping medium subjected to the area of the main piston acting on the damping medium is forced through the respective flow duct. Adjustment of the damping characteristic is then simplified in that only the externally located adjusting elements/the valves are used for this adjustment. This means, however, that the ratio between the area of the main piston and the area of the flow ducts becomes critical for the flow of damping medium through the valves. In addition, it is desirable, in order to ensure that a positive pressure prevails in the damping chambers and to obtain the same valve characteristic in both valves, that one and the same pressure should act on both of the valves without introducing unnecessary restrictions into the shock absorber. 
         [0008]    In order to produce a compact TTX damper, valves having a smaller diameter/area than the diameter/area of the main piston are used. Since the area of the valve is smaller than the area of the solid main piston, this means that a restriction nevertheless has to be introduced into the system somewhere or other. 
         [0009]    Creating a restriction of the damping medium flow in a vehicle damper having a positive pressure build-up and a solid main piston, without a turbulent flow occurring, has proved to be a problem. 
         [0010]    There can also be a problem, when using a valve diameter smaller than the diameter of the main piston, in that the variation in the rate of flow via the damping ducts needs to be so great that disturbances and fluctuations can occur during movement of the oil. Valve resonance can also occur, which can lead to jarring and an impaired damping function. 
         [0011]    It can moreover be difficult to solve these problems without the damper assuming excessive dimensions, especially in a longitudinal direction, that is to say from fixing point to fixing point. 
       OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The object of the present invention is to solve the problem of creating a uniform pressurization of two valves arranged in a shock absorber having a solid main piston, so as to ensure a positive pressure in the damping chambers without a turbulent flow, valve resonance or oil fluctuation occurring. 
         [0013]    A further object of the invention is to solve this problem in a way that provides a simple, short damper of inexpensive design construction. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The invention relates to a hydraulic shock absorber which comprises a solid main piston fixed to an upper part of a piston rod. The main piston is designed to slide in a damping cylinder parallel to the movement generated when the shock absorber is subjected to a compression or a rebound stroke. The main piston divides the damping cylinder into a first damping chamber containing the piston rod and a second damping chamber which does not contain the piston rod. No damping medium can pass via the solid main piston. Arranged around the damping cylinder is an outer tube, which is defined at its first end by a first fixing element having an inner surface facing towards the second damping chamber, and at its other end by a second fixing element. The upper fixing element preferably takes the form of a cylinder head and is intended to be fastened to a vehicle chassis, for example a motor cycle, a car or some other vehicle, and the lower fixing element preferably takes the form of an end eye and is intended to be fixed to a wheel, a ski or a runner. 
         [0015]    The shock absorber also comprises a pressurization reservoir, comprising a moving piston on which a force acts so that a damping medium-filled reserve chamber arranged in the reservoir is pressurized. The pressurization reservoir is connected to the first fixing element but is arranged outside the outer tube. For example, the pressurization reservoir may be arranged parallel to the damping cylinder and the outer tube, or it may have an angular offset between the damping cylinder and the reservoir in a horizontal and/or vertical direction. Two separate, adjustable valves are designed to generate a damping force acting in opposition to the stroke movement by restricting a damping medium flow between the damping chambers. 
         [0016]    A fourth defined chamber is arranged in the first fixing element. This chamber is hydraulically connected via separate flow paths to both the first and the second damping chamber and the pressurized damping medium-filled reservoir chamber. This fourth chamber may be said to be a chamber common to the two damping chambers, since it is connected to both of the damping chambers. Since the common fourth chamber is connected to the pressurized damping medium-filled reservoir chamber, said chamber is at the same pressure as the reservoir chamber and no unnecessary restrictions are introduced into the system. The pressure in the reservoir chamber is always greater than zero, which means that the pressure in the damping chambers is also always greater than zero. 
         [0017]    In a first embodiment two first and second flow ducts connected to the flow paths are arranged in the first fixing element. The adjustable valves are located in the first and second flow ducts at a certain distance from the inner surface of the first fixing element. The flow ducts have a first flow-restricting area dependent upon the flow duct diameter, which is between 10 and 20% of the area of the main piston. This area ratio means that the flow ducts partially restrict the damping medium flow but are at the same time large enough to substantially prevent a turbulent flow through the adjustable valves at main piston speeds of less than 0.5 m/s. 
         [0018]    The flow ducts have the same duct diameter over their entire extent in a longitudinal direction between the inner surface of the fixing element and the position where the adjustable valves are located in the flow ducts. The adjustable valves, however, are located in the flow ducts in a first and a second valve chamber having a diameter which is greater than the diameter of the flow ducts. Because the flow ducts also have a longitudinal extent, even the disturbances in the oil induced by the restriction will be damped out and the flow will become substantially laminar or transient again before it reaches the valves. Since the main piston is solid, all damping force is generated by the adjustable valves. 
         [0019]    The valves are designed to comprise a valve core having ducts extending through the core, in which the ducts are defined by leaf valves in the form of thin disks, so-called shims, arranged on either side of the core. When a flow caused by the movements of the main piston creates such a high pressure in the ducts passing through the valve core that a force is generated which exceeds the opposing force of the shims, the shims are bent and a flow is permitted in the through-ducts between the two sides of the valve core. In the valve chambers where the adjustable valves are located in the flow ducts, the valve chamber diameter largely coincides with the outside diameter of the valve core. 
         [0020]    The flow ducts are connected together by a through-passage, which also extends from the interior of the pressurization reservoir. Owing to the connection to the pressurization reservoir, the passage is pressurized with a pressure and can therefore be described as the chamber common to both of the damping chambers. When the two adjustable valves are also connected to one another via the through passage, one and the same pressure prevails in the valve chambers and on the first side of the valve core. Because the same pressure prevails at both of the valve cores, both of the valves always react equally rapidly to a change in pressure, whilst valve resonance is easier to prevent. In addition, the external dimensions can be minimized since the valves are located so close together. 
         [0021]    The invention will be described in more detail below, with reference to the drawings attached. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  shows a pressurized shock absorber according to a first embodiment of the invention 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  shows an enlarged view of the valves arranged in the first fixing element 
           [0024]      FIG. 3   a  shows an enlarged view of a first embodiment of the first fixing element 
           [0025]      FIG. 3   b  shows an enlarged view of the rebound duct arranged in the first embodiment of the fixing element 
           [0026]      FIG. 3   c  shows an enlarged view of the compression duct arranged in the first embodiment of the fixing element 
           [0027]      FIG. 4   a  shows an enlarged view of a second embodiment of the first fixing element 
           [0028]      FIG. 4   b  shows an enlarged view of the rebound duct arranged in the second embodiment of the fixing element 
           [0029]      FIG. 4   c  shows an enlarged view of the compression duct arranged in the second embodiment of the fixing element 
           [0030]      FIG. 5   a  shows an enlarged view of a third embodiment of the first fixing element 
           [0031]      FIG. 5   b  shows an enlarged view of both the rebound and the compression duct arranged in the third embodiment of the fixing element. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0032]      FIG. 1  shows a hydraulic shock absorber  1 , which comprises a solid main piston  2  fixed to an upper part of a piston rod  3  and designed to slide in a damping cylinder  4 . The term solid piston head implies that the piston does not allow any damping medium to pass through but is intended to compress or push in front of it all the damping medium on which the area of the piston acts during a movement. The damping cylinder  4  is defined by the main piston  2  in a first damping chamber R, containing the piston rod  3  and a second damping chamber C which does not contain the piston rod  3 . Arranged around the damping cylinder  4  is an outer tube  5  having a diameter greater than the damping cylinder, so that a gap is created between the damping cylinder  2  and the outer tube  5 . The outer tube  5  is defined at its first end  5   a  by a first fixing element  6  having an inner surface  6   a , which adjoins the second damping chamber C, and at its other end  5   b  by a sealing assembly  25 . A second fixing element  7  is fastened to the other end of the piston rod. The first fixing element  6  preferably takes the form of a cylinder head and is intended to be fastened to a vehicle chassis (not shown), for example a motor cycle, a car or some other vehicle, and the second fixing element  7  preferably takes the form of an end eye or end ring and is intended to be fixed to a wheel, a ski or a runner (not shown). 
         [0033]    A spring  17  is also located around the outer tube  5 . The spring is held between the second fixing element  7  and a spring washer  18 , which is firmly threaded onto the outer leg  5 . A damping rubber part, a so-called bump-stop, is arranged on the second fixing element  7 , in order to prevent metal-to metal contact occurring between the damping cylinder  4  and the second fixing element  7  when the shock absorber  1  is subjected to such a large force that it is fully compressed. 
         [0034]    The shock absorber  1  also comprises a pressurization reservoir  8  with a reservoir chamber PC connected to the cylinder head  6  but arranged outside the outer tube  5 . The pressurization reservoir  8  is divided into a damping medium-filled volume by a reservoir piston  19 , acting on which is a force generated, for example, by a spring or a compressible medium, such as a gas. This force pressurizes the damping medium volume in the reservoir chamber PC, so that the pressure in the damping medium volume is at least equal pressure P 1 . The reservoir chamber may also be pressurized through the introduction of a rubber bladder (not shown) defined in relation to the reservoir chamber PC and filled with the compressible medium. In  FIG. 1  the reservoir  8  is located at an angle of approximately 120 degrees to the outer tube. The location of the reservoir  8  will depend on what type of vehicle the damper is to be seated on and then primarily on what space is available for locating the damper. For example, the pressurization reservoir  8  may also be arranged parallel to the damping cylinder  4  and the outer tube  5 , or it may have an angular offset between the damping cylinder  4  and the reservoir  8  in a horizontal and/or vertical direction. See also  FIGS. 3   a - 3   c.    
         [0035]    The pressurization reservoir  8  also pressurizes a fourth defined chamber  9  common to both of the damping chambers C, R to a certain basic pressure that coincides with the pressure P 1 . The common chamber is hydraulically connected to the first and the second damping chamber by separate flow paths  15   a ,  15   b . Two separate adjustable valves  10 ,  11 , are arranged between the common chamber  9  and each damping chamber C, R in the valve chambers  10   a ,  11   a , in order to generate damping force through restriction of a damping medium flow between the damping chambers C, R when the damper is subjected to a compression or a rebound stroke causing the main piston  2  to assume a certain speed. In  FIG. 1  the compression direction is drawn in with a dashed arrow and the rebound direction with a solid arrow. 
         [0036]    The adjustable valves  10 ,  11  are arranged between the common chamber  9  and the respective damping chamber C, R in the separate flow paths  15   a ,  15   b . The first flow path  15   a  extends between the second damping chamber C and the common chamber  9  and the second flow path  15   b  extends between the first damping chamber R, via the gap arranged between the damping tube  2  and the outer tube  5 . The first flow path  15   a  can therefore be said to coincide wholly or partially with a first flow-restricting duct  16   a  and the terminating portion of the second flow path  15   b , which opens into the common chamber  9 , may be termed a second flow-restricting duct  16   b . Both the first and the second flow-restricting ducts  16   a ,  16   b  are arranged in the first fixing element  6 . In the valve chambers  10   a ,  11   a  where the valves  10 ,  11  are located, the diameter of the flow ducts  16   a ,  16   b  increases to a diameter that substantially coincides with an outside diameter of a valve core  12  arranged in the valves, see  FIG. 2 . 
         [0037]    When the damper operates in either stroke direction, compression or rebound, the main piston  2  moves in the damping cylinder  3  and in this way creates a pressure differential in the damping chambers C, R. The pressure differentials create a damping medium flow which in a compression stroke is led in a first loop S 1  from the compression chamber C via the flow duct  16   a , through the compression valve  10 , to the common chamber  9 , out through a check valve in the rebound valve  11 , via the flow path  15   b  to the rebound chamber R. See the dashed arrows in  FIG. 1 . The oil that is displaced by the piston rod  2  or the additional volume that is caused by thermal expansion of the oil is taken up by the reservoir  8 . In a rebound stroke the damping medium is led in a second loop S 2  corresponding to the first loop, but in the opposite direction, see the solid arrows in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0038]    The valves  10  and  11  are shown in more detail in  FIG. 2 . The valves  10 ,  11  are of identical design and have a valve core  12  with ducts  12   a ,  12   b  extending through the core  12 , the ducts being defined by flexible leaf valves  13 , so-called shims, and the ducts  12   b  being defined by a rigid leaf valve or a disk  14 . The two types of leaf valves are arranged on either side of the piston  12 . The rigid leaf valve  14  is pressed by a spring  26  against one side of the core  12 . Also incorporated in the valve body is a conical leakage flow-determining valve  22 , arranged in a leakage flow duct  23 , the position of which in the valve body is adjustable from outside the damper via an adjusting wheel  24 . The side of the valve core  12  where the flexible leaf valves  13  are arranged adjoins the valve chambers  10   a / 11   a  and the opposite side of the valve core adjoins the first and second flow ducts  16   a / 16   b  in the first fixing element  6 . The damping characteristics of the valve are adjusted by varying the number of shims  13  or by adjusting the bleed aperture in the leakage flow duct  23 . The number of shims and the size of the bleed aperture may naturally vary for the compression or rebound valve. 
         [0039]    When a flow caused by the movements of the main piston  2  creates such a high pressure in the ducts  12   a ,  12   b  passing through the valve core  12  that a force is generated which exceeds the opposing force  13  of the shims, the shims are bent and a flow is permitted in the through-ducts between the two sides of the valve core  12 . The compression flow has here been drawn in with solid arrows and the return flow with dashed arrows. When only small pressure differentials prevail over the main piston  2  and a small flow must pass through the valves  10 ,  11 , this passes via the leakage flow-determining valve  22 . 
         [0040]    The flow ducts  16   a ,  16   b  are connected together by a first through-passage  20 , which is also connected to a second passage  21  (see  FIG. 1 ), which runs from the interior of the pressurization reservoir  8 . The passage  20  basically opens out on the first side of the valve core where the flexible leaf valve  13  is arranged. The connection to the pressurization reservoir means that the passage  20  together with the valve chambers  10   a  and  11   a  can therefore be designated as the chamber  9  common to the two damping chambers. 
         [0041]    The first through-passage  20  then also connects the valves  10  and  11  together, so that one and the same pressure prevails in the valve chambers  10   a  and  11   a . This pressure substantially coincides with the pressure in the pressurization reservoir. Because the length of the second passage  21 , which runs from the interior of the pressurization reservoir, is the same for both of the valves, this ensures that the valves always react equally rapidly to a change in pressure. A restriction in the form of a duct always leads to a certain damping of the damping medium flow, which means that the pressure is built up with a certain delay. A further advantage in connecting the two valve chambers  10   a  and  11   a  together is that the external dimensions can be minimized, since the valves are located parallel to one another and a minimal distance apart. 
         [0042]    Since the main piston  2  is solid, all damping force is generated by the respective valve  10 ,  11 . The valves  10 ,  11  are located in the first and second flow ducts  16   a ,  16   b  at a certain minimum distance x from the inner surface  6   a  of the first fixing element  6 . The flow ducts  16   a ,  16   b  have a first area dependent upon the duct diameter D c  which partially restricts the damping medium flow but is large enough to substantially prevent a turbulent flow through the adjustable valves  10 ,  11  in the case of main piston speeds of less than 0.5 m/s. The turbulent flow is prevented in that the first area selected for the flow ducts is between 10 and 20% of the area of the main piston. 
         [0043]    Selecting this ratio between the areas means that the Reynolds number does not exceed 4000 and the flow through the ducts is kept laminar and transient up to main piston speeds of 0.5 m/s, which is the normal operating range for the damper. At piston speeds in excess of 0.5 m/s a turbulent flow in the ducts is not as critical, since a greater damping in the valves is then in most cases required in order to avoid under-damping resulting in undamped oscillations. 
         [0044]    A reduction in area as described above increases the speed of flow of the oil by a factor corresponding to the ratio between the area of the main piston  2  and that of the valve duct  16   a ,  16   b . As the speed of flow increases, this affects the dynamics of the damper in that the influence of the inertial forces contributing to the flow characteristics of the oil increases. Since the oil flows faster in the ducts  16   a ,  16   b , the acceleration of the damping medium in the damping cylinder  4  is lower than the acceleration in the ducts  16   a ,  16   b . This inertial force affects the dynamics in the form of hysteresis under large strokes and in the event of turning situations with high accelerations. By arranging the flow ducts  16   a ,  16   b  with a certain predetermined first flow area in the first fixing element  6 , use is made of the inertial forces in the ducts in order to introduce an artificial and controlled hysteresis into the damping characteristic. 
         [0045]    Because the flow ducts  16   a ,  16   n  also have a longitudinal extent x, even the disturbances in the oil induced by the restriction will be damped out and the flows will become substantially laminar or transient again before they reach the valves  10 ,  11 . 
         [0046]      FIGS. 3   a ,  4   a  and  5   a  show three different embodiments of the first fixing element  6 , which preferably takes the form of a cylinder head. 
         [0047]      FIGS. 3   b  and  3   c  show the first embodiment  3   a , shown in  FIG. 3   a , of the cylinder head  6  in a cross-sectional view through the respective flow duct  16   a ,  16   b .  FIG. 3   b  shows a cross section through the duct  16   a  which connects the rebound chamber R to the common chamber  9 .  FIG. 3   a  shows a cross section through the duct  16   b , which connects the compression chamber C to the common chamber  9 . The passage  20  extending between the valves  5  can also be seen from the figures.  FIG. 3   b  also shows the damping tube  5  and the main piston  2 . The main piston  2  has a diameter D p  and the flow duct  16   a  has a diameter D c . The ratio between the first flow duct area and the main piston area (πD c   2 /4/πD p   2 /4) is preferably between 10 and 20%. 
         [0048]      FIG. 4   a  shows the second embodiment  3   b  of the cylinder head  6  in a cross section through the respective flow duct  16   a ,  16   b .  FIG. 4   c  shows a cross section through the duct  16   a , which connects the rebound chamber R to the common chamber  9 .  FIG. 4   b  shows a cross section through the duct  16   b  which connects the compression chamber C to the common chamber  9 . The figures also show the first through-passage  20  extending between the valves. 
         [0049]      FIG. 5   a  shows the third embodiment  3   c  of the cylinder head  6 .  FIG. 5   b  shows a cross section through the two ducts  16   a ,  16   b , which respectively connect the rebound chamber R to the common chamber  9  and the compression chamber C to the common chamber  9 . The figures also show the first through-passage  20  extending between the valves. 
         [0050]    The invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment demonstrated above, but may be modified without departing from the scope of the following patent claims and the idea of the invention.