Abstract:
An imaging system includes an image receiving unit for receiving an input image, and a spatial light modulator. The spatial light modulator is interposed between the image receiving unit and an input image. The spatial light modulator is for selectively modulating the input image such that at least one portion of the input image may be blurred as it passes through the spatial light modulator toward the image receiving unit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to imaging systems, and in particular relates to systems in which images are recorded for electronic processing. 
   Conventional imaging systems in which images are recorded for electronic processing typically involve the use an array of discrete elements for recording portions of the image, such as a charge coupled device (CCD) array, or a CMOS phototransistor array. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , a conventional imaging system  10  may include an array  12  of image recording elements  14 , each of which receives a portion  16  of an image. Devices incorporating such arrays are used for a variety of purposes, including cameras, scanners, monitoring equipment, and robotic vision systems etc. 
   The resolution of the recorded image depends on the number and size of elements in the array. Although high resolution imaging systems are preferred for certain applications requiring detailed images, high resolution imaging systems generally require more time and memory to capture, process, and transfer the images, than required by lower resolution imaging systems. 
   Many images contain a significant amount of detail in some areas, but much less detail in other areas. For example, an image may include a human face in the foreground and a statue and sky in the background. The human face may include a relatively large amount of detail, the statue less, and the sky may include the least amount of detail. Certain processing systems, such as file transfer systems, identify the areas of less detail, and compress the data required to represent the image by identifying large contiguous groups of picture elements that are the same as one another. For example, if a portion of an image includes a large number of picture elements that are repetitious, e.g., blue sky, then a single value is identified as applying to the appropriate number of picture elements, instead of representing each of the identical picture elements with separate but equal values. 
   While such compression algorithms may facilitate certain processing steps such as file transfers, there remains a need to originally capture an image in a more efficient fashion. In particular, there is a need for an imaging system that may selectively obtain high and low resolution data from the same image. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention provides an imaging system for receiving images. The system includes an image receiving unit for receiving an input image, and a spatial light modulator. The spatial light modulator is interposed between the image receiving unit and an input image. The spatial light modulator is for selectively modulating the input image such that at least one portion of the input image may be blurred as it passes through the spatial light modulator toward the image receiving unit. In an embodiment, the spatial light modulator includes an array of birefringent elements, and in another embodiment of the invention, the spatial light modulator includes a liquid crystal cell. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The following description may be further understood with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows an illustrative view of a prior art imaging system; 
       FIG. 2  shows an illustrative view of an imaging system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 3  shows an illustrative view of an imaging system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 4  shows an illustrative view of an imaging system in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 5  shows an illustrative diagrammatic view of the operation of a system of the invention; 
       FIGS. 6–8  show illustrative views of imaging systems in accordance with further embodiments of the invention; 
       FIG. 9  shows an illustrative view of an interferrometric imaging system incorporating an imaging system of the invention; and 
       FIG. 10  shows an illustrative view of a holographic imaging system incorporating an imaging system of the invention. 
   

   The drawings are shown for illustrative purposes and are not to scale. 
   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   A system  20  in accordance with an embodiment of the invention includes an array of birefringent elements  22  fabricated on top of a standard optical detector array  24  (e.g., a CMOS camera or CCD array). By selectively applying voltage to the birefringent elements, the user may effect space-variant filtering functions. Applications include non-mechanical foveation, multi-resolution visual processing, monocular depth perception, and modular volume holography, etc. Foveation relates to an attention-like function that permits a vision system to capture the more interesting aspects of the environment while maintaining low information bandwidth. These functions contribute to the solution of significant problems in robotics and other artificial intelligence applications. 
   Systems of the invention generally simulate the retinal function of the human eye that not only captures images, but also acts as a filter so that more detail is captured in some areas than in other areas. For example, retinal cells with lateral connections edge-enhance, and intensity-equalize the retinal images. Most of these operations contribute to a reduction of visual information from the approximately 250×10 6  retinal detectors (rods and cones) to the approximately 1×10 6  neuronal fibers that comprise the optic nerve. The detectors themselves are distributed in an information-efficient way. Densely distributed cones are found at the fovea, which is a small circular path surrounding the intersection of the retina with the optic axis of the eyeball; this is the area where the optical quality of the retinal images is best, and it also matches the direction of the subject&#39;s gaze. Peripheral retinal areas are more sparsely populated by rods, which are sensitive only to the intensity of the light and not the color. 
   The retinal detector distribution together with eye motion serve as the hardware implementation of the cognitive function of attention. In the top-down form of attention, the gaze is fixed toward the direction where the subject intends to direct his or her attention, and high-resolution imaging is obtained in that area. Low-resolution peripheral vision serves bottom-up attention, which allows subjects to redirect their cognitive resources to new objects of interest. 
   Attention is Nature&#39;s solution to a computational dilemma—it reduces the degrees of freedom of sensory signals so as to maintain at any given instant in time the most important information. The mechanism of visual attention in humans is not completely understood, but the physiology of the retina strongly supports the hypothesis that the sensory architecture of the human visual system is well tuned to attentional processing. This observation strongly suggests that attention-like mechanisms might enhance the computational capabilities of computers in contexts such as robotics and combinatorial algorithms. In short, attention algorithms make more efficient use of the hardware capabilities of a given computational structure. 
   Attention has been implemented in artificial systems in the past, predominantly in silicon retinas, which mimic the human retina in a number of functions, including tremendous dynamic range, the ability to foveate and to perform simple image processing functions such as edge extraction and tracking. Silicon detectors with variable resolution have also been implemented. Fabrication constraints, however, dictate that the resolution varies in steps, whereas in the human retina the resolution degradation is continuous from the fovea outward. The present invention provides a system that permits the implementation of arbitrarily variable resolution across the aperture of an imaging system, and allows the shift of the attentional focus to be implemented non-mechanically, which reduces the failure probability and maintenance costs and may also be beneficial for certain applications, such as security monitoring. In addition to the general-purpose attentional mechanisms discussed above, systems of the invention may be used for other related applications such as monocular depth perception, nonlinear image processing, and real-time image filter-banks. Also, systems of the invention may be used to permit selective blurring in areas specified by an image compression algorithm 
   With reference again to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , a system of the invention includes an array  22  of tunable birefringent cells superimposed over an array  24  of optical detectors. Liquid crystal cells may be used for the tunable birefringent cell array (TBCA). Examples of optical detector arrays are CCD arrays and CMOS photo-transistor arrays. Assuming that the illumination is incoherent, the function of the device in a relatively simplified form is described as follows: Each ray, e.g.,  26   a – 26   g , that enters the device splits into two parts by virtue of the phenomenon of double refraction at the interface between air and the first-layer birefringent cell that finds itself in the path of that ray. The first split part, e.g.,  28 , known as ordinary beam, propagates undeviated through the cell to the associated detector cell. The second part, e.g.,  30 , referred to as extra-ordinary beam, splits apart from the ordinary beam, and is deflected by an amount that depends on the birefringent characteristics of the material. In particular, the angle of deflection of the extra-ordinary beam is set by the indices of refraction along the principal axes of the material, and the orientation of the system of principal axes. In electro-optic materials, such as liquid crystals, the principal axes change their orientation in response to externally-applied electric fields. In the disclosed device, the amount of deflection of the extra-ordinary ray is set individually in each cell by voltages applied to transparent electrodes attached to the cells. Therefore, the invention allows the user to specify variable amounts of deviation across the field of view of the device such that a certain area, e.g., the area indicated at  32 , may record image data with a higher resolution than that of the remaining portions of the device. Moreover, certain of the birefringent cells may be turned off, so that only one beam (the ordinary beam) is passed through the cells as shown, for example, at  34  in  FIG. 2 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 3 , in another embodiment of a system  40  of the invention, multiple arrays of birefringent elements  42 ,  44  may be employed. Upon exiting the array  42 , the ordinary beams, e.g,  46 , and extra-ordinary beams, e.g.,  48 , encounter one or more further arrays such as array  44  of similar tunable birefringent cell arrangements, each effecting further splitting of the original ray into another ordinary beam, e.g.,  50 , and extra-ordinary beam, e.g.,  52 . By selecting the cell axes to be in the appropriate orientations, multiple splitting may occur in-plane, as shown in  FIG. 3 , as well as in the perpendicular direction. 
   Upon exiting the m th  layer of an m-layer stack, the optical power contained in each entering ray is split into N parts where 2≦N≦2 m . If the angular deviations are sufficiently large, then each of the extraordinary beams is incident on a different cell of the detector array. This diffusion of optical power among neighboring cells is equivalent to a low-pass filtering (blurring) operation effected by the tunable birefringent elements. 
   The operation of the tunable birefringent cell array (TBCA) filter is described as follows. If f(x,y) denote the image that would have formed on the detector array by a regular imaging system, i.e., in the absence of the TBCA, then x, and y are the coordinates of the detector array plane, and are recorded at the coordinates x j , y j  of the center of the j th  pixel (j=1 . . . P, where P is the total number of pixels on the detector array). For example, in many commercial CCD cameras P=640×480=307,200. Each TBCA layer introduces a spill-over of some pixel energy from pixel (x j , y j ) to one or more neighboring pixels (x j+p , y j+q ) in the next layer, where p, and q are integers that depend on the state of the (x j , y j ) cell at the original layer. The overall operation of the multi-layer TBCA&#39;s is then described as a linear filtering operation as follows:
 
 g ( x,y )=∫∫ f ( x′,y′ ) h ( x,y;x′,y′ ) dx′dy′ 
 
where g(x,y) is the actual filtered image forming on the detector plane, and h(x,y;x′,y′) is a shift variant kernal defined by the TBCA. Note that if all of the cells within each layer are set to the same birefringent state, then the filter becomes shift-invariant, and the above equation becomes a convolution. A significant benefit of the present invention is that it enables the implementation of arbitrary, not necessarily shift-invariant filters that may be adapted in real time to perform real-time image processing operations. For incoherent illumination, however, the class of implementable filters is limited to positive definite operators, i.e., h(x,y;x′,y′) is constrained to be a positive-definite operator. Coherent illumination, on the other hand, permits the implementation of additional further general complex-valued filters.
 
   The above filter essentially provides a method for adaptively interconnecting pixels of the same image, and is believed to provide benefits (such as cost benefits) over electronic interconnects that may implement shift-variant filters. Optical interconnects using holograms have also been used extensively in research and offer extremely high interconnect capacity and adaptability. Such adaptive operation, however, generally comes at the expense of optical power because the diffraction efficiency of holograms is typically well below 100%. Real-time holography hardware is also relatively bulky, sensitive to vibration, and expensive to realize in industrial or outdoors environments. 
   The implementations discussed above have been discrete, where splitting is controlled by individual birefringent cells. A continuous implementation may offer advantages by eliminating sampling artifacts and allowing smoother filtering operations. As shown in  FIG. 4 , a single large liquid-crystal cell  50  is surrounded by an array of electrodes  52 . By applying individual voltages to the electrodes  52 , an electric field distribution is created in the interior of the cell  50 . The distribution is found by solving Poisson&#39;s equation for the potential in the cell interior, with the electrode voltages as boundary conditions; the inverse problem of determining the electrode voltages that give a particular field distribution inside the cell is more difficult. Once the electric field is established, the liquid crystal molecules reorient themselves in response, leading, for example, to the distribution shown in  FIG. 4  in which the region  54  provides high resolution, the region  56  less, and the remaining portions of the cell  50  the least amount of resolution. This is a continuous (in the space domain) implementation of the shift-variant filter. Note that interesting time dynamics may observed in the scheme as well, due to the typically slower time response of liquid crystals in these configurations. 
   The disclosed invention may be used to implement top-down and bottom-up attention with non-mechanical foveation by implementing the feedback loop shown in  FIG. 5 . Suppose that at a given time instance t, the multi-layer TCBA is implementing a shift variant filter  60  that may be represented as h i (x,y;x′,y′). In this embodiment, the high-resolution information from the attentional focus is interesting to higher-level cognitive processing functions. The top-down attentional algorithm  62  will typically attempt to maintain the focus at its current location or move it according to its own primitives. On the other hand, peripheral information (which is typically at low resolution) often signifies abrupt changes that can be critical for the performance of the robot or its own survival. For example, abrupt motion may signify a sudden threat. Low-level (bottom-up) attentional processing routines  64  evaluate the significance of peripheral information and compete with the top-down routines for the filter function h i+1 (x,y;x′,y′) at the next time step. A controller algorithm  66  synthesizes both processing algorithms  62  and  64 . Interesting dynamics are obtained if the two attentional mechanisms are not returning their results concurrently. 
   Note that the non-mechanical foveating mechanism described herein enables attentional modes that are not available in the visual systems of known species. For example, foveating without motion has the obvious advantage of higher speed as well as stealthiness. Another example is the reallocation of computational resources by varying the shape of the attentional focus, or allowing for multiple foci. For example, as shown in  FIG. 6 , a system  70  in accordance with another embodiment of the invention may provide a relatively small area of high resolution  72 , another area of less resolution  74 , a further area of even less resolution  76 , and the remaining area of the least resolution  78 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , another embodiment  80  of the invention provides a relatively large area of resolution  82 , another area of less resolution  84 , a further area of even less resolution  86 , with the remaining area providing the least amount of resolution  88 . Finally, as shown in  FIG. 8 , a further still embodiment  90  provides multiple foci  92  of high resolution, multiple areas of less resolution  94 , multiple areas of even less resolution  96 , with remaining areas providing the least amount of resolution  98 . 
   The disclosed device may be combined with a depth-sensitive optical system to provide monocular depth perception over an extended field of view. Depth-sensitive optical methods such as chirp-shear interferometry and volume holographic imaging may be developed. In such systems, depth perception is complicated by the lateral content of the images, particularly if the depth variation within the field of view is relatively large. The disclosed invention permits arbitrary allocation and width of the field of view where the depth is measured; the remainder of the system&#39;s natural field of view is blurred, eliminating spurious information. This narrow depth-sensitive focus is then scanned to obtain depth information over the entire natural field of view of the system. An example of a system  100  of the invention employed to provide monocular depth perception in this mode is shown in  FIG. 9  in which the image of a three dimensional object  102  is received through an imaging lens  104  and spatial light modulator  106  prior to being received by a depth-sensitive imaging system such as a chirp shear interferometer  108 . The modulator  106  may provide areas of varying resolution  110 ,  112  and  114  as shown with area  110  proving the highest resolution and the area  114  providing the least resolution respectively. 
   A further application of the invention is the use of the non-mechanical fovea to create an adaptive volume hologram as shown in  FIG. 10  in which volume holographic elements  120  are interspersed with spatial light modulators  122  of the invention. In this case, the preferred method of illumination is with a coherent source. Volume holography has been used for data storage, artificial neural networks, and, recently, for imaging. The information stored in a volume hologram is typically addressed by changing some property of the readout beam, e.g. the angle or location of incidence or the wavelength. Stratified (multi-layered) volume holograms have also been implemented. The non-mechanical fovea may be used to enable a new mode of reading out stratified volume holograms by changing the path of the optical fields as they propagate a multi-layer structure, as shown in  FIG. 10 . In this structure, each volume holographic layer may be considered one stage of processing the information. The intermediate non-mechanical foveas generate coherent superpositions of multiple states of the interaction between the input field and the information stored in the hologram. The resulting structure may lead to powerful new optical processing paradigms, since it is essentially an adaptive volume hologram without the stability and power-consumption requirements of conventional structures. 
   Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous modifications and variations may be made to the above disclosed embodiments without parting from the spirit and scope of the invention.