Abstract:
A method for providing a flat panel display comprising the steps of: providing an anode assembly containing a plurality of pixels; applying a photoresist to a surface of the anode assembly; applying a mask that defines a control frame top surface; exposing the mask to UV radiation and causing the photoresist to cross link at the exposed areas of the photoresist such that the exposed photoresist is inert and does not outgas in a vacuum; removing the unexposed areas of the photoresist to define a pedestal; forming a planarizing layer over the exposed photoresist pedestal; applying a metal layer over the planarizing layer; applying a second photoresist over the metal layer; exposing portions of the second photoresist and removing excess of the metal layer and the planarizing layer to form the metal layer only on top of the exposed photoresist pedestal; and applying nanotube emitters on the metal layer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/724,793, filed Mar. 16, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,663, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference into this application. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This application is generally related to the field of displays and more particularly to flat panel displays using nanotubes and Thin Film Transistor (TFT) technology. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     Flat panel display (FPD) technology is one of the fastest growing display technologies in the world, with a potential to surpass and replace Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) in the foreseeable future. As a result of this growth, a large variety of FPDs exist, which range from very small virtual reality eye tools to large hand-on-the-wall television displays. 
     It is desirable to provide a display device that may be operated in a nanotube configuration, and that exhibits a uniform, enhanced and adjustable brightness with good electric field isolation between pixels. Such a device would be particularly useful as an FPD, such as a low voltage nanotube display, incorporating a nanotube-based electron emission system, a pixel control system, and phosphor based pixels, with or without memory. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A flat panel display comprises an anode assembly including a plurality of electrically addressable pixels and thin-film transistor driver circuits each being electrically coupled to an associated at least one of the pixels; a passivating layer on the thin-film transistor driver circuits and at least partially around the pixels; a conductive control frame disposed on the anode assembly and surrounding each pixel, the conductive control frame including an inert photoresist pedestal layer disposed on the anode assembly, a metal layer disposed on a top surface of the pedestal layer; and an emitter associated with the metal layer, wherein, exciting the conductive control frame and addressing one of the pixels using the associated driver circuit causes the emitter to emit electrons that induce the one of the pixels to emit light. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a method for providing a flat panel display comprising the steps of: providing an anode assembly containing a plurality of pixels; applying a photoresist to a surface of the anode assembly; applying a mask that defines a control frame top surface; exposing the mask to UV radiation and causing the photoresist to cross link at the expose areas of the photoresist such that the exposed photoresist is inert and does not outgas in a vacuum; removing the unexposed areas of the photoresist to define a pedestal; forming a planarizing layer over the exposed photoresist pedestal; applying a metal layer over the planarizing layer; applying a second photoresist over the metal layer; exposing portions of the second photoresist and removing excess of the metal layer and the planarizing layer to form the metal layer only on top of the exposed photoresist pedestal; and applying nanotube emitters on the metal layer. 
     In still another aspect, an article for a flat panel display comprises: a control frame formed by applying a photoresist to a surface of an assembly of pixels; applying a mask that defines the frame top surface; illuminating the mask with ultraviolet (UV) radiation to cross link the photoresist; depositing a metal onto the photoresist; depositing nanotubes onto the metal; and removing any excess metal and photoresist to form the control frame. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       It is to be understood that the accompanying drawings are solely for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and are not drawn to scale. The embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings, and described in the accompanying detailed description, are to be used as illustrative embodiments and should not be construed as the only manner of practicing the invention. Also, the same reference numerals, possibly supplemented with reference characters where appropriate, have been used to identify similar elements. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary display device according to an aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a control frame around each pixel and having a fixed voltage according to an aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a circuit for driving the control frame of  FIG. 2  according to an aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4   a  illustrates a top view of a control frame surrounding a pixel according to aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4   b  illustrates a side view through section A-A of the control frame according to an aspect of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 5   a - 5   i  illustrate schematic side sectional views of various stages of control frame fabrication according to aspects of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 6-7  illustrate operational process flows for fabricating a conductive control frame according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It is to be understood that the figures and description of the present invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, many other elements found in typical FPD systems and methods of making and using the same. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other elements and/or steps are desirable and/or required in implementing the present invention. However, because such elements and steps are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, a discussing of such elements and steps is not provided herein. 
     Before embarking on a more detailed discussion, it is noted that passive matrix displays and active matrix displays are FPDs that are used extensively in various display devices, such as laptop and notebook computers, for example. In a passive matrix display, there is a matrix of solid-state elements in which each element or pixel is selected b applying a potential voltage to a corresponding row and column line that forms the matrix. In an active matrix display, each pixel is further controlled by at least one transistor and a capacitor that is also selected by applying a potential to a corresponding row and column line. Part of the invention lies in the recognition that a TFT-based display device with a control frame disposed thereon exhibits enhanced performance and effects useful for display devices. Electron emission sources may be used with such a frame to form a cold cathode configuration, such as one including edge emitters and/or nanotube emitters. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, a pixel matrix control system having a control frame around each pixel associated with a thin film transistor (TFT) circuit of a display device is used to provide a display characterized as having a good uniformity, adjustable brightness, and a good electric field isolation between pixels, regardless of the type of electron source used. For purposes of completeness, a TFT is a type of field effect transistor made by depositing thin films for the metallic contacts, semiconductor active layer, and dielectric layer. TFT&#39;s are widely used in liquid crystal display (LCD) FPDs. 
     The control frame surrounds the pixel and creates a requisite electric field to direct electrons emitted from the cathode. The TFT is disposed in an inactive area between the pixels (e.g. on an insulating substrate over the respective columns and rows). The control frame can accommodate carbon nanotube electron emission structures, and be suitable for operation at low voltages, such as voltages of less than around 40 volts. In an exemplary configuration, the device operates as a thin nanotube display. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention the electron emitting structures take the form of nanotubes, such as carbon nanotubes. The diameter of a nanotube is typically on the order of a few nanometers. According to an aspect of the present invention, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and/or multiple wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) may be used. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, the control frame includes a plurality of conductors, typically arranged in a matrix having parallel horizontal conductors and parallel vertical conductors. Each pixel is bounded by the intersection of vertical and horizontal conductors, such that the conductors surround the corresponding pixels to the right, left, top and bottom in a matrix fashion. One or more conductive pads are electrically connected to the control frame. The control frame may be fabricated of a metal including, for example, chrome, molybdenum, aluminum (Al) and/or combinations thereof. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, the control frame can be formed using standard lithography, deposition and etching techniques. 
     In one exemplary configuration, conductors parallel to columns and rows are electrically connected together, and a voltage is applied thereto. In another exemplary configuration together, and a voltage is applied thereto. Conductors parallel to the rows are also connected together, with a voltage applied thereto. In yet another exemplary configuration, a voltage is only applied to one of the parallel rows or columns of conductors. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, a vacuum FPD incorporating a TFT circuit may be provided. Associated with each pixel element is a TFT circuit may be provided. Associated with each pixel element is a TFT circuit that is used to selectively address that pixel element in the display. In one configuration the TFT circuit includes first and second active devices electrically cascaded, and a capacitor coupled to an output of the first device and an input of the second device. 
     Referring now to the figures,  FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a TFT anode based FPD  100  according to an aspect of the present invention. In the explemplary embodiment, display  100  is composed of an assembly  110  that includes an anode and that employs TFT circuitry to control the attraction of electrons, and a control frame structure  120  disposed on anode passivation layer  130 . The control frame structure substantially surrounds each of the pixel elements, and in one configuration supports electron emitting nanotubes. In the illustrated embodiment, the pixel metal  140  operates as the anode, which attracts electrons emitted by the frame supported emitters. 
     Assembly  110  includes a plurality of conductive pads  140  fabricated in a matrix of substantially parallel rows and columns on a substrate  150  using conventional fabrication methods. Substrate  150  may be formed of a transparent material, such as glass, or a flexible material (such as a plastic with no internal outgassing) but may be opaque. Substrate  170 , which serves to confine the FPD housing in an evacuated environment may also be made of a transparent (or at least translucent) material, such as glass or flexible material, but alternatively may be opaque. Substrate  170 , which serves to confine the FPD housing in an evacuated environment may also be made of a transparent (or at least translucent) material, such as glass or flexible material, but alternatively may be opaque. Conductive pads  140  may be composed of a transparent conductive material, such as ITO (Indium Titanium Oxide) or non-transparent conductor such as Chrome (Cr), Moly Chrome (MoCr) or aluminum. 
     Deposited on each conductive pad  140  is phosphor layer  180 . Each phosphor layer(s)  180  is selected from materials that emit light  190  of a specific color, wavelength, or range of wavelengths. In a conventional RGB display, phosphor layer  180  is selected from materials that produce red light, green light or blue light when struck by electrons. In the illustrated embodiment, light (i.e., photos) is emitted in the direction of substrate  170  for viewing. If the pixel metal is of a transparent (or translucent) material (such as ITO) rather than opaque, light emissions  190  would be transmitted in both directions of substrates  150  and  170  (rather than being reflected via the pixel metal to substrate  170  only, for example). 
     Incorporated in the TFT circuit are conductive pixel column and row addressing lines associated with each of the corresponding conductive pads  140 . The pixel row and column addressing lines may be substantially perpendicular to one another. Such a matrix organization of conductive pads and phosphor layers allows for X-Y addressing of each of the individual pixel elements in the display as will be understood by those possessing an ordinary skill in the pertinent arts. 
     Associated with each conductive pad  140 /phosphor layer  180  is a TFT circuit  200  that operates to apply an operating voltage to the associated conductive pad  140 /phosphor layer  180  pixel element. TFT circuit  200  is driven via row/column matrix  160  (formed by conductors at right angles) for example, and operates to apply either a first voltage to bias an associated pixel element to maintain it in an “off” state or a second voltage to bias the associated pixel element to maintain it in an “on” state, or any intermediate state. In this illustrated case, conductive pad  140  is inhibited from attracting electrons when in an “off” state, and attracts electrons when in an “on” or any intermediate state. 
     TFT circuitry  200  biasing conductive pad  140  provides for the dual functions of addressing pixel elements and maintaining the pixel elements in a condition to attract electrons for a desired time period, i.e., time-frame or sub-periods of time-frame. 
     Referring now also to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a plan view of a control frame structure  220  suitable for use as control frame structure  120  of  FIG. 1 . Control frame structure  220  includes a plurality of conductors arrange in a rectangular matrix having parallel vertical conductive lines  230  and parallel horizontal conductive lines  240 , respectively. Each pixel  250  of  FIG. 2  (e., pad  140  and phosphor  180  of  FIG. 1 ) is bounded by vertical and horizontal conductors or lines  230 ,  240 , such that the conductors substantially surround each pixel  250  to the right, left, top, and bottom. One or more conductive pads  260  electrically connect conductive frame structure  220  to a conventional power source. In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 2 , four conductive pads  260  are coupled to the conductive lines  230 ,  240  of frame structure  220 . In an exemplary embodiment, each pad  260  is around 100×200 micrometers (microns) in size. 
     In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 2 , control frame structure  220  is formed as metal layer  230 / 240  (referred to hereinafter as  230 ) disposed on an insulating frame pedestal  520  (see e.g.  FIG. 4   b  and  FIG. 5   c ) and above the final passivation layer (e.g.  130 ,  FIG. 1 ). Pads  260  and metal lines that provide the control frame structure  220  remain free from passivation in the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 2 . In an exemplary configuration, the control frame metal layer has a thickness of less than about 7 microns (μm), and a width on the order of about 4-8 microns, although other thickness and widths may be used depending on particular design objectives. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4   a  and  FIG. 4   b , there is shown a portion of the conductive control frame structure  220  of  FIG. 2 , wherein a conductive control frame assembly  430  surrounds a corresponding pixel  250 . The conductive control frame assembly  430  may comprise nanotubes (not shown), which control the electrons that activate the phosphor coating on the pixels. While the conductive control frame assembly  430  is shown as rectangular or square in shape surrounding the pixel it can be of another shape as long as it surrounds the pixel  250  and provides a suitable opening to expose the pixel phosphor. 
     Referring now to the exemplary embodiments of  FIG. 4   a  and  FIG. 4   b , in conjunction with  FIG. 1 , conductive control frame assembly  430  is formed from a negative photoresist coating layer that does not outgas in a vacuum of 10 −5 -10 −7  torr, such as a 7-10 μm thick layer of photoresist  520  ( FIG. 4   b ), spun over assembly  110  ( FIG. 1 ). In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4   b , the layer dimensions of the insulator frame pedestal (resist layer)  520  and metal  230  are of height X equal to about 7-10 μm, and a width of about 4 μm wide. The resist layer  520  may derive from an SU-8 photoresist product (SU-8 is a commercial negative-tone photoresist supplied from MicroChem Corp. of Newton, Mass.). SU-8 resists have high functionality, high optical transparency and are sensitive to UV (including near UV) radiation. SU-8 (formulated in GBL) (gamma butyl rolacetone solvent) and SU-8 2000 (formulated in cycolopentanone) are chemically amplified, epoxy based negative resists. They can be used to provide thickness of 1 μm to 200 μm. As shown schematically in  FIG. 4   b , the conductive control frame including the frame pedestal  520  and frame metal  230  on substrate  150  extends vertically above the height of the pixel  250 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 5   a - 5   i  in conjunction with operational flows of  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  illustrate a series of steps and structures resulting in the formation of a control frame pedestal  520  ( FIG. 5   c ) coated with a metal layer  230  and nanotubes  517  formed by applying photoresist in combination with the aforementioned metal layer and nanotubes. 
     As seen in  FIG. 5   a , layer  502  of SU-8 (e.g. 7-10 μm thick layer) is applied using a spin coat process to the surface  505  of node assembly  110  having an array of pixels  250  ( FIG. 6 , Step  610 ). In a preferred processing operation, the anode assembly  110  and layer  502  are pre-baked at 65° C. for one minute and then at 95° C. for ten minutes ( FIG. 6 , Step  620 ). The pre-baked layer  502  is then exposed to UV radiation  512  ( FIG. 5   a ) for about one minute through an appropriate mask  510  that outlines or defines the intended control frame patters ( FIG. 6 , Steps  630 ,  640 ). After UV exposure, the layer  502  is further baked by ramping the layer temperature from 65° C. to 95° C. for about three minutes. The baked layer  502  is then allowed to cool to ambient temperature ( FIG. 6 , Step  660 ) and the exposed area ( 520   a  of  FIG. 5   a ) is then crosslinked by heating to between 150° C. and 200° C. for between 12 to 15 minutes ( FIG. 6 , Step  670 ). In this manner, the SU-8 pedestal  520  is inert and does not outgas in a vacuum. Following the foregoing bake steps the unexpected SU8 will be removed ( FIG. 6 , Step  680 ), thereby providing for an SU8 pedestal frame  520  surrounding each pixel  250  in the array of pixels (see  FIG. 5   b ). 
     In order to form the assembly illustrated in  FIG. 5   c  having an SU8 pedestal  520  with a metal surface  230  having nanotubes  517  thereon to create the requisite electric field, a planarizing layer of polymide  521  (see  FIG. 5   d ) is applied to the structure of  FIG. 5   b  using a spincast process ( FIG. 7 , Step  710 ) and soft baked at approximately 95° C. ( FIG. 7 , Step  720 ). A metal deposition step ( FIG. 7 , Step  730 ) applies a metal layer (e.g. from about 0.1 micron to about 0.2 micron chromium (CR) or Aluminum (AL) layer)  230  (see  FIG. 5   e ) to the top surface of the polymide layer  521  ( FIG. 5   e ). Following the deposition of the chromium (or aluminum) metal surface  230 , a layer of positive photoresist  516  (see  FIG. 5   f ) is applied using a spin coat process ( FIG. 7 , Step  740 ). After soft baking the positive photoresist, the positive photoresist is exposed using negative of mask  510  ( FIG. 7 , Steps  760 ,  770 ). The positive photoresist is then developed ( FIG. 7 , Step  780 ) such that only the photoresist covering the metal  230  on top of the pedestal  520  remains ( FIG. 5   g ). The metal  230  not covered by the photoresist is then etched b conventional means ( FIG. 7 , Step  790 ) as is well known by those of ordinary skill in the art such that only the metal portion  230  above pedestal  520  remains ( FIG. 7 , Step  792 ) by conventional means as is well known by those of ordinary skill in the art ( FIG. 5   i ). The nanotubes  517  are then applied ( FIG. 7 , Step  794 ) to the control frame using any conventional methodology, such as spraying, growth, electrophoresis, or printing, for example. The nanotubes may take the form of carbon nanotubes, SWNTs or MWNTs for example. 
     The process as illustrated in  FIG. 5  produces the flat panel display illustrated in  FIG. 1  having walls extending a predetermined vertical distance above the plane of the plurality of electrically addressable pixels  250  (see e.g.  FIG. 4   b ); the conductive control frame pedestal  520  surrounding each pixel formed by applying the photoresist layer  502  of SU-8 to the surface of the assembly of pixels; applying mask  510  that outlines or defines the frame top surface; illuminating the mask  510  with UV radiation  512  to cross link the photoresist; depositing a metal layer onto the top surface of the layer  502  and depositing nanotubes  517  onto the metal layer and removing any excess metal and photoresist forms the conductive frame assembly  430 . 
     In operation, a negative voltage (either DC or pulsed) applied to the conductive control frame  220  ( FIG. 2 ) relative to the pixel provides the necessary threshold voltage required to create a field necessary to cause the nanotubes to start emitting electrons. As the voltage on the pixel  250  increases, as a function of the amplitude of the data to be displayed, the nanotubes emit electrons. The emitted electrons follow the field lines and strike the phosphor causing the phosphor to emit light. The light is emitted as electrons associated with the phosphor molecules, which were dislodged from their orbit around the nucleus, by the electrons emitted by the nanotubes, return to their correct position. 
     While the vertical line conductors  230  and horizontal line conductors  240  frame each pixel  250  above the plane of the pixels  250  in the illustrated embodiments (see, e.g.,  FIG. 2 ), other configurations are contemplated, such as where the conductors are disposed in the same plane as the pixels. Further yet, conductors  230 ,  240  may be connected in a number of configurations. For example, in one configuration, all horizontal and vertical conductors are joined together as shown in  FIG. 2  and a voltage is applied to the entire control frame configuration. In another configuration, all horizontal conductors  240  are joined and separately all vertical conductors  230  are joined. In this connection configuration the horizontal conductors  240  and vertical conductors  230  are not electrically interconnected. Thus, a voltage may be applied to the horizontal conductor array, and a separate voltage may be applied to the vertical conductor array. Other configurations are also contemplated, including for example, a configuration of all horizontal conductors only, or a configuration of all vertical conductors only. For example, the control frame may include only metal lines parallel to the columns or only metal lines parallel to the rows. 
     Regardless of the particulars, a DC or pulsed voltage (V TN ) equal to (V PIXEL(low) −(V THN )) may be applied to the frame via pads  260 , where (V THN ) represents the nanotube emitting threshold and V PIXEL(low)  represents the minimum pixel voltage. This voltage may serve to keep the frame supported nanotubes to just below the emitting threshold when the pixel voltage is in it&#39;s “OFF” state. This permits the pixel voltage to transition from the “OFF” state to the “ON” state and all voltages in between to cause in brightness (Gray Scale). 
     The anode (pixel) voltage (V PIXEL ) of each pixel determines the brightness or color intensity of that pixel. By positively biasing the pixel voltage (V PIXEL ) relative to the voltage of the frame, the voltage on that pixel is increased beyond the emitting threshold of the nanotubes (V THN ), such that the frame supported nanotubes in the region around a biased pixel are caused to emit electrons, which are then attracted to the positively biased pixel. In other words, when the voltage applied to the pixel (V PIXEL ) relative to the voltage applied to the control frame nanotubes (V TN ), exceeds the emission threshold voltage (V THN ), electrons are emitted from the nanotubes. The electrons emitted from the nanotubes move the anode (phosphor), thereby causing the phosphor to emit light (V PIXEL −V TN ≧V THN ). The wavelength of the emitted light depends upon the phosphor. The electron flow to the anode (i.e. pixel current) is a function of the pixel voltage, thereby producing an illumination, which is proportional to the amplitude of column data, when the voltage signal applied to the pixel is proportional to the amplitude of the data. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, control of one or more of the TFTs associated with the display device of the present invention may be accomplished using the circuit  300  of  FIG. 3 . Circuit  300  includes first and second transistors  310 ,  330  and capacitor  320  electrically interconnect with a pixel, e.g., pad  140 ,  FIG. 1 . 
     In general, the voltage used to select the row (V ROW ) is equal to the fully “on” voltage of the column (Vc). The row voltage in this case causes the pass transistor  310  to conduct. The resistance of pass transistor  310 , capacitor  320  and the write time of each selected pixel row determines the voltage at the gate of transistor  330 , as compared to Vc. Using a voltage V ROW  higher than the fully “on” voltage (Vc) increases the conduction of transistor  310 , reducing its resistance and resulting in an increase in pixel voltage (V PIXEL ) and enhanced brightness. Thus, the selection voltage for the row may be higher than the highest column voltage, thereby causing transistor  310  to turn on heavily, thereby reducing the associated resistance and providing a greater voltage on the gate of transistor  330 . V ANODE  is the power supply voltage, and may be on the order of about 40V. In such a configuration, V PIXEL LOW  may be on the order of around 6-12 V. 
     While there has been shown, described, and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the apparatus described, in the form and details of the devices disclosed, and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, the control frame described previously may be used with any display which uses electrons generated by any source or charged particles to form an image, such as an a nanotube display, Electrophoretic, or VFD display. As discussed above, it is also understood that the present invention may be applied to flexible displays in order to form an image thereon. 
     It is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated.