Abstract:
In one aspect, a fingerprint sensor device for fingerprint detection includes an array of sensor pixels to capacitively couple with a touched portion of a finger to form an array of fingerprint associated capacitors having capacitive values indicative of a fingerprint. Each sensor pixel includes an output terminal configured to output an output signal that indicates a local capacitive coupling with the touched portion of the finger as part of fingerprint data for fingerprint detection; a capacitive sensing layer including an electrically conductive material that can be capacitively coupled to a local part of the touched portion of the finger, forming a fingerprint associated capacitor, the capacitive sensing layer operable to be coupled to the output terminal to cause the output signal; an integrated circuit layout layer that is electrically conductive; a fingerprint voltage generator; and a layout voltage generator.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a continuation application of international application No. PCT/CN2014/088522, filed on Oct. 13, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entireties. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This patent document relates to sensor pixel circuitry and fingerprint identification. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Various electronic devices or information systems can employ user authentication mechanisms to protect personal data and prevent unauthorized access. User authentication on an electronic device or information system can be carried out through one or multiple forms of personal identification and authentication methods, including one or more biometric identifiers. A biometric identifier can be used alone or in addition to a conventional authentication method, such as a password authentication method. A popular form of biometric identifiers is a person&#39;s fingerprint pattern. A fingerprint sensor can be built into the electronic device to read a user&#39;s fingerprint pattern so that the device can only be unlocked by an authorized user of the device through authentication of the authorized user&#39;s fingerprint pattern. In some implementations, such as fingerprint sensor can include sensor pixel circuitry with pixelated pixel sensor elements for capturing fingerprint patterns for user identification. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    In one aspect, a fingerprint sensor device for fingerprint detection includes an array of sensor pixels configured to capacitively couple with a touched portion of a finger to form an array of fingerprint associated capacitors having capacitive values indicative of a fingerprint. Each sensor pixel includes an output terminal configured to output an output signal that indicates a local capacitive coupling with the touched portion of the finger as part of fingerprint data for fingerprint detection. Each sensor pixel includes a capacitive sensing layer including an electrically conductive material that can be capacitively coupled to a local part of the touched portion of the finger, forming a fingerprint associated capacitor, the capacitive sensing layer operable to be coupled to the output terminal to cause the output signal. Each senor pixel includes an integrated circuit layout layer that is electrically conductive and is capacitively coupled to a ground terminal, forming a layout associated capacitor, the layout layer operable to be coupled to the output terminal. Each sensor pixel includes a fingerprint voltage generator electrically coupled to supply power to the capacitive sensing layer to generate a fingerprint voltage to charge the fingerprint associated capacitor. Each sensor pixel includes a layout voltage generator electrically coupled to supply power to the integrated circuit layout layer to generate a layout voltage to charge the layout associated capacitor. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1A  is a block diagram showing an exemplary fingerprint sensor device. 
           [0006]      FIG. 1B  is a diagram showing an exemplary sensor chip. 
           [0007]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of exemplary sensor pixel circuitry. 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuitry of the sensor pixel circuitry in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0009]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of exemplary sensor pixel circuitry with in-pixel integrator. 
           [0010]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuitry of the sensor pixel circuitry in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0011]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensor pixel circuitry. 
           [0012]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary fingerprint identification system. 
           [0013]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary waveforms of associated signals. 
           [0014]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram of exemplary sensor pixel circuitry and an external electrode according to an embodiment of the present document. 
           [0015]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating waveforms of clock signals according to an embodiment of the present document. 
           [0016]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram illustrating yet another exemplary sensor pixel circuitry to compensate for capacitor mismatch in a fingerprint identification system. 
           [0017]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram illustrating yet another exemplary sensor pixel circuitry to compensate for capacitor mismatch in a fingerprint identification system. 
           [0018]      FIG. 13  is a schematic diagram illustrating yet another exemplary sensor pixel circuitry to compensate for capacitor mismatch in a fingerprint identification system. 
           [0019]      FIG. 14A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary fingerprint identification system for sharing integrators between sensor pixel circuitry. 
           [0020]      FIG. 14B  is a schematic diagram illustrating another exemplary fingerprint identification system for sharing integrators between sensor pixel circuitry. 
           [0021]      FIG. 14C  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary fingerprint identification system for sharing integrators between two sensor pixel circuitry. 
           [0022]      FIG. 14D  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary fingerprint identification system for sharing integrators between two sensor pixel circuitry. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]    Capacitive fingerprint identification devices and systems sense capacitance variations to determine ridges and valleys of a user&#39;s finger. A low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), when present in the capacitive fingerprint identification system, lowers the accuracy of fingerprint identification. One technique for increasing the SNR uses a metal ring to transmit an excitation signal directly to the finger to be identified to enhance the identification accuracy. The metal ring occupies valuable space on a semiconductor layout for the device, which increases product cost and affect appearances of products. 
         [0024]      FIG. 1A  is a block diagram showing an exemplary fingerprint sensor device  1 . The fingerprint sensor device  1  includes a sensor chip  2  disposed over a substrate carrier  4  and a protective film or cover layer  6  disposed over the sensor chip  2 . The protective film or cover layer  6  can include an insulator or dielectric material such as glass, silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), sapphire, plastic, polymer, other substantially similar materials. The protective film or cover layer  6  can be present to protect the sensor chip  2  and potentially function as a part of a dielectric layer between a surface of a finger  8  and conductive sensing electrodes of individual sensor pixels in the sensor chip  2 . The protective film or cover layer  6  is an optional layer depending on the application of the fingerprint sensor device  1 . The fingerprint sensor device  1  can be disposed through an opening of a top cover glass of an electronic device such as a mobile phone or under a top cover glass of the electronic device. When used in the under-the-glass application, the protective film or cover  6  is not needed because the top cover glass of the electronic device will function to protect the sensor chip  2  and act as the dielectric layer. The sensor chip  2  includes an array of sensor pixels that in combination senses or captures fingerprint data from the finger  8  in contact with the protective film or cover layer  6 . Each sensor pixel of the sensor chip  2  generates an output signal (e.g., a voltage) based on a capacitance of a capacitor associated with a ridge or valley of the finger  8 . The output signals when combined represents a fingerprint image of the finger  8 . Higher the number of pixel sensors, greater the resolution of the fingerprint image. 
         [0025]      FIG. 1B  is a diagram showing an exemplary sensor chip  2 . The sensor chip  2  can include a pixelated sensor array  3  which can occupy a significant portion of the sensor chip  2 . Each sensor pixel in the pixelated sensing element array  3  can include a CMOS capacitive sensor or other types of sensors that can sense fingerprint features. The sensor chip  2  can include a signal processing unit  5  for processing signals received from all of the sensor pixels in the pixelated sensor array  3 , and a connection unit  7  electrically coupled to the signal processing unit  5 . The signal processing unit  5  can include various signal processing components including amplifiers, filters, and an analog to digital converter (ADC). The connection unit  7  can include multiple electrodes which can be connected to external circuitry through wire-bonding, bump bonding or other connection means. The connection unit  7  can be disposed along an edge of the sensor chip  2  for the convenience of interfacing with other components of the fingerprint sensor device  1 . 
         [0026]    The array  3  of sensor pixels in the sensor chip  2  can be arranged to have various shapes and sizes. For example, the array  3  of sensor pixels can be arranged to have a rectangular shape with a width of the rectangular shape being larger than a height of the rectangular shape. Exemplary sizes for the rectangular shaped sensor chip can include 24×88, 32×88, 56×88 sensor pixels. In some implementations, the array  3  of sensor pixels in the sensor chip  2  can be arranged to have a square shape. Exemplary sizes for the square shaped sensor chip  2  include 32×32, 64×64, 96×96 and 128×128 sensor pixels. 
         [0027]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensor pixel circuitry  10  according to an embodiment of the disclosed technology. The sensor pixel circuitry  10  corresponds to at least part of the structure within each sensor pixel in the array  3  of sensor pixels. The sensor pixel circuitry  10  includes a capacitive sensing layer  100 , a layout layer  106 , voltage generators  102  and  104 , and switching circuitry such as switching networks  108  and  110 . In some implementations, the circuitry of switching networks  108  and  110  can be implemented using sample-and-hold circuitry. Within each sensor pixel, the capacitive sensing layer  100  can be a conductive layer or electrode layer and can be implemented as one of the opposing sensor plates or electrodes in a capacitor. When disposed opposite to a surface of the finger, the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the surface of the finger (e.g., a ridge or a valley of the finger) form the two opposing plates of a capacitor. The capacitive sensing layer  100  can include a metal layer within an integrated circuitry (IC) layout, which forms a capacitor C 1  with a ground terminal. Over the capacitive sensing layer  100 , a passivation layer (not illustrated in  FIG. 1 ) is usually disposed to cover the capacitive sensing layer  100 , for receiving a touch of a user. The passivation layer can be the protective film or cover layer  6  shown in  FIG. 1A . In some implementations, e.g., under the glass configuration, the passivation layer is a top cover glass of an electronic device that function to protect the sensor chip  2  and act as the dielectric layer. The passivation layer can include insulating materials such as a glass, a sapphire, a plastic or a polymer, etc. 
         [0028]    When a finger of the user approaches the capacitive sensing layer  100 , a capacitance value of the capacitor C 1  varies accordingly. The layout layer  106  can be a poly layer of conductive (e.g., metal) layers utilized for IC layout. The layout layer  106  forms a capacitor Cp 2  with a signal ground terminal. The signal ground terminal is not limited to a system ground terminal with 0 voltage. A terminal or a layout layer receiving a fixed voltage is considered as a signal ground terminal. The capacitor Cp 2  can be a parasitic capacitor between the layout layer  106  and another layout layer, or include a capacitor coupled between the layout layer  106  and the signal ground terminal. The voltage generators  102  and  104  can generate drive voltages V 1  and V 2 . The switching network  108  includes switches S 1  and S 2 . The switches Si and S 2  are connected in series, and the capacitive sensing layer  100  is electrically coupled between the switches S 1  and S 2 . The switching network  110  includes switches S 3  and S 4 . The switches S 3  and S 4  are connected in series, and the layout layer  106  is electrically coupled between the switches S 3  and S 4 . 
         [0029]    The switches S 1  and S 2  can be controlled by a clock signal or other control signals, such that the switching network  108  turns on an electrical connection between the voltage generator  102  and the capacitive sensing layer  100  by switching on the switch S 1  and turns off an electrical connection between the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the output terminal N by switching off the switch S 2  during a first period. During a second period, the switching network  108  turns off the electrical connection between the voltage generator  102  and the capacitive sensing layer  100  by switching off the switch S 1  and turns on the electrical connection between the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the output terminal N by switching on the switch S 2 . Thus, switch S 1  operates as a charging switch and switch S 2  operates as a charge sensing switch to synchronously charge and sense capacitor C 1  associated with the capacitive sensing layer  100  during respective time periods. 
         [0030]    Similarly, the switches S 3  and S 4  can be controlled by a clock signal or other control signals, such that the switching network  110  turns on an electrical connection between the voltage generator  104  and the layout layer  106  by switching on switch S 3  and turns off an electrical connection between the layout layer  106  and the output terminal N by switching off switch S 4  during the first period. During the second period, the switching network  110  turns off the electrical connection between the voltage generator  104  and the layout layer  106  by switching off switch S 3  and turns on the electrical connection between the layout layer  106  and the output terminal N by switching on switch S 4 . Thus, switch S 3  operates as a charging switch and switch S 4  operates as a charge sensing switch to synchronously charge and sense capacitor Cp 2  associated with the integrated circuit layout layer  106  during respective time periods. 
         [0031]    The switching networks  108  and  110  can adequately charge the capacitors C 1  and Cp 2  using the voltage generators  102  and  104 , and output the charging result through the output terminal N to enhance an accuracy of fingerprint identification. In addition, the voltage generators  102  and  104  can vary the voltages generated V 1  and V 2  to enhance the accuracy of fingerprint identification. 
         [0032]    For example, the capacitor C 1  formed between the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the ground terminal can include a parasitic capacitor Cp 1  formed between the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the ground terminal, and a touch sensing capacitor Cf formed when the user&#39;s finger (e.g., a ridge of the finger) is touching the passivation layer over the capacitive sensing layer  100 . The capacitor C 1  represents an equivalent capacitor between the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the ground terminal, which is a combination of the parasitic capacitor Cp 1  and the touch sensing capacitor Cf connected in parallel (i.e., C 1 =Cp 1 +Cf). When the user&#39;s finger is not in contact with the passivation layer over the capacitive sensing layer  100 , the capacitance value of the touch sensing capacitor Cf is substantially 0, and when the user&#39;s finger touches the passivation layer over the capacitive sensing layer  100 , the touching capacitor Cf has a nonzero capacitance value that depends on the spacing from the capacitive sensing layer  100 . Therefore, the capacitance value of the capacitor C 1  varies according to whether the user&#39;s finger touches the passivation layer over the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the local spacing between a location on the touched part of the finger and the layer  100 . When the finger of the user touches the passivation layer over the capacitive sensing layer  100 , the capacitance value of the touch sensing capacitor Cf varies from one part of the finger to another part according to a distance between the portion of the finger (e.g., a ridge of the finger) touching the passivation layer over the capacitive sensing layer  100  and the capacitive sensing layer  100 . This variation in the touch sensing capacitor Cf is captured by the array of sensor pixels and the output of the array of sensor pixels provides a map representing the surface profile of the touched portion of the finger and thus can be used to reconstruct the fingerprint pattern. This reconstruction based on the spatial variation in the touch sensing capacitor Cf can be achieved by the subsequent signal processing circuitry. A fingerprint identification system that implements structures and functions substantially equivalent to the sensor chip  2  in  FIG. 1B  includes a signal processing unit (e.g., substantially similar to the signal processing unit  5  of the sensor chip  2 ) in communication with the sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., substantially similar to the array  3  of sensor pixels) can sense the capacitance variation of the touch sensing capacitor Cf, and determine a location of the capacitive sensing layer  100  corresponds to a ridge or valley of the finger touching the passivation layer over the capacitive sensing layer  100 . 
         [0033]      FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram showing an exemplary circuit equivalent of the sensor pixel circuitry  10 . The switches S 1  through S 4  are controlled by a clock signal to control the on-off states of the switches. The switches S 2  and S 4  are turned off when the switches S 1  and S 3  are turned on, and the switches S 2  and S 4  are turned on when the switches S 1  and S 3  are turned off. During the first period when switches S 1  and S 3  are turned on and switches S 2  and S 4  are turned off, voltage V 1  charges capacitor C 1 , and voltage V 2  charges capacitor Cp 2 . During the second period when switches S 1  and S 3  are turned off and switches S 2  and S 4  are turned on, the capacitor C 1  exchanges electric charges with capacitor Cp 2  to form a resulting voltage Vr at the output terminal N. Moreover, a voltage value of the resulting voltage Vr can be represented using the following equations: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             Vr 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       V 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       1 
                        
                       C 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       V 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       2 
                        
                       Cp 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     C 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     Cp 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Therefore, the sensor pixel circuitry  10  can output the resulting voltage Vr to a signal processing unit of a fingerprint identification system to determine whether the location of the sensor pixel circuitry  10  corresponds to a ridge or a valley of the fingerprint according to the resulting voltage Vr. 
         [0034]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensor pixel circuitry  30  according to an embodiment of the disclosed technology.  FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuitry of the sensor pixel circuitry  30 . The sensor pixel circuitry  30  is substantially similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  10 . Different from the sensor pixel circuitry  10 , the sensor pixel circuitry  30  includes an integrator INT electrically coupled to the output terminal N, for storing the electric charges V 1 *Cf caused by ridges and valleys touching the passivation layer over the capacitance sensing layer  100 . The inclusion of the integrator INT enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The integrator INT includes a reference voltage generator  300 , an amplifier OP, an integrating capacitor Cint and a reset switch Srst. The reference voltage generator  300  can generate a reference voltage Vref. The amplifier OP includes a positive input terminal electrically coupled to the reference voltage generator  300  for receiving the reference voltage Vref, a negative input terminal electrically coupled to the output terminal N for receiving the resulting voltage Vr, and an output terminal for outputting an output voltage Vo. The integrating capacitor Cint and the reset switch Srst are electrically coupled between the negative input terminal of the amplifier OP and the output terminal. 
         [0035]    A capacitance value of the parasitic capacitor Cp 1  within the capacitor C 1  is usually larger than a capacitance value of the touch sensing capacitor Cf, which makes it difficult to identify a variation in the capacitance of the touch sensing capacitor Cf. The voltage value of the reference voltage Vref received by the negative input terminal of the amplifier OP in the sensor pixel circuitry  30  can be adjusted, such that the capacitance variation of the touch sensing capacitor Cf is more prominently identified through the integrator. In some implementations, the reference voltage Vref can be set as the resulting voltage Vr in absence of a finger touch from the user (i.e., Cf=0), which is represented by 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             Vref 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                      
                     Cp 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     V 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     2 
                      
                     Cp 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     2 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     Cp 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     Cp 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    In absence of the finger touch, the total electric charges accumulated by the capacitor C 1  and the capacitor Cp 2  during the first period are larger than Vref*(Cp 1 +Cp 2 ), and there are electric charges to be stored in the integrating capacitor Cint. When the electric charges stored in the integrating capacitor Cint are mostly attributed to the touch sensing capacitor Cf, the output voltage Vo reflects the capacitance value of the touch sensing capacitor Cf more prominently. Adequately designing the reference voltage Vref can reduce or even eliminate the effect of the parasitic capacitor Cp 1  on the determination of the capacitance value of the touch sensing capacitor Cf. 
         [0036]    In various circuitry designs, the capacitance values of the capacitors Cp 1  and Cp 2  may not be easily acquired. In some implementations, when the capacitance values of the capacitors Cp 1 , Cp 2  are assumed to be equal, the reference voltage Vref can be set as Vref=1/2(V 1 +V 2 ). At least one of the voltages V 1 , V 2 , Vref can be generated by the voltage generators  102  and  104 . The reference voltage generator  300  can be adjusted to provide V 1 *Cp 1 +V 2 *Cp 2 =Vref*(Cp 1 +Cp 2 ), which can help to eliminate the capacitance mismatch of the capacitors Cp 1  and Cp 2  caused by the fabrication process. By changing the voltage V 1  generated by the voltage generator  102 , the capacitance mismatch of the capacitors Cp 1  and Cp 2  due to fabrication process can be substantially eliminated. 
         [0037]    In various IC layouts, the capacitors Cp 1  and Cp 2  can be designed to have substantially equal capacitance value, the reference voltage Vref can be set as Vref=1/2(V 1 +V 2 ), and the voltage values of the voltages V 1  and V 2  can be adjusted to substantially eliminate the capacitance mismatch of the capacitors Cp 1  and Cp 2  due to fabrication. 
         [0038]    As described above, by charging the capacitors C 1  and Cp 2  and outputting the charging result through the output terminal N, the sensor pixel circuitry of the disclosed technology can enhance the accuracy of fingerprint identification. Various modifications can be made to the above described sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., array of sensor pixels  3 ) and fingerprint identification system (e.g., sensor chip  2  that includes an array of sensor pixels  3  and a signal processing system  5 ). For example, to substantially eliminate the mismatch of the capacitors Cp 1  and Cp 2 , at least one of the voltages V 1 , V 2 , and Vref generated by the voltage generators  102 ,  104 , and the reference voltage generator  300  can be adjusted. To adjust at least one of the voltages, a digital to analog converter (DAC) can be used to output a variable voltage. For example, in some implementations, the voltage generator  102  can include a DAC, which is controlled to output the voltage V 1  with a variable voltage value. In some implementations, the voltage generator  104  can include a DAC, which is controlled to output the voltage V 2  with a variable voltage value. In some implementations, the reference voltage generator  300  can include a DAC, which is controlled to output the reference voltage Vref with a variable voltage value. 
         [0039]    In addition to the DAC, a switch adjusting mechanism can be provided to generate the controllable or variable voltages V 1  and V 2 .  FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensor pixel circuitry  60  according to an embodiment of the disclosed technology. In one implementation, the sensor pixel circuitry  60  can be substantially similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  30 . The sensor pixel circuitry  60  utilizes electric charge supplying modules  602  and  604  to function as the voltage generators  102  and  104  of the sensor pixel circuitry  30  in  FIGS. 2, 3   4  and  5 . The electric charge supplying module  602  is electrically coupled between the switch S 2  and the capacitive sensing layer  100 . The electric charge supplying module  604  is electrically coupled between the switch S 4  and the layout layer  106 . The electric charge supplying module  602  includes the switches S 11  and S 12  electrically coupled to a voltage V +  and a voltage V − , respectively. Similarly, the electric charge supplying module  604  includes the switches S 31  and S 32  electrically coupled to a voltage V +  and a voltage V − , respectively. By controlling the on-off states of the switches S 11 , S 12 , S 31 , and S 32 , the controllable or variable voltages V 1  and V 2  can be generated to change the amount of electric charge stored in the capacitors C 1  and Cp 2 , and substantially eliminate a capacitance mismatch of the capacitors Cp 1  and Cp 2  due to the fabrication process. 
         [0040]      FIGS. 7 through 8  illustrate exemplary embodiments of a fingerprint identification system using an exemplary sensor pixel array arrangement to detect a presence of a ridge or valley of a finger at a specific location of the single sensor pixel circuitry. Proper arrangement of the sensor pixel circuitry in a fingerprint identification system can assist in identification of a user&#39;s fingerprint. 
         [0041]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary fingerprint identification system  70 . The fingerprint identification system  70  is an implementation of the sensor chip  2  that combines the structures and functions of the array  3  of sensor pixels in electrical communication with the signal processing system  5  as shown in  FIG. 1B . The fingerprint identification system includes an array of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN, corresponding enable switches SW_ 11  through SW_MN, corresponding analog to digital converters ADC_ 1  through ADC_M and a control module  700 . The sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN are arranged in an exemplary array configuration. For example, the array of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN are arranged in M rows and N columns. Each sensor pixel circuitry corresponds to and electrically coupled to an enable switch, and a row of sensor pixel circuitry correspond to and electrically coupled to an analog to digital converter. 
         [0042]    In one example configuration, the group (e.g., row or column) of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_ 1 N are electrically coupled to the analog to a corresponding digital converter ADC_ 1 . Similarly, the group of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 21  through Pix_ 2 N are electrically coupled to the analog to digital converter ADC_ 2 . Remaining groups of sensor pixel circuitry can be similarly electrically coupled to corresponding analog to digital converters. 
         [0043]    The array of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN and the enable switches SW_ 11  through SW_MN are electrically coupled to the control module  700  for receiving control signals generated by the control module  700 . Each sensor pixel circuitry of the array of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN can be substantially similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  30  or  60  or any other configurations described in this patent document. Moreover, output voltages Vo_ 11  through Vo_MN are outputted by the integrators of the sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN. As described below in this patent document, multiple sensor pixel circuitry can share one integrator for various potential advantages including to save layout space and to simplify the design, for example. The operational principles and detail operations of each sensor pixel circuitry in the array of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN can be substantially similar to the description of the sensor pixel circuitry  30  or  60  or any other configurations described in this patent document. 
         [0044]    In the fingerprint identification system  70 , the control module  700  controls the enable switches SW_ 11  through SW_MN, such that a conducting period of an enable switch corresponding to a given sensor pixel circuitry in the array of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN) and a conducting period of an enable switch corresponding to another sensor pixel circuitry of the same row of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN) can differ in time. For example, the control module  700  selectively turns on and off the switches SW_ 11  through SW_MN to selectively vary the conducting period of the different sensor pixel circuitry in the same row (e.g., Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN) for readout by ADC. The control module  700  can control the sensor pixel circuitry for the other rows in a similar manner. In some implementations, the control module  700  can turn on the enable switches of the array of sensor pixel circuitry substantially in parallel. For example, the control module  700  can enable SW 11  through SWMN at substantially the same time, so that ADC  1 -M can readout data in parallel. Also, the control module  700  can scan through one or more lines (e.g., rows, columns, or other groups) at a time to readout all of the pixel output voltage. 
         [0045]      FIG. 8  illustrates examples of waveforms of various signals associated with a fingerprint identification system. Specifically, the example waves shown in  FIG. 8  are associated with row M of the rows of sensor pixel circuitry in  FIG. 7 . An output of an integrator (e.g., integrator INT) is represented by the output voltage Vo_m 1 . The control signal of the enable switch SW_m 1  pulls high at a time t 1  for a time period, and the output voltage Vo_m 1  is delivered to the analog to digital converter ADC_m through the enable switch SW_m 1 . At some time after t 1 , the control signal of the reset switch Srst pulls high at a time tr 1 , such that the integrating capacitor Cint of the sensor pixel circuitry Pix_m 1  is return to zero, so as to be ready for performing another integration for a next time period. Also, at the same time as the integrator of the sensor pixel circuitry Pix_m 1  performing integration, the integrator of the sensor pixel circuitry Pix_m 2  also performs integration substantially simultaneously. Similarly, the control signal of the enable switch SW_m 2  pulls high at a time t 2  for a time period, and the output voltage Vo_m 2  is delivered to the analog to digital converter ADC_m through the enable switch SW_m 2 . The time t 2  is at some time after t 1 . Also, each of the sensor pixel circuitry Pix_m 3  through Pix_mN can deliver the output voltages to the corresponding analog to digital converter ADC_m at different after time t 2 . The different time instances for sensor pixel circuitry Pix_m 1  through Pix_mN may be non-overlapping time instances. The analog to digital converter ADC_m receives the output voltage of each sensor pixel circuitry in the row of the sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ml through Pix_mN. 
         [0046]    Each sensor pixel circuitry within the array of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN includes a dedicated integrator. As such, the integration processes of the different sensor pixel circuitry in a given row of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Pix_m 1  through Pix_mN) can be performed in parallel by the multiple integrators. With a fixed integration period for each integrator, the fingerprint identification system  70  can shorten an overall integration period for the array of sensor pixel circuitry. Due to the parallel integration of the sensor pixel circuitry of all sensor pixel circuitry in the entire array of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_ 11  through Pix_MN, the overall integration period for a row of sensor pixel circuitry can be fixed (e.g., at a period longer than individual sensor pixel circuitry integration period) to allow a longer integration period for each sensor pixel circuitry in the rows of sensor pixel circuitry Pix_m 1  through Pix_mn. Because the individual integration processes can be performed in parallel for all pixel sensor circuitry, the overall integration period can be reduced even when the individual integration period is increased. Increasing the individual integration period, while reducing the overall integration period, can allow the noise to be sufficiently averaged, and the SNR of the sensor pixel circuitry can be further enhanced. Because each pixel integrator can act as a pixel level signal (voltage) storage, and the stored signal can be readout later by a scan readout process using the ADCs and control module, for example. 
         [0047]    In operations, responsive to a finger touch (e.g., on a passivation layer over the fingerprint identification system), a selected subset or the entire array of sensor pixel circuitry can be enabled to integrate the selected subset or the entire array of sensor pixel circuitry. The integrating capacitor connected to the negative feedback path of each integrator can be used as a local memory to store the charges associated with the corresponding sensor pixel. Readout of the sensor pixel data can be performed per selected group or subset of the array of senor pixel circuitry, such as each row, column, etc. Readout process is a relatively quick compared to the integration process, and thus, parallel integration of the selected subset or the entire array of sensor pixel circuitry while the finger is touching the fingerprint identification system (e.g., the passivation layer over the sensor pixel circuitry) can be advantageous by not wasting the sensor pixel circuitry under the finger touch. 
         [0048]    The implementations described above are for illustrative purpose and various modifications to one or more aspects of the sensor pixel circuitry and fingerprint identification system are possible. For example, in some implementations, the fingerprint identification system can apply an excitation signal directly to a finger via an electrode (e.g., a metal ring) to increase a voltage difference between two terminals of the touch sensing capacitor Cf, such that more electric charges are accumulated in the touch sensing capacitor Cf during the first period. Alternatively, the fingerprint identification system can apply a high voltage to the finger during the second period, such that more electric charges are stored in the integrating capacitor Cint. 
         [0049]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensor pixel circuitry  90  and an external electrode Et. The sensor pixel circuitry  90  can be substantially similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  30  or  60 . Different from the sensor pixel circuitry  30 , the switches S 1  and S 3  are controlled by the clock signal ck 1 , and the switches S 2  and S 4  are controlled by the clock signal ck 2 . When the clock signal ck 1  is high, the switches S 1  and S 3  are turned on. When the clock signal ck 1  is low, the switches S 1  and S 3  are turned off. When the clock signal ck 2  is high, the switches S 2  and S 4  are turned on. When the clock signal ck 2  is low, the switches S 2  and S 4  are turned off. In addition, the external electrode Et can be electrically connected to the clock signal ck 2 , so as to pull high the voltage applied to the user&#39;s finger through the external electrode Et during the second period (i.e., the period when the switches S 2  and S 4  are turned on and the switches S 1  and S 3  are turned off). By applying the high voltage to the user&#39;s finger, more electric charges are stored in the integrating capacitor Cint through the touch sensing capacitor Cf during the second period, such that the fingerprint identification system can isolate and determine the capacitance of the touch sensing capacitor Cf more accurately. 
         [0050]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary waveforms of clock signals ck 1  and ck 2 . In the example shown in  FIG. 10 , the clock signals ck 1  and ck 2  are inverted and out of phase with each other. When ck 1  is set high, ck 2  is set low. 
         [0051]    Other modifications are possible. For example, in the fingerprint identification system  70 , a row of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Pix_m 1  through Pix_mN) are couple to a corresponding analog to digital converter (e.g., ADC_m). In some implementations, the sensor pixel circuitry units can be divided into different groups of sensor pixel circuitry. All sensor pixel circuitry in a given group can be electrically coupled to the same corresponding analog to digital converter. The groups of sensor pixel circuitry can be determined using rows, columns, a predetermined number of sensor pixel circuitry, a particular shape (e.g., a square) or other groupings that allow an enable switch corresponding to a sensor pixel circuitry in one group to have a different conducting period than another enable switch corresponding to a sensor pixel circuitry in a different group. 
         [0052]    Additional examples of modifications to the sensor pixel circuitry are shown  FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 . 
         [0053]      FIG. 11  is a diagram showing another exemplary sensor pixel circuitry  1100  for compensating for capacitor mismatch in a fingerprint identification system. The exemplary sensor pixel circuitry can include a sensor plate or a capacitive sensing layer  1102  that can operate or function as one of two opposing conductive plates of a fingerprint associated capacitor. For example, when a finger  1108  of a user approaches the sensor plate or capacitive sensing layer  1102 , a surface of the finger  1108  and the sensor plate of capacitive sensing layer  1102  can operate or function as the two opposing plates of capacitor Cf. The capacitance of the capacitor Cf can vary based at least partly on a distance between the surface of the finger (e.g., a ridge) and the sensor plate or capacitive sensing layer  1102 . The sensor plate or capacitive sensing layer  1102  can include a conductive material, such as one of various metals. A voltage generator  1132  is electrically connected to the sensor plate  1102 , which is electrically connected to a system ground through the surface of the finger  108 . The voltage generator can generate drive voltage VDD for charging the fingerprint associated capacitor Cf. A switching circuitry, such as a switching network  1120  includes switches  1122  and  1124  in series for being switchable in electrically connecting the sensor plate  1102  to the voltage generator  1132  and an output terminal  1140 . In some implementations, the switching circuitry  1120  can be implemented using sample-and-hold circuitry. 
         [0054]    The switches  1122  and  1124  can be controlled by a clock signal or other control signals, such that the switching circuitry  1120  can turn on an electrical connection between the voltage generator  1132  and the sensor plate  1102  by turning on the switch  1122  and turn off an electrical connection between the sensor plate  1102  and the output terminal  1140  by turning off the switch  1124  during a first period. During a second period, the sample-and-hold circuitry  1120  can turn off the electrical connection between the voltage generator  1132  and the sensor plate  1102  by turning off the switch  1122  and turn on the electrical connection between the sensor plate  1102  and the output terminal  1140  by turning on the switch  1124 . Thus, switch  1122  operates as a charging switch and switch  1124  operates as a charge sensing switch to synchronously charge and sense capacitor Cf associated with the sensor plate  1102  during respective time periods. 
         [0055]    Two substantially identical conductive layers, electrodes or plates  1104  and  1106  can be disposed below the sensor plate  1102 . The conductive plate  1104  and the sensor plate  1102  can form a corresponding capacitor CP 1 . The conductive plate  1106  and the sensor plate  1102  can form a corresponding capacitor CP 2 . 
         [0056]    When the two conductive plates  1104  and  1106  are substantially identical, the respective capacitors CP 1  and CP 2  can share a substantially similar capacitance. A switching circuitry, such as a switching network  1126  can include switches  1128  and  1130  to switchable between electrically connecting the conductive plate  1104  to a voltage generator  1134  and ground  1144 . The other conductive plate  1106  is electrically connected to ground and not electrically controlled by the switching circuitry  1126 . The voltage generator  1134  can include a DAC 1   1136  and a voltage buffer  1138  to generate and provide a variable voltage to the conductive plates  1104 . In some implementations, the switching circuitry  1126  can be implemented using sample-and-hold circuitry. 
         [0057]    The switches  1128  and  1130  can be controlled by a clock signal or other control signals, such that the switching circuitry  1126  can turn on an electrical connection between the voltage generator  1134  and the conductive plate  1104  by turning on the switch  1128  and turn off an electrical connection between the conductive plate  1104  and the ground  1144  by turning off the switch  1130  during a first period. During a second period, the switching circuitry  1126  can turn off the electrical connection between the voltage generator  1134  and the conductive plate  1104  by turning off the switch  1128  and turn on the electrical connection between the conductive plate  1104  and the ground  1144  by turning on the switch  1130 . Thus, switch  1128  operates as a charging switch and switch  1130  operates as a grounding switch to synchronously charge and ground capacitor CP 1  associated with the sensor plate  1102  during respective time periods. 
         [0058]    In some implementations, the output terminal  1140  can be optionally electrically connected to an integrator  1142  for storing the electric charges caused by ridges and valleys of a finger touching the passivation layer over the sensor plate  1102 . The inclusion of the integrator INT enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The integrator includes an amplifier  1118  having a negative input electrically connected to the output terminal  1140  connected to the switching circuitry  1120 . The amplifier  1118  has a positive input electrically connected to a reference voltage generator  1112  for receiving the reference voltage Vref. The reference voltage generator  1112  can include a DAC 2   1114  and a voltage buffer  1116  for generating and providing a variable reference voltage. The amplifier  1118  includes an output terminal  114  for outputting an output voltage Vpo. An integrating capacitor Cint  1146  and a reset switch rst  1148  are electrically coupled in parallel between the negative input terminal of the amplifier OP  1118  and the output terminal  1144 . 
         [0059]    When the two conductive plates  1104  and  1106  are substantially similar, the DAC 1   1136  output can be set to VDD. During the first period CK 1 , the switches  1122  and  1128  are turned on and switches  1124  and  1130  are turned off. The charge in CP 2  will be Cp 2 *VDD and the charge in CP 1  will be 0. During the second period CK 2 , switches  1122  and  1128  are turned off and switches  1124  and  1130  are turned on. During the second period, the charges in CP 1  and CP 2  will exchange. When a finger is not touching a passivation layer over the sensor plate  1102 , the charge in Cf is substantially zero, and the voltage at the negative input of the amplifier OP  1118  will be VDD/2. Because the two conductive plates  1104  and  1106  can be substantially the same due to the identical layout, the DAC 1  might be not necessary or become optional. By removing the DAC 1 , the DAC 1  noise will no longer exist in the pixel output, which further enhances the SNR. 
         [0060]    Also, the mismatch between parasitic capacitors CP 1  and CP 2  can be compensated using techniques illustrated and described with respect to  FIGS. 12 and 13 .  FIG. 12  is a diagram showing yet another exemplary sensor pixel circuitry  1200  for compensating for capacitor mismatch in a fingerprint identification system. The sensor pixel circuitry  1200  is substantially similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  1100  with some variations. For example, the switching circuitry  1126  is electrically connected between the conductive plate  1104  and a voltage generator  1202  that does not include a DAC. The output of the voltage generator  1202  preset to VDD. In addition, a third voltage generator  1212  is electrically connected to another switching circuitry  1204 . The third voltage generator  1212  can include a DAC  1214  DAC 1  in series with a voltage buffer  1216 . 
         [0061]    The switching circuitry  1204  includes switches  1206  and  1208  in series for being switchable in electrically connecting a capacitor  1210  Cc between the voltage generator  1212  and a common node  1218  connecting to the sensor plate  1102  and the switching circuitry  1120  (which is switchable in electrically connecting to the output terminal  1140  and the voltage generator  1132 ). The other terminal of the capacitor  1210  Cc is electrically connected to ground. See relevant description of  FIG. 11  for the circuit components of the sensor pixel circuitry  1200  that are similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  1100 . 
         [0062]    In the sensor pixel circuitry  1200 , the final voltage VPO at the output terminal  1144  without a finger touching a passivation layer over the sensor electrode  1102  during the second period is (CP 1 *VDD+Cc*VDAC)/(Cc+Cp 1 +Cp 2 ). When the two conductive plates  1104  and  1106  are substantially similar, VDAC is set to VDD/2. When two conductive plates  1104  and  1106  are not substantially similar, VDAC is adjusted. 
         [0063]      FIG. 13  is a diagram showing yet another exemplary sensor pixel circuitry  1300  for compensating for capacitor mismatch in a fingerprint identification system. The sensor pixel circuitry  1300  is substantially similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  1200  with some variations. For example, the switching circuitry  1204  includes switches  1206  and  1208  electrically connected in series for selectively electrically connecting the capacitor Cc  1210  to the voltage generator  1202  and a fourth voltage generator  1220 . The voltage generator  1220  can be set to VDD. The other terminal of the capacitor Cc  1210  is electrically connected to a common node  1218  connecting to the sensor plate  1102  and the sample-and-hold circuitry  1120  (which is switchable in electrically connecting to the output terminal  1140  and the voltage generator  1132 ). See descriptions of  FIG. 12  for the corresponding descriptions of the circuit components of the sensor pixel circuitry  1300  that are similar to the sensor pixel circuitry  1200 . 
         [0064]    In the sensor pixel circuitry  1300 , the final voltage VPO at output terminal  1144  without a finger touch during the second period Ck 2  is (CP 1 *VDD+Cc*Vdac)/(Cc+Cp 1 +Cp 2 ). When two conductive plates  1104  and  1106  are not substantially similar, VDAC is adjusted. 
         [0065]    In some implementations, an integrator can be shared between a number of sensor pixel circuitry units to reduce the total number of integrators in the fingerprint identification system, which can provide a number potential advantages including cost reduction, layout size reduction, and simplicity in design, for example. Multiple units of sensor pixel circuitry can share an integrator by multiplexing the output signals from a selected number of sensor pixel circuitry units into a shared integrator. For example, when grouping the array of sensor pixel circuitry units into rows, with each row assigned to an ADC, each sensor pixel circuitry unit in a row can share an integrator with one or more sensor pixel circuitry units in one or more rows of sensor pixel circuitry. When grouping the sensor pixel circuitry in the array of sensor pixel circuitry into columns, each sensor pixel circuitry in a given column can share an integrator with one or more sensor pixel circuitry in one or more columns. 
         [0066]      FIGS. 14A and 14B  show examples of configurations for sharing integrators between sensor pixel circuitry units. 
         [0067]      FIG. 14A  is a diagram showing an example of a fingerprint identification system  1400  for integrator sharing between rows in an array of sensor pixel circuitry units. The fingerprint identification system  1400  includes a control module  1402 , which can be substantially similar to the control module  700  in  FIG. 7 . An array of sensor pixel circuitry Sensor Pixel  11  through Sensor Pixel MN are grouped into rows  1  through M. Each row in the array includes N columns of sensor pixel circuitry. In the example shown in  FIG. 14A , every two rows of sensor pixel circuitry share integrators. However, more than two rows of sensor pixel circuitry can share integrators. The control module  1402  can selectively enable/disable each sensor pixel circuitry in the array by turning on and off corresponding enable switches SW 11  through SW MN. The switch signal can be one or multiple digital logic signals. By controlling the appropriate sensor pixel circuitry through the enable switches, the control module  1402  can integrate any number of sensor pixel circuitry in the array in parallel. In the example shown in  FIG. 14A , the control module enables the odd row of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Sensor Pixel  11  through Sensor Pixel  1 N) to integrate all sensor pixels in the row. The pixels in the odd row can perform integration in parallel, and after the integration is completed, control module can scan each pixels to readout their data using the ADCs. Then the control module can switch on the even row of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Sensor Pixel  21  through Sensor Pixel  2 N), which can share the integrators used by the odd row of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Sensor Pixel  11  through Sensor Pixel  1 N) to perform integration in parallel. All of the odd and even rows can be processed in similar manner. In some implementations, all odd rows can be processed at substantially the same time in parallel. Then all of the even rows can be processed at substantially the same time in parallel. In some implementations, any number of odd and even rows can be processed together in parallel. In addition, the even rows can be processed first in some implementations. Thus, the order of the even and odd rows is not limiting. 
         [0068]      FIG. 14B  is a diagram showing an exemplary fingerprint identification system  1410  for integrator sharing between columns in an array of sensor pixel circuitry. The fingerprint identification system  1410  includes a control module  1402 , which can be substantially similar to the control module  700  in  FIG. 7 . An array of sensor pixel circuitry Sensor Pixel  11  through Sensor Pixel  4 N are grouped into columns  1  through  4 . While more than 4 columns can be included in an array, only 4 columns are shown in  FIG. 14B  for illustrative purposes. Each column in the array includes N rows of sensor pixel circuitry. In the example shown in  FIG. 14B , every two columns of sensor pixel circuitry share integrators. However, more than two columns of sensor pixel circuitry can share integrators. The control module  1402  can selectively enable/disable each sensor pixel circuitry in the array by turning on and off corresponding enable switches SW 11  through SW  4 N. By controlling the appropriate sensor pixel circuitry through the enable switches, the control module  1402  can integrate any number of sensor pixel circuitry in the array in parallel. In the example shown in  FIG. 14B , the control module enables the odd column of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Sensor Pixel  11  through Sensor Pixel  1 N) to integrate all sensor pixels in the odd column. The sensor pixels in the odd column can perform integration in parallel, and after the integration completed, control module can scan each sensor pixel to readout the data using the ADCs. Then the control module can switch on the even column of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Sensor Pixel  21  through Sensor Pixel  2 N), which can share the integrators used by the odd column of sensor pixel circuitry (e.g., Sensor Pixel  11  through Sensor Pixel  1 N) to perform integration in parallel. All of the odd and even columns can be processed in similar manner. In some implementations, all odd columns can be processed at substantially the same time in parallel. Then all of the even columns can be processed at substantially the same time in parallel. In some implementations, any number of odd and even columns can be processed together in parallel. In addition, the even columns can be processed first in some implementations. Thus, the order of the even and odd columns is not limiting. Moreover in both  FIGS. 14A and 14B , the array of sensor pixels can be grouped in a way different than rows or columns and the integrator sharing can be implemented in various ways depending on the grouping of the array of sensor pixels. 
         [0069]      FIG. 14C  is a diagram showing an exemplary sensor pixel circuitry and fingerprint identification system  1420  with two sensor pixel circuitry sharing an integrator. The fingerprint identification system  1420  shows a simple example where two sensor pixel circuitry  1422  and  1424  share one integrator  1426 . The sensor pixel circuitry  1422  and  1424  can be substantially similar to sensor pixel circuitry  10  in  FIG. 2  or any other configurations described in this patent document. 
         [0070]      FIG. 14D  is a diagram showing an exemplary sensor pixel circuitry and fingerprint identification system  1430  with two sensor pixel circuitry sharing an integrator. The fingerprint identification system  1430  shows a simple example where two sensor pixel circuitry  1432  and  1434  share one integrator  1436 . The sensor pixel circuitry  1422  and  1424  can be substantially similar to sensor pixel circuitry in  FIGS. 11, 12 and 13  or any other configurations described in this patent document. 
         [0071]    In the examples shown in  FIGS. 14A, 14B, 14C and 14D , some of the components including the ADC are not included in the figures for illustrative purposes only. 
         [0072]    Various implementations and examples of the disclosed technology have been described. The disclosed technology utilizes integrators for storing the electric charges accumulated by the touch sensing capacitor, utilizes the voltage generator for outputting the variable voltage and adjusting the electric charges stored in the parasitic capacitors, and utilizes the sensor pixel circuitry with a dedicated integrator for performing integration across a group of sensor pixel circuitry in parallel to enhance the SNR. The sensor pixel circuitry and the fingerprint identification system described in this patent document provide accurate fingerprint identification even without a metal ring. 
         [0073]    While this patent document contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
         [0074]    Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described in this patent document should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments. 
         [0075]    Only a few implementations and examples are described and other implementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this patent document.