Abstract:
Ventilated roofing tiles along with other multilayered energy saving and/or producing constructions are disclosed. Also disclosed are insulating bonding constructions having enhanced energy saving attributes. The ventilated roofing tiles employ heat transfer means that may include natural and/or forced air convection.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This non-provisional application claims benefit of the provisional application filed on Dec. 3, 2005 having application number U.S. 60/741,834 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     This invention relates to building materials and more particularly to energy saving and/or producing multilayered construction components. This invention also relates to attachment means that may have thermal insulating properties. More particularly this invention relates to energy saving tiles that may be ventilated and that may employ natural and/or forced air convection.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     A significant portion of building construction is carried out using relatively fast and easy construction techniques. In addition, much of this construction is done without much emphasis being placed on the energy efficiency. This often results in buildings requiring significant heating and/or air conditioning requirements. The result is a building having high utility costs.  
         [0006]     Heat and electricity costs have been rising over the past several years and are expected to continue this upward trend for years to come. There are several reasons for this trend including greater energy demand from emerging countries such as India and China, expanded population growth, limited natural resources, environmental pressures, and a host of others.  
         [0007]     A significant portion of the American energy diet is directed towards the heating and air conditioning of buildings. Furthermore many of today&#39;s buildings including the modern ones may not be very energy efficient.  
         [0008]     Many buildings lack good insulation. Some buildings have little to no insulation at all. Some buildings having substantial insulation thickness may still have relatively poor insulating properties due to moisture contamination and air leaks with the outside environment.  
         [0009]     Many buildings are designed primarily for aesthetic purposes rather than energy efficiency. A simple example will now be given to illustrate this point. The highest volume to surface area ratio for any shape of any given size is a sphere. Therefore to minimize construction materials and maximize living space, buildings ideally should be made in the shape of a sphere or at least a portion of a sphere. The geodesic dome is a modified sphere or spherical portion that can be made from linear shaped commercially available construction components. Buckminster Fuller promoted this construction geometry based at least in part to practical engineering.  
         [0010]     The sphere or modified spherical shape of the geodesic dome provides the maximum internal volume to surface area ratio attainable for any given size. This provides the least amount of surface area for heat transfer with the outside environment. In addition, the substantially curved outside surface of the geodesic dome may provide added benefits as well. For example, certain natural disasters such as hurricanes may inflict substantial wind damage to standard rectangular buildings. On the other hand, geodesic domes have no large flat surfaces facing in any one direction thereby at least theoretically reducing damage resulting from exposure to high winds.  
         [0011]     From an engineering standpoint there is no logical reason why more buildings are not constructed as geodesic domes. From an aesthetic point of view however, the story may be somewhat different. Individuals may find the geodesic dome to be somewhat ugly and therefore prefer the less efficient but better looking rectangular shaped architecture.  
         [0012]     It should be noted that for any given volumetric shape, such as a rectangular prism, as size increases so does the volume to surface area ratio. Of special interest are apartment buildings. Apartments are relatively large multi-dwelling buildings that house several families. This construction allows individual families to occupy a relatively small space and obtain the added energy saving benefits of a much larger building. This of course, is not the focal point of most people when they buy a condominium or rent an apartment. It is however a substantial added benefit when the heating and/or air conditioning bill arrives. A specific example will now be used to illustrate this point.  
         [0013]     A single family occupies an apartment in the center of a large building. This apartment is completely surrounded on all sides including the floor and ceiling by other apartments. Let us assume that the family occupying this apartment has similar comfort levels with respect to heat and cold as the individuals or families occupying the adjacent apartments. In this scenario, this family could permanently turn their heating and air conditioning off and live in relative comfort. They now have the advantage of living independently from heating and air conditioning costs. Of course, most apartments have at least one surface exposed to the outside environment. This situation is however preferable to having all surfaces exposed to the outside environment.  
         [0014]     Air conditioning represents substantial electricity use in the United States. This is particularly true for people living in the south. The southeast is relatively hot and humid during the summer months and the southwest is hot and dry. It should be noted that more and more people are moving into the southern portions of the United States.  
         [0015]     During many summer days in the relatively dry southwestern United States, significant cooling can be achieved at relatively low cost by using swamp coolers. A swamp cooler is a cooling device that uses the evaporation of water to provide cooling. Swamp coolers add substantial humidity to the air so they are only effective in dry arid regions. It should be noted that the heat of vaporization of water is a substantial  540  calories per gram. The evaporation of a few gallons of water can provide substantial cooling to a small building such as a home or mobile home trailer.  
         [0016]     Evaporation is the mechanism used to provide cooling in modern air conditioning systems as well. Unlike swamp coolers that evaporate liquid water into the air, modern air conditioning systems evaporate Freon or other refrigerants in a closed system that recycles the vapors and compresses them back into a liquid state. Evaporation of the refrigerant is an endothermic process (a thermal process that takes heat) thereby removing it. The evaporation occurs in a set of coils called the evaporator and sometimes referred to as the cooling coils. Evaporation of the refrigerant cools the evaporation coils. A fan is used to blow air over these coils to transfer heat from the room being air conditioned to the cold evaporation coils. More often than not, the temperature of the evaporation coils is below the dew point of the air in the room. Under these conditions water condenses out of the air onto the cold evaporation coils. This water gives up its heat of vaporization in the process and adds to the heat given up to the evaporation coils. The removal of water from the air also dries it out resulting in a greater level of comfort in the room being air conditioned. The evaporated gaseous refrigerant is then compressed to a high pressure that may exceed 150 pounds per square inch. Compressing the gaseous refrigerant causes it to heat up. The heat is then exchanged with the outside atmosphere to get rid of it. This heat exchange occurs in the compression or heating coils. The compressed refrigerant may then be expanded in a special valve that liquefies and/or dissolves the refrigerant into a special liquid. The liquefied refrigerant then passes into the evaporation coils to complete the cycle.  
         [0017]     This air conditioning process requires a substantial amount of energy in the form of electricity. The majority of this energy is used to compress evaporated refrigerant to high pressure. A smaller amount of electricity is used by the fans to expel hot air from the compression coils and to circulate room air over the cold evaporation coils. Because of the electrical requirements of air conditioning systems it is desirable to prevent heat from entering buildings during hot weather.  
         [0018]     There are two primary sources of heat that enter buildings during hot weather. The first one is radiant heat from the sun. The second one is heat transferring from the outside to the interior of the building. It should be noted that these two sources are not exclusively independent of one another but may be somewhat intertwined together. For example, sunlight may fall onto a dark roof surface and heat the attic space underneath.  
         [0019]     The hot air in the attic may then transfer its heat by convection, conduction, and radiation into the living spaces of the building. In this way, sunlight indirectly heats the interior of the building. Alternatively, sunlight may be transmitted through windows to heat the building interior directly. It should be noted that a significant portion of sunlight consists of infrared radiation that falls outside of the visible spectrum. This infrared light does not add to the lighting of rooms but rather poses an extra burden of heat to the interior of the building that must be removed by air conditioning systems during periods of hot weather.  
         [0020]     Special coatings can be placed onto glass surfaces that reflect and/or absorb infrared light from sunlight and let in visible light. In this way sunlight may be used to illuminate the inside living spaces of buildings while minimizing the addition of excess heat.  
         [0021]     Buildings in warmer climates may also avoid excessive heat from sunlight by using outside materials having a high reflectance and low absorbance. A high reflectance surface is one that reflects light away rather than absorbing light and turning it into heat. Light colors such as silver and white reflect most of the light that falls on its surface. Darker colors such as black absorb most of the light that falls on exposed surfaces. The deliverable heat energy from the sun on a clear day at a direct angle is substantial and amounts to about 1,000 watts per square meter. Reflective outside building surfaces help to keep sunlight from turning into unwanted heat that burdens air conditioning systems.  
         [0022]     The use of heavy clay tiles may provide some heat insulating properties to the outermost layer of roofing surfaces. Unfortunately, these heavy clay tiles place added weight burden on the structure, may create a hazardous condition during earthquakes, have limited insulating properties, and are only partially effective at keeping heat out of structures such as houses. One significant advantage offered by these heavy clay tiles is fire resistance. This may be particularly true in areas often ravaged by brush fires. Such fire prone areas include numerous hillside communities surrounding cities in southwestern states such as California. In addition to fire resistance, clay roofing tiles may provide some suppression of outside noise.  
         [0023]     Cement and related materials are sometimes employed in the fastening of clay tiles to roof surfaces and/or each other. While being somewhat effective in holding them together on to roofing surfaces there is a tendency for them to come loose during high wind conditions. It should be noted that hurricanes often damage these roofing tiles and that other attachment means have been developed for the purposes of more tightly anchoring roofing tiles to the roofs of buildings. These new anchoring techniques may employ screws and/or nails to hold roofing tiles firmly into place.  
         [0024]     The process used for mounting traditional tiles involves the application tile cement or other bonding material to the back side of tiles and/or exposed bonding substrate surfaces. Once a suitable amount of the bonding agent has been applied, the tiles are pushed into place and the bonding agent allowed hardening.  
         [0025]     Cement and related materials are sometimes employed in the fastening of clay tiles to roof surfaces and/or each other. While being somewhat effective in holding them together on to roofing surfaces there is a tendency for them to come loose during high wind conditions. It should be noted that hurricanes often damage these roofing tiles and that other attachment means have been developed for the purposes of more tightly anchoring roofing tiles to the roofs of buildings. These new anchoring techniques may employ screws and/or nails to hold roofing tiles firmly into place.  
         [0026]     Tiles may be bonded to each other in place of bonding to sub flooring surfaces. In such instances, good adhesion between tiles becomes increasingly important. The bonding between adjacent tiles in flooring applications may be enhanced to improve durability and strength. U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,388 awarded to Horner Brealt titled “Strengthening Inter-Tile Adhesion” employs two rectangular tile sizes laid in an offset configuration that minimizes the length of individual straight lines. The result is a greater resistance to the effects of both temperature changes and humidity over time.  
         [0027]     Tiles having interlocking properties with each other may be used to improve the weather resistance of roofing surfaces along with improving overall strength. An example of this can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,522 awarded to Shigeru Harada titled “Roofing Tile”. Roofing tiles are disclosed that engage with one another and interlock to improve strength and weather resistance.  
         [0028]     Numerous bonding compositions may be employed to bond tiles to each other and to substrates. In many instances cement and related materials are employed to adhere tiles to their intended substrates. These materials are often employed in fastening ceramic tiles to flooring or other surfaces. Many of these materials require significant time for them to harden. In many instances this is perfectly acceptable. Under certain circumstances it may be desirable to have a relatively fast and strong cure. For example, industrial or commercial applications where long shut down times may be costly or disruptive. Other examples include vertical or up side down surfaces where tiles must be held in place during the cure cycle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,178 awarded to Robert E. Schaefer, Scott C Broney, and Joseph J Chesney Jr titled “Composition and Method for Setting and Grouting Tile” provides a fast setting tile bonding composition comprised of filled polymeric resin. The above described filled resin compositions have cure times ranging from about one to six hours.  
         [0029]     Considerable attention is often paid toward providing uniform spacing between tiles. Unfortunately, controlling the spacing between tiles and their attached substrates is less commonplace. Difficulties may arise from the use of high viscosity cement or other related materials used for tile bonding. Many of these materials flow out with difficulty and therefore may form a layer of uneven thickness that may go unnoticed until after the cement has set.  
         [0030]     The use of cement and other related materials to bond tiles to their substrates may result in poor anchorage. Subsequent exposure to harsh conditions such as temperature changes and moisture may result in the delamination of tiles from their attached substrates. In order to reduce this tendency, interlocking means may be provided between tiles and their substrate surfaces.  
         [0031]     One example of interlocking means is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,813 awarded to Allen H Elder. In this patent, Elder employs at least one bonding surface having particulates attached in continuous phase with the surface substrate. The continuous phase aspect of the surface particulates with the substrate allows for a substantial amount of surface protrusion coupled with good strength. Employing this bonding technology to the attachment of tiles to substrate surfaces may prove useful when using relatively low viscosity homogeneous bonding agents like epoxy resin. High viscosity cementing and grouting materials may require further enhancements in order to optimize tile bonding.  
         [0032]     Difficulties associated with providing uniform tile surfaces and forming strong bonds between tiles and their substrates has lead to many of the above described innovations. One particularly interesting approach for tile bonding is outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,182 awarded to John R. Thomasson titled “Floor Tile Forming and Structural Underlayment Device”. A one piece plastic molded sheet having special entrapping designs is used to cast tiles in situ. This approach is especially appealing due to its versatility. The mold entrapping designs prevent the release of the cast tiles thereby eliminating the need to cement individual tiles to the floor. Tile spacing is provided by the mold with raised portions giving the appearance of tile grout.  
         [0033]     The use of insulating materials as bonding agents may provide the added benefit of thermal insulation.  
         [0034]     Generally speaking, roofing tiles are heavy, and do not provide a substantial amount of insulating properties to the outer roofing surfaces of buildings. Furthermore, the bonding methods used for the attachment of roofing tiles do not possess good insulating qualities either.  
         [0035]     A significant amount of heat may build up in the attic spaces of buildings due to absorption of solar energy by roofing surfaces. Because of this, one of the first ways to improve the usefulness of air conditioning systems is to ventilate the attic using a fan. Attic fans reduce the heat burden on air conditioning systems by removing heat in a way that bypasses the air conditioner. Hot attic air is exhausted and therefore does not transfer as much heat into interior building living spaces. Many individuals notice a significant reduction in the heat burden of air conditioning systems when they install an attic fan.  
         [0036]     Many attics and other top floor building interior spaces are provided with natural ventilation. Some of these spaces are provided with slotted openings in the sides. Other approaches involve cutting a hole in the roof and placing a small turbine that rotates by outside wind and/or natural convection of heated air.  
         [0037]     Of particular interest is U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,579 awarded to Harry T O&#39;Hagin. This patent outlines a system that allows hot air to escape from an attic without negatively affecting the appearance of the roof. Vents are installed in the roof deck beneath roofing tiles. One aspect of the invention involves placing numerous small holes in specific roofing tiles as part of the ventilation system. Other aspects of the invention involve the removal of attic air along spaces between tiles. This invention is particularly interesting owing to the fact that the majority of roofing components are standard available parts, the overall system does not require any moving parts such as attic fans, and the finished roof is aesthetically pleasing.  
         [0038]     Insulation is often placed along the bottom portions of attics in an attempt to keep hot attic air from heating living spaces below. It is interesting to note that insulation is generally placed along the bottom surfaces of attics but not along the undersides of roofing surfaces. It appears that more emphasis is placed on keeping hot attic air and its associated heat out of living spaces than keeping the heat out of attic spaces in the first place. This philosophy seems a bit unusual owing to the fact that building insulation is commonly employed in interior walls connected with the outside. More will be said on this later.  
         [0039]     One of the oldest and most common methods employed to prevent excessive sunlight from falling on and heating roofing surfaces involves the use of one or more trees to provide shade. This method works because trees often produce good shade. Trees and other plants tend to grow leaves in a direction that maximizes their absorption of sunlight. This often results in shade that is somewhat dense. In addition, trees can provide further cooling by two mechanisms.  
         [0040]     Radiant energy falling on growing surfaces of plants such as leaves is actually converted into chemical potential energy by the well established process of photosynthesis.  
         [0041]     Many trees extract water from the ground and pump this water up to the leaves where evaporation occurs. This evaporation may provide additional cooling.  
         [0042]     Many trees grow shade producing leaves in the hot months of the year and then lose these leaves during the cooler months of the year. In this way, the roofs of buildings may be shaded in hot summer months and heated by exposure of solar radiation during the colder winter months.  
         [0043]     It should be noted that there are certain downsides to locating trees close to buildings.  
         [0044]     A few problematic issues are summarized below:  
         [0000]     Trees can grow to excessive size over time.  
         [0000]     Growing trees send out roots that can tear up driveways and building foundations and may find their way into sewer lines clogging them up.  
         [0000]     Certain trees such as pine trees are flammable and represent a fire hazard when located close to certain buildings.  
         [0000]     Trees often lose leaves that can clog rain catching roofing gutters and can be a nuisance to clean.  
         [0045]     The shading of roofing surfaces by trees and other plants may be done for the purposes of reducing the burden on air conditioning systems from excess radiant heat or alternatively may not be done for intentional purposes whatsoever.  
         [0046]     Unintentional shading of roofing surfaces is a common occurrence. In some instances one building may cast its shadow on the roof of another. This may happen when buildings having different heights and architecture designs are located next to one another. Unintentional shading may also occur when solar collectors and/or electricity generating photovoltaic panels are placed directly above roofing surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,978 awarded to Thomas L. Dinwoodie titled “Vented Cavity Radiant Barrier Assembly and Method” discloses roof mounted assemblies containing photovoltaic modules. The assemblies themselves employ a low emissivity element and may take numerous forms. This results in a vented cavity between the building surface and the barrier inner surface. Mounting methods for use in vented cavity radiant barrier systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,883,290 awarded to Thomas L. Dinwoodie titled “Shingle System and Method”. It should be noted that photovoltaic solar panels could be modified by adding liquid circulating coils to their underside. This option is particularly interesting owing to the fact that many photovoltaic panels run more efficiently when they are kept cool. The circulating liquid could be used to extract heat from the panel thereby improving the electric output of the device while at the same time producing useable hot water. The simultaneous production of hot water and electricity at the same time increases the utility of electricity producing photovoltaic panels Such panels would produce electricity, hot water, and provide roofing shade all at the same time. It should be noted that standard photovoltaic panels and standard solar heating panels often provide roofing shade by their very nature. This roofing shade may provide the unintentional added benefit of reducing the heat burden of air conditioning systems. Other forms of unintentional roofing shade may be provided by such things as satellite dishes located on roof tops as well as signs and billboards.  
         [0047]     A significant amount of sunlight falls on the roofing surfaces of buildings. During periods of warm weather this radiant energy can place an unwanted burden to air conditioning systems causing them to overwork. A common approach used to deal with this issue is to employ more powerful air conditioning systems to remove this added burden of heat. Unfortunately, this approach results in the consumption of excessive amounts of electric power. Other approaches employ removing hot attic air with various ventilation systems and/or placing insulation between attic spaces and living spaces.  
         [0048]     Keeping the heat out of attic spaces and/or other spaces directly below the roofing in buildings in the first place is not commonly employed. Deliberate shading by trees is one method in current use today as is the use of light colors that tend to reflect rather than absorb sunlight. The above mentioned methods are commonly employed in buildings to keep unwanted heat from entering attics and roofing undersurfaces.  
         [0049]     In addition to keeping unwanted heat from entering living and working spaces of buildings, there is also a need to provide heat to the living and working spaces of buildings during periods of cold weather. In this instance, attic ventilation may have the undesirable effect of removing warm air from the building. This is particularly troublesome owing to the fact that warm air rises and cold air sinks. Any leaks between the attic space or any other space directly under the roof of a building and living and/or working spaces located underneath represents a significant loss of heat. This heat loss places an added burden to heating systems.  
         [0050]     Interior heating of buildings is carried out in cold weather to keep living and working spaces at a comfortable temperature. For the most part this heat comes from the combustion of flammable materials. Natural gas is commonly employed in many areas of the country. Natural gas burns clean and efficiently and is relatively low in cost. Oil is burned in some areas of the country for heat. This practice is particularly prevalent in the northeastern United States. Wood may be burned to generate heat, but in order to be efficient a good system is required that transfers heat from the burning wood into living spaces. One of the more familiar systems is the wood burning stove. A wood burning stove is a cast iron stove placed in a room that is to be heated. A smoke stack at the back of the stove is vented outside to remove toxic smoke. The wood burning stove has adjustments to control air flow and thereby control the rate of burning. This control allows the user to heat efficiently without losing large quantities of heat up the smoke stack.  
         [0051]     A large majority of homes have fireplaces. A fireplace is an area of a wall that is meant for burning wood or other combustible material. Unfortunately, burning wood in a fireplace often results in only a small amount of heat being generated for living spaces and a relatively large amount of heat going up the chimney. Burning wood in a fireplace can actually suck more heat out the chimney than the fire produces. This is because chimneys can suck interior air right out of building living spaces. A flu damper adjustment is often provided to minimize this effect, but is only somewhat effective. In general, fireplaces are used to create a warm relaxing atmosphere and are rarely used for heating purposes. Numerous systems have been developed for the purposes of increasing the heat output of ordinary fireplaces. Many of these systems employ a set of curved metal pipes. These metal pipes take air from inside the room and expel hot air out the top and back into the room. The pipes often surround the fire with the flames passing over the top portions. Some of these systems use natural convection while others used forced air from a fan.  
         [0052]     It should be noted that in many areas of the United States such as the northeast that the coldest winter days occur under clear skies. This is because cold fronts coming down from Canada (sometimes called the Canadian express) contain cold and dry air. This results in numerous cold sunny days throughout the winter months. This is significant because a large amount of heat is available in the form of radiant solar energy during numerous cold days.  
         [0053]     On a clear sunny day the rate of radiant heat falling on surfaces at right angles to the sun is about one kilowatt per square meter. In the winter months the sun is at an angle that is somewhat oblique. Because of this the rate of radiant heat delivered may be somewhat less. In addition, dark surfaces having a high level of absorbance still reflect some radiant energy. In addition, heat losses may occur when moving heat containing liquids and/or gasses through areas of lower temperature. A good approximation is that 500 watts of useful heat can be extracted per square meter for eight hours during each clear winter day.  
         [0054]     The single side of a roof for a small house has about 60 square meters of surface area. The useable amount of heat energy per day for such a small house will now be calculated. 60 square meters×500 watts/square meter×8 hours per day=240,000 watt hours or 240 kilowatt hours of deliverable daily heat energy. At a cost of 15 cents per kilowatt hour, this represents $30.00 worth of electric heat per day. For the less expensive natural gas heat this represents almost $10.00 per day of available heat energy.  
         [0055]     The capture and subsequent use of solar heat has traditionally involved systems employing a significant amount of complication. Many of these systems employ a liquid heat transfer agent such as an antifreeze mixture of water and ethylene glycol. A solar heat collector consisting of a dark absorbent panel having liquid filled tubes and a glass cover is often used to collect the heat. The liquid in the tubes is then pumped to a storage tank. When the liquid in the storage tank reaches sufficient temperature it is then pumped to a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger then transfers this heat to where it is needed. All in all this system is relatively expensive, bulky, and cumbersome. These solar heating systems usually deliver a limited amount of heat owing to their small size.  
         [0056]     Traditional solar heating systems may provide useable heat in the form of heated liquids that can be used to heat living spaces and can provide hot water. This tends to be the limit of utility for these traditional heating systems. It would however to be desirable to use this heat for other purposes as well. For example, during winter months in northern climates significant snowfall may occur onto roofing surfaces. This snowfall may place a significant weight burden onto buildings. This may be particularly troublesome for buildings having flat horizontal roofing surfaces. It may therefore be desirable to use solar heat for the purposes of melting unwanted snow and ice from roofing surfaces. It should be noted that this takes place naturally to some extent, however augmentation of this natural process may provide for faster removal.  
         [0057]     It is an object of this invention to prevent unwanted heat from entering the roofing portions of building surfaces during periods of hot weather.  
         [0058]     It is a further object of this invention to remove unwanted heat from the roofing surfaces of buildings during periods of hot weather.  
         [0059]     It is a further object of this invention to extract useable heat from the roofing surfaces of buildings during periods of cold weather.  
         [0060]     It is a further object of this invention to provide a tile bonding system forming interlocking bonds between individual tiles and their bonding substrates.  
         [0061]     It is a further object of this invention to provide tiles having bonding surfaces of uniform thickness.  
         [0062]     It is a further object of this invention to provide tiles having bonding surfaces compatible with traditional tile bonding agents.  
         [0063]     It is a further object of this invention to provide tiles that when pushed against substrate surfaces spread bonding agents to a uniform thickness.  
         [0064]     It is a further object of this invention to provide tile bonding substrates that form interlocking bonds with bonding agents.  
         [0065]     It is a further object of this invention to provide thermal insulating attachment means suitable for the adhesion of tiles and/or laminate constructions to the roofing surfaces of buildings.  
         [0066]     Finally, it is an object of this invention to provide a low cost simple system suitable for extracting and transferring solar heat from roofing surfaces into the interior spaces of buildings.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0067]     In summary, the present invention provides ventilated roofing tiles that may be used to transfer air of various temperatures for heating and/or cooling purposes including the heat management of interior building spaces. The transfer of air may be purely in the form of natural convection or alternatively may employ forced air convection from a fan or other source of forced air motion. Air may be used to remove heat during hot weather or alternatively, hot air may be collected and transferred into interior building spaces during periods of cold outside temperatures. Attachment means may also be employed having numerous advantages that may include thermal insulation properties. The ventilated roofing tiles of this invention may have enhanced thermal insulating properties. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0068]      FIG. 1  shows a ventilated roofing tile suitable for the removal of excess heat by natural convection.  
         [0069]      FIG. 2  shows a ventilated roofing tile having added attachment holes suitable for the use of nails and/or screws.  
         [0070]      FIG. 3  shows a ventilated roofing tile employing channels to facilitate heat transfer by motion of air.  
         [0071]      FIG. 4  shows a ventilated roofing tile employing channels to facilitate heat transfer by motion of air along with added beads.  
         [0072]      FIG. 5  shows a ventilated roofing tile employing channels to facilitate heat transfer by motion of air along with added beads.  
         [0073]      FIG. 6  shows the tile of  FIG. 5  with added attachment holes.  
         [0074]      FIG. 7  shows a lightweight insulated roofing tile employing a central insulating layer consisting of closed cell foam.  
         [0075]      FIG. 8  shows a lightweight thermal insulated roofing tile similar to tile  72  of  FIG. 7 .  
         [0076]      FIG. 9  shows a lightweight thermal insulated roofing tile employing channels to further facilitate the removal of heat by natural and/or forced air convection.  
         [0077]      FIG. 10  shows a lightweight ventilated thermal insulating roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface and thermal insulating layer.  
         [0078]      FIG. 11  shows a lightweight ventilated thermal insulating roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface and thermal insulating layer.  
         [0079]      FIG. 12  shows a lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface, a thermal insulating layer, and a beaded bottom surface.  
         [0080]      FIG. 13  shows a simple lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a dark absorptive top surface.  
         [0081]      FIG. 14  shows a simple lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a dark absorptive top surface.  
         [0082]      FIG. 15  shows a simple lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a dark absorptive top surface.  
         [0083]      FIG. 16  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 10  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface.  
         [0084]      FIG. 17  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 11  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface.  
         [0085]      FIG. 18  shows the ventilated roofing tile of  FIG. 17  with the addition of beads to the bottom surface.  
         [0086]      FIG. 19  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 13  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface.  
         [0087]      FIG. 20  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 14  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface.  
         [0088]      FIG. 21  shows a lightweight ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 20  With the addition of beads to the bottom ridges.  
         [0089]      FIG. 22  shows two beaded surfaces facing each other with interposing surface bonding geometry.  
         [0090]      FIG. 23  shows a sectional view of two beaded surfaces interposed with a closed cell foam bonding agent.  
         [0091]      FIG. 24  shows a lightweight ventilated thermal insulating roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface and thermal insulating layer and a bottom layer of pressure sensitive adhesive.  
         [0092]      FIG. 25  shows beads that are attached to the underside of the tile with pressure sensitive adhesive filling in the spaces between the beads.  
         [0093]      FIG. 26  shows a tile having numerous spherical protrusions suitable for use with numerous bonding agents.  
         [0094]      FIG. 27  shows the tile of  FIG. 1  in an up side down configuration to more thoroughly illustrate the spherical bonding surface aspects of the present invention.  
         [0095]      FIG. 28  shows a section of a bonding surface substrate suitable for bonding the tiles of the present invention.  
         [0096]      FIG. 29  shows a beaded tile facing a substrate having a matching beaded surface.  
         [0097]      FIG. 30  shows a sectional view of a tile construction comprised of a beaded tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a bonding agent.  
         [0098]      FIG. 31  shows a sectional view of a tile construction comprised of a beaded tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent.  
         [0099]      FIG. 32  shows a cross sectional view of a tile having numerous cavities suitable for use with numerous bonding agents.  
         [0100]      FIG. 33  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a bonding agent.  
         [0101]      FIG. 34  shows a sectional view of a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent.  
         [0102]      FIG. 35  shows cross sectional view of a tile bonding substrate having numerous surface cavities.  
         [0103]      FIG. 36  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching beaded tile and a bonding agent.  
         [0104]      FIG. 37  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching beaded tile and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent.  
         [0105]      FIG. 38  shows a tile having numerous spherical protrusions with flat top geometry suitable for use with numerous bonding agents.  
         [0106]      FIG. 39  shows a section of a bonding surface substrate having numerous spherical protrusions with flat top geometry suitable for bonding the tiles of the present invention.  
         [0107]      FIG. 40  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a flat top geometry beaded tile interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded substrate surface and a bonding agent.  
         [0108]      FIG. 41  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a flat top geometry beaded tile interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded substrate surface and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent.  
         [0109]      FIG. 42  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded tile and a bonding agent.  
         [0110]      FIG. 43  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded tile and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent.  
         [0111]      FIG. 44  shows a lightweight flat top geometry beaded insulated tile employing a central insulating layer consisting of closed cell foam.  
         [0112]      FIG. 45  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching beaded tile employing a central insulating layer consisting of closed cell foam and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent.  
         [0113]      FIG. 46  shows a cross sectional view of one beaded surface facing another surface having matching holes.  
         [0114]      FIG. 47  shows a building having a pitched roof employing ventilated tiles having natural convection.  
         [0115]      FIG. 48  shows a building having a pitched roof employing dark heat absorbing ventilated tiles along with forced air convection for moving heated air into interior spaces.  
         [0116]      FIG. 49  shows a building having a flat roof employing ventilated tiles along with forced air convection for the removal of excess heat.  
         [0117]      FIG. 50  shows a building having a flat roof employing dark heat absorbing ventilated tiles along with forced air convection for moving heated air into interior spaces. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0118]      FIG. 1  shows a ventilated roofing tile suitable for the removal of excess heat by natural convection. Ventilated tile  2  is shown having a beaded bottom surface  4 . Beaded bottom surface  4  provides a space  6  between adjacent beads  8  and  10 . Top surface  12  either reflective or absorptive of sunlight. This simple construction for a roofing tile can be used to provide natural convection for slanted roofs, or conversely may employ forced air from a fan. Such roofing tiles may be used in hot weather to remove heat by atmospheric venting. This simple ventilated tile may also be used to collect solar heat during cold weather. In this instance hot air in space  6  between adjacent beads  8  and  10  may be pumped into interior building spaces. This may be accomplished using a system employing fans and suitable ducting.  
         [0119]      FIG. 2  shows a ventilated roofing tile having added attachment holes suitable for the use of nails and/or screws. Ventilated roofing tile  14  is shown having a top surface  16  and beaded bottom surface  18 . Bead  20  of bottom surface  18  is shown with a hole  22 . Hole  22  of bead  20  is a thru hole and therefore lends itself for use in attaching tile  14  to a suitable roofing subsurface substrate (not shown) using roofing nails or dry wall screws. It should be noted that bead  20  is of sufficient size to provide useable air space between bottom portion  24  of top surface  16  and the substrate to which the tile is to be attached.  
         [0120]      FIG. 3  shows a ventilated roofing tile employing channels to facilitate heat transfer by motion of air. Channel containing ventilated roofing tile  26  is shown having a top surface  28  and channeled bottom surface  30 . Also shown are channels  32  and  34 . Channels  32  and  34  are of a suitable geometry to facilitate the laminar flow of air within tile  26 . Support ridges  36  are also shown. Support ridges are appropriately spaced to provide for proper dimensions of channels  32  and  34 .  
         [0121]     The tile shown in  FIG. 3  has convection channels. These channels may facilitate laminar flow of air thereby enhancing natural as well as forced air convection. Adjacent tiles can be attached to roofing surfaces in a way that provides for long and continuous convection channels. When employed in slanted roofs, the channels should point in an upward direction to facilitate natural convection. The ridge of the roof may have a zone for collecting this hot air for the purposes of heating building interior spaces. Alternatively, the ends may be left open to the atmosphere for the purposes of removing unwanted heat.  
         [0122]      FIG. 4  shows a ventilated roofing tile employing channels to facilitate heat transfer by motion of air along with added beads. Channel containing ventilated roofing tile  38  is shown having a top surface  40  and channeled bottom surface  42 . Also shown are channels  44  and  46 . Channels  44  and  46  are of a suitable geometry to facilitate the laminar flow of air within tile  38 . Support ridges  48  are also shown. Support ridges are appropriately spaced to provide for proper dimensions of channels  44  and  46 . Bottom beads are shown attached to support ridges  48 . These bottom beads may be used to increase the vertical dimensions of channel portions  44  and  46  of ventilated tile  38 . Alternatively, bottom beads may be used as attachment means for fastening ventilated tile  38  to roofing surfaces.  
         [0123]     A beaded geometry may be used to facilitate the fastening of objects to one another. This may be carried out using bonding agents such as resins and cement related materials. Such beaded geometry may be used to provide curved bonding surfaces. Curved bonding surfaces are less likely to initiate stress fractures than bonding surfaces containing sharp edges. In addition, beaded bonding surfaces can be made to mechanically interlock with a bonding agent. Mechanical interlocking between a bonding agent and surface substrate may enhance bonding and reduce the need for chemical compatibility between the bonding agent and surface substrate.  
         [0124]      FIG. 5  shows a ventilated roofing tile employing channels to facilitate heat transfer by motion of air along with added beads. Channel containing ventilated roofing tile  48  is shown having a top surface  50  and channeled middle layer  52 . Also shown are channels  54  and  56 . Channels  54  and  56  are of a suitable geometry to facilitate the laminar flow of air within tile  48 . Support ridges  58  are also shown. Support ridges are appropriately spaced to provide for proper dimensions of channels  54  and  56 . Channels  54  and  56  are of fixed dimensions and have lower layer  60  protecting their bottom portions from encroachment by bonding agents that may be used for attachment purposes. Bottom beads  62  are shown attached to the bottom portion  64  of lower layer  60 .  
         [0125]     For the tile shown in  FIG. 5  the beads are more numerous than used on the tile shown in  FIG. 4 . These beads form a layer on the entire bottom surface of the tile. The bottom beaded surface of this  FIG. 5  illustrated tile can be used for attachment purposes or alternatively may be used to form a secondary convection zone beneath the first. In addition, the bottom beaded surface may be used for both bonding and secondary convection. This may be achieved by limiting the amount of bonding agent used. Additionally, the tile of  FIG. 5  may employ a thermal insulating material as a bonding agent. Such thermal insulating materials include closed cell foams such as polyurethane. Employing closed cell foam insulating materials as bonding agents provides a low cost lightweight method of bonding tiles to roofing surfaces while at the same time providing added heat separation between outer roofing surfaces and the interior portions of buildings.  
         [0126]      FIG. 6  shows the tile of  FIG. 5  with added attachment holes. Tile  66  is shown having attachment holes  68 . Attachment holes  68  are through holes and therefore facilitate the use of nails or drywall screws for attachment to roofing surfaces. This attachment method provides for a strong bond and allows for good secondary convection space between bottom beads  70 . Additionally if foam insulation is employed for attachment purposes, the foam need not bond the roofing surfaces due to the through hole attachment method employed.  
         [0127]      FIG. 7  shows a lightweight insulated roofing tile employing a central insulating layer consisting of closed cell foam. Lightweight insulated roofing tile  72  is shown having a light reflective top surface  74 . Light reflective top surface  74  reflects light to reduce the build up of unwanted heat. Also shown is middle closed cell foam layer  76 . This layer provides thermal insulation and reduces heat transfer within the tile. This lightweight closed cell foam layer may be made of any number of materials including clay filled with glass micro-balloons, polyurethane foam or any other material or combination of materials that may be used to form a lightweight closed cell foam insulating layer. It should be noted that it may be desirable to add certain materials to this layer such as fire retarding agents, anti-mildew agents, coloring agents and any number of materials to improve the overall properties of the tile. Bottom layer  78  is also shown. It should be noted that any number of attachment means may be employed to secure roofing tile  72  to roofing surfaces. RTV silicone rubber adhesives and cement materials commonly employed for adhering roofing tiles are two examples.  
         [0128]      FIG. 8  shows a lightweight thermal insulated roofing tile similar to tile  72  of  FIG. 7 . Lightweight thermal insulating roofing tile  80  is similar to lightweight thermal insulating roofing tile  72  of  FIG. 7  with the addition of numerous beads  82 . Beads  82  may be employed to provide a convection space underneath tile  80  and/or may assist in adhesion of tile  80  to roofing surfaces.  
         [0129]      FIG. 9  shows a lightweight thermal insulated roofing tile employing channels to further facilitate the removal of heat by natural and/or forced air convection. Roofing tile  84  is shown having a reflective top surface  86 . Also shown is lightweight thermal insulation layer  88  comprised of a closed cell foam such as polyurethane. Attached to bottom surface portion  90  are ridges  92 . Channel portions  94  are formed between ridges  92 .  
         [0130]     This particular configuration functions on multiple levels at the same time. A significant portion of incident radiation from sunlight falling on the reflective top surface is reflected away. The small amount of absorbed radiation that is converted into heat is substantially limited to the outer top layer of the tile. The thermal insulating layer thus acts as a second impediment to heat absorption of lower roofing surfaces. Finally the channels along the bottom portion of roofing tile  84  remove more heat by convective action.  
         [0131]      FIG. 10  shows a lightweight ventilated thermal insulating roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface and thermal insulating layer. Roofing tile  96  is shown having a dark surface layer  98  suitable for absorbing light along with ventilation zone  100  and thermal insulating layer  102 . Also shown are beads  104 . Beads  104  form a gap between top absorptive surface  98  and thermal insulating layer  102  of tile  96 . Bottom layer  106  completes the tile configuration.  
         [0132]      FIG. 11  shows a lightweight ventilated thermal insulating roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface and thermal insulating layer. Roofing tile  108  is shown having a dark surface layer  110  suitable for absorbing light along with ventilation zone  112  and thermal insulating layer  114 . Also shown are ridges  116 . Ridges  116  form a gap between top absorptive surface  110  and thermal insulating layer  114  of tile  108 . Bottom layer  118  completes the tile configuration.  
         [0133]      FIG. 12  shows a lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface, a thermal insulating layer, and a beaded bottom surface. Roofing tile  120  is the same as roofing tile  108  with added beads  122  fixedly attached to bottom surface  124 .  
         [0134]      FIG. 13  shows a simple lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a dark absorptive top surface. Ventilated roofing tile  126  is shown having a dark top surface  128 . Dark top surface  128  is suitable for absorbing ambient sunlight and converting it into heat. Also shown are beads  130  fixedly attached to bottom surface  132  of tile  126 . Also shown is space  134  between beads  130 . Space  134  is a convective space that may be also used to facilitate adhesion to roofing surfaces by employing beads  130  with a suitable bonding agent.  
         [0135]      FIG. 14  shows a simple lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a dark absorptive top surface. Ventilated roofing tile  136  is shown having a dark top surface  138 . Dark top surface  138  is suitable for absorbing ambient sunlight and converting it into heat. Also shown are ridges  140  fixedly attached to bottom surface  142 . Also shown is space  144  between ridges  140 . Space  144  is a convective channel that may be used to provide hot air by natural or forced air convection.  
         [0136]      FIG. 15  shows a simple lightweight ventilated roofing tile having a dark absorptive top surface. Ventilated roofing tile  146  is shown having a dark top surface  148 . Dark top surface  148  is suitable for absorbing ambient sunlight and converting it into heat. Also shown are ridges  150  fixedly attached to bottom surface  152 . Also shown is space  154  between ridges  150 . Space  154  is a convective channel that may be used to provide hot air by natural or forced air convection. Attached to ridges  150  are numerous beads  156 . Beads  156  are fixedly attached to ridges  150 . Beads  156  may be used to increase the size of space  154 . Beads  156  may also be used to enhance the bonding of ventilated roofing tile  146  to roofing surfaces using a suitable bonding agent.  
         [0137]      FIG. 16  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 10  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface. Roofing tile  158  is shown having a dark surface layer  160  suitable for absorbing light along with ventilation zone  162  and thermal insulating layer  164 . Also shown are beads  166 . Beads  166  form a gap between absorptive surface  160  and thermal insulating layer  164 . Light transmitting insulating layer  168  is shown fixedly attached to dark surface layer  160 . Light transmitting insulating layer  168  transmits light along with its associated radiant energy. The transmitted light falling on dark surface layer  160  provides heat in the same way as it does for tile  48  in  FIG. 10 . Light transmitting insulation layer  168  reduces the loss of heat from dark absorptive surface  160 . Also shown is bottom layer  170 .  
         [0138]     Light transmitting insulating layer  168  may be formed from any number of clear light transmitting materials. Of particular interest is corrugated polycarbonate. Corrugated polycarbonate is a clear corrugated construction that is readily available, lightweight, and is relatively low in cost.  
         [0139]      FIG. 17  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 11  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface. Roofing tile  172  is shown having a dark surface layer  174  suitable for absorbing light along with ventilation channels  176  and thermal insulating layer  178 . Also shown are ridges  180 . Ridges  180  form a gap between absorptive dark surface layer  174  and thermal insulating layer  178 . Light transmitting insulating layer  182  is shown fixedly attached to dark surface layer  174 .  
         [0140]      FIG. 18  shows the ventilated roofing tile of  FIG. 17  with the addition of beads to the bottom surface. Roofing tile  184  is the same as roofing tile  172  of  FIG. 17  with the addition of beads  886 . Also shown is space  188  between beads  186 . Space  188  may be used to provide some insulation and/or improved adhesion qualities between roofing tile  184  and roofing surfaces.  
         [0141]      FIG. 19  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 13  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface. Roofing tile  190  is shown having a dark surface layer  192  suitable for absorbing light along with ventilation spaces  194  between beads  196 . Also shown is light transmitting insulating layer  198  fixedly attached to dark surface layer  192 . As usual beads  196  may also be employed to promote adhesion to roofing surfaces using a bonding agent.  
         [0142]      FIG. 20  shows a ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 14  with the addition of a light transmitting insulation layer over the top surface. Roofing tile  200  is shown having a dark surface layer  202  suitable for absorbing light along with ventilation channels  204  between beads ridges  206 . Also shown is light transmitting insulating layer  208  fixedly attached to dark surface layer  202 .  
         [0143]      FIG. 21  shows a lightweight ventilated roofing tile similar to that shown in  FIG. 20  With the addition of beads to the bottom ridges. Roofing tile  210  is the same as roofing tile  200  of  FIG. 20  with the addition of beads  212  along ridges  214 . As usual beads  196  may also be employed to promote adhesion to roofing surfaces using a bonding agent.  
         [0144]      FIG. 22  shows two beaded surfaces facing each other with interposing surface bonding geometry. This particular geometry is suitable for the attachment of roofing tiles onto roofing surfaces. In addition, this surface bonding geometry may be used for other bonding applications as well. Top laminate portion  216  is shown having beads  218  fixedly attached to bottom surface portion  220  of top laminate portion  216 . Also shown is bottom laminate portion  222 . Bottom laminate  222  is shown having beads  224  fixedly attached to top portion  226  of bottom laminate  222 .  
         [0145]      FIG. 23  shows a sectional view of two beaded surfaces interposed with a closed cell foam bonding agent. Bonded construction  228  is shown having top beaded laminate construction  230  having beads  232  fixedly attached to bottom surface portion  234 . Also shown is bottom beaded laminate construction  236  having beads  238  fixedly attached to top surface portion  240 . Beads  232  of laminate construction  230  are spaced equally with the same spacing as beads  238  of laminate construction  236 . Closed cell foam bonding agent  242  is shown filling in gap portion  244 .  
         [0146]     This method of bonding may be used for numerous applications and may be used to provide a low cost way of forming a strong bond between two surfaces. Closed cell foam is lightweight and affords the added advantage of being thermally insulating in nature. Polyurethane foam is one material choice. This foam is available from building supply houses and hardware stores in the form of a spray can. Small amounts of foam may be applied to either surface or both. After the application of the freshly sprayed foam the two pieces may then be aligned to interpose their beaded surfaces. The pieces can then be held together while the foam expands. Excess foam may ooze from the edges during the expanding process. This excess foam may then be trimmed with a knife or other suitable cutting implement.  
         [0147]     The above described method may employ other bonding agents as well. For example, numerous bonding agents may be used with hollow glass or polymeric micro-spheres.  
         [0148]     Additionally, bonding agents lacking foam properties may be used as well. It should be noted that foam based bonding agents may be preferred where lightweight and thermal insulating properties are desired.  
         [0149]      FIG. 24  shows a lightweight ventilated thermal insulating roofing tile having a light absorptive top surface and thermal insulating layer and a bottom layer of pressure sensitive adhesive. Roofing tile  246  is shown having a dark surface layer  248  suitable for absorbing light along with ventilation zone  250  and thermal insulating layer  252 . Also shown are ridges  254 . Ridges  254  form a gap between top absorptive surface  248  and thermal insulating layer  252 . Bottom layer  256  is covered with layer  258 . Release layer  260  completes the tile configuration.  
         [0150]      FIG. 25  shows beads that are attached to the underside of the tile with pressure sensitive adhesive filling in the spaces between the beads.  
         [0151]     Roofing tile  262  is the same as roofing tile  246  with added beads  264  fixedly attached to bottom surface  266 . Also shown is pressure sensitive adhesive layer  268  along with release liner  270 . The use of pressure sensitive adhesives in bonding roofing tiles may facilitate the rapid construction of roofs.  
         [0152]      FIG. 26  shows a tile having numerous spherical protrusions suitable for use with numerous bonding agents. Tile  272  is shown having numerous protrusions  274  in a regular ordered pattern extending from bonding surface portion  276 . Also shown is exposed top surface portion  278 . The regular ordered pattern of spherically shaped protrusions  274  extending from bonding surface portion  276  is provided by spacing them equidistant from each other in a regular ordered array. Spherically shaped protrusions  274  are shown extending outwardly by a factor significantly greater than 50% from bonding surface portion  276 . This large outward extension of spherically shaped protrusions  274  results in a zone of undercut  280 . Undercut zone  280  may be used to provide interlocking properties to liquid bonding agents (not shown). Spherically shaped protrusions  274  are shown uniform in size and may be used to space individual tiles equidistant from substrate surfaces.  
         [0153]      FIG. 27  shows the tile of  FIG. 26  in an up side down configuration to more thoroughly illustrate the spherical bonding surface aspects of the present invention. Tile  282  is shown having bonding surface  286  having spherically shaped protrusions  284  in a regular ordered array.  
         [0154]      FIG. 28  shows a section of a bonding surface substrate suitable for bonding the tiles of the present invention. Bonding surface substrate  288  is shown having back side portion  290  along with tile mounting surface portion  292 . Also shown are holes  294  that may be used to mount bonding surface substrate  288  to other surfaces (not shown) using nails, rivets, screws and the like. Numerous spherically shaped protrusions  296  are shown extending outwardly from bonding surface  288 . Numerous spherically shaped protrusions  296  are uniform in size and spaced equidistantly from each other thereby forming a regular array.  
         [0155]      FIG. 29  shows a beaded tile facing a substrate having a matching beaded surface. Tile  298  is shown having a bonding surface  302  with uniform size spherical protrusions  300  extending outwardly. As usual, uniform size spherical protrusions  300  extend outwardly from bonding surface  302  by more than 50 percent creating a zone of undercut  304 . Tile bonding surface substrate section  306  is shown having a bonding surface  308  with uniform size spherical protrusions  310  extending outwardly. As usual, uniform size spherical protrusions  310  extend outwardly from bonding surface  308  by more than 50 percent creating a zone of undercut  312 . The spacing of uniform spherical protrusions  300  on bonding surface  302  of tile  298  is shown matched to the spacing of uniform spherical protrusions  310  on bonding surface  308  of tile bonding surface substrate section  306 . The matching of interlocking spherical protrusions between a tile and bonding substrate may be used to impart good uniform bonding characteristics to the overall finished construction. An example of the finished tile laminate construction is shown in  FIG. 30 .  
         [0156]      FIG. 30  shows a sectional view of a tile construction comprised of a beaded tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a bonding agent. Laminate construction  314  is shown having tile  316  with uniform size spherical protrusions  318  extending into cured bonding agent portion  320 . Also shown is bonding surface  322  with uniform size spherical protrusions  324  extending into cured bonding agent portion  320 . Cured bonding agent  320  is shown interlocking with spherical protrusions  318  and  324 .  
         [0157]      FIG. 31  shows a sectional view of a tile construction comprised of a beaded tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent. Laminate construction  326  is shown having tile  328  with uniform size spherical protrusions  330  extending into cured rigid closed cell bonding agent portion  332 . Also shown is bonding surface  334  with uniform size spherical protrusions  336  extending into cured rigid closed cell bonding agent portion  332 . Cured bonding agent  332  is shown interlocking with spherical protrusions  330  and  336 .  
         [0158]      FIG. 32  shows a cross sectional view of a tile having numerous cavities suitable for use with numerous bonding agents. Tile  338  is shown having cavities  340  extending into tile bonding surface  342 . Cavities  340  are shown evenly spaced and may be used to form a strong bond with a matching substrate. Cavities  340  are shown having straight walls however they may be modified in order to provide improved interlocking properties toward liquid bonding agents. For example the cavity may be widened at the bottom. Such tiles may be formed in numerous ways including casting into rubber molds. This option is particularly interesting owing to the flexibility of rubber molding materials. Such materials may be used to produce interlocking cavities. After the tile has hardened in the mold, interlocking cavities may be released from the rubber mold by stretching the mold to a sufficient level to provide release. Once freed from the mold, clay and ceramic tiles may be subsequently fired in the usual way.  
         [0159]      FIG. 33  shows a sectional view a tile construction of the present invention comprised of a multi-cavity tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a bonding agent. Laminate construction  344  is shown having tile  346  with uniform size cavities  348  extending into cured bonding agent portion  350 . Also shown is bonding surface  352  with uniform size spherical protrusions  354  extending into cured bonding agent portion  350 . Cured bonding agent  350  is shown interlocking with cavities  348  and spherical protrusions  354 .  
         [0160]      FIG. 34  shows a sectional view of a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile interposed with a matching beaded substrate surface and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent. Laminate construction  356  is shown having tile  358  with uniform size cavities  360  extending into cured rigid closed cell foam bonding agent portion  362 . Also shown is bonding surface  364  with uniform size spherical protrusions  366  extending into cured rigid closed cell bonding agent portion  362 . Cured rigid closed cell bonding agent  362  is shown interlocking with spherical protrusions  360  and  366 .  
         [0161]      FIG. 35  shows cross sectional view of a tile bonding substrate having numerous surface cavities. Tile bonding substrate  368  is shown having cavities  370  extending into tile bonding substrate surface  372 . Cavities  370  are shown evenly spaced and may be used to form a strong bond with matching tiles. Cavities  370  are shown having straight walls however they may be modified in order to provide improved interlocking properties toward liquid bonding agents. For example the cavity may be widened at the bottom.  
         [0162]      FIG. 36  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching beaded tile and a bonding agent. Laminate construction  374  is shown having tile  376  with uniform size spherical protrusions  378  extending into cured bonding agent portion  380 . Also shown is bonding surface  382  with uniform size cavities  384 . Cured bonding agent  380  is shown interlocking with spherical protrusions  378  and cavities  384 .  
         [0163]      FIG. 37  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching beaded tile and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent. Laminate construction  386  is shown having tile  388  with uniform size spherical protrusions  390  extending into cured rigid closed cell bonding agent portion  392 . Also shown is bonding surface  394  with uniform size cavities  396 . Cured rigid closed cell foam bonding agent  392  is shown interlocking with spherical protrusions  390  and cavities  396 .  
         [0164]      FIG. 38  shows a tile having numerous spherical protrusions with flat top geometry suitable for use with numerous bonding agents. Tile  398  is shown having numerous spherically shaped flat top protrusions  400  in a regular ordered pattern extending from bonding surface portion  402 . Also shown is exposed top surface portion  404 . The regular ordered pattern of spherically shaped flat top protrusions  400  extending from bonding surface portion  402  is provided by spacing them equidistant from each other in a regular ordered array. Spherically shaped flat top protrusions  400  are shown extending outwardly by a factor significantly greater than 50% from bonding surface portion  402 . This large outward extension of spherically shaped flat top protrusions  400  results in a zone of undercut  406 . Undercut zone  406  may be used to provide interlocking properties to liquid bonding agents (not shown). Spherically shaped flat top protrusions  400  are shown uniform in size and may be used to space individual tiles equidistant from substrate surfaces.  
         [0165]      FIG. 39  shows a section of a bonding surface substrate having numerous spherical protrusions with flat top geometry suitable for bonding the tiles of the present invention. Bonding substrate  408  is shown having numerous spherically shaped flat top protrusions  410  in a regular ordered pattern extending from bonding surface portion  412 . Also shown is exposed top surface portion  414 . The regular ordered pattern of spherically shaped flat top protrusions  410  extending from bonding surface portion  412  is provided by spacing them equidistant from each other in a regular ordered array. Spherically shaped flat top protrusions  410  are shown extending outwardly by a factor significantly greater than 50% from bonding surface portion  412 . This large outward extension of spherically shaped flat top protrusions  410  results in a zone of undercut  416 . Undercut zone  416  may be used to provide interlocking properties to liquid bonding agents (not shown). Spherically shaped flat top protrusions  410  are shown uniform in size and may be used to space individual tiles equidistant from bonding substrate surfaces.  
         [0166]      FIG. 40  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a flat top geometry beaded tile interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded substrate surface and a bonding agent. Laminate construction  418  is shown having tile  420  with uniform size flat top spherical protrusions  422  extending into cured bonding agent portion  424 . Also shown is bonding surface  426  with uniform size flat top spherical protrusions  428  extending into cured bonding agent portion  424 . Cured bonding agent portion  424  is shown interlocking with flat top spherical protrusions  422  and  428 .  
         [0167]      FIG. 41  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a flat top geometry beaded tile interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded substrate surface and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent. Laminate construction  430  is shown having tile  432  with uniform size flat top spherical protrusions  434  extending into cured rigid closed cell foam bonding agent portion  436 . Also shown is bonding surface  438  with uniform size flat top spherical protrusions  440  extending into cured rigid closed cell foam bonding agent portion  436 . Cured rigid closed cell foam bonding agent portion  436  is shown interlocking with flat top spherical protrusions  434  and  440 .  
         [0168]      FIG. 42  shows a sectional view of a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded tile and a bonding agent. Laminate construction  442  is shown having tile  444  with uniform size spherical protrusions  446  extending into cured bonding agent portion  448 . Also shown is bonding surface  450  with uniform size cavities  452 . Cured bonding agent portion  448  is shown interlocking with flat top geometry spherical protrusions  446  and cavities  452 .  
         [0169]      FIG. 43  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching flat top geometry beaded tile and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent. Laminate construction  454  is shown having tile  456  with uniform size spherical protrusions  458  extending into cured rigid closed cell foam bonding agent portion  460 . Also shown is bonding surface  462  with uniform size cavities  464 . Cured rigid closed cell foam bonding agent portion  460  is shown interlocking with flat top geometry spherical protrusions  458  and cavities  464 .  
         [0170]      FIG. 44  shows a lightweight flat top geometry beaded insulated tile employing a central insulating layer consisting of closed cell foam. Lightweight flat top beaded insulated tile  468  is shown having flat top bonding beads  470 .  
         [0171]      FIG. 45  shows a sectional view a tile construction comprised of a multi-cavity tile bonding substrate interposed with a matching flat top spherical beaded tile employing a central insulating layer consisting of closed cell foam and a rigid closed cell foam bonding agent. Laminate construction  472  is shown comprised of multi-cavity bonding substrate  474  and matching flat top spherical beaded tile  476  having a central insulating layer  478 .  
         [0172]      FIG. 46  shows a cross sectional view of one beaded surface facing another surface having matching holes. This particular geometry is suitable for the attachment of roofing tiles onto roofing surfaces. In addition, this surface bonding geometry may be used for other bonding applications as well. Top laminate portion  480  is shown having beads  482  fixedly attached to bottom surface portion  484  of top laminate portion  480 . Also shown is bottom laminate portion  486 . Bottom laminate  486  is shown having holes  488  in top portion  490  of bottom laminate  486 .  
         [0173]     Of further interest is the employment of bead protrusions on one substrate and matching holes on the other as shown in  FIG. 37  in cross sectional form. This particular configuration may be used to bond tiles to roofing surfaces using insulating foam.  
         [0174]     It should be noted that the holes may be modified from straight wall geometry to a geometry that may represent a hollow cavity having more of a spherical shape than the standard cylindrical shape of traditional holes. The spherically modified holes may be produced in a variety of ways including angled machining, chemical etching and EDM (electrode discharge milling). Holes modified in this manner may provide improved anchorage for the finished part when employing bonding agents.  
         [0175]      FIG. 47  shows a building having a pitched roof employing ventilated tiles having natural convection. Building  492  is shown having roof portion  494  along with structural bottom portion  496 . Also shown is door  498  along with windows  500 . Roof  494  is covered by ventilated roofing tiles  502 . Tiles  502  are light in color and reflect sunlight. Ventilated roofing tiles  502  on roof  494  may conform to any of the ventilated roofing tiles described previously in the detailed description of this patent application. More particularly ventilated roofing tiles  502  may conform to the aspects of this invention involved with the removal of unwanted heat by natural convection. It should be noted that roofing tiles  502  are not the only external roofing material suitable for employing the teachings of this invention. Other external roof covering may be employed using the external ventilation aspects of the present invention. For example, roofing sections significantly larger than tiles may be employed as well having natural convection channels suitable for use on slanted roofs. Ventilated roofing tiles  502  are shown covering the entire surface of roof portion  494 . Ventilation slots  504  are shown along the top ridge portion  506  of roof portion  494 . Ventilation slots  504  provide an atmospheric exit for the natural convective removal of hot air. It should be noted that it may be desirable to cover ventilation slots  504 . Covering ventilation slots  504  may inhibit convection during cold weather and may also be used to prevent unwanted debris from clogging ventilated tiles  502  themselves.  
         [0176]      FIG. 48  shows a building having a pitched roof employing dark heat absorbing ventilated tiles along with forced air convection for moving heated air into interior spaces. Building  508  is shown having dark angled roof portion  510  along with bottom structural portion  512 . Also shown are windows  514  and door  516 . Dark heat absorbing ventilated roofing top surface  518  is also shown. Top surface  518  consists of numerous heat absorbing ventilated tiles  520 . Dark heat absorbent ventilated roofing tiles  520  are arranged having their convection channels aligned with one another along the slanted upward direction of roof portion  510 . Also shown is manifold  522  along with ducting  524 . Fan portion  526  is also shown along with thermostat  528 . Wires  530  and  532  electrically connect thermostat  528  to fan portion  526 . Dark heat absorbent ventilated roofing tiles  520  draw air from lower edge portion  534  of roof portion  510 . Fan  536  of fan portion  526  creates negative pressure in ducting  524  and manifold  522 . This negative pressure helps to draw air from lower roofing edge portion  534  and through the air spaces of heat absorbing ventilated tiles  520 . Heat absorbing ventilated tiles  520  are warm due to exposure to sunlight. Air traveling through ventilated tiles  520  is heated and transported through manifold  522  into ducting  524 . Hot air then is then forced into the interior portions of  508 . Thermostat  528  controls fan  536 . Additional thermostats, timers, and switches may be employed for further temperature control. It should be noted that the ducting shown in  FIG. 48  is on the outside of the building. It may be desirable to run the ducting through the inside of the building in order to reduce heat transfer with the outside environment. This may be particularly useful during periods of exceptionally cold weather. It should also be noted in areas of substantial cold that certain heat producing ventilated tiles may be more desirable than others. For example, the heat producing ventilated roofing tile shown in  FIG. 17  has a substantial amount of thermal insulation on the bottom surface and has a light transmitting insulating layer over the top exposed surface. The ventilated heat producing tile of  FIG. 17  may be a good choice for producing heat from solar radiation during times of exceptionally cold weather.  
         [0177]      FIG. 49  shows a building having a flat roof employing ventilated tiles along with forced air convection for the removal of excess heat. Building  538  is shown having a lower structural portion  540  along with reflective roofing portion  542 . Also shown is manifold  544  along with ducting  546 . Fan portion  548  is also shown along with fan  550 . Switch  552  is used to turn on and off fan  550 . Fan  550  is configured to remove unwanted heat from reflective ventilated roofing tiles  554  of reflective roofing portion  542 . This particular configuration may employ either negative or positive pressure in manifold  544 . An important aspect of this particular configuration is the venting of unwanted heat present in ventilated roofing tiles  554  to the atmosphere by forced air convection. Fan  550  may suck outside air into fan portion  548  and push this air with positive pressure into manifold  544  via ducting  546  thereby pushing outside air into ventilated roofing tiles  554  and thus removing heat and venting the hot air to the atmosphere along edge portion  556  of reflective roofing portion  542 . Alternatively, reversing the airflow would result in the same transfer of unwanted heat from ventilated roofing tiles  554  to the atmosphere.  
         [0178]      FIG. 50  shows a building having a flat roof employing dark heat absorbing ventilated tiles along with forced air convection for moving heated air into interior spaces. Building  560  is shown having a lower structural portion  562  along with heat absorbing roofing portion  564 . Also shown is manifold  566  along with ducting  568 . Fan portion  570  is shown along with fan  572 . Switch  574  is used to turn and off fan  572 . Fan  572  is configured to take air from manifold  566  via ducting  568 . Manifold  566  is under negative pressure from fan  572 . Dark heat absorbing ventilated roofing tiles  576  are shown connected together in a horizontal configuration and therefore require forced air convection from fan  572  in order to transfer heat. Edge portion  578  is also shown. Edge portion  578  represents the intake of air from outside into the air spaces of ventilated roofing tiles  576 . As the air travels within the air spaces within ventilated roofing tiles  576 , it heats up as a result of heat transfer. Hot air then enters manifold  566  at the other end and is sucked down ducting  568  into fan portion  570  and is blown into the interior of building  560  by fan  572 .  
         [0179]     Those skilled in the art will understand that the preceding exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide foundation for numerous alternatives and modifications. These other modifications are also within the scope of the limiting technology of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely shown and described herein but only to that outlined in the appended claims.