Abstract:
The present invention relates to a radio frequency mixer circuit comprising a first terminal ( 102 ), a local oscillator terminal ( 103 ) and a second terminal ( 104 ); a wave propagation medium ( 105 ) having a first ( 105 a) and second end ( 105   b ), where the mixer circuit further comprises a circulator ( 106 ) coupling together the first terminal ( 102 ), the first end ( 105   a ) of the wave propagation medium and the second terminal ( 104 ), a switching means ( 107 ) operable according to a signal coupled to the LO terminal ( 103 ), the switching means being coupled to the second end ( 105   b ) of the wave propagation medium for causing a reflection with unchanged voltage wave polarity when the switching means is in an open state, or a reflection with inverted voltage wave polarity when the switching means is in a closed state, at the second end of the wave propagation medium when a wave is travelling therein.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to mixer circuits. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Mixer circuits are widely employed in radio frequency (hereinafter referred to as RF) communication systems. The expression ‘radio frequency’ is used in this specification to designate wireless communication frequencies without any specific upper limit and embodiments of this invention are usable up to millimeter wavelength frequencies and beyond. Generally speaking, mixers perform frequency translation by multiplying two signals and possibly their harmonics. 
         [0003]    RF mixers are for instance used to convert applied RF signals to intermediate frequency (hereinafter referred to as IF) signals at the input section of an RF spectrum analyzer. Low mixer distortion and high isolation between local oscillator (hereinafter referred to as LO) signals applied to the mixer and the IF signals produced by the mixer enable an RF spectrum analyzer to accurately represent the spectral content of applied RF signals. Mixers are used to either translate or convert the frequency up, for instance when mixing an IF signal with a LO signal to produce a suitable RF signal for transmission or to translate or convert the frequency down, for instance when a received RF signal is mixed with a LO signal to produce a suitable IF signal. 
         [0004]    RF mixers used today in the RF spectrum uses two or more mixing diodes to achieve the desired mixing with low distortion, producing complicated mechanical assemblies and unnecessary us of costly components. 
         [0005]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,945 describes a dumbbell shaped resonator coupling IF signals from short transmission lines to an output transmission line at a RF mixer&#39;s IF output port. The RF mixer uses two diodes to perform the mixing of the RF and LO signals. 
         [0006]    The use of multiple diodes generates complicated and unnecessarily expensive circuits. The diodes have a forward voltage drop when they are conducting, causing unwanted power dissipation. The forward voltage drop also limits the mixer&#39;s power handling capability. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    It is an object of the invention among others to set forward a cost effective mixer circuit. 
         [0008]    According to the invention, a radio frequency mixer circuit is provided. The mixer circuit comprises a first terminal, a LO terminal and a second terminal; a wave propagation medium having a first and second end. The mixer circuit further comprises a circulator coupling together the first terminal, the first end of the wave propagation medium and the second terminal; a switching means operable according to a signal coupled to the LO terminal. The switching means is coupled to the second end of the wave propagation medium for causing a reflection with unchanged voltage wave polarity when the switching means is in an open state, or a reflection with inverted voltage wave polarity when the switching means is in a closed state, at the second end of the wave propagation medium when a wave is travelling therein. 
         [0009]    According to a further aspect of the invention the radio frequency mixer circuit may further comprise one or several wave propagation medium with a first and second end, where the first end of the further wave propagation medium is coupled to the circulator. The mixer circuit may further also comprise one or several switching means and a further LO terminal where the further switching means is operable according to a signal coupled to the further LO terminal. The further switching means is also coupled to the second end of the wave propagation medium for causing a reflection with unchanged voltage wave polarity when the switching means is in an open state, or a reflection with inverted voltage wave polarity when the switching means is in a closed state, at the second end of the wave propagation medium when a wave is travelling therein. The further wave propagation medium and the further switching means enables frequency conversion to be performed in two steps utilizing one common circulator. 
         [0010]    According to an aspect of the invention, there is carried out a mixing of signals by reflection of signals in a switching means due to high or low impedance based on the state of the switching means. Since the switching means is either fully turned on (typically drain-source resistance 1 mΩ) or fully turned off (typically drain-source resistance 1 MΩ), the conducting losses in the semiconductor will be very low, thus not having the drawbacks of large forward voltage drop as if diodes were used. 
         [0011]    The present invention may further enable frequency conversion of IF or RF signals having extremely large power levels (W or kW). Different transmitter system architecture may consequently be designed, by locating the main power amplifier (PA) prior to frequency up-conversion (as opposite to after frequency up-conversion in common transmitter systems), for performing amplification at IF frequencies, thus relaxing the power amplifier requirements. In the same manner may different receiver system architecture be designed by locating attenuators or automatic gain control (AGC) circuits after frequency down-conversion (as opposite to before frequency down-conversion in common receiver systems). 
         [0012]    The second end of the wave propagation medium may be coupled to ground when the switching means is in a closed state or may be coupled to a DC voltage source when the switching means is in a closed state. 
         [0013]    The second end of the wave propagation medium is isolated from ground when the switching means is in an open state. 
         [0014]    The switching means advantageously comprises a single semiconductor switch coupled to the wave propagation medium which gives the benefit of reducing the number of components while still maintaining the desired functionality of the mixer circuit. The need for fewer components also makes the mixer circuit more inexpensive and easier to construct and manufacture. 
         [0015]    The first terminal of the mixer circuit may be an input terminal for coupling an IF signal and the second terminal of the mixer circuit may be an output terminal for coupling a RF signal. Alternatively, the first terminal may be an input terminal for coupling a RF signal and the second terminal may be an output terminal for coupling an IF signal. 
         [0016]    The radio frequency mixer circuit may be operable for up-converting a signal coupled to the first terminal by modulating the signal coupled to first terminal with the signal coupled to the LO terminal, where the frequency of the signal coupled to the LO terminal is higher than the frequency of the signal coupled to the first terminal. 
         [0017]    The radio frequency mixer circuit may be operable for down-converting a signal coupled to the first terminal by modulating the signal coupled to the first terminal with the signal coupled to the LO terminal, where the frequency of the signal coupled to the LO terminal is lower than the frequency of the signal coupled to the first terminal. 
         [0018]    The signal coupled to the first terminal may be routed in the circulator to the first end of the wave propagation medium and the signal resulting from the reflection in the second end of the wave propagation medium may be routed in the circulator to the second terminal. 
         [0019]    The signal coupled to the first terminal may be routed in the circulator to the first end of the wave propagation medium, the signal resulting from the reflection in the second end of the wave propagation medium may be routed to the first end of a second wave propagation medium and the signal resulting from the reflection in the second end of the second wave propagation medium is routed in the circulator to the second terminal. 
         [0020]    The switching means may comprise a semiconductor switch, being one of Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (herein after called MOSFET), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (herein after called CMOS), gallium arsenide (herein after called GaAs) or silicon-germanium (herein after called SiGe). Any other kind of switching means suitable for similar operation is of course possible. 
         [0021]    The wave propagation medium may comprise at least one of a transmission line, a micro strip, a strip line, a printed circuit board track, a cable, lumped LC elements or a waveguide. 
         [0022]    The circulator through which the electrical power travels, is preferably made up by one of a magnetized material, a conductor near a magnetized material, a waveguide near a magnetized material, or made up by electrical switches or other semiconductors to emulate corresponding circulator function. Other types of circulators are also possible. 
         [0023]    The mixer circuit contains an electrical termination for each wave propagation medium. 
         [0024]    The electrical length of the respective wave propagation medium corresponds substantially to λ 1  or longer, where λ 1  is the wavelength of the signal into the respective first end of the wave propagation medium. 
         [0025]    Although the invention mainly aims at converting signals from or into the RF spectrum, i.e. frequencies from 30 kHz to 300 GHz, it is feasible to use the mixer circuit for arbitrary frequencies, as long as the wavelength of the input signal to the first terminal is roughly the same or shorter than the electrical length of the wave propagation medium. 
         [0026]    Further details, aspects and embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings. Elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of a first embodiment of a mixer circuit according to the invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of a second embodiment of a mixer circuit according to the invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of a third embodiment of a mixer circuit according to the invention. 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  is an illustration of a fourth embodiment of a mixer circuit according to the invention. 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  schematically describes the time/voltage characteristic of the mixer circuit according to the first embodiment during up-conversion. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0032]    The present invention describes a mixer circuit capable of converting applied RF or IF signals. The conversion can be made either from a lower frequency to a higher frequency (up-conversion) or from a higher frequency to a lower frequency (down-conversion). 
         [0033]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a first aspect of the invention where the mixer circuit  101  is used for up-converting an IF signal by modulating it with a LO signal with a frequency higher than the IF signal. The resulting signal is a RF signal suitable for transmission by an antenna. 
         [0034]    The mixer circuit  101  comprises a first terminal  102 , a LO terminal  103  and a second terminal  104 . The mixer circuit further comprises a wave propagation medium  105  having a first and second end  105   a  and  105   b,  a circulator  106 , and a switching means  107 . 
         [0035]    The terminals used are any terminals suited for coupling signals from peripheral equipment such as signal generators, filters, antennas, analogue-to-digital converters and other suitable equipment to a terminal. All terminals may be of the same kind or of different kinds depending on the characteristics of the signal coupled to each of the terminals. 
         [0036]    Circulators (and isolators) are passive devices used in modern RF and microwave equipment since some decades. The circulator is defined as a passive device with 3 or more ports, where power is transferred from one port to the next in a prescribed order. For a 3-port-circulator the following applies: power entering port 1 leaves port 2, port 3 is decoupled; power entering port 2 leaves port 3, port 1 is decoupled; and power entering port 3 leaves port 1, port 2 is decoupled. For a 4-port-circulator it is similar: power entering port 1 leaves port 2, port 3 and 4 are decoupled, power entering port 2 leaves port 3, port 4 and 1 are decoupled, power entering port 3 leaves port 4, port 1 and 2 are decoupled and power entering port 4 leaves port 1, port 2 and 3 are decoupled. 
         [0037]    A circulator may be made up by one of a magnetized material, a conductor near a magnetized material, a waveguide near a magnetized material, or made up by electrical switches or other semiconductors to emulate corresponding circulator function. The circulator may also be integrated into a strip line circuit. 
         [0038]    A wave propagation medium may comprise at least one of a transmission line, a micro strip, a strip line, a printed circuit board track, a cable, lumped LC elements or a waveguide. The electrical length of the wave propagation medium corresponds substantially to λ 1  or longer, where λ 1  is the wavelength of the signal into the first end of the wave propagation medium. 
         [0039]    The circulator  106  couples together the first terminal  102 , the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105  and the second terminal  104 . The switching means  107  is connected to the LO terminal  103  and is operable to open and close according to the voltage and/or the polarity of a signal coupled to the LO terminal  103  Depending on the type of switching means chosen, the threshold voltage and polarity required to open and close the switching means may be varied. The signal coupled to the LO terminal  103  is generated by a LO generator  110 , preferably producing either a sine wave or a square wave originating from a crystal oscillator (XO) or a phase locked loop (PLL). Alternative suitable wave forms are of course also possible signals. The switching means  107  is further coupled to the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  and to an electrical termination  108 . The electrical termination  108  may be printed circuit board (PCB) vertical interconnect accesses (hereinafter referred to as vias) coupled to a ground plane or other low impedance component coupled to the system&#39;s ground or alternatively to a DC voltage source (not shown). 
         [0040]    In  FIG. 1 , the first terminal  102  is coupled to an IF generator, that may be a digital to analogue converter (DAC), an amplifier or both, and the second terminal  104  is coupled to a filter  111  for rejecting unwanted frequencies. The filter  111  may be any suitable microwave filter known in the art, for instance low-pass, high-pass or band-pass. The filter  111  is then connected to an antenna  112  suitable for transmitting the desired output RF signal. 
         [0041]    The IF signal coupled to the first terminal  102  is routed in the circulator  106  to the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105 . The resulting RF signal from the reflection in the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  is then routed in the circulator  106  to the second terminal  104 . 
         [0042]    The switching means preferably consists of a single switch coupled to the wave propagation medium  105 . The single switch may be a semiconductor switch, for instance MOSFET, CMOS, GaAs or SiGe but may also be any other switch suitable for operation in the preferred frequency range. 
         [0043]      FIG. 2  schematically illustrates a second aspect of the invention where the mixer circuit  201  is used for down-converting a RF signal by modulating it with a LO signal with a frequency lower than the RF signal. The resulting signal is an IF signal suitable for processing by a receiver system in the digital domain after analogue to digital conversion. 
         [0044]    The mixer circuit  201  comprises a first terminal  102 , a LO terminal  103  and a second terminal  104 . The mixer circuit further comprises a wave propagation medium  105  having a first and second end  105   a  and  105   b,  a circulator  106 , a switching means  107 . 
         [0045]    The properties of the wave propagation medium  105 , the circulator  106  and the switching means  107  are the same as referred to in the description of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0046]    The circulator  106  couples together the first terminal  102 , the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105  and the second terminal  104 . The switching means  107  is connected to the LO terminal  103  and is operable to open and close according to the voltage and/or the polarity of a signal coupled to the LO terminal  103 . The signal coupled to the LO terminal  103  is generated by a LO generator  110 , preferably producing either a sine wave or a square wave. Alternative suitable wave forms are of course also possible signals. The switching means  107  is further coupled to the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  and to an electrical termination  108 . 
         [0047]    The electrical termination  108  may be printed circuit board (PCB) vias coupled to a ground plane or other low impedance component coupled to the system&#39;s ground or alternatively to a DC voltage source (not shown). 
         [0048]    In  FIG. 2  the first terminal  102  is coupled to an antenna  112  for receiving RF signals. A filter (not shown) may be placed between the antenna  112  and the first terminal  102  for rejecting unwanted frequencies of the RF signal. The second terminal  104  is coupled to a filter  111  for rejecting unwanted frequencies. The filter  111  may be any suitable filter known in the art, for instance low-pass, high-pass or band-pass. The filter  111  is then connected to an analogue-to-digital converter  113  converting the analogue signal into a digital signal for further processing by the receiver system in the digital domain. 
         [0049]    The RF signal coupled to the first terminal  102  is routed in the circulator  106  to the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105 . The resulting IF signal from the reflection in the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  is then routed in the circulator  106  to the second terminal  104 . 
         [0050]    The switching means preferably consists of a single switch coupled to the wave propagation medium  105 . The single switch may be a semiconductor switch, for instance MOSFET, CMOS, GaAs or SiGe but may also be any other switch suitable for operation in the preferred frequency range. 
         [0051]      FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a mixer circuit  301  with an additional LO terminal  203 , an additional wave propagation medium  205  and an additional switching means  207  compared to the mixer circuit  101 . The function of the mixer circuit  301  is the same as the mixer circuit  101  shown in  FIG. 1 , i.e. it is used for up-converting an IF signal by modulating it with LO signals coupled to the LO terminals  103 ,  203  having a frequency higher than the IF signal. The frequency up-conversion is performed in two steps, utilizing one common circulator  106 . The second LO signal coupled to the second LO terminal  203  has a higher frequency than the first LO signal. The resulting signal is a RF signal suitable for transmission by an antenna. Although the mixer circuit  301  comprises two LO terminals  103  and  203 , two wave propagation media  105  and  205  and two switching means  107  and  207  a mixer circuit  301  with three or more of these components are possible. 
         [0052]    The properties of the wave propagation medium  105  and  205 , the circulator  106  and the switching means  107  and  207  are the same as referred to in the description of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0053]    The circulator  106  couples together the first terminal  102 , the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105 , the first end  205   a  of the second wave propagation medium  205  and the second terminal  104 . The switching means  107  is connected to the LO terminal  103  and is operable to open and close according to the voltage and/or the polarity of a signal coupled to the LO terminal  103 . The signal coupled to the LO terminal  103  is generated by a LO generator  110 , preferably producing either a sine wave or a square wave. Alternative suitable wave forms are of course also possible signals. The switching means  107  is further coupled to the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  and to an electrical termination  108 . The electrical termination  108  may be printed circuit board (PCB) vias coupled to a ground plane or other low impedance component coupled to the system&#39;s ground or alternatively to a DC voltage source (not shown). 
         [0054]    The second switching means  207  is connected to the second LO terminal  203  and is operable to open and close according to the voltage and/or the polarity of a signal coupled to the second LO terminal  203 . The signal coupled to the LO terminal  203  is generated by a LO generator  210 , preferably producing either a sine wave or a square wave. Alternative suitable wave forms are of course also possible signals. The second switching means  207  is further coupled to the second end  205   b  of the wave propagation medium  205  and to an electrical termination  208 . The electrical termination  208  may be printed circuit board (PCB) vias coupled to a ground plane or other low impedance component coupled to the system&#39;s ground or alternatively to a DC voltage source (not shown). 
         [0055]    The signal coupled to the first terminal  102  is routed in the circulator  106  to the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105 , the signal resulting from the reflection in the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  is routed in the circulator  106  to the first end  205   a  of a second wave propagation medium  205  and the signal resulting from the reflection in the second end  205   b  of the wave propagation medium  205  is routed in the circulator  106  to the second terminal  104 . 
         [0056]    In  FIG. 3 , the first terminal  102  is coupled to an IF generator and the second terminal  104  is coupled to a filter  111  for rejecting unwanted frequencies. The filter may be any suitable microwave filter known in the art, for instance low-pass, high-pass or band-pass. The filter  111  is then connected to an antenna  112  suitable for transmitting the desired output RF signal. 
         [0057]    The two switching means each preferably consists of a single switch, each coupled to the wave propagation medium  105  and  205  respectively. The single switch may be a semiconductor switch, for instance MOSFET, CMOS, GaAs or SiGe but may also be any other switch suitable for operation in the preferred frequency range. 
         [0058]      FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a mixer circuit  401  with an additional LO terminal  203 , an additional wave propagation medium  205  and an additional switching means  207  compared to the mixer circuit  201 . The function of the mixer circuit  401  is the same as the mixer circuit  201  shown in  FIG. 2 , i.e. it is used for down-converting a radio frequency signal by modulating it with LO signals coupled to the LO terminals  103 ,  203  with a frequency lower than the IF signal. The frequency down-conversion is performed in two steps, utilizing one common circulator  106 . The second LO signal coupled to the second LO terminal has a lower frequency than the first LO signal coupled to the first LO terminal  103 . The resulting signal is an IF signal suitable for processing by a receiver system. Although the mixer circuit  401  comprises two LO terminals  103  and  203 , two wave propagation media  105  and  205  and two switching means  107  and  207  a mixer circuit  401  with three or more of these components are possible. 
         [0059]    The properties of the wave propagation medium  105  and  205 , the circulator  106  and the switching means  107  and  207  are the same as referred to in the description of  FIG. 2 . 
         [0060]    The circulator  106  couples together the first terminal  102 , the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105 , the first end  205   a  of the second wave propagation medium  205  and the second terminal  104 . The switching means  107  is connected to the LO terminal  103  and is operable to open and close according to the voltage and/or the polarity of a signal coupled to the LO terminal  103 . The signal coupled to the LO terminal  103  is generated by a LO generator  110 , preferably producing either a sine wave or a square wave. Alternative suitable wave forms are of course also possible signals. The switching means  107  is further coupled to the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  and to an electrical termination  108 . The electrical termination  108  may be printed circuit board (PCB) vias coupled to a ground plane or other low impedance component coupled to the system&#39;s ground or alternatively to a DC voltage source (not shown). 
         [0061]    The second switching means  207  is connected to the second LO terminal  203  and is operable to open and close according to the voltage and/or the polarity of a signal coupled to the second LO terminal  203 . The signal coupled to the LO terminal  203  is generated by a LO generator  210 , preferably producing either a sine wave or a square wave. Alternative suitable wave forms are of course also possible signals. The second switching means  207  is further coupled to the second end  205   b  of the wave propagation medium  205  and to an electrical termination  208 . The electrical termination  208  may be printed circuit board (PCB) vias coupled to a ground plane or other low impedance component coupled to the system&#39;s ground or alternatively to a DC voltage source (not shown). 
         [0062]    The signal coupled to the first terminal  102  is routed in the circulator  106  to the first end of the wave propagation medium  105   a,  the signal resulting from the reflection in the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  is routed in the circulator  106  to the first end  205   a  of a second wave propagation medium  205  and the signal resulting from the reflection in the second end  205   b  of the wave propagation medium  205  is routed in the circulator  106  to the second terminal  104 . 
         [0063]    In  FIG. 4  the first terminal  102  is coupled to an antenna  112  for receiving RF signals. A filter (not shown) may be placed between the antenna  112  and the first terminal  102  for rejecting unwanted frequencies of the RF signal. The second terminal  104  is coupled to a filter  111  for rejecting unwanted frequencies. The filter  111  may be any suitable filter known in the art, for instance low-pass, high-pass or band-pass. The filter  111  is then connected to a analogue-to-digital converter  113  converting the analogue signal into a digital signal for further processing by the receiver system. 
         [0064]    The two switching means each preferably consists of a single switch, each coupled to the wave propagation medium  105  and  205  respectively. The single switch may be a semiconductor switch, for instance MOSFET, CMOS, GaAs or SiGe but may also be any other switch suitable for operation in the preferred frequency range. 
         [0065]    An operation cycle for a frequency up conversion circuit  101  is described with a time-space diagram in  FIG. 5 . It is also described in text below. The circuit is shown at start up, prior to connection of the IF signal to the first terminal  102 , to clearly visualize the mixing function performed for the first time when the IF signal reaches the switching means  107 . 
         [0066]    The propagation time delay of the wave propagation medium  105  is denoted td(s). The LO and IF signal period times have been selected as integer multiples or fractions of td in this example, but may be of arbitrary lengths, as long as the wavelength of the input IF signal to the first terminal  102  is roughly the same or shorter than the electrical length of the wave propagation medium  105 . The characteristic impedance of the wave propagation medium  105  is denoted Z 0 (Ω) (typically 50Ω). 
         [0067]    Voltage waves traveling in the wave propagation medium  105  towards the switching means  107  are marked with dotted areas. Voltage waves traveling in the wave propagation medium  105  towards the circulator  106  are marked with cross hatched areas. The zero voltage (0V) level along the wave propagation medium  105  is represented with a solid line, and the wave propagation medium end  105   a,    105   b  positions are marked with large dots. 
         [0000]        t=−td /2 
         [0068]    The LO signal is continuously on and connected to the LO input terminal  103 . The switching means  107  is in this example controlled by the LO signal to be in its closed state when the LO signal is positive, and in its open state when the LO signal is negative. There is no IF signal applied to the first terminal  102 , and no RF signal is consequently outputted from the second terminal  104 . 
         [0000]      t=0 
         [0069]    An IF signal is applied to the first terminal  102 . The IF signal is routed in the circulator  106  into the first end  105   a  of the wave propagation medium  105 . A voltage wave starts to propagate towards the switching means  107 . The leading edge position and direction of travel along the wave propagation medium  105  is marked with a small arrow  503 . 
         [0000]        t=td/ 2 
         [0070]    The IF signal has reached half ways into the wave propagation medium  105 . 
         [0000]      t=td 
         [0071]    The IF signal has reached the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105 . The switching means  107  will be in its on state until t=td+td/16. The IF signal will thus encounter a very low impedance (typically 1 mΩ) in the switching means  107  and the electrical termination  108 , resulting in a reflection coefficient value Γ almost equal to −1. 
         [0000]      Example; Γ=( Z   L   −Z   0 )/( Z   L   +Z   0 )=(0.001−50)/(0.001+50)=− 0 . 99996 
 
         [0072]    The IF signal voltage wave will consequently be reflected in the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  and maintain its shape, but having the inversed polarity  504 . 
         [0073]    At t=t+td/16 the switching means  107  will be turned off. The IF signal will now encounter a very high impedance in the switching means  107  (typically 1 MΩ), resulting in a reflection coefficient value Γ almost equal to +1. 
         [0000]      Example; Γ=( Z   L   −Z   0 )/(Z L +Z 0 )=(10 6 −50)/(10 6 +50)=0.99990
 
         [0074]    The IF signal voltage wave will consequently be reflected in the second end  105   b  of the wave propagation medium  105  and maintain its shape and original polarity  505 . 
         [0075]    The mixing function is in this manner performed by continuously alternating the single switch&#39;s state. 
         [0000]      t=1.5 td 
         [0076]    The RF signal has reached half ways into the wave propagation medium  105  in its way towards the circulator  106 . 
         [0000]      t=2 td 
         [0077]    The RF signal has reached the circulator  106  where it is routed to the second terminal  104 . A RF signal  506  will now be outputted from the mixer circuit  101 . At the same time starts the second period  507  of the IF signal connected to the first terminal  102 . 
         [0000]      t=2.5 td 
         [0078]    The output RF signal has reached its maximum amplitude. 
         [0000]      t=3 td 
         [0079]    The output RF signal has reached its minimum amplitude. 
         [0000]      t=3.5 td 
         [0080]    The output RF signal has reached its maximum amplitude a second time. 
         [0000]      t=4 td 
         [0081]    The output RF signal has reached its minimum amplitude a second time. The RF period is fulfilled and a new RF period  508  starts. 
         [0082]    The above description of the operation cycle for a frequency up conversion is intended for illustrative purpose only and is in no way limiting. Different switching means operate with different values of the LO signal. The operation for the frequency down conversion works in a similar way. The use of one or more wave propagation mediums does not affect the function of the mixer circuit, instead the desired output RF signal is generated in one or more steps.