Abstract:
A system for modulating a beam of light in accordance with an input data stream having a data rate greater than 2 MHz, includes a source of light for directing light along a predetermined path, and a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating disposed in the predetermined path, the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating. The self-damped electromechanical conformal grating includes an elongated ribbon element including a light reflective surface, a substrate and a pair of end supports for supporting the elongated ribbon element at both ends over the substrate; and at least one intermediate support between the end supports so that there are deformable portions of the elongated ribbon element above and movable into a channel containing a gas.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     Reference is made to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/757,340 filed concurrently herewith, entitled “Optical Data Modulation System With Self-Damped Diffractive Light Modulator” by Kowarz et al, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the modulation of optical signals, and more particularly, to an optical modulation system which includes a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     High-speed optical data modulation systems are used for various applications including optical data storage and communications. These systems require data throughput in the megahertz frequency range. Substantial progress has been made in the development and implementation of microelectro-mechanical (MEMS) light modulators that operate efficiently at these frequencies. MEMS light modulators with a variety of designs have been used in applications such as display, optical processing, printing, optical data storage and spectroscopy. These light modulators produce spatial variations in the phase and/or amplitude of an incident light beam using arrays of individually addressable elements. For example, high-speed reflective phase gratings have been fabricated using suspended micromechanical ribbon elements, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,360 to Bloom et al. This device, also known as a grating light valve (GLV), can be fabricated with CMOS-like processes on silicon. Bloom et al. described a similar device in U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,610, with changes in the structure that included: 1) patterned raised areas beneath the ribbons to minimize contact area to obviate stiction between the ribbon and substrate; 2) an alternative device design in which the spacing between ribbons was decreased and alternate ribbons were actuated to produce good contrast; 3) solid supports to fix alternate ribbons; and 4) an alternative device design that produced a blazed grating by rotation of suspended surfaces. Bloom et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,783 also presented a method for fabricating the device. Additional improvements in the design and fabrication of the GLV were described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,579 to Bloom et al. and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,592 to Bornstein et al. 
     A completely different class of electromechanical grating devices may be obtained by defining a grating structure in the supports below elongated ribbon elements, as disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Ser. No. 09/491,354 filed Jan. 26, 2000 entitled “Spatial Light Modulator With Conformal Grating Elements” by Mark W. Kowarz. These devices, which are referred as electromechanical conformal gratings, function on the principle of a hidden grating. In the unactuated state, the grating structure is completely hidden from view and the device functions as a mirror. In the actuated state, the elongated ribbon elements deform to reveal the grating structure of the supports, thus generating a partially conformal diffraction grating. The operation of a electromechanical conformal grating is based on an attractive electrostatic force, which is produced by a voltage difference between a ground plane and the conducting layer on elongated ribbon elements. This attractive force changes the heights of the deformable portions of the elongated ribbon elements relative to the substrate. Modulation of the diffracted optical beam is obtained by appropriate choice of the voltage waveform. The voltage needed to deform a ribbon a certain distance depends on several factors including the tensile stress in the ribbon element, the length of the deformable portions of the ribbon and the distance between the ground plane and the top conductive layer. 
     The resonant frequency of the deformable portions of the elongated ribbon elements depends primarily on their tensile stress, density, and length. When a ribbon is actuated or released, the deformable portions ring at their resonant frequency, which is typically between 1 and 15 MHz. The mechanical response of the deformable portions of the elongated ribbon elements is damped by the flow and compression of the layer of gas beneath the ribbons. This phenomenon is referred to as squeeze film damping. It depends on the type of gas present, the pressure, film thickness etc. This damping determines the width of the resonant peak associated with the resonant frequency of the ribbons. As a result of this resonant ringing, the maximum frequency at which an electromechanical conformal grating can be operated is limited, and the diffracted light intensity contains undesirable temporal variations. These temporal variations in a data stream give rise to undesired data errors. Therefore, there is a need for an electromechanical conformal grating having increased operating speed and reduced temporal light intensity variations. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical modulation system with a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating for a beam of light in accordance with an input data stream that is particularly suitable for input data rates greater than 2 MHz. 
     This object is achieved by a system for modulating a beam of light in accordance with an input data stream having a data rate greater than 2 MHz, comprising: 
     (a) a source of light for directing light along a predetermined path; 
     (b) a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating disposed in the predetermined path, the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating including: 
     (i) an elongated ribbon element including a light reflective surface, 
     (ii) a substrate and a pair of end supports for supporting the elongated ribbon element at both ends over the substrate; and 
     (iii) at least one intermediate support between the end supports so that there are deformable portions of the elongated ribbon element above and movable into a channel containing a gas; and 
     (c) means responsive to the input data stream for applying forces to the an elongated ribbon element to cause the deformable portions of the elongated ribbon element to move into the channel so that the deformable portions of the elongated ribbon element are movable between first and second positions in accordance with the input data stream; and 
     (d) the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating modulating the light beam and directing the modulated light to a light utilization device where the modulated light can be recorded or decoded, the deformable portions of the elongated ribbon element being sufficiently damped to minimize the introduction of data errors into the modulated light beam. 
     In accordance with the present invention an optical data modulation system with a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating suitable for 2 MHz data rates is disclosed. The system represents a significant improvement over existing technology in terms of its data throughput, reliability, and manufacturability. The modulator system can readily be optimized at standard ambient conditions which substantially simplifies fabrication and packaging, and reduces per unit costs. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic of the optical data modulation system of the present invention used for an optical data storage application; 
     FIG. 2 is a partially cut-away perspective of the conformal grating device showing two conformal grating elements in a linear array; 
     FIG. 3 is a top view of the conformal grating device, showing four grating elements in a linear array; 
     FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  are cross-sectional views through line  3 — 3  in FIG. 4 showing the device in an unactuated state and an actuated state, respectively; 
     FIG. 5 is a damped spring-mass system that serves as a model for the transient behavior of a deformable portions of the elongated ribbon elements; 
     FIGS. 6 a,    6   b  and  6   c  show an activation voltage pulse, ribbon displacement, and modulated light intensity into the  0 &#39;th order for an underdamped electromechanical conformal grating, respectively; 
     FIGS. 7 a,    7   b  and  7   c  show an activation voltage pulse, ribbon displacement, and modulated light intensity into the  0 &#39;th order for a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating, respectively, and; 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic of an alternate embodiment of an optical data modulation system, which is used for optical data transmission. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 shows a schematic of and optical data modulation system  180  of the present invention used for an optical data storage application. The optical data modulation system  180  includes a light source  110 , an optical system  120 , a light directing element  130 , a data encoder and modulator driver  140 , a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100 , an optical system  150 , and a light utilization device  200 . The light source  110  is preferably a laser or LED. The light directing element  130  is preferably a mirrored prism. 
     The operation of the optical data modulation system  180  is as follows: Light  112  from the light source  110  is focused by the optical system  120  onto the light directing element  130  which directs the light  112  onto the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100 . The data encoder and modulator driver  140  activates the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  to modulate the incident light in accordance with an input data stream  160 . The modulated light  122  leaves the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  and is incident on the light directing element  130 . The light directing element  130  directs the modulated light  122  onto the optical system  150 . The optical system  150  focuses the modulated light  122  onto a light utilization device  200 , which in this embodiment is a high-speed data storage system. Specifically, in this embodiment the light utilization device  200  is an optical data recorder which uses an optically sensitive storage media that consists of a movable light sensitive surface which records data in response to the modulated light  122 . In this way, the input data  160  is stored in a digital format on an optically sensitive storage media for subsequent retrieval and use. The optical data modulation system  180  is particularly suitable for operation at data rates above 2 MHz. 
     FIGS. 2 through 7 illustrate the structure and operation of the electromechanical conformal grating  100 . FIG. 2 shows the structure of two side-by-side conformal grating elements  5   a  and  5   b  in an unactuated state. The term conformal refers to the fact that the grating elements  5   a  and  5   b  conform to the shape of their support structure (substrate and supports) upon activation. In this embodiment, these devices can be operated by the application of an electrostatic force. The conformal grating elements  5   a  and  5   b  are formed on top of a substrate  10 , made of glass, metal, plastic or semiconductor materials, that is covered by a bottom conductive layer  12  which acts as an electrode to actuate the devices. The bottom conductive layer  12  can be made of materials such as aluminum, titanium, gold, silver, tungsten, doped silicon or indium tin oxide. The bottom conductive layer  12  is covered by a dielectric protective layer  14  followed by a spacer layer  18 . On top of the spacer layer  18 , a ribbon layer  20  is formed which is covered by a reflective layer  22 . In the present embodiment, the reflective layer  22  is also a conductor in order to provide electrodes for the actuation of the conformal grating elements  5   a  and  5   b.  The reflective and conductive layer  22  is patterned to provide electrodes to the two conformal grating elements  5   a  and  5   b.  The ribbon layer  20  preferably includes a material with a sufficient tensile stress to provide a large restoring force. Examples of ribbon materials are silicon nitride, titanium aluminide, and titanium oxide. The thickness and tensile stress of the ribbon layer  20  are chosen to optimize performance by influencing the electrostatic force for actuation and the restoring force. These forces affect the voltage requirement, speed and resonance frequency of the conformal grating elements  5   a  and  5   b.    
     Each of the two devices  5   a  and  5   b  has an associated elongated ribbon element  23   a  and  23   b,  respectively, patterned from the reflective and conductive layer  22  and the ribbon layer  20 . The elongated ribbon elements  23   a  and  23   b  are supported by end supports  24   a  and  24   b  formed from the spacer layer  18  and by one or more intermediate supports  27 . In FIG. 2, three intermediate supports  27  are shown formed from the spacer layer  18 . These intermediate supports  27  are uniformly separated in order to form four equal-width channels  25 . The elongated ribbon elements  23   a  and  23   b  are secured to the end supports and to the intermediate supports  27 . The end supports  24   a  and  24   b  are not defined other than at their edges facing the channel  25 . A plurality of square standoffs  29  is patterned at the bottom of the channels  25  from the standoff layer  16 . These standoffs  29  reduce the possibility of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  sticking when actuated. The standoffs may also be patterned in shapes other than square for example rectangular or round. 
     A top view of a four-device linear array of conformal grating elements  5   a,    5   b,    5   c  and  5   d  is shown in FIG.  3 . The elongated ribbon elements  23  are depicted partially removed over the portion of the diagram below the line  2 — 2  in order to show the underlying structure. For best optical performance and maximum contrast, the intermediate supports  27  must be completely hidden below the elongated ribbon elements  23   a,    23   b,    23   c  and  23   d.  Therefore, when viewed from the top, the intermediate supports must not be visible in the gaps  28  between the conformal grating elements  5   a - 5   d.  Here, each of the conformal grating elements  5   a - 5   d  have three intermediate supports  27  with four equal-width channels  25 . 
     The center-to-center separation Λ of the intermediate supports  27  defines the period of the conformal grating elements  5   a - 5   d  in the actuated state. The elongated ribbon elements  23   a - 23   d  are mechanically and electrically isolated from one another, allowing independent operation of the four conformal grating elements  5   a - 5   d.  The bottom conductive layer  12  of FIG. 2 can be common to all of the devices. 
     FIG. 4 a  is a side view, through line  3 — 3  of FIG. 3, of two channels  25  of the conformal grating element  5   b  in the unactuated state. FIG. 4 b  shows the same view of the actuated state. For operation of the device, an attractive electrostatic force is produced by applying a voltage difference between the bottom conductive layer  12  and the reflective conductive layer  22  of the elongated ribbon element  23   b.  In the unactuated state (see FIG. 4 a ), with no voltage difference, the ribbon element  23   b  is suspended flat between the supports  24   a  and  24   b .  In this state, an incident light beam  30  is primarily reflected  32  into the mirror direction. To obtain the actuated state, a voltage from an input data stream is applied to the conformal grating element  5   b,  which applies a force to the elongated ribbon element  23   b  to cause the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon element  23   b  to move into the channel  25  so that the deformable portions  26  are movable between first and second positions in accordance with the input data stream and produce a partially conformal grating with period Λ. FIG. 4 b  shows the device in the fully actuated state with deformable portions  26  the elongated ribbon element  23   b  in contact with the standoffs  29 . The height difference between the bottom of element  23   b  and the top of the standoffs  29  is chosen to be approximately ¼ of the wavelength λ of the incident light. The optimum height depends on the specific shape of the actuated device. In the actuated state, the incident light beam  30  is primarily diffracted into the +1 st  order  35   a  and −1 st  order  35   b,  with additional light diffracted into the +2 nd  order  36   a  and −2 nd  order  36   b.  A small amount of light is diffracted into even higher orders and some is reflected. For light incident perpendicular to the surface of the device, the angle θ m  between the incident beam and the m&#39;th order diffracted beam is given by 
     
       
         sin θ m   mλ/Λ,   
       
     
     where m is an integer. One or more of the diffracted orders can be collected and used by the optical system, depending on the application. When the applied voltage is removed, the forces due to the tensile stress and bending restores the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon element  23   b  to their original unactuated state. 
     Referring to FIGS. 2,  3 ,  4 , and  5 , the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  of the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  can be modeled as a damped-spring- mass system (see E. P. Furlani, “Theory and Simulation of Viscous Damped Reflection Phase Gratings,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 32 (4), 1999). Referring to FIG. 5, the motion the center of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  is described by the following differential equation,                 2        y            t   2         =         F   e          (   y   )       -     γ                        y          t         -       (       K   s     +     k   gs       )        y                              
     where y(t) is the vertical displacement of the center of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  from their un-actuated (up) position, F e (y) is the electrostatic force of attraction, K s , is the spring constant the deformable portions  26 , and γ, and k gs  are damping and spring constants due to squeeze film effects as described below. The electrostatic force is given by              F   e          (   y   )       =       K   e                       V   2         [         ɛ   0        s     +     ɛ        (     h   -   y     )         ]     2           ,              where               K   e     =         ɛ   2          ɛ   0        A     2       ,                          
     and A=wL, V is the voltage applied between the bottom conductive layer  12  and the reflective conductive layer  22  on the elongated ribbon elements  23 , ∈ 0  and ∈ are the permittivities of free space and the ribbon material  30 , respectively, L is the length of the ribbon, h is the height of the channel  25 , and y is the displacement of the center of the deformable portions of elongated ribbon elements  23  from their un-activated position. The ribbon spring constant K s  is given by            K   s     =       4      T     L       ,                          
     where T=T s ws, and T s , w and s are the tensile stress, width and thickness of the the ribbon layer  20 , respectively. The squeeze-film damping and spring coefficients are given by          γ   =         64                 σ                   P   a        A         π   6        d                         ∑     n   =   odd              ∑     m   =   odd                m   2     +       c   2          n   2               (     m                 n     )     2          [       (       m   2     +       c   2          n   2         )     +       σ   2     /     π   4         ]                 ,              and             k   gs     =         64                   σ   2          P   a        A         π   6        d                         ∑     n   =   odd              ∑     m   =   odd                  m   2     +       c   2          n   2               (     m                 n     )     2          [       (       m   2     +       c   2          n   2         )     +       σ   2     /     π   4         ]         .                                  
     where P a  is the ambient pressure, A=Lw, and c=w/L, and m and n are summation indices. The parameter σ is given by          σ   =         12                   μ   eff          w   2           P   a          d   2                       ω       ,                          
     where μ eff  is the effective viscosity of the gas, ω= 2 πf, and f is the frequency of oscillation of the deformable portions  26  of elongated ribbon elements  23  (see T. Veijola, H. Kuisma, T. Ryhanen, “Equivalent-circuit model of squeezed gas film in a silicon accelerometer,” Sensors and Actuators A 48, 1995). 
     After the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  have been pulled down, the voltage V is set to zero, and the response of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  is governed by the equation                     2        y            t   2         +     γ                        y          t         +       (       K   s     +     k   gs       )        y       =   0     ,                          
     The solution of this equation for a damped response is of the form 
     
       
           y ( t ) =R  exp( −γt/   2   m )cos(β t−δ ), 
       
     
     where R is the amplitude of oscillation, γ is a damping coefficient, δ is a phase factor and        β   =           [       4        (       K   s     +     k   gs       )        m     -     γ   2       ]       1   /   2         2      m       .                            
     It is instructive to note that because of the functional form of γ, k gs  and K s , the response of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  depends in a complex way on numerous device parameters including the dimensions and material properties of the deformable portions  26 , the gas in the channel  25 , the channel height h, and the ambient temperature and pressure. Therefore, in general, it is difficult to determine specific values for the device parameters that render a desired frequency response of the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100 . For low frequency applications, with data rates in the 100 kHz range, there is a relatively wide range of viable parameter values that render the electromechanical conformal grating  100  self-damped. Therefore, it is relatively easy to design and fabricate a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  for low frequency applications. 
     For high-frequency applications, with data rates greater than 2 MHz, the range of viable parameters is limited and difficult to determine. For such applications, the oscillation of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  must be kept to a minimum to avoid data errors. Specifically, any oscillation of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  about their equilibrium position gives rise to an output signal. Moreover, if an oscillation is of sufficient amplitude, it will register as a data bit error. The criteria for an optical data modulation system that is viable for data rates above 2 MHz are as follows: The self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  must be capable of producing a pulse of modulated light of intensity of constant amplitude I m  that has a temporal duration π≦250 ns. Moreover any undesired oscillations of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  must be limited so that the intensity of the modulated light resulting from such oscillations is less than 20% of I m . That is, the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  must be being sufficiently damped to minimize the introduction of data errors into the modulated light beam. 
     FIGS. 6 a,    6   b  and  6   c  illustrate the activation and response of an underdamped electromechanical conformal grating. Specifically FIGS. 6 a,    6   b  and  6   c  show plots of an activation voltage pulse  42 , ribbon displacement  44 , and modulated light intensity  46  into the  0 &#39;th order for an underdamped electromechanical conformal grating. The underdamped electromechanical conformal grating has substantially the same structure and operation as the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  except that the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  tend to ring (oscillate) upon activation as described above. FIG. 6 a  shows an input voltage pulse  42  that is applied between the bottom conductive layer  12  and the reflective conductive layer  22  on the elongated ribbon elements  23 . FIG. 6 b  shows the response of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  the input voltage pulse  42  of FIG. 6 a.  Specifically, it shows the displacement  44  of the center point the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23 . FIG. 6 c  shows a profile of the modulated light intensity  46  into the  0 &#39;th order. The  0 &#39;th order corresponds to the modulated reflected light. It is instructive to note that the modulated light intensity  46  of an underdamped electromechanical conformal grating is characterized by an oscillatory temporal variation due to the ringing of the underdamped the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23 . This oscillatory temporal variation is undesired for high-frequency optical data modulation because it causes data errors. 
     FIGS. 7 a,    7   b  and  7   c  illustrate the activation and response of a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100 . Specifically, FIGS. 7 a,    7   b  and  7   c  show plots of an activation voltage pulse  52 , ribbon displacement  54 , and modulated light intensity  56  into the  0 &#39;th order for a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100 , respectively. FIG. 7 a  shows an input voltage pulse  52  that is applied between between the bottom conductive layer  12  and the reflective conductive layer  22  on the elongated ribbon elements  23 . FIG. 7 b  shows the response of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  to the input voltage pulse  52  of FIG. 6 a.  Specifically, it shows the displacement of the center the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23 . FIG. 7 c  shows a profile of the modulated light intensity  56  into the  0 &#39;th order that is generated by a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  in response to the input voltage pulse  52 . It is instructive to note that the modulated light intensity  56  of the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  exhibits a minimal temporal oscillation of the modulated light. This is desired for high-frequency optical data modulation because it provides an error free representation of the input data stream  160 . 
     A self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  for use at a 2 MHz data rate was fabricated with the following materials and parameters: 
     Substrate: silicon 
     Spacer layer: silicon dioxide, thickness h=150 nm 
     Ribbon layer: silicon nitride, thickness=120 nm, tensile stress=1100 Mpa 
     Reflective and conductive layer: aluminum, thickness=50 nm 
     Grating period Λ=36 μm 
     Length of deformable portions of elongated ribbon elements=30 μm 
     Width of elongated ribbon elements w=4 μm 
     Width of intermediate supports=6 μm 
     The gas in the channel  25  is air at standard temperature and pressure, which simplifies device packaging. Modification of the gas type, temperature and pressure can be used to increase damping, but requires more complex and expensive packaging. The fabricated self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  functions in contact mode, whereby the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  are displaced vertically by 150 nm when actuated, and make mechanical contact with the bottom of the channel  25 . The self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  is preferably of this contact-mode type. For optimum diffraction efficiency, the vertical displacement upon actuation needs to be approximately ¼ of the wavelength of the incident light  112 . 
     This type of design allows for fabrication with CMOS methods and integration with CMOS circuitry. The resonant frequency of the deformable portions  26  of the elongated ribbon elements  23  in this particular design is approximately 8 MHz. Most practical designs have resonant frequencies between 2 MHz and 15 MHz. Because of this high resonance, the switching time of the device can be very short. 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic of an alternate embodiment of optical data modulation system in which it is used for optical data transmission. The optical data modulation system  300  includes a light source  110 , a light transmission system  320 , a light directing element  130 , a data encoder and modulator driver  140 , and input data stream  160 , a self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100 , a light transmission system  330 , a light sensor  340 , and a data decoder  350 . The light source  110  is preferably a laser or LED. The light directing element  130  is preferably a mirrored prism, the light transmission systems  320  and  330  are preferably optical fiber systems, and the light sensor  340  is preferably a photodiode. 
     The operation of the optical data modulation system  300  is as follows: Light  112  from the light source  110  is transmitted by the light transmission system  320  onto the light directing element  130  which directs the light  112  unto the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100 . The data encoder and modulator driver  140  activates the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  to modulate the incident light in accordance with an input data stream  160 . The modulated light  122  leaves the self-damped electromechanical conformal grating  100  and is incident on the light directing element  130 . The light directing element  130  directs the modulated light  122  onto the light transmission system  330 . The light transmission system  330  directs the modulated light  122  onto a light sensor  340 . The light sensor  340  outputs data into a data decoder  350  which outputs the decoded data in the form of and output data stream  360  for use in a variety of optical transmission and communications equipment. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 PARTS LIST 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 5a 
                 conformal grating element 
               
               
                   
                 5b 
                 conformal grating element 
               
               
                   
                 5c 
                 conformal grating element 
               
               
                   
                 5d 
                 conformal grating element 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 substrate 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 bottom conductive layer 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 protective layer 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 standoff layer 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 spacer layer 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 ribbon layer 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 reflective conductive layer 
               
               
                   
                 23a 
                 elongated ribbon element 
               
               
                   
                 23b 
                 elongated ribbon element 
               
               
                   
                 23c 
                 elongated ribbon element 
               
               
                   
                 23d 
                 elongated ribbon element 
               
               
                   
                 24a 
                 end support 
               
               
                   
                 24b 
                 end support 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 channel 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 deformable portion 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 intermediate support 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 gap 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 standoff 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 incident light beam 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 reflected light beam 
               
               
                   
                 35a 
                 +1 st  order beam 
               
               
                   
                 35b 
                 −1 st  order beam 
               
               
                   
                 36a 
                 +2 nd  order beam 
               
               
                   
                 36b 
                 −2 nd  order beam 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 activation voltage pulse 
               
               
                   
                 44 
                 underdamped ribbon displacement 
               
               
                   
                 46 
                 underdamped modulated light intensity 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 activation voltage pulse 
               
               
                   
                 54 
                 self-damped ribbon displacement 
               
               
                   
                 56 
                 self-damped modulated light intensity 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 self-damped electromechanical conformal grating 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 light source 
               
               
                   
                 112 
                 incident light 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 optical system 
               
               
                   
                 122 
                 modulated light 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 light directing element 
               
               
                   
                 140 
                 data encoder and modulator driver 
               
               
                   
                 150 
                 optical system 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 input data stream 
               
               
                   
                 180 
                 optical data modulation system 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 light utilization device 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 optical data modulation system 
               
               
                   
                 320 
                 light transmission system 
               
               
                   
                 330 
                 light transmission system 
               
               
                   
                 340 
                 light sensor 
               
               
                   
                 350 
                 data decoder 
               
               
                   
                 360 
                 output data