Abstract:
A catalyst is provided for addition polymerization of olefinically unsaturated monomers comprising a first compound MY, wherein M is a transition metal in a low valency state or a transition metal in a low valency state coordinated to at least one coordinating non-charged ligand, Y is a monovalent, divalent or polyvalent counterion; an initiator compound comprising a homolytically breakable bond with a halogen atom; and an organodiimine, where at least one of the nitrogens of the diimine is not part of an aromatic ring. A catalyst for addition polymerization of olefinically unsaturated monomers is also provided comprising a first component of Formula 
     
       
         [ML] n+  A n− , 
       
     
     wherein M=a transition metal of low valency state, L=an organodiimine where at least one of the nitrogens of the diimine is not part of an aromatic ring, A=an anion, n=an integer of 1 to 3, m=an integer of 1 or 2; 
     e) An initiator compound comprising a homolytically breakable bond with a halogen atom. 
     Preferably, the organodiimine is a 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene, a pyridine carbaldelyde imine, an oxazolidone or a quinoline carbaldehyde. 
     Processes for using the catalysts are also disclosed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to a process for the atom transfer polymerization of olefinically unsaturated monomers in which molecular weight control is achieved by the presence of certain transition metals, especially copper, and diimine complexes. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     It is desirable to be able to produce high molecular weight polymers with a low molecular weight distribution by catalyzed addition polymerization, in particular of vinylic monomers. Hitherto, this has been achieved by polymerizing via ionic processes typically in the presence of organometallics such as alkyl lithiums that are sensitive when reacted with water and other protic species. Therefore, monomers containing functional groups are not readily polymerized. The use of ionic systems also precludes the use of solvents that contain protic groups and/or impurities resulting in very stringent reaction conditions and reagent purity being employed. 
     More recently, radical polymerization systems based on the combination of a transition metal halide and an alkyl halide have been used. For example, Matyjasewski (Macromolecules (1995), vol. 28, pages 7901-7910 and W096/30421) describes the use of CuX (where X=Cl, Br) in conjunction with bipyridine and an alkyl halide to give polymers of narrow molecular weight distribution and controlled molecular weight. This system suffers from the disadvantage that the copper catalyst is only partially soluble in the system and thus a heterogeneous polymerization ensues. The level of catalyst that is active in solution is thus difficult to determine. Percec (Macromolecules, (1995), vol. 28, page 1995) has extended Matyjasewski&#39;s work by using arenesulphonyl chlorides to replace alkyl chlorides, again this results in heterogeneous polymerization. Sawamoto (Macromolecules, (1995), vol. 28, page 1721 and Macromolecules, (1997), vol. 30, page 2244) has also used a ruthenium based system for similar polymerization of methacrylates. This system requires activation of monomer by aluminum alkyl, itself sensitive to reaction with protic species which is an inherent disadvantage. These systems have been described as proceeding via a free radical mechanism that suffers from the problem that the rate of termination is &gt;0 due to normal radical-radical combination and disproportionation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Surprisingly, the inventors of the present invention have found that the use of diimines such as 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes and 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde imines may be used in place of bipyridines. These ligands offer the advantage of homogeneous polymerization and thus the level of active catalyst can be accurately controlled. This class of ligand also enables the control of the relative stability of the transition metal valencies, for example, Cu(I) and Cu(II), by altering ancillary substituents and thus gives control over the nature of the products through control over the appropriate chemical equilibrium. Such a system is tolerant to trace impurities, trace levels of O 2  and functional monomers, and may even be conducted in aqueous media. 
     A further advantage of the system of the present invention is that the presence of free-radical inhibitors traditionally used to inhibit polymerization of commercial monomers in storage, such as 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (topanol), increases the rate of reaction of the present invention. This means that lengthy purification of commercial monomers to remove such radical inhibitors is not required. Furthermore, this indicates that the system of the invention is not a free-radical process. This is contrary to the Matajaszewski and Sawamoto who show free-radical based systems. 
     Accordingly a first aspect of the invention provides a catalyst for addition polymerization of olefinically unsaturated monomers, especially vinylic monomers, comprising: 
     a) a first compound of formula 1 
     
       
         MY 
       
     
      where M is a transition metal in a low valency state or a transition metal in a low valency state coordinated to at least one coordinating non-charged ligand and Y is a monovalent or polyvalent counterion; 
     b) an initiator compound comprising a homolytically cleavable bond with a halogen atom. 
     A “homolytically cleavable bond” means a bond that breaks without integral charge formation on either atom by homolytic fission Conventionally, this produces a radical on the compound and a halogen atom radical. For example:                           
     However, the increase in the rate of reaction observed by the inventors with free-radical inhibitors indicates that true free-radicals do not appear to be formed using the catalysts of the present invention. It is believed that this occurs in a concerted fashion whereby the monomer is inserted into the bond without formation of a discrete free radical species in the system. That is, during propagation this results in the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond and a new carbon-halogen bond without free-radical formation. The mechanism involves bridging halogen atoms such as:                           
     where: 
      ML is a transition metal-diimine complex as defined below. A “free-radical” is defined as an atom or group of atoms having an unpaired valence electron and which is a separate entity without other interactions. 
     c) an organodiimine, where one of the nitrogens of the diimine is not part of an aromatic ring. 
     Transitional metals may have different valencies, for example Fe(II) and Fe(III), Cu(I) and Cu(II), a low valency state is the lower of the commonly occurring valencies, i.e. Fe(II) or Cu(I). Hence M in Formula I is preferably Cu(I), Fe(II), Co(II), Ru(II) or Ni(II), most preferably Cu(I). Preferably, the coordinating ligand is (CH 3 CN) 4 . Y may be chosen from Cl, Br, F, I, NO 3 , PF 6 , BF 4 , SO 4 , CN, SPh, SCN, SePh or triflate (CF 3 SO 3 ). Copper (I) triflate may be in the form of a commercially available benzene complex (CF 3 SO 3 Cu) 2 C 6 H 6 . The most preferred compound is CuBr. Preferably, the second component (b) is selected from                           
     where R is independently selectable and is selected from straight, branched or cyclic alkyl, hydrogen, substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl or substituted benzyl. Preferably the or each alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or carboxyalkyl contains 1 to 20, especially 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     X is a halide, especially I, Br, F or Cl. 
     The second component (b) may especially be selected from Formulae 13 to 23:                           
     where: 
     X=Br, I or Cl, preferably Br 
     R′=—H, 
     —(CH 2 ) p R″ (where m is a whole number, preferably p=1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, most preferably 1 to 5, R″=H, OH, COOH, halide, NH 2 , SO 3 , COX—where x is Br, I or C) or:                           
     R 111 =—COOH, —COX (where X is Br, I, F or Cl), —OH, —NH 2  or —SO 3 H, especially 2-hydroxyethyl-2′-methyl-2′bromopropionate.                                                     
     Especially preferred examples of Formula 16 are:                           
     Br may be used instead at Cl in Formulae 16A and 16B.                           
     The careful selection of functional alkyl halides allows the production of terminally functionalized polymers. For example, the selection of a hydroxy containing alkyl bromide allows the production of α-hydroxy terminal polymers. This can be achieved without the need of protecting group chemistry. 
     Component (c) may be a 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene                           
     a 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde imine                           
     An Oxazolidone                           
     or a Quinoline Carbaldehyde                           
     where R 1 , R 2 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12  and R 13  may be varied independently and R 1 , R 2 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12  and R 13  may be H, straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, aryl (such as phenyl or phenyl substituted where substitution is as described for R 4  to R 9 ), CH 2 Ar (where Ar=aryl or substituted aryl) or a halogen. Preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12  and R 13  may be a C 1  to C 20  alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or carboxyalkyl, in particular C 1  to C 4  alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl, n-propylisopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert butyl, cyclohexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl decyl or lauryl. R 1 , R 2 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12  and R 13  may especially be methyl. 
     R 3  to R 9  may independently be selected from the group described for R 1 , R 2 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12  and R 13  or additionally OCH 2n+1  (where n is an integer from 1 to 20), NO 2 , CN or O═CR (where R=alkyl, benzyl PhCH 2  or a substituted benzyl, preferably a C 1  to C 20  alkyl, especially a C 1  to C 4  alkyl). 
     Furthermore, the compounds may exhibit a chiral centre α to one of the nitrogen groups. This allows the possibility for polymers having different stereochemistry structures to be produced. 
     Compounds of general Formula 25 may comprise one or more fused rings on the pyridine group. 
     One or more adjacent R 1  and R 3 , R 3  and R 4 , R 4  and R 2 , R 10  and R 9 , R 8  and R 9 , R 8  and R 7 , R 7  and R 6 , R 6  and R 5  groups may be C 5  to C 8  cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkenyl or cyclicaryl, such as cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl or norborneyl. 
     Preferred ligands include:                                                                                                         
     where: * indicates a chiral centre 
     R14 =Hydrogen, C 1  to C 10  branched chain alkyl, carboxy- or hydroxy- C 1  to C 10  alkyl. 
     A second aspect of the invention provides a catalyst for addition polymerization of olefinically unsaturated monomers, especially vinylic monomers, comprising: 
     a first component of Formula 51 
     
       
         [ML m ] n+ A −   
       
     
     wherein M=a transitional metal in a low valency state; 
     L=an organodiimine, where at least one of the nitrogens of the diimine is not part of an aromatic ring, 
     A=an anion 
     n=a whole integer of 1 to 3 
     m=an integer of 1 to 2. 
     (e) An initiator comprising a homolytically cleavable bond with a halogen atom, as previously defined. 
     Preferably, M is as previously defined for component (a). L may be a compound according to Formula 24, 25, 26 or 27, as previously defined. A may be F, Cl, Br, I, NO 3 , SO 4  or CuX 2  (where X is a halogen). 
     The preferred initiators (e) are as defined for the first aspect of the invention. The invention also provides the use of the catalyst according to the first or second aspect of the invention in the addition polymerization of one or more olefinically unsaturated monomers and the polymerized products of such processes. 
     The components (a), (b) and (c), or (d) and (e) may be used together in any order. 
     The inventors have unexpectedly found that the catalyst will work at a wide variety of temperatures, including room temperature and as low as −15° C. Accordingly, preferably the catalyst is used at a temperature of −20° C. to 200° C., especially −20° C. to 150° C., 20° C. to 13° C., more preferably 90° C. 
     The olefinically unsaturated monomer may be a methacrylic, an acrylate, a styrene, methacrylonitrile or a diene such as butadiene. 
     Examples of olefinically unsaturated monomers that may be polymerized include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate (all isomers), butyl methacrylate (all isomers), and other alkyl methacrylates; corresponding acrylates; also functionalized methacrylates and acrylates including glycidyl methacrylate, trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate, allyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylates; fluoroalkyl (meth)acrylates; methacrylic acid, acrylic acid; fumaric acid (and esters), itaconic acid (and esters), maleic anhydride; styrene, α-methyl styrene; vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride and vinyl fluoride; acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile; vinylidene halides of formula CH 2 ═C(Hal) 2  where each halogen is independently Cl or F; optionally substituted butadienes of the formula CH 2 ═C(R 15 ) C(R 15 )═CH 2  where R 15  is independently H, C1 to C10 alkyl, Cl, or F; sulphonic acids or derivatives thereof of formula CH 2 ═CHSO 2 OM wherein M is Na, K, Li, N(R 16 ) 4  where each R 16  is independently H or Cl or V10 alkyl, D is COZ, ON, N(R 16  )2 or SO 2 OZ and Z is H, Li, Na, K or N(R 16 ) 4;  acrylamide or derivatives thereof of formula CH 2 ═CHCON(R 16 ) 2  and methacrylamide or derivative thereof of formula CH 2 ═C(CH 3 )CON(R 16 ) 2 . Mixtures of such monomers may be used. 
     Preferably, the monomers are commercially available and may comprise a free-radial inhibitor such as 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol or methoxyplenol. 
     Preferably, the co-catalysts are used in the ratios (c):(a) 0.01 to 1000, preferably 0.1 to 10, and (a):(b) 0.0001 to 1000, preferably 0.1 to 10, where the degree of polymerization is controlled by the ratio of monomer to (b). 
     Preferably, the components of the catalyst of the second aspect of the invention are added at a ratio M:initiator of 3:1 to 1:100. 
     Preferably, the amount of diimine:metal used in the systems is between 100:1 and 1:1, preferably 5:1 to 1:1, more preferably 3:1 to 1:1. 
     The reaction may take place with or without the presence of a solvent. Suitable solvents in which the catalyst, monomer and polymer product are sufficiently soluble for reactions to occur include water, protic and non-protic solvents including propionitrile, hexane, heptane, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethylacetate, diethylether, N,N-dimethylformamide, anisole, acetonitrile, diphenylether, methylisobutyrate, butan-2-one, toluene and xylene. Especially preferred solvents are xylene and toluene, preferably the solvents are used at at least 1% by weight, more preferably at at least 10% by weight. 
     Preferably, the concentration of monomer in the solvents is 100% to 1%, preferably 100% to 5%. 
     The reaction may be undertaken under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon. 
     The reaction may be carried out in suspension, emulsion, mini-emulsion or in a dispersion. 
     Statistical copolymers may be produced using the catalysts according to the present invention. Such copolymers may use 2 or more monomers in a range of about 0-100% by weight of each of the monomers used. 
     Block copolymers may also be prepared by sequential addition of monomers to the reaction catalyst. 
     Telechelic polymers, may be produced using catalysts of the invention. For example, a functional initiator such as Formula 21 may be used with transformation of the ωBr group to a functional group such as —OH or —CO 2 H via use of a suitable reactant such as sodium azide. 
     Comb and graft copolymers may be produced using the catalysts of the invention to allow, for example, polymers having functional side chains to be produced, by use of suitable reagents. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the following figures: 
     FIG. 1 shows the structure of the ligand 2,6 dimethylanilineDAB; 
     FIG. 2 shows the crystal structure of the cation obtained by reacting tBuDAB and CuBr together; 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 show Mn dependence on conversion of different monomer initiator ratios for styrene and methylmethacrylate respectively; 
     FIG. 5 shows Mw/Mn dependence on conversion for bulk polymerization of styrene at 80° C.; 
     FIG. 6 shows kinetic plots for polymerization of methylmethacrylate at 90° C.; 
     FIG. 7 shows the reaction scheme for the production of hydroxy terminally functionalized PMMA. (i) Br 2 -P, (ii) Ethylene glycol, (iii) CuBr/3/MMA, (iv) benzoyl chloride; 
     FIG. 8 shows a selected region from ′H NMR spectra of (a) 3, (b) 4 (c)  5 ; 
     FIG. 9 shows partial MALDI-TOF-MS of 3 between x=8 and 11, peaks correspond to lithium adducts of molecular ions with no observable fragmentation; 
     FIG. 10 shows a plot showing how Mn from SEC increases with conversion for experiments D-K. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     EXAMPLES 
     Synthesis of Ligands 
     Diazabutadiene (DAB) Ligands                           
     To a stirred solution of 40% aqueous glyoxal (0.25 mol) in a conical flask was added the required amine dropwise (0.5 mol). After a period of time a pale yellow solution formed which was taken up with water and filtered. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in diethyl ether and poured over a large excess of magnesium sulfate. The solution was left for twelve hours to remove all the water and the solution was filtered. Ether was removed on a rotary evaporator then the product recrystallized from ether. TertButyl DAB (tBu DAB) and isoPropyl DAB (iPr DAB) were similarly manufactured using t-butylamine and isopropylamine respectively as the starting amine. Such compounds are superior to 2,2-bipyridine in accepting electron density 
     Pyridine Carbaldehyde Ligands                           
     To a stirred solution of pyridine carbaldehyde in ether was added an equimolar quantity of amine. The solution was left for 3 hours then poured over an excess of magnesium sulfate. The solution was filtered and the ether removed on a rotary evaporator. Some ligands formed yellow oils and were purified by distillation under reduced pressure. Solids were purified by recrystallization from ether. 
     tBu PCA, iPr PCA, nButyl PCA (nBu PCA), Dimethylaniline PCA, Diisopropylaniline PCA and methoxyaniline PCA were also made by reacting  t BuNH 2 ,  i PrNH 2 ,  n BuNH 2 , 2,6-dimethylaniline, 2,6-diisoproxylaniline and 4-methoxyaniline, respectively as the amine. 
     Characterization of Ligands 
     Ligands have been initially characterized by NMR and EI/CI mass spectrometry. Mass spec data is tabulated below. 
     DIAZABUTIENE (DAB) LIGANDS 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 RMM 
                 M/Z 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 tBu DAB 
                 168 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 iPr DAB 
                 140 
                 141 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethylaniline DAB 
                 262 
                 249 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PYRIDINE CARBALDEHYDE (PCA) LIGANDS 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 RMM 
                 M/Z 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 tBu PCA 
                 162 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                 iPr PCA 
                 149 
                 149 
               
               
                   
                 nBu PCA 
                 162 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                 Aniline PCA 
                 182 
                 182 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethylaniline PCA 
                 212 
                 209 
               
               
                   
                 Diisopropylaniline PCA 
                 268 
                 223 
               
               
                   
                 Methoxyaniline PCA 
                 197 
                 211 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A crystal structure has been obtained of the ligand 2, 6 dimethylaniline DAB (FIG.  1 ). This shows a E configuration of double bonds which must fold around the metal centre to form the catalyst. 
     Synthesis of Catalysts 
     To a solution of ligand (in acetone) in a schlenk ways added copper bromide, chloride or Cu(CH 3 CN) 4 BF 4  under nitrogen. The solution was filtered by cannular and placed in a freezer. Solvent was removed by filtration and the crystals examined by FAB mass spectrometry. Catalysts were synthesised with equimolar quantities of ligand and anion or excess ligand (2:1). Both experiments resulted in the detection of a peak corresponding to CuL2. 
     L=ligand. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mass spectometry data M/Z 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ligand 
                 Ligand:anion 
                 Anion 
                 CuL 
                 CuL 2   
                 Cu 2 L 2 Cl 
                 Cu 2 L 2 Cl 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tBuDAB 
                 1:1 
                 Br 
                 231 
                 399 
                   
                   
               
               
                 tBuDAB 
                 1:1 
                 BF 4   
                 231 
                 399 
               
               
                 tBuDAB 
                 2:1 
                 Br 
                 231 
                 399 
               
               
                 tBuDAB 
                 1:1 
                 Cl 
                 — 
                 399 
                 499 
                 597 
               
               
                 iPrDAB 
                 1:1 
                 Br 
                 203 
                 343 
               
               
                 tBuPCA 
                 1:1 
                 Br 
                 225 
                 387 
               
               
                 tBuPCA 
                 1:1 
                 BF 4   
                 225 
                 387 
               
               
                 tBuPCA 
                 1:1 
                 Cl 
                 — 
                 387 
               
               
                 Bipy 
                 1:1 
                 Br 
                 300 
                 456 
               
               
                 Bipy 
                 1:1 
                 BF 4   
                 219 
                 375 
               
               
                 Bipy 
                 2:1 
                 BF 4   
                 219 
                 375 
               
               
                 Bipy 
                 1:1 
                 Cl 
                 — 
                 375 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Bipy (Bipyridyl) is included as a comparison. 
     A crystal structure has been obtained for the reaction of tBu DAB and CuBr indicating a tetrahedral intermediate (FIG.  2 ). 
     Polymer Synthesis 
     The catalysts were used to control the propagation of styrene and methylmethacrylate. 
     All polymerizations were performed with excess ligand [L]:[Cu] 3:1 and the catalyst is synthesized in situ. 
     General Method for Polymerization of Methylmethacrylate 
     To a Schlenk flask to be purged with nitrogen was added 0.54 mls ethyl 2-bromo-isobutyrate (0.00372 mols) in 10 mls methylmethacrylate (0.0935 mols). The desired ligand was then added (0.01122 mols) and the entire solution was freeze pump thaw degassed. 0.536 g copper bromide (0.00374 mols) was then added whilst stirring. When the solution turned deep red indicating formulation of the catalyst the Schlenk flask was immersed in an oil bath at 90° C. 
     Polymerization Results 
     All polymerisations are based on the following mole ratios.                           
     Copper X=catalyst based on copper. 
     Styrene (Sty) was initiated with 1-phenylethyl bromide or chlorine. 
     Methylmethacrylate (MMA) was initiated with ethyl-2-bromo isobutyrate. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ligand 
                 mon. 
                 X 
                 t/hrs 
                 T/*C 
                 Mn 
                 Mw 
                 PDi 
                 Conv % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 tbuDAB 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 24 
                 110 
                 2,173 
                 4,438 
                 2 
                 11 
               
               
                 iPrDAB 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 24 
                 110 
                 1,975 
                 72,587 
                 38 
                 5 
               
               
                 dimethylaniline DAB 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 24 
                 110 
                 467 
                 4,156 
                 9 
                 80 
               
               
                 tBuPCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 24 
                 110 
                 338 
                 1,110 
                 3.2 
                 1 
               
               
                 aniline PCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 24 
                 110 
                 6,458 
                 22,376 
                 3.5 
                 41 
               
               
                 dimethylaniline 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 24 
                 110 
                 3,017 
                 9,167 
                 3 
                 68 
               
               
                 tBuPCA 
                 STY 
                 Cl 
                 20 
                 130 
                 42,551 
                 102,776 
                 2.45 
                 20 
               
               
                 nBuPCA 
                 STY 
                 Cl 
                 3 
                 130 
                 6,951 
                 22,571 
                 3.25 
                 40 
               
               
                 iPrPCA 
                 STY 
                 Cl 
                 20 
                 130 
                 15,607 
                 41,125 
                 2.64 
                 33 
               
               
                 aniline PCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 20 
                 110 
                 6,458 
                 22,376 
                 4 
                 41 
               
               
                 dimethylaniline PCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 20 
                 110 
                 3,017 
                 9,167 
                 3 
                 68 
               
               
                 ipropylaniline PCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 20 
                 130 
                 3,700 
                 10,074 
                 2.72 
                 61 
               
               
                 methoxyaniline PCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 20 
                 130 
                 9,723 
                 24,772 
                 2.5 
                 69 
               
               
                 aniline PCA 
                 MMA 
                 Br 
                 18 
                 110 
                 477 
                 4,600 
                 9.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 dimethylaniline PCA 
                 MMA 
                 Br 
                 18 
                 110 
                 6,293 
                 12,210 
                 1.94 
                 68 
               
               
                 nBuPCA 
                 MMA 
                 Br 
                 4 
                 100 
                 10,251 
                 12,273 
                 1.2 
                 95 
               
               
                 nBuPCA 
                 MMA 
                 Br 
                 1 
                 130 
                 7,376 
                 12,422 
                 1.68 
                 — 
               
               
                 nBuPCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 40 
                 80 
                 5,492 
                 7,313 
                 1.33 
                 43 
               
               
                 nBuPCA 
                 STY 
                 Br 
                 20 
                 80 
                 6,343 
                 9,533 
                 1.5 
                 39 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Polymerization with tBuDAB 
     t-BuDAB was also investigated in more detail using different ratios of Ligand (L), Initiator (I) and catalyst (Cu). 
     Styrene at 100° C. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 L:I 
                 Cu:I 
                 Mn 
                 PDI 
                 % Conv. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 2173 
                 2.0 
                 11 
               
               
                 3 
                 20 
                 2603 
                 4.0 
                 7 
               
               
                 3 
                 100 
                 2169 
                 5.8 
                 8 
               
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 2400 
                 3.6 
                 9 
               
               
                 1 
                 100 
                 8042 
                 14 
                 7 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 2020 
                 4.1 
                 Low 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     This shows that PDI may be controlled by varying the ratio of L:I and/or Cu:I. 
     Polymerizations with nBuPCA 
     A successful ligand was nBuPCA which will form the following copper (I) structure:                           
     This catalyst has been used to obtain kinetic data for the polymerization of both styrene and methylmethacrylate. Temperature control is important to prevent termination leading to tailing of the resulting MW distribution. If termination is prevented then polydispersity will decrease with time. Mn conversion plots have been obtained at different monomer to initiator ratios. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 show Mn dependence on conversion at different monomer:initiator for styrene and methylmethacrylate at 80° C. 
     FIG. 5 shows Mw/Mn dependence on conversion for bulk polymerization of styrene at 80° C. 
     FIG. 6 shows kinetic plots for the polymerization of methylmethacrylate at 90° C. 
     Synthesis of Block Co-polymers 
     This was investigated using methylmethacrylate, benzylmethacrylate (BzMA) and 2 hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) the results of which are shown in the table below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE B 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 BLOCK ONE 
                 BLOCK TWO 
                 % 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mon. 
                 Mn 
                 Mw 
                 PDi 
                 Mon. 
                 Mn 
                 Mw 
                 PDi 
                 MMA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MMA 
                 2,469 
                 2,965 
                 1.2 
                 MMA 
                 5,599 
                 7,337 
                 1.31 
                 100 
               
               
                 MMA 
                 2,469 
                 2,965 
                 1.2 
                 BzMA 
                 4,908 
                 6,500 
                 1.32 
                 70 
               
               
                 MMA 
                 2,499 
                 3,431 
                 1.37 
                 BzMA 
                 5,934 
                 10,749 
                 1.81 
                 54 
               
               
                 MMA 
                 2,499 
                 3,431 
                 1.37 
                 HEMA 
                 3,298 
                 5,544 
                 1.68 
                 70 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Statistical Copolymers 
     An example of a statistical copolymer was produced using a compound of Formula 16B as initiator and a compound of Formula 45 as the ligand. 
     1 g of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with 9.36g of MMA (I. e. 7.7. mole %) was polymerized with the following results: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amount 
                 Solvent 
                   
                 Amt. 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ligand/ 
                 (conc 
                 Amt. 
                 Initiator 
                 Temp. 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Initiator 
                 Ligand 
                 mL 
                 wt %) 
                 CuBr/g 
                 /g 
                 ° C. 
                 mins. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 16B 
                 45 
                 0.37 
                 33.3 
                 0.13 
                 0.16 
                 90 
                 2,760 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Results: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mn 
                 PDI 
                 % HEMA (NMR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 14,764 
                 1.21 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Further Experimentation 
     Further experimentation was also carried out using ligands of Formula 33.                           
     This was synthesized as follows: 
     30 mls of diethylether was placed in a conical flask. 1.78 mls of 2-pyridine carbaldehyde (2.00 g, 1.867×10 −2  moles) were added prior to 1.54 mls or propylamine (1.11 g, 1.873×10 −2  moles). The reaction mixture immediately turns yellow. The mixture was stored for 10 minutes at room temperature prior to the addition of magnesium sulfate and stirring for a further 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was filtered and the volatiles removed under reduced pressure. The product is isolated as a yellow oil. 
     Polymerization 
     0.688 g of copper (I) bromide (98% Aldrich)(4.796×10 −4  moles) were added to 10 mls of methylmethacrylate purified by passage down a column containing basic alumina and 3A sieves under nitrogen (9.349×10 −2  moles) in 20 mls of xylene (deoxygenated by 3 freeze-pump-thaw cycles and dried over 3A sieves for 12 hours). 0.2136 g of A (1.44×10 −3  moles) were added over 2 minutes with stirring at room temperature to give a homogenous deep red/brown solution. 0.07mls of ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (0.0924 g, 4.73×10 −4  moles) were added and the reaction mixture heated to 90° C. for 485 minutes. Samples were taken at intervals and analyzed for Mn and conversion, see table. After 485 minutes poly(methylmethacrylate) was isolated by precipitation into methanol in 78.6% yield with Mn=7020 and PDI (Mw/Mn)=1.27. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TIME 
                 % CONVERSION 
                 Mn 
                 PDI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 120 
                 16.47 
                 2376 
                 1.28 
               
               
                   
                 240 
                 52.69 
                 5249 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 61.02 
                 6232 
                 1.18 
               
               
                   
                 360 
                 67.56 
                 6742 
                 1.21 
               
               
                   
                 485 
                 78.56 
                 7020 
                 1.27 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The Production of α-hydroxy terminally functionalized PMMA 
     The initiator, ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate was replaced with hydroxy containing alkyl bromide so as to produce -hydroxy terminally functionalized PMMA without the need to employ protecting group chemistry. 
     Ligands of Formula 33 were used in the polymerization process. 
     2-hydroxyethyl-2′-methyl-2′bromopropionate was prepared as shown in FIG.  7 . 
     The conditions used in steps (1) and (ii) was as follows: 
     0.25 g of red phosphorous (8.06×10 −3  mol) were added to 35.4 ml (0.338 mol) of isobutyryl chloride. The mixture was placed under gentle reflux and 20ml of bromine (0.338 mol) were added slowly over 8 hours. The mixture was refluxed for a further 4 hours and the crude reaction mixture added slowly to 350 ml of anhydrous ethylene glycol (6.27 mol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours, filtered into 500 ml of distilled water and the product extracted into chloroform. After washing with water and sodium hydrogen carbonate and drying over magnesium sulfate the product was isolated as a colorless liquid after the removal of solvent and vacuum distillation at 64.5° C. and 0.1 Torr. ′H NMR (CDCl 3 , 373 K, 250.13 MHz) δ=4.30 (t, J 9.6 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (t, J 9.6 Hz, 2H) 1.94 s, 6H),  13 C (′H) NMR (CDCl 3 , 373 K, 100.6 mHz) δ=171.83, 67.30, 60.70, 55.72, 30.59, IR (NaCl, film) 3436 (Br), 2977, 1736 (s), 1464, 1391, 1372, 1278, 1168, 1112, 1080, 1023, 950, 644, E1 MS: 213, 211 (mass peaks), 169, 167, 151, 149, 123, 121. The typical polymerization procedure used (steps iii and iv) was as follows: 
     0.1376 of copper(1)bromide (98%, 9.6×10 −4  mol) were added to 40 ml of xylene and 20 ml of methyl methacrylate (0.187 mol). 0.4272 g of 2 (2.89×10 −3  mol) were added and the mixture deoxygenated by one freeze-pump-thaw cycle prior to the addition of 0.2029 g of 3 (9.61×10 −4 ) mol at room temperature. The deep red solution was heated at 90° C. for 70 minutes. The final product was isolated by precipitation into hexanes. 
     Atom transfer radical polymerization of MMA. using 3 as initiator in conjunction with 2 and CuBr was carried out at 90° C. in xylene [MMA]:[3]=20:1, [ligand]:[CuBr]:[3]=3:1:1 to give PMMA of structure 4. Polymerization was stopped at low conversion, 7.65%, after 70 minutes, so as to reduce the amount of termination by radical-radical reactions, reaction A. ′H NMR data (FIG.  8 ), clearly shows the presence of the hydroxyethyl ester group, originating from 2 and the methoxy to the bromo group at the propagating end at δ4.28, 3.82 and 3.74 respectively. The number average molecular mass, Mn, can be calculated directly from NMR which gives a value of 2,430 which compares excellently with that obtained from size exclusion chromatography against PMMA standards of 2,320, PDI=1.12 (when precipitated into hexanes Mn−2960, PDI=1.12). This excellent agreement indicates that the product has structure 4. This is confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, FIG.  9 . We see one series of peaks in the MALDI-TOF-MS indicating only one predominant structure i.e. 4. For example, the peaks at m/z 1319.0 and 1419.2 correspond to lithium adducts of 4 where x=10 and 11 respectively, calculated m/z 1318.3 and 1418.4. The narrow PDI of 4 is indicative of k(propagation)&gt;k(termination) i.e. pseudo living polymerization. Control over Mn and PDI is obviously not affected detrimentally by the presence of primary alcohol group present in the initiator, which might have been expected to complicate the reaction by coordination to the copper catalyst. Indeed the PDI is narrower and the rate of polymerization faster with 3 than that obtained using a non-functional initiator. This is currently under investigation. Thus, controlled polymerization with the copper complex as catalyst can be used to give PMMA or structure 4 as the only detectable product under these conditions. The hydroxy group can be further reacted with benzoyl chloride to give 5 quantitatively. 
     The terminal benzoyl group of 5 is observed by ′H NMR, FIG.  8 ( c ) and is detected by SEC with UV detection at 200 nm, 4 shows no absorption at this wavelength. MALDI TOF shows a new series of peaks corresponding to 5 e.g. peaks are now observed at m/z 1423.0 and 1522.8 for x=10 and 11, calculated m/z 1422.3 and 1522.4; this reaction is quantitative and no peaks from residual 4 are observed. When the reaction is carried out at a higher [MMA]:[3] ratio for 120 minutes a higher molecular weight polymer is produced, Mn=4540, PDI=1.22, as expected, reactions B and C. Again analysis shows terminal hydroxy functionally. 
     Living or pseudo living polymerizations have a low rate of termination relative to rate of propagation. This is demonstrated by following a reaction with time, reactions D-K; L is the final product from this reaction. FIG. 10 shows that Mn increases linearly with conversion, up to approx. 80%, whilst PDI remains narrow for reaction with [MMA]:[3}−200. In this case the expected Mn (theory) at 100% conversion=[100/1×100.14 (mass of MMA)]+220 (mass of end groups)=20248. The PDI is broader than would be expected for a true living polymerization with fast initiation (theoretically 1+1/DP). However, PDI does not increase with increasing conversion as would be expected for a reaction with significant termination and this is most probably due to slow initiation relative to propagation.  12    
     In summary, atom transfer polymerization with the copper complex as catalyst and 3 as initiator leads to hydroxy functional PMMA. The presence of the hydroxy group during the polymerization does not reduce the control over the polymerization, and a narrow PDI polymer with controlled Mn is obtained. The reaction shows all the characteristics of a living/pseudo living polymerization. The structure of the product has been confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS and NMR spectrometry. Furthermore the hydroxy functionality can be further functionalized by reaction with acid chlorides in a quantitative reaction. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Conver- 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 [3]/ 
                 [MMA]/ 
                   
                 sion 
                   
                 PDI 
               
               
                 Reaction d   
                 10 4  mol 
                 mol 
                 t/min 
                 (%) d   
                 Mn SEC 
                 SEC 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 A b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                  70 
                 — 
                  2530 
                 1.10 
               
               
                 B c   
                 9.72 
                 0.047 
                 120 
                 — 
                  4540 e   
                 1.22e 
               
               
                 C c   
                 9.72 
                 0.047 
                 120 
                 — 
                  3130 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 D b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                  60 
                  0.21 
                  — 
                 — 
               
               
                 E b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 120 
                  2.27 
                  — 
                 — 
               
               
                 F b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 180 
                 15.74 
                  4980 
                 1.21 
               
               
                 G b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 240 
                 48.20 
                 12330 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 H b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 300 
                 59.75 
                 15580 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 I b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 360 
                 66.18 
                 17920 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 J b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 420 
                 72.11 
                 19500 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 K b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 480 
                 75.05 
                 20100 
                 1.28 
               
               
                 L b   
                 9.61 
                 0.187 
                 480 
                 — 
                 19427 e   
                 1.31 e   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a All reactions carried out with [2]:[CuBr]:[3] = 3:1:1.  
               
               
                   b 20 ml MMA in 40 ml xylene,  
               
               
                   c 5 mls MMA in 6 ml xylene.  
               
               
                   d From gravimetry.  
               
               
                   e After precipitation, otherwise as taken from reaction flask.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Further Examples of Initiators and Ligands 
     In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the catalysts across the range of compounds chained, further experimentation was carried out. 
     Typical Polymerization Procedure 
     Methyl methacrylate (Aldrich) and xylene (AR grade, Fischer Scientific) were purged with nitrogen for 2 hours prior to use. The initiator, ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (98% Aldrich), and CuBr (99.999%, Aldrich) were used as obtained and 2-pyridinal  n− alkylimines were prepared as above. A typical reaction method follows. CuBr (0.134 g, [Cu]:[Initiator]=1:1) was placed in a pre-dried Schlenk flask which was evacuated and then flushed with nitrogen three times. Methyl methacrylate (10 ml) followed by 2-pyridinal  n− alkylimine ([ligand]:[Cu]=2:1) was added with stirring and, within a few seconds, a deep, brown solution formed. Xylene (20 ml) and, if appropriate, inhibitor were then added and the flask heated in a thermostat controlled oil bath to 90° C. When the solution had equilibrated ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (0.14 ml, [Monomer]:[Initiator]=100:1) was added. Samples were taken by pipette at certain times or the reaction followed by automated dilatometry. This apparatus consists of a glass capillary tube that is set on top of a reaction vessel. The vessel is charged with a complete reaction mixture that has been freeze-pump-thaw degassed to ensure no dissolved gases are released into the capillary. After the vessel is fitted, the capillary is filled with degassed solvent and the reaction mixture heated to the required temperature. During polymerization monomer is converted to polymer with a decrease in the volume of the mixture. This decrease in volume can be followed by watching the meniscus fall in the capillary, a process done in this case by an electronic eye controlled by a computer program. 
     Characterization of Polymers 
     Monomer conversion was calculated by gravimetry and/or  1 H NMR and the molecular weights and molecular weight distributions (polydispersities) found by get permeation chromatography using tetrahydrofuran as eluent and the following columns (Polymer Laboratories): 5 μm guard and mixed-E (3000×7.5 mm), calibrated with PL narrow molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) standards with differential refractive index detection and/or UV. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Solvent 
                   
                 Amt. 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Initiator 
                 Ligand 
                 Amount 
                 (conc 
                 Amt. 
                 Initiator/ 
                 Temp. 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Exp. 
                 Formula 
                 Formula 
                 ligand/g 
                 wt %) 
                 CuBr 
                 mL 
                 ° C. 
                 mins. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 15 
                 28 
                 0.375 
                 50 
                 0.134 
                 0.181 
                 90 
                 210 
               
               
                  2 
                 15 
                 28 
                 0.375 
                 50 
                 0.134 
                 0.181 
                 90 
                 360 
               
               
                  3 
                 15 
                 29 
                 0.37 
                 100 
                 0.134 
                 0.156 
                 40 
                 1440 
               
               
                  4 
                 15 
                 33 
                 0.273 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 240 
               
               
                  5 
                 15 
                 40 
                 0.273 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 1200 
               
               
                  6 
                 15 
                 39 
                 0.273 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 1320 
               
               
                  7 
                 15 
                 44 
                 0.25 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 2580 
               
               
                  8 
                 15 
                 46 
                 0.600 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 2580 
               
               
                  9 
                 15 
                 32 
                 0.610 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 300 
               
               
                 10 
                 15 
                 49 
                 0.423 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 1200 
               
               
                 11 
                 15 
                 29 
                 0.494 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 88 
                 290 
               
               
                 12 
                 15 
                 29 
                 0.494 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 88 
                 1260 
               
               
                 13 
                 15 
                 31 
                 0.536 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 1137 
               
               
                 14 
                 15 
                 41 
                 0.590 
                 50 
                 0.134 
                 0.130 
                 90 
                 120 
               
               
                 15 
                 15 
                 42 
                 0.590 
                 50 
                 0.134 
                 0.130 
                 90 
                 120 
               
               
                 16 
                 15 
                 41 
                 0.590 
                 50 
                 0.134 
                 0.130 
                 90 
                 240 
               
               
                 17 
                 15 
                 47 
                 0.42 
                 50 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 40 
                 1050 
               
               
                 18 
                 15 
                 47 
                 0.42 
                 50 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 40 
                 2505 
               
               
                 19 
                 15 
                 34 
                 0.358 
                 36 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 150 
               
               
                 20 
                 15 
                 35 
                 0.386 
                 36 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 150 
               
               
                 21 
                 15 
                 36 
                 0.414 
                 36 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 150 
               
               
                 22 
                 15 
                 37 
                 0.442 
                 36 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 150 
               
               
                 23 
                 15 
                 38 
                 0.70 
                 36 
                 0.134 
                 0.137 
                 90 
                 150 
               
               
                 24 
                 21 
                 28 
                 0.37 
                 33.3 
                 0.13 
                 0.16 
                 90 
                 300 
               
               
                 25 
                 21 
                 33 
                 0.41 
                 50 
                 0.13 
                 0.16 
                 90 
                 120 
               
               
                 26 
                 22 
                 33 
                 0.41 
                 33.3 
                 0.13 
                 0.52 
                 90 
                 240 
               
               
                 27 
                 21 
                 33 
                 0.41 
                 33.3 
                 0.13 
                 0.08 
                 90 
                 240 
               
               
                 28 
                 21 
                 33 
                 0.41 
                 33.3 
                 0.13 
                 0.05 
                 90 
                 240 
               
               
                 29 
                 21 
                 32 
                 0.37 
                 100 
                 0.134 
                 0.156 
                 40 
                 1440 
               
               
                 30 
                 21 
                 32 
                 0.37 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.156 
                 90 
                 300 
               
               
                 31 
                 23 
                 29 
                 0.37 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.178 
                 90 
                 270 
               
               
                 32 
                 23 
                 29 
                 0.37 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.178 
                 90 
                 1320 
               
               
                 33 
                 16B 
                 29 
                 0.37 
                 33.3 
                 0.134 
                 0.193 
                 90 
                 1320 
               
               
                 34 
                 16B 
                 45 
                 0.45 g 
                 50 
                 0.13 
                 0.19 
                 90 
                 2760 
               
               
                 35 
                 23 
                 45 
                 0.45 g 
                 50 
                 0.13 
                 0.19 
                 90 
                 2760 
               
               
                 36 
                 16B 
                 29 
                 0.185 
                 33.3* 
                 0.067 
                 0.096 
                 90 
                 2880 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *25 mL of MMA  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Exp. 
                 Mn 
                 PDI 
                 % Conversion 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  1 
                 10818 
                   
                 1.28 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                  2 
                 5060 
                   
                 1.34 
                 13.5 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 12310 
                   
                 1.70 
                 91.6 
               
               
                   
                  4 
                 9198 
                   
                 1.19 
                 66 
               
               
                   
                  5 
                 8717 
                   
                 1.49 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                  6 
                 31666 
                   
                 1.65 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                  7 
                 9054 
                   
                 2.71 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                  8 
                 5250 
                   
                 1.63 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 21318 
                   
                 1.78 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 53395 
                   
                 1.72 
                 39 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 8990 
                   
                 1.16 
                 55.6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 15147 
                   
                 1.26 
                 97.6 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 8710 
                   
                 1.36 
                 47.1 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 4300 
                   
                 1.45 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 4700 
                   
                 1.65 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 6200 
                   
                 1.45 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 6577 
                   
                 1.27 
                 47 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 11216 
                   
                 1.23 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 6500 
                   
                 1.18 
                 60.0 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 7400 
                   
                 1.20 
                 68.3 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 7320 
                   
                 1.20 
                 72.1 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 7580 
                   
                 1.20 
                 73.4 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 7900 
                   
                 1.23 
                 73.4 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 11710 
                   
                 1.30 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 28314 
                   
                 1.19 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 7700 
                   
                 1.14 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 28330 
                   
                 1.15 
                 68.5 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 36380 
                   
                 1.17 
                 50.6 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 23780 
                   
                 1.07 
                 38.5 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 26640 
                   
                 1.17 
                 52.52 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 2177 
                   
                 1.10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2135 
                 (by NMR) 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 1000 
                   
                 1.11 
                 3.8 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 1900 
                   
                 1.08 
                 20.3 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 11009 
                   
                 1.08 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 10200 
                   
                 1.13 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 23700 
                   
                 1.13