Abstract:
Biocompatible heparin-like material and surfaces thereof are made by co-polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and attaching the copolymer to a suitable substrate or blending the copolymer into a suitable substrate. The material produced also possesses surface slip-properties and some decreased bacterial and platelet adherence.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     For over forty years a number of medical devices which contact the blood or blood product of living persons or animals have been developed, manufactured and used clinically. A partial list of such articles would include pacemakers, arterial grafts, heart valves, artificial hearts, heart pumps, hip protheses, heart lung machines, catheters and kidney dialysis equipment. 
     A major problem with such articles is that their working surfaces, (i.e., surfaces which contact blood or blood products), are foreign to blood and blood products and tend to initiate, among other things, red cell destruction and coagulation of blood to form clots (thrombogenesis). 
     Normal intact endothelium is nonthrombogenic due partly to the synthesis of heparan sulfate. Heparan sulfate tends to remain bound to the surface of endothelial cells accelerating the inactivation of thrombin, the enzyme responsible for the polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin in clot formation, by ATIII. Heparan sulfate is a very powerful anticoagulant in the natural vasculature. Consequently, it has been of great interest to physicians and the medical industry to devise blood-contacting polymeric surfaces that possess characteristics of heparan sulfate, specifically by coating surfaces with heparin. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,826,678 to Hoffman et al., biologically active molecules are chemically bonded to polymers and copolymers which previously have been radiation-grafted to inert polymeric substrates such as a polyurethane and polyethylene. The grafted polymer is preferably a hydrophilic hydrogel e.g., hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and may include heparin bonded to the hydrogel. 
     The thromboresistant or anticoagulation activity of heparin is believed to be due to the high concentration of anionic groups i.e., sulfonate (SO 3  --) and carboxylic groups (COO--). It is further believed that a material or a surface containing appropriate amounts of sulfonate and carboxylic groups will demonstrate heparin-like activity. i.e. be a heparinoid material. In fact, Chun et al &#34;Anticoagulation Activity of the Modified Poly(vinyl alcohol)&#34; Polymer JournaI 22(4):347-354. (1990) demonstrated an anticoagulant activity of a blend of 60 wt % sulfonate poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and 40 wt% carboxymethylated PVA. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     We have discovered a heparinoid material comprised of a copolymer of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS). The heparinoid material of the present invention may be provided by the generation of free radicals on a material surface and the copolymerization of certain specific vinyl monomers containing sulfonate and carboxylic groups directly to that surface and to the copolymer formed per se. Alternatively, the AMPS/AA copolymer can be prepolymerized in the desired composition and either coated onto a material surface or blended with another polymer to make a material surface with thromboresistance and slip properties. Copolymerization provides a method of controlling the composition of the grafted copolymer by varying the relative amounts of the monomers. 
     The AMPS/AA copolymer can be engineered stoichiometrically to produce surfaces containing desired predetermined amounts of sulfonate and carboxylic groups. For example, acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) can be graft polymerized onto poly(ether urethane) and/or other hydrophobic polymeric substrates (e.g. polyethylene or silicone) with CeIV ion. The mechanism of CeIV ion grafting has been reported and is well known. 
     A heparinoid model based on the graft copolymerization of AA and AMPS is shown below. 
     Polymeric Hydrophobic Substrate: ##STR1## 
     where m is the number of AMPS monomer units 
     where n is the number of AA monomer units 
     where x is the number of AMPS/AA block units 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the relative amounts of AA and AMPS provide a heparinoid comparable to the antithrombogenic binding sequence of heparin; approximately 7 moles, SO 3--   to 2 moles CO0--. 
     The substrate of a working surface of an article intended for blood or blood product contact may be comprised of a biologically inert polymeric material, which may be any of the known implantable type materials including polyethylene, silicone and polyurethane, the latter being the most preferred. According to the invention, a hydrophilic graft copolymer of AA/AMPS is covalently bonded by graft copolymerization to the substrate. Such graft polymers provide thromboresistant slip coatings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the presence of surface sulfonic acid groups and carboxylic acid groups for a polyurethane substrate without an incorporated AMPS/AA copolymer with a polyurethane substrate having an incorporated AMPS/AA copolymer. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the presence of surface sulfonic acid groups and carboxylic acid groups for a polyurethane substrate without a dip-coated AMPS/AA copolymer with a polyurethane substrate having a dip-coated AMPS/AA copolymer. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The kinds of articles contemplated by this invention may be provided by solid substrates. Preferably, the solid substrates are polymeric substrates selected from the group of materials shown in Table 1. The invention is not limited to these substrates only which are included here by way of example. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________    Polyamides    Polycarbonates    Polyethers    Polyesters    Polyolefins    Polystyrene    Polyurethane    Polyvinyl chlorides    Silicones    Polyethylenes    Polypropylenes    Polyisoprenes    Polytetrafluorethylenes______________________________________ 
    
     Polyurethane is a preferred polymeric substrate. 
     The copolymer to be used originates with copolymerizing monomers which are acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) or their acid salts. Such monomers create a hydrophilic copolymer (AA/AMPS) which can be applied as a coating, either by graft polymerization or dip-coating on the substrate surface and can also be blended with polymeric substrate materials to alter the properties of the polymeric substrate material. The hydrophilic AMPS/AA copolymer minimizes protein interactions and also provides slip properties to the surface. The monomers contain vinyl groups. These groups are necessary for free radical polymerization to occur. They also contain sulfonate and carboxylic groups to simulate heparin&#39;s chemical structure. A hydrophilic coating of acrylamide (AAm) and AMPS could also be prepared. After grafting, AAm can be readily hydrolyzed to AA. The resultant grafted copolymer will include AA and AMPS. 
     Specifically, a number of copolymers have been used according to this invention in which the relative amounts of AA and AMPS have varied. 
     While ceric ion initiation (CeIV) is presently most preferred as the technique to be used to graft monomers to substrate surfaces, other grafting techniques are well known and may be used in appropriate situations. For example, corona discharge, UV irradiation and ionizing radiation ( 60  Co, X-rays, high energy electrons, plasma gas discharge) are known for this purpose. These grafting techniques are examples of how to form free radicals on a polymer substrate working surface. The free radicals formed thereon initiate the grafting of vinyl (CH 2  ═CH-R) type monomers. 
     The detailed discussion below mentions examples in which treatment is on films as the polymeric substrate surface. However, it is not intended that this invention be so limited. The heparinoid of this invention may be similarly bound to other substrate surfaces, i.e., surfaces of articles intended to contact blood or blood products, of articles of any shape or form including tubular, sheet, rod and articles of proper shape and construction for use in artificial organs, blood handling equipment or bodily implants of any kind and to any encapsulant means therefor. 
     Normal intact endothelium is nonthrombogenic due partly to the synthesis of heparan sulfate. Heparan sulfate tends to remain bound to the surface of endothelial cells, accelerating the inactivation of thrombin, the enzyme responsible for the polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin in clot formation, by antithrombin III (ATIII). Heparan sulfate is a very powerful anticoagulant in the natural vasculature. Heparin is a strongly acidic glycosaminoglycan. It has a high content of N- and O sulfate groups and carboxylic groups. Heparin is structurally similar to heparan sulfate although it is more sulfated. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is directly dependent on its molecular size and electric charge, thus increasing the molecular weight and/or the amount of sulfonation will increase the anticoagulant activity. Therefore, it is felt a highly sulfonated and carboxylated polymer surface may stimulate the inhibition of thrombin by ATIII. 
     The copolymer material and coating of this invention is aimed at producing a surface that will decrease the nonspecific adsorption of various proteins due to its hydrophilicity and provide a highly sulfonated and carboxylated surface that will preferentially asorb ATIII. 
     Much of the work effort relative to this invention went into developing a general surface modification technique for polyurethanes, however, the technique may be used for other material surfaces with a few modifications. The preferred technique developed is based on the generation of free radicals on a polyurethane surface with CeIV ion and the graft copolymerization of AAm or AA and AMPS monomers directly to that surface in predetermined relative amounts. If AAm monomer is used, it is converted to AA by hydrolysis. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Test: Synthetic heparinoid material 
     Procedure 
     Mix 2.2 g AA and 22.8 g AMPS with 25.0 g H 2  O, pull vacuum on the mixture and release to N 2 . While stirring under a N 2  blanket, add: 
     1 ml K 2  S 2  O 5  (3.78 g/100 ml H 2  O) 
     1 ml K 2  S 2  O 8  (3.76 g/100 ml H 2  O) 
     1 ml FeSO 4  7H 2  O (0.24 g/100 ml H 2  O) 
     Continue to stir, maintaining N 2  blanket until the mixture polymerizes. Upon polymerization, place resultant gel in a 50° C. vacuum oven overnight. After drying, remove the dried gel and place in a micro-mill and mill the gel into a powder. Dissolve 1 gram powdered gel in 100 ml saline (9 mg/ml NaCl) - making a 1% solution of AMPS/AA in DI H 2  O. 
     TEST 
     A whole blood clotting study using canine blood was used to test the synthetic heparinoid compound of Example 1 for antithrombogenic properties. 
     Procedure: Whole blood clotting was done on three different samples. Whole blood clotting time, which measures the overall activity of the intrinsic clotting system, is the time required for blood to clot in a glass tube. To obtain the clotting time, the following procedure s used. First a venipuncture is performed without anticoagulant into a plastic syringe. One-milliliter aliquots of whole blood are then delivered immediately into three 12×75 mm glass tubes and a stopwatch is started as soon as the blood enters the glass tubes. Next, the tubes are placed in a water bath at 37° C. and are gently tilted every 30 seconds until a clot is seen in one of the tubes. At this time, the stopwatch is stopped and the time is recorded. The normal clotting time obtained by this method is between 4 and 8 minutes. Prolongation of the clotting time is due to marked coagulation factor deficiencies, or the presence of anticoagulants, such as heparin. 
     This test was carried out using - 3 drops AMPS/AA copolymer in glass test tubes, and also using; -3 drops Heparin solution in glass test tubes 1 ml of freshly drawn blood was then placed in each test tube and the time to clot was recorded. 
     Results 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________GLASS TEST                  AMPS/AATUBE        HEPARIN addition                       addition______________________________________8 min to clot       #1      had not     #1    30               clotted after     min               30 mins           to                                 clot7 min to clot       #2      had not     #2    30               clotted after     min               30 mins           to                                 clot8 min to clot       #3      had not     #3    30               clotted after     min               30 mins           to                                 clot7 min to clot       #4      had not     #4    30               clotted after     min               30 mins           to                                 clot______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLES 2-12 
     Several water soluble synthetic heparinoids were prepared according to the invention. See Table 2. 
     
         ______________________________________Procedure:    1) Copolymerize AMPS/AA in varying ratios    2) Test copolymer via whole blood clotting tests.Materials:    AMPS    AA (inhibitor removed)    deionized water (DI H.sub.2 O)    K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.5    K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8    FeSO.sub.4 .7H.sub.2 OMW:      Acid AMPS MW 207    Acrylic Acid MW 72Mole Ratios:    1 mole AMPS/0 moles AA                       100% AMPS    1 mole AMPS/1 mole AA                       50/50 AMPS AA    3 moles AMPS/1 mole AA                       75/25 AMPS/AA    4 moles AMPS/1 mole AA                       80/20 AMPS/AA    9 moles AMPS/1 mole AA                       90/10 AMPS/AA______________________________________ 
    
     TABLE 2/EXAMPLES 2-12 
     Therefore: 
     
         ______________________________________AMPS/AA MoleRatios      Monomer Weights  Water Weight______________________________________ 0/100  #2       0.0 g AMPS                      25.0 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O10/90   #3       6.1 g AMPS                      18.9 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O20/80   #4      10.5 g AMPS                      14.5 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O30/70   #5      13.6 g AMPS                      11.4 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O40/60   #6      16.4 g AMPS                       8.6 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O50/50   #7      18.6 g AMPS                       6.4 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O60/40   #8      20.3 g AMPS                       4.7 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O70/30   #9      21.8 g AMPS                       3.2 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O80/20   #10     23.0 g AMPS                       2.0 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.290/10   #11     24.1 g AMPS                       0.9 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O100/0   #12     25.0 g AMPS                       0.0 g AA                              25.0 g DIH.sub.2 O______________________________________ 
    
     Samples of each of the above (TABLE 2) were made up and polymerized as follows: 
     Catalyst 
     
         ______________________________________Catalyst:______________________________________1 ml      K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.2                  (0.378 g/100 ml H.sub.2 O)1 ml      K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8                  (0.376 g/100 ml H.sub.2 O)1 ml      FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                  (0.24 g/100 ml H.sub.2 O)______________________________________ 
    
     Procedure 
     1) Mix components to9ether and pull vacuum to remove O 2   
     2) Release vacuum to N 2  gas 
     3) While stirring and under a N2 blanket add catalyst 
     4) Continuing stirring 
     5) Upon polymerization place gel in vacuum oven overnight while heating 
     6) Remove dried gel and grind with a micro mill to a fine powder 
     Tests 
     Whole Blood clotting times were run on these synthetic heparinoids. 
     Procedure 
     30 μl of synthetic heparinoid solutions (100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 78/22, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40,60) were placed in glass test tubes. 
     Also, 30 μl of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 30 μl (1000 u/ml) Heparin solution were placed in glass test tubes. 
     1 ml of freshly drawn human blood was placed in each of the test tubes. 
     A stop watch was started upon the addition of blood to each test tube. 
     The time for each blood sample to clot in each test tube was measured. The samples were performed in duplicate. 1% solutions. 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________RESULTS:   HepaGlass    PBS rin 100/0           90/10               80/20                   78/22                       70/30                           60/40                               50/50                                   40/60__________________________________________________________________________ 4 min7 min   &gt;2 hr       &gt;2 hr           &gt;2 hr                5 min                    7 min                        8 min                           12 min                               12 m                                   2 hr58 sec    10 sec          40 sec                   42 sec                       26 sec                           26 sec                               in                               24 s                               ec 4 min7 min   &gt;2 hr       &gt;2 hr           &gt;2 hr               10 min                   10 min                       2 hr                           10 min                               &gt;2 hr                                   2 hr58 sec    10 sec          24 sec                   39 sec  39 sec__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Procedure: CeIV ion graft AMPS/AAm in an appropriate ratio for anti-coagulant properties onto a polyurethane surface. 
     Then convert the AAm to AA acid by hydrolysis. Thus, producing an AMPS/AA surface having heparin - like activity. This is possible due to the enhanced hydrolytic stability of AMPS. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Polymer HydrolysisPolymer     Reaction Condition                       % Hydrolysis______________________________________AMPS        4 Hr., 5% HCl   14%       reflux          18%       4 Hr., 20% HCl       refluxAcrylamide  1 Hr., 20% HCl  43%       reflux          82%       4 Hr., 20% HCl       reflux______________________________________ 
    
     CeIV ion grafting of AMPS/Acrylamide onto Pellethane 80A (solvent extracted) films. Pellethane 80A is a Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Mich. polyurethane. 
     Materials 
     AMPS - M.W. 207 
     Acrylamide - M.W. 71 
     Make 50/50 mole ratio solution 
     2×2.07 g=4.14 g AMPS 
     2×0.71 g=1.42 g Acrylamide 40% SOLUTION BY WEIGHT: 5.56/0.4=13.9 of total weight 
     Need 8.34 g H 2  O. 
     Procedure 
     1) Add 4.14 g AMPS to 1.42 g AAm 
     2) Add this to 8.34 g H 2  O 
     3) Add CeIV ion solution. 1.7 ml/100 ml solution (˜0.17 ml) 
     4) Degas mixture and release to N 2   
     5) Place Pellethane films (solvent extracted) into solution and let react 2 hrs. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Blending of APMS/AA copolymer into a polyurethane substrate. 
     Procedure: Mix together the following and stir the mixture until the polymers have completely dissolved. 
     0.8 g AMPS/AA copolymer 
     4.1 g Estane 42D polyurethane 
     120.0 g DMAC 
     1.0 g DI water 
     Pour into films and dry in a 50° C. vacuum oven overnight. 
     The presence of sulfonic acid groups and carboxylic acid groups on the surface of the modified polyurethane was measured using toluidine blue dye. Since it is positively charged, toluidine blue dye will ionically associate with negatively charged surfaces. Therefore the binding of toluidine blue dye to the AMPA/AA surface indicates the presence of negative charges due to the sulfonic acid groups and the carboxylic acid groups on the polyurethane surface. AMPS/AA blended samples were therefore placed into a 1% toluidine blue dye/DI water solution for one minute and then rinsed in DI water. The bound dye was then released from the surface using a 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) solution. The amount of dye eluted was determined spectrophotometrically at 640 nm. The amount of dye released from plain, untreated Estane 42D polyurethane samples and Estane 42D polyurethane samples blended with AMPS/AA copolymer is shown in FIG. 1. 
     As shown in FIG. 1, Estane 42D polyurethane containing no AMPS/AA copolymer adsorbed no toluidine blue dye, thereby indicating the absence of negatively charged groups. However, the AMPS/AA coating did adsorb a large amount of toluidine blue dye indicating the presence of sulfonic acid and carboxylic acid groups on the surface. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     Dip coating of AMPS/AA copolymer onto a polyurethane substrate. 
     Procedure: mix together the following and stir the mixture until the AMPS/AA copolymer dissolves completely. 
     0.3 g AMPS/AA copolymer 
     50.0 g DMAC 
     0.3 g DI water 
     Estane 42 D polyurethane films were dipped into the solution for 5 seconds and then removed. The films were then allowed to dry. 
     As in Example 14, the presence of sulfonic acid and carboxylic acid groups on the surface of the modified polyurethane was measured using toluidine blue dye. A comparison of samples without and with the AMPS/AA coating respectively are shown in FIG. 2. 
     This completes the description of the invention. Those skilled in the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein which equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto.