Abstract:
A method and apparatus for detecting operator selection of a graphics object prior to rasterization and pixel generation for that object. The method divides the screen into regions and analyzes successive end points and vectors based upon their region to determine trivial picks and trivial no picks. Non-trivial conditions are analyzed by determining the position of the line segment being processed relative to two selected pick window vertices. Apparatus for implementing pick detect is provided that accomplishes pick detect as part of graphics pipeline processing. In the trivial pick or no pick cases, the apparatus does not slow pipeline operation, while in a non-trivial case, extra processing cycles are required.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates in general to computer graphics display systems and more particularly to a processing method and apparatus for identifying a displayed object that intersects an operator selected area of the display screen. The invention more particularly relates to detection of an operator selection prior to detailed rendering of the drawn figure. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Interactive raster graphics systems, such as CAD/CAM workstations, are widely used to design components and systems of mechanical, electrical, electromechanical, and electronics devices. Frequently, the emphasis within such systems is on the operator interaction with a computer based model of a component or system being designed in order to modify or test that component. The computer based model is comprised of numerous graphics objects that are individually processed and displayed for operator action. Selection of the displayed object is accomplished via any one of a number of operator controlled interaction devices such as light pens, locators (e.g., a data tablet with stylus), and alphanumeric and function keyboards. An important part of many interaction sequences is computer identification of an operator selected displayed object to be operated upon, a process known as picking. 
     Typically, a graphics system processing technique requires the reprocessing of an entire display screen to identify the particular displayed object selected or picked for further processing. More particularly, existing processing methods require the re-execution of the entire display program, including: transformation of each geometric primitive defining a displayed object in world coordinate space; clipping of each transformed primitive against the predefined clipping boundary in world coordinate space; mapping of each clipping primitive to an operator defined viewport and screen coordinate space; rasterization of all mapped data; and finally, determination of whether the generated pixels intersect the operator defined selection area in a window in screen coordinate space. If so, then a pick occurs. 
     Although effective, a clear drawback to this procedure is the unnecessary processing occurring as a result of mapping and rasterization geometric objects not selected. For example, drawing or rasterization of a filled polygon outside the operator selected screen area is both unnecessary and time consuming. 
     One attempt to address this problem is discussed in &#34;Interactive Computer Graphics Display Screen Processing Method for Identifying an Operator Selected Displayed Object&#34;, U.S. application Ser. No. 299,901, filed Jan. 23, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,345 and commonly assigned. That patent discusses apparatus and method for forming an inverse mapping of the pick window into world coordinate space. This technique allows picking to occur in world coordinate space prior to window to viewport mapping from three dimensional world coordinate space to two dimensional screens. While this technique provides a method to pick earlier in the pipeline cycle and therefore avoid rasterizing objects unnecessarily, it suffers from certain disadvantages. Most notable are the problems encountered when trying to inversely map a two dimensional pick window into three dimensional world coordinate space. Advanced techniques used to map from three to two dimension, such as the use of perspectives, or other selectable features, makes precise inverse mapping of the pick window difficult. 
     Therefore, an improved apparatus and method for pick detection prior to rasterization and without the limitations of inversely mapped pick windows is needed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to providing a pick detection system that operates efficiently in a pipelined graphics display system. A pick detection system according to the present invention will provide a means and method for efficiently detecting operator selection of a graphic object prior to the rasterization step in a graphics processor. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide pick detection logic which does not require full rasterization or drawing of each graphics primitive. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a simplified pick detection apparatus and method that accurately picks objects from the screen space. 
     These and other objects of the invention will be described more fully in the Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a graphics display system incorporating the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is an illustration of a pick window used to described the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is an illustration of the graphics display screen used to illustrate the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is an illustration of a pick window used to describe one aspect of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is an illustration of an encircling polygon in the pick window used to describe the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a flow chart describing the logic flow of the present system. 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The present invention provides a pick detection mechanism for graphics processing systems. The mechanism is particularly suited to graphics display systems employing pipelined processors and an example of its use with a pipelined graphics system will be described herein. However, this pick detection methodology is not limited to use with pipelined processing systems. 
     Another feature of the present invention is the function known as pick correlation. In a graphics pipeline, many times a bottleneck is the actual drawing of the image by the drawing processor. A display program can frequently be traversed more rapidly if no drawing is attempted. The pick detection hardware according to the present invention, being a pipelined element, can be placed in the mode where it passes no data to the next pipeline element. In this mode, known as pick correlation mode, the graphics processor can execute the display program checking for pick detects without the requirement for drawing objects. 
     A graphics display system embodying the present invention is shown generally in FIG. 1. System control processor 100 controls interaction of the graphics display system with a host processor through communication line 102. Internal I/O processor 104 is connected to operator control devices such as a keyboard, tablet and stylus, program function keys, and other necessary operator devices. The system control processor directs the execution of graphics orders by graphics control processor 106. System control processor 100 and graphics control processor 106 exchange data through shared system memory 108 with the system control processor 100 receiving display orders from the host system and storing them for execution by the graphics control processor 106. Graphics control processor 106 decodes graphics drawing orders and passes them to pipeline processors 110 for transformation, clipping, mapping, and picking. Pick detect logic 112 is part of the graphics processing pipeline. Finally pixel drawing processor 114, another part of the pipeline, is responsible for rendering the final image by drawing the revel ant pixels into video pixel memory 116. Video pixel memory 116 is accessed by circuitry necessary to produce the resultant image on display device 118 which can be a video display monitor, hardcopy printer, or similar device. 
     The picking process is accomplished, according to the present invention, by pick detect logic 112. I/O processor 104 monitors the position of operator selection devices such as a stylus and tablet. System control processor 100, in the preferred embodiment, periodically samples I/O processor 104 to determine whether the position of operator selection device has changed. If the position has changed, system control processor 100 interrupts graphics control processor 106 and transmits the revised X and Y coordinates (in screen coordinate space) of the operator selection device. Graphics control processor 106 determines the pick window boundary as positions Xmin, Xmax, Ymin, Ymax and loads these values into registers in pick detect logic 112 through control line 107. The pick window is typically a square of pixels, e.g. 24×24, surrounding the X,Y position of the operator selection device. The extent of the pick window is calculated from the X,Y coordinate. 
     Graphics control processor 106 is responsible for decoding graphics orders and sending them to pipeline processors 110, sick detect logic 112, and drawing processor 114 for transformation, pick detection and pixel drawing. The pipeline processors 110 operate on specified vertices of graphics primitives such as polylines, polygons, and other geometric shapes. It is only the step of drawing pixels (114) that translates the two vertex coordinates defining the end points of a line into pixels for storage in the video pixel memory 116 and displayed upon display monitor 118. The pipeline operates to transform and map the vertices. For example, a polyline command may request the drawing of line segments between a number of specified points. Pipeline processors 110 first transform each of the specified vertices through application of translation, scaling or rotation commands in world coordinate space (three dimensional). The pipeline processors 110 then clip the resultant image in three dimensions according to a defined window. Next, the pipeline processors 110 map the three dimensional data in the window to a two dimensional viewport. At this point each vertex is specified in two dimensional screen coordinates. 
     Pick detect logic 112 according to the present invention operates on vertex information specified in two dimensional screen coordinates. The pick detect logic attempts to determine when a match has occurred, i.e., whenever a line connecting two vertices will pass through the defined pick window. Graphics control processor 106 is responsible for determining whether the match indicates that an actual pick has occurred based upon application parameters. For example, in the system of the preferred embodiment, graphics control processor 116 can be set to signal a pick for the first object to be drawn through the pick window, the last object to be drawn through the pick window, or for all objects drawn through the pick window. Whenever the pick detect logic 112 detects a match it interrupts graphics control processor 106 for pick interrupt handling. Graphics control processor 106 takes the application specified action, then resets the interrupt in the pick detect logic, which restarts the pipeline processors and resumes processing. 
     The pick detect logic according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention implements a form of pick detection based on the Cohen-Sutherland clipping algorithm. The Cohen-Sutherland clipping algorithm is described in more detail in Foley and Van Dam, Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics (1982), pp. 146-149. Cohen-Sutherland perform clipping by dividing screen space into nine regions. Similarly, pick detect logic according to the present invention divides the screen into nine regions for pick detection. A pick window specified by the operator can be defined by four points, viz. Xmin, Zmax, Ymin and Ymax. FIG. 2 illustrates the location of the pick window 120 in screen coordinate space. The pick window is typically implemented as a square screen area. Each of the nine regions is identified by an outcode. An outcode contains four bits, each representing the relationship of that region to one of the four points defining the window. The outcode employed in the preferred embodiment of the present invention is defined by one bit indicating whether the region is left of Xmin, one to indicate right of Xmax, one to indicate above Ymax, and one to indicate below Ymin. Thus, the region labelled 122 has an outcode of 1010 indicating that this region is left of Xmin and above Xmax but not right of Xmax or below Ymin. The region defining the pick window has an outcode of 0000. 
     The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm provides a means for quickly establishing whether or not a line segment defined by two vertices is totally outside the pick window, is definitely in the pick window, or whether further analysis is required. The first two conditions will be labelled &#34;trivially in&#34; and &#34;trivially out&#34;. The present invention implements a novel means for processing non-trivial pick conditions, a subject not covered by Cohen-Sutherland. 
     FIG. 3 will be used to illustrate picking according to the present invention. Line segment 130 is shown connecting point P1 in region 1 to point 2 in region 3. It can be shown that any straight line connecting a point in region 1 to region 3 can never intersect the pick window. Therefore, line 130 can be declared trivially outside the pick window. In a similar manner, line 132 between points P3 and P4 in regions 4 and 6 respectively, must always intersect the pick window and therefore is trivially accepted. Lines 134, 136 and 138 connecting point P5 to points P6, P7 and P8 respectively illustrate the situation where the line can be neither trivially in or out based solely upon originating and terminating regions. While line 134 connecting points P5 and P6 clearly does not pass through the pick window, line 136 between P5 and P7 does. Therefore it is not possible to generalize on the connection of a line between region 7 and region 3. Any lines connecting these regions must be analyzed in greater detail. 
     Combinatorial logic is used to combine the outcodes of the line endpoints to determine whether the line passes through the pick window or not. A vector is trivially in if it is not trivially out and: 
     a. the outcode of either the first or second point is `0000` or 
     b. the outcode of both the first and second points is `00XX`, where X can be any value, 
     c. the outcode for both P1 and P2 is `XX00`, where X can be any value. 
     A vector is trivially out if a logical AND of the outcode of the first point with the second point is not equal to `0000`. If the vector does not meet any of these criteria then further analysis is required to determine whether it is to be accepted or rejected. Thus, line 130 is trivially out because the logical AND of the codes is not equal to `0000`. Line 132 is trivially in because the outcode of both P1 and P2 is `XX00`. Lines 134, 136 and 138 meet none of those criteria. 
     The non-trivial cases must consider the actual path of the line defined by the end points. If the first point is defined as (X1, Y1) and the second by (X2, Y2) then the pick detect logic must evaluate the following line equation: 
     
         (Y-Y1)-M(X-X1)=0 
    
     M is the slope of the vector connecting the two points and X,Y is a point on the line. Replacing M in terms of the end points of the line the following equation can be derived: 
     
         (Y-Y1)(X2-X1)-(Y2-Y1)(X-X1)=0 
    
     The values X and Y represent an arbitrary point on the line. If arbitrary values for X and Y are inserted into the equation but the point X,Y does not lie on the line, the result of the equation will not be 0 but will be some positive or negative number depending on which side of the vector connecting the points X,Y lies. The determination of whether a line between (X1,Y1) and (X2,Y2) crosses the pick window can be tested by inserting two vertices of the pick window into the specified equation and analyzing the results. For example, in FIG. 4 inserting the values for point 140, i.e. (Xmin, Ymax) and point 142 (i.e., Xmax, Ymin), allows the determination of whether the line is within the pick window. Testing of the line equation for line 144 connecting P1 and P2&#34; will result in one positive sign and one negative sign of the two corners of the pick window. The presence of opposite signs of the results indicate that the line passes through the pick window. The evaluation of lines 146 or 148 will result in either two positive or two negative values indicating that the line does not pass through the pick window and should be rejected. 
     The two points selected for testing in the line equation depend upon the region in which the first point of the line originates. Selection of points to test is made according to the following table. 
     
         ______________________________________      POINT SELECTED FOR NON-TRIVIALREGION     EQUATION______________________________________1          (Xmax,Ymax) and (Xmin,Ymin)2          (Xmax,Ymax) and (Xmin,Ymax)3          (Xmin,Ymax) and (Xmax,Ymin)4          (Xmin,Ymax) and (Xmin,Ymin)6          (Xmax,Ymax) and (Xmax,Ymin)7          (Xmin,Ymax) and (Xmax,Ymin)8          (Xmax,Ymin) and (Xmin,Ymin)9          (Xmax,Ymax) and (Xmin,Ymin)______________________________________ 
    
     The final problem involves identification of the situation where the pick window is entirely encircled, for example, by a polygon. As shown in FIG. 5 pick window 150 is totally encircled by polygon 152. The test discussed above will not detect a match or pick of polygon 152 because none of the edges pass through the pick window. A match or pick is determined by testing a line extending in an arbitrary direction from one vertex of the pick window toward infinity. In FIG. 5 a line is extended from the (Xmax,Ymax) corner to the right. By counting the number of times this line intersects the polygon, a determination of whether or not a match has occurred can be made. The preferred embodiment tests line intersection for each polygon vector processed by the pick detector. A begin polygon order sets the testing mode. The outcode are analyzed and a polygon intersection bit toggled. When the end polygon order is received, if no match has occurred, the polygon intersection is tested. In this example, there is a single intersection indicating that the pick window is entirely contained within the polygon. In general, an odd number of intersections indicates a match while an even number indicates no pick. 
     The overall logic of the system is represented in FIG. 6. The system first calculates the next outcode (160). (The logic operates in one vertex at a time, no testing can be done on the first outcode. All testing considers the current and previous vertices.) The current and previous outcodes are tested to determine whether a trivial in or trivial out condition exists (162). If none of the trivial tests are true, control passes to step 164 where the non-trivial line equations are evaluated. If a trivial condition exists control passes to 166 where determination of whether a trivial in or trivial out condition has occurred. If trivial out, control returns to outcode calculator 160. Otherwise, control passes to step 168 which stops the pipeline and interrupts the graphics control processor to handle the pick. Similarly, the evaluation results of non-trivial equations 164 is sent to step 170 to determine whether a non-trivial pick has occurred. If none, control returns to step 160 while if a non-trivial pick is detected control passes again to step 168. Once the graphics processor has processed the interrupt, a command is sent to clear the interrupt in the pick detect logic and to restart the pipeline step 172. 
     The present invention has implemented the above pick detection logic in a hardware system shown more completely in FIG. 7. Inputs to pick detect logic are the pick window boundaries, Xmin, Xmax, Ymin, Ymax the previous X and previous Y values of the first point of a vector, and the current X and current Y representing the second point in the vector. The window boundaries are stored in pick detect registers while the current and previous X and Y values are stored in pipeline registers. 
     The outcodes are determined by the circuitry on the left side of the diagram. Subtraction unit 180 evaluates (X-Xmin) or (Y-Ymin) and passes the sign of the results to the next stage. Similarly 184 evaluates (Xmax-X) or (Ymax-Y). Multiplexers 182 and 186 selects the appropriate window coordinate for the subtraction process. The values of X and Y are alternately passed to pick detect logic by the pipeline registers thus evaluation of one X,Y point requires two processing cycles. The result of the subtraction performed by 180 for the current X is placed in the &#34;left&#34; register 188 while current Y evaluation from 180 is placed &#34;below&#34; register 190. Similarly evaluations from subtraction 184 are placed in &#34;right&#34; 192 and &#34;above&#34; 194. These four registers represent the outcode. Outcode analysis logic 196 applies the logic rules discussed above to determine the presence of a trivial in or trivial out condition. Outcode analysis logic 196 also performs polygon analysis to determine whether the pick window is encircled by a polygon. The outputs of outcode analysis logic 196 include a toggle to the polygon reference bit 198, a trivial or no trivial signal 200, and a trivial or reject 202. 
     If a non-trivial condition exists, the right side of the logic is used to evaluate the slope of the line in order to detect a non-trivial pick. Subtraction unit 204 subtracts (current X-previous X or (current Y-previous Y) as selected by multiplexers 206 and 208. Subtraction unit 210 subtracts the appropriate previous X or previous Y value from the appropriate pick window coordinate selected by multiplexers 212 and 214. The results of these subtractions are multiplied by multiplier 216 and the results stored in the appropriate register 218, 220, 222, or 224. This processing logic requires four cycles to fill the four registers required to determine whether or not a non-trivial pick has occurred. The first two processing cycles occur concurrently with the processing of the X and Y values through outcode analysis logic. If a non-trivial condition is signalled by outcode analysis 196, then the pipeline is halted, and pick detect logic operates through two additional cycles to complete the other two calculations. When all four registers 218-224 are filled subtraction units 226, 228 calculate the subtracted result which is exclusively ORed 230 to derive a non-trivial pick or reject signal. Multiplexer 232 selects the correct value to be passed to interrupt generation logic and the pipeline control logic. 
     It will be recognized that alternative circuits could be used to implement the present invention. For example, an additional multiplier with the associated subtraction circuits could be provided so that non-trivial evaluation could occur in two cycles. Similarly, logic can be employed to perform the evaluation during a single cycle. 
     In the preferred embodiment, the evaluation of trivial accepts or rejects typically occurs in two cycles and does not interrupt the flow of the pipeline. Since a majority of the processing occurs without a pick condition, the pipeline must be halted for additional multiplier evaluation only occasionally.