Abstract:
A road milling machine having a milling roller with a plurality of chisels. A signal receiving unit is assigned to a machine component which is directly or indirectly involved in the milling process or to another machine component. The signal receiving unit detects an operating condition of the machine component and is connected to a signal emitting unit. An optical detecting device may be assigned to the road milling machine, whereby operations are made easier and the milling pattern is optimized.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     This invention relates to a construction machine, in particular for working ground surfaces or for stripping traveled surfaces by a milling roller which has a multitude of chisels.  
         [0003]     2. Discussion of Related Art  
         [0004]     Construction machines are known, for example, as road milling machines. They have a milling roller equipped with a multitude of chisels, in particular round-shaft chisels. The milling roller rotates during operation and the chisels engage with the ground covering to be worked. The chisels are subjected to continuous wear and must be replaced after a defined time of operation. However, the service life of the chisels largely depends on the milling conditions. Often, the machine operator exchanges the chisels either too early or too late. If they are replaced too early, unnecessary tool expenses arise. If replaced too late, damage to the milling roller can occur.  
         [0005]     A further problem in the milling process relates to premature chisel drop-out. One or several chisels can break because of external effects, or because of tool irregularities. Then, no material is removed at the places where the chisel is positioned. In addition, the stress on the adjoining tools increases and the tools are subjected to greater stresses.  
         [0006]     Stabilizers, recyclers and trimmers are also known construction machines.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     It is one object of this invention to provide a construction machine of the type mentioned above, by which an optimized working operation can be performed.  
         [0008]     This object is achieved with a signal pickup unit that is assigned to a machine component, or another machine component which is directly or indirectly involved in the work process. The signal pickup unit detects an operational status of the machine component, and the signal pickup unit is connected to a signal output unit via a signal processing arrangement.  
         [0009]     One or if required, several machine component can be monitored by the signal pickup unit. In the process, the operational status of the machine component is used as a parameter, or characteristic diagram. The detected parameters can be compared with a reference quantity or a reference quantity diagram. As soon as an inadmissible deviation occurs, a machine operator can perform the required corrective actions. The reference quantity, or the reference quantity diagram, can be a constant, which is stored in the evaluating unit, or is selected from a multitude of constants in a data bank of the evaluating unit on the basis of limiting conditions.  
         [0010]     In an advantageous manner, the reference quantity and/or the reference quantity diagram can also be chronologically variable. For forming the reference values, the reference quantity and/or the reference quantity diagram can be determined empirically in a machine status wherein the tools are not worn out.  
         [0011]     It is also possible that the reference quantity and/or the reference quantity diagram is recursively defined, such as is derived from the parameters and/or the characteristic diagram of the historical operational status.  
         [0012]     The operational status of the monitored machine component can be determined either continuously or at predetermined measuring intervals.  
         [0013]     For a better explanation, reference is made in what follows to a road milling machine. However, the explanations analogously apply to construction machinery of any type.  
         [0014]     The evaluation of the measured result preferably occurs so that the signal picked up by the signal pickup unit is conducted to an evaluating unit. The evaluating unit compares the picked-up signal with a preset value and forms a difference signal from the picked-up signal and the preset value. It is thus possible to provide an error report which is automated to the greatest extent. Ideally, the preset value can be empirically determined by a detection circuit, and the preset value can be read into the evaluation circuit by the detection circuit. During this, the machine operator can determine the preset values during the milling process, for example with chisels which are not worn out.  
         [0015]     In one embodiment of this invention, a machine chassis is supported by a running gear, wherein one or several drive motors are assigned to the running gear, and the signal pickup unit detects the power consumption of the drive motor. Use is made of the knowledge that changed wear conditions of the milling roller also lead to a change of the output parameters of the drive motor.  
         [0016]     For example, an increased drive effort can be required because of increased wear of the chisel. With this embodiment of this invention, the drive motors are designed as electric motors, and the signal pickup unit detects the supplied electrical current or the drive motors are designed as hydraulic motors. The signal pickup unit detects the hydraulic pressure in the fluid circuit assigned to the drive motor.  
         [0017]     In one embodiment of this invention, the machine chassis is supported, at least in some areas, by at least one adjustment device, and the machine chassis can be height-adjusted, at least in some areas, by the adjustment device. A fluid under pressure is assigned to the adjustment device, and the signal pickup unit detects the pressure in the fluid.  
         [0018]     The forces occurring during milling are indirectly detected with this arrangement. The cutting forces are low for unworn cutting chisels which are ready to cut. The vertical portion of the cutting forces is directed opposite the force of gravity and therefore relieves the burden on the adjustment device, which otherwise would have to support the entire weight of the machine. The pressure in the fluid assigned to the adjustment device decreases proportionally with the vertical portion of the cutting forces. This value can also be determined by a force measurement, for example with a wire strain gauge, on at least one of the adjustment devices or another structural component.  
         [0019]     It is also possible for the signal pickup unit to detect the forward progress of the machine which can then be compared with the actual output parameters of the road milling machine, in particular with the drive output required for the milling roller.  
         [0020]     If, for example, at constant drive output the forward progress of the machine slows, then it is possible to draw conclusions regarding an increased wear status.  
         [0021]     A combined calculation of the following values can also be performed: vertical force direction detected by the adjustment device, for example, and horizontal force direction detected by the drive data, for example. A vector can be formed by a linear combination and the length or directional change can be used as evaluation criteria.  
         [0022]     In accordance with one embodiment of invention, the signal pickup unit detects the vibration of the machine component. This arrangement is based on different wear conditions that also have an effect on the vibration behavior of individual machine components. This design of a machine is based on the knowledge that a uniform vibration can be detected in view of the uniform rotatory movement of the milling roller. In the unworn state, this vibration has fixed parameters, including amplitude and period. As a result of a tool break, for example, the vibration undergoes a sudden change toward an irregular vibration, compared with the vibration prior to the break.  
         [0023]     With uniformly proceeding wear, the amplitude of the parameters slowly changes in amount. Thus the irregularity or regularity of the signal is of lesser importance, or does not exist.  
         [0024]     Thus it is preferably possible to detect the vibration by a displacement transducer, or a speed or an acceleration sensor.  
         [0025]     Further invention embodiments can also be distinguished if the signal pick-up unit detects the drive moment at one or several places of a drive mechanism driving the milling roller, or if the signal pickup unit determines the motor parameters.  
         [0026]     In one embodiment of this invention the signal pickup unit has a pulse generator assigned to the milling roller. A position determination of the milling roller can be performed by the pulse generator. If the signal detected by the signal pickup unit is processed together with the information from the pulse generator, it is possible to draw detailed conclusions regarding the position of a break-down point, for example a broken shaft.  
         [0027]     One object of this invention is also achieved with a recognition unit that optically detects at least a portion of the milling pattern generated by the milling roller.  
         [0028]     The quality of the milling pattern can be checked by the optical recognition unit, for example a camera. Errors due to the wear of the chisels or of a chisel break can be detected in the milling pattern. It is also possible to use a signal pickup unit designed in the manner described above in addition to the optical recognition unit. During this a further detailed error detection can take place.  
         [0029]     In accordance with this invention, the recognition unit can have at least one position sensor which detects the milling depth. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]     This invention is explained in greater detail in view of an exemplary embodiment represented in the drawings, wherein:  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  is a lateral view of a construction machine, such as a road milling machine;  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a milling roller, in a front view;  
         [0033]      FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  show the surface profile milled by the milling roller in accordance with  FIG. 2 , in a schematic representation;  
         [0034]      FIG. 3  shows a milling roller in accordance with  FIG. 2 , but with a defective place;  
         [0035]      FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  show the surface profile milled by the milling roller in accordance with  FIG. 3  in a schematic representation;  
         [0036]      FIG. 4  shows the milling roller in accordance with  FIG. 2 , in a lateral view;  
         [0037]      FIG. 4   a  shows a vibration image taken at a road milling machine equipped with a milling roller in accordance with  FIG. 4 ;  
         [0038]      FIG. 5  shows the milling roller in accordance with  FIG. 3 , in a lateral view; and  
         [0039]      FIG. 5   a  shows a vibration image taken at a road milling machine equipped with a milling roller, in accordance with  FIG. 5 .  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0040]     The lateral view of a road milling machine shows the basic structure and the components of the machine. A machine frame  10  is the basis for the machine, and is supported by two front running gears  11  and two rear running gears  12 . In this case, the running gears  10  and  11  can be driven by electric motors or hydraulic motors. These drive mechanisms operate synchronously. It is thus sufficient to assign sensors S 6  and S 7  for detecting the electrical current or the pressure and the speed to only one running gear, for example  11 .  
         [0041]     A milling box  13  is attached to the machine frame  10  between the front and rear running gears  11  and  12 . The milling box  13  contains at least one milling roller with chisel holders and chisels. The milling roller is driven by a drive unit  16 , which has a Diesel engine, wherein a sensor S 8  detects the transferred torque, and a sensor S 10  detects other operating data, such as motor rpm, exhaust gas temperature, boost pressure, and the like.  
         [0042]     A camera K is attached to the machine frame  10  between the milling box  13  and the rear running gear  12 , by which the milling image is detected and recorded. The image is transferred to a video terminal BS in the cab  14  of the machine and is displayed. The driver seated on the driver&#39;s seat  15  can see the milling image on the video terminal BS arranged in the area of the dashboard  18  and can check its status and draw a conclusion regarding its quality. A continuous check can be performed if the camera K and the video terminal BS are switched on during the entire operating time of the machine. However, checking can be adjusted so that the devices and a display are switched on only when a request is initiated.  
         [0043]     Sensors S 2  and S 4 , which detect the position of the milling roller, the milling pressure and the milling torque, are attached to the milling box  13 . A sensor S 5  attached to the machine frame  10  above the milling box  13  detects the vibrations of the milling box  13  in the direction of travel, transversely to the direction of travel of the machine, and perpendicularly with respect to the pavement.  
         [0044]     The machine frame  10  can be adjusted with respect to the running gears  11  and  12  via a height adjustment device in order to change the penetration depth of the milling roller in the pavement. The penetration depth is detected by the sensor S 1 . The pressure of the height adjustment device can be detected by the sensor S 9 .  
         [0045]     The removed milling material is moved away from the milling box  13  by a conveyor device, wherein the conveyor device has an endless conveyor belt  17 , one end of which is hinged to the machine frame  10  and which can, as shown by the sensors S 11  and S 12 , be adjusted in height and laterally pivoted in order to assure a transfer to a vehicle arranged underneath, without damage to the vehicle and/or the endless conveyor belt  17 .  
         [0046]     The measured values detected by the sensors S 1  to S 12  are also transmitted to the cab  14  and displayed in the area of the dashboard  18 . In this case, individual display elements can be assigned to all sensors, which can be activated permanently or upon request. However, a central display device can be assigned to all sensors, on which the requested measured value is displayed, wherein the display also contains the preset permissible range of the measured values.  
         [0047]     The measured values can be continuously detected independently of the display, and compared with the preset measured value ranges. If the measured values lie below or above the preset measured value ranges, a warning signal can be automatically triggered, and the error situation can be shown at the central display device.  
         [0048]     Extensive wear of the chisels and other irregularities during operation result in large changes in the monitored operating data and are monitored, displayed and recognized by the driver of the road milling machine, which then can initiate steps for error location and error removal. This makes the operation by the road milling machine considerably easier and assures that components of the machine are not overloaded, damaged or even destroyed.  
         [0049]     For explaining the optical milling image monitoring, a milling roller  30  is first shown in the unworn state ( FIG. 2 ) in FIGS.  2  to  3   b . As this representation shows, all chisel holders  31  are equipped with round-shaft chisels  32 . The milling image A shown in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  results from such a milling roller  30 .  
         [0050]     If a chisel is lost from the milling roller  30 , for example because of a tool break, the milling image B represented in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  results. It can be seen, in particular in the enlarged detailed view in accordance with  FIG. 3   b  that at the place which was not worked because of the loss of the chisel raised material P remains in the pavement. This can be visually detected by a camera.  
         [0051]     The milling rollers  30  of  FIGS. 2 and 3  are shown, in a lateral view, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 .  FIGS. 4   a  and  5   a  represent the vibration image recorded by an appropriate sensor.