Abstract:
An expandable repair fitting for sealing and reinforcing polyethylene pipe includes a single or multiple middle section(s) that receives two end sections. The three sections are split into halves in order for the fitting to encapsulate the entire pipe to be repaired. Electrical heating elements in the form of wires are embedded within each section. The specific location of the wires causes the jointed halves to melt together when an electrical source is supplied to the wires, as well as causing a portion of each end piece to melt about the outer pipe diameter, thereby forming a sealed repair fitting. A portal is provided on the middle section to allow pressure testing of the integrity of the fitting. In a second embodiment, the repair fitting does not encapsulate the entire pipe circumference.

Description:
This is a continuation-in-part of copending application(s) U.S. application Ser. No. 09/481,183 filed on Jan. 12, 2000. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention pertains to apparatus related to the repair of live mains lines. More specifically it pertains to variable length repair fitting for use in repairing or reinforcing polyethylene pipelines. 
     Fluid pipelines were mainly constructed of steel or even cast steel, and were subject to severe corrosion problems as they were buried underground. With the event of plastics, broader usage of different types of elastomeric materials has found favor with the gas pipeline industry. Thus, it is very common for gas pipelines to be constructed entirely out of plastics, especially polyethylene, since such pipelines exhibit excellent corrosion resistance. 
     However, many of the problems associated with the steel pipelines still occur with the plastic pipelines. For example, uncovering pipelines requires digging the earth around the line, sometimes leading to heavy equipment operators to severely scratch or even rupture the lines. Repairing plastic pipelines requires either spot repairing with traditional clamp and bladder techniques, or by cutting and replacement of the damaged section. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for repairing a damaged polyethylene pipeline where the line does not require physical cutting and replacement of the damaged or weakened section. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a repair fitting apparatus that can be applied to a damaged or weakened carrier pipeline so as to entirely encapsulate the pipeline in the event of a ruptured pipeline, or to partially encapsulate it when the pipeline has been weakened, most likely through severe gouging or scratching. 
     In one embodiment, the repair fitting comprises three components; a midsection encapsulating piece for entirely enveloping the pipeline, and two connecting end pieces, which also entirely encapsulate the pipeline. The encapsulating midsection piece has male and female connector components at alternate ends thereof which allow additional sections to be added in the event one section is not long enough to cover the damage. The end pieces each have complementary male or female connector components on one respective end thereof which functionally slides into the encapsulating piece to form the fitting. The other ends of each end piece are constructed to closely contact the outer surface of the carrier pipe, while the end provided with the connector is constructed so as not to contact the outer surface but rather to create an annular interior space between the end piece and pipelines. Likewise, because the encapsulating piece attaches to the end of the pieces where the annular space is formed, the encapsulating section envelopes the carrier pipeline but does not rest in close contact against it. 
     In another embodiment, these components are again used, but rather than a male into female connection, there is a stepped connector construction with overlapping inside and outside contact points. 
     Internal heating wires are disposed in the wall thickness and male connector components of all three components of the fitting. When supplied with an electrical source, the wires cause the components to melt along connection points there between and to melt the ends of each end piece which is in close contact against the pipeline, thereby sealing the fitting to the pipelines. In this way, a portal provided on the midsection piece can be used to established communication between the pipeline interior and atmosphere, actually allowing a gas escape route. However, the portal is sealable and prior to sealing, the gas purges all entrapped air from the fitting interior so that gas/air mixture explosion limits will have been reached and surpassed during purging. 
     In the case of the stepped connector construction of the inside and outside contact points, heating wires are disposed proximate the inside contact points. 
     In a second embodiment more specific to reinforcing a gouged or scratched pipeline, the three components are in full contact against the pipeline outside surface. Electric supply to internally embedded heating wires causes the connection points between the pieces to melt together, as well as the entire perimeter of the fitting to melt in place against the pipeline. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the repair fitting of the present invention in place over a carrier pipe to be fixed; 
     FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the detail of a male into female joint which connects the repair fitting elements shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 2 a  is a partial cross-sectional view showing the detail of a stepped connector joint which connects the repair fitting elements shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the repair fitting end pieces in place over the carrier pipe, emphasizing the electrical wires implanted therein; 
     FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view through the encapsulating piece in place over the carrier pipe, emphasizing the electrical wires implanted therein and the sealing portal; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of the present invention, showing a partial application over the carrier pipe; 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, emphasizing location of the electrical wires along a perimeter edge of the repair fitting elements. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The preferred embodiments illustrated are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. They are chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its application and practical use to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention. 
     Repair fitting  10 , shown in FIG. 1, includes a left and a right end piece  20 ,  40  and a mid-section piece  60  referred to herein as an encapsulating piece. In one embodiment, each of the pieces comprising the repair fitting I  0 , fully envelope the carrier pipe  150  at a location which requires repair or reinforcement. Thus, it should be understood that pieces  20 ,  40 , and  60  are respectively comprised of two half sections (i.e.  20 A,  20 B) which are first positioned about the pipe, before the halves are connected together. Each of the respective halves, when connected together, form a pair of connection edges “C”, which correspond with the longitudinal axis L of carrier pipe  150 . 
     The left end pieces  20 A,  20 B, as shown in FIG. 1, will now be described in greater detail with respect to how they connect together, although it should be understood that sections  40  and  60  also connect together in the same fashion and therefore, will not be described in greater detail. 
     The upper section  20 A includes a channel  30  formed therein, and lower section  20 B includes lip  32  (FIG.  2 ). For each piece,  20 ,  40  and  60 , the channel and lip combination are formed along the entire length of the shown connecting edge “C” for that representative piece, and on opposite diametric locations thereof. The channel  30  represents a female connector, while the lip  32  represents a male connector, each of which press together to matingly connect the respective upper and lower sections. The channel and lip are of a predetermined dimension to ensure a relatively tight friction fit, and when larger carrier pipe diameters are involved, the size of the channel and lip increases accordingly. Although the top section  20 A was shown to include the channel  30 , either of the sections  20 A or  20 B can be formed with the channel, so long as the complementary connector is formed on the other mating section. 
     In one embodiment, one of the end pieces  20  or  40  will also include a male protuberance extending about an end face thereof. Since the shape of the end pieces are circular, it follows that the protuberance will also be circularly shaped. The other end piece necessarily will have an end face with a connector formed as a female receptacle. In FIG. 1, end face  46  is provided with the protuberance  48 , while end face  26  is provided with the female receptacle  28 . The end pieces  20  and  40  are fixed to encapsulating piece  60  by mating respective male protuberances into female receptacles. By forming the end faces in this maimer, additional encapsulating sections can be added if the initial one is not longitudinally long enough to cover the problematic area of the carrier pipe. Forming the end faces of the encapsulating pieces as male/female type connectors, simplifies production of all the pieces comprising the repair fitting. 
     The pieces  20 ,  40 , and  60  are respectively provided with electrical leads  35 ,  35 A;  111 ,  113 ;  55 ,  55 A for supplying an electrical source to each section of the repair fitting  10 . Either lead can be designated to function as a positive or negative electrical input, so long as each one is of opposite polarity to the other in order to cause electrical current to flow between the two lead connections, thereby supplying current throughout the pieces comprising that section. The leads are formed to accept external connecting wires terminated with connecting plugs. However, any form of leads allowing electrical connections to external equipment is useable. The function of the electrical leads will be explained in greater detail later herein. 
     The encapsulating piece  60 , shown in FIG. 1, includes a pair of ends  62 ,  64  longitudinally spaced from each other. One of the ends is formed with a male connector while the other end is formed with a female connector. The end having the male or female component is irrelevant since one of the end pieces  20  or  40  will be constructed with a complementary mating component. In this instance, end  62  is provided with the male protuberance  86 , which is dimensioned to frictionally slide within end piece  20  that is formed with a complementary female receptacle. Likewise, end  64  will necessarily be formed with the opposite mating component type, or with female receptacle  88  such that a male protuberance  48  on the second end piece  40  can be frictionally slid into mating engagement within the encapsulating piece  60 . A sealed portal  90  is provided on the encapsulating section for tapping and testing of the repair fitting interior space  29 ,  49 ,  69 , as will be explained in detail in a later section of this description. 
     Turning attention to FIG. 3, each of the end pieces  20  and  40  will now be described in greater detail. As illustrated in cross-section, end piece  20  generally has a bell-shaped configuration when half sections  20 A and  20 B are connected together along the connecting edge “C”(See FIG.  1 ), and the same is true for end piece  40 . When connected together, half sections  20 A,  20 B form a first, proximal end portion  22  and distal, second end portion  24 . 
     The second end portion  24  forms a collar  25  which is generally circularly configured and of a diameter which ensures that inside surfaces  24 A,  24 B simultaneously contact against outside surface  152  of carrier pipe  150  when sections  20 A and  20 B are connected together. The first end portion  22  on the other hand, forms a frustoconically configured sleeve wherein the wall  21  which forms end piece  20 , converges from a first and larger diameter to a second and smaller diameter, the second diameter being the same diameter as that of collar  25 . When connected around carrier pipe  150 , an annular space  29  is formed between outside surface  152  of the carrier piece and interior surfaces  22 A and  22 B. Although FIG. 3 shows each of the end pieces  20  and  40  in an unconnected state along connection edge “C” for clarity purposes, it should be clear that both sections  20 A,  20 B and  40 A,  40 B would normally be connected together such that interior surfaces  24 A,  24 B,  44 A,  44 B rest on and contact the entire surface  152 , while surfaces  22 A,  22 B,  42 A,  42 B would not touch, thereby forming the continuous annular spaces  29 ,  49  around surface  152 . The annular spaces will eventually become an important feature, as will be explained later in this section. 
     In this embodiment, a heating system for sealing the repair fitting comprises an electrical wire that is integrally formed within wall  21  that forms the respective upper and lower sections of the each end piece  20 . The wire  36  in each section  20 A,  20 B is disposed such that it contours the profile of the collar  25  along a radial direction with respect to longitudinal axis “L”, thereby forming a series of juxtapositioned wire loops in each half section  20 A,  20 B. In FIGS. 2 and 3, it is seen that the wire loops extended into lip  32  of the male connector so that the connecting edge “C” between top and bottom sections  20 A,  20 B can be electrically heated, along with the entire collar  25 . In the case of FIG. 2A, the stepped connector having the overlapping contact point  32 A closest to the pipe being repaired has wire  36  extended therein. In the stepped connector embodiment, as well as male into female connectors, where the dimensions are large enough to allow it, multiple loops of wires  36  may be used at the connection contact points as demonstrated in FIGS. 2 and 2A. Additionally, wires  36  are in electrical connection between matching sections  20 A,  20 B via a connection pin  27 . The connection pin and contact arrangement is similar to those found in cellular phones, where the contacts on the battery mate against spring-loaded contacts. However, any manner of electrical interconnection is useable. As seen, wire  36  is provided with electrical leads  35 ,  35 A that are connected to a central processing unit (not shown) which provides power to the heating system and which is programmed to control the supply of electrical power to the wires and the duration of time the power is provided. The processing unit also provides an audio alarm to an operator, telling him that the power has been removed (automatic). 
     The second end piece  40  is provided with exact features immediately described above as with end piece  20 , with the exception that the second end piece has the male protuberance  48  on end face  46 . The protuberance  48  on end face  46  of end piece  40  will be provided with an electrical wire within the thickness of the wall that defines the protuberance  48 , in lip  52  of male connector, and in collar  45 . Electrical interconnection between section halves  40 A and  40 B is via connection pins  47 . 
     In the case of stepped connector construction as shown in FIG. 2 a , second end piece  40  is similarly configured to link via stepped connectors rather than male into female connectors. 
     Likewise, FIG. 4 shows the encapsulating piece  60  in cross-section, with electrical wires  76  being implanted within the respective edges of each top and bottom section  60 A and  60 B. Connection pins  77  provide electrical interconnection between the mating sections  60 A and  60 B which are supplied with electrical leads  111  and  113 . 
     Likewise, in the case of stepped connector construction as shown in FIG. 2 a , the wire  36  extends through the lip of the stepped connector  32 A having the overlapping contact point closest to the pipe being repaired, and matching reception contacts  77  are provided in the mating stepped connector. 
     The operation of the first embodiment of the invention will now be described with respect to repairing a hole or weak point found in carrier pipe  150 . As seen in FIG. 1, upper and lower sections  60 A,  60 B of encapsulating piece  60  are first positioned as desired around the hole or weak point of carrier pipe  150 , and then connected together by frictionally snapping the male connector  72  into female channel  74 . The upper and lower sections  20 A,  20 B,  40 A,  40 B of the two end pieces are then positioned about the carrier pipe, and then similarly connected together by snapping the male connectors  32 ,  52  into female channels  30 ,  50 . Each end piece  20  and  40  is then longitudinally directed towards encapsulating piece  60 . The end pieces  20  and  40  are frictionally slid into complete mating engagement such that end face  64  contacts end face  46  and end face  62  contacts end face  26 . Operation is similar in the case of a stepped connector construction embodiment. The stepped connectors are likewise dimensioned for an initial frictional connection. 
     The electrical leads  35  and  35 A are then connected to the processor and the electrical source, where the processor allows electricity to flow into the selected section of the repair fitting. The current is supplied until a predetermined time allocation has passed, and an operator hears an audio signal that confirms that the connection edge “C” has fused together, as well as collar  25  melting and fusing against outside surface  152  of carrier pipe  150 , thereby sealing the end piece  20  onto pipe  150 . 
     Next, electrical leads  111  and  113  are connected to the processor and electrical source. Here, the electrical current fuses end face  26  to end face  62  as well as connection edge “C”. 
     Finally, electrical leads  55  and  55 A are connected to the processor and electrical source. Here, the electrical current fuses end face  64  to  46 , connecting edge “C” and collar  44  onto pipe  150 . 
     If multiple middle sections are used for complete coverage of a long pipe defect, they are fused each in turn, taking care to always move from a starting section pair with female connection surfaces and ending at a final section pair with a male connection, as demonstrated by the example above where section  20  was followed by section  60  and finally section  40 . 
     In the case of natural gas pipelines, since air is entrapped within the internal annular spaces  29   49  and  69 , there stands a possibility that a gas leak could slowly develop over time and mix with the entrapped air. In order to avoid this potentially explosive situation, the air spaces are filled with pipeline gas in order to push the upper and lower explosive limits into a range where combustion absolutely cannot occur. This is accomplished through provision of portal  90 . As seen in FIG. 4, housing  92  is internally provided with threads  93  along inside surface  95 . The shell cutter  106  is threadingly engaged within threads  93  by provision of threaded drive  102  on shaft  104  at one end thereof, and shell cutter  106  at the other end of shaft  104 . Threaded drive  102  is threadingly screwed downwardly towards surface  152  until cutter  106  contacts surface  152  and until surface  152  is pierced so as to establish fluid communication between the interior of carrier pipe  150 , all interior spaces of the fitting, as well as portal housing  92 . Fluid then flows into the entire space of repair fitting  10 , purging all entrapped air out of portal  90 . Once it is established that no more oxygen is present, sealing cap  108  is threadingly engaged downwardly onto external threads  97  on housing  92 . The top surface  92 T on housing  92  is provided with an annular channel  92 C, in which an O-ring  91  is inserted. When cap  108  is fully threaded downwardly, the internal cap surface contacts against O-ring  91  to fully seal the cap and hence the repair fitting from leakage. In the case of explosive fluids (for example, natural gas), the fitting is now provided in a condition where explosions cannot occur due to the explosive limits being unfavorable for combustion. 
     Turning now to FIGS. 5 and 6, a second embodiment  10 ′ of the invention will be described. This embodiment is applicable when the carrier pipe has been left with an external scratch or gouge in the pipe exterior surface, such that encapsulation of the entire pipe circumference would be unnecessary. Because most of the elements of this embodiment are similar to those described in the previous embodiment, like elements will use the same references as before. 
     The configuration of each end piece  20 ′ and  40 ′ is again similar, and it is seen that the bell-shape has been replaced with a shape which completely contacts the outside carrier pipe surface  152 . Each end piece is formed by a wall having an outside edge which includes sides  41 S, arcurate edge  41 A and center  41 C. However, that shape is not critical to the performance of the end piece and therefore, it is envisioned that a rectangularly configured half-ring collar, for example, can also be used. 
     A difference between the first embodiment and the second one lies in the arrangement or location of the embedded electrical heating wires of the heating system. Since the emphasis of this embodiment is to form a reinforcement repair over the gouged area, it is imperative to fuse the entire perimeter of the fitting to pipe  150 . Thus, FIG. 6 shows that wires  36 ,  56  and  76 , of each respective section, are disposed along outside perimeter edges. In this case, end piece  40  locates the wire along edges  41 A,  41 S and  41 C, as well as within male protuberance  48 . The same arrangement exists for end piece  20 ′, except that this end piece does not have the protuberance; the female receptacle  28  is not provided with wire  36 . Like before, the wire of each end piece  20 ′,  40 ′ and  60 ′ is provided with a pair of electrical leads  35 ,  35 A;  111 ,  113 ;  55 ,  55 A. The location of the electrical wire  76  within the partial encapsulation piece  60 ′ is strictly along outer edges  61  and within protuberance  86 . 
     As before, each end section is frictionally slid inside of the respective ends of the partial encapsulating piece. Thus, application of the electrical source to the leads of each piece, will cause the embedded wires to heat to a temperature where the fitting fuses against outside carrier pipe surface  152 . Again, care is taken to move in sequence between sections, starting with an end piece with a female connector ( 20 ′ in FIG.  6 ). 
     In each of the pieces of the second embodiment of this invention, the extent of overlay around the surface  152  of pipe  150  could be varied, as well as the extent of surface area exposed to the heating wires. Additional partial encapsulation pieces  60 ′ may be used, end to end. This embodiment could similarly use the stepped connector construction of FIG. 2A as well. 
     Further, it is to be understood that this invention is not to be limited to the details above given and described, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims.