Abstract:
A method of removing SO 2  from a gas stream containing the same by absorbing the SO 2  in an aqueous solution containing a 4-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-2-piperazinone compound or an alkyl or aryl substituted derivative thereof. These compounds provide an absorbent solution which is less subject to loss during the regeneration step and yet effectively remove the SO 2  from the gas stream without interference from other associated gases.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The removal of sulfur-containing gases from gas streams is important in the purification of natural gas before burning it for home and industrial use and in the clean up of flue gases used in coal-burning industries. One process still widely used today employs the well known limestone scrubbing. The disadvantage of this process is the necessity of disposing of the large volume of solid waste produced. Many compounds have been suggested as absorbents, some of which are selective to H 2  S or CO 2 . Others are capable of removing a large percent of all the acidic gases present in the gas stream being treated. One system taught in a recent patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,134, employs potassium or sodium citrate to selectively remove SO 2  from a gas stream. In another more recent patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,704, the removal of SO 2  from a gas stream is accomplished by contacting a gas stream containing it with an aqueous solution of a piperazinone, morpholinone or their N-alkyl substituted derivatives, eg N,N&#39;-dimethyl-2-piperazinone. Each of the compounds employed by the above patents can be regenerated by the conventional method of steam stripping. 
     An improved method for absorbing SO 2  from gas streams has now been discovered wherein hydroxyalkyl-2-piperazinones are employed as absorbents. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a method for removing SO 2  from a gas stream containing it, and which may also contain other gases commonly associated with hydrocarbon streams or combustion gases, by employing as an absorbent therefor an aqueous solution of an N-hydroxyalkyl-2-piperazinone or an alkyl or aryl substituted derivative thereof. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The compounds useful as absorbents for removing SO 2  from gas streams are 4-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-2-piperazinones having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, R 1  is hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl or an aralkyl group having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms and R 2  is hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl or aralkyl group having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Suitable 4-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-2-piperazinones include 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-2-piperazinone, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-2-piperazinone, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-2-piperazinone, 3-ethyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone, 3-ethyl-4(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone, 6-ethyl-4-(2-hydroxethyl)-2-piperazinone, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,6-dimethyl-2-piperazinone, 1-ethyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-phenyl-2-piperazinone, 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone, 4-(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-piperazinone, 4-(2-hydroxybutyl)-2-piperazinone and 4-(2-hydroxypropyl)-6-methyl-2-piperazinone. 
     High boiling absorbents are desirable to prevent loss of the absorbent along with the SO 2  during the regeneration step. The subject compounds possess a much higher boiling point than the N,N&#39;-dialkyl-2-piperazinones employed for that purpose in U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,704. For example, while N,N&#39;-dimethyl-2-piperazinone boils at 241° C., 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone boils at 450° C., both at atmospheric pressure. The higher boiling point is thought to be due to the formation of a dimer during heating which, of course, occurs during the regeneration step. 
     The compounds of the present invention are employed in aqueous solution at a concentration of from about 0.1 molar up to about their saturation concentration in water. The absorbent solution, after use, is thermally regenerated, eg. by passing steam through the solution, and recycled to the absorption step. The absorber can be operated at a temperature of from about 0° to about 120° C., but is preferably operated at a temperature of from about 5° to about 95° C. 
     Pressures of from about atmospheric to about 3 atmospheres can be employed but atmospheric pressure is preferably and conveniently employed. Higher temperatures and pressures are not deleterious, but equipment design modifications may be required. 
     The SO 2  concentration of the gas streams being treated may vary from about ten ppm up to 45 vol.%. 
     Preparation of the compounds useful in the invention is accomplished by reacting the appropriate 2-piperazinone or substituted derivative thereof with ethylene oxide or ethylene chlorohydrin. An improved method of preparation involves the reaction of an N-hydroxyalkylalkylenediamine with glyoxal or a substituted glyoxal. Details of this process are disclosed in a co-filed application of two of the inventors of the present application entitled &#34;PREPARATION OF HYDROXYALKYLPIPERAZINONES BY REACTING GLYOXAL WITH HYDROXYALKYLDIAMINES&#34;, Ser. No. 085,428 filed Aug. 13, 1987, and is incorporated herein by reference in-so-far as the making of compounds useful in the process of the present invention is concerned. 
     The following examples illustrate the use of the absorbents in the process of the invention. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The product of the reaction of 30% aqueous glyoxal solution with 70% aqueous 2[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol is concentrated in a rotary evaporator under full vacuum at a temperature of 100° C. The resulting product (75% 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)2-piperazinone) is distilled under vacuum. The yellowish-brown liquid distillate is dissolved in 1-propanol and a water-propanol azeotrope removed by distillation at 70° C. at a final pressure of &lt;5 mm Hg. The product is dissolved in acetonitrile solution, then precipitated by chilling to 4° C., filtered and finally crystallized from acetone to obtain a white product (mp 59.5°-60° C., bp 450° C.). Capillary gas chromatography indicates the white crystalline solid is 99+% pure 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     An aqueous solution of 10 wt% of the 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone (HEP) prepared in Example 1 is evaluated as a selective solvent for absorption and regeneration of sulfur dioxide. In order to demonstrate that 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone could be recycled three times, SO 2  from a synthetic gas mixture is absorbed with the same aqueous solution of HEP and then regenerated. The procedure used is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,704, which is incorporated herein by reference. The synthetic gas mixture consists of approximately 77% nitrogen, 20% carbon dioxide and 3% sulfur dioxide. The synthetic gas mixture is fed into the bottom of a ten-tray Oldershaw column between 30° to 35° C. and at about 4.9 mL/min. The aqueous solution of the absorbent is fed into the top of the column at a rate of 5 mL/min. The operating conditions of the absorber column for the 10 wt.% aqueous solution of HEP during the three cycles, the specific composition of the synthetic gas mixture and the analysis of the gas composition after leaving the column are summarized in Table I. HEP absorbs nearly 100% of the SO 2  from the gas stream in all three cycles. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________SO.sub.2 ABSORPTION WITH HEP           Temperature (°C.)Cycle    Gas Rate      Pressure  Bottom of                      Top of                           Wt % Gas In                                    Wt % Gas OutNo. (Liters/min)      (mm Hg)           Preheat                Column                      Column                           N.sub.2                              CO.sub.2                                 SO.sub.2                                    N.sub.2                                       CO.sub.2                                          SO.sub.2__________________________________________________________________________1   4.90   35   77   31    52   76.94                              19.93                                 3.13                                    79.0                                       21.10                                          02   4.95   32   80   35    54   77.30                              19.59                                 3.11                                    79.70                                       20.29                                          0.0053   4.93   36   78   30    50   77.54                              19.46                                 2.99                                    79.76                                       20.24                                          0.004__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The aqueous solution of the HEP is preheated to between 75° and 78° C. and then passes through a stripper column. The aqueous solution of the absorbent is fed at the top of the column at a rate of 4 mL/min. under a pressure of 1 mm Hg. The temperature of the liquid at the top of the column and at the bottom of the column is either 98° or 99° C. The steam stripped SO 2  exits the top with some water vapor. The lean absorbent exits the bottom of the stripper column. The operating conditions of the stripper column for the HEP, the weight % SO 2  entering the column and exiting with the absorbent out the bottom of the column and the % SO 2  stripped for the three cycles are summarized in Table II. Seventy-two to seventy-nine percent of the SO 2  absorbed by the HEP solution is stripped. Also, the HEP solution maintains its absorption and regeneration efficiency throughout 3 cycles. 
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________SO.sub.2 REGENERATION FROM HEP ABSORBENT          Temperature (°C.)                           Wt % SO.sub.2Cycle    Feed Rate     Pressure  Bottom of   Liquid                               Liquid                                   % SO.sub.2No  (mL/min)     (mm Hg)          Preheat               Column                     Overhead                           In  Out Stripped__________________________________________________________________________1   4     1    78   98    99    3.20                               0.91                                   722   4     1    77   99    99    4.22                               0.88                                   793   4     1    75   98    99    4.24                               1.00                                   76__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     An aqueous solution of 20 wt% glyoxal is added dropwise over a 3 hour period to an aqueous solution of 30 wt% 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol at 100° C. The hot aqueous reaction mixture is treated with charcoal (NORIT A), filtered and vacuum stripped. Capillary gas chromatography indicates the golden product is 90% pure 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperazinone. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     An aqueous solution of 10 wt% of the HEP prepared in Example 3 is evaluated as a selective solvent for absorption and regeneration of sulfur dioxide. Four times, SO 2  from a synthetic gas mixture is absorbed with the same aqueous solution of HEP and then regenerated to demonstrate that HEP can be recycled. The composition of the synthetic gas mixture and operating conditions for the absorber and stripper systems are nearly the same as that employed in Example 2. The operating conditions of the absorber column for the aqueous solution of HEP, the specific composition of the synthetic gas mixture and the analysis of the gas composition leaving the column is summarized in Table III. The HEP absorbed nearly 100% of the SO 2  from the synthetic gas stream in all four cycles. 
     The operating conditions of the stripper column containing the HEP, the weight % SO 2  entering the column and the % SO 2  stripped for the four cycles is given in Table IV. Seventy-four to seventy-eight percent of the SO 2  absorbed by the HEP solution was stripped. The HEP solution maintains its absorption and regeneration efficiency throughout four cycles. 
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________SO.sub.2 ABSORPTION WITH HEP                 Temperature (°C.)Cycle    Feed Rate     Gas Rate            Pressure  Bottom of                            Top of                                 Wt % Gas In                                          Wt % Gas OutNo. (mL/min)     (Liters/min)            (mm Hg)                 Preheat                      Column                            Column                                 N.sub.2                                    CO.sub.2                                       SO.sub.2                                          N.sub.2                                             CO.sub.2                                                SO.sub.2__________________________________________________________________________1   5     4.90   35   80   32    50   76.24                                    20.50                                       3.26                                          78.28                                             21.72                                                02   5     4.91   34   80   35    53   76.79                                    20.53                                       2.68                                          79.07                                             20.93                                                0.0023   5     4.92   35   80   34    50   77.01                                    20.40                                       2.59                                          79.24                                             20.75                                                0.0064   5     4.93   34   80   34    52   76.81                                    20.73                                       2.46                                          78.85                                             21.14                                                0.006__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________SO.sub.2 REGENERATION FROM HEP ABSORBENT          Temperature (°C.)                           Wt % SO.sub.2Cycle    Feed Rate     Pressure  Bottom of   Liquid                               Liquid                                   % SO.sub.2No  (mL/min)     (mm Hg)          Preheat               Column                     Overhead                           In  Out Stripped__________________________________________________________________________1   4     1    77   99    99    3.85                               0.88                                   772   4     1    76   99    99    4.70                               1.05                                   783   4     1    76   99    99    4.69                               1.08                                   774   4     1    75   99    99    4.74                               1.22                                   74__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE A 
     An aqueous solution of 10 wt% N,N&#39;-dimethyl-2-piperazinone (NNDP) is evaluated as a selective solvent for absorption and regeneration of sulfur dioxide. The composition of the synthetic gas mixture and operating conditions for the absorber and stripper systems are substantially the same as those employed in Examples 2 and 4. The operating conditions of the absorber column for the aqueous solution of NNDP, the specific composition of the synthetic gas mixture and the analysis of the gas composition after leaving the column are summarized in Table V. The NNDP absorbed 100% of the SO 2  from the synthetic gas stream. 
     The operating conditions of the stripper column for the NNDP, the weight % SO 2  entering the column and the % SO 2  leaving the column is given in Table VI. Only sixty percent of the SO 2  absorbed by the NNDP solution was stripped. 
     
                                           TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________SO.sub.2 ABSORPTION WITH NNDP             Temperature (°C.)Feed Rate Gas Rate        Pressure  Bottom of                       Top of                            Wt % Gas In                                     Wt % Gas Out(mL/min) (Liters/min)        (mm Hg)             Preheat                  Column                       Column                            N.sub.2                               CO.sub.2                                  SO.sub.2                                     N.sub.2                                        CO.sub.2                                           SO.sub.2__________________________________________________________________________5     4.96   35   80   35   57   76.76                               19.86                                  3.38                                     79.42                                        20.57                                           0.0002__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE VI______________________________________SO.sub.2 REGENERATION FROM NNDP ABSORBENT      Temperature (°C.)                    Wt % SO.sub.2Feed Rate   Pressure Pre-   Bottom of                          Over- Liquid                                      Liquid(mL/min)   (mm Hg)  heat   Column head  In    Out______________________________________4       1        76     99     100   3.66  1.44______________________________________