Abstract:
An amplifier stage in a series connection of such stages in a low or medium frequency analog amplifier construction, e.g. for audio, is provided with correction circuitry for dynamic cancellation of non-linearities in the stage output. The correction circuitry includes a threshold detector feeding a correction signal to an adder circuit that is inserted in the series connection. An input signal to the threshold detector is supplied from a junction where e.g. resistors coupled respectively to an input and an output of the stage, meet.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to an analog amplifier construction, preferably a multi-stage amplifying device with high linearity. The amplifier topology has applications in high dynamic range amplifier systems for low and medium frequencies. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Traditionally, global feedback has been used to reduce non-linearities for amplifiers consisting of several cascaded amplifier stages. FIG. 1 shows such a global feedback amplifier. Each of the gain stages G 1 , G 2  and G 3  will have a phase shift, and to maintain stability when closing the feedback loop it is necessary to include a compensation capacitor Cc to give the amplifier a sufficient phase margin to avoid oscillations when driving reactive loads. For amplifiers driving highly capacitive or inductive loads such as loudspeakers or motors, the phase compensation has to be increased to have a sufficient stability margin for the worst case reactive load. Such a frequency compensation method will reduce the amount of loop gain available for reduction of non-linearities at high frequencies. A loop gain plot is shown in FIG. 2, showing that there is not much loop gain LG 2  for reducing non-linearities at the frequency F 2 . The loop gain at F 2  is about 10 dB, giving about {fraction (1/100)} of reduction of non-linearities compared to the reduction at the frequency F 1 . At low frequencies such as F 1  the loop gain is substantial with about 50 dB of loop gain to correct non-linearities. 
     Global feedback amplifiers do also have three other types of drawbacks: 
     The connected output cable feeding the connected load will act as an antenna, and will pick up radio frequency disturbances. These RF disturbances will reach the output of the amplifier, and will also reach the negative input terminal of the input stage of the amplifier through the feedback network. The RFsignal will be rectified by the transistors in the input stage and will shift bias of the amplifying stages. This will increase distortion of the amplifier circuit. 
     Current kick-back from the connected reactive loads of the amplifier will reach the output of the amplifier. This kick-back will also reach the input stage through the feedback network, and will disturb the operation of the input stage. 
     The time delay of the amplifying stages will result in a delayed feedback signal to the negative input terminal of the input stage. To avoid generating transient intermodulation in the input stage, the input signal to the amplifier must be bandwidth limited according to the forward path time delay properties of the amplifying stages. In an amplifier driving highly reactive loads, the frequency compensation necessary to insure stable operation will result in larger delays and phase shifts through the amplifier, and hence the bandwidth limiting of the input signal must be increased. Because of this, the overall bandwidth of such a global feedback amplifier will be restricted. 
     To solve the problem of global feedback amplifiers it has previously been suggested to make a cascaded amplifier as shown in FIG.  3 . 
     This topology solves some problems, but will also introduce some new problems. 
     The bandwidth of such an amplifier can be increased because there is no need for limiting the bandwidth of the input signal to avoid transient intermodulation in the input stage. The input stage will not be disturbed by RF signals present on the cable connected to the output of the amplifier, as the RF signals will be on the output transistors only. The kick-back from the connected reactive load will not reach the input stage. 
     The main disadvantage by using the cascaded stages in FIG. 3 is that the non-linearities of the different amplifying stages will be too large to make a high dynamic range linear amplifier for both low and high frequencies when amplifying both weak and strong signals. Often the linearity when amplifying weak signals can be sufficient, but the linearity will decrease when amplifying large signals, because of the voltage and current dependent non-linearities of the semiconductors used in the amplifying stages at high voltage swings and high output current. The output impedance of the output stage will not be sufficiently low to make the frequency response flat when connected to a load with frequency dependent impedance, such as a loudspeaker. This will give frequency dependent amplitude deviations from flat frequency response, and hence a coloring of the amplifier&#39;s sonic signature dependent on the connected loudspeaker load. 
     Error correction networks for single amplifier stages have been proposed earlier, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,352. However, U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,352 uses complex circuits like differential amplifiers to perform continuous error correction. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,352 circuit will only work for non-inverting voltage gains near 1. There is however a need of improved amplifiers with error correction for inverting and non-inverting gain stages with up to 60 dB of gain. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of this invention is to combine the best characteristics of global feedback amplifiers as shown in FIG.  1  and local (internal) feedback amplifiers as shown in FIG.  3 . In addition this invention will increase linearity at high output levels of voltage and current, especially at high frequencies where global feedback topologies do not have very much loop gain to reduce non-linearities. 
     By using several amplifier stages connected in series, where each stage has a specialized voltage and current gain function, the desired total amplifier transfer function can be obtained. Each single gain stage has local error correction, and this error correction is dynamically adjusted to cancel non-linearities in case the applied input signal will cause sufficient non-linearity for one or more of the cascaded gain stages. Hence no error correction is done when the amplifying stages do not contribute to non-linearity, and a threshold level is set by individual threshold detectors in respective local error correction loops. When no error correction is performed, the gain stages are working as cascaded local feedback gain stages with the specified voltage and current gain. The respective stages that are error corrected may have a different amount of voltage and current gain, and each of these stages can either be inverting or non-inverting gain stages. 
     The multistage error correction circuitry in accordance with the invention is made in the simplest possible way using only resistors, buffers and threshold detectors to constitute the correcting networks. The error correction networks are only active when correction is necessary. The amount of error initiating error correction is set to a predetermined level. The proposed error correction topology includes the strengths of both global feedback topologies and local feedback topologies, without introducing the drawbacks of these two topologies. 
     The present invention has non-linearity dependent error correction in such a way that for small and medium signals the circuit will work as a cascaded local feedback amplifier without error correction. When the non-linearities reach a certain predetermined level, the error correction circuit will dynamically correct for the stage error by correcting the local stage causing the non-linearity. Because of the distributed local error correction topology, the signal delay through respective amplifying stages is kept low, and hence the error correction speed is much higher than in a global feedback amplifier. This gives increased linearity end error correction capabilities for high frequency signals compared to the global feedback approach. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a general global feedback amplifier; 
     FIG. 2 shows the open loop- and feedback loop gain of a general global feedback amplifier; 
     FIG. 3 shows a general cascaded local feedback amplifier topology; 
     FIG. 4 shows in a block diagram an amplifier circuit representing a first embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 5 shows in a block diagram an amplifier circuit representing a second embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 6 shows in a block diagram an amplifier circuit representing a third embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 7 shows an embodiment in which an amplifier stage has a correction network operating part digitally; and 
     FIG. 8 shows an all digitally operating correction network. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     An example of an amplifier device which constitutes a first embodiment of this invention, will be described with reference to FIG.  4 . This gives an example of an amplifier having three gain blocks  3 ,  7  and  11 . The first gain block  3  is an inverting gain stage with a gain of G 1 . The second gain block  7  is a non-inverting gain stage with gain G 2 . The third gain stage  11  is an inverting gain stage with gain G 3 . The connected reactive load is exemplified by the parallel connection of Rload, Cload and Lload. 
     The first error correction stage consists of the resistors RI and R 2  summing the input and output of gain stage  3  to the node  12 . The ratio between the resistor values (resistances) is calculated in such a way that node  12  is representing only the non-linearity error signal from gain stage  3 . When the absolute value of the gain of block  3  is G 1 , then R 2 =G 1 *R 1 . If gain stage  3  contributes with no non-linearity node  12  will have no error signal component. 
     If the level of the error signal is larger than a predetermined threshold level, the threshold detector  4  will output an error signal that is summed with the input signal  1  in the addition circuit  2 . If the error signal is below the predetermined threshold level, then the output of the threshold detector is high impedance. The gain stage  3  will work as an open loop gain circuit when the error signal is less than the level set in the threshold detector. When the error signal level in node  12  is decided to be higher in level than the predetermined level set for applying error correction, the gain stage  3  will work together with R 1 , R 2 , the threshold detector  4  and addition circuit  2  to form a local error pre-distortion loop to correct the error. 
     The second error correction stage consists of resistors R 3  and R 4  summing the input of gain stage  7  and the inverted and unity gain buffered output of gain stage  7  to the node  14 . Buffer  8  is a unity gain inverting buffer with high input impedance and low output impedance. The ratio between the resistor values is calculated in such a way that node  14  is representing only the non-linearity error signal from gain stage  7 . When the value of gain in block  7  is G 2 , then R 4 =G 2 *R 3 . If gain stage  7  contributes with no non-linearity, node  14  will have no error signal component. 
     If the level of the error signal is larger than the predetermined threshold level, threshold detector  6  will output an error signal that is summed with the output signal of stage  3  in the addition circuit  5 . The gain stage  7  will work as an open loop gain circuit when the error signal is less than the level set in the threshold detector. When the error signal level in node  14  is decided to be higher in level than the predetermined level set for applying error correction, gain stage  7  will work together with buffer  8 , resistors R 3 , R 4 , threshold detector  6  and addition circuit  5  to form a local error pre-distortion loop to correct the error. 
     The third error correction stage consists of resistors R 5  and R 6  summing the input and output of gain stage  11  to the node  16 . The third stage will work in a manner similar to the first gain stage  3 . 
     In the circuit in FIG. 4 the threshold detectors  4 ,  6  and  10  will dynamically decide which of the amplifier stages needs error correction to preserve the processed signal without degrading the, quality by non-linear amplifier stage operation. In this circuit example it will be the last stage  11  that is handling the largest signal and driving the reactive load, so this stage will normally be the stage needing most error correction. 
     An example of an amplifier device which constitutes a second embodiment of this invention, will be described with reference to FIG.  5 . This gives an example of an amplifier having four gain stages  3 ,  7 ,  11  and  18 , summing the error correction signals that are higher than the predetermined threshold level to the addition circuits  2 ,  8  and  13 . 
     The first gain block  3  is an inverting gain stage with a gain of G 1 . The second gain block  7  is an inverting gain stage with gain G 2 . The third gain stage  11  is an inverting gain stage with gain G 3 . The unity gain buffer  18  is separating the addition stage  13  from the connected reactive load exemplified by the parallel connection of Rload, Cload and Lload. The first error correction stage consists of resistors R 1  and R 2  summing the input and output of gain stage  3  to node  12 . The ratio between the resistor values is calculated in such a way that node  12  is representing only the non-linearity error signal from gain stage  3 . When the absolute value of gain in block  3  is G 1 , then R 2 =G 1 *R 1 . If gain stage  3  contributes with no non-linearity, node  12  will have no error signal component. The gain stage  5  with gain G 1  amplifies the error signal before applying it to threshold detector  4 . If the level of the error signal is larger than the predetermined threshold level, threshold detector  4  will output an error signal that is summed with the output signal of gain stage  3  in addition circuit  2 . The gain stage  3  will work as an open loop gain circuit when the error signal is less than the level set in the threshold detector. When the error signal level in node  12  amplified by gain stage  5  is decided to be higher in level than the predetermined level set for applying error correction, gain stage  3  will work together with the resistors R 1 , R 2 , gain stage  5 , threshold detector  4  and addition circuit  2  to form a local error post-distortion correction loop to correct the error of gain stage  3 . The amplifying stage  5  will be handling only the low level error signal from gain stage  3 , and this relaxes the performance requirements for this stage. 
     The combined signal delay of gain stage  5  and threshold detector  4  is adjusted to be the same signal delay as in gain stage  3 . This is to ensure that the error correction signal is added in phase with the amplified signal through gain stage  3 . This is important for in-phase error correction at medium and high frequencies. 
     The second error correction stage consists of resistors R 3  and R 4  summing the input and output of gain stage  7  to node  14 . The ratio between the resistor values is calculated in such a manner that node  14  is representing only the non-linearity error signal from gain stage  7 . When the value of gain in block  7  is G 2 , then R 4 =G 2 *R 3 . If gain stage  7  contributes with no non-linearity, node  14  will have no error signal component. Gain stage  10  with gain G 2  amplifies the error signal before applying it to the threshold detector  4 . If the level of the error signal from stage  7  is larger than the predetermined threshold level, threshold detector  9  will output an error signal that is summed with the output signal of gain stage  7  in addition circuit  8 . The gain stage  7  will work as an open loop gain circuit when the error signal is less than the level set in the threshold detector. When the error signal level in node  14 , amplified by gain stage  10 , is decided to be higher in level than the predetermined level set for applying error correction, gain stage  7  will work together with the resistors R 3 , R 4 , gain stage  10 , threshold detector  9  and addition circuit  8  to form a local error post-distortion correction loop to correct the error. The amplifying stage  10  will be handling only the low level error signal from gain stage  7 , and this relaxes the performance requirements for this stage. 
     The combined signal delay of gain stage  10  and the threshold detector  9  is adjusted to be the same signal delay as in gain stage  7 . 
     The third error correction stage consists of the resistors R 5  and R 6  summing the input and output of gain stage  11  to node  16 . The third stage will work in a manner similar to the second gain stage  7  with surrounding circuitry. The error correction signal from the output of the threshold detector  17  is added to the addition circuit  13 . The amplifying stage  15  will be handling only the low level error signal from gain stage  11 , and this relaxes the performance requirements for this stage. The combined signal delay of gain stage  15  and threshold detector  17  is adjusted to be the same signal delay as in gain stage  11 . 
     The unity gain output buffer  18  has got its own error correction loop formed by an inverting unity gain buffer  19 , summing resistors R 7  and R 8 , threshold detector  20  and addition circuit  13 . The operation of this error correction loop goes in the same way as for the other gain stages, except that R 7 =R 8 , due to the unity gain of buffer  18 . 
     In the circuit in FIG. 5, the threshold detectors  4 ,  9 ,  17  and  20  of the respective gain stages  3 ,  7 ,  11  and  18  will dynamically decide which of the amplifier stages needs error correction to preserve the processed signal without degrading the quality by non-linear amplifier stage operation. 
     An example of an amplifier device which constitutes a third embodiment of the present invention, will be described with reference to FIG.  6 . This gives an example of an amplifier having four gain stages  3 ,  7 ,  11  and  18 , and in which amplifier error correction signals are summed to a common addition circuit before the input of the last unity gain buffer stage, to give less circuit complexity than the example in FIG.  5 . 
     The first gain block  3  is an inverting gain stage with a gain of G 1 . The second gain block  7  is an inverting gain stage with gain G 2 . The third gain stage  11  is an inverting gain stage with gain G 3 . The unity gain buffer  18  is separating the addition circuit  2  from the connected reactive load exemplified by the parallel connection of Rload, Cload and Lload. 
     The first error correction stage consists of resistors R 1  and R 2  summing the input and output of gain stage  3  to node  12 . The ratio between the resistor values is calculated in such a way that node  12  is representing only the non-linearity error signal from gain stage  3 . When the absolute value of gain in block  3  is G 1 , then R 2 =G 1 *R 1 . If gain stage  3  contributes with no non-linearity, node  12  will have no error signal component. 
     If the level of the error signal amplified by gain stage  8  is larger than the predetermined threshold level, the threshold detector  4  will output an error signal that is summed with the output signal of gain stage  11  in addition circuit  2 . The gain stage  3  will work as an open loop gain circuit when the error signal is less than the level set in the threshold detector. When the error signal level in node  12  is decided to be higher in level than the predetermined level set for applying error correction, gain stage  3  will work together with R 1 , R 2 , the threshold detector  4  and the addition circuit  2  to form a local error post-distortion loop to correct the error. Gain stage  8  has a gain G 1 *G 2 *G 3  to compensate for the gain in the forward path of stages  3 ,  7  and  11 . Gain stage  8  has got high input impedance and low output impedance. This ensures that the error correction signal for gain stage  3  added in summer  2  is compensated for the gain in stages  3 ,  7  and  11 . The combined signal delay of gain stage  8  and threshold detector  4  is adjusted to be the same delay as the forward delay of stages  3 ,  7  and  11 . The second error correction stage consists of resistors R 3  and R 4  summing the input and output of gain stage  7  to node  14 . The ratio between the resistor values is calculated in such a way that node  14  is representing only the non-linearity error signal from gain stage  7 . When the value of gain in block  7  is G 2 , then R 4 =G 2 *R 3 . If gain stage  7  contributes with no non-linearity, node  14  will have no error signal component. Gain stage  9  has a gain G 2 *G 3  to compensate for the gain in the forward path of stages  7  and  11 . Gain stage  9  has got high input impedance and low output impedance. This ensures that the added error correction signal for gain stage  7  added in summer  2  is compensated with respect to the gain in stages  7  and  11 . The combined signal delay of gain stage  9  and threshold detector  6  is adjusted for same delay as the forward delay of stage  7  and  11 . If the level of the error signal from stage  7  is larger than the predetermined threshold level, the threshold detector  6  and gain stage  9  will output an error signal that is summed with the input signal in the addition circuit  2 . The gain stage  7  will work as an open loop gain circuit when the error signal is less than the level set in the threshold detector. When the error signal level in node  14  is found to be higher than the predetermined level set for applying error correction, gain stage  7  will work together with gain stages  9 , resistors R 3 , R 4 , threshold detector  6  and addition circuit  2  to form a local error post-distortion loop to correct the error. The third error correction stage consists of resistors R 5  and R 6  summing the input and output of gain stage  11  to node  16 . The third stage will work in a manner similar to the second gain stage  7 . The error correction signal from the output of threshold detector  10  is added to the addition circuit  2 . The unity gain output buffer  18  has got its own error correction loop formed by an inverting unity gain buffer  19 , summing resistors R 7  and R 8 , threshold detector  20  and addition circuit  2 . Operation of this error correction loop is in the same way as for the other gain stages, except that R 7 =R 8 , due to the unity gain of the buffer  18 . 
     In the circuit in FIG. 6 the threshold detectors  4 ,  6 ,  10  and  20  of the different gain stages  3 ,  7 ,  11  and  18  will dynamically decide which of the amplifier stages needs error correction to preserve the processed signal without degrading the quality by non-linear amplifier stage operation. 
     In the above text, it may seem that the threshold detector works only with respect to signal levels. However, this detector is intended to work according to various principles. 
     The threshold detector is a block that determines if an input signal satisfies the following listed characteristics: 
     The magnitude of the input signal level is higher than a set trip level. 
     The magnitude of the trip level can be a function of input signal frequency. 
     The magnitude of trip level can be dependent on the combination of different spectral components and the level differences between these different spectral components of the input signal. 
     If these characteristics of the input signal are fulfilled then the detector will output a low impedance replica of its input signal. If not, the output of the threshold detector will be in high impedance mode. 
     Of course the above examples constitute merely embodiments of the invention. The number of amplifier stages can be adapted to special needs, and correction networks can be combined in manners that will be apparent for persons skilled in the art. As is apparent from the embodiment presented in FIG. 5, correction signals can be inserted into the series connection both in a feedback and a feed forward fashion at the same time in one and the same amplifier construction. Also combinations using the solution presented in FIG. 6 (i.e. a “layered” configuration of corrections “from inside to outside”) together with a solution as e.g. in FIG. 4 for other stages, will be feasible. 
     Another possible embodiment of the invention consists in an implementation of the error correction network in which one or more parts of the error correction network operate in the digital domain: 
     a) The threshold detector may have an analog to digital converter input from the junction of the two sense resistors, and then do the necessary processing of threshold limits in the digital domain using digital signal processing. The output of the threshold detector will route the analog input to the output of the threshold detector as an analog signal when the threshold is reached. 
     b) The two sampling resistors from input and output of the analog amplifier block may be replaced by two analog to digital converters connected to the input and output of the analog amplifier block, see FIG.  7 . Theses two ADC&#39;s must have sufficient resolution and sampling frequency for the application. These ADC outputs are then fed to a digital threshold detector. The necessary processing of threshold limits will then be performed in the digital domain using digital signal processing. The output of the threshold detector will use a digital to analog converter to output the necessary analog error correcting signal to the analog adder circuit. 
     c) In an all-digital error correction implementation (see FIG. 8) the threshold detector may have a digital output to a digitally implemented adder circuit. In this configuration the only analog stage would be the analog amplifier block needing error correction. The adder, the threshold detector and the two signal sensors from the input and the output of the analog amplifier stage would be implemented digitally by using the necessary ADC&#39;s and DAC&#39;s of sufficient resolution and sampling frequency. The ADC&#39;s and DAC&#39;s used must have significant less error than the analog amplifying stage needing error correction. In this implementation the input signal to the first adder would be a digital input signal. The output of the digital adder would be converted by a DAC and fed to the analog gain stage. The output of the analog gain stage would then be fed to an ADC connected to the input of digital adder of the next stage.