Abstract:
An electrodynamic machine is disclosed that includes a magnetic field generator and an armature in a linear moving relationship with each other along a first axis. A swash plate rotates about a second axis parallel to and offset from the first axis. The swash plate comprises a surface in slidable engagement with an end of the magnetic field generator or an end of the armature. This swash plate surface is at a controllably variable angle to the second axis, and provides provides a linear displacement between the magnetic field generator and the armature in response to rotation of the swash plate.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    This disclosure relates to electrodynamic machines, and in particular to electrodynamic machines having a variable stroke linear displacement relationship between a magnetic field generator and an armature. 
         [0002]    In the simplest terms, electrodynamic machines utilize dynamic motion between magnetic fields and electrical currents to convert types of energy. For example, generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy via the interaction of rotating magnetic fields and coils of wire, wherein motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy via the interaction of magnetic fields. An electrodyanmic machine may therefore operate as either a generator or a motor depending on the direction of power flow (e.g., mechanical to electrical or electrical to mechanical), or can also be used to convert one form of electrical energy to another form of electrical energy. A multitude of electric machine architectures have been developed with various means of providing interaction between magnetic fields and coils of wire. For example, a permanent magnet machine (PMM), operating in a generating mode, utilizes permanent magnets to generate a constant magnetic field, which is rotated via the mechanical energy supplied by a prime mover such that the rotating magnetic field interacts with the stator coils to provide an output voltage. Another type of electric machine, again operating in a generating mode, supplies current through a coil to generate the desired magnetic field on the rotor, which is rotated via the mechanical energy supplied by a prime mover, such that a rotating magnetic field is created that interacts with the stationary stator coils to provide an output voltage. 
         [0003]    When used as a motor driven by a source of electric power, the back electromotive force (EMF) that an electrodynamic machine generates subtracts from the electrical potential of the power source. The power source must supply increasing electrical potential for increasing speed at constant torque. Eventually, the power source cannot supply additional potential and then the output torque of the dynamoelectric machine falls with increasing speed until no further torque is achievable. As a motor, a primary problem with this class of machines is that there is no convenient way to regulate the generated back EMF that increases with rotational speed. This phenomenon is illustrated in  FIG. 1 , which is a plot of torque versus speed for a typical permanent magnet motor. As shown in  FIG. 1 , at low speeds (speeds below corner point  12  of the plot line), relatively constant torque is provided with increasing speed, and adequate voltage is available to meet the motor&#39;s current requirement. At speeds between corner points  12  and  14  of the plot line, torque begins to fall off, but the motor is under control, producing constant horsepower as back EMF increases and phase current drops. When the speed reaches and begins to exceed that at corner point  14  of the plot line, the motor becomes uncontrollable, and increasing back EMF and falling phase current effectively limit further speed increase. At plot point  16 , the motor reaches its maximum speed limit. 
         [0004]    When used as a generator, the electrical potential that a conventional electrodynamic machine generates is primarily proportional to the rotational speed of the rotor assembly and the power consumed by an electrical load. As a generator, a primary problem with this class of machines is that there is no convenient way to regulate the generated electrical potential that may vary with rotational speed and load variations. 
         [0005]    Various approaches have been tried for addressing the above issues by controlling or limiting magnetic flux under specified operating conditions, e.g., reducing a motor&#39;s back EMF at speeds beyond the corner point  14  of  FIG. 1  to provide higher speeds as represented by the dashed portion of the plot line. The known approaches have their own advantages or disadvantages, and new approaches continue to be welcomed for consideration. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
       [0006]    In some aspects of the disclosure, an electrodynamic machine comprises a magnetic field generator and an armature in a linear moving relationship with each other along a first axis. A swash plate rotates about a second axis parallel to and offset from the first axis. The swash plate comprises a surface in slidable engagement with an end of the magnetic field generator or an end of the armature. This swash plate surface is at a controllably variable angle to the second axis. As the swash plate rotates, the point at which the angled swash plate surface intersects the first axis at the end of the magnetic field generator or armature will move back and forth along the first axis. This axial repositioning of the contact point between the rotating angled swash plate surface and the end of the magnetic field generator or armature provides a linear displacement between the magnetic field generator and the armature in response to rotation of the swash plate. 
         [0007]    In some aspects, an electrodynamic system comprises the above electrodynamic machine and a controller in operative communication with the swash plate for controlling the angle of the angled swash plate surface. 
         [0008]    In some aspects, a method of operating the above-described machine comprises rotating the swash plate about the second axis, thereby causing linear displacement between the magnetic field generator and the armature along the first axis. In some aspects, the method can also include controlling the angle of the angled surface of the swash plate with respect to the second axis. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    Subject matter of this disclosure is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the present disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a schematic depiction of a plot of torque versus speed for an electric permanent magnet motor; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a schematic depiction of a perspective view of an example of a variable stroke linear electrodynamic machine; and 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a schematic depiction of a cross-sectional view of an example of a variable stroke linear electrodynamic machine. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    Referring now to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , an example embodiment of an electrodynamic machine is depicted in perspective and cross-sectional views. As shown in the figures, an electrodynamic machine  100  is depicted having linearly-displaceable magnet-armature assemblies  102  disposed in a housing  104 . A swash plate  106  rotates about an axis  108  and is angled to provide a surface  110  that is at an angle with respect to the first axis  108 . The angle can theoretically be varied from just greater than zero (where maximum linear displacement of the magnet-armature assemblies is obtained) up to perpendicular (where no linear displacement is obtained), although in practice the swash plate  106  and magnet-armature assemblies  102  can be configured to achieve the maximum designed linear displacement (i.e., full stroke) of the magnet-armature assemblies at a specified minimum swash plate angle with respect to the first axis  108  (e.g., 45°). As shown in  FIG. 2 , the swash plate  106  is secured along a pivot axis by pivot pin  112  on collar  114 . A second pivot pin (not shown) secures the swash plate along the rear side hidden from view in  FIG. 2 . The rotating swash plate  106  is also secured by bearing  115 . The collar  114  and swash plate  106  rotate together about the axis  108 , supported by bearing  116 . The collar is connected to rotating shaft  118 , which can be a mechanical output (e.g., a drive shaft) when operated as an electric motor or a primary mover when operated as a generator. 
         [0014]    As shown generally in  FIG. 1 , and in more detail for one of the magnet-armature assemblies  102  in  FIG. 2 , the magnet-armature assemblies  102  include a stationary armature or stator with a stator back iron  120  and a stator winding  122  juxtaposed with a magnetic field generator  123  having magnets/spacers  124 . An end of the field generator  123  away from the magnetic field generated by the magnets/spacers  124  is engaged with the angled swash plate surface  110  through slipper elements  126 . Slipper elements  126  can be formed from a low-friction material such as metal coated with a low-friction coating such as polytetrafluoroethylene or dry film lubricated metal. Alternatively, the slipper elements can be made from an untreated metal operating in an oil-flooded cavity. In the example configuration shown in  FIG. 1 , the slipper elements have a flat surface  128  engaged with the angled swash plate surface  110  and a curved surface  130  engaged with a corresponding curved surface on the end of the magnetic field generator  123 . The flat slipping surface engagement between the slipper surface  128  and a flat surface  110  on the angled swash plate provides for smooth translation of rotational energy and motion of the swash plate to linear energy and motion of the magnetic field generator  123  along the axis  132 . The curved slipping engagement surface between the slipper surface  130  and the end of the magnetic field generator  123  allows for movement swash plate  106  through different angles of inclination without radial stress on the magnetic field generator  123 . 
         [0015]    As will be appreciated by the skilled person, as the swash plate rotates, the point at which the angled swash plate surface intersects the axis  132  at the end of the magnetic field generator  123  will move back and forth along the axis  132 , thus providing a back and forth linear displacement or stroke of the magnetic field generator  123  along axis  132 , supported by linear bearings  134  and  136 . Varying the angle of inclination of the swash plate  106  will vary the length of the linear stroke of the magnetic field generator  123  with each half-rotation of the swash plate  106 , allowing for control of the electrodynamic interaction between the moving magnetic field from magnets/spacers  124  and the stationary windings  122 . A low angle of the swash plate surface  110  with respect to the axis  108  will produce a longer linear stroke of the magnetic field generator, and higher angles of the swash plate surface  110  with respect to the axis  108  will produce shorter strokes, up to an angle perpendicular (i.e., 90°) with the axis  108  produces a stroke of zero, or no linear displacement of the magnetic field generator  123 . 
         [0016]    In the embodiment exemplified in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the angle of the swash plate is controlled through a pivot linkage, with pivot linkage member  138  connected to the swash plate  106  and to pivot linkage member  140 , and pivot linkage member  140  connected to and controlled by linear motion of push rod  142  supported by push rod bearing  144 . Push rod  142  can be controlled by any linear actuator, including an electromechanical actuator such as a rotary electric motor coupled with a screw mechanism, a pneumatic linear actuator, a hydraulic linear actuator, or an electrical linear actuator. In the example embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2 , the linear actuator  145  is a rotary electric motor having rotor  146  with permanent magnet  148 , an actuator motor stator  150 . Rotational motion of the rotor  146  is transferred through planetary gear reduction stage  152  to screw mechanism  154 , in which the rotational motion of the rotary electric motor is translated to linear motion through ball screw assembly  156 , supported by ball screw thrust bearings  158 . 
         [0017]    It will be appreciated by the skilled person that the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3  are specific examples of a broader concept. For example,  FIG. 3  depicts a linearly-movable magnetic field generator and a stationary armature. However, the armature could be the linear moving piece (with appropriate accommodation for electrical connections) engaged with the swash plate and the magnetic field generator kept stationary. Differently-shaped or configured components such as slipper components are also contemplated for use herein, and likewise for other components such as actuators for changing the swash plate angle. Also,  FIG. 2  depicts an embodiment with seven magnet-armature assemblies  102 , but embodiments are contemplated with other numbers of magnet-armature assemblies ranging from one to numbers limited only by the physical footprint and design parameters of the machine. 
         [0018]    In some aspects, the electrodynamic machine  100  is connected to a controller  160 , which can be any type of known controller such as an electronic control unit (ECU), microprocessor, etc., which can be configured to operate various aspects of the electrodynamic machine  100 . In operation, the angle of the swash plate can be varied to achieve desired electrodynamic performance characteristics from the electrodynamic machine. For example, the controller  160  can be configured to increase the angle of the angled swash plate surface with respect to the second axis in response to an increase in the electrodynamic machine&#39;s EMF, a reduction in the electrodynamic machine&#39;s phase current, a reduction in the electrodynamic machine&#39;s torque, or a combination comprising any of the foregoing. For example, when the controller  160  determines through monitoring of electrical and mechanical inputs and outputs to and from the electrodynamic machine  100  operating as an electric motor that a corner point  14  ( FIG. 1 ) is reached where further speed increases will destabilize the motor, the controller  160  can direct the angle of the swash plate with respect to its axis of rotation to increase closer to perpendicular, thus shortening the stroke of the magnetic field generators  123  to reduce back EMF and maintain the performance of the motor along the dotted portion of the plot line in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0019]    While the present disclosure has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the present disclosure is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the present disclosure can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, while various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the present disclosure may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the present disclosure is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.