Abstract:
A corrosion resistant multi-layer tube comprises a metal tube; a zinc layer bonded to the metal tube outer surface; a surface treatment layer bonded to the zinc layer; a priming layer; a first polymeric layer bonded to the priming layer; a second polymeric layer bonded to the first polymeric layer. A process for manufacturing the tube comprises the step of extruding multiple layers of a melt-processible thermoplastic to a pretreated metal tube having an external surface with at least a zinc based coating, a sealant coating on top of the zinc based coating, and a primer coating on top of the sealant coating. The primer coating is preferably applied by an airless spray system in a closed atmosphere, wherein substantially no volatile organic compounds escape into the atmosphere. The polymeric layer(s) remain adhered to the metal tube, even when exposed for prolonged periods to aggressively corrosive environments.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/176,979, filed on Jan. 19, 2000. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a multi-layer coated metal tube, and more particularly to a metal tube having a primed outer surface coated with a plurality of layers of plastic material securely bonded thereto. 
     Metal pipes often have their outer surfaces covered with a protective coating. These pipes are used for conveying hydraulic fluids (such as for brakes, transmissions, power steering, fans, and the like), fuels (such as methanol, ethanol, gasoline, additives, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, and mixtures thereof), vapor, and the like in a motor vehicle. As such, these pipe lines are located under the body of the vehicle. Since they are used in such a harsh environment, the pipes are required to have a high degree of corrosion resistance, scratch resistance, impact strength and mechanical wear resistance. In cold climates, it is not unusual to encounter road salt sprinkled onto road surfaces in order to prevent freezing of water on the road surfaces and the inherent dangers caused thereby. The popularity of spreading road salt has created a serious problem of pipe corrosion. The pipes are also vulnerable to damage or wear from stones or mud spattered by rotating wheels of the vehicle. It is, therefore, necessary that the pipes attached to the underbody of the vehicle be coated so as to resist both chemical corrosion and mechanical damage or wear. 
     Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) often are designed to be fueled by methanol, ethanol, gasoline, and/or any combination of these fuels. Certain fuel blends may corrosively attack metals, even some types of stainless steel. If corrosion is prolonged, fuel and/or hazardous fluids may leak from the tubing. However, emissions standards, for example those issued by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the U.S. EPA, mandate no leakage or permeation for as high as 150,000 miles or 15 years. 
     A double-rolled steel pipe has been proposed that is made by rolling a steel strip or hoop twice and brazing its longitudinal edges by means of a copper plating layer, or a seam welded steel pipe, where the pipe has an outer surface coated with an electroplated zinc film. The zinc film has an outer surface coated with a relatively thin special chromate film having, for example, an olive color. Chromate is typically used to enhance the adhesion of the subsequent layer by making the surface rougher. The chromate film has an outer surface coated with a fluorinated resin film. The fluorinated resin film is formed by impregnating the chromate film with a dispersion of polyvinyl fluoride immediately after the formation of the chromate film when it is still in the state of a gel, and drying them under heat, so that the fluorinated resin film may form an intimate bond with the chromate film. When the chromate film is formed by treating the pipe with a solution, it requires large amounts of a chromium compound and an organic acid, such as formic acid, used as a reducing agent. It is necessary to supply the treating solution with the chromium compound frequently, and to renew it at regular intervals of time in order to maintain a constant film forming capacity. The waste solution, however, contains a large amount of chromium having a valence of 6, which is a toxic substance. As such, the disposal of this toxic waste solution is very costly. Although the chromate film as formed is highly resistant to corrosion, the heat to which it is exposed during the formation of the resin film deprives it of water and thereby makes it brittle. Any plastic deformation of the pipe, such as may result from bending or double flaring, and/or any elastic deformation, such as may result from pipe handling prior to or during assembly, may form fine cracks in the chromate film which lowers its rustproofing properties. 
     It has also been proposed to provide a corrosion resistant pipe where a metal pipe is provided with an outer surface coated with a zinc film, a chromate film, an intermediate layer consisting sequentially of an epoxy resin, and a polyvinyl fluoride film formed one on top of another in the order listed. 
     A plastic-coated steel tube has also been proposed where a steel tube has an inner layer of at least one cross-linked polyolefin modified with a hydrolyzable silane and an outer unmodified or soot-blended polyolefin layer on the exposed surface of the inner layer. 
     A process for coating metal tubes with plastic material has also been disclosed where a fixed metal tube is heated to a temperature above the melting point of the plastic material to be employed, thereafter causing a mixture of plastic powder and air to pass through the metal tube whereby the plastic material is fritted onto the inside surface of the tube, thereafter rotating the metal tube and applying to the exterior surface thereof in a plurality of stages a plastic material, the plastic material being electrostatically sprayed onto the rotating metal tube. After each stage of electrostatically applying plastic to the outside surface of the metal tube and applying plastic material to the inside surface thereof, the plastic material is completely melted and smoothed. However, this process has several drawbacks, including that it is a batch process (as opposed to a continuous process); it requires rotation of the tube; and the cure time of the plastic material is quite slow, eg. several minutes. Thus, this process is rather inefficient, both from a cost and time standpoint. 
     An automobile tube line for a brake, fuel or hydraulic system has also been disclosed with an interior steel tube having a galvanized exterior layer with an additional exterior olive chromated layer which is wrapped in an additional Nylon 12 layer casing where the plastic casing is a polyamide layer applied by extrusion on top of the olive chromated layer. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 5,590,691, which is incorporated herein by reference, there is disclosed a metal tube having an extruded multiple plastic layer coating bonded thereto. This tube is very corrosion resistant, yet may not be suitable in aggressively corrosive environments such as for example upon exposure to fluid soaking in 85% ethanol. 
     Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a corrosion resistant metal tube which withstands prolonged exposure to corrosive environments, including aggressively corrosive environments. It is another object of the present invention to provide such a tube and process for making the same which advantageously substantially contains any volatile organic compounds, thereby substantially preventing any undesirous venting of VOCs to the atmosphere. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process which captures and re-uses any primer material applied to the tube, thereby advantageously substantially eliminating waste of raw material(s) and substantially preventing undesirous venting/overspray of primer to the surrounding environment. Still further, it is an object of the present invention to provide such a tube and process for making the same which exhibits good adherence between the tube and a subsequent corrosion resistant layer(s) for prolonged periods of time. Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for making such a tube which-is high speed thereby being advantageously cost effective. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is desirable in the present invention to provide brake lines and fuel lines, and other lines which could be damaged by the regular use of an automobile, which can meet the continuous demand of traffic conditions and possible exposure to corrosive fluids, and therefore must have a long lasting durability of ten years or more. In such application areas, resistance to corrosion, resistance against breaking, cracking or bursting due to internal pressure, resistance to stone impact, and a high corrosion resistance against winter salt are all desirable characteristics. At this time, tube lines made of steel are currently being used in a large capacity. For brake lines, double-wrap steel tubes are suitable, whereas single wall straight bead welded steel pipes are more appropriate for fuel lines. 
     The corrosion resistant metal tube and process for making according to the present invention provides numerous advantages over the prior known tubing configurations. In particular, tube having a priming layer between the polymeric layer(s) and the pretreated tube promotes adherence of the polymeric layer(s), even when exposed for prolonged periods of time to aggressively corrosive environments, such as for example to 85% ethanol fluid soaks. Further, the process for applying the primer coating according to the present invention is environmentally friendly. Still further, the polyamide  12  material of choice, having a lower viscosity and lower molecular weight, allows for higher line speeds for more efficient and cost effective production. 
     The multi-layer tube according to the present invention comprises a metal tube having an outer surface; a zinc layer bonded to the metal tube outer surface, wherein the zinc layer is selected from the group consisting of zinc plating, zinc nickel alloys, zinc cobalt alloys, zinc aluminum alloys, and mixtures thereof; a surface treatment layer bonded to the zinc layer, wherein the surface treatment layer is selected from the group consisting of a zinc/aluminum/rare earth alloy, phosphate, chromate, and mixtures thereof; a priming layer; a first polymeric layer bonded to the priming layer, wherein the first polymeric layer is selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic elastomers, ionomers, nylons, fluoropolymers, and mixtures thereof; and a second polymeric layer bonded to the first polymeric layer, wherein the second polymeric layer is selected from the group consisting of nylons, thermoplastic elastomers, fluoropolymers, and mixtures thereof. 
     A process according to the present invention for manufacturing a multi-layer tubing for conveying fluids comprising the step of extruding multiple layers of a melt-processible thermoplastic to a pretreated metal tube having an external surface with at least a zinc based coating, a sealant coating on top of the zinc based coating, and a primer coating on top of the sealant coating. The primer coating is preferably applied by an airless spray system in a closed atmosphere, wherein substantially no volatile organic compounds escape into the atmosphere. 
     Other objects, advantages and applications of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art when the following description of the best mode contemplated for practicing the invention is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The description herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a semi-schematic end view of the paint booth used in conjunction with the closed atmosphere, airless spray system according to the present invention for applying the primer; 
         FIG. 2  is a semi-schematic front view of the paint booth used in conjunction with the closed atmosphere, airless spray system according to the present invention for applying the primer; 
         FIG. 3  is a further semi-schematic end view of the paint booth used in conjunction with the closed atmosphere, airless spray system according to the present invention for applying the primer; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a tubing according to the present invention with the layer thicknesses exaggerated for purposes of illustration; 
         FIG. 5  is a further semi-schematic front view of the paint booth used in conjunction with the closed atmosphere, airless spray system according to the present invention for applying the primer; and 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view of the closed atmosphere, airless spray system according to the present invention for applying the primer. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED AND ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     The multi-layer tubing  10  according to the present invention includes a metal tube or pipe  12 . The metal tube  12  may be welded steel tube, brazed steel tube, aluminum, copper or stainless steel. The process of the present invention is capable of applying a multi-layer coating over any rigid or semi-rigid tubular material. Of particular interest in the present invention, is the mechanical durability and corrosion resistance advantage obtained with carbon steel in either a welded single wall or brazed double wall form of tube or piping. Application of multi-layer coatings on other materials may be of a decorative nature with some protection also being obtained, for example improved chemical resistance of the outer shell of the multi-layer coating over the underlying rigid or semi-rigid tubular material. 
     The metal tubing  12  is pretreated as required through various clean and rinse stages. In addition, the pretreating of the metal surface may also include pickling to remove oxides and to improve the metal surface for deposition of a metal based coating, such as a zinc based coating that is applied by hot dip galvanization, sometimes referred to as the “hot process” as previously described, or the preferred method of electrolytic bath coating or plating sometimes referred to as the “electrolytic or cold process” as previously described. In the alternative, previously pretreated metal tubing  12  may be supplied to the zinc based coating process step according to the present invention, or a previously zinc base coated metal tubing  12  may be supplied to the surface treating step of the process according to the present invention. In either case, metal tubing  12  with a zinc based coating applied thereon in a range of 0.4 to 1.0 mil is either produced or supplied for subsequent treating as will be disclosed hereinafter according to the present invention. 
     The external surface of the zinc based coating is treated to seal the zinc based coating to prolong its corrosion resistance and to provide a suitable surface for application of and bonding to extruded multiple layers of plastic to be subsequently supplied. The surface treatment of the zinc based coating is at least one of the surface sealing treatments selected from the group of a phosphate coating, a chromate coating including the clear, yellow and green versions, a zinc-aluminum alloy coating, and combinations thereof. A suitable zinc-aluminum alloy and coating is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,448,748 which is incorporated herein by reference, and ASTM Designation: B750-88 provides a standard specification for zinc-5% aluminum-mischmetal alloy in ingot form hot-dip coatings, which is also incorporated herein by reference. Metal tubing pretreatment prior to plastic application can include combinations such as zinc-aluminum alloy with a phosphate coating and a chromate coating, zinc plate with a chromate coating, zinc plate with a phosphate coating and a chromate coating, galvanized zinc with a phosphate coating and/or a chromate coating, zinc-nickel alloy plate with a phosphate coating and/or a chromate coating, zinc-cobalt alloy with a phosphate coating and/or a chromate coating, a chromate coating of the clear, yellow and green versions, and combinations thereof. The pretreatment of the metal surface prior to the zinc base coating can include sand, shot or bead blasting, or other means of abrading the surface to roughen it, or detergent cleaning with rinse and acid pickling followed by a rinse. Any suitable surface abrading or etching process, either chemical or mechanical, may be used as a pretreatment prior to any other surface treatment and/or prior to extruding plastic onto the metal surface. The chromate coating can be applied as a wash having essentially no remaining weight. The zinc-aluminum alloy coating can be applied with a weight selected in a range of between 36 to 95 g/m 2  inclusive, and with a preferred weight range of between 75 to 80 g/m 2  inclusive and a most preferred weight of 78 g/m 2 . The phosphate coating can be applied with a weight in the range of between 120 to 250 mg/ft 2  (1.292 to 2.691 g/m 2 ) inclusive. The zinc based coating on the metal surface is preferably in the range of between 13 to 35 microns inclusive. 
     Various combinations of multi-layer tubing  10  according to the present invention have been prepared with metal tube  12  having a 3/16 inch diameter brazed tube, or 5/16 inch and ⅜ inch diameter welded steel tube. The process according to the present invention is not size dependent, and therefore it is anticipated that other sizes, including smaller sizes and larger sizes, of metal tube  10  can be processed according to the present invention. 
     The zinc-aluminum galvanizing alloy or coating preferably contains from about 85% to 97% zinc, from about 4% to 15% aluminum and at least about 5 ppm mischmetal (a variety of known rare earth containing alloys). 
     After treating the surface of the zinc based coating or layer  14  with the surface treatment layer  16 , a primer  17  is applied. The primer  17 , which promotes adherence of the polymeric layer(s) to the metal substrate, even when exposed for prolonged periods of time to aggressively corrosive environments (such as for example to 85% ethanol fluid soaks) will be discussed further below. Multiple plastic layers are extruded on the treated surface  16  of the zinc based layer  14 . In the alternative, multiple plastic layers can be extruded on to the external surface of the metal tube  12  without pretreatment. In either case, the multiple plastic layers preferably include at least an alloy or bonding layer, referred to herein as a first layer  18  formed on top of the treated surface layer  16  and an external shell or second layer  22  exposed to the outside environment. An optional intermediate or third layer  20  may be provided between the first layer  18  and the second layer  22  and may include one or more sublayers of plastic materials. 
     Prior to extruding the multiple plastic layers onto the treated surface  16 , the metal tube  12  is preheated to temperatures in the range of between 177° C. to 232° C. (350° F. to 450° F.) inclusive, with a preferred range of between 204° C. to 232° C. (400° F. to 450° F.) inclusive. The multiple layers of extruded plastic form a coating over the treated surface  16  with an overall thickness in a range of between 75 to 300 microns (3 to 12 mils), with a preferred range of between 125 to 250 microns (5 to 10 mils). Individual plastic layers can be applied with a thickness in a range of between 10 to 250 microns (0.3 to 10 mils) inclusive, with a preferred range of between 125 to 250 microns (5 to 10 mils) inclusive. 
     A more detailed description of the process according to the present invention follows. The tubing  12  as previously described is subjected to a clean and rinse step followed by a pickling process step to remove oxides and to improve the external metal surface for subsequent flash plating. After the pickling step, the metal tubing  12  is subjected to a rinse step. The electroflux and flash plate with zinc step then applies the zinc based layer of a thickness in the range of 0.4 to 1.0 mil inclusive. A zinc-aluminum alloy coating is then applied to the external surface of the zinc based layer. A suitable zinc-alloy coating is commercially available under the tradename GALFAN from Eastern Alloys, Inc. of Maybrook, N.Y. The sealing step of applying GALFAN while controlling the thickness in a range of 36 to 95 g/m 2  with a most preferred thickness of 78 g/m 2 , is followed by a water quench step to bring the tubing  12  back to ambient temperature, followed by a rinse step. It is to be understood that any of the quenching steps as discussed herein may be performed using any suitable material or process. A phosphate surface may be applied to the external surface of the GALFAN coating for improved adhesion of subsequent layers. A rinse step follows the phosphating step. The application of a chromate coating occurs to seal the phosphate surface applied. The phosphate surface is preferably applied with a thickness in the range of 120 to 250 mg/ft 2  (1.292 to 2.691 g/m 2 ), while the chromate coating may be applied as a wash having essentially no remaining weight on the tubing upon completion. After the chromate wash step, the multiple layers of plastic are extruded onto the metal tubing  12 . Preferably, the tubing has been heated in a range of between 375 to 450° F. inclusive with a preferred temperature of 425° F. prior to the application of the multiple layers of plastic. A conventional mechanical applicator or extrusion head is used for coextruding the multiple layers of plastic simultaneously onto the surface of the preheated metal tube  12 . In the preferred configuration, vacuum is applied to the head of the applicator to pull the plastic material down onto the surface of the preheated tube  12 . The vacuum applied is preferably in the range of 1 inch to 22 inches of water (where 28 inches of water is equal to atmospheric pressure), with a preferred vacuum pressure of 10 inches of water. After extrusion of the multiple layers of plastic, the tubing  12  is subjected to a quench, which can be a water quench, oil quench or other material quench as required, and is thereafter coiled or cut to finished length. 
     In lieu of coextrusion, the process could also be carried out as a cross-head application wherein the layers are applied synchronously instead of simultaneously. However, this process is not as preferred as the coextrusion, in that there is a greater likelihood of loss of bonding efficiency and bonding properties, and there tends to be less control over layer thicknesses. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the multi-layer tube of the present invention is designated generally as  10 . Multi-layer tube  10  comprises a tube or pipe  12  having an outer surface  13 . Tube  12  may be formed in any conventional manner and of any suitable material. For example, tube  12  may be a welded single wall steel tube, a brazed double wall steel tube, etc. Further, aluminum, stainless steel and the like also may be used. Yet still further, tube  12  may be formed from any rigid or semi-rigid tubular material. Tube  12  may be of circular cross section as shown, however, it is to be understood that tube  12  may be formed of any suitable size and/or shape, including square, rectangular and other geometric configurations. 
     A zinc layer  14  is bonded to the metal tube outer surface  13 . It is to be understood that any suitable zinc layer  14  may be used in accord with the present invention. However, in the preferred embodiment, the zinc layer is selected from the group consisting of zinc plating, zinc nickel alloys, zinc cobalt alloys, zinc aluminum alloys, and mixtures thereof. 
     A surface treatment layer  16  is bonded to the zinc layer  14 . Any suitable surface treatment layer  16  may be used. However, in the preferred embodiment, surface treatment layer  16  is selected from the group consisting of a zinc/aluminum/rare earth alloy, phosphate, chromate, and mixtures thereof. 
     The phosphate and/or chromate may be applied in any suitable manner. In the preferred embodiment, a hot phosphoric acid is used. Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that this acid etches into the metal surface, leaving a phosphate crystalline structure in the metal, which structure aids in subsequent adhesion of polymeric materials. Over electroplating, a wet bath chromate may be used, after which the metal is rinsed well. Chromium oxides are left on the metal, which are believed to aid in corrosion resistance, and which, although optional, are further believed to enhance the advantageous properties of the phosphate. Over the zinc/aluminum/rare earth alloy treatment, a dry chromate may be used which does not require subsequent rinsing. 
     The zinc/aluminum/rare earth alloy used is preferably GALFAN, commercially available from Eastern Alloys, Inc. in Maybrook, N.Y.; licensed from the International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. located in New York, N.Y.; and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,448,748, discussed more fully above. Particularly preferred is the combination of the GALFAN with the phosphate, or the GALFAN with the phosphate and chromate. Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that either of these two combinations for the surface treatment layer  16  are particularly advantageous and useful in the present invention. 
     It is to be understood that the zinc layer  14  and/or surface treatment layer  16  may be optional components of the present invention. Various polymeric compositions may be applied directly to a bare metal surface, especially for decorative purposes. Further, it is contemplated that various polymeric compounds and/or blends, including those containing suitable ionomers, may substantially bond to an untreated metal surface, thereby giving the numerous corrosion and abrasion resistant properties enumerated herein. 
     A primer  17  is applied beneath the polymeric layer(s), to the outer surface of the metal tube  12  having any desired pretreatment/coatings thereon. The primer may be any suitable primer which would promote adhesion of the polymeric layer(s) to the metal tube  12 , even under aggressively corrosive conditions. In the preferred embodiment, the primer is Nylon Primer 2BME45451, commercially available from Akzo Nobel Co. A product data sheet for this material is appended hereto as Table A. An MSDS for this material is appended hereto as Table B. 
     A first polymeric layer  18  is bonded to the surface treatment layer  16 . It is to be understood that any suitable polymeric layer may be used which suitably bonds to the surface treatment layer  16 , and in turn, suitably bonds to subsequent polymeric layers, if any. In the preferred embodiment, the first polymeric layer  18  is selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic elastomer, an ionomer, a nylon, a fluoropolymer, and mixtures thereof. 
     A second polymeric layer  22  may be bonded to the first polymeric layer  18  (not shown). It is to be understood that any suitable polymeric layer may be used which suitably bonds to first layer  18 , and which provides suitable mechanical and chemical corrosion resistance. In the preferred embodiment, the second polymeric layer  22  is selected from the group consisting of a nylon, a thermoplastic elastomer, a fluoropolymer, and mixtures thereof. 
     The multi-layer tube  10  may further comprise a third polymeric layer  20  interposed between, and bonded to the first and second polymeric layers. It is to be understood that any suitable polymeric layer may be used which suitably bonds to first layer  18  and to the second layer  22  and which may optionally provide suitable cushioning, if desired. In the preferred embodiment, the third polymeric layer  20  is selected from the group consisting of an ionomer, a nylon, ethylene vinyl alcohol, a polyolefin, and mixtures thereof. 
     It is to be understood that any or all of the three-layers,  18 ,  22 ,  20  may include multiple sublayers (not shown). Further, it is to be understood that each of the layers and/or sublayers may be formed from a single compound listed in the relevant group, or from a combination thereof. Still further, it is to be understood that each-of the layers/sublayers may be comprised of the same material. The thickness of the combined polymer layers can be as little as 0.004 inch, and can be made even thinner. Successful coatings have been applied having combined polymer layer thicknesses of 0.004 inch, 0.005 inch, 0.006 inch, 0.007 inch, 0.009 inch and 0.010 inch, with a preferred range of 0.005 inch to 0.010 inch. 
     Examples of suitable compounds for each of the layers will be described hereinafter. 
     One of the advantages of the present invention is that a chemical or mechanical bond is formed between all the layers. It is believed that good bonding prevents moisture buildup beneath the layers, which buildup greatly increases the likelihood of corrosion. 
     The thermoplastic elastomers which can successfully be employed in the tubing  10  of the present invention are commercially available under tradenames such as: SANTOPRENE, a thermoplastic rubber commercially available from Advanced Elastomer Systems of St. Louis, Mo.; KRATON, a thermoplastic rubber composed of a styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer commercially available from Shell Chemical Co. of Houston, Tex.; SARLINK, an oil resistant thermoplastic commercially available from Novacor Chemicals of Leominster, Mass.; and VICHEM, a family of polyvinyl chloride compounds commercially available from Vichem Corporation of Allendale, Mich. 
     Of the various thermoplastic elastomers suitable in the present invention, HYTREL is a preferred compound. HYTREL is a thermoplastic elastomer commercially available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co., located in Wilmington, Del. It is contemplated that any grade of HYTREL is useful in the present invention, preferably such a grade which possesses a Shore D Hardness ranging between about 40 and about 55, and still more preferably, one having a Shore D Hardness of about 40. Grades having D40 (Shore) hardness include G-4074; G-4078; 4056; and 4059 FG. 
     A suitable nylon material includes 12 carbon block polyamides, 11 carbon block polyamides, and zinc chloride resistant 6 carbon block polyamides. Of these, Nylon 12 and zinc chloride resistant Nylon 6 are preferred. The 6-carbon block polyamide or Nylon 6 either inherently exhibits zinc chloride resistance or contains sufficient quantities of modifying agents to impart a level of zinc chloride resistance greater than or equal to that required by Performance Requirement 9.6 as outlined in SAE Standard J844 (Revised June 1990), i.e. non-reactivity after 200 hour immersion in a 50% by weight zinc chloride solution. The Nylon 6 can also be modified with various plasticizers, flame retardants and the like in manners which would be known to one reasonably skilled in the art. 
     Most preferred as the polymeric material of the first and second polymeric layers is Nylon 12. Preferably, the Nylon 12 of choice is VESTAMID X 7377, commercially available from Huls-Creanova. A product data sheet for this material is appended hereto as Table C; and an MSDS is appended hereto as Table D. This material has lower viscosity and lower molecular weight, thus advantageously allowing for higher line speeds during multi-layer tubing  10  production. 
     Suitable fluoropolymers may include polyvinylidine fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, and mixtures thereof. The material can also be a graft copolymer of the preceding materials together with a fluorine-containing polymer such as copolymers of vinylidine fluoride and chlorotrifluoroethane. Suitable material employed may contain between about 60% and about 80% by weight polyvinylidine difluoride. Materials so formed have a melting point between about 200° C. and about 220° C. and a molding temperature between about 210° C. and about 230° C. 
     Further suitable fluoropolymers include: a copolymer of a vinyl fluoride and chlorotrifluoroethylene, the vinyl fluoride material selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidine fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, and mixtures thereof; a copolymer of vinyl fluoride material and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene; a non-fluorinated elastomer, and mixtures thereof. The material of choice exhibits an affinity to polymers employed in the first  18  second  22  or third  20  layers, such as, for example, Nylon 12 or Nylon 6. Some suitable fluoropolymers are commercially available under the tradename “ADEFLON A” from Atochem Inc. elf Aquitaine Group of Philadelphia, Pa. 
     Other suitable materials, especially useful in an interposed layer  20  or in sublayers of any of the three layers  18 ,  22 ,  20  include ethylene vinyl alcohol, selected from the group consisting of copolymers of substituted or unsubstituted alkenes having less than four carbon atoms and vinyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof. Also useful are copolymers of alkenes having less than four carbon atoms and vinyl acetate. Also suitable are polyolefin compounds, including, but not limited to polyethylene, low density polyethylene, and polypropylene. 
     The multi-layer tube  10  may have the first polymeric layer  18  consisting essentially of an ionomer and a nylon, such as ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer-partial metal salt, and Nylon 12. This may be in any suitable percent composition and may have any additional suitable additives. In the preferred embodiment, this percent composition ratio is between about 10% and about 70% ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer-partial metal salt, and between about 90% and about 30% Nylon 12. More preferably, this percent composition ratio is between about 40% and about 60% ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer-partial metal salt, and between about 60% and about 40% Nylon 12. 
     The second polymeric layer  22  may consist essentially of a nylon. In the preferred embodiment, this layer is Nylon 12. 
     Third layer  20  may be any of the suitable materials listed hereinabove. In an alternate preferred embodiment, this third layer  20  may be a “regrind” or “recycle” of the suitable polymeric materials enumerated above. It is to be understood that the definition of “regrind” or “recycled” material as used herein comprises any generation of “regrind” or “recycled” material which substantially possesses between about 65% and about 95% (or higher) of each of the cold temperature impact, viscosity and elongation properties of the virgin material; more preferably, possesses between about 80% and 95%, and still more preferably possesses between about 90% and 95%. However, it is to be understood that any suitable regrind which performs in the desired manner in the present invention is contemplated and may successfully be used herein. If such a “regrind” is used as third layer  20 , it is preferred that a virgin material be used as second (outer) layer  22 . 
     The process for applying the primer is described and shown in  FIGS. 1-3 ,  5  and  6 . This process is an airless spray system, having a closed atmosphere. This system provides a uniform coating of primer. Further, it is environmentally friendly in that virtually no noxious fumes escape to the atmosphere, virtually all the primer is captured and reused, and since it is a closed atmosphere, the amount of solvent used is reduced-the operator does not need to keep adding solvent since there is little appreciable solvent loss. Negative pressure in the paint booth prevents escape of VOCs into the atmosphere. A chemical is added into the water scrubber which causes VOCs to coagulate and rise to the surface, which coagulants may then be skimmed off the top and disposed of in an environmentally safe manner. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , paint booth  30  includes paint inlets  32  spaced about paint booth  30 . Paint nozzle assemblies  34  (as best seen in  FIGS. 3 and 6 ) enter the interior of paint booth  30  via inlets  32 . Clamps  64  are adapted to hold nozzle assemblies  34  in place. 
     Paint booth  30  further comprises mounting bosses  74  and an access hatch  40 . Hatch  40  includes a handle  36  and hinge  38 . In a preferred embodiment, hinge  38  comprises a piano hinge  70 . Clamps  72  are adapted to selectively hold batch  40  closed. Hatch  40  further includes a gasket and backing plate assembly  76  and fasteners  62  therefor. Further, paint booth  30  is operatively connected to a sump  44  and a paint return conduit  46 . 
     The workpiece, namely tubing  10 , enters paint booth  30  via workpiece inlet port  66  and exits via workpiece outlet port  68 . It is to be understood that ports  66 ,  68  may be of any geometric configuration; however, in the preferred embodiment, port  66 ,  68  have a circular configuration  42 . 
     Water scrubber assemblies  50  are operatively connected to paint booth  30  via flange  48 . Water scrubber assemblies  50  include a cover plate and gasket assembly  54  and associated fasteners  52 . Water scrubber assemblies  50  further comprise water scrubber water supply tubes  56 , drains  58  and exhaust outlets  60 . 
     Paint booth  30  and water scrubber assemblies  50  may be mounted on a suitable stand if desired. As best seen in  FIGS. 3 and 5 , such a stand may include posts  78 , beams  80  and gussets  82 . 
       FIG. 3  schematically depicts flow from paint nozzle assemblies  34 . As is evident from  FIG. 3 , the entire outer circumference of tubing  10  is covered via spray from the three nozzles  34 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , paint is mixed in paint reservoir and mixing drum  88  via paint mixer  90 . The paint is drawn out of drum  88  via paint suction line  92  and flows through pump  94  and check valve  96 . An accumulator  84  and paint circulation valve  86  are also in fluid communication at appropriate areas. 
     To further illustrate the composition, the following examples are given. It is to be understood that these examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     A 3/16 inch brazed steel tube had a GALFAN coating of 78 g/m 2  and a phosphate coating of 120-250 mg/ft 2 , with an additional chromate wash, with the chromate wash having essentially no remaining weight. A primer commercially available from Akzo Nobel under the tradename Nylon Primer 2BME45451 was applied to the tube having the GALFAN/phosphate/chromate as described immediately above. The primer was applied by the airless spray system as described further hereinabove. Applied thereto were two layers of Nylon 12 (VESTAMID X7377) having a total thickness between about 0.005 inch to 0.010 inch. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     The tubing of Example I was cut into 6 tube specimens and was subjected to various tests. The tests are described in Table E appended hereto. The test results are described in Table F appended hereto. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     The tubing of Example I was cut into 3 tube specimens and was subjected to various tests. The tests are described in Table E appended hereto. The test results are described in Table G appended hereto. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TUBE 
               
               
                   
                 COATINGS 
               
               
                 AKZO NOBEL 
                 Product Data Sheet 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Date: 
                 Aug. 13, 1998 
                 PRODUCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DESCRIPTION 
               
               
                 Product Name: 
                 Nylon Primer 
                 Adhesion promoting 
               
               
                   
                   
                 primer for under Nylon 
               
               
                   
                   
                 over Galfan tubing. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 The primer improves 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the adhesion, flexibility 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and corrosion of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nylon coating. 
               
               
                 Akzo Nobel Code: 
                 2BME45451 
               
               
                 Prepared For: 
                 ITT Automotive 
               
               
                 PHYSICAL 
               
               
                 PROPERTIES 
               
               
                 Wt./Gal.: 
                 9.46  0.3 
                 APPLICATION 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PROPERTIES 
               
               
                 Theor. Solids by WT. % 
                 53.6%  3 
                 Equipment: Spray 
               
               
                 Theor. Solids by Vol. % 
                 37.7%  3 
                 Substrate: Galfan 
               
               
                 Viscosity: 
                 25-30 sec @ 80° F. 
                 Primer: 
               
               
                 Viscometer: 
                 #4 Zahn 
                 Surface Preparation: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bonderite 1421 
               
               
                 Gloss: 
                 Medium @ 60° 
                 Application Viscosity: 
               
               
                   
                 @ 85° 
                 15-20 sec #4 Ford cup 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reducer: PM Acetate 
               
               
                 Hardness: 
                 F Turquoise Min 
                 Recommended Film 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Thickness: 
               
               
                 Cure Test: 
                 50+ MEK rubs 
                 Wet: 0.2-0.5 mils 
               
               
                 Forming Test: 
                 3T min 
                 Dry: 0.15 +− 0.05 mils 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bake Schedule: Induction 
               
               
                   
                   
                 curing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Setting for desired PMT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ° F. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Peak Metal Temperature: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 450-550° F. 
               
               
                 Remarks: 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE B 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 
               
             
          
           
               
                 DATE PRINTED: Dec. 15, 1996   $45451   IPL# TO#20015 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MANUFACTURERS NAME: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 AKZO COATINGS INC. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 STREET ADDRESS: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1845 MAXWELL 
               
               
                   
                 TROY, MI 48084 
               
             
          
           
               
                 EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 8:00 AM-4:45 PM (810) 637-0400 
               
               
                   
                 AFTER HOURS (810) 637-5210 
               
             
          
           
               
                 PRODUCT CLASS: 
                 MANUFACTURER&#39;S CODE IDENTIFICATION: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PHENOLIC COATING 
                 2BME45451 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TRADE NAME: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 NYLON PRIMER 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 HAZAR- 
                   
                   
                 TLV- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 DOUS 
                   
                   
                 TWA 
                 PEL-TWA 
               
               
                 INGRE- 
                   
                 “PCT” 
                 PPM 
                 PPM 
                 Vapor 
               
               
                 DIENTS: 
                 C.A.S. No. 
                 by Wt 
                 MG/W3 
                 MG/W3 
                 Press 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M-BUTYL 
                 71-36-3*35-50 
                 Skin 
                 50.0000 
                 100.0000 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 ALCOHOL 
               
               
                 1- 
                   
                   
                 152.0000 
                 300.0000 
               
               
                 BUTANOL 
               
               
                 CRES- 
                 1319-77-3 
                 &lt;5 Skin 
                 5.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 .9 
               
               
                 TYLIC 
               
               
                 ACID 
               
               
                 (ISOMERS 
               
               
                 AND 
               
               
                 MIXTURE 
               
               
                 CORESOL 
                   
                   
                 22.0000 
                 22.0000 
               
               
                 FORMAL- 
                 50-00-0 
                 &lt;.5 
                 .3000 
                 .7300 
                 0 9.5 
               
               
                 DEHYDE 
                   
                   
                 .3700 
               
               
                 PHENOL 
                 106-95-2 
                 &lt;5 Skin 
                 5.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 NA 
               
               
                 CARBOLIC 
                   
                   
                 19.0000 
                 19.0000 
               
               
                 ACID 
               
               
                 PRO- 
                 108-65-6* 5-20 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 PYLENE 
               
               
                 GLYCOL 
               
               
                 METHYL 
               
               
                 ETHER 
               
               
                 ACETATE 
               
               
                 PM 
                   
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 ACETATE 
               
               
                 TITANIUM 
                 13463-67- 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 NA 
               
               
                 DIOXIDE 
                 7*15-30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.0000 
                 15.0000 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION III - PHYSICAL DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BOILING RANGE: 
                 VAPOR DENSITY VS. AIR: 
               
               
                 243-405 DEG. F. 
                 HEAVIER THAN AIR 
               
               
                 EVAPORATION RATE VS. ETHER: 
               
               
                 SLOWER 
               
               
                 PERCENT VOLATILE BY VOLUME: 
                 WEIGHT PER GALLON: 
               
               
                 62.3 
                 9.46 LBS. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 FLASH POINT: 
                 LEL: 1.0 
               
               
                 97F SFCC 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OSHA CLASSIFICATION: 
               
               
                 FLAMMABLE LIQUID - CLASS 1C 
               
               
                 EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: 
               
               
                 FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE. DRY CHEMICALS 
               
               
                 UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: 
               
               
                 KEEP CONTAINERS TIGHTLY CLOSED. ISOLATE FROM HEAT, 
               
               
                 SPARKS, ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND OPEN FLAME. CLOSED 
               
               
                 CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE WHEN EXPOSED TO EXTREME 
               
               
                 HEAT. 
               
               
                 APPLICATION TO HOT SURFACES REQUIRES SPECIAL 
               
               
                 PRECAUTIONS. DURING EMERGENCY CONDITIONS OVER 
               
               
                 EXPOSURE TO DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS MAY CAUSE A 
               
               
                 HEALTH HAZARD. SYMPTOMS MAY NOT BE IMMEDIATELY 
               
               
                 APPARENT. OBTAIN MEDICAL ATTENTION. 
               
               
                 SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: 
               
               
                 WATER MAY BE INEFFECTIVE. WATER SHOULD BE USED TO 
               
               
                 COOL CONTAINERS EXPOSED TO FIRE. FIRE FIGHTING 
               
               
                 PERSONNEL SHOULD WEAR SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING 
               
               
                 APPARATUS. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 STABILITY: 
               
               
                 STABLE 
               
               
                 INCOMPATIBILITY (MATERIALS TO AVOID): 
               
               
                 NONE REASONABLY FORESEEABLE. 
               
               
                 HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: 
               
               
                 CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, SMOKE, OXIDES OF 
               
               
                 NITROGEN. 
               
               
                 HAZARDOUS POLYERIZATION: 
               
               
                 WILL NOT OCCUR 
               
               
                 CONDITIONS TO AVOID: 
               
               
                 NOT APPLICABLE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION VI - HEALTH HAZARD DATA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE: SEE SECTION II. 
               
               
                 EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES: 
               
               
                 INHALATION: MOVE TO FRESH AIR. GIVE ARTIFICIAL 
               
               
                 RESPIRATION IF NECESSARY. 
               
               
                 SKIN CONTACT: WASH WITH SOAP &amp; WATER. 
               
               
                 EYE CONTACT: FLUSH WITH WATER FOR AT 
               
               
                 LEAST 15 MINUTES. CONSULT A PHYSICIAN. 
               
               
                 INGESTION: DRINK ONE OR TWO GLASSES OF WATER TO 
               
               
                 DILUTE. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. CONSULT PHYSICIAN 
               
               
                 OR POISON CONTROL CENTER IMMEDIATELY. TREAT 
               
               
                 SYMPTOMATICALLY. 
               
               
                 MEDICAL CONDITIONS PRONE TO AGGRAVATION: 
               
               
                 NONE EXPECTED. 
               
               
                 THE FOLLOWING HAZARDS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE 
               
               
                 ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THIS 
               
               
                 PRODUCT. THESE HAZARDS MAY NOT ALL BE ASSOCIATED 
               
               
                 WITH THE FINISHED PRODUCT. 
               
               
                 ACUTE: 
               
               
                 EXCESSIVE VAPOR CONCENTRATION IN AIR, ESPECIALLY IN 
               
               
                 CONFINED SPACES, MAY CAUSE ASPHYXIATION. 
               
               
                 INHALATION OF VAPOR OR SPRAY MIST MAY BE FATAL. 
               
               
                 EXCESSIVE INHALATION OF VAPORS CAN CAUSE NASAL, 
               
               
                 THROAT AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATION, DIZZINESS, 
               
               
                 WEAKNESS, FATIGUE, NAUSEA, HEADACHE AND POSSIBLE 
               
               
                 UNCONSCIOUSNESS. 
               
               
                 INHALATION OF VAPOR AND SPRAY MIST MAY CAUSE NASAL, 
               
               
                 THROAT, AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATION, SEVERE CASES 
               
               
                 MAY RESULT IN FUNCTIONAL AND DESTRUCTIVE INJURY 
               
               
                 OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS. 
               
               
                 INHALATION OF SPRAY MIST MAY CAUSE LUNG DAMAGE. 
               
               
                 SANDING DUST OR DRY SPRAY MAY CAUSE IRRITATION 
               
               
                 TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
               
               
                 LIQUID IS CORROSIVE TO THE EYES, EYE SPLASH MAY CAUSE 
               
               
                 BURNS AND PERMANENT EYE DAMAGE. VAPORS MAY CAUSE 
               
               
                 SEVERE EYE IRRITATION, REDNESS, TEARING, AND BLURRED 
               
               
                 VISION. 
               
               
                 EYE CONTACT CAUSES IRRITATION, REDNESS, TEARING, 
               
               
                 BLURRED VISION, AND A SENSATION OF SEEING HALOS 
               
               
                 AROUND LIGHTS. 
               
               
                 EYE CONTACT WITH LIQUID CAUSES SEVERE IRRITATION, 
               
               
                 REDNESS, TEARING, BLURRED VISION AND A SENSATION OF 
               
               
                 SEEING HALOS AROUND LIGHTS. VAPOR EXPOSURE MAY 
               
               
                 CAUSE EYE IRRITATION, REDNESS AND TEARING. 
               
               
                 DRY DUST MAY CAUSE MECHANICAL EYE IRRITATION. 
               
               
                 CORROSIVE TO THE SKIN, CONTACT MAY CAUSE SKIN BURNS. 
               
               
                 MAY BE ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN IN TOXIC AMOUNTS 
               
               
                 CAUSING RESPIRATORY FAILURE AND DEATH. 
               
               
                 PROLONGED SKIN CONTACT MAY LEAD TO EXTRACTION OF 
               
               
                 NATURAL OILS WITH RESULTANT DRY SKIN, CRACKING, 
               
               
                 IRRITATION AND DERMATITIS. 
               
               
                 SKIN CONTACT MAY CAUSE IRRITATION, REDNESS AND 
               
               
                 ITCHING. 
               
               
                 ACCUMULATION OF SANDING DUST OR DRY SPRAY OR SKIN 
               
               
                 MAY LEAD TO EXTRACTION OF NATURAL OILS WITH 
               
               
                 RESULTANT SKIN IRRITATION. 
               
               
                 MAY BE ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN IN TOXIC 
               
               
                 AMOUNTS CAUSING RESPIRATORY FAILURE AND DEATH. 
               
               
                 SWALLOWING MAY CAUSE GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATING, 
               
               
                 NAUSEA, VOMITING AND DIARRHEA. 
               
               
                 NOTICE: INTENTIONAL MISUSE BY DELIBERATELY 
               
               
                 CONCENTRATING AND INHALING THE CONTENTS MAYBE 
               
               
                 HARMFUL OR FATAL. REPORTS HAVE ASSOCIATED REPEATED 
               
               
                 AND PROLONGED OCCUPATIONAL OVEREXPOSURE TO 
               
               
                 SOLVENTS WITH PERMANENT BRAIN AND NERVOUS 
               
               
                 SYSTEM DAMAGE. 
               
               
                 CHRONIC: 
               
               
                 FORMALDEHYDE IS LISTED BY OSHA AS A POTENTIAL 
               
               
                 CANCER HAZARD, AGAIN AS A SUSPECTED HUMAN 
               
               
                 CARCINOGEN (A2), HTP AS REASONABLY ANTICIPATED TO BE 
               
               
                 A CARCINOGEN AND IARC AS PROBABLY CARCINOGENIC TO 
               
               
                 HUMANS (GROUP 2A). 
               
               
                 HEALTH STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT MANY PETROLEUM 
               
               
                 HYDROCARBONS POSE POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH RISKS 
               
               
                 WHICH MAY VERY FROM PERSON TO PERSON. AS A 
               
               
                 PRECAUTION, EXPOSURE TO LIQUIDS AND VAPORS 
               
               
                 SHOULD BE MINIMIZED. 
               
               
                 PROLONGED OR CONTINUOUS OVEREXPOSURE TO 
               
               
                 VAPORS MAY RESULT IN HEARING DISORDERS. 
               
               
                 REPEATED INHALATION OF VAPOR OR SPRAY MIST, 
               
               
                 OR REPEATED SKIN CONTACT MAY CAUSE DIGESTIVE 
               
               
                 DISTURBANCES, NERVOUS DISORDERS, SKIN ERUPTIONS, 
               
               
                 LIVER AND KIDNEY DAMAGE WITH RESULTANT DEATH. 
               
               
                 REPEATED OR PROLONGED INHALATION OF VAPOR OR 
               
               
                 SPRAY MIST, EVEN AT LOW DOSES, MAY CAUSE REDUCED 
               
               
                 PULMONARY FUNCTION. 
               
               
                 PROLONGED AND CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO AN EXCESSIVE 
               
               
                 CONCENTRATION OF DUST OF ANY KIND MAY HAVE AN 
               
               
                 ADVERSE PULMONARY EFFECT ON SOME PEOPLE. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION VII - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED 
               
               
                 OR SPILLED: 
               
               
                 REFER TO PROTECTIVE MEASURES LISTED IN SECTIONS IV., V., 
               
               
                 VI., VIII. AND IX. REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. 
               
               
                 AVOID BREATHING VAPORS. VENTILATE AREA. REMOVE 
               
               
                 WITH INERT ABSORBENT 
               
               
                 WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD: 
               
               
                 INCINERATE IN AN APPROVED FACILITY, DO NOT INCINERATE 
               
               
                 CLOSED CONTAINERS. DISPOSE OF IN ACCORDANCE WITH 
               
               
                 FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL POLLUTION CONTROL 
               
               
                 REQUIREMENTS. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION VIII - SAFE HANDLING AND USE INFORMATION 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: 
               
               
                 ADEQUATE VENTILATION IS REQUIRED. USE NIOSH/NSHA 
               
               
                 APPROVED RESPIRATOR DEVICE. SEE YOUR SAFETY 
               
               
                 EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER FOR EVALUATION AND 
               
               
                 RECOMMENDATION. IN CONFINED AREAS USE NIOSH/NSHA 
               
               
                 APPROVED AIRLINE RESPIRATOR OR HOOD 
               
               
                 VENTILATION: 
               
               
                 PROVIDE SUFFICIENT VENTILATION TO KEEP VAPOR 
               
               
                 CONCENTRATION BELOW THE GIVEN TLV AND LEL. 
               
               
                 FOR BAKING FINISHES, EXHAUST VAPORS EMITTED ON 
               
               
                 HEATING. REMOVE DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS FORMED 
               
               
                 DURING WELDING OR FLAME CUTTING OR SURFACES 
               
               
                 COATED WITH THIS PRODUCT. 
               
               
                 PROTECTIVE GLOVES: 
               
               
                 REQUIRING FOR PROLONGED OR REPEATED CONTACT. REFER 
               
               
                 TO SAFETY EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER FOR EFFECTIVE GLOVE 
               
               
                 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
               
               
                 EYE PROTECTION: 
               
               
                 USE SAFETY EYE WEAR DESIGNED TO PROTECT AGAINST 
               
               
                 SPLASH OR LIQUIDS. 
               
               
                 OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: 
               
               
                 EYE BATH AND SHOWER SHOULD BE AVAILABLE. USE 
               
               
                 CHEMICAL RESISTANT APRON, BOOTS OR OTHER CLOTHING 
               
               
                 IF NEEDED TO AVOID REPEATED OR FREQUENT SKIN 
               
               
                 CONTACT. LIQUID MAY PENETRATE SHOES AND LEATHER 
               
               
                 CAUSING DELAYED IRRITATION. 
               
               
                 HYGIENIC PRACTICES: 
               
               
                 WASH HANDS BEFORE EATING, SMOKING OR USING 
               
               
                 WASHROOM. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SECTION IX - SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORING: 
               
               
                 STORE CONTAINERS OUT OF SUN AND AWAY FROM HEAT, 
               
               
                 SPARKS AND OPEN FLAMES. 
               
               
                 CLOSE CONTAINERS AFTER EACH USE. CONSULT N.F.P.A. 
               
               
                 CODE FOR ADDITIONAL STORAGE REQUIREMENTS. 
               
               
                 OTHER PRECAUTIONS: 
               
               
                 DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY. USE APPROVED BONDING AND 
               
               
                 GROUNDING PROCEDURES. 
               
               
                 OBSERVE LABEL PRECAUTIONS. KEEP CLOSURES TIGHT AND 
               
               
                 CONTAINER UPRIGHT TO PREVENT LEAKAGE. 
               
               
                 NEVER USE PRESSURE TO EMPTY - DRUM IS NOT A PRESSURE 
               
               
                 VESSEL. AVOID BREATHING SANDING DUST. DO NOT WELD 
               
               
                 OR FLAME OUT AN EMPTY DRUM. DO NOT HANDLE UNTIL 
               
               
                 THE MANUFACTURER□S SAFETY PRECAUTIONS HAVE BEEN 
               
               
                 READ AND UNDERSTOOD. 
               
               
                 APPROVED BY RAW MATERIAL AND FORMULA INFORMATION 
               
               
                 DEPARTMENT DATE: Apr. 29, 1997 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Creanova 
               
               
                 Engineering Plastics 
               
               
                 January 1998 
               
               
                 VESTAMID ® coated steel tubing processing recommendations 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Material 
               
               
                 VESTAMID X 1377 black 9.7504 (lower viscosity): 210-230° C. 
               
               
                 (410-445° F.) melt temperature 
               
               
                 VESTAMID LX 9001 black 9.7504 (higher viscosity): 210-240° C. 
               
               
                 (420-465° F.) melt temperature 
               
               
                 Tubing treatment 
               
               
                 Chromate application: 
               
               
                 as thin as possible - because the chromate layer has no mechanical strength 
               
               
                 as thick as necessary - to be sure that the whole surface is treated 
               
               
                 (additional primers or conditioning are not necessary) 
               
               
                 Tubing temperature 
               
               
                 230-280° C. (446-535° F.) via induction heating 
               
               
                 (blistering in the plastic must be avoided) 
               
               
                 Cross head conditions 
               
               
                 Draw down ratio of 1.5:1 to 2:1 
               
               
                 A vacuum should be applied between the steel tube and the PA 12 to 
               
               
                 enhance the application of the melt to the steel. 
               
               
                 Downstream conditions 
               
               
                 Distance between cross head die and water tank may vary. The outer 
               
               
                 PA 12 surface and the adhesion of the PA 12 to steel may both be 
               
               
                 contingent on this distance, in relation to line speed &amp; temperatures. 
               
               
                 Additional items of note 
               
               
                 The cross head application of PA 12 to the tube is recommended as soon 
               
               
                 as possible after the tubing is chromated. (Optimum would be to have 
               
               
                 the chromate treatment in line with the extrusion coating) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE D 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CRENOVA INC. 
                 24 Hour Emergency Number: 800-424-9300 
               
               
                   
                 24 Hour CHEMTREC Number: 800-424-9300 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Approval Date: 
                 Nov. 8, 1996 
                 Cust: 30158042 
               
               
                 Print Date: 
                 Feb. 16, 1999 
                 MSDS Number: 1300167 01-08 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION 
               
               
                 Product Name:  VESTAMID - X 7377 BLACK 9.7504 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Supplier/Manufacturer: 
               
               
                   
                 CRENOVA Inc. 
               
               
                   
                 Turner Place, Box 365 
               
               
                   
                 Piscataway, NJ 08855 
               
               
                   
                 Environmental &amp; Regulatory Affairs, Information Number: 
               
               
                   
                 908-981-5016 
               
             
          
           
               
                 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 This product does not contain any components considered to be 
               
               
                   
                 health hazards under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 
               
               
                   
                 29 CFR 1910.1200 or under the WHMIS Controlled Product 
               
               
                   
                 Regulations in Canada. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ***EMERGENCY OVERVIEW*** 
               
               
                   
                 Fumes from hot processing may be irritating to eyes and 
               
               
                   
                 respiratory tract. 
               
               
                   
                 POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS 
               
               
                   
                 Eye Contact: 
               
               
                   
                 Fumes from hot processing may cause eye irritation. 
               
               
                   
                 Skin Contact: 
               
               
                   
                 No hazard expected in normal use. 
               
               
                   
                 Inhalation: 
               
               
                   
                 Fumes from hot processing may cause irritation. 
               
               
                   
                 Ingestion: 
               
               
                   
                 Not applicable; not an expected route of exposure. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 4. FIRST AID MEASURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 FIRST AID 
               
               
                   
                 Eye Contact: 
               
               
                   
                 In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of 
               
               
                   
                 water. Obtain medical attention if irritation develops or persists. 
               
               
                   
                 Skin Contact: 
               
               
                   
                 Wash with water. For hot product, immediately immerse or flush 
               
               
                   
                 the affected area with large amounts of cold water to dissipate heat. 
               
               
                   
                 Cover with clean cotton sheeting or gauze and get prompt medical 
               
               
                   
                 attention. No attempt should be made to remove material from skin or 
               
               
                   
                 to remove contaminate clothing as the damaged flesh 
               
               
                   
                 can be easily torn. 
               
               
                   
                 Inhalation: 
               
               
                   
                 In case of exposure to fumes from hot processing, remove victim 
               
               
                   
                 to fresh air. If not breathing, give CPR. If breathing is difficult, 
               
               
                   
                 give oxygen. Get medical attention. 
               
               
                   
                 Ingestion: 
               
               
                   
                 Not applicable: not an expected route of exposure. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Flash point: not applicable 
                 Lower Explosive Limit 
                 Not applicable 
               
               
                 Flash point Method: 
                 Upper Explosive Limit 
                 Not applicable 
               
               
                 not applicable 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OSHA flammability Classification: 
                 Autoignition Temperature: &gt;350 
               
               
                 None 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Other Flammable Properties: 
               
               
                   
                 Dusts at sufficient concentrations can form explosive 
               
               
                   
                 mixtures with air. 
               
               
                   
                 Extinguishing Media: 
               
               
                   
                 Use water spray or fog, foam, dry chemical or C02. 
               
               
                   
                 Fire Fighting Procedures: 
               
               
                   
                 As in any fire, wear self-contained positive-pressure breathing 
               
               
                   
                 apparatus, (MSHA/NIOSH approved or equivalent) and full 
               
               
                   
                 protective gear. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Steps to be taken in case material is released or spilled: 
               
               
                   
                 Allow molten material to solidity and scrape up. Collect 
               
               
                   
                 material and place in a disposal container. Obey relevant local, 
               
               
                   
                 state, provincial and federal laws and regulations. Do not 
               
               
                   
                 contaminate any lakes, streams, ponds, groundwater or soil. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Handling: 
               
               
                   
                 Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing vapors from 
               
               
                   
                 heated material. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 This product does not contain any components considered to be 
               
               
                   
                 health hazards under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 
               
               
                   
                 29 CFR 1910.1200 or under the WHMIS Controlled Product 
               
               
                   
                 Regulations in Canada. 
               
               
                   
                 Engineering Controls: 
               
               
                   
                 Use adequate ventilation. 
               
               
                   
                 Respiratory Protection: 
               
               
                   
                 In case of exposure to fumes in hot processing, use appropriate 
               
               
                   
                 NIOSH-approved respiratory protective equipment. 
               
               
                   
                 Eye Protection: 
               
               
                   
                 Wear safety glasses with side shields. 
               
               
                   
                 Skin Protection: 
               
               
                   
                 Use impermeable gloves. 
               
               
                   
                 Other Protective Equipment: 
               
               
                   
                 To identify additional Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 
               
               
                   
                 requirements, it is recommended that a hazard assessment in 
               
               
                   
                 accordance with the OSHA PPE Standard (29CFR1910.132) be 
               
               
                   
                 conducted before using this product. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vapor Pressure 
                 Not applicable 
               
               
                 Vapor Density (Air = 1) 
                 Not applicable 
               
               
                 Specific Gravity 
                 1.0-1.2* 
               
               
                 Boiling Point 
                 Not available 
               
               
                 Melting Point 
                 80 to 220° C.* 
               
               
                 pH 
                 Not available 
               
               
                 Evaporation Rate 
                 Not applicable 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Other Properties: 
               
               
                   
                 Granulate. Odorless. Solubility in water Negligible. (*) = This 
               
               
                   
                 information applies to a group of products. The data for this 
               
               
                   
                 specific grade can be obtained from the Product Information Sheet. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Stability: 
               
               
                   
                 This product is stable under normal storage conditions. 
               
               
                   
                 Hazardous Polymerization: 
               
               
                   
                 Will not occur under normal conditions. 
               
               
                   
                 Conditions to Avoid: 
               
               
                   
                 Operations that create dust. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 11. TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Other Toxicological Information: 
               
               
                   
                 The toxicological properties of this product have not 
               
               
                   
                 been fully investigated. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ecological Information: 
               
               
                   
                 No information available. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Disposal Method: 
               
               
                   
                 Incinerate. Follow all federal, state, and local regulations. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 14. TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 U.S. DOT Transport Information 
               
               
                   
                 Proper Shipping Name: Not regulated 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 This product contains the following non-hazardous components: 
               
               
                   
                 CAS Number  wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 Azacyclotridecan-2-one, homopolymer 025038-74-8  94 
               
               
                   
                 NJTSR No. 5605700001-5190P    Trade Secret  5 
               
               
                   
                 U.S. Federal Regulations 
               
               
                   
                 OSHA: 
               
               
                   
                 This document has been prepared in accordance with the MSDS 
               
               
                   
                 requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. 
               
               
                   
                 Clean Air Act Section 112: 
               
               
                   
                 This product contains the following components listed as 
               
               
                   
                 Hazardous Air Pollutants: 
               
               
                   
                 None. 
               
               
                   
                 This product contains the following components listed as 
               
               
                   
                 Extremely Hazardous Air Pollutants: 
               
               
                   
                 None. 
               
               
                   
                 SARA Section 311/312: 
               
               
                   
                 Hazard Classification: None 
               
               
                   
                 SARA Section 313: 
               
               
                   
                 This product contains the following substances subject to the 
               
               
                   
                 reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund 
               
               
                   
                 Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 and 40 CFR Part 372: 
               
               
                   
                 None 
               
               
                   
                 TSCA: 
               
               
                   
                 This product or its components are listed in or exempt 
               
               
                   
                 from TSCA inventory requirements. 
               
               
                   
                 This product contains the following non-proprietary substances 
               
               
                   
                 subject to export notification under Section 12(b) of TSCA: 
               
               
                   
                 None 
               
               
                   
                 State Regulations 
               
               
                   
                 New Jersey: 
               
               
                   
                 This product contains the following non-hazardous components 
               
               
                   
                 subject to disclosure under New Jersey Right-To-Know legislation: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 CAS Number 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Azacyclotridecan-2-one, homopolymer    025038-74-8 
               
               
                   
                 NJTSR No. 56705700001-5190P      Trade Secret 
               
               
                   
                 Pennsylvania: 
               
               
                   
                 This product contains the following non-hazardous components 
               
               
                   
                 subject to disclosure under Pennsylvania Right-To-Know legislation: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 CAS Number 
               
               
                   
                 Azacyclotridecan-2-one, homopolymer 
                 025038-74-8 
               
               
                   
                 NJTSR No. 56705700001-5190P 
                 Trade Secret 
               
               
                   
                 Massachusetts: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 This product contains the following substances on the 
               
               
                   
                 Massachusetts Substance List: 
               
               
                   
                 None 
               
               
                   
                 California (Proposition 65): 
               
               
                   
                 This product contains the following substances known to 
               
               
                   
                 the State of California to cause adverse reproductive effects: 
               
               
                   
                 None 
               
               
                   
                 International Regulations 
               
               
                   
                 Summary of International Chemical Inventory Status 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Canada 
                 On inventory 
               
               
                   
                 Europe 
                 On inventory 
               
               
                   
                 South Korea 
                 Not on inventory 
               
               
                   
                 Australia 
                 On inventory 
               
             
          
           
               
                 16. OTHER INFORMATION 
               
             
          
           
               
                 HMIS Ratings: 
                 Health - 1 
                 Flammability - 1 Reactivity - 0 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ratings Key: 
                 4 = Highest hazard, 0 = Lowest hazard, 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 * = Chronic health hazard, N = No rating for powders 
               
             
          
           
               
                 NFPA Ratings: 
                 Health - 1 
                 Flammability - 1 Reactivity - 0 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ratings Key: 
                 4 = Highest hazard, 0 = Lowest hazard, 
               
               
                   
                 N = No rating for powders 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Key to abbreviations used: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 NA 
                 Not applicable 
               
               
                   
                 NAV 
                 Not available 
               
               
                   
                 NE 
                 Not established 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 NJTSR No. New Jersey Trade Secret Registry Number 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ® 
                 Registered Trademark owned by or 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 licensed to CREANOVA Inc., CREANOVA Canada Inc., 
               
               
                   
                 CREANOVA Spezialchemie GmbH, or Röhm GmbH. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ™ 
                 Trademark owned by or licensed to CREANOVA 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Inc., CREANOVA Canada Inc., CREANOVA Spezialchemie 
               
               
                   
                 GmbH, or Röhm GmbH. 
               
               
                   
                 Revision Summary 
               
               
                   
                 The following MSDS sections were revised since the previous 
               
               
                   
                 version Mar. 17, 1995: 
               
               
                   
                 Color number added to name 
               
               
                   
                 Sections 5, 9 and 10: General dust precautions added. 
               
               
                   
                 The information is furnished without warranty, representation, 
               
               
                   
                 inducement, or license of any kind, except that it is accurate to the 
               
               
                   
                 best of CRENOVA Inc.&#39;s knowledge or obtained from sources 
               
               
                   
                 believed by CREANOVA Inc. to be accurate and CREANOVA Inc. 
               
               
                   
                 does not assume any legal responsibility for use or reliance on 
               
               
                   
                 same. Customers are encouraged to conduct their own tests. Before 
               
               
                   
                 using any product, read its label. 
               
               
                   
                 MSDS last page 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE E 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 COATINGS FOR STEEL TUBING 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.0 GENERAL 
               
               
                 1.1 Purpose of the Standard 
               
               
                 This standard outlines the requirements for coatings applied to the outside 
               
               
                 and tide diameter of steel tubing. The coatings are applied to the outside 
               
               
                 diameters of double wall brazed thing (MS-1806) or single wall welded 
               
               
                 tubing (MS-3236). This standard defines the coating requirement for cases 
               
               
                 requiring greater internal corrosion resistance than carbon steel and 
               
               
                 approaching the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel. 
               
               
                 1.2 Purpose of The Process 
               
               
                 The purpose of the process is to define the parameters of material 
               
               
                 application and thickness to achieve the corrosion resistance required. 
               
               
                 A classification of the various coatings is described in Table 1. 
               
               
                 Coating I offers superior corrosion and abrasion resistance over 
               
               
                 Coatings II. Coatings I and II shows improved corrosion resistance 
               
               
                 over Coatings III, IV and V and VI. Both coatings V and VI containing 
               
               
                 Lead Tin are being phased out over the next few years. Coating V used 
               
               
                 in non-abrasive areas of some passenger car platforms for brake line 
               
               
                 applications and for fuel lines in passenger cars, jeep and truck. 
               
               
                 Coating V, a duplex coating of zinc rich with the heavier Tin Lead 
               
               
                 Coating, is often used with a mechanical abrasion resistant zinc 
               
               
                 coated (PS-77) steel wire cover or other protective covering for brake 
               
               
                 lines. The heavier Lead Tin Coating - 49 g/m 2  for brake lines, 
               
               
                 for fuel lines - 18 g/m 2  are being replaced by hot dipped zinc 
               
               
                 aluminum alloy or electroplated zinc. A comparison summary of 
               
               
                 the various corrosion resistant properties and coating thicknesses are 
               
               
                 shown in Table 2. 
               
               
                 Aluminum coated armor wire with a minimum coating weight of 60 g/m 2   
               
               
                 per ASTM A 764 Type A is used as a further protection for stone 
               
               
                 abrasion. Armor is expected to be superior to shrink wrap for use in 
               
               
                 abrasion resistance protection for Coating I should it be required. The 
               
               
                 melt point of Coating I Polyamide 12 coating is approximately 177 
               
               
                 Degrees C. (350 Degrees F.). The general operating temperature for 
               
               
                 Nylon 12 is 149 Degrees C. (300 Degrees F.). The safe operating 
               
               
                 temperature for the zinc aluminum alloy is approximately 250 
               
               
                 Degrees C. (482 Degrees F.). The aluminum rich coating is cured at 254 
               
               
                 degrees C. to 275 degrees C. (490 degrees F. to 527 degrees F.). 
               
               
                 The polyvinylidene or poly vinyl fluoride coating is cured at 240 
               
               
                 degrees C. (464 degrees F.). The zinc chromate coating is cured at 
               
               
                 190 degrees C. (375 degrees F.). 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS EXTERNAL COATINGS 
               
               
                 AVAILABLE (See para 1.3.1-Designation Codes) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 COATING 
                 CODE 
                 DESCRIPTION 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 I 
                 LZ 
                 Hot dipped zinc alloy coating followed by an 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extruded polyamide Nylon 12 coating. 
               
               
                 II 
                 PE, VE 
                 Electroplated zinc coating or hot dipped zinc alloy 
               
               
                   
                   
                 coating, followed by a poly vinyl fluoride or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 polyvinylidene fluoride coating 
               
               
                 III 
                 AZ 
                 Hot dipped zinc alloy coating followed by an 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aluminum rich-organic coating 
               
               
                 IV 
                 NZ 
                 Hot dipped zinc alloy 
               
               
                 V 
                 CT, CH 
                 A duplex coating consisting of a led tin alloy 
               
               
                   
                   
                 coating followed by an organic coating containing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 chromates and zinc particles formerly PS-7069 
               
               
                 VI 
                 NT, NH 
                 A hot dipped lead tin coating formerly PS 954 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
                                           TABLE 2                   SUMMARY AND COMPARISON OF VARIOUS EXTERNAL       COATINGS AND THEIR CORROSION REQUIREMENTS                            THICKNESS       COATING   CODE   DESCRIPTION   CORROSION RESISTANCE   OUTER/INNER               I   LZ   Extruded polyamide   Paragraph 5.1   Paragraph 4.1 Nylon:               Nylon 12 polyamide   A) 2000 hours knife cut salt   0.170 mm (0.0067               over hot dipped zinc   spray ASTM B117. No   inch) minimum per               aluminum alloy   lifting or delamination of   ASTM B 487.               coating   coating. Red rust is   4.2B                   allowed only at knife cut.   Zinc 5% Aluminum alloy                   B) Fuel Soak Testing 500   5.2 microns (0.0002                   hours ascribed and not   inch), 36                   scribed per 5.1.B.   g/meter squared                   C) Gravelometer −18 Deg C.   minimum per ASTM                   (0 Deg F.) SAE J400 5 pints,   A 90.                   1500 hours ASTM B-117.                   No lifting or delamination                   of coating. Red rust is                   allowed only at gravel                   impacted area; 5% of                   impacted areas, maximum.                   D) Gravelometer and cyclic                   salt spray ASTM B-117 5, 5,                   5, 6, pints, 400 hours. No                   lifting or delamination of                   coating. Red rust is                   allowed only at gravel                   impacted area; 10% of the                   impacted areas, maximum.                   E) 170 cycles burst 13,789                   kPa (2000 psi) minimum for                   Brakelines, Functional for                   fuel lines, power steering                   and transmission all cooler                   lines.       II   PE, VE   Polyvinyl fluoride or   Paragraph 5.2   Paragraph 4.2 B and               polyvinylidene   A) 400 hours knife cut salt   C Fluoride coating 10               fluoride coating over   spray ASTM B-117   microns (.0004 inch               electroplated zinc.   B) Gravelometer −18 Deg C.   minimum per ASTM                   (0 Deg F.) 1 pint 1000 hours   B 487: Electroplated                   no red rust at gravel   zinc 25 microns                   impacted areas   (0.001 inch) minimum                       for MS-1808 and 13                       microns (.0005 inch                       for MS 3235.                       minimum coating 180                       g/meter squared and                       90 g/meter squared                       per ASTM A 90 FOR                       ms-1806 and MS-                       3235 respectively.       II   PZ, VZ   Polyvinyl fluoride or   Paragraph 5.2   Paragraph 4.2C               polyvinylidene   A) 400 hours knife cut salt   A Fluoride coating 10               fluoride coating over   spray ASTM B117   micros (.0004 inch)               hot dipped zinc   B) Gravelometer −18 Deg C.   minimum per ASTM B 487.               aluminum alloy.   (0 Deg F.) SAE J400 1 pint   4.2B Zinc aluminum                   and salt spray per ASTM B-   alloy                   117 shall meet 1000 hours   5.2 microns (.0002                   with no red rust.   inch), 36                       g/meter squared per                       minimum                       per ASTM A 90       III   AZ   Aluminum Rich over   Requirements to   Paragraph 4.3C               hot dipped zinc   Paragraph   Aluminum rich               aluminum alloy   5.2A B above.   coating 8 g/meter                   Paragraph 5.2C   squared (.026                   360 hours salt spray per   oz/square foot).                   ASTM B-117 no more than   Paragraph 4.2B Zinc                   1% red rust over any 25.4   aluminum alloy                   mm (1 inch) length   5.2 microns (.0002                   compared to ASTM D 610,   inch), 36 g/meter                   Plate 6   squared per                       minimum per ASTM                       A 90       IV   NZ   Hot dipped zinc   Paragraph 5.2C   Paragraph 4.2B               aluminum alloy   380 hours salt spray per   5.2 microns (.0002                   ASTM B-117 no more than   inch) minimum per                   1% red rust over any 25.4   ASTML B 487 Coating                   mm (1 inch) length   coverage minimum                   compared to ASTM D 610,   36 g/meter squared                   Plate 6   per ASTM A 90       V   CT, CH   Zinc chromate over   Paragraph 5.3A   Paragraph 4.4D               hot dipped lead tin   200 hours resistance to red   15 g/meter squared               alloy   rust and shall show no   (05. Oz/square foot)                   more than 1 base metal   minimum organic                   corrosion 1.5 mm (.080   zinc chromate                   inch) in diameter or larger   Paragraph 4.4B.                   in any area 500 square   31 g/meter squared                   millimeter (.77 square inch)   led-tin over MS-1806                   when tested per ASTM   tubing or 18 g/meter                   B-117   squared (.06                       oz/square foot) per                       ASTM A 309 over                       MS-3225 tubing.       VI   NT, NH   Hot dipped lead tin   No requirements.   Paragraph 4.5               alloy   Less than 24 hours in salt   49 g/meter squared                   spray to red rust per ASTM   lead-tin (0.16                   B 117   oz/square foot) per                   (Engineering Reference   LP-481H-102 applied                   Characteristic).   over MS-1806 tubing                       and 18 g/meter                       squared (0.06                       oz/square foot) per                       LP-461H-102 applied                       to MS-3235, ASTM                       A 309.                    
1.3 Coverage of this Standard
 
     This standard describes the methods for corrosion protection of tubing used for automotive brake and fuel lines, transmission oil cooler lines, and power steering lines. The engineering coating designation codes, process for applying the coatings, requirements of appearance, coating weight and thickness of the individual coatings, and the corrosion resistance from the combination of coatings are defined. 
     1.3.1 Coating Designation Codes*** 
     Any requirements shown on the part drawing shall take precedence over the requirements specified in this standard. The following codes shall be applied to the engineering part drawing. 
     Coating Designation PS-8688 XY: 
     X—First Letter, Outer Coating; 
     P—Polyvinyl Fluoride—PVF 
     V—Polyvinylidene Fluoride—PVDF 
     A—Aluminum Rich Organic 
     C—Zinc Rich, Chromate Organic 
     N—No Top Coating 
     L—Nylon 12 Polyamide 
     Y—Second Letter, Inner Coating: 
     E—Electroplated Zinc— 
     Z—Zinc 5% Aluminum Alloy-Hot Dipped 
     T—Lead-Tin Alloy Hot Dipped—18 g/m 2    
     H—Lead-Tin Alloy Hot Dipped—49 g/m 2    
     Z—Third letter, Coating applied to Inside Diameter of Single Wall Electric Welded Tubing (Third letter is only used to specify requirements for ID coating, such as nickel plated coating. When a third letter is not used, an ID coating is not used, an ID coating is not specified). 
     N—Nickel Electroplate ID Tubing, 3.8 microns minimum (0.000 150 inch) 
     U—Uncoated 
     C—Copper Electroplate, 3.8 microns minimum (0.000150 inch) on both surfaces 
     For example: 
     PS-8688 AZ: Designates an aluminum rich coating applied to a zinc aluminum alloy coated tubing. 
     PS-8888 LZ: Designates an extruded Nylon 12 polyamide coating applied to a zinc aluminum coated tubing. 
     PS-8688 NH: Designated a Terne coat over the tubing and no topcoat over the Terne. Coating weight of lead-tin alloy is 459 g/m 2 . 
     PS-8688 PZ: Designates a polyvinyl fluoride coating applied over a zinc aluminum alloy coating tubing. 
     PS-8688 CH: Designates zinc rich organic, chromate coating applied to a lead-tin alloy coating. The coating weight for the lead-tin is 49 g/m 2 . 
     PS-8688 LZN: Designates an extruded Nylon 12 polyamide coating applied to a zinc aluminum coated tubing. The ID of the tubing is coated with a deposit of 3.8 microns minimum of nickel electroplate. 
     PS-8688 PEN: Designates a Polyvinyl Fluoride over electroplated zinc on the outside diameter and 3.8 microns minimum of electroplated nickel applied to the inside diameter of the tubing. 
     2.0 Coating Procedures*** 
     The processes utilized in this specification are referenced here and in the sections referenced. 
     Zinc-Electroplated (PS-73) per Paragraph 3.1 
     95% Zinc-5% aluminum alloy hot dip per Paragraph 2.1 (Table 3, Paragraph 3.2) 
     Dichromate Conversion Treatment (PS-1207) per Paragraph 3.3 
     Fluoride Coating per Paragraph 3.4 
     Nylon—Nylon 12 Polyamide per Paragraph 3.5 
     Nickel Electroplate (ASTM B689-90) per Paragraph 3.6 
     Aluminum Rich organic coating per Paragraph 3.7 
     Organic coating containing chromates and zinc particles per Paragraph 3.8 
     Lead-tin alloy coating per Paragraph 3.9 
     Appearance, Coating, Weight, and Thickness of the Coatings and defined in the section 4. 
     Corrosion is specified in section 5. 
     3.0 Process 
     3.1 Zinc or Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coating Process 
     Zinc electroplating shall be in accordance PS-79. The zinc aluminum alloy hot dip coating process shall use a 95% zinc—5% aluminum alloy per paragraph 3.2 (Table 3). 
     3.2 Zinc-Aluminum Alloy 
                                   TABLE 3               ZINC ALUMINUM ALLOY COATING CHEMISTRY       (INCOMING INGOT), PERCENT)                                    Aluminum   4.7-5.2           Lanthanum   0.02-0.05           Cerium   0.01-0.04           Others - each   0.005 max.           Zinc   Remainder                        
3.3 Chromate Conversion Treatment
 
     Following the zinc electroplating coating Process 3.1 the surface shall be olive drab chromate chemical conversion treated per PS-1207. Following the zinc aluminum alloy coating process 3.2 an optional chromate chemical treatment per PS-1207 is permissible. 
     3.4 Fluoride Coatings 
     A fluoride coating shall be applied to the outside diameter of the tubing. Either the polyvinyl fluoride or the polyvinylidene fluoride coating is to be used as a top coating. The top coatings are applied over zinc or zinc aluminum alloy coatings. 
     3.5 Nylon Coating*** 
     The nylon polyamide 12 coating shall be applied to the outside diameter of the tubing. It shall be used as the top coating. The Nylon 12 is extruded over the zinc aluminum alloy Paragraph 3.2 (Table 3) coated tubing. Prior to the extrusion of Nylon 12, an application of the primer shall be used to promote adhesion and corrosion resistance of the tubing. 
     3.6 Nickel Coating*** 
     The nickel coating is used for LZN or PEN or AZN. The nickel coating shall be applied to the inside diameter of the tubing. The nickel coating is electro deposited per ASTM B689-90 to the low carbon steel substrate. The nickel coating shall be free from pits or blisters. The strip shall withstand a 180 degrees bend over a radius equal to twice the thickness of the strip and return without showing any peeling or lifting of the nickel when examined under a 10× magnification. Minimum thickness is 3.8 microns (0.000150 inch) free or diffused Nickel. Nickel reflows over the resistance tube weld to maintain exceptional corrosion resistance at the inside diameter. 
     3.7 Aluminum—Rich Organic Coating 
     The aluminum rich organic coating shall be applied to the outside diameter of the zinc aluminum alloy Paragraph 3.2 (Table 3) coated tubing. The tubing shall be baked to cure the aluminum rich organic coating. 
     3.8 Organic Zinc Chromate Coating Process 
     The coating consisting of zinc particles, chromates, and organic material shall be applied to the outside diameter of the tubing. The tubing shall be baked to cure this organic coating to a coverage of Paragraph 4.4D. 
     3.9 Lead-Tin Alloy Coating Process 
     The coating shall be applied to the outside diameter of the tubing. The tubing shall be cleaned and immersed in a fluxing solution. Then the tubing shall be immersed in a molten bath of lead-tin alloy which contains a minimum of the percent tin as defined in Paragraph 4.4.C. The coated tubing shall be washed as required to remove any residual flux. 
     4.0 Quality (Appearance, Coating Weight, and Thickness of Coating 5)&lt;S&gt;*** 
     4.1 Nylon 12 Polyamide Coating over Zinc-Aluminum Alloy or Nylon 12 Polyamide coating over Zinc-Aluminum coating applied to Nickel ID coated tubing. 
     A. Color shall be black unless otherwise specified. 
     B. Thickness and coating coverage of zinc-alloy coating paragraph 4.2.B. The minimum coating coverage of the nickel ID coating per paragraph 2.6. 
     C. The minimum coating coverage of the Nylon 12 polyamide coating is 0.17 mm (0.0067 inch) minimum and shall meet the OD requirements of Table 4. 
                                   TABLE 4                   MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OUTER DIAMETER FOR THE       COATED TUBE FOR A GIVEN TUBE SIZE &lt;S&gt;                TUBE SIZE, NOMINAL   COATED TUBE O.D., MAX.                        4.76 mm    5.28 mm            6.00 mm    8.52 mm            6.35 mm    8.87 mm            7.94 mm    8.46 mm            8.00 mm    8.52 mm            9.53 mm   10.05 mm           10.00 mm   10.52 mm           11.11 mm   11.65 mm           12.70 mm   13.24 mm           14.29 mm   14.83 mm           15.88 mm   16.42 mm                        
4.2 Fluoride Coating over Zinc or Zinc Aluminum Alloy
 
     A. Color shall be black or olive drab unless otherwise specified on the engineering drawing. 
     B. The thickness of the electroplated zinc is 0.001 inch (25 microns) minimum for MS-1806 0.0005 inch (13 microns) for MS-3235. The minimum coating coverage is 180 g/m 2  and 90 g/m2 for MS-1806 and MS-3235 respectively. For the Zinc 5% Aluminum Alloy coating, the minimum average thickness is 0.0002 inch (5.2 microns); the minimum coating coverage is 38 g/m 2  per ASTM A  90. &lt;S&gt;   
     C. The thickness of the fluoride coating is 0.0004 inch (10 microns) minimum per ASTM B487. 
     4.3 Aluminum Rich Organic Coating Over Zinc-Aluminum Alloy. 
     A. Color shall be silver-grey unless otherwise specified. 
     B. Thickness and coating coverage of zinc-alloy coating paragraph 4.2.B. 
     C. The minimum coating coverage of the aluminum rich organic coating is 8 g/m 2  (0.028 oz/ft.2) per ASTM A 90. 
     4.4 Duplex—Organic Coating Containing Zinc And Chromate Particles Applied to A Lead-Tin Alloy Coating. 
     A. Color—The color shall be grey or green unless otherwise specified. 
     B. The minimum coating coverage is 31 g/m2 (0.10 oz/ft 2 ) for the lead-tin coating applied to MS-1806 double wall brazed tubing. The minimum coating coverage is 18 g/m 2  (0.06 oz/ft 2 ) for lead tin coating applied to MS-3235 electric resistance welded tubing per ASTM A 309, LP-461H-102. 
     C. The composition of the lead-tin alloy shall consist of 12% minimum tin and balance lead for coating applied over MS-1806 double wall brazed tubing and 7% minimum tin and balance lead for coating over MS-3235 single wall tubing. 
     D. The minimum coating coverage of the organic zinc chromate coating is 15 g/m 2  (0.05 oz/ft.2A) per ASTM A 90. 
     E. The coating shall be free of bare spots visible to the unaided eye. 
     4.5 Lead-Tin Coated Only Parts 
     Lead Tin requirements to paragraph 4.4.B except the minimum coating coverage is 49 g/m 2  (0.18 oz/ft 2 ) for the lead tin coating applied to (MS-1808) double brazed tubing. The minimum coating coverage is 18 g/m 2  (0.6 oz/ft 2 ) for lead tin coating applied to MS-3235 electric resistance welded tubing per ASTM A 309, LP-461H-102. 
     4.6 Workmanship 
     The final coating shall be smooth, even, and free from cracks, blisters, pinholes, modules and other harmful defects. Coverage shall be uniform in appearance and complete. 
     4.7 Adhesion and Ductility 
     The zinc or zinc alloy or lead-tin alloy shall have good adhesion to the substrate and to itself, and show no tendency toward flaking or peeling when tested in accordance with ASTM Standard Test Method B 671. 
     Make a cross cut pattern on the coating to the tubing then take test over the cross cut. Check for any separation of the nylon or fluoride or aluminum rich organic or zinc rich organic coating. 
     4.8 Ferroxyl Test 
     The tin-lead alloy coated tubing shall be free from uncoated spots. Any uncoated areas which are visible to the unaided eye at normal reading distance shall be considered unsatisfactory and sufficient cause for rejection. The presence of unreacted areas may be verified by the Ferroxyl Test, Chrysler Laboratory Procedure 461 H-80. 
     5.0 Corrosion Resistance*** 
     5.1 Nylon 12 over Hot Dipped Zinc Aluminum Alloy 
     A. Tubing shall show no lifting or determination of coating; red rust is allowed only at knife cut after 2000 hours per ASTM B-117. 
     B. The OD tube coating shall show no lifting or determination when cut and peel tested after fluid cooks in Table 5, shown below, for 500 hours. After soak testing, cut and peel test by scribing two longitudinal knife cuts at 0.093 inch (2.3 mm) separation and cutting at 90 degrees to effect a tub start section of Nylon 12 coating. After testing in fluid soaks per Table 5, Nylon 12 may lift when pulled for less than 0.35 mm (0.25 inches) and then tear. No adhesive failure to these metal in permissible. Cohesive failure thru primer is acceptable. 
     Evaluation of ID corrosion for coating such as Nickel plating at 3.8 microns (0.00015 inch) minimum thickness after soak per Table 5 for 500 hours shall show no red rust or pitting after 500 hours exposure in soak fuels referenced in Table 5. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAK FLUID FOR TESTING NYLON 12 ADHESION 
               
               
                 OR ID CORROSION 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1. 
                 California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline per MS-9368 
               
               
                  2. 
                 500 ppm (0.05%) Sulfur as DTBS - Ditertiary Butyl DiSulphide 
               
               
                   
                 added to MS-9368 
               
               
                  3. 
                 Distilled Water 
               
               
                  4. 
                 RFG + Butyl peroxide lauroyl peroxide (2.6 ml Butyl hydro 
               
               
                   
                 peroxide per liter of RFG per MS-9368 or 10.4 ml Lauroyl peroxide 
               
               
                   
                 per liter of RFG per MS-9368) 
               
               
                  5. 
                 U L  gas per MS-8004 Certification Grade + 22% aggressive ethanol 
               
               
                   
                 (Refer to Notes 1 and 2). 
               
               
                  6. 
                 U L  gas per MS-8004 Certification Grade + 85% aggressive ethanol 
               
               
                   
                 (Refer to Notes 1 and 2). 
               
               
                  7. 
                 U L  gas per MS-8004 Certification Grade + 50% aggressive ethanol 
               
               
                   
                 (Refer to Notes 1 and 2). 
               
               
                  8. 
                 MS-4957 Calibration Fluid 
               
               
                  9. 
                 Leaded gasoline - indolence 30 or MS-8004 with 3 grams per gallon 
               
               
                   
                 lead 
               
               
                 10. 
                 Fuel C (50% iso octane, 50% toluene) 
               
               
                 11. 
                 TF2 (Dupont Waiver Fuel) (Refer to Note 3) 
               
               
                 12. 
                 MS-9448 high cetane diesel fuel with 0.2% sulfur by weight 
               
               
                 13. 
                 MS-9448 high cetane diesel fuel-highly paraffinic, &gt;90% parraffin, 
               
               
                   
                 &gt;55 CN 
               
               
                 14. 
                 MS-9448 high cetane diesel fuel-highly aromatic-made with highly 
               
               
                   
                 aromatic cycle oil &gt; 50% aromatic, &gt;55 CN, 0.15% organic 
               
               
                   
                 cetane improver 
               
               
                 15. 
                 MS-high cetane diesel fuel-highly aromatic-as above with 2% by 
               
               
                   
                 volume aggressive water. 
               
               
                 16. 
                 Biodiesel 100% (Rape Seed) 
               
               
                 17. 
                 Biodiesel (Rape Seed) with 5% by volume MS-9448 high cetane 
               
               
                   
                 diesel fuel 
               
               
                 18. 
                 Biodiesel (Rape Seed) with 20% by volume MS-9448 high cetane 
               
               
                   
                 diesel fuel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note 1: AGGRESSIVE ETHANOL - 995 ml fuel grade ethanol (98% ADM Archer Daniels Midland), add 5 ml aggressive water (equivalent to 1000 ml aggressive ethanol).  
               
               
                 Note 2: AGGRESSIVE WATER - 1 liter distilled water, ad 1 gram NaCl, add 0.9 gram Na 2 SO 4  add 28 ml H 3 COOH concentrated acetic acid  
               
               
                 Note 3: DUPONT WAIVER FUEL TP2 - 15% volume olefinic 45-50%, add volume aromatic, add 5% volume methanol, add 2.5% volume ethanol.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Water Separation Testing 
     Procure Fuel 5, Unleaded gas per MS-8004 Certification Grade +22% aggressive ethanol and add 2% aggressive water. Test for 1000 hours and determine extent of corrosion such as red rust or pitting. 
     ID Coatings or Materials found satisfactory to this standard 
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MATERIALS TESTED AND FOUND ACCEPTABLE TO 
               
               
                 THIS STANDARD 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nickel 3.6 mm minimum undiffused (unalloyed) and nickel 5.0 mm 
               
               
                 minimum diffused (alloyed) 
               
               
                 Copper coated ID developed from double wall copper brazed steel tubing 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Nickel 3.8 mm minimum undiffused (unalloyed) and nickel 5.0 mm minimum diffused (alloyed) Copper coated id developed from a double wall copper brazed steel tubing 
     C. Gravelometer test per SAE J400 (LP-463PB-39-01) Five (5) pints at with −18 Degrees C (0 Degrees F) and salt spray per ASTM B-117 shall be tested for 1500 hours. Red rust is allowed at gravel impacted areas; 5% of impacted areas, maximum. 
     D. Gravelometer Salt Exposure Test
         1. Test tubes per Gravelometer test—SAE J400 (LP-463PB-39-01) five (5) pints at 482 kPa (70 psi) and tubes oriented at 45 degrees from the nozzle.   2. Expose tubes to 48 hours salts spray ASTM B-117.   3. Within 2 hours following removal from salt spray, expose the tube to five (5) additional pints with gravel per SAE J400 (LP-463PB-39-01) at 482 kPa (70 psi) and tubes oriented at 45 degrees from nozzle, allow the tube to condition for 24 hours at room temperature.   4. Expose the tube to 1, 2 and 3 ones additional time.   5. Expose tubes for 400 hours.   6. Test Nylon after exposure by pulling. Nylon may lift when pulled for less than 0.35 mm (0.25 inches) and then tear.   7. After exposure, no lifting or delamination of coating is allowed. Red rust is allowed only at gravel impacted areas: 10% of the impacted areas, maximum.       

     E. Chrysler Proving Ground Vehicle Corrosion Test per LP-481H-117 for 170 cycles or the test equivalent of 10 years of operation. Burst strength of brake lines shall be greater than or equal to 13.789 KPa (2000 psi). Fuel lines, power steering, and transmission oil cooler lines shall be functional after the test. 
     5.2 Fluoride (Poly vinylidene fluoride or polyvinyl fluoride) over Zinc or Zinc Aluminum Alloy or Aluminum Rich over Zinc Aluminum Alloy, or Zinc Aluminum alloy. 
     A. Fluoride over Zinc or Zinc Aluminum Alloy or Aluminum Rich over Zinc Aluminum Alloy (A, B), Salt Spray corrosion resistance per ASTM B-117 shall meet 400 hours resistance to red rust at knife cut cross scribed or circumferentially scribed to tubing surface. 
     B. Fluoride over Zinc or Zinc Aluminum Alloy or Aluminum Rich over Zinc Aluminum Alloy (A, B). Gravelometer test per SAE J400 1 pint at −18 Degrees C (0 Degrees F) and salt spray per ASTM B-117 shall meet 1000 hours with no red rust at gravel impacted surfaces. 
     C. For zinc aluminum alloy, salt spray corrosion resistance for 360 hours salt spray per ASTM B-117 no more than 1% red rust over any 25.4 mm (1 inch) length compared to ASTM D 610, Plate 8. 
     5.3 Organic Coating Containing Chromate And Zinc particles Over Lead Tin Alloy 
     A. The final assembly or part shall be capable of withstanding 200 hours resistance to red rust and shall show no more than one base metal corrosion spot, 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) in diameter or larger in any area 500 mm 2  (0.77 square inches) when Salt Spray tested per ASTM B-117. 
     5.4 Nickel Electroplated coating at inside diameter of Tubing 
     Nickel plating 3.8 microns (0.00015 inch) minimum thickness shall show no red rust after 500 hours exposure in soak fuels referenced in Section 5.1.B. 
     6.0 Control 
     While samples may be taken from incoming shipments and checked to the requirements of this specification, the supplier shall accept the responsibility for meeting the started requirements without dependence on the purchaser□s inspection. 
     Production lots shall be equivalents in every respect to samples initially approved, and any change in Materials or Processing or Processing practices require resubmission of sample parts. 
     7.0 General Information 
     Three asterisks *** after the paragraph header denotes multiple technical changes to the paragraph. A triple asterisk before and after a string of test (***text***) identifies a single change. 
     Certain important information relative to this standard has been included in separate standards. To assure the processes submitted meet all of the Chrysler requirements, it is mandatory that the requirements in the following standards be met. 
     CS-9800—Application of this standard, the subscription service, and approved sources 
     CS-9801—General quality requirements 
     CS-9003—Regulated substances and recyclability 
     Within Engineering Standards, the designations &lt;S&gt;, &lt;E&gt;, &lt;N&gt;, &lt;T&gt;, or &lt;H&gt; will be substituted for the Safety, Emission, Noise, Theft Prevention, or Homologation Shields respectively. The designations &lt;D&gt; and &lt;P&gt; will be submitted for the Diamond and Pentagon symbols respectively. 
     This standard has safety, noise, emissions or theft prevention significance only when appropriate drawings depict the coatings with a safety shield. It is necessary to review the part drawing to ascertain which parts of a standard have safety, noise, emission or theft prevention significance. Paragraph numbers in this standard shall not be charged without first reviewing the paragraph reference on all affected drawings. 
     Processes shall only be purchased from those sources listed under Engineering Approved Source List. 
     8.0 References 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 CS-9003 
                 CS-9800 
                 CS-9801 
                   
               
               
                 LP-481-26 
                 LP-461H-102 
                 LP-461H-117 
                 LP-461H-80 
               
               
                 MS-1806 
                 MS-3235 
                 MS-1580 
               
               
                 PS-77 
                 PS-79 
                 PS-1207 
                 QS-9000 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     ASTM Standard Methods: 
     A 90 Weight Of Coating On Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Iron and Steel 
     B 117 Salt Spray Test 
     B 487 Microscopical Cross Section (1) 
     B 499 Magnetic Method 
     B 504 Coulometric Method 
     B 571 A Adhesion of Metallic Coatings 
     B 689 Electroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings 
     E 1182-87 Cut Section Method 
     A 309 Weight and Composition of Long Terne Sheet by the Triple Spot Test 
     ***A 784 Metallic Coated Carbon Steel Wire 
     ITTA Test Method for Nylon 12 adhesion testing 
     Bundy Test Method for Nylon 12 adhesion testing
         (1) Permissible to utilize the minimum average technique around the circumference of tubing to measure coating thickness.       

     SAE Standards: 
     J400 Gravelometer Test 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results: 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Section 5.1A - Scribed then 2000 Hours Salt Fog 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Specimen 
                   
               
               
                 Number 
                 Results After Salt Fog 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Section 5.1B - Scribed, then 500 Hours Fuel Soak 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Specimen 
                   
               
               
                 Number 
                 Results After Fuel Soak 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #1) California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #2) California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline + 0.05% 
               
               
                 Ditertiary Butyl DiSulphide 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #3) Distilled Water 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #4) California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline + 0.26% 
               
               
                 Butyl Hydro Peroxide 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #5) Unleaded Gas + 22% Aggressive Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #6) Unleaded Gas + 85% Aggressive Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #7) Unleaded Gas + 10% Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #8) 100% Shipping Fluid 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #9) Leaded Gasoline - Indolene 30 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #10) Fuel C 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #11) TFZ (Dupont Waiver Fuel) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Section 5.1C - Gravelometer at −18 C. then 1500 Hours Salt Fog 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Specimen 
                   
               
               
                 Number 
                 Results After Salt Fog 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 2 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 3 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 4 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 5 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 6 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 &lt;5% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Section 5.1D - Intermittent Room Temperature Gravelometer 
               
               
                 and Salt Fog 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Specimen 
                 Peel Test Results 
                 Visual Results 
               
               
                 Number 
                 After Final Salt Fog 
                 After Final Salt Fog 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 4 
                 No lifting or delamination 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 5 
                 No lifting or delamination 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 6 
                 No lifting or delamination 
                 0% red rust at impacted areas 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination 
                 &lt;10% red rust at impacted 
               
               
                   
                   
                 areas 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE G 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results: 
               
               
                  3/16″ North American Nyclad GP coated steel tubing 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Specimen 
                   
               
               
                 Number 
                 Results After 500 Hours Fuel Soak 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #1) California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #2) California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline + 0.05% 
               
               
                 Ditertiary Butyl DiSulphide 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #3) Distilled Water 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #4) California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline + 0.26% 
               
               
                 Butyl Hydro Peroxide 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #5) Unleaded Gas + 22% Aggressive Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #6) Unleaded Gas + 85% Aggressive Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #7) Unleaded Gas + 10% Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #8) 100% Shipping Fluid 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #9) Leaded Gasoline - Indolene 30 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #10) Fuel C 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 #11) TFZ (Dupont Waiver Fuel) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 2 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 3 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                 Requirement 
                 No lifting or delamination between the primer and the 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl substrate or the PA12 coating 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures as is permitted under the law.