Abstract:
An apparatus for monitoring alternating currents and providing a signal representative of the current. The signals are rectified by a modified full wave rectrifier to provide a power source, a positive signal associated with the positive range of the current, and a positive signal associated with the negative range of the current. The two positive signals serve to preserve the polarity information associated with the current being monitored. The apparatus also provides for combining the negative signals to produce other signals useable by a microprocessor and an analog logic circuit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to current measurement, and, in particular, to an improved current measuring circuit which retains the polarity information of a signal representative of the current being measured after full wave rectification of the signal. 
     Current measuring circuits have many applications, and in particular, one such application is in a trip unit for a circuit breaker. U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,625, issued on Dec. 23, 1986, discloses a microprocessor based trip unit for a circuit breaker within which a current measuring device is incorporated. In FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,625 the current measuring device is generally illustrated as including current transformers 30-33, a rectifier 34, signal converters 34 and an analog invertor 37. The microcomputer of U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,625 ultimately utilizes the signals from the analog invertor 37 to calculate a ground fault current. 
     Some prior art ground fault protection schemes modify signals representative of the current being measured in such a way that the polarity information of these signals is not preserved. An RMS analysis of these signals can then be performed without the polarity information to calculate a ground fault current. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a means for rectifying signals while also preserving the polarity information of these signals. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides for an apparatus for producing a rectified signal corresponding to a current, wherein the current alternates between a first voltage range and a second voltage range. The apparatus includes means for producing a first signal representative of the alternating current; and means for rectifying the first signal such that a second signal is produced when the current is in the first voltage range and a third signal is produced when the current is in the second voltage range. 
     An advantage of the present invention is that it can be readily adapted for use in circuits for monitoring ground fault currents. Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a means for retaining information which improves the accuracy of ground fault current calculations. 
     An embodiment of the invention is explained below in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a circuit for providing signals representative of the load currents and the associated neutral current; 
     FIG. 1a is a schematic illustration of one modified full wave rectifier; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a circuit for summing and amplifying; 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a circuit for summing and amplifying; and 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the manner in which the circuits of FIGS. 1-3 are coupled. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to the Figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a circuit for providing signals representative of the load currents in three phases (A, B, and C) and their associated neutral (N). The circuit also provides full wave rectification for these signals. In the preferred embodiment, current transformers 10, 12, 14, 16 are used to provide signals representative of the currents in lines A, B, C and N. By way of example, these currents can be currents alternating between a positive voltage range and a negative voltage range at a frequency of 60 cycles per second. In addition, the currents in lines A, B, and C can be out of phase by 120°. 
     The signals from each of the current transformers 10, 12, 14, 16 are supplied to, and each rectified, in a respective modified full wave rectifier 18, 20, 22, 24. FIG. 1a illustrates one of the modified full wave rectifiers 18 which is exemplary of each rectifier 18, 20, 22, 24. The signal from a current transformer is supplied to the input terminals 26, 28 of the rectifier. The signal then undergoes a full wave rectification provided by the four diodes 30, 32, 34, 36 to provide a power source at a supply terminal 38, a first signal at a first signal terminal 40a, and a second signal at a second signal terminal 42a. 
     The terminal 40a is located at the junction between the series connected diode 32 and a resistor 44, and the terminal 42a is located at the junction between the series connected diode 34 and a resistor 46. The resistors 44, 46 are located between a reference voltage 48 and their respective terminals 40a, 42a. Accordingly, when a signal from a current transformer is in its positive voltage range and produces a positive potential at terminal 26, a positive signal representative of the positive voltage range is produced at the terminal 40a. Conversely, when a signal from a current transformer is in its negative voltage range and produces a positive potential at terminal 28, a positive signal representative of the negative voltage range is produced at the terminal 42a. These positive signals from the terminals 40a, 42a of the modified full wave rectifiers 18, 20, 22, 24 are supplied to the circuitry of FIGS. 2 and 3. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 illustrates two amplifiers 50, 52 for summing and amplifying the negative signals from the terminals 40a-d (FIG. 1) before they reach a sampling terminal 54, and summing and amplifying the positive signals from the terminals 42a-d before they reach a sampling terminal 56. The signals provided at terminals 54, 56 can then be supplied to a microprocessor for purposes of further analysis and decision making by the microprocessor. 
     Amplifiers 50, 52 each include a respective operational amplifier 58, 60, a respective pair of feedback resistors 62a-b, 64a-b, and a respective switch 66, 68. Each of the negative signals from the terminals 40a-d are coupled to the operational amplifier 58 through an input resistor 70, 72, 74, 76, and each of the positive signals from the terminals 42a-d are coupled to the operational amplifier 60 through an input resistor 78, 80, 82, 84. This arrangement sums and amplifies the group of negative signals associated with the positive voltage range of the signal from the current transformers 10, 12, 14, 16, and also sums and amplifies the group of negative signals associated with the negative voltage range of the signal from the current transformers 10, 12, 14, 16. 
     The respective pairs of feedback resistors 62a-b, 64a-b cooperate with switches 66, 68 to allow the gain of the amplifiers 50, 52 to be switched between two levels depending on the signal required at the sampling terminals 54, 56 for the microprocessor. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, FIG. 2 illustrates four amplifiers 86, 88, 90, 92 for summing and amplifying the signals from the terminals 40a-d, 42a-d of each modified full wave rectifier 18, 20, 22, 24. The summation of these signals is then supplied to respective sampling terminals 94, 96, 98, 100 which can be coupled to a microprocessor which utilizes the signals for further analysis and decision making. The signals from the sampling terminals 94, 96, 98, 100 can also be supplied to and utilized by an analog circuit. (See discussion below.) 
     Amplifier 86, 88, 90, 92 each include a respective operational amplifier 102, 104, 106,,108, a respective pair of feedback resistors 110, 112, 114, 116, and a respective switch 118, 120, 122, 124. For each rectifier 18, 20, 22, 24, the negative signals from its terminals 40a-d, 42a-d are coupled to the respective operational amplifier 102, 104, 106, 108 through an input resistor 126a-d, 127a-d. This arrangement sums and amplifies the negative signals associated with the positive and negative voltage ranges of the signal from the current transformers 10, 12, 14, 16. 
     The respective pairs of feedback resistors 110, 112, 114, 116 coorporate switches 118, 120, 122, 124 to allow the gain of amplifiers 86, 88, 90, 92 to be switched between two levels depending on the signal required at the sampling terminals 94, 96, 98, 100 for the microprocessor and analog circuit. 
     In providing a signal to the sampling terminal 128, the four signals from the sampling terminals 94, 96, 98, 100 are combined through respective pairs of OR gates 130, 132 (FIG. 2) such that the resulting signal is the largest of the four signals applied to the gates 130, 132. The resulting signal is applied to a switch 134 and resistor 136 such that the signal is applied to the resistor 136 when the switches 118, 120, 122, 124, 134 are open and the gain of the amplifiers 86, 88, 90, 92 is at the highest of their two levels. 
     By way of example, the above-described circuit may be used in a trip unit for a circuit breaker. (A trip unit of this general type is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,625.) As previously discussed, signals from amplifiers 50, 52, 86, 88, 90, 92 can be supplied to the microprocessor of a trip unit. Based upon these signals, the microprocessor can supply a signal which causes the circuit breaker to trip. The signals from amplifiers 86, 88, 90, 92 can also be applied to an overriding analog comparator circuit wherein the largest of the signals is compared with a predetermined limit. When the signals fall outside of the predetermined limit the circuit causes the circuit breaker to trip. Under certain conditions such as a short circuit, the overriding analog circuit is necessary since many microprocessors are too slow to cause the circuit breaker to trip in time to prevent damage to the circuit being protected. 
     While one embodiment of a current measuring apparatus has been shown and described in detail herein, various other changes and modifications may be made to adapt the assembly for use in various articles. For example, the specific configuration of the circuit could be modified to function with more or less than three phases of current. The apparatus could also be used with devices other than circuit breaker trip units.