Abstract:
A hydrodynamic impulse waterwheel turbine designed to exploit the head of watercourses. The waterwheel is contained within a wheel well mass housing enclosure, which maintains half of said waterwheel out of the water stream, wherein a multiplicity of interlocking inner wheels, with a novel designed of multifaceted cells, uniformly spaced within the periphery and the interior of said waterwheel, will turn in relationship to the waterwheel axis, presenting a new facet of the cell to the incoming water flow as it turns, increasing their efficiency exponentially, referred to as the actual water inflow rate to the plant per unit of time and the actual available head. The space between the cells is maintained vertically and horizontally but the location of the cells are offset in relationship to the cell immediately in front, allowing the free flow of the water throughout the waterwheel maintaining the waterwheel turning at the same velocity of the water stream.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Not Applicable. 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable. 
       INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
       [0003]    Two copies submitted of the drawings in PDF format to facilitate reproduction without loss of fidelity. This substitute specification includes no new matter in compliance with 37 CFR 121(b)(3). 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    1 Field of Invention 
         [0005]    The present invention relates to a waterwheel turbine for hydropower generation utilizing the head of a watercourse. This waterwheel is characterized by operating immersed within the watercourse with a horizontal wheel shaft and a multiplicity of cells uniformly spaced within the periphery and the interior of said waterwheel. These cells are open at each lateral side, with adequate space maintained horizontally and vertically from each other allowing for the adequate filling and discharge of water. 
         [0006]    2. Background 
         [0007]    Waterwheels have been used as water movers or for the generation of mechanical power for many years with many limitations of use due to the unsuitability of many watercourses for hydroelectric production. The commercialization of hydropower has been limited with the logical dependability of fossil fuel for commercial generating electricity. This has limited the study and improvements of mass producing hydrological systems and with it, waterwheels and water turbines. 
         [0008]    Waterwheels and water turbines by definition, is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical energy, where the kinetic energy of the flowing water is exploited in appropriately formed buckets, or cell walls. Waterwheels can be categorized as an impulse or reaction type. 
         [0009]    Improvement achieved in waterwheel turbines have been limited to shape and the efficiency of the cell design. The most significant of these improvements has been the Pelton Wheel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,897, maximizing the efficiency of the peripheral surface of the water wheel, by reducing the water loss from a cell before it has fully traversed the water head, for which the virtual center of gravity of the water filling the cell attains a level which is as low as possible beneath that of the inflow and discharge opening. 
         [0010]    This invention departs from any previous efforts which have been dedicated of exploiting kinetic energy where the water stream is directed to the peripheral surface of the waterwheel. This novel approach is by immersing the waterwheel directly into the watercourse and expanding the locations of the cells throughout the full body of the wheel rather than limiting the effectiveness of the wheel to its peripheral surface. 
         [0011]    The purpose of this invention is therefore, by specially designing a waterwheel turbine, to increase its efficiency as to allow its uses for the harvesting of kinetic energy in watercourses where the low available water head has limited its commercial use, without having considerable impact in the environment and overcoming technological limitations which in the past has not permitted positive results. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    It is the specific object of the invention to overcome the drawbacks which has prevented the utilization of the waterwheel turbine functioning at the maximum radial capacity while immersed in the watercourse, or using its properties in the watercourses where hydrological factors of high or low head, limit the harvesting of kinetic energy by proposing a novel Hydrokinetic Transport Wheel (HKT-Wheel) able to function satisfactorily under the new conditions of use defined. 
         [0013]    In the pursuit of this purpose, the invention relates to a HKT-Wheel which comprises a waterwheel contained within a wheel well mass housing enclosure, which maintains half of said waterwheel ineffective when a multiplicity of specially designed multifaceted cell, traverse the orbital rotation axis, becoming engaged in the opposite direction of the water flow. 
         [0014]    The HKT-wheel comprises a multiplicity of interlocking inner wheels, with a novel designed of multifaceted cells, uniformly spaced within the periphery and the interior of said waterwheel, will turn in relationship to the waterwheel axis, presenting a new facet of the cell to the incoming water flow as it turns, increasing the efficiency exponentially, referred to as the actual water inflow rate to the plant per unit of time and the actual available head. The space between the cells is maintained vertically and horizontally but the location of the cells are offset in relationship to the cell immediately in front, allowing the free flow of the water throughout the waterwheel maintaining the waterwheel turning at the same velocity of the water stream. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    The following description of the main component parts and the mechanical explanation of the invention will be made by way of explanation with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the sequence of the presentation of the drawings deviate from the numerical sequence established. The reason for this deviation is due the fact that this unique submersible wheel turbine design, was conceived during the development of a green energy hydroelectric plant, the Controlled Momentum Hydro-electric System, COMHES, subject of a separate patent application to which the HKT-Wheel is a component part of the system. The description of the COMHES as it is influenced by the HKT-Wheel will be made further in the explanation. The HKT-Wheel embodiment has been submitted under a separate patent due to is influenced in multiple applications in the hydrological field including low to medium head river flow, and the harvesting of kinetic energy from ocean currents. Therefore, primary emphasis has been placed to establish the attributes of the HKT-Wheel as a separate, distinct embodiment; however, when reviewed in the overall conceptual application of the wheel, the COMHES application serves to better understand the hydromechanics of the wheel and the possible scenarios for further application. 
         [0016]    The explanation will follow the drawings, wherein each drawing, when required, will identify a distinct embodiment of electrical, mechanical nature constructed or installed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, distinguished by sequenced letters. 
         [0017]    There is a total of eight Drawings related to this patent application” 
         [0018]    a.  FIG. 3  is a fully assembled HKT-Wheel. 
         [0019]    b.  FIG. 4  is view having portions broken away and enlarged for detail and components identification of a typical HKT-Wheel turbine according to the teaching of the invention; 
         [0020]    c.  FIG. 2  is a plan view of the complete component of the HKT-Wheel in its operational configuration. 
         [0021]    c.  FIG. 5  is a cross section view showing the HKT-Wheel turbine with all its operational components in an operational hydrodynamic plant. 
         [0022]    d.  FIG. 6  is a longitudinal section showing the water flow through the HKT-Wheel of an application of a typical HKT-Wheel turbine. 
         [0023]    e.  FIG. 1  is a full perspective sectional plan view (Bird&#39; eye View) of an application of a typical HKT-Wheel turbine; 
         [0024]    f.  FIG. 1A  is a top plan view (Bird&#39; eye View) of a fully configured operational hydrodynamic plant using the HKT-Wheel turbine. 
         [0025]    g. The Figures illustrated in the cover page present a completed COMHES fully operational incorporating a multiplicity of HKT-Wheels 
         [0026]    According to the invention, the HKT-Wheel,  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , comprises a plurality of independent wheels of light metal/steel/alloy carbon free/heat treated, corrosion resistant, or composite material. These independent KU-Wheels will be arrange-able in multiple configurations, including dimensions, length and height. 
         [0027]    To avoid confusion as to the subject under explanation due to the interrelated mechanics of the components, the following interpretation should be given:
       a. HKT-Wheel=the complete wheel fully assembled with each designed number of interlocking wheels and kinetic drivers.   b. Independent HKT-Wheel=mechanical designed features that allow two or more independent elements to lock each other in a predetermine position, as to become one entity for a designed purpose.   c. Kinetic drivers=cells or drawers shape devices designed to harvest the kinetic energy.   d. Concentric=describes circles and spheres of different sizes with the same middle point, or common axis, or center line.       
 
         [0032]    These independent HKT-Wheels,  FIG. 4 , will be connected to each other by fixed locking pins, ( FIG. 4  C), to matching locking pin holes, ( FIG. 4  B), positioned in a plurality of concentric, compression stress absorbing, radial ring body members, ( FIG. 4  E). 
         [0033]    The number of compression stress absorbing, radial ring body members will be determined by the size of the wheel and the number of rows of kinetic drivers the independent HKT-Wheels will have. Therefore, each independent HKT-Wheel can have from a singularity to of radial rings in accordance with capacity designed factors. The Location of each radial ring will indicate the location of the ring of kinetic drivers. 
         [0034]    The constructions of these independent turbine wheels will be of light metal/steel/alloy carbon free/heat treated, corrosion resistant, or composite material. 
         [0035]    Wherein these concentric, compressive stress absorbing, radial ring body members, will be connected by a plurality of spokes, ( FIG. 4  G), radiating from the wheel main hub, ( FIG. 4  H), traversing through the radial rings to the periphery of the HKT-Wheel, supplying support to the kinetic cells distributed throughout the wheel. These kinetic cells shall be referred herein forward as kinetic drivers. 
         [0036]    Wherein a plurality of interlocking X shape, stress-proof, round bars, ( FIG. 4  M), will provide lateral support between the spokes. The rigid structured, will be capable of withstanding the extended exposure to the hydrodynamic forces of roll, pitch, jaw and dynamic pressure of the circulating water, transferring all stresses toward the core and center of the wheel. 
         [0037]    Wherein each independent wheel has a common axis of rotation and common main axle drive, ( FIG. 4  L). 
         [0038]    Wherein these independent wheels are locked into the main shaft as the wheel is slipped through a plurality of hub key slot designed into the wheel, ( FIG. 4  I), into a plurality of driveshaft key designed into the shaft, ( FIG. 4  J), held in place by wheel hub locking rings positioned at each end of the wheels, ( FIG. 4  K). 
         [0039]    Wherein the conventional waterwheel is a two-dimensional water-foil, most are of run of the river systems, of solid construction and limited to 45 degrees of radial performance. In the case of the Pelton Wheel, nozzles direct forceful streams of water against a series of spoon-shaped buckets mounted around the edge of a wheel. As water flows into the bucket, the direction of the water velocity changes to follow the contour of the bucket. When the water-jet contacts the bucket, the water exerts pressure on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a “u-turn” and flows out the other side of the bucket at low velocity. In the process, the water&#39;s momentum is transferred to the turbine. However, the performance of the buckets is limited to the water jet impact in the peripheral area. 
         [0040]    Wherein the HKT-Wheel according to the invention, the harvesting of the kinetic energy will be substantially increased by using the full periphery of the 180 degree of the waterwheel incident flow and allowing the water to flow through the waterwheel and distribute the water pressure over the plurality of multifaceted kinetic drivers. 
         [0041]    Wherein these independent HKT-Wheels carrying one or more multifaceted, open ended kinetic drivers,  FIG. 4 , with a designed space between each other, wherein the designed space between the multifaceted kinetic drivers is maintained vertically and horizontally. This is achieved by changing the location of the kinetic drivers in the second and subsequent rows, in relationship with the kinetic driver immediately in front so as to be offset one half of its length. Mentioned offset will allow locating the kinetic driver following in the next row, in the middle of the space opening between the two kinetic drivers immediately in front. This relationship can be observed if reviewed in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  by observing the offsetting of the kinetic drivers in two adjacent HKT-Wheels. 
         [0042]    Wherein these multifaceted kinetic drivers are distributed wall-to-wall occupying the peripheral annulus of the water stream, if observed from an angle paralleled to the flow of rotation, the second and subsequent rows of kinetic drivers are placed in the open space of the row in front, eliminating all dead interstitial segments which could limit the transportable water volumes, or where kinetic drivers are not located. This designed increases exponentially the torque created by the efficiency of the kinetic energy recovered in the water stream by the higher number of kinetic drivers added on each ream in the radial direction, perpendicular to the water flow. Higher kinetic drivers in the radial direction mean a greater reduction of the needed head without the loss of potentially recoverable kinetic energy. 
         [0043]    A significant attribute of the kinetic drivers is the different capabilities available according to the amount of torque needed to achieve design electric output production parameters. A larger separation will allow for larger size of the wheel requiring larger torque. A larger separation will prevent the increase of drag allowing better water flow though the wheel. The same purpose will be achieved by reducing the water head and reducing proportionally the separation of the kinetic drivers. 
         [0044]    Contrary to traditional waterwheel designs which requires a closed cell to achieve maximum efficiency, in the KTT-Wheel completely closed cells will be detrimental creating unwanted drag restricting the rotational path. However, due to the design, a new kinetic driver side within the same fixed location engages the water flow, imparting a continued reaction impulse to the waterwheel, making a substantial contribution to the total torque. The high efficiency of the illustrated waterwheel turbine in exploiting the potential energy of the watercourse is appreciably supplemented by additionally utilizing the impulse energy of the water as it enters and leaves the waterwheel. Of decisive importance for this is that the entrance and exits points of the water can be precisely controlled as the wheel rotates. This can only be done with cells that are open. 
         [0045]    The invention exploits the normal properties of water, consistent with Bernoulli&#39;s principle which concluded, that pressure and velocity are inversely related, in other words, as one increases, the other decreases; and states that for all changes in movement, the sum of static and dynamic pressure in a fluid remains the same. Due to the Venturi effect in the reduction in fluid pressure that will result as the water flow is constricted by the reduced space between the kinetic drivers, the fluid velocity will increase to satisfy the equation of continuity, while the water pressure will decrease due to the conservation of energy, the gain in kinetic energy will be balanced by the drop in pressure or pressure gradient force. 
         [0046]    Wherein common waterwheels designs avoid the natural behavior of fluids while immerse, or the form drag. The form of an object in fluids mechanics is defined by its shape. The shape of an object located in some space is the part of that space occupied by the object, as determined by its external boundary abstracting from other properties such as material composition, as well as from the object&#39;s other spatial properties, such as position and orientation in space. Therefore, the fixed location and angle of the cell within the waterwheel, as it traverse the orbital rotation axis, becomes engaged in the opposite direction of the water flow, creating a form drag of opposite force over the axle, at which the performance began to decay. We shall refer to this spatial moment as the point in the waterwheel where the cell becomes a retreating blade. 
         [0047]    In hydrodynamics, angle of attack is used to describe the angle between the chord line and the vector representing the relative motion between the wheel and the water flow. In a typical aerodynamic scenario a wing can have twist, a chord line of the whole wing may not be definable; however, do to the rigidity of the structure of the wheel; a defined line can be used. The chord line of the wheel is chosen as the reference line. 
         [0048]    In the HKT-Wheel the effects of the retrieving blade are neutralized by well wheel mass (F- 5  Q) a cavity or cradle, equally to one half the heights in the design of the wheel, which can be located above or below the wheel. The well wheel mass will be separated from the wheel by different space separation consistent with design capacity factors. In the illustrated example the separation is of just six inches from the wheel. The design will allow the blade to transfer the kinetic energy from the water to the wheel shaft in the 180 degrees effective of the orbital wheel position. It will de-load as it enters the well wheel mass without creating undue friction or pressure on the wheel until the kinetic drivers&#39; moves into position of angle of attack to start again the cycle.  FIGS. 5 and 6  provides a better understanding of the explanation. While  FIG. 6  will be the subject of further discussion below, it illustrate the flow of water through the wheel and  FIG. 4  provides a closer view of the positioning of the kinetic drivers and actual multifaceted shape. 
         [0049]    Nevertheless, the inclusion of the explanation below does not remove the independence of operation of the HKT-Wheel in other watercourses primarily in the harvesting of sea currents/waves energy. The principle described above when applied to water head of low to medium velocities, due to its designed properties, will follow the watercourse flow speed. 
         [0050]    The continuing explanation incorporates the HKT-Wheel in one of the many possible applicable scenarios, where a better understanding can be obtained of the mechanical properties of the HKT-Wheel. Further, additional embodiments will be introduced designed to allow the harvesting of kinetic energy outside the natural environment under especially designed structure where the conditions are artificially controlled. 
         [0051]    This green energy hydroelectric plant named the CONTROLLED MOMENTUM HYDRO-ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (COMHES), is a standalone, self-contained, operated under a controlled environment, with flexible configuration for production of electricity at a large or small scale; more particularly, not dependent on natural watercourses or manmade lakes for the controlled released of water volumes through a slopping channel, or river water channeling, for the generation of necessary water velocities for the production of electricity. By removing the variables and unpredictability of Mother Nature associated with natural watercourses and creating an artificial environment, where the water velocities and water head are parametrically designed, allows for the combination of a multiplicity of HKT-Wheels to receive simultaneous impulse force in a correlated field in motion. 
         [0052]    The COMHES comprises: an enclosed water reservoir, generally, a container, of varied dimensions according to each designed load capacity, of metal or fiber/carbon composite or any other material determined as the interior surface and concrete reinforced construction; containing the necessary water volume for the generation of electricity. This embodiment has been identified as Continuum Dynamics Fluids Tank, or CDFT. The interior floor base will house a plurality of HKT-Wheels which will harvest the kinetic energy created by the acceleration of multiple mechanical devices, converting the kinetic energy to mechanical energy. The velocities will be created by multiple intakes of water and discharge point, number and exact location to be determined according to design, located within the floor of the water reservoir, for the recirculation of the water through centrifugal Turbopumps, essentially forming a venturi. Generally, the intake to be on the back of the trailing edge of the retrieving blade of the HKT-Wheels and the discharge point, located to maximize the angle of attack of the leading edge of the next successive HKT-Wheels along the water stream. The water velocity will be manually controlled; therefore, the conversion to mechanical energy will be proportional to the determined velocity within the water reservoir and directed toward power generators designed with optimum parameters for power generation. By controlling at will the parameters inside the CDFT, it will allow power generators to be interchangeable among systems of similar capacity. This is a significant advantage over existing dams and river designed generators, since they are not interchangeable among similar systems due to each generator manufactured is based on predetermined parameters of dam design or river condition. 
     
    
     
       DRAWING DESCRIPTION 
         [0053]      FIG. 1  is a three dimensional sectional plan view (Bird&#39; eye View) of the COMHES where a better perspective of the location of the HKT-Wheels can be appreciated with the associated embodiments. 
           [0054]      FIG. 1A , COMHES top plan (bird&#39;s eye View) 
           [0055]      FIG. 2 , is a full Plan View of all the embodiments of the COMHES, properly labeled and identified by its designed functions. 
           [0056]      FIG. 3 , Kinetic Transport Wheel 
           [0057]      FIG. 4 , Kinetic Transport Wheel Assembly (Enlarged Detailed View) 
           [0058]      FIG. 5 , is a cross section showing the assembly of a single complete power generating unit. 
           [0059]      FIG. 6 , Longitudinal Section Showing Water Flow. 
           [0060]      FIG. 0  Cover Page, illustrates the COMHES fully completed with a similar illustration of the COMHES under a typical covered, protected environment. 
       
    
    
       [0061]    In the center of the structure in  FIG. 1  can be appreciated a reserved holding tank which will provide the water resupply for the CDFT. 
         [0062]    In the outside walls of the CDFT in  FIG. 1  can be appreciated ten rectangular embodiments indentified in (F- 5  G), as the maintenance chambers. These chambers will allow the retrieval of the HKT-Wheels, when and if necessary, to perform routine maintenance and or replace the whole HKT-Wheel embodiment. In the left side of  FIG. 1  one of the HKT-Wheels is showed retracted for illustration purposes. 
         [0063]    Water resistant doors will be installed on opposite sides of the maintenance chambers (F- 5  F and F- 5  H). 
         [0064]    The HKT-Wheels are installed over a Wheel Well Mass (F- 5  Q), mounted over a three rails system (F- 5  O). When it becomes necessary to perform maintenance on the HKT-Wheels, the complete single operating unit will be turned off. The axle supports (F 5  G) will be retracted into a telescopic assembly installed in the concrete floor of the maintenance chamber. 
         [0065]    When maintenance to a HKT-Wheel becomes necessary, the applicable maintenance chamber will be flooded with water from the reserve tank,  FIG. 1  appearing at the center of the COMHES. When the pressure inside the maintenance chamber and the CDFT is equalized, the inside door of the CDFT, next to the wheel, will be opened. Without affecting the power generating operation of the remaining nine power producing units, or affecting the power generating circulation of the water inside the CDFT, the wheel will be pulled by activating a device which will pull the complete system from the Wheel Well Mass and HKT-Wheel, to the generator, away from the CDFT water stream until the HKT-Wheel is safely inside the maintenance chamber. Once safely inside the maintenance chamber and out of the water flow, the HKT-Wheel will slow down its rotation and the doors will be closed. The vault will be dewatered and emptied and the water returned to the holding tank. The second door of the vault can be opened and the HKT-Wheel removed together with the complete set of operating accompanying equipment. After the intended maintenance purpose has been completed, the reverse procedure is executed. The only action which should be carefully performed is to ease the wheel slowly into the water flow, allowing the slow built up of operational rotation, without exposing the wheel to high dynamic force affecting other components of the system. 
         [0066]    It is envisioned the use of the most advanced fluid flow control equipment available. Available data suggest that five Centrifugal Turbopumps (CTP), (F- 2  M) and  FIG. 1 , will be capable of providing the necessary water velocities needed inside the CDFT for the efficient operation of the system. Currently available in the market are CTPs with the capacity of moving no less than 200,000 gallon per minute (GPM) of circulation, up to five atmospheres (5,000 psi) of pressure. A centrifugal pump works by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy. In the COMHES electric pump will be used, to increase static fluid pressure. This action is described by Bernoulli&#39;s principle. The rotation of the pump impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid as it is drawn in from the impeller eye (centre) and is forced outward through the impeller vanes to the periphery. As the fluid exits the impeller, the fluid kinetic energy (velocity) is then converted to (static) pressure due to the change in area the fluid experiences in the volute section. Typically the volute shape of the pump casing (increasing in volume), or the diffuser vanes (which serve to slow the fluid, converting to kinetic energy in to flow work) are responsible for the energy conversion. The energy conversion results in an increased pressure on the downstream side of the pump, causing flow. A principal advantage of hydraulic power is the high power density (power per unit weight) that can be achieved. They also provide a fixed displacement per revolution and, within mechanical limitations, infinite pressure to move fluids. 
         [0067]    Due to the inability to resist deformation, fluids exert pressure normal any contacting surface. In addition, when the fluid is at rest, that pressure is isotropic, i.e. it acts with equal magnitude in all directions. This characteristic allows fluids to transmit force through the length of pipes or tubes, i.e., a force applied to a fluid in a pipe are transmitted, via the fluid, to the other end of the pipe. Considering a small cube of liquid at rest below a free surface, pressure caused by the height of the liquid above must be balanced by a resisting pressure in this small cube. For an infinitely small cube, or defined like in the instance case of the COMHES, the stress is the same in all directions and liquid weight or equivalent pressure will be equal along the CDFT. The fact that the water in the CDFT is placed in motion by exerting velocity at different sections of the tank, since no outside agent is introduced, except the force to place to the water into motion, the increase in pressure should be negligible. However, as the fluid exits the impeller of the CTP, the fluid kinetic energy (velocity) is then converted to (static) pressure due to the change in area the fluid experiences in the volute section. As the water molecules are accelerated, air bubbles will form increasing the air pressure inside the tank necessitating pressure release valves to compensate for the buildup. 
         [0068]    In existing current dam water storage system it has been established by designed, that the waterwheels/propellers are link directly to the generators, necessitating the controlled release of water volumes of 468,000 gallons per second through a slopping channel to generate the necessary velocities to generate the electricity. Each gallon of water weight 8.35 pounds. Therefore, the water mass when it reaches the propeller blades to spin a generator is equal to 3,907,800 pounds per second. 
         [0069]    The COMHES in accordance with the Figure in the cover page (fully completed) of the current example, is approximately 40 feet wide, 15 feet in height, of approximately 1,200 feet across (of total system diameter). The water mass will be approximately 5, 400,000 gallons or 45,000,000 pounds moving constantly around a circular tube always striking each point simultaneously with the same mass, not necessary needing the high velocity, or losing any water. The effectiveness of the water velocity is directly related to the water mass representative of the determined water volume. 
         [0070]    The needed dynamic head will be achieved by activating all five CTPs at the same time. The momentum imparted on the water by the movement of approximately one million GPM will create four waves of linear direction, as the initial static pressure will built up; however, by Bernoulli&#39;s Principle, the pressure will decrease as the velocity increases. 
         [0071]    To quantify the effect of the impulse impacted by the CTP to the stagnant water inside the tank, we looked at related data of completed studies. The data found establishing the velocity correlation of length and time on the initial particle velocity, was of studies on straight line models. The velocity correlation length was found to increase with the initial particle velocity, following the momentum law. Such effect is likely to be found on circular models as well due to the channeling of high-velocity zones. The results demonstrated that particles keep memory of their initial velocity over longer distances for high initial velocities than for low initial velocities. Two distinct regimes were identified for the velocity correlation time. For low initial particle velocities the correlation time is controlled by the large time needed to escape from the low-velocity zones. For high initial particle velocity it is controlled by the large time needed for particles to sample the whole velocity field, in particular low-velocity zones. One of the consequences of these results is that for such velocity fields, the nonlinear dependence of both the correlation length and time on the particle initial velocity, restricts the use of spatial or temporal assumptions for modeling velocity transitions; therefore, ineffective in circular transport models. 
         [0072]    The HKT-Wheel will be activated the moment the water is placed into motion. When all the time derivatives of a flow field vanish, the flow will be considered to be at the designed flow. 
         [0073]    Significant computational analysis has been made in regards to the hydrodynamic events that should be expected due to the known behavioral propensity of water under different velocities, being some of these, vortex formation, vortex-induced resonance and vortex shedding. 
         [0074]    Since real fluids always present some viscosity (thickness), viscosity describes a fluid&#39;s internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. It should be expected that the water flow around the kinetic drivers will be slowed down while in contact with its surface, forming the so called boundary layer. At some point, however, this boundary layer can separate from the body forming vortices changing the pressure distribution along the surface. When the vortices are not formed symmetrically around the body (with respect to its mid-plane), different lift forces develop on each side of the body, thus leading to motion transverse to the flow. This motion changes the nature of the vortex formation in such a way as to lead to limited motion amplitude. 
         [0075]    Vortex shedding are the most typical to be found in the proposed operation of the invention, which is an unsteady flow that takes place in special flow velocities. Vortex shedding is caused when a fluid flows past the object creating alternating low-pressure vortices on the downstream side of the object. The object will tend to move toward to the low pressure zone. Eventually, if the frequency of vortex shedding matches the resonance frequency of the structure, the structure will begin to resonate and the structure&#39;s movement can become self-sustaining. 
         [0076]    The possibility of this condition has been eliminated by locating the pumps intakes at a designed distance from for the retrieving end of the HKT-Wheels. The intake will be in the floor of the CDFT with an aperture of approximately of five feet in diameter. The water velocity of the intake will create a low pressure below the propeller/wheel due to the suction of the pump impeller. This apparent deflection of the moving water when observed from a rotating reference frame, the Coriolis force appears, along with the centrifugal force. The Coriolis force is proportional to the speed of rotation and the centrifugal force is proportional to its square. The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the object&#39;s speed in the rotating frame. The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame. 
         [0077]    The velocity of the water outside the rotating frame will dissipate any possible vortices formation within the HKT-Wheel and will serve to provide additional torque by also engaging the kinetic drivers of the retreating blades from a vertical direction in forty five degrees perpendicular to the axis. Concurrently, this movement will dissipate any possible resonance because it is unlikely that the concrete floor can vibrate harmonically with the metal frame of the HKT-Wheel. 
         [0078]    In the COMHES, the discharge point has been designed to be parallel to the flow of water,  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 6 , in the middle of the stream of the circulating flow between the next second and third KTT-Wheels. The increased static pressure due to the change in area the fluid experiences in the volute section will increase the pressure on the downstream side of the pump. As it converges with the water flow, the increased velocity is dispersed in a conical shape, expanding in all directions until it reaches the internal walls, creating a new spatial velocity frame. This higher kinetic energy into the water flow will be responsible for the energy conversion velocity of the next two KTT-Wheels. Therefore, one set of pumps provide the necessary water head speed for the operation of two propellers/wheels. 
         [0079]    The rest of the explanation continues with the rest of the components of the COMHES. Outside the metal vault, as an added auxiliary device, designed to use the rotation of the main shaft as the main drive source and connected through a mechanical drive, it is envisioned the installation of an electromagnetic generator, (F- 5  J) and (F- 2  P), to power primary and secondary equipment of the COMHES, primarily, the Centrifugal Turbopump(s) of the embodiment. 
         [0080]    Attached to the main driveshaft, a step-up gear system, (F- 5  K) and (F- 2  Q), will be installed. Currently in operation, step-gears designed for wind turbine generators with an input shaft speed, rpm of 47, 32 can achieve an out shaft speed of 1,500 rpm. The factors are expected to be improved with the COMHES principle, do to consistencies on input shaft speed and reliable water velocities inside the CDFT. 
         [0081]    Conventional hydroelectric turbines are very effective when they turn at their speed of design under a determined water head, and under design load. Their effectiveness falls quickly when moved away from one or more of these 3 conditions. Each conventional turbine is designed and built specifically for a dam according to these 3 conditions, and it cannot be inter-changed with other hydroelectric power stations. In the COMHES, since the speed of the water is determined by choice and the water head predetermined within the tank, precise load factors can be predicted for final wheel design, which will determine the final load factors for the turbines. Therefore, each turbine can be designed with maximum efficiency and interchangeable between each system of similar capacity load. 
         [0082]    Conceptually represented (F- 2  Q) and  FIG. 1 , the step-up gears divide the input shaft speed into two operational generators. Preliminaries studies suggest that, since the water speed inside the CDFT can be increased or decreased at will, by design parameters, the main drive shaft will be able to drive a series of multiple step-up gears increasing exponentially the generating capacity. 
         [0083]    Connected to the output driveshaft of the step-up gear, there will be the power turbine generators  FIG. 1 , (F- 2  R) and (F- 5  M), with a rated capacity according to the COMHES design. Since minimum down time is anticipated, for planning purposes, a conservative model of a 90% capacity factor is expected. 
         [0084]    Many limitations exist in the presentation of an invention since the laws tends to restricts rather than anticipate possible improvements and deviations from a concept. The present invention has been illustrated by the description of exemplary processes and system components, and while the various processes and components have been described in considerable detail, it has not being the intention of the application in any way to limit the scope of the appended claims to such details as to preclude any additional advantages and modifications which may also readily appear to those ordinarily skilled in the art. The invention in its broadest aspects is therefore, not limited to the specific details, implementations, or illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of applicant&#39;s general inventive concept. 
         [0000]    Field-Of-Classification-Search: 60/398,413, 495, 496, 497, 500, 501; 505, 506; 290/1R, 42, 43, 52, 53, 54, 55; 322/7, 24, 28, 37, 44; 307/31, 18, 2, 26; 310/113; 415/1, 2A, 116, 206, 906; 405/78 416/1, 64, 79, 80, 90R, 131, 182, 186R, 198R, 223A, 223B, 223R, 229R, 232, 243, 248; 417/100, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334; 428/158; 337; 
       Patents Researched 
       [0085]    All these patents were researched during a visit to the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Jun. 3, 2009. Since the short period others have been researched to identify features which could make the granting of the patent requested an infringement of said patent. Patents issued on this subject of waterwheels have been related to the improvement of the peripheral area like the Pelton Wheel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,897, where it maximized the efficiency of the peripheral surface of the water wheel, by reducing the water loss from a cell before it has fully traversed the water head, for which the virtual center of gravity of the water filling the cell attains a level which is as low as possible beneath that of the inflow and discharge opening. None of the prior patents have approached the harvesting of the kinetic energy in the manner herein discussed. Other areas researched include the efforts to harvest the kinetic energy of sea currents and surface wave and the researched included herein below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 7,503,744 
                 6,956,300 
                 6,210,113 
               
               
                 March 2009 
                 October 2005 
                 April 2001 
               
               
                 Broome 
                 Gizara 
                 Ihrenberger 
               
               
                 415/3.1; 415/151; 415/4.1 
                 290/42, 43, 44, 53, 54; 60/398 
                 416/116, 197A; 415/3.1, 415/6, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 141, 906 
               
               
                 5440175 
                 4519742 
               
               
                 August 1995 
                 May 1985 
               
               
                 Mayo, Jr., et al. 
                 Van Buytene 
               
               
                 290/53, 54; 415/3.1, 202, 
                 415/7, 906; 416/85, 101, 87 
               
               
                 415/906; 416/197A 
               
               
                 1,509,653 
                 3,797,965 
                 3,962,506 
               
               
                 September 1924 
                 March 1974 
                 June1976 
               
               
                 Kaplan 
                 Tonooka et al. 
                 Dunahoo 
               
               
                 416/248 
                 416/186R 
                 428/158 
               
               
                 4,479,757 
                 4,519,746 
                 5,352,092 
               
               
                 October 1984 
                 May 1985 
                 October 1994 
               
               
                 Holmes et al. 
                 Wainauski 
                 Ferleger et al. 
               
               
                 416/186R 
                 N/A 
                 416/223A 
               
               
                 5,480,285 
                 6,068,446 
                 6,155,783 
               
               
                 January 1996 
                 May 2000 
                 December 2000 
               
               
                 Patel et al. 
                 Tangler 
                 Beyer 
               
               
                 416/223A 
                 N/A 
                 416/90R 
               
               
                 4,781,023 
                 6,849,963 
                 6,945,042 
               
               
                 November 1988 
                 February 2005 
                 September 2005 
               
               
                 Gordon 
                 Grinsted, et al. 
                 Walckner 
               
               
                 60/398, 505, 506 
                 290/42, 43, 53, 54 
                 60/495, 496 
               
               
                 7,560,906 
                 7,239,035 
                 4,055,950 
               
               
                 July 2009 
                 July 2009 
                 November 1977 
               
               
                 Liu, et al. 
                 Garces, et al. 
                 Grossman 
               
               
                 322/7, 44 
                 290/43, 54 
                 60/398; 290/55; 417/334 
               
               
                 4,321,475 
                 6,861,766 
                 6,097,104 
               
               
                 March 1982 
                 March 2005 
                 August 2000 
               
               
                 Grub 
                 Rembert 
                 Russel 
               
               
                 290/52; 60/398; 60/413 
                 290/43; 290/54; 60/398 
                 290/1R, 54, 55 
               
               
                 4,465,941 
                 7,311,496 
                 4,915,584 
               
               
                 August 1984 
                 December 2007 
                 April 1990 
               
               
                 Wilson, et al. 
                 Stenbrecher 
                 Kashubara 
               
               
                 290/42, 43, 53, 54 
                 415/906; 416/1, 79, 131 
                 416/64; 416/80 
               
               
                 4,210,821 
                 4,022,549 
                 6,995,479 
               
               
                 July 1980 
                 May 1977 
                 February 2006 
               
               
                 Cockerell 
                 Gregg 
                 Tharp 
               
               
                 90/53, 54; 417/332; 
                 417/100, 330; 
                 290/54, 290/43, 310/54 
               
               
                 60/398, 500, 505 
                 60/398 
               
               
                 5,592,039 
                 6,109,863 
                 6,239,505 
               
               
                 January 1997 
                 August 2000 
                 May 2001 
               
               
                 Guardiani 
                 Milliken 
                 Kao 
               
               
                 310/113 
                 415/1 
                 290/42, 52, 53, 54 
               
               
                 2,783,392 
                 4,130,399 
                 4,311,410 
               
               
                 February 1957 
                 December 1978 
                 January 1982 
               
               
                 Corbiere 
                 Amminger 
                 Atencio 
               
               
                 290/52 
                 415/116 
                 405/78 
               
               
                 4,367,890 
                 4,780,051 
                 4,781,523 
               
               
                 January 1983 
                 October 1988 
                 November 1988 
               
               
                 Spirk 
                 Fisher, Jr. 
                 Aylor 
               
               
                 290/52 
                 415/116 
                 415/2A 
               
               
                 5,780,935 
                 4,165,467 
                 2,949,540 
               
               
                 July 1998 
                 August 1979 
                 August 1960 
               
               
                 Kao 
                 Atencio 
                 Clayton 
               
               
                 290/52 
                 290/52 
                 290/40