Abstract:
Production of diesel oil from hydrocarbon-containing residues in an oil circuit with solids separation and product distillation for the diesel product with energy input by means of pumps and counterrotating agitators and by the use of fully crystallized catalysts of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium-aluminum silicates, where all surfaces are cleaned continuously by the agitator mechanisms.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention comprises a process and a device for the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon molecules at temperatures of 300-400° C. using alkali-doped aluminum silicates as catalyst, where the energy input is provided primarily by a combination of pumps and agitators, which are connected to a separation tank for the separation of mineral contaminants. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Catalytic depolymerization using a special catalyst consisting of sodium-doped aluminum silicate is known from DE 100 49 377. With the use of this catalyst, the hydrocarbon-containing residue is cracked into diesel oil and gasoline. The heat required to produce the energy for cracking, the energy required to evaporate the cracked hydrocarbons in the form of diesel oil and gasoline, and the energy for the initial heating phase and also the heat required to make up for losses are supplied in this case by heating through the wall. 
     The disadvantage of this process is that, because of the wall, the heating temperature must be higher than the reaction temperature. As a result, a certain amount of reaction coke is always formed. When the temperature of the wall increases relative to the temperature of the reaction mixture, that is, when a certain production output is to be obtained, the amount of coke will also increase. 
     This reaction coke now reacts with the sodium-doped aluminum silicate to form a nonreactive residue, which contaminates the system and brings the reaction to a standstill. This reaction mixture of catalyst and reaction coke interacts with the wall of the device, forming a hard residue, and a great deal of effort is required to clean it off during the scheduled maintenance intervals. 
     An economical process is therefore impossible to obtain by heating the wall intensively, that is, by attempting to supply heat actively by conducting it through the wall. The lower thermal conductivity of the reaction oil in the circuit results in a greater temperature difference between the heating located externally on the wall and the reaction in the oil, which the cracking energy (depolymerization), the evaporation energy, and the heating energy require. 
     If there is only waste oil and tars in the oil circuit, approximately 0.4 kWh of energy is required per kg of evaporated diesel for cracking, for evaporation, and for raising the temperature from the inlet temperature of 250° C. to the reaction temperature of 390° C. When plastics are added to the feedstock, the energy requirement is almost twice as high, because these materials are loaded cold and extra energy is required to melt them. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A surprising heat input process and a suitable catalyst have now been discovered, which completely avoid these disadvantages. The system does not transport heat through the wall but rather releases the heat directly in the reaction system. 
     The energy is supplied by a system consisting of a pump and a counterrotating agitator or mechanical stirrer system, followed by separation of the diesel oil vapor in a high-speed hydrocyclone. The agitator systems also serve to clean all of the surfaces in the circuit. 
     The catalyst is also a new development. The doping of a fully crystallized Y molecule with sodium was found to be optimal only for plastics, bitumen, and waste oils. For biological feedstock such as grease and biological oils, doping with calcium was found to be optimal. For the reaction with wood, doping with magnesium is necessary to produce high-quality diesel oil. For the highly halogenated compounds such as transformer oil and PVC, it is necessary to dope with potassium. 
     The product of the system is diesel oil, because the product discharge from the circuit at 300-400° C. leaves no other lighter products behind in the system. 10% of this product is used to generate the process energies in the form of electric current in a power-generating unit. The advantage of this energy conversion is the simultaneous solution of the problem of what to do with the small amounts of gas which form in the system: this gas is added to the feed air, and the thermal energy of the exhaust gases of the power generator is used to predry and to preheat the feedstock. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       The sole FIGURE is a diagram of the process according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to the FIGURE, the pump  1  has a suction side  2  provided with a feed hopper  3  and a connection to the circulating oil line  4 . A pressure line  5  on the output side of the pump leads tangentially into the agitation tank  6 . An agitator  7 , driven by the electric motor  8  and rotating in the direction opposite the tangential arrival of the feedstock, is provided in the tank  6 . The agitator  7  is also provided with upward-pointing cleaning arms, which pass over the entire surface of the agitation tank. 
     The agitation tank  6  is connected by a connecting pipeline  9  to a hydrocyclone  10 . An automatic control valve  11 , which regulates the pressure in the downstream apparatus, is installed in this connecting pipeline. In a special embodiment, an additional pump is provided in this line; this pump is controlled as a function of pressure by way of a frequency converter along with the pump  1 . The hydrocyclone  10  has in its interior a venturi nozzle  12  resting against the inside wall, which also lowers the remaining excess pressure and amplifies the separation effect. 
     Above the hydrocyclone  10  there is a safety tank  13 , which has an automatic level control device  14  with an oil level meter  15 . An agitator mechanism  30  is mounted on the safety tank  13 ; this agitator is driven by an electric motor  31  and has cleaning arms in the lower part of the safety tank  13 , for the cyclone, and in the tank underneath the cyclone. 
     From one side of the safety tank  13 , the product vapor line  16 , which carries the diesel vapor produced, leads to the distillation unit  17  with the condenser  26 . The condenser  26  is a water-cooled condenser of the bundled-tube type, the water being recycled through the coolant circuit. 
     Any water which may have formed is separated in the forward part of the condenser  26 . This is discharged separately with the help of a conductivity sensor and an automatically controlled drain valve, with the result that no water is present in the product. The diesel product is conducted away at the top of the column through the upper discharge port. The quality of the diesel oil is automatically controlled via the reflux line by appropriate adjustment of the reflux rate. 
     The reflux line has a connection to the diesel supply tank of the power generator  27 , which supplies the system with current. This generator consumes approximately 10% of the produced diesel oil to generate the power required by the plant itself, and the exhaust gas of the generator also provides the heat used to predry and to preheat the oils. 
     All the tanks are equipped with external electrical heating units to facilitate the heat-up phase. Underneath the hydrocyclone  10  there is the separation tank  18  with its slanted plates  19 , which ensure the separation of the constituents of the feedstock which cannot be converted to diesel oil. 
     This separation tank  18  is connected to the suction pipe  2 . At the bottom of the separation tank  18  there is a temperature sensor  25 , which puts the discharge screw  20  into operation when the temperature at the temperature sensor  25  falls below a certain limit value as a result of the insulating effect of the residues. 
     The discharge screw  20  has a filter section  21  within the tank  18 , which allows the liquid components to flow back through the filter screen  22  into the separation tank  18 , and an electrically heated low-temperature carbonization section  23  outside the separation tank  18 , which allows the remaining oil fractions to evaporate from the press cake. For this purpose, provisions are made to increase the temperature to as high as 600° C. The oil vapors escaping from the low-temperature carbonization conveyor section  23  pass through the vapor line  24  and thus arrive in the safety tank  13 . 
     The invention is explained in greater detail below on the basis of an exemplary embodiment. A rotary pump  1  with a drive power of 200 kW conveys feed oil at a rate of 5,000 L/h from a suction line  2  and 600 kg of residues in the form of waste oil and bitumen at a total rate of 5,600 L/h from the material feeder  3  into the pressure line  5 , which leads tangentially into the agitation tank  6  with a diameter of 1,400 mm. An agitator  7 , which rotates in the opposite direction, is installed in the tank and is driven by the 40 kW electric motor  8 . The agitator  7  also has upward-extending cleaning arms, which pass over the entire surface of the agitation tank, that is, both the lower part of the agitation tank with a diameter of 1,400 mm and also the upper part with a diameter of 500 mm. 
     The agitation tank  6  is connected by a connecting pipeline  9  with a diameter of 200 mm to a hydrocyclone  10 . An automatic control valve  11  is installed in the connecting line to regulate the pressure in the downline apparatus. The hydrocyclone  10  has a diameter of 1,000 mm, and in its interior it has a venturi nozzle  12  positioned on the inside wall with a narrowest cross section of 100×200 mm, which also lowers the remaining excess pressure and increases the separation effect. 
     A safety tank  13  with a diameter of 2,000 mm and an automatic level control device  14  connected to an oil level meter  15  are installed above the hydrocyclone. An agitator is mounted to the safety tank  13 ; this agitator is driven by a 10 kW electric motor and has cleaning arms for the lower part of the safety tank  13 , the cyclone  10 , and the separation tank  18  situated underneath the cyclone. 
     To the side of the safety tank  13 , the product vapor line  16  for the diesel vapor produced leads to the distillation unit  17  with a column diameter of 500 mm. All tanks are equipped with external electric heating with a total output of 50 kW to facilitate the heat-up phase. 
     Underneath the hydrocyclone  10  is the separation tank  18  with a diameter of 2,000 mm. This tank has slanted disks  19 , which ensure the separation of the constituents of the feedstock which cannot be converted to diesel oil. This separation tank  18  is connected to the suction pipe  2 , which has a diameter of 200 mm. A temperature sensor  25 , which puts the discharge screw  20  into operation when the temperature has fallen below a certain limit value as a result of the insulating effect of the residues, is installed at the bottom of the separation tank  18 . 
     The discharge screw  20 , which has a diameter of 80 mm and a delivery rate of 10-20 kg/h, has a filter section  21  within the tank, which allows the liquid components to flow back through the filter screen  22  into the separation tank  18 , and an electrically heated low-temperature carbonization section  23  outside the separation tank  18  with a heating power of 45 kW, which allows the remaining oil fractions to evaporate from the press cake. For this purpose, provisions are made to increase the temperature to 600° C. The oil vapors escaping from the low-temperature carbonization screw  23  pass through the vapor line  24  and arrive in the safety tank  13 . 
     The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of the disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages, and specific objects attained by its use, reference should be had to the drawing and descriptive matter in which there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention.