Abstract:
A pedal system containing a right foot pedal, a left foot pedal and a motion inverter mechanism. The right foot pedal is moveable from a right foot pedal neutral position to a depressed acceleration position. The left foot pedal is moveable from a left foot pedal neutral position to a depressed braking position. The motion inverter mechanism operatively couples to the right and left foot pedals, for movement of the right foot pedal or the left foot pedal in an opposite direction to a raised position upon depression of the other of the right foot pedal or the left foot pedal. Also disclosed is a method of preventing concurrent depression of the gas and brake pedal. The pedal system disclosed can allow left foot braking and can also prevent concurrent depression of the gas and brake pedals, and hence, avoid stalling an automobile. The pedal system may also be installed with “drive by wire” type automobiles.

Description:
[0001]    The present application is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 13/576,678, filed Aug. 2, 2012, which is hereby entirely incorporated by reference and claims priority from previously filed PCT Application PCT/CA11/50064 filed on Feb. 3, 2011 under the title Pedal System and Canadian Patent Application no. 2,692,106 filed Feb. 3, 2010 under the title VEHICLE PEDAL SYSTEM both by Constantin Alexandru Dumitrescu. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    Some example embodiments relate to a pedal system that can be used in an automobile. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Automobiles have at least two pedals for speed modulation: the gas pedal for acceleration and the brake pedal for decelerating and stopping the vehicle. The location of both these pedals in the vehicle allows operation by only the right foot of the driver. Therefore, driver needs to move the right foot from one pedal to the other. 
         [0004]    Automobiles equipped with automatic gearboxes also have two pedals for modulating speed: a gas pedal for acceleration and a brake pedal for decelerating and stopping. In such vehicles, the two pedals are located in front of the driver on the right side, so the driver uses only his/her right foot to operate either pedal. The main reason for preserving this historic arrangement from standard vehicles is that this way the driver cannot operate both pedals simultaneously, consequently stalling the engine and losing control of the vehicle. 
         [0005]    This typical pedal arrangement has at least the following inconveniences: 
         [0006]    Moving the right foot from the gas pedal to the brake pedal requests a time that adds to the braking time, i.e. the time spent from the moment the driver decides to apply the brakes to the moment the vehicle comes to a full stop; 
         [0007]    Drivers with right foot/leg mobility problems may take more time to move from one pedal to the other. They may also experience pain in the right foot/leg, which can constitute a distraction from the task of driving; 
         [0008]    Professional drivers experience pain in their right knee more often than occasional ones, in a statistically significant manner. This is the result of excessive wear of the knee due to repetitive motion of the leg, required to operate both pedals. 
         [0009]    Some drivers try to address these deficiencies by left foot braking. 
         [0010]    Unfortunately, the location of the brake pedal, being meant for use with the right foot, makes its operation by the left foot rather awkward. In addition to that, reacting inertial loads is more difficult without the left foot firmly supported by the dead pedal. Another issue with left foot braking is the possibility of simultaneously pressing both pedals and consequently stalling the engine and by that losing control of the vehicle. Even drivers who regularly use this mode of operating the vehicle pedals admit that such an event may occur in a moment of panic. 
         [0011]    Another attempt at correcting the second deficiency consists in mounting a device over the existent pedals transforming them from right foot pedals to left foot pedals. Such a design is good for drivers who cannot use but their left foot for operating the vehicle pedals. Nevertheless, this is still a one-foot solution and in fact transforms all the drawbacks generated by the right-foot-only operation of the pedals into drawbacks created by a left-foot-only operation. 
         [0012]    Other difficulties with conventional systems would be appreciated in view of the description below. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    In one example embodiment, there is provided a pedal system including a right foot pedal moveable from a right foot pedal neutral position to a right foot pedal depressed position, a left foot pedal moveable from a left foot pedal neutral position to a left foot pedal depressed position, and a motion inverter mechanism operatively coupled to the right and left foot pedals, for movement of the right foot pedal or the left foot pedal in an opposite direction to a raised position upon depression of the other of the right foot pedal or the left foot pedal. 
         [0014]    In another example embodiment, there is provided a method of preventing concurrent depression of a left foot pedal and a right foot pedal by using a motion inverter mechanism operatively coupled to the right and the left foot pedals. The method comprising the steps of: depressing the right foot pedal from a right foot pedal neutral position to a right foot pedal depressed position, and wherein the motion inverter mechanism is for moving of the left foot pedal in an opposite direction from a left foot pedal neutral position to a left foot pedal raised position upon depression of the right foot pedal. 
         [0015]    In yet another example embodiment, there is provided a method for operating a pedal system, comprising moving a right food pedal or a left foot pedal from a neutral position to a depressed position, and moving the other of the right food pedal or the left foot pedal in an opposite direction to a raised position from the neutral position using a motion inverter mechanism operatively coupled between the right and left foot pedals. 
         [0016]    An alternate embodiment of a pedal system for controlling the throttle and brake in a vehicle, the system including; a right foot pedal and a left foot pedal pivotally connected about a pivot axis to a motion inverter, the pedals include a neutral position; the motion inverter mounted in between the spaced apart right and left foot pedals such that depressing the pedal heel and pedal toe of one pedal pivots the other pedal in opposite directions; a device for sensing the position of the pedals and electronically communicating the pedal position to a controller, such that depressing the toe of the right pedal beyond the neutral position proportionately increases a vehicle throttle, whereas depressing the toe of the left pedal beyond the neutral position proportionately increases a vehicle brake; and wherein the right and left pedals include planar foot pads for receiving the foot sole thereon such that the pivot axis is above the planar foot pad and between the pedal toe and pedal heel. 
         [0017]    Preferably wherein the pivot axis coincides substantially with the pivot axis of the tibio-tarsal joint of a foot when a foot sole is contacting the foot pad. 
         [0018]    Preferably wherein the foot pedals including vertically upstanding inboard side guides oriented perpendicular to the foot pad. 
         [0019]    Preferably wherein the foot pedals further including vertically upstanding outboard side guards oriented perpendicular to the foot pad. 
         [0020]    Preferably wherein the foot pedal further including a vertically upstanding heel rest oriented perpendicular to the foot pad. 
         [0021]    Preferably wherein the motion inverter including right and left pedal shafts oriented along the pivot axis pivotally mounted to the right and left inboard side guides. 
         [0022]    Preferably, wherein the pivot axis coincides substantially with the pivot axis of the tibio-tarsal joint of a foot when a foot sole is contacting the foot pad. 
         [0023]    Preferably wherein the motion inverter includes a housing with left and right rocker arms connected to the left and right pedal shafts, each rocker arm engaging with an idler shaft such that clockwise rotation of one rocker arm translates to counter clockwise rotation of the other rocker arm. 
         [0024]    Preferably wherein the motion inverter includes a centering magnet with a set of magnetic poles mounted onto an inboard end of the idler shaft and a spring magnet with a cooperating set of magnetic poles mounted onto a magnet holder such that like pole repulsion unlike pole attraction is used to return the pedals to the neutral position. 
         [0025]    Preferably wherein the device for sensing further includes a sensor tab attached to the housing, the tab for supporting a position sensor, the position sensor interacting with a sensor reference mounted onto an outboard end of the idler shaft such that the sensor reference pivots through the position sensor indicating the position of the foot pads. 
         [0026]    Preferably wherein the idler shaft includes an idler yoke with a yoke dimple, the yoke dimple for engaging with a ball of a spring and ball plunger for positively indexing the neutral position. 
         [0027]    Preferably wherein the left and right pedal shafts mounted pivotally into flanged pedal bearings. 
         [0028]    Preferably wherein the left and right rocker arms include gear teeth which mesh with gear teeth rigidly connected to the idler shaft for a geared connection between the rocker arms and the idler shaft. Preferably including a shim washer for centering the left and right pedal shafts in the housing and for adjusting the gear mesh play by adjusting the thickness of the shim washer. 
         [0029]    Preferably wherein the housing connected to a floor mounting bracket for rigidly connecting the pedal system above the floor such that the pedals do not contact the floor. 
         [0030]    Preferably wherein the housing connected to a steering column mounting bracket for rigidly connecting the pedal system the steering column such that the pedals do not contact the floor. 
         [0031]    Preferably wherein the housing connected to a seat mounting bracket for rigidly connecting the pedal system to a vehicle seat. 
         [0032]    Preferably wherein the motion inverter further includes a shim for adjusting the spacing between the centering magnet and the spring magnet. 
         [0033]    Preferably wherein the housing is connected to an indexing rail system for slidably connecting the pedal system to a vehicle structure such that pedal position can be indexed selectively. 
         [0034]    The present concept is also a method of applying the brake and the throttle in a vehicle including the steps of: providing a a right foot pedal and a left foot pedal pivotally connected about a pivot axis to a motion inverter, the pedals include a neutral position, wherein the motion inverter mounted in between the spaced apart right and left foot pedals such that the right foot pedal and left foot pedal pivot in opposite directions; wherein the right and left pedals include planar foot pads for receiving the foot sole thereon such that the pivot axis is above the planar foot pad and between the pedal toe and pedal heel; depressing the toe of the right pedal or depressing the pedal heel of the left pedal beyond the neutral position proportionately increases a vehicle throttle; and depressing the toe of the left pedal or depressing the pedal heel of the right pedal beyond the neutral position proportionately increases a vehicle brake. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0035]    The device will now be described by way of example only with reference to the following drawings: 
           [0036]      FIG. 1  is an isometric view of an example embodiment of the pedal system in accordance with an example embodiment. 
           [0037]      FIG. 2  is a front view of the pedal system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0038]      FIG. 3  is a sectional view along the line A-A of the pedal system as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0039]      FIG. 4  is a sectional view along the line B-B of the pedal system as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0040]      FIG. 5  is an exploded view of another example embodiment of the pedal system. 
           [0041]      FIG. 6  is an isometric view of the pedal system shown in  FIG. 5 . 
           [0042]      FIG. 7  is a front view of the pedal system shown in  FIG. 5 . 
           [0043]      FIG. 8  is a sectional view along the line A-A of the pedal system as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
           [0044]      FIG. 9  is a sectional view along the line B-B of the pedal system as shown in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0045]      FIG. 10  A shows an embodiment of a torsion spring that is uncompressed for use in an embodiment of the pedal system. 
           [0046]      FIG. 10  B shows an embodiment of a torsion spring that is compressed for use in an embodiment of the pedal system. 
           [0047]      FIG. 11  is a schematic front perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system. 
           [0048]      FIG. 12  is a schematic exploded rear assembly perspective view of a motion inverter component of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system. 
           [0049]      FIG. 13  is a schematic exploded assembly view of the pedal shaft portion of a motion inverter component of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system. 
           [0050]      FIG. 14  is a schematic front assembly view of a motion inverter component of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system. 
           [0051]      FIG. 15  is a schematic front assembly view of a motion inverter component of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system with housing removed to show internal workings. 
           [0052]      FIG. 16  is a schematic top plan view of a motion inverter component of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system with housing removed to show internal workings. 
           [0053]      FIG. 17  is a schematic right side elevation view showing an alternate embodiment of the pedal system in a neutral position. 
           [0054]      FIG. 18  is a schematic right side elevation view showing an alternate embodiment of the pedal system in a full throttle position. 
           [0055]      FIG. 19  is a schematic right side elevation view showing an alternate embodiment of the pedal system in a full throttle position with a portion of a human foot shown on the foot pad. 
           [0056]      FIG. 20  is a schematic right side elevation view of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system mounted to a steering column. 
           [0057]      FIG. 21  is a schematic right side elevation view of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system mounted to a seat. 
           [0058]      FIG. 22  is a front perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the pedal system having an indexing rail system for positional adjustment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0059]    It would be advantageous to provide a pedal system that allows left foot braking, while allowing acceleration using the right foot. In addition, it would be advantageous to provide a pedal system that can mitigate the detrimental impact of the current pedals present in an automobile. Moreover, it would be advantageous to provide a pedal system that allows for left foot braking and may be installed for use on the existing pedals of an automobile. 
         [0060]    Example embodiments relate to a pedal system ( 1 ), where the driver uses both feet to modulate the speed of the vehicle. Both feet are fully supported by the two pedals of the system ( 1 ). As a result, the driver can both modulate vehicle speed and react to inertial forces, which act upon his/her body during the operation of the vehicle, without changing feet location. In one embodiment, the specification discloses a pedal system ( 1 ) for use with a two pedal car, to modulate the vehicle speed: accelerate, decelerate and eventually stop the vehicle. 
         [0061]    Example embodiments will be further described with reference to the accompanying figures that disclose a pedal system ( 1 ) featuring a right foot pedal ( 2 ) and a left foot pedal ( 6 ) that are mechanically connected through a motion inverter means ( 10 ) including a motion inverter mechanism, which facilitates opposing movement of the right and left foot pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) in opposite directions. This pedal system ( 1 ) can be mounted over and act upon the existing pedals in the vehicle: the right foot pedal ( 2 ) can act upon the gas pedal ( 4 ) into an acceleration position and the left foot pedal ( 6 ) activates the brake pedal ( 8 ) into a braking position. In a neutral position, neither foot pedal ( 2 ,  6 ) is depressed. When the driver depresses one pedal down, the motion inverter means ( 10 ) oppositely moves the other pedal up into a raised position with respect to the neutral position. This feature of the design inhibits the driver from pressing both the gas pedal ( 4 ) and the brake pedal ( 8 ) at the same time, therefore reducing the risks associated with left foot braking, i.e. stalling the engine or wearing down the braking system. 
         [0062]    In one embodiment, for example and without limitation, the pedal systems ( 1 ) pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) are rotatively coupled and rotate about an axis ( 16 ) that falls close to a same axis as the driver&#39;s ankles. Therefore, the driver needs only to flex his/her feet from the ankle to operate the pedals ( 2 ,  6 ). This can require much less effort than the current automotive pedals ( 4 ,  8 ), as the effort that is required is shared by both feet and is provided by the ankle muscles, which are amongst the strongest muscles in the human body. This way of operating the pedals can also allow the driver to react to inertial forces, which may occur during driving, through his/her feet without having to change the position of the pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) and therefore maintaining the intended speed of the vehicle. 
         [0063]    At all times, the driver may keep both feet firmly planted on the two pedals ( 2 ,  6 ), with no contact with the vehicle floor, modulating the vehicle speed by depressing the right foot pedal ( 2 ) to accelerate or, alternatively, depressing the left foot pedal ( 6 ) to slow down the vehicle. This is one mode of operation, as driver can maintain control over the vehicle with little effort and significant efficiency. This is similar to keeping both hands on the steering wheel. This mode of operation allows the driver to react to inertial loads. However, if necessity arises, the pedal system ( 1 ) may be operated with one foot only, either left or right. 
         [0064]    In another embodiment, the pedal system ( 1 ) contains a motion inverter means ( 10 ) including a motion inverter mechanism, having a right foot pedal coaxial shaft ( 12 ) and a left foot pedal coaxial shaft ( 14 ) that protrude from the opposite ends of the inverter ( 10 ) housing in opposite directions. The motion inverter means ( 10 ) facilitates opposing movement between the right and the left foot pedals ( 2 ,  6 ). The motion inverter means ( 10 ) can be of any nature (mechanical, hydraulic etc.) and of any design as long as the output shafts ( 12 ,  14 ) are coaxial and rotate in opposite directions. A bracket ( 18 ) supports the motion inverter means ( 10 ) and thus connects the pedal system ( 1 ) to the vehicle structure. 
         [0065]    As noted above, the motion inverter means ( 10 ) used in accordance with the specification is not particularly limited, and can be, for example and without limitation, a three-bevel-gear motion inverter. The three-bevel-gear motion inverter can be a commercially available product, for example and without limitation, it can be Tandler™ unit having part no. is STD 00 1:1 EA-II, as would be understood in the art. The three-bevel-gear motion inverter can contain, as its name indicates, three bevel or miter gears meshing in sequence 1-2-3. Gears 1 and 3 are mounted on collinear shafts, facing each other and both meshing with gear 2. If gear 1 is the driver, its teeth that engage gear 2 push the latter&#39;s teeth in a certain direction. As gear 2 rotates, its diametrically opposed teeth engage gear 3, turning it in the opposite direction. If gear 3 drives in a certain direction, then gear 2 will move gear 1 in the opposite direction. Therefore, gears 1 and 3 can work either way, as driving or driven gears, while gear 2 only transfers and inverts the motion in between them. Additional information about the Tandler™ three-bevel-gear motion inverter can also be found on http://www.tandler.co.uk/. 
         [0066]    In another embodiment, for example and without limitation, the motion inverter means can be a hydraulic/pneumatic motion inverter that consists of two rotary actuators, such as vane actuators, installed in-line, butting each other and having their ports connected in such a way as to produce motion in opposite directions. Each pedal is rigidly mounted on the shaft of the associated vane. When one pedal is pressed, it will rotate its vane in a certain direction, sending the power fluid (oil or air) to the other actuator, moving its vane and therefore the other pedal, in the opposite direction because of the cross-connection of the ports. 
         [0067]    In one embodiment in accordance with the specification, the two pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) of the pedal system ( 1 ) can be L-shaped, with one side of the L-shape serving as support for driver&#39;s feet and the other connecting the pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) to the motion inverter means ( 10 ) through flange connectors ( 15 ) installed on the output shafts ( 12 ,  14 ) of the motion inverter means ( 10 ), as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 7 . The centerline of the output shafts ( 12 ,  14 ) can be so located such as to ensure that it is in an approximate height alignment with the driver&#39;s ankles, for the reasons discussed above. 
         [0068]    Heel locators ( 20 ) can also be provided that can be bolted near the heel end of the pedals ( 2 ,  6 ), as shown in  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  8  and  9 , to align the driver&#39;s ankles with the motion inverter output shafts ( 12 ,  14 ) along the length of the pedals ( 2 ,  6 ). Pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) can also be padded with friction lining ( 22 ), as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 7 , for better adherence with driver&#39;s feet. 
         [0069]    In one embodiment in accordance with the specification, the left foot pedal ( 6 ) can feature a cantilevered shaft ( 24 ), mounted on the side, as shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  7  and  8 , on which a left foot roller ( 26 ) can rotate. The latter acts upon the vehicle brake pedal ( 8 ), when the left foot pedal ( 6 ) is pushed down. When that happens, the right foot pedal ( 2 ) moves up in the air (raised with respect to the neutral position), losing contact with the vehicle gas pedal ( 4 ). 
         [0070]    In another embodiment in accordance with the specification, a right foot roller ( 27 ) is mounted, on its shaft ( 28 ) and support bracket ( 30 ), under the right foot pedal ( 2 ), as can be seen in  FIGS. 4 and 9 , and it presses the vehicle gas pedal ( 4 ) down, when the right foot pedal ( 2 ) goes down. Under these circumstances, the left foot pedal ( 6 ) leaves the vehicle brake pedal ( 8 ) behind and lifts in the air. 
         [0071]    In a further example embodiment, with reference now to  FIGS. 5 to 9 , the pedal system ( 1 ) can be provided with a biasing means ( 32 ) biasing the right and left foot pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) towards a neutral position. The biasing means ( 32 ) used in accordance with the specification is not particularly limited, and can be for example and without limitation a torsion spring. In one embodiment, for example and without limitation, the biasing means is a bi-directional torsion spring that can be mounted onto the centre shaft of the inverter means ( 10 ), thereby circumscribing the centre shaft. Its role is to bring the motion inverter means ( 10 ) in the neutral position, when no force is applied to the pedals ( 2 ,  6 ). In a further embodiment in accordance with the specification, a Rosta™ suspension unit can be used ( FIG. 10 ), as would be understood in the art. The Rosta™ suspension unit consists of a steel square bar ( 38 ) coaxially mounted inside a steel square tube ( 40 ). The two steel parts are rotated by 45 degrees relative to each other. Four (round) rubber rods ( 42 ) are compressed into the four spaces created by each external square tube corner with its respective side of the central square bar. When one steel component is held stationary and the other is rotated about their common axis, the four rubber rods are squeezed even further, yielding but opposing the motion, like a spring. When the rotating torque ceases, the four rubber rods release their spring energy and bring the rotated component in its neutral position and the whole assembly in its equilibrium position. Additional information about the Rosta™ suspension unit can also be found on http://www.rostainc.com/pdfs/applications/Rosta_Catalogues/Technology.pdf—other biasing members are also possible. 
         [0072]    In a further example embodiment, referring still to  FIGS. 5 to 9 , the pedal system ( 1 ) further comprises a detector that can sense and can communicate the position or relative position of the right or left foot pedals ( 2 ,  6 ). In one embodiment, for example and without limitation, the detector includes an activator ( 34 ) and an angle sensor ( 36 ). The angle sensor ( 36 ) can be a blade-shaped, solid-state inductive sensor, such as for example, an angle sensor made by Gill Sensors™ as would be understood in the art. The activator ( 34 ) can be a U-shaped piece of ferro-magnetic material. The motion of the activator ( 34 ) relative to the blade angle sensor ( 36 ) modifies the magnetic field of the latter and therefore induces in it an electrical current. Additional information about such sensors and how they can also be found on http://www.gillsensors.co.uk/content/25mmBlade.htm and http://www.gillsensors.co.uk/content/datasheets/25 mm.pdf. The electric current induced, is used to measure the angle of motion and hence can be sent to a controller as a signal that is proportional to the angle of motion. As the angle sensor ( 36 ) can be programmed to work on a range of +/−30.degree., the controller must decide whether to accelerate the car, i.e. send the signal to the throttle actuator, or brake it by sending the signal to the actuator connected to the master cylinder of the braking system. Such vehicle systems which can receive the signals may be referred to as “drive by wire” systems, or the like. In some example embodiments, it can be appreciated that this single angle sensor ( 36 ) may be used to sense both acceleration and braking, since the right and left foot pedals ( 2 ,  6 ) are known to be opposing. 
         [0073]    It can be appreciated that example embodiments of the pedal system ( 1 ) may be installed onto existing vehicles, for example, to engage the existing gas and brake pedals. In other example embodiments, the pedal system ( 1 ) may be installed at the manufacturing level to act as a replacement to the existing gas and brake pedals. In such embodiments, the detector may send appropriate signals for acceleration and deceleration control of the vehicle, which may be a “drive by wire” vehicle. Example embodiments, without intending to be limiting, may apply to vehicles having two pedals, and related vehicles which may be automatic gearboxes, continuous variable transmission, or double-clutch gearboxes, as would be understood in the art. 
         [0074]    It can be appreciated that example embodiments may allow the driver to use both feet for accelerating, modulating speed and braking, wherein both feet are supported by pedals. As a consequence, braking time may be reduced which translates into short stopping distance. Further, less pain and therefore distraction from driving for people with leg/foot mobility problems (e.g. arthritis, foot bursitis etc.). Further, example embodiments may prevent and reduce right knee pain for professional drivers. Example embodiments may assist people having poor eye-foot/leg coordination in avoiding accidents. The elderly may fall in this category, but there are also people who have this unfortunate trait at any age. Example embodiments may allows left foot braking without the risk of depressing both pedals (gas and brake) at the same time, stalling the engine and therefore losing control of the car. 
         [0075]    From the foregoing it is believed that those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize the meritorious advancement of this invention and will readily understand that while the present invention has been described in association with a preferred embodiment thereof, and other embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, numerous changes, modifications and substitutions of equivalents may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention which is intended to be unlimited by the foregoing except as may appear in the following appended claims. 
         [0076]    Therefore, the embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined in the following appended claims. 
       ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENT 
       [0077]    An alternate embodiment of the present concept is a pedal system shown generally as  100  in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0078]    Referring now to  FIG. 11 , the major components of pedal system  100  are a left foot pedal  140 , normally corresponding to the brake, a right foot pedal  141 , normally corresponding to the throttle and a motion inverter shown generally as  200  mounted to a floorpan  108 . 
         [0079]    The floorpan  108  includes an underside of dash  104 , a firewall  106 , an inclined base  112 , and a floor  118 . 
         [0080]    The left foot pedal has a left side guide  138 , right side guide  136 , heel rest  134  and foot pad  122 . 
         [0081]    The right foot pedal has an inboard side guide  126 , outboard side guide  114 , heel rest  120  and foot pad  122   
         [0082]    These guides (left side guide  138 , right side guide  136 , inboard side guide  126 , and outboard side guide  114 ) and rests (heel rest  134  and heel rest  120 ) are vertically upstanding oriented perpendicular to their respective foot pad  122 . 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIGS. 11 to 16  which show the motion inverter  200  or components thereof. 
         [0084]    The motion inverter  200  includes a housing  128  upon which the following are mounted: two rocker arm assembly shown generally as  280 , a rocker yoke assembly shown generally as  221 , a magnet holder  218 , a position sensor  236  and sensor tab  202 . 
         [0085]    The rocker arm assembly  280  is shown in isolation in  FIG. 13  and includes a rocker arm  256  having gear teeth  252  which is secured to a pedal shaft  248  via a key  250  coupled with a key seat  254 . The pedal shaft  248  is further attached to a flanged bearing  246  mounted in a mounting frame  206 . 
         [0086]    A centring shim washer  244  is captivated between the mounting flange  206  and flanged bearing  246  to adjusting the position and meshing of gear teeth  252  by adjusting the thickness of the centring shim washer  244 . 
         [0087]    Rocker yoke assembly  221  has an outboard end  228 , an inboard end  222  and further includes a centring magnet  216  mounted on the inboard end  222 , a sensor reference  230  mounted on the outboard end  228 , idler yoke  224 , mounting flange  206 , and idler shaft  226 . 
         [0088]    Referring specifically to  FIG. 12 , the rocker arm  256  shown in  FIG. 13  can be either a left rocker arm  204  or a right rocker arm  238  depending on is position in the motion inverter  200 . 
         [0089]    The left rocker arm  204  and right rocker arm  238 , connect to the left pedal shaft  210  and right pedal shaft  240  respectively. 
         [0090]    Each of the left rocker arm  204  and right rocker arm  238  engage with the rocker yoke assembly  221 , specifically the idler yoke  224  via a geared connection, such that clockwise rotation of one rocker arm translates to counter clockwise rotation of the other rocker arm. 
         [0091]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , the motion inverter  200  is mounted in between the spaced apart right foot pedal  141  and left foot pedal  140 . 
         [0092]    The right foot pedal  141  and the left foot pedal  140  pivotally connected about a pivot axis  116  to the motion inverter  200 . 
         [0093]    Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 19 , the pivot axis  116  coincides substantially with the pivot axis of the tibio-tarsal joint of a foot  262  when contacting the foot pad  122 . 
         [0094]    Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the pedal system  100  includes the centring magnet  216  with one set of magnetic poles, and a spring magnet  214  having cooperating set of magnetic poles mounted onto the magnet holder  218  such that like pole repulsion is used to return the pedals to a neutral position  260  shown most clearly in  FIG. 17 . 
         [0095]    The neutral position  260  has both left foot pedal  140  and right foot pedal  141  at substantially identical positions relative to the floor  118 . 
         [0096]    Once in the neutral position  260  the idler yoke  224  with a yoke dimple  234  for engaging with a ball of a spring and ball plunger  212  positively indexes the neutral position  260 . 
         [0097]    Referring to  FIGS. 14 to 16 , the sensor tab  202  supports the position sensor  236  and is attached to the housing  128 . 
         [0098]    The position sensor  236  interacts with a sensor reference  230  mounted onto the outboard end  228  of the idler shaft  226  such that the sensor reference  230  pivots through the position sensor  236  indicating the position of the coupled foot pedals; namely, left foot pedal  140  and right foot pedal  141 . 
         [0099]    Referring to  FIG. 11  and  FIG. 17 , the housing  128  of the motion inverter  200  is rigidly mounted to the floor  118  of the floor pan  108  via the mounting bracket such that that the left foot pedal  140  and right foot pedal  141  do not contact the floor  118 . 
         [0100]    It will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that the pedal system  100  need not be mounted overtop but instead of existing vehicle pedals; namely, the throttle and brake. 
         [0101]    By way of example:  FIG. 20  shows the pedal system  100  rigidly connected to a steering column  272  via a steering mounting bracket  274 . Further,  FIG. 21  shows the pedal system  100  rigidly connected to a seat  276  at a base  282  such that the pedal system  100  may also utilize existing rails  284  or similar to adjust the seat  276 . 
         [0102]    It will also be apparent to a person skilled in the art that the pedal system  100  need not be mounted such that a single fixed pedal position is available. 
         [0103]    By way of example,  FIG. 22  shows the pedal system  100  connected to an indexing rail system  300 . The indexing rail system  300  includes: a mounting plate  302 , a track  304  and a carriage  306 . The indexing rail system  300  permits selectively adjusting or indexing the pedal position along the track direction  310 . 
         [0104]    The track  304  is secured to a vehicle structure via the mounting plate  302 . The carriage  306  is connected to the housing  128  of the motion inverter  200  via an adjustment bracket  308 . The carriage  306  slidably connects to the track  304  such that pedal position of the pedal system  100  can be indexed selectively. 
       In Use 
       [0105]      FIGS. 17 to 19  show the pedal system  100  in use. 
         [0106]    Referring now to  FIG. 17  the pedal system  100  is shown in the neutral position  260  wherein the right foot pedal  141  and the obscured left foot pedal  140  are in a substantially identical position relative to the floor  118 . 
         [0107]    Referring to  FIG. 19 , each pedal includes a foot pad  122  for receiving the foot sole  264  thereon such that the pivot axis  116  is above the foot pad  122  and between a pedal toe  110  and a pedal heel  124 . Depressing the pedal heel  124  and pedal toe  110  of one pedal pivots the other pedal in opposite directions. Therefore it is possible to drive using one foot which could activate both the brake and throttle. 
         [0108]    The motion of the left foot pedal  140  and right foot pedal  141  are coupled through the idler shaft  226 ; therefore, the position of each pedal can be ascertained from the angular position of the idler shaft  226  using the position sensor  236 . 
         [0109]    The position sensor  236  electronically communicates the pedal position to a controller, such that depressing the toe of the right pedal beyond the neutral position proportionately increases a vehicle throttle, whereas depressing the toe of the left pedal beyond the neutral position proportionately increases a vehicle brake. 
         [0110]    Referring to  FIG. 12  and  FIGS. 17 to 18  to illustrate by way of example how the pedal position is ascertained. 
         [0111]      FIG. 18  shows the pedal system  100  in a full throttle position  270  where the right foot pedal  141  is depressed such that its pedal toe  110  rests in its extreme position in the downward direction  266  captivated by a stop  258  which rests against the inclined base  112  and the foot  262  applying force in a downward direction  266 . The left foot pedal  140  in a full throttle position  270  is correspondingly raised such that its pedal toe  110  rests in its extreme position in the upward direction  268 . 
         [0112]    An example of moving from the neutral position shown in  FIG. 17  to the full throttle position  270  shown in  FIG. 18  is as follows: the pedal toe  110  of the right foot pedal  141  is urged in the downward direction  266  which rotates the right rocker arm  238  and, via a geared connection, rotates the idler yoke  224  in the opposite direction. 
         [0113]    Rotation of the idler yoke  224  correspondingly rotates the sensor reference  230  coupled through the idler shaft  226 . 
         [0114]    The sensor reference  230  pivots through the position sensor  236  which is calibrated to read rotation of the sensor reference  230  and output the position of the coupled foot pedals; namely, left foot pedal  140  and right foot pedal  141 . The position of the coupled foot pedals is electronically communicated to a controller. 
         [0115]    When the foot  262  ceases applying force in a downward direction  266  to the right foot pedal  141 , it is no longer captivated between the foot  262  and stop  258 , the like pole repulsion of the centring magnet  216  and spring magnet  214  urge the pedal system to a neutral position  260  indexed by the yoke dimple  234  and ball and spring plunger  212 . 
         [0116]    Varying the thickness of the shim  220  modifies the effective spring constant of the two magnets; namely, the centring magnet  216  and spring magnet  214 .