Abstract:
A nucleic acid sequence encoding all or part of an 18-19 kDa  Helicobater pylori  protein is described to which immunoreactivity is detected in  H. pylori  negative individuals. A process for the production of a recombinant form of this protein and its use, particularly as a vaccine to provide immunological protection against  H. pylori  infection are also described.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/326,200, filed Jan. 5, 2006, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/112,735, filed Apr. 22, 2005, which is a continuation of application serial No. 10/928,353, filed Aug. 27, 2004, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/699,624, filed Oct. 31, 2003, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/342,431, filed Jan. 13, 2003, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/140,758, filed May 7, 2002, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/101,158, filed Jul. 30, 1998, which is the U.S. National Stage of International Application PCT/IE97/00001, filed Jan. 3, 1997, which claims priority to Irish patent applications IE96004, filed Jan. 4, 1996, and IE960019, filed Jan. 12, 1996, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     This invention relates to a 18-19 kDa protein or derivative or fragment thereof obtained from  Helicobacter pylori , a bacterioferritin defined by sequences in previous patent applications PCT/IE95/00036 and PCT/IE95/00037, a recombinant form of this protein, methods to use this protein as a vaccine to provide immunological protection against if  H. pylori  infection and methods to use this protein in diagnostic assays relating to  H. pylori.    
         [0003]     The contents of previous applications PCT/IE95/00036 and PCT/IE95/00037 are incorporated herein by reference.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     Helicobacter pylori is a widely prevalent organism found on gastric biopsy in approximately 30% of the population less than 40 years old with increasing incidence thereafter. The organism is a causative agent of chronic gastritis in humans (e.g. Marshall &amp; Warren, 1984*; Blaser, 1990*). Epidemiological studies have shown that  H. pylori  is most commonly found in association with gastritis. Serological investigations have demonstrated that evidence of a current or prior infection can be found in 30-50% of a randomly chosen population of blood donors. No direct causal relationship has been conclusively proven for duodenal ulcer disease. However, the organism is found in 95% of patients with duodenal ulcer. Further, eradication of the organism results in rapid ulcer healing (e.g. Rauws &amp; Tytgat, 1990*). These data provide strong evidence that  H. pylori  is a dominant factor in the development of duodenal ulcer. Additional evidence for the pathogenic involvement of  H. pylori  in these conditions has been provided by studies with gnotobiotic piglets (Lambert et al., 1987*) and the fulfilment of Koch&#39;s postulates with human volunteers (Marshall et al., 1985*; Morris &amp; Nicholson, 1987*/).  
         [0005]     In addition, there is now strong circumstantial evidence implicating  H. pylori  in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma (e.g. Jiang et al., 1987*; Lambert et al, 1986*; Crabtree et al., 1992; 1993; Forman et al., 1990, 1991; Nomura et al, 1991; Parsonnet et al., 1991; Correa et al., 1990). Most recently, the Eurogast Study Group, led by Forman (1993), demonstrated a significant relationship between  H. pylori  seropositivity and gastric cancer mortality and incidence. Indeed, there is now a convincing body of literature implicating infection with H. pylori in a considerable proportion of upper gastrointestinal morbidity. A number of hypotheses have been suggested for the pathogenic mechanisms of  H. pylori  induced gastroduodenal disease, including the production of cytotoxins and mechanical disruption of the epithelium (e.g. Blaser, 1992*). Interestingly, however, many infected persons remain asymptomatic despite the persistent presence of the pathogen (Taylor &amp; Blaser, 1991*).  
         [0006]     Diagnosis of infections with  H. pylori  is based mainly on histology and culture from gastric biopsy specimens or on indirect methods based on urease activity. Various serological assays have been developed for the detection of anti- H. pylori  antibodies in epidemiological studies in addition to more molecular oriented approaches such as the cloning of  H. pylori  species-specific antigens for use in, for example, PCR-based serological investigations (e.g. Clayton et al., 1989). However, the use of recombinant species-specific antigens has not yet received widespread use and, consequently, the majority of immunosorbent-based assays currently in use employ various subcellular fractions of  H. pylori  as a source of antigen. The fractions of proteins used in these assays are frequently heterogeneous in composition as are their methods of preparation. Interestingly, a number of groups have compared the inter-assay sensitivity and specificity of several commercially available ELISA kits manufactured specifically for serological studies. Not surprisingly, considerable inter-assay variation was observed. Caution, therefore, must be exercised before employing a particular preparation of protein for use in such immunosorbent assays, particularly in view of the significant genetic heterogeneity of different strains of  H. pylori  (e.g. Xia et al., 1994; Owen et al., 1991).  
         [0007]     We have studied the prevalence of immuno-reactivity to  H. pylori  in both infected and uninfected individuals and found that un-infected individuals have a high response to  H. pylori  both in their B-cell and T-cell systems. In this approach, we use Western blotting to investigate antigen specificity of systemic responses to  H. pylori  in both healthy and  H. pylori -infected individuals and show that the incidence of seropositivity in  H. pylori  negative individuals is much greater than has previously been demonstrated. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that antibodies to a 25 kDa protein are detectable in the majority of  H. pylori  negative individuals. These were detected using a technique which we have modified called Enhanced Chemiluminescence. Enhanced Chemiluminescence on Western blot analysis reveals that the majority of uninfected individuals have antibodies which are specific for  H. pylori  and recognize antigens which are not present on other microorganisms. Of these antigens, the most common one recognized is a 18-19 kDa protein which appears to be specific to  H. pylori . Hence, these data suggest that immunization with the 18-19 kDa protein or sub-unit thereof could have the potential to confer protective immunity on individuals who are either uninfected with the organism or individuals in whom the organism has been cleared by anti-bacterial treatment. We have derived N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences from this protein.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     According to the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid sequence encoding all or part of a  Helicobacter pylori  protein to which immunoreactivity is detected in  H. pylori  negative individuals.  
         [0009]     In one embodiment of the invention, the  Helicobacter pylori  protein is an 18-19 kDa protein.  
         [0010]     Preferably, the 18-19 kDa protein includes the following the N-terminal amino acid sequence:  
                                     (SEQ ID NO: 1)                Met-Lys-Thr-Phe-Glu-Ile-Leu-Lys-His-Leu-Gln-Ala-                           5                   10       Asp-Ala-Ile-Val-Leu-Phe-Met-Lys-Val-His-Asn-Phe-               15                  20       His-Trp-Asn-Val-Lys-Gly-Thr-Asp-Phe-Phe-Asn-Val-       25                  30                  35       His-Lys-Ala-Thr-Glu-Glu-Ile-Tyr-Glu-Glu.                   40                  45          
 
         [0011]     Most preferably, the nucleic acid sequence comprises the following sequence of nucleotides:  
                                     (SEQ lID NO:2)                5′-GATCGTGTTATTTATGAAAGTGCATAACTTCCATTGGAATGTGAAAG                   GCACCGATTTTTTCAAT-3′.          
 
         [0012]     The invention also provides a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to any nucleic acid sequence of the invention.  
         [0013]     In one embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA or recombinant DNA.  
         [0014]     The invention also provides an oligonucleotide which has a specific binding affinity for a nucleic acid sequence of the invention.  
         [0015]     Preferably, the oligonucleotide has one of the following sequences:  
                                                                 (SEQ ID NO:3)                    5′-GAAGGACTTCATATGAAGACATTTG-3′;               or                        (SEQ ID NO:4)                    5′-CGTGAATGGATCCTCATGCTGACTTCT-3′.              
 
         [0016]     The invention further provides a vector comprising a recombinant nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Preferably, the vector is an expression vector, most preferably the expression vector pET16b.  
         [0017]     The invention also provides a host cell transformed with a vector according to the invention. Preferably, the host cell is one of the following:—
         E. coli  XL1 -blue; or      E. coli  EL21 DE3; or      E. coli  Novablue DE3.        
 
         [0021]     The invention further provides a process for the production of a recombinant nucleic acid sequence according to the invention comprising culturing a host cell according to the invention and isolating the nucleic acid sequence therefrom.  
         [0022]     The invention further provides a recombinant  H. pylori  protein or a fragment thereof whenever expressed from a vector according to the invention.  
         [0023]     The invention also provides a process for the production of a recombinant  H. pylori  protein or fragment thereof according to the invention comprising culturing a host cell according to the invention and isolating the protein or protein fragment produced therefrom.  
         [0024]     The invention further provides a vaccine including a  H. pylori  protein or a fragment thereof according to the invention.  
         [0025]     The vaccine may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
         [0026]     The vaccine may be combined with a suitable adjuvant such as interleukin 12 or a heat shock protein or both.  
         [0027]     The vaccine may include at least one other pharmaceutical product such as an antibiotic and/or an anti-bacterial agent such as bismuth salts. Typically the antibiotic is selected from one or more of metronidazole, amoxycillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clarithromycin or tinidazole.  
         [0028]     The vaccine may be in a form for oral, intranasal, intravenous or intramuscular administration.  
         [0029]     The vaccine may include a peptide delivery system.  
         [0030]     The vaccine is ideally for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  infection or  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease(s)  
         [0031]     The invention also provides a vaccine for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease comprising an immunogenically effective amount of the  Helicobacter pylori  protein of the invention, an adjuvant such as Interleukin 12, and an antibiotic.  
         [0032]     The vaccine may include an antibacterial agent such as bismuth salts.  
         [0033]     The invention also includes the use of interleukin 12 in combination with any other recombinant  H. pylori  subunit as an adjuvant therapy.  
         [0034]     Therefore, in another, aspect, the invention provides a vaccine against  H. pylori  comprising an immunogenically effective amount of a recombinant  Helicobacter  protein or a subunit, fragment, derivative, precursor or mutant thereof in combination with interleukin 12 as an adjuvant. Preferably, the  Helicobacter  is  Helicobacter pylori.    
         [0035]     In one embodiment of the invention, the vaccine includes an antibiotic and may alternatively or additionally include an antibacterial agent.  
         [0036]     The invention also provides a process for the amplification of a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention by a polymerase chain reaction or an equivalent technique.  
         [0037]     Preferably, the polymerase chain reaction is effected by using the oligonucleotide pair according to the invention.  
         [0038]     The invention also provides a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid sequence or a fragment thereof according to the invention, or an oligonucleotide according to the invention.  
         [0039]     The invention also provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease in a host, comprising administering to the host an immunologically effective amount of one or more of the recombinant  Helicobacter  proteins of-the invention.  
         [0040]     Preferably, the recombinant  Helicobacter  protein is administered in combination with at least one other pharmaceutical agent.  
         [0041]     In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical agent is an antibiotic.  
         [0042]     Ideally, the antibiotic is selected from one or more of metronidazole, amoxycillin, tetracycline or erythromycin, clarithromycin or tinidazole.  
         [0043]     Typically, the pharmaceutical agent includes an antibacterial agent such as bismuth salts.  
         [0044]     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an adjuvant is administered in combination with the recombinant  Helicobacter  protein. Preferably, the adjuvant is interleukin 12 or a heat shock protein or both.  
         [0045]     The invention also provides the use of one or more  Helicobacter  proteins according to the invention for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease(s).  
         [0046]     The invention further provides monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies or fragments thereof, to the recombinant proteinaceous material of the invention and purified antibodies or serum obtained by immunization of an animal with the vaccine according to the invention.  
         [0047]     The invention also provides the use of such serum and antibodies in the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter  associated disease(s) and in particular  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease(s). 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0048]      FIG. 1  shows Western blot analysis of the cloned 18 kDa protein. Two transformed  E. coli  expression hosts (BL21 DE3 and Novablue DE3) were subjected to SDS-PAGE (12.5% T) followed by Western blotting analysis. The Western blots were probed with serum obtained from children uninfected with  H. pylori  and developed by enhanced chemiluminescence. Two of the three sera recognized the recombinant 18 kDa protein after induction of expression of the protein with IPTG. In addition, the three sera recognized a number of  E. coli  proteins. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0049]     We have generated DNA sequence information identifying the 18-19 kDa protein as a bacterioferritin. We have also generated a recombinant 18 kDa protein and expressed this in  E. coli  . This recombinant protein was found to be recognized immunologically by antisera from individuals positive for antibody to the 18 kDa helicobacter bacterioferritin. This recombinant protein will form the basis for a putative vaccine for  H. pylori  .  FIG. 1  is a Western Blot analysis of the recombinant 18 kDa protein expressed in  E. coli.    
         [0050]     Methods Employed  
                                         (SEQ ID NO:3)                    GAAGGACTTCATATGAAGACATTTG              
 
         [0051]     Cloning and expression of the  Helicobacter  pylori 18 kDa gene.  
         [0052]     Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from  Helicobacter pylori  as described by Silhavy et al.*(1984).  
         [0053]     Oligonucleotides (or “primers”) specific for the 5′ and 3′ termini of the 18 kDa gene were generated. The forward or 5′ oligonucleotide (designated HP18CF) was modified to incorporate an Nde 1 restriction endonuclease site. Additional modifications were made to increase the stability of the binding of the oligonucleotide to its target sequence and to prevent intramolecular secondary structure. The sequence of the HP18CF oligonucleotide is (from 5′ to 3′):  
         [0054]     The reverse or 3′ oligonucleotide (designated HP18CR) was extensively modified to incorporate a BamH1 restriction endonuclease site and a 5′ tail. The 15 3′ nucleotides of this oligonucleotide correspond to the  Helicobacter pylori  18 kDa gene sequence. The sequence of the HP18CR oligonucleotide is (from 5′ to3′):  
                                         (SEQ ID NO:4)                    CGTGAATGGATCCTCATGCTGACTTCT              
 
         [0055]     These oligonucleotides were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the  Helicobacter pylori  18 kDA gene sequence. The reaction conditions were as follows: Between 50 and 100 ng of  Helicobacter pylori  DNA was added to 75 pool of each primer, 0.4 mM of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP), a final concentration of 4 mM MgSO 4 , 1 fold ‘ThermoPol’ (New England Biolabs) reaction buffer (composition: 10 mM KC1, 10 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8 at 25 degrees C.), 2mM MgSO 4 , 0.1% Triton X-100), and deionized water was added to bring the reaction volume to 50 ul. The reaction mixture was overlaid with 50 ul paraffin oil and placed in a Perkin-Elmer thermocycle at 90 degrees C. 1 unit vent, DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs) was then added. A ‘touchdown’ PCR procedure was utilized (Don et al. 1989)*. The cycling conditions were as follows: the DNA was denatured at 94 degrees C. for 2.5 minutes. This was followed by 2 cycles of 94 degrees for 30 seconds (denaturation step), 65 degrees for 50 seconds (annealing step), and 72 degrees C. for 20 seconds (extension step). This was followed by 2 cycles of the same conditions, with the exception that the annealing temperature was dropped 5 to 64 degrees C. After 2 cycles at 64 degrees C., the annealing temperature was reduced to 63 degrees C. for a further 2 cycles, and this pattern was followed until the annealing temperature was reduced to 60 degrees C. for 28 cycles.  
         [0056]     The reaction products were purified on a 4% low melting point agarose gel (NuSieve GTG; FMC BioProducts). The DNA fragment was excised from the gel and the agarose was digested using β-Agarase 1 (New England Biolabs) and the DNA recovered following precipitation with isopropanol, according to the manufacturer&#39;s supplied protocol.  
         [0057]     The purified DNA fragment corresponding to the 18 kDa protein coding gene was then digested with the restriction enzymes Nde 1 and BamN1, (Boehringer Mannheim), each of which occurs only once on the amplified fragment. 10 units of each enzyme was added to approximately 3 ug of DNA in a final concentration of 1 x the manufacturer&#39;s supplied restriction buffer B in a 40 ul reaction volume. The reaction mix was incubated at 37 degrees C. for 3.5 hours.  
         [0058]     The expression vector used was pET16b (Novagen). The 1.6 ug of the vector was digested using Nde1 and BamH 1 under the same conditions as described for the amplified fragment. The resulting 5′ phosphate groups were removed using calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP: NewEngland Biolabs) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The enzyme was inactivated by incubating the reaction mixture in the presence of 5niM EDTA at 65 degrees C. for 1 hour followed by a phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) extraction, followed by a chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1) extraction.  
         [0059]     Both the digested fragment and the digested vector were gel purified on a 3% low melting point agarose gel. (NuSieve GTG; FMC BioProducts), and. the agarose was digested using β-Agarase 1 (New England Biolabs), according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The DNA fragments were allowed to remain in the resultant reaction mixture without further purification.  
         [0060]     The amplified fragment was then ligated to the vector DNA as follows. Approximately 200 ng of vector was ligated to approximately 100 ng of the insert DNA in 1x ligation reaction buffer and 3 units of T4 DNA ligase (Boehringer Mannheim) in a reaction volume of 30 ul at 20 degrees C. for 16 hours.  
         [0061]     The products of this reaction were used to transform competent  E. coli  XL 1-blue cells (Bullock at al. 1987) using a standard CaCl 2  transformation procedure (Sambrook, et al., 1989). Transformed XL1-blue cells were selected on LB medium (Sambrook et al., 1989) supplemented with 50 ug per ml ampicillin and grown at 37 degrees C. Suitable colonies were picked and used to inoculate 10 ml LB broth supplemented with 50 ug per ml ampicillin and grown with shaking at 37 degrees C. The plasmids were purified from these cultures using a standard alkaline lysis plasmid preparation procedure (Sambrook, et al., 1989), and an aliquot digested with Nde 1 and KinDZZ7 according to the manufacturers instructions (Boehringer Mannheim) to verify the presence of the insert as compared to a size standard and pET16b without an insert.  
         [0062]     Two plasmids shown to have the appropriate insert (designated pET16b-18.1 and pETI6b-18.2) were then used to transform the  E. coli  expression hosts BL21 DE3 (Studier and Moffat, 1986) and Novablue DE3 (Novagen) using a standard CaCl 2  transformation procedure (Sambrook, et al., 1989●) supplemented with 50 ug per ml ampicillin (Novablue DE3) or 50 ug per ml ampicillin and 34 ug per ml chloramphenicol (SL21 DE3) and grown at 37 degrees C. Transformed cells were selected by plating on solid LB medium. A colony of each host representing each plasmid isolate was picked after 16 hours incubation and used to inoculate 50 ml LB broth supplemented with antibiotics as described above and grown until the optical density at 600 nM was approximately 0.6. The expression of the 18 kDa protein from the expression vector was then induced by the addition of isopropyl b-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to 15 a final concentration of 1 mM and incubation was continued for a further 2.5 hours at 37 degrees C. with shaking. The cells were then harvested by centrifugation at 4000×g for 10 minutes and resuspended in 12 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl(ph 8.0 at 25 degrees C.) followed by a further centrifugation at 4000×g for 10 minutes.  
         [0000]     Sequencing the Purified DNA Sequence  
         [0063]     The purified DNA fragment corresponding to the 18 kDa protein was sequenced using forward and reverse universal sequencing primers. The DNA was sequenced in the forward and reverse orientations. Sequencing was performed using an ABI automated sequencer and a Genpak PCR based fluorescent dideoxy chain terminator termini sequencing kit.  
         [0064]     The sequence of bases between the termini of the internal PCR primers is:  
                                     (SEQ ID NO:2)                GATCGTGTTATTTATGAAAGTGCATAACTTCCATTGGAATGTGAAAGGCA                   CCGATTTTTTCAAT.          
 
 Western Blot Analysis of the Cloned Product (18 kDa Protein) 
 
         [0065]     Two transformed  E. coli  expression hosts (BL21 DE3 and Novablue DE3) were subjected to SDS-PAGE (12.5% T) followed by Western blotting analysis. The Western blots were probed with serum obtained from children uninfected with  H. pylori  and developed by enhanced chemiluminescence. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , two of the three sera recognised the recombinant 18 kDa protein after induction of expression of the protein with IPTG. In addition, the three sera recognised a number of  E. coli  proteins.  
         [0066]     It is understood that the recombinant proteinaceous material of the invention is used as a vaccine against  H. pylori  infection, and in particular as a therapeutic immunogen for eradication of  H. pylori  infection.  
         [0067]     The vaccine may include the proteinaceous material according to the invention in combination with other components such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a suitable adjuvant such as interleukin 12 or a heat shock protein, an antibiotic and/or an antibacterial agent such as bismuth salts. The vaccine may be administered in a number of different ways, namely, orally, intranasally, intravenously or intramuscularly.  
         [0068]     The invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described which may be varied in detail.  
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