Abstract:
An improvement in the method of transporting viscous hydrocarbons through pipes is disclosed. Briefly, the method comprises adding water containing an effective amount of a combination of (a) a sodium or ammonium salt of an ethoxylated alcohol sulfate and (b) a surfactant selected from the group consisting of certain polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers and certain oxyethylated alcohols. The resulting oil-in-water emulsion has a lower viscosity and is more easily transported.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention is in the general field of improved methods of pumping viscous hydrocarbons through a pipe, such as a well-bore or a pipeline. 
     2. General Background 
     The movement of heavy crudes through pipes is difficult because of their high viscosity and resulting low mobility. One method of improving the movement of these heavy crudes has included adding to the crude lighter hydrocarbons (e.g. kerosine distillate). This reduces the viscosity and thereby improves the mobility. This method has the disadvantage that it is expensive and the kerosine distillate is becoming difficult to obtain. 
     Another method of improving the movement of these heavy crudes is by heating them. This requires the installation of expensive heating equipment and thus is an expensive process. 
     Still another method of moving heavy crudes through pipes uses oil-in-water emulsions which use surfactants to form the emulsions. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,954 teaches a method of moving viscous hydrocarbons through a pipe wherein the method uses a solution containing an anionic surfactant or soap such as sodium tridecyl sulfate or sodium oleate together with a guanidine salt and optionally with an alkalinity agent and/or a nonionic surfactant such as polyethoxylated alcohols. 
     I have found that an aqueous solution of the following materials is effective in reducing the viscosity of viscous hydrocarbons: (a) sodium or ammonium salt of an ethoxylated alcohol sulfate and (b) a surfactant selected from the group consisting of certain polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers and certain oxyethylated alcohols. Surprisingly, combinations of these surfactants provide better results than either material alone. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to an improvement in the method of pumping a viscous hydrocarbon through a pipe wherein the improvement comprises forming an oil-in-water emulsion by adding to said hydrocarbon from about 20 to about 80 volume percent water containing an effective amount of a combination of (a) a sodium or ammonium salt of an ethoxylated alcohol sulfate and (b) a surfactant selected from the group consisting of certain polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers and certain oxyethylated alcohols. 
     The precise nature of the materials used will be provided in the detailed description . 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Insofar as is known my method is suitable for use with any viscous crude oil. It is well known that crude oils often contain a minor amount of water. 
     The amount of water which is added to the hydrocarbon is suitably in the range of about 20 to about 80 volume percent based on the hydrocarbon. A preferred amount of water is in the range of about 30 to 60 volume percent. The water can be pure or can have a relatively high amount of dissolved solids. Any water normally found in the proximity of a producing oil-well is suitable. 
     My invention uses certain specific ethoxylated alcohol sulfates which can be represented by the following structural formula 
     
         [CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.x CH.sub.2 (OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.n OSO.sub.3 ]M 
    
     wherein x is an integer in the range of about 8 to about 20, preferably from about 10 to about 16, n is a number in the range of about 1 to about 50, preferably about 2 to about 30, more preferably about 3 to about 12, and M is NH 4  or Na, but preferably is sodium. 
     The alcohol moiety of the ethoxylated alcohol sulfate can be an even or odd number or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the alcohol moiety is an even number. Also, preferably, the alcohol moiety contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms. 
     Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers which are used in my invention are represented by one of the following formulae: ##STR1## wherein a and c are numbers in the range of 1 to 15, preferably in the range of 2 to 10, with the sum of a and c being in the range of 2 to 30, preferably 4 to 20, and b is a number in the range of 1 to 32, preferably 6 to 30 ##STR2## wherein a and c are numbers in the range of 1 to 16, preferably 3 to about 15, with the sum of a and c being in the range of 2 to 32, preferably 6 to 30, and b is a number in the range of 2 to 30, preferably 4 to 20. 
     Oxyethylated alcohols which are used in my invention are represented by the formula ##STR3## wherein R is an alkyl group, preferably linear, containing 10 to 20, preferably 10 to 18, carbon atoms, a is a number in the range of 1 to 32, preferably 6 to 30, and b is a number in the range of 2 to 30, preferably 4 to 20. 
     Suitable and preferred amounts of the various surfactants used in my invention, based on the hydrocarbon, are shown below. 
     
         ______________________________________              Suitable-                      Preferred              (parts per million)______________________________________Sodium or ammonium salt of ethoxy-lated alcohol sulfate                25-20,000  50-5,000Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock polymers       50-20,000 100-5,000orOxyethylated alcohol 50-20,000 100-5,000______________________________________ 
    
    
    
     In order to illustrate the nature of the present invention still more clearly the following examples will be given. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the specific conditions or details set forth in these examples except insofar as such limitations are specified in the appended claims. 
     The following materials were used in the tests described herein: 
     Crude oil-Goodwin lease crude from Cat Canyon oil field, Santa Maria, Calif. 
     Water-Goodwin synthetic (Water prepared in laboratory to simulate water produced at the well. It contained 4720 ppm total solids.) 
     The specific nature of the materials tested will be given in the examples. 
     Viscosities were determined using a Brookfield viscometer, Model LVT with No. 3 spindle. The procedure is described below. 
     TEST PROCEDURE 
     Three hundred ml of crude oil, preheated in a large container to about 93° C. in a laboratory oven, was transferred to a Waring blender and stirred at medium speed until homogeneous. Stirring was stopped, temperature recorded, and the viscosity measured using the Brookfield viscometer at RPM&#39;s (revolutions per minute) of 6, 12, 30 and 60. Viscosity was calculated by using a multiplication factor of 200, 100, 40 and 20 for the respective speeds times the dial reading on the viscometer. 
     It may be well to mention that the final result at 6 RPM is an indication of the stability of the solution being tested. 
     The difference in viscosity values on the crude alone in the examples is due to the varying amount of water naturally present in the crude. For this reason the viscosity value of the crude alone was obtained in each example. The crude corresponded to that used in combination with the aqueous surfactant. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     This example is comparative and shows the viscosity values obtained on the crude alone and a combination of 50 volume percent crude oil and 50 volume percent water which contained 1,000 parts per million of the sodium salt of a sulfated ethoxylate derived from a C 12  -C 14  linear primary alcohol blend and containing 3 moles of ethylene oxide. 
     The results are shown in Table I. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________                Crude Oil Plus 300 ML                Goodwin Synthetic Water  Crude Oil Alone                Containing 1000 ppm of the  (300 ML)      Described Sulfated EthoxylateRPM    Viscosity, cp Viscosity, cp______________________________________ 6     3700          10012     3500          20030     3440          15260     Offscale      10030     3200          20012     3100          450 6     3100          880Test Temperature 88° C.            Test Temperature 79° C.______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     This example is comparative and shows the viscosity values obtained on the crude alone and a combination of 50 volume percent crude oil and 50 volume percent water which contained 1,000 parts per million of a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymer represented by the formula ##STR4## 
     The results are shown in Table II. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________                Crude Oil Plus 300 ML                Goodwin Synthetic Water  Crude Oil Alone                Containing 1000 ppm of the  (300 ML)      Described SurfactantRPM    Viscosity, cp Viscosity, cp______________________________________ 6     3000          800012     3100          760030     3080          Offscale60     Offscale      Offscale30     2880          Offscale12     2800          7100 6     2700          8800Test Temperature 88° C.            Test Temperature 80° C.______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     This example is illustrative and shows the viscosity values obtained on the crude alone and a combination of 50 volume percent crude oil and 50 volume percent water which contained 500 parts per million of the surfactant of Example 1 and 500 parts per million of the surfactant of Example 2. 
     The results are shown in Table III. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________                Crude Oil Plus 300 ML                Goodwin Synthetic Water                Containing 500 ppm Sur-                factant - Example 1 and  Crude Oil Alone                500 ppm - Surfactant -  (300 ML)      Example 2RPM    Viscosity, cp Viscosity, cp______________________________________ 6     1900          10012     1750          14030     1760           8460     1700           7030     1560           8012     1500          180 6     1500          300Test Temperature 90° C.            Test Temperature 79° C.______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     This example is illustrative and shows the viscosity values obtained on the crude alone and a combination of 50 volume percent crude oil and 50 volume percent water which contained 333 parts per million of the surfactant of Example 1 and 667 parts per million of the surfactant of Example 2. 
     The results are shown in Table IV. 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________                Crude Oil Plus 300 ML                Goodwin Synthetic Water                Containing 333 ppm Sur-                factant - Example 1 and  Crude Oil Alone                667 ppm - Surfactant -  (300 ML)      Example 2RPM    Viscosity, cp Viscosity, cp______________________________________ 6     3600          10012     3450          9030     3360          4860     Offscale      4630     2960          6012     2900          100 6     2900          200Test Temperature 88° C.            Test Temperature 80° C.______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLES 5-7 
     These examples show the synergistic result obtained using a combination of the following: 
     (a) sodium salt of sulfated ethoxylate of Example 1 
     (b) an oxyethylated alcohol represented by the formula ##STR5## wherein R is a mixture of alkyls containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms, 
     a=6, and 
     b=11 
     Tests were run using the procedure of the previous examples, (i.e. crude alone and 50/50 crude-water containing specified amount of surfactant). 
     The tests were run using the following materials and amounts: 
     Example 5--500 ppm of sulfated ethoxylate 
     Example 6--500 ppm of the oxyethylated alcohol described above 
     Example 7 
     250 ppm--material Example 5 
     250 ppm--material Example 6 
     Only the Initial and Final 6 RPM viscosity values are shown. 
     The results are shown in Table V. 
     
                       TABLE V______________________________________                    Crude Oil PlusExample  Crude Oil Alone SurfactantNo.      Initial, cp              Final, cp Initial, cp                                Final, cp______________________________________5        7000      6860      700     4006        7400      6160      15,040  14,7407        8000      6700       40     140______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLES 8-11 
     These examples show the synergistic results obtained using a combination of the following: 
     (a) sodium salt of sulfated ethoxylate of Example 1 
     (b) an oxyethylated alcohol represented by the formula ##STR6## wherein R is a mixture of alkyls containing 10 to 12 carbon atoms, 
     a=6, and 
     b=8 
     Tests were run using the procedure of the previous examples (i.e. crude alone and 50/50 crude-water containing specified amount of surfactant). 
     The tests were run using the following materials and amounts: 
     Example 8--500 ppm of sulfated ethoxylate (same as Example 5) 
     Example 9--500 ppm of the oxyethylated alcohol described above 
     Example 10 
     250 ppm--material Example 8 
     250 ppm--material Example 9 
     Example 11 
     167 ppm--material Example 8 
     333 ppm--material Example 9 
     Only the Initial and Final 6 RPM viscosity values are shown. 
     The results are shown in Table VI. 
     
                       TABLE VI______________________________________                    Crude Oil PlusExample  Crude Oil Alone SurfactantNo.      Initial, cp              Final, cp Initial, cp                                Final, cp______________________________________ 8       7000      6860      700     400 9       6460      5100      11,000  13,80010       7400      6000      80      6011       4900      4000      20      20______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLES 12-14 
     These examples illustrate the synergistic result obtained using a combination of the following: 
     (a) sodium salt of sulfated ethoxylate of Example 1 
     (b) a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymer represented by the formula ##STR7## wherein a=3, b=30, and c=3 
     Tests were run using the procedure of the previous examples (i.e. crude alone and 50/50 crude-water containing specified amount of surfactant). 
     The tests were run using the following materials and amounts: 
     Example 12--500 ppm of sulfated ethoxylate (same as Example 5) 
     Example 13--500 ppm of the polyoxyethylene-polypropylene block polymer described above 
     Example 14 
     250 ppm--material Example 12 
     250 ppm--material Example 13 
     Only the Initial and Final 6 RPM viscosity values are shown. 
     The results are shown in Table VII. 
     
                       TABLE VII______________________________________                    Crude Oil PlusExample  Crude Oil Alone SurfactantNo.      Initial, cp              Final, cp Initial, cp                                Final, cp______________________________________12       7000      6860      700     40013       5200      4300      12,800  13,88014       8100      7200       60     140______________________________________ 
    
     Inspection of the data in the preceding examples shows the following: 
     (a) Use of polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers or the oxyethylated alcohols alone in the water results in an increased viscosity for the emulsion, as compared to the crude. 
     (b) Use of the sulfated ethoxylate salt alone results in a decrease in viscosity of the emulsion. 
     (c) Use of the described combination results in an improvement over that obtained with the sulfated ethoxylate salt alone. This is particularly surprising in view of the results obtained using either the polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymer or the oxyethoxylated alcohols alone. 
     Thus, having described the invention in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that certain variations and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined herein and in the appended claims.