Abstract:
There is disclosed a caisson and a method of using same. The caisson is for creating electrical power from a tidal stream. The power may be used to create hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cells. The device includes a body having an inlet and an outlet to allow the passage of water there through. A compartment extends between the inlet and the outlet and provides at least one paddle wheel rotatably mounted within the compartment for contact with incoming water. The compartment may be pressurized to reduce the volume of water present in the compartment when the caisson is submerged in the stream. The paddle wheel is connected to suitable pumps and generators in order to harness the energy from the mechanical energy created by the paddle wheel.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for converting tidal power into electrical energy and more particularly, the present invention relates to caisson type device having a paddle wheel which may be variably positioned within a tidal stream. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As the moon orbits around the earth, the gravitational force of the moon and sun pull the oceans creating the tides. It is undoubtedly the most powerful active force on earth. An immense amount of energy is inherent in these large bodies of moving water. To harness a small fraction of this energy and convert it into electricity, many innovative methods have been conceived. 
     The net energy in a tidal stream is very large. When a tidal stream is restricted by two points of land, the velocity is increased considerably, condensing the net energy through the constricting points of land. To extract a significant amount of energy from this relatively slow moving body of water, a large cross-section of the tidal stream needs to be harnessed. The simplest way to achieve this goal is through the use of a large paddle wheel or underwater sail. The energy extracted is directly proportional to the size of the paddle wheel. 
     For a paddle wheel to operate efficiently, only the lower half of the wheel should be submerged below the surface of the water, leaving the upper half of the wheel exposed to surface elements such as wind and waves. The paddle wheel structure need also contend with surface conditions such as slab ice and floating debris. 
     A housing may be constructed to protect the paddle wheel(s) but this would add considerable height, cost and complexity to a potential structure. A housing would also elevate the centre of gravity, a characteristic not conducive to stability during tow-out and transportation operations. As well, to protect the paddle wheel from floating debris, the housing would have to protrude below the surface of the water, restricting the flow of water to the paddles. 
     The most restrictive characteristic of a large structure protruding through the surface of the water is that it creates a barrier against surface ice flow. This can be disastrous, as the force behind a restricted ice flow can be fatal. With river ice, restricting the flow can mean serious flooding upstream. Marine structures that encounter ice are generally designed to minimize resistance. With the type of structure noted above, this would not be possible. 
     In numerous cases, the fastest (higher energy) tidal streams are found where large bodies of water are fully or partially enclosed by land except for one or more openings to the sea. In a lot of these cases, it would be desirable to link the two or more points of land adjacent to the openings. Often, the depth of water or span at the opening does not make a conventional bridge feasible. The preferred embodiment is intended to generate electricity at these tidal stream openings as well as potentially provide the base foundations for such a bridge. 
     The original and simplest method of harness sing tidal power was a barrage and paddle wheel. Subsequently, many intricate methods using a differential of water elevations have been devised. In recent years, barrage of coastal waters has elicited considerable public opposition. Barrage restricts recreational activities and commercial traffic. Due to the growing opposition, the focus of harnessing tidal power has shifted to tidal streams and non-coastal barrage systems. This shift has introduced new challenges and obstacles, as tidal streams are generally found in deeper and more treacherous waters. Structures built at such locations are susceptible to ocean storms, slab ice and icebergs. There have been systems developed to harness tidal streams in ice-free locations that are relatively sheltered. Unfortunately, no arrangement capable of withstanding the environmental forces of icebergs, slab ice and severe ocean storm waves has become available. 
     In the prior art a wide variety of devices have been proposed. Typical of the arrangements is referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,831, issued Jan. 5, 1988, to Kikuchi. In the document a power generator is disclosed. The generator provides a plurality of paddle wheels fixed in place essentially immovable and exposed without any coverage from debris. It would therefore appear that the Kikuchi system would be vulnerable to damage if used in more extreme environments. 
     Mayo, Jr., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,037, issued Mar. 27,2001, provides a power generating system which is also a permanent structure and is designed for fixture within a waterway. Generally speaking, these systems are cumbersome, expensive and require the use of one or more operators. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,175, issued to Mayo, Jr. et al., Aug. 8, 1995, discloses a river bridge electrical generator unit. This unit is, similar to those discussed above, for barrage and thus does not overcome the limitations outlined in the discussion herein previously. 
     Other references in the realm of the present invention include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,430,332, 4,511,808, and 4,001,596. 
     In view of the state of the art in this niche of civil engineering, there exists a distinct need for a versatile, durable and relocatable tidal power system which is absent the disadvantages connected with the current devices. The present invention addresses the requirements for a high-performance system for efficient extraction of the energy inherent in tides. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One object of the present invention is to provide a caisson for creating electrical power from a tidal stream, comprising: 
     a body having an inlet and an outlet to allow the passage of water there through; 
     a compartment extending between the inlet and the outlet; 
     at least one paddle wheel rotatably mounted within the compartment for contact with incoming water; 
     means for pressurizing the compartment to reduce the volume of water present in the compartment when the caisson is submerged in the stream; 
     pump means connected with the at least one paddle wheel; and 
     generator means connected to the pump means for generating electrical power. 
     The generated power may also then be used to create hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cells. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide a method of converting mechanical energy from tidal motion to electrical energy, comprising: 
     providing a movable paddle wheel within an enclosure, the enclosure having an inlet and an outlet for facilitating contact of the paddle wheel with a tidal stream; 
     connecting the paddle wheel to means for converting energy created during rotation of the paddle wheel to electrical energy; 
     positioning the paddle wheel into contact with the stream; 
     selectively pressurizing the enclosure to alter the level of submersion of the paddle wheel in the water within the enclosure; and 
     collecting energy created from the tidal motion of the paddle wheel. 
     Having thus described the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings illustrating preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the apparatus according to one embodiment in the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a plan view of the arrangement as positioned with a bridge deck; 
     FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of the arrangement shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-section of the apparatus; 
     FIG. 5 is a plan view of the access support and hydraulic drive system; and 
     FIG. 6 is a side elevation view of the access support hydraulic drive system. 
    
    
     Similar numerals used in the specification denote similar elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings, and in particular FIGS. 1 through 4, shown is one embodiment of the present invention where numeral  10  denotes the overall structure. In FIG. 1, the body includes a base  12 , spaced apart side walls  14  and  16  and front wall  18  and rear wall  20 . A top wall  22  is provided with bridge truss members  24  and  26 . As illustrated in the drawings, the arrangement effectively provides a base portion, intermediate portion and a top portion. 
     In greater detail, the structure  10  provides an internal volume or compartment  28  which is shown best in FIG.  4 . Intermediate of the structure  10  is a series of portals  30  which permit a tidal stream to pass through the compartment  28  from one side to the other. The portals  30  are defined by a plurality of spaced apart fins  32  which act as means for directing the tidal stream into the internal volume  28  of the structure  10  and also additionally provide structural support for the opening within which they are positioned. The top wall  22  includes a downwardly directed wall  34 . Wall  34  is oriented about the perimeter of the structure and, when the structure  10  is positioned in the water according to one embodiment, the downwardly directed wall  34  contacts the water line, generally denoted by W. In this manner, when the arrangement is positioned in situ within the water, packed ice flow and slabs of ice (not shown) are pushed onto and across top wall  22 . Accordingly, packed slab ice is not restricted by the relatively large structure. This significantly reduces the lateral force applied the structure  10  by ice flows. 
     Wall segment  34  cooperates with the individual fins  32  to prevent large debris from entering into the compartment  28  which would otherwise damage or impair the function of the paddle wheel  36 . 
     Paddle wheel  36  rotates about a transverse access relative to the vertical orientation of the device about axis  38  and includes a plurality of radially spaced apart support members  40 . A flexible material  42  extends between the supports  40 . 
     As water flows through the structure  10 , the force slowly rotates paddle wheel  36  and therefore creates a torque on axis  38 . In order to convert the axial torque into electricity, hydraulic pumps  44  are connected to the axis  38  through a transfer case  46  on both sides of the axis  38 . The axis  38  of the paddle wheel  36  and the hydraulic pumps  44  are supported on a frame  50  (shown in FIG.  6 ), which frame  50  is secured internally of compartment  28  and in particular to one of walls  14  or  16 . This fixes the elevation of the paddle wheel  36 . Adjustment of the elevation of the wheel axis in the sea water is achieved by alternate means discussed hereinafter. 
     The hydraulic pressure from each of the hydraulic pumps  44  is combined to drive at least one electric generator  52  through a hydraulic drive motor  54 . The drive motors  54  and the generators  52  are positioned above water level, W, for purposes of safety. It is well known by those skilled in the art as to the mechanism of conversion of axial torque to electricity. 
     In view of the alternating flow pattern of a tidal stream, the hydraulic pumps  44  are constructed such that positive hydraulic pressure is created independent of paddle wheel  36  direction. The crankshaft of the pump (not shown) typically would drive one or more pistons whereby a spring loaded supply valve (not shown) typically controls hydraulic fluids supplied to each piston. When the piston is extracted, the negative pressure opens the supply valve (not shown) and the hydraulic fluid is drawn into the cylinder (not shown). During compression, the spring loaded valve (in the other direction) allows the pressurized fluid to flow into the pressure manifold (not shown). Accordingly, each cycle pressurizes hydraulic fluid regardless of the crank shaft direction. These principals are well known to those skilled in the art. 
     One of the most attractive features with the instant structure  10  relates to the feature of lowering the resistance of the water on paddle wheel  36  above axis  38 . In order to achieve this result, and particularly, the resistance of the water on paddle wheel  36  above axis  38 , the water level inside the compartment  28  may be lowered to just below axis  38 . This is achieved by pressurizing compartment  28  with air. To this end, an air compressor  58  is provided to compress the air to the pressure equal to that of the water head pressure at the axis depth. Generally speaking, the air pressure required is approximately half that required to inflate a conventional automobile tire. In order to contain the pressurized air in the compartment  28 , portals  30  are positioned together with the wall segment  34  to be just below the desired level of water, W, in compartment  28 . Once the water level is lowered to the desired point, further compression is only required to replace air that escapes through the roof and wall or into the water. 
     As mentioned herein previously, the fins  32  are useful to guide water into the compartment  28  of structure  10 . To this end, and in order to further assist in guiding water into compartment  28 , each portal may include a angularly disposed wall, broadly denoted by numeral  60  at the upper end of the portal and a further angulary inclined wall  62  at the bottom end the portal and at the top end of wall  18 . In this manner, a narrowing of the opening of the portal is achieved and, as is well known in the art, this provides an increase in the velocity of the tidal stream entering the compartment  28  and thus increases the angular velocity of paddle wheel  36 . 
     With respect to the segment  60 , this is preferably a hingedly connected wall or gate which, in the example, is hingedly connected above portal  30  at  64 . It will be understood that each of the portals will include the hingedly connected segment  60  which may be moved from the location as shown in FIG. 4 to a second position shown in chain line where the wall  60  is swung outwardly. This permits closure of the respective portal for maintenance of the paddle wheel  36  and compartment  28 . 
     As discussed herein previously, the paddle wheel  36  preferably incorporates a high strength fabric held snugly within frame members  40  to achieve a underwater sail. As a preferred feature, the fabric will be held tautly near the axis, but slack at the outer edge of the wheel. This facilitates water flow out of the fabric paddle as it lifts out of the water. The slack end may optionally be weighted so that on reentry, the outer edge of the fabric paddle enters the water first and reduces drag on the wheel in the first few meters. 
     As a further advantageous feature, in order to reduce water flow from the sides of the paddle wheel  36 , each frame  40  may be fitted with a flexible edge  66  shown in FIG.  6 . This arrangement is useful for brushing the edges of the walls. 
     Depending upon the final intended use of the structure  10 , the same may be fixedly secured to the bedrock sea floor (not shown) or simply be gravity based when installed. Once installed, a plurality of individual ballast cells  68  bounded by the base wall  12  and walls  70  of compartment  28  may be charged with solid ballast in order to increase the overturning movement of resistance of the structure. Depending on the environment in which the arrangement is used. 
     For further support, the portals  30  may include x-braces  72  shown best in FIG. 3, for further structural stability, the side chambers  74  of the structure can act as buoyancy chambers. Once the structure  10  has been installed in its environment, the chambers may then be filled with ballast to further increase the overturning moment of resistance. The chambers  74  are designed to provide lateral sheer and thus structural stability to the structure. The side chambers thus transfer lateral sheer from the upper to the lower section of the structure and this is further supported by tubular bracing  72  which contributes to the overall structural integrity of the device. 
     Remaining on the discussion of FIG. 3, shown is the structure as it would support an independent bridge truss  76 . In this manner, the structure could be used as a bridge column foundation and allow for the transportation of vehicles. As discussed herein previously, supports  24  and  26  extending upwardly from wall  22  act as supports for the truss. 
     It will be understood that the wall  22  of the structure  10  has to be capable of with standing significant air pressure within compartment  28  and additionally the force of ice slabs (not shown) sliding over the top. In a preferred embodiment, the construction material would comprise reinforced concrete. 
     It will be understood that any number of the structures may be connected together to act as a tidal fence and further that the individual arrangements may be used as bridge supports. 
     Although embodiments of the invention have been described above, it is not limited thereto and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications form part of the present invention insofar as they do not depart from the spirit, nature and scope of the claimed and described invention.