Abstract:
The invention relates to novel PQQ-dependent soluble glucose dehydrogenases (sPQQGDH) from  Acinetobacter  and to a process for their preparation by overexpression in suitable microbial expression systems.

Description:
[0001]    The invention relates to novel PQQ-dependent soluble glucose dehydrogenases (sPQQGDH) from  Acinetobacter  and to a process for their preparation by overexpression in suitable microbial expression systems. 
         [0002]    Patients suffering from diabetes must measure their blood glucose regularly. Measurement of glucose likewise plays an important part in fermentation processes. In many cases, glucose is determined enzymatically. For this purpose, either glucose oxidase, or, in rare cases, also glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are employed. The methods based on glucose oxidase have the disadvantage that the enzyme transfers the electrons not just to the added mediators but also to the oxygen present. The result of the measurement is therefore dependent on the oxygen partial pressure. Efforts have been made for some time to replace the present enzymes by sPQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenases. PQQ stands for pyrroloquinoline quinone. PQQ is the prosthetic group of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). It transfers redox equivalents. The advantage of these enzymes is that the measurement is independent of the oxygen partial pressure and a more accurate measurement is possible. In addition, measurement in smaller sample volumes is possible through use of these enzymes. 
         [0003]    Two different PQQGDHs are to be found in the literature. One form is membrane-bound (mPQQGDH) and is unsuitable for use in glucose sensors. The other form is soluble (sPQQGDH) and has been found variously in strains of the genus  Acinetobacter  (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 59 (8), pp. 1548-1555, 1995). The enzyme is a homodimer and has a molecular weight of 50 kDa. The soluble and the membrane-bound PQQGDH have no sequence homology and are different immunologically and in terms of their kinetics (Cleton-Jansen et al., 172 (11), pp. 6308-6315, J. Bacteriol. 1990) (Matsushita et al., Biochemistry 28 (15), pp. 6276-6280, 1989). 
         [0004]    The sPQQGDH from  Acinetobacter  has been known for some time. All authors use the strains LMD 79.41 (Kojima et al., Biotechnology Letters, 22, pp. 1343-1347, 2000), NCIMB 11517 or JCM 6841 (both: US 2001021523). 
         [0005]    The DNA sequences of the sPQQGDH of these strains are deposited in the Genbank under the access numbers X15871 (LMD 79.41), E28183 (JCM 6841) and E28182 (NCIMB 11517). 
         [0006]    Many attempts have been made to alter the properties of these sPQQGDH by modifying the gene sequences. (EP 1 167 519 A1, EP 1 176 202 A1, Sode und Kojima, Biotechn. Letters, Vol. 19, (11) pp. 1073-1077, 1997). The aim in these cases was to improve the substrate specificity and the thermal stability of the enzyme. EP 1 167 519 A 1 describes the replacement of individual amino acids of the sPQQGDH from  Acinetobacter  LMD 79.41 in order to obtain increased thermal stability. Alterations are made in amino acids 209, 210, 231, 420 and 421. WO 02/072839 A1 describes further alterations in the amino acid sequence in order to achieve increased thermal stabilities and improvements in the water solubility. Replacements were made in positions 167, 231, 340, 415 and 418. The numbering is based in both cases on that used in EP 1 167 519. When comparing the enzyme from  Acinetobacter  LMD 79.41 with the novel sPQQGDH according to the invention and that from  Acinetobacter  JCM 6841 it is necessary also to take account of the fact that the two last-mentioned enzymes are two amino acids longer than that from LMD 79.41. The mature enzyme and the signal peptide are considered in this connection. 
         [0007]    WO 02/34919 A1 describes replacement of individual amino acids with the aim of reducing the affinity of the enzyme for maltose. The thermal stability of the enzyme is unaffected. 
         [0008]    Enzymes are normally prepared by heterologous expression thereof in  E. coli . The problem arising on expression of sPQQGDH is that although  E. coli  can synthesise the enzyme, it cannot synthesise cofactor PQQ. Although, according to Sode et al. (J. Biotechnology, 49, 239-243, 1996) expression of the apoenzyme mPQQGDH is possible in the case of the membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenase, it is unstable and is broken down again during culturing of the cells. Matsushita et al. (Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59, 1548-1555, 1995) postulate a conformational change in the enzyme occurring on binding of the cofactor and protecting the holoenzyme from tryptic digestion. 
         [0009]    For this reason, all research groups and manufacturers have made efforts to prepare active and stable enzyme in such a way that either PQQ is added during culturing of the cells, or the expression takes place in strains themselves able to form PQQ. Sode et al. (J. Biotechnology, 49, 239-243, 1996) succeeded in coexpressing mPQQGDH together with the genes for PQQ synthesis in  E. coli  and achieved about 1500 U/l at an OD of 4. Addition of PQQ during culturing of the cells achieves 1100 U/l. However, the system has the problem that the cells do not reach high optical densities and die during enzyme production (Kojima et al., Biotechnology Letters, 22, 1343-1347, 2000). The authors in the previously cited publication describe the synthesis of active sPQQGDH in  Klebsiella pneumoniae . This organism is genetically available and has the ability to synthesize PQQ. In this case, therefore, activities of about 14 000 U/l are reached, although additional PQQ feeding is necessary. Yoshida et al. (Enzym. Microb. Technol. 30, pp. 312-318, 2002) expressed soluble sPQQGDH in  Pichia pastoris  heterologously and thus achieved usable enzyme yields of up to 200 000 U/l. However, it is necessary for this purpose to reach very high cell densities. In addition, the enzyme is glycosylated and must additionally be purified by a precipitation and two ion exchanges. Cost-effective preparation is impeded in particular by the elaborate purification and the glycosylation. 
         [0010]    The Toyobo Co. Ltd., Japan, describes in JP 09140378 the preparation of sPQQGDH using  Acinetobacter calcoaceticus . 60 U/l are reached after three purification steps. In order to increase the productivity of the system, the enzyme was subsequently expressed heterologously in  Pseudomonas putida , because this strain is able to synthesize PQQ. 
         [0011]    Olsthoorn and Duine (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 336 (1), 42-48, 1996) describe the batch culturing of an  E coli  clone which expresses sPQQGDH in a 100 l fermenter. After the culturing, the enzyme is purified by three column steps. The clone forms no PQQ; the cofactor is added only in the enzyme assay. The yields amount to 10 mg of pure protein per 1 of grown culture. The low cell density of the culture, the elaborate purification process and the yield, however, make the process appear uneconomic. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    During a screening, 12 strains of the species  Acinetobacter calcoaceticus  which form an sPQQGDH were found. Typing of the novel strains by the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) revealed 99.8% homology of the partial 16S rDNA sequence to the  Acinetobacter calcoaceticus  type strain. However, the observed utilization of L-malate and the inability to break down L-phenylacetate is unusual for the type strain. This property is shown by all 12 strains found. 
         [0013]    The sPQQGDHs formed by these strains differ from the previously known enzymes in substantial properties. On the one hand, they have a thermal stability which is improved by comparison with the enzyme from the type strain (see Example 3). The nucleotide sequences and the sequence of the amino acids are likewise different. 
         [0014]    Sequence analysis of the 12 genes which code for the novel sPQQGDHs revealed the following results (see  FIG. 1 ): 
         [0015]    The nucleotide sequences of all the newly found sPQQGDHs differ distinctly from those of the enzymes from  Acinetobacter  LMD 79.41 and  Acinetobacter  JCM 6841 and NCIMB 11517. 
         [0016]    The amino acid sequences which can be derived from the respective nucleotide sequences likewise differ from the previously known sequences. The sPQQGDH from  Acinetobacter  LMD 79.41 has 478 amino acids, including the signal peptide, while those from the two other known strains  Acinetobacter  JCM 6841 and  Acinetobacter  NCIMB 11517, and those from the sequences found here each have 480 amino acids, including signal peptide. 
         [0017]    The amino acid sequences of the newly found sPQQGDHs differ in numerous positions from those previously known. Surprisingly, an amino acid different from that in all previously described enzymes was found at 12 positions with all the genes newly described herein. In addition, at least 75% of the genes newly described herein have an amino acid different from that in the previously described genes at four positions. Moreover, in the enzymes newly described herein there are further exchanges, which occur singly or in some of the enzymes. 
         [0018]    The specific replacements in the newly found sPQQGDH according to the invention are of the following amino acids. The numbering of amino acids is based on the numbering in the enzyme from the strain  Acinetobacter  JCM 6841, which comprises 480 amino acids, including signal peptide (see  FIG. 1 ): 
         [0019]    All the sPQQGDHs which have at positions 21 an N and 41 an S and 47 an L and 121 a V or an A and 149 an A and 213 an S and 244 an 1 and 320 a G and 391 an S and 452 an S and 474 an R and 480 a Q as amino acid are according to the invention. 
         [0020]    Further according to the invention are all the sPQQGDHs in which the following exchanges may occur in addition to the exchanges described above: 
         [0021]    There may be at positions 16 an H, at 18 an L, at 20 an F, at 40 a G, at 48 an, at 61 an A, at 111 a T, at 154 a D, at 190 a D, at 293 an A, at 311 an S, at 314 an A, at 324 an L, at 333 an M, at 339 an S, at 355 a G, at 366 a D, at 417 an N and at 418 an A. 
         [0022]    It has surprisingly been found that the newly found enzymes are all more thermally stable than the wild-type enzyme. The thermal stability is an essential criterion for successful use of sPQQGDH as glucose sensor. Thus, the remaining activities found on incubation at 60° C. and 70° C. for one hour were all higher than with the enzyme from  Acinetobacter  LMD 79.41. The remaining activity found at 60° C. with the sPQQGDHs according to the invention were between 51.5% and 12.5%. The wild type showed only 1.8% of its original activity in an identical approach. Between 26.7% and 8.8% of the initial activity were observed at 70° C., whereas the wild-type enzyme had only 6.4% of the original activity. 
         [0023]    Various attempts have been made in the past to increase the thermal stability of sPQQGDH by targeted and random exchange of amino acids. 
         [0024]    However, EP 1 167 519 A1 claims the exchange of amino acids at positions markedly different from those in the sPQQGDHs according to the invention. The same applies to the exchanges described in WO 02/072839. This likewise applies to the exchanges described in WO 02/34919 A1. The increased thermal stability of the sPQQGDHs according to the invention thus correlates with the exchange of a whole group of amino acids whose influence on this property was not previously known. 
         [0025]    The enzymes according to the invention can be prepared by cultivating the relevant strain in a suitable medium. It is possible to use for this purpose the media described in the literature, such as nutrient broth (Difco 0003). After the cells have grown, they are harvested and disrupted. The enzyme is purified as described below. 
         [0026]    The sPQQGDHs from the wild type are preferably cloned into a suitable host. Possibilities therefor are the usual genetically readily available prokaryotes such as members of the genus  Bacillus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas , and  E. coli . The enyzmes may furthermore also be expressed in eukaryotes such as members of the genera  Pichia, Saccharomyces, Hansenula, Aspergillus  or  Kluyveromyces . The enzymes may also be expressed in plants or animal cell lines. 
         [0027]    It is possible to employ for the cloning standard methods such as PCR with degenerate primers or hybridization of genomic libraries with suitable probes. Expression is preferably carried out in  E. coli . The expression is normally carried out in the strains BL21, DH5, HB101, JM101, RV308, TOPP, TOP10, XL-1 and derivatives thereof. The strains W3110 and DH5 are preferably used. Conventional expression vectors can be employed for this purpose. The vectors typically comprise an origin of replication, an antibiotic resistance and a promoter sequence. Examples of vectors which can be employed are the following: pUC18/19, pBluescript, pTZ, pGEX, pPROEx, pcDNA3.1, YEp24, pBAC, pPICZ. Vectors of the pMAL, pET, pTrx, pCAL, pQE and pPROTet series are preferred. Expression vectors of the pASK-IBA 2 to pASK-IBA 7 series are particularly preferably employed. Usual antibiotics for resistance selection are, for example, ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. 
         [0028]    It is also possible to use expression systems which lead to the protein being secreted into the medium. 
         [0029]    The vectors can be transferred to the host cell by conventional methods. Examples employed for this purpose are: electroporation, protoplast fusion, chemical transformation. 
         [0030]    Synthesis of the cloned sPQQGDHs is induced by adding an inducer. The inducers employed for this purpose are those suitable for the chosen expression system, such as, for example, IPTG, tryptophan, glucose and lactose. The inducer anhydrotetracycline is particularly preferably used. 
         [0031]    The recombinant cell lines are cultured in media suitable therefor. Conventional processes used for culturing prokaryotes and eukaryotes are suitable for this purpose. The culturing can be carried out in suitable fermenters. The organisms are preferably cultivated in such a way that very high cell densities are reached. To do this it is necessary for the feeding with a C source and an N source to be suitably controlled by a strategy such that no toxic metabolic products result (for overview: Schügerl et al. (editors) in: Bioreaction Engineering, pp. 374-390, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000; Yee and Blanch, Bio/Technology, 10 (2), pp. 1550-1556, 1992). 
         [0032]    A process suitable for the purposes of this invention is for example that of Riesenberg et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 34, pp. 77-82, 1990. 
         [0033]    Whereas the cultivation of the cells ideally takes place at 28-37° C., the temperature is lowered to 10-28° C. for expression of the protein. It is preferably at 15-25° C. and particularly preferably at 20-22° C. 
         [0034]    It has surprisingly been found that on use of the process according to the invention distinctly higher yields of active enzyme are attained than previously described in the literature. When an  E. coli  clone is cultured in a batch culture it is possible in this way to obtain up to 48 mg of pure protein from one litre of culture supernatant (see Examples 5 and 6). Yoshida et al. (Enzym. Microbiol. Technol., 30, pp. 312-318, 2002) attained 43 mg/l. However, elaborate purification of the enzyme is necessary, and it is glycosylated. Olsthoorne and Duine (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 336 (1), pp. 42-48, 1996, report a yield of 10 mg/l. 
         [0035]    If the cells having the enzymes according to the invention are cultured in fermentation with high cell density, it is in fact possible to reach more than 220 mg of pure enzyme per 1 of culture liquid (Example 8). 
         [0036]    Culturing of the cells is followed by harvesting and disruption thereof by suitable methods such as, for example, French press, addition of detergents or ultrasound. The protein solution is buffered and brought to a slightly alkaline pH. The buffer is adjusted to a pH between 7 and 9, and is preferably between 7.8 and 8.2. 
         [0037]    Buffer substances which can be employed are the buffers customary in biochemistry, such as Tris, MOPS or PIPES buffers, potassium phosphate buffer; the concentration ought to be 5-100 mM, and is preferably in a range of 20-70 mM and particularly preferably 50 mM. 
         [0038]    The sPQQGDH can now be purified very easily from the protein solution. To do this, the protein solution is either purified by a conventional ion exchange chromatography, or the ion exchange material is directly added to the protein solution and then separated from the remainder of the liquid on a suction funnel. Suitable ion exchangers are cation exchangers such as, for example, Lewatit resins CM-, S-, SM-Sepharose, CM-, SP-Sephadex, Amberlyst 15, Amberlite CG-50, Amberlite IR-120, carboxymethyl-, sulphoxyethyl-, oxycellulose, cellulose phosphate and CM-Toyopearl. CM-Toyopearl is preferably employed. 
         [0039]    The protein is then eluted from the ion exchange material by conventional methods. An increasing NaCl gradient is employed for this, and the buffer used is that also employed previously for binding the protein to the ion exchange material. The enzyme is normally eluted at a concentration of about 200 mM NaCl. 
         [0040]    The enzyme can then be purified further, and it is likewise possible to reduce the salt content by conventional methods such as dialysis and ultrafiltration. 
         [0041]    The preparation and purification of the sPQQGDH according to the invention preferably takes place as apoenzyme, and the cofactor PQQ is added only when the enzyme has been completely purified. Addition of the PQQ ideally takes place in conjunction with changing the buffer of the enzyme after purification on the ion exchanger. 
         [0042]    The PQQ can be added before the buffer is changed or thereafter. It is preferably added beforehand. The amount depends on the content of the protein solution. From 0.1 to 5 mol of PQQ can be added per mole of active enzyme. It is ideal to add from 0.5 to 2 mol, particularly preferably 2 mol, of PQQ per mole of active protein. However, it is also possible for the enzyme to be prepared and purified as holoenzyme. For this purpose the PQQ can be added during cell culturing, during cell disruption or prior to purification. A further possibility is for the sPQQGDHs according to the invention also be prepared as holoenzymes by heterologous expression thereof in organisms able to synthesise PQQ. These may be for example organisms from the genus  Klebsiella  or  Pseudomonas.    
         [0043]    The novel sPQQGDHs are employed according to the invention for glucose measurement. They are particularly preferably employed in instruments which can be used to measure blood glucose. It is also possible in addition to employ the enzymes for glucose measurement for example in fermentation processes. 
         [0044]    If the sPQQGDHs according to the invention are employed for diagnostic purposes, such a test kit typically includes a buffer, a mediator and some units of enzymic activity. 0.5-10 U are typically employed, and 1-5 U are preferably employed. Various formulations of the enzyme are possible for this purpose. It can for example be freeze- or spray-dried and formulated as solution. Suitable electrodes may be carbon, gold or platinum electrodes. The enzyme is normally immobilized on the electrode. Crosslinking agents are normally used for this purpose, but the enzyme can also be encapsulated. Further possibilities for immobilizing it are by means of a dialysis membrane, by photocrosslinking, electrically conducting or redox polymers. Combinations of the abovementioned methods are also possible. 
         [0045]    The enzymes are preferably applied as holoenzymes but they can also be employed as apoenzymes, in which case the necessary PQQ is supplied in a second layer. The novel sPQQGDHs are preferably immobilized on a carbon electrode with glutaraldehyde and then treated with a reagent containing amines for complete reaction of excess glutaraldehyde. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Search for Novel Strains Which Produce sPQQGDH 
       [0046]    Soil samples were suspended in saline (0.9% NaCl), and aliquots were streaked onto agar plates which contained a nutrient medium with gluconate as sole carbon source. The medium had the following composition: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                 5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 MgSO 4   
                 0.2 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 NH 4 H 2 PO 4   
                 1 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 K 2 HPO 4   
                 1 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium gluconates 
                 2 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Yeast extract 
                 0.5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Agar 
                 15 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Dist. water 
                 1000 
                 ml 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0047]    The plates were incubated at 30° C. for 24-48 hours. 
         [0048]    Alternatively,  Pseudomonas -Agar from Oxoid was also used. The incubation conditions were identical. 
         [0049]    Selected grown colonies were isolated on glucose-eosin-methylene blue agar. This had the following composition: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 K 2 HPO 4   
                 1 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 18 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Peptone 
                 10 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Eosins 
                 0.4 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Methylene blue 
                 0.06 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Agar 
                 16 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Dist. water. 
                 1000 
                 ml 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH 
                 7.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    The plates were incubated at 30° C. for 24 hours. Positive clones can be identified by being dark red and/or having a green lustre. These colonies are again streaked on nutrient agar (Oxoid) in order to check their purity. The composition thereof was as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Meat extract 
                 1 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Yeast extract 
                 2 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Peptone 
                 5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                 5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Agar 
                 15 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Dist. water 
                 1000 
                 ml 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH 
                 7.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0051]    The plates were incubated at 30° C. for 48 hours and again isolated. The purified strains were subsequently cultured in 100 ml of liquid nutrient broth (Oxoid) at 30° C. for 20 h; the medium had the following composition: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Meat extract 
                 3 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Bakto peptone 
                 5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 1 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Dist. water 
                 1000 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0052]    Culturing was followed by harvesting of the cultures (4500×g, 40 min, 4° C.) and washing with saline (0.9% NaCl). The pellets were resuspended in 5 ml of 50 mM KP buffer of pH 7.2 and disrupted with ultrasound. The extract was again centrifuged at 10 000×g at 4° C. for 30 min, and the GDH activity in the cell-free supernatant was measured. It was possible to isolate 26 strains with GDH activity on the screening medium with gluconate as sole carbon source. It was possible to isolate four strains after culturing on the  Pseudomonas  medium. 
       Example 2 
     Purification of the Enzymes 
       [0053]    The strains whose sPQQGDHs were to be investigated were cultured in 8 l of NB medium (Oxoid), which contained 0.1% glucose at 30° C. for 20 h. The cells were harvested (4500×g, 40 min, 4° C.), washed with 0.9% saline and taken up in 150-200 ml of 10 mM MOPS of pH 8.0. The cells were disrupted with ultrasound. The cell-free extract was loaded onto 300 ml of TSK gel CM-Toyopearl 650M (Tosoh Corp.) and washed with 3-4 column volumes of 10 mM MOPS of pH 8.0. Elution took place with a 0-0.3 M NaCl gradient with a 3-4-fold column volume. Active fractions were pooled, transferred into a dialysis tube and concentrated by addition of high-viscosity carboxylmethylcellulose as water absorber. The concentrated sample was resuspended with 3.5 volume of 10 mM K-MOPS of pH 6.8 and again purified on the CM-Toyopearl column. Equilibration of the column and washing took place with 10 mM K-MOPS of pH 6.8, and elution was carried out with a 0-0.3 M NaCl gradient. The active fractions were pooled and concentrated as described above. They served as starting material for determining the thermal stability. 
       Example 3 
     Test of Thermal Stability 
       [0054]    The thermal stability was determined by incubating the purified enzymes at 50, 60 and 70° C. for 60 minutes. The incubation took place in 50 mM Pipes at pH 6.5 in the presence of 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1% BSA and 5 μM PQQ. After the incubation, the samples were cooled on ice and the remaining activity was determined. It was expressed as a percentage of the original activity. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Thermal stability of novel sPQQGDH from various new isolates 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 50° C. 
                 60° C. 
                 70° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 KGN25 
                 100 
                 14.3 
                 13.1 
               
               
                   
                 KGN34 
                 104.2 
                 19.8 
                 14.6 
               
               
                   
                 KGN80 
                 94.3 
                 22.6 
                 18.9 
               
               
                   
                 KGN100 
                 95.9 
                 12.5 
                 13.5 
               
               
                   
                 KG106 
                 102.6 
                 33.4 
                 13.9 
               
               
                   
                 KG140 
                 105.5 
                 20.5 
                 8.8 
               
               
                   
                 KOZ62 
                 107.7 
                 42.8 
                 14.7 
               
               
                   
                 KOZ65 
                 103.8 
                 34.6 
                 19.2 
               
               
                   
                 PT15 
                 100.0 
                 25.4 
                 16.3 
               
               
                   
                 PT16 
                 85.0 
                 51.5 
                 14.9 
               
               
                   
                 PTN26 
                 120.7 
                 27.5 
                 22.4 
               
               
                   
                 PTN69 
                 93.2 
                 36.4 
                 26.7 
               
               
                   
                 LMD79.41 wild type 
                 95.6 
                 1.8 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
     Cloning and Analysis of the Novel sPQQGDH Genes 
       [0055]    For cloning the sPQQGDH genes from the novel strains described here it was initially attempted to amplify the complete coding sequence on genomic DNA with synthetic oligonucleotides in a PCR. The primers which were used for this and were derived from the published sPQQGDH sequence (X15871; LMD 79.41) did not, however, lead to PCR products, because the sequences of the sPQQGDHs according to the invention differ particularly greatly from the wild type in the region of the signal peptide and close to the stop codon. For this reason, various primers from both strands of the wild-type sequence which were intended to lead on use in a PCR to amplification of fragments of the coding sequence were used. It was possible with some of these primer combinations to isolate such fragments from the strains described in Example 3. Commercial kits were used for all the PCR reactions, usually the PCR master kit from Roche, in accordance with the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. It was possible with the primers 
       GDH-fwd P1 (5′-CCA GAT AAT CAA ATT TGG TTA AC-3′) and 
       [0056]    GDH-rev P7 (5′-CAT CAC GAT AAC GGT TYT TGC-3′) to isolate fragments about 1200 bp in size. The resulting DNA pieces were then sequenced. An inverse PCR was carried out in order to obtain the complete sequence of the individual genes (Sambrook and Russell: Molecluar Cloning—A Laboratory Manual. CSHL Press (2001), p. 8.81). The primers employed for this purpose in the present case were each positioned on the margin of the fragment in such a way that the still unknown part of the GDH gene is synthesized in a further PCR. Such a PCR reaction was carried out on genomic DNA of the respective strain, which had been cut with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and BglII and then recircularized by T4 ligase. The primers used were 
       GDH-3Mid (5′-GGGATATGACCTACATTTGCTGGC-3′) and 
       [0057]    GDH-5Mid (5′-TGTCCATCAGCRTCATTTACAAYCTCAG-3′), which initiated directed DNA synthesis respectively in the direction of the 3′ end (GDH-3Mid) and 5′ end (GDH-5Mid) of the GDH gene. The amplicons obtained in this way contained the as yet missing portions of the coding sequence, as emerged by cloning into the vector pCR2.1 and subsequent sequencing. The DNA sequences which were now completely available were used anew to develop primers which made it possible for the coding sequence from start codon to stop codon to be cloned directly. The primers were chosen in this case so that cloning into the vector pASK-IBA3 is possible in accordance with IBA&#39;s instructions. For this purpose, a BsaI cleavage site is positioned directly in front of the coding sequence (in the 5′-binding primer) and one was positioned directly thereafter (in the 3′-binding primer) so that directed ligation of the BsaI-cut PCR product into the BsaI open vector pASK-IBA3 is possible. The 5′ primer used was
 
GDH-U3(5′-TGGTAGGTCTCAAATGAATAAACATTTATTGGCTAAAATTAC-3′), and the 3′ primers used were GDH-L3
 
(5′-ATGGTAGGTCTCAGCGCTCTGAGCTTTATATGTAAACCTAATCAAAG-3′; for the GDH from clone PT15) and GDH-L4
 
       (5′-ATGGTAGGTCTCAGCGCTCTGAGCTTTATATGTAAATCTAATCAGAG-3′; 
       [0058]    for all other clones). The resulting plasmidas were referred to as pA13-X. Instead of “X”, the strain number of the clone from which the genomic DNA was isolated is inserted. For the purposes of comparison, the sPQQGDH gene from the wild-type strain LMD79.41 was cloned in the same way. However, the primers used for this were derived from the published sequence. This plasmid was referred to as pAI3-wt. 
         [0059]    The described plasmids were transferred into the  E. coli  strain DH5α (from Invitrogen) by chemical transformation. The bacterial strains obtained in this way were referred to as DH5α::pAI3-X. The plasmids were transferred in a similar way into a further  E. coli  strain, W3110 (ATCC 27325). These strains were then referred to as W3110::pAI3-X. 
       Example 5 
     Recombinant Preparation of sPQQGDH with  E. coli    
       [0060]    The preculture was prepared as follows. 0.1 ml of a glycerol stock of DH5α::pAI3-KOZ65 cells was added to 2 ml of LB medium (50 μg/ml ampicillin) and shaken at 37° C. and 225 rpm overnight. For the main culture, 11 of TB medium (50 μg/ml ampicillin) was inoculated with the fully grown preculture. The culture was shaken at 37° C. and 225 rpm until an OD of about 1 was reached. The main culture was then induced with an anhydrotetracycline (AHT) stock solution. The inducer was dissolved in DMF for this purpose. The final concentration of AHT in the culture was 0.2 μg/ml, and induction took place at 27° C. and 225 rpm for 24 hours. The OD of the main culture was then 4.2. 
         [0061]    The cells were harvested by centrifugation of the main culture at 3220×g and 4° C. for 15 min. The cell pellets were resuspended in 40 ml (= 1/25 of the total volume) in 75 mM Tris-HCl of pH 8.0, and disrupted using a French press. This is done by treating the complete cell suspension with the French press twice. The lysate, which may be cloudy due to inclusion bodies and cell detritus, was centrifuged at 48 745×g and 4° C. for 10 min. The protein content and the activity of the supernatant were assayed. The protein content was 9.25 mg/ml, and the activity was 1.4 kU/ml. Based on the original culture, 56 kU were obtained per 1 of culture. 
       Example 6 
     Purification of the Recombinant sPQQGDH 
       [0062]    11.2 ml of the supernatant from Example 5 were separated by chromatography on a cation exchanger (Toyopearl CM-650M, from TOSOH BIOSEP GmbH) at 4° C. An XK 50/20 column (from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) with a column bed of about 130 ml is used for this purpose; the flow rate was 8 ml/min. The column was equilibrated with 10 column volume of 10 mM K-MOPS of pH 8.0+1 mM CaCl 2 , after which the sample is loaded. The column was washed with 4 column volume of 10 mM K-MOPS of pH 8.0+1 mM CaCl 2 , and it was then eluted with a linear salt gradient from 0 to 0.4 N NaCl in 10 mM K-MOPS of pH 8.0 (in each case including 1 mM CaCl 2 ), collecting the eluate in fractions. Regeneration of the column takes place with 3 column volume of 1 N NaCl+1 mM CaCl 2 . 
         [0063]    The eluate fractions were assayed for activity in 96-well microtitre plates with flat base in order to find the active fractions. The colour solution had the following composition: 
         [0000]    0.2 mM PMS (phenazine methosulphate in H 2 O)
 
+0.22 mM NTB (nitrotetrazolium blue in H 2 O)
 
+3 μM PQQ Na salt (in DMSO)
 
in 20 mM Tris/HCl of pH 7.5 with 2% glucose
 
         [0064]    The assay was carried out as follows: in each case 90 μl of sample were introduced into a microtitre plate, and 110 μl of colour solution were added to each; the colour reaction can usually be observed after only one minute. On the basis of the results in the online UV chromatogram and in the activity assay, the active fractions are combined and the pool is concentrated where appropriate by ultrafiltration (30 000 MWCO). A protein determination and a quantitative activity assay follow (see Example 9). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Purification of the sPQQGDH from E. coli DH5α::pAI3-KOZ65 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 Total 
                 Specific 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vol. 
                 protein 
                 activity 
                 activity 
               
               
                   
                 [ml] 
                 [mg] 
                 [U] 
                 [U/mg] 
                 Yield [%] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample loaded onto 
                 11.2 
                 103.6 
                 15 680 
                 151 
                 100 
               
               
                 column 
               
               
                 Active fractions 
                 4.45 
                 13.50 
                 15 085.5 
                 1117 
                 96 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0065]    Only one active band was detected in an SDS gel and in a native gel. The protein was thus pure. Based on the original culture, 48.2 mg of pure protein were obtained per 1 of culture. 
       Example 7 
     Preparation of Recombinant sPQQGDH from W3110 Strains and Testing of the Thermal Stability 
       [0066]    For comparison of the thermal stability of recombinant sPQQGDH from LMD79.41 (plasmid pAI3-wt) and the sPQQGDH from KOZ65 (plasmid pAI3-KOZ65), the strains W3110::pAI3-wt and W3110::pAI3-KOZ65 were cultured in 200 ml of TB medium with 100 μg/ml ampicillin. After the cultures had reached an OD 600  of 3, the bacteria were centrifuged at 4600 rpm for 10′, and the pellets were taken up in each case in 25 ml of fresh TB medium with 100 μg/ml ampicillin. AHT was added to a concentration of 2 μg/ml for induction, and the cells were shaken at 22° C. for 6 h. The cells were then pelleted anew, and the pellets were stored at −80° C. until processed further. The frozen cells were resuspended in each case in 25 ml of MOPS buffer (10 mM MOPS pH 8, 2.5 mM CaCl 2 , 0.05% Triton X-100) and disrupted by ultrasound treatment until the suspension became distinctly clearer. Cell residues were removed at 20 000 rpm and 4° C. for 30 min, and the supernatant was purified on a Toyopearl CM-650 M column (20 ml bed volume). For this purpose, after the sample loading the column was washed with 50 ml of MOPS buffer (see above) and then bound protein was eluted with a gradient from 0 to 0.6 mM NaCl in MOPS buffer. Fractions with GDH activity were pooled, and the activity of the pool was determined (see Example 9). 
         [0067]    The thermal stability of both enzyme preparations was determined by dilution with 50 mM Pipes, pH 6.5 with 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1% BSA and 5 μM PQQ to adjust to a solution of 20 U/ml. Aliquots of this solution were incubated in parallel at 4° C., 50° C., 57° C. and 64° C. for 60 min. The remaining activity is then found, based on the value at 4° C. as 100%, as follows (as triplicates; see Example 9): 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 50° C. 
                 57° C. 
                 64° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 W3110::pAI3-wt 
                 95.1 ± 2.9 
                 20.7 ± 0.8 
                 3.4 ± 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 W3110::pAI3-KOZ65 
                 95.1 ± 1.6 
                 56.8 ± 3.6 
                 8.7 ± 0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 8 
     Preparation by High Cell-Density Fermentation 
       [0068]    The fermentation was carried out in a 10 litre steel fermenter (BIOSTAT C) from Braun. 
         [0069]    5 litres of (modified) Riesenberg medium were employed for this purpose 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 KH 2 PO 4   
                 13.3 
                 g 
               
               
                 (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4   
                 4.0 
                 g 
               
               
                 Citric acid 
                 1.7 
                 g 
               
               
                 Magnesium 
                 1.2 
                 g 
               
               
                 sulphate × 7H 2 O 
               
               
                 Thiamine 
                 0.5 
                 g 
               
               
                 Tryptone 
                 1.2 
                 g 
               
               
                 Yeast extract 
                 2.4 
                 g 
               
               
                 Trace element solution 
                 50 
                 ml 
               
               
                 Dist. water 
                 ad 880 
                 ml 
               
               
                 Glucose 
                 5 
                 g in 100 ml of dist. water 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (sterilized separately) 
               
               
                 Ampicillin 
                 100 
                 mg (separately dissolved in 20 ml of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dist. water and sterilized by filtration) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0070]    Trace Element Solution 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Titriplex III 
                 0.84 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Fe(III) citrate 
                 6.00 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 MnCl2 × 4H 2 O 
                 1.50 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 ZnCl2 × 2H 2 O 
                 0.80 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 H 3 BO 3   
                 0.30 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Na 2 MoO 4  × 2H 2 O 
                 0.25 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 CoCl 2  × 6H 2 O 
                 0.25 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 CuCl 2  × 2H 2 O 
                 0.15 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Dist. water 
                 ad 1000 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0071]    The pH was adjusted after addition of all the medium ingredients to 6.80 with 5 N NaOH. 
         [0072]    The nutrient solution was inoculated with 100 ml of a preculture (LB medium with 100 mg/l ampicillin) grown at 37° C. overnight. 
         [0073]    The OD after the inoculation was 0.066. The aeration rate was adjusted to 2 l/min, the stirrer speed to 500 rpm and the temperature to 37° C. The pH was adjusted to pH 7.25 with 5 N NH 3  and kept constant throughout the fermentation. 
         [0074]    After growth for 12 hours, the PO 2  had fallen below 10% and most of the glucose had been consumed. After growth for 15 hours, the OD 600  was 14.2 and the dry matter was 6.2 μl. Feeding was started at this time. The feed solution consisted of: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 700 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium sulphate × 7H 2 O 
                 28 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Thiamine 
                 0.5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Tryptone 
                 1.2 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Yeast extract 
                 2.4 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Dist. water 
                 ad 1000 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0075]    The solution was sterilized by filtration. It was fed to the fermenter by a tubing pump. The pump delivery was controlled via the target pO 2 , which was set at 20%. Control took place in such a way that the pump is switched on at a pO 2  of &gt;20%, and new glucose is fed in. The oxygen consumption which starts up then causes the pO 2  to fall again. The pump is switched off if the pO 2  falls below 20%. The stirrer speed and aeration rate were not changed. The OD 600  after growth for 64 hours was 50.2. 5 litres of double concentrated TB medium were then fed into the fermenter, the temperature was reduced to 22° C., and the aeration rate was set at 4 l/min. 
         [0076]    The stirrer speed was raised to 700 rpm. The culture was then induced with 10 ml of anhydrotetracycline solution (2 mg/ml in DMF) for 6 hours. A sample was then taken to determine the activity. The activity assay revealed a value of 223 U/ml of culture liquid. Over 220 mg of pure enzyme were obtained per ml of culture. 
       Example 9 
     Procedure for the Activity Assay 
       [0077]    The measurements were carried out in an “Ultraspec 2000” photometer. The following solutions are employed for this purpose: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 PIPES: 
                 50 mM pH 6.5 incl. 2.2% Triton X-100 
               
               
                   
                 Glucose: 
                 1 M in H 2 O 
               
               
                   
                 PMS: 
                 3 mM phenazine methosulphate in H 2 O 
               
               
                   
                 NTB: 
                 6.6 mM nitrotetrazolium blue in H 2 O 
               
               
                   
                 CaCl 2 : 
                 1 M in H 2 O 
               
               
                   
                 PQQ: 
                 3 mM in DMSO 
               
               
                   
                 EDB *: 
                 50 mM PIPES pH 6.5 incl. 0.1% Triton X-100, 1 mM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CaCl 2 , 0.1% BSA, 6 μM PQQ. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 EDB = enzyme dilution buffer 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0078]    The working reagent consists of the following components: 
         [0000]    25.5 ml of PIPES incl. 2.2% Triton X-100 
       0.9 ml of Glucose 
     2.0 ml of PMS 
     1.0 ml of NTB 
       [0079]    The EDB and the working reagent should if possible be made up freshly. 
         [0080]    Procedure for the Activity Determination: 
         [0081]    Introduce 20 μl of the chosen sample dilution into microcuvettes (20 μl of EDB instead of the sample solution are added as zero value), 
         [0000]    add 600 μl of working reagent and immediately start the measurement at 570 nm for 3 minutes. 
         [0082]    Calculation of the Activity: 
         [0083]    The change in absorption is measured as change in extinction/min; one unit of GDH generates 0.5 μmol of formazan per minute. The following formula applies: 
         [0000]      U/ml=change in extinction/min×1.54×dilution factor ε=40 200 M −1  cm −1