Abstract:
A method of separating a mixture into a plurality of more concentrated products utilizing recirculation and concentration of one product so as to extract a substantially large fraction of another product from the mixture; and the apparatus utilizing the present method in a system, such as a reverse osmosis system, capable of very high recovery rates, efficient power usage, and long component life. Substantially 100% of the concentrate product exiting a tangential separation device, such as a reverse osmosis filtering device, recirculates until the concentration of the concentrate reaches a predetermined level, at which time the concentrate is purged from the system and a new cycle begins. This achieves recovery rates in RO-based water purification systems from around 70% for feed water with 1,000 ppm of total dissolved solids to around 97% for feed water with 100 ppm of total dissolved solids. The method and apparatus also provide for automated cleaning and maintenance of the separation and filtration elements, thus optimizing the life of the components.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates generally to a method of separating a mixture into a plurality of components, and, more specifically, to a reverse osmosis system with substantially total concentrate recirculation, wherein the concentrate is periodically purged from the system.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    The use of reverse osmosis (RO) for treatment of water is well known and documented in numerous textbooks. Standard RO, without any recirculation of concentrate (waste) can provide high quality water but is normally inefficient in its utilization of power, feed water, and membrane life. Recirculating RO systems are more efficient in their use of feed water but are not normally without their problems. It is the systems of the recirculating type that will be further addressed.  
           [0005]    Of the recirculating type of RO systems, there are those of the intermittent flow in open loop type (FIG. 1); intermittent flow in closed loop type (FIG. 2); semi-continuous flow in closed loop type (FIG. 3); and continuous flow type (FIG. 4); and the two pump total concentrate recirculation type (FIG. 5).  
           [0006]    The operation of the intermittent flow open loop type (FIG. 1) is as follows:  
           [0007]    A feed tank  44  starts by being full of fresh, raw water. A force feed pump  13  pumps the feed water to an RO inlet  14  on an RO element  15 . A fraction (10 to 15%) of the volume pumped by the force feed pump  13  permeates an RO membrane  16  while the remainder (the concentrate) exits the element through an RO concentrate exit  17 . A control valve  43  sets the pressure across the membrane sending the concentrate water back to the feed tank  44  where it mixes with the water already in the tank. This cycle continues until the contaminants in water in the feed tank increases to the point to where the system is no longer efficient, at which time the system is stopped, the feed tank is drained, and refilled with fresh raw water.  
           [0008]    The operation of the intermittent flow closed loop type (FIG. 2) is as follows:  
           [0009]    The feed tank  44  starts by being full of fresh, raw water. The force feed pump  13  pumps the feed water to the inlet of a recirculation pump  21 , which in turn sends the water to the RO inlet  14  on the RO element  15 . A fraction (10 to 15%) of the volume pumped by the recirculation pump  21  permeates the membrane  16  while the remainder (the concentrate) exits the element through the concentrate exit  17 . The recirculation pump  21  mixes the concentrate with the feed water being pumped by the force feed pump  13 , sending a fraction of the mixed water back to the feed tank  44  through a control valve  43 , which sets the pressure across the membrane, with the remainder flowing to the RO inlet  14 . This cycle continues until the contaminants in water in the feed tank increases to the point to where the system is no longer efficient, at which time the system is stopped, the feed tank is drained, and refilled with fresh raw water.  
           [0010]    The operation of the semi-continuous flow in closed loop type (FIG. 3) is as follows:  
           [0011]    The feed tank  44  starts by being full of fresh, raw water. The force feed pump  13  pumps the feed water to the inlet of the recirculation pump  21 , which in turn sends the water to the RO inlet  14  on the RO element  15 . A fraction (10 to 15%) of the volume pumped by the recirculation pump  21  permeates the membrane  16  while the remainder (the concentrate) exits the element through the concentrate exit  17 . The recirculation pump  21  receives a fraction of the concentrate and mixes the concentrate with the feed water being pumped by the force feed pump  13 . The remaining fraction of concentrate is sent back through the control valve  43 , which sets the pressure across the membrane, to the feed tank  44 , which is receiving a volume of fresh water, from the raw water inlet  11  and which is equal to the volume of permeate. This cycle continues until the contaminants in water in the feed tank increases to the point to where the system is no longer efficient, at which time the system is stopped, the feed tank is drained, and refilled with fresh raw water.  
           [0012]    The operation of the continuous flow type (FIG. 4) is as follows:  
           [0013]    Fresh raw water is supplied from the raw water inlet  11  to the force feed pump  13 . The force feed pump  13  pumps the feed water to the inlet of the recirculation pump  21 , which in turn sends the water to the RO inlet  14  on the RO element  15 . A fraction (10 to 15%) of the volume pumped by the recirculation pump  21  permeates the membrane  16  while the remainder (the concentrate) exits the element through the concentrate exit  17 . The recirculation pump  21  mixes the concentrate with the feed water being pumped by the force feed pump  13 , continuously sending a fraction of the mixed water to drain through the control valve  43 , which sets the pressure across the membrane, with the remainder flowing to the RO inlet  14 . This cycle continues with the level of contaminants in the recirculation loop reaching a high level and thus limiting the amount of water able to permeate the membrane.  
           [0014]    The operation of the two-pump total concentrate recirculation type (FIG. 5) is as follows:  
           [0015]    Fresh raw water is supplied from the raw water inlet  11  to the force feed pump  13 . The force feed pump  13  pumps the feed water to the RO inlet  14  on the RO element  15 . A fraction (10 to 15%) of the total volume pumped by the force feed pump  13  and the recirculation pump  21 , and which equals the volume pumped by the force feed pump  13 , permeates the membrane  16  while the remainder (the concentrate) exits the element through the concentrate exit  17 . The concentrate at this point is at approximately 200 psi, in a normal RO type system operating on fresh water. Next the concentrate water passes through a concentrate conductivity level detector  28 , which determines when the maximum allowable concentrate level is reached. The concentrate then flows into a recirculation filter  26  where contaminants of sufficient size are filtered from the recirculating stream. The concentrate then flows into the recirculation pump  21 , which establishes the velocity at which the recirculating concentrate flows. From the pump  21  the concentrate mixes with the incoming raw feed water, which is pumped at a constant flow established by the pump  13  and at a rate that is equivalent to that which permeates the membrane  16 , and exits a reverse osmosis permeate exit  18 . A raw water check valve  23  prevents the recirculating high pressure concentrate from back feeding into the raw water inlet  11 . As the concentrate and raw water mixture flows through the system, the level of concentrate increases with each trip through the system. When the concentrate, sensed by a level detector  28 , reaches a predetermined level, a purge dump solenoid valve  30  opens and purges the system of concentrate. During the purge, the recirculation water check valve  24  prevents raw water from back-flowing through the filter  26 , while allowing raw water to flow a high velocity through the pump  21 , into the inlet  14 , and out the exit  17 . This effectively purges the system of concentrate. After predetermined conditions are met, the valve  30  closes and the cycle starts anew.  
           [0016]    There have been numerous attempts to improve the efficiency of these types of RO systems. These include:  
           [0017]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,146 (Bray), while not actually of the recirculating type of RO system, attempts to increase membrane life and overall system efficiency by flushing the membrane with feed water. While this would increase the efficiency somewhat, the flushing is directly tied to the withdrawal of product water from a storage tank and not to the present condition of the system or the feed water quality.  
           [0018]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,982 (Skinner), which is of the continuous flow type system depicted in FIG. 4, recirculates a portion of the concentrate through the system during normal operation. Skinner&#39;s system is modified however, in that purified water is recirculated through the system when no water is being withdrawn. While this would aid in keeping non-purified water, and its contaminants, off of the membrane, the excess power requirements would quickly outweigh the benefits.  
           [0019]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,346 (Hall), which is of the intermittent flow in open loop type depicted in FIG. 1, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,972 (Hanna et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,816 (Kuepper), which are of the semi-continuous flow in closed loop type as depicted in FIG. 3, recirculate the concentrate (waste) stream from the RO system back to either a limited volume feed water tank or directly to feed lines that serve to feed either the RO system or non-potable water applications such as toilets, dish washing, showering, and bathing. While this would aid in conserving feed water in general, it provides the non-potable water applications with increasingly contaminated water. While earlier it was thought that the afore-mentioned non-potable water applications posed no threat from the use of contaminated water, it is now well known that many harmful affects can result from absorption of contaminants through the skin and through inhalation of water vapors.  
           [0020]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,735 (Vinas et al), which is of the continuous flow type depicted in FIG. 4, recirculates a portion of the concentrate stream back through the RO system. While this does utilize more of the feed water, the recirculation is only a portion of the entire concentrate stream (with the remainder going to drain). It is controlled through a pressure relief valve that is not sensitive to feed water quality. The system does have a means to flush the membrane with a combination of feed water and recirculated concentrate water. This flush is performed at predetermined intervals and is not dependent upon the condition of the system. This can result in wastage of water through premature flushing, or it can result in permanently damaged RO elements through delayed flushing. The preferred recovery rate for the system is 50%, which means that only half of the feed water is purified while the other half is sent to drain.  
           [0021]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,487 (Vogel et al.), which is of the continuous flow type as depicted in FIG. 4, recirculates either all or part of the concentrate stream back through the RO system. While recirculating all of the concentrate through the system increases the efficiency of feed water utilization, the system is intended for small quantity production and dispensing into small portable containers, such as one gallon jugs. As such, and to keep the feed water from becoming over contaminated, the system flushes after each withdrawal or on a timed basis with a mixture of purified water, feed water, and concentrate. Either way, the flushing is not performed at any optimal time with respect to the quality of the water being sent to the RO element. This can result in wastage of water through premature flushing or it can result in over contaminated water being fed to the RO element.  
           [0022]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,973 (Desaulniers), which is of the continuous flow type as depicted in FIG. 4, attempts to improve the feed water utilization efficiency of the system through controlling the proportion of the concentrate water being recirculated based on the quality of the water being fed to the RO element. While this allows the system to adjust somewhat to varying feed water qualities, there is always a portion of the concentrate water being sent to drain, resulting in less than optimum recovery and thus waste of feed water.  
           [0023]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,231 (Souza), which is also actually of the continuous flow type as depicted in FIG. 4, is designed to recirculate somewhere from at least a portion to all of the concentrate water, but provides no means of actually purging any concentrated concentrate water from the system. Rather only the proportion of recirculation is controlled, with the non-recirculated portion going to drain. This again results in less than optimum recovery and, thus, a waste of feed water.  
           [0024]    What these above systems all have in common is that the use of any recirculated concentrate water is not optimized in that there is no precise means to rid the system of just that portion of the recirculated water that has become concentrated to the maximum desirable concentration.  
           [0025]    Copending P.C.T. Application entitled REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM WITH CONTROLLED RECIRCULATION, filed 09 Jan. 2002 (Gray), which is of the type depicted in FIG. 5, attempts to overcome many of the deficiencies of the previously mentioned inventions, however, additional shortcomings are also inherently introduced. These shortcomings include:  
           [0026]    The necessity of two pumps, both of which must be able to withstand the high pressure encountered with reverse osmosis type systems.  
           [0027]    The recirculation filter must be able to withstand high pressures and could constitute a safety hazard if incorrectly operated or damaged.  
           [0028]    The purge valve on the recirculation filter must operate at high pressures and is subject to massive leakage by conditions that would pose no problem at lower pressures.  
           [0029]    The conductivity level detector must be able to withstand high pressures without leaking externally or weeping through the wires into the control box.  
           [0030]    The raw water check valve must be able to function properly against the large differential pressure between the low pressure inlet feed water and the high pressure recirculating concentrate, so as to prevent cross contamination of the inlet feed water system which could contaminate raw water going to other residences or facilities.  
           [0031]    The multitude of fittings, connectors, and tubing that must be able to withstand the high pressures without leaking.  
           [0032]    The process or filtration aid feed pump and solenoid valve, as well as the rest of the system, which must be able to withstand and overcome the high pressures of the system in order to feed the process or filtration aid into the system.  
           [0033]    During purge cycles, production of purified water is essentially halted, resulting in an overall decrease in system capacity.  
           [0034]    Furthermore, as RO elements in general function to purify water by concentrating contaminants on one side of the membrane while allowing purified water to permeate the membrane, it is inevitable that the concentrated contaminants will become even more concentrated on the surface of the membrane itself. As this happens, the rate of permeation, or flux, may decrease. As well, the amount of contaminants that permeate the membrane may increase. Whether either or both of these situations occur, the performance of the system decreases. In prior systems, either nothing is done to prevent this decrease in performance, which may be acceptable in certain situations, or an antiscalant is added to the water to aid in the prevention of scale on,the membranes, or the RO elements may be physically removed from the system and cleaned using a specialized cleaning system, or most likely the elements are removed and discarded with new elements installed.  
           [0035]    These shortcomings introduce various situations that should be taken into consideration in the overall operation, cost, and performance of an RO system. These include safety concerns, system integrity concerns, high cost items to withstand the high pressures encountered, and extensive downtime required to remove, transport, clean, and replace elements that require cleaning, the quality of the raw feed water, the overall quality of the water produced, the amount of water sent to drain, and the quantity of water produced.  
           [0036]    Therefore, a need exists for an affordable and reliable system that will self adjust for changing feed water qualities while maintaining a highly efficient utilization of both power and feed water and while prolonging the life of the RO membranes, at the same time providing a steady useable flow of safe, purified water.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0037]    The disclosed embodiments of the present invention relate generally to a method of separating a mixture into a plurality of components, each one substantially and respectively purer than the original mixture and to a fluid treatment device where a mixed fluid is separated into fluid flows of a substantially pure base fluid (the permeate), and a separate fluid flow (the concentrate) where the non-base fluid and other materials contained in the fluid are more concentrated than in the original mixed fluid. In one embodiment, the method and apparatus relate to a water treatment system utilizing tangential filtration, such as reverse osmosis (RO), and the processes and devices required to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the overall process. In another embodiment, a “Whole House” or “Point Of Entry” type system for residential applications is provided where the treated water is supplied to all water outlets within or outside the living quarters. Ideally, the contaminants are physically removed from the product water stream rather than converting them to some other form through oxidation, chemical addition, or ion exchange.  
           [0038]    In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a reverse osmosis system with substantially total concentrate recirculation is provided, wherein the concentrate is periodically purged from the system, and wherein the purge is initiated by automatic control using electrical or mechanical monitoring of the concentrate concentration to initiate the purge cycle.  
           [0039]    In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided that self adjusts the period between purge cycles dependent upon the raw water quality presently being fed to the system, thus making the system suitable for universal distribution without being specifically tailored for the water quality at the installed site.  
           [0040]    In accordance with another yet a further aspect of the present invention, a water treatment system suitable for industrial, commercial, military, emergency, and medical applications as well as residential and recreational applications is provided.  
           [0041]    As will be readily appreciated from the foregoing, the disclosed embodiments of the invention provide a fully functioning system capable of providing safe “drinking water quality” water to an entire house or to other systems that could benefit from a cost effective, resource conservative, energy efficient source of high purity water with an average of 98% of the contaminants physically removed. It has the ability to function, without modification or human intervention, over a broad range of feed water qualities; to self adjust the recovery percentage of the feed water so as to maintain the maximum utilization of the feed water based upon the feed water quality; to maintain a high level of contaminant rejection without compromising product water quality; and to produce high quality water with high recovery rates while keeping energy usage to a minimum.  
           [0042]    The embodiments of the invention also provide the ability to preserve the integrity and performance of the RO elements and their membranes; the ability to perform all of the above while keeping component count and complexity to a minimum and while providing a high degree of reliability; as well as the ability to clean the RO elements in place, and to reduce the contaminate level in the recirculating concentrate stream.  
           [0043]    The apparatus portion of this invention satisfies the need for a system that: is a fully functioning system capable of providing safe drinking water quality water to an entire house or to other systems that could benefit from a cost effective, resource conservative, energy efficient source of high purity water; will function without modification or human intervention, over a broad range of feed water qualities; has the ability to self adjust the recovery percentage of the feed water so as to maintain the maximum utilization of the feed water based upon the feed water quality; has the ability to maintain a high level of contaminant rejection without compromising product water quality; has the ability to produce high quality water with high recovery rates while keeping energy usage to a minimum; has the ability to preserve the integrity and performance of the RO elements and their membranes; has the ability to perform all of the above while keeping component count and complexity to a minimum and while providing a high degree of reliability. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0044]    The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily appreciated as the same become better understood from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the following drawings wherein like reference numbers identify like elements, and further wherein:  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 1 depicts a known intermittent flow in open loop type RO system.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 2 depicts a known intermittent flow in closed loop type RO system.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 3 depicts a known semi-continuous flow in closed loop type RO system.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 4 depicts a known continuous flow type RO system.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 5 depicts a two-pump total concentrate recirculation type RO system.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 6 is a diagram of one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 7 is a diagram of another embodiment of the invention with the additional processing to ensure proper operation of the RO elements and optional placement of the anti-microbial UV light.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 8 is a graph that shows the volume of water produced between purges for a range of feed water conditions. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0053]    Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown an embodiment of the invention that is a fluid treatment apparatus suitable for use as a “whole house” or “point of entry” residential reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment system. The system may be suitable for supplying an entire dwelling (sinks, tub, toilets, clothes washer, dishwasher, icemaker, and all other potable as well as non-potable water sources) with water that is drinking water quality. This embodiment, as is or with obvious changes, is also suitable for use in industrial and commercial applications.  
         [0054]    During a purification cycle, feed water, which may be sourced from a municipal water system, well, spring, or other suitable source. It is ideally delivered to the system at a flow rate that is equivalent to the rate of permeation through the RO membranes during normal processing and at a rate equivalent to the maximum flow of the system during a purge. The feed water enters the system through the feed water inlet  11 , and it goes directly into the system&#39;s pre-filtration subsystem  45 . In the case of this particular embodiment, the filtration subsystem  45  consists of simply a carbon block filter, but may consist of a particulate filter, granular activated carbon filter, or other combinations of commercially available filtration or treatment devices, suited for the contaminants normally found in the source water and which will provide the necessary protection from minerals, oxidants, and other harmful chemicals for the reverse osmosis elements  15 , as well as lower peak concentrations of chemicals that may not be satisfactorily removed through the RO process.  
         [0055]    Next, the pretreated feed water flows through a raw water check valve  23 , and through an inlet solenoid valve  12 , which closes to stop the flow of feed water into the system and opens to allow flow. During normal operation, the feed water is picked up by a force feed pump  13 , which pumps a volume of feed water equal to, as a minimum, one to ten times the volume of product water expected at the RO permeate exit  18 , up to a maximum allowed by the particular RO elements. From the force feed pump  13 , the feed water then flows to the RO inlet  14 , where within the RO element  15 , the feed water is exposed to the RO membrane  16 . Depending upon the pressure, temperature, and other physical and chemical properties of the feed water, somewhere normally from five to twenty percent of the water flowing into the RO element  15  will permeate the membrane  16  and exit through the reverse osmosis permeate exit  18  as purified product water with around 98% of the contaminants removed. The remaining 75% to 95% of the feed water, along with around 98% of the contaminants from the water that permeated the membrane  16 , flows out of the reverse osmosis concentrate exit  17  and enters the recirculation portion of the system. The concentrate water continues to flow until it reaches a pressure regulating valve  20 , which establishes the pressure generated by the pump  13  and to which the membrane  16  is exposed.  
         [0056]    When the concentrate stream passes through the valve  20 , the pressure of the concentrate stream drops to around 30% or less of the pressure generated by the pump  13 . The concentrate then flows into a recirculation filter  26 , which, unlike prior devices, does not have to withstand the full pressure of the RO portion of the system. The flow continues on through a recirculation filter element  29 , through a recirculation stop solenoid valve  25 , which is open during this portion of the cycle, and to a water combination tee  47 , where the recirculating concentrate water is mixed with a volume of raw water equal to that which permeates the RO membrane  16 .  
         [0057]    From this point, the mixed raw and recirculating concentrate water flows through the concentrate conductivity level detector  28 , which measures the conductivity or the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the mixed water prior to its entering into the pump  13 , where the water is again pressurized, starting the cycle over again.  
         [0058]    As an option, a heat exchanger  57  can be utilized to increase the temperature of the concentrate water, which in turn increases the temperature of the water entering the RO element  15 . Most RO elements provide higher throughput on warmer water. Thus, the heat exchanger  57 , by inputting heat energy into the feed fluid to the RO elements, causes an increase in performance. Furthermore, the heat energy input into the heat exchanger  57  can either be from a primary source or from waste heat from wastewater, air conditioning exhaust, ground source, or air source.  
         [0059]    As an example, assume an initial feed water concentration equivalent to 1,000 ppm and a recirculation flow of 37.85 liters (10 gallons) per minute. As the water flows the first time through the RO element  15 , 20% of the flow, or 7.57 liters (2 gallons) per minute, is forced to permeate the RO membrane  16 , while 30.28 liters (8 gallons) per minute flows out through the RO concentrate exit  17 . This water is now at a concentration of 1245 ppm, as can be seen by equation 1,  
           C   c =( F   c −( F   c   ·P   r   ·R   p ))/(1− P   r ) (1)  
         [0060]    Where F c =Fresh Water Feed Concentration in ppm  
         [0061]    P r =Percent Recovery Fraction  
         [0062]    R p =Permeate Percentage Fraction of Contaminants  
         [0063]    C c =Concentrate Concentration in ppm  
         [0064]    C c =(1000−(1000·0.2·0.02))/(1−0.2)  
         [0065]    C c =(1000−4)/0.8  
         [0066]    C c =966/0.8  
         [0067]    C c =1245 ppm  
         [0068]    The concentration of contaminants in the permeate water is roughly 2% of the concentration fed to the RO element 15, or 20 ppm. As the concentrate water mixes at the tee  47  with fresh feed water at the rate of 7.57 liters (2 gallons) per minute, the concentration in the recirculating feed water now becomes 1196 ppm, as can be seen by equation 2.  
           F   rc =( C   c ·(1− P   r ))+( F   c   ·P   r ) (2)  
         [0069]    Where: F c =Fresh Water Feed Concentration in ppm  
         [0070]    F rc =Recirculating Feed Water Concentration in ppm  
         [0071]    P r =Percent Recovery Fraction  
         [0072]    P f =Permeate Flow  
         [0073]    C c =Concentrate Concentration in ppm  
         [0074]    F rc =(1245—(1−0.2))+(1000·0.2)  
         [0075]    F rc =(1245·0.8)+(200)  
         [0076]    F rc =(996)+(200)  
         [0077]    F rc =1196 ppm  
         [0078]    As the newly mixed recirculating feed water is presented to the RO element  15 , F rc  replaces F C  in equation 1 to form equation 3  
           C   c =( F   rc −( F   rc   ·P   r   ·R   p ))/(1− P   r ) (3)  
         [0079]    C c =(1196−(1196·0.2−0.02))/(1−0.2)  
         [0080]    C c =(1196−4.784)/0.8  
         [0081]    C c =1191.2/0.8  
         [0082]    C c =1489 ppm  
         [0083]    This water again mixes with the fresh feed water, and after again applying equation 2, this time using the new C c , the new concentration in the recirculating feed water now becomes 1391 ppm. This loop continues until a predetermined concentration is reached, as will be described in detail later.  
         [0084]    While the concentrate water is being recirculated through the recirculation portion of the system, it passes through the recirculation filter  26 , and subsequently through the recirculation filter element  29 . This filter has several functions. The first is to collect particles of debris, scale, or other contaminants that are large enough to become trapped in it. The second is to serve as a support for a commercially available chemical filtration aid, if used, which increases the ability of the filter to collect particles smaller than normally possible. The third is to provide a surface inductive to the precipitation of scale forming contaminants. The forth is to provide a surface that can be flushed clean of trapped contaminants through the purge dump solenoid valve  30 . Unlike the filter  26  and the purge dump solenoid valve  30  of the prior device of FIG. 5, which must be able to withstand the full pressure of the RO portion of the system, in the system of the present invention, these two components, as well as several others, are exposed only to essentially the pressure of the inlet feed water at the raw water inlet  11 .  
         [0085]    During the normal recirculating mode, the recirculation water solenoid valve  25 , is open, the purge dump solenoid valve  30  is closed, and the product water purge solenoid valve  41  is closed. This, in effect, creates a semi-closed loop with the force feed pump  13  drawing from the raw water inlet  11  a volume equal only to that portion of the recirculating water that permeates the RO membrane  16 .  
         [0086]    The concentrate conductivity level detector  28  is continuously monitoring the concentration of contaminants in the mixed water as it enters the pump  13 . When the concentration of contaminants reaches a predetermined level (which for the purpose of example assumes a predetermined level of 2,500 ppm) the system goes into a purge mode. In this mode, the recirculation valve  25  closes, and simultaneously the purge dump solenoid valve  30  opens. The total volume of water pumped by the pump  13  is now drawn in from the raw water inlet  11  and pumped into the RO element  15 . Since the system is still operating at the normal system pressures, five to twenty percent of the feed water volume still permeates the membrane  16 , exiting through the permeate exit  18  as purified water. The remaining 80% to 95% of the feed water exits through the concentrate exit  17 , through the valve  20 , and into the filter housing  26 , then out through the purge dump solenoid valve  30  to drain, effectively dislodging trapped contaminants from the element  29  and purging them from the system. Note that there is no flow, in the normal direction, through filter element  29  while in the purge mode.  
         [0087]    The system stays in the purge mode for a predetermined length of time that would normally be equivalent to the length of time required to purge the system of the previously recirculated volume of water, preferably with the volume being kept to a minimum. When exiting the purge mode, the valve  30  closes and the valve  25  opens, establishing the normal recirculation loop. The system continues to alternate between the recirculation mode and the purge mode as long as the product storage reservoir  33  is in need of water. The water storage system will be discussed in detail later.  
         [0088]    While, for discussion, 1000 ppm was used as the contaminant level in the raw feed water, the actual level of contaminants in feed water will vary from site to site and may even vary to a great extent at any one particular site. Rather than have the system preset for a nominal contaminant level and have the system function at less than optimum performance, and rather than have the system manually fine tuned for each installed site, the system has the inherent ability to adapt to the level of contaminants in the feed water at any given time or place. Using equations 1, 2, and 3 as the bases for a table, a graph, as depicted in FIG. 8, can be constructed. This graph shows the volume of water produced between purges for a range of feed water conditions.  
         [0089]    As purified water flows from the RO permeate exit  18 , it passes through the permeate conductivity level detector  19 , which constantly monitors the conductivity of the purified water before it continues on to the reservoir  33 . If the purified water exceeds a predetermined conductivity, either an alarm is sounded or is transmitted via amodem or some other telecommunications means to a central monitoring station, or the system can be shut down.  
         [0090]    Under normal conditions, the purified water continues on through the permeate check valve  32  and enters the reservoir  33  where purified water is stored until needed to feed the product water pressure pump  37 , in which case the water exits reservoir  33  through the storage reservoir outlet solenoid valve  36 . While the water is stored in the reservoir  33 , it is subject to airborne biological contaminants. To ensure that the microbial contaminants do not propagate, the stored water may be either continuously, or intermittently, irradiated with UV light from the anti-microbial UV light  34 .  
         [0091]    As water is pulled from the reservoir  33  by the pump  37 , the level in the reservoir  33  drops. The storage reservoir level detector  35  senses the level and at a predetermined low level it initiates a purification cycle. If, during a purification cycle, the reservoir  33  drops to a low low level, as detected by the detector  35 , the permeate steering solenoid valve  31  opens, the outlet solenoid valve  36  closes, the check valve  32  closes, and the purified water bypasses reservoir  33  to be fed directly into the pump  37 . This aids the system by increasing the production rate by applying the negative pressure generated by the pump  37  directly to the low pressure, or permeate, side of the membrane  16 . Thus increases the apparent pressure on the high-pressure, or feed water, side of the membrane  16 . This also ensures that the pump  37  will always have access to water and will not be ingesting air, which would be the case if the reservoir  33  was pumped dry.  
         [0092]    As the level in the reservoir  33  raises above the low low level, the permeate steering solenoid valve  31  closes, the outlet solenoid valve  36  opens, and the check valve  32  opens, returning flow to the normal configuration.  
         [0093]    When a high level is detected in the reservoir  33  by the detector  35 , removing power from the pump  13  halts the purification cycle. The inlet solenoid valve  12  closes as does the recirculation stop solenoid valve  25 . So as to substantially reduce the process of osmosis, or the passage of contaminants from the concentrate side of membrane  16  to the purified side, the product water purge solenoid valve  41  and the purge dump solenoid valve  30  open for a predetermined length of time. This length of time is sufficient in length to allow purging of all contaminated water with purified water from the product water pressure tank  39  and through the purge solenoid valve  41 , from the inlet of the pump  13  through the feed water side of the RO element  15 , then through the housing of the filter  26  and out through purge dump solenoid valve  30 .  
         [0094]    As water is used, it flows out of the tank  39 , into which the pump  37  has pumped purified water under pressure, through the product water carbon filter  46 , and out of the product water exit  40 . The product water pressure detector  38  monitors the pressure in the tank  39  and at low pressure turns the pump  37  on, and at high pressure it turns the pump  37  off. A typical low pressure is 30 PSIG, while a typical high pressure is 45 PSIG.  
         [0095]    As the pump  37  draws water from the reservoir  33  to fill and pressurize the tank  39 , the level in the reservoir  33  drops. As this level drops below the low level established by the detector  35 , a new purification cycle is started. Since there is always an amount of contaminants in the concentrate side of the system, even though the concentrate water has been purged out of the system, an option would be that upon start of the cycle, the product water purge check valve  54  can be closed and the product water recirculate valve  52  can be opened for a predetermined period of time. This effectively allows any contaminants, passing through the membrane via osmosis during down time, to be effectively recycled and removed from the product water.  
         [0096]    [0096]FIG. 7 depicts a further embodiment of the invention that functions exactly as that depicted in FIG. 6 and described above, with several exceptions. Firstly, there is included a method to clean in place the RO element  15 . Secondly, the anti-microbial UV light  34  is located in the line between the storage reservoir  33  and the pump  37  and it comes on only when the pump  37  is on. Cleaning of the system is best performed at a predetermined time, which could coincide with the normal system purge, or which could be on a periodic bases, such as weekly, monthly, or some other fixed period of time, or which could be based upon the volume of water processed, or which could be based upon the actual performance of the system as determined by various sensors and control circuitry (not shown). Whichever method is used to determine the proper time to clean the RO element  15 , the system would purge by closing the inlet solenoid valve  12  while opening the purge dump valve  30  and the product water purge solenoid valve  41 , all while the pump  13  is running. After the purge period is complete, a cleaner solenoid valve  49  opens for a predetermined period of time to deliver the proper quantity of cleaner from a cleaner solution reservoir  51 . The cleaner is drawn through a cleaner feed check valve  50  by a cleaner feed venturi  48 , where it is mixed with the flow of water entering the pump  13 . Alternatively, the cleaner could be fed by a separate pump (not shown).  
         [0097]    Once the system is dosed with cleaner, the purge dump solenoid valve  30 , product water purge solenoid valve  41 , and the cleaner solenoid valve  49  close, and the inlet valve  12  remains closed. The product water purge check valve  54  closes, and the product water recirculate valve  52  opens, allowing product water to flow through the product water check valve  53  and into a product water combination tee  55 , where the recirculating product water is mixed with the recirculating concentrate water. The cleaning mixture is allowed to circulate for a predetermined period, at which time the product water purge solenoid valve  41  and the purge dump solenoid valve  30  open, purging the system of cleaning solution. When the purge is complete, the system shuts down, ready for the next purification cycle to start.  
         [0098]    In addition, and not shown, a scheme similar to that used to feed cleaner into the system can be located prior to the filter  26  and after the pressure regulating valve  20  so as to allow a filtration or process aid to be fed into the system and onto the filter element  29 . This can aid in removal of a portion of the concentrate contaminants from the recirculating concentrate stream, in effect lowering the level of concentration seen by the RO element  15 .  
         [0099]    A control circuit (not shown) is provided that controls the opening and closing of the various valves, operation of the UV light, and activation and deactivation of the various pumps. The control circuit can be formed of known components by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains and will not be described in detail herein. The operation of this control circuit will be in accordance with the foregoing description of the various embodiments of the reverse osmosis method and system.  
         [0100]    While the principles of the invention have now been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that modifications may be made in the structure, arrangements, proportions, elements, materials and components used in the practice of the invention and otherwise, which are particularly adapted for specific environments S and operational requirements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the invention is to be limited only by the scope of the claims that follow and the equivalents thereof.