Abstract:
A fluid pressure monitoring system for a balloon catheter includes a pressure transducer in fluid communication with the interior of the balloon. The pressure transducer includes elements for providing an electrical signal which is a function of the pressure in the interior of the balloon. An electronic digital display is responsive to the electrical signal from the pressure transducer to display the balloon pressure measured by the pressure transducer. The system is especially suited for coronary angioplasty in which a catheter is inserted through blood vessels in the human body to the vicinity of a stenosis. The catheter carries an inflatable balloon to the vicinity of the stenosis, where it is inflated, and the fluid pressure monitoring system of the present invention detects and digitally displays to the cardiologist the pressure inside the inflated balloon. The pressure transducer is interchangeable with standard pressure transducers such as those used for monitoring substantially lower pressure such as a person&#39;s blood pressure and the digital display is also used to display a person&#39;s blood pressure. Alternatively, the balloon pressure transducer may be used with standard blood pressure monitors.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation-in-part of copending application serial number 07/230,783 filed on Aug. 10, 1988. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to measurement of pressures in catheter balloons and is particularly suited for measurement of such pressures in connection with coronary angioplasty catheters. 
     Coronary angioplasty is a rapidly growing medical procedure. In angioplasty a coronary artery which has become partially blocked by a stenosis (an abnormal narrowing of the artery due to injury or disease) is opened by inflating a balloon carried by a dilatation catheter to the site of the stenosis. 
     For placement purposes the dilatation catheter carries a movable guidewire which is advanced from the mouth of the respective coronary artery to the area of stenosis in the coronary artery or in one of the branches off the coronary artery. The dilatation catheter is then pushed over the guidewire to the stenosis and is placed so the balloon carried by the dilatation catheter is disposed in the stenotic area. 
     The balloon, at this time, is collapsed so it fits through the passage through the stenosis. The dilatation or balloon catheter typically has a pair of lumens: one through which contrast media or other suitable inflating fluid flows under pressure to inflate or deflate the balloon, and one through which the guidewire moves. When properly positioned in the stenosis, the cardiologist manually inflates the balloon by forcing contrast media through the inflation lumen into the interior of the balloon. This expansion of the balloon, assuming the size of the balloon has been chosen properly, expands the passage through the blood vessel to something approaching its normal dimensions. 
     It is often necessary to pressurize the balloon to a pressure in the range of from seven to ten atmospheres and to sustain this pressure for up to thirty seconds or so. During this pressurization, it is desirable to know the pressure to which the balloon is being inflated to ensure that the proper force has been applied to open the passageway. At present this pressure is displayed by an analog pressure gauge disposed in the vicinity of the syringe which is used to inflate the balloon. 
     Although analog pressure gauges are fairly accurate, they are not particularly easy to read, and are fairly easy to misread. These gauges are also not extremely well suited for integration into a system which can display to the cardiologist other information which would be of interest, such as elapsed time of inflation of the balloon, total desired inflation time, number of times that particular balloon has been inflated, and so on. 
     During coronary angioplasty the walls of the vessel are stretched and it sometimes occurs that the walls of the vessel fail under the force exerted by the expanded balloon. This incipient failure is reflected in the pressure in the balloon, but analog gauges are not especially well suited to detect this rapid change or to provide some alarm or other indication thereof to the cardiologist so that pressure could be immediately relieved before further damage to the vessel could occur. 
     In order to determine the actual force exerted by the balloon on the walls of the passageway, prior to the procedure cardiologists sometimes test inflate the balloon in a fixture which measures the applied force. The analog pressure gauge can be observed during this test to correlate the applied force with the pressure reading shown by the analog gauge. Analog gauges, however, are not particularly well suited to automating this test procedure. 
     Even if the force exerted by the balloon is not tested, the balloon is typically inflated before the procedure to ensure the patency of the balloon and to check whether the balloon can withstand the desired pressure. An analog gauge is typically used during this test to ensure that the desired pressure is applied. Such a gauge, however, is not particularly well suited to automation of this test either. 
     Although the problems described above arise in the connection with the coronary angioplasty procedure, it should be realized that other medical procedures involving balloon catheters have similar problems. Peripheral angioplasty, for example, is a very similar procedure with similar concerns. Other procedures in which the present invention can be used will no doubt come to mind to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     The pressures produced during an angioplasty procedure (the seven to ten atmospheres noted above) are much higher than those (e.g. a person&#39;s blood pressure) a hospital is typically equipped to measure. Pressure transducers have been developed for blood pressure measurement which produce an electrical signal which is displayed on electronic digital display equipment or monitors. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has issued standards for blood pressure transducers which assure that all manufacturers&#39; equipment will be interchangeable and perform to agreed upon specification. For example, the transducers all have an output of 5 microvolts (uv) per volt excitation per millimeter of mercury pressure (mm Hg), a measurement range of -50 mm Hg to +300 mm Hg, and an overpressure rating of 4,000 mm Hg. Since blood pressure measurement is a standard hospital procedure, personnel are trained in both use of the transducer and the associated electronic monitors. 
     The generally accepted pressure range of percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCTA) when measured in psi instead of atmospheres is -15 psi to +300 psi. As can be seen, the numerical range for the blood pressure and PCTA measurements is substantially the same; and, in fact, they differ substantially only in the units of measurement. Consequently, it may be advantageous to have a pressure transducer used for PCTA measurements which meets the ANSI interchangeability standards for blood pressure transducers (except for units of measurement), and thus can be used by hospital personnel, without requiring them to have additional training, with already available electronic digital display equipment. The use of scaling factors such may further be useful with various types of displays, both digital and analog. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Among the various objects and features of the present invention may be noted the provision of a pressure monitoring system for medical procedures which facilitates the display of balloon pressure to the user. 
     Another object is the provision of such a system which easily accommodates the display of additional information concerning balloon inflation to the user. 
     A further object is the provision of such a system which detects and warns of incipient failure of the vessel wall. 
     A fourth object is the provision of such a system which is especially suited for automation of various test procedures on the balloon. 
     Another object is the provision of such a system utilizing a pressure transducer which is interchangeable with a standard pressure transducer used for measuring a person&#39;s blood pressure. 
     A further object is the provision of a balloon pressure transducer which meets the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards for interchangeability of blood pressure transducers. 
     Yet another object of the invention is the provision of a pressure transducer which is usable by hospital personnel knowledgeable in the use of blood pressure transducers, without requiring new training, and with standard electronic digital display equipment normally used in blood pressure monitoring. 
     Another object of the invention is the utilization of various scaling factors to permit an electrical signal representing balloon inflation pressure to be manipulated to display information on a monitor designed to display much lower pressures. 
     Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter. 
     A system of the present invention for measuring fluid pressure in a balloon of a catheter includes a pressure transducer in fluid communication with the interior of the balloon. The pressure transducer includes an element for providing an electrical signal which is a function of the pressure in the interior of the balloon. An electronic digital display is responsive to the electrical signal from the pressure transducer to display the balloon pressure measured by the pressure transducer. The pressure transducer is interchangeable with standard pressure transducers used for monitoring substantially lower pressures such as blood pressure and the electronic digital display may be the same as that used for monitoring blood pressure. 
     A coronary angioplasty system of the present invention includes a catheter adapted for insertion through blood vessels in the human body to the vicinity of a stenosis. The catheter carries an inflatable balloon to the vicinity of the stenosis and has an inflation lumen providing a fluid path between the interior of the balloon and an external port adapted to receive fluid for inflating the balloon. A pressure transducer is in fluid communication with the interior of the balloon, which pressure transducer includes an element for providing an electrical signal which is a function of the pressure in the interior of the balloon. An electronic digital display is responsive to the electrical signal from the pressure transducer to display the balloon pressure measured by the pressure transducer. The pressure transducer is interchangeable with standard pressure transducers used for monitoring substantially lower pressures such as blood pressure and the electronic digital display may be the same as that used for monitoring blood pressure. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematical representation of the system of the present invention in use during a coronary angioplasty procedure; 
     FIG. 2 is a sectional view on an enlarged scale, with parts broken away for clarity, of the opening of a stenosis by the expansion of a balloon carried by a dilatation catheter; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating the position of the pressure transducer used in the present invention in the fluid path between the source of inflating fluid and the balloon of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the electrical interconnections of the system of the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the system of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 is a front elevational view of a dilatation catheter being tested in a force measuring fixture; 
     FIG. 8 is a schematical representation of an alternative embodiment of the system of the present invention; 
     FIG. 9 is a side elevational view of the transducer portion of the embodiment of FIG. 8; 
     FIG. 10 is an elevational view, in section, of a syringe used in performing an angioplasty, illustrating the present invention; and 
     FIG. 11 and 12 are schematical representations of other alternative embodiments of the system of the present invention. 
    
    
     Similar reference characters indicate similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A coronary angioplasty procedure involves a dilatation catheter 11 (FIG. 1) carrying balloon 13 which is moved through the vascular system to the site of a stenosis 15. In FIG. 1, catheter 11 is shown passing through the aortic arch into a branch of the right coronary artery. Stenosis 15 is typically composed of atherosclerotic plaque which has partially occluded the blood vessel as shown. In FIG. 2, the balloon is shown inflated, which pushes the plaque to the sides of the passageway and, to some extent, distends the wall 17 of the vessel itself. 
     Catheter 11 has a pair of lumens. The first is connected to a port 19 for injection of contrast media through the catheter for purposes of positioning the catheter. That same lumen has a guidewire 21 disposed therein, guidewire 21 being inserted through a port 23 into the catheter. 
     The second lumen is connected by an opening 25 (FIG. 2) to the interior of balloon 13 and provides a fluid path between the interior of the balloon and an external source of balloon inflating fluid, such as the inflation/deflation syringe 27 shown in FIG. 1. Typically, such syringes have a threaded plunger which cooperates with a disengageable nut on the barrel of the syringe to permit accurate displacement of fluid (such as contrast media or any other suitable fluid) from the barrel of the syringe through the second lumen to inflate balloon 13. When the nut is disengaged, the cardiologist can quickly withdraw the piston to rapidly deflate the balloon. 
     Heretofore, an analog pressure gauge has been disposed in the fluid path immediately adjacent the outlet of the syringe. This gauge has provided a visual indication to the cardiologist of the actual pressure being applied to the interior of the balloon. As mentioned above, however, such analog pressure gauges have certain drawbacks associated therewith. 
     In the present system, a pressure transducer 29 (FIG. 4) disposed in a housing 31 (FIGS. 1, 3 and 4) is used instead of the prior art analog pressure gauges to monitor balloon pressure. Housing 31 is disposed in the inflation fluid path, specifically adjacent the outlet of the syringe. The exact placement of the transducer is not critical, so long as it is exposed to the pressure of the inflation fluid. 
     Pressure transducer 29 is connected by a suitable cable 33 to a housing 35 which is suitably mounted (such as on a pole, not shown) so as to be readily visible to the cardiologist. The housing carries a plurality of displays 37, 39, 41, and 43, a set of manually operable switches (two of which, labelled 45 and 47 are shown), and an alarm 49. A foot pedal 51 is electrically connected to housing 35 by a cable 53 so that the cardiologist can supply signals to the housing by that means as well. 
     Housing 35 contains much of the electronics of the present system. Specifically it holds a microcomputer 55 (FIG. 5) along with any necessary interface circuitry for supplying input signals to the microcomputer and control signals from the microcomputer. Although a microcomputer is shown in FIG. 5, it should be realized that discrete components could be used to control the functioning of the system of the present invention instead. 
     Displays 37, 39, 41, and 43 are electronic digital displays of conventional construction. Display 37 displays the balloon pressure in large, easily read characters. Although the pressure shown in FIG. 1 is in pounds per square inch, the units could as easily be atmospheres or any other suitable unit of pressure. 
     Display 39 displays to the cardiologist the elapsed time or duration (in seconds) for this particular expansion of the balloon. To initiate the measurement of this time by microcomputer 55, the cardiologist need only press the proper one of the manually operable switches shown, in this instance start switch 45. The timing can be stopped by pressing another switch such as switch 47 or foot pedal 51. 
     Display 41 displays to the cardiologist a time (previously set by means of other manually operable switches, not shown) which represents the desired duration of this particular expansion of the balloon. For a procedure in which the balloon is expanded a number of times, it should be realized that the preset desired duration could differ for different inflations. 
     By comparing the output of display 39 (the actual expansion time) with the output of display 41 (the desired expansion time), the cardiologist can easily determine when to deflate the balloon. 
     Display 43 displays to the cardiologist the number of expansions of this particular balloon. This information is available from microcomputer 55 because the microcomputer keeps track of the interior pressure of the balloon. A measured pressure below a predetermined threshold which follows a measured pressure above that threshold signifies to the microcomputer that the balloon has been inflated and deflated. It is necessary, of course, for the user to indicate to the microcomputer by means of a manually operable switch when a catheter is replaced so that the output of display 43 may be reset. 
     With regard to FIG. 2, it should be noted that inflation of the balloon results in some distension of the wall 17 of the blood vessel. Should this wall start to rupture, the pressure measured by transducer 29 would rapidly change. Microcomputer 55 is fast enough to detect such a change and signal that fact to the cardiologist over alarm 49. The cardiologist upon hearing alarm 49 can then release the pressure on the balloon to prevent further rupture of the vessel wall. 
     Other failures such as loss of balloon patency and the like are also reflected in the pressure measured by transducer 29. Microcomputer 55 signals the occurrence of these failures over alarm 49 as well. 
     Turning to FIGS. 3 and 4, housing 31 is removably connected between syringe 27 and catheter 11 by standard leur lock fittings 31A and 31B. Electrical connection is made between transducer 29 and electronics housing 35 by means of a removable plug 59, such as a standard four-pin telephone plug, which is accepted in a corresponding socket 61 formed in housing 31. A cover 59A is provided for closing socket 61 during those times when the plug 59 is not inserted therein. 
     Housing 31 has a passageway 63 extending therethrough for passage of the inflating fluid from syringe 27 to catheter 11 and balloon 13. A port 65 in housing 31 extends from passageway 63 to pressure transducer 29 so that the pressure of the inflating fluid flowing through the passageway is transmitted to the pressure transducer. 
     Pressure transducer 29 itself is constructed in accordance with the teachings in co-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,256. The present transducer differs from the one taught in that patent only in being engineered to measure somewhat higher pressures (several atmospheres as opposed to approximately one-half atmosphere). 
     Port 65, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,256 is filled with a silicone gel or oil which transmits the pressure in passageway 63 to pressure transducer 29. The transducer itself is a piezoresistive diaphragm which includes four resistive elements ion-implanted thereon in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. As is explained in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,256, as the piezoresistive diaphragm is deflected, the resistive elements that form the Wheatstone bridge become unbalanced, thus causing electrical signals. These signals, representative of the pressure of the fluid in passageway 63, are sent to microcomputer 55 via plug 59. 
     This connection of the pressure transducer with microcomputer 55 is illustrated in FIG. 5. Of course, the signal received from the pressure transducer may be filtered, temperature compensated, etc. as is well known in the art. For the purposes of this invention, however, the important fact is that the microcomputer acquires inflating fluid pressure information from pressure transducer 29. 
     Also shown in FIG. 5 are the other significant inputs to and outputs from microcomputer. The inputs include the manually operable switches such as switches 45, 47 and foot pedal 51, the pressure transducer (discussed above), and an input from an inflation force fixture 67 (described below in connection with FIG. 7). The outputs include control signals for the displays (which includes displays 37, 39, 41, and 43), for the alarm 49, and for a syringe/injector mechanism 69 described below in connection with FIG. 6. 
     Microcomputer 55 is under programmed logic control to govern the system to operate as described above. In response to actuation of the proper manually operable switches, it begins timing and displaying (on display 39) the duration of a balloon inflation. It also, at short intervals, reads the signal from pressure transducer 29 and displays the sensed pressure on display 37. If a desired inflation duration has been set, it also displays this time on display 41, and increments the balloon inflation count on display 43. 
     If a pressure change is detected during the procedure which would indicate some failure (either of the vessel wall or of the catheter itself), microcomputer 55 sounds alarm 49. 
     If desired, the process of injecting the inflating fluid into the balloon and of deflating the balloon can also be controlled by the microcomputer. Such a system is shown in FIG. 6. In addition to having the inputs and outputs of the system of FIG. 1 (omitted in this FIG. for clarity), the system of FIG. 6 also includes outputs for controlling a stepper motor 71, a solenoid 73 and a syringe release arm 75. 
     The microcomputer provides control signals to stepper motor 71 to cause the motor to operate. Motor 71 is connected by a fitting 77 to the plunger of syringe 27, so that operation of motor 71 causes the plunger to force inflating fluid out of the syringe and (via the inflation lumen of catheter 11) into balloon 13. The microcomputer monitors the pressure during this operation, so that once the desired pressure is reached operation of the stepper motor is stopped. 
     The microcomputer maintains the balloon pressure at this preset amount until the preset duration for that balloon expansion expires. Upon the expiration of that time, microcomputer 55 operates stepper motor 71 in the reverse direction to deflate the balloon. In the event that more rapid deflation of the balloon is need, the microcomputer activates arm 75 to move from its position shown in FIG. 6 to an operating position (not shown) in which it releases the threaded nut or cap 27A of the syringe so that the plunger may be rapidly withdrawn with respect to the barrel of the syringe. 
     Actual rapid withdrawal of the plunger is accomplished by solenoid 73. The solenoid is secured to motor 71 by a shaft 79. Operation of the solenoid draws the shaft, along with the stepper motor and the plunger of syringe 27 upwardly to rapidly withdraw the inflating fluid from balloon 13. 
     One condition in which the microcomputer rapidly withdraws the plunger, for example, is when the microcomputer detects a pressure change indicative of some failure condition during the inflation phase of the procedure. It should be realized that the microcomputer is capable of responding to such a failure situation much more rapidly and reliably that could a human operator of the syringe. 
     Although the invention has been described heretofore with reference to the actual coronary angioplasty procedure, it has equal applicability to the preliminary testing of the balloon before actual insertion into the patient. It can readily be seen how the apparatus of FIG. 1 or the apparatus of FIG. 6 is usable to preliminarily inflate the balloon before insertion into the patient to test the patency of the balloon. That apparatus, or more specialized apparatus shown in FIG. 7, may also be used to correlate the balloon pressure with the force applied by the balloon. 
     Such a force/pressure correlating apparatus includes a backing plate 81 upon which the balloon of the catheter under test is disposed. A force sensing arm 83 is lifted by the pressure in the balloon, and the corresponding force exerted by the balloon is measured by a transducer (not shown). Microcomputer 55 then displays on display 37 and on an additional display 85 the pressure in the balloon (obtained from pressure transducer 29) and the resulting force on force sensing arm 83. With this apparatus the pressure and force are easily correlated, and the force information may be recorded by microcomputer 55 for future reference, if desired. 
     Referring to FIG. 8, an inflation/deflation syringe 87 is similar to syringe 27 in that it has a threaded plunger 89 which co-operates with a nut 91 on barrel 93 of the syringe to permit accurate displacement of fluid from barrel 93 to inflate balloon 13. A tubing section 95 attaches to the outlet of the barrel and a three-way stopcock 97 is inserted in-line in the fluid passage provided by the section. The stopcock has flow tube 99 (see FIG. 9) rotatably connected to a manually operable finger tab 101. Tab 101 is used to position flow tube 99. The flow tube has a T-shaped passage 103. When tab 101 is in the position shown in FIG. 9, fluid discharged from the syringe flows through section 95, through the stopcock, and into a housing 105 disposed in the inflation fluid path. When the tab is rotated 90° clockwise (as shown in FIG. 9), the fluid path is closed and any inflation fluid back flowing through the housing is discharged through an outlet 107 which projects outwardly from the side of section 95. When the tab is turned 90° counterclockwise (as shown in FIG. 9) the passage is rotated so fluid discharged from the syringe is directed to outlet 107. 
     Housing 105 has a fluid path extending its length for discharge of inflation fluid into a length of high pressure tubing 107. The other end of the tubing terminates in a rotatable male leur lock 109 that mates with a female leur lock 111 of the catheter. 
     A pressure transducer 113 is enclosed in housing 105, the transducer having a piezoelectric diaphragm 115 or the like such as that described above in connection with transducer 29. Electrical leads 117 are connected to the transducer and formed into an electrical cable 119. This cable is a flexible cable and terminates at its other end in an electrical connector 121. A mating connector 123 attaches to connector 121 to route an electrical signal provided by transducer 113 to an electronic digital display 125 via a cable 127. 
     Display 125 is a blood pressure monitor typically used to provide a digital read out of an individual&#39;s measured blood pressure. Such a blood pressure reading is typically in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). The range of pressure values displayed on the monitor is -50 mm Hg to +300 mm Hg. 
     While the pressures produced during an angioplasty are substantially higher than those monitored during a blood pressure reading, the difference is substantially only in the units. The value range of such pressures is -15 psi to +300 psi which is substantially the same value (although not unit) range as is found in blood pressure monitoring. Consequently, transducer 113 is designed to meet the interchangeability requirements of ANSI so as to be used with a blood pressure monitor 125. The transducer is designed to provide a transducer output of 5 microvolts per volt excitation per psi. As a result, the range in amplitude of the signal received by monitor 125 will cover a value range substantially corresponding to that for blood pressure monitoring. Thus, by taking into consideration the scaling factors associated with both angioplasty pressure readings and blood pressure readings, a single monitor can be converted to a dual use. 
     Alternately stated, because the numerical range of blood pressures when measured in millimeters of mercury it is substantially the same as the numerical range of angioplasty pressures when measured in pounds per square inch, a monitor which is normally used to monitor blood pressure, may also be used to monitor angioplasty pressure. 
     Since pressure transducer 113 is compatible with blood pressure monitoring equipment, medical personnel accustomed to using a blood pressure transducer can use transducer 113 without additional training. Further, a standard blood pressure monitor 125 can be used which eliminates the need for a special piece of pressure monitoring equipment which is usable only for angioplasty procedures. 
     Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, alternate embodiments of the system as described with respect to FIG. 1 are shown which also use the scaling factor just described to permit additional displays. As shown in FIG. 11, a standard blood pressure display monitor 129 is interconnected with housing 35 via a standard, reusable electrical cable 131. The electronics of housing 35 takes the output from the first embodiment of the transducer and scales that output to correspond to the range accepted by blood pressure monitors. This scaled output is supplied to monitor 129. Display monitor 129 then directly displays the balloon inflation pressure. Display monitor 129 can of course provide either an analog or digital display depending upon its type. Further, display monitor 129 may have a storage capability so a record is made of one or more of the measured parameters. 
     In FIG. 12, the electrical signal from the first embodiment of the pressure transducer is provided over line 33 to an electronics package or adapter 133. There the signal is scaled to create a signal corresponding to the received pressure transducer signal but which is compatible with a standard two-channel blood pressure monitor 135. In addition, depressing foot pedal 51 provides a marker signal or start time signal for balloon inflation. This start signal is supplied to adapter 133 which in response provides a balloon inflation elapsed time signal. This latter signal is a ramp signal having a scaling factor of five (5) microvolts/volt excitation/second. 
     The resultant signals are provided to a multi-channel display monitor 135. The pressure signal is supplied to this display via a cable 137. An amplifier 139 receives the signal, amplifies it and provides it an input to the display electronics. As shown in FIG. 12, the signal, as displayed, represents a step function or square-wave type signal. The ramp or elapsed time signal is supplied to an amplifier 141 via a cable 143. This signal is displayed on a second channel of the display. Display monitor 135 may incorporate a storage capability to record the first and second signals received. 
     In addition to the syringes 27 and 87 previously described, the system may utilize a third type syringe denoted 145 in FIG. 10. This syringe comprises a hollow barrel 147 which holds the balloon inflation fluid and which is open at both ends. A manually operable plunger 149 is insertable in an end 151 of the syringe and when pushed through the barrel forces fluid out the opposite, tapered end 153 of the barrel. Opposed projections 155A and 155B, extending outwardly form the outside of the barrel provide finger grips to facilitate operation of the plunger. The fluid is discharged into the inlet end of a length of tubing 157 whose other end is attached to the catheter lumen by which the fluid is directed to balloon 13 to inflate it. 
     A housing 159 is interposed between the outlet of barrel 147 and the tubing inlet. A passage 161 is defined in the housing to connect the barrel outlet and tubing inlet. Pressure transducer 113 and its associated piezoelectric diaphragm 115 are enclosed or encased in the housing. Transducer 113 is exposed to the pressure created in the balloon so to provide an electronic signal representative thereof. The housing is integrally formed with the barrel and its associated projections. 
     In view of the above it will be seen that the various objects and features of the present invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained. The described embodiments are illustrative only and the present invention is defined instead by the claims which are appended hereto.