Abstract:
The invention provides a method for balancing tire performance with both increased and decreased numbers of lugs on the ribs while also having desirable tire noise performance. This method allows the tire designer to take advantage of the benefits of both high and low pitch count patterns while minimizing undesirable tire noise. The method involves the design of the fundamental pitch of the tire tread pattern and the design of the tread pattern for the tire. The invention also provides tires incorporating the fundamental pitch and tread patterns.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/852,220 filed Oct. 17, 2006; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    The present invention generally relates to tires and methods for designing tire tread patterns to improve the tire noise attributed to the pitch sequence. More particularly, the present invention relates to tire tread patterns and methods for designing the fundamental pitch of a tread pattern having multiple rib groupings with different numbers of lugs in different rib groupings. 
         [0004]    2. Background Information 
         [0005]    One aspect of tire design involves minimizing undesirable tire noise. Tire noise is generated when the lugs of the tread pattern contact the road surface. An unvarying tread pattern, or mono pitch tread pattern, creates an undesirable tonal, or mono pitch sound. Tire designers vary the tread pattern to avoid mono pitch sounds. The tread patterns are typically varied by altering the size of the tread pitches around the circumference of the tire. Varying the sizes of the tread pitches to create a pitch sequence tends to reduce mono pitch tire noise by broadening the frequency domain of the noise spectrum but undesirable noise in the time domain can still be created. Tire tread designers desire a pitch sequence that provides the tire with desirable performance characteristics while also minimizing undesirable tire noise. 
         [0006]    Tread patterns are currently analyzed by comparing the tire noise generated by different variations in the tread pitches. Known analysis techniques allow the tire designer to select a pitch sequence for the tread design that generates acceptable tire noise. One such analysis technique uses the Fourier spectrum of the pitch sequence to identify concentrations of frequencies that that are known to be objectionable. Another technique disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,112,167 analyzes portions of the pitch sequence around the circumference of the tire. 
         [0007]    A problem facing tire tread designers is the growing popularity of asymmetric tread designs for multi-purpose tires. Asymmetric tires may be designed with one side of the tire optimized for dry traction and long wear while the other side of the tire is optimized for wet traction and water dispersal. Asymmetric tread patterns typically have different tread patterns on different sides of the tire and may thus have different numbers of lugs on the different circumferential ribs of the tire. A fundamental pitch that provides desirable tire noise for one rib grouping may yield undesirable tire noise from another rib grouping. Design methodologies do not provide a mechanism for analyzing the different pitch sequences incorporated into asymmetric tires. Tire designers thus desire an improved analysis and design technique for use with tire tread patterns having multiple ribs with different pitch sequences. Tire users desire a multiple rib tire having different numbers of lugs per rib while also having minimized undesirable tire noise attributed to the pitch sequence. 
         [0008]    This problem is not limited to asymmetric tire tread patterns. Conventionally, for symmetric tire tread patterns, a designer either had the option of designing the same number of lugs in each circumferential rib, or rib grouping, or could sub-divide a lug in any given rib or rib grouping. In the first case, the ratio of the number of lugs in all circumferential ribs is 1:1. In the second case the ratio is 1:2, a 100% increase in one or more circumferential ribs. In order to tune tire performance for good and poor weather conditions, the tire designer requires the flexibility to have a smaller differential of the number of lugs in the center portion of the pattern to the shoulder portion in order to balance performance. For example, a designer may wish the center to have 25% more lugs than the shoulder to provide for better inclement weather performance while maintain good weather performance with the shoulder lugs. Thus the designer would wish for a 1:1.25 or 4:5 ratio of the number of lugs in one rib or rib grouping, to another rib or rib grouping. This bias ratio could therefore be equatorially symmetric as per a center versus shoulder bias, equatorially asymmetric as per a inboard versus outboard bias. If there are more than two circumferential ribs or rib groupings, a designer may also wish to have a different bias for each, further tuning the tire tread pattern design. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In one configuration, the invention provides a method for balancing tire performance with both increased and decreased numbers of lugs on the ribs while also having desirable tire noise performance. This method allows the tire designer to take advantage of the benefits of both high and low pitch count patterns while minimizing undesirable tire noise. The method involves the design of the fundamental pitch of the tire tread pattern and the design of the tread pattern for the tire. The invention also provides tires incorporating the fundamental pitch and tread patterns. 
         [0010]    In one configuration, the invention provides a method for designing a fundamental pitch for a tire tread pattern having at least two circumferential rib groupings with different numbers of pitches in each rib group. The method includes the steps of: (a) providing a tire tread pattern having x ribs of tread lugs in the direction of travel wherein x&gt;1; (b) grouping the ribs of tread lugs into n rib groupings of ribs wherein n&gt;1; (c) defining the number s of tread lugs in each rib grouping wherein s i  is the number of tread lugs in the ith rib such that s i &lt;s i +1 and i is increased linearly from 1 to n−1; and (d) defining s such that the only common multiple of s 1  through s n  is 1. 
         [0011]    Another configuration of the invention provides a method for designing a pneumatic tire tread pattern using a plurality of fundamental pitches having at least two circumferential rib groupings with different numbers of pitches in each rib grouping; the method including the steps of: developing a fundamental pitch for the treat pattern by (a) choosing a tire tread pattern type having x ribs of tread lugs in the direction of travel wherein x&gt;1; (b) grouping the ribs of tread lugs into n rib groupings of ribs wherein n&gt;1; (c) defining the number s of tread lugs in each rib grouping wherein s i  is the number of tread lugs in the ith rib such that s i &lt;s i +1 and i is increased linearly from 1 to n−1; and (d) defining s such that the only common multiple of s 1  through S n  is 1; and selecting k fundamental pitches with the lowest number of tread lugs in any rib grouping is k*s 1 &gt;39 and the largest number of tread lugs in any rib is k*s n &lt;81. 
         [0012]    Another configuration of the invention provides a method for designing a tire tread pattern having at least two circumferential ribs of tread lugs; the method including the steps of: selecting a fundamental pitch for the tread pattern with the fundamental pitch having a plurality of rib groupings of tread lugs disposed in the circumferential direction of the tire; one rib grouping having a largest number, s n , of lugs and another rib grouping having a smallest number, s 1 , of lugs; the ratio of the largest number of lugs to the smallest number of lugs being greater than 1.0 and less than 2.0 and not 1.5; and selecting a number, k, of fundamental pitches for the tread pattern wherein the selected number of fundamental pitches multiplied by the largest number of lugs in any rib grouping of the fundamental pitch is 80 or less and wherein the selected number of fundamental pitches multiplied by the smallest number of lugs in any rib grouping of the fundamental pitch is 40 or more. 
         [0013]    Another aspect of the invention is to form a tire noise pitch sequence in the tread pattern by varying the length of the fundamental pitch about the tire. A tire noise sequence also may be formed by subdividing the fundament pitch into m sub-pitches and varying the physical length of the sub-pitches about the circumference of the tire to form the tire noise pitch sequence. 
         [0014]    The invention also provides a tire having a body defining a tread pattern; the tread pattern having a plurality of circumferential rib groupings; each rib grouping having the same number, k, of fundamental pitches; each rib grouping having a different number, n, of tread lugs; one of the rib groupings having a minimum number of lugs and one of the rib groupings having a maximum number of lugs; and the ratio of the maximum number of lugs to the minimum number of lugs being greater than 1.0 and less than 2.0 but excluding 1.5. 
         [0015]    The tire of the invention may be provided in symmetric and asymmetric configurations. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view of exemplary four rib tread design elements (the tread geometry being generic) wherein one sub-pitch is disposed in each pitch with two different sizes (large and small) of sub-pitches. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of the first sixteen pitches of a pitch sequence using the  FIG. 1  four rib tread design elements. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a schematic view of exemplary four rib tread design elements (the tread geometry being generic) wherein two sub-pitches are disposed in each pitch with two different sizes (large and small) of each sub-pitch. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a schematic view of the first eight pitches of a pitch sequence using the  FIG. 3  four rib tread design elements. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a chart showing a variety of D values. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a chart showing an exemplary set of S values applied to a tire pitch sequence with a D ratio of 4:3 or 1.33. 
           [0022]      FIGS. 7 and 8  are examples of a tread patterns designed for different goals.  FIG. 7  is designed for wear and good weather because it has fewer lugs. 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  is designed for inclement weather and noise performance because it has more lugs. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  is an example of a tread pattern using portions of the tread designs from  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 10  is another exemplary tread with 1 sub-pitch per pitch. 
           [0026]      FIG. 11  depicts 6 sub sections that are used to form the tread pattern of  FIG. 12 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  is an example of a tire tread pattern using the 6 sub sections depicted in  FIG. 11 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  shows the predicted noise frequency distribution of 3 patterns. 
           [0029]      FIG. 14  is a chart of the modeled noise. 
           [0030]      FIG. 15  is a chart of predicted tire performance. 
           [0031]      FIG. 16  is a design chart showing desirable numbers of lugs for numbers of fundamental pitch and numbers of sub-pitches. 
       
    
    
       [0032]    Similar references numbers and letters refer to similar parts throughout the specification. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0033]    The method of the present invention is used to design pneumatic tire tread patterns that have a plurality of circumferential, load supporting elements or lugs arranged in circumferential bands or ribs. Bands or ribs with the same number of lugs are considered together as a rib grouping. Although they frequently are adjacent, the bands or ribs in a rib grouping may be spaced apart by other bands or ribs and do not need to be adjacent. A rib grouping may include a single rib of circumferential lugs or a plurality of ribs of circumferential lugs. Although the invention may be applied to a wider variety of designs, the examples discussed below focus on tread designs having 20 to 160 lugs disposed in 1 to 7 rib groupings. This rib grouping range is based on the fact that most tires desired in the market have tire tread circumferences in a range from about 1680 mm to 3200 mm. Most lugs used with these tires have a circumferential length of between 20 mm to 75 mm thus yielding a range of about 22 to 84 lugs in a small tire and 43 to 160 lugs in a larger tire. When manufacturing criteria, tire wear criteria, and tire noise criteria are considered, most commercially produced tires include 40 to 80 lugs. The method of the invention is thus described for use with tire tread patterns in this range. The method may also be used for tires that fall outside this range by applying the steps for the range of lugs outside this range. 
         [0034]    For each tread design in a tire, there is a number “x” of rib groupings R of circumferentially disposed lugs L. Tire tread patterns created according to the method of the present invention will have integer combinations of sub-pitches S that form fundamental pitches P within each rib grouping R. The fundamental pitch is defined as a portion of tire tread beginning at a common boundary (in the tread design) and ending at a common boundary (in the tread design) in which the greatest common factor of the number of lugs by ribs for each of the ribs contained within the fundamental pitch is one. The fundamental pitch repeats “k” times within a rib grouping about the circumference of the tire. A sub-pitch is a portion of tread geometry within a fundamental pitch P. There are “m” sub-pitches S that can be individually scaled within a fundamental pitch P. 
         [0035]    Within any given rib grouping R, the total number “y” of lugs L may be determined by the lug equation: y R =k*m R . When there is only one sub-pitch S within each fundamental pitch P (referred to as a single unit design), the total number y of lugs L in each rib grouping R equals the number of fundamental pitches P. When there are two sub-pitches S within each fundamental pitch P, then the total number y of lugs L in each rib grouping R equals twice the number k of fundamental pitches P. These two examples are illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 . 
         [0036]    In order to illustrate a single unit design, exemplary four rib R tread pattern elements are shown in  FIG. 1  wherein there is only one sub-pitch S per pitch P with the sub-pitches being either small (Sm) or large (Lg). In this example, each rib grouping includes a single rib. The geometry of the tread pattern shown in these drawings is schematic, generic, and exemplary. This invention may be applied to a wide variety of lug geometries. Any of a wide variety of tread patterns may be used. For example, a small sub-pitch (Sm) may have a length of 25 mm and a large sub-pitch (Lg) may have a length of 40 mm. A sample pitch sequence may be [25, 25, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, 25, 25, 25, 40, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, . . . ].  FIG. 2  schematically depicts the tread elements of  FIG. 1  applied in this pitch sequence. 
         [0037]    In order to illustrate a double unit design, exemplary four rib R tread pattern elements are shown in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  shows that the first sub-pitch (S 1 ) has the same geometry as the example discussed above with reference to  FIG. 1  while the second sub-pitch (S 2 ) has a different geometry (the lateral slot has been removed from ribs R 2  and R 3 ).  FIG. 3  depicts both large (Lg) and small (Sm) lengths for the sub-pitches.  FIG. 4  schematically depicts the tread elements of  FIG. 3  applied to the sample pitch sequence set forth above [25, 25, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, 25, 25, 25, 40, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, . . . ]. In this example, each pitch P includes S 1  and S 2  (with the size of S 1  and S 2  following the sample pitch sequence) and the different ribs R have different numbers of lugs L. R 1  and R 4  have twice the lugs of R 2  and R 3 . The particular distribution of lugs L in this example is irrelevant to the invention and R 1  and R 2  could have twice the lugs of R 3  and R 4  or R 2  and R 3  could have twice the lugs L as R 1  and R 4 . 
         [0038]    In order to analyze the different tire noises caused by the different number of lugs in each rib, a rib differential D is determined by the formula: D=(Maximum Number of Lugs in any rib grouping)/(Minimum Number of Lugs in any rib grouping). The rib differential (D) provides a ratio representing the number of noise causing events in the highest lug rib compared to the number of noise causing events in the lowest lug rib. In the first example of  FIG. 2 , D=1 and in the second example of  FIG. 4 , D=2. Tread designs having a D&gt;2 are possible but have been found to yield undesirable properties because these designs have undesirably large differences in lug stiffnesses. Tread designs with a D of exactly 2 are also undesirable because the maximum tread passage frequency will be a multiple of the minimum tread passage frequency causing an undesirable amplitude spike at this frequency. The tread passage frequency F is defined as: F=V*y/C where V represents tire ground velocity and C represents tire circumference. As the tire rotates, each lug will impact the road surface and will thus act as an impulse. There are thus multiple frequencies that are integer multiples of the principal frequency. These frequencies are determined by F j =j*(V*y/C) where j=1,2,3 . . . . A tire designer does not want to have any of the first three frequencies of one rib to match the first three frequencies of a rib having a different number of lugs. This will happen when D=1, 2.0, or 1.5. Tire tread designs having a D between 1 and 2 (excluding D=1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) are thus desirable for tire noise. In the context of this application, the term “between” excludes the end boundaries of 1.0 and 2.0. However, D values between 1.5 and 2.0 yield less desirable results than D values between 1.0 and 1.5 because of the larger difference in lug stiffness when the D value is between 1.5 and 2.0. 
         [0039]    The chart of  FIG. 5  is used define design parameters. The minimum number of lugs in the fundamental design cycle is arranged horizontally and the maximum number of lugs is arranged vertically. The D value for each combination is calculated in the cells of the chart. 
         [0040]    For each of the combinations in the chart, an additional chart may be developed to examine the balance of the number of lugs in the full pattern based on the number of fundamental design cycles. For the purpose of providing an example, the ratio (m) of 4 small lugs to 3 large lugs (D=1.33) is examined in the chart of  FIG. 6 . From this chart, it can be seen that the desirable number of lugs is achieved by using 14 to 20 fundamental design cycles because the total numbers of lugs in each rib fall within the desirable design parameters discussed above. With 14 fundamental pitches (k=14), there are 42 and 56 lugs in the two ribs with a differential of 14 pitches between ribs and for P=20, there are 60 and 80 lugs in the two ribs with a differential of 20 pitches. The difference (Δ) in number of pitches is defined by: Δ=P*(m max −m min ). As this difference Δ increases, the variation in lug stiffness increases. An increased number of lugs in a tire tread design provides for improved performance in the snow or wet weather conditions as well as reducing the impact energy at the tire-road interface resulting in lower noise amplitude. Reducing the number of lugs or increasing lug stiffness provides for improved dry traction in pleasant weather conditions as well as for improving the longevity of the tire. Tire treads designed according to this invention balance tire performance by having tire features for both dry traction and inclement weather. 
         [0041]      FIGS. 7 and 8  depict two different exemplary tread patterns having different properties that combine to create the tire tread pattern of  FIG. 9  as the upper portion of the tread of  FIG. 8  bisected about the tire equator and the lower portion of the tread of  FIG. 7  bisected about the tire equator. The tread of  FIG. 7  has fewer lugs while the tread pattern of  FIG. 8  has more lugs when disposed about the circumference of the tire.  FIG. 9  depicts a pattern having the top two ribs (R 1  and R 2 ) having the configuration of  FIG. 8  with the bottom two ribs (R 3  and R 4 ) having the configuration of  FIG. 7 . The tread pattern of  FIG. 9  thus incorporates performance benefits from both tread patterns. In this example, D is 1.33 with 8 lugs per pitch in R 1  and R 2  and  6  lugs per pitch in R 3  and R 4 . The tread pattern of  FIG. 9  thus provides an example of the invention. 
         [0042]    For two-piece, clam-shell type tire molds prevalent in the tire industry through the end of the twentieth century, the tire tread of  FIG. 9  would be desirable from a tire mold manufacturing point of view. These two-piece molds are bisected circumferentially at a location near or at the tire equator. The manufacture of each piece can be accomplished independently and thus may be comprised of unrelated tread patters as shown in  FIG. 9 . For conventional type tire molds created by eight to as many as 100 or more tread segments as lateral sections of the tire mold from one side of the tread pattern to the other side of the tread pattern, it is desirable to have tire tread sections with a continuous boundary from one side of the tread pattern to the other side. Examples of continuous boundaries from the tire tread represented in  FIG. 9  are the cross sections identified as section A-A and section B-B. A tire tread pattern constructed by this method will have at least 1 common boundary at the beginning of the tread pattern as shown in  FIG. 9 , section A-A. Based on the complexities of the tire tread pattern noise sequence for each of the tread patterns of the tires of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , it is possible to have more than one common boundary as shown in  FIG. 9 , section B-B. The minimum number of common boundaries is therefore one and the maximum number of common boundaries is known in geometric terminology as the greatest common factor. Each repeating pattern of the  FIG. 7  tire has 12 sections. The tire of  FIG. 8  has 16 sections. The number twelve has six numeric factors including one, two, three, four, six and twelve. The number sixteen has five numeric factors including one, two, four, eight, and sixteen. The greatest common factor of twelve and sixteen is four. Thus it is possible to have a maximum of four common boundaries for the combined tread pattern of  FIG. 9 . 
         [0043]    The fundamental pitch can be then defined as a portion of tire tread beginning at a common boundary and ending at a common boundary in which the greatest common factor on the number of lugs by ribs for each of the ribs contained within the fundamental pitch is one. A fundamental pitch for a tire as exemplified in  FIG. 9  would be one in which the number of lugs in each rib is equal to the total number of lugs in any give rib divided by the greatest common factor as calculated above. For this case the number of lugs in the fundamental pitch in ribs R 1  and R 2  is four (16/4=4) and the number in ribs R 3  and R 4  is three (12/4=3). 
         [0044]      FIG. 10  represents a tire tread pattern having the same number of lugs by rib as the tire tread pattern in  FIG. 9 , but comprised of four fundamental pitches wherein each fundamental pitch is a composite unit of two varying pitch sizes, a small and a large. The full tread pattern includes fundamental pitches sequentially ordered based on the requirements of the tire noise pitch sequence. Thus, the number of common pitch boundaries of the tire tread pattern of  FIG. 10  is equal to the greatest common multiple of the number of lugs in each rib and is a preferred application for tires manufactured from conventional type segmented tire molds. A limitation to the design of  FIG. 10  is that the variability of the lug sizing within the tire tread is reduced to the variability of the sizing of the fundamental pitch sizing. In  FIG. 10 , each sub-pitch length is equivalent to the fundamental pitch length. Each fundamental pitch (P) is thus sub-divided into multiple (m) sub-pitches (S). The value for m can be any integer such that m=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. As the value of m increases, the number of unique sections of the mold increases. In  FIG. 10 , m=1, and the number of pitch sizes (t) is 2 (small and large). The number of unique (U) sub-pitch (S) geometries can then be expressed as the equation: U=m*t. To increase the number of unique geometries (U), either the number of sub-pitch sizes (t) or the number of fundamental pitch divisions (m) must be increased. It is typical in the art for the number of pitch sizes (t) to be between 2 and 8. A way to dramatically increase the number of unique geometries (U) is to increase m. 
         [0045]    It is impractical to choose a value for m greater than the largest number of lugs in a fundamental pitch (4 in this ongoing example) and undesirable to choose a value for m smaller than the minimum number of lugs in a fundamental pitch (3 in this example). In order to minimize mold-manufacturing complexity, the minimum number of unique geometries is initially selected. In this invention, m should be first selected as the minimum number of lugs of the principal design cycle in any rib. If it is determined that a higher number of unique (U) segments are required for noise or other performance, m is increased until m is equal to the maximum number of lugs of the principal design cycle in any rib. 
         [0046]      FIG. 11  depicts a set of small and large sub sections of the fundamental pitch.  FIG. 12  represents a typical section of a tread pattern utilizing a 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, . . . repetition of the geometries and sizing selection based on the selected sizing sequence. This design has increased geometric variability with a design where ribs  1  and  2  have 4 lugs per fundamental pitch and ribs  3  and  4  have 3 lugs per fundamental pitch. Based on the chart of  FIG. 6 , if there were 15 fundamental pitches, ribs  1  and  2  would have 60 lugs and ribs  3  and  4  would have 45 lugs. The side of the tire with 60 lugs provides performance in inclement weather and the side with 45 pitches provides performance in agreeable weather. Tire noise is greatly reduced with the invention from the noise analysis of the above patterns.  FIG. 13  shows the predicted noise frequency distribution of 3 patterns from the example. The tire with the highest noise level is the tire whose unique geometries are represented in  FIG. 1  and representative pattern example is shown in  FIG. 2  where the number of lugs in each and every ribs. Thus, there are 45 fundamental pitches with only 1 sub-pitch per fundamental pitch. The tire with the second highest noise level has 60 fundamental pitches with 1 sub-pitch per fundamental pitch and has the same unique geometries as shown in  FIG. 1 . The tire with the lowest noise level is that of the preferred embodiment of this invention. This tire has 6 unique geometries as specified in  FIG. 10  and is representative of  FIG. 12 . In this design, there are effectively 60 lugs on the top  2  ribs and 45 ribs on the bottom two ribs. The modeled noise level difference can be seen in  FIG. 14 . A chart of predicted tire performance can be seen in  FIG. 15 . A tire designed in the manner has been designed to have balanced performance in all weather conditions with an improvement in noise performance. 
         [0047]    The above examples have centered about a tire with a 3:4 low to high ratio. The chart of  FIG. 16  is a calculation of the number of lugs in any given rib for the conditions of 3 to 16 sub-pitches for 2 to 27 fundamental pitches. The light shaded cells are those whose number of lugs is less than 40 and the darker shaded lugs are those whose number of lugs is greater than 80. For the ranges of this chart, the un-shaded cells represent the desirable number of lugs for certain number of sub-pitches and fundamental pitches. 
         [0048]    A designer uses the chart of  FIG. 16  to identify desirable combinations of fundamental pitches, sub-pitches, and numbers of lugs based on the designer&#39;s criteria for a tire. For example, if the tire designer knows that the tire is to have five rib groupings, the chart of  FIG. 16  initially limits the designer to tread designs with 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, and 4 fundamental pitches because these are the only rows of the chart having five of more un-shaded chart boxes. The designer may then limit the potential selections by calculating the D ratio or by selecting ranges of lug numbers. In this example, the selection of 10 fundamental pitches and 5 rib groupings yield a D ratio of 2.0 (80/40). This ratio thus excludes the selection of 10 fundamental pitches. The design may then look at the selection of 8 fundamental pitches and find that three options are available yield D ratios of 2.00 (80/40), 1.80 (72/40), and 1.67 (80/48). The option of D=2.00 is then excluded as per  FIG. 5 . As described above, the other selections may be used but should be passed over if more desirable D ratios are available. The designed may then analyze the available selections for the 7 fundamental pitches. The chart yields three possibilities of 70/42 (D=1.67), 77/49 (D=1.57), and 77/42 (D=1.83). The data for 6 fundamental pitches yields six possibilities of D at 1.57, 1.71, 1.85, 1.5, 1.63, and 1.44. The option of D=1.5 is then excluded as per  FIG. 5 . The 1.44 ratio is desirable and allows the designer to use rib groupings of 54, 60, 66, 72, and 78 lugs. Each rib grouping has 6 fundamental pitches divided into 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 sub-pitches. The same analysis may be performed for the possibilities of 5 and 4 fundamental pitches yielding alternative possibilities. 
         [0049]    Another way for the designer to use the design chart is to select the desired numbers of lugs in the rib groupings and then to see where the selection fits on the chart. For example, a tread designer may wish to design a 5 rib tire with a different number of lugs on each rib (thus having 5 rib groupings) and a range of lugs per rib of no fewer than 47 and no more than 79. The design chart shows that rows of at least 5 un-shaded blocks with lug numbers greater than 47 exist for 8, 7, 6, 5 and 4 fundamental pitches. At 6 fundamental pitches, the options of 72/48 (D=1.5), 78/48 D=1.63), and 78/54 (D=1.44) exist. The option of D=1.5 is then excluded as per  FIG. 5 . The D ratio calculation yields the single selection of ribs with 78, 72, 66, 60, and 54 lugs. These ribs do not have to be placed in any particular order. The design chart also yields possibilities at 5 fundamental pitches (70/50 and 75/55). 
         [0050]    This invention gives a tire designer the flexibility to create designs with balanced all season performance and improved noise performance In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clearness, and understanding. No unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed. 
         [0051]    Moreover, the description and illustration of the invention is an example and the invention is not limited to the exact details shown or described.