Abstract:
Rather than defining roles in terms of those resources and/or actions pertaining to the resources that are permitted to subjects having that role, it has been found that by instead defining a role by negative permissions, i.e. those resources and/or actions related thereto that are not permitted to subjects in that role, the evolution of a system is more convenient to manage. In this way, the system is only required to track and update the denied resources for particular roles. It has also been recognized that by defining a role in terms of negative permissions, i.e. what subjects in that role cannot do, malicious users can be thwarted from creating false user accounts since selecting functions associated with the resources takes permissions away rather than adds them.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Application No. 61/364,914 filed on Jul. 16, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The following relates to systems and methods for performing access control. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In computer system security, access control is often used as an approach to restrict system access to authorized users. Role-based access control is a particular approach wherein, within an organization, roles are created for various functions. The permissions to perform certain operations are assigned to specific roles. Users or other entities or “subjects” are assigned particular roles, and through those role assignments acquire the permissions to perform particular system functions. Since the subjects are not assigned permissions directly, but only acquire them through their role (or roles), management of individual rights becomes a matter of assigning appropriate roles to the subject rather than individual permissions for each and every subject. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]    Embodiments will now be described by way of example only with reference to the appended drawings wherein: 
           [0005]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an access control system being used to restrict or control access to resources in an environment. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a role-based access control system based on positive access permissions. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a role-based access control system based on negative access permissions. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating an example role hierarchy structure. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating another example role hierarchy structure. 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  is a screen shot illustrating an example user interface (UI) for adding a new account for accessing the restricted environment. 
           [0011]      FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating an example set of computer executable instructions for controlling access based on negative access permissions. 
           [0012]      FIG. 8  is a flow chart illustrating an example set of computer executable instructions for adding or modifying negative permissions. 
           [0013]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a provisioning system incorporating the access control system of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0014]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram illustrating components used by an access control system incorporated into a provisioning system. 
           [0015]      FIG. 11  is a screen shot of an example error message. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 12 and 13  are state diagrams illustrating role and permission relationships. 
           [0017]      FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating an example access control list model for implementing an access control system with a provisioning system. 
           [0018]      FIG. 15  is a screen shot of an example user interface for creating a user account using positive permissions. 
           [0019]      FIG. 16  is a screen shot of an example user interface for creating a user account using negative permissions. 
           [0020]      FIG. 17  is a screen shot of an example user interface for a user to edit their own account. 
           [0021]      FIG. 18  is a flow chart illustrating an example set of computer executable instructions for adding a new user account. 
           [0022]      FIG. 19  is a flow chart illustrating an example set of computer executable instructions for adding a previously denied permission. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       [0023]    Role-based access control systems that define a set of permissions for each role, typically include in the set of permissions, those interactions with a controlled or restricted environment that are permissible to any subject given that role. Although this enables roles to be updated and added rather than modifying or defining permissions on a subject-by-subject basis, it has been found that systems typically evolve over time and, in particular, when new features are added that are to be made available to several roles, each role needs to be updated with the additional permission. In systems with many roles, the addition of such permissions or, similarly, the modification of existing permissions (that relate to multiple roles), can be burdensome. 
         [0024]    Rather than defining roles in terms of those resources and/or actions pertaining to the resources that are permitted to subjects having that role, it has been found that by instead defining a role by negative permissions, i.e. those resources and/or actions related thereto that are not permitted to subjects in that role, the evolution of a system is more convenient to manage. For example, if a new resource is added to a system or a minor system-wide modification is made to add an action to an existing resource, the resource and/or action may be added to the system and the role definitions and the roles only require updating if particular ones are denied that resource. In this way, the system is only required to track and update the denied resources for particular roles. 
         [0025]    It has also been recognized that by defining a role in terms of negative permissions, i.e. what subjects in that role cannot do, malicious users can be thwarted from creating false user accounts since selecting functions associated with the resources will take permissions away rather than add them. 
         [0026]    For the purposes of the following examples, a “resource” may refer to any data, object, item, etc. that is provided by or otherwise available within a particular environment which is being restricted or controlled. For example, a resource may be a data file such as an electronic document. Associated with each resource is at least one action, which may generally refer to any operation, function, or other ability to access or modify a resource. For example, various menu options may correspond to actions that can be applied to a data file, e.g. view, edit, delete, copy, etc. A permission (P) may refer to an action, pertaining to a particular resource, which is permitted. Conversely, a denial (D) may refer to an action, pertaining to a particular resource, which is not permitted. A subject may refer to any user or other entity (e.g. virtual user, server, other system, etc.) that is attempting to access the environment to perform an action pertaining to a particular resource. 
         [0027]    Turning now to  FIG. 1 , an access control system  10  is shown, which is incorporated into or interposed between a restricted or controlled environment  12  (the “environment  12 ” hereinafter) and one or more subjects  19 , for controlling access to one or more resources  14  considered to be part of, or within, the environment  12 . In this example, the access control system  10  provides access control to subjects  19  that connect via a network  16  such as a local area network (LAN), the Internet, etc., as well as those that may connect thereto directly. Also shown in this example are both mobile communication devices  18  and other computing or communication devices such as a desktop computer  20 . The access control system  10  may be controlled or otherwise managed by an administrator  22 . 
         [0028]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example role-based access control system  10  that utilizes positive access permissions  34  (P 1 , P 2 , etc.) to define which resources  14  in the environment  12  a subject  19  associated with a particular role  32  may access. In this example configuration, a request  24  to access a particular resource  14  can be received or otherwise obtained using a communication interface  26 . The communication interface  26  is configured to reference an access control list  28  to determine if an access grant  29  is permitted for the subject  19 , based on the subject&#39;s role  32  and the permissions  34  associated with that role  32 . The access control list  28  comprises a mapping of registered subjects to one or more roles  32 . Although each subject  19  in  FIG. 2  is associated with one role  32 , it can be appreciated that a subject  19  may be associated with more than one role  32 . 
         [0029]    The access control list  28  can be used to determined which roles  32  are associated with the subject  19  making the request (i.e. the requestor). Once the role(s)  32  is/are determined, the access control list  28  may reference, or the access control system  10  itself may reference, a role definition database  30 . The role definition database  30  comprises, for each role  32 , one or more permissions  34  indicating which resources  14  that particular role is entitled to access in the environment  12  for performing one or more particular actions. In this way, by referencing a particular role  32  in the database  32 , the access control system  10  can determine if the requested action can be accessed by the requesting subject  19 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates certain ones of the permissions in dashed lines to indicate that the roles  32  may form part of a hierarchy. In this example, R 3  provides a base role  32  with permission P 1 . R 2  may then extend from R 3  to inherit P 1  and add a further permission P 2 . Similarly, in this example, R 1  may then extend from R 2  to inherit both P 1  and P 2  (through the inheritance of R 3  in R 2 ) and add a further permission P 3 . It can be appreciated that  FIG. 2  provides only one illustrative example of a simple hierarchical structure wherein R 1  has more permissions than R 2 , which has more permissions than R 3 . In other hierarchies (discussed later), the hierarchy may represent a logical mapping between what is permitted if a particular permission is inherited etc. and thus the hierarchy need not represent an organizational importance structure. 
         [0031]    As discussed, in order to add or modify permissions, an administrator  22  via an administrator interface  36  in the example of  FIG. 2  (using positive permissions P), would need to update each role  32  in the database  32  that is affected by the modification or addition or at least examine the effect of inheritances on the modifications. For example, although in  FIG. 2  the modification would only be needed in R 2  since only R 1  inherits P 2 , more complex hierarchies would typically having multiple instances of the same permission. In other embodiments however, wherein a hierarchical inheritances are not used, a modification  38  to P 2  would amount to an update to both R 1  and R 2 . Similarly, an addition  40  that adds a new action  14 , A 4 , which in this example is accessible to all roles  32 , would require each role  32  to be updated, e.g. to provide a permission associate with an action related to A 4 , i.e. P 4 . Even if a hierarchical structure is used, the administrator interface  36  would need to determine, given the hierarchy, which role  32  P 4  could be placed to thereby propagate through to each role  32  that should have permission to perform that particular action associated with A 4 . 
         [0032]    To more conveniently mange changes to the roles  32 ,  FIG. 3  illustrates a example configuration for the access control system  10 ′, wherein the suffix (′) indicates a component from  FIG. 2  that is modified. Turning now to  FIG. 3 , the communication interface  26  and administrator interface  36  may comprise a configuration similar to that shown in  FIG. 2 . However, in  FIG. 3 , a negative access, hierarchical, permission based, role definition database  30 ′ is utilized, wherein each role  32 ′ has associated therewith, one or more denials  42  indicative of an action (A) related to a resource  14  that subjects  19  associated with that role  32 ′ cannot perform (including accessing, modifying, deleting, copying, etc.). An action database  44  is also shown for illustrative purposes, which lists the actions  46  related to resources  14  in the environment  12  that are subject to access control. It can be appreciated that a set of denials  42  in the database  30 ′ for a particular role  32 ′ implies that the complement of this set corresponds to actions  46  that may be accessed by subjects  19  having that role  32 ′. In other words, the complement of a set of denials  42  corresponds to any action  46  in the action database  44  that is not associated with a denial  42  in that set. 
         [0033]    By providing access control on the basis of negative access permissions (i.e. by listing denials  42 ), a new action addition  40  (e.g. new action for an existing resource  14  or new resource with at least one new action—e.g. view resource) simply updates the action database  44  with A 4  in this example, thereby indicating that unless specified as a denial  42  in the database  32 ′, a subject  19  may perform that action  46 . Similarly, any modification  38  to, for example, A 2  (e.g. protocol, format to be used, etc.), would need to be done in only the action database  44  without requiring each role  32 ′ to be modified or the hierarchy examined to ensure correct propagation. Only denial additions  48  would require the database  30 ′ to be updated, however, only those roles  32 ′ that are to be given such a negative permission need to be modified, which would be specified when the addition is being made. 
         [0034]    It can be appreciated that  FIG. 3  illustrates the negative of the permissions in  FIG. 2 . In other words, R 1  may perform any action and thus has no denials  42 , R 2  is only denied action A 3  (and thus lists denial D 3 ), and R 3  is denied both A 2  and A 3  and thus lists denials D 2  and D 3 . The roles  32 ′ in  FIG. 3  may also be hierarchically related. In this way, R 2  extends from R 1  to inherent zero denials  42  from R 1  (empty set) but add new denial D 3 . R 3  would then inherit the denial  42  from R 2  and add an additional denial  42 , namely D 2 . D 3  is thus shown in dashed lines in  FIG. 3  to illustrate that D 3  would not necessarily need to be specified twice if R 3  extends from R 2 . 
         [0035]    The access control list  28 ′ in  FIG. 3  also includes an “Exception” column, which can be used to assign subject-specific exceptions to particular subjects  19 . For example, although Subject A is given role R 1 , a particular denial (e.g. D 6 —not shown) can be added that would not be associated with all subjects  19  having R 1  but to that particular subject  19 , i.e. Subject A in this example. When providing exceptions as shown in  FIG. 3 , these subject-based restrictions would be checked before examining what is permitted within the associated role  32 ′. In this way, if that subject  19  is denied a particular action, there is no reason to examine the role&#39;s denials as the subject-based exception would supersede what is defined in the role  32 ′. 
         [0036]    As discussed, the roles  32 ,  32 ′ shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  can be related to one another using hierarchical relationships. In this way, a set of permissions  34  or denials  42  associated with a given role  32 ,  32 ′ can be expanded to include any permission  34  or denial  42  that is inherited from another role  32 ,  32 ′. Turning now to  FIG. 4 , a hierarchical relationship between R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  is provided that corresponds to the denial sets shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0037]    A first node  50  corresponds to R 1 , which has associated therewith a first denial set  58 , namely Set A that is an empty list or placeholder object. By extending from R 1 , a second node  42  corresponding to R 2  inherits Set A and by adding a second denial set  62 , namely Set B, a first extended denial set  60 , namely Set A+B is associated with the second node  52 . By extending from R 2 , a third node  54  corresponding to R 3  inherits the second denial set  62 , namely Set A+B, and by adding a third denial set  66 , namely Set C, a second extended denial set  64 , namely Set A+B+C is associated with the third node  54 . A new role is also shown in  FIG. 4 , thus creating a fourth node  56 . It can be appreciated that the fourth node  56  is not necessarily lesser in importance than the second node  52  nor more important that the third node  54 , for example—the hierarchy can be used to define how denials  42  are inherited in an object-oriented manner rather than define a strict organizational structure. The fourth node  56  in this example inherits the empty Set A from the first node  50  and adds the third denial set  66 , namely Set C to create a fourth extended denial set  68 , namely Set A+C. Therefore, it can be appreciated that the hierarchy of roles can be structured based on inheritances and thus similarities with other roles and does not necessarily reflect the relative importance of the nodes created and the subjects  19  having roles  32 ,  32 ′ corresponding to the nodes. 
         [0038]      FIG. 5  provides another example role-based hierarchy to illustrate the various ways in which roles  32 ′ may inherit negative permissions, and how exceptions may be permitted. In this example, a set of 12 distinct actions is assumed. R 1  is again an empty set that indicates all actions are permitted if given R 1  (e.g. an administrator  22 ). R 2 , R 3 , and R 5  all inherit this empty set and add particular sets of denials. R 2  denies actions A 1  and A 3  (denoted D 1  and D 3 ), R 3  denies actions A 2  and A 4  (denoted D 2  and D 4 ), and R 5  denies action A 5  (denoted D 5 ). It can be seen that R 4 , which is to deny A 1 -A 4 , plus A 10 , can inherit both R 2  and R 3  and additional deny D 10 . Therefore it can be appreciated that multiple roles can be inherited. It may also be noted that if R 4  did not add D 10 , the access control system  10  could instead enable subjects  19  to be given both roles R 2  and R 3  to in effect have the combined set of denials.  FIG. 5  also illustrates an exception E 1  associated with User A. In this example, User A is given role R 4  but is denied access to A 5  instead of A 10 . Although a new role  32  could be created for User A (as shown in dashed lines), the exceptions enable true exceptions to be created until enough subjects  19  have the same exception thus warranting a new role. The new role could be created by inheriting R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 . 
         [0039]    It may be noted that the denials (D 1  . . . DN) are not necessarily redundantly associated with each role  32 ,  32 ′. The arrows suggest “inheritance” and thus the bracket surrounding the inherited denials  42  indicates in this example that the ACLs  28 ,  28 ′ do not need to be attached in a flat way to a node in the security model (a node being either a Role  32  or a User), but rather ACLs  28 ,  28 ′ are set at specific nodes in the ancestry and inherited by children nodes. For instance, the role R 4  has D 1 , D 2 , D 3  and D 4  in brackets to suggest they are inherited and only D 10  is shown as an additional denial  42 . Also, D 5  in the User A definition has an asterisk to indicate that it is a swapped denial due to an exception. 
         [0040]    It may also be noted that roles  32 ,  32 ′ may be defined to map closely to an application menu. The granularity depends on how many levels the menu has. If we roles  32 ,  32 ′ are not defined in that way, it can be more difficult to describe ACLs  28 ,  28 ′ hierarchically. The following example is based on a DVD analogy: An application has the following menu hierarchy: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Top Menu 
               
               
                   
                   -&gt; Title 1 
               
               
                   
                      -&gt; Chapter1 
               
               
                   
                      -&gt; Chapter2 
               
               
                   
                       ... 
               
               
                   
                   -&gt; Title 2 
               
               
                   
                   ... 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]    A role R 1  may be defined that is granted everything in this branch: Top Menu-&gt;Title 1. A role R 2  can also be defined that inherits from R 1  but is denied access to Top Menu-&gt;Title 1-&gt;Chapter 2. In effect, R 2  is granted any action within Title 1 (viewing/modifying any chapter) with the exception of Chapter 2. 
         [0042]      FIG. 6  illustrates a screen shot of an example user interface (UI)  70  for adding a new subject account for the access control system  10 . It can be appreciated that the same or similar functionality can be used for modifying an existing user account (not shown). In this example, the UI  70  provides a role selection option  72 , which comprises a pull down list  74  of existing roles  32 ,  32 ′, and a new role button  76 , which may be selected to define a new role  32 ,  32 ′. Whether an existing role  32 ,  32 ′ is chosen, or a new role  32 ,  32 ′ is created, a list of resources  78  is provided, for selecting those resources  14  that should be denied to the particular role  32 ,  32 ′. Each entry in the list  78  comprises a checkbox  80  that when selected denies access to that resource  14 . It can be appreciated that for an existing role, the list  78  may pre-populate those denials  42  already associated therewith and thus any further selections or de-selections would correspond to exceptions made for that particular subject  19 . An example provided below is given to further illustrate this principle (see  FIGS. 15 and 16 ). 
         [0043]    It has been recognized that by using the negative permission scheme discussed above, various malicious attacks can be thwarted. For example, an adversary that attempts to hack into the access control system  10  to create a new account with unlimited permissions would likely select many or all of the checkboxes  80  possible which would have the opposite effect that was intended, namely the adversary would instead be denied many or all actions in the environment  12 . In other words, the effect of deselecting all checkboxes is that nothing gets sent to the server. In HTML, values for the checked boxes are part of the payload sent over HTTP. Values for the unchecked boxes are ignored. Note that this only applies for entitlements administration over Web. 
         [0044]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example set of computer executable instructions that may be executed by the communication interface  26  for controlling access to a resource  14  in the environment  12 , based on negative access permissions. At  100 , the communication interface  26  would perform or have performed, an authentication process (not shown) to authenticate the subject. For example, a username and password may be required to ensure a valid user is trying to access the system. This operation is shown in dashed lines in  FIG. 7  to indicate that it may be done at an earlier time (e.g. if user enters a wider system for some other reason). At  102 , the communication interface  26  obtains a request to authorize a particular action in the environment  12 . In this example, since exceptions are permitted, the communication interface  26  may first determine if there is a user-specific exception associated with the requesting subject  19  at  103 , e.g. by referencing the access control list  28 ′. If an exception exists and that subject  19  is not permitted to perform the requested action (regardless of their assigned role(s)  32 ′), the communication interface  26  can immediately deny access to the requested action at  110 . If an exception does not exist for that subject  19 , the communication interface  26  then determines the role(s)  32 ′ associated with the subject  19  at  104 . By determining the role(s)  32 ′, the communication interface  26  may then determine if the role denies the ability to perform the requested action at  106 . If the role  32 ′ denies this action at  108 , operation  110  is performed. If not, use of the requested action is authorized at  112 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 8  illustrates an example set of computer executable instructions that may be executed by the administrator interface  36  for adding or modifying negative permissions. At  114 , the administrator interface  36  detects a request to add or modify the permissions (e.g. via a user interface made available to an administrator  22 ). The administrator interface  36  then determines at  116  if the requestor is attempting to add or modify a permission. If the requestor wishes to modify a permission, the administrator interface  36  accesses the action database at  128  and modifies or replaces an existing action at  130  to thereby perform the requested modification. For example, an old protocol may be upgraded with a newer protocol. 
         [0046]    If the requestor is trying to add a new permission, the administrator interface  36  determines at  118  whether the addition is a new denial or a new action and thus whether the action database  44  or role definition database  30 ′ is to be updated. If a new denial  42  is to be added, the administrator interface  36  determines the associated role(s)  32 ′ that will be affected at  120  and adds the new permission denial  42  to the role definitions at  122 . If a new action is to be added, the administrator interface  36  accesses the action database  44  at  124 , and adds the new action at  126 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 9  illustrates an example environment  12 , comprising a wireless communication and mobile device infrastructure having a provisioning system. The provisioning system is a mission-critical system that often acts as the backbone of the mobile device infrastructure. Provisioning provides service access control to the customers (telecommunication carriers). The carriers act on behalf of their subscribers to enable/disable/add/modify/remove services on/from the device. Provisioning interfaces with various external systems as well as many systems internal to the infrastructure as shown in  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  shows the provisioning system in the center of the figure, exposing various interfaces to external systems such as SAP, Relay, Carriers etc. By incorporating the access control system  10  into the infrastructure shown in  FIG. 9 , any of the systems external to the provisioning system (the “clients”) will need to pass the authorization access checks in order to perform their functions. Although not represented explicitly in  FIG. 9 , the access control system  10  shields provisioning from all incoming requests ( 3  arrows on the left drawn from the clients towards Provisioning) to perform it authorization operations. 
         [0048]    It has been realized that the negative logic scheme described above is suitable to provisioning because, as will be discussed in more detail below, the ACL management may be exposed over the Web using a GUI that has been familiar to the users for many years—in other words, it may not be easily changed. Also the negative logic saves a lot of time and prone to errors updates to a system when new features and functions are added with each new release. Without the negative logic, each new feature/function and related permissions would need to be granted specifically to each user/role that is entitled to perform that function. Without the negative logic, for each release of the system, all or most ALCs  28 ,  28 ′ need to change because most likely existing users and roles would need access to the new functions. 
         [0049]    In a provisioning system such as that shown in  FIG. 9 , it has been found that a web interface therefor may provide access to business functions primarily on the client side. While there may be some server-side access checking, often this is minimal and not consistent. The disadvantage, of course, is that malicious users can spoof server requests and gain access to other business modules. In a more specific case, a user with a lesser role can create a user with more privileges. Somebody logged in as a support user can submit HTTP POST requests to the server and they will be executed without first checking whether the user is authorized to perform those requests. The above-described access control system  10  can be considered an Access Control List Framework (or ACL, for short)  10  that can be introduced into the provisioning system (or PRV for short), to provide server side access checking. At a high level, an ACL Service determines if a user has sufficient permissions to perform actions and access resources. 
         [0050]    The ACL framework  10  can be configured to comprise 3 components: the front controller, the ACL Service, and the access control lists  28 ,  28 ′. The front controller sits in front of PRV&#39;s presentation tier, intercepting and validating requests. This acts as a shield to PRV&#39;s business logic and can be implemented as a servlet filter. The ACL service is an authorization service that determines if the user has the permissions to perform the requested actions and access resources, and grants access accordingly. ACLs  28 ,  28 ′ are defined for users and are stored in the database. This feature is backward compatible, maintaining the assigned association previously defined in PRV. The ACLs  28 ,  28 ′ are loaded only one at application startup. Once loaded, the object model is cached; access checks are made against what is loaded in memory, reducing database hits. 
         [0051]      FIG. 10  illustrates typical ACL components and how they interact with PRV. The front controller in this example is implemented as a servlet filter. This filter intercepts all HTTP requests. Authorization is performed by mapping incoming requests to ACL permissions, and asking the ACL Service, “is this user granted the privilege to execute this action against this resource?” The mapping part involves reading a clientAction request parameter, which is submitted as a hidden form field, and the request context path. If the ACL Service determines that access is granted, the request continues to its intended target. Otherwise, an AuthorizationException is provided, and a HTTP 403 response is returned, which is mapped to a new error page, authError.jsp shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0052]    When an access check fails, the event can be written to a wrapper log at INFO level. The user, action, and resource may then be logged, along with the user&#39;s ACL. As noted above, the ACL Service attempts to answer the question, “is this user granted the privilege to execute this action against this resource?” The ACL Service would then need 3 inputs to answer this question: 
         [0053]    1) User—For HTTP requests, this is the User object stored in the session. For non-interactive requests, the request sender passes along some authentication token to be able to retrieve a valid user from the ACLs. 
         [0054]    2) Action—Usually provided as a request parameter, it is one of multiple actions that a user can perform while working on a certain resource. If no action is specified, the read-only access is assumed. 
         [0055]    3) Resource—This is determined based on the “action”. If no action is specified, it is determined from a mapping between PRV servlets and their functional scope. 
         [0056]    ACLs can be specified in any number of ways, as shown in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . Roles  32 ,  32 ′ can have 1 or more permissions, users can have 1 or more explicit permissions, users can have 1 or more explicit roles  32 ,  32 ′, but to be backward compatible with existing accounts, a user will only be assigned  1  role  32 ,  32 ′, users can be members of 1 or more groups, and groups can be considered special cases of users and so all of the above apply. 
         [0057]    There are seven basic roles defined for the PRV shown herein, namely account manager, service manager, non-bill service manager, system manager, OTAS manager, read only administrator, and an infrastructure administrator. These roles are not typically assigned directly to existing users or new users, instead PRV can have composite roles which will use all or some of the permissions given by the basic roles  32 ,  32 ′. The basic roles  32 ,  32 ′ assist in defining the composite roles  32 ,  32 ′ and also define logical grouping of permissions as they relate to certain provisioning modules. Composite roles  32 ,  32 ′ are used to achieve the inheritance principles described above, and to reduce redundancy. One can override a basic role  32 ,  32 ′ by extending it with a composite role  32 ,  32 ′ but specifically granting or denying one or more actions. 
         [0058]    In one example, the a support role  32 ,  32 ′ can be configured to inherit all permissions from the account manager, non-bill service manager, and the OTASL manager roles  32 ,  32 ′. The support role  32 ,  32 ′ can thus perform partial account and service management. Permissions can be denied or granted by inclusion or omission of the “-” prefix. For “accountManagement”, it is easier to deny 4 out of 10 permissions, and similarly for “serviceManagement” it is easier to grant 3 out of 6 permissions. Permissions not explicitly granted are only available through role extension. For example, because “resetPassword” is part of “accountManagement”, and we have not explicitly granted it, the “support” role inherits this permission. 
         [0059]    It was found that in the current model for security in provisioning, an ACCOUNT is an abstraction of a USER in PRV, a USER_TYPE (attribute of an ACCOUNT) is similar to a role  32 ,  32 ′, and each ACCOUNT is associated with one user type. PERMISSIONS are then statically linked to a USER_TYPE and dynamically linked to an ACCOUNT at the time the account gets created or updated. A PERMISSION may be linked to one or more USER_TYPEs, and CUSTOMER_TYPE is linked to one or more USER_TYPEs and associated with a SAP_CUSTOMER. ACCOUNTS are linked to 1-to-1 with a SAP_CUSTOMER. 
         [0060]    By incorporating the ACL  10  described herein, a new model, shown in  FIG. 14  may be provided. In the new model, the ACCOUNTS and CUSTOMER_TYPES tables are preserved. The new tables are ACL_USER_PERMISSIONS, ACL_USER_ROLES, ACL_ROLES, ACL_ROLE_PERMISSIONS, ACL_ROLES_TREE. The delta script for 5.0.3 will create this new model and seed it with the appropriate data (e.g. basic roles, permissions, etc. . . . ). The script will also migrate the user data from the older model into this new schema. Once data population is complete, the old tables will be dropped, in favor of this model. The rollback script can completely revert the schema, and repopulate the data to the original tables, if necessary. The ACCOUNTS table will continue to store users and their attributes. The new ACL_ROLES table will have the same semantics as the old ROLES table, but will have different content. The ACL_ROLES_TREE table will model the role inheritance model that has been introduced. To support a user having multiple roles in the future, the USER_TYPE_ID attribute has been moved from the ACCOUNTS table and into the ACL_USER_ROLES table. 
         [0061]    Roles and Users can have their associated Permissions defined in the ACL_ROLE_PERMISSIONS, and ACL_USER_PERMISSIONS tables, respectively. The structure and content of these two tables are ACL oriented; they may have nothing in common with the old PERMISSIONS, ROLE_PERMISSIONS, and ACCOUNT_PERMISSIONS tables. 
         [0062]    Records in the ACL_USER_PERMISSIONS table override the permissions given by the Role (for instance to deny some actions that normally are granted by the role). The USER_ID will be the User&#39;s login Id from the ACCOUNTS table. Roles and Permissions are not given numeric identifiers in the example shown in  FIG. 14 . Role IDs are descriptive character attributes and permissions will be defined through the couple (resource, actions) as explained earlier. The hierarchy of roles is defined as multiple inheritances (one child—multiple parents) and not as aggregation (one parent—multiple children). The basic and composite roles will be defined in ACL_ROLES table while their relationship will be defined in the ACL_ROLES_TREE table. 
         [0063]    The following tables illustrate how the data is structured in the new schema, using the example discussed earlier. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ACL_ROLES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 CUSTOMER 
               
               
                 ROLE_ID 
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 TYPE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Account Manger 
                 Performs account management 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Service Manager 
                 Performs service management 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Non-bill Service 
                 Performs non-billable service 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Manager 
                 management 
               
               
                 OTASL Manager 
                 Performs OTASL management 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Support 
                 Performs support tasks 
                 Infrastructure 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ACL_ROLE_PERMISSIONS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ROLE_ID 
                 RESOURCE 
                 ACTIONS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Account Manger 
                 account management 
                 * 
               
               
                 Service Manager 
                 service management 
                 * 
               
               
                 Non-bill Service 
                 non-bill service 
                 * 
               
               
                 Manager 
                 management 
               
               
                 OTASL Manager 
                 OTASL management 
                 * 
               
               
                 Support 
                 account management 
                 modify parameters, manage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partners, manage VARs, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 manage subscribers 
               
               
                 Support 
                 service management 
                 activate, deactivate, bulk 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0064]    In the ACL_ROLES table are the 5 basic roles previously described. In the ACL_ROLE_PERMISSIONS, we see that AccountManager, ServiceManager, NonBillServiceManager, and OTASLManager can perform all actions on their respective resource, as indicated by the asterisk in the ACTIONS column. The support role has some permissions denied against the “accountManagement” resource, and some explicitly granted for the “serviceManagement” resource. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ACL_ROLES_TREE 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CHILD_ROLE_ID 
                 PARENT_ROLE_ID 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Support 
                 account manager 
               
               
                   
                 Support 
                 non bill service manager 
               
               
                   
                 Support 
                 OTASL manager 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ACL_USER_ROLES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 USER_ID 
                 ROLE_ID 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ganymede 
                 support 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ACL_USER_PERMISSIONS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 USER_ID 
                 RESOURCE 
                 ACTIONS 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ganymede 
                 service management 
                 activate 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0065]    The ACL_ROLES_TREE data depicts role extension; the support role extends from the Parent roles: AccountManager, NonBillServiceManager, and OTASLManager. In the ACL_USER_ROLES table the user “Ganymede” is given the role “support”. In the ACL_USER_PERMISSIONS table, the user “Ganymede” has been explicitly denied the “activate” permission. Because of this user&#39;s role membership, “support”, it was previously granted, but a user with a higher authority level was able to deny it. 
         [0066]    Referring now to  FIG. 15 , a Create User page is shown. A role is assigned by selecting a “Title”, after which a set of permissions associated with the role  32  is displayed. When a box is checked, that permission is granted. If un-checked, then that permission is denied. Permissions that can neither be given nor denied are visible on the page but disabled (grayed out). In a scheme utilizing positive permissions, as shown in  FIG. 15 , a malicious user can construct a more powerful user by altering the HTTP POST and adding “checked” permissions which are just numeric IDs. In this example, the user is aware of the existence of the “Reset Password” permission and can possibly alter the POST request to include that permission. 
         [0067]    As discussed above, now making reference to  FIG. 16 , the use of the negative permissions described herein can address these problems. For example, the reverse logic described above can also applied to the way the checkboxes work. The user interface  200  shown in  FIG. 16  enables a particular user to create a new user such that the sub-set of permissions granted to the new user are equal or less than those granted to the particular user or “creator”. By selecting a role from a Title drop down menu  202 , the permissions associated with the selected role are initially applied as a complete set. In the example shown, the permissions granted for the selected role will be equal or less than those of the creator. By associating a set of permission denials with a particular role, any attempt to maliciously add permissions or create a user with an inappropriate role, can be thwarted by an additional validation at the server side, namely by determining whether or not the user type is appropriate to the role. 
         [0068]    Once a role is selected from the drop down menu  202 , rather than enabling selection of permissions to be granted to the user being created as shown in  FIG. 15 , the permissions  204  that can be granted to a user having the selected role are listed with a selection mechanism such as check boxes as shown in  FIG. 16 . In this way, the user creating the new user can only see the permissions they would be given (or a sub-set thereof) and any selections would amount to adding an indication of a denial to a request to create the account and thus the user profile, thereby taking that permission away (e.g., individual selections or “select-all” type inputs). A checked box in  FIG. 16  indicates a denied permission (emphasized by highlighted font). Unavailable permissions are not displayed, as opposed to being grayed out. If a malicious user alters the request (e.g. HTTP POST) and adds permissions, they are effectively denying themselves more permissions. Even if such extraneous indications of permission denials are maliciously added to the request via checked boxes they can be ignored at the server side by not belonging to the selected title. In other words, the selected title or role will have a predetermined set of permission denials and thus a denial added to the request would not only have the opposite effect, it can be detected as a malicious modification due to the denial being associated with a permission already denied to that role. It can also be appreciated that other modifications to the request that may be capable of adding permissions would also be rejected on the server side by knowing which permissions and denials should be associated with a particular role. In this case, checking all boxes will deny all permissions for that role thus thwarting the attack since the created user would have no permissions. 
         [0069]    It can therefore be appreciated that the security hole that was identified with respect to the use of positive permissions can be closed by providing the user interface of  FIG. 16  and additional server side validations based on the selected role and the associated permission denial set for that role. This enables tighter security at the presentation level by the addition of the front controller. The introduction of the concept of Access Control Lists adds a more granular definition of what a user can or cannot do. Roles and permission sets can be inherited and extended. The ACL system  10  also provides the groundwork for other enhancements such as implementing the concept of groups, separation of duties, audit trails, etc. 
         [0070]    Turning now to  FIG. 17 , an example screen shot  206  is shown for a user editing their own profile. It can be seen in  FIG. 17  that the role is no longer selectable such that the user cannot change their role and can only update their user name, password and email. Also, since the role cannot be changed in this example, no checkboxes are shown and thus the user cannot view any permission set and thus would not be able to discover permissions that could be added. As such, the minimal information is presented to the user to avoid being able to discover which other permissions may exist and to have those permissions added or denials removed. 
         [0071]      FIG. 18  illustrates an example set of computer executable operations that may be performed in creating a new user via the UI  200  shown in  FIG. 16 . At  210 , the selection of a role is detected. Based on the selected role, the associated denials for that role are determined at  212 , and the UI  200  is updated at  214  to include the permissions  204  denied to that role and check boxes are shown with each denied permission  204 . At  216 , the submission of a request to create or add a new user is detected (e.g. upon detecting selection of the “Submit” button shown in  FIG. 16 ). At  218 , whether or not any permissions  204  have been selected is determined. If one or more checkboxes have been selected, the denials are added to the request to be sent to the ACL system  10 . It can be appreciated that the request may alternatively include the permissions remaining instead or the denied permissions. The request, which includes the username, password, role, email address, and language selections, as well as any denied permissions  204  is then sent to the ACL  10  at  222 . The request received by the ACL  10  may then be examined by the ACS  10  and whether or not the role is acceptable to the user is determined at  224 . If not, the request is denied at  226 . If the user is capable of having the requested role, any denials included in the request are determined at  228 . If at least one additional denial has been selected for the new user, the permission set associated with the specified role, which would remain static for any user having that role, may be obtained and the set of denials specified in the request subtracted therefrom to effectively obtain the permission set for the particular user being created. The inverse of the resultant permission set would be the permissions that are denied to that user and those may be stored as illustrated in the example embodiments above. It can be appreciated that for a new user, the denials specified in the request may also be added to the inverse of the permission set for the role instead of performing the subtractions shown. 
         [0072]    If a permission has been denied to a user when that user is created, in order to subsequently update that user&#39;s profile to grant that permission, the operations shown in  FIG. 19  may be executed. The administrator or other user having authority over the user being edited may display the currently selected denials at  240  by displaying the UI  200  shown in  FIG. 16 . A de-selection of one or more checkboxes detected at  242  then causes a request to edit the user to be prepared at  244 , which would include a complete new set of denied permissions  204 . For example, if  4  denied permissions  204  were originally checked when the user was created, and 1 denied permission  204  was de-selected, an edit request specifying the remaining 3 denied permissions  204  is prepared. The edit request is sent to the ACS  10  at  246 , which is received by the ACS  10  at  248 . It can be appreciated that for an edit request, since the user is already created, a server-side validation could also be performed as shown in  FIG. 18  to ensure that the new set of denied permissions  204  are appropriate for the user. In the example shown in  FIG. 19 , the ACS  10  determines the set of denied permissions  204  in the edit request at  250 , and subtracts these from the list of permissions associated with the user&#39;s role in general at  252 , to obtain the new set of permissions. This effectively adds the previously denied permission since the subtracting would include an additional permission. The inverse of the permissions may then be stored at  254  as a new set of permission denials for that particular user. 
         [0073]    It will be appreciated that any module or component exemplified herein that executes instructions may include or otherwise have access to computer readable media such as storage media, computer storage media, or data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Computer storage media may include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by an application, module, or both. Any such computer storage media may be part of the access control system  10 / 10 ′, communication interface  26 , access control list  28 , database  30 / 30 ′, administrator interface  36 , environment  12 , or accessible or connectable thereto. Any application or module herein described may be implemented using computer readable/executable instructions that may be stored or otherwise held by such computer readable media. 
         [0074]    In general, there may be provided a method, computer readable medium and device for providing access control, wherein the method comprises: defining one or more roles; for each role, associating one or more actions pertaining to resources in a system that cannot be performed by a subject associated with a particular role; upon obtaining a request to perform a particular action, determining a corresponding role associated with a requestor, and determining if the particular action is denied to subjects having the corresponding role; and enabling access to the corresponding resource for the particular action for performing the particular action, if the particular action is not denied to that role. 
         [0075]    Although the above has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments, various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the claims appended hereto.