Abstract:
There is provided a novel adhesive shear thickening dilatant fluid and process for the formation thereof comprising the sequential steps of adding to a gel comprising starch and water and adding thereto a sufficient portion of dry solid material, suitably a starch, to form a kneadable solid which is dry to the touch. In particular it is directed to a material whose principle component is uncooked waxy corn starch.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    Non toxic dilatant compositions based on starch which may be molded formed and reformed and remain workable for a substantial period of time. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Dilatant compositions made with uncooked finely divided starch suspended in water are well known. They are often used to demonstrate shear thickening. Their disadvantages are also well known. Principally once uncooked starch is put into suspension it immediately begins to settle out of suspension. Furthermore once the material is exposed to air it rapidly dries out and can no longer be used. Starch, uncooked, mixed with water yields a material that is either crumbly or runny. While it may be dilatant, it is not well suited to being molded. 
         [0003]    Over the years many attempts have been made to overcome some of these problems but none solve all of the problems associated with them. 
         [0004]    While there are a number of more stable shear thickening compositions, many require unusual or synthetic materials. Starch based shear thickening materials provide plant based non toxic compositions. There is a need for a more stable starch based material that demonstrates shear thickening. 
         [0005]    Materials useful for the purposes of the present invention have been in the market for many years. Silicone putty (Silly Putty®) is made of silicone oil, it is a dilatant, but can NOT be formed and dried, is relatively expensive and tends to stain objects it contacts, it is NOT biodegradable, lasts long after it gets dirty, and can NOT be cleaned. 
         [0006]    Play doughs (like Play Doh®) are made of wheat (gluten) and/or starch but are not dilatant. They can be formed and dried and are relatively inexpensive. They tend to be messy, and are usually biodegradable. They last long after they get dirty, and cannot be cleaned. 
         [0007]    The product produced by the process of the present invention is made of starch, is dilatant and can be formed and dried. It is kneadable, relatively inexpensive, very easy to clean up, and is biodegradable. After use it eventually changes to liquid, becomes crumbly and can be discarded as it gets dirty. It is not understood why the addition of a dry uncooked starch to a gel initially formed from water and starch, suitably, but not limited to dry starch, gives rise to such a product. 
         [0008]    The product is significantly more stable than a suspension of uncooked finely divided starch in a liquid medium such as water. After repeated squeezing beyond the kneading of production, the product will begin to break down. While the specific mechanism causing this is not well understood, this appears to take the form of water being released from the starch gel. Separately, if exposed to the air, water will evaporate and the material will dry and become solid 
         [0009]    After the material becomes more fluid it is still fun to play with, though somewhat more messy. As the material is used, it naturally collects dust and dirt, as well as other residues from hands or surfaces in contact with the material. Eventually it is discarded, and is biodegradable. 
       DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,167,440 discloses a pliable craft modeling composition made of starch (as “wheat flour”) in water, and including salt and borax. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,375,535 discloses using high amylopectin starch in a chemically modified composition to make an aqueous dispersion that does not thicken. This document appears to provide some relevant details of the physical and chemical behavior of amylopectin in various chemical media and conditions. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,777 discloses a “thermo plastically processable starch” in which a gum (i.e. polysaccharide) involving saccharide units is used in addition to an already dispersed starch in an aqueous solution. Products made with this composition include extruded tubes. 
         [0013]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,243 discloses a food formulation including pregelatinized starch and an insoluble ingredient (e.g., TiO 2 ), in order to provide a texturized product. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,624 discloses a starch-based modeling compound including a starch-based binder and 2-10% of a “retrogradation inhibitor,” such as a waxy corn starch. The invention of the present application is distinguishable from Hasbro U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,624 both in that the present invention has a suspended uncooked starch component, and exhibits shear thickening properties. 
         [0015]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,624 material lacks a suspended uncooked starch component, and exhibits shear thinning properties like many play doughs. 
         [0016]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,637 discloses a “pressure impulse mitigation” structure, e.g., a body armor, including a gel with additional ingredients. This document broadly covers the use of nearly any dilatant gel composition including a wide range of additional ingredients that may act as particulate matter in the gel. Also, see column 3, lines 22-25 in which the gel can be a polysaccharide, and an additional “thickener” can be starch, see column 4, lines 27-2. 
         [0017]    This invention relates to a plastic modeling composition of a soft pliable, working consistency for being molded into any desired shape or form and is slow-drying so as to be retained in a workable moldable condition for a long period of time to be repeatedly reworked and molded into different shapes and forms. It particularly pertains to a modeling composition for children&#39;s play, and is clean, non-sticky and non-staining 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    One of the main objects of the invention is a modeling composition which may be reworked and remolded, or may be used for modeling objects which are more or less permanent. Another object of the invention is a modeling composition which is easily compounded and another object of the invention is a modeling composition which is efficient in use. 
         [0019]    Another object of the invention is a modeling composition which is non-toxic 
         [0020]    Another object of the invention is a modeling composition in which additives such as colorants, texturants, odorants, flavorants and the like different colors may be incorporated. However care should be taken that the quantity of such additives do not affect its moldable consistency or shelf life. 
         [0021]    The compositions may be molded into objects adapted to be painted with conventional water and oil based paints 
         [0022]    Further objects, and objects relating to details of construction and composition, will readily appear from the detailed description to follow. The objects of the invention have been accomplished by the means set forth in the following specification. The invention is clearly defined and pointed out in the appended claims; example compositions are also set forth for carrying out the invention. Generally described the invention comprises a composition consisting essentially of vegetable flour, such as grain flour which is adapted to be gelatinized and water only although other ingredients may be added as will appear below. 
         [0023]    There is provided a process for the formation of an adhesive shear thickening dilatant fluid comprising adding to a starch gel, a sufficient portion of dry non toxic solid material to form a kneadable solid. 
         [0024]    Suitably there is provided a process for the formation of an adhesive shear thickening dilatant fluid comprising adding to a starch gel, a sufficient portion of uncooked starch to form a kneadable solid. In such a process it has been found suitable to use an aqueous based starch gel and as the added starch dry uncooked starch. Any starch may be used for this purpose including but not limited to wheat starch, potato starch, rice starch and tapioca starch. However it is preferred to use corn starch most suitably waxy corn starch containing high levels of amylopectin, most desirably at least 90% by weight of amylopectin. 
         [0025]    Any starch gel prepared by any method may be used. Commercially available starch gels are generally satisfactory. The gels may be prepared by methods well known in the art either in ambient temperature solvents or heated solvents generally water, but not limited thereto. 
         [0026]    One embodiment of the of the present invention is the provision of a shear thickening dilatant fluid and a process for the formation thereof comprising the sequential steps of forming a gel comprising a first portion of starch and water and adding a sufficient second portion of a dry non toxic solid material, suitably a dry starch to said gel to form a kneadable solid which is dry to the touch. 
         [0027]    Suitably, the second portion of solid material is corn starch although other very finely divided materials may also be viable. 
         [0028]    Suitably the process comprises swelling said first portion of starch in water to a temperature sufficient to form said gel, allowing the said thus formed gel to cool to ambient temperature, mixing said second portion of starch with said gel and applying sufficient pressure to said mixture to form a kneadable solid. 
         [0029]    The nature of the starch is not critical, however it has been found useful to utilize corn starch, preferably waxy maize starch which is principally amylopectin most suitably containing at least 90% preferably 99% by weight of amylopectin, as the starch. The use of high or pure amylopectin and the absence of amylose enhances the shelf life of the product. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0030]    Where a pregelatinized or cold water swelling starch is used as the first starch it will form a gel at ambient temperatures. No substantial amount of heating such as boiling is needed 
         [0031]    It is desirable that the process comprises combining at least three parts by weight of starch with each 100 parts by weight of water to form a gel and adding to each 100 parts by weight of gel from about 50 to about 150 parts by weight of dry uncooked starch. In particular there should be employed 5 to 10 parts by weight of starch with each 100 parts by weight of water to form the gel and adding to each 100 parts by weight of gel, from about 67 to about 133 parts by weight of dry starch. 
         [0032]    Most suitably, there are combined 5 to 10 parts by weight of starch with each 100 parts by weight of water to form the gel and there are added to each 100 parts by weight of gel from about 60 to about 80 parts by weight of dry starch. 
         [0033]    There may be added other components to improve the quality of the final product. These qualities include strength, flexibility, non-stickiness, stretchability and shelf life. 
         [0034]    The quality of the dilatant fluid produced by this process may be enhanced by the use of one or more additive materials selected from the group consisting of a humectant, such as glycerin, a lipid, suitably a low acid oil, such as canola oil, a non toxic salt, suitably a salt of a strong acid such as sodium or potassium chloride and the like and borax said additive material being a component of at least one member of the group consisting of the starch gel and the added starch. The designation of such additives is merely illustrative and not limiting. 
         [0035]    The best shelf life is provided by the use of amylopectin as both of the starch components. Use of amylopectin in an air tight container will provide a shelf life of several months or more. Addition of a humectant, including but not limited to glycerin, provides an extended usable time outside of a sealed container. 
         [0036]    The addition of antimicrobial agents is also helpful. These need not be of a complex or sophisticated nature. Most non toxic salts of strong bases and strong acids will be adequate. Common salt or sodium chloride may be readily employed. 
         [0037]    In order to improve the stretchability of the final product, borax has been found useful. The addition of lipids or vegetable oils, suitably low acid vegetable oils such as canola oil is useful to improve the smoothness of the product and is helpful in avoidance of the product sticking to the hands. 
         [0038]    Any or all of these quality enhancing components may be used. The amounts employed will vary with the nature and quantities of the starch used in the basic material and the effect desired. There is no absolute limitation as to the amount of such components which can be added. Nevertheless it has been found useful to limit the total weight of these additional components to about 15% by weight of the final product containing them. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
       [0039]    Very fluid material, unstable due to syneresis within two weeks. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 200 g 
               
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                  10 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                 emulsifying wax flakes 
                  2 g 
               
               
                   
                 (polysorbate 60 &amp; cetearyl alcohol) 
               
               
                   
                 dimethicone (polymethylsiloxane) 
                  1 g 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                 250 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                 Baking Soda 
                 260 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0040]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently. After the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred gently to combine. 
       Example 2 
       [0041]    Very fluid material, unstable due to syneresis within two weeks. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 100 g  
               
               
                   
                 Tapioca Starch 
                 5 g 
               
               
                   
                 Psyllium Hydrophilic Mucilloid powder 
                 5 g 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                 37 g  
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                 Borax 
                 4 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0042]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently. After the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred gently to combine 
       Example 3 
       [0043]    Reasonably good putty, unstable due to syneresis within two weeks. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 100 g  
               
               
                   
                 Tapioca starch 
                 5 g 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                 57 g  
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                 Borax 
                 4 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0044]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently. After the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred gently to combine 
       Example 4 
       [0045]    Reasonably good putty, unstable due to syneresis within two weeks. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 400 g 
               
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                  36 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                 Borax 
                  9 g 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl salt 
                  4 g 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                 250 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                 Palm Oil 
                  15 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently. After the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred and kneaded to combine. 
       Example 5 
       [0047]    Not as soft or stretchy as desired, unstable due to syneresis within two weeks. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 50 g 
               
               
                   
                 Wheat flour 
                  7 g 
               
               
                   
                 Borax 
                  9 g 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                 30 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently. After the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred and kneaded to combine. 
       Example 6 
       [0049]    Good shelf life, good material qualities, requires cooking. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 186 g  
               
               
                 ThermFlo modified corn starch, 99% Amylopectin, mfg by 
                 21 g 
               
               
                 Ingredion 
               
               
                 Borax 
                 12 g 
               
               
                 NaCl Salt 
                 18 g 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ThermFlo modified corn starch, 99% Amylopectin, mfg by 
                 135 g  
               
               
                 Ingredion 
               
               
                 Canola oil 
                 16 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently. After the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred and kneaded to combine. 
       Example 7 
       [0051]    Excellent shelf life, excellent material qualities, no cooking required. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water (warm) 
                 1260 g  
               
               
                 UltraTex SR, cold water swelling modified corn starch, 
                 162 g 
               
               
                 99% Amylopectin, mfg by Ingredion 
               
               
                 Borax 
                  72 g 
               
               
                 NaCl salt 
                 108 g 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 120 g 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ThermTex modified corn starch, 99% Amylopectin, mfg 
                 930 g 
               
               
                 by Ingredion 
               
               
                 Canola Oil 
                  90 g 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                  40 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0052]    Combine wet components and allow setting as a gel, adding dry component stirring gently, and then kneading mixture, stopping when material becomes smooth and forms a cohesive mass. 
         [0053]    Glycerin acts as a humectant delaying drying out. Borax increases cross linking of starch gel, and thus material stability. Salt contributes to antimicrobial property. Canola is a low acid oil that reduces stickiness without damaging starch gel stability. 
       Example 8 
       [0054]    Cornstarch and water only ingredients, lasts only minutes before drying out. Material that results is not shelf stable due to retrogradation of the starch gel. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 418 g 
               
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                  22 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                 560 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0055]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently. After the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred and kneaded to combine. 
       Example 9 
       [0056]    Material is stable, but prone to drying out easily. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 418 g 
               
               
                 UltraTex SR (Ingredion) cold water swelling waxy maize 
                  22 g 
               
               
                 modified food starch (99% + Amylopectin) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ThermTex (Ingredion) uncooked waxy maize modified food 
                 560 g 
               
               
                 starch (99% + Amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    Modified cornstarch and water are the only ingredients, cooking not required. The wet components were combined and allowed to set as a gel, dry component added while stirring gently, then the mixture was kneaded, stopping when material become smooth and formed a cohesive mass 
       Example 10 
       [0058]    Material that results is not shelf stable due to retrogradation of the starch gel. Cornstarch and water are the only ingredients. The material lasts only minutes before drying out. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 418 g 
               
               
                   
                 Cornstarch (not modified, about 25% amylose, 75% 
                  22 g 
               
               
                   
                 amylopectin) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 56% ThermTex (Ingredion) uncooked waxy maize 
                 560 g 
               
               
                   
                 modified food starch (99% + Amylopectin) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0059]    Wet component ingredients were combined and heated to 100° C. while stirring gently, after the liquid thickened, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter the dry ingredients were added and stirred and kneaded to combine. 
       Example 11 
       [0060]    Very stable material results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 4529 g  
               
               
                 Borax, finely divided solid 
                 259 g 
               
               
                 NaCl salt, finely divided solid 
                 388 g 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 431 g 
               
               
                 UltraTex SR (Ingredion) cold water swelling waxy maize 
                 582 g 
               
               
                 modified food starch (99% + Amylopectin) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ThermTex (Ingredion) uncooked waxy maize modified 
                 3343 g  
               
               
                 food starch 
               
               
                 Canola 
                 324 g 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 144 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0061]    Wet components were mixed with water at ambient The wet components were combined stirred and allowed to set as a gel in about 10 minutes, dry component added while stirring gently, then the mixture was kneaded, stopping when material become smooth and formed a cohesive mass 
         [0062]    Glycerin acts as a humectant, delaying drying out. Borax increases cross linking of starch gel, and thus material stability. Salt contributes to antimicrobial property. Canola is a low acid oil that reduces stickiness without damaging starch gel stability. 
       Example 12 
       [0063]    High-quality material results. Stability highly variable, and limited by type of starch used in gel. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 4529 g  
               
               
                 Borax, finely divided solid 
                 259 g 
               
               
                 NaCl salt, finely divided solid 
                 388 g 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 431 g 
               
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                 582 g 
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                 3343 g  
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
               
                 Canola 
                 324 g 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 144 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0064]    All wet non starch components are mixed into water heated to 37° C. Mix in starch, stirring slowly, cook if required to form gel, heating to about 100° C. depending on starch type as starch begins to gel, allow setting for 10 minutes. Then add dry components stirring gently, knead mixture, stopping when material becomes smooth and forms a cohesive mass. 
         [0065]    Glycerin acts as a humectant, delaying drying out. Borax increases cross linking of starch gel, and thus material stability. Salt contributes to antimicrobial property. Canola is a low acid oil that reduces stickiness without damaging starch gel stability. Glycerin, borax, salt and canola are each optional, and may be used in any combination independent of each other. 
       Example 13 
       [0066]    Material of fair quality. Stability highly variable, dependent on starch used. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 4762 g 
               
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                  238 g 
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                 5000 g 
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0067]    Cook wet components if required to form gel, heating to about 100° C. depending on starch type. Stir slowly as starch begins to gel, allow to set 10 minutes and reach room temperature. Add dry component stirring gently, then knead mixture, stopping when material becomes smooth and forms a cohesive mass. 
       Example. 14 
       [0068]    Gel made with less starch. Material of variable quality and stability, dependent on starch used. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 5882 g 
               
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                  176 g 
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                 3942 g 
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0069]    Cook wet components if required to form gel, heating to about 100° C. depending on starch type. Stir slowly as starch begins to gel, allow to set 10 minutes and reach room temperature. Add dry component stirring gently, then knead mixture, stopping when material becomes smooth and forms a cohesive mass. 
       Example 15 
       [0070]    Prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,624 
         [0000]                                          Wet component:                                    Water   500 g           Starch: Wheat flour   400 g           High Amylopectin Corn Starch   100 g                        
Mixed all ingredients and heated slightly while mixing, to simulate heat generated by larger batch mixed for 5 minutes as illustrated in the Hasbro patent. All starch in the mixture gelatinized and resultant material was not significantly different in texture and material properties from any number of well known play dough materials.
 
       Example. 16 
       [0071]    Gel made with more starch. Material of variable quality and stability, dependent on starch used. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Wet component: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 4115 g 
               
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                  412 g 
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Component 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Starch: any type of starch, or any combination of modified 
                 5473 g 
               
               
                 or unmodified starches (Rice, Potato, Tapioca, Corn, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0072]    Cook wet components if required to form gel, heating to about 100° C. depending on starch type. Stir slowly as starch begins to gel, allow to set for 10 minutes and reach room temperature. Add dry component stirring gently, then knead mixture, stopping when material becomes smooth and forms a cohesive mass. 
         [0073]    In accordance with any of the foregoing procedures, in place of creating the initial gel there may be used starch gel, and this is commonly known to persons skilled in the art, which may be made using “cold water swelling (CWS)” or “cook up” starch. CWS starch does not require heating to form a gel with water, cook up starch does require heating. Heating temperature and duration required to gel “cook up” starches in water varies by type of starch, and may be affected by other additives such as salt.