Abstract:
A system for automated vector updating, comprising a database that stores raster and vector information, and a vector processing server that algorithmically processes vectors for updates, and methods for algorithm-based vector updating.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/730,216 titled “AUTOMATED REGISTRATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VECTORS TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL LINEAR FEATURES IN REMOTELY-SENSED DATA”, filed on Jun. 3, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/007,094, titled “TECHNIQUES FOR VECTOR UPDATING”, filed on Jun. 3, 2014, the entire specification of each of which are incorporated herein by reference, and is also a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 14/681,043, titled “ADVANCED SEMI-AUTOMATED VECTOR EDITING IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS”, filed on Apr. 7, 2015, and claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/976,483, filed on Apr. 7, 2014 and titled “ADVANCED VECTOR EDITING”, and is also continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/942,356, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA INCLUDING PATH WIDTH ATTRIBUTION”, which was filed on Jul. 15, 2013 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/417,568, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA”, now patented as U.S. Pat. No. 8,488,845, which was filed on Mar. 12, 2012 and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/606,918, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA”, now patented as U.S. Pat. No. 8,155,391, which was filed on Oct. 27, 2009 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/764,765, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA”, now patented as U.S. Pat. No. 7,653,218, which was filed on Jun. 18, 2007 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/416,276, titled “Semi-automatic extraction of linear features from radar image data”, now abandoned, which was filed on May 2, 2006, the entire specifications of each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
         [0002]    This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/681,043, titled “ADVANCED SEMI-AUTOMATED VECTO EDITING IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS”, filed on Apr. 7, 2015 which claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/976,483, filed on Apr. 7, 2014 and titled “ADVANCED VECTOR EDITING”, and which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/942,356, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA INCLUDING PATH WIDTH ATTRIBUTION”, which was filed on Jul. 15, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/417,568, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA”, now patented as U.S. Pat. No. 8,488,845, which was filed on Mar. 12, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/606,918, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA”, now patented as U.S. Pat. No. 8,155,391, which was filed on Oct. 27, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/764,765, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM IMAGE DATA”, now patented as U.S. Pat. No. 7,653,218, which was filed on Jun. 18, 2007 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/416,276, titled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LINEAR FEATURES FROM RADAR IMAGE DATA”, now abandoned, which was filed on May 2, 2006, the entire specifications of each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    1. Field of the Art 
         [0004]    The disclosure relates to the field of automatic vector registration to linear features in remotely-sensed data. 
         [0005]    2. Discussion of the State of the Art 
         [0006]    In the art of vector registration, ROADTRACKER™ and similar tools enable automatic registration of existing two-dimensional linear feature vectors, possibly of poor geospatial accuracy, to the two-dimensional centerlines of corresponding linear features (e.g., roads, trails, single-line drainage, boundaries, etc.) in remotely-sensed imagery. This capability is frequently called (two-dimensional) vector-to-image registration. The resulting registered vectors maintain the interconnection topology of the original vectors. The discrepancy between the original vectors and their respective linear feature centerlines may be due, for example, to geometric over-generalization in the original vector extraction, or mistakes in the original extraction, or may be due to the original extraction being performed against other data or imagery that was itself not well-registered to the current imagery. The automatic registration tools allow for a visual comparison of the before-and-after vectors against the background context of the current imagery. 
         [0007]    What is needed is a tool to enable automatic registration of existing three-dimensional linear feature vectors, possibly of poor geospatial accuracy, to the three-dimensional centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features in remotely-sensed data. The resulting registered vectors should maintain the interconnection topology of the original vectors. The tool should allow for visual comparison of the before-and-after vectors against the background context of the remotely-sensed data. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Accordingly, the inventor has conceived and reduced to practice, preferred embodiments, interfaces and methods that enable automatic registration of existing three-dimensional linear feature vectors, possibly of poor geospatial accuracy, to the three-dimensional centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features in remotely-sensed data, while preserving the interconnection topology of the original vectors; and visual comparison of the before-and-after vectors against the background context of the remotely-sensed data. 
         [0009]    According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a system for automatically registering three-dimensional linear feature vectors to the three-dimensional centerlines of corresponding linear features in remotely-sensed data, while preserving the interconnection topology of the original vectors, comprising a vector server stored and operating on a network-connected computing device, a raster server stored and operating on a network-connected computing device, a digital surface model (DSM) server stored and operating on a network-connected computing device, a vector registration engine stored and operating on a network-connected computing device, and a rendering engine stored and operating on a network-connected computing device, is disclosed. According to the embodiment, a vector server may retrieve vectors from and send vectors to a vector storage such as a database or other data storage means (such as, for example, integral or removable hardware-based storage such as a hard disk drive, or software-based storage schema common in the art); a raster server may retrieve raster images from a raster storage, for example such as satellite images or similar raster image data that depict an actual physical environment; a DSM server may retrieve a DSM from a DSM storage, or may compute a DSM from the stereo disparity measurements of a stereo raster image pair retrieved from a raster storage. Retrieved vectors, rasters, and DSM may be provided to a vector registration engine, which may register the vectors to the centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features. The linear features may be obvious and identifiable in the raster images, but not necessarily in the DSM. However, the DSM provides the altitude information about the linear features. 
         [0010]    Vectors, rasters, and DSM may then be provided to a rendering engine, that may form a combined visualization, showing how the vectors relate to the rasters and DSM, such as may be presentable on a viewer such as a display screen, for example for review by a human user. Additionally, a user may interact with the presented visualization using a variety of input devices such as (for example) a computer mouse or keyboard, such as to manipulate the visualization. User input may be received by the rendering engine and utilized to update the rendering accordingly (such as to zoom in or out, for example). The registered vectors may be further provided to the vector server, for example, to store the vectors for future reference. 
         [0011]    According to an embodiment of the invention, a system and method for automatic registration of existing three-dimensional linear feature vectors to the centerlines of their corresponding three-dimensional linear features (the linear features manifest in the combination of rasters and DSM), while preserving the interconnection topology of the original vectors, is disclosed. The before-and-after vectors are represented in the X, Y, Z coordinates of object space. 
         [0012]    According to another embodiment of the invention, a system and method for automatic registration of existing three-dimensional linear feature vectors to the centerlines of their corresponding three-dimensional linear features (the linear features manifest in a high-resolution stereo raster image pair), while preserving the interconnection topology of the original vectors, is disclosed. The before-and-after vectors are represented in the X, Y, Z coordinates of object space. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
         [0013]    The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention according to the embodiments. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the particular embodiments illustrated in the drawings are merely exemplary, and are not to be considered as limiting of the scope of the invention or the claims herein in any way. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device used in an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary logical architecture for a client device, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing an exemplary architectural arrangement of clients, servers, and external services, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is another block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device used in various embodiments of the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an exemplary system architecture for a three-dimensional vector registration and viewing system, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is an illustration of an exemplary user interface for a monoscopic three-dimensional vector registration and viewing system, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  is an illustration of an exemplary user interface for a stereoscopic three-dimensional vector registration and viewing system, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0021]    The inventor has conceived, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a system and methods for automatic registration of existing three-dimensional linear feature vectors to the centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features in remotely-sensed data, while preserving the interconnection topology of the original vectors, and for visually displaying the before-and-after vectors in the three-dimensional background context of the remotely-sensed data. 
         [0022]    One or more different inventions may be described in the present application. Further, for one or more of the inventions described herein, numerous alternative embodiments may be described; it should be appreciated that these are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting of the inventions contained herein or the claims presented herein in any way. One or more of the inventions may be widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as may be readily apparent from the disclosure. In general, embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice one or more of the inventions, and it should be appreciated that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical, software, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the particular inventions. Accordingly, one skilled in the art will recognize that one or more of the inventions may be practiced with various modifications and alterations. Particular features of one or more of the inventions described herein may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments or figures that form a part of the present disclosure, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments of one or more of the inventions. It should be appreciated, however, that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or figures with reference to which they are described. The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all embodiments of one or more of the inventions nor a listing of features of one or more of the inventions that must be present in all embodiments. 
         [0023]    Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the title of this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
         [0024]    Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more communication means or intermediaries, logical or physical. 
         [0025]    A description of an embodiment with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. To the contrary, a variety of optional components may be described to illustrate a wide variety of possible embodiments of one or more of the inventions and in order to more fully illustrate one or more aspects of the inventions. Similarly, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may generally be configured to work in alternate orders, unless specifically stated to the contrary. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described in this patent application does not, in and of itself, indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of described processes may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more of the invention(s), and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. Also, steps are generally described once per embodiment, but this does not mean they must occur once, or that they may only occur once each time a process, method, or algorithm is carried out or executed. Some steps may be omitted in some embodiments or some occurrences, or some steps may be executed more than once in a given embodiment or occurrence. 
         [0026]    When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of a single device or article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a single device or article may be used in place of the more than one device or article. 
         [0027]    The functionality or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices that are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. Thus, other embodiments of one or more of the inventions need not include the device itself. 
         [0028]    Techniques and mechanisms described or referenced herein will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be appreciated that particular embodiments may include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. Process descriptions or blocks in figures should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Alternate implementations are included within the scope of embodiments of the present invention in which, for example, functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. 
       Hardware Architecture 
       [0029]    Generally, the techniques disclosed herein may be implemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. For example, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, on an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or on a network interface card. 
         [0030]    Software/hardware hybrid implementations of at least some of the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented on a programmable network-resident machine (which should be understood to include intermittently connected network-aware machines) selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. Such network devices may have multiple network interfaces that may be configured or designed to utilize different types of network communication protocols. A general architecture for some of these machines may be described herein in order to illustrate one or more exemplary means by which a given unit of functionality may be implemented. According to specific embodiments, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purpose computers associated with one or more networks, such as for example an end-user computer system, a client computer, a network server or other server system, a mobile computing device (e.g., tablet computing device, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, or other appropriate computing device), a consumer electronic device, a music player, or any other suitable electronic device, router, switch, or other suitable device, or any combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in one or more virtualized computing environments (e.g., network computing clouds, virtual machines hosted on one or more physical computing machines, or other appropriate virtual environments). 
         [0031]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary computing device  100  suitable for implementing at least a portion of the features or functionalities disclosed herein. Computing device  100  may be, for example, any one of the computing machines listed in the previous paragraph, or indeed any other electronic device capable of executing software- or hardware-based instructions according to one or more programs stored in memory. Computing device  100  may be adapted to communicate with a plurality of other computing devices, such as clients or servers, over communications networks such as a wide area network a metropolitan area network, a local area network, a wireless network, the Internet, or any other network, using known protocols for such communication, whether wireless or wired. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, computing device  100  includes one or more central processing units (CPU)  102 , one or more interfaces  110 , and one or more busses  106  (such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, CPU  102  may be responsible for implementing specific functions associated with the functions of a specifically configured computing device or machine. For example, in at least one embodiment, a computing device  100  may be configured or designed to function as a server system utilizing CPU  102 , local memory  101  and/or remote memory  120 , and interface(s)  110 . In at least one embodiment, CPU  102  may be caused to perform one or more of the different types of functions and/or operations under the control of software modules or components, which for example, may include an operating system and any appropriate applications software, drivers, and the like. 
         [0033]    CPU  102  may include one or more processors  103  such as, for example, a processor from one of the Intel, ARM, Qualcomm, and AMD families of microprocessors. In some embodiments, processors  103  may include specially designed hardware such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and so forth, for controlling operations of computing device  100 . In a specific embodiment, a local memory  101  (such as non-volatile random access memory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM), including for example one or more levels of cached memory) may also form part of CPU  102 . However, there are many different ways in which memory may be coupled to system  100 . Memory  101  may be used for a variety of purposes such as, for example, caching and/or storing data, programming instructions, and the like. It should be further appreciated that CPU  102  may be one of a variety of system-on-a-chip (SOC) type hardware that may include additional hardware such as memory or graphics processing chips, such as a Qualcomm SNAPDRAGON™ or Samsung EXYNOS™ CPU as are becoming increasingly common in the art, such as for use in mobile devices or integrated devices. 
         [0034]    As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited merely to those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, a mobile processor, or a microprocessor, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any other programmable circuit. 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, interfaces  110  are provided as network interface cards (NICs). Generally, NICs control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computer network; other types of interfaces  110  may for example support other peripherals used with computing device  100 . Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, graphics interfaces, and the like. In addition, various types of interfaces may be provided such as, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, FIREWIRE™, THUNDERBOLT™, PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, near-field communications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (WiFi), frame relay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, Serial ATA (SATA) or external SATA (ESATA) interfaces, high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), digital visual interface (DVI), analog or digital audio interfaces, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (POS) interfaces, fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like. Generally, such interfaces  110  may include physical ports appropriate for communication with appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor (such as a dedicated audio or video processor, as is common in the art for high-fidelity A/V hardware interfaces) and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM). 
         [0036]    Although the system shown in  FIG. 1  illustrates one specific architecture for a computing device  100  for implementing one or more of the inventions described herein, it is by no means the only device architecture on which at least a portion of the features and techniques described herein may be implemented. For example, architectures having one or any number of processors  103  may be used, and such processors  103  may be present in a single device or distributed among any number of devices. In one embodiment, a single processor  103  handles communications as well as routing computations, while in other embodiments a separate dedicated communications processor may be provided. In various embodiments, different types of features or functionalities may be implemented in a system according to the invention that includes a client device (such as a tablet device or smartphone running client software) and server systems (such as a server system described in more detail below). 
         [0037]    Regardless of network device configuration, the system of the present invention may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, remote memory block  120  and local memory  101 ) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations, or other information relating to the functionality of the embodiments described herein (or any combinations of the above). Program instructions may control execution of or comprise an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. Memory  120  or memories  101 ,  120  may also be configured to store data structures, configuration data, encryption data, historical system operations information, or any other specific or generic non-program information described herein. 
         [0038]    Because such information and program instructions may be employed to implement one or more systems or methods described herein, at least some network device embodiments may include nontransitory machine-readable storage media, which, for example, may be configured or designed to store program instructions, state information, and the like for performing various operations described herein. Examples of such nontransitory machine-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as optical disks, and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flash memory (as is common in mobile devices and integrated systems), solid state drives (SSD) and “hybrid SSD” storage drives that may combine physical components of solid state and hard disk drives in a single hardware device (as are becoming increasingly common in the art with regard to personal computers), memristor memory, random access memory (RAM), and the like. It should be appreciated that such storage means may be integral and non-removable (such as RAM hardware modules that may be soldered onto a motherboard or otherwise integrated into an electronic device), or they may be removable such as swappable flash memory modules (such as “thumb drives” or other removable media designed for rapidly exchanging physical storage devices), “hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives, removable optical storage discs, or other such removable media, and that such integral and removable storage media may be utilized interchangeably. Examples of program instructions include both object code, such as may be produced by a compiler, machine code, such as may be produced by an assembler or a linker, byte code, such as may be generated by for example a Java™ compiler and may be executed using a Java virtual machine or equivalent, or files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter (for example, scripts written in Python, Perl, Ruby, Groovy, or any other scripting language). 
         [0039]    In some embodiments, systems according to the present invention may be implemented on a standalone computing system. Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a block diagram depicting a typical exemplary architecture of one or more embodiments or components thereof on a standalone computing system. Computing device  200  includes processors  210  that may run software that carry out one or more functions or applications of embodiments of the invention, such as for example a client application  230 . Processors  210  may carry out computing instructions under control of an operating system  220  such as, for example, a version of Microsoft&#39;s WINDOWS™ operating system, Apple&#39;s Mac OS/X or iOS operating systems, some variety of the Linux operating system, Google&#39;s ANDROID™ operating system, or the like. In many cases, one or more shared services  225  may be operable in system  200 , and may be useful for providing common services to client applications  230 . Services  225  may for example be WINDOWS™ services, user-space common services in a Linux environment, or any other type of common service architecture used with operating system  210 . Input devices  270  may be of any type suitable for receiving user input, including for example a keyboard, touchscreen, microphone (for example, for voice input), mouse, touchpad, trackball, or any combination thereof. Output devices  260  may be of any type suitable for providing output to one or more users, whether remote or local to system  200 , and may include for example one or more screens for visual output, speakers, printers, or any combination thereof. Memory  240  may be random-access memory having any structure and architecture known in the art, for use by processors  210 , for example to run software. Storage devices  250  may be any magnetic, optical, mechanical, memristor, or electrical storage device for storage of data in digital form (such as those described above, referring to  FIG. 1 ). Examples of storage devices  250  include flash memory, magnetic hard drive, CD-ROM, and/or the like. 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, systems of the present invention may be implemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having any number of clients and/or servers. Referring now to  FIG. 3 , there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary architecture  300  for implementing at least a portion of a system according to an embodiment of the invention on a distributed computing network. According to the embodiment, any number of clients  330  may be provided. Each client  330  may run software for implementing client-side portions of the present invention; clients may comprise a system  200  such as that illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In addition, any number of servers  320  may be provided for handling requests received from one or more clients  330 . Clients  330  and servers  320  may communicate with one another via one or more electronic networks  310 , which may be in various embodiments any of the Internet, a wide area network, a mobile telephony network (such as CDMA or GSM cellular networks), a wireless network (such as WiFi, Wimax, LTE, and so forth), or a local area network (or indeed any network topology known in the art; the invention does not prefer any one network topology over any other). Networks  310  may be implemented using any known network protocols, including for example wired and/or wireless protocols. 
         [0041]    In addition, in some embodiments, servers  320  may call external services  370  when needed to obtain additional information, or to refer to additional data concerning a particular call. Communications with external services  370  may take place, for example, via one or more networks  310 . In various embodiments, external services  370  may comprise web-enabled services or functionality related to or installed on the hardware device itself. For example, in an embodiment where client applications  230  are implemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, client applications  230  may obtain information stored in a server system  320  in the cloud or on an external service  370  deployed on one or more of a particular enterprise&#39;s or user&#39;s premises. 
         [0042]    In some embodiments of the invention, clients  330  or servers  320  (or both) may make use of one or more specialized services or appliances that may be deployed locally or remotely across one or more networks  310 . For example, one or more databases  340  may be used or referred to by one or more embodiments of the invention. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that databases  340  may be arranged in a wide variety of architectures and using a wide variety of data access and manipulation means. For example, in various embodiments one or more databases  340  may comprise a relational database system using a structured query language (SQL), while others may comprise an alternative data storage technology such as those referred to in the art as “NoSQL” (for example, Hadoop Cassandra, Google BigTable, and so forth). In some embodiments, variant database architectures such as column-oriented databases, in-memory databases, clustered databases, distributed databases, or even flat file data repositories may be used according to the invention. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that any combination of known or future database technologies may be used as appropriate, unless a specific database technology or a specific arrangement of components is specified for a particular embodiment herein. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the term “database” as used herein may refer to a physical database machine, a cluster of machines acting as a single database system, or a logical database within an overall database management system. Unless a specific meaning is specified for a given use of the term “database”, it should be construed to mean any of these senses of the word, all of which are understood as a plain meaning of the term “database” by those having ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0043]    Similarly, most embodiments of the invention may make use of one or more security systems  360  and configuration systems  350 . Security and configuration management are common information technology (IT) and web functions, and some amount of each are generally associated with any IT or web systems. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that any configuration or security subsystems known in the art now or in the future may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the invention without limitation, unless a specific security  360  or configuration system  350  or approach is specifically required by the description of any specific embodiment. 
         [0044]      FIG. 4  shows an exemplary overview of a computer system  400  as may be used in any of the various locations throughout the system. It is exemplary of any computer that may execute code to process data. Various modifications and changes may be made to computer system  400  without departing from the broader scope of the system and method disclosed herein. CPU  401  is connected to bus  402 , to which bus is also connected memory  403 , nonvolatile memory  404 , display  407 , I/O unit  408 , and network interface card (NIC)  413 . I/O unit  408  may, typically, be connected to keyboard  409 , pointing device  410 , hard disk  412 , and real-time clock  411 . NIC  413  connects to network  414 , which may be the Internet or a local network, which local network may or may not have connections to the Internet. Also shown as part of system  400  is power supply unit  405  connected, in this example, to ac supply  406 . Not shown are batteries that could be present, and many other devices and modifications that are well known but are not applicable to the specific novel functions of the current system and method disclosed herein. It should be appreciated that some or all components illustrated may be combined, such as in various integrated applications (for example, Qualcomm or Samsung SOC-based devices), or whenever it may be appropriate to combine multiple capabilities or functions into a single hardware device (for instance, in mobile devices such as smartphones, video game consoles, in-vehicle computer systems such as navigation or multimedia systems in automobiles, or other integrated hardware devices). 
         [0045]    In various embodiments, functionality for implementing systems or methods of the present invention may be distributed among any number of client and/or server components. For example, various software modules may be implemented for performing various functions in connection with the present invention, and such modules may be variously implemented to run on server and/or client components. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0046]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system  500  for automated three-dimensional vector registration, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. As illustrated, a vector registration engine  501  may be stored and operated on a network-connected computing device such as a computer server or workstation. As illustrated, vector registration engine  501  may be connected to a raster server  503 , for example to retrieve raster images from raster storage, a vector server  502 , such as to retrieve vectors from and store vectors into a vector storage, and a DSM server  507  such as to retrieve a DSM from a DSM storage or to build a DSM from the stereo disparity measurements or a stereo raster image pair obtained from the raster server. It should also be appreciated that multiple or singular databases may be employed according to the embodiment, for example storing both raster and vector information in a singular data storage. 
         [0047]    As further illustrated, a rendering engine  504  may be used to provide a visual output to a user, for example, to enable user review and to facilitate user interaction via input devices  505  such as to adjust the view or to indicate that certain errant registered vectors that are to be deleted from the result of the registration. 
         [0048]    It should be appreciated that according to the embodiment, various means of connection or communication between the components of a system  500  may be utilized according to the invention interchangeably or simultaneously, such as for example a direct, physical data connection (such as via a data cable or similar physical means), a software-based connection such as via an application programming interface (API) or other software communication means (such as may be suitable, for example, in arrangements where multiple system components may operate on a single hardware device such as a computing server or workstation), or any of a variety of network connections such as via the Internet or other data communications network. It should therefore be appreciated that the connections shown are exemplary in nature and represent only a selection of possible arrangements, and that alternate or additional connections may be utilized according to the invention. 
         [0049]    In what follows, the initial three-dimensional vectors and the resulting registered three-dimensional vectors are both assumed to be represented in the X, Y, Z coordinates of object space. All vertices in the initial vectors might have Z identically 0, effectively making them two-dimensional vectors. 
         [0050]    According to an embodiment of the invention,  FIG. 6  is a diagram  900  illustrating a monoscopic graphical user interface for an automated three-dimensional vector registration system: enabling the user to register an initial set of three-dimensional vectors to the centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features manifest by a combination of raster image and DSM, while preserving the interconnection topology of the original vectors; enabling the user to view the original and registered vectors against the DSM for three-dimensional X, Y, Z context, and against the raster imagery for two-dimensional X, Y context; enabling the user to commit registered vectors to a persistent data store; enabling the user to delete undesirable registered vectors. The vector registration engine incorporates automatic two-dimensional vector-to-image registration as part of the process of registering three-dimensional vectors to three-dimensional linear features. The user interface  900  may comprise a plurality of synchronized graphical viewers such as:
       A three-dimensional viewer  910  that may display the original and registered three-dimensional vectors  911  against a digital surface model (DSM)  912  or, optionally, against an empty three-dimensional object space. The viewer may optionally offer perspective or non-perspective viewing, and enable the user to pan, zoom, and yaw about the line of sight. The DSM  912  may be opaque or semi-transparent or represented as a wireframe. A semi-transparent DSM  912  may allow a user to see where a three-dimensional vector  911  lies above or below the landscape represented by the DSM  912 . The DSM  912  may be draped by the raster image.   A two-dimensional XY-viewer  920  may display the original and registered three-dimensional vectors  911  projected vertically to the XY-plane  921  of the raster image. The viewer may, as above, support pan, zoom, and yaw about the line of sight. Projected vectors  911  as shown in the viewer  920  may be user-selectable, for example, to indicate corresponding three-dimensional vectors to be deleted.       
 
         [0053]    In the monoscopic system, the automated registration of existing three-dimensional vectors to the centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features is performed by the vector registration engine. It first automatically projects the existing three-dimensional vectors to the XY plane of the raster image. It then performs automatic two-dimensional vector-to-image registration of these two-dimensional vectors to the centerlines of corresponding two-dimensional linear features in the raster image. This can be accomplished, for example, by the automatic two-dimensional vector-to-image registration capability of the ROADTRACKER™. The two-dimensional (before-and-after) vectors may be automatically displayed in the XY image viewer. The vector registration engine then automatically projects each registered two-dimensional XY-vector vertically along the Z-axis to the DSM (or slightly above it), and automatically smooths it in the Z-dimension. Care is taken by the vector registration engine to ensure that the interconnection topology of the registered three-dimensional vectors is the same as that of the original three-dimensional vectors. The three-dimensional (before-and-after) vectors may be automatically displayed in the three-dimensional viewer. 
         [0054]    According to another embodiment of the invention,  FIG. 7  is a diagram  730  illustrating a stereoscopic graphical user interface for an automated three-dimensional vector registration system: enabling the user to register an initial set of three-dimensional vectors to the centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features manifest by a stereo pair of raster images, while preserving the interconnection topology of the original vectors; enabling the user to view the original and registered vectors  711  against a stereo image background (3D perception of landscape evoked by stereo image pair)  712  for three-dimensional X, Y, Z context, and against raster imagery for two-dimensional X, Y context  721 ; enabling the user to commit registered vectors to a persistent data store; enabling the user to delete undesirable registered vectors. The vector registration engine incorporates automatic two-dimensional vector-to-image registration as part of the process of registering three-dimensional vectors to three-dimensional linear features. The user interface  730  may comprise a plurality of synchronized graphical viewers such as:
       A stereo three-dimensional viewer  740  that may display the original and registered three-dimensional vectors  711  against a (possibly semi-transparent) stereo depiction of the landscape  712 . It may be possible for a user to see where a vector lies above or below the perceived landscape. The viewer supports pan, zoom, and yaw about line of sight.   A monoscopic XY image viewer  720 , showing an orthorectified version of one of the raster images of the stereo image pair. (The manner of the orthorectification is explained below.) The viewer may enable the user to pan, zoom, and yaw about line of sight. Extracted two-dimensional vectors in the viewer may be user-selectable, for example, to indicate that their corresponding three-dimensional vectors are to be deleted       
 
         [0057]    In the stereo system, orthorectification of the raster image in the XY image viewer may be based on a digital surface model (DSM) automatically constructed from the stereo image pair via automatically computed stereo disparity measurements. If we are dealing with high-resolution stereo imagery, the resulting DSM will have reasonable geospatial accuracy. 
         [0058]    In the stereo system, the automated registration of existing three-dimensional vectors to the centerlines of corresponding three-dimensional linear features is performed by the vector registration engine. It accomplishes this in the same manner as described for the monoscopic system, but instead uses the orthorectified raster (displayed in the monoscopic XY image viewer) and the DSM described in the preceding paragraph. The two-dimensional (before-and after) vectors may then be displayed in the monoscopic XY image viewer and the three-dimensional (before-and-after) vectors may then be displayed in the stereo viewer. 
         [0059]    The skilled person will be aware of a range of possible modifications of the various embodiments described above. Accordingly, the present invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.