Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for controlling the power level and/or the contrast in a display device having a plurality of luminous elements corresponding to the colour components of the pixels of a picture, wherein the luminance generated by each of said luminous element is based on the intensity of the signal supplied to the luminous element and the power level and/or contrast for each picture is controlled by adjusting the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element. The invention is applicable to organic light emitting displays (OLED). According to the invention, the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element is based on reference signals and the adjustment of the signal intensity is made by adjusting the level of the reference signals.

Description:
[0001]     The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for controlling the power level and/or the contrast in a display device having a plurality of luminous elements corresponding to the colour components of the pixels of a picture, wherein the luminance generated by each of said luminous element is based on the intensity of the signal supplied to the luminous element.  
         [0002]     More specifically, the invention is closely related to organic light emitting displays (OLED).  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     A high peak-white luminance is always required to achieve a good contrast ratio in every display technologies even with ambient light conditions and, for every kind of active displays, more peak white luminance corresponds to a higher power that flows in the electronic of the display. Therefore, if no specific management is done, the enhancement of the peak luminance for a given electronic efficacy will introduce an increase of the power consumption.  
         [0004]     The main idea behind every kind of power management concept associated with peak white enhancement is based on the variation of the peak-luminance depending on the picture content in order to stabilize the power consumption to a specified value. This concept is shown in  FIG. 1 . When the picture load is low, the peak luminance is high and when the picture load is high, the peak luminance is low. The concept described on this figure enables to avoid any overloading of the power supply of the display panel as well as a maximum contrast for a given picture.  
         [0005]     Such a concept suits very well to the human visual system. When the picture load is low, the contrast ratio is high and when the picture is high, the human eye is dazzled and is less sensitive to contrast ratio. So, for a full-white picture, the contrast ratio can be lower than for a peak-white picture.  
         [0006]     In the case of cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs), the power management is based on a so called ABL function (Average Beam-current Limiter), which is implemented by analog means and which decreases video gain as a function of the average luminance of the pictures.  
         [0007]     In the case of an organic light-emitting diode display, also called. OLED display, the luminance as well as the power consumption is directly linked to the current that flows through each cell. Currently, there is no power level control means for stabilizing the power consumption to a target value.  
         [0008]     In the other hand, in such a display device, the contrast is adjusted by a video scaler acting on the video signal. If the video signal is coded on 8 bits and if the contrast should be reduced by 50%, the video signal is rescaled leading to a video signal with only a 7 bit resolution. So, there is a loss of video resolution.  
       INVENTION  
       [0009]     The present invention proposes a new method and apparatus for controlling the power level and/or the contrast in display devices having a plurality of luminous elements, wherein the luminance generated by each of said luminous element is based on the intensity of the signal supplied to the luminous element and the power level and/or contrast for each picture is controlled by adjusting the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element.  
         [0010]     The basic idea of this invention is to supply the luminous elements of the display device with a signal whose intensity is based on reference signals and to modify the level of these reference signals for adjusting the intensity of the signals supplied to the luminous elements.  
         [0011]     So, the invention relates to a method for controlling the power level and/or the contrast in a display device having a plurality of luminous elements corresponding to the colour components of the pixels of a picture, wherein the luminance generated by each of said luminous elements is based on the intensity of the signal supplied to the luminous element and the power level and/or contrast for each picture is controlled by adjusting the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element, characterized in that the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element is based on reference signals and in that the adjustment of the signal intensity is made by adjusting the level of the reference signals.  
         [0012]     By this method, the resolution of the video signal supplied to the luminous elements is not modified.  
         [0013]     For controlling the power level, the method further comprises the two following steps:  
         [0014]     calculating, for each picture received by the display device, a parameter representative of the power needed by the display device for displaying said picture; this parameter is for example the average power level; and  
         [0015]     adjusting the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element in order that the power needed by the display device for displaying said picture is lower than a target value.  
         [0016]     For controlling the contrast of the pictures displayed by the display device, the method further comprises the following steps:  
         [0017]     calculating an adjustment factor to be applied to the intensity of the picture signal supplied to the luminous elements in order that the resulting contrast is equal to a required contrast, and  
         [0018]     applying said adjustment factor to said reference signals.  
         [0019]     In a preferred embodiment, a non linear transformation is applied to reference signals, before adjustment of the signal intensity, in order to increase the amplitude of the low-amplitude reference signals. To compensate this transformation, the inverse transformation is applied to the picture signal.  
         [0020]     The invention concerns also an apparatus for controlling the power level and/or the contrast in a display device having a plurality of luminous elements corresponding to the colour components of the pixels of a picture, wherein the luminance generated by each of said luminous elements is based on the intensity of the signal supplied to the luminous element and the power level and/or contrast for each picture is controlled by adjusting the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element, characterized in that the intensity of the signal to be supplied to each luminous element is based on reference signals and in that it comprises adjustment means for modifying the signal intensity by adjusting the level of the reference signals.  
         [0021]     For controlling the power level, the apparatus further comprises calculation means for calculating, for each picture received by the display device, a parameter representative of the power needed by the display device for displaying said picture, and in that the adjustment means adjusts the level of the reference signals in order that the power needed by the display device for displaying each picture is lower than a target value. The calculation means calculates for example, for each picture received by the display device, the average power level of said picture.  
         [0022]     For controlling the contrast of the pictures displayed by the display device, the apparatus further comprises calculation means for calculating an adjustment factor to be applied to the intensity of the signal supplied to the luminous elements in order that the resulting contrast is equal to a required contrast, and in that the adjustment means applies said adjustment factor to said reference signals.  
         [0023]     For these two applications, the apparatus comprises a frame memory for storing a picture before transmitting it to the display device.  
         [0024]     In a preferred embodiment, the adjustment means of the apparatus comprises means for applying a non linear transformation to reference signals in order to increase the amplitude of the low-amplitude reference signals and the apparatus comprises means for applying the inverse transformation to the picture signal.  
         [0025]     Lastly, the invention concerns also a display device comprising  
         [0026]     a plurality of organic light emitting diodes,  
         [0027]     signal processing means for processing the picture signal received by the display device,  
         [0028]     driving means for driving said plurality of organic light emitting diodes according to the signal processed by the signal processing means,  
         [0029]     reference signalling means for outputting reference signals to the driving means, and  
         [0030]     an apparatus as defined above which is integrated to the signal processing means. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0031]     Exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and in more detail in the following description.  
         [0032]     In the figures:  
         [0033]      FIG. 1  shows the variation of the peak luminance versus the picture load in a display device;  
         [0034]      FIG. 2  shows the structure of the control electronic in a OLED display;  
         [0035]      FIG. 3  shows the variations of reference voltages according to picture load in a basic embodiment of the invention;  
         [0036]      FIG. 4  shows the variations of reference voltages according to picture load in an improved embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0037]      FIG. 5  shows the structure of the control electronic in a OLED display used for implementing the method of the invention; 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0038]     The invention is described in relation to a OLED display with an active matrix where each luminous element of the display is controlled via an association of several thin-film transistors (TFTs). The general structure of the electronic for controlling the OLED elements is illustrated by  FIG. 2 . It comprises:  
         [0039]     an active matrix  1  containing, for each OLED element, an association of several thin-film transistors with a capacitor connected to the OLED material of the luminous element; the capacitor acts as a memory component that stores the value of the luminous element during a certain part of the frame; the thin-film transistors act as switches enabling the selection of the luminous element, the storage of the capacitor and the lighting of the luminous element; in the present structure, the value stored in the capacitor determines the luminance produced by the luminous element;  
         [0040]     at least one row driver  2  that selects line by line the luminous elements of the display in order to refresh their content,  
         [0041]     at least one column driver  3  that delivers the value or content to be stored in each luminous element of the current selected line; this component receives the video information for each luminous element;  
         [0042]     a digital processing and driving unit  4  that applies required video and signal processing steps to the video input signal and that delivers the required signals to the row and column drivers.  
         [0043]     Actually, there are two ways for driving the OLED elements:  
         [0044]     in a current driven concept, the digital video information sent by the digital processing and driving unit  4  is converted by the column driver  3  in a current amplitude that is supplied to the luminous element via the active matrix  1 ;  
         [0045]     in a voltage driven concept, the digital video information send by the digital processing and driving unit  4  is converted by the column driver  3  in a voltage amplitude that is supplied to the luminous element via the active matrix  1 ; but, even so, it should be noticed that an OLED element is a current driven so that each voltage based driving unit is based on a voltage to current converter to achieve appropriate lighting.  
         [0046]     The column driver  3  represents, with the digital processing and driving unit  4 , the real active part of the electronic and can be considered as a high-level digital to analog converter. The row driver  2  has a quite simple function since it only has to apply a selection line by line. It is more or less a shift register.  
         [0047]     The functioning of said electronic is the following: the input video signal is forwarded to the digital processing and driving unit  4  that delivers, after internal processing, a timing signal for row selection to the row driver  2  synchronized with the data sent to the column driver  3 . Depending on the used column driver  3 , the data are sent either in a parallel way or in a serial way. Additionally, the column driver  3  is equipped with a reference signaling device  5  for delivering reference signals. More precisely, this device delivers a set of reference voltages in case of voltage driven circuitry or a set of reference currents in case of current driven circuitry, the highest reference being used for the highest gray level (white) and the lowest for the smallest gray level. These reference signals are used by the column driver  3  for generating the signal to be supplied to the OLED element.  
         [0048]     An example of reference signals is given below for a voltage driven circuitry. Eight reference voltages named V 0  to V 7  are used  
         [0049]     V 0 =3V  
         [0050]     V 1 =2,6V  
         [0051]     V 2 =2,2V  
         [0052]     V 3 =1,4V  
         [0053]     V 4 =0,6V  
         [0054]     V 5 =0,3V  
         [0055]     V 6 =0,16V  
         [0056]     V 7 =0V The different gray levels can be defined as given by the following table. The whole table is given by the annex 1.  
                                                                                         gray level   gray level voltage   Gray level voltage                                0   V7   0.00   V       1   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 9/1175   0.001   V       2   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 32/1175   0.005   V       3   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 76/1175   0.011   V       4   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 141/1175   0.02   V       5   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 224/1175   0.032   V       6   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 321/1175   0.045   V       7   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 425/1175   0.06   V       8   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 529/1175   0.074   V       9   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 630/1175   0.089   V       10   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 727/1175   0.102   V       11   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 820/1175   0.115   V       12   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 910/1175   0.128   V       13   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 998/1175   0.14   V       14   V7 + (V6 − V7) × 1086/1175   0.153   V       15   V6   0.165   V       16   V6 + (V5 − V6) × 89/1097   0.176   V            .   .   .       .   .   .       .   .   .            252   V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2549/3029   2.937   V       253   V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2694/3029   2.956   V       254   V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2851/3029   2.977   V       255   V0   3.00   V                  
 
         [0057]     Of course, these voltage levels are converted into current before being supplied to the OLED elements. For deducing a luminance value from these voltages, it will be assumed in the rest of the present specification that a 3V voltage applied to an OLED element corresponds to a 400 cd/m 2  luminance and that it represents the maximal luminance that can be displayed by the screen of the display device. This value is given as an example.  
         [0058]     For a 4/3 screen with a 6.5″ (=16.25 cm) diagonal (size=13 cm×9.75 cm) and an efficacy for the OLED material around 14 Cd/A, the surface of the screen is 13×9.75=126.75 cm 2  and the current density is 40000/14000=2.86 mA/cm 2 . So, the total current needed by the panel is 126.75×2.86=362.1 mA.  
         [0059]     This current value can be considered as too high. For example, it is sought a maximum current value of 80 mA.  
         [0060]     According to the invention, the luminance of the display panel is adjusted in order that the current value necessary for displaying the picture is lower than a maximum current value.  
         [0061]     The power of the incoming picture is first evaluated and the luminance of the panel is then adjusted in order to limit the power consumption of the panel to the maximum current value.  
         [0062]     A first step of the inventive method consists in evaluating the power of the incoming picture to decide which luminance should be used for a white level. The computation of the picture power is done by computing the Average Power Level (APL) of the picture through the following function:  
         APL   ⁢           ⁢     (     I   ⁢           ⁢     (     x   ,   y     )       )       =       1     C   ×   L       ·       ∑     x   ,   y       ⁢           ⁢     I   ⁢           ⁢     (     x   ,   y     )               
 
         [0063]     where I(x,y) represents the video level of the pixel with coordinates x, y in the picture, C is the number of elements columns of the screen and L is the number of elements lines of the screen.  
         [0064]     In the present specification, the APL value of a picture will be expressed as a percentage of white surface in the picture for clarity and simplicity reasons.  
         [0065]     In a second step, the maximal luminance of the screen is determined for different percentages of white surface as shown in the following table. In the case of a maximum current value of 80 mA, the luminance of a full white image (100% white surface) for the above-mentioned 4/3 screen is:  
         80   ·       40   ·     10     -   3           126.75   ·     10     -   4             =     88.363   ⁢           ⁢     cd   /     m2   .             
 
                                                             Surface (white)   Luminance (Cd/m2)   Power (mA)                                100.00%   88.363   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       97.50%   90.629   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       95.00%   93.014   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       92.50%   95.527   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       90.00%   98.181   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       87.50%   100.986   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       85.00%   103.956   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       82.50%   107.107   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       80.00%   110.454   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       77.50%   114.017   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       75.00%   117.817   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       72.50%   121.88   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       70.00%   126.233   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       67.50%   130.908   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       65.00%   135.943   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       62.50%   141.381   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       60.00%   147.272   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       57.50%   153.675   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       55.00%   160.66   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       52.50%   168.31   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       50.00%   176.726   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       47.50%   186.027   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       45.00%   196.362   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       42.50%   207.913   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       40.00%   220.907   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       37.50%   235.634   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       35.00%   252.465   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       32.50%   271.886   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       30.00%   294.543   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       27.50%   321.32   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       25.00%   353.452   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       22.50%   392.724   Cd/m2   80.00   mA       20.00%   400.00   Cd/m2   72.429   mA       17.50%   400.00   Cd/m2   63.375   mA       15.00%   400.00   Cd/m2   54.321   mA       12.50%   400.00   Cd/m2   45.268   mA       10.00%   400.00   Cd/m2   36.214   mA       7.50%   400.00   Cd/m2   27.161   mA       5.00%   400.00   Cd/m2   18.107   mA       2.50%   400.00   Cd/m2   9.054   mA                  
 
         [0066]     As the luminance is in this example limited to 400 cd/m 2 , the power consumption for the picture with a white surface percentage inferior to 22% is inferior to 80 mA. The maximal contrast ratio is obtained for a 22% white surface percentage and is equal to 4.5.  
         [0067]     According to an important characteristics of the invention, the luminance of the screen is adjusted by modifying the value of the reference levels Vn, n ε [0, . . . , 7] defined above. The luminance LUM of the screen can be approximated by a quadratic function of the applied voltage V: 
 
 LUM ( x; y )=44×( V ( x; y )) 2 , 
 
         [0068]     This formula is given as an example. The following table gives the different voltage values for the reference voltage V 0 :  
                                                             Surface (white)   V0   Luminance (Cd/m2)                                100.00%   1.41   V   88.363   Cd/m2       97.50%   1.43   V   90.629   Cd/m2       95.00%   1.45   V   93.014   Cd/m2       92.50%   1.47   V   95.527   Cd/m2       90.00%   1.49   V   98.181   Cd/m2       87.50%   1.51   V   100.986   Cd/m2       85.00%   1.53   V   103.956   Cd/m2       82.50%   1.55   V   107.107   Cd/m2       80.00%   1.58   V   110.454   Cd/m2       77.50%   1.6   V   114.017   Cd/m2       75.00%   1.63   V   117.817   Cd/m2       72.50%   1.66   V   121.88   Cd/m2       70.00%   1.69   V   126.233   Cd/m2       67.50%   1.72   V   130.908   Cd/m2       65.00%   1.75   V   135.943   Cd/m2       62.50%   1.78   V   141.381   Cd/m2       60.00%   1.82   V   147.272   Cd/m2       57.50%   1.86   V   153.675   Cd/m2       55.00%   1.9   V   160.66   Cd/m2       52.50%   1.95   V   168.31   Cd/m2       50.00%   2.0   V   176.726   Cd/m2       47.50%   2.05   V   186.027   Cd/m2       45.00%   2.1   V   196.362   Cd/m2       42.50%   2.16   V   207.913   Cd/m2       40.00%   2.23   V   220.907   Cd/m2       37.50%   2.3   V   235.634   Cd/m2       35.00%   2.38   V   252.465   Cd/m2       32.50%   2.47   V   271.886   Cd/m2       30.00%   2.58   V   294.543   Cd/m2       27.50%   2.69   V   321.32   Cd/m2       25.00%   2.82   V   353.452   Cd/m2       22.50%   2.97   V   392.724   Cd/m2       20.00%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2       17.50%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2       15.00%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2       12.50%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2       10.00%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2       7.50%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2       5.00%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2       2.50%   3.0   V   400.00   Cd/m2                  
 
         [0069]     The other reference levels, V 1  to V 7 , can be adjusted in a linear way from the reference level V 0 . For example, the reference level Vn for a given average power level APL can then be computed as follows:  
         Vn   ⁢           ⁢     (   APL   )       =       V0   ⁢           ⁢     (   APL   )     ×   Vn   ⁢           ⁢     (     0   ⁢   %     )         V0   ⁢           ⁢     (     0   ⁢   %     )             
 
         [0070]     The following table gives the voltage values of all the reference levels V 0  to V 7  for different APL:  
                                                                                                     Surface (white)   V0   V1   V2   V3   V4   V5   V6   V7                                100.00%   1.41 V   1.22 V   1.03 V   0.66 V   0.28 V     0.14 V       0.08 V     0.0 V       97.50%   1.43 V   1.24 V   1.05 V   0.67 V   0.29 V     0.14 V       0.08 V     0.0 V       95.00%   1.45 V   1.25 V   1.06 V   0.68 V   0.29 V     0.14 V       0.08 V     0.0 V       92.50%   1.47 V   1.27 V   1.08 V   0.68 V   0.29 V     0.15 V       0.08 V     0.0 V       90.00%   1.49 V   1.29 V   1.09 V   0.69 V    0.3 V     0.15 V       0.08 V     0.0 V       87.50%   1.51 V   1.31 V   1.11 V    0.7 V    0.3 V     0.15 V       0.08  V   0.0 V       85.00%   1.53 V   1.33 V   1.12 V   0.71 V   0.31 V     0.15 V       0.08 V     0.0 V       82.50%   1.55 V   1.35 V   1.14 V   0.72 V   0.31 V   0.16 V     0.08 V     0.0 V       80.00%   1.58 V   1.37 V   1.16 V   0.74 V   0.32 V   0.16 V     0.08 V     0.0 V       77.50%    1.6 V   1.39 V   1.18 V   0.75 V   0.32 V   0.16 V     0.09 V     0.0 V       75.00%   1.63 V   1.41 V   1.19 V   0.76 V   0.33 V   0.16 V     0.09 V     0.0 V       72.50%   1.66 V   1.44 V   1.21 V   0.77 V   0.33 V   0.17 V     0.09 V     0.0 V       70.00%   1.69 V   1.46 V   1.24 V   0.79 V   0.34 V   0.17 V     0.09 V     0.0 V       67.50%   1.72 V   1.49 V   1.26 V    0.8 V   0.34 V   0.17 V     0.09 V     0.0 V       65.00%   1.75 V   1.52 V   1.28 V   0.82 V   0.35 V   0.17 V     0.09 V     0.0 V       62.50%   1.78 V   1.55 V   1.31 V   0.83 V   0.36 V   0.18 V     0.1 V     0.0 V       60.00%   1.82 V   1.58 V   1.34 V   0.85 V   0.36 V   0.18 V     0.1 V     0.0 V       57.50%   1.86 V   1.61 V   1.36 V   0.87 V   0.37 V   0.19 V     0.1 V     0.0 V       55.00%    1.9 V   1.65 V   1.39 V   0.89 V   0.38 V   0.19 V     0.1 V     0.0 V       52.50%   1.95 V   1.69 V   1.43 V   0.91 V   0.39 V   0.19 V     0.1 V     0.0 V       50.00%    2.0 V   1.73 V   1.46 V   0.93 V    0.4 V    0.2 V     0.11 V     0.0 V       47.50%   2.05 V   1.77 V    1.5 V   0.96 V   0.41 V    0.2 V     0.11 V     0.0 V       45.00%    2.1 V   1.82 V   1.54 V   0.98 V   0.42 V   0.21 V     0.11 V     0.0 V       42.50%   2.16 V   1.88 V   1.59 V   1.01 V   0.43 V   0.22 V     0.12 V     0.0 V       40.00%   2.23 V   1.93 V   1.64 V   1.04 V   0.45 V   0.22 V     0.12 V     0.0 V       37.50%    2.3 V    2.0 V   1.69 V   1.08 V   0.46 V   0.23 V     0.12 V     0.0 V       35.00%   2.38 V   2.07 V   1.75 V   1.11 V   0.48 V   0.24 V     0.13 V     0.0 V       32.50%   2.47 V   2.14 V   1.81 V   1.15 V   0.49 V   0.25 V     0.13 V     0.0 V       30.00%   2.58 V   2.23 V   1.89 V    1.2 V   0.52 V   0.26 V     0.14 V     0.0 V       27.50%   2.69 V   2.33 V   1.97 V   1.26 V   0.54 V   0.27 V     0.14 V     0.0 V       25.00%   2.82 V   2.45 V   2.07 V   1.32 V   0.56 V   0.28 V     0.15 V     0.0 V       22.50%   2.97 V   2.58 V   2.18 V   1.39 V   0.59 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       20.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       17.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       15.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       12.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       10.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       7.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       5.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       2.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V                  
 
         [0071]      FIG. 3  shows curves illustrating this table and showing the variations of the reference voltages for the percentages of white surface 5%, 10%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%.  
         [0072]     A problem can appear when the voltage references related to the lowest gray levels are very low, which is the case in the above table for the reference voltages V 5  and V 6  when the picture load is high. Actually, in a voltage driven system, if the voltage is too low, the error (coming from the mismatch between neighbouring luminous elements) becomes higher than the required precision and the information is lost. In a current driven system, the problem is different. In such a system, the lower the current is, the longer it takes to load the capacitance of the luminous element. So, if the required current is too low, the writing time of the luminous element will be too long for a video application.  
         [0073]     In the present example, the voltage values below 0.16V (bold values in the above table) can create a precision error. So, as an improvement, it is proposed to modify the reference voltages V 1  to V 7  in a non-linear way according to the reference level V 0 . The voltage values for the reference voltage V 0  is kept constant while the other ones are modified by a non-linear mathematical transformation f(x,y,z) as followed: 
 
 Vn ( APL )= f ( V   0 ( APL );  Vn (0%);  V   0 (0%)). 
 
         [0074]     An example of the result of such a transformation is given in the next table:  
                                                                                                     Surface (white)   V0   V1   V2   V3   V4   V5   V6   V7                                100.00%   1.41 V   1.35 V   1.26 V   0.97 V    0.5 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       97.50%   1.44 V   1.38 V   1.28 V   0.97 V    0.5 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       95.00%   1.47 V    1.4 V    1.3 V   0.98 V    0.5 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       92.50%   1.51 V   1.43 V   1.32 V   0.99 V    0.5 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       90.00%   1.54 V   1.45 V   1.34 V    1.0 V   0.51 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       87.50%   1.57 V   1.48 V   1.36 V   1.01 V   0.51 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       85.00%   1.61 V   1.51 V   1.38 V   1.02 V   0.51 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       82.50%   1.65 V   1.54 V   1.4 V   1.03 V   0.51 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       80.00%   1.68 V   1.57 V   1.42 V   1.04 V   0.51 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       77.50%   1.72 V    1.6 V   1.45 V   1.05 V   0.52 V   0.27 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       75.00%   1.76 V   1.63 V   1.47 V   1.06 V   0.52 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       72.50%   1.81 V   1.66 V    1.5 V   1.07 V   0.52 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       70.00%   1.85 V    1.7 V   1.52 V   1.09 V   0.53 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       67.50%    1.9 V   1.73 V   1.55 V    1.1 V   0.53 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       65.00%   1.94 V   1.77 V   1.58 V   1.11 V   0.53 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       62.50%   1.99 V   1.81 V   1.61 V   1.12 V   0.53 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       60.00%   2.04 V   1.85 V   1.64 V   1.14 V   0.54 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       57.50%    2.1 V   1.89 V   1.67 V   1.15 V   0.54 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       55.00%   2.15 V   1.94 V    1.7 V   1.17 V   0.55 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       52.50%   2.21 V   1.98 V   1.73 V   1.18 V   0.55 V   0.28 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       50.00%   2.27 V   2.03 V   1.77 V    1.2 V   0.55 V   0.29 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       47.50%   2.33 V   2.08 V   1.81 V   1.22 V   0.56 V   0.29 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       45.00%    2.4 V   2.13 V   1.85 V   1.24 V   0.56 V   0.29 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       42.50%   2.47 V   2.18 V   1.89 V   1.25 V   0.57 V   0.29 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       40.00%   2.54 V   2.24 V   1.93 V   1.27 V   0.57 V   0.29 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       37.50%   2.61 V   2.29 V   1.97 V   1.29 V   0.57 V   0.29 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       35.00%   2.68 V   2.35 V   2.01 V   1.31 V   0.58 V   0.29 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       32.50%   2.76 V   2.41 V   2.06 V   1.33 V   0.58 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       30.00%   2.83 V   2.47 V    2.1 V   1.35 V   0.59 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       27.50%    2.9 V   2.52 V   2.14 V   1.37 V   0.59 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       25.00%   2.96 V   2.57 V   2.18 V   1.39 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       22.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       20.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       17.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       15.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       12.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       10.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       7.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       5.00%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V       2.50%    3.0 V    2.6 V    2.2 V    1.4 V    0.6 V    0.3 V   0.16 V   0.0 V                  
 
         [0075]      FIG. 4 , to be compared with  FIG. 3 , illustrates these new variations of voltage references V 0  to V 7  by curves. After this transformation, there are almost no more differences for the reference voltages V 6  and V 7  between the different APL values.  
         [0076]     This non linear transformation f applied to the reference voltages V 1  to V 7  should be compensated by an inverse transformation f −1  in the video signal processing chain of the device. With such transformations (f and f −1 ), it is possible to obtain an optimized power management without introducing too much difficulties in the low level gradations (low voltages/low currents).  
         [0077]     A circuit implementation of the digital processing and driving unit  4  to be used the power level control method of the invention is given at  FIG. 5 .  
         [0078]     An input picture is forwarded to a power evaluation block  41  that performs the computation of the APL level of the input picture. The APL value is transmitted to a power management block  42 . Since the result of this computation can be only made after a complete frame, the input picture should be then stored in a frame memory  43 , for example a DDRAM, in order to dispose of one frame delay. This memory can be inside or outside the unit  4 .  
         [0079]     Based on this APL value, an appropriate set of reference signals Refn is chosen for instance from a Look Up Table and sent to the Reference Signaling Unit  5  via a programming bus. Advantageously, a non-linear transformation f is integrated in these signals. As indicated previously, these reference signals can be reference voltages or reference currents. This programming should occur during the vertical blanking in order not to disturb the displayed picture.  
         [0080]     In parallel to that, a non-linear transfer function f −1  (it can be a mathematical function or a Look Up Table) which is the inverse of the transformation integrated in the chosen set of reference signals Refn is chosen and is applied to the delayed picture by a block  44 . The picture after processing is sent to a standard OLED processing block  45  and then to a standard OLED driving block  46  for finally driving the display with the current picture information.  
         [0081]     The method of the invention can be used for controlling the contrast of the pictures displayed by the display device. In that case, the method consists in calculating an adjustment factor that is to be applied to the intensity of the signal supplied to the luminous elements in order to make the contrast go from a present value to a required value. This adjustment factor is then applied to the reference signals.  
         [0082]     For example, for reducing the contrast by 50%, the reference signals are decreased from 50%.  
       Annexel 1  
       [0083]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 0 
                 V7 
                  0.00 V 
               
               
                 1 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 9/1175 
                 0.001 V 
               
               
                 2 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 32/1175 
                 0.004 V 
               
               
                 3 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 76/1175 
                  0.01 V 
               
               
                 4 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 141/1175 
                 0.019 V 
               
               
                 5 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 224/1175 
                  0.03 V 
               
               
                 6 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 321/1175 
                 0.043 V 
               
               
                 7 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 425/1175 
                 0.057 V 
               
               
                 8 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 529/1175 
                 0.071 V 
               
               
                 9 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 630/1175 
                 0.084 V 
               
               
                 10 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 727/1175 
                 0.097 V 
               
               
                 11 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 820/1175 
                  0.11 V 
               
               
                 12 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 910/1175 
                 0.122 V 
               
               
                 13 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 998/1175 
                 0.133 V 
               
               
                 14 
                 V7 + (V6 − V7) × 1086/1175 
                 0.145 V 
               
               
                 15 
                 V6 
                 0.157 V 
               
               
                 16 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 89/1097 
                 0.167 V 
               
               
                 17 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 173/1097 
                 0.177 V 
               
               
                 18 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 250/1097 
                 0.186 V 
               
               
                 19 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 320/1097 
                 0.194 V 
               
               
                 20 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 386/1097 
                 0.202 V 
               
               
                 21 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 451/1097 
                  0.21 V 
               
               
                 22 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 517/1097 
                 0.217 V 
               
               
                 23 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 585/1097 
                 0.225 V 
               
               
                 24 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 654/1097 
                 0.233 V 
               
               
                 25 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 723/1097 
                 0.241 V 
               
               
                 26 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 790/1097 
                 0.249 V 
               
               
                 27 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 855/1097 
                 0.257 V 
               
               
                 28 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 917/1097 
                 0.264 V 
               
               
                 29 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 977/1097 
                 0.271 V 
               
               
                 30 
                 V6 + (V5 − V6) × 1037/1097 
                 0.278 V 
               
               
                 31 
                 V5 
                 0.285 V 
               
               
                 32 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 60/1501 
                 0.298 V 
               
               
                 33 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 119/1501 
                  0.31 V 
               
               
                 34 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 176/1501 
                 0.322 V 
               
               
                 35 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 231/1501 
                 0.334 V 
               
               
                 36 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 284/1501 
                 0.345 V 
               
               
                 37 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 335/1501 
                 0.356 V 
               
               
                 38 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 385/1501 
                 0.366 V 
               
               
                 39 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 434/1501 
                 0.376 V 
               
               
                 40 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 483/1501 
                 0.387 V 
               
               
                 41 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 532/1501 
                 0.397 V 
               
               
                 42 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 580/1501 
                 0.407 V 
               
               
                 43 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 628/1501 
                 0.417 V 
               
               
                 44 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 676/1501 
                 0.427 V 
               
               
                 45 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 724/1501 
                 0.438 V 
               
               
                 46 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 772/1501 
                 0.448 V 
               
               
                 47 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 819/1501 
                 0.458 V 
               
               
                 48 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 866/1501 
                 0.468 V 
               
               
                 49 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 912/1501 
                 0.477 V 
               
               
                 50 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 957/1501 
                 0.487 V 
               
               
                 51 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1001/1501 
                 0.496 V 
               
               
                 52 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1045/1501 
                 0.505 V 
               
               
                 53 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1088/1501 
                 0.514 V 
               
               
                 54 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1131/1501 
                 0.523 V 
               
               
                 55 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1173/1501 
                 0.532 V 
               
               
                 56 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1215/1501 
                 0.541 V 
               
               
                 57 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1257/1501 
                  0.55 V 
               
               
                 58 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1298/1501 
                 0.559 V 
               
               
                 59 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1339/1501 
                 0.567 V 
               
               
                 60 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1380/1501 
                 0.576 V 
               
               
                 61 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1421/1501 
                 0.584 V 
               
               
                 62 
                 V5 + (V4 − V5) × 1461/1501 
                 0.593 V 
               
               
                 63 
                 V4 
                 0.601 V 
               
               
                 64 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 40/2215 
                 0.615 V 
               
               
                 65 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 80/2215 
                 0.628 V 
               
               
                 66 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 120/2215 
                 0.641 V 
               
               
                 67 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 160/2215 
                 0.654 V 
               
               
                 68 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 200/2215 
                 0.667 V 
               
               
                 69 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 240/2215 
                 0.681 V 
               
               
                 70 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 280/2215 
                 0.694 V 
               
               
                 71 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 320/2215 
                 0.707 V 
               
               
                 72 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 360/2215 
                  0.72 V 
               
               
                 73 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 400/2215 
                 0.734 V 
               
               
                 74 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 440/2215 
                 0.747 V 
               
               
                 75 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 480/2215 
                  0.76 V 
               
               
                 76 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 520/2215 
                 0.773 V 
               
               
                 77 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 560/2215 
                 0.787 V 
               
               
                 78 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 600/2215 
                  0.80 V 
               
               
                 79 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 640/2215 
                 0.813 V 
               
               
                 80 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 680/2215 
                 0.826 V 
               
               
                 81 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 719/2215 
                 0.839 V 
               
               
                 82 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 758/2215 
                 0.852 V 
               
               
                 83 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 796/2215 
                 0.865 V 
               
               
                 84 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 834/2215 
                 0.877 V 
               
               
                 85 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 871/2215 
                 0.889 V 
               
               
                 86 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 908/2215 
                 0.902 V 
               
               
                 87 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 944/2215 
                 0.914 V 
               
               
                 88 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 980/2215 
                 0.925 V 
               
               
                 89 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1016/2215 
                 0.937 V 
               
               
                 90 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1052/2215 
                 0.949 V 
               
               
                 91 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1087/2215 
                 0.961 V 
               
               
                 92 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1122/2215 
                 0.972 V 
               
               
                 93 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1157/2215 
                 0.984 V 
               
               
                 94 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1192/2215 
                 0.996 V 
               
               
                 95 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1226/2215 
                 1.007 V 
               
               
                 96 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1260/2215 
                 1.018 V 
               
               
                 97 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1294/2215 
                 1.029 V 
               
               
                 98 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1328/2215 
                  1.04 V 
               
               
                 99 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1362/2215 
                 1.052 V 
               
               
                 100 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1396/2215 
                 1.063 V 
               
               
                 101 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1429/2215 
                 1.074 V 
               
               
                 102 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1462/2215 
                 1.085 V 
               
               
                 103 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1495/2215 
                 1.096 V 
               
               
                 104 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1528/2215 
                 1.107 V 
               
               
                 105 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1561/2215 
                 1.118 V 
               
               
                 106 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1593/2215 
                 1.128 V 
               
               
                 107 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1625/2215 
                 1.139 V 
               
               
                 108 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1657/2215 
                 1.149 V 
               
               
                 109 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1688/2215 
                  1.16 V 
               
               
                 110 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1719/2215 
                  1.17 V 
               
               
                 111 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1750/2215 
                  1.18 V 
               
               
                 112 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1781/2215 
                  1.19 V 
               
               
                 113 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1811/2215 
                  1.20 V 
               
               
                 114 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1841/2215 
                  1.21 V 
               
               
                 115 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1871/2215 
                  1.22 V 
               
               
                 116 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1901/2215 
                  1.23 V 
               
               
                 117 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1930/2215 
                  1.24 V 
               
               
                 118 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1959/2215 
                 1.249 V 
               
               
                 119 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 1988/2215 
                 1.259 V 
               
               
                 120 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 2016/2215 
                 1.268 V 
               
               
                 121 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 2044/2215 
                 1.277 V 
               
               
                 122 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 2072/2215 
                 1.287 V 
               
               
                 123 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 2100/2215 
                 1.296 V 
               
               
                 124 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 2128/2215 
                 1.305 V 
               
               
                 125 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 2156/2215 
                 1.314 V 
               
               
                 126 
                 V4 + (V3 − V4) × 2185/2215 
                 1.324 V 
               
               
                 127 
                 V3 
                 1.334 V 
               
               
                 128 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 31/2343 
                 1.344 V 
               
               
                 129 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 64/2343 
                 1.354 V 
               
               
                 130 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 97/2343 
                 1.365 V 
               
               
                 131 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 130/2343 
                 1.375 V 
               
               
                 132 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 163/2343 
                 1.386 V 
               
               
                 133 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 196/2343 
                 1.396 V 
               
               
                 134 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 229/2343 
                 1.407 V 
               
               
                 135 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 262/2343 
                 1.417 V 
               
               
                 136 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 295/2343 
                 1.428 V 
               
               
                 137 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 328/2343 
                 1.438 V 
               
               
                 138 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 361/2343 
                 1.449 V 
               
               
                 139 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 395/2343 
                  1.46 V 
               
               
                 140 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 429/2343 
                 1.471 V 
               
               
                 141 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 463/2343 
                 1.481 V 
               
               
                 142 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 497/2343 
                 1.492 V 
               
               
                 143 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 531/2343 
                 1.503 V 
               
               
                 144 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 566/2343 
                 1.514 V 
               
               
                 145 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 601/2343 
                 1.525 V 
               
               
                 146 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 636/2343 
                 1.536 V 
               
               
                 147 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 671/2343 
                 1.548 V 
               
               
                 148 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 706/2343 
                 1.559 V 
               
               
                 149 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 741/2343 
                  1.57 V 
               
               
                 150 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 777/2343 
                 1.581 V 
               
               
                 151 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 813/2343 
                 1.593 V 
               
               
                 152 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 849/2343 
                 1.604 V 
               
               
                 153 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 885/2343 
                 1.616 V 
               
               
                 154 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 921/2343 
                 1.627 V 
               
               
                 155 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 958/2343 
                 1.639 V 
               
               
                 156 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 995/2343 
                 1.651 V 
               
               
                 157 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1032/2343 
                 1.663 V 
               
               
                 158 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1069/2343 
                 1.674 V 
               
               
                 159 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1106/2343 
                 1.686 V 
               
               
                 160 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1143/2343 
                 1.698 V 
               
               
                 161 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1180/2343 
                  1.71 V 
               
               
                 162 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1217/2343 
                 1.722 V 
               
               
                 163 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1255/2343 
                 1.734 V 
               
               
                 164 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1293/2343 
                 1.746 V 
               
               
                 165 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1331/2343 
                 1.758 V 
               
               
                 166 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1369/2343 
                  1.77 V 
               
               
                 167 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1407/2343 
                 1.782 V 
               
               
                 168 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1445/2343 
                 1.794 V 
               
               
                 169 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1483/2343 
                 1.806 V 
               
               
                 170 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1521/2343 
                 1.819 V 
               
               
                 171 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1559/2343 
                 1.831 V 
               
               
                 172 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1597/2343 
                 1.843 V 
               
               
                 173 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1635/2343 
                 1.855 V 
               
               
                 174 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1673/2343 
                 1.867 V 
               
               
                 175 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1712/2343 
                 1.879 V 
               
               
                 176 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1751/2343 
                 1.892 V 
               
               
                 177 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1790/2343 
                 1.904 V 
               
               
                 178 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1829/2343 
                 1.917 V 
               
               
                 179 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1868/2343 
                 1.929 V 
               
               
                 180 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1907/2343 
                 1.942 V 
               
               
                 181 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1946/2343 
                 1.954 V 
               
               
                 182 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 1985/2343 
                 1.966 V 
               
               
                 183 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2024/2343 
                 1.979 V 
               
               
                 184 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2064/2343 
                 1.992 V 
               
               
                 185 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2103/2343 
                 2.004 V 
               
               
                 186 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2143/2343 
                 2.017 V 
               
               
                 187 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2183/2343 
                  2.03 V 
               
               
                 188 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2223/2343 
                 2.042 V 
               
               
                 189 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2263/2343 
                 2.055 V 
               
               
                 190 
                 V3 + (V2 − V3) × 2303/2343 
                 2.068 V 
               
               
                 191 
                 V2 
                 2.081 V 
               
               
                 192 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 40/1638 
                  2.09 V 
               
               
                 193 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 81/1638 
                  2.10 V 
               
               
                 194 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 124/1638 
                  2.11 V 
               
               
                 195 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 168/1638 
                 2.121 V 
               
               
                 196 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 213/1638 
                 2.131 V 
               
               
                 197 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 259/1638 
                 2.142 V 
               
               
                 198 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 306/1638 
                 2.153 V 
               
               
                 199 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 353/1638 
                 2.165 V 
               
               
                 200 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 401/1638 
                 2.176 V 
               
               
                 201 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 450/1638 
                 2.188 V 
               
               
                 202 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 499/1638 
                 2.199 V 
               
               
                 203 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 548/1638 
                 2.211 V 
               
               
                 204 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 597/1638 
                 2.223 V 
               
               
                 205 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 646/1638 
                 2.234 V 
               
               
                 206 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 695/1638 
                 2.246 V 
               
               
                 207 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 745/1638 
                 2.258 V 
               
               
                 208 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 795/1638 
                  2.27 V 
               
               
                 209 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 846/1638 
                 2.282 V 
               
               
                 210 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 897/1638 
                 2.294 V 
               
               
                 211 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 949/1638 
                 2.307 V 
               
               
                 212 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1002/1638 
                 2.319 V 
               
               
                 213 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1056/1638 
                 2.332 V 
               
               
                 214 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1111/1638 
                 2.345 V 
               
               
                 215 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1167/1638 
                 2.359 V 
               
               
                 216 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1224/1638 
                 2.372 V 
               
               
                 217 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1281/1638 
                 2.386 V 
               
               
                 218 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1339/1638 
                  2.40 V 
               
               
                 219 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1398/1638 
                 2.414 V 
               
               
                 220 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1458/1638 
                 2.428 V 
               
               
                 221 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1518/1638 
                 2.442 V 
               
               
                 222 
                 V2 + (V1 − V2) × 1578/1638 
                 2.457 V 
               
               
                 223 
                 V1 
                 2.471 V 
               
               
                 224 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 60/3029 
                 2.478 V 
               
               
                 225 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 120/3029 
                 2.486 V 
               
               
                 226 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 180/3029 
                 2.493 V 
               
               
                 227 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 241/3029 
                 2.501 V 
               
               
                 228 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 304/3029 
                 2.509 V 
               
               
                 229 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 369/3029 
                 2.517 V 
               
               
                 230 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 437/3029 
                 2.526 V 
               
               
                 231 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 507/3029 
                 2.534 V 
               
               
                 232 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 580/3029 
                 2.544 V 
               
               
                 233 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 655/3029 
                 2.553 V 
               
               
                 234 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 732/3029 
                 2.563 V 
               
               
                 235 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 810/3029 
                 2.572 V 
               
               
                 236 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 889/3029 
                 2.582 V 
               
               
                 237 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 969/3029 
                 2.592 V 
               
               
                 238 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1050/3029 
                 2.602 V 
               
               
                 239 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1133/3029 
                 2.613 V 
               
               
                 240 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1218/3029 
                 2.623 V 
               
               
                 241 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1304/3029 
                 2.634 V 
               
               
                 242 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1393/3029 
                 2.645 V 
               
               
                 243 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1486/3029 
                 2.657 V 
               
               
                 244 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1583/3029 
                 2.669 V 
               
               
                 245 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1686/3029 
                 2.682 V 
               
               
                 246 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1794/3029 
                 2.695 V 
               
               
                 247 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 1907/3029 
                  2.71 V 
               
               
                 248 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2026/3029 
                 2.724 V 
               
               
                 249 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2150/3029 
                  2.74 V 
               
               
                 250 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2278/3029 
                 2.756 V 
               
               
                 251 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2411/3029 
                 2.773 V 
               
               
                 252 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2549/3029 
                  2.79 V 
               
               
                 253 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2694/3029 
                 2.808 V 
               
               
                 254 
                 V1 + (V0 − V1) × 2851/3029 
                 2.828 V 
               
               
                 255 
                 V0 
                  2.85 V