Abstract:
Shoulder arthroplasty systems and configurations for components thereof are described. For example, implant systems for a total should arthroplasty (TSA), hemi shoulder arthroplasty, and reverse should arthroplasty (RSA) are described. In addition, exemplary configurations for baseplates, glenoid components, glenosphere components, humeral components, humeral head components, humerosocket components, connectors, and adaptors, are described.

Description:
PRIORITY/CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/442,272 filed on Feb. 13, 2011 titled “Unique Convertible Design for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/476,263 filed on Apr. 16, 2011 titled “Unique Baseplate, Glenosphere and Replacement Humeral Head Designs for Reverse, Total or Hemi Shoulder Arthroplasty.” Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference into this disclosure in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The invention relates generally to surgical implant systems. More particularly, the invention relates to shoulder arthroplasty systems and configurations for the components thereof. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    It has become common to perform a shoulder arthroplasty to repair a patient&#39;s shoulder joint that has become dysfunctional due to disease or trauma. In a healthy shoulder, the humeral head is generally ball-shaped, and articulates within a socket formed by the scapula, called the glenoid cavity, to form the shoulder joint. Conventional implant systems for the total replacement of the shoulder joint (e.g., total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)) generally replicate the natural anatomy of the shoulder, and include a metal humeral component having a stem which fits within the humeral canal, and an articulating head which articulates within the socket of a plastic glenoid component implanted within the glenoid of the scapula. The glenoid component can be either a single piece component that is attached to the glenoid, or a two-piece component having a plastic glenoid component attached to a metal baseplate, which is attached to the glenoid. In some cases, however, it is only necessary to replace a part of the shoulder joint, for example, by replacing the humeral head (e.g., a hemi shoulder arthroplasty (HAS)) with a prosthetic humeral head to articulate within the natural glenoid cavity of the scapula. 
         [0004]    Recently, “reverse” type implant systems (e.g., total reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA)) have been developed in which the conventional ball-and-socket configuration that replicates the natural anatomy of the shoulder is reversed, such that a concave recessed articulating component is provided at the proximal end of the humeral component which articulates against a convex portion of a glenoid component. Such reverse shoulder implant systems are thought to provide an increased range of motion for treatment of glenoid humeral arthritis associated with irreparable rotator cuff damage, for example, by moving the center of rotation between the humeral component and the glenoid component to allow the deltoid muscles to exert a greater lever arm on the humerus. 
         [0005]    It is sometimes necessary to convert from one type of implant system (e.g., TSA) to the other type of implant system (e.g., RSA), for example, when a patient does not react positively to an initially implanted system. Furthermore, it is sometimes necessary to replace components that have been implanted and are not functioning properly. Therefore, a need exists for arthroplasty systems and configurations of the components thereof. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    Various shoulder arthroplasty systems are described herein. For example, an exemplary baseplate and humeral component are described which allow for the conversion between a TSA to an RSA, or vice versa. In addition, exemplary configurations for a baseplate, glenoid component, glenosphere component, humeral component, humeral head component, humerosocket component, connector, and adaptor are described. Furthermore, exemplary positioning of osteoinductive material is described to assist in the stability of the components. 
         [0007]    Additional understanding of the systems and configurations contemplated and/or claimed by the inventor can be gained by reviewing the detailed description of exemplary embodiments, presented below, and the referenced drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is a side elevation view of an exemplary TSA system. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a rear elevation view of the TSA system illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the TSA system illustrated in  FIG. 1 , taken along line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a side elevation view of an exemplary baseplate. 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is a front elevation view of the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0013]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 4 , taken along line  6 - 6  in  FIG. 5 . 
           [0014]      FIG. 7  is a rear elevation view of the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 8  is a side elevation view of an exemplary glenoid component. 
           [0016]      FIG. 9  is a rear elevation view of the glenoid component illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0017]      FIG. 10  is a front elevation view of the glenoid component illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0018]      FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of the glenoid component illustrated in  FIG. 8 , taken along line  11 - 11  in  FIG. 10 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 12  is a front elevation view of the glenoid component illustrated in  FIG. 8  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of the glenoid component illustrated in  FIG. 8  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 4 , taken along line  13 - 13  in  FIG. 12 . 
           [0021]      FIG. 14  is a side elevation view of the glenoid component illustrated in  FIG. 8  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 15  is a side elevation view of an exemplary humeral component. 
           [0023]      FIG. 16  is a front elevation view of the humeral component illustrated in  FIG. 15 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 17  is a side elevation view of an exemplary humeral head component. 
           [0025]      FIG. 18  is a rear elevation view of the humeral head component illustrated in  FIG. 17 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 19  is a front elevation view of the humeral head component illustrated in  FIG. 17  attached to the humeral component illustrated in  FIG. 15 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 20  is a cross-sectional view of the humeral head component illustrated in  FIG. 17  attached to the humeral component illustrated in  FIG. 15 , taken along line  20 - 20  in  FIG. 19 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 21  is a side elevation view of an exemplary RSA system. 
           [0029]      FIG. 22  is a rear elevation view of the RSA system illustrated in  FIG. 21 . 
           [0030]      FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view of the RSA system illustrated in  FIG. 21 , taken along line  23 - 23  in  FIG. 22 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 24  is a front elevation view of an exemplary glenosphere component. 
           [0032]      FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 24 , taken along line  25 - 25  in  FIG. 24 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 26  is a rear elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 24 . 
           [0034]      FIG. 27  is a side elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 24 . 
           [0035]      FIG. 28  is a perspective view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 24  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0036]      FIG. 29  is a side elevation view of an exemplary humerosocket component. 
           [0037]      FIG. 30  is a rear elevation view of the humerosocket component illustrated in  FIG. 29 . 
           [0038]      FIG. 31  is a front elevation view of the humerosocket component illustrated in  FIG. 29 . 
           [0039]      FIG. 32  is a cross-sectional view of the humerosocket component illustrated in  FIG. 29 , taken along line  32 - 32  in  FIG. 31 . 
           [0040]      FIG. 33  is a perspective view of another exemplary glenosphere component attached to another exemplary baseplate. 
           [0041]      FIG. 34  is a rear elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 33  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 33 . 
           [0042]      FIG. 35  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 33  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 33 , taken along line  35 - 35  in  FIG. 34 . 
           [0043]      FIG. 36  is a front elevation view of another exemplary glenoid component attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 33 . 
           [0044]      FIG. 37  is a cross-sectional view of the glenoid component illustrated in  FIG. 36  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 33 , taken along line  37 - 37  in  FIG. 36 . 
           [0045]      FIG. 38  is a perspective view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 33  attached to another exemplary baseplate. 
           [0046]      FIG. 39  is a rear elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 33  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 38 . 
           [0047]      FIG. 40  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 33  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 38 , taken along line  40 - 40  in  FIG. 39 . 
           [0048]      FIG. 41  is a perspective view of another exemplary glenosphere component attached to another exemplary baseplate. 
           [0049]      FIG. 42  is a rear elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 41  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 41 . 
           [0050]      FIG. 43  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 41  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 41 , taken along line  43 - 43  in  FIG. 42 . 
           [0051]      FIG. 44  is a perspective view of an exemplary connector. 
           [0052]      FIG. 45  is a side elevation view of the connector illustrated in  FIG. 44 . 
           [0053]      FIG. 46  is a rear elevation view of the connector illustrated in  FIG. 44 . 
           [0054]      FIG. 47  is a cross-sectional view of the connector illustrated in  FIG. 44 , taken along line  47 - 47  in  FIG. 46 . 
           [0055]      FIG. 48  is a perspective view of another exemplary glenosphere component attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 33  using the connector illustrated in  FIG. 44 . 
           [0056]      FIG. 49  is a rear elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 48  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 33  using the connector illustrated in  FIG. 44 . 
           [0057]      FIG. 50  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 48  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 33  using the connector illustrated in  FIG. 44 , taken along line  50 - 50  in  FIG. 49 . 
           [0058]      FIG. 51  is a side elevation view of another exemplary glenosphere component attached to another exemplary baseplate using an exemplary adaptor. 
           [0059]      FIG. 52  is a rear elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 51  using an exemplary adaptor. 
           [0060]      FIG. 53  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51  attached to the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 51  using an exemplary adaptor, taken along line  53 - 53  in  FIG. 52 . 
           [0061]      FIG. 54  is a perspective view of the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 . 
           [0062]      FIG. 55  is a side elevation of the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 . 
           [0063]      FIG. 56  is a rear elevation of the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 . 
           [0064]      FIG. 57  is a cross-sectional view of the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 , taken along line  57 - 57  in  FIG. 56 . 
           [0065]      FIG. 58  is another perspective view of the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 . 
           [0066]      FIG. 59  is a perspective view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
           [0067]      FIG. 60  is another perspective view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
           [0068]      FIG. 61  is a front elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
           [0069]      FIG. 62  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51 , taken along line  62 - 62  in  FIG. 61 . 
           [0070]      FIG. 63  is a perspective view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51  attached to the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 . 
           [0071]      FIG. 64  is a side elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51  attached to the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 . 
           [0072]      FIG. 65  is a front elevation view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51  attached to the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 . 
           [0073]      FIG. 66  is a cross-sectional view of the glenosphere component illustrated in  FIG. 51  attached to the adaptor illustrated in  FIG. 53 , taken along line  66 - 66  in  FIG. 65 . 
           [0074]      FIG. 67  is a front elevation view of the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
           [0075]      FIG. 68  is a cross-sectional view of the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 51 , taken along line  68 - 68  in  FIG. 67 . 
           [0076]      FIG. 69  is a perspective view of the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
           [0077]      FIG. 70  is another perspective view of the baseplate illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0078]    The following detailed description and the appended figures are provided to describe and illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention for the purpose of enabling one of ordinary skill in the relevant art to make and use the invention. The description and figures are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, or its protection, in any manner. 
         [0079]    As used herein the terms “proximal” and “distal” are used to describe opposing axial ends of the particular elements, components, or features being described. The term “attached” refers to the fixed, releasable, or integrated association of two or more elements, components, and/or devices. The term “attached” includes releasably attaching or fixedly attaching two or more elements, components, and/or devices. The terms “medial” and “lateral” are used to describe opposing sides of the particular elements, components, or features being described. The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0080]      FIGS. 1 through 3  illustrate an exemplary TSA system  100  comprising a baseplate  200 , a glenoid component  300 , a humeral component  400 , and a humeral head component  500 . The baseplate  200  is configured to be received by, and attached to, a previously prepared scapula of a patient and the glenoid component  300  is configured to be received by, and attached to, the baseplate  200 . The humeral component  400  is configured to be received by, and attached to, a previously prepared humerus of a patient and the humeral head component  500  is configured to be received by, and attached to, the humeral component  400 . 
         [0081]      FIGS. 4 through 7  illustrate an exemplary baseplate  200  comprising a body  202  and a threaded component  204 . The body  202  is generally circular, has a thickness, and comprises a medial side  206 , lateral side  208 , proximal end  207 , distal end  209 , recess  210 , circumferential, or substantially circumferential, wall  211 , toothed geometry  212 , base  213 , tapered trunnion  214 , and bores  216 . The medial side  206  of the body  202  is convex, or substantially convex, and has threaded component  204  attached thereto. Both the medial side  206  of the baseplate  200  and the threaded component  204 , or portions thereof, are adapted to be received by, and attached to, a previously prepared scapula of a patient. While the medial side  206  has been described and illustrated as convex, or substantially convex, any suitable geometry can be used, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometry for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size and condition of the patient&#39;s scapula, among others. Examples of suitable geometries include flat, concave, and variating surfaces. 
         [0082]    Optionally, a portion, or the entirety of, the medial side  206  of the body  202  can include a textured surface, and/or osteoinductive surface, (not shown) to increase the strength, fixation, stability, and securement of the baseplate  200  to the scapula of a patient. The textured surface can include one or more protuberances, bumps, groves, and/or a roughened surface in any configuration and/or combination. 
         [0083]    The threaded component  204  comprises a threaded shank that extends proximally, and away, from the lateral side  208  of the body  202 . The threads can be formed on the shank and extend from the proximal end to the distal end of the threaded component  204 . Alternatively, the threads can begin at a point between the proximal end and the distal end of the threaded component  204  and extend to the proximal end of the threaded component  204 . In a further alternative, the threaded component  204  can include an enlarged distal end (e.g., shaft  903  of baseplate  900 ) to assist with attachment of the component to the scapula of a patient. 
         [0084]    The threaded component  204  can have any suitable length, diameter, number of threads, and can be positioned in any suitable location and at any suitable angle on the medial side  206  of the body  202 , and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate threaded component, position, and angle according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size and condition of the patient&#39;s scapula, among others. In addition, while a threaded component  204  has been illustrated as attached to the medial side  206  of the body  202 , any suitable attachment mechanism suitable for securing the baseplate  200  to a scapula can be utilized (e.g., attachment pegs, Morse taper). The threaded component  204  can be attached, fixedly attached, removably attached, integral with, or separate from the baseplate  200 . It is considered advantageous to provide a threaded component  204  that is integral with the baseplate  200  to increase the structural stability of the baseplate  200  and its attachment to the scapula of a patient. 
         [0085]    The wall  211  and base  213  cooperatively define recess  210  that extends proximally into the thickness of the body  202  from the lateral side  208  towards the medial side  206 . The wall  211  forms toothed geometry  212  that extends about the entirety, or a portion of, the wall  211  and radially inward towards the center of the baseplate  200 . Base  213  has a concave, or substantially concave, configuration and extends from the wall  211  towards the medial side  206 . 
         [0086]    While the wall  211  has been described as circumferential, or substantially circumferential, other configurations are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate configuration according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the configuration of the glenoid component  300 , among others. An example of a configuration of wall that is considered suitable includes a wall that partially extends around the circumference of the body of the baseplate. In addition, while the toothed geometry  212  has been described as extending into recess  210 , other configurations are considered suitable, and the depth and length provided between each tooth of the toothed geometry  212 , the number of teeth, and the angle at which the teeth are disposed on the wall  211  of the recessed portion  210  can vary, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate configuration according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size and/or configuration of the baseplate and glenoid component. Furthermore, while base  213  has been described and illustrated as being concave, or substantially concave, any suitable geometry can be used, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometry for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the geometry of the medial side of the body, and/or the geometry of the medial side of the glenoid component, among others. Examples of suitable geometries include flat, convex, and variating surfaces. 
         [0087]    Tapered trunnion  214  (e.g., Morse taper) is disposed on the base  213  of the body  202 , extends from the base  213  towards the first lateral side, and tapers from its base to its distal end  215 . The tapered trunnion  214  defines a hexagonal recess  218  at, or near, the center of the distal end  215 , which extends proximally into the tapered trunnion  214  away from the lateral side  208 , and is adapted to receive a tool used to assist with installing the baseplate  200  into the scapula of a patient. The tapered trunnion  214  can include one or more annular ribs, protuberances, and/or raised surfaces (not shown) to increase stability of the component when another component is attached thereto. While a hexagonal recess  218  has been illustrated as defined by the tapered trunnion  214 , any suitable geometrical shape can be defined by the tapered trunnion  214 , and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometrical shape for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the depth of the tapered trunnion, among others. 
         [0088]    Bores  216  are positioned between the tapered trunnion  214  and toothed geometry  212  and extend through the thickness of the body  202  from the medial side  206  to the lateral side  208 . The bores  216  are equidistantly spaced about the tapered trunnion  214  and allow for one or more fasteners to have a length inserted through the bores  216  and into the scapula of a patient, assisting with securing the baseplate  200  to the scapula of a patient. While four bores  216  have been illustrated equidistantly spaced about the tapered trunnion, any suitable number of bores and configuration can be incorporated into the baseplate, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate number of bores for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the size of the scapula, among others. Examples of suitable numbers of bores include one, two, three, four, five, six and any number determined suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, bores  216  can be omitted. 
         [0089]    The baseplate  200  is formed of a metal, alloy, or any other suitable biocompatible material. Exemplary materials considered suitable for the baseplate include titanium (Ti), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) and other cobalt alloys (e.g., cobalt-chromium (CoCr). The baseplate  200  advantageously provides a component that serves as a universal platform that may be used with various modular components (e.g., glenoid component  300 , glenosphere component  700 ) in the manner described herein to configure the baseplate  200  for use in a TSA or a RSA. Thus, once the baseplate  200  is implanted onto the scapula of a patient, the baseplate  200  can be configured for a TSA as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 through 3 , or a RSA as illustrated in  FIGS. 21 through 23 . While the baseplate  200  has been described as formed of a metal, alloy, or other suitable biocompatible material, other materials are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate material according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the intended use of the baseplate, among others. 
         [0090]      FIGS. 8 through 11  illustrate an exemplary glenoid component  300  comprising a generally circular body  302 , raised geometry  304 , toothed geometry  306 , tapered cavity  308  and an articulating surface  310 . The body  302  has a medial side  312  and a lateral side  314  defining an articulating surface  310 . The raised geometry  304  is disposed on the medial side  312  of the body  302 , extends away from the lateral side  314  of the body  302 , and has an outer circumferential, or substantially circumferential, perimeter  316  and a convex, or substantially convex, portion  318  that extends from the outer perimeter  316  and away from the lateral side  314 . The toothed geometry  306  is formed on the outer perimeter  316  and extends about the entirety of, or a portion of, the perimeter  316  and radially outward away from the raised geometry  304 . 
         [0091]    The raised geometry  304  has a configuration that compliments the configuration of the recess  210  of the baseplate  200 , and is adapted to be received by, and engage with, the geometry of the recess  210  of the baseplate  200 . The toothed geometry  306  of the glenoid component  300  is configured to compliment the toothed geometry  212  of the baseplate  200  and is adapted to be received by, and engage with, the toothed geometry  212  of the baseplate  200 . The depth and length provided between each tooth of the toothed geometry  306 , the number of teeth, and the angle at which the teeth are disposed on the perimeter  316  of the raised geometry  304  can vary, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate configuration according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size of the baseplate and glenoid component. While portion  318  has been described and illustrated as being convex, or substantially convex, any suitable geometry can be used, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometry for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the geometry of the lateral side of the body of the baseplate, among others. Examples of suitable geometries include flat, concave, and variating surfaces. 
         [0092]    In addition, while the raised geometry  304  is described as having a circumferential, or substantially circumferential, perimeter  316 , other configurations are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate configuration according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the configuration of the baseplate  200 , among others. An example of a configuration for the raised geometry, and/or perimeter, that is considered suitable includes a raised geometry, and/or perimeter, that partially extends around the circumference of the body of the glenoid component. 
         [0093]    The raised geometry  304  defines tapered cavity  308  which has an opening  320  defined on the convex, or substantially convex, portion  318 . The tapered cavity  308  extends distally from the opening  320  into the raised geometry  304  and is tapered from the opening  320  to the base  322  of the tapered cavity  308 . The tapered cavity  308  is adapted to receive the tapered trunnion  214  of the baseplate  200  (e.g., Morse taper) to attach the glenoid component  300  to the baseplate  200 , and has a configuration complimentary to the tapered trunnion  214  of the baseplate  200 . 
         [0094]    The lateral side  314  of the glenoid component  300  defines a raised anatomically shaped articulating surface  310  configured to articulate with a humeral head (e.g., prosthetic or natural) of a patient. The articulating surface  310  is generally smooth, uninterrupted, and concave or substantially concave. The geometry of the articulating surface  310  is configured to approximate, and/or replicate, the anatomy and structure of the glenoid cavity of a patient (e.g., radius, thickness, length, width). 
         [0095]    The glenoid component  300  is formed of a ceramic, metal, or other suitable biocompatible material. Exemplary materials considered suitable for the glenoid component  300  include titanium (Ti), and cobalt alloys (e.g., cobalt-chromium (CoCr), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo)). It is considered advantageous to provide a glenoid component  300  formed of a metal to provide enhanced wear properties of the component. The glenoid component  300  is configured to be attached to the baseplate  200  using an impact instrument that impacts the tapered trunnion  214  of the baseplate  200  into the tapered cavity  308  of the glenoid component  300  creating a cold weld between the two components. The articulating surface  310 , glenoid component  300 , and/or baseplate  200 , can be provided in a variety of different radii and/or sizes, such as with varying diameters, heights, and widths to enable a surgeon to select an optimal articulating surface  310 , glenoid component  300  and/or baseplate  200  needed for the anatomy of a particular patient. While the glenoid component  300  has been described as formed of a ceramic, metal, or other suitable biocompatible material, other materials are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate material according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the intended use of the glenoid component, among others. 
         [0096]    The toothed geometry  212  of the baseplate  200  and/or the toothed geometry  306  of the glenoid component  300  are adapted to receive one another, and include a tolerance sufficient to allow the components to properly engage with one another and become securely engaged, as illustrated in  FIGS. 12 through 14 , which advantageously provides a combination of components (e.g., glenoid implant) that prevents, or substantially limits, rotation subsequent to installation. In addition, the configuration of the toothed geometry  212  of the baseplate  200  and/or the toothed geometry  306  of the glenoid component  300  advantageously provide for rotationally variable positioning of the glenoid component  300  within the baseplate  200  when the two components are being attached to one another. 
         [0097]    While the baseplate  200  and the glenoid component  300 , or portions thereof, have been illustrated as circular, or substantially circular, other shapes are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate shape for a baseplate and glenoid component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the anatomy of the patient, among others. Examples of shapes considered suitable include oval, oblong, rectangular and any shape determined suitable for a particular application. 
         [0098]      FIGS. 15 and 16  illustrate an exemplary humeral component  400  comprising a proximal end  402 , distal end  404 , distal stem  406 , transition region  408 , and proximal head  410 . The distal stem  406  extends from the distal end  404  to the transition region  408  and is adapted to be fitted within a prepared proximal end and canal of the humerus of a patient. The transition region  408  flares outwardly, and away, from the distal stem  406  and includes apertures  412  that extend through a portion of the transition region  408  of the humeral component  400 . Sutures may be threaded through the apertures  412  to aid in reducing humeral fractures, or as otherwise needed. For example, the apertures  412  may be used by a physician to reconstruct the proximal humerus in the event of humeral fractures, for the attachment of soft tissue, and/or for the attachment of tuberosity fragments. The number of apertures  412  can vary, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate number of apertures for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the intended use of the apertures, among others. Examples of suitable numbers of apertures include one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and any number determined suitable for a particular application. 
         [0099]    Proximal head  410  is substantially enlarged with respect to the distal stem  406 , flares outwardly from the transition region  408 , and extends to the proximal end  402  of the humeral component  400 . The proximal head  410  defines cavity  414  that extends distally into the proximal head  410  from the proximal end  402  of the humeral component  400 . The cavity  414  has a first annular portion  416 , lip  417 , second annular portion  418 , tapered portion  419 , and base  420 , as shown in  FIG. 20 . The first annular portion  416  is located at the proximal end of the cavity and extends distally into the proximal head  410  from the proximal end  402  of the humeral component  400  to lip  417 , which extends radially inward towards the center of the internal cavity  414  and away from the wall of the proximal head  410 . Distal to the lip  417  is second annular portion  418  that tapers from its proximal end at lip  417 , which has a smaller outside diameter than the first annular portion  416 , to its distal end at tapered portion  419 . Tapered portion  419  is tapered from its proximal end to its distal end and extends distally to the base  420 , which is perpendicular, or substantially perpendicular, to the first annular portion  416 . 
         [0100]    The proximal head  410  defines two recessed notches  422  that extend radially outward from the first annular portion  416  and away from the center of the cavity  414  and distally into the proximal head  410 . The recessed notches  422  advantageously provide for substantially limiting, and/or substantially eliminating, the rotation of the humeral head component  500  when it is attached to the humeral component  400 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 19 and 20 . While two recessed notches  422  having a substantially curved perimeter have been described and illustrated, any suitable number of recessed notches and configurations can be used, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of recessed notches, and configurations for the recessed notches, according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size of the humeral head component being used in conjunction with the humeral component, among others. Examples of suitable numbers of recessed notches include one, two, three, four, five and any number determined suitable for a particular application. 
         [0101]    The humeral component  400  is formed of a ceramic, metal, or other suitable biocompatible material. Exemplary materials considered suitable for the humeral component  400  include titanium (Ti), and cobalt alloys (e.g., cobalt-chromium (CoCr), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo)). The humeral component  400  can comprise a single component. Alternatively, the humeral component  400  can comprise one or more components attached to one another. The humeral component  400  advantageously provides a component that serves as a universal platform that may be used with various modular components in the manner described herein to configure the humeral component  400  for use in a TSA or a RSA. Thus, once the humeral component  400  is implanted within a prepared proximal humerus of a patient, the humeral component  400  can be configured for a TSA as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 through 3 , a RSA as illustrated in  FIGS. 21 through 23 , or a hemi shoulder arthroplasty. 
         [0102]      FIGS. 17 and 18  illustrate an exemplary humeral head component  500  comprising a medial side  502 , lateral side  504 , projection  506 , protuberances  508 , and an articulating surface  510 . The projection  506  is positioned on the lateral side  504  of the humeral head component  500 , extends distally from the distal end  505  of the articulating surface  510 , and comprises a first annular portion  512 , recess  514 , second annular portion  516 , tapered portion  518 , and base  520 . The first annular portion  516  extends distally from the distal end  505  of the articulating surface  510  to recess  514 , which extends radially inward towards the center of the projection  506 . Distal to the recess  514  is second annular portion  516  that tapers from its proximal end at recess  514 , which has a larger outside diameter than recess  514 , to its distal end at tapered portion  518 . Tapered portion  518  is tapered from its proximal end to its distal end and extends distally to the base  520  of the projection  506 , which is perpendicular, or substantially perpendicular, to the first annular portion  512 . Protuberances  508  extend outwardly from the first annular portion  512 , away from the center of the projection  506 , and are configured to be received by, and engage with, the recessed notches  422  of the humeral component  400 . 
         [0103]    The humeral head component  500  defines a convex anatomically shaped articulating surface  510  on the medial side  502  that articulates with the articulating surface  310  of the glenoid component  300  or with a natural glenoid. The articulating surface  510  can be provided in a variety of different radii and sizes, such as with varying diameters and varying heights to enable a surgeon to select an optimal humeral head component  500  needed for the anatomy of a particular patient. The articulating surface  510  is generally smooth, uninterrupted, and convex, or substantially convex. The geometry of the articulating surface  510  is configured to approximate, or replicate, the anatomy and structure of the head of a humerus of a patient (e.g., radius, thickness, length, width). 
         [0104]    The humeral head component  500  is formed of ceramic, polyethylene or any other suitable biocompatible material. An exemplary material considered suitable for the humeral head component  500  is ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). While the humeral head component  500  has been described as formed of a ceramic, polyethylene, or other suitable biocompatible material, other materials are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate material according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the intended use of the humeral head component, among others. 
         [0105]    During use, the humeral head component  500  is attached to the humeral component  400  by using an interference fit between the projection  506  and cavity  414  with, or without, the use of cement. Protuberances  508  advantageously provide for substantially limiting, and/or substantially eliminating, the rotation of the humeral head component  500  when attached to the humeral component  400 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 19 and 20 . While particular geometries have been described and illustrated with respect to the cavity  414  and projection  506 , other geometries can be used, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometry for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the geometry of the internal cavity of the humeral component and/or the geometry of the projection of the humeral head component. Examples of geometries considered suitable for the lateral side, projection, and/or protuberances of the humeral head component include geometries that mirror or substantially mirror the geometry of the internal cavity and recessed notches of the humeral component, and vise versa. 
         [0106]      FIGS. 21 through 23  illustrate an exemplary RSA system  600  comprising a baseplate  200 , a glenosphere component  700 , a humeral component  400 , and a humerosocket component  800 . The baseplate  200  is similar to that described above with respect to  FIGS. 4 through 7  and the humeral component  400  is similar to that described above with respect to  FIGS. 15 and 16 , unless otherwise described below. The baseplate  200  is configured to be received by, and attached to, a previously prepared glenoid of a patient and the glenosphere component  700  is configured to be received by, and attached to, the baseplate  200 . The humeral component  400  is configured to be received by, and attached to, a previously prepared humerus of a patient and the humerosocket component  800  is configured to be received by, and attached to, the humeral component  400 . 
         [0107]      FIGS. 24 through 27  illustrate an exemplary glenosphere component  700  comprising proximal end  702 , distal end  704 , medial side  706 , lateral side  708 , base  707 , circumferential, or substantially circumferential, wall  709 , recess  710 , raised geometry  711 , toothed geometry  712 , tapered cavity  714 , articulating surface  716 , bore  718 , and retaining screw  720 . On the medial side  706 , the wall  709  and the base  707  cooperatively define a circumferential, or substantially circumferential, recess  710  extending from the medial side  706  towards the lateral side  708  and into the glenosphere component  700 . The raised geometry  711  is disposed within recess  710 , extends from the base  707  towards the medial side  706 , and has an outer circumferential, or substantially circumferential, perimeter  705 . The raised geometry  711  forms a toothed geometry  712  that extends about the entirety, or a portion, of the perimeter  705  and radially outward away from the center of the glenosphere component  700 . 
         [0108]    The toothed geometry  712  of the glenosphere component  700  is adapted to be received by, and engage with, the toothed geometry  212  of the baseplate  200  and is configured to compliment the toothed geometry of the  212  of the baseplate. The depth and length provided between each tooth of the toothed geometry  712 , the number of teeth, and the angle at which the teeth are disposed on the perimeter  705  of the raised geometry  711  can vary, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate configuration according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size of the baseplate and glenoid component. 
         [0109]    The raised geometry  711  also has a convex, or substantially convex, portion  703  that extends proximally from the perimeter  705  and away from the base  707 . The raised geometry  711  of the glenosphere component is adapted to be received by, and engage with, the geometry of the recess  210  of the baseplate  200 . While portion  703  of the raised geometry  711  has been described and illustrated as being convex or substantially convex, the recess  710  has been described as being circumferential in configuration, and the raised geometry has been described as circumferential in configuration, any suitable geometry can be used, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometry for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the geometry of the recess of the baseplate and/or the recess of the glenosphere component, among others. Examples of suitable geometries include flat, convex, and variating surfaces, among others. Examples of configurations for the recess, raised geometry, and/or outer perimeter that are considered suitable include a recess, raised geometry, and/or outer perimeter that partially extend around the circumference of the glenosphere component. 
         [0110]    In addition, while the glenosphere component  700 , or portions thereof, have been illustrated as circular, or substantially circular, other shapes are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate shape for a glenosphere component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the anatomy of the patient, among others. Examples of shapes considered suitable include oval, oblong, rectangular and any shape determined suitable for a particular application. 
         [0111]    The raised geometry  711  defines tapered cavity  714  and opening  715  of the tapered cavity  714  on portion  703 . The tapered cavity  714  extends distally into the raised geometry  711  from opening  715  defined by raised geometry  711 , defines a taper from the opening  715  to its base  717 , and is adapted to receive the tapered trunnion  214  of the baseplate  200  (e.g., Morse taper) to attach the glenosphere component  700  to the baseplate  200 . The tapered cavity  714  has a configuration complimentary to the tapered trunnion  214  of the baseplate  200 . 
         [0112]    The glenosphere component  700  defines an anatomically shaped, generally convex, articulating surface  716  on the lateral side  708  configured to articulate with a humerosocket component (e.g.,  800 ). The articulating surface  716  defines a first opening  719  to bore  718 , which extends through the glenosphere component  700  to tapered cavity  714  allowing for the glenosphere component  700  to be attached to the baseplate  200  by retaining screw  720 . The retaining screw  720  can be attached to, or provided separately from, the glenosphere component  700 , and acts as a secondary means of attachment between the glenosphere component  700  and the baseplate  200 . The proximal end of the retaining screw  720  is adapted to receive a tool used to assist with installing the baseplate  200  and/or glenosphere component  700  into the scapula of a patient. 
         [0113]    The articulating surface  716  is generally smooth, uninterrupted, and convex, or substantially convex. The geometry of the articulating surface  716  can be provided in a variety of different radii and sizes, such as with varying diameters and varying heights to enable a surgeon to select an optimal glenosphere component  700  needed for the anatomy of a particular patient. 
         [0114]    The toothed geometry  212  of the baseplate  200  and the toothed geometry  712  of the glenosphere component  700  are adapted to receive one another, and include a tolerance sufficient to allow the components to properly engage with one another, as illustrated in  FIG. 28 , which advantageously provides a combination of components (e.g., glenoid implant) that prevents rotation of the glenosphere component  700  when attached to the baseplate  200 . In addition, the configuration of the toothed geometry  212  of the baseplate  200  and/or the toothed geometry  711  of the glenosphere component  700  advantageously provides for rotationally variable positioning of the glenosphere component  700  within the baseplate  200  when the two components are attached to one another. 
         [0115]    The glenosphere component  700  is formed of a ceramic, metal, or other suitable biocompatible material. Exemplary materials considered suitable for the glenosphere component  700  include titanium (Ti), and cobalt alloys (e.g., cobalt-chromium (CoCr), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo)). The glenosphere component  700  is configured to be attached to the baseplate  200  using an impact instrument that impacts the tapered trunnion  214  of the baseplate  200  into the tapered cavity  714  of the glenosphere component  700  creating a cold weld between the two components. 
         [0116]      FIGS. 29 through 32  illustrate an exemplary humerosocket component  800  comprising a medial side  802 , lateral side  804 , first annular portion  805 , projection  806 , protuberances  808 , and articulating face  810 . The projection  806  is positioned on the lateral side  804  of the humerosocket component  800 , extends distally from the distal end  807  of the first annular portion  805 , and comprises a second annular portion  812 , recess  814 , ridges  816 , tapered portion  818 , and base  820 . The second annular portion  812  extends distally from the distal end  807  of the first annular portion  805  to recess  814 , which extends radially inward towards the center of the projection  806 . Distal to the recess  814 , and proximal to the tapered portion  818 , are ridges  816  that extend outwardly away from the center of the projection  806  and are configured to provide a friction fit between the humerosocket component  800  and the humeral component  400  when the humerosocket component  800  is attached to the humeral component  400 . Tapered portion  818  is tapered from its proximal end to its distal end and extends from the last ridge, or near the last ridge, distally to the base  820  of the projection  806 , which is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first annular portion  812 . The protuberances  808  extend outwardly from the second annular portion  512 , away from the center of the projection  806 , and are configured to be received by the recessed notches  422  of the humeral component  400 . 
         [0117]    The humerosocket component  800  defines a concave articulating face  810  on medial side  802  that articulates with the articulating surface  716  of the glenosphere component  700 . The articulating face  716  extends from the medial side  802  into the humerosocket component  800  towards the lateral side  804 . The articulating face  810  can be provided in a variety of different radii and sizes, such as with varying diameters and varying heights to enable a surgeon to select an optimal humerosocket component  800  needed for the anatomy of a particular patient. The articulating surface  810  is generally smooth, uninterrupted, and concave, or substantially concave. 
         [0118]    The humerosocket component  800  is formed of ceramic, polyethylene or any other suitable biocompatible material. An exemplary material considered suitable for the humerosocket component  800  is UHMWPE. While the humerosocket component  800  has been described as formed of a ceramic, polyethylene, or other suitable biocompatible material, other materials are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate material according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the intended use of the humeral head component, among others. 
         [0119]    During use, the humerosocket component  800  is attached to the humeral component  400  with, or without, the use of cement to provide a humeral implant. Protuberances  808  advantageously provide for substantially limiting, and/or substantially eliminating, the rotation of the humerosocket component  800  when attached to the humeral component  400 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 21 through 23 . Furthermore, while particular geometries have been described and illustrated with respect to the projection  806 , other geometries can be used, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometry for a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the geometry of the internal cavity of the humeral component. Examples of geometries considered suitable for the lateral side, projection, and/or protuberances include geometries that mirror or substantially mirror the geometry of the internal cavity and recessed notches of the humeral component. 
         [0120]    The baseplate  200  advantageously provides for attaching either of the glenoid component  300  or glenosphere component  700  and humeral component  400  advantageously provides for attaching either of the humeral head component  500  or humerosocket component  800 . The convertibility of the components allows for transitioning between a TSA and RSA system without requiring the replacement of the humeral component  400  and/or baseplate  200 , providing for a procedure that is less complex, and requires less time to complete. 
         [0121]    It is considered advantageous to provide a glenoid component  300  and/or glenosphere component  700  formed of metal (e.g., CoCrMo) to articulate with a humeral head component  500  and/or humerosocket component  800  formed of a plastic (e.g., UHMWPE) to provide improved wear properties of the components. For example, the inventor has determined that providing a humeral head component (e.g., humeral head component  500 ) formed of plastic (e.g., UHMWPE) is particularly well suited for use in a TSA or hemi shoulder arthroplasty at least because this material provides improved wear properties and reduces the likelihood of metal components coming into contact with other metal components. In addition, it is considered advantageous to provide a glenoid component  300  formed of metal (e.g., CoCrMo) to articulate with any form of humeral head component (e.g., natural, prosthetic) to provide improved wear properties of the components. 
         [0122]    While various configurations have been described with respect to baseplate  200 , glenoid component  300 , and glenosphere component  700 , it should be understood that other configurations are considered suitable. For example, inverting the configurations described with respect to baseplate  200 , glenoid component  300 , and glenosphere component  700  is considered suitable (e.g., the baseplate having a raised geometry with an outer circumferential perimeter forming a toothed geometry and the glenoid and/or glenosphere component having a circumferential wall forming a toothed geometry). 
         [0123]      FIGS. 33 through 35  illustrate another exemplary glenosphere component  1000  similar to glenosphere component  700 , except as described below, attached to another exemplary baseplate  900 , similar to baseplate  200 , except as described below. Baseplate  900  comprises a body  902 , shaft  903 , and threaded component  904 . The body  902  is generally circular and comprises a medial side  906 , lateral side  908 , and defines a tapered cavity  910 . The tapered cavity  910  extends from the lateral side  908  of the body  902  and into the body  902  towards the medial side  906 , into a portion of shaft  903 , and forms a taper from the lateral side  908  to the base  909  of the tapered cavity  910 . The base  909  of the tapered cavity  910  defines a hexagonal recess  911 , which is adapted to receive a tool used to assist with installing the baseplate  900  into the scapula of a patient. The shaft  903  has a diameter greater than the diameter of the threaded component  904  to assist with attachment of the component to the scapula of a patient. 
         [0124]    The glenosphere component  1000  comprises medial side  1002 , lateral side  1004 , recess  1006 , and tapered trunnion  1008 . The glenoid component  1000  defines a circumferential, or substantially circumferential, recess  1006  on the medial side  1002  of the glenosphere component  1000  that extends into the glenosphere component  1000  from the proximal end  1003  of the glenosphere component  1000 , and surrounds the tapered trunnion  1008 . The tapered trunnion  1008  extends from the base  1007  of the recess  1006  and tapers as it extends away from the base  1007  of the recess  1006 . The tapered trunnion  1008  is adapted to be received by and attach to the tapered cavity  910  of the baseplate  900  and includes ridge  1009  that is disposed along the length of the tapered trunnion  1008  and extends radially away from tapered trunnion  1008 . It should be noted that ridge  1009  could be omitted. 
         [0125]    While a particular geometry for recess  1006  and glenosphere component  1000  have been described and illustrated, skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate geometry for the recess of the glenosphere component and glenosphere component according a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the geometry of the baseplate, among others. Examples of shapes considered suitable include oval, oblong, rectangular and any shape determined suitable for a particular application. An example of s configuration for recess  1006  considered suitable includes a recess that extends around a portion of the circumference of the glenosphere component  1000 . 
         [0126]    The baseplate  900  and the glenosphere component  1000  are attached to one another through a cold weld between the components when the tapered trunnion  1008  of the glenosphere  1000  is received by, and attached to, the tapered cavity  910  of the baseplate  900 . Optionally, a bore (not illustrated) can be provided to allow a length of a retaining screw to be inserted through the bore and provide a secondary means for attaching the glenosphere component  1000  to the baseplate  900 . 
         [0127]    The outside diameter  912  of the body  902  of the baseplate is configured to be smaller than the outside diameter  1010  of the recess  1006  so that bone grafting material can be inserted into the recess  1006  and assist with attaching the component to the scapula of a patient. This is considered advantageous because it allows for the bone grafting material that has been inserted within recess  1006  to become incorporated into the host bone, which aids in the stability of the components when implanted. Current RSA glenosphere components utilize a flat medial side which does not allow for additional bone grafting material to be incorporated into the component, such as glenosphere  1000 . The depth of recess  1006  can vary, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate depth according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the configuration of the baseplate, among others. 
         [0128]    A portion, or the entirety of, the medial side  906  of the baseplate  900 , medial side  1002  of the glenosphere component  1000 , and recess  1006  of the glenosphere component  1000  can be covered and/or filled with an osteoinductive material  1014 . The osteoinductive material  1014  can comprise a highly porous biomaterial useful as a bone substitute and/or cell and tissue receptive material for promotion of bone in-growth to aid in the osseointegration of baseplate  900  and/or glenosphere component  1000  within the scapula of a patient and aids in the stability of the baseplate  900  and glenosphere component  1000 . Such a material may be formed from a reticulated vitreous carbon foam substrate that is infiltrated and coated with a biocompatible metal (e.g., tantalum.) Osteoinductive material can be incorporated into any of the herein described components. For example, the humeral component (e.g.,  400 ), humerosocket component (e.g.,  800 ), humeral head component (e.g.,  500 ), glenoid component (e.g.,  300 ), glenosphere component (e.g.,  700 ), and baseplate (e.g.,  200 ) can all include osteoinductive material, and/or an osteoinductive surface (e.g., hydroxyapatite coating, trabecular metal), on a portion of, or the entirety of, the medial and/or lateral side of the component. 
         [0129]    Glenosphere  1000  can alternatively be utilized as a humeral head component for a TSA or HSA. Current TSA and HSA humeral head replacements utilize a flat medial side which does not allow for additional bone grafting material to be incorporated into the component, such as glenosphere  1000 . Skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate use for the glenosphere component, and an appropriate means of attachment between the glenosphere and a humeral component, as described herein (e.g., tapered trunnion, tapered cavity), for integrating bone grafting material within the recess  1006  to provide for additional stability of the components. 
         [0130]    In an alternative, glenosphere  1000  can be utilized as a glenoid implant without use of baseplate  900 . For example, the tapered trunnion  1008  of the glenosphere component  1000  can be directly attached to a previously prepared scapula of a patient (e.g., a scapula having a tapered cavity with a recess slightly smaller than the size of the tapered trunnion of the glenosphere component), with, or without, the use of cement. In this example, the medial side  1002  of the glenosphere, and/or tapered trunnion  1008 , can include a textured surface (e.g., one or more protuberances, bumps, groves, roughened surface), and/or an osteoinductive surface, in any configuration and/or combination to enhance the attachment, and/or bone ingrowth, of the glenosphere  1000  to the scapula of a patient. Furthermore, recess  1006  can be utilized to increase stability of the attachment to the scapula of a patient (e.g., by preparing the scapula to have portions thereof received within recess  1006 ), or recess  1006  can be omitted. In another example, the tapered trunnion  1008  can include one or more annular ribs, protuberances, and/or raised surfaces (not shown) to increase stability of the component when attached to a previously prepared scapula of a patient. In a further example, the tapered trunnion  1008  can be replaced by another means of attachment (e.g., threaded component, attachment peg). 
         [0131]      FIGS. 36 and 37  illustrate another exemplary glenoid component  1100 , which is similar to glenoid component  300 , except as described below, attached to baseplate  900 . The glenoid component  1100  comprises a medial side  1102 , lateral side  1104 , body  1105 , tapered trunnion  1106 , recess  1107  and an articulating surface  1108 . The body  1105  of the glenoid component  1100  has a generally oval shape with a first end  1110  having a radius that is smaller than the radius of an opposing second end  1112 . Body  1105  defines circumferential, or substantially circumferential, recess  1107  which extends from the medial side  1102  towards the lateral side  1104 . The tapered trunnion  1106  extends from the base  1109  of recess  1107  towards the medial side  1102 , tapers from base  1009  to its proximal end, and is adapted to be received and attached to the tapered cavity  910  of the baseplate  900 . Recess  1107  is adapted to receive a portion, or the entirety of, the body  902  of the baseplate  900 . The medial side  906  of the baseplate and medial side  1102  of the glenoid component  1100  can comprise an osteoinductive surface and/or material to assist with glenoid fixation. 
         [0132]    In an alternative, glenoid component  1100  can be utilized as a glenoid implant without use of baseplate  900 . For example, the tapered trunnion  1106  of the glenoid component  1100  can be directly attached to a previously prepared scapula of a patient (e.g., a scapula having a tapered cavity with a recess slightly smaller than the size of the tapered trunnion of the glenoid component), with, or without, the use of cement. In this example, the medial side  1102  of the glenoid component, and/or tapered trunnion  1106 , can include a textured surface (e.g., one or more protuberances, bumps, groves, roughened surface), and/or an osteoinductive surface, in any configuration and/or combination to enhance the attachment, and/or bone ingrowth, of the glenoid component  1100  to the scapula of a patient. Furthermore, recess  1107  can be utilized to increase stability of the attachment to the scapula of a patient (e.g., by preparing the scapula to have portions thereof received within recess  1107 ), or recess  1107  can be omitted. In another example, the tapered trunnion  1106  can include one or more annular ribs, protuberances, and/or raised surfaces (not shown) to increase stability of the component when attached to a previously prepared scapula of a patient. In a further example, the tapered trunnion  1106  can be replaced by another means of attachment (e.g., threaded component, attachment peg). 
         [0133]    The distance from about the outside diameter of the medial side  906  of the body  902  to about the center of concavity of the articulating surface  1108  can vary according to the desired result of the procedure being conducted, and the amount of the baseplate received within the recess of the glenoid component can also vary, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate distance according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, such as the anatomy of the patient. Exemplary distances considered suitable between about the center of the concavity of the articulating surface  1108  and about the outer diameter of the medial side  906  of the body  902  include distances in the range from about 1 mm to about 6 mm. Additional exemplary distances considered suitable between about the center of the concavity of the articulating surface  1108  and about the outer diameter of the medial side  906  of the body  902  include distances in the range from about 2 mm to about 5 mm. Further exemplary distances considered suitable between about the center of the concavity of the articulating surface  1108  and about the outer diameter of the medial side  906  of the body  902  include distances in the range from about 2.5 mm to about 4.5 mm. Additional exemplary distances considered suitable between about the center of the concavity of the articulating surface  1108  and about the outer diameter of the medial side  906  of the body  902  include distances about 3 mm. The distances described above can alternatively be calculated from the about the proximal end of the glenoid component  1100 , or the medial side  906  of the outside diameter  912  of the body  902  when the glenoid component  1100  is attached to the baseplate  900 , to about the center of the concavity of the articulating surface  1108 . In addition, the distances described above can apply to the glenoid implant illustrated in  FIGS. 12 through 14 . 
         [0134]      FIGS. 38 through 40  illustrate glenosphere component  1000  attached to another exemplary baseplate  1200 , which is similar to baseplate  1100 , except as described below. The baseplate  1200  comprises a medial side  1202 , lateral side  1204 , body  1206 , bores  1208 , internal cavity  1210 , and threaded component  1212 . The body  1206  comprises an oblong configuration having a first end  1214  and an opposably positioned second end  1216 . The distance between the first end  1214  and the second end  1216  is smaller than the outside diameter  1010  of the recess  1006  of the glenosphere component  1000  so that bone grafting material can be inserted into the recess  1006  and attach to the scapula of a patient. The medial side  906  of the baseplate and medial side  1202  of the glenoid component  1200  can comprise an osteoinductive surface and/or material to assist with glenoid fixation. 
         [0135]    It is considered advantageous to provide an oblong configuration to maximize the amount of bone grafting material that can be incorporated into the recess  1006  of the glenosphere component and increase the surface area of the osteoinductive material that can contact the prepared scapula of a patient allowing for increased stability of the components. Furthermore, the oblong configuration advantageously simplifies the procedure associated with attaching the baseplate  1100  to a prepared scapula of a patient. 
         [0136]      FIGS. 41 through 43  illustrate another exemplary glenosphere component  1300 , which is similar to glenosphere component  1000 , except as described below, attached to another exemplary baseplate  1400 , which is similar to baseplate  1200 , except as described below. 
         [0137]    The glenosphere component  1300  comprises a medial side  1302 , lateral side  1304 , recess  1306 , and tapered cavity  1308 . The medial side  1302  defines recess  1306  and further defines tapered cavity  1308  within recess  1306 . As an alternative to the tapered trunnion  1008  of glenosphere  1000 , glenosphere  1300  defines a tapered cavity  1308  defined by the body of the glenosphere  1300 , which extends from ridge  1310  into glenosphere component  1300 , and is adapted to receive the tapered trunnion  1408  of the baseplate. Alternatively, ridge  1310  can be omitted and tapered cavity  1308  can extend from the base of the recess  1306  into the glenosphere component  1300 . 
         [0138]    Glenosphere  1300  can alternatively be utilized as a humeral head component for a TSA or HSA. Current TSA and HSA humeral head replacements utilize a flat medial side which does not provide recess  1306  allowing for additional bone grafting material to be utilized. Skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate use for the glenosphere component, and an appropriate means of attachment between the glenosphere and a humeral component, as described herein (e.g., tapered trunnion, tapered cavity), for integrating bone grafting material within the recess  1306  to provide for additional stability of the components. 
         [0139]    Baseplate  1400  comprises a body  1402 , bores  1404 , tapered trunnion  1406 , and threaded component  1408 . As an alternative to the tapered cavity  910  in baseplate  900  and internal cavity  1205  in baseplate  1200 , the body  1402  of baseplate  1400  defines a tapered trunnion  1406  that extends distally from the lateral side  1403  of the body  1402 . The tapered trunnion  1406  defines a hexagonal recess  1410  used to attach the baseplate  1400  to a prepared scapula of a patient. The tapered trunnion  1408  is adapted to be received by, and attached to, the tapered cavity  1308  of the glenosphere component  1300 . 
         [0140]    Each of the baseplates, glenoid components, and/or glenosphere components described herein can include a tapered trunnion, tapered cavity, and/or bore to attached the component to a baseplate. For example, a baseplate can comprise a tapered trunnion and an associated glenoid component or glenosphere component can comprise a tapered cavity. In another example, a baseplate can comprise a tapered cavity and an associated glenoid component or glenosphere component can comprise a tapered trunnion. In another example, the baseplate can comprise a tapered cavity and an associated glenoid component or glenosphere component can comprise a tapered cavity and a connecter can be used to attached the components, as described below. 
         [0141]      FIGS. 44 through 47  illustrate an exemplary connector  1500  comprising a proximal end  1502 , distal end  1504 , first portion  1506 , second portion  1508 , and lip  1510 . The first portion  1506  extends from the proximal end  1502  to the lip  1510  and is tapered from the lip  1510  to the proximal end  1502 . The second portion  1508  extends from the distal end  1504  to the lip  1510  and is tapered from the lip  1510  to the distal end  1504 . The outside diameter of the second portion  1508  at lip  1510  is larger than the outside diameter of the first portion  1506  at lip  1510 . While the outside diameter of the second portion  1508  at lip  1510  is described and illustrated as larger than the outside diameter of the first portion  1506  at lip  1510 , the outside diameter of the first portion and second portion can be equal and the lip can define an outside diameter larger than the outside diameter of the first and second portion. Skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate size for the first portion, second portion, and/or lip according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the configuration of the tapered cavity for which the connector will be used. 
         [0142]    The connector  1500  advantageously provides a double trunnion connector, which can be used to attach one or more of the various components described herein, or other various components (e.g., off the shelf components). For example, the connector  1500  can be used to attach glenosphere component  1300  having tapered cavity  1308  to baseplate  900  having tapered cavity  910 . In another example, the connector  1400  can be used to attach a glenoid component having a tapered cavity to a baseplate  900  having a tapered cavity  910 . The connector  1500  is adapted to be received by and create a cold weld with the tapered cavity of the component that will be attached thereto. 
         [0143]      FIGS. 48 through 50  illustrate another exemplary glenosphere component  1600  attached to baseplate  900  using connector  1500 . Glenosphere  1600  is similar to glenosphere  1000 , except as described below. Glenosphere  1600  comprises medial side  1602 , lateral side  1604 , recess  1606 , circumferential, or substantially circumferential, wall  1607 , tapered cavity  1608 , and articulating surface  1610 . The body  1605  of the glenosphere component  1600  defines recess  1606 , which extends from medial side  1602  towards the lateral side  1604 , and is adapted to receive a portion of, or the entirety of, body  902  of the baseplate  900 . Wall  1607  is configured to surround a portion of, or the entirety of, body  902  of the baseplate  900 . Tapered cavity  1608  is defined by body  1605  within recess  1606 , extends from the base of recess  1606  towards lateral side  1604 , and is adapted to receive a portion of the connector  1500 . The opposing end of the connector is received by the tapered cavity  910  of the baseplate  900 . Connector  1500  advantageously provides for use with an off the shelf component, such as an off the shelf glenosphere component. 
         [0144]      FIGS. 51 through 53  illustrate another exemplary glenosphere component  1700  attached to another exemplary baseplate  1800  using an exemplary adaptor  1900 . Glenosphere component  1700 , illustrated in  FIGS. 59 through 62 , comprises medial side  1702 , lateral side  1704 , body  1703 , recess  1706 , articulating surface  1708 , bore  1710 , and retaining screw  1712 . The body  1703  of the glenosphere component  1700  defines a circumferential, or substantially circumferential, recess that extends from the medial side  1702  towards the lateral side  1704 , and is adapted to receive a portion of, or the entirety of, adaptor  1900 . Bore  1710  extends through glenosphere component  1700  from the lateral side  1704  to the medial side  1702  and allows for securing the retaining screw  1712  to the baseplate  1800 . 
         [0145]    Baseplate  1800 , illustrated in  FIGS. 67 through 70 , is similar to baseplate  900 , except that threads  1802  are provided along the entire, or substantially the entirety of, shaft  1803  of the threaded component  1804 . The threads extend from the medial side  1806  of the body  1808  to the proximal end of the threaded component  1804 . This configuration advantageously assists with securing the baseplate  1800  to the prepared scapula of a patient. 
         [0146]    Adaptor  1900 , illustrated in  FIGS. 54 through 58 , comprises medial side  1902 , lateral side  1904 , recess  1906 , tapered trunnion  1908 , and bore  1910 . The body  1903  of the adaptor  1900  is generally circular and has an outside diameter that is adapted to be received by the recess  1706  of the glenosphere component  1700 . The body  1903  of the adaptor  1900  defines a circumferential, or substantially circumferential, recess  1706  that extends distally into the body of the adaptor  1900  from the medial side  1902  towards the lateral side  1904 , and is adapted to receive a portion of, or the entirety of, the body  1808  of the baseplate  1800 . Tapered trunnion  1908  is defined by the body  1903 , extends proximally from the base of the recess  1906 , defines a taper from the base of the recess  1906  to its proximal end, and is adapted to be received by the tapered cavity  1806  of the baseplate  1800 . Bore  1910  extends through body  1903  of the adaptor  1900  and tapered trunnion  1908 , and is adapted to receive a length of retaining screw  1712 . Adaptor  1900  advantageously provides for use with an off the shelf component, such as an off the shelf glenosphere component. 
         [0147]    While the adaptor  1900 , or portions thereof, have been illustrated as circular, or substantially circular, other shapes are considered suitable, and skilled artisans will be able to select an appropriate shape for an adaptor according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the geometry of the baseplate, among others. Examples of shapes considered suitable include oval, oblong, rectangular and any shape determined suitable for a particular application. 
         [0148]    The foregoing disclosure includes the best mode of the inventor for practicing the invention. It is apparent, however, that those skilled in the relevant art will recognize variations of the invention that are not described herein. While the invention is defined by the appended claims, the invention is not limited to the literal meaning of the claims, but also includes these variations.