Abstract:
This invention produces a realistic defocused image without using traditional ray tracing technique by converting the scale of original pixels correctly to the linear scale of mount of light and summing up defocused disks of every pixel in an original image. The result is bright and sparking defocused disks of bright spot previously only possible with ray tracing technique but completely missing in the conventional imaging software. This invention enables a personal user to create defocused images in order to create and increase the sense of field depth which is an important part of daily photographic and imaging work. The input image can be scanned data from photographic films, data from digital cameras, or computer generated images after three-dimensional rendering. A user can control how the scale of pixel is converted to amount of light equivalent to altering film characteristics and also can change the shape of an aperture in order to make the defocusing effects meet his/her artistic taste.

Description:
CORSS-REFENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    Not applicable.  
         STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
         [0002]    Not applicable.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0003]    1. Field of Invention  
           [0004]    This invention relates to a software process which makes an existing two-dimensional image defocused in order to create or increase the sense of field depth.  
           [0005]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0006]    Producing a realistic two-dimensional image has been one of the important fields of image processing. An image which is in good focus is an important part of reality but not enough. On a two dimensional image, good feeling of seeing an object, which is originally a three dimensional object, often comes from other blurred objects that are out of focus giving a sense of field depth. In other word, if everything seen is in focus, the image would look unrealistic. There are two cases when unrealistic images can occur. One is when a computer generates images through three-dimensional rendering where there is no information on camera optics is available. Without camera optics, objects can not be defocused and realistic images can not be constructed. Another is when camera optics has very deep focal depth often seen with recent digital cameras because their optics have very short focal length. All areas of an image produced by digital cameras are often in focus resulting in very poor sense of field-depth.  
           [0007]    Light ray tracing is the straight approach to defocus images for computer generated three-dimensional objects. There have been several such works or inventions including U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,659 to Gallery et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,028,606 to Kolb et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,864 to Modla. These are based on a light-ray tracing process that simulates light rays emitted from an object and passing through a camera lens, aperture (sometimes called stop or iris), shutter and films. In such a ray tracing process as well as in actual optics, if a very small spot such as a star becomes defocused, it just looks like a disk over which the original amount of light is uniformly distributed. The shape of the disk is identical to the shape of a camera aperture. The original spot is defocused to a disk with its edge sharply defined. This disk may be called a defocused disk. The size of the disk depends on the distance between an emitted point and the camera optics. If the image is more focused, the size of the disk becomes smaller. A defocused image is summation of there defocused disks form all points or pixels. Often the defocused disks from bright points remain seen as disks after the summation, giving a good sense of field depth. These simulations reproduce such defocused disks, although their processes are very detailed and precise and therefore cost computing time very much. They are valuable to study or design a camera or an optical system but extravagant in giving a good sense of field depth to human eyes.  
           [0008]    For the images taken with a digital camera or images taken with deep focal depth, people sometimes try to use existing software products to improve the sense of field depth. None of them, however, reproduce the defocused disks essential for sensing field depth as mentioned above. In these products such as Adobe System Inc.&#39;s Photoshop or Jasc Inc.&#39;s Paint Shop Pro, defocusing images is often misunderstood as Gaussian blurring or other types of blurring. The Gaussian blurring distributes light according to Gaussian distribution and does not produce the focused disks.  
           [0009]    To make matter worse, these products apply their numerical operation on a pixel value itself, not on the amount of light. This is a very serious misunderstanding in this field. The value stored in a pixel of an image corresponds to the density of photographic films or to the sensitivity of human eyes, both of which are the amount of light not in linear scale but in logarithmic scale. On the contrary, actual physical process requires operation on the amount of light in linear scale. One photon plus one photon is two photons and one unit of light-energy plus one unit of light-energy is two units of light-energy. If the scale is in logarithmic scale, the result is indeed invalid. Since their defocusing-operation is applied directly to a pixel value, the results are invalidly and unrealistically produced defocused images. The film or human eyes have a limited dynamic range for a large amount of light. These situations become most apparent when the characteristics of films or human eyes are correctly handled. If the amount of light is very large, saturation in sensitivity occurs and the light appears just white in films or eyes. Consider a datum in a pixel for bright light, for example, such as 253 or 254 in eight-bit range (0 to 255). The difference of just one digit in this brightest range may amount ten times or more difference in the amount of light (energy or number of photons) in the real world. If a software process does not account for the real mount of light and create a defocused image, the effect is completely underestimated resulting in a very unrealistic look. In such a case, a bright spot in an image spreads only slightly brighter blur to surrounding pixels. A bright point in an image should spread as a sparkling defocused disk to surrounding pixels as actually seen in real photography.  
           [0010]    All the software processes heretofore known suffer from one(s) of the following disadvantages:  
           [0011]    (1) Light-ray tracing software costs computing time.  
           [0012]    (2) Existing image-processing products do not produce correct defocused images. They can not produce the defocused disks which are the essential part of defocused images as actually seen in the real world.  
           [0013]    (3) Existing image-processing products do not treat the amount of light correctly. The summation of amount of light should be taken in linear space not in logarithmic scale.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY  
         [0014]    In accordance with the present invention, a software process comprises converting amount of light in logarithmic scale to linear scale if necessary, spreading light into a shape of aperture creating defocused disks, summation of the defocused disks from all pixels, and converting amount of light back to logarithmic scale.  
         Objects and Advantage  
         [0015]    Several objects and advantages of the present invention are;  
           [0016]    (a) to provide a software process which can produce realistic defocused images without tracing light-rays to reduce computing time;  
           [0017]    (b) to provide a software process which can produce appealing defocused images by directly producing the defocused disks that are the most important part defocused images; and  
           [0018]    (c) to provide a software process which can produce realistic defocused images by treating amount of light correctly in its process.  
           [0019]    Further objects and advantages are to provide a software process which allows to change the shape of aperture (sometimes called stop or iris) to emulate actual apertures in existing cameras for special effects he/she wants to create, to provide a software process which allows the effect of color aberration by having color-dependent aperture information, and to provide a software process which allows to modify the transformation characteristic between logarithmic pixel datum and linear amount of light for creating more artistic effects he/she wants.  
       
    
    
     DRAWING FIGURES  
       [0020]    In the drawings, closely related figures have the same number but different alphabetic suffixes.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of this invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 shows the transformation curves between a pixel datum which is in logarithmic and amount of light which is in linear scale.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate how a pixel datum in an original image is defocused or spread over neighbor pixels in case of a pentagonal aperture.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIGS. 4A to  4 C show an example result of this software process and comparison to the results with one of existing software products.  
     
    
     Reference Numerals in Drawings   
       [0025]    [0025]                                       12 memory for output image   14 aperture information       16 input image   18 pixel loop       20 scale conversion   22 make defocused disk       24 summation of disks   26 scale conversion       28 defocused image   30 characteristics curve of film       32-38 example curves   40 pixel datum       42 shape of aperture   44 defocused disk                    
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0026]    [0026]FIG. 1—Block Diagram  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of this invention. In computer memory, the process stores three sets of input data, an original color image  16 , a shape of aperture  14 , and an empty color image  12  to be used for a resulting image  28 . The original color image  16  may be stored as a file on a computer or transmitted from elsewhere to the computer. Then the image  16  is read into an area of computer memory and may be shown on a computer display. The image  16  consists of data for each color and optionally may carry distance information for each pixel. The aperture shape  14  may also be a file on the computer or transmitted from elsewhere to the computer, then is read into an area of computer memory. The aperture data  14  could be a bitmap image of arbitrary size with a number of pixels large enough for calculating defocused disks, or may be vector data or mathematic representation alternatively used for calculating defocused disks. The empty image  12  is an area of memory on the computer whose value is set to be zero, to which defocused disks are added on to make a final defocused image  28 .  
         [0028]    A box  20 , labeled as “convert pixel scale”, represents a conversion of the scale of pixel data to linear scale corresponding to correct amount of light. The scale of pixel data in the image  16  is typically in logarithmic scale in terms of amount of light or may be some similar scale to logarithmic. The pixel data may be density recorded in photographic films or digitized data in a digital camera where the scaling is similar to that of photographic films. The relation of two scales, often called a characteristic curve or transformation function, are shown in FIG. 2 and described in next section.  
         [0029]    A defocused image is created by spreading light-data over surrounding pixels according to the shape of a given aperture  14 . This takes place in a box  22 , labeled “calculate defocused disk”. The total amount of light in  22  is conserved but equally distributed to an area determined by a given aperture shape  14 .  
         [0030]    A box  24 , “add defocused disk” denotes that each defocused disk, which is produced from each original pixel, is co-added to a resulting image  12 .  
         [0031]    After defocused disks from the all pixels are co-added, the resulting image is complete but the scale of pixel value is in linear scale (amount of light) which is not suitable for viewing with eyes. A box  26 , “restore pixel scale”, coverts the linear pixel scale to original logarithmic scale inversely using the characteristic curve described in FIG. 2. The final image  28  may be displayed on a computer display by transferring the data to image memory, stored as a data file on an external storage, or directly transferred to other locations over network.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2—Characteristics Curve  
         [0033]    Typical relations between a pixel datum and amount of light are shown as curves in FIG. 2, often called characteristics curves. Pixel datum is plotted against amount of light for some typical relations in FIG. 2. The value of a pixel datum is expressed with eight bits ranging from 0 to 255 for each color, which is very typical in a computer. The axis for amount of light is in logarithmic scale. The unit of amount of light here is arbitrary. It is a multiple of physical energy or number of photons.  
         [0034]    The thick solid curve  30  in the figure is one of the characteristics curves of actual photographic films provided by Fuji Photo Film Inc. In this case, the pixel datum represents the image density on the film. The middle part of the curve  30  is nearly straight indicating the pixel datum is approximately in logarithmic scale in terms of amount of light. The curve  30  in detail, however, does not fit within the range of eight bits as shown in the figure, where the curve  30  goes slightly below 0 or above 255. The important feature in the film characteristics is its behavior for very small amount of light and that for very large amount of light. The density does not become exactly zero easily for low light level as seen in lower left part of the curve running nearly horizontally to the left. At high light level, the density does not become completely opaque easily as seen in upper right part of the curve running nearly horizontally to the right. The later behavior is very important to create a realistic image in out of focus. When an image is in focus, a bright spot in the image occupies very small area, but in terms of amount of light, it can have 10 to 100 times more than surrounding pixels. When the image becomes defocused, this large amount of light on this spot spreads over the surrounding pixel resulting in significant effects. This is one of the reasons why existing software products are incapable of creating realistic defocused images. They do not convert pixel data to amount of light; therefore the effect of a bright spot is completely under estimated. Even if the data come from a digital camera, this conversion is necessary because manufactures of digital cameras often use similar characteristic curves as photographic films. Other curves in the figure, thin solid line  39 , dotted line  38 , dash-dotted line  34  and two-dash dotted line  32 , represent exaggerated examples where he/she wants to create more artistic effects than actual physical process.  
         [0035]    FIGS.  3 A- 3 B—Defocused Disk  
         [0036]    The most important part of defocused image visually is a defocused disk. After a pixel datum is converted to linear amount of light, it is spread to surrounding pixels within the area whose shape is determined from a shape of a given aperture, with total amount of light conserved. Such case for a pentagon aperture  42  is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The height of each column represents amount of light. Initial datum in a pixel is illustrated in FIGS. 3A as a single column  40 . Through our software process, the amount of light is spread to surrounding pixels as shown in FIG. 3B where the shape of assumed aperture  42  is pentagonal. All of spread pixels have the same height that is equal to the original height of  40  divided by the number of pixels in  44 . We call a resulting spread area a defocused disk. The size of a defocused disk is determined by a user depending on his/her needs or by the distance information associated with a given pixel. Although FIGS. 3A and 3B show illustrations for a single initial pixel, this process is applied to all pixels in an image. A defocused image is the summation of all of the defocused disks.  
         [0037]    FIGS.  4 A- 4 C—Sample Image and Comparison  
         [0038]    Sample results of this invention are shown in FIG. 4B with a comparison to one of existing software products in FIG. 4C. FIG. 4A is an image before applying this software process. The image is printed in black and white for application purpose but originally in color. FIG. 4B is a resulting image after this software process with a pentagon aperture, while FIG. 4C is the image created by “Gaussian blur” of Adobe Systems Inc.&#39;s Photoshop, which is the most popular product used for processing digital images. A striking difference is defocused disks seen in FIG. 4B but not seen in FIG. 4C. The Gaussian blur simply blurs a pixel according to a Gaussian distribution which is not what actually happens in real optics. Instead, a defocused image is produced by defocused disks determined by an aperture which is sometimes called an iris or stop in optics. That is what is seen in FIG. 4B. Another feature seen in FIG. 4B is that these defocused disks are very bright and sparkling. This is because this invention correctly computes the amount of light to be spread by converting pixel data to amount of light in linear scale.  
         [0039]    Advantage  
         [0040]    From the description above, a number of advantages of my software process for defocused images become evident:  
         [0041]    (a) The direct use of an aperture shape for a defocused disk will reduce amount of computing time largely compared to existing light ray tracing software processes. The reduction of computing time will permit casual use of my software process among many end-users who own only limited computer resources.  
         [0042]    (b) The ability of changing aperture shapes enables artistic visual effects in defocused images depending on his/her artistic taste since my software process is not based on ray tracing of existing camera optics. A user can change an aperture shape to whatever shape he/she likes without increasing computing time significantly, which would be required in the case of ray tracing software process for a complex shape.  
         [0043]    (c) The use of a different aperture shape for each color can mimic a color aberration of optical lenses without increasing computing time as in the case of ray tracing. This can be very useful for creating an artistic effect appealing to human eyes.  
         [0044]    (d) The conversion of pixel data in logarithmic scale to linear scale before computing defocused disks can provide realistic visual effects of bright sparkling defocused disks which are essential part of a defocused image but completely missing in the prior software processes.  
         [0045]    (d) The modifying the scale conversion in the previous advantage will permit an effect which does not exist in real world but very useful for an artistic expression.  
         [0046]    Operation  
         [0047]    This software process first allocates memory for three types of images, an input image  16  to be defocused, aperture information  14  and an output image  12 . The allocation can be done in conventional way on a computer. The input image data  16  may reside on a data-storage device such as a hard disk or data tape, or elsewhere on network. The input image data can be black &amp; white data or color data. The input image data may be a result of scanning a photographic film, digital data already stored on a digital camera, or a result of software image generation. The data is then read into the memory for further processing by the computer. The contents of memory allocated for the output image  12  are all set to be zero at the beginning. The aperture information  14  can be either a bitmap image similar to the input image  14  or a mathematical formula representing its shape. The aperture information  14  can be different for each color if a user wants to create an effect similar to the color aberration.  
         [0048]    At “loop over all pixels”  18  in FIG. 1, the process initiates a loop operation over the pixels of the input image. In the loop, each pixel is processed and a defocused disk is added to the output image until all the pixels are processed. The scale of datum in each pixel of the input image is converted linear scale at  20 . The scale of input pixel data is often in logarithmic scale or a scale very similar to that. The conversion shown in  20  is always necessary for scanned data and data from a digital camera. If the pixel data come from a computer-generated image such as a result from three-dimensional rendering, the scale of the pixel data may be linear in terms of amount of light. In this case, the conversion shown in  20  may be skipped. The conversion is done using the characteristics curve whose examples are shown in FIG. 2. The nominal choice of the characteristic curve is the curve  30  for photographic film but may be altered or changed depending on his/her artistic taste.  
         [0049]    After the scale conversion  20 , the data is uniformly distributed to a defocused disk at a box  22  as illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The shape of a defocused disk is determined from the aperture information  14 . The size of a defocused disk is determined by a user or it can be computed from distance information attached to the pixel. Based on this shape and size, the pixel addresses of a defocused disk in the output image  12  are determined. Each pixel of a defocused disk has the value equal to the converted linear value of an input pixel divided by the number of pixels that a defocused disk occupies. Each pixel value of a focused disk is added to a corresponding address of the output image  12 . Thus a defocused disk is calculated for each input pixel and added to a memory area of the output image.  
         [0050]    The process then goes to a next input pixel, converts it to linear scale, calculates a defocused disk, and adds the disk data to the output image. It repeats this loop until all input pixels are processed. At this point, the resulting defocused image still has all of data in linear scale. At “restore pixel scale”  26 , the scale of the pixel data in the output image is converted back to logarithmic-like scale using the same characteristic curve at  20  in the reverse way. The final defocused image may be displayed on a computer screen, saved as an image file on a data storage, or transferred to other location over network.  
         [0051]    Conclusion, Ramifications, and Scope  
         [0052]    Accordingly, the reader will see that the software process of this invention can be used to create realistic defocused images without using a large amount of computing time. A defocused image created by this process correctly has defocused disks actually seen in real photograph. These disks are beautifully seen for a bright spot creating a realistic look of a defocused image and giving a good sense of field depth. The reader will see that this software process is useful to increase or restore the field depth of images taken with recent digital cameras with a affordable computer resources.  
         [0053]    Furthermore, the software process has the additional advantage in that  
         [0054]    it permits control on the aperture shape and size;  
         [0055]    it permits modification or altering of the characteristic curve; and  
         [0056]    it permits emulation of color aberration;  
         [0057]    Although the description above contains many specifications, these should not be constructed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention.  
         [0058]    Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the example given.