Abstract:
A micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) device is described. The device comprises at least one anchor on a chip; at least one spring connected to the anchor; at least one proof mass connected to the spring, the at least one proof mass being movable with respect to the chip; a movable optical element connected to the at least one proof mass; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source and a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a photodetector and the movable optical element being disposed between the back end of the first waveguide and the front end of the second waveguide.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/110,272, filed on Jan. 30, 2015, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present technology relates to the field of micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) devices and MOEMS motion sensor devices. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Over the last decade, the development of small vehicles such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), micro-robots, and micro-satellites compelled the providers to develop smaller, lighter, and lower power consumption components as these small vehicles are limited to mass, volume and power consumption. As a result, the attitude control system of these small vehicles is also needed to be miniaturized. For space-based systems, the major drivers are power, size, mass and reliability in the space environment. This is associated with an increasing necessity for compact, low-power inertial navigation systems. Current technologies consist of various sensors and processors that are not optimized to operate together. For example, optical sensing systems often operate on the principle of shifting wavelengths, necessitating the use of a laser illumination system and a complicated and expensive optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). This is costly and requires a considerable reduction of the mass and power resources available on a small system. 
         [0004]    As such, there has developed a desire to obtain highly sensitive, low cost in-plane accelerometers and rotational rate sensors (gyroscopes) on a single substrate (chip) to enable the integration of an array of these sensors as three-axis sensor on a single platform, where the components have been optimized relative to their size, design, and fabrication process. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    It is an object of the present invention to ameliorate at least some of the inconveniences present in the prior art. 
         [0006]    According to an aspect of the present technology, there is provided a micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) device, comprising at least one anchor on a chip; at least one spring connected to the at least one anchor; at least one proof mass connected to the at least one spring, the at least one proof mass being movable with respect to the chip; a movable metallic mirror connected to the at least one proof mass; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source through a front end and delivering light through a back end; and a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the first waveguide through a front end and delivering light through a back end, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a photodetector, the first and second waveguides being integral to the chip, the movable metallic mirror being disposed between the back end of the first waveguide and the front end of the second waveguide. 
         [0007]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is an accelerometer adapted for measuring an external acceleration applied to the chip. 
         [0008]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is a gyroscope adapted for measuring rotational rate, the gyroscope further comprising at least one side plate connected to the at least one spring; and a comb drive connected to the chip, the comb drive operatively connected to the at least one proof mass through the at least one side plate, the comb drive providing driving oscillations to the at least one proof mass. 
         [0009]    In some implementations of the present technology, the first and second waveguides are optical fibers. 
         [0010]    In some implementations of the present technology, the metallic mirror is curved. 
         [0011]    In some implementations of the present technology, the light source is a light-emitting diode (LED). 
         [0012]    In some implementations of the present technology, the front end of the first waveguide is further adapted for operatively connecting to the photodetector. 
         [0013]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided a micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) device, comprising at least one anchor on a chip; at least one spring connected to the at least one anchor; at least one proof mass connected to the at least one spring, the at least one proof mass being movable with respect to the chip; a movable optical element connected to the at least one proof mass; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source through a front end and delivering light through a back end; and a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the first waveguide through a front end and delivering light through a back end, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a photodetector; and at least one fixed optical element, the movable optical element and the at least one fixed optical element being disposed between the back end of the first waveguide and the front end of the second waveguide, the movable optical element and the at least one fixed optical element forming at least part of a deformable Bragg mirror. 
         [0014]    In some implementations of the present technology, the movable optical element and the at least one fixed optical element further form at least part of a Fabry-Perot cavity. 
         [0015]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is a gyroscope adapted for measuring rotational rate, the gyroscope further comprising at least one side plate connected to the at least one spring; and a comb drive connected to the chip, the comb drive operatively connected to the at least one proof mass through the at least one side plate, the comb drive providing driving oscillations to the at least one proof mass. 
         [0016]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is an accelerometer adapted for measuring an external acceleration applied to the chip. 
         [0017]    According to yet another aspect of the present technology, there is provided a micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) device, comprising at least one anchor on a chip; at least one spring connected to the at least one anchor; at least one proof mass connected to the at least one spring, the at least one proof mass being movable with respect to the chip; a movable optical element connected to the at least one proof mass, the movable optical element being curved; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source through a front end and delivering light through a back end; and a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the first waveguide through a front end and delivering light through a back end, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a photodetector, the movable optical element being disposed between the back end of the first waveguide and the front end of the second waveguide. 
         [0018]    In some implementations of the present technology, the first and second waveguides are integral to the chip. 
         [0019]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is an accelerometer adapted for measuring an external acceleration applied to the chip. 
         [0020]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is a gyroscope adapted for measuring rotational rate, the gyroscope further comprising at least one side plate connected to the at least one spring; and a comb drive connected to the chip, the comb drive operatively connected to the at least one proof mass through the at least one side plate, the comb drive providing driving oscillations to the at least one proof mass. 
         [0021]    According to yet another aspect of the present technology, there is provided a micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) device, comprising at least one anchor on a chip; at least one spring connected to the at least one anchor; at least one proof mass connected to the at least one spring, the at least one proof mass being movable with respect to the chip, the at least one proof mass being movable in a direction generally perpendicular to a plane of the chip; a movable reflective optical element connected to the at least one proof mass; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source through a front end and delivering light through a back end; and a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the first waveguide through a front end and delivering light through a back end, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a photodetector, the movable reflective optical element being disposed between the back end of the first waveguide and the front end of the second waveguide, the MOEMS device being adapted for measuring an externally applied acceleration in the direction generally perpendicular to the plane of the chip. 
         [0022]    In some implementations of the present technology, the first and second waveguides are integral to the chip. 
         [0023]    In some implementations of the present technology, the movable reflective optical element is a Bragg reflector. 
         [0024]    In some implementations of the present technology, the first and second waveguides are optical fibers. 
         [0025]    According to yet another aspect of the present technology, there is provided a micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) device, comprising at least one anchor on a chip; at least one spring connected to the at least one anchor; at least one proof mass connected to the at least one spring, the at least one proof mass being movable with respect to the chip; a first movable optical element connected to a first side of the at least one proof mass; a second movable optical element connected to a second side of the at least one proof mass; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source through a first front end and delivering light through a first back end; a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the first waveguide through a second front end and delivering light through a second back end, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a first photodetector; a third waveguide connected to the chip, the third waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the light source through a third front end and delivering light through a third back end; and a fourth waveguide connected to the chip, the fourth waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the third waveguide through a fourth front end and delivering light through a fourth back end, the fourth waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a second photodetector, the first movable optical element being disposed between the first back end of the first waveguide and the second front end of the second waveguide, the second movable optical element being disposed between the third back end of the third waveguide and the fourth front end of the fourth waveguide, the first and second photodetectors being adapted for determining a difference in light amplitude exiting the second and fourth waveguides. 
         [0026]    In some implementations of the present technology, the first and second movable optical elements form at least part of a variable optical attenuator. 
         [0027]    In some implementations of the present technology, the first and second movable optical elements form at least part of a Fabry-Perot cavity. 
         [0028]    In some implementations of the present technology, the first, second, third, and fourth waveguides are integral to the chip. 
         [0029]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is an accelerometer adapted for measuring an external acceleration applied to the chip. 
         [0030]    In some implementations of the present technology, the MOEMS device is a gyroscope adapted for measuring rotational rate, the gyroscope further comprising at least one side plate connected to the at least one spring; and a comb drive connected to the chip, the comb drive operatively connected to the at least one proof mass through the at least one side plate, the comb drive providing driving oscillations to the at least one proof mass. 
         [0031]    According to yet another aspect of the present technology, there is provided a multi-axis MOEMS-based sensing device on a chip, comprising a plurality of micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) devices, the plurality of MOEMS devices being oriented in a plurality of directions, each device of the plurality of MOEMS devices comprising at least one spring connected to the chip; at least one proof mass connected to the at least one spring, the at least one proof mass being movable with respect to the chip; a movable optical element connected to the at least one proof mass; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source through a front end and delivering light through a back end; and a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the first waveguide through a front end and delivering light through a back end, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a photodetector, the movable optical element being disposed between the back end of the first waveguide and the front end of the second waveguide, and for at least one device of the plurality of MOEMS devices, the movable optical element being curved. 
         [0032]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one MOEMS device of the plurality of MOEMS devices is an accelerometer adapted for measuring an external acceleration applied to the chip. 
         [0033]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one device of the plurality of MOEMS devices is a gyroscope adapted for measuring rotational rate, the gyroscope further comprising at least one side plate connected to the at least one spring; and a comb drive connected to the chip, the comb drive operatively connected to the at least one proof mass through the at least one side plate, the comb drive providing driving oscillations to the at least one proof mass. 
         [0034]    In some implementations of the present technology, the device further comprises at least one other MOEMS device acting as a reference, the one other MOEMS device comprising a fixed optical element connected to the chip; a first waveguide connected to the chip, the first waveguide being adapted for receiving light from a light source through a front end and delivering light through a back end; and a second waveguide connected to the chip, the second waveguide being adapted for receiving light from the first waveguide through a front end and delivering light through a back end, the second waveguide being adapted for operatively coupling to a photodetector, the fixed optical element being disposed between the back end of the first waveguide and the front end of the second waveguide. 
         [0035]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided integrated optical accelerometer, operating on spectral properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity to measure an acceleration, comprising an optical part made of a tunable laser and photodetector connected by optical fibers and passing through a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity made of a fixed reflective optical element and a movable reflective optical element, the movable reflective optical element being connected to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring. 
         [0036]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one of the reflective optical elements is substantially made of or covered with gold or any highly reflective metal, possibly obtained by thin film deposition. 
         [0037]    In some implementations of the present technology, there are two proof masses. 
         [0038]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical accelerometer, operating on amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity to measure an acceleration, comprising an optical part made of guiding elements, such as e.g. waveguides or optical fibers, connected to a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting element and an adjustable Bragg mirror, this last made of a part of a Bragg mirror, fixed, and another part of the Bragg mirror, mobile; this mobile part being connected to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring. 
         [0039]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical accelerometer, operating on amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator to measure an acceleration, comprising an optical part made of a source of light and a photodetector connected by optical fibers and passing through a shutter made of a mobile Bragg mirror partially obstructing or reflecting the beam of light, the Bragg mirror being connected to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring. 
         [0040]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the displacement of a Bragg mirror attached to a proof mass. 
         [0041]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the change of optical properties of a Bragg mirror shutter. 
         [0042]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the amplitude change of transmitted light. 
         [0043]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical gyroscope, operating on amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity to measure an angular velocity, comprising an optical part made of waveguides connected to a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting element and an adjustable Bragg mirror, this last made of a part of a Bragg mirror, fixed, and another part of the Bragg mirror, mobile; this mobile part being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring; the proof masses, if several, being mechanically connected together; and at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0044]    In some implementations of the present technology, the reflecting element is substantially made of or covered with gold or any highly reflective metal, possibly obtained by thin film deposition. 
         [0045]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical gyroscope, operating on amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator to measure an angular velocity, comprising an optical part made of optical fibers connected to a shutter made of a mobile element partially obstructing or reflecting the beam of light, the mobile element being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring; the proof masses, if several, being mechanically connected together; and at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0046]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical gyroscope, operating on spectral properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity to measure an angular velocity, comprising an optical part made of a tunable laser and photodetector connected by optical fibers and passing through a FP cavity made of a fixed reflective optical element and a movable reflective optical element, the movable reflective optical element being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring; the proof masses, if several, being mechanically connected together; and at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0047]    In some implementations of the present technology, the Bragg mirror is made of three plates—a plate, or vertical wall, acting as a half-period of the Bragg mirror. 
         [0048]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical gyroscope, operating on amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity to measure an angular velocity, comprising an optical part made of a source of light of moderate bandwidth and a photodetector connected by optical fibers and passing through a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting element and an adjustable Bragg mirror, this last made of a part of a Bragg mirror, fixed, and another part of the Bragg mirror, mobile; this mobile part being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring; the proof masses, if several, being mechanically connected together; and at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0049]    In some implementations of the present technology, the adjustable Bragg mirror is made of a fixed part containing two plates—a plate, or vertical wall, acting as a half-period of the Bragg mirror—and a mobile part containing one plate, surrounded by the two plates of the fixed part. 
         [0050]    In some implementations of the present technology, the fixed Bragg mirror is made of three plates—a plate, or vertical wall, acting as a half-period of the Bragg mirror. 
         [0051]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical accelerometer or gyroscope, operating on amplitude properties of reflection on a reflecting element after passing through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator to measure an acceleration or an angular velocity, comprising an optical part made of a source of light, and a photodetector, connected by a guiding element, passing through a shutter made of a mobile element partially obstructing the beam of light, and reflected by a reflecting element, the mobile element being connected to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring; and for a gyroscope, the mobile element being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring, with at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0052]    In some implementations of the present technology, the mobile element is an absorber, or a Bragg mirror or metallic mirror diverting the light away from the input guiding element, e.g. at an angle. 
         [0053]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical accelerometer or gyroscope, operating on amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator to measure an acceleration, or an angular velocity, comprising an optical part made of a source of light and a photodetector connected by optical fibers and passing through a shutter made of a mobile Bragg mirror with out-of-plane movement, partially obstructing or reflecting the beam of light, the mobile Bragg mirror being connected to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring; and for a gyroscope, the mobile Bragg mirror being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring, with at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0054]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical accelerometer or gyroscope, operating on amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator to measure an acceleration, or an angular velocity, comprising an optical part made of a source of light and a photodetector connected by waveguides and passing through a shutter made of a mobile element with out-of-plane movement, partially obstructing or reflecting the beam of light, the mobile element being connected to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring; and for a gyroscope, the mobile element being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring, with at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0055]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the displacement of the mobile element attached to the proof mass. 
         [0056]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the change of optical properties of the mobile element shutter. 
         [0057]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the amplitude change of transmitted light. 
         [0058]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical accelerometer, operating on either: spectral properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity, amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity, or amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator, to measure two or three accelerations, and comprising one or two optical parts along perpendicular directions and one or no optical part operating in out-of-plane motion, and made of guiding elements connected to either: a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting optical element and a mobile reflecting optical element, a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting element and an adjustable Bragg mirror, this last made of a part of a Bragg mirror, fixed, and another part of the Bragg mirror, mobile, or a shutter made of a mobile element partially obstructing or reflecting the beam of light; the mobile elements being connected together to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring. 
         [0059]    In some implementations of the present technology, the fixed and/or mobile element is substantially made of or covered with gold or any highly reflective metal, possibly obtained by thin film deposition. 
         [0060]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical accelerometer, operating on either: spectral properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity, amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity, or amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator, in a differential measurement, to measure an acceleration, and comprising at least a pair of optical parts made of waveguides connected to either: a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting optical element and a mobile reflecting optical element, a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting element and an adjustable Bragg mirror, this last made of a part of a Bragg mirror, fixed, and another part of the Bragg mirror, mobile, or a shutter made of a mobile element partially obstructing or reflecting the beam of light; the mobile element being connected to at least one proof mass, and the proof mass(es)—if several, being mechanically connected together—and being attached to at least one anchor on the chip through at least one spring. 
         [0061]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical gyroscope, operating on either: spectral properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity, amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical cavity, or amplitude properties of transmission or reflection through an optical shutter or variable optical attenuator, in a differential measurement, to measure an angular velocity, and comprising at least a pair of optical parts made of guiding elements connected to either: a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting optical element and a mobile reflecting optical element, a FP cavity made of a fixed reflecting element and an adjustable Bragg mirror, this last made of a part of a Bragg mirror, fixed, and another part of the Bragg mirror, mobile, or a shutter made of a mobile element partially obstructing or reflecting the beam of light; the mobile element being connected to at least one side plate, and the side plate(s) being attached to at least one anchor on the chip and to at least one proof mass, through at least one spring, the proof masses, if several, being mechanically connected together, and at least one side plate being driven by at least one comb drive to drive the proof mass(es). 
         [0062]    In some implementations of the present technology, one comb drive is used for the actuation of at least one proof mass. 
         [0063]    In some implementations of the present technology, two comb drives are used for the actuation of at least one proof mass, the comb drives working in a push-pull configuration. 
         [0064]    In some implementations of the present technology, there is one proof mass. 
         [0065]    In some implementations of the present technology, a proof mass is attached by four springs. 
         [0066]    In some implementations of the present technology, a proof mass is perforated by an array of holes, in order to enable its release during the under-etching. 
         [0067]    In some implementations of the present technology, a proof mass is damped, e.g. using thin walls of air between its structure and the fixed parts. 
         [0068]    In some implementations of the present technology, the fixed Bragg mirror is made of three plates—a plate, or vertical wall, acting as a half-period of the Bragg mirror. 
         [0069]    In some implementations of the present technology, the adjustable Bragg mirror is made of a fixed part containing two plates—a plate, or vertical wall, acting as a half-period of the Bragg mirror—and a mobile part containing one plate, surrounded by the two plates of the fixed part. 
         [0070]    In some implementations of the present technology, the mobile Bragg mirror is made of three plates—a plate, or vertical wall, acting as a half-period of the Bragg mirror. 
         [0071]    In some implementations of the present technology, the space between and around the plates—a plate, or vertical wall, acting as a half-period of the Bragg mirror, or as a shutter—and inside the cavity where required, is filled with any of: vacuum, air, gas, or liquid. 
         [0072]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration or the angular velocity, as appropriate, is measured using the displacement of an element attached to a proof mass. 
         [0073]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the change of optical properties of an optical FP cavity. 
         [0074]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the change of optical properties of a shutter. 
         [0075]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the spectral shift of a resonance transmission peak. 
         [0076]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the amplitude change of a resonance transmission peak. 
         [0077]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration is measured using the amplitude change of transmission. 
         [0078]    In some implementations of the present technology, the source of light is a tunable laser. 
         [0079]    In some implementations of the present technology, the source of light is of moderate bandwidth, in particular one which substantially covers the extents of the FP resonance transmission peak(s) but does not substantially exceed the stopband of the Bragg mirror(s). 
         [0080]    In some implementations of the present technology, the source of light is of moderate bandwidth, in particular one which substantially does not exceed the stopband of the Bragg mirror(s). 
         [0081]    In some implementations of the present technology, the source of light is an LED. 
         [0082]    In some implementations of the present technology, the source of light is a broadband light, such as a white light or a light covering substantially the near-infrared region. 
         [0083]    In some implementations of the present technology, the source of light is a laser. 
         [0084]    In some implementations of the present technology, the photodetector bandwidth is limited substantially to the stopband of the Bragg mirror(s). 
         [0085]    In some implementations of the present technology, the photodetector is a photodiode. 
         [0086]    In some implementations of the present technology, the wavelength range of operation is in the near-infrared region. 
         [0087]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one guiding element is an optical fiber. 
         [0088]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one guiding element is a waveguide. 
         [0089]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one guiding element is a rib or ridge waveguide. 
         [0090]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one guiding element is a strip or channel waveguide. 
         [0091]    In some implementations of the present technology, the ensemble of: proof mass with its springs, side plates, and anchors, is symmetrical. 
         [0092]    In some implementations of the present technology, the waveguides are substantially made of silicon. 
         [0093]    In some implementations of the present technology, the waveguides are etched through a silicon layer of a silicon-on-insulator substrate. 
         [0094]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least a part of the constituting elements, such as e.g. waveguides or substrate, are made using III-V compound semiconductors, notably InGaAsP. 
         [0095]    In some implementations of the present technology, the waveguides are substantially thick, around one or few tens of μm of thickness. 
         [0096]    In some implementations of the present technology, the waveguides are substantially wide, around one or few tens of μm of width. 
         [0097]    In some implementations of the present technology, the required elements, being e.g. either a proof mass, a spring, an anchor, a side plate, a vertical plate or wall, a Bragg mirror, or a comb drive, are realized together in one step of etching followed by under-etching. 
         [0098]    In some implementations of the present technology, the reflective element(s), being e.g. a Bragg mirror or a metallic mirror, is curved, e.g. with a circular curvature. 
         [0099]    In some implementations of the present technology, the reflective elements constituting a FP cavity are curved towards the cavity, i.e. are concave elements, in order to, e.g., either reduce the divergence of the beam, focalize it, or increase the quality factor of the cavity. 
         [0100]    In some implementations of the present technology, the reflective element(s) is curved towards the input guiding element, i.e. is a concave element, in order to, e.g., either get a better beam divergence control, a better focalization, or increase the amount of light reflected into the guiding element. 
         [0101]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration or the angular velocity, as appropriate, is measured by detecting the transmitted light or by using the transmitted light properties, being e.g. a spectrum or an amplitude. 
         [0102]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration or the angular velocity, as appropriate, is measured by detecting the reflected light or by using the reflected light properties, being e.g. a spectrum or an amplitude. 
         [0103]    In some implementations of the present technology, the acceleration or the angular velocity, as appropriate, is measured by detecting the transmitted light or by using the transmitted light properties, being e.g. a spectrum or an amplitude, and by detecting the reflected light or by using the reflected light properties, being e.g. a spectrum or an amplitude. 
         [0104]    In some implementations of the present technology, only the input guiding element, being e.g. an optical fiber or a waveguide, is present. 
         [0105]    In some implementations of the present technology, the output guiding element, being e.g. an optical fiber or a waveguide, is removed. 
         [0106]    In some implementations of the present technology, an optical splitter is used to separate the guided light into two or more beams. 
         [0107]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one U-groove is etched, possibly accompanied by at least one lateral spring made of a vertical wall, in order to accommodate at least one optical fiber, close to the optical sensing part. 
         [0108]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one V-groove is made, in order to accommodate at least one optical fiber, close to the optical sensing part. 
         [0109]    In some implementations of the present technology, the mobile element faces are perpendicular to the sensing direction, such as e.g. for a Bragg mirror or Bragg mirror part, or parallel to, such as e.g. for a shutter, which has for effect to decouple perpendicular directions for sensing. 
         [0110]    In some implementations of the present technology, a proof mass is obtained, at least in part, using backside etching. 
         [0111]    In some implementations of the present technology, the optical layer is thin and can accommodate silicon photonics devices, in particular using slab or channel waveguide monomode propagation. 
         [0112]    In some implementations of the present technology, the optical layer is relatively thin and is also used electronically to host microelectronics components or circuits, such as e.g. CMOS, in particular to interface with or drive the optical and MEMS components. 
         [0113]    In some implementations of the present technology, an optical fiber is bonded to the chip using glue, e.g. UV curing glue, the backside etching preventing the glue from reaching the MEMS or the optical sensing part by flowing. 
         [0114]    According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided an integrated optical multiple motion sensor, comprising at least two optical motion sensors, such as optical accelerometers or gyroscopes, including at least one optical accelerometer or gyroscope, on a same chip, and providing multi-axes motion sensing. 
         [0115]    In some implementations of the present technology, the light is distributed into the different accelerometers or gyroscopes using waveguides and splitters. 
         [0116]    In some implementations of the present technology, a six degrees of freedom motion sensor is provided. 
         [0117]    In some implementations of the present technology, several inputs or waveguides with several sources of light, such as a tunable laser, a moderate bandwidth light, a broadband light, or a laser, are used to perform several sorts of measurements together, such as transmission or reflection through an optical cavity or a shutter, in amplitude or spectrally. 
         [0118]    In some implementations of the present technology, multiple wavelengths or bands of wavelengths are used to address separately or at the same time the different accelerometers or gyroscopes. 
         [0119]    In some implementations of the present technology, the multiple wavelengths or bands of wavelengths are sent through one guiding element, such as an optical fiber or a waveguide. 
         [0120]    In some implementations of the present technology, the multiple wavelengths or bands of wavelengths are collected through one guiding element, such as an optical fiber or a waveguide. 
         [0121]    In some implementations of the present technology, the multiple wavelengths or bands of wavelengths are sent and collected through one same guiding element, such as an optical fiber or a waveguide; each optical part of the accelerometers or gyroscopes possibly working in reflection or in transmission. 
         [0122]    In some implementations of the present technology, different motions are post-decoupled by signal processing. 
         [0123]    In some implementations of the present technology, different motions are post-decoupled by subtracting from a coupled motion sensor the value obtained with a decoupled motion sensor. 
         [0124]    In some implementations of the present technology, providing a receptacle for optical fiber placement, such as a groove with lateral spring(s), comprises providing first an etch of the optical guiding layer through a predefined mask; then removing locally the barrier layer; pursuing etching the pattern provided by the mask into the top of the substrate; and finally providing a last etching step continuing into the same substrate, during which the other elements—springs, waveguides, optical elements, and top part of the proof mass—are etched in the optical guiding layer. 
         [0125]    In some implementations of the present technology, providing a receptacle for optical fiber placement comprises providing a controlled depth to accommodate the optical fiber and align its core to the waveguide etched in the optical guiding layer. 
         [0126]    In some implementations of the present technology, providing said elements comprises providing the local removing of the barrier layer, as required. 
         [0127]    In some implementations of the present technology, the optical MEMS is used as an integrated optical accelerometer or gyroscope, or as part of an integrated optical multiple motion sensor. 
         [0128]    In some implementations of the present technology, at least one of the reflective optical elements is a Bragg mirror. 
         [0129]    In some implementations of the present technology, the reflective optical element is, or is covered with, a metallic mirror. 
         [0130]    In some implementations of the present technology, the metallic mirror is obtained by thin film deposition. 
         [0131]    In some implementations of the present technology, the reflective element is obtained by thin film deposition. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0132]      FIG. 1  shows an implementation of a MOEMS accelerometer device on a chip operating spectrally with a tunable cavity. 
           [0133]      FIG. 2  shows another implementation of a MOEMS accelerometer device operating in amplitude with a modifiable Bragg mirror. 
           [0134]      FIG. 3  shows an optical spectrum corresponding to the MOEMS device of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0135]      FIG. 4  shows another implementation of a MOEMS accelerometer device on a chip, operating in amplitude with a mobile Bragg mirror. 
           [0136]      FIG. 5  shows an implementation of a MOEMS gyroscope device on a chip, operating in amplitude with a modifiable Bragg mirror. 
           [0137]      FIG. 6  shows another implementation of a MOEMS gyroscope device on a chip, operating in amplitude with a mobile Bragg mirror. 
           [0138]      FIG. 7  shows another implementation of a MOEMS gyroscope device on a chip, operating in amplitude with a reflecting element. 
           [0139]      FIG. 8  shows another implementation of a MOEMS gyroscope device on a chip, operating spectrally with a tunable cavity and tunable source. 
           [0140]      FIG. 9  shows another implementation of a MOEMS gyroscope device operating in amplitude with a light source of moderate bandwidth. 
           [0141]      FIG. 10  shows an alternative of the optical part of an optical integrated accelerometer or gyroscope, with curved elements. 
           [0142]      FIG. 11  shows an implementation of a MOEMS sensing device on a chip operating in amplitude with a mobile shutter and a reflecting element. 
           [0143]      FIG. 12  shows an implementation of a MOEMS sensing device operating for a vertical (out-of-plane) motion. 
           [0144]      FIG. 13  shows an implementation of a MOEMS sensing device using a differential measurement. 
           [0145]      FIG. 14  shows an implementation using several MOEMS sensing devices integrated on the same chip. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0146]    The MOEMS devices discussed herein act as sensors, specifically optical accelerometers and gyroscopes, depending on the implementation. As will be described below, some employ tunable Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities, where the sensor is actuated by an applied acceleration of the chip providing a shift in the operating wavelength that varies linearly with the applied acceleration. Implementations also include tunable mirrors in a FP cavity, where the sensor is actuated by the applied acceleration providing a change in intensity of the transmitted signal depending directly on the applied acceleration. Finally, some implementations are based on a variable optical attenuator (VOA), where the sensor is actuated by the applied acceleration providing a linear change for small displacements of a movable optical element around the waveguide propagation axis, causing a change in the relative signal intensity due to the applied acceleration. 
         [0147]    As will be described below, gyroscope devices use a MEMS electrostatic actuator (interdigitated-finger comb drive, hereinafter “comb drive”) to oscillate the proof mass along a driving axis. Due to Coriolis force, an applied rotation causes the proof mass and a movable optical element of FP mirror/FP movable mirror to be linearly displaced along a perpendicular sensing direction, proportional to the rotation rate. This displacement is AC modulated by the driving axis oscillations, modulating the VOA actuator/element position of FP mirror/FP gap and the resultant transmitted optical signal/wavelength. 
         [0148]      FIG. 1  illustrates a MOEMS device  100 , specifically an optical accelerometer  100 , where an acceleration of a chip  150  is measured using a deformable optical cavity, specifically a movable optical element  104  and a fixed optical element  106 . There are two proof masses  101 , each proof mass  101  being linked to two anchors  102  by four springs  103 . It is contemplated that more or fewer anchors  102  and springs  103  could be used, depending on the specific implementation. 
         [0149]    Each proof mass  101  is mechanically attached to the optical element  104 , which in this implementation is a Bragg mirror. The proof masses  101  are mechanically linked together by the support element  105 , the support element  105  supporting the Bragg mirror  104 . The fixed optical element  106  provides a reflection, in this case a fixed Bragg mirror, is placed nearby the movable Bragg mirror  104  and is connected to two anchors  107  (thereby rendering it immobile with respect to the chip  150 ). The optical elements  104 ,  106  are substantially parallel and separated by a pre-determined distance and they form a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity  108 . This cavity  108  is accessed by waveguides  109 , specifically optical fibers  109 , attached to the chip  150 . A tunable laser  110  and a photodetector  111  are optically connected to the fibers  109 . 
         [0150]    During standard operation of the MOEMS device  100 , a first waveguide  109  receives light from the light source  110 . A second waveguide  109  receives a portion of the light from the first waveguide  109 . As the light passing from one waveguide  109  to the other passes through the cavity  108 , the portion of the light received by the second waveguide  109  is altered by changes in the cavity  108 . The details of a change to the cavity  108  are described below. Finally, the photodetector  111  detects changes in the portion of the light accepted by the waveguide  109  and delivered to the photodetector  111 . The photodetector  111  is generally a photodiode, but other implementations are contemplated. 
         [0151]    A displacement of the proof mass  101 , caused by an acceleration of the chip, in turn causes a displacement of the movable Bragg mirror  104 . Thus the distance between the optical elements  104 ,  106  changes the length of cavity  108 . The transmitted wavelength through  108  depends on the displacement of  104 , and therefore depends on the acceleration. The tunable laser  110  and the photodetector  111  enable to obtain a spectrum of light transmitted through the optical system, or allow tracking the resonance wavelength of the FP cavity with a feedback loop from detector  111  to the tunable laser  110  to keep the wavelength of the tunable laser on the wavelength of the FP cavity. 
         [0152]      FIG. 2  illustrates an implementation of a MOEMS accelerometer device  200  using a deformable Bragg mirror of an optical cavity  209 . The Bragg mirror is deformable as one of the optical elements composing the Bragg mirror is movable and will produce changes in properties of the mirror during such movement. One proof mass  201  are linked to two anchors  202  by four springs  203 . The proof mass  201  is mechanically attached to a movable optical element  204  which is a part of a Bragg mirror assembly  205 . It is contemplated that more than one proof mass  201  could be mechanically linked together by one or several material elements which can include one or more optical elements. 
         [0153]    Two fixed optical elements  206 , the remaining parts of the Bragg mirror  205 , are connected to an anchor  207 . In some implementations, one or more fixed optical elements could be directly connected to a waveguide. The fixed optical elements  206  are fixed and the movable optical element  204  moves with the proof mass  201 . Together, they constitute a Bragg mirror  205 . Nearby is placed a reflecting element  208 , specifically a Bragg mirror  208 , substantially parallel to the Bragg mirror  205  and separated from the Bragg mirror  205  by a pre-determined distance. The mirrors  205  and  208  thus form a FP cavity  209 . This cavity  209  is accessed by optical waveguides  210 , connected to the Bragg mirror  205  and reflecting element  208 . It is contemplated that the fixed Bragg mirror components  206  could be integral to the waveguides  210 . 
         [0154]    With the displacement of the proof mass  201  due to an acceleration of the chip, the optical element  204  moves accordingly, thereby creating a modification of the Bragg mirror  205  properties, being e.g. a shift of the stopband or a reduced reflectivity. This affects the resonance of the cavity  209 . The peak of the resonance wavelength gets lowered in amplitude, which is observed in the optical spectrum of the transmission through the optical system, or simply by an amplitude detection over a limited range (around the resonance wavelength and inside the stopband) by a photodetector (not shown). In this way, the acceleration is measured. The simpler amplitude detection can be realized, e.g., with the use of an LED (light-emitting diode) which has a moderate bandwidth and a photodetector (for measuring light amplitude or intensity, shown in  FIG. 4 ). The use of a moderate bandwidth source, in particular one which covers the extents of the transmission peaks but does not exceed the stopband of the Bragg mirror(s), is beneficial because the amplitude received on the detector will correspond to the sole amplitude of the transmission peak. It is also possible to use a detector whose bandwidth is limited to the stopband of the Bragg mirror(s). 
         [0155]    The change of transmitted amplitude due to the motion of the optical element(s)  204  is demonstrated in  FIG. 3  where are represented simulated transmission spectra  300  through the optical system of the MOEMS accelerometer device  200  of  FIG. 2 , for several displacements shown in the legend  301  of the movable optical element  204  surrounded by the two fixed optical elements  206 , the reflecting element  208  being here a Bragg mirror. Transmission peaks  302  are observed over a certain portion of the spectrum. Their amplitude depends on the displacement  301  and follows a monotonous function of it. As such, the photodetector may be used, in place of a more complicated and expensive optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). 
         [0156]      FIG. 4  illustrates an implementation of a MOEMS accelerometer device  500  where the light portion change due to acceleration of a chip  550  is measured using a mobile shutter. This represents a VOA. A proof mass  501  is linked to two anchors  502  by four springs  503 . The proof mass  501  is mechanically attached to a Bragg mirror  504 . The Bragg mirror  504  is placed between two optical fibers  505  attached to the chip  550 , and shutters substantially half of the portion of light passing from the first optical fiber  505  to the second optical fiber  505  when the chip is at rest (its extremity is substantially at the central axis of the fiber cores). Because this Bragg mirror  504  reflects part of the light, it decreases the light transmitted from fiber to fiber  505 . Due to an acceleration, the Bragg mirror  504  moves with the proof mass  101  along a direction of motion  510  and shutters a larger part or a smaller part of the optical beam (the portion of light passing from one fiber  505  to the other  505 ). The amplitude of light transmitted sees therefore a decrease or an increase. A source of light  506 , specifically an LED  506 , is coupled to the first fiber  505 , and a photodetector  507 , specifically a photodiode  507 , is coupled to the other fiber  505 . In this way the amplitude of the portion of light transmitted is measured and from this the acceleration is determined. 
         [0157]      FIG. 5  illustrates a MOEMS gyroscope device  600  for determining rotation of a chip  650 . A proof mass  601  is linked to four anchors  602  by springs  603 . In addition, there are three side plates  604  connecting a portion of the springs  603  together. It is contemplated that there could be more or fewer springs  603  and side plates  604 , depending on the implementation. 
         [0158]    The side plate(s)  604  are placed such that their movement will be decoupled from the proof mass  601  along a sensing direction  620  and a driving direction  625 . The proof mass  601  is driven by a comb drive  605 , operatively coupled to the proof mass  601  via one side plate  614 . An angular velocity will then cause a shift of the proof mass  601  in a direction perpendicular to the driving direction  625  due to Coriolis force (the sensing direction  620 ). An optical system  606 , which is similar to the ensemble of elements  204  to  210  of  FIG. 2  operates in the same way described above in relation to  FIG. 2 , i.e. the Bragg mirror is modified and the amplitude of the peak of the resonance wavelength decreases. In this way, the angular velocity is measured. The optical system  606  is accessed by optical waveguides  607 . 
         [0159]      FIG. 6  illustrates a MOEMS gyroscope device  700  for determining rotation of a chip  750 , where the response is measured using a mobile shutter (VOA). The elements  701  to  705  and  714  are the same as the elements  601  to  605  and  614  of  FIG. 5 , respectively, and they are organized in the same way and perform the same function. The optical system  706 , which is equivalent to the element  504  of  FIG. 4 , and of which at least one optical element is attached to the side plate  704 , operates as described above with regard to  FIG. 4 . Specifically, the amplitude of the light portion transmitted between the waveguides  707  will be increased or decreased, depending on the displacement of the Bragg mirror, itself linked to angular velocity through the Coriolis force. The waveguides  707  in this implementation are multimode optical fibers  707 . It is contemplated that waveguides  707  could be integral to the chip  750 . 
         [0160]    Another embodiment, a MOEMS gyroscope  800 , is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The elements  801  to  807  and  814  are similar to the elements  701  to  707  and  714  of  FIG. 6 , respectively, except that the element  806  is, in this implementation, a mobile shutter  806  composed of one movable reflective element  809 . The reflective element  809  is gold metallic coated, but it is contemplated that the reflective element  809  could be composed of or coated by other metals. 
         [0161]      FIG. 8  illustrates another implementation of a MOEMS gyroscope device  900  where rotation of a chip (not shown) is measured using a deformable optical cavity, similar to those described above. The elements  901  to  905  and  914  are similar in operation to the elements  601  to  605  and  614  of  FIG. 5 , respectively, and they are organized in the same way and perform the same function. The optical system  906  is equivalent to the ensemble of elements  104  to  109  of  FIG. 1 . A Bragg mirror  912  is attached to one of the side plates  904  and a fixed Bragg mirror  910  attached to an anchor constitute an FP cavity  906 . Due to rotation of the chip, the FP cavity  906  will be modified in the same way, i.e. the FP cavity length is modified and the transmitted wavelength depends on the displacement of the movable optical element  912 , itself linked to the angular velocity through the Coriolis force. The optical system  906  is accessed by optical fibers  907 , and the position or the tracking of the resonance wavelength is obtained using to a tunable laser  908  and a photodetector  909 , like for the optical accelerometer  100 . 
         [0162]      FIG. 9  illustrates another implementation of a MOEMS gyroscope device  1000  where rotation of a chip is measured using a deformable mirror of an optical cavity  1006 . The elements  1001  to  1005  are the same as the elements  601  to  605  of  FIG. 5 , respectively, and they are organized in the same way and perform the same function. The optical system  1006 , which is analogous to the ensemble of elements  204  to  209  of  FIG. 2 , has one movable optical element  1012  attached to the side plate  1004  and fixed optical elements  1010  and  1015 . The optical elements  1010 ,  1012 , and  1015  make up an FP cavity  1006  composed of Bragg mirrors. As before, the Bragg mirror gets modified and the amplitude of the peak of the resonance wavelength decreases. By this way, the angular velocity is measured due to the Coriolis force at the origin of the displacement of the movable optical element  1012  inside the cavity  1006 . The optical system  1006  is accessed here by optical fibers  1007 . A source of light  1008  of moderate bandwidth (such as e.g. an LED) coupled to a fiber  1007 , and a photodetector  1009  (such as e.g. a photodiode) coupled to the other fiber  1007 , allow to measure the amplitude of light transmitted and therefore determine the angular velocity. 
         [0163]      FIG. 10  illustrates alternative implementations of optical elements (fixed or movable) to be used in MOEMS devices as described above. The reflective optical elements described above, such as a Bragg mirror or a metallic mirror (e.g.  104 ,  107 ,  205 ,  208 , or  504 ), may be replaced by curved versions  1201 ,  1202 , or  1203  (e.g. with a circular curvature) instead of straight ones (shown with waveguides  1204 ). The mobile curved optics  1201 ,  1202  and  1203  are connected to a mobile arm  1205 , in turn connected to a proof mass, as described above. 
         [0164]    For example, at least one of the reflective elements  1201 , or  1202 , (mirrors) constituting a FP cavity can be curved towards the cavity (concave element). This can provide a reduction in the divergence of the beam, or a focusing of the beam, depending on the implementation. The losses of the cavity can consequently be reduced and the quality factor increased, enhancing thereby the sensitivity. For a shutter style assembly, the curved element such as element  1203  can increase the amount of reflected light into the guiding element, by a better divergence control or focalization. 
         [0165]      FIG. 11  illustrates an implementation of a MOEMS device  1300  utilizing a curved optical element. A proof mass  1301  is linked to two anchors  1302  by four springs  1303 . The proof mass  1301  is movable in a displacement direction  1310 . A movable optical element  1304  is connected to the proof mass  1301 . The movable optical element  1304  operates as a shutter, where the optical element  1304  limits the amplitude of the light portion transmitted from the input guiding element  1305  to the output waveguide  1307  upon movement in the displacement direction  1310  caused by an external acceleration to the chip  1350 . In this implementation, the movable optical element is a metallic mirror diverting the light away from the optical area of the device  1300 , but it is also contemplated that the optical element  1304  could be an absorber or a Bragg mirror. 
         [0166]    This optical element  1304  (shutter) is placed between the waveguide  1305 , and a fixed optical element  1306  reflecting the light. This reflecting element  1306  is a Bragg mirror and is curved to send back more light to the guiding element  1305 . In other implementations, the element  1306  could be a reflecting metal. It may be part of another element  1307  such as a waveguide or attached to an anchor, or may be on its own. The shutter  1304  is positioned at rest with its extremity substantially at the central axis of the guiding element  1305  so that it shadows substantially half of the optical beam and so that the reflecting element  1306  reflects substantially the other half of the beam. Due to an acceleration, the optical element  1304  moves with the proof mass  1301  and shutters a larger part or a smaller part of the portion of light from reflection by the reflecting element  1306 . A photodetector (not shown) measures the amplitude of the light portion reflected, which therefore sees a decrease or an increase depending on the acceleration of the chip. 
         [0167]      FIG. 12  illustrates a MOEMS device  1400  for detection of vertical (out-of-plane) motion using a mobile shutter (similar to that described above). A proof mass  1401  is linked to an anchor  1402  by two springs  1403 . The springs  1403  are designed primarily for a vertical elasticity, such that the proof mass  1401  is movable in the direction generally perpendicular to the plate of the chip, in this case generally vertical. The proof masses  1401  includes movable optical element  1404 . This optical element  1404 , a Bragg mirror  1404 , is placed between two guiding elements  1405  attached to a chip (not shown). The mirror  1404  shutters substantially half of the light portion passing from one waveguide  1405  to the other waveguide  1405  at rest (its top surface is substantially placed at the central axis of the guiding elements  1405 ). Because the optical element  1404  blocks part of the light, it decreases the light transmitted from one guiding element  1405  to the other. Due to a vertical acceleration, the optical element  1404  moves vertically with the proof mass  1401  and shutters a larger part or a smaller part of the optical beam. The amplitude of the portion of light transmitted sees therefore a decrease or an increase. This allows measuring the vertical acceleration. For an implementation of such as device as a gyroscope, a comb drive would be added in-plane to actuate the proof mass, and this would allow detecting an angular velocity with its axis in-plane, through the vertical movement due to Coriolis force. 
         [0168]    In some implementations, two MOEMS in-plane accelerometers can be combined into a single x-y accelerometer, by placing two mobile optical elements and the associated guiding elements at perpendicular directions (e.g. on two sides of the proof mass), using one same proof mass with its springs. It is also possible to add the z direction using an out-of-plane motion sensor  1400 , with its mobile optical element attached to the same proof mass. 
         [0169]      FIG. 13  illustrates another implementation of a MOEMS device  1500 , according to the present technology. A proof mass  1501  is linked to four anchors  1502  by four springs  1503 . The proof mass  1501  is connected to at a pair of optical elements  1504 , each being a part of an optical part  1505 . Light is brought to each optical part  1505  by two input waveguides  1506 . The input waveguides  1506  are connected to a single input waveguide  1510  (guiding light from light source  1520 ) using a splitter part  1507 . The pair of input and output waveguides  1506  are positioned symmetrically about the proof mass  1501 . In an acceleration of the chip, the mobile optical elements  1504  displace in the same direction, resulting in an opposite effect on the light portion in the optical parts  1505 . A differential measurement is then performed in the two output waveguides  1506 , which can increase the sensitivity of the device  1500 . The optical parts  1505  here are mobile reflecting or obscuring shutters, but it is contemplated that they could be FP cavities with modifiable Bragg mirrors, or tunable FP cavities. A comb drive would be added if the device  1500  is modified to be a gyroscope. An acceleration or an angular velocity creates a displacement of the proof mass  1501  and the optical elements  1504 , creating a displacement of resonance wavelengths or a change in amplitude of the transmitted signals, depending on the optical parts  1505  used, and thereby allows the measure of this acceleration or an angular velocity (as described above). In some implementations, there are several proof masses  1501  mechanically linked together by one or several material elements, these elements possibly including the optical elements  1504 . This differential measurement can also be used for out-of-plane motion sensors, such as the device  1400 . 
         [0170]    It is contemplated that in some implementations, MOEMS accelerometers or gyroscopes could be constructed wherein the optical part (such as  108 ,  209 ,  504 ,  606 ,  706 ,  806 ,  906 ,  1006 ,  1200 ,  1404 , or  1505 ) is now used in reflection. The accelerometer or gyroscope can then be accessed with only one guiding element (e.g. waveguide or optical fiber). This can reduce fabrication cost and facilitate assembly. The chip might be accessed with only one optical fiber and could use only a single light source for all the MOEMS devices. A splitter for light going in and coming back might then be used. The part of light which is reflected is substantially the one which is not transmitted, when other losses are not considered. It is therefore possible to monitor the spectral or amplitude change in the reflected light and determine the acceleration or angular velocity by this way. The initial output guiding element (e.g. waveguide or optical fiber) might be removed. It is also possible to measure both the transmission and the reflection, e.g. to get additional information, and as a possibility use them in a differential measurement. 
         [0171]    In the different implementations presented, it should be noted that the displacement of an optical element such as a part of, or an entire Bragg mirror, in a direction along the plane of this element, does not affect the optical properties of this optical part (e.g. FP cavity). Therefore, the optical measurement of a displacement e.g. along y, is decoupled from a displacement along x or z. Additionally, for a shutter designed to move e.g. in the direction y, a displacement along z does not affect its optical properties and a displacement along x would affect them minimally. These different optical configurations have thus the advantage of making independent measurements along different directions. 
         [0172]      FIG. 14  illustrates a schematic configuration of a MOEMS based sensing device. The sensing device  1600  utilizes several MOEMS devices, including any of the implementations of the accelerometers and/or the gyroscopes described above, integrated on the same chip  1650 . This is also referred to as an integrated optical multiple motion sensor  1600 . As illustrated in  FIG. 14 , two embodiments  1610  and  1620  of the MOEMS devices are integrated together to provide a full six-degrees of freedom motion sensor  1600 . The different accelerometers and/or gyroscopes (in-plane and/or vertical), which can comprise the previously mentioned accelerometers and/or gyroscopes ( 100 ,  200 ,  500 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 ,  1300 ,  1400 , or  1500 ), as well as other accelerometers and/or gyroscopes, are accessed by waveguides  1604  on the chip. T-bar splitters, cross-splitters, star-splitters, or other kinds of beam separation devices can be used to distribute the light into the MOEMS devices  1610 ,  1620 . Several inputs/waveguides  1604  guide light from the light source  1602  to the MOEMS devices  1610 ,  1620 . The devices  1610 ,  1620  may also be used to perform the several sorts of measurements together. The input waveguide(s) and output waveguides may be accessed by other guiding elements such as optical fibers. 
         [0173]    Most of the different kinds of motions (the six-degrees of freedom) are decoupled from each other thanks to the previously mentioned opto-mechanical designs. In cases where it would not be possible to decouple the motions, compensation could be realized by subtracting from the coupled motion sensor the value obtained with a decoupled motion sensor. 
         [0174]    Integrating different optical inertial sensors on a unique substrate (a single chip) can contribute to reducing the amount of external fiber optic interconnections, consequently decreasing the overall system mass and size, and contribute to the optimization of the system reliability as well as its cost efficiency. The end product could exhibit a great reduction in system mass and size. 
         [0175]    The navigator microchip also represents the ability of accommodating diverse attitude and inertial sensors on the same microchip to eliminate the need of many separate sensors. The end product exhibits orders of magnitude reduction in system mass and size. Furthermore, redundancy improves the net performance and precision of the navigation measurement systems. 
         [0176]    In another embodiment, the integrated optical multiple motion sensor could be operated using multiple wavelengths or bands of wavelengths, in a sort of multiplexing way, to reduce the number of guiding elements needed, such as optical fibers. As an example, three LEDs with different wavelength bands could be used as source of light for three motion sensors based on FP cavity with a modifiable Bragg mirror. The wavelength bands could be split on the chip (with dichroic beamsplitters) into different waveguides, would then pass through the three optical parts of sensors, and would be recombined in one waveguide. Or the combined wavelength bands could be simply split in power into different waveguides, would then all pass through the three optical parts of sensors, and would be recombined in one waveguide. The FP cavities would be designed to operate on the three different wavelength band (three different transmission peaks, but the three stopbands overlapping enough), and the three amplitudes detected would therefore not perturb each other. The chip could then be accessed by a single optical fiber and the returning wavelengths can be separated spectrally, or detected with different wavelengths sensitive detectors. 
         [0177]    For the above described implementations, different light sources could be used. These include, but are not limited to: Fabry-Perot based lasers, distributed Bragg reflector lasers, distributed feedback lasers, VCSELs, LEDs, wide bandwidth LEDs, and tunable lasers. The waveguides used in the above described implementations could include, but are not limited to: bulk wave guides, bulk waveguides integral to the chip, monomode fibers, glass fibers, and multimode fibers. 
         [0178]    Concerning the coupling between an optical fiber and a waveguide on the chip, a groove needs to be etched down to accommodate the fiber and match the position of its core with the on-chip waveguide. With the spacing between the fiber and the waveguide, some divergence of the beam will occur between the exit of the fiber and the entry of the waveguide. Therefore the waveguide should be at minimum a bit thicker than the fiber core, in a proportion given by the formula of beam expansion. 
         [0179]    The following generally describes fabrication of the device  100 ,  500 , etc on the chip, such as the chips  150 ,  550 , etc as described above. The MOEMS devices  100 ,  200 ,  500 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 ,  1300 ,  1400 ,  1500 ,  1600  are fabricated on Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers (the chips  150 , etc). An SOI wafer consists of a silicon layer on top called a Device Layer, an oxide layer in the middle called BOX, and a bulk silicon layer on the bottom called Handle layer. All of the above described devices are defined in the top silicon layer (device layer). The SOI wafer has the following specifications: 11 μm thickness Si device layer (resistivity=100 Ω.cm), 3 μm SiO 2  layer (buried oxide (BOX) layer or barrier layer), and 500 μm Si-handle layer. The proof mass is composed of all three layers. Lithography is performed to define the device layer (waveguide, Bragg mirror, springs, etc.). It is to be understood that the materials, etching agents, and sizes may be adapted or modified for other requirements (e.g. working wavelength or size of optical fiber), without departing from the scope of the present technology. 
         [0180]    In the case of a suspended proof mass with backside etching added mass, the constraint on the device (optical) layer thickness is alleviated since this layer does not need to possess anymore a high volume for the mass. This offers a great flexibility for the device layer thickness. Thicknesses of e.g. 2 μm or 200 nm are therefore possible. For example it is thus possible to use a thin layer to host silicon photonics monomode devices, being monomode at least in the vertical direction, i.e. using, or etched into, a slab monomode planar waveguide. This thin layer can also be used to host microelectronics components, such as CMOS components. 
         [0181]    In order to connect an optical fiber to the chip to access the active optical part or a waveguide, it is useful to place the fiber in a groove realized on the chip. The immobilization of the fiber is frequently done using UV curing glue. A reservoir is usually integrated, but there is a risk of the glue flowing to the MEMS or the optical sensing part and making them unusable. Another advantage of the backside proof mass etching is that a hole is present in the backside, which will divert the glue flow and avoid it reaching the MEMS or the optical sensing parts.