Abstract:
Methods for compensating the existing crystal oscillator frequencies in extended temperature ranges. Utilizing existing crystal oscillators on any system design which may have quartz crystals with associated circuitry to deliver frequency or timing reference signals and increasing the accuracy of such by additional circuitry.

Description:
This application claims the early application benefit of USPTO provisional application U.S. 61/300,430 filed Feb. 01, 2010 
     REFERENCES CITED 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,668,506, 4,453,834, 20070030084, 20060132254, 6,630,872, 20050122182, 20050122182, 20010048330, 20090262018 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     Present invention relates to highly stable frequency or timing signal generators without the need of any other reference. More specifically, present invention relates to making an existing crystal oscillators more stable by external excitation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As the traditional temperature stabilized crystal oscillators (TCXO) are gaining wide use of todays systems, board manufacturers prefer to attach a crystal to the integrated circuits (ICs) that they are using. These oscillators are usually not temperature compensated. Attaching temperature compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO) which is quite mature in its&#39; development, may be expensive and may not be flexible enough due to the limited selection of frequencies. Cheaper solutions, such as low frequency real time clocks (RTC) with temperature compensation, do not always serve the purpose of achieving high frequency signal references. Besides, there is no feasible temperature compensation solution for voltage controlled crystal oscillators. 
     There are numerous inventions in the TCXO field. U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,506 gives a detailed information about the problems and solutions associated with TCXOs. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,453,834, a timepiece clock reference generator is stabilized with respect to temperature. US patent 20070030084 teaches different ways of frequency adjustment including capacitor switching. US patent 20060132254 brings more of an analog solution, U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,872 discloses an elegant digital one and US patent 20050122182 suggests a self calibration technique. It should be obvious to someone ordinary skilled in art that none of these inventions discusses about compensating or stabilizing an existing oscillator with respect to temperature. They are all using their own crystal oscillator which has crystal integrated or packaged together with the circuits that controls their frequency. 
     There is at least one US patent (20010048330) that is utilizing an existing TCXO, not a regular crystal oscillator, describes how to increase the accuracy of the frequency with the aid of an automatic frequency control (AFC). In this arrangement, inventor&#39;s purpose is not to stabilize the oscillator it self directly, but rather generate a clock signal out of a PLL system with VCO which may not have high quality signal. 
     In US patent 20090262018, a non-TCXO is used to generate a relatively arbitrary frequency. Since the invention is solving a frequency correction problem of satellite receiver for which a clock signal with much higher accuracy is available, a subsequent PLL system could be used to compensate the frequency. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention uses a temperature compensation on an on-chip resonator that is separate than the main resonator to which external system refers, and synchronizes external resonator&#39;s frequency to the temperature compensated internal resonator&#39;s. Several methods that can be chosen based on the needs, are described. These methods bring the ability to select any crystal or resonator, based on desired frequency and frequency accuracy. It is possible to build an architecture that is following either external crystal or resonator&#39;s, or the internal resonator&#39;s frequency. The methods described in this invention provide minimal variation on the selected frequency within a certain temperature range. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 . Simplified schematic of a typical Pierce type crystal oscillator. 
         FIG. 2 . Simplified schematic of an oscillator utilizing LC resonator. 
         FIG. 3 . Conceptual schematic representing a temperature compensated oscillator. 
         FIG. 4 . Conceptual schematic representing a temperature compensated oscillator utilizing a ROM to reduce nonlinearities. 
         FIG. 5 . Diagram illustrating basic concept of transforming existing oscillators to temperature compensated ones. 
         FIG. 6 . Schematic shows that external capacitors are moved inside and used for range selection via digital interface. 
         FIG. 7 . Block representation of the switcher seen in  FIG. 6  as a simple up-down counter. 
         FIG. 8 . Schematic illustrating temperature compensated VCXO working in open loop fashion. 
         FIG. 9 . Block diagram showing isolated temperature compensated internal oscillator accurately setting the external oscillator frequency by a PLL system. 
         FIG. 10 . Block diagram showing PLL system with VCO eliminated. 
         FIG. 11 . Block diagram showing how compensation is done adjusting fractional divide value rather than switching. 
         FIG. 12  is a high-level flow diagram of a method for converting a traditional and existing crystal oscillator into a temperature compensated crystal oscillator by adding a frequency temperature stabilization unit (FTSU) to the existing crystal oscillator. 
         FIG. 13  is a high-level flow diagram of a method for converting a traditional and existing voltage controlled crystal oscillators (VCXOs) into a temperature compensated VCXO and for adjusting a frequency of a signal output from and the VCXO. The high-level flow diagram represents an example embodiment 
         FIG. 14  is a high-level flow diagram of a method for converting a traditional and existing voltage controlled crystal oscillators (VCXOs) into a temperature compensated VCXO and for adjusting a frequency of a signal output from and the VCXO. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The description given here is to allow someone ordinary skilled in the art to build and use of the present invention in related applications. Variety of modifications on the embodiments described, may be apparent to one skilled in the art and general principles of the invention described here may be applicable to other embodiments. These other embodiments may be constructed using n-channel transistors instead of p-channel ones, or vice versa; bipolar ones instead of mos; different amplifier types instead of what is illustrated here; different digital circuits with similar functionality instead of what is suggested here; different type of oscillators or resonators in place of what is taken as an example here; different type of frequency adjustment techniques instead of what is described here; different construction topologies which functions similar to what is given here. Therefore, the scope of present invention should not be taken as limited to the particular embodiments illustrated and described herein, but widest scope consistent with the principal and novel features disclosed here. 
     In  FIG. 1 , a basic crystal oscillator schematic is given. This illustrated form is known as Pierce type oscillator. When the quartz crystal  103  together with capacitors  104  excited by amplifier  102 , constitute an oscillator. An analog comparator  101  switches the output  105  based on the polarity of the voltage across the crystal. 
     This form is a preferred by many oscillator makers due to its&#39; reliability, well studied case, robustness etc. However, the invented methods explained here may apply to many different kind of oscillators and resonators. Any oscillator with high quality factor, in other words very narrow frequency band, also with frequency adjustment capability would serve the purpose. 
     For example, in  FIG. 2 , an LC tank oscillator is illustrated. The similarity should be visible to the someone ordinary skilled in the art. Similarly, amplifier  202  with LC tank  203  constitutes an oscillator and comparator  201  generates an output signal at output node  204 . All it is needed to make any resonator or oscillator to be useful for this invention is that it should be arranged to be adjustable in either a digital or an analog fashion. These arrangements are well discussed in the literature as well as numerous patents. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a frequency adjustment is done by varying the capacitor  305  values. When a temperature measurement apparatus  307 , which is also discussed in many articles and patents, is placed to detect the temperature  306  of the resonator and vary the capacitor values accordingly, in such a way that the variation on the nominal frequency of the resonator  303  within a certain temperature range can be reduced. 
       FIG. 4 , shows similar arrangement, with additional circuit  407  to correct nonlinearities. Although this linearization circuit  407  can be many different forms, for the simplification, it is illustrated as Read Only Memory (ROM). 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the basic concept of transformation from conventional crystal oscillator to temperature compensated one by just adding Frequency-Temperature Stabilization Unit (FTSU)  526 . This illustration overviews the invention described here. Essentially, amplifier  502 ,  512  comparator  501 ,  511 , circuit  506 ,  516  containing these oscillator components, and the resonator  503 ,  513  remain exactly the same. Capacitance values of capacitors  504  reduced proper amount  514 , and the difference is complemented by the ones  524  inside the FTSU. It should be obvious to the one ordinary skilled in the art that this arrangement with temperature sensor  521  and ROM  522 , is very similar to the one shown in  FIG. 4 , however, the difference is that by just adding an FTSU to the existing system, one can achieve temperature invariant frequency reference without disturbing existing circuitry. 
     In conventional TCXO implementations where temperature sensor, resonator and the other elements packaged together, temperature compensation is done by knowing this togetherness is for lifetime and by using a one time programming operation during manufacturing phase. When FTSU is added on a system to work with an arbitrary crystal, the trimming operation must be done by the end user. Therefore One Time Trim interface  525 , is added to FTSU in its&#39; this simple form. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , external capacitors are eliminated by using capacitors  610  inside the FTSU. They are also partitioned in such a way that a coarse trimming can be done with another interface and a capacitor switching mechanism  611 . This method provides better control on frequency as well as resonator selection. 
     One possible implementation of the switching mechanism is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . An up-down counter that is acting as a memory at the same time, is driven by inputs increment  702  and decrement  703  signals and holds the amount of the capacitor information at its&#39; output  704 . 
     In  FIG. 8 , FTSU  813  which is exactly same as what was illustrated in  FIG. 6 , is making VCXO to be temperature stabilized. For the sake of simplification, capacitor controlled VCXO topology is selected to be shown here. As a prior art, VCXO control block  806  switches the capacitors  804  to vary the frequency around its&#39; nominal value. Unless such a VCXO is locked to another reference, nominal frequency would slide when the temperature changes. By adding FTSU, this temperature dependency can be eliminated. Since the designer of the VCXO optimized the amount of the capacitors, placing the FTSU will bring additional shift in the frequency. The solution to this problem is to use higher load capacitance resonator. 
     FTSU described above  FIGS. 6 and 8  lacks of direct temperature feedback from external resonator. This feedback can be improved by special packaging or board design. Even with this weakness, frequency variation of the resonator would be much better than the case which does not use an FTSU. 
     In order to eliminate temperature feedback problem, arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 9  can be used. An FTSU  901  with internal resonator is integrated with two cascaded phase locked loop (PLL) systems. First PLL with forward divider  902 , phase detector  903 , charge pump  904 , loop filter  905 , VCO  908 , and a feedback divider  907 , multiplies the frequency generated by internal FTSU  901  block, in such a way that external resonator&#39;s nominal frequency is matched. This is done by programming forward  902  and feedback  907  dividers which are built deep enough to give desired accuracy. Output of multiplier PLL that is tapped out of feedback divider  907 , is fed to the secondary PLL&#39;s frequency detector  908 . Frequency detector  908  compares the frequency of this signal and the signal obtained from external crystal  915  using a comparator  913 . The frequency error signal coming out of frequency detector is then fed into usual PLL components, charge pump  909  and loop filter  910  which may be implemented as analog or digital methods. Finally, correction on the frequency is done by capacitor switching circuitry, based on this signal. 
     Since the internal FTSU has its&#39; own temperature feedback, it can be trimmed to deliver repeatable flat frequency vs. temperature characteristics. When multiplication factor is chosen properly, even if the external resonator&#39;s frequency is drifted due to the temperature, complete FDSU  912  will bring it back to nominal frequency. 
     Referring to the  FIG. 10 , a simplification may be obvious to someone ordinary skilled in art can be described. In this arrangement, one of the PLL is eliminated by using a fractional divider  1007 . With the assumption of frequency generated by internal FTSU  1001  is significantly lower than what external resonator gives, fractional divider can be programmed to divide external resonator&#39;s frequency down to internal FTSU&#39;s nominal frequency. The phase detector  1002  compares the phase and ultimately the frequency of these two signals and generates commands for increasing or decreasing the frequency of external resonator&#39;s via usual PLL components charge pump  1003 , loop filter  1005  and a capacitor switcher  1011 . It is also obvious to someone ordinary skilled in the art that these components can be done in entirely digital fashion  1008 . A reset signal  1009  is generated by fractional divider to restart switcher  1011  when a refresh occurs at every fractional divider cycle. This is to ensure abrupt changes on the frequency correction not to occur. 
     Method disclosed in  FIG. 10  has clear advantages over the one in  FIG. 9 . Most important ones of these advantages are the simplification and the power consumption. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates even further simplification. In this arrangement, internal reference is free running oscillator without any temperature compensation on its&#39; frequency  1103 ,  1106 ,  1104 ,  1105 . The compensation is done by reprogramming fractional divider  1110 , every time a temperature change is detected by sensor  1101  and linearizer  1102 . This method is useful when internal reference is not needed for other purposes. 
       FIG. 12  is a high-level flow diagram of a method for converting a traditional and existing crystal oscillator into a temperature compensated crystal oscillator by adding a frequency temperature stabilization unit (FTSU) to the existing crystal oscillator. The high-level flow diagram represents an example embodiment. At  1200 , a the a frequency output from the crystal oscillator is adjusted by switching load capacitors of the crystal oscillator in and out of the FTSU. At  1205 , the temperature of the existing crystal oscillator is measured. At  1210  capacitor values of the load capacitors are adjusted based on the temperature of the existing crystal oscillator. At  1215 , an output from a linearization circuit (e.g., ROM 808) is applied to capacitors of the FTSU for further adjusting the output from the existing crystal oscillator to make a temperature variation of the output relatively flat. At  1220 , load capacitors are provided inside the FTSU to provide a coarse frequency adjustment circuit interfaced outside of the FTSU, step  1225 . At  1230 , trimming capability is provided to obtain a relatively flat frequency versus temperature behavior. Trimming can be applied during manufacturing or board building. 
       FIG. 13  is a high-level flow diagram of a method for converting a traditional and existing voltage controlled crystal oscillators (VCXOs) into a temperature compensated VCXO and for adjusting a frequency of a signal output from and the VCXO. The high-level flow diagram represents an example embodiment. At  1300 , a frequency temperature stabilization unit (FTSU) is provided that has a relatively slow response time so as not to interfere with VCXO control circuitry of the VCXO. At  1305 , a center frequency is set so that the center frequency does not drift with temperature. At  1310  a reference resonator and associated load capacitors are provided together in a package. At  1315 , a frequency multiplier phase locked loop system is provided to match with the external oscillator&#39;s nominal frequency. At  1320 , another phase locked loop system is provided to control the external oscillator&#39;s frequency. At  1325  , a feedback signal from terminals of the external oscillator is used to create and control the feedback path. 
       FIG. 14  is a high-level flow diagram of a method for converting a traditional and existing voltage controlled crystal oscillators (VCXOs) into a temperature compensated VCXO and for adjusting a frequency of a signal output from and the VCXO. The high-level flow diagram represents an example embodiment. At  1400 , via the fractional divider, a substantially suitable granularity of frequency adjustment is achieved. At  1405 , the capacitor switching circuit is reset at every fractional count cycle. At  1410 , the internal oscillator is set to be free running At  1415 , the frequency correction is provided over a temperature range to further provide fractional divider programming.