Abstract:
A method for attaching a handle to a tablet to form a lollipop utilizes a specific work holder. The work holder has a tooling pallet with a plurality of openings going from a top surface to a bottom surface. A bullet and a spring are located in each opening and held in place by a plate that slides through a groove in the bottom surface of the tooling pallet to block the openings in the bottom surface. Each spring is positioned between a bullet and the plate. A tablet is placed in a cavity of each bullet and a handle is placed in contact with each tablet. High frequency mechanical vibrations, such as ultrasonic vibrations, are applied to a joint interface between each tablet and bullet until the joint interface reaches a molten state. The joint interfaces are then allowed to cool, thereby attaching a handle to each tablet and forming a lollipop.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/446,510, filed on Jun. 5, 2006, which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/686,976, filed Jun. 3, 2005, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a work holder for attaching a handle to a tablet, such as a solid oral dosage form to form a lollipop and to a method for making the same utilizing the work holder. 
     2. Background Art 
     A conventional solid oral dosage form of a pharmaceutical attached to a handle for transmucosal active agent delivery is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,953. In addition to being non-invasive and providing a particularly easy method of delivery, the solid oral dosage form attached to a handle allows a patient or caregiver to move the dose in and out of the mouth to titrate the dose. This practice is called dose-to-effect, in which a patient or caregiver controls the administration of the dose until the expected therapeutic effect is achieved. The practice of dose-to-effect is particularly important for certain symptoms, such as pain, nausea, motion sickness, and premedication prior to anesthesia because each patient needs a different amount of medication to treat these symptoms. Once the appropriate amount of active agent is delivered, the patient or caregiver can remove the solid oral dosage form, thus stopping the active agent delivery to prevent overdose. 
     A common concern with medicated solid oral dosage forms attached to a handle is the possibility that the solid oral dosage form part of the device will become detached from the handle. If the solid oral dosage form becomes detached from the handle, then it can be more difficult to remove and/or administer the active agent as desired. Also of concern is the possibility that the solid oral dosage form which is detached from its handle could be swallowed in its entirety, possibly resulting in an overdosing of the active agent. Similarly, a detached solid oral dosage form could also become a choking hazard. 
     One method for securely attaching a solid oral dosage form to a handle is the use of mechanical vibrations, such as ultrasonic vibrations, as disclosed in parent application U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/446,510, filed on Jun. 5, 2006. Such a process involves having the handle inserted into a solid oral dosage form and exerting pressure on the handle with a horn to transmit the vibrations. One problem with attaching several handles and solid oral dosage forms together with the same horn in an automated process is that if the handles are not at the same height, either some handles will not be attached or too much pressure will be applied to some handles resulting in cracking of the solid oral dosage forms. 
     Therefore, there is a need in the art for a work holder that can hold the tablet portion of a lollipop such as, for example, solid oral dosage forms with the handles inserted therein during an attachment procedure that permits relative movement of the individually assembled handles and tablets. Such a work holder that allows relative movement ensures attachment of all the handles to the tablets and prevents the exertion of too much pressure on some handles, which leads to cracking of the tablets. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A work holder according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a tooling pallet having a first surface, a second surface, and a plurality of openings in the first surface; a plurality of bullets, wherein each bullet has a first cavity and wherein each of the plurality of bullets is inserted into one of the plurality of openings in the tooling pallet; and a plurality of springs, wherein each of the plurality of springs is located in one of the plurality of openings in the tooling pallet between one of the plurality of bullets and a surface. 
     A work holder according to another embodiment of the present invention is for use in ultrasonically bonding a handle to a solid oral dosage form. The work holder comprises a tooling pallet having a first surface, a second surface, a plurality of openings extending through the tooling pallet from the first surface to the second surface and a groove extending along a length of the second surface of the tooling pallet; a plate inserted in the groove of the tooling pallet and blocking the plurality of openings in the second surface of the tooling pallet; a plurality of bullets, wherein each of the plurality bullets has a first cavity shaped to receive a solid oral dosage on one side and a second cavity shaped to receive a spring on another side and wherein each of the plurality of bullets is inserted into one of the plurality of openings in the tooling pallet such that the first cavity faces a first surface of the tooling pallet and the second cavity faces the plate; and a plurality of springs, wherein each spring fits in one of the second and wherein each spring is located between one of the plurality of bullets and the plate. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for attaching a handle to a tablet to form a lollipop. The method comprises providing a work holder comprising a tooling pallet having a first surface, a second surface, and a plurality of openings in the first surface; a plurality of bullets, wherein each bullet has a first cavity in and wherein each of the plurality of bullets is inserted into one of the plurality of openings in the tooling pallet; and a plurality of springs, wherein each of the plurality of springs is located in one of the plurality of openings in the tooling pallet between one of the plurality of bullets and a surface. A tablet is placed in each of the first cavities of the plurality of bullets and then a handle is placed in contact with each tablet, wherein an area of contact between each handle and each tablet forms a joint interface. High frequency mechanical vibrations are applied to the joint interfaces until each tablet at each joint interface reaches a molten state and the joint interfaces cooled from the molten state to allow solidification, thereby attaching a handle to each tablet to form a lollipop. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is an exploded view of the work holder of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view along a length of the work holder. 
         FIG. 3  is a top plan view of the work holder. 
         FIG. 4  is a side view of the work holder. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view taken along line  5 - 5  in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 6  is a cross sectional view of the bullet portion of the work holder. 
         FIG. 7  is a cross sectional view of the work holder with the tablets and handles before attachment. 
         FIG. 8  is a cross sectional view of the work holder with the tablets and handles during attachment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a work holder for attaching a handle to tablet to form a lollipop and to a method for making a lollipop utilizing the work holder. 
     The work holder of the present invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 1-6 . The work holder  100  includes a tooling pallet  101  having a first surface  102  and a second surface  103  and a plurality of openings  104  in first surface  102 . Tooling pallet  101  is preferably made of ultra molecular weight polystyrene, although one skilled in the art would have readily appreciated other materials could be utilized including, without limitation, polymeric materials, steel or nylon. Each opening  104  houses a bullet  106  and a spring  108 . Bullets  106  and springs  108  are preferably made of stainless steel. Springs  108  preferably have a spring constant in a range of about 21.2 lbs/in to about 21.8 lbs/in. In a preferred embodiment, the plurality of openings  104  extend from first surface  102  of tooling pallet  101  to second surface  103  of tooling pallet  101 . Bottom surface  103  of tooling pallet  101  has a groove  110  along its length for receiving a plate  112 . Plate  112  covers openings  104  in bottom surface  103  of tooling pallet  101  such that bullets  106  and springs  108  are retained in the plurality of openings  104  and plate  112  is preferably made of stainless steel. A pin  114  locks plate  112  and tooling pallet  101  together by passing through an opening  116  in tooling pallet  101  and an opening  118  in plate  112 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , each bullet  106  has an upper cavity  220  for receiving a tablet portion of a lollipop, such as a solid oral dosage form, and handle and a lower cavity  222  for receiving a spring  108 . Each bullet  106  is positioned in an opening  104  such that each spring  108  is located in lower cavity  222  between plate  112  and a bullet  106  and upper cavity  220  faces away from plate  112 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , first surface  102  of tooling pallet  101  has a first recess  324 , that is preferably C-shaped at a first end  326  and a second recess  328 , that is also preferably C-shaped at a second end  330  and an island  332  in between recesses  324 ,  328 . Second end  330  also has a hole  334 . In a preferred embodiment tooling pallet  101  is 15.5 inches in length, 2.95 inches in width and 1.688 inches in height. Island  332  has a length of 15.0 inches and is set back 0.25 inches from both first end  326  and second end  330  of tooling pallet  101 . Preferably there are 10 openings  104  in first surface  102  of tooling pallet  101  with a spacing of 0.50 inches between the centers of adjacent openings. The centers of the first and last openings are spaced 1.0 inches from first and second ends  326 ,  330  of the tooling pallet  101 , respectively. Pin opening  116  in first surface  102  of tooling pallet  101  is preferably 0.38 inches in diameter and located on island  332  near first end  326  and its center is preferably aligned with the centers of openings  104 . Hole  334  is preferably 0.472 inches in diameter and 0.32 inches deep. Hole  334  is sized to accommodate a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Plate  112  is preferably 15.5 inches in length, 0.975 inches in length and 0.078 inches in thickness. Pin opening  118  in the plate  112  is preferably 0.192 inches in diameter and the center of the pin opening  118  is preferably 0.44 inches from an end of plate  112  and is positioned such that when plate  112  is in groove  110  pin opening  118  and pin opening  116  are aligned. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , groove  110  is located directly above and is connected to opening  538 , which runs along a longitudinal axis in second surface  103 . Groove  110  holds plate  112  and preferably has a width of 1.0 inch and a height of 0.09 inches. Opening  538  preferably has a width of 0.79 inches and a height of 0.13 inches. Openings  104  have an upper cylindrical portion  540  and a lower cylindrical portion  542 . Upper cylindrical portion  540  is adjacent first surface  102  and preferably has a diameter of approximately 0.626 inches and lower cylindrical portion  542  is adjacent second surface  103  and preferably has a diameter of approximately 0.751 inches. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , each of bullets  106  has an upper cavity  220  defined by a cylindrical wall  644  and a bottom concave surface  646  and a lower cavity  222  defined by a cylindrical wall  648  and a top flat surface  650 . A ledge  652  is disposed between upper cavity  220  and the lower cavity  222 . Ledge  652  of bullet  106  abuts a transition between upper cylindrical portion  540  and lower cylindrical portion  542  of opening  104  when inserted therein and requires that bullet  106  be inserted into opening  104  through bottom surface  103  with upper cavity  220  entering first. Bullet  106  preferably has a length of 1.487 inches. Upper cavity  220  preferably has an inner diameter of 0.448 inches, an outer diameter of 0.625 inches and a depth of 0.688 inches. Bottom concave surface  646  of upper cavity  220  is preferably rounded with a radius of curvature of 0.258 inches and the depth of the curve is about 0.091 inches. Lower cavity  222  preferably has an inner diameter of 0.5 inches, an outer diameter of 0.75 inches and a depth of 0.656 inches. 
     It is noted that all the dimensions for the various parts of work holder  100  given above, as well as the number of openings  104 , are exemplary and can be varied as needed depending upon the intended application and the parameters of the materials to be held in the work holder. 
     The method for utilizing the work holder  100  for attaching a handle to a tablet, such as a solid oral dosage form will be described with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 . High frequency mechanical vibrations, such as, for example, ultrasonic vibrations, can be utilized for attaching a handle to a solid oral dosage form. High frequency mechanical vibrations are used to melt materials using friction between the parts in contact, causing a localized melting between at least one of the materials. The parts are then held in contact by pressure until the material cools down and forms a bond at a joint interface. Creation of the bond increases the attachment of the solid oral dosage form to the handle, thus reducing the probability that the solid oral dosage form will become detached from the handle. 
     A plurality of tablets  754  and handles  756  are placed in upper cavities  220  of bullets  106 . The tablet portion of a lollipop can include a normal sucker candy or a solid oral dosage form. The term “solid oral dosage form” refers to a solid object of a size capable of being placed in an oral cavity, the solid object comprising a matrix capable of releasing an active agent. In some embodiments, the matrix can be substantially free of allergens and additives such as synthetic flavorings, dyes, preservatives, and alcohols. 
     The solid oral dosage form can be comprised of various materials, as long as at least one of the materials in the dosage form is meltable. As used herein, “meltable” refers to the physical property of the material such that the material can undergo a physical change, e.g., from a solid state to a liquid state, with a change in temperature. In some embodiments, the meltable material can melt at a temperature of about 25° C. to about 200° C., or about 40° C. to about 180° C. In some embodiments, the meltable material can melt at an elevated temperature of from about 50° C. to about 200° C., or about 75° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, the meltable material undergoes a physical changes at a temperature that is at least about 25° C. above room temperature. “Non-meltable” means all pharmaceutically acceptable materials having a melting point above 220° C. and those materials that decompose instead of melting. In some embodiments, the meltable material will resolidify when the compound is returned to a temperature below the temperature at which the melting occurred. As used herein, a solid oral dosage form comprising a meltable material is a solid or semisolid at room temperature (about 25° C.). These meltable materials can be further classified as either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. 
     Suitable meltable hydrophilic materials for use in the present invention include povidone, polyethylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. Suitable meltable hydrophobic materials for use in the present invention include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the amount of meltable material, either hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or a mixture thereof, present in the oral dosage form is about 1% to about 95% of the weight of the solid oral dosage form. In some embodiments, the meltable material present in the oral dosage form is about 1% to about 75%, or about 1% to about 55%, or about 1% to about 35%, or about 1% to about 15% of the weight of the solid oral dosage form. In some embodiments, the meltable material is about 15% of the weight of the solid oral dosage form. In some embodiments, the meltable material present in the oral dosage form is about 5% to about 95%, or about 10% to about 80%, or about 15% to about 60%, or about 15% to about 40% of the weight of the solid oral dosage form. 
     In some embodiments, the solid oral dosage form comprises a carbohydrate-free matrix. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate-free matrix is povidone. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate-free matrix comprises an artificial sweetener. In some embodiments, the solid oral dosage form is a “sugar-free solid oral dosage form” or “carbohydrate-free solid oral dosage form.” The terms “sugar-free solid oral dosage form” or “carbohydrate-free solid oral dosage form” refer to dosage forms that are substantially free of carbohydrates. Substantially free of carbohydrates means that the dosage form contains less than about 5.0% by weight of carbohydrate. In some embodiments, substantially free of carbohydrates means the dosage form contains less than about 3% by weight, or less than about 2% by weight, or even less than about 1% by weight of carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the term substantially free of carbohydrates means that the dosage form contains no carbohydrates. In some embodiments, the dosage form contains less than 0.5 g of carbohydrates per dosage form. In some embodiments, the matrix comprises a carbohydrate-containing matrix. As used herein, the term “carbohydrate” refers to compounds that are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. Many, but not all, carbohydrates have the empirical formula (CH 2 O) n . Some carbohydrates can also contain nitrogen, phosphorous, or sulfur as described in  Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry , W. H. Freeman and Company, 4 th  ed. (2005), herein incorporated by reference. The major classes of carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. All four classes are considered by the present invention as carbohydrates. For example, in some embodiments the solid oral dosage form comprising a carbohydrate matrix can comprise starch, sucrose, fructose, or combinations thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the solid oral dosage form can comprise an excipient. In some embodiments, the excipient can be, but is not limited to, an absorbent, buffering agent, colorant, flavorant, solvent, coating agent, direct compression agent, disintegrant, glidant, lubricant, opaquant, suspending agent, sweetening agent, anti-adherent, binder, preservative, or combinations thereof. 
     The term “attached” refers to the fastening of the handle to the tablet, such as a solid oral dosage form. The attachment bond strength can vary. In some embodiments, about 1 pound to about 70 pounds of force is required to detach the handle from the solid oral dosage form. In some embodiments, about 5 pounds to about 70 pounds of force is required to detach the handle from the solid oral dosage form. The attachment bond strength is determined by a “pull force tester, such as a Chatillon TCD 201 MF Series Tester stand and Chatillon DFA-50 digital force gauge (Chatillon Force Measurement Systems, Largo, Fla.). 
     The term “handle” refers to any feature of the device, distinct in composition from the solid oral dosage form, which protrudes from the solid oral dosage form which allows an individual to insert and remove the solid oral dosage form from an oral cavity. In some embodiments, the term “handle” refers to a means for removing the solid oral dosage form from an oral cavity. In some embodiments, the handle is rigid, e.g., a stick or rod. In some embodiments, the handle is flaccid, e.g., a string or cord. The handle can vary in shape. In some embodiments, the handle is relatively straight. In some embodiments, the handle is ring-shaped. In some embodiments, the handle is malleable, and can be bent or altered to achieve a desired shape. The handle can vary in size. In some embodiments, when the solid dosage form is placed inside a subject&#39;s oral cavity, the handle is large enough to protrude outside the subject&#39;s mouth. In some embodiments, when the solid dosage form is placed inside a subject&#39;s oral cavity, the handle is small enough to reside in the oral cavity when the mouth is closed. 
     The term “joint interface” refers to the area of contact between the handle and the solid oral dosage form. In some embodiments, the joint interface has an area of about 0.01 cm 2  to about 10 cm 2 . In some embodiments, the joint interface has an area of about 0.1 cm 2  to about 1 cm 2 . 
     Apparatuses that generate high frequency mechanical vibrations are known to those in the art. For example, in some embodiments the apparatus can comprise a Branson 2000 AED Actuator and a Branson 2000 D power supply (Branson, Danbury, Conn.). An apparatus for producing and transferring high frequency mechanical vibrations generally contains four parts: a power supply, a converter, an amplitude modifying device (commonly called a booster) and an acoustic tool known as the horn (or sonotrode). In some embodiments, high frequency mechanical vibrations are created by using a solid-state power supply to change 50/60 Hz electrical current into about 15, 20, 30, or 40 kHz electrical energy. This high frequency electrical energy is supplied to a converter, which transforms the electrical energy to mechanical motion at high frequencies. The mechanical motion, i.e., vibratory energy, is then transmitted through an amplitude-modifying booster to the horn. The horn transfers this vibratory energy directly to the parts being assembled. 
     Once tablets  754  and handles  756  have been placed in upper cavities  220  of bullets  106 , a horn  758  of a mechanical vibration apparatus is lowered to contact handles  756 . Horn  758  can comprise various materials. In some examples, the horn material comprises aluminum or titanium. Springs  108 , one of which is located each of in lower cavities  222  of bullets  106 , contact plate  112  and top flat surface  650  of lower cavity  222 , to allow for consistent welding of handles  756  to tablets  754 . It is often the case that some of handles  756  are not fully inserted into tablets  754 , which results in some of handles  756  being closer to horn  758  than others prior to lowering horn  758  into contact with handles  756 . As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the spring action of springs  108  permits relative movement of bullets  106  with respect to each other so that horn  758  will come into contact with each handle  756  to ensure consistent welding and attachment of handles  756  to tablets  754  and allows handles  756  that were initially closer to horn  758  to be lowered by compressing the spring  108  associated with the bullet  106  in which the handle  756  is located. The spring action, therefore provides consistent pressure to each of handles  756  and prevents some of handles  756  from receiving too much pressure from horn  758 , which would lead to cracking of tablets  754 . 
     The horn  758  transmits the mechanical vibrations and applies pressure to increase contact between the handles  756  and the tablets  754  during application of the high frequency mechanical vibrations. In some embodiments, the pressure is about 1 psi to about 100 psi, or about 2 psi or about 50 psi. In some embodiments, the pressure is about 10 psi to about 20 psi. 
     In some embodiments, an automated post-welding inspection is performed to ensure adequate welding between each pair of tablet  754  and handle  756 . Hole  334  in tooling pallet  101  houses a RFID tag, which receives signals containing information whether the weld between each pair of tablet  754  and handle  756  has passed inspection. If a weld has not passed inspection, then the RFID tag sends signals to a removal device, for example, an unloading robot arm, containing the information for each bullet  104  that contains a defective weld between a tablet  754  and a handle  756  so that the defective lollipop may be removed. After removal of the defective lollipops, the remaining lollipops are processed for packaging. 
     Various frequencies can be used in the present invention. The term “high frequency” refers to frequencies above 1 kHz. In some embodiments, high frequency refers to frequencies of about 1 kHz to about 10 MHz. In some embodiments, the high frequency mechanical vibrations have a frequency of about 5 kHz to about 100 kHz. In some embodiments, the high frequency mechanical vibrations have a frequency of about 15 kHz to about 40 kHz. In some embodiments, the high frequency mechanical vibrations are ultrasonic vibrations. The term “ultrasonic” refers to frequencies of sound energy higher than the upper limit of the human hearing range, about 20 kHz. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic frequencies are about 20 kHz to about 1 MHz. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic frequencies are about 20 kHz to about 500 kHz, about 20 kHz to about 200 kHz, or about 20 kHz to about 50 kHz. 
     Various types of vibrational energy can be used. In some embodiments the high frequency vibrations are linear vibrations. When using linear vibrations, frictional heat is generated by moving one part against the other under pressure through a linear displacement plane of the joint or amplitude. When a molten state is reached at the joint interface, vibration is stopped. Clamping pressure is maintained briefly while the molten material solidifies to form a bond. In some embodiments, the high frequency vibrations are orbital vibrations. Orbital vibrations use an electromagnetic drive to create a relative circular motion between the solid oral dosage form and the handle. This constant velocity motion generates heat, which raises the material temperature at the joint to its melting point. The motion is terminated after sufficient material is melted. The melted material then solidifies and forms a permanent bond. 
     Various oscillation amplitudes can be used in the present invention. In some embodiments, the high frequency mechanical vibrations have an oscillation amplitude of 1 μm to 1 cm. In some embodiments, the high frequency mechanical vibrations have an oscillation amplitude of 5 μm to 300 μm. In some embodiments, the high frequency mechanical vibrations have an oscillation amplitude of 10 μm to 100 μm. 
     The length of time used to apply the high frequency vibrations is dependent on several factors. These factors can include, but are not limited to, the composition of both the handle and the solid oral dosage form, the amount of pressure applied to the interface, the size of the joint interface between the handle and the solid oral dosage form, the frequency of the vibration, and the amplitude of the vibration. In some embodiments, the high frequency vibrations are applied for about 1 millisecond to about 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the high frequency vibrations are applied for about 0.1 second to about 10 seconds. In some embodiments, the high frequency vibrations are applied for about 0.1 second to about 5 seconds. In some embodiments, the high frequency vibrations are applied for about 1 second. 
     By applying high frequency mechanical vibrations to the joint interface, the solid oral dosage form at the joint interface can reach a molten state. The term “molten state” refers to the liquefied physical state of a material caused by heat. 
     In some embodiments, the solid oral dosage form further comprises an active agent. Various active agents can be used. In some embodiments, the active agent can be, but is not limited to, methohexital, pentobarbital, thiamylal, thiopental, fentanyl, modafinil, alfentanil, sufentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, naloxone, epam, lorazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, triazolam, droperidol, propanidid, etomidate, propofol, ketamine, diprivan, bretylium, captopril, clonidine, dopamine, enalapril, esmolol, furosemide, isosorbide, labetalol, lidocaine, metolazone, metoprolol, nadolol, nifedipine, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, propranolol, benzquinamide, meclizine, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, trimethobenzamide, clotrimazole, nystatin, carbidopa, levodopa, sucralfate, albuterol, amninophylline, beclomethasone, dyphylline, epinephrine, flunisolide, isoetharine, isoproterenol HCl, metaproterenol, oxtriphylline, terbutaline, theophylline, ergotamine, methysergide, propranolol, suloctidil, ergonovine, oxytocin, desmopressin, acetate, lypressin, vasopressin, insulin, beta-endorphin, enkephalins, bradykinin, aniotensin I, gonadotropic hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, polysaccharides (such as heparin), salts or esters thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the active agent is fentanyl or salt thereof, e.g., fentanyl citrate, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the active agent is fentanyl. 
     In the present invention, the handle can comprise various materials. In some embodiments, the handle comprises acetonitrile butadiene styrene, a thermoplastic, a semi-crystalline thermoplastic, an olefin, a thermostat polymer, a thermoplastic rubber, a composite plastic, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the handle comprises a non-plastic material, e.g., a metal. In some embodiments, the handle comprises tubing. 
     The solid oral dosage form can be manufactured by different methods. In some embodiments, the active agent is added to a molten candy mass. The resultant mixture can then be thoroughly mixed to ensure proper distribution of the active agent within the molten candy mass. The mixture is then poured while still molten and allowed to solidify into a semi-solid mass. In some embodiments, the hot candy mass can be poured into molds, the size and shape of which can be determined as desired. 
     The tablet, such as a solid oral dosage form can also be made by direct compression, injection molding, freeze-drying or other solid processing techniques. In some embodiments, the solid oral dosage form is a compressed dosage form. In some embodiments, the handle is in contact with the solid oral dosage form when the solid oral dosage form is being formed. For example, in a compressed dosage form, the handle can be present during the compression of solid oral dosage form. Thus, the handle is placed in a mold, the solid oral dosage form is formed around it. Alternatively, the solid oral dosage form can be formed in the absence of a handle, and then the handle can be placed in contact with the solid oral dosage later. In some embodiments, the solid oral dosage form is formed with a cavity. In some embodiments, a portion of the handle can fit inside the cavity. 
     It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way.