Abstract:
A device may comprise a display panel; a backlight; a printed circuit board, wherein the backlight is between the display panel and the printed circuit board; one or more lights, wherein the one or more light sources are directly connected to the printed circuit board, and one or more light coupling units, wherein each light coupling unit is configured to guide light, when emitted by a corresponding light source of the one or more light sources, to the backlight, and wherein the backlight guides the light towards the display panel.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     A device, such as a mobile device or a wearable device, offers various services to its user. Users may interact with the displays of these devices via touch panels and/or touchless panels. While touch and touchless input technologies allow users a great deal of flexibility when operating these devices, designers and manufacturers are continually striving to improve the qualities of such displays, as well as displays that do not have input capabilities. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one aspect, a display may comprise a display panel, wherein the display panel comprises two or more bonding areas; a driver configured to drive the display panel; a layer that provides a medium via which signals can propagate to and from the driver, and wherein the driver is mounted to the layer; two or more flexible connectors, wherein the two or more flexible connectors provide communication paths between the display panel and the driver, and wherein a first end of each of the two or more flexible connectors connects to the display panel at a corresponding one of the two or more bonding areas, and wherein a second end of each of the two or more flexible connectors connects to the driver via the layer; and a backlight, wherein the backlight is located between the display panel and the layer. The display may further comprise one or more light sources; one or more light coupling units, wherein each light coupling unit is configured to guide light, when emitted by a corresponding light source of the one or more light sources, to the backlight; and a printed circuit board, wherein the one or more light sources are directly connected to the printed circuit board, and the layer and the backlight are between the printed circuit board and the display panel. 
     According to another aspect, a user device may comprise a display comprising: a display panel, wherein the display panel comprises two or more bonding areas; a driver configured to drive the display panel; a layer that provides a medium via which signals can propagate to and from the driver, and wherein the driver is mounted to the layer; two or more flexible connectors, wherein the two or more flexible connectors provide communication paths between the display panel and the driver, and wherein a first end of each of the two or more flexible connectors connects to the display panel at a corresponding one of the two or more bonding areas, and wherein a second end of each of the two or more flexible connectors connects to the driver via the layer; and a backlight, wherein the backlight is located between the display panel and the layer. The user device may further comprise one or more light sources; one or more light coupling units, wherein each light coupling unit is configured to guide light, when emitted by a corresponding light source of the one or more light sources, to the backlight; a printed circuit board, wherein the one or more light sources are directly connected to the printed circuit board, and the layer and the backlight are between the printed circuit board and the display panel; and a memory, wherein the memory stores software; and a processor, wherein the processor is configured to execute the software. 
     According to yet another aspect, a display may comprise a display panel; a backlight; a printed circuit board, wherein the backlight is between the display panel and the printed circuit board; one or more light sources, wherein the one or more light sources are directly connected to the printed circuit board; and one or more light coupling units, wherein each light coupling unit is configured to guide light, when emitted by a corresponding light source of the one or more light sources, to the backlight, and wherein the backlight guides the light towards the display panel. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary display configuration of various components of a display; 
         FIGS. 1B through 1D  illustrate top-side views of exemplary displays in which display active areas are limited due to display inactive areas; 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary display configuration in which exemplary embodiments of a display may be implemented; 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates an elevational view of an exemplary display; 
         FIGS. 2C and 2D  illustrate elevational views of an exemplary display and display flexible printed circuit connection configuration; 
         FIG. 2E  illustrates a bottom-side view of the display configuration; 
         FIG. 2F  illustrates a top-side view of a display; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a mixing distance pertaining to a display configuration; 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary display configuration that comprises an exemplary embodiment of a divided backlight configuration; 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates another exemplary display configuration that comprises another exemplary embodiment of a divided backlight configuration; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a top-side view of a display comprising the embodiment of the divided backlight configuration of  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary user device in which an embodiment of the divided backlight configuration may be implemented; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates another exemplary user device in which an embodiment of the divided backlight configuration may be implemented; and 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating exemplary components of the user devices depicted in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements. 
     A configuration for a display, which may or may not be a touch display and/or a touchless display (simply referred to herein as “display”), can limit the possibilities of shape and/or size of certain components of the display. For example, an active area of the display may be restricted in terms of shape and available size in view of the configuration and/or architecture of the display. By way of further example,  FIG. 1A  illustrates an exemplary display configuration  100  of various components of a display. As illustrated, display configuration  100  comprises a front window  110 , a touch panel  115 , a display active area  120 , a color filter (CF) glass  125 , a display driver  130 , a display flexible printed circuit (FPC)  135 , a touch flexible printed circuit (FPC)  140 , a bonding area  141 , and a thin-film transistor (TFT) glass  145 . 
     According to display configuration  100 , display active area  120  is limited in terms of shape and/or size since a space  147  is needed for display driver  130  and bonding area  141 , which bonds display FPC  135  to thin-film transistor (TFT) glass  145 . In this way, display signals are routed to a dedicated display driver area. However, as a result of this configuration, the allocated space  147  for these components (e.g., display driver  130 , bonding area  141 , etc.) prevents display active area  120  extending further towards the edge of thin-film transistor glass  145 . 
     In view of this or similar configuration, which may include a display other than an LCD display, display active area  120  is limited. For example,  FIG. 1B  illustrates a top-side view of an exemplary display  148  in which an area  149  is designed to place a display driver and a display flexible printed circuit for connection with the display driver (not illustrated).  FIG. 1C  illustrates a top-side view of an exemplary display. As illustrated, a display active area  150  is limited due to a display inactive area  160  (e.g., where display driver  130 , etc. resides). In this regard, an image  155  displayed within display active area  150  has a non-circular active area (sometimes referred to as a “flat tire” problem). Similarly,  FIG. 1D  illustrates a top-side view of another exemplary display. As illustrated, a display active area  165  is reduced (relative to display active area  150  of  FIG. 1C ) to allow for a display inactive area  170  (e.g., where display driver  130 , etc. resides). In this regard, a border  175  serves as a disguise (from a user&#39;s perspective) for display inactive area  170  and provides a (smaller) circular display active area  165 . 
     In view of this issue, display developers are currently investigating ways to provide a “true round” display in which the display active area is round and the border is minimized. One solution has been proposed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/673,955 filed on Mar. 31, 2015, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example,  FIG. 2A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a display configuration  200 . As illustrated, display configuration  200  of a display comprises a front window  205 , a touch panel  210 , a display active area  215 , a display panel  220 , a backlight  225 , a system  230 , a driver  235 , a touch flexible printed circuit (FPC)  240 , and a display FPC  245 . 
     As further illustrated, a bonding area  247  connects display FPC  245  to display panel  220 . For example, a connection between display panel  220  and display FPC  245  may be implemented by way of heat sealing display FPC  245  to display panel  220  at bonding area  247 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2B , display panel  220  has a circular configuration comprising a base layer  221  and a top layer  222 . For example, when display panel  220  is a liquid crystal display (LCD), base layer  221  may comprise a thin-film transistor (TFT) layer and top layer  222  may comprise a color filter layer. Referring back to  FIG. 2A , epoxy glue or other type of adhesive may be added between display FPC  245  and display panel  220  so display FPC  245  is adhered securely. In this way, bonding area  247  provides a connection between display FPC  245  and display panel  220  and permits signals to be routed. Additionally, driver  235  is mounted to the backside or underside of system  230 . 
     System  230  comprises a substrate or a layer of material that allows signals to propagate. For example, multiple flexible connectors may connect to the display panel and system  230 . System  230  routes signals to and/or from the multiple flexible connectors and to and/or from the driver (e.g., driver  235 ). Additionally, for example, one or multiple flexible connectors may connect to touch panel  210  and system  230  to route signals to and/or from the one or multiple flexible connectors and to and/or from the driver (e.g., a touch driver). System  230  may be a driver glass (e.g., glass panel, chip-on-glass, etc.), a flexible printed circuit (FPC), a chip-on-flex, a printed circuit board (PCB), or other type of substrate that allows the propagation of signals. 
     As a result, display active area  215  is less restricted in terms of size and/or shape since driver  235  is not mounted on display panel  220  and multiple display FPCs  245  may be used to route display signals to driver  235 . 
       FIGS. 2C and 2D  illustrate elevational views of an exemplary configuration of display panel  220  and display FPCs  245  connections. As illustrated, display FPC  245 - 1  through display FPC  245 - 8  (also referred to collectively as display FPCs  245  and generally or individually as display FPC  245 ) connect to display panel  220  at bonding areas  247 - 1  through  247 - 8  (also referred to collectively as bonding areas  247  or generally or individually as bonding area  247 ). The number of display FPCs  245  and bonding areas  247  are exemplary. As indicated by the ellipses in  FIG. 2C , the number and/or placement of display FPCs  245  and bonding areas  247  may be greater or fewer, and situated anywhere around the perimeter of top layer  222 . According to this configuration, in contrast to the configuration depicted in  FIG. 1A  in which display driver  130  is located on the display (e.g., a thin-film transistor glass  145 ), driver  235  is not located on display panel  220 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2D , display FPCs  245  may be folded or wrapped around display panel  220  towards driver  235 . Purely for illustrative purposes, the number and placement of display FPCs  245  are different than the number and placement of display FPCs  245  depicted in  FIG. 2C . 
       FIG. 2E  illustrates a bottom-side view of display configuration  200 . Referring to  FIGS. 2C through 2E , display FPCs  245  connect to system  230 . System  230  may be attached (e.g., laminated, etc.) to backlight  225  or a backlight frame (when present—not illustrated) or display panel  220  (e.g., base layer  221 ) when backlight  225  is omitted (e.g., for display technologies that do not require a backlight). Driver  235  is connected to system  230 . Although not illustrated, display FPCs  245  are connected to driver  235 . Touch FPC  240  also connects to driver  235 . Additionally, a different FPC  250  may connect driver  235  to a main board or a main processing system of a device that comprises display configuration  200 . 
       FIG. 2F  illustrates a top-side view of the display. As illustrated, relative to  FIGS. 1C and 1D , a display active area  275  is less restricted in terms of size and/or shape. For example, a display inactive area  280  (e.g., where display FPCs  245  are connected to display panel  220 ) can be configured such that a border  279  of the display provides a (larger) circular display active area  275  relative to  FIG. 1D . Thus, by virtue of a y-dimension  282  being reduced, an image  285  can be presented via a larger and, in this case circular, display area. By way of example, referring to  FIG. 2B , step portion  223  constitutes display inactive area  280 . Similarly, as previously illustrated in  FIG. 1D , border  279  is analogous to border  175  in which a perimeter  283  constitutes the outer dimension of the display. For round or circular displays, for example, the less wide each display FPC  245  is due to the multiplicity of display FPCs  245  implemented, the smaller border  279  becomes and the larger display active area  275  becomes. Display configuration  200  may be implemented to provide displays having various shapes, other than circular, and may increase the display active area of the displays being used relative to any display inactive area. 
     Unfortunately, with a display, such as a round or other shaped display, there is a problem with how to yield uniform backlighting when borders are too small. According to some implementations, a light guide is situated in a frame and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are placed at one or multiple sides of the light guide so as to emit light into the light guide. In order to avoid poor uniformity or “hot spots” on the light guide, the LED light needs a mixing distance before entering the viewing area of the display. For example, referring to  FIG. 3 , arrow  305  represents an exemplary LED mixing distance of a display having a configuration analogous to that previously described in relation to  FIG. 1B , which includes an LED  300 . 
     With a display that has a very slim border, such as a display of display configuration  200 , there may not be sufficient space to place a light source (e.g., an LED) and a light guide in a display frame that yield a sufficient mixing distance to avoid hot spots and/or uneven backlight uniformity. Alternatively, other types of display configurations, such as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , may not afford enough space to provide a sufficient mixing distance to avoid hot spots and/or uneven backlight uniformity. While certain display technologies may not suffer from this problem, such as an OLED display, which does not use a light guide, other display technology configurations (e.g., an LCD configuration) remain confronted with this issue. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary display configuration  400  that includes an exemplary embodiment of a divided backlight configuration. As illustrated, display configuration  400  comprises a front window  405 , a touch panel  410 , a polarizer  415 , a color filter glass  420 , a display active area  425 , a TFT glass  430 , a polarizer  435 , and a backlight system  440  comprising a backlight  442 , an LED  445 , a light shield  447 , and a light coupler unit  450 . Display configuration  400  further comprises a display frame  455 , display FPC  245 , system  230 , and a printed circuit board (PCB)  460 . 
     According to other embodiments, display configuration  400  may include additional components or layers, fewer components or layers, different components or layers, and/or a different arrangement of components or layers. For example, according to another embodiment, display configuration  400  may not include touch panel  210 . 
     Front window  405  comprises a transparent layer of display configuration  400  through which a user may see visual elements (e.g., graphics, etc.) that are displayed. In addition to being a clear layer, front window  405  may act as a protective covering. For example, front window  405  may be oil resistant (e.g., oil on a human&#39;s finger), scratch or abrasion resistant, etc. Front window  405  may be implemented as a film or coating. For example, front window  405  may be implemented as tempered glass or a plastic layer. 
     Touch panel  410  comprises a device that senses the touch of a user and/or an instrument (e.g., a stylus, gloved touch, etc.). Touch panel  410  may use one or multiple sensing technologies, such as, for example, capacitive sensing (e.g., resistive, projected, etc.), surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensing, resistive sensing, optical sensing, pressure sensing, infrared sensing, acoustic sensing, and/or gesture sensing. Touch panel  410  may detect a single-point input, a multipoint input, etc. Additionally, or alternatively, touch panel  410  comprises a device that senses air-touch and air-gestures of the user and/or an instrument. In this regard, touch panel  410  may be operable in an on-touch and/or touchless mode. 
     Polarizer  415  and polarizer  435  comprise films or sheets that improve color and definition of the display. Polarizer  415  and polarizer  435  have various polarizing properties (e.g., efficiency, axis, wavelength, etc.). CF glass  420  comprises a layer to enable color display on an LCD panel. For example, CF glass  420  may comprise a glass substrate and a color pattern (e.g., a three, a four, etc., color resist) formed into a pattern by a black matrix. Display active area  425  comprises a portion of the total display area occupied by pixels. 
     TFT glass  430  comprises a glass substrate and TFTs that form a matrix of pixels. There are a variety of LCD panel technologies that may be implemented in display configuration  400 . 
     Backlight system  440  comprises a device that provides light to allow the LCD (e.g., TFT glass  430 , etc.) to produce a visible image. According to an exemplary embodiment, backlight system  440  comprises a divided configuration. According to an exemplary embodiment, the backlight system  440  comprises LED  445 , light shield  447 , light coupler unit  450 , and backlight  442 . According to an exemplary embodiment, PCB  460  hosts and is directly connected to LED  445 . Light shield  447  is also placed on PCB  460 . LED  445  comprises a light-emitting diode and serves as a light source. According to an exemplary implementation, LED  445  is a top-firing LED (e.g., emits light from a top of the LED via a window). According to another exemplary implementation, LED  445  is a side-firing LED. LED  445  may be a single color or a multicolor LED. According to an exemplary implementation, LED  445  is external to light coupler unit  450 . According to such an implementation, light shield  447  is placed next to and surrounds LED  445  to prevent light leakage and to direct light towards light coupler unit  450 . According to another exemplary implementation, LED  445  is encased in light coupler unit  450 . According to such an implementation, light shield  447  may be omitted. 
     Light coupler unit  450  comprises a device to direct and distribute light from LED  445  to backlight  442 . According to an exemplary embodiment, light coupler unit  450  comprises an LED-to-light guide interface, a light guide, and a light guide-to-backlight  442  interface. As illustrated, light coupler unit  450  directs light rays  475  from LED  445  to backlight  442 . For example, the light guide comprises an architecture that provides for right angle light guidance. By way of further example, the light guide may comprise a 45 degree prism reflector or a light guide with a 90 degree bend. 
     Backlight  442  comprises a backlight assembly. Backlight  442  comprises a backlight-to-light guide interface. Backlight  442  comprises an architecture that receives light from LED  445  via light coupler unit  450  and directs the light toward TFT glass  430 , CF glass  420 , etc. For example, backlight  442  comprises a main light guide and couplers to direct the light. According to an exemplary implementation, backlight  442  does not include a light source. As illustrated, Based on the backlight system  440  configuration, by virtue of creating more distance from LED  445  to the viewing area of the LCD display, a larger mixing distance for the light in the light guide is provided before the light enters the viewing area of the display. Additionally, light coupler unit  450  also diffuses the light, which may decrease the risk of hotspots and/or uneven backlight uniformity. For example, in a conventional backlight system, where an LED is directly coupled into the light guide, the light from the LED is more or less a point source. The light guide needs to spread the light significantly over a short distance in order to avoid hotspots or non-uniformity. According to an exemplary embodiment, light coupler unit  450  can assist in spreading the light and the LED light mixing distance can be reduced. Additionally, if the light mixing unit is physically smaller in the y-dimension (compared to LED  445 ), the dead space (e.g., display over all border) for the display can further be reduced. 
     Display frame  455  comprises a housing that supports various components of display configuration  400 . PCB  460  comprises a printed circuit board. PCB  460  may be a printed circuit board for the LCD or a main printed circuit board for a user device that includes the LCD. Alternatively, PCB  460  may be a flexible printed circuit or a flex foil. In this regard, PCB  460  and “printed circuit board” is intended to be broadly interpreted. As illustrated, LED  445  and light shield  447  reside on PCB  460 . LED  445  may be directly connected to PCB  460  and driven by logic residing on PCB  460 . Depending on the implementation, PCB  460  may include other components not illustrated, such as a main processor, a memory, software, etc. By way of further example, PCB  460  may comprise components illustrated in  FIG. 8  and/or may pertain to a user device, as described below. 
     System  230  and display FPC  245  have been previously described. According to an exemplary embodiment, display configuration  400  comprises display configuration  200 , as previously described. System  230  may connect to PCB  460 . For example, referring back to  FIG. 2E , FPC  250  may connect system  230  to PCB  460 . By way of example, as previously described, PCB  460  may be a main printed circuit board of a user device. PCB  460  may include various components illustrated in  FIG. 8 , as described below. For example, PCB  460  may include a processor, a memory, a communication interface, etc. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an exemplary display configuration  480  that includes an exemplary embodiment of a divided backlight configuration. In contrast to display configuration  400 , display configuration  480  does not comprise system  230 . For example, display configuration  480  does not comprise display configuration  200 . Although not illustrated, a touch driver and a display driver may be implemented in a manner similar to that described in relation to  FIG. 1A . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a top-side view of a display comprising display configuration  400 . As illustrated, display FPCs  245 - 1  through  245 - 4  (display FPCs  245 ) are situated around TFT glass  430  in a manner previously described in relation to display configuration  200 . For example, display FPCs  245  are folded and connected to system  230 . Additionally, LEDs  445 - 1  through  445 - 4  (LEDs  445 ) are situated on PCB  460  (not illustrated) around also situated around TFT glass  430 . Additionally, for the sake of simplicity, although not illustrated, with each LED  445 , there is light coupling unit  450  and light shield  447 , as previously described. The number and placement of display FPCs  245  and LEDs  445  are merely exemplary. 
     Display configuration  400  and  480  may be implemented within various types of user devices.  FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary user device  600  in which an embodiment of the divided backlight configuration may be implemented. While illustratively speaking based on  FIG. 6 , user device  600  may be representative of, for example, a smartphone, a cellphone, or a personal digital assistant (PDA), user device  600  may be implemented as various other types of user devices. For example, user device  600  may take the form of a tablet device, a data organizer, a picture capturing device, a video capturing device, a Web-access device, a computer, a palmtop device, a netbook, a gaming device, a location-aware device, a music playing device, a television, or some other type of consumer device that comprises a display. Alternatively, user device  600  may be implemented as a non-consumer device, a non-mobile device, or any other form of an electronic device. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , user device  600  comprises a housing  605 , a microphone  610 , a speaker  615 , a button  620 , and a display  625 . Display  625  may be implemented based on display configuration  400  or  480 , as described herein. According to other embodiments, user device  600  may comprise fewer components, additional components, different components, and/or a different arrangement of components than those illustrated in  FIG. 6  and described herein. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates another example of a user device  700  in which an embodiment of the divided backlight may be implemented. In this example, user device  700  is representative of a wearable device (e.g., a watch-type user device) that comprises a circular display  705 . Circular display  705  may be implemented based on display configuration  400  or  480 , as described herein. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates exemplary components of user devices  600  and  700  (simply referred to as user device  600 ). As illustrated, according to an exemplary embodiment, user device  600  comprises a processor  805 , memory/storage  810 , software  815 , a communication interface  820 , an input  825 , and an output  830 . According to other embodiments, user device  600  may comprise fewer components, additional components, different components, and/or a different arrangement of components than those illustrated in  FIG. 8  and described herein. 
     Processor  805  comprises one or multiple processors, microprocessors, data processors, co-processors, and/or some other type of component that interprets and/or executes instructions and/or data. Processor  805  may be implemented as hardware (e.g., a microprocessor, etc.) or a combination of hardware and software (e.g., a system-on-chip (SoC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.). Processor  805  performs one or multiple operations based on an operating system and/or various applications or programs (e.g., software  815 ). 
     Memory/storage  810  comprises one or multiple memories and/or one or multiple other types of storage mediums. For example, memory/storage  810  may include a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a cache, a read only memory (ROM), a programmable read only memory (PROM), and/or some other type of memory. Memory/storage  810  may include a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, a solid state disk, etc.). 
     Software  815  comprises an application or a program that provides a function and/or a process. Software  815  may include firmware. By way of example, software  815  may comprise a telephone application, a multi-media application, an e-mail application, a contacts application, a calendar application, an instant messaging application, a web browsing application, a location-based application (e.g., a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based application, etc.), a camera application, etc. Software  815  comprises an operating system (OS). For example, depending on the implementation of user device  600 , the operating system may correspond to iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Symbian, or another type of operating system (e.g., proprietary, BlackBerry OS, Windows, Linux, etc.). 
     Communication interface  820  permits user device  600  to communicate with other devices, networks, systems, etc. Communication interface  820  may include one or multiple wireless interfaces and/or wired interfaces. Communication interface  820  may include one or multiple transmitters, receivers, and/or transceivers. Communication interface  820  operates according to one or multiple protocols, a communication standard, and/or the like. 
     Input  825  permits an input into user device  600 . For example, input  825  may include a button, a switch, a touch pad, an input port, speech recognition logic, and/or a display (e.g., a touch display, a touchless display). Output  830  permits an output from user device  600 . For example, output  830  may include a speaker, a display, a light, an output port, and/or some other type of output component. 
     User device  600  may perform a process and/or a function in response to processor  805  executing software  815  stored by memory/storage  810 . By way of example, instructions may be read into memory/storage  810  from another memory/storage  810  or read into memory/storage  810  from another device via communication interface  820 . The instructions stored by memory/storage  810  causes processor  805  to perform the process or the function. Alternatively, user device  600  may perform a process or a function based on the operation of hardware (processor  805 , etc.). 
     The foregoing description of embodiments provides illustration, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Accordingly, modifications to the embodiments described herein may be possible. 
     The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to be interpreted to include one or more items. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to be interpreted as “based, at least in part, on,” unless explicitly stated otherwise. The term “and/or” is intended to be interpreted to include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated items. 
     The terms “comprise,” “comprises” or “comprising,” as well as synonyms thereof (e.g., include, etc.), when used in the specification is meant to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. In other words, these terms are to be interpreted as inclusion without limitation. 
     The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example.” Any embodiment or implementation described as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or implementations. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element&#39;s or feature&#39;s relationship to another element or feature as illustrated in the figures. For example, if the element in the figure is turned over, an element described as “below” or “beneath” another element or another feature would then be oriented “above” the other element or the other feature. Thus, for example, the exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” may encompass both an orientation of above and below depending on the orientation of a display device or a user device. In the instance that the display device may be oriented in a different manner (e.g., rotated at 90 degrees or at some other orientation), the spatially relative terms used herein should be interpreted accordingly. 
     In the preceding specification, various embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. 
     In the specification and illustrated by the drawings, reference is made to “an exemplary embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “embodiments,” etc., which may include a particular feature, structure or characteristic in connection with an embodiment(s). However, the use of the phrase or term “an embodiment,” “embodiments,” etc., in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to all embodiments described, nor does it necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments necessarily mutually exclusive of other embodiment(s). The same applies to the term “implementation,” “implementations,” etc. 
     No element, act, or instruction described in the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the embodiments described herein unless explicitly described as such. 
     Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.