Abstract:
A target system includes a mannequin target and a mechanism coupled to the target which is moveable to allow the mannequin target to move between a retracted position and an upright position. A projectile impact detection system is coupled to the mannequin target to determine an impact of a projectile onto the mannequin target. The projectile impact detection system is configured to produce a signal as a result of a projectile impacting the mannequin target to allow the mechanism to position the mannequin target in the retracted position wherein the mannequin falls into the retracted position upon impact of the projectile on the mannequin target to simulate a fallen target. A controller that will move the mannequin target from the retracted position to the upright position when receiving a command from a remotely controlled host computer. Impact detectors that will detect and locate impacts from 360 degrees. Thermal signature generators that will produce human thermal signatures. Wiring harness with will withstand impact and continue to function.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/310,936 filed on Mar. 5, 2010, entitled “Mannequin Lifter”, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/356,394 filed Jun. 18, 2010, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Mannequin Lifter and Interconnection”, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/442,612 filed Feb. 14, 2011, entitled “Target Systems and Methods”, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/444,863 filed Feb. 21, 2011, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Mannequin Lifter and Interconnection”. This application is also related to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,516,113, 7,207,566 and 7,862,045, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/853,574, filed Sep. 11, 2007, and entitled “Thermal Target System” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by referenced. 
    
    
     REFERENCED PRIOR ART 
     In 1892 Carl Vogel was awarded U.S. Pat. No. 474,109 Self Marking and Indicating Target. In that patent he describes a short circuit target that uses 2 conductive plates insulated by a non-conducting medium spaced in such a way that a bullet passing through the target will for a moment in time create a short between the 2 plates. By applying a voltage potential across those plates a short caused by a bullet passing through can be easily be detected. 
     In 1971 U.S. Pat. No. 3,580,579 Electric Target Apparatus for Indicating Hit Points was issued describing a technique of determining the x-y impact location using short circuit target plates that are tilted in both the X and Y direction. By analyzing the time between impacts of each plate the projectile X-Y entry point can be determined. This patent technology will only work if the shooter is shooting perpendicular to the target plates. What my invention describes is a way to sense X-Y impact location from 360 degrees around a target such as a mannequin. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,989 &amp; 6,414,746 describe a 3D laser sensing system that can detect objects using a diffused pulsed laser beam and an optic sensor. The current embodiment of the non-contact X-Y impact locator is based on this technology. Using 3D laser technology round impact from land, air or sea can be determined. An interactive mannequin can utilize this technology to not only detect round impact X-Y and trajectories it can also be used to gain situation awareness and have the mannequin respond accordingly. 
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent &amp; Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates to methods and apparatus for target systems that can detect impact location and produce life like reactions in response to the impacts as well as present a realistic thermal signature. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There is a need to produce mannequin targets that could determine location of impact for both penetrating and non-penetrating rounds and generate a human like thermal signature. Kill and non-kill zones need to be established to determine the lethality of impact or penetration. Current live fire mannequin target systems have no moving arms or legs and utilize knock sensors attached to High Density Polyethylene plastic target to determine if a target has been hit. When the mannequin is hit, the entire mannequin falls to the ground in a non-realistic manner and has no thermal signature capability. Thus, a need exists for target systems and methods for controlling targets which provide a realistic response and thermal signature. 
     There is a need to produce a thermal target system having a realistic human thermal signature from an aerial view. There is also a need to improve existing thermal panels so that they can survive 120 mm rounds as well as multiple small arms rounds without having the power buss severed. With the cost of conductive inks rising due to the price of silver there is a need for an alternate way of creating robust power busses. 
     There is a need to determine the impact location of targets be it pop up, mannequin, or vehicle targets. Current target systems only allow engagement from the front of the target which is not realistic from a battle field point of view. Most targets are engaged from 360 degrees and therefore a 360 degree X-Y sensor is needed to properly assess the damage/lethality of the impact. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention shows how to create a mannequin target that falls more realistically and has a robust electrical interconnect for both sensors and thermal generators. In a first aspect, the present invention provides a target system which includes a mannequin target and a mechanism coupled to the target which is moveable to allow the mannequin target to move between a retracted (e.g., lowered) position and an upright (e.g., raised) position. A projectile impact detection system is coupled to the mannequin target to determine impact of a projectile onto the mannequin target. The projectile impact detection system is configured to produce a signal as a result of a projectile impacting the mannequin target to allow the mechanism to position the mannequin target in the retracted position wherein the mannequin falls into the retracted position upon impact of the projectile on the mannequin target to simulate a fallen target. 
     The description herein depicts multiple embodiments of systems and methods to thermalize targets. A method or apparatus for thermalizing a target includes a target having a heating surface which remains intact and functioning after impact by large projectiles. A method or apparatus to create a human thermal signature visible from an aerial viewpoint. A method or apparatus for creating robust power busses using alternative metals and application methods. 
     This invention also shows how to use both resistive and short circuit technology to create Omni-directional impact detectors that can locate the X-Y impact location of projectiles both entering a target system and exiting a target system.
         Table 1: Segment Identifying Resistance for Projectile Entering 2 Wire Omni Directional Target   Table 2: Segment Identifying Resistance for Projectile Exiting 2 Wire Omni Directional Target       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 : Unidirectional Elliptical Target Isometric View 
         FIG. 2 : Unidirectional Elliptical Target Top View 
         FIG. 3 : Unidirectional Elliptical Target Timing Diagram 
         FIG. 4 : Unidirectional Conic Target with Front &amp; Back Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 5 : Unidirectional Conic Target with Front &amp; Back Sensors Top View 
         FIG. 6 : Unidirectional Conic Target with Dual Front Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 7 : Unidirectional Conic Target with Dual Front Sensors Rear View 
         FIG. 8 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Solid Inner/Outer Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 9 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Solid Inner/Outer Sensors Top View 
         FIG. 10 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Solid Inner/Outer Sensors Cutaway View 
         FIG. 11 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Segmented Inner/Outer Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 12 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Segmented Inner/Outer Sensors Top View 
         FIG. 13 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Segmented Inner/Outer Sensors Cutaway View 
         FIG. 14 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Resistive Rubber Interconnection Isometric View 
         FIG. 15 : Omni Directional Cylindrical Target with Resistive Rubber Inner Sensor Isometric View 
         FIG. 16 : Resistive Rubber Acquisition System Simulated using a Sense Resistor Circuit 
         FIG. 17 : Omni Directional Cylindrical/Spherical Target Isometric View 
         FIG. 18 : Omni Directional Cylindrical/Spherical Target Top View 
         FIG. 19 : Omni Directional Cylindrical/Spherical Target Spherical sensor Isometric View 
         FIG. 20 : Omni Directional Cylindrical/Spherical Target with segmented Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 21 : Omni Directional Cylindrical/Spherical Target with segmented Sensors Top View 
         FIG. 22 : Omni Directional Elliptical Target with segmented Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 23 : Omni Directional Elliptical Target with segmented Sensors Top View 
         FIG. 24 : Omni Directional Elliptical Target with segmented Sensors Vertical Cutaway View 
         FIG. 25 : Omni Directional Elliptical Target with segmented Sensors Horizontal Cutaway View 
         FIG. 26 : Mannequin HDPE Torso Isometric View 
         FIG. 27 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Front Only Sensors/Heaters Isometric View 
         FIG. 28 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Front Only Chest, Shoulder, &amp; Head sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 29 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Front Only Chest, Shoulder, Head &amp; Kill Zone Isometric View 
         FIG. 30 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Enclosed Chest, Shoulder, &amp; Head Isometric View 
         FIG. 31 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Enclosed Chest, Shoulder, Head &amp; Kill Zone Isometric View 
         FIG. 32 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Segmented Chest, Shoulder, &amp; Head Isometric View 
         FIG. 33 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Segmented Chest, Shoulder, Head &amp; Kill Zone Isometric View 
         FIG. 34 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Segmented Chest &amp; Kill Zone Isometric View 
         FIG. 35 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Segmented Chest &amp; Kill Zone Top View 
         FIG. 36 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Segmented Head &amp; Kill Zone Isometric View 
         FIG. 37 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Segmented Head &amp; Kill Zone Top View 
         FIG. 38 : Mannequin HDPE Torso with Segmented Sensors Cutaway View 
         FIG. 39 : Mannequin Non Contact LIDAR Based System Isometric View 
         FIG. 40 : Mannequin Non Contact LIDAR Based System Top View 
         FIG. 41 : Mannequin Non Contact LIDAR SA/HD Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 42 : Mannequin Non Contact LIDAR HD Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 43 : Mannequin Non Contact LIDAR HD Sensors Top View 
         FIG. 44 : Mannequin Non Contact LIDAR SA &amp; HD Sensors Isometric View 
         FIG. 45 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Front Isometric View 
         FIG. 46 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Back Isometric View 
         FIG. 47 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Row Contact Pads Isometric View 
         FIG. 48 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Row Contact Pads 2 nd  Layer Isometric View 
         FIG. 49 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Row Contact Pads 3 rd  Layer Isometric View 
         FIG. 50 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Row Contact Pads 3 rd  Layer Isometric 2D Wire View 
         FIG. 51 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Row Bottom Contact Pads Isometric View 
         FIG. 52 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Exploded Diagram Isometric View 
         FIG. 53 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Front Columns with Resistive Rubber Isometric View 
         FIG. 54 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target Back Rows with Resistive Rubber Isometric View 
         FIG. 55 : Short Circuit LOMAH Target with Resistive Rubber &amp; Center Foil Layer Isometric View 
         FIG. 56 : Resistive Trace LOMAH Target Front Columns Isometric View 
         FIG. 57 : Resistive Trace LOMAH Target Single Power Buss Close-up Isometric View 
         FIG. 58 : Resistive Trace LOMAH Target Back Rows Isometric View 
         FIG. 59 : Resistive Trace LOMAH Target Right Side Isometric View 
         FIG. 60 : Resistive Trace LOMAH Target Close-up of Row Traces Isometric View 
         FIG. 61 : Resistive Trace LOMAH Target Close-up of Bottom Connection Isometric View 
         FIG. 62 : LOMAH Resistive Sensor on Thin Plastic Non-Kill Zone Front View 
         FIG. 63 : LOMAH Resistive Sensor on Thin Plastic Kill Zone Front View 
         FIG. 64 : LOMAH Resistive Sensor on Thin Plastic Kill &amp; Non-Kill Zone Front View 
         FIG. 65 : LOMAH Short Circuit Kill &amp; Left/Right Non-Kill Zone Isometric View 
         FIG. 66 : LOMAH Short Circuit Kill &amp; Left/Right Non-Kill Zone Close Up Isometric View 
         FIG. 67 : LOMAH Short Circuit Back Side Isometric View 
         FIG. 68 : LOMAH Short Circuit Aerial or Escalation of Force Target 3D Wire Isometric View 
         FIG. 69 : B27 Target on Lane Runner Clamp Isometric View 
         FIG. 70 : B27 Target Foil Faceplate Isometric View 
         FIG. 71 : B27 Target Middle Layer Foil Rings Isometric View 
         FIG. 72 : B27 Target Back Foil Pickup Traces Isometric View 
         FIG. 73 : B27 Target Pickup Traces &amp; Foil Rings Close-up Isometric View 
         FIG. 74 : B27 Target Clamp, Pickup Pins &amp; Traces Close-up 2D Wire Isometric View 
         FIG. 75 : B27 Target Foil Faceplate Pickups Isometric View 
         FIG. 76 : B27 Target Exploded Diagram Isometric View 
         FIG. 77 : B27 Target Foil Rings Single Wire Pickup using Resistive Rubber Isometric View 
         FIG. 78 : Backside of a mannequin torso with foil power buss strips for thermal heater membrane and/or impact detection sensors 
         FIG. 79 : Picture of electrical snap connectors for conductive ink/foil base wiring harness 
         FIG. 80 : Picture of a foil base wiring harness 
         FIG. 81 : Resistive matrix thermal panel with solid conductive power busses 
         FIG. 82 : Resistive matrix thermal panel with matrix shaped conductive power busses 
         FIG. 83 : Resistive matrix thermal panel with foil strip power busses folded over back substrate 
         FIG. 84 : Close-up picture of a resistive matrix thermal panel with foil strips folded over 
         FIG. 85 : Close-up picture of the edge of a resistive matrix thermal panel with foil strips 
         FIG. 86 : Side and front cross-sectional view of a retracted/lowered mannequin target system 
         FIG. 87 : Side and front cross-sectional view of a raised mannequin target system 
         FIG. 88 : Side cross-sectional view of a lowered mannequin target system with arm and movement control 
         FIG. 89 : Front cross-sectional view of a lowered mobile mannequin target system 
         FIG. 90 : Side cross-sectional view of a sitting &amp; concealed mannequin attached to a pop up target lifter 
         FIG. 91 : Side cross-sectional view of a raised/standing mannequin pop-up target system 
         FIG. 92 : Side and front cross-sectional view of a lowered screw driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 93 : Side and front cross-sectional view of a raised screw driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 94 : Side and front cross-sectional view of a raised screw driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 95 : Side and front cross-sectional view of a lowered cable/strap driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 96 : Side close up cross-sectional view of a lowered cable/strap driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 97 : Side and front cross-sectional view of a raised cable/strap driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 98 : Side closet up cross-sectional view of a raised cable/strap driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 99 : Side cross-sectional view of a mannequin target electrical interconnect system 
         FIG. 100 : Front cross-sectional view of a mannequin target with conductive ink/foil interconnection system 
         FIG. 101 : Exploded view of a mannequin interconnection system 
         FIG. 102 : Isometric view of a mannequin sensor/heater interconnection system 
         FIG. 103 : Cross-sectional view of a mannequin sensor/heater interconnection system 
         FIG. 104 : Cross-sectional close up view of a mannequin arm interconnection system 
         FIG. 105 : Cross-sectional view of a mannequin conductive ink/foil interconnection system 
         FIG. 106 : Side and top cross-sectional view of a mannequin rotation system 
         FIG. 107 : Cross-sectional close up view of a mannequin rotation system 
         FIG. 108 : Isometric view of a raised mannequin target system 
         FIG. 109 : Raised and Lowered cross-sectional view of a cable/strap driven mannequin target system 
         FIG. 110 : Raised and Lowered cross-sectional view of a strap &amp; synchronous belt driven mannequin system 
         FIG. 111 : Side Lowered cross-sectional view of a synchronous belt driven mannequin system 
         FIG. 112 : Raised cross-sectional view of a synchronous belt driven mannequin system 
         FIG. 113 : Lowered cross-sectional view of a single synchronous belt driven mannequin system 
         FIG. 114 : Raised cross-sectional view of a single synchronous belt driven mannequin system 
         FIG. 115 : Raised cross-sectional view of a mannequin target running on MIT system 
         FIG. 116 : Lowered cross-sectional view of a mannequin target running on MIT system 
         FIG. 117 : Raised Isometric view of a mannequin target running on MIT system 
         FIG. 118 : Lowered Isometric view of a mannequin target running on MIT system 
         FIG. 119 : Raised Isometric view of a mannequin target running on MIT system rotated toward shooter 
         FIG. 120 : Lowered Isometric view of a mannequin target running on MIT system rotated toward shooter 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a unidirectional elliptical target that is created using concentric elliptical rings with a diagonal plate inside. Each of these rings and plates are comprised of two conductive sheets/foil/ink or metallic coating with a non-conducting medium. The distance between the plates is less than the expected projectile length ensuring an electrical short upon impact. The outer elliptical cylinder  101  is contiguous and is used to generate the first short circuit pulse need in determining the initial starting point of impact. The Inner elliptical cylinder  102  is spaced at a known distance and is used to generate a second pulse needed to determine the projectiles velocity at that instance i.e. distance/time=velocity. This inner elliptical cylinder is separated into 2 short circuit sensors by a distance that is less than the expected projectiles diameter. Each half of the inner elliptical cylinders are used to, in this orientation, determine the X location of impact. This is determined by looking at the time between the first and second impact of the inner elliptical cylinder. If the impact occurs in the center both halves of the inner elliptical cylinder will short simultaneously indicating an exact known X location. If the impact occurs between the outside of the inner elliptical sensor and inside the outer elliptical sensor then no pulses will be generated and the X position is either side of the target. By halving the outer elliptical cylinder similar to the inner elliptical cylinder the X position can be exactly determined. If the impact location is somewhere between the center and outer edge of the inner elliptical sensor then its X location can be determined by examining the time difference between the first and second pulse generated by the inner elliptical sensor. The diagonal plate  103  is placed in such a way to generate a pulse needed to determine the Y location of impact. This is done by comparing the time difference between the first or second elliptical sensor pulse and comparing the predetermined velocity described above.  FIG. 2  shows the top view of the unidirectional elliptical target. The outer elliptical cylinder  201  and the inner elliptical cylinder  202  are spaced at a known distance. The diagonal plate sensor  203  travels diagonally from the front side of the inner elliptical sensor to the back side of the inner elliptical sensor at the opposite end.  FIG. 3  shows a timing diagram of how the pulses are used to derive the X-Y impact point. The leading edge of the Outer Elliptical Sensor  301  and the leading edge of the Inner Elliptical Sensor  302  are used to determine the projectile&#39;s velocity. The leading edge of the Diagonal Sensor  303  is used to determine the Y position of the impact. The leading edge of the second pulse  304  on the Inner Elliptical Sensor is used to determine the X position of the impact. If you were to divide both the Inner &amp; Outer elliptical sensor into smaller segments a more accurate X position as well as azimuth could be determined. 
       FIG. 4  shows a Unidirectional target sensor system that is comprised of a front disk  401 , a cone  402  segmented into four sections and a back disk  403 . The front disk and the back disk are spaced at a known distance and are used to determine the projectile&#39;s velocity. The cone is used to determine both X and Y based on the time between the front disk pulse and the conic segment pulse. The segment generating the pulse determines which quadrant the bullet hit and the time between the front disk and the conic segment pulses determines where within that segment that the projectile hit. Again if you were to divide the cone into smaller segments a more accurate X-Y location can be determined.  FIG. 5  shows a top view of the Unidirectional Conic Target system. As you can see the front disk  501  and the back disk  504  are placed at a known distance. The upper left quadrant  502  and upper right quadrant  503  are positioned so that the projectile will enter and exit at a known angle making it easy to calculate both X and Y impact zone.  FIG. 6  shows another embodiment of the same invention. The front disk  601  has another disk  602  at a known distance behind it. The conic sensor  603  is behind the second disk and determines the X-Y as in the previous embodiment.  FIG. 7  shows the back view of the conic target system with four short circuit sensor segments upper right quadrant  701 , upper left quadrant  702 , lower right quadrant  703 , and lower left quadrant  704 . 
       FIG. 8  shows an Omni-directional Cylindrical Target with contiguous outer  801  and inner  803  short circuit sensors placed at a known distance. Between both cylindrical sensors is a semi conic  802  short circuit sensor that is divided into two short circuit segments.  FIG. 9  shows a top view of the Omni-directional Cylindrical Target. When a projectile penetrates the outer ring  901  a pulse is generated. When the bullet hits the inner semi conic ring  903  a second pulse is generated in one of the four segments unless it is hit between two adjacent segments in which case X is position is known exactly. Next the inner cylindrical ring  902  is hit generating a third pulse. Then as the projectile exits a fourth pulse is generated by the inner cylindrical ring short circuit sensor and the semi conic ring generates another pulse. Finally the projectile exits generating a pulse on the outer cylindrical ring. Knowing which semi conic sensor segment is hit in the path of the projectile is used along with the time between pulses to approximate the X position and projectile azimuth. Correction factors are used to better approximate the trajectory path of the projectile. Azimuth approximation algorithms can be used to closely approximate both the velocity and X position.  FIG. 10  shows a cutaway view of the Omni-directional Cylindrical Target. Between the outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1001  and the inner cylindrical short circuit sensor  1003  is the semi conic short circuit sensor  1002 . The slope of the sensor is calculated by measuring the distance across the top divided into the length vertically of the sensor. This sensor is used to determine the Y position of impact. As you can see when a projectile enters the target that has a trajectory path through the top of the target  1004  it will generate pulses, when comparing outer ring sensor to semi conic secondary ring, closer together then a projectile traveling through the bottom of the target  1005 .  FIG. 11  shows a multi segmented embodiment of the previous invention. The outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1101  and inner cylindrical short circuit sensor  1103  are again placed at a known distance needed to calculate projectile velocity. The semi conic short circuit  1102  sensor is placed between the outer and inner cylindrical sensors and is used to determine the Y position of the projectile.  FIG. 12  shows a top view of the segmented Omni-directional cylindrical target. The outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1201 , semi conic short circuit sensor  1202  and inner cylindrical short circuit sensor  1203  have all been divided into four segments and offset by 30 degrees. This target has the ability to more accurately determine the X position than the previous embodiment. When a projectile hits the outer ring which ever segment is hit determines the first X position approximation of entry. When the semi conic sensor is hit the second X approximation is determined and finally when the inner ring is hit the third X approximation can be easily determined. Then when the projectile starts to exit an even more exact X approximation occurs. Not only can the X-Y be readily determined the azimuth is also easily determined. The Y position of impact can also more accurately be determined due to the fact that an accurate azimuth can be calculated.  FIG. 13  shows a cutaway view of the current invention. The outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1301 , semi conic short circuit sensor  1302 , and outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1303  are all segmented and shifted by 30 degrees. More than four segments can be used to achieve a more accurate position location of impact without deviating from the current invention. 
     To try and reduce the amount of interconnections to the segmented Omni-directional cylindrical target each of the inner side of each sensor can be manufactured as a single contiguous sheet of conductive material/foil or tied to each other so that only 1 wire is needed to power/sense all 3 sensors on the inner side.  FIG. 14  shows another embodiment used to reduce the amount of wires needed to sense the segmented Omni-directional cylindrical target. A resistive rubber strip  1401  is bonded with conductive adhesive to the outer conductive sheet/foil/ink of each sensor. The outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1403  is bonded to all segments and has a gap  1402  between 2 adjacent segments. The resistive rubber strap does not have to be contiguous. It can be segmented into smaller strips that just jumper three of the four gaps. Now only one wire needs to be attached to each outer conductive sheet/foil/ink. The resistive rubber would take a projectile impact and only change its resistance by a small amount, if any, due to it&#39;s self healing properties.  FIG. 15  shows the inner cylindrical short circuit sensor with the resistive rubber strip encompassing all but one gap  1501 . Notice the opposite gap  1502  is bridged with the resistive rubber. When the projectile shorts the conductive sheets/foil/ink a short is detected across only the segment that the sense wire is attached to. All other segments show up as a resistance increasing as you move away from the segment with the sense wire attached. If the segments where wired so that the left most segment  1503  was directly attached to the sense wire and the next clockwise segments,  1504 ,  1505 ,  1506  were bridged across each gap with the resistive rubber, the resistance would increase as you move clockwise away from the left most segment. For example say that the resistive rubber was 1k ohms at each gap then the sense wire would see 0 ohms for the first left most short circuit sensor segment, 1k ohms if the next clockwise segment  1504  was hit, 2k ohms if the next segment  1505  was hit and finally 3k ohms if the last segment  1506  was hit. By using an analog sensing circuit both the time and resistance could be used to determine impact location.  FIG. 16  show a simulated circuit that displays the response of such a system. Notice that the pulse edges on the oscilloscope  1601  are well defined and can easily be used to determine velocity and Y position. Also notice that the voltage drop across the sense resistor  1605  is unique for the short circuit that occurs across each of the four segments. The relays  1602  and capacitors  1603  emulate the sensor conductive sheets/foil/ink and insulator. The digital word generator  1604  fires the relays in successive order and the oscilloscope show each pulse maximum voltage level is increasing as you move toward the sensor wired to the sense wire that is connected to the sense resistor  1605 . A sense resistor is used to create a resistive divider network that can detect the change in resistance of the short circuit sensor. Therefore it is obvious to see that both the time of impact, from the leading edge of the pulse, and sensor segment impacted, from the amplitude of the pulse, can be determined from such a circuit. If different resistive rubber was used for each sensor a target could be produced that requires only two wires. For example: if, in  FIG. 14 , the outer resistive rubber strap had a gap resistance of 100 ohms with a 100 ohm resistive rubber strap connected to the next inner semi conic ring and the semi conic ring had a gap resistive rubber strap of 1k ohms with a 1k ohm resistive rubber strap connected to the inner most cylindrical segmented short circuit sensor which in turn had a resistive rubber strap with a gap resistance of 5k ohms a two wire target could be created. As a projectile passes through each layer a unique resistance would appear across the sense resistor  1605  shown in  FIG. 16  and using the leading pulse edge as well as voltage amplitude both the time and identification of which ring and which segment within that ring was shorted by the projectile passing through. In  FIG. 14  the outer ring would present a 0, 100, 200 and 300 ohm resistance depending on which segment  1403 ,  1404 ,  1405 ,  1406  is hit starting from the segment  1403  directly attached to the sense wire and moving clockwise. When the projectile proceeds into the next semi conic ring segments  1407 ,  1408 ,  1409 ,  1410  a resistance of 400, 1.4k, 2.4k, 3.4k will be sensed by the two wire target respectively. Finally as the projectile enters the inner most ring segment  1411 ,  1412 ,  1413 ,  1414  a resistance of 4.4k, 9.4k, 14.4k, and 19.4k respectively. As an example a projectile entering the target from the front will hit outer Ring segment 4 and present a sense resistance of 300 ohm. Then Semi Conic ring segment 4 will be hit and present a sense resistance of 3.4k ohms. Next the Inner ring segment 1 will be hit presenting a sense resistance of 4.4k ohms as shown in Table 1. Upon exiting the target the Inner ring segment 3 would be hit presenting a sense resistance of 14.4k ohms. Next the Semi Conic ring segment 2 would be hit presenting a sense resistance of 14k ohms. Finally as it exits the Outer Ring segment 2 a sense resistance of 100 ohms would be presented on the sense wire. So the projectile trajectory can easily be reconstructed simply by looking at the analog voltage levels combined with the leading edges of the pulses generated by each segment. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Segment Identifying Resistance for Projectile 
               
               
                 Entering 2 Wire Omni Directional Target 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Outer Cylindrical 
                 Semi Conic 
                 Inner Cylindrical 
               
               
                   
                 Ring Sensor 
                 Ring Sensor 
                 Ring Sensor 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Resistance 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Segment Id 
                 100 
                 1000 
                 5000 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 4 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 Sense Resistance 
                 300 
                 3400 
                 4400 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Segment Identifying Resistance for Projectile 
               
               
                 Exiting 2 Wire Omni Directional Target 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Inner Cylindrical 
                 Semi Conic 
                 Outer Cylindrical 
               
               
                   
                 Ring Sensor 
                 Ring Sensor 
                 Ring Sensor 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Resistance 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Segment Id 
                 5000 
                 1000 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Sense Resistance 
                 14400 
                 1400 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 17  shows an Omni directional target that has the ability to not only determine X-Y but azimuth and elevation as well. The target is comprised of an outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1701 , inner cylindrical short circuit sensor  1702  and a multi segmented sphere  1703 . The sphere short circuit sensor gives the ability to detect X-Y entry and exit points and it can be used to determine both azimuth and elevation of projectile trajectory path.  FIG. 18  shows the top view with the outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  1801  and the inner cylindrical short circuit sensor  1802  being spaced at a known distance. The inner sphere  1803  is segmented in both four quadrants and in half creating an eight segmented sensor as shown in  FIG. 19 . Resistive rubber interconnections could be used to allow you to attach only one sense wire attached to only one of the segments. For example: the upper leftmost segment  1901  was directly wired to the sense wire and the resistive rubber strip traversed clockwise across the entire upper half  1902 ,  1903 ,  1904  then dropped down to the lower half  1905  and traverse counter clockwise ending on the front lower segment  1906 . When this target is hit from an elevated angle one of the upper segments will be hit upon entry and a lower segment will be hit upon exiting. Just by determining the order of which segments generate pulses, due to short circuiting, the elevation and azimuth can be determined.  FIG. 20  shows another embodiment of this Omni directional target. The outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  2001  and inner cylindrical short circuit sensor  2002  are divided into four segments and the spherical sensor  2003  is divided into eight segments.  FIG. 21  shows the top view of this target. The outer cylindrical short circuit sensor  2101  is offset by 45 degrees with the inner cylindrical short circuit sensor  2102  thereby increasing the accuracy of the X position. The Y position is calculated using spherical equations based on the time the pulse is generated from the inner ring and the sphere segment as well as the sphere exit time. 
       FIG. 22  shows an Omni directional elliptical target using segmented sensors. The outer elliptical cylinder short circuit sensor  2201 , semi conic elliptical cylinder  2202  and the inner elliptical cylinder short circuit sensor  2203  are divided into four segments.  FIG. 23  shows the top view of this invention. Each elliptic ring is offset by 30 degrees  2301 ,  2302 ,  2303  significantly improving the ability to detect the X location of impact.  FIG. 24  shows a cutaway for the Omni directional elliptical target cut along the Y axis and  FIG. 25  shows a cutaway view of the Omni directional elliptical target cut along the X axis. Notice that the slope of the conic elliptical sensor  2401  and  2501 , is the same for both cutaways. 
       FIG. 26  shows a high density polyethylene mannequin torso. This mannequin torso can be instrumented with the Omni directional elliptical target sensors as shown in  FIG. 27 . In this embodiment the chest and shoulder is one short circuit sensor  2701  and the head is another short circuit sensor  2702 . Now the sensor can also be a purely resistive ink/foil sensor that has two conductive busses running up the outer sides vertically and when hit the resistance will change. That change can be detected by the sense resistor circuit show in  FIG. 16 . The same configuration can be used for thermal heaters to produce a thermal signature. The chest heater can be configured to produce a temperature 10 degrees above ambient while the head heater can be designed to produce a temperature of 20 degrees above ambient generating a human thermal signature.  FIG. 28  shows another embodiment where the chest sensor  2801 , either short circuit or resistive based, shoulder sensor  2802  and the head sensor  2803  are individually sensed. This target can be hit from slightly less than 180 degrees and each zone can be detected.  FIG. 29  shows another embodiment of the invention with a cylindrical kill zone sensor  2901  running down the center of the target. If a short circuit is detected on this sensor a kill shot can be scored by the target acquisition system.  FIG. 30  shows another embodiment of this invention having the short circuit or resistive sensor wrapped around the entire torso. Each sensor chest  3001 , shoulder  3002 , and head  3003  are wrapped entirely around the torso to allow for 360 degrees of impact detection. A thermal heater could be produced in this configuration as well to give a 360 degree human thermal signature.  FIG. 31  shows an embodiment with a kill zone sensor in the center  3101 .  FIG. 32  shows a multi segmented embodiment of the invention. The chest sensor  3201 , shoulder sensor  3202 , and head sensor  3203  are divided into 4 segments allowing the target to detect which quadrant was hit. Also by examining the projectile exit pulse generated by the change in resistance, for a resistive based sensor, or pulse generated by a short circuit sensor or even a piezoelectric film sensor the azimuth of the projectile trajectory can be determined.  FIG. 33  shows another embodiment with a kill zone sensor  3301  running down the center of the mannequin torso. 
     The draw back from the previous embodiments of the mannequin target is that the X-Y impact location cannot be determined from the sensor configuration. Only an approximation of the azimuth of the projectile can be calculated.  FIG. 34  show an Omni Directional segmented mannequin chest and kill zone configuration. This target utilizes all of the primitive embodiments described earlier to detect X-Y impact location from 360 degrees. This embodiment utilized a torso that has a uniformly tapered torso creating a semi conic elliptical shape. By bonding a segmented short circuit/resistive/piezoelectric sensor to both the outer  3401  and inner wall  3403  of the HDPE plastic  3402  and embedding an elliptical cylindrical sensor in the center  3404  along with a segmented kill zone cylinder  3405  in the center a 360 X-Y target with kill/no-kill detection can be created. This target utilizes the fact that both the inner  3403  and outer semi conic sensors  3401  are parallel to each other and at a know distance needed to accurately calculate the projectile velocity. A thermal heater could also be placed inside the inner wall  3403  of the mannequin chest cavity to produce a human thermal signature.  FIG. 35  shows the top view of this invention. The outer semi conic elliptical sensor  3501 , inner semi conic elliptical sensor  3502 , inner elliptical cylinder sensor  3503 , and cylindrical kill zone sensor  3504  are all divided into four segments and offset by 30 degrees with respect to each other.  FIG. 36  shows the sensors used to create the head and kill zone. The outer sensor  3601  and inner kill zone sensor  3603  are spaced a known distance apart and have a semi conic cylinder sensor  3602  between them.  FIG. 37  shows the top view of the current invention embodiment and again all the rings are divided into 4 rings and offset by 30 degrees.  FIG. 38  shows the cutaway view of the Omni directional X-Y target. You will notice that the distance from the inner semi conic elliptical sensor to the elliptical cylinder sensor varies from the bottom  3801  of the torso to the top  3802 . This slope is used to determine the Y position of impact. Now in this embodiment the shoulder has no vertical reference need to determine the Y position of impact. A series of segmented cascaded elliptical cylinder sensors that stair step their way up the inside of the shoulder cavity  3803  could be used to create that vertical reference. By sensing the time of travel of the projectile through the shoulder outer semi conic elliptical sensor  3804  and inner semi conic elliptical sensor  3805  and determining projectile velocity then measuring the pulse delay time between the inner semi conic elliptical sensor as well as which vertically orientated cascaded elliptical cylinder sensor was hit both X-Y position, azimuth and elevation could be calculated. A thermal heater could be placed in the inner wall of the head and produce a thermal signature in the head that can be seen by aircrafts as a human head signature. By placing the mannequin on a MIT system and adding the ability for it to rotate as well as move up and down a very realistic running man target could be produced. One can change the offset angle and/or divide the sensors into a multitude of segments and/or use more concentric sensors and not deviate from the core essence of this invention. 
       FIG. 39  shows an embodiment of an actuating mannequin that has the ability to detect X-Y projectile impact and projectile trajectory using non-contact sensing technology. The HDPE mannequin  3901  has articulating appendages that allow it to mimic human response when shot. The mannequin is integrated into the bullet proof control box  3903  with mechanical control assemblies to actuate the mannequin movement and has, in this embodiment, three 3D laser sensors  3902 .  FIG. 40  shows a top view of the system. The front left 3D laser emitter/sensor  4001  projects the diffused laser beam out at a 210 degree angle from the center of the mannequin and can sense a radius of 180 degrees. The back center 3D laser emitter/sensor  4002  projects the diffused laser beam out at a 90 degree angle from the center of the mannequin and can sense a radius of 180 degrees. The front right 3D laser emitter/sensor  4003  projects the diffused laser beam out at a 330 degree angle from the center of the mannequin and can sense a radius of 180 degrees. This invention uses the 3D laser sensor not only for X-Y projectile impact location it also uses this as a situational awareness system needed to monitor the engaging shooter to determine the mannequin&#39;s appropriate engagement response.  FIG. 41  shows this inventions 3D lasers sensing area  4101 . As a subject approaches the mannequin it utilizes the 3D laser sensors to determine what the subject is doing. For example if the subject reaches for its holstered weapon the mannequin would respond by raising its weapon and firing. The 3D laser sensors also are used to detect incoming projectiles from 360 degrees. This system would work with any type of projectile paintball, simunitions, as well as live rounds and not be limited to a conductive one that is needed for the short circuit sensors. Also because this system is non-contact based the life expectancy would be significantly higher than a contact based target/mannequin. With this type of system the mannequin could be controlled in such a way that when a shot to the right shoulder is detected by that mannequin and it would be momentarily positioned so that it leers back toward its right shoulder and then comes forward and draws its weapon and shoots. Or it can frump to the ground if a fatal impact is determined. 
       FIG. 42  shows another embodiment of this invention. In this embodiment the three hit detection 3D diffusion lasers are mounted on the 3D laser sensor so that they face toward the adjacent 3D laser sensor. For example the front left 3D laser sensors  4202  is pointed toward the front right 3D laser sensor  4201 . The front right 3D laser sensor is pointed toward that back center 3D laser sensor. And finally the back center 3D laser sensor has its laser pointing toward the front left 3D laser sensor. As a projectile  4203  passes through the frontal plane its X-Y entry point is determined and as it exits the mannequin it passes through the back right plane and its X-Y exit point is determined. With this invention not only can the projectile velocity be calculated but the azimuth, elevation, and projectile diameter can also be determined. This embodiment creates a triangular shaped web as shown in  FIG. 43 . As the projectile  4301  enters through the front plane its position in space is detected by the front left 3D laser sensor  4302  and as it exits through back right plane its position in space is detected by the front right 3D laser sensor  4303 .  FIG. 44  shows an embodiment that is the combination of the previous inventions. In this embodiment the situational awareness 3D laser sensors face outward and are used to determine how the mannequin is going to respond based on what the approaching subject does. The inner triangular hit detection is performed by a separate set of 3D laser sensors mounted in the same three 3D laser sensor housing. Another embodiment would be to mount the 3D laser sensor in the base control box and have it mounted on a high speed rotating servo system that would swing the 3D laser around sweeping the area. When an incoming projectile is detected both its entry and exit path can be reconstructed from multiple samples detected as it swings through the entry and exit area. The nice thing about this embodiment is that it requires only one 3D laser sensor. In another embodiment only the diffusion laser is mounted to the high speed servo and three or four, one for each side of the control box, laser detector would be permanently affixed to the control box. The laser would illuminate the area and each detector would sense activity in its area of view. 
     Another embodiment of this invention would be to mount one or two 3D laser sensors in front of a stationary infantry target (SIT), moving infantry target (MIT), stationary armored target (SAT), or moving armored target (MAT). Each 3D laser sensor would detect projectile entry X-Y impact area and if two units are used the exit X-Y position can be determined along with velocity, trajectory path and projectile diameter. 
       FIG. 45  shows an embodiment of a location of miss and hit (LOMAH) target. This target utilizes short circuit technology as described by earlier inventions. The front of the target has vertical columns of conductive sheet/foil/ink  4501  that are bonded to a non-conductive target medium. The other side of the non-conductive medium contains horizontal rows  4601  of conductive sheet/foil/ink as shown in  FIG. 46 . Making contact with the conductive columns of the short circuit LOMAH target is easy because they are accessible via the bottom of the target out of harm&#39;s way down in the target pit. The problem is how to access the horizontal conductive rows on the back side of the targets non-conductive medium. In this embodiment of the invention the system utilizes a set of insulating sheets with conductive sheet/foil/ink traces running down to the bottom of the target to access all the horizontal conductive rows.  FIG. 47  shows the next non conductive sheet  4703  that is bonded to the short circuit target with an adhesive. Exposed on the bonded side are 1 inch square pads of conductive traces which an optional conductive adhesive would ensure a solid electrical connection between each conductive horizontal row of the LOMAH short circuit target and the pickup pads. Because there are more rows needed to be brought to the bottom of the target than there are vertical column space available 2 sets of vertically orientated conductive traces are used with 2 sheets of electrical insulators or non-conductive medium to carry them. The lower set of conductive traces  4701  and  4702  are bonded to the first sheet that is bonded directly, with an adhesive, to the LOMAH conductive horizontal row back side. The rest of the conductive contact pads belong to the second set of conductive traces.  FIG. 48  shows the last insulating non-conductive sheet  4803  that carries the second set of vertically orientated traces to the bottom of the target. The conductive traces of the first set of traces  4801  are laminated to the front side of this third sheet  4803  and the second traces  4802  shown on  FIG. 49  are laminated to the back side of the insulating sheet. To better display the construction of this invention  FIG. 50  shows a transparent wire drawing of the current embodiment. The LOMAH front most vertical columns  5001  can be see clearly and behind them are the conductive horizontal rows  5002 . The three insulating non-conducting medium  5003  can be seen in upper right hand corner. The outer most horizontal pass through holes  5004  belong to the second set of vertical conductive traces. As you can see there are 2 sets of pass through holes for the vertically orientated conductive traces compared to the single pass through holes  5005  for the first set of vertically orientated conductive traces. This is because the first set of vertically orientated conductive traces only has to pass through one layer of insulation board whereas the second set of vertically orientated conductive traces has to pass through two boards of insulation. Now that we have brought all the signals to the bottom of the target a connector will need to access them. In this embodiment  FIG. 51  shows such a way. By recessing the last insulation board  5101  enough to expose the first set of vertically orientated conductive traces  5103  all needed contact points are available. The front conductive vertical columns  5102  are accessed directly from the front whereas the first sets of conductive rows of the LOMAH target are accessed via the traces exposed  5103  on the second non-conductive sheet. And lastly the remaining conductive rows of the LOMAH target are accessed directly on the backside of the third insulating sheet  5104 .  FIG. 52  shows all the layers of the short circuit LOMAH target. As you can see the only purpose of the 2 insulating sheets is to prevent the vertically orientated conductive traces from shorting out to the previous layer. With an electrical potential placed across the vertical conductive sensor and the conductive horizontal sensors a short circuit will cause current to flow between the front impacted vertical sensor and the horizontal row sensor. By sensing all the rows and columns the projectile&#39;s X-Y impact area is known directly down to the minimum size of the intersecting squares. One inch is used in this embodiment because as you go smaller there is more of a likely chance that the sensor vertical or horizontal will get destroyed or severed, by multiple hits in a close proximity, preventing any further impact detections for that area. Also if a projectile where to hit the through hole directly and the trace width was equal to or less then the diameter of the projectile the vertically orientated trace that brings that signal to the bottom of the target would get severed and fail. One embodiment of an acquisition system for this invention would be to apply a voltage potential across the front vertical sensors and the back horizontal sensors. When a projectile shorts the front vertical sensor to the back horizontal sensor a current detection system would determine X-Y directly knowing which column and which row sensor draws current for that moment in time. As with the previous inventions the conductive sensor are spaced less than the expected projectile diameter so that if it were to hit between two adjacent conductors its exact location would be known. In another embodiment a conductive sheet/foil/ink could be laminated between and insulated from the front vertical sensor and the back horizontal sensors. Then the acquisition system would simply apply a voltage potential on the conductive sheet/foil/ink center and monitor each sense line both vertical and horizontal for a momentary voltage pulse. There are many ways to acquire X-Y location in an invention of this design and not deviate from the core essence of the invention. 
       FIG. 53  shows an embodiment of a LOMAH target that used the previously described resistive rubber interface to reduce the sense wires down to two wires. The vertical conductive sheet/foil/ink sensors  5301  have a resistive rubber strip  5302  running along the bottom of the target electrically bonded to each vertical sensor.  FIG. 54  shows the back side of the LOMAH target. The horizontal rows of conductive sheet/foil/ink sensors  5401  are insulated from the front vertical sensor by a non-conducting insulating sheet  5402  with a thickness that is less than the minimum expected projectile length. Running vertically down the target backside is a resistive rubber strip  5403 . This strip shown in this embodiment runs down the middle of the back of the target but it could run offset from center or diagonal or utilize multiple resistive rubber strips and not deviate from the core essence of this invention. The acquisition system needed to sense this invention only needs to supply a voltage potential across one of the front vertical sensors and the back bottom horizontal sensor in order to determine the X-Y location of impact. In one embodiment a whetstone bridge as show in  FIG. 16  would be able to detect which front vertical sensor and back horizontal sensor was shorted by the projectile just by the unique resistive value across the sense wires. In another embodiment the LOMAH target could be constructed from an electrically non-conductive rubber sheet that is processed so that just the front and back surfaces are impregnated with carbon to create a known resistance per square on just those surfaces. This could be done by dissolving the rubber in a solvent containing carbon black. Then conductive sheets/foil/ink can be bonded vertically on one side and horizontally on the other. This type of target would have a long life expectancy due to the fact that the non-conductive medium was made from self healing rubber and act as a dual type of target because it would also respond to non penetrating impacts like paintball or airsoft rounds as a contact sensitive target. 
       FIG. 55  shows another embodiment of the same invention. This LOMAH target requires an additional non-conductive sheet  5501 . A contiguous conductive sheet/foil/ink  5502  is laminated between the two insulating sheets. The acquisition system simply applies a voltage potential across the center conductor and both the front vertical sensor and the back horizontal sensors. Three wires are attached to this embodiment and the voltage difference could be measured by two sense resistor circuits as shown in  FIG. 16  one detecting X and the other detecting Y based on unique resistance, voltage or current levels. 
       FIG. 56  show a resistive based LOMAH target. Unlike the short circuit target this one depends on the sensors resistance changing when penetrated by a projectile. The vertical resistive sheet/foil/ink sensor  5601  is tied at the top of the target to a power buss and bonded to a non-conducting media  5602 .  FIG. 57  shows the power buss with the non-conducting medium removed. As you can see the same power buss  5701  which powers the front vertical resistive sensors also wraps around the back of the non-conducting medium to supply power  5801  to the resistive row sensors  5802  as shown in  FIG. 58 . One advantage of this invention is that a single power buss wrapped around as shown is significantly resistant to single point failure due to a severed power buss. No single rifle round can severe a buss of this design.  FIG. 59  shows the vertical sense wires that attach to each row resistive sensor on the back of the target  5903 . Then inner most non-conductive medium  5901  sheet carries half of the row sensors to the bottom of the target while the other half is laminated to the outer non-conductive sheet  5902 .  FIG. 60  shows a close up image with both non-conducting medium sheets removed. The lower half of the resistive row sensors are electrically bonded to the conductive sheet/foil/ink sense wires  6001  and brought to the bottom of the target. The upper half of the resistive row sensors are electrically bonded to the conductive sheet/foil/ink sense wires  6002  and brought to the bottom of the target.  FIG. 61  shows the bottom target electrical interconnecting pads. The front vertical resistive sensors  6103  are connected to directly from the front. The bottom half of resistive row sensors are accessed on the middle non-conductive sheet exposed pads  6101  and the top half of resistive row sensors are accessed on the back of the outer non-conductive sheet exposed pads  6102 . When a projectile passes through this LOMAH target it will remove a small amount of resistance in both the column and row resistive sensor. An acquisition system can be designed using a multitude of common instrumentation designs such as Wheatstone bridge, current sensing, or analog multiplexing to determine the X-Y point of impact. In another embodiment both the resistive column and row sensors could be replaced with piezoelectric film sensors. The non-conducting media could be very thin and a contact sensitive paintball or airsoft LOMAH target could be produced. In this embodiment the buss bar is grounded and when the target is impacted both the row and column sensor generate a voltage spike due to the piezoelectric effect. 
       FIG. 62  shows a LOMAH target formed from applying a resistive film/foil/ink  6203  with conductive film/foil/ink trace sense wires  6202  on thin plastic  6201 . This invention contains a kill and no kill sensor.  FIG. 62  shows the no kill zone sensor whereas  FIG. 63  shows the kill zone sensor with the resistive sensor  6301  and the sense traces  6302 .  FIG. 64  shows both sensors bonded to a thin plastic sheet with the non kill zone pickup  6401  above the kill zone pickup  6402  and with both sense traces shorted together on the other side  6403 . 
       FIG. 65  show a short circuit version of the same target with the exception of the ability to sense a left non kill zone  6502  hit from a right non kill hit zone  6503 . The Kill zone  6501  as well as the other zones are formed from a conductive sheet/foil/ink on a non-conductive medium  6601  as shown in  FIG. 66 .  FIG. 67  shows the backside of the short circuit kill/no kill LOMAH target which has a solid conductive sheet/foil/ink  6701  bonded to the back. The target detects which zone is short circuited using the previously described techniques. 
       FIG. 68  shows a 3D wire frame image of a HDPE tech truck  6801  that can be used for escalation of force or aerial attack. Each of the short circuit LOMAH panels  6802  can detect X-Y position of impact at that plane. By placing them a known distance apart the trajectory of a projectile can be exactly calculated and re-animated on a remote computer screen. The actual damage due to the projectile can be reenacted knowing the trajectory path and typical response of a projectile of that type traveling down that trajectory. Also the sensor in  FIG. 1  could be laid on its side in front of the grill and act as a LOMAH X-Y detector for an escalation of force MAT vehicle mounted on rails. In another embodiment the short circuit panels could be placed inside a pop-up vehicle target and add LOMAH capabilities as well as realistic RF signature to aircrafts. A pop-up vehicle target is usually made from cloth and has bars and cables used to stand it upright. If these LOMAH sensors were placed across every support bar a LOMAH vehicle target with trajectory would be possible. 
       FIG. 69  shows a standard B27 silhouette target on an overhead runner clamp  6901 . In this invention short circuit technology is used to determine which ring has been hit on a B27 target and to display it on a remote screen at the shooters station.  FIG. 70  shows a non-conductive medium  7001  with a conductive sheet/foil/ink  7002  bonded to the front side.  FIG. 71  shows that back side of the non-conductive sheet with concentric rings of conductive sheet/foil/ink  7101  electrically separated from each other by 0.2 inches.  FIG. 72  shows the second non-conductive sheet backside  7202  with the conductive sheet/foil/ink traces  7201  running each ring sense signal to the top pickup.  FIG. 73  shows the back concentric rings  7303  with both the target and insulating non-conductive medium removed. The sense wires/foil/ink  7301  are electrically bonded to them and insulated from the other rings by the second, not shown, non-conductive medium. The center bulls eye target ring has a 2″ wide sense wire/foil/ink  7301  brought to the top where the other rings have two 1″ wide sense wire/foil/ink  7302  brought to the top.  FIG. 74  shows a 3D wire drawing of the top interconnections. The runner clamp  7401  has guide pins  7402  that allow the target to be properly aligned for the contact pins  7404  to make electrical connections with the sense wires  7403 .  FIG. 75  show the contact pins  7501  that make connection with the front sensor.  FIG. 76  shows an exploded diagram of each layer that makes this embodiment of the B27 ring sensing target. Lastly in order to reduce the complexity and cost of the B27 target a resistive rubber strip  7701  along with a conductive sheet/foil/ink  7702  can be used to create a 2 wire sensing target as shown in  FIG. 77 . When a projectile hits the front sensor and proceeds through the non-conductive medium and makes contact with a ring a unique resistance will be presented on the two wire system representing that ring just as shown in the earlier LOMAH invention. 
       FIG. 78  shows the backside of a mannequin torso with foil busses  7801  running up to the head of the mannequin torso. These busses can supply power for a thermal heater or hit detector using resistive or short circuit sensor. In this embodiment the busses are constructed from conductive ink or foil strips laminated between a plastic sheet and double sided adhesive foam. Each end of the conductive busses are electrically connected to standard male snap  7901  connectors as shown in  FIG. 79 . The eyelet  7902  is riveted through the polycarbonate plastic while the base makes direct contact with the conductive ink/foil. The double sided adhesive foam is then laminated to the bottom and bonded to the HDPE mannequin torso. The heater membrane or impact sensor is then riveted with an eyelet and a snap socket  7903  to mate with the conductive ink/foil buss. 
       FIG. 80  shows another embodiment where the conductive ink/foil busses terminate with molded power connectors. 
       FIG. 81  shows a thermal heater/hit detector comprised of resistive ink formed in a matrix pattern  8101 . The power buss  8102  is formed from purely conductive ink and is in direct contact with the resistive ink matrix. Both the resistive matrix heater/hit detector are bonded to a plastic sheet  8103 . 
       FIG. 82  shows the same resistive matrix thermal heater/impact sensor with power busses formed from a matrix of conductive ink  8201 . The matrix based power buss uses purely conductive traces but because it is not solid it uses approximately 40% less conductive ink significantly reducing the cost while maintaining a robust buss that will survive live fire. 
       FIG. 83  shows an embodiment that utilized aluminum foil to create a robust power buss. 
     The aluminum buss is folded around the back of the plastic substrate for form a ultra wide buss. This foil can be applied to the plastic substrate prior to the printing of the resistive ink or in a post process where it is in contact with the purely conductive power buss as shown in  FIG. 84 . The resistive matrix  8401  is in contact with the purely conductive buss  8402 , which are both laminated to the front of the thermal panel  8405 . The aluminum foil  8403  is in direct contact with the conductive buss and is wrapped around the back of the back substrate to form a very robust power buss that can withstand large projectiles passing through an not degrade its ability to supply power or signal.  FIG. 85  shows the close up view of the edge of the plastic substrate where the aluminum foil wraps around the back side. 
     In another embodiment snap connectors in  FIG. 79  can be used to electrically tie multiple sheets of different temperature heating panels to create a thermal signature of a vehicle such as a Tank or Tech truck. By offsetting the snap connectors a distance equivalent to the buss width the problem with cold bands running down a target can be avoided. The cold bands are created by the purely conductive busses which do not generate any heat but are needed to power the resistive heater. By offsetting them the conductive buss rides over the adjacent heater panel which heats the buss up thereby giving a homogeneous realistic vehicular thermal signature. 
     Mannequin lifter systems and methods for determining an impact of a projectile onto mannequin targets are provided herein. For example, a mobile mannequin lifter  8601  includes a linear actuator  8602  as depicted in  FIG. 86-FIG .  89 . The linear actuator drives a mannequin target  8603  up using a servo or stepper motor  8604 . On the top of the linear actuator is a solenoid  8605  that when activated causes the entire mannequin to drop. An arm  8701  of a mannequin  8603  has a cable or strap  8607  that is attached and extends upwardly to a pulley  8608  where it wraps around and down to a servo/stepper arm control motor  8804  that controls the movement of arm  8701  via the rotation of a take-up spindle  8801  which receives the strap  8607 . A tension sensor  8803  is located right next to take-up spindle  8801  of a motor  8804  to ensure that the cable is never allowed to lose so much tension that it would come off the spindle as depicted in  FIG. 88 . Arm control motor  8804  ensures that the arm can independently be remotely controlled or use an embedded processor (not shown).  FIG. 87  shows mannequin  8603  in a raised position, with arm  8701  shown in a raised position, along with a lower position thereof depicted in phantom lines.  FIG. 88  shows a close-up of arm control motor  8804  with tension sensor  8803 . In particular, arm control motor is coupled or connected to cable or strap  8607  such that by retracting or extending cable or strap  8607  (i.e., via the rotation of spindle  8801 ) arm  8701  may be raised or lowered. For example, the arm may be raised to present the appearance of a target (i.e., mannequin  8603 ) being armed with a weapon. In another embodiment the arm could be lifted using synthetic muscle membrane. 
     A platform  8610  supporting mannequin lifter  8602  and mannequin  8603  is mounted on a servo controlled set of wheels  8606  as depicted in  FIG. 86-FIG .  89 . A system controller (not shown) may guide the unit (i.e., platform  8610  with lifter  8602  and mannequin  8603 ) along a surface using a preprogrammed scenario or manually using a RC hand held controller, for example. 
     Using a hit technology sensor (e.g., a projectile impact detection system as described in co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,516,113, 7,207,566 and/or 7,862,045 and described within) solenoid  8802  may be activated remotely/or directly using an embedded processor to cause mannequin  8603  to drop when a hit is detected. Thus, the impact of a projectile upon mannequin target  8603  may be detected by such a hit technology sensor or projectile impact detection system such that the detection of the projectile causes the solenoid to be activated thereby causing the mannequin to drop to a lower position (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 86 ) indicating to someone viewing the mannequin that the mannequin has been hit. A spring  8609  on platform  8610  may be used to absorb the shock on the mannequin when the mannequin falls onto the platform as depicted in  FIG. 86 . 
     A pulley/cable system  8905  is located in a leg  8906  of mannequin  8603 , which is not directly driven by linear actuator  8602  as is a driven leg  8902 , and the base is used to supply lift for non powered leg  8906  as depicted in  FIG. 86-FIG .  89 .  FIG. 89  shows a close-up of cable pulley system  8906  used to lift non-powered leg  8906 . A cable  8907  is attached to an interior of platform  8610  through a series of pulleys  8906  as depicted in  FIG. 89 . In particular, cable  8907  is attached to a portion of leg  8901  and/or actuator  8602  such that cable  8907  is pulled as the actuator extends vertically upward to cause movement of cable  8907  along pulleys  8902 ,  8903 ,  8904  such that leg  8906  is also moved upward at the same time leg  8901  is moved upward. For example, the cable may be attached to leg  8906  and extend upwardly to a first pulley  8904  then extend downwardly to a second pulley  8903  followed by extending horizontally to a third pulley  8902  and then extend upwardly to attach to leg  8901  or the linear actuator such that as leg  8901  is raised cable  8905  is pulled to raise leg  8906 . 
     In another example,  FIG. 90-FIG .  91  shows a system without a motorized arm control unit which is mounted, as an add-on option, to a standard popup target lifter  9001  in both a sitting position  9004  and a lying down position  9005 , respectively. This system allows a controller  9102  to program a mannequin target  9003  for a multitude of scenarios. An arm  9002  is attached to a cable/strap  9106  that travels around a pulley  9107  in its shoulder and travels down to a base  9105  where it is secured with a removable pin  9104 . Cable  9106  is attached via the removable pin to the base so if the user does not want to utilize a weapon in the hand of arm  9002  the user may simply remove pin  9104  from base  9105 , thereby causing the arm and weapon to be in a lowered position. On the contrary, when pin  9104  is connected to base  9105  as the mannequin (i.e., target  9003 ) is being lifted, tension is put on cable  9106  causing arm  9002  to rise up.  FIG. 91  shows the mannequin in the up position with arm  9101  lifted. A solenoid (not shown) may be placed in the hand of the mannequin to cause the gun to drop based on a remote command or using an embedded processor. The gun also may be programmed to fire remotely (i.e., by remote control) or to be controlled by the embedded processor that uses a wired or wireless network to communicate with the control program. It could fire a bright LED, shoot an Airsoft pellet, paintball, or a MILES gear laser. An AK-47 weapon could also be lifted with such a system if both hands were mounted to the gun, for example. The lifting arm described above relative to  FIG. 90-FIG .  91 , for example, could be composed of a composite plastic or expendable material that when shot with live rounds could easily be replaced in the field. This invention allows the mannequin to be concealed when in the down position. When raised up by the standard target lifter  9001  then lifted by the vertical lifter  9103 , described earlier in previous embodiments, the mannequin would be unconcealed. 
       FIG. 92-FIG .  94  show a mannequin target  9201  with telescopic legs  9202 . A drive system is composed of a servo/stepper motor  9401  and a worm drive screw  9402 . The screw drives the target (i.e., mannequin target  9201 ) to a top position and allows a solenoid  9403  mounted in the leg to lock mannequin target  9201  into place at such elevated position.  FIG. 93  shows this system with mannequin  9201  in the top position while  FIG. 92  shows mannequin  9201  in a lowest position.  FIG. 94  shows a close up of a bottom portion of mannequin target  9201  including motor  9401 , drive screw  9402 , and solenoid  9403 . As described above relative to  FIG. 86-FIG .  88 , solenoid  9403  may be used to drop mannequin  9201  from a raised position as depicted in  FIG. 93  to a lowered position depicted in  FIG. 92 . In particular, when a particular portion of mannequin  9201  having an impact sensor located thereon is impacted (e.g., via a projectile impact detection system as described above), solenoid  9403  may be activated to cause mannequin  9201  to descend to its lowest vertical position. Other mechanisms for allowing the legs to disengage and descend in response to the impact of a projectile could also be utilized. 
       FIG. 95  shows a mannequin  9501  that uses a cable/strap system  9503  to allow mannequin  9501  to frump down to a lowest position. A linear screw-drive  9502  may cause tension on a cable  9503  that is wrapped around the ankle, knee and attached to the chest of the mannequin torso. Each joint is movable and will force the mannequin to stand erect when tightened by drive  9502  (i.e., when drive  9502  pulls on cable  9503 ). When a hit is detected by an impact detection system such as that described above, a solenoid  9504  (e.g., coupled to a controller for receiving data from the impact detection system) that holds cable  9503  to screw-drive  9502  energizes and pulls a pin  9601  allowing the cable to release and the mannequin to free fall to the ground. Other mechanisms for allowing such release could also be utilized.  FIG. 96  shows a close-up of the system in the down position with a linear actuator/screw  9602  of drive  9603  in its fully extended position (i.e., when little or no tension is applied to cable  9604 ).  FIG. 97  shows mannequin  9701  in the up position. Once the target controller receives a target up command the linear actuator(s) fully retract.  FIG. 98  shows a close-up of the cable/strap system with linear actuator/screw  9802  of drive  9803  fully retracted and solenoid  9801  in the armed position (i.e., such that solenoid  9801  contacts and holds screw  9802 ). The tension on the cable/belt system  9804  causes the legs to straighten and the torso to rotate to the upright position. By using independent drive systems on each leg the mannequin could be driven in such a way as to have it lean/leer when hit by a projectile. For example if a projectile is detected by the right shoulder sensor then the left leg linear drive could move forward giving the cable/strap system slack causing the mannequin to lean/leer left. By driving each linear actuator in opposite directions a multitude of movements could be created. 
       FIG. 99  shows an interconnecting buss for a mannequin leg or arm created for thin plastic, coated with conductive ink or conductive foil. Each upper circle  9902  (e.g., a ring of ink) is connected to a buss  9903  that supplies power and/or signal down to a low ring  9904  (e.g., via a cavity in arm). This system can be bonded to a mannequin using double sided adhesive foam/psa, for example. A covered area  9905  could be an impact sensor (e.g., a projectile or hit technology sensor as described above) or a thermal generator (e.g., as described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/853,574, filed Sep. 11, 2007, entitled “Thermal Target System” depending on the application.  FIG. 100  shows an example of a torso  10001  and arm  10002  connected to each other utilizing buss  10004  for electrically connecting such an arm and torso. Interconnecting busses (e.g., interconnecting buss  10004 ) could be utilized to form interconnecting joints in an arm (e.g., arm  10002 ) and an elbow (e.g., elbow  10003 ) and would contain the circuit allowing signals/power to be delivered to each appendage and be resilient against bullet (or other projectile) penetration. Because of the redundant busses (e.g.,  FIG. 99  Buss  9903 ) and wide rings (e.g.,  FIG. 99  rings  9902  and  9904 ) this system is robust against failure due to bullet impacts. For example, if projectiles form holes in one of  FIG. 99  rings  9902  other of such rings could still maintain an electrical connection between an arm and a torso. 
     In another example,  FIG. 101  shows membrane busses which may be utilized to supply signals/power to the torso, upper arm, and lower arm.  FIG. 102  shows an isometric 3D model of how a flexible buss could be mounted in one embodiment.  FIG. 103  shows another isometric view of the same 3D model depicted in  FIG. 102 .  FIG. 104  shows a close-up of how a lower arm membrane  10401  could be attached with dimples  10402  to fix the position of the lower arm to an upper arm having corresponding nipples that locks into the dimples.  FIG. 105  shows an isometric close-up view of the 3D upper arm assembly. The membrane buss system is adhered to the plastic arm so that when the entire arm is assembled and that arm assembly is attached to the mannequin they all electrically interconnect. 
       FIG. 106-FIG .  107  depicts an embodiment of a mannequin rotation system which allows a mannequin target to rotate 360 degrees. The system is driven by a motor  10601  (e.g., controlled by a controller programmed, or remotely controlled, by a user) and has a drive gear  10602  attached to a shaft of the motor. A linear actuator vertical drive mechanism  10606  is attached to and rotated by a base gear  10603 . The base gear rests on a bearing system, such as a Lazy Susan or slip gear mechanism  10604 , that is attached to a stationary base plate  10605 .  FIG. 107  shows a close up view of the rotating drive mechanism. Base gear  10701  is mounted to a Lazy Susan bearing  10702  that allows it to freely rotate. The motor is attached to a mounting bracket  10703  that holds a drive gear  10704  against base gear  10701 . A remotely commanded mannequin  10800  shown in  FIG. 108  is rotated in a desired direction. In this embodiment a base plate  10801  and control box  10802  are stationary and only a drive mechanism suspending a mannequin torso of mannequin  10800  rotates. 
       FIG. 109  shows a nylon strap/rope/chain driven mannequin target  10901  with articulating arms and legs. A control box  10902  uses a motor  10905  to raise and lower the mannequin. The motor has two spindles  10910  that spool up nylon straps  10903  in each leg which cause the legs to straighten. Each strap  10903  passes through a pin in the base of each leg, up through and over a knee pin, and around the hip to a back of the torso. A pin  10904  located part way up the calf is attached to control box  10902  and allows the leg to rotate about that point (i.e., the location of the pin). The torso has indentations  10906  in the lower cavity to allow it to frump down parallel to the floor as depicted in  FIG. 109 . As the strap tightens due to the action of motor  10905  the legs extend and the torso rotates up until the knee hits a protruding mechanical stop  10908 , the calf hits a mechanical stop  10909  in a base of control box  10902  and a torso stop pin  10907  hits the end of the channel formed in the hip thereby ceasing motion of the portions associated with the respective stops. This system would also work using a linear actuator or screw drive to pull the nylon strap (i.e., as described above) instead of motor  10905  having spindles  10910  in another example. Also two independent motors could be used to control each leg giving the target the ability to lean when a hit is detected on the left or right side (i.e., due to the tightening or loosening performed by one or both of the motors). For example, by driving one motor to apply slack to one strap and not the other, the target would appear to lean/leer when hit. Control box  10902  utilizing motor  10905  may raise and lower mannequin  10901  based on an impact to a portion of mannequin  10901  determined by an impact detection system as described above. For example, if mannequin  10901  is in an upper position as depicted in  FIG. 109 , and a projectile impacts a portion of mannequin  10901  covered by such an impact detection system, control box  10902  utilizing motor  10905  may cause the mannequin to be lowered to a position depicted in  FIG. 109 . 
       FIG. 110  shows another embodiment of this invention that utilizes a synchronous belt  11001  to rotate a torso  11004  of a mannequin  11000  relative to a remainder thereof. The torso has a synchronous gear  11002  bonded to/formed in it. A lower calf has a synchronous gear  11005  bonded to/formed in it. A synchronous belt  11001  causes the torso to rotate upwardly in sync with the calf rotating toward an alignment of the longitudinal dimension with the vertical. Belt  11001  may be wound around a spindle  11003  by a motor (not shown) to cause mannequin  11000  to be raised from a lowered position in  FIG. 110  to a raised position in FIG.  110 Error! Reference source not found. Upon an impact of projectile on mannequin  11000  determined by an impact detection system as described above, the motor coupled to such a system may allow spindle  11003  to rotate backwardly or cut power to the motor and allow it to freefall such that mannequin  11000  may be lowered. 
       FIG. 111  shows another embodiment of the present invention that is driven by two synchronous belts and a linear actuator. As a linear actuator  11106  retracts an extension rod  11109  thereof calf  11102  of a mannequin  11100  is rotated on a stationary spur gear  11104  which forces a mating spur gear, that is attached to the synchronous belt gear  11103 , to rotate clockwise. There are two synchronous gears  11105  in the knee. One of gears  11105  is attached to an upper leg  11101  and the other is attached to calf  11102 . A mating synchronous gear in the knee that attached to/formed into the upper leg runs on the synchronous belt in the calf causing the upper leg to rotate clockwise. The other synchronous gear in the knee that is attached to the lower calf causes the belt in the upper leg to move counter clockwise causing the torso, with the synchronous gear attached or molded into it, to rotate counterclockwise. Mechanical stops are not required in this embodiment because the travel distance is controlled by the linear actuator  11106  restricting the travel distance of both the torso and the leg assembly. A motor  11107  is attached to a block with a pin  11108  that allows it to rotate and align itself with the lower pin in the bottom of the calf. In order to get the torso to rotate up into the correct position and slightly smaller gear is placed in the knee than in the torso. The gear ratio will allow the torso to rotate farther than the calf. 
     In another example, two independent linear actuators/screw-drives could be used to allow for a leaning motion of the mannequin by independently moving one and not the other of such actuators/screws or driving them in opposite directions.  FIG. 112  shows rod  11202  of the linear actuator  11203  fully retracted and mannequin  11201  upright. As described above, mannequin target  11201  could include an impact detection system such that an impact of projectile with mannequin target  11201  may cause rod  11202  to be extended such that mannequin  11201  is placed in a lowered position as depicted in  FIG. 111 . 
       FIG. 113-FIG .  114  show another embodiment of this invention where one dual ribbed synchronous/timing belt  11302  is used. In this embodiment there are two synchronous gears  11303  in the knee but only one is attached to an upper leg  11301  while the other is freewheeling. As a linear actuator  11304  retracts the calf rotates counterclockwise; and the gear, attached to the synchronous gear, rotates clockwise causing the belt to first travel over the freewheeling gear then to the top of the torso synchronous gear causing the torso to rotate counter clockwise then over the synchronous gear attached to the upper leg causing the upper leg to rotate clockwise. There is no need for mechanical stops in this embodiment due to the restricted travel distance of the single dual ribbed belt. In another embodiment a rack and pinion system could be utilized. For example, such a system could include a pinion bar that is formed into an arc that a spur gear attached to a lower synchronous gear rides directly on. This would keep the bottom synchronous gear down inside the control box. As described above relative to the other embodiments, an impact detection system could be coupled to a motor controlling linear actuator  11304  such that an impact on a portion of mannequin target  11300  such that the impact would cause mannequin target  11300  to be lowered from the upright position depicted in  FIG. 114  to a lower position as depicted in  FIG. 113 . 
       FIG. 115  shows an embodiment where the earlier described examples could be combined into a “Running Man” mannequin invention running on a rail drive system. A strap/synchronous belt driven mannequin is combined with a rotating mannequin invention to produce a system that could be attached to a moving infantry target (MIT) system. For example, such a mannequin could bob down, as shown in  FIG. 116-FIG .  118 , and weave as needed and rotate, as shown in  FIG. 119-FIG .  120 , and engage the shooter by presenting a very realistic target. In this embodiment a control box  11501  ( FIG. 115  is attached to the infantry target mover that runs on rails  11502  ( FIG. 115 ) via a rotating platform. 
     Using impact sensor technology such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,516,113, 7,407,566 and/or 7,862,045, the mannequins described herein may be actuated to cause them to move from, for example, an upright position to a frump or fall position. For example, if an impact is detected on the mannequin, the actuator can be signaled from the processor associated with the sensing system to cause the mannequin to fall and/or rotate indicating that the mannequin has been hit by a projectile, such as a bullet. The movement of the mannequin, e.g., a fall and/or rotation, can be dependent upon the area of impact. 
     It would be understood to one skilled in the art that the above described examples of mannequin targets could be utilized with an impact detection system for determining when such a mannequin target has been impacted by a bullet, or other projectile (e.g., the systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,516,113, 7,407,566 and/or 7,862,045) and the mannequin targets may be lowered based on the determination of such an impact to present a realistic response to a shooter causing such impact distant from the target. The described mannequin targets may also present thermal images to present realistic targets to the user (e.g., during a training exercise). Examples of the use of such thermal images are described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/853,574, filed Sep. 11, 2007, and entitled “Thermal Target System” The raising and lowering of the mannequin targets described above in response to the detection of an impact, or otherwise, may also be done using various mechanisms as described above and as would be known to one skilled in the art. 
     One skilled in the art of electronics and mechanical engineering could produce a multitude of different variations and not deviate from the core essence or spirit of these inventions. While several aspects of the present invention have been described and depicted herein, alternative aspects may be affected by those skilled in the art to accomplish the same objectives. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such alternative aspects as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.