Abstract:
A power metal oxide semiconductor-field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) device using trench technology to achieve a reduced-mask-production process. The power MOSFET device includes a gate signal bus having multiple gate trenches formed using fewer masks than previously required for a similar device. The two-dimensional behavior of the trenches provides an advantageous field-coupling effect that suppresses hot-carrier generation without the need for the commonly used thick layer of silicon dioxide beneath the gate poly-silicon. The use of easily controlled silicon trench etching in production of the power MOSFET results in stable, low cost, and high yielding manufacturing.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the field of power semiconductor devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a semiconductor device employing double-diffused metal oxide semiconductor (DMOS) type technology used to construct field effect transistor (FET) devices. Moreover, the present invention relates to a structure which uses trench DMOS-FET technology to implement such devices. Still more particularly, the present invention provides for a re-designed gate signal bus, where MOS trenches are arranged in parallel formation to effect an electric field coupling between the trenches, resulting in a reduction of the peak electric field in the area around the gate signal bus. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     MOS devices, particularly MOS field effect transistors (MOSFETs), represent a fundamental component of any contemporary electronic system. MOSFETs are distinguished from power MOSFETs in that power MOSFETs can dissipate more than 0.5 W and are physically larger than typical MOSFETs. Those power MOSFETs having a drain-to-source voltage of less than 150V are generally identified as low-voltage power MOSFETs and are typically used in “power management” applications. Such applications include, but are not limited to, power switches, switching regulators, and linear regulators. It is this type of power MOSFET that is the focus of the present invention. 
     One type of power MOSFET is a double-diffused-type FET sometimes called a DMOS transistor. DMOS transistor fabrication uses diffusion to form the transistor channel regions. A power MOSFET is essentially a large array of unit-cell DMOS transistors with several additional elements to evenly distribute gating signals and control device breakdown voltage. DMOS devices have the advantage of providing low-power dissipation and high-speed capability. Accordingly, DMOS technology is preferred in high-voltage circuitry of today&#39;s high-power integrated circuit applications. Applications in which such power MOSFETs utilizing DMOS technology are found range from high-voltage telecommunication circuits down to 3.3 volt DC—DC converters used on personal computers. Devices utilizing DMOS technology have been common throughout these applications for nearly 20 years. Many advances in DMOS technology regarding the device fabrication and device characteristics have also occurred during this period. Currently, power MOSFETs represent the third fastest growing market in the world. Performance gains are achieved by cell-density increases, which mean decreasing unit cell dimensions. As power MOSFETs are a high volume, competitive market, a premium is placed on manufacturing innovation leading to stable, low cost, and high-yielding production processes. 
     In the field of power MOSFET production, there have been a variety of other processes utilized. For production of the dominant device structure for DMOS power MOSFETS, there has existed the so called “planar process” of production. The planar process derives its name from the fact that the MOSFET channel and gating structures are co-planar with the silicon wafer surface. In FIG. 1, a prior-art DMOS structure is shown in the form of a planar DMOS structure  10  produced by the planar process. This planar structure is predominant in mainstream production of DMOS power MOSFETs. In FIG. 1, the DMOS structure  10  includes a channel  12  and a gating structure  13 . Both the channel  12  and gating structure  13  are co-planar to a silicon-wafer surface  11 . Although the planar process has been well refined over the years, it exhibits considerable scaling limitations. Such limitations are becoming particularly apparent when the planar process is scaled to small-cell dimensions. As performance gains in power MOSFETs are obtained by increasing cell density—and thus decreasing unit-cell dimensions—the limitations in the planar process approach for such planar DMOS devices appear far sooner than the equipment&#39;s photo lithographic limitations. This problem stems from the poly-silicon gate that is used to control the power MOSFET&#39;s channel characteristics. Basically, the gate dimension for a given junction depth cannot be reduced indefinitely without forcing the so-called JFET resistance term to become a dominating constituent of the device&#39;s overall ON-state resistance—a key parameter. The JFET resistance term gains its name from junction field effect transistor (JFET) operation and arises from the nature of the structural junctions between layers. 
     Concurrent with the development of the prior-art planar process described above, other technology has been developed with the goal of keeping the JFET resistance term from becoming a dominating constituent. More particularly, an emerging technology in power MOSFET production avoids the JFET problem by forming the device&#39;s channel along the sidewalls of an etch trench. This alternative prior-art design is shown in FIG.  2  and includes a trench DMOS structure  20 . The trench DMOS structure  20  includes a gate-channel  22  along the sidewalls  25  of a trench  24  beside gate  23 . This trench  24  is etched into the silicon wafer surface  21  so that the channel  22  is positioned perpendicular to the silicon wafer surface  21 . This type of production process is appropriately named “trench DMOS technology,” or simply “trench technology.” A benefit of this trench technology is that it virtually eliminates the JFET problem. This permits increases in cell density by orders of magnitude, the only limitation then being that imposed by the fabrication equipment. 
     In typical power MOSFET structures, the width of the depletion region determines the electric field that exists across the region and hence the voltage drop. Therefore, any applied voltage beyond this magnitude must be partially dropped across the thin gate oxide layer. If this becomes too great, hot electron generation can occur which can lead to irreversible device breakdown. Typically, this is alleviated by placing a thick layer (e.g., 8500 Å) of thermally grown silicon dioxide underneath the poly-silicon gate. This additional oxide layer is not inconsequential. It effectively represents one to three additional photomasking steps and a relatively long thermal cycle for its growth. In some cases, a thermal cycle upwards of nine hours is needed. Further, this additional oxide layer is commonly found to be a significant source of ionic contaminants. Such contamination can ultimately adversely influence the given device&#39;s reliability. The use of trench technology in the power MOSFET structure of the present invention eliminates the need for this additional oxide layer. 
     Trench technology has not heretofore been utilized to its fullest extent. One area in which trench technology has not been utilized is in power MOSFET bus architecture. Contemporary production power MOSFETs, using trench—or other—technology, require a thick field oxide layer beneath the poly-silicon gate bus structure to suppress hot electron injection. Other methods to address this problem include forming impurity junctions within the gate bus, which would also suggest a field-coupling mechanism. This, however, requires more area for the gate bus since holes must be etched into the poly-silicon bus to allow implanted ions into the silicon surface below. Furthermore, these junctions would be electrically floating and, hence, would not have a well-defined potential voltage. This can lead to dynamic performance degradation since bulk carriers near the junction can be modulated under certain bias conditions. 
     Accordingly, the prior art fails to provide any MOSFET bus architecture capable of efficient utilization of trench technology. Therefore, what is needed is a method of MOSFET device production that utilizes trench technology to redesign an element of that device—namely, the gate signal bus. What is needed is such MOSFET device production that results in the formation of a MOSFET bus structure capable of withstanding voltages up to the maximum value supported by the underlying epitaxial layer. Further, what is needed is such a method that ensures a production process that is shortened and thus less costly. It is the capability to fabricate efficiently an effective bus architecture that would make the use of trench technology desirable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a power MOSFET bus architecture that utilizes trench technology. Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing such a bus architecture. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide such a bus architecture with MOS trenches having enhanced depletion region widths. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a bus device capable of withstanding voltages up to the maximum value supported by the epitaxial layer underlying the bus device. It is also an object of the present invention to provide such a bus device that is more quickly and cost-effectively produced than the comparable prior-art devices utilizing trench technology. 
     The present invention focuses on using trench technology to redesign a gate signal bus of a power MOSFET device. The innovation in bus architecture is accomplished by using MOS trenches placed in such a way so as to couple the depletion region widths of the trenches to one another. Such placement thus forms a structure capable of withstanding voltages up to the maximum value supported by the underlying epitaxial layer. The generation of the depletion layer, characteristic of all MOS structures, is critical to the success of this approach of the present invention. The nature of each depletion region and thus the means of coupling of depletion region widths together in the present invention depends on both the applied voltage across the MOS system and the semiconductor dopant concentration. These factors are determined by the specifications demanded by the device using that MOS system. The spacing between trenches is a key factor in depletion region width coupling. Accordingly, the spacing of the trenches will be influenced by the demands of the final device. 
     The trench process utilized in the present invention results in a reduction in the number of masks required to produce a power MOSFET device. Present techniques commonly require up to nine (photo) masking steps to fabricate a device. The present invention reduces the required masking steps by one. It also removes a relatively long thermal oxide formation process. 
     A distinguishing feature of this type of “reduced-mask” device is the current-conduction-path. Rather than being lateral as in conventional planar MOS devices, the current-conduction-paths in MOS devices of the present invention are vertical paths—through the epitaxial and substrate layers. Further, in the present invention, the channel junctions are self-aligned to the poly-silicon and trenches. Initial simulations and experimentation provided suitable results via trench dimensions of two microns of depth by one micron of width. Initial simulations were performed with the MEDICI  2  dimensional device simulator and prototyped in an edge-termination structure. The field coupling effect that allows the reduced mask to occur is a result of the two-dimensional behavior of trench technology. The fact that silicon trench etching can be controlled quite easily in production makes the present invention a valuable approach for power MOSFET bus device production. 
     Enhanced voltage protection occurs in the present invention through the coupling of the depletion regions of each trench that forms the gate bus. Within a given gate bus, there will be multiple trenches formed below a single poly-silicon surface structure. Each trench contributes a depletion region within each space of N- epitaxy substrate material between adjacent gate trenches, so as to create an expanded depletion region. The resultant increase in the collective depletion region provides the gate bus with the ability to support an increased voltage during normal operation conditions. Such enhanced overvoltage protection is accomplished via the structural arrangement of the trenches and is easily controlled by determination of spacing for any given application. 
     It is to be understood that other objects and advantages of the present invention will be made apparent by the following description of the drawings according to the present invention. While a preferred embodiment is disclosed, this is not intended to be limiting. Rather, the general principles set forth herein are considered to be merely illustrative of the scope of the present invention and it is to be further understood that numerous changes may be made without straying from the scope of the present invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic of a prior-art planar DMOS unit cell structure. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic of a prior-art trench DMOS device. 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic of a gate signal bus utilizing trenches in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing the mechanism for enhanced voltage protection. 
     FIG. 3 a  is a partially cut-away close-up schematic of the gate signal bus as shown in FIG. 3, showing the mechanism for enhanced voltage protection as it relates to trench spacing. 
     FIGS. 4 a  to  4   f  are a series of schematics showing the trench process utilized in a gate signal bus production according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In FIG. 3, the mechanism for enhanced over voltage protection is illustrated in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 3 shows a power MOSFET gate signal bus  30  (shown simplified) utilizing trench technology. The gate signal bus  30  includes trenches  31 ,  32 , and  33 . These trenches  31 ,  32 , and  33  are placed within an N+ substrate in parallel to one another and spaced apart by a distance X. Forming trenches  31 ,  32 , and  33  in such a way creates a depletion region overlap  34  between adjacent trenches  31 ,  32  and  33  so as to couple the depletion region  31   a  with depletion region  32   a  and depletion region  32   a  with depletion region  33   a.  In this way, gate signal bus  30  is capable of withstanding voltages up to the maximum value supported by the underlying epitaxial layer  35 . The generation of the depletion regions  31   a,    32   a,  and  33   a  is a characteristic of all MOS structures and, in this case, is critical to the feasibility of the present invention. The nature of the depletion regions  31   a,    32   a,  and  33   a  is well understood and known to be dependent upon the applied voltage across the MOS system as well as the semiconductor dopant concentration. Accordingly, the spacing distance X between the trenches  31 ,  32 , and  33  is related to the required specifications that any given final device demands. 
     With further reference to FIG. 3, each of the depletion regions  31   a,    32   a,  and  33   a  is shown to have a depletion region width Y. This depletion region width Y determines the electric field that exists across the region and hence the voltage drop. Therefore, any applied voltage beyond this magnitude must be partially dropped across the thin gate oxide layer  36 . If this becomes too great, hot electron generation can occur which can lead to irreversible device breakdown. Although a thick layer of thermally grown silicon dioxide (not shown) is typically placed underneath the gate oxide layer  36  to prevent such breakdown in planar structures and single trench structures, such an additional layer is typically both time consuming and costly. This extra layer is unnecessary in the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 3 because the depletion region width overlap  34  effectively extends the space charge boundary  37 , as shown in FIG. 3 a  due to the trench field coupling. FIG. 3 a  illustrates a section  30   a  of the gate signal bus  30  shown in FIG.  3 . 
     FIGS. 4 a  through  4   f  are a series of schematics showing steps in the production of a field coupled power MOSFET bus using trench technology in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 4 a,  a silicon surface  40  is shown having been formed with spaced-apart trenches  41 . Any suitable method of formation may be utilized such as photoresist mask deposition with anisotropic etching. In particular with respect to the preferred embodiment, a central group  42  of closely aligned trenches  41  is formed. This central group  42  is the initial structure required to form a gate bus. Each trench  41  within the central group  42  is spaced apart by a predetermined distance X as discussed above with respect to FIG.  3 . The distance X is determined by the electrical characteristics (i.e., its breakdown voltage value). In FIG. 4 b,  a gate oxide layer  43  is shown as having been formed on the exposed top-portions of the silicon surface  40 . The gate oxide layer  43  is a relatively thin layer (preferably 400 Å) of silicon dioxide. A total depth  44  from the top edge of the gate oxide layer  43  to the bottom trench edge is approximately 2.0 microns in this case, but is dependent on, and hence can change with, the device&#39;s breakdown voltage. The trenches  41  are etched and the gate oxide layer  43  are uniformly grown over the silicon surface  40  by any well known methods—e.g., photomasking and thermal cycling. 
     In FIG. 4 c,  two further deposits are added to the silicon surface  40  of FIG. 4 b.  First, each trench  41  is back-filled with N type poly-silicon  45 . Secondly, surface structures  46   a,    46   b,  and  46   c  are formed, also from N type poly-silicon  45 . Surface structure  46   b  is formed so as to be uniformly aligned above the central group of trenches  42 . This surface structure  46   b  formed above the central group  42  is spaced by a gap  47  from the two laterally-placed surface structures  46   a  and  46   c.  These surface structures  46   a,    46   b,  and  46   c  are formed with one trench set aligned in the area between each surface pair, i.e.,  45  between  46   a  and  46   b  and between  46   b  and  46   c  in preparation of the formation of active MOS transistor devices. 
     FIG. 4 d  illustrates well formation through the gaps  47 . Ion implants are illustrated by arrows  48 . In a well formation similar to that seen in FIG. 2, ion implants  48  are utilized with thermal diffusion to distribute dopant and remove defects so as to form P type wells  49  (PWells) and N type wells  50  (NWells). Commonly used boron implants and arsenic implants are utilized in the well formation, utilizing any suitable prior-art method and are not critical for purposes of disclosing the present invention. The P type wells  49  include channel (P−) and heavy body (P+) material (as also detailed in FIG.  2 ). The N type wells  50  are formed as source (N+) material. In FIG. 4 e,  an interlayer dielectric  51  is shown deposited on the silicon surface  40  so as to surround each of the surface structures  46   a,    46   b,  and  46   c.  The dielectric  51  is preferably boron-phosphosilicate glass (BPSG), but phosphosilicate glass (PSG) may alternatively be used. The dielectric  51  is patterned in such a way so as to form source-metal-contact regions  52   a  and  52   b.  Subsequent well-known trench DMOS fabrication steps include the formation of contact ports for forming electrical connections on the double-diffused active devices associated with openings  52   a  and  52   b  while isolating the polysilicon material  45  of the trenches therefrom. Deposition of a top metal  53  to thereby form sources  54   a  and  54   b  is shown in FIG. 4 f.  Between sources  54   a  and  54   b,  there is formed a trench gate signal bus region  55  formed by the gates  58 . All of the individual gates are connected together to establish the single trench gate signal bus region  55 . A double-diffused MOS device is thereby formed by the double diffusion of regions  49  and  50  to form the active source regions, and the non-double diffused gate signal bus associated with region  55 . A critical distinguishing feature of the present invention is the current conduction path shown by arrows  59 . In sharp contrast to the typical lateral conduction path found in conventional MOSFET designs, the current conduction path  59  of the present inventive design is vertically aligned through the epitaxial and substrate layers. The channel junctions are self-aligned to the poly-silicon and trenches. 
     It should be understood that the preferred embodiments mentioned here are merely illustrative of the present invention. The present invention has been described above with reference to a P channel power MOSFET. However, it should be understood that the present invention also encompasses N channel power MOSFETs and their related fabrication methods. Numerous variations in design and use of the present invention may be contemplated in view of the following claims without straying from the intended scope and field of the invention herein disclosed.