Abstract:
A bootstrap circuit for a sampling transistor. A circuit includes a MOS transistor having a source terminal coupled to an input for receiving an input voltage; an output at a drain terminal of the MOS transistor coupled to one plate of a sampling capacitor; a first switch coupling the input voltage to a gate terminal of the MOS transistor responsive to an initial phase control signal; a bootstrap capacitor having a top plate coupled to the gate terminal of the MOS transistor and coupled to the first switch; a second switch coupling a bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a first low voltage supply responsive to the initial phase control signal; a third switch coupling the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a positive voltage supply greater than the first low voltage supply responsive to a first phase periodic control signal. Additional circuits and systems are disclosed.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/920,817, entitled “A Bootstrapped Sampling Switch for a Reset Delta Sigma ADC,” filed Dec. 26, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    Aspects of the present application relate generally to the use of bootstrap circuits for analog to digital converters and in particular to resettable delta-sigma analog to digital converters. Applications of resettable delta-sigma analog to digital converters include, as a non-limiting example, performing analog to digital conversion for use in imaging systems such as X-ray systems for medical imaging and for security applications, and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    High performance analog to digital converters (ADCs) are increasingly required for precise digital processing of analog signals. Applications include receiving low-level current signal outputs from photo-detectors such as in imaging systems. Such imaging systems can include, for example, X-ray imaging systems. In a further application, the X-ray technology is combined with photo-detectors in a ring configuration to form computed tomography (CT) scanners used in medical diagnostics, for example. 
         [0004]    Recent improvements for analog to digital converters (ADCs) include the use of resettable delta-sigma ADCs. In such an ADC, the memory elements are all reset before each new conversion. The input signal is assumed to be stable during each conversion cycle. This input signal is repeatedly sampled, each sample is compared to a reference voltage level to determine a corresponding data bit, the data bits are quantized by a clocking sampling circuit to create a plurality of conversion samples, and the conversion samples are averaged. The repeated sampling is done to reduce or eliminate the effects of noise such as quantization noise and thermal noise on the digital representation of the analog signal. As the analog input does not change during a conversion cycle, the input voltage can be sampled on a capacitor and placed in feedback around a driver amplifier. The output of the driver amplifier can then drive the switched sampling capacitor of the first stage of an ADC. 
         [0005]      FIG. 1A  depicts in a simple block diagram an input stage  10  for an ADC of the prior art. In  FIG. 1A , an input “Vin” is sampled onto the capacitor C 1 . The output of the driver circuit is a voltage “Vin” which is the input for the remainder of the circuit  10 . 
         [0006]    As is known to those skilled in the art, the input stage to an ADC can be implemented as a switched capacitor sampling stage. Here the sampling capacitor labeled Csamp is coupled to the Vin voltage output of the driver circuit  13  and capacitor C 1  by a two phase switching circuit. The operation of the switching circuitry is now described. Assume all switches  11 ,  15 ,  17  and  21  in  FIG. 1A  are initially open. Switch  11  and switch  17  are closed in a sampling operation responsive to a first periodic control signal PHI_ 1 , and when these switches are closed, capacitor Csamp receives the voltage Vin (minus a supply voltage Vss (or ground)). In order to subsequently transfer the stored voltage from capacitor Csamp into the rest of the converter circuitry ADC  19 , the switch  11  and switch  17  are opened, and switches  15  and  21  subsequently closed. These switches  15  and  21  are controlled by a second periodic control signal PHI_ 2 , and when PHI_ 2  is active, the voltage on capacitor Csamp is transferred to the ADC  19 . ADC  19  can include a comparator and a quantizer for clocking samples of the voltage stored on Csamp and for outputting a plurality of digital bits that represent a voltage level for the analog input. An average of the oversampled data can be taken in a decimator to get an accurate digitized signal corresponding to the analog input signal. 
         [0007]    The control signals PHI_ 1  and PHI_ 2  are periodic non-overlapping control signals that repeatedly sample the output voltage of the integrator circuit, labeled voltage Vin in  FIG. 1A , into the ADC  19  during an analog conversion cycle.  FIG. 1B  illustrates in a simple timing diagram the timing of periodic control signals PHI_ 1  and PHI_ 2 . In operation, the signals repeatedly cause the switches to close and thus control the sampling of voltage Vin into capacitor Csamp, and the transfer from Csamp into the ADC  19 . Importantly, the signals PHI_ 1  and PHI_ 2  must not overlap, e.g., must not be active at the same point in time. In the illustrative example shown in  FIG. 1B , the signals have a 50% duty cycle, but other duty cycles can be used. Typically the duty cycles for PHI_ 1  and PHI_ 2  can be similar or equal, but alternatives with asymmetric or non-equal duty cycles can also be used. 
         [0008]    In the switched capacitor sampling stage  10 , a prior known solution operates the sampling switch  11  using a bootstrap circuit. Using a bootstrap circuit with a bootstrap capacitor places a higher voltage at the gate during a turn on operation for an N-type MOS transistor that is used as the sampling switch  11 , and so ensures rapid turn-on of the transistor.  FIG. 2  depicts, for example, a prior art solution using a transistor M 1  configured as the sampling switch  11  in  FIG. 1 , operated with a bootstrap capacitor Cb. During the first phase, when the control signal PHI_ 2  is active, switches  31  and  33  are closed and capacitor Cb is charged to VDD-VEE, where VDD is a positive supply voltage, and VEE is the most negative supply voltage in the system, which can be zero volts for example. At the same time switch  41  is closed and ensures that N-type MOSFET M 1  is turned off by placing VEE at the gate terminal. 
         [0009]    In the second phase of the operation of the circuit of  FIG. 2 , control signal PHL_ 1  is high and switches  35 ,  39  are closed while switches  31 ,  33  and  41  are opened. The voltage stored on bootstrap capacitor Cb, which is voltage VDD when VEE is zero volts, is now added to the input voltage Vin so that the voltage on the gate terminal of transistor M 1  is now boosted to the input voltage Vin+VDD, turning on the transistor M 1 . Vin is also at the source terminal of transistor  43 . The transistor M 1  is turned on and so acts as the “closed” switch  11  in  FIG. 1A , and the output voltage Vout receives the voltage Vin while the transistor M 1  is turned on. 
         [0010]    In order to provide high performance in the ADC circuit that incorporates the bootstrap circuit and the sampling switch, the circuit must have a more or less constant resistance, so as to provide highly linear results. Importantly the resistance should be independent of the voltage Vin, as this integrator circuit output voltage varies with the analog voltage being converted. The on resistance Rdson for the transistor M 1  is proportional to the gate to source voltage (Vgs) for the transistor. While transistor M 1  in  FIG. 2  is turned on, the gate voltage is at (Vin+VDD). The source voltage is at Vin, so the voltage Vgs for transistor M 1  is (Vin+VDD)-Vin, or simply VDD. This is an important feature of the prior known solution for switched capacitor bootstrap circuit  30  shown in  FIG. 2 . Because the gate to source voltage Vgs of transistor M 1  is independent of the input voltage Vin, which varies with the analog input voltage, the circuit operates to provide a more linear performance for the ADC by presenting a constant on-resistance over many cycles. 
         [0011]    In operation of the ADC circuit including the bootstrap circuit of  FIG. 2 , the input voltage is sampled onto the capacitor C 1  of the driver circuit  13  once per conversion cycle, for example in a resettable sigma delta ADC, and then the switched capacitor circuit including the sampling capacitor Csamp samples that Vin voltage value many times. When the prior known solution bootstrap circuit  30  shown in  FIG. 2  is used, the driver  13  has to drive the capacitor Cb each time the control signal PHI_ 1  is active. The driver  13  is also coupled to drive the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor Cb, which has a large parasitic capacitance. Since the periodic sampling occurs many times for each analog conversion cycle, this is a substantial load on the driver amplifier  13  and consumes power for each of the sampling cycles of the ADC operations. Further the driver  13  has to charge the gate capacitance of the transistor M 1  for each cycle, and because the input voltage Vin is coupled to the gate terminal, some non-linear effects still occur. The need to drive the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor and the gate of the MOS transistor, and the corresponding parasitic capacitances, each time PHL_ 1  is active, causes increased power dissipation. Further, the gate capacitance and the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor Cb are charged to a voltage such as VEE and VDD respectively, in the off phase, and in the on phase (PHI_ 1  is active), these parasitic capacitances cause large load steps on the driver. 
         [0012]    Improvements in the bootstrap circuitry for switched capacitor sampling circuits, such as for the input stage of ADCs, are therefore needed to address the deficiencies and the disadvantages of the prior known approaches. Solutions are needed that reduce power, and which improve the performance of the circuits. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0013]    Various aspects of the present application provide improved novel bootstrap circuits for a sampling transistor, such as in a switched capacitor circuit. In an application, the sampling transistor couples an input voltage to a sampling capacitor in an input stage for an analog to digital converter. The novel circuits of the present application reduce the power consumption of the bootstrap circuit while providing a highly linear circuit with excellent performance in an ADC application. 
         [0014]    In one aspect of the present application, a bootstrap circuit for a sampling transistor for a switched capacitor is provided, including: a MOS transistor having a source terminal coupled to an input for receiving an input voltage; an output at a drain terminal of the MOS transistor coupled to one plate of a sampling capacitor; a first switch coupling the input voltage to a gate terminal of the MOS transistor responsive to an initial phase control signal; a bootstrap capacitor having a top plate coupled to the gate terminal of the MOS transistor and coupled to the first switch; a second switch coupling a bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a first low voltage supply responsive to the initial phase control signal; a third switch coupling the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a positive voltage supply greater than the first low voltage supply responsive to a first phase periodic control signal; and a fourth switch coupling the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a second low voltage supply lower than the first low voltage supply, responsive to a second phase periodic control signal. 
         [0015]    In a further aspect of the present application, in the above described circuit, wherein the first switch and the second switch are closed during an initial phase responsive to the initial phase control signal, coupling the top plate of the bootstrap capacitor to the input voltage and charging the bootstrap capacitor to the input voltage. 
         [0016]    In a further aspect of the present application, in the above described circuit, wherein the third switch is closed during each high portion of the first phase periodic control signal, boosting the gate voltage of the MOS transistor to a voltage that is a sum of the input voltage stored on the bootstrap capacitor and the positive supply voltage. 
         [0017]    In still another aspect of the present application, in the bootstrap circuit described above, wherein the fourth switch is closed during each high portion of the second phase periodic control signal, coupling the gate of the MOS transistor to the second low voltage plus the input voltage stored on the bootstrap capacitor. 
         [0018]    In still a further aspect of the present application, in the above described bootstrap circuit, wherein the input voltage is coupled to the sampling capacitor during each high portion of the first phase periodic control signal by a current conduction path of the MOS transistor, which is turned on by the boosted gate voltage. 
         [0019]    In still another aspect of the present application, in the above described bootstrap circuit, wherein the MOS transistor is an N-type MOS transistor. 
         [0020]    In a further aspect of the present application, in the above described bootstrap circuit, wherein each of the first, second, third and fourth switches comprise a MOS transistor. 
         [0021]    In yet another aspect of the present application, in the above described bootstrap circuit, wherein the first, second, third and fourth switches each comprise an N-type MOS transistor. 
         [0022]    In yet another aspect of the present application, in the bootstrap circuit described above, wherein the initial phase control signal is high only for an initial portion of a sampling cycle, and the first phase periodic control signal and the second phase periodic control signal are repeating periodic signals that continue for a remaining portion of the sampling cycle, the first and the second periodic control signals having similar duty cycles that are non-overlapping. 
         [0023]    In an alternative arrangement that incorporates features of the present application, an analog to digital converter integrated circuit is provided, including a plurality of inputs each configured to receive an analog input signal; a plurality of resettable delta sigma analog to digital converter stages, each comprising: a plurality of driver circuits, each coupled to a respective one of the plurality of inputs, each comprising an amplifier and an integrator capacitor and outputting a sampled input voltage; a plurality of switched capacitor input stages, each coupled to receive at least one of the sampled input voltages at an input, each of the switched capacitor input stages further comprising: the input receiving the sampled input voltages and coupled to a source terminal of a MOS transistor; an output at a drain terminal of the MOS transistor coupled to one plate of a sampling capacitor; a first switch coupling the input to a gate terminal of the MOS transistor, responsive to an initial phase control signal; a bootstrap capacitor having a top plate coupled to a gate terminal of the MOS transistor and to the first switch; a second switch coupling a bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a first low voltage supply responsive to the initial phase control signal; a third switch coupling the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a positive voltage supply greater than the first low voltage supply responsive to a first phase periodic control signal; and a fourth switch coupling the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a second low voltage supply lower than the first low voltage supply, responsive to a second phase periodic control signal. 
         [0024]    In still another aspect of the present application, the analog to digital converter circuit is provided, and further includes: control circuitry coupled to provide the initial phase control signal at an initial portion of a sampling operation, and further coupled in a run portion of the sampling operation to subsequently provide the first phase periodic control signal and the second phase periodic control signal as repeating periodic signals that are non-overlapping. 
         [0025]    In yet another aspect of the present application, the analog to digital converter circuit described above is provided, and further includes a plurality of analog to digital converter stages coupled to respective ones of the sampling capacitors and configured to output digital data corresponding to the analog input signals. 
         [0026]    In yet another aspect of the present application, the analog to digital converter circuit described above is provided wherein the MOS transistors are N-type MOS transistors. 
         [0027]    In still a further aspect of the present application, the analog to digital converter circuit described above is provided, wherein during a high portion of the first phase periodic control signal, the voltage input at the source of the MOS transistors is coupled to the drain of the MOS transistors and to the sampling capacitor, due to the gate to source voltage of the MOS transistors which is boosted by the bootstrap capacitor to the positive supply voltage. 
         [0028]    In another aspect of the present application, a system for imaging is provided, including an apparatus for creating images comprising a plurality of radiation emitters spaced from and directed towards a plurality of photo-detectors sensitive to the emitted radiation, the plurality of photo-detectors outputting analog output signals corresponding to an intensity of the radiation received at the photo-detectors; at least one analog-to-digital converter integrated circuit having a plurality of inputs coupled to receive analog output signals from the plurality of photo-detectors, and further including: a plurality of analog to digital converter stages including an analog-to-digital converter stage configured to output digital data corresponding to the analog output signals, each of the analog to digital converter stages comprising: a plurality of driver circuits, each coupled to a respective one of the plurality of inputs, each comprising an amplifier and a capacitor coupled to sample an analog signal and each outputting a corresponding input voltage; a plurality of switched capacitor input stages, each coupled to the output of at least one of the driver circuits, each of the switched capacitor input stages further comprising: a MOS sampling transistor having a current conduction path coupled between the input voltage and an output, and having a gate terminal; one plate of a sampling capacitor coupled to the output of the MOS sampling transistor; a first switch coupling the input voltage to the gate terminal of the MOS sampling transistor, responsive to an initial phase control signal; a bootstrap capacitor having a top plate coupled to the gate terminal of the MOS sampling transistor and to the first switch; a second switch coupling a bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a first low voltage supply responsive to the initial phase control signal; a third switch coupling the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a positive voltage supply greater than the first low voltage supply, responsive to a first phase periodic control signal; and a fourth switch coupling the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor to a second low voltage supply lower than the first low voltage supply, responsive to a second phase periodic control signal. 
         [0029]    In still another aspect of the present application, the system for imaging described above is provided, wherein the MOS sampling transistors in each of the switched capacitor input stages further comprise an N-type MOS transistor. In yet another aspect of the present application, the system for imaging described above is provided, wherein the first, second, third and fourth switches of each of the switched capacitor input stages further comprise MOS transistors. 
         [0030]    In still another aspect of the present application, the system for imaging described above is provided and further includes: a control circuit within the analog to digital converter integrated circuit, the control circuit outputting the initial phase control signal at an initial portion of an analog signal conversion cycle, and subsequently outputting for a remaining portion of an analog signal conversion cycle the first periodic control signal and the second periodic control signal as repeating periodic signals are non-overlapping. 
         [0031]    In yet another aspect of the present application, the system for imaging described above is provided, wherein the system is a computed tomography X-ray scanning system. In an alternative aspect of the present application, the system for imaging described above is provided, wherein the system is an X-ray baggage scanning system. 
         [0032]    Recognition is made in aspects of this application of a solution for novel bootstrap circuits for sampling switches that provide improved power consumption and highly linear performance. The novel bootstrap circuits surprisingly overcome the problems and deficiencies of the known prior circuits, without degrading the performance characteristics of the circuits. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]    For a more complete understanding of the illustrative embodiments described herein and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0034]      FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B  illustrate in a simplified circuit diagram, a portion of a prior art ADC circuit and the timing for associated control signals; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  illustrates in a simplified circuit diagram a prior art bootstrap circuit for a switch used in the circuit depicted in  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  illustrates in a simplified circuit diagram an example embodiment bootstrap circuit for a sampling switch; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  illustrates in a simplified timing diagram the operation of control signals used for the bootstrap circuit of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  in a simplified circuit diagram an example illustrative implementation for a novel bootstrap circuit incorporating features of the present application into an analog to digital converter arrangement; 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  illustrates in a simplified block diagram a novel analog to digital converter integrated circuit incorporating the bootstrap circuit features of the present application; and 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  illustrates in a simplified block diagram an example application for a CT scanner system incorporating circuits including the novel bootstrap circuits of the present application. 
       
    
    
       [0041]    Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generally refer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. The figures are drawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of various aspects of the application and are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0042]    The making and using of example illustrative arrangements that incorporate various features of the present application are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the example arrangements presented provide many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific example arrangements and alternative arrangements that are discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the various features of the present application discovered by the inventors, and the examples described do not limit the scope of the specification, nor do the examples described limit in any way the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0043]    For example, when the term “coupled” is used herein to describe the relationships between elements, the term as used in the specification and the appended claims is to be interpreted broadly, and is not to be limited to “connected” or “directly connected” but instead the term “coupled” may include connections made with intervening elements, and additional elements and various connections may be used between any elements that are “coupled.” 
         [0044]    In the arrangements that incorporate features of the present application, novel solutions are provided for reducing the power consumed in driving the input sampling stage of a switched capacitor circuit. In an example illustrative application, the input sampling stage is an input stage for a delta sigma ADC circuit. Such circuits are used, for example, when relatively low level analog signals are sensed and converted to digital signals for further processing. In an example application, current from an array of photo-detector devices is output to an integrated circuit that has a plurality of ADC converters in channels for each of the current outputs of the photo-detector. The integrated circuit may be, for example, an analog front end (AFE) or a dual direct current (DDC) device from Texas Instruments, Incorporated. Non-limiting examples of such integrated circuits include commercially available Texas Instruments parts such as the AFE1256 256 channel analog front end integrated circuit, and the DDC1128 128 Channel Current Input ADC integrated circuit. The features and arrangements of the present application including the discoveries made by the inventors may be incorporated into such integrated circuits to improve performance. 
         [0045]    In some applications the photo-detectors may be an array of photo-detectors used with an X-ray device such as a medical or dental X-ray device, a security screening X-ray device or a computed tomography X-ray scanner, or CT scanner. The features of the present application provide solutions that overcome the problems of the known prior approaches for these applications. 
         [0046]    In a first illustrative arrangement, it is recognized by the inventors of the present application that in the input sampling stage to each ADC stage, which is a switched capacitor circuit that couples an output signal from a driver amplifier to a sampling capacitor, it is not necessary for the driver circuit to charge a bootstrap capacitor many times over a single analog to digital conversion cycle. In an example application for a resettable sigma delta ADC converter, the input signal is sampled once and then converted many times and the results are averaged, and then the ADC converter is reset. The use of many samples of the stored input voltage eliminates variations in the output due to random and quantization noise and the like. However, the input voltage Vin does not change during these many samples in the conversion cycle. 
         [0047]    In an illustrative arrangement of the present application, it is advantageously recognized by the inventors of the application that it is surprisingly possible to charge a bootstrap capacitor with the input signal just once per conversion cycle, and then, to relieve the driver amplifier from further charging the bootstrap capacitor for the remaining portion of the conversion cycle, until the ADC converter is reset again and a new analog to digital conversion cycle begins. 
         [0048]      FIG. 3  depicts in a simple circuit diagram a portion of an input circuit  50  of an ADC converter including the sampling switch. In  FIG. 3 , the sampling switch is implemented as an N-type MOSFET device M 1 , although other devices could be used for the sampling switch, including P-type MOSFETs, depletion mode MOSFETs, transmission gates including a P-type and N-type MOSFETs coupled in parallel, and the like. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the illustrative arrangements of the present application presented herein can be modified to use other sampling switch types to achieve the advantages described herein with respect to the illustrative non-limiting example of  FIG. 3 , and the alternative circuits obtained using these modifications are contemplated as additional alternative arrangements incorporating features of the present application and which fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0049]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example illustrative arrangement of the present application including a novel bootstrap circuit for turning on the switch formed by transistor M 1 . A boost capacitor Cb is coupled to the gate terminal of sampling switch M 1 . The timing signals and the switches to charge the bootstrap capacitor Cb are now modified to use a three phase approach that is in sharp contrast to the prior known solutions. In an initial phase, control signal PHI_ 0  is coupled to the switch  53  and also to switch  59 . The switch  53  couples the top plate of the capacitor Cb to the input voltage Vin. 
         [0050]    Importantly the input voltage Vin in  FIG. 3  is the output of a driver circuit such as shown in  FIG. 1A , and the input voltage Vin doesn&#39;t change during the analog signal conversion cycle, which is the time period of interest. PHI_ 0  is also controlling the switch  59 , which couples the bottom plate of the capacitor to a low voltage VSS. Voltage VSS is a low voltage but not necessarily the lowest voltage available in the circuit, and voltage VSS may be adjusted depending on the analog voltage range for Vin, and other characteristics such as the level of the positive supply voltage VDD. Switch  55  is controlled by PHI_ 2 , a periodic control signal. This switch couples the bottom plate of the capacitor Cb to the lowest voltage in the system, VEE. Switch  57  is controlled by PHI_ 1 , a periodic control signal which couples the bottom plate of the capacitor Cb to the positive supply voltage VDD. Also importantly the driver circuit (not shown in  FIG. 3 ) now drives the top plate of the bootstrap capacitor Cb. The top plate of capacitor Cb in  FIG. 3  has a lower parasitic capacitance than the bottom plate of the capacitor which the prior art driver circuit repeatedly has to drive in the prior known solutions, thus the power dissipated is reduced by use of the features of the present application. 
         [0051]      FIG. 4  illustrates a timing diagram for the control signals PHI_ 0 , PHI_ 1 , and PHI_ 2  for use in describing the operations of the circuit in  FIG. 3 . During an initial time period, labeled “Initial charging,” the control signal PHI_ 0  closes switches  53  and  59 . In the “Initial charging” period, the bootstrap capacitor Cb is coupled between Vin and a low voltage VSS. VSS may be set to a middle level voltage between VDD and VEE, and may be calibrated depending on the voltage levels of Vin and the level of Vout desired. During this initial charging period the bootstrap capacitor Cb is charged to the voltage (Vin-VSS). After the “Initial charging” period ends, the circuit is operated in a “Run” mode. In the “Run” mode, the two control signals PHI_ 1  and PHI_ 2  are operated as non-overlapping periodic control signals of approximately equal duration, however the two signals PHI_ 1  and PHI_ 2  are not high at the same point in time. Put another way, these periodic control signals can have similar duty cycles but do not overlap. When PHI_ 2  is high, in the “off” state for the switch implemented by transistor M 1  in  FIG. 3 , the bottom plate of the capacitor Cb is coupled to VEE, the lowest supply voltage. The switch transistor M 1  is OFF in this phase, as the bottom plate of capacitor Cb is at a lower voltage than the charged voltage. 
         [0052]    In the “Run” mode, when the control signal PHI_ 1  is high, the voltage VDD is coupled to the bottom plate of capacitor Cb. In this mode the switch implemented by transistor M 1  is closed, so that the input voltage Vin is coupled to the output Vout by the current conduction path of the transistor. To close the switch implemented by MOS transistor M 1 , the gate terminal is at the voltage VDD+(Vin-VSS). The source terminal is now at the voltage (Vin), and so the gate-to-source voltage Vgs is now at the potential VDD+Vin-Vin-Vss, or simply VDD-VSS. The transistor M 1  is now on. Importantly, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs for transistor M 1 , which the on-resistance Rdson is proportional to, is at VDD-VSS and is independent of the variable voltage Vin. When the on-resistance is the same for each sampling cycle, the ADC circuit has improved linearity because the on-resistance Rdson of transistor M 1  is determined by a constant voltage that does not depend on Vin. 
         [0053]      FIG. 5  depicts an example implementation of an illustrative arrangement incorporating features of the present application  70  including a bootstrap circuit. In  FIG. 5 , a bootstrap circuit  73  is shown in an ADC converter  70 . A driver stage is formed by capacitor Cin with the analog voltage Vin stored across it, and operational amplifier  75 . The amplifier  75  drives the remaining portions of the circuit. Due to the operation of the capacitor and operational amplifier circuit, driver  75  has a voltage Vin at its output as described above. 
         [0054]    In the illustrative arrangement of  FIG. 5 , the transistor M 1  is configured as an input sampling switch for the sampling capacitor Csamp. The three phase control signal scheme described above is used to control the bootstrap circuitry  73  and performs the sampling of the voltage Vin onto the capacitor Csamp and into the ADC  71 . 
         [0055]    During the initial charging period, the control signal PHI_ 0  is high and the capacitor Cb is charged to the voltage Vin-VSS by operation of the transistors M 3  and M 5 , as described above with respect to  FIGS. 3 and 4 . During the run mode, the periodic control signals PHL_ 1  and PHI_ 2  repeatedly sample the output of the driver  75  by turning the transistor M 1  on, and then off. In this example illustrative arrangement incorporating features of the present application, the switches are implemented by N-type MOS transistors. Accordingly when PHL_ 1  is active, the bottom plate of capacitor Cb is coupled to the positive supply voltage VDD by transistor M 7 . The bootstrap capacitor Cb is already charged to the voltage Vin, as described above, and now boosts the gate of transistor M 1  to a voltage VDD+Vin. The source voltage of transistor M 1  is at Vin, as described above, and so the gate to source voltage Vgs for transistor M 1  is now simply VDD. Transistor M 13  is also active due to the high voltage level of signal PHI_ 1 , and the capacitor Csamp thus receives the voltage Vin from driver  75  through the current conduction path of transistor M 1 . 
         [0056]    When control signal PHI_ 2  is active, the gate of sampling transistor M 1  is coupled by transistor M 9  to the lowest voltage in the system, VEE, by capacitor Cb, and is turned off. Also, the transistors M 11  and M 15  in  FIG. 5  are active due to the high voltage level on control signal PHI_ 2  and the sampling capacitor Csamp transfers the stored voltage into the analog to digital converter ADC  71 . 
         [0057]    In this illustrative example implementation, N-type MOS transistors can be used for transistors M 3 , M 5 , M 7 , M 9  to form the switches for the bootstrap circuit for turning on transistor M 1 , and also for transistors M 11 , M 13 , M 15  for operating the sampling circuit for capacitor Csamp. However the embodiments are not to be limited to this illustrative example implementation, and additional transistor types can also be used such as P-type MOS transistors, bipolar and bi-CMOS transistors, enhancement and depletion mode transistors, and the like. Use of these alternative transistor types form additional alternative arrangements that are also contemplated as additional aspects of the present application, and which fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0058]      FIG. 6  illustrates in a block diagram an analog to digital converter integrated circuit (ADC IC)  90 , which may also be described as an analog front end (AFE), incorporating an illustrative arrangement bootstrap circuit that achieves the advantages accrued by use of the features of the present application discovered by the inventors. In  FIG. 6 , a plurality of analog inputs IN 1 -INN are shown coupled to input pins of the ADC IC  90 . For each of a plurality of channels 1-N, an integrator is formed by the amplifiers  75 _ 1 - 75 _N, and the respective integrator capacitors Cin_ 1 -Cin_N. Alternatively, some of the channels can be shared and using multiplexers, selectively coupled to the input pins to form additional alternative embodiments that are also contemplated herein. A bootstrap circuit  73  including the switches and sampling capacitors such as, for example, as are described above in  FIG. 5 , are provided for each of the 1-N channels and are labeled  73 _ 1 - 73 _N. An analog to digital converter  71 _ 1 - 71 _N is coupled to each of the sampling capacitors in blocks  73 _ 1 - 73 _N. In the ADC IC  90  the output digitized data is input to a serial interface block  91  and output as serial data SDO to the system. 
         [0059]    Control circuit  93  provides various control signals and can provide the control signals PHI_ 0 , PHI_ 1  and PHI_ 2 , as described above, and other control signals. Various modifications to the illustrative example architecture of ADC IC  90  can be used to form additional arrangements that are contemplated as additional aspects of this application and which are encompassed by the appended claims. 
         [0060]      FIG. 7  depicts in a simplified block diagram an illustrative CT scan arrangement  100  incorporating the bootstrap circuits for the sampling switch in  FIG. 3  and/or the ADC IC in  FIG. 6 , for example. The CT scanner may be described as “related end equipment” for an analog to digital converter; however, the features of the present application are not so limited and may be incorporated in any system with a bootstrapped circuit for a sampling switch as described above. In  FIG. 7 , a CT scan system  100  is depicted as including a CT scanning module  101  using a patient table  103  and a movable gantry  105 . The gantry moves the patient into an X-ray tube  107  which includes a plurality of X-ray emitters and corresponding X-ray sensitive detectors such as photo-detectors. Analog output signals labeled “Detector Outputs” corresponding to the intensity of the X-ray radiation sensed by the photo-detectors are shown coupled to a Channel Card Front End  109 . The Channel Card Front End  109  includes a plurality of the ADC ICs  111 , these can be ADC IC arrangements such as  90  in  FIG. 6 , or other integrated circuit ADCs which each incorporate the bootstrap circuit for the sampling switch of the arrangements having features of the present application such as are illustrated in  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 5  as described above. Digital output data Data Out is then output by the Channel Card Front End  109  and is thus available for digital signal processing for various additional processes. For example the digital data can be used to form CT scan images for display and storage. The Channel Card Front End can include as many of the ADC IC devices as are needed for a particular application, depending on the number of analog output signals there are from the photo-detectors. 
         [0061]    The CT scan system of  FIG. 7  is but one non-limiting example application for the arrangements and features of the present application. However the arrangements described including the bootstrap circuit for the sampling switch discovered by the inventors may be used in any switched capacitor application. In particular the bootstrap circuit of the features of the present application provides advantages for any ADC that uses a switched capacitor to sample an input signal that is oversampled. Advantages attained by use of the various arrangements of the present application include that the driver amplifier or other driver of a sampling switch does not have to repeatedly charge the bootstrap capacitor; instead the driver charges the bootstrap capacitor with the input signal only during the initial period where the input voltage Vin is stored on the bootstrap capacitor. The driver is then relieved from driving the bootstrap capacitor and the gate capacitor of the sampling switch. The driver is also coupled to the top plate of the bootstrap capacitor, which has a lower parasitic capacitance value than the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor which the driver circuit in the prior known solutions has to drive. 
         [0062]    Because the features of the present application discovered by the inventors also provide a gate voltage on the sampling switch of a supply voltage level such as VDD that is independent of the analog voltage Vin, the ADC circuit that results using the arrangements of the present application is highly linear and has excellent performance. The power savings attained by use of the arrangements that incorporate various features of the present application is significant. 
         [0063]    In an example implementation, the driver circuit for a resettable delta sigma ADC was configured using the bootstrap circuit of an illustrative arrangement of the present application such as shown in  FIG. 3  above. For a driver requiring a bandwidth of about 40 MHz, with a switching load of 5 picoFarads or pF, the effective bottom place parasitic capacitance was observed to be about 500 femtoFarads or fF. By using the novel bootstrap circuit of the present application and thereby advantageously relieving the driver circuit from having to repeatedly charge the bottom plate capacitance, the direct power reduction of about 10% is seen simply by considering the small signal constraints. 
         [0064]    The driver amplifier in the arrangements discovered by the inventors of the present application is advantageously relieved of the need to drive the bottom plate of the bootstrap capacitor and the gate of the sampling transistor each time the on portion of the switched capacitor circuit is active. The gate voltage in the on portion of the conversion cycle is provided by VDD and the charged bootstrap capacitor, not by the driver amplifier. In sharp contrast to the advantageous arrangements incorporating features of the present application, in the prior known solutions such as in  FIG. 2  above, the load step seen by the driver circuit due to repeatedly driving the bootstrap circuit and the gate capacitance of the sampling transistor increases the power consumption and increases the possible non-linearity problems of the circuit still further, because the driver has to provide the slew current to turn on the sampling transistor many times during each conversion cycle. In a surprising discovery by the inventors of the present application, in the arrangements a suitable switching scheme is used to ensure that the sampling capacitor is changed to a coarse value of the input voltage, Vin, unexpectedly alleviating the need for the driver circuit to provide significant slew current. In contrast, in a prior known solution having the same driver circuit, the slew current required to drive the bottom plate parasitic capacitance of the boost capacitor is quite significant. Use of the novel bootstrap arrangements discovered by the inventors of the present application thus enables significant reduction in power dissipation. 
         [0065]    Use of the bootstrap arrangements incorporating features of the present application therefore further advantageously reduces the driver power by approximately another additional 10%. Thus there is a net power savings of about 20% attained by use of the novel bootstrap circuits described above and incorporating features of the present application for the sampling transistor for a switched capacitor input stage, when compared to the bootstrap circuits of the prior known solutions. 
         [0066]    Although the example illustrative arrangements have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the application as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0067]    Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular illustrative examples of the process, machine, manufacture, and composition of matter, means, methods and steps incorporating the features of the present application that are described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding example arrangements described herein may be utilized according to the illustrative arrangements and alternative arrangements. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.