Abstract:
Upconversion methods and devices that converts near-infrared light to the visible spectrum using a rare-earth-doped crystalline host for use as general and decorative lighting. The pseudo-monochromatic output of the processes can be specified by altering the amount and type of rare-earth material used and by selection of an appropriate host. Using rare-earth materials such as ytterbium-erbium or ytterbium-thulium can produce red, green and blue emissions, where the additive mixture of these colors yields a high-quality white light. The materials can be adjusted to achieve white light with any color temperature and high color-rendering index (CRI) for any general and decorative lighting applications both indoors and outdoors.

Description:
This invention claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/392,131 filed Jun. 27, 2002. 

   FIELD OF INVENTION 
   This invention relates to visible light sources, and in particular to methods and devices for forming visible light sources, such as wall and ceiling lights using upconversion of near infrared light with rare earth type particles. This invention relates to U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,074 to Bass et al., by the same assignee as the subject invention, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/919,131 filed Jul. 31, 2001, to Bass et al. by the same assignee of the subject invention which are both incorporated by reference. 
   BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART 
   Incandescent and fluorescent light sources have been known to be the most popular sources of visible white light. However, these traditional light sources have been known to use electrical energy supplies and give off undesirable amounts of heat when being used. 
   The Secretary of Energy, Spencer Abraham, at the 13th Annual Energy Efficiency Forum (Jun. 12, 2002) referred to solid-state lighting as an “area of exciting possibilities.” He went on to say, “The time has come to take the next step toward solid state lighting” and he used the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and the light-emitting diode (LED) as examples of solid-state lighting technologies. These devices utilize one of two approaches for generating visible white light. The first approach is to use the additive combination of several wavelengths generated by LEDs such as red, green, and blue to produce white light. The second is to use either ultra-violet (UV) or blue light from an LED to pump a phosphor material to down-convert the light to the visible spectrum, where careful selections of phosphors are required in order to yield white light. 
   In the solid-state lighting field LEDs and OLEDs are well known sources of providing white visible light for general illumination and as decorative light sources. The highest efficacy LED with the greatest luminous output is the LumiLeds 5 W Luxeon. This LED emits 120 lumens with a 5 W electrical input or 24 lumens/watt. This LED has been in development for 5 years and has had the benefit of millions of dollars of development as general illumination and decorative light sources. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,074 to Bass et al., by the same assignee, the University of Central Florida, as the subject invention, describes the use of upconversion materials that can be used in a “Display medium using emitting particles dispersed in a transparent host”, where the display mediums are limited to two dimensional and three dimensional display devices. The generation of white light using upconversion materials encapsulated in p-PMMA is also described by the same assignee in a related application, U.S. Ser. No. 09/919,131 to Bass et al. filed Jul. 31, 2001, by the same assignee as that of the subject application and is also limited to being used only in display mediums such as two and three dimensional displays. 
   To the inventors knowledge, no one uses upconversion materials such as those disclosed in the patents and patent applications of the subject assignee for the generation of white light or colored lights as a visible light source that can be used in general illumination lights sources and/or for decorative light sources. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The first objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting using up-conversion that utilizes a 980 nm laser diode used in telecommunications systems. 
   The second objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting that can use approximately 980 nm laser diodes have an up to approximately 50% or more electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency. 
   The third objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting having a long-life based on semiconductor lasers. 
   The fourth objective of this invention is to provide solid state lighting that uses low heat based on higher efficiency. 
   The fifth objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting that has overall efficiencies already at 20%. 
   The sixth objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting that uses upconversion materials that can be easily and inexpensively manufactured. 
   The seventh objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting that has little waste in the manufacturing process. 
   The eighth objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting that can be molded into any shape. 
   The ninth objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting that uses true point source emitters so that all generated light is useful. 
   The tenth objective of the present invention is to provide solid state lighting that is a more efficient alternative to incandescent and fluorescent lighting instead of using OLEDs and LEDs. 
   The eleventh objective of the present invention is to provide up conversion materials that can be used as general illumination and decorative light sources. 
   This invention shows that there is another viable solid-state lighting technology using the up-conversion of light to those of the prior art. These results show that in the race for more efficient alternatives to incandescent and fluorescent lighting, up-conversion is a strong competitor to typical OLEDs and LEDs. 
   The subject invention includes photonics called upconversion. The upconversion process converts near-infrared light to the visible spectrum using a rare-earth-doped crystalline host. The pseudo-monochromatic output of the process can be specified by altering the amount and type of rare-earth material used and by selection of an appropriate host. Using rare-earth materials such as ytterbium-erbium or ytterbium-thulium can produce red, green and blue emissions. The inventors can use a specific recipe of materials to produce red, green, and blue light from infrared light using an upconversion process, where the additive mixture of these colors yields a high-quality white light. The recipe can be adjusted to achieve white light with any color temperature and high color-rendering index (CRI). 
   Embodiments of the invention can use the visible light source emissions for general and decorative lighting applications. The visible light emissions can be used on portable lamps such as table and floor lamps, ceiling drop directed light sources, ceiling surface mounted light sources, wall type sconce lights, as well as other application such as those used in pools and spas. 
   Further objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of presently preferred embodiments which are illustrated schematically in the accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       FIG. 1  shows an upconversion embodiment of the invention with conical reflector. 
       FIG. 2  shows another upconversion embodiment with a reflector cup. 
       FIG. 3  shows the output of a diode laser coupled to a waveguide. 
       FIG. 4  shows another upconversion embodiment with a reflector lens. 
       FIG. 5  shows emission from YF 3 :Yb,Er with continuous 980 nm pump. 
       FIG. 6  shows emission from the output of LiYF 4 :Yb,Tm with continuous 980 pump. 
       FIG. 7  shows the additive mixture of emissions from YF 3 :Yb,Er and LiYF 4 :Yb,Tm. 
       FIG. 8  shows optical efficiency of the YF 3 :Yb,Er material scaled to the absorbed power. 
       FIG. 9  shows efficiency increase with shortening of pulse length. 
       FIG. 10  shows a pool/spa embodiment that can use the novel upconversion visible light sources. 
       FIG. 11  is an enlarged view of the unconversion light source used in  FIG. 10 . 
       FIG. 12  shows a room using the novel upconversion visible lights for applications as general lighting and decorative lighting sources. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Before explaining the disclosed embodiments of the present invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangement shown since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. 
     FIG. 1  shows an upconversion embodiment  1  of the invention with conical reflector  25 . An approximately 970 to approximately 980 nm diode laser  40  can be used to pump the upconversion material particles (to be described later) within a mixture  30  of the upconversion particles that are encapsulated in p-PMMA(phosphorylated polymethymethacrylate). The upconversion particles then emit a second wavelength dependant on the type of material used. The light of the second wavelength is then reflected by conical reflector  25  such as an aluminum, metal conical reflector and the like, within sample holder  20  and can be directed towards a lens  10  such as an acrylic lens, polycarbonate lens, and the like. The shape of the lens  10  focuses the light of the second wavelength in a selected beam angle. 
     FIG. 2  shows another upconversion embodiment  50  with a reflector cup  85 . An approximately 970 to approximately 980 nm light-emitting diode (LED)  60  can be used to pump the upconversion particles that are part of a mixture  70  of the upconversion particles that are encapsulated in p-PMMA. The upconversion particles then emit a second wavelength dependant on the type of material used. The light of the second wavelength can then be reflected by a reflector cup  85  such as a aluminum, metal reflector cup, and the like, and are directed towards the lens  90  such as an acrylic lens, polycarbonate lens, and the like. Similar to the lens in  FIG. 1 , the shape of the lens  90  in  FIG. 2  can focus the light of the second wavelength in the desired beam angle. 
     FIG. 3  shows an embodiment  100  of the output of a diode laser  110  coupled to a waveguide  120 . The output of an approximately 970 to approximately 980 nm diode laser  110  can be coupled into a waveguide  120 , such as a planer (e.g., flat glass), optical fiber, and the like. The waveguide  120  delivers the near-infrared pump light to the upconversion particles that are in the mixture  140  of the upconversion particles encapsulated in p-PMMA. The upconversion particles then emit a second wavelength dependant on the type of particles used. The light of the second wavelength is then reflected and directed by a reflector  130  such as a parabolic, compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), or reflector cup, and the like. 
     FIG. 4  shows another upconversion embodiment  150  with a reflector  190 . An approximately 970 to approximately 980 nm diode laser  160  can be used to pump the upconversion particles within a mixture  180  of the upconversion particles encapsulated in p-PMMA. The upconversion particles then emit a second wavelength dependant on the type of material used. The light of the second wavelength is then reflected by a reflector  175 , such as a conical reflector, reflector cup, and the like, within a sample holder  170  and directed towards the outer reflector  190 . The outer reflector  190  can be a parabolic, compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), and the like. The shape of the outer reflector  190  can focus the light of the second wavelength in the desired beam angle. 
   An aspect of the invention has been in the encapsulation of the upconversion materials in a manufacturable form. The crystal materials once doped are crushed and then milled into a fine powder consisting of particles in the approximately 10 to approximately 50 micron size range. The index of refraction of these particles is approximately 1.45 and therefore reflects much of the incident pump light in air. In addition, the jagged surface features decrease the overall efficiency since this contributes to the amount of light that is reflected. 
   Table 1 shows a preferred list of upconversion particles that include host materials with dopant concentrations, that can be used for generating various visible light emissions. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Emitted 
               Host 
                 
               Known 
             
             
               color 
               material 
               Dopant concentrations 
               efficiency 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               green 
               NaYF 4   
               0.5% → 5% Er 
               10% → 40% Yb 
               26 
               Lm/W 
             
             
               red 
               YF 3   
               0.5% → 5% Er 
               10% → 40% Yb 
               3 
               Lm/W 
             
             
               blue 
               YLiF 4   
               0.2% → 3% Tm 
               10% → 40% Yb 
               3 
               Lm/W 
             
             
                 
               YF 3   
               0.2% → 3% Tm 
               10% → 40% Yb 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The upconversion particles of Table 1 can be mixed with encapsulation materials, such as p-PMMA(phosphorylated polymethymethacrylate), index matched PMMA derivative, phosphorylated-PMMA and index-matched version, solgels, and the like. 
   The encapsulation materials can be injection molded into any shape using conventional plastic molding techniques. The p-PMMA, for example, can have an index of refraction that can be adjusted to optimally match the index of the crystal particles. This increases the absorbed pump light and subsequently increases the overall optical-to-optical efficiency of the materials. 
   The exact concentration of rare-earth to host materials can be optimized as needed. A preferred example can use a host of yttrium fluoride (YF 3 ) doped with a large amount of ytterbium (Yb) and a small amount of erbium (Er) to yield an emission with peaks at approximately 540 nm and approximately 660 nm. The output of this material with a pump laser at approximately 980 nm is shown in  FIG. 5  which shows emissions from YF3:Rb,Er with continuous approximately 980 nm pump. 
   This upconversion material can provide emissions at both the red and green wavelengths. The human eye perceives the combined output of these peaks as an orange light. White light can be obtained by adding blue to the mixture using another upconversion material. The blue emission can be generated using a host of lithium yttrium fluoride (LiYF 4  also referred to as YLF) with a doping of thulium (Tm) and ytterbium (Yb). The output of LiYF 4  is shown in  FIG. 6  which shows emissions with continuous approximately 980 nm pump. 
   The combination of YF 3 :Yb,Er and LiYF 4 : Yb,Tm with an appropriate ratio will yield a white light emission.  FIG. 7  shows the additive mixture of emissions from YF 3 :Yb,Er and LiYF 4 : Yb,Tm. The spectrum shown in  FIG. 7  can be perceived as white light with an approximate color temperature of approximately 6000K. 
   An important factor for determining the technical feasibility of any lighting technology is its efficiency. Efficiency can be described in many ways but in the lighting world one definition is widely accepted and that is efficacy. This quantity can be defined as the luminous output divided by the electrical power used, or lumens per watt.  FIG. 7  shows that in fact the upconversion materials can be used to generate white light but it doesn&#39;t show how efficient the process is. For this discussion a few more concepts must be understood regarding the characteristics of the upconversion material. 
   The first is that the upconversion materials emit more light as the pump intensity increases. In fact, the emitted power increases as the square of the intensity. This occurs until the material is saturated. Therefore, the efficiency of the material plateaus or saturates a measurable intensity. Pumping the material past the saturation intensity is simply wasted power. 
   The second interesting characteristic of these materials is that they continue to emit light once the pump light is discontinued. This persistence allows the material to be pumped up to the saturation point and then allowed to relax. Once the light output drops to a noticeable level the pump can be turned back on. This pulsing ability will be discussed in more detail later as a potential means of increasing efficacy. 
   The third characteristic that needs to be understood is that because the particles reflect light much of the incident pump power is not utilized. Presently this hinders our measurements since we can only measure the efficiency with respect to the incident power. Next, there will be discussion on how this unused pump power can be recycled and used to increase efficiency. 
   The data plotted in  FIG. 8  shows the efficiency of the YF 3 :Yb,Er material defined as the optical output divided by the absorbed optical input power. 
   From this plot we can calculate the efficacy of the overall system based on an approximate 7% optical efficiency. A standard approximately 980 nm laser diode has an electrical-to-optical efficiency of approximately 50%. An optical pump equivalent to approximately 25 watts can be generated from an approximately 50 watt electrical power consumption by a laser diode (actually an array for this level of power). Approximately, 120 lumens of light is generated based on the optical efficiency of approximately 7%. This equates to approximately 120 lumens for an electrical input of approximately 50 watts or approximately 2.4 lumens/watt. However, only approximately 50% of the pump light is used in the measurement shown in  FIG. 8  meaning that if the unused pump could be recycled an overall efficacy of approximately 5 lumens/watt could be achieved. 
   The subject invention optimizes the efficacy of the upconversion materials. We have three main objectives: optimization of rare-earth-doping, increasing the amount of pump light utilized, and the investigation of pulsing effects. 
   Optimization of Concentrations 
   Table 1 above shows various upconversion materials that have been demonstrated to emit different visible light emissions. Further optimization can establish green/red upconversion material and a blue upconversion material that yield the highest possible efficiency. 
   Pump Light Usage 
   Several optical configurations can be used for pumping the upconversion materials referenced above. Optical raytrace software such as ASAP can be used to further narrow the possible number of configurations which can be further tested for efficiency. 
   Pulsing Effects 
   An experiment was performed to show that pulsing of the pump power can dramatically increase the overall efficiency of the upconversion materials. Our initial tests for the blue material show that an increase of a factor of approximately 4(four) in efficacy is possible with short duration pulsing on the order of several milli-seconds. This equates to an efficacy of approximately 3 lumens/watt in the blue and red, and 26 lumens/watt in the green for our technology at this time. 
   We have performed an experiment to show that pulsing can increase the efficiency of the blue emitting material. The experiment showed that using continuous wave pumping (no pulsing) the YLiF 4 :Yb, Tm sample provides approximately 0.9% efficiency in the blue portion of the spectrum. The pump laser was then pulsed at approximately 33 Hz with an approximately 1.4 ms pulse. The efficiency increased by a factor of approximately 4 to approximately 3.6%. Simulations show that that this factor increases as the pulse length is shortened until a pulse length of about 700 microsecond. When the pulse is shortened below 700 microsecond, the efficiency does not improve any further. The results of this experiment are plotted in  FIG. 9  for various pulse lengths. These results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations performed. 
   Energy Benefits 
   The installed unit for the invention is initially approximately 10% of the total lighting market. The total consumption of electricity by lighting in the United States was approximately 600 million kWhr in year 2001. Initially, the cost of the invention can be higher when compared to incandescent and fluorescent lighting. As a result, the upconversion white light will begin to penetrate the lighting market in niche sectors where long-life and high efficiency will make it acceptable despite the high initial cost. We estimate 5% market penetration within 5 years of its introduction. This equates to approximately 30 million kWhr of the total 600 Million kWhrs used for lighting. The expected efficiency is approximately two times higher than traditional light sources. Therefore, approximately 15 Million kWhr of electricity will be saved using the upconversion technology. This is equals a savings of 50 Trillion BTUs per year. 
     FIG. 10  shows a pool/spa embodiment  200  that can use the novel upconversion visible light sources for either or both general lighting sources and decorative lighting sources.  FIG. 11  is an enlarged view of the unconversion light source used in  FIG. 10 . Referring to  FIGS. 10–11 , a pool/spa enclosure  250  can use the novel light sources that can emit visible white light and/or colored light through the sidewalls  255  of the pool/spa enclosure  250 . A laser source  210 , such as a laser diode previously described, can emit through a waveguide  220  such as an optical fiber which passes the light into a mixture  240  of upconversion materials/particles and encapsulation material, previously described. Visible light can be reflected from a reflector  230  such as a parabolic reflector, and the like, out through a transmission medium  235 , such as a lens, diffuser, and the like, into the pool/spa enclosure  250 . As previously described, visible light can be visible white light, colored light, various mixes, and the like. 
     FIG. 12  shows a room embodiment  300  using the novel upconversion visible lights for applications as general lighting and decorative lighting sources. Here, the novel upconversion visible emission lighting devices previously described can be used indoors suspended from a ceiling in drop or down lights housed in downwardly directed enclosures  310 , on ceiling surface or in ceiling trough lighting  320 , as visible lighting in wall sconces  330 , and also in table lighting applications  340 , such as in a portable table lamp, floor lamp, and the like, where a typical shade can be used. 
   The novel invention has a wide variety of applications in residential and commercial uses for applications as general lighting sources, decorative lighting sources, and the like, and can be used in outdoor as well as any indoor applications as needed. 
   Other applications for the invention can be for use in automotive headlights, where the infrared generated visible source light can be used to flood a selected area in front of or behind a vehicle. An onboard infrared camera can then be aided by the infrared generated visible source light. The generated visible light can be reflected and/or focused away from the vehicle for enhanced vision when driving during night-time, or storm or fog or smoke or haze conditions. 
   The invention can have other applications where the user would want visible light unless they were wearing night-vision goggles. In this case the user would see a display with the un-aided eye and the infrared source light using their night vision goggles. 
   While the invention has been described, disclosed, illustrated and shown in various terms of certain embodiments or modifications which it has presumed in practice, the scope of the invention is not intended to be, nor should it be deemed to be, limited thereby and such other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved especially as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims here appended.