Abstract:
Supported catalysts are produced with nanometer sized particles comprised of different metals dispersed throughout the catalyst support material. The supported catalysts reduce substantially or completely the amount of platinum that is required without sacrificing catalytic performance. In place of platinum, the supported catalysts employ palladium, silver, or copper, all of which costs significantly less than platinum.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/987,456 filed Nov. 12, 2004 now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/975,646, filed Oct. 28, 2004 now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the production of supported catalysts, more specifically to the method for making supported catalysts containing nanometer sized particles comprised of different metals dispersed throughout the catalyst support material. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Many industrial products such as fuels, lubricants, polymers, fibers, drugs, and other chemicals would not be manufacturable without the use of catalysts. Catalysts are also essential for the reduction of pollutants, particularly air pollutants created during the production of energy and by automobiles. The majority of industrial catalysts are composed of a high surface area support material upon which chemically active metal nanoparticles (i.e., nanometer sized metal particles) are dispersed. The support materials are generally inert, ceramic type materials having surface areas on the order of hundreds of square meters/gram. This high specific surface area usually requires a complex internal pore system. The metal nanoparticles are deposited on the support and dispersed throughout this internal pore system, and are generally between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. 
     Processes for making supported catalysts go back many years. One such process for making platinum catalysts, for example, involves the contacting of a support material such as alumina with a metal salt solution such as chloroplatinate acid. The salt solution “impregnates” or fills the pores of the support during this process. Following the impregnation, the support containing the salt solution would be air dried, causing the metal salt to precipitate within the pores. The support containing the crystallized metal salt would then be exposed to a hydrogen or carbon monoxide gas environment, reducing the solid metal salt to metal particles. The currently used methods for producing supported catalysts, including impregnation methods, are further discussed below. 
     Yoo et al., in an article entitled “Propene Hydrogenation Over Truncated Octahedral Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Alumina,” Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 214, pp. 1-7 (2003), disclose a process for loading colloidal platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (synthesized by a 1:5 concentration ratio of K 2 PtCl 4  to polyacrylate capping polymer) into an alumina support via impregnation. 
     Miyazaki et al., in an article entitled “Morphology Control of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Properties,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Vol. 5, pp. 69-80 (2003), disclose the preparation of Pt nanoparticles of varying morphology through the use of different capping polymers. Various shapes (such as square, triangular, and hexagonal) of Pt crystallites, as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were obtained. Supported catalysts were made by impregnation of previously formed Pt crystallites into an alumina support. Water was removed from the support by freeze drying, and the capping polymers were removed by calcinating in air at 500° C. for 8 hours. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,358 discloses a method of preparing a porous material incorporating ultrafine metal particles comprising the following steps: (1) preparing surface-protected ultrafine metal particles by reducing metal ions in the presence of molecules such as dodecanethiol molecules; (2) immersing a wet gel in a solution of the ultrafine metal particles, thus forming an ultrafine metal particle/wet gel composite in which the ultrafine metal particles are incorporated in the wet gel; and (3) drying the ultrafine metal particle/wet gel composite to form a porous body. 
     The process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,358 utilizes protecting agents or capping polymers. However, removal of protecting agents or capping polymers can be an issue for sensitive catalytic processes, as their destruction may leave contaminating residues that are undesirable. These residues may reduce activity of the catalyst by occupying active sites necessary for subsequent reactions. The residues may also leave behind trace quantities of poisons that will eventually kill the catalyst over time. Removal of organic capping agents and polymers usually require oxidation (or burning), but the heat required for such oxidation may produce unwanted sintering due to the high temperatures. Sintering will increase the metal particle size and reduce the active surface area of the catalyst. Furthermore, the use of capping agents can hinder the introduction of the metal crystallites into small pores of the support. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,308 discloses a supported catalyst comprising catalyst metal nanoparticles having an average particle size of typically 2.0 nm or less, which are supported on support materials at a loading of 30% or more. It teaches the use of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, nickel or tin, as catalyst metals, and the use of carbon as the support material. The method of making a supported catalyst disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,308 comprises the steps of: (1) providing a solution of metal chlorides of one or more catalyst metals in a solvent system containing at least one polyalcohol, typically ethylene glycol containing less than 2% water; (2) forming a colloidal suspension of unprotected catalyst metal nanoparticles by raising the pH of the solution, typically to a pH of 10 or higher, and heating the solution, typically to 125° C. or higher; (3) adding support particles to the colloidal suspension; and (4) depositing the unprotected catalyst metal nanoparticles on the support particles by lowering the pH of the solution, typically to a pH of 6.5 or lower. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,038 discloses a method for producing a catalyst containing one or several metals from the group of metals comprising the sub-groups Ib and VIIIb of the periodic table on porous support materials, characterized by a first step, in which one or several precursors from the group of metal compounds from sub-groups Ib and VIIIb of the periodic table is or are applied to a porous support, and a second step in which the nanoporous support to which at least one precursor has been applied, is treated with at least one reduction agent to obtain the metal nanoparticles produced in situ in the pores of the support. In the first step, catalysts were prepared by impregnation of the support with a metal salt solution, followed by a drying step. Subsequent to drying, as part of the second step, the impregnated support materials were reduced by various techniques including re-impregnation with liquid reducing agents. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides novel methods of producing supported catalysts containing nanometer sized particles comprised of different metals dispersed throughout the catalyst support material. The supported catalysts produced according to various embodiments of the invention have been shown to have similar or better catalytic performance as a supported catalyst of the prior art, while reducing substantially or completely the amount of platinum that is required. In place of platinum, the supported catalysts produced according to certain embodiments of the invention use palladium which costs about 75% less than platinum, or silver whose cost is marginal relative to the cost of platinum, or copper which costs even less than silver. 
     The method according to various embodiment of the invention includes the steps of immersing a support for the catalyst, such as alumina, in a solvent, mixing in metal salts of different types into the solvent, introducing a reducing agent into the solvent, separating the liquid from the solid in the solvent, and drying the separated solid by heating it. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is a light off curve for CO oxidation catalyst of the prior art. 
         FIG. 2  is a process flow block diagram of a method for making catalysts according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a process flow block diagram of a method for making catalysts according to a second embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A commonly used metric for catalytic performance is the temperature at which 50% yield will be observed. For simplicity, this temperature will be referred to herein as “T50.” For catalysts designed for CO oxidation into CO 2 , this temperature corresponds to the temperature at which 50% of CO will be oxidized into CO 2 . Higher yields are observed at higher temperatures and lower yields are observed at lower temperatures. This relationship is shown in  FIG. 1 , which illustrates what is commonly known as a “light off” curve. A “light off” curve shows the desired yield versus the reaction temperature for a particular catalyst. In the particular example shown in  FIG. 1 , the CO 2  yield resulting from CO oxidation is shown versus the reaction temperature for a prior art Pt catalyst.  FIG. 1  also shows that T50 for this Pt catalyst is 167° C. 
       FIG. 2  shows a process flow block diagram of a method for making catalysts according to a first embodiment of the present invention, in which metal salts of different types are sequentially introduced and reduced in a solution containing the catalyst support material. In step  10 , the support material for the catalyst is added to a solvent. The solvent may be any liquid within which a metal salt is suitably soluble, and which is sufficiently pure enough and can be removed from the support by evaporation, filtering, pump evacuation or using centrifuge. Such solvents include, but are not limited to, water, alcohol, and other organic solvents. Preferably, water is used. More preferably, double de-ionized (DDI) water is used. Alcohols that are suitable include, but are not limited to, methanol and ethanol and their mixtures, with and without water. Other organic solvents include tetrahydrofuran, acetic acid, ethylene glycol, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetalmide, and their mixtures, with and without water. 
     The support material for the catalyst may include, but are not limited to, alumina, silica, oxides of vanadium, oxides of titanium, oxides of zirconium, oxides of iron, cerium oxides, carbon, zeolites and molecular sieves. The solvent volume to support pore volume ratio is greater than 2, preferably between 10 and 100. The higher ratios provide for enhanced wetting of the pore volume of the support and ensure “fluid like” behavior of the mixture. 
     In step  10 , the solvent and the support are mixed for a time period between 1 minute and 24 hours, preferably between 1 and 4 hours. Sufficient agitation to keep the support solids in suspension within the solution is desirable. If necessary, the temperature may be adjusted during this step. Typically, ambient temperature is used, within the range of 15 to 30° C. 
     Metal salt is added to the solvent-support solution in step  12 . By adding the metal salt after the support is wetted with the solvent, uniform and complete wetting of the support with the solvent is ensured. This enables a more uniform distribution of the metal salt within the pores of the support, and more uniform reduction to metal crystallites in the subsequent steps. The use of higher solvent volume to support pore volume ratios further aids this process as it facilitates the transport of metal salts and reduces the metal into the support pore structures via diffusion. 
     In step  12 , a soluble metal salt containing metal of a first type is added to the solution. A soluble salt containing one or more of the following metals: Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re, Ir, Os, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, In, Ga, Sn, Pb, Bi, Sb, Ti, Zr, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nb and Mn, is suitable. Of the foregoing, soluble salts of Pt, Pd, Ru. Rh, Re, Cu, Au, Re, Ir, Os and Ag are preferable. Pt salts that are suitable include Pt(NO 3 ) 2 , (NH 3 ) 4 Pt(NO 3 ) 2 , H 2 PtCl 6 , K 2 PtCl 4 , (NH 3 ) 4 Pt(OH) 2 , and Cl 4 Pt(NH 3 ) 2 . Ag and Cu salts that are suitable include AgNO 3 , AgCH 3 COO, Cu(NO 3 ) 2 , Cu(CH 3 COO) 2 , and Cu(II)acetylacetonate. Pd salts include Pd(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2  and Pd(NO 3 ) 2 . The concentration of the metal salt is between 10 −6  M and 1 M, preferably between 10 −4  M and 0.1 M. The concentration of the metal salt will depend on the target weight loading of the final catalyst and the solvent volume to support pore volume used in step  10 . 
     After the metal salt is added, the solution is mixed. Mixing time is between 1 and 4 hours, preferably between 1 and 2 hours. Sufficient agitation to keep the support solids in suspension is desirable. Agitation is also required to fully dissolve the metal salt within the solution and reduce any salt concentration gradients within the solution. The temperature is the same as in step  10 . The pH and temperature of the solution may, however, be adjusted at this point, if desired. If the temperature or pH of the solution is adjusted, additional mixing is carried out. The additional mixing period is between 1 and 4 hours, preferably between 1 and 2 hours. The temperature is within a range of approximately 0° C. and 100° C., and the pH is in the range of approximately 3 to 11, preferably between 6 and 9. Nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide may be used to adjust the pH. 
     Step  14  is the purge step. It may be omitted depending on the application. In this step, the solution is purged with argon gas to de-gas the solution and remove any dissolved oxygen. 
     In step  16 , a reducing agent is added to the solution. Suitable reducing agents include H 2 , CO, N 2 H 4 , NH 2 OH, alcohols, citrates such as sodium, potassium and ammonium citrate, alkali metal borohydrides such as sodium and potassium borohydride, and glycols. Preferably, H 2 , N 2 H 4 , or NH 2 OH is used. When H 2  is used as the reducing agent, it is preferred that the optional purge step  14  be carried out. The quantity of reducing agent added is determined based on the amount of metal salt. An amount between 1 and 200 times the stoichiometric requirement needed to reduce the metal salt can be used, preferably between 1 and 10 times the stoichoimetric requirement. 
     After the reducing agent is added, the solution is mixed. While the solution is being mixed, the metal from the metal salt is reduced to nanometer sized particles on the support surfaces within the pores of the support. Sufficient agitation to keep the support solids in suspension is desirable. Agitation is also required to reduce salt concentration gradients within the solution. Mixing is carried out for a time period long enough to complete the reduction of the metal salt. For hydrogen reduction, this time period is typically between 0.1 to 48 hours, preferably 18-30 hours. For other reducing agents, the time period may be between 1 minute and 24 hours, preferably between 5 minutes and 8 hours. As the nanometer sized metal particles are nucleated and grow within the pores, the metal salt concentration in the pores drops, producing a concentration gradient which draws more metal salt into the pores from the bulk solution surrounding the support. The higher solvent volume to support pore volume ratios facilitate this liquid phase diffusion transport, reducing concentration gradients in the bulk fluid by allowing a thorough, convective mixing of this fluid, unhindered by the solid support particles. 
     An additional advantage of the higher solvent volume to support pore volume ratios is a reduction of the potential to nucleate and grow metal crystallites homogeneously in the bulk of the solvent, due to the lower concentration of the metal salt. This reduces any potential loss of expensive catalyst materials. Attempting to carry out the liquid phase, in-situ reduction process at low solvent volume to support pore volume ratios (near 1.0) could significantly increase the potential for homogeneous nucleation and growth of crystallites outside the support. The lower free solution volume combined with high solids content would significantly hinder diffusion transport into the support pore structure, tending to support and enhance any homogeneous nucleation process. 
     In step  17 , the solution is sealed and stirred for a period of time at room temperature, and then purged with argon while it is stirred. This step may be omitted depending on the application. In steps  18 ,  20  and  22 , the process steps  12 ,  14  and  16  are repeated using the mixture resulting after step  17 , except in step  18 , a metal salt containing a metal of a second type, which is different from the first type, is added to the solution. The molar ratio of the metal of the second type to the metal of the first type is preferably in the range of 1:0.001 to 0.001:1. 
     In step  24 , the newly formed supported catalyst is separated from the liquid solution by any convenient method, such as evaporation, filtration, pump evacuation, or centrifuge. Then, in step  26 , the newly formed supported catalyst is further dried at an elevated temperature between 100° C. and 150° C., preferably about 120° C. 
       FIG. 3  shows a process flow block diagram of a method for making catalysts according to a second embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the metal salts of different types are introduced in the same step (step  32 ) and reduced in the same step (step  36 ) rather than in two different steps. 
     These steps and the other steps, steps  30 ,  34 ,  38  and  40 , which correspond respectively to steps  10 ,  14 ,  24  and  26  of the first embodiment, are otherwise carried out in the same manner as in the first embodiment. 
     The following examples serve to explain and illustrate the first, second, and additional embodiments of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Pt:Ag Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m2/g) into 59 ml DDI H2O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 3.075×10−5 mol AgNO 3  (0.616 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.5 hours. Add 3.075×10−5 mol NH2OH (0.75 ml 4.1×10−2 M NH2OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO3)2 (1.025×10−5 mol Pt) and stir for 2.0 hours. Add 2.05×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Pt:Ag Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m2/g) into 59 ml DDI H2O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 3.075×10−5 mol AgNO 3  (0.616 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.5 hours. Add 0.76875×10−5 mol N2H4 (0.1875 ml 4.1×10 −2  M N2H4) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 )2 (1.025×10−5 mol Pt) and stir for 1.5 hours. Add 0.615×10−5 mol N2H4 (0.5 ml 4.1×10−2 M N2H4) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Separate out the liquid from the solid by pump evacuation and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Pt:Ag Molar Ratio=1:15 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m2/g) into 59 ml DDI H2O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 1.5375×10−4 mol AgNO3 (3.075 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.5 hours. Add 1.5375×10−4 mol NH2OH (0.375 ml 4.1×10−2 M NH2OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO3)2 (1.025×10−5 mol Pt) and stir for 1.5 hours. Add 6.15×10−5 mol NH2OH (1.5 ml 4.1×10−2 M NH2OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Pt:Ag Molar Ratio=1:75 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 59 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 7.6875×10 −4  mol AgNO 3  (1.5375 ml×0.5 M) and 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 21.5 hours. Add 2.30625×10 −3  mol NH 2 OH (1.413 ml 5% NH 2 OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Pt:Ag Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) and 3.075×10 −5  mol AgNO 3  (0.615 ml×0.5 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.6 hours. Add 51.25×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.25 ml 0.41 M NH 2 OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 2 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 130° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLES 6 AND 7 
     Pt:Ag Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 10 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 59 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 15.375×10 −5  mol AgNO 3  (3.08 ml×0.05 M) and stir for 1.6 hours. Add 3.84375×10 −5  mol N 2 H 4  (0.9375 ml 4.1×10 −2  N 2 H 4 ) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Add 1 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (5.125×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.0 hour. Add 3.075×10 −5  mol N 2 H 4  (0.75 ml 4.1×10 −2  M N 2 H 4 ) into the solution and continuously to stir for 1 hour. Divide the sample into two equal parts. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Filter the first part at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Separate out the liquid from the solid in the second part using centrifuge at room temperature and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=3:1 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 1.025×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (0.205 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.5 hours. Add 2.05×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 3.0 hours. Add 0.6 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2 (3.075×10 −5  mol Pt) and stir for 1.6 hours. Add 7.38×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.8 ml 4.1×10 −2  NH 2 OH) into the solution and stir at room temperature for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 3.075×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (0.616 ml×0.05 M) and 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.5 hours. Purge the solution with Ar at 40 ml/min for 20 minutes and flow H 2  at 90 ml/min into the solution for 10 minutes. Seal the solution and remain at room temperature for 48.6 hours while stirring. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 3.075×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (0.616 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.6 hours. Add 1.5375×10 −5  mol N 2 H 4  (0.375 ml 4.1×10 −2  M N 2 H 4 ) and stir for 3 hours. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.6 hours. Add 0.615×10 −5  mol N 2 H 4  (0.15 ml 4.1×10 −2  M N 2 H 4 ) and continue to stir for 1 hour. Purge the solution with Ar at 40 ml/min for 20 minutes and flow H 2  at 90 ml/min into the solution for 10 minutes. Seal the solution and remain at room temperature for 48.6 hours while stirring. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 3.075×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (0.616 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.6 hours. Add 6.15×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and stir 3.0 hours. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.6 hours. Add 2.46×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.15 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and continue to stir for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 15.375×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (3.08 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution at same temperature for 1.6 hours. Add 30.75×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (7.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and stir 3.0 hours. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.6 hours. Add 2.46×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.6 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and continue to stir for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 3.075×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (0.616 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution and increase temperature to 88° C. and continuously stir for 1.6 hours. Add 6.015×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and stir for 1.75 hours. Cool down the solution to room temperature. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.6 hours at room temperature. Add 2.46×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.6 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and continue to stir for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:15 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 15.375×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (3.08 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution and increase temperature to 88° C. and continuously stir for 1.25 hours. Add 30.75×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (7.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and stir for 1.75 hours. Cool down the solution to room temperature. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.6 hours at room temperature. Add 2.46×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.6 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and continue to stir for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:15 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 15.375×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (3.08 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution continuously stir for 1.6 hours. Add 30.75×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (7.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and stir for 3.0 hours at room temperature. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.6 hours at room temperature. Add 2.46×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.6 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and continue to stir for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:75 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 76.875×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (1.5375 ml×0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution continuously stir for 1.6 hours. Add 153.75×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (3.75 ml 4.1×10 −1  M NH 2 OH) and stir for 1.0 hours. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.5 hours at room temperature. Add 6.15×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and continue to stir for 1 hour. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 17 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:75 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 76.875×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (1.5375 ml×0.5 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution continuously stir for 1.6 hours. Purge the solution with Ar at 40 ml/min for 20 minutes. Add 153.75×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (3.75 ml 4.1×10 −1  M NH 2 OH) and stir for 1.0 hour under Ar atmosphere. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution and stir for 1.5 hours at room temperature under Ar atmosphere. Add 6.15×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.5 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and continue to stir for 1 hour under Ar atmosphere. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 18 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:75 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution at room temperature. Add 76.875×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (1.5375 ml×0.5 M) into the solution while stirring. Continuously stir the solution for 5.6 hours. Purge the solution with Ar at 40 ml/min for 20 minutes. Add 461.25×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.2827 ml 50% M NH 2 OH) and stir for 10 minutes under Ar atmosphere. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 19 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:75 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution at room temperature. Continuously stir the solution for 1.5 hours. Add 1.025×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.25 ml 4.1×10 −2  M NH 2 OH) and stir for 1 hour. Add 76.875×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (1.5375 ml×0.5 M) into the solution and stir for 2.75 hours. Purge the solution with Ar at 40 ml/min for 20 minutes. Add 461.25×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.2827 ml 50% NH 2 OH) into the solution and stir for 10 minutes under Ar atmosphere. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 20 
     Pt:Cu Molar Ratio=1:200 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (1.025×10 −5  mol Pt) into the solution at room temperature. Add 205×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2  (4.1 ml×0.5 M) into the solution. Continuously stir the solution for 2.8 hours. Add 1230×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (0.7538 ml 50% NH 2 OH) and stir for 8 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 21 
     Ag:Cu Molar Ratio=15:75 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 15.375×10 −5  mol AgNO 3  (0.3075 ml×0.5 M), into the solution at room temperature. Add 76.875×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (1.5375 ml×0.5 M) into the solution. Continuously stir the solution for 3.5 hours. Add 507.375×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (3.109 ml 5% NH 2 OH) and stir for 3.8 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 22 
     Pt:Ag:Cu Molar Ratio=1:15:75 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 15.375×10 −5  mol AgNO 3  (0.3075 ml×0.5 M), into the solution at room temperature. Add 76.875×10 −5  mol Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (1.5375 ml×0.5 M) into the solution and 1.025×10 −5  mol Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (0.2 ml×10 mg/ml). Continuously stir the solution at room temperature for 2.25 hours. Add 507.375×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (3.109 ml 5% NH 2 OH) and stir for 4.0 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 120° C. for 2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 23 
     Pt:Pd Molar Ratio=2:1 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 2.733×10 −5  mol Pt(NO 3 ) 2  (0.533 ml×10 mg/ml) and 1.367×10 −5  mol Pd(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2  (0.267 ml, 1.455 mg Pd) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution continuously at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Add 136.66×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (3.33 ml 0.41 M NH 2 OH) and stir for 2.0 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 130° C. for 2.5 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 24 
     Pd:Ag Molar Ratio=1:3 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 1.025×10 −5  mol Pd(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2  (0.2 ml) and 3.075×10 −5  mol AgNO 3  (0.615 ml 0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution continuously at room temperature for 2.0 hours. Add 51.25×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.25 ml 0.41 NH 2 OH) and stir for 2.0 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 130° C. for 2.0 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 25 
     Pd:Ag Molar Ratio=4:12 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 4.1×10 −5  mol Pd(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2  (0.8 ml) and 12.3×10 −5  mol AgNO 3  (2.46 ml 0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution continuously at room temperature for 2.4 hours. Add 205×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.256 ml 5% NH 2 OH) and stir for 2.0 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 130° C. for 2.0 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 26 
     Pd:Ag Molar Ratio=4:12 
     Add 2 g alumina (BET surface area=150 m 2 /g) into 60 ml DDI H 2 O and stir for 2 hours at room temperature. Add 4.1×10 −5  mol Pd(NO 3 ) 2  (0.8 ml) and 12.3×10 −5  mol AgNO 3  (2.46 ml 0.05 M) into the solution at room temperature and stir the solution continuously at room temperature for 2.4 hours. Add 205×10 −5  mol NH 2 OH (1.256 ml 5% NH 2 OH) and stir for 2.0 hours. Filter the solution at room temperature to separate out the liquid from the solid and dry the solid at 130° C. for 2.0 hours. The particle sizes and distributions were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in some of the above examples. Prior to the measurements, the metal particles were separated from the support by dissolving the alumina support in 10-50% HF, by methods well known in the art. Dimension measurements made by TEM or STEM are subject to an estimated error of 10%. The results are noted below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Diameter 
               
               
                   
                 (in nanometers) from 
                 (in nanometers) from 
               
               
                   
                 TEM results 
                 STEM results 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 
                 D range 
                 D avg 
                 Std dev. 
                 D range 
                 D avg 
                 Std dev. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 5-15 
                 8.9 
                 2.5 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                  5 
                   
                   
                   
                 2-10 
                 5.3 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 25 
                 2-15 
                 4.6 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The catalytic performance of the catalysts manufactured in accordance with examples 1-26 is shown in the following table in terms of their T50 for CO oxidation. The T50 was determined in the following manner. Prior to the measurement of CO oxidation activity, the catalysts were subjected to a standardized calcining process. The standardized calcining process included: (1) loading the catalyst into a reactor; (2) heating the catalyst in 1% oxygen (remainder inert gas) at a rate of 3° C./minute from room temperature to about 500° C.; (3) purging the reactor for 10 minutes with pure He at 500° C. to remove oxygen; (4) introducing 5% hydrogen (remainder inert gas) into the reactor for 1 hour at 500° C.; and (5) purging the reactor in pure He while cooling down the reactor to room temperature. Without removing the catalyst from the reactor, the CO oxidation was then carried out. The CO oxidation process included: (1) purging the reactor with the reaction mixture of 1.4% CO, 5.6% O 2  (balance He) at room temperature; and (2) heating the reactor from room temperature to 200° C. at about 2° C./minute with the aforementioned CO/O 2  mixture. During this heating step, CO 2  yield was measured as a function of the temperature. The temperature at 50% CO 2  yield is noted in the examples below. It has been observed that the T50 for each of the catalyst examples 1-26 is less than the T50 for a prior art Pt catalyst. 
     It has also been observed that the Pt loading requirement for the example catalysts that contain Pt is significantly less than the Pt loading requirement for the prior art Pt catalyst. As a result, the overall metal cost of the catalysts of examples 1-26 is significantly less than the metal cost of the prior art Pt catalyst. For those example catalysts that employ Ag and Cu in place of Pt, the metal cost of those catalysts are negligible relative to the metal cost of the prior art Pt catalyst. 
     The overall metal cost of the catalyst is further reduced because the T50 for CO oxidation for catalysts of examples 1-26 is less than the T50 for CO oxidation for the prior art Pt catalyst. The reason is that, when compared to each of the catalysts of examples 1-26, the prior art Pt catalyst requires additional Pt to achieve the same performance. To obtain the total metal cost reduction figure for each of the examples 1-26, the CO yield (e.g., X %) of the prior art Pt catalyst was determined from the light-off curve of the prior art Pt catalyst ( FIG. 1 ) at the T50 of the example catalyst being compared with, and the following calculations were carried out: 
     Perform data fitting of the Pt loading data vs. T50 in the light off curve test of the prior art catalyst to get a function between Pt loading and T50. Apply this function for different T-50s to get the corresponding Pt loading required wt %. 
     Pt reduction=1−(example Pt required wt %)/(Pt loading required wt %), where the Pd, Ag and Cu requirements have been normalized as Pt requirements based on the cost of Pd (25%), Ag (0%) and Cu (0%) relative to Pt. Therefore, an X1 gram requirement of Pd is normalized as X1*0.25 gram requirement of Pt; an X2 gram requirement of Ag is normalized as a 0 gram requirement of Pt; and an X3 gram requirement of Cu is normalized as a 0 gram requirement of Pt. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pt Loading 
                 Other Metal(s) 
                 T50 
                 Metal cost 
               
               
                 Catalyst 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 reduction* (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Prior Art 
                 0.4 
                 None 
                 167 
                 0 
               
               
                  1 
                 0.1 
                 Ag 0.166 
                 109 
                 96 
               
               
                  2 
                 0.1 
                 Ag 0.166 
                 107 
                 97 
               
               
                  3 
                 0.1 
                 Ag 0.829 
                 82.8 
                 98 
               
               
                  4 
                 0.2 
                 Ag 4.15 
                 63 
                 98 
               
               
                  5 
                 0.1 
                 Ag 0.166 
                 113 
                 96 
               
               
                  6 
                 0.1 
                 Ag 0.166 
                 113.5 
                 96 
               
               
                  7 
                 0.1 
                 Ag 0.166 
                 116 
                 96 
               
               
                  8 
                 0.3 
                 Cu 0.033 
                 150 
                 66 
               
               
                  9 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 0.0983 
                 167 
                 80 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 0.098 
                 162 
                 83 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 0.098 
                 161 
                 84 
               
               
                 12 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 2.44 
                 113 
                 96 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 0.098 
                 174 
                 77 
               
               
                 14 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 0.49 
                 123 
                 95 
               
               
                 15 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 0.49 
                 101 
                 97 
               
               
                 16 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 2.44 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                 17 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 2.44 
                 117 
                 96 
               
               
                 18 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 2.44 
                 110 
                 96 
               
               
                 19 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 2.44 
                 124 
                 95 
               
               
                 20 
                 0.1 
                 Cu 6.51 
                 94 
                 98 
               
               
                 21 
                 None 
                 Ag 0.83; Cu 2.44 
                 97 
                 100 
               
               
                 22 
                 0.1 
                 Ag 0.83; Cu 2.44 
                 86 
                 98 
               
               
                 23 
                 0.27 
                 Pd 0.073 
                 111 
                 89 
               
               
                 24 
                 None 
                 Pd 0.055; Ag 0.17 
                 102 
                 99 
               
               
                 25 
                 None 
                 Pd 0.22; Ag 0.64 
                 98 
                 99 
               
               
                 26 
                 None 
                 Pd 0.22; Ag 0.64 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While particular embodiments according to the invention have been illustrated and described above, those skilled in the art understand that the invention can take a variety of forms and embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.