Abstract:
Use of a compound of the formula I ##STR1## for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pain. The compounds are δ opioid agonists and thus useful in the treatment of pain without the requirement of co-application of a μ opioid agonist.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is related to a new use of opioid dipeptide derivatives with δ agonist properties, particularly as analgesic compounds. 
     BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART 
     The results of recent studies indicated that opioid agonists that selectively act via δ receptors should have advantages over currently available opioid analgesics. In particular, potential advantages include the production of analgesia with 
     i) decreased (or no) development of physical dependence (A. Cowan et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 246, 950-955 (1988)); 
     ii) no depression (and the possible stimulation) of respiratory function (P. Y. Cheng et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 230, 85-88 (1993)); and 
     iii) little or no adverse gastrointestinal effects (J. J. Galligan et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 229, 641-648 (1984). 
     Selective peptide δ agonists currently available include the enkephalin analogs H-Tyr-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr-OH (DTLET; G. Gacel et al., J. Med. Chem. 31, 1891-1897 (1988)) and ##STR2## (DPDPE, H. I. Mosberg et al., Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 5871-5874 (1983) and the deltorphins (H-Tyr-D-Met-Phe-His-Leu-Met-Asp-NH 2  (dermenkephalin)), H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Asp-Val-Val-Gly-NH 2  (deltorphin I) and H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Glu-Val-Val-Gly-NH 2  (deltorphin II); V. Erspamer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5188-5192 (1989)). However, these peptides are of relatively large molecular size (molecular weight&gt;600) and for this reason their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is very limited. 
     Non-peptide δ agonists that have recently been developed include the racemic compound BW373U86 (K.-J. Chang et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267, 852-857 (1993)) and its chemically modified enantiomer SNC80 (S.N. Calderon et al., J. Med. Chem. 37, 2125-2128 (1994)) as well as the compound TAN-67 (J. Kamei et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 276, 131-135 (1995)). However, BW 373U86 produced significant toxicity, manifested behaviorally as convulsions and barrel rolling, in mice (S. D. Comer et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267, 888-895 (1993)), and TAN-67 showed no significant antinociceptive effect in the mouse tail flick test (J. Kamei et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 276, 131-135 (1995)). Therefore, there is still a need for the development of new potent δ opioid agonists of low molecular weight and high lipophilic character. 
     Peptides containing the N-terminal segment H-Tyr-Tic-Aaa (Tic=1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, Aaa=aromatic or aliphatic amino acid residue) that are very potent and highly selective δ opioid antagonists have recently been disclosed by P. W. Schiller et al., in FASEB J. 6(4), A1575 (1992), at the International Narcotics Research Conference (INRC) Meetings in Keystone, CO, Jun. 24-29 (1992) and in Skovde, Sweden, Jul. 10-15 (1993), at the 2nd Japan Symposium on Peptide Chemistry, Shizuoka, Japan, Nov. 9-13 (1992), at the 22nd European Peptide Symposium in Interlaken, Switzerland, Sept. 9-13 (1992), at the 14th American Peptide Symposium in Columbus, Ohio, Jun. 18-23 (1995), in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11871-11875 (1992), and in J. Med. Chem. 36, 3182-3187 (1993). 
     Recently, it has been found that dipeptide derivatives of the type H-Tyr-Tic-NH--(CH 2 ) n  --Ph (Ph=phenyl) also have δ antagonist properties, if n=1, 3 or 4. In the case of n=2, however, the compound (H-Tyr-Tic-NH-CH 2  --CH 2  --Ph) surprisingly turned out to be a full, but only moderately potent δ agonist, as reported by P. W. Schiller et al. at the 23rd European Peptide Symposium in Braga, Portugal, Sept. 4-10, 1994. 
     Thus, the object of the present invention was to find structurally modified analogs of H-Tyr-Tic-NH--CH 2  --CH 2  --Ph with improved δ agonist potency. Compounds of this type should have potential for therapeutic use as centrally acting analgesics because their low molecular weight and lipophilic character can be expected to facilitate crossing of the BBB. 
     OUTLINE OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been found that analogs of the dipeptide derivative H-Tyr-Tic-NH--CH 2  --CH 2  --Ph, as defined by the following formula I below, have high potency as δ opioid agonists and retain good δ receptor selectivity. 
     The present invention is directed to the use of compounds having the formula I ##STR3## wherein R 1  and R 2  is each and independently selected from H; ##STR4## R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6  are all H; or R 4 , R 5 , R 6  are all H, whereas R 3  is C 1  -C 6  alkyl; or 
     R 4  and R 5  are both H, whereas R 3  and R 6  are both C 1  -C 6  alkyl; or 
     R 3 , R 5 , R 6  are all H, whereas R 4  is F, Cl, Br, I, OH, NO 2  or NH 2  ; 
     R 7  is a 2-phenylethyl- or a 2-cyclohexylethyl group containing one or more additional substituents in ortho- or para-position of the ring moiety or at the carbon atom adjacent to the ring moiety; for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of pain. 
     The compounds of the formula I above, are disclosed and claimed by the Applicant in the International patent application with the publication number WO 96/06855. 
     Illustrative examples of R 7  are: ##STR5## wherein R 8  is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , NO 2 , C 1  -C 6  alkyl, and phenyl; and 
     R 9  is selected from H, C 1  -C 6  alkyl, --CH 2  OH, and phenyl; ##STR6## wherein R 10  and R 11  is each and independently selected from H, N02, NH 2 , F, Cl, Br, I, and C 1  -C 6  alkyl; ##STR7## wherein R 12  is selected from anyone of C 1  -C 6  alkyl and --(CH 2 ) n  --Ph, wherein n=0-3; ##STR8## wherein R 13  and R 14  is each and independently selected from anyone of H, C 1  -C 6  alkyl, and --(CH 2 ) n  --Ph wherein n=0-3; ##STR9## 
     Preferred compounds to use in accordance with the present invention are compounds wherein 
     R 1  is selected from H and CH 3  ; 
     R 2  is selected from H and CH 3  ; 
     R 3  is selected from H and CH 3  ; 
     R 4  is H; 
     R 5  is H; 
     R 6  is selected from H and CH 3  ; 
     R 7  is selected from anyone of ##STR10## 
     The compounds disclosed in accordance with the present invention are useful as analgesic agents. Thus, the compounds of the invention are useful in treating analgesia. The wording &#34;analgesia&#34; is defined as absence of pain in response to stimulation which would normally be painful. Since the compounds of the formula I above are δ agonists, they are effective in the treatment of pain without having to be administered in combination with a μ opioid agonist which is the case for compounds which are δ antagonists (E. E. Abdelhamid et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 258; pp. 299-303 (1991)). 
     Thus, one aspect of the present invention is the use of a compound of the formula I above for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of pain. 
     One further aspect of the present invention is a method for the treatment of pain, whereby is an effective amount of a compound according to formula I above, is administered to a subject suffering from pain. 
     Synthesis 
     Most Boc-amino acids used in the peptide syntheses are commercially available. 2-methyltyrosine (Mmt) was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation (Pd/C) of 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (7-OH-Tic) in AcOH under H 2  pressure at 3 atm. 2&#39;,6&#39;-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) was prepared as described by J. H. Dygos et al. Synthesis, No. 8 (August) pp. 741-743 (1992). Most of the C-terminal amine substituents were also commercially available. 2-(2-bromophenyl)ethylamine, 2-(2-methylphenyl)ethylamine and 2,2-diphenylpropylamine were prepared by reduction of the corresponding nitriles with lithium aluminum hydride, as described by L. M. Amundsen and L. S. Nelson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 242 (1951). 2-(2-biphenyl)ethylamine was synthesized as described by S. Goldschmidt and W. L. C. Veer Recueil 67, 489 (1948). Ethyl-α-phenyl-β-aminopropionate in racemic form was synthesized as described by E. Testa et al. Liebig&#39;s Ann. Chem. 614, 167 (1958). Acid hydrolysis of the latter product and subsequent amidation afforded racemic α-phenyl-β-aminopropionamide. 2,2-dicyclohexylethylamine was prepared from 2,2-diphenylethylamine by catalytic hydrogenation (Rh on carbon) at 6° C. under pressure (60 psi). 
     2,2-di-p-nitrophenylethylamine was prepared by nitration of 2,2-diphenylethylamine. 2,2-di-p-aminophenylethylamine was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation (Pd/C) of 2,2-di-p-nitrophenylethylamine. 2,2-di-p-chlorophenylethylamine was obtained from 2,2-di-p-aminophenylethylamine by diazotization of the aromatic amines followed by treatment with Cu 2  Cl 2  (Sandmeyer reaction). α-Phenyl-β-aminopropanol was prepared by treatment of Boc-protected α-phenyl-β-aminopropionic acid with BH 3  /TFA. 2-(2-nitrophenyl)ethylamine was obtained by reduction of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)ethylamine with LiAIH 4 . 
     All dipeptide derivatives were prepared by solution synthesis by first coupling the C-terminal amine substituent to the carboxylic acid function of Boc-Tic-OH (mixed anhydride method), subsequent deprotection with acid, preferably an organic acid, especially preferred TFA, coupling of the Boc-protected N-terminal tyrosine or tyrosine analog (mixed anhydride method) and final deprotection with acid. The preferred acid system for Boc-deprotection is aqueous 95% TFA containing anisole (3%). 
     The HPLC system GOLD (Beckman) consisting of the programmable solvent module 126 and the diode array detector module 168 was used for the purification and the purity control of the peptides. Reversed-phase HPLC was performed using a gradient made from two solvents: (A) 0.1% TFA in water and (B) 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. For preparative runs a Vidac 218TP1022 column (250×22 mm) was used with a linear gradient of 20-50% B over a period of 45 min at a flow rate of 13 ml/min, absorptions being measured at both 216 nm and 280 nm. The same gradient was used for analytical runs on a Vidac 218TP 0046 column (250×4.6 mm) over a period of 30 min at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Purity of peptides was also established by TLC on precoated silica gel plates 60F-254 (E. Merck, Darmstadt, FRG) in the following solvent systems (all v/v): (A) CHCl 3  /MeOH/AcOH (85:10:5) and (B) n-BuOH/H 2  O/AcOH (4:1:1). Peptides were visualized with UV and with the ninhydrin spray reagent. Molecular weights of peptides were determined by FAB mass spectrometry on an MS-50 HMTCTA mass spectrometer interfaced with a DS-90 data system. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention will now be described in more detail by the following examples. 
     Peptide Synthesis--General Methods 
     1) Mixed Anhydride Method 
     NMM (1 equiv.) was added to a stirred solution of 1 mmol of Boc-protected amino acid in THF. The mixture was cooled to -15° C., treated with IBCF (1 equiv.) and was allowed to react for 2 min. Subsequently, the amino component (1 equiv.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -15° C. and was then allowed to reach room temperature. The solvent was then removed by vacuum evaporation and the residual oil was dissolved in 100 ml of EtOAc. The resulting solution was extracted consecutively with 5% KHSO 4 , brine and saturated NaHCO 3 . The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and evaporated to dryness. The resulting crude products were used for deprotection without prior purification. 
     2) Deprotection 
     The Boc-protected peptides were deprotected using aqueous 95% TFA containing thioanisole (3%) under stirring and cooling with ice. After evaporation in vacuo, the TFA salts of the peptides were obtained in pure form by preparative reversed-phase HPLC. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     The invention will now be described by way of the following examples, where the compound of Example 1 in Table 1 has served as the illustrative example for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. All the exemplified compounds have been prepared by following the same procedure as described for the compound of Example 1. These Examples should however not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. 
     Example 1 
     A) Preparation of H-Tic-NH--CH 2  --CH--(Ph) 2  (Compound 1) 
     Boc-Tic-OH (0.4 mmol) was coupled with H 2  N--CH 2  --CH--(Ph) 2  (2,2-diphenylethylamine, 0.43 mmol) according to method 1. After deprotection compound 1 was obtained as a lyophilisate in 95% yield and was used as such in the next step of the synthesis without further purification. 
     TLC (silica): Rf=0.36 (A) 
     B) Preparation of H-Tyr-Tic-NH--CH 2  --CH--(Ph) 2   
     Using the mixed anhydride method, Boc-Tyr(Boc)-OH (0.38 mmol) was coupled with the TFA salt of compound 1 (0.38 mmol) in the presence of NMM (2 equiv.). After deprotection the crude product was purified by HPLC. The compound in pure form was obtained in 85% yield. 
     FAB-MS: MH +  =520 
     TLC (silica): Rf=0.75 (A), Rf=0.72 (B) 
     HPLC: K&#39;=11.4 
     The compounds of Examples 2-31 have been synthesized as described for Example 1 above. In the case of the compounds of Examples 15 and 16, Examples 17 and 18, Examples 27 and 28 and Examples 30 and 31, the racemate of the C-terminal amine substituent was used in the synthesis and the resulting diastereomeric dipeptide derivatives were separated by preparative reversed-phase HPLC, using a Vidac 218TP0046 column (250×22 mm), under isocratic conditions: 43% MeOH-57% 0.1% TFA/H 2  O (in the case of Examples 15 and 16, 17 and 18, and 30 and 31), or 34% MeOH-66% 0.1% TFA/H 2  O) (in the case of Examples 27 and 28). 
     In the case of compounds of Examples 21 and 22 the mixture of the two trans isomers of 2-phenylcyclopropylamine was used in the synthesis and the dipeptide isomers were separated by preparative reversed-phase HPLC, using a Vidac 218TP0046 column (250×22 mm) with the solvents (A) 0.1% TFA in water and (B) methanol under the following conditions: linear gradient of 20-55% B over a period of 25 min, followed by isocratic elution (45% A, 55% B) over a period of 30 min. 
     Examples of compounds prepared for use according to the invention are given below in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________EX-  AM-  Molecular Weight  PLE COMPOUND (FAB-MS) [MH.sup.+ ]______________________________________   1                          520 11##   -  2                          472 12##   -  3                          462 13##   -  4                          478 14##   -  5                          523 15##   -  6                          458 16##   -  7                          520 17##   -  8                          472 18##   -  9                          534 19##   - 10                          548 20##   - 11                          548 21##   - 12                          534 22##   - 13                          458 23##   - 14                          458 24##   - 15                          516 25##   - 16                          516 26##   - 17                          487 27##   - 18                          487 28##   - 19 H-Tyr-Tic-2-S-At (At = aminotetralin) 470  20 H-Tyr-Tic-2-R-At (At = aminotetralin) 470   - 21                          456 29##   - 22                          456 30##   - 23                          532 31##   - 24                          610 32##   - 25                          550 33##   - 26                          589 34##   - 27                          474 35##   - 28                          474 36##   - 29                          489 37##   - 30                          530 38##   - 31                          530R39##______________________________________ 
    
     Pharmacological Testing in vitro of δ Opioid Agonists 
     Bioassays based on inhibition of electrically evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens (MVD) and of the guinea pig ileum (GPI) were performed. In the GPI assay the opioid effect is primarily mediated by μ opioid receptors, whereas in the MVD assay the inhibition of the contractions is mostly due to interaction with δ opioid receptors. Agonist potencies are expressed as IC50 values (concentration of the agonist that produces 50% inhibition of the electrically induced contractions). 
     Bioassays Using Isolated Organ Preparations 
     The GPI and MVD bioassays were carried out as reported in P. W. Schiller et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 1332-1338 (1978) and J. DiMaio et al., J. Med. Chem. 25, 1432-1438 (1982). A log-dose response curve was determined with [Leu 5  ]enkephalin as standard for each ileum and vas preparation, and IC50 values of the compounds being tested were normalized according to A. A. Waterfield et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 58, 11-18 (1979). The results are shown in Table 2 below. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) assay of dipeptidederivatives with  δ opioid agonist properties.                    GPI    MVD    GPI/MVD  EX. NO. COMPOUND IC.sub.50 [nM] IC.sub.50 [nM] IC.sub.50 ratio__________________________________________________________________________                                    2120 0##                                  ± 640 82.0 ± 10.0 25.9                                    -  1                                    3630 ± 470 3.77 ± 1.05 963   -  2                                    290 ± 4  10.4 ± 1.4  27.9                                    -  3                                     5450 ± 1800 75.5 ± 8.5                                  72.2   -  4                                    partial  agonist 8.77 ± 1.28                                  --   -  5                                    613 ± 26 13.9 ± 1.9  44.1                                    -  6                                     759 ± 152 10.1 ± 1.2                                  75.1   -  7                                    &gt;10 000 418 ± 55  &gt;23.9                                    -  8                                    48.0 ± 3.6 2.30 ± 0.61                                  (partial agonist;  max inhib. =                                  74%) 20.9   -  9                                    156 ± 62 0.261 ± 0.046 598   - 10                                    290 ± 38 0.726 ± 0.273 399   - 11                                     91.1 ± 33.4 3.01 ± 1.04                                  30.3   - 12                                    2830 ± 990 93.4 ± 18.4                                  30.3   - 13                                    3790 ± 640 21.4 ± 8.2  177   - 14                                    3430 ± 490 26.0 ± 2.5  132   - 15                                    &gt;10 000 1.28 ± 0.18 7810                                    - 16                                    &gt;10 000 8.64 ± 1.31 1160                                    - 17                                    2140 ± 470 34.0 ± 2.9                                  62.9   - 18                                    &gt;10 000 partial  agonist --                                    - 19 H-Tyr-Tic-2-S-At (At =                                  aminotetralin) 1710 ± 230 38.1                                  ± 12.2 44.9   - 20 H-Tyr-Tic-2-R-At (At = aminotetralin) partial 36.3 ± 3.58 --                                     agonist  21                                    1600 ± 500 partial  agonist                                  --   - 22                                     518 ± 147 7.31 ± 2.30                                  70.9   - 23                                    1580 ± 610 21.5 ± 6.8                                  73.5   - 24                                     5200 ± 1100 8.91 ± 1.53                                  584   - 25                                    &gt;10 000 7.81 ± 0.48 &gt;1280                                    - 26                                    &gt;10 000 397 ± 33  &gt;25.2                                    - 27                                    526 ± 51 13.6 ± 2.2  38.7                                    - 28                                    &gt;10 000 92.6 ± 6.0  &gt;108                                    - 29                                    1850 ± 540 29.1 ± 10.6                                  63.6   - 30                                     826 ± 183 1.62 ± 0.12 510   - 31                                     869 ± 209 2.24 ± 0.33__________________________________________________________________________                                  388 
    
     Conclusion 
     Based on the results from the performed MVD and GPI assays, the following conclusions could be made: 
     All compounds were full δ opioid agonists, with the exception of the compounds of Examples 8, 18, and 2 1, which have shown to be partial δ agonists. 
     All compounds showed weak μ agonist or partial μ agonist properties 
     Opioid Receptor Binding Assays 
     μ and δ opioid receptor binding constants (K i .sup.μ,K i .sup.δ) of the compounds were determrined by displacement of relatively selective μ and δ radioligands from binding sites in rat brain membrane preparations calculated from the measured IC50 values on the basis of the equation by Cheng and Prusoff, (Y. C. Cheng and W. H. Prusoff Biochem. Pharmnacol. 22, 3099-3102 (1973)). 
     The ratio K i .sup.μ /K i .sup.δ  was a quantitative measure of the δ versus μ receptor selectivity. 
     Opioid Receptor Binding Studies 
     The μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor affinities of all new analogs were determined in binding assays based on displacement of μ-, δ- and κ-selective radioligands from rat brain membrane binding sites. In the case of κ-ligands guinea pig brain homogenates were used, since the relative proportion of κ-binding sites is higher in guinea pig brain than in rat brain. The experimental procedure being used in our laboratory represents a modified version of the binding assay described by Pasternak et al. (Mol. Pharnacol. 11, 340-351 (1975)). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) from the Canadian Breeding Laboratories were decapitated and after removal of the cerebellum the brains were homogenized in 30 volumes of ice-cold standard buffer (50 mnM Tris HCl , pH 7.7). After centrifugation at 30,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. the membranes were reconstituted in the original volume of standard buffer and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. (to release bound endogenous ligands). Subsequent centrifugation and resuspension of the pellet in the initial volume of fresh standard buffer yielded the final membrane suspension. Aliquots (2 ml) of the membrane preparations were incubated for 1-2 h at 25° C. with 1 ml standard buffer containing the peptide to be tested and one of the following radioligands at the final concentration indicated: [ 3  H]DAMGO, μ-selective, 0.7 nM; [ 3  H]DSLET, μ-selective, 1.0 nM; and [ 3  H]U69,563, κ-selective, 0.5 nM. The incubation was terminated by filtration through Whatman GF/B filters under vacuum at 4° C. Following two washings with 5 ml portions of ice-cold standard buffer the filters were transferred to scintillation vials and treated with 1 ml Protosol (New England Nuclear) for 30 min prior to addition of 0.5 ml acetic acid and 10 ml Aquasol (New England Nuclear). After shaking for 30 min the vials were counted at an efficiency of 40-45%. All experiments were performed in duplicate and repeated at least three times. Specific binding of each of the three radioligands was defined by performing incubations in the presence of cold DAMGO, DSLET and U69,563, respectively, at a concentration of 1 micromolar. Values of half-maximal inhibition (IC50) of specific binding were obtained graphically from semilogarithmic plots. From the measured IC50-values, binding inhibition constants (K i ) were calculated based on Cheng and Prusoff&#39;s equation (Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 3099-3102 (1973)). Ratios of the K i  -values determined in the μ-, δ- and κ-representative binding assays are a measure of the receptor selectivity of the compound under investigation (e.g. K i .sup.μ /K i .sup.μ  indicates the selectivity for δ-receptors versus μ-receptors). The results are shown in Table 3 below. 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Opioid receptor binding assays of dipeptide derivatives  with δ opioid receptor agonist propertiesEX.NO.    COMPOUND             K.sub.i.sup.μ  [nM]                          K.sub.i.sup.δ  [nM]                                  K.sub.i.sup.μ /K.sub.i.sup..delt                                  a.__________________________________________________________________________                                    69.1 0##                                  ± 1.9 5.22 ± 0.02 13.2                                    - 1                                    28.8 ± 4.2 0.981 ± 0.038                                  29.4   - 2                                    8.20 ± 0.19 4.51 ± 0.66                                  1.82   - 3                                    255 ± 3 7.71 ± 1.17 33.1                                    - 4                                    96.9 ± 9.6 1.43 ± 0.09                                  67.8   - 5                                    23.3 ± 7.7 1.24 ± 0.27                                  18.8   - 6                                    38.7 ± 8.9 1.75 ± 0.10                                  22.1   - 7                                    73.5 ± 7.1 4.76 ± 1.70                                  15.4   - 8                                    1.59 ± 0.14  0.0577 ±                                  0.0049 27.6   - 9                                    12.7 ± 1.2 0.581 ± 0.096                                  21.9   - 10                                    1.62 ± 0.12 0.693 ± 0.126                                  2.34   - 11                                    4.08 ± 0.19 1.75 ± 0.10                                  2.33   - 12                                    22.9 ± 0.05 20.0 ± 4.0                                  1.15   - 13                                    82.3 ± 17.7 6.31 13.0                                    - 14                                    51.3 3.67 14.0   - 15                                    886 ± 172 0.569 ± 0.080                                  1560   - 16                                    153 ± 5 3.03 ± 0.66 50.5                                    - 17                                    73.7 ± 0.6 21.5 ± 4.2 3.43   - 18                                    191 ± 19 22.8 ± 2.5 8.38                                    - 19 H-Tyr-Tic-2-S-At (At =                                  aminotetralin) 55.8 ± 6.3 4.55                                  ± 1.03 12.3  20 H-Tyr-Tic-2-R-At (At = aminotetralin) 26.3 ± 2.3 1.72 ± 0.17                                  15.3   - 21                                    38.0 ± 11.2 4.13 ± 0.27                                  9.20   - 22                                    11.5 ± 1.1 1.36 ± 0.15                                  8.46   - 23                                    52.4 ± 2.5 11.3 ± 3.3 4.64   - 24                                    635 ± 109 7.17 ± 0.24 88.6   - 25                                    5340 ± 700 2.67 ± 0.83                                  2000   - 26                                    1560 ± 60 2.82 ± 0.07 553                                    - 27                                    70.3 ± 2.3 1.26 ± 0.11                                  55.8   - 28                                    242 ± 20 7.80 ± 2.80 31.0                                    - 29                                    355 ± 13 7.70 ± 0.45 46.1                                    - 30                                    164 ± 11 1.63 ± 0.27 101                                    - 31                                    79.7 ± 2.3 1.22 ± 0.04__________________________________________________________________________                                  65.3 
    
     Conclusion 
     Based on the results of the performed opioid receptor binding assays, the following conclusions could be made: 
     All compounds showed high δ opioid receptor affinity 
     All compounds showed preference for δ receptors over μ receptors 
     None of the compounds had significant affinity for κ receptors 
     Potential Use 
     The described compounds represent a novel class of δ agonists. δ Agonists are of interest as therapeutic agents for use in analgesia because, unlike the traditionally used μ agonists (e.g. morphine), they produce less or no physical dependence, no respiratory depression and less or no adverse gastrointestinal effects. In comparison with the well-known larger δ opioid peptide agonists (DPDPE, deltorphin, etc.), the compounds according to the claimed invention have a much lower molecular weight and higher lipophilic character. Therefore, these compounds can be expected to cross the BBB after peripheral administration and to produce a centrally mediated analgesic effect. 
     Abbreviations 
     BBB=blood-brain barrier 
     Boc=tert-butoxycarbonyl 
     BW373U86=(±)-4-(a-R*)-a-(2S*,5R*)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide 
     DAMGO=H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe(N Me )-Gly-ol 
     Dmt=2&#39;,6&#39;-dimethyltyrosine ##STR100## DSLET=H-Tyr-D-Ser-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr-OH DTLET=H-Tyr-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr-OH 
     FAB-MS=fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry 
     GPI=guinea pig ileum 
     HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography 
     IBCF=isobutylchloroformate 
     MVD=mouse vas deferens 
     NMM=N-methylmorpholine 
     Ph=phenyl 
     SNC80=(+)-4-(a-R*)-a-(2S*,5R*)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzarnide 
     TAN-67=2-methyl-4α,α-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,12,12a.alpha.-octahydroquinolino[2,3,3-g]isoquinoline 
     TFA=trifluoroacetic acid 
     THF=tetrahydrofuran 
     Tic=1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 
     TLC=thin layer chromatography 
     U69,593=(5α,7α,8β)-(--)-N-methyl-[7-(pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4,5]dec-8-yl]benzeneacetamide