Abstract:
A method is disclosed of forming a powder metal compact. Powder metal is placed in an annular space of a compaction die tool set in which the annular space has inner and outer cylindrical surfaces that form inner and outer cylindrical surfaces of the powder metal compact. An elastomeric tool has a first cylindrical surface adjacent to a fixed cylindrical surface of the compaction die tool set that is radially fixed and further has a second cylindrical surface, opposite to the first cylindrical surface, that touches the powder metal. The powder metal is compressed to form the powder metal compact by applying an external axial force on the elastomeric tool while maintaining the diameter of the fixed cylindrical surface so as to cause the elastomeric tool to compress the second cylindrical surface of the elastomeric tool against the powder metal.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application represents the national stage application of International Application PCT/US2007/079198 filed 21 Sep. 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/826,615 filed Sep. 22, 2006 and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/957,606 filed Aug. 23, 2007, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     STATEMENT CONCERNING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to sintered powder metal manufacturing and in particular to a powder metal apparatus and method which can be used to manufacture components such as cylinder liners, or other devices having a high length to wall thickness ratio, and the powder metal components manufactured therefrom. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The use of sintered powder metal (PM) parts has accelerated in the recent past for components difficult to manufacture by other methods as PM components can offer a cost effective alternative to other metal formed components. Some advantages of powder metallurgy include lower costs, improved quality, increased productivity and greater design flexibility. These advantages are achieved in part because PM parts can be manufactured to net-shape or near-net shape which yields little material waste, and which in turn eliminates or minimizes machining. Other advantages of the PM manufacturing process and parts produced therefrom, particularly over other metal forming processes, include greater material flexibility including graded structures or composite metal, lighter weight of the parts, greater mechanical flexibility, reducing energy consumption and material waste in the manufacturing process, high dimensional accuracy of the part, good surface finish of the part, controlled porosity for self-lubrication or infiltration, increased strength and corrosion resistance of the component, and low emissions, among others. 
     Internal combustion engine manufacturers have sought more efficient, cost effective and viable ways to reduce cost and weight in engines without sacrificing performance and/or safety. One of the largest and most important components of the engine is the cylinder block. In the past, cylinder blocks had been formed from cast iron, which provided strength, durability and long service life. However, as can be appreciated, cast iron is quite heavy. Further, cast iron has a relatively poor thermal conductivity. Consequently, alternatives to cast iron cylinder blocks are sought. 
     One such alternative is to form the blocks from aluminum. Aluminum is very lightweight and has good thermal conductivity, each of which are desirable features in the engine industry. However, aluminum is relatively soft and easily scratched and thus does not provide the strength, durability and long service life required for use in a cylinder block, particularly with respect to the requirements of the cylinder bores in the block. Further, aluminum has a relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion compared to iron, which can increase blowby between a cylinder and piston during combustion at high operating temperatures, thereby increasing emissions. 
     As an alternative, engine manufacturers have used more wear resistant cylinder liners within the cylinder bores of an aluminum block. Cylinder liners are typically in-cast into aluminum engine blocks to provide improved wear resistance compared to the aluminum bore that is present without the liner. A cast iron, machined cylinder liner is typically used for engines that require a cylinder liner. However, these cast iron cylinder liners have a less than desirable mechanical bond with the aluminum engine block which leads to less than desirable heat transfer properties. Further, features are required on the outside of the cast iron cylinder liner to “lock” in place in the aluminum block, and these features can create an uneven heat transfer from the cast iron cylinder liner to the aluminum block, or undesirable voids or local hot spots can be created between the liner and the aluminum. Additionally, the alloys used in cast iron cylinder liners are not optimum relative to strength and stiffness, resulting in bore distortion during combustion, more blow-by and higher emissions. 
     The inherent porosity of a powder metal iron alloy part, when in-cast into an aluminum casting, allows the molten aluminum to infiltrate the matrix of the PM part to improve the bond between the surrounding aluminum and the PM part. Allowing penetration of the molten aluminum into the cylinder liner porosity also takes advantage of the desirable machinability of the impregnated PM matrix. Further, the alloys which can be used for a PM part allow for higher strength and stiffness when compared to a cast iron part. 
     Although PM technology has the potential of overcoming some of the problems with cast iron cylinder liners, production of PM cylinder liners by conventional axial compaction to net shape or near net shape has not been commercially feasible. One reason is that the high length to wall thickness ratio results in excessive difficulties filling the compaction die with metal powder. In addition, compacting from the ends of a part with a high aspect ratio results in an unacceptable density gradient along the length of the cylinder liner, and inadequate green strength of the compact. These problems can be somewhat overcome using cold isostatic compaction plus subsequent secondary manufacturing operations, but can be too costly in comparison with cast cylinder liners. 
     While the above discussion has been directed to cylinder liners, other devices having a high length to wall thickness ratio, such as bushings, and electric motor stators or armatures for example, have similar problems when attempting to produce these parts using powder metal technology. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a manufacturing apparatus and method which can be used to make cylinder liner compacts, or other component compacts having a high length to wall thickness ratio, out of powder metal, for subsequent sintering. 
     In one aspect, the invention provides a cylinder liner which has a powder metal composition formed into a cylinder, where the cylinder includes a wall thickness and a length, and a ratio of the length to the thickness is relatively high. The invention can also advantageously be applied to other PM components having a high aspect ratio. The higher the ratio, the more applicable is the invention, as the invention enables aspect ratios higher than 24:1, for example 50:1 in cylinder liners with little or no subsequent material removal by machining required of the side walls of the liner. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a powder metal component formed with an elastomeric (e.g., rubber or polyurethane) compaction die and an approximately rigid (e.g., steel) core rod such that the wall thickness has a density along its length that provides adequate green strength for subsequent ejection, handling, sintering and subsequent manufacturing processes. Alternatively, the core rod can be elastomeric and the die can be rigid, for example a steel die and a rubber or polyurethane core rod. Preferably, the density is relatively uniform along the length of the part. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides an internal combustion engine that has an engine block with at least one combustion cylinder liner of the invention. 
     In another aspect, an ejection punch can be made flush with the liner compact, i.e., of the same inside diameter and outside diameter of the cylinder liner, and a second lower punch used to relieve the pressing of the elastic die against the liner compact prior to ejecting the compact with the ejection punch. This helps to support the end of the compact against end cracking when the pressure on the elastic die is relieved. 
     In another aspect, the elastic die is compressed without substantial axial compression of the powder metal. A two piece upper punch is used to first seal the powder cavity, and then a second upper punch is used to axially compress the elastic die to radially compress the powder metal in the cavity. 
     In another aspect, collet sections are provided against the elastic die that compress the die radially when they are cammed against a mating collet, that is force axially onto the collet sections. The compression of the powder is substantially radial, with the powder metal being compressed by the elastic die to form the compact. 
     An advantage of the present invention is being able to make a low density powder metal cylinder liner (e.g., nominally 6.3 g/cc) improve the bond between the surrounding aluminum and the cylinder liner by allowing penetration of the molten aluminum into the cylinder liner PM matrix porosity. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is that the resulting improvement in bonding reduces or eliminates the need for outside diameter features, and improves uniformity of heat transfer from the combustion chamber to the surrounding aluminum. 
     Another advantage is that aluminum impregnated PM is quite machinable, which is an advantage when the engine block with the cylinder liners installed is machined. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is providing a powder metal component that has acceptable density, and preferably relatively uniform density, along the length of the wall from end to end. 
     The present invention provides the advantages discussed above relative to sintered powder metal component manufacture, and conversions of other metal devices to sintered powder metal components. 
     The foregoing and other advantages of the invention appear in the detailed description which follows. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings are not necessarily to scale or dimensionally accurate. Certain dimensions are increased or reduced and the length to wall thickness (aspect) ratio illustrated is less in  FIGS. 1-6  than what it would be in practice to better illustrate the invention. 
       In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an apparatus for the manufacture of a powder metal device according to the present invention, which includes a core rod, and a shaped elastic die configured to circumscribe the core rod, and illustrating the powder metal, die and rod prior to compaction; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , illustrating the powder metal, elastic die and rod during compaction; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the die of  FIG. 1 , which has a longer radius on the inner contour than the die of  FIGS. 1 and 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a powder metal component manufactured using the die of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an apparatus for the manufacture of a powder metal device according to the present invention, which includes a die and a shaped elastic core rod configured to fit within the die, and illustrating the powder metal, die and rod prior to compaction; 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , illustrating the powder metal, die and elastic rod during compaction; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a powder metal component according to the present invention, particularly a powder metal cylinder liner; 
         FIG. 8  is an end view of the powder metal component of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of detail  9 - 9  of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of detail  10 - 10  of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective, fragmentary view of an embodiment of an internal combustion engine according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 12A  is a cross-sectional view of an alternate compaction die set in a fill position; 
         FIG. 12B  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 12A  in a compact position; 
         FIG. 12C  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 12A  in a initial eject or relieved position; 
         FIG. 12D  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 12A  in an eject position; 
         FIG. 13A  is a cross-sectional view of another alternate compaction die set in a fill position; 
         FIG. 13B  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 13A  in a seal position; 
         FIG. 13C  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 13A  in a compact position; 
         FIG. 13D  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 13A  in an eject position; 
         FIG. 14A  is a cross-sectional view of an alternate compaction die set in a fill position; 
         FIG. 14B  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 14A  in a seal position; 
         FIG. 14C  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 14A  in a compact position; and 
         FIG. 14D  is a cross-sectional view of the compaction die set of  FIG. 14A  in an eject position. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , there is shown an apparatus  20  for manufacturing a cylinder liner  22 , which includes a core rod  24  made of a hard, incompressible material and a relatively softer and compressible shaped elastomeric die  26  configured to circumscribe core rod  24 . Apparatus  20  can include ram or punch  23 , support or punch  25 , and other elements as are required by a powder metal compaction operation. Alternatively, punch  25  could be provided with a hole like punch  23  to receive rod  24 , and both punches  23  and  25  can be moved toward one another simultaneously when compacting the powder metal  34 . For simplicity, the force  30  is illustrated as applied to only punch  23  and punch  25  acting as a stationary support. 
     Shaped elastic die  26  can be made of elastomeric material such as a polyurethane. The polyurethane, or other elastomeric material, can be somewhat firm, for example with a Shore A durometer between 60-95. More specifically, the polyurethane, or other elastomeric material, can have approximately Shore 90 A durometer. Shaped elastic die  26  has an inner contour  28  wherein a longitudinal load  30  on shaped elastic die  26  simultaneously compresses shaped elastic die  26  and deforms inner contour  28 , such that the longitudinal center of the elastic die  26  gets thicker faster than its ends, i.e., the walls of the die bulge more in the middle than at the ends. The particular shape, hardness, and compressibility or “bulge factor” required to yield a particular shape of cylinder liner  34  will be empirically determined for each application. The contoured surface of the tool compensates for variations in how the tool expands radially during compression of the tool, to yield a part that is near to the desired shape. In the embodiment of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , core rod  24  has an outer cylindrical shape  32 , and inner contour  28  is longitudinally concave of a certain radius, i.e., inner surface  28  is barrel-shaped. Contour  28  can be other shapes, depending on the exterior shape desired for the liner  22 , such as elliptical, hyperbolic, parabolic, some combination thereof, or other complex curvatures or geometries. As used herein, an elastomeric tool, die or core rod means a tool, die or core rod made predominantly of a solid elastomer such that axial compression of the elastomer causes the sides of the tool die or core rod to bulge, and does not include a liquid filled bag or bladder, even if the bag or bladder containing the liquid and the liquid are elastomers. Conceivably however, an elastomeric tool, die or core rod used in the present invention could include hard parts, such as metal or plastic. 
     Core rod  24  can be a relatively rigid, hard and incompressible metallic rod made of tool steel, or other metals, for example. The core rod  24  provides a hard outer surface  32  that the PM  34  is pressed radially against by the inward bulging of the die  26  simultaneous with the axial compression of the PM directly by the punches  23  and  25 . 
     In a conventional powder metal compaction operation, the die would not have a shaped inner contour, and would also be made of a rigid material, such as tool steel. Further, in a conventional powder metal compaction operation, for a part with a high aspect ratio, there would typically be density variations in the wall of the part along the length, with higher densities at the ends than at the middle of the part. 
     In contrast, ram  23  of apparatus  20  simultaneously compresses shaped elastic die  26  and powder metal composition  34 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . The force of inner contour  28  on PM composition  34  tends to act normal to the surface of inner contour  28 , not considering shear forces. As can be seen in  FIG. 1 , there tends to be an initial downward but generally radially directed force at the upper end and an initial upward force but generally radially directed force at the lower end of elastic die  26 , which forces act on powder metal composition  34  to counteract the tendency of over densification of the ends of powder metal compact  22 , which density variation would occur with conventional powder metal techniques that only compress axially (longitudinally). 
     As ram  23  simultaneously compresses shaped elastic die  26  and powder metal composition  34 , shaped elastic die  26  deforms by bulging inward to apply radial forces  36  to composition  34  to help create and maintain a more uniform density along the length of green powder metal compact  22  from end to end. 
     In  FIGS. 3 and 4 , shaped elastic die  40  is depicted, which can be used in place of shaped elastic die  26  in apparatus  20 . The curvature of die  40  is less than that of die  26 , or in other words contour  42  is of a longer radius than contour  28 , so the barrel-shape is less bulging or pronounced. The resulting powder metal compact  44 , which can be prepared using apparatus  20  with shaped elastic die  40  in place of shaped elastic die  26 , can include an outer contour  46  which has an hourglass type cross-section. This can be advantageous in the manufacture of powder metal cylinder liners because the hourglass shape can help constrain the cylinder liner in place when being in-cast with an aluminum engine block. The shaped elastic die can be configured in a multitude of different shapes as required by the net shape of the particular powder metal component being produced. The phantom lines in  FIGS. 3 and 4  are the comparative inner contour  28  of shaped elastic die  26 , and outer contour of cylinder liner  22 , respectively. 
     Powder metal composition  34  can include approximately between 85% and 99% sponge iron powder, approximately between 0.1% and 2.0% graphite, and approximately between 0.1% and 2.0% a synthetic wax such as ethylene bis-stearamide wax (synonymous with N, N′ ethylene bis-stearamide; N, N′ distearoylethyelendiamine; EBS). More specifically, powder metal composition  34  can include approximately 98.1% sponge iron powder, approximately 0.9% graphite, and approximately 1.0% ethylene bis-stearamide wax. Sponge iron powder results from the direct reduction of high grade magnetite iron ore. This process results in spongy particles (as viewed in photomicrographs, for example) which have good compressibility, exceptionally good green strength and produces parts with good edge integrity. Ancor MH-100 is an example of such a sponge iron powder. 
     The synthetic wax powder is used as a lubricant and binder for the compaction of powdered metal parts, such as Acrawax® lubricant. The graphite is a high quality powder graphite for sintering and alloy control, such as Asbury 3203 graphite. Powder metal composition  34  can additionally include up to 0.5% phosphorus. 
     Powder metal cylinder liner  22  consequently has a relatively uniform density along length  48  of the cylinder.  FIG. 7  shows the sintered and machined cylinder liner. The density can be approximately between 5.8 g/cm 3  and 6.8 g/cm 3 , and more specifically, the density is approximately 6.3 g/cm 3 . Thickness  50  can be less than approximately 0.20 inches after machining. Prior to machining the inside diameter, the wall thickness  50  may be, for example, 0.375 inches, and the machining operation may remove 0.020 from the wall thickness for a total increase in the inside diameter of 0.040. The cylinder liner  22  green compact, as it comes out of one of the dies of  FIGS. 1-6 , can have a ratio of length  48  to thickness  50  greater than 10, particularly greater than 15, or even greater than 24. For example, the cylinder liner  22  green compact with a length  48  of approximately 5.5 inches and a thickness  50  of approximately 0.375 inches results in an aspect ratio of approximately 14.7. With this liner, perhaps 0.200 would be machined off to produce a final wall thickness of 0.175. However, it is contemplated that the invention could be applied to produce a cylinder liner with an aspect ratio greater than 24:1, and equal to or maybe even greater than 50:1. At an aspect ratio of 50:1, the cylinder liner could be compacted and sintered to its finished wall thickness, with little or no subsequent material removal by machining (prior to casting it into the cylinder) required to reach a final wall thickness of 0.11. Even an aspect ratio of 24:1 yields a wall thickness of 0.23, which yields a substantial reduction in machining. 
     The green compact powder metal cylinder liner  22  typically requires sintering at an elevated temperature to strengthen it, as is well known, and some machining to create the features shown in  FIGS. 8-10 . It&#39;s possible however that the sintered part could be made so near net shape that the machining step prior to in-casting could be eliminated, with the only machining being done after the sintered PM liner  22  is cast into the engine block. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an internal combustion engine  52  according to the present invention which includes an engine block  54  with at least one combustion cylinder bore  56  having therein piston  58 , and at least one cylinder liner  22 . Internal combustion engine  52  can include other elements such as a fuel system, crankshaft, lubrication system, cooling system and other elements as are known. As stated, the cylinder bore defined by cylinder liner  22 , the aluminum that impregnates it and the surrounding aluminum of the block may require additional machining after the liner is cast into the engine block  54 . The aluminum impregnated PM matrix of the liner provides a material with good machinability for those processes. 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 5 and 6 , there is disclosed an apparatus  60  for manufacturing a cylinder liner or other powder metal component  62 , which includes a die  64  and a shaped elastic core rod  66  configured to fit within die  64 . The elastic core rod  66  has an outer surface  68  shaped like an apple core or reverse barrel, flaring outwardly at the ends and tapering toward the middle. A longitudinal load  70  placed on shaped elastic core rod  66  causes surface  68  to bulge outwardly into a generally cylindrical shape as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , to exert radial forces on PM  34  in the space between rod  66  and die  63 . 
     Shaped elastic core rod  66  can be made of the same, or similar, material as has been described for shaped elastic die  26 , and having the same, or similar, characteristics. Further, powder metal component  62  can be made of the same, or similar, powder metal composition as has been described for cylinder liner  22 , and having the same, or similar, characteristics. 
     Apparatus  60  includes press elements  72  and ram  74 , wherein apparatus  60  compresses elastomeric core rod  66  and powder metal composition  34  in the longitudinal direction; and deforms elastomeric core rod  66  in radial direction  76  to compress it against the relatively harder surface  63  simultaneous with the axial pressure exerted directly on the PM  34  by punches  72  and  74 . Apparatus  60  additionally includes pin  78  to help keep elastomeric core rod  66  straight and centered during compaction. 
     As has been previously described for shaped elastic die  26 , elastomeric core rod  66 , and particularly outer contour  68 , can have a variety of geometries as dictated by the required shape of the powder metal component being manufactured. 
     The finish of the surface of the liner  22 ,  44  or  62  is affected by the material of the surface that is used to compress it. Hard surfaces, such as the surface  32  of the steel core rod  24  and the inner surface  63  of the steel die  64  produce a surface with a more polished or glossy finish, and the relatively softer surfaces  28  and  68  of the respective rubber die  26  or core rod  66  produce a surface with more of a matte finish. The matte finish is preferred for the outer surface of the liner, as it presents a surface that is more penetrable by the molten aluminum of the engine block and the polished surface is less penetrable by it. The polished surface is preferred for the bore surface for wear resistance (if not machined) and because it is less penetrable by molten aluminum. These finishes are produced by using the elastomeric die and hard core rod embodiments of  FIGS. 1-4 , and therefore is presently preferred if finish type is deemed important. However, interests in manufacturability may favor the embodiment of  FIGS. 5-6  because with that embodiment the area that the elastomer rubs (the outside of pin  78 ) on relaxation of the die is less than the area (the inside surface of steel die  27 ) in  FIGS. 1-4 , which may adversely affect the life of the elastomer parts of the tool set. 
     The matte finish is produced by an elastomeric die with a smooth surface. In addition, the surface of the die can be textured, with ribs, grooves, bumps, or other textures which will produce the inverse of the texture in the finished part, and these textures in the outside diameter surface of the liner can be beneficial to help lock the liner in the cylinder when it is cast into the cylinder and the molten aluminum fills the small crevasses creating by the textures. The textures must be low enough in height so that when the pressure on the die is relieved, the textures pull away from the compact far enough so the compact can be ejected without interference with the textures. 
     While a uniform density distribution throughout the length of the part being compacted would typically be the goal, the invention could permit customizing the shape of the elastomeric tool of the tool set to provide any desired density distribution throughout the length of the part being compacted. By shaping the elastomeric tool appropriately or making it out of elastomeric materials of different compressibilities to vary how much the material bulges for a given axial load, more or less radial force can be exerted, thereby increasing or decreasing the density locally along the surface of the elastomeric tool. For example, the material of the elastomeric tool in the middle of the tool could be made softer and more compressible than the material at the ends, to make the middle of the PM part of higher density than the ends. Combining using materials of different compressibilities with different shapes of the tool allows engineering the shape and the density distribution of the PM component. In addition, it may be possible to create an elastomeric compressing tool of a material of a uniform compressibility but that reacts differently locally by creating voids, such as holes, grooves or slots, in the elastomer material, to make it change shape differently or push with more or less force on the PM in a local area than if the elastomer tool was solid with no voids all of the way through. The voids could also be filled with a material of a different compressibility or bulge factor. Also, since the elastomer tool will pull radially away from the PM part when pressure is relieved from the tool set, it is possible to form undercuts in PM parts using the invention, as indicated in  FIG. 4  with the liner  44  having mushroomed or flared ends on its outer surface. 
     One of the difficulties that can occur in using an elastomeric tool is that it stores energy and can be damaged as it flows around corners in the die during the compaction process. When pressure is relieved on the elastomeric tool at the end of a compaction of a cylinder liner, in preparation to eject the green compact cylinder liner, the elastomeric tool may expand axially faster than it pulls away from the green compact radially, resulting in cracking of the ends of the compact. 
       FIGS. 12A-D  illustrate a solution to the cracking ends problem, shown applied to embodiment, like  FIG. 1  of the present invention, in which the elastomeric component in the die set is an elastomeric die  126 . In this embodiment, for corresponding elements the same reference numbers are used as in  FIG. 1 , plus 100. The elastomeric die  126  is not shown as having any curved cross-sectional shapes, but it could be so shaped. 
       FIG. 12A  illustrates the fill position of the die set, in which powder metal is filled into the annular space  101  between the inside diameter of the elastomeric die  126  and the outside of the hard tool steel core rod  124 . All of the punches, core rod and powder are received in die  127 . The bottom punch  125  is in two pieces  125 A and  125 B. The inner punch  125 A has the same inside and outside diameters as the compacted cylinder liner compact  122  at the bottom of the compact  122 . These are preferably the preferred nominal dimensions of the compact. The outer punch  125 B extends in thickness from the outside of punch  125 A to the inside diameter of the bore in the die  127  in which the die set resides. The powder fill void  101  spans all of the inner punch  125 A and part of the outer punch  125 B. 
     During the compaction process as shown in  FIG. 12B , The upper punch  123  moves down to compress the powder  122  and the elastomeric component  126 . The two lower punches  125 A and  125 B can also move up together and/or the die  127  can float to equalize the compaction forces of the upper and lower punches. When the compaction is complete as shown in  FIGS. 12B-D , the compacted powder is no longer over the lower outer punch  125 B. 
     Next while the upper punch  123  is held in place the lower outer punch  125 B is lowered as illustrated in  FIG. 12C  to release the energy in the rubber die component  126 . If there is a small amount of powder material over the lower outer punch  125 B it will be sheared off as the lower outer punch  125 B is lowered. 
     Lastly, as illustrated in  FIG. 12D , the upper punch  123  moves up and the lower inner punch  125 A ejects the compacted sleeve  122 . The lower outer punch  125 B can eject the rubber die component  126  at this point. 
     Alternatively, the upper punch  123  could be made in two pieces like the lower punch, with the inner punch of the size of the compacted sleeve  122 , and after compaction, pressure on the elastomeric die component  126  relieved from both ends simultaneously. Alternatively, only the top punch could be two piece and pressure relieved from that end only after compaction. 
     This idea is shown with the elastomeric die component on the OD of the compact but the idea could also be applied to a die set with the elastomeric die component on the ID of the compact. 
     In another embodiment, illustrated in  FIGS. 13A-D , an arrangement that may appear similar to  FIGS. 12A-D  is illustrated, but with changes. In this embodiment, corresponding elements to the embodiment of  FIG. 1  are labeled with the same reference numbers plus 200. 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 13A-D , both of the upper  223  and lower  225  punches are two piece, none of the punches is the same size as the compacted sleeve  222  (although one or both of the punches  223 A,  225 A that contact the ends of the sleeve compact could be) and a different way to obtain even compaction without end cracking is employed. In this embodiment, only the elastomeric component, not the powder, is compacted axially to a significant extent. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13A , powder metal is filled into the annular space  201  between core rod  224  and elastomeric die  226 . As illustrated in  FIG. 13B , upper punch  223  is then lowered and outer punch  223 B is stopped at the top of elastomeric die  226  with only slight pressure exerted. Inner punch  223 A is moved into the top of void  201  to seal the top, down to the height of the compacted sleeve  222 , with no or only little pressure applied to the powder in the void  201  by the punch  223 A. Referring to  FIG. 13C , pressure is then applied to the elastomeric die  226  by moving the outer punch  223 B further down, while the inner punch  223 A is kept stopped. This results in the compression of the powder in the void  201  being almost totally radial in direction, and the punch  223  residing at the top of the elastomeric component  226  during compaction to help offset any bulging of the top of the elastomeric component. 
     The lower punch  225 A could be partially inserted into the bottom of the elastomeric component  226 , like the punch  223 A is inserted into the top, to create a seal and resist bulging at the ends of the sleeve compact  222 . Although the component  226  is not illustrated as being shaped with any curves or surface features, it could be. 
     After compaction, the outer punches  223 B and  225 B are moved apart, either one or both of them, to relieve the pressure on the elastomeric die  226  and cause it to pull away from the sides of the compact  222 . The top inner punch  223 A (and the outer punch  223 B if not already withdrawn) is then withdrawn and bottom inner punch  225 A is extended upwardly to eject the sleeve compact  222 , as illustrated in  FIG. 13D . 
     Another way to compress the compact radially with little or minimal axial compaction is to use a collet, as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A-D . In this embodiment, corresponding elements to the embodiment of  FIG. 1  are labeled with the same reference numbers plus 300. 
     In the embodiment  320  of  FIGS. 14A-D , powder metal is placed in the void  301 , between elastomeric die  326  and core rod  324 , and outside of die  326 , collet sections  331  supported by lower punch  325 B have wedge shaped frusto-conical surfaces  333  of an angle that mates with frusto-conical surface  337  of collet  329 . The collet sections  331  have small spaces between them so that when collet  329  is forced down axially by the press over the sections  333 , the sections  331  are cammed radially inward to squeeze the die  326  radially and thereby compact the sleeve  322  radially against the core rod  324 . The connection of the sections  331  to the punch  325 B permits the sections  331  to move radially inward under force of the collet  329 , and restrains them from falling out of position when the collet  329  is withdrawn from them. 
       FIG. 14A  illustrates the fill position in which powder metal for making sleeve  322  in filled into the void  301 .  FIG. 14B  illustrates a seal position, in which the upper punch  323  has been moved down to cover the void  301  and seal it. The upper punch  323  may press against the top of the core rod  324  and the elastomer die  326  somewhat to seal the compression chamber  301 . As illustrated in  FIG. 14C , further movement of the collet  329  downward (under force of the press) into the space between the collet sections  331  and the sleeve  339  cams the sections  331  radially inwardly, which compresses the elastomer die  326  to compact the powder metal  322  between the die  326  and the core rod  324 . 
     The die  326  as illustrated is not shaped as are the dies of  FIGS. 1 and 5 , although it could be. Also the invention could be applied to a collet that contracts radially during compaction as illustrated, compressing against an exterior cylindrical surface of the elastomer component  326 , or could be applied to a collet that expands radially during compaction by reversing the parts. Also, the lower punch  325 A an  FIGS. 14A-D  is not the same inside diameter and outside diameter as the compacted sleeve  222 , although it could be. 
     In all of the embodiments described above, the elastomeric die component, or tool, is made of a solid elastomeric material. This means that the elastomeric tool can have voids, undercuts or holes, but it is not hollow or filled with anything, such as with a fluid. For example, a bladder filled with a hydraulic fluid would not be considered a solid elastomeric tool or die component, even if the skin of the bladder is made of an elastomer. 
     A preferred embodiment of the invention has been described in considerable detail. Many modifications and variations to the preferred embodiment described will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described.