Abstract:
A vehicle uses a plurality of momentum generators to accelerate. The momentum generator may comprise an arm bearing weights that may be mounted to a frame and arranged to pivot in circular motion. A power source rotates the arm which encounters a stop before rotating half of a full turn. The power source may act continually on the arm, with the arm being released to rotate by a detent mechanism. Momentum of the arm and weights is transferred by the stop to the frame. Direction of rotation is selected to move the frame in a predetermined direction. The vehicle may be wheeled or may be flight capable. If flight capable, the vehicle may have a primary power source such as a rocket motor, with the momentum generators being disposed to increase velocity beyond that produced by the rocket motor. Momentum generators are preferably provided in pairs arranged in mirror image opposition so that operation does not impose unbalanced forces on the vehicle.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/781,753, filed Mar. 1, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates in general to powered vehicles, and more particularly, to vehicles wherein momentum devices provide either the sole power or supplementary power for motion. 
     Powered vehicles have traditionally had combustion based or electric rotary motors. This holds true for both surface transportation vehicles, such as automobiles and boats, and also for aircraft, including rockets and missiles. While traditional power plants are operable, there is a need to increase velocity beyond that attainable by traditional power plants. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a momentum based thrust or acceleration type device. The acceleration type device is of the type that rotates about an axis and transfers its momentum to an associated vehicle upon striking an interference member. The acceleration type device comprises a pair of arms that is rotatably fixed in relation to the vehicle, and is accelerated under the influence of a power source. The power source may be a hydraulic power source that imposes force against the arms, to cause the arms to accelerate in a circular motion and strike the interference member. As an alternative, the power source may comprise a motor, such as an electric motor, or other suitable source, including but not limited to a spring force. Transfer of momentum from the rotating arms to the vehicle through the interference members will then propel the vehicle into motion. 
     Preferably, such arms are provided in pairs, with arms disposed in mirror opposition to one another, and impact the interference members at a forward angle that is about 120 degrees in relation to each other. This arrangement reduces unbalanced forces that could otherwise be imposed on the vehicle. 
     The vehicle may be a wheeled ground vehicle, a boat, an aircraft that relies on aerodynamic lift, and which may include a rocket or missile, or still some other movable vehicle. 
     Various advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, when read in light of the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various features and attendant advantages of the invention will become more fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic top plan view of an implementation of a vehicle according to at least one aspect of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic side elevational detail view of the vehicle of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic top plan view of another vehicle according to another aspect of the invention in an initial or cocked position. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic top plan view of the vehicle of  FIG. 3  in a final or fired position. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic top plan view of another vehicle according to yet another aspect of the invention in an initial or cocked position. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic top plan view of the vehicle of  FIG. 5  in a final or fired position. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic side elevational detail view of another vehicle according to at least one further aspect of the invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic side elevational view of still another vehicle according to at least one further aspect of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic side elevational view of the vehicle of  FIG. 1  against a backstop. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagrammatic side elevational view of the vehicle of  FIG. 1  against a backstop with gravity assist. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagrammatic side elevational view of another vehicle according to at least one further aspect of the invention against a backstop. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagrammatic side elevational view of another vehicle according to at least one further aspect of the invention against a backstop. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to the drawings, there is illustrated in  FIG. 1  an exemplary device for demonstration purposes. This device is capable of moving and being accelerated according to the principles of the invention. The device illustrated in  FIG. 1  takes the form of a wheeled vehicle  100  comprising a frame  102  supported by a plurality of wheels  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 , and two impact generators  112 ,  114 . It will be understood that the wheels  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110  are mounted for rotation on suitable axles (shown but not referenced) enabling the wheels  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110  to rotate in a manner enabling the wheeled vehicle  100  to roll in a conventional manner along a supporting surface (not shown). The impact generators  112 ,  114  generate momentum that is transferred to the frame  102  to cause the wheeled vehicle  100  to roll, as will be described herein below. The direction of motion of the wheeled vehicle  100  would be in a direction to the left when viewing  FIG. 1 . 
     It should be noted at this point that orientation terms are with reference to the drawings, and could obviously change with changes in the position or orientation of the device. The drawing figures depict their subject matter in orientations of normal use, which could obviously change with changes in device position or orientation. Therefore, orientation terms should be understood to provide semantic basis for purposes of this description, and are not intended to limit the invention or its component parts in any particular way. 
     As shown in the drawings, the frame  102  may be comprised of a relatively flat or planer platform. Regardless of its actual configuration, which may vary from the flat platform shown, the frame  102  will be understood to provide a structural element or support to which other components of the wheeled vehicle  100  may be sturdily mounted and suitably supported to perform as described herein. 
     It should be understood that the wheeled vehicle  100  illustrated is a relatively small scale vehicle intended for purposes of demonstration. The wheeled vehicle  100  may be sufficiently small as to be hand held or carried readily by hand by an ordinary person. Of course, as will be explained hereinafter, devices that utilize the novel principles may be built to greater scale, and may also have supplementary propulsive power plants of power sources, as will become apparent in the description that follows. 
     In a device, such as the wheeled vehicle  100  shown, the impact generators  112 ,  114  may be disposed to rotate through a plane that is substantially parallel to the frame or environmental surface. Of course, other orientations of rotation and/or impact are possible. 
     The basic principle of operation of the impact generators  112 ,  114  is as follows. The impact generator  112  comprises an arm  116  having a proximal end  118  that is mounted to the frame  102  in a manner enabling the arm  116  to rotate about an axis, the axis being represented by a pivot, such as an axle  120 . The actual axis is represented in  FIG. 2  by a broken projection line (shown but not referenced). It should be understood that the axle  120 , shown only in end view in  FIG. 1 , may be suitably journaled within the frame  102  to enable operation as described herein. The arm  116  may have a distal end  122 , which is weighted, such as by having at least one weight affixed thereto. As illustrated, two weights  124 ,  126  are provided, and are mounted on the arm  116  not literally at the very end, but rather proximate the distal end  122 . It should be appreciated that weight may be carried or otherwise supported at or proximate the distal end  122  of the arm  116 . Although two weights  124 ,  126  are shown, any number of weights may be employed. It would also be possible to fashion the arm  116  from a material of sufficient mass or distribution of mass such that discrete weights, such as the weights  124 ,  126 , are not necessary. 
     The impact generator  112  is shown in an initial position in broken lines in  FIG. 1 . When allowed to rotate about the axle  120 , the arm  116  will rotate into a final position shown in solid lines. An arrow  128  indicates swing or limited rotation of the arm  116 . As depicted, swing or limited rotation may encompass an angle of 120 degrees between the initial and final positions of the arm  116 . It will be understood that swing or rotation is limited in the final position by a stop  130 , which intercepts and interferes with the arm  116  as the arm  116  rotates from the initial position to the final position. The stop  130  is solidly fixed to the frame  102 . Preferably, and although not shown, a limiting or restraining structure is provided to limit rotation of the arm  116  (to the right when viewing  FIG. 1 ) as indicated by the arrow  128  beyond the initial position (shown in broken lines). 
     When the arm  116  rotates from the initial position to the final position, the stop  130  arrests rotational movement of the impact generator  112  about the axis represented by the axle  120 , and transfers momentum from the formerly moving impact generator  112  to the frame  102 . The frame and hence, the entire wheeled vehicle  100  accelerate along a path of travel responsively to this transfer of momentum. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the impact generator  114  has a similar construction to the impact generator  112 , but is oriented in mirror image opposition. It should be clearly understood that the impact generators  112 ,  114  are disposed in pairs, each of which rotates about its respective axis, such as that provided by the axle  120 , in a direction opposite the direction of the other impact generator of the pair. 
     As clearly illustrated, the arms  116  move in opposing directions in relation to one another, and the forces thereof are in equal and opposite directions. The arms  116  move out and around in a circular motion and impact the stop  130 . In the preferred embodiment, the arms  116  rotate to a final position, at a forward angle of about 120 degrees in relation to each other. The transfer of momentum on impact with the stop  130  results in forward acceleration, in the forward direction of the impact of the arms  116 . The device will maintain a constant velocity with each successive impact. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , and using the impact generator  112  illustratively representing both of the impact generators  112  and  114 , the power source may comprise a spring, such as a coil spring  134 , which may be wound about the axle  120 . The coil spring  134  may be anchored at one end, such as by passing one end thereof through a hole (not visible in  FIG. 2 ) formed in the axle  120 , and at the other end by a finger  136  that may restrain the other end of the coil spring  134  against escape from an operable position. For example, the finger  136  may be sturdily fixed to the frame  102 . 
     The type of power source represented by the coil spring  134  applies force to the arm  116 , urges the arm  116  to rotate in the direction shown by the arrow  128  in  FIG. 1 . The arm  116  may be inhibited from rotation by a suitable release feature that, when operated, is disposed to free the arm  116  and hence, its associated impact generator  112 , to rotate about its respective axis (represented by the axle  120 ) responsive to the force applied by the coil spring  134 . 
     An exemplary release is shown diagrammatically in  FIG. 2 . A U-shaped member  138  may in an initial position (shown in solid lines), projecting into engagement with the arm  116  and preventing the arm  116  from rotating. When the U-shaped member  138  is depressed (downwardly, from above, when viewing  FIG. 2 ), and is thus forced into a released position (shown in broken lines), the U-shaped member  138  disengages from the arm  116 , which the arm  116  is thus released to rotate responsively to spring force provided by the coil spring  134 . The U-shaped member  138 , which will be understood to be suitably mounted to and supported by the frame  102 , may have an enlarged head  140  to facilitate engagement by the hand of a human user (not shown). 
     Any suitable power source may be used to rotate the impact generators  112 ,  114 . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in a small-scale vehicle, the impact generators  112 ,  114  may rotate about their respective axes represented by axles  120 ,  132  responsively to one or more elastic bands  133 ,  135  (e.g., rubber bands), which may be stretched between the arm  116  of each impact generator  112 ,  114  and some point fixed in relation to the frame  102  to cause the arms  116  to rotate from the initial position, shown in  FIG. 3 , toward the stop  130  so as to strike the stop  130 , shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     Alternatively, elastic bands may be stretched between two fixed points in relation to the frame  102 . As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the bands  133 ,  135  are stretched from the stop  130  equidistantly to a point remote from the stop  130 . The bands are located inward of the arms  116 . The arms  116  may move to an initial or cocked position, shown in  FIG. 5 , wherein the bands are further stretched so that the arms  116  are loaded or ready to fire. Upon firing the arms  116 , the bands move the arms  116  outward, in equal and opposite directions, in a circular motion, and then forward into contact with the stop  130 , at a 120-degree forward angle, as shown in  FIG. 6 , wherein momentum of the arms  116  is transferred to the vehicle, causing the vehicle to move in a forward direction. After being fired, the arms  116  can be cocked and fired again. 
     An exemplary small scale prototype vehicle weighs about one and one-quarter pounds. Each arm has attached thereto four ounces of lead weight (i.e., four one-ounce bullet fishing weights), totaling eight ounces (one-half pound). Upon release of the arms, elastic bands (eleven for each arm) move the weighted arms from the initial cocked position into impact with the stop, causing movement of the one and one-quarter pound vehicle, 15-20 feet. With a minimal shove (representing the assist of a thrust motor), to eliminate the weight of the vehicle, the vehicle moves much farther, 50-55 feet. 
     It should also be appreciated that the invention may be implemented at any scale conceivable, including large-scale vehicles with suitable power sources. For example, it may be feasible to utilize hydraulic pressure to rotate impact generators corresponding to the impact generators  112 ,  114 .  FIG. 7  shows a vehicle  200 , not shown in its entirety, which may substantially correspond to the wheeled vehicle  100  in function and apart from the following specific details, and which may correspond in structure. The vehicle  200  may have an impact generator  212  mounted to a frame  202  by an axle  220 . The axle  220  may comprise a lever arm  250 . In the view of  FIG. 7 , the lever arm  250  is seen only in end, and will be understood to project in a direction towards the observer, although other directions may be suitable for carrying out the invention. A piston or ram  252  of a hydraulic cylinder  254  may engage the lever arm  250  and apply force developed by hydraulic pressure within the hydraulic cylinder  254  thereto. The hydraulic cylinder  254  is understood to comprise a conventional hydraulic cylinder, wherein the piston  252  is reciprocatingly disposed within the hydraulic cylinder  254 , and moves responsively to hydraulic pressure exerted on a fluid that has been introduced into the hydraulic cylinder  254 . Pressure may be developed from a motor and pump combination, for example, or from a pressurized accumulator in another example (neither example is shown). Both examples may be conventional in nature. A return feature functional to return the piston of the hydraulic cylinder  254 , such as a return spring or an arrangement utilizing a fluid pressure pulse or signal (these options are not shown) may be incorporated into the system using the hydraulic cylinder  254 . 
     The vehicle  200  may be different from the wheeled vehicle  100  in any number of ways. Whereas the wheeled vehicle  100  has been presented in uncomplicated terms merely to facilitate explanation of operating principles, it will be recognized that larger implementations of the invention, such as the vehicle  200 , may offer utilitarian functions going beyond mere demonstration of operation as provided by the wheeled vehicle  100 . In such larger implementations, the frame of the associated vehicle, such as the frame  202  of the vehicle  200 , may comprise a chassis, frame, or body of a land vehicle, the hull of a boat, whether buoyant or capable of operating as a submarine, or even a fuselage or body of an aircraft that utilizes aerodynamic lift, and which may include a rocket or missile. 
     It should be appreciated that the arm  250  could be repeatedly returned back to the initial position, like the arm  116  shown in broken lines in  FIG. 1 , and moved to the final position, like the arm  116  shown in solid lines in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 8  shows an example of another implementation of the invention. A flight capable vehicle in the form of a missile  300  may comprise a structurally sturdy platform or frame  302  to which is mounted a rocket or thrust motor  360  in addition to at least one pair of impact generators  312 ,  314 . The thrust motor  360  may be a single thrust motor or may represent plural such motors, and is disposed to cause the missile  300  to fly or move through the atmosphere or space under its own power, although use of the term flight does not necessarily imply reliance on lift. Although not shown to the same degree of detail as the impact generators  112 ,  114  of  FIG. 1 , the impact generators  312 ,  314  will be understood to comprise corresponding structure as necessary to enable the impact generators  112 ,  114  to perform as described herein, and may be moved via hydraulic cylinders, such as the hydraulic cylinder  254  shown in  FIG. 7 . The impact generators  312 ,  314  are used in conjunction with one or more thrust motors  360 . The impact generators  312 ,  314  are disposed to increase the velocity of the flight capable vehicle  300 . 
     In this embodiment, force is provided by thrust of the thrust motor  360 . Resistance is provided by the weight of the missile  300 . There is no recoil. The thrust motor  360  is operable to give the vehicle initial velocity. More particular, it is operable to render the missile  300  airborne, and up to escape velocity (i.e., 25,000 mph), rendering the missile  300  weightless, or cancelling the weight factor (i.e., eliminating resistance caused by the weight of the missile  300 ), reducing the resistance of the impact of the impact generators  312 ,  314 , which can impact the stop  330  at full force, so that the impact generators  312 ,  314  can be operated to increase the velocity beyond that of the thrust motor  360 . 
     As stated above, the impact generators  312 ,  314  may be moved by hydraulic cylinders, like the hydraulic cylinder  254  shown in  FIG. 7  and described above. Each hydraulic cylinder may be capable of producing tons of hydraulic pressure. The thrust exerted by the thrust motor  360  is measured in pounds per inch, and the thrust exerted by the impact generators  312 ,  314  is measured in tons per inch. The impact generators  312 ,  314 , under a tremendous amount of hydraulic pressure, can push the missile  300  forward with a tremendous amount of force. For example, the pressure or force of a hydraulic cylinder can be in the order of 10 tons per square inch, or as high as 24,000 pounds, or 12 tons, per square inch, or even as high as 60,000 pounds, or 30 tons, per square inch. For purposes of example, using a low-end hydraulic cylinder, having a pressure of force in the order of 10 tons per square inch, in an area six inches long and ten inches deep, the resultant hydraulic force is 600 tons. An arm that is four feet in length, having a weight at the end there that is 1,000 pounds (i.e., one-half ton) will produce a tremendous centrifugal force, measured in tons, and resulting in an unprecedented velocity. 
     It should be clearly understood that the impact generators  312 ,  314  are intended to be moved with a tremendous amount of hydraulic force. The arms are moved in opposite directions of one another, out and around in a circular motion to impact the stop  330  (i.e., at a 120-degree angle with respect to each other) forward of the stop  330 . Transfer momentum on impact with the stop  330  results in forward acceleration (i.e., in a direction forward of the impact), causing the missile  300  to accelerate in a forward direction, forward of the impact. The power source for moving the impact generators  312 ,  314  can be powered by electricity, which could be nuclear electricity. That is to say, the power source can be an electric hydraulic power source. 
     The present invention is susceptible to variations and modifications that may be introduced thereto without departing from the novel principles. For example, while the stop is depicted as a single member, individual corresponding stops (not shown) may be provided for each impact generator. 
     Also, the amount of swing or rotation of impact generators may vary from 120 degrees, being either more or less in magnitude. However, it should be appreciated that with a suitable power source (e.g., hydraulic cylinders), a tremendous amount of centrifugal force (e.g., tons of centrifugal force) is generated by each opposing impact generator. The force of each impact generator is substantially equal and opposite to the force of the other impact generator. Upon impact of the impact generators with the stop, at an angle of about 120 degrees, which is a forward angle, measured between the impact generators, the force of momentum of the impact generators is transferred to the stop, and thus to the vehicle, in a forward direction, resulting in forward acceleration of the vehicle in a direction of impact, and with force much greater than the force of thrust motors. 
     It should be clear that the arms are initially moved straight out in opposite directions of one another, then out and around in a circular motion, only briefly, for 90 degrees out of 120 degrees of movement, and the force on the arms is tremendous, so that backward force on the frame, and thus recoil, is negligible. Recoil is limited to the 90-degree movement of the arms, then the arms, upon impact with the stop, force the vehicle forward, straight along a linear path, cancelling any recoil. 
     Further, it should be clear that, in the initial (i.e., cocked) position, the arms are side-by-side or parallel to each other, ready to be fired. When fired, simultaneously, the arms are fired off at a 90-degree angle, in equal and opposite directions to one another. Opposing forces cancel due to the weighted arms firing in opposite directions. Movement of the arms in a circular motion has the resultant effect of producing a unidirectional force. The impact of the arms with the stop at a 120-degree angle results in unidirectional force straight forward. 
     It should be clear that each arm moves 120 degrees, not 90 degrees, and not at a combined angle of 180 degrees. Although the 120-degree movement is preferred, it is conceivable that the movement can be some other angle, as long as the arm impacts the stop forward of the diameter or center of the circumferential movement of the arms. 
     The instant invention converts circular motion, under an extreme amount of hydraulic pressure, resulting in an enormous amount of centrifugal force, into a straight linear force on impact of the arms with the stop. The instant invention may generate tremendous velocity by force of forward impacts that are concatenated one after another. Constant velocity occurs with each successive impact. The instant invention requires little force to move the arms back to the initial position, to be moved again to the final position. 
     It should be appreciated that an enormous and constant hydraulic force capable of forcing the arms of the impact generators forward is capable of eliminating opposing recoil or movement in a backward direction, to prevent the vehicle from recoiling or moving backwards. 
     Additionally, it should be appreciated that the invention would be well suited to provide initial thrust or movement for a vehicle supported by a backstop, such as a structure sturdily fixed, or immobile, in relation to the environment in which the vehicle is operated. For example, as seen in  FIG. 9 , a land vehicle  400  could be supported for movement along a supporting surface S (i.e., a land surface), and supported to the rearward against the backstop B, which is immovable in relation to the surface. In such case, the vehicle  400  would sustain no rearward movement against or in the direction of the backstop B (i.e., to the right when viewing  FIG. 9 ) upon movement of the impact generators in a forward direction. Upon impact of the impact generators with the stop, momentum of the impact generators would transfer to the vehicle  400 , causing forward movement of the vehicle  400  (i.e., to the left when viewing  FIG. 9 ). 
     It should be appreciated that such a land vehicle  400  as depicted in  FIG. 9  could have many structural applications. For example, such a vehicle  400  configured to travel, non-stop, between two points, assisted by gravity, could benefit from the use of impact generators in combination with a backstop B, diagrammatically represented in  FIG. 10 . It is conceivable that such vehicle  400  could travel along an arcuate path, between two points, initially along a decline and ending along an incline, with substantially equivalent assent and descent, respectively, solely under the influence, or powered by impact generators transmitting force or momentum to the vehicle  400  against the backstop B, and assisted by gravity. This would cause forward movement of the vehicle  400  away from the backstop B at a descent along the decline and then ascending along the incline to a point of destination. A subterrain vehicle of this nature would be well suited in the mass transportation industry, for example, as a subway vehicle. Of course, it should be understood that this vehicle  400  could be equipped with a drive assembly, including a drive motor and suitable structure, for driving the wheels, in combination with the impact generators. 
     Similar operation would result with a boat, or other marine vessel. For example, a marine vessel  500  could be initially positioned against a backstop B, such as a pylon, which may be fixed in relation to a sub-surface S, beneath water supporting the vessel  500 , as depicted in  FIG. 11 . Operation of the impact generators to engage a stop sturdily fixed in relation to the hull of the marine vessel  500  could transfer force or momentum from the impact generators to the stop, and in turn, to the vessel  500  to cause movement of the vessel  500  away from the backstop B (i.e., to the left when viewing  FIG. 11 ). This vehicle  500  likewise could be equipped with suitable structure to propel the vehicle  500 , in combination with the impact generators. 
     Still, similar operation would result with an aircraft, including a rocket or missile. As another example, as depicted in  FIG. 12 , a vehicle  600 , such as a rocket or missile, supported against a backstop B, which is sturdily fixed, or immobile, in relation to the environment in which the vehicle  600  is being launch. The vehicle  600  would sustain no movement against or in the direction of the backstop B (i.e., downward when viewing  FIG. 12 ) upon movement of the impact generators in a forward direction (i.e., upward when viewing  FIG. 12 ). Upon impact of the impact generators with the stop, momentum of the impact generators would transfer to the vehicle  600 , causing forward movement on the vehicle  600  (i.e., upward movement when viewing  FIG. 12 ). An arrangement of such impact generators in combination with a backstop B could be useful in establishing initial lift of the vehicle  600 , or when used in combination with a thrust motor, assisting with initial lift of the vehicle  600 . 
     It should be clearly understood that the impact generators are intended to be used in conjunction with a thrust motor. The thrust of the impact generators is preferably greater than that of a thrust motor. 
     It should also be understood that the velocity of the vehicle due to operation of the impact generators is intended to exceed the velocity of the vehicle due to the thrust motor. That is to say, the vehicle is operable at greater speeds and/or velocities with the impact generators than with a thrust motor alone. Additionally, acceleration of the vehicle due to the impact generators is intended to be greater than that due to a thrust motor. 
     It is also possible that the vehicle could be configured so that force subjected to a vehicle due to movement of the power source and/or arms could be offset by calculated forward thrust of thrust motors. 
     The instant invention has use in an anti-ballistic missile, with increased thrust beyond that of thrust motors, to provide an anti-ballistic missile that travels sufficiently fast to enable destruction of a nuclear intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and war planes that accelerate to thousands, not hundreds, of miles per hour. 
     In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the principle and mode of operation of this invention have been explained and illustrated in its preferred embodiment. However, it must be understood that this invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically explained and illustrated without departing from its spirit or scope.