Abstract:
The disclosed herein is an information display apparatus having first and second liquid crystal displays on a common support plate. Each of the liquid crystal displays includes a plurality of pixels defined by a plurality of scanning electrodes and a plurality of signals electrodes. The scanning electrodes of the first liquid crystal display are respectively connected to the scanning electrodes of the second liquid crystal display so that both of the liquid crystal displays are commonly and simultaneously scanned by a scanning driver commonly provided to the liquid crystal display. The support plate is provided with a folding area between the first and second liquid crystal displays whereby the information display apparatus is capable of carrying with folding and of using with opening just like a conventional book.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based on Japanese Patent Application Nos. 11-046689 and 11-162536 filed on Feb. 24, 1999, respectively, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention pertains to an information displaying apparatus, and more particularly to an information displaying apparatus having a display(s) comprising a liquid crystal element or electro-luminescence element. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Printed matter using paper as the medium is widely used today in order to provide information over a large geographical area. However, printed matter has the problems that (i) it is discarded as trash after use and (ii) there is concern regarding the depletion of forests that are used as a resource for paper pulp. To eliminate these problems, the inventors of the present invention are developing an electronic book system as a new information providing system. In other words, development is underway to create a system in which information, which has conventionally been printed on paper, may be distributed in the form of a digital information recording medium and the information may be read by the user by means of a displaying apparatus. An example of such a displaying apparatus includes a displaying apparatus comprising liquid crystal elements or electro-luminescence elements. If this electronic book system is established the consumption of paper itself may be reduced, which in turn may alleviate the problems of waste and resource depletion. 
     Information that may be provided in this form includes all types of printed matter, including books (paperbacks, weekly magazines, monthly magazines, trade journals, etc.), newspapers and advertisements. 
     Books in the form of digital information will be distributed by the issuer (manufacturer) as information recorded on recording media. A general user who owns (or leases) an electronic book apparatus (information reproduction displaying apparatus) will insert the recording medium into the main unit of the electronic book apparatus and read (reproduce) the information. 
     In order to make such a system a reality, the electronic book apparatus must be small and thin, like a conventional book, and be able to, display two open pages together and be opened anywhere. The display for such a system must consume a small amount of power to enable the power supply to be compact. In addition, in, order to further reduce the weight and thickness of the electronic book apparatus, reflection type displays that do not require a light source should be used. Preferably, the electronic book apparatus should be mounted with a reflective liquid crystal display that has a memory function and does not require power supply in order to maintain the display of information. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to provide an information displaying apparatus that offers the ease of use of a conventional book. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an information displaying apparatus that is small and thin and can display images on multiple screens. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an information displaying apparatus with a display drive unit having a simple construction. 
     In order to attain these and other objects, the information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention has multiple display areas that are separately provided on a single support plate. By having multiple display areas (displays) on a single support plate, the amount of information that may be displayed increases and the right and left pages may be displayed in the style of a conventional book. Further, because multiple displays are electrically connected on a single support plate, the drive means may have a simplified construction. The display areas may be either monochrome or color. In the case of color, multiple units comprising an R layer, G layer and B layer stacked together are mounted on the support plate. In this case, the R, G and B layers of the various units may be electrically connected to each other, or the R, G and B layers of a unit may be electrically connected to each other before the units are electrically connected. 
     Moreover, in the information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention, display substances that display R, G or B, respectively, are sandwiched side by side between a pair of transparent substrates and the pair of transparent substrates is then folded over so that the R, G and B display layers may be stacked on top of one another. In this way, three display layers (for color display) may be manufactured in one process in which the display substances, which each display each of the three primary colors, are placed side by side between a pair of transparent substrates, resulting in reduced variation in performance among the display layers and increased production yield. 
     In particular, where each display layer is driven by means of scanning electrodes and signal electrodes that are located in the form of a matrix, if the scanning electrodes are electrically connected among the display layers, only one drive means (driver) is required, resulting in compact size and low cost. Further, it is also possible to construct the image forming apparatus by means of multiple color displays, one unit of which comprises three layers. If the scanning electrodes are electrically connected among the units, one drive means (driver) may be shared by all units in this case as well. 
     It is also preferred that the information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention use a reflective liquid crystal display having a memory function. For the liquid crystal, liquid crystal that shows the cholesteric phase at room temperature (such as chiral nematic liquid crystal) is preferably used. Liquid crystal of this type that has a memory function does not require the use of glass for the substrate and therefore does not entail the risk of damage. In addition, it is easy to control the molecular orientation in this type of liquid crystal. It also has a large field of view and is not subject to uneven performance when used in a large screen. Moreover, because it has a memory function, it does not consume power to maintain the display, which is economical, is not adversely affected by noise, and is capable of maintaining the display even if the power supply is shut down. 
     In particular, if the construction in which a chiral nematic liquid crystal material and resin bodies are sandwiched between transparent plastic film is used, a thin and lightweight information displaying apparatus that is highly resistant to external force (such as bending and impact) may be obtained, which is most appropriate for a portable information apparatus such as the electronic book that the present invention aspires to help realize. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following description thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIGS.  1 (A) through  1 (D) are drawings to explain various screen arrangements in the information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention; 
     FIGS.  2 (A) through  2 (C) are drawings to explain various ways of connecting the scanning electrodes in the information displaying apparatus shown in FIG.  1 (A); 
     FIG. 3 is a drawing to explain another embodiment of the information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention; 
     FIGS.  4 (A) and  4 (B) show a construction of the information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention that has two color displays, wherein FIG.  4 (A) shows the situation in which the support plate is extended, and FIG.  4 (B) shows the situation in which the support plate is folded over; 
     FIG. 5 is a drawing showing another example of the information displaying apparatus shown in FIGS.  4 (A) and  4 (B) in an extended configuration; 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a first example of the liquid crystal display; 
     FIG. 7 is a plan view showing the situation in which column bodies and stoppers are formed on a film substrate of the liquid crystal display; 
     FIG. 8 is a drawing to explain the manufacturing process for the liquid crystal display; 
     FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a second example of the liquid crystal display; 
     FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a third example of the liquid crystal display; 
     FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a matrix drive circuit of the liquid crystal display; 
     FIG. 12 is a drawing showing a first example of a vending system for recording media for the electronic book; 
     FIG. 13 is a drawing showing a second example of a vending system for recording media for the electronic book; and 
     FIG. 14 is a partial sectional view of modification of the support plate. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The embodiments of the information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention are explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. (Example of arrangement of multiple display screens) 
     FIGS.  1 (A) through  1 (D) show various examples of the information displaying apparatus having multiple display areas on a single support plate. FIGS.  1 (A) and  1 (C) show examples in which two display areas  101  and  102  are arranged on a single support plate  100  (a pliable resin sheet), and FIGS.  1 (B) and  1 (D) show examples in which three display areas  101 ,  102  and  103  are arranged on a single support plate  100 . In these information displaying apparatuses, the display areas  101 ,  102  and  103  are independent displays. For the display, a liquid crystal display, electro-luminescence display or plasma display may be used, for example. The display may be a color display or monochrome display using a single color. With reference to FIGS. 1 through 3, an explanation that assumes for the sake of convenience that the display is a monochrome display will be provided. 
     These displays  101 ,  102  and  103  are driven by means of scanning electrodes  121  and signal electrodes  122 , which are located in a matrix fashion, with each of their crossing points functioning as one pixel. The scanning electrodes  121  are electronically connected among the displays  101 ,  102  and  103 . Therefore, while each display  101 ,  102  or  103  is equipped with a dedicated drive IC  126  that drives the signal electrodes  122 , one drive IC  125  is shared among the displays  101 ,  102  and  103  for the driving of the scanning electrodes  121 . 
     The support plate  100  may be folded over at mid-sections  100   a , which are indicated by boldface dotted lines in FIGS.  1 (A) through  1 (D), such that the displays  101 ,  102  and  103  will be face the inside. Therefore, each information displaying apparatus may be folded over while not in use (during storage or while being carried) and opened during use (when viewing the information). 
     FIGS.  2 (A) through  2 (C) shows the forms of electric connection between the displays  101  and  102 . This connection must be made such that the pliability of the mid-section  100   a  of the support plate  100  is not compromised. FIG.  2 (A) shows an example in which the displays are connected via a conductor formed on a flexible sheet  131 . FIG.  2 (B) shows an example in which they are connected via a conductor  132  formed on the support plate  100 . FIG.  2 (C) shows an example in which they are connected via a flexible connector  133 . 
     The scanning electrodes  121  of the displays  101 ,  102  and  103  need not be necessarily connected electrically. If they are not connected, each display  101 ,  102  or  103  should be equipped with a dedicated scanning drive IC  125 , as shown in FIG.  3 . 
     On the other hand, FIGS.  4 (A) and  4 (B) show an example of the information displaying apparatus equipped with two sets of color displays. In this example, each display  10   a  or  10   b  has three display layers  11 B,  11 G and  11 R that display the three primary colors R, G and B, respectively. While in use, these three layers are stacked together to perform color display of information. 
     As shown FIG.  4 (A), before the display layers are stacked together, the liquid crystal units to display R, G and B, respectively, are sandwiched side by side between a pair of transparent substrates  12 , such that they from the display layers  11 B,  11 G and  11 R for the first display  10   a  and display layers  11 B,  11 G and  11 R for the second display  10   b . The signal electrodes  13  are impressed with voltage from a signal drive IC  22  that is mounted for each display layer  11 B,  11 G or  11 R. On the other hand, the scanning electrodes  14  run through all of the display layers  11 B,  11 G and  11 R, i.e., they are formed as a pattern over the single substrate, and are impressed with voltage from one scanning drive IC  21 . 
     FIG.  4 (B) shows the situation in which the pair of substrates  12  shown in FIG.  4 (A) is folded over such that the display layers are stacked together in the order of R, G and B from the bottom to the top to form color displays, and are mounted on a support plate  20 . 
     It is acceptable if only one color display is used in the information displaying apparatus. In this case, the scanning electrodes  14  of the display layers  11 B,  11 G and  11 R of one unit are driven by one drive IC  21 . It is also acceptable if each display  10   a  or  10   b  has a scanning drive IC  21 , as shown in FIG.  5 . 
     First Example of Liquid Crystal Display 
     FIG. 6 shows the construction of a first example of the reflective liquid crystal display. This liquid crystal display  10  comprises a red display layer  11 R that performs display by alternating between a red light selective reflection state and a transparent state, said layer being mounted on a light absorbing unit  19 , a green display layer  11 G that performs display by alternating between a green light selective reflection state and a transparent state, said display layer being mounted on the red display layer  11 R, and a blue display layer  11 B that performs display by alternating between a blue color selective reflection state and a transparent state, said display layer being mounted on the green display layer  11 G. 
     Each display layer  11 R,  11 G or  11 B comprises resin column structures  15  and liquid crystal  16  sandwiched between transparent substrates  12 , on which transparent electrodes  13  and  14  are formed. Orientation control film or electric insulation film not shown in the drawing may be mounted on the transparent electrodes  13  and  14 . 
     In this first example, the transparent electrodes  13  and  14  of each display layer  11 R,  11 G or  11 B are connected to a scanning drive IC  21  and signal drive IC  22 , respectively, and a prescribed pulse voltage V B , V G  or V B  is impressed to the transparent electrodes  13  and  14 . In response to the impression of this drive voltage, the liquid crystal  16  alternates between a transparent state in which it allows visible light to pass through and a selective reflection state in which it selectively reflects visible light. Where two or more displays  10  are mounted on one support plate  100 , the transparent electrodes (scanning electrodes)  14  of the same color display layers of the displays  10  are electrically connected, respectively, and a pulse voltage is impressed to them from one scanning drive IC  21 . 
     The transparent electrodes  13  and  14  on each display layer  11 R,  11 G or  11 B comprise multiple belt-shaped electrodes that are aligned parallel to the other electrodes of its type at small intervals. The transparent electrodes  13  and  14  are made to face each other such that the belt-shaped electrodes  13  and the belt-shaped electrodes  14  are oriented in a perpendicular fashion relative to each other. Voltage is sequentially impressed to these top and bottom belt-shaped electrodes. In other words, voltage is sequentially impressed in a matrix fashion to each liquid crystal unit  16  to perform display. This is termed matrix drive. By sequentially or simultaneously performing this matrix drive for the display layers of each color, color images may be displayed on the liquid crystal display  10 . 
     By placing a light absorbing unit  19  at the very bottom from the perspective of the observer (the direction of the arrow A), the light that passes through all the display layers  11 R,  11 G and  11 B is totally absorbed by the light absorbing unit  19 . In other words, if all of the display layers are in the transparent state, a black background color is displayed. For the light absorbing unit  19 , black film may be used, for example. A black pigment such as black ink may be applied to the bottom surface of the display  10  such that the pigment may function as the light absorbing unit  19 . 
     Materials for Display 
     It is preferred that transparent resin film be used for the transparent substrates  12 . Materials that can be used for transparent resin film includes polyallylate resin, polyester sulfon resin, polycarbonate resin, norbornen resin, amorphous polyolefine resin and denatured acrylate resin. The required characteristics of the resin film include high light permeability, no optical anisotropy, stable size, surface smoothness, friction resistance, bending resistance, high electric insulating ability, chemical resistance, liquid crystal resistance, heat resistance, humidity resistance and gas shielding ability. 
     For the transparent electrodes  13  and  14 , transparent electrodes comprising ITO or NESA film may be used. They are formed on the transparent substrates  12  by means of sputtering or vacuum depositing. Black electrodes may be used for the transparent electrodes  14  of the bottom display layer so that they can also function as light absorbing units. 
     For the liquid crystal  16 , it is preferred that liquid crystal that exhibits a cholesteric phase at room temperature be used. Chiral nematic liquid crystal, which may be obtained by adding a chiral dopant to nematic liquid crystal, may also be used. 
     In nematic liquid crystal, rod-like liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to one another, but they are not arranged in layers. For nematic liquid crystal, a single-compound liquid crystal material comprising a biphenyl compound, tolane compounds, pyrimidine compound or cyclohexane compound, or a liquid crystal material comprising a mixture of these, may be used, and it is preferred that the liquid crystal have a positive dielectric constant anisotropy. Specifically, liquid crystal K15 or M15 that mainly comprises a cyanobiphenyl compound, or mixed liquid crystal MN1000XX (all manufactured by Chisso), or E44, ZLI-1565, TL-213 or BL-035 (all manufactured by Merck) may be used. 
     Chiral dopant is an additive that, when added to nematic liquid crystal, has the function of twisting the nematic liquid crystal molecules. By adding a chiral dopant to a nematic liquid crystal material, the liquid crystal molecules form a helix structure in which they are twisted from layer to layer, thereby exhibiting a cholesteric phase. 
     By varying the amount of chiral dopant added, the pitch of the helix in the chiral nematic liquid crystal material may be changed, and through the pitch of the helix, the selective reflection wavelengths of the liquid crystal material may be controlled. In general, ‘helical pitch’, which is defined as the distance between two molecule positions when a liquid crystal molecule rotates 360 degrees along the helix, is used as the term to express the pitch of the helix of the liquid crystal material. 
     For the chiral dopant, a nematic liquid crystal material in which the molecules have a layered helical structure may be used. For example, a nematic liquid crystal material comprising a biphenyl compound, terphenyl compound or ester compound may be used. Specifically, such generally marketed chiral dopants as S811, CB15, S1011 and CE2 (all manufactured by Merck), which are obtained by combining optically active radicals as the terminal radicals of the compound, may be used. Cholesteric liquid crystal materials having cholesteric rings, such as cholesteric nonanoate (CN), may be used as chiral dopants as well. 
     A mixture of more than one chiral dopant may be used and added to a nematic liquid crystal material. Not only combinations of chiral dopants having the same twistivity but also combinations of agents having different twistivities may be used. The use of more than one chiral dopant has the effect of changing the phase transition temperature of the cholesteric liquid crystal material and of reducing the changes regarding selective reflection wavelengths as the temperature changes, as well as the effect of changing various physical properties of the cholesteric liquid crystal material, including the dielectric constant anisotropy, refractive index anisotropy and viscosity, allowing the characteristics of the liquid crystal material when used as a display to be improved. 
     As materials for the column structures  15 , thermoplastic resin may be used, for example. It is preferred that the material forming the column structures  15  (i) soften when heated and harden when cooled, (ii) not react with the liquid crystal material and (iii) have an appropriate level of elasticity. 
     Specific examples include, for example, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polyester methacrylate resin, polyester acrylate resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polystyrene resin, polyamide resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, fluororesin, polyurethane resin, polyacrylonitrile resin, polyvinyl ether resin, polyvinyl ketone resin, polyvinyl pyrolidone resin, polycarbonate resin and chlorinated polyether resin. 
     The column structures  15  should be made using one or more of these resins, or a material that includes at least one of the resins or a mixture thereof. 
     Using a public domain printing method and one or more of the substances listed above, printing is performed using a pattern to form columns of dots. Depending on the size of the liquid crystal display and pixel resolution, the appropriate size of the cross-sectional area, the alignment pitch and configuration (cylinder, drum-shape, polygon, etc.) of the column structures are selected. In addition, it is preferred that the column structures  15  be placed between the electrodes  13 , because that increases the effective area of light modulating area. 
     In addition, it is also acceptable if the column structures  15  are printed not in a dot pattern but in a stripe pattern. This selection should be made according to the purpose of the final product. Further, in order to increase the accuracy in the control of the gap between the substrates  12 , when forming the column structures  15 , if spacers that are smaller than the thickness of the resin film, such as spherical particles comprising glass fiber, glass balls, ceramic powder or particles of an organic material, are placed so that the gap does not easily change due to heat or pressure, the gap accuracy further improves and unevenness in voltage impression or in displayed colors may be reduced. 
     Display of Colors 
     In the color display layers  11 R,  11 G and  11 B in which the chiral nematic liquid crystal material described above is used, where the selective reflection wavelengths of the cholesteric liquid crystal material are within the visible light range, while the liquid crystal material slightly scatters the incident visible light when its molecules are in the focal conic alignment state in which the helical axis of the cholesteric liquid crystal molecules is essentially parallel to the substrate surfaces, the liquid crystal material is essentially in a transparent state in which the visible light is allowed to pass through. In the planar alignment state in which the helical axis of the cholesteric liquid crystal molecules is essentially perpendicular to the substrate surfaces, the components of the incident visible light having a wavelength that corresponds to the helical pitch are selectively reflected. These two states may be alternated from one to the other by changing a prescribed environmental field such as the electric field, magnetic field or temperature, while when the environment field disappears, the state is maintained. In other words, the liquid crystal has a memory function. 
     Based on the characteristic described above, when using chiral nematic liquid crystal, the amount of chiral dopant to be added to the nematic liquid crystal material is adjusted so that the helical pitch of the attained chiral nematic liquid crystal may correspond to the desired selective reflection wavelengths. For example, the selective reflection wavelengths for each liquid crystal layer are adjusted so that they correspond to the wavelength range for red light, green light or blue light. By performing this adjustment, a liquid crystal material is obtained that (i) selectively reflects the light in the wavelength range for red light, green light or blue light when in the planar state, but (ii) becomes transparent and allows the visible light to pass through when in the focal conic alignment state. By sandwiching the liquid crystal material thus obtained between transparent electrodes, a color liquid crystal display may be obtained. 
     The liquid crystal display  10  comprising display layers  11 R,  11 G and  11 B prepared using the materials and construction described above and stacked together can perform red display when the blue display layer  11 B and green display layer  11 G are set to the transparent state, where the molecules of the liquid crystal  16  of each layer are in the focal conic alignment state, and the red display layer  11 R is set to the selective reflection state, where the molecules of the liquid crystal  16  of the layer are in the planar alignment state. It can also perform yellow display when the blue display layer  11 B is set to the transparent state, where the molecules of the liquid crystal  16  are in the focal conic alignment state, and the green display layer  11 G and red display layer  11 R are set to the selective reflection state, where the molecules of the liquid crystal  16  are in the planar alignment state. Similarly, by appropriately selecting either the transparent state or the selective reflection state for each display layer, red, green, blue, white, cyan, magenta, yellow or black display may be performed. Further, by selecting an intermediate reflective selection state for each display layer  11 R,  11 G or  11 B, intermediate colors may be displayed, so that the liquid crystal display may be used as a full-range color display. 
     Further, the display layers  11 R,  11 G and  11 B in the liquid crystal display  10  may be stacked in sequences other than that shown in FIG.  6 . However, considering the fact that the permeability for light in the long wavelength range is higher than that for light in the short wavelength range, a brighter display may be obtained if the selective reflection wavelengths for upper layers are shorter than the selective reflection wavelengths for lower layers, because more light reaches the lower layers. Therefore, it is preferable if the order is the blue display layer  11 B, the green display layer  11 G and the red display layer  11 R from the side of the observer (the direction of the arrow A). The best display quality may be obtained when this order is followed. 
     Example of Manufacturing Liquid Crystal Display 
     The resin column structures  15  are formed on the upper substrate  12  using the printing method mentioned above. FIG. 7 shows the upper substrate  12  where they have been formed. In this example, two displays  10   a  and  10   b  are mounted side by side on one substrate  12 . The resin film comprising the substrate is made of a 20 μm PES (polyether sulfon) film (manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.), and polyvinyl chloride is printed on the resin film using a screen print applicator MS400 (manufactured by Murakami) so that an approximately 15 μm dot pattern will be formed. 
     Using the public domain sputtering method, ITO film was formed on this resin film to create a configuration of 700 Å-thick belts. Using a similar machine; oxidized silicon film was formed on top to a 4,000 Å thickness, creating insulating film. 
     The temperature of the resin film was then adjusted to 25° C., and using the screen print applicator MS400, thermoplastic polyester resin was printed around the column structures  15  to create stoppers  17 . After printing, the entire substrate unit was heated on a hot plate at 80° C. for 20 minutes in order to evaporate the solvents contained in the column structures  15  and stoppers  17 . 
     As a result, column structures  15  having a 35 μm diameter and a 10 μm height and aligned at a 300 μm pitch and stoppers  17  having a 1 mm width and a 10 μm height were formed as one example. 
     Then, as a molecule orientation control agent, using the public domain spin coating method, SE-610 (manufactured by Nissan Kagaku Kogyo) was applied to an approximately 500 Å thickness and the substrate unit was heated at 180° C. for one hour. 
     Another piece of PES film (identical to the upper substrate), designed to become the bottom substrate, was then prepared, and was placed over the upper substrate such that the belt-shaped transparent electrode surfaces would face each other. After filling liquid crystal  16  between the two film pieces  12 , the substrates were subjected under heat and pressure using the roller  5  as shown in FIG. 8 to trap liquid crystal  16  into light modulating area. However, one end of the light modulating area was kept open at this stage so that any excess liquid crystal material could be removed to the outside. 
     The film pieces  12  thus closed together were then sandwiched between two flat stainless steel plates. The whole unit was left in a 160° C. constant temperature oven under a 7 Kb/cm 2  load for one hour in order to close off the film  12  surfaces. The power to the constant temperature oven was then turned off and the unit was cooled down to room temperature under the same load. UV-hardened resin Photorec A-704-60 (manufactured by Sekisui Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.) was applied around the film pieces  12 , and the closure was completed under ultraviolet irradiation. 
     For the liquid crystal material, MLC6068-000 (a nematic liquid crystal material manufactured by Merck) to which a chiral dopant S-811 (manufactured by Merck) was added in the amount of 2.4 percent by weight was used, for example. Using a cholesteric liquid crystal display prepared in this way, a color liquid display was made. 
     Voltage Impressed to Each Display Layer) 
     The specifications of the liquid crystal display  10  shown in FIG.  6  and the drive voltages for the display layers  11 R,  11 G and  11 B are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. The thickness of the display layer  11 G shown in Table 1 is different from that shown in Table 2, and the effective drive voltage varies accordingly. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dimension of Light 
                   
               
               
                 modulating area 
                 10 cm × 10 cm 
               
               
                 Pixel pitch 
                 0.353 mm (72 dpi equivalent) 
               
               
                 Number of pixels 
                 240 × 240 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Effective 
               
               
                 Display 
                 Thickness 
                 Scanning Voltage 
                 Signal voltage 
                 voltage 
               
               
                 layer 
                 (μm) 
                 (V) 
                 (V) 
                 (V) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B 
                 9.0 
                 60 
                 40 
                 100  
               
               
                 G 
                 7.0 
                 60 
                 30 
                 90 
               
               
                 R 
                 5.0 
                 60 
                 25 
                 85 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effective area of 
                   
               
               
                 display 
                 10 cm × 10 cm 
               
               
                 Pixel pitch 
                 0.353 mm (72 dpi equivalent) 
               
               
                 Number of pixels 
                 240 × 240 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Effective 
               
               
                 Display 
                 Thickness 
                 Scanning Voltage 
                 Signal voltage 
                 voltage 
               
               
                 layer 
                 (μm) 
                 (V) 
                 (V) 
                 (V) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 B 
                 9.0 
                 60 
                 40 
                 100 
               
               
                 G 
                 7.3 
                 60 
                 40 
                 80 
               
               
                 R 
                 5.0 
                 60 
                 25 
                 85 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Second Example of Liquid Crystal Display 
     A second example of the reflective liquid crystal display is shown in FIG.  9 . In this liquid crystal display  10 , as shown in FIG. 4, liquid crystal  16  is sandwiched between film substrates  12  ( 12   a  and  12   b ) and a stacked construction is achieved by folding over the film substrates  12 . FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of a part of the liquid crystal display. Each film substrate  12   a  or  12   b  is a continuous piece of film. In other words, each scanning electrode  14  also continuously runs through the display layers  11 R,  11 G and  11 B. As described above, one scanning drive IC  21  may be shared in this case. In FIG. 9, the same numbers are used for the same members used in FIG. 6, and they will not be explained again. 
     Third Example of Liquid Crystal Display 
     FIG. 10 shows a third example of the liquid crystal display. This liquid crystal display  10  has the same basic construction as the liquid crystal display  10  shown in FIG.  9 . It is different from the example in FIG. 9, however, in that the display layers  11 G and  11 R include a resistance layer  18 . By providing resistance layers  18 , all display layers  11 B,  11 G and  11 R may be driven using the same level of effective voltage. In other words, by providing resistance layers  18 , even if the same level of voltage (100V, for example) is impressed to the display layers  11 B.  11 G and  11 R, the voltage becomes distributed and the level of synthesized voltage shown in Table 1 is impressed to each display layer. For the resistance layer  18 , silicon oxide may be applied to form an approximately 0.1 μm film by means of sputtering. The technique in which the impressed voltages are made equal to those shown in the tables by means of resistance layers  18  may be used effectively in the first example shown in FIG. 6 as well. 
     Method to Drive Display 
     The pixels of the liquid crystal display  10  are expressed in terms of the matrix of multiple scanning electrodes R 1 , R 2 , . . . Rm and the signal electrodes C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn, C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn (n and m are natural numbers), as shown in FIG.  11 . The scanning electrodes R 1 , R 2 , . . . Rm are connected to the output terminals of the scanning drive IC  21  while the signal electrodes C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn, C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn are connected to the output terminals of the signal drive ICs  22 . 
     The scanning drive IC  21 , which includes a plurality of drive IC chips therein, outputs a selection signal to a prescribed scanning electrode R 1 , R 2 , . . . or Rm to set it to the selected state while it outputs non-selection signals to other electrodes to set them to the non-selected state. The scanning drive IC  21  sequentially impresses a selection signal to each scanning electrode R 1 , R 2 , . . . or Rm at prescribed intervals alternating the selected electrode. On the other hand, the signal drive ICs  22 , each of which includes a plurality of drive IC chips therein as well, outputs signals corresponding to the image data to the signal electrodes C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn, C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn in order to rewrite the pixels on the selected scanning electrode R 1 , R 2 , . . . or Rm. For example, if the scanning electrode Ra is selected (a is a natural number that meets the condition a≦m), the pixels at the cross points between this scanning electrode Ra and the signal electrodes C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn, C 1 , C 2 , . . . Cn i.e., pixels LRa-C 1  through LRa-Cn of display  10   a  and pixels LRa-C 1  through LRa-Cn of display  10   b  are simultaneously rewritten. Consequently, the difference in voltage (synthesize voltage) between the scanning electrode and the signal electrode at each pixel becomes the rewriting voltage for that pixel, and each pixel is rewritten in response to this rewriting voltage. 
     Here, if the first threshold voltage to eliminate the twist of the liquid crystal molecules that exhibits a cholesteric phase is Vth 1 , by impressing the voltage Vth 1  for a sufficient period of time and then by reducing the voltage to the level of a second threshold voltage Vth 2  which is smaller than the first threshold voltage Vth 1 , the liquid crystal is set to the planar state. If a voltage larger than Vth 1  and smaller than Vth 2  is impressed for a sufficient period of time, the liquid crystal is set to the focal conic state. These two states are stably maintained even after the impression of voltage is discontinued. In other words, these stable states are stably maintained even under no electrical field condition. In addition, by impressing a voltage that is between Vth 1  and Vth 2 , display of intermediate tones, i.e., gradation display, may be achieved. 
     The rewriting of each pixel may be performed using the method described above, and when an image is already being displayed, all pixels may be reset to an even display state before the rewriting in order to eliminate any influence from the previous image. Resetting may be performed for all pixels together or for each scanning electrode. For example, it has been found that, where a pixel is to be set to the focal conic state, a relatively long period of time is needed in order to obtain a sufficiently transparent state. Therefore, if all pixels are reset to the focal conic state together prior to rewriting, the period of time required for the rewriting may be reduced relative to the case where resetting is sequentially performed for each scanning electrode. 
     Other Liquid Crystal Display Examples 
     With reference to the liquid crystal display  10 , a construction in which resin column structures are provided in the liquid crystal display layers was explained, but the liquid crystal display layers may be constructed as a so-called polymer dispersion type liquid crystal composite membrane, in which (i) the liquid crystal molecules are dispersed in a three-dimensional polymer network structure, or (ii) a three-dimensional polymer network structure is formed in the liquid crystal material. In addition, while bistable liquid crystal that exhibits a cholesteric phase was used in the explanation as an example of liquid crystal having a memory function, but the present invention is not limited to this type of liquid crystal, and may be applied using ferroelectric liquid crystal. Light-transmitting liquid crystal using back lighting may also be used. 
     Vending System 
     FIG. 12 shows a first example of the vending system that provides information recording media  51  to users who have an electronic book  40  equipped with the liquid crystal display(s)  10 . The information recording media  51  are produced by publishers, etc. as electronic information manufacturers, and are brought into a convenience store, which sells the media, through a dedicated cable, dedicated radio communication or a maintenance person. The user purchases or rents the desired recording medium  51  at the convenience store. It is also acceptable if the user stores the desired information in her own electronic book  40  at the convenience store. 
     FIG. 13 shows a second example of the vending system. In this vending system, the electronic information manufacturer transfers the information that the user has ordered from a catalogue, etc. to the user&#39;s personal computer  75  through a cable (telephone line). The user either outputs the transferred information onto the screen of the personal computer or stores it in his or her own recording medium  51  so that it may be input to the electronic book  40  through the recording medium  51 . The electronic information manufacturer receiving an order may also deliver the recording medium  51  directly to the user. 
     Other Embodiments 
     The information displaying apparatus pertaining to the present invention is not limited to the embodiments explained above, and may be modified within its scope of essence. 
     For example, support plate  100  in each of the above mentioned examples may has a structure as shown in FIG.  14 . That is, support plate  100  may have two folding grooves  100   b  along with mid-sections  100   a  to make ease folding. Further to this, sealing  17  for preventing leakage of liquid crystal in the displays  10   a  and  10   b  may be continuously provided to over the mid-section  100   a . Sealing  17  may also have groove portion  17   a  to make ease folding and to prevent the scanning electrodes from breaking. As understood from this, the specific examples and numbers regarding various liquid crystal materials, etc. are only examples for the present invention. In addition, various methods of use and contents of display are possible regarding the displaying apparatus or system, and the most appropriate drive method may be used for each. 
     Although the present invention has been fully described by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, unless otherwise such changes and modifications depart from the scope of the present invention, they should be construed as being included therein.