Abstract:
Realizing that rather than protect electronic circuitry, electrostatic discharge networks when hit by cosmic rays and charged particles, can actually cause the electronic circuitry in satellites and other space applications to fail, the inventor created an ESD network having a redundant voltage clamping element in series with a first voltage clamping element between two voltage pads. The ESD network may be connected to a power voltage pad or a signal voltage pad either directly or through a dummy voltage pad. The voltage clamping elements may further comprise an array of unit cells wherein the array is electrically equivalent to single large transistors currently used in ESD networks. By creating an ESD network as an array of unit cells, benefits greater than those obtained by using a single transistor as a clamping or a trigger element are realized—such as increased ballast resistance and less overall damage to the circuitry resulting from cosmic rays and particles.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates generally to the field of protection of semiconductor circuits from radiation effects, and in particular relates to creating electrostatic discharge (ESD) circuits that are tolerant of single event upsets.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Semiconductor circuits are composed of a regular arrangement of atoms, usually silicon. In semiconductors, the arrangement of the atoms are often in a lattice or mesh arrangement and the electrons and the holes created by the lack of electrons are free to move within planes of the lattice. As semiconductor devices become smaller and smaller, fewer and fewer atoms are used to create an electronic device. Transistors of semiconductor materials often store sufficient charge to create digital information by storing a 0 or a 1 state depending upon the threshold voltage of the transistor.  
         [0003]     The primary component of nature is space and so there is mostly space between the atoms in a semiconductor lattice. Also, as in all of nature, space is not quiet but rather active with high energetic particles including heavy ions and cosmic rays from solar or galactic origins moving about, colliding, transferring energy. These particles and/or rays collide with atoms in the semiconductor lattice and through elastic, inelastic collisions, and/or field interactions between the energetic particles and the atoms and/or electrons in the lattice, the atoms and/or electrons in the lattice may either change energy and/or position such that the electronic state of the semiconductor device is no longer reliable. For instance, when the intruding particle is near a p-n junction, it may induce a soft error, or single-event upset because of the excess electron-hole pairs generated. If the electromagnetic field in the neighborhood of the p-n junction is sufficiently strong, the charged electrons and holes separate to a nearby device contact and when or if the collected charge exceeds a critical threshold value, a random signal is registered. This is not an unusual occurrence. The Van Allen belt is a small region of high-energy particles held captive by the magnetic influence of the Earth approximately 4000 miles or so above the Earth&#39;s surface. The Van Allen belt consists mainly of high-energy protons, ten to fifty million electron volts (10-50 MeV), that are by-product of cosmic radiation. The probability of a nuclear hit between an energetic neutron interacting with a silicon large scale integrated (LSI) circuit is one out of 40,000 incident neutrons will interact within 10 microns of the circuit; further calculations reveal that at sea level almost every silicon-neutron hit within one micron of a LSI circuit results in a soft error of single-event upset. During a quiet sun period, the primary flux of particles averages seventy percent protons and thirty percent neutrons, but during an active sun period the number of solar particles hitting the outer atmosphere increases a millionfold, and is larger than the flux of intragalactic cosmic rays. Thus, soft-errors or single event upsets are a real concern for satellites and satellite-based communications and technology.  
         [0004]     A single event upset (SEU) is defined by NASA as radiation-induced errors in microelectronic circuits caused when charged particles lose energy by ionizing the medium through which they pass, leaving behind a wake of electron-hole pairs. SEUs are transient soft errors and are non-destructive. A reset or rewriting of the device results in normal device behavior thereafter. SEUs typically appear as transient pulses in logic or support circuitry, or as bit flips in memory cells or registers. A multiple-bit SEU occurs when a single ion hits two or more bits causing simultaneous errors. Multiple-bit SEU is a problem for single-bit error detection and correction where it is impossible to assign bits within a word to different chips, such a dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) and certain static random access memories (SRAMs). A severe SEU is the single-event functional interrupt in which an SEU in the device=s control circuitry places the device into a test mode, halt, or undefined state.  
         [0005]     A single event latchup (SEL) is a condition that causes loss of device functionality because of a single-event induced current state. SELs are hard errors, and may cause permanent damage to the device. SEL results in a high operating current above the device specification and the latched condition can destroy the device, drag down the bus voltage, or damage the power supply. An SEL can be cleared by a power off-on reset or power strobing of the device, but if the power is not removed quickly, catastrophic failure may occur because of excessive heat, or metallization or bond failure.  
         [0006]     Single event burnout (SEB) is a more severe condition that causes device destruction because of high currents in a power transistor. SEBs include burnout of power MOSFETs, gate rupture, frozen bits, and noise in charge-coupled devices. An SEB can be triggered in a power MOSFET biased in the OFF state when a heavy ion passing through deposits enough charge to turn the device on. SEBs can also occur in bipolar junction transistors.  
         [0007]     The trend towards reducing device size and power; increasing the line resolution, memory, and speed of electronic devices only heighten SEU susceptibility. Integrated circuits already include electrostatic discharge networks, the purpose of which is to dissipate any static electricity or other high voltage problems during manufacturing, construction, handling, shipping, etc. In space, however, ESD networks actually create problems and concerns, especially when the ESD networks are between the power rails, because of the shorting and physical damage as presented above when bombarded by particles and/or cosmic rays in space. Bipolar circuits in electronic space applications have a high probability of being hit by a cosmic ray and therefore require high reliability. This invention addresses the need to create reliable ESD networks for space applications.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     These needs and others are satisfied by first realizing that electrostatic discharge networks pose a hazard to the integrity of the circuitry in space. Upon that realization, then an electrostatic discharge network has been invented, the network comprising: a trigger element; a voltage clamping element connected to and initialized by the trigger element; and a redundant element in series with the voltage clamping element in which the trigger element, the voltage clamping element and the redundant element are located between a first voltage pad and a second voltage pad. The voltage clamping elements and/or the redundant elements may be a bipolar transistor, or a MOSFET transistor. There may also be a redundant trigger element either in series or in parallel with the first trigger element. Additional protection can be realized by connecting the ESD network to a dummy voltage pad or voltage rail not connected to processing circuitry.  
         [0009]     In another embodiment of the invention, the clamping element further may comprise an array of unit cells, each unit cell comprising at least one transistor, the sum of the transistors of the array being electrically equivalent to a single clamping element, each unit cell separated from another unit cell by a distance at least as great as the distance a colliding proton could displace in the network. There may be barriers or trenches between the unit cells of the array.  
         [0010]     A fault tolerant ESD network adapted to reduce the incidence of a system failure caused by a single event upset, comprises a first trigger circuit element; a first voltage clamp element connected to the first trigger circuit element; and a redundant voltage clamp element coupled in series with the first voltage clamp element. The first voltage clamp element and/or the redundant voltage clamp element and/or the trigger element and/or a redundant trigger element may actually be an array of unit cells, each unit cell comprising a plurality of transistors, the electrical sum of the unit cells being electrically equivalent to a single redundant voltage clamping transistor. Each unit cell may be different than another unit cell in the array.  
         [0011]     The invention is also considered a method to design an ESD protection network, comprising the steps of: defining a reliability requirement of an integrated circuit for a single event upset; defining an electrostatic discharge requirement using a technology database file and ESD data; defining circuit topology of a redundant ESD element in series with a voltage clamping element of the ESD protection network to be applied between a first voltage and a second voltage; defining a unit cell to comprise the redundant ESD element using a SEU tool; and evaluating the probability of failure of the ESD protection network.  
         [0012]     The invention is also a method to protect electronic circuitry in space, by first realizing that electrostatic discharge networks can cause circuitry to experience single event upsets or worse in space, and then including a redundant voltage clamping element in series with a first voltage clamping element between two voltage pads in the electrostatic discharge networks; and connecting at least one trigger element to the redundant voltage clamping element and the first voltage clamping element. The advantages of the invention set forth will further be realized upon a careful reading of the Description of the Invention in conjunction with the included Drawing. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0013]      FIG. 1  is an electrical schematic of a prior art power clamp used in circuits.  
         [0014]      FIG. 2  is an electrical schematic of a prior art ESD power clamp.  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  is an electrical schematic of an ESD power clamp having an SEU redundant element in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  is an electrical schematic of an ESD power clamp with radiation tolerant redundant elements in series in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 5  is an electrical schematic of an ESD power clamp with radiation tolerant redundant elements in parallel in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0018]      FIG. 6  is an electrical schematic of a radiation tolerant power clamp used with an isolation bus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. It is suggested that  FIG. 6  be printed on the cover of the patent.  
         [0019]      FIG. 7  is a pictorial representation of an array of ESD cells in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0020]      FIGS. 8   a - 8   d  are pictorial representations of different unit cells of an ESD array in accordance with different embodiments of the invention.  
         [0021]      FIG. 9  is a simplified flow chart of the method by which an ESD array can be designed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0022]     As discussed earlier, the collision of heavy ion particles often leads to secondary breakdown events in space caused by high energy protons and neutrons colliding with the silicon lattice of electronic circuits leading to fission fragments and damage to the electronic devices. Electrostatic discharge networks (ESD) can be used to quickly remove power from a circuit resulting from bombardment by cosmic rays but when the ESD network itself is hit, then catastrophic failure may occur because of excessive heat, or metallization or bond failure. Bipolar-based ESD networks, moreover, actually fail in space applications. Hereinafter the distinction between SEUs, SELs, and SEBs shall be merged and the event, whether it be a latch-up or a burn-out, shall simply be referred to a single event upset (SEU). Until now, the failure of ESD networks in space from SEUs has not been addressed.  
         [0023]      FIG. 1  is a schematic of a prior art silicon germanium power clamp  100  that limits the current in an electrostatic discharge network. The power voltage, Vdd,  110  is connected across a trigger device  120  and a clamp device  130 . The emitter of the trigger device  120  is connected to the base of the clamp device  130 . A bias resistor  126  connected to the emitter of the trigger device limits the current flow to ground or Vss  150 . In parallel to the bias resistor  126  is a ballast resistor  136  connected to the emitter of the clamp device. The ballast resistor  136  redistributes current through the clamp to provide electrical and thermal stability.  FIG. 1  also shows a proton  160  colliding with a silicon atom  170  in the base of the clamping device  130 . As a result of the collision, several events can occur. First, there can be electron-hole pair generation in the area of the collision; and second, the proton may be deflected and the silicon atom may recoil; and in some circumstances, the silicon atom may be fragmented causing permanent damage in the lattice leading to electrical and mechanical failure of the circuit. The mechanical and electrical damage can occur in a base region of a bipolar transistor creating an electrical short, called a silicon bipolar pipe, between the emitter and collector leading to the transistor failure. When this failure occurs in electrostatic discharge networks themselves, additional problems can arise because the entire chip or circuitry is no longer protected.  
         [0024]      FIG. 2  is a schematic of a prior art standard ESD power clamp  200 . The top of the circuit is connected to an operating voltage Vdd  110 . There is a trigger element  120  whose emitter is connected to a bias resistor  126  and the base of a clamping device  130 . In addition, the emitter of the trigger element  120  is also connected to a number of other clamping elements  230 ,  232 . Each clamping element  130 ,  230 ,  232  has its own ballast resistor  136 ,  236 ,  238 , respectively. Note that each clamping element is still connected between Vdd  110  and Vss  150 , such that a SEU could still disrupt the function of the circuit.  
         [0025]     An ESD network having redundant elements can be used in a variety of semiconductor technologies, typically of silicon but also any Type III/V, Type II/IV semiconductor combinations, including but not limited to gallium arsenide, silicon germanium, indium phosphide, silicon-germanium-carbon, silicon-on-insulator, silicon bipolar etc. In fact, it is also realized that such an ESD network with a redundant element as described herein is applicable to an ESD network of MOSFET transistors because they inherently have a parasitic silicon bipolar transistor. SEUs are particularly problematic with bipolar transistors, and homo- and heterojunction transistors because these transistors have narrow regions that make it easy for the collector to short with the Vdd, or the emitter to short to ground.  
         [0026]     One embodiment of a radiation tolerant ESD network has an ESD redundant circuit element in series or in parallel with the trigger element. Consider the simplified circuit diagram of  FIG. 3 . A redundant circuit element  330  may be connected to the same or different trigger element  120 . A trigger element  120 , which could also be the same or different trigger element as above, is also connected to the clamp device  130 . Note that the redundant circuit element  330  is connected across a pad. For example, in  FIG. 3 , the pad is a power supply rail, voltage Vdd  110 , and is connected through the circuits to another power supply rail or ground, Vss  150 . The pad may also be a signal pad, wherein the ESD network as described herein is connected to an input signal pad, such as an input/output signal pad and the remaining circuitry. The inventor has discerned that redundant element  330  reduces and can even eliminate the probability of a SEU-induced electrical short in ESD networks by decoupling the voltage clamp element  130  from the voltage pad  110 . The SEU redundant element  330  may be connected in series or parallel with the trigger element; but the SEU redundant element  330  is preferably connected in series with its respective clamping element. There may be more than one SEU redundant element connected in parallel with other redundant elements such that voltage clamping values sum together; just as there may be more than one clamping element in parallel with other clamping elements. One of skill in the art will further appreciate that the use of the word Aredundant@ does not necessarily mean identical, although the redundant element could be identical to either or both the trigger element and/or its respective clamping element. The redundant aspect of the element refers to its function, i.e., the redundant element  330  must fulfill some minimum limit or objective. When the redundant element  330  is used for ESD protection, it must have a net breakdown voltage greater that the voltage from the pad, e.g., Vdd  110  or the signal voltage. In other words, for ESD protection, the sum of the breakdown voltages across the redundant element  330  and the trigger element  120  or clamping element  130  independently must be greater than the application voltage.  
         [0027]      FIG. 4  is a simplified circuit diagram of a radiation tolerant ESD network  400  having redundant elements  410 ,  330 ,  430 ,  440 . Redundant element  410  may be a trigger element as a first stage, with clamping elements  330 ,  430 ,  440  as a second stage. Similarly, trigger element  120  would also be considered a first stage, with clamping elements  130 ,  432 ,  442  as a second stage. The redundant second stage is in a series cascode arrangement with the clamping second stage, i.e., each redundant element is in series with a voltage clamping element between the pad, power voltage Vdd  110 , and its respective clamping element  130 ,  432 ,  442 . Redundant trigger element  410  is connected to the second stage SEU redundant elements  330 ,  430 ,  440 . In this embodiment, the redundant trigger element  410  is parallel to the trigger element  120  for the clamping elements  130 ,  432 ,  442 . In some circumstances, it is desirable to bias the SEU redundant element, for example, the redundant trigger element  410  can be grounded with resistor  412 . Clamping elements  130 ,  432 ,  442  may have substantially the same or may have different voltage clamping capabilities from each other and from their respective redundant elements  330 ,  430 ,  440 .  
         [0028]      FIG. 5  is a simplified circuit diagram of another embodiment of a radiation tolerant ESD circuit  500  in which the first stage, the redundant trigger element  510 , is connected in series to the other first stage, the trigger element  120 . The second stage comprising redundant clamping elements  330 ,  430 ,  440  is also in series with its respective redundant second stage, clamping elements  130 ,  432 ,  442 .  
         [0029]     Whether the radiation tolerant ESD circuit is shown as in  FIG. 4  or in  FIG. 5 , the power or signal voltage pad Vdd  110  may yet be further isolated from the ESD power clamp circuit  500  using a redundant dummy pad  610 , such as shown in  FIG. 6 . Between the power or signal voltage pad  110  and the dummy pad  610  there may be a current limit circuit  620  for the input/output chip circuitry  644 ; and another current limit circuit  630  between the power or signal pad  110  and the dummy pad  610  for the core circuitry  650 . The ESD power clamp circuit  500  could be in parallel to the core  650 ; or could be in parallel with the both the core  650  and the current limit circuit  630 . Note that in  FIG. 6 , two ESD protection networks  642  and  500  are shown; these networks may be the same or different depending upon their function. ESD protection network  500  is intended to protect the core  650  from ESD damage; whereas ESD protection network  642  may protect the I/O processing  644 .  
         [0030]     With respect to  FIG. 7 , the impact of an SEU can be even further reduced by creating each redundant and/or clamping element or trigger element as an ESD array  700  of small cells  710 ,  720 . In the previous embodiments, one clamping element, one redundant element, or one trigger element were displayed. Typically, electrostatic discharge networks have large transistors on the order of fifty to hundreds of microns long. In a further embodiment, when a plurality of transistors of a smaller size, e.g., one micron, form a cell and the cells form an array that replace one large 100 or 1000 micron transistor, additional SEU resistance is achieved in ESD networks. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for bipolar transistors.  
         [0031]     The advantages of such an array  700  replacing each trigger, clamping, and/or redundant element is that the charge collected by each transistor is less, the probability of a single transistor experiencing a collision is less, and the increase in resistance is greater: these advantageous factors combine to reduce the probability of a SEU event (σ(π,Σι), σ(ν,Σι) event) in an ESD network. The self-ballasting effect of the array  700 , moreover, protects more than merely adding redundancy and further limits the current of a given element if a SEU-induced failure occurs. The ESD array  700  further allows customization and personalization for the space environment, and parts per million (PPM) reliability requirement of space application and ESD requirements. The ESD circuit still has the requisite resistance but it is digitated into a plurality of resistances to decrease the probability of being hit and creating a natural series resistance that does not draw as much current as a large single transistor.  
         [0032]     An ESD array  700  contains a plurality of unit cells  710 ,  720 . The size of and the distance between the unit cells  710 ,  720  affect the probability of failure of more than one unit cell. The distance between the unit cells is preferably larger than the range of particle distribution and the length of track of the particles. For example, an alpha particle may travel up to 80 microns, so it is preferred that the distance be on the order of or greater than 80 microns.  
         [0033]     The size of the unit cell is actually dependent upon many considerations as will be discussed with respect to  FIG. 9 . In general, however, the ESD networks of  FIGS. 4-6  may be hundreds or thousands of microns. In order to be electrically equivalent, then the number of unit cells may be on the order of tens or hundreds of unit cells. For example, if a power clamp transistor is on the order of 1000 microns wide and has a series resistance of one ohm, the electrical equivalence might be ten unit cells of 100 microns each or there may be 100 units cells of 10 ohms per cell or there may be 1000 unit cells of one ohm each. The number, width, and resistance of the unit cell may vary with applications. The transistors may be of any electrical arrangement within the unit cell that supplies the equivalent protection as a single clamping or trigger or redundant element.  
         [0034]      FIGS. 8   a  through  8   d  are simplified representations of a variety of unit cells  800 . In  FIG. 8   a,  between the unit cells  710 ,  720  are a plurality of other circuit elements R 1   802 , R 2   804 , R 3   806  that may be part of or separate from the ESD circuits. The ESD array may further include SEU prevention features such as multiple high or medium breakdown or high performance heterojunction transistors, any of which may be characterized by speed and/or have a different base width. Other SEU prevention features may include ballasting resistors, and/or charge barriers such as trenches, guard rings, N-wells. The ESD gate array may further include process structures, such as heavily-doped buried layer connecting implants, reach-throughs, and/or buried grids. A trench is an actual trough between the unit cells of the ESD array.  FIGS. 8   b  and  8   c  show a unit cell  810  having deep trenches  812 ,  814  on either side of the bipolar transistors  710 ,  720 . In  FIG. 8   b,  trench  814  separates the transistors  710 ,  720  from the circuit elements R 2   804 , R 1   802 , and R 3   806 . In  FIG. 8   c,  the circuit elements R 2   804 , R 1   802 , and R 3   806  are contained between the trenches  812 ,  814 . A trench may be of sufficient dimensions to prevent charge from entering the unit cell, such as 3-12 microns deep and 1 micron wide; a trench may partially or completely surround the unit cell  830  in a circular, rectangular, or other geometric arrangement.  FIG. 8   d  is an illustration of a unit cell  830  having both tenches  812 ,  814  and a charge barrier  832 . Examples of charge barriers include diffusions of n-wells or substrate contacts, or other devices that college charge. An example of a diffusion of n-wells may be arsenide or phosphorus at a concentration of 5×10 13  atoms per cm 3 . Use of both the trenches  812 ,  814  and the guard ring  832  provide additional protection from SEUs.  
         [0035]      FIG. 9  is a simplified flow chart of a process by which an ESD array may be designed. In step  910 , it is established that there is a need for an ESD network. In step  920 , the engineers will define the reliability requirement for a SEU using, e.g., characterizations from transmission line pulse testing with energy ranges similar to those used in human body model (HBM) ESD qualification testing or cable discharge events (CDE). Then, input from the technology database file and ESD data  935  is used to define the ESD requirement in step  930 . For example, for ESD protection in military applications, an ESD network may be required that protects against a 1 MeV particle through the Van Allen belt, or protect against a 500 volt pulse on the input pad or 15,000 volts human body model (HBM). Such ESD requirements that the circuit must be able to withstand can be further delineated by viewing www.esda.org/standardlistings.html. In step  940 , the circuit topology  940  of the ESD network and if an array is used, the topology of the array is designed. Using an SEU tool  955  that determines the probability of failure using, e.g., a Monte Carlo alpha particle or a cosmic ray simulator, the layout design of the unit cell is defined in step  950 . In step  960 , the probability requirement of failure is evaluated. With the unit cell thus defined, the failure probability evaluated for a particular circuit, the process completes at step  990 .  
         [0036]     It will be appreciated that variations of some elements are possible to adapt the invention for specific conditions or functions. The concepts of the present invention can be further extended to a variety of other applications that are clearly within the scope of this invention. Having thus described the present invention with respect to preferred embodiments as implemented, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications and enhancements are possible to the present invention without departing from the basic concepts as described in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, what is intended to be protected by way of letters patent should be limited only by the scope of the following claims.