Abstract:
Procedures for the connection of a very capacitive load to a voltage bus of an electric distribution system, by using a solid state power controller, where the current through the SSPC is controlled actively by maintaining one of its parameters (the current and/or the derivative of the current) constant during the entire connection time of said very capacitive load or during each one of a set of stretches of said connection time. The invention also refers to SSPCs structured to carry out said procedures.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of the Spanish patent application No. P201031921 filed on Dec. 22, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by way of reference. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention refers to procedures for the active control of the current for the connection of very capacitive loads by using SSPCs in electrical energy distribution systems, particularly in aircraft and other vehicle&#39;s electrical. The invention also refers to the SSPCs which permit the implementation of said procedures. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    There is a strong trend in the aeronautical industry towards the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) concept as a consequence of substitutions of conventional equipments, which depend on pneumatic, mechanic and hydraulic power, by equipments that depend on electrical power. These new equipments provide an improved operational capacity thanks to an increased reliability, a lesser maintenance, an efficient energy conversion and, therefore, a greater efficiency of the aircraft in general. 
         [0004]    To cope with this increase in electrical energy, in the new distribution architectures high voltage levels are used in order to reduce the current levels and, consequently, the cable sections and its weight. On the other hand, more important electric loads can be directly fed with direct current in place of three-phase alternate current, which also means a decrease in the number of cables used to connect the different electric loads. 
         [0005]    This considerable growth of the number of electrical loads in these new electric distribution architectures has contributed to an increase of the quantity of the electrical and electronic components, which could conduce to instability of the whole system due to the interactions between the different equipments that compose the system. Also, raising the level of voltage, of the new electrical energy distribution systems, provokes the appearance of new problems regarding the function of some devices, such as conventional protections, and other inconveniences originated by physical effects in the wires with the new levels of voltage: corona effect, arc fault and others. 
         [0006]    In the aeronautical industry there is an increasing demand for Electrical Power Systems managed by smart control systems for, particularly, managing the connection and disconnection of the electrical loads depending on the operational mode and available power sources. 
         [0007]    As a consequence, solid state power controllers (SSPCs) technology have been introduced inside the electrical management centers. These components have been grouped in Electrical Power Load Management Units (EPLMUs) which offer a number of advantages over electromechanical relays and conventional circuit breakers (CBs). 
         [0008]    Other SSPC characteristics are high reliability, low power dissipation and remote control capability by means of complex hardware. Moreover, these devices, based on power semiconductors, provide a fast response and a lower susceptibility to vibrations in comparison to electromagnetic and electromechanic components, such as CBs. 
         [0009]    In these systems, the connection of very capacitive loads using SSPCs can cause overcurrents which, on the one hand, can irreversibly damage the SSPCs and, on the other hand, introduce perturbations which can affect the rest of the neighbouring components or the own power source. 
         [0010]    These perturbations and overcurrents generate serious problems in onboard electrical distribution systems, and this invention is, therefore, oriented towards solving said problems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    An object of the present invention is to provide procedures for the connection of very capacitive loads to electric distribution systems using SSPCs which allow a decrease of the perturbations introduced in the system by the connection transients. 
         [0012]    Another object of the present invention is to provide procedures for the connection of very capacitive loads to electric distribution systems using SSPCs which allow to control the overcurrents in the SSPCs. 
         [0013]    In one aspect, these and other objects are achieved by a connection procedure of a very capacitive load to a voltage bus of an electric distribution system through an SSPC, in which the current of the SSPC is actively controlled, keeping one of its parameters constant during the whole connection time tc of said very capacitive load, or during each one of the set of stretches of said time. 
         [0014]    In a preferred embodiment said parameter is the magnitude of the current iSSPC, which is maintained constant in a value less than or equal to the maximum value iMAX endured by the SSPC, during the whole connection time tc. This way, a reduction of the maximum current is achieved. 
         [0015]    In another preferred embodiment, said parameter is the derivative K of the current iSSPC, which is maintained constant during the whole connection time tc, while the absolute value of the current iSSPC is maintained under or equal to the maximum value iMAX endured by the SSPC. This way, a reduction of the connection time and, particularly, a reduction of the maximum power dissipated during the first moments is achieved. 
         [0016]    In another preferred embodiment, during a first stretch ts, said parameter is the derivative K of the current iSSPC until it reaches an objective absolute value smaller or equal to the maximum value iMAX endured by the SSPC; and during a second stretch, tm, said parameter is the magnitude of the current ISSPC, which is maintained constant at previous said value. Preferably said first stretch ts is comprised between 70% and 80% of the connection time tc, and said second stretch tm is comprised between 20% and 30% of the connection time tc. This way, a reduction of the connection time and of the maximum power dissipated during the first moments is achieved. 
         [0017]    In another preferred embodiment, in each of the first stretches t1, . . . , tn−1 of the connection time tc, said parameter is a derivative K1, . . . , Kn−1 of the current iSSPC until it reaches an absolute value smaller or equal to the maximum value iMAX endured by the SSPC and, in the final stretch tn, said parameter is the magnitude of the current iSSPC which is maintained constant and equal to said value. Preferably, in each of said stretches, the current iSSPC is inside the safe operation curve of the semiconductor (SOA). This way, an optimization of the trajectory of the current depending on the limitations of the SSPC, the slope of the current and the maximum current through the SSPC is achieved, so that the best use of the semiconductor is achieved and its maximum dissipated power is limited. 
         [0018]    In another aspect, the aforementioned objects are achieved by providing an SSPC which can be used in an electrical distribution system between a voltage bus and a very capacitive load, which comprises a semiconductor (preferably a MOSFET or a IGBT), a driver, a microcontroller, an internal power source, an SSPC current measuring device, a measuring device for the load voltage and also current controlling circuits connected to said microcontroller and said driver, which allow to carry out any of said procedures for the connection of very capacitive loads. These control circuits enable the optimization of the SSPC to improve its response times and decrease the power loss by the semiconductor during the connection transients. 
         [0019]    In a preferred embodiment, said circuits include suitable components to carry out the active control of the current iSSPC by the SSPC, regulating the voltage vGS or vCE of the control entrance of the semiconductor. 
         [0020]    Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will be clear from the following detailed description of embodiments illustrative of its object in relation to the attached figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  shows the diagram during the connection of a capacitive load to a voltage bus through an SSPC and 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  shows time graphs of the overcurrent and the voltage during the connection transient of a very capacitive load. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  shows the variation over time of the current in the SSPC during the connection of the very capacitive load in the active control with constant current procedure according to the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  shows the variation over time of the current in the SSPC during the connection of the very capacitive load in the active control with slope constant current procedure according to the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  shows the variation over time of the current in the SSPC during the connection of the very capacitive load in the generalized active control procedure according to the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  shows the variation over time of the current in the SSPC during the connection of the very capacitive load in the active control by optimum trajectory current procedure according to the present invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  shows the power dissipated in the semiconductor during the connection transient of a very capacitive load, for the four procedures mentioned. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram of an SSPC according to the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram which illustrates the functionality of the control circuits incorporated in the SSPC according to the present invention. 
           [0030]      FIGS. 10 and 11  are detailed diagrams of preferred embodiments of said SSPC control circuits. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0031]    In an aircraft electric distribution system that uses SSPCs as control devices for the connection of the loads, one of the problems which arises is the connection of very capacitive loads, which are present in a great number of the aircraft devices which require electrical energy and which, as is known, can cause overcurrents in the SSPCs, damaging them. 
         [0032]    That way, for example, in the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 , during the connection of the very capacitive load  17  using the SSPC  15 , overcurrents are produced which are directly related to the value of the capacitor of the load  17  and to the value of the bus voltage VBUS  13  in which is connected.  FIG. 2  shows the variation over time of the current iSSPC(t) in the SSPC  15  and the voltages vC(t), vSSPC(t) in, respectively, the load  17  and the SSPC  15 , during the connection period which ends at time tc. 
         [0033]    The overcurrent is caused by the initial energy demand of the capacitor, as it is initially uncharged. Therefore, if the current through the SSPC  15  is not controlled during the connection of a very capacitive load  17 , an overcurrent is produced which reaches a level high enough to charge the capacitor connected to the output of the SSPC  15 , with the voltage VBUS fixed by the main bus  13 . 
         [0034]    These types of connections present several problems, firstly, they can irreversibly damage the semiconductor and, as a consequence, the SSPC  15  and, secondly, due to the overcurrents, perturbations are introduced which can affect the rest of the neighbouring components or the own power source. 
         [0035]    As far as the present invention is concerned, it shall be understood that a very capacitive load  17  is a load with, preferably, a capacity of more than 150 microfarads. 
         [0036]    The basic idea of the present invention to cope with this problem, is to provide a procedure for the connection of a very capacitive load  17  to a voltage bus  13  using an SSPC  15 , in which an active control is carried out, which maintains a parameter of the current iSSPC(t) of the SSPC  15  constant during the whole connection time tc of said very capacitive load  17 , or during each one of a set of stretches of said time. 
         [0037]    In a first embodiment of the procedure, which we will refer to as active control with constant current procedure, illustrated in  FIG. 3 , an active control is carried out which maintains a constant value for the current iSSPC(t) in the SSPC  15 , over the nominal value iNOM, but below the maximum level iMAX endured by the SSPC, during the connection time, which ends at tc.  FIG. 3  also shows the variation over time of the current iR(t) in the load  17  during the connection time. This active control with constant current procedure through the SSPC  15  is better than the passive control procedures known in the prior art and allows the connection of big capacitors in small connection times. The connection times of the loads can also be configured and no hardware modifications of the device are required to implement other connection times. The connection of the load by maintaining a constant current means that the semiconductor must endure high powers during the first moments. 
         [0038]    In a second embodiment of the procedure, which we will refer to as active control with slope constant current procedure, illustrated in  FIG. 4 , an active control is carried out to connect the very capacitive load  17  by a current ramp iSSPC(t) in the SSPC  15 , whose derivative K is maintained constant during a connection time tc, which varies depending on the capacity of the load  17 , never exceeding the maximum level endured by the SSPC  15 .  FIG. 4  also shows the variation over time of the current iR(t) in the load during the connection time. This active control with slope constant K current procedure through the SSPC  15  is also better than the passive control procedures and allows the connection of big capacitors in small connection times (but bigger than those achieved by the active control with constant current procedure, although the power dissipated is less). On the other hand, the connection times of the loads can be configured and no hardware modifications of the device are required to implement other connection times. 
         [0039]    In a third embodiment of the procedure, which we will refer to as for a generalized active control procedure, illustrated in  FIG. 5 , an active control is carried out to connect a very capacitive load  17  in two stretches: the first by means of a current ramp iSSPC(t) whose derivative K is maintained constant during a certain period of time ts until it reaches a value that never exceeding the maximum level iMAX endured by the SSPC  15 , and the second in which the current is maintained constant during a maintenance period of time tm, until the capacitor is completely charged.  FIG. 5  also shows the variation over time of the current iR(t) in the load during the connection time. Even though the time periods ts and tm assigned to said stretches are variable time periods determined depending on the characteristics of the load  17 , in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a time period ts comprised between 70% and 80% of tc and a time period tm comprised between 30% and 20% of tc are assigned. This generalized active control procedure is more versatile than the previous ones, as it allows the connection of big capacitors in small connection times, with smaller dissipated powers when compared with the procedure by active control with a constant current, although the power dissipated is greater than in the case of the procedure by active control with constant derivative K of the current. On the other hand, the connection times of the loads can be configured and no hardware modifications of the device are required to implement other connection times, as in the case of the other two procedures mentioned. 
         [0040]    In a fourth embodiment, which we will refer to as active control by optimum trajectory current procedure, illustrated in  FIG. 6 , an active control is carried out which allows the connection of a very capacitive load  17  in several stretched of three types:
       Stretch with constant derivative of the current, with an initial value of zero.   Stretch with constant derivative of the current, with an initial value different to zero.   Stretch at a constant current.       
 
         [0044]    In any case, the first stretch of connection is a stretch with constant derivative of the current, which is the method which imposes the smallest thermal dissipation in the semiconductor during the first moments, and the final stretch is at a constant current. In the most general case with n stretches, the trajectory of the current in said n stretches with durations t1, t2, . . . tn, is determined by fixing the constant derivatives K1, . . . , Kn of each stretch, taking into account the safe operation curve of the semiconductor (SOA). This active control by optimum trajectory current procedure improves the connection of the load, compared to the three preceding procedures, as it allows the connection of big capacitors in small connection times, optimizing the dissipated powers. On the other hand, as in the preceding procedures, the connection times of the loads can be configured and no hardware modifications of the device are required to implement other connection times. The main advantage is it allows a reduction in the number of semiconductor elements needed for the commutation of a very capacitive load because, by means of this procedure, the SSPC adjusts the connection times depending on the load, regardless of its value. It also improves the connection times of the load, compared with the other active control procedures, as it uses 100% of the functioning regions of the semiconductor and adjusts itself to the SOA of the main semiconductor. 
         [0045]      FIG. 7  shows the variation over time of the dissipated powers 3, 5, 7, 9 in, respectively, the active control with constant current procedure, the active control with slope constant current procedure, the generalized active control procedure and the active control by optimum trajectory current procedure. Considering the dissipated powers, it can be said that the maximum exploitation of the semiconductor is produced by the active control by optimum trajectory current procedure, while the minimum exploitation of the semiconductor is produced by the active control with constant current procedure. 
         [0046]    On the other hand, Table 1 shows, as an example, the results obtained with the four procedures mentioned with regard to the use of the semiconductor. As can be observed, the relation between the average power dissipated by the semiconductor during the connection time, tc, and the maximum power that can dissipate, according to the SOA is different, depending on the connection procedure. The capacity which can be connected during the same connection time, tc, increases, as a better use of the semiconductor is achieved. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 V BUS   
                 I MAX   
                 I NOM   
                 t C   
                 C 
                 P AVG   
                 P Max   
                 P AVG /P Max   
               
               
                   
                 [V] 
                 [A] 
                 [A] 
                 [ms] 
                 [μF] 
                 [W] 
                 [W] 
                 [%] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Active control with 
                 270 
                 4.4 
                 1 
                 10 
                 143.6 
                 568 
                 1200 
                 47.33% 
               
               
                 constant current 
               
               
                 Active control with 
                 270 
                 11.7 
                 1 
                 10 
                 204.3 
                 781 
                 1200 
                 65.08% 
               
               
                 slope constant 
               
               
                 current 
               
               
                 Generalized active 
                 270 
                 10.95 
                 1 
                 10 
                 239.5 
                 794 
                 1200 
                 66.17% 
               
               
                 control 
               
               
                 (75% t s ; 25% t m ) 
               
               
                 Active control by 
                 270 
                 200 
                 1 
                 10 
                 316.4 
                 1200 
                 1200 
                     100% 
               
               
                 optimum trajectory 
               
               
                 current 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0047]      FIG. 8  shows a block diagram of an SSPC  15 , in which the preceding active control procedures can be implemented, which includes a semiconductor  21 , a driver  23 , current control circuits  25 ,  26 , an internal power source  27 , a measuring device for the load voltage  31 , a measuring device for the SSPC current  29  and a microcontroller  33 . The invention is applicable to any semiconductor (bipolar, SIC, etc) and preferably to a MOSFET or an IGBT. 
         [0048]    Said current control circuits  25 ,  26  are made up of components which allow the implementation of the connection procedures mentioned. 
         [0049]    A description of a preferred embodiment of said circuits, in relation to the  FIGS. 8 ,  9 ,  10 ,  11  will now follow. 
         [0050]    The aim of the driver  23  that controls the semiconductor  21  is to control the voltage between gate and source of the semiconductor used, from the optocoupled output signals, which will be provided by the microcontroller  33 . Taking into account that a driver  23  exists, which switches the semiconductor  21  on and off, a control circuit  26  is defined, which enables a control of the output current of the SSPC  15  by regulating the voltage vGS or vCE of the control entrance of the semiconductor  21  (see  FIG. 9 ). 
         [0051]      FIG. 10  shows the regulating circuit  26  of the voltage in the capacitor Cg, which works together with the driver  23 , which enables a regulation of the charge and discharge of the gate capacitor Cg, with different time constants. This way, the regulation is optimum and there are no sudden jumps in the Cg voltage and in the semiconductor  21  gate, and as a consequence, great changes in the current levels through the SSPC  15  are avoided. To achieve these times, a circuit made up of diode networks and resistors (RgON y RgOFF), which respectively limit the charge and discharge of the capacitor, is included. 
         [0052]    The shoot pulses of the driver  23  are regulated by the microcontroller and are programmable according to the maximum current, connection time or safe operation area of the semiconductor (SOA) requisites. To that purpose, a feedback loop  25  based in an operational amplifier configured as a comparator (see  FIG. 11 ) has been added. By means of this amplifier, the current level measured in the SSPC  15  by the current measuring device  29  is compared with the level fixed by the microcontroller, be it a ramp, a constant level, or any other control signal. This comparator generates the shoot pulses needed during the connection transients, so that it regulates the charge and discharge of the capacitor Cg voltage, and then the current through the SSPC  15  during the connection transient of the very capacitive load  17 . 
         [0053]    Although the present invention has been described in relation to preferred embodiments, it is evident that modifications within its scope can be introduced, understanding that it isn&#39;t limited to said embodiments, but to the content of the following claims. 
         [0054]    As is apparent from the foregoing specification, the invention is susceptible of being embodied with various alterations and modifications which may differ particularly from those that have been described in the preceding specification and description. It should be understood that I wish to embody within the scope of the patent warranted hereon all such modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of my contribution to the art.