Abstract:
This invention is a servo mounting system, which allows a servo with a rotating output shaft to directly power an aircraft control surface. A specially designed servo mount securely positions the servo with the central axis of its rotational output shaft on, and axially aligned with, the hinge line of the control surface it drives. The servo shaft and servo body are directly connected to the airframe and control surface, thereby conserving rotational motion while driving control movement. Electronic means are then used to control the neutral point and the limit of travel of the servo. The system eliminates lost motion without generating adverse linear loads within the drive assembly.

Description:
SEQUENCE LISTING  
   Not Applicable. 
   CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   Not Applicable. 
   STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
   Not Applicable. 
   THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
   Not Applicable. 
   INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
   Not Applicable. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This servo mount design is related to the specific connection between the device or arrangement for controlling an aircraft and a controlled element. 
   2. Description of Related Art including information disclosed under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98 
   It is often necessary or desirable to power the motion of an aircraft control surface with an electro-mechanical servo. The most common use of servo powered flight controls is in the radio controlled aircraft hobby industry. There is also a rapidly growing market for commercial and military remotely piloted vehicles, which also employ the use of servos to power their flight controls. The latest trend in full scale aviation is all electric flight control actuation, or “fly by wire”. It is conceivable that servo powered flight controls will replace the hydro-mechanical powered systems predominantly used in manned aircraft today, since they are very compatible with the fly by wire concept. There are a large variety of commercially available servos which provide an output via a rotating shaft. In all previous endeavors, the servo is mounted to the airframe in a location other than on the hinge line of the control surface it powers, and the servo shaft drives the control surface through a linkage in one or a combination of the following manners:
         (a) The servo shaft is fitted with a lever arm (servo arm), which is connected to a lever arm on the control surface through a mechanical link. The link is rigid enough to transfer both push and pull forces between the two arms, thereby transferring the rotational motion of the servo shaft to the control surface.   (b) The servo shaft is fitted with two parallel and opposing lever arms, 180 degrees apart, which are connected to matching double lever arms on the control surface via two pull cables. In this way each cable transfers a pull force from the servo arm to which it is attached to the respective control surface arm, thereby transferring the rotational motion of the servo shaft to the control surface. Each cable transfers motion in only one direction.   (c) The servo shaft is fitted with a pulley, which is connected to a corresponding pulley on the control surface through pull cables. As in (2) above, the cables serve to transfer the rotational motion of the servo shaft to the control surface.       

   The above methods of driving a control surface involve a conversion of rotational motion at the servo shaft to linear motion, which is then reconverted back to rotational motion at the control. There are several inherent problems with these linkage drive systems:
         (a) A linkage generates a linear load which must be absorbed by both the servo shaft bearings and the control surface hinges. The linear load is at its greatest when the control is fully deflected, which is also the point when the air loads on the control hinges are highest. Both these loads are additive on the hinges. This load accelerates wear on the servo bearings and control hinges, thereby increasing the need for periodic maintenance and part replacement.   (b) At large control surface deflections, the geometry of a link or cable becomes severe.
           (1 ) The effective lengths of the lever arms become shorter at high control deflections when the air loads are strongest. This results in an exponentially increasing load on the servo and the control hinge. To reduce compliance in the structure due to these loads, the control drive assembly must be strengthened significantly. The result is added weight, which has negative aircraft performance consequences.   (2) At the extremes of control travel, linkage angularity results in non-linear control deflection rates. That is, the control moves at a different angular rate than the angular rate of the servo output shaft. This requires complicated electronic or mechanical compensation to return control movement to a proportionally linear motion.   
           (c) Friction is generated at the connection points of a link, the servo bearings, and the control hinge. Friction subtracts from the servo power that reaches the control surface. To compensate, a stronger servo is required, which again means more weight to the aircraft.   (d) A linkage must have some tolerance at the connecting points to ensure it is free to pivot. As the connections wear, the tolerance naturally increases. Additionally, when force is applied through any mechanical assembly, there is deflection due to stress. In a cable linkage, the cables stretch significantly under load. The end result of these factors is lost motion between the servo and the control surface. Lost motion is detrimental for two reasons:
           (1) Lost motion allows air loads to deflect the control surface from the commanded position. This reduces the precision control of the surface, thereby reducing effective control of the aircraft.   (2) Lost motion reduces the overall stiffness of the control assembly, which increases the risk of control surface flutter. Flutter is potentially catastrophic to the structural integrity of an aircraft.   
           (e) By their nature, linkage elements located at the control surface introduce mass behind the hinge line. This increases the weight of the surface, thereby increasing the tendency of the surface to flutter. Larger counterweights must be used to compensate for the weight of the control drive component, thereby adding weight to the aircraft.       

   Even with the mentioned shortcomings, linkages were necessary in past endeavors because:
         (a) Early generation servos were underpowered, which required a properly designed linkage to increase the mechanical advantage of the servo over the control surface.   (b) Early generation servos had limited adjustment capability and no ability to change the direction of shaft motion in relation to an input. An adjustable linkage was necessary to center the control surface at the neutral point and/or to reverse the direction of control motion in relation to servo shaft motion.   (c) A few years ago, it was accepted that control surface travel should be limited to less than 30 degrees from the center position for aerodynamic reasons. In the past, commercially available servos had a range of travel in excess of 45 degrees from center with no limit of travel adjustment, which made a motion reduction linkage necessary to reduce the range of travel to accepted limits at the control surface.       

   In recent years, however, there have been numerous advances in both servo and aircraft design, so we are no longer bound by the limitations of just a few years ago. It has been shown that there is performance to be gained from using control travel in excess of 45 degrees. Electronic servo controls now make it possible to adjust the travel limit, set the centering point, and change the direction of rotation of the servo shaft without the need for cumbersome and restrictive mechanical linkages to do the same. Improved motor technology has provided servos that are now strong enough to drive a control surface without the need for mechanical advantage. Linkage ratios on servo driven flight controls are frequently reduced to 1:1. The traditional reasons for using a linkage between a servo and the control it drives no longer apply. It is now possible to drive an aircraft control surface directly from the servo shaft, without intermediary mechanisms to modify the servo output. 
   This method of directly driving the control surface has still not been used since current servo case design impedes doing so. Commercially available servos share a common generic mounting method in which tabs are provided on each end of the case to mount the servo using two or more screws to a fixed position on the airframe. This tab system provides flexibility in mounting the servo in the greatest number of standard applications, all of which involve the use of linkages to transfer the servo motion to the control. Though providing flexibility, the resulting design of the modern commercial servo is not at all suited to being mounted on the hinge line of a control surface. 
   The output shaft is near the middle of the servo body, which is an undesirable location for hinge line mounting as it causes the servo case to protrude significantly into the area occupied by the control surface. The provided mounting tabs extend further into the control surface space, further obstructing control motion. Because a large portion of the servo body, including half of the mounting tabs, is located past the hinge line, there is no obvious way to secure the servo to the aircraft. The mounting tabs are placed in an inconvenient, normally inaccessible location, and are at an awkward angle when securing the servo at the hinge line. In short, the standard shape and design of commercially available servos has precluded them from even being considered for hinge line mounting. Therefore, direct servo drive of an aircraft control surface is not an obvious or inevitable evolution of prior art. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention has overcome the problems associated with using generic servos to directly drive aircraft flight controls. The object of this invention is to provide an improved aircraft flight control servo drive system, decrease cost of manufacture, decrease required maintenance, and increase the reliability of the drive mechanism. A servo mounting system is described herein to mount a servo in a position and manner which allows it to drive a control surface  13  directly, with no intermediary linkages. This is accomplished through a unique servo mount  1 A, which secures the servo with the central axis of its rotational output shaft  15  on, and axially aligned with, the control surface hinge line  12 . The result is a simple and efficient drive mechanism which conserves rotational motion throughout the drive assembly. The servo mount  1 A described herein can be installed in an aircraft in two basic ways:
         (a) Airframe mounting, as shown in  FIG. 4A . The servo case  14  is secured within the servo mount  1 A which is installed on the airframe, shown as a wing aerodynamic member  10 , so the central axis of the servo output shaft  15  is located on, and is axially aligned with, the control surface hinge line  12 . The servo output shaft  15  is connected directly to the control surface, shown as an aileron aerodynamic member  13 , so the control and shaft are effectively a single unit  2 . The servo case  14  remains fixed relative to the airframe  10 , while the shaft  15  rotates with the control surface  13 . The only intermediary mechanism between the servo and control surface is a coupler, shown as a standard servo lever arm  17 . The coupler can be either rigid, as shown, or one allowing for slight misalignment between the shaft and control surface.   (b) Control surface mounting, as shown in  FIG. 6A . The mount  1 A is installed within the control surface, shown as an elevator aerodynamic member  24 , so the axial center of the servo output shaft  15  is located on, and is axially aligned with, the control surface hinge line  12 . The servo output shaft  15  is connected directly to the airframe, shown as a horizontal stabilizer aerodynamic member  23 , so the airframe and shaft effectively become a single unit. The servo case  14  moves with the control surface  24 , while the shaft  15  remains fixed relative to the airframe  23 . The only intermediary mechanism between the servo and the airframe is a coupler, shown as a standard servo lever arm  17 . The coupler can be either rigid, or one allowing for slight misalignment between the shaft and the airframe.       

   The direct drive servo mount can be applied to any control surface which uses a fixed hinge line. Examples include, but are not limited to:
         (a) Ailerons.   (b) Elevators and stabilators.   (c) Rudders.   (d) Speed brakes.   (e) Trailing or leading edge flaps.   (f) Attenuators.   (g) Trim tabs.   (h) Control tabs.   (i) Anti-float tabs.   (j) Any combination surfaces, such as ailevators, flaperons, etc.       

   The advantages of direct drive servo mounting over traditional linkage style drive systems are numerous:
         (a) No linear loads are created.
           (1) This reduces servo bearing and control hinge wear.   (2) It allows lighter mounting structures to be used to save weight.   (3) It decreases routine maintenance intervals and prolongs component longevity.   
           (b) There is no lost motion. This increases control positioning precision and increases control flutter resistance.   (c) There is no lost force due to friction. All of the servo power is transferred to the control surface without loss throughout the full range of travel. This allows a somewhat smaller servo to be utilized and again reduces weight.   (d) Control motion is directly proportional to servo motion. No mechanical or electronic compensation is required to rectify linkage geometry problems.   (e) Less mass is introduced behind the control surface hinge line, which improves control flutter resistance.   (f) There are fewer parts, which reduces production cost and increases reliability.   (g) There are no arms, cables or pulleys to protrude into the air stream. This makes a cleaner aerodynamic design with reduced aerodynamic drag.   (h) There is no linkage mass to apply undesirable inertial loads on the servo or flight control when the aircraft is maneuvering.       

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The following are descriptions of the diagrams contained in this specification: 
       FIG. 1A  is an exploded view of the servo mounting box  1 A. 
       FIG. 1B  is a view of the servo mounting box  1 A as it is installed in the forward aerodynamic member of a wing airfoil  10 . The top surface of the wing has been removed in the area of the mount for clarity. 
       FIG. 2  is an exploded view of the aft aerodynamic member of a wing airfoil (control surface)  13 , showing in detail how the servo rotational output shaft  15  is attached to the control surface  13  to form a sub-assembly  2 . 
       FIG. 3  shows the method of final assembly. The servo case  14  slides into the mount  1 A as the control/servo subassembly  2  is moved into place. Hinge pins are installed to hold the surface  13 , and a bolt  5  securely clamps the servo case  14  within the mount  1 A. 
       FIG. 4A  is a top plan view of the completed servo mount assembly. The top of the wing  10  and the top of servo mount  1 A have been removed for clarity. 
       FIG. 4B  is a side elevation sectional view of the completed assembly, demonstrating the smooth airfoil—devoid of protuberances—which this mounting system provides. 
       FIG. 4C  is an orthographic view of the completed assembly. 
       FIG. 5A  is an exploded view showing two examples how this servo mount system can be used. The mount  1 A and servo case  14  for the elevator  24  are installed in the fuselage empennage  21  and the horn  16  is attached to the inboard end of the elevator  24 . The rudder  26  demonstrates a triple installation used to increase the power available to drive larger surfaces. 
       FIG. 5B  is an assembled view of the installations shown in  FIG. 5A . Note the clean aerodynamics of this servo mounting system. 
       FIG. 6A  is an exploded view of a configuration in which the servo mount  1 A is installed within the elevator balance tab (mount not visible). The servo case  14  and mount  1 A rotate with the control surface  24 . The servo shaft  15  is mounted to the airframe  23  using a servo arm  17  and horn  16 , as in the previous examples. 
       FIG. 6B  is a view of the elevator in  FIG. 6A , showing the completed installation. Visible is the servo case  14  within the mounting box  1 A, which is inset within the elevator balance tab. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Although the direct servo drive mount is not limited to a particular aircraft size, material of construction, servo size or servo type—for ease of illustration the following description of embodiment will reference installations in a large model aircraft of 130 inches wingspan. The aircraft is a typical large scale model design, constructed of wood and composite materials. The horizontal stabilizer  23  employs a tubular metal spar  22  onto which the horizontal stabilizer  23  is mounted, permitting removal of the stabilizer as an assembly by sliding it off of the spar  22 . The servo being mounted is a generic, commercially available electro-mechanical design, loosely termed in the model industry as “standard” size, with dimensions of 0.76″ by 2.25″ by 1.5″. 
   The direct drive servo mount in  FIG. 1A  is in the form of a hollow box which is sized to the dimensions of the particular servo being used. Shown are the upper plate  1 , lower plate  2 , and three sides  3 . One side of the mount is open, allowing the servo to slide into the mount with a perfect—or slight interference—fit. Bolt holes  8  are provided through the plates  1  and  2 . These allow a bolt  5 , washer  6  and nut  7  to be installed through the plates to tighten the plates onto the servo, thereby clamping the servo in place. In operation, there are no loads placed on the servo in the direction of the mount opening, so the purpose of the bolt  5  is to ensure there is no space between the servo and the mount. Any space in the mating of the mount to the servo will result in lost motion as the servo drives the control surface. If an interference fit (0.001″-0.002″) is used between the box and servo, the bolt  5  is not required. A relief  9  is cut into one of the open corners of the mount, to allow for motion of the control horn  16 , shown in  FIG. 2 . The control horn  16  is an extension of the servo arm  17 . It is fashioned so it can be attached to a generic servo arm  17 , compatible with the servo being used, and also can be attached to the appropriate aircraft structure, here shown as an aileron aerodynamic member  13 . In order to keep weight to a minimum, the horn  16  is fashioned in the shape of a rib. In doing so, the horn  16  takes the place of an otherwise required structural rib, so no weight is added to the final assembly. 
   The material used in construction of the mount and horn can be metal, wood, plastic, composite, or any other relatively light weight material. Choice of material is primarily determined by compatibility with the material used in the aircraft. For example, if the aircraft is built of wood, it is preferable to use wood in the mount, as this will allow positive bonding with the aircraft structure. Alternatively, if the aircraft is made of aluminum, the mount must be of a material that can be riveted, welded, or bolted to aluminum. Lightening holes are provided in the mount to reduce weight, but their exact size and placement are not critical. 
   The box shown in  FIG. 1A  is constructed of 1/16″ thick maple plywood. It was cut precisely by a laser cutter to match the dimensions of the servo it will retain and is provided with non-specific lightening holes. The mating tabs  4  at each joint increase strength and rigidity without sacrificing weight. The inside dimensions of the opening is height 0.76″, width 1.75″, and depth 2.5″. Only the height dimension is critical, as it must match the corresponding minor servo dimension. The width and depth should be slightly larger than their corresponding servo dimensions (approximately 0.25″), but other than that are not critical. The box is glued together using wood glue. If constructed of other materials, the box may be molded, bolted, or riveted together as required. 
   The horn  16 , shown in  FIG. 2 , is also laser cut from 1/16″ thick maple plywood. It has a hole precisely cut to accept the outer circumference of the portion of the servo arm  17  that receives the servo shaft  15 —in this example that is a ⅜″ circle. Two more precisely cut holes in the horn accept bolts  20  which attach the arm  17  to the horn  16 . Other non-specific holes may be cut for lightening purposes. The horn  16  is rounded in the area that attaches to the servo arm  17  to provide clearance with the mounting box  1 A as the control surface rotates. The end of the horn  16  opposite the servo arm  17  is shaped so it can be conveniently attached to the aircraft. In  FIG. 2 , the horn  16  takes the place of a structural rib for the control surface  13  and is permanently glued into the control surface  13  with wood glue. In  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 6A , the horn  16  is shaped appropriately to glue to the end of the control surface  24  and the end of the horizontal stabilizer  23  respectively. 
   The above description is common to all installations of the direct drive servo mount. The mount must now be installed on the aircraft in one of two possible configurations. These are:
         (a) Airframe mounting. The servo mount  1 A is installed on the non-rotating portion of the airframe  10 , while the servo output shaft  15  is connected to—and rotates with—the control surface  13 . The central axis of the servo output shaft  15  is located on, and is axially aligned with the hinge line  12 . This embodiment is shown in  FIG. 2  through  FIG. 4C . Using the box  1 A described in  FIG. 1 , the installation proceeds as follows:
           (1) The control surface  13  is mounted onto the airframe  10  using removable hinges  11 . This includes any type of hinge having a removable pin or other means by which the control surface can later be removed from the airframe. The hinges  11  cannot occupy the area where the servo mount  1 A is to be installed.   (2) An opening is made in the back of the airframe to receive the mount  1 A. The opening must be perfectly centered on the control hinge line  12 . For the mount described above, the opening will be 0.885″ high, 1.875″ wide, and 2.31″ deep. The mount  1 A is installed in the opening and secured using wood glue as shown in  FIG. 1B .   (3) A relief  19  is made in the control surface  13  to provide clearance for the portion of the mount  1 A which extends behind the hinge line  12 . It must provide clearance throughout the control&#39;s range of motion.   (4) The servo arm  17  is permanently attached onto the horn  16  using two 4-40×¼″ bolts  20 . The horn/servo arm assembly is glued into place in the control surface  13 . The horn  16  is centered laterally within the cutout  9  provided for it in the mounting box. The portion of the servo arm  17  which receives the servo shaft  15  is centered on the control hinge line  12 .   (5) The servo shaft  15  is mounted onto the servo arm  17  and held in place with the retaining screw  18  provided by the servo manufacturer. The servo and control surface are now joined as an assembly  2 .   (6) To complete the installation, the servo case  14  is slid into the mount  1 A as the control surface/servo assembly  2  is positioned. The control hinges  11  are re-united, and a 4-40×1″ bolt  5 , washer  6  and nut  7  are installed to lock the servo case  14  into the mount  1 A.   (7)  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  show one possible variation of the fixed servo body installation. Here the same servo mount  1 A is installed inside the fuselage empennage  21  at the location of the elevator hinge line  12 . The open edge of the mount  1 A is flush with the side of the fuselage  21 . The horn  16  and servo arm  17  are secured to the elevator  24  at the inboard end of its span. The servo shaft  15  is attached to the arm  17 , once again forming a control surface/servo sub assembly  2 . The servo case  14  is slid into the mount  1 A as the control sub-assembly  2  is installed on the spar tube  22 .   
           (b) Control surface mounting. The servo mount  1 A is installed within the control surface so it rotates with the control. The central axis of the servo output shaft  15  is located on, and is axially aligned with the hinge line  12 , and is coupled directly to the airframe.  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B  show an example of this installation for an elevator drive.
           (1) The horn/servo arm assembly  17 / 16  is fabricated as described above and is secured to the outboard end of the horizontal stabilizer  23  with wood glue. The portion of the servo arm  17  which receives the servo shaft  15  is centered on the control hinge line  12 .   (2) The servo shaft  15  is attached to the servo arm  17  and is held in place with the retaining screw  18  supplied by the manufacturer. The servo shaft  15  is now directly connected to the airframe  23  and will remain fixed relative to it.   (3) The servo mount  1 A is fabricated as described above, only it will be made with an interference fit on the servo case  14  (height dimension 0.759″). A hole is made in the balance tab of the elevator  24  to the exact dimensions of the mount  1 A. The mount  1 A is installed in the control surface  24 , as shown, so it is entirely within the elevator  24 .   (4) The servo mount  1 A is slid over the servo case  14  as the elevator  24  is moved into position. Once the elevator  24  is in position, the hinges  11  are reunited to hold the surface  24  in place. In this installation no retaining bolt  5  is necessary.   
               

   Once the installation is complete, the control center point, direction of travel, and range of travel are set using electronic modification of the servo input signal. This modification can be accomplished using one of numerous commercially available electronic devices. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Definition List 1 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Term 
               Definition 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Airframe 
               An aerodynamic member comprising the 
             
             
                 
                 
               main portion of the aircraft, including 
             
             
                 
                 
               wings 10, fuselage, empennage 21, 
             
             
                 
                 
               vertical stabilizer 25, horizontal 
             
             
                 
                 
               stabilizer 23, and canard; but excluding 
             
             
                 
                 
               the moveable control surfaces. 
             
             
                 
               Servo 
               A generic, commercially available, 
             
             
                 
                 
               electro-mechanical mechanism that 
             
             
                 
                 
               receives a control signal input, and 
             
             
                 
                 
               responds by precisely positioning a 
             
             
                 
                 
               rotating output shaft 15. All the 
             
             
                 
                 
               elements of motor, gearing, and controls 
             
             
                 
                 
               are contained within a common case 14 - 
             
             
                 
                 
               usually rectangular in shape and 
             
             
                 
                 
               having at least two sides parallel to one 
             
             
                 
                 
               another. 
             
             
                 
               Control surface or 
               An aerodynamic member comprising any 
             
             
                 
               flight control 
               movable surface on the aircraft which is 
             
             
                 
                 
               intended to deflect an air stream in a 
             
             
                 
                 
               manner so as to modify the path or 
             
             
                 
                 
               performance of that aircraft, including 
             
             
                 
                 
               aileron 13, rudder 26, and elevator 24. 
             
             
                 
               Linkage 
               A mechanism containing combinations 
             
             
                 
                 
               of simple mechanical elements which 
             
             
                 
                 
               convert rotating motion to linear motion 
             
             
                 
                 
               and/or vise versa. 
             
             
                 
               Servo arm 
               A simple mechanical lever 17 which 
             
             
                 
                 
               attaches to the output shaft of a servo 
             
             
                 
                 
               15. It is normally provided with, or 
             
             
                 
                 
               commercially available for, a particular 
             
             
                 
                 
               servo. In past endeavors, it attaches the 
             
             
                 
                 
               servo shaft 15 to a linkage, thereby 
             
             
                 
                 
               converting rotating motion at the servo 
             
             
                 
                 
               to linear motion at a link or cable. In 
             
             
                 
                 
               this invention, the servo arm 17 is used 
             
             
                 
                 
               in a non-standard fashion as a means to 
             
             
                 
                 
               directly connect the servo shaft 15 to a 
             
             
                 
                 
               horn 16. 
             
             
                 
               Horn 
               A lever extension which provides a 
             
             
                 
                 
               means of hard connection between a 
             
             
                 
                 
               servo arm 17 and the aircraft structure.