Abstract:
Briefly, the invention involves a system and method for generating electrical power. The system includes an electromagnet positioned with one pole directed toward a like pole of a permanent magnet. The permanent magnet is preferably mounted for oscillating movement toward the pole of the electromagnet. A control system for the electromagnet is provided to supply direct current (DC) power in the form of square wave pulses which coincide with the position of the permanent magnet. Power is collected upon the collapse of the magnetic field within the electromagnetic magnet. In some embodiments the present device is supplied in the form of a reciprocating engine which provides rotary motion in addition to the electrical power generated.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    In accordance with 37 C.F.R. 1.76, a claim of priority is included in an Application Data Sheet filed concurrently herewith. Accordingly, the present invention claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/748,974, filed Jan. 4, 2013, entitled “Device and Control System for Producing Electrical Power”, which claims priority as a continuation-in-part to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/454,839, filed Apr. 24, 2012, entitled, “Magnetically Powered Reciprocating Engine And Electromagnet Control System”, which issued May 21, 2013 to U.S. Pat. No. 8,446,112, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/701,781, filed Feb. 8, 2010, entitled, “Magnetically Powered Reciprocating Engine And Electromagnet Control System”, which issued May 29, 2012 to U.S. Pat. No. 8,188,690. The contents of each of the above referenced applications are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention generally relates to power generation and more particularly to a device for generating electrical power in either a static or dynamic configuration. 
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0003]    Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of kinetic and potential energy. In general, there are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy into electrical energy. 
         [0004]    For example, static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated. In general, static electricity is an excess of an electrical charge trapped on the surface of an object. A static electricity charge is created when two objects are rubbed together and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical current. Since materials are all constructed from atoms, and atoms are constructed from protons in their nuclei and electrons in their shells, static electricity requires the electrons to move from one object to the other while in contact. When the objects are then separated the charge imbalance remains. The charge imbalance can be discharged from either object by connecting, or placing the object, in suitable proximity to a ground. While static electricity was the first type discovered and investigated it has found very few commercial uses other than Van de Graaff and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators. 
         [0005]    Electrochemistry, involving the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, has found important uses mostly in portable and mobile applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from closed electrochemical cells, e.g. batteries, which are generally utilized more for storage than for power generation. However, open electrochemical systems, e.g. fuel cells, have been the subject of a great deal of research and development. Fuel cells can be used to extract electrical power from natural or synthetic fuels which may include alcohol or gasoline. However, electrolytic hydrogen has been the primary fuel of recent technological advances. 
         [0006]    Photoelectric involves the transformation of light into electrical energy, e.g. solar cells. Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity. Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar electricity is still usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated power due to the cost of the panels. Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid or as a supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. 
         [0007]    Thermoelectric involves the direct conversion of temperature differences into electricity. Current devices include thermocouples, thermopiles and thermionic converters. A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on opposite sides or ends of a piece of material. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side of the material to the cold side. This effect can be used to generate electricity, measure temperature or change the temperature of objects. Because the direction of the heating and cooling is determined by the polarity of the applied voltage, thermoelectric devices are often utilized as temperature controllers. 
         [0008]    Piezoelectric develops electricity from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or crystals. The piezoelectric state is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting a direct piezoelectric effect, also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect upon the application of an electrical field. Piezoelectricity is found in a number of applications such as the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances and ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. 
         [0009]    Nuclear transformation involves the creation and acceleration of charged particles. Examples include betavoltaics and alpha particle emission. Betavoltaics are, in effect, a form of battery which uses energy from a radioactive source emitting beta particles, e.g. electrons. Unlike most nuclear power sources which use nuclear radiation to generate heat, which is then used to rotate a turbine, betavoltaics use a non-thermal conversion process; converting the electron-hole pairs produced by the ionization trail of beta particles traversing a semiconductor. The primary use for betavoltaics is for remote long term uses requiring low voltage. 
         [0010]    Electromagnetic induction transforms kinetic energy into electricity. Electromagnetic induction produces electric current across a conductor moving through a magnetic field. It underlies the operation of generators, transformers, induction motors, synchronous motors, and solenoids. This is the most used form of electrical power generation and is based on Faraday&#39;s law. Faraday formulated that electromotive force (EMF) produced around a closed path is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path. In practice, this means that an electric current will be induced in any closed circuit when the magnetic flux through a surface bounded by the conductor changes. Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in which mechanical energy is utilized to rotate an electrical generator. There are numerous ways of developing the mechanical power including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal power. 
         [0011]    While these devices and systems have met with success in several industries and scientists, the prior art has failed to meet the needs and expectations of the public at large. Electrical power is generally very expensive to produce and distribute and is replete with harmful environmental impacts. For example, the amount of water usage is of great concern for electrical generation systems, especially as populations and therefore demands continue to increase. Steam cycle electrical plants require a great deal of water for cooling. In addition, most electricity today is generated using fossil fuels. The fossil fuel is burned to produce steam which is used to turn a steam turbine. Alternatively, the fossil fuel is used to operate an internal combustion or heat cycle engine. The engine is then used to rotate the turbine. Fossil fuel supplies are finite and emissions to the atmosphere from burning the fossil fuel are significant. The estimated CO2 emission from the world&#39;s electrical power industry is estimated at 10 billion tons yearly. The carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect, and thus to global warming. Depending on the particular fuel being burned, other emissions may be produced as well. Ozone, sulfur dioxide, NO2, as well as particulate matter are often released into the atmosphere. Still yet, heavy elements such as mercury, arsenic and radioactive materials are also emitted. 
         [0012]    Thus, the present invention provides a new device and system for generating electrical power which overcomes the disadvantages of prior art electrical generation systems. The generation system of the present invention not only provides for relative portability, it also permits power generation without the need of fossil fuels. In some embodiments, the present invention also provides rotary motion which may be utilized to rotate additional generators, alternators, machinery, or provide propulsion to automobiles or the like. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    Briefly, the invention involves a system and method for generating electrical power. The system includes an electromagnet positioned with one pole directed toward a like pole of a permanent magnet. The permanent magnet is preferably mounted for oscillating movement toward the pole of the electromagnet. A control system for the electromagnet is provided to supply direct current (DC) power in the form of square wave pulses which coincide with the position of the permanent magnet. Power is collected upon the collapse of the magnetic field within the electromagnetic magnet. In some embodiments, the present device is supplied in the form of a reciprocating engine which provides rotary motion in addition to the electrical power generated. 
         [0014]    Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide an electrical power generation device. 
         [0015]    It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method of generating electrical power. 
         [0016]    It is yet a further objective of the present invention to provide a power generation system that utilizes certain aspects of thermo electric power generation to aid in the development of electrical power. 
         [0017]    It is another objective of the instant invention to provide a power generation system that utilizes a highly polarized permanent magnet placed in close proximity to a metallic magnon gain medium (MMGM) and a control system for supplying energy pulses to the MMGM and electromagnet in the form of EMF. 
         [0018]    Other objectives and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention. The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate various objects and features thereof. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0019]      FIG. 1  is a top view partially in section illustrating one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  is a top view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view illustrating one embodiment of a coil assembly of the present invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is an electrical schematic of one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a partial view of the schematic illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  is a partial view of the schematic illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  is a partial view of the schematic illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 9  is a partial view of the schematic illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0028]      FIG. 10  is a partial view of the schematic illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0029]      FIG. 11  is a partial view of the schematic illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 12  is an electrical schematic of a power control circuit of one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 13  illustrates one embodiment of the power delivery to the electromagnetic coils when the power control circuit of  FIG. 12  is utilized; and 
           [0032]      FIG. 14  illustrates a portion of a dynamometer test conducted on the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0033]    While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is shown in the drawings and will hereinafter be described a presently preferred embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , one embodiment of the present power generation system is illustrated in the form of a magnetically operated reciprocating engine  10 . The magnetically operated reciprocating engine  10  includes at least one piston  12  constructed and arranged to reciprocate along a substantially linear path illustrated herein as a cylinder  14 . The piston  12  includes at least one, and preferably a plurality of permanent magnets  16  secured thereto. The magnets are preferably secured to a top surface of the piston  12  via a non-metallic member or assembly. The piston  12  is pivotally secured to a connecting rod  18  that is rotationally connected to a crankshaft  20  to convert the reciprocating movement of the piston into rotary motion at the crankshaft. An electromagnet assembly  22  is secured beyond the end of the piston  12  stroke at a position to react with the permanent piston magnets  16  when energized in a controlled manner. A timing/firing system  100  is utilized to monitor rotation of the crankshaft for causing the electromagnet assembly  22  to generate a magnetic field in response to crankshaft position. The electromagnet assembly  22  and permanent magnets  16  are preferably configured so that a pushing force is created between the coil banks and the pistons. In an alternative embodiment one bank may be electromagnetically pushing while the opposite bank is electromagnetically pulling. It should be noted that while a horizontally opposed engine is illustrated, the instant invention can be utilized on any reciprocating engine configuration known in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Such engine configurations include, but should not be limited to, V-configurations, W-configurations, in line configurations, radial configurations and the like. 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , an alternative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. In this embodiment, the power generation system includes at least one permanent magnet  16  constructed and arranged to reciprocate or oscillate along a substantially linear path. The at least one magnet  16  may be guided by a cylinder, partial cylinder, rail or any other means known in the art for guiding mechanical assemblies. A cam assembly  224  is secured behind the permanent magnet  16  for moving the permanent magnet in a reciprocating motion. The cam assembly  224  preferably includes a camshaft  226  having at least one eccentric lobe  228  and a motor  230  for rotating the camshaft. The at least one magnet may include springs, gas cylinders or the like (not shown) to maintain contact between the camshaft lobe and the permanent magnet. In this manner, the magnet will reciprocate back and forth with rotation of the camshaft. An electromagnet assembly  22  is secured beyond the end of the stroke of the at least one permanent magnet at a position to react with the permanent magnets  16  when energized in a controlled manner. A timing/firing system  100  is utilized to monitor rotation of the camshaft for causing the electromagnet assembly  22  to generate a magnetic field in response to camshaft position. The electromagnet assembly  22  and permanent magnets  16  are preferably configured so that a pushing force is created between the electromagnet assembly and the at least one permanent magnet. It should be appreciated that while only one permanent magnet, cam and electromagnet assembly are illustrated, the power generation device may include any number of assemblies which may operate independently or in combination with each other. It should also be appreciated, that while a cam and motor are illustrated other means of reciprocating the permanent magnet(s) may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. Such reciprocating means may include, but should not be limited to, solenoids, linear motors, pneumatics, hydraulics, diaphragms, springs, shape memory alloys and the like. 
         [0036]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , another alternative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. In this embodiment, the power generation system includes at least one permanent magnet in an adjustable yet fixed position with respect to the electromagnet assembly  22 . The at least one permanent magnet  16  is preferably secured to an adjuster assembly  302 . The adjuster assembly  302  is secured behind the permanent magnet  16  for allowing positional adjustment of the permanent magnet in a linear path toward or away from the electromagnet assembly. The adjuster assembly  302  preferably includes a threaded shaft  304  having at least one lock nut  306  for adjusting the position of the permanent magnet. A timing/firing system  100  is utilized for causing the electromagnet assembly  22  to generate a magnetic field. The electromagnet assembly  22  and permanent magnets  16  are preferably configured so that a pushing force is created between the electromagnet assembly and the at least one permanent magnet. In at least one embodiment, a device may be secured between the adjuster assembly and one of the magnets to cause the magnet to vibrate or oscillate in a controlled manner whereby the poles of the magnets interact with each other during the oscillations. One non-limiting device suitable for providing the oscillations would be a piezoelectric crystal or a combination of piezoelectric crystals. The piezoelectric crystal(s) may be stimulated by an electrical current to ultrasonic levels thereby moving the magnet at the same oscillation level. It should be appreciated that while only one permanent magnet and electromagnet assembly are illustrated, the power generation device may include any number of assemblies which may operate independently or in combination with each other. 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , a partial section view of an electromagnet assembly  22  suitable for use with the present invention is illustrated. The coil includes a central core  24  constructed of a ferromagnetic material suitable for creating a magnetic field. In a most preferred embodiment, the core is constructed of a material with high magnetic permeability and low coercivity and magnetostriction resulting in low hysteresis loss. In a most preferred embodiment, the core material is a cobalt-iron alloy approximately 50% cobalt and 50% iron. However, some alloys may contain about 49% cobalt, 49% iron with up to about 2% silicon, and trace amounts of manganese and/or niobium. Such material is sold under various trade names such as PERMENDUR, PERMENDUR 2V, HYPERCO 50, HYPERCO 50HS, and HYPERCO 50A. The core material should be annealed in a non-oxygen atmosphere to achieve large grain structure of the metal. In some embodiment, the core material may be magnetized prior to the anneal process. In other embodiments, the core material may be annealed within a magnetic environment. It should be noted that these materials while generally stable may be excited upon receiving an electrical or magnetic pulse at a natural frequency to enhance the production of electricity with the teachings of the present application. The Applicants have found various frequencies that significantly increase the production of electricity. One preferred frequency is about 10 kilohertz while an even more preferred frequency is about 37 kilohertz with a square wave form. Wrapped around the core is preferably a barrier layer  26  of DuPont KAPTON or some other well-known insulation. A plurality of wire wraps  28  extend around the core to create the electrical field. In the preferred non-limiting embodiment about 752 turns in 16 layers of 12 gauge copper wire wrapped in high heat polymer  28  insulation to form a coil  28 . The distal ends  30  and  32  of the coil wire extend outwardly from the coil for attachment to the timing/firing system. It should be noted that providing more wraps of wire will provide a larger magnetic field when energized and less wraps will provide a smaller magnetic field as is known in the art. It should also be noted that in some embodiments the core includes a length that is about twice as long as the coil  28 . In these embodiments, the coil is preferably positioned close to one distal end of the core with the remainder of the core extending outwardly from the coil. 
         [0038]    Referring to  FIGS. 5-12 , a wiring diagram showing one embodiment of the timing/firing system  100  is illustrated. It should be noted that the timing/firing system illustrated is for the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1  having four electromagnetic coils, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the timing/firing system could be simplified for the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that additional coils could be added to the timing/firing circuit in the event that additional coils are utilized. The timing/firing system generally includes a low voltage power supply module  102 , a high voltage supply module  104 , a timing module  106 , and a firing module  108 . The low voltage power supply module  102  is comprised of a power inverter  110  and a plurality of power supplies  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  having various output voltages for operation of the electronic components that make up the timing and firing modules  106 ,  108  respectively. The power inverter  110  preferably converts a 12V DC  120  supply of power to 120V AC  122 , filtering and conditioning the 12V DC power to have a sine wave form. The converted power  122  is preferably supplied to four power supplies: a first  112  and a second  114  converting the 120V AC power  122  to 15V DC  124 , a third  116  converting the 120V AC power to 12V DC  126 , and a fourth  118  that converts 120V AC power to 5V DC  128 . Because the high magnetic pulse flux that the timing/firing system is subject to can interfere with signaling and sensing functions, the inverter  110  and power supplies  112 - 118  redundantly filter and condition the power for supply to the other electronic components. This construction greatly reduces the possibility of transient spike anomalies that could cause premature firings, distorted timing, over currents, over voltage or even avalanche breakdowns that could cause electronic components to fail. 
         [0039]    The high voltage system (HVDC)  104  is preferably a plurality of batteries  130  and capacitors  132 . In a most preferred embodiment the array of batteries  130  comprises ten 12V DC batteries  134  hooked up in series to provide a total of 120V DC power  136  to the electromagnetic coils. The array of capacitors  132  preferably comprises about twelve 10,000 Pico Farad capacitors  138 . The capacitors are generally constructed and arranged to smooth the draw on the batteries to provide extended run times, reduce heat build-up in the batteries  134  and provide a smoother power signal to the coils. The positive polarity of the battery array  140  connects to the line side of a single pole single throw switch which acts as the main power switch  142  and can either energize or shut down all of the 120V DC supplied components throughout the HVDC system. From the load side of the main power switch  142 , the 120 v DC positive polarity is divided into two separate HVDC supply legs  144 ,  146 . A first leg  144  connects to the collector  149  of the first insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)  148  supplying power to coil bank 1  150 , including coils 1 and 4  156 ,  158 , while the second leg  146  connects to the collector  151  of the second IGBT  152  supplying power to coil bank 2  154 , including coils 2 and 3  160 ,  162 . 
         [0040]    In a preferred embodiment, the first and second IGBTs  148 ,  152  are MITSUBISHI part no. CM1200DC 34N and are each rated at 1,700 Volts 1,200 Amps. The first and second IGBTs  148 ,  152  are configured to include dual switching (two channels) capability and can be operated either independently, in tandem, or in an alternating pattern. When two IGBTs are utilized, Channel one  164 ,  166  respectively of each IGBT provides independent switching of the coil banks 1 &amp; 2. It should also be noted that while the preferred embodiment includes two IGBTs, more or less IGBTs may be utilized without departing from the scope of the invention. From the Channel one  164  emitter of the first IGBT  148  the 120 v DC power passes through blocking diode  168 ; and from the Channel 1  166  emitter of the second IGBT  152  the 120 v DC power passes through a blocking diode  170 . Diodes  168  and  170  are preferably power diodes, VISHAY part no. SDIIOOC16 B-PUK, rated at 1400 Amp 1600 Volts. Diode  168  is connected to coil bank 1  150 , and diode  170  is connected to coil bank 2  154 . Diodes  168  and  170  prevent any back EMF caused by a failure in fly-back diodes  172  or  174  from reaching the first or second IGBTs. 
         [0041]    Still referring to  FIGS. 4-10 , the main components of the timing system  106  are two RT-610-10 U-shaped photoelectric infrared sensors  176 ,  178 . The infra-red sensors  176 ,  178  cooperate with timing disc  181  ( FIG. 1 ) to provide timing with respect to position of the crankshaft  20 , and thus pistons  12  to initiate energizing coil bank one  150  or coil bank two  154  and when to shutdown/de-energize coil bank one and/or coil bank two. In this manner the infrared sensors operate to specify duration for independent operation of the coil banks. A low voltage ON or OFF digital signal regarding the specific duration is sent to a respective low voltage power modulator and pulse controller  180 ,  182 . In operation, each photoelectric infrared sensor  176 ,  178  senses rotation of the timing disc  181  signaling the respective power modulator and pulse controller  180 ,  182  when to send power to a respective IGBT  148 ,  152  to energize a respective coil bank  150 ,  154 . The signal is preferably a 12 v DC signal of a specific duration via an EMF shielded cable to the respective true bypass (TB) opto-coupler  184 ,  186 . In a most preferred embodiment, one RT-610-10, one Power Modulator and Pulse Controller and one opto-coupler are provided for each bank of cylinders. Providing independent pulse width modulators (PWM) to TB opto-coupler groups for each coil bank isolates possibility of failures from cascading and increases options for function configurations of the coil banks. Each respective low voltage power modulator and pulse controller  180 ,  182  functions to interface the timing/firing system  100  with the fiber optically interfaced IGBTs  148 ,  152 . The power modulator and pulse controllers  180 ,  182  also convert the steady on/off digital signal received from the timing/firing module  100  to a signal that can be manually varied in duty cycle within the signal time frame/duration sent. The purpose is to reduce heat produced by the DC high voltage/amperage supply  104  to the IGBT switching components and the electromagnetic coils in their respective coil bank, to be able to manually vary the revolutions per minute (RPMs) of the motor  10  by reducing the effective voltage supplied to the electromagnetic coils  22  in their respective coil bank and to bring efficiency to the collection of back EMF. This is accomplished via a Pulse Width Modulator within the power modulator and pulse controllers. In operation, when the TB Opto-coupler components  184 ,  186  receive the shielded 12 v DC ON digital signal from the RT-610-10 U-shaped photoelectric infrared sensor  176 ,  178  it closes an opto-isolating switch  188 ,  190 . This action allows a pulse width modulated 5 v DC signal mirroring in duration the signal sent by the RT-610-10 photoelectric infrared sensor  176 ,  178 , that is electrically isolated from the RT-610-10 in the Timing/Firing system  100 . Opto-isolating is used to fire-wall one part of the system from another, preventing problems caused by cascading avalanche breakdown, induced EMF, spikes, and voltage clips. The pulse width modulated 5 v DC signal powers a fiber optic transmitter  192 ,  194  on the TB Opto-coupler, converting the signal from a pulsed width modulated electrical signal to pulsed width modulated laser light signal. The pulsed width modulated laser light ON or OFF digital signal is sent via a fiber optic cable  196 ,  198  to the fiber optically interfaced IGBT Driver  200 ,  202  which in turn will open or close the IGBT controlling the high voltage DC power. It should be appreciated that because fiber optics are immune to the high magnetic flux environment, converting the pulsed electrical signal to a laser pulsed signal maintains very low attenuation and high integrity of the signal to maintain the integrity of the signal to eliminate the need for EMF shielding and give greater latitude to the range of pulse width that can be utilized. Thus, much higher pulsing can be employed, allowing system design options regarding back EMF that are excluded by standard hard-wired IGBT drivers. 
         [0042]    Referring to the firing system  100 , the Fiber Optically Interfaced IGBT Driver  200 , 202  is constructed and arranged to control the opening and closing of the IGBT gates, thus switching on or off the HVDC power to the coil banks. Power supplied to the IGBT driver board  200 ,  202  is a filtered and conditioned 15 v DC 0.5 Amp. via shield twisted pair wires  124  extending from power supplies  112 ,  114 . The IGBT Driver  200 ,  202  is also constructed and arranged to include features that can be incorporated as torque power output IC Controller/Sensors that allow the shift from a push-push system between the electromagnets and the permanent magnets to a system that pushes on one coil bank while the other coil bank pulls (attracts) thus adding more torque to the power stroke. Shifting from a push-push mode to a push-pull mode may be accomplished on the fly. 
         [0043]    High voltage DC switching is accomplished by two high voltage, high amperage insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT)  148 ,  152  and are preferably HVIGBT MODULES MITSUBISHI part no. CM1200DC 34N, each rated at 1700 volts 1200 amps. Each IGBT is controlled by a driver board  200 ,  202  that is fiber optically interfaced to a respective TB opto-coupler component  184 ,  186  located in the low voltage power modulator and pulse controller. Each IGBT gates power to a respective coil bank or cylinder independently of other IGBTs being utilized. Each electromagnetic coil bank  150 ,  154  preferably include a flyback diode  204 ,  206  across its positive and negative connection. It has been found that VISHAY part no. SDI500030L B-PUK is rated at 1600 A 3000V diodes, and is suitable to eliminate flyback. Flyback is the sudden voltage spike seen across the inductive load presented by the coil banks when its supply voltage is abruptly changed by the systems pulsing and switching frequency. From each coil bank the high voltage DC continues through another isolation diode  208 ,  210 , preferably VISHAY part no. SD1500030L B-PUK 1600 A 3000V. Isolation diodes  208 ,  210  are to be considered legacy components; their primary function is to isolate the magnetic coil banks from one another. Isolation diodes  208 ,  210  connect to a common copper buss  212  which connects to the negative terminal of the high voltage DC 120V Power Supply battery array. 
         [0044]    Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , an alternative opto-isolator construction is illustrated. In this embodiment a timer circuit  222  and potentiometer  224  are included. With this arrangement, the firing window of the IGBTs can be broken into more than one pulse signal to allow additional control over the electromagnets and the power supply as illustrated in  FIG. 12 . This configuration allows an initial electrical impulse  226  followed by a second electrical pulse  228 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that this construction allows the duty cycle of the electromagnets to be customized to a particular application. This construction also allows the duty cycle of the electromagnets to be altered based upon inputs from sensors, such as torque sensors, to reduce power consumption based on engine load. Other advantages include control over peak torque produced during the firing window which may include a lower duty cycle during the first portion of the firing window and a higher duty cycle during the second portion of the firing window. 
         [0045]    Referring to  FIG. 14 , a screen-print from a dynamometer test conducted on the system illustrated in  FIG. 1  is illustrated. As illustrated at Channel one  302 , the system was coupled to a 250 volt DC power source. It can also be seen at Channels 8  304  and channel nine  306  that the coils 1 and 3, as numbered on  FIG. 1  were taking in about 200 amps during operation. It can also be seen that at channel ten the voltage coming out of the device was at 400 volts DC and at channel six 5000 amps were coming out of the device during operation. It should be noted that this test was re-conducted by an independent team at the University of Alabama where very similar results were recorded. As is best understood at this time, there are at least two scientific explanations for the results seen in the testing. The first explanation is back EMF which can be captured for re-use in the battery or diverted for work. The second is thermo-electric power capture as a result of electron spin-flip transition. It is believed that this system utilizes at least one and more likely utilizes both of the back EMF and thermo-electric power capture. 
         [0046]    The present system comprises a highly polarized permanent magnet (PM)  16  adjacent to or in close proximity to a metallic magnon gain medium (MMGM), e.g. the core  24 . The magnetic field imparted on the adjacent MMGM forms a localized spin accumulation, also known as a spin bias, or accumulation of non-equilibrium electrons. Since the spin accumulation in the MMGM is greatest in close proximity to the magnet, a spin diffusion gradient is formed through the length of the MMGM. Due to the elements present in the MMGM and the Fermi energies associated with the elements within the MMGM, the spin diffusion gradient sets up a preferred direction for the movement of magnon waves in the MMGM (magnon bias). The coil  28  that surrounds the MMGM is energized; preferably with DC square wave pulses from the firing system  100 . The DC pulses provide an EMF in the direction of the interface between the PM and MMGM. Since the PM has already exerted a magnetic field great enough to spin polarize electrons in the nearby MMGM, equilibrium electrons (the ones that have not been spin biased) within this spin diffusion zone are already under EMF from the PM that brings them close to the spin-flip transition point (as described by the Zeeman Effect and Paschen Back Effect). The introduction of DC pulsed current at specific frequencies, voltages and currents provides the extra current needed to accomplish the spin-flip transition so that electron pairs in equilibrium (equal spin up and spin down) become non-equilibrium and become spin polarized for the duration of the square wave pulse. This is known as the spin-flip transition, and it takes place in the MMGM when the coil is energized. Magnon waves are already present due to the ambient heat in the atmosphere, the room or any location where the power generation apparatus resides. Therefore, magnon waves are present in the MMGM since it is at approximately the same temperature as the environment surrounding it. By nature, magnon waves are randomly oriented and cause random lattice vibrations between the atoms in any solid, including the MMGM. Magnon waves are present in any material that is warmer than absolute zero. When the coil around the MMGM turns on, inducing a magnetic field with sufficient intensity to exceed the localized Zeeman energy or “spin-flip transition energy” for equilibrium electrons in the metal atoms in the MMGM, electrons in these become spin biased and absorb a magnon to conserve energy during the spin flip. Therefore, with sufficient current delivered to the coil, the MMGM can saturate causing the maximum number of electrons to become spin biased and absorb magnons in the MMGM. As the square wave pulse falls to zero thus de-energizing the coil, normal spin relaxation occurs within the MMGM allowing substantially all of the magnons absorbed to be released at the same time, as a large percentage of the electrons in the MMGM flip back to their original spin orientation. Since all the magnons are dumped at once, they create an avalanche effect much like photons in a laser. When all of these magnons waves are released at the same time they are released toward the permanent magnet due to the polarization force of the magnet creating a spin bias or gradient in the MMGM, thus creating a preferred direction for the magnons to travel when they are released. As the magnons saturate or overload the MMGM with magnon waves in one direction, they collide with the end of the material at the point where the MMGM ends and the PM is positioned (known as the interface). The collapse of the magnetic field and the magnon bias direction is responsible for annihilating magnon waves through wave collision at the interface. When the magnon waves are destroyed, heat is destroyed making the temperature of the material drop. Since energy cannot be created or destroyed per the laws of thermodynamics, the ambient heat energy that caused the original randomly moving magnons in the MMGT core is converted back to a forceful spin wave in the MMGT “core”. This spin wave is propagated through the MMGT core as a strong electromagnetic pulse that can be collected via classical induction by the coil around the MMGT core. Once collected, the electrical power can be stored and applied to perform useful work. 
         [0047]    All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
         [0048]    It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification and any drawings/figures included herein. 
         [0049]    One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the appended claims. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.