Abstract:
Processes for forming a stabilized liquid biochemical agricultural product containing an organic solvent extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis comprising subjecting an organic solvent extract of dried particulate Reynoutria sachalinensis to first and second extract concentration stages, and wherein prior to said second extract concentration stage, the concentrated extract from said first extract concentration stage is mixed with a liquid stabilizer, most preferably a liquid nitrogen-containing fertilizer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the production of biochemical agricultural products. In preferred embodiments, the present invention relates to processes for forming a concentrated extract of the plant Reynoutria sachalinensis and to the resulting biologically active product. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The plant Reynoutria sachalinensis (commonly known as &#34;giant knotweed&#34;, and hereinafter more simply referred to as &#34;Reysa&#34;) is known to possess agricultural fungicidal activity as evidenced from U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,734 to Pommer et al (the entire content of which is expressly incorporated hereinto by reference). In this regard, it is known that Reysa may be extracted with an organic solvent, such as ethanol, and then subjected to partial evaporation of the ethanol so as to obtain an ethanol extract of Reysa. However, several problems exist when extracting Reysa (or other plant materials) with an organic solvent. 
     In this regard, when plant materials are extracted with an organic solvent, such as ethanol, the resulting extract includes a complex mixture of materials which vary in terms of water solubilities. The extraction of plant materials can, and often does, result in extracts containing chlorophyll, waxes and oils in addition to more water soluble components. The less water soluble components separate and agglomerate (so-called &#34;tarring out&#34;) upon removal of the organic solvent. The extracts and concentrates can also be susceptible to microbial decomposition once the ethanol is removed, thereby leading to inefficacious results. 
     Broadly, the present invention is embodied in processes to form stable formulations of solvent-extracted Reysa containing minimal (if any) residual organic solvent and to the stable formulations thereby obtained. In particular, the present invention involves subjecting an alcoholic Reysa extract to a primary concentration step (e.g., via distillation, evaporation or the like) to remove a major portion of the organic solvent and to concentrate the Reysa in the resulting primary concentrate solution. Thereafter, an inorganic or organic (e.g., urea) liquid stabilizer is added to the primary concentrate solution which is thereafter subjected to a secondary concentration step so as to remove substantially all (e.g., greater than 95 wt. %) of the organic solvent. In such a manner, therefore, Reysa formulations are provided which are stabilized against microbial decomposition and the resulting reduced inefficacy. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The plant Reynoutria sachalinensis (&#34;Reysa&#34;) that may be used in the practice of the present invention includes not only the plant itself, but also plant parts such as the rhizome, stem, leaves or a blend thereof. Preferably, the dead Reysa plant, especially dried, is used. It is particularly preferred that the plant and/or plant parts are initially air dried or dried with the gentle application of heat following which they are pulverized to form a particulate Reysa powder. Particularly, field grown Reysa plants may be harvested, dried to a maximum of about 15% moisture content, and then milled to a coarse flake using a shredder. 
     The dried Reysa flakes may then be subjected to organic solvent extraction using techniques well known to those skilled in this art. Most preferably, the organic solvent employed for extracting the active ingredient(s) of Reysa is ethanol or denatured alcohol (ethyl). Preferably, at least about 0.5 liter of ethanol per kilogram (L/kg) of Reysa is employed, and more preferably at least about 0.75 L/kg. Particularly effective results are obtained, however, if a significant excess of ethanol is employed, for example, up to about 6 liters of ethanol per kilogram of Reysa. This establishes the ratio of solvent to Rs and the minimum recommended extraction time for the &#34;tea method&#34; of extraction. Typically, denatured ethanol is used due to cost, pure ethanol is preferred but not necessary. Care should be taken, however, that the denaturing agents are not phytotoxic if concentrated in the final product. Normally, such denaturing agents are extracted with the ethanol in the distillation phase of this process. Extraction may be carried out under agitation conditions at room temperatures. Soxhlet extraction is also suitable. 
     The liquid ethanol Reysa extract is subsequently separated from the particulate plant material by filtration (e.g., using a filter bag with 250 micron pore size filtration medium) and transferred to a distillation vessel. The particulate plant material that remains after filtration may then be subjected to a second stage extraction with fresh ethanol. Again, it is preferred that an excess of ethanol be employed, that is, up to about 6 L/kg. 
     The second stage liquid ethanol Reysa extract is separated from the dried plant material and preferably combined with the liquid extract from the first stage extraction in the distillation vessel. The exhausted particulate plant material will contain some residual ethanol may then be stripped to recover ethanol or washed with water and discarded. Additional extract might be recovered using a centrifuge, a filter press or compactor. Additional extract might also be recovered by steam stripping, direct heat distillation, vacuum distillation of Rs solids retaining ethanol. 
     The combined ethanol Reysa extracts from the first and second stage ethanol extractions may then be subjected to a first stage distillation procedure using conventional distillation techniques so as to remove a major portion of the ethanol as distillate and concentrate the amount of Reysa extract in the bottoms. In this regard, the first stage distillation is most preferably carried out so that at least about 60 vol. %, and more preferably at least about 70 vol. %, of the ethanol is distilled away from the Reysa extract. First stage distillation is most preferably accomplished under nitrogen for safety reasons. Typically, the distillation vessel is composed of stainless steel jacketed vessel, steam heated and capable of withstanding vacuum. The attached condenser column is cooled by a glycol based fluid kept below 40° F. to allow vacuum distillation (which is faster and less destructive than distillation at 76° C.). 
     Following first stage distillation, the concentrated Reysa extract (containing no more than about 40 vol. % ethanol, and more preferably no more than about 30 vol. % ethanol) is mixed with a liquid stabilizer. This step is performed after the minimum practical volume is achieved in the distillation vessel which is determined by the vessel configuration as well as the fluid nature of the distillate residue (bottoms). 
     Virtually any liquid stabilizer that is biologically compatible with the Reysa extract and has a boiling point that is significantly (i.e., at least about 10° C.) greater than the boiling point of the organic solvent (e.g., ethanol) may be employed in the practice of this invention. Most preferably, the liquid stabilizer is one that has some biological benefit. Specifically, it is preferred that the liquid stabilizer is a liquid nitrogen-containing fertilizer. 
     One liquid fertilizer that may be employed successfully in the practice of this invention is a salt solution containing at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and magnesium chloride at concentrations between 15 to about 60% (w/v), and more preferably between about 20 to about 40% (w/v). A preferred liquid fertilizer is a salt solution of urea (25% w/v) with at least one of ammonium nitrate (about 18% w/v), calcium nitrate (about 20 w/v %) and magnesium chloride (about 10% w/v). A particularly preferred liquid fertilizer is commercially available from BASF Corporation under the registered trademark BASFoliar® 36 fertilizer. 
     Distillation is further continued so as to remove a major portion of the remaining ethanol to a maximum of about 5% w/w residual concentration. The amount/weigh of the distillate residue just prior to addition of the liquid stabilizer, less the solids content of the distillate residue, is the target for the additional distillation volume in this process step. The product is then cooled and mixed with a high shear agitator (e.g., for up to about 30 minutes), filtered (to less than 100 microns) and packaged for use. 
     Although one particularly preferred technique has been discussed above to extract Rs solids with ethanol, those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous equivalent extraction techniques may be employed in the successful practice of this invention. For example, one may use counter current solvent extraction using a series of baskets holding Rs solids that are percolated with solvent as they progress through the extractor (e.g., via a Crown Extractor). Filter presses may alternatively be loaded with Rs solids through which a solvent is passed (e.g., the &#34;tea bag&#34; technique) or a Buchner filter may be loaded with Rs solids and washed with solvent. Furthermore, it is entirely possible that Soxhlet extraction may cycle distilled solvent through the Rs solids held in a filer basket wherein the extract is collected in a boiling vessel that provides solvent vapors to the condenser above. 
     Tall tubes fitted with, for example 10 US mesh filter plates, a fluid collection space and a valve on the bottom may be filled with Rs solids. Solvent may then be recycled from top to bottom until saturation is achieved. This process is repeated until the Rs is depleted. A piston may then be used to press the Rs solids so as to squeeze retained solvent therefrom and, finally, to push out the depleted Rs solids when the bottom plate is removed. 
     One extraction technique that could be employed so as to eliminate distillation is to spray dry the extracted solids in the presence of an inert carrier to form a free flowing powder that can be suspended in an aqueous spray solution for foliar application. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     Further understanding of this invention will become evident from the following non-limiting Examples. 
     Example I 
     Batch Preparation of Reysa Formulations 
     One drum (370 lbs.) of C-95 denatured ethanol (ChemCentral Co.) was added to a three drum stainless steel round bottom mixing kettle and 82.75 lbs. of dried and crushed Reysa was added with agitation. After three hours of agitation, the mixture was drained through a 250 micron filter bag, leaving the plant material in the kettle. 224.5 lbs. of an ethanoic extract (E1) was then passed through a 100 micron filter bag (1.52% solids by gravametric analysis) and into a distillation vessel. Filtration required one hour. 
     A drum of ethanol (370 lbs.) was added to the mixing kettle and 87.2 lbs. of dried and crushed Reysa was added. After three hours of agitation, recovery was initiated via a 250 micron filter. The 268 lbs., or 72.4% recovery, extract (E3) was transferred to the distillation vessel (a 100 gallon, steam heated, stainless steel vessel with condenser) for solvent recovery. Filtration took 45 minutes. 
     Another drum of ethanol (370 lbs.) was added to the Reysa remaining in the mixing kettle and after a short period of agitation, was allowed to stand overnight without agitation. While the second extraction (E2) was being filtered, the first extraction (E1) was vacuum distilled (-22 inches Hg) in the distillation vessel at a temperature of 30°-38° C. to achieve 13.93% solids content by weight. Extraction E2 yielded 274 lbs. of extract (0.72% solids) which was filtered via a 100 micron filter into the distillation vessel combined with tailings from E1 distillation thereby realizing a loss of 241.5 lbs. of ethanol, equal to about 33% of the original ethanol charge due to absorption by the plant material. 
     Reysa plant residues from the first two extractions were suspended in water and filtered to remove excess ethanol. The filtrate and exhausted Reysa plant material was discarded. The wash process took one hour. 
     Another drum of ethanol was added to the Reysa material in the mixing kettle, agitated and let stand overnight. Filtration in the morning took one hour. The resulting extract (E4) had a solids content of 0.63% and a total weight of 357 lbs. (99% recovery). Extracts E3 and E4 were combined in the distillation vessel and sampled yielding 625 lbs. net weight (at 0.87% solids by weight). The combined extracts were then distilled at 47° C. and 20 inches Hg. Approximately 100 lbs. distillate was removed every 30 minutes. The distillation of combined extracts E3 and E4 continued for two hours to a final weight of 141 lbs. (484 lbs. distillate). 
     Meanwhile, extracts E1 and E2 were distilled, collecting 360 lbs of distillate from 490 lbs of extract, a 73% weight reduction. Temperature began at 60° C. and fell to 35° C. when the 22 inches Hg of vacuum was applied and the extract boiled. E1 and E2 tailings totaled 24 lbs. and contained 26.11 % solids. 
     The distillate from combined extracts E1 and E2 (360 lbs) was added to Reysa residue from extract E4 and agitated for 2.5 hours. The 362 lbs (100% recovery) E5 extract was recovered, sampled (0.28% solids) and added to E3 and E4 extract residues in kettle #19. Net weight was 510 lbs. at the restart of distillation. Two hours of distillation at 46°, 22 inches Hg, brought the net weight in kettle #19 to 91 lbs. which had 6.5% (5.9 lbs.) solids. 
     The tailings from E1 through E5 were combined in kettle #1 to yield 12.04% solids. Vacuum distillation removed 51.5 lbs of ethanol and then the product was cooled to room temperature overnight. 
     BASFoliar® Extra liquid fertilizer (BASF Corporation) was added in an amount of 11.14 lbs/gal to kettle #1 in two charges: 55.8 lbs+55.0 lbs.=110.8 lbs=37.65 Liters (0.5 Liters liquid fertilizer per kg of Reysa extracted). Vacuum distillation then continued until a total of 85 lbs distillate had been collected over a period of two hours. Temperatures ranged from 40° C. to 56° C. at 25 inches Hg. 
     Based on distillate weights, the theoretical final weight was 140 lbs, based on solids content, the theoretical final weight would be 124 lbs. Actual collected weight for the final product sample (designation BASF 114 UBF) was, however, 102.5 lbs. Evidently some of the formulation water had been distilled off and there were transfer losses since the liquid fertilizer charge was 110 lbs and there were approximately 10-13 lbs of extracted solids. 
     Example II 
     Efficacy of Formulation on Greenhouse Ornamentals 
     Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the Reysa formulation of Example I (BASF 114 UBF) for the control of powdery mildew diseases on a variety of ornamental crops. Tests were concentrated on roses with additional tests on poinsettia, Begonia, Gerber daisy and Salvia. The test material was applied every 7-9 days on a protectant schedule with sufficient water volume for thorough coverage. These trials were conducted under high disease pressure that generally does not exist in commercial greenhouses. 
     As shown in Table 1 below, the efficacy of BAS 114 UBF in accordance with the present invention was similar to that of both commercially available triadimefon (STRIKE® triadimefon commercially available from Bayer Corporation) and piperalin (PIPRON® piperalin commercially available from SePro Corporation). In addition, the efficacy of BAS 114 UBF in accordance with this invention showed similar efficacy to an ethanol extract (BAS 114 OOS) prepared by a reflux extraction using a mixture of ethanol and water (70/30) giving a final product (0.67 Reysa equiv./ml) containing 22% ethanol used at a rate of 1.5% v/v. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________            % Mildew Severity Treatment Rate (%)    Trial No. 1                            Trial No. 2______________________________________ Untreated --          82                     33BAS 114 UBF                                         22&#34;                                             19&#34;                                             --BAS 114 OOS                                         --(Comparative)Piperalin            0.5 pt/l00 gal                         23              --Triadimefon              2.0 oz/100 gal                         --              19______________________________________ 
    
     Example III 
     Efficacy of Formulation on Cucurbits 
     Tests for the control of powdery mildew were conducted on cucumber, squash, melon and pumpkin. The test material was applied every 7-9 days on a protectant schedule for a total of 4-6 applications. The formulation in accordance with the present invention produced in accordance with Example I above (BAS 114 UBF) was compared against a Reysa formulation (BAS 114 UAF+) consisting of air-milled Reysa powder tank mixed with BASFoliar® liquid fertilizer (0.5% vol/vol). Other trials assessed the efficacy of BAS 114 UBF in accordance with the present invention alone and in alternation with a reduced rate of conventional fungicide (BAS 490 02F CYGNUS® fungicide commercially available from BASF Corporation) against cucumber and squash powdery mildew. The Reysa formulations were generally applied as a preventative spray on a 7 day schedule. 
     The results appear in Tables 2 and 3 below. The data show that, under conditions of low disease pressure (1 trial), both Reysa formulations provided excellent control of mildew, similar to the commercial standard, triadimefon (BAYLETON® fungicide commercially available from Bayer Corporation). In other trials (3 trials), where there was high disease pressure, both Reysa formulations averaged 60% disease control, but triadimefon was superior (77%). Alternating BAS 114 UBF with 1/2 rates of BAS 490 02F on a weekly spray interval provided excellent disease control that was similar to the full rate of BAS 490 02F. This effect was observed under low and high disease pressure conditions and demonstrates the usefulness of Reysa formulations to reduce the usage of conventional fungicides in an integrated pest management program. Phototoxicity was not observed from any of the Reysa formulations. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Control of Cucurbit Powdery Mildew       Avg. % Mildew Severity                         High Disease                                  All             Low Disease Pressure TrialsTreatment Rate.sup.1             Pressure (n = 1)                         (n = 3)  (n = 4)______________________________________Untreated --      23.5        70.4     58.7BAS 114 UBF       0.5 V         2.8                   17.5BAS 114 UBF      0.25 V         6.3                   27.4BAS 114 UAF+      0.25 W      5.5                      22.4BAS 114 UAF+       0.13 W                   7.3                     33.7Bayleton       0.10 A                   1.0                     12.6______________________________________ .sup.1 V = % vol/vol., W  % wt./vol., A  lb ai/acre 
    
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Control of Cucurbit Powdery MildewUsing Invention Formula Alone AndIntegrated with Conventional Fungicide Program               Avg.               % Mildew Severity                Spray    Trial No.                                Trial No.     Rate       Interval 1      2Treatment (% or Ib ai/A)                (Days)   (n = 1)                                (n = 3)______________________________________Untreated --         --       20.0   39.6BAS 114 UBF          0.50%                         20.3BAS 490 02F          0.05 lb                                5.5                                        7.2BAS 490 02F            0.l0 lb                                0.8                                        5.0Alternating.sup.1       (see note 1)                         7                                        2.1Bayleton           0.25                                        --______________________________________ .sup.1 0.05 lb of BAS 490 02F alternated with 0.5% BAS 114 UBF 
    
     Example IV 
     Efficacy of Formulation on Grapes 
     BAS 114 UBF was tested for its efficacy to control powdery mildew on Red Flame and Chardonnay varieties of grapes under severe and moderate disease pressures, respectively. By way of comparison, trials were also separately conducted using sprayable sulfur, a mixture of dry milled Reysa with BASFoliar® liquid fertilizer (BAS 114 UAF+), and integrating the application of BAS 114 UBF together with myclobutanil (RALLY® myclobutanil commercially available from Rohm and Haas Co.). The results appear in Table 4 below. 
     As can be seen from the data, BAS 114 UBF (0.5%) provided berry powdery mildew control equal or superior to sprayable sulfur and slightly less than myclobutanil, when applied on a 7-day spray schedule. BAS 114 UAF+(0.5%+0.5%) was less efficacious than BAS 114 UBF (0.5%). 
     Weekly applications of BAS 114 UBF (0.5% before berry sizing, followed by three myclobutanil (0.045 lb. ai/acre) applications during sizing and BAS 114 UBF for the remainder of the season provided good berry powdery mildew control. The level of control was similar to that of sulfur used instead of BAS 114 UBF in the sequence. Both of these treatments were superior to myclobutanil (0.075 lb ai/acre) alone applied on a 14 day schedule. 
     
                                           TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________                % Mildew Severity.sup.1   Rate         Chardonnay                        Red FlameTreatment   (g ai/ha or %)          Schedule                Leaves                    Berries                        Leaves                            Berries__________________________________________________________________________Untreated   --     --    21.0                    35.0                        30.0                            91.0BAS 114 UBF         0.5%                            2.7                                 16.0BAS 114 UBF         0.25%                7-day                           4.3                                 37.0BAS 114 UAF+       0.5% + 0.5%              7-day                           1.0                                 23.0BAS 114 UAF+      0.25% + 0.5%              7-day                           1.3                                 28.0Sulfur 80WP          5600                            1.3                                 29.0BAS 114 UBF          0.5                Pre-Sizing                 0.0                            0.0                                 3.0                     7-daymyclobutanil         50                  3 sizing                 appsBAS 114 UBF        0.5%                Post-Sizing                       7-daySulfur 80WP          5600                Pre-Sizing                 1.0                           1.0                                 2.0                                7-daymyclobutanil         50                  3 sizing                            appsSulfur 80WP         5600                Post-Sizing                                7-daymyclobutanil         85                    0.0y                            0.0                                 12.0__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.      1 Disease ratings taken at 13 DALT for leaves and 23 DALT for berries 
    
     While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.