Abstract:
Method for diagnosing inflammatory diseases, particularly for diagnosing specific stages of inflammatory diseases and/or for determining the risk of relapse and/or for discriminating between diseases with similar symptoms, based on the marker Calgranulin C. The method comprises the steps of (a) obtaining a biological sample of mammalian body fluid or tissue to be diagnosed; (b) determining the amount and/or connection of Calgranulin C polypeptide(s) and/or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide(s) present in the biological sample; and (c) comparing the amount and/or concentration of Calgranulin C and/or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide(s) determine to be in the biological sample with that of a corresponding control sample, wherein the difference in the amount of Calgranulin C and/or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide(s) is indicative for the stages of the disease to be diagnosed.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention is directed to a method for diagnosing inflammatory diseases, particularly for diagnosing specific stages of inflammatory diseases and/or for determining the risk of relapse and/or for discriminating between diseases with similar symptoms based on the marker CALGRANULIN C.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    A lot of diseases are characterised by symptoms of inflammation (inflammatory diseases). An indication is the presence of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages at local sites of inflammation. The inflammatory state can also be systemic, i.e. proteins secreted by inflammatory cells become detectable in the blood serum.  
           [0003]    In spite of different or very often unknown pathogenetic background, the early symptoms of inflammatory diseases may be very similar; e.g. fever is a very common symptom of acute inflammatory diseases. Known causes for inflammatory diseases are autoimmune reactions, bacterial, viral or parasite infections, genetic disorders, allergies. In many cases, mixtures of these or other causes have been proposed, e.g. for the very common disease psoriasis, which is characterised by inflammation of the epidermis. In some cases of psoriasis patients, also the locomotor system may be affected resulting in psoriatic arthritis. Especially the joints are affected by strong inflammation in this disease, eventually resulting in stiffness. This disease is characteristic in presumably being caused by multiple factors such as genetic predisposition, psychological stress or irritation of the skin.  
           [0004]    Kawasaki disease, on the other hand is an acute disease associated with fever and with multiple organs being affected. It is by far the most common systemic vasculitis in childhood. Children under the age of 1 year and boys are at special risk for fatal disease due to coronary artery abnormalities However, the aetiology is largely unknown, although evidence points to an autoimmune disease in which neutrophils and endothelial cells are affected. Vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease, is a necrotizing vasculitis predominantly affecting small and medium sized arteries. The aetiology and pathogenesis of vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease, remains unclear. It may be best characterised by a generalised stimulation of inflammatory responses, possibly due to superantigens. The identification of a reliable marker for the diagnosis of the disease state and the identification of patients with an increased risk of heart complication would be advantageous for the adequate treatment of the patients.  
           [0005]    Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic arthritis which affects general mesenchymal tissues and which is very often associated with synovialititis. It is a clinically relevant disorder leading to severe destruction of joint tissue. Acute exacerbations are characteristic for this disease. Again, aetiology is largely unclear, but an autoimmune disease background is suggested.  
           [0006]    In children, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is the most frequent rheumatic autoimmune disease. Juvenile chronic arthritis is a group of chronic-rheumatoid diseases which affects children up to 16 years. Among these, systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (SOJRA) or Still&#39;s disease is the most severe and dangerous form of JRA. SOJRA is characterised by a systemic inflammatory reaction which involves several organ systems, e.g. spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow and skin. During the fitter course of this disease patients develop a severe arthritis which often is refractory to anti-inflammatory therapy. The pathogenesis of this disorder is completely unknown. Patients with SOJRA show no characteristic immunological features at initial presentation but rather a general activation of their innate immune system, e.g. thrombocytosis, neutrophilia and activation of the complement system. This non-specific inflammatory pattern is responsible for the difficulties with regard to the early diagnosis, especially with regard to discrimination from bacterial infections. The fact that SOJRA resembles bacterial infections in early symptoms and that no reliable diagnosis marker exists, makes it in addition very difficult to choose the correct medication very early.  
           [0007]    The exact regulation of treatment of the different forms of JRA by administration of anti-inflammatory substances can only be performed insufficiently to date. Pathogenesis of the different disease forms are largely unclear and hence, therapy cannot be directed to a specific target. Especially the endpoint of treatment represents a major problem in medication: about 50% of the JRA patients relapse after withdrawal of the treatment with methotrexat (MTX) (Ravetlli et al., 1995,  J Rheumatol  22:1574). Several authors have therefore proposed to treat JRA patients with immunosuppressants for several years even after clinical remission. To date, no reliable parameters exist to determine residual inflammatory activity of rheumatoid arthritis diseases quickly and sensitively in order to exclude the risk of relapse. Common inflammatory parameters as C-reactive protein (CRP) or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) lack specificity and sensitivity (Giannini and Brewer, 1987,  Clin Rheumatol  6:197). Internationally accepted scores to determine disease activity mostly rely on clinical criteria (Giannini and Brewer, supra). This inadequate surveillance of disease activity results in steady treatment of the patients with imnmunsuppressant resulting in severe side effects (Giannini and Cassidy, 1993,  Drug Saf 2:325).  
           [0008]    Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease caused by genetic alterations with being the most common inherited lethal disease among whites with an estimated incidence of 1:3,400 live births. CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations lead to defective Cl −  transport in respiratory epithelium, resulting in diminished mucus clearance. The consequence is enhanced production of mucus, chronic airway inflammation, recurrent infections and impaired host defense mechanisms. Chronic airway inflammation is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary infections with a variety of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including atypical strains of  Staphylococcus aureus  and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , account to a large number of complications. Neutrophilic inflammation occurs early in life and contributes to progressive tissue changes. Acute exacerbations are a common reason for hospitalisation and antibiotic therapy. Due to the high level of chronic inflammation, it is very difficult to diagnose acute inflammatory excacerbations due to e.g. acquired bacterial infections. In order to ensure adequate treatment of thils severe disease (only 80% of the patients get 19 years old or more), early diagnosis is a prerequisite.  
           [0009]    One of the major problems lies in the diagnosis of acute exacerbations in patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases, in particular CF. One of the main tasks for physicians in CF is adjusting therapy to acute pulmonary complications of chronic inflammation. Identifying acute infectious exacerbations is based on clinical experience, rather depending on subjective impressions than using objective parameters. Consensus is lacking about criteria to define acute episodes. Conventional parameters normally used to identify acute infections, e.g. fever, leukocytosis, CRP, ESR, deterioration of lung function, and sputum cultures, are not always helpful. The chronicity of pulmonary disease together with atypical presenting acute respiratory infections raise major problems for physicians dealing with CF. It would be helpful to have more reliable markers indicating infections to monitor disease and guide therapy. Ideal sensitive markers indicate local bronchial processes before systemic responses occur.  
           [0010]    The attempt to find more reliable serum markers for exacerbations was repeatedly made in the past. CRP or ESR have failed to be generally useful in CF exacerbations (Watkin et al.,1994,  Pediatr Pulmonol  17:6-10). More sophisticated potential markers, such as interleukins or tumour necrosis factor, are not considered as useful tools by all investigators (see e.g. Wolter et al., 1999,  Immunol  6:260-5). Eichler et al. proposed human neutrophilic lipocalin as a marker for CF exacerbations (1999,  Eur Respir J  14:1145-9). Sputum levels of various cytokines are detectable, but analysing sputum is very critical (see e.g. Karpati et at, 2000,  Scand J Infect Dis  32;75-9). Reliable examination often requires bronchioalveolar lavage (Smith et al., 1988,  J Pediatr  112: 547-54). Exhaled nitric oxide has been shown to be not helpful in CF (Grasemann et al., 1998,  Arch Dis Child  78:49-53).  
           [0011]    Diagnosis of the disease activity of inflammatory intestinal diseases, especially Crohn&#39;s disease and Ulcerative Colitis, is mainly assessed using clinical observations, e.g. general well-being. Thus, there is a need for a sensitive and reliable biological marker for disease activity in order to reliably assess disease activity; however, biological markers tested so far, such as CRP; ESR, leukocyte and platelet counts, were not found to be suitable (Nielsen et al, 2000,  Am J Gastroenterol  95:1849-1850).  
           [0012]    Human CALGRANULIN C, which is also called S100A12, EN-RAGE, CAAF1 and p6 protein, is a small protein of 92 amino acids which belongs to the family of calcium-binding S100 proteins (Guignard et al., 1995,  Biochem J 309:395-401; U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,832). Homologues of CALORANULIN C in other species are known from  Bos Taurus  (U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,832), pig (Dell&#39;Angelica, 1994,  J Biol Chem  269:28929-28936) and rabbit (partial sequence: Yang et al., 1996, J Biol Chem 271:19802-19809). Like other S100 proteins, it is suggested to play a role in general inflammation, although the role in inflammation within the S100 family is inconsistent in that some of them are inhibiting the function of inflammatory cells while others are activating. It was proposed that CALORANULIN C plays a proinflammatory role (Donato, 2001,  Int J Biochem Cell Bio  33:637-668; Donato, 1999,  Biochim Biophys Acta,  81450:191-231; Yang et al., 2001,  J Leukoc Biol  69:986-994). S100 proteins accumulate at sites of inflammation, and high levels of S100A8 and S100A9 are found in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and CF (Golden et al., 1996,  Arch Dis Child  74:136-9; Frosch et al., 2000,  Arthritis Rheum  43:628-37; Roth et al, 2001,  Lancet  357:1041). Overexpression of murine S100A8 was detected in a mouse model of CF (Thomas et al., 2000,  J Immunol  164:3870-3877). Proteins directly or indirectly involved in some inflammatory processes are very common. However, there is a need for diagnostic markers, which are specific, in order to discriminate between diseases with similar symptoms, especially SOJRA and bacterial infections, to monitor disease states for adequate treatment, especially vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease and CF, and to determine the risk of relapse for a certain disease, especially JRA, to again determine proper treatment. In particular, diagnosing the disease state by identifying acute excacerbations in chronic inflammatory diseases, especially CF acute exacerbation and diagnosing the disease state by identifying subpopulations of patients, especially subpopulations of vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery problems, would enable adequate treatment of these diseases.  
           [0013]    Hence, there is a need for a reliable diagnostic especially in the early stages of an acute inflammatory exacerbation or for determining the risk of relapse and/or to discriminate between diseases with similar symptoms in order to apply an appropriate medication.  
           [0014]    It is therefore a major object of the present invention, to provide a new method for diagnosing inflammatory diseases by using a reliable marker of inflammation, particularly for diagnosing specific stages of inflammatory diseases and/or for determining the risk of relapse and/or for discriminating between diseases with similar symptoms in order to apply an appropriate medication.  
           [0015]    It is a further object of the present invention, to provide a method of treatment of an inflammatory disease in a mammal in need thereof, which is based on a reliable marker of inflammation. It is a still further object of the present invention, to provide a method of prevention of an inflammatory disease in a mammal in need thereof, which is based on a reliable marker of inflammation.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0016]    The present invention provides methods for the diagnosis of stages of inflammatory diseases and/or for determining the risk of relapse and/or for discriminating between diseases with similar symptoms which are based on the marker CALGRANULIN C. Furthermore, the present invention provides methods for the treatment of diseases which comprise the inventive methods as an essential part for the treatments,  
           [0017]    In one aspect of the invention, a method for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is provided, comprising the following steps;  
           [0018]    First, a biological sample of mammalian body fluid or tissue to be diagnosed is obtained. The biological sample may include cell lines, biopsies, blood, sputum, stool, urine, synovial fluid, wound fluid, cerebral-spinal fluid, tissue embedded in paraffin such as tissue from eyes, intestine, kidney, brain, skin, heart, prostate, lung, breast or liver, histologic object slides, and all possible combinations thereof.  
           [0019]    Next, the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C polypeptide and/or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide present in said biological sample is determined. This determination can be achieved via one of several techniques including but in no way limited to: (i) in situ hybridisation of the biological sample with probes detecting CALGRANULIN C mRNMAs; (ii) immunohistochemistry of the biological sample utilising antibodies directed to CALGRANULIN C protein(s); (iii) quantitative measurement of CALGRANULIN C proteins in the biological sample; (iv) measurement of the CALGRANULIN C proteins in bodily fluids (for example whole blood, serum or synovial fluid); and (v) detecting CALGRANULIN C mRNA using a PCR based method as an indicator, for example, of changes occurring in the biological sample.  
           [0020]    In a preferred method according to the invention, a nucleic acid probe is used for determining the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, which is, more preferably, derived from the nucleic acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1. Said probe is designed in a way to comprise, at least in part, nucleic acids hybridising to the nucleic acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1, and/or fragments thereof The probe can thus contain mismatches and stretches of nucleic acid derivatives, like peptide nucleic acids, as long as the probe still hybridises with the nucleic acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferably, the probe can be used for PCR reactions or other template dependent elongation reactions involving a polymerase. Standard hybridisation conditions and assays are known to the person skilled in the art and can be found in the standard literature in this technical field. Furthermore, a PCR-based technique can be employed for the determination. Such techniques can comprise, but are not limited to, rtPCR and PCR involving labelled primer oligonucleotides.  
           [0021]    In yet another preferred method according to the invention, a specific antibody is used for determining the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C polypeptide. Preferably, said specific antibody recognises an epitope derived from the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO: 2. The generation of antibodies and determination of epitopes is well known to the person skilled in the art and can be found in the standard textbook literature in this technical field. Preferably, said antibody is selected from the group comprising polyclonal antiserum, polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody, antibody fragments, single chain antibodies and diabodies. Even more preferably, said antibody is used for performing an immunoassay, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), e.g. ELISA.  
           [0022]    In one particularly preferred method, the target CALGRNULIN C molecules in the biological sample are exposed to a specific antibody which may or may not be labelled with a reporter molecule. Depending on the amount of target and the strength of the reporter molecule signal, a bound target may be detectable by direct labelling with an antibody. Alternatively, a second labelled antibody, specific to the first antibody, is exposed to the target-first antibody complex to form a target-first antibody-second antibody tertiary complex. The complex is detected by the signal emitted by the reporter molecule.  
           [0023]    By “reporter molecule” as used in the present specification, is meant a molecule which, by its chemical nature, provides an analytically identifiable signal which allows the detection of antigen-bound antibody. Detection may be either qualitative or quantitative. The most commonly used reporter molecules in this type of assay, are either enzymes, fluorophores or radionuclide containing molecules (i.e. radioisotopes) and chemiluminescent molecules.  
           [0024]    In the case of an EIA, an enzyme is conjugated to the second antibody, generally by means of glutaraldehyde or periodate. As will be readily recognised, however, a wide variety of different conjugation techniques exists, which are readily available to the skilled artisan. Commonly used enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase, amongst others. The substrates to be used with the specific enzymes are generally chosen for the production, upon hydrolysis by the corresponding enzyme, of a detectable colour change. Examples of suitable enzymes include alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. It is also possible to employ fluorogenic substrates, which yield a fluorescent product rather than the chromogenic substrates noted above. In all cases, the enzyme-labelled antibody is added to the first antibody hapten complex, allowed to bind, and then the excess reagent is washed away. A solution containing the appropriate substrate is then added to the complex of antibody-antigen-antibody. The substrate will react with the enzyme linked to the second antibody, giving a qualitative visual signal, which may be further quantitated, usually spectrophotometrically, to give an indication of the amount of hapten which was present in the sample.  
           [0025]    Alternatively, fluorescent compounds, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, may be chemically coupled to antibodies without altering their binding capacity. When activated by illumination with light of a particular wavelength, the fluorochrome-labelled antibody absorbs the light energy, inducing a state to excitability in the molecule, followed by emission of the light at a characteristic wavelength visually detectable with a light microscope. As in the EIA, the fluorescent labelled antibody is allowed to bind to the first antibody-hapten complex. After washing off the unbound reagent, the remaining tertiary complex is then exposed to the light of the appropriate wavelength and the fluorescence observed indicates the presence of the hapten of interest. Immunofluorescene and EIA techniques are both very well established in the art and are particularly preferred for the present method. However, other reporter molecules, such as radioisotope, chemiluminescent or bioluminescent molecules, may also be employed.  
           [0026]    Finally, it is possible to perform an analysis of the expression of CALGRANULIN C by proteolytic cleavage of the protein, e.g. using a protease and subsequent analysis by mass spectroscopy, e.g. MALDI-TOF. Such methods are also known to the person skilled in the art.  
           [0027]    As a next step, the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C polypeptide determined in said biological sample is compared with the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C polypeptide as determined in a control sample and/or the amount and/or concentration of nucleic acids encoding CALGRANULIN C polypeptide determined in said biological sample is compared with the amount and/or concentration of nucleic acids encoding CALAGRANULIN C polypeptides measured in a control sample. Such comparison will be based on the information obtained in the above determination of the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C. The data or information can be present in both written or electronic form, i.e. on a suitable storage medium. The comparison can either be performed manually and individually, i.e. visually by the attending physician or the scientist in the diagnostic facility, or done by a suited machine, like a computer equipped with a suitable software. Such equipment is preferred for routine screening, e.g. in an intensive care unit of a hospital. High-throughput environments (i.e. assemblies) for such methods are known to the person skilled in the art and also described in the standard literature.  
           [0028]    As an optional step, the amounts and/or concentrations of at least one conventional inflammatory marker polypeptide and/or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide present in said biological sample and in said control sample can be determined.  
           [0029]    By “conventional marker” or “conventional inflammatory marker” as used in the present specification, is meant a marker other than CALGRANULIN C that is induced in the course of an inflammatory disease. According to a preferred method according to the present invention, said conventional inflammatory marker is selected from the group consisting of CRP, human neutrophilic lipocalin, ESR, soluble receptors, e. g. fas, and cytokines. Such conventional markers provide a simple “plus/minus” or “inflammation-yes/no” information with respect to an inflammation. For the purpose of the present invention, these markers provide both an internal control and fixed point in time, at which the inflammation is, for example, present and acute. The comparison of CALGRANULIN C with the conventional marker and/or the expression in the control sample will thus provide additional viable information for the diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and especially for the prevention of an inflammatory disease.  
           [0030]    During the experiments performed in the course of completion of the present invention, the inventors found that CALGRANULIN C can be used as an early inflammatory marker, whose induction (or onset) occurs much earlier and to an extraordinary high extent in contrast to other conventional markers. This allows for a much earlier and thus more efficient diagnosis of stages of inflammatory diseases and, in turn, for a much earlier, efficient and less time consuming treatment of inflammatory diseases. The use of the inventive marker, and in particular in connection with a conventional inflammatory marker increases the comfort for the patients that experience the inflammation.  
           [0031]    In addition, the high induction provides for a clear diagnosis and thus a very precise monitoring of the stages of inflammatory diseases. Preferred inflammatory diseases which can be diagnostically followed, comprise vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease, cystic fibrosis, chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases like, for example, colitis ulcerosa or Morbus Crohn, chronic bronchitis, inflammatory arthritis diseases like, for example, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (SOJRA, Still&#39;s disease). The use of the inventive method in this case is particularly preferred, since the induction of CALGRANULIN C seems to be most specific in this disease.  
           [0032]    By “stages of inflammatory diseases” or “stages of diseases” as used in the present specification, is meant the different phases of the course of an inflammatory disease. Such phases include the early, acute, and regressive phase during the time period during which a patient experiences said disease. Stages of a disease include also an exacerbation of a present disease, secondary infections to an already existing disease, an acute inflammation above the background of a chronic inflammation, an acquired infection on the background of a chronic inflammatory disease, the risk of relapse, and/or discriminating between diseases with similar symptoms.  
           [0033]    Thus in one aspect of the method according to present invention, the inflammatory disease is an acute inflammation above the background of a chronic inflammation. In another aspect of the method according to present invention, the inflammatory disease is an acquired infection on the background of a chronic inflammatory disease. In yet another aspect of the method according to present invention, the inflammatory disease is an exacerbation of an already present disease.  
           [0034]    Preferably, the method according to present invention is used for diagnosing specific stages of inflammatory diseases and/or for determining the risk of relapse and/or for discriminating between diseases with similar symptoms. Preferably, the diagnosis according to the method of the present invention serves as a basis for prevention and/or monitoring of inflammatory diseases.  
           [0035]    Stages of diseases in general, and in particular inflammatory diseases, are frequently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms that are observed by the attending physician. Based on the diagnosis, the stage (in most of the cases corresponding to the severity of the disease) is evaluated. Nevertheless, in addition to the “classical” diagnosis, which is usually based on visual inspection and conventional blood inflammation markers, in recent diagnosis, the analysis of inflammatory markers has become an additional tool for the analysis of the stages of inflammatory diseases. A prominent conventional marker of this family of diagnostically suitable markers is C-reactive protein (CRP). Nevertheless, this marker is quite slow in its response to an inflammation and not induced in all cases in a very high ratio, compared to its non-inflammation expression For example, the stages of a disease can be designated as acute outbreak, exacerbation, relief, and include fever and other symptoms. Furthermore, the present invention allows the diagnosis of a disease even in patients showing a healthy appearance, but having a risk of relapse for a disease. By the term “relapse” is meant that in contrast to a “naive” patient for the infection, the person already experienced at least one stage of the respective inflammatory disease. This includes also the distinction between diseases that were experienced and are newly acquired.  
           [0036]    One example for the analysis and grading of stages of a disease is described here (in a not limited manner) in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis can last for many years. The progression (i.e. stages or phases) of the disease is categorised by five different stages of development, Stage I: You will not experience any of the common signs or symptoms, although you may have a flu-like illness. Stage II: You experience mild pain and swelling in small joints such as your hands, wrists, knees and feet. You may also experience a general, continuing physical discomfort. X-rays of your joints will appear to be normal at this stage. Stage III. Your affected joints are warm and swollen. You also experience stiffness in the morning, a limitation of motion in affected joints, and general and ongoing physical discomfort arid weakness. Stage IV: The symptoms you experienced in Stage III will become more pronounced Stage V: Symptoms are more pronounced than in Stage IV. You will most likely experience the loss of function of the joints affected. Often deformity occurs. During this stage of the disease, the bone around the joint erodes and ligaments are stretched Also, additional complications may occur such as tendon rupture, leg ulcers, Sjögren&#39;s syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome.  
           [0037]    In yet another aspect of the present invention, the method according to the present invention comprises determining the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C polypeptide and/or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide involves determining the amount and/or concentration of CALGRANULIN C polypeptide and/or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide as a local marker. By “local marker” as used in the present specification, is meant a marker that is produced directly at the site of the inflammatory disease. A local marker thus stands in contrast to conventional markers that are produced as a general response to an infection and/or inflammatory stimulus. Such markers include, amongst others, CRP, human neutrophilic lipocalin, ESR, soluble receptors, like Fas, and cytokines. In contrast CALGRANULIN C can be shown in synovial fluid, indicating its localised production. Local markers have particular advantages in the analysis of a potential relapse of a disease, as could be shown in the present case with JRA-patients that seemed to be healthy, yet having a increased risk of relapse for said disease. Nevertheless, the use of CALGRANULIN C as marker shall not be limited to localised inflammations, as this marker (although at a slightly later point in time) is present also in the, for example, serum of the patients.  
           [0038]    As mentioned above, the method of the present invention can form the basis for a method of treatment of an inflammatory disease in a subject (i.e. a mammal) in need thereof Thus, in yet another aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a method of treatment of an inflammatory disease in a mammal in need thereof, comprising the steps of: a) Performing steps a) to c) according to the method of the present invention as indicated above; and b) medical treatment of the mammal in need of said treatment; wherein said medical treatment is based on the stage of the disease to be treated. By “medical treatment” or “medication” as used in the present specification, is meant the use of medicaments, therapeutics and/or exercises in order to support and accelerate the regression of the symptoms of the inflammation. Medical treatment is classically performed using drugs or combinations of drugs that are specifically prescribed by the skilled attending physician. Nevertheless, the term medication shall not be limited to the ingestion of drugs, but includes all possible ways of treatment that will show a benefit for the subject to be treated.  
           [0039]    Due to the fact that the medication is based on the stage of the disease to be treated, the attending physician will usually alter the treatment scheme and/or the collection of drugs prescribed and used in order to treat the inflammatory disease. This alteration, which is based on the results of the diagnosis according to the method of the present invention, will allow for the treatment to be earlier, more specific, and thus more effective for the patient. Furthermore, an early medication will save costs, reduce the need to stay in clinics and allow for an ambulant treatment at home, which will increase the comfort of the patient even further. The alterations of the treatment scheme are based on the diagnosis according to the present invention, which, in this case, can be described by “monitorng” of the stages of the disease and the success of a medication. Furthermore, severe side effects that occur during treatment with chemotherapeutics, e.g., MTX, can be avoided in cases, in which the risk for the patients for a relapse was diagnosed as low or not present at all.  
           [0040]    In a preferred method of treatment according to the present invention, the conventional inflammatory marker is selected from the group consisting of CRP, human neutrophilic lipocalin, ESR, soluble receptors, e. g. Fas, and cytokines, In most cases, such conventional markers provide a simple “plus/minus” or “inflammation-yes/no” information with respect to an inflammation. For the purpose of the present invention, these markers provide both an internal control and fixed point in time, at which the inflammation is, for example, present and acute The comparison of CALGRANULIN C with the conventional marker and/or the expression in the control sample will thus provide additional viable information for the diagnosis, treatment, and especially for the prevention of an inflammatory disease.  
           [0041]    In a preferred method of treatment according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is a localised inflammatory disease. Such localised inflammations stand in contrast to systemic infections and/or inflammation, like, for example, sepsis or bacterial toxic shock syndrome.  
           [0042]    In another preferred method of treatment according to the present invention the inflammatory disease is vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease. In yet another preferred method of treatment according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is cystic fibrosis. In still another preferred method of treatment according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease like, for example, colitis ulcerosa or Morbus Crohn or chronic bronchitis. In yet another preferred method of treatment according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is an inflammatory arthritis disease like, for example, psoriatic arthritis. Particularly preferred is a method of treatment according to the present invention, wherein the inflammatory disease is systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (SOJRA).  
           [0043]    Thus, according to another aspect of the method of treatment according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is an acute inflammation above the background of a chronic inflammation. In another aspect of the method according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is an acquired infection on the background of a chronic inflammatory disease. In yet another aspect of the method according to the present invention the inflammatory disease is an exacerbation of an already present disease.  
           [0044]    As mentioned above, the method of the present invention can form the basis for a method of prevention of an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof Thus, in yet another aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a method of prevention of an inflammatory disease in a mammal in need thereof, comprising the steps of: a) Performing steps a) to c) according to claim 1; and b) medical treatment of the mammal in need of said treatment; wherein said medical treatment is based on the stage of the disease to be prevented. In the context of the present invention, the term “prevention” is meant as a specific treatment of a disease that does not yet exhibit “classical” symptoms (like those mentioned above, e.g. induction of conventional markers), but can be diagnosed by the method according to the present invention above, e. g. relapse risk. Based on the information of the diagnosis according to the present invention, the attending physician will usually begin (e.g. “alter”) with a treatment scheme and/or the collection of drugs prescribed and used in order to prevent (treat) the inflammatory disease. This “early onset”-treatment, which is based on the results of the diagnosis according to the method of the present invention, will allow for a more effective prevention than with conventional markers, thus allowing a more effective prevention for the patient. Furthermnore, an early medication will save costs, reduce the need to stay in clinics and allow for an ambulant treatment at home, which will increase the comfort of the patient even further. Finally, the possibility to diagnose a risk for a relapse of a disease using the method of the invention allows for a treatment only in cases in which such treatment is necessary, thus avoiding and/or reducing side effects for patients that are treated, for example, treated with chemotherapeutics like, e.g. MTX.  
           [0045]    In a preferred method of prevention according to the present invention, the conventional inflammatory marker is conventional in according to the present invention, the conventional inflammatory marker is selected from the group consisting of CRP, human neutrophilic lipocalin, ESR, soluble receptors, e. g. Fas, and cytokines. Such conventional markers provide a simple “Plus/minus” or “inflammation-yes/no” information with respect to an inflammation For the purpose of the present invention, these markers provide both an internal control and fixed point in time, at which the inflammation is, for example, present and acute. The comparison of CALGRANULIN C with the conventional marker and/or the expression in the control sample will thus provide additional viable information for the diagnosis, treatment, and especially for the prevention of an inflammatory disease.  
           [0046]    In a preferred method of prevention according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is a localised inflammatory disease. Such localised inflammations stand in contrast to systemic infections and/or inflammations, like, for example, sepsis or bacterial toxic shock syndrome. In these cases, the prevention of inflammation will have the additional benefit, to prevent a spreading of the local infection and thus the development from a local towards a systemic (i.e. not localised) inflammation. Nevertheless, the use of CALGRANULIN C as marker shall not be limited to localised inflammations, as this marker (although at a slightly later time) is present also in the, for example, serum of the patients.  
           [0047]    In another preferred method of prevention according to the present invention the inflammatory disease is vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease. In yet another preferred method of prevention according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is cystic fibrosis. In still another preferred method of prevention according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease like, for example, colitis ulcerosa or Morbus Crohn or chronic bronchitis. In yet another preferred method of prevention according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is an inflammatory arthritis disease like, for example, psoriatic arthritis. Particularly preferred is a method of prevention according to the present invention, wherein the inflammatory disease is systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (SOJRA).  
           [0048]    Thus, according to another aspect of the method of prevention according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is an acute inflammation above the background of a chronic inflammation. In another aspect of the method according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is an acquired infection on the background of a chronic inflammatory disease. In yet another aspect of the method according to the present invention, the inflammatory disease is an exacerbation of an already present disease. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0049]    The invention shall now be further described by the following examples with respect to the attached figures All examples are provided by way of example only, without any intended limitation of the scope of the invention. All cited references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In the Figures,  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 1: shows CALGRANULIN C concentrations in CF patient sera before and after antibiotic treatment. FIG. 1 thus shows, that the CALORANULIN C concentration in serum of CF patients is decreased upon treatment with antibiotics.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 2: shows a comparison of markers for inflammation in CF patients. Subgroups: 1) CF patients with acute exacerbation before start of antibiotic treatment (n=21) 2) CF patients at the end of antibiotic therapy (n=21) 3) CF out-patients (n=20); 4) sputum of CF patients with acute exacerbation (n=10). CALGRANULIN C concentration was measured in serum (1-3) and sputum (4). Data are expressed as means, error bars indicate 95% confidence interval. Grey lines indicate upper limit of normal range. FIG. 2 thus demonstrates CALGRANULIN C as the most sensitive marker of acute CF exacerbation compared to leukocyte counts, CRP and ESR. Only CALGRANULIN C concentrations show significant differences between acute exacerbation before start of antibiotic treatment and both the situations after antibiotic treatment and in out-patients.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 3: shows serum markers CRP and CALGRANULIN C in the monitoring of Kawasaki disease. Indicated time points 1) initially before start of therapy 2) after intravenous gammaglobulin 3) after 2 weeks 4) in remission. Data are expressed as means, error bars indicate 95% confidence interval. Grey lines indicate upper limit of normal range. Asteriks indicate statistical significance FIG. 3 thus demonstrates, that CALGRANULIN, compared to CRP, is suitable to indicate the difference between the inflammatory state of disease before and after gammaglobulin treatment.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 4: shows mean serum levels for different groups of patients with Kawasaki disease. A) initial level in patients with coronary artery lesions (CAL) B) initial level in patients without coronary artery lesions C) maximal level in patients with CAL D) maximal level in patients without CAL. FIG. 4 thus demonstrates CALGRANULIN C as being superior to CRP in identifying cases at high risk for coronary artery lesions.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 5: shows serum concentrations of CALGRANULIN C in control persons (Controls), JRA patients (JRA), SOJRA patients (SOJRA), and patients suffering from bacterial infections, as well as CALGRANULIN C concentration in the synovial fluid of IRA patients (JRA-SF). FIG. 5 thus demonstrates serum CALGRANULIN C as a highly sensitive marker which enables discrimination between SORJA and JRA or bacterial infections.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 6: shows serum concentrations of CALGRANULIN C in psoriatic arthritis patients that were treated with methotrexat (MTX). FIG. 6 thus demonstrates serum CALGRANULIN C as a highly sensitive marker, which enables monitoring (by measuring) the success of the treatment in psoriatic arthritis.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 7: CALGRANULIN C is suitable as marker for the relapse risk of JRA patients in remission without any clinical or laboratory signs of residual inflammatory activity. Group 1 patients (1 on X-axis), which relapsed within 12 months after discontinuation of MTX treatment had significantly higher CALGRANULIN C concentrations in the serum than Group 2 patients (2 on X-axis), which showed remission for more than 12 months. 
     
    
       [0057]    SEQ ID NO: 2 depicts the CALGRANULIN C polypeptide sequence, and SEQ ID NO: 1 depicts the CALGRANULIN C nucleic acids sequence encoding the polypeptide.  
         [0058]    Surprisingly, it could be shown that polyclonal affinity-purified rabbit-antisera directed against human CALORANULIN C are useful in a method for diagnosing inflammatory diseases, particularly for diagnosing specific stages of inflammatory diseases and/or for determining the risk of relapse and/or for discriminating between diseases with similar symptoms in order to apply an appropriate medication.  
         [0059]    CALGRANULIN C polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or nucleic acids encoding this according to SEQ ID) NO: 1 and/or an antibody directed against this polypeptide were surprisingly found to be useful for these specific diagnosing needs.  
         [0060]    The results presented in the attached figures and discussed in the examples below indicate that CALORANULIN C is a potent marker for e.g. acute CF exacerbation. CALGRANULIN C serum concentrations are significantly raised in CF patients with exacerbation compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, serum levels correlated with disease activity in individual patients. In all patients, CALGRANULIN C concentrations decreased during antibiotic therapy (FIG. 1). Even in the four cases with initial serum level inside the normal range, a decrease was detected, possibly indicating that personal profiles might be more useful than single serum tests. CALGRANULIN C is a more sensitive indicator for acute exacerbation than the conventional markers CRP, PSR, and leukocyte count (FIG. 2). It is the only parameter with highly significant differences between patients with acute exacerbation before treatment and after treatment, as well as between patients with acute exacerbation and CF out-patients, respectively.  
         [0061]    Furthermore, CALGRANULIN C is a potent marker for monitoring the course of vasculitis, in particular Kawasaki disease (FIG. 3), and for the prognosis of patients with additional artery lesions (FIG. 4).  
         [0062]    Eventually, CALGRANULIN C is a potent marker for discriminating an acute inflammation due to infection from the basic chronic inflammatory disease.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0063]    Identification of Human CALGRANULIN C as Advantageous Marker for Acute Exacerbations in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Patients  
         [0064]    Preparation of CALGRANULIN C  
         [0065]    CALGRANULIN C was isolated from human granulocytes as described in detail previously (Vogl et al, 1999,  J Biol Chem  274:25291-6)  
         [0066]    Preparation of Anti-CALGRANULIN C Antisera  
         [0067]    Polyclonal affinity-purified rabbit-antisera directed against human CALGRANULIN C (anti-CALGRANULIN C) were prepared as reported before (Vogl et al., 1999,  J Biol Chem  274:25291-6, van den Bos et al., 1998, Protein. Expr Purif 13:313-8).  
         [0068]    Determination of CALGRANULIN C Concentrations by Sandwich ELISA  
         [0069]    Concentrations of CALGRANULIN C in the serum of patients were determined by a double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Flat-bottom 96-well micro-titer plates (Maxisorp; Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated at 50 μl/well with 10 ng, well of anti-CALGRANULIN C in 0.1 M sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.6; incubated for 16 h at 4° C.; washed three times with phosphate buffer saline and 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.4 (wash buffer); and blocked with wash buffer containing 0.25% bovine serum albumin (block buffer) for 1 h at 37° C. Plates were washed once with wash buffer and 50 μl of samples with varying dilutions in block buffer were added for 1 h at room temperature. The ELISA was calibrated with purified CALGRANULIN C in concentrations ranging from 0.016 to 125 ng/ml. The assay has a linear range between 0.5 and 10 ng/ml and a sensitivity of &lt;0.5 ng/ml. After 3 washes, 20 ng/well of biotinylated rabbit anti-human CALGRANULIN C was added and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. Plates were washed three times and incubated with streptavidine-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1:5000 dilution; Pierce, Rockford, Ill., USA) for 30 min at 37° C. After washing three times, plates were incubated with ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthijazoline sulfonic acid); Roche Diagnostics, Mannheha, Germany) and H 2 O 2  (10 mg ABTS and 10 μl H 2 O 2  (30%) in 25 ml 0.05 M citrate buffer, pH 4.0) for 20 min at room temperature. Absorbency at 405 nm was measured with ELISA-reader (MRX microplate reader, Dynatech Laboratories, St Peter Pot, Guernsey, UK).  
         [0070]    Statistical Analysis  
         [0071]    Students T test was performed to determine differences of CALGRANULIN C expression between distinct categories. Data are expressed as mean ±SD. P values greater 0.05 were considered to be not significant.  
         [0072]    Normal CALGRANULIN C Serum Levels  
         [0073]    I estimated the serum levels of CALGRANULIN C in 18 healthy adults (mean age 31.9; range 19-43) and 16 children without signs of inflammation (mean age 10.9; range 3-17). Altogether, 34 normal controls (mean age 22.0; range 3-43) were investigated,  
         [0074]    Normal CALGRANULIN C means were 64±36 ng/ml for healthy adult controls and 50±32 ng/ml for healthy children. Overall mean in healthy controls was 57 ng/ml. There were no significant differences for age or gender distribution.  
         [0075]    CALGRANULIN C Serum Concentrations in CF Patients  
         [0076]    CALGRANULIN C serum concentrations of 17 CF in-patients (9 boys, 8 girls; the mean age at the time of entry into the study was 21.1 years, range 10-35 years), who received intravenous antibiotic therapy upon 21 courses of acute exacerbation at the beginning and at the end of the antibiotic treatment, were determined. The mean duration of hospitalisation for the actual therapy was 2 weeks. Main reasons for hospitalisation were global deterioration of well-being, excessive production of viscous sputum, and increase of productive coughing.  
         [0077]    18 CF out-patients (10 boys, 8 girls; mean age 21.8 years with range 8-31 years) without acute exacerbation, who underwent taking blood sample at 20 occasions for other reasons, were investigated for the same inflammatory parameter and for the detection of CALGRANULIN C. We analysed sputum samples of 5 CF-patients with acute exacerbation.  
         [0078]    CF patients with acute exacerbation bad significantly elevated CALGRANULIN C serum levels (mean 381 ng/ml, range 40-1429 ng/ml; p&lt;0.01). In 17 of 21 cases (81%) CALGRANULIN C serum levels were above normal mean plus two standard deviations. After 2 weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy, mean CALORANULIN C level in these patients decreased to 130 ng/ml (range 17-524 ng/ml). The mean CALGRANULIN C level for CF out-patients without exacerbation was 126 ng/ml (range 35-320 ng/ml). There is a significant difference between CALGRANULIN C values of patients with acute exacerbation before treatment and after treatment. Mean CALORANULIN C level in sputum of CF patients with acute exacerbation was 5,600 i 4,350 ng/ml.  
         [0079]    The individual time course of CALGRANULIN C levels in 21 cases of acute exacerbation are shown in FIG. 1. Not all of the patients reached values inside the normal range, especially when presenting with extremely high levels at the start of antibiotic therapy.  
         [0080]    Inflammatory Parameters for Comparison  
         [0081]    We found CRP elevated in 13 of 21 cases of acute exacerbation before initialisation of antibiotic therapy (61%). There was a significant difference between mean concentrations of CRP in patients with acute exacerbation before (1.87±2.94 mg/dl; range 0-10.6) and after antibiotic therapy (0.15±0.39 mg/dl; range 0-1.6). Nevertheless, mean differences between acute exacerbation and out-patients without acute infection (0.52±0.40 mg/dl; range 0-1.5) were not significant. ESR was above the normal range in 14 of 21 cases (66%/o). We found a significant difference for mean ESR between patients with acute exacerbation (25±18 mm/h; range 4-51) and out-patients (12±9 Anne; range 1-28). ESR of patients with acute exacerbation before and after antibiotic therapy (17±15 mm/h; range 6-36) did not differ significantly. In 12 cases (56%), the leukocyte counts were above 10,000/μl. Leukocyte counts were significantly higher in acute exacerbation before (11,260±3,948/μl ; range 2,900-22,100) than after antibiotic treatment (7,920±2,311/μl; range 2,500-12,500), but no such difference was found between patients with acute exacerbation before treatment and out-patients (9,583±3,438/μl; range 4,300-16,500). Data are summarized in FIG. 2.  
         [0082]    Conclusion  
         [0083]    CALGRANULIN C is therefore potent and reliable as a marker for acute CF-exacerbation. It is an early marker of inflammation and correlates with disease activity. It is superior to conventional indicators of inflammation in differentiating acute and chronic stages of disease. In particular, determination of serum levels of CALGRANULIN C individual profiles are useful to determine states of acute exacerbation.  
         [0084]    The above example demonstrates, in particular, the use of CALGRANULIN C for the treatment and/or monitoring according to the present invention.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0085]    Identification of CALORANULIN C as a Marker Useful in Monitoring Kawasaki Disease  
         [0086]    We analysed CALGRANULIN C and CRP levels of 6 female and 15 male patients (mean age 2.5 years; range 0.4-7.2) fulfilling the criteria of Kawasaki disease, who were treated with intravenous gammaglobulin (2 g/kg body weight) Concentrations of CALGRANULIN C in the serum of Kawasaki patients were determined by a double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems described in Example 1. Also, protein and antibody preparation were performed as described above. Serum samples were taken at start of therapy, directly after treatment with gammaglobulin, 2 weeks after start of therapy, and in remission. Mean duration of fever was 7.5 days (range 5-13). The mean maximum of white blood cell count was 14,900/μl (range 5,300-24,400), with an average of 63% neutrophils, 8 patients had coronary artery lesions (CAL) and were diagnosed with coronary aneurysms. All patients with CAL were male. There was no significant difference in age distribution between patients with and without CAL (mean age 2.4 vs. 2.6 years). Patients with CAL had longer duration of fever and higher levels of CALGRANULRN C, CRP, white blood cells, and neutrophil counts. Mean initial CALGRANULIN C level before therapy was 450±348 ng/ml (range 31-1,330 ng/ml). Mean CALGRANULIN C level decreased significantly after gammaglobulin treatment (236±244 ng/ml; range 9-1071; p&lt;0.05). The CALORANULIN C levels after 2 weeks were 84±88 ng/ml (range 15-402). CALGRANULIN C levels detected in complete remission were 83±84 ng/ml (range 6-371). Mean initial CRP level was 8.9±3.5 mg/dl (range 2.5-16.0 mg/dl). Mean CRP levels decreased to 6.3±6.9 mg/dl (range 0.8-28.7 mg/dl) after gammaglobulin treatment, without showing a significant difference to initial levels. Mean CRP levels were 1.5±2.1 mg/dl (range 0-8.9 mg/dl) after 2 weeks, and 0.15 mg/dl (range 0-0.6 mg/dl) in remission. FIG. 3 shows detected CALGRANULIN C and CRP levels in the course of Kawasaki disease.  
         [0087]    Mean CALGRANULIN C in 16 healthy controls (mean age 10.9; range 3-17) was 50±32 ng/ml. Levels higher than two standard deviations above the mean were identified as abnormal, leading to a cut-off value of 115 ng/ml. Two patients had CALGRANULIN C levels within the normal range over the whole course of the disease. These patients had mild disease without coronary aneurysms and fever for only 5 and 6 days, respectively. Patients with coronary artery aneurysms had higher initial and maximum CALGRANULIN C and CRP levels than patients without cardiac complications, and hence the difference for CALGRANULIN C concentrations was greater than for CRP (FIG. 4).  
         [0088]    The present study indicates that the calcium-binding protein CALGRANULIN C is a potent marker for Kawasaki disease with a sensitivity of 91%. Serum levels correlated with disease activity in individual patients. CALGRANULIN C is able to determine response to therapy early after gammaglobulin treatment. It is the only parameter with highly significant differences between patients with Kawasaki disease before gammaglobulin treatment and after treatment. Furthermore, it is superior to CRP in identifying cases at high risk for coronary artery lesions. Hence, CALGRANULIN C is an early indicator of acute inflammation in the cascade of vasculitis and possibly other autoimmune disorders.  
         [0089]    The above example demonstrates, in particular, the use of CALGRANULIN C for the treatment and/or monitoring according to the present invention. Furthermore, the medication can be altered according to the monitoring results.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0090]    Identification of CALGRANULIN C as a Marker Useful in the Early Identification of Systemic Onset Juvenile Arthritis (SOJRA), Especially by Discrimination from Bacterial Infection  
         [0091]    Using the CALGRANULIN C ELISA described above in detail, we analysed serum concentrations of CALGRANULIN C proteins in patients with SOJRA, in patients with active oligoarhritis form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), in patients with bacterial infections (CRP-value&gt;50 mg/l; average CRP value: 95 mg/l) and in control persons (n=20). In addition, CALGRANULIN C concentrations in the synovial fluid of JRA patients were measured in order to prove the suitability of CALGRANULIN C as local inflammation marker.  
         [0092]    Surprisingly it was found, that CALGRANULIN C serum levels were dramatically elevated in SOJRA patients, while they were only moderately elevated both in JRA patients and in patients with bacterial infections (FIG. 5): CALGRANULIN C concentrations are significantly about 10-fold higher in SOJRA patients compared to JRA patients and to patients with bacterial infections. Hence, CALGRANULIN C is the first marker to reliably discriminate between SOJRA and bacterial infections.  
         [0093]    Also, the ratio of CALGRANULIN C concentration and CRP concentration was found to be an excellent and reliable measure for diagnosing SOJRA with high specificity and sensitivity (&gt;80%).  
         [0094]    The above example demonstrates, in particular, the use of CALGRANULIN C for the prevention and/or treatment according to the present invention.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0095]    Identification of CALGRANULIN C as a Marker for Relapse Risk of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) Patients after First Successful Treatment  
         [0096]    The CALGRANULIN C concentrations in the serum of patients in clinical remissions at the endpoint of the therapy with methotrexat (MTX) were determined. Also CRP and ESR were determined. We compared the values of two groups: Group 1: relapse of the disease within one year. Group 2: no relapse within 1 year, i.e. long-term remission. Surprisingly it was found, that only CALGRANULIN C serum concentrations were significantly different between the two groups and are therefore suitable for the prognosis and therefore for adequate treatment. ESR was found to be not suitable at all. CRP is negative in all patients (n=8) investigated, with the exception of two; hence, sensitivity is highly inadequate.  
         [0097]    Therefore, CALGRANULIN C could be identified as the first marker for the determination of the disease activity in JRA patients, especially for diagnosing the relapse risk.  
         [0098]    The above example demonstrates, in particular, the use of CALGRANULIN C for the prevention, monitoring, and/or treatment according to the present invention.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0099]    Identification of CALORANULIN C as a Marker for Psoriatic Arthritis  
         [0100]    14 patients suffering from psoriatic arthritis were treated with the anti-inflammatory drug methotrexat (MTX). Serum levels were determined before and after treatment with MTX. It was found that the patients had significantly elevated CALGRANULIN C levels, which were reduced to normal levels comparable to control levels after successful treatment. This example (cf. FIG. 6) thus demonstrates, that serum CALGRANULIN C is suited as a highly sensitive marker which enables monitoring (by measuring) the success of the treatment in psoriatic arthritis.  
         [0101]    The above example demonstrates, in particular, the use of CALGRANULIN C for the monitoring and/or treatment according to the present invention.  
       EXAMPLE 6  
       [0102]    Use of CALGRANULIN C as a Marker for Determining the Stage of Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease  
         [0103]    We determined CALGRANULIN C protein serum levels as described above using ELISA in Crohn&#39;s disease patients, ulcerative colitis patients and in healthy controls. Patients suffering from chronic active Crohn&#39;s disease (Crohn&#39;s disease activity index CDAI&gt;150, n=35) had significantly elevated levels compared to healthy controls (415 ng/ml vs. 74 ng/ml; p&gt;0.001). In contrast, patients in remission revealed serum concentrations that did not differ compared to healthy controls. Hence, disease activity could be accurately monitored. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that CALGRANULIN C levels strongly correlated with CDAI, supporting superior suitability for diagnosing the stage of disease.  
         [0104]    In patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis (n=27), CALGRANULIN C levels were also significantly elevated (260 ng/ml; p&lt;0.01) compared to healthy controls but were lower compared to active Crohn&#39;s disease patients. Moreover, it could be demonstrated, that CALGRANULIN C levels strongly correlated with disease activity as determined by True-love and Witt&#39;s index, supporting superior suitability for diagnosing the stage of disease. Thus, CALGRANULIN C is a potent serum maker for the disease stage of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, especially for Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis.  
         [0105]    The above example demonstrates, in particular, the use of CALGRANULIN C for the monitoring, prevention, and/or treatment according to the present invention.  
       EXAMPLE 7  
       [0106]    CALGRANULIN C is Useful as a Marker for Minimal Residual Disease Activity in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) Patients after First Successful Treatment  
         [0107]    CALGRANULIN C concentrations in serum were determined for 13 patients with pauciarticular and polyarticular juvenile rhematoid arthritis who received treatment with Methotrexat (MTX) to induce remission, and the data were retrospectively investigated for correlation with relapse risk. The CALGRANULIN C concentration was determined at that time when remission was documented according to the JRA criteria. The determination of CALGRANULIN C concentration was performed as described above using an ELISA.  
         [0108]    It was found, that 6 patients which were in stable remission for more than 12 months had significantly lower levels when MTX treatment was discontinuated than those 7 patients who had a relapse before 12 months had passed (65 vs 135 ng/ml CALGRANULIN C; p&lt;0.05; cf. FIG. 7). In contrast, ESR and CRP analysis showed no difference between these patients and were thus not suitable for the prediction of relapse risk. Thus, CALGRANULIN C indicates residual inflammatory disease activity even in the absence of other laboratory or clinical signs of ongoing inflammation. It is thus a predictive marker for stable remission, enabling adequate diagnosis and treatment: patients for which a low risk of relapse is diagnosed do not need to receive MTX which exhibits severe side-effects, while patients with high risk of relapse will be given further MTX treatment as adequate medication.  
     
       
       
         1 
         
           
             2  
           
           
             1  
             466  
             DNA  
             homo sapiens  
           
            1 

accactgctg gctttttgct gtagctccac attcctgtgc attgaggggt taacattagg     60 

ctgggaagat gacaaaactt gaagagcatc tggagggaat tgtcaatatc ttccaccaat    120 

actcagttcg gaaggggcat tttgacaccc tctctaaggg tgagctgaag cagctgctta    180 

caaaggagct tgcaaacacc atcaagaata tcaaagataa agctgtcatt gatgaaatat    240 

tccaaggcct ggatgctaat caagatgaac aggtcgactt tcaagaattc atatccctgg    300 

tagccattgc gctgaaggct gcccattacc acacccacaa agagtaggta gctctctgaa    360 

ggctttttac ccagcaatgt cctcaatgag ggtcttttct ttccctcacc aaaacccagc    420 

cttgcccgtg gggagtaaga gttaataaac acactcacga aaagtt                   466 

 
           
             2  
             92  
             PRT  
             homo sapiens  
           
            2 

Met Thr Lys Leu Glu Glu His Leu Glu Gly Ile Val Asn Ile Phe His 
1               5                   10                  15 

Gln Tyr Ser Val Arg Lys Gly His Phe Asp Thr Leu Ser Lys Gly Glu 
            20                  25                  30 

Leu Lys Gln Leu Leu Thr Lys Glu Leu Ala Asn Thr Ile Lys Asn Ile 
        35                  40                  45 

Lys Asp Lys Ala Val Ile Asp Glu Ile Phe Gln Gly Leu Asp Ala Asn 
    50                  55                  60 

Gln Asp Glu Gln Val Asp Phe Gln Glu Phe Ile Ser Leu Val Ala Ile 
65                  70                  75                  80 

Ala Leu Lys Ala Ala His Tyr His Thr His Lys Glu 
                85                  90