Abstract:
A monitoring device ( 6 ) records variables that are characteristic of operating parameters of a continuous casting mold ( 1 ) for casting a metal strand ( 2 ). The monitoring device ( 6 ) records at least some of the characteristic variables by independently performing measurements during the casting of the metal strand ( 2 ). The monitoring device ( 6 ) forms groups (G 1 , G 2 ) of operating parameters and independently tests whether the operating parameters of the respective group (G 1 , G 2 ) satisfy a respective predetermined stability criterion. The monitoring device ( 6 ) accepts the operating parameters into a database ( 12 ). The monitoring device ( 6 ) determines those data records ( 11 ) contained in the database ( 12 ) that coincide in their input variables with the basic operating parameters and determines admissible operating parameter ranges for supplementary operating parameters. The monitoring device ( 6 ) independently tests whether the supplementary operating parameters lie within the admissible operating parameter ranges.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a 35 U.S.C. §§371 national phase conversion of PCT/EP2013/072544, filed Oct. 29, 2013, which claims priority of German Patent Application No. 10 2012 224 132.9, filed Dec. 21, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. The PCT International Application was published in the German language. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a method of monitoring for a continuous casting mold for casting a metal strand,
       wherein monitoring equipment detects quantities,   wherein the monitoring equipment automatically detects metrologically at least some of the quantities during the casting of the metal strand   wherein the monitoring equipment uses the quantities detected to determine operating parameters of the continuous casting mold.       
 
         [0006]    A monitoring method of this type is known, for example in the form of SIMETALL MOLD EXPERT from Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH, Linz, Austria. In the case of monitoring methods of this type, all the relevant signals around about the continuous casting mold are detected and presented visually. In addition, by reference to the detected signals, predictive quantities are determined for the casting process, and are output to an operator of the continuous casting facility. For example, the entry temperature and exit temperature of a liquid coolant (generally water) and the corresponding coolant volume flows are used to determine the heat flows associated with the sidewalls of the continuous casting mold. Also, by reference to operating parameters of a vibration mechanism, by means of which the continuous casting mold is vibrated, a friction parameter is determined for the friction arising between the metal strand and the continuous casting mold. There is no categorization of the values determined into permissible or impermissible, or into good or bad, and the like. 
         [0007]    The estimation of the measured and derived quantities is of importance for the casting process. In particular, a decision can be made on the basis of the measured and derived quantities as to whether the casting process is proceeding in an orderly manner, or whether control interventions are required. 
         [0008]    Over time, experienced operators note, in particular, the values for the heat flow and friction which have arisen. Eventually they know the values for which the casting process has proceeded in an orderly manner, and the values for which the casting process experienced problems. However, this approach is only applicable to a restricted extent if the metal strand being cast has a new chemical composition—for example a new type of steel—if a different casting powder is being used or if over a period of time a large number of metal strands are cast which differ in their chemical composition. 
         [0009]    In the prior art, it is known how to analyze the cast strand by means of metallurgical procedures, and from this to derive permissible values for particular chemical compositions of the metal strand. However, this approach is exceptionally time-consuming, and apart from that is liable to error. 
         [0010]    DE 2 320 277 A1 discloses a method for monitoring the skin thickness of a strand which is being cast. In the context of this method, the heat flows in overlapping cooling zones are detected—separately for the individual sidewalls of the mold. From these detected heat flows, a characteristic quantity is determined and displayed and/or used directly for controlling the casting process. 
         [0011]    DE 198 10 672 A1 discloses a method for monitoring the two-dimensional temperature profile of a continuous casting mold. Temperatures and heat flows are detected. The two-dimensional temperature profile is determined as a function of the detected temperatures and heat flows. The heat flows are adjusted in order to set a desired temperature profile. 
         [0012]    DE 197 22 877 A1 discloses a method for measuring and regulating the temperature and quantity of the cooling water which cools the sidewalls of a continuous casting mold. The temperature of the cooling water is measured at several places in the region of the outflow openings in the copper plate and in the associated water tank. The measurement of this temperature profile, which of itself is one-dimensional, is repeated from time to time, so that the one-dimensional profile is developed into a two-dimensional profile. This two-dimensional temperature profile is displayed to an operator, so that the operator can, if necessary, make control interventions. 
         [0013]    EP 1 103 322 A1 discloses a method for monitoring a continuous casting mold, by which the local temperatures and/or heat flow densities are detected, and from them the temperature loading on the mold wall is determined. 
         [0014]    WO 02/085 555 A2 discloses a method of operation for a continuous casting mold, by which the speed of flow of cooling water is set in a controlled way, whereby the water flow is in the direction from below to above, unlike the method which is otherwise common. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    It is the object of the present invention to provide the operator with a tool which makes it possible, in a simple way, to categorize the values determined into permissible or impermissible, or into good or bad, and the like. 
         [0016]    In the invention, a monitoring method of the type cited in the introduction is so structured that
       the monitoring equipment forms groups of operating parameters, each of which includes at least one basic operating parameter and at least one supplementary operating parameter,   the monitoring equipment automatically copies the operating parameters for the group concerned into a database as a data record, if the operating parameters of the group concerned satisfy a relevant first predefined stability criterion over a relevant evaluation time period,   the monitoring equipment assigns to the data record the basic operating parameters as input quantities, and the supplementary operating parameters as output quantities,   the monitoring equipment determines for which of the data records which are held in the database the input quantities match the basic operating parameters, and using these data   the monitoring equipment determines for which of the data records which are held in the database the input quantities match the basic operating parameters, and using these data records determines permissible operating parameter ranges for the supplementary operating parameters,   in the context of a second check, the monitoring equipment automatically checks whether the operating parameters lie within the permissible operating parameter ranges, and   depending on the result of the second check, the monitoring equipment initiates further measures.       
 
         [0024]    This approach achieves the effect that little by little the monitoring equipment fills up the database fully automatically with orderly data records, and in addition draws on those data records which are already present in the database in assessing the current operating parameters. 
         [0025]    The groups of operating parameters can be chosen as required. As alternatives, they may include only some of the operating parameters, or all the operating parameters. Within the group concerned, the evaluation period is specific to the operating parameter concerned. It can be the same for all the operating parameters in the group concerned. Alternatively, it can be defined individually for the operating parameter concerned. The first stability criterion can also be the same for all the operating parameters in the group concerned, or can be chosen individually for each operating parameter. 
         [0026]    The continuous casting mold is cooled by means of a volume flow of a liquid coolant—generally water. When it enters the continuous casting mold, the liquid coolant has an entry temperature, and on emerging from the continuous casting mold an exit temperature. The quantities which are metrologically detected during the casting of the metal strand will preferably include the volume flow, the entry temperature and the exit temperature and the operating parameters include a heat flow determined from the volume flow, the entry temperature and the exit temperature. 
         [0027]    The continuous casting mold has a number of sidewalls. It is possible that the continuous casting mold has a single sidewall. This is the case, for example, for a pipe mold. Alternatively, the continuous casting mold can have several sidewalls. This is the case, for example, for a slab mold. Regardless of the number of sidewalls
       the volume flow, the entry temperature and the exit temperature are detected separately for each of the sidewalls, and   the monitoring equipment determines the heat flow separately for each of the sidewalls.       
 
         [0030]    In general, the heat flow tracks any change in the operating parameters relatively rapidly. Preferably, one of the predefined groups of operating parameters will include as a supplementary operating parameter the heat flow, and as basic operating parameters those operating parameters which are relevant for the heat flow. 
         [0031]    When casting metal continuously, it is usual to vibrate the continuous casting mold during the continuous casting by means of a vibration mechanism, with a vibration frequency and a vibration amplitude. Preferably
       the quantities which are metrologically detected during the casting of the metal strand include the vibration frequency, vibration amplitude and the displacement forces necessary for vibrating the continuous casting mold, and   the operating parameters include a friction parameter, determined from the vibration frequency, the vibration amplitude and the displacement forces, for friction arising between the metal strand and the continuous casting mold.       
 
         [0034]    Preferably, one of the predefined groups of operating parameters will include as a supplementary operating parameter the friction parameter, and as basic operating parameters the operating parameters which are relevant to the friction parameter. 
         [0035]    The basic operating parameters can be determined as required. For example, the basic operating parameters could include the material in the metal strand (for example steel, or aluminum, plus a definition of the alloying elements and their concentration), the format (for example, width and thickness) of the metal strand, a casting powder used in the casting of the metal strand, a casting speed and/or a level of the surface of the cast material. 
         [0036]    It is possible that the data records copied into the database are exclusively those based on the characteristic quantities detected by the monitoring equipment itself in the operation of the continuous casting mold. Alternatively, it is possible
       that in addition to the quantities which it has detected, the monitoring equipment accepts, via a data input, temporal sequences of quantities,   that the monitoring equipment also forms, by reference to quantities it has accepted via the data input, groups of operating parameters, each of which includes at least one basic operating parameter and at least one supplementary operating parameter,   that, if the operating parameters for the groups formed by reference to the quantities accepted through the data input satisfy a relevant predefined first stability criterion over a relevant evaluation time period, the monitoring equipment copies into the database, as data records, those operating parameters which it has determined by reference to the quantities it accepted through the data input   that the monitoring equipment assigns to the data record as the input quantities the basic operating parameters and as the output quantities the supplementary operating parameters.       
 
         [0041]    This approach is of advantage particularly when the execution of the inventive monitoring method is starting up, for example if the data base does not (yet) have any data records when the execution of the inventive monitoring method is starting up. However, it can also be realized during ongoing operations, or afterwards. 
         [0042]    It is possible that the monitoring equipment determines the permissible ranges for the operating parameters even if there are only a few data records stored in the database. However, the monitoring equipment will preferably determine the permissible operating parameter ranges for the supplementary operating parameters if, and only if, the data records for which the input quantities match the basic operating parameters satisfy a completeness criterion. The completeness criterion can, in particular, be satisfied if the database contains a sufficient number of data records for which the input quantities match the basic operating parameters. Alternatively, or additionally, the completeness criterion can be satisfied if the supplementary operating parameters, for those data records for which the input quantities match the basic operating parameters, satisfy a relevant predefined statistical second stability criterion. 
         [0043]    If the operating parameters of the group concerned satisfy the relevant predefined first stability criterion over the evaluation period concerned, the operation of the continuous casting mold as such is uncritical. It can however happen that in spite of uncritical operation as such, the metal strand which is cast does not satisfy quality requirements, for example has cracks or too strong vibration marks. Preferably, the monitoring equipment will therefore suppress the copying of the data records into the database if an operator of the continuous casting mold issues a blocking command to it. Alternatively, if the operator issues a negative assessment of the data record, the monitoring equipment removes from the database data records which have already been copied into the database. 
         [0044]    If the operating parameters of the group concerned satisfy the relevant predefined first stability criterion over the evaluation period concerned, the operation of the continuous casting mold as such is uncritical. It can however happen that in spite of uncritical operation as such, the metal strand which is cast does not satisfy quality requirements, for example has cracks or too strong vibration marks. Preferably, the monitoring equipment will therefore suppress the copying of the data records into the database if an operator of the continuous casting mold issues a blocking command to it. Alternatively, if the operator issues a negative assessment of the data record, the monitoring equipment removes from the database data records which have already been copied into the database. 
         [0045]    If the operating parameters of the group concerned satisfy the relevant predefined first stability criterion over the evaluation period concerned, the operating parameters—in particular for example their weighted or unweighted mean values
       can be copied into the database as data records. The first check, and the copying of a data record into the database which is based on it, will in this case be effected cyclically at regular time intervals. It is possible that the time interval is identical with the evaluation period for the at least one supplementary operating parameter in the group concerned. Preferably however, the time interval will be substantially shorter. For example, the time interval can lie (somewhere) between 0.1 s and several minutes.       
 
         [0047]    The object is further achieved by a computer program which incorporates machine code which can be directly executed by monitoring equipment for a continuous casting mold, and the execution of which by the monitoring equipment has the effect that the monitoring equipment carries out a monitoring method with all the steps of a monitoring method in accordance with the invention. 
         [0048]    The object is further achieved by monitoring equipment for a continuous casting mold where the monitoring equipment is constructed in such a way that it carries out a monitoring method with all the steps of a monitoring method in accordance with the invention. 
         [0049]    The object is further achieved by a continuous casting mold for casting a metal strand, whereby monitoring equipment in accordance with the invention is assigned to the continuous casting mold. 
         [0050]    The characteristics, features and advantages of this invention described above, together with the manner and way in which these are achieved, will become clearer and more comprehensible in conjunction with the following description of the exemplary embodiments, which are explained in more detail in conjunction with the drawings. These show, as schematic views: 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0051]      FIG. 1  shows a continuous casting mold from the side 
           [0052]      FIG. 2  shows the continuous casting mold from above, 
           [0053]      FIG. 3  shows a flow diagram, 
           [0054]      FIG. 4  shows a timing diagram, and 
           [0055]      FIGS. 5 to 7  show flow diagrams. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0056]    As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a metal strand  2  is cast using a continuous casting mold  1 . The metal strand  2  can, in particular, consist of steel. The metal strand  2  can, as shown in the illustrations in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , be strip-shaped in form. In this case, the continuous casting mold  1  has several sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d . Furthermore, in the case of a strip-shaped metal strand  2 , two of the sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d  are each constructed as wide sides  3   a ,  3   b  and two each as narrow sides  3   c ,  3   d . The distances from each other of the sidewalls,  3   a  to  3   d , which lie opposite each other define the format of the metal strand  2  which is cast, in particular its thickness d and its width b. Alternatively however, other formats can also be cast, in particular rod cross-sections. In this case, the continuous casting mold  1  has only a single sidewall. 
         [0057]    The continuous casting mold  1  is cooled by means of a liquid coolant  4 —generally water. Per unit of time (for example, per second), a volume flow V of the liquid coolant  4  flows through the continuous casting mold  1 . When it enters the continuous casting mold  1 , the liquid coolant  4  has an entry temperature T 1  and on emerging from the continuous casting mold  1  an exit temperature T 2 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d  have in each case a separate volume flow, Va to Vb, of the coolant  4  flowing through it, where each of the volume flows Va to Vb has its own entry temperature T 1   a  to T 1   d  when it enters the sidewall concerned of the continuous casting mold  1  and on exiting from the continuous casting mold  1  its own exit temperature T 2   a  to T 2   d.    
         [0058]    As shown in  FIG. 1A , there is assigned to the continuous casting mold  1  a vibration mechanism  5 , for example a hydraulic cylinder unit. By means of the vibration mechanism  5 , the continuous casting mold  1  is vibrated during the casting of the strand, with a vibration frequency f and a vibration amplitude h. For the purpose of vibrating the continuous casting mold  1 , displacement forces F are required. 
         [0059]    As shown in  FIG. 1B , the continuous casting mold  1  has monitoring equipment  6  assigned to it. The monitoring equipment  6  is generally structured as software programmable equipment. The way in which the monitoring equipment  6  functions is thus defined by a computer program  7 , with which the monitoring equipment  6  is programmed. By its programming with the computer program  7 , the monitoring equipment  6  is appropriately structured. 
         [0060]    The computer program  7  incorporates machine code  8 . This machine code  8  is directly executable by the monitoring equipment  6 . The execution of the machine code  8  by the monitoring equipment  6  causes the monitoring equipment  6  to execute a monitoring method, which is explained in more detail below by reference to  FIG. 3 . 
         [0061]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the monitoring equipment  6  detects, in a step S 1 , quantities which are characteristic of the operating parameters of the continuous casting mold  1 . 
         [0062]    The quantities detected are automatically detected, metrologically, by the monitoring equipment  6 , at least partially during the casting of the metal strand  2 . For example, the volume flows V, or Va to Vb mentioned above, the entry temperatures T 1  or T 1   a  to T 1   d  mentioned above, and the exit temperatures T 2  or T 2   a  to T 2   d  mentioned above, are detected metrologically. In this process—regardless of the number of the sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d —the volume flows Va to Vd, the entry temperatures T 1   a  to T 1   d  and the exit temperatures T 2   a  to T 2   d  are generally detected metrologically for each of the sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d  separately. Furthermore, the operating quantities for the vibration equipment  5 , that is the vibration frequency f, the vibration amplitude h and the displacement forces F required to vibrate the continuous casting mold  1 , are generally detected metrologically. 
         [0063]    Other quantities could alternatively be detected metrologically or reported to the monitoring equipment  6  in some other way. Examples of such quantities are the material of the metal strand  2 , the format of the metal strand  2 , such as for example its width b and thickness d, a casting powder  9  used in casting the metal strand  2 , a casting speed v and a cast surface  10 , or more precisely its level P. 
         [0064]    In a step S 2 , the monitoring equipment  6  determines, by reference to the detected quantities, operating parameters of the continuous casting mold  1 . To some extent, the execution of step S 2  is trivial, namely if the detected quantities directly represent operating parameters of the continuous casting mold  1 . However, it is to some extent necessary, by reference to the detected quantities, to determine in a non-trivial way the operating parameters of the continuous casting mold  1 . For example, the monitoring equipment  6  can, as part of step S 2 , determine a heat flow W from the (overall) volume flow V, the associated entry temperature T 1  and the associated exit temperature T 2 . If the volume flows Va to Vd, the entry temperatures T 1   a  to T 1   d  and the exit temperatures T 2   a  to T 2   d  are detected separately for each of the sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d , then of course, as part of step S 2 , an applicable heat flow Wa to Wd will be determined for each of the sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d  by reference to the corresponding values Va to Vd, T 1   a  to T 1   d , T 2   a  to T 2   d.    
         [0065]    A further important operating parameter of the continuous casting mold  1 , which must be determined in a non-trivial way, is a friction parameter R, which characterizes a level of friction arising between the metal strand  2  and the continuous casting mold  1 . Insofar as it is determined, the friction parameter R is determined by the monitoring equipment  6  as part of step S 2 , by reference to the vibration frequency f, the vibration amplitude h and the displacement forces F. 
         [0066]    In a step S 3 , the monitoring equipment  6  gives the operating parameters an associated timestamp and temporarily stores them away internally together with the timestamp. If necessary, the characteristic quantities underlying the operating parameters can also be stored away together with the operating parameters. 
         [0067]    In a step S 4 , the monitoring equipment  6  forms groups G 1 , G 2  of operating parameters. Each of the groups G 1 , G 2  includes several operating parameters. In particular, each of them includes at least one basic operating parameter, and at least one supplementary operating parameter. For example, the monitoring equipment  6  can, as part of step S 4 , form a first group G 1  of operating parameters. The first group G 1  of operating parameters includes, as the supplementary operating parameter, the heat flow W, Wa to Wd and as the basic operating parameter the operating parameters which are relevant for the heat flow W, Wa to Wd. These operating parameters—i.e. the operating parameters which are relevant in the context of the first group G 1 —include in particular the format b, d of the metal strand  2  and the casting speed v, thus in sum the amount of the metal strand  2  which is cast per unit of time. 
         [0068]    Furthermore, they include the start temperature, at which the liquid metal is fed to the continuous casting mold  1 , the physical parameters of the material of the metal strand  2 , for example its specific setting point enthalpy and the level P of the surface of the cast  10 . Other quantities can also be considered, such as for example the casting powder  9  which is used. On the other hand, the items of vibration data, f, h, F are generally of lower importance in the context of the first group G 1 . They can, but need not necessarily, be contained in the first group G 1 . 
         [0069]    Alternatively or in addition to the first group G 1 , the monitoring equipment  6  can, as part of step S 4 , form a second group G 2  of operating parameters. The second group G 2  of operating parameters includes as the supplementary operating parameter the friction parameter R and as the basic operating parameter those operating parameters which are relevant to the friction parameter R. These operating parameters—i.e. the operating parameters which are relevant in the context of the second group G 2 —include in particular the start temperature, at which the liquid metal is fed to the continuous casting mold  1 , the physical parameters of the material of the metal strand  2 , the format b, d of the metal strand  2  and the casting powder  9  used and the surface  10  of the cast or its level P. Further operating parameters can also be contained in the second group G 2 . 
         [0070]    It is possible that the operating parameters explained above are the only operating parameters which are utilized. However, it is alternatively possible to take into account further operating parameters. Examples of this type of operating parameter are the immersion depth of an immersion tube into the continuous casting mold  1  and/or parameters which characterize a shape of the vibration of the continuous casting mold  1  which deviates from a sinusoidal wave. 
         [0071]    Other parameters are, for example, the measured values from temperature sensors which are built into the sidewalls  3   a  to  3   d  of the continuous casting mold  1 . Other operating parameters are also possible. These operating parameters are generally basic operating parameters. 
         [0072]    Furthermore, further groups of operating parameters can be formed as necessary. 
         [0073]    In a step S 5 , the monitoring equipment  6  selects one of the groups G 1 , G 2  which has been formed. In a step S 6 , the monitoring equipment  6  automatically determines the value of a logical variable OK. The logical variable OK takes the value WAHR (TRUE) if and only if the operating parameters of the selected group G 1 , G 2  satisfy in each case a first stability criterion over a relevant evaluation time period. The evaluation time period can be the same for all the operating parameters in the selected group G 1 , G 2 . In general, however, within the selected group G 1 , G 2  it is defined specifically for each particular operating parameter. For example, in the case of the heat flow W, Wa to Wd the range can lie within a single digit range of minutes. For this operating parameter it mostly lies between 1 min and 5 min. For other groups and/or other operating parameters, each evaluation time period can have a different value. For example, in the context of the second group G 2  it can lie in the double-digit range of minutes for the friction value R operating parameter. In particular, it can lie between 20 min and 30 min. In contrast, the stability criteria for the operating parameters in the group G 1 , G 2  can—depending on the situation in the individual case—either be all the same within the selected group G 1 , G 2  or can vary. Examples of suitable stability criteria are,
       that within the relevant evaluation time period the difference between a minimum value and a maximum value of the operating parameter concerned lies beneath a prescribed absolute amount,   that within the relevant evaluation time period, relating to the minimum value, to the maximum value or to the sum of the minimum value and the maximum value, the difference between a minimum value and a maximum value of the operating parameter concerned lies beneath a prescribed relative amount, or   that within the relevant evaluation time period the operating parameter concerned fluctuates only within a prescribed absolute or relative amount about a statistical mean value of the operating parameter concerned.       
 
         [0077]    Other stability criteria are also conceivable. In particular, before the actual stability criterion is applied, the relevant operating parameter can be subject to filtering—for example the formation of a moving average value over a relatively short period of time of a few seconds. 
         [0078]    In a step S 7 , the monitoring equipment  6  checks the value of the logical variable OK. Depending on the result of this check, the monitoring equipment  6  carries out a step S 8 , or does not carry it out. If the monitoring equipment  6  carries out the step S 8 , it copies the operating parameters from the group selected in step S 5  into a database  12 , as a data record  11 . The monitoring equipment  6  assigns to the corresponding data record  11  the basic operating parameters as input quantities and the supplementary operating parameters as output quantities. 
         [0079]    In a step S 9 , the monitoring equipment  6  checks whether it has now carried out the steps S 5  to S 8  for all the groups G 1 , G 2  formed in step S 4 . If not, the monitoring equipment  6  goes back to step S 5 . However, in carrying out again the step S 5  it selects another group G 1 , G 2  of operating parameters which have not so far been dealt with. Otherwise, the monitoring equipment  6  swaps over to a step S 10 . 
         [0080]    In step S 10 , the monitoring equipment  6  selects some of the operating parameters which it determined in step S 3 . In particular, in step S 10  the monitoring equipment  6  selects the basic operating parameters. On the other hand it specifically does not select the heat flow W, Wa to Wd and the friction parameter R. 
         [0081]    In a step S 11 , the monitoring equipment  6  determines those data records for which the input quantities match the basic operating parameters. In a step S 12 , the control device  6  determines, by reference to these data records  11 , permissible operating parameter ranges for the supplementary operating parameters, that is for the operating parameters which were not selected in step S 10 . For example, the relevant permissible operating parameter range can be determined by reference to a mean value of the relevant output quantities in the appropriate data records  11  and a statistical standard deviation for the data records  11  evaluated in step S 11 . 
         [0082]    In a step S 13 , the monitoring equipment  6  automatically determines the value of the logical variable OK once again. In the context of step S 13 , the logical variable OK takes the value WAHR (TRUE) if and only if the supplementary operating parameters lie within the permissible operating parameter ranges determined in step S 11 . 
         [0083]    In a step S 14 , the monitoring equipment  6  checks the value of the logical variable OK. Depending on the result of the check, the monitoring equipment  6  carries out either a step S 15  or a step S 16 . In step S 15 , no special measures are initiated. In the step S 16  on the other hand, the monitoring equipment  6  initiates further measures. For example, in the step S 16  the monitoring equipment  6  can trigger the output of a warning message to an operator  13  (see  FIG. 1 ) of the continuous casting mold  1 . This warning message can be, in particular, an acoustic and/or an optical warning signal, for example a hooting sound or a flashing light. Thus, for example, a dynamic optical warning signal can be triggered, for example a flashing light. Alternatively or additionally, the monitoring equipment  6  can include with the output a note of which supplementary operating parameter lies outside its permissible range and how a return to within the appropriate permissible range can be effected. For example, if the heat flow W, Wa to Wd becomes too great, the output can include a message that the casting speed v should be reduced. It is also possible, if the friction parameter R is too small or too large, to output a note that the casting powder  9  should be changed and/or slag which has formed on the surface  10  of the casting should be removed. 
         [0084]    It is even possible that the monitoring equipment  6  itself carries out an adjustment intervention directly, by means of which (at least) one basic operating parameter of the continuous casting mold  1  is altered. For example, the monitoring equipment  6  can be identical with a control device for the continuous casting mold  1  and can adjust the casting speed v appropriately. It is also possible that the monitoring equipment  6  is indeed a different device from the control device for the continuous casting mold  1 , but can in an emergency situation intervene directly in the control of the continuous casting mold  1  or can communicate to the control device for the continuous casting mold  1  an appropriate message. 
         [0085]    Furthermore, the monitoring equipment  6  can in a step S 17  output to the operator  13  on a display a graph against time for the past up to the current time of, for example, (at least) one operating parameter—in particular of one of the supplementary operating parameters, for example the heat flow W—and in the display include, in addition to the operating parameter which is output, its permissible range.  FIG. 4  shows an example of a display of this type. 
         [0086]    The steps S 4  to S 9 , on the one hand, and steps S 10  to S 16  on the other, are executed independently of each other. It is also possible, as an alternative to what  FIG. 3  shows, to execute steps S 10  to S 16  before steps S 4  to S 9 , or steps S 4  to S 9  and steps S 10  to S 16  in parallel. 
         [0087]    Steps S 1  to S 17  are executed repeatedly by the monitoring equipment  6  with a relatively short cycle time of, for example, 0.1 s. It is possible to perform the checks in steps S 6  and S 7  in each cycle, and if step S 8  is performed, to write the corresponding operating parameters into the database  12  as a data record  11 . In this case, the repetition time for the performance of the first check, and for the copying which is based on it of a data record  11  into the database  12 , is a repetition time which is identical with the cycle time. Alternatively, it is possible, after each writing of a new data record  11  into the database  12 , to insert an enforced pause, within which no further data records  11  are copied into the database  12 . For the purpose of realizing the enforced pause, use can be made, for example, of a timer. Alternatively, the enforced pause can be realized by skipping the steps S 5  to S 8 , or only step S 8 . In this case, the repetition time with which the first check, and the copying which is based on it of a data record  11  into the database  12 , corresponds to the enforced pause. 
         [0088]    The repetition time will preferably be substantially shorter than the evaluation period for the at least one supplementary operating parameter in the group G 1 , G 2  concerned. For example, the repetition time can lie at 0.1 s, at 1 s, at 10 s or at 30 s. In the case of a corresponding evaluation time period in the upper single-digit minute range, the repetition time can also lie in the lower single-digit range. In the case of a corresponding evaluation time period in the double-digit minute range the repetition time can also lie in the lower or in the upper single-digit minute range, or anywhere in the single-digit minute range. It is generally true that the value of the repetition time should be at most 0.2 times, and better at most 0.1 times or 0.05 times the corresponding evaluation time period. However, it is in principle also possible that the repetition time is identical with the evaluation time period. 
         [0089]    The approach explained above ensures that only data records  11  are copied into the database  12  for which the casting process as such is running in a stable manner. It is however possible that, in spite of a stable casting process, the metal strand  2  does not have the desired product characteristics. In this case, it is not sensible to operate the casting process using the operating parameters defined by the data record  11  concerned. Preferably therefore a step S 21  will be arranged before the step S 8 —see  FIG. 5 . In step S 21 , the monitoring equipment  6  checks whether a blocking command B has been issued to it by the operator  13  (see  FIG. 1 ). If the operator  13  does issue the blocking command B, the monitoring equipment  6  skips over step S 8 , in which the data record  11  concerned is copied into the database  12 . Thus, in this case, the monitoring equipment  6  suppresses the copying into the database  12  of the data record  11  concerned. 
         [0090]    Alternatively or in addition to the approach  FIG. 5 , it is possible that the monitoring equipment  6  implements, in addition to the approach explained in conjunction with  FIG. 3 , processing by the operator  13  of the data records  11  held in the database  12 . This will be explained below in more detail in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . 
         [0091]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , in a step S 31  the monitoring equipment  6  accepts from the operator  13  a selection command for (at least) one data record  11  which is held in the database  12 . In a step S 32 , the monitoring equipment  6  outputs the selected data record  11  to the operator  13 . In a step S 33 , the monitoring equipment  6  accepts from the operator  13  an assessment of the displayed data record  11 . This assessment may either be a positive or a negative assessment. In a step S 34 , the monitoring equipment checks the assessment. In the case of a positive assessment, no further measures are initiated. In the case of a negative assessment, in a step S 35  the monitoring equipment  6  removes from the database  12  the data record  11  which was selected in step S 31 . The approach shown in  FIG. 6  can be carried out as often as necessary. 
         [0092]    The copying of the data records  11  into the database  12  can—provided that the appropriate stability criteria are satisfied—always take place. The determination of the permissible operating parameter ranges will preferably only take place if the data records  11  held in the database  12  satisfy a completeness criterion. This is explained in more detail below in conjunction with  FIG. 7 . 
         [0093]    As shown in  FIG. 7 , the steps S 41  and S 42  are arranged before the step S 11 . In step S 41 , the monitoring equipment  6  automatically determines the value of a further logical variable OK′. The logical variable OK′ takes the value WAHR (TRUE) if and only if the data records  11  contained in the database  12  satisfy a completeness criterion. For example, the monitoring equipment  6  can check, as part of step S 41 , whether the database  12  contains an adequate number of data records  11  for the input quantities selected as part of step S 10 , that is the number of appropriate data records  11  stored in the database  12  exceeds a predefined threshold value. Alternatively or additionally, the monitoring equipment  6  can check, as part of step S 41 , whether the output quantities for the data records  11 , that is the supplementary operating parameters, satisfy a second stability criterion. The application of the second stability criterion is analogous to that of the first stability criterion. It is also possible that the monitoring equipment  6  checks as part of step S 41 , whether
       the number of appropriate data records  11  stored in the database  12  exceeds a predefined first threshold value and/or   the number of appropriate data records  11  stored in the database  12  exceeds a predefined second threshold value and in addition the supplementary operating parameters for the corresponding data records  11  satisfy the second stability criterion.       
 
         [0096]    The first threshold value is in this case larger than the second threshold value. 
         [0097]    In step S 42 , the monitoring equipment  6  checks the value of the logical variable OK. Depending on the result of this check, the monitoring equipment  6  will either perform step S 11  and the steps S 12  to S 15  which build on step S 11 , or will not perform it. 
         [0098]    Insofar as already explained, the monitoring equipment  6  builds up the database  12  as such by reference exclusively to the operating data for the continuous casting mold  1  which it monitors. This is obviously possible, but does have the result that at the start of the operation of the continuous casting mold  1  the database  12  either does not yet contain any data records  11 , or only a few. So the monitoring equipment  6  will thus preferably—see FIG.  1 —provide a data input  14 . Through this data input  14 , the monitoring equipment  6  can, in a step S 51  as shown in  FIG. 8 , accept time sequences of characteristic quantities. The sequences accepted are not characteristic quantities which are directly characteristic of the operating parameters of the continuous casting mold  1 . So they are not quantities which have arisen in ongoing operation of the continuous casting mold  1 , but are other quantities. The characteristic quantities accepted through the data input  14  could be, for example, older operating data for the continuous casting mold  1 , stored in some other way, or operating data from another continuous casting mold or operating data determined in some other way. Regardless of what the data is, each data item is in any case given a timestamp. 
         [0099]    In relation to the characteristic quantities accepted in step S 51 , the monitoring equipment  6  performs steps S 52  to S 59 . In content, the steps S 52  to S 59  correspond with the steps S 2  to S 9  in  FIG. 3 . On the other hand, in relation to this data the monitoring equipment  6  does not perform any steps corresponding to the steps S 10  to S 15  in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0100]    The present invention has many advantages. Thus, it ensures for example that the database  12  is filled fully automatically with data records  11  which specify stable, and hence permissible, casting conditions. This also makes it possible, in the case of new materials—for example in the case of new types of steel—to specify permissible operating parameters very rapidly to the operator  13  in a reliable way. The possibility of defining data records  11  in a different way—i.e. separately from the current operation of the continuous casting mold  1 —speeds up the building up of the database  12 . The possibility for suppressing the copying of data records  11  into the database  12 , or for deleting again data records  11  which have already been copied in, improves the reliability of the database  12 . Furthermore, a reliable value range within which he can work without problems is indicated to the operator  13 . 
         [0101]    Although the invention has been illustrated and explained in detail by the preferred exemplary embodiment, the invention is not restricted to the examples disclosed, and other variations can be derived herefrom by the person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of protection of the invention. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE MARKS 
       [0000]    
       
           1  Continuous casting mold 
           2  Metal strand 
           3   a  to  3   d  Sidewalls 
           4  Coolant 
           5  Vibration equipment 
           6  Monitoring equipment 
           7  Computer program 
           8  Machine code 
           9  Casting powder 
           10  Surface of cast 
           11  Data records 
           12  Database 
           13  Operator 
           14  Data input 
         b Width 
         B Blocking command 
         d Thickness 
         f Vibration frequency 
         F Displacement forces 
         G 1 , G 2  Groups 
         h Vibration amplitude 
         OK, OK′ Logical variables 
         P Level 
         R Friction parameter 
         S 1  to S 59  Steps 
         T 1 , T 1   a  to T 1   d  Entry temperatures 
         T 2 , T 2   a  to T 2   d  Exit temperatures 
         v Casting speed 
         V, Va to Vd Volume flows 
         W, Wa to Wd Heat flows