Abstract:
Systems and methods for positioning seismic streamers are disclosed that enable two or more streamers to be positioned in over/under configuration. One system comprises first and second pluralities of remotely controllable birds mounted on or inline in first and second streamers, the birds functioning to control position of the streamers relative to each other, to another pair of streamers, or to some reference. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract, which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 37 CFR 1.72(b).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/669,534, filed Apr. 8, 2005, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates to the field of marine seismic instrumentation and methods of using same. More specifically, the invention relates to apparatus and methods for improving seismic images obtained using seismic instrumentation, as well as related systems, methods, and devices.  
         [0004]     2. Related Art  
         [0005]     Marine seismic exploration investigates and maps the structure and character of subsurface geological formations underlying a body of water. For large survey areas, seismic vessels tow one or more seismic sources and multiple seismic streamer cables through the water. The seismic sources typically comprise compressed air guns for generating acoustic pulses in the water. The energy from these pulses propagates downwardly into the geological formations and is reflected upwardly from the interfaces between subsurface geological formations. The reflected energy, along with ghost signals from other surfaces, are sensed with hydrophones attached to the seismic streamers, and data representing such energy is recorded and processed to provide information about the underlying geological features. Ghosting may be reduced by controlling position of the streamers. The streamers may be positioned using steerable birds, deflectors, steerable buoys, and the like.  
         [0006]     Previous attempts have not provided optimal de-ghosting of marine seismic images. While these techniques are improvements in the art, further improvement is desired.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     In accordance with the present invention, systems and methods are described for controlling position of at least portions of seismic streamers in over/under configuration, referring to a cross-section of the streamer geometry in a vertical plane. The systems and methods of the invention reduce or overcome problems with previous systems and methods in de-ghosting data. Systems and methods of the invention may be used to collect data reduced in ghost signals, or that can be de-ghosted. Other uses include using the vertical sampling data obtained to calculate a spatial derivative of data with respect to z (vertical). In-line data sampling provides the spatial derivative with respect to x (along the streamer). These spatial derivatives may be used to derive, using the equations that describe the physics of wave motion, the spatial derivative with respect to the y (cross-line direction). This in turn may be used to predict the seismic wavefield away from a streamer in the horizontal plane.  
         [0008]     A first aspect of the invention is a system comprising: 
        (a) a first seismic streamer having a first portion at a first vertical position and having a first orientation member;     (b) a second seismic streamer having a second portion at a second vertical position different from the first vertical position and having a second orientation member;     (c) the orientation members functioning to control vertical and horizontal position of at least the first and second portions in over/under configuration.        
 
         [0012]     It will be understood that certain system embodiments may have more than two streamers in over/under configuration, as that term is defined herein. It will also be understood that certain system embodiments may have streamers that are not in over/under configuration, in other words, two or more streamers may be over/under configuration, and one or more streamers may be positioned laterally away from the over/under streamers in the cross-line (y) direction, or (z) direction. Furthermore, each streamer may have more than one orientation member associated therewith. For simplicity only, we discuss two streamers in over/under configuration (as defined herein), each having at least one orientation member. One or both of the first and second orientation members may be remotely controlled, and each may be a remotely controllable bird. The first and second orientation members may both control vertical and horizontal position of their respective streamers, or the first and second orientation members may each be comprised of a combination of two or more orientation members, one in the combination controlling vertical position, and a second in the combination controlling horizontal position. Systems of the invention include versions wherein a first plurality of orientation members are operatively connected to the first streamer, and a second plurality of orientation members are operatively connected to the second streamer. The first plurality of orientation members may be substantially equally spaced along the length of the first streamer. The second plurality of orientation members may be substantially equally spaced along the length of the second streamer. Other portions of the streamers may be offset horizontally from over/under configuration, either curved or in straight line position. Alternatively, the entire lengths of the first and second streamers may be positioned in over/under arrangement.  
         [0013]     Another aspect of the invention comprises methods of controlling orientation of a pair of seismic streamers in over/under configuration, one method comprising: 
        (a) releasably attaching a first orientation member to a first seismic streamer and a second orientation member to a second seismic streamer, the first seismic streamer having a first portion at a first vertical position, the second seismic streamer having a second portion at a second vertical position different from the first vertical position; and     (b) adjusting the orientation members to control vertical and horizontal position of at least the first and second portions in over/under configuration.        
 
         [0016]     As with the systems of the invention, methods of the invention are not limited in the number of streamers whose positions are controlled in over/under configuration, nor is there any limit to the number of orientation members on any streamer. Further, one or more streamers may be controlled to be laterally spaced in the cross-line direction away from streamers being positioned in over/under configuration. Methods of the invention may comprise wherein the adjusting is performed by communicating with one or both orientation members. Communicating with the orientation members may be performed by telemetry selected from hard wire, wireless, and optical telemetry. Other methods of the invention comprise adjusting one or more of the orientation members to move the pair of seismic streamers to a desired position, which may be any direction in 3-dimensions, for example lateral (horizontal), vertical, or any direction in between these extremes. The desired position may be relative to another pair of streamers, or to a natural reference such as the water surface, water bottom, or a geologic feature, or a man-made reference, such as a buoy, vessel, drilling rig, production rig, or the like. The other pair of streamers may employ systems of the invention.  
         [0017]     Systems and methods of the invention will become more apparent upon review of the brief description of the drawings, the detailed description of the invention, and the claims which follow.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]     The manner in which the objectives of the invention and other desirable characteristics can be obtained is explained in the following description and attached drawings in which:  
         [0019]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate two of many towing arrangements employing systems and methods of the invention;  
         [0020]      FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of an orientation member useful in the present invention;  
         [0021]      FIG. 3  illustrates a control scheme that may be utilized to control orientation members in systems of the invention;  
         [0022]     FIGS.  4  to  6  illustrate the operation of the orientation member of  FIG. 2 ;  
         [0023]      FIG. 7A  is a principle or side view of another orientation member useful in the invention;  
         [0024]      FIG. 7B  is a front view of the device of  FIG. 7A ;  
         [0025]      FIG. 7C  illustrates the device of  FIGS. 7A and 7B  viewed from above;  
         [0026]      FIG. 8  illustrates the orientation member of  FIGS. 7A-7C  viewed from above, and with a view of how the member looks inside;  
         [0027]      FIG. 9  is a front view of another orientation member useful in the invention;  
         [0028]      FIG. 10  is a section view of the orientation member of  FIG. 9  along section lines  10 - 10  of  FIG. 9 ;  
         [0029]      FIG. 11  is a front view of another orientation member useful in the present invention; and  
         [0030]      FIG. 12  is a section view of the orientation member of  FIG. 11  along section lines  11 - 11  of  FIG. 11 . 
     
    
       [0031]     It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings are not to scale and illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention, and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0032]     In the following description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these details and that numerous variations or modifications from the described embodiments may be possible. For example, in the discussion herein, aspects of the invention are developed within the general context of controlled positioning of seismic streamers, which may employ computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by one or more conventional computers. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced in whole or in part with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, personal digital assistants, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. In a distributed computer environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. It is noted, however, that modification to the systems and methods described herein may well be made without deviating from the scope of the present invention. Moreover, although developed within the context of controlling position of seismic streamers, those skilled in the art will appreciate, from the discussion to follow, that the principles of the invention may well be applied to other aspects of seismic data acquisition. Thus, the systems and method described below are but illustrative implementations of a broader inventive concept.  
         [0033]     All phrases, derivations, collocations and multiword expressions used herein, in particular in the claims that follow, are expressly not limited to nouns and verbs. It is apparent that meanings are not just expressed by nouns and verbs or single words. Languages use a variety of ways to express content. The existence of inventive concepts and the ways in which these are expressed varies in language-cultures. For example, many lexicalized compounds in Gennanic languages are often expressed as adjective-noun combinations, noun-preposition-noun combinations or derivations in Romanic languages. The possibility to include phrases, derivations and collocations in the claims is essential for high-quality patents, making it possible to reduce expressions to their conceptual content, and all possible conceptual combinations of words that are compatible with such content (either within a language or across languages) are intended to be included in the used phrases.  
         [0034]     The present invention relates to various systems and methods for controlling vertical and horizontal position of one or more marine seismic components. Systems and methods of the invention may be used in any form of marine seismology, including, but not limited to, 2-D, 3-D, and 4-D seismology. One aspect of the present invention relates to systems for positioning seismic streamers, a combination of two streamers, not connected, but positioned controlled using an orientation member on each streamer. Other aspects of the present invention, which are further explained below, relate to methods for remotely controlling vertical and horizontal position of marine seismic streamers.  
         [0035]     As used herein the phrases “over/under configuration” and “over/under configured” means, when viewing a cross-section of the streamer geometry in a vertical plane, a streamer is directly above and/or below one or more other streamer or unlimited number of streamers. The over/under configuration may be for only selected cross-sections in selected vertical planes, or for all vertical planes along the length of any particular streamer.  
         [0036]     The phrase “orientation member” means a device capable of movements that may result in any one or multiple straight line or curved path movements of a streamer in 3-dimensions, such as lateral (horizontal), vertical up, vertical down, and combinations thereof. The terms and phrases “bird”, “cable controller”, “streamer control device”, and like terms and phrases are used interchangeably herein and refer to orientation members having one or more control surfaces attached thereto or a part thereof. A “steerable front-end deflector” (or simply “deflector”) such as typically positioned at the front end of the outer-most streamer, and other deflecting members, such as those that may be employed at the front end of seismic sources or source arrays, may function as orientation members in some embodiments, although they are primarily used to pull streamers and steer sources laterally with respect to direction of movement of a tow vessel.  
         [0037]     The phrases “control vertical and horizontal position”, “controlling vertical and horizontal position”, “position controllable”, “remotely controlling position” and the term “steering” are generally used interchangeably herein, although it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that “steering” usually refers to following a defined path, while “control vertical and horizontal position”, “controlling vertical and horizontal position”, “position controllable”, and “remotely controlling position” could mean steering, but also include maintaining a relative position, for example, one streamer relative to a second or a third streamer, or any number of streamers relative to one or more reference points, such as natural or man-made objects, or merely deflecting an object, or steering a group of streamers towards an aimpoint defined by themselves, e.g., all streamers steered toward their common mean position. These phrases also include controlling position so that the streamers form a “V” or “W”, or some other pattern, referring to a cross-section of the streamer geometry in a vertical plane. As “control vertical and horizontal position”, “position controllable” and “controlling vertical and horizontal position” are somewhat broader terms than “steering”, these terms are used herein, except when specific instances demand using more specific words.  
         [0038]     The term “position”, when used as a noun, is broader than “depth” or lateral movement alone, and is intended to be synonymous with “spatial relation.” Thus “vertical position” includes depth, but also distance from the seabed or distance above or below a submerged or semi-submerged object, or an object having portions submerged. When used as a verb, “position” means cause to be in a desired place, state, or spatial relation.  
         [0039]     The term “control”, used as a transitive verb, means to verify or regulate by comparing with a standard or desired value, and when used as a noun (“controller”) means a mechanism that controls. Control may be open-loop, closed loop, feedback, feed-forward, cascade, adaptive, heuristic and combinations thereof.  
         [0040]     The phrase “functioning to control vertical and horizontal position”, when referring to two or more orientation members, means functioning independently or interdependently to control vertical and horizontal position of streamers to which they are attached.  
         [0041]     The term “adjusting” means changing one or more parameters or characteristics in real-time or near-real-time. “Real-time” means dataflow that occurs without any delay added beyond the minimum required for generation of the dataflow components. It implies that there is no major gap between the storage of information in the dataflow and the retrieval of that information. There may be a further requirement that the dataflow components are generated sufficiently rapidly to allow control decisions using them to be made sufficiently early to be effective. “Near-real-time” means dataflow that has been delayed in some way, such as to allow the calculation of results using symmetrical filters. Typically, decisions made with this type of dataflow are for the enhancement of real-time decisions. Both real-time and near-real-time dataflows are used immediately after they are received by the next process in the decision line.  
         [0042]     Over/under configuration towing may improve the seismic image considerably as one may be able to separate the downward propagating acoustic wave field from the upward propagating wave field. Among geophysicists this is called de-ghosting. Cross-line data interpolation, and prediction of the seismic wavefield away from a streamer in a horizontal plane including the streamer, may also be performed. By towing two or more sets of over/under configured streamers, for example towing two or more sets of streamers, each set in over/under configuration with lateral spacing there between, it is possible to form an array so as to cover a rectangle.  FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate two towing arrangements employing systems and methods of the invention. Many variations are possible, and it should be emphasized again that the systems and methods of the invention are not limited to the specific embodiments illustrated and discussed herein. A seismic vessel  10  is shown towing an array  24  of seismic hydrophones (not shown) hidden within streamers  2 ,  2 ′. The number of streamer pairs may exceed ten, but four to eight will probably be common. An example of a four-streamer pair configuration is shown in  FIG. 1A , wherein each streamer pair  2 ,  2 ′ comprises one streamer  2 ′ placed as accurate as possible on top of the other streamer  2  in over/under arrangement the entire length of each streamer.  FIG. 1B  illustrates an embodiment wherein only a portion of two streamer pairs  2 ,  2 ′ is in over/under configuration, and wherein the other streamers may be in the same plane, or in a “W” or “V” cross-line pattern, as further explained herein. Also, streamers  2  are illustrated as shorter than streamers  2 ′, although they may be the same length as streamers  2 ′. A seismic source  8  towed by source tow members  3   i  and  3   j  (only two source tow members are shown for clarity) provides a pressure pulse that is reflected in the sub surface layers of the sea bottom and recorded by the seismic hydrophones. This signal is used to map the geological structure beneath the sea floor. In  FIGS. 1A and 1B  streamers  2  are towed deeper than streamers  2 ′.  
         [0043]     Referring again to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , streamers  2  and  2 ′ may be deflected laterally by seismic deflectors  12 ,  14 ,  16 , and  18 , which may be passive or remotely controllable, and to the extent that they help position the streamers at least laterally, may also fall into the category of orientation members. Eight streamers  2  and  2 ′ are illustrated in both  FIGS. 1A and 1B  towed by respective eight tow members  3   a - 3   h  as indicated, with separation members  4 ,  5 ,  6 , and  7  provided between adjacent deep streamers  2  and adjacent shallow streamers  2 ′. Passive or active tow members (not shown) may connect source  8  with one or more streamer tow members. The vertical distance between streamers  2 ,  2 ′ in a streamer pair may range from 1 meter to 50 meters, and may be about 5 meters. A selected number of hydrophones, either mounted within the streamer or in/on equipment mounted onto the streamer, may be used as receivers in an acoustic ranging system and thereby provide knowledge of the horizontal and vertical position of streamers  2  and  2 ′. Horizontal separation between individual streamers may range from 0 (for example in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1A , exclusively over/under configuration) to about 200 meters when portions of streamers are not configured in over/under arrangement, as in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1B . When discussing streamers in over/under configuration, such as in  FIG. 1A , the horizontal separation between adjacent pairs may range from near 0 to about 200 meters, however, as the horizontal separation approaches zero, relative cost and risk of loss and/or entanglement of streamers become greater. In the embodiment of  FIG. 1B  the horizontal streamer separation in those streamer portions not in over/under configuration may be consistent between one streamer  2  and its nearest neighboring streamers  2 ′.  
         [0044]     Horizontal and vertical control of streamers  2  and  2 ′ is provided by orientation members  22  which may be of any type as explained herein, such as small hydrofoils or birds that can provide forces in the vertical and horizontal planes. In  FIGS. 1A and 1B , orientation members  22  on streamers  2 ′ appear larger merely to reflect that they are closer to the surface of the water than orientation members  22  on streamers  2 , since streamers  2  are towed deeper in these embodiments. Orientation members  22  may be equally spaced along the length of the streamers. Orientation members  22  may be clamped to streamers  2 ,  2 ′, hung from streamers  2 ,  2 ′, or inserted inline in streamers  2 ,  2 ′ to provide the desired vertical and horizontal position control. Additional orientation members (not shown) may be placed at intervals between orientation members  22  for supplemental position control, for example to reduce streamer “sagging” between locations where orientation members  22  are located on streamers  2 ,  2 ′. In some embodiments of the invention it may be possible to change the streamer configuration during the seismic survey using orientation members  22 , optionally assisted by a winching system or other arrangement to alter the length of cables  4  and  6 . Alternatively, cables  4  and  6  may be loops and the ends of steamers  2  attached to loop cables  4  and  6 . As one non-limiting example, the spread may initially be as illustrated with over/under configuration as shown between streamers  2  and  2 ′, and then changed by moving short, deeper streamers  2  to be under adjacent shallow streamers  2 ′, as indicated by the phantom lines  2   a.    
         [0045]     One type of orientation member useful in the invention is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,671,223, describing a steerable bird known under the trade designation “Q-FIN”, available from WesternGeco LLC, Houston, Tex., that is designed to be electrically and mechanically connected in series with a streamer. The orientation member, or “bird”, illustrated in  FIG. 2  generally at  22 , may comprise an elongate streamlined body  11  adapted to be mechanically and electrically connected in series in a multi-section marine seismic streamer  2  or  2 ′ of the kind which is towed by a seismic survey vessel and which is used, in conjunction with a seismic source also towed by the vessel, or towed by a separate vessel, to conduct seismic surveys, as briefly described hereinbefore. To permit such connection, each end of body  11  is provided with a respective mechanical and electrical connector,  26  and  28 , these connectors being complementary to, and designed to interconnect with, streamer end connectors  30 ,  32 , that are normally used to join together adjacent sections of a streamer. Bird  22  may be provided with two opposed control surfaces, or wings,  34 , which may be molded from a fiber-reinforced plastics material, which project outwardly from body  11  and which are independently rotatable about a common axis extending substantially perpendicularly through the longitudinal axis of the body. Rotation of wings  34  may be effected under the control of a control system sealingly housed within body  11 . Wings  34  may be generally rounded and swept back with respect to the direction of tow of streamers  2  and  2 ′ (which direction is indicated by the arrow  38 ), in order to reduce the possibility of debris becoming hooked on them. To facilitate their rapid removal and reattachment, wings  34  may be secured to body  11  by a quick-release attachment,  40 . As mentioned hereinbefore, streamer  2  includes hydrophones distributed along its length; it also includes control and conversion circuitry for converting the outputs of the hydrophones into digital data signals, longitudinally extending control and data lines for conducting control and data signals to and from the control and conversion circuitry, and electrical power supply lines for supplying electrical power from the vessel to the circuitry. All these lines are coupled together from streamer section  2   a  to streamer section  2   b  via respective corresponding lines  42  which extend through body  11  of bird  22  between connectors  26 ,  28 . Additionally, a control system  27  is connected to receive control signals and electric power from respective ones of lines  42 . The greater part of the length of body  11  of bird  22  is flexible, the only rigid parts being connectors  30 ,  32 , and a short central section which houses the control system  27  and from which the wings  34  project. This central section, which is made of aluminum or titanium and has holes passing longitudinally there through for the passage of stress members, such as those known under the trade designation Kevlar, which bear the longitudinal loads on the body  11 , is kept as short as possible, typically around 40 cm, so that once wings  34  have been detached from body  11 , streamer  2  can be wound onto and unwound from the large drum used for storing the streamer, with body  11  still connected in the streamer. Quick-release attachment  40  permits the removal and attachment of wings  34  to be at least partly automated as streamer  2  is reeled in and out during the survey. One embodiment of this bird has two opposed wings that are independently controllable in order to control a streamer&#39;s lateral position as well as its depth. Other birds useful in the invention include battery-powered birds suspended beneath the lower streamer of a streamer pair and including a pair of laterally projecting wings, the combination of streamers, orientation members (birds) being arranged to be neutrally buoyant. Clamp-on birds, as discussed previously, may also be employed. Birds useful in the invention, including suspended birds, in-line birds, and clamp-on birds may include on-board controllers and/or communications devices, which may be microprocessor-based, to receive control signals representative of desired depth, actual depth, desired lateral position, actual lateral position and roll angle of the bird. The bird on-board controllers may communicate with local controllers mounted on or in other birds, and/or communicate with other local controllers and/or remote controllers, such as a supervisory controller. Such a control system is discussed in reference to  FIG. 3 . For example, the control schemes could be cascaded. Working independently of or with other birds, the bird control circuit may then adjust each of its wings independently by means of the stepper motors so as to start to achieve the calculated bird roll angle and wing angular positions. Although the primary function of the birds attached to each streamer is to function as orientation members to control relative position between streamers and/or steamer pairs, birds useful herein may include seismic receivers such as hydrophones, and in such instances may include an elongate, partly flexible body to house one or more receivers.  
         [0046]     As mentioned hereinbefore, streamers  2  and  2 ′ include hydrophones distributed along their length; they also may include control and conversion circuitry for converting the outputs of the hydrophones into digital data signals, longitudinally extending control and data lines for conducting control and data signals to and from the control and conversion circuitry, and electrical power supply lines for supplying electrical power from the vessel to the circuitry. All these lines may be coupled together from one streamer section to another streamer section via respective corresponding lines which extend through body  11  of steerable bird  22 , through adjacent streamer sections, and through its nearest neighboring steerable bird  22 , and so on down the length of the streamer. Alternatively or additionally, wireless and optical transmission signals may be generated and received by functional components in or on streamers  2  and  2 ′ and steerable bird body  11 . One reason for providing the elongate flexible parts of body  11  is to provide enough length for optional inclusion of one or more hydrophones or hydrophone groups, should this be necessary to preserve a desired uniform hydrophone spacing along the length of streamer  2  or  2 ′. If no hydrophones are included, the flexible parts of body  11  can be omitted altogether, along with the aforementioned stress members.  
         [0047]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a control scheme useful in the invention for controlling orientation members in system and methods of the invention. In  FIG. 3 , “N” refers to the Nth orientation member, while N 1 , N 2 , and so on refer to an N 1  orientation member, an N 2  orientation member, and so forth. Control system  126 N comprises a microprocessor-based control circuit  134 N having respective inputs  135 N to  139 N to receive control signals representative of desired vertical position, actual vertical position, desired lateral position, actual lateral position and roll angle of orientation member N (for example, the angular position of body  11 N in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of streamer  2  or  2 ′). Control circuit  134 N may also receive information through input  133 N regarding the status or position of orientation members N 1 , N 2 , and the like. The desired vertical position signal can be either a fixed signal or an adjustable signal, while the actual vertical position signal may be produced by a depth sensor  140 N mounted in or on orientation member N. The lateral position signals may be derived from a position determining system of the kind described in our U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,990 or our International Patent Application No WO9621163. The roll angle signal may be produced by an inclinometer  142 N mounted on or within orientation member N. Control circuit  134 N may have control outputs  144 N,  146 N, connected to control respective electrical stepper motors  148 N,  150 N, each of which may be drivingly connected to a respective one of wings  34 N. Stepper motors  148 N,  150 N may have respective outputs at which they produce signals representative of their respective current angular positions (and therefore of the current angular positions of wings  34 N), which outputs may be connected to respective control inputs  152 N,  154 N of control circuit  134 N.  
         [0048]     FIGS.  4  to  6  illustrate the operation of bird  22  in the case where streamer  2  or  2 ′ is slightly heavy (slightly negative buoyancy), and bird  22  thus needs to produce lift to maintain the streamer at the desired vertical position. This lift is produced by the flow of water over wings  34  of bird  22 , resulting from the desired towing speed of streamers  2 ,  2 ′ through the water, and can be changed by changing the angle of attack of the wings with respect to the flow. The magnitude of the lift required for moving streamer  2  is indicated by the length of arrows  60 . If streamer  2  now needs to be moved laterally to the right (as viewed in FIGS.  4  to  6 ), the angular position of left wing  34  of bird  22  may be first adjusted to increase its lift, while the angular position of right wing  34  is adjusted to decrease its lift, as represented by the length of arrows  64  in  FIG. 5 , thus causing bird  22  to roll clockwise from the position shown in  FIG. 4  to the position shown in  FIG. 5 . This clockwise roll may continue until bird  22  reaches a steady state condition shown in  FIG. 6 , where it can be seen that the vertical component of the lift produced by wings  34 , indicated by arrows  66 , is equal to the lift represented by arrows  60  of  FIG. 4  required to maintain streamer  2  at the desired vertical position, while the much larger horizontal component, represented by arrows  68 , moves streamer  2  to the right.  
         [0049]      FIG. 7A  illustrates a principle or side view of another orientation member  22   a  useful in the invention. Orientation member  22   a  is featured in assignee&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,975, and the following discussion is derived from the 975 patent. Orientation member  22   a  comprises a body part  54 , wings  46  with balance rudders  48  and tail rudders  50 .  FIG. 7B  is a front view of the orientation member  22   a , in which stabilizer rudders  56  are provided. In  FIG. 7C  rudders  56  are illustrated even more clearly. A view from above also provides a picture of two other tail rudders  52 . Tow member  3  is the connection, which vessel  10  ( FIG. 1 ) has with the towed equipment or with the ship.  
         [0050]      FIG. 8  illustrates one possible internal design of orientation member  22   a  of  FIGS. 7A-7C  useful in the invention.  FIG. 8  is one example of how a body of an orientation  22   a  member may be designed and arranged. The embodiment illustrated is not intended to be restricted to this form and layout, thus enabling orientation members of different type to be useful in the invention. In orientation member&#39;s forward and aft ends there may be provided acoustic positioning equipment  66 . Instruments may be provided in a watertight compartment  63  for use in positioning orientation member  22   a . The instruments that may be provided include an inclinometer, a compass, static pressure transmitters, pitot pressure transducers, and the like. In addition there may be transmitters that record angle deflection on wings and rudders. There may be a hydraulic system that operates the position of the adjustable parts of orientation member  22   a . Common components for a hydraulic system such as pumps, oil, control valves, and the like may be located in a compartment  65 . In the same compartment there may be provided cylinders  68  for the adjustment of tail rudders  52 . A power supply may be partly transmitted from the towing cable directly to the electrical system, and/or batteries  64  may also be provided in a watertight compartment  67 . The batteries may be located in orientation member  22   a  as a reserve and supplementary power supply. There may optionally be provided two sizeable ballast tanks or buoyancy tanks  60  in orientation member  22   a . These may take in water as soon as orientation member  22   a  is placed in the water. If extra buoyancy is required, these tanks may be filled with air or other gas, such as nitrogen, helium, mixtures thereof, and the like. The air or other gas may be transported from a compressed gas reserve in a compartment  61  on board orientation member  22   a  via conduits to either the ballast tanks in the actual body part of  22   a  or to ballast or buoyancy tanks in the wings. A valve  62  may be provided between the gas supply to the wings and the gas supply to the reserve tanks in the body part of orientation member  22   a . The wings may be moved by two parallel cylinders  58 . Balance rudders  48  ( FIG. 7A ) may be regulated via separate cylinders located inside the wings, closest to the body. A shaft ensures that the force is transferred to balance rudders  48 . Even though orientation member  22   a  may be steered mainly from the ship&#39;s  10  central control system, orientation member  22   a  itself may be able to adjust its course by means of its own control loops, on the basis of information from angle indicators, pressure transmitters, speed transmitters, depth gauges, positioning instruments and other instruments installed in orientation member  22   a  in order to provide as accurate positioning as possible.  
         [0051]      FIG. 9  illustrates a front view, and  FIG. 10 a  cross-sectional view, of another orientation member  22   b  useful in the invention. Orientation member  22   b  is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,605,674, and the following discussion summarizes the relevant portions of that patent. Orientation member  22   b  comprises a body  83  having a removable section  84  to allow body  83  to be secured about streamer  2 . Removable section  84  may be secured to the remainder of the body by any suitable means such as screws  85 , rivets, clips, and the like. In embodiment  22   b  of  FIGS. 9 and 10 , only one pair of vanes  86  is utilized. Accordingly, embodiment  22   b  will allow control of the orientation member and connected streamer only in a horizontal plane. Therefore, the system would also employ other orientation members that control the vertical position of the streamer, such as bird  22  described in reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4 - 6 . Vanes  86  are connected together by means of a yoke  87  that has a curved central section to allow passage of streamer  2 . A ring  88  is fixedly secured to streamer  2  and mates with a recess  89  in body sections  83  and  84  to secure orientation member  22   b  at a desired and fixed position on streamer  2 . When removable portion  84  is secured to body  83 , recesses  89  are satisfactorily secured about ring portion  88  to prevent orientation member  22   b  from slipping longitudinally on streamer  2 . Orientation member  22   b  can, however, rotate about streamer  2 , and to maintain proper orientation of orientation member  22   b  relative to the water surface and sea bottom, a weight  90  may be secured at a suitable location in body  83 . Weight  90  will insure that vanes  86 , as well as the second pair of vanes in embodiments having horizontally disposed vanes (not illustrated) are maintained in the proper vertical and horizontal planes, so as to give full and accurate control over the orientation member. A bevel gear  91  is connected to yoke  87  and a second bevel gear  92  is connected to a shaft of a reversible D.C., stepper motor  93 . This motor  93  is again secured to body  83 , and as one can readily tell, operation of motor  93  will cause gear  91  to rotate along with yoke  87  to which gear  91  is fixedly secured. It should be noted that yoke  87  is rotatably mounted in body  83  and has suitable bearing members  94  for this purpose. These bearing members also contain sealing members  95  to prevent the flow of water into the body, thereby possibly damaging the actuating elements of the orientation member.  
         [0052]     Fixedly secured to D.C. motor  93  is a receiver  96 , which may also be secured to body  83  if desired. Receiver  96  may contain a power source for motor  93  such as a battery. The purpose of receiver  96  is to receive signals transmitted from a transmitter  99  carried by streamer  2  (a transmitter being positioned at each orientation member of this type) to actuate motor  93  accordingly. Appropriate wiring  98  leads through streamer  2  to carry signals from the vessel to transmitters  99 . By proper signals, motor  93  may be actuated in either direction, thereby rotating vanes  86  in either direction.  
         [0053]     Should streamers for some reason move out of position, appropriate signals can be transmitted to receivers  96  which will actuate motors  93  accordingly in respective orientation members of this type. The change in vane position is achieved, therefore, by supplying D.C. current in one direction or the other for a specific amount of time. A change in the direction of current flow will, of course, reverse the direction of rotation of the motor shaft and thereby, provide the means to rotate the vanes in either direction. Time of D.C. current flow is convertible into degrees of vane angle change and the operator may make up charts of such for ease of reference, or the process may be automated. Where a stepper motor is used, each electrical signal or pulse transmitted to the receiver will result in the rotation of the motor shaft through a discrete increment, for example, twelve degrees. With this knowledge and with knowledge of the gear ratio used, the amount of vane rotation for a pulse or a train of pulses can be determined. The change in position of the vanes will bring about the necessary adjustment to the path of travel of the orientation members. Once the proper position has been resumed, the vanes can be again adjusted to the neutral position of  FIG. 9  so that the streamer will continue along in the path desired.  
         [0054]     In the situation such as passing through an area of crosscurrents, the vanes can be rotated into the necessary position to maintain the streamer on line with the desired path of travel through this area. Once the area of crosscurrents has been passed, the vanes may again return to their neutral position shown in  FIG. 9 . All of the previously discussed adjustments can be made manually or with the provision of proper equipment, automatically, for example though use of a control scheme such as that illustrated in  FIG. 3  and discussed herein above.  
         [0055]     As will be understood by those skilled in this art, streamers  2  and  2 ′ may include weights (not shown) to provide a ballast effect, thus giving each streamer a neutral balance at the desired depth, or as nearly as possible, thus, the streamers will tend to sink to, and remain at, their desired depths. There are situations, however, in which it would be desirable to be able to adjust the depth of the orientation members, or more accurately, adjust the distance between the orientation members and streamers, and/or between the lower streamer and the bottom of the body of water in the case of over/under configurations. For this purpose, orientation members  22   b ′ (not illustrated) utilizing two pairs of vanes may be used. Again a weight  90  (see  FIG. 10 ) is employed to insure that proper orientation of the orientation member  22   b ′ is maintained so that movement of the control vanes will bring about the desired changes in direction or depth. The operation of this last discussed embodiment  22   b ′ is in effect the same as with embodiment  22   b , with the exception that it provides means to control the position of a streamer in both the vertical and horizontal planes, indeed in 3-dimensions.  
         [0056]      FIGS. 11 and 12  are a front and a sectioned diagrammatic side profile view, respectively, of another orientation member  22   c  useful in the present invention. Split collars  211  are fixedly attached to streamer  2  where it is desired to mount orientation member  22   c . Each collar contains a channel that accepts a concentric ring  212 . Each ring  212  is split for mounting around collar  211  and is locked by appropriate means after mounting. Once locked, each ring  212  is free to rotate within the channel of its collar  211 . Mounting brackets  213  and  214  are fixedly secured by suitable means to each ring  212 . Each mounting bracket  213  and  214  accepts a first tube  202  and second tube  203 . Mounting brackets  213  and  214  secure each tube  202  and  203  along a diametric axis  210  of streamer  2 . First tube  202  may contain the receiver means, decoder means, actuator means and motor means. Second tube  203  may contain a plurality of batteries which provide power through appropriate wiring  215  to the motor means and electrical components of the first tube  202 . Mounting bracket  213  is also suitably formed to accept a pair of diametrically opposed collinear shafts  204  of a yoke  87  having a curved central section  216  to allow the passage of streamer  2 . Fixedly attached to each shaft  204  is a pair of vertically oriented control surfaces or fins  86 . As only vertically oriented fins  86  are provided in this embodiment, the device  22   c  may only be used for controlling the location of streamer  2  in the horizontal plane. Each ring  212  allows a free rotation of each bracket  213  and  214  with mounted tubes  202  and  203  and yoke  87  as streamer  2  twists. The weight of tubes  202  and  203  will maintain orientation member  22   c  in the proper vertical orientation. If desired, buoyancy means  218  may be provided to assist in maintaining orientation member  22   c  in the vertical orientation and also to provide neutral buoyancy.  
         [0057]     Yoke  87  and connected fins  86  may be rotated by motor means within tube  202 . A first beveled gear  216  is attached to a shaft  217  from a reversible DC stepper motor within first tube  202 . A suitable bearing and sealing member (not depicted) is provided in an end of tube  202  for passage and rotation of shaft  217  while preventing the entry of water. A second beveled gear  219  is fixedly secured to shaft  204  of yoke  87 . As can be seen, operation of the motor will cause gears  216  and  219  to rotate along with yoke  87  to which gear  219  is fixedly secured. Mounting brackets  213  and  214  may also be provided with suitable bearing members  220  for rotatable mounting of yoke  87 . If desired, a streamlined fairing  222  (depicted in phantom in  FIG. 12 ) made of fiberglass or other suitable material may be provided to further streamline orientation member  22   c . It is envisioned that fairing  222  may be provided in two halves  84  and  84 ′ that are fixedly secured to one another and around streamer  2  by suitable means such as screws  85 , rivets, clamps, and the like. Tubes  202  and  203  may provide protection for their contained components so it is unnecessary to seal fairing  222 , if provided. Induction means may be located in first tube  202  and sense the encoded control signals transmitted along wires by a transmission means (not illustrated).  
         [0058]     Orientation members useful in the invention may connect to at least one streamer in such a way that it is able to communicate with the outside world, which may be a vessel, satellite, or land-based device. The way this may be accomplished varies in accordance with the amount of energy the orientation members require and the amount of energy they may be able to store locally in terms of batteries, fuel cells, and the like. If the local storage capacity for batteries, fuels cells, and the like is sufficient, orientation members may be clamped onto the streamer skin at locations where there is located an inductor inside the streamer skin. Then any particular orientation member and its streamer can communicate through the skin with electrical impulses. If, on the other hand, an orientation member needs charging power from the streamer a different approach is required. In this case the orientation member may be mounted between two streamer sections and as such comprise an insert between two streamer sections, as described herein.  
         [0059]     It is within the invention to combine systems of the invention with other position control equipment, such as source array deflecting members, and streamer deflectors. Some of these may include bridle systems, pneumatic systems, hydraulic systems, and combinations thereof.  
         [0060]     As mentioned herein, materials of construction of orientation members and streamers useful in systems and methods of the invention may vary. However, there may be a need to balance the seismic equipment so that the system is balanced to be neutrally buoyant in the water, or nearly so, to perform its intended function. Polymeric composites, with appropriate fillers used to adjust buoyancy and mechanical properties as desired, may be employed.  
         [0061]     In use the position of a pair of streamers may be actively controlled by GPS or other position detector sensing the position of the streamer pair, and tilt sensors, acoustic sensors, or other means may sense the orientation of one or more individual streamers and feed this data to navigation and control systems. The positions of GPS nodes could be measured while the streamer shape may be calculated using a simulation and optionally current direction and magnitude measurements. Or all streamer positions could be determined by simulation only. Alternatively, data may be fed-forward to local controllers on one, some, or all orientation members. Gross positioning and local movement of the streamer pair may be controlled on board a tow vessel, on some other vessel, locally, or indeed a remote location. By using a communication system, either hardwire or wireless, information from the remote controller may be sent to one or more local controllers on orientation members, and, when present and when desired, one or more deflecting members or streamer deflectors. The local controllers in turn are operatively connected to adjustment mechanisms comprising motors or other motive power means, and actuators and couplers connected to the orientation members, and, if present, deflectors, which function to move the streamers as desired. This in turn adjusts the position of the streamer pair, causing it to move as desired. Feedback control may be achieved using local sensors positioned as appropriate depending on the specific embodiment used, which may inform the local and remote controllers of the position of one or more orientation members, the tilt angle of a pair of streamers, distance between streamer pairs, a position of an actuator, the status of a motor or hydraulic cylinder, the status of a bird, and the like. A computer or human operator can thus access information and control the entire positioning effort, and thus obtain much better control over the seismic data acquisition process.  
         [0062]     Very often, water currents vary significantly with depth and two or more streamers in an over/under configuration are easily brought out of the ideal depth and lateral position, or the streamers may “snake” or “feather.” To correct for these movements, orientation members useful in systems of the invention may enforce vertical and/or lateral movement of such streamers. For example, rotational movement may be accomplished by moving wings  34  of two particular orientation members  22 , say one each on streamer  2  and  2 ′, in opposing directions, and translation force may be imposed by positioning wings  34  in identical directions. A combination of these movements may also be imposed.  
         [0063]     Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims. In the claims, no clauses are intended to be in the means-plus-function format allowed by 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 unless “means for” is explicitly recited together with an associated function. “Means for” clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. Thus, although a clamp-on bird and an inline bird may not be structural equivalents in that a clamp-on bird employs one type of fastener, whereas an inline bird employs a different fastener, in the environment of using birds to position streamers, a clamp-on bird and an inline bird may be equivalent structures.