Abstract:
Toughened compositions from polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), preferably PHB reactively blended with maleated poly butadiene and with an epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber are described. The compositions preferably include clay nanoparticles which can be organically modified and can be exfoliated by the blend. The compositions can be used in a variety of applications, including automotive uses.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/676,204, filed Apr. 29, 2005 and Ser. No. 60/602,847, filed Aug. 19, 2004. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     This invention was supported by a grant from the Environmental Protection Agency Grant No. RD 830904. The U.S. Government has certain rights to this invention. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING GOVERNMENT RIGHTS 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (1) Field of the Invention 
     Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), are biodegradable polyesters derived from renewable resources and have shown excellent promise as environmentally friendly substitute for polypropylene (PP). This invention aims to reduce the inherent brittleness of PHA&#39;s (PHB), while retaining their attractive stiffness and strength, by incorporating functionalized (reactive) rubbers. This provides significant improvement in toughness with minimum compromise in the stiffness. Preferably clays are provided in the composites. 
     (2) Description of Related Art 
     Many semi-crystalline polymers like PHB, Nylon and PP exhibit very attractive strength and ductility at room temperature and under moderate rates of deformation. However, they become brittle under severe conditions of deformation such as low temperature or high strain rates, and can undergo a sharp ductile-to-brittle transition (Lu, et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 76, 311-319 (2000)). In the brittle regime a crack can propagate with little resistance. Because of this poor performance at extreme conditions there has been considerable commercial and scientific interest in the toughening of semi-crystalline thermoplastics. An extensive literature is now available on the toughening of commodity as well as engineering polymers such as polyethylene (Bartzcak et al., Polymer, 40, 2331-2346 (1999); Bartzcak et al., Polymer, 40, 2347-2365 (1999); and Macromol. Mater. Eng. 289 360-367 (2004)), polyamide (D. M. Laura et al., Polymer 42, 6161-6172 (2001)), polypropylene (Ismail, H. and Suryadiansyah, Journal of Reinforced Plast. And Composites, 23, 6, 639-650 (2004); Van der Wal et al., Polymer, 39, 26, 6781-6787 (1998); and Van der Wal et al., Polymer, 40, 6031-6075 (1999)) and polyvinylchloride [Ishiaku et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vo. 73, 75-83 (1999); and Ishiaku et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 69, 1357-1366 (1998)). 
     Under proper conditions and using appropriate compatibilizers, synergistic effects arise to create high impact toughened polyolefins (TPO). Typically, a stiff filler material is incorporated into this TPO matrix to overcome the lost stiffness and strength. These fillers were conventionally glass fibers (Mehta et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 92, 928-936 (2004)) but recent developments and results (Okada, O., et al., Mater Res Soc. Symp Proc., 171, 45 (1990); Pinnavaia, T. J., et al., ACS Symp Ser 622, 250 (1996); Messersmith, P. B., et al., Chem Mater 6, 1719 (1994); Yano, K., et al., J. Poly Sci Part A: Polym Chem., 31, 2493 (1993); Vaia, R. A., et al., Chem Mater 5, 1694 (1993); Wang, Z., et al., Chem Mater 10, 3769 (1998); Ke, Y., et al., J. Appl Polym Sci 71, 1139 (1999); Hasegawa, N., et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 63, 137 (1997); and Mohanty, A. K., et al., Proceedings of 9 th  Annual Global Plastics Environmental Conference (GPEC 2002), Feb. 26 &amp; 27 (2003), Detroit Mich., Society of Plastics Engineers, Plastics Impact on the environment, Full paper published in the Proceedings 69-78, (2003)). Use of a nanoclay has been described in TPO&#39;s. 
     The incorporation of rubber particles into a brittle thermoplastic matrix is known to improve the impact properties and the toughness of the polymer (Amos, J. L., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,694,692 (1954); Baer, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,040 (1981); and Patel, P., et al., Rubber-toughened thermoplastics, Brit. Pat. (1978)). Under proper conditions and using appropriate compatibilizers, synergistic effects arise to create high impact toughened blends. But, adding low modulus rubber particles to the polymer lowers the stiffness and strength and this reduction in rigidity significantly lowers the scratch/mar resistance of the resulting blends. This problem has hindered the growth of rubber-toughened thermoplastics in the automotive industry. Hence, to overcome this brittleness, high modulus fillers like clay are incorporated into the toughened blend which, with optimal processing and chemistry, can regain this lost strength and stiffness (Suzuki, K., et al., Thermoplastic resin nanocomposites with good heat and impact resistance and rigidity for automobiles, Jpn. Kokai Tokyo Koho (2004); Ito, T., et al., Manufacture of polyolefin compositions for automobile parts with improved rigidity and heat resistance, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2004): and Maruyama, T., et al., Rubber nanocomposites containing layered clay minerals well dispersed therein, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2004)). General Motors and supplier partners recently launched a nanocomposite TPO-based step-assist which was the first instance of a nanocomposite material being used in automotive exterior applications (http://www.scprod.com/gm.html). 
     However PP and subsequently TPO are both non-biodegradable and also petroleum-based. Vast amounts and varieties of such plastics, notably polyolefins, are currently produced from fossil fuels, consumed and discarded into the environment, ending up as un-degradable wastes. Manufacturers are looking for alternative eco-friendly green materials that can replace these non-renewable-resource based non-biodegradable materials. Numerous recent federal acts and executive orders encourage the development of biobased products to assist in ‘greening’ the country through recycling and waste-prevention. These green biomaterials not only protect the environment and reduce greenhouse gasses but also increase national security by reducing dependency on foreign oil for our needs. 
     Another route to overcome the inherent brittleness of polyhydroxybutyrate is by using polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) copolymers, which have low levels of valerate. However, PHBV exhibits lower melting point than PHB and so narrows the utilization temperature range of the composition. PHBV is also costlier than PHB and this hinders its scope and usage. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,573 to Randall et al describes polylactide polymer compositions. The present invention does not use lactide polymers. 
     Based on the above literature, the following problems were identified with conventional toughened polymers:
         1) The incorporation of rubber particles into a brittle thermoplastic matrix is known to improve the impact properties and the toughness of the PHA polymer but only under proper conditions and using compatiblizers.   2) Adding elastomer particles to the PHA polymer lowers stiffness and strength and this reduction in rigidity significantly lowers the scratch/mar resistance of the resulting blends.   3) Stiffness and strength of the PHA polymer can be regained by adding a stiff reinforcement like nanoclay but property improvements are only achieved if optimum dispersion and compatibility are created.   4) Clay is inherently hydrophilic and hence does not mix with the PHA polymer matrix. This leads to agglomeration and poor properties and this has to be overcome by modifying the clay surface.   5) Conventional TPO&#39;s are based on non-renewable resources and hence are not sustainable or ecofriendly and there is a need for alternative eco-friendly green materials that can replace these non-renewable-resource based non-biodegradable materials.   6) Performance limitations and high cost however have limited these PHA biopolymers to niche markets.   7) PHB is typically a bacterial biobased polymer. It has mechanical properties very similar to the matrix polymer PP in TPO. However, PHB&#39;s main drawbacks are its brittleness and thermal instability.       

     OBJECTS 
     It is an object of this invention to improve the toughness and impact strength of PHA&#39;s without compromising its inherent stiffness and strength. It is also an object of the present invention to provide PHA composites which are relatively inexpensive and easy to manufacture. These and other objects will become increasingly apparent by reference to the following description. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a toughened polymer composition which comprises a reacted mixture of:
         (a) a polyhydroxy alkanoate (PHA) polymer:   (b) a maleated polybutadiene rubber; and   (c) an epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber,
 
wherein the mixture has been reactively blended in proportions to produce a polymer which is toughened in relation to PHA alone. The PHA&#39;s are derived from monomers containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
       

     The present invention also relates to a composition derived from a reactively blended admixture comprising:
         (a) between about 50 and 60 parts by weight of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer having a molecular weight between about 100,000 and 1,000,000 and repeating alkanoate units having 1 to 8 carbon atoms;   (b) between about 5 and 20 parts by weight of a maleated polybutadiene rubber having a molecular weight between about 1500 and 7500; and   (c) between about 10 and 40 parts by weight of an epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber.       

     Preferably the PHA is polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Preferably between 10 and 30 parts by weight of a plasticizer is reactively blended in the admixture. Preferably 1 to 15 parts by weight of clay is reactively blended in the admixture. Preferably the clay is a natural clay which is unmodified. Preferably the clay is an organic onium ion modified clay. Preferably the clay is a quaternary ammonium modified clay. Preferably the clay has been modified by reaction with a titanate coupling agent containing 48 to 60 carbon atoms. Preferably the metal coupling agent is titanate coupling agent containing 60 carbon atoms. Preferably the clay is modified by addition of 1 to 15 parts by weight of the titanate coupling agent. Preferably the modification is done in aromatic solvent. Preferably the modification is done in an aliphatic solvent. Preferably the modification is done by solvent-less reaction. Preferably the modification technique atomizes and sprays the coupling agent directly onto the clay. 
     The present invention also relates to a process for producing a toughened polymer which comprises reactively blending an admixture of:
         (a) a polyhydroxy alkoxide (PHA) polymer:   (b) a maleated polybutadiene rubber; and   (c) an epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber,
 
wherein the composition has been reactively blended in proportions to produce a polymer which is toughened in relation to PHA alone.
       

     The present invention also relates to a process for producing a toughened polymer which comprises reactively blending an admixture of: 
     (a) between about 50 and 60 parts by weight of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer having a molecular weight between about 100,000 and 1,000,000 and repeating alkanoate units having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; 
     (b) between about 5 and 20 parts by weight of a maleated polybutadiene rubber having a molecular weight between about 1500 and 7500; and 
     (c) between about 10 and 40 parts by weight of an epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber. Preferably the PHA is polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Preferably between 10 and 30 parts by weight of a plasticizer is reactively blended in the admixture. Preferably 1 to 15 parts by weight of clay is reactively blended in the admixture. Preferably the clay is a natural clay which is unmodified. Preferably the clay is an organic onium ion modified clay. Preferably the clay is a quaternary ammonium modified clay. Preferably the clay has been modified by reaction with a titanate coupling agent containing 48 to 60 carbon atoms. Preferably the metal coupling agent is a titanate coupling agent containing 60 carbon atoms. Preferably the clay is modified by addition of 1 to 15 parts by weight of the titanate coupling agent. Preferably the modification of the clay is done in an aromatic solvent. Preferably the modification of the clay is done in an aliphatic solvent. Preferably the modification is done by a solvent-less reaction. Preferably the modification technique atomizes and sprays the titanate coupling agent directly onto the clay. 
     The present invention particularly relates to a polymer composition which comprises a reacted blend of (a) polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB); (b) epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber (ENR); (c) maleated polybutadiene rubber (MR); and (d) optionally an organometallic modified clay (OMC). 
     Further the present invention relates to a process for preparing a polymer composition which comprises melt compounding in an extruder, a mixture of PHB; epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber (ENR); maleated polybutadiene rubber (MR); and optionally an organometallic modified clay (OMC). The invention also relates to a process for modifying the pristine clay using either solvent-based solution technique or non-solvent atomizing technique. 
     This invention uses epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber as the impact modifier which has reactive centers for interaction with the PHB matrix. This invention also uses maleated rubber as interfacial compatibilizer. Preferably the clay is treated with a titanate-based coupling agent. All the above factors synergistically combine to create a High impact-high strength material with improved impact strength and improved modulus due to good interfacial bonding and dispersion of the nano-filler. 
     The titanate coupling agents are a broad class of neoalkoxy titanates. The chemical description of the preferred titanate is titanium IV 2,2(bis 2 propenolatomethyl)butanolato, tris(dioctyl)pyrophosphato-O. The structure and a different nomenclature is shown in Scheme 4. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
         FIGS. 1A to 1D  are drawings showing in  FIGS. 1A to 1C  a DSM microcompounder extruder with an injection molder for producing molded specimens, and a transfer pot.  FIG. 1D  shows the overall apparatus. 
         FIG. 2  is a drawing showing direct injection of liquid maleated rubber into PHB-rubber system. 
         FIG. 3  is a drawing showing an atomizing-spraying process for clay modification. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing the comparative impact strength of PHB-epoxidized natural rubber with maleated rubber compatibilizer versus other compositions. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph showing comparative modulus of PHB-epoxidized natural rubber with maleated rubber-II compatibilizer versus other compositions. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing a variation of the modulus of PHB and the toughened PHB with temperature versus other compositions. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic representation of the titanate modified clay. 
         FIG. 8  is a graph showing the impact properties of toughened PHB nanocomposites versus other compositions. 
         FIG. 9  is a graph showing modulus of toughened PHB nanocomposites versus other compositions. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The chemical structures of PHB, Natural rubber and epoxidized natural rubber are shown in Schemes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. 
     Polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB (Biomer P226) with 23 wt. % citrate plasticizer was supplied by Biomer (Germany). Epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber (ENR 25), which is a chemically-modified form of natural or synthetic rubber with epoxide rings on the chain, with 25% epoxidization, was used as the functionalized rubber. The maleated rubber compatibilizer (RI 130 MA20) was provided by Sartomer (Exton, Pa.). 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Commercially modified montmorillonite (organoclay) (Cloisite 30B) was purchased from Southern Clay (Gonzales, Tex.) and pristine clay (PGW) was purchased from Nanocor (Arlington Heights, Ill.). The ammonium cation of Cloisite 30B, is methyl tallow bis-2-hydroxyethyl quaternary ammonium. 
     Titanate based coupling agents were provided by Kenrich Petrochemicals as LI-38 neopentyl(diallyloxy)tri(dioctyl)pyrophospato titanante. The structures are shown in Scheme 4. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Baseline data for comparison studies was obtained using a commercial TPO from Basell. The materials and suppliers are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Materials list 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Material 
                 Name 
                 Tradename 
                 Supplier 
                 Location 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polyhydroxybutyrate 
                 PHB 
                 Biomer ® P- 
                 Biomer 
                 Krailling, Germany 
               
               
                   
                   
                 226 
               
               
                 Epoxidized Natural 
                 ENR 
                 Research 
                 Malaysian 
                 Malaysia 
               
               
                 Rubber 
                   
                 Sample 
                 Rubber Board 
               
               
                 Maleated 
                 MR 
                 RI130MA20 
                 Sartomer 
                 Exton, PA 
               
               
                 Polybutadiene 
               
               
                 Organically 
                 OMMT 
                 Cloisite ® 30B 
                 Southern Clay 
                 Gonzales, 
               
               
                 modified 
                   
                   
                 Products Inc 
                 TX 
               
               
                 montmorillonite 
               
               
                 Pristine 
                 Na+ MT 
                 Cloisite Na+ 
                 Southern Clay 
                 Gonzales, 
               
               
                 montmorillonite 
                   
                   
                 Products Inc 
                 TX 
               
               
                 neopentyl 
                 Titanate 
                 Ken-react ® 
                 Kenrich 
                 Bayonne, 
               
               
                 (diallyl)oxy 
                 based 
                 LICA-38 
                 Petrochemicals 
                 NJ 
               
               
                 tri(dioctyl) 
                 coupling 
               
               
                 pyrophosphato 
                 agent 
               
               
                 titanate 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Toluene 
                 Toluene 
                 Aldrich 
                 St. Louis, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 179418 ACS 
                   
                 MO 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reagent, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 &gt;99.5% 
               
               
                 Aliphatic 
                 Aliphatic 
                 Kwik-Dri 
                 Ashland 
                 Columbus, 
               
               
                 hydrocarbon 
                 Solvent 
                   
                 Distribution 
                 OH 
               
               
                 Thermoplastic 
                 TPO 
                 Medium 
                 Basell 
                 Elkton, MD 
               
               
                 Olefin 
                   
                 impact 
               
               
                   
                   
                 research 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sample 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The technique used for blending PHB and rubber was melt compounding in a microcompounder ( FIGS. 1A to 1D ). The parts are standard and are:
       FIG. 1       1 . Barrel     2 . Screws     3 . Exit port     4 . Feeder     5 . Feeder port     6 . Injector     7 . Mold and mold heater     8 . Transfer cylinder     9 . Piston     10 . Pneumatic piston     11 . Pressure gauge     12 . Piston control knob     13 . Mold temperature controller     14 . Transfer Cylinder temperature controller
 
This apparatus is a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder with an attached injection molder. Varying amount of rubber (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt. %) was blended with PHB at 200 rpm and 170° C. for 2-3 minutes along with varying amount of compatiblizers (5, 10 and 20 wt %). These compatiblizers are liquids and were incorporated into the PHB-rubber system by direct injection into the barrel ( FIG. 2 ). These processing conditions were based on initial optimization studies. The optimized formulation is given in Table 2 (Run 3).
       

     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Run 
                 PHB 
                 Epoxidized rubber 
                 Maleated rubber 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 40 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 60 
                 30 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Clay modification: The surface of the clay platelets is inherently hydrophilic and is modified by surface treatments to make the platelet compatible with the organic polymer. This is achieved by exchanging the metal counterions from the clay surface with cationic-organic surfactants so as to form a molecular organophilic coating. The hydroxyl functionality on the surface of the clay platelet is substituted by an alkyl-titanate group from the titanate modifier making the surface organophilic. These titanate coupling agents form chemical bonds between inorganic and organic species via proton coordination and form an atomic layer on the surface of the clay by chemical modification. The large alkyl group also increases the inter-clay platelet spacing and hence facilitates intercalation and exfoliation. 
     Clay modification work was done on pristine montmorillonite clay (Nanocor PGV). In a first process, the coupling agent was coated onto the clay by two techniques; in one process the titanate-additive was dissolved in solvent and then the clay was dispersed into it and mixed for 2 hours. The solvent used is an aromatic toluene (Toluene, Aldrich Chemicals), and a non-aromatic aliphatic eco-friendly solvent (Qwikdri™, Ashland Chemicals) could also be used. Following the dispersion, the clay was decanted and dried for 5 hours at 55° C. to drive off the solvent. 
     The second process was by atomizing the coupling agent onto a fluidized bed of clay ( FIG. 3 ). The atomizing was achieved by using a ultrasonic probe that produced a fine spray of the titanate-coupling agent directly onto the clay thus eliminating the need for any solvent. In both techniques, two levels of titanate loading were used; modified clay MC1 having modifier corresponding to 3.8% of clay weight and MC2 corresponding to 11.4% of clay weight. Nanocomposite fabrication was done by high-shear melt compounding in the microextruder ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ). 2, 5 and 7 wt. % of each clay was added to the toughened PHB-rubber system and processed for 2 minutes at 200 rpm and then injection molded into testing samples. A sample formulation with 5 wt % clay in PHB and toughened PHB matrices is given in Table 3 (Run 3). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Epoxidized 
                 Maleated 
                   
               
               
                 Run 
                 PHB 
                 rubber 
                 rubber 
                 Clay 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 5 
               
               
                 2 
                 57 
                 38 
                 — 
                 5 
               
               
                 3 
                 57 
                 28.5 
                 9.5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PHB and its blends with natural or synthetic rubber and epoxidized natural or synthetic rubber in presence and absence of compatiblizers and clays were molded into bars for impact studies, disks for morphology studies and beams for modulus measurements. 
     Characterization 
     Clay characterization: Surface elemental analysis was performed on an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) using a Physical Electronics PHI-5400 ESCA workstation. A Thermometric Analyzer (TGA 2950, TA Instruments, DE) was used to determine the weight loss of the pristine and modified clays. These experiments were performed in platinum pans at a ramp rate of 10° C./min under a nitrogen purge flow (90 ml/min). The water contact angle for the clays were measured on a CAHN 322 microbalance (ThermoCahn, Wis.) in the wicking mode. 
     Thermal properties: Modulus measurements were obtained on a dynamic mechanical analyzer (2980 DMA), (TA instruments, DE) using dual cantilever mode and from −50° C. to 150° C. 
     Mechanical properties: Notched Impact properties of the toughened materials and their nanocomposites were measured according to ASTM D256 using a Testing Machines Inc. 43-02-01 Monitor/Impact machine with a 5 ft-lb pendulum. The samples were notched and conditioned for 48 hours before testing. 
     Results and Discussion 
     Toughened PHB 
     Addition of up to 40% epoxidized natural rubber alone did not affect the impact strength of PHB but on addition of 10% of maleated rubber the impact strength improved by 440% (even more than TPO) ( FIG. 4 ). The modulus of PHB was reduced by 63% by addition of ENR but only by 50% when maleated rubber and ENR were added together ( FIG. 5 ). The compatibilizer also affects the modulus of the PHB-ENR system at depressed and elevated temperatures ( FIG. 6 ). At −50° C., the modulus of PHB reduced by 63% by addition of ENR but only by 50% when maleated rubber and ENR were added together. Similar behavior was seen at room temperature (30° C.) and at 120° C. At 140° C. the modulus of the PHB-ENR-MR (288 Mpa) system is even higher that PHB (200 Mpa) possible due to crosslinking of the maleated rubber. 
     6.2 Clay Modification 
     XPS surface profile of the pristine clay shows the presence of silicon and aluminum atoms that are integral to the clay structure. The high oxygen atom concentration on the surface is attributed to the hydroxyl groups on the hydrophilic surface. These hydroxyl groups are targeted to be exchanged with alkyl-titanate complexes from the surface modifier in the modification reaction. The XPS spectra of the modified clay show significant reduction in the atomic concentration of oxygen thus justifying the modification mechanism. The titanium and phosphorous atoms in the alkyl-titanate complex from the surface modifier are also evident in the atomic profile. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pristine clay 
                 Modified clay-1 
                 Modified clay-2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Carbon 
                 20.59 
                 33.07 
                 35.53 
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 0.77 
                 1.05 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 Oxygen 
                 53.24 
                 46.33 
                 43.74 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 1.64 
                 0.82 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 Aluminum 
                 6.47 
                 5.45 
                 4.52 
               
               
                 Silicon 
                 17.29 
                 11.56 
                 11.5 
               
               
                 Phosphorous 
                 0 
                 1.3 
                 2.03 
               
               
                 Titanium 
                 0 
                 0.42 
                 0.71 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 7  is a schematic drawing of the complex in the modified clay. 
     The TGA weight decomposition curves also indicate the presence of surface modification in both the treated clays as indicated by the lesser weight loss until 250° C. as compared to the pristine clay. The surface modification makes the hydrophilic clay surface organophilic that can be described by an increase in the contact angle for water. The contact angle for pristine clay was measured to be close to zero as is expected for the hydrophilic surface with ample hydroxyl groups capable of interacting with water. For the modified clay, the organic groups in the alkyl-titanate complex increase the surface energy of the clay surface. This increase in the surface energy reflects in decrease in wetability and thus the contact angle increases to about 44°. Thus the clay surface has successfully been modified to make it organophilic and thus ideal for organic matrices. 
                                                                       Material                   constant (c)   Cos   Degrees                                        Pristine   0.000142   0.9948   6.0           clay           Modified   0.000165   0.8483   31.9           Clay-1           Modified   0.000275   0.7168   44.2           Clay-2                        
Nanocomposites
 
     Toughening of PHB with ENR and maleated rubber resulted in dramatic improvement in impact properties yet the modulus and consequently the stiffness of the material reduced. The nanoclay platelets were introduced to regain the stiffness to some extent. Addition of commercially modified clay (Cloisite 30B) reduced the impact properties due to absence of coupling between the filler and the matrix and this is seen by the reduction in impact strength from 124 j/m to 50 j/m ( FIG. 8 ). But on addition of modified clay, the impact strength was regained to 117 j/m which is still 408% improvement over pure PHB and more than the impact of commercial toughened Polyolefin (TPO). In case of PHB-ENR without compatibilizer, the modulus drastically reduced possibly because the clay did not disperse but addition of coupling-agent treated clay (solvent method) improved modulus to 0.91 GPa. The modified clay provides a modulus comparable to TPO modulus ( FIG. 9 ). 
     The compositions of the present invention can be used in settings where a toughened polyolefin would be used, such as automotive applications. 
     It is intended that the foregoing description be only illustrative of the present invention and that the present invention be limited only by the hereinafter appended claims.