Abstract:
The present invention relates to novel DNA aptamers capable of binding gelsolin tightly and specifically. The invention further relates to the use of these aptamers to estimate the gelsolin levels in a given sample and purify bulk quantities of tagless gelsolin and its variants. The present invention thus eliminates the use of different animals/their tissues to produce gelsolin binding proteins, which are much more expensive and socially unacceptable methods as opposed to the synthesis of a DNA molecule by in vitro PCR. Using this strategy, bulk production of the gelsolin binding matrix can be carried out at much lower cost. Also, the aptamers can be used to block binding of gelsolin to its binding partners for diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to novel DNA aptamers capable of specifically binding to gelsolin with high affinity and utilizing this property of these aptamers to estimate the gelsolin levels in a given sample and purify bulk quantities of tagless gelsolin and its variants. Currently, estimation of gelsolin levels in a sample utilizes either actin as a gelsolin binding protein or anti-gelsolin antibodies. Actin is extracted primarily from rabbit or chicken muscle tissue. Similarly, antibodies production also involves either mammalian cell culture or the use of animals including rabbit, mouse, goat, llama, horse, hen etc. Thus, the present invention attempts to diagnose and purify plasma gelsolin levels using small DNA molecules; thereby eliminating the use of different animals/their tissues to produce gelsolin binding proteins, which are much more expensive and socially unacceptable methods as opposed to the synthesis of a DNA molecule by in vitro PCR. These aptamers can be chemically synthesized and/or biochemically generated using PCR and/or produced by bacteria using simple molecular biology tools and protocols. Using this strategy, bulk production of the gelsolin binding matrix can be carried out at much lower cost. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    Gelsolin is a six-domain (G1-G6) multifunctional actin assembly regulator protein. It exists as three isoforms in humans which include two cytoplasmic and one extracellular isoform secreted into plasma. All these isoforms are encoded by a single gene located on chromosome 9 in humans. The major functions of cytoplasmic gelsolin involve actin depolymerization as well as nucleation primarily regulated by calcium, pH and phosphoinositides (Ashish et al, 2007; Garg et al, 2011; Peddada et al, 2013). To initiate polymerization, it binds to two globular actin monomers (G-actin) and to affect actin depolymerization function, it binds to filamentous actin (F-actin), severs the filament by weakening non-covalent bonds between the actin monomers and remains attached to the barbed end of filament as a cap to prevent subsequent elongation (Yin &amp; Stull, 1999). 
         [0003]    In plasma, gelsolin is primarily involved in the rapid severing and removal of actin filaments released from dead cells into the blood stream. Plasma gelsolin [pGSN] thus serves a protective role by clearing toxic circulating filamentous-actin released in blood due to cell necrosis (Lee &amp; Galbraith, 1992). In addition, plasma gelsolin also has the ability to bind to a variety of proinflammatory and bioactive molecules including lyso-phosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, fibronectin and platelet activating factor in the body which act as mediators of many physiological functions including wound healing, neurologic development, cancer progression and angiogenesis (Bucki et al, 2010; Lind &amp; Janmey, 1984; Lind et al, 1988; Osborn et al, 2007). pGSN has been suggested to thus sequester these bioactive mediators of inflammation and localize inflammatory and immune reactions to the sites of injury. Apart from these bioactive molecules, pGSN has the ability to bind to the bacterial surface lipids, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide, (LPS) which belong to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively (Bucki et al, 2008; Bucki et al, 2005). This interaction compromises the ability of LTA and LPS to mediate innate immune responses in the host (Bucki et al, 2008). 
         [0004]    Human plasma gelsolin circulates in blood at a concentration of ˜200 μg/ml (Osborn et al, 2008). Clinical significance and the therapeutic importance of this protein have been well illustrated in animal models as well as in patients with various diseases. A significant decrement (20-50%) in plasma gelsolin levels has been documented in a variety of illnesses or health complications which include major to minor trauma, burn, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury, acute liver injury, surgery, sepsis, hepatitis, malaria, MODS (including myocardial infarction, septic shock and myonecrosis), allogenic stem cell transplantation, and multiple sclerosis (Peddada et al, 2012). Moreover, the plasma gelsolin levels have been found to be increasing in patients recovering from the diseases. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that repletion with exogenous recombinant gelsolin significantly increases the survival rate in animal models of different acute insults (Lee et al, 2007). 
         [0005]    On the whole, all these studies aimed at investigating the correlation of pGSN level with the severity of health problem as well as clinical outcomes suggest that: 1) pGSN level declines after a cellular injury either due to surgery, inflammation or infection and this decline correlates very well with the extent of cellular injury, 2) pGSN levels declining below a critical level greatly enhance the risk of mortality, thus based upon the admission pGSN levels, exogenous gelsolin could be administered in the patients, having critically low pGSN levels, to improve their chances of survival. Thus, pGSN holds an immense potential as an excellent prognostic biomarker for multiple health conditions as well as a therapeutically relevant protein to improve the patient&#39;s health status. 
         [0006]    However, without knowing the exact plasma gelsolin levels of healthy individuals as well as the patient, gelsolin replacement therapy can not be a reality. Existing commercial kits for the estimation of gelsolin levels in a given sample use the method of sandwich ELISA [enzyme linked immunosorbent assay]. Briefly, gelsolin specific antibodies are coated onto the ELISA plates, these are then used for the binding of gelsolin present in standards and test samples. The bound gelsolin is then detected by using a biotin labeled anti-gelsolin antibody and streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase conjugate. Nevertheless, all these kits are intended for research use only and not for diagnostic purposes. 
         [0007]    In short, it may be summarized that till now, no affordable, accurate and accelerated diagnostic method exists in the literature, which can be reliably used for the determination of plasma gelsolin levels of humans and other animals. Considering the emerging need to measure plasma gelsolin levels in different disease or stress conditions and therapeutic potential of injecting exogenous gelsolin and/or its forms to improve patient condition, the role of aptamers in quantifying and purifying gelsolin and its variants holds great translation potential and has not been reported till date. 
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The main object of the present invention is thus to provide novel and specific DNA aptamers exhibiting gelsolin binding property and which are useful for developing protocols of quantifying and/or purifying gelsolin and its variants. 
         [0009]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for the estimation of gelsolin levels in a sample by using the novel invented DNA aptamers and their modified versions. 
         [0010]    Still another object of the present invention is to provide diagnostic kits for the estimation of gelsolin levels in a sample. 
         [0011]    Yet another object of the present invention is to provide novel DNA aptamers and their modified versions useful in developing/generating affinity matrix for purifying gelsolin and its variants including tagless ones. 
         [0012]    A further object of the present invention is to provide a process whereby the claimed DNA aptamers can specifically and tightly bind to gelsolin, thereby blocking ability of gelsolin to bind other proteins. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention relates to the identification and utilization of gelsolin binding DNA aptamers for estimating the gelsolin levels in a given sample, and purifying tagged or tagless gelsolin and its variants. 
         [0014]    Overcoming the limitations of batch to batch variation in samples of antibodies and actin useful for the preparation of gelsolin identification kit(s) or protocol(s), a random DNA aptamer library was screened to identify the aptamers capable of binding gelsolin [NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_000168.1] (SEQ ID NO: 1) or its N- and C-terminal halves, namely G1-G3 and G4-G6 (SEQ ID NO: 2 and 3, respectively). The oligonucleotides [aptamers] were synthesized by PCR, purified and their ability to bind gelsolin and its variants was tested experimentally. Results brought forth that some DNA aptamers bind gelsolin and its variants with specificity and sensitivity comparable to anti-gelsolin antibodies (IgG or IgY) and actin. The high point of this process is that DNA aptamers can be produced easily by PCR protocols and extracted at a high degree of purity. Also the concentration of DNA aptamers, which are relatively more stable than proteins, can be regulated with high precision. This feature will prove beneficial in using DNA aptamers as a coating or binding material in gelsolin diagnostic kit(s), and/or generating affinity matrix to bulk purify tagless gelsolin and its versions. Considering the emerging need to measure plasma gelsolin levels in different disease or stress conditions, and therapeutic potential of injecting exogenous gelsolin and/or its forms to improve patient condition, the role of aptamers in quantifying and purifying gelsolin and its variants holds great translation potential and has not been reported till date. 
         [0015]    In an embodiment of the present invention, the property of binding of the DNA aptamers to gelsolin is used as a tool in developing applications for quantification of gelsolin levels in samples including those from humans and/or animals. This property can well be extended to develop gelsolin related diagnostic kit(s). 
         [0016]    In another embodiment of the present invention, the property of binding of aptamers to gelsolin is used as a tool in developing applications for purification of gelsolin and its variants from a mixture. 
         [0017]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the gelsolin binding property of aptamers is used to functionalize a stationary phase matrix used in chromatography to develop an affinity chromatography protocol for bulk purification of gelsolin and its variants. 
         [0018]    In still another embodiment of the present invention, the property of aptamers to specifically and tightly bind gelsolin has been employed to block functioning of gelsolin in undesirable pathways, leading to therapeutic potential of these aptamers. 
         [0019]    Sequences of different DNA aptamers capable of binding gelsolin are submitted in the SEQUENCE LISTING.txt and are mentioned in the table below along with other sequences used in the invention: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ 
                   
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                   
                   
               
               
                 No: 
                 Sequence type 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 Human Gelsolin Mature Protein 
                 MAPHRPAPALLCALSLALCALSLPVRAATASRGAS 
               
               
                   
                 [NCBI Reference Sequence: 
                 QAGAPQGRVPEARPNSMVVEHPEFLKAGKEPGLQI 
               
               
                   
                 NP_000168.1] [Protein] 
                 WRVEKFDLVPVPTNLYGDFFTGDAYVILKTVQLRN 
               
               
                   
                 Named-Gelsolin 
                 GNLQYDLHYWLGNECSQDESGAAAIFTVQLDDYLN 
               
               
                   
                 Abbreviation-GSN 
                 GRAVQHREVQGFESATFLGYFKSGLKYKKGGVASG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 FKHVVPNEVVVQRLFQVKGRRVVRATEVPVSWESF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NNGDCFILDLGNNIHQWCGSNSNRYERLKATQVSK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GIRDNERSGRARVHVSEEGTEPEAMLQVLGPKPAL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PAGTEDTAKEDAANRKLAKLYKVSNGAGTMSVSLV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ADENPFAQGALKSEDCFILDHGKDGKIFVWKGKQA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NTEERKAALKTASDFITKMDYPKQTQVSVLPEGGE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TPLFKQFFKNWRDPDQTDGLGLSYLSSHIANVERV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PFDAATLHTSTAMAAQHGMDDDGTGQKQIWRIEGS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NKVPVDPATYGQFYGGDSYIILYNYRHGGRQGQII 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YNWQGAQSTQDEVAASAILTAQLDEELGGTPVQSR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VVQGKEPAHLMSLFGGKPMIIYKGGTSREGGQTAP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ASTRLFQVRANSAGATRAVEVLPKAGALNSNDAFV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LKTPSAAYLWVGTGASEAEKTGAQELLRVLRAQPV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 QVAEGSEPDGFWEALGGKAAYRTSPRLKDKKMDAH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PPRLFACSNKIGRFVIEEVPGELMQEDLATDDVML 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LDTWDQVFVWVGKDSQEEEKTEALTSAKRYIETDP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ANRDRRTPITVVKQGFEPPSFVGWFLGWDDDYWSV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DPLDRAMAELAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 N-terminal half of gelsolin 
                 MAPHRPAPALLCALSLALCALSLPVRAATASRGAS 
               
               
                   
                 [Protein] 
                 QAGAPQGRVPEARPNSMVVEHPEFLKAGKEPGLQI 
               
               
                   
                 Named-G1-G3 
                 WRVEKFDLVPVPTNLYGDFFTGDAYVILKTVQLRN 
               
               
                   
                 Abbreviation-G1-G3 
                 GNLQYDLHYWLGNECSQDESGAAAIFTVQLDDYLN 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GRAVQHREVQGFESATFLGYFKSGLKYKKGGVASG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 FKHVVPNEVVVQRLFQVKGRRVVRATEVPVSWESF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NNGDCFILDLGNNIHQWCGSNSNRYERLKATQVSK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GIRDNERSGRARVHVSEEGTEPEAMLQVLGPKPAL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PAGTEDTAKEDAANRKLAKLYKVSNGAGTMSVSLV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ADENPFAQGALKSEDCFILDHGKDGKIFVWKGKQA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NTEERKAALKTASDFITKMDYPKQTQVSVLPEGGE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TPLFKQFFKNWRD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 C-terminal half of gelsolin 
                 MDDDGTGQKQIWRIEGSNKVPVDPATYGQFYGGDS 
               
               
                   
                 [Protein] 
                 YIILYNYRHGGRQGQIIYNWQGAQSTQDEVAASAI 
               
               
                   
                 Named-G4-G6 
                 LTAQLDEELGGTPVQSRVVQGKEPAHLMSLFGGKP 
               
               
                   
                 Abbreviatio-G4-G6 
                 MIIYKGGTSREGGQTAPASTRLFQVRANSAGATRA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VEVLPKAGALNSNDAFVLKTPSAAYLWVGTGASEA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EKTGAQELLRVLRAQPVQVAEGSEPDGFWEALGGK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAYRTSPRLKDKKMDAHPPRLFACSNKIGRFVIEE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VPGELMQEDLATDDVMLLDTWDQVFVWVGKDSQEE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EKTEALTSAKRYIETDPANRDRRTPITVVKQGFEP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PSFVGWFLGWDDDYWSVDPLDRAMAELAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 Forward Primer for amplifi- 
                 tagggaagagaaggacatatgat 
               
               
                   
                 cation of aptamer library 
                   
               
               
                   
                 during different steps of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 enrichment 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Reverse Primer for amplifi- 
                 tcaagtggtcatgtactagtcaa 
               
               
                   
                 cation of aptamer library 
                   
               
               
                   
                 during different steps of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 enrichment 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 Aptamer L26F (77 bases) [DNA] 
                 tagggaagagaaggacatatgatggggcac 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tggagggtgggggagcgggggcggttgact 
               
               
                   
                   
                 agtacatgaccacttga 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 Aptamer 10.10R (76 bases) [DNA] 
                 tcaagtggtcatgtactagtcaagcacttt 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cgctgctcgctggcgccgcgcccatcatat 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gtccttctcttcccta 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 Aptamer L16F (76 bases) [DNA] 
                 tagggaagagaaggacatatgataggggga 
               
               
                   
                   
                 taggagggggtgggattgggggattgacta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gtacatgaccacttga 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 Aptamer L24F (75 bases) [DNA] 
                 tagggaagagaaggacatatgatcgggggg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cgggtattgggggccggggggattgactag 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tacatgaccacttga 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  illustrates the flow chart depicting the strategy of aptamer library screening to identify specific aptamers with binding ability to gelsolin. This protocol was followed to enrich the aptamers capable of binding gelsolin. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  illustrates the binding ability of different aptamers with gelsolin (GSN) and its two variants/halves (G1-G3 and G4-G6) (SEQ ID No: 1, 2 and 3, respectively). The binding abilities of different aptamers coated onto 96 well ELISA plate with recombinant gelsolin as determined by microtiter binding assay are shown. Main result conveyed by this figure is that gelsolin (GSN), G1-G3, and G4-G6 can bind to all the claimed aptamers. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  illustrates the binding affinity of aptamers for gelsolin. The gelsolin binding affinities of aptamers were calculated from the binding curve of aptamers coated at different concentrations with a fixed concentration of gelsolin as determined by microtiter binding assay. X-axis denotes the concentration of the aptamers claimed in nM (nanomolars), and the Y-axis is absorbance of the reaction mixture observed experimentally at 450 nm (nanometers). The legends □, Δ, ◯ and ∇ denote the datapoint with respect to the concentration of the aptamer used. The number value next to the aptamer indicates the binding constant (K d ) of the aptamer to gelsolin (GSN). Thus, the results are L26F, 10.10R, L16F and L24F individually bind to gelsolin with an estimated K d  of 15.3, 7.2, 12.7 and 15.7 nM. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  illustrates the binding of aptamers with immobilized gelsolin. Recombinant gelsolin was coated onto ELISA plate and was allowed to bind to biotin labeled aptamers. The bound aptamers were then detected using streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. The graph shows the binding of selected aptamers with immobilized gelsolin. It is evident that the claimed aptamers can bind immobilized gelsolin where L26F, L24F bind with similar efficacy, and 10.10R is best in relative binding with L16F having in-between relative capability. These results are in correlation with binding constant results provided in  FIG. 3 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  illustrates the purification of Gelsolin using selected aptamers bound to Sepharose. Results confirm that using the claimed aptamers and the protocol described in detail, one can purify gelsolin (GSN) with 95% or higher purity. 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  illustrates that the selected aptamers bind to immobilized gelsolin (GSN) and does not allow it to bind Prion causing Prp protein. GSN+Prp indicates addition of Prion Prp protein (Prp) to gelsolin (GSN) immobilized on ELISA plate via coated anti-gelsolin monoclonal antibody; GSN+Apt/Prp indicates addition of mixture of Prp and one of the claimed aptamer to immobilized gelsolin; GSN+Apt→Prp indicates addition of Prp first, followed by one of the claimed aptamer to immobilized gelsolin. Detection of bound Prp was done using anti-Prp rabbit antibodies followed by secondary antibodies to rabbit antibodies. 
       
    
    
     LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED 
       [0026]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 GSN 
                 Human Gelsolin Protein 
               
               
                   
                 pGSN 
                 Plasma Gelsolin 
               
               
                   
                 PBS 
                 phosphate buffered saline 
               
               
                   
                 G1-G3 
                 N-terminal half of gelsolin protein 
               
               
                   
                 G4-G6 
                 C-terminal half of gelsolin protein 
               
               
                   
                 Prp 
                 Recombinant Prion Protein, Prp 
               
               
                   
                 Apt 
                 Aptamer 
               
               
                   
                 ELISA 
                 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay 
               
               
                   
                 EGTA 
                 ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid 
               
               
                   
                 TMB 
                 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine 
               
               
                   
                 SELEX 
                 Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enrichment 
               
               
                   
                 DEAE 
                 Diethylaminoethyl cellulose 
               
               
                   
                 GST 
                 Glutathione S-transferase 
               
               
                   
                 MBP 
                 Maltose binding protein 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    Reduced levels of plasma gelsolin have been reported in various diseases and repletion of exogenous gelsolin has shown improvement in animal models of burn and sepsis. It is anticipated that in future gelsolin levels will be examined in a number of medical cases. Possibly, recombinant gelsolin and its functional variants will be used for therapeutic purposes. Thus, it is imperative to provide novel entities which can bind to gelsolin as well as develop plasma gelsolin diagnostic kit(s) and ways to express and purify gelsolin and its versions. Novel DNA aptamers which can bind tightly and specifically to gelsolin will help in developing ways to quantify and purify gelsolin and its variants, and block functioning of gelsolin in undesirable pathways, thus projecting a potential therapeutic role of these aptamers. Here, we demonstrate that these aptamers bind gelsolin and stop gelsolin mediated prion protein association. 
         [0028]    Present invention describes novel DNA aptamers and use thereof as gelsolin binding molecules. The present invention for the first time reports specific aptamers which are capable of binding to gelsolin. 
         [0029]    Aptamers are short DNA/RNA/peptide molecules which can bind specifically to a target molecule (Pan &amp; Clawson, 2009). These are usually identified by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). SELEX method involves exposing a random sequence library to a specific target and amplifying the bound molecules which are then subjected to additional rounds of selection. After multiple rounds of selection, specific aptamers identified for binding to the target molecule are subjected to different modifications to improve their binding affinity and stability. 
         [0030]    Gelsolin is a calcium dependent, multifunctional actin regulatory protein composed of six domains (G1-G6), which appear to have arisen from a triplication event followed by a duplication of an ancestral gene encoding a single domain (Kwiatkowski et al, 1986; Osborn et al, 2008). It exists as three isoforms, two cytoplasmic and a secreted extracellular plasma isoform, all encoded by a single gene located on chromosome 9 in humans. This single gene is subjected to alternative transcriptional initiation and splice site selection in different tissues resulting in differences at the amino termini of the isoforms (Kwiatkowski et al, 1988; Yin et al, 1984). Mature plasma (secreted) gelsolin (plasma GSN, formed after cleavage of 27 residue amino-terminal signal sequence) differs from its cytoplasmic counterpart by an additional unique leader peptide (24 amino acids) at its N-terminal (Kwiatkowski et al, 1986) and presence of a disulfide bond providing additional stability (Wen et al, 1996). The rest of the polypeptide is identical in sequence to the cytoplasmic form (Kwiatkowski et al, 1986). The third minor isoform called gelsolin-3 is a non-secreted form containing an additional 11 amino acids at the N terminus as compared to the cytoplasmic counterpart. While cytoplasmic gelsolin gets expressed in a wide range of tissues, gelsolin-3 expresses predominantly in oligodendrocytes in the brain, lungs and testis and, is involved in myelin remodeling during spiralization around the axon (Vouyiouklis &amp; Brophy, 1997). Plasma GSN is mainly produced and secreted into blood by muscle cells (Kwiatkowski et al, 1988). 
         [0031]    Clinical significance and the therapeutic importance of plasma gelsolin have been well illustrated in animal models as well as in patients with various diseases. A significant decrement in pGSN levels has been documented in a variety of illnesses ranging from minor/major trauma, infections to chronic inflammation (Peddada et al, 2012). Patients with low pGSN levels were observed to have higher mortality rate, longer hospital stay and longer ventilation time in intensive care units as compared to healthy controls. pGSN levels were found to be increasing in patients recovering from diseases. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that repletion with exogenous recombinant pGSN significantly increases the survival rate in animal models of different acute insults (Lee et al, 2007). However, without knowing the exact plasma gelsolin levels of healthy individuals as well as the patient, gelsolin replacement therapy cannot become a reality. Till date, no “diagnostic method” exits in the literature, and kits/protocols based on these aptamers can be reliably used for the determination of plasma gelsolin levels of humans and other animals for clinical uses. 
         [0032]    The term “diagnostic” as used in above embodiment refers to the process/method of determining the value of a given entity which could help in finding out the reason/extent of a clinical condition and thus is of clinical use as well as for research purposes. 
         [0033]    The phrase “given sample” as used in above embodiment refers to any biological sample which includes but is not limited to blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva obtained from human or other animals. 
         [0034]    The phrase “Plasma gelsolin” as used in above embodiment refers to the gelsolin present in plasma sample of human or other animals. 
         [0035]    The phrase “Plasma gelsolin” as used above refers to the gelsolin present in human/animal plasma which could be a mixture of plasma isoform and other isoforms of gelsolin released into blood due to cell necrosis. 
         [0036]    Plasma isoform of gelsolin is the isoform of gelsolin (protein) which gets secreted into blood mainly from muscle cells. 
         [0037]    The phrase “clinical use” refers to the purpose of knowing the gelsolin levels in a given human/animal sample in order to determine the best treatment strategy for the human/animal from which the “sample” was obtained. 
         [0038]    The term “treatment” as used herein refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired result including clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results can include but are not limited to alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or conditions, diminished extent of disease, stabilization of state of disease, slowing disease progression and also prolonging survival as compared to expected survival in the absence of treatment. 
         [0039]    The term “functionalize” as used herein refers to covalent binding of DNA aptamers on silica/modified silica/agarose/sepharose beads by chemical reaction. 
         [0040]    The term “affinity chromatography” as used herein refers to binding and thus retention of gelsolin in mobile phase on the aptamers in the stationary phase of the chromatography protocol. 
         [0041]    Accordingly the main embodiment of the present invention provides novel DNA aptamers represented by SEQ ID Nos. 6 to 9. 
         [0042]    Another embodiment of the present invention provides DNA aptamers as herein described capable of binding the protein gelsolin represented by SEQ ID No. 1 or its variants represented by SEQ ID No. 2 and 3. 
         [0043]    Another embodiment of the present invention provides DNA aptamers as herein described useful for the quantification of gelsolin levels in a sample. 
         [0044]    Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for the quantification of gelsolin in a sample using the aptamers as herein described, wherein the steps comprise:
       [a] coating lug of streptavidin on a support using 100 mM NaHCO 3  buffer having pH 9.2 for 10 to 12 hours at a temperature of 4 degree C.;   [b] washing the coated support of step [a] with PBS and blocking with 3% BSA in PBS for 2 hours followed by washing with PBS;   [c] immobilizing 2 uM of the biotin labeled aptamer selected from SEQ ID Nos. 6 to 9 on the support of step [b] using TE buffer having pH 8 supplemented with 2M NaCl for 2 hours at room temperature;   [d] washing the coated support of step [c] 2 times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20;   [e] adding gelsolin in the range of 0.2 uM-5 nM or a sample diluted in selection buffer containing 0.1% BSA to the support of step [d] and allowing to stand for 2 hours;   [f] washing the coated support of step [e] 4 times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 followed by adding anti-gelsolin antibodies and incubating for 10 to 12 hours at 4 degree C.;   [g] washing the support obtained in step [f] 4 times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 followed by adding secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and incubating for 1 hour and then adding the substrate for horseradish peroxidase;   [h] terminating the reaction of step [g] with 2M H 2 SO 4  after the development of blue colour and measuring the absorbance at 450 nm so as to determine the quantity of gelsolin present in the sample.       
 
         [0053]    Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for the quantification of gelsolin in a sample using the aptamers as herein described, wherein the steps comprise:
       [a] coating anti-gelsolin antibodies on a support using 100 mM NaHCO 3  buffer having pH 9.2 for 10 to 12 hours at a temperature of 4 degree C.;   [b] washing the coated support of step [a] with PBS and blocking with 3% BSA in PBS for 2 hours followed by washing with PBS;   [c] adding gelsolin in the range of 0.2 uM-5 nM or a sample diluted in PBS containing 0.1% BSA and 0.01% Tween-20 to the support of step [b] and allowing to stand for 2 hours at room temperature;   [d] washing the coated support of step [c] 3 times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20;   [e] adding 1 uM of the biotin labeled aptamer selected from SEQ ID Nos. 6 to 9 diluted in selection buffer containing 0.1% BSA to the support of step [d] and allowing to stand for 2 hours;   [f] washing the coated support of step [e] 4 times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 followed by adding streptavidin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and incubating for 1 hour and then adding the substrate for horseradish peroxidase;   [g] terminating the reaction of step [f] with 2M H 2 50 4  after the development of blue colour and measuring the absorbance at 450 nm so as to determine the quantity of gelsolin present in the sample.       
 
         [0061]    Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides DNA aptamers as herein described, useful for the purification of gelsolin from a mixture. 
         [0062]    A method for the purification of gelsolin from a mixture using the aptamers as herein described, wherein the steps comprise:
       [a] washing the CNBr activated Sepharose beads with ice-cold double-distilled water and adding 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 8) and 5′ -phosphorylated oligos thereto to make a thick slurry of the activated beads;   [b] stirring the slurry obtained in step [a] at room temperature for 14 hours and washing with 1 M potassium phosphate (pH 8) containing 1 M KCl;   [c] washing the beads obtained in step [b] with water, followed by resuspending in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8) containing 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA;   [d] pouring the slurry of beads obtained in step [c] in a PD-10 column and washing with three column volumes of 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 100 mM NaCl and 2 mM EGTA;   [e] adding to the column obtained in step [d], the cell lysate containing gelsolin with pH adjusted to pH 8 and containing 2 mM EGTA;   [f] washing the column of step [e] obtained after initial loading with three column volumes of 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 100 mM NaCl and 3 mM CaCl 2 ;   [g] eluting the bound gelsolin from the column of step [f] by adding 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 300 mM of NaCl and 20 mM of CaCl 2 .       
 
         [0070]    Another embodiment of the present invention provides a kit for the detection of gelsolin using the aptamers as herein described, wherein the kit comprising:
       [a] a solid phase having immobilized thereon the aptamer selected from SEQ ID Nos. 6 to 9;   [b] sample containing gelsolin;   [c] detection reagents containing anti-gelsolin antibodies and secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase which are capable of detecting the presence of gelsolin.       
 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0074]    The following examples are given by way of illustration and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention. 
       Example 1 
     Identification of Gelsolin Binding DNA Aptamers 
     Production of Recombinant Gelsolin and its Variants: 
       [0075]    The amplified product of cDNA clone obtained from NIH Mammalian Gene Collection-Human gene clone ID 4661084 was digested with XbaI and XhoI, and subcloned into the vector backbone of pET303/CT-His (Invitrogen, NY, USA). The gelsolin variants were generated by site-directed or deletion mutagenesis as previously described (Peddada et al, 2013). The sequences of subcloned gelsolin DNA were verified by automated DNA sequencing (Applied Biosystems, USA). The plasmids thus created were used to transform  E. coli  BL21 (DE3) which was commercially procured from M/s Invitrogen, USA vide catalogue number C6000-03, for the heterologous protein expression. The transformed bacteria carrying pET303/Gelsolin and its mutants were deposited with MTCC, Chandigarh, India an International Depository Authority recognized under the Budapest treaty vide Accession number MTCC5885 on 09/01/2014. The bacteria MTCC 5885 were grown in LB broth (Merck, Germany) to a density of OD 600 =0.5 followed by induction of recombinant protein expression with 1 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) for 4-5 additional hours. The expressed proteins were purified by weak anion exchange chromatography (DE-52). The target protein was immobilized onto CNBr activated sepharose beads as follows. 
       Coupling of the Affinity Material to the Sepharose Beads: 
       [0076]    Proteins (BSA and gelsolin) were dialyzed against the 100 mM NaHCO 3 , pH 9.0 buffer and concentration was estimated by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm. CNBr activated resin was allowed to swell in 1 mM HCl for 15 min at room temperature and then equilibrated with coupling buffer (100 mM NaHCO 3 , pH 9.0). After equilibration, the resin was immediately transferred to protein solution and incubated with agitation overnight at 4° C. Beads were collected by centrifugation at 2000×g for 1 min and the protein concentration of the supernatant was determined (it should be 10-fold less than what was observed at step 1). The beads were washed 3-4 times with coupling buffer and then incubated with blocking buffer containing 1 M ethanolamine in coupling buffer for 2 hrs at room temperature. After incubation, beads were washed 4 times with a combination of low pH and high pH buffer and finally with 1×PBS containing 0.01% sodium azide. 
         [0000]    Screening to Identify the Aptamers against the Recombinant Gelsolin and its Variants: 
         [0077]    Briefly, 2 nmol library of 76 b oligonucleotides including a central random nucleotide region of 30-mer (TriLink Biotechnologies, CA, USA), representing 10 18  unique sequences was diluted in selection buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl 2 , 5 mM MgCl 2  and 10 mM KCl and 0.01% Tween20) and incubated at 94° C. for 5 min and kept in ice for 10 min followed by an incubation of 20 min at room temperature. The DNA was then allowed to bind to the target protein (GSN) conjugated sepharose beads for 1 hr at room temperature. Resulting DNA eluted after selection was purified by phenol-chloroform extraction, ethanol precipitated and resuspended in 10 uL TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 1 mM EDTA). The DNA was PCR amplified in two 50 uL reaction mixtures containing 2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase, 1× Taq buffer with (NH4) 2 SO 4 , 0.5 uM of both selection primers (SEQ ID Nos. 4 and 5), 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.2 mM dNTP and 2.5 uL of template. Amplification conditions were 2 min at 94° C.; 15 cycles of 10 s at 94° C., 10 s at 62° C., 10 s at 72° C.; 2 min at 72° C. 90 uL of amplified DNA was first subjected to negative selection using BSA conjugated sepharose beads and then incubated with gelsolin conjugated beads as earlier. After ten rounds of this SELEX method ( FIG. 1 ), enriched aptamer library was subcloned using TOPO-TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, NY, USA). The subcloned aptamers were subjected to automated DNA sequencing and the individual aptamers were amplified by PCR as above for verification of the ability to bind gelsolin and variants by microtiter binding assays. 
       Example 2 
     Microtiter Binding Assay 
       [0078]    The binding ability of the aptamers described herein (L26F, 10.10R, L16F and L24F) with recombinant gelsolin and its N- and C-terminal halves [represented by SEQ ID No. 2 and 3, respectively] was estimated using microtiter binding assay ( FIG. 2 ). (The sequences of gelsolin binding aptamers are represented by SEQ ID Nos. 6-9.) Briefly, different aptamers (100 nM) or actin (100 nM) extracted from chicken muscle (Peddada et al, 2013) were coated on to 96 well ELISA plates in TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 1 mM EDTA) supplemented with 30% ammonium sulfate and 100 mM NaHCO 3  buffer, pH 9.2 respectively overnight at 4° C. The wells were washed with PBS and blocked with 300 uL per well of 3% BSA in phosphate buffered saline [PBS] for 2 hrs at room temperature. The wells were washed with PBS and were allowed to bind to 100 nM gelsolin diluted in selection buffer for 2 hrs at room temperature. The wells were then washed 4 times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween20 (PBS-T) and incubated with anti-gelsolin antibodies overnight at 4° C. The plates were washed 4 times with PBS-T and incubated with secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase at room temperature for 30 min followed by detection using 1-step Ultra TMB substrate (Pierce, Rockford, USA). The reactions were stopped with stop solution (2 M H 2 SO 4 ) after the blue color had developed and absorbance was read at 450 nm using a microplate reader. 
       Example 3 
     Determination of Affinity of Aptamers for Gelsolin 
       [0079]    To determine the affinity of different aptamers for gelsolin, 1 ug of streptavidin was coated on a support using 100 mM NaHCO 3  buffer having pH 9.2 for 10 to 12 hours at a temperature of 4 degree C. The wells were washed with PBS and blocked with 3% BSA in PBS for 2 hours followed by washing with PBS. The aptamers, L26F (SEQ ID NO: 6), 10.10R (SEQ ID NO: 7), L16F (SEQ ID NO: 8) and L24F (SEQ ID NO: 9) were immobilized at a concentration range of 100 nM-1.56 nM on to ELISA plates using Tris-EDTA, pH 8 supplemented 2M NaCl for 2 hrs. The wells were washed with PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and were allowed to bind to 100 nM gelsolin diluted in selection buffer for 2 hrs at room temperature. After washing the bound gelsolin was detected using anti-gelsolin antibodies and secondary antibodies using standard procedures as above. Using non linear curve fitting of the plots ( FIG. 3 ), the dissociation constant, K d , values of L26F, 10.10R, L16F and L24F for binding to gelsolin were calculated to be 15.3, 7.2, 12.7 and 15.7 nM, respectively. Similar results were obtained upon using hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic surface containing ELISA plates, confirming equal efficacy of the immobilized aptamers to bind gelsolin and its variants from the solution. 
       Example 4 
     Binding of Aptamers with Immobilized Gelsolin 
       [0080]    Recombinant gelsolin was coated at a concentration of 1.56 nM on to ELISA plate in 100 mM NaHCO 3  buffer, pH 9.2 at 4° C. overnight. The wells were washed with PBS and blocked with 300 uL per well of 3% BSA in PBS for 2 hrs at room temperature. The wells were washed with PBS and were incubated with 50 nM biotin-labeled aptamers diluted in selection buffer for 2 hrs at room temperature. After washing, the bound aptamers were detected using streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase using standard procedures ( FIG. 4 ). 
       Example 5 
     Binding of Selected Aptamers to Sepharose and Purifying Gelsolin 
       [0081]    Selected aptamers were bound to Sepharose CL-2B beads was done using CNBr activation and coupling protocols described earlier (Arndt-Jovin et al, 1975; Kadonaga &amp; Tjian, 1986). Briefly, the Sepharose beads were activated or derivatized using CNBr and then washed with ice-cold double-distilled water and 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 8) and 5′-phosphorylated oligos were added to a thick slurry of the activated beads. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 hours and washed with 1 M potassium phosphate (pH 8), 1 M KCl. Then the beads were washed with water, followed by 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8) containing 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA and 0.02% sodium azide. The functionalized beads were stored at 10° C. in the latter buffer. 
         [0082]    For gelsolin purification experiments, the slurry of beads were poured in a PD-10 column and washed with three column volumes of 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 100 mM NaCl and 2 mM EGTA. To this column, cell lysate with pH adjusted to pH 8 and containing 2 mM EGTA was added. After initial loading, the column was washed with 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 
         [0083]    100 mM of NaCl and 3 mM of CaCl 2  (three column volumes). Finally, elution was done by adding 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 300 mM NaCl and 20 mM CaCl 2 . Each fraction was analyzed for the presence of gelsolin. Results ( FIG. 5 ) support that gelsolin binds to DNA-immobilized column efficiently and elutes upon sensing higher levels of Ca 2+  ions. Final loading and elution conditions are still being worked upon to bind and purify much higher levels of gelsolin. After elution of gelsolin, the DNA-Sepharose was washed with 40 mM Sodium Acetate buffer pH 4 containing 300 mM NaCl. Column was regenerated by washing with 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 100 mM NaCl and 2 mM EGTA, and a second round of purification process was attempted. After washing the columns with 0.8 M NaCl, and washing the columns with 10× volume of 40 mM Tris buffer pH 8 containing 100 mM NaCl and 2 mM EGTA, five rounds of purification were done with little loss in efficiency in purifying tagless gelsolin. 
         [0084]    Similar purification profiles were obtained upon functionalizing the claimed aptamers on other matrices as tested on Agarose, Superdex, Sephadex, Sephacryl, Sephacryl fast flow. 
       Example 6 
     Selected Aptamers Bind to Gelsolin and does not allow it to Bind Prion causing Prp Protein 
       [0085]    Gelsolin binds to Prp protein and accelerates prion formation (unpublished work). Using structural data analysis and western blots we have confirmed that gelsolin directly binds to Prp. Later, we observed that the aptamers bind to gelsolin ( FIG. 6 ) and does not allow it to bind Prp, thus blocking the gelsolin&#39;s role in prion disease progression. In these experiments, ELISA was performed to check whether binding of aptamer (10.10R) to gelsolin can inhibit the interaction of gelsolin with Prp. Monoclonal antibody against gelsolin was first coated in the wells to immobilize gelsolin (2 μg/well). After washings, Prp and Aptamer+Prp (mixture) were added. Also, in some wells, aptamer followed by PrP was added, so that the Aptamer and Prp in solution and can competitively inhibit their interaction with gelsolin. Bound Prp was detected using anti-Prp antibody (rabbit; 1:1000 dilutions), which was detected by anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:3000). As mentioned earlier, absorbance values at 450 nm indicated the extent of bound Prp and results showed that aptamer 10.10R can inhibit the interaction of gelsolin and Prp. 
       Advantages of the Invention 
       [0086]    Though the use of administration of recombinant gelsolin/its fragments has been reported earlier for therapeutic purposes in disease/health conditions accompanied by hypogelsolinemia, no reliable and mass producible gelsolin estimation or diagnostic method is available for therapeutic purposes. Additionally, an efficient protocol for mass production of gelsolin (particularly for constructs lacking any tags or groups for minimal step purification) remains a challenge.
       The developed DNA aptamers can replace the need for antibodies or actin—bringing in cost-effectiveness and better reproducibility in production and protocol steps without any loss of sensitivity and specificity.   The use of immobilized aptamers on chromatographic material to purify gelsolin (or its variants), particularly after overproduction of gelsolin or its variants will have substantial advantage in purifying gelsolin lacking any affinity tags like his-tag, GST, MBP etc. Currently, minimal step purification of tagless-gelsolin is achieved by columns formed of immobilized anti-gelsolin antibodies. Another methodology involves ammonium sulphate based precipitation of gelsolin followed by its affinity binding on DEAE column, but this method requires 4-5 steps and suffers from significant loss of protein and time, during recovery from precipitated state.       
 
       REFERENCES 
       [0089]    Arndt-Jovin D J, Jovin T M, Bahr W, Frischauf A M, Marquardt M (1975) Covalent attachment of DNA to agarose. Improved synthesis and use in affinity chromatography.  European journal of biochemistry/FEBS  54: 411-418 
         [0090]    Ashish, Paine M S, Perryman P B, Yang L, Yin H L, Krueger J K (2007) Global structure changes associated with Ca2+ activation of full-length human plasma gelsolin.  J Biol Chem  282: 25884-25892 
         [0091]    Bucki R, Byfield F J, Kulakowska A, McCormick M E, Drozdowski W, Namiot Z, Hartung T, Janmey P A (2008) Extracellular gelsolin binds lipoteichoic acid and modulates cellular response to proinflammatory bacterial wall components.  Journal of immunology  181: 4936-4944 
         [0092]    Bucki R, Georges P C, Espinassous Q, Funaki M, Pastore J J, Chaby R, Janmey P A (2005) Inactivation of endotoxin by human plasma gelsolin.  Biochemistry  44: 9590-9597 
         [0093]    Bucki R, Kulakowska A, Byfield F J, Zendzian-Piotrowska M, Baranowski M, Marzec M, Winer J P, Ciccarelli N J, Gorski J, Drozdowski W, Bittman R, Janmey P A (2010) Plasma gelsolin modulates cellular response to sphingosine 1-phosphate.  American journal of physiology Cell physiology  299: C1516-1523 
         [0094]    Garg R, Peddada N, Sagar A, Nihalani D, Ashish (2011) Visual insight into how low pH alone can induce actin-severing ability in gelsolin under calcium-free conditions.  J Biol Chem  286: 20387-20397 
         [0095]    Ito H, Kambe H, Kimura Y, Nakamura H, Hayashi E, Kishimoto T, Kishimoto S, Yamamoto H (1992) Depression of plasma gelsolin level during acute liver injury.  Gastroenterology  102: 1686-1692 
         [0096]    Kadonaga J T, Tjian R (1986) Affinity purification of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  83: 5889-5893 
         [0097]    Kwiatkowski D J, Mehl R, Izumo S, Nadal-Ginard B, Yin H L (1988) Muscle is the major source of plasma gelsolin.  The Journal of biological chemistry  263: 8239-8243 
         [0098]    Kwiatkowski D J, Stossel T P, Orkin S H, Mole J E, Colten H R, Yin H L (1986) Plasma and cytoplasmic gelsolins are encoded by a single gene and contain a duplicated actin-binding domain.  Nature  323: 455-458 
         [0099]    Lee P S, Waxman A B, Cotich K L, Chung S W, Perrella M A, Stossel T P (2007) Plasma gelsolin is a marker and therapeutic agent in animal sepsis.  Crit Care Med  35: 849-855 
         [0100]    Lee W M, Galbraith R M (1992) The extracellular actin-scavenger system and actin toxicity.  N Engl J Med  326: 1335-1341 
         [0101]    Lind S E, Janmey P A (1984) Human plasma gelsolin binds to fibronectin.  J Biol Chem  259: 13262-13266 
         [0102]    Lind S E, Smith D B, Janmey P A, Stossel T P (1988) Depression of gelsolin levels and detection of gelsolin-actin complexes in plasma of patients with acute lung injury.  Am Rev Respir Dis  138: 429-434 
         [0103]    Lofberg M, Paunio T, Tahtela R, Kiuru S, Somer H (1998) Serum gelsolin and rhabdomyolysis.  J Neurol Sci  157: 187-190 
         [0104]    Osborn T M, Dahlgren C, Hartwig J H, Stossel T P (2007) Modifications of cellular responses to lysophosphatidic acid and platelet-activating factor by plasma gelsolin.  American journal of physiology Cell physiology  292: C1323-1330 
         [0105]    Osborn T M, Verdrengh M, Stossel T P, Tarkowski A, Bokarewa M (2008) Decreased levels of the gelsolin plasma isoform in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  Arthritis research  &amp;  therapy  10: R117 
         [0106]    Pan W, Clawson G A (2009) The shorter the better: reducing fixed primer regions of oligonucleotide libraries for aptamer selection.  Molecules  14: 1353-1369 
         [0107]    Peddada N, Sagar A, Ashish, Garg R (2012) Plasma gelsolin: a general prognostic marker of health.  Med Hypotheses  78: 203-210 
         [0108]    Peddada N, Sagar A, Rathore Y S, Choudhary V, Pattnaik U B, Khatri N, Garg R, Ashish (2013) Global shapes of F-actin depolymerization-competent minimal gelsolins: insight into the role of g2-g3 linker in pH/Ca2+ insensitivity of the first half.  J Biol Chem  288: 28266-28282 
         [0109]    Smith D B, Janmey P A, Sherwood J A, Howard R J, Lind S E (1988) Decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a consequence of hemolysis?  Blood  72: 214-218 
         [0110]    Suhler E, Lin W, Yin H L, Lee W M (1997) Decreased plasma gelsolin concentrations in acute liver failure, myocardial infarction, septic shock, and myonecrosis.  Crit Care Med  25: 594-598 
         [0111]    Sun H Q, Yamamoto M, Mejillano M, Yin H L (1999) Gelsolin, a multifunctional actin regulatory protein.  The Journal of biological chemistry  274: 33179-33182 
         [0112]    Vouyiouklis D A, Brophy P J (1997) A novel gelsolin isoform expressed by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system.  Journal of neurochemistry  69: 995-1005 
         [0113]    Wen D, Corina K, Chow E P, Miller S, Janmey P A, Pepinsky R B (1996) The plasma and cytoplasmic forms of human gelsolin differ in disulfide structure.  Biochemistry  35: 9700-9709 
         [0114]    Yin H L, Kwiatkowski D J, Mole J E, Cole F S (1984) Structure and biosynthesis of cytoplasmic and secreted variants of gelsolin.  J Biol Chem  259: 5271-5276 
         [0115]    Yin H L, Stull J T (1999) Proteins that regulate dynamic actin remodeling in response to membrane signaling minireview series.  The Journal of biological chemistry  274: 32529-32530 
         [0116]    Yu F X, Zhou D M, Yin H L (1991) Chimeric and truncated gCap39 elucidate the requirements for actin filament severing and end capping by the gelsolin family of proteins.  J Biol Chem  266: 19269-19275