Abstract:
An apparatus for observing turns and twists in magnetic phenomena including a nonferrous box, a stationary platform set in the middle of the box with a post to support a magnet, a right-hand and a left-hand screws united with coupling and having moving platforms at equal distance from the middle fixed platform with posts to support the specimen, the specimen poized by the magnetic field, and to hover the specimen move the platforms back and forth in continuous and intermittent motions, dc stepper motor to provide the motion, and controlled by power supply, push button switches, and limit switches.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/535,906, filed Sep. 16, 2011. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     THE NAMES OR PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to scientific instrumentation and measurement devices, and more particularly to devices for detecting and measuring magnetic fields, and still more particularly to an apparatus for demonstrating that magnetic fields are not limited to field-lines, but instead include field-curves having torsional features. 
     2. Background Discussion 
     Current magnetic hard disk drive storage devices use the conventional concept of Faraday&#39;s magnetic field-lines. The magnetic media stores the data, and read-write heads retrieve and write the digital information through the magnetic forces working along a line and not on a curve. However, ideally the magnetic forces and the read-write process should not restrict storage and retrieval due to the linearity of the magnetic field; rather, the field concept needs extension for use in designing improved read-and-write performance of horizontal and vertical magnetic storage apparatus. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is an apparatus and method for demonstrating certain magnetic phenomena. The novel apparatus shows that the magnetic field is not limited to field-lines, but includes, instead field-curves that include torsional features. The turning of the field-curves (which are fixed under normal conditions for Newtonian fluids) for the magnetic fields have torsion even though the electrons are in steady state motion. The torsion of the magnetic fields is not easily observable, either in investigation or in application in storage devices. 
     The turn-torsion apparatus of the present invention experimentally demonstrates how Faraday&#39;s basic concept of magnetic field-lines can be replaced with a generalized concept of three dimensional curves having a turn and torsion (twist) characteristic in the space surrounding the field source. The inventive apparatus shows that the magnetic poles and their associated fields are actually united. As a practical application, and importantly, the apparatus provides a means to improve the currently used read-and-write properties of horizontal and vertical magnetic storage. 
     An understanding of the above-mentioned turn-torsion properties facilitates: (1) determinations regarding the conditions under which read-write heads will not damage the storage disk; (2) improvements to the read and write properties of the storage; (3) reductions in hard disk magnetic grain size; (4) increases in storage; and (5) applications to three dimensional storage on media other than rotating disks. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the present invention makes it possible to observe the torsion (twist) in the curved magnetic field lines. A pair of flat ferrous horseshoes (or horseshoes made from cobalt, nickel, or any metal or metal alloy with unpaired electrons) have non-ferrous mounting rods or pins fixed to and extending radially outward from the horseshoe apex (center of the toe) in the plane of each arm. The mounting rods are pivotally attached to support posts. The horseshoes are then moved back and forth on each side of a magnet positioned midway between the paired horseshoes. By moving the horseshoes back and forth in front of the magnet, the magnetic field of the magnet and the magnetic flux of the moving ferrous material create a magnetic induction, thus causing the horseshoes to rotate, turn and twist on their respective mounting rods. The reciprocating (back and forth) motions of the horseshoes toward and away from the magnet show the strength of the magnetic field curves, which may be described, in part, by the rate of rotation of the horseshoes as a function of the distance from the magnet as that distance constantly changes. In this way, the novel apparatus shows that magnetic field curves are not straight but are instead continuously turning from the magnet to the horseshoes, and the motion of the horseshoes turns along the magnetic field curves. 
     In the immediate vicinity of the magnet the magnetic field lines have curvature. The curvature makes it appear that the field line is turning, and such turning is actually observable through the rotation of the horseshoes. Systems of neighboring curved field lines create surfaces, similar to the constant positional surfaces. When moving further away from the magnet, the curves move out of the magnetic field surfaces and torsion is introduced in the curves. The torsion in the curves is visible when the horseshoes are moved away from the neighborhood, or outside of the boundary of the magnet. However, in close proximity to, and inside the boundary of the magnet, rotation of the horseshoes shows that the magnetic field lines have constant curvature and no torsion. 
     Obviously, the size of the neighborhood of the curved surfaces depends on the size and strength of the magnets. The larger or stronger the magnet, the stronger the magnetic field, and the larger will be the surfaces having curvature. The curvature decreases as the horseshoes are moved away from the magnet. 
     By carefully moving the horseshoes in proximity to the magnet, the constant curvature of the magnetic field lines is observable using the inventive apparatus. To observe the torsion (twist) of the magnetic field curves, similar to the torsion in right-hand and left-hand screws, a torsional (twisting) movement may be introduced in the horseshoes. For simplicity, the twists are oriented on the same side of the centerline of the horseshoes. While moving the horseshoes continuously, it is difficult to observe the torsion of the magnetic field curves. However, the torsion is readily observable when moving the horseshoes intermittently—in very small incremental steps—so that the moving platform moves only a small step and the horseshoes make very small rotational motions on their respective pivotal mounting rods. A DC stepper-motor provides the required incremental motion. When the motor is moved a step, both of the horseshoes rotate only a few degrees, partially turning around their own axis, thus revealing the torsion (twist) of the magnetic field curves. In this way, the apparatus of the present invention demonstrates that the magnetic field curves have torsions. 
     To observe that the torsions on two magnetic curves symmetrically located relative to the center line of the magnet are equal and opposite, the apparatus introduces a twist, also symmetrical on both sides, but oriented oppositely relative to the centerline of the horseshoes. When the horseshoes are moved a step at a time, the horseshoe on one side of the pole twists in a direction opposite the direction turned by the horseshoe on the other side. This shows that the two magnetic curves, symmetrically located on one side of the pole, have an equal and opposite twist. Due to these facts, the magnetic field locally satisfies one of the Maxwell&#39;s equations—namely, that the divergence of the magnetic field is zero. The apparatus also shows that the magnetic field has a local turn and twist on one of curves equal and opposite to that of a curve located on the opposite side of the centerline of the magnetic field. The apparatus of the present invention therefore demonstrates that the magnetic field has a pair of curves located on both sides of the centerline of the magnetic field that have equal and opposite torsion. 
     The turn and torsion, for all curves, are independent of the symmetry of the curves as they have to satisfy the divergence of the field to be zero. The turn and torsion of a curve are created in such a way that for a given turn and torsion of a curve, there is always equal and opposite turn and torsion available in the neighborhood, such that the total resultant of the divergence is zero. 
     A minimum of two unpaired electrons are required to have a magnetic field. So, the center line of the magnetic field lies between two or three or four unpaired electrons, which are always away from the centerline of the magnetic field. The magnetic field curves are always in pair and symmetrically located to the centerline. Due to these characteristics, the centerline is fictitious, while the magnetic field curves turn and have torsion. The apparatus of present invention shows that the magnetic curves are in pairs and are symmetrically located on the centerline of the magnetic field from a pole. 
     There is an additional anti-symmetry in the magnetic field from both the poles. This anti-symmetry appears when rotations and turnings are observed simultaneously on both sides of the poles. As the carriages are moving back and forth, the rotations and the turning of the horseshoes are in opposite directions. Thus, there are equal and opposite pairs of curves from both the poles, and satisfy the global divergence of the magnetic field to be zero. This apparatus of the present invention demonstrates that the magnetic field on one side of the pole is equal and opposite of that on the other side. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic top plan view in elevation of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional side view in elevation showing the inventive apparatus fully assembled; 
         FIG. 3A  is a side view in elevation showing a portion of the inventive apparatus, including a left moving platform with one horseshoe of a first pair of horseshoes mounted thereon, said horseshoe having a width less than the diameter of the magnet; 
         FIG. 3B  is an end view in elevation thereof, showing the orientation of the horseshoe in relation to the disc magnet; 
         FIG. 4A  is a side view in elevation showing a portion of the inventive apparatus, including a left moving platform with one horseshoe of a second pair of horseshoes mounted thereon, said horseshoe having a width greater than the diameter of the magnet and having ends twisting in opposite directions, one toward the viewer and out from the plane of the paper and the other away from the viewer to the rear of the plane of the paper (as seen more clearly in  FIG. 4B ); and 
         FIG. 4B  is an end view in elevation thereof, showing the horseshoe of  FIG. 4A  with “twisted” ends and their relationship to the disc magnet mounted nearby. 
     
    
    
     DRAWING REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
         
         
           
               11  non-ferrous box or housing for holding the components of the apparatus, having a left wall  11   a , a right wall  11   b , and a base  11   c.    
               12  left-handed drive screw having a first end  12   a  and a second end  12   b.    
               13  right-handed drive screw having a first end  13   a  and a second end  13   b.    
               14  left moving platform. 
               15  right moving platform. 
               16  center fixed (stationary) platform. 
               17  left coupling—connects left drive screw to drive shaft of stepper motor. 
               18  right journal or bushing—supports screw assembly and facilitates smooth motion of drive screw. 
               19  center coupling—connects left- and right-handed drive screws. 
               21  left limit switch. 
               22  right limit switch. 
               23  DC stepper motor—drives screw assembly. 
               24  push-button switch (PBS) controls platform continuous motion toward magnet. 
               25  PBS controls platform continuous motion away from magnet. 
               26  PBS controls platform intermittent/step motion toward magnet. 
               27  PBS controls platform intermittent/step motion away from magnet. 
               29  stabilizing rod passing through three platforms to keep platform motion smooth and aligned. 
               31  magnetically inert base support on left moving platform. 
               32  magnetically inert base support on right moving platform. 
               33  magnetically inert base support on center fixed platform. 
               34  magnetically inert stage on left moving platform to support either of first or second pairs of horseshoe(s)  37   a ,  37   b , and  38   a ,  38   b , mounted in alignment with the geometric center of magnet  39 . 
               35  magnetically inert stage on right moving platform to support either of first or second pairs of horseshoe(s)  37   a ,  37   b , and  38   a ,  38   b , mounted in alignment with the geometric center of magnet  39 . 
               36  magnetically inert stage on center (fixed) platform to support magnet  39 . 
               37   a ,  37   b  first set of ferrous metal horseshoes having no curved ends (“twist”), each of the first pair having a width less than the width of magnets  39 . 
               38   a ,  38   b  second set of ferrous metal horseshoes, this pair having a width greater than the diameter of the magnet, and having a twist on each end  38 ′,  38 ″ (i.e., a curvature at each of the ends), one end curving (twisting) in a first direction and the other curving (twisting) in an opposite direction. 
               39  magnet. 
               40   a ,  40   b  support rods soldered to the apex of first and second pairs of horseshoes  37   a ,  37   b , and  38   a ,  38   b , respectively, and pivotally disposed in bore holes  34   a ,  35   a.    
           
         
       
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 through 4B  wherein like reference numerals refer to like components in the various views. There is illustrated therein a new and improved apparatus to demonstrate that a magnetic field produces magnetic field-curves, and not magnetic field-lines. The apparatus is generally denominated  10  herein. 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show the essential elements of the simple assembly of the preferred embodiment of the inventive apparatus. The views, top plan and side elevational, respectively, show that the apparatus is fabricated and set in a non-ferrous box or housing  11 , having a base  11   c , and left and right walls,  11   a ,  11   b , respectively. The housing may be fabricated from a non-ferrous metal or from other magnetically inert materials. The housing supports a number of structural and operative components that achieve the observational results. Firstly, there is a left-handed (clockwise threaded) drive screw  12  threadably disposed through a first (left) platform  14 , and, secondly, a right-handed (counterclockwise threaded) drive screw  13  through a second (right) moving platform  15 . The first and second moving platforms  14  and  15  move in a back and forth manner within housing  11 , being very slightly spaced apart from the top surface of the base  11   c  or slidingly in contact with the surface of the base. The left and right moving platforms further have left-hand and right-hand female helical threading  14   a ,  15   a  to complement the male helically threaded first and second (left-handed and right-handed, respectively) drive screws  12 ,  13 , so as to permit a smooth reciprocal motion of the platforms axially along the length of their respective drive screws. Both first and second drive screws  12  and  13  are connected to a coupler  19  journaled and rotatably set and installed on either non-ferrous bearings or a bushing (not shown) disposed inside a bore  16   a  extending through a fixed (stationary) platform  16 . Alternatively, the coupling may be disposed in the bore  16   a  and conditioned for very low friction rotation within the bore, such as by conditioning and/or smoothing the surface of the coupling and the bore. The fixed platform  16  is permanently secured atop the based  11   c  of housing  11 . 
     The left-handed drive screw  12  is connected at a first end  12   a  to a coupling  17 , which is, in turn connected to the drive shaft  23   a  of a stepper motor  23 . The second end  12   b  of the left-handed drive screw  12  is connected to coupling  19 . The right-handed drive screw  13  is rotatably connected at a first end  13   a  to a bearing or bushing assembly  18  mounted on the inside of the housing, and connected at its second end  13   b  to coupling  19 . 
     To prevent the moving platforms  14 ,  15  from travelling beyond the useful limits in either direction, two limit switches  21  and  22  are disposed on the inside of the right and left walls  11   a ,  11   b  of the housing  11 . The limit switches may be contact switches or proximity switches. Steeper motor  23  rotates the drive screws in the desired directions. Power for the motor and system is provided by an electrical power supply. The stepper motor is provided with four push button switches  24 ,  25 ,  26 ,  27  controlling the directions of motion. For the observations and demonstration of interest, four kinds of motion are required from the motor; two continuous motions, one forward and one reverse; and two intermittent step motions, again one forward and another reverse. 
     To maintain a continuous and smooth motion of the platforms, and to prevent any undesirable wobbling in the platforms caused by imperfections in the balance or geometry of the platform configurations or the drive system, a smooth stabilizing rod  29  is inserted through the moving and fixed platforms. The stabilizing rod is connected (and preferably fixed) at its first and second ends,  29   a ,  29   b  to housing  11 , and is disposed through stabilizing rod holes  14   b ,  15   b ,  16   b  in platforms  14 ,  15 ,  16 . Rod  29  is preferably fabricated from stainless steel and may be provided with light lubrication to ensure that the moving platforms slide very smoothly to balance and stabilize the moving platforms as they move in relation to the center stationary platform. 
     To isolate the magnet and its effects on the horseshoes, magnetically inert plastic supports  31 ,  32  and  33 , respectively, are installed on each of the left-hand moving platform  14 , right-hand moving platform  15 , and fixed platform  17 . Left, right, and center stages,  34 ,  35  and  36 , respectively, are installed, on each of the respective left, right and center supports,  31 ,  32 ,  33  to function as supports for the horseshoes and the magnet. Alternatively, the platforms themselves can function as supports. 
     A magnet  39 , preferably a neodymium disc magnet, is mounted on center stage  36 . A magnet with a 0.01 tesla (100 gauss) magnetic flux density reading has been shown to be more than suitable for small bench top laboratory scale demonstrations. 
     Referring next to  FIGS. 3A-4B , as well as to  FIGS. 1 and 2  as before, two types of horseshoe specimens are provided, both fabricated from a ferrous material such as iron. Each shoe of a first pair of shoes  37   a ,  37   b , has a generally planar top and bottom side, and a width (measured from the insides of the ends of the horseshoe at the open heel portion) smaller than the diameter of the disc shaped magnet. This configuration is used to observe the turning and twisting of the magnetic field curves in continuous motions. The second pair of horseshoes  38   a ,  38   b , also has generally planar top and bottom sides, but a width (measured at the inside of the ends of the open heel portion) greater than the diameter of the magnet, and ends having a twist or curvature, including a first end  38 ′—curving (twisting) in a first direction and the other end  38 ″ curving (twisting) in the opposite direction. This configuration and dimensional geometry is used to observe the turning and twisting of the curves in step motions. 
     For the continuous motion observations, left and right horseshoes  37   a  and  37   b  are connected to a mounting rod  40   a  which extends radially from the apex (center) of the toe portion of the horseshoe in the plane of the flat sides of the shoe. The mounting rod is pivotally passed through and mounted within bore holes  34   a ,  35   a , drilled in stages  34  and  35 . Magnet  39  is securely mounted on stage  36 . With the poles of the magnet oriented so as to be directly facing the left and right horseshoes, the alignment holes  34   a ,  35   a  in the stages are positioned so as to substantially align the axial center line of the mounting rods with the geometric center of the magnet. To observe only the turning of the magnetic field-curves, the centerline of the horseshoes is aligned with the center of the magnet. If such an alignment is not achieved, anomalous and inaccurate effect may be displayed as the magnetic field-curves turn and have torsion (twists.) 
     For a second set of observations—viz., to observe the turning and torsion of the magnetic field-curves—the first set of horseshoes is removed and a second set of horseshoes  38   a  and  38   b  are provided (see esp.,  FIGS. 4A-4B ). In the case of the second set of horseshoes, the width of the horseshoes is greater than the diameter of the disc-shaped magnet. 
     Stages  34 ,  35  and  36  are provided with bore holes  34   a ,  35   a , which also permit alignment of the support rod  40   b  and apex of the horseshoes with the geometric center of the magnet. Again, support rod  40   b  freely turns in each of the bore holes. A second set of bore holes  34   b ,  35   b  can be provided for differing sizes of horseshoes so as to facilitate easier alignment. 
     With the second set of horseshoes mounted, the reciprocating and incremental step motions are initiated, and when so doing, one can observe the turning and twisting (torsion) motions of the horseshoes, thus demonstrating that the magnetic field-curves turn and have twists (torsions). 
     The above disclosure is sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention, and provides the best mode of practicing the invention presently contemplated by the inventor. While there is provided herein a full and complete disclosure of the preferred embodiments of this invention, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction, dimensional relationships, and operation shown and described. Various modifications, alternative constructions, changes and equivalents will readily occur to those skilled in the art and may be employed, as suitable, without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Such changes might involve alternative materials, components, structural arrangements, sizes, shapes, forms, functions, operational features or the like. For instance, a spherical magnet may be employed rather than a disc-shaped magnet, and as long at the poles can be properly aligned, such a variation has proven practicable. 
     Therefore, the above description and illustrations should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.