Abstract:
A medical device used in patients with inefficient heart function to improve the efficiency of the pumping action of the heart. This device adds one or more one-way valves in the blood vessels and/or arteries, very near, but not in, the heart, thereby increasing the efficiency of the native heart. The device includes one or more one-way heart valves designed to go in arteries/veins that are connected to the heart, and which arteries and/or veins are the conduits for taking blood into/out of the heart. The one-way heart valve allows blood flow in only one direction. An optional sleeve (stent) may be placed outside the arteries/veins where the valve(s) are located to add support to the walls. An optional sleeve (stent) may also be used on the inside of the artery to insure the artery does not collapse during a vacuum phase of the beating.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present embodiments relate to a heart/artery/vein valve device. More particularly, the present embodiments relate to a heart/artery/vein valve device designed to help patients with congestive heart failure or leaking heart valves. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Approximately 23 million people worldwide are afflicted with congestive heart failure (“CHF”) and two (2) million new cases of CHF are diagnosed each year worldwide. In contrast to other cardiovascular disorders that have actually declined during the past few decades, the incidence of CHF is currently on the rise. In fact, CHF is one of the most rapidly growing cardiovascular disorders in the United States. 
         [0003]    CHF is a chronic inability of the heart to either: a) maintain an adequate output of blood from one or both ventricles of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues, or; b) adequately circulate blood in one direction through the body, without back flow, (also known as regurgitation). 
         [0004]    In a case of CHF, the left ventricle, the right ventricle or both the left and right ventricle generally are weakened such that the volume of blood the heart is able to move may be insufficient for the patient&#39;s body. Similarly, if the valves of the heart are leaking (e.g., allowing some blood to regurgitate or flow backwards), fluid may build up behind the heart. With a weakened left ventricle or right ventricle or both, significant problems may occur. 
         [0005]    For example, with a weakened left ventricle or right ventricle or both, there is a shift of large volumes of blood from the systemic circulation flow into the pulmonary (lung) circulation flow. If the inability to move the volume of blood forward is due to a left heart side problem (without the right side failing as well), blood continues to be pumped into the lungs by the normal right heart side, while the blood is not pumped adequately out of the lungs by the left heart side. As the volume of blood in the lungs increases, the pulmonary vessels enlarge, pulmonary venous congestion develops, and, once the pulmonary capillary pressure rises above a critical point, fluid begins to filter out of the capillaries into the lung&#39;s interstitial spaces and alveoli (air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs). Such conditions generally result in pulmonary edema and may subsequently lead to pleural effusion and abdominal effusion. 
         [0006]    If the abnormality lies in the right heart side or the pulmonary arteries, this condition limits the ability to move blood forward (e.g., the flow of blood to the rest of the body). During this condition, congestion occurs behind the right heart side (causing pleural effusion and/or build up of fluid in the abdomen). If the left side heart valve allows fluid to regurgitate (flow backwards, upon contraction of the heart), this condition may cause the kidneys and liver to fail, due to fluid build-up therein, and excessive pressure as fluid pressurizes in those organs instead of simply flowing through them. Ultimately, if the patient has a weakened left ventricle or right ventricle or both, the patient will, over time, require a heart transplant and/or will die. 
         [0007]    CHF is often caused by a lower non-functioning valve within the heart. CHF also causes valves that may be working properly to stop working properly as the heart increases in size to compensate for its lack of efficiency. As the heart becomes inefficient, the body compensates by increasing the size of the heart which often causes the heat valves to leak. Moreover, as the heart increases in size, the heart grows into the pericardium (which is the sac covering the heart). This condition may cause the pericardium to inflame. At the same time, when the heart expands, it begins to work excessively hard and cannot expand and contract as it needs to. Thus, the expanding heart further makes treatment of CHF difficult. 
         [0008]    When treating CHF, drugs are typically given to the patient which cause the patient&#39;s heart to beat harder. Alternatively, the drugs cause a thickening or thinning of the blood. While these drugs may help individual patients, they generally do not provide a long-term solution for the patient&#39;s heart problems. Accordingly, a second treatment given to the patient may involve invasive surgery, wherein the chest is cut open and a new valve (either artificial or biological) is installed to replace the old (natural) valve, or the natural valve is repaired. A third solution involves a valve replacement similar to the second solution but does so less intrusively, by going through smaller holes and performing the surgery endoscopically. The last, and most costly treatment of CHF is a full-blown heart transplant for the patient. Of course, heart transplants are prohibitively expensive and there is currently a shortage of heart donors. After a patient receives a heart transplant, drugs are required to suppress the immune system of the patient to prevent the patient&#39;s immune system from attacking the new heart. This presents an entirely new set of potential problems for the transplant patient, with respect to the patient&#39;s suppressed immune system. 
         [0009]    Because all of the valve replacement solutions require the heart to be cut open, they are very damaging to the heart itself. This means that patients with an extremely weak heart oftentimes cannot survive this type of surgery, even if such a surgery would be otherwise beneficial. If a doctor deems a patient too weak to survive the surgery, the doctor will generally abstain from performing the valve surgery and put a patient on the “waiting list” to receive a heart transplant. Because of the lack of available transplant hearts, and the weakness of the patients awaiting these hearts, many patients die before they have a chance to receive a transplant. Although advances in pharmacology have led to better treatment, 50% of the patients with the most advanced stage of CHF generally die within one year. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,719,787 and 6,736,846 both teach heart surgery procedures and devices in which the native heart valve is removed and a new valve is added to the patient. Such procedures still require the patient&#39;s heart valves or other valves to be removed, and thus involve difficult surgeries. 
         [0011]    Heart valve surgery is very intrusive and therefore another solution is needed wherein the heart itself does not have to be cut open. The present embodiments provide this type of solution. More particularly, the present embodiments provide a mechanism whereby a patient who has CHF can have valves placed into veins and arteries that are near the heart but not in the heart itself, which will allow the heart itself to pump more efficiently. This solution may enable many patients with heart disease who would otherwise die or require a heart transplant to be able to have a normal functioning life with a much less intrusive surgery. Furthermore, the present embodiments may prevent a patient who otherwise would need a heart transplant, to never actually need a heart transplant. For these patients, the need for drugs (which may lower the patient&#39;s immune system and/or have less desirable other side-effects) may be obviated. Furthermore, because the present embodiments are less intrusive to the heart, it may also be beneficial and an alternative for patients who could survive the prior art heart valve replacement/repair surgery. Additionally, the present embodiments may be provided endoscopically, and thus the surgery associated with the present embodiments can be minimal. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0012]    The present embodiments relate to a heart/artery/vein valve device and a new way to use these devices to help people with congestive heart failure or leaking heart valves. This valve device is an alternative to conventional heart valve repair or valve replacement within the heart. This valve device may be used outside the heart itself but will assist the heart to correctly displace the blood. In some embodiments, the valve device may involve placing one-way valves strategically in arteries and veins before and/or after the heart. This device may be a less intrusive means of solving congestive heart failure, and in some cases, may eliminate the need for the patient to undergo heart transplant surgery. 
         [0013]    In some embodiments, a first set of one-way valves are placed in one or more veins upstream of the heart and a second set of one-way valves are placed in one or more arteries downstream of the heart. These valve(s) may work together to regulate the blood flow and prevent regurgitation or backflow of blood. In some embodiments, these valve(s) may be placed in the veins/arteries without removing the heart&#39;s naturally-occurring valves. Such embodiments may be beneficial because the patient may not have to have his/her heart cut open as would otherwise be required to remove/replace one of the heart&#39;s valves. 
         [0014]    Although some embodiments may involve the use of multiple valves (such as, for example, one or more valves in an artery and one or more valves in a vein), there will be other embodiments which may be constructed in which only a single valve is used. For example, this single valve could be placed in an artery. In other embodiments, this single valve could be placed in a vein. Obviously, the exact number of valves, along with the placement of the valves, will depend upon the patient&#39;s condition, etc. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic drawing of the blood flow into and out of the heart according to the prior art; 
           [0016]      FIG. 1B  is an isometric drawing of the heart and the veins/arteries that carry blood to and from the heart according to the prior art; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a schematic drawing of a vein, a heart, and an artery in which the present valves have been incorporated; and 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is an isometric drawing similar to  FIG. 2  in which the present valves have been incorporated therein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    The present embodiments relate to a new type of heart device that will help patients who have heart defects or suffer from CHF. While the present embodiments are designed for human patients, animals could also benefit from the present embodiments. In other words, in addition to doctors installing the present embodiments into human patients who have heart problems, veterinarians could install the present embodiments into animals that are likewise suffering from heart problems. Also, the present embodiments could be installed on humans that are just developing heart problems (e.g., who have never had “heart surgery” before) or to those patients who have previously undergone heart surgery and/or who have previously received a mechanical valve in their heart. 
         [0020]    In order to understand the present embodiments, it is first necessary to understand the flow of blood into and out of the heart as well as the operation of valves within the heart.  FIG. 1A  represents a schematic drawing of blood flow into and exiting a human heart. Specifically, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the heart  100  includes four (4) chambers, namely the right atrium  101 , the right ventricle  103 , the left atrium  102  and the left ventricle  105 . The “red blood”  165 , as shown by arrows in  FIG. 1A , contains oxygen from the lungs  110  and enters the left atrium  102 . This red blood  165  is carried from the lungs to the heart  100  via four (4) pulmonary veins (e.g., there are two pulmonary veins for each lung). The heart  100  pumps the red blood  165  through the mitral valve (inside the heart) from the left atrium  102  into the left ventricle  105 . The red blood  165  then leaves the left ventricle  105 , through the aortic valve, into the aorta and then is taken via the body&#39;s artery system throughout the body  111 . The veins of the body will return “blue blood”  175  (e.g., blood lacking oxygen) to the right atrium  101  of the heart  100 . (In general, the veins of the body  111  will flow the blue blood  175  to either the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the upper portion of the body  111 ) or the inferior vena cava (which returns blood from the lower portion of the body  111 ). Both the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava flow the blue blood  175  into the right atrium  101  of the heart  100 . 
         [0021]    Once the blue blood  175  is in the right atrium  101 , it will pass through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle  103 . The heart  100  then pumps the blue blood  175  out of the right ventricle  103  through the pulmonic valve and towards the lungs  110 . The conduits that carry the blue blood to the lungs  110  are referred to as the left and right pulmonary arteries. Once the blue blood  175  reaches the lungs  110 , it is filled with oxygen (e.g., converted to red blood  165 ) and is returned to the left atrium  102  via the four pulmonary veins. 
         [0022]      FIG. 1B  shows a schematic drawing of the heart  100  and the various veins/arteries of  FIG. 1A . As shown in  FIG. 1B , the heart  100  includes a mitral valve  120  that separates the left atrium  102  from the left ventricle  105 . The tricuspid valve  125  separates the right atrium  101  from the right ventricle  103 . Likewise, blood passes through the aortic valve  130  when it exits the heart  100  and enters the aorta  132 . 
         [0023]    There is no valve between the inferior vena cava  140  and the right atrium  101 . Likewise, there is also no valve between the superior vena cava  141  and the right atrium  101 . Rather, the blue blood will simply flow from these veins into the right atrium  101 . 
         [0024]    As described above, there are four (4) pulmonary veins  146 , two veins for each lung. These pulmonary veins  146  return oxygenated red blood from the lungs to the left atrium  102 . There are also two (2) pulmonary arteries  148   a,    148   b;  one artery for each lung. The left pulmonary artery  148   a  carries blue blood from the right ventricle  103  to the left lung while the right pulmonary artery  148   b  carries blue blood from the right ventricle  103  to the right lung. In order to exit the heart  100  and enter the pulmonary arteries  148   a,    148   b,  the blood must pass through the pulmonary valve  138 . 
         [0025]    As noted above, one problem that may occur with the heart  100  is that of a “leaky valve”—e.g., a situation where one or more of the valves do not work properly. When working properly, the heart&#39;s naturally-occurring valves (e.g., the tricuspid valve  125 , the mitral valve  120 , the aortic valve  130  or the pulmonary valve  138 ) only allow blood to flow in one direction (based upon the heart&#39;s pumping action). However, when one of these valves is “leaky,” the valve does not “close” properly and allows blood to “backflow”—e.g., flow in the opposite direction. For example, if the mitral valve  120  is leaky, blood will be allowed to backflow from the left ventricle  105  to the left atrium  102 . If the tricuspid valve  125  is leaky, blood will backflow from the right ventricle  103  into the right atrium  101 . If the aortic valve  130  is leaky, blood will backflow from the aorta  132  into the left ventricle  105 . If the pulmonary valve  138  is leaky, blood may backflow from the pulmonary arteries  148   a,    148   b  into the right ventricle  103 . 
         [0026]    If a patient has one or more leaky valves, it is possible to see this backflow of blood in the patient&#39;s neck as the neck swell up and down due to the pressure caused by the backflowing blood. More specifically, when the tricuspid valve  125  is not functioning properly, the blood will pressurize the Superior and Inferior Vena Cavas  140 ,  141 , which shows by a pulsing of the patient&#39;s veins in the neck. This causes back pressure and lack of proper circulation through the liver and kidneys, which leads to fluid build-up and low-functioning or non-functioning kidneys/liver. Often this shut down of the kidneys/liver will cause acidosis or toxicity in the blood. 
         [0027]    As described above, if the patient has at least one leaky valve, then the patient will likely need to undergo a valve-replacement surgery. In this surgery, one or more of the natural valves are either replaced by a mechanical one-way valve, or the leaky valve is repaired. Obviously, this surgery is very invasive. Moreover, if this valve-replacement surgery involves replacing the mitral valve  120  and/or the tricuspid valve  125 , such a surgery involves cutting open the heart  100 . Thus, this surgery is very invasive, very expensive, and can be very dangerous. As noted above, some patients who have an already weakened heart would not survive the stress associated with a valve-replacement surgery. However, the present embodiments address these issues, as shown by  FIG. 2 . 
         [0028]    Specifically,  FIG. 2  represents a simplified example of the heart, in a schematic view of apparatus  20 . This apparatus  20  may be used in a patient, and more particularly, in a patient that has heart problems. In  FIG. 2 , the heart  1  is shown with a generic vein  2  entering the heart  1  (such as, for example, the superior/inferior vena cava or the pulmonary veins) and a generic artery  3  exiting the heart  1  (such as, for example, the aorta or the pulmonary arteries). Blood  12   a  flows through the vein  2 , into and out of the heart  1 , and into and the through the artery  3 , when the heart  1  pumps (beats). The direction of the blood flow is indicated by arrow  12 . (The vein  2  operates as the conduit for blood  12   a  into the heart  1  whereas the artery  3  operates as the conduit for blood  12   a  out of the heart  1 .) Further,  FIG. 2  also shows a schematic representation of a naturally-occurring heart valve  19 . This heart valve may be leaking/damaged and thus will be referred to herein as “damaged heart valve  19 .” This damaged heart valve  19  is shown schematically the entrance (inlet), and/or outlet of the heart  1 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate where the exact location of the damaged heart valve  19  will be within the heart  1 . 
         [0029]    Valve  10  is a one-way prosthetic valve placed outside of the heart  1 . More specifically, valve  10  is shown outside of the heart (upstream) and within the vein  2 . The valve  10  allows blood  12   a  to flow in its natural direction (e.g., in the direction of arrow  12 ). Thus, when blood  12   a  is flowing, the blood  12   a  may flow into heart  1 , through the vein  2 . However, the one-way function of the valve  10  means that blood  12   a  may not backflow—e.g., flow away from heart  1  into the vein  2 . In other words, the one-way valve  10  ensures that blood  12   a  only flows in one direction and does not regurgitate, even if the native heart valve  19  does leak and allow regurgitation. 
         [0030]    Blood  12   a  is a fluid and thus, it does not easily compress. Therefore one-way valve  10  does not need to be placed directly in the heart  1 . Rather, as shown by  FIG. 2 , the valve  10  may be placed outside of the heart  1  and the beating of the heart will still cause the valve  10  to close based upon the pumping. The valve  10  is placed outside of the heart  1  as a means of stopping backflow of blood  12   a  caused by a “leaky” valve. Even if the leaky valve is actually inside the heart  1 , as shown by native heart valve  19  (e.g., is the mitral valve or the tricuspid valve), the placement of the prosthetic valve  10  outside the heart  1  helps to solve the problems associated with backflow of blood  12   a.    
         [0031]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , an additional prosthetic one-way valve  11  has been added. Specifically, this valve  11  is positioned within the artery  3 . This valve  11  also operates to ensure that blood  12   a  does not backflow. In other words, this valve  11  may work with the valve  10 , or by itself to assist pumping efficiency. When the heart  1  relaxes or expands from its squeezing action, one-way prosthetic valve  11  closes and one-way prosthetic valve  10  opens, allowing blood  12   a  to enter heart  1 . When the heart  1  pumps or squeezes, the pressure operates to close prosthetic valve  10 , forcing blood  12   a  out through artery  3 , and one-way prosthetic valve  11 . Thus, by having these two valves  10 ,  11  work in concert, the backflow of the blood  12   a  may be eliminated or reduced. In some embodiments, the valves  10 ,  11  may be controlled via electrical stimuli or other controls (such as from an electrical microcontroller/controller), thereby ensuring that they properly work in concert. 
         [0032]    While  FIG. 2  shows the use of valve  10  and valve  11 , it should be noted that embodiments may be constructed in which only the valve  10  in the vein is used. In other embodiments, only the valve  11  in the artery will be used. In further embodiments, multiple valves  10  may be used in the vein(s) without any valves  11  being used in the artery(ies). In other embodiments, multiple valves  11  may be used in the artery(ies) without any valves  10  being used in the vein(s). In further embodiments, one or more valves  10  in the vein(s) may be used with one or more valves  11  in the artery(ies). Further embodiments may be designed in which the one or more valves  10  and/or the valves  11  work in conjunction with other valves (including the naturally-occurring heart valves). 
         [0033]    Sleeve  13  is a cylindrical shaped device which may be placed outside the wall(s)  14   a  of vein  2 . This sleeve  13  may also be a stent, spring-type device, wrapped mesh or string or other feature. The purpose of this sleeve  13  is to provide additional support/structural integrity to the vein  2 . Accordingly, any structure that is capable of performing this strengthening function may be used as the sleeve  13 . Because of added pressure and stress to vein  2  possibly caused by one-way valve  10 , sleeve  13  strengthens and supports the walls of vein  2 . If the sleeve  13  was not present, the vein  2  may otherwise expand, burst or be damaged by the placement/operation of the valve  10 . However, because sleeve  13  prevents expansion of vein  2 , it maintains the efficiency of heart  1  during the pumping/relaxation of the heart  1 . 
         [0034]    Likewise, the artery  3  also may have a sleeve  13  used in conjunction with the valve  11 , thereby strengthening the wall(s)  14  of the artery  3 . However, the sleeve  13  that is placed around the artery  3  is placed within the walls of the artery  3  (e.g., inside the artery  3 ). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sleeve  13  may be added either outside of the walls of the vein  2 /artery  3  or inside of the walls of the vein  2 /artery  3 , depending upon the particular embodiment and/or the condition of the patient and/or the ease of access to the vein  2 /artery  3 . In fact, the position of the sleeve  13  (e.g., whether the sleeve  13  is on the outside or the inside of the vein  2 /artery  3 ) may determine which exact type of material is used for the sleeve  13  (such as, for example, whether the sleeve  13  is a string, a tube, wrapped mesh, etc.) It should be noted that the use of the sleeve  13  may be particularly advantageous when associated with valve  11  that is downstream from the heart  1 . In the case of a valve  11  being placed after the exit of a heart  1 , vacuum conditions may be experienced as part of the heart pumping action. By placing the sleeve  13  (or stent, etc.) inside of the artery  3 , this sleeve  13  may keep the artery  3  open under the vacuum phase of pumping, which vacuum will likely be present if an exit valve is placed downstream of the heart  1 . 
         [0035]    It will be readily apparent that the embodiments outlined in the simplified drawing of  FIG. 2  can readily be adapted to the actual human heart  100  shown in  FIG. 3 . More specifically,  FIG. 3  shows a drawing of a heart  100 , with arteries and veins, that is similar to that which is shown in  FIG. 1B ; however, in the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , various valves, according to the present embodiments, have been added to the various veins/arteries. 
         [0036]    More specifically, the veins shown in  FIG. 3 , which are the Superior Vena Cava  140  and Inferior Vena Cava  141  along with the four (4) pulmonary veins  146 , each have had a one-way valve  10  added thereto. (The Superior Vena Cava  140  and Inferior Vena Cava  141  join in a “T” junction  140   a. ) However, those skilled in the art will realize that not all of these veins need to have the valve  10 . One or more of these veins (but not all) may have the valves  10 . A valve  10  may also be positioned within the T junction  140   a.  However, other embodiments may be constructed in which all of these veins (e.g., the veins carrying blood  12   a  to the heart  100 ) include at least one valve  10 . It should also be noted that additional embodiments may be constructed in which more than one valve  10  is placed within the same vein. For example, embodiments may be designed in which multiple valves  10  are placed within the pulmonary veins, within the Superior/Inferior Vena Cava, etc. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the various permutations/combinations that may be implemented regarding the use of valve(s) within the veins. 
         [0037]      FIG. 3  further illustrates that the valves  10  may be used with the optional sleeve  13 . In some embodiments, the sleeve  13  may be placed within the walls of the vein, whereas other embodiments may be designed in which the sleeve  13  is positioned outside of the walls of the vein. Additional embodiments are designed in which some of the sleeves  13  are positioned inside of the walls and some of the sleeves  13  are positioned outside of the walls. Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple sleeves  13  could be used on a single vein, as desired. Again, there are a variety of permutations/combinations that may be implemented using the sleeves  13 . 
         [0038]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the valves  11  may also be used with the arteries, such as the pulmonary arteries  148   a,    148   b  and/or the aorta  132 . (A valve  11  may also be placed within the junction  140   c  of the left and right pulmonary arteries  148   c. ) More specifically, one or more of these arteries may receive a valve  11  (or more than one valve  11 ). Further, a sleeve  13 , or more than one sleeve  13 , may be used with these arteries, regardless of whether the sleeve  13  is inside or outside of the wall of the artery. In some embodiments, the valves  11  will be added to all of the arteries that take blood  12   a  from the heart  100 , whereas other embodiments may only have some of the arteries that take blood from the heart  100  receive the valve  11 . Again, there are a variety of permutations/combinations that may be implemented using the sleeves  13  and/or the valves  11  that are all within the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0039]      FIG. 3  also illustrates that embodiments may be constructed in which the valves  10  placed in the veins are used in conjunction with the valves  11  in the arteries. More specifically, the one or more valves  10  used with the veins may be referred to as first one way valve(s)  10  (or a first set of one-way valves) and the one or more valves  11  used with the arteries may be referred to as second one way valve(s). Embodiments may be constructed in which one or more of the first and second valves are both used on the same patient. 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, multiple (e.g., two or more) valves may be used in the same vein/artery. In other words, these multiple valves may be placed in series within the vein/artery. Obviously, these valves will be spaced apart, such as, for example, somewhere between 1-10 mm apart. (Of course, other distances may also be used.) The use of such valves, in series, may be beneficial depending upon the severity of the patient&#39;s CHF condition. 
         [0041]    Additional embodiments may be constructed in which the valve  10  and/or the valve  11  are positioned 1 to 5 mm away from the heart (e.g., either upstream or downstream of the heart.) However, these distances are not limiting. In other embodiments, the valves  10 ,  11  may be positioned 6-10 mm away from the heart, 11-20 mm away from the heart, etc. Distances greater than 20 mm may also be used. In other embodiments, the distance between the first valve (in a series of valve) and the heart is less than or equal to 10 inches. In further embodiments where multiples valves are used in series within the same artery/vein, these valves may be positioned about 5 mm apart, about 10 mm apart, etc., as desired. 
         [0042]    One of the significant advantages of the present embodiments is that the valves that are used can be relatively simple. Any device that is capable of being a “one-way” valve (e.g., allowing fluid flow in only one direction and preventing backflow) may be used with the present embodiments. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,719,787 and 6,736,846 describe various types of heart valves that have been used. All of these valves, along with other types of devices, may be used as the valves in the present embodiments. Mechanical and/or naturally-occurring valves may also be used as the valves of the present embodiments. 
         [0043]    In some embodiments, there may be significant advantages to the present use of valves outside of the heart. For example, the present embodiments may be implemented/implanted into a patient, wherein the patient&#39;s natural valves (which may or may not be leaky) are untouched. Thus, if a patient has a leaky mitral or tricuspid valve (e.g., valves within the heart), the present embodiments can be implemented into the patient outside of the patient&#39;s heart. Thus, the patient can rectify these leaky valves, without having to have his/her heart cut open. Rather, the patient&#39;s existing valves may be untouched. 
         [0044]    Further, a huge economical advantage of the present embodiments is that many people who otherwise could not be helped by a doctor, unless they actually received a heart transplant, could be helped by the present embodiments. In other words, some patients that currently have such late stages of CHF such that the only treatment for them is a heart transplant. The present embodiments could be used on these patients and provide them with benefits, without requiring these patients to actually receive a heart transplant. Further, because the surgery in implanting the present embodiments may be endoscopic, these patients with late-stage CHF could actually survive the surgery implanting the present embodiments. 
         [0045]    Additionally, not only people in congestive heart failure could benefit from the present embodiments but also people who simply have leaky heart valves may also benefit. The present embodiments would not hurt or damage their existing valves and would likely prevent their existing valves from becoming worse due to an enlargement of their heart. Further, for these patients, even if the implanted valves fail, the patient can still live to get another one of the present valves, because they still have their original (naturally-occurring) working heart valves in their bodies. 
         [0046]    As described above, when the tricuspid valve is not functioning properly the blood will pressurize the Superior and Inferior Vena Cavas, which shows itself by a pulsing in the neck of the patient. This causes back pressure and lack of proper circulation through the liver and kidneys, which leads to fluid build-up and low-functioning or non-functioning kidneys/liver. Often this shut down of the kidneys/liver will cause acidosis or toxicity in the blood. However, a simple valve placed in the Inferior Vena Cava would likely prevent this backflow and would also prevent pressure from being exerted on the liver and kidneys. Thus, the present embodiments could address the issues of backflow pressure on the liver/kidneys. In some embodiments, two or more valves may be used this situation, one closer (upstream) to the heart and one downstream of the heart. 
         [0047]    The present embodiments also involve a process in addition to an apparatus. More specifically, the present embodiments include a process for inserting one or more valves into a patient. This insertion of the valves may be done into one or more of the patient&#39;s veins, one or more of the patient&#39;s arteries, and/or both veins/arteries. At the same time, the valve(s) are not inserted into the heart, but are inserted either upstream or downstream of the heart. Because the valve(s) are not placed into the heart, the patient&#39;s heart does not need to be “cut-open” during this surgery. In fact, the patient&#39;s naturally-occurring valves (such as the tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonic valve and aortic valve) are left untouched during the surgery. Thus, if the present mechanical valves fail, the patient&#39;s original, naturally-occurring valves are still in place and can function. To further support the valves that are placed in the veins/arteries, one or more sleeves/stents may be added thereto. It should also be noted that the insertion of the valve(s) described herein may be performed endoscopically, thereby decreasing the patient&#39;s recovery time and limiting the amount of incisions into the patient&#39;s body. Of course, in other embodiments, the valves may be placed using normal surgical procedures that may involve cutting the patient open. 
         [0048]    All the journal articles, patent applications and patents listed herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference.