Abstract:
Azeotropic mixtures of n-perfluorobutylethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene with methanol or ethanol or isopropanol are disclosed. The azerotropic mixtures are useful as: cleaning agents, blowing agents, refrigerants, aerosol propellants, heat transfer media and power cycle working fluids.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As modern electronic circuit boards evolve toward increased circuit and component densities, thorough board cleaning after soldering becomes a more important criterion. Current industrial processes for soldering electronic components to circuit boards involve coating the entire circuit side of the board with flux and thereafter passing the flux-coated board over preheaters and through molten solder. The flux cleans the conductive metal parts and promotes solder fusion. Commonly used solder fluxes generally consist of rosin, either used alone or with activating additives, such as amine hydrochlorides or oxalic acid derivatives. 
     After soldering, which thermally degrades part of the rosin, the flux-residues are often removed from the circuit boards with an organic solvent. The requirements for such solvents are very stringent. Defluxing solvents should have the following characteristics: a low boiling point, be nonflammable, have low toxicity and have high solvency power, so that flux and flux-residues can be removed without damaging the substrate being cleaned. 
     While boiling point, flammability and solvent power characteristics can often be adjusted by preparing solvent mixtures, these mixtures are often unsatisfactory because they fractionate to an undesirable degree during use. Such solvent mixtures also fractionate during solvent distillation, which makes it virtually impossible to recover a solvent mixture with the original composition. 
     On the other hand, azeotropic mixtures, with their constant boiling points and constant compositions, have been found to be very useful for these applications. Azeotropic mixtures exhibit either a maximum or minimum boiling point and they do not fractionate on boiling. These characteristics are also important when using solvent compositions to remove solder fluxes and flux-residues from printed circuit boards. Preferential evaporation of the more volatile solvent mixture components would occur, if the mixtures were not azeotropic and would result in mixtures with changed compositions, and with attendant less-desirable solvency properties, such as lower rosin flux solvency and lower inertness toward the electrical components being cleaned. The azeotropic character is also desirable in vapor degreasing operations, where redistilled solvent is generally employed for final rinse cleaning. 
     In summary, vapor defluxing and degreasing systems act as a still. Unless the solvent composition exhibits a constant boiling point, i.e., is azeotropic, fractionation will occur and undesirable solvent distributions will result, which could detrimentally affect the safety and efficacy of the cleaning operation. 
     A number of chlorofluorocarbon based azeotropic compositions have been discovered and in some cases used as solvents for solder flux and flux-residue removal from printed circuit boards and also for miscellaneous degreasing applications. For example: U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,009 discloses the ternary azeotrope of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane with ethanol and nitromethane; U.S. Pat. No. 2,999,815 discloses the binary azeotrope of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane and acetone U.S. Pat. No. 2,999,817 discloses the binary azeotrope of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane and methylene chloride. 
     Such mixtures are also useful as buffing abrasive detergents, for the removal of buffing abrasive components from polished surfaces, as drying agents for cleaned polished surfaces such as jewelry and metals and as resist-developers in conventional circuit manufacturing techniques, which employ chlorine-type developing agents. The mixtures are also useful as refrigerants, heat transfer media, foam expansion agents, aerosol propellants, solvents and power cycle working fluids. Further, in many cases, the halocarbon component of the azeotropic mixture itself would be effective in these applications. 
     Closed-cell polyurethane foams are widely used for insulation purposes in building construction and in the manufacture of energy efficient electrical appliances. Polyisocyanurate board stock is used by the construction industry, in roofing and siding for both its insulative and load-carrying capabilities. Sprayed polyurethane foams are also used in construction for the insulation of large structures such as storage tanks. Pour-in-place polyurethane foams are used as insulative barriers in appliances such as refrigerators and freezers and also in much larger items such as trailer and railroad tanks. 
     All of the aforementioned types of expandable foam require the use of expansion agents (blowing agents) for their manufacture. Insulative foams require the use of halocarbon blowing agents, owing to their low vapor thermal conductivities, not only to expand the polymer but also to impart the essential insulation feature to the expanded foam. Historically, polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams have been produced using trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), as the blowing agent of choice. 
     Another important type of insulative foam is the phenolic foam. These foams have heretofore generally been expanded with blends of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) blowing agents. 
     Still another insulating foam is the thermoplastic or polyolefin type foam. These are generally the polyethylene and polypropylene foams, used widely in packaging. Thermoplastic foams are usually expanded with dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12). 
     Many smaller scale hermetically sealed, refrigeration systems, such as those used in refrigerators or window and auto air conditioners, use dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) as the refrigerant. Larger scale centrifugal refrigeration equipment, such as those used for industrial scale cooling, e.g, commercial office buildings, generally employ trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) or 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) as the refrigerants of choice. Azeotropic mixtures, with their constant boiling points and compositions have also been found to be very useful as substitute refrigerants, for the applications cited above. 
     Aerosol products have employed both individual halocarbons and halocarbon blends as propellant systems. Halocarbons have also been used both as solvents and propellant vapor pressure attenuators, in aerosol systems. Azeotropic mixtures, with their constant compositions and vapor pressures would be very useful as solvents and propellants in aerosol systems. 
     Some of the chlorofluorocarbons which are currently used as cleaning agents, blowing agents, refrigerants, aerosol propellants and for other applications, have been linked, theoretically, to depletion of the earth&#39;s protective ozone layer. As early as the mid-1970&#39;s, it was known that introduction of hydrogen atoms into the chemical structure of previously fully-halogenated chlorofluorocarbons would reduce the chemical stability of these compounds. Hence, the now destabilized compounds would be expected to degrade in the lower atmosphere and not reach the stratospheric ozone layer in-tact. What is also needed, therefore, are substitute halocarbons, which have low theoretical ozone depletion potentials. 
     Unfortunately, as recognized in the art, it is not possible to predict the formation of azeotropes. This fact complicates the search for new azeotropic compositions, which have application in the field. Nevertheless, there is a constant effort in the art to discover new azeotropic compositions, which have desirable end-use characteristics. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, ternary, azeotropic compositions have been discovered comprising admixtures of effective amounts of n-perfluorobutylethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene with methanol or ethanol or isopropanol. The azeotropes are: an admixture of about 18-28 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 70-80 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 1-5 weight percent methanol; and an admixture of about 18-28 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 70-80 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 0.1-5.0 weight percent ethanol; and an admixture of about 45-55 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 46-56 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 0.1-5.0 weight percent isopropanol. 
     The present invention provides minimum-boiling, azeotropic compositions which are useful as cleaning agents, blowing agents, refrigerants, aerosol propellants, heat transfer media and power cycle working fluids. These blends are potentially environmentally safe substitutes for the halocarbons now used in the applications described above. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The compositions of the instant invention comprise admixtures of effective amounts of n-perfluorobutylethylene (CF 3  --CF 2  --CF 2  --CF 2  --CH═CH 2 , boiling point=58° C.) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (CHCl═CHCl boiling point=48° C.) with methanol (CH 3  OH, boiling point=64.6° C.) or ethanol (CH 3  --CH 2  OH, boiling point=78° C.) or isopropanol (CH 3  --CHOH--CH 3 , boiling point=82.4° C.) to form the minimum-boiling, azeotropic compositions. 
     By azeotropic composition is meant, a constant boiling liquid admixture of two or more substances, whose admixture behaves as a single substance, in that the vapor, produced by partial evaporation or distillation of the liquid has the same composition as the liquid, i.e., the admixture distills without substantial composition change. Constant boiling compositions, which are characterized as azeotropic, exhibit either a maximum or minimum boiling point, as compared with that of the nonazeotropic mixtures of the same substances. 
     By effective amount is meant the amount of each component of the instant invention admixture, which when combined, results in the formation of the azeotropic composition of the instant invention. 
     It is possible to fingerprint, in effect, a constant boiling admixture, which may appear under many guises, depending upon the conditions chosen, by any of several criteria: 
     * The composition can be defined as an azeotrope of A, B and C, since the very term &#34;azeotrope&#34; is at once both definitive and limitative, and requires that effective amounts of A, B and C form this unique composition of matter, which is a constant boiling admixture. 
     * It is well known by those skilled in the art that at different pressures, the composition of a given azeotrope will vary--at least to some degree--and changes in pressure will also change--at least to some degree--the boiling point temperature. Thus an azeotrope of A, B and C represents a unique type of relationship but with a variable composition which depends on temperature and/or pressure. Therefore compositional ranges, rather than fixed compositions, are often used to define azeotropes. 
     * The composition can be defined as a particular weight percent relationship or mole percent relationship of A, B and C, while recognizing that such specific values point out only one particular such relationship and that in actuality, a series of such relationships, represented by A, B and C actually exist for a given azeotrope, varied by the influence of pressure. 
     * Azeotrope A, B and C can be characterized by defining the composition as an azeotrope characterized by a boiling point at a given pressure, thus giving identifying characteristics without unduly limiting the scope of the invention by a specific numerical composition, which is limited by and is only as accurate as the analytical equipment available. 
     Ternary mixtures of about 18-28 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 70-80 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 1-5 weight percent methanol are characterized as azeotropic, in that mixtures within this range exhibit a substantially constant boiling point at constant pressure. Being substantially constant boiling, the mixtures do not tend to fractionate to any great extent upon evaporation. After evaporation, only a small difference exists between the composition of the vapor and the composition of the initial liquid phase. This difference is such that the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases are considered substantially identical. Accordingly, any mixture within this range exhibits properties which are characteristic of a true ternary azeotrope. The ternary composition which consists of about 23.0 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 74.6 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 2.4 weight percent methanol has been established, within the accuracy of the fractional distillation method, as a true ternary azeotrope, boiling at about 38.0° C. at substantially atmospheric pressure. 
     Also according to the instant invention, ternary mixtures of about 18-28 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 70-80 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 0.1-5.0 weight percent ethanol are characterized as azeotropic, in that mixtures within this range exhibit a substantially constant boiling point at constant pressure. Being substantially constant boiling, the mixtures do not tend to fractionate to any great extent upon evaporation. After evaporation, only a small difference exists between the composition of the vapor and the composition of the initial liquid phase. This difference is such that the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases are considered substantially identical. Accordingly, any mixture within this range exhibits properties which are characteristic of a true ternary azeotrope. The ternary composition which consists of about 23.3 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 75.1 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 1.6 weight percent ethanol been established, within the accuracy of the fractional distillation method, as a true ternary azeotrope, boiling at about 41.0° C., at substantially atmospheric pressure. 
     Also according to the instant invention, ternary mixtures of about 45-55 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 46-56 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 0.1-5.0 weight percent isopropanol are characterized as azeotropic, in that mixtures within this range exhibit a substantially constant boiling point at constant pressure. Being substantially constant boiling, the mixtures do not tend to fractionate to any great extent upon evaporation. After evaporation, only a small difference exists between the composition of the vapor and the composition of the initial liquid phase. This difference is such that the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases are considered substantially identical. Accordingly, any mixture within this range exhibits properties which are characteristic of a true ternary azeotrope. The ternary composition which consists of about 48.0 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and about 51.0 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 1.0 weight percent isopropanol has been established, within the accuracy of the fractional distillation method, as a true ternary azeotrope, boiling at about 40.3° C., at substantially atmospheric pressure. 
     The aforestated azeotropes have low ozone-depletion potentials and are expected to decompose almost completely, prior to reaching the stratosphere. 
     The azeotropic compositions of the instant invention permit easy recovery and reuse of the solvent from vapor defluxing and degreasing operations and/or refrigeration operations, because of their azeotropic nature. 
     The azeotropes of this invention can be used in cleaning processes such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,881,949, which is incorporated hereon by reference. 
     The azeotropic compositions of the instant invention can be prepared by any convenient method including mixing or combining the desired component amounts. A preferred method is to weigh the desired component amounts and thereafter combine them in an appropriate container. 
     The language &#34;consisting essentially of&#34; is not intended to exclude the presence of other materials, such as lubricants and antioxidants, which do not significantly alter the azeotropic character of the composition. 
     The entire disclosure of all applications, patents and publications, cited above and below, are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A solution which contained 63.1 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and 33.7 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 3.2 weight percent methanol was prepared in a suitable container and mixed thoroughly. 
     The solution was distilled in a 25 plate Oldershaw distillation column, using about a 10:1 reflux to take-off ratio. Head temperatures were read directly to 0.1° C. All temperatures were adjusted to 760 mm Hg pressure. Distillate compositions were determined by gas chromatography. Results obtained are summarized in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________DISTILLATION OF:(63.1 + 33.7 + 3.2) N-PERFLUOROBUTYLETHYLENE(PFBET) AND TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (TDCE)AND METHANOL (MEOH)DIS-       HEADTILLED     TEMP.    PERCENTAGES RECOVEREDCUTS  WT. %    °C.                   PFBET   TDCE   MEOH______________________________________PRE    3.4     37.8     23.38   74.38  2.341      9.2     38.0     22.18   75.54  2.282     13.6     37.9     23.56   73.95  2.493     18.0     37.9     21.71   76.01  2.284     24.8     38.0     23.53   74.00  2.475     29.6     38.0     23.49   74.02  2.496     34.0     38.0     23.64   73.89  2.47HEEL  86.8     --       97.51    0.61  1.88______________________________________ 
    
     Analysis of the above data indicates very small differences exist between head temperatures and distillate compositions, as the distillation progressed. A statistical analysis of the data demonstrates that the true ternary azeotrope of n-perfluorobutylethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and methanol has the following characteristics at atmospheric pressure (99 percent confidence limits): 
     
         ______________________________________n-Perfluorobutylethylene              =     23.0 ± 0.9 wt. %trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene              =     74.6 ± 1.0 wt. %Methanol           =      2.4 ± 0.1 wt. %Boiling point, °C.              =     38.0 ± 0.1° C.______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A solution which contained 63.1 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and 34.7 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 2.2 weight percent ethanol was prepared in a suitable container and mixed thoroughly. 
     The solution was distilled in a 25 plate Oldershaw distillation column, using about a 10:1 reflux to take-off ratio. Head temperatures were read directly to 0.1° C. All temperatures were adjusted to 760 mm Hg pressure. Distillate compositions were determined by gas chromatography. Results obtained are summarized in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________DISTILLATION OF: (63.1 + 34.7 + 2.2)N-PERFLUOROBUTYLETHYLENE (PFBET) ANDTRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (TDCE)AND ETHANOL (ETOH)DIS-       HEADTILLED     TEMP.    PERCENTAGES RECOVEREDCUTS  WT %     °C.                   PFBET   TDCE   ETOH______________________________________PRE    4.1     40.9     24.68   73.38  1.941      8.6     40.8     24.82   73.46  1.722     13.6     41.0     22.81   75.58  1.613     18.4     41.0     22.10   76.37  1.534     23.2     41.2     24.14   74.19  1.675     28.0     40.7     22.47   75.98  1.556     32.4     41.1     23.29   75.12  1.59HEEL  87.4     --       97.31    0.53  2.16______________________________________ 
    
     Analysis of the above data indicates very small differences exist between head temperatures and distillate compositions, as the distillation progressed. A statistical analysis of the data demonstrates that the true ternary azeotrope of n-perfluorobutylethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and ethanol has the following characteristics at atmospheric pressure (99 percent confidence limits): 
     
         ______________________________________n-Perfluorobutylethylene              =     23.3 ± 1.1 wt. %trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene              =     75.1 ± 1.2 wt. %Ethanol            =      1.6 ± 0.1 wt. %Boiling point, °C.              =     41.0 ± 0.2______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A solution which contained 48.2 weight percent n-perfluorobutylethylene and 51.0 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 0.8 weight percent isopropanol was prepared in a suitable container and mixed thoroughly. 
     The solution was distilled in a 25 plate Oldershaw distillation column, using about a 10:1 reflux to take-off ratio. Head temperatures were read directly to 0.1° C. All temperatures were adjusted to 760 mm Hg pressure. Distillate compositions were determined by gas chromatography. Results obtained are summarized in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________DISTILLATION OF: (48.2 + 51.0 + 0.8)N-PERFLUOROBUTYLETHYLENE (PFBET) ANDTRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (TDCE)AND ISOPROPANOL (IPROH)DIS-       HEADTILLED     TEMP.    PERCENTAGES RECOVEREDCUTS  WT %     °C.                   PFBET   TDCE   IPROH______________________________________PRE    3.1     40.2     48.16   51.00  0.841      6.5     40.2     48.22   50.71  1.072     10.3     40.3     48.03   50.97  1.003     14.0     40.3     48.02   51.03  0.954     16.7     40.3     47.95   51.08  0.975     20.6     40.3     48.00   51.02  0.986     23.9     40.5     47.94   51.03  1.037     27.1     40.4     47.97   51.00  1.028     30.7     40.3     47.92   51.11  0.989     34.2     40.3     47.91   51.10  0.9910    37.6     40.3     47.87   51.10  1.03HEEL  90       --       46.77   38.43  14.80______________________________________ 
    
     Analysis of the above data indicates very small differences exist between head temperatures and distillate compositions, as the distillation progressed. A statistical analysis of the data demonstrates that the true ternary azeotrope of n-perfluorobutylethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and isopropanol has the following characteristics at atmospheric pressure (99 percent confidence limits): 
     
         ______________________________________n-Perfluorobutylethylene              =     48.0 ± 0.1 wt. %trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene              =     51.0 ± 0.1 wt. %Isopropanol        =      1.0 ± 0.03 wt. %Boiling point, °C.              =     40.3 ± 0.1______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Several single sided circuit boards were coated with activated rosin flux and soldered by passing the boards over a preheater, to obtain top side board temperatures of approximately 200° F. (93° C.), and then through 500° F. (260° C.) molten solder. The soldered boards were defluxed separately, with the three azeotropic mixtures cited in Examples 1, 2 and 3 above, by suspending a circuit board, first, for three minutes in the boiling sump, which contained the azeotropic mixture, then, for one minute in the rinse sump, which contained the same azeotropic mixture, and finally, for one minute in the solvent vapor above the boiling sump. The boards cleaned in each individual azeotropic mixture had no visible residue remaining thereon. 
     From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can change and modify the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.