Abstract:
A system and method for removing unwanted elements from a gas stream. A biogas stream may be combined with a water stream influent in a venturi device to produce a gas-water mixture effluent. The gas-water mixture effluent is processed in a degas separator to separate and produce a relatively low solubility gas effluent and a relatively high solubility gas-water mixture effluent. The relatively high solubility gas-water mixture effluent is processed through a discharge pressure control valve based on a selected pressure to be maintained in said degas separator and then discharged or reused.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to systems and methods for removing unwanted elements from a gas stream. The new system and method treats a biogas stream that may be produced at facilities such as a municipal wastewater treatment plants that have methane gas as well as other gases such as hydrogen sulfide H 2 S, carbon dioxide CO 2  and other trace gases like siloxanes. 
         [0002]    Use of gas produced in wastewater treatment facilities has long been a challenge because of the mixture of gases in the biogas produced during treatment. Of particular interest have been natural gases such as methane that can be recycled or used in cogeneration equipment or as a vehicle fuel as a cost efficiency and for reduction in greenhouse gas generation. The burning or combustion of methane that may be contaminated with other gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide has been increasingly regulated by air quality control regulations. In some areas even the hydrogen sulfide must be removed from biogas produced during water treatment before the gas can be flared or burned. 
         [0003]    Current water treatment processes and methods may normally react biogas with iron in iron sponge scrubbers to clean the gas. There are various commercially available methods of iron scrubbing processes; however, they rely on adsorption and reaction of the sulfide into an iron matrix. The matrix is regenerated by oxidation of the iron to ferric oxide and oxidation of the sulfide to elemental sulfur or sulfates. Discharge of effluents is back to the head of the treatment plant. 
         [0004]    A more efficient method is required for biogas produced in wastewater treatment in order to realize the benefit of use of combustible gas for cogeneration use in treatment facilities. The beneficial use of biogas generated in wastewater treatment depends on the cost to separate a gas such as methane from the other gases present in order to obtain a high energy gas stream similar to commercial gas. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The present invention is directed to systems and methods for removing unwanted elements from a gas stream. A biogas stream may be combined with a water stream influent in a venturi device to produce a gas-water mixture effluent. The gas-water mixture effluent is processed in a degas separator to separate and produce a relatively low solubility gas effluent and a relatively high solubility gas-water mixture effluent. The relatively high solubility gas-water mixture effluent is processed through a discharge pressure control valve based on a selected pressure to be maintained in said degas separator and then discharged or reused. 
         [0006]    These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following drawings, description and claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  illustrates a functional diagram of a gas scrubbing process according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  illustrates a functional diagram of a gas scrubbing process with a gas-water recycle process according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0009]    The following detailed description represents the best currently contemplated modes for carrying out the invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention. 
         [0010]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a gas scrubbing process  10  receives a biogas  20  from a wastewater treatment system  50 . The wastewater treatment system  50  may also serve as the source of a steady supply of water influent  22  that may be under high pressure from the treatment wash water or plant water system. This availability of water at water treatment plants is an asset that can be used to produce combustible gas such as methane gas using an efficient method as compared to existing processes. 
         [0011]    The gas scrubbing process  10  may mix the biogas  20  in the water influent  22  in a venturi device  30 . The gas-water mixture  24  produced may be communicated to a degas separator  32  to separate low solubility gas  26  such as methane gas from the gas-water mixture  24 . The degas separator  32  may produce low solubility gas  26  that is controlled at a gas-water separation device  34  such as a gas pressure release valve, and may discharge a high solubility gas-water mixture  28  to be communicated to a drain  38  through a discharge pressure control valve  36 . 
         [0012]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , the gas scrubbing process  10  may also include a gas-water return recycle process. The discharged high solubility gas-water mixture  28  may be communicated to a water return vessel  40 . Purge overflow gas-water may be discharged to the drain  38  and the recycle high solubility gas-water mixture  46  may be returned through a pump  42  to the venturi device  30 . In this gas scrubbing process  10 , makeup water  44  may be introduced into the water return vessel  40  rather than supply water influent  22  being an influent directly into the venturi device  30 . 
         [0013]    The operation of the gas scrubbing system  10  separates methane gas from other gases present in gas produced from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. The biogas  20  is introduced with pressurized water  22  in the venturi device  30  and the mixed gas-water flow is maintained in the system  10  by a pressure control valve  36  at approximately 1 to 250 psi. The biogas  20  may be urged into the venturi device  30  by the vacuum caused by the water  22  pressurized flow through the venturi device  30  or by biogas pressure flow of approximately −2 to +50 psi into the throat or constriction of the venturi device  30 . The water may be pressurized to feed the venturi device  30  at pressures of approximately 10 to 500 psi. The merging of the biogas and water flow causes the relatively high soluble gases, for example, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes, to be dissolved in the water while the methane and other relatively lower soluble gases may be maintained in gas or undissolved form. In experiments it was found the water pressure should be at least 20 psi and the system  10  operated effectively at 30 to 40 psi of water pressure. A water pressure above 250 to 500 psi caused increasing loss of methane gas to the gas-water mixture. The discharge pressure control valve  36  should be operated at as low a discharge pressure as is effective to scrub methane gas. The valve  36  sets the operating pressure of the system  10 . 
         [0014]    The gas-water mixture  24  is communicated to a degassing separator vessel  32  for separation of the biogas lower solubility gas, for example, methane, from the gas-water mixture  24  to be conveyed to a gas-water separation device  34  that may be a pressure release valve that allows scrubbed gas to exit the system  10 . The high solubility gas-water mixture  28  is conveyed to a discharge pressure control valve  36  or backpressure regulator that allows pressure release of the high solubility gas-water mixture  28  to a drain  38  or a water return vessel  40  for recycling. 
         [0015]    The water return vessel  40  may have an overflow drain  38 . A portion of the high solubility gas-water mixture  28  may be returned. The high solubility gas-water mixture  28  return rates may be between 1 and 100 percent of the water needed for operation of the venturi device  30 . The water influent  22  may be between 1 and 100 percent of the water needed for venturi device  30  operation. A percentage of the two water sources may be merged to produce the total water influent for system  10  operation. There may also be make-up water  44  influent to the water return vessel  40  to maintain proper water flow and pressure conditions in the system  10 . 
       Example 
       [0016]    The following experimental example illustrates the use of the method and system when practicing the invention. A pilot plant size, one inch, venturi injector was connected to a degas separator and the gas effluent was controlled by a discharge pressure control valve. The high solubility gas-water mixed effluent was controlled by a discharge backpressure regulator and drained to a wastewater aeration basin. The pilot system was installed at operating wastewater treatment facilities as an alternative to flaring the acid phase gas. The following Table 1 illustrates the industry standard valves for biogas and the range and composition of the biogas tested. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 Typical 
                 Observed 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Methane (by deduction) 
                 55-65% 
                 30 1 ; 50-65% 
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 35-45% 
                 68 1 ; 32-39% 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 1,500 ppm 
                 7,000 1 ; 150-8,000 ppm 
               
               
                 Water 
                 Saturated at 95° F. 
                 Saturated at 95° F. 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                 2-12 in W.C. 2   
                 3-7 in W.C. 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                   1 Acid phase gas sample: 
               
               
                   2 Units inches of water column 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0017]    The Table 1 illustrates the differences in observed gas quality between published textbook values and the actual gas composition that was measured. 
         [0018]    The pilot system demonstration was based on the differential solubility of the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide to methane. Table 2 below illustrates the solubility differences for the three gases in water. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Solubility 1   
                 Difference 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Methane 
                 4.11 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 300.27 
                 730% 
               
               
                   
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 256.01 
                 640% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Note: 
               
               
                   
                   1 Units are ft 3  gas/1,000 Gallons of water. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0019]    The pressurized water source was the wastewater treatment plant wash water/plant water system as the influent to the venturi device injector inlet and the biogas was that produced at the treatment plant in an anaerobic process with the biogas influent connected to the vacuum or suction port of the venturi device. The gas-water mixture effluent of the venturi device was then processed through the degas separator for the cleaned gas, primarily methane, to be collected at the top of the degas separator at a pressure release valve, and for the high solubility gas-water mixture, primarily carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in water, to be drained through a discharge pressure control valve to a drain to aeration basins of the waste treatment plant. In the experiments the pressure of the high solubility gas-water mixture  28  after the discharge pressure control valve  36  was less than 5 psi. The degas separator used was a centrifugal vortex structure that separates entrained gases from a liquid based on density differences between the gases and the liquid. Table 3 below illustrates results obtained from the pilot system testing. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 Inlet 
                 Outlet 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Methane (by deduction) 
                 30 1 ; 50-65% 
                 95-98% 
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 68 1 ; 32-39% 
                 &lt;2% 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 7,000 1 ; 150-8,000 
                 &lt;3 ppm 
               
               
                 Water 
                 Saturated at 95° F. 
                 Saturated at 65° F. 2   
               
               
                 Pressure 
                 3-7 in. W.C. 
                 1.5 psig 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                   1 Acid phase gas sample: 
               
               
                   2 Water cools gas removing moisture. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0020]    Methane has limited solubility in water; therefore, a mass balance was determined to identify the amount of methane that might be lost to the water in this process. Based on the solubility of methane presented in Table 2, less than 1.8 percent of the methane in the biogas treated by the system should be lost to the water. This should make the system 98.2 percent efficient in methane recovery. A full size gas scrubbing system for a typical wastewater treatment plant that may be capable of treating  50  scfm of acid phase biogas may require a four inch venturi injector and 350 gpm of water. 
         [0021]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to the illustrated embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.