Abstract:
Various embodiments of this disclosure may describe a bandpass sigma-delta modulator (BP ΣΔM) comprising an electromechanical filter, a quantizer coupled to the electromechanical filter, and a feedback circuit coupled between the quantizer and the electromechanical filter. Other embodiments be also be disclosed or claimed.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/SG2008/000295, filed Aug. 11, 2008, entitled “System And Method For Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulation,” which designates the United States of America, and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/955,208, filed Aug. 10, 2007, entitled “Bandpass Sigma Delta Modulator Employing Electromechanical Loop Filter,” the entire content and disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates broadly to a system and method for bandpass sigma-delta modulation. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In Intermediate Frequency (IF) digitization receivers, digitization is typically performed by bandpass sigma-delta modulators (BP ΣΔMs). BP ΣΔMs can be realized in both discrete- and continuous-time (DT and CT) domains. DT BP ΣΔMs refer to the ΣΔMs implemented using switched-capacitor (SC) loop filters, while CT BP ΣΔMs are realized using active-RC, transconductor-C (Gm-C) or LC filter. 
     DT BP ΣΔMs realized using switch-capacitor circuits cannot operate at high speed, while the CT BP ΣΔMs based on active-RC, Gm-C and LC filters suffer from process and temperature variation (PTV) and cannot achieve satisfactory performance, especially when implemented in CMOS/BiCMOS process. 
     Further, although some CT BP ΣΔMs have achieved reasonably good performance at high IF, they are implemented in costly III-V processes and consume significant power as seen in the CT BP ΣΔMs disclosed in “High Dynamic Range InP HBT Delta-Sigma Analog-to-Digital Converters,”  IEEE Journal of Solid - State Circuits,  Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 1524-1532, September 2003 ” by M. Inerfield, et al. and “IF-Sampling Fourth-Order Bandpass ΣΔ Modulator for Digital Receiver Applications,”  IEEE Journal of Solid - State Circuits , Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 1633-1639, October 2004″ by A. E. Cosand, et al. High-performance CT BP ΣΔMs in CMOS/BiCMOS technology at high IF have yet to materialize. 
     BP ΣΔMs based on electromechanical resonators have been proposed recently in [Y. P. Xu, R. Yu, W. T. Hsu and A. R. Brown, “A Silicon Micromechanical Resonator Based CMOS Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulator,” in  Proc. of Asian Solid - State Circuit Conference  ( A - SSCC&#39; 06), November 2006. pp. 143-146; R. Yu, Y.P. Xu, “A 47.3-MHz SAW Resonator Based CMOS Second-Order Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulator with 54-dB Peak SNDR,” in  Proc. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf . ( CICC&#39; 05, pp. 203-206, September 2005]. These BP ΣΔMs achieve comparable or better SNDR (Signal to Noise plus Distortion Ratio) performances in narrowband (200 kHz) FM application, but are more suitable for narrowband applications. Although multiple resonators with different center frequencies can be used to achieve a wider passband in a higher-order loop filter, they are difficult to realize in practice due to the increased parasitics and complexity. 
     Therefore, there exists a need to provide a system and method for a bandpass sigma-delta modulator to address one or more of the problems mentioned above. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous time bandpass sigma-delta modulator comprising an electromechanical filter, a quantizer coupled to an output from the electromechanical filter; and a feedback circuit coupled between an output from the quantizer and an input of the electromechanical filter. 
     A loop from the output of the quantizer to the input of the quantizer through the feedback circuit may provide a transfer function for mimicking a discrete time bandpass sigma-delta modulator prototype. 
     The transfer function of the loop is determined based on a transfer function of the electromechanical filter. 
     The transfer function of the loop may be further determined based on a selected out-of band gain in the discrete time bandpass sigma-delta modulator prototype. 
     The modulator may comprise a first adder for summing an input signal with a first set of feedback signals to generate a first combined analogue signal; the electromechanical filter coupled to receive the first combined analogue signal; a second adder coupled to the filter for summing a filtered signal generated by the filter with an other feedback signal to generate a second combined analogue signal; the quantizer coupled to the second adder to receive the second combined analogue signal and for generating a digital output signal; 
     Each feedback signal may be generated by respective feedback paths, each feedback path comprising one or more latches for delaying the digital output signal; a digital to analogue converter for converting the delayed digital output signal into an analogue signal; and a multiplier for multiplying a coefficient to the analogue signal to produce the feedback signal. 
     The electromechanical filter may comprise one or more of a group consisting of MEMS, BAW, SAW filters. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for continuous time bandpass sigma-delta modulation, the method comprising the steps of filtering an analogue signal using an electromechanical filter, coupling a quantizer to an output from the electromechanical filter; and providing a return signal from a feedback circuit coupled between an output from the quantizer and an input of the electromechanical filter. 
     The method may further comprise providing a transfer function for mimicking a discrete time bandpass sigma-delta modulator prototype by a loop from the output of the quantizer to the input of the quantizer through the feedback circuit. 
     The method may further comprise determining the transfer function of the loop based on a transfer function of the electromechanical filter. 
     The method may further comprise the step of determining the transfer function of the loop based on a selected out-of band gain in the discrete time bandpass sigma-delta modulator prototype. 
     The method may further comprise the steps of summing an input signal with a first set of feedback signals to generate a first combined analogue signal with a first adder; receiving the first combined analogue signal with an electromechanical filter; summing a filtered signal generated by the filter with an other feedback signal to generate a second combined analogue signal with a second adder to the filter, receiving the second combined analogue signal and generating a digital output signal with the quantizer; 
     Each feedback signal may be generated by respective feedback paths comprising the steps of delaying the digital output signal by one or more latches; converting the delayed digital output signal into an analogue signal by a digital to analogue converter; and multiplying a coefficient to the analogue signal to produce the feedback signal by a multiplier. 
     The electromechanical filter may comprise one or more of a group consisting of MEMS, BAW, SAW filters. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention will be better understood and readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the following written description, by way of example only, and in conjunction with the drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a system-level block diagram of an example embodiment of a continuous-time (CT) BP ΣΔM employing 4th-order electromechanical filter as loop filter. 
         FIG. 2  shows the equivalent circuits of the MEMs and the SAW filters in the example embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  shows a root-locus plot of the noise transfer function with the phase delay θ d  in the forward path as a parameter. 
         FIG. 4  shows the simplified circuit-level structure of an example embodiment of the proposed BP ΣΔM employing an external 110-MHz SAW filter. 
         FIG. 5  shows a schematic of a low power TIA in the example embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  shows a simulated frequency response of the TIA in the example embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  shows a chip micrograph of the example embodiment of the 4th-order BP ΣΔM fabricated in a 0.35-μm SiGe HBT BiCMOS process. 
         FIG. 8  shows the measured output spectrum of the example embodiment of the 4th-order CT BP ΣΔM. 
         FIG. 9  shows the measured a graph of the SNDR vs. input power of the example embodiment of the 4th-order CT BP ΣΔM. 
         FIG. 10  shows a two-tone test result of the example embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  shows a flow chart illustrating a method for continuous time bandpass sigma delta modulation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a BP ΣΔM employing an electromechanical loop filter which can be any of e.g. micro-mechanical (MEMS) filters, surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filters or other electromechanical filters. An example embodiment has multi-feedback paths to realize the desired loop transfer function and ensure the stability of the ΣΔM. A wideband transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is placed after the electromechanical loop filter and may provide insertion loss compensation and/or minimize the phase delay in the forward path of the BP ΣΔM. 
     Unlike the previously proposed electromechanical resonator based BP ΣΔMs and III-V process based implementations, the electromechanical filters in the example embodiment can provide accurate center frequency without frequency tuning and may be low in power consumption. Thus, the impulse response of the electromechanical filter based CT BP ΣΔM can be matched to that of a DT BP ΣΔM prototype at the input of the quantizer, in time domain. Since the pole frequencies are known and cannot be changed for the given SAW filter, the loop transfer function of a DT BP ΣΔM prototype can be mimicked with the same pole placement in the passband and proper choice of out-of-band gain. In other words, the transfer function of the electromechanical filter based CT BP ΣΔM may be determined based on a selected out-of band gain in the DT BP ΣΔM prototype. 
     Using higher-order electromechanical filter as a loop filter in the BP ΣΔM in the example embodiment, while there is limited controllability because the filter only has two accessible terminals, input and output, issues such as loop transfer function and stability can be dealt with using ancillary circuits. 
       FIG. 1  shows a system-level block diagram of an example embodiment of a continuous-time (CT) BP ΣΔM employing 4th-order electromechanical filter as loop filter. A multi-feedback structure is used to provide controllability and obtain the desired loop transfer function which results in a stable BP ΣΔM. 
     The input signal  102 , after subtracting the feedback signals from DACs (DAC 1 - 4 )  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 , is fed to the electromechanical loop filter  104 . The output of the loop filter  104  subtracts the feedback from DAC 5   118  before it is digitized by the quantizer  106 . The output of the quantizer  106  is the final output  108  of the BP ΣΔM  100 . In the feedback paths, the digital output  108  is first delayed by one sampling period, and then converted back to the analog signals by five RZ (Return to Zero) or NRZ (Non Return to Zero) DACs  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 . The outputs of the first four RZ DACs (DAC 1 - 4 )  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116  are fed or returned back to the input node with different coefficients and summed with the input signal  102 . There is an inherent half clock delay embedded in DAC 2   112  and DAC 4   116 , which is the difference between the RZ DACs  110 ,  114  and HRZ (Half Return to Zero) DACs  112 ,  116 . The output of the fifth NRZ DAC (DAC 5 )  118  is fed back to the input of the quantizer  106 . The feedback coefficients are determined based on the impulse-invariance transformation given in Equation (1),
 
 H ( z )= Z{L   −1   [H ( s ) D ( s )]| t=nT     s   }  (1)
 
where H(z) is the DT loop transfer function, H(s) is the transfer function of the CT loop filter, and D(s) is the linear combination of the DACs  110 ,  112 .  114 ,  116 ,  118  in the feedback path.
 
     The characteristic of the electromechanical filter  104  depends very much on its structure. The BP ΣΔM in the embodiments of the present invention is based on the mechanically-coupled MEMS filter and the longitudinally-coupled resonators (LCRs) based SAW filter. 
       FIG. 2  shows the equivalent circuits of the MEMs [F. D. Bannon III, J. R. Clark and C. T.-C. Nguyen, “High-Q HF Microelectromechanical Filters,”  IEEE Journal of Solid - State Circuits , Vol. 35, pp. 512-526, April 2000] and the SAW [C. K. Campell, Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Mobile and Wireless Communications, Academic Press, 1998] filters in the example embodiment. Under certain assumptions provided in  FIG. 2 , both filters have a similar 4th-order transfer function, which can be generalized by 
                     H   ⁡     (   s   )       =     As       (       s   2     +         ω   c       Q   r       ⁢   s     +     ω     c   ⁢           ⁢   1     2       )     ·     (       s   2     +         ω   c       Q   r       ⁢   s     +     ω     c   ⁢           ⁢   2     2       )                 (   2   )               
where ω c1  and ω c2  are commonly chosen to be symmetric around a given center frequency ω c , thus ω c =(ω c1 +ω c2 )/2. Let ω c1 =ω c −Δω, and w c2 =ω c +Δω, a good rule of thumb is to choose 2×ω=ω c /Q r , Q r  is the loaded quality factor of the constituent resonator, given by
 
 Q   r =√{square root over ( L   m   /C   m )}/( R   L   +R   m )  (3)
 
     The resultant 3-dB filter bandwidth is BW=4Δω. Note that static capacitance C p  at input and output terminals is ignored to simplify the derivation; its effect can be compensated by proper design of the interface circuits which will be discussed later. 
     In the embodiment, a SAW filter is used. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the design methodology can, however, also be applied to the MEMS, BAW and other electromechanical filters. The SAW filter used in the embodiment has a bandwidth of 1.152 MHz centered at 110 MHz. The pole frequencies of this SAW filter have already been determined by f c ±Δf=110±10.288-MHz, and loaded Q of constituent resonator is Q r =f c /2Δf=191. 
     The system-level design in the example embodiment is based on impulse invariance transformation, in which the impulse response of the electromechanical filter based CT BP ΣΔM can be matched to that of a DT BP ΣΔM prototype at the input of the quantizer in time domain. Since the pole frequencies are known and cannot be changed for the given SAW filter, the loop transfer function of the DT BP ΣΔM prototype can be mimicked with the same pole placement in the passband and proper choice of out-of-band gain. The resultant transfer function is given by 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                           1.999932 
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                   ( 
                   4 
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     In the example embodiment, to match the transfer function of the electromechanical filter based CT BP ΣΔM to that of a DT BP ΣΔM prototype, four independent feedback paths to the input with the combination of RZ and HRZ DACs are implemented. With one clock period delay added after the quantizer to alleviate the metastability problem, a fifth NRZ DAC provides full equivalence, as shown in  FIG. 1 . The feedback coefficients or the gain of DACs can be determined according to the impulse invariance transformation. 
     In the example embodiment, the transfer function of the electromechanical filter is presumed to have the form of equation (1). However, the inherent non-idealities, such as insertion loss (IL) and parasitic capacitance C p  ( FIG. 2 ) will affect the performance of the BP ΣΔM. The effect of IL on the performance of ΣΔM has been studied in “A Silicon Micromechanical Resonator Based CMOS Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulator,” in  Proc. IEEE A - SSCC&#39; 06, November 2006. pp. 143-146. [Xu et al.]. In general, a sufficient forward loop gain may be required to suppress the in-band noise and alleviate the stringent requirement on the quantizer. For one-bit quantizer used in the example embodiment, simulation in circuit level can be used to determine the minimal forward loop gain. Simulation indicates that 50-dB gain may be needed before the output signals of the SAW filter in use are quantized. This gain is provided by the sensing amplifier (30 dB) for the SAW filter and the pre-amplifier (20 dB) of the quantizer. However, the gain stage should preferably not introduce excess phase delay in the vicinity of the passband. To analyze the effect of phase delay, the gain stage is modeled by a first-order system with its transfer function given by, 
                       A   G     ⁡     (   s   )       =       A     G   ⁢           ⁢   0         1   +     s   /     ω   p                   (   5   )               
where A G0  is the DC gain and ω p  is the pole frequency. The phase delay (θ d ) introduced by the gain stage at the center frequency ω c , is θ d =tan −1 (ω c /ω p ).
 
       FIG. 3  shows a root-locus plot of the noise transfer function with the phase delay θ d  in the forward path as a parameter. The plot shows that the modulator in the example embodiment becomes unstable when the phase delay is greater than 27°. This suggests that the phase delay of the gain stage in the forward path of the ΣΔM is preferably minimized. In other words, the gain stage should preferably have sufficient bandwidth or negligible phase delay around the passband. 
       FIG. 4  shows the simplified circuit-level structure of an example embodiment of the proposed BP ΣΔM employing an external 110-MHz SAW filter. The transconductor G m,i    420  converts the input signal  402  to current for the summation with the feedback signals from four current steering DACs  410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416 . The single-ended signal is used to drive the offchip SAW filer. The other output drives a floating pad so as to balance the loading. The single-ended output from the electromechanical filter  404  is sensed and amplified by a TIA  422 , and then converted to a differential signal. A second transconductor  424  then converts the differential signal into current for subsequent subtraction of the weighed NRZ DAC  418  current, producing a summation signal. The summation signal is then amplified further by a pre-amplifier  426 , and fed to five serially-connected ECL (Emitter Controlled Logic) master-slave latches  430 ,  432 ,  434 ,  436 ,  438 . 
     Together with the pre-amplifier  426 , the first master-slave latch (Latch  1 )  430  in which both master and slave stages have NRZ outputs, serves as the quantizer (comparator) in the ΣΔM and provides a half sampling cycle delay. The following four master-slave latches (Latch  2 - 5 )  432 ,  434 ,  436 ,  438  are serially connected by the NRZ master stages and the outputs of their slave RZ stages are used as control signals for the feedback current steering DACs  410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416 . Each latch (Latch  1 - 5 )  430 ,  432 ,  434 ,  436 ,  438  provides a half clock/cycle delay. Latches  430 ,  432  provide a total of one clock delay for DAC 1   410 . Latch  434  provides an additional half clock delay to DAC 2   412  such that DAC 2  becomes a HRZ DAC. Therefore the delays provided for DAC 1 - 4   410 ,  412 ,  414 ,  416  are 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 cycles respectively. 
     Simulation results show that G m,i , feedback DACs (DAC 1 - 4 ) and pull-up resistors R p1  contribute around 80% of the input referred circuit noise of the ΣΔM, and SNR considering only circuit noise is 83 dB in 1-MHz bandwidth after optimization. 
     As indicated earlier, a TIA with 30-dB gain is used to compensate the insertion loss of electromechanical filter and alleviate the stringent requirement on the quantizer. However, this TIA should not introduce excess phase delay in the vicinity of the passband to prevent the modulator from being unstable. To minimize phase delay at 110 MHz, a bandwidth of more than 1 GHz may be required for the TIA. A straightforward implementation of such a wideband TIA consumes too much power given large parasitic capacitance (C p =5˜8 pF) at its input. 
       FIG. 5  shows a schematic of a low power TIA in the example embodiment. Transistors Q 1   502  and Q 2   504  form the TIA core. Instead of traditional shunt-shunt feedback, the TIA core is based on shunt-series feedback with a peaking capacitor C E    506  added at the emitter of Q 2   504 . C E    506  introduces a zero, which can be adjusted to be near passband and used to broaden the bandwidth of the overall TIA. Given C p =6 pF and C E =0.8 pF, simulation results indicates that the entire TIA has input resistance of 25Ω, transresistance of 62 dBΩ (equivalent 34-dB voltage gain). With C E    506 , the 3-dB bandwidth of the TIA is improved from 360 MHz to 1.3 GHz as illustrated in  FIG. 6  at 2-mA current consumption. The resultant phase shift near the passband can be considered negligible. 
     A prototype chip of the example embodiment of the 4th-order BP ΣΔM fabricated in a 0.35-μm SiGe HBT BiCMOS process and occupying a 0.55-mm 2  core area.  FIG. 7  shows a chip micrograph of the example embodiment of the 4th-order BP ΣΔM fabricated in a 0.35-μm SiGe HBT BiCMOS process in which the main circuit blocks are identified.  FIG. 8  shows the measured output spectrum of the example embodiment of the 4th-order CT BP ΣΔM. Note that the frequency bin is about 6.7 kHz. The measured peak SNDR and DR performances in 1-MHz signal bandwidth are 60 dB and 65 dB, respectively, as depicted in  FIG. 9 . A two-tone intermodulation test was also performed to evaluate the linearity of the designed BP ΣΔM. Two −14 dBFS (FS=500 mVpp) sinusoidal signals with frequency separation of 400 kHz are used to test the modulator. The measured IM 3  is about −52 dBc, as shown in  FIG. 10 . The single-ended interface circuits with SAW filter and large signal dependent-parasitic resulting from the externally connected SAW filter may account for such relatively low linearity. 
     The measured performance is summarized in Table 1 and compares favorably to known CMOS/BiCMOS single-bit BP ΣΔMs with performances reported in BW&gt;1 MHz. A figure of merit similar to that in  Understanding Delta - Sigma Data Converters . IEEE Press, 2005 [R. Schreier and G. C. Temes] is used for comparison and is defined as
 
 FOM=SNDR+ 10 log( BW/ Power)  (6)
 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Performance summary and comparison 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Design 
                 This Work 
                 [10] 
                 [11] 
                 [12] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Process(μm) 
                 0.35-SiGe 
                 SiGe 
                 0.35-CMOS 
                 0.35-CMOS 
               
               
                   
                 BiCMOS 
               
               
                 Supply (V) 
                 3 
                 3 
                 ±1.25 
                   3.3 
               
               
                 Type 
                 SAW Filter 
                 Gm-C 
                 SC 
                 SC 
               
               
                 Power (mW) 
                 57 
                 64 
                 47.5 
                 37 
               
               
                 Clock (MHz) 
                 440 
                 800 
                 92 
                 240  
               
               
                 Center (MHz) 
                 110 
                 200 
                 23 
                 60 
               
               
                 BW (MHz) 
                 1 
                 1.97 
                 3.84 
                   1/1.25 
               
               
                 DR (dB) 
                 65 
                 56 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 SNDR (dB) 
                 60 
                 58 
                 54 
                 55/52 
               
               
                 FOM 
                 132.4 
                 132.9 
                 133 
                 129.3/127.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Embodiments of the present invention seek to realize wideband high IF BP ΣΔMs employing electromechanical filters through the use of electromechanical filters such as micro-mechanical (MEMS) filters, surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filters, in CMOS/BiCMOS technology. Compared with the existing electronic filters (e.g. active-RC, Gm-C, LC) in CMOS/BiCMOS processes, the electromechanical filter can provide accurate center frequency without frequency tuning and may be low in power consumption. Therefore, costly III/VI process can be avoided in the design of wideband high IF BP ΣΔM. Furthermore, electromechanical filters can be silicon compatible. The fabrication process of electromechanical filters is understood by a person skilled in the art, and reference is made to e.g. a description of a process for fabricating a SAW filter [Modeling and Fabrication of CMOS Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators, Anus Nurashikin Nordin, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 55, No. 5, May 2007]. 
     The potential applications include IF and any other bandpass digitization in wireless/wireline receivers, base stations and software defined radios. 
     The invention may be implemented as hardware modules. More particular, in the hardware sense, a module is a functional hardware unit designed for use with other components or modules. For example, a module may be implemented using discrete electronic components, or it can form a portion of an entire electronic circuit such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Numerous other possibilities exist which will be understood by those skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 11  shows a flow chart  1100  illustrating a method for continuous time bandpass sigma delta modulation. At step  1102 , an analogue signal is filtered using an electromechanical filter. At step  1104 , a quantizer is coupled to an output from the electromechanical filter. At step  1106 , a return signal is provided from a feedback circuit coupled between an output from the quantizer and an input of the electromechanical filter. 
     It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.