Abstract:
The present invention provides a process for preparing vancomycin hydrochloride using a mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KCCM-10836P) comprising the steps of i) mutating and isolating a strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KCCM-10836P) for producing vancomycin from mother strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. ATCC-19795) using NTG(N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) in the selection medium; ii) seed culturing the isolated mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KCCM-10836P); iii) cultivating and fermenting said mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  in the fermentation medium consisting of 12˜18 (w/v) % of dextrin, 2.2˜3.8 (w/v) % of bean powder, 1.9˜2.9 (w/v) % of potato protein, 0.10˜0.14 (w/v) % of sodium chloride and a small amount of minerals; iv) filtering vancomycin using microfilter in the cultivation broth by removing mycelia; v) purifying obtained vancomycin using column system compacted with cation exchange resin, anion exchange resin and absorbent resin; and vi) crystallizing the purified vancomycin with hydrochloric acid.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    This invention relates to a mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KCCM-10836P) for producing vancomycin, a fermentation process, and a purification process for preparing vancomycin hydrochloride using this mutant strain. More particularly, the present invention relates to i) a fermentation process for preparing vancomycin using this mutant strain in a high yield and productivity in the medium containing dextrin as carbon source, soybean powder or potato protein as nitrogen source and other minerals by controlling the fermentation conditions, and ii) a purification method composed of a column system and a process for crystallizing vancomycin hydrochloride. 
         [0003]    2. Description of Prior Art 
         [0004]    Vancomycin is one of glycopeptide antibiotics inhibiting the synthesis of cell walls of microorganism. Further, vancomycin exhibits a strong inhibition effect on gram positive bacteria, such as,  Streptococci, Staphylococci  and  Clostridium difficile , which are gram positive bacteria resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics. Also, vancomycin has been known to have high treating effects on the diseases derived from methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA), which is fatal to post-operation patients, elderly patients and patients having weak immunity. 
         [0005]    In U.S. Pat. No. 3,067,099, the process for fermenting and producing vancomycin has been disclosed. However, this patented process showed a very low strain yield and productivity of 0.2 mg/mL. Further, the production cost had been also very high. 
         [0006]    To solve above problems, lots of strains having a high strain yield of vancomycin have been isolated and developed. In Korean laying-open Patent Publication No.93-13090, mutated strain of  Amycolatopsis  (accession No.KFCC-10745) has been disclosed to produce vancomycin in a high strain yield. On the other hand, in Korean laying-open Patent Publication No. 93-13091, mutated strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KFCC-10744) has been disclosed to produce vancomycin in a high strain yield. Further, in Korean laying-open Patent Publication No. 93-13090, a fermentation process for producing vancomycin in a high yield using the cultivation medium containing 1.0˜2.0 w/v % of gluten or soybean cake as nitrogen source has been disclosed. 
         [0007]    Even though said Amycolatopsis strains disclosed in above patents showed a high strain yield of 6.1 mg/mL for producing vancomycin, there has been lots of handicaps for commercializing vancomycin, such as, high toxicity and high impurity contents as well as high cost for production. 
         [0008]    To solve above problems the present invention has isolated and developed a novel mutant strain of Amycolatopsis with characteristics of very high vancomycin productivity and low impurity contents as well as fermentation process for producing vancomycin using this isolated mutant strain in the medium containing dextrin as carbon source, bean powder or potato protein as nitrogen source and other trace elements by adjusting the medium composition and fermentation conditions. Further, the present invention also affords an efficient process purifying vancomycin from fermentation broth assuring high purity, low impurity, and low toxicity. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The object of the present invention is to provide a mutant strain of Amycolatopsis orientalis (accession No. KCCM-10836P) for producing vancomycin. 
         [0010]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for preparing vancomycin hydrochloride using a mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KCCM-10836P) comprising the steps of i) mutating and isolating a strain of Amycolatopsis orientalis (accession No. KCCM-10836P) for producing vancomycin from mother strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. ATCC-19795) using NTG(N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) in the selection medium; ii) seed culturing the isolated mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KCCM-10836P); iii) cultivating and fermenting said mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  in the fermentation medium consisting of 12˜18 (w/v) % of dextrin, 2.2˜3.8 (w/v) % of bean powder, 1.9˜2.9 (w/v) % of potato protein, 0.10˜0.14 (w/v) % of sodium chloride and a small amount of minerals; iv) filtering vancomycin using microfilter in the cultivation broth by removing mycelia; v) purifying obtained vancomycin using column system compacted with cation exchange resin, anion exchange resin and absorbent resin; and vi) crystallizing the purified vancomycin with hydrochloric acid. 
         [0011]    Further, said fermentation medium further comprises 0.10˜0.14 (w/v) % of sodium chloride, 1˜100 mg/L of calcium, 1˜100 mg/L of pyridoxine, 1˜100 mg/L of melanin biosynthesis inhibitors selected from arbutin, hydroquinone and tricyclazole. 
         [0012]    Further, said purifying step using column system comprises the steps of i) passing the column compacted with strong acid cation exchange resin, wherein vancomycin is passed and impurities are remained in the column; ii) passing the column compacted with weak base anion exchange resin, wherein vancomycin is passed and impurities are remained in the column; iii) passing the adsorption column compacted with hydrophobic absorbent resin, wherein vancomycin is remained in the column and impurities are passed, and vancomycin is eluted by 5˜15% of ethanol; iv) treating the activated carbon for removing the colorants and impurities; v) treating the activated alumina resin and vancomycin is eluted by 35˜60% of isopropanol; and vi) crystallization of vancomycin hydrochloride. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a view illustrating an HPLC analytical result of the cultivation mixture of the mutant strain using a method according to the embodiment of the present invention. Main peak at 6.466 minutes shows vancomycin peak. The vancomycin peak area indicates that the contents of vancomycin shall be 76.447% of total vancomycin cultivation mixture. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a view illustrating an HPLC analytical result of the cultivation mixture of the mother strain. Main peak at 6.489 minutes shows vancomycin peak. The vancomycin peak area indicates that the contents of vancomycin shall be 52.080% of total vancomycin cultivation mixture. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a view illustrating an HPLC analytical result of vancomycin hydrochloride purified using the method in Example 9 of the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a view illustrating an HPLC analytical result of standard vancomycin cited in U.S. Pharmacopoeia (Cat. No. U.S. Pat. No. 1,709,007). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. KCCM-10836P) has been isolated by following 3 steps of processes. 
         [0018]    The first step of isolation of mutant strain is to select the strain having high vancomycin resistance.  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (accession No. ATCC-19795) is used as mother strain. After mutating the mother strain using NTG (N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine), the mutated strains have been cultured in the selection medium containing 0.1˜50 g/L of vancomycin for 4 days at 28˜32° C. The mutated strains showing high growth in the selection medium have been selected and isolated. The other composition of selection medium is shown at Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of selection medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Soluble starch 
                 1.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Bacto soytone 
                 1.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Agar 
                   2% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0019]    The second step of isolation of mutant strain is to select the strain having high vancomycin productivity from the mutant strains selected in the first step. After the mutated strains have been cultured on the surface of agar plate with the selection medium without vancomycin for 4 days,  Bacillus subtilis  ATCC-6633 culture was overlayed on the surface of the agar plate, and then it was incubated for 24 hours at 30′. The mutated strains showing high growth inhibitory effect on  Bacillus subtilis  have been selected and isolated. The other composition of medium is same as shown in Table 1. 
         [0020]    The third step of isolation of mutant strain is to treat the obtained mutant strain with 250˜280 nm of UV. Then, the mutant strain with characteristics of both high vancomycin productivity and low impurity contents has been selected and isolated as a final strain. 
         [0021]    The isolated mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  was deposited with accession No. KCCM-10836P at Korea Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM) located at 361-221, Yurim B/D Hongje-l-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-091, Republic of Korea on Jan. 12, 2007 under Budapest Treaty. The major characteristics of the mutant strain (accession No. KCCM-10836P) are high vancomycin productivity, high resistance to vancomycin itself, and low impurity contents. Therefore, the culture of this mutant strain shows high productivity of vancomycin, good growth in the medium containing vancomycin, and low productivity of impurity, specially, appearing just before the vancomycin peak on the HPLC chromatogram. 
         [0022]    The cultivation and analytical method of isolated mutant strain can be described as follows. 
         [0023]    The mutant strain has been cultured in the medium at 23˜37° C., pH 5.5˜8.0 and 200-700 rpm using 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, Petri-dish, or 7L jar fermenter. The concentration of vancomycin has been determined by the HPLC analysis based on US Pharmacopeia 28. The growth of microorganism has been measured by PMV (packed mycelia volume) after centrifuging the 10 mL of culture broth at 450 g for 10 minutes. The concentration of dissolved oxygen has been measured using electrode made by Ingold Co.(Swiss, polarographic type). 
         [0024]    Table 2 shows the vancomycin resistance among mother strain (ATCC-19795),  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (KFCC-10990) and  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (KCCM-10836P). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vancomycin (g/L) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Strain 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 1.0 
                 5.0 
                 10.0 
                 15.0 
                 20.0 
                 25.0 
                 30.0 
                 35.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mother strain 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 (ATCC-19795) 
               
               
                 Mutant strain 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 (KFCC-10990) 
               
               
                 Mutant strain 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 (KCCM- 
               
               
                 10836P) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]    Further, Table 3 shows the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics among mother strain (ATCC-19795),  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (KFCC-10990) and  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (KCCM-10836P). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mutant strain 
                 Mutant strain 
               
               
                   
                 Mother strain 
                 (KFCC- 
                 of present invention 
               
               
                 Characteristic 
                 (ATCC-19795) 
                 10990) 
                 (KCCM-10836P) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Type of filament 
                 branched 
                 branched 
                 branched 
               
               
                 Color of colony 
                 yellow 
                 white 
                 white 
               
               
                 Spore formation 
                 + 
                 + 
                 ++ 
               
               
                 Gram staining 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Oxygen-demanding 
                 aerobic 
                 aerobic 
                 aerobic 
               
               
                 Nutrient- 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 demanding 
               
               
                 Movement 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 Optimal 
                 25–37° C. 
                 28–38° C. 
                 23–35° C. 
               
               
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 Optimal pH 
                 6.5–8.0 
                 6.8–8.0 
                 5.5–7.5 
               
               
                 Use of glucose 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Use of fructose 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Use of maltose 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Use of raffinose 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0026]    The isolated mutant strain (accession No. KCCM-10836P) and the mother strain have been cultured in 7 L jar fermenter with 4 L of production medium at 34° C., 700 rpm for 120 hours. After removing mycelia, the amount of vancomycin, growth (PMV), the purity of vancomycin, and the contents of impurity have been determined by HPLC analysis based on US Pharmacopeia 28. 
         [0027]    Table 4 shows the composition of production medium. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Dextrin 
                  15% 
               
               
                   
                 Soybean flour 
                 1.8% 
               
               
                   
                 Potato protein 
                 1.8% 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                 0.12%  
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0028]    Table 5 shows growth (PMV), vancomycin productivity, purity of vancomycin, and impurity contents of the cultivation mixture of mother strain and mutant strain of present invention. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Purity of 
                 Major 
               
               
                   
                 Growth 
                 Vancomycin 
                 Vancomycin 
                 Impurity 
               
               
                 Strain 
                 (PMV) 
                 (g/L) 
                 (% area) 
                 (% area) 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mother strain 
                 28 
                 3.3 
                 52.08 
                 22.94 
               
               
                 (ATCC-19795) 
               
               
                 Mutant strain 
                 40 
                 7.1 
                 76.47 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 of present invention 
               
               
                 (KCCM-10836P) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Major impurity means the peak at 5.95 min of retention time just before the peak of vancomycin on the HPLC chromatogram 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0029]    As shown in Table 2 and Table 3, the mutant strain of present invention has characteristics different from those of other strains in respect to the resistance to vancomycin itself, the optimal cultivation temperature, and the optimal pH. 
         [0030]    Furthermore, the mutant strain produce vancomycin with much higher productivity and make the major impurity (5.95 mim) much less than the mother strain as shown in Table 5,  FIG. 1 , and  FIG. 2 . 
         [0031]    The present invention can be explained by following examples. However, the scope of present invention shall not be limited by following examples 
       EXAMPLES 
     (Example 1) Vancomycin Production in a 7L-Jar Fermenter 
       [0032]    The production of vancomycin by mutant strain of  Amycolatopsis orientalis  (KCCM-10836P) has been measured in a 7L-jar fermenter. 
         [0033]    (Seed Culture) 
         [0034]    The isolated mutant strain has been seed-cultured in a 500 mL of Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 mL of 1 st  seed medium at 30° C. and 250 rpm for 24 hours. Then, 0.1 mL of seed culture has been transferred to a 500 mL of Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of 2 nd  seed medium and incubated at 30° C. and 250 rpm for 60 hours. 
         [0035]    Table 6 shows the composition of 1 st  seed medium 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 1.7% 
               
               
                   
                 Malt extract 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                 Yeast extract 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                 Peptone 
                 1.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    Table 7 shows the composition of 2 nd  seed medium 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Dextrin 
                 5.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Soybean flour 
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 Potato protein 
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 CaCO 3   
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    (Main Culture) 
         [0038]    The main culture has been carried out in a 7L-jar fermenter charged with 4L of production medium (Table 4) containing 5˜20% of dextrin. 2 nd  seed culture (200 ml) has been transferred to a 7L-jar fermenter. Temperature, aeration rate, and pH during the cultivation have been maintained at 34° C., 1 vvm, and 7.5, respectively. Dissolved oxygen concentration has been maintained more than 20% with stirring in the range of 700˜900 rpm. To evaluate the effect of the initial concentrations of dextrin on vancomycin production, various concentrations of dextrin (5˜20%) have been used. Vancomycin production was the highest at 15% of dextrin concentration; therefore, this value represents the optimal concentration of dextrin for vancomycin production. 
         [0039]    Table 8 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the variation of dextrin concentration. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin (%) 
                 Vancomycin (g/L) 
                 Productivity (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5 
                 6.1 
                 0.050 
               
               
                 10 
                 7.2 
                 0.060 
               
               
                 15 
                 7.5 
                 0.062 
               
               
                 20 
                 7.0 
                 0.058 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 2) Vancomycin Production According to the Variation of pH 
       [0040]    The vancomycin production has been measured according to the variation of pH. The same fermentation medium with 15% of dextrin and method in Example 1 has been employed. Only pH was varied from 5.5 to 8.0 Table 10 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the variation of pH. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 pH 
                 Vancomycin (g/L) 
                 Productivity (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5.5 
                 6.0 
                 0.050 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 7.2 
                 0.060 
               
               
                 7.5 
                 7.6 
                 0.063 
               
               
                 8.0 
                 4.0 
                 0.033 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 3) Vancomycin Production According to the Variation of Temperature 
       [0041]    The vancomycin production has been measured according to the variation of temperature. The same fermentation medium and method in Example 2 has been employed. The pH has been adjusted to 7.5. Temperature was varied from 23° C. to 37° C. 
         [0042]    Table 10 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the variation of temperature. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 Vancomycin (g/L) 
                 Productivity (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 23 
                 5.5 
                 0.045 
               
               
                 28 
                 7.0 
                 0.058 
               
               
                 34 
                 7.5 
                 0.062 
               
               
                 37 
                 4.4 
                 0.036 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 4) Vancomycin Production According to the Variation of Concentration of a Nitrogen Source (Soybean Flour) 
       [0043]    The vancomycin production has been measured according to the variation of concentration of nitrogen source (soybean flour). The same fermentation medium and method in Example 3 except soybean flour and temperature has been employed. Temperature has been adjusted to 32° C. and soybean flour has been varied from 1.0% to 3.5%. The medium containing 3% of soybean flour shows the optimal. 
         [0044]    Table 11 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the variation of concentration of soybean flour. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen source 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (Soybean flour) 
                 Vancomycin 
                 Amount of strain 
                 Productivity 
               
               
                 (%) 
                 (g/L) 
                 (PMV) (%) 
                 (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1.0 
                 7.0 
                 38 
                 0.058 
               
               
                 1.8 
                 7.5 
                 42 
                 0.062 
               
               
                 2.4 
                 9.0 
                 46 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 3.0 
                 9.2 
                 45 
                 0.076 
               
               
                 3.5 
                 8.9 
                 41 
                 0.074 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 5) Vancomycin Production According to the Variation of Concentration of a Nitrogen Source (Potato Protein) 
       [0045]    The vancomycin production has been measured according to the variation of concentration of a nitrogen source (potato protein). The fermentation medium comprising dextrin (15%), soybean flour (3.0%), potato protein (1.0-3.5%) and NaCl (0.12%) and method in Example 4 has been employed. The medium containing 2.4% of potato protein shows the optimal. 
         [0046]    Table 12 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the variation of concentration of potato protein. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen source 
                 Vancomycin 
                 Amount of strain 
                 Productivity 
               
               
                 (potato protein)(%) 
                 (g/L) 
                 (PMV) (%) 
                 (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1.0 
                 8.0 
                 43 
                 0.066 
               
               
                 1.8 
                 9.0 
                 46 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 2.4 
                 9.5 
                 46 
                 0.079 
               
               
                 3.0 
                 9.2 
                 42 
                 0.076 
               
               
                 3.5 
                 7.5 
                 38 
                 0.062 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 6) Vancomycin Production According to the Variation of Concentration of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O 
       [0047]    The vancomycin production has been measured according to the variation of concentration of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O. The fermentation medium comprising dextrin (15%), soybean flour (3%), potato protein (2.4%), and NaCl (0.12%) and the same method in Example 5 has been employed. The 40 mg/L of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O showed the optimal. 
         [0048]    Table 13 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the variation of concentration of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CaCl 2 •2H 2 O 
                   
                 Amount of strain 
                 Productivity 
               
               
                 (mg/L) 
                 Vancomycin (g/L) 
                 (PMV) (%) 
                 (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 9.5 
                 46 
                 0.079 
               
               
                 10 
                 9.8 
                 48 
                 0.081 
               
               
                 20 
                 10.3 
                 50 
                 0.085 
               
               
                 40 
                 10.9 
                 55 
                 0.090 
               
               
                 80 
                 8.9 
                 42 
                 0.074 
               
               
                 100 
                 8.5 
                 42 
                 0.070 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 7) Vancomycin Production According to the Variation of Pyridoxine 
       [0049]    The vancomycin production has been measured according to the variation of pyridoxine concentration. The same fermentation medium supplemented with 40 mg/L of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O and method in Example 6 has been employed. The 50 mg/L of pyridoxine showed the optimal. 
         [0050]    Table 14 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the variation of pyridoxine concentration. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vancomycin 
                 Amount of strain 
                 Productivity 
               
               
                 Pyridoxine (mg/L) 
                 (g/L) 
                 (PMV) (%) 
                 (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 10.9 
                 46 
                 0.090 
               
               
                 10 
                 10.8 
                 46 
                 0.091 
               
               
                 20 
                 11.2 
                 50 
                 0.093 
               
               
                 40 
                 11.5 
                 52 
                 0.095 
               
               
                 50 
                 12.1 
                 56 
                 0.100 
               
               
                 80 
                 10.6 
                 50 
                 0.088 
               
               
                 100 
                 10.6 
                 51 
                 0.088 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 8) Vancomycin Production According to the Addition of Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitor 
       [0051]    The vancomycin production has been measured according to addition of melanin inhibitor. The same fermentation medium supplemented with 40 mg/L of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O and 50 mg/L of pyridoxine and method in Example 6 has been employed. The melanin biosynthesis inhibitor has been selected from arbutin, hydroquinone and tricyclazole. The addition of 50 mg/L of melanin biosynthesis inhibitor shows better productivity compared to that of control without melanin biosynthesis inhibitors 
         [0052]    Table 15 shows the productivity of vancomycin according to the addition of melanin biosynthesis inhibitors. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Melanin 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Biosynthesis 
               
               
                 inhibitor 
                   
                 Amount of strain 
                 Productivity 
               
               
                 (50 mg/L) 
                 Vancomycin (g/L) 
                 (PMV) (%) 
                 (g/L · h) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 0 
                 12.1 
                 43 
                 0.100 
               
               
                 Arbutin 
                 12.3 
                 46 
                 0.102 
               
               
                 Hydroquinone 
                 13.5 
                 46 
                 0.112 
               
               
                 Tricyclazole 
                 12.6 
                 42 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       (Example 9) Purification of Vancomycin 
       [0053]    200 L of a fermentation broth obtained from 300L fermenter containing vancomycin in a concentration of 14 g/L was mixed with 200L of distilled water and pH was adjusted to 2-3 by adding 2N hydrochloric acid. 400L of diluted fermentation broth was filtered using micro-filtration system. As soon as the filtrate was obtained, 2N sodium hydroxide was added to adjust pH to 7-8. 
         [0054]    The filtrate was passed through columns comprising 20L of strong cation exchange resin (SK1B, Diaion, Japan), 20L of weak anion exchange resin (WA30, Diaion, Japan), and 40L of hydrophobic absorbent resin (HP20, Diaion, Japan) continuously at a flow rate of 60 L per hour. The columns were washed with 200L of distilled water as same sequence as the loading of filtrate. After washing, vancomycin absorbed to hydrophobic absorbent resin was eluted with 10-15% ethanol at the flow rate of 40L per hour. The fractions containing vancomycin were combined, homogenized, and concentrated to 100 g/L using nano-filtration system 
         [0055]    The concentrate (14L) was mixed with equal volume of isoprophyl alcohol and then 2N sodium hydroxide was added to adjust pH to 4-5. Activated carbon (840 g) was added to the mixture, agitated slowly for 1 hour and then filtered off with a filter of diatomaceous earth filter. 
         [0056]    The filtrate was passed through a column packed with 9L of activated alumina (Wako, Japan) which is conditioned to acidic form at a flow rate of 9L per hour. After the loading of filtrate was completed, 50% isoprophyl alcohol was flushed through the column at the same flow rate. The solution from outlet of the column was fractioned and analyzed by HPLC to check the purity of vancomycin. The fractions with not less than 93% of chromatographic purity of vancomycin were combined, homogenized and concentrated up to 150 g/L by nano-filtration system. 
         [0057]    The concentrate containing at least 150 g/L of vancomycin with more than 93% of chromatographic purity was adjusted to pH 2-3 with 2N hydrochloric acid, and then the conductivity of the concentrate was increased to 15-20 ms/cm by adding aqueous solution saturated with ammonium chloride of pharmaceutical grade. Next, the concentrate was passed through a filter with 0.2 μm pore to remove endotoxin as well as to assure sterility, and then it was left at 20-30° C. for 12 hours. 
         [0058]    Next, chilled absolute ethanol was added to the concentrate drop by drop until vancomycin hydrochloride was crystallized, the slurry was left in refrigerator for 12 hours to accelerate the crystallization, and then the slurry was filtered off. The filtered precipitate was dried in a vacuum dryer at 40° C. The dried vancomycin hydrochloride had a weight of 840 g and was white and freely soluble powder with at least 95% chromatographic purity and 1050 U of antimicrobial activity by analysis based on U.S. Pharmacopeia 28. The analytical results are illustrated in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 .