Abstract:
Heat-sealable composite film having good surface slip with very good thermoforming properties based on polyamide and polyolefins, wherein the film consists of 
     at least one layer of aliphatic polyamide (A) and 
     at least one layer of a polymer blend (B) consisting of 10-60 wt. % of amorphous polyamide and 40-90% of aliphatic polyamide and 
     at least one thermoplastic heat sealing layer (C) and 
     at least one bonding layer (D), 
     arranged in such a manner that a heat sealing layer and a layer of aliphatic polyamide are located on the outer sides of the film, and wherein the film is not stretched.

Description:
The present invention relates to a multilayer film based on polyamide and polyolefins, which is distinguished by particularly good thermoformability with simultaneously good surface slip. Such a film is in particular used for packaging foodstuffs. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Combinations of polyamide and polyolefins are traditionally characteristic of flexible thermoforming films used for packaging foodstuffs such as sausage, cheese etc.. In such applications, polyamide is conventionally used as the support material and polyolefins as the material of the heat sealable layer (for example GB 2 023 088). The type of polyamide traditionally used in thermoforming films is predominantly polyamide 6. 
     At variance with the use of pure polyamide 6, the patent literature makes reference to the use of polyamide blends prepared from amorphous and aliphatic polyamides, for example in stretched films (EP 0 065 278, FR 2 348 805, U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,129). These films have the disadvantage that, due to the stretching (efforts are generally made, for example on grounds of strength and/or cost, to achieve the greatest technically feasible biaxial or monoaxial drawing), they are no longer thermoformable and are therefore fundamentally non-usable for the required applications. 
     The use of polyamide blends containing aliphatic and amorphous polyamide in thermoformable films is also described. The patent literature makes reference to films which manage with a single layer of such a polyamide blend (EP 0 408 390, AU 8 825 700, EP 0 358 038, JP 1 006 056, DE 2 309 420). Such films are characterised in that, while they are indeed more readily drawable (for example EP 0 408 390, example III, table 3) than polyamide 6 films (polyamide 6 is distinctly more crystalline than a polymer blend containing amorphous polyamide), they have distinctly higher coefficients of friction (Jacobi, H. R., Kunststoffe 47 (1957); Vieweg, R., Muller, A., Kunststoffhandbuch volume IV, C. Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1966, page 540) and thus have poor surface slip. 
     Films are also known from the patent literature which manage with two layers, wherein one layer consists of a polyamide blend containing aliphatic and amorphous polyamide and another layer consists of heat-sealable material (EP 0 526 814, JP 60 097 850, EP 0 287 839, EP 0 104 436). While, in comparison with the single layer films, these films do indeed have the advantage of being heat-sealable, the problem of poor surface slip nonetheless remains. 
     In brief, it may be stated that the patent literature contains no reference to films based on polyamide and polyolefins which simultaneously exhibit the properties of good thermoformability, heat-sealability and good surface slip. 
     The object thus arises of providing a film based on polyamide and polyolefins which simultaneously exhibits the properties 
     good thermoformability 
     heat-sealability and 
     good surface slip. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Surprisingly, this object could be achieved by means of a heat-sealable composite film having good surface slip with very good thermoforming properties based on polyamide and polyolefins, which is characterised in that the film consists of at least one layer of aliphatic polyamide (A) and at least one layer of a polymer blend (B) consisting of 10-60 wt. % of amorphous polyamide and 40-90% of aliphatic polyamide and at least one thermoplastic heat sealing layer (C) and at least one bonding layer (D), arranged in such a manner that a heat sealing layer and a layer of aliphatic polyamide are located on the outer sides of the film. The film must not be stretched. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The polyamide consists of the aliphatic polyamides PA 6, PA 11, PA 12, PA 66, PA 6,66, PA 6,8, PA 6,9, PA 6,10, PA 6,11, PA 6,12, a copolymer prepared from the monomer units contained therein or of a mixture of the stated polyamides. 
     The amorphous polyamide is a polyamide produced from isophthalic acid and/or terephthalic acid with alkyl-substituted hexamethylenediamine. 
     The thermoplastic heat sealing layer must have a crystallite melting point of 150° C. or below and originate from the group comprising polyethylenes, polyethylene copolymers, polypropylene, polypropylene copolymers, polybutylenes or ionomers. These are preferably polyethylene (LD, LLD), ethylene/vinyl acetate, ethylene/propylene copolymer, Zn or Na type ionomer, polyisobutylene, poly-1-butene or ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer. 
     The bonding layers consist of an adhesive system and/or a polymeric coupling agent. The adhesive system is a 2-component polyurethane adhesive system. The polymeric coupling agent is an anhydride-modified polyethylene, an acid copolymer of ethylene, an acid-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, an acid-modified ethylene (meth)acrylate, anhydride-modified ethylene (meth)acrylate, an anhydride-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, an acid/acrylate-modified ethylene vinyl acetate or a polymer blend containing at least one of the stated coupling agents. The coupling agent is preferably an anhydride-modified polyethylene or polypropylene copolymer. 
     At least one layer may be provided with lubricants and/or anti-blocking agents, wherein the lubricant is preferably an amide wax and the anti-blocking agent a modified natural silica product. It is particularly worthwhile incorporating lubricants and anti-blocking agents into the heat sealing layer and/or the aliphatic polyamide layer. 
     Preferred film structures are: 
     A/D/B/D/C, 
     A/B/A/D/C or 
     A/EVOH/B/D/C, wherein EVOH is an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer. 
     Interlayers may optionally be arranged between layers D and C, which interlayers have good adhesion to D and C and may, for example, be identical to C. 
     Total film thickness is 15 to 400 μm, preferably 50 to 330 μm. 
     The film is suitable for printing. At least one layer may be coloured or printed. 
     The film is in particular suitable for packaging applications, in particular for packaging foodstuffs. The film is suitable for packaging meat and sausage products, milk products, fish and smoked foodstuffs, pre-cooked dishes, bread and bakery goods and medical devices. 
     It has surprisingly proved possible by means of the composition of the film according to the invention to satisfy the requirement for good surface slip while simultaneously achieving good thermoformability. It is known from the prior art that, in comparison with aliphatic polyamides, polyamide blends containing aromatic polyamide are somewhat more readily thermoformable; such blends are, however, characterised by poor surface slip (see above, prior art). It could thus be expected in the combination according to the invention of both layers that opposing effects would result in moderate thermoformability. Surprisingly, however, still better thermoformability with good surface slip are achieved. 
     Production processes which may be considered for the film are coextrusion (blown film or flat film) or also individual production of layers A, B and C, which are then laminated together (layer D). Combined processes are also conceivable. 
     Known, conventional prior art plant designs are used, wherein in the case of blown film coextrusion the production process is characterised in that the melt is shaped into a film bubble, inflated, cooled and the other, now cool, end is flattened by pinch rolls and held closed and the film then wound. In the case of flat film coextrusion, so-called chill roll units are used, which have the particular feature of large cooling rolls which receive the molten film leaving the die. 
     The units to be used are fundamentally different from so-called stretching units, which cannot be used for the film of the present invention since they always produce a stretched product. 
     The following combined processes are particularly economically viable: 
     flat film coextrusion of a support with the structure A/D/B/D and subsequent extrusion or coextrusion coating of layer C, optionally with interlayer(s) between D and C. 
     flat film coextrusion of support A/EVOH/B, application of an adhesive D and subsequent lamination of a heat sealing layer C previously produced as a blown film, optionally with interlayer(s) between D and C. 
     flat film coextrusion of support A/B/A, application of an adhesive D and subsequent lamination of a heat sealing layer C previously produced as a blown film, optionally with interlayer(s) between D and C. 
     Thermoformability was used as a feature for evaluation of the invention. In order to determine thermoformability, the previously produced film samples were tested in modem automatic thermoforming machines as are used in the packaging industry (for example Tiromat, Multivac). To this end, the film webs clamped in the machine were heated in sections by a hot plate. Heating may be performed to this end either from the sealing side or also from the opposite side to the sealing side. The films preheated at hot plate temperatures of 90° C. were then thermoformed into a tray of edge dimensions 185×115 mm. By increasing the depth of draw in 5 mm steps, the maximum depth of draw to which the particular films could be thermoformed without defects was determined. 
     The frictional behaviour of the films (opposite side to sealing side) against metal was also determined. The coefficient of static friction to DIN 53 375 was measured. A test apparatus (VNNG) from Otto Brugger, Munich was used for this purpose. The measurement conditions were: 
     
         ______________________________________test strip:   800 mm × 200 mmtest table:   polished steelsled:         mass 200 g, test surface 63 mm × 64 mmtake-off speed:         100 mm/mintest distance:         &gt;60 mmforce measurement:         electronic______________________________________ 
    
     Puncture tests to DIN 53 373 were also performed. To this end, film samples of a diameter of 80 mm were cut from the finished film webs with a circle cutter. The puncture test was performed at an impact velocity of 4.5 m/sec with a Dynatester. The direction of puncture is here perpendicular to the surface of the clamped sample. Table 1 shows the puncture force in  N! determined using this method. 
     The elongation at break values shown in table 1 were measured by tensile testing. To this end, specimens of a width of 15 mm (clamping distance 100 mm, test speed 100 mm/min) were subjected to tensile force until break. Elongation at break is then the elongation of the specimens at break in  %!. A computer-controlled tensile tester was used. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES &amp; COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are intended to illustrate the subject matter of the invention. Stretched films have not been examined since it is well-known to those skilled in the art that such films are not thermoformable. 
     A. EXAMPLE 1 
     Multilayer non-stretched film with the structure ##EQU1## 
     The five-layer film was coextruded as a flat film. Total thickness is 145 μm. The PA 6 was a polyamide 6 of a density of 1140 kg/m 3  with a crystallite melting point of 219° C. and a relative solution viscosity of 3.8 (PA concentration 1%, temperature 25° C., measured in m-cresol), the aPA used was an amorphous polyamide based on isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid of a density of 1190 kg/m 3  and a glass transition temperature of 127° C., the HV used was a maleic anhydride grafted linear low density polyethylene of a density of 910 kg/m 3  with a crystallite melting point of 125° C. and a melt flow index (MFI 190/2.16) of 4.0 g/10 min and the PE used was a copolymer of ethylene and octene (LLDPE) of a density of 935 kg/m 3  and a crystallite melting point of 126° C. and a melt flow index (MFI 190/2.16) of 4.4 g/10 min. 
     B. EXAMPLE 2 
     Multilayer non-stretched film with the structure ##EQU2## 
     Production and polymers as in example 1. 
     C. EXAMPLE 3 
     Multilayer non-stretched film with the structure 
     
         ______________________________________PA 6/HV/(85% PA 6 + 15% aPA)/HV/PE35/10/35/10/55 μm______________________________________ 
    
     Production and polymers as in example 1. 
     D. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     Multilayer non-stretched film with the structure 
     
         ______________________________________PA 6/HV/PA 6/HV/PE35/10/35/10/55 μm______________________________________ 
    
     Production and polymers as in example 1. 
     E. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
     Multilayer non-stretched film with the structure 
     
         ______________________________________PA 6/HV/(20% PA 6 + 80% aPA)/HV/PE25/10/25/10/55 μm______________________________________ 
    
     Production and polymers as in example 1. 
     F. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
     Multilayer non-stretched film with the structure 
     
         ______________________________________(85% PA 6 + 15% aPA)/HV/(85% PA 6 + 15% aPA)/HV/PE35/10/35/10/55 μm______________________________________ 
    
     Production and polymers as in example 1. 
     Table 1 shows the thermoformability rating (by means of maximum depth of draw and elongation at break), frictional behaviour (by means of coefficient of static friction) and mechanical strength (by means of puncture force) of the described films A, B, C, D, E and F. Testing was performed as described above. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Frictional behaviour, thermoformability and mechanical strength.          Coefficient of                 Elongation at                       Maximum depth                               Puncture          static friction                 break of draw force   Film structure           --!    %!    mm!     N!__________________________________________________________________________A Example 1   according to          0.13   626   85      280   the inventionB Example 2   according to          0.16   586   85      300   the inventionC Example 3   according to          0.16   689   80      280   the inventionD Comparative   polymer blend          0.14   447   70      260  Example 1   absentE Comparative   excessive aPA          0.16   461   65      200  Example 2   in polymer   blendF Comparative   PA 6 layer          0.52   677   85      260  Example 3   absent__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     As may be seen from table 1, good coefficients of friction (distinctly &lt;0.20) with simultaneously good thermoformability (in this case maximum depth of draw ≧80 mm, elongation at break &gt;580%) are achieved as desired in films A, B and C produced according to the invention. The films produced according to the invention moreover exhibit elevated mechanical strength, as is shown by the puncture force measurement (≧280N). 
     In film D, which was not produced according to the invention, the polyamide blend layer was omitted and, while good frictional values are achieved, the film has poor thermoforming properties (in this case maximum depth of draw ≦70 mm, elongation at break ≦470%) and has low mechanical strength (puncture force ≦260N). A similar assessment applies to film E, which has an excessively high proportion of amorphous polyamide in the polyamide blend. The outer PA 6 layer is absent in film F. While adequate thermoformability is indeed achieved in this case, the film is very dull (coefficient of static friction 0.52) and is of low mechanical strength.