Abstract:
An apparatus and method are provided for treating pollutants in a gaseous stream. The apparatus comprises tubular inlets for mixing a gas stream with other oxidative and inert gases for mixture within a reaction chamber. The reaction chamber is heated by heating elements and has orifices through which cool or heated air enters into the central reaction chamber. A process is also provided whereby additional gases are added to the gaseous stream preferably within the temperature range of 650 C.-950 C. which minimizes or alleviates the production of NOx.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for the treatment of gas streams containing organic and inorganic pollutants, suitable for applications such as treatment of streams resulting from fabrication of semiconductor materials and devices, micro-electric products, manufacturing of compact discs and other memory devices.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The gaseous effluents from the manufacturing of semiconductor materials, devices, products and memory articles involves a wide variety of chemical compounds used and produced in the process facility. They contain inorganic and organic compounds, breakdown products of photo-resist and other reagents, and a wide variety of other gases which must be removed from the waste gas streams before being vented from said facility. Typical to the industry, such effluents, either as a single component or multi-component composition, are mixed with an oxidant, such as high purity oxygen, air, nitrous oxide, or other reagents and thermally reacted and/or oxidized at elevated temperatures in a central reaction chamber.  
           [0003]    In semiconductor manufacturing processes, various processing operations can produce combustible gas streams. Hydrogen and a variety of hydrides, VOC&#39;s, PFC&#39;s, HAP&#39;s, etc. may be present and, if combined with air, oxygen or other oxidant species such as nitrous oxide, chlorine, fluorine and the like, form reactive mixtures.  
           [0004]    However, the composition of the waste gas generated at a workstation may vary widely over time as the successive process steps are carried out. Additionally there are many different wafer process tools with many different recipe chemistries used in typical semiconductor process facilities.  
           [0005]    With this variation of the composition of waste gas streams and the need to adequately treat the waste gas on a continuous basis during the operation of the facility, a common approach taken is to provide a single large-scale waste treatment system for an entire process facility. Such systems are almost always over-designed in terms of its treatment capacity, and typically do not have the ability to safely deal with a large number of mixed chemistry streams without posing complex reactive chemical risks. The operating cost associated with heating an extremely dilute mixed gas stream to appropriate elevated temperatures to achieve abatement performance targets is also an issue, in addition to the huge capital cost associated with large scale oxidation units, which often use catalytic chemistry. Furthermore, one of the problems of great concern in gas effluents is the formation of acid mist, acid vapors, acid gases and NOx (NO, NO 2 ). The present invention provides a method for alleviating the formation of NOx by the appropriate injection of additives into the reactor which not only minimizes or eliminates NOx formation, but also yield less acidic, hence less corrosive effluents.  
           [0006]    The present invention provides compact, dedicated units, which may be employed at the point of use. They are designed to serve a single tool, or group of similar chemistry process tools, individual processing operation, or group of abatement compatible process operations to effectively and efficiently remove pollutants without being over-designed with respect to volume capacity, chemical complexity, heat generation and power consumption.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The present invention provides a process for abating chemical pollutants in a pollutant-containing gas stream by introducing the gas stream into a reactor chamber through a conduit, which accommodates at least one secondary inlet through which is introduced at least one gaseous reagent (with or without additional gaseous, liquid or solid reagents) to cause a controlled reaction in the gas stream by mixing and optionally, by heating. The desired reagent may also be generated in situ (e.g., thermally formed) in the mixing stream. Said reagent(s), added through inlets and/or directly or as precursor(s) into the reactor chamber, may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, ammonia, air, oxygen, water vapor, alcohol, ethers, calcium compounds, amines, and a mixture of these gases, liquids and/or solids. For example, mixtures such as ammonia/air and ammonia/oxygen have been found to be useful reagents. The reaction of the pollutant containing gas stream with the reagent is within the temperature range of about 650 C. to 950 C.  
           [0008]    The present invention provides an apparatus for removing pollutants from gaseous streams. It comprises a pre-reaction injection section, a thermal reactor section and a liquid scrubber section to achieve target abatement performance. In one embodiment, ports are located in the pre-reactor injection section and/or the main thermal reaction chamber for introducing a gas in such a way as to reduce or alleviate particle build-up in the main reactor section.  
           [0009]    The thermal reactor is provided with at least one inlet comprising a conduit terminating with a portion of the conduit within the reactor which projects into the reactor into a tube defining an area in which there could be flame formation (hot zone or reaction zone).  
           [0010]    The thermal reactor comprises a central chamber accommodating heating elements, a side inlet communicating with an exterior air space between the exterior wall and the heating elements, and an interior air space optionally communicating with the exterior air space. There is also, optionally, a distributor for introducing a gas, liquid and/or solid into the central chamber at a distance from the open end of the tube.  
           [0011]    In one embodiment, the distributor is located out of the hot zone. The interior air space is defined by the interior wall and the heating elements, and an orifice means of introducing gas, liquid and/or solid into the central chamber through the interior wall, the inlet section, and/or the central chamber open end. The orifice may be located upstream of a hot zone created at the open end of the conduit and/or located downstream of the hot zone. The gases exiting the thermal reactor are cooled when passed through a liquid cooling section containing a vortex and/or spray chamber.  
           [0012]    The cooled gases from the combustion chamber are then passed through a counter-current and/or co-current flow packed bed liquid scrubber for chemical pollutant scrubbing and trapping and condensing particles by flowing the gas stream through the packed bed with or against a flowing liquid. Inlets are provided for introducing gases to the upper portion of the bed to lower the exhaust dew point.  
           [0013]    The present invention also, optionally, has a means of sensing gases, liquids and/or solids for the purpose of monitoring and/or controlling the invention at desired and/or optimal operating conditions. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a diagram of an intake conduit according to the present invention illustrating a chamber for the introduction of gas along the wall of the chamber and an optional gas distributor.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a cut-away view of the elevation of a thermal reactor according to the present invention.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is a cut away view of a liquid vortex design according to the present invention.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 a  is a cut away view of another example of a liquid vortex design according to the present invention.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 is a diagram of an apparatus comprising the thermal reactor and packed bed liquid scrubber.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0019]    Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown the entry end of a reaction chamber  10  wherein the process gases are introduced through, optionally, one or more inlets  11  of the pre-reaction chamber section. The lower portion of inlet  11  is surrounded by annular chambers  12  into which reagent gas liquid and/or solid, air or oxygen is introduced through port  13  and which exit into the reaction chamber through outer port  14  at the exit of inlet  11 . Another annular chamber  15  is provided for introducing nitrogen or other gas, which enters chamber  15  through port  16  and which exits the circumferential port  17  to flow the gas downwardly along the inside surface of the reactor wall  18  (or other strategical injection point). The flow of the gas along the reactor wall reduces or alleviates the build-up of particulate matter.  
         [0020]    In some instances, a hot zone or reaction zone is created at the exit of inlets  11  within the reaction chamber and it may be desirable or necessary to introduce other reagent(s). For this purpose, a gas, liquid and/or solid distributor  19  is optionally provided downstream of the inlets  11  and within or outside of said reaction or hot zone.  
         [0021]    A preferred embodiment of the use of apparatus according to the present invention is for abating a chemical pollutant-containing gas stream by a controlled mixing of said gas stream with one or more reagent(s), preceding and/or followed by flowing this mixture through the main reaction chamber maintained under controlled conditions, to effect desirable reaction(s) during this passage. Particularly preferred reagents are hydrogen, hydrocarbons, ammonia, air, oxygen, water vapor, alcohol, ethers, calcium compounds and amines. The alcohols are lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and the like. Ethers are lower ethers such as dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, and the like. The amines are lower amines such as methylamine, dimethyl amine, and the like. A particularly preferred mixture is a combination of ammonia and oxygen or air. This mixture is particularly preferred for streams containing halogens, such as chlorine and/or fluorine. Thus ammonia, ammonia and air, or ammonia and oxygen are added under controlled conditions to the process gas in a mixing zone of the reaction chamber within the temperature range of about 650 C.-950 C. A particular advantage of this process is that the pH of the liquid from the scrubber is raised to approximately 3-10, which creates a much less corrosive environment than the more acidic liquids and vapors typically formed.  
         [0022]    Oxygen or other gases, liquids and/or solids may be added downstream of the mixing zone to obtain optimal performance on start-up, the mixture and/or temperature can then be readjusted during the cleaning cycle. As shown in FIG. 1, the downstream introduction of gases may be through a tube  19  for directing gas downstream, or may be another gas distributing device such as a manifold or injector.  
         [0023]    Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a thermal reactor according to the present invention. Process gas enters through inlets (not shown) at the top of the reactor into the central chamber  40 . Heating elements  41   a  are electrically heated to provide high temperature hot surfaces on the interior wall  42 . Heating elements  41   a  are shown as annularly located surrounding the chamber  40 . Optionally, heating elements  41   b  may also be located within chamber  40 . Air (cool or heated) may be introduced into the reactor chamber  40  anywhere at the inlet end and/or exit end of chamber  40  or somewhere in between by ways of single and/or multiple injection points, not shown.  
         [0024]    The location of the injection points may be varied according to the desired configuration of the reactor. For example, there is typically a hot zone created at the entry end of the reactor where the process gas and reagents are introduced. Depending upon the optimum chemistry and stoichiometry, the injection points may be located upstream, in or downstream of the hot zone.  
         [0025]    Referring to FIG. 3 , there is shown a liquid vortex  50 . The gases exit the reactor at the bottom of chamber  40  into a liquid vortex  50 , where liquid enters through  51  tangentially into outer chamber  52  to create a swirling motion, causing the liquid to rise and overflow internal wall  53  into the main chamber  54  to control the temperature of the surface and to maintain a continuous liquid film on the wall. This, along with additional liquid sprays, allows contact between the liquid and gases, liquids and/or solids to cool down the gaseous stream to temperatures typically below 100° C. The liquid vortex optionally may have an insert (not shown) extending the reactor chamber  40  to any point into the vortex.  
         [0026]    A modification is shown in FIG. 3A where the liquid enters directly into the gas stream through nozzle  51 A.  
         [0027]    The gases then exit the liquid vortex section cooled to less than 100° C.  
         [0028]    Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown in diagram form a processing facility using all of the above-described features. The process gas from one or more stations enters the inlets  70 , and is mixed, if required, with a reagent gas, liquid and/or solid, oxygen or other gas and with an inert purge gas, such as nitrogen as described in connection with FIG. 1. The capacity of the facility will depend upon the size of hardware components, types of process gases and reagents, etc. Typical gas flow rates through the facility are less than about 300 slm. The gases are then treated in the thermal reactor  74 , to which air is optionally introduced through lines  72  and/or  75 . The gases exiting the bottom of thermal reactor  74  pass through a vortex  76  of liquid flowing through line  77  (plus optionally a water spray  78 ) into the packed bed liquid scrubber  60 . The gases from the thermal reactor exit through conduit  61  and pass through a water spray and into a packed bed containing packing  63  through which the gases are flowed in counter-current and/or optionally co-current manner through the packing with and/or against the flow of water provided by continuous sprayer  64 . Particle-containing liquid flows to the bottom to exit to a sump tank, and/or recirculation tank, and/or direct drain. The gas is typically directed via ports  61 A to a demister section  65  where moisture and additional particulate are removed via demister packing  66  and the cleaning of this section is accomplished with liquid provided by a continuous and/or an intermittent sprayer  67 . Air is injected through port  68  to provide direct gas cooling and promote reduction of the dew point of the exiting gas. The treated gas then exits through flue  69 .  
         [0029]    Optional detectors can be located in the invention to monitor target components. Such information is then fed back to control the abatement parameters, such as temperature and feed rate of individual reagents etc.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0030]    In an apparatus as shown in FIG. 4 with inlets as shown in FIG. 1, F 2  (fluorine) a by-product present in semiconductor process gases was tested. The abatement achieved (measured as % DRE, decomposition removal efficiency) and NOx formation, based on 20% utilization of the F 2  were measured. The optimum gas flow rate (in standard liters/min, slm) and Ammonia gas addition at the reactor inlet are given to achieve the indicated DRE.  
                                                                           Pump                               NH3 flow,   purge,       Test #   Gas   Flow, SLM   SLM   SLM   % DRE   NO out, PPM   NO2 out, PPM                   2   F2   1.0 to 4.0   3.0    50   99.9+   &lt;30 LDL*   &lt;30 LDL       1   F2   1.0 to 2.0   1.0 to 3.0   100   99.9+   &lt;40 LDL    &lt;40 LDL                  
 
         [0031]    Test 1—A constant flow of 3.0 SLM of NH3 was used to treat increasing flows of F2 (1.0 to 4.0 SLM). DRE remained above 99.9% for the range of testing. F2 DRE was consistently above 99% for the widest range of flows.  
         [0032]    Test 2—F2 was tested at 1.0 and 2.0 SLM as NH3 was varied from 1.0 to 3.0 SLM. Again, DRE remained above 99.9%.  
         [0033]    LDL is the calculated Lower Detection Limit for the Quadripole Mass Spectrometer at the settings used in the R&amp;D lab. NO and NO2 typically did not register in any of the QMS readouts.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0034]    In a similar device, Cl 2  (chlorine) a by-product present in semiconductor process gases was tested. The abatement achieved (measured as % DRE, decomposition removal efficiency) and NOx formation, based on 20% utilization of the Cl2 were measured. The optimum gas flow rate (in standard liters/min, slm) and Ammonia gas (NH3) addition at the reactor inlet are given to achieve the indicated DRE.  
                                                                           Pump                               NH3 flow,   purge,       Test #   Gas   Flow, SLM   SLM   SLM   % DRE   NO out, PPM   NO2 out, PPM                   1   Cl2   1.0   1.0 to 6.0   240   96+    &lt;40 LDL   &lt;40 LDL       2   Cl2   0.25 to 1.5   1.5   100   94+    &lt;40**   &lt;10       1   Cl2   1.5   3.0   100   99.0   &lt;40   &lt;10                          
 
         [0035]    [0035] 
         [0036]    Test 1—Cl2 was held constant at 1.0 SLM as NH3 was varied from 1.0 to 6.0 SLM. The DRE remained above 96% and climbed as high as 99.9% at higher NH3 flows.  
         [0037]    Test 2—NH3 was held constant at 1.5 SLM as Cl2 flow was changed from 0.25 to 1.5 SLM. DRE varied from 99.99% for the 0.25 SLM Cl2 flow to 94% for the 1.50 SLM Cl2 flow.  
         [0038]    Test 3—NH3 was raised from 1.5 to 3.0 SLM with the Cl2 fixed at 1.5 SLM. This test was performed to compare DRE as a function of mole ratio of NH3 to Cl2. The higher flows had a greater DRE than the lower flows at the same mole ratio.  
       EXAMPLE 3—NF3  
       [0039]    In a similar device to that described in example 1, nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) was tested for abatement efficiency and nitric oxide and/or nitrogen dioxide (NOx) formation. Abatement efficiencies ≧99.999% were achieved for all influent NF3 flows tested (0.125-0.5 standard liters per minute (sim)) with a minimum hydrogen inlet concentration* of 10%. At hydrogen inlet concentrations ≧18%, NOx formation was suppressed to below the analytical instrumentation&#39;s detection limit.  
       EXAMPLE 4—NOx  
       [0040]    In another similar device, testing was performed to determine the capability of the system for NOx abatement. 100 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) of NOx was injected into the abatement device inlet. Test variables included thermal reactor set-points of 700 C. and 850C. and hydrogen inlet concentrations between 5 and 18 sim. Abatement efficiencies of &gt;70 and &gt;85% were achieved at 700 C. and 850 C., respectively, with a hydrogen inlet concentration of 18%.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0041]    In a device similar to that described in Example 1, using argon as a process gas flowed at 35 slm at temperatures varying from about 700 C. to 840 C., oxygen and/or ammonia were added to the flow stream. Oxygen was added using 5 or 8 slm. Ammonia was added at increments between 0.25-6.0 slm. The temperature at the point which the gases are mixed was held constant at 850 C. The product stream was analyzed by mass spectrometry, particularly for oxygen, nitrogen, NOx and ammonia. It was found that when using a combination of oxygen and ammonia, as ammonia was increased, holding oxygen constant, initially NOx formation increased with ammonia concentration. Beyond a threshold, the NOx concentration decreased. This indicates an operating condition where optimal ammonia and oxygen flow rates where the chemistry and stoichiometry favor a reduction of NOx.  
         [0042]    The invention having been fully described, further modifications of the invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications are within the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims set forth below.