Abstract:
Plutonium, strontium, and cesium found in aqueous waste solutions resulting from nuclear fuel processing are removed by contacting the waste solutions with synthetic zeolite incorporating up to about 5 wt % titanium as sodium titanate in an ion exchange system. More than 99.9% of the plutonium, strontium, and cesium are removed from the waste solutions.

Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     This invention was made with government support under contract number DE-AC06-76RLO 1830, awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to treatment of alkaline waste and sludge wash solutions with titanium-treated zeolite to remove trace amounts of plutonium, strontium, and cesium. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Commercial reprocessing of nuclear reactor fuels results in high-level waste (HLW) which is stored in tanks. The waste must be eventually removed from the tanks and solidified in a form suitable for transportation to a federal repository for final disposition. 
     The HLW in the tanks typically contains plutonium and other transuranic (TRU) elements in two fractions: an alkaline waste (supernatant) solution, and a sludge layer of iron hydroxide and fission product solids. This alkaline waste solution is first treated to remove  137  Cs by passing a water-diluted solution through a series of ion exchange columns containing aluminosilicate ion exchanger. The resulting effluent is mixed with concrete and stored as low-level waste (LLW). 
     The TRU content of alkaline supernatant waste stored in tanks at West Valley Nuclear Services Co. (hereinafter West Valley or WV) is approximately 49 nanocuries per gram (nCi/g), and after the above described treatment the content is about 21 nCi/g. It is desired to reduce the TRU content to 10 nCi/g or less. A proposed treatment process for the sludge fraction of stored HLW involves washing with at least 4 batch contacts of water to remove excess sodium sulfate, then to mix with glass formers and vitrify into a final HLW form. The sludge wash solutions will also be processed by ion exchange to recover  137  Cs. 
     In previous studies, however, it was found that 20% of the plutonium and 95% of the uranium in the sludge transferred to the water phase during washing. These values were substantially reduced by washing with pH 12.5 water, but the plutonium content still represented about 5% of the soluble plutonium, exceeding the required maximum actinide content in the concrete waste form (&lt;100 nCi/g of waste). A method for plutonium removal from sludge water washes was required. 
     The ion exchange process for recovery of  137  Cs at WV has utilized the inorganic ion exchanger IE-96, a synthetic zeolite available from UOP. This material has been used for cesium recovery because of its high ion exchange capacity and decontamination factor (DF) values (&gt;40,000), and because it can be incorporated with glass formers and washed sludge to form borosilicate glass. 
     Previous studies by the inventors of the present invention showed that the IE-96 zeolite ion exchanger, when treated with a solution of titanium [4+] salt of isopropoxy [triethanolaminato] dissolved in isopropyl alcohol, extracts traces of plutonium from the WV alkaline wastes. However, use of this material has not been further considered based on safety considerations (volatile organics) and the need for a simple and reproducible large-scale preparation process. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     We have found that the zeolite ion exchanger IE-96, treated with a titanium solution, is effective for removal of plutonium, strontium, and cesium from alkaline supernatant and sludge wash solution. The zeolite was treated with TiCl 3  to produce titanium loadings of up to 5.3 wt % TiO 2 . Loading zeolite with TiO 2  in amounts greater than 5 wt % TiO 2  is possible, but the ability to co-load cesium becomes less effective with increasing Ti content. The titanium values were reported as TiO 2  for analytical purposes only. The loaded titanium is actually in the form of sodium titanate. Reduction of the plutonium content in the final concrete product to &lt;1 nCi/g is projected, as compared with a value of about 1000 nCi Pu/g without titanium loading (A concentration of &lt;100 nCi/g is required for non-TRU waste). 
     The titanium-loaded zeolite is prepared by loading IE-96 with TiCl 3  in aqueous solution, washing excess titanium from the zeolite, washing the zeolite with caustic (NaOH) to hydrolyze the titanium to sodium titanate, and drying the product. Titanium-treated zeolite ion exchanger is contacted with alkaline supernatant and sludge wash solutions in an ion exchange column or as a slurry to reduce the concentrations of plutonium, strontium, and cesium to acceptable levels. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph showing recovery of plutonium from synthetic alkaline waste using untreated zeolite ion exchanger. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph showing recovery of plutonium from synthetic alkaline waste using titanium-treated zeolite ion exchanger (5.3 wt % TiO 2 ). 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing recovery of cesium, strontium and plutonium from actual West Valley waste using a single column of titanium-treated zeolite ion exchanger (5 wt % TiO 2 ). 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     I. Preparation of Titanium-Treated Zeolite 
     Synthetic West Valley (WV) alkaline supernatant (6.4M Na + ) was prepared and diluted to a known sodium value (2.1M Na + ). This was used to represent the WV alkaline feed diluted 1:3 (initial volume:final volume). The IONSIV IE-96 zeolite was purchased from the Union Carbide Corporation, Linde Division, Tarrytown, N.Y. The zeolite was treated with titanium (Ti), and batch and ion exchange column tests were performed using aqueous feeds traced with plutonium, cesium, and strontium. 
     A. Method for Loading Titanium on IE-96 
     Two initial methods, ion exchange column loading and batch treatment, have been used to load IE-96 with titanium trichloride (TiCl 3 , 20% solution, technical grade, 500 mL, V884-7, J. T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, N.J. 08865. This solution may contain H 3  PO 4  to stabilize the TiO 2 ). The steps include, 1) loading TiCl 3  onto the dry zeolite, 2) water washing the zeolite to remove the excess TiCl 3 , 3) air drying the zeolite to convert the Ti 3+   to Ti 4+   (optional), 4) contacting the Ti-loaded zeolite with a very dilute solution of NaOH to neutralize the acid and to hydrolyze the titanium, 5) washing the zeolite with water to remove the excess caustic and chloride ion, and 6) drying the zeolite for storage prior to use. 
     The titanium is loaded on the zeolite as the Ti 3+   ion. When the zeolite is caustic washed and air dried, the following reaction is assumed, 
     
         6H.sub.2 O+4Ti.sup.3+ +O.sub.2 →4 Ti(IV)O.sub.2 +12 H.sup.+. 
    
     The zeolite is acidic after Ti 3+   loading, washing, and air drying (3 moles H +   per mole of Ti loaded). Therefore, the zeolite must be neutralized with caustic to prevent column gassing during use. The gassing is caused by carbonate in the WV supernatant reacting with the acid. 
     B. Batch Titanium-Treatment Method 
     Samples of Ti-treated zeolite were prepared by the following method: 
     1. Weigh out zeolite IE-96. 
     2. Add 20% solution of TiCl 3  to the dry zeolite. Blend the mixture. 
     3 Wash the Ti-treated zeolite with water until the chloride content in the effluent has been reduced (using AgNO 3  as a chloride indicator). 
     4. Filter the Ti-treated zeolite to remove the excess water. 
     5. Pass air through the filtered bed of zeolite for 24 h to dry the exchanger and to convert the Ti 3+   ion to Ti 4+   and to dry the zeolite (optional). 
     6. Re-saturate the Ti-treated zeolite with water. 
     7. Slowly pass a dilute solution (0.1M solution of NaOH) through the bed until the acid is neutralized. Use an ion exchange column to do this step. 
     8. Wash the caustic out of the bed with water. 
     9. Pull air through the bed to dry. 
     C. Batch Treatment to Vary the wt % TiO 2   
     Samples of Ti-treated zeolite were prepared by the following method to vary the wt % TiO 2  and to address concerns about heating the treated zeolite at UOP during the manufacturing step. 
     1. Take 5 g of IE-96. Use Fisher-stabilized 20% TiCl 3  (technical grade) (Fisher or equivalent). 
     2. Contact with: 
     
         ______________________________________Sample No.     20% TiCl.sub.3                    H.sub.2 O______________________________________E              0.5 mL    1.5 mLF              1.0 mL    1.0 mLG              1.5 mL    0.5 mLH              2.0 mL      0 mL______________________________________ 
    
     for 24 h. 
     3. Wash each sample with H 2  O. 
     4. Wash with 5 mL portions of 0.1M NaOH to bring the pH to 11. Test for chloride using acidified AgNO 3 . 
     5. Wash each batch twice with 5 mL of H 2  O. 
     6. Sample for TiO 2 . 
     7. Air dry each batch for 24 h. 
     8. Take 1/2 of each batch to 115° C. for two hours. 
     9. Weigh out 0.1 g samples of air-dried and 115° C. heated zeolite for batch distribution tests using 25° C. and 6° C., 48 h contact time, single batch analysis, plutonium and cesium, at pH 9.1 and 12.5. 
     II. Batch Distribution Studies Using Ti-Zeolite 
     Methods were investigated for the simultaneous recovery of plutonium, cesium, and strontium from sludge wash solutions. Manufacturing options for the preparation of the zeolite were investigated to determine the effect of varying the titanium loading and drying the zeolite at 115° C. 
     A. Effect of pH, Temperature, and Caustic Treatment 
     The Ti-treated zeolite was prepared by batch loading IE-96 with TiCl 3 , washing the excess Ti from the zeolite using water, and drying the material prepared by the Batch Ti-Treatment method described in Section I.B, above. The acidic zeolite was neutralized with 0.1M NaOH, water washed, and dried. Cesium, strontium, and plutonium batch distribution values were first obtained at pH values of 10 and 12.5 (6° C. and 25° C.). The results are summarized in Table 1 (at back of specification) as distribution values (R d ) under conditions tested. 
     The batch distribution values are shown in Table 2 (at back of specification). The cesium R d  values are reduced by 20% at a zeolite loading of 4% TiO 2  as compared to uncoated zeolite. As the temperature was reduced from 25° C. to 6° C., the cesium R d  values increased 60%. The plutonium R d  decreased to 10% (pH 10) and 30% (pH 12) of that found at 25° C. 
     2. Effect of Titanium Concentration 
     After completion of the initial study described above, four additional Ti-treated zeolite samples were prepared by varying the addition of TiCl 3  (Section I.C, above). The samples were batch washed with 0.1M NaOH, water washed, and air-dried. To increase the drying temperature, one-half of each sample was dried at 115° C. Cesium and plutonium batch distribution values were then obtained at a pH of 9.1 and 12.5 (6° C. and 25° C.) using &#34;as received 0.28 wt % TiO 2  &#34;; IE-96, air dried Ti-treated IE-96, and 115° C. dried Ti-treated zeolite. 
     The results are found in Table 3. At TiO 2  loadings greater than 1.5 wt %, the large plutonium R d  values appear similar at a pH of 12.5. This is due to the uncertainty of the plutonium values remaining in the aqueous phase after contact (nearing counting background). No adverse effect was found for the plutonium R d  values after drying the sample at 115° C., as compared to air drying the Ti-treated zeolite. 
     III. Ion Exchange Column Studies Using Ti-Zeolite 
     Multiple column plutonium recovery studies were completed to test the Ti-treated zeolite concept. The columns each had a capacity of 2 mL of exchanger to accommodate the limited volume of actual waste available at West Valley (WV). The same column design could then be used to confirm the results using actual wastes versus synthetic feeds. The results show that Ti-treated zeolite will effectively remove plutonium from solution. 
     A. Ion Exchange--5.3 wt % TiO 2  Using Synthetic Feed 
     Studies were completed using a three column series, each containing 2 mL of 5.3 wt % TiO 2  prepared using TiCl 3 . At the completion of 2600 cv through columns A, B, and C, plutonium breakthrough values of 40%, 12%, and 9%, respectively, were observed. Column A was nearing 2700 cv at 50% C/Co using 5.3% TiO 2  versus 375 cv for 1.3 wt % TiO 2 . 
     B. Ion Exchange--5 wt % TiO 2  Using Actual WV Waste 
     The ion exchange concept was tested at West Valley using a single ion exchange column filled with 2 mL of 5 wt % TiO 2 , produced commercially by UOP. Actual WV waste (Sludge Wash #2) was passed through the column. The results are shown in FIG. 3. This test proved the use of IE-96 for multiple column service at West Valley, for the recovery of cesium, strontium, and plutonium. 
     While the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many variations can be made within the broad scope of the invention. The appended claims are intended to cover all such variations within the scope of the invention appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Conditions and Results After Testing Ti-Zeolite(Results Shown are Based on Table 2)       Ratios (R.sub.d ÷ R.sub.d)Conditions Tested         Cs          Pu     Sr______________________________________Coated ÷ UncoatedpH 10    25° C.             0.84        62   32     6° C.             0.81        15   25pH 12    25° C.             0.83        6    2.4     6° C.             0.81        5    156° C. ÷ 25° C.pH 10         1.7           0.1  0.6pH 12         1.7           0.3  0.6______________________________________ 
    
     The formula for the determination of R d  is: 
     
         R.sub.3 =C.sub.s ÷C.sub.1, mL/g; where, 
    
     C s  --the concentration of the radionuclide exchanged on the solid phase (Ci or g of radionuclide/g of anhydrous zeolite), 
     C 1  --the concentration of the radionuclide remaining in the liquid phase after batch contact (Ci or g of radionuclide/mL). 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Distribution Values for Plutonium, Cesium,and Strontium as a Function of TemperatureObjective: To determine the distribution value.sup.(a) as afunction of temperature and pH. To compare distributionvalues using untreated zeolite.Batch A = 4.0 wt % as TiO.sub.2Contact Time: 48 hoursZeolite Preparation Method: See I.2pH Adusted            Uncoated IE-96Initial pH   Batch A  R.sub.d Final pH                           R.sub.d                                  Final pH______________________________________Temperature: 25° C.Cs10               153      9.1   182     9.112.5             131     12.4   157    12.6Sr10               279      9.1   8.6     9.112.5             1,958   11.1   808    12.4Pu10               1,364    9.2    22     9.112.5             6,913   11.1   1,152  12.4Temperature: 6° C.Cs10               256      9.0   315     9.112.5             222     12.3   274    12.3Sr10               152      9.1    6      9.212.5             1,144   11.1    76    12.2Pu10               117      9.1    8      9.212.5             1,949   11.1   402    12.3______________________________________ .sup.(a) Distribution values reported below are an average of two determinations. 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Plutonium and Cesium Batch Distribution Values asa Function of pH, Temp., and Wt % TiO.sub.2 ZeolitePreparation Method (I.3)Objective: Prepare a series of four Ti-treated zeolitesamples by varying the addition of TiCl.sub.3. Wash the excessTiCl.sub.3 out of the zeolite and save the waste for analysis.Batch wash the Ti-coated zeolite using 0.1 --M NaOH until thepH is 10. Batch wash the zeolite with 2 cv of H.sub.2 O and airdry. Dry 1/2 of the coated material at 115° C. Repeatbatch distribution values for air and 115° C. dried zeoliteas a function of the available Ti concentration.Wt %    Temperature: 25° C.                Temperature: 6° C.TiO.sub.2    #  Pu R.sub.d      pH Cs R.sub.d             pH #  Pu R.sub.d                       pH Cs R.sub.d                              pH__________________________________________________________________________Final pH 12.5 0.28    -- 1075      12.5         193 12.3                --  757                       12.5                           306                              12.4IE-96    -- 1152      12.4         157 12.6                --  402                       12.3                          274 12.31.6 o  2665      12.4         174 12.5                o   543                       12.4                          250 12.5(E) a  3523      12.4         180 12.5                a  3123                       12.4                          228 12.52.7 o  4009      12.4         168 12.5                o  2688                       12.3                          248 12.5(F) a  3332      12.4         142 12.5                a  3250                       12.3                          227 12.53.9 o  4151      12.4         149 12.4                o  2203                       12.4                          160 12.5(G) a  4819      12.4         127 12.4                a  4003                       12.4                          161 12.54.7 o  3692      12.3         116 12.4                o  3099                       12.3                          185 12.5(H) a  5041      12.3         131 12.4                a  4895                       12.3                          183 12.5Final pH 9.10.28    -- --  -- --  -- -- --  -- --  --IE-96    --  22  9.1         182  9.1                --   8  9.2                          315  9.11.6 o   264       9.1         189  9.2                o   58  9.1                          313  9.1(E) a   207       9.1         185  9.2                a   44  9.1                          288  9.12.7 o   403       9.1         178  9.1                o   93  9.2                          278  9.2(F) a   300       9.1         167  9.1                a   73  9.2                          274  9.23.9 o   533       9.1         168  9.2                o   123                        9.1                          270  9.2(G) a   386       9.1         155  9.1                a   100                        9.2                          252  9.24.7 o   804       9.1         143  9.1                o   154                        9.1                          246  9.1(H) a   787       9.1         143  9.1                a   140                        9.1                          233  9.1__________________________________________________________________________ #, o = oven dried at 115° C., a = air dried TiO.sub.2 values are being reconfirmed by the analytical laboratory.