Abstract:
In signal transmission ranging systems such as GPS, radar, and the like, accuracy of the ranging information most generally is effected by the presence of multiple paths of signal transmission, i.e., multipath. Optimal methods for estimating signal delay are signal model dependent. Signal models are most ambiguous with secondary path signals near the delay of the direct path signal. This invention provides a means of discriminating between received signals in which no secondary path signals are present in the signal observations and where one or more secondary path signals are present in those observations, and the number of such secondary path signals. Means described in the invention to accomplish this discrimination are based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) signal parameter estimation processes; processes which are model dependent. The invention provides the mechanism to identify the model appropriate to the observed signal. It accomplishes this by comparing the residual for an i th  order ML estimator, where order refers to the number of signal paths for which the estimator is optimal, to a discriminant determined either analytically or empirically and deciding on i distinct signals are present in the observation of signal if for all (i-k) th  order estimators, for k&lt;i−1, the residual is greater than the discriminant for that order estimator and the residual of the i th  order estimator is not greater than the discriminant for that order estimator.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     This invention relates to signal transmission ranging systems, such as GPS, radar, sonar, lidar and the like, in which the generally deleterious multiple propagation path (multipath) induced ranging errors are operating. More specifically, this invention provides improvement in ranging error when secondary path signals are not far separated from the direct path signal.  
         [0003]     2. Description of Related Art  
         [0004]     The direct and each secondary path signal propagated to a signal receiver can be described by three parameters: amplitude, carrier phase, and signal modulation delay. Secondary path signals most generally result from reflections of direct path signals. Reflections are subject to additional propagation loss, delay, and electromagnetic effects (phase shift) characteristic of the reflecting materials. In toto, relative to the direct path signal, reflected signals are observed later in time with generally lower amplitude and with randomized phase. The difference in delay of secondary path signals and the direct path signal is here referred to as “path separation”—always a non-negative quantity. It is cognitively useful to normalize delay difference by multiplying by the speed of signal propagation to refer to path separation in distance (range) units.  
         [0005]     It is understood in the art that ranging information is carried by both signal modulation and carrier phase. Carrier phase derived range is ambiguous from wavelength to wavelength. In short wavelength systems, modulation derived range is generally used to assist in resolving this ambiguity. Partly motivated by optimal methods for estimating range from noisy signal observations in systems with a priori information on signal modulation, range is obtained by correlating the received signal envelope with stored and delayed replicas of the signal modulation aligned with the received signal.  
         [0006]     There are two methods in use for mitigating degradations in ranging accuracy caused by multiple signal propagation paths. The first, referred to here as the waveform method, uses specially designed waveforms as reference functions for cross-correlating with the received signal envelope. In GPS, as an example of a ranging system, range-to-satellite, referred to as pseudorange, can be measured by correlating the received signal envelope with two chipping sequences each the same as that broadcast by the GPS satellites but separated in time by some fraction of the duration of a chip. The difference in values between the correlation of the chipping sequences and the received signal is a discriminator function which, in a feedback loop referred to as a Delay Lock Loop (DLL), is delayed or advanced in time so that the chipping sequences straddle the received signal, producing a null at the delay or advance constituting the time of signal reception. The presence of multipath in the received signal causes the null to shift. This shift is a ranging error which may be very appreciable depending on the intensity of the multipath signal(s). In fact, multipath induced null shift when secondary path signals of appreciable intensity are observed is typically a dominant ranging error source.  
         [0007]     The difference in correlation values between the received signal modulation and two chipping sequences separated by a given time increment can be obtained more directly by correlating the received signal envelope with the difference between these chipping sequences. The correlation of such bipolar functions with the received signal envelope varies from one polarity through a null to the other polarity which provides the DLL with the information needed to accomplish alignment with the received signal. For elaboration on this technique refer to Chapter 4-4 of the book entitled “Telecommunication Systems Engineering” by Lindsey, W. C. and Simon, M. K. published by Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1973 or the paper “Theory and Performance of Narrow Correlator Spacing in a GPS Receiver,” Van Dierendonck, et al in Proceedings of the National Technical Meeting, Institute of Navigation, 1992 pp. 115-124.  
         [0008]     The bipolar pulses described above are in a sense the simplest of a class of correlator reference waveforms than have been devised to reduce the DLL null shift effect occurring when multipath is present. The reader is referred to U.S. Pat. No. 6,023,489 “Method and Apparatus for Code Synchronization in a Global Positioning System Receiver,” R. R. Hatch; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,272,189 “Signal Correlation Techniques for a Receiver of a Spread Spectrum Signal Including a Pseudorandom Noise Code that Reduces Errors when a Multipath Signal is Present,” L. Garin et al, for examples of these special waveforms. The somewhat more complex correlator reference waveforms described in these patents operate to provide improved multipath error performance at high path separation. Inherent in the behavior of a delay discriminator these special waveforms can have little to no effect on mitigating the null shift when the shift is small, perhaps less than several meters.  
         [0009]     More optimal methods using classical Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation techniques for mitigating the effects of multipath, in the sense that pseudorange errors are capable of being reduced to near unimprovable low levels when secondary path signals are observed, have been described in the patent records of the U.S. Patent office. This is emphasized by comparing the RMS delay estimate error with an ML estimator to an exemplary waveform delay estimator as displayed in  FIG. 1 . The reader is referred to U.S. Pat. No. 5,615,232 “Method of Estimating a Line of Sight Signal Propagation Time Using a Reduced Multipath Correlation Function,” R. D. J. Van Nee, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,207 “Method for Mitigating Multipath Effects in Radio Systems,” L. R. Weill, et al for elaboration on ML-based ranging methods. Prior to these inventions ML estimation in the case of multipath signals was infeasible for real-time processing applications. Van Nee forms the correlation of a reference chipping sequence with the received signal modulation. This function is reduced iteratively by estimating signal parameters using a search process for the next most intense secondary path signal remaining on each iteration and subtracting the correlation function estimated with those signal parameters. Weill, et al formulate the likelihood in terms of linearized functions related to the nuisance parameters of the direct and secondary path(s) signal(s) to reduce the ML estimation problem to a search in only the delay parameters of the direct and secondary path(s) signal components. As compared to a search over all the signal parameters, reduced search dimensionality is more rapidly executed by orders of magnitude, and is done in the interest of making feasible real-time ML quality range estimates.  
       OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     When using either ML method there exist effects at low path separation that may preclude obtaining the best possible results considering all possible estimators. This could be interpreted as a contradiction to the notion that the ML estimator is optimal, but no such contradiction actually exists. The ML estimator requires a priori knowledge of the signal model. If two signal paths are observed and the model is two signal paths then the two-path ML estimator is optimal. But if only a single path signal is observed then the two-path ML estimator is sub-optimal and will produce estimation results inferior to what otherwise might be obtained. This extends to composite signals with a higher number of secondary path signals. If a two-path signal is observed then inferior estimation results will be obtained with a three path estimator, etc.  
         [0011]     When low path separation applies there is ambiguity (ill-conditioning) in the signal model. If a two-path signal, as an example, is observed then, where secondary path separation is small, the ambiguity gives rise to larger pseudorange errors than would be obtained with a single-path estimator. In effect, the ambiguity creates uncertainty in deciding which model best applies from the point of view of least ranging error.  
         [0012]     a. The objective of this invention is to provide means to resolve this ambiguity in favor of the most appropriate signal model, in the sense of least ranging error, when low secondary path separation applies.  
         [0013]     b. A further objective of the invention is to use this model discrimination result to obtain improved multipath mitigation error behavior, i.e., lower ranging errors, in the low path separation regime.  
         [0014]     c. Yet a further objective of the invention is to avoid degrading multipath mitigation error behavior obtained when those results are optimal or near optimal as in the high path separation regime of operation.  
         [0015]     In practice, the multi-dimensional delay search described in the several U.S. patents referred to above is performed using numerical means. In broad terms, the objectives described above are accomplished by first reducing the multi-dimensional delay search described to a single path search, finding ML estimates of signal parameters under the assumption that only one signal path is present in the observed signal, determining the residual error that then occurs, and using this residual as a decision statistic to determine if a multi-dimensional signal delay ML search is more appropriate to the signal data observed. This is made possible by calibration of the estimator residual behavior in the signal receiver as dependent on the number of signal paths and path(s) separation. If it is concluded from the first test that a multidimensional search is appropriate then conduct a two-dimensional search. If this test concludes that yet a higher dimensional search is more appropriate then conduct a three dimensional search, and so on, until the decision process terminates in the most appropriate search dimension. Each step at a lower dimension than ultimately required to obtain ML estimates involves a delay search of lower dimension which is orders of magnitude more rapidly executed than higher dimensional delay searches and therefore has only a small effect on the rate at which optimal range estimates can be made. The implementation can be efficient with respect to the program to execute the lower dimension delay search. The same coding structures that provide multi-dimensional ML delay estimation capability are amenable to adaptation to a lesser dimension. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]      FIG. 1 —Two Dimension ML Delay Estimator RMS Error Behavior Without Model Path Number Test—In Comparison to Exemplary Waveform Delay Estimator.  
         [0017]      FIGS. 2   a, b, c— Direct Path Delay Estimate RMS Error for Two Path Estimator—With Path Number Test  
         [0018]      FIG. 3 —Optimal Single Path Delay Estimator with Two Signals—Probability of Deciding One Signal is Present for Two Discriminant Values. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0000]     Signal Receivers  
         [0019]     In the ranging systems&#39; signal receivers contemplated here the received RF (radio frequency or sonic or light frequency) signal is most commonly translated to base-band to obtain a signal with no carrier component. This is done in the interest of minimizing the signal sampling rate needed to preserve the range bearing information carried by the signal envelope. At base-band the received signal r(t) can be written as a composite of the direct and secondary path signal components as  
                   r   ⁡     (   t   )       =         ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢       A   i     ⁢     m   ⁡     (     t   -     τ   i       )       ⁢     ⅇ     jϑ   i           +     n   ⁡     (   t   )           ;       t   0     ≤   t   ≤       t   0     +     T   0           ,           (   1   )             
 
 where A i  denotes the amplitude of the i th =1, . . . , I signal component of the composite received signal, m(t) denotes the signal modulation which is common to all signal components, τ i  denotes the delay of the i th =1, . . . , I signal component, φ i  denotes the carrier phase of the i th =1, . . . ,I signal component, generally considered randomly varying over [0, 2π], and T 0  denotes the duration of signal observation. In eq. (1) the various signal paths are not ordered in any particular way. To simplify further considerations without losing generality it is useful to assume that the signal component with amplitude denoted A 1 , phase φ 1 , and delay τ 1  constitutes the direct path signal parameters. The formulation further assumes that Doppler shift of the signal carrier has been removed. Because each signal component is Doppler shifted by different amounts, in general, depending on the propagation medium this is an approximation, but one which often applies closely. Where the approximation is inappropriate eq. (1) may be modified to include a Doppler shift parameter for each signal component. Further, in the formulation of eq. (1) the signal modulation, m(t), is assumed, also without compromising generality, to have a unit power modulus. 
 
         [0020]     n(t) in eq. (1) denotes noise competing with the observed signal. As distinguished from interference and as is well understood in signal receivers noise is a random process which has as its origin the activity of large numbers of electrons internal and external to the receiver and therefore can be characterized as Gaussian (via the central limit theorem) and here assumed stationary (time invariant statistics), over intervals of time of duration at least T 0 , the signal observation interval.  
         [0021]     In ranging systems, the signal modulation, m(t), is often a coded chipping sequence, which is well understood in the art, having the properties of both relatively large signal bandwidth and the potential for a relatively long observation time To so as to obtain high signal energy; both properties needed for high ranging accuracy. In general, both r(t) and m(t) are complex valued, the latter arising due to non-linearity of phase shift of the receiving system.  
         [0022]     In contemporary receivers of the type here of interest the base-band signal is sampled in preparation for the extraction by numerical means of the ranging information supplied by the received signal. Let
 
 r= ( r   0   ,r   1   , . . . ,r   N−1 ) T   (2)
 
 denote a vector of these signal samples; where r k =r(t k ); k=0, . . . , N−1. In the instance where signal propagation occurs over multiple propagation paths each of these signal samples depends on the vector of signal parameters
 
 a= ( A   1   ,A   2   , . . . ,A   1 ,τ 1 ,τ 2 , . . . ,τ 1 ,∂ 1 ,∂ 2 , . . . ,∂ 1 )  (3)
 
 corresponding to the various signals observed. Let
 
 m   i =( m ( t   0 −τ i ), m ( t   1 −τ i ), . . . , m ( t   N−1 −τ i )) T   (4)
 
 denote the vector of samples of the modulation of the i th  component signal of the observed composite signal. In formulating the ML estimator of the quantity to be maximized the joint density of the signal samples τ conditioned on an estimate, denoted here as {circumflex over (α)}, of the signal parameter vector α is the focus of interest. Let ƒ rla  denote the joint density of the signal samples conditioned on the signal parameters, so that an ML estimate of α, {circumflex over (α)} ML , is given by  
           a   ^     ML     =       max     a   ^       ⁢       f     r   |     a   ^         .           
 
 The processes mentioned earlier in U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,207 describe an (computationally) efficient method for doing this. Note that {circumflex over (α)} ML  means all components of the parameter vector {circumflex over (α)} are jointly varied until a maximum in ƒ rlâ is attained. 
 
         [0023]     It is well understood in ranging systems that the ML estimate of the direct path signal delay, {circumflex over (τ)} lML , referred to as pseudorange in GPS, is the information of primary utility since it is basic to fixing position. The other parameters of the signal, while having a role in ML estimation of the direct path signal delay, are not, generally, of the same level of interest. In an estimation problem when certain parameters are of no or little interest often they are referred to as nuisance parameters. Nevertheless, in some applications even in the instances addressed here these so-called nuisance parameters may find particular utility, but this is not the subject matter of this invention.  
         [0024]     Based on the previous discussion the elements of the signal vector r are jointly Gaussian with mean
 
 s= ( s ( t   0 ), s ( t   1 ), . . . , s ( t   N−1 )) T ,  (5)
 
 where  
         s   ⁡     (     t   k     )       =       ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢       A   i     ⁢     ⅇ     jϑ   i       ⁢     m   ⁡     (       t   k     -     τ   i       )               
 
 and with variations given by a vector of complex-valued noise samples n=(n(t 0 ),n(t 1 ), . . . ,n(t N−1 )) T . The superscript T denotes the transpose operator. The matrix K n =E[nn † ] denotes the covariances of the elements of the noise vector n, † denotes conjugate transpose and E[.] denotes statistical expectation of the quantity in brackets. Encountered in the following is the quantity  
               R   ⁡     (       τ   i     ,     τ   j       )       =         m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   j       =       ∑     i   =   1     N     ⁢       ∑     j   =   1     N     ⁢           m   i   *     ⁡     (     K   n     -   1       )       ij     ⁢     m   j                     (   6   )             
 
 referred to as the noise weighted cross correlation of the i th  and j th  signal modulation vectors m i , m j . R(τ i ,τ j ) will attain a maximum value when the delays τ i  and τ j  are equal (i=j) and, most generally, will decrease uniformly as the difference in the delays (path separations), |τ i −τ j |, increases, at least for small path separation. 
 
 The Residual 
 
         [0025]     The conditional density ƒ rIâ is given by  
               f     r   |     a   ^         =       1          K   n            ⁢       ⅇ       -       (     r   -       ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢         A   ^     i     ⁢     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢       ϑ   ^     i         ⁢     m   i           )     †       ⁢       K   n     -   1       (     r   -       ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢         A   ^     i     ⁢     ⅇ     j   ⁢       ϑ   ^     i         ⁢     m   i           )         .               (   7   )             
 
 ƒ rla is a maximum when the vector of parameters, {circumflex over (α)}, the estimate of α, is chosen so that the negative of the exponent of eq. (7)  
                   J   =       ⁢         (     r   ⁢           -           ⁢       ∑     i   ⁢           =           ⁢   1     I     ⁢                 ⁢     A   ^       i     ⁢           ⁢     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢       ϑ   ^     i         ⁢           ⁢     m   i           )     †     ⁢       K   n     -   1       (           ⁢     r   ⁢           -           ⁢       ∑     i   ⁢           =           ⁢   1     I     ⁢                 ⁢     A   ^       i     ⁢           ⁢     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢       ϑ   ^     i         ⁢           ⁢     m   i           )                   =       ⁢         r   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢   r     -     2   ⁢     Re   [       ∑     i   ⁢           =           ⁢   1     I     ⁢               ⁢       A   ^     i       ⁢           ⁢     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢       ϑ   ^     i         ⁢           ⁢     r   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m   i         ]       +                     ⁢       ∑     i   ⁢           =           ⁢   1     I     ⁢       ∑     j   ⁢           =           ⁢   1     I     ⁢         A   ^     i     ⁢       A   ^     j     ⁢     ⅇ     -     j   (           ⁢         ϑ   ^     i     ⁢           -           ⁢       ϑ   ^     j       )         ⁢     m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   j                         (   8   )             
 
 is a minimum, where Re[.] denotes real part of the quantity in brackets. 
 
         [0026]     J in eq. (8) is often referred to as the residual. It is expedient to substitute α i  for A i  cos (∂ i ) and β i  for A i  sin (∂) for i=1, . . . ,I, resulting in  
                   J   =       ⁢         r   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢   r     -     2   ⁢     Re   ⁡     [       ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢       (       α   i     +     j   ⁢           ⁢     β   i         )     ⁢     r   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   i         ]         +                     ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢       ∑     j   =   1     I     ⁢       (       α   i     -     j   ⁢           ⁢     β   i         )     ⁢     (       α   j     +     j   ⁢           ⁢     β   j         )     ⁢     m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢       m   j     .                         (   9   )             
 
         [0027]     For the case of only a single path signal, necessary conditions at the minimum are
 
∂ J/∂a=− 2 Re[r   †   K   n   −1   m   1 ]+2 αm   i   †   K   n   −1   m   1 =0,  (10a)
 
 and
 
∂ J/∂β =2 Im[r   †   K   n   −1   m   1 ]+2β m   1   †   K   n   −1   m   1 =0,  (10b)
 
 where, to simplify notation, subscripts on α and β have been suppressed. Solving for α and β and substituting those solutions in eq. (9) produces the residual given by  
               J   1               1     =         r   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢   r     -                  r   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1            2         m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1         .               (   11   )             
 
 where the notation  1 J 1  denotes the residual for a single path signal optimal delay estimator when only a single path signal is present.  2 J l  denotes the residual for this single path optimal delay estimator when two signals are present, and so on. In general,  1 J i  means the residual for an i=1, . . . ,I signal path optimal estimator with I signal components present. Sometimes the estimator with the subscript i=1, . . . ,I is referred to as an i th  order estimator. 
 
         [0028]      1 J 1  has an expected value, or equivalently mean or average value, E[ 1 J 1 ], given by  
                 E   ⁡     [     J   1               1     ]       =         A   1   2     ⁢     m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1       +   N   -       Tr   ⁡     [       K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1     ⁢     m   1   †       ]           m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1             ,           (   12   )               
 where Tr[.], the trace of [.], denotes the sum of the diagonal elements of the matrix of elements inside the brackets. If the observed signal vector is the composite of I signals, I denoting a number greater than one, then the expected value E[ 1 J 1 ] of  1 J 1 (averaging over both noise and signal carrier phase) is given by:  
                     E   ⁡     [     J   1               1     ]       =       ⁢         ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢       A   i   2     ⁢     m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   i         +   N   -                     ⁢             ∑     i   =   1     I     ⁢       A   i   2     ⁢     m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1     ⁢     m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   i         +     Tr   ⁡     (       m   1     ⁢     m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1         )             m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1         .                   (   13   )               
 The difference between E[ 1 J 1 ]and E[ 1 J 1 ]is the quantity  
                       E   ⁡     [     J   1               1     ]       ⁢           -           ⁢     E   ⁡     [     J   1               1     ]         ⁢           =       ⁢       ∑     i   ⁢           =           ⁢   2     I     ⁢               ⁢     A   i   2       ⁢     (           ⁢         m   i   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m   i       ⁢           -     ⁢                                 ⁢         m   i   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m   1     ⁢           ⁢     m   1   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m             ⁢   i             m   1   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m   1         )               =       ⁢       ∑     i   ⁢           =           ⁢   2     I     ⁢               ⁢     A   i   2       ⁢           ⁢     (         m   i   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m   i       ⁢           -     ⁢                                     ⁢                m   i   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m   1            2         m   1   †     ⁢           ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢           ⁢     m   1         )     .     ⁢                         (   14   )               
 Since both quantities R(τ i ,τ i )=m i   † K n   −1 m i  and R(τ 1 ,τ 1 )=m 1   † K n   −1 m l  are greater than |R(τ i ,τ 1 )|=|m i   † K n   −1 m 1 |, the numerator of the second term of eq. (14), for i=2, 3, . . . it follows that
 E[ 1 J 1 ]−E[ 1 J 1 ]&gt;0;I&gt;1  (15) 
 so that, on the average, the residual  1 J 1  for an optimal single path delay estimator when I−1≧1 secondary path signals are present, increases uniformly with an increasing number of secondary path signals. This observation extends so that it can be further stated that the average residual for a two path signal E[ 1 J 2 ] increases uniformly with further increasing number of secondary path signals, i.e., for I&gt;2, and so on for higher order optimal estimators. 
 
         [0029]     As a second observation, it is noted from eq. (13) written in the form  
                 E   ⁡     [     J   1               1     ]       =         ∑     i   =   2     I     ⁢       A   i   2     ⁡     (         m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   i       -                m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1            2         m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1           )         +   N   -       Tr   ⁡     [       K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1     ⁢     m   1   †       ]           m   1   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   1             ,           (   16   )             
 
 that E[ 1 J 1 ] increases uniformly as the correlation m i   † K n   −1 {circumflex over (m)} 1  decreases, i.e., as the path separation(s) .τ i −τ 1  increase. In the ranging systems of interest here the signal modulation function is so configured that |R(τ i ,τ 1 )|=|m i   † K n   −1 {circumflex over (m)} 1 | decreases uniformly with increasing path separation, at least for small path separations. 
 
         [0030]     The process of forming the residual for an optimal signal delay estimator when one or more secondary path signals are present can be generalized from the preceding illustration. In the general case, at the minimum  
                         ∂   J       ∂     α   i         =       ⁢       -     Re   ⁡     [       r   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   i       ]         +       ∑     j   =   1     I     ⁢     (         α   j     ⁢     Re   ⁡     [       m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   j       ]         +                           ⁢       β   j     ⁢     Im   ⁡     [       m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   j       ]         )                 =       ⁢   0     ,           ⁢     
     ⁢   and           (     17   ⁢   a     )                           ∂   J       ∂     β   i         =       ⁢       Im   ⁡     [       r   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   i       ]       +       ∑     j   =   1     I     ⁢     (         -     α   j       ⁢     Im   ⁡     [       m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   j       ]         +                           ⁢       β   j     ⁢     Re   ⁡     [       m   i   †     ⁢     K   n     -   1       ⁢     m   j       ]         )                 =       ⁢   0     ;           ⁢     
     ⁢       i   =           ⁢   1     ,           ⁢   …   ⁢           ,           ⁢     I   .               (     17   ⁢   b     )             
 
 where Im[.] denotes imaginary part of the quantity in brackets. Eqs. 17a, and b are a fully specified set of 2·I linear equations in α i  and β i  for i=1, . . . ,I. Means for numerically solving such systems of equations are well known in the art; analytic methods of accomplishing a solution are impractical. Putting these numerically obtained results in eq. (9) results in the residual which may be minimized by substituting the optimally estimated vector of signal delays using the search methods described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,207. 
 
 A Test for the Presence of One or More Signal Paths 
 
         [0031]     Note that the computation of  1 J 1  depends on a priori knowledge of the number, I, of signal propagation paths. This is information most generally not known a priori. As previously stated the subject of this invention is means to determine this information with a sufficiently high probability to obtain enhanced mitigation of multipath induced ranging errors with small path separation secondary path signals.  
         [0032]     Let H l  denote the hypothesis that the observed signal r is composed of only a direct path signal. Let H 1  denote the hypothesis that the observed signal r is composed of a direct path signal and one, or more, secondary path signals, and assume that these events H 1 , H 1  are equally probable, which with no further information is a reasonable assumption. In other words without information to the contrary it is equally probable that the observed signal is composed of only a single path signal versus it is a composite of a single path signal plus a number, I−1, of secondary path signals. It is well known in decision theory that a decision test which provides least error is simply: choose the larger of the a posterior probabilities P H     1     \r ,P H     1     \r . Using Bayes&#39; rule,  
               P     H   ⁢     |     ⁢   r       =           f     r   ⁢     |     ⁢   H       ⁢     P   H         f   r       .             (   17   )             
 
 Given that the alternative hypotheses H 1 , H 1  are equally probable the maximum α posteriori probability occurs when the density ria is a maximum under the specified hypothesis since the unconditional densityfr is invariant with respect to the hypothesis. It is not possible a priori to compute P H     1     \r  since the number of signal paths I is not known, which means that in the absence of additional information it is not possible to carry out the Bayes test as stated. An alternative is provided as follows: if based on the observation r conclude not H 1  then decide for the alternative H 1 . This is a feasible test which can be carried out, as follows. For hypothesis H 1 , corresponding to only a single (direct) path signal, the signal parameter vector α=(A 1 ,τ 1 ,∂ 1 )so that using eq. (11) search for the path delay τ 1  that minimizes the residual  1 J 1  and if that value is greater than what would be obtained if only one signal were present in the observed data, then conclude there is more than one signal path or, conversely, if that value is less than what would be obtained if multiple path signals were present, then conclude there is only a single path signal present. 
 
         [0033]     If it is concluded that (not) more than one signal path is present use a (single) multiple path estimator to estimate the desired ranging information τ 1 . If the residual is greater than what corresponds to a single path signal then estimate the parameters A 1 ,A 2 ,τ 1 ,τ 2 ,∂ 1 ,∂ 2  that maximize ƒ r\H     2    with a two path ML estimator and if the residual is then greater (less) than what corresponds to a two path signal conclude the signal is composed of (not) more than two signal paths. This is an iterative process that, in principle, can be carried out until it is observed that the residual is less than what would be obtained if that number of signal paths were present. Therefore conclude that the observed signal is composed of one less signal path. This test can be carried out having only a priori knowledge of the growth of the residual for an estimator of one less signal path than concluded is observed. For example, to determine if a two-path signal model applies then examine the residual for a single path optimal estimator. A practical method for maximizing the conditional density ƒ r\H     n    for each step of this iterative process has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,207.  
         [0000]     Efficacy of Method of Improving Small Path Separation Multipath Range Estimate  
         [0034]     The error performance of a delay estimator can be summarized in terms of the root of the mean of the squared (RMS) error of the estimate. With single path delay estimates it is known in the art that ranging (delay) errors optimally (ML) estimated are unbiased, and in that case the RMS error is equal to the error standard deviation.  
         [0035]     A method of displaying the efficacy of the “number-of-signal-paths” test described above can be provided as follows. Using the well known method of Monte Carlo trials, first compute the RMS delay estimate error with the simplest multipath case consisting of a signal composed of two paths, a direct path signal and a single secondary path signal, for different secondary path signal path separations. Repeat these trials when the test described above is operative and compare the RMS delay estimate error to the results first obtained. A comparison of the two RMS errors obtained in this manner will display the enhancement in estimation behavior, if any, when the test is operative. For reference,  FIG. 1  displays the pseudorange estimation error behavior for three different values of the ratio of signal energy to noise PSD without the number-of-signal-paths test described here.  
         [0036]     For a single path delay estimator there is a well known lower bound on the RMS error. This is referred to as the Cramer-Rao (C-R) lower bound on the delay estimate error variance. RMS error and square root of variance are identical when the estimate is unbiased, which, as mentioned above, applies for a single path ML delay estimator. The C-R bound for complex valued signal data in white noise can be determined from the formula:  
                 σ   r   2     ≥       N   0       2   ⁢       ∫   0     T   o       ⁢                ∂     s   ⁡     (     t   -   τ     )           ∂   τ            2     ⁢     ⅆ   t               ,           (   18   )             
 
 where N 0  is the (one-sided) noise power spectral density competing with the observed signal r(t). With a single path signal s(t) is given by
 
 s ( t )= A   1   m ( t−τ   1 ) e   j∂     1   ;0≦ t≦T   0 ,  (19)
 
 which is the continuous signal underlying the sampled data of eq. (6), and where, for convenience, t 0 =0 and t N−1 =T 0 . It is appropriate to use the continuous signal in determining the C-R bound since it carries all the ranging information available without regard to sampling rate considerations. The C-R bound depends on the signal modulation m(t). With GPS, as an example of a ranging system, m(t) is a pseudorandom (PN) sequence of chips each occurring with a uniform duration, T c . The C-R lower bound on the square root of the variance of delay estimate error for that signal modulation is given, closely, by  
                 σ   r     ≥           N   0     ⁢     T   c         8   ⁢     EW   ⁡     (     1   -       sin   (     2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢     WT   c           2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢     WT   c           )               ,           (   20   )             
 
 where  
       E   =                 ⁢     A   2       2     ⁢     T   o           
 
 is the signal energy and W is the signal receiver bandwidth. The GPS system uses two chipping sequences: one at the frequency 1.023 MHz referred to as C/A code modulation, and one at ten times that rate referred to as P code modulation. For C/A code modulation, the modulation of interest in this writing  
         σ   i     ≥     33         E   S     /     N   0               
 
 meters with a receiver bandwidth of 10.23 MHz., a bandwidth in relatively common use in contemporary GPS receivers. With multipath the C-R bound is only appropriate when path separation is zero. With zero path separation secondary path signals are indistinguishable from the direct path signal.  FIGS. 2   a, b,  and  c  display the C-R bound (eq. (20)) at zero path separation as dependent on the ratio of signal energy to noise PSD,  
         E     N   0       .       
 
         [0037]     A measure of the improvement in direct path delay estimation error due to the use of the path number test described here can be provided by comparing the zero path separation RMS delay estimate error without the test ( FIG. 1 ) to the RMS delay estimate error with the test ( FIGS. 2   a, b,  and  c ) in comparison to the C-R variance bound. A superior range delay estimator is one that provides near, or at, C-R bound variance estimates at zero path delay with little, or no, degradation of estimation results with high path separation. It is noted from  FIGS. 2   a, b,  and  c  that the path number test described here provides a decrease in zero path separation RMS delay estimate error relative to the C-R bound of at least 50% accompanied by a lesser increase in RMS delay estimate error over a relatively small high secondary path separation range. Considering the substantial improvement in delay estimate RMS error compared to other contemporary multipath mitigators this relatively small (not greater than approximately 15%) increase in delay estimate RMS error is in effect the cost in error performance of not knowing a priori the number of signal paths in the observed signal.  
         [0038]      FIG. 3  elaborates on the mechanism for this improvement. This Figure displays the growth of the mean residual for a single path ML estimator when two signals are present at, as an example, a value of the ratio of signal energy to noise power spectral density, E/N 0 , of 45 dB. From the Monte Carlo trials used to obtain the mean residual the probability of deciding only one signal is present, P(H 1 ), is displayed for two values of a discriminant. It is noted that P(H 1 ) rapidly decreases with increasing secondary path signal separation and for small path separation is near unit in value depending on the discriminant value. It is therefore highly likely that the single path ML estimator result will be used when path separation is small and with a commensurately high likelihood that the two path estimator will be used when path separation is large. This result is generalizable. With a two path ML estimator the residual increases with the presence of a third signal separated in delay from either the direct or secondary path signal with a commensurate increase in probability of deciding more than one secondary path signal is present, and so on for higher order ML estimators.