Abstract:
Systems and methods for creating carbon nanotubes are disclosed that comprise a growing a nanotube on a tri-layer material. This tri-layer material may comprise a catalyst and at least one layer of Ti. This tri-layer material may be exposed to a technique that is used to grow a nanotube on a material such as a deposition technique.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to the materials used to synthesize metal silicide for contact technology and particularly to use the metal silicide as a catalyst to grow carbon nanotubes and in turn the carbon nanotubes can serve as interconnects for integrated circuit in manufacturing. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure with a length-to-diameter ratio that has a much larger length than diameter. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Creating nanotubes is an expensive process, and systems and methods useful in creating nanotubes are needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention overcomes the problem of current interconnects used in the 45 nm node and below and provides a different material to grow carbon nanotubes and this material can be used as the contact or interconnect of the silicon devices. The fabrication method is compatible with silicon technology. 
     The method of growing carbon nanotubes on metal silicide comprises of the following two steps: (a) preparation of the metal silicide; and (b) synthesis the carbon nanotubes using Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPECVD) and Thermal CVD 
     The formation of metal silicide is first achieved by coating the Si substrates with a layer (with thickness ranging from 2 nm to 10 nm) of Ti, indicated as the metal underlayer. The second layer consists of a layer of catalyst, Co (with thickness ranging from 0.5 nm to 6 nm). After that, a thin layer of Ti is deposited on top of the catalyst layer as a capping layer. The capping layer served as a barrier against diffusion of oxygen. The trilayer formation is followed by the annealing steps. Two steps of rapid thermal annealing processes are introduced to form the metal silicide. The temperature used to obtain metal silicide has to be dependent on the metal used. Different metal uses different temperature to obtain metal silicide. 
     The formation of metal silicide by using Co/Ti-bilayer and a capping layer of Ti has helped to form an active metal silicide which is able to work as a catalyst for the growth of carbon nanotubes. 
     In conclusion, the present disclosure uses multi-layers of metals to form metal silicide which can be used in silicide technology for contact. The metal silicide can also be used to grow carbon nanotubes which served as a connection with the contact. 
     Other technical features may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions and claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of this disclosure and its features, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  Flow chart showing the process of fabricating the three layer metals for the metal silicide that acts as a catalyst; 
         FIGS. 2A to 2G  Section schemes showing the processing steps of fabricating CoTiSi 2  and carbon nanotube on the contact according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  shows the possible reaction results of the metal silicide produced by the multi-layer of metals during the annealing steps; and 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  show the scanning electron microscope photo of carbon nanotubes growth using CoTi silicide. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention provides a new material that can be a catalyst for the growth of carbon nanotubes and exploited as a material for the current contact technology in semiconductor industry. 
     Most studies had shown that the chemical vapour synthesis of carbon nanotubes can be achieved by using transition-metals in the form of nanometric particle working as catalysts for the nucleation and subsequent growth of CNTs. The most used transition metal catalysts employed for the growth of carbon nanotubes have been Ni, Fe, and Co since the beginning of the exploitation of the CVD process. However, recently the use of alloys of Co and Fe with other transition-metals like Ti and Al (e.g. Co—Ti, Fe—Al) has been considered. Such alloys allow synthesizing carbon nanotubes with an improved adhesion of the carbon nanotubes on the catalyst as well as a reduced growth temperature. Eventually, Co silicide and Ni silicide have been reported as potential catalyst for carbon nanotubes growth. 
     Because of their intrinsic low resistivity, metal silicides are applied in microelectronic devices at the contact level. Their use as a substrate from where the CNTs can grow directly would be beneficial for the contact level. In fact, without changing much the process of microelectronics devices, it would be possible to reduce further the aspect ratio of the contact geometry without having an increase of the resistivity, as it is going to happen in the actual copper technology. Thus the contact in the interconnect structure may be replaced by carbon nanotubes. Going into the particulars, with the physical dimension of the devices scaling down, the dimension of interconnects need to be reduced as well. However this cause an increase of resistivity that can be solved only by changing the nature of the material used for the interconnect, as occurred in the transition from Al to Cu. In the case of nanometer contacts, the increase of resistivity can be solved by using the carbon nanotubes to produce micrometer or nanometer devices. However, there is a drawback in using carbon nanotubes to replace metal material (e.g. tungsten, copper, aluminum etc.). The disadvantage lies on the process of carbon nanotubes growth which needs to deposit a layer of catalyst on the contact level to grow carbon nanotubes. Therefore, using carbon nanotubes will contribute to additional process steps. If metal silicide is used to grow carbon nanotubes, the advantages are no additional process and mask steps will be used. 
     Metal silicides such as NiSi2 and CoSi2 are normally employed at the contact level. However, there are some issues pertaining the use of nickel silicide, NiSi 2  and cobalt silicide, CoSi 2  for the carbon nanotubes growth. The first problem is that carbon nanotubes growth was achieved only on Ni monosilicide but not Ni disilicide [1]. The reason Ni disilicide doesn&#39;t act as a catalyst is still uncertain [1]. NiSi 2  has a larger sheet resistance compared to CoSi 2 ; hence they are not so attractive in terms of functioning as interconnect materials. Thus, CoSi 2  seems to be the more favorable material but unfortunately, there is no report on CoSi 2  carbon nanotubes growth mentioning the chemical used to remove the unreacted Co after cobalt disilicide, CoSi formation. Only [2] has claimed that carbon nanotubes can be grown on CoSi 2  using implantation method to achieve CoSi 2 . In fact, in the formation process of self-aligned CoSi 2  contact, it is necessary to remove the unreacted cobalt in order to avoid short circuit paths in microelectronics devices. Most report [3-6] claimed that they formed CoSi 2  using either thermal or rapid thermal annealing and then followed by carbon nanotubes growth. In conclusion, those reports did not mention about the unreacted Co during CoSi formation. Thus, the unreacted cobalt for formation of CoSi 2  will result in carbon nanotubes growth. We have tried to grow carbon nanotubes on CoSi 2  by using the conventional method to form CoSi 2  but there is no carbon nanotubes growth. There is therefore a need to investigate other potential types of silicide in the hope of overcoming the problems associated with NiSi 2  and CoSi 2 . 
     We used multi-layer of metal (Ti/Co/Ti) to form metal silicide. The top layer is considered as a capping layer which served as a barrier against diffusion of oxygen. The bilayer of Co/Ti is to synthesize CoTi silicide. We have demonstrated that carbon nanotubes can be vertically grown using the new metal silicide, CoTi silicide. 
       FIG. 1  shows a flow chart explaining the fabrication process for formation of metal silicide. 
     In the following examples, steps are used to denote one order of carrying out the disclosed methods. However, it is explicitly understood that other orders of steps could be used consistent with the presently disclosed systems and methods. 
     In step 1 of the method, the substrate is dipped in a buffered HF etching solution for less than 1 minute to remove the thin oxide layer on the Si substrate. 
     In step 2 of the method, it involves the deposition of a metal underlayer, which can be Ti, Al, In, Mo or a mixture of two or more of these metals, on the Si substrate, and followed, by deposition of catalyst which can be Co, Ni or a mixture of both. Then a thin layer of Ti is deposited on top of the catalyst as a capping layer. It helps to prevent oxidation of catalyst during annealing in N 2  ambience. All the deposition can be done by sputtering or ebeam evaporation. 
     In step 3 of the method, a rapid thermal annealing step is performed. The sample is annealed at 530° C. for 1 min in N 2  ambience to form monosilicide. 
     In step 4 of the method, any unreacted metal will be removed by using two steps wet chemical etching process. NH 4 OH:H 2 O 2  followed by HCl:H 2 O 2 :H 2 O are used to remove the unreacted metal. 
     In step 5 of the method, a rapid thermal annealing is performed again. The sample is annealed at 830° C. for 20 sec in N 2  ambience to form disilicide. 
       FIGS. 2A to 2G  show the processing steps of fabricating carbon nanotube on the contact according to an embodiment of the present invention. This invention chooses to use Ti as a metal underlayer and Co as a catalyst. Other metal and catalyst materials that are mentioned above can also be used to form metal silicide for CNT growth. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A , silicon substrate has formed a silicon dioxide masking layer with patterned which exposed to the silicon surface. This silicon surface area is used for the contact of interconnect. The silicon surface is the bottom level of interconnect structure which provide the connection to essentially all doped regions in the silicon. The thin oxide layer on the silicon surface has to be removed to obtain metal silicide. The metal silicide is prepared according to the steps illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     After removing the thin oxide layer on the silicon surface, a titanium metal layer, and a cobalt metal layer are deposited using sputtering as shown in  FIG. 2B  and  FIG. 2C . Then a titanium metal layer is deposited on top of cobalt metal layer which is shown  FIG. 2D . The titanium metal layer is to prevent the cobalt metal layer from oxidation which has been mentioned above. 
     After the titanium capping, the substrate is transfer to a rapid thermal annealing chamber. The first annealing is performed at 530° C. for 1 min in N 2  ambience. This first annealing process has obtained a number of reactions, with titanium layer, cobalt layer and at the interfaces with silicon surface. This first annealing process is to obtain CoTi monosilicide. 
     During the first annealing process, Si reacts with Ti to form a TiSi layer; Co diffuses into the Ti layer and formed an intermetallic mixture, CoSi and CoTiSi layer as shown in  FIG. 2E . The capping layer of Ti experiences some nitridation. The phenomenon is shown in  FIG. 4  after the first annealing. 
     After the formation of CoTi monosilicide, the unreacted metals are removed using chemicals which are mentioned in  FIG. 1 . A second annealing is performed at 830° C. for 20 sec in N 2  ambience. The CoTi disilicide is obtained in this step.  FIG. 2F  shows the CoTi disilicide formation. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2G , the carbon nanotubes are achieved on the CoTi monosilicide. The carbon nanotubes growth has been performed using Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPECVD). The growth can also be done using the Thermal CVD and other possible equipment used to grow carbon nanotubes. The growth processes involve pre-treatment and deposition. For the pre-treatment, the substrate is annealed with H 2  until the temperature reached 800° C. as shown in  FIG. 3 . The plasma and DC bias with CH 4 /H 2  were introduced during the deposition process at 800° C. for 2 minutes. The vertical CNT growth results, using the invented silicide as catalyst, are shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3G , the carbon nahotubes are achieved on the CoTi monosilicide. The carbon nanotubes growth has been performed using Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPECVD). The growth can also be done using the Thermal CVD and other possible equipment used to grow carbon nanotubes. The growth processes involve pre-treatment and deposition. For the pre-treatment, the substrate is annealed with H2 until the temperature reached 800 ° C. The plasma and DC bias with CH4/H2 were introduced during the deposition process at 800° C. for 2 minutes. The vertical CNT growth results, using the invented silicide as catalyst, are shown in  FIG. 5A and 5B . 
     While this disclosure has described certain embodiments and generally associated methods, alterations and permutations of these embodiments and methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the above description of example embodiments does not define or constrain this disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure, as defined by the following claims.