Abstract:
Preferred compositions used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi and yeast include perillyl aldehyde as an active ingredient. Other active ingredients include perillyl alcohol. The compositions are formed as gels, creams, liquids and dry formulations.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION  
       [0001]     The invention relates generally to the treatment of fungal, bacterial, yeast and other growths.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Terpenes are a diverse family of compounds with carbon skeletons composed of five carbon isopentyl (isoprene) units. Terpenes are derived form natural sources such as citrus and pine oils, and are generally considered biodegradable. Common forms of terpenes are d-limonene and α-pinene. Terpenes are classified according to the number of carbon atoms, in units of ten. A terpene with ten carbon atoms is called a monoterpene, one with twenty carbon atoms is a diterpene, and so on.  
         [0003]     Various forms of monoterpenes are shown in  FIG. 1 . These compounds are commercially available. The monterpenes perillyl alcohol (POH) and perillyl aldehyde (PCO) are both derived from the d-limonene structure. POH is formed by the oxidization of carbon number seven (7), i.e., substitution of hydrogen by a hydroxyl group. PCO is formed by the further oxidization of that carbon, i.e., further substitution of hydrogen by another bond to oxygen.  
         [0004]     Fungi, bacteria, and yeast, each may be found in a wide variety of species. While some species serve beneficial purposes, others can cause infections, illnesses, and diseases in humans. For example,  Escherichia Coli , a bacteria, is one of the major causes of urinary tract infections as well as diarrhea, sepsis, and meningitis.  Pseudonoma aeruginosa  is another well-known pathogen that causes infections in wounds and burns. The various species of bacteria respond differently to different treatments.  
         [0005]     In medical applications, a treating physician may test for specific bacteria, fungi or yeast. Once identified, the physician may prescribe treatment specific to the microbe causing the illness. Nevertheless, certain treatments do not provide such clinical identification of the microbe. For example, over-the-counter drugs administered without the aid of a physician are generally applied without specific knowledge of the infecting microbe. Such applications require a composition that acts against a wide variety of infections. POH provides relatively effective treatment against bacteria and yeast. Its effectiveness against fungi, however, is limited.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     According to one aspect of the invention a formulation of PCO is suitable to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, yeast and other growths. According to a further aspect of the invention, the formulation of PCO includes SDS as an activity enhancer. According to another aspect of the invention, the formulation of PCO includes POH as another active ingredient.  
         [0007]     According to another aspect of the invention a composition is suitable for use as a fungicide and a bacteriacide. The composition includes perillyl aldehyde, and the at least one inactive ingredient. The concentration of perillyl aldehyde is sufficient to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria.  
         [0008]     According to another aspect of the invention a composition is capable of inhibiting the growth of fungus or a bacteria. The composition includes perillyl aldehyde, and the at least one inactive ingredient. The concentration of the at least one inactive ingredient is greater than the concentration of perillyl aldehyde.  
         [0009]     According to another aspect of the invention the growth of bacteria and fungi is inhibited by application of a composition. The composition has an active ingredient and an inactive ingredient. The active ingredient is perillyl aldehyde.  
         [0010]     According to another aspect of the invention the growth of fungi or bacteria is inhibited by the application of a composition. The composition includes perillyl aldehyde as an active ingredient and another inactive ingredient. The concentration of the inactive ingredient is greater than the concentration of the active ingredient.  
         [0011]     According to another aspect of the invention the growth of microbes infecting a host is inhibited by application of PCO and POH in a concentration of the at least 0.5% PCO.  
         [0012]     According to another aspect of the invention the growth of bacteria or fungi infecting a host is inhibited by application of PCO and SDS.  
         [0013]     Further aspects of the invention will be appreciated with reference to the drawings and detailed description. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0014]      FIG. 1  is a diagram showing various forms of monoterpenes, which are commercially available. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0015]     According to preferred embodiments of the invention (1) PCO, and (2) PCO and POH are formulated for the treatment of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and other growths. Preferred formulations show effective inhibition of the growth of bacteria, fungi and yeast.  
         [0016]     The formulations prepared using (1) PCO, and (2) PCO and POH demonstrated anti-bacterial activity with the agar diffusion-disk technique. This technique is explained in R. K. Dart, Microbiology for the Analytic Chemist, The Royal Society of Chemists, 1996, which is incorporated herein by reference. Plating seven (7) different bacterial strains, shows the response to the formulations including either PCO or POH or both. Anti-bacterial activity was detected by showing a distinguished halo around the disk previously wetted with the formulation. Halo formation was measured with a caliper and biological activity was considered according to size. Details of specific applications and formulations are set forth below. The following Table 0.1 summarizes various results:  
                                                 TABLE 0.1                           BACTERIAL STRAINS            Formulation     E. coli       Ps. aeruginosa       B. cepacea       S. typhim       S. aureus       S. epiderm       B. subtilis                 Control   nh   nh   nh   nh   nh   nh   nh       Water       1% SDS   nh   nh   nh   nh   nh   nh   nh       1% PCO,   0.52   2.06   0.66   0.21   0.16   0.27   4.19       0.1% SDS       2% PCO   0.75   4.81   0.8   nm−   0.86   0.52   nm+       1% PCO,   1.45   5.59   0.7   0.92   0.79   0.2   5.66       1% POH       1% POH,   0.34   4.1   0.63   0.37   1.09   nm−   4.03       0.1% SDS                  
 
 In the above table, nh indicates no-halo; n/a indicates not applicable; nm− indicates not measurable due to small halo; nm+ indicates not measurable due to total inhibition. SDS indicates Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. 
 
         [0017]     The most sensitive bacterial strain was  B. subtilis , which showed a broad halo, providing almost total inhibition of growth.  
         [0018]     The 1% PCO formulation produces an immediate decrease in bacterial and yeast concentration. This response is stronger than that observed for POH. The 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulation also produces an immediate decrease in bacterial and yeast concentration. This response is stronger than that observed for either PCO or POH in the same concentration.  
         [0019]     Although SDS or propylene glycol generally do not provide activity against bacterial cells, they do enhance the inhibition provided by PCO and POH, each alone or in combination. Nonetheless the use of 0.1% SDS was enough to kill  S. aureus.    
         [0020]     In addition, disinfectant formulations with propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) show parallel results, these compounds act as an enhancer and help to keep the PCO and/or POH in solution. These enhancers, however, generally have no effect against bacteria, yeast or fungi. Only the primary action of PCO and/or POH was observed.  
         [0021]     In addition, the growth of yeast and fungi (specifically  C. albicans  and  A. niger ) are also inhibited by PCO. Details of specific applications and formulations are set forth below. The following Table 0.2 summarizes the results.  
                                 TABLE 0.2                           FUNGAL STRAINS                Formulation     C. albicans       A. niger                         Control Water   nh   nh           1% SDS   nh   nh           1% PCO, 0.1% SDS   6.73   3.83           2% PCO   nm+   n/a           1% PCO, 1% POH   4.6   n/a           1% POH, 0.1% SDS   0.93   2.19                      
 
         [0022]     The inhibition power of the formulations with PCO is more effective than with POH for these two organisms. The effect of PCO formulation lasts longer in fungi and yeast than the effect of POH formulation. Specifically, 96 hours after inhibition there was re-growth around the POH formulation, whereas there is no growth around the PCO formulation in  A. niger . Further experiments have shown that the formulation using PCO at 0.5% is very active against  A. niger  even after 7 days, whereas considerable growth was observed for the same experiment using the same concentration of POH.  
         [0023]     Formulations were further tested against a culture of the fungi  A. niger . The fungi was exposed to 1% PCO/1% POH, 1% PCO, and 1% POH formulations. All formulations were prepared in a glycerol/SDS base in water. In this test, after 18 hours of exposure the 1% PCO/1% POH formulation killed the fungi where it was placed and limited the growth over a 2.44 mm halo around the disk moistened with the formulation. The formulations of 1% PCO and 1% POH did not show a measurable halo but did inhibit the growth in the area where it was placed. Furthermore, after 12 days of continued incubation the 1% PCO/1% POH showed no growth in the halo and appears to have a limited growth at the edge of the halo. Moreover, no growth was observed at the top of the disk and no growth beneath the disk. Also no growth was observed in the disk top of the other two formulations. Under more controlled conditions a 0.5 and 1% formulations of PCO did inhibit growth of  A. niger , whereas POH did not perform as aggressively.  
         [0024]     Moreover,  C. albicans  was cultured in Sabouraud-Dextrose media and was exposed to a cream formulation having 0.75% perillaldehyde. A well was made in the middle of the agar and filled with the 0.75% perillaldehyde cream. After 24 hours, the distinguished halo appeared as soon as the diffusion of active ingredient (PCO) passes across the agar.  
         [0025]     The following examples illustrate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of various formulations. The formulations are applied to common bacterial fungal and yeast strains.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
     
       E. coli  
     
       [0026]     Again,  E. coli  is one of the major causes of urinary tract infections as well as diarrhea, sepsis and meningitis. The formulations were exposed against cultures of  E. coli  showing growth inhibition.  
         [0027]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  E. coli  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% PCO/1% POH, 1% POH and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulations in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance (Abs.) measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure the bacterial growth was inhibited.  
         [0028]     The following tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4, show the responses for 1% PCO, 1% PCO/1% POH, 1% POH and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations, respectively.  
                             TABLE 1.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     E. coli  Abs. 600 nm                        0 minutes   0.8912           10 minutes   0.0032           30 minutes   0.0033           60 minutes   0.0019                      
 
         [0029]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% PCO/1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   E. coli  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  0 minutes 
                 0.9254 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0217 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0126 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0609 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0030]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   E. coli  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  O minutes 
                 0.8727 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0057 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0050 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0067 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0031]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5% PCO 0.5% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   E. coli  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  O minutes 
                 0.8628 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.1031 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.1017 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0812 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 2  
     
       Pseudomona aeruginosa  
     
       [0032]      Pseudonoma aeruginosa  ( P. aeruginosa ) is a well known pathogen which is the cause of infections in wounds and burns. It also causes meningitis and urinary tract infections. If it invades the bloodstream system, it may result in fatal sepsis, and skin infections causing necrosis and ecthyma gangrenosum.  
         [0033]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  P. aeruginosa  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% PCO/1% POH, 1% POH and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulation at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure the bacterial growth was inhibited.  
         [0034]     The following Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4, show the responses for 1% PCO, 1% PCO/1% POH, 1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations, respectively.  
                             TABLE 2.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     Ps. Aeruginosa  Abs. 600 nm                       Control   0.2582           10 minutes   0.0039           30 minutes   0.0004           60 minutes   0.0050                      
 
         [0035]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% PCO/1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   P. aeruginosa  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.7948 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0215 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0142 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0429 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   P. aeruginosa  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.2089 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0129 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0200 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0262 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Ps. aeruginosa  0.5% PCO/0.5% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   P. aeruginosa  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.2089 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0129 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0200 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0262 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 3  
     
       Burkholderia cepacea  
     
       [0038]      Burkholderia cepacea  ( B. cepacea ) is found in patients with cystic fibrosis, and other pulmonary infections.  
         [0039]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  B. cepacea  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% POH 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure the bacterial growth was inhibited.  B. cepacea  exhibited a low growth of control cells. Nonetheless, the diminishing in the absorbance values and the lack of turbidity in the broth culture shows growth inhibition.  
         [0040]     The following tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4, show the responses for 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH, respectively.  
                             TABLE 3.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     B. cepacea  abs. 600 nm                       Control   0.1533           10 minutes   0.0110           30 minutes   0.0076           60 minutes   0.0072                      
 
         [0041]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   B. cepacea  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.0286 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0107 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0079 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0101 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0042]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% PCO 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   B. cepacea  absorbance 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.1533 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0686 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0427 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0645 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0043]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5% PCO 0.5% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   B. cepacea  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.1533 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.075 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0355 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0557 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 4  
     
       Salmonella typhimurum  
     
       [0044]      Salmonella Typhimurum  ( S. typhimurum ) causes typhoid fever or enteric fever and gastroenteritis or enterocolotis. Typhoid fever symptoms are headache, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and rose spots. Other lesions are hyperplasia and necrosis of lymphoid tissue.  
         [0045]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  S. typhimurum  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% POH 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure, the bacterial growth was inhibited.  
         [0046]     The following tables 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4, show the responses for 1% POC, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations, respectively.  
                             TABLE 4.1                           1% POC Formulation                Exposure time     S. typhimurum  abs. 600 nm                       Control   0.8172           10 minutes   0.0053           30 minutes   0.0053           60 minutes   0.0052                      
 
         [0047]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. typhimurum  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.8577 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0237 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0228 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0130 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH/1% PCO Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. typhimurum  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.3128 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0187 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0138 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0695 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0049]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5% PCO, 0.5% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. typhimurum  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.9274 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.1064 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.1231 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0926 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 5  
     
       Staphylococcus aureus  
     
       [0050]      Staphylococcus aureus  ( S. aureus ) causes Toxic Shock Syndrome, and also causes wound skin infections, bacteremia, endocarditis (caused by contaminated medical devices), meningitis, hematogenous osteomyelitis, or pulmonary infections. Bacteremia is particularly hard to cure because it develops resistance to antibiotics.  
         [0051]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  S. aureus  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% POH 1% PCO/1% POH, 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH, 0.5% PCO/0.006% SDS, and 0.25% PCO/0.003% SDS formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. In addition,  S. aureus  was susceptible to 0.1% SDS in positive control. Lowering the percentage of SDS (to 0.003% SDS) showed growth in the positive controls. After ten minutes in terpene (mixture of PCO and POH) exposure in formulation low in SDS, the bacterial growth was inhibited.  
         [0052]     The following Tables 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, and 5.6, show the responses for 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH, 0.5% PCO/0.006% SDS, and 0.25% PCO/0.003% SDS, respectively.  
                             TABLE 5.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     S. aureus  abs. 600 nm                       Control   0.9945           10 minutes   0.0422           30 minutes   0.0464           60 minutes   0.0426                      
 
         [0053]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. aureus  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.9945 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0135 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0183 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0111 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0054]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% PCO/1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. aureus  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.9945 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0200 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0210 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0218 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0055]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% Terpene Formulation (0.5% PCO/0.5% POH) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. aureus  absorbance at 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.8376 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 −0.0103 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 −0.007 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 −0.0027 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5.5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5% PCO, 0.006% SDS Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. aureus  absorbance at 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.8376 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 −0.0029 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 −0.0062 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 −0.0021 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5.6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.25% PCO, 0.003% SDS Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. aureus  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.8376 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0237 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0178 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0186 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 6  
     
       Staphylococcus epidermidis  
     
       [0058]      Staphylococcus epidermidis  ( S. epidermidis ) are part of the normal human flora of the skin and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Nonetheless  S. epidermidis  can cause infection and become resistant to antibiotics.  
         [0059]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  S. epidermidis  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure, the bacterial growth was inhibited.  
         [0060]     The following Tables 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4, show the responses for 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH Formulations, respectively.  
                             TABLE 6.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     S. epidermidis  abs. 600 nm                       Control   0.3153           10 minutes   0.0418           30 minutes   0.0448           60 minutes   0.0394                      
 
         [0061]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. epidermidis  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.3153 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0119 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0136 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0162 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0062]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% PCO/1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. epidermidis  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.3153 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0283 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0232 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0210 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0063]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5% PCO, 0.5% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   S. epidermidis  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.1764 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0447 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0111 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0006 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 7  
     
       Bacillus subtilis  
     
       [0064]      Bacillus subtilis  ( B. subtilis ) is not a normal flora member, but is not a pathogen either. It is produced by spores, and is one of the control organism used in autoclave effectiveness.  
         [0065]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  B. subtilis  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure the bacterial growth was inhibited.  
         [0066]     The following Tables 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4, show the responses to 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations, respectively.  
                                           TABLE 7.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     B. subtilis  abs. 600 nm                            Control   0.9077           10 minutes   0.0006           30 minutes   −0.0058           60 minutes   −0.0113                      
 
         [0067]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 1% 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   B. subtilis  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.9077 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0248 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0269 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0463 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% PCO/1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   B. subtilis  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.9077 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0165 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0300 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0205 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0069]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5% PCO, 0.5% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   B. subtilis  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 1.1278 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0351 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0616 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0570 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 8  
     
       Candida albicans  
     
       [0070]      Candida albicans  ( C. albicans ) causes vulvovaginal infections. Usually irritation, pruritus, and vaginal discharge are present. This is often lead by factors such as diabetes, pregnancy and some antibacterial drugs that alter the normal flora.  
         [0071]     About 1-2×10 6  cells of  C. albicans  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH, formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the fungi were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 18-24 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure, the fungal growth was inhibited.  
         [0072]     The following Tables 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, show the responses to 1% PCO, 1% POH, 1% PCO/1% POH, and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations, respectively.  
                             TABLE 8.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     C. albicans  abs. 600 nm                       Control   0.4093           10 minutes   0.0050           30 minutes   0.0070           60 minutes   0.0054                      
 
         [0073]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   C. albicans  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.4093 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0529 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0332 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0449 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% PCO/1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   C. albicans  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.4093 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0083 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0240 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0225 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0075]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8.4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   C. albicans  abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.2067 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0350 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0227 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0350 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 9  
     
       Aspergillus niger  
     
       [0076]      Aspergillus niger  ( A. niger ) causes aspergillosis, especially in immunosuppressive patients. Non-invasive infections may involve the ear canal, cornea or the nails. In invasive aspergillosis the symptoms may include fever, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, or may cause thrombosis, infarction and necrosis.  
         [0077]     About 1×10 6  cells of  Aspergillus niger  were exposed to 1% PCO, 1% POH and 0.5% PCO/0.5% POH formulations at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Once the bacteria were exposed to formulation in the determined time, a 0.5 ml aliquot of exposition mix was used to inoculate 10 ml of TSB media and incubated at 35° C. for 48 hours. Absorbance measures were taken at 600 nm. After 10 minutes of exposure, the fungal growth was inhibited.  
         [0078]     The following Tables 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3, show the responses to 1% PCO, 1% POH and 1% Terpene (0.5% PCO/0.5% POH) formulations, respectively.  
                             TABLE 9.1                           1% PCO Formulation                Exposure time     A. niger  Abs. 600 nm                       Control   0.4394           10 minutes   0.0137           30 minutes   0.0149           60 minutes   0.0163                      
 
         [0079]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% POH Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   A. niger  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.4394 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0316 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0204 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0092 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0080]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9.3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1% Terpene (0.5% PCO/0.5% POH) Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Exposure time 
                   A. niger  Abs. 600 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 0.4394 
               
               
                   
                 10 minutes 
                 0.0411 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes 
                 0.0459 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes 
                 0.0326 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0081]     Turning now to preferred formulations, a cream, an ointment, a gel, and a dry and wet formulation are described.  
         [0082]     A preferred cream formulation includes PCO as an active ingredient, and octadecanol, propanediol, hexadecanol, oleic acid, and mineral oil, as inactive ingredients. The cream formulation acts as a bactericide, fungicide and disinfectant. The cream formulation is suitable to treat infections such as skin (pruritus) or vaginal candidiasis, skin wounds, and burns. It is also suitable to treat against nail or ear aspergillosis and other skin fungi.  
         [0083]     Table 10.1 below lists the specific composition of a preferred 1% PCO formulation.  
                                                                         Order   Reagent   Amount ml   Amount   %                                1   Octadecanol   —   1.0   g   14.091       2   Propanediol      5 ml   5.18   g   72.994       3   Hexadecanol   —   0.8   g   11.273       4   Oleic acid   0.025 ml   0.022275   g   0.314       5   Mineral oil    0.025 ml.   0.021875   g   0.308       6   PCO   0.075 ml   0.0723375   g   1.019               Total   7.0964875   g   100.00%                  
 
         [0084]     Table 10.2 below lists the specific composition of a 0.76% PCO formulation.  
                                                                         Order   Reagent   Amount ml   Amount   %                                1   Octadecanol   —   1.0   g   10.5       2   Hexadecanol   —   0.8   g   8.4       3   Propanediol    7.0 ml   7.252   g   76.16       4   Oleic acid   0.025 ml   0.022275   g   0.23       5   Mineral oil   0.200 ml   0.175   g   1.84       6   DI Water   0.200 ml   0.2   g   2.1       7   PCO   0.075 ml   0.072338   g   0.76               Total   9.521613       100.00%                  
 
         [0085]     A preferred ointment formulation includes PCO as an active ingredient and bees wax, mineral oil, and hexadecanol, as inactive ingredients. The ointment formulation is suitable to treat infections such as skin (pruritus) or vaginal candidiasis, skin wounds and burns, against nail or ear aspergillosis and other skin fungi.  
         [0086]     Table 11.1 below lists the specific composition of a preferred 1% PCO ointment.  
                                                                         Order   Reagent   Amount ml   Amount   %                                1   Bees Wax   —   1.2   g   11.68       2   Mineral Oil     10 ml   8.75   g   85.179       3   Hexadecanol   —   0.2   g   1.947       4   PCO   0.127 ml   0.1225   g   1.193               Total   7.0964875   g   100.00%                  
 
         [0087]     A preferred gel includes PCO as an active ingredient, and hydroxypropyl cellulose, Tween 60, DI water, carbopol 940, sodium bicarbonate and isopropanol 70% as inactive ingredients. The gel formulation is suitable to treat infections such as skin (pruritus) or vaginal candidiasis, skin wounds and to prevent burn infections, against nail or ear aspergillosis and other skin fungi.  
         [0088]     Table 12.1 below lists the specific composition of one preferred gel formulation.  
                                                                               Gel Formulation - No PCO            Order   Reagent   Amount ml   Amount   %                    1   Hydroxypropyl   —   0.6   g   0.545           cellulose       2   Tween 60   —   4.0   g   3.635       3   DI Water   100.0 ml   100.0   g   90.884       4   Carbopol 940   —   1.0   g   0.908       5   Sodium Bicarbonate   —   0.5   g   0.454       6   Isopropanol 70%    5.0 ml   3.93   g   3.572               Total   110.03   g   99.998%                  
 
         [0089]     25 g of Gel Formulation were used and 0.1206 g of PCO was added for a 0.5% PCO gel. Table 12.2 below lists the specific composition of one preferred 0.5% PCO gel formulation.  
                                                                     Order   Reagent       Amount g   %                                1   Hydroxypropyl cellulose   0.1363   g   0.543       2   Tween 60   0.9088       3.618       3   DI Water   22.7211       90.448       4   Carbopol 940   0.2272       0.904       5   Sodium Bicarbonate   0.1136       0.452       6   Isopropanol 70%   0.8929       3.554       7   Perillyl aldhyde   0.1206   g   0.480           Total   25.1205       99.999                  
 
         [0090]     A preferred dry formulation includes PCO as an active ingredient and SDS as an enhancer. The dry formulation is suitable to be packed in pouches such as Hydrolene® material for household, pharmaceutical or hospital critical cleaning and disinfection, and germ-free prosthetic devices by dilution directly into water. This avoids bulky bottles for packaging and allows shipment of low weight pouches instead of, for example, one-gallon bottles.  
         [0091]     One preferred formulation having 22.5% PCO stock includes 1 ml PCO (90%), 1 ml 2.5% SDS in propylene glycol, and 2 ml propylene glycol (or polyethylene glycol).  
         [0092]     Another preferred formulation having 21.25% POH stock includes 1 ml POH 85%, 1 ml 10% SDS in propylene glycol, and 2 ml propylene glycol.  
         [0093]     Another preferred formulation having 11.9% PCO and 11.9% POH includes 0.55 ml PCO (90%), 0.58 ml POH, 1 ml 10% SDS in propylene glycol, and 2 ml propylene glycol (or polyethylene glycol).  
         [0094]     Preferred Wet Formulations are suitable for household, pharmaceutical or hospital critical cleaning and disinfection limiting the propagation of gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, pneumonia, and other nosocomials diseases. In addition, these formulations are useful for disinfections of prosthetic devices, surgical clothes disinfection, or in wastewater treatment plants, as well as in meat or poultry food manufacturing plants. These formulations are also suitable in atomizer bottle sprays over bookshelves against books mold and fungi.  
         [0095]     One preferred formulation having a 1% PCO solution includes 1 ml PCO stock, and 21.5 ml deionized ultra filtered water.  
         [0096]     Another preferred formulation having a 1% POH solution includes 1 ml of POH stock, and 20.25 ml of deionized ultra filtered water.  
         [0097]     Yet another preferred formulation having a 1% terpene solution includes 1 ml of terpene stock, and 22.8 ml of deionized ultra filtered water.  
         [0098]     Yet another preferred formulation having a 50% terpene solution includes 1.11 ml of 90% PCO, 1.17 ml of 85% POH, 1 ml of 10% SDS in propylene glycol, and 2 ml of propylene glycol.  
         [0099]     Yet another preferred formulation having a 2% terpene solution includes 1 ml of 50% Terpene stock, 24 ml of deionized ultra filtered water.  
         [0100]     Although the invention has been described with reference to specific preferred applications and formulations, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many modifications and variations to such applications and formulations may be made without departing from the teachings of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the following claims.