Abstract:
An apparatus for the turning of pages of a bound book, comprising a fixture to hold the book, a paper fluffer for blowing air between individual pages of the held book and displacing at least a top page of the held book upwardly, and an air plenum positioned above the top page of the book for grasping and turning the top page by application of a vacuum to the top page.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 60/364,889 filed Mar. 15, 2002. 
     
    
     
         [0002]    This invention relates generally to a page turning apparatus for use with a book scanning or digitizing system, and more particularly to a page separation mechanism employing a vacuum plenum and corrugated surface thereon.  
         BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The present invention is directed to the application of a vacuum plenum having a corrugated surface as an aid to the separation and turning of pages in an open-book scanner. Scanners of the type in which the present application find a particular use are described, for example, in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,056,258, 5,640,252 and 5,359,207, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.  
           [0004]    Heretofore, a number of patents have disclosed apparatus and methods of displacing individual sheets of paper from a paper stack and acquiring and moving such sheets of paper. The relevant portions of these patents may be briefly summarized as follows:  
           [0005]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,188, of Taylor et al, issued Jul. 24, 2001, discloses a sheet feeding apparatus having an adaptive air fluffer. The disclosure of this United States patent is incorporated herein by reference. The apparatus comprises a sheet tray for holding a stack of paper sheets, a fluffer for blowing air at the edge of the stack of sheets and displacing an upper sheet upwardly therefrom, an air plenum positioned above the stack of sheets for acquiring the displaced upper sheet of paper and subsequently transporting it to a second location. The paper fluffer is able to adjust air flow between individual sheets in the stack, and includes a support structure, and a plate pivotally mounted in the support structure. The plate has a venturi plate portion in contact with the sheet, and a regulating plate portion with an aperture therein which permits air to pass therethrough, and with a cross sectional area that limits air flow as the sheet moves in contact with the air plenum while pivoting the plate.  
           [0006]    In the process of book scanning, a digital image of to be to be scanned or copied is typically obtained by digitizing or imaging the book in an open state. It will be appreciated that while various problems are known in the process of book scanning (e.g., page flatness/depth-of-focus, page turning, book spine handling, etc.) the present invention is directed to an improved apparatus and method for the automated turning of pages in an open book. Although sheet handling system, and the use of vacuum sources are known in high-speed xerographic applications (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,188), the present invention is directed to the use of similar technology to assure reliable movement of pages in an open book, where the quality and type of material that the pages are made from varies considerably, both from book-to-book and even from page-to-page. The page handling systems must operate flawlessly to virtually eliminate risk of damaging the pages and generate minimum machine shutdowns due to misfeeds or multifeeds. It is in the initial separation of the individual page from the remaining pages where the greatest numbers of problems occur. Many of the problems to be overcome by an apparatus for the turning of book pages, that is adaptable to a wide range of book sizes, shapes, bindings, and paper properties thereof are further described and illustrated in applicant&#39;s co-pending provisional application No. 60/409,399, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.  
           [0007]    It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a book page turning apparatus that can attach to and turn in sequence every page of a book regardless of the relative quality and type of material that such book pages are made from.  
           [0008]    It is an object of this invention to provide a book page turning apparatus that can attach to and turn in sequence every page of a book regardless of the book size, shape, and binding structure.  
           [0009]    It is a further object of this invention to provide a book page turning apparatus that can attach to and turn in sequence every page of a book, beginning with a selected first page and ending with a selected final page, without interruption due to page misfeeds or multifeeds.  
           [0010]    It is an object of this invention to provide a book page turning apparatus that can attach to and turn in sequence every page of a book, without damaging the book.  
           [0011]    In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a page turning apparatus for turning at least a top page of a stack of pages in a book, wherein said pages are bound along an edge thereof, comprising: means for holding said book; and an air plenum, positioned above said top page, for picking up said top page when a vacuum is applied to said plenum; and means for moving said air plenum, between a first page location and a second page location so that said top page is turned. The present invention may further comprise a paper fluffer for blowing air between individual pages of said book, said paper fluffer comprising means for adjusting air flow between individual pages, and a regulating plate portion comprising an aperture defined therein that permits air to pass therethrough, said aperture having a cross-sectional area that limits air flow as said top page moves in contact with said air plenum.  
           [0012]    In accordance with the present invention, there is further provided a page turning apparatus for turning at least a top page of a stack of pages in a book, wherein said pages are bound along an edge thereof, comprising: means for holding said book; a paper fluffer for blowing air between individual pages of the book to assist in the separation thereof; and an air plenum, positioned above said top page of said book, for picking up said page when a vacuum is applied to said plenum, said plenum further comprising means for adjusting air flow between said individual pages; a corrugated surface for contacting at least a portion of said top page, wherein said corrugated surface includes a combination of varying sized ribs to reduce bonding forces between said top page and subsequent page surfaces thereby separating pages; and a flexible seal, disposed around the perimeter of said air plenum wherein said flexible seal is contoured to engage said top page as said top page progressively corrugates.  
           [0013]    In accordance with the present invention, there is further provided a method for automatically turning the top page of an open book, comprising the steps of supporting said book in an open position; moving an air plenum into proximity with a top page of said book; applying a vacuum to said air plenum so as to cause at least said top page to be attracted thereto; moving said air plenum from a first position in proximity to said top page to a second position toward an opposite page; and releasing said vacuum to said air plenum so as to cause said top page to fall to a position on top of said opposite page, thereby turning said top page.  
           [0014]    The apparatus and methods presently described are advantageous because they are capable of being adapted to a wide range of books for which it is desired to either view or record images seriatim of the pages therein. In particular, the apparatus of the present invention is capable of reliably separating and turning the pages of a book, and in accommodating the wide variations in geometry between books, as they are held and processed by the apparatus. As a result of the invention, repositories of large volumes of books will have an automated device to assist in the recording, archiving, and distributing the information contained in such books held in such libraries. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    The invention will be described by reference to the following drawings, in which like numerals refer to like elements, and in which:  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a page turning system suitable as an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 2 is a side view of a paper fluffer and vacuum plenum in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the bottom of a vacuum plenum in accordance with the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2; and  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4 is a flow chart that depicts a method of the present invention to turn pages of the book, using the apparatus of the present invention. 
     
    
       [0020]    The present invention will be described in connection with a preferred embodiment, however, it will be understood that there is no intent to limit the invention to the embodiment described. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.  
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0021]    For a general understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals have been used throughout to designate identical elements.  
         [0022]    By way of a general explanation, FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a page-turning device  20  that incorporates features of the present invention. It will become evident from the following discussion that the present invention is equally well suited for use in a wide variety of page turning systems, and is not necessarily limited in its application to the particular system shown herein. As shown in FIG. 1, during operation of the printing system, a book  30  is positioned on a generally V-shaped support, indicated by the reference numeral  32 . In one embodiment, the page-turning device may be combined with a digital camera or digitizing device (not shown) suitable for capturing an image of the pages of the book as or after they are turned. Such a system may further include page illumination lamps, optics, a scanning drive, and a scanning array, or other digital or analog image recording means. Such a system is described in detail in applicant&#39;s provisional patent application U.S. S. No. 60/409,399, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0023]    As will be appreciated, the turning of the top page of the book, in the direction indicated by arrow  38 , is performed successively so as to allow the capture of an image of each page. Furthermore, due to the widely varying page types and conditions encountered in such books (e.g., scanning of the majority of books in a library collection) the page turning system  20  must be able to not only reliably handle such pages, but do so without damage to the pages as well.  
         [0024]    The present invention contemplates the turning of a top page  50  using an articulating arm  60 , where the arm would swing once a page had been attracted to the vacuum plenum  64 . In one embodiment, the vacuum plenum is assisted through the use of a fluffer  68 , wherein the fluffer is disposed along the edge of the book and is able to eject air so as to disturb the page edges as the top page  50  is being attracted to the plenum. Once the page is grasped by the vacuum applied to plenum  64 , perhaps detected by a sensor (e.g., optical sensor, vacuum pressure sensor, etc.), the page is turned in the direction indicated by arrow  38  and the vacuum is concurrently reduced so as to assure that the page is not pulled or torn by the plenum. In a further embodiment, a sensing means detects the onset of a loss in vacuum due to the page beginning to loosen from the plenum, and a stronger vacuum is applied to the plenum to maintain the page in contact with the plenum.  
         [0025]    Further details of the construction and operation of the page turning system, and in particular the vacuum plenum  64  and fluffer  68  of the present invention, are provided below with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3 in conjunction with FIG. 1, there is shown an adaptive fluffer  68 . Adaptive fluffer  68  has an air inlet opening  102 , which is operatively connected to a pressurized air supply source (not shown). The adaptive fluffer  68  is arranged such that it may eject air so as to drive some air between the book pages along edge  52  and on the top surface of the top page to be turned. The air injected between pages assists with the separation of the pages (i.e., puffs the edge of the pages up). At the same time, the ejected air traveling across the top of page  50  creates, due to a Venturi effect, a vacuum to help pull the page  50  toward the vacuum plenum  64 . The combined effects of the fluffer  68  are believed to improve the speed of the page separation and thereby facilitate faster turning as well as ensure only a single page is fed.  
         [0026]    Fluffer  68  comprises support structure  110  and a Venturi plate portion  116  and regulating plate portion  120 . Regulating plate portion  120  has an area  124  that permits air to pass therethrough toward book edge  52 , and a cross-section area  126  that restricts air flow. Before a page is fluffed, the Venturi plate portion  116  is flat against the top sheet  50 . When sheet  50  is fluffed, such upwardly displaced sheet  50  lifts up the Venturi plate portion  116 , thereby pivoting the regulating plate  120  of the fluffer  68  around pin  128 , and a corresponding pin (not shown) located on the opposite side of fluffer  68 . The pivoting motion causes the solid cross-section area  126  of regulating plate portion  120  to limit the airflow.  
         [0027]    In the embodiment depicted, the Venturi plate  116  is angled relative to support structure  110  so that whatever height the pages are at there remains a gap that maintains the airflow on the book edge to be consistent as the height of the pages changes. Both of these effects regulate the amount of fluffing to prevent over fluffing and keeps pages from being packed near the top page  50 . This obviates the problem of pages being packed at the top of the fluffed pages. This problem is more acute in the regular fluffer system for lightweight pages; as it may result in multifeeds. When the sheet  50  is moved out of contact with Venturi plate portion  116 , by plenum  64 , plate  116  moves back down until it contacts the next page to be turned.  
         [0028]    Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3, air plenum  64  is located above the pages  52 . The air plenum  64  includes a cavity  70  which may be evacuated by a vacuum source (not shown) attached to outlet tube  72 , thereby forming a pressure differential. The vacuum paper contact surface of the air plenum  64  includes a series of small openings  74 . In operation, air flows from cavity  70 , through small openings  74 , and into the inside of air plenum  64 , and then out through outlet tube  72 , by the action of the vacuum source (not shown). Thus cavity  70  and small openings  74  are in communication with outlet tube  72  of air plenum  64 .  
         [0029]    The difference in pressure between the inside of the air plenum  64  and the outside of such feeder plenum  64  forces or attracts the top page  50  toward the vacuum paper contact surface  76  of the feeder plenum  64 . Paper contact surface  76  is preferably a corrugated surface comprising a combination of varying sized ribs  78  to reduce the bonding forces between page surfaces thereby separating pages on said vacuum paper contact surface  76 .  
         [0030]    Seal  80 , positioned around the perimeter of plenum  64 , is a “floating” and flexible seal between the air plenum and pages. An advantage of seal  80  is its adaptability, where it bridges the gap between the air plenum and the top page while not inhibiting the fluffing of the pages as previously described. Seal  80  is contoured to the non-flat conditions of the pages as the pages are drawn thereto. Seal  80  is also able to contour about a page as the top page is corrugated against the air plenum ribs  78  on the interior of the plenum. Seal  80  is preferably sufficiently rigid so as not to be drawn into the air plenum cavity  70 .  
         [0031]    Sealing the air plenum  64  to the page being acquired has the added advantage that the fluffing air flow does not feed air into the air plenum and make it difficult to create the vacuum required to acquire such page for turning. In yet another embodiment, it is contemplated that the seal  80  may be movable relative to the plenum or may be a contoured seal that fits the shape of the corrugated surface. A seal including such features would allow the plenum to apply the full vacuum pressure to the page with little or no leakage, thereby lifting the page (the fluffer also assists) until it is drawn into contact with the plenum  64 . At this time the page may begin to corrugate around the fixed ridge pattern of the plenum box. To control the plenum box pressure, it is also possible to design the seals  80  to provide a controlled amount of leakage therethrough. The seals are preferably contoured to engage the sheet as it progressively corrugates, yet providing the appropriate leakage to reduce the pressure for lighter weight sheets as is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,188.  
         [0032]    The material of construction of such seals preferably has a low coefficient of friction with itself and with the material of the plenum body, a high degree of flatness, is lightweight, and is sufficiently rigid so as to resist deformation due to the pressure differential between the ambient external environment and the cavity of the plenum. In one embodiment, such seals were made of polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar®) shim stock.  
         [0033]    Referring again to FIG. 3, air plenum  64  further comprises sensing means to detect the acquisition and sealing of a page thereto. In one embodiment (not shown), sensor means comprises an optical sensor, which detects and confirms that the page is proximate to plenum  64 . In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, sensing means comprises an air flow or air pressure or vacuum sensor  88  disposed within the interior of plenum  64 . Sensor  88  may be a strain gage type vacuum sensor, a pitot tube, or a tube connected remotely to a pressure-to-current transducer (not shown). In an alternate embodiment, sensor  88  may comprise a hot wire anemometer that detects air flow velocity. It is known that air flow within a plenum is easily correlated with vacuum or pressure within a plenum, such that an air flow sensor is functionally equivalent to a vacuum or pressure sensor. It will be apparent that numerous other sensing means that detect air pressure, vacuum, and/or flow rate will be suitable.  
         [0034]    In operation, sensor  88  is connected to a controller (not shown), and such controller is further connected to a vacuum source (not shown) that is evacuating plenum  64  through outlet tube  72 . The controller is programmed with a feedback control loop, so that the vacuum within plenum  64  is modulated so as to prevent damage to the acquired page, such as wrinkling or tearing. In the event that a loss of vacuum is detected, indicating the onset of a loss of the acquired page, the controller increases the setpoint of the vacuum source, thereby maintaining the page in an acquired state to plenum  64 .  
         [0035]    It will be apparent that the location shown of sensor  88  within plenum  64  is for illustrative purposes only, and that many other locations within plenum  64  would be suitable. In an alternate embodiment, sensor  88  is located within cavity  70  of plenum  64 , located such that sensor  88  does not interfere with the acquisition of a page. For example, sensor  88  may be located in proximity to a rib  78 , where such sensor would not be contacted by the acquired page.  
         [0036]    In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, when the top sheet is acquired, concentrated shear forces, (P 1 , P 2  and P 3  as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,188), will be generated due to the corrugating ribs  78  in the plenum, and these forces will produce shear stress over the cross-section of the paper along the paper thickness direction. As a result, the shear stress in the vertical direction (the page thickness direction) will be equivalent to the shear stress in the horizontal direction (along the page surface); the shear stress at the center of the beam thickness will be the highest and its value will be inversely proportional to the thickness. Because the beam thickness of the acquired pages is small, a concentrated shear force will generate a large shear stress. Thus, if more than one page is acquired, the shear stress will work to slide the page over the surface of pages beneath. A gap between the pages is therefore initiated if the strength of the paper bond at those stressed locations is weaker than the sliding force. Besides producing a shear force, bending of the page also helps initiate gaps between the pages. When a beam is bent, the upper and lower parts of the beam undergo different kinds of deformation; one part is in expansion and the other in compression. Therefore, if a plurality of pages are bent simultaneously, the bending motion will help separate the pages.  
         [0037]    Referring again to FIG. 1, at such time as the top page  50  has been acquired by air plenum  64 , air plenum  64 , attached to upper end of articulating arm  60 , is then swung horizontally by articulating arm  60  in an arcuate trajectory as indicated by arcuate arrow  38 . Articulating arm  60  is pivotally attached at a lower end thereof to base  61  of apparatus  20 , and is operated by drive means (not shown), which is operatively engaged with articulating arm  60 . Such drive means is described in detail in applicant&#39;s aforementioned provisional patent application U.S. Serial No. 60/409,399. Top page  50  is thus “turned”, i.e. conveyed to the opposite stack  31  of pages of the book  30 . As top page  50  is moved to a position nearly contiguous with stack  31  of pages, the vacuum applied to air plenum  64  is released, thereby releasing the newly turned page  50 , so that newly turned page  50  becomes the top page  51  of stack  31 .  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 4 is a flow chart that depicts stepwise a method of the present invention to turn pages of the book, using the apparatus of the present invention depicted in FIGS.  1 - 3 . Referring initially to FIG. 1 and FIG. 4, the first step  210  of method  200  is the loading and supporting of a book  30  in a generally V-shaped support or cradle  32 . With such book  30  open and supported, and the first pages of interest presented, in step  220 , such pages may be read by a human (not shown). Alternatively, an image of such pages may be recorded by analog or digital recording means as described in applicant&#39;s aforementioned provisional patent application U.S. S. No. 60/409,399.  
         [0039]    Subsequently, in step  262 , articulating arm  60  moves air plenum  64  proximate to top page  50  of book  30 , as shown in FIG. 1, whereby air plenum  60  is positioned to acquire page  50 . Referring to FIG. 2, in a preferred embodiment further comprising step  261 , fluffer  68  is also supplied with air into inlet  102  thereof, thereby “fluffing” or displacing top page  50  upwardly toward air plenum  64 , as previously described. Vacuum is then applied to air plenum  64 , and top page  50  is acquired by air plenum  64 .  
         [0040]    Referring again to FIG. 1 and FIG. 4, air plenum  64  is then swung horizontally in step  266  by articulating arm  60  as indicated by arcuate arrow  38 . During this motion, in one embodiment, a sensor  88  (see FIG. 3) within plenum  64  is used to detect the presence of vacuum therein. In the event that such vacuum exceeds a first programmed setpoint, indicating potential damage to the acquired page, a controller reduces the level of vacuum within plenum  64 . In the event that such vacuum drops below a second programmed setpoint, indicating potential loss of the acquired page from the plenum, a controller increases the level of vacuum within plenum  64 , thereby retaining the acquired page.  
         [0041]    When top page  50  is in a position nearly contiguous with stack  31  of pages, the vacuum applied to air plenum  64  is released in step  268 , thereby releasing the newly turned page  50  as previously described. If the reading or recording of the pages of book  30  is not complete, as indicated by path  250 , the process continues with the repetition of step  220 , and the steps of the entire page turning cycle  260 , until such reading or recording of book  30  is complete. At such time, book  30  is removed from cradle  32  in step  290 .  
         [0042]    It is to be understood that steps  210 - 290  of FIG. 4 are depicted serially for the sake of simplicity of illustration. It will be apparent that certain of steps  210 - 290  may overlap in time to some extent, thereby optimizing the performance and throughput of applicant&#39;s page turning apparatus  20 .  
         [0043]    It is to be further understood that the applicant&#39;s page turning apparatus has further utility in the handling of other delicate sheet materials comprising at least one sheet of material disposed on a surface, and attached to or contacting such a surface at one end. For example, the page turning apparatus of the present invention may be used in the handling of sheets of fabric in the sewn products industry. In another embodiment, the page turning apparatus could be used to handle thin sheets of metal foil, without crinkling or tearing such foil. In another embodiment, the page turning apparatus could be used to handle samples of film such as e.g. photographic film in a development operation.  
         [0044]    In another embodiment, the page turning apparatus of the present invention may be adapted to medical procedures. For example, in a surgical operation, where there is a need to gently and aseptically displace a flap of skin or other tissue without contact by the surgeon, the apparatus of the present invention could be used to lift and hold such skin or tissue, and then replace it at the conclusion of surgery. Numerous other uses of the page turning apparatus of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.  
         [0045]    It is, therefore, apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the present invention, a method and apparatus for the turning of pages, wherein the pages may be separated with an air fluffer and acquired for turning using a vacuum, corrugated plenum. While this invention has been described in conjunction with preferred embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.