Abstract:
Method of producing a calcium nitrate composition, and the resulting composition, for use as a accelerator for time of set for portland cement in concrete and mortars comprising the steps of reacting a calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate composition with a tri- or tetramethylolglycoluril (TMGU) to crosslink with and convert the ammonia present therein into non-reactive, water-soluble components which exist in an aqueous medium at selected conditions of time, temperature, and pH.

Description:
This invention relates t a method of chemically changing a composition of calcium nitrate containing ammonium nitrate, which has heretofore been used as a fertilizer or additive therefor, to make it usable as an additive for portland cement concrete and mortars, and the resultant additive product produced by such method. This additive produces acceleration of time of set of such concrete and mortars, better compression strength development, and does not lead to the instigation of galvanic corrosion of steel rebar reinforcement embedded in the concrete. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The term &#34;portland cement&#34; refers to a hydraulic cement (one which sets hard under water) obtained by burning a mixture of lime and clay to form a clinker which is pulverized to a greenish gray powder. Portland cement is composed primarily of hydraulic calcium silicates, with lesser amounts of calcium aluminates, calcium aluminoferrite, and one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition. When mixed with water, portland cement solidifies to an artificial rock, similar to portland stone. 
     The term &#34;concrete&#34; refers to a composite material primarily composed of a binding medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate having a wide range in mineralogical composition and fineness distribution. In portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of portland cement and water. The aggregates usually consist of a fine fraction, such as a natural sand, and a coarse fraction, such as a river gravel or a crushed stone. Mortar contains only the fine sand aggregate with water and cement paste. 
     In cold weather, e.g., 35°-50° F. (1.5°-10.0° C.), portland cement can have an extremely long period, e.g., 8 to 14 hours or longer, prior to the start of initial hardening, whereas under normal temperatures, 70°-75° F. (20°-24° C.), initial hardening occurs at about 21/2 to 4 hours. 
     Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) is a commonly and widely used accelerator for portland cement concrete in cold weather to provide for acceleration of set. However, chloride-containing compounds have been shown to lead to the instigation of galvanic corrosion of steel rebar in reinforced concrete. Also in the presence of dissimilar metals in concrete, such as steel reinforcement, aluminum conduit, and galvanized metal decks, the potential for corrosion is magnified further when chloride-containing compounds are in excess of about 0.15% chloride ion by weight of portland cement. Thus, the need for an accelerator which is non-corrosive and non-chloride-containing is evident. 
     Calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3 ) 2  by itself, as well as in mixture with amounts of other compounds, has been used in the concrete industry to accelerate the setting time of portland cement concrete in cold weather. These calcium nitrate products are used in liquid form. Generally, the calcium nitrate used as an additive and accelerator with portland cement is a relatively high grade material having only minor amounts of impurities. 
     One publication which discloses the acceleration of concrete setting with calcium nitrate is Kantro, D. L., &#34;Tricalcium Silicate Hydration in the Presence of Various Salts,&#34; Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JTEVA, Vol. 3, No. 4, July, 1975, pp. 312-321. Often, the calcium nitrate is mixed with other ingredients, such as alkanolamines or urea. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,094 discloses an additive composition comprising a concentrated aqueous solution of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , in combination with polyalkanolamines, preferably such as obtained in a triethanolamine (TEA) bottoms waste stream, when added to a portland cement-containing composition, provides good set acceleration and compressive strength enhancement. The patent states that the additive composition can provide acceleration in a chloride-free environment. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,770 discloses a hydraulic cement mix including hydraulic cement aggregate, sufficient water to affect hydraulic setting of the cement, and an additive comprising an N-methylol amide, specifically, tri- or tetramethylolglycoluril (herein referred to as TMGU) alone or in combination with other accelerators of set, such as calcium nitrate, to decrease the time necessary for hardening of the mix. However, the hydraulic cement mix produced by the process of U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,770 is understood to evolve copious amounts of ammonia in the fresh plastic state of the concrete, due to the presence of TMGU which, when mixed with concrete, breaks down and forms urea, which further breaks down to release ammonia in the fresh concrete. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,191 discloses an organic solvent solution of a mixture or blend of certain partially or fully alkylated glycoluril derivatives and certain organic solvent-soluble, normally non-self-crosslinking polymeric materials that are acid catalyzed which can be used as a coating resin on metal substrates. 
     Heretofore, a relatively inexpensive calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate composition of the general formulation Ca(NO 3 ) 2  NH 4  NO 3  10 H 2  O has been commercially available and used as fertilizer. One such product identified as industrial grade calcium nitrate is supplied by Norsk Hydro, a.s. of Norway and sold in the United States by William and George Meyers Co. of Toledo, Ohio. However, such a product was not used effectively as an accelerator for portland cement because when mixed with portland cement and water, the initial pH of the mixture is so high (greater than 12) as to cause evolution of ammonia gas from the composition during the mixing and placing of concrete, resulting in a health hazard or at least causing irritating conditions. West German Offenlegungsschrift No. DE-3543874-AI, inventor Hans-Rudiger Braun, which was published June 19, 1987, discloses the use of formaldehyde as a crosslinking agent to convert the ammonia which is present in the calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate type fertilizer composition to form a mixture of calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, hexylmethylenetriamine, sodium hydroxide, and water. The composition is stated to be useful as an accelerator in portland cement. 
     BRIEF OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of chemically modifying a calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate composition of the type heretofore employed as a fertilizer to adapt it for use as an accelerator of time of set of portland cement. 
     It is a further object to provide an improved method for converting a relatively inexpensive source of calcium nitrate in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate into a form usable as an accelerator for portland cement concretes and mortars. 
     It is another object to provide an improved calcium nitrate composition which acts as a set accelerator for portland cement. 
     It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a calcium nitrate composition having improved acceleration of time of set, compression strength development, and absence of galvanic corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a method of chemically transforming a calcium ammonium nitrate composition heretofore employed as a fertilizer or additive therefor into an effective accelerator of set for portland cement. The method involves the reaction of a tri- or tetramethylolglycoluril (TMGU) with the calcium ammonium nitrate composition to crosslink with and convert ammonia present therein into non-reactive, water-soluble components which exist with sodium nitrate in aqueous media at selected conditions of time, temperature, and pH. The TMGU acts as a crosslinking agent producing a heterocyclic fused ring structure, hexamine, and other water-soluble by-products consisting of glycoluril derivatives and water. The resultant product may be effectively used as an accelerator for portland cement without undesirable evolution of ammonia during the mixing and placing of concrete. 
     The process of the present invention also is believed to produce a calcium nitrate composition useful as an accelerator for portland cement which gives improved set times over those additives utilizing relatively pure calcium nitrate, as well as the calcium ammonium nitrate compositions chemically modified by formaldehyde, as disclosed in the afore-mentioned West German patent. Also, storage and handling of TMGU is more simplified than the storage and handling of formaldehyde. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The method of the present invention involves the chemical reaction and conversion of ammonia in a calcium ammonium nitrate composition into hexamine (IUPAC name, hexamethylenetetramine; also called urotropin) by reacting it with an amount of tetra- or tri methylolglycoluril (TMGU) that balances the empirical formula reaction: ##STR1## 
     The TMGU acts as a crosslinking agent producing the heterocylic fused ring structure hexamine, and other water-soluble by-products consisting of glycoluril derivatives, and water. 
     The overall theoretical reaction involves conversion of all of the ammonia present in the calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate composition into hexamine and other water-soluble glycoluril derivatives by using sodium hydroxide to liberate the ammonia at pH of between about 7.5 to 11.0 and using sodium hydroxide to neutralize the remaining nitrate, as follows: ##STR2## 
     Although it would be thought that the above reaction would produce glycoluril which is water insoluble, it has been found that with sufficient heat, mixing, and reaction time, the insoluble glycoluril material is broken down into water-soluble components, such that the resultant reaction produces a water-soluble composition of materials which makes the composition practicable for use as an accelerator for portland cement. If acceleration of the reaction is desired, a suitable chelating agent, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), may be added to speed solubilizing of the glycoluril components. 
     The conversion reaction of the present invention is carried out under alkaline conditions of pH, from about 7.5 pH up, preferably at a pH range between about 9 to 11. A suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide, may be employed to maintain the pH at the desired levels and to neutralize the remaining nitrate. Preferably, the reaction is carried out with stirring within a temperature range of between about 85° F. to 125° F. for not less than about 1 hour, to provide water solubility of the components of the composition. 
    
    
     The following examples are given by way of illustration of the present invention. 
     PREPARATION OF BATCH COMPOSITION 
     3353 lbs. H 2  O @ 100° F. to 120° F. (38° C. to 50° C.) (405 gallons or 1533 liters) are placed in a reaction vessel. 4750 lbs. of calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate salt [5 Ca(NO 3 ) 2  . NH 4  NO 3  . 10 H 2  O] are slowly added to the water until all is dissolved. Prior to batching, the ammonia content in the calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate is determined by wet chemical quantitative analysis and an amount of TMGU, as determined by the theoretical reaction equation set forth above, (about 0.375 mole of calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate) is established. Based on this determination, 475 lbs. of an aqueous composition containing 45% by weight TMGU is added to the reaction vessel while stirring using adequate safety equipment and ventilation, followed by addition of 398.1 lbs. of 50% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, with vigorous stirring of the mixture for at least one hour while maintaining the temperature of the reaction of between about 85° F. (30° C.) and 125° F. (50° C.). The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and pumped into a final storage tank. 
     The final reaction product has the following properties and composition: 
     
         ______________________________________Total Weight      8976.1 lbs. (4071 Kg)Density           1.430 ± 0.020 g/ml @ 23° C.Color             Clear to light yellowpH                9 to 11Yield in Volume   750 gallons42.2% Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.23.3% NaNO.sub.351.0% H.sub.2 O1.4% Hexamine (Urotropin)1.1% NaOH0.3% Mixture of glycoluril derivatives______________________________________ 
    
     This final composition is adjusted with water to attain a final concentration of approximately 43% solid by weight. 
     The presence of hexamine (urotropin) was found to have a favorable effect, not only on converting a calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate composition for use as a portland cement accelerator, but also favorably effected the performance in that a quicker time of set was produced, with higher compressive strength performance. 
     The following Tables give comparisons of tested properties of selected concrete mixtures containing portland cement without accelerator, and with the identified accelerators, which were mixed according to American Standard Test Method ASTM C192. The portland cement content of the mixtures was 517 lbs. per cubic yard. The water content varied in order to attain similar slump within ±1/2 inch. The volume air content in the concrete mixtures was controlled within ±1%. All of the calcium nitrate test compositions had a solids content of approximately 43% by weight. The calcium chloride composition was 32% solids by weight. The coarse aggregate consisted of crushed dolomite and the fine aggregate was a natural sand. These aggregates conformed to ASTM C33. The portland cements used conformed to ASTM C150. The concrete mix proportion was designed according to American Concrete Institute ACI 211. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Concrete Properties with Type II Portland Cement                                 Initial                                        Compressive        Fluid Ounces                Water/           Set, by                                        Strength, PSI        Accelerator                Cement    Air    ASTM C403                                        (ASTM C39)        Per 100 Lbs.                Ratio Slump                          Content,                                 At 50° F.                                        3  7  28Additive     Of Cement                (Weight %)                      (in.)                          (%, by vol.)                                 (hrs.:min.)                                        Days                                           Days                                              Days__________________________________________________________________________ControlNo Additive  None    0.54  43/4                          5.5    9:45   3130                                           4400                                              5710Pure Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2,45% weight solution        20      0.54  41/2                          5.4    8:13   2910                                           4100                                              5905Pure Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2,45% weight solutionwith 2.5% TEA*        20      0.53  43/4                          5.4    7:59   3350                                           4800                                              6010Invention HavingComposition as Set Forthin Batch Composition        20      0.51  5   5.5    7:31   3695                                           5310                                              6570__________________________________________________________________________ *NOTE: TEA equals pure 99% Triethanolamine 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Concrete Properties with Type I Huron Portland Cement                               Initial                                      Compressive      Fluid Ounces              Water/           Set, by                                      Strength, PSI      Accelerator              Cement    Air    ASTM C403                                      (ASTM C39)      Per 100 Lbs.              Ratio Slump                        Content,                               At 50° F.                                      3  7  28Additive   Of Cement              (Weight %)                    (in.)                        (%, by vol.)                               (hrs.:min.)                                      Days                                         Days                                            Days__________________________________________________________________________ControlNo Additive      None    0.54  51/4                        5.2    8:48   1950                                         4020                                            5200CaCl.sub.2,32% weight solution      20      0.56  51/2                        5.0    7:30   2070                                         4100                                            5905      55      0.53  51/4                        4.8    6:10   2600                                         4710                                            5600Pure Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2,45% weight solution      20      0.54  51/2                        5.0    7:55   1740                                         4120                                            5510Pure Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2,45% weight solutionWith 2.5% TEA      20      0.54  51/2                        5.3    7:31   2120                                         4390                                            5480One mole calciumammonium nitratecrosslinked with 1.5moles of formaldehyde      20      0.52  41/2                        5.2    7:10   2000                                         4630                                            5500      40      0.52  51/2                        6.0    6:05 1910                                      4720                                         5700Invention ofBatch Composition      20      0.54  5   4.8    7:02   2050                                         4270                                            5810      40      0.51  53/4                        5.5    6:00   2200                                         4400                                            5920__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Concrete Properties with Type I Lonestar Portland Cement                               Initial                                      Compressive      Fluid Ounces              Water/           Set, by                                      Strength, PSI      Accelerator              Cement    Air    ASTM C403                                      (ASTM C39)      Per 100 Lbs.              Ratio Slump                        Content                               At 50° F.                                      3  7  28Additive   Of Cement              (Weight %)                    (in.)                        (%, by vol.)                               (hrs.:min.)                                      Days                                         Days                                            Days__________________________________________________________________________ControlNo Additive      None    0.540 61/4                        6.3    7:50   2580                                         4000                                            4860Pure Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2,45% weight solution      20      0.525 6   6.0    6:50   2500                                         4010                                            5000CaCl.sub.2,32% weight solution      20      0.530 6   6.1    7:10   2770                                         4300                                            5280Invention ofBatch Composition      20      0.515 61/2                        6.8    6:21   2700                                         4270                                            5150__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     From the foregoing data represented in Tables I-III, it can be seen by comparison of the composition of the present invention with concrete mixes having no accelerator additive, a calcium chloride accelerator, a pure calcium nitrate accelerator, a pure calcium nitrate with triethanolamine accelerator, and a calcium ammonium nitrate hydrate modified by crosslinking with formaldehyde (as in the German patent), the calcium nitrate composition of the present invention exhibits improved acceleration of set and equivalent, if not improved, compressive strength over those accelerators compared thereto in the foregoing tests.