Abstract:
A floating ring seal arrangement for rotodynamic pumps comprises a flexible ring that is structured to fit within a circular channel formed by generally concentric grooves in the rotating and non-rotating elements of the pump, the ring further being sized to rest against the inner diameter of the groove of the rotating element when static, and capable of radially expansion under centrifugal forces to cause the flexible ring to float in the circular channel during operation of the pump, or deformation under centrifugal or pressure forces such that gaps between the flexible ring and groove in the non-rotating element are minimized or eliminated.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention:  
         [0002]     This invention relates to rotodynamic pumps, and specifically relates to means for restricting fluid recirculation and for reducing wear between rotating and non-rotating elements of rotodynamic pumps, particularly those pumps suitable for handling slurries.  
         [0003]     2. Description of Related Art:  
         [0004]     Rotodynamic pumps, such as centrifugal pumps, are commonly known and used for pumping fluids in many types of industries and for many applications. Such pumps generally comprise an impeller (rotating element) housed within a pump casing (non-rotating element) having a fluid inlet and fluid outlet, or discharge. The impeller is typically driven by a motor external to the casing. The impeller is positioned within the casing so that fluid entering the inlet of the casing is delivered to the center, or eye, of the impeller. Rotation of the impeller acts on the fluid primarily by the action of the impeller vanes which, combined with centrifugal force, move the fluid to the peripheral regions of the casing for discharge from the outlet.  
         [0005]     The dynamic action of the vanes, combined with centrifugal forces resulting from impeller rotation, produce pressure gradients within the pump. An area of lower pressure is created nearer the eye of the impeller and an area of higher pressure results at the outer diameter of the impeller and in the volute portion of the casing. An area of pressure change from higher to lower exists in the radially extending gap between the rotating and non-rotating components. The pressure differential within the pump leads to fluid recirculation through the radial gap, between areas of high and low pressure. Such fluid recirculation, typically characterized as leakage, results in a consequent loss of pump performance and, in the presence of solid particles, a dramatic increase in wear. Therefore, pumps are structured with various sealing devices, both on the shaft side of the impeller to prevent external leakage and on the suction side of the impeller to prevent internal recirculating leakage.  
         [0006]     Effective sealing arrangements are known and employed in pumps that process clear liquid. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,707 to Wauligman, et al., describes a floating casing ring that is positioned in the axially-extending radial gap between the impeller and the pump casing. Similar floating seal rings are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,444 to Richards and U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,256 to Gaffal. U.S. Pat. No. 6,082,964 to Kuroiwa discloses a supported annular ring that is thereby allowed to float in surrounding fluid. Such sealing systems are directed to preventing leakage at the axially-extending radial gap between the rotating and non-rotating elements. These sealing arrangements may also include a wear ring element. One purpose of the wear ring is to reduce wear caused by contacting of the rigid components of the seal.  
         [0007]     When pumps are used to process slurries, the abrasive particulate matter in the slurry causes wearing between rotating and non-rotating (i.e., stationary) elements of the pump. The wear dramatically increases when fluid recirculation occurs as previously described. Thus, an effective sealing means between rotating and stationary pump elements is desirable in order to effectively reduce fluid recirculation between the rotating and stationary elements of slurry pumps, and thereby effectively reduce wear.  
         [0008]     Various examples of sealing arrangements for slurry pumps have been previously disclosed. Some sealing and/or wear ring arrangements have been disclosed for positioning in an essentially axially-extending radial gap between the impeller and the pump casing. Such sealing arrangements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,881,840 to Bunjes and U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,629 to Brodersen, et al., both of which describe a fixed ring formed in the pump casing which interacts with a projecting element on the impeller to provide a labyrinthine seal and/or wear ring. It has to be noted that in general, axially-extending radial gaps are not well-suited for handling slurries due to high probability of solid particle entrapment between the rotating and non-rotating elements causing rapid wear in the pump elements.  
         [0009]     Radially-extending axial gaps, or tapered gaps which are substantially radially-extending, are much less prone to entrapment of solids. Such sealing and leakage restricting arrangements are widely used in slurry pumps. U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 2004/0136825 to Addie, et al. discloses a fixed projection on either the pump casing or on the impeller to provide a leakage restricting arrangement between the impeller and the pump casing.  
         [0010]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,739,829 to Addie discloses a floating ring element positioned between the impeller and pump casing which is also configured with means for receiving and distributing cooling and flushing fluid into the gap between the impeller and pump casing. Like other sealing arrangements, the floating ring seal of the &#39;829 patent is purposefully sized and configured to provide a gap between the impeller and the sealing device to prevent friction between the seal and the impeller, and thereby prevent galling of the seal during rotation of the impeller. A necessary component of this design, therefore, is the presence of a flush system.  
         [0011]     Prior sealing arrangements have heretofore been specifically directed to providing a seal that has sufficient clearance such that it does not contact the rotating elements of the pump, specifically to reduce or prevent wear and galling in the seal. As a result, such seal arrangements may still be vulnerable to undesirable fluid recirculation and wear between rotating and stationary elements of the pump. Moreover, placement of a sealing arrangement near the eye of the impeller in an axially-extending gap between the casing and impeller does not present the most effective means of preventing solid particle entrapment and subsequent wear between the casing and impeller.  
         [0012]     Thus, it would be advantageous in the art to provide a relatively simple sealing arrangement which does not rely on a flush system and that effectively provides resistance to recirculation and wear between rotating and non-rotating elements of the pump, and one which is ideally located within the pump at a position where resistance to recirculation and wear can be most effective.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]     In accordance with the present invention, a flexible floating seal ring arrangement is provided for restricting fluid recirculation and limiting wear between rotating and non-rotating elements of rotodynamic pumps, and is configured for effectively bridging the radially-extending gap between such rotating and non-rotating elements in a manner that provides more effective resistance to fluid recirculation and wear. The flexible floating seal ring arrangement is described herein with respect to use in a centrifugal pump of the slurry type primarily to reduce wear, but may be adapted for use in any rotodynamic pump with a resulting increase in pump performance.  
         [0014]     The flexible floating seal ring arrangement of the present invention generally comprises a ring made of flexible material which renders the ring radially deformable under the influence of centrifugal forces when rotating. The ring is structured to fit within a circular channel comprising a circular groove formed in a substantially radially extending surface of the non-rotating pump casing and a circular groove formed in a substantially radially extending surface of the rotating impeller. The flexible ring is sized in axial length to fit within the circular channel and axially span the radially-extending axial gap between the pump casing and the impeller.  
         [0015]     The flexible ring is particularly sized with an inner diameter which, when positioned on the inner diameter of the groove formed in the impeller when the impeller is static (i.e., not rotating), provides a snug fit of the flexible ring on the inner diameter of the impeller groove. Consequently, the inner diameter of the flexible ring is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the impeller groove so that when the flexible ring in installed in the groove of the impeller at assembly, the flexible ring must be slightly stretched to fit snugly onto the inner diameter of the impeller groove and not wobble when the impeller is static.  
         [0016]     Upon rotation of the impeller, the flexible ring deforms radially under centrifugal forces, thereby minimizing the gaps between the flexible ring and the outer diameter of the grooves in the rotating and non-rotating elements. Depending on the speed of rotation of the impeller, the flexible ring may, from time to time, contact the outer diameter of the circular channel in the stationary casing wall. Further depending on the speed of rotation, the flexible ring may rotate at a speed independent of the impeller. The resulting ability of the flexible ring to float within the circular channel, and to minimize gaps, under these conditions has the advantage of restricting recirculation of fluid between the rotating and non-rotating elements of the pump, and also restricts the passage of abrasive material through the radial gap between the rotating and non-rotating elements to limit wear therebetween.  
         [0017]     At all times during pump operation, a pressure differential exists on either side of the flexible ring, thereby acting against the outward radial deformation of the flexible ring within the circular channel. Such pressure differential and the ability of the ring to deform radially can be effectively moderated by the presence of expelling or pump out vanes installed on the impeller shroud facing inwardly toward the radial gap and positioned radially outward from the flexible floating ring placement. In addition, selection of the material properties of the ring will affect this radial deformation.  
         [0018]     The particular placement of the flexible floating ring arrangement in a radially-extending axial gap between the rotating and non-rotating elements of the pump provides a more effective restriction of fluid recirculation and wear than is effected with sealing arrangements that are positioned in an axially-extending radial gap between rotating and non-rotating pump elements. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]     In the drawings, which illustrate what is currently considered to be the best mode for carrying out the invention:  
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a portion of a rotodynamic pump illustrating the positioning of the floating ring seal arrangement of the present invention;  
         [0021]      FIG. 2  is a view in cross section of a portion of a pump further illustrating the positioning of the floating ring seal arrangement of the present invention;  
         [0022]      FIG. 3  is an enlarged view of the circular channel illustrating the floating ring employing a more elastic ring, and where the rotating element is static;  
         [0023]      FIG. 4  is an enlarged view of the circular channel illustrating the floating ring seal arrangement where the ring is made of less elastic material, and the rotating element is static;  
         [0024]      FIG. 5  is an enlarged view of the circular channel further illustrating the floating ring seal arrangement in an alternative embodiment of the circular channel;  
         [0025]      FIG. 6  is an enlarged view of the circular channel illustrating the position of the ring when the rotating element rotates at a speed such that the pressure forces dominate over centrifugal forces; and  
         [0026]      FIG. 7  is an enlarged view of the circular channel illustrating the floating ring seal arrangement when the rotating element is in rotation with a speed sufficient to allow the centrifugal forces to balance the action of pressure forces, thereby allowing the flexible ring to float. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0027]      FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrate a portion of a rotodynamic pump  10  generally comprising a pump casing  12 . The illustrated pump casing  12  is generally structured with an axially positioned fluid inlet  14 , a volute section  16  and a tangentially-extending fluid outlet or discharge  18 . In the particular pump casing  12  configuration that is illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the pump casing  12  is further structured with an integral suction side liner  20  and an integral drive side liner  22  (not viewable in  FIG. 1 ). Alternatively, the pump casing  12  may be formed with a separate suction side liner  20  and separate drive side liner  22  as shown in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0028]     The illustrated pump is of a centrifugal slurry type. However, the configuration of the rotodynamic pump  10  illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2  is by way of example only and the floating ring seal arrangement of the present invention is not limited to use in the type of pump illustrated.  
         [0029]     The pump  10  is further comprised of an impeller  26  that rotates within the pump casing  12 . As best seen in  FIG. 2 , the impeller  26  is connected to a drive shaft  28  that extends through the pump casing  12  and rotates the impeller  26 . The impeller  26  is configured with at least one vane  30  that extends radially outwardly from at or near the eye  27  ( FIG. 2 ) of the impeller  26 . The configuration of the impeller  26  may vary considerably. However, by way of example only, the illustrated impeller  26  is further configured with a front shroud  32  and a back shroud  34 . As best seen in  FIG. 1 , the front shroud  32  may be structured with one or more expelling vanes  36 , but the impeller may also be structured without expelling vanes.  
         [0030]     In the present invention, the impeller  26  is formed with a radially-extending surface  40 . An axially-extending groove  42  is formed in the surface  40  of the impeller  26 . Likewise, the pump casing  12 , and specifically the suction side liner  20  here illustrated, is formed with a radially-extending surface  44  which is opposite to and spaced from the radially-extending surface  40  of the impeller  26 . An axial gap  46 , as best seen in  FIG. 2 , is thereby formed between the two opposing surfaces  40 ,  44  and extends in a radial direction away from the rotational axis  48  of the impeller  26 .  
         [0031]     The radially-extending surface  44  of the pump casing  12  is likewise formed with an axially-extending groove  50  that is generally aligned with the groove  42  formed in the radial surface  40  of the impeller  26 . The generally aligned grooves  42 ,  50  thereby form a circular channel  52  ( FIG. 2 ) that spans the axial gap  46  between the rotating impeller  26  and stationary pump casing  12 . In particular, the groove  42  of the impeller  26  is formed with an inner diameter  56 , as best seen in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0032]     A ring  60  is sized to be received by and is positioned within the circular channel  52  formed by the two grooves  42 ,  50 . The ring  60  is sized in axial length to fit within the circular channel  52  formed by the two grooves  42 ,  50 , and the ring  60  spans the radially-extending axial gap  46  between the rotating impeller  26  and non-rotating pump casing  12 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  provides an enlarged illustration of the ring  60  positioned within the circular channel  52  and illustrates some of the additional features of the present invention. It should first be noted that  FIGS. 3 and 4  particularly illustrate the floating ring seal arrangement of the present invention when the impeller  26  is static, or not rotating. When the impeller  26  is not rotating, it can be seen that the flexible ring  60  is sized such that the inner diameter  62  of the flexible ring  60  contacts the inner diameter  56  of the groove  42  of the impeller  26 .  
         [0034]      FIGS. 3 and 4  further illustrate the principle that the radial width of the groove  42  in the impeller  26  may be differently sized from the radial width of the groove  50  in the pump casing  12 . That is, the radial width of the groove  42  is defined by the radial distance between the inner diameter  56  and outer diameter  64  of the groove  42 . Likewise, the radial width of the groove  50  in the pump casing  12  is defined by the radial distance between the inner diameter  66  and outer diameter  68  of the groove  50 .  
         [0035]     As seen in  FIG. 3 , the radial width of the groove  50  in the pump casing  12  may be wider than the radial width of the groove  42  in the impeller  26 . Seals, in general, will accommodate radial misalignment of the rotating and non-rotating elements of a pump. The potential misalignments of respective grooves  42 ,  50  in the impeller  26  and pump casing  12  may best be accommodated in the present invention by forming a groove  50  in the pump casing  12  that has a wider radial width, as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . Ideally, the groove  42  in the impeller  26  and the groove  50  in the pump casing  12  will be generally aligned such that the outer diameter  64  of groove  42  will be equal to or slightly less than the outer diameter  68  of groove  50 , and the inner diameter  56  of groove  42  will be slightly smaller than the inner diameter  66  of groove  50 .  
         [0036]     However, as further seen in  FIG. 5 , the grooves  42 ,  50  may be respectively sized such that the outer diameter  68  of the groove  50  in the pump casing  12  is slightly less than the outer diameter  64  of groove  42  (i.e., as determined by a comparative measurement from the central axis  48  of the pump). In such a configuration as that shown in  FIG. 5 , the flexible ring  60  may, from time to time, contact the outer diameter  68  of the groove  50  as described more fully below.  
         [0037]      FIGS. 3 and 4  also illustrate alternative embodiments of the flexible ring  60  where materials of different elasticity are employed in the flexible ring  60 . Specifically,  FIG. 4  illustrates a flexible ring  60  that is made of a less elastic material such that, at assembly of pump and the flexible floating seal ring assembly, the inner diameter  62  of the flexible ring  60  will be in contact with the inner diameter  56  of the groove  42  in the impeller  26 , but that portion  70  of the flexible ring  60  which resides in the groove  50  in the pump casing  12  will not touch either the inner diameter  66  or outer diameter  68  of the groove  50 .  
         [0038]     Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the flexible ring  60  may be made of a more elastic material such that when the impeller  26  is static, the inner diameter  62  of that portion  70  of the flexible ring  60  that resides in the groove  50  in the pump casing  12  droops slightly radially downwardly toward the inner diameter  66 , but does not contact the inner diameter  66  of the groove  50 . It may be noted that  FIG. 4  is also representational of the relative positioning of the more elastic ring  60  shown in  FIG. 3  when the rotation of the impeller  26  is such that the inner diameter  62  of the flexible ring  60  is still in contact with the inner diameter  56  of groove  42 , but sufficient centrifugal force is exerted on that portion  70  of the flexible ring  60  which resides in the groove  50  that the portion  70  begins to deform radially outward.  
         [0039]     The flexible ring  60  of the present invention is made of elastic material that enables the ring  60  to deform radially outwardly under centrifugal forces applied to the ring  60  by rotation of the impeller  26 . The ring  60  is conversely able to contract radially inwardly again so that the inner diameter  62  of the flexible ring  60  comes into contact with the inner diameter  56  of the groove  42  when the impeller  26  ceases to rotate or when the rotation of the impeller  26  is not sufficient to maintain the radial expansion of the ring  60 . The ring  60  may be made of any suitable material that provides the radial deformation capabilities as described. Some exemplar materials include, but are not limited to, low friction polymers.  
         [0040]      FIG. 6  illustrates the initial positioning of the flexible ring  60  when the impeller  26  is rotating. That is, when the impeller  26  begins to rotate at a slower speed, the flexible ring  60  begins to rotate with the impeller  26  as a consequence of the fact that the inner diameter  62  of the flexible ring  60  is in contact with the inner diameter  56  of the groove  42 , as previously described. At this point, the forces due to pressure differential acting on the flexible ring  60  dominate over the centrifugal forces exerted on the ring  60  due to rotation, which may cause the flexible ring  60  to contact the inner diameter  66  of the groove  50  in the pump casing  12 .  
         [0041]     As the rotation speed of the impeller  26  increases, centrifugal forces acting on the flexible ring  60  cause it to deform radially outwardly so that the inner diameter  62  of the ring  60  no longer contacts either the inner diameter  56  of groove  42  in the impeller  26  or the inner diameter  66  of the groove  50  in the pump casing  12 . At that point, the ring  60  is floating in the circular channel  52 , as illustrated in  FIG. 7 .  
         [0042]     When the impeller  26  is rotating during operation of the pump, a pressure differential is created such that high pressure exists on side A of flexible ring  60  and low pressure exists on side B of the flexible ring  60 . The high pressure exerted on the ring  60  from side A of the ring is counterbalanced by the centrifugal forces exerted on the flexible ring  60 , and the flexible ring  60  is consequently maintained in a state of flotation within the circular channel  52 , as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . Flotation of the flexible ring  60  in the circular channel  52  reduces surface friction between the flexible ring  60  and the inner walls of the circular channel  52 .  
         [0043]     As the flexible ring  60  begins to float in the circular channel  52 , centrifugal forces on the flexible ring  60  decrease and the flexible ring  60  will begin to deform radially inwardly again with a consequent contact between the inner diameter  62  of the flexible ring  60  and the inner diameter  56  of the groove  42  of the impeller  26 . When such contact is made between the flexible ring  60  and the groove  42 , the centrifugal forces again act upon the flexible ring  60  to cause it to float within the circular channel  52 . Thus, the flexible ring  60  will fluctuate between a first state of floating in the circular channel  52  free of the impeller  26  and a second state of contacting the impeller  26  as described. These fluctuating states are also influenced by the rotational speed of the impeller  26 .  
         [0044]     The differential pressures between side A and side B of the flexible ring  60  further influence the position of the flexible ring  60  in the circular channel  52  at any given time. As shown in  FIG. 6 , for example, when the pressure forces on side A dominate over the centrifugal forces exerted on the flexible ring  60 , the flexible ring  60  may be forced into contact with the inner diameter  56  of groove  42  and that portion  70  of the flexible ring  60  that resides in the groove  50  of the pump casing  12  may come into contact with the inner diameter  66  of the groove  50 . Again,  FIG. 7  illustrates a situation where the pressure forces on side A of the flexible ring  60  are counterbalanced with the centrifugal forces exerted on the flexible ring  60 .  
         [0045]     It may also be noted that the differential pressures that are exerted on the flexible ring  60  are influenced by the existence of expelling vanes positioned along the radial surface of the impeller shroud, and the configuration and/or dimension of those expelling vanes. That is, the existence of expelling vanes in general tends to decrease the pressure forces exerted on side A of the flexible ring  60 . Also, the radial length dimension of the expelling vanes will influence the pressure forces, and thereby influence the radial deformation of the flexible ring  60 .  
         [0046]     The ring  60  bridging the axial gap  46  increases the hydraulic resistance of the axial gap  46  to fluid recirculation between the rotating impeller  26  and the stationary pump casing  12 . Consequently, the resistance of fluid recirculation also increases the resistance to abrasive particulates in the fluid from infiltrating between the rotating and non-rotating elements of the pump, thereby reducing wear therebetween. Further, the ability of the ring  60  to float in the circular channel  52  reduces mechanical losses due to friction, and reduces wear in the ring  60  itself as a result of reduced rotational velocity.  
         [0047]     The ring  60  of the floating ring seal arrangement is shown in  FIGS. 1-5  as having essentially a rectangular cross section. However, the ring  60  may be structured with a different cross sectional geometry from that illustrated. The ring  60  may be made by any well-known and suitable means, such as molding. Likewise, the grooves  42 ,  50  respectively formed in the rotating and non-rotating elements of the pump may be formed by any suitable means, such as molding or machining. It can further be appreciated that the simplicity of the circular channel  52  and flexible ring  60  arrangement greatly facilitate assembly of the floating ring seal arrangement during assembly of the pump.  
         [0048]     As further shown in  FIG. 2 , the flexible floating ring assembly  74  of the present invention may be employed in connection with the suction side liner  20  of the pump casing  12 , as heretofore described, and may be employed in the drive side liner  22  as well to provide resistance to fluid recirculation and wear between the drive side liner  22  and the impeller  26 .  
         [0049]     The flexible floating ring seal arrangement of the present invention is particularly directed to use in rotodynamic pumps of the type which are used to process slurries. However, those of skill in the art will appreciate the advantages provided by the flexible floating ring seal arrangement of the present invention and will appreciate that the invention may be adapted for use in a variety of types of rotodynamic pumps. Hence, reference herein to specific details or embodiments of the invention are by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation.