Abstract:
A rhenium (IV) sulphide (ReS 2 ) nanotube material and a method of preparation of the rhenium (IV) sulphide (ReS 2 ) nanotube material. The rhenium (IV) sulphide (ReS 2 ) nanotube material comprises hollow cylinders of concentric rhenium (IV) sulphide layers, the ReS 2  interlayer distance being between 0.5 to 0.7 nm. Each ReS 2  layer consists of a layer of rhenium atoms sandwiched between two layers of sulfur atoms.

Description:
[0001]     The present invention relates to the material rhenium(IV) sulphide in the polymorphic form of nanotubes and a method for preparation of this material.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     During the last years, new classes of materials termed nanotubes have attracted considerable attention. The most well known nanotubes are the so-called carbon nanotubes (Iijima, S. Nature 1991, 254, 56) that exist either as single-walled carbon nanotubes, SWCNT, or as multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNT. Numerous preparative routes to these materials have been patented (e.g. Smalley, R. E., U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,312; Smalley, R. E. at al., WO 98/39250; Jang, J. and Chung, S.-J., EP 1 046 613 A2; Smalley, R. E. et al., WO 00/17102; Cheng, H. et al., EP 1 061 044 A1 and EP 1 061 041 A1; Resasco, D. E. et al., WO 00/73205 A1; Kambe, N. and Bi, X., U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,769).  
         [0003]     Carbon nanotubes have been shown to posses a wide range of physical properties that suggest that these materials could find use in a variety of technological applications. Particularly, the possibility of using carbon nanotubes as the building blocks in nanotechnology has recently been a major driving force for detailed studies of such materials. Carbon nanotubes are composed of graphite layers rolled up as cylinders with a diameter determined by the number of carbon atoms in the perimeter of the tube as shown in  FIG. 1 . The tubes can have closed ends. If there is only one cylindrical tube, the carbon nanotube material is termed single-walled (SWCNT). If more concentric cylindrical tubes are present (with a distance between the individual tubes of approximately 0.35 nm) the tubes are termed multi-walled (MWCNT). By high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) it is easily determined if a given sample contains either SWCNT or MWCNT. Obviously, to construct, for instance, electronic devices with the properties required for use in nanotechnological applications, it is desirable to have access also to nanotubes with a different chemical composition than carbon and thus with different physical and chemical properties. Consequently, much work has focused on the preparation of nanotubes of other materials. However, so far only a few materials have been isolated in the form of nanotubes, e.g., BN (Chopra, N. G. et al., Science 1995, 269, 966), B x C Y N z  (Stephan, O. et al.,  Science  1994, 266, 1683), WS 2  (Tenne, R. et al.,  Nature  1992, 360, 444), MOS 2  (Feldman, Y. et al.,  Science  1995, 267, 222 and Remskar, M. et al.,  Science  2001, 292, 479), NiCl 2  (Hacohen, Y. R. et al.,  Nature  1998, 395, 336), NbS 2  (Nath, M. and Rao, C. N. R.,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  2001, 123, 4841 and Zhu, Y. et al.,  Chem. Commun.  2001, 2184), and Bi (Li, Y. et al.,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  2001, 123, 9904).  
         [0004]     A review article by R. Tenne ( Progress in Inorganic Chemistry  2001, 50, 269) gives an overview of the area. A vanadium oxide nanotube material, which contains α,ω-diamines intercalated between the metal oxide layers, has also been described (Spahr, M. E. et al.,  Angew. Chem., Ent. Ed. Engl.  1998, 37, 1263. and Krumeich, F. et al.,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  1999, 121, 8324) and patented (Nesper, R. et al., WO 01/30690 A2).  
         [0005]     WO 00/66485 describes the synthesis of long nanotubes of transition metal chalcogenides. The method is based on the synthesis of nanoparticles of a transition metal oxide. The oxide particles are annealed with for instance H 2 S to obtain nanotubes. This method was used to produce nanotubes of wolfram sulphide, WS 2 . One limitation of this method is that not all transition metal oxides can be easily handled under the conditions stated in the method. That makes this method unsuitable for the preparation of for instance rhenium sulphide nanotube materials.  
         [0006]     All the nanotube materials have layer structures in their ordinary polymophic modifications. NbS 2 , MOS 2  and WS 2  have closely related structures. Each individual layer in these materials consists of a metal atom layer sandwiched between two layers of sulphur atoms. The transition metal atoms are trigonal prismatically coordinated with sulphur atoms. So far, there have been no reports of nanotubes containing elements from group  7  of the Periodic Table (i.e. Mn, Tc, and Re).  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     Rhenium(IV) sulphide, ReS 2 , has a layer structure similar to that of other transition metal disulphides such as e.g. NbS 2 , MOS 2  and WS 2 . Each ReS 2  layer consists of a rhenium atom layer sandwiched between two sulphur atom layers. ReS 2  contains a metal ion with an electron configuration not seen in the presently known metal sulphide nanotubes. Niobium(IV) sulphide has a d 1  electron configuration, molybdenum(IV) sulphide and tungsten(IV) sulphide have a d 2  electron configuration, whereas rhenium(IV) sulphide has a d 3  electron configuration. At the same time, rhenium(IV) sulphide also has a different coordination of rhenium. Rhenium is octahedrally coordinated by sulphur in ReS 2  contrary to the trigonal prismatic coordination of Nb, Mo and W in their sulphides. The rhenium(IV) sulphide material can therefore provide nanotubes with both an unprecedented electron structure and a new crystallographic structure. Furthermore, the crystal structure of ReS 2  shows that the rhenium atoms form tetranuclear clusters due to metal-metal bonding interactions (Murray, H. H.; Kelty, S.P.; Chianelli, R. R.; Day, C. S.  Inorg. Chem.  1994, 33, 4418). This structural characteristic is unique for ReS 2 .  
         [0008]     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a rhenium(IV) sulphide material in the form of nanotubes.  
         [0009]     This object is achieved by providing a rhenium(IV) sulphide (ReS 2 ) nanotube material comprising hollow cylinders of concentric rhenium(IV) sulphide layers, the ReS 2  interlayer distance being 0.5-0.7 nm, each ReS 2  layer consisting of a layer of rhenium atoms sandwiched between two layers of sulphur atoms.  
         [0010]     A method for the preparation of the rhenium(IV) sulphide nanotube material is also provided. The method comprises the steps of: 
    (a) providing a nanotube template material     (b) impregnating the template material with a rhenium-containing solution     (c) drying the impregnated template material     (d) treating the dried material from step (c) with a sulphiding agent    
 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0015]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic drawing of a carbon nanotube and the positions of the carbon atoms.  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  shows a High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) image of a multi-walled carbon nanotube.  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  shows a multi-walled carbon nanotube covered by 8-11 layers of rhenium(IV) sulphide.  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  shows a multi-walled carbon nanotube covered by 4-7 layers of rhenium(IV) sulphide.  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  shows a multi-walled carbon nanotube covered by 1-2 layers of rhenium(IV) sulphide. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]     A wide range of different techniques has prepared Nanotubes of different materials. Particularly for carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanofilaments (carbon filaments with a diameter below 500 nm) several techniques are available that allow a detailed control of both the microstructure and the macrostructure of the nanotubes.  
         [0021]     In the preparation of the rhenium(IV) sulphide nanotube material of the invention, carbon nanotubes were used as a templating material. Using this method, it was possible to rationally design rhenium(IV) sulphide nanotube material with respect to both nanotube diameter, which is determined by the diameter of the carbon nanotube starting materials and the number of ReS 2  layers determined by the amount of Re used relative to that of the carbon nanotube starting material. It was also possible to design the ReS 2  nanotubes with respect to their length, which is determined by the length of the carbon nanotubes.  
         [0022]     Very long carbon nanotubes several centimetres in length are currently available and have been described by Zhu, H. W. et al. in  Science  2002, 296, 884, but the method is not limited to using only these materials. Other nanotube materials not necessarily consisting of carbon could be used as templates. Such materials are further discussed by R. Tenne ( Progress in Inorganic Chemistry  2001, 50, 269).  
         [0023]     Many different applications for nanotube materials have been suggested and are being explored. The use as super-strong fibres and their use as components for electronics (Collins, P.G.; Avouris, P. Scientific American December 2000, 38) are examples. Templating materials used for synthesis of nanotubes may be removed if this is necessary for the application.  
         [0024]     The following examples illustrate the preparation of a ReS 2  nanotube material of the invention.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0025]     Multi-walled carbon nanotube material (MWCNT) containing approximately 8-10 carbon layers was used as template for the preparation of the ReS 2  nanotube materials of the invention. This was verified by the HRTEM image shown in  FIG. 2 . The material had inner and outer diameters of 8-9 nm and 20 nm approximately. This material was impregnated with an aqueous solution of NH 4 ReO 4  containing a molar amount of Re which was 25% of the molar amount of carbon in the MWCNT material. The sample was dried and then treated with hydrogen sulphide at 1000° C. for 3 hours. The HRTEM image shown in  FIG. 3  revealed that a new nanotube material had grown on the surface of the carbon nanotubes. In particular,  FIG. 3  showed that ReS 2  covered the closed end of the carbon tube.  
         [0026]     The interlayer distance was approximately 0.62 nm typical of the distance between layers of ReS 2 . Energy-dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) of selected areas of the sample revealed the presence of only rhenium, sulphur and carbon. Chemical analysis, X-Ray Powder Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy verified the formulation of the sample as ReS 2 . The ReS 2  tubes had typical inner and outer diameters of 25 and 40 nm, respectively. The number of ReS 2  layers was 8-11.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0027]     A sample of ReS 2  on MWCNT was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the difference that the molar amount of Re in the NH 4 ReO 4  impregnating solution was halved corresponding to a Re:C atomic ratio of 0.125 in the sample. The ReS 2  nanotube material obtained had the same characteristica as the material obtained in Example 1 with the exception that the typical number of ReS 2  layers on the MWCNT was 4-7. A HRTEM image of this sample is shown in  FIG. 4 .  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0028]     A sample of ReS 2  on MWCNT was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the difference that the molar amount of Re in the NH 4 ReO 4  impregnating solution is reduced to one tenth of the amount of Example 1 corresponding to a Re:C atomic ratio of 0.025 in the sample. The ReS 2  nanotube material obtained had the same characteristics as the material obtained in Example 1 with the exception that the typical number of ReS 2  layers on the MWCNT was 1-2. A HRTEM image of this sample is shown in  FIG. 5 .