Abstract:
A control architecture having improved fault detection and correction capabilities is disclosed. The system comprises primary and monitor control systems, each having an associated control signal. A fault detector generates an alarm signal based upon differences observed between the primary and monitor control signal. The detector comprises an integrator and a memory means, and alarm signals are generated based upon the total amount of difference observed over a predetermined period of time. In one embodiment of the invention, primary and monitor control signals are averaged to provide a signal that is more fault tolerant than the individual control signals.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to control systems. More particularly, this invention is a control system having a fault detection system that is particularly well-suited for aeronautical and industrial control systems. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Fault detection systems well-known in the prior art monitor the outputs of redundant control systems to ensure control signal integrity and reliability. Referring to FIG. 1, a signal P from a primary control system 11 may be unreliable when it differs significantly from a monitor control signal M generated by a duplicate control system 12, provided that both control systems 11 and 12 receive identical input data. If the primary and monitor systems normally generate identical outputs, differences between outputs P and M may indicate issues with one or both control systems. This difference D, which is equal to P minus M, can be readily computed by summing junction 15 in FIG. 1. 
     A prior art fault detector 13 generates an alarm signal A whenever primary control signal P differs from monitor control signal M by some critical threshold T c . This alarm signal A notifies plant 14 (which is the system being controlled) that the primary control signal P is potentially unreliable and should be disregarded. 
     Some difference D between primary control signal P and monitor control signal M is inevitable because of noise and other inaccuracies inherent in mechanical and electrical systems. When setting a critical threshold value T c  for tolerable signal difference, then, it is desirable to select a value that is low enough to isolate all true alarm conditions yet high enough to prevent system noise from generating false alarm signals, called &#34;nuisance trips&#34;. In practice, it is very difficult to set an optimal value for T c  that is capable of ignoring brief but high-amplitude noise while detecting prolonged low-amplitude difference D between primary control signal P and monitor control signal M. 
     Various methods of implementing fault detector 13 are known in the prior art. One method, for example, monitors the difference between the primary and monitor control signals and generates an alarm whenever the difference between the two signals exceeds a magnitude threshold T m  for a period of time T t . While such a system is responsive to low frequency error signals, the system is slow to respond to very high frequency error signals since the error condition must be observed for a period of T t  seconds before triggering an alarm. 
     An improved fault detection system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,509,110 issued to Levesque, Jr. et al. on Apr. 2, 1985, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The Levesque system uses an integrator to monitor the difference between primary and monitor signals over time. When the difference between the primary and monitor signals exceeds a magnitude threshold T m , the integrator increases its output value at a rate equal to the error signal. The system generates an alarm signal when the integrator output exceeds the time-magnitude threshold T m . When the difference between the primary and monitor signals does not exceed T m  (i.e. when the observed error in the system is small or non-existent), the integrator output gradually decreases to zero at some constant rate. The system therefore considers both the magnitude and the duration of any difference between the primary and monitor control signals. A large difference between the signals will quickly generate an alarm signal, and a smaller difference will generate an alarm if observed for a sufficient period of time. 
     While the Levesque, Jr., et al. invention provides improvements over other prior art fault detection methods, it is still susceptible to nuisance trips from noise signals having a magnitude greater than the magnitude threshold T M . Nuisance trips may also occur from noise signals that do not instantaneously exceed the noise threshold if such noise signals have sufficient frequency or magnitude to exceed the constant decay rate of the integrator. Because differences between the primary and monitor control signals are flushed from the integrator at a constant rate, large difference signals may remain in the system for a long time. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved fault detection system that accurately and reliably identifies control system discrepancies. 
     It is a further object of this invention to provide a fault detection system that exhibits improved response time over prior art solutions without any associated increase in nuisance trips. 
     It is a still further object of this invention to provide a control system that provides useful control data to the plant even when an error condition has been identified. 
     According to this invention, a redundant control architecture including primary and monitor control systems is provided, with each control system generating a control signal. The difference between the two control signals is monitored by a fault detection system. The fault detection system comprises an integrator and a memory means capable of recording signal differences for a predetermined period of time. The use of memory allows signal differences to be added to the integrator and subtracted at a later time. The fixed decay rate required by the prior art is thereby eliminated, since all signals are flushed from the system after the pre-determined period. By using a memory device to monitor the actual error contained in the system, the fault detector of the present invention can monitor even very high frequency error signals that may not have sufficient duration to generate alarm signals on prior art fault detectors. Moreover, the detector provides more accurate results than prior art detectors since no assumptions need to be made about error decay rates. All error signals are flushed out of the integrator after a pre-determined period of time. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the plant is controlled by signal equal to the average of the primary and monitor signals. By combining the two signals into one control signal, the plant will receive reasonably accurate control information even when a fault condition in one of the control systems has been identified. 
     The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to identify the same or similar parts in the similar views. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art control system having fault detection. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a fault detection system according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 3A is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a filtering mechanism. 
     FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a second embodiment of a filtering mechanism. 
     FIG. 3C is a block diagram of a third embodiment of a filtering mechanism. 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the control system of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram of an improved fault detector is disclosed. The fault detector 13, which is typically implemented in a digital computer, receives the difference D between a primary control system signal P and a monitor signal M. Alternatively, M could be the output of a model or simulation. In either case, signals P and M are fed to a summing junction 15 that calculates the difference between the two signals and produces difference signal D, where D=P-M. 
     Because the difference D between the primary and monitor control signals P and M may change with time, multiple observations of difference signal D are retained in the control system as described below. Difference signal D is typically sampled at a constant frequency, but may also be sampled on an asynchronous basis, or according to any other sampling scheme. 
     Each difference signal D is passed through a filtering mechanism 23 contained within fault detector capable of generating an absolute difference signal D A  corresponding to the absolute difference between difference signal D and a magnitude threshold T m . In algebraic terms, D A  = abs(D)-T m  ! where D A  is preferably upper bounded by a maximum value T max . This limited difference value D A  corresponds to the amount of critical difference between primary control signal P and monitor control signal M at a given point in time. Magnitude threshold T m  is unique for each control system implemented, and is determined according to the amount of noise inherent in the system, since values of difference signal D that are less than magnitude threshold T m  will be ignored by the fault detector. Magnitude threshold T m  is also dependent upon the level of fault sensitivity desired. 
     FIG. 3 shows three alternate embodiments of filtering mechanism 23. Each embodiment comprises several signal filters, each of which is fully described in the prior art. The order in which difference signal D passes through the signal filters is not critical, and may be changed without affecting the performance of the fault detector or the control system. 
     As shown in FIG. 3A, filtering mechanism 23 preferably includes an absolute value function 17 and a deadband filter 18 to produce absolute difference signal D A  as shown in FIG. 3A. Deadband filter 18 passes only the portion of the difference signal D that exceeds magnitude threshold T m . 
     Alternatively, the output of absolute value filter 17 may bypass deadband filter 18 as shown in FIG. 3B. In such an embodiment, deadband filter 18 does not manipulate difference signal D, but merely acts as a control gate, passing difference signal D only when its absolute value exceeds magnitude threshold T m . 
     In the preferred embodiment of filtering mechanism 23 shown in FIG. 3C, a prior art frequency shaping filter 16 and a prior art signal limiter 19 are added to the filtering scheme of FIG. 3A or FIG. 3B. It is well known that difference signals D having various frequencies often vary significantly in magnitude in accordance with the frequency response of the control system. Because the fault detector 13 reacts differently to signals of different frequencies, it can be difficult to tune the fault detector 13 to provide optimum response at all frequencies encountered. Difference signal D may therefore be provided to a frequency shaping filter 16 to provide a standard output magnitude to which the fault detector 13 can be tuned. Frequency shaping filters such as an inverted notch filter are optimized to the particular control system implemented, and are well-known in the art. If a frequency shaping filter 16 is not used, then magnitude threshold T m  should be lowered. Decreasing the value of magnitude threshold T m , however, increases the probability of nuisance trips. 
     The preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3C also includes an optional limiter 19 capable of capping the absolute difference D A  at some finite value T max . Limiter 19 ensures that very large but very brief difference signals D that are characteristic of system noise do not trigger an undesired alarm. 
     Referring again to FIG. 2, a memory 20 is provided to retain observations of D A  received from filtering mechanism 23. By retaining multiple values of D A  in memory 20, system performance may be monitored over a period of time. Memory 20 may preferably be implemented on a digital computer as a memory stack structure that is initialized to a zero state (i.e. to indicate the absence of any initial absolute difference). Because memory 20 must retain the total amount of control signal difference observed in the system over a period of T seconds, the stack must be of sufficient size to store all values of D A  received from filtering mechanism 23 during a period of T seconds. 
     Absolute difference signals D A  are simultaneously provided to an integrator 21 and stored in memory 20 for a period of T seconds. After a signal D A  has been stored in memory for T seconds, the signal is removed from memory 20 and subtracted from integrator 21. Each observation of absolute difference D A  is therefore retained in the fault detector 13 for exactly T seconds: each value is added to integrator 21 when observed, and then subtracted out after a delay of T seconds. Because the values added and subtracted from integrator 21 are equal (although shifted in time), the output D T  of the integrator 21 always reflects the total amount of absolute difference observed by fault detector 13 over the past T seconds. There is never a need to reset or to otherwise manually flush the values contained in integrator 21, since any signal added to the integrator will be subtracted out T seconds later. The total absolute difference D T  retained by integrator 21 therefore reflects the exact and entire amount of absolute difference observed in the system for the past T seconds. The value D T  can therefore be compared against a time magnitude threshold T c  in comparator 22, which in turn generates an alarm signal A if the total absolute difference D T  exceeds the threshold amount (i.e. if D T  &gt;T c ). 
     The fault detector 13 of FIG. 2 can easily be implemented in the prior art control system of FIG. 1, wherein plant 14 is controlled by primary control signal P unless an alarm signal A is generated by fault detector 13. Feedback signal F provides plant response information to primary and monitor control systems 11 and 12. If primary control system 11 is a mechanical or electrical apparatus and monitor control system 12 is implemented as a mathematical model, for example, such an arrangement may be desirable. If the primary and monitor control systems 11 and 12 are comprised of identical hardware, however, it may be advantageous to control the plant with both primary control signal P and monitor control signal M. An effective way to implement a truly redundant control system is to average the primary and monitor control signals and to use the average of these two signals as an input to the plant. Because signals P and M are unlikely to fail at the same time, an averaged signal is likely to be at least partially accurate even in the event of a single channel failure. An averaged-signal control system provides greater tolerance to faults over the prior art because even if an alarm condition is identified by the fault detector, the averaged control signal is still likely to be reliable enough to control the plant for a short period of time. If the plant relied upon a single primary control signal, an alarm condition could render the plant inoperable. 
     Referring now to the block diagram of FIG. 4, an averaged-signal control system is disclosed. A primary control system and monitor control system provide primary and monitor control signals that are added by summing junction 25. The resulting sum P+M is provided to a divider 26 to produce an average of the two control signals that can be provided to the plant 14 for use as a control signal. This averaged control signal C, which is equal to  (P+M)/2!, can also be subtracted from the primary control signal P at a second summing junction 27 to produce a signal B equal to one-half the difference between the primary and monitor control signals P and M. Stated algebraically, B= P-(P+M)/2!= (P-M)/2!. Multiplier 28 may then multiply signal B by 2 to produce signal D equal to P-M, the difference between the control signals. This difference D may then be used as an input to fault detector 13. Fault detector 13 is preferably in accordance with FIG. 2 described above, but any prior art fault detector may be used that accepts a difference between two control signals as input and generates an alarm signal A as an output. As in the control system of FIG. 1, feedback signal F provides plant response information to primary and monitor control systems 11 and 12. 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or acts for performing the functions in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.