Abstract:
A time savings information management guide that can direct readers to key resources is disclosed. The processes that readers use to identify resources of interest are integrated into a formal reproducible process for large-scale application. The message mapping technique is a process by which the key ideas (messages) described in information resources, including but not limited to books, articles, abstracts, monographs, advertisements, and scientific posters, are identified, categorized, and quantitatively scored for relevance from the point of view of the reader (i.e., consumer, a doctor, researcher, etc).

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to the field of the automated searching and indexing of published information. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   In today&#39;s world, information is available everywhere. Historically, periods of time involving rapid and/or significant advancements in a particular area are typically dubbed with a moniker that describes the advancement. Past examples include the “industrial revolution” and the “space age”. Today, people describe the current era as the “information age” because never before in the history of mankind has there been more information more easily available to more people. 
   With this amazing and wonderful access to information comes a significant problem: how to keep track of all of the information available and how to focus in on only the information of interest. In fields such as engineering and medicine, keeping apprised of the latest literature is mandatory for success, yet “information overload” can severely limit the ability of one to do so. 
   Studies have shown that clinicians generally have only approximately 3–4 hours per week to digest key information. Consequently clinicians cannot review all published information sources but must limit their reading to key items. Checklists have been developed to help quantify the process of assessing scientific information, however, while such checklists are helpful, they still have been hampered by important limitations. These include a lack of applicability to a broad range of resource types, methods that are time-consuming and not optimized based on actual user input, cumbersome definitions and interpretive techniques, and they provide results that do not reflect the actual findings of practicing clinicians. 
   Accordingly, it would be desirable to have an automated system that ranks scientific information in a way that reflects the selection and reading processes of the reader. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention provides a time savings information management guide that can direct readers to key resources. In accordance with the present invention, the processes that readers use to identify resources of interest are integrated into a formal reproducible process for large-scale application. The message mapping technique of the present invention is a process by which the key ideas (messages) described in information resources, including but not limited to books, articles, abstracts, monographs, advertisements, and scientific posters, are identified, categorized, and quantitatively scored for relevance from the point of view of the reader (i.e., consumer, a doctor, researcher, etc). 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a flowchart illustrating the steps performed in a “Source Identification Process” in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a checklist used to assess the technical merits of an information resource (a clinical article in this example) in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate a flowchart showing the steps performed in connection with the Message Identification and Rating Process of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the basis for the need to score resources and rank their identified messages. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   In its most basic form, the present invention comprises a first process that identifies the relevant resources to be evaluated; the use of a checklist to rate the resource strength and identify a “source score” for the relevant resources; and then a second process to identify and score the message strength of each of the relevant resources. 
     FIG. 1  is a flowchart illustrating the steps performed in the first process (the “Source Identification Process”). This provides a standardized technique to identify key information resources and identifies the information resources most likely to be read and to influence the target audience. While this flowchart provides details for clinical articles, other flowcharts that integrate the key triggers for a particular reader group (i.e., market researchers, non-clinical researchers) can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art using this flowchart as the basis. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , at step  100 , a literature search is conducted using the relevant search terms. The relevancy of the terms is going to vary depending upon the technology or other subject matter of the search, as is well known. At step  102 , duplicate articles or references are purged, by journal category, and at step  104 , the title of the first reference is read (as is the abstract, if available). 
   At step  106  a determination is then made as to whether or not the journal is written in the English language. If not, the process proceeds to step  108 , where a determination is made as to whether or not the non-English language journal is directed to a large clinical, epidemiological or post-marketing safety or severe adverse event. If it is determined at step  108  that it is directed to a large clinical, epidemiological or post-marketing safety or sever adverse event, then the process proceeds to step  114  to find out if the article is a journal accessible through a partner library or Internet, or available through an inter-library loan. If it is not available in that manner, it is omitted. However, if at step  114  it is determined that the journal is accessible through a partner library or Internet, then the process proceeds to step  116  where a copy is obtained, and then if necessary, the process proceeds to step  118  where it is translated. 
   If at step  106  it is determined that the journal is in the English language, the process proceeds to step  110  to determine if it is involved in in vitro or in vivo animal study. If not, the process proceeds to step  114  and is processed as above. 
   If, however, it is determined that at step  110  that it is an in vitro or in vivo animal study, the process proceeds to step  112  to see if there have been any investigational treatments performed with respect to the in vitro or in vivo animal study. If there have been no investigational treatments performed, then the journal is omitted. If, however, there have been investigational treatments, then the process proceeds to step  114  and proceeds as above. 
   The above-described process identifies and facilitates the obtaining of the key information resources based upon a reading of titles and abstracts. Once the key information resources have been identified and obtained, the identified resources are ranked objectively to identify the quality of the reference and/or the material contained therein. To do this, in accordance with the present invention, a checklist is used to rank certain elements or pertinence to the field to which the reference is directed. Using a standardized assessment checklist specific to a particular information source type (i.e., for an article, an abstract, or an advertisement, among others), a quantitative percentage score is calculated for each information resource. This score provides a measure of the technical merits of the resource, the presentation of the data in the resource, and deficiencies in the objective aspects of the presentation. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates an example of one such checklist used to assess the technical merits of an information resource (a clinical article). This is provided only as an example; other checklists which also identify the key aspects of specific information resources (review, books, advertisements) have been developed by Applicant and could developed by one of ordinary skill in the art, given the parameters defined herein. The template of  FIG. 2  can be used as a template for the development of additional checklists by one skilled in the art. 
   Although checklists have been developed to help quantify the process of assessing scientific information, to Applicant&#39;s knowledge, none have been developed to the point of a reproducible standard process that can be easily applied to a diverse group of information resources with the goal of providing an objective ranking of the quality of the material. The process described herein addresses shortcoming in inter-rater reliability of previous attempts to assess scientific information. 
   For example, studies have been performed which compared the results of a simple grading system used by journal peer reviewers and “readers” (clinicians who read the article independently in the journal). These studies found that there was a significant disconnect between the factors that the reviewers thought were important in assessing and article versus what the readers thought. In one study, of the published articles that had been scored highly by the peer-reviewers at the journal, only 33% of the readers thought the manuscript had any relevance to their work. This indicated that even simple survey checklists may not accurately reflect consistently a clinician&#39;s perception of the relevancy of a published article. 
   By contrast, studies performed using the present invention found with strong statistical significance that the rating process and scoring technique of the present invention does consistently reflect a clinician&#39;s rating of article relevance to their own clinical practice. This represents a new, validated method to identify key information resources, to survey and score these resources with respect to their information content, and to assess and categorize the content in a consistent manner reflective of an informed reader. 
   Once the checklist process has been completed to obtain the objective identification of the quality of the reference and/or the material contained therein, the references are subjected to a second process to identify, categorize, and rate key messages contained in those identified information resources (the “Message Identification and Rating Process”). 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate a flowchart showing the steps performed in connection with the Message Identification and Rating Process. Referring to  FIG. 3A , at step  300 , the title of the journal article is read, and it is determined if there are any key messages, as identified from the checklist, in the title. If not, the process proceeds to step  304 , where the abstract is read. If there are any key messages in the title, then the process proceeds to step  322  which the messages are listed in natural language, and it is added to the message worksheet (step  332 ) and the process proceeds to step  304  where the abstract is read. 
   At step  306 , a determination is made as to whether or not there are any key messages in the abstract. If not, the process proceeds to step  308  to read introduction. If there are key messages, the messages are listed in natural language (step  324 ), it is added to the message worksheet (step  332 ), and then the introduction is read at step  308 . At step  310 , a determination is made as to whether or not there are any key messages in the introduction. If not, the process proceeds to step  312  where the discussion is read. If there are key messages, the messages are listed in natural language (step  326 ), it is added to the message worksheet (step  332 ), and then the discussion is read at step  312 . 
   At step  314 , a determination is made as to whether or not there are any key messages in the discussion element of the information resource. If not, the process proceeds to step  316  to read the body of text/method and results. If it is determined that there are key messages, the messages are listed in natural language (step  328 ), it is added to the message worksheet (step  332 ), and then the body of text/method and results are read at step  318 . At step  320 , the source score is calculated using the assessment checklist. If at step  318  it is determined that there are no key messages, the process ends. If there are key messages, the messages are listed in natural language (step  330 ), it is added to the message worksheet (step  332 ), and the process ends. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3B , at step  334 , similar messages are consolidated and tallied in a message worksheet in the natural language. The process then proceeds to step  336  where each consolidated message is compared in natural language to the master message thesaurus. If there is an identical message found in the thesaurus (step  342 ), then the process proceeds to step  344  to identify the exact wording of the message, and then a complete message assessment is performed (step  346 ), and a message score is calculated using the assessment checklist (step  348 ) from the complete message assessment and then the message strength is calculated using a weighting algorithm at step  350 . 
   If at step  336 , a similar message is found in the thesaurus (step  338 ), then process proceeds to step  340 , where similar messages are consolidated with other messages based on wording found in the thesaurus that is similar, and the process then proceeds to step  344  where the process proceeds as above. 
   If, upon the comparison in step  336 , it is determined that the message is not found in the thesaurus (step  358 ), the process drafts a message using CoMeSH terms and thesaurus message builder updates (step  360 ), and at step  362 , marks the messages as new to the thesaurus. The process then proceeds to step  346  where the process proceeds as above. 
   Computational algorithms are being developed by independent researchers that potentially have the ability to search for common word strings and patterns within a written document. These programs, if applied to the same resources evaluated by the message identification system described herein, may provide a secondary indication of phrases and concepts repeated within the evaluated resource. This supplemental analysis, though not able to independently identify or interpret a message found in a resource, may provide additional supportive evidence for the existence of a message. The process described herein, therefore, is not dependent upon, but may consider the information derived from such an additional algorithm. This process is illustrated by steps  352 ,  354 , and  356 . 
   A standardized dictionary of message terms (referred to generically in the flowchart of  FIG. 3  as the “CoMesh Thesaurus”) is developed by the evaluators for each topic. Messages are standardized using the process described in the flowchart of  FIG. 3 . 
   For each message so identified in an information resource, a “Message Score” is then calculated. Each message is scored based on whether the message is:
     clearly stated,   well supported,   and related to the objective of the information resource.   

   A Message Score of 0–3 is assigned to each message. 
   The “Message Strength” is then ultimately calculated for each message. The Message Strength is a numerical representation (out of 100) of the impact the message will have on influencing a reader&#39;s attitude toward the topic. 
   These four factors form the basis of the Message Strength calculation for any message using the present invention, regardless of the application (i.e., medical, non-medical). 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               Quality of information 
               Astrolytix Source Score 
             
             
                 
               Support for key concepts 
               Message Score 
             
             
                 
               Quality of the journal 
               Journal Impact Factor (JIF)* 
             
             
                 
               Format of Presentation 
               Format score 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The weighting of the individual factors is adjusted periodically to maintain the distribution of message strengths described in previous sections of this application. 
   The process illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  provides a method for consistently identifying, categorizing, and rating key messages contained in those identified information resources. For each message identified in an information resource, a “Message Score” is calculated. The message score is combined with the Source Score and other factors in order to calculate the “Message Strength” for each message. The Message Strength is a numerical representation of the impact the message will have on influencing a reader&#39;s attitude toward the topic. 
   Ranking of the strength and quality of messages in an information resource is an important outcome of the process described here. The basis for the need to score resources and rank their identified messages is displayed in the graph of  FIG. 4 . This statistical analysis indicates that where an issue is of great relevancy to an audience, a message that is presented in a resource convincingly (i.e., with a high Message Strength score) will have a higher probability of influencing a change in the reader&#39;s attitude toward that issue. 
   Using the present invention, a user can consistently determine the key messages promulgated in an information resource, and consistently rate the strength and impact that these messages have on reader opinions. 
   While the flow process described here is currently implemented by a human evaluator, the process has been designed such that a reader with basic reading skills can implement the system. The message identification flowchart ( FIG. 3 ) allows for the comparison of the results of the human findings to those of an automated, computer-based heuristic algorithm designed to identify key concept patterns; however, this step is not required for the accurate performance of the algorithm. 
   Using the present invention, the key ideas (messages) described in information resources, including but not limited to books, articles, abstracts, monographs, advertisements, and scientific posters, can be identified, categorized, and quantitatively scored using this process as a proxy, from the point of view of the reader (i.e., consumer, a doctor, researcher, etc). 
   This process can be used to: 
   Identify key published information resources in a particular field 
   Survey and score these information resources with respect to the identity of the key messages and their influence on readers; 
   Aggregate and categorize message information derived from a set of information resources; 
   Serve as a proxy for the evaluation process used by readers. 
   Studies have shown that the most common reported order in which the physicians read the components of their article was:
     Title   Abstract   Results or Background   Discussion   Methods   

   The flowchart illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  reflects this reading sequence. 
   The processes of the present invention address selection criteria known to influence reader selection of literature (i.e., study design, journal quality). From a study, seven factors that could influence the impact of an information resource were ranked in the following order of importance by the physicians in the study (n=290). 
   
     
       
             
           
         
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                           
                   
                       
                       
                   
                 
               
             
             
                 
             
             
               All comparisons significantly different (p ≦ 0.01) except for E vs. F (p = 0.4058). 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The four highlighted factors identified above form the basis of the Message Strength calculation using the present invention, regardless of the application (i.e., medical, non-medical). 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               Quality of information 
               Source Score 
             
             
                 
               Support for key concepts 
               Message Score 
             
             
                 
               Quality of the journal 
               Journal Impact Factor (JIF)* 
             
             
                 
               Format of Presentation 
               Format score 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               *JIF, © Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia, PA. 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   This process of the present invention represents a unique method to identify the subset of information most likely to be read by a target audience, and presents a method to assess the content of information resources and its likely impact on attitudes about that content. Although the examples provided in this application focus on the use of the inventive technique in the scientific arena, this method is broadly applicable to other information-intensive applications, including but not limited to non-pharmaceutical research, assessment of marketing programs, professional and consumer market research, and political campaign analysis, among others. 
   It is contemplated that some or all of the above-described steps may be implementable using standard well-known programming techniques. The novelty of any such software implementation lies not in the specific programming techniques but in the use of the steps described to achieve the described results. Software programming code which embodies the present invention is typically stored in permanent storage of some type. In a client/server environment, such software programming code may be stored with storage associated with a server. The software programming code may be embodied on any of a variety of known media for use with a data processing system, such as a diskette, or hard drive, or CD ROM. The code may be distributed on such media, or may be distributed to users from the memory or storage of one computer system over a network of some type to other computer systems for use by users of such other systems. The techniques and methods for embodying software program code on physical media and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein.