Abstract:
A parking meter system comprising a low-current drain electronic parking meter and a mobile transceiver. The parking meter includes a housing including a slot for the introduction of at least one coin in the interior of the housing. Within that interior are coin detectors for providing electrical signals indicative of the presence of an inserted coin and its denomination, a slug detector, and a coin jam detector. Also within the housing is a sonar transducer for detecting the presence of a vehicle in an adjacent parking space and an infra red transceiver for communicating with the mobile transceiver. A microprocessor and an associated liquid crystal display are also provided with the meter&#39;s housing. The microprocessor responds to electrical signals provided by the various detectors to produce data which is displayable on the display and transmittable by the IR transceiver to the mobile transceiver. A touch button system is provided as an alternative to the introduction of coins into the meter. The meter is entirely battery operated and is of such a low drain that it can operate without necessitating the replacement of its batteries for an extended period of time, e.g., six months to one year.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of my earlier U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 08/195,300, filed on Feb. 10, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,461, which in turn is a continuation of my earlier U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/098,157, filed on Jul. 28, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,049, each of whose disclosures are incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to parking meters and systems and more specifically to electronic parking meters and systems. 
     Parking meters permit vehicles to be parked on streets for an allowable time determined by the number and denominations of coins which are placed in the parking meter. A clock mechanism in the parking meter runs down the allowable time until it reaches zero, and an overtime parking indication appears. 
     The coin receiving devices of the parking meters perform various tests to determine whether an acceptable coin has been inserted, and the denomination of the coin. Circuitry which tests for the presence of ferrous material (i.e., slugs) includes Hall-effect sensors, and frequency shift metallic detectors. The denomination is determined by devices which measure the diameter of the coin such as infra-red emitting diodes and photo-diodes, or which measure the weight of the coin using strain gauges, and the like. 
     Coin receiving mechanisms which use IR detectors, Hall-effect circuitry, magnetic fields and light sensing rays with microprocessors include U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,431 (Pratt); U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,080 (Howard); U.S. Pat. No. 4,249,648 (Meyer) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,916 (Carmen et al.). 
     In recent years, electronic parking meters and systems have been developed which use microprocessors in conjunction with electronic displays, IR transceivers to communicate with auditors, and ultrasonic transceivers to determine the presence of vehicles at the parking meter. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,823,928 and 4,967,895 (Speas) disclose electronic parking meters which use microprocessors, electronic displays, IR transceivers, solar power and sonar range finders. 
     The sophisticated devices which use microprocessors, electronic displays and IR and ultrasonic transducers consume too much power to operate by non-rechargeable batteries alone. Thus, the Speas&#39; patents disclose the use of solar power cells which charge capacitors or rechargeable batteries. 
     Various problems exist with the use of solar power sources including the use of parking meters in shady areas, or the use of parking meters during periods in which there is very little sunlight. This causes the rechargeable batteries to run down, and they require frequent replacement. Or, in the case of the use of capacitors, the lack of power causes the meter to become inoperative. 
     There is therefore a need for an electronic parking meter, with a microprocessor, electronic display, ultrasonic and IR transceivers, which is specifically designed for low power drainage so that it can operate for extended periods of time with ordinary batteries. The parking meter of this invention utilizes unique low-power coin sensing and detecting devices and circuitry as well as several conditions or states of operation to minimize power requirements in usage. This enables the electronic parking meter to operate strictly on battery power without the use of unreliable solar power sources or the requirement to run and connect power cables to the meters. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is the general object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which improves upon, and overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art. 
     It is a further object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter with unique coin sensing and detection circuitry which is simple, inexpensive, and uses very little power. 
     It is still a further object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which operates in several states to minimize power consumption. 
     It is yet a further object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which utilizes a vehicle detector to determine the presence of a vehicle at the parking meter. 
     It is still yet a further object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter with an electronic display which shows allowable time and which resets the allowable time to zero when the vehicle at the parking meter location is removed. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which has automatic diagnostic testing to determine the presence and category of failures. 
     It is still another object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which enables an auditor to receive stored information relating to the value of the coins deposited, the amount of overtime parking, and the operational status of the meter for central processing. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter with an electronic display which incorporates a flashing signal to indicate overtime parking. 
     It is still yet another object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which enables a parking enforcement officer to communicate with the meter. 
     It is an additional object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which can be interrogated by, and transmit information to, a mobile transceiver mounted in a roving vehicle. 
     It is still an additional object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which can be interrogated by, and transmit information to, a hand-held RF transceiver. 
     It is yet an additional object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter which operates in conjunction with a touch memory type of debit device. 
     It is still yet an additional object of this invention to provide an electronic parking meter with a touch memory device which enables an auditor to interrogate, and receive information from, the parking meter. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     These and other objects of this invention are achieved by providing an electronic parking meter which has an electronic display, an ultrasonic transceiver to determine the presence of vehicles, an IR transceiver for communicating information to and from parking enforcement officers and auditors, and a flashing signal to indicate overtime parking. The meter is designed for very low power drain to enable the use of common batteries only for extended periods of time without the requirement for external power cables or solar power systems. 
     The coin sensing and discrimination circuitry requires very little power. It comprises a coin pre-sensor, a coin diameter measuring device, a ferrous coin (i.e., slug) detector and a coin jam detector. The pre-sensor uses a lever mechanism to deflect or flex a Piezo electric strip, as does the coin diameter measuring device. The coin ferrous detector uses a permanent magnet and a reed switch. When a coin with ferrous material passes between the magnet and the reed switch, it affects the magnetic field, thereby releasing the reed switch. The coin jam detector comprises IR diode emitters and photo-electric cell receivers to detect the presence of a jam in the coin slot. Also, the meter and its components operate in several states including off, inactive and active states to further minimize power requirements. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     Other objects and many of the intended advantages of this invention will be readily appreciated when the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a rear elevation view of the parking meter of this invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of the parking meter; 
     FIG. 3 is a side view, partially in section, of the parking meter taken along the lines 3--3 of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the invention taken along the lines 4--4 of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the parking meter taken along the lines 5--5 of FIG. 3; 
     FIGS. 6a and 6b show an overall block diagram of the electrical and electronics portion of the parking meter; 
     FIGS. 7a and FIG. 7b show, in schematic form, the auto detector of the parking meter of this invention; 
     FIGS. 8a and 8b show, in schematic form, the processor portion of the parking meter; 
     FIG. 9 is a schematic of the circuitry which controls the red display (LCD) flasher of the parking meter; 
     FIG. 10 is a schematic of the predetection section of the coin detector circuitry of the parking meter; 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic of the coin size and ferrite or slug determination circuitry of the parking meter; 
     FIG. 12 is a schematic of the infra-red transceiver circuitry of the parking meter. 
     FIG. 13 is a schematic of the coin jam detection circuitry of the parking meter. 
     FIG. 14 is a pictorial representation showing the use of a mobile RF transceiver to interrogate parking meters on the street. 
     FIG. 15 is a pictorial representation of a parking enforcement officer using a hand-held RF transceiver to interrogate parking meters on the street. 
     FIG. 16 is a front elevational view of an alternative embodiment of the parking meter using a touch button debit system instead of a card reader. 
     FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the touch button used in conjunction with the touch receptacle mounted on the parking meter. 
     FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the touch pencil used in conjunction with the touch receptacle mounted on the parking meter. 
     FIGS. 19 and 20 show an overall block diagram of the electrical and electronic portions of the parking meter incorporating the touch debit system in place of the credit card system. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now in greater detail to the various figures of the drawing, wherein like reference characters refer to like parts, there is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 the parking meter 2 constructed in accordance with this invention. 
     The parking meter 2 comprises a clam shell shaped member 4 which is mounted on a stanchion 6. The member 4 has a lower portion 8 with an opening 10 at its rear which is covered by a protective mesh 12. As will be explained later, a sonar transducer is mounted behind the protective mesh 12 to detect the presence of vehicles at the parking meter location. 
     The clam shell shaped member 4 also has an upper portion 14 which comprises a window 16 for viewing an electronic LCD display 18. The LCD display 18 is mounted on a board 20 which holds the electrical and electronic components of the system. The board has openings 22 and 23 behind which are mounted an IR transceiver for receiving information from, and conveying information to, parking authority enforcement and auditor personnel, as will be explained in detail later. Finally, a coin slot 24 is mounted in the front of the lower portion 8 of the member 4. 
     FIGS. 3-5 show the mounting of the various components within the area enclosed by the clam shell shaped member 4. The coin slot 24 provides entry for coins into a chute 26. A stationary guide member 28, mounted by screws 29 in one of a pair of transparent plastic blocks 72 (see FIG. 5), defines one boundary of the chute 26 and directs the coin downward as shown by the arrow. 
     The coin sensing and detecting circuitry comprises four principal elements: a pre-sensor 30, a ferrous material or slug detector 32, a coin size detector 34, and a coin jam detector 37. The pre-sensor 30 comprises a pivotable pre-sensor arm 36, a pivot 38 and a screw 40 mounted on the pre-sensor arm 36. The screw 40 holds a bracket 42 through which a Piezo mylar strip 44 has been placed. As will be explained later, the deflection of the pre-sensor arm 36 causes the bracket 42 to move and flex the Piezo strip 44 creating a current which is detected by a processor to alert the equipment that a coin has been inserted into the coin slot 24. 
     The slug detector 32 comprises a permanent magnet 66 mounted in the hole 55 and a reed switch 68 mounted opposite the permanent magnet 66 in the blocks 72. The coin size detector 34 comprises a pivotable size measurement arm 46, a pivot 48 and a screw 50. The screw 50 is in contact with a Piezo strip 56. The jam detector 37, comprises IR emitters 39 and photo-cells 41, which are also mounted on plastic blocks 72, as are the pre-sensor 30, and the coin size detector 34. 
     At this time, the operation of the coin sensing and detection system will be described. When a coin is inserted into the slot 26, it proceeds to progress downward through the chute 26 and is deflected by the guide member 28 so that it impinges upon a pre-sensor arm 36. The pre-sensor arm 36 rotates about the pivot 38 into the position shown in dashed lines in FIG. 3. The screw 40 mounted on the pre-sensor arm 36 moves the bracket 42 which flexes the Piezo strip 44. 
     This flexation of the Piezo strip 44 causes an electrical current to be generated which is detected by the processor of the system. As will be explained in detail later, this enables the processor to activate electronic circuitry which has been off or in an inactive state, so that it may process the signals it receives from the remainder of the coin detection circuitry of the meter 2. 
     After predetection takes place, the coin progresses further down chute 26 until it passes the slug detector 32, between a permanent magnet placed in a hole 55 in one of the two blocks 72 made of clear plexiglass or similar material, and the reed switch 62. 
     The reed switch 62, positioned in a second hole 55 in the second block 72, is normally held in the operative position by the magnetic field of the permanent magnet. As the coin passes between the permanent magnet 66 and the reed switch 68, if the coin is a slug, i.e., it possesses ferrous material, the field will be broken and the reed will drop out causing an electrical pulse to be sent to the processor. 
     After slug detection has taken place, the coin then deflects the size measurement arm 46. The amount of the deflection of the size measurement arm 46 is a function of the diameter of the coin. The arm 46 rotates about pivot 48 which causes a screw 50, mounted on the arm 40 to move as shown by the dashed lines of FIG. 3 to flex the Piezo strip 56. This causes a current to flow in conductors 57 attached to the Piezo strip 56, which is proportional to the flexing of the Piezo strip 56, thereby indicating to the processor the size or denomination of the coin which has been inserted in the slot 24. The coin then progresses out of the chute 26 through an opening 53, where it is held within the meter 2. 
     If the chute 26 is jammed, by a coin or other material, the light between one or more of the IR emitters 39 and its associated photo-cell(s) 41, is broken, thereby signalling the processor that a jam has occurred, as will be explained in detail later. 
     The coin detection circuitry of this invention is unique in that it requires almost no standby power as compared to similar existing devices. Therefore, the system may operate entirely by the use of non-rechargeable batteries with an operating life of 6 months or longer as compared to existing systems which use either a source of external power or require solar power cells which depend on continuous sunlight to maintain power. 
     Also shown in FIG. 3, a sonar transducer 74 is mounted behind the protective mesh 12 so that it can transmit and receive through the opening 10. It is angled downward to transmit toward the parking area adjacent the meter 2, to detect the presence of vehicles. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, which show additional sectional views of the meter 2, it can be seen that the chute 26 is defined by the opening between the blocks 72. Also within that opening, are the pivotally mounted arms 36 and 46. A set screw 52 (see FIGS. 3-5) provides a zero set position for the size measurement arm 46. Screws 29 hold the stationary guide member 28 in place. 
     The IR emitters 39, and the photo-cells 41 of the coin jam detector 37 are shown mounted on respective boards opposite each other so that light from the emitters 39 can flow through the transparent blocks 72 to the photo-cells 41. As explained previously, any coins or other material jammed in the chute 26 will block the light to one or more of the receivers 41, thereby indicating a jam. 
     The electrical and electronic circuitry of the parking meter 2 will now be described. FIGS. 6a and 6b show an overall block diagram of the circuitry. Auto detector 100 comprises the sonar transducer 74 which receives power from a connector J1 on lines 202 and 204. In order to conserve power to enable the use of a power source comprising batteries only, the transducer 74 is only turned on every ten to fifteen seconds for a few microseconds. It generates a half-millisecond pulse and then waits for approximately 50 milliseconds for a return echo. The auto detector 100 is initiated by a command signal (AUTO INIT) from a processor/LCD 102 on line 206. If the auto detector 100 receives a return echo indicating that a vehicle is present at the parking location, a signal (AUTO ECHO) is sent back to the processor/LCD 102 on line 208. 
     The processor/LCD 102 also receives input from, and transmits information to, coin detector circuitry 104 (see FIG. 6b). The coin detector circuitry 104 receives signal input from the Piezo strip 56 which measures coin size and from the reed switch 62 for slug detection on lines 210, 212, 214 and 216, respectively. The pre-sensor coin detector 30 receives signal input from the Piezo strip 44 on lines 215 and 217. 
     The coin detector 104 sends an analog coin detect signal, on line 218, to the processor/LCD 102. This signal is caused by the deflection of arm 40, causing Piezo strip 56 to generate a voltage proportional to the diameter of the coin. Signal (COIN INTER) is then sent to the processor/LCD 102 on line 220 to inform the processor that it should determine coin size. 
     After the processor/LCD 102 has completed its functions with regard to the coin, it sends a coin acknowledgement signal (COIN ACK) on line 222 back to the coin detector circuitry 104 to reset the coin detector so that it can accept and process subsequent coins. 
     In addition, the processor/LCD 102 receives information from, and sends information out to, an IR transceiver 106 on lines 224 and 226, respectively. 
     Other inputs and outputs shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b for the processor/LCD 102, include input/output facilities for an RF transceiver 110 on lines 225 and 227 and for a card reader 108 on lines 229 and 231 for the use of a credit card in conjunction with, or in place of, a coin input. A solar panel 112, connected to a solar charger 114 on lines 233 and 235, may also be provided where sunlight is sufficient to operate the meter. 
     The RF transceiver 108 may be provided to communicate with a grid (not shown), in cases of meter failure, meter jam, or overtime parking conditions, which in turn transmits to a central facility so that repair or enforcement personnel may be dispatched. Typically, a series of repeaters, each covering an eight square block area, could be used to communicate from any parking meter to the central facility. 
     Also shown in FIG. 6a is the power source for the system which has four 11/2-volt batteries, 2 batteries each designated as 116A and 116B, which provide 6 volts VCC and ground on buses 230 and 232, respectively. In addition, a 11/2 volt battery 116C, may be strapped in to provide 71/2 volts to the LCD display, which may require the additional voltage in extremely cold weather. 
     FIGS. 7a and 7b show the circuitry of the auto detector 100. When the processor/LCD 102 decides it is time to look for the presence of a vehicle, it will make the AUTO INIT at pin 34 of the processor 100 of FIG. 8a, high. When AUTO INIT goes high, it makes pin 2 of the invertor I2 low on line 236. Line 236 is connected to the base of transistor Q2 through limiting resistor R4 (1K). When Q2 is turned on, power is applied to the auto detection circuitry. 
     The AUTO INIT signal is also applied through resistor R2 (10K) and capacitor C2 (0.33 uF). This R/C combination, in conjunction with two invertors I4 and I6, is used to delay the AUTO INIT signal on line 238 applied to auto detector digital circuit U2, which is the transmitter for the sonar transducer. The reason for the delay is to allow time for the power to settle after it has been applied to the circuit. Capacitors C4 and C6 (47 uF and 0.1 uF, respectively, (FIG. 7b)) are filters for the main battery power Vcc. 
     After the delay of approximately 20 milliseconds, AUTO INIT is applied to pin 14 of sonar transmitter U2. The transmitter U2, in this case a TL851 chip, will generate fifteen cycles of a 50 KHZ tone at pin 2 of U2. Diode D3 and capacitor C9 (10 uF) provide a filter for the internal circuitry of U2. A 420 KHZ ceramic resonator Y1 generates the base frequency for the 50 KHZ transmitter in U2. The fifteen cycles of 50 KHZ from pin 2 of U2 are applied to the base of transistor Q4 and the signal is amplified in Q4 and then applied to the primary of transformer T2. Transformer T2 has a step up ratio of 54.5, therefore the secondary of T2 will be approximately 340 VAC with a fully charged 6 volt battery input. Capacitor C10 (0.022 uF) is used to block any DC component from being applied to the transducer attached to connector J2. The two zener diodes, D1 and D2, are each 200 V zeners and they assure that the signal applied to the transducer will never exceed 400 volts. 
     After the signal has been transmitted, the transducer waits for a return echo. When the echo is received by the transducer, the signal passes through capacitor C10 and the secondary of transformer T2 and is applied to pin 2 of sonar receiver U4 (TL852) via line 250 (FIG. 7a). The receiver U4 amplifies the signal and send it out of pin 9 on line 248 back to pin 8 of chip U2. Capacitor C8 (3300 pF) is used as a filter cap on the receive signal. 
     Inductance L2 (1.8 mH) and capacitor C5 (0.01 uF) connected to pin 4 of receiver U4 form a 50 KHZ tuned circuit for the receiver. Resistor R6 (56K) is a bias resistor for the receiver U4. Resistors R8 and R10 (18K and 1.5K, respectively) provide a fixed gain setting for the receiver. Potentiometer P2 (10K) and resistor R12 (39K) are used to vary the gain of the receiver from its fixed point. 
     The received signal which is sent from U4 to U2 (pin 9 to pin 8, respectively) sets a latch in the U2 chip which puts out the ECHO signal on pin 9 of U2. This signal is sent back to the processor/LCD 102 at pin 29 (FIG. 8) on line 252 via invertor I8. When the processor/LCD 102 receives the ECHO signal, it deactivates the AUTO INIT signal at pin 34 of U6 which turns off transistor Q2 removing power from the transmitter and receiver. Upon receiving the ECHO signal, the processor/LCD 102 will calculate the distance to the vehicle, or if no echo is received within 50 milliseconds, the micro-controller will time-out and deactivate the AUTO INIT signal. 
     By definition, a vehicle is detected if the distance reading is three to eight feet, and a consistent reading for three consecutive transmissions is required. 
     The operation of the processor/LCD 102 will now be explained. Referring now to FIGS. 8a and 8b, the processor comprises 8k of internal ROM and 192 bytes of internal RAM. In addition, the processor has two parallel eight bit I/O ports, any of which could be interrupt inputs. The processor also has a direct drive to the LCD display which will be used to display time and information concerning the operation and status of the parking meter. 
     U5 is a temperature sensor which, together with diodes D4 and D5 and resistor R14 (100K), is used by the processor/LCD 102 to determine the temperature of the meter in order to adjust any parameters that are sensitive to changes in temperature. Zener diode D6 and resistor R16 (100K) provide a reference voltage to the micro-controller to determine the battery voltage level and to report when a battery falls below a predetermined level. To further conserve power, although this zener diode D6 draws very little current (22 micro-amps on average), the power to the zener diode is turned off when the power is removed from the LCD display. The power reference voltage is connected to pin 19 of the processor/LCD 102 chip U6. 
     The power to the LCD display is turned on and off by the processor/LCD 102. In order to turn on the LCD display, the processor/LCD 102 makes the voltage at pin 37 of processor/LCD 102, chip U6, positive. This turns on transistors Q5 and Q6 applying power (VLCD) to the LCD display (See FIG. 9). Although the processor/LCD 102 has an internal resistor network to power the LCD display 18, if the battery voltage drops below 4.5 volts, it is necessary to have an external resistor network to deliver one microamp of current. This network comprises resistors R18 (1M), R20 (1M) and R22 (1M). Jumper J2 (FIG. 9) is used to apply either 6 volt battery or 7.5 volt battery to the LCD depending on which one is required. Resistor R25 (220K) is used to pull up the watchdog timer to force the processor/LCD 102 to use the software watchdog timer. 
     There are two crystals attached to the processor/LCD 102. These are crystal Y3 which provides a base oscillator of 1.8432 MHZ when the micro-controller is awake, and crystal Y2 which provides 32.6768 KHZ which is used to keep the LCD display and the watchdog timer active when the micro-controller is asleep. Each side of the crystal Y2 is connected to ground via capacitor C14 (15 pF) and capacitor C16 (15 pF), respectively. Similarly, each side of crystal Y3 is connected to ground via capacitors C18 (15 pF), and C20 (15 pF). 
     The circuitry to control the red LCD flasher to alert the parking authority when a vehicle is parked at a meter and the time has expired is also shown in FIG. 9. If there is no vehicle parked at the meter, or if there is a vehicle parked with time on the meter, the flasher will be off. If the parking meter detects a problem within itself, it will turn the flasher on solid in order to alert the parking enforcement officer. The LCD flasher must never have a DC voltage applied to it. Therefore, chip U10, with resistors R30 and R32 (536K and 100K, respectively) and capacitors C22 and C24 (each 0.01 uF) is set up as a 100 cycle multi-vibrator. Gates G2 and G4 are used as a buffer and invertor, respectively, in order to always have opposite polarity applied to the back plate and segments of the flasher U12. In order to conserve power, whenever the flasher is flashed off or turned off, the power (V FLASH) is removed from the entire circuit. When pin 38 is (FLASHER EN) deactivated, transistor Q3 is turned off which then turns off transistor Q4 and removes power from the entire flasher circuit. Resistors R34 and R36 (1M and 220K, respectively) limit the current flow through the transistors Q3 and Q4 when they are on. 
     The circuitry of the coin detector is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. When the presensor arm 30 rotates due to the presence of a coin, it will flex the Piezo strip 44, causing the coin detection voltage to appear at connector J3 (see FIG. 9). The voltage is applied to pin 2 of operational amplifier A2 through resistor R38 (33K). A resistor R40 (9.1M) is connected between pins 2 and 1 of amplifier A2. The ratio of the resistors R38 and R40 set the gain of the amplifier A2. The output of A2 on pin 1 is applied to a short-term sample and hold circuit which includes diode D10, capacitor C26 (1,000 pF) and resistor R42 (3.3M). The sample and hold circuit is connected to the non-inverting input of operational amplifier A4. Resistors R44 (33K) and R46 (536K) set the gain of the amplifier A4. The output of A4 on pin 7 is applied through a second sample and hold circuit comprising diode D9, capacitor C28 (0.33 uF) and resistor R48 (10M). The output of this circuit turns on transistor Q8 which then turns on transistor Q9 applying power to the main coin detect circuit (VCD). Resistors R50 (220K) and R52 (1K) limit current flow through the transistors Q8 and Q9. 
     Referring now to FIG. 11, the circuitry associated with the determination of coin size and the ferrous content of the coin (i.e., slug) will be explained. When the coin deflects the size measurement arm 46, this flexes Piezo strip 56. The Piezo strip 56 will put out a voltage proportional to the amount and speed of the bend. Since the rate of change of the measurement is more consistent as the coin leaves the slot, the diameter of the coin is measured as the Piezo strip 56 snaps back. As with the Piezo strip 44 for the predetector, the Piezo strip 56 not only senses the presence of the coin, but it also measures the size or diameter of the coin. 
     It should be noted here that this preferred embodiment only measures the diameter of the coin, because in the United States the diameter of the coin is unique for each denomination of coin. However, in certain countries such as Great Britain, it may be necessary to add a second coin size sensor to detect the thickness of the coin, because the coinage includes coins of different denominations which have the same diameter but different thicknesses. For installation in such a country, another deflection arm and Piezo strip would be added to further determine the value of the coin. 
     Referring again to FIG. 11, the coin diameter detector is connected to the detection circuit through connector J4 to an input filter comprised of diode D7 and capacitor C30 (3,300 pF). Resistors R54 and R56 (2.7M and 2.1M, respectively) set the gain of operational amplifier A6. The output of operational amplifier A6 on pin 1 is applied to sample and hold circuit D8 and C32 in order to generate (COIN DETECT) which is applied through diode D8 to pin 20 of processor/LCD 102 chip U6. This input is set up as an A/D converter until the micro-controller acknowledges that it has received the data by making pin 35 (COIN ACK) low. 
     The COIN ACK signal is applied to invertor I 10 at pin 13. The output of the invertor I 10 at pin 12 is connected to the base of transistor Q7 through resistor R58 (10K). This turns on transistor Q7 and discharges capacitor C32 (1 uF) in preparation for the next coin. 
     The coin size signal from amplifier A6 is also applied through resistor R60 (51K) to operational amplifier A8. The combination of resistor R60 and resistor R62 (10M) set the gain of amplifier A8 with capacitor C34 (330 pF) providing low pass filtering. This stage is used as a comparator with the divider comprising R64 (10K) and R66 (2.2K) being used to provide a reference point. R68 (100K) provides the proper input voltage to pin 6 of amplifier A8 through resistor R60. 
     The output of A8 at pin 7 is used to fire a one shot multi-vibrator comprising chip U14, capacitors C36 and C38 (each 0.01 uF) and resistor R70 (100K). The one-shot multi-vibrator provides a delay to allow the sample and hold circuit to stabilize. The output of the one shot at pin 3 is inverted through I12. The output of I12 at pin 18 provides a clock input at pin 11 of a flip flop U16. The flip flop output at pin 9 is sent out as the COIN INTER signal to the processor/LCD 102 pin 17. This signal will interrupt the processor/LCD 102 and tell it to look at the value of the COIN DETECT signal at pin 20. When the processor/LCD 102 processes the COIN DETECT signal, it will return the COIN ACK signal. 
     The third detector of the system, in addition to the predetection and the coin size determination, is the ferrous metal detector. This detector comprises the permanent magnet 66 on one side of the coin slot and the reed switch 68 on the other side of the coin slot. The reed switch 68 is normally held closed by the field created by the magnet 66. When a coin with ferrous material, such as a slug, is deposited in the meter, it will pass between the magnet 66 and the reed switch 68 shorting out the magnetic field and releasing the reed switch 68. The connections 70 to the reed switch are applied to pins 3 and 4 of the connector J4 to the clock input of U18 at pin 3. When the reed switch 68 is released, U18 output at pin 5 will, through resistor R72 (10K) turn on transistor Q7 which will discharge C32. At the same time, U18 pin 6 will set COIN INTER U16. With C32 discharged, the COIN DETECT signal will be zero and the micro-controller will treat it as if it has no COIN DETECT but will return a COIN ACK signal to reset the COIN DETECT circuitry. Resistor R74 at pins 2 and 4 of U18 is a pull up resistor. The voltage for the slug signal is applied through resistor R76 (470K). 
     The circuitry for the infra-red transceiver is shown in FIG. 12. The parking meter 2 never initiates an infra-red transmission. The processor/LCD 102 waits for reception from an external transmitter. In order to save power, the power is normally automatically removed from the transceiver. The energy from the first byte received by the infra-red detector is used to turn on the power to the infra-red transceiver. 
     Diode D11 and resistor R78 (220K) form an infra-red detector. When an external infra-red transmitter sends data to the parking meter, the infra-red detector will send the data to both the power switch and to the infra-red receiver. The power to the infra-red receiver is turned off prior to receiving of the signal. Therefore, the first byte of data is sent through capacitor C40 (1 uF) to block the DC component. The signal is then applied to a bleeder resistor R80 (100K). It is then sent to a comparator A10 through resistor R82 (10K). The resistor divider R84 and R86 (470K and 3.9K, respectively) sets the acceptance point of the comparator A10. 
     The output of A10 on pin 7 is then sent to an operational amplifier A12 through resistor R88 (1.5K). The ratio of the resistors R88 and R94 (470K) set the gain of the operational amplifier A12 and the divider R90 and R92 (100K and 220K, respectively) determine the set point of the amplifier. The output of A12 at pin 1 is applied to a sample and hold stage made up of diode D12, resistor R96 (22M) and capacitor C42 (1 uF). The resistor R96 sets the decay time of the sample and hold circuit and therefore, the length of time that power is applied to the infrared receiver. The sample and hold circuit is used to turn on transistor Q13. Resistor R98 (220K) limits the current through the transistor Q13 when it is turned on. When transistor Q13 is turned on, it turns on transistor Q14 which applied voltage, VIR, to the infra-red transmitter and receiver. 
     The sample and hold circuit is set to apply power for ten seconds after the last received data. As a result of the above process, the received first byte of data is lost, therefore, the infra-red transmitter must always begin the first transmission with a dummy byte of data. 
     After the power is applied to the transceiver, the rest of the received data is sent to the infra-red receiver through capacitor C42 (1 uF) and resistors R100 and R102 (100K and 732K, respectively) to amplifier A14 which constitutes the first stage of the infra-red receiver. The ratio of R102 and R104 (3.3M) sets the gain of the amplifier A14. The output of amplifier A14 at pin 1 is applied to the second amplifier of the infra-red receiver, A16, through resistor R106 (10K). The ratio of resistors R106 and R108 (1M) sets the gain of the amplifier A16 and the divider R110 and R12 (220K and 1M, respectively) sets the operational point of the amplifier A16. The output of amplifier A16 at pin 7 generates a logic level which is sent to the processor/LCD 102 as IRIN at pin 16. (See FIG. 8a). 
     After the processor/LCD 102 receives data on IRIN, it can send data out to an external receiver as IROUT at pin 33 (See FIG. 8a). 
     Referring again to FIG. 12, the IROUT signal is sent to AND gate G10 at pin 12. A 50 KHZ oscillator, comprising tuning fork Y4, gates G12 and G14, and resistor R114 (470K) provides an output to pin 13 of gate G10. Since IROUT is high for a space and low for a mark, the 50 KHZ signal is sent out for spaces only because during the mark, the infra-red transmitter is turned off. 
     The output of gate G10 is sent to input pins 4 and 5 of invertor I16. The output of invertor I16 at pin 6 is applied to a resistor R16 (10K) in the base of transistor Q12. This turns on the transistor Q12 which pulls current through limiting resistor R118 (1K) and infra-red transmitter diode D13. The current turns on diode D13 which transmits the data. 
     The coin jam circuitry is shown in FIG. 13. An input is received on line 260 from pin 38 of the processor/LCD 102 which provides a high voltage when the processor wishes a jam detection check to be made and a low voltage when the jam detector is not operated. When pin 38 goes high, voltage is applied to the base of transistor Q16 through resistor R120 (1K). Transistor Q16 conducts through limiting resistor R122 (220K), decreasing the voltage applied through resistor R124 (10K) to transistor Q18, causing the transistor Q18 to conduct. Voltage is thereby applied to resistor 126 (330 ohms) to the IR diode emitters 39. In addition, voltage is applied through resistor 128 (1M) to photo-electric cells 41. If there is a jam, and any one of the photo-electric cells 41 does not receive light from its associated IR diode emitter 39, the photoelectric cell 41 stops conducting thereby breaking the connection to ground on line 262. This causes line 262 which is connected to pin 21 of the processor to go high, indicating to the processor/LCD 102 that a jam has occurred. 
     The processor/LCD 102 checks for a jam in two circumstances. Each time a coin is detected, a jam check is made. Also, if a car is detected and no coin is inserted into the slot after a predetermined time period (which typically may be in the range of 2 to 5 minutes and is selectable by the parking authority) a jam detect check is made. 
     The system is specifically designed for extremely low power operation. This allows the system to carry out all of its functions with a power source of 4 commercially available, non-rechargeable, 1.5 volt batteries. It is estimated, that battery replacement will only be required at intervals of 6 months to one year. The savings in required power is accomplished in two ways. As previously described, the coin detection circuitry is novel and requires much less power than the circuits and designs used in existing coin detection devices. Secondly, the system is designed to operate under various states or conditions which minimize overall power requirements. For example, during off hours the liquid crystal display and the flasher equipment is turned off, and the processor is in the inactive or sleep mode. In addition, the infra-red transceiver is in the inactive mode. Also, as previously described, the detection of a coin in the coin slot activates the processor and the rest of the coin detection equipment. 
     During the day with no car in the parking position at the meter, the coin detect presensor is operable, the liquid crystal display is operating displaying general information regarding the parking hours and the amount of allowable time for each coin and the sonar transducer is operable as is the awakening circuitry of the IR transceiver. The flashing circuitry is dormant. As previously described, the sonar transducer is only turned on every 10 to 15 seconds for a few microseconds. It generates a half millisecond pulse and then waits for possibly 50 milliseconds for a return echo. 
     The next state occurs when a car arrives at the parking slot at the meter. If a car is detected, the computer is activated and keeps track of how long the car is there. After a predetermined amount of time (2-5 minutes) if no coin has been detected, the flasher circuitry operates. 
     For the coin denomination determination, a look-up table in the processor may be used which gives the voltage for each size coin as a function of battery level and temperature. 
     The equipment can be fabricated using standard off-the-shelf components and parts. A listing of exemplary components is given below: 
     (1) The processor U6 can be the SGS-Thompson microelectronics processor, Model # ST6240 or equivalent. 
     (2) The sonar transducer can be the Polaroid electrostatic transducer, Model # 7000 or equivalent. 
     (3) The operational amplifiers can be the Precision Monolithics, Inc. amplifiers, Model # OP-290 or equivalent. 
     (4) The liquid crystal display can be the Standish Industries, Inc. display, Model # LCD4228 or equivalent. 
     Average current draw for the day and night time and the average current draw over 24 hours is given below: 
     
         ______________________________________DAY: (Average for 12 hour day)Quiescent Current      170      uAAuto Detect            100      uALCD Display            200      uAFlasher                100      uACoin Detect            2        uAInfra-red Transmit &amp; Receive                  1        uAProcessor              100      uATotal Average Daytime Power                  673      uANIGHT: (Average for 12 hour night)                  200      uAAVERAGE CURRENT DRAWOVER 24 HOURS(673/2) + (200/2) =    436.5    uA______________________________________ 
    
     On an overall basis, it is estimated that the system will draw an average of approximately 1 milliamp. This need can be met with 4 commercially available alkaline type C 1.5 volt batteries. In extremely cold weather, i.e., -40° or colder, lithium batteries would be used. 
     At a prescribed interval (typically one week), a parking authority auditor carrying a hand-held computer with an IR transceiver interrogates each parking meter in turn. When the parking meter is interrogated via its IR receiver, it will transmit and download to the hand-held computer of the auditor information relating to the operation of the meter since the last interrogation. The information will include the following: 
     (1) The serial number of the parking meter; 
     (2) The total revenue received by the parking meter; 
     (3) A count of the number of parked cars detected by the parking meter; 
     (4) The total of the amount of parked time bought; 
     (5) The number of expirations of time; 
     (6) The total expired time; 
     (7) The cars leaving with time remaining; 
     (8) The amount of time paid for but not used; 
     (9) Low battery indicator, the presence of a jam, or other equipment failures detected within the meter. 
     Upon completion of the rounds, the auditor returns to a central headquarters where the information received from each parking meter is downloaded into a central computer so that the amount of monies due for each meter, and other operational information regarding the meter can be record. This will provide a tight control on the amount of monies taken in and the amount of monies saved by resetting the meters when vehicles leave the meter location with unexpired time. Furthermore, the system can gauge the effectiveness of the operation of the parking enforcement officers by comparing the number of expirations and the amount of expired time with the number of parking tickets issued at each parking meter. 
     In addition to operational data concerning the parking meter, the information is useful to dispatch maintenance personnel in case of coin jams, and other equipment failures, or to replace batteries when low battery indications are found. 
     The system can also include the use of the hand-held computer with an IR transceiver by parking enforcement officers. In this case, when tickets are issued, the information relating to the ticket, i.e., ticket number, license number, date, time and amount of overtime parking, can be inserted into the storage of the processor/LCD 102 so that when the auditor downloads the information stored by the processor, it will be included. Furthermore, the hand-held computer can be loaded with the license numbers of scofflaws or the license numbers of stolen cars. The parking enforcement officer can enter the license of a parked car into the hand-held computer which will indicate whether the vehicle belongs to a scofflaw or is a stolen vehicle. If this is the case, the parking enforcement officer can use a hand-held RF radio to communicate with headquarters so that the car can be booted. An alternative embodiment using RF transceivers to interrogate the parking meters 2 is shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. In FIG. 14, the interrogation system comprises a roving vehicle 302 having a mobile transmitter 306. The mobile transmitter 306 generates an RF signal which interrogates the parking meters 2. As can be seen in the figures, the parking meters 2 are angled at approximately 30° to the curb. This is necessary for the proper aiming of the sonar transducer 74 for the auto detector 100. Thus, the transmitter in the RF transducer 306 transmits a signal received by the RF transceiver 110 in the parking meter. This interrogates the parking meter with respect to overtime parking, coin jams and other inoperative conditions, low battery, the number of coins in the meter, and the like. The information received in the mobile vehicle 302 can be used to alert parking enforcement officers to replace the inefficient and time consuming process of having the parking enforcement officer walk or drive down every street looking for overtime parking conditions. 
     In addition, coin slot jams, low battery or other inoperative conditions can be sent to maintenance personnel to dispatch the maintenance personnel to correct the conditions on an expedited basis. 
     FIG. 15 shows another embodiment wherein a parking enforcement officer 310, using a hand-held RF transceiver 312 can interrogate a plurality of meters 2 without either walking or riding down the entire street to determine which meters are indicating overtime parking. The transceivers 306 and 312 are fairly low powered and can interrogate approximately ten parking meters at a time. 
     In summary, this use of RF transceivers either in roving vehicles or as hand-held devices for parking enforcement officers increases efficiency by alerting parking enforcement officers to overtime parking conditions and maintenance personnel to coin jams, low battery conditions, or other inoperative parking meter conditions. 
     FIGS. 16-18 show another embodiment of the parking meter 2 which uses a debit system in place of the credit card reading device 108 of the previous embodiments. The touch memory system comprises a touch receptacle 314 and a touch button assembly 316. The touch receptacle 314 has a central contact 318 and an outer circular contact 320. The touch button assembly 316 comprises a base 322 and a touch button 324 which has a central contact 326 and an outer circular contact 328. 
     The user can purchase specific units of parking time at a designated location. For example, if a unit amount of parking time, for example 1/2 hour costs 25¢, the user may purchase 40 units of time (20 hours) for $10.00. The number of units purchased is entered into a memory in the touch button 324. Each time the user touches the central contact 326 and the circular contact 328 of the touch button 316 to the central contact 318 and the circular contact 320 of the touch receptacle 314, a unit of time is entered into the parking meter allowing parking for the amount of time represented by the unit and deducted from the memory in the touch button 324. Thus, when the user uses up all the units in memory in the touch button, he can then purchase more time by prepaying at a specified location. The base 322 of the touch button assembly 316 has an extending portion 330 in which an opening 332 can be placed, for attachment to a keychain for ease of carrying by the user. 
     A touch pen 334, as shown in FIG. 18, can be used in conjunction with the touch receptacle 314 by the auditors and maintenance personnel, instead of the IR transceiver in the previous embodiments. The touch pen 334 has a cylindrical housing 336 with an outer surface 338, a distal end 340 and a proximal end 342. At the proximal end 342, a touch button 344 with a central contact 346 and a circular contact 348, is installed. The central contact 346 extends beyond the circular contact 348 because it is spring loaded so that when the central contact 346 is placed against the central contact 318 of the touch receptacle 314, the central contact 346 is pushed back until it is in the same plane as the circular contact 348 enabling it may properly contact the circular contact 320 of the touch receptacle 314. In addition, a small keyboard and display 350 is mounted on the outer surface 338. 
     Thus, the auditor may interrogate the meter with respect to operability information regarding the meter and with respect to other types of information including the amount of money stored in the meter, the number of instances of overtime parking, the amount of overtime parking, and the like. 
     Although the embodiment described above discloses the use of a touch receptacle and touch buttons as debit devices, it is clear that touch types of debit cards could be employed as well. 
     FIGS. 19 and 20 show an overall block diagram of the system incorporating the debit touch receptacle 314 instead of the card reader 108 of the block diagram of FIGS. 6A and 6B. 
     The touch receptacle 314 operates in conjunction with the debit touch button 316 or the touch pen 334 as previously described. In this case, lines 229 and 231, respectively, are used to connect the debit touch receptacle 314 to the processor and LCD 102 rather than the credit card reader 108 of FIG. 6A. FIG. 20, is the same as FIG. 8A of the previous embodiment except that the credit card output at PIN 31 and the credit card input at PIN 14 has been replaced with touch button output and input, respectively. 
     A basic advantage of the touch memory device used for debit purposes is that they eliminate the requirements for slots for insertion of credit or debit cards. As with coin slots, the slots for debit or credit cards are subject to jamming by the use of chewing gum, hair pins and the like by miscreants, which cannot occur with touch memory devices such as described above. In addition, the touch memory debit devices can be used to eventually eliminate coin slots and all the associated circuitry for testing and detecting coins at specified locations. 
     An electronic parking meter has been described with very low power requirements which provides an electronic display, a processor which controls the operation of the meter, and electronic means to determine the presence of a vehicle, and an IR transceiver for communicating with auditors or other parking authority officers, and a unique coin detection system which is simple, reliable and requires very little power. 
     Without further elaboration, the foregoing will so fully illustrate my invention, that others may, by applying current or future knowledge, readily adapt the same for use under the various conditions of service.