Abstract:
A pseudo-orthogonal code generator is provided. The pseudo-orthogonal code generator simplifies overall configuration and provides a more efficient operating speed by implementing a pseudo-orthogonal code generator using combined circuits instead of using a read only memory (ROM) circuit. The pseudo-orthogonal code generator reduces its overall size by reducing gate area.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) of a Korean Patent Application No. 10-2009-0107639 filed Nov. 9, 2009 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     This following description relates to a pseudo-orthogonal code generator, and more particularly, to a pseudo-orthogonal code generator that minimizes the complexity of a pseudo-orthogonal code generator and improves the operating speed in a radio transmitting system using pseudo-orthogonal codes. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Table 1 is a Walsh-Hardamard code table that is used in a conventional orthogonal coding method. For example, in a conventional orthogonal code generator receiving four binary signal inputs, the total number of orthogonal codes that a bit row can have from these inputs are 16(=2 4 ). In this example, the length of each orthogonal code is always 16 bits as shown in Table 1, and each column of the orthogonal codes are orthogonal to each other. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 WALSH-HARDAMARD CODE TABLE  
               
             
          
           
               
                 Walsh 
                 Walsh code 
               
             
          
           
               
                 No. 
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 10  
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 11  
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 12  
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 13  
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 14  
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 15  
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As described above, a conventional orthogonal code generator requires 16 code bits for transmission of total 4 bits. Thus, the efficiency of the transmission channel is deteriorated due to an extremely low spectral efficiency of no more than 0.25(4/16). 
     Korean Patent No. 0761669, issued on Sep. 19, 2007, describes a pseudo-orthogonal code generator having better spectral efficiency than a conventional orthogonal code generator. 
     In the pseudo-orthogonal code generator described in Korean Patent No. 0761669, the contents of the pseudo-orthogonal code memory, for example, the relationship between the input address and the output code, may be expressed by Equation 1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     0.5 
                     × 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   b 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ⊕ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       i 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     Λ 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       b 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 ⊕ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       i 
                                       0 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     Λ 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       b 
                                       0 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     b 
                                     5 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     i 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         i 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       Λ 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         b 
                                         4 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         i 
                                         0 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       Λ 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         b 
                                         3 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     b 
                                     8 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     i 
                                     3 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         i 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       Λ 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         b 
                                         7 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         i 
                                         0 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       Λ 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         b 
                                         6 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         b 
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⊕ 
                                       
                                         b 
                                         5 
                                       
                                       ⊕ 
                                       
                                         b 
                                         8 
                                       
                                     
                                     _ 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     i 
                                     3 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     i 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         i 
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         Λ 
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             
                                               b 
                                               1 
                                             
                                             ⊕ 
                                             
                                               b 
                                               4 
                                             
                                             ⊕ 
                                             
                                               b 
                                               7 
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⊕ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         i 
                                         0 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         Λ 
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             
                                               b 
                                               0 
                                             
                                             ⊕ 
                                             
                                               b 
                                               3 
                                             
                                             ⊕ 
                                             
                                               b 
                                               6 
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Using the pseudo-orthogonal code generator of Korean Patent No. 0761669, the spectral efficiency becomes 0.5625(9/16) by converting a 9-bit size transmission information data into a pseudo-orthogonal code in accordance with Walsh-Hadamard code table as shown in Table 1. Thus, the spectral efficiency is enhanced by 225% in comparison to the conventional orthogonal code generator. 
     However, the pseudo-orthogonal code generator of Korean Patent No. 0761669 requires four multiplexers and three adders in addition to a 9-bit serial-to-parallel converter, a 512×16-bit ROM, and a 1-bit parallel-to-serial converter. Thus, the configuration is very complicated and the overall size becomes larger due to the much enlarged gate area when the pseudo-orthogonal code generator is fabricated as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In addition to the above problem, there is a disadvantage of a slower operating speed because it uses a ROM. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one general aspect, provided is a pseudo-orthogonal code generator comprising a serial-to-parallel converter which converts a serial transmission data into a 9-bit parallel data, a 4-bit counter which repeatedly counts from 0 to 15, and a combined circuit unit which sequentially generates 16-bit pseudo-orthogonal codes using the 9-bit parallel data and the 4-bit counter values, wherein the combined circuit unit is comprised of 
                     cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )       =       b   0     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   1       )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   2       )                     cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )       =       b   3     ⊕     i   2     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   4       )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   5       )                     cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )       =       b   6     ⊕     i   3     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   7       )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   8       )                     cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )       =             b   0     ⊕     b   3     ⊕   b     _     6     ⊕     i   3     ⊕     i   2     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢     Λ   ⁡     (       b   1     ⊕     b   4     ⊕     b   7       )         )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢     Λ   ⁡     (       b   2     ⊕     b   5     ⊕     b   8       )         )                       C   ⁡     (   I   )       =       (     -   1     )           (       cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )       ⊕     cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )       ⊕     cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )       ⊕     cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )         )     _     ⁢          (     cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢   cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )       )          ⁢     (     cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢   cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )       )           ,     0   ≤   I   ≤   15                 
and, wherein C(I) is a pseudo-orthogonal code of the 9-bit parallel data for 0≦I≦15, b 0 ˜b 8  are said parallel data, and i 0 ˜i 3  are the 4-bit counter values binarized from the I which corresponds to an index for 16-bit pseudo-orthogonal code.
 
     The pseudo orthogonal code generator may further comprise a 2×1 multiplexer which converts a logic value outputted from the combined circuit unit into a real value. 
     In another aspect, provided is a pseudo-orthogonal code generator comprising a serial-to-parallel converter which converts a serial transmission data into a 9-bit parallel data, a 4-bit counter which repeatedly counts from 0 to 15, and a combined circuit unit which sequentially generates 16-bit pseudo-orthogonal codes using the 9-bit parallel data and the 4-bit counter values, wherein the combined circuit unit is comprised of 
                           cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )       =       b   0     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   1       )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   2       )                     cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )       =       b   3     ⊕     i   2     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   4       )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   5       )                     cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )       =       b   6     ⊕     i   3     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   7       )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢   Λ   ⁢           ⁢     b   8       )                     cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )       =             b   0     ⊕     b   3     ⊕   b     _     6     ⊕     i   3     ⊕     i   2     ⊕     (       i   1     ⁢     Λ   ⁡     (       b   1     ⊕     b   4     ⊕     b   7       )         )     ⊕     (       i   0     ⁢     Λ   ⁡     (       b   2     ⊕     b   5     ⊕     b   8       )         )                             C   ⁡     (   I   )       =       (     -   1     )       {             [         cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )       _     ⁢          cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )            ⁢   cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )     ⁢          cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )       ]     ⁢     Λ   [     cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )            ⁢       cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )       _     ⁢          cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )            ⁢   cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )       ]     ⁢   Λ               [     cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )     ⁢          cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )            ⁢       cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )       _     ⁢          cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )       ]     ⁢     Λ   [     cb   ⁢           ⁢   0   ⁢     (   I   )            ⁢   cb   ⁢           ⁢   1   ⁢     (   I   )     ⁢          cb   ⁢           ⁢   2   ⁢     (   I   )            ⁢       cb   ⁢           ⁢   3   ⁢     (   I   )       _       ]           }         ,     0   ⁢     &lt;   _     ⁢   I   ⁢     &lt;   _     ⁢   15                 
and, wherein C(I) is a pseudo-orthogonal code of the 9-bit parallel data for 0≦I≦15, b 0 ˜b 8  are the parallel data, and i 0 ˜i 3  are 4-bit counter values binarized from the I which corresponds to an index for 16-bit pseudo-orthogonal code.
 
     The pseudo orthogonal code generator may further comprise a 2×1 multiplexer which converts the values of the logic output from said combined circuit unit into a real value. 
     Other features and aspects will be apparent from the following detailed description, the drawings, and the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a conventional pseudo orthogonal code generator. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating an example of a pseudo orthogonal code generator. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating another example of a pseudo orthogonal code generator. 
         FIG. 4  is an example of a timing diagram of the pseudo orthogonal code generators in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . 
     
    
    
     Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures. The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein. Accordingly, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein will be suggested to those of ordinary skill in the art. Also, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions may be omitted for increased clarity and conciseness. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a pseudo-orthogonal code generator. Referring to  FIG. 2 , the example pseudo-orthogonal code includes a serial-to-parallel converter  10 , a combined circuit unit  100 , and a 4-bit counter  200 . 
     The serial-to-parallel converter  10  converts transmitting data that is serially inputted in single bits into a 9-bit parallel data. The 4-bit counter  200  repeatedly counts from 0 to 15. The combined circuit unit  100  sequentially generates 16-bit pseudo-orthogonal codes using the 9-bit parallel data from the output of the serial-to-parallel converter  10  and count values (i 0 ˜i 3 ) of the 4-bit counter  200 . The internal configuration of the combined circuit unit  100  may be expressed by Equation 2. 
     
       
         
           
             
                 
             
             ⁢ 
             
               Equation 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               2 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     0 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       b 
                       0 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           2 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       b 
                       3 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       2 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           4 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       b 
                       6 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       3 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           7 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           8 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             b 
                             0 
                           
                           ⊕ 
                           
                             b 
                             3 
                           
                           ⊕ 
                           b 
                         
                         _ 
                       
                       6 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       3 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       2 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           Λ 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 b 
                                 1 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 4 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 7 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           Λ 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 b 
                                 2 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 5 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 8 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         I 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   cb 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     I 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⊕ 
                                 
                                   cb 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   1 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     I 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⊕ 
                                 
                                   cb 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   2 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     I 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⊕ 
                                 
                                   cb 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   3 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     I 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             _ 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                              
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 cb 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 0 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   I 
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 Λ 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 cb 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 1 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   I 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                              
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               cb 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 I 
                                 ) 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               Λ 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               cb 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 I 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                   
                     0 
                     ≤ 
                     I 
                     ≤ 
                     15 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Equation 2, C(I) is a pseudo-orthogonal code of the 9-bit parallel data for 0≦I≦15, and b 0 ˜b 8  are the parallel data. i 0 ˜i 3  are the 4-bit counter values binarized from I that corresponds to an index for 16-bit pseudo-orthogonal code. 
     The example combined circuit unit  100  shown in  FIG. 2  includes five combined circuits  110 ,  120 ,  130 ,  140 , and  150 . The first combined circuit  110  performs a logic operation as described in the first line of Equation 2 and outputs an interim result value (cb 0 ). The second combined circuit  120  performs a logic operation as described in the second line of Equation 2 and outputs an interim result value (cb 1 ). 
     The third combined circuit  130  performs a logic operation as described in the third line of Equation 2 and outputs an interim result value (cb 2 ). The fourth combined circuit  140  performs a logic operation as described in the fourth line of Equation 2 and outputs an interim result value (cb 3 ). 
     The fifth combined circuit  150  performs a logic operation as described in the fifth line of Equation 2 using the interim result values (cb 0 ˜cb 3 ) of the first through fourth line which are the outputs of the first, second, third and fourth combined circuits ( 110 ˜ 140 ), and sequentially outputs the final logic values to form a 16-bit pseudo orthogonal code for each bit. 
     In some embodiments, the pseudo-orthogonal code generator may comprise a 2×1 multiplexer. The 2×1 multiplexer  160  converts logic value 0 2  or 1 2 , which is an output from the 5th combined circuit  150 , into a real value of 1 or −1, for example, 1=(−1) 0  and −1=(−1) 1 . In some embodiments, the 2×1 multiplexer  160  may be implemented outside of the combined circuit unit  100 . 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating another example of a pseudo-orthogonal code generator. The pseudo-orthogonal code generator of  FIG. 3  has the same configuration as the pseudo-orthogonal code generator of  FIG. 2 . Thus a description is omitted. In the pseudo-orthogonal code generator of  FIG. 3  the fifth combined circuit  150 ′ of the combined circuit unit  100 ′ is configured differently than the fifth combined circuit  150  of the combined circuit unit  100  shown in  FIG. 2 . The internal configuration of the combined circuit unit  100  may be expressed by Equation 3. 
     
       
         
           
             
                 
             
             ⁢ 
             
               Equation 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               3 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     0 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       b 
                       0 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           2 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       b 
                       3 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       2 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           4 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       b 
                       6 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       3 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           7 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           b 
                           8 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     cb 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       I 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             b 
                             0 
                           
                           ⊕ 
                           
                             b 
                             3 
                           
                           ⊕ 
                           b 
                         
                         _ 
                       
                       6 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       3 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       i 
                       2 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           1 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           Λ 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 b 
                                 1 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 4 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 7 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     ⊕ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i 
                           0 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           Λ 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 b 
                                 2 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 5 
                               
                               ⊕ 
                               
                                 b 
                                 8 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         I 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       
                         { 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   [ 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         cb 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         0 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           I 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       _ 
                                     
                                     ❘ 
                                     
                                       
                                         cb 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           I 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       ❘ 
                                       
                                         
                                           cb 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           2 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             I 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         ❘ 
                                         
                                           cb 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           3 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             I 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ] 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   Λ 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     [ 
                                     
                                       
                                         cb 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         0 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           I 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       ❘ 
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             cb 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             1 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               I 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           _ 
                                         
                                         ❘ 
                                         
                                           
                                             cb 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             2 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               I 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           ❘ 
                                           
                                             cb 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             3 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               I 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ] 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 Λ 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   [ 
                                   
                                     
                                       cb 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       0 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         I 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     ❘ 
                                     
                                       
                                         cb 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           I 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       ❘ 
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             cb 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             2 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               I 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           _ 
                                         
                                         ❘ 
                                         
                                           cb 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           3 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             I 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ] 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   Λ 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     [ 
                                     
                                       
                                         cb 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         0 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           I 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       ❘ 
                                       
                                         
                                           cb 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           1 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             I 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         ❘ 
                                         
                                           
                                             cb 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             2 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               I 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           ❘ 
                                           
                                             
                                               cb 
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                   
                                               
                                               ⁢ 
                                               3 
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 I 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                             
                                             _ 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ] 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         } 
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                   
                     0 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       &lt; 
                       _ 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     I 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       &lt; 
                       _ 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     15 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As described above, a pseudo orthogonal code may be generated easily and quickly through logic operations of the 9-bit transmission data and 4-bit counter value using the combined circuit units  100 ,  100 ′. 
       FIG. 4  is an example of a timing diagram of a pseudo orthogonal code generator in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . Referring to  FIGS. 2-4 , a serially inputted transmission data is converted into a parallel data and divided by bit interval (9-bit) using a serial-to-parallel converter  10 , and a 4-bit counter  200  that repeatedly counts from 0 to 15 in sequential manner in this bit interval. 
     As a result, the transmission input data values (b 0 ˜b 8 ) and 4-bit counter values (i 0 ˜i 3 ) are fixed in one chip area. The result values of the combined circuit units  100  and  100 ′ that perform logic operations using these values, are also fixed. And if the logic operations are repeatedly performed every one chip period, a 16-bit pseudo orthogonal code for each serially inputted 9-bit transmission (information) data may be serially outputted. 
     The resulting pseudo-orthogonal code may be modulated using a Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK). For example, if the serially outputted pseudo-orthogonal codes are symbolized by 2-bit parallel processing, a QPSK modulation can be performed, if the pseudo-orthogonal codes are symbolized by 3-bit parallel processing, an 8PSK modulation is possible, if the pseudo-orthogonal codes are symbolized by 4-bit parallel processing, a 16QAM modulation is possible, if the pseudo-orthogonal codes are symbolized by 5-bit parallel processing, a 32QAM modulation is possible, and if the pseudo-orthogonal codes are symbolized by 6-bit parallel processing, a 64QAM modulation is possible 
     A pseudo orthogonal code generator of this invention is not limited to the above described exemplary embodiments, and could be implemented through various modifications within the scope where the technical spirit of this invention permits. 
     A number of exemplary embodiments have been described above. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. For example, suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order and/or if components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.