Abstract:
A thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus has: a burner that is supplied with a fuel and an air, and burns the fuel; an emitter heated by combustion heat produced by the burner; a photoelectric conversion cell that converts radiant light from the emitter into electric power; and a cell holder portion that holds the photoelectric conversion cell. A cooling device is provided for causing a cooling liquid to receive heat from the photoelectric conversion cell by contacting the cooling liquid and a back surface of the cell holder portion with each other. A surface of the cell holder portion that contacts the cooling liquid is a non-horizontal surface. The apparatus employs at least two kinds of cooling liquids.

Description:
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE  
         [0001]    The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-225000 filed on Aug. 1, 2002, including its specification, drawings and abstract, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The invention relates to a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus (TPV system) that generates electric power through the thermophotovoltaic energy conversion in which infrared light (also termed infrared ray or heat ray) radiated from a heat source is converted into electric power by photoelectric conversion elements (photoelectric conversion cells).  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0005]    In a photovoltaic generator apparatus, an emitter (radiator) is heated to radiate infrared light of a predetermined wavelength, and the infrared light is caused to strike photoelectric conversion elements, and is thereby converted into electric power. The photovoltaic generator apparatus, being free of movable portions, allows realization of a low-noise and low-vibration system.  
           [0006]    The photovoltaic generation of power is excellent as a next-generation energy source in terms of its cleanliness, quietness, etc. To heat the emitter, various heat sources are available, for example, combustion heat, solar heat, atomic decay heat, etc. Normally, a combustion gas produced by burning a fossil fuel represented by such gas fuels as butane and the like, and such liquid fuels as kerosene and the like, is used for heating the emitter.  
           [0007]    The thermophotovoltaic generator apparatuses require a consideration of a cooling structure for cooling the photoelectric conversion cells and recovering heat therefrom.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    It is an object of the invention to provide a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus that is further improved in the cooling (heat recovery) performance so as to increase the energy conversion efficiency.  
           [0009]    In accordance with the invention, a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus includes: a burner that is supplied with a fuel and an air, and that burns the fuel; an emitter heated by a combustion heat produced by the burner; a photoelectric conversion cell that converts a radiant light from the emitter into an electric power; and a cell holder portion that holds the photoelectric conversion cell. A cooling device is provided for causing a cooling liquid to receive a heat from the photoelectric conversion cell by contacting the cooling liquid and a back surface of the cell holder portion with each other. In this apparatus, a surface of the cell holder portion that contacts the cooling liquid is a non-horizontal surface.  
           [0010]    In the above-described thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus, the cooling liquid may include at least two kinds of liquids.  
           [0011]    The at least two kinds of liquids may include two liquids that have a relationship in which one of the liquids has a greater specific gravity and a lower boiling point than another one of the liquids.  
           [0012]    The thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus may further include an external circuit that accelerates circulation of the cooling liquid.  
           [0013]    The external circuit may have a fan that improves a heat dissipation characteristic. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    The foregoing and further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals are used to represent like elements and wherein:  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view of a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, illustrating a state of the apparatus prior to operation;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of the thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus of the first embodiment, illustrating a state of the apparatus during operation;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view of a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view of a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0020]    Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view of a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, illustrating a state of the apparatus prior to operation. FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1. Inside the generator apparatus, a fuel gas passageway  10   a  is contained within an air passageway  10   b , and the fuel gas passageway  10   a  and the air passageway  10   b  form a burner  10 .  
         [0022]    An emitter  12  is formed of a porous material of SiC or Al 2 O 3  so as to have a container-like shape. After gas exits from the burner  10  and burns, the combustion gas passes through the emitter  12  while giving heat to the emitter  12 . The gas from the emitter  12  enters a heat exchanger  16  via a path A. The air to be supplied to the burner  10  flows into the heat exchanger  16  via a path B.  
         [0023]    The combustion gas, after being subjected to heat exchange with air in the heat exchanger  16 , is discharged out as exhaust gas via an exhaust fan  18 . The exhaust fan  18  performs the function of introducing air by sucking and discharging exhaust gas.  
         [0024]    Heat absorbed by the emitter  12  exits in the form of light from surfaces of the emitter  12  due to radiation. The light from the emitter  12  passes through an SiO 2  glass  20  that forms a combustion chamber, and then enters photoelectric conversion cells  22 , whereby the light is converted into electricity.  
         [0025]    In the drawings, reference numeral  24  represents a cell holder portion formed of a highly heat conductive substance such as Al or the like. Air introduced into the cell holder portion  24  via a lower portion  24   a  of the cell holder portion  24  cools the photoelectric conversion cells  22 , and passes through the heat exchanger  16  as described above, and then flows into the air passageway  10   b  that forms the burner  10 .  
         [0026]    An outer shell member  28 , together with the cell holder portion  24 , defines a closed space in which a cooling liquid is contained. A cooling chamber  30  has cooling fins  32 . Vapor occurring from the cooling liquid retained between the outer shell member  28  and the cell bolder portion  24  is cooled in the cooling chamber  30 , and is returned therefrom.  
         [0027]    A portion of the heat generated by the photoelectric conversion cells  22  is given to the aforementioned cooling liquid, and another portion is given to the air, and the rest is released outside via the outer shell member  28 . The thus-warmed air enters the heat exchanger  16 , and receives heat from the exhaust gas and is therefore heated to high temperature. The high-temperature air mixes with the fuel supplied via the fuel gas passageway  10   a . The mixture is jetted from the burner  10  and therefore burns, heating the emitter  12 . Light radiated from the emitter  12  is converted into electricity by the photoelectric conversion cells  22 .  
         [0028]    The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion cells  22  is about 60% at the maximum. If each photoelectric conversion cells  22  has an output of 3 W/cm 2 , the cells produce substantially equal amounts of heat. Therefore, efficient recovery of the heat and return thereof to the emitter is most critical to improvement in efficiency. Furthermore, photoelectric conversion cells degrade in conversion efficiency as the temperature rises. Therefore, the cooling is important in this sense, too.  
         [0029]    This embodiment employs as the aforementioned cooling liquid a first liquid  40  and a second liquid  42  that are retained between the outer shell member  28  and the cell holder portion  24 . For example, the first liquid  40  is “Fluorinert” (a trademark of 3M in US, which has a specific gravity of 1.7, and is water-insoluble, and has a boiling point of about 50° C.), and the second liquid  42  is water in this embodiment.  
         [0030]    Next, the state of the thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus of the embodiment during operation will be described with reference to FIG. 3. After the combustion for power generation starts, the Fluorinert  40 , having a comparatively low boiling point, starts boiling first. As a result, the Fluorinert  40  moves to above the water  42 , and then cools and accumulates in the cooling chamber  30 , as indicated in FIG. 3. The accumulated Fluorinert  40   a  has a greater specific gravity than water, and therefore moves toward the water  42 . However, if the water  42  has high temperature, the Fluorinert  40   a  immediately boils and returns to the cooling chamber  30 . It is to be noted that heat is released via the cooling fins  32 .  
         [0031]    A cooling water contact surface (heat transfer surface)  24   b  of the cell holder portion  24  in this embodiment is an inclined surface, that is, a non-horizontal surface, as shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0032]    In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, since the cooling water contact surface  24   b  of the cell holder portion  24  is formed as an inclined or non-horizontal surface, bubbles do not attach to the cooling water contact surface  24   b.    
         [0033]    Next, attachment of bubbles will be considered. Bubbles are likely to attach to asperities of the back surface of the cell holder portion  24 . This is a characteristic of attachment of a fluid, such as a liquid or gas, to a solid. In order to prevent or reduce this attachment, the invention simultaneously uses at least two kinds of cooling liquids.  
         [0034]    For example, this embodiment uses the Fluorinert  40  and the water  42 . The Fluorinert  40  receives heat mainly from the water  42 , and then evaporates. As shown in FIG. 1, the cell holder portion  24  in contact with the back side of the photoelectric conversion cells  22  is covered with the water  42 . Thus, the solid asperities of the back wall surface of the cell holder portion  24  are filled by the water  42 , so that it is unlikely that bubbles of the Fluorinert  40  will attach to the wall.  
         [0035]    Furthermore, the Fluorinert  40  is allowed to absorb heat from the water  42  before the Fluorinert  40  reaches the cooling chamber  30 . Therefore, good heat absorption is achieved. This will be more specifically explained. The water temperature is higher in a top portion of the water than in a bottom portion thereof. Therefore, as bubbles of the Fluorinert  40  ascend, the Fluorinert bubbles continuously absorb heat.  
         [0036]    Thus, it is important that one of the liquids have a greater specific gravity and a lower boiling point than the other liquid. That is, the liquid that mainly contacts the cell holder portion  24  is a liquid that has a higher boiling point than one of the liquids that exists at a lower site.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view of a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, a cooling chamber  30  is connected in communication to a separate chamber  52  via a pipe  50 . The separate chamber  52  is open to the atmosphere via an opening  52   a . However, leakage from the separate chamber  52  is prevented by a labyrinth  54 .  
         [0038]    As the boiling of the Fluorinert becomes brisk, Fluorinert gas exits from the cooling chamber  30 , and flows through the pipe  50  to the separate chamber  52  to reside therein. Since circulation occurs as indicated by arrows in FIG. 4, the cooling efficiency improves. Thus, this embodiment is characterized in provision of an external circuit that accelerates the circulation of the cooling liquid.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view of a thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention. The third embodiment is a modification of the second embodiment. Specifically, an intermediate portion of a pipe  50  as mentioned above is provided with a fan  60  that is driven by steam of Fluorinert. In turn, the fan  60  rotates a propeller  62 .  
         [0040]    The fan  60  and the propeller  62  thus provided absorb kinetic energy from the Fluorinert, thus improving the cooling performance. A current of air produced by the propeller  62  is sent to a major body of the thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus, thereby further improving the cooling performance. Thus, this embodiment is characterized in that an external circuit as mentioned above is equipped with a fan that enhances the heat dissipation.  
         [0041]    According to the thermophotovoltaic generator apparatuses of the foregoing embodiments of the invention, the cooling (heat recovery) performance is further enhanced. Therefore, the apparatuses of the embodiments achieve an advantage of further improved energy conversion efficiency.  
         [0042]    While the invention has been described with reference to what are presently considered to be preferred embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments or constructions. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements. In addition, while the various elements of the disclosed invention are shown in various combinations and configurations, which are exemplary, other combinations and configurations, including more, less or only a single embodiment, are also within the spirit and scope of the invention.