Abstract:
A method of forming a compound semiconductor substrate includes providing a crystalline base substrate having a first semiconductor material and a main surface, and forming a first semiconductor layer on the main surface and having a pair of tracks disposed on either side of active device regions. The first semiconductor layer is formed from a second semiconductor material having a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the first semiconductor material. The pair of tracks have a relatively weaker crystalline structure than the active device regions. The method further includes thermally cycling the base substrate and the first semiconductor layer such that the first semiconductor layer expands and contracts at a different rate than the base substrate. The pair of tracks physically decouple adjacent ones of the active device regions during the thermal cycling.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The instant application relates to semiconductor substrates, and in particular relates to forming compound semiconductor substrates using materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Semiconductor transistors, in particular field-effect controlled switching devices such as a MISFET (Metal Insulator Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), in the following also referred to as MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) and a HEMT (high-electron-mobility Field Effect Transistor) also known as heterostructure FET (HFET) and modulation-doped FET (MODFET) are used in a variety of applications. HEMTs are preferred in many applications due to their favorable power density, on-state resistance, switching frequency, and efficiency benefits over conventional silicon-based transistors. 
         [0003]    HEMTs are typically formed from type III-V semiconductor materials, such as GaN, GaAs, AlGaN, etc. In a GaN/AlGaN based HEMT, a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) forms at the interface between the AlGaN barrier layer and the GaN buffer layer. The 2DEG forms the channel of the device instead of a doped region, which forms the channel in a conventional MOSFET device. 
         [0004]    One technique for forming a type III-V semiconductor substrate involves using a silicon wafer as a base substrate. A seed layer is formed on the silicon base substrate, and one or more III-V semiconductor material layers are epitaxially grown on the seed layer. Standard sized silicon wafers that are used in CMOS technology in particular are preferable as base substrates due to their abundance, low cost, and compatibility with standard processing equipment used in silicon fabrication facilities. 
         [0005]    One challenge of epitaxially forming III-V semiconductor layers such as GaN on a silicon substrate relates to mechanical stress that arises between the silicon and the III-V semiconductor material. In general, mechanical stress makes the wafers difficult to process, can impact device performance, decrease uniformity of the material properties of the substrate (e.g., doping concentration) and can even lead to complete device failure. 
         [0006]    One source of mechanical stress can be attributed to thermal expansion mismatch between the different materials. Epitaxial growth techniques typically involve high temperature cycles. For example, a typical MOCVD (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) process is performed at temperatures in a range of 900° C.-1200° C. As the substrate cools, the substrate and epitaxial layers contract at different rates due to their different coefficients of thermal expansion. 
         [0007]    One way to mitigate mechanical stress attributable to thermal expansion mismatch between the different materials involves incorporating a compensatory stress into the epitaxial layers during epitaxy. However, this produces a curved wafer during epitaxy, which in turn leads to temperature variation in the epitaxial layers across the wafer. This temperature variation impacts various fundamental properties such as alloy composition, doping and material quality. Specially shaped wafer carriers or thicker silicon substrates can mitigate the effect to an extent. However, these techniques are only partially effective, are expensive to implement, and come with other disadvantages. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    A method of forming a compound semiconductor substrate is disclosed. According to an embodiment, a crystalline base substrate including a first semiconductor material and having a main surface is provided. The base substrate is processed so as to damage a lattice structure of the base substrate in a first region that extends to the main surface without damaging a lattice structure of the base substrate in second regions that are adjacent to the first region. A first semiconductor layer of a second semiconductor material is formed on a portion of the main surface that includes the first and second regions. A third region of the first semiconductor layer covers the first region of the base substrate, and a fourth region of the first semiconductor layer covers the second region of the base substrate. The third region has a crystalline structure that is disorganized relative to a crystalline structure of the fourth region. The first semiconductor material has a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the second semiconductor material. 
         [0009]    According to another embodiment, a crystalline base substrate including a first semiconductor material and having a main surface is provided. A first semiconductor layer is formed on the main surface and includes a pair of tracks disposed on either side of active device regions. The first semiconductor layer is formed from a second semiconductor material having a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the first semiconductor material. The pair of tracks have a relatively weaker crystalline structure than the active device regions. The base substrate and the first semiconductor layer are thermally cycled such that the first semiconductor layer expands and contracts at a different rate than the base substrate. The pair of tracks physically decouple adjacent ones of the active device regions during the thermal cycling. 
         [0010]    A compound semiconductor substrate is disclosed. According to an embodiment, the compound semiconductor substrate includes a crystalline base substrate having a first region that extends to a main surface of the base substrate and has a crystalline structure that is disorganized relative to a crystalline structure of a second region of the base substrate that is adjacent the first region. The compound semiconductor substrate further includes a first semiconductor layer formed on the main surface and having a third region covering the first region of the base substrate and a fourth region of covering the second region of the base substrate. The third region has a crystalline structure that is disorganized relative to a crystalline structure of the fourth region. The base substrate has a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the first semiconductor layer. 
         [0011]    Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon viewing the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. Like reference numerals designate corresponding similar parts. The features of the various illustrated embodiments can be combined unless they exclude each other. Embodiments are depicted in the drawings and are detailed in the description which follows. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  illustrates a crystalline base substrate, from a cross-sectional perspective, according to an embodiment. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  illustrates the base substrate being processed to locally damage a crystalline structure of the base substrate in selected regions, from a cross-sectional perspective, according to an embodiment. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  illustrates a compound substrate, from a cross-sectional perspective, according to an embodiment. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  illustrates mechanical stresses in an epitaxial layer of the compound substrate during a thermal cycle, from a cross-sectional perspective, according to an embodiment. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  illustrates a compound substrate, from a partial plan-view perspective, according to an embodiment. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  illustrates a compound substrate, from a partial plan-view perspective, according to another embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    According to embodiments described herein, a monocrystalline semiconductor substrate (e.g., a silicon substrate) is provided. The substrate has a main surface that extends along a single lattice plane, such as the &lt;111&gt; crystal lattice plane in the case of silicon. The substrate is processed so as to disrupt the crystal lattice plane and underlying crystallographic structure of the substrate in selected regions. This process makes these regions less conducive to perfect crystalline epitaxial growth. Subsequently, a high temperature epitaxial deposition process is used to form one or more III-V semiconductor layers (e.g., a GaN layer) on the substrate. The epitaxial layers include regions of relatively weak semiconductor material (e.g., polycrystalline or amorphous semiconductor material) that are grown on the damaged regions of the base substrate and regions of relatively strong semiconductor material (e.g., monocrystalline semiconductor material) that are grown on the undamaged regions of the base substrate. As the substrate cools from the epitaxy process, the epitaxial layers contract at a different rate than the base substrate due to a difference in coefficients of thermal expansion between the materials. 
         [0020]    The regions of relatively weak semiconductor material in the epitaxial layers advantageously mitigate mechanical stress that arises in the substrate from the thermal cycling of the epitaxy process. The material structure of these regions is such that they will crack under the mechanical stress associated with the epitaxy process. These cracks interrupt any mechanical stress that is present in the epitaxial layer, and allow the non-cracked portions of the epitaxial layer to expand or contract independent from one another. As a result, a high-reliability type III-V semiconductor device layer can be formed with relatively uniform properties. The III-V semiconductor device regions can be made substantially larger without risk of wafer bowing or breakage. A further advantage of this process is that the regions of relatively weak semiconductor material are easily cut, e.g., by laser or mechanical sawing. Thus, these regions can serve as stress-relief mechanisms as well as die singulation regions. 
         [0021]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a base substrate  100  is provided. The base substrate  100  can be formed from any crystalline semiconductor material suitable for manufacturing semiconductor devices, and in particular any material suitable for the epitaxial growth of a type III-V semiconductor nitride material thereon. Exemplary materials for base substrate  100  include silicon (Si), group IV compound semiconductor materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) or silicon germanium (SiGe). According to an embodiment, the base substrate  100  is formed from silicon. 
         [0022]    The base substrate  100  has a main surface  102  that extends between edge sides  104  of the base substrate  100 . According to an embodiment, the main surface  102  extends along a single crystal lattice plane. For example, the main surface  102  may extend along the &lt;111&gt; lattice plane of the silicon crystals, e.g., in the case that the base substrate  100  is a silicon substrate. 
         [0023]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , the main surface  102  of the base substrate  100  is processed so as to damage the base substrate  100  selected first regions  106  without damaging adjacent second regions  108  of the base substrate  100 . As a result of this processing step, the main surface  102  is disrupted in the first regions  106 . For example, in the case that the main surface  102  initially extended along the &lt;111&gt; lattice plane, the processing step of  FIG. 2  exposes other crystal lattice planes (e.g. &lt;101&gt;, &lt;100&gt;, etc.) at the main surface  102 . Moreover, this processing step causes the crystalline structure of the semiconductor material in the first regions  106  beneath the main surface  102  to be disorganized relative to the crystalline structure of the semiconductor material in the second regions  108 . That is, the substrate is no longer monocrystalline and includes point defects. 
         [0024]    According to an embodiment, the first regions  106  are formed by a patterning technique. According to this technique, a photolithographic mask  110  is provided on the main surface  102  and subsequently patterned (e.g., by etching) so as to expose the first regions  106  while the second regions  108  remain covered by the mask  100 . Alternatively, the photolithographic mask  110  may be used to pattern a hard mask (not shown), such as an SiNy or SiOx hard mask, which in turn is used to cover the second regions  108  and expose the first regions  106 . Subsequently, the base substrate  100  is exposed to charged ions  109 . These charged ions  109  damage the main surface  102  and disorganize the crystalline structure of the base substrate  100 . The charged ions  109  can be provided by a plasma treatment technique or an ion implantation technique. More specifically, the charged ions  109  can be provided by a reactive ion etching (RIE) technique or an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique. 
         [0025]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the mask  110  has been removed and a first semiconductor layer  112  has been formed on the main surface  102 . The first semiconductor layer  112  includes a semiconductor material having a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the material of the base substrate  100 . For example, according to an embodiment, the base substrate  100  includes silicon and the first semiconductor layer  112  includes a type III-V semiconductor, such as GaN, GaAs, InGaN, AlGaN, etc. 
         [0026]    The first semiconductor layer  112  is formed over the first and second regions  108  and can partially or completely cover the main surface  102  of the base substrate  100 . Third regions  114  of the first semiconductor layer  112  cover the first regions  106  of the base substrate  100 , and fourth regions  116  of the first semiconductor layer  112  cover the second regions  108  of the base substrate  100 . The third regions  114  have a crystalline structure that is disorganized relative to the crystalline structure of the fourth regions  116 . For example, the fourth regions  116  may be monocrystalline regions, whereas the third regions  114  may be polycrystalline regions or amorphous regions. Any number of additional layers (not shown) can be formed on the first semiconductor layer  112 . For example, in the case of a GaN based HEMT device, the first semiconductor layer  112  can be an undoped GaN buffer layer, and an additional AlGaN barrier layer can be grown on the first semiconductor layer  112 . 
         [0027]    According to an embodiment, prior to forming the first semiconductor layer  112 , a transition layer  118  is formed on the main surface  102 . The transition layer  118  is configured to alleviate stress due to lattice mismatch between the material of the base substrate  100  and the material of the first semiconductor layer  112  and to provide a relatively defect free surface for the formation first semiconductor layer  112 . The transition layer  118  will typically include a nucleation layer, such as a thin AlN layer, followed by other layers for transitioning the growth into GaN. These layers may include step-graded layers of AlGaN, continuously graded layers of AlGaN and periodic or aperiodic superlattice structures. 
         [0028]    The transition layer  118  includes fifth regions  120  that are formed on and cover the first regions  106  of the base substrate  100  and sixth regions  122  that are formed on and cover the second regions  106  of the base substrate  100 . The fifth regions  120  have a relatively disorganized crystalline structure in comparison to the sixth regions  122 . 
         [0029]    Both the transition layer  118  and the first semiconductor layer  112  can be formed by epitaxy. Typically, in epitaxial processes, the crystallographic orientations of deposited layers are dependent upon the crystallographic orientation of the subjacent material. This principle is used to grow the transition layer  118  and the first semiconductor layer  112  such that they include the regions with a relatively disorganized crystalline structure (i.e., the third regions  114  and the fifth regions  120 ). Further, the regions with a relatively organized and physically stronger crystalline structure (i.e., the fourth regions  116  and the sixth regions  108 ) form on the undamaged portions of the substrate  100 . 
         [0030]    Generally speaking, the epitaxial deposition process used to form the transition layer  118  and the first semiconductor layer  112  can be any of a variety of conventionally known epitaxial processes. For example, according to an embodiment, the first semiconductor layer  112  and the transition layer  118  are formed by a MOCVD (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) process. The MOCVD process may be carried out at high temperatures, such as in the range of 700° C.-1200° C. 
         [0031]    The crystalline structure of the third and fifth regions  114 ,  120  can be determined by appropriately controlling the process parameters epitaxial deposition process, such as time and temperature. In particular, the time and temperature of the epitaxial deposition process can be controlled such that the third and fifth regions  114 ,  120  are polycrystalline regions. In a different embodiment, the time and temperature of the epitaxial deposition process is controlled such that the third and fifth regions  114 ,  120  are amorphous regions. 
         [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , a compound substrate is shown with the mechanical forces  111  in the first semiconductor layer  112  depicted by arrows. This stress arises during the cool down cycle of the epitaxy process. This stress force is attributable to the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between the base substrate  100  and the first semiconductor layer  112 . The base substrate  100  may tend to cool slower than the first semiconductor layer  112  when the substrate cools in the case of a silicon base substrate  100  and GaN first semiconductor layer  112 . In that case, a tensile stress arises in the first semiconductor layer  112  in the direction of the arrows. Alternatively, the coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials could be such that the force is in an opposite direction, and a compressive stress arises in the first semiconductor layer  112  when the substrate cools. In the absence of further measures, these forces can cause significant bowing or warpage of the wafer. This high non-planarity makes the wafer difficult or impossible to process in standard fabrication equipment. It can also degrade pertinent electrical properties of the first semiconductor layer  112  and can even cause the first semiconductor layer  112  to completely crack or cause the substrate  100  to form slip-lines. 
         [0033]    Advantageously, the crystalline properties of the third regions  114  of the first semiconductor layer  112  alleviate mechanical stress and prevent the compound semiconductor substrate from bowing or cracking. The relatively weak crystalline structure of the third regions  114  causes the third regions  114  to crack under mechanical stress. In fact, the process can be controlled such that the third regions  114  will consistently and reliably crack during the epitaxy process. These cracks allow the fourth regions  116  to expand (in the case of tensile stress) or contract (in the case of compressive stress) and therefore relieve the stress. The cracks in the third regions  114  physically decouple the adjacent ones of the fourth regions  116  from one another. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , a partial plan-view perspective of the compound substrate, according to an embodiment is depicted, according to an embodiment. The overall shape and size of the compound substrate may vary. For example, the compound substrate can be circular shaped in the case of a typical silicon wafer. 
         [0035]    As can be seen, the third regions  114  are formed as spaced apart tracks (i.e., one of a series of parallel or concentric paths) in the first semiconductor layer  112 . Each set of tracks separates adjacent ones of the fourth regions  116  from one another. The tracks may be formed in two different perpendicular directions as shown in the figure. The size and location of the spaced apart tracks can be easily determined and controlled using the patterning process described with reference to  FIG. 2 . The fourth regions  116  of the compound substrate can provide the active device areas for one or more semiconductor devices. Any of a variety of commonly known processing techniques can be used to form active device regions, e.g., source, drain, collector, emitter, etc., in the fourth regions  116  and corresponding interconnections. 
         [0036]    According to an embodiment, the compound semiconductor substrate is cut along the tracks formed by the third regions  114 . Exemplary cutting lines  124  are shown in  FIG. 5 . The cutting process may be a laser cutting process or a mechanical sawing process, for example. Conventionally with these processes, the risk of chipping or cracking around the dicing locations is significant, particularly in the case of cutting monocrystalline GaN material. Advantageously, by using the third regions  114  as dicing locations, the risk of cutting or chipping is greatly reduced, as these regions are substantially devoid of monocrystalline material and separate much easier. 
         [0037]    As a result of the cutting process, a semiconductor die  200  is formed. The semiconductor die  200  includes a number of the fourth regions  116 , which provide the active device region of the die  200 . The third regions  114  are disposed at least around a perimeter of the die  200 , as these regions correspond to the dicing locations. Optionally, further ones of the third regions  114  may be centrally located with the die  200  so as to further alleviate mechanical stress in the above described processes. 
         [0038]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , an exemplary compound substrate is depicted according to another embodiment. The compound substrate of  FIG. 6  differs from the compound substrate of  FIG. 5  with respect to the percentage ratio of area that is occupied by the third and fourth regions  114 ,  116 . In this embodiment, the third regions  114  occupy more than an overall area of the compound semiconductor base substrate  100 , and the fourth regions  116  occupy less than 50% of an overall area of the compound semiconductor base substrate  100 . One advantage of this configuration is that it dramatically reduces the mechanical stress present in the first semiconductor layer  112  during epitaxy due to the large size of the fourth regions  114 . 
         [0039]    The compound substrate can be cut into a die  200  in a similar manner as described above. According to an embodiment, the die  200  includes a number of HEMT devices  202 , wherein the fourth regions  116  provide active channel regions for the HEMT devices  202 . HEMT devices  202  typically do not require a substantial majority of the overall die area to be dedicated to the active device regions. For example, in some HEMT device  202  structures, the active channel region (i.e., the buffer and barrier regions) only need to occupy 30% or less of the overall die area. The remaining area can be used for other circuit components, such as pads, power metal runners, and passive structures. Thus, the die  200  can be configured accordingly, with the third regions  114  can occupying 70% of the overall area of the compound semiconductor base substrate  100  and the fourth regions  116  occupying 30% of the overall area of the compound semiconductor base substrate  100 . 
         [0040]    As used herein “extends along a single lattice plane” requires substantial conformity with this requirement within process capability. That is to say, the surface may occasionally deviate from the &lt;111&gt; due to imperfections in the substrate and/or limitations of the wafer preparation process. 
         [0041]    Spatially relative terms such as “under,” “below,” “lower,” “over,” “upper” and the like, are used for ease of description to explain the positioning of one element relative to a second element. These terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to different orientations than those depicted in the figures. Further, terms such as “first,” “second,” and the like, are also used to describe various elements, regions, sections, etc. and are also not intended to be limiting. Like terms refer to like elements throughout the description. 
         [0042]    As used herein, the terms “having,” “containing,” “including,” “comprising” and the like are open-ended terms that indicate the presence of stated elements or features, but do not preclude additional elements or features. The articles “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural as well as the singular, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
         [0043]    With the above range of variations and applications in mind, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited by the foregoing description, nor is it limited by the accompanying drawings. Instead, the present invention is limited only by the following claims and their legal equivalents.