Abstract:
An improved body configuration for a vehicle having an aerodynamic configuration and defining a pair of longitudinally extending air flow channels at the opposite sides of the body and inwardly of the outer periphery of the fenders for achieving good air flow. A front bridging member is formed that defines a grille having a pair of air scoops which form an aerodynamic device for assisting in the air flow. The engine compartment is defined by a rearwardly opening extractor section for drawing air from the engine compartment and a forwardly extending exhaust system receives the exhaust gases from the engine and discharges them to the atmosphere. A belly pan provides smooth air flow through the area beneath the vehicle and includes air scoops for receiving and discharging cooling air.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/337,994, filed Dec. 7, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to vehicle chassis with interchangeable bodies and an air circulation system where air can enter along the body or chassis sides and/or from the belly of the vehicle. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Mobility, being capable of moving from place to place or of moving quickly from one state to another, has been one of the ultimate goals of humanity throughout recorded history. The automobile has likely done more in helping individuals achieve that goal than any other development. Since its inception, societies around the globe have experienced rates of change in their manner of living that are directly related to the percentage of motor vehicle owners among the population. 
     Prior art automobiles and light trucks include a body, the function of which is to contain and protect passengers and their belongings. Bodies are connected to the numerous mechanical, electrical, and structural components that, in combination with a body, comprise a fully functional vehicle. The nature of the prior art connections between a vehicle body and vehicular componentry may result in certain inefficiencies in the design, manufacture, and use of vehicles. Three characteristics of prior art body connections that significantly contribute to these inefficiencies are the quantity of connections; the mechanical nature of many of the connections; and the locations of the connections on the body and on the componentry. 
     In the prior art, the connections between a body and componentry are numerous. Each connection involves at least one assembly step when a vehicle is assembled; it is therefore desirable to reduce the number of connections to increase assembly efficiency. The connections between a prior art body and prior art vehicular componentry include multiple load-bearing connectors to physically fasten the body to the other components, such as bolts and brackets; electrical connectors to transmit electrical energy to the body from electricity-generating components and to transmit data from sensors that monitor the status of the componentry; mechanical control linkages, such as the steering column, throttle cable, and transmission selector; and ductwork and hoses to convey fluids such as heated and cooled air from a heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) to the body for the comfort of passengers or from the vehicle so that waste heat produced by a fuel cell or propulsion system can be rejected or utilized as supplemental heat in the heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC). 
     Prior art patents show various body configurations to enhance or direct air circulation in a vehicle. U.S. Pat. No. 2,079,218 issued to Ledwinka May 4, 1937, shows an air scoop at the top rear of a vehicle; U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,178 issued to Brown Jul. 21, 1987, shows an air scoop for use in combination with a vehicle having an engine air intake port located in a side panel of the vehicle body; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,042,870 issued to Yura Aug. 27, 1991, shows an improved body configuration for a vehicle having an aerodynamic configuration and defining a pair of longitudinally extending air flow channels at the opposite sides of the body and inwardly of the outer periphery of the fenders for achieving good air flow. A front bridging member is formed that complies with bumper height regulations and forms an aerodynamic device for assisting in the air flow. The engine compartment is defined by a rearwardly opening extractor section for drawing air from the engine compartment and a forwardly extending exhaust system receives the exhaust gases from the engine and discharges them to the atmosphere. A belly pan provides smooth air flow through the area beneath the vehicle. 
     The location of the connections on prior art vehicle bodies and componentry also results in inefficiencies. In prior art body-on-frame architecture, a connection on the body is often distant from its corresponding connection on the componentry; therefore, long connectors such as wiring harnesses and cables must be routed throughout the body from componentry. The vehicle body of a fully-assembled prior art vehicle is intertwined with the componentry and the connection devices, rendering separation of the body from its componentry difficult and labor-intensive, if not impossible. The use of long connectors increases the number of assembly steps required to attach a vehicle to its componentry. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A self-contained mobile chassis or rolling platform has substantially all of the mechanical, electrical, and structural componentry necessary for a fully functional vehicle, including at least an energy conversion or propulsion system having a powertrain and powertrain cooling loop. The chassis further includes a suspension and wheels, a steering system, a braking system, a heating, venting and air cooling system (HVAC), and means for controlling each of the systems. The chassis has a simplified, standardized interface with attachment couplings to which vehicle bodies of substantially varying design can be attached. By-wire technology is utilized to eliminate mechanical control linkages. 
     The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is packaged in the rolling platform or chassis and is connected to the powertrain cooling loop for waste heat circulation and to an air cooling system having an electric air cooling (A/C) compressor. Supplemental heating elements can be utilized for additional heating loads. Waste heat from the powertrain cooling loop can be utilized with a heat exchanger in the HVAC system. Airflow from the HVAC system flows into a selected vehicle body through single or multiple passthroughs from the rolling platform. The air is then distributed through a ducting system in the vehicle body. The ducting system for the different vehicle bodies to be interchanged can utilize the respective floor structure, seat structure, body pillars and roof rails, and other designed forms where the airflow can be positioned and directed as desired for each vehicle body. 
     Typically, in vehicle transportation air is taken in at the front of the vehicle for the radiator. In the design of this invention, not necessarily for fuel cells or specifically for the rolling platform or chassis, air can enter along the body or chassis sides and/or from the belly of the vehicle. Air may exit along the sides, at the rear, from the belly, or into the body for interior functionality like heating, cooling, and ventilation. Air enters by design of functional air scoops and heat sinks. Upon entry, the air is utilized by the components like the radiator, the fuel cell, the air filter, the HVAC system, etc. Air entry may be propelled by the pressure differential within the ducting design to motorized fans. Air exit may be conducted along the sides, at the rear, from the belly, etc. Benefits of utilizing this design are for the benefit of creating a larger air intake surface as well as the advent or redesign of the front grill and side profiles of vehicle design. 
     The invention reduces the amount of time and resources required to design and manufacture new vehicle bodies. Body designs need only conform to the simple attachment interface of the chassis where the ducting connects, eliminating the need to redesign or reconfigure expensive components for each different body design. 
     The invention also allows a multitude of body designs to share a common chassis, enabling economies of scale for major mechanical, electrical, and structural components. Thus, interchangeability of body and chassis is enhanced by utilizing the air ducts of one in the air circulation or waste heat rejection of the other. 
     Couplings, exposed and unobstructed, increase manufacturing efficiency because attachment of a body to the chassis requires only engagement of the couplings to respective complementary couplings on a vehicle body. 
     Vehicle owners can increase the functionality of their vehicles at a lower cost than possible with the prior art because a vehicle owner need buy only one chassis upon which to mount a multitude of body styles or designs. 
     Accordingly, a vehicle includes chassis structure defining an enclosed packaging space. The body structure is separable from and interchangeable with the chassis structure and defines an enclosed cockpit space. At least one of the chassis structure and body structure defines an interface therebetween for at least partially defining the enclosed cockpit space and the enclosed packaging space. A first passageway is defined by the body structure and configured to receive ram air for circulation throughout the cockpit space and a second passageway is defined by the chassis structure and configured to receive ram air for circulation through the packaging space. 
     The invention may also include such a vehicle, wherein the definition of the first passageway includes a pair of spaced ram air inlets, a pair of spaced hollow longitudinal roof rails respectively in communication with the pair of ram air inlets, and a pair of spaced hollow transverse roof rails in communication with the pair of spaced hollow longitudinal roof rails to form a circumambient air flow circuit having outlet openings in communication with the enclosed cockpit space. 
     The invention may also include such a vehicle, wherein the definition of the first passageway includes a bypass in communication with the second passageway for at least partially supplying the ram air for circulation through the packaging space. 
     The invention may also provide such a vehicle which includes an energy conversion system operable for rejecting waste heat, and wherein the configuration of the second passageway includes a chassis air scoop at one end for receiving relatively cool ram air and a chassis air scoop at the opposite end for exhausting the ram air received along with the waste heat rejected. 
     The invention may also include a vehicle which comprises chassis structure defining an enclosed packaging space. The body structure is separable from and interchangeable with the chassis structure and defines an enclosed cockpit space having a floor. At least one person-supporting seating apparatus is in the cockpit space and is mounted with respect to the floor. At least one heat exchanger is in the packaging space and mounted with respect to the floor and in heat exchange relationship with the cockpit space for conditioning air for a person supported by the seating apparatus. At least one chassis-attachment air flow coupling is mountable with respect to the floor for joining the cockpit space and heat exchanger in such heat exchange relationship. 
     Another invention is a movable vehicle chassis which comprises a frame defining a plurality of open spaces. A plurality of heat producing components are in respective ones of the open spaces. A belly pan sufficiently embraces the frame to at least partially define a duct enclosing the heat producing components. Inlet and outlet air scoops are sufficiently spaced apart in the duct to cause the heat produced by the components to be rejected from the chassis as waste heat when the vehicle moves. 
     The invention may also provide a movable vehicle chassis which includes a body that is separable from and interchangeable with the chassis and defines a cockpit space configured to receive ram air for circulation through the cockpit space when the vehicle moves; and an air flow coupling between the body and the chassis for joining the cockpit space to the open spaces in the chassis for bypassing at least some of the ram air received through the cockpit space into the open spaces of the chassis. 
     More particularly, the vehicular chassis of this invention is also characterized by novel waste heat rejection. The chassis has a frame defining a plurality of open spaces, a suspension system including at least three wheels, a steering system having steering components, mounted with respect to the frame and operably connected to at least one wheel, and an energy conversion system having energy conversion system components, mounted with respect to the frame and operably connected to at least one wheel. A waste heat rejection system having waste heat rejection system components is operably connected to the energy conversion system. The waste heat rejection components include a coolant circulation system and a heat exchanger adjacent the energy conversion system. The coolant circulation system or cooling loop is operably connected to the heat exchanger. The chassis further includes an HVAC system having HVAC system components which are operably connected to the coolant circulation system. The chassis also includes a braking system having braking components, mounted with respect to the frame and operably connected to at least one wheel. A plurality of body-attachment couplings are mounted with respect to the frame and include a plurality of body-retention couplings, a control signal receiver coupling, and an HVAC fluid coupling; wherein the control signal receiver coupling is characterized as control-by-wire and is operably connected to the braking system, steering system, and propulsion system; and wherein the HVAC system is operably connected to the HVAC fluid coupling and the control signal receiver coupling; and wherein the steering components, energy conversion system components, waste heat rejection system components, braking components, HVAC system components, and body attachment couplings are mounted within the open spaces and do not protrude significantly outside the frame or the interface between the chassis and the selected one of a plurality of interchangeable vehicle body configurations. 
     The above structural objects and technical features and advantages, and other objects, of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an exploded perspective view of a mobile chassis and an interchangeable body showing air scoops for exterior air entry, cockpit air flow, air flow within the body, and hot exhaust air flow for waste heat rejection; 
         FIG. 2  is a left front perspective of the vehicle from the chassis bottom showing chassis air scoops for cooling chassis componentry; 
         FIG. 3  is a left side elevational view of the vehicle in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a fragmentary exploded perspective view of a mobile chassis and interchangeable body having an easily and unobstructably connectable and disconnectable ducting system for the HVAC system; 
         FIG. 5  is an enlarged fragmentary perspective of the disconnectable connector for the ducting system in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a fragmentary exploded perspective view of a mobile chassis and interchangeable body having an easily and unobstructably connectable and disconnectable ducting system for the manifolded heat exchangers in a packaging space of the chassis; and 
         FIG. 7  is an enlarged fragmentary perspective of the disconnectable connector for the ducting system in  FIG. 6 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the preferred embodiment is a vehicle  8  having a chassis  10 , also referred to as the “rolling platform,” which includes a structural frame  11 . The structural frame  11  comprises a series of interconnected structural elements including upper and lower side structural elements  12  and  14  that comprise a thin “sandwich”-like construction. Elements  12  and  14  are substantially rigid tubular (or optionally solid), members that extend longitudinally between the front and rear axle areas  16 ,  18 , and are positioned outboard relative to similar elements  20 ,  22 . The front and rear ends of elements  12 ,  14  are angled inboard, extending toward elements  20  and  22  and connecting therewith prior to entering the axle areas  16 ,  18 . For added strength and rigidity a number of vertical and angled structural elements extend between elements  12 ,  14 ,  20  and  22 . Similar to the elements  12 ,  14 ,  20  and  22 , which extend along the left side of the rolling platform  10 , a family of structural elements extend along the right side thereof. 
     Lateral structural elements  34 ,  36  extend between elements  20  and  22 , respectively nearer the front axle area  16  and extend between elements  20  and  22 , respectively nearer the rear axle area  18 , thereby defining a mid-chassis space  41 . The front axle area  16  is defined in and around structural elements  43 ,  44  at the rear and front, and on the sides by structural elements  46 , which may be extensions of the elements  20  and  22 , or connected therewith. Forward of the front axle area, a forward space is defined between element  44  and elements  50 ,  52 . The rear axle area  18  is defined in and around structural elements  53 ,  54  at the front and rear, and on the sides by structural elements  56 , which may be extensions of the elements  20 ,  22  or connected therewith. Rearward of the rear axle area, a rearward space is defined between element  54  and elements  60 ,  62 . The frame thus defines a plurality of open packaging spaces  38  which define a passageway, and an upper chassis face with connective elements adapted to connect with a lower body face with connective elements on interchangeable vehicle body pods as the connective elements mate at an external interface  87 . 
     The structural frame  11  provides a rigid structure to which an energy conversion system  67 , energy storage system  69 , suspension system  71  with wheels  73 ,  77  steering system  81 , braking system  83 , heating, ventilation and air conditioning or cooling system (HVAC)  200 , and waste heat rejection system  202  are mounted. The frame is configured to support an attached body  85 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the structural frame  11  can take many different forms, in addition to the cage-like structure of the preferred embodiment. For example, the structural frame  11  can be a traditional automotive frame having two or more longitudinal structural members spaced a distance apart from each other, with two or more transverse structural members spaced apart from each other and attached to both longitudinal structural members at their ends. Alternatively, the structural frame may also be in the form of a “belly pan,” wherein integrated rails and cross members are formed in sheets of metal, with other formations to accommodate various system components as shown in  FIG. 2 . The HVAC system  200  may also be installed in the vacant cockpit space  340  of body  85 , in front of the cockpit seating area  320 . 
     The HVAC system  200  will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1 ,  4  and  5 . The HVAC system is packaged in structural frame  11  in packaging spaces  204 ,  208 . The HVAC system includes a compressor  210 , an evaporator  212 , condenser  214  and an air flow device such as an air circulation fan  220 . An air duct  224  connects the HVAC system in fluid flow communication with an ambient air inlet  228 , the evaporator  212  and a connective element or coupling portion  232  adapted to connect with an interchangeable vehicle body  85 . Vehicle body or body pod  85  includes a connective element or coupling portion  236  which leads to a vehicle body distribution duct  240  which may be configured in vehicle body structure so that conditioned air is sufficiently distributed throughout the vehicle to provide comfort for the passengers. Connective elements  232  and  236  are configured and positioned to mate easily and unobstructedly at the interface  87  when the chassis and body pod are brought together. Vehicle body  85  may also include fans (not shown) in its structural members (roof, pillars, etc) which work in combination with chassis fan  220  to distribute conditioned air through transverse hollow rails, ducts, or passageways  343 ,  345  where needed for circumambient air circulation in the interior passenger compartment or cockpit space  340 . The cockpit space includes a front seat portion  320  and back seat portion  322 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , vehicle body  85  may include air scoops  280 ,  282 . The scoops receive ram air into roof structure ducts or passageways  342 ,  344 . The ram air received flows through the ducts to body outlet couplings at  346  on each side which are connectable with chassis inlets  236 ,  237  connected to heat exchanger  137 . The ram air from air scoops  280 ,  282  may thus be used to cool chassis componentry. Some ram air may be directed into passenger compartment  340  through passageways  343 ,  345 . Thus, the pair of spaced hollow longitudinal roof rails  342 ,  344  respectively in communication with the pair of ram air inlets  280 ,  282 , and the pair of spaced hollow transverse rails  343 ,  345  in communication with the pair of spaced hollow longitudinal rails form a first passageway as a circumambient air flow circuit having outlet openings in communication with the enclosed cockpit space. Also, the first passageway  343  includes a bypass  347  in communication with a second passageway defined by the chassis structure for at least partially supplying the ram air for circulation through the packaging space. This ram air flow generally bypasses the HVAC system  200  in the chassis and may leave the vehicle through the connective elements or coupling portions  236 ,  237  which are connected through the rear bumper or facia to the atmosphere. An additional air scoop at  348  or on a belly pan can also be used to take in air for cooling the energy storage system  69  if needed. 
       FIG. 2  shows vehicle body  85  with an air scoop modification of the chassis  10  shown in  FIG. 1 . The modification includes a belly pan  350  having a forward inlet air scoop  352  and a rearward outlet air scoop  354 . As shown, the exterior relatively cool ambient air flow A is ram air which enters the packaging spaces through air scoop  352  of the structural frame  11 . It then wends its way through the packaging spaces and leaves or exhausts from the chassis through the rearward air scoop  354 . The air flow through the chassis cools the functional componentry within the packaging spaces and exhausts the heated air B to the rear of the vehicle. Some exterior air flow C may wipe over the exterior of the chassis and assist in cooling the componentry. With the chassis air scoops of  FIG. 2 , the air scoop  348  for the energy storage system  69  in  FIG. 1  may not be needed. 
     The waste heat rejection system  202  will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1 ,  6  and  7 . Waste heat is generated in the energy conversion system  67 , the energy storage system  69 , fuel cell stack  125 , and engine  164 , if any. The system includes heat exchangers  244  in a packaging space or spaces in the chassis, heat exchangers or cooling fins  246 ,  248  on the sides of the chassis, and radiator or heat exchanger  137  at the rear of the chassis, all of which are or may be in a fluid flow cooling loop  254 . The cooling loop includes fluid flow conduits (not shown in their entirety) which are threaded through the available packaging spaces in the frame  11  to the cooling fins  246 ,  248  and the forced air cooled radiators or heat exchangers  137 . Thus, the need to cool componentry creates waste heat which is shared between the HVAC system  200  and the waste heat rejection system  240 . Some of the waste heat may be utilized in the HVAC system  200  for heating. The remainder of the heat generated by the chassis componentry is rejected to the atmosphere as exhaust air. A supplemental heating element  260  may also be included in the HVAC system, should the waste heat be insufficient to sufficiently warm the passenger compartment. 
     Accordingly, and viewed in light of the foregoing, the interface  87 , although preferably flat, is an imaginary surface that follows the upwardly facing contours of the chassis frame  11  or upper chassis face with all of its systems mounted therein and the downwardly facing contours of the vehicle body  85  or lower body face. It is at this imaginary surface that the vehicle chassis meets and coextensively, immediately mates with each and every one of the complementary and selectable vehicle bodies or body pods. The solution to this expeditious mating is having first connective elements (couplings)  232 ,  262  on the chassis and second connective elements (connectors)  236 ,  237  on the vehicle body which meet substantially and unobstructedly at the same place on the interface whenever a selected vehicle body or body pod from the selectable inventory of vehicle bodies is to be mated with the chassis. Thus the connective elements are preferably positioned on the chassis so that they do not protrude significantly beyond the imaginary surface so that mating is accomplished quickly and easily. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the load-bearing body-retention couplings  89  are engageable with complementary attachment couplings or connectors (not shown) on a vehicle body  85  and function to physically fasten the vehicle body  85  to the chassis  10 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that a multitude of fastening and locking elements may be used and fall within the scope of the claimed invention. In the preferred embodiment, the load-bearing body-retention couplings  89  are support brackets with bolt holes. Rubber mounts (not shown) located on the support brackets dampen vibrations transmitted between the body and the chassis. 
     In sum, the foregoing defines a vehicle  8  which has a chassis structure  10  defining an enclosed packaging space  38  and body structure  85  separable from and interchangeable with the chassis structure and defining an enclosed cockpit space  340 . The chassis structure  10  and body structure  85  define an interface  87  therebetween for at least partially defining the enclosed cockpit space  340  and the enclosed packaging space. A first passageway  342 ,  344  is defined by the body structure and configured to receive ram air for circulation throughout the cockpit space  340 . A second passageway  38  is defined by the packaging spaces of the chassis structure and is configured to receive ram air for circulation through the packaging space  38 . The first passageway includes a pair of spaced ram air inlets  280 ,  282 , a pair of space hollow longitudinal roof rails  342 ,  344  respectively in communication with the pair of ram air inlets, and a pair of spaced hollow transverse rails  343 ,  345  in communication with the pair of spaced hollow longitudinal roof rails to form a circumambient air flow circuit having outlet openings in communication with the enclosed cockpit space. The transverse rail  343  of the pair of space hollow transverse rails is in air flow communication with the front seat or front longitudinal portion of the cockpit space while the transverse rail  345  of the pair of hollow transverse rails is in air flow communication with the back seat or back longitudinal portion of the cockpit space. 
     While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the scope of the invention within the scope of the appended claims.