Abstract:
A miniaturized camera which is programmable and provides low power consumption. An active pixel image sensor used in the highly miniaturized camera provides improved imaging functionality as well as reduced power consumption, extending the possible life time of the camera system. The spread spectrum nature of transmission and reception improves data integrity as well as data security. The ability of the highly miniaturized wireless camera to receive commands as well as transmit image data provides improved functionality and a variable rate of power consumption to be set according to the application and needs of the situation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/218,958, filed on Dec. 22, 1998 now abandoned. The disclosure of the prior applications are considered part of (and are incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application. 
    
    
     FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     The U.S. government may have certain rights to this invention under contract No. NAS 7-1260 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Defense. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to a highly miniaturized camera, and more specifically to a highly miniaturized, low power, digital wireless camera. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     A great interest exists in highly miniaturized low power wireless imagers. In the past, highly miniaturized cameras have been connected to a base station by wires. However, such wires limit the operable range within which a miniaturized camera can be used. 
     As a result, wireless, highly miniaturized cameras have been developed. The elimination of wires allows for a truly independent miniaturized camera. Potential military uses include unmanned air vehicles (“UAVs”) and the twenty-first century land warrior (“21 CLW”). Additional applications include surveillance and covert operations, border monitoring, drug interdiction, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (“NASA”) extravehicular activities (“EVA”), and Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) or Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) uses. In addition, the independent and miniaturized nature of such a camera allows for convenient placement of the camera, such as through an air drop. Accordingly, a highly miniaturized wireless camera has tremendous market potential. 
     While a number of battery powered wireless sensors are commercially available, typically such cameras rely on charge coupled device (“CCD”) image sensor systems. CCD sensors require a number of support chips and high voltages for proper operation. As a result, CCD image sensors generally consume much power (1-2 watts) and are bulky. 
     In addition, typical conventional wireless cameras only operate in a single operating mode. Thus, the power consumption of such cameras is typically at a constant high rate. Wireless cameras must have their own power source such as a battery. Given the high power consumption of CCD systems, wireless cameras using CCD image sensors require a physically large power source, increasing the camera&#39;s overall size. If a smaller power source is used, the operable lifespan of the system is shortened. Thus, these CCD image sensor systems are not well suited for power and space constrained applications. 
     Furthermore, conventional wireless cameras typically have limited range, no ability to receive and perform commands, and do not have multiple access capabilities. 
     Accordingly, the inventors have determined that it would be desirable to provide a highly miniaturized wireless camera that provides programmability and low power consumption. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The system provides a highly miniaturized wireless digital camera which has low power consumption and is programmable. In the preferred embodiment, the image sensor of the camera is based on a CMOS active pixel sensor (“APS”) technology. All functionality required to operate the imager and digitize data is merged on a single APS chip. No support chips are required. This configuration results in low power consumption and long lifespan. 
     The disclosed embodiment provides additional advantages. The preferred embodiment has a bi-directional communications link. The camera switches between multiple modes to efficiently allocate power among its internal components responsive to commands. This communications link also allows the wireless camera to receive commands to perform different imaging operations (such as altering the exposure time arbitrary windowings and sub-samplings). Thus, the preferred embodiment is a programmable camera. The preferred embodiment utilizes spread spectrum to reduce the probability of interception of data transmissions in reconnaissance applications. Communication protocols allow a base station to support up to 255 stations concurrently. The present invention has a one kilometer range. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a perspective view of a camera according to a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 1B  is a block diagram of a camera according to a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 1C  shows a configuration of components in a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 1D  shows a physical configuration of components in a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the components in a camera according to a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an image sensor according to a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates time requirements during serial output according to a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates time requirements during parallel output according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  shows an APS photogate pixel according to a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates power consumption by an APS during various operation modes according to a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a base station according to a preferred embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In a preferred embodiment, the camera includes an active pixel sensor (“APS”) image sensor of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,515 to Fossum, et al. or U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,126 to Fossum, et al. The APS uses a single power supply of approximately five volts and consumes approximately 20 mW of power. This power consumption is approximately 100 times less than a conventional CCD image sensor. This reduced power consumption extends the system battery lifetime. 
     The preferred image sensor system is highly miniaturized; all support electronics, including analog to digital converters are included on the imager chip. The camera has a complete serial digital interface which supports half duplex protocols. No support chips are needed, including those for command and data buffering. Additionally, the sensor can be programmed to support a number of imaging modes. These include one chip data reduction operation such as windowing and sub-sampling which can be employed to further reduce transmit power. 
     By leveraging off of the unique capabilities of the APS and integrating it with a lower-powered digital communication system for a command link and an image link, a digital wireless camera is provided that is more capable and flexible than conventional analog wireless cameras. The command link and its associated protocol allow the camera to be commanded to ultra low power standby mode, receive mode, or full transmit mode. This command link allows the wireless camera to be operated in an intelligent and efficient manner so as to minimize power consumption and extend battery life. For example, the camera can be commanded to lower frame rates, sub-sample an image, or go into sleep mode depending on the application or need. Conventional analog wireless cameras have no command link and thus, once they are turned on they will operate at maximum power consumption until the power source has expired. The details of these operations are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/162,918, assigned to the assignee of the present disclosure. By contrast, a camera according to the preferred embodiment operates for extended periods of time. 
       FIG. 1A  shows a perspective view of the packaging for one embodiment of a highly miniaturized camera  100 . The exterior of the camera  100  is formed from a metallic case  102 . A small lens  104  is located on one side of the camera  100 . A receiving antenna  106  is inserted into the case  102  of the camera  100  and passes around the exterior of the case  102 . The receiving antenna  106  traces a line across an upper edge of each side of the camera  100 . The receiving antenna  106  is preferably a 418 megahertz antenna. 
     A transmitting antenna  108  is positioned on the upper surface of the camera  100 . The transmitting antenna  108  is preferably a 2.4216 GHz disc-type antenna. 
     The camera  100  can also include a power switch  107  for turning the camera  100  on and off and a programming interface  109  for supplying data to and receiving data from the camera  100 . As described herein, the programming interface is totally serial and digital. 
       FIG. 1B  shows a block diagram of the positioning of components in the camera  100 . The positioning of components in  FIG. 1B  is a preferred configuration, but alternative configurations are within the scope of the invention. An APS image sensor  110  is located next to the lens  104  so that incoming light is focused on the APS. A battery  112  powers the APS  110  and other elements. The camera  100  also comprises internal components including: power control components  114 , receiving components  116 , transmitting components  118 , digital logic components  120 , and clock components  122 . 
       FIG. 1C  shows a cross-section of the packaging of an embodiment of the camera  100 . As in  FIG. 1B , the positioning of components in  FIG. 1C  is a preferred configuration, but alternative configurations are within the scope of the invention. The receiving  106  antenna protrudes from the case  102 . The internal components,  114 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120 , and  122 , are located on a main electronic board  124 . The APS  110  is positioned between the lens  104  and the case  102  and is connected to the main electronic board  124 . A battery  112  is connected to the board  124  as well. 
     The surface of the chip is physically laid out as shown in  FIG. 1D . The chip physically includes a sensor array  150 , which are preferably active pixel sensors of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,515. The arrays are connected to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC array  152 ) which produces a digital output indicative of the pixels. The analog-to-digital converters are column parallel with 10 bits of resolution and on-chip auto zeroing. 
     The timing and control portion  154  receives a serial command  156  and also receives a clock  158 . The chip substrate also includes D-to-A converters and support circuitry  160 . 
     As described below with reference to FIGS.  3  and  4 A-B, the system operates with a read pointer and an integrate pointer. The time between the read pointer and the integrate pointer is called the integration time. The serial output from the column decoder follows the timing diagram shown in  FIG. 4A . Each row is sampled for 22 microseconds, and the A-to-D conversion lasts for 12 microseconds. Each output takes a microsecond, so the entire 256 rows takes about 256 microseconds. Hence, the serial output outputs about 0.9 megapixels per second. 
       FIG. 2  shows an electrical block diagram of the camera  100 . The power control components  114  produce the power to drive the system and comprise a voltage regulator and control circuit  200  which is connected to the battery  112 . The voltage regulator and control circuit  200  produces regulated +5 V for use in transmit and +3 V for use in receive. A timer  113  produces periodic pulses for use during sleep mode—to periodically determine if any wake-up conditions exist. In standby mode, power is not supplied to the internal components of the camera  100 , except for the clock components  122 . 
     The receiving components  116  include antenna  106  and an on-off key (“OOK”) receiver  206 , e.g., a GaAs FET LNA model MGF-1402. A 418 megahertz signal is received by the receiving antenna  106  and is passed to the OOK receiver  206 . The signal is transferred from the OOK receiver  206  to the digital logic components  120 , described below. 
     The transmitting components  118  can use a transmission antenna  108 , a band pass filter (“BPF”)  208 , a 100 mW power amplifier  210 , e.g., an RFM2128, an up-converter  212 , and pad/bias circuits  214 . 
     The digital logic components  120  described below generate baseband in-phase (“I”) and baseband quadrature (“Q”) signals. These are passed to the pad/bias circuits  214  which impedance-match and level-adjust the signal and pass that signal to the up-converter  212 . The up-converter  212  transforms the information in the signal to RF preferably using a 2.5 GHz quadrature conversion and passes that transformed signal to the power amplifier  210 . The power amplifier  210  increases the level of the signal with a gain of approximately 25 dB and then passes the signal to the BPF  208 . The BPF  208  filters the signal to a bandwidth of approximately 90 megahertz and then passes the signal to the transmission antenna  108  which transmits a 2.4216 GHz signal. 
     The digital logic components  120  include circuits for performing different functions depending upon the camera&#39;s mode of operation. In transmit mode, circuits for transmission spreading, convolutional coding, transmission differential encoding, and generating a training sequence are used. In receive mode, circuits for receive clock recovery, Manchester decoding, and UW detection are used. In standby mode, a timer is used. This can be embodied, for example, using a digital signal processor, or “DSP.” 
     The digital logic components  120  receive signals from the APS  110  as well as from the receiving components  116 . The APS  110  supplies transmission data as well as a power down signal to the digital logic components  120 . The digital logic components  120  also send signals to the APS  110  and to the transmitting components  118 . The digital logic components  120  supply received data, a received bit clock signal, an enable signal to the APS  110 , and a transmission bit clock. As described above, the digital logic components  120  convolutionally encodes the data to supply a baseband I and baseband Q signal to the pad/bias circuits  214  of the transmitting components  118 . In transmission mode, the digital logic components  120  supply a transmission bit clock to the APS  110 . This device also includes sleep timer logic that operates in the sleep mode. 
     Various timers, oscillators, and clock circuitry are located throughout the internal hardware of the camera  100 . The clock components  122  used by the transmitting components  118  include an surface acoustic wave (“SAW”) resonator  216 , an oscillator  218  and a band pass filter (“BPF”)  220 . The SAW resonator  216  is preferably a 407.35 megahertz resonator. The oscillator  218  has a transistor and network. The BPF  220  is preferably a times six harmonic filter. 
     Clock components  122  are also connected to the digital logic components  120 . The digital logic components  120  use a transmission oscillator  222  and a receiving oscillator  224 . During transmission mode, the transmission oscillator  222  supplies a clock signal to the digital logic components  120 . The transmission oscillator  222  preferably operates at approximately 27 megahertz. During receive mode, the receiving oscillator  224  supplies a clock signal to the digital logic components  120 . The receiving oscillator  224  preferably operates at approximately 32 kilohertz. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a functional diagram of the components on the imager chip used in a preferred embodiment. The imager chip is preferably a single chip which carries out all these functions. A single integrated circuit with all functionality incorporated therein is used. Thus, external support chips for the imaging chips are not required. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the chip  300  includes a pixel array  302 . The pixel array  302  comprises an M row by N column series of “active” pixel type photogate pixels, described in further detail with reference to  FIG. 5 . The photogate pixels are arranged in a matrix of rows and columns, similar to standard pixel arrays in active and passive liquid crystal displays. Control of the pixel array  302  is managed by row drivers and decoders  304  and column decoders  306 . These drivers and decoders  304 ,  306  are used to control individual pixels of the pixel array  302  as well as read data from those pixels in the pixel array  302 . 
     Two pointers are used in the accessing of pixels in the pixel array  302 : a read pointer and an integrate pointer. The integrate pointer indicates which row is currently receiving image data. The read pointer indicates which row is available for outputting data from the chip  300 . The interval between the integrate pointer and the read pointer sets the integration time for the photogates in the pixels to integrate incoming photons. This time can be changed for different effects, e.g., different resolutions. 
     The drivers and decoders  304 ,  306  are controlled through a timing and control block  308 . The timing and control block  308  includes clocks and selection circuits. The timing and control block  308  determines which row drivers and decoders  304  and which column decoder  306  are active for either reading or writing from the pixel array  302 . 
     When reading data from the pixel array  302 , data is received as an analog signal and converted to a digital signal by an array of analog to digital converters (“ADC”)  310  to form a digital signal. That digital signal is output. 
     The timing and control block  308  generates digital timing and control signals to control the pixel array  302  and the ADC array  310 . The timing and control block  308  also generates analog references to operate the pixel array  302  and the ADC array  310 . A set of digital to analog converters (“DAC”)  312  adjusts these analog signal as appropriate. Command signals received by the chip  300  are preferably received as serial commands through a serial command input. 
     The timing and control circuitry  308  is used in addition to control power to the various parts of the chip  300 . For example, during idle mode or standby mode, power is not supplied to the DAC  312 . This selective power distribution within the chip  300  allows for a reduction in overall power consumption of the chip  300  and in turn the entire camera system. 
     The pointers and serial command allow windowing, subsampling and programmable exposure commands. These commands can be used to edit the received image signal from the pixel array  300  to achieve various effects. The windowing command allows a portion of the overall image to be received. This partial image is commanded via the serial command, to select a beginning point and end point. This allows a section of the pixel array  302  to be used. Doing so may reduce the power consumption of the device as well as avoid the unnecessary imaging of uninteresting portions of the possible image. 
     A windowing effect may be achieved by driving a subset of the columns and rows. For example, if the pixel array included 10 rows and 10 columns, a window may be created by driving only the first five rows and first five columns. By not driving the remaining columns and rows, less energy is consumed by the chip  300  than when the chip  300  drives all the columns and rows. 
     Subsampling can be used to provide an overall smaller produced image through the use of a reduced set of the available pixels and the pixel array  302 . For example, if only half of the columns in an interspersed fashion are used, the overall width of the image is reduced in half. Taking alternate rows and columns reduces the image resolution by one-fourth. It could also be desirable to reduce the number of rows being used to maintain a proportional image to the original image perceived. The reduction in overall size of the generated image allows for a smaller sized image with lower detail. The number of pixels being driven in this example is one fourth of the total number of pixels in the pixel array  302  (i.e., half of the columns and half of the rows). Thus, the total amount of pixel data may be reduced which reduces the data size of the image. However, the pixels in the pixel array  302  which are not driven do not provide information and so information of the sub-sampled image may be lost compared to the full image. 
     Programmable exposure allows for the control of brightness and contrast through digital commands. This allows for the camera to operate properly or desirably in non-ideal light conditions. The programmable exposure is implemented by changing the digital exposure control signals to the pixel array  302 . These exposure control signals directly determine the amount of time that pixels of the pixel array  302  integrate. For example, for low light conditions longer periods of integration produce superior results. By changing the amount of time between integration, this technique is referred to as a “rolling electronic shutter.” 
     In conventional imaging systems which receive digital commands, the imaging chip does not necessarily include means to transform those digital commands into analog signals. Hence, often both digital and analog control signals are required. The analog control signals are used for various purposes, including as references for the A to D converters. 
     The imaging chip  300 , by contrast, provides digital to analog converters  312  allowing digital command signals to be received and input to the chip  300 . The DAC  312  converts the digital signals to analog signals. Thus, the pixel array  302  and the ADC array  310  can receive analog references for proper operation at a pixel level while the chip  300  receives digital signals at a command level. 
     Other features of the chip  300  provided through the timing and control block  308 , ADC  310 , and DAC  312  include support for digital stills as well as continuous imaging. The chip  300  may be programmed to supply or take a digital still or a series of images. The chip  300  includes 256 10-bit successive approximation analog digital converters with built-in correlated double sampling (“CDS”) and fixed pattern noise (“FPN”) suppression. The chip  300  may also provide programmable exposure time implemented as a rolling shutter (approximately 50 microseconds as a minimum; approximately 15 seconds as a maximum). The chip  300  may also be programmed to support a variety of data rates and interfaces (e.g., over four mega-pixels per second at over 60 frames per second, at a maximum). 
     The power consumption of the APS is approximately 20 mw (at 225 kilo-pixels per second) during imaging digitization and read out mode. Power consumption is approximately 10 mw during imaging mode, and approximately 40 μW during idle power mode. The preferred embodiment allows multiple modes of operation to adjust the power consumption as appropriate. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate the time requirements for row operations during image readout from the imaging chip of a preferred embodiment.  FIG. 4A  illustrates the flow of operations when output is serial. For serial output, the output rate is preferably approximately 225 kilo-pixels per second. As shown in  FIG. 4A , the serial output time  400  is divided into three overall sections. The sample time  402  requires approximately 88 microseconds. The analog digital conversion time  404  requires approximately 48 microseconds. The serial output time  406  requires approximately 1024 microseconds. 1024 microseconds are required for serial output because there are 256 columns in a preferred pixel array as show in  FIG. 3 . Approximately 4 microseconds are required to output each pixel contained within that row. Accordingly, 256 columns contained in each row results in 256 times 4 microseconds for a total of 1024 microseconds for serial output. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates parallel output time requirements. Support for parallel output in the camera is optional. The total parallel output time  408  contains the same general parts as the serial output times  400  shown in  FIG. 4A . A sample  410  is 22 microseconds long. The time for ADC  412  is 12 microseconds long. These times are the same length as in the serial output times shown in  FIG. 4A . The serial or parallel nature of the output does not change the sample time and ADC time required for data output. However, in parallel output, the parallel output time  414  is only 25.6 microseconds. This reduction in time results from 10 bits being output in parallel. As a result, rather than 256 bits being output one at a time, 256 bits are output 10 at a time. This results in a reduction by a factor of ten in the output time for the parallel output, 25.6 micro seconds. Similar increases in parallel output produce similar reductions in output time. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a preferred APS photogate pixel included in the pixel array  302  shown in  FIG. 3 . Each APS photogate pixel  500  includes a photogate covered by an electrode  502 . The photogate pixel  500  shown in  FIG. 5  is a preferred embodiment of the photogate pixel used in the imaging chip. The camera, however, also includes embodiments within U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,515 to Fossum, et al., the disclosure of which is included herein by reference as well as the associated methods and techniques therein. 
     The APS photogate pixel  500  includes a photogate electrode  502  over a substrate  504 . A drain diffusion  506  and a floating diffusion  508  are within the substrate  504 . A transfer electrode  510  bridges the drain diffusion  506  and the floating diffusion  508 . A reset field effect transistor (“FET”)  512  is connected to the floating diffusion  508  at the source side. The drain of the reset FET  512  is connected to a voltage potential of VDD. 
     A gate electrode of a source follower FET  514  is connected to the source of the reset FET  512 . The drain of the source follower FET  514  is connected to a voltage potential VDD. The source of the source follower FET  514  is connected to the drain of a row select FET  516 . The source of the row select FET  516  is connected to a column bus  518 . 
     The gate of the reset FET  512  is controlled by a reset signal RST. The gate of the row select FET  516  is controlled by a row select signal RS. The photogate electrode  502  is controlled by a photogate control signal PG. The transfer electrode  510  is controlled by an analog reference TX. 
     During an integration period, the photogate electrode  502  is held by the signal PG to a positive voltage to form a potential well  520  in the substrate  504 . In this potential well  520 , a photo-generated charge is accumulated as illustrated. The transfer electrode  510  is held at a less positive voltage than that of the photogate electrode  502  to form a first potential barrier  524  in the substrate  504  below the transfer electrode  510 . Second and third potential wells  522 ,  526  are located below the drain diffusion  506  and the floating diffusion  508 , respectively. To read out a pixel, the voltage of the signal PG is changed from VDD to ground so that the potential well  520  located under the photogate electrode  502  collapses. 
     The altering of the potential barrier  520  creates a downward potential staircase from the first potential well  520  through the second and third potential wells  522  and  526 . This staircase accomplishes a transfer of charge from the potential well  520 , where charges accumulate during the integration period, to the third potential well  526  below the floating diffusion  508 . 
     The floating diffusion  508  causes the gate electrode of the source follower FET  514  to become activated in response to the level of charge and potential accumulated in that floating diffusion  508 . As a result, the image signal captured by the pixel is transferred to the column bus in response to the select signals to the row select FET  516 . 
     The process and structure described above is one used in a preferred embodiment of an APS photogate pixel. As noted above, the process and components described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,515 may be used. Alternatively, other methods accomplishing the same goal of an APS photogate pixel as apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example of power consumption by a preferred APS during imaging operations.  FIG. 6  shows three levels  600 ,  602 ,  604  of power consumption. During imaging operations, approximately 11.1 mw are consumed, indicated by the level  600 . In the more complicated operations during imaging, ADC, and readouts, approximately 20.1 mw are consumed over a period of 0.3 seconds. This consumption is represented by level  602  of  FIG. 6 . The operational requirements included in full power transmit mode are approximately 0.992 seconds, including 0.422 seconds for image readout and 0.5 seconds for commands, to transmit each image at a data rate of 2.455 megabits per second. Full power transmit mode preferably generates 16,000 full revolutions snap shots. During low power idle mode, only approximately 600 microwatts are consumed by the camera. The power consumption of this low power mode in the APS is represented by level  604 . 
     The varying levels of power consumption illustrated in  FIG. 6  demonstrate the versatility and improved power consumption provided by the preferred embodiment. As compared to conventional imagers and cameras, the operable life span of the imager is improved due to the multiple possible power levels. As discussed above, conventional imaging systems, such as those using CCD image sensors and those which are not programmable with multiple modes of operation, typically operate at one constant power level, which in this case would be equivalent to the maximum power level  602  of 20.1 mw shown in  FIG. 6 . The preferred embodiment allows an idle mode and an imaging only mode which will not consume power by components which are not in use during these modes. 
     The battery (recall battery  112  in  FIG. 1B  and  FIG. 2 ) preferably has an extended life due to the multiple operational modes described above. If maintained in standby or sleep mode, with a brief operation in receive mode approximately once every minute, the preferred battery should last for approximately 200 days. In full power transmit mode, the preferred battery should operate for approximately 5.0 hours. 
     For example, using the programmable nature of the preferred APS, the APS may be set to sub-sample at approximately 64 by 64 pixels instead of the standard 256 by 256 pixels, as described above, and to turn on the receiver once every 512 seconds (i.e., a sleep time of 512 seconds). Such reductions by sub-sampling reduce the transmit time for a frame by about 40%. This reduction in transmit time per frame reduces the amount of power consumed during transmission and the increased sleep time reduces the power consumed in receiving. Hence the battery life increases. Thus, at these settings, the battery life time may be extended to approximately 190 days. 
     As discussed above, the camera preferably transmits image data to and receives command signals from a base station. One embodiment of such a base station is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
     Image transmitted to the base station  700  is received by a receiving antenna  701 . The receiving antenna  701  is preferably a Yagi type antenna with a gain of 16 dB and operates at 2.4 GHz. The signal from the receiving antenna  701  is passed to a receiving band pass filter (“BPF”)  702 . The receiving BPF  702  filters the signal and sends that filtered signal to a low noise amplifier (“LNA”)  704 . The LNA  704  amplifies the signal and passes that signal to a first multiplier  708  which converts the signal using generator  706  which preferably generates a signal which is at 2.2416 GHz. The down-converted 70 megahertz signal is passed to an automatic gain control (“AGC”)  710 . 
     The AGC  710  passes the signal to both of a second signal multiplier  712  and a third signal multiplier  722  which each down-convert the signal to quadrature baseband signals. A second analog signal generator  732  generates a 70 megahertz signal which is sent to the third signal multiplier  722  and a phase shifter  730 . The phase shifter  730  shifts the phase of its received signal by 90 degrees. The down-converted signals are low pass filtered (“LPF”) by LPF  714  and LPF  724 , then analog to digital converted (“ADC”) by ADC  716  and ADC  726 , finite impulse response (“FIR”) filtered at  718  and  728  and direct current (“DC”) shifted. The filtered signals are sent to a complex rotation circuit  720 . 
     The complex rotation circuit  720  receives the two signals from the FIR and DC removal filters  718 ,  728  and rotates those combined signals. The complex rotation circuit  720  sends a signal to the AGC  710 . This signal functions to provide loop feedback functionality to the signal processing of the base station  700 . The complex rotation circuit  720  outputs signals in parallel to a first signal adder  734  and a second signal adder  736 . A sequence generator  738  generates two signals and sends one to each of the first signal adder  734  and second signal adder  736 , respectively. 
     The first signal adder  734  adds the signals received from the complex rotation circuit  720  and the sequence generator  738 . That summed signal is supplied to a symbol matched filter  740 . Similarly, the second signal adder  736  adds the received signals from the complex rotation circuit  720  and the sequence generator  738  and sends that summed signal to the symbol matched filter  740 . 
     A symbol timing recovery circuit  742  generates a timing signal which is sent to the symbol matched filter  740 . The symbol matched filter  740  outputs a parallel signal to a PN code acquisition/tracking circuit  744 , and a Viterbi decoder  746 , and a phase detector  748 . The code acquisition/tracking circuit  744  adjusts the PN sequence (from the sequence generator  738 ) to acquire and maintain PN-code lock. The phase detector  748  detects and removes received phase error using the complex rotation circuit  720 . The phase detector  748  determines the degree or amount of improper phase in the received signal and sends the signal to the complex rotation circuit  720  to achieve phase lock. The complex rotation circuit  720  may then again rotate the received signal to be passed on to the first and second signal adder  734  and  736 . 
     Once PN-code lock and phase lock have been achieved, the Viterbi decoder  746  decodes the signal and passes the decoded signal to a differential decoder  750 . The differential decoder  750  performs additional decoding operations upon the received signal and passes that decoded signal to an RS-449 interface circuit  760 . 
     The RS-449 interface circuit  760  transmits and receives data from a base station computer  761 . The RS-449 interface circuit  760  sends a data signal and a clock signal to the base station computer  761 . The base station computer  761  preferably has a user interface such as that of Labview™. The base station computer  761  includes a received command interpreter and a control command generation circuit. A Manchester encoding circuit and a transmit packet processor including a generation circuit and repetition logic are used to generate data and command signals to be transmitted by the base station to the receiving antenna of the camera (recall receiving antenna  106  of  FIGS. 1A to 2 ). The transmit packet processor in the base station computer  761  is used to generate data sequences including training sequences, UW data, addresses, and CRC signals. These sequences are used in the internal logic  120  of  FIG. 2  after being received by the camera. Accordingly, the base station computer  761  transmits a data signal and a clock signal to the RS-449 interface  760 . 
     The RS-449 interface circuit  760  sends a transmit data signal to an OOK modulator  762 . The OOK modulator  762  modulates the received transmission data and sends that modulated signal to a driver amplifier  764 . The driver amplifier  764  amplifies the received signal and sends that amplified signal to a power amplifier  766 . The power amplifier  766  amplifies the power of the received signal, preferably to approximately 5 watts, and sends that amplified signal to a second BPF  768 . The second BPF  768  filters the amplified signal, preferably at approximately 418 megahertz, and sends that filtered signal to a transmitting antenna  770 . The transmitting antenna  770  is preferably a YAGI antenna with a gain of approximately 12.3 dB. 
     Additional variations and implementations are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the camera need not be mobile, but may be fixed in place, such as by mounting into a larger structure or device. The base station may be implemented as a software application within a computer system. In addition, a portion of the base station can be implemented differently so long as a signal supplied to the RS-449 interface allows the RS-449 interface to operate as described above. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the embodiments described above, but only by the scope of the following claims.