Abstract:
The present invention discloses a simple, low cost method to fabricate light emitting source using luminescent colloid nanoparticles. It uses monodispersed colloid light emitting nanoparticles of oxides, semiconductors, and polymers to fabricate high quality, narrow bandwidth light emitting source. The colloid particles can be dispersed homogeneously in liquid that can be coated easily on a substrate using a simple coating method such as spray, dip coating or spin coating. There is no restriction on the size or shape of the substrate. Therefore, a low cost, large area, high efficiency and reproducible light emitting source can be made easily.

Description:
REFERENCE CITED  
       [0001]    U.S. Pat. No.: 6,214,560B1  
         [0002]    U.S. Pat. No.: 5,777,433  
         [0003]    U.S. Pat. No.: 5,966,393  
         [0004]    U.S. Pat. No.: 5,537,000 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    The invention herein relates to a light emitting diode (LED), particularly, relates to a LED with nanoparticles.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    Recently, the epitaxy technique is getting more and more improved, so it is very possible to have a double heterostructure with excellent quality, and which may provide LED more than 90% quantum efficiency. However, emitting layer of a typical LED is formed by epitaxially growing; therefore, the growing speed is very slow.  
           [0007]    Low-dimensional structures including nanoparticles or quantum dots (QDs) are supposed to provide significant enhancement in the density of states, so it increases the probability of light emission. Those low-dimensional structures can be epitaxially grown on bulk materials like GaAs wafers or separately formed by chemical methods.  
           [0008]    Luminescent nanoparticles formed by chemical methods have many advantages. First, it can be dissolved in the solvent to become a solution. Second, it can be applied on any substrates by any process such as spray, dip coating, or spin coating. Third, the speed can be very fast (several micrometers per second); therefore, area or volume density of the material can be very high.  
           [0009]    The expitaxially growing way is very selective on the grown substrates. Also, QDs are usually formed with only a scarce area density. Thus, the forming speed is very slow (such as several micrometers per hour). Furthermore, it also needs expensive vacuum equipment to carry out the necessary process. The process to fabricate monodispersed nanoparticles is inexpensive and facile for industrial application. Stimulated emission and optical gain had been demonstrated in CdS quantum dots by optical pumping methods. This encourages the employment of electrical pumping to realize efficient nanoparticle-based light emitting devices.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    A light emitting diode (LED) with nanoparticles, which comprises a first electrode for electric conduction, a substrate for said LED to be grown thereon, a luminescent nanoparticles layer for emitting light, and a second electrode for electric conduction. Current flows through said luminescent nanoparticles layer by said first electrode and said second electrode for emitting light. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    The present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show cross-section diagram of the present invention;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 2 shows I-V curve diagram in accordance with the present invention; and  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3A˜FIG. 3C show E-L spectra of CdS in different embodiment examples. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0015]    The following descriptions of the preferred embodiments are provided to understand the features of the present invention.  
         [0016]    The present invention provides a light emitting diode (LED) with nanoparticles  10 , please referring to the FIG. 1A, which comprises a first electrode  12  for electric conduction, a substrate  11  for said LED to be grown thereon, a luminescent nanoparticles layer  13  for emitting light, and a second electrode  14  for electric conduction. Wherein said first electrode  12  may be an N-type electrode or a P-type electrode made by metal material, such as Au, Ag, Al, or Mg. Said substrate  11  may be a semiconductor substrate or an insulator substrate, typically, said substrate  11  is a silicon substrate. Similarly, said first electrode  14  may be an N-type electrode or a P-type electrode that is different to said first electrode  12 , made by metal material, such as Au, Ag, Al, or Mg. Furthermore, said luminescent nanoparticles layer  13  substantially is an oxide luminescent nanoparticles layer, a semiconductor luminescent nanoparticles layer (such as CdS nanoparticles layer), or a macromolecule luminescent nanoparticles layer. In a preferred embodiment example, each nanoparticle  131  of said luminescent nanoparticles layer  13  has a specific diameter between 5 nm to 500 nm, particularly, when the diameter of nanoparticle  131  is smaller than 10 nm, the light emitting performance will be better. In addition, each luminescent nanoparticle of said luminescent nanoparticles layer  13  substantially is spreading uniformly for having high performance of emitting light.  
         [0017]    Referring to the FIG. 1B, current flows through said luminescent nanoparticles layer  23  by said first electrode  21  and said second electrode  24  for emitting light.  
         [0018]    The luminescent nanoparticles provided in accordance with this invention is embodied as following example. First, redissolvable nanoparticles powder of CdS has been synthesized by modifying Pietro&#39;s method. Next, Cadmium acetate dihydrate [Cd(CH 3 COO) 2 .2H 2 O, 0.80 g, 3.0 mmole] was dissolved in a 20 ml mixed solvent of acetonitrile, methanol, and water with a volume ratio of 1:1:2 to form a first solution. A second solution containing disodium sulfide nanohydrate (Na 2 S.9H 2 O, 0.36 g, 1.5 mmole) and p-hydroxy thiophenol (0.56 g, 4.4 mmole) in the same solvent system was added into vigorously stirred cadmium acetate solution. The first solution and the second solution were putting together to stir for 18 hours without light illumination. After centrifuging and washing with deionized (DI) water for several times, it can be obtained that a 0.70 g yellow powder of CdS nanoparticles encapped by p-hydroxy thiophenol. By replacing part of cadmium acetate with manganese acetate, we prepared Mn doped CdS nanoparticles with different concentrations of manganese (5%, 10% and 20% in molar ratio). The diameter of the CdS nanoparticles is about 5 nm. With ultrasonic vibration and percolation, solutions for spin-coating purpose were produced by dissolving the nanoparticles in ethanol with a concentration of 1% (w/v).  
         [0019]    Here is a preferred embodiment for fabricating CdS light emitting diode on Si wafer as follows in accordance with the present invention. First, a low resistivity (doping ˜10 15  cm 3 ) silicon wafer was used as the substrate. Acetone, methanol, and DI water were used for subsequently cleaning procedure. The wafer was placed on spinner with several dips of the previously mentioned four CdS and CdS:Mn nanoparticle solutions. A spin speed of 4,000 rpm for 60 sec was used.  
         [0020]    The general fabrication steps of CdS light emitting diodes (LEDs) are as follows. There are three different treatments with the devices:  
         [0021]    [Sample 1]: The wafer was placed in a chamber, in which 75-mmHg air pressure and room temperature were maintained for 5 minutes to remove ethanol solvent.  
         [0022]    [Sample 2]: The samples were subsequently treated by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 425° C. for 5 minutes. The annealing process took place with 75-mmHg air pressure. At this temperature, the organic chemical was decomposed.  
         [0023]    [Sample 3]: The CdS nanoparticles are immersed into high oxygen concentration environment. The nanoparticle solutions (1%) had been separately mixed with SOG (spin-on-glass) 315FX and SiO 2  nanoparticles (6% by volume, average diameter of 12 nm, dissolved in isopropyl alcohol). The cleaned silicon substrate was spin coated with these two kinds of mixture solutions. Both samples were treated by RTA at 425° C.  
         [0024]    Subsequently, both top and bottom metal contacts were defined by thermal evaporation. The top semi-transparent contact layer was 10 nm gold, and the bottom layer was 150 nm gold. Before the deposition of Au layer, a 3-nm adhesion layer of chromium had been evaporated for both contacts. After 0.3 voltage bias was applied, EL through top thin layer can be seen by naked eyes. Monochromator (CVI CM110) and photomultiplier were used to record the spectra. Please refer to the FIG. 2, which shows I-V curve of devices on n-type and p-type Si respectively when turning point at around 3V. In the case of [sample 1], both spectra of CdS and CdS doped with Mn are the same, as illustrated in FIG. 3A. The emission peak at 526.5 nm (2.355 eV) is red-shifted from bulk CdS A-exciton transition energy, 2.441 eV (508 nm) at room temperature. The EL spectrum of [sample 2] depicted in FIG. 3B shows two peaks. One is at 513.7 nm and another is at 571.5 nm. The former peak stands for bulk CdS signal (A-exciton) that has been decreased from 526.5 nm to 513.7 nm with increasing processing temperature from room temperature to 450° C. This spectral lobe can be fitted by Lorentzian shape with scattering time of 8 fs and FWHM 40 nm. The peak at 571.5 nm results from the trapped carriers in oxygen-impurity levels. High temperature environment and the decomposition of p-hydroxy thiophenol group cause the diffusion process of oxygen into the nanoparticles to occur. For investigating the luminescent phenomenon of oxygen impurity level, we used SOG and SiO 2  nanoparticles as oxygen source and mixed them respectively with CdS nanoparticles. Their EL spectra [sample 3] are shown in FIG. 3C. The peak at 513.7 nm (2.414 eV) is the A-exciton signal of bulk CdS at 65° C. A new light emits at 571.5 nm that corresponds to radiative transition due to carriers trapped in oxygen-impurity levels, as mentioned previously. The magnitude of light emission in these samples is ten times stronger than that from unheated samples (sample 1) for the same carrier injection condition. These unusual changes in the wavelength and intensity of light emission from the diodes provide a useful and simple way to fabricate tunable light emitting sources.  
         [0025]    The CdS nanoparticles prepared by chemical method are ready for spin-coating and EL device fabrication. The observed a spectral shift of free exciton transition of 86 meV is due to the passivation of p-hydroxy thiophenol group around nanoparticles. Process modifications such as heat treatment and oxygen-rich environment are influential to intrinsic green emission of CdS nanoparticles. The p-hydroxy thiophenol molecule has shown a protection effect to avoid the diffusion of contaminants into nanoparticles, but it cannot resist temperature deterioration above 400° C. Radiative recombination of carriers trapped in oxygen-impurity levels presents a 273 meV of below bandgap energy of bulk CdS. With the oxygen-impurity levels formed at the surface of CdS nanoparticles, luminescence increases by an order of magnitude. In addition, luminescent nanoparticles formed by chemical methods have many advantages. First, it can be dissolved in the solvent to become a solution. Second, it can be applied on any substrates by any process such as spray, dip coating, or spin coating. Third, the speed can be very fast (several micrometers per second); therefore, area or volume density of the material can be very high. Therefore, the LED with nanoparticles provided by this invention may reduce the production cost and increase the size of LED.  
         [0026]    The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the essential attributes thereof; therefore, the illustrated embodiment should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended claims rather than to the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention.