Abstract:
A computational component for establishing a communication between a contactor and a contactee is provided that includes a user configuration agent  324  operable to (a) determine a network configuration requirement resulting from a disability of at least one of the contactor and the contactee, (b) incorporate the disability network configuration requirement in a communication set-up message; and (c) forward the communication set-up message to a communication device associated with the contactee.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     Cross reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/109,784, filed Mar. 29, 2002, entitled “EMERGENCY BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION WITH AN RSVP-LIKE PROTOCOL”, to Chavez, et al., which is incorporated herein by this reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to circuit-switched and packet-switched telecommunication systems and particularly to providing telecommunications services to people with disabilities. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     To allow for people having speech and/or hearing disabilities that prevent them from using conventional telephones to communicate over the public switched telephony network, text telephones or teletypewriters (TTY devices), also known as telecommunication devices for the deaf (TTD devices) have been developed. In general, such devices encode characters of text using sequences of audible tones. In particular, in response to receiving a command to transmit a character, a TTY device will generate a sequence of audible tones that is transmitted through the telephone network to a similar TTY device at the receiving end. The TTY device at the receiving end decodes the sequence of audible tones, and displays or otherwise outputs the encoded character. 
     In the United States, TTY devices communicate with one another using a 45.45 baud frequency shift key protocol defined in ANSI/TIA/EIA  825  “A 45.45 Baud FSK Modem,” commonly referred to as Baudot signaling. Baudot signaling transmits characters using a sequence of seven audible tones at either 1400 Hz or 1800 Hz. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a Baudot or TTY character  100  comprises a start tone  104  of 1800 Hz, five tones  108 - 124  of either 1400 or 1800 Hz to signal the series of five bits specifying the character, and a stop tone  128  of 1400 Hz. The stop tone  128  is a border separating this TTY character  100  from the next. To provide both numbers, letters, and punctuation marks, each TTY endpoint operates in two modes, namely a number/figure mode and a letter mode. Communication between two persons using standard TTYs can only occur in one direction at a time. Thus, the communicants must take turns sending and receiving. 
     Because the TTY protocol can be slow and tedious for users and requires both endpoints to be configured for TTY generation and transmission, other telecommunication features have been used to provide substantial benefits to persons with hearing and voice impairments. For example, Voice over IP or IP telephony can provide both audio and video speaker feedback to a listener. The ability of a listener to read lip movements synchronized with speech can compensate a listener for up to 20 db of hearing loss. Moreover, sign language can be conveyed to the listener much faster than TTY characters can be inputted and transmitted by the speaker. 
     Unfortunately, the communication network&#39;s desire to allow maximal use of network resources to the broadest number of people can severely impair the abilities of disabled persons to use the network effectively. For example, an audio coder/decoder or codec standard of G.729 (which is commonly employed to conserve bandwidth) will interfere with the effective transmission of TTY tones while the G.711 code standard will not. A slow video refresh rate, low screen resolution, and/or poor degree of synchronization between audio and video streams, which are often employed to conserve bandwidth, can interfere dramatically with a listener&#39;s ability to compensate for hearing loss by reading the speaker&#39;s lips. 
     Moreover, when people (illustratively agents in a Public Safety Access Point) receive an emergency call from an unknown party who has a disability (illustratively, a hard-of-hearing person who uses a TTY), the process by which the called parties identify the caller&#39;s disability-related communications needs and then adjust themselves appropriately can be cumbersome, and time-consuming It is important to note that, unlike computer modems and fax machines, TTY devices do not emit a “handshake tone,” thereby making it considerably more difficult for network resources to determine automatically, during the call set-up process, that a TTY is in use. For example, when a PSAP answers a call to a universal emergency number the agent responds with a standard spoken greeting and typically receives a silent, open line in return. After waiting an appropriate period of time, the agent queries the line verbally a second time. If the same response is received, the agent (after a substantial amount of time has expired since the call was received) queries the line using a TTY to determine if the call is from a TTY user. This prolonged delay can be fatal to the caller in certain types of emergency calls. Similar prolonged call delays are encountered when a non-disabled person initiates a call to an individual who turns out to have a communication-related disability. 
     TTYs have been modified to reduce the delay but the modified TTY s either require manual input or are not widely in use. Some TTY devices have the ability to generate a voice announcement, namely “I am a TTY user”. The TTY triggers the announcement in response to manual user input. Such input is not always done by the caller, particularly in an emergency situation. Some TTY s use a proprietary protocol developed by UtraTec™ that can detect automatically a TTY user at the other end of the call when a specific acoustic signal from the other end is detected. However, if the acoustic signal is absent because the sending endpoint is not configured to send the signal or the signal is lost or corrupted during transmission, the receiving endpoint will not detect automatically the sending TTY and fail to reconfigure itself accordingly. 
     Currently, networks have only a limited ability to reconfigure themselves based on user needs and particularly disabled user needs. It is important to note that many TTY devices are used in conjunction with standard telephone endpoints, and are connected to these telephones by placing the phone&#39;s handset into an acoustic coupler on the TTY. For this reason, it is not possible to rely on a telephone of the prior art to provide appropriate TTY-specific call set-up information. For example, Information Indicators or II digits in the Integrated Services Digital Network protocol allow for a network to reconfigure itself based on the characteristics and/or permissions of the calling terminal. In the Session Initiation Protocol or SIP, a presence server maintains information regarding not only the user&#39;s presence and availability but also the capabilities (e.g., supported codecs) of his or her associated communication devices. This information, particularly information about the capability of an endpoint, is provided as part of the call set-up handshake procedures. In many contact centers, caller identifiers have been used to determine routing destinations and cause information associated with the identified caller to be retrieved and provided to the agent assigned to service the caller. It has been suggested by Henning Schulzrine, in a document entitled “Emergency Call Services for SIP-based Internet Telephony”, that the call setup can provide additional medical background, without having to store the information in a central database and that the ability to indicate language capabilities of the caller can help route the call to an operator, without the additional delay of having a general operator try to ascertain the language of the caller. 
     Nothwithstanding these limited measures, there remains a need for a communications network that can configure or reconfigure itself automatically to reflect the unique demands imposed by a telecommunications interaction with a disabled person. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     These and other needs are addressed by the various embodiments and configurations of the present invention. The present invention is generally directed to a system and method for the configuration and/or reconfiguration of a network component, such as a communication device, server, switch, or router, to accommodate a contactor or contactee with certain types of disabilities, such as hearing or speech loss or impairment. As used herein, a “disability” refers to any physical or cognitive impairment, including partial or total hearing loss, partial or total vision loss, partial or total speech loss, partial or total mobility loss of a body member, an inability to understand or follow complex instructions, an inability to remember more than a few menu options, and the like. 
     In a first embodiment of the present invention, a method for establishing a communication between a contactor and a contactee is provided that includes the steps of: 
     (a) determining a network configuration requirement resulting from a disability of at least one of the contactor and the contactee; 
     (b) incorporating the disability network configuration requirement in a communication set-up message; and 
     (c) forwarding the communication set-up message to a communication device associated with the contactee. A “communication set-up message” refers to any message that is exchanged between two communication devices as part of the process of initiating and connecting a communication, such as a call set-up message, an INVITE message, an OK message, a PATH message, facility request message, information message, and a RESV message. 
     Examples of configuration requirements include a codec standard used by intermediate nodes and endpoints for session communications, a refresh rate for video images associated with the communication session, a screen resolution level for video images associated with the communication session, a degree of synchronization between audio and video streams associated with the communication session, a message priority for messages exchanged during the communication session, color and contrast for video images associated with the communication session, and the structure of the menus in automated attendant, IVR, and voice mail systems. As will be appreciated, the communication session can be a live voice interaction, such as a phone call, and/or a text interaction, such as email, instant messaging, and web chat. The session may, but does not have to, be in real-time. Regarding the application of the invention to web chat, the implementation can be problematic. If an attempt is made to slowdown the rate at which a web chat room&#39;s text is delivered to the terminal of a visually impaired user while maintaining at high speed text delivery at the terminals used by people with normal vision, the visually impaired user would fall far behind in a conversation. On the other hand, if the rates at which a web chat room&#39;s text was delivered to the terminals of both participants are slowed down to accommodate an impaired user, there is a risk that the unimpaired user will leave the chat room to find a faster chat room because he thinks the chat room has technical difficulties. If an unimpaired user is informed why the text rate is slower, namely that another participant is a visually impaired user, the privacy rights of the impaired user may be violated even if the specific terminal is not identified. 
     The message normally includes a disability indicator indicating the disability of the contactor and/or contactee. The indicator may be a flag or any other type of variable indicating that the disability condition holds or exists. The indicator may or may not indicate the specific nature or type of disability. It may simply indicate that the existence of the disability. The indicator is typically located in the packet header to be viewed by intermediate nodes, such as routers. 
     The presence of the indicator in a set-up message can permit information about an end-user&#39;s communication-related disabilities to be considered not only by endpoints but also by intermediate nodes (e.g., routers) such that, when the indicator is detected, automatic and appropriate reconfiguration of the network&#39;s transmission characteristics (e.g., bandwidth for the communication) and/or the other party&#39;s endpoint is achieved to guarantee at least a minimally satisfactory network configuration for the disabled user. Illustratively, if the system learned during the call initiation process that one of the parties was a TTY user, it could activate the network&#39;s TTY-on-IP adjunct and ensure that a TTY-compatible resource was activated at the other endpoint. The automatic reconfiguration of the network and of the device at the other end of the call can not only optimize the link from one endpoint to the other for the disabled person&#39;s needs but also greatly facilitate and reduce the time associated with calls to universal emergency numbers. 
     For the benefit of users with cognitive impairments, a group for whom the Federal Communication Commission requires accommodation, automated attendant and IVR systems could automatically adjust their menu structures so that fewer items are presented by each “node” in the menu. For users with visual impairments, video transmission characteristics could be adjusted automatically. For all users with disabilities, the “timeout” periods associated with network resources, such as automated attendants, can be lengthened automatically. 
     In presence-aware networks, the communication set-up message to or from the disabled user can be redirected to a first communication device (to which it is addressed) to a second, more capable communication device associated with the contactee. 
     To ensure the privacy of some or all of the disability-related information, the information may be maintained confidential or proprietary to the disabled person. In other words, the information is prohibited from being viewed by another unauthorized party, such as the contactee. 
     The disability-related information may be obtained directly as input from the user or indirectly through tracking of the user&#39;s interaction with his associated communication device(s). For example, the time typically required to input a telephone number, the number of rings typically required for the user to answer the phone, and the volume level on the telephones speaker or microphone can be used to identify not only the existence and type of disability but also the impact of the disability on the user. From this information, the specific network configuration needs of the user can be determined, such as by using a table mapping the type and/or degree of disability against appropriate network configuration requirements. 
     These and other advantages will be apparent from the disclosure of the invention(s) contained herein. 
     The above-described embodiments and configurations are neither complete nor exhaustive. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the invention are possible utilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a depiction of a prior art TTY character structure; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram depicting a communication system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram depicting a communication server in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a communication device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of the operation of a user configuration agent in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of the operation of a router in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of the operation of a node in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention will be illustrated below in conjunction with an exemplary communication system. Although well suited for use with, e.g., a system having a private branch exchange (PBX) or other similar contact processing switch or server, the invention is not limited to use with any particular type of communication system switch or server or configuration of system elements. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed techniques may be used in any communication application in which it is desirable to provide improved disabled caller service. The term “contact” or “call” as used herein is intended to include not only telephone calls but also non-telephonic communications, such as data transmissions such as electronic mail, voice-over-IP, instant messaging, teletypewriter (TTY), facsimile, etc., whether circuit switched or packet switched. 
       FIG. 2  shows an exemplary communication architecture  200  in which the invention is implemented. The architecture  200  includes a communication servers  204   a,b , each of which is connected to a circuit-switched network, depicted as the Public Switched Telephone Network or PSTN  208 , and a packet-switched network  212 , which is commonly a Wide Area Network. The WAN  212 , in one configuration, is a data or distributed processing network, such as the Internet, and typically applies the TCP/IP suite of protocols. The WAN  212  can include a number of components, including a plurality of routers  250  to route packets, such as by least cost routing, a plurality of proxy servers  254  to perform contact routing, session management, redirect functions, routing to media gateways, and user authentication, and a plurality of presence servers  258  to provide subscriber domain names or locations, subscriber profiles and registration, and other subscriber-related presence and availability information. Each server  204   a - b  is connected to and serves a number of packet-switched or circuit-switched communication devices  216   a,b  that are registered with the corresponding communication server  204   a,b , respectively. “Registration” is a process by which a communication device is made known to a server. As will be appreciated, the registration can be performed by any technique or according to any protocol (e.g., such as H.323, SIP, 802.11, ReSerVation Protocol or RSVP, digital port initialization, and the like) and may by effected by the system administrator and/or through another suitable manual or automated technique. 
     The communication devices  216   a,b  optionally include a TTY device  220  and/or a display device  224 , such as a computer monitor or LCD display. Each of the communication devices  216   a,b  may be wired desktop telephone terminals or any other type of wired or wireless device capable of communicating with the switch/server. The word “communication device” as used herein should therefore be understood to include not only wired or wireless desktop telephone terminals but also other types of processor-based communication devices, including without limitation mobile telephones, IP telephones, IP softphones, IP hardphones, personal computers, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs). 
     Each of the communication servers serves a corresponding enterprise network and is in communication with a separate subscriber database  236   a,b  that include a variety of information, including server and device configuration information, device capabilities/requirements, and subscriber information, such as subscriber identity, disability (if any) or other subscriber physical or cognitive needs, subscriber media requirements, and the like. 
     The term “communication server” as used herein should be understood to include a PBX, an enterprise switch, or other type of telecommunications system switch or server, as well as other types of processor-based communication control devices such as computers, adjuncts, etc. Each of the servers enable communications to be forwarded across the networks  208  and  212  according to a packet data protocol, such as the Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP or some other Real Time Protocol (RTP), H.323, SIP, Differentiated Services or Diffserv Protocol, RSVP, and the like or a circuit-switched protocol, such as ISDN. In a preferred circuit-switched configuration, the TTY tones themselves are sent and in a preferred packet-switched configuration, the TTY tones are described in an RTP stream rather than the tones being sent themselves. For packet-switched communications, the tones may be described according to RFC 2833 which defines the RTP payload for dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) tones telephony tones and telephony signals. This avoids various problems related to packet loss and ordering often experienced in packet data communications networks that would result in inaccurate reproduction of the tones and loss of encoded characters if the tones themselves are sent. In an exemplary embodiment the communication server may be implemented as an otherwise conventional Definity™ or Multivantage™ Enterprise Communication Service (ECS)™ communication system or Avaya Communication Manager™ switch available from Avaya Inc. Other types of known switches/servers are well known in the art and therefore not described in detail herein. 
     Each of the communication servers  204   a,b  is coupled via one or more communication lines  228   atb  and  232   a,b  to networks  208  and  212   t  respectively. In one configuration the communication line  232  is packet-switched while the communication line  228  is a circuit-switched trunk line. The lines carry incoming and outgoing contacts from the networks to the communication server for processing. Preferably, the networks or other transit networks between the user&#39;s communication device and the communication server and between the communication servers are configured such that the server receives not only the intended destination address but also the source address or identity of the communication device initiating the contact. 
     It should be noted that the invention does not require any particular type of information transport medium between the servers and the communication devices or between the servers, i.e., the invention may be implemented with any desired type of transport medium as well as combinations of different types of transport media and with any desired type of network connection. 
     It should be emphasized that the configuration of the servers, communication devices, and other elements as shown in  FIG. 2  is for purposes of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting the invention to any particular arrangement of elements. 
     With reference to  FIG. 3 , the servers  300  each include a number of interfaces, including a communication device interface  304  and a communication network interface  308 , a processor  312 , and a memory  316 . The various components may be interconnected to one another by an internal bus  320 . The communication device interface  304  type is determined by the interconnection between the communication device and the server. For example, when the interconnection between the communication device and the server is a packet-data type network, the interface may include a packet data interface. When the interconnection is an analog interconnection, the interface may include a tip-ring type interface. The communication network interface interconnects the server to one of the networks  208  and  212 . If the interface interconnects the server to the network  208 , the interface  308  is configured as a circuit-switched analog or digital interface, and, if the interface interconnects the server to the network  212 , the interface  308  is configured as a packet-switched interface. In the architecture  200 , the server  300  will include two such interfaces  308 , one for the network  208  and one for the network  212 . 
     The processor  312  generally operates to execute instructions, for example stored in the associated memory  316  or memory integral to the processor  312 . Accordingly, the processor may include a general purpose programmable processor, Digital Signal Processor or DSP, or controller. The processor may implement functions represented by the user configuration agent  324  described below. 
     The memory  316  may store instructions, such as those represented by the agent  324 , for controlling operation of the processor. The memory may include any data storage device, such as a solid state memory, a hard disk drive, or read only memory. As will be appreciated, the processor and memory may be implemented as an integrated controller-type device. The server may include additional elements that are omitted from  FIG. 3  for simplicity and clarity of illustration. For example, the server may include an external database to store system configuration information, a gateway, a gatekeeper, a multipoint control unit, a registrar, a proxy server, a redirect server, service circuits such as tone generators, announcement circuits, etc., and a port card for each type of user communication device associated therewith. Also associated with the server may be an administrator terminal (not shown) which is used to program the operation of the switch/server during system administration, e.g., an initial set-up and configuration of the system of a subsequent system-level or user-level configuration. Other devices not shown in the figures may be associated with the server, such as an adjunct feature server. Such an adjunct server may be physically incorporated within the server and may be partially or completely implemented using other server elements such as the processor  312  and memory  316 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates, in block diagram form, an embodiment of an intelligent communication device. The communication device  400  includes a communication server interface  404  to handle communications between the device and the corresponding server, a peripheral interface  408  to handle communications between the device and one or more peripherals, such as the TTY device (or keyboard)  220  and display device  224 , a processor  412 , and a memory  416 . Communications between/among the various components can be transmitted along internal bus  420 . The processor executes instructions, such as the user configuration agent  324 , stored in the associated memory  416  (which is the configuration depicted in  FIG. 4 ) or memory integral to the processor  412 . The processor may include a general purpose programmable processor, Application Specific Integrated Circuit or ASIC, or DSP. The memory  416  may include any computer data storage device, such as solid state memory, a hard disk drive, or read only memory. 
     The user configuration agent  324  is configured, as part of the call set-up handshake procedure, to include disability-related information about the user so that the contacted endpoint and/or intermediate nodes, as appropriate, can automatically reconfigure itself/themselves to respond to the user&#39;s specific disability-related needs. The disability-related network and transmission requirements are typically embodied as a guaranteed quality of service, grade of service, or class of service. 
     The disability-related information can include specific network and transmission requirements (e.g., a codec standard for transcoding communication messages, video refresh rate of the display device  224  during the communication, screen resolution of the display device  224  during the communication, degree of synchronization between video and audio streams during the communication, color and contrast of video during the communication, etc.), necessitated by the disability, identify the nature of the disability, identify the required configuration of the receiving endpoint (e.g., initiate automatically the TTY-on-IP adjunct such as implemented by Avaya Inc. in the version 2.0 release of Communication Manager™), and/or direct the communication to a specific communication device associated with the contactee that has the capabilities (e.g., an adequate display device  224 ) capable of satisfying the contactor&#39;s disability-related needs, etc.), the time-out periods for network resources (i.e., how long they will wait for an input from the user before terminating the connection), and the structures of the menus in automated attendant, IVR, and voicemail systems. The agent  324  may receive the disability information from a presence server  258  associated with the contactee a subscriber database associated with the contactor, and/or the internal memory  316  of the communication server or the communication device  416 . The user can have the information stored on a portable USB device that he simply plugs into the communication device to transmit the information. 
     The disability-related information can be included in a variety of different messages depending on the protocol. For example, in SIP the information can be included in the INVITE, TRYING, RINGING, ACK, and/or OK message. In RSVP, the information can be included in the PATH, RESV, PATHTEAR, PATHERR, and/or RESVCONF message. In H.323, the information can be included in the Caller Setup, Caller Proceeding, Alerting, Call Connected, Call Terminate, and/or Acknowledge message. The information can also be included in a DiffServ packet. 
     In packet-switched applications, the pertinent disability information can be included in a number of different packet locations. When the information involves network and transmission requirements, such as codec standard for transcoding, video refresh rate of the display device  224 , screen resolution of the display device  224 , and/or degree of synchronization (or the maximum acceptable delay) between video and audio streams, the requirements are included in the same packet locations as the information is currently located. For example, in SIP some of the information may be included in the Session Description Protocol or SDP fields. As will be appreciated, SDP fields include information, such as session name and purpose, time(s) the session is active, information about the bandwidth to be used by the session, contact information for the person responsible for the session, type of media (such as video and audio), transport protocol (such as RTP/UDP/IP and H.320), media format (such as H.261 video and MPEG video), multicast address and transport port for media, and remote address for media and transport port for contact address. In the ReserVation Protocol, some of the information may be included in the Flowspec, namely in the R-spec, which defines the QoS being requested and/or T-spec, which defines the traffic characteristics. When the information involves non-standard disability-related information, such as the type or nature of the disability and special needs of the disabled user, the information may be in the packet header and/or body, such as in an “other” information or “reserved” field. The information can be maintained in one or more proprietary fields to maintain user privacy and prevent the disability-related information, such as the type or nature of the disability, from being accessed by unauthorized individuals. It is preferably only revealed to the intermediate node or endpoint and not to users thereof. This may be desirable for example to comply with federal and/or state regulations, such as the patient privacy requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. 
     In circuit-switched applications, the disability-related information can be conveyed through distinctive sets of tones, such as by DTMF digits or by ANI II digits, and the like. 
     The disability-related information can be obtained in a variety of ways and at a variety of different times. First, the user can provide the information in response to a set of queries provided by the communication device/server. The provided disability can be mapped to a table of default transmission requirements for the provided disability to yield the transmission requirements for the communication session. In this configuration, the user can specify the extent of the impairment or respond to test protocols to ascertain the degree of the impairment. For example, for hearing impairment a series of tones of different frequencies and/or volumes can be played to the user and the user asked to indicate whether or not he heard each tone. For persons having mobility impairment, the individual can be requested to type a series of designated keys at differing keyboard locations to determine a time required by the user to operate a TTY or keyboard. This information can be used to appropriately set timeouts (such as for dialing a number, for dialing a digit (such as inter-digit timeout), and responding to a request), provide an ability to ignore inadvertent double-presses of a key, set a higher number of rings before a call proceeds to call coverage, set fewer menu choices on automated voice prompts, and/or automatically generate notification messages to the other endpoint to avoid premature termination of a contact. When the disability-related information is collected, the information can be mapped to a table to obtain appropriate transmission characteristics. The information can be provided by the user at the beginning of the communication or at some earlier time during device configuration. 
     The operation of the user configuration agent will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 2-6 . As will be appreciated in the subsequent discussion, the agent  324  may be implemented in the communication device and/or the communication server. For unintelligent communication devices, such as analog or digital desk phones, the agent  324  will be commonly located in the communication server  300 . For intelligent communication devices, such as PC&#39;s, laptops, and IP hardphones, the agent  324  is commonly located in the device itself. 
     In step  500 , the user, such as user  1  (or the first user) in  FIG. 2 , initiates a contact, such as by inputting a telephone number, IP address, or other type of electronic address. The contact may be circuit-switched or packet-switched. 
     In step  504 , the communication device  400  or server  300  receives the communication initiation request from the first user and invokes the agent  324 . 
     The agent  324 , in decision diamond  508 , determines whether or not the contactor and/or contactee have a disability or physical impairment requirement. This can be done by retrieving the user profile in internal memory  316 ,  416 , the database  236   b , and/or the presence server  258 . 
     If the first user has no disability or physical impairment requirement, the agent  324  permits the communication set-up to proceed in the normal or conventional manner in step  512 . 
     If the first user has a disability or physical impairment requirement, the agent  324 , in step  516 , retrieves the disability-related information and, in step  520 , determines the most demanding of the disability requirement(s) and the standard or default communication parameters to ensure that the required bandwidth and other network resources will be reserved (guaranteed) for the communication session. For example, the standard or default codec standard may be a G.729, which will distort the TTY tones in a circuit-switched or packet-switched application. Where the disability is hearing impaired and a TTY will be used by the first user, the requirement demanded for all intermediate nodes and each endpoint will be a codec standard of G.711. Moreover, the agent invokes the TTY application in the contacting communication device, which causes, for packet-switched communications, representations of the TTY tones to be packetized, and includes a request (in the call set-up message) to the contacted communication device to invoke the TTY application, which includes reconstructing the TTY tones. For a hearing impaired person who will use lip reading and an audio stream to conduct the communication or wishes to use sign language, the requirement demanded for all intermediate nodes and each endpoint is a bandwidth, packet priority, and/or display device configuration sufficient to satisfy a specified refresh rate, degree of synchronization, and/or screen resolution. Additionally, the proxy server  254  will select from among the contactee&#39;s (or user  2  (the second user)) numerous associated endpoints, that endpoint having a corresponding display device  224 , even if the number dialed by the first user is to a desk phone having no corresponding display device  224 . 
     In step  524 , the agent  324  generates and sends the call set-up message to the contacted endpoint and, in step  528 , continues with the completion of the communication. 
       FIG. 6  depicts the operations of an intermediate node, such as a router, that receives, in step  600 , the call set-up message from the agent  324 . In decision diamond  604 , the user configuration agent in the router (not shown) determines whether or not the communication has a special disability requirement. This is typically established by a flag or other indicator in the packet header. If the packet includes such an identifier, the agent, in step  608 , confirms that sufficient network resources (or bandwidth) is available for the communication and reserves the appropriate bandwidth notwithstanding the volume of other network traffic. This can include for video assigning to audio and video session packets the same DiffServ or RSVP values. If there is not sufficient resources available for the communication, the reservation is denied or the packet redirected to another communication path between the contacting and contacted communication devices. In an emergency call, the reservation is not denied but sufficient resources are removed from other traffic to establish the required communication path bandwidth and permit the communication to be forwarded to the next hop. If the packet does not include an identifier, the agent, in step  612 , processes the message in a manner consistent with the governing routing protocol. In step  616 , the packet is forwarded to the next hop. 
     The operation of the contacted communication device will now be discussed with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     When the call set-up message is received in step  700 , the contacted communication device or server invokes the agent  324 . The agent, in decision diamond  704 , determines from the packet whether a disability indicator is present. If not, the device/server, in step  708 , negotiates session parameters with the contacting device as determined by the governing protocol. If so, the agent, in step  712 , reconfigures the communication server/device and/or a peripheral associated therewith to implement the requested requirements and, in step  716 , invokes the appropriate application (such as the TTY or graphics application), and reserves the appropriate resource(s) (such as an auxiliary decoder). As noted, this may include directing the communication to one of the contactee&#39;s communication devices (other than the one to which the communication is addressed) that has the capabilities to comply with the requested parameters. In step  720 , the agent generates and sends a responsive call set-up message to the contacting communication device and, in step  724 , continues with completion of the communication. 
     A number of variations and modifications of the invention can be used. It would be possible to provide for some features of the invention without providing others. 
     For example in one alternative embodiment, the disability-related information can include mobility limitations, such as typing speed, to use for reconfiguration of an automated attendant or IVR. The automated attendant can be reconfigured to have a longer timeout period (for dialing a number, for responding to a request, for receiving a user response, and the like), have more rings before a call is terminated, a simpler menu structure to provide fewer options, and heuristics to detect and ignore inadvertent double-presses of a key. 
     In another alternative embodiment, a user&#39;s behavior is monitored to identify disability-related needs of the user. For example, the communication server can seamlessly monitor the interdigit period, the time to dial a seven-digit number, the number of rings before a call is answered, the volume level of the user&#39;s speaker and/or microphone, whether the user uses a TTY and for what type of communications, whether the user has a speech impairment that might require an automatic speech recognition resource to use a different set of modeling parameters, and the like. The learned information can be stored under the user&#39;s profile. 
     In another embodiment, the disability-related information is loaded by the communication server onto the user&#39;s communication device in a manner similar to the loading of a “cookie”. The loaded information is thereafter automatically included in the handshake messages exchanged as part of call set-up. 
     In another embodiment, the disabled user must be properly authenticated before the user configuration agent will be invoked. This avoids an unnecessary reservation of bandwidth for a party other than the disabled user who uses the disabled user&#39;s communication device. It also makes the device more functional for non-disabled users. 
     In another embodiment, the agent uses the contacted electronic address to determine whether or not special disabled requirements are appropriate. In this embodiment, a non-disabled user contacts a disabled user. The non-disabled user&#39;s configuration agent maps the inputted address against a table to determine whether the contactee is disabled and, if so, how the communication device and intermediate nodes should be configured to accommodate the unique disability requirements. The call set-up message transmitted from the contacting communication device includes the pertinent disability requirements. 
     In another embodiment, the agent is implemented as software, hardware (such as an logic circuit or ASIC), or a combination of the two. 
     The present invention, in various embodiments, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various embodiments, subcombinations, and subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the present invention after understanding the present disclosure. The present invention, in various embodiments, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various embodiments hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g. for improving performance, achieving ease and\or reducing cost of implementation. 
     The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the invention are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     Moreover though the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g. as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.