Abstract:
An electrographic development apparatus, particularly suited for single component developer, provides an electrographic imaging member mounted in a tensioned condition along the apparatus path in a manner causing a substantial normal force between that member and the opposing portion of a developer applicator. Drive transmission structure of the applicator and the image member maintains nominal member spacing and minimizes relative movement of the members to facilitate development under such biased relation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the development of electrographic images and more particularly to electrographic apparatus having an improved configuration for developing such images with single component developer. 
     2. Description of Prior Art 
     The use of an applicator member is a well known technique for developing an electrographic image member with dry toner particles. In general this technique involves the attracting of successive quantities of developer to the applicator and transporting the attracted developer into a transfer relation with successive portions of the image member. Magnetic brushes are a common form for such applicator members and usually have a cylindrical periphery on which developer is transported. Magnetic brushes are useful with single-component developer, wherein the toner is itself magnetic, and with multicomponent developers, wherein a magnetic carrier such as iron particles is utilized in mixture with the toner. 
     In most, if not all, development systems using applicator members, it is highly desirable to maintain certain nominal development conditions at the transfer interface, i.e., the zone between the developer and the image member. An important one of these nominal conditions is the spacial relation of the image member and the toner on the applicator; however, due to the dynamic nature of applicator development systems, a nominal spacial relation is quite difficult to maintain. If nominal spacing is not positively maintained, a temporary decrease in developer on the applicator can cause incomplete development. However, when nominal spacing is positively maintained, a temporary increase in developer on the applicator can cause image smearing and/or photoconductor abrasion. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,013,041 has disclosed an approach for alleviating these problems in plain paper copiers which have reusable image members. Specifically, the photoconductor is passed over the development zone in a slackened condition and under control of guide means so as to &#34;float&#34; with dynamic changes at the photoconductor-applicator interface. However, even more positive control of the spacing would be desirable. In copiers wherein the copy sheet is itself developed, another effective technique is available for maintaining the image member in contact with the developer. Specifically, the beam strength of the paper copy sheet is used to bias its image surface against the toner applicator. This approach is not readily available, however, in plain paper copiers of the type wherein the reusable image member must move repeatedly around a fixed copying path for development and transfer of successive toner images. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention pertains to the problems outlined above and provides an improved development structure for plain paper copiers, which is uniquely tailored for use with developer systems which do not require substantial relative velocities between the developer and the photoconductor, e.g., single-component developer systems. 
     Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide, in electrographic apparatus, improved configurations and techniques for maintaining nominal spacial relation between the image member and the developer. 
     The above and other objects and advantages are achieved according to the present invention by providing in such apparatus: (1) an image member having an imaging surface and a drive transmission portion that are movable along an operative path past a development station, (2) a toner applicator member having a toner transport surface and a drive transmission portion that are located in operative relation with said image member, (3) means for resiliently urging one of said image and applicator members toward the other and (4) means for driving one of said members. By this structural arrangement, a nominal spacial relation is positively maintained between the image member and applicator member and said surfaces move through said development zone with substantially zero relative velocity. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The subsequent description of preferred embodiments of the invention is made with reference to the attached drawings which form a part hereof and in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of electrographic apparatus which incorporates one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of portions of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3a is a partial cross-sectional view of apparatus shown in FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 3b is a view like FIG. 3a but showing an alternative embodiment of such structure; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of one exemplary drive means for use in the present invention; and 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an alternative drive means for use in the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown schematically an electrophotographic copier 10 in which the present invention is embodied. It is to be noted, however, that the present invention is not limited in application to this specific type of electrographic apparatus, but can be used advantageously in various other apparatus. 
     The apparatus 10 can utilize a belt-type image member 11, such as a photoconductor, and can comprise a corona charging sation 12 that places a uniform primary charge on the photoconductor, an exposure station 13 at which imagewise discharge of the photoconductor is effected, a development station 14 where toner particles are applied by magnetic brush 30 to the latent electrostatic image, a transfer station 15 where the toner image is transferred to paper, fed from supply 16, and a fixing station 17 where the toner image is affixed to the copy sheet. The stationary original to be copied can be exposed upon the photoconductor by moving a catadioptic lens and mirror system 20 so that successive strip portions are illluminated by lamp assembly 19 and projected onto successive strip portions of the stationary photoconductor 11. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3a, as well as FIG. 1, it will be noted that the photoconductor 11 has a series of sprocket holes 22 along the edge portion and that the photoconductor is urged into contact with magnetic brush 30 by a spring 24 which biases the photoconductor supply roller 25 to tension the photoconductor. The photoconductor supply and take-up rollers 25 and 26 can be of a &#34;window shade&#34; type, having spring bias in the directions shown by the arrows in FIG. 1. The details of rollers 25 and 26 are not illustrated but they can be of conventional construction, e.g., such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,807,854; 3,843,252 or 3,861,613. With this arrangement, image area(s) of the photoconductor 11 can be translated past the electrographic stations of the apparatus 10 and returned for subsequent use. 
     In general, the machine configuration shown in FIG. 1 is not critical to the invention. Other photoconductor transport systems, e.g., an endless photoconductor belt system, can be utilized. However, in accordance with one desirable feature of the present invention, the belt transport system is configured so that the photoconductor is urged toward the toner applicator, preferably by a precisely controlled resilient force. In the illustrated embodiment this is accomplished, utilizing a component of spring force F, by locating a constraint roller 27 below the direction of force F. By this arrangement the tension force on the photoconductor provides a downward force component N between applicator 30 and photoconductor 11. An equivalent result can be obtained by many other configurations, e.g., by locating roller 27 directly along the direction of tension force F and shifting the location of the applicator upwardly. In another alternative geometry the spring force F could be omitted on the photoconductor and separate means provided for resiliently urging magnetic brush 30 toward the photoconductor. 
     Referring particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2, another desirable feature of the present invention can be noted. It has been found advantageous for the photoconductor to be provided a degree of freedom to flex torsionally (i.e., to twist slightly about an axis parallel to its length); this allows the photoconductor portion over the applicator to tilt about such axis, e.g., in response to transverse thickness variations of the toner nap. This can be accomplished by locating one end constraint a substantial distance from the zone of contact with brush 30 and/or by mounting a supply or take-up roller to facilitate this movement (e.g., such as with yoke 29 which can rotate on such a parallel axis). Having described several preferred arrangements for mounting image members according to the present invention, exemplary configurations of toner applicators which cooperate therewith are next described below. 
     Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3a it can be seen that magnetic brush 30 comprises a thin cylindrical outer shell 31 constructed, e.g., from aluminum or other non-magnetic material, and mounted for rotation around an inner core 32. The inner core can be formed of iron or other ferromagnetic material and is provided with a series of permanent strips, e.g., rubber-bonded barium ferrite strips, located around its periphery. The inner core 32 also can be mounted for rotation about its central axis, independently from outer shell 31. One means for facilitating such independent rotation can be seen in FIG. 3a and comprises bearing rings 35 supporting the two cylinders in spaced relation. Shaft 36 provides drive directly to inner core 32 and, via drive transmission elements 37-42, also to the opposite end of the outer shell 31. Thus the core 32 and outer shell can be driven at different, predetermined speeds. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3a the ends of outer shell 31 are provided with sprocket or gear teeth located around their periphery so as to mesh in drive transmission relation with the sprocket holes 22 formed along the edges of photoconductor 11. The purpose of such drive transmission structure will become clear in consideration of the subsequent description of the operation of electrographic apparatus 10. 
     Thus, at the commencement of a copy cycle an uncharged image area I of the photoconductor is located with its right edge (as viewed in FIG. 1) adjacent the charging station 12. The charging station 12 and exposure elements 20 are coupled for synchronous leftward movement so that the image area first will receive a uniform electrostatic charge and then be imagewise discharged during exposure at station 13. To develop the resulting electrostatic latent image the images will next be moved over development station 30. During the copy cycle the outer shell 31 and inner core 32 of the magnetic brush are rotated clockwise by drive to shaft 36. As previously described, the photoconductor is urged toward the outer shell 31 by a component of tension force F. The photoconductor thus rests in firm engagement with the outer shell 31 under positive positioning dictated by cooperation of teeth 50 with sprocket holes 22. 
     The above-described result can be effected, for example as shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, by utilizing the rotation of outer shell 31 to advance the photoconductor during the imaging cycle. Thus reversible motor 60 rotates the outer shell 31 which in turn drives the photoconductor, against the opposing spring force of supply roller 25, by the cooperation of teeth 50 and sprocket holes 22. In this mode, the motor 60 also rotates inner core 32, desirably at a predetermined rate that will provide the desired nap thickness in the development zone. 
     A predetermined spaced relation is thus maintained between the image area of the photoconductor and the toner-bearing surface of outer shell 31; and, as toner is fed into the gap between the image area and the outer shell, a controlled forced contact is provided between the image area and the toner. The forced contact is compliant and highly controllable. This feature allows positive control of the photoconductor to toner spacing parameter; however, the viability of this feature is based on the fact that minimal or no relative velocity exists between the developing section of outer shell 31 and the photoconductor portion that is being developed. Should any substantial relative velocity exist, adverse effects would occur by virtue of the resulting toner movements. First a rollback of toner would occur at the gap entrance causing surface irregularities across the brush nap. Second, strong mechanical forces would be exerted between the toner and photoconductor in the gap, resulting in abrasion to the photoconductor and image smearing. As can be seen the above disclosed embodiment avoids such adverse effects, yet retains the desirable forced contact between photoconductor and toner, because the outer shell 31 drives the photoconductor 11, assuring a minimum relative velocity through the development zone. 
     After completion of an image cycle motor 60 is reversed and the photoconductor is driven back toward supply roller 25 against the spring force of take-up roller 26. A conventional one-way clutch mechanism is used to effect disengagement of core 32 during such reverse movement of the photoconductor. 
     It will be appreciated that various modifications of the above-described apparatus can be implemented in accordance with the present invention. For example, the disclosed sprocket or gear drive between the outer shell and the photoconductor could be replaced by other equivalent devices, e.g., friction or magnetic drives. Also, the photoconductor could be the driving element rather than the outer shell. In this regard, note FIG. 4, where the reversible motor 70 operates alternately on supply and take-up rollers 25 and 26. 
     Referring to FIG. 3b it can be seen that shell 31 can be provided with a shoulder 31a to positively locate the photoconductor, if, e.g., the desired photoconductor to toner spacing were not zero. This function could also be provided by proper gear tooth profile in regard to the hole size in the photoconductor. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.