Abstract:
A method to replace natural gas with vaporized fuel oil is disclosed. The method, in general, is mixing the fuel oil with a diluent, such as steam, then vaporizing a portion of the mixed fuel oil in a vaporizer, then separating the liquid from the vapor, then maintaining the vapor at from about 50° to 300° F. above the dew point of the mixed vapor and diluent and preferably maintaining the pressure of the mixed vapor and diluent at about 75 to 150 psig, above the pressure downstream of a valve controlling flow of the vapor mixed with diluent, and burning the vapor in a burner designed for natural gas without major modifications to the burner. The temperature and pressure can be maintained by heat from the vaporizer or by adding heat from a superheater.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method to modify and vaporize liquid hydrocarbons so that they may be burned in a conventional gas burner, more particularly, the method is to mix fuel oil with diluent, such as steam, partially vaporize the fuel oil, separate out liquid, superheat the vapor and burn it in a burner designed for natural gas without major modifications to the burner. 
     This invention is an improvement on the invention in copending application Ser. No. 758,586, of even date, which in turn is a continuation-part application of application Ser. No. 549,641, filed Feb. 13, 1975, now abandoned, hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The general concept of mixing oil and steam to vaporize, and subsequently superheating the mixture, the burning it, is very old as shown in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 10,699 (1886); U.S. Pat. No. 1,719,397 (1929); and U.S. Pat. No. 1,971,846 (1934). 
     Also, the general concept of separating liquid from vapor in the effluent of a vaporizer with recirculation of a portion of a separator bottoms to the vaporizer, and with another portion of the separator bottoms drawn off, is old as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 1,842,320 (1932) and U.S. Pat. No. 2,799,628 (1957). 
     The concept of mixing a diluent gas into a vaporized oil is also disclosed in the prior art such as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,561,895 and in U.S. Pat. No. 1,958,671. 
     Flashing of liquid (not vapor) oil is known, see U.S. Pat. No. 2,067,940. 
     It is disclosed in many patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,291,191 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,885,904, mixing oil vapor with air and/or products of oil combustion prior to the burner in order to use normally liquid fuel in conventional gas burners. This explosive mixture is not part of the inventive concept of this patent application. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,934 the concept of warming the air for combustion with warm water to be cooled by means for evaporative cooling such as a cooling tower is disclosed. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 3,049,168 the disclosure is limited to simultaneous burning of two fuels from two separate burners, one for each fuel. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,561,895 discloses feeding fuels of different molecular weights to a burner having constant air flow. This patent discloses the steps of determining the variations and density of the second fuel and adjusting the temperature of the second fuel to equalize the density of the second fuel with the first so as to maintain constant air flow at the burner even through fuels are changed. U.S. Pat. No. 3,291,191 discloses a method of operating a gas burner in interruptable service. The method is (a) terminating the flow of gas, (b) supplying a light petroleum hydrocarbon, (c) mixing the hydrocarbon with air and burning the hydrocarbon. The light hydrocarbon must have an end boiling point not exceeding about 450° F. U.S. Pat. No. 3,285,320 has a disclosure limited to a control system which varies the flow of the fuel in accordance with the specific gravity or varies the flow with the specific gravity plus the Btu value. 
     The prior art also teaches the use of steam to atomize oil such as in U.S. Pat. No. 1,766,243 or U.S. Pat. No. 132,440 (1872). The latter patent also superheats the atomized or vaporized oil. For purposes of this patent application, vaporization shall mean changing the liquid fuel oil to a vapor, not merely physically breaking it up into droplets or a fog such as disclosed in the &#34;atomizing&#34; prior art. 
     The following U.S. Pat. Nos. are of some interest: 
     
         ______________________________________3,897,194   3,614,282      2,070,2093,885,904   3,463,599      1,987,4003,850,569   3,236,281      1,843,7573,876,363   3,159,345      1,337,1443,808,795   3,107,719      1,158,6873,749,318   2,975,594      1,466,2503,672,808   2,972,0583,649,230   2,866,602______________________________________ 
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is essential that vaporized fuel oil mixtures be supplied to the burner fuel headers at a controlled pressure and temperature. Both pressure and temperature must be maintained within specific limits to insure optimum burner flame characteristics and to permit regulation of the fuel flow or heat input to the furnace or heater being fired. 
     Also, the vaporized fuel mixtures must be superheated sufficiently so that no hydrocarbon is condensed in the fuel header. Liquids cause incomplete combustion, sparking and yellow streaks in the flame. 
     These problems of poor burner flame characteristics are overcome by the operating parameters of this invention. 
     One aspect of this invention is a method to replace natural gas with vaporized fuel oil for burning in a natural gas burner without major modifications to the burner. The method comprises mixing fuel oil with a gaseous diluent, then vaporizing a portion of the fuel oil in the mixture of fuel oil and diluent in a vaporizer, then separating the vapor portion from the liquid portion of the partially vaporized fuel oil as overhead effluent vapor in the separator and maintaining this vapor at a high temperature and pressure with heat from the vaporizer, while controlling the temperature, pressure and/or flow rates of the mixing, vaporizing and separating. 
     In this mode of operation the mixture of diluted vaporized fuel oil is maintained at high temperature and pressure by the heat of the vaporizer and &#34;flashed&#34; across the valve controlling the flow of the separator overhead vapor to a lower temperature and pressure before it is burned. 
     In this mode of operation it is preferable to maintain the vaporized fuel and diluent exiting the vaporizer at a temperature of between about 50° to 300° F. above the dewpoint of the mixture and maintaining the separation and vaporization at a pressure of between about 75-150 psig, above the pressure downstream of the valve controlling the separator overhead. More preferably, this pressure is 100-150 psig. This mixture is then burned in the burner. 
     In another mode, the method uses superheating of the overhead effluent from the separator. This method is also to replace natural gas with vaporized fuel oil for burning in at least one natural gas burner, without major modifications to the burner. This method comprises mixing fuel oil with a gaseous diluent, then vaporizing a portion of the fuel oil in the mixture of fuel oil and diluent in a vaporizer, then separating the vapor portion from the liquid portion of the partially vaporized fuel oil as overhead effluent in a separator, then superheating the overhead effluent from the separator, while controlling the temperature, pressure and/or flow rates of the mixing, vaporizing, separating and superheating. 
     Preferably, the superheating is carried out to heat the overhead effluent from the separator to a temperature of between about 50° to 300° F. of the dewpoint above the overhead effluent from the superheater. This overhead effluent is the mixture of diluted fuel oil vapor which is then burned in the burner. Even more preferably for both above modes, the temperature is between about 100° to 275° F. above the dewpoint. Preferably, the superheating takes place at a pressure of between about 15 to 85 psig. Also, the pressure downstream of the valve automatically controlling the flow of the superheater overhead is preferably steady at a value of between about 5 and 80 psig, and more preferably 2 to 60 psig. 
     It is preferred that the valve automatically controlling the flow of the superheater overhead is controlled by a flow recorder-controller set to sense and automatically control the flow. 
     In a preferred embodiment the diluent is also superheated before being added to the fuel oil. Superheating is preferably accomplished by heat exchange with waste heat from the vaporizer, and even more preferably, the vaporizing is accomplished by burning a fuel and heat exchange is accomplished by passing hot combustion gases from the burning to heat the vaporizer across the heat exchanger. This heat exchanger can be located as a coil in the vaporizer exhaust stack. Preferably, the heat exchanger is a coil disposed within or around a cylinder in the exhaust stack of the vaporizer and the cylinder has an internal damper automatically controlling the temperature of the superheated diluent by sensing its temperature with a temperature controller which automatically opens and closes the damper. 
     The preferable diluent is selected from the group consisting of steam, natural gas, purge gas, low Btu fuel gas, and mixtures thereof, and most preferred is steam. 
     Also, the combustion air supplied to the natural gas burner is preferably preheated in both modes of operation. This preheating can be accomplished by heat exchange with waste heat, preferably from combustion gases from a burned fuel. Even more preferably, the combustion gases are flue gases from the former natural gas burner. 
     It is preferable that at least a portion of the separator bottoms is drawn off (blowdown) to storage in order to remove nonvaporized accumulated metals and sulfur impurities from the fuel oil being fed to the vaporizer. This is true for both of the above modes of operation. Also, a preferable embodiment is wherein in addition to the separator bottoms being drawn off to storage another portion of the separator bottoms is recycled to pass through the vaporizer. Since the fuel oil is only partially vaporized, either blowdown or recirculation or both is essential in order to accommodate the liquid accumulating in the separator. 
     In a broad aspect, the apparatus of this invention is an apparatus to replace natural gas with vaporized fuel oil, whereby the fuel oil is mixed with a gaseous diluent and partially vaporized to burn in at least one natural gas burner without major modifications to the burner. The apparatus comprises an oil vaporizer, a gas liquid separator, a source of fuel oil under pressure, a source of diluent under pressure, a source of heat for the vaporizer, and a control system to control the temperature, pressure and/or flow rates into and out of the vaporizer and the separator. The fuel oil and diluent are admixed and introduced into the vaporizer, the effluent from the vaporizer is introduced to the separator, and the overhead effluent to the separator is burned in the former natural gas burner. 
     In another aspect using a superheater, the apparatus of this invention is an apparatus to replace natural gas with vaporized fuel oil, whereby the fuel oil is mixed with a gaseous diluent and partially vaporized to burn in at least one natural gas burner without major modifications to the burner. The apparatus comprises a source of fuel oil under pressure, a source of diluent under pressure, an oil vaporizer, a gas-liquid separator, a vaporizer effluent superheater, a source of heat for the vaporizer, a source of heat for the superheater and a control system to control the temperature, pressure and/or flow rates into and out of the vaporizer, separator and superheater. The fuel oil and diluent are admixed and introduced into the vaporizer with the effluent from the vaporizer being introduced into the separator, the overhead effluent vapor from the separator being introduced into the superheater and the effluent from the superheater being burned in the burner. 
     In another preferred embodiment the apparatus also comprises a diluent superheater. The diluents are preferably selected from the group consisting of steam, natural gas, purge gas, low Btu fuel gas, and mixtures thereof, and most preferably, steam. 
     It is preferred to preheat the combustion air to the natural gas burner with a preheater. This is true with both of the above embodiments. 
     The critical temperature and pressure in the vaporizer, separator, and/or superheater and fuel header to the burners is set out in the following aspects of this invention. In a broad aspect, this invention is a method to replace natural gas with vaporized fuel oil for burning in at least one natural gas burner without major modifications to the burner. The method comprises mixing fuel oil with a gaseous diluent, then vaporizing a portion of the fuel oil in the mixture of fuel oil and diluent in a vaporizer, then separating the vapor portion from the liquid portion of the partially vaporized fuel oil as overhead effluent in a separator, with the overhead effluent being maintained at about 50° to 300° F. above the dewpoint of the mixed vapor and diluent, and being maintained at about 75 to 150 psig above the pressure downstream of the valve controlling the flow of the overhead effluent to the burner, i.e., the fuel header to the burners while controlling the temperature, pressure and/or flow rates of the mixing, vaporizing and separating. Preferably, the temperature is maintained at about 100°-275°  F. above the dewpoint of the mixture and the pressure is about 100-150 psig above the pressure downstream of the valve. 
     In the final aspect, this invention is a method to replace natural gas with vaporized fuel oil for burning in at least one natural gas burner without major modifications to the burner. This method comprises mixing fuel oil with a gaseous diluent, then vaporizing a portion of the fuel oil in a mixture of fuel oil and diluent in a vaporizer, then separating the vapor portion from the liquid portion of the partially vaporized fuel oil as overhead effluent in a separator, then superheating the overhead effluent from the separator, and maintaining the temperature of the superheater effluent at between about 50°-300° F. above the dewpoint of the superheater effluent, while controlling the temperature, pressure, and/or flow rates of the mixing, vaporizing, separating and superheating. The preferred temperature is about 100°-275° F. above the dewpoint of the mixture. The preferred pressure of the superheater effluent is from about 2 to about 60 psig above the pressure downstream of the valve controlling the flow of the superheater effluent to the burner. 
     The preferred pressure in the fuel header to the burners, i.e., downstream of the valve controlling flow of the superheater effluent or the separator effluent is between about 10 to 70 psig. 
     By properly controlling the temperature, pressure, and flow rates with and in the apparatus of this invention, fuel oil may be diluted, vaporized, and burned in a natural gas burner, without major modifications to the burner, to achieve a clear, blue, uniform, flame, similar in characteristics to a natural gas flame. The actual temperature, pressure and flow conditions to achieve a good flame will necessarily vary with the heat load required, the type of burner used, the type of furnace being fired, i.e., downdraft, radiant wall, etc., the particular characteristics of the fuel and diluent and many other variables. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic showing the apparatus of this invention and illustrating the method. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic of the vaporizer of this invention, showing the preferred embodiment of the steam superheater in the stack thereof. 
     FIG. 3 shows the apparatus and illustrates the method for preheating the combustion air to the burners. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic showing the apparatus and illustrating the method of flashing the vapor into the fuel header to the burners without the use of a superheater. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Like numbers reference like elements in all the drawings. 
     In FIG. 1, the main elements of the schematic of the apparatus and flow sheet are a source of fuel oil A, a steam source B, natural gas source C, source of purge gas or low Btu fuel gas D, the vaporizer 10, separator 15, and superheater 20. Fuel oil from fuel oil source A flows through line 1 to pump 2 and further through line 1 to be heated by heat exchanger 3, and combined with separator 15 bottoms through line 4, combined fresh fuel oil and separator bottoms then flow through line 5 to be pumped by pump 5a through line 5 to vaporizer feed header 9. Also, steam from a supply of steam under pressure from steam source B flows through line 6 to vaporizer fuel header 9. Additionally, or alternatively, a supply of natural gas under pressure from natural gas source C flows through line 7 to vaporizer feed header 9 and/or a flow of purge gas or low Btu fuel gas under pressure flows from its source D through line 8 into vaporizer feed header 9. Then the fuel oil in the mixture of fuel oil with diluent from source B, C and/or D, preferably steam, is partially vaporized in vaporizer 10 by heat furnished from a source of heat, such as burner 10a, burning fuel oil through line 14. The combustion gases from vaporizer 10 pass through vaporizer exhaust stack 33 and vaporizer flue gas line 17 to waste heat boiler 30. The heat from burner 10a partially vaporizes the fuel oil in the vaporizer coil 31, then the vaporizer effluent passes through line 11 to separator 15. The heat input to vaporizer 10 is controlled by pressure controller 12 automatically controlling valve 13 in fuel line 14 to burner 10a. The liquid portion of vaporizer effluent from line 11 is separated out in separator 15 and flows through line 4 to be recycled back to vaporizer 10 and also flows through line 29 as blowdown to storage. This blowdown to storage through line 29 removes the accumulated nonvaporized metal and sulfur impurities. The overhead effluent vapor from separator 15 flows through line 16 to superheater 20. Superheater 20 also has a source of heat such as burner 20a fueled by fuel oil through line 19. Burner 20a heats the separator effluent in superheater 20 by heating coils 32. Combustion gases from superheater pass through superheater stack 34 and superheater flue gas line 18 to waste heat boiler 30. The superheated vapor effluent from coil 32 passes through effluent line 21 and on to natural gas burners shown in FIG. 3 through line 21a, the fuel header to the burners. The flow of vaporized fuel oil through line 21 is controlled by vaporized fuel oil valve 27 which is automatically controlled by the flow recorder controller 28. The heat input to the superheater is controlled by temperature controller 22 automatically controlling valve 35 in fuel oil line 19 to burner 20a. The flow of original fuel oil from source A through line 1 is controlled by liquid level controller 23 sensing the liquid level in separator 15 and automatically controlling fuel oil supply valve 24. The flow of steam from source B through line 6 is controlled by ratio flow controller 25 automatically controlling valve 26. Ratio flow controller 25 senses the flow of both the fuel oil and the steam to vaporizer feed header 9. The flow of steam through line 6 is controlled to a set ratio of the flow of fuel oil through line 1. 
     In FIG. 2, the preferred embodiment is shown whereby the diluent, such as steam, is preheated. Specifically, steam from line 6 is fed through line 36 to steam superheater coil 38 in stack 33 of vaporizer 10. The superheated steam exits coil 38 through line 37 to return to line 6 which conveys the superheated steam to vaporizer feed header 9 which also receives fuel oil from line 5. Here again, as in FIG. 1, the oil and steam mixture passes through vaporizer 10 through coil 31 and exits through line 11 with the oil partially vaporized. Burner 10a, furnished fuel through fuel oil line 14 makes combustion gases which pass through stack 33 to heat steam superheater coil 38. These combustion gases pass through vaporizer flue gas line 17. Superheater coil 38 surrounds the outer diameter of steam superheater cylinder 39. The flow of combustion gases through stack 33 to heat coil 38 is controlled by steam superheater cylinder damper 40 and vaporizer exhaust damper 41. The amount of hot combustion gases from burner 10a passing over coils 38 can be controlled by opening and closing steam superheater cylinder damper 40. This damper 40 can be controlled by temperature controller 40b on steam superheater line 37 which automatically controls with damper controller 40a. When damper 40 is open more hot gases pass inside cylinder 39 and thus do not heat coil 38. When the temperature of superheated steam in line 37 falls slightly below the control point, the temperature controller 40b calls for damper controller 40a to close damper 40, thus forcing more hot gases outside the cylinder to heat coil 38. Coil 38 could be disposed internally in cylinder 39; in that case the damper would control the opposite way. 
     FIG. 3 shows another preferred embodiment of apparatus and method for preheating combustion air to the burners. Burners 47 are fed the heated combustion air through line 53a and the vaporized fuel oil with diluent through line 21a. Air enters the system through intake screen 51 in air intake line 45. Blower 46 blows air through heat exchanger 44, heated by steam through line 42 and exiting line 43. Temperature of the air in line 53 is controlled by temperature indicator controller 55 which automatically controls valve 52 in steam line 42 which furnishes heat to heat exchanger 44. Also, a major source of heat to heat combustion air is the rotating cylinder type gas to gas exchanger 49 in air line 53. This rotating cylinder type heat exchanger 49, can be the Ljungstrom type manufactured by Air Preheater Company. The source of heat is the hot gases in line 50 which can be hot flue gases from any convenient source. These hot flue gases in line 50 heat the rotating cylinder while it is passing through line 50. The rotating cylinder then rotates into line 53 powered by motor 48 and heats the air in line 53. The heater air then passes through line 53a to burner 47. Blower 46 is controlled by pressure indicator controller 56 in heated air line 53a which automatically controls blower damper controller 54. 
     In FIG. 4 the showing of the schematic describing the apparatus and illustrating the method of this invention is the same as in FIG. 1 with like numbers referencing like apparatus. However, in this embodiment the superheater is omitted and the overhead effluent vapor from separator 15 flows through line 16 to be &#34;flashed&#34; across control valve 27 into fuel header line 21a. This &#34;flash&#34; embodiment is possible by using higher temperatures and pressures in the vapor system in lines 11, 16 and the overhead of separator 15. The increased heat is supplied by vaporizer 10 and pressure is controlled at a higher level by setting pressure control 12 at a higher level, thereby actuating valve 13 in fuel line 14 to burner 10a, until a steady state condition at higher temperature and pressure is achieved. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples will further amplify the preferred embodiments of this invention. The runs were accomplished in a radiant wall reformer with a special pilot rig. 
     In Table A typical flow rates, temperatures, pressures and ratios are given for various operating parameters and conditions. In Table B the run numbers are described by the general mode of parameter being demonstrated. 
     
         TABLE A  Run Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20   Number of Burners 6 6 6 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Size of Burner Spud, MTD No. 30 30 30 30 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Oil Flow to Vaporizer, gpm .4 .4 .44 .4 .54 .38 .38 .38 .32 .32 .26 .27 .29 .32 .27 .19 .13 .26 .23 .19 Heat Release, Million  BTU/hr/burner .53 .53 .53 .63 .6 .5 .5 .5 .42 .42 .42 .42 .42 .51 .43 .42 .42 .42 .51 .41  From No. 2 Fuel Oil .53 .53 .33 .63 .6 .5 .5 .5 .42 .42 .34 .35 .38 .42 .36 .25 .18 .34 .30 .25   % of Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 81 84.5 90.2 83.2 82.9 59.5 42.9 81 59.9 60.9 From Gas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .08 .07 .04 .09 .07 .17 .24 .08 .21 .16   % of Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 15.5 9.8 16.8 17 40.5 57.1 19 40.1 39.1 Steam Pressure, psig 143 143 146 211 132 141 141 144 145 145 147 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Steam Temperature, ° F. 720 770 710 745 525 760 920 630 655 680 560 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Steam to Oil Ratio, lb./lb. .34 .34 .28 .39 .43 .59 .48 .38 .41 .53 .3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Temperature at Burner, ° F. 705 734 752 670 734 716 716 704 704 730 730 750 726 688 708 723 728 723 708 704 Pressure at Burner, psig 42 38 38 42 47 39 31 21 21 26 20 20 15 31 27 18 22 8 21 15 TEMPERATURES ° F.  Inlet Vaporizer 295 295 275 350 315 290 280 260 260 275 220 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  Outlet Vaporizer 555 540 550 535 580 560 565 510 570 510 500 560 520 520 525 525 570 565 565 565  Inlet Superheater 480 460 470 410 505 420 420 420 410 425 405 405 405 400 385 390 390 415 385 365  Outlet Superheater 695 745 740 740 800 820 830 755 810 775 755 750 840 795 705 780 810 835 805 775 PRESSURES, PSIG  Steam Header 154 155 155 221 133 151 151 154 155 152 147 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Inlet Vaporizer 72 66 59 185 77 59 52 39 37 42 37 36 26 52 41 30 38 18 33 28  Outlet Vaporizer 56 53 51 172 76 50 42 32 30 36 31 29 20 43 33 23 30 14 27 22  Inlet Superheater 49 42 40 44 -- 37 30 21 18 24 22 22 18 30 21 22 23 -- -- --  Outlet Superheater 42 40 35 38 53 35 29 20 17 24 20 20 15 28 20 22 21 -- 26 22 Blowdown, % 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 3.5 3.5 2- 2- 2- 3.5 3.5       5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5   5 5 5 Recircula tion Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Vaporization, % &lt;97 &lt;97 &lt;97 &lt;97 98 95- 95- 95- 95- 95- 95- 95- 95- &lt;97 &lt;97 95- 95- 95- &lt;97 &lt;97       98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98   98 98 98 Flame Characteristics* G VG G G G VG VG G G VG G VG G G G VG VG G G G *G - Good VG - Very Good 
    
     
                                           TABLE B__________________________________________________________________________Run No.Description__________________________________________________________________________ 1   Typical operation of embodiment of FIG. 1 low steam/oil                                  3.5%o. 2   Typical operation of embodiment of FIG. 1 low steam/oil                                  blowdown 3   Typical operation of embodiment of FIG. 1 low steam/oil                                  witho. 4   Typical operation of embodiment of FIG. 4 medium steam/oil                                  recirculation 5   Typical high percent vaporization, 2% blowdown, no recirculation,medium oil/steam ratio. 6   Typical high temperature at superheater and burner, 2-5% blowdown,no recirculation,high steam/oil ratio. 7   Typical high temperature at superheater and burner, 2-5% blowdown,no recirculation,high steam/oil ratio. 8   Typical medium temperature at superheater and burner, 2-5% blowdown,norecirculation, medium steam/oil ratio. 9   Typical high temperature at superheater and burner, low pressuresuperheater andburner, medium steam/oil ratio.10   Typical medium temperature at superheater and burner, low pressuresuperheaterand burner, high steam/oil ratio.11   Steam and gas and oil operation, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation.12   No steam, oil and purge gas, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation, 84%heat from fuel oil.13   No steam, oil and purge gas, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation, 90%heat from fuel oil.14   No steam, purge gas operation, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation.15   No steam, purge gas operation, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation.16   No steam, oil and natural gas, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation, 60%heat fromfuel oil.17   No steam, oil and natural gas, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation, 43%heat fromfuel oil.18   No steam, oil and natural gas, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation, 81%heat fromfuel oil.19   No steam, natural gas operation, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation.20   No steam, natural gas operation, 2-5% blowdown, no recirculation,and low pressureat superheater and burner.__________________________________________________________________________ Run numbers 11 to 20 uses a gas as diluent. Run numbers 12 to 20 uses no steam as diluent. Run numbers 11 and 16 to 20 uses natural gas. Run numbers 12 to 15 uses purge gas. All runs are made in a radiant wall reformer heater, with burners originally designed for natural gas. In order to overcome ambient (14° F. and lower) winter temperatures, electric current is passed through the metal of the burner header piping to cause impedance heating, set at 750° F. 
    
     The following Tables C to F are runs using the embodiment with a superheater and to demonstrate as noted on the tables. Although at certain times the forced air system formerly used for the gas burner caused insufficient oxygen the runs in general successfully proved the operability of the process. Those runs wherein a bad flame was obtained are omitted, whether for insufficient air or other reasons. These runs were accomplished in a portion of a terraced wall reformer with a special pilot rig. 
     
                                           TABLE C__________________________________________________________________________20% PURGE GAS TESTS    ConditionsTest    MM BTU per burner          Gas    Steam                     Oil          %     BurnerNo. Special Condition          scfh             lb./hr.                 lb./hr.                     gpm                        lb./hr.                            Steam Oil                                  Vaporized                                        psig                                           ° F                                               Flame__________________________________________________________________________3-11-1    2.40/Burner          3093             84.4                 0   .49                        207 --    97.6  21 695 ok    Normal Rate                                     Good 6-7&#34; off wall3-12-1    1.02       1257             34.3                 0   .21                         89 --    98.0   4 735 ok    Minimum Rate                                    1&#34; high, clear                                               yellow3-12-4    2.39       3093             84.4                 0   .54                        228 --    88.2  19 760 ok                                               5-6&#34; up, clear                                               yellow3-25-2    1.81       2900             79.2                 0   .46                        194 --    98.0  15 695 ok    New Burner                         est.         5-6&#34; yellow and                                               blue4-1-4    2.06       2900             79.2                 --  .40                        169 --    100.0 13 710 Good                                               short blue flame4-1-5    1.98       2900             79.2                 37  .40                        169 .22   94.3  16 720 ok    With steam                                      No flashes                                               short blue__________________________________________________________________________                                               flame 
    
     
                                           TABLE D__________________________________________________________________________10% PURGE GAS TESTSConditionsMM BTU per Burner           Gas    Steam                      Oil    Steam/     BurnerTest No.Special Condition           scfh              lb./hr.                  lb./hr.                      gpm                         lb./hr.                             Oil % Vaporized                                        psig                                           ° F                                               Flame__________________________________________________________________________3-11-32.00       1547              42.2                  23  .55                         233.0                             .10 80.2   12 725 okWith steam                                     3-4&#34; yellow,                                               flickering 8-10&#34;3-11-62.03       1835              50.1                  23  .63                         267.0                             .09 69.5   13 690 okModerate with                                  6-7&#34; yellowsteam3-11-72.00       1835              50.1                  33  .63                         267.0                             .12 71.4   18 720 okHigh rate                                      6-7&#34; yellow,with steam                                     flickering3-12-2.99         579              15.8                  --  .23                          97.6                             --  98.0    2 735 okLow Rate                         est.          -1&#34;, stiff yellow3-12-3.79         579              15.8                  28  .23                          97.6                             .29 98.0   10 760 okLow Rate with                    est.          -1&#34;, blueSteam3-12-82.25       1547              42.2                  27  .61                         259.0                             .10 82.6   18 710 okNormal temperature                             5-6&#34; stiff yellow3-25-12.24       1451              39.6                  33  .52                         221.0                             .15 97.0   12 662 okDemonstration                    est.3-25-42.17       1451              39.6                  23  .52                         221 .10 94.0   10 685 okSteam maximum                    est.          4-6&#34; blue with                                               yellow top3-29-12.07       1451              39.6                  33  .52                         221 .14 89.0    9 708 okCheck blowdown                                 4-6&#34; yellow,                                               flashes to 10&#34;3-29-22.26       1451              39.6                  33  .52                         221 .14 98.2   10 700 okFine 5% blowdown                               6-7&#34; yellow, much                                               flashing3-29-32.12       1451              39.6                  33  .52                         221 .14 91.4   10 755 ok                                               4-6&#34; yellow3-29-42.15       1451              39.6                  33  .52                         221 .14 92.8   10 758 ok                                               4-6&#34; yellow3-29-52.09       1451              39.6                  33  .52                         221 .14 90.0   10 760 ok                                 est.          5-7&#34; yellow3-29-62.12       1451              39.6                  33  .52                         221 .14 91.4   10 760 ok                                               5-7&#34; yellow3-30-5A2.28       1451              39.6                  25  .52                         221 .11 99.0   14 785 okLow steam                                      2-3&#34; clear,                                               yellow to white3-31-11.99       1256              34.3                  23  .48                         204 .11 93.9   11 740 okTurndown                                       4-6&#34; yellow, flashes3-31-21.61        967              26.4                  29  .39                         165 .18 94.3    7 740 ok                                               3-4&#34; yellow, flashes3-31-31.06        579              15.8                  .25 106                         .28 97.6                                  4     720                                           ok                                               1-2&#34; yellow, flashes4-1-12.19       1451              39.6                  36  .52                         221 .16 95.0   13 705 okContinuous test                                3-4 &#34; blue and                                               yellow4-1-22.22       1451              39.6                  36  .52                         221 .16 96.0   13 720 ok                                               3-4&#34; blue with                                               yellowAverage of 107 Hour Test:1.95 MM BTUH/ Burner           1547              42.2                  36  .45                         191 .19 95.0   11 713__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE E__________________________________________________________________________NATURAL GAS TESTSConditionsMM BTU per Burner           Gas    Steam                      Oil    Steam/     BurnerTest No.Special Condition           scfh              lb./hr.                  lb./hr.                      gpm                         lb./hr.                             Oil % Vaporized                                        psig                                           ° F                                               Flame__________________________________________________________________________3-15-12.33 MM/Burner           3366              169 --  .21                          89 --  96.0    9 720 ok86% NG*                          est.          4-5&#34;, blue, traceStart for Minimum                              of yellowOil3-15-22.44       4105              206 --  .15                          64 --  96.0   10 735 ok77.0% NG                         est.          3-4&#34;, blue and                                               transparent3-15-32.44       4105              206 28  .15                          64 .44 96.0   14 690 ok77% NG                           est.          3-4&#34;, blue3-15-42.31       4689              234 --  .05                          21 --  98.0   16 710 ok42% NG                           est.          1-2&#34;, blue3-15-52.28       2627              132 --  .28                         119 --  98.0    8 710 ok53% NG                           est.          6-7&#34;, clear yellowStart for MinimumGas3-15-62.24       1806               90 --  .37                         157 --  98.0    5 720 ok No impingement37% NG                           est.          6-7&#34;, yellow,                                               billowy3-16-22.16       2627              132 --  .25                         106 --  98.0   10 710 ok55% NG                           est.          5-6&#34;, partially                                               clear3-16-32.28       2627              132 --  .28                         119 --  98.0   10 680 ok53% NG                           est.          7-8&#34;, partially                                               clear3-16-42.28       2627              132 --  .28                         119 --  98.0   10 660 ok53% NG                           est.          7-8&#34;, partially                                               clear3-16-52.28       2627              132 --  .28                         119 --  98.0    8 635 ok53% NG                           est.          7-8&#34;, partially                                               clear3-16-62.28       2627              132 --  .28                         119 --  98.0    8 670 No change53% NG                           est.3-16-72.28       2627              132 --  .28                         119 --  98.0    7 610 ok, slightly53% NG                           est.          more yellow3-16-82.28       2627              132 --  .28                         119 --  99.0    7 525 ok, more yellow53% NG                           est.3-17-11.14        903               45 --  .19                          81 --  98.0    2 640 ok36% NG                           est.          2-3&#34;, yellowLow rate, 50%3-17-2.80         739               37 --  .12                          51 --  98.0    1 640 ok42% NG Low Rate 40%              est.          1-2&#34;, yellow3-17-31.68       1313               66 --  .28                         119 --  98.0    3 675 ok36% NG                                         3-4&#34;, yellow and75% Rate                                       transparent3-17-41.95       1560               78 --  .33                         140 --  96.0    4 710 ok36% NG                                         5-6&#34;, yellow and90% Rate                                       transparent3-17-72.69 MM/Burner           4769              214 --  .20                          85 --  95.0   10 650 ok72% NG                                         4-5&#34;, blue withHigh rate, maximum                             cleargas3-17-82.73       5918              271 --  .07                          30 --  95.0   13 640 ok90% NG                                         4-5%, blue withHigh rate, maximum                             yellowgas3-17-92.52       1806               90 30  .48                         204 .15 90.1    9 660 ok33% NG                                         5-6&#34;, clear withAverage steam                                  yellow3-17-102.57       1806               90 60  .48                         204 .29 92.6   11 650 ok32% NG                                         6-7&#34;, blue bottomMore steam                                     yellow top3-18-22.40        575               29 80  .61                         259 .31 88.9    9 640 ok11% NG                                         6-7&#34;, clear yellowMore steam3-18-32.33        575               29 Z135                      .61                         259 .52 86.1   12 660 ok11% NG                                         2-3&#34;, blue withStill more steam                               yellow__________________________________________________________________________ *natural gas 
    
     
                                           TABLE F__________________________________________________________________________100% OIL TESTSConditionsMM BTU per Burner           Steam               Oil                 burnerTest No.Special Condition           lb./hr.               gpm                  lb./hr.                      Steam/Oil                            % Vaporized                                   psig                                      ° F                                          Flame__________________________________________________________________________3-17-62.09 MM/Burner           53  .28                  119 .45   94.9    8 700 okOne burner                                4-6&#34;, blue3-18-42.64       185 .70                  297 .62   96.1   14 652 okFind minimum steam                        7-8&#34;, blue with                                          yellow3-18-62.24       120 .58                  246 .79   98.5    9 685 ok                                          7-8&#34;, clear yellow3-18-72.26       160 .58                  246 .65   99.0   12 670 ok                                          5-6&#34;, blue, yellow           190                            streaks3-18-82.26       190 .58                  246 .77   99.0   14 655 ok                                          3-7&#34;, blue, yellow                                          streaks3-19-12.20       80  .57                  242 .33   98.0    6 670 ok                                          5-6&#34;, blue, yellow3-19-32.17       50  .57                  242 .21   96.7    4 675 ok                                          4-5&#34;, stiff, yellow3-24-42.18       52  .28                  119 .44   99.0   14 725 okOne burner                  est.          2-3&#34;, blue flame(modified)3-24-62.18       49  .28                  119 .41   99.0   13 740 okOne burner, minimum         est.          8&#34;, yellow withsteam                                     blue3-24-72.22       80  .57                  242 .33   99.0   10 756 okTwo burners                 est.          6-8&#34;, yellow with                                          blue3-25-62.17       67  .57                  242 .28   96.6    8 720 okBurner position fix                       6-7&#34;, yellow, some                                          flickering3-25-72.19       87  .57                  242 .36   97.7   11 735 okMore steam                                4-6&#34;, yellow and                                          blue3-26-22.51       53  .76                  322 .16   84.0    8 705 #3 ok, 4-6&#34; stiffCold air on #3 burner,                    yellow and blue;more steam                                #5 out of air,                                          impinging__________________________________________________________________________