Abstract:
A method of distributing electronic content such as music or books via the internet involves transmitting licence data with the content. The licence data includes status information indicative of whether the licence is a full licence for content purchased from a content distributor, or temporary for content passed from a full licence owner to a new consumer who has not yet paid for the content. License status data is transmitted with or without content from one consumer to another. Connection to the internet allows the content management program to connect to the content distributor and transmit all stored licence status information. Detection of temporary licences by the content distributor triggers a request for payment of the content, and payment results in transmission of replacement licence data having a full licence status back to the consumer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for distributing electronic content, such as electronically stored music or literary works, for example.  
         BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The commercial distribution of electronic content, such as electronically stored music or literary works, for example, traditionally takes place through retail outlets, such as record or book shops. Commercial distribution of electronic content over an information technology network has many advantages, but has not as yet been widely adopted by creators and commercial distributors of such content, largely because of fears relating to the resultant increase in potential ease with which such content may be illicitly reproduced, sold and distributed by third parties. For this reason, significant effort has been directed toward the development of technological safeguards which prevent unauthorised copying of electronic content. Traditionally, however, it has been found that any technological measure which prevents unauthorised copying is ultimately defeatable by parties who wish to produce pirate copies, which means that new technological safeguards must continually be developed and introduced.  
           [0003]    For the purposes of the present specification, it should be appreciated that unauthorised copying of electronic content may, broadly speaking, be put into two categories, namely large-scale reproduction of content by a relatively small number of people and/or organisations for commercial purposes, and small-scale reproduction of content by a large number of individuals for private consumption. The former activity is typically performed by organised criminal parties for commercial purposes, and is therefore unlikely to be prevented by the continual introduction of increasingly complex technological measures, whereas the latter activity is of course primarily motivated by a desire to save money. A consequence of the motives for private copying is that with appropriate incentives, many people can be persuaded to acquire legal copies. An extreme example of this would be if such copies were available free of charge, as people would much rather own a legitimate copy of, for example, a record by one of their favourite performance artists than an illicit copy. Of course, this type of incentive is not a commercially viable proposition, but it does illustrate the fact that if appropriate incentives can be found and conveniently offered, while still remunerating the owner of the copyright in the electronic content, private illicit copying could be largely eradicated without having to resort to a solution based on the continual development of technological barriers to prevent copying (and, of course, the expense associated with such a strategy.  
           [0004]    The present invention is intended to provide an alternative approach to the issue of dealing with unauthorised copying of electronic content by members of the public.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    Thus, in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of distributing content comprising the steps of: a first consumer receiving a first copy of the content with first licence data, including status data indicative of the legitimate nature of the first copy, attached thereto; the first consumer generating second licence data for the content and transmitting the second licence data to a second consumer; the second consumer sending to a commercial distributor of the content at least sufficient of the second licence data to enable identification of: (a) the content to which it relates, and (b) the status of the second consumer with respect to the content; the second consumer meeting any conditions required by the commercial distributor for use of a copy of the content; and the commercial distributor sending to the second consumer replacement second licence data, including at least replacement status data to update said second licence data indicating that the second consumer is entitled to use the content.  
           [0006]    In a first approach, a second copy of the content is provided to the second consumer with the second licence data, and said second licence data provided by the first consumer indicates that the second copy is a temporary copy, and said updated second licence data indicates that the second copy is a legitimately usable copy.  
           [0007]    The method of the first approach provides a way of enabling consumers to share content with potential consumers, together with respective temporary licences. The existence of such temporary licences can be detected by the commercial distributor which then guides the potential consumers through the process of paying for a full licence. However, at present, the bandwidth of communication between devices such as personal digital assistants (PDA&#39;s), mobile telephones, etc. is relatively low, the process of sharing content using such devices may be too slow to give complete customer satisfaction.  
           [0008]    In a second approach, a legitimately usable second copy of the content is provided to the second consumer by the commercial distributor together with said replacement second licence data.  
           [0009]    The method of the second approach provides a way of sharing the licence for the content among one or more potential consumers, the shared licences can be detected by the commercial distributor which can then guide the potential consumers through the process of purchasing a copy of the content together with a licence therefor. This provides some advantages over the method of the first aspect of the present invention in the sense that only the licence data is distributed between the potential consumers, as opposed to full copies of the content, which licences require much less memory space and transmission capability.  
           [0010]    In one preferred embodiment of the second approach, the second licence data may be attached to a sample portion of the content, for example, one track of a record or one or more chapters of a book, thereby giving the potential consumers receiving such sample content the opportunity to ‘try before they buy’. Thus, for example, a user who has in their possession a piece of electronic content and a licence attesting to its legitimacy could email a licence (perhaps with a sample piece of the content) toa number of potential consumers of that content. Any of those consumers who wish to purchase a legitimate copy of the content can do so in a seamless manner by downloading it from the commercial distributor to their reading devices, following payment therefor to the commercial distributor.  
           [0011]    In summary, the advantages of the second approach are considered to include:  
           [0012]    the harnessing of the power of peer-to-peer and similar networks for sharing/marketing content by recommendation and/or a ‘try before you buy’ policy;  
           [0013]    the obviation of the need for high bandwidth connections between peers for sharing (the licence data preferably comprises a relatively small data file, which is much quicker to share than a full copy of the content), although it does preferably require a relatively high bandwidth connection between the commercial distributor and its potential customers;  
           [0014]    by not actually sharing full copies of the content, but obtaining the bits directly from the commercial distributor, it is relatively easy for the distributor to ensure the authenticity of the content (thereby substantially eliminating the problems associated with hackers altering the content);  
           [0015]    even if the commercial distributor is so concerned with protecting their content that they choose to employ a Digital Rights Management (DRM) scheme to protect the bits, using the method of the second aspect of the present invention, the content can still be distributed (via licences and, optionally, samples of the content) while maintaining protection of the bits.  
           [0016]    According to one preferred embodiment of either aspect of the invention, transactions between the first and second consumers on the one hand, and the commercial distributor on the other take place across an information technology network, such as the internet. By providing suitable identifiers and memory structure for the content sold and licences issued, the commercial distributor will be able to determine, upon receipt of the temporary licence data, from which full licence holder the content originated. In the event that the temporary licence holder chooses to purchase a copy of the content (thus converting the temporary licence into a full one) the commercial distributor is then able to reward the full licence holder responsible for transmitting the content. This provides one incentive for consumers to engage in a process of lawful purchase of content, while at the same time benefiting the commercial distributor who has an ad hoc sales force at their disposal.  
           [0017]    In one exemplary embodiment of the first approach, when the commercial distributor receives information relating to the second (temporary) licence data enabling the identification of the content to which it relates, and the status of the second copy, it transmits to the second consumer an offer to purchase the second copy of the electronic copy. If the second consumer wishes to purchase the second copy, as stated above, they transmit their payment to the commercial distributor and the commercial distributor updates the second licence data accordingly. If, however, the second consumer does not wish to purchase a permanently legitimate copy of the content, the commercial distributor can delete the second copy from the second consumer&#39;s equipment. This still offers the second consumer the option to try the content before buying it (which provides the commercial distributor with a marketing tool), and still enables the retention of illegitimate copies of the content to be reduced, if not eliminated. Of course, the second consumer may transmit a third copy of the content, together with third (temporary) licence data attached, to a third consumer prior to the deletion of the content from the second consumer&#39;s equipment. In which case, the third consumer will also be given the option to purchase the content or have it deleted from their equipment.  
           [0018]    Typically, in the case of both approaches, consumers will store content on personal portable storage devices, such as personal digital assistants (PDA&#39;s) or the like, one example of which is a PDA sold under the trademark “Jornada” by Hewlett-Packard Company. In one preferred embodiment, the commercial distributor operates a content store for each of a plurality of registered consumers, which operates as a type of back-up for copies of content. This provides the consumer with substantial flexibility in the way in which they wish to manage the electronic content for which they hold permanent legitimate licences. For example, it obviates the need for them to continuously retain a copy of each piece of content they have purchased, thus providing substantial savings in memory space required in, for example, their PDA&#39;s, and of course acts as another incentive for consumers to engage in the lawful purchase of electronic content.  
           [0019]    In one preferred embodiment, retrieval of content from local storage (i.e. storage owned by the consumer), and its conversion into an assimilable form is managed by a content management program, which additionally automatically causes connection to the commercial distributor when triggered to do so by one or more predetermined events. One example of such an event is the connection of the PDA to the network, typically via a computer, whereupon the content management program dispatches all licence data to the commercial distributor for the distributor to vet for temporary licences or anomalies, such as licences with identification (ID) numbers which do not correspond with the records held by the commercial distributor against the content in respect of which they have been issued.  
           [0020]    In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for a commercial distributor to regulate the distribution of electronic content comprising the steps of: providing to a first consumer a first copy of the content, and attaching to the first copy first licence data, including status data indicative of the legitimate nature of the first copy; receiving from a second consumer a portion of a second licence data relating to said content at least sufficient to enable identification of the content to which it relates; receiving notification that the second consumer meets any conditions required by the commercial distributor for use of a copy of the content; and sending to the second consumer replacement second licence data, including at least replacement status data to update said second licence data indicating that the second consumer is entitled to use the content.  
           [0021]    In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for a first consumer of content to distribute content to a second consumer, comprising the steps of: receiving a first copy of the content with first licence data, including status data indicative of the legitimate nature of the first copy, attached thereto; and generating second licence data for the content and transmitting the second licence data to a second consumer.  
           [0022]    In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for a second consumer to acquire a license to use content acquired from a first consumer comprising the steps of: receiving from the first consumer second licence data for the content, the first consumer having a first copy of the content and first licence data for the content; sending to a commercial distributor of the content at least sufficient of the second licence data to enable identification of: (a) the content to which it relates, and (b) the status of the second consumer with respect to the content; meeting any conditions required by the commercial distributor for use of a copy of the content; and receiving from the commercial distributor replacement second licence data, including at least replacement status data to update said second licence data indicating that the second consumer is entitled to use the content.  
           [0023]    In a further aspect, the invention provides a data carrier having thereon a content management program for programming a processor of a consumer&#39;s computer, whereby the programmed processor is adapted to retrieve content having associated licence data from a storage device and upon satisfactory checking of the licence data, to convert the content into a form usable by the consumer, and is further adapted to provide new licence data for the content to a further consumer.  
           [0024]    In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of distributing electronic content across an information technology network comprising the steps of: selling to a first consumer a first electronic copy of the content, transmitting the first copy of the content across the network to the first consumer, and attaching to the first copy first licence data, including status data indicative of the legitimate nature of the first copy; storing the first copy of the content upon at least a first storage apparatus in the possession of the first consumer; copying the first copy to produce a second electronic copy of the content and attaching to the second copy second licence data, including status data indicative of temporary legitimacy of the second copy; transmitting the second copy and attached licence data to a second storage apparatus in the possession of a second consumer; connecting the second consumer and the commercial distributor via the information technology network, and sending to a commercial distributor of the content, via network, at least sufficient of the second licence data to enable identification of: (a) the content to which it relates, and (b) the status of the second copy; sending to the commercial distributor payment for the second copy of the content; and subsequent to receipt of payment by the commercial distributor, sending from the commercial distributor to the second consumer, via the information technology network, replacement second licence data, including at least replacement status data indicative of legitimacy of the second copy of the content; and updating within the second storage apparatus the replacement second licence data attached to the second copy of the content. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0025]    Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of examples only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 1 is schematic representation of a commercial structure for the production and distribution of content to consumers;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the architecture of the storage of a commercial distributor, and the transmission of content to a consumer;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a computer and PDA adapted to manage electronic content; and  
         [0029]    FIGS.  4  to  6  are schematic illustrations of further transactions. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0030]    Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, in the commercial model envisaged by the present invention, content, such as music, literary or dramatic works, films or other moving images, or indeed any artistic or other work whatsoever which is at some stage converted to electronic form to enable its consumption by a consumer (i.e. “electronic content”) is created by Content Providers CP 1  to CP n . The Content Providers CP (which may vary from, for example, a recording artist of world renown to a previously unpublished author) distribute their content through a distributor  10  (such as a record company), who in turn uses content resellers  12  (such as record shops) to sell content to a consumer  14 . In some cases, content may also be sold to consumers directly by the content distributor. Generically a person (whether natural or legal) who sells content for money or money&#39;s worth is known hereinafter as a commercial distributor, and this term is additionally intended to cover any person acting on behalf or for a commercial distributor (as are any of the other terms used in this specification in connection with parties who perform an act).  
         [0031]    Referring to FIG. 2 of the drawings, a commercial distributor Y stores, manages and distributes content from a server  18 . The server  18  includes a first memory  20  in which content is stored, and each piece of content is indexed in the content store by an identifier, such as a Digital Object Identifier (or DOI), which is globally unique for a given piece of content. Thus all copies of a given piece of content share the same DOI, but different pieces of content will each have a different DOI. From the point of view of the commercial distributor Y it is desirable to keep a record of the number of copies of each piece of content that has been sold; using this information, the commercial distributor can keep track of which pieces of content are most popular with their customers. To this end, the server  18  of the commercial distributor Y has a further memory called the content ledger  30 , which in the present example is simply a character or character string stored in connection with each DOI, and whose instantaneous value is representative of the number of copies of the content identified by the DOI which have been sold.  
         [0032]    In the illustrated example, the content ledger  30  simply stores a number X against each DOI, where X is the number of copies sold. Upon conclusion of a sale of one or more copies of a given piece of content, the processor  40  of the commercial distributor increments the number X, stored against the DOI of the content which has been sold, by the number of copies sold. It follows therefore that if commercial distributor Y is the only authorised distributor of the content, then the character string DOI n X r , representing the sale to a particular customer of the X r th copy of the content denoted by the identifier DOI n , will be globally unique. However, in virtually all cases, more than one commercial distributor offers a given piece of content, and it is thus possible that the same character string could be assigned to represent two different sales of the same piece of content by different commercial distributors (typically but not necessarily) to different consumers. Because it is desirable to assign a globally unique identifier to each sale, a further character or character string Q is added to the identifier DOI n X r  to create a globally unique identifier DOI n X r Q, where Q is a distributor identifier distinguishing commercial distributor Y from every other commercial distributor. This unique identifier DOI n X r Q, thus not only identifies the articular purchase, but also the content which was the subject of the purchase and the distributor from which the content was purchased.  
         [0033]    The identifier DOI n X r Q is used in a third element of the memory architecture of server  18 , known as the user licence directory  50 , which is a record of each user registered with the commercial distributor Y, and for each user, a record of all content sold (and therefore licences granted) to that user. As can be seen in FIG. 2, users are represented in the licence directory by a user identifier UID, against which a list of identifiers having the form DOIXQ are stored. Thus, for example, the user UID A  has purchased pieces of content for which licences identified by DOI 1 X 2 Q/F to DOI n X r Q/F have been granted, while user UID B  has purchased a piece of content for which a licence identified by DOI 1 X 4 /F has been granted. The final character F is a licence status indicator, and indicates that the licences are full licences, as opposed to temporary ones which would be denoted by the character T.  
         [0034]    Sale of a piece of content, for example the content denoted by DOI “DOI 2 ”, which in the present example is a song by the artist Johnny Cash, takes place as follows. Once the commercial distributor Y has received either payment, or an undertaking to pay (e.g. the submission of credit card details) for the content from a consumer A, who in the present example is already registered with commercial distributor Y and has the user identification UID A , the processor  40  retrieves a copy of the content store  20 . This action automatically causes an incrementation of the number X stored in the content ledger  30  against DOI 2 ; in the present example, a single copy of DOI 2  has been retrieved, and so X is incremented by 1, to X p . The user licence directory  50  is then updated to reflect the purchase of DOI 2  by UID A , by adding a record to the directory comprising the user licence identifier DOI 2 QX p /F; the X p th copy of content DOI 2  sold by commercial distributor Q with a fall licence (F). Henceforth, therefore, user licence directory  50  will enable commercial distributor Y to determine that user UID A  has purchased a copy of DOI 2 . In a further modification, the user licence directory will also store the time at which the update was made.  
         [0035]    Following the update of the user licence directory, the user licence identifier DOI 2 QX p /F, together with metadata  64  (in this example, the title of the artist, the name of the song, and filename of the file in the content store  20 ), and a further identifier  66  known as a hash, which together comprise the complete licence data set, are bundled into a message  70  together with content  60 . The hash provides a further security measure to ensure that the content is genuinely what it purports to be, and is a character string generated by processing the content itself through a known program. One analogy for the hash is the chassis number on a vehicle ostensibly identified perfectly adequately through the number of the licence plate which is clearly externally visible. The message  70  is then sent via the network, which in the present example is the internet, to the consumer A (whose user ID with commercial distributor Y is UID A ), who downloads the new content  60 , and licence data  62  from a desktop computer  80  to a personal digital assistant (PDA)  90 .  
         [0036]    Referring now to FIG. 3 of the drawings, the computer  80  is connected to the internet via a LAN card  81 , and includes a processor  82  which runs a content management program  84 . Within the computer  80 , the content management program  84  stores and retrieves content on hard disc storage  86 , and transmits content to the PDA  90  via a serial bus  88 . The PDA likewise includes a processor  92 , on which a further copy of the content management program  94  runs, and the processor  92  is connected to the computer via serial port  96 , and also to an addressable memory  98 . Within the PDA, the content management program  94  stores and retrieves content from the addressable memory, and converts it to a form assimilable by the consumer, which in the present example (i.e. in the case of music) is then sent to a loudspeaker  100  within the PDA. The PDA also has a wireless output  110 , typically either Bluetooth or infrared, which enables messages to be beamed over short distances to other PDAs.  
         [0037]    While both the computer and the PDA management programs  84 ,  94  store and retrieve both licence data, for speed and economy of data processing content is only retrieved for consumption by a consumer, and transmitted between the computer  80  and PDA  90  when it is to be stored in memory that does not already contain a copy of the content. All other management activities are performed using the licence data, this being a relatively small amount of data. The two content management programs  84 ,  94  are adapted to synchronise their activities. Thus, for example, upon connection or “docking of the PDA to the computer, the PDA content management application  94  is adapted to retrieve all licence data stored in the memory  98  and to send this to the computer  80  via the serial port  96 . When the computer content management application  84  receives such licence data, it is adapted to perform a reconciliation operation, comparing the licence data received from the PDA with the licence data stored within the hard disc storage  86 . In the event that new licence data has been transmitted to the computer  80  from the PDA, the computer content management application  84  updates the licence data retained on the hard disc  86  by adding to the hard disc any licence data not already there, and then, in the case of the first aspect of the present invention, instructs the PDA content management program  94  to retrieve and send to the computer  80  copies of all content in respect of which new licences have been stored on the computer hard disc  86 . Of course, this step is obviated by the method and apparatus of the second aspect of the present invention, in which only licence data (and possibly samples of the respective content) is shared among users.  
         [0038]    The computer content management program  84  is also adapted to automatically connect to the commercial distributor Y, in this example via the internet, upon docking of the PDA to the computer, and to retrieve and send to the commercial distributor all licence data currently held on the hard disc storage  86 . Preferably, all management activities described above of both content management programs  84 ,  94  are invisible to the user.  
         [0039]    Referring to FIG. 4, in accordance with the method and apparatus of the first aspect of the present invention, content may be legitimately passed directly from one consumer to another, typically using the wireless port  110 . To transmit a copy of a piece of content to another consumer using a PDA, a consumer “A” instructs the content management program running in PDA  90 , via a graphical user interface on the screen  90 S of the PDA to beam a copy of a specified piece of content. Upon receipt of this instruction, the content management program running in the PDA  90  retrieves a copy of the content  160 , prepares licence data for that content, which in this case includes the licence identifier DOI 2 QX p /T (the “T” denoting a temporary licence status), metadata  202  and the hash  204  for the content, and bundles both into a message  200  which is then transmitted via the wireless port  110  to the PDA  190  of a consumer B. In the present example, a copy of the content management program is already running on the PDA  190  of consumer B. However, the content management application is also adapted to transmit a copy of itself to the PDA of consumer B upon instruction from consumer A, and this would occur prior to the transmission of any content.  
         [0040]    In the case of the second aspect of the present invention, upon instruction by the consumer A, the content management application running in the PDA  90  prepares licence data relating to content data which consumer A wishes to recommend to consumer B, the licence data once again including the licence identifier DOI 2 QX p /T, and bundles the licence data together with metadata  202  identifying the content in question into a message  200  which is then transmitted via the wireless port  110  to the PDA  190  of consumer B. In one embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention, a sample portion of the content  160  may also be included in the message  200  transmitted to consumer B&#39;s PDA  190 .  
         [0041]    Referring to FIG. 5, once again in the case of the first aspect of the present invention, consumer B is now able to consume the content transmitted from consumer A, even though he has not paid for it. When consumer B docks his PDA  190  to the computer  180 , the content management programs in the PDA and computer perform the transmission, reconciliation and storage updating operations described above in relation to the licence data and content, causing inter alia re-transmission of the message  200  from the PDA to the computer  180 . Docking of the PDA  190  with the computer also causes the content management program to connect via the network to the server  18  of the commercial distributor Y, whereupon all the stored licence data held by the computer  180  of consumer B, including that relating to the content beamed to consumer B from consumer A, is sent to the commercial distributor Y, together with user identification UID B  of consumer B. Illustrated in FIG. 5 is the transmission of message  220 , containing the licence data in respect of content acquired from user A; the further licence data which would be transmitted is omitted for the sake of clarity.  
         [0042]    In the case of the second aspect of the present invention, the above-described procedure is also followed when consumer B docks his PDA  190  to the computer  180 , irrespective of whether consumer A transmitted just licence data or licence data together with a sample portion of the content to which it relates to consumer B.  
         [0043]    In the case of both the first and second aspects of the present invention, upon receipt of the licence data sent by computer  180 , the server of commercial distributor Y performs a reconciliation operation, comparing the licence data received with the licence data which is held in the user licence directory  50  against user identification UID B . In the event that the licence data received from computer  180  is identical to that currently held in the user licence directory  50 , no further action is needed. If, however, the licence data differs, there are generally two possible outcomes. In the first event, the received licence data differs in that there is a licence having a full status (denoted by the status identifier “F”) of which there is no record in the user licence directory  50 . In this situation, the unaccounted licence is treated as a rogue licence, and the consumer may be sent instructions to delete the licence data and any corresponding content (or this deletion process may be carried out remotely by the commercial distributor Y). The consumer is then asked if they wish to purchase a genuine copy of the content. A more common outcome of the reconciliation process is that of the present example, where a licence having a temporary status T is found; in the present example, the licence identifier DOI 2 QX p /T. In this case, the commercial distributor saves a copy of the licence identifier in a temporary cache, and then sends an invitation to the consumer to purchase a genuine copy of the content.  
         [0044]    Referring to FIGS. 2 and 6 of the drawings, if the consumer agrees, and payment is sent to the commercial distributor, the processor of the server  18  increments the number X stored in the content ledger  30  against the DOI of the content, in this example DOI 2 , by one, and adds the new licence identifier DOI 2 QX p+1 /F, which is unique to this transaction, to the list of user licence identifiers held against the user identifier UID B  in the user licence directory  50 . The consumer B is then sent an updated licence identifier DOI 2 QX p+1 /F (the F now being indicative of a full licence status), and a full copy of the content in the case of the second aspect of the present invention, in a message  240 , and the content management programs  84 ,  94  in the computer  80  and the PDA  90  respectively then substitute the updated licence identifier for the temporary licence identifier.  
         [0045]    In the event that the consumer does not agree to pay for the content, the server then asks the consumer if they wish to delete any illegitimate content from their local storage, in this case their PDA and computer. If the user agrees (for example, because he does not like the music which he has received and therefore does not want to pay for it), the server communicates with the content management programs and instructs them to delete all copies of that content and all licence data related to it. If the user does not wish to pay, and does not wish to delete any content which has not been paid for, the server  18  operates to deny the user access to their personal content store (described in more detail below) and, possibly following a further warning, deletes all the content in their store, all licence identifiers in their user licence directory, and cancels their user registration.  
         [0046]    Once the transaction with consumer B is concluded, and assuming that consumer B has paid for the content, the processor  40  of the server  18  then retrieves the temporary licence identifier DOI 2 QX p /T from the cache, and searches the user licence directory  50  to find the user identifier against which the character string DOI 2 QX p  is stored (since as explained above, this character string is globally unique to a particular transaction with the commercial distributor Y). Once the user identifier UID A  (the user ID of consumer A) against which DOI 2 QX p  is stored is located, the processor then sends a message  300  to consumer A including reward points or the like, typically redeemable against further content when sufficient points have been accumulated, and the metadata  202  of the content the consumer is being rewarded for transmitting.  
         [0047]    In a further development, the commercial distributor provides further reward to a consumer in the event that they transmit a copy of the content management program to a consumer who then registers as a user with the commercial distributor.  
         [0048]    A further incentive of registering with the commercial distributor, and therefore engaging in the lawful purchase and ownership of content is the ability to manage content in a more flexible manner as a result of having access to a personal content store held in the server by the commercial distributor on behalf of each of its users, in which all of the content owned by the user is stored. This obviates the need for the user to have to store personally (including the necessity of providing back-up contingency) all content which he or she owns, so that instead the consumer may retrieve from the personal content store held by the server, those pieces of content which they require over any period of time.  
         [0049]    Content and messages containing content are typically constructed using Simple Object Access Protocol (“SOAP”), which is known per se and which will therefore not be discussed further, and transmitted using Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol, widely known as “http”.  
         [0050]    As mentioned above, references in this specification to an act performed by a party is intended to include within its scope the performance of that act by another party on behalf of the first party. References to the sending of data is intended to include where appropriate the sending of a copy of the aforementioned data.  
         [0051]    In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be apparent to a person skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.