Abstract:
The invention provides, improved herbicide compositions, methods of making the compositions and methods of controlling plant growth. The subject invention relates to combining fatty acid based and other herbicides with succinic acid, succinic acid derivatives and other additives such as those having essentially no herbicidal activity to increase the activity of the herbicide and provide methods of controlling plant growth by applying a combination of a herbicidal fatty acid with succinic acid and/or succinic acid derivative chemicals and/or other additives. In addition to the use of succinic acid, combining other Krebs cycle acids with herbicides can also provide beneficial effects. Concentrations of herbicides and additives applied to plants in accordance with the invention can include compositions involving 0.1 to 30% herbicide, preferably 0.5 to 15% herbicide and additive and more preferably 1-8% herbicide. The ratio of herbicide, such as fatty acid herbicide to activity enhancing additives can be from 1:10 to 20:1, preferably 1:1 to 20:1, most preferably 1:1 to 5:1.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/692,763, filed on Oct. 19, 2000, which is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 09/427,476, filed Oct. 26, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,336 dated Apr. 17, 2001. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention relates generally to herbicides, methods of improving existing herbicides and controlling the growth of plant life and more particularly to methods and products involving succinate-based chemicals and other additives which can enhance the activity (effectiveness) of herbicidal compounds. As used herein, herbicidal refers to materials which destroy or inhibit plant growth, such as by desiccation or defoliation, for example, to act as a harvest aid or to control weed growth.  
           [0003]    Glyphosate and paraquat are the number 1 and 2 non-selective herbicides used worldwide. Paraquat is extremely toxic and therefore unacceptable for many applications. Glyphosate can be slow acting, commonly requiring 1 to 2 weeks to achieve plant death and is therefore also unsuitable for many herbicide applications.  
           [0004]    Other conventionally known herbicides include fatty acids, such as pelargonic acid, a nine carbon fatty acid, and caprylic acid, an eight carbon fatty acid. Scythe, sold by Mycogen/Dow and Liberty, made by AgrEvo are known commercially available herbicides. Pelargonic acid is the active ingredient in SCYTHE and glufosinate-ammonium is the active ingredient in LIBERTY. However, the activity of these products is such that the cost of products such as SCYTHE can be undesirably high and the amount of active ingredients needed in products such as paraquat could lead to undesirable effects.  
           [0005]    Accordingly, it is desirable to provide improved herbicides, methods for enhancing the activity of existing herbicides and methods of controlling plant growth in order to overcome inadequacies of the prior art.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, improved herbicide compositions, methods of making the compositions and methods of controlling plant growth are provided. The subject invention relates to combining fatty acid based and other herbicides with succinic acid, succinic acid derivatives and other additives such as those having essentially no herbicidal activity to increase the activity of the herbicide and provide methods of controlling plant growth by applying a combination of a herbicidal fatty acid with succinic acid and/or succinic acid derivative chemicals and/or other additives. In addition to the use of succinic acid, combining other Krebs cycle acids with herbicides can also provide beneficial effects. Concentrations of herbicides and additives applied to plants in accordance with the invention can include compositions involving about 0.1 to 30% herbicide and additive, preferably 0.5 to 15% herbicide and additive and more preferably 1-8% herbicide and additive. The ratio of herbicide, such as fatty acid herbicide to activity enhancing additive can be from about 1:10 to 20:1, preferably 1:1 to 20:1, more preferably 1:1 to 5:1.  
           [0007]    Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide improved herbicidal compositions.  
           [0008]    Another object of the invention is to provide additives which can enhance the activity of herbicidal compositions.  
           [0009]    Yet another object of the invention is to improve the safety of herbicides.  
           [0010]    A further object of the invention is to provide improved methods of plant control.  
           [0011]    The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the compositions possessing the characteristics, properties and the relation of constituents useful to effect such steps, which will be exemplified in the compositions hereinafter described, all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.  
         DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
         [0012]    The invention is directed to improved herbicidal compositions. Herbicides, such as those including fatty acids as the active ingredient can be formulated at low fatty acid concentration and have relatively low herbicidal activity or at higher fatty acid concentration and have enhanced activity. However, it has been found that certain additives, such as organic acids and their derivatives, which may have substantially no herbicidal activity can enhance the herbicidal activity of herbicidal fatty acids and other herbicides and provide herbicides with either enhanced activity or reduced fatty acid concentrations. Preferred additives include those organic acids which are part of the Krebs cycle and in particular, succinic acid as well as succinic acid derivatives. Thus, substantially safe non-herbicidal additives are combined with G.R.A.S. (generally recognized as safe by the FDA) herbicidal compounds such as fatty acids, and the result is a generally safe herbicide with enhanced activity. 
       
    
    
       [0013]    The following examples demonstrate the synergistic relationship between additives (such as succinic acid) and fatty acid herbicides such as caprylic acid, pelargonic acid and others. Other synergistic relationships between organic acids (for example, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and lactic acid) with caprylic acid as the fatty acid were also exhibited. In general, with the exception of tartaric acid, there was a general lack of correspondence between the acidity of the organic acid and the degree of synergy of the organic acid with caprylic acid. It was determined that tartaric acid (e.g. L-tartaric acid) exhibited particularly high performance enhancement of caprylic acid across a wide variety of plant types.  
         [0014]    A synergistic relationship between succinic acid and sodium salicylate was also demonstrated where the effect of succinic acid alone on the plants treated was negligible.  
         [0015]    Accordingly, it has been determined that combining certain organic acids and compounds having a significant herbicidal effect, such as pelargonic, caprylic, caproic, capric and oleic acid, and also such acids as acetic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic and heptanoic acid and compounds such as sodium salicylate, glyphosate (in Round Up) or glufosinate-ammonium with other organic acids and additives including those having substantially no herbicidal effect could enhance herbicidal activity and reduce costs, environmentally undesirable effects or be otherwise more convenient to use.  
         [0016]    Effective additives include succinic acid and succinic acid derivatives such as dimethyl succinic acid, calcium succinate, magnesium succinate, diammonium succinate and ammonium succinate as well as certain other organic acids, such as tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, adipic acid and plant oils such as limonene and pine oil, especially Unipine (a pine oil derivative available from Busche, Boake &amp; Allen, Inc.), as well as other additives including ammonium sulfate, ammonium tartrate, ammonium chloride and sodium salicylate.  
         [0017]    In order to confirm that additives in accordance with the invention provided an enhanced herbicidal effect, a number of experiments were performed in which only fatty acids or other herbicides were applied to plants, the additives alone were applied and the fatty acids plus the additives were applied. The herbicides were applied in the “spray to drip” amount or at a calibrated 20-60 gallons/acre. “Spray to drip” is an uncalibrated application of fluid to foliage, where sufficient spray volume is used to sufficiently saturate the foliage surface until excess fluid begins to drip from the foliage. In general, about 5 to 200 gallons/acre, preferably 20-100 gallons/acre can be effective.  
         [0018]    Fatty acids above 6-7 carbon atoms tend to be relatively insoluble in water. Caprylic and pelargonic acids are 8 and 9 carbon acids respectively and require a solvent, such as acetone or an emulsifier to help prevent separation between aqueous and lipid phases. Herbicides can be provided in concentrated form and then diluted at the point of use.  
         [0019]    Aspects and embodiments of the invention will be described more clearly with reference to the following examples, which are intended to be interpreted as exemplary and not in a limiting sense.  
                                                                                                                       Example 1       Potato field trial: two varieties (Snowden and Russet Burbank)       Comparison of Desiccate II with experimental formulations                Average injury rating* &amp; (% vine injury) (days after 1 st  application)                Snowden   Russet Burbank            Treatment:   Day 5   Day 8   Day 15   Day 5   Day 8   Day 15                    1   Desiccate II (2.175 quart/acre)   0 (0)   30 (10)   100 (100)   50 (40)   60 (70)   100 (96)        2   4% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid   90 (70)   100 (94)    100 (100)   97 (90)   98 (95)   100 (100)       3   4% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic   90 (70)   96 (92)   100 (100)   95 (90)   98 (97)   100 (100)       4   4% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic + 1% sodium salicylate   90 (80)   100 (98)    100 (100)   95 (90)   96 (92)   100 (100)       5   4% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic   25 (0)    40 (10)   95 (90)   70 (60)   98 (92)   100 (100)       6   6% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic   95 (75)   100 (90)    100 (100)   80 (70)   98 (94)   100 (100)                                                                  
 
         [0020]    [0020]                                                                                         Example 2       Potato field trial:       2 applications of selected herbicides, including Desiccate II                Injury rating*, average per plot            Treatment   Day 1   Day 2   Day 3   Day 5                    1   5% pelargonic   4.07   4   4.13   4.43       2   5% pelargonic +   4.23   4.23   4.47   4.57           1% di-ammonium succinate       3   5% caprylic/capric +   3.87   3.9   4.03   4.4           1% di-ammonium succinate       4   Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre)   1   1.5   1.67   3                                                                                            
         [0021]    [0021]                                                                                                                             Example 3       Dry bean (navy) field trial: single application of       selected herbicides, including Desiccate II                Injury rating*, average per plot   % desiccation, day 14            Treatment   Day 2   Day 4   Day 5   Day 6   Day 14   foliage   vines   pod                    1   Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre)   3.375   3.8   4.55   4.68   4.625   90   50   60       2   4% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid   4.325   4.35   4.7   4.73   4.763   98   90   97       3   4% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid   4.413   4.43   4.76   4.83   4.8   98   90   97       4   4% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic   4.388   4.38   4.68   4.73   4.775   95   80   97                                                                                    
         [0022]    [0022]                                                                                                                             Example 4       Bean (black) trial: single application of selected herbicides, including Desiccate II                Injury rating*, average per plot   % desiccation, day 19            Treatment:   Day 1   Day 3   Day 7   Day 9   Day 19   foliage   vines   pods                    1   Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre)   1.75   4.35   4.5   4.7   4.88   97   99   100       2   3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid   4.3   4.55   4.55   4.7   4.9   99   99   100       3   3% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid   4.55   4.75   4.78   4.85   5   100   100   100       4   3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid   4.5   4.7   4.7   4.83   5   100   100   100                                                                                    
         [0023]    [0023]                                                                                                                             Example 5       Synergistic interactions of succinic acid and di-ammonium       succinate with herbicidal compounds, on navy dry beans                Injury rating*,               average per plot   % desiccation (Day 12)            Treatment:   Day 1   Day 2   Day 3   Day 4   Day 12   foliage   vines   pods                    1   3% caprylic   3.5   3.93   3.93   4   4.2   50   10   80       2   3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid   4.43   4.43   4.6   4.5   4.7   95   70   85       3   3% caprylic + 2% succinic acid   4.5   4.47   4.57   4.5   4.8   99   85   90       4   3% caprylic + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate   4.47   4.43   4.67   4.6   4.8   99   90   99       5   3% sodium salicylate   3.8   4.13   4.57   4.5   4.7   92   70   90       6   3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid   3.93   4.27   4.63   4.6   4.8   95   85   92       7   3% sodium salicylate + 2% succinic acid   4.2   4.4   4.67   4.6   4.9   97   80   95       8   3% sodium salicylate + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate   4.4   4.43   4.72   4.6   4.9   97   90   95       9   0.5% succinic acid   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0       10   2% succinic acid   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0       11   2.52% di-ammonium succinate   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0       12   0.5% succinic acid   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0       13   2% succinic acid   0   6   0   0   0   0   0   0       14   2.52% di-ammonium succinate   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0                                                                                            
         [0024]    [0024]                                                                                                     Example 6       Synergistic interactions of succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate       with other herbicidal compounds, on dry beans (black)                Injury rating*,               average per plot   % desiccation (Day 12)            Treatment:   Day 2   Day 12   foliage   vines   pods                    1   3% caprylic   4   4.73   80   92   95       2   3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid   4.37   4.87   97   95-98   90       3   3% caprylic + 2% succinic acid   4.43   4.92   99   98   97       4   3% caprylic + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate   4.37   4.9   99   95-97   85       5   3% sodium salicylate   4   4.78   95   90   90       6   3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid   4.23   4.87   99   98   92       7   3% sodium salicylate + 2% succinic acid   4.07   4.88   99   95   90       8   3% sodium salicylate + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate   4.37   4.8   99   92   80       9   0.5% succinic acid   0   0   0   0   0       10   2% succinic acid   0   0   0   0   0       11   2.52% di-ammonium succinate   0   0   0   0   0       12   0.5% succinic acid   0   0   0   0   0       13   2% succinic acid   0   0   0   0   0       14   2.52% di-ammonium succinate   0   0   0   0   0                                                                                    
         [0025]    [0025]                                                                                                   Example 7       Enhancement of caprylic acid/       sodium salicylate as an herbicide, by succinic acid                Relative injury rating*           (average, based on 2 ratings)                Succinic       All            Treatment   acid (%)   potatoes   plants                    1   0.25% caprylic +   0   3   8.5           0.25% sodium salicylate       2   0.25% caprylic +   0.5   5   17           0.25% sodium salicylate       3   0.25% caprylic +   1   6   17.6           0.25% sodium salicylate       4   0.25% caprylic +   1.5   7.7   19.7           0.25% sodium salicylate       5   0.25% caprylic +   2   6.8   18.9           0.25% sodium salicylate       6   0.5% caprylic +   0   4.8   15.1           0.5% sodium salicylate       7   0.5% caprylic +   0.5   5.3   17.7           0.5% sodium salicylate       8   0.5% caprylic +   1   5.5   19.7           0.5% sodium salicylate       9   0.5% caprylic +   1.5   7   21.3           0.5% sodium salicylate       10   0.5% caprylic +   2   7.5   22.1           0.5% sodium salicylate                                                            
         [0026]    [0026]                                                           Example 8       Effect of 1% succinic acid on herbicidal activity of Liberty and Scythe                    Total score           for all injury           Treatment   ratings*                    1   4% Scythe   66       2   2% Scythe   54.2       3   2% Scythe + 1% succinic   56.1       4   2% Scythe + 0.25% caprylic +   56.3           0.25% sodium salicylate       5   2% Scythe + 0.25% caprylic +   60.3           0.25% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic       6   2% Scythe + 0.5% sodium salicylate   47.5       7   Liberty (4 oz/gal)   87.8       8   Liberty (2 oz/gal)   76.6       9   Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 1% succinic   81       10   Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +   77           0.25% sodium salicylate       11   Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +   78.4           0.25% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic       12   Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.5% sodium salicylate   75.7       13   Liberty (1 oz/gal)   65.9       14   Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 1% succinic   70.3       15   Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +   67.6           0.25% sodium salicylate       16   Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +   72.1           0.25% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic       17   Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.5% sodium salicylate   70.8                                    
         [0027]    [0027]                                                                         Example 9       Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra&#39;s herbicidal activity       on snapbeans and potatoes using 1% succinic acid                Average injury rating*            Treatment   potatoes   snapbeans                    1   RoundUp Ultra, 1.25%   4.48   2.92       2   RoundUp Ultra, 1.25% + 1% succinic acid   4.67   4.78       3   RoundUp Ultra, 0.25%   3.35   2.82       4   RoundUp Ultra, 0.25% + 1% succinic acid   4.37   3.2                                                                            
         [0028]    [0028]                                                                                       Example 10       Succinic acid enhancement of herbicidal activities:       sodium salicylate +/− caprylic acid                Injury rating*                    Average           Spray   rating            Treatment   to drip   per pot                    1   0.75% caprylic + 0.75% sodium salicylate   45.1   2.82       2   0.75% caprylic + 0.75% sodium salicylate +   60.3   3.77           1% succinic acid       3   1% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate   50.1   3.13       4   1% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate +   61.1   3.82           1% succinic acid       5   1.5% sodium salicylate   56.2   3.51       6   1.5% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic acid   62.5   3.91                                                                            
         [0029]    [0029]                                                                       Example 11       Enhancement of herbicide formulations with 1% succinic acid                Average       Treatment   injury rating                    1   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate                   31.6       2   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate   0.5%   ammonium sulfate           41.4       3   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate   0.5%   ammonium sulfate   0.5% ammonium chloride       41.6       4   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate   0.5%   ammonium chloride           39.2       5   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate   0.5%   ammonium sulfate       1% succinic acid   46.8       6   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate   0.5%   ammonium sulfate   0.5% ammonium chloride   1% succinic acid   44.6       7   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate   0.5%   ammonium chloride       1% succinic acid   43.6       8   0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate   1%   succinic acid           40                                                            
         [0030]    [0030]                                                                                       Example 12       Succinic acid enhancement of herbicidal activities: sodium       salicylate combined with hexanoic, acetic or caprylic/capric acid                Injury rating*                    Average           Spray   rating            Treatment   to drip   per pot                    1   2% hexanoic + 1% sodium salicylate   44.1   3.68       2   2% hexanoic + 1% sodium salicylate +   55.8   4.65           1% succinic       3   3% acetic + 1% sodium salicylate   47.1   3.93       4   3% acetic + 1% sodium salicylate +   54.4   4.53           1% succinic       5   2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate   50   4.17       6   2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate +   54.4   4.53           1% succinic       7   2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate +   56.7   4.73           2% succinic                                                                    
         [0031]    [0031]                                                                                       Example 13       Succinic acid enhancement of oleic acid/sodium       salicylate herbicidal activity                Injury rating*                    Average           Spray   rating            Treatment   to drip   per pot                    1   2% oleic acid   26.4   2.2       2   2% oleic acid + 1% sodium salicylate   37.9   3.16       3   2% oleic acid + 1% sodium salicylate +   49.2   4.1           1% succinic acid       4   2% oleic acid + 1% succinic acid   28.1   2.33                                                                    
         [0032]    [0032]                                                                                                                   Example 14       Succinic acid enhancement of oleic acid/sodium       salicylate herbicidal activity                Total Injury rating*       Average                Spray       rating            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Total   per pot                    1   2% oleic acid   23.5   22.3   45.8   1.91       2   2% oleic acid +   52.3   34.7   87   3.63           1% sodium salicylate       3   2% oleic acid +   63.8   37.1   101   4.2           1% sodium salicylate +           1% succinic acid                                                                            
         [0033]    [0033]                                                                                                     Example 15       Cotton desiccation: comparison of Scythe with formulations       containing caprylic/capric, sodium salicylate and succinic acid                Average rating*   Average rating           Three evaluations   for all 3            Treatment   1   2   3   evaluations                    1   2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate   1% succinic acid   0.3% Sylgard 309   4   3.5   3.6   3.7       2   2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate   1% succinic acid   0.3% Hasten   3.8   4.1   4   3.97       3   2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate   1% succinic acid   0.3% Hasten   4.2   4.5   4.4   4.4       4   2% Scythe (1.2% active ingredients)           2   2   2   2       5   4% Scythe (2.4% active ingredients)           3.4   3.2   3.3   3.27                                                                    
         [0034]    [0034]                                                       Example 16       Herbicide activity of caprylic acid/sodium       salicylate +/− succinic acid                Total Injury       Treatment   rating*                    1   1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic   97.7       2   3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic   97.9       3   1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate + 1.5% succinic   97.9       4   3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate + 1.5% succinic   99.9       5   1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate   79.8       6   3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate   91.3                                                                            
         [0035]    [0035]                                                                                                   Example 17       Herbicidal activity of caproic acid with other       compounds: succinic acid and sodium salicylate                Total injury ratings*                    Spray   Total            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   score                    1   2% caproic   11.2   7.3   18.5       2   2% caproic + 1% succinic   13.8   7.6   21.4       3   2% caproic + 2% succinic   12.7   7.1   19.8       4   3% caproic   13.9   7   20.9       5   3% caproic + 1% succinic   14.1   7.9   22       6   3% caproic + 2% succinic   14.5   8.2   22.7       7   2% caproic + 1% sodium salicylate   13.5   8.7   22.2       8   2% caproic + 1% sodium salicylate +   16.7   9.2   25.9           1% succinic                                                            
         [0036]    [0036]                                                                                                   Example 18       Herbicidal activity of caprylic acid combined with other       compounds (i.e., salts of succinate +/− sodium salicate)                Total injury ratings*                    Spray   Total            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Score                    1   2% caprylic   61   8.2   69.2       2   2% caprylic +   67.9   8.8   76.7           1.5% diammonium succinate       3   2% caprylic +   58   7.6   65.6           1.5% potassium succinate       4   2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate   63.7   7.8   71.5       5   2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate +   70   8.6   78.6           1.5% diammonium succinate       6   2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate +   58.9   7.5   66.4           1.5% potassium succinate                                                            
         [0037]    [0037]                                                                                                                   Example 19       Efficacy of caprylic with succinic or ammonium succinate,       as herbicides in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)                Injury rating*,                   total score           for 2 evaluations       Average                Spray   Total   rating            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Rating   per pot                    1   2% caprylic   73.6   49.8   123.4   4.11       2   2% caprylic +   76.1   54.5   130.6   4.35           1.5% ammonium succinate       3   2% caprylic +   76.4   57.7   134.1   4.47           3% ammonium succinate       4   2% caprylic +   80.6   52.4   133   4.43           1.5% succinic acid                                                                    
         [0038]    [0038]                                                                                                                   Example 20       Efficacy of caprylic with succinic or ammonium succinate,       as herbicides in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)                Injury rating*,                   total score           for 2 evaluations       Average                Spray   Total   rating            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Rating   per pot                    1   3% caprylic   142   36.6   178.4   4.05       2   3% caprylic +   145   37.5   182.2   4.14           0.5% ammonium succinate       3   3% caprylic +   145   39.8   185   4.2           1.5% ammonium succinate       4   3% caprylic +   151   44.6   195.9   4.45           1.5% succinic acid                                                                    
         [0039]    [0039]                                                                                                                   Example 21       Efficacy of 1.5% succinic acid with oleic, caprylic or pelargonic       acid, as herbicides in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)                Injury rating*,                   total score           for 2 evaluation       Average                Spray   Total   rating            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Rating   per pot                    1   3% oleic   24.2   9.4   33.6   1.2       2   3% oleic +   27.3   8.7   36   1.29           1.5% succinic       3   3% caprylic   88.1   35.4   123.5   4.41       4   3% caprylic +   91.5   37.5   129   4.61           1.5% succinic       5   3% pelargonic   85.3   37.6   122.9   4.39       6   3% pelargonic +   91.2   37.4   128.6   4.59           1.5% succinic                                                                            
         [0040]    [0040]                                                                                                                   Example 22       Efficacy of caprylic + sodium salicylate + succinic acid,       as an herbicide in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)                Injury rating*,                   total score           for 2 evaluation       Average                Spray   Total   rating            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Rating   per pot                    1   2% caprylic +   58.5   62   120.5   3.08           1.5% succinic       2   2% caprylic +   65   64.1   129.1   3.31           1.5% succinic +           1% sodium salicylate       3   3% caprylic +   68.7   68.1   136.8   3.51           1.5% succinic       4   3% caprylic +   72   71.1   143.1   3.67           1.5% succinic +           1% sodium salicylate       5   4% caprylic +   71   66.6   137.6   3.53           1.5% succinic                                                                            
         [0041]    [0041]                                                                                                               Example 23       Herbicidal activity: relationships between caprylic acid       and succinic acid +/− ammonium sulfate                Total Injury ratings,               combined, for two           separate evaluations*                Spray   Total   Average            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Rating   rating/pot                    1   4% caprylic acid   60.7   56.1   116.8   4.49       2   4% caprylic acid +   63.9   57   120.9   4.65           0.5% succinic acid       3   4% caprylic acid +   61.6   55.6   117.2   4.51           1% succinic acid       4   4% caprylic acid +   59.4   57.4   116.8   4.49           2% succinic acid       5   4% caprylic acid +   60.4   56.6   117   4.5           0.5% succinic acid +           ammonium sulfate       6   4% caprylic acid +   64   57.8   121.8   4.68           1% succinic acid +           ammonium sulfate       7   4% caprylic acid +   62.1   57.4   119.5   4.6           2% succinic acid +           ammonium sulfate                                                                            
         [0042]    [0042]                                                                                                                               Example 24       Herbicidal activity: comparison of fatty acids, when       combined with succinic acid and sodium salicylate                Total Injury ratings, combined               for two separate evaluations*                pH, spray       Spray       Average            Treatment   solution   60 G/a   to drip   Total   rating/pot                    1   3% butyric acid + succinic/NaSal   3.8   102.3   52.5   154.8   4.3       2   3% valeric acid + succinic/NaSal   3.9   105   53.8   158.8   4.41       3   3% caproic acid + succinic/NaSal   4.4   104.9   51.9   156.8   4.36       4   3% heptanoic acid + succinic/NaSal   4.5   108.9   54.1   163   4.53       5   3% caprylic acid + succinic/NaSal   4.5   112.4   55.5   167.9   4.67       6   3% pelargonic acid + succinic/NaSal   4.5   111.9   56.6   168.5   4.68       7   3% oleic acid + succinic/NaSal   4.5   105   53.2   158.2   4.39       8   3% caprylic/capric + succinic/NaSal   4.6   114.3   57.3   171.6   4.77                                                                                    
         [0043]    [0043]                                                               Example 25       Synergistic relationships between 5% caprylic/capric (c/c)       and succinic acid: desiccation of cotton plants                Average percent           Average   of foliage       Rating   desiccated   Treatment                    2   20       5% c/c       4   70   0.5% succinic and   5% c/c       4   60   1% succinic and   5% c/c       4   70   2% succinic and   5% c/c                                                                    
         [0044]    [0044]                                                                         Example 26       Synergistic relationships between 5%       caprylic/capric (c/c) and succinic acid            Average rating: degree of plant damage           (1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation)            60 G/acre   Spray to drip   Treatment Ingredients                    4.14   4.61       5% c/c       4.33   4.83   0.5% succinic and   5% c/c       4.43   4.82   1% succinic and   5% c/c       4.41   4.71   2% succinic and   5% c/c                                                                    
         [0045]    [0045]                                                                                   Example 27       Synergistic relationship between caprylic/capric (c/c) and       succinic acid, as harvest aids for potatoes and cotton            Average rating: degree of plant damage           (1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation)            Average, 2 evaluations                Cotton   Potatoes   Treatment Ingredients                    3.75   4.1       8% c/c       4.35   4.25   0.5% succinic and   8% c/c       4.65   4.15   1% succinic and   8% c/c       4.65   4.35   2% succinic and   8% c/c                                                                    
         [0046]    [0046]                                                                                                           Example 28       Herbicidal activities: synergy between succinic acid and pelargonic acid                Total injury               ratings*                Spray                Treatment   40 G/a   60 G/a   to drip   Total                    1   4% pelargonic acid   41.6   45.6   66.2   153.4       2   4% pelargonic acid +   42.8   46.7   66.3   155.8           0.5% succinic acid       3   0.5% succinic acid   0   0   0   0                                                            
         [0047]    [0047]                                                                                     Example 29       Synergistic relationships with caprylic/capric acids (c/c)            Average relative   Average   Treatment       Injury rating*   rating   Ingredients            60 G/acre   Spray to drip   per pot   Compound (1%)                    4.5   4.57   4.52       3% c/c       4.49   4.59   4.54   urea   3% c/c       4.56   4.33   4.45   sorbic acid   3% c/c       4.46   4.33   4.4   di-sodium succinate   3% c/c       4.62   4.5   4.58   ammonium tartrate   3% c/c       4.53   4.52   4.53   methyl salicylate   3% c/c       4.56   4.47   4.52   potassium salicylate   3% c/c       4.6   4.61   4.61   succinic acid   3% c/c                                                            
         [0048]    [0048]                                                                                   Example 30       Herbicidal activity on cotton foliage: synergistic relationships       between succinic acid and caprylic/capric acid (c/c) combinations                Total injury ratings, combined,           for two separate evaluations*                Average            Treatment   60 G/a   rating/pot                    1   4% c/c   18.5   3.08       2   4% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid   21.4   3.57       3   5% c/c   22.4   3.73       4   5% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid   25.7   4.28       5   6% c/c   25.3   4.22                                                                                    
         [0049]    [0049]                                                                                                               Example 31       Herbicidal activities: synergistic relationships between       succinic acid and caprylic/capric acid (c/c) combinations                Total injury ratings, combined               for two separate evaluation*   Average                Spray   Total   rating            Treatment   60 G/a   to drip   Rating   per pot                    1   4% c/c   123.3   41.5   164.8   4.12       2   4% c/c + 0.5%   128.1   45.1   173.2   4.33           succinic acid       3   5% c/c   129.9   46.3   176.2   4.41       4   5% c/c + 0.5%   134.5   46.5   181   4.53           succinic acid       5   6% c/c   133.9   46.8   180.7   4.52                                                                            
         [0050]    [0050]                                                                                                                   Example 32       General screening of candidate compounds: to examine for       synergistic relationships with caprylic/capric acids (c/c)                Average   Treatment Ingredients            Average relative injury rating*   rating   Compound            40 G/acre   60 G/acre   Spray to drip   per pot   (equimolar amounts)   c/c                    4.21   4.43   4.44   4.35           3% c/c       4.35   4.47   4.54   4.44   succinic acid (1%)   +   3% c/c       4.35   4.49   4.61   4.47   ammonium succinate (1.26%)   +   3% c/c       4.36   4.42   4.4   4.4   ammonium sulfate (1.12%)   +   3% c/c       4.35   4.5   4.59   4.47   ammonium tartrate (1.42%)   +   3% c/c                                                                    
         [0051]    [0051]                                                                             Example 33       Herbicidal activity: storage stability of fatty       acid/succinic acid-based formulations                 Average scores, for all 6 formulations               (rating per pot, 2-20 plants/pot)                Before storage   After storage                            Barnyard grass   4.73   4.8           Foxtail   4.68   4.68                                                                                    
         [0052]    [0052]                                                                                                                       Example 34       Herbicidal combinations of caprylic/capric (c/c) or pelargonic acid, with       equimolar amounts of succinic acid and ammonium succinate, on weed varieties                Total Injury ratings*                    Spray       Average            Treatment   40 G/a   60 G/a   to drip   Total   rating/pot                    1   3% c/c   85.5   60.2   36.1   181.8   4.33       2   3% c/c + 1% succinic acid   88.1   62.5   36.7   187.3   4.46       3   3% c/c + 1.26% ammonium succinate   88.8   60.8   37.4   187   4.45       4   3% pelargonic acid   87.7   60.8   37.3   185.8   4.42       5   3% pelargonic acid + 1% succinic acid   865.9   62.2   38   187.1   4.45       6   3% pelargonic acid + 1.26% ammonium succinate   87.6   61.2   36.9   185.7   4.42                                                                                                    
         [0053]    [0053]                                                                                                     Example 35       Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or Ams)       herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments       RoundUp Ultra at 1 pint/acre (No Sylgard or any other surfactant used)                    Average           Days after treatment: relative injury ratings*   rating                Day #6   Day #9   Day #11   Day #14   per pot                        1   RU   10.5   17.1   15.9   17.5   1.91       2   RU + ams   18.3   17.6   18.4   21.6   2.37       3   RU + ams + 0.5% succinic acid   21   20.3   24.3   25.7   2.85       4   RU + ams + 1.5% succinic acid   19.4   18.6   24.2   27.3   2.8       5   RU + 0.5% succinic acid   16.7   14.2   16   20.5   2.11       6   RU + 1.5% succinic acid   16.8   16.1   18.6   23.6   2.35                                                            
         [0054]    [0054]                                                                                                               Example 36       Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or       Ams) herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments       RoundUp Ultra at 1 pint/acre                Average                Days after treatment: relative injury ratings*   rating            Treatment   Day #6   Day #9   Day #11   Day #14   per pot                    1   RU   29   30.2   31.5   29.8   3.35       2   RU + ams   30.8   32.9   34.7   32.5   3.64       3   RU + ams + 0.5% succinic acid   30.2   32.7   35.5   34.5   3.69       4   RU + ams + 1.5% succinic acid   34.6   35.7   37.8   37.4   4.04       5   RU + 0.5% succinic acid   32.8   33.9   35.1   35.4   3.81       6   RU + 1.5% succinic acid   32.5   31.2   32.6   32.5   3.58                                                            
         [0055]    [0055]                                                                                                                       Example 37       Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or Ams)       herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments       RoundUp Ultra (RU) at 1 quart per acre                Average                Days after treatment: relative injury ratings*   rating            Treatment   Day #5   Day #8   Day #10   Day #13   Day 17   per pot                    1   RU   32.7   29.9   28.6   29.5   31.4   3.8       2   RU + ams   33.3   33.6   30.7   34.5   36.6   4.22       3   RU + ams + 0.5% succinic acid   34   34.5   32.4   35.3   36.7   4.32       4   RU + ams + 1.5% succinic acid   35.3   35.6   32.5   35.3   38.4   4.43       5   RU + 0.5% succinic acid   33.8   30.9   30.3   31   33.1   3.98       6   RU + 1.5% succinic acid   33.7   30.2   31   33.6   34   4.06                                                            
         [0056]    [0056]                                                                                                                             Example 38       Enhancement of herbicidal activity of RoundUp Ultra/       ammonium sulfate testing selected amendments                pH, spray   Days after treatment: injury ratings*       average            Treatment   solution   Day #4   Day #7   Day 11   Day #13   average   per test                    1   RU/ams   4.51   32.3   44.1   50   50.8   44.3   4.03       2   RU/ams + succinic acid   1.77   39.3   46.3   50.7   51.4   46.9   4.26       3   RU + ams + ammonium succinate   3.71   36.2   46.2   51.3   52.3   46.5   4.23       4   RU + ams ammonium tartrate   4.78   35.7   46   49.3   50.2   45.3   4.12       5   RU/ams + tartaric acid   1.27   33.9   46.9   50.7   51.5   46.2   4.2       6   RU/ams + citric acid   1.38   34.6   46.7   50.7   51.4   45.7   4.15       7   RU/ams + L-malic acid   1.59   34.6   47.7   51.1   51.8   46.3   4.21       8   RU/ams + acetic acid   2.51   33.7   47.1   50.8   51.3   45.7   4.15                                                                            
         [0057]    [0057]                                                                                             Example 39       Enhancement of herbicidal activity of caprylic/capric       acids (c/c), using selected compounds at equimolar amounts                Days after treatment:   Average           relative injury ratings*   rating            Treatment   Day #2   Day #4   Day #5   per pot                    1   3% c/c   30   27.6   30.3   3.66       2   3% c/c + succinic   35.8   33.6   35.1   4.35           acid (1%)       3   3% c/c + di-ammonium   35.1   32.5   34.2   4.24           succinate (1.26%)       4   3% c/c + ammonium   35.5   33.6   34.4   4.3           sulfate (1.12%)       5   3% c/c + ammonium   35.9   33.6   34.2   4.32           tartrate (1.42%)       6   succinic acid (1%)   0   0   0   0       7   di-ammonium   0   0   0   0           succinate (1.26%)       8   ammonium sulfate (1.12%)   0   0   0   0       9   ammonium tartrate (1.42%)   0   0   0   0                                                                            
         [0058]    [0058]                                                                                                                         Example 40       Desiccation of cotton foliage: Interaction of RoundUp Ultra       and caprylic acid/capric acid (+/− succinic acid)                Day after treatment: average rating*   Total            Treatment   1   2   5   7   10   12   Rating                    1   RU + 2% AMS       0   0   6   6   7   7   26       2   RU + 2% AMS   4% C/C   18   16   15   15   15   16   95.9       3   RU + 2% AMS   4% C/C + 1% succinic acid   18   17   17   17   16   18   103.2       4   RU + 2% AMS   1% succinic acid   0   0   7.2   6.5   7.7   8.8   30.2       5   2% AMS   4% C/C + 1% succinic acid   18   17   18   17   18   17   105.4       6   2% AMS   4% C/C   18   17   18   18   18   17   104.8                                                                                            
         [0059]    [0059]                                                                                                   Example 41       Synergistic relationship between succinic acid and       caprylic/capric acids C/C, relating to herbicidal activity                Injury ratings based on           2 independent evaluations*                Average           rating            Treatment   40 G/a   60 G/a   Total   per pot                    1   4% caprylic/capric   87.3   80.7   168   4.42       2   4% caprylic/capric +   88.6   82.1   170.7   4.49           1% succinic       3   4% caprylic/capric +   89.9   82.7   172.6   4.54           0.5% succinic       4   4% caprylic/capric +   90.3   82.6   172.9   4.55           0.5% succinic +           0.5% sodium salicylate       5   0.5% succinic acid   0   0   0   0       6   0.5% sodium salicylate   1   0.5   1.5   0.04       7   5% caprylic/capric   92   82.8   174.8   4.6       8   5% caprylic/capric +   91.6   83.9   175.5   4.62           0.5% succinic acid                                                                                    
         [0060]    [0060]                                                                                     Example 42       Herbicidal activity: comparison of caprylic, pelargonic and       an equimolar mixture of caprylic and pelargonic acids                Injury ratings based on           2 independent evaluations*                            Average           Treatments           rating           (equimolar comparison)   40 G/acre   60 G/acre   per pot                        1   3% caprylic   40.8   51.6   4.16       2   3.375% pelargonic   43   53.6   4.41       3   1.5% caprylic +   43   53.6   4.41           1.69% pelargonic       4   4% caprylic   44.1   54.5   4.49       5   4.5% pelargonic   45.1   53.9   4.51       6   2% caprylic +   44.6   54.2   4.51           2.25% pelargonic                                                            
         [0061]    [0061]                                                                                                       Example 43       Herbicidal enhancement of pelargonic by       succinic acid and diammonium succinate                Injury ratings based on           2 independent evaluations*                    Average           Spray   rating            Treatment   40 G/a   60 G/a   to drip   per pot                    1   2.5% Scythe   78.7   103   53.6   4.36           active ingredients       2   2.5% pelargonic   79.2   102.2   53.8   4.36       3   2.5% pelargonic +   81.7   105.1   55.3   4.48           0.5% succinic       4   2.5% pelargonic +   80.2   105.5   55.1   4.46           2% succinic       5   2.5% pelargonic +   80.9   105.4   54.4   4.46           2% diammonium succinate       6   2.22% caprylic/capric   80.3   103.4   51.5   4.36           (C/C)                                                                            
         [0062]    [0062]                                                                                         Example 44       Synergistic Relationship between Succinic or Citric acid       and Caprylic Acid, Testing Dry Beans       Treatment effects 3 days after single, foliar application                Green Foliage   Yellow Foliage                Overall   Foliage   Overall   Foliage       Treatment   Effect   Affected (%)   Effect   Affected (%)                    Na Salicylate (2%)   5   90   5   &gt;90       Na Salicylate (0.5%)   2    5-10   1   30       Na Salicylate (0.5%) +   1    5-10   1   30       Citric Acid (0.5%)       Na Sallcylate (0.5%) +   1.5    5-10   1   &gt;40       Succinic Acid (0.5%)       Citric Acid (0.5%)   0   0   0   0       Succinic Acid (0.5%)   0   0   0   0       Caprylic Acid (0.5%)   2.5    10-15   2   70       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   3.5   30   3   90       Citric Acid (0.5%)       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   4   50   4   &gt;90       Succinic Acid (0.5%)                                                    
         [0063]    [0063]                                         Example 45       Greater Effect by Succinic Acid over Calcium Succinate, when       used with Sodium Salicylate, Testing Several Plant Varieties*                overall           effect,           9 evaluations       Treatments   (average)               Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%)   2.89       Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Calcium Succinate (1%)   1.44                                            
         [0064]    [0064]                                         Example 46       Confirmation of Example 45, Testing Turf and Shrub Foliage       Treatment effects 1, 2, 4 and 7 days after a single, foliar application                Overall effect,           17 evaluations       Treatments   (average)               Sodium Salicylate (1%)   1.35       Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (2%)   2.59       Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Calcium Succinate (2%)   2.18       Succinic Acid (2%)   0.24                                            
         [0065]    [0065]                                                                                                                                 Example 47       Effects of desiccants and desiccant combinations       with other compounds on young potato plants                Injury ratings of treated plants           Treatment   (hours or days after application)   All evaluations            #   ingredients   1.5 hr   1   3   6   17   22   27   (total score)                    1   1% caprylic   2   2   3   2   2.5   3   3   17.5       2   1% caprylic + 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal   3   5   5.5   5   5.5   5.5   4   29.5       3   1% caprylic + 1% tartaric   2   3   3.5   3   3.4   4   3   23       4   1% caprylic + 0.5% dimethyl succinic acid   2   3   3   3   3   3.5   3   21.5       5   1% caprylic + 0.5% beta-alanine   1   2   2   2   2.5   3   2.5   15       6   1% caprylic + 1% succinic   3   4   3   4   5   5.5   4.5   30       7   2% caprylic   3.5   5   5   5   5   5.5   5.5   34.5       8   2% caprylic + 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal   4.5   6   6   6   6   6   6   40.5           sodium salicylate       9   2% caprylic + 1% tartaric   3.5   5   5   5   5   5.5   5.5   34.5                                                    
         [0066]    [0066]                                                           Example 48       Synergistic Relationships Between:       Succinic Acid + Caprylic Acid       Succinic Acid + Sodium Salicylate       Treatment effects 3 days after a single, foliar application, testing soybeans                Overall   Foliage       Treatment   Effect   Affected (%)                    Caprylic Acid (1%)   2.5   25-30       Caprylic Acid (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%)   3   30-35       Succinic Acid (1%)   0   0       Sodium Salicylate (1%)   1.5   15-20       Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%)   3.5   40-50                                            
         [0067]    [0067]                                                                                                                                                                                           Example 49       Enhancement of Scythe&#39;s herbicidal activity by selected compounds                Independent evaluations of snapbean and potato plants,               hours/days after application of desiccants            Treat-       1.5 hours   2 days   11 days   15 days   Totals, all evaluations                ment #   Treatment Ingredients   beans   potatoes   beans   potatoes   beans   potatoes   beans   potatoes   Beans   Potatoes   All                    1   2% NaSalicylate   1   0   1   1   1.5   1   1   1   4.5   3   7.5       2   4% Scythe   3   3   3.5   2.5   2   2   1   2   9.5   9.5   19       3   4% Scythe + 2% NaSal   4   3   5   3.5   3   3   2   3   14   12.5   26.5       4   4% Scythe + 0.25% tartaric   4   3   4   3   2.5   2.5   3   2   13.5   10.5   24       5   4% Scythe + 0.5% tartaric   4   4   5.5   3   3   2   4   1.5   16.5   10.5   27       6   4% Scythe + 1% tartaric   4   3.5   6   3.5   3   3   3   2   16   12   28       7   4% Scythe + 1% NaSal   3   3   4.5   3   2.5   2.5   2   2   12   10   22       8   4% Scythe + 0.5% NaSal   3   3   4.5   2   1.5   1.5   1   1.5   10   8   18       9   4% Scythe + 1% caprylic   4   4.5   5   3.5   2   3.5   1   3.5   12   15   27       10   4% Scythe + 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal   4   5   5.5   5   3.5   4   3   5   16   19   35       11   4% Scythe + 1% citric acid   4   3   6   3   2.5   2   2   2   145   10   24.5                                    
         [0068]    [0068]                                                                     Example 50       Synergistic Relationships Between Succinic Acid and Caprylic       Acid at Different Application Rates, Testing Soybeans       Treatment effects 2 days after a single, foliar application                Two Independent Sites           (average of 2 sites)                Overall   Foliage           Effect   Affected (%)                        Caprylic Acid (0.2%)   0.5   1.25       Caprylic Acid (0.5%)   2.25   9       Caprylic Acid (1.0%)   4   22.3       Caprylic Acid (0.2%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)   1.5   6.5       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)   3   15       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)   4.25   26       Succinic Acid (1.0%)   0   0       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L - Lactic Acid (1.0%)   2.75   15       L-Lactic Acid (1.0%)   0.5   1.25                                                    
         [0069]    [0069]                                                                     Example 51       Synergy Comparisons of Various Organic Acids with       Caprylic Acid, Testing Soybeans       Treatment effects 3 days after a single, foliar application                Two Independent Sites           (average of 2 sites)                Overall   Foliage       Treatments   Effect   Affected (%)                    Caprylic Acid (0.5%)   1.5   5       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   2.75   17.5       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)   2   11.5       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   2.25   12.5       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)   2.25   11.5       Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + CitricAcid (0.5%)   2.75   17.5       L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   0   0       L-Malic Acid (0.5%)   0   0       Succinic Acid (0.5%)   0   0       L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)   0   0       CitricAcid (0.5%)   0   0                                                    
         [0070]    [0070]                                                           Example 52       Synergistic Relationships Between Succinic Acid and       Caprylic Acid (or Sodium Salicylate), Testing Turf       Treatment effects 2 days after a single, foliar application                    Overall           Treatments   Effect                            Caprylic Acid (1.0%)   2           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   3           Succinic Acid (0.5)   0           Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)   1.5           Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   2                                                
         [0071]    [0071]                                                   Example 53       Effects of Various Compounds on Caprylic Acid       Testing Turf and Covergrass       Treatment effects 1, 3, 6, 7 and 11 days after a single,       foliar application at two, independent sites                Overall_Effect           10 Evaluations       Treatments   (average)                    Caprylic Acid (1.0%)   2.45       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%)   2.6       Caprylic Acid (1.0) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   3.8       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine (0.5%)   3.45       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)   3.1                                            
         [0072]    [0072]                                                   Example 54       Effects of Various Compounds on Caprylic Acid       Testing Turf and Shrub Foliage       Treatment effects 3, 4, 6 and 7 days after a single, foliar application                Overall_Effect           29 Evaluations       Treatments   (average)                    Caprylic Acid (1.0%)   1.05       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%)   2.19       Caprylic Acid (1.0) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)   1.4       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   2.19       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine (0.5%)   2.4       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)   2.05       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   1.95       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)   2.16       Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Citric Acid (0.5%)   1.47                                            
         [0073]    [0073]                                                       Example 55       Measurement of pH Values for Test Desiccants                pH Value                            Caprylic Acid (0.5%)   3.30           Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   1.07           Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)   1.49           Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   1.67           Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)   1.69           Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Citric Acid (0.5%)   1.51           L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   1.52           L-Malic Acid (0.5%)   1.69           Succinic Acid (0.5%)   1.94           L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)   1.93           Citric Acid (0.5%)   1.64           Caprylic Acid (0.5%)   3.55           Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   1.77           Succinic Acid (1.0%)   1.85           Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)   5.63           Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   2.9           Caprylic Acid (1.0%)   3.93           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%)   2.69           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)   2.17           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   2.07           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine 90 (0.5%)   4.06           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)   4.29                        
         [0074]    [0074]                                                       Example 56       Measurement of pH Values for Test Desiccants                pH           Value                            Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)   4.48           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)   2.76           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%) +   2.78           Caprylic Acid (0.5%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%)   4.2           Succinic Acid (1.0%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%)   2.24           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   2.46           L-Tartaric Acid (1.0%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   2.82           L-Lactic Acid (1.0%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   3.24           Succinic Acid (1.0%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   2.32           Succinic Acid (1.0%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   2.02           L-Lactic Acid (1.0%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   1.58           L-Tartaric Acid (1.0%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   5.12           Unipine 90 Acid (1.0%)           Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +   2.78           Adipic Acid (1.0%)           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Gluconic Acid (0.5%)   2.49           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)   2.29           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Beta-Alanine (0.5%)   4.4           Caprylic Acid (1.0%)   3.85           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   1.76           Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)   1.95           L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)   1.72           Beta-Alanine (0.5%)   6.65                        
         [0075]    [0075]                                                           Example 57       Field trial comparisons of caprylic/capric and       pelargonic acids on mixed weed varieties                    Average               injury rating           Treatment   per plot*                    1   3% caprylic/capric   3.95       2   3% caprylic/capric + 0.75% succinic acid   4.113       3   3% pelargonic   4.175       4   3% pelargonic + 0.75% succinic acid   4.213                                                    
         [0076]    [0076]                                                                                     Example 58       Field trial comparisons of caprylic/capric and       pelargonic acids on mixed weed varieties                    Average               injury rating           Treatment   per plot*                    Canadian thistle:            1   3% caprylic/capric   2.58       2   3% caprylic/capric + 0.75% succinic acid   2.8       3   3% pelargonic   4.03       4   3% pelargonic + 0.75% succinic acid   4.35            Redwood pigweed:            1   4% caprylic/capric   3.1       2   6% caprylic/capric   4.55       3   6% pelargonic   4.35                                            
         [0077]    [0077]                                             Example 59       Succinic Acids Potentiation of Sodium Salicylate, Testing Cotton       Treatment effect 2 days after a single, foliar application                    Foliage           Treatment   Affected (%)                       Succinic Acid (1.0%)   No effect           Succinic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)   &gt;70           Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)   &lt;70                                    
         [0078]    It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above methods and in the compositions set forth, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.  
         [0079]    It is also understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language might be said to fall therebetween.  
         [0080]    Particularly, it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or components recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of said ingredients wherever the sense permits.