Abstract:
A machine having a transmission, a differential, and a drive shaft disposed therebetween has an improvement including a stator with a substantially cylindrical opening extending therethrough, and a rotor that rotates relative to the stator. The rotor is attached to the drive shaft in axial alignment, and rotation of the drive shaft causes a corresponding rotation of the rotor. At least a portion of the drive shaft extends through the opening in the stator. A semi-rigid coupling extends between the stator and the transmission.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to a drive shaft and electric motor, and more specifically to an electric motor drive shaft retrofit system for replacing a drive shaft of a vehicle. 
     2. Background 
     The increasing cost of fossil fuels, along with the negative environmental impact of the use of such fuels, has led to great interest in the development of electric or hybrid vehicles. In such vehicles, at least a portion of the power required to move the vehicle comes from electrical energy, typically provided by batteries associated with the vehicle. A combustion engine may be provided for increased power when necessary, or to provide power when the vehicles batteries have been depleted. 
     One drawback to such vehicles is the need to charge the batteries using an electrical outlet or some other source of current. The charging process can be time-consuming or inconvenient, and in some instances a source of current may not be readily available. Further, the electricity provided via an electrical outlet or other source of current may ultimately stem from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal. Thus, it is desirable for an electric or hybrid vehicle to include some system for generation of its own current to charge batteries or power the electrical systems of the vehicle. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an improvement for a machine having a transmission, a differential, and a drive shaft disposed therebetween. The improvement includes a stator with a substantially cylindrical opening extending therethrough, and a rotor that rotates relative to the stator. The rotor is attached to the drive shaft in axial alignment, and rotation of the drive shaft causes a corresponding rotation of the rotor. At least a portion of the drive shaft extends through the opening in the stator. A semi-rigid coupling extends between the stator and the transmission. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, the transmission includes a tail piece, and the tail piece and drive shaft are connected by a U-joint. The semi-rigid coupling extends between the stator and the transmission in such a manner as to cover the U-joint. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides a vehicle including a differential, a drive shaft coupled to the differential at a first end of the drive shaft, and a second drive shaft coupled to the first drive shaft. The second drive shaft includes a stator with a substantially cylindrical opening extending therethrough, and a rotor disposed on the second drive shaft such that it rotates relative to the stator. At least a portion of the second drive shaft extends through the opening in the stator. The second drive shaft is also coupled to a transmission at an end of the second drive shaft opposite the end coupled to the first drive shaft. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the vehicle includes a semi-rigid coupling extending between the stator and the transmission. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the vehicle includes a housing attached to the underside of the vehicle, the housing having openings in either end for a portion of the second drive shaft to extend therethrough. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the first drive shaft is coupled to the second drive shaft via a U-joint, and the second drive shaft is coupled to the transmission via a U-joint. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the vehicle includes a battery in electrical communication with the electric motor of the present invention. The electric motor charges the battery. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a motor controller is provided for controlling the electric motor. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a hybrid controller is provided for selectively engaging and disengaging the electric motor and for controlling the relative power contribution of the electric motor and a combustion engine associated with the vehicle. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the hybrid controller is programmable by the operator of the vehicle. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the hybrid controller is programmable by the operator of the vehicle using a software application on a mobile computing device. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a method of programming a controller regulating the relative contribution of an electric motor and a combustion motor is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a mobile computing device capable of communicating with the controller of a hybrid vehicle, receiving from a user of the mobile computing device an input setting the relative contribution of the electric motor or the combustion motor, and programming the controller to reflect the input of the user. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the mobile computing device is a mobile phone having a software application programmed to receive an input from the user and program the controller accordingly. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of one embodiment of the present invention in a vehicle having a dual shaft arrangement. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view of an embodiment of the present invention in a vehicle having a dual shaft arrangement, the view showing additional components of the invention and vehicle. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an electric hybrid system that can be retrofitted to an existing vehicle, and that is separate from or external to the existing combustion engine and transmission of the vehicle. The present invention is suitable for use in any vehicle having at least one drive shaft associated therewith. Apart from the inclusion of the present invention, the vehicle may in other respects be similar to a standard vehicle, such as an automobile, in use today. The vehicle preferably includes, for example, an operator area from which a driver of the vehicle is able to operate the vehicle. The operator area preferably includes a seat and a plurality of controls for steering, braking, signaling, starting, and accelerating the vehicle, and may include controls for any of a variety of other functions commonly found on vehicles. Likewise, the drive train of the vehicle may include a rear drive and/or front drive, according to the vehicle type. Vehicles for which the present device is suited preferably also include at least one differential associated with either the front or rear axle of the vehicle. Vehicles may also include both front and rear differentials, and in vehicles having both front and rear differentials, a center differential maybe provided due to the disparity in distance traveled by the front and rear wheels during a turn. Vehicles having four-wheel drive preferably include a transfer case or transfer gear case. 
     Turning to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like parts, the numeral  10  refers generally to an electric drive shaft system constructed according to the teachings of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 1 , electric drive shaft system  10  preferably includes a drive shaft  12  having a coupling (such as, for example, U-joint connections  27  and  28 ) at either end. Drive shaft  12  further includes a rotor  14  fixedly attached thereto, such that when driveshaft  12  rotates there is a corresponding rotation of rotor  14 . 
     An outer housing  18  is provided, covering at least a portion of drive shaft  12 . Outer housing  18  includes openings on opposing ends thereof so that opposing ends of drive shaft  12  can extend through the openings. Drive shaft  12  is rotatable within outer housing  18 , and outer housing  18  does not rotate along with drive shaft  12 . Outer housing  18  includes a stator  16  fixedly attached thereto, the stator positioned to extend around rotor  14  so that when rotor  14  rotates a current is induced within stator  16 . These components, together, form an electric motor. 
     Stator  16  preferably comprises a plurality of stampings to receive the windings necessary for the stator to function. Design and production of stators is known in the art, and it is contemplated that any suitable stator may be used with the present invention. Likewise, design and construction of rotors is known in the art and any suitable rotor may be used as rotor  14  of the present invention. A suitable rotor  14  may, for example, be of the squirrel cage variety, having a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for containing the rotor conductors. The conductors in a squirrel cage rotor are typically not wires, but instead a plurality of bars (such as copper, aluminum, or alloys thereof). Alternatively, a wound rotor may be utilized, wherein a series of insulated rotor coils are used instead of the bars described above. As noted, any suitable rotor may be used, and because the construction and design of rotors and stators is known in the art, the various components of these devices are not illustrated in the Figures. 
     As shown in the drawings and noted above, each end of shaft  12  preferably forms a U-joint with another component of the present system. The use of U-joints allows the present system to deal with misalignment or movement of the various components thereof. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, it is preferred that a flexible or semi-rigid coupling  26  extend between stator  16  (or housing  18  having stator  16  contained therein) and transmission  22  of the vehicle in which the present system is provided. The coupling  26  preferably includes internally-cast torsion supports to deal with the torque from the electric motor, and preferably also includes straps or other fasteners to secure the electric motor in the event of a U-joint failure. Although in some embodiments, coupling  26  may extend from stator  16  or housing  18  to transmission  22 , it is contemplated that in other embodiments of the invention, coupling  26  may be molded to fit around the tail piece of transmission  22 , such as through the use of an internally-cast clamp, or may be attached to both components of the present invention via bolt flanges. Any suitable method of fastening or attaching coupling  26  may be used. Coupling  26  not only provides structural support but reduces or eliminates heat transfer between the electric motor and transmission  22  of the present invention. This also provides for a less expensive and easier installation of the present invention, in which no adapter is required to be installed on the vehicle transmission in place of the original tail piece. Further, the installation of the present invention is more fully adjustable because the present invention can be angled such that it reflects the angle of the original drive shaft and thus follows the chassis better than if it were rigidly mounted in place. 
     As noted above, one end of drive shaft  12  preferably includes a U-joint  28  for attaching to a tail piece of transmission  22 . The other end of drive shaft  12  also preferably includes a U-joint  27 . U-joint  27  may allow attachment to a differential  32 , or to a second shaft  20 , the second shaft  20  then being attached, via a U-joint  30 , to differential  32 . Although a U-joint is shown in the Figures, it is contemplated that any suitable flexible shaft coupling may be used. For example, a rubber disk with dual bolt-flanges may be used, as is known in some European automobiles. 
     It is contemplated that an existing vehicle can be retrofitted with the present invention. In the dual-shaft arrangement mentioned above, for example, one of the pre-existing drive shafts of the vehicle may be replaced with drive shaft  12  and the corresponding components of the present invention. In a vehicle having a single drive shaft extending from a transmission  22  to a front differential  32 , drive shaft  12  and the corresponding components of the present invention may replace that existing drive shaft. Some embodiments of the present invention may be adapted for use with four-wheel drive vehicles, in which case U-joint  27  of drive shaft  12  may be attached to a transfer case (not shown). 
     As noted above, drive shaft  12  having rotor  14  disposed thereon, rotor  14  rotating within a stator  16 , generates electrical energy. This electrical energy, or current, may be directed via wiring to various systems or components of the vehicle in which the present invention is utilized, the current helping to power these systems or components. It is contemplated that various suitable methods of wiring the components of the present invention will be readily ascertainable to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, and as such the details of various approached to wiring are not provided here. 
     A motor control unit  36  may be provided to control flow of current produced by the electric motor of the present invention. The current may be directed to various systems or components of the present invention, or may be directed to batteries  38  where energy can be stored for later use. In addition, current produced by the electric motor may, if necessary, pass through an inverter or rectifier prior to being used by the present system. Motor control unit  36  is preferably fully-programmable such that it is suitable for use with any motor. It should also be noted that batteries  38  may be any type of battery suitable for use with an electric vehicle. Such batteries may include, but are not limited to, lead-acid batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. Of these, nickel metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries are preferred. In some embodiments of the present invention, a control may be provided in the operator area so that the operator can selectively engage or disengage the electric motor of the present invention. 
     A hybrid control unit  40  may be provided to regulate the interaction between the electric motor of the present invention and the combustion engine of the vehicle in which the present invention is utilized. Hybrid control unit  40  can control electricity generation by the electric motor of the present invention, adjusting the generation of power such that a greater amount is produced when needed, and a lesser amount produced (along with greater energy output by the combustion engine) when power from the combustion engine is needed. Further, the hybrid control unit may be programmed to selectively engage or disengage the electric motor of the present invention according to predetermined criteria. Hybrid control unit  40  further preferably has a torque or load-sensing functionality. The hybrid control unit  40  may be in communication with a torque sensor on the electric motor, as well as with a torque sensor on the combustion engine associated with the vehicle. An operator of the vehicle may set hybrid control unit  40  such that a desired percentage of torque is supplied by the electric motor as oppose to the combustion engine, or vice versa. Alternatively, hybrid control unit  40  may make such determinations automatically, as appropriate for a type of trip selected by a user (e.g. long, short, winding or elevated terrain, flat, and the like). 
     The control units described herein have access to at least one memory. The memory is preferably non-volatile, such that data contained within the memory is retained even when the memory is not receiving power. Exemplary types of such memory include EEPROM, PROM, NVRAM, and the like. In some embodiments of the present invention, the memory utilized by the motor control unit and/or the hybrid control unit may be programmable by an operator of the present device. In such embodiments, the operator may be provided with a graphical-user interface within the vehicle in order to program the memory. Alternatively, the vehicle or the memory may be adapted to interface with an external device, such as a general purpose computer, hand-held computing device, laptop, tablet, or other suitable device. The external device may include software that provides the operator of the vehicle with a graphical user interface that allows programming of the memory. 
     It is contemplated that the present invention may also be utilized in vehicles having other systems in place for providing power to batteries  38 . For example, the present device may be utilized within a vehicle having a regenerative braking system. Examples of regenerative braking systems are known in the art. When a traditional braking system is employed, much of the mechanical energy associated with the moving vehicle dissipates as heat when the braking system is engaged. With a regenerative braking system, a portion of that mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy to power the electrical systems of the vehicle or to charge the vehicle&#39;s batteries. In embodiments of the present invention wherein the vehicle includes a regenerative braking system, a controller may be utilized to selectively engage and disengage the regenerative braking mechanism. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, components of the present invention may be provided in the form of a kit. Such a kit may include the components needed to retrofit a vehicle with the device of the present invention. For example, such a kit may include a drive shaft  12  having couplings (such as U-joints  27  and  28 ), rotor  14  fixedly attached to drive shaft  12 , stator  16  within housing  18 , and flexible or semi-rigid coupling  26 . Also preferably included are a battery, an instrument or indicator for determining the charge of the battery, and the wiring necessary to properly wire the components of the invention. In some embodiments of a kit, programmable controllers as described above may be provided. Written indicia included with the kit provide instruction to a user on removal of an existing drive shaft in a vehicle and the installation of the present invention in its place. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a software application, such as for an cellular phone, tablet, laptop, or other mobile computing device is provided. The mobile computing device is in communication with one or more controllers of the present invention, described above. The software provides a user thereof with the ability to program the controllers or modify the hybrid effect produced by the present invention (i.e. the percentage of torque generated by the electric motor as opposed to the combustion engine). In some embodiments of the invention, the computer software providing such functionality may be contained within a computing device fixed within the car itself, allowing the user to program the hybrid system of the present invention via an interface on the car&#39;s instrument panel or elsewhere within the vehicle. 
     The embodiments of the present invention described above are presented for purposes of illustration of the concepts of the present invention, and are not intended to be limiting. It is contemplated that one of skill in the art will readily ascertain various modifications to the present invention upon reading this disclosure, and such modifications are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention.