Abstract:
Systems and methods for using very small devices, “McNano devices,” to facilitate and enhance operations in the oilpatch. This abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure and is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims, 37 C.F.R. 1.72(b).

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present invention and application claim the benefit of priority under the U.S. Patent Laws of U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/458,444 filed Nov. 22, 2010, which application is incorporated fully herein for all purposes. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention is directed to rig operations and to wellbore operations, systems and methods with very small devices such as microdevices, nanodevices, micro-resonant devices, nanotransmitters, nanorobots, and nano RFID devices (all referred to herein as “McNano devices”) and, in at least certain embodiments, to such operations, systems and methods using McNano devices in association with rig or wellbore equipment, drilling equipment, completion operations, completion equipment, fluid movement apparatuses, fluid processing systems, solids control systems, and fluid conduits and wellbores; and to such systems and methods useful in well drilling, control and production. 
         [0004]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0005]    A variety of nano RFID devices are known, see, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/501,909 filed Jul. 13, 2009, 12/498,689 filed Jul. 7, 2009; and 12/497,193 filed Jul. 2, 2009-all of which are incorporated fully herein for all purposes. 
         [0006]    A variety of micro-resonant devices are known, see, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/913,661 published Jan. 29, 2009, Pub. No. 2009/0027280 A1, incorporated fully herein for all purposes. 
         [0007]    A variety of nanodevices including nanorobots are known, see, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/604,310 filed Oct. 22, 2009 which is incorporated fully herein for all purposes. As defined below, for purposes of this invention and this application, “McNano devices includes, inter alia, the devices disclosed referred to in, and disclosed in references cited in the five patent applications referred to above. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention, in certain aspects, discloses systems, equipment, and methods in which very small devices, including microdevices, nanodevices, nanorobots, micro-resonant devices (“MRDs”), nanotransmitters, and/or nano RFID devices (“nano RFIDs” or “nanotags”). Such very small devices are referred to herein collectively as “McNano” devices or “McNanos”. McNano device are used, according to the present invention, in a variety of operations and with a variety of equipment. In certain embodiments, at least one, one, or a plurality of such McNano device are used in equipment, systems, and operations in the oil and gas industries, e.g. in rig operations, well formation, well completion, well production, fluid processing, solids control, and testing methods and with equipment used in these methods. In certain aspects, the McNano device(s) are coated, sheathed, or layered with protective and/or strengthening material, e.g., but not limited to plastic, metal, polytetrafluoroethylene, and/or ballistic material to cope with a wellbore environment (e.g. but not limited to, environments of extreme temperature or environments of corrosive or caustic materials or fluids) in which a McNano device is used (and this can be true for an McNano device disclosed herein and any such device described below on any method according to the present invention). 
         [0009]    Certain McNano devices used in equipment and methods according to the present invention are those disclosed in U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0027280 and are small micro-resonant devices (MRDs) that can receive an excitation signal and generates and transmit an emission signal, and can be tracked in an oil and gas industry method or environment, e.g., devices that are on the order of about 5 to 100 microns in diameter or up to about 1000 microns or much smaller, down to about 5 nanometers. 
         [0010]    McNano devices can include monolithic MRDs that include an antenna component that receives an excitation signal and transmits an emission signal; and a resonator component that receives an excitation signal and generates a corresponding emission signal; and, optionally an outer coating that envelopes the device and isolates the device from its environment; and which coating, in certain aspects according to the present invention, specifically protect a device from fluids and materials encountered in oil and gas operations, within equipment used in such operations, and within oil and gas wells. These devices can have an overall diameter of less than about 1000 microns, e.g., 100 or 10 microns, and a Q value of greater than about 5, e.g., greater than 10, 50, 100, or much higher, and the emission signal can be (i) a resonant frequency of the device emitted at a delayed time compared to the excitation signal (or at a time after the excitation signal has stopped), (ii) a frequency different than the excitation signal; (iii) a signal at a different polarization than the excitation signal, or (iv) a resonant frequency of the device which upon excitation by an excitation field (e.g., a magnetic field), distorts the applied excitation field. 
         [0011]    In such McNano devices, the antenna component and the resonator component can be the same component, i.e., one component that functions as both an antenna and as a resonator. The devices can also be designed such that the resonant frequency is proportional to an applied magnetic field, e.g., by fabricating the resonator of a magnetic metal or alloy to induce magnetic field dependence to the resonant frequency. 
         [0012]    In certain embodiments, the invention features McNano devices which are MRDS as in U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0027280 in the form of cylindrical or prismatic length extender bars that include a transducer material, e.g., a piezoelectric or magnetostrictive transducer material, and that have a length of less than about 100 microns and a diameter of less than about 100 microns; and optionally an outer coating that envelopes the device and isolates the device from its environment in a well or in equipment used in oil and gas operations. In certain aspects, these McNanos can resonate at a resonant frequency of greater than about 50 MHz after receiving an excitation signal at the reonant frequency. 
         [0013]    An outer layer for such McNano devices can include a hydrophilic material encompassing the device or a hydrophobic material encompassing the device and/or a protective sheath, layer, or coating. 
         [0014]    In other embodiments, the McNano devices are in the form of devices that include a hermetically-sealed housing having walls forming an internal chamber; a cantilever arranged within the internal chamber and having a free end and a fixed end connected to a wall of the housing; and an electrode arranged within the internal chamber in parallel and spaced from the cantilever; wherein, in certain aspects, the overall size of the device is no larger than About 1000 microns, e.g., no larger than 100 or 10 microns. 
         [0015]    In certain aspects, in a well, near a well, and/or in or near equipment used in well operations, McNano devices are located and/or tracked (e.g. by an “apparatus S”) by generating an excitation signal randomly at any location at which they appear or in a target area in which the device might be located; receiving an emission signal from the one or more McNanos, if any, e.g., in a target area; and processing the emission signal to determine the location of the device(s). In various methods, the McNano devices can have an overall diameter or largest dimension of about 10 microns or less. In embodiments in which the emission signal is a resonant frequency of the device, the device can further include a magnetic material to induce magnetic field dependence to the resonant frequency, and the methods can further include exposing the device or the device in a target area to a magnetic field. 
         [0016]    In certain methods according to the present invention, a target area can be within a well, within a tubular, within cement, and/or within equipment, and the emission signal can be any suitable frequency. McNano devices can be attached to an object, and then used to track the object within a well, within and/or through a piece of equipment, and/or within a target area. 
         [0017]    McNano devices may have an overall outer diameter or largest dimension of less than about 1000 microns, and can be much smaller, e.g., less than 500, 250, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, or 1 micron, or even on the nanometer scale, e.g., 500, 250, 200, 100, 50, 25, 10, or 5 nanometers. McNanos can be individual, standalone, monolithic devices, or can be made of a set of or a plurality of McNanos, e.g. nano-resonant devices, that are each on the nanoscale, e.g., in certain aspects, about 500 nanometers or less, e.g., less than 250, 100, 50, 25, 10, or 5 nanometers in size. 
         [0018]    The McNano devices can either (i) individually produce a resonant signal, e.g. when detected, or when acting in concert in a particular target location, or a set of McNano devices can produce a collective signal of sufficient power to be detected in the same way that a signal from one device is detected, or (ii) individually do not produce a signal, but assemble, e.g., self-assemble, at a location or at a target location to form a McNano device, e.g. micro-resonant device, to produce a detectable signal or collectively act to produce a detectable signal. Once congregated or self-assembled at a location or at a target location, a set of McNano devices can act like a single device. Alternatively, the McNano devices can each individually produce a detectable signal. 
         [0019]    The McNano devices can be designed and fabricated so that their resonant frequency is sensitive to their surrounding temperature, chemistry, pH, thus making them useful as local sensors with detectable readout (e.g. RF readout). McNano devices with metal or with metallic layers can be detected by conventional metal detection devices and apparatuses. 
         [0020]    The McNano device (s) can be micron-sized devices that can generate and emit signals at resonant frequencies not present (or at very low levels) in a location, a target location, or in and oil and gas well environment. In certain aspects, these individual devices, e.g., located in a target environment, can be located in three-dimensional space and tracked anywhere in the target environment using conventional methods and apparatuses. If an RF device is used, one or more can be used to locate the presence of the McNano devices and can also determine the 3-D location, e.g., by using three separate RF devices. Alternatively, one can use even a single antenna (RF device) if it is focused and rotated around the target. 
         [0021]    In certain aspects, McNano devices are monolithic devices, i.e., they are fabricated entirely on a single silicon chip or substrate. They can also be standalone devices, in that they can operate without the need for any connection to another circuit or device. Their power requirements can be provided from an on-board power source or from detectors used to detect, track and image them. They can be detected individually, or e.g. when they are composed of a set of nano-scale McNano devices, they can be detected when congregated at a location or at a target location within a target environment or area. 
         [0022]    In certain embodiments, McNano devices can have a coating, sheath, or layer that insulates them from a fluid, a material, or an environment. The coating can be hermetically sealed to keep its interior free from fluids, e.g., liquids and/or gases in an environment. 
         [0023]    Certain McNano devices convert mechanical motion into an electrical signal (as in U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0027280). 
         [0024]    A simple tracking device (e.g. an “apparatus S”) for tracking McNano devices can have a single send/receive antenna that is focused to a precise point in 3-D space. To create an image of a large object, the antenna is scanned in three dimensions, e.g., in a circular, up/down, and in/out, thus probing the entire 3-D space occupied by the large object. Another device has a ring of antennae, or multiple rings of different diameter, that are scanned in one direction, e.g., up and down, to reconstruct a 3-D location of a McNano. Another device includes a large, but finite, number of antennae that reconstruct the position of Mcnano devices in 3-D space without moving. 
         [0025]    McNanos can also sense for pH, specific chemicals, etc. encountered in an oil and gas well. 
         [0026]    In one aspect of the invention, a McNano device is a nano radio frequency identification (RFID) device that includes a radio frequency (RF) section configured to send an RF signal and at least one antenna operatively coupled to the RF section for emitting the RF signal, and the nano RFID device is configured to be less than about 150 nanometers in each of width, length and thickness. 
         [0027]    In another aspect, a method for using a McNano device that is nano radio frequency identification (RFID) device, the nano RFID device includes a radio frequency (RF) section configured to emit an RF signal and at least one antenna operatively coupled to the RF section to emit the signal, wherein the nano RFID device is configured to be less than about 150 nanometers in each of width, length and thickness, the method including configuring identification data within the nano RFID device that identifies the RFID device and embedding the nano RFID device within an item or composition for tracking the item or composition. Identification data can similarly be configured in other McNanos. A McNano device can be energized and/or interrogated with an RF signal. 
         [0028]    The method and device of the invention includes, in certain aspects, providing a nano radio frequency identification (RFID) device (RFID tag) of about 150 nanometers or smaller in dimension. In some embodiments, the RFID device may include semiconductors as small as is 90 nanometers, perhaps with some chips configured and provided at the 65 nanometer, 45 nanometer and/or 30 nanometer size level. The technology for included electrical circuitry in such a McNano or in any other suitable McNano may include CMOS or related technology for low power consumption. 
         [0029]    A McNano device for use in methods according to the present invention may include a nano RFID device with a radio frequency circuit (RF) that may be configured to respond to a received RF signal and to provide identifying information of the nano RFID device which may be associated with a composition, item, product, person, or similar object. Optionally, and as is true for any McNano device, in some applications, the nano RF circuit may provide identifying information of the device when not triggered by a received RF signal; and identifying information may be electronically encoded alphanumeric data to uniquely identify the nano-RFID device. The RF circuit may also be configured with a memory, such as, but not limited to, EEROM or EEPROM, for example, to store other information that may be transmitted along with the identifying information. The nano RFID device may also include antennae that may receive an RF signal and also emit a response signal as generated by an RF circuit. The antennae may be at least one, or two, carbon nano tubes or other nano materials suitable for RF reception and emission such as transmitting an outbound backscatter signal. As is true of any McNano device, a nano RFID device may have a protective layer, sheath, or coating such as a plastic coating, polytetrafluoroethylene coating, or other suitable composition that provides environmental protection for the nano-RFID device. The nano-RFID device may have a size of about 150 nanometers, or smaller, in all dimensions (length, width and thickness). 
         [0030]    A McNano device that has an active nano RFID component may include an active nano RFID device and may include a radio frequency circuit (RF) that is configured to receive a RF signal and configured to emit data as initiated by the RF circuit or as initiated by a micro-circuit (e.g., a micro-processor, or the like) that provides additional processing and control capability. The emitted data may include identifying information of the active nano RFID device, which may be associated with a composition, item, product, object, person, or similar object. The identifying information may be electronically encoded alphanumeric data to uniquely identify the nano-RFID device. The active nano device may also be configured with a memory, such as EEROM or EEPROM, for example, to store the identifying data, and/or other information that may be transmitted along with the identifying information. 
         [0031]    The McNano device may include (as is true for any Mcnano device) an active nano device and a nano power source such as a nano battery or a power generator, for example. The power source may be fabricated as a nano chemical-battery as is known in the art. The power source may be configured to provide power to an RF circuit of the device, a micro-circuit, and/or memory. The power source may provide sufficient power to cause a stronger response signal, hence greater transmission distances, as compared with a passive nano RFID. Antennae may receive an RF signal and also emit a response signal as generated by the RF circuit that may be initiated by the micro-circuit. The antennae may be at least one, or two or more, carbon nano tubes or other nano materials suitable for RF reception and emission such as transmitting outbound backscatter signal. The RF circuit and the micro-circuit may be combined in some embodiments. 
         [0032]    In one method a McNano device in a well operation is a nano-RFID which may be provided, and initialized or configured with identifying data unique to the particular device, and/or unique to an item, composition, person or object associated with the device. This may be (as is true for any McNano device), for example, a serial number, a product code, a name, an encoded identifier, or the like. The device may be embedded in, connected to, or attached to, a composition or material, item, or product or introduced into a fluid or a flow stream. The composition etc. may be tracked and the resulting identification information received by a reception apparatus or system (e.g. an “apparatus S”) and processed according to an application or system using the device. 
         [0033]    In some applications, the identification information within a McNano device (including, but not limited to a nano RFID device) may be duplicated among more than one device, so that more than one device may have the same identification information, or at least a subset of the same information. This capability may be useful in those applications where an associated item might have multiple devices. In such a case, the identification data may be the same identifying data in all the devices in an item or object. 
         [0034]    In certain embodiments, a McNano device may contain temperature, pressure, mechanical (e.g., harmonic) electrical, and/or chemical sensors. In one embodiment, the device may also contain a radio transmitter capable of transmitting continuous, interval, or on-demand signals. The transmitter may contain a power supply, such as a battery. Both the transmitter and power supply may be incorporated on a body or on a single chip. The apparatus may contain remotely programmable subdevices or units capable of detecting and analyzing operations and fluid parameters, e.g., but not limited to, temperature, pH, pressure, and electrical and chemical sensors according to time and location. 
         [0035]    Related technology that may provide an expanded description of various techniques and principles herein may be found in one or more publications such as, for example: “Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience,” Edward L. Wolf, Wiley-VCA; 2 edition (October 2006); “Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology,” Springer, 2nd rev. and extended ed. edition (March 2007); “Introduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology (Nanostructure Science and Technology),” Springer, 1.sup.st edition (June 2004); “Fundamentals of Microfabrication: The Science of Miniaturization,” Marc J. Madou, CRC, 2 edition (Mar. 13, 2002); “RFID Essentials (Theory in Practice),” O&#39;Reilly Media, Inc. (January 2006); “RFID Applied” by Jerry Banks, David Hanny, Manuel A. Pachano, Les G. Thompson, Wiley (Mar. 30, 2007); “Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications” by Michael J. O&#39;Connell, CRC (May 2006); and “Nanoscale Science and Technology” by Robert Kelsall, Ian Hamley, Mark Geoghegan, Wiley (April 2005), all publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0036]    Accordingly, the present invention includes features and advantages which are believed to enable it to advance very small device technology and, in certain aspects, various oil and gas systems and operations technologies. Characteristics and advantages of the present invention described above and additional features and benefits will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and referring to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0037]    What follows are some of, but not all, the objects of this invention. In addition to the specific objects stated below for at least certain preferred embodiments of the invention, there are other objects and purposes which will be readily apparent to one of skill in this art who has the benefit of this invention&#39;s teachings and disclosures. It is, therefore, an object of at least certain preferred embodiments of the present invention to provide: 
         [0038]    New, useful unique, efficient, nonobvious methods using at least one McNano device (very small device, e.g., but not limited to, at least one micro-resonant device or at least one nano RFID device) or a plurality or combination of such devices; 
         [0039]    New, useful unique, efficient, nonobvious equipment, apparatuses, systems, equipment, methods, machines, and/or devices for oil or gas industry operations and methods using at least one McNano device or a plurality or combination of such devices. 
         [0040]    Certain embodiments of this invention are not limited to any particular individual feature disclosed here, but include combinations of them distinguished from the prior art in their structures, functions, and/or results achieved. Features of the invention have been broadly described so that the detailed descriptions that follow may be better understood, and in order that the contributions of this invention to the arts may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional aspects of the invention described below and which may be included in the subject matter of the claims to this invention. Those skilled in the art who have the benefit of this invention, its teachings, and suggestions will appreciate that the conceptions of this disclosure may be used as a creative basis for designing other structures, methods and systems for carrying out and practicing the present invention. The claims of this invention are to be read to include any legally equivalent devices or methods which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
         [0041]    The present invention recognizes and addresses the long-felt needs and provides a solution to problems and a satisfactory meeting of those needs in its various possible embodiments and equivalents thereof. To one of skill in this art who has the benefits of this invention&#39;s realizations, teachings, disclosures, and suggestions, other purposes and advantages will be appreciated from the following description of certain preferred embodiments, given for the purpose of disclosure, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The detail in these descriptions is not intended to thwart this patent&#39;s object to claim this invention no matter how others may later disguise it by variations in form, changes, or additions of further improvements. 
         [0042]    The Abstract that is part hereof is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and scientists, engineers, researchers, and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent terms or legal terms of phraseology to determine quickly from a cursory inspection or review the nature and general area of the disclosure of this invention. The Abstract is neither intended to define the invention, which is done by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting of the scope of the invention in any way. 
         [0043]    It will be understood that the various embodiments of the present invention may include one, some, or all of the disclosed, described, and/or enumerated improvements and/or technical advantages and/or elements in claims to this invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0044]    A more particular description of embodiments of the invention briefly summarized above may be had by references to the embodiments which are shown in the drawings which form a part of this specification. These drawings illustrate embodiments preferred at the time of filing for this patent and are not to be used to Improperly limit the scope of the invention which may have other equally effective or legally equivalent embodiments. 
           [0045]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0046]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0047]      FIG. 3  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0048]      FIG. 4A  is a side schematic view of a casing drilling system according to the present invention with a float system according to the present invention. 
           [0049]      FIG. 4B  is a side cross-section schematic view of a the system of  FIG. 4A . 
           [0050]      FIG. 4C  is a side cross-section schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 4D  is a side cross-section schematic view of a system according to the present invention showing the float system of the present invention operating in a wellbore during cementing operations. 
           [0052]      FIG. 4E  is a side cross-section schematic view of a system according to the present invention showing the float system of the present invention operating in a wellbore during cementing operations. 
           [0053]      FIG. 5  is a side schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0054]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0055]      FIG. 7  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0056]      FIG. 8  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0057]      FIG. 9  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0058]      FIG. 10A  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0059]      FIG. 10B  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0060]      FIG. 11A  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0061]      FIG. 11B  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0062]      FIG. 11C  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0063]      FIG. 12A  is a side view, partially cutaway, of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0064]      FIG. 12B  is a cross-section view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0065]      FIG. 13  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0066]      FIG. 14  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0067]      FIG. 15  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0068]      FIG. 16  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0069]      FIGS. 17A and 17B  are schematic views of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0070]      FIG. 18  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
           [0071]      FIG. 19A  is a schematic view of a device according to the present invention. 
           [0072]      FIG. 19B  is a schematic view of a device according to the present invention. 
           [0073]      FIG. 20  is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0074]    Certain embodiments of the invention are shown in the above-identified figures and described in detail below. Various aspects and features of embodiments of the invention are described below and some are set out in the dependent claims. Any combination of aspects and/or features described below or shown in the dependent claims can be used except where such aspects and/or features are mutually exclusive. It should be understood that the appended drawings and description herein are of certain embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention or the appended claims. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In showing and describing these embodiments, like or identical reference numerals are used to identify common or similar elements. The figures are not necessarily to scale and certain features and certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or in schematic in the interest of clarity and conciseness. 
         [0075]    As used herein and throughout all the various portions (and headings) of this patent, the terms “invention”, “present invention” and variations thereof mean one or more embodiments, and are not intended to mean the claimed invention of any particular appended claim(s) or all of the appended claims. Accordingly, the subject or topic of each such reference is not automatically or necessarily part of, or required by, any particular claim(s) merely because of such reference. So long as they are not mutually exclusive or contradictory any aspect or feature or combination of aspects or features of any embodiment disclosed herein may be used in any other embodiment disclosed herein. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0076]    In various embodiments, the present invention provides methods for drilling a wellbore in the earth in which fluid flows and/or is pumped down a hole (wellbore) in the earth and/or flows or is pumped through an apparatus and/or tubular or tubular string, in one aspect with a tubular string in fluid communication with a bore forming apparatus (e.g., but not limited to, a drill bit, percussion system, or hammer). Fluid used in such methods may have one McNano device or a plurality of McNano devices therein, or which are selectively introduced thereinto which operate and/or are operated to provide any of the functions of which such devices are capable, including, but not limited to, use of a McNano device for item or location detection, parameter sensing, information, identification transmitting, apparatus activation, leak detection, closure detection, fluid movement identification and tracking, velocity determination, item identification, item location, indication of fluid passage, indication of item movement and/or item movement or cessation or location, chemistry, and/or substance or chemical delivery. It is to be understood that any McNano device in any embodiment described below may be used for any of these functions. Also, depending on the particular wellbore environment (within the earth or on the surface, within a wellbore and/or within an item or apparatus), suitable McNano device(s) are used which survive in the environment, including, but not limited to, devices with desired protective coatings and devices made of appropriate materials. Suitable apparatus or apparatuses are used to energize a McNano device so that it can be energized and/or identified and/or communicated with; so that it can commence to perform a desired function; so that its presence can be determined; so that its movement can be determined; and/or so that a function it is to perform can be initiated or so that a function it is performing can be stopped; and such apparatuses (“apparatuses S”) can include any known apparatus used to energize, interrogate, control, and/or identify a Mcnano device; and in the embodiments described below, an apparatus called an “apparatus S” is meant to encompass any of these apparatuses. Such apparatuses S may be located at any possible location in a wellbore; in a conduit; and in or on thing, item, or piece of equipment. Similarly, a McNano device or devices may be in any fluid, in or on any piece of equipment, and in or on any conduit. 
         [0077]      FIG. 1  illustrates schematically a method  10  according to the present invention in which McNano devices  18  (not shown to scale) in a fluid  19  (indicated by arrows pointing down, as viewed in  FIG. 1 , and pointing up) move within a wellbore  8  being formed in the earth E. The wellbore formation method may be like any known method in which a drilling apparatus DA forms a hole in the earth. The drilling apparatus DA may be a rotary drilling system, a top drive drilling system, a casing drilling system, a coil tubing drilling system, an air drilling system, a percussion drilling system, or a cable drilling system. In one aspect, as shown, a drill bit  15  on the bottom of a tubular string  12  is rotated to form the wellbore  8 . The fluid  19 , as is well known, flows from the surface, through the tubular string  12 , to and through the bit  15 , and then upwardly in an annular space AS back to the surface. Optionally, the fluid  19  flows past wellbore apparatus  13 . Optionally, the fluid  19  flows through the wellbore apparatus  14 . In a casing drilling operation, the string  12  is a casing string. 
         [0078]    It is within the scope of the present invention for one or a plurality of two or more McNano devices to be used to activate an activatable device  14  through which fluid flows. In one aspect, the device  14  has therein or thereon an apparatus S (which may be any known apparatus or device for signalling, energizing, interrogating and/or communicating with a McNano device-as is true for any other apparatus S in the drawing figures and in the embodiments described below). Once the presence of a McNano device  18  is sensed by the apparatus S, either the apparatus S activates the device  14  or the apparatus S signals another apparatus, downhole or at the surface, to activate the device  14 . The device  14  may be any activatable device including e.g., but not limited to, packer, float apparatus, mud motor, measurement apparatus, logging apparatus, sensor apparatus, drill bit, and valve. As is true for any embodiment herein, such communication may be accomplished by any known system or apparatus for communicating downhole in a wellbore. The McNano devices are of such a size that they flow unimpeded through the tubular string  12  and through items or apparatuses they encounter at the surface and in the wellbore in equipment and conduits (including without limitation float collars, valves, packers, drill bits and mud motors) without damaging the items and apparatuses and without adversely affecting a function of the items or apparatuses or of the McNano devices. 
         [0079]    Similarly, it is within the scope of the present invention for one or a plurality of two or more McNano devices to be used to activate a device  13  which is an activatable device  13  past which fluid with a McNano device flows. In one aspect, the device  13  has therein or thereon an apparatus S. Once the presence of a McNano device  18  is sensed by the apparatus S associated with the device  13 , either the apparatus S activates the device  13  or the apparatus S signals another apparatus, downhole or at the surface, to activate the device  13 . 
         [0080]    In certain aspects, a device  13  or a device  14  senses parameters (e.g. environmental, material, or operational parameters), provides signals indicative of or about these parameters, and/or communicates information indicative of or about these parameters. In certain aspects, a McNano device senses a parameter and, via an apparatus S, the McNano device conveys the parameter sensed and/or a level sensed to the device  13  or  14 . In another aspect, sensing of a McNano device by a device  13  or  14  provides the go-ahead signal to the device  13  or  14  to either begin a parameter sensing function or to communicate sensed information from the wellbore. 
         [0081]    Circles in  FIG. 1  bearing a label “S” indicate that apparatuses S may be used in or on the items in the wellbore  8  and on the interior of the wellbore  8 . One McNano device or a plurality of McNano devices can sense and convey information about environmental, material, and/or operational parameters (e.g. temperature, pressure, chemistry). Also, with a McNano device on a moving device or item MD, the location and/or speed of the item can be noted and monitored by an appropriate apparatus S or by appropriate apparatuses S. 
         [0082]    A control system  17  is in communication with an apparatus S and, in certain aspects, with a selected apparatus S, selected apparatuses S, or all such apparatuses. The system  17  can communicate with apparatuses S to obtain information about parameters sensed by an apparatus S and/or to signal an apparatus S to begin to energize and/or interrogate a McNano device. The control system S may include or be used with the control functions of any known rig or drilling control system. Fluid  19  may be provided by a fluid system  16  which may be any fluid system used in known drilling methods, including, but not limited to, a drilling fluid circulation system or a pneumatic system. It is within the scope of the present invention for the system  16  to introduce a McNano device into the fluid  19  or to have such device(s) introduced into the fluid  19  at any desired point within the wellbore  8  or at the surface. As is true for any McNano device in any system or method hereing, the McNano devices  18  may have or be associated with a power source or power supply PSR (two shown schematically and not to scale in  FIG. 1 ). Optionally, a power supply or power generator PGN (shown schematically and not to scale in  FIG. 1 ) may be used to provide power to the McNano devices  18  (and this can be done for any McNano device in any embodiment according to the present invention. 
         [0083]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic diagram of a drilling system  20  according to the present invention having a drilling assembly  21  in a borehole BH for drilling a wellbore. The drilling system  20  includes a derrick DK having a floor FL which supports a rotary table RT that is rotated by a prime mover whose motor (not shown) is controlled by a motor controller (not shown). A drill string DR includes drill pipe DE extending downward from the rotary table through a pressure control device PD (e.g., but not limited to, one or more blowout preventers) into the borehole. A drill bit  25 , attached to the drill string end, disintegrates the geological formations when it is rotated to drill the borehole. The drill string is coupled to a drawworks  23  via a kelly joint KJ, swivel SW and line LN through a pulley (not shown). This description is drawn to a land rig, but the invention as disclosed herein is also equally applicable to any offshore drilling rigs or systems. Alternatives to conventional drilling rigs, such as coiled tubing systems (shown schematically as CTS), can be used to drill boreholes, and the invention disclosed herein is equally applicable to such systems. 
         [0084]    Mud pump MU pumps drilling fluid into the drill string via the kelly joint KJ and the drilling fluid is discharged at the borehole bottom through an opening in the drill bit. The drilling fluid has one or a plurality of McNano devices  28  therein (not shown to scale) which are sized to flow from the mud pumps, through the wellbore, through items and apparatuses encountered in the wellbore and at the surface, and back to the mud pumps. The drilling fluid circulates uphole through an annular space between the drill string and the borehole and returns to a mud tank MT via a solids control system SY. The solids control system may include shale shakers, centrifuges, and other known solids control equipment through which the McNano devices flow without being separated from the fluid and without adversely affecting what they flow through. 
         [0085]    A control system  20   s  (like the system  17 ,  FIG. 1 ) controls the apparatuses and equipment of the system  20  and is in communication with apparatuses S (like the apparatuses S,  FIG. 1 ). The McNano device(s)  28  may be used like the McNano devices  18  of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0086]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a drilling rig  30  according to the present invention is depicted schematically as a land rig, but other rigs (e.g., offshore rigs, jack-up rigs, semisubmersibles, drill ships, and the like) are within the scope of the present invention (and this is true for the embodiments of rigs and wellbore operations described below also). In conjunction with an operator interface, e.g. an interface I, a control system, CS controls certain operations of the rig. The rig  230  includes a derrick  31  that is supported on the ground above a rig floor RF. The rig  30  includes lifting gear, which includes a crown block CB mounted to the derrick  31  and a traveling block TB. The crown block and the traveling block are interconnected by a cable CL that is driven by drawworks  33  to control the upward and downward movement of the traveling block. The traveling block carries a hook H from which is suspended a top drive system  37  which includes a variable frequency drive controller VD, a motor M (or motors) and a drive shaft DS. The top drive system  37  rotates a drillstring DT to which the drive shaft is connected in a wellbore W. The drillstring is coupled to the top drive system through an instrumented sub IS which can include sensors that provide information, e.g., drillstring torque information. The drillstring may be any typical drillstring and, in one aspect, includes a plurality of interconnected sections of drill pipe DP a bottom hole assembly BHA, which includes appropriate stabilizers, drill collars, and/or an apparatus or device, in one aspect, a suite of measurement while drilling (MWD) instruments including a steering tool ST to provide bit face angle information. Optionally a bent sub BS is used with a downhole or mud motor MM and a bit BT, connected to the BHA. 
         [0087]    Drilling fluid DF with McNano device(s)  38  (not shown to scale) is delivered to the drillstring by mud pumps MP through a mud hose MH. During rotary drilling, the drillstring is rotated within the bore hole by the top drive system. Fluid from the well, McNano device(s)  38 , and cuttings produced as the bit drills into the earth are moved out of bore hole by mud pumps. The fluid from the well flows to solids control equipment SC which may include one or more shale shakers SS with one or more shale shaker screens SSS; one or more centrifuges C; and/or other fluid processing equipment X (e.g., but not limited to, degassers, desilters, desanders, and hydrocyclones). 
         [0088]    The control system CS (like the system  17 ,  FIG. 1 ) controls the apparatuses and equipment of the system  30  and is in communication with apparatuses S (like the apparatuses S,  FIG. 1 ). The McNano device(s)  38  may be used like the McNano devices  18  of  FIG. 1  or of  FIG. 2 . 
         [0089]    Methods according to the present invention include drilling a wellbore utilizing a casing string that will be cemented into the wellbore as the drill string. The casing string, each piece thereof, a drill bit, any equipment associated with the drillbit, and equipment and apparatus used in cementing, the fluid used during drilling, and/or the cement may have one McNano device or a plurality of McNano devices to provide a function thereof or multiple functions thereof to facilitate and enhance the casing drilling and/or cementing operation. In one aspect, the wellbore is drilled to a desired depth, and the casing is pulled upwardly a distance from the bottom of the drilled wellbore. This distance can be ascertained by using a McNano device on the casing end and an apparatus in the wellbore to identify the device, interrogate it, and then signal the device&#39;s location. Alternatively, the device itself signals its location and this information is conveyed from the wellbore. The drill bit on the lower end of the casing can be retrievable or disposable (e.g., drillable or disintegratable) and in one aspect is drilled through and in another aspect is blown off using an explosive charge on a wireline, or it is disconnected from the casing by other means known in the art. The drill bit itself may have one McNano device or a plurality thereof for indicating the presence of the drill bit, its location, and/or its movement and progress. Suitable apparatus on the drill string and/or in the wellbore is used with respect to the McNano device(s) to energize, interrogate, analyze, process, gather information from, and/or convey gathered information to the surface (as any apparatus S may do). Any suitable known information transmitting system or apparatus used in wellbore communications may be used, including, but not limited to, wired and wireless systems (as is true for any system according to the present invention disclosed herein); and, as is also true for any system herein, such information may be conveyed to the surface site of the drilling rig and/or conveyed to a remote site for control therefrom or use thereat, e.g, but not limited to, by satellite systems or the Internet. 
         [0090]    Upon removal of the drill bit from the lower end of the casing, mud or other circulating fluids may be circulated through the casing, the mud or other fluid containing one McNano device or a plurality thereof. These device(s), in conjunction with apparatuses S, can be used to indicate that the fluid is flowing, that it is flowing at a desired rate, that it is flowing at a desired pressure, that it has reached a desired location in the string, that it has a desired temperature, that it has a desired chemistry, that it has not stopped flowing, etc. A bottom cementing plug can then be displaced into the casing ahead of the cement. The bottom cementing plug, which may have one or more McNano devices thereon or therein for identification and which may thereby be tracked, is allowed to pass through the open lower end of the casing and cement passes around the lower end of the casing upwardly into the annulus between the casing and the wellbore. Tracking the bottom plug indicates that it is moving and functioning as desired. Once the desired amount of cement has been displaced into the casing which can be indicated by interrogating McNano devices in the cement using apparatus S, a top cementing plug is placed in the casing behind the trailing edge of the cement. The top plug may have McNano device(s) therein or thereon for identification and tracking thereof. The top plug and the cement therebelow are urged downwardly in the casing by drilling mud or other known displacement fluids, either of which may also have McNano device(s) therein. Once the desired amount of cement has been placed in the annulus between the casing and the wellbore to cement the casing in the wellbore, which may be indicated by the McNano device location(s), which may occur either before or after the top cementing plug exits the casing, flow of the displacement fluid is stopped. Pressure may be maintained utilizing a valve system at the surface, typically in connection with a plug container. Prior to conducting any further operations or procedures, it is often necessary to wait several hours to insure that the cement is adequately set up prior to removing surface equipment, such as the plug container, and then reassembling the wellhead. Cement setting can be indicated by McNano device(s) measuring cement parameter(s) indicative of setting and information related thereto can be obtained from the device(s) with apparatuses S and transmitted to appropriate reception apparatus at the surface. 
         [0091]    According to the present invention, a casing drilling system may include a check valve placed in the casing after the drill bit is disconnected from the casing. The check valve may have McNano device(s) therein or thereon for identification and for any of the other functions of such devices and may be a part of a float apparatus, e.g, part of a float shoe which includes an outer case with the check valve connected therein. The float shoe may also have therein or thereon McNano device(s). The check valve may include a valve body connected in the outer case. The valve body defines a valve seat. The check valve also includes a valve poppet which includes a valve element that is engageable with the valve seat. Any individual part of the valve may also have its own dedicated McNano device(s) which provide any of the function(s) of such devices, including, but not limited to, location indication, identification, and movement thereof. 
         [0092]    In one aspect, the float shoe is connected to a packer apparatus which is lowered into the casing to a desired location in the casing. The packer apparatus may have McNano device(s) therein or thereon which provide any of the functions of such devices. The packer apparatus can be lowered into the casing on a wireline or by other means known in the art. The wireline itself may have McNano device(s) which provide any of the functions of such devices. Once the packer apparatus is lowered into the casing, (and its correct movement and end location may be indicated by a McNano device thereon), it is set in the casing so that it will hold the packer apparatus and the float shoe in the casing. The wireline is then removed and cementing operations can begin. A bottom cementing plug may be placed in the casing ahead of the leading edge of cement. The bottom cementing plug will land on an upper end of the packer apparatus and a rupturable diaphragm will burst allowing cement to flow through the bottom cementing plug, the packer apparatus and the float apparatus. The rupturable diaphragm may have McNano device(s) which provide any of the functions of such devices. Cement will be displaced into the annulus between the casing and the wellbore. This can be indicated by McNano device(s) in the cement. Once a sufficient amount of cement has been placed in the casing (which can be indicated by McNano device(s) in the cement), a top cementing plug may be placed in the casing behind the trailing edge of the cement and will be urged downwardly with a displacement fluid. The top cementing plug will land on the bottom cementing plug (which landing may be indicated by McNano device(s) on the plug). The float apparatus will prevent the back flow of cement into the casing and this also can be indicated by McNano device(s). 
         [0093]    As shown in  FIG. 4A , in a method  40  according to the present invention, a wellbore W is shown with a casing string  41  disposed therein. A drill bit  45  is connected to a lower casing end  42  by any conventional means known in the art. Wellbore W is being drilled by drill bit  45  attached to casing string  41 . The casing has an outer surface  43  and an inner surface  44  and an annulus  46  is defined between the outer surface  43  and the interior of the wellbore W. McNano device(s)  48  are provided on the casing (on any or every piece) and/or on the bit  45 . These McNano device(s) may be on or in the casing and the bit and they provide any of the functions of such devices, as do the apparatuses S in  FIGS. 4A-4E . 
         [0094]    A float system FL is shown in  FIG. 4B  lowered into wellbore W. The apparatus FL can be lowered into casing in any suitable known manner, including, but not limited to, on a wireline apparatus  440  using a wireline setting device WD which may be of any type known in the art. The float system FL includes a packer apparatus or packer assembly PK having an upper end and a lower end. The float system, FL further includes a float apparatus  448  (see  FIG. 4C ) connected to the packer assembly. In the embodiment shown, the float apparatus is a float shoe, but may be other float apparatus. A coupling  450  is connected at threaded connection  452  to lower end of the packer apparatus and is connected at a threaded connection  454  to the float apparatus. 
         [0095]    In  FIG. 4B  the packer apparatus is shown in an unset position so that a space or annulus is defined between the packer apparatus and the inner surface of the casing. The packer apparatus PK may have McNano device(s)  48  which indicate, among other things, the location of the outer surface of the packer.  FIG. 4D  shows the packer assembly in a set position wherein the packer assembly is engaged with casing to hold the apparatus FL, and more specifically the packer apparatus and the float apparatus  448  in casing. McNano device(s)  48  of the float apparatus FL can indicate the correct positioning of the float apparatus, among other things. A spring SP may also have McNano device(s) which provide all the functions of such devices. The packer apparatus includes a packer mandrel  458  with upper end and lower end. A packer element assembly  460  is disposed about packer mandrel  458 . The packer element assembly may include one or more packer elements  462  (any and all of which may have one or more McNano devices) and in the embodiment shown has three packer elements  462 . The packer element assembly  460  has an upper end and a lower end. When the packer apparatus is in its set position, packer element assembly  460  sealingly engages the casing sufficiently to hold the packer apparatus and the float apparatus  448  in place in the casing. The packer apparatus has a packer retaining shoe or retaining ring  468  at the upper and lower ends of the packer element assembly for axially retaining the packer element assembly. The packer mandrel  458  defines a bore which is, in one aspect, an uninterrupted bore and has no obstructions from its upper end to its lower end. 
         [0096]    The packer apparatus includes slip wedges  470  which may be referred to as upper slip wedge  472  and lower slip wedge  474 . As is true for any part of the items and equipment shown in  FIGS. 4A-4E , the wedges may have McNano devices  48  which provide any of the functions of such devices. These wedges operate as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,234,522 which is incorporated fully herein for all purposes, and the structure of  FIGS. 4B-4E  may include the parts shown and described in this patent. The same is true for the float apparatus and the float shoe shown in these figures. Any of these parts may have McNano device(s)  48 , some of which are shown schematically and not to scale in  FIGS. 4A-4E . 
         [0097]    The float apparatus  448  is lowered into the casing with a wireline or by any other means known in the art. In the embodiment shown, a wireline setting device  440  is shown connected to a tension sleeve which is in turn threadedly connected to an upper end of the packer apparatus so that the packer apparatus may be lowered into the casing on a wireline. 
         [0098]    Once the float apparatus FL has been lowered into the casing, the packer apparatus  462  is set using the wireline setting device  440  by any manner known in the art, and thus is moved into the position shown in  FIG. 4C . As is known in the art, the wireline setting device will urge a setting ring assembly downwardly which will cause upper slip segments to engage the casing. The packer mandrel  458  can then be pulled upwardly with the wireline setting device  440 . The coupling  450  will cause the upper slip segments to move upwardly and upward force will continue to be applied so that shear pins  478  and  476  break and the packer element assembly  460  is forced outwardly to engage the casing and will support the packer apparatus and the float apparatus in the casing. Continued application of upward force to the wireline setting device will cause the tension sleeve  412  to break so that the wireline setting device may be removed from the casing. 
         [0099]    Once the float system FL has been placed in the casing and the packer apparatus has been set to engage and hold the float system therein (all or any of which can be ascertained via use of McNano devices), fluid may be displaced therethrough to condition the wellbore W for cementing. Once any such operations have been completed, a bottom cementing plug  414  of a type known in the art may be placed in casing ahead of a leading edge  416  of the cement in casing. As is known in the art, bottom cementing plug  414  will initially have a rupturable diaphragm across an upper end thereof. When the bottom cementing plug  414  lands on an upper end of the packer apparatus (which can be indicated by a McNano device, as any step or action can be so indicated), the flow of cement in the casing will cause the rupturable diaphragm to burst so that cement will flow through the packer apparatus and the float apparatus  448 . The flow of cement will urge a valve poppet  496  downwardly to move the check valve  492  to an open position so that cement will flow through check valve  492 . The cement will flow out of the casing into the annulus  46 . Using McNano device(s) in the cement, these actions and/or this flow can be identified, ascertained, and confirmed. Once a desired amount of cement has been displaced into the casing (ascertainable and confirmable using Mcnano devices), a top cementing plug  418  is placed in the casing behind a trailing edge  420  of the cement. Once the flow of cement has stopped, the check valve  492  will move to its closed position preventing backflow of cement into the casing (which can be ascertained and confirmed by the use of McNano devices). 
         [0100]    It is within the scope of the present invention to use McNano device(s) in coiled tubing drilling systems and methods with corresponding apparatuses for communicating with the Mcnano device(s). Such a device or devices may be used in any fluid used in coiled tubing drilling and with any item, device, apparatus, or equipment used in coiled tubing drilling.  FIG. 5  illustrates schematically a coiled tubing drilling system  50  according to the present invention and the drilling of a borehole B using a string of directional drilling tools indicated generally at  51  which is suspended in the borehole on coiled tubing  52 . The tool string  51  includes a bit  53  that is rotated by a mud motor  54  in response to the flow of drilling mud under pressure which is pumped down the bore of the coiled tubing  52  and through the motor, out the jets of the bit  53 , and back up to the surface through an annulus  55 . The coiled tubing  52  is formed in a continuous length which is wound on a spool  59  of a coiled tubing unit CU which is parked near a wellhead W at the surface. The coiled tubing  52  typically is inserted into the top of the wellbore through a stripper  56  and a blow-out preventer BOP by operation of an injector  57 . The preventer BOP typically is bolted to a well head at the top of casing  553  that has been cemented in place so that it lines the upper part of the borehole B. The tool string  51  is shown being used to drill a section of the borehole B below a lower end of the casing  553 . As is described below in detail, the BOP can be activated by a method according to the present invention with advance warning of a kick. 
         [0101]    The tool string  51  is connected to the lower end of the coiled tubing  52  by various components including a coiled tubing connector  557 , a pair of upwardly closing check or float valves  558 , a quick-release sub  559 , and a cross-over sub  520 . Check valves  558  can be hinged flapper devices, and the release sub  559  can include a sleeve having an upwardly facing ball seat that is held by shear pins. To release the device  559  in the event the tool string  51  should become stuck in the borehole, a ball BL is circulated down the coiled tubing  52  until it engages the seat and allows the pins to be sheared by differential pressure forces. When the pins shear, the release sub  559  separates so that the coiled tubing  52  can be removed from the well, and the tool string  51  later recovered by a fishing operation. 
         [0102]    The cross-over sub  520  has different types and/or sizes of threads on its opposite ends which allow connection to the threads on the upper end of an orienting tool  521  which is constructed in accordance with the present invention. The lower end of the orienting tool  521  is attached to another cross-over sub  522  which connects to the upper end of a housing or collar  523  which is made of a suitable non-magnetic metal. An MWD tool  524  is mounted inside the collar  523 , as shown in phantom lines. Although the MWD tool  524  can measure numerous downhole parameters and formation characteristics, for purposes of this description the tool includes an accelerometer package which measures the inclination of the borehole with respect to vertical, and a magnetometer package that measures the azimuth of such inclination. These two measurements, called directional measurements, can be converted from analog to digital or other form and then transmitted up to the surface in the form of mud pulses in the mud stream inside the coiled tubing  52 . A surface pressure sensor (not shown) detects the signals and applies them to a signal processor where the analog values of the directional measurements are reconstructed. The MWD tool  524  can operate on a substantially continuous basis so that downhole directional parameters can be monitored at the surface at all times as the drilling proceeds. Any suitable MWD tool  524  can be used. A steering tool that is connected to the lower end of a wireline electrical cable which extends up through the coiled tubing  52  to the surface also can be used in lieu of, or in addition to, the MWD tool  24 . 
         [0103]    The MWD collar  523  is connected to the upper end of the mud motor  54  by a universal orienting sub  525  which is well known. The motor  54  may be any suitable mud motor and, in one aspect, is a “Moyno”-type positive displacement device which has a spiral ribbed rotor that rotates within a lobed stator, there usually being one less rib than lobe. When drilling mud is pumped through it, the rotor turns and drives an output shaft which is connected to its lower end by a suitable universal joint. The drive shaft extends down through the bore of a bent housing  526  of the motor  54  to where it drives the upper end of a spindle that is mounted in a bearing housing  527  and which has the drill bit  53  connected to its lower end. The bent housing  526  has a lower section which is connected at a bend angle to its upper section so as to provide a bend point. 
         [0104]    It is within the scope of the present invention in the system  50  for any fluid and any apparatus or conduit to have one or more McNano devices  58  (like those described above; with any and all possible functions for those described above). Certain such devices  58  are indicated on the various things and items of the system  50  as shown in  FIG. 5  and in the fluid for the mud motor  54  (see arrow labeled “FLUID” with device  58  indicated therein). Also, apparatuses S may be used on any item, thing, apparatus or equipment of the system  50  and in or on any conduit thereof for sensing, communicating with, controlling, energizing, and/or interrogating a device  58 . Certain apparatuses S are shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0105]    For example, and not by way of limitation, location of the ball BL and/or its passage or reaching a final location may be indicated by apparatuses S detecting or energizing-and-detecting a device  58  on the ball BL and identifying the device  58  as a device of the ball BL, therefore providing the actual location of the ball BL. An apparatus S at any point in the system can recognize a device  58  in the fluid flowing to the mud motor and, coupled with the location of the particular apparatus S, provide an indication of fluid flow as desired to and/or from the mud motor. The condition and/or parameters of the fluid can be sensed, indicated, and/or controlled via the McNano device(s). Flow of fluid to and through the annulus  55  can be indicated by sensing with apparatuses S of devices  58  in the fluid in the annulus  55 . By controlling devices  58  on operational equipment, the equipment can be turned on or off and such devices can also identify the particular piece of equipment (as is true of any such McNano device herein). 
         [0106]      FIG. 6  illustrates a method according to the present invention for testing the efficiency of a separator  61  which separates solids X of a particular size from an input stream  62  that includes solids X. A McNano device or devices  68  is added to the flow  62 . The device(s) are of the same size (e.g., of the same largest dimension) as the solids X so that, if the separator  61  is operating effectively, the device  68  is separated from the flow  62  and is discharged with the separated solids X in a stream  64 . However, if the separator  61 , for whatever reason, allows the device(s)  68  to pass through and to be discharged in a stream  63 , this is an indication that the separator is not working as desired. An apparatus S detects the presence of the device(s)  68  in the stream  63 . The apparatus S can then communicate with a control system  66  (on-site and/or remote) which in turn can activate an alarm  67  and/or can alert and/or inactivate a system  68  which controls the input stream  62  and can alter it or stop it. The separator  61  can be, e.g. and not by way of limitation, any known apparatus, filter, screen, centrifuge, cyclone, solids control apparatus, or hydrocyclone and can include any filter media, screening material, filter, mesh, etc. 
         [0107]      FIG. 7  illustrates a method  70  according to the present invention for testing the effectiveness of screens used in vibratory separators to screen out solids from an initial flow stream. An initial feed stream  73  is fed to a vibratory separator  71  that has a screen (or screens)  72 . The screen(s)  72 , when operating correctly and when undamaged, screen out solids Z from the stream  73 . The solids Z are of a known size (largest dimension) and the screen(s) is chosen with mesh that will screen out solids of this size. McNano device(s)  78  of the same largest dimension as the solids Z is/are added to the stream  73 . If the screen(s)  72  are effective, the McNano device(s)  78  will be screened out and will flow with the solids Z off the top of the screen(s)  72  to a discharge area. If the screen(s)  72  are not effective, (e.g., the screen material is torn or is of the incorrect mesh size or pattern, or if the screen is not correctly mounted to the vibratory separator or not sealingly mounted thereto), then the McNano device(s)  78  will pass through or by the screen(s)  72  and flow away in a stream  75  (four down pointing arrows below separator  71 ; McNano devices  78  that have passed through screen  72  shown in dotted lines). An apparatus S detects the presence of the device(s)  78  in the stream  75 . The apparatus S can then communicate with a control system  76  (on-site and/or remote) which in turn can activate an alarm  77  and/or can alert and/or inactivate a system  79  which controls the vibratory separator  71  and/or controls the input stream  73  and can alter it or stop it. 
         [0108]    In one particular aspect the stream  73  is a stream of drilling fluid or mud that contains solids (e.g., and not by way of limitation debris, drilled cuttings, and/or drilled solids) which are to be screened out of the fluid by known screen(s) often called “shale shaker screens” with a vibratory separator often called a “shale shaker.” The screen(s)  72  may be any known shale shaker screen and the separator  71  may be any known shale shaker. Using a plurality of apparatuses S (and this is true for the system of  FIG. 6 ) the location of a tear in a screen or the location of a poor sealing area for screen mounting can be indicated by the flow in that area containing McNano device(s) detected by an apparatus S whose location is known. 
         [0109]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , in a method  80  according to the present invention, solids-laden fluid, drilling fluid, or drilling mud in an initial stream  82  is introduced into a pool  83  in a separator  81 , and the stream  82  is forced up to a vibrating screen  85  that screens out pieces of solids Y of a particular known size (i.e., the fluid flows up to and through the screen  85 , but the solids Y do not flow through the screen  85 ). Fluid free of the solids Y flow via conduit(s), pipe work or channels  84  to containers, e.g., reservoirs or tanks, for subsequent re-use. The cleaned fluid (e.g., but not limited to, drilling mud) may either exit the separator  81  from the sides or bottom thereof. The solids Y fall under gravity to a lower surface  81   s , from which they are conveyed, e.g. by pumping or via a moving belt. The solids Y may be wet with fluid and may be sent in a stream  83   s  to another system SM, e.g., a screw press, centrifugal device or shaker to further recover fluid, e.g. drilling fluid or mud. 
         [0110]    McNano device(s)  88  of the same largest dimension as the solids Y is/are added to the stream  82 . If the screen  85  is effective, the McNano device(s)  88  will be screened out and will flow with the solids Y from the screen  85 . If the screen  85  is not effective, (e.g., the screen material is torn or is of the incorrect mesh size or pattern, or if the screen is not correctly mounted to the vibratory separator or not sealingly mounted thereto), then the McNano device(s)  88  will pass through or by the screen  85  and flow away in the stream  84  (McNano device shown in dotted line in stream  84 ). Apparatuses S detect the presence of the device(s)  88  in the stream  84 . The apparatus S can then communicate with a control system  86  (on-site and/or remote) which in turn can activate an alarm  86   s  and/or can alert and/or inactivate a system  89  which controls the separator  81  and/or controls the input stream  82  and can alter it or stop it. 
         [0111]      FIG. 9  illustrates a method  90  according to the present invention in which an initial stream  91  flows into a container C. The stream  91  contains material R, e.g. material including liquid L and solids S. Optionally, the stream  91  is pumped with a pump PM. The material R flows to a screen apparatus A which is mounted in a basket or box X. Part P of the material, e.g. liquid or liquid plus some solids which are of such a size that they pass through the screen apparatus A and flow up through the screen apparatus A. The part P is removed from the system by removal apparatus V (e.g. vacuum or pump apparatus). The screen apparatus A is sized to screen out solids of the size of solids S and part of the material R, e.g. solids S and agglomerations or masses of solids. The solids S either settle down in the container C without contacting the screen apparatus A or, upon being prevented from further upward flow by the screen apparatus A and/or by material already adjacent the screen apparatus A, fall downwardly in the container C. It is within the scope of the present invention for the screen apparatus A to be any suitable known screen or screen assembly used for vibratory separators or shale shakers. In one particular aspect the material R is drilling fluid or mud with drilling fluid and drilled solids. 
         [0112]    McNano device(s)  98  of the same largest dimension as the solids S is/are added to the stream  91 . If the screen apparatus A is effective, the McNano device(s)  98  will not flow therethrough and will flow with the solids S away from the screen apparatus A. If the screen apparatus A is not effective, (e.g., the screen material is torn or is of the incorrect mesh size or pattern, or if the screen is not correctly mounted or not sealingly mounted thereto), then the McNano device(s)  98  will pass through or by the screen apparatus A and flow away with the part P (McNano devices shown in dotted lines). Apparatuses S detect the presence of the device(s)  98  in the part P. The apparatuses S can then communicate with a control system  96  (on-site and/or remote) which in turn can activate an alarm  96   s  and/or can alert and/or inactivate a system  99  which controls the overall system and each component and/or controls the input stream  91  and can alter it or stop it. 
         [0113]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  illustrate methods according to the present invention for testing the integrity of casing within a wellbore (“WELLBORE”);  FIG. 10A , casing which has not been cemented and  FIG. 10B  casing which has been cemented (like numerals indicate like things in these two drawing figures). As shown in  FIG. 10A , a stream  101  is introduced into the interior of the casing (“CASING”). A float apparatus  102  is closed so that the stream  101  cannot flow from the casing into an annulus  103 . The stream  101  has a McNano device or devices  108  which can be detected by apparatuses S. If an apparatus S outside the casing (either on the casing or in the wellbore) detects a McNano device  108 , this means that the device exited the casing either through a hole or defect in the casing or through an opening or path through an area at which two pieces of casing are connected, e.g. at a threaded joint or at a welded joint. Thus detection of a McNano device outside the casing indicates a lack of casing integrity. The apparatuses S communicate with a system  109  to convey the information regarding the detection of the McNano device(s) outside the casing and of the failure of casing integrity. By using multiple apparatuses S the location of the failure can be pinpointed or indicated when a first apparatus S first indicates detection of a McNano device. 
         [0114]    As shown in  FIG. 10B , when the casing has been cemented in the wellbore, the casing can also be tested for integrity and the cement too can be tested. With apparatuses S on the casing, on the wellbore, and/or in the cement, the presence of Mcnano device(s)  108  in the cement can be detected, indicating a flaw or void in the cement. In one aspect, the float apparatus  102  is open for such a test. In other aspects, it is closed. 
         [0115]      FIGS. 11A-11C  show a method  110  according to the present invention for following the progress of an amount of fluid  114  down a casing  111  and then up into an annulus  113  of a wellbore W. The amount of fluid  114  has a McNano device or devices  118  which are detected by apparatuses S within the casing  111 , apparatuses S within and outside a float apparatus  112 , and apparatuses S within or on the wellbore W. Sequential detection of the McNano device(s) indicates that flow path is clear. Cessation of detection at any particular point can indicate a blockage at that point. Fluid flow rate can also be determined using the device(s)  118  and the apparatuses S. The apparatuses S are in communication with a control system (not shown) like any disclosed herein. Also, the method  110  can disclose the location of the fluid  114  at any given time; its temperature; the pressure at its location; and the pH. Optionally, the fluid  114  is selectively heatable by activating the device(s)  118 . 
         [0116]    Methods according to the present invention can be used to test the integrity and seal of threaded connections. A method  120  according to the present invention for exterior testing shown in  FIG. 12A  employs a flow  129  of fluid with McNano device(s)  128  which flows to the location of a threaded connection  124  of tubulars  122  (e.g., pipe, risers, tubing, casing). Optionally, a blocker  123  blocks off part of the interior of the connection. The fluid  129  flows adjacent the connection  124 . If the connection is good, no fluid escapes along the threads to the exterior of the connection. If the connection is not good, fluid  129  escapes and an apparatus S (or apparatuses S may be used) detects a McNano device  128  (or devices) which has passed through the connection. Optionally, an enclosure E is used around the apparatus S. 
         [0117]    A method  125  according to the present invention for interior testing shown in  FIG. 12B  employs a fluid  129   a  with McNano device(s)  128  which flows, if there is a bad connection  127  between tubulars  121   a  and  122   a , through the connection  127  to the interior of the connection. Optionally, blockers  126  isolate a space within the connection in which is one or more apparatuses S which can detect McNano device(s)  128  which are in the fluid  129   a  and which have passed through the connection  127 . In both  FIGS. 12A and 12B  the fluids can be pumped and/or vacuumed from one location to another and the fluid may be gas or liquid. 
         [0118]      FIG. 13  shows a method  130  according to the present invention in which a thing  131  is tracked in a wellbore W as the thing  131  moves in a tubular T. The thing  131  has one or more McNano devices  138  which are sensed by apparatuses S. A signal from a particular apparatus S provides an indication of the location of the thing  131  within the tubular T. The apparatuses S in  FIGS. 12A-13  can be used with any control system or computer or communication system disclosed herein or as disclosed in any patent or patent application referred to herein (and this is true for any apparatus S disclosed herein in any embodiment hereof). 
         [0119]      FIG. 14  shows a method  140  according to the present invention in which fluid FD from a formation FT flows through a cemented casing CG upwardly in a wellbore WB. In or on the casing CG, either therein or at the surface or just below the surface, including, but not limited to as shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  5  and  15 , is a blowout preventer apparatus BOP (shown schematically, indicates any known blowout preventer used in any tubular or wellbore). Optionally, an internal blowout preventer IB is in a tubular and is activated according to the present invention. Although the fluid flow is shown from a formation, it is to be understood that the present invention applies to the activation of any blowout preventer or internal blowout preventer in any situation or environment used with systems and McNano devices according to the present invention. 
         [0120]    An apparatus AP senses and analyses the flow of the fluid FD and, in the event an increase in flow is indicated that corresponds to or possibly corresponds to a “kick” that could result in a blowout, the apparatus AP releases, or controls another apparatus AT that releases, McNano device(s)  148  into the fluid FD. Apparatuses S monitor the McNano device(s)  148  and their flow rate. If that rate indicates or increases to indicate that the fluid FD is a kick or will result in activation of the blowout preventer BOP, the apparatuses S communicate with a control system  146  which is in communication directly or indirectly (e.g., via other rig control and/or communication systems) with the blowout preventer BOP (or with systems that control the BOP) and which then activates the blowout preventer BOP, in certain cases, relatively sooner than if the kick was allowed to approach and/or contact the blowout preventer BOP or if parameters near or adjacent the BOP were measured and/or sensed to provide an indication that a kick was present and then the BOP was activated. The apparatuses S can also provide an indication of the location of the kick as it moves up in a tubular. 
         [0121]    The advance warning provided by monitoring the fluid with the McNano devices  148  as the fluid FD moves up in the wellbore can also include alarms and warnings for personnel, e.g. relatively long before the kick approaches the BOP, and provide time for evacuation, for shutting down power sources and critical systems, and for closing off conduits to flow of various fluids on a rig. McNano device(s) with corresponding apparatuses S may be used to ascertain typical indicators of a kick such as, but not limited to, sudden change in drilling rate; change in surface fluid rate; and change in pump pressure—with McNano device(s) located for sensing parameters related to these indicators. 
         [0122]    It is within the scope of the present invention to replace known relatively large energizable identification devices (e.g., but not limited to, those in U.S. Pat. No. 7,484,625 and in the references cited in this patent) with a McNano device according to the present invention (and this applies to all the energizable identification devices shown or described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,484,625).  FIG. 15  shows a system  150  according to the present invention with a rig  150   r  according to the present invention which has in a rig floor  151  an apparatus S (shown schematically) for reading and/or energizing one or more McNano devices  165  in a drill pipe  156  which is to be used in drilling a wellbore. The drill pipe  156  may be connected with a tool joint  157  to other similar pieces of drill pipe in a drill string DS. 
         [0123]    The drill string DS includes a plurality of drill pipes coupled by a plurality of tool joints and extends through a rotary table  158 , and into a wellbore through a bell nipple  153  mounted on top of a blowout preventer stack  152 . A McNano device  158  is provided on one or more drilling components, or the drill pipe. An apparatus Sa (like any apparatus S herein) with an antenna and a signal generator is positioned proximate to a McNano device, for example just below rotary table  158 , and can establish a communications link with a McNano device to energize it, interrogate it, and/or to convey information relating to the equipment or drill pipe. 
         [0124]    The system  150  includes the rig  150   r  with supports SP, a swivel  159 , which supports the drill string, a kelly joint KJ, a kelly drive bushing KB, and a spider SD with an apparatus S. Additional drill string components SC, which are illustrated in FI in a racked position, may be coupled to drill pipe and inserted into the well bore, forming a portion of the drill string. One or more of drill string components may also include a McNano device. Although  FIG. 15  illustrates a rotary rig, it is within the scope of the present invention for McNano devices and the related apparatuses to be used with top drive rigs and coiled tubing systems. 
         [0125]    The present invention presents improvements to the systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,540,838 which is incorporated fully herein for all purposes. As shown in  FIG. 16  a system  160  according to the present invention has a pump  162  that pumps drilling mud through a pipe P into a mud tank MT. A viscosity sensor  163  senses the viscosity of the mud in the tank; a density sensor  169  senses the density of the mud in the pipe; and, optionally, a density sensor  169  senses the density of mud in the tank. The density sensor can be outside the pipe or in tie mud in the tank. A centrifuge CR (which can be any suitable known centrifuge) receives mud pumped by a pump  164  from the mud tank MT and processes it to remove selected solids, thereby controlling and/or changing the viscosity of the mud. Selected solids are discharged from the centrifuge in a line LN and the processed mud, with desirable solids therein, is reintroduced into the mud tank via a line LE. The pump  164  may run continuously. Optionally, fluid exits the tank MT through an outlet OT. 
         [0126]    A computer system  167  controls an I/O module  165  and a variable frequency drives (“VFD”) V 1 , V 2 , and V 3 . VFD V 1  controls bowl speed of the centrifuge CR. VFD V 2  controls the screw conveyor of the centrifuge and VFD V 3  controls the feed pump  164 . The system  167  computes a desired pump speed (pumping rate). A signal conditioner SR controls the viscosity sensor  163  and provides power to it. Temperature sensors TS monitor the temperature of bearings BS of a centrifuge drive system and send signals indicative of measured temperatures to the Input/Output module  165 . The functions of the I/O module include sending data from the sensors to the system  167  and sending outputs from the system  167  to the VFD V 1 . The signal conditioner SR sends signals to the I/O module  165  indicative of viscosity values measured by the viscosity sensor  163 . The density sensor(s) sends signals indicative of measured mud densities to the I/O module. The I/O module provides density measurements to the computer system. The I/O module provides command signals from the system  167  to the variable frequency drive V 1 . As desired, one or more agitators may be used in the tank MT. 
         [0127]    Continuous density measurements made by the density sensor(s) are used by the computer system  167  to determine a desired value for a mud viscosity set point (e.g. using known equations or a look-up table). The computer system  167  compares actual viscosity measurements from the viscosity sensor  163  (processed by the signal conditioner SR) to the determined desired value and then the computer system  167  calculates the difference between the predetermined set point and a current actual viscosity value. Following this calculation, the computer system  167  changes the operational parameters of the VFDs to run a bowl and/or conveyor of the centrifuge CR faster or slower or to control pump speed. The computer system  167 , which can run periodically or continuously, provides output(s) to a display device DD (e.g. a monitor, screen, panel, laptop, handheld or desktop computer, etc., remote and/or on site). 
         [0128]    It is within the scope of the present invention to provide McNano devices in the various fluid streams and apparatuses of the system  160 , as indicated by the McNano devices  168  shown schematically in  FIG. 16  (devices not to scale). AS described above for other systems according to the present invention, these devices can be used to monitor and track the flow the fluid through the system and fluid flow to and from the centrifuge CR and through the system pumps. 
         [0129]    It is also within the scope of the present invention for any of the McNano devices  168  to be used as a sensor to sense any parameter or level that McNano devices are capable of sensing, including, but not limited to, temperature, chemistry, pH, and pressure. Apparatuses S placed appropriately in the system receive information from the devices  168  and transmit it to a control system  166  which in turn conveys it to the system  167 , or the apparatuses S are in direct communication with the system  167 . The system  167  can receive and process information from the devices  168  to monitor fluid flow, to control the centrifuge, to monitor centrifuge operation and efficiency, and to control fluid flow through the conduits and lines of the system. 
         [0130]    In any tank or flow conduit or apparatus of the system  160 , a McNano device or devices may be used to selectively add or introduce material to what is present in the tank, flow conduit, or apparatus; e.g., but not limited to, adding to drilling fluid or mud; e.g., but not limited to, adding drilling fluid additives; and e.g., but not limited to, materials to change viscosity or density. An apparatus S can activate a McNano device which carries such material to, when desired, release the material. This is true for McNano device(s) in any fluid and any flow system and any drilling mud system disclosed herein in which it is desired to selectively introduce additional material to a fluid. 
         [0131]    It is within the scope of the present invention to employ any known power supply or power source for powering an apparatus S or a McNano device. Known power supplies include batteries, voltaic cells, wireline transmission systems, and downhole motors; including, but not limited to, those disclosed in and those in references listed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,834,777; 6,554,074; 6,745,844 and 6,672,409.  FIGS. 17A and 17B  illustrate systems according to the present invention using a power supply as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,834,777. 
         [0132]    As shown in  FIG. 17A , a system  170  according to the present invention has a microgenerator MG in communication with a motive gas source  172 . The microgenerator MG further has a rotor that is in electromagnetic communication with a stator, wherein the electromagnetic communication is capable of producing an electrical current for powering an apparatus S 0 . The microgenerator MG has a rotational activation system, e.g., but not limited to, a turbine  174  mechanically connected to the rotor via a shaft  171 . The rotor  22  may have a disc like configuration wherein the diameter of the disc exceeds its thickness. The rotor is mechanically affixed to the output of the turbine  174  via the output shaft  171  and rotation of the turbine  174  correspondingly causes rotation of the rotor. 
         [0133]    The turbine  174  is powered by the motive source  172  in which pressurized gas is stored. Pressurized gas is delivered to the turbine  174  from the motive source  172  via an inlet line (“INLET”). An exit line (“EXIT”) is provided on the outlet side of the turbine  174 . The pressurized fluid can be either pressurized gas, high-pressure liquid where the high-pressure liquid can be delivered through the turbine either in liquid form, or can be vaporized in the inlet line for powering the turbine  174 . Optionally, the fluids stored within the motive fluid source  172  can be a mixture of gas and liquid. The motive fluid source  172  can be a combustion chamber wherein the exhaust gases from the combustion is fed to the turbine  174  via the inlet line for rotation of the turbine. The turbine energy source includes pressurized gas source piped from surface or another remote location in the wellbore, or generated in-situ via chemical reaction, etc. 
         [0134]    Examples of a microgenerator powered by combustive gases can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,313 and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0079301 the entire disclosures of which (as is true of any patent and application referred to herein) are incorporated for reference herein. 
         [0135]    The rotor includes a magnet  173  housed within an outer casing  175 . Alternatively however, the entire rotor may be comprised of a magnetic material. As shown, the magnet  173  is a permanent magnet, however the magnet may also be an electrostatic magnet or an electrical magnet. Additionally, the rotor may be made entirely of a magnet without the outer casing. As shown, the stator has at least one coil  176  disposed within a housing  177 . The stator inone aspect is sufficiently proximate to the rotor such that it lies within the magnetic field produced by the magnet  173 . Additionally, the stator inone aspect is substantially coaxial with the rotor. Although the stator includes a single coil  26 , it may include additional coils, wherein each coil will operate at a different phase from the other coils. It is well within the scope of those skilled in the art to properly position the coil(s) of the stator within the magnetic field of the magnet  173  and in the proper orientation for the production of electrical power. 
         [0136]    Leads  179  are connected to the ends of the coils thereby providing electrical communication from the coils) to the apparatus S. In operation, as the turbine  174  is powered by the motive fluid source  172  its resulting rotation thereby causes rotation of the rotor. Due to the presence of the magnet  173  within the rotor, an electrical current will be induced within the coil(s). Optionally, the combination of the coil disposed within the stator and in proximity of the magnet  173 , the resulting combination can act as an alternator for producing electrical current. The induced electrical current can then be delivered to the apparatus S via the leads  179 . The coil  176  and the leads  179  are made of an electrically conducting material, and can be of the same or different materials. Optionally, the generated power may be stored in an electrical energy storage device (“ESD”) for use by the apparatus S. The apparatus S may be used to energize a McNano device. 
         [0137]    As shown in  FIG. 17B , the system  170  may be used to power a McNano device  178  directly (like numerals and labels indicate like parts in  FIGS. 17A and 17B ). 
         [0138]      FIG. 18  shows a system  180  according to the present invention for conveying and using information obtained from apparatuses S and McNano devices  188  used in systems according to the present invention. It is to be understood that the system  180  is described by way of example only of one system for communicating with systems according to the present invention and that any suitable known communication system used in rig operations and wellbore operations may be employed. A system like the system  180  in some aspects is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,246. 
         [0139]    A local area network LAN includes one or a plurality of personal computer work stations  181  that are interconnected by a suitable network. A server  183  is connected to receive input from apparatus S (which may also be apparatuses S). The server  183  is adapted to receive information from the apparatus or apparatuses S at a desired rate, e.g times per second or times per seconds. The information from the apparatuses S is stored in a database  187 . Each personal computer work station  181  may access database  187  to obtain a configurable real time display of information stored in the data base  187 . 
         [0140]    Optionally, the information in the database  187  of the server  183  may be accessed remotely via a network NT, e.g. but not limited to, the internet. An entity or person  189  may, via the network NT, access the information in the database  187  (e.g., but not limited to, by a cellphone, netbook, or laptop computer or similar device) and, in one particular aspect, may control an apparatus S and/or a McNano device  188  via the network NT. Also, such control may be exercised via a computer  181 . 
         [0141]    As shown in  FIG. 19A , a McNano device  190  according to the present invention for use in operations (rig operations, wellbore operations) may have a body  191  made of a first material and a part (or parts)  192  made of a second material. The first material  191  has a first density different from a second density which is the density of the second material of the part(s)  192 . In one aspect, either material is used to increase the buoyancy of the McNano device  190 , e.g., but not limited to, to facilitate the ability of the McNano device to combine with a fluid used in operations, to facilitate the introduction of the McNano device into a flow stream or into or through an apparatus or conduit, and/or to facilitate the ability of the McNano device to flow with a fluid. 
         [0142]    As shown in  FIG. 19B , a McNano device  193  according to the present invention for use in operations (rig operations, wellbore operations) may have a body  194  made of a first material and a less dense material  195  within the body  194  and/or a less dense material  196  on the body  196 . The material  195  and/or the material  196  may be used to adjust the density of the McNano device  193  and/or to increase the buoyancy of the McNano device  193 , e.g, but not limited to, to facilitate the ability of the McNano device to combine with a fluid used in operations, to facilitate the introduction of the McNano device into a flow stream or into or through an apparatus or conduit, and/or to facilitate the ability of the McNano device to flow with a fluid. 
         [0143]    It is within the scope of the present invention to hold a McNano device at a given location, e.g, in a conduit, in an apparatus, in a flow path, or in a device, and to then selectively release it to perform a desired function. It is within the scope of the present invention to selectively stop a moving McNano device at a desired location in a conduit, etc. As shown in  FIG. 20 , a McNano device  208  with magnetically attractive material  209  therein and/or thereon is held stationary within a member  200  by a magnet apparatus  201  (e.g., but not limited to, any magnet, electromagnet, or electromagnet device or apparatus). Removal of a magnet  201  or cessation of power to an electromagnet  201  results in release of the McNano device  208 . 
         [0144]    In conclusion, therefore, it is seen that the present invention and the embodiments disclosed herein and those covered by the appended claims are well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends set forth. Certain changes can be made in the subject matter without departing from the spirit and the scope of this invention. It is realized that changes are possible within the scope of this invention and it is further intended that each element or step recited in any of the following claims is to be understood as referring to the step literally and/or to all equivalent elements or steps. The following claims are intended to cover the invention as broadly as legally possible in whatever form it may be utilized. The invention claimed herein is new and novel in accordance with 35 U.S.C. §102 and satisfies the conditions for patentability in §102. The invention claimed herein is not obvious in accordance with 35 U.S.C. §103 and satisfies the conditions for patentability in §103. The inventor may rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the scope of the invention and of the claims that follow as they may pertain to apparatus and/or methods not materially departing from, but outside of, the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. All patents and applications identified herein are incorporated fully herein for all purposes. It is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6 for any limitations of any of the claims herein, except for those in which the claim expressly uses the words ‘means for’ together with an associated function. In this patent document, the word “comprising” is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements.