Abstract:
There is provided a method and system designed to (1) coach school children who have responded poorly to group reading and writing instruction to obtain mastery in reading and writing, and (2) allow peer students and parents, even with minimal training, to educate students who are failing in literacy. The disclosed methodology enables tutors and parents to teach how to read and write well without having to explain how to read and write well.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims full benefit and priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/841,392, filed May 7, 2004, which was filed by the present inventor and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/469,535, filed on May 9, 2003, the disclosure of which applications are fully incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     Not applicable.  
       NOTICE OF INCLUDED COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL  
       [0003]     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsover. All trademarks and service marks identified herein are owned by the applicant.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0005]     The present invention relates generally to methods and materials for tutors to utilize in educating students (or tutees) in improving reading and writing competency. More particularly, the present invention relates to a person-to-person method for coaching reading and writing literacy wherein tutors remove learning barriers by causing tutees to learn new reading and writing techniques without needing verbal explanations or technical instruction; and by having their responses become the content for instruction.  
         [0006]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0007]     Various methods and devices are available for teaching reading and writing in schools. These methods usually involve group instruction with some form of verbal explanation offered by a teacher in order to teach students how to read and write better by presenting information about methods, rules, and/or processes for reading and writing. The students receiving the verbal instructions are required to attend to the teacher&#39;s spoken explanations, and then incorporate the concepts being verbally described into a learning taxonomy. Students are expected to take notes, interact by asking questions, or otherwise prompt the teacher for further clarification when the student is unable to comprehend the subject of the lesson. Unfortunately, verbal explanations or lectures must be understood to be effective, and under-prepared students oftentimes do not have the necessary background for understanding. The more students know, the easier it is for them to learn more. On the other hand, the less students know, the more difficult it is for them because prior knowledge serves as connectors for new knowledge. Various sources of information, including testing results, media information, and educational surveys indicate that many students are reading and writing below grade level. This is one indication that students are not comprehending the above mentioned modes of instruction.  
         [0008]     Workbook instruction has also been used as a technique to instruct students on reading and writing. In workbook instruction, students are presented with handout materials either in loose-leaf or booklet form and expected to complete assignments that address a particular learning goal. Likewise, computer-driven applications may implement the workbook paradigm in a paperless manner. However, as a prerequisite to completing conventional assignments in a workbook or in a computer program, the students need to have first received an effective verbal presentation regarding the subject being addressed in the assignment, and instructions on how to complete the assigned task. For students that experience difficulty comprehending the teacher&#39;s orally delivered explanation and instructions, workbook or computer assignments are an ineffective means to acquire new reading and writing abilities.  
         [0009]     Likewise, because of the concern or stigma associated with asking for repeated clarification in a classroom setting, many students are chilled from asking the teacher to repeat or reword a verbal clarification. Students often tease or otherwise criticize students who cannot keep up with the other students being lectured in class. Students who struggle to maintain the group pace are further hampered by impaired self esteem and the trauma that comes along with many of the cruel labels that can be attached by other students or even educators.  
         [0010]     While success in learning is one important means to repair damage to a student&#39;s self-esteem and restore confidence, achieving learning goals requires a different approach than those currently in use today. Effectively, the commonly used teaching methods for classroom instruction do not provide adequate instruction for students failing in reading and writing competency. As a result, having tutors merely adapt methods of group instruction with oral presentations to one on-one situations has been ineffective in having all students learn how to read and write effectively, especially those under-prepared students that experience learning challenges. This is because lack of knowledge can be a barrier for understanding oral presentations and explanations. Learning is cumulative, and as a result, the more students know, the easier it is for them to know more.  
         [0011]     Consequently, under-prepared students can find themselves in a hole created by their own lack of knowledge. And this hole usually gets deeper every academic year. Remedial tutoring or taking more classes can try to fix the students&#39; problems by providing knowledge to fill up their holes. Unfortunately, this is a painfully slow process. This invention is about giving these students a ladder to climb out of their holes created by their lack of knowledge.  
         [0012]     As background for understanding how the present invention gives students a ladder to climb out of their holes, the four levels of competence, and also the work of Edward Tolle, author of the bestseller The Power of Now will be examined. Tolle has presented ideas about the different levels of consciousness and thought in his lecture “The Realization of Being,” which is available from the company Sounds True, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. Level 1: Unconscious Incompetence. At the level of Unconscious Competence, students do not know enough to know that they don&#39;t know something. Level 2: Conscious Incompetence. Students know where they lack knowledge at the level of Conscious Incompetence. Level 3: Conscious Competence. Students succeed in learning something new. When students first learn how to do something, however, they think about what they are doing. Inner dialogue is present. Their knowing is verbal. In the process of trying to reach this level, under-prepared students who do not have the necessary knowledge or background hit the knowledge barrier to learning. And finally, Level 4: Unconscious Competence. At this level, students can do something automatically without thinking about it. This is because after doing something over and over, the inner dialogue fades. The knowing goes from being verbal to being non-verbal. Tolle&#39;s explanations of the different levels of consciousness in the lecture “The Practicality of Being” helps us understand the fourth level of competence, Unconscious Competence.  
         [0013]     The first level of consciousness according to Tolle is Consciousness without Thought. A cat watching a mouse hole is conscious, but conceptual thought is not present because a cat does not have language. The consciousness of a cat is below thought It is important to note that at the level of Consciousness below Thought, there is no inner dialogue occurring with animals.  
         [0014]     Tolle explains that the second level of consciousness is Consciousness with Thought. At this level of consciousness, there is inner dialogue. A human being has and uses language, thus making conceptual thought possible. A human being&#39;s consciousness in a state of thought is superior to the cat&#39;s consciousness of no thought Tolle&#39;s third level of consciousness, Consciousness beyond Thought, combines the best of the other two levels—Consciousness below Thought and Consciousness with Thought. For example, a lion stalking its prey is operating at the level of Consciousness below Thought. The lion&#39;s knowing is non-verbal. The lion is operating on rhythm and instinct, and there is no inner dialogue interrupting the natural flow of movement at this level of pre-thought. This makes the lion effective when hunting. At the level of Consciousness with Thought, human beings can use analytical thinking, and that makes humans effective in working out conceptual problems. In the state of Consciousness beyond Thought, human beings can operate at the level of rhythm and instinct, similar to a lion stalking its prey or an athlete in the zone, but at the same time still use thought when needed. The point is that thought is no longer controlling them. They can do what they are doing without having the inner dialogue of thought interrupt the natural flow of what they are doing. Their knowing is non-verbal. At this level, a person goes beyond verbal thinking.  
         [0015]     A clear example of this is a person typing. A skilled typist can hit the correct keys on the keyboard without thinking about hitting the keys. Actions are automatic. Thought in this case would block the natural flow of movements. That is, a typist thinking about which key to strike would have paralysis by analysis. As a result, a typist operating at the level of “beyond thought” with non-verbal knowing has achieved Unconscious Competence. A typist at this level is more effective than a typist operating at Conscious Competence and having inner dialogue (verbal thinking) about which finger should be striking which key.  
         [0016]     Tolle&#39;s concepts challenge educators. Human beings can operate in a state of consciousness of no thought that is beyond verbal thinking, and this state is superior to a state of thought that involves inner dialogue. This idea may seem unusual and hard to understand. However, there are practical examples in the areas of football and theater. During the 2003 Rose Bowl, one commentator noted that a goal of the USC defense would be to get the Michigan quarterback to start thinking. This is because “when you analyze, you paralyze.” Thought with language interrupts the natural flow of players&#39; movements. When an athlete is in the zone and operating on rhythm and instinct thought with language is not present and does not block the natural flow of movements. In the words of Tolle, “Animals because they have no language, do not have thoughts blocking the totality moving through them. A bird does not decide to fly to the next branch. It just does.” In other words, a bird does not have to deal with “paralysis by analysis” because of thought with language. Another example is a basketball player entering the zone. In that moment, the player does not need or have ongoing inner dialogue. One shot falls, then another, then three and four and suddenly through the game&#39;s flow, the shooter elevates, operating on rhythm and instinct.  
         [0017]     Another example is theater. When actors think about what they are doing and listen to their inner dialogue while on stage, they prevent themselves from being fully self-expressed. In contrast, they strive to “be in the moment,” and this state occurs in the absence of thought with language (no inner dialogue). In both football and theatre, players and actors do not expand their capacities and acquire new abilities to the level of mastery through learning lessons and understanding explanations. Knowing more will get an athlete and actor only so far. It is through doing practices over and over and getting coaching on the spot that an athlete and actor can achieve a level of mastery that results in their being able to do what they do automatically in a state of beyond thought without even having to think (beyond verbal thinking).  
         [0018]     To summarize, a human being operating in a state of no thought is not the same as a cat&#39;s state of no thought. A cat&#39;s state of no thought, is a state of pre-thought and thus below thought. A human being operating at a state of consciousness of no thought is operating at a level beyond thought. Tolle states, “When a human being returns to the state of no thought after operating at a level of thought, it has an added dimension and depth of incredible knowing to it, which animals do not have because they are in the original state of no thought . . . In the state of beyond thought, thought can be used, but it is no longer controlling the thinker.” Put another way, thought can be used in the complete absence of language. Thought is non-verbal. There is no inner dialogue. By way of example, the methods demonstrated in the movie THE KARATE KID assists in making these distinctions clear.  
         [0019]     In the movie The Karate Kid, a demonstration was provided that illustrates a clear difference between causing someone to learn new karate techniques in contrast to teaching someone how to do karate. Danielson, who was the Karate Kid, waxed cars, sanded floors, painted fences, and painted a house. These actions did not require verbal explanations nor did they require him to use his conscious mind to understand or comprehend discrete skills he was acquiring. What these actions did do is cause him to acquire new karate abilities and leapfrog from Conscious Incompetence in karate to Unconscious Competence, and at the level of Unconscious Competence operate on rhythm and instinct at a level of consciousness beyond verbal thinking with no inner dialogue (beyond verbal thinking). Simply put, the Karate Kid was not TAUGHT how to do karate with explanations and technical instruction. Instead, doing a series of exercises CAUSED him to acquire new karate techniques without needing explanations or technical instruction. As a result, there was no knowledge barrier to learning for him. Current instructional methodologies do not recognize these important principles of causing students to learn through doing in contrast to teaching students how to do something through explanations. Specifically, current instruction methodologies do not recognize important principles of causing students to learn new reading techniques by having them engage in a series of writing exercises that result in 1) learning without needing explanations and technical instruction and 2) leapfrogging from Conscious Incompetence to Unconscious Competence. Therefore there exists a need to integrate these principles into a new instructional methodology.  
         [0020]     When students we teach students how to read and write better, methods instruct students what they need to know in order to have them move from Conscious Incompetence (Level 2) to Conscious Competence (Level 3). Unfortunately, under-prepared students face a knowledge barrier in trying to understand explanations that they need to know to move from Conscious Incompetence to Unconscious Competence.  
         [0021]     What is needed is a new methodology of instruction for those who are performing below grade level in writing, giving them the opportunity to have success in place of failure. What is needed is a methodology that removes learning barriers by causing under-prepared students to learn new reading and writing techniques without needing explanations or technical instruction. What is also needed is an interactive learning format that enables students to acquire new writing abilities even though those students have difficulty comprehending verbally delivered lectures on writing or textbook explanations for how to write.  
         [0022]     What is also needed is teaching materials and methodologies that appear easy to use for non-teachers, laypersons, tutors, and students, and that inspire tutors to motivate students toward the task of overcoming past problems. What is also needed is a method in which more cost-effective lay tutors and parents teach literacy and writing effectively. What is also needed is a learning method that breaks down the complex task of acquiring new writing abilities into component parts. Also what is needed is a method in an interactive learning environment to integrate a tutor&#39;s feedback with the tutee&#39;s responses without having to rely on verbal explanations. Also, what is needed is a new methodology of instruction that does not require analytical thinking so that those who are performing below grade level in writing and reading can gain more from fifteen hours of instruction in five days than they can from fifteen hours of instruction over five weeks. What is further needed is a methodology that does not rely on verbal explanations because training tutors to use verbal explanations requires extensive training, and students with weak academic backgrounds can have difficulty understanding verbal explanations that were designed to prepare them to write.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0023]     In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to improve various problems associated with the prior art. To this end, an object of the invention is to remove learning barriers by causing students to learn new reading and writing techniques without needing explanations or technical instruction. As a result, a teacher, tutor, layperson, or parent with minimal training can be successful in tutoring writing, and at-risk students can break their cycle of failure in reading and writing. Because embodiments of the present invention enables tutees to learn content without verbal explanation, tutees can complete the equivalent of a one-credit composition course on five contiguous days. Non-verbal knowing (beyond verbal thinking) is the outcome that results when students have achieved Unconscious Competence.  
         [0024]     Embodiments of the present invention build on the ideas of the four levels of competence and Tollee&#39;s different stages of consciousness. Specifically, an embodiment proposes to remove learning barriers for under-prepared students by causing them to learn new reading and writing techniques without needing explanations or any technical instruction, thus creating a new world of opportunity for these students. The difference between causing and teaching is an important distinction that helps one understand how this invention makes this possible. Simple directions and helpful prompts lead students into creating long, complex sentences. By writing long, complex sentences students can comprehend long, complex sentences. Similarly, if a person who can write a sentence in a second language that person can comprehend and translate that sentence back into this person&#39;s first language. Methods developed utilizing this approach have been called “The Writing Road to College Writing.” 
         [0025]     An embodiment of this invention removes the knowledge barrier to learning for under-prepared students by causing them to learn new reading and writing techniques without needing any explanations or technical instruction. With this invention, under-prepared students do not just move from Conscious Incompetence (Level 2) to Conscious Competence (Level 3). They leapfrog over the knowledge barrier all the way to Unconscious Competence (Level 4). The previous examples of typists and athletes demonstrated people acquiring such a high level mastery (Unconscious Competence) that they are able to do something automatically without needing the conscious mind to understand or comprehend a task at hand.  
         [0026]     Another object of this invention is to have students learn to comprehend long, complex sentences by writing long, complex sentences. We call this process of learning from the inside out “The Writing Road to College Reading.” (Similarly, when a person can write a sentence in a second language, that person can read and translate that sentence back into his or her first language.) This process is accomplished by providing structured writing exercises with simple directions and helpful prompts that lead students into writing long, complicated sentences. Providing learning-by-doing instruction that does not require analytical thought and language, is therefore referred to as Non-Verbal Knowing SM . By eliminating verbal instructions prior to students&#39; writing, the teacher eliminates the problem of students having verbal explanations to ponder. Unnecessary thinking unfortunately sometimes results in paralysis by analysis. By not resorting to verbal explanations, the teacher can cause students to acquire, for example, the ability to use naturally and automatically embedded participial phrases to show what emotion a person is feeling. From the beginning, the student can move from Conscious Incompetence to Unconscious Competence and be operating at Tolle&#39;s third level of consciousness, beyond thought.  
         [0027]     Through a method of the present invention, students simply learn to write sentences with embedded participial phrases by completing structured writing exercises with helpful prompts that lead them into writing sentences with embedded participial phrases. Rather than students being told what they need to know about comprehending complex sentences, what students need to know reveals itself as a result of doing the work. What makes this process different is that to complete these practices, students merely follow some easy steps. They do not to need to understand or analyze instructions prior to doing the practices.  
         [0028]     Having students write long, complex sentences with participial phrases between subjects and verbs does more than just teach students how to find the key words in long, complicated sentences. Doing this exercise causes students to have the ability to have the key words automatically to stand out and find them (Unconscious Competence). They acquire this ability not by being taught about key words and modifiers but by creating them in their writing. As a result, creating these language elements in their writing causes their brains to internalize these writing elements. As a result of causing their brain to internalize these writing elements, the key words will stand out on their own without students doing anything to make it happen. They now have a new ability to cause this process to just happen automatically at the level of Unconscious Competence.  
         [0029]     In one embodiment, the interactive methodology of the You Practice. I Coach. You Learn.® process makes it possible to lead students into writing long, complex sentences with embedded participial phrases without needing explanations or technical instruction. This learning sequence involves one-on-one instruction, works in way similar to apprenticeships.  
         [0030]     Briefly, one embodiment of an apprenticeship program worked this way. The expert demonstrated how to do one part of the task (modeling). By seeing the expert carry out the task, the novice could build a conceptual model of what was required to complete a task. What occurred was not a transfer of knowledge, which would require technical instruction. Instead, the apprentice would notice what was happening and raise his or her awareness of what was involved. Then, the expert would provide support to help the novice carry out the task (scaffolding). With scaffolds, the expert could guide the actions and decision making of the novice. Next, the expert would oversee the progress of the novice and provide necessary feedback (coaching). Specifically, the expert would observe the novice carrying out the task and offer hints, reminders, modeling, or other types of feedback. This guided participation helped the novice become aware of what he or she was or was not doing and complete a task that would be too difficult to do independently. Finally, the more the novice could do, the more the expert would remove support and let the novice do more on his or her own (fading). By practicing skills under the guidance of an expert, the novices learned to notice and be aware at a higher level, and as a result, learn to be more skillful and to be more independent.  
         [0031]     A method of the present invention that enables teaching how to write well without using verbal explanations results in non-verbal knowing, which makes it possible for minimally trained tutors to have a substantial impact on a tutee&#39;s educational success.  
         [0032]     Not resorting to verbal explanations makes this invention different from any other method of teaching writing. The best way to prepare students to be good writers is to have them write. This concept of “learning by doing” and having students spend most of their time “on task” has been around since the days of the famous educator John Dewey. However, teaching writing in the classroom calls for teachers to define, explain, or discuss methods or processes to prepare students for writing. Unfortunately, when the teacher is talking, the students are not writing. In addition, knowing “that” information and having the ability to perform writing tasks are different.  
         [0033]     By not resorting to verbal explanations, this invention does not spend time preparing students in order to perform writing tasks. All tutees are given before writing are some easy steps to follow. Instead of studying lessons, they do practices that cause them to learn new reading and writing techniques without explanations or technical instruction. This process results in students leapfrogging from Conscious Incompetence to Unconscious Competence and operating at a level of consciousness beyond verbal thinking. Again, the practices are so simple that they do not require students to understand or figure out anything before doing them because all that is required is that tutees just follow some easy steps.  
         [0034]     Doing the practices causes students to acquire new reading and writing abilities in contrast to teaching students how to read and write better by having them know rules or procedures. For example, students will be able to recognize participial phrases and know how to use embedded participial phrases to show what emotion a person is feeling not by studying lessons or understanding teacher discussions and explanations about participial phrases. These students will learn from the inside out by creating participial phrases in their writing and thus internalizing these elements.  
         [0035]     By not resorting to verbal explanations, this methodology creates another path to literacy for the academic have-nots. The more a person knows, the easier it is for that person to know more. Because verbal explanations are not used, those students with poor academic backgrounds will not be at a disadvantage from not understanding and not have to face the knowledge barrier to learning.  
         [0036]     It is another object of the invention to provide specially formatted learning templates to enhance student learning with nonverbal instruction. Each learning template seeks to cause a student to acquire a specific reading or writing technique, or integrate a collection of previously learned lessons. The learning templates for parts of speech, for example, contain text examples of the lesson to be learned by the tutee, with grammatical elements identified. The templates also provide written directions to follow in completing a series of partially complete sentences. The sentences are composed with helpful prompts so that the students can learn by example and fill in the appropriate grammatical elements to complete the exercise. Additional practice to achieve mastery is enhanced by providing more opportunities to practice on example sentences with fewer provided examples.  
         [0037]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an easily adapted method whereby tutors, even with minimal training, have the opportunity to coach and teach writing successfully with a minimum of training and supervision. The learning templates referred to above are designed to appear “easy” to use. A tutor, parent, and tutee who sees a few pages of the materials containing templates with helpful prompts should be able to say mentally, this is “simple.” The simplicity also induces parents to use the materials to help their children; consequently, there is an even greater impact on literacy in the community.  
         [0038]     Yet another object of this invention is to enable tutors that are not necessarily trained in teaching to effectively educate students in writing and literacy. This invention provides a key advantage in enabling lay personnel to educate students because schools cannot always afford to have a large number of tutors who are trained teachers. On the other hand, if schools rely on tutors with minimal training, many instructional issues abound. The present invention provides a method and materials that do not require general teaching expertise on the part of the tutors because the disclosed method and materials require tutors to explain how to complete the assignment, not how to write well. Again, completing the assignment causes students to learn new writing techniques without needing any explanations on writing well or technical instruction. The present invention also encourages parents to become active educators for their children, increasing the level of literacy in the community.  
         [0039]     Yet another goal of the present invention is to overcome problems of writing programs designed for group instruction so that students who are now failing reading and writing classes can be successful by getting individualized instruction with a methodology that does the following: (a) Prevents confusing students who have failed by eliminating verbal explanations that require prior knowledge for understanding. (b) Prevents confusing students who have failed by eliminating composition assignments that do not break an assignment into its component parts and show “how-to” and do not lead students through the step-by-step process of causing students to learn “how-to” by completing a series of exercises that result in students knowing “how-to” by doing. (c) Breaks down complex tasks into component parts. As tutees master the simpler component parts, they are prepared to move to more complex tasks. (d) By using the method and materials, one can tutor students struggling with writing and/or reading and it can be done in a cost efficient manner. (e) Appeals to students who have failed a writing or reading course by providing the following: (1) Step-by-step exercises that provide students with immediate successes. This in turn helps to prevent further emotional insult from continued failures, and as a result, prepares the student to learn by repairing some of the past damage to self-esteem. Because this method is so different, the tutor can help a tutee understand that for many people, writing problems are not internal, but are external, and very likely originated with the method of instruction used to teach them how to write. (2) Instruction is an interactive process that extracts heavily from words and sentences offered by the tutees, thus giving the tutees the opportunity for offering words commensurate with their own levels of language usage. (3) Materials that appear “easy” to use. A tutee sees a few pages of the materials and says mentally, this is “simple.” That is exactly the message needing to be conveyed to motivate and inspire the participant toward the task of overcoming past problems and actually learning something that could have been “simple” with one-on-one instruction. The simplicity also induces parents to use the materials for helping their children. (4) A vocabulary level of the materials that represents an additional safeguard to prevent psychological stress on the user. The words chosen show an appreciation for the older participant whose capabilities exceed those of younger children. To water down the vocabulary level might be construed as demeaning to the intelligence of the older participant. On the other hand, tutors can read exercises and writing models to the younger participants and give them meanings to words that they do not understand. (Of course, this cannot be done in classrooms during group instruction, so in classrooms the vocabulary must be controlled.) As a result, the method of the present invention is designed to teach or enhance reading and writing abilities at any level. (5) A system that operates at a pace governed by the tutee. Thus, tutees can dwell as long as they wish on a particular exercise before moving to the next one. (6) A system that physically involves the tutee in the learning process by having the tutee learn by doing as opposed to having the learning process primarily be something mental. (7) Learning materials that require students to follow simple directions to complete an assignment, rather than requiring the students to understand explanations or instruction from a tutor. The sequence of instruction can be summarized as “You practice” (in which a tutee performs a task) followed by “I coach” (in which the tutor teaches by responding to what the tutee has done) followed by “You learn” (in which the tutee learns “how-to” without the tutor having to explain “how-to”).  
         [0040]     Once again, an embodiment this methodology causes students to learn new reading and writing techniques without needing explanations or technical instruction. This is possible because this embodiment uses a unique instructional design. A non-limiting exemplary design of this method creates the conditions for causing students to be writers with one-on-one instruction instead of teaching students how to write with explanations in group instruction, and ten aspects of this design described as follows:  
         [0041]     Aspect 1: The Learning Process: Simple to Complex. Students first learn something simple and then progress to complex tasks. As a result, they begin writing sentences with subjects and verbs only, progress to adjectives, subjects, and verbs, then adjectives, subjects, verbs, and adverbs, and finally end with adjectives, subjects, participial phrases, verbs, adverbs, and prepositional phrases. Tasks are ordered from the simple to complex. The students thus master writing something simple before moving on to writing more complex sentences.  
         [0042]     Aspect 2: Spiral Learning. Students use and practice what they already learned when doing something new. This type of repetition resulted in non-linear, spiral learning. After students expand their subject and verb sentences with adjectives, they practice something old and something new when they write adjective, subject, and verb sentences on their own with no scaffolding. The learning is non-linear and spiral.  
         [0043]     Aspect 3: Breaking Down the Larger Task into Component Parts. Students begin with simple tasks and work toward more complex tasks that require more expertise. Also, the larger tasks, for example, are broken down into component parts. As a result, students can see how individual steps are integrated into the whole process and at the same time focus on performing an individual part of the larger task. In addition, students continually build upon what they have already learned—spiral organization.  
         [0044]     In an embodiment of a literacy program, students begin with simple sentences and expand them into larger sentences. In addition, they continually build upon what they had already learned—spiral organization. This is because, for example, when students add adjectives to given subjects and verbs, they have to write independently a sentence with subjects and verbs (Something they already learned.) and adjectives (Something newly introduced.). As a result, the tasks are broken down into component parts to simply the task so that students can manage it with little or a minimum amount of instruction. By breaking down the larger task into component parts, the tutor can easily walk students through the process.  
         [0045]     Scaffolding makes something abstract very tangible and gets students started in writing more and more complex sentences, giving them a feel for new skills and giving them confidence that they can do them. If explanations are necessary, however, the teacher is there to provide students with this element. Thus, tutors can focus providing feedback and suggesting ways of doing things and not worry about providing explanations. This program decomposes the larger task into component parts in a way similar to what a football coach does in breaking down plays. This educational paradigm also engages tutors and students as they work alongside each other cooperatively.  
         [0046]     Aspect 4: Actively Constructing Knowledge. During the tutoring, the tutors do not just transmit information from one head to another through knowledge telling, or have students sit still and absorb knowledge. This literacy program forces students to construct knowledge as they actively manipulate language elements and then use their knowledge to act on and complete exercises.  
         [0047]     As a result of creating parts of speech instead of learning about parts of speech, the student becomes an active learner who constructs knowledge and learns in a participation framework. Students did not learn about the parts of speech through “knowledge telling.” Instead, they learn about subjects, verbs, adjectives, and so on by creating them. Also, using this instructional design puts control over learning into the hands of the student. They do the work, construct their knowledge, and get the results. As a result, students are the source of their learning and have control over it.  
         [0048]     Aspect 5: Global before Local Skills: Students put together sentences from skeleton sentences with prompts before being taught to write a sentence from nothing. As a result, students have a “conceptual map” of the whole activity before moving on to learning specific skills. By understanding how individual skills relate to completing an activity, students do not get lost in the details.  
         [0049]     Before being lost in explanations for writing long, complicated sentences, students learn to communicate complete thoughts with a simple sentence consisting of a subject and verb only. As they add more and more detail words, students never lost the conceptual map of subjects and verbs (main idea words) communicating the complete thought.  
         [0050]     Aspect 6: Personalized, Error-Driven Instruction. In this literacy program embodiment, instruction is triggered by the students&#39; errors. The students learn through experience, and this means learning from mistakes.  
         [0051]     Tutors give examples or ask questions when students say an inappropriate part of speech. This coaching evolves out of the interaction between the tutor and student rather than being a prepared lesson from the outside. It is the spontaneous response or error of the students that becomes the content for instruction. Instead of learning about the parts of speech in a linear, instructional sequence that requires understanding explanations and learning definitions, instruction develops from the responses of the students; the tutor and students work cooperatively on a project that focuses on solutions to problems rather than knowledge telling. Thus, instruction is personalized.  
         [0052]     Aspect 7: Learning Techniques without Getting any Technical Instruction. As mentioned before, a tutor gives students immediate feedback after every attempt as a result of one-on-one instruction. This made it possible for students to learn by doing and thus not need lengthy explanations.  
         [0053]     By doing parts of speech instead of learning about the parts of speech, students learn by doing and thus do not need lengthy explanations. As a result of doing these writing exercises, students acquire a new reading ability to separate the important from the unimportant without ever being taught how to do this.  
         [0054]     Aspect 8: One-On-One Instruction: In an embodiment, the tutor works with students one-on-one in order to provide feedback (coaching) on each of the student&#39;s attempts. As stated by William Cole, “Short of one-on-one tutoring, coaching is likely to be partial and incomplete.” (William Cole in Educational Research and Design, 39 (4), 47-64.”)  
         [0055]     A tutor working one-on-one could give immediate feedback on every attempt of the student. This guided participation through the interaction of the tutor and student allows the student to be successful at learning reading and writing techniques by doing without needing to get technical instruction. Unfortunately, classroom instruction has constraints, making feedback to every student after every attempt difficult.  
         [0056]     Aspect 9: Interaction and Joint Participation. The tutor and student participate in a jointly constructed task. They work cooperatively on a task that requires solutions. The tutor acts as a resource and guide to students as they actively construct knowledge by actively moving and manipulating elements of language. In this way, the students learn by doing and teach themselves. This process contrasts with instructional sequences that require learning knowledge about how to do something.  
         [0057]     The tutors and students in a method of the present invention utilized in the Coaching Literacy™ program participate in a jointly constructed activity and together make some kind of sense of it. The tutor and student work cooperatively on a task that requires solutions. The tutors act as a resource and guide to students as they actively construct knowledge by creating their own subjects, verbs, adjectives, and so on. In this way, students learn by doing and teach themselves. New knowledge is constructed and evolves out of the interaction rather than being transmitted and given from outside.  
         [0058]     Aspect 10: Skills That Are to Be Learned Inhere in the Task Itself: When students learn to craft sentences that create vivid images, they learn individual skills such as describing specific outward acts or describing body sensations. These skills inhere in the larger task of writing vivid sentences. In this program, students learn individual skills as part of a larger task, and not as isolated elements.  
         [0059]     It is yet another object of this invention to provide an interactive method and materials for teaching writing specifically in one-on-one situations. This embodiment of the invention is a process that uses original and copyrighted instructional materials that incorporate the “You Practice. I Coach. You Learn.®” process. As a result, this process causes students to learn “how to” without explaining “how-to,” thus resulting in non-verbal knowing or understanding. As a result, students reach Unconscious Competence.  
         [0060]     In each lesson progressively presented to a tutee, there is overlapping and building of the elements in each step throughout the process although the goal remains constant. Most steps compliment the preceding ones and continue functioning until the objective is realized. The key is achieving mastery through repetitions and not through understanding explanations.  
         [0061]     One embodiment of this methodology is particularly well adapted to one on-one instruction. Some of the advantages of the one-on-one approach as applied to the present invention comprise the following: (a) Having students practice and then provide coaching for everything that everyone is doing is impractical with a large group of students. However, in a one-on-one situation “You practice, and I coach” is effective and ideal. In contrast, with group teaching, teachers rely on “lecture, listen, and learn” to reach many students at one time. (b) In one-on-one instruction, it is possible to focus on the practices that students do because “You practice and I coach” is available and practical. In contrast, with group teaching the focus is on lessons for students to learn through verbal explanations in most cases. Also, this process allows the tutor to provide instruction while the tutee is writing. (c) In one-on-one situations, it is possible to focus on having students follow directions because mistakes are not a problem. Instead, mistakes are an opportunity to work with students one-on-one and use their responses as the content for instruction. Mistakes are a problem in large classes because a teacher does not have the time to use each student&#39;s individual mistakes as content for a lesson. As a result, the focus is on instruction that students follow so that they get it right the first time. (d) In one-on-one situations, it is possible to focus on responding to what students have done. In one embodiment, this may be called “error-driven instruction.” In group instruction, however, the focus is on presenting information for students to learn before they can complete any practical exercises. (e) In one-on-one situations, it is possible to focus on instructional content being what the person is saying. Note how this was done in the described instruction with parts of speech. In group instruction, however, the focus is on predetermined subject matter. (f) In one-on-one situations, it is possible to focus on having students learn by doing practices because of the possibilities for interacting and responding to their responses. In group instruction, the focus is on having students learn to do it right the first time because the teacher does not have time to help each student by responding to each of their responses. (g) In one-on-one situations, it is possible to focus on having students acquire mastery through repetitions because of the one-on-one time that tutors spend responding to their responses. In group instruction, which focuses on “lecture, listen, and learn,” the focus is understanding through explanations because the teacher cannot be with and respond to each student individually each time they do something.  
         [0062]     It is a further object of the present invention to provide minimally trained tutors with the opportunity to coach literacy successfully while having a minimum of supervision. The present invention allows tutors and supervisors of tutors to review records relating to the tutee&#39;s responses and progress in mastering individual exercises. As a result, a tutor can get help from a supervising teacher to see why a tutee is not able to master particular exercises by looking at the previous exercise to see if the tutee moved to the next one before mastering the previous one. It is an additional object of the invention to allow the supervisor to help the tutor customize instruction for the tutee based on his or her individual responses.  
         [0063]     It is also the object of the present invention is not to teach students to find the key words in long, complex sentences, but to cause the key words automatically to stand out and “find the students.” Students acquire this ability not by learning about key words and modifiers but by creating them in their writing. As a result creating these elements in their writing, students cause their brains to internalize these writing elements. Consequently, when students read, the key words will stand out on their own without students doing anything to make it happen. They now have a new ability to cause this process to just happen automatically and unconsciously.  
         [0064]     An additional advantage of the method of the present invention is its similarity to the process that athletes use to master their sport and continually improve. When a quarterback sees defensive players suddenly move up toward the line, he may react and change the play, the field becomes a mental image to the athlete, and multiple actions are taken through processing a single image. This is called this multi-dimensional visualizing. It can be shown how using embedded participial phrases can create multiple actions in one image and expand the athletes&#39; vision on the field. That is, two or more actions can be embedded in one image.  
         [0065]     Because of the method of learning provided through the present invention&#39;s approach to non-verbal knowing, athletes achieve literacy skills through the same process they use to strengthen their own athletic prowess, and may benefit on the field from the same learning technique that is strengthened by use of the method of the present invention.  
         [0066]     Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claim. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. Thus, the present invention comprises a combination of features, steps, and advantages that enable it to overcome various deficiencies of the prior art. The various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, and by referring to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0067]     Certain embodiments of methods of the present invention include training the tutors. The Coaching Literacy training, in one non-limiting example, is a four-step process. First, a prospective tutor undergoes through a three-hour training program, or the prospective tutor is tutored in methods of the present invention. Second, the prospective tutor coaches a student under the supervision of a certified tutor called, in one embodiment, a “Literacy Coach.” Third, the prospective tutor person tutors independently. Successful tutoring at this stage results in the formerly prospective tutor being certified as a Literacy Coach who trains others.  
         [0068]     In view of various aspects of the present invention, educators may view as unexpected the results achieved when embodiments of the present invention are implemented. For example, but not by way of limitation, implementation of embodiments of the present invention resulted in (a) seniors who had failed a high school exit exam in reading five times over three years finally pass as a result of accelerated learning in a six-hour workshop utilizing the present invention on one day only; (b) a methodology that makes is possible for students to learn new techniques for reading and writing without needing technical instruction; (c) a methodology that eliminates the need to tell students what they need to know and instead have what students need to know reveal itself as a result of doing the work; (d) a methodology that has students learn to read better by doing a series of writing exercises; and (e) a methodology specifically designed for one-on-one instruction that trains students to be writers rather than teaching students how to write through an apprenticeship training process that will be explained later. Even if some or all of the above were apparent to educators, what is not apparent is the manner in which all of the different elements of this methodology are implemented in a synchronic manner such that reading and writing of struggling students can be transformed in one day only. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0069]     The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0070]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of one type of learning template used in the present invention;  
         [0071]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart describing one embodiment of a teaching method used in the present invention;  
         [0072]      FIG. 3  is one embodiment of the present invention as implemented in a computer-based environment;  
         [0073]      FIG. 4  is another embodiment the present invention as implemented in a computer-based environment involving a computer or wireless network;  
         [0074]      FIG. 5  is an exemplary illustration of the learning template from  FIG. 1  where a hypothetical tutee and tutor had completed entries;  
         [0075]      FIG. 6  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template for introducing concepts relating to participial phrases;  
         [0076]      FIG. 7  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template for teaching concepts relating to expanding participial phrases;  
         [0077]      FIG. 8  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template for teaching about the question “why” and how it relates to participial phrases;  
         [0078]      FIG. 9  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template for teaching the concept of changing reasons into participial phrases that answer “why”;  
         [0079]      FIG. 10  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template for teaching about participial phrases through completing partially complete sentences;  
         [0080]      FIG. 11  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template for teaching about participial phrases through practicing writing a tutee&#39;s own sentences;  
         [0081]      FIG. 12  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template demonstrating how explanations when they do come never teach, but make students aware of what they have already learned through doing a practice. In this case, participial phrases create two actions in one image;  
         [0082]      FIG. 13  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template continuing the lesson regarding participial phrases where examples of showing a person feeling an emotion are practiced by the tutee;  
         [0083]      FIG. 14  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template continuing the lesson regarding participial phrases where more examples of a person feeling emotion are practiced by the tutee;  
         [0084]      FIG. 15  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template continuing the lesson regarding participial phrases by changing the name of an emotion into a participial phrase;  
         [0085]      FIG. 16  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template continuing the lesson regarding participial phrases by encouraging the tutee to fill in partially complete sentences;  
         [0086]      FIG. 17  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that reinforces the lesson regarding participial phrases by practicing writing a tutee&#39;s own sentences;  
         [0087]      FIG. 18  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that teaches about participial phrases and external actions;  
         [0088]      FIG. 19  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template where tutees practice writing external actions and participial phrases;  
         [0089]      FIG. 20  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that provides a tutee practice in changing names of emotions into participial phrases that show a person feeling emotion;  
         [0090]      FIG. 21  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that further reinforces the lesson regarding participial phrases by practicing writing a tutee&#39;s own sentences;  
         [0091]      FIG. 22  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that addresses subtopic sentences and introduces them to the tutee with exercises;  
         [0092]      FIG. 23  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that continues addressing subtopic sentences and elicits the tutee&#39;s responses;  
         [0093]      FIG. 24  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that provides the tutee continued practice in subtopic sentences and then provides a summary and feedback for the tutee;  
         [0094]      FIG. 25  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that provides a tutee practice in writing topic sentences;  
         [0095]      FIG. 26  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that provides a tutee additional practice in writing topic sentences and refines certain skills in “impact” and “reasoning”;  
         [0096]      FIG. 27  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that concludes the practice in writing topic sentences and presents the tutee with feedback information;  
         [0097]      FIG. 28  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that encourages a tutee to revise previously written subtopic sentences and provides guidance in performing the task;  
         [0098]      FIG. 29  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that provides a tutee additional practice in learning subtopic sentences by providing the tutee&#39;s own sentences;  
         [0099]      FIG. 30  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that provides a tutee with simplified “steps-to-follow”-type instructions, and then guides the tutee to provide input in specific locations by referencing blanks to be completed with indicia referred to in the simplified instructions;  
         [0100]      FIG. 31  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that provides a tutee an athletic paradigm to follow in learning participial phrases;  
         [0101]      FIG. 32  is an exemplary illustration of a learning template that illustrates a lesson showing the difference between good writing and poor writing, wherein when the italicized words are taken out, the paragraph loses its power;  
         [0102]      FIG. 33  is a first part of an exemplary illustration of a learning template that shows the difference between good writing that shows by describing with details and poor writing that tells by using labels to talk about something; and  
         [0103]      FIG. 34  is a continuation of the figure shown in  FIG. 33  further illustrating part of an exemplary illustration of a learning template that shows the difference between good writing that shows by describing with details and poor writing that tells by using labels to talk about something. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0104]     Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.  
         [0105]     The present invention provides a novel method for teaching writing to tutees by the presentation of a learning template to a tutee, directions that tell the tutee how to complete the template, opportunity for the tutee to complete the template by filling in blank areas that are patterned on one or more examples, and then written and/or verbal feedback to the tutee by a tutor. The one-on-one approach coupled with learning through nonverbal practiced examples maximizes the learning potential of students who have difficulty assimilating instructions that are provided verbally.  
         [0106]     Turning to  FIG. 1 , one embodiment of a learning template ( 100 ) is presented. Many forms of media such as interactive video, computer screens, handheld personal digital assistants (PDA&#39;s) or the like may be used to represent the information present on a learning template. In one embodiment of the present invention, learning templates are printed on loose leaf sheets of paper, for possible presentation to tutees separately or in learning directed activity packets. A title ( 10 ) is illustrated on the template ( 100 ), which represents the general area of educational skills, goals, or concepts addressed by the particular learning template. The text examples ( 30 ), separated into component elements and accompanied by component element identifiers ( 20 ) illustrate grammatical function of words or phrases in the text examples ( 30 ) and provide context for how the elements interrelate. One means to demonstrate the relationship between grammatical function and component elements of sentences is by a matrix or tabular orientation demonstrated in  FIG. 1  ( 20 ) and ( 30 ), where component elements are shown in columns that correspond to a grammatical function. The tutee, in one embodiment of the invention, begins by reading the text examples ( 30 ) along with the identifiers ( 20 ) and assimilating the basic relationships being illustrated. Written directions such as those illustrated in  FIG. 1  ( 40 ) are then provided to the tutee, instructing the tutee to follow certain steps to complete the template. As can be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the directions ( 40 ) may occur at the top of the template ( 100 ) or in an alternate location to enhance clarity. After the instructions, one or more sets of partially complete sentences ( 50 ) is presented to the tutee, providing space for the tutee to provide an appropriate response in blank component elements. The tutee is encouraged by the format of the partially complete sentences ( 50 ) to mimic the syntax of the examples ( 30 ), assisting the tutees in comprehending syntactical and content rules without initial verbal instructions. A tutor can observe a tutee&#39;s completion of the partially complete sentences ( 50 ) and provide feedback and corrections. More exercise is provided to the tutee by encouraging additional practice in partially complete sentences that have fewer pre-suggested elements ( 60 ). By completing the sentences ( 60 ), tutees are given more reinforcement in developing their skills, and are simultaneously producing more material so that the tutor can more accurately assess the tutee&#39;s progress and provide appropriate feedback. At the end of the template ( 100 ), an optional set of prepared feedback statements ( 70 ) help summarize the material learned and reinforce in the tutee&#39;s mind possible applications of the learned techniques in novel contexts. Additionally, the feedback statements ( 70 ) may ask questions for the tutee to consider to further strengthen the learning experience.  
         [0107]     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , one embodiment of a method for carrying out the present invention is illustrated in flow chart form. The illustrated process is comprised of a series of carefully designed steps in which a language element to be taught is broken down into its component parts, and then presented to a tutee interactively in a primarily non-verbal manner. The method begins with a tutee being presented ( 200 ) with a learning template by a tutor. While the preferred embodiment of the present method uses a human tutor that has received minimal training, those of skill in the art recognize that an expert system or other computer-based application can be utilized in the role of a tutor. The tutee then reads text examples ( 205 ) on the learning template, along with identifiers describing in individual grammatical elements in the examples. The learning template then provides the tutee written directions ( 210 ) on how to complete the template, although those skilled in the art would recognize that this step may be presented at an alternate location in the process, for instance, before the tutee reads the text examples ( 205 ). At this point in the illustrated method, an iterative process begins whereby the tutee completes partial sentence examples ( 215 ) on the learning template concurrent with the tutor monitoring the tutee&#39;s progress ( 220 ) towards completing the goal of the template. The tutor also provides feedback to the tutee ( 220 ), makes corrections ( 220 ), and fills in blanks on the learning template ( 220 ) that the tutee was unable to complete. If the tutor decides that the tutee has not achieved a sufficient level of initial mastery in completing the partial sentence examples ( 225 ), the tutor continues the process ( 215 ) with the student in an interactive feedback and correction cycle. Otherwise, the tutee is encouraged to move on to the next step ( 230 ), where the tutee is presented with practice sentences with fewer prepared elements, so that the student has an opportunity to create sentence structures mostly with the tutee&#39;s own integrated knowledge. Again, a tutor concurrently monitors the tutee&#39;s progress ( 235 ), provides feedback to the tutee ( 235 ), makes corrections ( 235 ), and fills in blanks on the learning template ( 235 ) that the tutee was unable to complete. The process continues in an interactive cycle until the tutor has decided that the tutee has sufficiently achieved mastery of the techniques to complete the practice sentences or learning concepts expressed in the learning template ( 240 ). The tutor then reads ( 245 ) an optional set of feedback statements, explaining what the tutee has learned, and reinforcing the tutee&#39;s acquired knowledge. The tutee is then prepared to begin work on the next learning template ( 250 ), which may be designed to be more difficult to the tutee than the template just completed. Thus, a tutee can gain increased amounts of learning from completing a series of learning templates, and can further reinforce learned skills through completing additional timed writing exercises such as those shown in  FIGS. 11, 17 , and  21 .  
         [0108]     Additional embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 3 , the present invention is implemented in a conventional computer environment, such as a personal computer ( 300 ), which in the alternative may be a personal digital assistant such as a handheld computing device or a tablet-based computing device. The central processor unit of the computer ( 300 ) executes a software program ( 330 ) that embodies one aspect of the present invention. The software program ( 330 ) instructs the computer ( 300 ) to retrieve a computer-based template similar to the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 1  ( 100 ) from a connected or integral storage device ( 340 ) such as a hard drive. The software ( 330 ) and computer ( 300 ) then output a computer based facsimile of the template ( 100 ) to an output device or method ( 320 ) connected to or integral to the computer ( 300 ). Those skilled in the art recognize that the output device or method ( 320 ) may comprise any number of computer output devices or techniques such as visual displays via cathode ray tubes, flat panel displays, touch panel displays, pen tablet displays, or the display areas of handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs), and may further comprise audio output, such as synthesized, pre-recorded sounds or synthetic human speech. The software ( 330 ) solicits responses from a tutee ( 350 ) through the output device ( 320 ) and collects the tutee&#39;s and tutor&#39;s responses though an attached or integral input device or method ( 360 ). Those skilled in the art recognize that the input device or method ( 360 ) may comprise any number of input means such as keyboard inputs, mouse interface inputs, touch pad responses, or voice recognition methods. Inputs provided by the tutee ( 350 ) and optionally by a tutor are processed by the computer ( 300 ) and software ( 330 ) and stored electronically in memory in the computer ( 300 ) or optionally in the storage device ( 340 ). One exemplary embodiment of such a software program ( 330 ) may comprise a database with pre-designed learning templates implemented as records, and fields within those records representing elements of a template such as illustrated in  FIG. 1  ( 100 ). In one instance, a template record could have a title field ( 10 ), component element identifier fields ( 20 ), text example fields ( 30 ), written directions fields ( 40 ), partially complete sentences fields ( 50 ) and ( 60 ), and optional feedback statement fields ( 70 ), and associated instructions, commands, or scripts to be executed to collect or display the information supplied by the tutor and tutee. Based on the tutee&#39;s responses, the software ( 330 ) causes the computer ( 300 ) to interactively prompt the tutee ( 350 ) through the output device ( 320 ) to complete additional partially complete sentences ( 50 ) or partially complete sentences that have fewer pre-suggested elements ( 60 ) by providing inputs through the input device ( 360 ). At the option of the tutor, to further strengthen the tutee&#39;s practice, the software program ( 330 ) and computer ( 300 ) may present additional pre-stored partially complete sentences ( 50 ) or partially complete sentences that have fewer pre-suggested elements ( 60 ) and prompt the tutee to complete the empty fields. After the fields ( 50 ) and ( 60 ) are completed by the tutee ( 350 ) and/or tutor by providing input through devices ( 360 ), the responses are stored in the computer&#39;s memory ( 300 ), in volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, or an attached or integral storage medium ( 340 ). The software program ( 330 ), at the option of the tutor, can display correct and incorrect answers side by side or vertically opposed on the output device ( 320 ), and may provide optional graphical feedback such as highlighting or color schemes showing correct answers in green and incorrect answers in red. The software program ( 330 ) optionally may provide instructions to the computer ( 300 ) to collect and store statistics based on the tutee&#39;s inputs, obtain and store identification information provided for the tutee, and produce reports summarizing a tutee&#39;s performance on specific lesson plans and achievement towards learning goals. The software program ( 330 ) also may optionally produce reports showing the completed templates appropriately formatted, for instance, for printing and inclusion into a tutee&#39;s learning portfolio. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the software program ( 330 ) may perform some or all of the functions performed by the tutor, such as reviewing the tutee&#39;s inputs, correcting errors made by the tutee, supplying alternative examples, and encouraging the tutee to continue with positive feedback. Optionally, the software program ( 330 ) may cause the computer ( 300 ) to produce at the output ( 320 ) an audible version of the prepared feedback statements ( 70 ) that may accompany a template.  
         [0109]     Turning now to  FIG. 4 , the computer system described in regards to  FIG. 3  is illustrated as implemented over a computer network to describe an alternate embodiment of the present invention. One or more tutees ( 405 ) interact with computer based input and output devices and methods ( 400 ), which may be implemented through a number of approaches, such as conventional computers or remote terminals ( 410 ), personal digital assistants ( 420 ) such as Palm Pilots, or touch pads or tablet computers ( 430 ). The devices ( 400 ) execute client software to enable connection of the devices ( 400 ) to a network ( 440 ) which in turn connects to a server computer ( 450 ) that has an optional input/output terminal means such as a monitor and keyboard ( 460 ). Those of skill in the art would recognize that the network ( 440 ) could comprise either the Internet or a conventional local area network or wide area network such as commonly implemented with Ethernet or Token Ring protocols, or wireless networking approaches such as Bluetooth or 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g WiFi. The server computer ( 450 ) executes software ( 330 ) that represents an embodiment of the present invention in a manner similar to the method described above in regards to  FIG. 3 , and template and input information is relayed to tutees ( 405 ) through a network architecture ( 440 ). The software ( 330 ) directs the server computer ( 450 ) to retrieve a learning template from a storage medium ( 340 ), which may be connected to or integrated in server computer ( 450 ). The learning template is transmitted from the computer ( 450 ) to input/output devices ( 400 ) through the network ( 440 ). The input/output devices ( 400 ) provide the means for the tutees ( 405 ) to perceive the template, and to provide input to the blank fields of the template ( 50 ) and ( 60 ) (see  FIG. 1 ). The input/output devices ( 400 ) then transmit the inputs from tutees ( 405 ) to the network ( 440 ), after which they are accepted and processed by the server computer ( 450 ) and software ( 330 ). The software ( 330 ) processes the inputs received at the server ( 450 ) and in one embodiment, provides out put to the terminal ( 460 ) for a tutor to review or process at terminal ( 460 ). In an alternate embodiment, a tutor reviews or processes tutee&#39;s inputs through input/output devices ( 400 ). After the fields ( 50 ) and ( 60 ) are completed by one or more tutees ( 405 ) and/or tutor by providing input through input/output devices ( 400 ), the responses are relayed through network ( 440 ) and stored in the computer&#39;s memory ( 450 ), in volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, or a storage medium ( 340 ). The software program ( 330 ), at the option of the tutor, can display correct and incorrect answers side by side or vertically opposed on the input/output devices ( 400 ), and may provide optional graphical feedback such as highlighting or color schemes showing correct answers in green and incorrect answers in red. The software program ( 330 ) optionally may execute instructions to collect and store statistics based on the tutee&#39;s inputs, obtain and store identification information provided for the tutee, and produce reports summarizing a tutee&#39;s performance on specific lesson plans and achievement towards learning goals. The software program ( 330 ) also may optionally produce reports showing the completed templates appropriately formatted for printing and inclusion into a tutee&#39;s learning portfolio. In yet another embodiment, the software ( 330 ) is executed by the central processor unit of input/output devices ( 400 ), and templates are retrieved from the storage medium ( 340 ) through the network ( 440 ) or from local memory or storage within input/output devices ( 400 ). In another embodiment, the software program ( 330 ) may perform some or all of the functions performed by the tutor, such as reviewing tutees&#39; inputs, correcting errors made by tutees, supplying alternative examples, and encouraging tutees to continue with positive feedback. Optionally, the software program ( 330 ) may cause the computer ( 300 ) to produce at the input/outputs ( 400 ) an audible version of the prepared feedback statements ( 70 ) that may accompany a template.  
         [0110]     As an illustration of one embodiment of the above described invention,  FIG. 5  shows one hypothetical example ( 500 ) of the learning template in  FIG. 1  ( 100 ) as filled in by a hypothetical tutor and tutee. The template could have been completed by any of the aforementioned methods, for instance on paper or through a computer-based interface. A tutee begins by reviewing the title ( 10 ), component element identifiers ( 20 ), and text examples, ( 30 ) and then reads the directions ( 40 ). While the parts of speech in the text examples ( 30 ) are identified by the component element identifiers ( 20 ), they are not necessarily defined, explained, or described in the directions. The directions instruct the tutee on how to complete the empty spaces on the template. Using the nonverbal clues provided by the text examples ( 30 ) and component element identifiers ( 20 ), the tutee then attempts to complete the partially complete sentences ( 550 ), and does so by filling in the first space with the words “the building” and the last space “the class.” The tutee is unable to fill in the second space, so the tutor places a suggested solution “the field” into the second space. The tutor provides positive feedback to the tutee, and after recognizing the tutee is ready to continue, encourages the tutee to complete the partially complete sentences that have fewer pre-suggested elements ( 560 ). The tutee fills in the spaces of the first line of ( 560 ), with the words “cat and fox jumped happily over the dog.” Seeing the tutee&#39;s error, the tutor corrects the first two words by writing in other word examples in the first two spaces “quick” and “brown” above the tutee&#39;s entries as illustrated on the first line of ( 560 ). With the tutor&#39;s example encouragement but without any necessary explanation, the tutee grasps the concept, and writes into the spaces of the second line of ( 560 ), “tall handsome man whistled loudly for a taxi.” If necessary, the tutee is encouraged by the tutor to write other examples (not shown). Having decided the tutee is ready to proceed to the next template in the lesson series, the tutor then reads the prepared feedback statements ( 70 ) to the tutee to reinforce what the tutee has just learned nonverbally.  
         [0111]     Similar to the above embodiment of invention in regards to  FIG. 5 ,  FIGS. 6-31  illustrate alternative embodiments of learning template ( 100 ). Different parts of speech, as well as varying semantic and grammatical functional units, can be progressively presented to a tutee to strengthen the tutee&#39;s literacy skills, such as the progressive subtopic sentence templates illustratively presented in  FIGS. 22-29 .  
         [0112]     Embodiments of the method of the present invention, such as shown in  FIG. 30 , provide directions with simple steps to follow that do not require verbal explanations. In one embodiment of a learning template ( 600 ), such as for a topic sentence ( 610 ), a tutee could be instructed to write by numbers; that is, a tutee is provided simplified “steps to follow” instructions ( 620 ) that prompt the tutee to follow guided learning activities by filling in response blanks ( 630 ) ( 640 ) in a specific order. Without simple instructions ( 620 ) and guidance indicia, when students write a topic sentence and then use information in the topic sentence to write subtopic sentences, for example, significant verbal explanation is required. However, using simplified directions ( 620 ) with writing by numbers in a fill-in-the-blank approach ( 630 ) ( 640 ), the learning becomes self-directed and does not require significant verbal reinforcement.  
         [0113]     One embodiment of a method of the present invention called Coaching Literacy™ methodology may be summarized in the following three steps: a tutee practices, a tutor coaches, and the tutee learns. Each of these steps is described in detail as follows.  
         [0114]     Tutee Practice. The tutees/students practice using Modeling and Scaffolding. During Modeling, students begin with an assignment to write simple sentences consisting of a subject and a verb. For example, but not by way of limitation, the teacher/coach models subjects and verbs for ten tutees and students by reading the following aloud: “Subject dog, verb barked.” “Subject baby, verb cried.” Modeling is not explaining or defining something. Modeling is making the processes of the task easily observable so that students can notice what they need to be aware of so that the task can be practiced. This means that the task is broken down to help students see in detail how to do it. Modeling is also showing different examples of something, not just one. Modeling is not defining, explaining, or discussing, for example, what subjects and verbs are or engaging in any other type of “knowledge telling.” Of course, knowledge telling would be part of knowledge-based education.  
         [0115]     During the Scaffolding phase of Tutee Practice, the first time students do something, they will be given “scaffolding” prompts to walk them through the process. This phase may be referred to as “scaffolding” because these prompts support students by building a model of what is required for them to accomplish a task. These prompts externalize the internal writing processes, thus making these processes visible.  
         [0116]     In an embodiment utilizing the Coaching Literacy™ methodology, prompts consisting of a subject and a blank line help students write a sentence that expresses a complete thought. These procedural supports serve as scaffolds. Then, the teacher models the completing of the prompt so that the students can observe and build a model of what is required to accomplish the task. As a result, the teacher externalizes the internal writing processes and makes thinking visible and possible to be noticed. In addition, this prompt of giving the subject and asking for the verb controls the complexity of the task and guides the student&#39;s decision-making and course of action. Scaffolds simplify the information-processing burden of the student, and as a result, can make it possible for students to complete tasks even before they fully understand them. They do to learn (awareness-based education) rather than learn to do (knowledge-based education).  
         [0117]     In a next step of a method of the present invention, a Tutor Coaches. Coaching is not oriented at defining, explaining, or discussing, telling students how to do something, or engaging in any other type of “knowledge telling.” Coaching in this context is about providing students with positive evaluations of correct completions, thus reinforcing correct responses. Coaching is also about suggesting ways to make something work better. For example, the tutor can model an appropriate word or phrase in places where students have not written appropriate answers to complete a prompt. These examples are in place of the ones students inserted. The tutor continues to coach by observing each new attempt of students, evaluates and responds to them appropriately as before and thus guides students ever closer to being successful. In this way, the tutor can direct students as to what to write and what not to write without resorting to verbal explanations, which could create a knowledge barrier to learning for students. The focus is now on the one-on-one interaction between the tutor and students in a supportive and personalized way.  
         [0118]     In an embodiment utilizing the Coaching Literacy™ methodology, Coaching consists first of the tutors observing students completing the task. In this case, each tutor listens to the verbs given by each student. The tutor says, “pass” for appropriate responses. In the case of an inappropriate response, the tutor provides coaching by giving an example of an appropriate verb or by asking a question. The focus now is on the one-on-one supportive interaction between the tutor and the student. It is in this participation framework that learning takes place. Coaching not only focuses on providing feedback, but it also suggests ways to make something work better. By practicing these skills under the guidance of a tutor, students can learn more skillfully.  
         [0119]     Tutee Learns. In one embodiment it is in this participation framework that learning takes place. By practicing these skills while being provided immediate one-on-one and personalized instruction, students can learn more skillfully. After students do the exercises successfully, the prompts (scaffolding) with their systematic structures are taken away. Now, students are responsible for writing on their own. Having prompts (scaffolding) faded out builds their confidence that they can do the work. It also puts control of the learning process into the students&#39; hands. This is because students become more responsible and do more on their own. Specifically, after students do this work, writing for them will be something that happens. When students read, the key elements will separate themselves from detail words automatically, making it simpler for students to get the main ideas.  
         [0120]     In an embodiment utilizing the Coaching Literacy™ methodology, students complete several sentences by adding a verb to a subject, the systematic structure of providing subjects (scaffolding) is taken away. Now, students are responsible for writing their own subjects and verbs. Having hints (scaffolding) faded out builds students&#39; confidence that they can do the work. It also puts control of the learning process into the hands of the students. Fading is the stage in which students become more responsible and do more on their own.  
         [0121]     After accomplishing this task, students expand sentences with more and more parts of speech, and this increasing complexity requires more skill for expert performance. The learning cycle of modeling, scaffolding, coaching, and fading is repeated. Instead of teaching students how to read and write better from the outside in with explanations, embodiments of the present invention utilized in the Coaching Literacy™ program causes students to learn new reading and writing techniques from the inside out without needing explanations or technical instruction. Once again, students do not need to understand or analyze instructions prior do doing the practices as a result of the simple methodology of a process which may be referred to as “You practice. I coach. You Learn.”® 
         [0122]     One embodiment of a method of the present invention creates conditions that cause students to write extemporaneously. The technology that makes this possible in one embodiment may be referred to as the “Read it. Speak it. Write it.” process.  
         [0123]     Many strategies, such as brainstorming, have been introduced to help students “get ideas.” “The Read it. Speak it. Write it.” process creates an incubation period that causes ideas to emerge. Three non-limiting steps in this process are detailed as follows.  
         [0124]     Step 1. Read it. Students are directed to read an exemplary sentence with a missing word or phrase such as the following skeleton sentence. “The baby ______.” Students actually say “blank” after saying “baby.” Step 2. Speak it. Next, students are directed to complete the sentence by reading the subject aloud and saying the verb aloud. Most of the time, the word, in this case a verb, will emerge from the students without their even having to think. This is because by saying “blank,” students create an incompletion that their subconscious mind begins immediately to complete. This is a principle of Gestalt psychology, and the process is similar to seeing figures in clouds.  
         [0125]     Step 3. Write it. Finally, students are directed to write their verbs on the blank lines. As a result, students will expand their capacity to write extemporaneously without having or needing prior inner dialogue.  
         [0126]     Sentences that they have spoken extemporaneously will be written extemporaneously. By doing these practices, students will acquire the ability to speak and write extemporaneously without having to say “blank.” This is especially important today with students going to job interview.  
         [0127]     The speed and effectiveness of embodiments of methods and systems of the present invention create learning like no other writing program. In a pilot program at South Mountain High School in Phoenix, Ariz., in the academic school year of 2005-2006, 22 juniors and seniors who had failed the AIMS reading test three to five times, participated in the Coaching Literacy™ program. (AIMS is the exit exam for Arizona high school students.) This Coaching Literacy™ program of one-on-one instruction took place on one Saturday for six hours. With only six hours of instruction on one day, 73% of these students passed the AIMS test that year. In fact, some jumped two levels.  
         [0128]     While preferred embodiments of this invention have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or teaching of this invention. The embodiments described herein are exemplary only and are not limiting. Many variations and modifications of the method and any apparatus are possible and are within the scope of the invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the process just described may easily have steps added, taken away, or modified without departing from the principles of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited to the embodiments described herein, but is only limited by the claims that follow, the scope of which shall include all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.