Abstract:
A web management system capable of assembling web content from composite parts to construct at least portions of a web site according to one or more standards. The composite parts include assets comprising content stored in a content repository and comprising content routed among at least some of said plurality of users.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIMS TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/354,909, filed on Jan. 29, 2003, entitled “Method and System for Web Management,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/249,061, filed Feb. 12, 1999, entitled “System for Web Content Management Based on Server-Side Application,” now U.S. Pat. No. 6,560,639, which claimed a priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/074,684, filed Feb. 13, 1998, entitled “Web Management System.” The present application incorporates the foregoing disclosures herein by reference  
       CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0002]     This application incorporates U.S. Provisional Patent Application to Applicants, Ser. No. 60/120,406, filed Feb. 12, 1999 and entitled “Method and System for Web Management. 
     
    
     REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, TABLE, OR COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING  
       [0003]     The present application includes an ILLUSTRATIVE FUNCTION LIST FOR SOFTWARE. The ILLUSTRATIVE FUNCTION LIST FOR SOFTWARE is provided in electronic format on duplicate copies of a CD-ROM marked “Copy 1” and “Copy 2”. The duplicate copies of the CD-ROM each contain a file entitled DNW-4725_ASCII_FORMAT.TXT created on Sep. 19, 2002 which is 254,858 bytes in size. The information on these duplicate CD-ROMs is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0005]     The invention relates, in general, to a method and system for managing a site on a computer network, and in particular, to a method and system for integrating site architecture, navigation, design, and management, for example, of a World Wide Web site on the Internet from a web server side.  
         [0006]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0007]     In the past few years, corporations have been busy building their World Wide Web sites. While creating web pages is a relatively simple task, adding fresh content and managing a web site to ward off information obsolescence is not simple at all.  
         [0008]     On the contrary, managing content on a busy World Wide Web site is an increasingly complex problem. As a web site grows, the likelihood of anyone being able to keep links, navigation, and functions updated is minuscule. This is not for lack of effort or resources, but rather because of the exponentially growing number of links and elements that need refreshing with every new addition. No amount of individual page redesign can make up for the basic need of a real structural fix. Unless preemptive steps are taken, maintenance will soon consume the lion&#39;s share of all site resources. Costing between $250,000 and $500,000 annually, manually managing changes to a web site will drain even the deepest pockets. The magnitude of the cost is an important consideration for corporations, particularly because monetary returns from a web site cannot always be easily measured from an accounting standpoint.  
         [0009]     Software solutions at the high end of the market include $50,000 to $100,000 middle-ware and software packages and may require equally expensive hardware configurations. As a result, such software programs serve only the corporate elite and the high-tech industry. Examples of such software solutions include StoryServer software produced by Vignette Corporation of Austin, Tex.  
         [0010]     Software solutions at the low end of the market are hypertext markup language (HTML) editors with server plug-ins and software packages that try to emulate server functions from a user&#39;s desktop. These solutions try to perform some management tasks, but cannot manage content. At best, they merely rearrange files on the web server from a remote desktop.  
         [0011]     Applicants have recognized a need in the industry for an elegant, simple, powerful, and inexpensive content management tool. That is, Applicants have determined that corporations and other users need a platform-independent, server-side software package that allows users to design and manage simple web sites to complex, database-driven web sites.  
         [0012]     Applicants have determined that it would be desirable to have a method and/or system that permits users to interface with a web management tool through, for examples, an Internet browser without a client-side application, thereby eliminating the need for user to buy and master additional software. Applicants have recognized that such a system could advantageously reside, for example, at an Internet service provider to eliminate the cost of shrink-wrapping and to facilitate optional automatic on-line software upgrades.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]     It is, therefore, a feature and advantage of the instant invention to provide an elegant, simple, powerful, and inexpensive content management tool. That is, the instant invention advantageously includes an optionally platform-independent, server-side software package that allows users to design and manage simple web sites to complex, database-driven web sites. To this extent, it is a feature and advantage of the present invention to be employable from small web sites to the most complex database-driven corporate web sites featuring asset management, forums, chat rooms, virtual shopping carts, calculators, statistics reports, etc.  
         [0014]     It is another feature and advantage of the instant invention to provide a method and/or system that permits users to interface with a web management tool through, for example, an Internet browser or other tool, thereby eliminating the need for users to buy and master additional software. By extension, it is a feature and advantage of the present invention to eliminate the need for a proprietary client-side application interface, thereby promoting platform independence. Further, it is a feature and advantage of the instant invention to be a server-side application usable with any major platform and with any server software.  
         [0015]     It is further a feature and advantage of the instant invention to provide a system that can advantageously reside at, for example, an Internet service provider to eliminate the cost of shrink-wrapping and to facilitate optional automatic on-line software upgrades. Additionally, it is a feature and advantage of the instant invention to provide a method and/or system that allows a user to create and review changes to a web page directly on the World Wide Web and/or in real-time. A real-time change, within the scope of this invention, includes simultaneous, substantially simultaneous, contemporaneous, and/or substantially contemporaneous changes.  
         [0016]     More specifically, the instant invention provides a web management system. The system includes a file system caching all web pages in a web site. The web pages so cached may be at least partially static. The system also includes a web server communicating with the file system.  
         [0017]     The web site management system may optionally include a database having a directory structure associating each page or web page of a site or web site with attributes thereof. The system may optionally include a server-side front end daemon communicatable with the web server and the database. The server-side front end or other part of the system may identify the attributes of any user-changed page or web page and/or store the attributes of any user-changed page or web page in the database.  
         [0018]     The web management system may further include a server-side back end daemon communicatable with the database and the file system. The back end daemon may parse the attributes to generate at least partially static web pages and may store the generated web pages in the file system.  
         [0019]     The front end daemon may include at least one of the following components. An optional user manager may create a hierarchy of group access and/or user access to the pages or web pages and/or available editing options for the web pages. An asset manager may find, upload and/or organize one or more assets, each including a binary file. An optional page manager may create new web pages, modify existing web pages with available web page attributes, and/or tie the Web pages to web site architecture and navigation. An optional sub-directory navigation manager may display the web pages in a collapsible, indented, or tabular directory.  
         [0020]     The front end daemon may include an optional forum manager that may create, attach, and/or manage at least one interactive posting environment. An optional help manager may create, modify, attach, and/or manage at least one local help link to a command or field name. An optional utilities manager may include one or more management utilities. An optional knowledge base manager may address user problems.  
         [0021]     The front end daemon may include an optional preferences manager that may define site-wide configuration defaults, and/or apply a desired object to the entire web site. An optional object manager may create or modify a definition of an object and/or an instance of the object. An optional code table manager may create one or more code tables, in the database, each having at least one entry. The code table manager may be used to create and/or delete an entry. The above-mentioned directory structure may include one or more code tables. An optional error report manager may report any error in intended user changes to a requested web page.  
         [0022]     In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention may provide another web site management system. The web management system may include a database having a directory structure associating each web page of a web site with attributes thereof.  
         [0023]     In one version of this alternative embodiment, the system includes a web server for displaying each web page, and a server-side front end daemon communicatable with the web server and the database. The front end daemon may identify the attributes of any user-changed web page and stores the attributes of any user-changed web page in the database. The identification and/or the storage may be automatic or user-initiated.  
         [0024]     In another version of this alternative embodiment, the system includes a file system caching all web pages in a web site. The web pages so cached may be at least partially static. The back end daemon may parse the attributes to generate partially static web pages and store the generated partially static web pages in the file system.  
         [0025]     The front end daemon, according to the alternative embodiment, may include a user manager for creating a hierarchy of group access and/or user access to the web pages and/or available editing options for the web pages. The user manager may be capable of assigning one or more access specifications to one or more web pages in a web site.  
         [0026]     The front end daemon may include an asset manager for finding, uploading, and/or organizing one or more assets, each including a binary file. Each binary file may include a text file, a graphical image, a video image, a data file and/or an audio file. The asset manager is capable of browsing existing assets in the web site, creating a new asset, creating a new asset folder, and/or listing, via an asset panel. All files contain an optional user-specified asset.  
         [0027]     The front end daemon may include a page manager for creating new web pages, modifying existing web pages with available web page attributes, and/or tying the web pages to web site architecture and navigation. The page manager may be capable of listing, via a page panel, every web page in hierarchical order or other arrangement. The page manager may provide a form for updating content of a selected, listed web page, adding a new web page, viewing the selected, listed web page, deleting the selected, listed web page, and/or cloning the selected, listed web page.  
         [0028]     The front end daemon may include a sub-directory navigation manager for displaying the web pages in one of a collapsible, indented, and tabular directory. The sub-directory navigation manager may be capable of creating a new sub-directory navigation template, and/or modifying an existing sub-directory navigation template. The sub-directory navigation manager may also be capable of switching between a previous sub-directory and a successive sub-directory navigation template, if more than one sub-directory navigation template exists. By the switch, all web pages having the previous sub-directory navigation template will have the successive sub-directory navigation template, and all web pages in a selected hierarchy and having the previous sub-directory navigation template will have the successive sub-directory navigation template.  
         [0029]     The front end daemon may include an optional forum manager. The forum manager may create, attach and/or manage one or more interactive posting environments. The front end daemon may include an optional help manager.  
         [0030]     The front end daemon may include an optional object manager for creating and/or modifying a definition of an object and/or an instance of the object. The object may include a global object applicable to an entire server, network and/or web site, a page-specific object applicable to a user-specified page, graphic and/or web page and a widget being user-designed and applicable to the entire site, network or web site and/or the user-specified page depending upon user determination.  
         [0031]     The front end daemon may include an optional utilities manager. The utilities manager may include one or more management utilities. The web site management utility or utilities may include one or more of the following features. An optional calendar may be used to coordinate work and availability among a network, site and/or web site management team. An optional clone utility may clone a web page, a plurality of web pages, or an entire web site. An optional color calculator may aid a user in selecting a background color or a text color. An optional info utility may track version numbers of a web site configuration. An optional multiple edits command may transfer a single web page, more than one web page, or the entire web site into a text file downloadable to a word processor. An optional regenerate utility may regenerate the static web pages in the file system by user-initiation. An optional regenerate navigation utility may regenerate the directory structure of the web site. An optional upgrade administrative directory utility, periodically or aperiodically, upgrades existing managers or introduces new managers.  
         [0032]     The front end daemon may include an optional knowledge base manager for addressing user problems. The knowledge base manager may include a listing of past user problems and solutions therefor, and/or a user-entry for posting a new problem.  
         [0033]     The front end daemon may include an optional preferences manager for defining site-wide configuration defaults, and/or applying a desired object to the entire web site. The front end daemon may include an optional code table manager for creating one or more code tables, in said database, having at least one entry. The code table manager may create and/or define an entry. The above-mentioned directory structure may include one or more code tables. The front end daemon may also include an optional error report manager for reporting any error in intended user changes to a requested web page.  
         [0034]     In another embodiment according to the instant invention, a method of managing a web site is provided The method may include the following sequential, non-sequential, or independent steps. All web pages in a web site caching in a file system. The cached web pages may be at least partially static. At least one web page of the cached web pages is read by a web server. The read web page by the web server via a web browser.  
         [0035]     The inventive method may further include the following steps. Attributes of each web page may be identified. The attributes may be stored in a database having a directory structure associating each web page with the attributes thereof. The caching step may include parsing the identified attributes for each web page from the database.  
         [0036]     The inventive method further include the following steps. Whether a user has requested attributes form may be determined. The attributes form, if requested, for editing the web page attributes may be submitted to the user. Whether the user has edited any attributes may be determined. Whether the user is authorized to change the attributes sought to be edited prior to said identifying step may be determined.  
         [0037]     There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto.  
         [0038]     In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.  
         [0039]     As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.  
         [0040]     Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way. These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.  
         [0041]     It is another feature and advantage of the instant invention to provide a management system. The management system includes a file system storing static portions of substantially all data pages in a data site. The system also includes a server communicatably connected to the file system. The server retrieves the static portions of one or more data pages stored by the file system and transmits to a site user the static portions of one or more data pages.  
         [0042]     Optionally, the management system further includes a data page generator generating the static portions of substantially all data pages based on the data site for storage in the file system. The management system further includes a dynamic data transmit device to transmit dynamic data to be cooperatively presented with the static portions as the at least one data page to the site user. Optionally, the data page generator generates the static portions of the substantially all data pages and provides corresponding indexes therewith. Optionally, the server transmits the static portions to the site user responsive to the corresponding index associated with the at least one data page.  
         [0043]     It is another feature and advantage of the instant invention to provide a method of managing a data site having the following sequential, non-sequential, or independent steps. Static portions of substantially all data pages in a data site, are stored using a file system. The static portions of at least one data page stored by the file system, are retrieved using a server communicatably connected to the file system. The static portions of the at least one data page, are transmitted to a site user using the server.  
         [0044]     Optionally, the static portions of the substantially all data pages based on the data site for storage in the file system, are generated using a data page generator. Optionally, dynamic data to be cooperatively presented with the static portions as the at least one data page to the site user, are transmitted using a dynamic data transmit device. Optionally, the data page generator generates the static portions of the substantially all data pages and provides corresponding indexes therewith. Optionally, the server transmits the static portions to the site user responsive to the corresponding index associated with the at least one data page.  
       Notations and Nomenclature  
       [0045]     The detailed descriptions which follow may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art.  
         [0046]     A procedure is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. These steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.  
         [0047]     Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein which form part of the present invention; the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing the operation of the present invention include general purpose digital computers or similar devices. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0048]      FIG. 1  is a general schematic of an embodiment of the instant invention and its environment;  
         [0049]      FIG. 2  is a more detailed schematic of an embodiment of the instant invention and its environment;  
         [0050]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrative of an embodiment of a method of operation according to the instant invention;  
         [0051]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrative of an embodiment of a method of use;  
         [0052]      FIG. 5   a  is a first part of an embodiment of an administrative directory;  
         [0053]      FIG. 5   b  is a second part of an embodiment of an administrative directory;  
         [0054]      FIG. 6  is another embodiment of an administrative directory;  
         [0055]      FIG. 7  is a screen display of sample content objects;  
         [0056]      FIG. 8  is a screen display of a style object;  
         [0057]      FIG. 9  is a screen display of header and footer objects;  
         [0058]      FIG. 10  is a screen display of a sample background colors object;  
         [0059]      FIG. 11  is a screen display of sample panels;  
         [0060]      FIG. 12  is a screen display of a sample page panel;  
         [0061]      FIG. 13  is a screen display of a sample template real estate;  
         [0062]      FIG. 14  is a screen display of a sample basic template grid;  
         [0063]      FIG. 15  is a screen display of a Modify template form;  
         [0064]      FIG. 16  is a screen display of a Template information form;  
         [0065]      FIG. 17  is a screen display of a sample list of templates and an object list associated with one of the templates;  
         [0066]      FIG. 18  is a screen display of an Add a Page form;  
         [0067]      FIG. 19  is a screen display of an Update a Page form;  
         [0068]      FIG. 20  is a succession of screen displays for managing assets;  
         [0069]      FIG. 21  is a screen display of an image tag;  
         [0070]      FIG. 22  is a screen display of an image URL tag;  
         [0071]      FIG. 23  is an illustrative computer and peripherals;  
         [0072]      FIG. 24  is a schematic of the computer and the peripherals;  
         [0073]      FIG. 25  is an illustrative memory medium; and  
         [0074]      FIG. 26  is a screen display of a user or group access form.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0075]     At a certain point, managing a large-scale loal site, internal or external web site or other network managed site, and its associated assets becomes “manually” and/or computer assisted impossible. Every small addition becomes a daunting task because of the need to update an ever-growing and ever-changing number of links and assets.  
         [0076]     Many market participants try to solve this problem by using half-way solutions, like frames, or by using expensive set-ups to generate sites on the fly with a combination of powerful databases and servers. Others simply employ oversized production teams in the hope of controlling their growing pains.  
         [0077]     The instant web management system shines in this very scenario and is adapted to manage the most complex. However, the instant invention offers a marked departure from the approach of any existing management package such as a web management package. Consequently, Applicants have found the best way to describe the instant product that has no counterparts is to tell people what it is not and then to compare it to other web management tools before discussing the actual invention.  
         [0078]     To this end, the instant web management system is not an HTML editor. Although editing HTML with the present invention is still possible using the standard content input window, the management system  30  is really meant to take over where the user&#39;s HTML editor leaves off. After the user has created the page contents or template layouts in the HTML editor of the user&#39;s choice, the user need only, for example, copy and paste the results into the instant management system.  
         [0079]     The instant web management system is not an HTML editor with a server plug-in. Some HTML editors, e.g., Microsoft FrontPage, include a special plug-in installed on the server side that enables the user to see and rearrange the structure and order of files on the web server.  
         [0080]     In contrast, the instant management system or web management system is a server application, not a server plug-in. It enables the user to parse, edit and rearrange the contents and pages and folders. This difference translates into the real ability to manage contents versus just arbitrarily stacking or rearranging containers of contents.  
         [0081]     The instant management system is not a scripting language. There are scripting languages that allow the user to “talk” to the server and manipulate file contents and server functions; some come with a library of functions that can be applied to specific configurations. Usually, these require advanced programming knowledge.  
         [0082]     In contrast, the instant management system allows the user “not to be an engineer.” The user can use and create many functions without hacking or writing any specific code. If the user&#39;s server supports scripting, however, the user can embed scripting in the web management system and it will perform in a transparent manner (as if the web management system did not exist).  
         [0083]     The instant web management system is not middleware. Generally, middleware is used to facilitate generating web contents “on the fly.” Traditional middleware accepts incoming requests from the server, prepares pages from data stored in the database, and then produces and delivers ready-to-serve pages to the server. That is, conventional middleware is analogous to a waiter in a busy restaurant who takes an order from a customer and returns with a ready meal.  
         [0084]     In contrast, although the instant web management system processes data from a database and makes it server-ready, the similarities end there. Unlike conventional middleware, the instant invention does not take orders from the server. Rather, it creates a full set of static pages, text, graphics, content and the like, from the database and makes them available for the server in a transparent way. Rather than generating them “on the fly,” the present web management system prepares all of the pages in advance and has them ready before a request comes in.  
         [0085]     Using the restaurant analogy again, the web management system prepares a buffet containing the entire menu. So, although there was a waiter who set up the buffet, he works in the background and is substantially invisible to both the kitchen and the patrons once the buffet is ready to receive the patrons.  
         [0086]     For all practical purposes, the instant web management system is not conventional middleware. It achieves somewhat similar outcome, but at a much lower expense and effort. Being transparent allows it to reside on, for example, an ISP&#39;s server, or operatively connected thereto, and be used by multiple users.  
         [0087]     The instant web management system is not a cookie-cutter site “wizard.” There are sites on the web that facilitate the creation of single-layer web sites using a simple wizard. These wizards are usually intended for small commercial operations. Comparing these wizards with the web management system is akin to comparing a nail-clipper and a chain-saw. Both tools cut; but any reasonable woodsman would use a chain-saw, not a nail-clipper, to fell a tree.  
         [0088]     The instant web management system can easily create single-layer web sites. Templates may optionally be provided for very small sites as a starting point, offering a built-in capability for rapid expansion. However, the instant invention was designed to manage larger sites, networks, data, page colletions, etc., where frequent and diverse data additions are required.  
         [0089]     The instant web management system is not like current web publishing tools, such as, StoryServer, Dynabase, etc. These are publishing systems that include proprietary client-side applications and require the use of their own servers. They typically carry a price tag of $50,000 to $100,000 (without hardware).  
         [0090]     In contrast, the instant web management system performs essentially the same task in a very different way at a fraction of the cost. There is no proprietary client-side software to install and master. Instead, the user interface with the present invention communicates with the user&#39;s browser and economical database and server set-ups.  
       General System Components and Environment  
       [0091]     For clarity, it may be useful at the outset to define certain terms used herein. An internet includes a computer network, wherein a user at one computer can, with permission from another computer, get information residing on the other computer. For example, the computer network optionally includes interconnected servers, each server serving one or more computers or computer networks. These interconnected servers facilitate the creation of a network of computer networks, the basis of the most famous internet, the Internet.  
         [0092]     The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) includes some or all of the resources and users on an internet, namely, the Internet, using a standard linking protocol for transferring files, such as Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP). Accessing the Web is known as web surfing and is performed using a user interface, such as, a browser.  
         [0093]     The term “web site” is generally intended to include the concept of a “web presence,” namely, a related collection of linked files, which is non-geographically limited. That is, a term includes those files collection spread over more than one server in more than one geographical location, for example, in different buildings, in different cities, or even different countries. The web site includes an initial file, often called a “home page.” The web site optionally is connected to a computer network, such as, the Internet. A “page” generally includes any linked file in an internet. A “web page” includes a file at a web site notated with a standard scripting language, such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and having a web address, such as a universal resource locator (URL). The file optionally is a graphical file, text file, content file, etc.  
         [0094]     In an embodiment of the instant invention, as shown, by way of illustration, in  FIG. 1 , a user&#39;s standard computer  900  may include a standard user interface  10  for browsing test and/or graphical files on-line. The user interface  10  may include, for example, a standard web browser. The user&#39;s computer  900  may be operatively connected to a standard computer network  15 . The computer network  15  may include an intranet and/or an internet, i.e., any set of networks interconnected by devices, such as routers, that forward messages or fragments of messages between networks or intranets. Naturally, the Internet is one of the largest examples of an internet. It is to be understood that any references made hereafter to the Internet  15  are for convenience and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The Internet  15 , in turn, according to the instant invention may be connected to a standard web server  20  at a standard Internet service provider (ISP)  25 . The web server  20  may, for example, be running on an operating system. Illustrative operating systems include Microsoft Windows NT 4.0, Unix, and variants of Unix, such as, Linux, FreeBSD, AIX, HPUX, SGI and Solaris. The web server comprises, for example, standard scripting software, such as, Apache software for on-line scripting and Netscape software for Cold Fusion server-side scripting.  
         [0095]     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the ISP  25  includes the instant web management system  30  in communication with inter alia the web server. Because of this configuration, the web management system  30  may be characterized as being “server-side,” in contrast to being user-side, for example. The web management system  30  may include a front end daemon or script  35  and a back end daemon or script  40 , which may communicate with each other. The front end daemon  35  may communicate with the web server  20 .  
         [0096]     The server-side location of the web management system  30  effects a significant reduction in “lag time.” Lag time is the extra time taken to communicate with the server and the web management system  30  and to respond or to confirm the user&#39;s command. The lag time may depend on the quality of the user&#39;s Internet access and the amount of work the user are sending to the server to be processed.  
         [0097]     Lag may be inevitable whether the user works locally or on-line. However, an advantage to working on-line with the server-side web management system  30  is that “what you see is what you (really) get.” Besides, in a web site development effort, teamwork is virtually impossible when each member must wait for the other to finish before he can contribute his work. Working on-line in real-time using the instant invention allows all web site development team members to be kept “in the loop.” 
         [0098]     The web management system  30  may optionally operate with, for example, Netscape Navigator and/or Microsoft Internet Explorer pull-down menus, related links, and/or object navigation.  
         [0099]     The ISP  25  also may include a standard file system  45  communicatable with the web server  20 , and a standard database  50 . The file system may include, for example, any readable/writeable storage device, such as, a standard hard drive. The front end daemon  35  may communicate with the database  50 . The back end daemon  40  may communicate with the file system  45  and the database  50 .  
         [0100]     The database  50  may include a single database or two or more operatively linked or independent databases. The database  50  may include a standard relational database or an object-oriented database. For example, the database  50  may be supported by the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) standard for accessing a database. Using ODBC statements in a program, a user may, for example, access files in a number of different databases, including Access, dBase, Excel, and Text. Alternatively, the database  50  may be supported by the Database Independent Interface (DBI) standard. The database  50  may alternatively be supported natively in a database system, such as produced by Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL, Sybase, Solid, Informix, Postgres, and Adabas, for example.  
         [0101]     By way of example, the web management system  30  may maintain all of the different components, attributes, or meta-data of a web page in the database  50 , at an ISP  25 . For example, the web management system  30  is a comprehensive server-side web management system. It may maintain meta-data about every page and object in the system to generate and manage the web site optimally. It may also manage all assets, such as, pictures, marketing material, PDF file formats and/or internal resources.  
         [0102]     But, instead of generating the page on demand, it may pre-generate the web pages and cache, at least partially, them as static pages. This pre-generation is performed by parsing, a process in which the web management system scans the site&#39;s database  50  for scripts, executes the commands the scripts contain, and generates the HTML pages. The result of this operation is a complete new set of fresh, at least partially, static pages. It follows that panels and pages that remain open may not reflect the changed server data unless the user reloads or refreshes them after the user has made changes thereto. Alternatively, the reloading and refreshing is performed automatically by the web management system  30 .  
         [0103]     The web management system  30  allows the user to reposition pages and entire directories swiftly and powerfully, for example, in a single command. The present invention may also enable the user to use up to a virtually unlimited number of templates without straining the database  50 , since it does not have to generate them on the fly. As a matter of fact, with the present invention the user may be able to serve the user&#39;s site, even if the user&#39;s database software is down, because the web pages may be cached prior to requests therefor. In essence, the instant web management system  30  puts the abilities that were once limited to those versed in scripting languages into the hands of everyone on the user&#39;s web team. At the same time, the user may have full and flexible control, for example, to assign access and/or make corrections through a revision control feature that allows, for example, more than 20 “undo&#39;s” per page.  
         [0104]     As mentioned above, one of the features that sets the web management system  30  apart from most desktop applications that reside on the user&#39;s computer&#39;s hard drive is that it is a server-side application. This means that the program resides on a remote computer, or server, and is utilized via the user&#39;s internet browser. Moreover, there is no need to install or configure any software with the web management system  30 .  
         [0105]     The advantages of using the instant server-side web management tool are substantial. By working on the web server  20 , for example, the user may work on the actual web site in real time and can view the results with the click of a button.  
         [0106]     The web management system  30  may allow the different departments of the user&#39;s web development team to work simultaneously, building and updating the site as they go. Everyone in a web site development team may see the work in progress and add their input in a fluid manner. Writers, designers, programmers, editors, engineers and managers need not wait for the other parties involved in the site to finish their work before jumping into the mix. A user may find that this arrangement allows the user to streamline the entire production process in ways never before imagined.  
       General Method of Operation  
       [0107]     In view of above, an illustrative, general method of operation of the instant web management system  30  may be shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 3 , and as described. hereinbelow. In Step S 10 , whether the user has requested a web page attributes form from the front end daemon  35  via the web server  20  is determined. If not, Step S 10  may be repeated. In Step S 20 , the front end daemon  35  reads the database  50  associating web page attributes and web pages in a given web site and sends the requested form having the attribute associations to the user via the web server  20  and the user&#39;s web browser  10 . In Step S 30 , whether the user has edited the requested form and submitted same to the front end daemon  35  via the web server  20  is determined. If not, Step S 30  may be repeated. In Step S 40 , whether the user is authorized to make the proposed edits. If not, Step S 10 , for example, may be performed. In Step S 50 , the front end daemon  35  enters the user&#39;s changes to the web site to the database  50 . In Step S 60 , the front end daemon  35  calls the back end daemon  40  to parse the edited web page or all of the web pages in the web site and cache same in the file system  45 . In Step S 70 , the user, via the web server  10 , reads the edited, cached web page from the file system  45 . Step S 110 , for example, is then performed.  
         [0108]     Note that a web surfer visiting a web site, created or managed by the instant web management system  30 , may not even be aware of the use of the web management system. That is, as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 4 , a web surfer may interact with the web site as usual. For example, in Step S 100 , whether the user has requested a web page is determined. If so, in Step S 110 , the web server  20  calls the file system  45  for the requested, cached web page. Indeed, if difference is noticed by the web surfer, it may be an improved rate at which the web page is displayed. Plainly, any improved rate is at least partially or substantially attributable to the instant invention pre-generating all of the web pages in the visited web site and caching same in the file system.  
         [0109]     For completeness, searches by standard search engines are unaffected by the instant invention. Because the web management system  30  caches the files in the file system  45 , a user or web surfer may manipulate standard search engines and any standard tools already existing on the web server  20  to search the user&#39;s web site with little or no difference in performance. Optionally, the web management system  30  may include a search engine for searching the database  50 .  
       Navigation Architecture and the Single Page  
       [0110]     The web management system, for example, is based on the concept that once the user creates a hierarchy of web pages and/or directories, the user will be able to manage the site using a few simple and powerful commands, without being required to manually or individually, with the assistance of the computer, update links and paths again.  
         [0111]     For example, along with specifying all attribute identifications or fields attached to a new web page, the user optionally indexes the page relative to others in the data site or web site. The attribute identifications or fields, for example, include a home page identification, a template identification, a web page name identification, and/or content information. These identifications or fields are optionally used by the database to store information about each web page logically. Advantageously, such indexing would facilitate development of conceptual tree structures comprising directories and subdirectories of varying hierarchies. For example, moving a sub-directory would then correspondingly move every page in the sub-directory and every page depending therefrom. Because each page optionally includes attribute identifications or fields, such page movement need not entail a user to recreate the moved page.  
         [0112]     When creating a new web page, the user may relate a page, for example, to a “parent” or “offspring.” By selecting a relationship, the relative place of the user&#39;s page in the web site is identified and is maintained, optionally automatically, as the site grows and changes. This way, when moving a directory page (a “parent”), all subdirectories thereof are moved along with it. Advantageously, there may be many additional attributes, functions, objects and/or special environments, for example, that can be attached to and related to a page.  
         [0113]     The web management system  30  may include an administration directory  55  as shown, by way of example, in  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b . An alternative embodiment of the administration directory is shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 6 , and is designated by reference numeral  55 ′. The administration directory  55  may, for example, contain some or all of the commands or functions the user may need to use the instant invention. For convenience, unless otherwise specified, an underlined word or phrase in the figures may indicate a hot link, a hyperlink, or a short-cut to a respective web management form. Such hot links may be selected by a user in a conventional manner, such as by clicking on the hot link with a mouse. To this end, for convenience, the word “click” used herein, is intended to indicate, but is not limited to, a user request entry, for example, by depressing a mouse button. Following are brief descriptions of one or more functions or components that may be included in the administration directory  55 ,  55 ′.  
       Asset Management  
       [0114]     An asset includes practically any type of binary file that, for example, contains its own description, such as graphical, files, text files, video images, and audio files. An optional Asset Management component, or Asset Manager  60 , may, for example, allow the user to find, upload, and/or organize these files any way the user wants.  
         [0115]     The Asset Manager  60  includes, for example, a New Asset form  65 , a New Asset Folder form  70 , and/or an Assets Panel form  75 . The New Asset form  65  may be used to upload an asset through the user&#39;s browser. The New Asset Folder form  70  may be used to name and nest new folders. Creating folders to store assets gives the user the ability to organize them in accordance to the user&#39;s needs. The Assets Panel form  75 , may, for example, list the files that contain the assets. Clicking on the folder may, for example, switch the view to see the actual assets. Clicking on an optional “Update” feature next to the folder name may, for example, facilitate only the modifications folder name and place, not its contents. The user may switch views between folders and/or apply management commands to individual assets, for example. Components of the Assets Panel form  75  may, for example, include any combination of the following components:  
         [0116]     Size: In a conventional setting of commercial hosting with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) the web site owner is allocated a maximum disk space. The size feature may inform the user of the total amount of disk space and/or the available amount of disk space remaining.  
         [0117]     Find: The Find feature may enable the user to search for an asset by name and/or any part of name.  
         [0118]     Site: The Site feature may enable the user to identify the site to which the Assets Panel form  75  belongs.  
         [0119]     New Folder: The New Folder feature may enable the user to name and/or create a new asset folder.  
         [0120]     Reload: The Reload feature may enable the user to reload the Panel to include the latest list of folders. For example, after the user has added or edited a folder, the user may “click” on reload to refresh the Assets Panel form  75 .  
         [0121]     Optionally, below the header for the Assets Panel form  75  may be an indented list of all the assets folders. Optionally, the folders in the list may be connected with lines that represent their nesting relations.  
         [0122]     Clicking on an individual folder name may, for example, switch this panel to a view of the number of items contained and/or the contents. To switch back, the user may, for example, click on an optional “switch” link at the top of the Assets Panel form  75 .  
         [0123]     Update: The Update feature may enable the user to change the folder name and/or place it in the list hierarchy.  
         [0124]     Delete: The Delete feature may enable the user to delete the folder.  
         [0125]     A common usage of the assets is to upload and connect graphic images to the site contents.  
         [0126]     To use an image in the web management system  30 , a user may, for example, follow these steps:  
         [0127]     a) Click on “New Asset”;  
         [0128]     b) Select the image to be uploaded from the user&#39;s desktop, give it a name, and place it in a folder of your choice; and  
         [0129]     c) Place the asset anywhere in the HTML with a tag that, for example, may include: Image(your_image_name).  
         [0130]     Advantageously, an asset, which in the above example is available to everyone on the user&#39;s web management team at all times. Optionally, the instant web management system may calculate the image size and tag it accordingly. When the user updates an asset with a new image, even one with a different name and size, the instant invention may automatically recalculate and update each and every occurrence of that asset in the user&#39;s site.  
         [0131]     To replace an image in the site a user may, for example, follow these steps:  
         [0132]     a) Find the image;  
         [0133]     b) Click on an optional “update” feature and upload your new image; and  
         [0134]     c) Click on a “Regenerate” command to replace the old image with the new one.  
       Code Tables  
       [0135]     A code table may include a two-column table that, for example, translates unique names in the first column into unique numbers in the second column. A computer may then use the numbers internally, instead of the names. In databases, code tables may, for example, be used to store many occurrences of a name to save space and to resolve update issues, e.g., how to change a name, if it is stored in several places. For example, the names may include those of asets, web pages, etc.  
         [0136]     The web management system  30  may include an optional Code Table Manager  80  that may, for example, allow the user to create lists, or code tables, and then add or delete entries from those tables. These lists may then be attached or bound to an object to create a pull-down menu item containing all the entries in the list. For most simple everyday web management system tasks, using code tables may not be necessary.  
       Configuration  
       [0137]     Configuration menus  85  control the basic appearance and behavior of the navigational tools. This feature, for example, includes a Clone form  90  and/or a Site Objects form  95 . The Clone form  90  may be used for example to clone a web site and/or create an identical twin site. The Site objects form  95  may be used to apply an object, defined below, to a user&#39;s entire web site.  
       Forums  
       [0138]     Forums, according to the instant invention, may include interactive posting environments that may be created, attached and/or detached effortlessly to any page of the user&#39;s site where discussion and interaction among readers is desirable.  
         [0139]     Forums may also be attached to pages during site production for team coordination and/or may be managed through an optional Forum Administration component or Forums Manager  100 . The Forums Manager  100  may include a Modify Forums form  105 , and/or a New Forum form  110 . The Modify Forums form  105  may, for example, enable the user to delete a forum no longer desired. The New Forum form  110  may be used to create a new forum. The user, for example, may name it and/or enter an optional administrator password. Optionally, a web site administrator may be able to remove messages from the forum.  
         [0140]     When creating the forum, optionally, the user may need to enter a default forum password, for example, an alphanumeric string. After the forum is created, the user may change the forum password in an optional “Forum Password” or “Forum PW” window at a Site Preferences form  115 .  
       Help Strings  
       [0141]     An optional help window, which may be case-sensitive, accompanies some or every function in the web management system  30 . Help messages or strings may include help links local to the web site. In the instant web management system  30 , optionally every underlined command or field name may be linked to a pop-up help window that contains a short explanation about the field or command.  
         [0142]     An optional Help Strings Manager  120  may contain one or more tools to manage these help strings. Such help strings, may, for example, “pop up” in a graphical window, when the user clicks on an underlined command or category in a web management system form. The Strings Manager may, for example, include a New String form  125 , a String Panel form  130 , and/or a Update form  135 . Optionally, a help button in each individual page may be turned into a local help message. For example, by clicking on the “Help” button the first time, optionally, the user may create a new entry in the help strings.  
         [0143]     The New String form  125  enables the user to create a new string. The user may name it and enter the contents of the message in the window. The contents may be written in HTML code or other suitable code. The String Panel form  130  may include a “pop-up” graphical window that contains a list of all the strings in a web site. The String Panel form  130  may be used to modify strings. The String Panel form  130  may also display string names and sizes and may provide direct access to their contents. After a user creates a new string, it appears in the String Panel form  130 . The Update form  135  contains a list of all of the strings in the user&#39;s site. By clicking on the links to the strings, the user may access and/or modify their contents.  
       Knowledge Base  
       [0144]     An optional knowledge base includes an advanced help and support system. Users submit a question as a “new article” and the question is then automatically distributed by e-mail to a number of support experts. The answer may be posted under the problem&#39;s description. The user who posted the problem may continue the e-mail discussion with a support expert until the problem is solved. The solution then becomes part of a collection of solved problems that any user can browse. An optional Knowledge Base manager  140  may, for example, include a Listings form  145  and/or a Submit Problem form  150 . The Listings form  145  may contain a list of problems that have been posted by users with a summary of their solutions. The Submit Problem form  150  includes a graphical window for entering the description of the user&#39;s problem.  
       Objects  
       [0145]     Objects, according to the instant invention, include the basic building elements of a form wizard, global/site objects, widgets, and/or page-specific objects. Objects include, for example, at least two parts: object definition (the “code”) and the instance of that object (the “data”). An object definition tells the web management system  30  how to handle an object, what to store in it, and/or where to put it. An object instance is the data that makes up a copy of that object.  
         [0146]     If, for example, a tree was an object, its definition would be that it is vertical and it has bark on the outside and roots below. Its instance would be the information that sets each tree apart from the rest, namely, its individual data. Examples of objects are new fields in a page, global items that appear throughout a site such as a footer, and advertisements.  
         [0147]     Global objects may contain one value each, and may be applied to the site as a whole using, for example, the configuration menu under an optional Preferences form. Access to objects may be reserved for users at the webmaster level.  
         [0148]     Page-specific objects may be entered using a New Object form, described below. Once created, these objects appear on an Add a Page form, described below, as input windows, for example. Objects may be placed wherever the user wants that object to show up in the template by using, for example, the following tag: wms_obj_name (name being the name the user gives the object).  
         [0149]     Widgets allow the user to design an object that is page-specific. An optional yes/no selector may, for example, appear on every page update form to inquire whether to include this object in its entirety on that particular page.  
         [0150]     An optional Objects Manager  155  may include a Modify Object form  160 , a New Object form  165 , a Set Widget form  170 , and/or a Content Object form  175 . The Modify Object form  160  may be used to change an object&#39;s definition. The New Object form  165  may be used to create, define, and/or name a new object. The Set Widget form  170  may be used to link the user to the widget contents input window, wherein the user may create an object and define it as a widget.  
         [0151]     The Content Object form  175  may be used to determine the “look and feel” of a web page. Content therein may, for example, be entered through an interactive wizard.  FIG. 7  shows, by way of example, source code for three sample content objects: a “Two column” format  180 , a “This page width is not fixed” format  185 , and a “One narrow column of text” format  190 .  
         [0152]     Optionally, a Type &amp; Styles Object form  195 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 8 , may be used to create, modify, and/or delete style objects, such as sample style object  200 . Such a style object form may contain style sheets applicable to an entire web site. A Style sheet is a definition of a document in terms of such elements as:  
         [0153]     the default typeface, size, and/or color of headings and body text,  
         [0154]     how front matter, e.g., preface, figure list, title page, should look,  
         [0155]     how all or individual sections should be laid out in terms of space, e.g., in two newspaper columns, in one column with headings having hanging heads, etc.,  
         [0156]     line spacing, margin widths on all sides, spacing between headings, for example,  
         [0157]     the number of heading levels that may be included in any automatically generated table of contents, and  
         [0158]     any boilerplate content to be included on certain pages, e.g., copyright statements.  
         [0159]     Optionally, as necessary, specific elements or attributes of the overall style sheet may be overridden by explicit coding that applies to a given section of the web site. Optionally, the style sheets may include standard cascading style sheets (CSS), which anticipate other style sheets filling in or overriding an overall basic style sheet. In such an embodiment, these overriding style sheets may be linked to the overall basic style sheet.  
         [0160]     Optionally, a Header &amp; Footer Object form  205 , for example, in the Object Manager  155  and/or in the Site Manager  116 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 9 , may be provided for creating, modifying, and/or deleting header and/or footer objects. Header and footer objects may, for example, enable a user to attach content to a header, a top portion of a web page and/or to a footer, a bottom portion of a web page. A header object may include, for example, a banner ad object  210 . A footer object may include, for example, a contact information object  215 .  
         [0161]     Optionally, a Background Colors Object form  220 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 10 , may be included for enabling a user to control and/or “paint” different areas of a background template grid, such as, sample basic template grid  225 .  
         [0000]     Page  
         [0162]     An optional Page Manager  230 , shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 5   a , enables the user to create new pages and/or modify existing ones with some or all of the necessary attributes, and then tie them into site architecture and navigation. Optionally, the Page Manager  230  includes a revision control feature, which may be analogous to a standard “Undo” command. As a user modifies a web page&#39;s contents, the web management system  30  keeps track of, for example, up to, or more than, the last 20 revisions. With such a feature, advantageously, the user may return to any previous tracked version of the page at any time.  
         [0163]     The Page Manager  230  may also, for example, include an Add a Page form  235 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIGS. 6 and 18 . The Add a Page form  235  may, for example, allow a user to create a new content, page or web page and assign thereto all of its related properties. Alternatively, instead of the Add a Page form  235 , the instant invention includes a New Page-Expert form  240  and/or a New Page-Wizard form  245 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 5   a . The New Page-Expert form may be used to create a new page and assign all its related properties. Unlike the Wizard form  245 , the Expert form  240  may require use of HTML. In contrast, the New Page-Wizard form  245  may enable a user without HTML skills to create pages. That is, a user may be prompted to name and position a new page, and then may be presented one or more pre-set or stored layouts, grids, or templates from which to choose. After a layout is selected, the user may input content as simple text and/or select images from the user&#39;s desktop.  
         [0164]     Optionally, the Page Manager  230  may include an optional Page Panel form  250 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIGS. 5   a ,  6 ,  11 , and  12 . For example, if a user clicks on the Page Panel form  250  hot link, a Page Panel form  250 , as in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , may be provided to the user. Referring to  FIG. 12 , the Page Panel form  250  may include a collection of some or all of the available web management panels and/or web site directory structure. The same panels, optionally, may also be available from related subdirectories. The optional Page Panel form  250  is discussed further hereinbelow. An Optional Update a Page form  252 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIGS. 5   a  and  19 , may, for example, be used to update an individual web page.  
       Panels  
       [0165]     Panels, according to the instant invention, provide easy administrative access to some or all pages in a user&#39;s site or web site. Panels may include “pop-up” windows that provide a user with an overview of the site structure. They also may provide instant access to the roots of every page in the user&#39;s web site. Panels also let the-user make use of a few simple web page management commands: Clone, Hide, Show, and/or Delete, for example.  
         [0166]     The above-mentioned, optional Page Panel form  250  may list every page or substantially all pages in the user&#39;s site in hierarchical order, for example, as shown in  FIG. 12 . When the user selects a page from the Page Panel form  250 , the user may access a form that allows the user to make changes and/or update the content of that particular page. The user may also view, delete, and/or clone a page using the Page Panel form  250 . Optionally, the panel may remain conveniently located on the side of the user&#39;s monitor as a navigation tool.  
         [0167]     The Page Panel  250  may, for example, include one or more of the following features.  
         [0168]     Site feature  255 : The Site feature may, for example, provide the user with the web site name.  
         [0169]     Add a Page feature  235 : The Add a Page feature  235 , of course, links to the Add a Page form  235 .  
         [0170]     Reload feature  265 : The Reload feature  265  may, for example, reload the Page Panel form  250  to reflect any new modification. The Page Panel form  250  may be just a reflection of the server and may not update itself. If this is the case, after the user has added or edited a page, the user may “click” on the Reload feature  265  to refresh the Page Panel form  250 .  
         [0171]     Rebuild Navigation feature  270 : Rebuilding navigation from the database  50  may be necessary, when the user has altered items that affect the site hierarchy and navigation, for example, by using hide, show and/or delete a page commands.  
         [0172]     Legend feature  275 : The Legend feature  275 , for example, explains the symbols pertaining to this panel.  
         [0173]     Delete feature  280 : The Delete feature  280  may, for example, be used to delete a page. The user may click on the “Rebuild Navigation” feature  270  to make the change effective throughout the site.  
         [0174]     Check or View feature  285 : The Check or View feature  285  may, for example, enable the user to view the actual page as if using a site map, i.e., not an “edit” view, but rather the normal page view.  
         [0175]     Clone feature  290 : The Clone feature  290  may, for example, be used to duplicate a page and to open it in an “Update a Page” window with a renamed URL.  
         [0176]     Show or Visible feature  295  and Hide or Hidden feature  300 : Clicking on the Hide feature  300  excludes a web page from the navigation system of the site. The hidden page may not appear in the directories, subdirectories and/or pull-down menus, although it may still be an integral part of the site. That is, the hidden page may be maintained in the architecture as a normal page, for example, to the extent that it can be linked and accessed, and that it can have visible siblings, which appear only when the hidden page is active. Once the user clicks on the Hide feature  300  again or by clicking on the Show feature  295 , the tag and the web page itself will change to visible.  
         [0177]     Page list feature: Optionally, below the header, for example, may be an indented list of all of the web site pages. Optionally, the pages in the list may be connected with lines that represent their relations. For example, the page “Assets” may be a sub-directory of “admin”, and “Browse” may be a subdirectory of “Assets”.  
         [0178]     Priority Rank feature: Pages may be sorted alphabetically or numerically. To promote or demote a page in the same layer, the user may change its priority rank. For example, for a numerical ranking, number one may rank first, and number twenty may rank last. A default number may be the greatest possible number, for example, to allow easy promotion. The Priority Rank feature may be displayed, for example, for each directory and/or sub-directory, for example, set apart in parentheses. For example, the “Browse” sub-directory of “Assets” may have a “(20),” designating the “Browse” sub-directory as having a rank of twenty.  
         [0179]     The instant invention may also include an optional String Panel and/or an Asset Panel to help administer strings and/or assets, respectively.  
         [0000]     Preferences  
         [0180]     An optional Preferences Manager may include setups that apply to the web site as a whole. These setups may include configurations and/or site objects.  
         [0181]     The Preferences Manager may include a Configurations form or menus  85  and/or a Site Objects form  95 . The Configuration form  85  may include one or more basic setups that apply to the site as a whole. Some of the fields optionally may be locked for safety reasons. A user, wanting to unlock them, may optionally contact the user&#39;s system administrator, for example. Other fields may allow the user to set defaults, and/or safety permissions that apply to the entire site.  
         [0182]     Defaults may, for example, include either or both of the following:  
         [0183]     A Default subnav feature may specify the desired type of sub-directory navigation. The user may choose “no subnav,” “collapsible subnav,” or “indented subnav,” each described hereinbelow.  
         [0184]     A safety mode (for example, set to “No”) may be used to prevent a user from deleting directories with hierarchical offspring. A Calendar database feature may be used to select an existing utility calendar from another project, e.g., for team coordination. A Menu Depth feature may limit a number of levels in the pull-down menus. For example, the default may be two. Plainly a fewer or greater number of levels is possible. For example, the number of levels may be one, five, or ten. An optional Timeout feature may include a delay to retard the collapse of pull-down menus. The delay may be in predetermined units of time. For example, the delay value may be set in thousandths of a second, wherein a default value may be 1500 (one and a half seconds). Of course, a longer or shorter delay may also be acceptable.  
         [0185]     The Site Object form  95  may be used to apply an object to the entire web site. Sub-directory Navigation Manager  
         [0186]     An optional Sub-directory Navigation (Subnav) Manager  305 , according to the instant invention, may display a listing called a subnav, of all, or substantially all of the pages in a directory, whether it is collapsible, indented, and/or tabular. It may even be, for example, a rotating advertisement on entry-level pages. Optionally, the Sub-directory Navigation Manager  305  allow the user to maintain, design, and/or re-use these special elements.  
         [0187]     The sub-directory navigation manager  305  may, for example, include a New Subnav form  310 , a Modify form  315 , and/or a Switch form  320 . The New Subnav form  310  may enable the user to use the subnav area for purposes besides navigation. As a “Home Page”, the user may choose to place a promotional piece, for example. To do that, the user may create a design may corresponds in size to the subnav area and enter the HTML code in the New Subnav form. The Modify form  315  may enable a user to modify existing sub-directory navigation methods and/or architecture. The Switch Subnav form  320  may be used to switch among the collapsible, indented, and/or Subnav tabular web pages listing.  
         [0000]     Template  
         [0188]     Templates, according to the instant invention, may, for example, govern the “look and feel” of a page. A sample template may include an HTML “page” that contains a collection of standard, repetitive elements of a web site, such as, the sub-directory navigation thereof. Indeed, templates may control everything in a web page except contents. If an item to be accessed or changed is shared by most pages, it may advantageously be found in a template.  
         [0189]     As technology changes, so will the types of acceptable template data formats. Currently, they are HTML, tomorrow they may be XML or VRML, wherein nothing in the web site need change than the template. Because a back-end script or daemon  40  generates static pages in advance, the user may use any number of templates throughout the site without slowing it down.  
         [0190]     The sub-directory navigation system may also be embedded in the template, and the user may control some of its properties using a “Modify” feature or link.  
         [0191]     The instant web management system  30  allows users to select from standard templates or optionally to customize available templates to maintain the individuality of the web site&#39;s look, feel and function through the use of objects, defined above, that may be unique to the web site. The objects may be written into a template in a transparent way. The user may create a template with relative ease and embed web management objects in them, as necessary.  
         [0192]     An example of a layout of a template, such as the basic template grid  225 , mentioned above, may be found in  FIG. 14 . Note that the alphanumeric characters in the template layout of  FIG. 14  do not include reference numerals of the instant invention. Rather, the alphanumeric characters are provided to indicate a possible level of detail and flexibility available to a user desirous of customizing the template layout. Optionally, such templates may be customized or modified by applying standard HTML techniques or standard drag-and-drop techniques to a template layout to change the look or grid structure of the template “real estate.” 
         [0193]     A sample template, as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 13 , may advantageously be user-defineable or pre-set. “Real estate” terminology therefor may, for example, include a Mast area  325 , a Logo area  330 , a Utility area  335 , a Contents area  340 , a Footer area  345 , and/or a Subnav area  350 , for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . The origin of the term “Mast” is from newspaper and magazine design; it refers to the top of the first page of a publication. In a web site, this area may be a logical place to position the main directory navigation, as seen by web surfers. Alternatively, if the user&#39;s web site carries advertising, the Mast area  325  may be a place where advertisers prefer to place banners. Optionally, the user may place a logo in, for example, the first 100 pixels of height on the page, as an alternative to Logo area  330 . As such, the Mast area  325  may be prime real estate that may be advantageously be utilized.  
         [0194]     For practical reasons, there may optionally be a separate template for the “Subnav” area to allow for easier entry and manipulation to this area in the page. If so, to modify it, the Subnav Manager  305  may be used.  
         [0195]     An optional Template Manager  355  may, for example, include an Archive form  360 , an Import form  365 , a Modify form  370 , a New form  375 , a Switch form  380 , and/or an Object Defaults form  385 . The Archive form  360  may be used to export a template to a template archive. Optionally, the archive may be a public area available to all web management system customers. In such a case, an archived template would be in the public domain. It may be possible, and even desirable, to block access to the Archive form  360  with appropriate user security measures, such as a Users Manager, described hereinbelow, to prevent accidental export of the template to the public domain. With the Import form  365 , the user may tap into the template archive.  
         [0196]     A template may be modified as, for example, a regular HTML layout or other suitable format. The Modify form  370  may link the user to a list of available standard or user-created templates. The user advantageously need only select the template to modify by, for example, clicking on its link to bring up a contents window containing the template&#39;s source code. The Modify form  370  may also contain a short-cut that allows a user to change an item, such as mast color/highlight, positioning and/or the color of a text link in the sub-directory navigation system. The Modify form  370  may include a graphic chart that explains a sample template construction, as shown in  FIG. 13 .  
         [0197]     By way of illustration, the Modify form  370 , in operation, may be used as follows. The user may click on the Modify form  370  hot link. A list of available templates may be shown to the user. For example,  FIG. 15  shows a list  380  of nine available templates, such as EG Zippy V.16 template, upon clicking the Modify form  370  hot link. If a user clicks on the EG Zippy V.16 template hot link, a form may be provided, for example, as shown in  FIG. 16 , which may enable the user to modify the template&#39;s source code and various template attributes. Alternatively, referring to  FIG. 15 , beside the list  380  of available templates may be common user or designer functions  385 . Among these functions may include a Modify Object List hot link  390 . Clicking on this hot link  390  may, for example, provide a list of objects available to the selected template. As shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 17 , a list  395  of objects available to the EG Zippy V.16 template may be shown. Optional check boxes  400  or selectable bullets, for example, may indicate which available objects are actually present or shown in the template. A checked object may be removed by, for example, “unchecking” the check box associated therewith. Similarly, adding an object to a template may include “checking” the check box associated therewith.  
         [0198]     The New template form  375  may be used to enter template content code. To create a new template a user may use an HTML editor of choice or other editor to create a layout, and embed parsable tags into the layout wherever needed. Optionally, the instant web management system may include its own HTML or other standard editor.  
         [0199]     The Switch template form  380  may be used to switch between templates. Using the Switch form  380 , the user may select the template to be switched (A) and the template to switch to (B). Then, all of the pages using template (A) will be switched to template (B). For greater versatility, the user may also apply the change only to a selected hierarchy, by applying the switch only to a “parent” page and/or its siblings, for example.  
         [0200]     The Object Defaults form  385  may be used to set or cancel default objects in one or more selected templates.  
       Users  
       [0201]     Optionally, the web management system  30  may advantageously include a plurality of security levels. The first security level may refer to a user level. It allows internal users to access only those parts of the administrator features and site areas that they have been authorized to enter. This may, for example, be accomplished through the use of, for example, a “Users” directory or form. The second security level may be at the system level. It may allow a webmaster or site administrator to control access to the web server  20 , guarding it against improper use by unqualified or unauthorized personnel. Advantageously, this feature may safeguard against hackers, for example, attempting to enter the user&#39;s system. Optionally, the web management system  30  may not allow any files to be created outside their proper or authorized areas.  
         [0202]     To this end, an optional Users or Users Access Manager  405  may, for example, provide control over who can access a web site through the “back door” by specifying which members of the user&#39;s production team can access various components of web site administration.  
         [0203]     The User Manager  405  allows for any possible combination or hierarchy of user access without getting in the way. It may optionally scale from single user profiles to multiple team access across many departments.  
         [0204]     The User Manager  405  may optionally be customized to provide, or to deny users access to one or more, up to every component of the user&#39;s web site on an individual or group basis. The User Manager  405  may be used to streamline the web site management process by forming user groups, e.g., writers, editors, designers, engineers, etc. In conjunction with the user groupings, the user may apply access “levels” that are rank-based, e.g., visitors, members, premium members, contractors, employees, managers, etc.  
         [0205]     For example, with a two selector arrangement, it may be possible to assign and provide instant access to, for instance, an “editor” level and a “contractor” level for an outside person doing editing work and ensuring that he will only be able to enter those parts of the site that pertain to his fields of expertise. Advantageously, it may be possible to modify the access privileges up to a specific section in a specific page.  
         [0206]     The User Manager  405  may, for example, include an Add User or New User form  410 , a Modify or Modify Users form  420 , a New Group form  425 , and/or a Modify Group form  415 . In the Add User form  410 , it is possible to tailor a specific access privilege for an individual user. The Modify form  420  may be used to modify existing group access and/or user access. Using the New Group form  425 , group access may be tailored in the same or similar manner as access to an individual, wherein instant access, to all members of a group that fit that individual&#39;s profile, may be created. Referring to  FIG. 26 , by way of example, if a user clicks on the New User form  410  and/or the New User form  425 , a modification list  426  of user access attributes may be provided. Optionally, the user access attributes may include a “Group” access value, which may include default access settings for a given group. To add flexibility, the list  426  permits the creation of a user within a group having certain access attribute settings that deviate from the default settings for the group.  
         [0000]     Utilities.  
         [0207]     The web management system  30  may include a number of utilities available to a user for making the creation and/or management of web sites as painless as possible. One or more of the following utilities may be included in an optional Utilities Manager  430 .  
         [0208]     Calendar: An optional Calendar feature  435  may allow a user or a group of people to identify and track key dates in a web site production or management schedule. This feature may be helpful when teams are working on more than one project simultaneously.  
         [0209]     Clone: The Clone feature  440  may be used to clone the user&#39;s site and to create an identical twin site. The cloned site can be used for many purposes from performing creative experiments to creating mirror sites. Optionally, this feature may be found in the Configurations form or menus  85 .  
         [0210]     Color Calculator: A Color Calculator feature  445  may be used to select background or test colors by translating, for example, an RGB (red/green/blue) color to, for example, a hexadecimal color.  
         [0211]     Info: An optional “Info” feature  450  may give a user information on which. version of the web management system they are using and when it was last modified.  
         [0212]     Multiple Edits: An optional Multiple Edits feature  455  may allow a user to “dump” the entire content of a site into one text file, wherein global contents may be edited with a standard word processor. Optionally, this feature may be included in the Page Manager  230 .  
         [0213]     Regenerate or Reload: The web management system  30  may generate part or all of the at least partially static pages from the database  50 , when changes are made to the site. In this way, both server and database load are greatly reduced. Regeneration may be automatic or user-initiated via a Regenerate feature  460 . During regeneration, various scripts embedded in the contents may be parsed, i.e., detected, activated, and/or processed by the instant web management system. Optionally, this feature may be included in the Page Manager  230 .  
         [0214]     Regenerate Navigation or Rebuild Navigation: In some cases, when no changes have been made to the contents, for example, of a web page, such as, when pages have been deleted or hidden, it is sufficient to select a Regenerate Navigation feature  465  to distribute the changes throughout the directory structure. Optionally, this feature may be included in the Page Manager  230 .  
         [0215]     Report: An optional Report feature  470  may allow the user to run a variety of site management reports on the user&#39;s web site. Reports include, for example, the largest object files, the newest pages, the oldest pages, the pages by owner, the pages by structure, the largest assets, the oldest assets, the newest assets, the assets by owner, and/or the most frequently visited pages, and any combination thereof.  
       Illustrative Method of Creating a New Web Page  
       [0216]     To create a new web page, a user may click on the “Add a Page” form  235 , for example. An “Add a Page” form  235 , such as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 18 , may appear and may include entries for the page&#39;s attributes and location. Some or all of following fields and instructions may be included to help the user fill in the form to create a new web page.  
         [0217]     Name  
         [0218]     The Name field  475  may include the name that may appear throughout the site&#39;s sub-directory navigation system as the web page&#39;s name.  
         [0219]     Title  
         [0220]     The Title field  480  may include is the name that appears at the top of the browser screen. Optionally, it may be longer and more descriptive than the page name in the Name field  475 .  
         [0221]     Parent  
         [0222]     By selecting a parent in a Parent field  485 , the user may fix the page&#39;s relational place in the web site. Optionally, if the user creates a page without a parent, it may, for example, become a directory by default.  
         [0223]     URL  
         [0224]     Using a URL field  490 , a user may define a URL path to the created web page, such as, /pagename.html or an internal path, such as, /directoryname/pagename.html.  
         [0225]     Optionally, if the user forgets to enter the initial “/” in the URL, the web management system  30  may insert it for the user. Optionally, if the user accidentally enters two periods together, the web management system may automatically remove the extraneous period. That is, the web management system may include known common typing errors and automatically check for and correct them. There need be no change to the name, path or URL, if the user changes the page&#39;s location in the site. Although two or more pages can share the same name, their URLs must, however, all be unique. The user may also enter an external name and create a link to another web site as part of the navigation. The user may use, for example, the full path name in this case.  
         [0226]     Description  
         [0227]     The Description field  500  may include a short metafile containing a short description of the page.  
         [0228]     Owner  
         [0229]     An Owner field  505  may contain the e-mail address or addresses of the owner, or person who should receive e-mail messages when this web page is modified. Although such notification is useful, the site owner, for example, may not want to be deluged with messages if hundreds of changes are made on the page every day.  
         [0230]     Sort Priority  
         [0231]     Priority refers to the web pages&#39; order of appearance in their sub-directories. Pages may be sorted, for example, by number, and then by name. Pages with the same number may be sorted alphabetically. Pages with lower numbers may, for example, appear higher on the lists in navigation. The web management system  30  may number its pages from, for example, one to twenty, with one being the highest priority. Numbers greater than twenty are acceptable. Of course, alternative orderings are also acceptable. For example, the largest number may have the highest priority. A Sort Priority field  510  may include the web page&#39;s priority within the sub-directory navigation hierarchy.  
         [0232]     Subnav  
         [0233]     A Subnav menu  515 , related to the Subnav feature discussed above, may allow the user to select among different types of sub-directory navigation, the local navigation optionally found at the left of the web page. The user&#39;s choices may include collapsible, indented subnav (non-collapsible), and no subnav. The user may also create a new style in the Subnav Template Manager  305  and it may be added to this list of choices. The default may, for example, be set in the user settings or in the Preferences or Configuration menus  85 .  
         [0234]     Template  
         [0235]     The Template field  520  may include a document that controls the basic “look and feel” of the pages in a site. As discussed above, different templates may be used in the site to accommodate special purposes. The user may switch between templates here. The user may create as many templates as the user wants, without slowing the site down from the perspective of a web surfer.  
         [0236]     Image  
         [0237]     The user can use graphic elements including artwork and/or special font treatments in the navigation area or where the logo may appear. If the user wants to replace an existing mast image, for example, the user may load a new image into asset management and select it from an Image field  525 .  
         [0238]     Forums  
         [0239]     A user may attach an interactive posting environment or forum to any page by selecting a forum in a Forums field  530 . To create a forum, the user may use the Forums Manager  100 , as described above.  
         [0240]     Attach Asset Folder  
         [0241]     An Attach Asset Folder  535  may allow the user to attach a listing of a folder to a page. This listing may be similar to a Browse feature in the Assets Manager  60 , but may be limited to a view of the folder selected or attached. If a user is not logged in or does not have proper access, he may not be able to modify or delete these assets.  
         [0242]     External Link  
         [0243]     An External link field  540  may permit a user to select “Yes,” if the user is using an external URL. Optionally, this field may be set automatically, if the user enter a URL starting with http:/; https:/; ftp:/; telnet:/; gopher://, for example. Plainly, as other file transfer or scripting standards evolve, this field may be updated to reflect the changes.  
         [0244]     URL Method  
         [0245]     The URL method field  545  may determine whether the web management system  30  will open this page in the same browser window (optionally, a default), a new browser window, a help window, or a panel window.  
         [0246]     Content  
         [0247]     A Content field  550  may enable a user to enter the page&#39;s contents in a content graphical window  555  or other standard user-entry means. The user may compose the user&#39;s HTML-formatted text here, or in any HTML editor and simply copy into the content window  555 . When the user updates a page, the same content window may appear for editing purposes. If scripting is disabled, standard steps may be taken to remove embedded scripting, such as by using PHP or ColdFusion scripting tools.  
         [0248]     Cat  
         [0249]     A Cat field  560  refers to “category.” This menu may create links to related topics. When other pages related to the same categories are created, a list of “Related Links” may optionally be cross-referenced automatically.  
         [0250]     Advantageously, the list of “Related Links” may be an important extension of the sub-directory navigation system because the list may offer a user current and relevant items that may fall within his path of interest. For a commercial or publishing site, the user may, for example, make it a habit to enter this field with a new item whenever the user finishes creating a page. As the user&#39;s site grows, the user may find the list to be a useful resource.  
         [0251]     New Cat  
         [0252]     A New Cat field  565  may, for example, allow a user to create a new object category containing a subject related to the content of the user&#39;s page.  
         [0253]     Keywords  
         [0254]     A Keywords field  570  may, for example, set the meta-tag keywords, which are used by most standard search engines to locate this page. Keywords may include a sample page object.  
         [0255]     Show  
         [0256]     A Show field  575  may determine whether a web page is visible to a web surfer. The default may, for example, be set to “Yes.” If the user wants to hide a page in site navigation, the user may set it to “No.” This may be a handy feature when the user want to work on a replacement page, but also wants to keep the original in place until the user completes work on the replacement page.  
         [0257]     Group  
         [0258]     A Group field  580  may be used to select which group will have access to this page&#39;s administration. If the user has not formed groups, a default setting for the Group field may be access to all.  
         [0259]     Make Page  
         [0260]     When adding a page, the user has the option of generating that page so that it will show up immediately as a static page, or simply entering it into the database and regenerating the entire site at a later time, which may be a convenient time-saver when creating multiple pages. If the user sets a Make Page field  585  to “No,” the user&#39;s new page may be stored in the database  50  and made into a static page only after the user manually regenerates the page. Set at “Yes,” the user&#39;s page may be generated automatically.  
         [0261]     Rebuild Navigation  
         [0262]     When set to “Yes,” a Rebuild Navigation field  590  may will automatically rebuilds all navigational elements, when the user&#39;s page is updated. Set at “No,” revisions of the page may not be made in the sub-directory navigation system. Advantageously, this may speed up the page creation and revision process.  
       Illustrative Methods of Updating an Existing Web Page  
       [0263]     For example, there may be one, two, or more ways to edit an existing page. The following alternative ways are intended to be exemplary, and non-limiting.  
         [0264]     I. A user may prefer the Update a Page form  252 , as shown, by way of example, in  FIG. 19 , in the Page Manager  220 , if only one page needs to be altered.  
         [0265]     II. Alternatively, the user may opt for the Page Panel  250 , when a number of web pages need to be altered. The Page Panel  250  may, for example, give the user fast consecutive access to any page in the site.  
       Illustrative Method of Managing Assets  
       [0266]     Asset management provides the web management system users with a system to organize assets, from text files to graphic images. By way of illustration, referring to  FIG. 20 , to start using the Asset Manager  60 , the user may, for example, perform the following steps:  
         [0267]     I. The user may click on the New Folder  70  to create a new assets folder. The user may give it a short name, describing its contents, and nest it where the user sees fit. For example, as in  FIG. 20 , an optional folder, named Gif and containing GIFS, may be nested in a folder named Images.  
         [0268]     II. The user may invoke the asset “Panel” and may see the user&#39;s folder name therein. The user may then click on the Gif folder, in this example.  
         [0269]     III. The panel may now be switched to show the contents of the user&#39;s (still empty) folder. The user may click on the “New” link to add a file.  
         [0270]     IV. The user&#39;s browser page may, for example, show a form for renaming, describing and/or uploading a file to the user&#39;s web server  20 . Optionally, only folders and images under the Images folder in Assets may show up on the “Update an Asset” form, in this example.  
       Illustrative Method of Specifying an Asset  
       [0271]     The user can use the following functions in any contents template or objects to specify an asset:  
         [0272]     The most commonly used assets are images (standard GIF and JPEG files). The HTML tags that connect an image to a page specify the image name, path and usually, size.  
         [0273]     Image (Asset Name)  
         [0274]     By using this simple tag, the web management system  30  may connect the user&#39;s image and/or calculate its size. For example, referring to  FIG. 21 , an image of a fish may have a tag, Image(fish). Optionally, when the user updates the image through the Assets Manager  60 , the web management system  30  may automatically recalculate the image size, if it has been changed. As long as the asset name remains the same, the user may use any file name to replace it. For example, if the name of the asset is “employee-picture” and it contains an image “Joe.gif”to replace it with new image, such as, “Jane.gif” the user need only upload the new image to the specified asset. The user may regenerate the web page or the web site, after replacing the image.  
         [0275]     AssetUrl (Asset Location)  
         [0276]     Applying this tag or form, a user may specify a path to the user&#39;s asset. A user may thus connect assets that download or “pop open” a separate window or application. This tag may be used as a part of a standard HTML tag: &lt;A HREF=“AssetUrl (the user&#39;s asset name)”&lt;/A&gt; 
         [0277]     ImageUrl (Asset Location)  
         [0278]     A user may apply this tag to specify a unique path to the user&#39;s asset, instead of naming it (in case of a naming conflict) or when the user want to size the user&#39;s image arbitrarily, as in the case of a spacing element. Referring to  FIG. 22 , this tag may be used as a part of a standard HTML tag: &lt;IMG SRC=ImgeUrl(clear) WIDTH=“1” HEIGHT=“10”&gt; 
         [0279]     ImageHtmlDim (Asset Location)  
         [0280]     A user may apply this tag to produce the user&#39;s image dimensions, for example, height and/or width, optionally automatically.  
         [0281]     ImageHeight (Asset Location)  
         [0282]     This tag may be used to produce the user&#39;s image height.  
         [0283]     ImageWidth (Asset Location)  
         [0284]     This tag may be used to calculate and to produce the user&#39;s image width as a number.  
         [0285]     The argument for the above tags or functions may include an asset location or the name of the asset. An asset location may include the path of the folders the user must open to get to the asset followed by the name. The format for the location may be very specific. Optionally, the default path may, for example, begin with: Assets::Images. So, advantageously, the user need not include that in the path. Rather, the remaining path need only be specified. As such, the format, for example, may include:  
         [0286]     Folder1::Folder2::Folder3::FolderN::ImageName  
         [0287]     Using the Assets Manager  60  or asset management, in general, according to the instant invention, may be especially beneficial in situations of team work. However, if the user prefers not to use it, the user may alternatively use standard FTP, HTML, and/or URL path conventions in the appropriate template. Or, the user may use the external URL of the Asset Manager and use the above tags or functions.  
       Illustrative Methods of Migrating Legacy Structures  
       [0288]     A user may desire to migrate existing relational databases and current web-based applications into the new web management system format. Three alternative, illustrative ways of performing this task are as follows:  
         [0289]     I. For example, a user may include links to those applications in the sub-directory navigation.  
         [0290]     II. The user may incorporate the templates used by the application into the web management system  30  to allow for continuous updates of the layout.  
         [0291]     III. Alternatively, the web management system  30  may maintain the page(s) for the application, and transform them into some server-side scripting language via standard Cold Fusion or PHP scripting techniques.  
         [0000]     Alternative Environments  
         [0292]     In an alternative embodiment, the above-mentioned computer network may include a virtual private network (VPN), thereby taking advantage. of existing PSTN infrastructure while providing a secure and private environment for information exchange regarding resource usage. Advantageously, data sent from the VPN is encrypted, thereby enhancing the privacy of customers. That is, because the VPN includes a tunneling protocol, the instant invention effectively may use the Internet as part of a private secure network. That is, the “tunnel” is the particular path that a given company message or file might travel through the Internet.  
         [0293]     In another embodiment, the above-described computer network may alternatively include an extranet, wherein customers may securely exchange large volumes of resource usage data using a standard data exchange format, for example, Electronic Data Interchange. To this extent, an extranet may enable customers to share news of common interest, for example, aggregated resource usage, exclusively with partner companies.  
         [0294]     It should be understood that although standard graphical user interface browsers have been discussed, standard text only browsers, such as Lynx, may be used for UNIX shell and VMS users. Users of such text-only browsers may download comma-delimited ASCII files of, for example, their usage data.  
         [0295]     For completeness,  FIG. 23  is an illustration of a computer system for implementing the computer processing in accordance with a computer implemented embodiment of the present invention. The procedures described above may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on, for example, a computer or network of computers.  
         [0296]     Viewed externally in  FIG. 23 , a computer system designated by reference numeral  900  has a computer  902  having disk drives  904  and  906 . Disk drive indications  904  and  906  are merely symbolic of a number of disk drives which might be accommodated by the computer system. Typically, these would include a floppy disk drive  904 , a hard disk drive (not shown externally) and a CD ROM indicated by slot  906 . The number and type of drives varies, typically with different computer configurations. Disk drives  904  and  906  are in fact optional, and for space considerations, may easily be omitted from the computer system used in conjunction with the production process/apparatus described herein.  
         [0297]     The computer system also has an optional display  908  upon which information is displayed. In some situations, a keyboard  910  and a mouse  902  may be provided as input devices to interface with the central processing unit  902 . Then again, for enhanced portability, the keyboard  910  may be either a limited function keyboard or omitted in its entirety. In addition, mouse  912  may be a touch pad control device, or a track ball device, or even omitted in its entirety as well. In addition, the computer system also optionally includes at least one infrared transmitter and/or infrared received for either transmitting and/or receiving infrared signals, as described below.  
         [0298]      FIG. 24  illustrates a block diagram of the internal hardware of the computer system  900  of  FIG. 23 . A bus  916  serves as the main information highway interconnecting the other components of the computer system  900 . CPU  916  is the central processing unit of the system, performing calculations and logic operations required to execute a program. Read only memory (ROM)  918  and random access memory (RAM)  920  constitute the main memory of the computer. Disk controller  922  interfaces one or more disk drives to the system bus  914 . These disk drives may be floppy disk drives such as  904 , or CD ROM or DVD (digital video disks) drive such as  906 , or internal or external hard drives  924 . As indicated previously, these various disk drives and disk controllers are optional devices.  
         [0299]     A display interface  926  interfaces display  908  and permits information from the bus  914  to be displayed on the display  908 . Again as indicated, display  908  is also an optional accessory. For example, display  908  could be substituted or omitted. Communications with external devices, for example, the components of the apparatus described herein, occurs utilizing communication port  928 . For example, optical fibers and/or electrical cables and/or conductors and/or optical communication (e.g., infrared, and the like) and/or wireless communication (e.g., radio frequency (RF), and the like) can be used as the transport medium between the external devices and communication port  928 . Peripheral interface  930  interfaces the keyboard  910  and the mouse  912 , permitting input data to be transmitted to the bus  914 .  
         [0300]     In addition to the standard components of the computer, the computer also optionally includes an infrared transmitter and/or infrared receiver. Infrared transmitter may be utilized when the computer system is used in conjunction with one or more of the processing components/stations that transmits/receives data via infrared signal transmission. Instead of utilizing an infrared transmitter or infrared receiver, the computer system may use a low power radio transmitter and/or a low power radio receiver. The low power radio transmitter may transmit the signal for reception by components of the production process, and may receive signals from the components via the low power radio receiver. The low power radio transmitter and/or receiver are standard devices in industry.  
         [0301]      FIG. 25  is an illustration of an exemplary memory medium  932  which can be used with disk drives illustrated in  FIGS. 23 and 24 . Typically, memory media such as floppy disks, or a CD ROM, or a digital video disk will contain, for example, a multi-byte locale for a single byte language and the program information for controlling the computer to enable the computer to perform the functions described herein. Alternatively, ROM  918  and/or RAM  920  illustrated in  FIG. 135  can also be used to store the program information that is used to instruct the central processing unit  916  to perform the operations associated with the production process.  
         [0302]     Although computer system  900  is illustrated having a single processor, a single hard disk drive and a single local memory, the system  900  may suitably be equipped with any multitude or combination of processors or storage devices. Computer system  900  may, in point of fact, be replaced by, or combined with, any suitable processing system operative in accordance with the principles of the present invention, including sophisticated calculators, and hand-held, laptop/notebook, mini, mainframe and super computers, as well as processing system network combinations of the same.  
         [0303]     Conventional processing system architecture is more fully discussed in Computer Organization and Architecture, by William Stallings, MacMillam Publishing Co. (3rd ed. 1993); conventional processing system network design is more fully discussed in Data Network Design, by Darren L. Spohn, McGraw-Hill, Inc. (1993), and conventional data communications is more fully discussed in Data Communications Principles, by R. D. Gitlin, J. F. Hayes and S. B. Weinstain, Plenum Press (1992) and in The Irwin Handbook of Telecommunications, by James Harry Green, Irwin Professional Publishing (2nd ed. 1992). Each of the foregoing publications is incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, the hardware configuration may be arranged according to the multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) multiprocessor format for additional computing efficiency. The details of this form of computer architecture are disclosed in greater detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,131; Boxer, A., Where Buses Cannot Go, IEEE Spectrum, February 1995, pp. 41-45; and Barroso, L. A. et al., RPM: A Rapid Prototyping Engine for Multiprocessor Systems, IEEE Computer February 1995, pp. 26-34, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0304]     In alternate preferred embodiments, the above-identified processor, and, in particular, CPU  916 , may be replaced by or combined with any other suitable processing circuits, including programmable logic devices, such as PALs (programmable array logic) and PLAs (programmable logic arrays). DSPs (digital signal processors), FPGSs (field programmable gate arrays), ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), VLSIs (very large scale integrated circuits) or the like.  
       Glossary  
       [0305]     Abstract  
         [0306]     This may include a brief description of a page. Information here can be used to describe the page in an internal administrative environment (such as a site map). The description can also serve as a handle for site administrative purposes.  
         [0307]     Alias  
         [0308]     Alias may include an abbreviated name for a page. This field can be left blank.  
         [0309]     Directory  
         [0310]     This may include the web site&#39;s main directory name. This field may be in a safety mode and, optionally, the user may not be able to modify it.  
         [0311]     Allow Startup  
         [0312]     This feature may will allow commands to be entered into a web page&#39;s URL. The default is set to “No” and should stay that way, unless there are some technical or PHP-related functions to be performed.  
         [0313]     Build Navigation  
         [0314]     The default may be set to rebuild files when all modifications are done.  
         [0315]     Can Delete Trees? 
         [0316]     “Trees” may refers to the hierarchical offspring, or “family tree,” of a page. The default, may be set to “No,” preventing the user from mistakenly deleting a page that has offspring. If set to “Yes,” and the user deletes a page, the user will also delete its offspring.  
         [0317]     Cat  
         [0318]     Cat may permit a user to select an objects category, wherein an object may be the result of two (or more) intended references. When other pages related to the same categories are created, the list of “Related Links” may be updated and changed automatically.  
         [0319]     Code Table  
         [0320]     This is the code table (list) the user want to associate with an object/field/form.  
         [0321]     Contact Email  
         [0322]     A user may enter an e-mail address for the forum administrator who should receive error or status messages about the forum.  
         [0323]     Content  
         [0324]     A user may enter all HTML-formatted contents for the page. The user may paste in contents prepared by any standard HTML editor.  
         [0325]     Create Forum Password  
         [0326]     A user may use this to set the password that authorizes someone to create a forum.  
         [0327]     Database  
         [0328]     This may include the name of the database where a web site&#39;s files are stored. If this field is in safe mode, optionally, the user may not be able to change it.  
         [0329]     Default Subnav  
         [0330]     The default subnav specifies what type of sub-directory navigational element the user want to use. The user may choose no subnav, collapsible subnav, or indented subnav.  
         [0331]     Description  
         [0332]     This is a brief description of a page. Information here may be picked up by internal search engines. The description may also serve as a handle for site administrative purposes.  
         [0333]     Document Root  
         [0334]     This is the path to the web server that contains this site.  
         [0335]     Forum Key  
         [0336]     The forum key is a unique identifier for a forum, designed for internal use. It can be up to eight characters in length, with no spaces.  
         [0337]     Forum Name  
         [0338]     A user may specify a name for the user&#39;s forum.  
         [0339]     Forum Password  
         [0340]     This is a password that may be used by personnel authorized to administer the forum, delete messages, change flags, etc.  
         [0341]     Global Object  
         [0342]     If this field is set to yes, then the associated object may appear in the site-wide object listing, and will be valid for all pages. Advantageously, only one copy of it need be stored.  
         [0343]     Image  
         [0344]     A user may use a graphic element in the main navigation mast (usually at the top of the screen) if the user want to replace the default style. The user may enter the name of the graphic image to appear in the main navigation mast.  
         [0345]     Image Width  
         [0346]     Image Width is the width of the graphic image (see “Image”) in pixels. The total image width used in the main navigation mast optionally should not exceed the mast-width itself. The image height need not have a limitation.  
         [0347]     Keywords  
         [0348]     A few key words may assist external search engines in locating this page. This field can be left blank.  
         [0349]     Mast Hilite Color  
         [0350]     This specifies the highlight color of the main navigational bar (usually at the top of the page). The hilite color may show, when the user passes over the area with the user&#39;s mouse (“mouse over”). The color may be specified in a standard HTML color code.  
         [0351]     Make Page  
         [0352]     This may add a page to the user&#39;s site. The default is set to “Yes.” When the user are updating a page, the user may keep the default. Selecting “No” when updating a page will store the latest revision in the database until the next regeneration, when it will be cached into a static page.  
         [0353]     Make Static Pages  
         [0354]     This option lets the user create pages that are completely static. It is an option that is useful when creating pages for third parties.  
         [0355]     Mast Color  
         [0356]     This specifies the color of the main navigational bar (usually at the top of the page), when it is not highlighted. The color may be specified in a standard HTML color code.  
         [0357]     Mast File  
         [0358]     A Mast File may include PHP code files for configuration of the mast.  
         [0359]     Mast Width  
         [0360]     A Mast Width is the width of the mast in pixels. The mast may contain the global navigation buttons. It may be placed at the top of the page. Its area may be defined by the distance from the top of the browser screen, the point at which it begins at the left (Top Left) and the mast width.  
         [0361]     Menu Depth  
         [0362]     The menu depth is the number of levels (not the number of items) the user wants to appear under each directory on the mast. The web management system may handle menu depths up to or greater than five.  
         [0363]     Name  
         [0364]     Name refers to what the page is called throughout the site&#39;s navigation system. The user should try and keep this name short; the user can use a longer, more descriptive name in the “Title” field.  
         [0365]     New Cat  
         [0366]     This is a standard input text field that allows the user to create a new category of object. It will then create the category and associate the current object with it.  
         [0367]     Object Name  
         [0368]     This is the name of the object the user will be creating. It must be unique and contain no spaces, tabs, or other non-printable characters. After this object class has been created, the name may be preceded with ‘The web management system_obj_’+ and that keyword may be used in future template translations.  
         [0369]     Object Title  
         [0370]     The object title may include a string that can contain spaces and all types of characters. This field may be displayed on the update form in blue next to the input field.  
         [0371]     Owner  
         [0372]     A user may enter an e-mail address in this field. When this page is modified, notice will be sent to this address. This is an optional system.  
         [0373]     PHP Directory  
         [0374]     This is the name of the directory that stores all the standard PHP code files. This field is normally in safe mode; the user optionally may not be able to change it.  
         [0375]     Parent  
         [0376]     By selecting a parent for this page (click and select from the pop-up), the user place the user&#39;s page into the site structure. Optionally, this relative position—as an offspring or a parent—may be automatically maintained by the web management system as the site grows and changes. The user will be able to easily reposition the page through “update a page.” When moving a parent page, the user automatically move along all its “children.” 
         [0377]     Page DB  
         [0378]     The Page DB may include an existing database that can be used in the creation of a new site. Once the user chooses a database, the contents thereof may be employed in the new site.  
         [0379]     Priority  
         [0380]     As a default, pages may be listed alphabetically in navigational structure. The user can alter their priority by assigning a number to each page. The lower the number, the higher its priority in a list. The numbers go from one to 20, with one being first on the list and 20 being last.  
         [0381]     Rebuild Navigation  
         [0382]     When set to “Yes,” this may automatically rebuild the navigation system.  
         [0383]     Regenerate Pages  
         [0384]     This command may regenerate all the static pages from the database. Since this is a command that can become time-consuming in large sites or with a bad connection, it is possible to set it to “No.” 
         [0385]     Script Directory  
         [0386]     The Script Directory may, for example, be where configuration files are stored. If the site is in safe mode, the user, optionally, may not be able to change it.  
         [0387]     Show  
         [0388]     This may determine whether or not a page shows. The default is set to “Yes.” If the user wants to hide page from showing in site navigation, the user may set it to “No.” This is a handy feature when the user is working on a replacement page, but wants to keep the original in place until the user has completed his work.  
         [0389]     Show Object  
         [0390]     If this is set to “yes,” then the object may be shown on all update screens. If it is not, then the object may not be shown, and thus not updatable from the client system.  
         [0391]     Subnav  
         [0392]     This menu may allow the user to select among different types of sub-directory navigation (the local navigation usually at the left of the screen). The user&#39;s choices may be: collapsible (the default style), no subnav, and indented (non-collapsible) subnav. The user may also create a new style at the “Subnav” and it may be added to this list.  
         [0393]     Template  
         [0394]     The template may include a file that controls the basic structure of the pages in this site. Different templates can be used in the site to accommodate special purposes. The user may switch between templates from this page. To add and manipulate existing templates, the user may look into files, for example, with standard htx extensions.  
         [0395]     Thread Off Color  
         [0396]     This specifies the color of the unselected local navigation links (usually at the left of the screen).  
         [0397]     Thread on Color  
         [0398]     This specifies the color of the hypertext links in the local navigation area (usually at the left of the screen) when they are selected. The color may be specified in a standard HTML color code.  
         [0399]     Timeout  
         [0400]     Timeout is the time, for example, in milliseconds, that a pull-down menu will continue to appear after it is no longer selected. Why does the user need timeout? When moving the mouse from one item to another, the selected pull-down menus would collapse instantly without a time delay. The timeout feature keeps the menus from collapsing for the split second it takes to move the mouse from one item to another. The default may be one second (1,000 milliseconds); a possible useful range may be, for example, between 500 to 1500 milliseconds.  
         [0401]     Title  
         [0402]     Title refers to the name of the page as it appears in the top of the browser window.  
         [0403]     Top  
         [0404]     Top refers to the measurement in pixels from the top of the page to the top of the mast containing the navigation bar.  
         [0405]     Topleft  
         [0406]     Topleft refers to the measurement in pixels from the left of the browser screen to the point where the navigation mast starts.  
         [0407]     Top Start  
         [0408]     Top Start refers to the measurement in pixels from the top of the screen to the point in height from which the pull-down menus start popping.  
         [0409]     Type Name  
         [0410]     This is the name of the type of asset the user are creating.  
         [0411]     URL  
         [0412]     The Universal Resource Locator, or address of the page.  
         [0413]     URL Method  
         [0414]     The URL Method may specify how the user wants the new page opened in a window. The page may be opened a normal window, a help window, or a panel.  
         [0415]     The Web Management System DB  
         [0416]     This may be the master database for all the web management system sites.  
         [0417]     The Web Management System Project Id  
         [0418]     This may include the project ID linking a web site back into the master database.  
         [0419]     MustSendFile  
         [0420]     The user may attach a file when creating an asset.  
         [0421]     NotExist  
         [0422]     The asset the user is trying to modify does not exist.  
         [0423]     NoSuchEntry  
         [0424]     The entry the user is trying to modify does not exist.  
         [0425]     EntryExistsAlready  
         [0426]     The entry the user is trying to add already exists. Entries must be unique per code table (list)  
         [0427]     AlreadyExists  
         [0428]     The object the user is trying to create already exists.  
         [0429]     NameHasSpaces  
         [0430]     The object name the user are creating contains spaces, or other prohibited characters in its name.