Abstract:
A system uses number of analytical devices such as an electron microscope a Raman microscope, an ion beam column and a scanning probe microscope for sample analysis concurrent, consecutive or with the mutual correlation of the analysis performed by the different devices in the same sample area using the connection of the Raman microscope optical objective lens and objective manipulator, that significantly reduces time needed for analyzing by Raman microscope together with other devices and maintains high quality of the sensed signals comparable to stand alone analytical devices.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to CZ Application No. PV 2014-184, filed on Mar. 26, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The submitted invention involves the system with Raman microscope and the electron microscope for analysis of specimen located in the vacuum chamber. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The current applications of electron microscopes require continuously increasing analytical capabilities of the apparatus. The important data on the examined sample are obtained, for instance, by a method of diffraction back scattered electrons, by energy or wavelength-dispersive spectrometry but also by optical methods such as the Raman spectrometry. Thus, joining of Raman spectrometry and electron microscope, the simultaneous use of the high resolution of transmission electron microscope or scanning electron microscope, allow to analyze chemical compounds of the specific point of the specimen by Raman scattering of the incident light that is profoundly below light resolution limit. 
         [0004]    Among technical applications are some systems known in which the electron microscope and Raman microscope are parallel next to each other as it is apparent in the documentation JPH06347405, EP2469253, U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,804. In all of these systems it is necessary, during analyzing by electron microscope and Raman microscope, to move the sample between the optical axes of particular systems. That yields several disadvantages, foremost the complicated and slow adjustment of the sample position making more difficult to achieve the sample analysis at the same precise point in both microscopes. 
         [0005]    This disadvantage is removed in the systems with the coincidental set up of optical axes of electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy system such as JPH06347343 that describes the system for measurement stress distribution on the sample and JP2010190595 in which the navigation at the specimen is assured by burning the marks using laser. Both of these documents, together with those described above, leave the disadvantage of the necessity to continue setting the incident point of the light beam for Raman spectroscopic analysis by moving the sample stage. This yields the disadvantage that behavior of the piezo-manipulator depends on a specimen weight which is more significant especially at higher speeds of the sample stage. Further with every position change towards the optical axis of the system with Raman spectroscopy also the position towards optical axes of other analytical equipment changes and in these it is often necessary to adjust their directions and calibrate. This disadvantage arises especially in Raman mapping of a specific area. 
         [0006]    Further the systems that use the mirrors exist which direct and focus the light beam at the sample and also include the aperture for concomitant using of an electron beam which goes through the aperture and is directed at the same place in the sample. A such system has been described for instance in the document U.S. Pat. No. 6,885,445, EP1412796 and FR2596863 which, the same as the systems stated above, are not able to set the point of the impinging light beam for Raman spectroscopic analysis other than by moving the sample itself. If the mirror is used, usually parabolic one, by focusing the light beam at the sample a lower quality of the picture and a bigger spot dimension is usually achieved compared to using the lenses. These instruments commonly reach the resolution of only 2 5 micrometers, which is incomparably worse than in typical stand-alone Raman microscopes. Another disadvantage is much smaller field of view for the navigation on the sample than by using of the optical objective. 
         [0007]    With concurrent use of the electron beam, the mirror with aperture uses the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,139,071 and it has the same disadvantages in that case. By defocusing the light beam hitting the sample, this system allows scanning in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the laser beam. Scanning in one direction is achieved with a moveable plate with an aperture in the path of the scattered light of the spectroscopic device. In the other direction this system allows scanning by using a detector which can create the virtual slit by selecting of certain lines of pixels. As the incident light beam needs to be defocussed for scanning, the light intensity impinging the analyzed point is significantly reduced and the low intensity of the scattered light worsens the analytical ability of this system. There is a lower useful signal to noise ratio, a longer time needed for analysis and therefore, the system is not useful for some applications. 
         [0008]    It can be further mentioned that the inspection system for semi-conductors in the document JP2001330563 that uses galvanometric scanning mirror that is able to deflect the laser beam at a plane perpendicular to the laser beam axis. This maintains disadvantage to focus by the sample stage. This means to move the sample stage to set the point where the light beam impinges the sample in the direction of the light beam axis. Another disadvantage of this system is the fact that the laser beam is directed out of the objective optical axis in the course of deflection and that increases the spherical aberration of the system. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a Raman microscope and electron microscope analytical system comprising a vacuum chamber, a chamber stage to support a sample in a vacuum chamber, an electron microscope having electron microscope optical axis for producing electron beam and directing it to the sample and a Raman microscope that comprises a spectroscopy system, a scattered light detector, an illumination source, a light beam forming optics and an optical objective lens having Raman microscope optical axis, said optical objective lens is configured to focus received light beam at the sample so as to create a light spot at the sample and induce scattered light, wherein said optical objective lens is connected to the objective manipulator that allows movement of the optical objective lens in at least first direction along the Raman microscope optical axis and second direction in a plane perpendicular to the Raman microscope optical axis. 
         [0010]    Advantageously, the optical objective lens is connected to three-dimensional objective manipulator. 
         [0011]    In another embodiment, the objective manipulator is configured for scanning specific at least two dimensional sample area. 
         [0012]    In another embodiment, the analytical system further comprises the confocal means that reduce scattered light from non-desired planes out of the focal point. 
         [0013]    Further benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a careful reading of the description of preferred embodiments with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  is a schematic picture of the Raman microscope and electron microscope analytical system in accordance with the preferred embodiments of the present invention 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is a schematic picture of the objective lens in a first position set by the objective manipulator 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a schematic picture of the objective lens in a second position set by the objective manipulator 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a schematic picture of the Raman microscope and electron microscope analytical system example in the alternative arrangement of analytical instruments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0018]    The example of preferred embodiment of the analytical system with Raman microscope and electron microscope is schematically drawn in  FIG. 1 . It comprises of a vacuum chamber  1  that serves for preserving of vacuum needed for function of the instruments using charged particles and it also forms the support for other system parts such as the chamber stage  2 . The chamber stage  2  allows positioning of the sample  3  and is attached to vacuum chamber  1  by a movable stage manipulator  27 . The stage manipulator  27  can function due to piezoelectric effect or can be actuated by a motor. The chamber stage  2  can be moved in all three axes and it also can turn around at least one axis. Besides supporting of the sample  3  can the stage manipulator  27  be used to position the sample  3  for analysis of certain point of sample  3  by some analytical instrument or also it can move the sample  3  to another analytical instrument. For those skilled in this area of technology, there are other ways to move the chamber stage  2 , for instance manual, hydraulic or pneumatic, it is not excluded that the chamber stage  2  is even firmly connected with the vacuum chamber  1  or it is the part of the vacuum chamber  1 . For instance, on geological applications or in semi-conductor industry, the chamber stage  2  can be alternatively replaced by a conveyor carrying samples  3  and moving them in the vacuum chamber  1  space. 
         [0019]    There is also electron microscope  4  connected to the vacuum chamber  1  which is in this preferred embodiment set as the scanning electron microscope  4 . The electron microscope  4  that has the electron microscope optical axis  23  is adjusted mainly to generate the electron beam  5 , to direct and focus it at the sample  3  for interaction with the sample  3  and further detection of the products of this interaction such as secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, auger electrons, transmitted electrons, X-rays and photons. In the alternative embodiment, the electron microscope is set as the transmission electron microscope when there are for example transmitted electrons as the product of the interaction. There are many known detectors converting some of the mentioned products into electrical signal. These detectors are well known to skilled professionals familiar with this technology so there is no need to further explain. The high resolution that is achieved by the electron microscope  4  and the interaction of electrons with the sample  3  followed by the detection of products of such interactions provides much information of the analyzed sample  3 . Despite of that there is a number of characteristics that cannot be reliably analyzed by electron microscope such as chemical bonds and identification of molecules present. 
         [0020]    That is why the system includes also Raman microscope  6  that is suitable for identifying the molecules. The analytical system with Raman microscope and electron microscope uses a synergy based for example on the fact that the Raman microscope analysis of the sample  3  the chemical composition of the specific point of the sample  3  can be assessed and the electron microscope  4  allows the resolution much higher than differential margin of light. Further it is possible to correlate Raman analysis of the sample  3  with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX or wave dispersive X-ray spectroscopy WDX, which are techniques for detecting the elemental composition of the sample  3  using the electron beam. The elemental mapping of the sample  3  based on EDX or WDX analysis allows the detection of Raman spectrum. Further it is possible to use the navigation in the sample  3  by means of electron microscope  4  which is, for its large field of view, more convenient than commonly used navigations by the light microscope in which, due to higher resolution, a larger numeric aperture is required, resulting usually in a smaller field of view. In the advantageous description in  FIG. 1 , the Raman microscope  6  includes also a spectrometric system  7  that is attached to the vacuum chamber  1 . In some other implementation the spectroscopic system can be attached via the optic fiber due to more convenient placement in the space (not in the figure). Spectroscopic system  7  is in the convenient implementation consisting of the setting of optical elements, grid and detector of scattered light  8  that consists of CCD chip. Alternatively, some other equipment that is able to change the light signal in the electrical signal can be used. 
         [0021]    The other part of Raman microscope  6  is light source  9  and light beam forming optics  10  that are attached to vacuum chamber. The light source  9  is the solid state laser source type Nd:YAG. Alternatively other laser sources can be used with the wave length from ultra-violet to near infra-red, such as gas laser Helium-neon. According to the convenient construction  FIG. 1  the laser source  9  and light beam forming optics  10  are located outside of the vacuum chamber  1  and outside the optical axis of the optical objective lens  11  which optic axis is further named as the Raman microscope optical axis  15 . The optical objective lens  11  can be done for instance as a separate lens or the set of optical lenses. Light beam  12  directs at the optical objective lens  11  via an aperture (not in the figure) in the wall of the vacuum chamber  1 . Directing of the light beam  12  can be achieved for instance by semi-permeable mirror  13  as stated in  FIG. 1  or by other optical elements used for the reflection or the deflection of light. In some other implementation there can be light source  9  and the light beam forming optics  10 , for reason of more convenient spatial distribution, attached for instance by the optic fiber (not in the figure) or the light source  9  and light beam forming optics  10  can be placed in the vacuum chamber  1 . In alternative setting, the light source  9 , light beam forming optics  10 , light beam  12 , the aperture and optical objective lens  11  are set in the Raman microscope optical axis  15 . 
         [0022]    The optical objective lens  11  is adjusted to focus the coming light beam  12  to the focal point on sample  3  to create the light spot  14  at this sample  3  and to induce scattered light  16 . The light spot  14  on the sample  3  can be created on the surface of sample  3  as illustrated on  FIG. 2  or in the sample  3  mass as illustrated on  FIG. 3 . Both  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  show the light beam  12  that has to be homogeneous and wide enough to prevent significant intensity changes of the light spot  14  on specimen  3  when objective manipulator  17  moves the optical objective lens  11 . An arrangement allows the objective manipulator  17  to be two-dimensional which assures the motion of optical objective lens  11  in the first direction along the Raman microscope optical axis  15  and in the other direction the motion of optical objective lens  11  perpendicularly to the Raman microscope optical axis  15 . In such setting, the Raman analysis of a chosen point on the sample  3  can be done in the plane parallel to the Raman microscope optical axis  15 . In the convenient setting, the objective manipulator  17  is adjusted to scan a specific two-dimensional area of the specimen  3  in this plane. In the course of that, the area is being captured point by point, where each point includes the entire spectrum. Measured spectrums are recorded and the image is created according these values. In the convenient setting shown on  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , the objective manipulator  17  is attached to the vacuum chamber  1  on one side and to the optical objective lens  11  on the other side. In this setting, the objective manipulator  17  is made as a three-dimensional objective manipulator  17 , and thus allows performing the Raman analysis of the chosen point on sample  3  at any point on the sample  3  surface or in the sample  3  mass. In the convenient setting, the objective manipulator  17  is adjusted for scanning a specific two-dimensional or three-dimensional area of the sample  3 . The objective manipulator consists for example of several piezoelectric components which are deformed after application of voltage and thus causing the movement of optical objective lens  11  in two or in all three axes. Such objective manipulator  17  is advantageous for its life span, the speed and precision. Alternatively the objective manipulator  17  can be driven by motor, hydraulic and pneumatic equipment. Moving of the optical objective lens  11  itself has a number of advantages, such as independence of properties of the objective manipulator  17  on the weight of the sample  3  because the weight of the optical objective lens  11  is always the same; further, the position of the sample  3  can be maintained stabile when using other connected analytical instruments, even when the scanning is performed by Raman microscope  6 . 
         [0023]    The best results are attained when the system is confocal, as shown in  FIG. 1 . In the convenient setting, this can be achieved by adjusting the optical objective lens  11  for collecting and directing scattered light  16  to confocal means that is made as confocal means optics  18  and pinhole  19 . Confocal means optics  18  can be realized by using said optical objective lens  11 , by a mirror or by a lens. Pinhole  19  can be realized by using a tip of optical fiber, using an aperture, a slit or segment of the CCD chip of the scattered light detector  8 , as is apparent to any professional familiar with this technical field. Confocal system thus reduces the light from unwanted out-of-focus planes, which allows passage of the scattered light  16  with the largest portion of the light exactly from the focal point of the light beam  12 . The scattered light  16  is detected with the scattered light detector  8  and is spectrally resolved in the spectroscopy system  7 . 
         [0024]    The optical objective lens  11  adjustable by means of three-dimensional manipulator of the objective lens  17  in confocal setting allows not only two-dimensional mapping of the sample  3  surface but also creating three-dimensional data set by means of three-dimensional mapping. Three-dimensional mapping is useful for instance in mapping topographically indented surface and also in 3D tomography of a sample  3  that is transparent to a laser light. Such tomography is hugely advantageous because it is not destructive. The other solution of creating a 3D view can be to equip the analytical system with ion beam column  20 . Ion beam column  20  serves for creating a focused ion beam  21  and its directing at the sample  3 . With this focused ion beam  21  it is possible to mill the surface of the sample  3  the layer after layer and to analyze newly created surfaces. Such 3D tomography is destructive but usable also on samples  3  non-transparent to the laser. 
         [0025]    Various applications and the spatial possibilities of more complicated equipment can require various spatial settings of individual components of the analytical system, that is the electron microscope  4 , Raman microscope  6  and ion beam column  20  that can be organized parallel next to each other or they can be oriented in an angle so that their beams can meet at the same spot on the sample  3 . 
         [0026]    It is advantageous that ion beam column optical axis  22  is in angle to the electron microscope optical axis  23  so that the ion beam  21  and the electron beam  5  are able to meet at the same spot at the sample  3 . This is advantageous in modification of the sample  3  by ion beam  21  and with concurrent imaging of the sample  3  by means of electron microscope  4  without any need to move the sample  3 . 
         [0027]    In another embodiment the Raman microscope optical axis  15  is in an angle to the electron microscope optical axis  23  so that the light beam  12  and the electron beam  5  are able to meet at the same spot of the sample  3 . Thus it is possible to correlate the image of the electron microscope  4  with Raman analysis of the same area of the sample  3  without any need to move the sample  3 . 
         [0028]    The advantages of both prior settings are joined in the spatial arrangement where the ion beam column optical axis  22  and the electron microscope optical axis  23  are in angle to the Raman microscope optical axis  15  so that the ion beam  21 , the electron beam  5  and the light beam  12  are able to meet at the same spot at the sample  3 . Moreover there is beneficial spatial arrangement, in which the chamber stage  2  is connected to stage manipulator  27  configured to move the sample  3  from the first position where the Raman microscope optical axis  15  intersects the sample  3  to the second position where the electron microscope optical axis  23  intersects the sample  3  as shown on  FIG. 4 . Advantageously the Raman microscope optical axis  15  and the electron microscope optical axis  23  are substantially parallel to each other. In such setting we avoid specimen relocation that is less precise and more difficult and time consuming due to need to provide tilt and the direct motion in one direction. 
         [0029]    The Raman microscope and electron microscope analytical system described above can be further equipped with scanning probe microscope  24  to achieve very high resolution. Scanning probe microscope  24  comprises the scanning probe microscope cantilever  25  and the scanning probe microscope stage  26  placed on the chamber stage  2 . In one embodiment there is the scanning probe microscope cantilever  25  movable to provide fine scanning of the sample  3 . It is advantage that the scanning probe microscope cantilever  25  movement is independent on the movement of the optical objective lens  11 . This allows simultaneous Raman and scanning probe microscope analysis contrary to systems those uses sample  3  movements for Raman analysis. In another embodiment there is the scanning probe microscope stage  26  movable to provide fine scanning of the sample  3 . 
         [0030]    Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is, therefore, contemplated that the appended claims will cover such modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the inventio 
       REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
           1  vacuum chamber 
           2  chamber stage 
           3  sample 
           4  electron microscope 
           5  electron beam 
           6  Raman microscope 
           7  spectroscopy system 
           8  scattered light detector 
           9  illumination source 
           10  light beam forming optics 
           11  optical objective lens 
           12  light beam 
           13  mirror 
           14  light spot 
           15  Raman microscope optical axis 
           16  scattered light 
           17  objective manipulator 
           18  confocal means optics 
           19  pinhole 
           20  ion beam column 
           21  ion beam 
           22  ion beam column optical axis 
           23  electron microscope optical axis 
           24  scanning probe microscope 
           25  scanning probe microscope cantilever 
           26  scanning probe microscope stage 
           27  stage manipulator