Abstract:
A magneto hydrodynamic apparatus and method for generating electrical power comprising: magnetic field generating elements ( 12, 13;22, 23; 31; 44; 54 ) for generating a magnetic field (B) within a flowing, conductive fluid like sea water, which magnetic field generating elements have a construction enclosing a construction volume; electrode elements ( 11, 14, 24; 21, 24, 25; 41; 54 ) to supply electrical power caused by said flowing, conductive fluid in the magnetic field, wherein the magnetic field generating elements are arranged to produce a substantial portion of the generated magnetic field outside the construction volume.

Description:
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     1.1 State of the Art: Tidal &amp; Ocean Current Exploitation 
     A huge amount of energy is present in the world&#39;s tidal and ocean currents. Estimated is an amount of 200,000 MW for ocean tidal and 50,000 MW for ocean currents (Charlier, 1982). 
     However, today this vast amount of energy is hardly exploited. At present only one 250 MW tidal power scheme is in operation, in France in the estuary of the river Rance. The scheme utilises a barrage to block the tidal flow and to release it through propeller turbines, see FIG.  1 . 
     Devices which are yet in the test-phase are so-called free stream devices, see FIG. 2 (adapted from IT-power News, 1993). These devices do not need a barrage but directly convert the kinetic energy of the current into mechanical energy. Their development descend from the windmill turbine technology. However, as yet no free stream device has reached the pilot-state. 
     Plans for large scale application are now being developed, like the Cenex (Current Energy Exploitation) plan to harness energy from the strait of Messina. The first phase of this project foresees in the installation of about 100 Darieus-type turbines. 
     1.2 Drawbacks 
     Both the barrage and the free stream devices have their specific drawbacks. The barrage systems involve large scale civil engineering works (the barrage itself). Apart from the large capital needs for the construction, these systems have a large environmental impact during construction, but also during operation. With respect to the free stream devices, it can be stated that their environmental impact is less. However, as the mechanical energy is not densified before conversion (like in the barrage type through blocking of the flow) the amount of energy converted per turbine is less. In addition, as these turbines have to operate in a hazardous marine environment, the turbines (involving numerous moving parts) are prone to corrosion and mechanical failure. As they are less easily accessible, maintenance of the underwater mechanical engineering works (rotor blades, seals, gear box, generator) is costly and time consuming. 
     1.3 Historic Background 
     The first person who became aware of the interaction between an electric and a magnetic field is Michael Faraday. As part of his experiments, he tried to measure an electrical potential, generated by the tidal flow passing Waterloo&#39;s bridge in the earth&#39;s magnetic field (Faraday, 1839). However, possibly due to the low magnetic field strength (at 52 Deg. latitude (Holland/UK), the horizontal component of the earth magnetic field amounts to 1.8 10 −5  Tesla) Faraday was not able to detect a potential difference. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,173 discloses a magneto hydrodynamic generator. The generator comprises a float attached to suspension means. At the other side of the suspension means, magnetohydrodynamic conversion means are connected for suspending on the float at a deep level in the sea. In us, the float is going up and down due to movement of the sea at its surface and, thus, the conversion means are moving up and down below the sea surface. Sea water is forced to flow through an outward flared opening passageway into a working volume of the converter means. Electrodes are provided within this working volume. In use, the conversion means produce a magnetic field, at least within the working volume, and an electric field will be produced between the electrodes due to the magnetic field within this working volume and the sea water flowing within this working volume. Electrical power may be taken from these electrodes. 
     The principle to generate electricity by moving a conductor in a magnetic field is nowadays utilised in electricity generators (dynamo-principle). Normally the electrical conductor is a copper (or aluminium) wire. In the thirties of this century systems were developed in which the conductor itself was a fluid. Specifically systems have been studied in which the conductor is a high temperature (electricity conducting) ionised gas (a plasma). The systems are intended to be used as a topping (high temperature) cycle of traditional fossil fuel plants. MHD conversion gained considerable attention in the sixties and seventies. However, the development of combined (gas and steam turbine) cycles (in which gas turbines are used as top cycles) and the decline of interest in nuclear power caused a decline in the interest in MHD conversion. 
     An MHD-application which is also relevant to the present invention is MHD ship and submarine propulsion. By creating an electric-magnetic field around a ship&#39;s hull, body forces are exerted on the conductive water surrounding the vessel. As a reaction the ship is propelled. As fluid body forces (unlike surface forces) may be exerted over a large distance, a large area may be swept, creating the necessary amount of impulse with a minimum amount of kinetic energy (which represents the loss). Goal was to build large (100,000 tons) cargo submarines. However, the low efficiency of the MHD propulsion system (mainly caused by the limited conductivity of the sea water and the high power consumption of the super conduction magnets) led to abandonment of the principle (Philips, 1962). 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     1.4 Summary of the Invention 
     The present invention aims to directly convert the power of flowing conductive liquids, like saline waters into electrical power (without a mechanical energy transition step). The working principle is based on the interaction between an electrical field, a magnetical field and a hydro-dynamical field, see FIG.  3 . When an electrical conductor moves in a direction  1  through a magnetic field B in a direction  2 , an electrical field E in a direction  3  is created. 
     Therefore the invention claims a magneto hydrodynamic apparatus as claimed in claim  1 . 
     Whereas in known MHD converters the magnetic field lines are substantially within the construction volume itself, like between the magnetic poles shown in FIG. 3, the invention is based on the insight that magnetic field lines can be generated largely outside the construction volume, which is a great advantage when the converter is immersed in the flowing liquid like sea water. The converter itself can be made small while still converting energy from large amounts of flowing liquid into electricity. 
     As magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) forces are body forces (acting on fluid bodies, on a distance) and not surface forces (acting only on fluid surfaces in direct contact with the converter), volumes much larger than the converter itself may take part in the power conversion process. Furthermore, the conversion process works without moving, mechanical engineering components, which simplifies the maintenance. In addition, the absence of moving parts makes the canvasser more robust and reliable. 
     In this invention, MHD tidal and ocean current converter types are discerned with respect to the magnetic field actuation and augmentation principle. 
     The present invention will be explained in detail with reference to some drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows the known in the art scheme utilizing a barrage to block a tidal flow prior to release through a turbine. 
     FIG. 2 shows a stream device as known in the art. 
     FIG. 3 represents the working principle based on interaction between electrical magnetic and hydrodynamic fields applied in the disclosed system. 
     1.4.1 Magnetic field actuation by permanent magnets: 
     In FIG. 4, a multi-polar permanent magnet converter is shown. 
     1.4.2 Direct current magnetic field actuation: 
     In FIG. 5, a dipolar direct current converter is shown in perspective view. 
     In FIG. 6, a system, comprising the current converter shown in FIG. 5 is shown. 
     In FIG. 7, a force balanced (serpentine) type of direct current converter is shown. 
     In FIG. 8, a force balanced (squirrel cage) type of direct current converter is shown. 
     In FIG. 9, a confined direct current converter is shown. 
     1.4.3 Alternating current magnetic field actuation: 
     In FIG. 10, a free field, alternating current converter is shown. 
     1.4.4 Systems using kinetic energy augmentation: 
     In FIG. 11, a diffuser system is shown. 
     In FIG. 12, a venturi system is shown. 
     In FIG. 13, a barrage system is shown. 
     In FIG. 14, a hydraulic ram system is shown. 
     In FIG. 15, a hydraulic ram system is shown in perspective view. 
     In FIG. 16, a Andrea-Enfield system is shown. 
     In FIG. 17, a turbine rotor-rim system is shown. 
     In FIG. 18, an unconfined vortex generator system is shown. 
     In FIG. 19, a confined vortex generator system is shown. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     2 MHD Tidal and Ocean Current Converter (Basic Layout) 
     2.1 Permanent Magnet Systems 
     A permanent magnet system can be configured in mono- or multi-polar form, see FIG.  4 . In multi-polar form it consists of segmented bar magnets  12 ,  13 , which are combined staggered-wise with segmented positive and negative electrodes  11  and  14 . To eliminate short circuiting along the magnet surfaces, the magnets are electrically insulated with an insulation (PTFE) sheet  15 . Shown are the magnet North and South poles and the magnetic field lines (solid lines) and the electrical potential field (dashed lines). In this configuration, an electrical current starts to flow, orthogonally to the magnetic field lines, from one electrode to the other. This current represents the generated electrical power. The electrical current may be brought to the outside world by electrical power leads  24 , two of which being shown in FIG.  4 . 
     2.2 Open Direct Current Systems 
     The magnetic field strength can be enhanced by virtue of electrical actuation. The di-polar DC-variant is shown in FIG.  5 . The converter consists of a rectangular electrical conductor coil  22  with the longer axis aligned with the fluid flow, e.g. due to tidal flow. Two tubular electrodes  21 , 25  enclose the electrical conductor but are insulated electrically and thermally from the conductor  22 . To facilitate thermal- and electrical insulation, the coil  22  is isolated from the ambient by a tubular casing (not shown in FIG.  5 ). The annulus between the enclosing tubes  21  and the electrical conductor  22  can be made vacuum as to enable cryogenic cooling and superconduction of the electrical conductor  22 . Power leads  23  supply the necessary power for the magnet system. 
     Due to an electrical current flowing in the rectangular conductor  22  a magnetic field B is created, as indicated by the solid lines. Due to interaction with the fluid motion, an electrical current starts to flow from one electrode to the other. The electrical current is brought to the outside by electrical power leads  24 . 
     Together with a potential difference imposed over the electrodes, the electrical current represents an amount of electrical power. 
     A floating dipolar DC system is shown in FIG.  6 . The system consists of a rectangular antenna  31 , comprising the arrangement  21 , 22 ,  23  as shown in FIG. 5, connected to floaters  32  by means of suspension bars  33 . 
     To compensate for magnetic forces acting on the electrical conductors, the conductors can be configured in a periodic manner, as shown in FIG.  7 . In this configuration, each conductor has neighbors which counteract the forces exerted by other neighbors. This strategy works perfectly for the serpentine arrangement and (to a large extend) for a multi-polar arrangement shown in FIG.  8 . 
     2.3 Enclosed Direct Current Systems 
     In this category, the magnet system is enclosed in a torpedo-like hull. Advantage of this arrangement is it&#39;s compactness, which is favourable with respect to thermal insulation of the magnet coil. In FIG. 9, a multi-polar arrangement  40  is shown, the system however works in mono-polar form. In the enclosed arrangement, the converter comprises electrodes  41  attached to the outside of an outer cylinder  42 . The cylinder axis is aligned with the flow direction. The cylinder  42  and electrodes  41  are electrically insulated by means of a sheet (not shown). Within outer cylinder  42  there is an inner cylinder  42  They are separated by an annular gap  46 . Inside the inner cylinder  43 , an iron magnet core  45  is present. The poles of the core  45  are enclosed by electrical coils  44  in which the magnetic field is generated. The inner cylinder and its interior is cooled to enable superconduction in the coils. The annular gap  46  between the inner cylinder  43  and outer cylinder  42  is evacuated to reduce thermal energy losses. Due to the interaction of the magnetic field and the fluid motion, an electric current starts to flow from one electrode  41  to another through electrical power leads (not shown). Together with the potential difference between the electrode, this current represents the electrical power generated. 
     2.4 Alternating Current (Induction) Systems 
     Rather than using a stationary magnetic field (actuated by permanent magnets or constant electrical currents) and separate application of electrode pairs to extract the electrical power, power can be converted by using the principle of self induction. 
     The induction principle (Faraday&#39;s Law) states that the voltage, generated in a conductor, due to a change in a magnetic field is proportional to the change rate of the magnetic field (u=L·d/dt(Φ), where L is a constant and Φ is magnetic flux). If the magnetic field (in its turn) is generated by an electrical current in the conductor, the change rate of the magnetic field is linked to the change rate in that electrical current. Now, the principle of self induction states that the voltage u causes an electrical current in the conductor, which counteracts the change in the electrical current generating the magnetic field (Lenz Law). As a consequence, the sign of u is opposite to the direction of the current and the product of u and I represents a certain amount of electrical power. If the current i varies sinusoidally in time, the voltage u will vary in cosine form. 
     The previous hold for a vacuum ambient. If, in addition, the medium in which the coil is present is stationary with respect to the coil, the coil&#39;s current and voltage are in perfect counter-phase. In time-average sense, no electrical energy is generated nor consumed (the system merely stores electrical energy in the magnetic field). 
     However, when the medium, which is for instance sea water and thus electrically conductive, moves, electric currents are generated in the medium which themselves correspond with a magnetic field. This field (which moves in space) causes an electro motive force (e.m.k.) in the coil (in phase with the current), due to which the perfect counter-phase situation is lost, and hence electrical energy is produced (at the expense of kinetic energy of the moving medium), see FIG.  10 . 
     The advantage of the induction type is that electrical power is induced in the magnet coils themselves, just like is done in a traditional asynchronous generator, and hence no additional electrodes are necessary. 
     In FIG. 10 an induction-type Tidal Current Converter  50  is shown in perspective view. The converter consists of multiple circular coils  54  placed along the axis of the converter. Each individual coil is provided with an electrical current which is off-phase with the electrical current of the neighbour coils. In this manner, a moving (traversing) magnetic field is produced. As an option, a magnet core structure  55  can be installed to enhance the resulting magnetic field. The entire coil/core structure is enclosed in a cylindrical vessel  52 . This vessel may be isolated (for instance by means of a vacuum gap  53 ) from an outer cylindrical vessel  51  for thermal insulation purposes. In that case, the inner vessel may be cooled to obtain super conductivity. 
     3 Systems Using Kinetic Energy Augmentation 
     To reduce the amount of material and the parasitic heat losses (in case of cryogenic cooling of super conducting magnets), it is advantageous to increase the kinetic energy density (kinetic energy flux) of the tidal or ocean current before conversion. 
     Kinetic energy can be densified by means of a diffuser system, see FIG.  11 . It consists of a duct  62  with a smooth inlet section  63 , a throat section  64  enclosing the converter  61  and a diverging tail diffuser section  65 . In use, the duct  62  extends in a direction substantially parallel to the water flow direction  66 . As described by Bernoulli&#39;s law, the velocity of the water in the conversion section is increased, thereby increasing the kinetic energy flux. A structure of bars  33  attaches the entire system below the water surface level to floaters  32 . This augmentation principle can be used in combination with MHD-converters according to FIGS. 4,  5 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9  and  10 . 
     A variant to this augmentation principle which could be used to increase the kinetic energy flux is the venturi type, see FIG.  12 . It basically consists of a type as shown in FIG. 11, but now an additional diffuser  66  is applied having a diverging section  68  in the narrowest cross sectional area of the duct  62 . The additional diffuser  66  is provided with a draft tube  67  connected to the diverging section  68  and extending outside the duct  62  to such seawater. The converter  61  is placed in the draft tube  67 . 
     A classical way to increase the water velocity is to block a tidal current and release it through a small area in which, according the invention, the converters may be placed, see FIG.  13 . An MHD-converter  61  is placed in a discharge tube  71  which is part of the barrier  72 . In this discharge tube section, the water velocity is high due to the hydraulic head created by the barrier. 
     A hydraulic ram type of kinetic energy densifyer is shown in FIG.  14 . It consists of one or more main tubes  81  in which the tidal current  66  induces a flow of water. When a critical water velocity is reached, valves  82  suddenly close. The impulse of the water columns in the tubes now is released at high speed through a relatively small cross sectional area tube  83 , enclosing the MHD converter  61 . When the velocity in the main tubes  81  gets lower than a threshold value, the valves  82  re-open again and the process repeats. To flatten the pulse-wise discharge flow of a single ram-tube, two or more tubes can be placed parallel, hydraulically separated by one-way valves  84 . In practice, the structure could have a 3D-appearance as shown in FIG.  15 . 
     An MHD-converter may replace the air turbine in an Andreau Enfield wind-turbine, see figure P. This turbine utilises a fluid flow  94  which is set in motion by the centrifugal forces in the hollow rotor blades  91 . In the submarine version, seawater is sucked through the rotor blades  91 , a nacelle  92 , a tower  93  and an MHD-convertor  61  mounted in the tower. 
     When the head and tail parts of the FIGS. 9 and 10 converter types are connected, endless (circular) converters can be build. The circular converters can be applied at the outer rim of a fast-running underwater turbine-rotor  102 , see FIG.  17 . For small blade angles (as experienced in modern, fast-running turbines) the peripheral velocity of the turbine blades is much greater (up to a factor 10) than the free steam velocity itself. As a result the relative velocity of the water with respect to a circular converter  101  is much greater than the free steam velocity too, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectivity of the MHD-converter. 
     Densification of the kinetic energy flux also can take place by first concentrating the flux in vortices (Gabel, 1980). A converter could then extract the energy flux from the energetic vortices. These vortices can be unconfined (in free space, e.g. generated by a Delta-wing), see FIG. 18, or confined (created by a vortex chamber), see FIG.  19 . 
     At both edges of the Delta wing  112 , tip-vortices  113  are formed, which accumulate energy. At the far most downstream side of the wing, circular converters  111  are placed, converting the energy in the vortices to electrical power. 
     The confined vortex generator uses a chimney-like structure  120  with a vertical slit in a wall  121 . Under action of the tidal current, a vortex (cyclone) is generated inside the chimney. Due to the low pressure in the centre of the cyclone, water is sucked through the feed pipe  122 , enclosing the converter, to the interior of the chimney. 
     Reference List 
     Charlier, R. H, Tidal Energy, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. ISBN 0-442-24425-8, New York, 1982 
     Farady, Experimental Researches in Electricity, 1, 1839 
     Gabel, M, Energy, Earth and Everyone, Energy Strategies for spaceship Earth, Anchor Books, Anchor Press/Doubleday Garden City, N.Y., 1980 
     IT Power News, The world&#39;s first practical tidal current turbine, No. 10, February 1993. 
     Philips, O. M, The prospects for magnetohydrodynamic ship propulsion, Journal of Ship Research, March 1962, pp. 43-51 
     Way, S. Electromagnetic Propulsion for Cargo Submarines, Journal of Hydronautica, Vol. 2, number 2, pp. 49-57, April 1968.