Abstract:
An apparatus and method for presenting electronic documents to users in the form of immersive reading pages. Immersive reading pages mimic the presentation that is provided by printed paper documents. There are no traditional user interface features displayed to the user, yet the user has access to the enhanced functionality that can be provided by computer-implemented documents. In an illustrative embodiment, the user has access to intrabook (or inside-the-book), interbook (or outside-the-book) navigational features, and content interactive features, such as highlighting, annotating, drawing or looking up definitions or synonyms of words in the document. Enhanced functionality is transparently associated with elements on the immersive reading page such that the immersive reading page is without visible indicators of the association. A training mode for permitting the user to learn the transparent association behind the immersive reading pages provides visual guides to the user. The guides may be turned off after the user learns the association.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for displaying electronic documents. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for presenting electronic documents in a manner that fosters an immersive reading experience like that provided by a printed paper document, while providing enhanced functionality beyond the functionality provided by a printed paper document. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   As computers have become smaller and more powerful, there have been recent efforts to provide portable, hand-held computers for rendering electronic content in a manner that is similar or identical to the way content is presented in a printed paper book or other document. Thus, much effort has focused on providing a user interface for computers that fosters an immersive reading experience, or the sensation of being “lost” in the electronic document. 
   One primary advantage that computers offer over printed paper documents as a means for presenting documents to users is that computers can make added functionality available to the user. Such functionality may include navigational functions that permit the user to navigate to and thus view other pages of the document, or view other documents, instantly and without considerable interruption in the user&#39;s reading experience. Such functionality may also include interaction with content, such as highlighting, annotating or looking up word definitions or synonyms in dictionaries or thesauruses. 
   Yet providing a user access to the enhanced functionality available in computer-implemented books without detriment to the immersive reading experience presents a challenge. For example, the prior art provides traditional user interface features, such as pull-down or pop-up menus or help balloons through which users may access additional functionality while viewing an electronic document. However, such traditional user interface features clutter the viewing area and detract from the user&#39;s immersive reading experience. Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a user interface which offers a user access to the enhanced functionality that can be provided by a computer-implemented book or document, yet which maximizes the potential for the user to have an immersive reading experience. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention addresses the aforementioned problems by providing an apparatus and method for presenting electronic documents to users in the form of immersive reading pages. Immersive reading pages mimic the presentation that is provided by printed paper documents. There are no traditional user interface features displayed to the user, yet the user has access to the enhanced functionality that can be provided by computer-implemented documents. For example, the user has access to intrabook (or inside-the-book) navigational features, such as paging forward and paging backward. The user also has access to interbook (or outside-the-book) navigational features, such as links to other documents, including help documents and library documents, which are listings of other documents. The user also has access to content interactive features, such as highlighting, annotating, drawing or looking up definitions or synonyms of words in the document. According to the invention, this enhanced functionality—functionality that is beyond what is found in a printed paper document—is accessible to the user without detracting from the immersive reading experience. 
   To accomplish this, the invention provides a method and apparatus for displaying electronic documents in which enhanced functionality is transparently associated with elements displayed on the immersive reading page. For example, an immersive reading page of a book displayed on the computer display will have elements, such as a page number, title line and content—the actual text of the story read by the user as he or she reads the book. These are elements that would appear in a traditional paper book page. The enhanced functionality provided by the computer is associated with these elements in a transparent fashion, such that a user may access the functionality by tapping on interaction zones associated with particular elements but no visual indicators or controls are displayed on the immersive reading page. Since the enhanced functionality is transparently associated with immersive reading page elements, the enhanced functionality is made available to the user without the addition of traditional user interface features and the book is presented in a manner that encourages an immersive reading experience. Thus, the enhanced functionality may be accessed by the user using a selection device, for example, tapping on a touch sensitive screen in an interaction zone corresponding to an element of the immersive reading page. 
   According to yet another aspect of the invention, the association between immersive reading page elements and enhanced functionality is provided according to coherent user models, in which a particular type of functionality is associated with a particular type of element on the immersive reading page. For example, intrabook navigational features are transparently associated with the page number displayed on the book page, interbook navigational features are transparently associated with the title line displayed on the book page and content interaction features are transparently associated with the words in the content of the book. Association according to coherent user models makes the transparent association intuitive and easier to learn. 
   Another aspect of the invention provides a training mode for permitting the user to learn the transparent association behind the immersive reading pages. In an exemplary reading application embodying the invention, a visual guides mode is provided in which a user may view the immersive reading pages with visual guides as to the interaction zones for which enhanced functionality is associated. The visual guides aid the user in intuitively recognizing the association between the elements displayed on the immersive reading page and the enhanced functionality associated with particular elements. After the user has learned the associations, visual guides mode may be toggled off and the immersive reading pages are displayed without any visual guides. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying Figures, which should not be construed as limiting, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of a general-purpose digital computing environment that may be used to implement various aspects of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary hand-held computer system that can be used in accordance with various aspects of the invention; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary user interface for providing user access to a library of books or electronic documents; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page in the form of a book title page according to the invention; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page in the form of a book page according to the invention; 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page showing interbook navigation functionality that is associated with a title line displayed on the immersive reading page; 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page showing content interaction functionality that is associated with content displayed on the immersive reading page; 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary control document for toggling visual guides mode according to the invention; and 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page having visual guides displayed. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a conventional general-purpose digital computing environment that can be used to implement various aspects of the invention.  FIG. 1  and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which the invention may be implemented. 
   With reference to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a conventional personal computer  100 , having a processing unit  110 , a system memory  120 , and a system bus  130  that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit  110 . The system bus  130  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes read only memory (ROM)  140  and random access memory (RAM)  150 . A basic input/output system  160  (BIOS), containing the basic routines that helps to transfer information between elements within the personal computer  100 , such as during start-up, is stored in ROM  140 . 
   The personal computer  100  further includes a hard disk drive  170  for reading from and writing to a hard disk (not shown). Also included are a magnetic disk drive  180  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  180 , and an optical disk drive  191  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  192  such as a CD-ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive  170 , magnetic disk drive  180 , and optical disk drive  191  are connected to the system bus  130  by a hard disk drive interface  192 , a magnetic disk drive interface  193 , and an optical drive interface  194 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the personal computer  100 . Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk  170 , a removable magnetic disk  190  and a removable optical disk  192 , it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer-readable media are contemplated by the invention. For example, media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROM), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment. 
   A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk  190 , optical disk  192 , ROM  140  or RAM  150 , including an operating system  195 , one or more application programs  196 , other program modules  197 , and program data  198 . A user may enter commands and information into the personal computer  100  through input devices such as a keyboard  101  and pointing device  102 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  110  through a serial port interface  106  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor  107  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  130  via an interface, such as a video adapter  108 . In addition to the monitor and speakers, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as printers. 
   The personal computer  100  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer  109 . Each remote computer  109  may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the personal computer  100 , although only a memory storage device  150  has been illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 1  include a local area network (LAN)  112  and a wide area network (WAN)  113 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet. 
   When used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer  100  is connected to the local area network  112  through a network interface or adapter  114 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the personal computer  100  typically includes a modem  115  or other means for establishing communications over WAN  113 . The modem  115 , which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus  130  via the serial port interface  106 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer  100 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. The existence of any of various well-known protocols, such as TCP/IP, Ethernet, FTP, HTTP and the like, is presumed, and the system can be operated in a client-server configuration to permit a user to retrieve web pages from a web-based server. Any of various conventional web browsers can be used to display and manipulate data on web pages. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates a hand-held computer that can be used in accordance with various aspects of the invention. Any or all of the features, subsystems and functions of the system described with respect to  FIG. 1  can be included in the hand-held computer of  FIG. 2 . Computer  200  includes a computer housing  210  and a display  212 , for example a touch-sensitive flat panel Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Using a selection device  214 , such as a stylus, a user can select various areas of the display  212  in order to access to various electronic documents and enhanced functionality according to the invention as will be explained below. 
   Those of ordinary skill will understand that selection device  214  may include hard or soft buttons built into the hand-held computer  200  for selecting particular associated functionality. Moreover, the selection device  214  may include a user&#39;s own finger used to select appropriate areas on the touch-sensitive display  212 . Thus, the term “selection device” is intended to have a broad definition and encompasses many variations on well-known input devices. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary user interface for providing user access to a library of books or other electronic documents. A library page  308  is displayed on display  212 . A series of titles  310  is presented to the user and includes titles of classic novels, for example, as well as titles of other useful documents such as a dictionary. When a user taps on a particular one of the titles  310 , the title page of the selected title is displayed to the user, as shown for example in  FIG. 4 . 
     FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary the title page  410  for one of the book titles listed on library page  308 . A LIBRARY button  412  enables a user to navigate back to the library page  308  and a RETURN button  414  enables a user to navigate to a previously displayed page. Also displayed on the title page  410  are a number of controls or links  416  for navigating within the selected book or to an annotations index. For example, the FIRST PAGE link allows a user to navigate to a first page of the book and the MOST RECENT PAGE link allows the user to navigate to the most recently displayed page of the book from a previous reading session. 
   It will be recognized that navigation of the electronic documents preferably occurs in a single-window or single page viewing environment that provides a single navigational focus. That is, only one page of a document can be displayed on display  212  at one time. This is consistent with the immersive reading environment that is an aspect of the invention. As will become apparent from further reading of this disclosure, the present invention is applicable to hand-held devices which permit only a single document context to be viewed at any one time, and desktop or other computers having multiple-window operating systems which permit multiple windows to be viewed wherein a reading application—the application that provides for the immersive reading of electronic document—is associated with one of the windows. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page  500  in the form of a book page according to the invention. A title line  510 , page number  512  and content  514  are displayed on the book page. Significantly, the immersive reading page  500  mimics a printed book page in that the immersive reading page appears without traditional user interface features on the page, as it would appear if the elements—title line  510 , page number  512  and content—were printed in a paper book. 
   According to one aspect of the invention, the page number  512  is transparently associated with enhanced functionality providing page turning capabilities, which may be accessed by a user tapping on a page number element on the immersive reading page. As used in this specification, the term “element” refers to a word, symbol or picture on the display and may also refer to areas associated with or in the immediate vicinity of a word, symbol or picture. For example, when a user taps an area immediately to the left of the page number  512 , a previous page is displayed and when a user taps an area immediately to the right of the page number  512 , a subsequent page is displayed. Thus, the functionality providing page turning capabilities may be accessed by simply tapping on or near the page number  512  displayed on the immersive reading page. This functionality is transparently associated with the immersive reading page number element and traditional user interface features, such as a “go to” button for example, are not present to interfere with the user&#39;s immersive reading experience. 
     FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page showing interbook navigation functionality that is associated with the title line  510  displayed on the immersive reading page. When a user taps on the title line  510 , an on-object user interface  600  is displayed and presents the user with a list of descriptive links which may be tapped to access interbook navigational functions. The MICROSOFT READER GUIDEBOOK link permits a user to access another document which may provide help and settings control to the user. The LIBRARY link permits a user to access the library page  308  ( FIG. 3 ). The RETURN link permits a user to navigate to a document previously displayed. The QUICK SETTINGS link permits a user to navigate directly to the settings control page of a help and settings control document. In addition to the interbook navigational links just described, the on-object user interface  600  may include intrabook navigational functionality as well. For example, the COVER PAGE link permits navigation to the book title page  410  and the ANNOTATIONS INDEX link permits navigation to an annotations index associated with the book being displayed. 
     FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary immersive reading page  500  showing content interaction functionality that is associated with content  514  displayed on the immersive reading page. According to another aspect of the invention, an on-object user interface  700  is displayed when a user taps on a word or element of the immersive reading page content  514 . The on-object user interface  700  provides access to content interaction functionality by presenting to the user a list of commands that may be performed on or in relation to the selected element of the content  514 , in this case the word “treasure.” This enhanced functionality is transparently associated with the content elements since no visual indication of the association is evident on the immersive reading page  500 . The on object user interface  700  permits a user to access a ADD BOOKMARK command, which will provide a bookmark indicator in relation to the immersive reading page. Similarly, the ADD HIGHLIGHT command will highlight the selected element, the ADD NOTE command will permit a user to enter a note associated with the selected element and the ADD DRAWING command will permit a user to provide a drawing associated with the selected element using a drawing feature of the reading application. As will be explained, the bookmarks, highlights, notes and drawings may be shown or hidden, depending on user configuration of the reading application used to view the book. Configuration occurs through a QUICK SETTINGS page of a help and settings control document that will be explained relative to  FIG. 8 . Thus, the user has control over the extent to which the immersive reading page is provided with visual indications of bookmarks, highlights, notes and drawings. 
   As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill from the foregoing description of the enhanced functionality provided by the invention, the immersive reading page is without traditional user interface features, yet a user is provided with access to enhanced functionality—functionality beyond what is provided by a paper book or document. Access to this enhanced functionality is provided by transparent association of the functionality with existing elements of the immersive reading page. The user recognizes this association intuitively or through the use of visual guides, as will be explained below. 
   As will also be apparent to ordinarily skilled artisans by the foregoing description, the association between immersive reading page elements and enhanced functionality is provided according to coherent user models. That is, a particular type or category of functionality is associated with a particular type or category of element on the immersive reading page. For example, the intrabook navigational feature of page turning is transparently associated with the page number displayed on the immersive reading page. Similarly, the interbook navigational features are transparently associated with the title line displayed on the book page. Likewise, content interaction functionality is transparently associated with respective content elements. 
   According to another feature of the invention, an enabling technology is provided in the form of a training mode for permitting the user to learn the transparent association reflected in the immersive reading pages of a document. Referring to  FIG. 8 , from within a help and settings control document, a user may access a settings control page  800  which contains links configured to alter settings of the reading application. Here, a number of links, such as SHOW BOOKMARKS, SHOW TEXT NOTES, SHOW DRAWINGS and SHOW HIGHLIGHTS are presented for displaying on the immersive reading pages, a number of indicators corresponding to content interaction functions. In addition, a link entitled SHOW VISUAL GUIDES may be selected to invoke the training mode according to the invention. When the SHOW VISUAL GUIDES link is selected by a user, the immersive reading pages are displayed as shown in  FIG. 9  with visual indicators  910 ,  912  and  914  to indicate, usually to a new user, that enhanced functionality is associated with the immersive reading page element. Relative to the page number element  512 , a visual indicator  912  is provided to the left of the page number  512  to indicate to the user that intrabook navigational functionality of paging back is associated with the area to the left of the page number  512 . Similarly, a visual indicator  910  is provided to the right of the page number  512  to indicate that intrabook navigational functionality of paging forward is associated with the area to the right of the page number  512 . Title line  510  is provided with a visual indicator  914  to indicate to the user that interbook navigational functionality is associated with the title line elements. 
   It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that, although exemplary indicators in the form of visual indicators are described with reference to the training mode of the invention, other indicators are contemplated by the invention and intended to be encompassed by the appended claims. For example, audio indicators may be provide in which recorded sounds are played to a user through a sound system associated with the computer to teach the associations between immersive reading page elements and the enhanced functionality provided in accordance with the invention. 
   Although exemplary systems according to the invention have been described above, it should be appreciated that a variety of modifications will be readily available to persons utilizing the invention. The foregoing description is not intended to be limiting, but is merely illustrative of exemplary adaptations of the invention. Other products, apparatus and methods which incorporate modifications or changes to that which has been described herein are equally included within this application.