Abstract:
Non-dehiscent sesame ( Sesamum indicum  L.) (IND) designated Sesaco 35 (S35) is herein disclosed. Its degree of shatter resistance, or seed retention, makes S35 suitable for mechanized harvesting and for selection for sesame crop growth in most geographical locations, particularly where whiteflies are a high risk factor. In addition, S35 sesame produces a larger, heavier seed than previously described varieties.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/791,110 filed Mar. 15, 2013. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to a new  Sesamum indicum  L. variety with improved non-dehiscence (IND) appropriate for mechanized harvesting. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Sesame, or  Sesamum indicum , is a tropical annual cultivated worldwide for its oil and its nut flavored seeds. The sesame plant grows to a height of about 52-249 cm, and at its leaf axils are found capsules, which contain the sesame seed. Upon maturity in nature, the capsules holding the sesame seeds begin to dry down, the capsules normally split open, and the seeds fall out. Commercially, the harvester tries to recover as much seed as possible from mature capsules. From ancient times through the present, the opening of the capsule has been the major factor in attempting to successfully collect the seed. Harvesting methods, weather, and plant characteristics all contribute to the amount of seed recovered. 
     The majority of the world&#39;s sesame is harvested manually. With manual non-mechanized methods, it is desirable for the sesame seed to fall readily from the plant. Manual harvesting is labor intensive. Efforts to mechanize or partially mechanize harvesting met with limited success. 
     A breakthrough was accomplished when non-dehiscent (ND) sesame was developed and patented by Derald Ray Langham. ND sesame was found to possess the proper characteristics, which would enable mechanical harvesting without the seed loss disadvantages reported with prior varieties. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,100,452; 6,815,576; 6,781,031; 7,148,403; 7,332,652; and 8,003,848 each disclose and claim non-dehiscent (ND) sesame cultivars having various characteristics. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,847,149; 7,855,317; 7,964,768; 8,058,503; 8,080,707; and 8,207,397 each disclose and claim improved non-dehiscent (IND) sesame cultivars having various characteristics. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A new sesame variety designated Sesaco 35 (S35) with representative seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. In one aspect, the invention comprises a seed of sesame variety designated S35, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. In another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S35, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention comprises plant cells derived from a sesame plant, said plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S35, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. The plant cells may be selected, for example, from pollen, tissue culture of regenerable cells, and asexually reproducing cultivars. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S35, a sample of the seed of said variety having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. 
     In another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from plant cells derived from sesame variety S35, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708, wherein said regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of said sesame variety S35. The plant cells may be derived from S35 seeds or plant cells from tissue from a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S35. 
     In another aspect, the invention comprises a method of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant and harvesting the resultant sesame seed, wherein said first or second parent sesame plant was produced by growing seed of sesame variety S35, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A-1D  depicts the lineage of S35. 
         FIG. 2  through  FIG. 10  compare Sesaco 35 (S35) to the Sesaco varieties: Sesaco 26 (S26), Sesaco 30 (S30), Sesaco 32 (S32), Sesaco 33 (S33), and Sesaco 34 (S34). 
         FIG. 2  depicts a comparison of the percent of seed retention during Shaker Shatter Resistance testing from 1997 to 2011 for the various Sesaco sesame varieties. 
         FIG. 3  depicts a comparison of the mean improved non-dehiscent visual rating for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions. 
         FIG. 4  depicts a comparison of the composite kill tolerance ratings for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions. 
         FIG. 5  depicts a comparison of the mean days to physiological maturity for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions. 
         FIG. 6  depicts a comparison of the yield at drydown for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions. 
         FIG. 7  depicts a comparison of the mean weight of 100 seeds in grams from 1997 to 2011 for the various Sesaco sesame varieties. 
         FIG. 8  depicts a comparison of seed oil content for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions. 
         FIG. 9  depicts a comparison of whitefly tolerance for the various Sesaco varieties of sesame plants grown under similar conditions. 
         FIG. 10  depicts a comparison of leaf disease tolerance for the various Sesaco varieties of sesame plants grown under similar conditions. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Herein disclosed is a Non-Dehiscent (ND) sesame variety designated Sesaco 35 (S35), which exhibits Improved Non-Dehiscence (IND) and novel characteristics which make it a commercially suitable sesame line. S35 has better whitefly tolerance which leads to a higher yield, and a larger, heavier seed leads to better quality for the market than heretofore described ND and IND sesame varieties. By virtue of having IND, there is less seed loss when left in the field past prime harvest time in adverse weather conditions, for example, rain, fog, dew, and wind. S35 is suitable for mechanical harvesting. 
     The Improved Non-Dehiscent (IND) classes of sesame, developed by Derald Ray Langham, are ND, but IND sesame also exhibits better adhesion between false membranes and improved placenta attachment. IND sesame holds more seed than prior sesame types, as measured four weeks after a crop is ready for harvest (could have been combined). IND characteristics offer advantages for certain growing applications. 
     Compared to ND sesame, IND sesame has more seed in the capsules when measured between 4 and 9 weeks after the ideal harvest time. 
     Without wishing to be bound by one particular theory, it is believed that this increased amount of seed in the capsules may be due to the S35 variety having the ability to better withstand adverse environmental conditions such as inclement or harsh weather. Examples of adverse weather conditions to which S35 has been subjected in this regard are rain, fog, dew, and wind. S35 variety has been tested and meets the criteria of IND. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707 is herein incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. This application discloses Improved Non-Dehiscent Sesame. S35 is an example of a variety which resulted from breeding methods described therein. 
     S35 exhibits improved shatter resistance, acceptable tolerance to common fungal diseases, and a maturity that allows a wide geographical range. Further, S35 exhibits higher yield in geographical locations desirable for sesame planting, and exhibits desirable seed size and seed color. S35 is suitable for planting in areas that have approximately a 21° C. ground temperature when planted in the spring and night temperatures above 5° C. for normal termination. An exemplary desirable geographical area for S35 is from South Texas at the Rio Grande to Central Kansas and from east Texas westward to elevations below 1,000 meters. Other exemplary areas are areas of the United States or of the world, which areas have similar climatic conditions, daylength patterns (similar latitudes) and elevations. 
     In describing the present invention, it is helpful to be aware of some terminology. Sesame plants have been studied for their response to seasonal and climatic changes and the environment in, which they live during the different phases and stages of growth and development. This type of study, called “phenology” has been documented by the inventor in Langham, D. R. 2007. “Phenology of sesame,” In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Issues in New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. 
     Table I summarizes the phases and stages of sesame, and will be useful in describing the present invention. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Phases and stages of sesame 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 No. 
               
               
                 Stage/Phase 
                 Abbreviation 
                 End point of stage 
                 DAP Z   
                 weeks 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Vegetative 
                 VG 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Germination 
                 GR 
                 Emergence 
                 0-5 
                 1− 
               
               
                 Seedling 
                 SD 
                 3 rd  pair true leaf  
                  6-25 
                 3− 
               
               
                   
                   
                 length = 2 nd   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Juvenile 
                 JV 
                 First buds 
                 26-37 
                 1+ 
               
               
                 Pre-reproductive 
                 PP 
                 50% open flowers 
                 38-44 
                 1− 
               
               
                 Reproductive 
                 RP 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Early bloom 
                 EB 
                 5 node pairs of 
                 45-52 
                 1   
               
               
                   
                   
                 capsules 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Mid bloom 
                 MB 
                 Branches/minor  
                 53-81 
                 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 plants stop flowering 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Late bloom 
                 LB 
                 90% of plants with  
                 82-90 
                 1+ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 no open flowers 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ripening 
                 RI 
                 Physiological  
                  91-106 
                 2+ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 maturity (PM) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Drying 
                 DR 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Full maturity 
                 FM 
                 All seed mature 
                 107-112 
                 1− 
               
               
                 Initial drydown 
                 ID 
                 1 st  dry capsules 
                 113-126 
                 2   
               
               
                 Late drydown 
                 LD 
                 Full drydown 
                 127-146 
                 3   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Z DAP = days after planting. These numbers are based on S26 in 2004 Uvalde, Texas, under irrigation. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     There are several concepts and terms that are used in this document that should be defined. In the initial drydown stage in Table I, the capsules begin to dry and open. This stage ends when 10% of the plants have one or more dry capsules. The late drydown stage ends when the plants are dry enough so that upon harvest, the seed has a moisture content of 6% or less. At this point some of the capsules have been dry for 5 weeks in the example used in Table I, but in other environments for other varieties, the drying can stretch to 7 weeks. The “ideal harvest time” is at the end of the late drying stage. At this point, a combine (also sometimes referred to as a combine harvester, a machine that combines the tasks of harvesting, threshing, and cleaning grain crops) can be used to cut and thresh the plants and separate the seed from the undesired plant material. However, at times, weather may prevent harvest at the ideal time. The plants may have to remain in the field for as much as an additional four weeks, and in some cases even longer. Thus, time t 0  corresponds to the ideal harvest time and time t 1 , which corresponds to the time the grower actually harvests the sesame, is a time later than time t 0 . 
     The pedigree method of plant breeding was used to develop S35. Sesame is generally self-pollinated. Crossing is done using standard techniques as delineated in Yermanos, D. M. 1980. “Sesame. Hybridization of crop plants,”  Am Soc. Agronomy - Crop Sci. of America , pp. 549-563 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452. Ashri provides an overview of sesame breeding in Ashri, A. (1998). “Sesame breeding,”  Plant Breed. Rev.  16:179-228 and Ashri, A. 2007. Sesame ( Sesamum indicum  L.). In: R. J. Singh, Ed., Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement, Vol. 4, Oilseed Crops, p. 231-289, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA. 
     The lineage of S35 is presented in  FIG. 1 . 111 (1) was a line obtained from the NPGS (PI173955) in 1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1949 from W. N. Koelz, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, who obtained it from India. Within Sesaco, 111 first carried the identifier 0858 and was then changed to X111. In 1985, a selection of this line became Sesaco 4 (S04). 
     104 (2) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the designator SF084. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from Maximo Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from Mexico where it was known as Instituto 8. Instituto 8 was a selection from G53.48, a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, 104 carried the identifier 0084. In 1983, a selection of this line became Sesaco 2 (S02). 
     192 (3) was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga., and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07) 
     R234 (4) was a named variety obtained from D. M. Yermanos in 1978 from his sesame program at the University of California at Riverside. It was first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0544 and then changed to T234. 
     G8 (5) was a line obtained from D. G. Langham in 1977 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was a selection from the cultivar ‘Guacara’, which D. G. Langham developed in Venezuela in the 1950s. Guacara was an initial selection from a cross that later produced one of the major varieties in Venezuela—Aceitera. Within Sesaco, G8 first carried the identifier X011 and was later changed to TG8. 
     958 (6) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF411. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G958-1 carried the identifier 0411 and later changed to T958. 
     982 (7) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF477 and was named G53.98-2. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. G53.98-2 was a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, 982 carried the identifier 0477 and then changed to T982. 
     G53.80-1 (8) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF471. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. G53.80-1 was a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G53.80-1 carried the identifier 0471. 
     191 (9) was a selection from 192, which was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07). 
     MEL (10) was a line obtained from Mel Tiezen in 1978 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Mr. Tiezen obtained it from a farmer in Mexico. Within Sesaco, MEL first carried the identifier 0543 and was then changed to TMEL. 
     V52 (11) was a cultivar designated as SF075 obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) collection in 1977 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from B. Mazzani (Maracay, Venezuela) in 1960. Originally, it was a cultivar known as Venezuela 52 developed by D. G. Langham in the 1940s. Within Sesaco, V52 first carried the identifier 0075 and was later changed to TV52. 
     SOMALIA (12) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI210687) in 1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. The NGPS obtained it from the Administrazione Fiduciaria Italiana della Somalia, Mogadishu, Somalia. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0730. 
     118 (13) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI425944) in 1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. The NGPS obtained it in 1978 from P. F. Knowles, University of California, Davis, Calif., who collected it in Pakistan. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 1118, which was changed to X118 and then to T118. 
     MAXIMO (14) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from Maximo Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from Mexico where it was known as Instituto Regional Canasta. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0116 and then changed to TMAX. 
     R234 TALL (15) was an outcross found in a population of R234 (4) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier X026. 
     195 (16) was an outcross selected in plot MN4584 in a population of 192 (3) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0690 and then changed to X195. 
     701 (17) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292145) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0701 and then changed to X701. In 1984, a selection from X701 became Sesaco 5 (505). 
     111X (18) was an outcross in the 111 (1) plot BT0458 in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0745 and was later changed to T111X. 
     804 (19) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (5) and 111X (18) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier F804; in 1988, a selection of this line became Sesaco 11 (S11). 
     F822 (20) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111X (18) and 192 (3) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F822. 
     700 (21) was a line obtained from the NPGS (PI292144) in 1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from India and Pakistan. Within Sesaco, 700 first carried the identifier 0700 and was later changed to T700. 
     F820 (22) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111X (18) and 104 (2) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F820. 
     F853 (23) was a cross made by Sesaco between 104 (2) and 192 (3) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F853. 
     96B (24) was an outcross in the 191 (9) in plot 4637 in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0690, which later became X196B and was later changed to T96B. 
     S11 (25) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (5) and 111X (18) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier F804. In 1988, a selection of this line became Sesaco 11. 
     B043 (26) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (5) and MEL (10) in the Kamman nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier B043. 
     G54 (27) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the designator SF408. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962. This line was given to Mr. Martin by D. G. Langham. G54 was a selection from G53.48, a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1954 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G54 carried the identifier 0408 and was then changed to TG54. 
     578 (28) was a cross made by Sesaco between F820 (22) and F853 (23) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8578 and was later changed to T578. 
     888 (29) was a cross made by Sesaco between 192 (3) and V52 (11) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, 888 first carried the identifier F888 and was later changed to T888. 
     H6778 (30) was a cross made by Sesaco between SOMALIA (12) and 118 (13) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6778. 
     193 (31) was a selection from 192, which was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 (single capsule) and X193 (triple capsule). In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07). 
     076 (32) was a cross made by Sesaco between MAXIMO (14) and R234 TALL (15) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C076 and then changed to T076. 
     045 (33) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (5) and 958 (6) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier B045 and then changed to T045. 
     036 (34) was a cross made by Sesaco between 982 (7) and G53.80-1 (8) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C036 and then X036. In 1984, a selection from X036 became Sesaco 6 (S06). 
     H6562 (35) was a cross made by Sesaco between 195 (16) and 701 (17) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6562. 
     702 (36) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292146) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier 0702 and then changed to X702. When the selection was made it carried the designator X702C and later changed to 720. In 1986, a selection from 72C became Sesaco 12 (S12). 
     031 (37) was a cross made by Sesaco between 578 (28) and 118 (13) in the Ramsey nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H0031 and then changed to T031. 
     H6432 (38) was a cross made by Sesaco between 193 (31) and 076 (32) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6432. 
     H6785 (39) was a cross made by Sesaco between 045 (33) and 036 (34) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6785. 
     562 (40) was a cross made by Sesaco between F822 (20) and 700 (21) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8562 and was later changed to T562. 
     K0338 (41) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (19) and 96B (24) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier K0338. 
     C063 (42) was a cross made by Sesaco between B043 (26) and G54 (27) in the Kamman nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C063. 
     88F (43) was a cross between S11 (25) and 888 (29) made by Sesaco in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1988. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier LCE01 and then changed to X88F and then T88F. 
     J3208 (44) was a cross made by Sesaco between H6778 (30) and H6432 (38) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1985. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3208. 
     J3222 (45) was a cross made by Sesaco between H6785 (39) and H6562 (35) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3222. 
     72A (46) was a selection from 0702, which was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292146) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier 0702 and then changed to X702. When the selection was made it carried the designator X702A and later changed to 72A. 
     K3255 (47) was a cross made by Sesaco between J3208 (44) and J3222 (45) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier K3255. 
     56B (48) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (19) and 562 (40) in the Wright nursery (Tacna, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KAN00 and was later changed to X56B and then to T56B. 
     ZSA (49) was a cross made by Sesaco between K0338 (41) and S11 (25) in the Yuma greenhouse (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KAC22 and was later changed to XZSA and then to TZSA. 
     233 (50) was a cross made by Sesaco between C063 (42) and 193 (31) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier H6233 and was later changed to T233. 
     S16 (51) was a cross made by Sesaco between K3255 (47) and S11 (25) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier KAP11 and then changed to XFXA. In 1991, a selection from XFXA became Sesaco 16 (S16). 
     S17 (52) was a cross between S11 (25) and 72A (46) made by Sesaco in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier KAN22 and then changed to X7AB. In 1992, a selection from X7AB became Sesaco 17 (S17). 
     FXA (53) was a cross made by Sesaco between K3255 (47) and S11 (25) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier KAP11 and then changed to XFXA. In 1991, a selection from XFXA became Sesaco 16 (S16). 
     13C (54) was a cross made by Sesaco between 56B (48) and 031 (37) in the Sharp nursery (Tacna, Ariz.) in 1990. Within Sesaco it first carried the identifier PF270 and later was changed to X13C and then T13C. 
     SAA (55) was a cross made by Sesaco between ZSA (49) and 233 (60) in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1989. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier PE046 and later changed to XSAA and then to TSAA. 
     BI791 (56) was a cross between 88F (43) and S16 (51) made by Sesaco in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1992. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier BI791. 
     13A (57) was a cross between 031 (37) and FXA (53) made by Sesaco in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1990. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier PE242 and later changed to X13A and then to T13A. 
     3CEd (58) was a cross between 13A (57) and 13C (54) made by Sesaco in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1995. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier DT354) and later changed to X3CE and then to T3CEd. 
     13H (59) was a cross made by Sesaco between SAA (55) and 031 (37) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1994. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier CM413 and later changed to X13H and then to T13H. 
     3HR (60) was a cross made by Sesaco between 3CEd (58) and 13H (59) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1999. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier HG970 and later changed to X3HR. 
     S27 (61) S27 (35) was a cross between BI791 (56) and S17 (52) made by Sesaco in the Friesenhahn nursery (Knippa, Tex.) in 1994. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier CM586 and later changed to X88K. 
     S35 (62) was obtained with the following method. A cross between 3HR (60) and S27 (61) was made in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in Year 1 (hereinafter “Year” is abbreviated as “YR”) and designated AV341. 
     The resulting seed of AV341, designated V341 was planted in a plot 3663 in YR2. Five plants were selected based having a lot of capsules down the row, quick drying phase, a capsule zone and height of the first capsule better than the S27 parent, and branches on branches. 
     The seed (3897) from one of the plants was planted in a plot 3870 in YR3. Four individual plants were selected based a capsule zone and height of the first capsule better than the S27 parent, and tight branching. 
     The designator was changed to X27U. The seed (1785) from one of the plants was planted in plot 3830 in YR4. A bulk of 5 plants was selected based on having a good yield, being low, having a wide row, and tight branches. 
     The seed (0842) from the plants was planted in strip plot W500 in YR4-5 in a winter nursery. The plot was rogued and all of the plants were harvested based on ability to do very well in low moisture compared to the other lines under the same conditions. 
     The seed (27UCR) from the plants was planted in a farmer field in YR5 for final verification of weather shatter resistance, lodging tolerance, combinability, and yield. The line was uniform and repeated on having good weather shatter resistance and excellent lodging tolerance. Part of the strip was harvested for an increase and part was left for a combine test. The line combined well with no issues. The designator was changed to Sesaco 35. The variety was released to farmers in YR6. 
     Along with breeding programs for sesame, tissue culture of sesame is currently being practiced in such areas of the world as Korea, Japan, China, India, Sri Lanka and the United States. One of ordinary skill in the art may utilize sesame plants grown from tissue culture as parental lines in the production of non-dehiscent sesame. Further IND sesame may be propagated through tissue culture methods. By means well known in the art, sesame plants can be regenerated from tissue culture having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the source plant. 
     The present invention includes the seed of sesame variety S35 deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708; a sesame plant or parts thereof produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708; any sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S35; any sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a sesame plant produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. The present invention also includes a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708 or a tissue culture of regenerable cells from sesame variety S35 or a part thereof produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S35 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708 or from sesame variety S35, wherein the regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S35 is also contemplated by the present invention. Methods of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant, wherein the first or second parent sesame plant was produced by seed having been deposited under ATCC Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-12708 is part of the present invention. 
     Unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like. Further, unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term progeny includes plants derived from plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like. 
     Sesame cultivar S35 has been tested experimentally over several years under various growing conditions ranging from South Texas to Southern Oklahoma. Sesame cultivar S35 has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for the characters listed in Table II below. Table II provides the name, definition, and rating scale of each character as well as the method by which the character is measured. Under the rating section, the rating for S35 is presented in bold text. Additionally, the distribution of the character in Sesaco&#39;s sesame development program is indicated under the rating section. Sesaco uses slightly different character specifications from “Descriptors for sesame,” AGP:IBPGR/80/71, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, (1981) and from the form “Sesame ( Sesamum indicum ),” U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Variety Protection Office, Beltsville, Maryland. The descriptors in those documents were developed in the early 1980s and have not been updated to incorporate new concepts in sesame data collection. 
     Table II provides characteristics of S35 for forty-five (45) traits. Numerical ratings and values reported in this table were experimentally determined for S35 with prior sesame varieties in side by side replicated trials. Actual numerical values and ratings for a given variety will vary according to the environment, and the values and ratings provided in Table II were obtained in the environment specified in the parenthetical following the S35 rating. If “NT” is indicated, it indicates that trait was not tested. Table V provides a direct comparison between the new S35 variety and the prior varieties thus demonstrating the relative differences between the varieties in the side by side trials. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Characters Distinguishing the S35 Line 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Character 
                 Rating 
                 Methodology 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (1) BRANCHING 
                 S35 = B 
                 The amount of branching on any 
               
               
                 STYLE 
                 (All crops, all nurseries) 
                 particular plant depends on the space 
               
               
                 The potential amount of 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 around the plant. In high populations, 
               
               
                 true branching in a line 
                 the following values: 
                 branching can be suppressed. This rating 
               
               
                   
                 U = Uniculm - no 
                 should be based on potential as expressed 
               
               
                   
                 branching except weak 
                 on end plants and plants in the open. 
               
               
                   
                 branches in open 
                 True branches start in the leaf axil 
               
               
                   
                 B = True branches 
                 below the first flower, and they begin to 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 emerge before the first open flower. As 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 long as there is light into the leaf axils, 
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                 there will be additional branches that start 
               
               
                   
                 1982-2001 (Total number 
                 below the first branches in subsequently 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 1,333) 
                 lower nodes. Weak branches occur when 
               
               
                   
                 U = 42.4% 
                 a plant is in the open. They develop in the 
               
               
                   
                 B = 57.6% 
                 lowest nodes and subsequent branches 
               
               
                   
                   
                 start at higher nodes. There are lines that 
               
               
                   
                   
                 will not branch in any circumstance. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Some lines in the open will put on 
               
               
                   
                   
                 spontaneous branches late in the cycle. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 True and weak branches do not have a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 capsule in the same leaf axil, whereas the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 spontaneous branches form under the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 capsule after the capsule has formed. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Spontaneous branches are not counted as 
               
               
                   
                   
                 branches. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 There are rare lines where the flowering 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pattern is to put on flowers on lower nodes 
               
               
                   
                   
                 late in the cycle. In this case, the capsule 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is formed after the branch is developed. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 This pattern should not be termed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 spontaneous branching, and the branch is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 normally counted as a true branch. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 There are branched lines that have 
               
               
                   
                   
                 secondary branches on the branches. In a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 few cases, there can be tertiary branches. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Additional branches generally appear in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 low populations. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 COMMENTS: The effects of light 
               
               
                   
                   
                 appear to have more of an effect on 
               
               
                   
                   
                 branching than moisture and fertility. High 
               
               
                   
                   
                 populations suppress branching. 
               
               
                 (2) NUMBER OF 
                 S35 = 1 
                 Rating can be taken from about 60 days 
               
               
                 CAPSULES PER LEAF 
                 (All crops,all nurseries) 
                 after planting through to the end of the 
               
               
                 AXIL 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 crop. 
               
               
                 The predominant 
                 the following values: 
                 NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF 
               
               
                 number of capsules per 
                 1 = Single 
                 AXIL is highly dependent on moisture, 
               
               
                 leaf axil in the middle 
                 3 = Triple 
                 fertility, and light. In triple capsule lines, the 
               
               
                 half of the capsule zone 
                 Based on potential as 
                 central capsule forms first, and axillary 
               
               
                   
                 described in the methodology 
                 capsules follow a few days later. Triple 
               
               
                   
                 presented herein 
                 capsule lines have the potential to put on 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 axillaries, but will not do so if plants do not 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 have adequate moisture and/or fertility. In 
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                 drought conditions, some triple capsule 
               
               
                   
                 1982-2001 (Total number 
                 lines will produce only a central capsule for 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 1,327) 
                 many nodes. In these lines, when there is 
               
               
                   
                 1 = 58.3% 
                 adequate moisture through rain or  
               
               
                   
                 3 = 41.7% 
                 irrigation, some will add axillary capsules on 
               
               
                   
                   
                 only new nodes, while others will add 
               
               
                   
                   
                 axillary capsules to all nodes. Some triple 
               
               
                   
                   
                 capsule lines will not put on axillary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 capsules if there is no direct sunlight on the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 leaf axil. To date, lines with single 
               
               
                   
                   
                 capsules have nectaries next to the central 
               
               
                   
                   
                 capsule in the middle of the capsule zone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 while triple capsules do not. However, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 some lines have what appear to be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 nectaries on the lower capsules of triple lines, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 but upon close examination, they are buds, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 which may or may not eventually 
               
               
                   
                   
                 develop into a flower and then a capsule. In 
               
               
                   
                   
                 most triple capsule lines, the lower and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 upper nodes have single capsules. There 
               
               
                   
                   
                 are some lines where the end plants can 
               
               
                   
                   
                 put on 5 capsules/leaf axil and a few that 
               
               
                   
                   
                 have the potential to put on 7 capsules/leaf 
               
               
                   
                   
                 axil. 5 and 7 capsules only appear with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 open plants with high moisture and fertility. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 In some environments, single capsule lines 
               
               
                   
                   
                 will put on multiple capsules on 1 node and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rarely on up to 5 nodes. These lines are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 not considered triple capsule lines. 
               
               
                 (3) MATURITY CLASS 
                 S35 = M for 100 days 
                 The basis for this data point is DAYS 
               
               
                 The maturity of a line in 
                 (Uvalde nursery a , 2008- 
                 TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY 
               
               
                 relation to a standard 
                 2011) 
                 (Character No. 29). S26 is the standard 
               
               
                 line. Currently, the 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 line to be used to compute MATURITY 
               
               
                 standard line is S26 at 
                 the following values: 
                 CLASS. For each line, the physiological 
               
               
                 100 days 
                 V = Very early (&lt;85 days) 
                 maturity for each year is subtracted by the 
               
               
                   
                 E = Early (85-94 days) 
                 S26 maturity for that year in that nursery, 
               
               
                   
                 M = Medium (95-104 
                 and then the number of days of difference 
               
               
                   
                 days) 
                 is averaged. The average is then added to 
               
               
                   
                 L = Late (105-114 days) 
                 100. 
               
               
                   
                 T = Very late (&gt;114 days) 
                 See DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 MATURITY (Character No. 29) for the 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 effects of the environment on MATURITY 
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                 CLASS. 
               
               
                   
                 1998-2001 (Total number 
                 Note that S24 was formerly used as the 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 650) 
                 standard for this trait. S26 averages 
               
               
                   
                 V = 1.2% 
                 approximately 5 days longer than S24. 
               
               
                   
                 E = 26.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M = 56.2% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L = 12.9% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 T = 2.9% 
                   
               
               
                 (4) PLANT 
                 S35 = B1M 
                 The first character is the BRANCHING 
               
               
                 PHENOTYPE 
                 (All crops; all nurseries) 
                 STYLE (Character No. 1), followed by the 
               
               
                 A three character 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF 
               
               
                 designation that 
                 the following values: 
                 AXIL (Character No. 2), and then the 
               
               
                 provides the branching 
                 BRANCHING STYLE 
                 MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3). 
               
               
                 style, number of 
                 U = Uniculm - no 
                 When these characters are placed in a 
               
               
                 capsules per leaf axil, 
                 branching except weak 
                 matrix, there are 20 potential phenotypes. 
               
               
                 and the maturity class 
                 branches in open 
                 The phenotype provides an overview of 
               
               
                   
                 B = True branches 
                 the general appearance of the plant. There 
               
               
                   
                 NUMBER OF CAPSULES 
                 is a very high correlation between 
               
               
                   
                 PER LEAF AXIL 
                 MATURITY CLASS and HEIGHT OF 
               
               
                   
                 1 = Single 
                 PLANT (Character No. 5). 
               
               
                   
                 3 = Triple 
                   
               
               
                   
                 MATURITY CLASS 
                   
               
               
                   
                 V = Very early (&lt;85 days) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 E = Early (85-94 days) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 M = Medium (95-104 
                   
               
               
                   
                 days) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 L = Late (105-114 days) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 T = Very late (&gt;114 days) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1998-2001 (Total number 
                   
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 650) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 U1V = 0%  
                 U3V = 1.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 U1E = 3.8%  
                 U3E = 8.3% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 U1M = 16.0%  
                 U3M = 12.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 U1L = 3.4%  
                 U3L = 2.2% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 U1T = 0.5%  
                 U3T = 0.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B1V = 0%  
                 B3V = 0.2% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B1E = 8.0%  
                 B3E = 6.3% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B1M = 23.2%  
                 B3M = 4.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B1L = 6.5%  
                 B3L = 1.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 B1T = 1.6%  
                 B3T = 0.4% 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (5) HEIGHT OF PLANT 
                 S35 = 117 cm 
                 The measurement is made after the 
               
               
                 The height of the plant 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 plants stop flowering. For plants that are 
               
               
                 from the ground to the 
                 Value based on the 
                 not erect or have lodged, the plant should 
               
               
                 top of the highest 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 be picked up for the measurement. In most 
               
               
                 capsule with viable 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 lines the highest capsule is on the main 
               
               
                 seed 
                 measure: cm) 
                 stem. In lines with the dt/dt alleles 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 (determinate), the highest capsule is on 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 the branches. 
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                 COMMENTS: this height is dependent 
               
               
                   
                 1999-2001 (Total number 
                 on the amount of moisture, heat, fertility, 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 2,274) 
                 and population. Increased values generally 
               
               
                   
                 low = 56 cm; high = 249 
                 increase the height. In a high population, 
               
               
                   
                 cm 
                 the height will only increase if there is 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;94.6 cm; 5.2% 
                 adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise, 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;133.2 cm; 34.6% 
                 the height will be shorter. In low light 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;171.8 cm; 54.9% 
                 intensities, the heights are generally taller. 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;210.4 cm; 5.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;210.3 cm; 0.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 134.8 cm, std = 23.5 
                   
               
               
                 (6) HEIGHT OF FIRST 
                 S35 = 51 cm 
                 The measurement is made after the 
               
               
                 CAPSULE 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 plants stop flowering. For plants that are 
               
               
                 The height of the first 
                 Value based on the 
                 not erect or have lodged, the plant should 
               
               
                 capsule from the 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 be picked up for the measurement. In most 
               
               
                 ground to the bottom of 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 lines, the lowest capsule is on the main 
               
               
                 the lowest capsule on 
                 measure: cm) 
                 stem. True branches have capsules higher 
               
               
                 the main stem 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 than on the main stem except when the 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 flowers fall off the main stem. 
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                 Occasionally, on weak branches, the 
               
               
                   
                 1999-2001 (Total number 
                 lowest capsule is on the branches. 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 2,274) 
                 There are lines that flower in the lower 
               
               
                   
                 low = 20 cm; high = 193 
                 nodes late in the cycle, and thus, the 
               
               
                   
                 cm 
                 measurement should be taken after 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;54.6 cm; 52.7% 
                 flowering ends. In many lines the first 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;89.2 cm; 45.5% 
                 flower does not make a capsule, and thus, 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;123.8 cm; 1.5% 
                 this height may not be the same as the 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;158.4 cm; 0.3% 
                 height of the first flower. The height is 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;158.3 cm; 0.1% 
                 correlated to the length of time to 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 54.2 cm, std = 14.3 
                 flowering, the earlier the lower the height. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 COMMENTS: See HEIGHT OF PLANT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Character No. 5) for effects of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 environmental factors. 
               
               
                 (7) 
                 S35 = 66 cm 
                 The measurement is derived by 
               
               
                 CAPSULE ZONE 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 subtracting the HEIGHT OF FIRST 
               
               
                 LENGTH 
                 Value based on the 
                 CAPSULE (Character No. 6) from the 
               
               
                 The length of the 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5). 
               
               
                 capsule zone. The 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 COMMENTS: See HEIGHT OF PLANT 
               
               
                 capsule zone extends 
                 measure: cm) 
                 (Character No. 5) for effects of 
               
               
                 from the bottom of the 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 environmental factors. 
               
               
                 lowest capsule on the 
                 based on stable lines in 
                   
               
               
                 main stem to the top of 
                 the crossing program in 
                   
               
               
                 the highest capsule on 
                 1999-2001 (Total number 
                   
               
               
                 the main stem. 
                 of samples tested = 2,274) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 18 cm; high = 188 
                   
               
               
                   
                 cm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;52 cm; 4.7% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;86 cm; 53.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;120 cm; 41.3% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;154 cm; 0.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;153.9 cm; 0.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 80.6 cm, std = 17.2 
                   
               
               
                 (8) NUMBER OF 
                 S35 = 24 pairs 
                 The count is made after the plants stop 
               
               
                 CAPSULE NODE 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 flowering. On opposite and alternate 
               
               
                 PAIRS 
                 Value based on the 
                 arranged leaves, each pair of leaves is 
               
               
                 The number of capsule 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 counted as one node pair. In some lines, 
               
               
                 node pairs from the 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 there are three leaves per node for at least 
               
               
                 lowest capsule node to 
                 measure: number) 
                 part of the plant, and those are counted as 
               
               
                 the highest node with 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 one node pair. In some plants, flowers may 
               
               
                 capsules with viable 
                 based on stable lines in 
                 not have produced capsules on one or 
               
               
                 seed on the main stem 
                 the crossing program in 
                 more of the leaf axils in a node. These 
               
               
                 of the plant 
                 1999-2001 (Total number 
                 node pairs should still be counted. Node 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 2,154) 
                 pairs on the branches are not counted. 
               
               
                   
                 low = 10; high = 54 
                 In years when the amount of moisture 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;18.8; 17.9% 
                 available to the plant is irregular, node 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;27.6; 48.3% 
                 pairs can become very irregular, 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;36.4; 29.5% 
                 particularly on triple capsule lines. In the 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;45.2; 3.6% 
                 upper portions of the plant, it may become 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;45.1; 0.7% 
                 easier to count the capsule clusters and 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 25.3, std = 6.4 
                 divide by 2. While it is possible to count 
               
               
                   
                   
                 node pairs after leaves have fallen, it is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 much easier to count while the leaves are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 still on the plant. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 COMMENTS: The number of node 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pairs is dependent on the amount of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 moisture and fertility. Higher moisture and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fertility increases the number of node 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pairs. 
               
               
                 (9) AVERAGE 
                 S35 = 2.7 cm 
                 Divide the CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH 
               
               
                 INTERNODE LENGTH 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 (Character No. 7) by the NUMBER OF 
               
               
                 WITHIN CAPSULE 
                 Value based on the 
                 CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8). 
               
               
                 ZONE 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 COMMENTS: This length is dependent 
               
               
                 The average internode 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 on the amount of moisture, fertility, and 
               
               
                 length within the 
                 measure: cm) 
                 population. Increased values generally 
               
               
                 capsule zone 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 increase the length. In a high population, 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 the length will only increase if there is 
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                 adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise 
               
               
                   
                 1999-2001 (Total number 
                 the length will be shorter. In low light 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 2,145) 
                 intensities, the lengths are generally 
               
               
                   
                 low = 1.09 cm; high = 8.09 cm 
                 longer. 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;2.49 cm; 6.2% 
                 Past methodologies have measured the 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;3.89 cm; 74.6% 
                 internode length at the middle of the 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;5.29 cm; 18.6% 
                 capsule zone. Some have measured it at 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;6.69 cm; 0.4% 
                 the median node and others at the median 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;6.68 cm; 0.1% 
                 CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH. 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 3.35 cm, std = 0.66 
                   
               
               
                 (10) YIELD AT 
                 S35 = 890 kg/ha 
                 On 3 replicated plots, when the plants 
               
               
                 DRYDOWN 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 are dry enough for direct harvest, cut a 
               
               
                 An extrapolation of the 
                 657 kg/ha 
                 minimum of 1/5000 of a hectare (Sesaco 
               
               
                 yield of a field by taking 
                 (Lorenzo nursery b , 2011) 
                 uses 1/2620) in the plot and place the 
               
               
                 sample yields 
                 Values based on the 
                 plants in a cloth bag. Thresh the sample in 
               
               
                   
                 average of a minimum of 
                 a plot thresher and weigh the seed. 
               
               
                   
                 three replications (unit of 
                 Multiply the weight by the appropriate 
               
               
                   
                 measure: kg/ha) 
                 multiplier based on area taken to provide 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 the extrapolated yield in kg/ha. 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 In the Almaco thresher there is about 
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                 3% trash left in the seed. Since yields are 
               
               
                   
                 1999-2001 (Total number 
                 comparative, there is no cleaning of the 
               
               
                   
                 of samples tested = 1,828) 
                 seed done before the computation. If other 
               
               
                   
                 low = 67 kg/ha 
                 threshers have more trash, the seed 
               
               
                   
                 high = 2421 kg/ha 
                 should be cleaned before weighing. 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;537.8 kg/ha; 5.6% 
                 COMMENTS: Yields increase with 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;1008.6 kg/ha; 15.6% 
                 moisture and fertility. However, too high a 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;1479.4 kg/ha; 51.5% 
                 moisture can lead to killing of plants. Too 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;1950.2 kg/ha; 25.8% 
                 high fertility can lead to extra vegetative 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;1950.1 kg/ha; 1.4% 
                 growth that may not lead to higher yields. 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 1114.6 kg/ha, 
                 The optimum population depends on the 
               
               
                   
                 std = 331.2 
                 PLANT PHENOTYPE, Character No. 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (BRANCHING STYLE, Character No. 1; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AXIL, Character No. 2; and MATURITY 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CLASS, Character No. 3) and row width. 
               
               
                 (11) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 In a year when there is a drought, this 
               
               
                 DROUGHT 
                 Average of a minimum of 
                 rating can be used to differentiate the 
               
               
                 The relative amount of 
                 three plots of a subjective 
                 effects of the different lines. This is a 
               
               
                 tolerance to drought 
                 rating based on the 
                 subjective rating requiring a rater that is 
               
               
                   
                 following values: 
                 familiar with the performance of the line 
               
               
                   
                 0 to 8 scale 
                 under normal conditions. The rating is 
               
               
                   
                 7 = Little effect from 
                 based on how the drought changes the 
               
               
                   
                 drought 
                 line from normal. Thus, a short line that 
               
               
                   
                 4 = Medium effect from 
                 does not change significantly in a drought 
               
               
                   
                 drought 
                 may have a higher rating than a tall line, 
               
               
                   
                 1 = Considerable effect 
                 which is affected by the drought even 
               
               
                   
                 from drought 
                 though the taller line is taller in the drought 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate values are 
                 than the short line. 
               
               
                   
                 used. 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 the crossing program in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2000 (Total number of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 samples tested = 632) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 0; high = 8 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;1.6; 0.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;3.2; 28.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;4.8; 36.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;6.4; 34.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;6.3; 0.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 4.1, std = 1.2 
                   
               
               
                 (12) LEAF LENGTH 
                 S35 = NT 
                 Select one leaf per node to measure 
               
               
                 The length of the leaf 
                 Value based on the 
                 from the 5 th , 10 th , and 15 th  node pairs from 
               
               
                 blade from the base of 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 the base of the plant. All the leaves for one 
               
               
                 the petiole to the apex 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 line should be collected at the same time. 
               
               
                 of the leaf from the 5 th , 
                 measure: cm) 
                 Some lines retain the cotyledons, and the 
               
               
                 10 th , and 15 th  node 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 cotyledon node does not count as a node 
               
               
                 pairs 
                 for 5 th  leaf based on stable 
                 pair. In some lines the lowest leaves 
               
               
                   
                 lines in the crossing 
                 abscise leaving a scar on the stem. 
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                 Abscised nodes should be counted. In 
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                 lines with alternate leaves, one node is 
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                 counted for each pair of leaves. In some 
               
               
                   
                 low = 13.8 cm; high = 42.5 cm 
                 lines in parts of the plant there are three 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;19.5 cm; 34.7% 
                 leaves per node, which should be counted 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;25.3 cm; 48.0% 
                 as one node. 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;31.0 cm; 14.3% 
                 The leaves continue growing in the first 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;36.8 cm; 1.5% 
                 few days after they have separated from 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;36.7 cm; 1.5% 
                 the growing tip. The choosing of leaves 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 21.5 cm, std = 4.4 
                 should be done a minimum of 5 days after 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 the 15 th  node has appeared. Timing is 
               
               
                   
                 for 10 th  leaf based on 
                 important, because the plants will begin to 
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                 shed their lower leaves towards the end of 
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                 their cycle. 
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                 There are lines that have less than 15 
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                 nodes. In this case, the highest node 
               
               
                   
                 low = 9.3 cm; high = 32.9 cm 
                 should be taken and the node number 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;14.0 cm; 22.4% 
                 annotated to the measurements. 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;18.7 cm; 41.8% 
                 There can be as much as 6 mm 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;23.5 cm; 20.9% 
                 difference between a green leaf and a dry 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;28.2 cm; 10.2% 
                 leaf. The measurements can be done on a 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;28.1 cm; 4.6% 
                 green or dry leaf as long as any 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 17.9 cm, std = 4.8 
                 comparison data with other lines is based 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 on the same method. 
               
               
                   
                 for 15 th  leaf based on 
                 Generally, the lowest leaves increase in 
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                 size until the 4 th  to 6 th  node and then they 
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                 decrease in size. This applies to LEAF 
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                 LENGTH (Character No. 12) , LEAF 
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                 BLADE WIDTH (Character No. 14), and 
               
               
                   
                 low = 4.4 cm; high = 26.2 
                 PETIOLE LENGTH (Character No. 15). In 
               
               
                   
                 cm 
                 few cases, LEAF BLADE LENGTH 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;8.8 cm; 5.1% 
                 Character No. 13) can increase up the 10 th   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;13.1 cm; 42.9% 
                 node, but will decrease by the 15 th  node. 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;17.5 cm; 29.8% 
                 Generally, the width will decrease at a 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;21.8 cm; 15.8% 
                 greater rate than the length. 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;21.7 cm; 6.6% 
                 COMMENTS: The length is dependent 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 14.3 cm, std = 4.2 
                 on the amount of moisture and fertility. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Higher moisture and fertility increase the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 length. Leaf size also appears to be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 affected by light intensity. In Korea, the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Korean lines have much larger leaves than 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in Oklahoma. In Korea, there is more cloud 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cover and a general haze than in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Oklahoma. 
               
               
                 (13) LEAF BLADE 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12) 
               
               
                 LENGTH 
                 Value based on the 
                 on how to collect leaves. The 
               
               
                 The length of the leaf 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 measurement does not include PETIOLE 
               
               
                 blade from the base of 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 LENGTH (Character No. 15). In some 
               
               
                 the leaf blade to the 
                 measure: cm) 
                 leaves the blade on one side of the petiole 
               
               
                 apex of the leaf from 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 starts before the other side. This measure 
               
               
                 the 5 th , 10 th , and 15 th   
                 for 5 th  leaf based on stable 
                 should start from the lowest blade side. 
               
               
                 node pairs 
                 lines in the crossing 
                 There are leaves that have enations where 
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                 a blade starts and then stops. The 
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                 enations are not considered part of the leaf 
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                 blade because they are very irregular from 
               
               
                   
                 low = 9.0 cm; high = 25.5 cm 
                 plant to plant and within a plant. 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;12.3 cm; 14.3% 
                 COMMENTS: See LEAF LENGTH 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;15.6 cm; 60.2% 
                 (Character No. 12) for effects of 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;18.9 cm; 20.9% 
                 environment. 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;22.2 cm; 3.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;22.1 cm; 1.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 14.4 cm, std = 2.4 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 for 10 th  leaf based on 
                   
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                   
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 8.3 cm; high = 23.4 cm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;11.3 cm; 18.9% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;14.3 cm; 42.9% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;17.4 cm; 25.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;20.4 cm; 9.2% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;20.3 cm; 4.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 13.9 cm, std = 3.0 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 for 15 th  leaf based on 
                   
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                   
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 4.2 cm; high = 20.7 cm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;7.5 cm; 2.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;10.8 cm; 36.7% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;14.1 cm; 37.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;17.4 cm; 16.3% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;17.3 cm; 7.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 12.0 cm, std = 3.0 
                   
               
               
                 (14) LEAF BLADE 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12) 
               
               
                 WIDTH 
                 Value based on the 
                 on how to collect leaves. There are many 
               
               
                 The width of the leaf 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 leaves that are not symmetrical with lobing 
               
               
                 blade measured across 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 on one side and not the other. The width 
               
               
                 the leaf blade at the 
                 measure: cm) 
                 should still be measured across the widest 
               
               
                 widest point at the 5 th , 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 point on a line perpendicular to the main 
               
               
                 10 th , and 15 th  node 
                 for 5 th  leaf based on stable 
                 vein of the leaf. 
               
               
                 pairs 
                 lines in the crossing 
                 On some lines the width exceeds the 
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                 length, particularly on lobed leaves. 
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                 COMMENTS: See LEAF LENGTH 
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                 (Character No. 12) for effects of 
               
               
                   
                 low = 3.4 cm; high = 31.0 cm 
                 environment. 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;8.9 cm; 53.1% 
                 The widest leaves are lobed. Normally, 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;14.4 cm; 33.7% 
                 the leaves have turned from lobed to 
               
               
                   
                 3 =&lt;20.0 cm; 9.7% 
                 lanceolate by the 10 th  leaf with the 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;25.5 cm; 2.6% 
                 exception of the tropical lines. 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;25.4 cm; 1.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 9.6 cm, std = 4.3 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 for 10 th  leaf based on 
                   
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                   
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 1.3 cm; high = 17.6 cm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;4.6 cm; 69.4% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;7.8 cm; 25.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;11.1 cm; 4.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;14.3 cm; 0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;14.2 cm; 1.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 4.3 cm, std = 2.2 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 for 15 th  leaf based on 
                   
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                   
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 0.7 cm; high = 6.0 cm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;1.8 cm; 29.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;2.8 cm; 48.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;3.9 cm; 15.3% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;4.9 cm; 4.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;4.8 cm; 3.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 0.9 
                   
               
               
                 (15) PETIOLE LENGTH 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See LEAF BLADE LENGTH (Character 
               
               
                 The length of the 
                 Value based on the 
                 No. 13) on how to collect leaves. In some 
               
               
                 petiole from the base of 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 leaves, the blade on one side of the petiole 
               
               
                 the petiole to the start 
                 three plants (unit of 
                 starts before the other side. This measure 
               
               
                 of the leaf blade at the 
                 measure: cm) 
                 should end where the earliest blade starts. 
               
               
                 5 th , 10 th , and 15 th  node 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 There are leaves that have enations where 
               
               
                 pairs 
                 for 5 th  leaf based on stable 
                 a blade starts and then stops. The 
               
               
                   
                 lines in the crossing 
                 enations are not considered part of the leaf 
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                 blade because they are very irregular from 
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                 plant to plant and within a plant and should 
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                 be measured as part of the petiole. 
               
               
                   
                 low = 3.0 cm; high = 17.0 cm 
                 COMMENTS: See LEAF LENGTH 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;5.8 cm; 35.2% 
                 (Character No. 12) for effects of 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;8.6 cm; 39.8% 
                 environment. 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;11.4 cm; 19.4% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;14.2 cm; 4.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;14.1 cm; 1.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 7.0 cm, std=2.5 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 for 10 th  leaf based on 
                   
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                   
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 1.0 cm; high = 14.2 cm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;3.6 cm; 53.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;6.3 cm; 31.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;8.9 cm; 11.7% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;11.6 cm; 2.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;11.5 cm; 1.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 4.0 cm, std = 2.1 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 for 15 th  leaf based on 
                   
               
               
                   
                 stable lines in the crossing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 program in 2002 (Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number of lines tested = 
                   
               
               
                   
                 196 with 711 samples) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 0.2 cm; high = 7.4 cm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;1.6 cm; 38.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;3.1 cm; 41.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;4.5 cm; 13.3% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;6.0 cm; 3.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;5.9 cm; 3.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 1.3 
                   
               
               
                 (16) NUMBER OF 
                 S35 = 2 
                 The rating can be taken from about 60 
               
               
                 CARPELS PER 
                 (All crops, all nurseries) 
                 days after planting to all the way to the end 
               
               
                 CAPSULE 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 of the crop. 
               
               
                 The predominant 
                 the following values: 
                 There are many plants with mixed 
               
               
                 number of carpels per 
                 2 = bicarpellate 
                 number of carpels as follows: 
               
               
                 capsule in the middle 
                 3 = tricarpellate 
                 1. Some bicarpellate plants will have 
               
               
                 half of the capsule zone 
                 4 = quadricarpellate 
                 one or more nodes near the center of the 
               
               
                   
                 (unit of measure: actual number) 
                 capsule zone that have tri- and/or 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 quadricarpellate capsules and vice versa. 
               
               
                   
                 based on the introductions 
                 2. Most tri- and quadri-carpellate plants 
               
               
                   
                 received in 1982-2001 
                 will begin and end with bicarpellate nodes. 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 3. Some plants have only one carpel 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 2702) 
                 that develops. These capsules are 
               
               
                   
                 2 = 97.6% 
                 generally bent, but on examination the 2 nd   
               
               
                   
                 3 = 0.0004% 
                 carpel can be seen. 
               
               
                   
                 4 = 2.3% 
                 4. On all types, flowers may coalesce 
               
               
                   
                 Sesaco has not developed 
                 and double or triple the number of 
               
               
                   
                 lines with more than 2 
                 carpels. 
               
               
                   
                 carpels. 
                 5. On the seamless gene plants (gs/gs) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the false membranes do not form locules. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 These are still considered bicarpellate. 
               
               
                 (17) CAPSULE 
                 S35 = 2.20 cm 
                 After the plants are physiologically 
               
               
                 LENGTH FROM 10 cap 
                 (All experimental 
                 mature, take 2 capsules from five plants 
               
               
                 TEST 
                 nurseries, 1997-2011) 
                 from the middle of the capsule zone. On 
               
               
                 The length of the 
                 Value based on the 
                 three capsule per leaf axil lines, one 
               
               
                 capsule from the 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 central capsule and one axillary capsule 
               
               
                 bottom of the seed 
                 three samples of the 
                 should be taken from the same leaf axil. 
               
               
                 chamber to the top of 
                 length taken on the 
                 The measurement is taken on the median 
               
               
                 the seed chamber from 
                 median capsule in a 10 
                 capsule of single capsule lines and on the 
               
               
                 the outside of the 
                 capsule sample (unit of 
                 median central capsule on three capsule 
               
               
                 capsule. The tip of the 
                 measure: cm) 
                 lines. The measurement is taken on dry 
               
               
                 capsule is not included 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 capsules because the length can shorten 
               
               
                 in the measurement. 
                 based on 10 cap test in all 
                 as much as one mm on drydown. 
               
               
                   
                 nurseries in 1997-2002 
                 The 10 capsules can be sampled from 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines 
                 physiological maturity through complete 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1,613 with 8,285 
                 drydown without an effect on this 
               
               
                   
                 samples) 
                 character. 
               
               
                   
                 low = 1.3 cm; high = 4.5 cm 
                 Generally, the capsules in the middle of 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;1.94 cm; 2.7% 
                 the capsule zone are the longest on the 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;2.58 cm; 67.9% 
                 plant. 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;3.22 cm; 27.2% 
                 COMMENTS: The length of the 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;3.86 cm; 1.9% 
                 capsule is dependent on the amount of 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;3.85 cm; 0.3% 
                 moisture, fertility, and population. Higher 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 2.44 cm, std = 0.33 
                 moisture and fertility increase the length. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Higher population decreases the length 
               
               
                   
                   
                 even with adequate moisture/fertility. 
               
               
                 (18) SEED WEIGHT 
                 S35 = 0.197 g 
                 See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10 CAP 
               
               
                 PER CAPSULE FROM 
                 (All experimental 
                 TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of 
               
               
                 10 cap TEST 
                 nurseries, 1997-2011) 
                 capsules. The capsules should be dried, 
               
               
                 The weight of the seed 
                 Value based on the 
                 the seed threshed out and the seed 
               
               
                 in a capsule from the 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 weighed. 
               
               
                 center of the capsule 
                 three samples of the 
                 The 10 capsules can be sampled from 
               
               
                 zone 
                 weight of 10 capsules (unit 
                 physiological maturity through complete 
               
               
                   
                 of weight: grams) 
                 drydown without an effect on this 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 character. After drydown, only capsules 
               
               
                   
                 based on 10 cap test in all 
                 with all their seed are taken. Thus, this test 
               
               
                   
                 nurseries in 1997-2002 
                 cannot be done on shattering lines after 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines 
                 drydown. 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1,613 with 8,285 
                 Generally, the capsules in the middle of 
               
               
                   
                 samples) 
                 the capsule zone have the highest seed 
               
               
                   
                 low = 0.053 g; high = 
                 weight per capsule on the plant. 
               
               
                   
                 0.476 g 
                 COMMENTS: See CAPSULE LENGTH 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;0.138 g; 1.3% 
                 FROM 10 CAP TEST (Character No. 17) 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;0.222 g; 47.6% 
                 for the effects of environmental factors. 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;0.307 g; 50.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;0.391 g; 1.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;0.390 g; 0.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 0.221 g, std = 0.039 
                   
               
               
                 (19) CAPSULE 
                 S35 = 0.128 g 
                 See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10 CAP 
               
               
                 WEIGHT PER 
                 (All experimental 
                 TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of 
               
               
                 CAPSULE FROM 
                 nurseries,1997-2011) 
                 capsules. The capsules should be dried, 
               
               
                 10 cap TEST 
                 Value based on the 
                 the seed threshed out, and the capsules 
               
               
                 The weight of the 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 weighed. At times the peduncle can still 
               
               
                 capsule from the center 
                 three samples of the 
                 be attached to the capsules. The 
               
               
                 of the capsule zone 
                 weight of 10 capsules (unit weighed. 
                 peduncles should be removed and not 
               
               
                 after the seed has been 
                 of measure: grams) 
                 The 10 capsules can be sampled from 
               
               
                 removed 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 physiological maturity through complete 
               
               
                   
                 based on 10 cap test in all 
                 drydown without an effect on this 
               
               
                   
                 nurseries in 1997-2002 
                 character. 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines 
                 Generally, the capsules in the middle of 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1,613 with 8,285 
                 the capsule zone have the highest capsule 
               
               
                   
                 samples) 
                 weight per capsule on the plant. 
               
               
                   
                 low = 0.059 g; high = 
                 COMMENTS: See CAPSULE LENGTH 
               
               
                   
                 0.395 g 
                 FROM 10 CAP TEST (Character No. 17) 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;0.126 g; 22.6% 
                 for the effects of environmental factors. 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;0.193 g; 69.1% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;0.261 g; 8.2% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;0.328 g; 0.9% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;0.327 g; 0.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 0.152 g, std = 0.036 
                   
               
               
                 (20) CAPSULE 
                 S35 = 0.058 g 
                 The weight is derived by dividing the 
               
               
                 WEIGHT PER CM OF 
                 (All experimental 
                 CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE 
               
               
                 CAPSULE 
                 nurseries, 1997-2011) 
                 FROM 10 CAP TEST (Character No. 19) 
               
               
                 The weight of a capsule 
                 Value based on the 
                 by the CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10 CAP 
               
               
                 per cm of capsule from 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 TEST (Character No. 17). 
               
               
                 the center of the 
                 three samples of the 
                 The 10 capsules can be sampled from 
               
               
                 capsule zone 
                 weight per cm of 10 
                 physiological maturity through complete 
               
               
                   
                 capsules (unit of measure: 
                 drydown without an effect on this 
               
               
                   
                 grams) 
                 character. 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 COMMENTS: This character is used 
               
               
                   
                 based on 10 cap test in all 
                 instead of capsule width. Capsule width is 
               
               
                   
                 nurseries in 1997-2002 
                 difficult to measure because there are so 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines 
                 many variables in a capsule. In a 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1,613 with 8,285 
                 bicarpellate capsule, the width differs when 
               
               
                   
                 samples) 
                 measuring across one carpel or both 
               
               
                   
                 low = 0.027 g; high = 
                 carpels. Capsules can also vary through 
               
               
                   
                 0.123 g 
                 the length of the capsule by being 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;0.046 g; 8.2% 
                 substantially narrower at the bottom, 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;0.065 g; 55.5% 
                 middle or top of the capsule. In 1997, four 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;0.085 g; 36.5% 
                 widths were measured on each capsule 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;0.104 g; 4.4% 
                 and then averaged. This average had a 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;0.103 g; 0.5% 
                 very high correlation to the capsule weight 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 0.063 g, std = 0.012 
                 per cm of capsule. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10 CAP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TEST (Character No. 17) for effects of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 environmental factors 
               
               
                 (21) VISUAL SEED 
                 S35 = I 
                 This rating is used for plants that are 
               
               
                 RETENTION 
                 (All crops, all nurseries) 
                 being selected for advanced testing 
               
               
                 Amount of seed in most 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 whether individually or in a bulk with all the 
               
               
                 of the capsules in the 
                 the following values: 
                 plants having the same level of seed 
               
               
                 middle half of the 
                 X = &lt;50% seed retention 
                 retention. 
               
               
                 capsule zone when the 
                 (unsuitable for direct 
                 Most “X” plants can be identified from 
               
               
                 plant(s) are dry enough 
                 harvest) 
                 the first capsule that dries since the seed 
               
               
                 for direct harvest with a 
                 C = 50-74% seed 
                 will begin falling out immediately. 
               
               
                 combine 
                 retention (unsuitable for 
                 A “C” (close to V) plant will have some 
               
               
                   
                 direct harvest, but may 
                 capsules with seed and some without. 
               
               
                   
                 segregate V or above in 
                 A “V” (visual shatter resistance) plant 
               
               
                   
                 future generations) 
                 can be identified when the first 50% of the 
               
               
                   
                 V = &gt;74% seed retention 
                 capsules have dried, but a “V+” rating 
               
               
                   
                 (sufficient seed retention 
                 should not be used until the complete plant 
               
               
                   
                 for 10 cap testing) 
                 is dry and most of the capsules are 
               
               
                   
                 W = &gt;74% seed retention 
                 showing seed retention. 
               
               
                   
                 on weathering in field after 
                 Some “V” plants can be upgraded to 
               
               
                   
                 rains and/or winds 
                 “W” after the dry capsules have been 
               
               
                   
                 I = in using the “drum 
                 subjected to weather (rain and/or wind) 
               
               
                   
                 test” the seed in the 
                 “V” and “W” become non-dehiscent only 
               
               
                   
                 capsules do not rattle and 
                 after 10 cap testing with about an 80% 
               
               
                   
                 &gt;85% of the capsules on 
                 passing rate. 10 cap testing is done on “I” 
               
               
                   
                 the plant(s) harvested 
                 selections have had about a 99% passing 
               
               
                   
                 have visible seed in the 
                 rate. 
               
               
                   
                 tips of the capsules four or 
                 The “drum test” consists of placing the 
               
               
                   
                 more weeks after the ideal 
                 fingers from one hand about ½ inch from 
               
               
                   
                 harvest time. The “I” 
                 the center of the main stem and then 
               
               
                   
                 rating is used for all of the 
                 striking the stem alternately with one finger 
               
               
                   
                 capsules on the plant. 
                 and then the other finger in rapid 
               
               
                   
                 ‘+’ and ‘−’ modifiers can 
                 succession. The human ear can perceive 
               
               
                   
                 be used. 
                 degree of rattling over a range. IND is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 defined as having no rattle. Degree of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rattle in this test correlates with loss of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 increasing amounts of seed as capsules 
               
               
                   
                   
                 are exposed to weather conditions. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 COMMENTS: The ratings above should 
               
               
                   
                   
                 be made under normal conditions (600 mm 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of annual rainfall and 30 kg/ha of nitrogen) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 through high moisture/fertility conditions. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 In drought or very low fertility conditions, it 
               
               
                   
                   
                 has been observed that there is less seed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 retention. In addition, high populations 
               
               
                   
                   
                 may lead to low moisture or fertility 
               
               
                   
                   
                 causing less seed retention. If unusual 
               
               
                   
                   
                 environmental conditions are present, the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 effects should be taken into consideration 
               
               
                   
                   
                 prior to rating. 
               
               
                 (22) SHAKER 
                 S35 = 71.1% 
                 See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10 CAP 
               
               
                 SHATTER 
                 (All experimental 
                 TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of 
               
               
                 RESISTANCE FROM 
                 nurseries, 1997-2011) 
                 capsules. The capsules should be dried 
               
               
                 10 cap TEST 
                 Value based on the 
                 and inverted. The capsules and any seed 
               
               
                 The amount of seed 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 that has fallen out should then be placed in 
               
               
                 retention after the 
                 three samples of the 
                 flasks on a reciprocal shaker with a 3.8 cm 
               
               
                 capsules are dry, 
                 percentage of seed 
                 stroke with 250 strokes/min for 10 minutes 
               
               
                 inverted, and put 
                 retained in 10 capsules 
                 (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452). The seed 
               
               
                 through a shaker (10 
                 (unit of measure: Actual 
                 that comes out of the capsules should be 
               
               
                 capsule sample) 
                 Number expressed as 
                 weighed as ‘out seed.’ The retained seed 
               
               
                   
                 percentage) 
                 should be threshed out of the capsules 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 and weighed to compute the ‘total seed’. 
               
               
                   
                 based on 10 cap test in all 
                 The shaker shatter resistance is computed 
               
               
                   
                 nurseries in 1997-2002 
                 as a percentage as follows: (total seed − 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines 
                 out seed)/total seed. 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1,613 with 8,285 
                 The 10 capsules can be sampled from 
               
               
                   
                 samples) 
                 physiological maturity through complete 
               
               
                   
                 low = 0; high = 100 
                 drydown without an effect on this character 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;20; 12.9% 
                 for shatter resistant types. When taking 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;40; 6.9% 
                 capsules after drydown, only capsules with 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;60; 23.4% 
                 all their seed are taken. Thus, this test 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;80; 47.7% 
                 cannot be done on shattering lines after 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;79.9; 9.2% 
                 drydown. 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 55.9%, std = 23.9 
                 COMMENTS: The ratings above should 
               
               
                   
                   
                 be made under normal conditions through 
               
               
                   
                   
                 high moisture/fertility conditions. In 
               
               
                   
                   
                 drought or very low fertility conditions, it 
               
               
                   
                   
                 has been observed that there is less seed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 retention. In additions, high populations 
               
               
                   
                   
                 may lead to low moisture or fertility 
               
               
                   
                   
                 causing there to be less seed retention. If 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unusual environmental conditions are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 present, the effects should be taken into 
               
               
                   
                   
                 consideration prior to rating. Lines with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 shaker shatter resistance &gt; 64.9% are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 known as non-dehiscent lines (see U.S. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Pat. No. 6,100,452). 
               
               
                 (23) CAPSULE 
                 S35 = SR 
                 The rating is based on visual 
               
               
                 SHATTERING TYPE 
                 (All crops, all nurseries) 
                 observations as to seed retention as the 
               
               
                 Amount of seed 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 plants remain standing in the field without 
               
               
                 retention in a line or 
                 the following values: 
                 shocking. 
               
               
                 plant 
                 SUS = Super-shattering 
                 GS plants can be identified while the 
               
               
                   
                 (&lt;2 visual seed retention - 
                 plant is putting on capsules or at drydown 
               
               
                   
                 equates to &lt;25%) 
                 because the carpels in the capsules do not 
               
               
                   
                 SHA = Shattering (&lt;4 
                 form false membranes. There are plants 
               
               
                   
                 visual seed retention - 
                 that will have capsules with false 
               
               
                   
                 equates to &lt;50%) 
                 membranes on the lower and upper nodes 
               
               
                   
                 SSH = Semi-shattering 
                 but most of the capsules show no false 
               
               
                   
                 (4-6 visual seed retention - 
                 membranes. 
               
               
                   
                 equates to 50 to 75%) 
                 ID plants can be identified during the 
               
               
                   
                 SR = Shatter resistant (a 
                 growing season in that they have enations 
               
               
                   
                 numeric rating &gt; 6 visual 
                 on the bottoms of the leaves. At drydown 
               
               
                   
                 seed retention without id 
                 they are more difficult to distinguish from 
               
               
                   
                 or gs alleles - equates to 
                 other lines that have closed capsules 
               
               
                   
                 &gt;75%; an alphabetical 
                 (other than GS). There is less of a suture 
               
               
                   
                 rating of V, W, or I) 
                 than other capsule types. 
               
               
                   
                 ID = Indehiscent 
                 SUS, SHA, SSH, and SR are defined by 
               
               
                   
                 (presence of id/id with 
                 VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character 
               
               
                   
                 capsule closed) 
                 No. 21). 
               
               
                   
                 IDO = Indehiscent 
                 COMMENTS: Most environmental 
               
               
                   
                 (presence of id/id with 
                 factors do not have much of an effect on 
               
               
                   
                 capsule open at tip) 
                 capsule shattering type other than to make 
               
               
                   
                 GS = Seamless 
                 it more difficult to distinguish in the overlap 
               
               
                   
                 (presence of gs/gs with 
                 zone. Generally, higher moisture, higher 
               
               
                   
                 capsule closed) 
                 fertility, and lower populations will 
               
               
                   
                 GSO = Seamless 
                 decrease the shattering a small amount - 
               
               
                   
                 (presence of gs/gs with 
                 less than 10%. 
               
               
                   
                 capsule open at tip) 
                 The wind can have a large effect in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 decreasing the amount of seed retention. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rain, dew and fog can also reduce seed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 retention. 
               
               
                 (24) NON-DEHISCENT 
                 S35 = ND 
                 Lines are designated as ND only after they 
               
               
                 TEST 
                 (All crops, all nurseries) 
                 have undergone a minimum of 3 shaker 
               
               
                 A line that has passed 
                 Objective rating based on 
                 shatter resistance tests. In order to be 
               
               
                 the non-dehiscent test 
                 the following values: 
                 considered an ND variety, the line must 
               
               
                 of having shaker shatter 
                 ND = Non-dehiscent line 
                 pass the ND threshold in multiple nurseries 
               
               
                 resistance &gt; 64.9% is 
                 XX = Line that does not 
                 for multiple years. 
               
               
                 considered an ND line 
                 pass the non-dehiscent 
                   
               
               
                 in accordance with U.S. 
                 test 
                   
               
               
                 Pat. No. 6,100,452. 
                 ND distribution within 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sesaco based on 10 cap 
                   
               
               
                   
                 test in all nurseries in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1997-2006 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                   
               
               
                   
                 tested = 10,905) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ND = 53.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 XX = 46.4% 
                   
               
               
                 (25) IMPROVED NON- 
                 S35 = 7.4 
                 This rating is used for a plot or field that 
               
               
                 DEHISCENT VISUAL 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 is being evaluated. 
               
               
                 RATING 
                 S35 = 7.4 
                 The data is taken four or more weeks 
               
               
                 Amount of seed in most 
                 (Lorenzo nursery, 2011) 
                 after the ideal harvest time. See DAYS 
               
               
                 of the capsules in the 
                 Value based on the 
                 TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 
               
               
                 plants in a plot four or 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 30). Estimate the percentage of capsules 
               
               
                 more weeks after the 
                 three plots of a subjective 
                 that have visible seed at the top. In the 
               
               
                 ideal harvest time. 
                 rating based on the 
                 beginning, in order to develop an eye for 
               
               
                   
                 percentage of capsules 
                 the rating, the evaluator should observe all 
               
               
                   
                 with visible seed retention 
                 of the capsules and rate each of them; get 
               
               
                   
                 8 &lt; 100% 
                 a count of those with visible seeds and a 
               
               
                   
                 7 &lt; 85% 
                 count of total capsules; and compute a 
               
               
                   
                 6 &lt; 70% 
                 percentage. Once the evaluator is skilled, 
               
               
                   
                 5 &gt; 55% 
                 there is no need to count the capsules. 
               
               
                   
                 Z &lt; 55% 
                 There is a very high correlation between 
               
               
                   
                 ‘*’, ‘+’, and ‘−’ modifiers 
                 this rating upon visual evaluation and the 
               
               
                   
                 can be used. For 
                 amount of rattling generated by the “drum 
               
               
                   
                 averages, 0.5 is added for 
                 test” defined above. 
               
               
                   
                 a ‘*’, 0.33 is added for a 
                 Although retention can vary from plant 
               
               
                   
                 ‘+’, and 0.33 is subtracted 
                 to plant and even within a plant, the overall 
               
               
                   
                 for a ‘−’, e.g., “7+” = 7.33. 
                 rating is correlatable with IND. 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines 
                 In crossing between lines, in early 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 288 with 801 
                 generations there is a segregation of IND 
               
               
                   
                 samples in 2006) 
                 plants and non-IND plants. In this case 
               
               
                   
                 low = 2.97; high = 7.33 
                 the plot is given a rating of the majority of 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;6.0; 2.1% 
                 plants while the plants selected can have a 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;6.5; 20.8% 
                 higher rating, which is reflected in VISUAL 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;7.0; 13.2% 
                 SEED RETENTION. The ratings that are 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;7.5; 63.9% 
                 cited in this character are for plots, but 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;7.5; 0% 
                 ratings of 7 or 8 are only given if over 90% 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 6.77, std = 0.54 
                 of the plants have the higher rating. 
               
               
                   
                 Note: The percentage of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 lines between 7.0 and 7.6 
                   
               
               
                   
                 is very high because 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sesaco has established a 
                   
               
               
                   
                 new threshold for a new 
                   
               
               
                   
                 variety of IND &gt; 6.9 and 
                   
               
               
                   
                 only lines that are IND or 
                   
               
               
                   
                 segregating IND are rated. 
                   
               
               
                 (26) IMPROVED NON- 
                 S35 = IND 
                 Varieties were designated as IND after 
               
               
                 DEHISCENCE TEST 
                 (All crops, all nurseries) 
                 they demonstrated the defined 
               
               
                 An ND line that passes 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 characteristics with statistically significant 
               
               
                 the rattle test and has a 
                 the following values: 
                 data. 
               
               
                 visual IND rating &gt; 6.99 
                 IND = Improved Non- 
                   
               
               
                 is considered IND. A 
                 dehiscent line 
                   
               
               
                 method for traditional 
                 ZZ = Line that does not 
                   
               
               
                 breeding of an IND line 
                 pass the improved non- 
                   
               
               
                 is described in U.S. 
                 dehiscent test 
                   
               
               
                 Pat. No. 8,080,707. ND 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                 and IND lines should 
                 based on visual IND (Total 
                   
               
               
                 not have id or gs 
                 number of lines tested = 
                   
               
               
                 alleles. 
                 1,934 in all nurseries from 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2005 to 2007) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 IND = 9.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ZZ = 90.5% 
                   
               
               
                 (27) DAYS TO 
                 S35 = 43 days 
                 The vegetative phase in sesame is from 
               
               
                 FLOWERING 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 the time of planting to the start of 
               
               
                 Number of days from 
                 Value based on the 
                 flowering. 
               
               
                 planting until 50% of the 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 This data is taken as a date and later 
               
               
                 plants are flowering 
                 three plots of the number 
                 converted to number of days. Flowering is 
               
               
                   
                 of days (unit of measure: days) 
                 defined as flowers that are open - not 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 buds. 
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                 COMMENTS: Flowering can be 
               
               
                   
                 nursery in 2000-2001 
                 accelerated by drought and it can be 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 delayed by higher moisture and/or fertility. 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1831) 
                 Higher heat units will decrease the days to 
               
               
                   
                 low = 33 days; high = 89 days 
                 flowering. 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;44.2 days; 87.9% 
                 Some lines are photosensitive and will 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;55.4 days; 7.8% 
                 only begin flowering at a certain number of 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;66.6 days; 2.4% 
                 hours of daylight. 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;77.8 days; 1.7% 
                 Start of flowering does not always 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;77.7 days; 0.2% 
                 equate to start of capsule formation. Many 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 40.9 days, std = 6.3 
                 lines will flower and not set capsules from 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the first flowers. 
               
               
                 (28) DAYS TO 
                 S35 = 78 days 
                 The reproductive phase of sesame is 
               
               
                 FLOWER 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 from the start to the end of flowering. 
               
               
                 TERMINATION 
                 Value based on the 
                 This data is taken as a date and later 
               
               
                 Number of days from 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 converted to number of days. Flowering is 
               
               
                 planting until 90% of the 
                 three plots of the number 
                 defined as flowers that are open - not 
               
               
                 plants have stopped 
                 of days (unit of measure: 
                 buds. At the end of the flowering period, 
               
               
                 flowering 
                 days) 
                 the rate that a plant puts on open flowers 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 is reduced. Thus, there can be more than 
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                 10% of plants with buds and still have 
               
               
                   
                 nursery in 2000-2001 
                 reached this measure since there will not 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 be more than 10% with open flowers on 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 2668) 
                 any one day. 
               
               
                   
                 low = 61 days; high = 114 days 
                 The measure is based on the number of 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;71.6 days; 21.1% 
                 plants and not the number of flowering 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;82.2 days; 61.5% 
                 heads. The branches will stop flowering 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;92.8 days; 15.9% 
                 before the main stem, and thus the plot will 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;103.4 days; 0.8% 
                 appear like there are more plants not 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;103.3 days; 0.8% 
                 flowering. 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 77.1 days, std = 6.9  
                 COMMENTS: Flower termination can 
               
               
                   
                   
                 be accelerated by lower moisture and/or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fertility, and it can be delayed by higher 
               
               
                   
                   
                 moisture and/or fertility. Higher heat units 
               
               
                   
                   
                 will decrease the DAYS TO FLOWER 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TERMINATION. It is known that there are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 lines that stop flowering sooner than 
               
               
                   
                   
                 expected in northern latitudes, but it is not 
               
               
                   
                   
                 known if this is due to a shorter 
               
               
                   
                   
                 photoperiod or cool temperatures. 
               
               
                 (29) DAYS TO 
                 S35 = 97 days 
                 The ripening phase of sesame is from 
               
               
                 PHYSIOLOGICAL 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 the end of flowering until physiological 
               
               
                 MATURITY 
                 Value based on the 
                 maturity. 
               
               
                 Number of days from 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 This data is taken as a date and later 
               
               
                 planting until 50% of the 
                 three plots of the number 
                 converted to number of days. Physiological 
               
               
                 plants reach 
                 of days (unit of measure: days) 
                 maturity (PM) is defined as the point at 
               
               
                 physiological maturity 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 which ¾ of the capsules have seed with 
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                 final color. In most lines, the seed will also 
               
               
                   
                 nursery in 2000-2001 
                 have a seed line and tip that are dark. 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 COMMENTS: The concept of 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 2374) 
                 physiological maturity in sesame was 
               
               
                   
                 low-77 days; high-140 
                 developed by M.L. Kinman (personal 
               
               
                   
                 days 
                 communication) based on the concept of 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;89.6 days; 16.8% 
                 determining the optimum time to cut a 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;102.2 days; 58.0% 
                 plant and still harvest 95-99% of the 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;114.8 days; 23.6% 
                 potential yield. When the seed has final 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;127.4 days; 1.4% 
                 color, the seed can germinate under the 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;127.3 days; 0.2% 
                 proper conditions. If the plant is cut at 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 97.1 days, std = 7.1 
                 physiological maturity, most of the seed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above the ¾ mark will go to final color and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 are mature enough to germinate, but will 
               
               
                   
                   
                 not have as much seed weight. Since in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 even a fully mature plant, there is less 
               
               
                   
                   
                 seed weight made at the top of the plant, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 this loss of seed weight does not seriously 
               
               
                   
                   
                 affect the potential seed weight of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 plant. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Although present harvest methods let 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the plants mature and go to complete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 drydown, PM is important because after 
               
               
                   
                   
                 that point, the crop is less susceptible to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 yield loss due to frost or disease. The PM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is also important if the crop is to be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 swathed or harvest aids are to be applied. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physiological maturity can be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 accelerated by lower moisture and/or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fertility, and it can be delayed by higher 
               
               
                   
                   
                 moisture and/or fertility. Higher heat units 
               
               
                   
                   
                 will decrease the days to physiological 
               
               
                   
                   
                 maturity. Cool weather can delay 
               
               
                   
                   
                 physiological maturity. 
               
               
                 (30) DAYS TO DIRECT 
                 S35 = 157 days 
                 The drying phase of sesame is from 
               
               
                 HARVEST 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 physiological maturity until direct harvest. 
               
               
                 Number of days from 
                 Value based on the 
                 This data is taken as a date and later 
               
               
                 planting until there is 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 converted to number of days. Direct 
               
               
                 enough drydown for 
                 three plots of the number 
                 harvest is defined as the date at which the 
               
               
                 direct harvest 
                 of days (unit of measure: days) 
                 plants are dry enough for combining seed 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 at 6% or less moisture. Over 99% of the 
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in all 
                 sesame in the world is harvested by hand 
               
               
                   
                 nurseries from 2004 
                 before the plant completely dries down. 
               
               
                   
                 through 2006 
                 The plants should be dry below where 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 the cutter bar of the combine will hit the 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1,998) 
                 plants. In many lines, 15-20 cm from the 
               
               
                   
                 low = 103 days; high = 161 days 
                 ground can be green without an effect on 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;114.6 days; 3.3% 
                 the moisture of the seed. In taking the 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;126.2 days; 13.3% 
                 data on a plot, the plants at the aisle have 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;137.8 days; 32.1% 
                 more moisture and fertility available and 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;149.4 days; 44.2% 
                 will drydown later. The same is true for 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;149.3 days; 7.2% 
                 plants within the plot that have a gap of 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 136.7 days, std = 10.3 
                 half a meter between plants. These plants 
               
               
                   
                   
                 should be disregarded in taking the data. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 In addition, there are few farmer fields that 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dry down uniformly because of varying 
               
               
                   
                   
                 soils and moisture. There is a certain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 amount of green that can be combined and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 still attain the proper moisture. The 
               
               
                   
                   
                 amount of green allowable is also 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dependent on the humidity at the day of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 combining - the lower the humidity the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 higher the amount of allowable green. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 COMMENTS: This date is the most 
               
               
                   
                   
                 variable in the number of days that define 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the phenology of sesame because weather 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is so important. In dry years with little 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rainfall, the plants will run out of moisture 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sooner and will dry down faster than in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 years with more rainfall. Fields that are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 irrigated by pivots will generally dry down 
               
               
                   
                   
                 faster than fields with flood or furrow 
               
               
                   
                   
                 irrigation because pivots do not provide 
               
               
                   
                   
                 deep moisture. Fields with less fertility will 
               
               
                   
                   
                 drydown faster than fields with high fertility. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fields with high populations will dry down 
               
               
                   
                   
                 faster than fields with low populations. In 
               
               
                   
                   
                 low moisture situations lines with a strong 
               
               
                   
                   
                 taproot will dry down later than lines with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mostly shallow fibrous roots. 
               
               
                 (31) LODGING 
                 S35 = NT 
                 The data is taken after physiological 
               
               
                 TOLERANCE 
                 Average of a minimum of 
                 maturity (see DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL 
               
               
                 The amount of lodging 
                 three plots of a subjective 
                 MATURITY - Character No. 29) and 
               
               
                   
                 rating based on the 
                 before direct harvest (see DAYS TO 
               
               
                   
                 following values: 
                 DIRECT HARVEST - Character No. 30). 
               
               
                   
                 0 to 8 rating 
                 Lodging that occurs after direct harvest in 
               
               
                   
                 8 = no lodging 
                 nurseries would not be a factor in 
               
               
                   
                 7 = Less than 5% of plants 
                 commercial sesame. 
               
               
                   
                 lodged 
                 There are three types of lodging: where 
               
               
                   
                 4 = 50 % of plants lodged 
                 the plants break at the stem, where the 
               
               
                   
                 1 = All plants lodged 
                 plants bend over but do not break, and 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate values are used. 
                 where the plants uproot and bend over. 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 When a plant breaks over, it will rarely 
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                 produce any new seed, and the existing 
               
               
                   
                 and Lorenzo nurseries in 2007 
                 seed may or may not mature. If there is a 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 total break, there is no hope, but if there is 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1061) 
                 still some active stem translocation 
               
               
                   
                 low = 1.0; high = 8.0 
                 through the break, there can be some yield 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;2.4; 3.1% 
                 recovery. The main causes for uprooting 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;3.8; 6.9% 
                 of plants are shallow root systems and 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;5.2; 22.6% 
                 fields that have just been irrigated, creating 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;6.6; 18.9% 
                 a soft layer of soil. When a plant bends 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;8.0; 48.4% 
                 over early in development, some lines 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 6.1, std = 1.7 
                 adapt better than others in terms of having 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the main stems turn up and continue 
               
               
                   
                   
                 flowering. The tips of the branches are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 usually matted under the canopy and will 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rarely turn up, but new branches can 
               
               
                   
                   
                 develop. As the plants go to drydown and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the weight of the moisture is lost, many of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the bent plants will straighten up making 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the crop easier to combine. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 COMMENTS: The major cause of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 lodging is the wind. In areas where there 
               
               
                   
                   
                 are constant winds such as in Oklahoma 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and northern Texas, the plants adjust by 
               
               
                   
                   
                 adding more lignin to the stems. It takes a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 stronger wind to cause lodging than in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 those areas where there are normally only 
               
               
                   
                   
                 breezes (unless there is a strong front or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 thunderstorm that passes through). In 
               
               
                   
                   
                 areas with more root rot, the stems are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weak and it takes little wind to lodge the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 plants. 
               
               
                 (32) SEED COLOR 
                 S35 = BF 
                 This data is taken in the laboratory with 
               
               
                 The color of the seed 
                 (All crops, all nurseries) 
                 the same lighting for all samples. The seed 
               
               
                 coat 
                 Subjective rating based on 
                 from the whole plant is used. 
               
               
                   
                 the following values: 
                 Seed coat color is taken on mature 
               
               
                   
                 WH = White 
                 seeds. If there is any abnormal 
               
               
                   
                 BF = Buff 
                 termination, the colors are not quite as 
               
               
                   
                 TN = Tan 
                 even. The color of immature seed varies. 
               
               
                   
                 LBR = Light brown 
                 Usually light seeded lines have tan to light 
               
               
                   
                 GO = Gold 
                 brown immature seed; tan, light brown, 
               
               
                   
                 LGR = Light gray 
                 gold, brown, light gray, and gray lines have 
               
               
                   
                 GR = Gray 
                 lighter immature seed; black lines can 
               
               
                   
                 BR = Brown 
                 have tan, brown, or gray immature seed. 
               
               
                   
                 RBR = Reddish brown 
                 Usually, moisture, fertility, population 
               
               
                   
                 BL = Black 
                 and light intensity do not have an effect on 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 seed coat color. Light colored seeds in a 
               
               
                   
                 based on seed harvested 
                 drought may have a yellowish tinge. Seeds 
               
               
                   
                 in all nurseries in 1982- 
                 in some lines in the tan, light brown and 
               
               
                   
                 2001 (Total number of 
                 gold range can change from year to year 
               
               
                   
                 samples tested = 161,809) 
                 among themselves. 
               
               
                   
                 WH = 0.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 BF = 74.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TN = 9.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 LBR = 1.4% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GO = 1.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 LGR = 0.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GR = 1.4% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 BR = 6.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 RBR = 0.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 BL = 3.5% 
                   
               
               
                 (33) 
                 S35 = 0.302 g 
                 Plants that are being carried further in 
               
               
                 SEED WEIGHT - 100 
                 (All experimental 
                 research are selected individually or in 
               
               
                 SEEDS FROM THE 
                 nurseries, 1997-2010) 
                 bulk. The seed is then threshed and 
               
               
                 ENTIRE PLANT 
                 Value based on the 
                 cleaned. Count out 100 seeds and weigh. 
               
               
                 Weight of 100 seeds 
                 average of a minimum of 
                 The seed must be dry. 
               
               
                 taken from entire plant. 
                 three samples of the 
                 COMMENTS: The weight increases 
               
               
                   
                 weight of 100 seeds all the 
                 with higher moisture/fertility. Generally, 
               
               
                   
                 plants in a yield sample. 
                 the weight of the seed from the whole plant 
               
               
                   
                 (unit of weight: grams) 
                 is lighter than the seed weight taken from 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 the 10 cap test. In previous patents, the 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 seed size was determined from the middle 
               
               
                   
                 many nurseries in 1993- 
                 of the main stem using the seed from the 
               
               
                   
                 2011. 
                 10 cap test samples. The change has 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines 
                 been made since the seed from the entire 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 1,610 with 3,679 
                 plant is a better reflection of the size of the 
               
               
                   
                 samples) 
                 seed delivered to processors. 
               
               
                   
                 low = 0.200 g; high = 
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.430 g 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;0.260 g; 11.7% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;0.280 g; 17.5% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;0.300 g; 27.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;0.320 g; 23.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;0.319 g; 20.9% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 0.291 g, std = 0.030 
                   
               
               
                 (34) COMPOSITE KILL 
                 S35 = 7.4 
                 On the week a plot reaches PM, a 
               
               
                 TOLERANCE 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 rating is assigned. The ratings are then 
               
               
                 The amount of plants 
                 Average of a minimum of 
                 taken for 2 additional weeks. The three 
               
               
                 killed by root rots in the 
                 three plots of a subjective 
                 ratings are averaged for a final kill rating. 
               
               
                 Sesaco nurseries 
                 rating based on the 
                 For example, if a plot has a final kill of 766, 
               
               
                   
                 following values: Ratings 
                 the average for the plot will be 6.33. When 
               
               
                   
                 are based on the number 
                 a value of 1 or 2 is assigned, there are no 
               
               
                   
                 of plants killed in a plot. 
                 additional ratings and there is no 
               
               
                   
                 Before physiological 
                 averaging. 
               
               
                   
                 maturity (PM), the 
                 There are three root diseases that affect 
               
               
                   
                 following ratings are used: 
                 sesame in Texas:  Fusarium   oxysporum,   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &gt;90% kill before DAYS 
                   Macrophomina   phaseoli,  and  Phytophthora   
               
               
                   
                 TO FLOWERING 
                   parasitica.  Between 1988 and the present, 
               
               
                   
                 TERMINATION (Character 
                 spores of these three have been 
               
               
                   
                 No. 28) 
                 accumulated in one small area (1 square 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &gt;90% kill between 
                 km) north of Uvalde, and thus it is an 
               
               
                   
                 DAYS TO FLOWERING 
                 excellent screening area for the diseases. 
               
               
                   
                 TERMINATION (Character 
                 Although each root rot disease attacks 
               
               
                   
                 No. 28) and DAYS TO 
                 sesame in a different way and may result 
               
               
                   
                 PHYSIOLOGICAL 
                 in different symptoms, no effort is made to 
               
               
                   
                 MATURITY (Character No. 29) 
                 definitively determine which disease is the 
               
               
                   
                 After PM, the following 
                 etiological agent for the affected plants. 
               
               
                   
                 ratings are used: 
                 Pathological screenings in the past have 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &gt;90% kill 
                 found all 3 pathogens present in dead 
               
               
                   
                 4 = 50 to 89% kill 
                 plants. 
               
               
                   
                 5 = 25 to 49% kill 
                 COMMENTS: Normally, the ratings will 
               
               
                   
                 6 = 10 to 24% kill 
                 decrease a maximum of one value per 
               
               
                   
                 7 = less than 10% kill 
                 week. There is an overlap between any 
               
               
                   
                 8 = no kill 
                 two ratings, but this is overcome to a 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 certain extent by using three ratings over 2 
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                 weeks. 
               
               
                   
                 nursery in 2000-2001 
                 The amount of kill is usually increased 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 with any type of stress to the plants. 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 3045) 
                 Drought can increase the amount of 
               
               
                   
                 low = 1.00; high = 8.00 
                   Macrophomina ; too much water can 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;1.6; 1.7% 
                 increase the amount of  Phytophthora ; high 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;3.2; 16.7% 
                 temperatures and humidity can increase 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;4.8; 38.7% 
                 the amount of  Fusarium  and  Phytophthora.   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;6.4; 31.2% 
                 High population can increase all three 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;6.3; 11.6% 
                 diseases. 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 4.52, std = 1.49 
                 The ratings for any one year can be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 used to compare lines grown in that year, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 but should not be used to compare lines 
               
               
                   
                   
                 grown in different years. The amount of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disease in any one year is highly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dependent on moisture, humidity, and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 temperatures. 
               
               
                 (35) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 Ratings can be done in several ways: 
               
               
                   FUSARIUM  WILT ( F.   
                 Average of a minimum of 
                 1. Take ratings after the disease is no 
               
               
                   oxysporum ) 
                 three plots of a subjective 
                 longer increasing 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                 rating based on the 
                 2. Take ratings on consecutive weeks 
               
               
                   Fusarium  wilt 
                 following values: 
                 until disease is no longer increasing and 
               
               
                   
                 0 to 8 scale of the 
                 average ratings. 
               
               
                   
                 % of infected plants 
                 3. Take periodic ratings and average 
               
               
                   
                 8 = Zero disease 
                 ratings. 
               
               
                   
                 7 = &lt;10% infected 
                 COMMENTS:  Fusarium  has been a 
               
               
                   
                 4 = 50% infected 
                 problem in South Texas, particularly on 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &gt;90% infected 
                 fields that have been planted with sesame 
               
               
                   
                 0 = all infected 
                 before. Normally, only the COMPOSITE 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate values are used. 
                 KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) 
               
               
                   
                 NT = not tested 
                 rating is taken. 
               
               
                   
                 NEC = no economic 
                   
               
               
                   
                 damage - not enough 
                   
               
               
                   
                 disease to do ratings 
                   
               
               
                 (36) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO 
               
               
                 
                   PHYTOPHTHORA 
                 
                 Subjective rating 
                   FUSARIUM  WILT (Character No. 35) 
               
               
                 STEM ROT ( P.   
                 See Values for  Fusarium   
                 COMMENTS:  Phytophthora  has been 
               
               
                   parasitica ) 
                   
                 a problem in Arizona and Texas, 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                   
                 particularly on fields that have been over- 
               
               
                   Phytophthora  stem rot 
                   
                 irrigated. Normally, only the COMPOSITE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rating is taken. 
               
               
                 (37) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO 
               
               
                 CHARCOAL ROT 
                 Subjective rating 
                   FUSARIUM  WILT (Character No. 35) 
               
               
                 ( Macrophomina   
                 See Values for  Fusarium   
                 COMMENTS:  Macrophomina  has been 
               
               
                   phaseoli ) 
                   
                 a problem in Arizona and Texas, 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                   
                 particularly on fields that go into a drought. 
               
               
                 Charcoal rot 
                   
                 Normally, only the COMPOSITE KILL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) rating is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 taken. 
               
               
                 (38) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = 7.0 
                 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO 
               
               
                 BACTERIAL BLACK 
                 (Lorenzo nursery, 2010) 
                   FUSARIUM  WILT (Character No. 35) 
               
               
                 ROT ( Pseudomonas   
                 Average of a minimum of 
                 COMMENTS: This disease occurs 
               
               
                   sesami ) 
                 three plots of a subjective 
                 occasionally when there is continual rainy 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                 rating based on the 
                 weather with few clouds. In most years, 
               
               
                 bacterial black rot 
                 following values: 
                 the disease abates once the weather 
               
               
                   
                 0 to 8 scale of the 
                 changes. No economic damage has been 
               
               
                   
                 % of infected plants 
                 noticed. 
               
               
                   
                 8 = Zero disease 
                   
               
               
                   
                 7 = &lt;10% infected 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = 50% infected 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &gt;90% infected 
                   
               
               
                   
                 0 = all infected 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate values are used. 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NT = not tested 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NEC = no economic 
                   
               
               
                   
                 damage - not enough 
                   
               
               
                   
                 disease to do ratings 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                   
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                   
               
               
                   
                 nursery in 2004 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                   
               
               
                   
                 tested = 593) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 4.00; high = 8.00 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;2.4; 0.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;3.8; 0.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;5.2; 8.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;6.6; 16.0% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;6.5; 75.4% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 7.13, std = 1.00 
                   
               
               
                 (39) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = 5.7 
                 Ratings can be done in several ways: 
               
               
                 SILVERLEAF 
                 (Puerto Rico nursery, 
                 1. Take ratings after the insects are no 
               
               
                 WHITEFLY ( Bemisia   
                 2012) c   
                 longer increasing. 
               
               
                   argentifolii ) 
                 Average of a minimum of 
                 2. Take ratings on consecutive weeks 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                 three plots of a subjective 
                 until insects are no longer increasing and 
               
               
                 the silverleaf whitefly 
                 rating based on the 
                 average ratings. 
               
               
                   
                 following values: 
                 3. Take periodic ratings and average 
               
               
                   
                 0 to 8 scale of the 
                 ratings. 
               
               
                   
                 % of infected plants 
                 COMMENTS: There have been very 
               
               
                   
                 0 to 8 scale 
                 few years (1991-1995) where the 
               
               
                   
                 8 = Zero insects 
                 incidence of silverleaf whitefly has affected 
               
               
                   
                 7 = Few insects 
                 nurseries or commercial crops. In most 
               
               
                   
                 4 = Many insects 
                 years, a few whiteflies can be seen in the 
               
               
                   
                 1 = Insects killing the plants 
                 sesame with no economic damage. 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate values are used. 
                 In the middle 1990s, the USDA began 
               
               
                   
                 NT = not tested 
                 introducing natural predators of the 
               
               
                   
                 NEC = no economic 
                 silverleaf whitefly in the Uvalde area. It is 
               
               
                   
                 damage - not enough 
                 not known if the predators reduced the 
               
               
                   
                 insects to do ratings 
                 effects of the whitefly or there is a natural 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tolerance to whitefly in the current 
               
               
                   
                   
                 varieties. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Higher temperatures decrease the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 number of days between generations. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 There are indications that higher moisture 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and fertility increase the incidence of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 whiteflies, but there is no definitive data. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 The sweet potato whitefly ( Bemisia   
               
               
                   
                   
                   tabaci ) has been observed in nurseries 
               
               
                   
                   
                 since 1978 without any economic damage. 
               
               
                 (40) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO 
               
               
                 GREEN PEACH 
                 Subjective rating ; see 
                 SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. 
               
               
                 APHIDS ( Myzus   
                 Values for Whitefly 
                 39) 
               
               
                   persicae ) 
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 COMMENTS: There have been very 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                 few years (1990-1995) where the 
               
               
                 the green peach aphid 
                 nursery in 2004 
                 incidence of green peach aphid has 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                 affected nurseries or commercial crops. In 
               
               
                   
                 tested = 412) 
                 most years, a few aphids can be seen in 
               
               
                   
                 low = 1.00; high = 8.00 
                 the sesame with no economic damage. 
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;2.4; 1.0% 
                 There have been many years in West 
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;3.8; 0.5% 
                 Texas when the cotton aphid has 
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;5.2; 10.7% 
                 decimated the cotton and did not build up 
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;6.6; 4.8% 
                 on adjacent sesame fields. 
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;6.5; 83.0% 
                 Higher moisture and fertility increase 
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 7.04, std = 1.35 
                 the susceptibility to aphids. 
               
               
                 (41) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO 
               
               
                 POD BORERS 
                 Subjective rating; see 
                 SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. 
               
               
                 ( Heliothis  spp.) 
                 Values for Whitefly 
                 39) 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                   
                 COMMENTS: There have been very 
               
               
                 pod borers 
                   
                 few years (1985) where the incidence of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   Heliothis  has affected nurseries or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 commercial crops. In most years, a few 
               
               
                   
                   
                 borers can be seen in the sesame with no 
               
               
                   
                   
                 economic damage. 
               
               
                 (42) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO 
               
               
                 ARMY WORMS 
                 Subjective rating; see 
                 SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. 
               
               
                 ( Spodoptera  spp.) 
                 Values for Whitefly 
                 39) 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                   
                 COMMENTS: There have been very 
               
               
                 army worms 
                   
                 few years (1984-1987) where the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 incidence of  Spodoptera  has affected 
               
               
                   
                   
                 commercial crops in Arizona. In Texas, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 army worms have decimated cotton and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 alfalfa fields next to sesame without any 
               
               
                   
                   
                 damage to the sesame. It is not known if 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the Arizona army worm is different from 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the Texas army worm. 
               
               
                 (43) TOLERANCE TO 
                 S35 = NT 
                 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO 
               
               
                 CABBAGE LOOPERS 
                 (Lorenzo nursery 2007) 
                 SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. 
               
               
                 ( Pieris rapae ) 
                 Subjective rating; see 
                 39) 
               
               
                 Amount of tolerance to 
                 values for Whitefly 
                 COMMENTS: There have been very 
               
               
                 cabbage loopers 
                   
                 few years (1992-1993) where the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 incidence of cabbage loopers has affected 
               
               
                   
                   
                 nurseries. In commercial sesame, cabbage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 loopers have been observed with no 
               
               
                   
                   
                 economic damage. 
               
               
                 (44) PRESENCE OF 
                 S35 = PY/PY 
                 In the homogygous condition. The 
               
               
                 PYGMY ALLELES 
                 (All crops; all nurseries) 
                 pygmy allele (py) reduces the HEIGHT OF 
               
               
                 The pygmy allele is a 
                 py/py = homozygous 
                 THE PLANT (Character No. 5), the 
               
               
                 new recessive gene 
                 pygmy alleles 
                 HEIGHT OF THE FIRST CAPSULE 
               
               
                 that affects the growth 
                 PY/py = heterozygous 
                 (Character No. 6), and the AVERAGE 
               
               
                 of the sesame plant. 
                 pygmy alleles 
                 INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE 
               
               
                   
                 PY/PY = normal (no 
                 ZONE (Character No. 9). In the 
               
               
                   
                 pygmy alleles) 
                 heterozygous state, there are no 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 reductions in the characters. In a cross 
               
               
                   
                 based on stable lines in 
                 between a homozygous pygmy and a 
               
               
                   
                 the collection as of 2009 
                 normal, the pygmy allele is a recessive 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of lines = 40,715) 
                 gene that will not show the shorter heights 
               
               
                   
                 py/py = 145 
                 and internode lengths until segregating in 
               
               
                   
                 PY/py = 629 
                 the F2 generation, with no intermediates 
               
               
                   
                 Normal = 39,941 
                 between the pygmy and the normal line. A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 homozygous pygmy selected in the F2, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from the F3 generation on is pure in its 
               
               
                   
                   
                 effects on the three characters. Within 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pygmy lines there are differences in the 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 characters, but all of the pygmies differ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from the normal lines. The name “pygmy” 
               
               
                   
                   
                 was chosen because these lines are 
               
               
                   
                   
                 shorter than dwarf lines that have been in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the world germplasm for many years. The 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dwarf lines share the same three 
               
               
                   
                   
                 characters, but there are intermediates in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the F2 generation and rarely any plants as 
               
               
                   
                   
                 short as the original dwarf. 
               
               
                 (45) SEED OIL 
                 S35 = 54.1% 
                 The data is taken after the seed has 
               
               
                 CONTENT 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2010) 
                 been cleaned of all extraneous material 
               
               
                 The percentage of oil in 
                 51.7% 
                 and is less than 6% moisture. 
               
               
                 the seed. 
                 (Uvalde nursery, 2011) 
                 There are two methodologies for 
               
               
                   
                 Value based on the 
                 determining oil content: laboratory analysis 
               
               
                   
                 average of a minimum of 
                 as prescribed in the procedures of the 
               
               
                   
                 three samples of the 
                 American Oil Chemists&#39; Society (AOCS) or 
               
               
                   
                 percentage of oil in the 
                 with a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 
               
               
                   
                 seed (unit of measure: 
                 machine. The AOCS procedure does not 
               
               
                   
                 Actual number expressed 
                 remove all of the oil from the seed and 
               
               
                   
                 as a percentage.) 
                 thus has a lower content than with the 
               
               
                   
                 Distribution within Sesaco 
                 NMR procedure. The NMR procedure is 
               
               
                   
                 based on lines in Uvalde 
                 preferred because (1) it is non-destructive 
               
               
                   
                 nursery in 2010-2011 
                 and (2) oil processors use that procedure. 
               
               
                   
                 (Total number of samples 
                   
               
               
                   
                 tested = 2,015) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 low = 36.0; high = 59.3 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 = &lt;45; 0.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 = &lt;48; 4.8% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 = &lt;51; 27.4% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 = &lt;54; 47.4% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 = &gt;53.9; 19.6% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 avg. = 51.92, std = 2.52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Uvalde nursery planted north of Uvalde, Texas (latitude 29°22′ north, longitude 99°47′ west, 226 m elev) in middle to late May to early June from 1988 to the present; mean rainfall is 608 mm annually with a mean of 253 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 3° C. and an average high of 17° C. in January to an average low of 22° C. and an average high of 37° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 96 cm beds from 1988 to 1997 and on 76 cm beds from 1998 to the present. The nursery was pre-irrigated and has had 2-3 post-plant irrigations depending on rainfall. The fertility has varied from 30-60 units of nitrogen. 
               
               
                   b Lorenzo nursery planted southeast of Lubbock, Texas (latitude 33°40′ north, longitude 101°49′ west, 1000 m elev) in mid-June from 2004 to the present; mean rainfall is 483 mm annually with a mean of 320 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of −4° C. and an average high of 11° C. in January to an average low of 20° C. and an average high of 33° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery was rainfed. The fertility was 30 units of nitrogen. 
               
               
                   c Puerto Rico nursery planted east of Ponce, Puerto Rico (latitude 18°15′ north, longitude 66°30′ west, 50 m elev) in December; mean rainfall is 963 mm annually with a mean of 0 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 19° C. and an average high of 30° C. in January to an average low of 23° C. and an average high of 33° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery had drip irrigation. The fertility was 60 units of nitrogen. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In developing sesame varieties for the United States, there are eight characters that are desirable for successful crops: SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 23), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 26), COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 35), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 30), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 11), SEED COLOR (Character No. 32), SEED WEIGHT−100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33), and SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45). The first four characters contribute to YIELD AT DRYDOWN, which is the most important economic factor normally considered by a farmer in the selection of a variety. The last three characters determine the market value of the seed. 
     SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING determine how well the plants will retain the seed while they are drying down in adverse weather. 
     COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE determines whether the plants can finish their cycle and have the optimum seed fill. 
     DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY determines how far north and to which elevation the varieties can be grown. 
     In improving the characters, the YIELD AT DRYDOWN has to be comparable to or better than current varieties, or provide a beneficial improvement for a particular geographical or market niche. 
     In the United States and Europe, the SEED COLOR is important since over 95% of the market requires white or buff seed. There are limited markets for gold and black seed in the Far East. All other colors can only be used in the oil market. 
     SEED WEIGHT−100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT determines the market for the seed. Lack of Composite kill Tolerance can reduce SEED WEIGHT−100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT. In parts of the United States where there is little rain in dry years, the lack of moisture can reduce the SEED WEIGHT−100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT. 
     SEED OIL CONTENT determines the market for the seed. Lack of Composite kill Tolerance can reduce SEED OIL CONTENT. Low fertility in terms of nitrogen raises SEED OIL CONTENT and high fertility lowers SEED OIL CONTENT. 
     There are other characters important in developing commercial sesame varieties explained in Langham, D. R. and T. Wiemers, 2002. “Progress in mechanizing sesame in the US through breeding”, In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.),  Trends in new crops and new uses , ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. BRANCHING STYLE (Character No. 1), HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5) and HEIGHT OF FIRST CAPSULE (Character No. 6) are important in combining. CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH (Character No. 7), NUMBER OF CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8), AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No. 9), and SEED WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 18) are important in creating potential YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10). LEAF DIMENSIONS (Characters No. 12, 13, 14, and 15) are important in determining optimum populations. 
     NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF AXIL (Character No. 2), NUMBER OF CARPELS PER CAPSULE (Character No. 16), CAPSULE LENGTH (Character No. 17), CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 19), and CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CM OF CAPSULE (Character No. 20) are important in breeding for VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character No. 21) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), which lead to testing for SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) and determining the CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 23), NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character 24) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character No. 26). 
     DAYS TO FLOWERING (Character No. 27), DAYS TO FLOWER TERMINATION (Character No. 28), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29) and MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3) are highly correlated and important in determining the phenology and geographical range for the variety. 
     DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30) is important in that once the plants reach physiological maturity there is no weather event that will increase yield and many weather events that may substantially lower the yield. A shorter drying phase increases yield. PLANT PHENOTYPE (Character No. 4) is a summary character of characters 1, 2, and 3 that allows an overall visualization of the line. 
     TOLERANCE TO DROUGHT (Character No. 11) may reduce yield and seed weight. Even though there was a drought in the growing areas in 2006, there has not been a drought in nurseries planted since 2000 because of irrigation. LODGING TOLERANCE (Character No. 31) is important in years when there are high winds in the growing areas. The tolerance characters (Characters No. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43) are important in reducing the losses from diseases and pests. 
     Over the past 35 years, Sesaco has tested 2,990 introductions from all over the world. Commercial samples have been obtained from China, India, Sudan, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Mozambique, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Egypt, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Thailand, Turkey, Upper Volta, Uganda, Mali, Kenya, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Philippines, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Somalia, Eritrea, Paraguay, Bolivia, and El Salvador. Additional research seed has been received from the commercial countries and from many other countries such as Australia, Iraq, Iran, Japan, Russia, Jordan, Yemen, Syria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Gabon, Greece, Italy, South Korea, Libya, Nepal, Zaire, England and Tanzania. Research seed received from one country may have originated from another unspecified country. All of the commercial and research introductions have CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 23) of shattering, “SHA”. 
     Using selected characters from Table II, Table III provides a character differentiation between S35 and name cultivars from all over the world. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Character Differentiation of Various Sesame Varieties  a   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Character 
                 Rating 
                 Name cultivars tested by Sesaco 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAPSULE  
                 SHA 
                 Eliminate the following from the world: 
               
               
                 SHATTERING  
                   
                 From Venezuela: Venezuela 51,  
               
               
                 TYPE 
                   
                 Venezuela 52, Guacara, Aceitera, Inamar,  
               
               
                 (Character No. 23) 
                   
                 Acarigua, Morada, Capsula Larga,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Arawaca, Piritu, Glauca, Turen, DV9,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fonucla, UCLA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Mexico: Pachequeno, Yori, Anna,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Teras, Denisse, Canasta, Tehvantepeter 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From India: TMV1, TMV3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Turkey: Ozberk, Muganli,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Gamdibi, Marmara 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Israel: DT45 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Guatemala: R198, R30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Paraguay: Escoba and INIA. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Texas: Llano, Margo, Dulce,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Blanco, Paloma, Oro, Renner 1 and 2,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Early Russian 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From California: UCR3, UCR4, Eva,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Calinda (Cal Beauty) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Thailand: KU18 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Korea: Danback, Gwansan,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Pungyiong, Suweon, Yuseong, Hanseon,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ahnsan, Kwangsan, Jinback, Pungsan,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sodan, Yangheuk, Konheuk, Whaheuck,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sungboon 
               
               
                   
                 SSH 
                 Eliminate from Sesaco: S02, S03, S04,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 S05, S06, S07, S08, S09, S10, S12, S14 
               
               
                   
                 ID 
                 Eliminate the following from the world: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Venezuela: G2, Morada id 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Texas: Rio, Delco, Baco, Improved 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Baco, Roy, Eli 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From South Carolina: Palmetto 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From California: UCR234 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From Sesaco: S01 
               
               
                   
                 SR 
                 All others, go to NON-DEHISCENT  
               
               
                   
                   
                 TEST 
               
               
                 NON-DEHISCENT  
                 XX 
                 Eliminate from Sesaco: S11, S15, S16,  
               
               
                 TEST 
                   
                 S17, S18, S19, S20, S21 
               
               
                 (Character No. 24) 
                 ND 
                 All others to the SEED COLOR 
               
               
                 SEED COLOR  
                 BL 
                 Eliminate from Sesaco: S55 
               
               
                 (Character No. 32) 
                 BF 
                 All others to the IMPROVED NON- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DEHISCENT TEST 
               
               
                 IMPROVED NON- 
                 ZZ 
                 Eliminate from Sesaco: 11W, 19A, S22,  
               
               
                 DEHISCENT TEST  
                   
                 S23, S24, S25, S26, S28, S29, (all of  
               
               
                 (Character No. 26) 
                   
                 these lines and varieties have been  
               
               
                   
                   
                 disclosed in previous patents, and there  
               
               
                   
                   
                 are no lines or varieties that are not  
               
               
                   
                   
                 included.) 
               
               
                   
                 IND 
                 go to the PRESENCE OF PYGMY  
               
               
                   
                   
                 ALLELES 
               
               
                 PRESENCE OF  
                 py/py 
                 Eliminate from Sesaco: S70 
               
               
                 PYGMY ALLELES  
                 PY/PY 
                 From Sesaco: S27, S30, S32, S33, S34,  
               
               
                 (Character No. 44) 
                   
                 and S35, go to BRANCHING STYLE 
               
               
                 BRANCHING  
                 U 
                 Eliminate from Sesaco: S30 and S34 
               
               
                 STYLE 
                 B 
                 From Sesaco: S27, S32, S33, and S35, go  
               
               
                 (Character No. 1) 
                   
                 to Table IV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a  SHA = shattering; SSH = semi-shattering; ID = indehiscent; SR = shatter resistant; XX = not non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; ND = non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; IND = improved non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707, py/py = presence of homozygous pygmy alleles; PY/PY = absence of pygmy alleles according to the teachings of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0271359; U = unbranched; B = branched 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As a comparison to the S35 variety, there are 3 other branched, Improved Non-dehiscent (IND) sesame cultivars, S27 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,768; S32 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,855,317; and S33 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,207,397. S27, and S32, and S33 are stable, commercially suitable sesame lines providing improved non-dehiscence. 
     Table III differentiates S35 from all other cultivars and varieties except S27, S32, and S33. Table IV provides additional data that separates S35 from S27, S32, and S33. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE IV 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Character Comparison of S35 to S27, S32, and S33 
               
             
          
           
               
                 No. 
                 Character 
                 Year/nursery 
                 S27 
                 S32 
                 S33 
                 S35 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  9 
                 AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH 
                 2011 UV 
                 3.0 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
                 WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (cm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 YIELD AT DRYDOWN 
                 2011 UV 
                 980 
                 720 
                 747 
                 890 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2011 LO 
                 633 
                 486 
                 516 
                 657 
               
               
                 33 
                 SEED WEIGHT - 100 SEEDS FROM 
                 1993-2011 
                 0.285 
                 0.284 
                 0.277 
                 0.302 
               
               
                   
                 THE ENTIRE PLANT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE 
                 2011 UV 
                 6.5 
                 6.6 
                 7.3 
                 7.4 
               
               
                 38 
                 TOLERANCE TO BACTERIAL BLACK 
                 2010 LO 
                 6.6 
                 7.0 
                 5.9 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 ROT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 TOLERANCE TO SILVERLEAF 
                 2012 PR 
                 4.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.0 
                 5.7 
               
               
                   
                 WHITEFLY 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In comparison to S27, it can be seen in the above table that S35 has a shorter internode length, a higher 2011 Uvalde yield, a comparable 2011 Lorenzo yield, better composite kill tolerance, better bacterial black rot tolerance, and better whitefly tolerance. In comparison to S32, it can be seen in the above table that S35 has a shorter internode length, a higher 2011 Uvalde yield, a higher 2011 Lorenzo yield, better composite kill tolerance, comparable black rot tolerance, and better whitefly tolerance. In comparison to S33, it can be seen in the above table that S35 has a shorter internode length, a higher 2011 Uvalde yield, a higher 2011 Lorenzo yield, comparable composite kill tolerance, higher black rot tolerance, and better whitefly tolerance. 
     Table V shows all the characters from Table II for S35 and varieties S26, S30, S32, S33, and S34. The table is in terms of all of the characters listed in Table II. The major differences in Table V are indicated in the “Dif” column by a “C” for commercially important differences and an “M” for morphological differences. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE V 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Character Comparison of S26, S30, S32, S33, S34, and S35 a   
               
             
          
           
               
                 No. 
                 Character 
                 Year/nursery 
                 S26 
                 S30 
                 S32 
                 S33 
                 S34 
                 S35 
                 Dif 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 Branching Style 
                 All 
                 B 
                 U 
                 B 
                 B 
                 U 
                 B 
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 Number of Capsules per 
                 All 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Leaf Axil 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 Maturity Class 
                 Adjusted PM 
                 100 
                 99 
                 99 
                 98 
                 98 
                 100 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 2008-2011 UV 
                 M 
                 M 
                 M 
                 M 
                 M 
                 M 
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 Plant Phenotype 
                 All 
                 B1M 
                 U1M 
                 B1M 
                 B1M 
                 U1M 
                 B1M 
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 Height of Plant (cm) 
                 2011 UV 
                 128 
                 122 
                 131 
                 122 
                 119 
                 117 
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 Height of First Capsule 
                 2011 UV 
                 52 
                 43 
                 55 
                 55 
                 52 
                 51 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (cm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 Capsule Zone Length 
                 2011 UV 
                 76 
                 79 
                 76 
                 67 
                 67 
                 66 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (cm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 Number of Capsule Node 
                 2011 UV 
                 22 
                 26 
                 23 
                 22 
                 23 
                 24 
                   
               
               
                   
                 pairs 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 Average Internode 
                 2011 UV 
                 3.4 
                 3.0 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.0 
                 2.7 
                 M 
               
               
                   
                 Length within Capsule 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Zone (cm) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Yield at Drydown (kg/ha) 
                 2011 UV 
                 783 
                 808 
                 720 
                 747 
                 825 
                 890 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2011 LO 
                 437 
                 498 
                 486 
                 516 
                 620 
                 657 
                 C 
               
               
                 11 
                 Tolerance to Drought 
                 2000 SA 
                 Good 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 Leaf Length (cm) 
                  5 th  - 2008 UV 
                 28.1 
                 16.3 
                 25.5 
                 19.8 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 th  - 2008 UV 
                 22.3 
                 18.5 
                 18.3 
                 15.7 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 th  - 2008 UV 
                 15.9 
                 15.0 
                 14.1 
                 11.1 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Leaf Blade Length (cm) 
                  5 th  - 2008 UV 
                 16.6 
                 10.7 
                 14.8 
                 11.7 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 th  - 2008 UV 
                 16.8 
                 14.3 
                 14.7 
                 12.8 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 th  - 2008 UV 
                 13.3 
                 12.5 
                 12.2 
                 10.3 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 Leaf Blade Width (cm) 
                  5 th  - 2008 UV 
                 23.0 
                 10.5 
                 13.8 
                 11.7 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 th  - 2008 UV 
                 5.4 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 1.9 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 th  - 2008 UV 
                 2.6 
                 2.0 
                 1.6 
                 1.2 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 Petiole Length (cm) 
                  5 th  - 2008 UV 
                 11.5 
                 5.6 
                 10.7 
                 8.1 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 th  - 2008 UV 
                 5.5 
                 4.2 
                 3.6 
                 2.9 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 th  - 2008 UV 
                 2.6 
                 2.4 
                 2.0 
                 1.8 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 Number of Carpels per 
                 All 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Capsule 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 Capsule Length (cm) 
                 1997-2011 All 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.14 
                 2.09 
                 2.39 
                 2.20 
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 Seed Weight per 
                 1997-2011 All 
                 0.232 
                 0.259 
                 0.219 
                 0.202 
                 0.248 
                 0.197 
                 M 
               
               
                   
                 Capsule (g) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 Capsule Weight per 
                 1997-2011 All 
                 0.163 
                 0.172 
                 0.148 
                 0.140 
                 0.172 
                 0.128 
                 M 
               
               
                   
                 Capsule (g) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 Capsule Weight per cm 
                 1997-2011 All 
                 0.072 
                 0.076 
                 0.069 
                 0.067 
                 0.072 
                 0.058 
                 M 
               
               
                   
                 of Capsule (g) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 Visual Shatter 
                 All 
                 W 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Resistance 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 Shaker Shatter 
                 1997-2011 All 
                 73.1 
                 77.1 
                 74.8 
                 83.4 
                 79.5 
                 71.1 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Resistance (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 Capsule Shattering Type 
                 All 
                 SR 
                 SR 
                 SR 
                 SR 
                 SR 
                 SR 
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 Non-dehiscent Test 
                 All 
                 ND 
                 ND 
                 ND 
                 ND 
                 ND 
                 ND 
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 Improved Non-dehiscent 
                 2008 UV 
                 6.3 
                 7.2 
                 7.1 
                 7.5 
                 7.4 
                 7.4 
                   
               
               
                   
                 visual rating 
                 2008 LO 
                 6.3 
                 7.3 
                 7.2 
                 7.4 
                 7.4 
                 7.4 
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 Improved Non-dehiscent 
                 All 
                 ZZ 
                 IND 
                 IND 
                 IND 
                 IND 
                 IND 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Test 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 Days to Flowering 
                 2011 UV 
                 45 
                 38 
                 42 
                 40 
                 43 
                 43 
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 Days to Flower 
                 2011 UV 
                 81 
                 73 
                 78 
                 72 
                 80 
                 78 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Termination 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 Days to Physiological 
                 2011 UV 
                 102 
                 102 
                 100 
                 97 
                 100 
                 97 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Maturity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 Days to Direct Harvest 
                 2011 UV 
                 164 
                 148 
                 150 
                 156 
                 151 
                 157 
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 Lodging Tolerance 
                 2007 UV 
                 6.6 
                 7.3 
                 6.2 
                 8.0 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 2007 LO 
                 5.0 
                 7.9 
                 7.1 
                 8.0 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 Seed Color 
                 All 
                 BF 
                 BF 
                 BF 
                 BF 
                 BF 
                 BF 
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 Seed Weight - 100 
                 1997-2011 All 
                 0.293 
                 0.278 
                 0.284 
                 0.277 
                 0.298 
                 0.302 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 Seeds from the entire 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 plant (g) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 Composite Kill Tolerance 
                 2011 UV 
                 6.9 
                 6.5 
                 6.6 
                 7.3 
                 7.2 
                 7.4 
                 C 
               
               
                 35 
                 Tolerance to  Fusarium   
                   
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wilt ( F. oxysporum ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 Tolerance to 
                   
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   Phytophthora  Stem Rot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ( P. parasitica ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 Tolerance to Charcoal 
                   
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Rot ( Macrophomina   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   phaseoli ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 Tolerance to Bacterial 
                 2010 LO 
                 5.8 
                 7.0 
                 7.0 
                 5.9 
                 5.2 
                 7.0 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 Black Rot ( Pseudomonas   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   sesami ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 Tolerance to Silverleaf 
                 2011 PR 
                 6.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.0 
                 7.0 
                 5.7 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Whitefly ( Bemisia   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   argentifolii ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 Tolerance to Green 
                 2004 UV 
                 8.0 
                 8.0 
                 5.5 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Peach Aphid ( Myzus   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   persica ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 Tolerance to Pod Borer 
                 2001 UV 
                 NEC 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ( Heliothis  spp.) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 Tolerance to Army 
                   
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Worms ( Spodoptera   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 spp.) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 Tolerance to Cabbage 
                 2007 LO 
                 NEC 
                 NEC 
                 NEC 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                 NT 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Loopers ( Pieris rapae ) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 Presence of pygmy 
                 All 
                 PY/ 
                 PY/ 
                 PY/ 
                 PY/ 
                 PY/ 
                 PY/ 
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 alleles 
                   
                 PY 
                 PY 
                 PY 
                 PY 
                 PY 
                 PY 
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 Seed oil content (%) 
                 2011 UV 
                 52.7 
                 52.0  
                 53.7 
                 51.7 
                 53.8 
                 54.1 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 2010 UV 
                 53.4 
                 51.8  
                 52.4 
                 51.9 
                 53.9 
                 51.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a B = true branches; U = uniculm (no true branches); UV = Uvalde nursery; M = medium maturity class of 95-104 days; B1M = phenotype of true branches, single capsules per leaf axil, and medium maturity class of 95-104 days; U1M = phenotype of uniculm, single capsules per leaf axil, and medium maturity class of 95-104 days; LO = Lorenzo nursery; NT = not tested; W = weather visual seed retention &gt;75%; SR = shatter resistant; ND = non-dehiscent; ZZ = not improved non-dehiscent; IND = improved non-dehiscent; BF = buff color; and NEC = no economic damage - not enough disease or insects to do ratings; PY/PY = absence of pygmy alleles. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As stated earlier, in developing sesame varieties for the United States, there are eight important characters: SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10), SEED COLOR (Character No. 32), SEED WEIGHT−100 SEEDS FROM ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33), and SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45). These characters will be discussed first comparing S35 to Sesaco varieties (S26, S30, S32, S33, and S34, which are the current varieties used in the United States). The data is based on planting the varieties side by side with five replications in Uvalde and two in Lorenzo. 
       FIG. 2  provides the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) of various Sesaco sesame varieties using data from 1997 through 2011. SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE represents the amount of seed that is retained by the plant several months after being dry in the field. This standard was developed as a minimum standard in 1997-1998 and has proven to be a good predictor of shatter resistance. All varieties have SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE in the low-seventy to mid-eighty percent level. 
     S35 has 71.1% SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE, which is above the 65% threshold established in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452 to qualify S35 as a non-dehiscent variety. 
       FIG. 3  provides the IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25) of the patented varieties (data from Uvalde and Lorenzo nurseries, 2011). When the plants have reached DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30), the plants are holding more than the seed represented by the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE percentage. If there is no rain, fog, dew, or wind during the drying phase, the non-dehiscent plants will be retaining almost all of their seed for the combine. However, the predominant weather in the harvest season in the United States includes rain, fog, dew, and wind. The IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING sets a new benchmark for selecting varieties based on a rating done 4 weeks after DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (the ideal harvest time). 
     S35 exhibited an IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING rating of 7.4 (data from both Uvalde and Lorenzo nurseries, 2011) which is above the 7.0 threshold established in U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707 to qualify S35 as an improved non-dehiscent variety. 
       FIG. 4  provides the COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) of the patented varieties (data from Uvalde nursery, 2011). COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE is a composite rating of tolerance to three root rots:  Fusarium, Phytophthora , and  Macrophomina . In most years, Fusarium is the major cause of kill. When sesame is first introduced into a growing area, there are few disease problems, but over time the spores of these fungi accumulate and disease tolerance becomes important. When sesame was first introduced in Uvalde in 1988, the yields were high. As farmers planted on the same fields in subsequent years, the yields decreased. 
     S35 has a rating of 7.4 for COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (data from Uvalde nursery, 2011) and is an improvement over most of the other patented commercial varieties. Any rating above 5.67 indicates that over 90% of the plants produced good seed to the top of the plant. 
       FIG. 5  provides the mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29) of the previously patented Sesaco sesame varieties (data from Uvalde nursery, 2011). In the United States, sesame is currently grown from South Texas to Central Kansas. The growing window of a crop is determined by the earliest the crop can be planted in the spring as the ground warms up, and the onset of cold weather in the fall. Current sesame varieties require about 21° C. ground temperature to establish an adequate population and night temperatures above 5° C. for normal termination. Generally, the ground is warm enough in South Texas in middle April and in Central Kansas in late May, and the night temperatures are warm enough in South Texas until the middle of November and in southern Kansas until the middle of October. Cold fronts may affect the growth of sesame, and these are more likely in northern growing areas from the middle of September on. Elevation may also affect the growing temperature. For example, moving from east of Lubbock, Tex., at the start of the Caprock toward the west, the elevations begin climbing approaching toward the Rocky Mountains. The higher the elevation, the earlier the onset of fall cold temperatures and the later the onset of spring warm temperatures. In all years, if the sesame is planted as early as temperatures allow, lines with DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of 105 days or less will not be adversely affected by the temperatures, even in years with an early frost. Data gathered over a twenty-three year period indicates that about 96% of the time, sesame with a value of 115 or less DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY will produce a crop. Since most growing areas depend upon having a planting rain before the sesame is planted, the earlier the DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of the variety, the more flexibility the farmers have with the planting date. Different geographical areas may have different goals due to the normal weather patterns. In South Texas, varieties with DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of less than 110 days are generally suitable, while in southern Kansas it is preferred, but not always necessary, to utilize varieties with lower DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY such as 100 days or less. 
     The mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY for S35 is 97, which allows it to be planted in all of the current sesame growing areas. Care should be taken in areas where early freezes may occur to plant S35 in at a time where it will physiologically mature prior to expected freezes. 
       FIG. 6  provides the mean YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 10) of the patented varieties (testing in the Uvalde and Lorenzo nurseries in 2011). In releasing a new variety, another important consideration is whether the yields will be comparable or better than the existing varieties. 
     The yield of S35 is expected to be slightly better or better than that of prior varieties under typical growing conditions and was found to be comparable under less than ideal conditions used for testing as reported in  FIG. 6 . The yield data is taken close to DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30), which is the ideal time to harvest. However, weather in the fall in the sesame growing areas of the United States can prevent harvest for up to a month subjecting the crop to rain, fog, dew, and wind. Those four factors increase shattering, and wind may bring on lodging. As reported in  FIG. 6 , the 2011 data from the Uvalde and Lorenzo areas indicates a lower yield than would be expected under typical conditions since those areas experienced historical drought conditions that year. No rain fell during the growing season, and there was virtually no sub-surface moisture from winter and spring rains. Both nurseries had irrigation, but in severe drought, the yields are still lower than in normal years. 
     The SEED COLOR (Character No. 32) of S35 is buff, which is suitable for most of the U.S. and world markets. 
       FIG. 7  provides the mean SEED WEIGHT−100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33) of the current varieties between 1993 and 2011. A particular seed weight may be a characteristic desired by certain seed processors and end-users and commercial specifications may require a threshold seed weight. 
     S35 seed is heavier than the other patented varieties (0.302 grams per hundred seeds), and thus meets most commercial specifications in the ingredient and natural topping markets for sesame seed, which (in the United States) often set a threshold value of 0.30 grams per hundred seed weight. 
       FIG. 8  provides the SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45) of the current varieties. The commercial oil markets generally contractually require that sesame seed contain an oil content of at least 50-52%. If the oil content is lower than the specified requirement, the contract generally penalizes the seller. While current commercial practice does not include a monetary incentive to the seller if sesame seed has a higher oil content than the contractual requirement, increasing the oil content of sesame seed may provide de facto advantages to the purchaser or user. 
     S35 exhibited oil contents of 54.1% and 51.7% (data from Uvalde 2010 and 2011) and thus is suitable for use as a source of sesame oil for the commercial oil market. 
       FIG. 9  provides the TOLERANCE TO SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. 39). This pest is a problem in areas having high temperatures and other crops that attract whiteflies, such as vegetable crops. Examples of sesame growing areas which may be subject to whitefly issues are the South Texas/Lower Rio Grande Valley region, which typically has many acres of vegetables planted and Puerto Rico. Having tolerance to the whitefly provides a benefit to a sesame variety. 
     S35 has demonstrated adequate tolerance to whiteflies. While prior variety S26 has been used as a comparative standard for whitefly tolerance, S35 (with a rating of 5.7) had comparable tolerance than S26 in testing conducted in Puerto Rico. 
       FIG. 10  provides the TOLERANCE TO BACTERIAL BLACK ROT (Character No. 38). Bacterial black rot may occur, though rare, when there are cool, cloudy days, usually at higher elevations. While there may be little sesame acreage subject to these conditions, tolerance may still be important to some growers. 
     S35, with a rating of 7.0, exhibits better tolerance when these conditions are present than most previously described varieties. 
     On Mar. 27, 2012, a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of sesame plant S35 was made by Sesaco Corporation under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and the deposit was given ATCC Accession No. PTA-12708. This deposit will be maintained in the ATCC depository for a period of 30 years or 5 years after the last request or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer. Should the seeds from the sesame line S35 deposited with the American Type Culture Collection become non-viable, the deposit will be replaced by Sesaco Corporation upon request. 
     The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and characters for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.