Abstract:
A method, system, and computer-readable code for a technique by which multiple Web pages can be dynamically bundled (i.e. packaged) and downloaded for accessing on a user&#39;s workstation, enabling the user to perform a meaningful interaction even in the absence of an ongoing network connection. The proposed technique uses an on-demand bundling approach, ensuring that a requesting user will receive the most recent versions of any bundled files. The proposed technique often serves to reduce the number and duration of network connections required, enabling a user to work productively while offline. Further, the bundle may optionally contain executable code such as one or more servlets, which will execute on the user&#39;s workstation to enable dynamic content generation. Messages may be created and queued during processing of the downloaded bundle, for sending to a server when the user subsequently establishes a network connection. Optionally, data mining software may be used advantageously with this technique, to increase the likelihood of constructing a bundle that will meet the user&#39;s needs throughout the offline interaction. Additionally, transcoding may optionally be performed on a bundle destined for a particular user, that will tailor the bundled software to the user&#39;s current working environment.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present invention is a divisional of commonly-assigned U.S. patent application (Ser. No. 09/218,947, filed on Dec. 22, 1998), which is titled “Constructing, Downloading, and Accessing Page Bundles on a Portable Client having Intermittent Network Connectivity” and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a computer system, and deals more particularly with a method, system, and computer-readable code for dynamically constructing page bundles on demand at a server, and downloading the bundles to a requesting client that may be portable and may have intermittent network connectivity. The bundles may then be accessed at the client, without requiring an on-going network connection. A bundle may include one or more servlets, enabling dynamic content generation at the client. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     It is commonplace today for computer users to connect their machines to other computers, known as “servers,” through a network. The network may be a private network, such as a corporate intranet of networked computers that is accessible only to computer users within that corporation, or it may a public network, such as the Internet or World-Wide Web. The Internet is a vast collection of computing resources, interconnected as a network, from sites around the world. The World-Wide Web (referred to herein as the “Web”) is that portion of the Internet which uses the HyperText Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) as a protocol for exchanging messages. (Alternatively, other protocols such as the “HTTPS” protocol can be used, where this protocol is a security-enhanced version of HTTP.) 
     The user may connect his computer to a server using a “wireline” connection or a “wireless” connection. Wireline connections are those that use physical media such as cables and telephone lines, whereas wireless connections use media such as satellite links, radio frequency waves, and infrared waves. Many connection techniques can be used with these various media, such as: using the computer&#39;s modem to establish a connection over a telephone line; using a Local Area Network (LAN) card such as Token Ring or Ethernet; using a cellular modem to establish a wireless connection; etc. The user&#39;s computer may be any type of computer processor, including laptop, handheld or mobile computers; vehicle-mounted devices; cellular telephones and desktop screen phones; peripheral (e.g. printer, fax machine, etc.); desktop computers; mainframe computers; etc., having processing and communication capabilities. The remote server, similarly, can be one of any number of different types of computer which have processing and communication capabilities. These techniques are well known in the art, and the hardware devices and software which enable their use are readily available. Hereinafter, the user&#39;s computer will be referred to as a “workstation,” and use of the terms “workstation” or “server” refers to any of the types of computing devices described above. 
     A user of the Internet typically accesses and uses the Internet by establishing a network connection through the services of an Internet Service Provider (ISP). An ISP provides computer users the ability to dial a telephone number using their workstation modem (or other connection facility, such as satellite transmission), thereby establishing a connection to a remote computer owned or managed by the ISP. This remote computer then makes services available to the user&#39;s computer, hence such computers are often referred to as “servers.” Typical services include: providing a search facility to search throughout the interconnected computers of the Internet for items of interest to the user; a browse capability for displaying information located with the search facility; and an electronic mail facility, with which the user can send and receive mail messages to and from other computer users. Similar facilities are typically available when the user connects to a server in an intranet or an extranet (that is, a network owned or managed by another company and which provides services in a similar manner to the Internet or an intranet). 
     The user working in a networked environment will have software running on his workstation to allow him to create and send requests for information to a server and to see the results. When the user connects to the Web, these functions are typically combined in software that is referred to as a “Web browser,” or “browser.” After the user has created his request using the browser, the request message is sent out into the Internet for processing. The target of the request message is one of the interconnected servers in the Internet network. That server will receive the message, attempt to find the data satisfying the user&#39;s request, format that data for display with the user&#39;s browser, and return the formatted response to the browser software running on the user&#39;s workstation. The response is typically in the form of a display, referred to as a “Web page,” that may contain text, graphics, images, sound, video, etc. The user will also typically have an electronic mail (“e-mail”) software package installed on his workstation, which enables him to send and receive e-mail to and from the workstation of other computer users. Additionally, the user may have software on his workstation that supports sending requests to, and receiving responses from, automated file delivery services. For example, the File Transfer Protocol (“FTP”) may be used to retrieve a file stored in a remote location to the user&#39;s workstation. 
     These are examples of a client-server model of computing, where the machine at which the user requests information is referred to as the client, and the computer that locates the information and returns it to the client is the server. In the Web environment, the server is referred to as a “Web server.” The client-server model may be extended to what is referred to as a “three-tier architecture.” This architecture places the Web server in the middle tier, where the added tier typically represents data repositories of information that may be accessed by the Web server as part of the task of processing the client&#39;s request. This three-tiered architecture recognizes the fact that many client requests do not simply require the location and return of static data, but require an application program to perform processing of the client&#39;s request in order to dynamically create and format the data to be returned. In this architecture, the Web server augmented by the component performing this processing may be referred to as an “application server.” 
     As more people connect their workstations to the Web, the number of messages and files being sent is skyrocketing. (Hereinafter, the terms “message” and “file” are used interchangeably when referring to data being sent through a network, unless otherwise stated.) Coupled with this increase in the number of network users and files is an increase in the size of the files commonly being sent. For example, a short e-mail message with a relatively simple graphic image attached may be on the order of several hundred thousand bytes of data. Users may send and receive many such files over the course of a day&#39;s work or in their personal network communications. 
     A great deal of user frustration can result when trying to access popular Web sites which must service an ever-increasing number of user requests, and which often have slow response times due to this heavy request load. Additionally, long delays may result when users request delivery of large files to their workstation (or even when requesting relatively small files from congested servers), creating yet more user frustration. The popularity of using portable computers such as handheld devices for connecting to the Internet, or other networks of computers, is increasing as user interest in computing becomes pervasive and users are more often working in mobile environments. At the same time, the popularity of making network connections using connection services that charge fees based upon the duration of connections (such as cellular services, which are commonly used for wireless connections from portable computers) is also growing. When using this type of relatively expensive connection, the longer the user must wait to receive a file, the higher his connection charges will be. Wireless connections also tend to have high network latencies, due to the limited bandwidth available and the extra network hops (e.g. gateways) that are involved with wireless transmission. As a result, a user may have to wait a relatively long time to receive a response to a request he has sent into the network. These are some of the factors behind an increasing tendency of Web users to work offline with Web pages, whereby the user selects pages for downloading to his workstation from a Web server and then uses a browser to view this local copy of the pages after having disconnected from the network. 
     When a user is interacting with the Internet, the browser running on the user&#39;s workstation typically accepts the data it will display in response to the user&#39;s request as a data stream formatted using the HyperText Markup Language (“HTML”). HTML is a standardized notation for displaying text and graphics on a computer display screen, as well as for providing more complex information presentation such as animated video, sound, etc. When browsers expect an incoming response to be formatted using HTML, servers generate their response in that format. The browser processes the HTML syntax upon receipt of the file sent by the server (or from parsing a local copy of the file, when working offline), and renders a Web page according to the instructions specified by the HTML commands. Browsers are also commercially available for notations other than HTML that are used for specifying Web content. Common examples of these other notations are the Extensible Markup Language (“XML”), and pages represented in other standard formats such as the Wireless Markup Language (“WML”). 
     Web pages were originally created to have only static content. That is, a user requested a specific page, and the predefined contents of that page were located by a Web server and returned for formatting and display at the user&#39;s computer. To change the page content or layout, the HTML syntax (or other notation) specifying the page had to be edited. However, the Web is moving toward dynamic page content, whereby the information to be displayed to the user for a given page can be generated dynamically when each request is received at the server. 
     With dynamically-generated content, a request for the Web page stored at a given Uniform Resource Identifier (“URI”) or Uniform Resource Locator (“URL”) may result in a wide variety of page content being returned to the user. (References to “URL” hereinafter are intended to include URIs unless stated otherwise.) One common, simple use of dynamic page content is the “visitor counts” which are often displayed on Web pages, with text such as “You are the 123rd visitor to this site since Jan. 1, 1997” (where the count of visitors is accumulated at the server and inserted into the HTML syntax before returning the page to the user). Other simple uses include displaying the current date and time on the page. More advanced techniques for dynamic content allow servers to provide Web pages that are tailored to the user&#39;s identification and other available information about the user. For example, servers providing travel reservation services commonly store information about the travel preferences of each of their users and then use this information when responding to inquiries from a particular user. Dynamic content may also be based upon user classes or categories, where one category of users will see one version of a Web page and where users in another category will see a different version—even though all users provided the same URL to request the Web page from the same server. For example, some Web server sites provide different services to users who have registered in some manner (such as filling out an on-line questionnaire) or users who have a membership of some type (which may involve paying a fee in order to get enhanced services, or more detailed information). The difference in dynamic content may be as simple as including the user&#39;s name in the page, as a personalized electronic greeting, or the dynamic content may be related to the user&#39;s past activities at this site. On-line shopping sites, for example, may include a recognition for repeat shoppers, such as thanking them for their previous order placed on some specific day or offering a special limited-availability discount. 
     A number of techniques for providing dynamic page content exist. One such technique is use of an Active Server Page (“ASP”) on a Microsoft Web server, which detects a specific command syntax in an HTML page and processes the embedded commands before returning the page to the user. Another technique is the use of servlets, which are executable code objects that can be dynamically invoked by the Web server to process a user request. Servlets typically perform some specialized function, such as creating page content based on dynamic factors. Or, Dynamic Server Pages (“DSPs”) or Java Server Pages (“JSPs”) may be used to create dynamic content using compiled Java on Java-aware Web servers. (“Java” is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.) CGI (“Common Gateway Interface”) scripts and applications may also be used as sources of dynamic content. 
     Software programs known as “data mining” applications deduce patterns and/or relationships from data stores such as databases using statistical analysis techniques. One common usage of data mining is to track user behavior patterns when accessing a Web server. By monitoring sequences of requests, the software may deduce a user&#39;s request patterns over time and may also infer a user&#39;s future behavior using these deduced patterns. As a simple example, suppose a user requests to view an on-line television schedule from a server which begins by requesting the user&#39;s zip code, and then offers a selection of (1) broadcast and cable providers in that zip code, and (2) viewing time periods within the day. If the user always requests the same zip code, the same cable provider, and the evening prime-time viewing hours, a data mining application may detect this pattern and establish it as an automatic default for this user. By monitoring request patterns in this way, the server applications can provide customized treatment for repeat viewers, eliminating the annoyance that results when the user has to repeatedly enter the same data upon each visit, while still allowing new and repeat visitors the full flexibility of options from which to select. More complex patterns can also be detected by data mining, including which page(s) a particular user is likely to request during a specific type of interaction; the page sequence most often followed by new users at a particular site; whether a different page sequence is preferred by users who have accessed the site more than some ascertainable number of times (skipping introductory material, for example); etc. As electronic commerce becomes more prevalent on the Web, and electronic businesses become increasingly competitive, tracking user behavior patterns in this manner will be increasingly valuable and commonplace. Examples of data mining software products that are commercially available include “SurfAid” and “Intelligent Miner” from IBM. Refer to the Web site “netmining.dfw.ibm.com” for more information about SurfAid, and “www.software.ibm.com./data/iminer” for more information about Intelligent Miner, or contact your local IBM branch office. (“Intelligent Miner” is a trademark of IBM.) 
     In the presence of these factors, computer users need a way to work offline efficiently, viewing and interacting with Web pages without the expense and processing delays that occur with a network connection, while still being able to perform productive work. Users often have no way of knowing which pages they need for their offline work, especially when one page may provide links to many other pages, and thus may find it difficult to determine which pages should be downloaded if they wish to work in this mode. If one or more pages is needed during the offline interaction that was not downloaded during the connection, the user will find that he cannot complete his intended work without making another network connection to retrieve missing pages. More than one additional network connection may be required, if the user still fails to correctly predict the pages he needs in a subsequent download operation. As the level of “computer savvy” of the average Internet user decreases with the expansion of Internet usage into the general public, an average user is decreasingly likely to be able to accurately pre-select a complete subset of Web pages for offline viewing. 
     Accordingly, a need exists for a technique by which multiple Web pages can be dynamically bundled (i.e. packaged) and downloaded for accessing on a user&#39;s workstation, enabling the user to perform a meaningful interaction even in the absence of an ongoing network connection. The proposed technique uses an on-demand bundling approach, ensuring that a requesting user will receive the most recent versions of any bundled files. The proposed technique often serves to reduce the number and duration of network connections required, enabling a user to work productively while offline. Further, the bundle may optionally contain executable code such as one or more servlets, which will execute on the user&#39;s workstation to enable dynamic content generation. Messages may be created and queued during processing of the downloaded bundle, for sending to a server when the user subsequently establishes a network connection. Optionally, data mining software may be used advantageously with this technique, to increase the likelihood of constructing a bundle that will meet the user&#39;s needs throughout the offline interaction. Additionally, transcoding may optionally be performed on a bundle destined for a particular user to tailor the bundled software to the user&#39;s current working environment. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a technique with which multiple Web pages can be dynamically bundled and downloaded for accessing on a user&#39;s workstation, enabling the user to perform a meaningful interaction even in the absence of an ongoing network connection. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a technique whereby this bundling occurs on demand, ensuring that a requesting user will receive the most recent versions of any bundled files. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a technique whereby the number and duration of network connections required is reduced, enabling a user to work productively while offline. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a technique whereby the bundle may contain executable code such as one or more servlets, which will execute on the user&#39;s workstation to enable dynamic content generation. 
     It is a yet another object of the present invention to provide a technique whereby messages may be created and queued during processing of the downloaded bundle, for sending to a server when the user subsequently establishes a network connection. 
     Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description and in the drawings which follow and, in part, will be obvious from the description or may be learned by practice of the invention. 
     To achieve the foregoing objects, and in accordance with the purpose of the invention as broadly described herein, the present invention provides a software-implemented technique for use in a computing environment capable of having a connection to a network for enabling offline Web page processing, comprising: receiving a request for a Web page bundle at a server in the network; dynamically constructing the Web page bundle; and downloading the dynamically constructed Web page bundle. Preferably, the dynamically constructing further comprises: accessing a repository wherein a plurality of bundle descriptors are stored; determining if one of the bundle descriptors matches the request; using the matching bundle descriptor to locate and retrieve one or more stored files referenced therein when the determining has a positive outcome; locating and retrieving a single file specified by the request when the determining has a negative outcome; and formatting the located and retrieved files into the dynamically constructed bundle. Using the matching bundle descriptor preferably further comprises locating and retrieving at least one servlet capable of creating dynamic content. A content-reducing transformation may optionally be applied to one or more of the located and retrieved files prior to the formatting. The dynamically constructing may further comprise using results of a data mining operation, and/or locating and using embedded page references. 
     The present invention also provides a software-implemented technique for intercepting a user request for a page, the intercepting operating on a client in the network; determining if the page is stored locally; retrieving the requested page from a local storage when the determining has a positive outcome; sending a page bundle request to a server in the network when the determining has a negative outcome; receiving the requested page bundle; storing the received page bundle; and delivering the requested page to the user. Optionally, delivering the requested page may further comprise locating and executing at least one servlet capable of creating dynamic content. 
     The present invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings, in which like reference numbers denote the same element throughout. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer workstation environment in which the present invention may be practiced; 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of a networked computing environment in which the present invention may be practiced; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a path taken by a request that is sent from a client&#39;s browser to a Web server, and the path of the response, using techniques of the prior art; 
     FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate the architecture of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing how the various components interact; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates an example of the syntax with which bundle descriptors may be specified; 
     FIGS. 6A-6B depict examples of the syntax that may be used to create bundles; and 
     FIG. 7 depicts a flow chart which sets forth the logic involved with a preferred embodiment of the present invention to process a user&#39;s request for a Web page. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a representative workstation hardware environment in which the present invention may be practiced. The environment of FIG. 1 comprises a representative single user computer workstation  10 , such as a personal computer, including related peripheral devices. The workstation  10  includes a microprocessor  12  and a bus  14  employed to connect and enable communication between the microprocessor  12  and the components of the workstation  10  in accordance with known techniques. The workstation  10  typically includes a user interface adapter  16 , which connects the microprocessor  12  via the bus  14  to one or more interface devices, such as a keyboard  18 , mouse  20 , and/or other interface devices  22 , which can be any user interface device, such as a touch sensitive screen, digitized entry pad, etc. The bus  14  also connects a display device  24 , such as an LCD screen or monitor, to the microprocessor  12  via a display adapter  26 . The bus  14  also connects the microprocessor  12  to memory  28  and long-term storage  30  which can include a hard drive, diskette drive, tape drive, etc. 
     The workstation  10  may communicate with other computers or networks of computers, for example via a communications channel or modem  32 . Alternatively, the workstation  10  may communicate using a wireless interface at  32 , such as a CDPD (cellular digital packet data) card. The workstation  10  may be associated with such other computers in a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the workstation  10  can be a client in a client/server arrangement with another computer, etc. All of these configurations, as well as the appropriate communications hardware and software, are known in the art. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a data processing network  40  in which the present invention may be practiced. The data processing network  40  may include a plurality of individual networks, such as wireless network  42  and (wired) network  44 , each of which may include a plurality of individual workstations  10 . Additionally, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, one or more LANs may be included (not shown), where a LAN may comprise a plurality of intelligent workstations coupled to a host processor. 
     Still referring to FIG. 2, the networks  42  and  44  may also include mainframe computers or servers, such as a gateway computer  46  or application server  47  (which may access a data repository  48 ). A gateway computer  46  serves as a point of entry into each network  44 . The gateway  46  may be preferably coupled to another network  42  by means of a communications link  50   a . The gateway  46  may also be directly coupled to one or more workstations  10  using a communications link  50   b ,  50   c . The gateway computer  46  may be implemented utilizing an Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 available from the International Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”), or an Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 computer, etc. Depending on the application, a midrange computer, such as an Application System/400 (also known as an AS/400) may be employed. (“Enterprise Systems Architecture/370” is a trademark of IBM; “Enterprise Systems Architecture/390”, “Application System/400”, and “AS/400” are registered trademarks of IBM.) 
     The gateway computer  46  may also be coupled  49  to a storage device (such as data repository  48 ). Further, the gateway  46  may be directly or indirectly coupled to one or more workstations  10 . 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the gateway computer  46  may be located a great geographic distance from the network  42 , and similarly, the workstations  10  may be located a substantial distance from the networks  42  and  44 . For example, the network  42  may be located in California, while the gateway  46  may be located in Texas, and one or more of the workstations  10  may be located in New York. The workstations  10  may connect to the wireless network  42  using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”) over a number of alternative connection media, such as cellular phone, radio frequency networks, satellite networks, etc. The wireless network  42  preferably connects to the gateway  46  using a network connection  50   a  such as TCP or UDP (User Datagram Protocol) over IP, X.25, Frame Relay, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), etc. The workstations  10  may alternatively connect directly to the gateway  46  using dial connections  50   b  or  50   c . Further, the wireless network  42  and network  44  may connect to one or more other networks (not shown), in an analogous manner to that depicted in FIG.  2 . 
     Software programming code which embodies the present invention is typically accessed by the microprocessor  12  of the workstation  10  and server  47  from long-term storage media  30  of some type, such as a CD-ROM drive or hard drive. The software programming code may be embodied on any of a variety of known media for use with a data processing system, such as a diskette, hard drive, or CD-ROM. The code may be distributed on such media, or may be distributed to users from the memory or storage of one computer system over a network of some type to other computer systems for use by users of such other systems. Alternatively, the programming code may be embodied in the memory  28 , and accessed by the microprocessor  12  using the bus  14 . The techniques and methods for embodying software programming code in memory, on physical media, and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. 
     The preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to FIGS. 3 through 7. 
     In the preferred embodiment, the present invention is implemented as computer software programs. These programs will be used where (1) a user interacts with a browser and requests one or more Web pages for accessing by that browser, and (2) software application(s) running on a server respond to the user&#39;s request for Web pages, and return data to the user&#39;s browser in response. The implementation of the logic that will execute on the client workstation is preferably one or more modules (also referred to as code subroutines, or “objects” in object-oriented programming) which are invoked in response to requests from a standard, commercially-available browser. Alternatively, the logic could be incorporated into a specially-designed browser. The implementation of the logic for the bundling process that will execute on the server may be integrated with the code of the server application, as one or more modules which are invoked during execution of the server application. Preferably, however, the logic will be implemented as a separate program, for example as a servlet, which provides services that are accessed by the server application. The server side of the implementation may execute on a computer functioning as a Web server, where that Web server provides services in response to requests from a client using a Web browser connected to the Internet. Alternatively, the connection may be to a corporate intranet or extranet of which the user&#39;s workstation is a component. Use of the term “Internet” herein, when discussing processing associated with the user&#39;s request, includes processing that occurs in an intranet or extranet, unless otherwise stated. In a Web environment, client requests will typically be sent to the host server using HTTP. However, because the present invention operates independently of the mechanism used to fetch the data, other protocols such as FTP, Gopher, proprietary protocols, etc., may also be used without deviating from the inventive concepts defined herein. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a path taken by a request that is sent from a client&#39;s browser to a Web server and the path of the response, using techniques of the prior art. Web page designers  300  create the content of one or more Web pages and store  301  the files for those pages (including the content linked into each page, such as referenced image and sound files) in a Web page repository  310 , which may be simply a database or disk file system. (Note that while FIG. 3 shows a single repository  310 , this is for ease of illustration. More than one repository may be used equivalently.) When a user  340  makes a request  341  from the Web browser  350  executing on his workstation  360 , the request  341  flows across a network connection to a Web server  320 . The Web server  320  retrieves  321 ,  322  the requested page from the page repository  310 , and returns it  342  to the requesting browser  350 . Alternatively, the request  341 , upon arriving at the Web server  320  is directed  331  to a dynamic content generation module  330  that dynamically constructs the requested Web page content and returns it  332 ,  342  to the requesting browser  350 . In either case, typically, browser  350  will display the page to the user and may optionally store a copy in a cache or disk file. By storing a copy of the page locally, a subsequent user request to view the same page can often be met by retrieving and redisplaying the local copy, rather than requesting the page over a network connection from the server again and awaiting its redelivery. These techniques are well known in the art. 
     FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate the architecture of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing how the various components interact. A “bundle,” as used herein, refers to a file or object comprised of one or more other files or objects, which will be transmitted to the requester as a single unit. FIG. 4A shows the page bundling and downloading process that occurs in response to a user&#39;s request, and FIG. 4B shows how the pages are accessed locally, after the bundle has been downloaded. Web page designers  400  create page content and store the files for the pages  411  (again, including the linked content for the pages) in one or more page repositories  410 , using the same prior art process described with reference to FIG.  3 . 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, a person, such as a systems administrator  420 , creates a bundle descriptor that defines which pages should be “bundled” (i.e. packaged together) and delivered as a unit when that bundle is requested or when any page in that bundle is requested. This descriptor is then stored  421  in a bundle descriptor repository  430 . The specific syntax with which this bundle descriptor is created does not form part of the present invention. Preferably, the bundle descriptor is expressed in the Extensible Markup Language (“XML”) as a simple list of page references, as shown in FIG.  5 . Typically, the files that are specified as being in a particular bundle will comprise some logical unit of interaction that the systems administrator expects to occur between a user, working at his browser interface, and a Web server. The bundle descriptor will typically specify not only the pages that the user will view, but also any files that are linked to those pages (such as image files that may be used when constructing a viewable page). For example, if the user is interacting with a multi-page form (e.g. to register for an on-line service), then all pages in that multi-page form and all files linked to those pages might be specified in the bundle. Further, according to a novel feature of the present invention, a bundle descriptor may contain a reference to executable code such as a servlet that may be invoked during the user&#39;s interaction. As further discussed below, bundling the pages of a logical interaction in this manner will reduce the number and/or length of network connections required for the user to perform a given task. 
     In an alternative embodiment, a data mining software application (not shown in FIG. 4A) may be used in the process of creating the page bundle descriptors. This data mining software analyzes data for patterns and relationships, making deductions and inferences as previously described. Preferably, this type of data mining software will be used to supplement predefined bundle descriptors  421  created by the human user, but the descriptors may also be created entirely using the data miner. The data miner may be invoked by the bundling Web server  440  dynamically upon receipt of a user request for a Web page, or it may be invoked periodically (e.g. using a calendar-driven invocation, or upon explicit request from a systems administrator) to mine the available data and update (or create) bundle descriptors as indicated by this review (i.e. mining) of the data. When the data miner is invoked periodically, it will store the updated or created page bundle descriptors in the repository  430 . When it is used in response to a Web page request, it may store the page bundle descriptor in the repository  430 , or it may simply return the descriptor that results from its processing to the bundling Web server  440  as if the descriptor had come from the repository. This latter approach results in each bundle request being generated dynamically, taking advantage of the most up-to-date information available from the mining process. 
     In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a software routine (not shown in FIG. 4A) may be used that will “walk the Web site” during the bundling process. This “walk the Web site” routine, which is typically referred to as a Web Crawler, comprises determining all embedded page and file references for the requested Web page and is performed by processing the HTML syntax (or other page markup notation) and searching it for embedded URLs. Each referenced page may also be processed in this manner, to locate its embedded URLs. The technique with which page syntax can be parsed looking for URLs in this manner will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. The located URLs will then be added, as necessary, to the page bundle descriptor. Optionally, a maximum bundle size may be specified (for example, as a configuration parameter). When the bundle being generated reaches this size, the process of locating and including referenced pages will end. (This may be useful, for example, to limit the size of the bundle file that must be downloaded over a slow connection or to a limited storage client workstation, etc.) This walk-the-Web software routine may be used to create page bundle descriptors either dynamically upon user request or in a scheduled manner (as described for the data miner); it may also access predefined page bundle descriptors  421  (as described above) and augment their content; and it may be combined with data mining software. 
     Returning now to FIG. 4A, a user at a client workstation  470  is interacting with his Web browser  450 . When the user makes a request for a Web page, instead of the request being transmitted to a Web server as in the prior art, according to the present invention this request  401  will be intercepted by an embedded client-side server. In the preferred embodiment, this embedded server is a limited-function, optimized version of a Web server, which performs the functions of (1) receiving page requests from a browser; (2) determining if the request can be processed locally; and ( 3   a ) routing the request for local processing, or ( 3   b ) sending the request to the network, depending on the outcome of (2). Because this server functions on behalf of the client workstation  470 , it will be referred to hereinafter as a “client proxy server,” or simply “client proxy”  460 . The code implementing this client proxy must be installed on the client device in advance of using the present invention and operates according to the logic depicted in FIG. 7 (described below). When the client proxy  460  determines that the requested Web page  401  is already available locally, the process flow shown in FIG. 4B is used; otherwise, a page bundle request  402  is sent to a bundling Web server  440  as shown in FIG.  4 A. 
     The operation of the bundling server  440  depends on which of the above-described embodiments is being used for creating page bundle descriptors. If descriptors  421  are being stored statically (i.e. after being predefined) in a repository  430 , then the bundling server  440  will access  403  the repository to determine if a bundle exists for the page requested in request  402 . If so, then the bundling Web server  440  will use the located bundle descriptor  404  to construct the page bundle on demand by retrieving  405 ,  406  the pages and other files identified in the bundle descriptor, and packaging them together into a bundle. Once constructed, the bundle will be returned  407  to the requesting client proxy  460 . When there is no statically stored bundle descriptor for the requested Web page, and bundle descriptors are not being dynamically created using data mining or walk-the-Web-site techniques, then the single Web page from the request  402  will be retrieved, using its URL, and returned  407  to the client proxy  480 . However, if either (or both) of the data miner or walk-the-Web-site approaches are being used to determine bundle contents in a dynamic manner, then absence of a page bundle descriptor can be detected in the bundling Web server  440  and used to signal these components to generate a bundle descriptor dynamically. These components may also be used to augment the bundle descriptor retrieved at  404  by searching for additional pages that should be added dynamically to the predefined bundle content. The bundle descriptor that results from using these components is used to retrieve each identified page or file. The bundling Web server  440  then packages the files into a bundle, and returns  407  the bundle to the client proxy  460 . Optionally, size-reduction techniques such as compression and differencing may be used to reduce the size of the bundles to be sent from the server  440  to the client proxy  460 . Such size-reduction techniques are well known in the art, and may be applied to the individual files in the bundle or to the bundle as a whole. 
     According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, when the client proxy  460  receives the bundle returned at  407 , it “unbundles” the contents, separating the individual files and storing them locally  480  (e.g. in a cache of Web pages or on a disk accessible by the workstation  470 ). Alternatively, the bundles may be stored locally in other ways. For example, the files may not be separated, instead being stored intact to reduce storage space. In that situation, an index mapping each page URL to the bundle file that contains the corresponding content will be used to retrieve a page on demand from the appropriate bundle file. (The details of the unbundling process are discussed in more detail with reference to FIG. 7 below.) 
     After the bundle has been stored locally, the Web page originally requested at  401  will be returned  408  and displayed in the browser  450 . The user may then begin interacting with the page, with the client proxy  460  enabling this interaction to occur in the same manner that it would if the user&#39;s workstation had an on-going connection to a Web server. As stated previously, a novel feature of the present invention provides that bundles may optionally contain executable code that will be downloaded and executed in the client workstation. This executable code may take the form of a Java servlet, which will be invoked by the client proxy  460  when the user begins interacting with a downloaded page. Suppose, for example, that the user requested the display of an HTML form. In the prior art, the user would complete the form, and submit it from his browser for processing by the Web server. Suppose further that the processing of this form, when submitted, includes invoking a servlet to perform some application-specific processing. When this HTML form and servlet are downloaded as part of a page bundle, the user will complete the form as before and submit it using his browser. According to the present invention, however, the client proxy  460  will intercept the completed form, and invoke the locally-stored servlet at the client side. This client-side servlet processing may create output in the form of dynamically-generated HTML content, such as a “response” page corresponding to the form the user has just processed. In the prior art, this response would have been returned to the user (from a network server) over a network connection. Using the present invention, however, the response is created locally, while still working offline, without requiring establishment of a network connection and without any of the delays and costs that accompany remote processing. Alternatively, requests may be queued for later transmission to a Web server (after establishing a network connection), allowing the user to complete forms in an offline mode in applications where an immediate response is not required and where the logic that will create the response has not been downloaded to the client workstation. Examples of the type of local processing that may be performed advantageously include: validating a request for correctness and/or completeness; generating a response dynamically; fetching a response from a local cache or local storage; and reformatting an outbound request and storing the modified version in the outbound queue for later transmission. 
     FIG. 4B shows the flow that occurs when a requested page has already been delivered to the workstation  470  and is available from local storage  480 . The user requests  401   a  a Web page, and the request is intercepted by the client proxy  460 . The client proxy  460  checks its cache, and finds the requested page already available. The file for this page is returned immediately  408   a  to the browser, without the need to access a Web server or to make a network connection. 
     FIG. 5 depicts an example of the syntax that may be used for the bundle descriptors that are used to describe the contents of a bundle and which are subsequently processed by the bundling Web server  440  to create a bundle. Two bundle descriptors  500 ,  550  are illustrated. As shown at  502  and  504 , and again at  552  and  554 , the separators “&lt;bundle name=“. . . ”&gt;” and “&lt;/bundle&gt;” have been used in this example to delimit the description of each bundle. The keywords “&lt;page&gt;” and “&lt;/page&gt;” signify the beginning and end of an individual page (or file) description, respectively. (See  511  and  513 , for example.) The example bundle named “bundle1”  502  comprises 3 files  510 ,  520 ,  530 . The first two files are text files, encoded using HTML, as indicated by the file names at  512 ,  522 . The third file is a binary file, encoded in “gif” format (Graphics Interchange Format), as shown by the file name at  532 . Note that the terms “file” and “page” are used interchangeably in this discussion, to refer to the file in which the representation of a page (or other data used by or within a page, such as an image in “gif” format) is stored. 
     The second bundle descriptor  550  specified in FIG. 5 comprises 4 files  560 ,  570 ,  580 ,  590 . Note that one of the files, “page2.html”, is specified  520 ,  570  as being a member of both bundles  500 ,  550 , so that the content of these two bundles overlaps. This will occur when a common page is used in two different interactions (represented by two different bundles). In the preferred embodiment, when the user requests a page that is specified as being in more than one bundle, the first bundle descriptor that contains the page will be retrieved from the bundle repository. This second bundle descriptor  550  also specifies that the bundle includes an executable file, where a file named “compute.class”  592  contains executable code (such as a Java servlet) that will be downloaded with this bundle, and which may then be executed on the client workstation during an offline session as if the client requests had been sent to a Web server over a network connection. 
     Though the bundle descriptor in FIG. 5 has been shown with a particular XML representation and syntax, it is to be understood that alternative embodiments of this invention may represent bundle information using other formats without taking away from any of the novel elements of this invention. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B depict examples of how the contents of the bundles may be represented in the output created by the bundling Web server  440 . In the preferred embodiment, MIME (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extension) syntax will be used, as shown in the example in FIG.  6 A. An alternative syntax is shown in FIG.  6 B. As shown at  610 , the separator “NEXT” has been defined in this example as delimiting each file in the bundle. This example bundle comprises 3 files  620 ,  630 ,  640 , and corresponds to the bundle descriptor  500  from FIG.  5 . As stated earlier, the first two files are text files, encoded using HTML ( 622 ,  632 ), and the third file is a binary file, encoded in “gif” format  642 . The length of each file is specified ( 624 ,  634 ,  644 ), followed by the file name ( 626 ,  636 ,  646 ). The last item  628 ,  638 ,  648  for each file is then the actual contents of the file (not shown in FIG.  6 A). The end of the bundle is indicated using a special delimiter  650 . 
     Other formats may be used for bundle contents, such as the example shown in FIG. 6B, without deviating from the inventive concepts of the present invention. In this syntax, the file names appear as the first element for each file, followed by the file length, and then the contents of the file (similar to the approach used in FIG.  6 A). For example, the first file name  660  is “page1.html”, and its length  662  is 457 bytes. The contents of the file would appear at  664 . 
     Note that while the examples in FIGS. 6A and 6B refer to files encoded in HTML and “gif” format, a bundle may also contain files encoded in other formats, including (but not limited to) images in JPEG format, plain text, JavaScript, etc. Note also that while the bundle formats shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B show particular representations of bundle data, it should be understood that alternative embodiments of this invention may employ other formats for packaging downloadable page bundles without deviating from the inventive concepts of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 depicts a flow chart which sets forth the logic involved with a preferred embodiment of the present invention to process a user&#39;s request for a Web page. This flow chart is organized into three sections, showing the logic that occurs (1) at the client browser, (2) in the client proxy  460 , and (3) at the bundling Web server  440 . 
     The process begins when the user opens a browser  700 . As stated previously, this is preferably a standard browser that supports HTML, XML, or pages represented in other standard formats such as WML. At  705 , the user requests a certain page. This request is sent from the browser and intercepted by client proxy  460 , as represented by the transition from the first column of FIG. 7 to the second column. At  710 , the proxy determines whether a local copy of this requested page is available. If it is, then the page is retrieved  765  and processing continues at  770  as described below. If the page is not available, then a request for the page (or for the bundle containing the page) is sent from the client proxy to the bundling Web server at  715 . This request is received by the bundling Web server at  720 , as shown by the transition from the second column of FIG. 7 to the third column. At  725 , the bundling Web server inspects the bundle descriptors, to see if a descriptor containing the requested page (or having the requested bundle name) is available. The result of this inspecting is tested at  730 . If no descriptor is found, then the single page named in the request is retrieved at  735 , and a bundle is constructed and returned for this page at  745 . Otherwise, when a matching descriptor is found, then it is used by the bundling Web server at  740  to retrieve all referenced pages and files. A bundle is constructed from these pages and files, and returned to the client proxy at  745 . When file size reduction is being performed, the reduction process (not shown in FIG. 7) may be applied to the individual files of the bundle or to the bundle as a whole at  745 . The client proxy receives the bundle from the bundling Web server at  750 . When the files from the bundle are being separately stored at the local machine, the files are unbundled  755  and stored  760 . This unbundling and storing process is described by the following pseudocode: 
     while not the end of the bundle { 
     read and store the current filename 
     read the number of bytes in that file 
     read this number of bytes, and store using the corresponding filename 
     } 
     (Refer to FIGS. 6A and 6B for examples of the format in which the bundle may be represented prior to unbundling.) When the files of the bundle are being stored in a different manner, the appropriate steps for the particular storage technique are performed in place of  755 . (For example, when the bundles are being stored intact, the index that maps the page URLs to the bundles may be made available to the client proxy by creating and/or storing the index at  755 .) After the storing  760  completes, control transfers to  765  to retrieve the page the user originally requested. 
     Control reaches  770  after the requested page is retrieved at  765 . At  770 , a test is made to see if this page reference is an invocation of executable code. If so, the downloaded executable logic is processed at  775 ,and control then transfers to  780 . If the request did not require execution, the test at  770  has a negative response and control transfers directly to  780 . At  780 , a page is displayed to the user on the browser. Following display of the page at  780 , control returns to  705  to await the user&#39;s next request for a page. This process repeats until the user chooses to quit using the browser (which has not been shown in FIG.  7 ). 
     In an optional aspect of the preferred embodiment, a transcoding filter process may be used to reduce the size of bundles being delivered to the workstation  470 . Such a filtering process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,138,156, titled “Selecting and Applying Content-Reducing Filters Based on Dynamic Environmental Factors,” which is assigned to the same assignee and is incorporated herein by reference. This transcoding process accounts for dynamic factors such as the current memory or storage capacity of the user&#39;s workstation. For example, if the user&#39;s workstation does not currently have sufficient space to store a color graphics file or an embedded sound file, an algorithmic reduction process may be applied to any color images to reduce them to grayscale, and any sound files referenced from a Web page may simply be omitted. In this manner, the size of individual files from a bundle can be greatly reduced. When a transcoding process is used, it may be performed as part of the bundle generation process at  745  in FIG.  7 . Prior to including each file in the bundle, the list of available transforms can be consulted (as described in the referenced patent), and any applicable transform can be applied. Alternatively, the file transformation can be performed after each file is retrieved at  740 , as will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     While the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, additional variations and modifications in that embodiment may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims shall be construed to include both the preferred embodiment and all such variations and modifications as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.