Abstract:
A wireless base station includes a determining unit, a first calculation unit and a control unit. The determining unit determines a direction in which a specified mobile station that is to be spatially-multiplexed is located. Then, the first calculating unit calculates a first parameter group, used to form a first directional pattern for each already connected mobile station that should be spatially-multiplexed with the specified mobile station. The first directional pattern is such that a null point is formed in the determined direction. After a link channel allocation has been transmitted to the specified mobile station, the control unit performs control, so that transmission is performed to each already connected mobile station by forming the corresponding first directional pattern and further by reducing transmission power uniformly in all directions.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a wireless base station that uses an adaptive array method to form wireless connections with a plurality of mobile stations using spatial multiplexing. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In recent years, an increase in the number of mobile stations such as PHS (Personal Handyphone System) handsets and mobile phones has heightened social requirements for more effective use of communication frequencies. One response to this demand is to perform communication using a spatial multiplexing method. 
     Such a method involves using highly directive antennas for transmission and reception in a wireless base station, to multiplex a plurality of mobile stations located in different directions on a single frequency channel. 
     One example of the highly directive antennas that may be used in such a spatial multiplexing method is an adaptive array apparatus. An adaptive array apparatus includes a plurality of positionally fixed antennas. By dynamically adjusting the amplitude and the phase of transmission and reception signals for each antenna, the adaptive array apparatus uses the antennas collectively to form a directional pattern (also known as an array antenna pattern) dynamically each time transmission or reception is performed. 
     The direction pattern formed by the array antenna apparatus enhances receptivity and transmissivity in the direction of a desired mobile station (also referred to as beam directing or beam steering) as well as reducing receptivity and transmissivity in the direction of other multiplexed mobile stations (also referred to as null directing or nulling out). 
     The adaptive array apparatus can be easily installed since it is composed of a number of individual fixed antennas, and due to its ability to form a dynamic directional pattern, is particularly suited for use in wireless base stations that need to track the movement of mobile stations. Consequently, adaptive array apparatuses make effective use of frequency resources and are being widely used commercially. 
     Further details regarding an adaptive array apparatus are contained in Kukan Ryoiki Ni Okeru Tekioshingo Shori To Sono Oyogijyutsu Ronbuntokushu (Adaptive Signal Processing and Applied Techniques in the Spatial Domain: Special Edition) in Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi (The Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information, and Communication Engineers (IEICE)) Vol. J75-B-II No. 11, November), so a detailed explanation is omitted here. 
     When an adaptive array apparatus is used in a wireless base station, it changes the directional pattern to track the movement of each multiplexed mobile station, thereby avoiding interference and maintaining communication performance levels. This operation is conventionally performed as follows. 
     If a signal from a mobile station to be tracked is received, the adaptive array apparatus controls the amplitude and phase of reception signals for each antenna so as to reduce an error between the reception signal and a predetermined part of the original signal (hereafter referred to as a ‘reference signal’). The reference signal may correspond, for example, to a UW (unique word) field, if the signal is compliant with the PHS standard. By performing such a control, the adaptive array apparatus directs the beam in the direction of the mobile station to be tracked, and nulls out other multiplexed mobile stations. 
     A base station using a conventional adaptive array apparatus can avoid interference and maintain communication performance by means of this kind of control. 
     However, using such a conventional control may result in the following problem. When a further mobile station (hereafter the specified mobile station) is to be spatially-multiplexed, the noise level of the channel to which the specified mobile station has been allocated is measured. Here, if another mobile station is already wireless-connected on the same frequency as the specified mobile station, the noise level will not be kept below a reference-value, and in such a case the channel is frequently judged as having excess noise. 
     As a result, having made a connection using such a method, the specified mobile station will be able to communicate with the base station without inference from signals emitted by the wireless base station to other mobile stations by having the wireless base station form appropriate directional patterns to null out the specific mobile station, but it will not have the opportunity to make a connection on channels on which the other mobile stations are already communicating. 
     This problem is likely to occur with more frequency when the wireless base station and the specified mobile station are close together, and the noise level of the directional pattern for other already multiplexed mobile stations cannot be sufficiently reduced. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to resolve the above problems, the present invention has as its object the provision of a wireless base station that reduces the influence of carrier waves for already multiplexed mobile stations when the noise level of a channel to be allocated to a specified mobile station is measured, thereby improving the chances of obtaining a connection. 
     In order to achieve this object, a wireless base station of the present invention uses an adaptive array method to form wireless connections with a plurality of mobile stations using spatial multiplexing. The wireless base station includes a determining unit, a first calculating unit, and a control unit. The determining unit determines a direction in which a specified mobile station that is to be spatially-multiplexed is located. The first calculating unit calculates a first parameter group, used to form a first directional pattern for each already connected mobile station that should be spatially-multiplexed with the specified mobile station. The first directional pattern is such that a null point is formed in the determined direction. The controlling unit performs control, after a link channel allocation has been transmitted to the specified mobile station, so that transmission is performed to each already connected mobile station by forming the corresponding first directional pattern and using reduced transmission power. 
     This structure reduces the influence of carrier waves for already multiplexed mobile stations, when the noise level of a channel to be allocated to a specified mobile station is measured. 
     The wireless base station may further include a second calculating unit that calculates a second parameter group used to form a second directional pattern that optimizes signals to and from each already connected mobile station. Here, the control unit performs control to perform transmission for each already connected mobile station by forming the corresponding second directional pattern and returning transmission power to a normal level. The control is performed when a sync burst signal is received from the specified mobile station, or a specified time expires without a sync burst signal being received from the specified mobile station. 
     This structure enables the wireless base station, once the noise of the specified mobile station is measured, to return the transmission power of signals output to already connected mobile stations back to a normal level, while maintaining the communication performance of these mobile stations. 
     The wireless base station may further include a detecting unit that detects a signal level of each already connected mobile station. Here, the control unit reduces the transmission power to each already connected mobile station, based on a corresponding detected signal level. 
     By using this structure, the wireless base station can restrict transmission power to a low level, if transmitting to a distant mobile station that has already been spatially-multiplexed. This reduces the risk of communications breaking down. 
     The wireless base station may further include a detecting unit for detecting a signal level of each already connected mobile station. Here, the control means reduces the transmission power to each already connected mobile station, based on a corresponding detected signal level. 
     This structure enables the same effect to be achieved as for the structure above. 
     A control method of the present invention may be used by a wireless base station that uses an adaptive array method to form wireless connections with a plurality of mobile stations using spatial multiplexing. The control method comprises the following steps. A determining step determines a direction in which a specified mobile station that is to be spatially-multiplexed is located. A first calculating step calculates a first parameter group, used to form a first directional pattern for each already connected mobile station that should be spatially-multiplexed with the specified mobile station, the first directional pattern being such that a null point is formed in the determined direction. A controlling step performs control, after a link channel allocation has been transmitted to the specified mobile station, so that transmission is performed to each already connected mobile station by forming the corresponding first directional pattern and using reduced transmission power. 
     A wireless base station controlled by this control method enables the same effect to be obtained as for above. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following description thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate a specific embodiment of the invention. In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless base station in an embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a signal processing unit; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a user processing unit; and 
     FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing processing performed by a control unit. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     A wireless base station in the present embodiment is installed as a PHS base station that forms a wireless connection with one or more PHS mobile stations by performing time division multiple access/time division duplexing (TDMA/TDD) according to the PHS standard. In addition to TDMA, the wireless base station performs spatial multiplexing to communicate with the mobile stations. 
     Overall Structure 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a structure for a wireless base station in an embodiment of the invention. The wireless base station includes antennas.  10 ,  20 ,  30  and  40 , wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  311 , and  41 , a signal processing unit  50 , a modem  60 , a baseband unit  70 , and a control unit  80 . The wireless base station spatially-multiplexes a maximum of four signals on a single frequency to perform simultaneous communications. 
     The baseband unit  70  transfers a plurality of signals (baseband signals containing speech and data) between a plurality of telephone lines connected via a telephone exchange net (not shown), and the signal processing unit  50 . In this embodiment, the baseband unit  70  multiplexes four channels into one TDMA/TDD frame in compliance with the PHS standard, and performs parallel processing on signals to be spatially-multiplexed from a maximum of four telephone lines on each channel. Here, a TDMA/TDD frame has a period of 5 ms, and a period is divided into eight equal parts, forming four transmission timeslots and four reception timeslots. Each pair of transmission and reception timeslots form one TDMA channel. 
     The modem  60  is located between the signal processing unit  50  and the baseband unit  70 , and modulates and demodulates digitized baseband signals using π/ 4  shift QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying). Modulation and demodulation are performed in parallel on a maximum of four TDMA/TDD frames that have been spatially-multiplexed on one TDMA channel. 
     The signal processing unit  50  includes a signal adjusting unit  51 , a forced null weight calculation unit  52 , a response vector calculation unit  53 , and a RSSI (received signal strength indicator) detection unit  54 , and may be realized by a programmable DSP (digital signal processor). 
     The signal processing unit  50  adjusts the amplitudes and phases of transmission/reception signals for the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 , so as to form a directional pattern for each mobile station. As a result, the signal processing unit  50  can separate signals belonging to each mobile station from-spatially-multiplexed signals input from the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 , and output the separated signals to the modem  60 . Furthermore, the signal processing unit  50  performs spatial multiplexing so as to transmit a signal input from the modem  60  to a desired mobile station only, and then output the spatially-multiplexed signals to the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 . 
     A directional pattern may be formed using one of two methods. One method is a normal control for reducing an error between an actual received signal and a reference signal. The other method is a control known as the forced null control for directing a beam toward a desired mobile station, and nulling out (directing a null toward) other mobile stations, based on directional information calculated from reception signals. These controls use different methods to optimize communications with a particular mobile station. The signal processing unit  50  determines which method to use according to instructions from the control unit  80 . 
     The response vector calculation unit  53  calculates parameters known as response vectors, including directional information for mobile stations that are communicating in each timeslot, and outputs the calculated parameters to the forced null weight calculation unit  52 . Calculation is performed based on signals input from the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 , and signals adjusted by the signal adjusting unit  51 . This processing is performed in each timeslot within every TDMA/TDD frame. 
     The forced null weight calculation unit  52  calculates parameters for forming directional patterns so as to direct a beam toward a mobile station that is currently communicating, and to null out other mobile stations (hereafter these parameters are referred to as forced null weight vectors). This calculation is performed based on the parameters calculated by the response vector calculation unit  53 . The forced null weight calculation unit  52  then outputs the calculated parameters to the signal adjusting unit  51 . This processing is performed in each timeslot of every TDMA/TDD frame. Each forced null weight vector is an amount of adjustment made to the amplitude and phase of transmission and reception signals of each of the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 . 
     The signal adjusting unit  51  adjusts the amplitude and phase of transmission/reception signals for each of the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41  so as to optimize transmission and reception of signals to and from each of the mobile stations communicating in each timeslot. This processing is performed for each timeslot in the maximum of four TDMA/TDD frames that can be processed in parallel by the modem  60 . 
     When the normal control method is used, the signal adjustment unit  51  calculates sets of directional pattern parameters (one set for each mobile station) so as to reduce an error between a signal that is actually received from each mobile station, and a reference signal. A set of calculated parameters is hereafter known as a weight vector. Each parameter in a weight vector is an adjustment amount for the amplitude and phase of transmission/reception signals for one of the wireless units. When the forced null control method is used, the forced null weight calculation unit  52  performs adjustment according to the calculated forced null weight vectors. Switching between adjustment methods is performed according to instructions from the control unit  80 . 
     The RSSI detection unit  54  detects signal strengths for signals received by the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 , and outputs the detected signal strengths to the control unit  80 . This processing is performed in each timeslot of each TDMA/TDD frame. 
     The wireless unit  11  includes a transmission unit  111 , and a reception unit  112 , the former including a high-power amplifier or similar, and the latter a low-noise amplifier or similar. The transmission unit  111  converts low frequency signals input from the signal processing unit  50  into high frequency signals, amplifies these signals until a transmission power level is reached, and outputs amplified signals to the antenna  10 . The transmission unit  111  has the ability to adjust transmission power by controlling the gain of the high-power amplifier. The reception unit  112  converts high frequency signals received from the antenna  10  to low frequency signals, amplifies the converted signals, and outputs them to the signal processing unit  50 . 
     One wireless unit is provided for each antenna. The other wireless units  21 ,  31 , and  41  have the same structure as the wireless unit  11  and so explanation of these units is omitted. 
     The control unit  80  includes a CPU (central processing unit) and memory. The CPU controls the entire wireless unit according to a program stored in the memory. 
     When a mobile station that is to be newly multiplexed (hereafter a specified mobile station) is allocated a channel, the control unit  80  performs forced null control for other mobile stations that should be spatially-multiplexed with the specified mobile station and are already communicating, as well as instructing the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41  to reduce the transmission power of to the other mobile stations according to corresponding signal strengths detected by the RSSI detection unit  54 . The control unit  80  reduces transmission power if, for example, the signal strength is less than a reference value. 
     Having received a link channel allocation, a mobile station measures the noise level of the allocated channel, and if the noise level is at least as high-as the reference value, determines that the channel is unusable. However, performing forced nulling and transmission power-reduction on other spatially-multiplexed mobile stations helps to reduce the noise level of the allocated channel. 
     When a sync burst signal is received from a specified mobile station, or when a certain time period expires without a sync burst signal being received (also known as ‘timeout’) the control unit  80  performs normal control on the other mobile stations, as well as instructing the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41  to return transmission power to a normal level. 
     If the control for reducing transmission output is performed for a long period of time, there is a danger that the quality of communications with other multiplexed mobile stations will be worsened. The present invention, however, performs enables normal control to be performed following the reception of the sync burst signal, as well as returning transmission power to normal levels, thereby enabling the quality of communications with other mobile stations to be sustained. 
     Signal Processing Unit 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a structure of the signal processing unit  51 . The signal processing unit  51  includes transmission/reception switches  561  to  564 , adders  551  to  554 , and user processing units  51   a  to  51   d.    
     The user processing units  51   a  to  51 d adjust the amplitude and phase of signals input and output to and from the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41  so as to optimize transmission and reception of signals to and from mobile stations communicating in a particular timeslot. This processing is performed in each timeslot of each TDMA/TDD frame. 
     The adders  551  and  554  add transmission signals that have been adjusted by the user processing units  51   a  to  51   d , and output the added signals to the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 . 
     User Processing Unit 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a structure of the user processing unit  51   a . The user processing unit  51   a  includes multipliers  521  to  524 , multipliers  581  to  584 , an adder  59 , a transmission/reception switch  56 , a reference signal generation unit  55 , a weight calculation unit  58 , and a weight selection unit  57 . 
     The reference signal generation unit  55  generates a reference signal for a predetermined section of the received content, for example the UW (unit word) field. 
     The weight calculation unit  58  calculates weight vectors in each timeslot so that a sum of errors between each received signal and the reference signal can be kept to a minimum. 
     The multipliers  521  to  524  and the adder  59  adjust the amplitude and phase of signals input from each of the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41  according to weight vectors calculated by the weight calculation unit  58 , and add the adjusted signals. 
     The weight selection unit  57  selects, in each timeslot, either weight vectors calculated by the weight calculation unit  68  or forced null weight vectors calculated by the forced null weight calculation unit  52 , according to instructions from the control unit  80 . 
     The multipliers  581  to  584  adjust the amplitude and phase of signals output to each of the wireless, units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41 , according to the weight vectors or forced null vectors that have been selected by the weight selection unit  57 . 
     Detailed Description of Response Vector Calculation Unit 
     The response vector calculation unit  53  calculates response vectors using the following method. 
     Suppose that spatially-multiplexed signals received from the mobile stations a to d by the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41  are signals X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 , and reference signals for the mobile stations a to d are signals A a , A b , A c , and A d. When   
     
       
         
           X 
           1 
           =h 
           1a 
           A 
           a 
           +h 
           1b 
           A 
           b 
           +h 
           1c 
           A 
           c 
           +h 
           1d 
           A 
           d 
         
       
     
     
       
         
           X 
           2 
           =h 
           2a 
           A 
           a 
           +h 
           2b 
           A 
           b 
           +h 
           2c 
           A 
           c 
           +h 
           2d 
           A 
           d 
         
       
     
     
       
         
           X 
           3 
           =h 
           3a 
           A 
           a 
           +h 
           3b 
           A 
           b 
           +h 
           3c 
           A 
           c 
           +h 
           3d 
           A 
           d 
         
       
     
     
       
           X   4   =h   4a   A   a   +h   4b   A   b   +h   4c   A   c   +h   4d   A   d , 
       
     
     then R a =(h 1a , h 2a , h 3a , h 4a ) T  is the response vector of the mobile station. a, T being an inverse. 
     Logically, computing the correlation between the signal X 1  received by the wireless unit  11  and the reference signal A a  for the mobile station a should enable terms relating to signals from other mobile stations to be excluded and an adjustment value h 1a  to be calculated. However, since reference signal A a  cannot be confirmed for the entire length of the signal at the mobile station, a signal U a , that is the signal from the mobile station a after it has been separated by the signal adjusting unit  51 , is used instead to calculate the adjustment value h 1a  asymptotically. Adjustment values h 2a , h 3a , and h 4a  are calculated by computing the correlation between signals received by each,of the wireless units  21 ,  31 , and  41  and the separated signal U a  from the mobile station a. 
     The response vectors R b , R c , and R d  for the mobile stations b, c, and d are calculated in the same way. 
     Detailed Description of Forced Null Weight Calculation Unit 
     The forced null weight calculation unit  52  calculates forced null weight vectors as follows. 
     If separated signals received from each of the mobile stations a to d, the signal adjusting unit  51  are U a , U b , U c , and U d , the forced null weight vectors are as follows: 
       F   a =( f   1a   , f   2a   , f   3a   , f   4a ) T   
     
       
           F   b =( f   1b   , f   2b   , f   3b   , f   4b ) T   
       
     
     
       
           F   c =( f   1c   , f   2c   , f   3c   , f   4c ) T   
       
     
     
       
           F   d =( f   1d   , f   2d   , f   3d   , f   4d ) T . 
       
     
     Here T is an inverse. 
     The calculation performed by the signal adjusting unit  51  to separate the signals U a , U b , U c , and U d , belonging to the mobile stations a to d respectively, from the signals X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4  received by the wireless units  11 ,  21 ,  31 , and  41  is shown by the following formulas. 
     
       
         
           U 
           a 
           =f 
           1a 
           X 
           1 
           +f 
           2a 
           X 
           2 
           +f 
           3a 
           X 
           3 
           +f 
           4a 
           X 
           4 
         
       
     
     
       
         
           U 
           b 
           =f 
           1b 
           X 
           1 
           +f 
           2b 
           X 
           2 
           +f 
           3b 
           X 
           3 
           +f 
           4b 
           X 
           4 
         
       
     
     
       
         
           U 
           c 
           =f 
           1c 
           X 
           1 
           +f 
           2c 
           X 
           2 
           +f 
           3c 
           X 
           3 
           +f 
           4c 
           X 
           4 
         
       
     
     
       
         
           U 
           d 
           =f 
           1d 
           X 
           1 
           +f 
           2d 
           X 
           2 
           +f 
           3d 
           X 
           3 
           +f 
           4d 
           X 
           4 
         
       
     
     If the separated signal U a  from the mobile station a is expanded using the formula for defining the response vectors, then 
     
       
           U   a   =f   1a ( h   1a   A   a   +h   1b   A   b   +h   1c   A   c   +h   1d   A   d ) 
       
     
     
       
         + f   2a ( h   2a   A   a   +h   2b   A   b   +h   2c   A   c   +h   2d   A   d ) 
       
     
     
       
         + f   3a ( h   3a   A   a   +h   3b   A   b   +h   3c   A   c   +h   3d   A   d ) 
       
     
     
       
         + f   4a ( h   4a   A   a   +h   4b   A   b   +h   4c   A   c   +h   4d   A   d ) 
       
     
     
       
         =( f   1a   h   1a   +f   2a   h   2a   +f   3a   h   3a   +f   4a   h   4a ) A   a   
       
     
     
       
         +( f   1a   h   1b   +f   2a   h   2b   +f   3a   h   3b   +f   4a   h   4b ) A   b   
       
     
      +( f   1a   h   1c   +f   2a   h   2c   +f   3a   h   3c   +f   4a   h   4c ) A   c   
     
       
         +( f   1a   h   1d   +f   2a   h   2d   +f   3a   h   3d   +f   4a   h   4d ) A   d . 
       
     
     A set of conditions for a forced null vector used to calculate the reference signal A a  for the mobile station a as the signal U a , are calculated as follows using the response vectors. 
     
       
           f   1a   h   1a   +f   2a   h   2a   +f   3a   h   3a   +f   4a   h   4a =1 
       
     
     
       
           f   1a   h   1b   +f   2a   h   2b   +f   3a   h   3b   +f   4a   h   4b =0 
       
     
     
       
           f   1a   h   1c   +f   2a   h   2c   +f   3a   h   3c   +f   4a   h   4c =0 
       
     
     
       
           f   1a   h   1d   +f   2a   h   2d   +f   3a   h   3d   +f   4a   h   4d =0 
       
     
     If f 1a , f 2a , f 3a , and f 4a  satisfying this set of conditions are calculated, f 1a , f 2a , f 3a , and f 4a  will be a forced null vector which directs a beam toward the mobile station a, and nulls out mobile stations b, c, and d. The forced null vector may also be calculated by modifying the weight vector to satisfy the above conditions immediately prior to the shift to forced null control. Note that the above method for calculating a forced null vector is just one example of a possible method, and the invention is not characterized by any particular method for calculating the forced null vector. 
     The same calculation is performed for the mobile stations b, c, and d, with forced null vectors being calculated based on response vectors. 
     Detailed Description of the Control Unit 
     The following describes control operations performed by control unit  80  in the present embodiment. 
     The control unit  80 , upon receiving a link channel establishing request or a link channel establishing re-request (step S 01 , step S 02 ), calculates a response vector for the mobile station requesting channel allocation, based on the received signal (step S 03 ). Then the control unit  80  searches for a channel that is available for allocation (step S 04 ). If there is no suitable channel (step S 05 ), the control unit  80  transmits a link channel allocation rejection (step S 06 ). If the channel to be allocated is not spatially-multiplexed, in other words if it is the only channel in a particular timeslot (step S 07 ), the control unit  80  transmits a link channel allocation (step S 08 ). If the channel to be allocated is spatially-multiplexed, the control unit  80  starts forced nulling and transmission power reduction control for other spatially-multiplexed mobile stations (step S 09 ), and transmits a link channel allocation (step S 10 ). 
     Once forced nulling and transmission power reduction control have started, when a sync burst signal is received from the mobile station that has been allocated the link channel (step S 11 ) or when a certain time expires without a sync burst signal being received (step S 12 ), the control unit  80  performs normal directional pattern forming control for the other spatially-multiplexed mobile stations and returns their transmission power to normal (step S 11 ). 
     The wireless base station in the above embodiment is employed in the PHS, but the present invention may be used in any other communications system that employs spatial multiplexing, provided that such a system judges whether a channel can be used by measuring noise level when a mobile station receives a link channel allocation. 
     Although the present invention has been fully described by way of examples with reference to accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, unless such changes and modifications depart from the scope of the present invention, they should be construed as being included therein.