Abstract:
A method of printing comprising the steps of: providing a print media having a printing surface; measuring at least one parameter of the print media; calculating an optimal configuration for a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder circuit for obtaining a desired RFID transponder resonant frequency; configuring the RFID transponder circuit and printing the RFID transponder circuit onto the print media.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to methods of printing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems use radio frequency to provide a contactless data link for collecting information without need for line of sight or concerns about harsh or dirty environments that restrict other automatic ID technologies such as bar codes. RFID may also be used as a data carrier wherein information may be written to and updated on a RFID tag. 
         [0003]    RFID systems utilize of a number of components including tags or transponders, handheld or stationary readers, data input units and system software. RFID tags come in various shapes, sizes and read ranges including thin and flexible “smart labels” which can be laminated between paper or plastic. RFID tags and labels have come in roll form wherein the tags and labels are applied to a surface for usage. 
         [0004]    RFID has been used for many applications such as vehicle and personnel access control and tracking, vehicle security systems, product and asset tracking, supply chain automation, product payment and customer loyalty, product and asset tracking, livestock identification, document management, etc. 
         [0005]    Efforts regarding such systems have led to continuing developments to improve their versatility, practicality and efficiency. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic block diagram of an exemplary RFID system. 
           [0007]      FIG. 2  is a top view of an exemplary RFID tag printed on a media. 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  is a top view of an exemplary RFID tag printed on a media. 
           [0009]      FIG. 4  is a simplified plan diagram of an exemplary RFID printing system. 
           [0010]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart diagram of exemplary RFID printing. 
           [0011]      FIG. 6  shows a perspective view of an exemplary RFID printer and media prior to and subsequent to RFID printing. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]    Reference will now be made to exemplary embodiments which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments may be in various forms and the exemplary embodiments should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these representative embodiments are described in detail so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope, structure, operation, functionality, and potential applicability to those skilled in the art. 
         [0013]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary passive or read only RFID system  100  may be comprised of a reader  104  or interrogator, a RFID transponder or tag  108  and host computer  112 . Information stored in the memory of the transponder may not be able to be changed by RF command once it has been written. 
         [0014]    The reader transmits an RF signal and watches for modulated backscattering signal. An exemplary RFID reader comprises a RF transmission/receiving section  114 , data decoding section  118  and communication section  122  to communicate with the host computer. A processor may be utilized for controlling the transmission, receiving, data decoding and communication sections. RF transmission section comprises an RF carrier signal generator, antenna  126  and a tuning circuit. 
         [0015]    An exemplary RFID transponder may be comprised of an antenna coil L  130 , a capacitance C A  which may or may not be part of a transponder circuit  134  that comprises modulation circuitry and memory. The transponder is energized by a time varying electromagnetic radio frequency (RF) wave, (referred to as a carrier signal) transmitted by the reader. A voltage is generated across the transponder antenna coil when the RF field passes through it and is utilized for operation of the transponder circuit, which becomes functional when the voltage reaches a predetermined level. Data or information stored in the device is then transmitted back to the reader, referred to as backscattering. By detecting the backscattering signal, the data stored in the transponder circuit may be read or decoded. 
         [0016]    An exemplary antenna circuit of a transponder is comprised of a LC resonant circuit or E-field dipole antenna, depending on the RF carrier frequency. A LC resonant circuit is used for a carrier frequency of less than about 100 MHz. In this frequency band, the communication between the reader and transponder takes place with magnetic coupling between the two antennas through the magnetic field. 
         [0017]    When the frequency is above about 100 MHz, the requirement of LC values for may become too small to realize with discrete L and C components. In this case, a true E-field antenna called an electric dipole antenna may be made of a simple conductor that has a linear dimension less than or equivalent to half (½) the wavelength of the signal. The electric dipole antenna utilizes surface current that is generated by an electric field (E-Field) to produce voltage at load that is used to energize the transponder circuit. 
         [0018]    The voltage transfer between the reader and tag coils is accomplished through inductive coupling between the two coils. As in a typical transformer where a voltage in the primary coil transfers to the secondary coil, the voltage in the reader antenna coil is transferred to the tag antenna coil and vice versa. Read range is defined as a maximum communication distance between the reader and transponder and is related to the efficiency of the voltage transfer between the two. The read range of passive RFID systems is affected by the Q (quality factor) of the transponder antenna and tuning circuit. The efficiency of the voltage transfer and read range may be increased by increasing the Q of the circuit. A higher Q results in longer read range. 
         [0019]    RFID transponders use resonant antenna and RF circuits. The resonant frequency of the circuitry is affected by the proximity of other material to the circuit, particularly with high Q circuits. Since the RFID transponders may be used on a variety of products, the resonant frequency of the transponders applied to different products is difficult to predict. Low Q circuits (with poorer range) may be utilized in order to avoid a de-tuning affect of the environment. 
         [0020]    An exemplary method of producing RFID transponders is to print them with printing processes, such as inkjet printing using special inks and materials. Exemplary printed RFID ICs (also referred to as organic, chipless or polymer-based tags) are made with conductive ink that can store and transmit data. Exemplary directly printable RFID transponders involves printing RFID antenna circuitry directly on a plastic or paper media, such as packaging materials. Exemplary directly printable RFID transponders may be used on goods, labels such as pressure-sensitive adhesive labels or tags for labeling goods for transportation, containers or textiles, undetachable covers such as identification cards or access authorization cards. 
         [0021]    Exemplary RFID transponders are comprised of paper or plastic media as the support for at least one antenna and having a circuit chip electrically connected thereto, possessing on one surface of the media a printable/writable layer comprising particulate pigment and film forming binder and on the opposite surface of the polymer film an adhesive layer covered with a cover layer. 
         [0022]      FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary RFID transponder printing system  150 , wherein a print media feeder  152  feeds print media  154  for printing RFID transponder circuitry directly thereon utilizing a printhead  160 . The RFID transponder circuitry may include the transistors, antenna and other required components. Prior to printing, a controller  162  controls a sensor or measurement probe  166  which measures at least one parameter of the media. The controller utilizes the measured parameter(s) to calculate the detuning effect the media would have on a RFID transponder printed thereon, and adjust or compensate the printing of the RFID transponder accordingly. 
         [0023]    Exemplary printing techniques include inkjet printing. An inkjet printer is a type of printer that reproduces a digital image by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material (ink) onto a print media. Inkjet technology may be thermal, piezoelectric, or continuous. 
         [0024]    An exemplary inkjet printer uses a print cartridge or printhead with a series of tiny electrically heated chambers constructed by photolithography. To produce an image, the printer runs a pulse of current through the heating elements causing a steam explosion in the chamber to form a bubble, which propels a droplet of ink onto the print media. The ink&#39;s surface tension as well as the condensation and thus contraction of the vapor bubble, pulls a further charge of ink into the chamber through a narrow channel attached to an ink reservoir. The ink may be aqueous (i.e. water-based inks using conductive pigments or dyes). 
         [0025]    An exemplary printing may be three-dimensional printing which prints cross-sections on top of one another. 
         [0026]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary RFID transponder  170  printed on print media  158 . The antenna of the transponder may be comprised of a single N turn square loop coil  174  having a outer length L and width W. 
         [0027]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary RFID transponder  180  printed on print media  158 . The antenna of the transponder may be comprised of a rectangular straight thin film inductor  184  having a length L and width W. 
         [0028]    In an exemplary embodiment, the printing system prints RFID transponders onto packaging material. The packaging material may be plastic, corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, paperfoam, etc. The packaging material or print media adds capacitance C P  to the area that is being printed on. Measurement probe  166  measures the capacitance of the area and calculates or determines an optimal configuration of the RFID transponder. Exemplary configuration determinations include the number of turns N, the length L and/or width W, height, etc. of the transponder antenna  130  or the value of the transponder capacitance C A  to be printed. Once the optimal configuration determination is made, the printer prints that configuration onto the print media. The optimal determination obtains a desired or optimal resonant frequency for communicating with a predetermined reader. Thus the resonance and read range may be optimized. Other parameters, such as parameters of the inks and pigments may be measured for determining optimal resonant frequency. 
         [0029]    An exemplary RFID transponder printer may be equipped with additional measurement capabilities for printing RFID circuitry with compensating electrical properties. 
         [0030]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram for an exemplary method for printing a RFID tag. Print media is fed in a step  210 . A sensor measures at least one parameter of the media  214  which is utilized in a step  218  to calculate the optimal RFID antenna or circuit configuration which would yield a RFID tag with a desired predetermined resonant frequency. The properly configured RFID tag is then printed in a step  222 . The sensing, calculation and printing steps may occur for each media sheet, periodic media sheets, or once at the beginning of a print job. 
         [0031]      FIG. 6  shows an exemplary printer system  250  with a laser printer  254  having imageable sheet media  258  both before and after being fed through the printer. Laser printer applied images  262  are printed onto the sheets. 
         [0032]    In an exemplary printing system, the RFID tag is printed on final packaged goods, so that variation in the product within the package may also be accommodated and accounted for. 
         [0033]    It should be understood that the programs, processes, methods and apparatus described herein are not related or limited to any particular type of computer or network apparatus (hardware or software). Various types of general purpose or specialized computer apparatus may be used with or perform operations in accordance with the teachings described herein. While various elements of the preferred embodiments have been described as being implemented in software, in other embodiments hardware or firmware implementations may alternatively be used, and vice-versa. The described embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention. For example, the steps of the flow diagrams may be taken in sequences other than those described, and more, fewer or other elements may be used in the block diagrams. Also, unless applicants have expressly disavowed any subject matter within this application, no particular embodiment or subject matter is considered to be disavowed herein. 
         [0034]    The claims should not be read as limited to the described order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the term “means” in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6, and any claim without the word “means” is not so intended. Therefore, all embodiments that come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto are claimed as the invention.