Abstract:
An embodiment of the invention involves a device for clamping and pulling an elongated item, such as a wire or cable, through a path, such as in a conduit, and includes a main body having a bore and multiple teeth capable of gripping the elongated item.

Description:
PRIORITY 
   This application claims priority and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/405,083 filed Apr. 2, 2003 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,883,782 on Apr. 26, 2005, and also claims to the provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/407,559 filed Aug. 30, 2002, entitled “Snagger”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to the field of releasably clamping and pulling elongated items such as, for example, wires and cables. More particularly, the apparatus relates to an apparatus and method for releasably clamping the end of an elongated item such as a wire or cable for the purpose of pulling the wire or cable through a path such as, for example, a path defined by a conduit. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   There are many circumstances in which it is desirable to releasably grasp the end of an elongated item so that it can be pulled along a path, such as, for example, through a length of conduit. In the electrical and telecommunication industries, for example, it is common for one or more cables or wires to be pulled through a conduit that will provide a path for the wires. These circumstances arrive particularly in the case of copper power and telecommunication wires, but they also occur with fiber optic cables, or any other type of cable or wire. The wires or cables are typically run through a path formed by a conduit that provides to the wire or cable structural protection as well as protection from environmental factors such as moisture. The conduits can include, for example, typical metal or plastic type conduits which run throughout buildings. Other examples include metal or plastic conduits that run in building foundations and underground, overhead conduits, and even various conduits found inside vehicles such as aircraft. Conduits may also run overhead through power poles or up and down the length of power poles. 
   Depending on the circumstances, one or even a large number of wires or cables, referred to hereinafter as “lines” maybe ultimately run through a conduit. For example, in the case of telephone lines, up to three to five hundred pairs of lines may be found resulting in one cable that is one inch in diameter. The range of conduits found in industry is quite wide, and includes, by way of example only, typical conduits from 2 inches up to 6 inches. Wires ranging for example from number 6 copper to 750 mcm copper are often found. In some cases, the copper wire will be a twisted copper wire having a relatively thin insulation surrounding the copper which itself is surrounded by ABS plastic sheathing. Aluminum wires may have a similar two layer insulation and sheathing. 
   Since splicing the ends of wires together can be difficult and time consuming, in telecommunications it is typically desirable to run the longest single length of line possible at a time. In many circumstances the length of line, or “run” is typically made anywhere in the range from 20 feet to 1800 feet. Also, the typical distance between junction boxes in a conduit system is 150–300 feet, so runs of at least this length are very common. 
   One circumstance that frequently occurs is the need to pull four electrical lines all at the same time, comprising three or four electrical lines depending on the electrical configuration, and one typically smaller ground line. These four electrical lines are often required to be pulled through a steel conduit in the form of a pipe in a building or a PVC plastic pipe underground. 
   In some instances when performing such a pull, the distance of the pull can become quite significant, and the force of the pull can be on the order of 500–700 pounds per line, resulting in a total pull stress of 2,000–3,000 pounds. Thus, it is desirable for a clamping system which clamps onto the end of the line being pulled to be able to accommodate the necessary force for the application. 
   One approach to gripping the end of a cable for a pull has been a type of clamp which uses a body that receives the end of the wire and holds it between two opposed but offset set screws. A clamp of this type is used on each wire separately where multiple wires are pulled at once. A disadvantage of this system is that the time required for insertion of the wire and proper tightening of the set screws in order to achieve satisfactory pulling can be relatively long. Moreover, if an operator does not spend sufficient time with the set screw process, or is not properly trained in setting up the system, wires may tend to slip out of the system. Moreover, some form of tightening tool such as a hex wrench is required to be present both for tightening the set screws and loosening them after the pull has been completed. 
   Another type of cable clamping arrangement is a basket type grip having a woven mesh that tightens around the line upon pulling force in a fashion similar to a Chinese finger puzzle. When a group of cables is to be pulled, they are typically all wrapped together and pulled by a single length of mesh. In order to provide proper gripping force, this system requires the mesh to be significantly elongated in order to have sufficient frictional force. Since the gripped length of wire typically needs to be discarded, this method can lead to a greater waste of the end of the cable than the set screw apparatus. Moreover, this system requires typically even more time and attention to attach to the end of the line or lines than the set screw device described above. 
   Accordingly, it would be desirable to have an apparatus and method that can conveniently and securely clamp on the end of an item to be pulled through a path such as a conduit. It would also be desirable to have such a device that can provide an adequate pulling force as needed in industry. Further, it would be desirable to have such a device that can rapidly and conveniently be used without necessarily requiring an additional tool for the attachment and release steps. Further, it would be desirable for the device to be durable and reusable. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The foregoing needs are met, to at least to a great extent, by the present invention, which provides an apparatus and method for releasably clamping elongated articles such as wires or cables. In some embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus and method that can conveniently and securely clamp on the end of a line to be pulled through a path such as a conduit, and that can rapidly and conveniently be used without necessarily requiring an additional tool for the attachment and release steps. 
   In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for releasably clamping onto the end of an elongated item has a main body having a bore therethrough, and a plurality of pivoting teeth pivotedly mounted to the main body and projecting generally inward into the bore. 
   In accordance with another embodiment aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for releasably clamping onto the end of an elongated item, has a main body having a bore therethrough, and pivoting means for gripping the item pivotedly mounted to the main body and projecting generally inward into the bore. 
   In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a method for pulling an elongated item through a path, includes inserting an end of the item into the bore of a body having pivoting teeth projecting generally radially inward in the bore, applying a pulling force to the item so that the pivoting teeth clamp on the item apply a resistive force in the pulling direction to pull the item, maintaining the pulling force to pull the item along the path, cutting the pulled end of the item off to form a cut end, and displacing the cut end of the item through the bore in the direction of original insertion to eject the cut end from the body. 
   There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, certain embodiments of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows herein may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional embodiments of the invention that will be described below and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. 
   In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of embodiments in addition to those described and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
   As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a cutaway view showing a clamp device according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention clamped onto the end of a line being pulled through a conduit. 
       FIG. 2  is a cutaway view showing the end of the line being clamped while it is being cut off from the remainder of the line after having been pulled completely through the conduit. 
       FIG. 3  is a disassembled cutaway view showing a cap portion of the clamp disassembled from a body portion so that the cut end of the line can be pushed out one end of the body of the clamp. 
       FIG. 4  is a disassembled perspective view of the cap and body of the clamp. 
       FIG. 5  is a perspective view showing four clamps according to an embodiment of the present invention attached to a common carabiner which is pulled by a tugger. 
       FIG. 6  is a side view, including hidden lines, of the cylindrical body and cap of the device assembled together. 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view taking through line  7 — 7  in  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 8  is a side view of a tooth. 
       FIG. 9  is a top view of the tooth of  FIG. 8 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus and method for releasably clamping elongated items such as wires or cables. Some embodiments of the invention can conveniently and securely clamp on the end of a line to be pulled through a path such as a conduit, providing adequate pulling force as needed in industry. The clamping device that can rapidly and conveniently be used without necessarily requiring an additional tool for the attachment and release steps. Further, some embodiments of the device are durable and reusable. A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawing Figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
   Referring now particularly to  FIGS. 1 and 3 , a clamping device  10  is illustrated which has a cylinder body  12 . The cylinder body  12  has a first open end  14  and a second internally threaded open end  16 . Continuing with  FIG. 1  but also referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , a number of pivoting teeth  18  are arranged in circumferential rings spaced from axially each other. The teeth  18  project generally inwardly from the cylinder body  12 , and are mounted within slots  17  which penetrate entirely through the walls of the cylinder body  12 . The pivoting teeth  18  are each retained by a pin  19  to pivot around the pin  19 . Slots  17  are elongated and the rear or radially outwardmost portion of the pivoting teeth  18  move within the elongation of the slot  17  during pivoting of the respective tooth  18 . The rear portion  40  of a tooth  18  is seen in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . The bore  41  in the tooth  18  receives the pin  19 . 
   If the pulling device.  10  is oriented generally vertically as shown in  FIG. 1 , the teeth  18  will tend to fall to a downward, or radial inwardmost resting position. The teeth  18  are limited in their downward travel by the contact interference of the rear or radially outward most portion  40  of the tooth  18  with the end of the slot  17 . The resting place angle is preferably approximately 15 degrees relative to the plane perpendicular to the cylinder body  12 . However, it will be appreciated that the resting angle could be greater or lesser. It is generally preferred that the resting angle be selected such that insertion of wire W, as shown in  FIG. 1  will cause the teeth  18  to pivot in the direction of insertion, such as upward as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   Returning now to particularly  FIG. 1 , when a wire W is inserted in the open end  14  of the body  12 , as it passes each row of teeth  18  it will displace the teeth  18  slightly in the direction of insertion (upward in  FIG. 1 ) and the inward tips of the teeth  18  will ride along the outer surface of the wire W. Once the wire W has passed one or more rows of teeth  18 , any force in the opposite direction to the insertion direction (downward in  FIG. 1 ) will cause the tips of the teeth  18  to frictionally engage with the outer surface of the wire W. Frictional contact will cause the teeth  18  to tend to pivot downward and thus grip or clamp onto the wire W and resist any pulling of the wire W in this opposite direction. Further, due to the angled condition of the teeth  18  as they are gripping the wire W, pulling forces are converted into a force having an inward component which tends to cause the frictional fit to become greater as the pulling force increases. 
   Thus, it will be appreciated that the actual gripping and pulling forces are transmitted from the pivoting teeth  18  to the pins  19  and thus into the body  12 . As shown by  FIGS. 2 ,  6  and  7 , resistance of the pins use of the teeth  18  to any further pivoting or release of the wire W is provided by the geometry imposed by the teeth  18  and pins  19 . Thus, it is not necessary that any interference between the back end  40  of the teeth  18  (see  FIGS. 8 and 9 ) and the edge of the slot  17  directly occur. Accordingly, although interference between the back end  40  (see  FIGS. 8 and 9 ) of the teeth  18  and the slot  17  is used to define the resting position of the teeth, such interference is not necessarily needed for the pulling force resistance. Alternatively, the teeth  18  can be provided with a lobe that contacts the inner wall of the body  12  to resist excessive pivoting, and therefore resist pulling forces. 
   The teeth  18  may preferably have some degree of sharpening at their tip  42  (see  FIGS. 8 and 9 ) so that they tend to dig to some extent into the outer surface of the wire W.  FIGS. 8 and 9  illustrate a teeth  18  having the radially outwardmost portion  40  that interferes with the slot  17  to locate the resting position, and a sharp tip  42  having a tip angle and to provide grip. The sharpened tip  42  enhances the ability of the teeth  18  to provide a resistant force. However, it will be appreciated that substantial penetration or digging into the wire W in many instances will not be required, and that the tips  42  at the teeth  18  may have other suitable features and/or surface treatments for providing a frictional force against the outer surface of the wire W. Because in many instances the gripped end of the wire is simply discarded after the pull, however, any damaging effect on the wire at the location of the teeth  18  is not necessarily an undesirable result 
   Returning now to  FIGS. 1–4 , the pulling device  10  further has a removable cap  20 . The cap  20  provides connection to a wire rope  22 , which may have a loop or other connector at its end distal from the cap  20 . The affixing of the ball  23  to the end of the wire rope  22  can be accomplished by process as known in the art. In some instances, the wire rope  22  may be provided with a ball  23 , a knob, or some other suitable gripping feature, which is larger than a bore  25  which is provided through the end of the cap  20  and through which the rope  22  passes. The wire rope  22  is further held to the cap  20  by for example, a pair of set screws  24  which may be opposed from each other and tightened and connected on to the end of the wire rope  22 . The set screws are preferably allen headless type set screws. In this instance, the set screws  24  are not required to resist the pulling force, but rather if tightened will serve to prevent rotation about the longitudinal axis of the wire rope relative to the cap  20 . When pulling is performed with the set screws  24  loosened, then the device  10  will be free to rotate relative to the wire rope  22 , so that undesirable twisting will not be imparted to the wires being pulled. This helps avoid possible shearing of the wires. However, the set screws  24  can be tightened to prevent the axial rotation of the clamping device about its axis, when desired, for example when retrieving a single line. 
   The cap  20  has an externally threaded end  26  which mates with the internal threads  16  of the cylinder body  12 . Turning now to  FIG. 6 , the sides of the cap  20 , and the sides of the threaded end  16  of the body  12 , may be provided with respective opposed flats to facilitate gripping of these two items by wrenches in order to tighten and loosen the cap  20  on to the cylinder body  12 . 
   Some aspects of the method of operation of the clamping device  10  will now be described, with particular reference to  FIGS. 1–4 . Initially, a user begins with the device  10  configured as shown in  FIG. 1  (but without any wire inserted) with the cylinder body  12  fully threaded onto the cap  20 . The pulling wire rope  22  at this stage is extending out of the cap  20  and may or may not be attached to a tugging device which will provide motive force for the eventual tugging. With the pulling device arranged as in  FIG. 1  (but without any wire inserted), the end of the wire W to be pulled is then inserted, preferably as far as possible, into the interior of the cylinder body  12  through the end  14 . This causes the teeth  18  to pivot in the direction of the insertion into the condition shown in  FIG. 1 . In this condition, the pivoting teeth  18  will resist the pulling force that would tend to pull the wire W out of the device  10 , and so tugging on the pulling wire rope  22  effectively pulls the wire through the conduit C. If not already so connected, the pulling wire rope is connected to a material tugger if necessary and pulling force is applied to pull the wire through the path in the conduit.  FIG. 6  also illustrates the open end  14  of the cylinder body  12  having a tapered entrance, which facilitates smooth insertion of the wire W. 
   As shown in  FIG. 2 , once the pulling is complete and the wire W is now in the free space outside the other end of the conduit, the wire W can be cut generally by a tool T such as a conventional wire cutter. This will leave an end of the wire W 1  in a freshly cut and substantially undamaged condition and ready for splicing or connection to another item. The cut offend W 2  will tend to stay held by the pulling device  10  because of its contact with the pivoting teeth  18 . To remove the cut end W 2  from the pulling device  10 , a preferable step is to unscrew the cap  20  off of the body  12 , and then push the cut end W 2  in the direction shown by the arrow A. In some instances, the unscrewing of the cap  20  may be done with hand pressure. In other instances, a tool such as a wrench may be needed and is particularly suitable where flats are provided, such as flat  32  on the cylinder body  12  and flat  34  in the cap  20  as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
   Returning to  FIG. 3 , the pushing on the wire end W 2  in direction A may often be accomplished simply by orienting the cylinder body  12  so that the direction A downward so that the force of gravity on the wire end W 2  will cause the wire end W 2  to fall out. In other instances, hand pressure at the end of W 2  may be required to overcome any residual frictional gripping on the wire, and in other instances pushing with a tool or similar steps may be employed to free the wire W 2 . Once the wire end W 2  has been ejected, the pulling device  10  is in the configuration shown in  FIG. 4 , and is ready for the cylinder body  12  to be reattached to the cap  20  so that the clamping device  10  may be reused. 
   The illustrated embodiment has sixteen pivoting teeth  18 , arranged in four bands of four teeth each. This number of teeth has been found preferable for certain sizes of wires and expected pull lengths and pull resisting forces. For example, this number of teeth is suitable for certain applications ranging from number 4 copper wire to 250 mcm copper wire with pulling forces up to 1,000 pounds per wire being pulled. However, it will be appreciated that different numbers of pivoting teeth, including different numbers of circular bands, and different numbers of radially spaced teeth within a band, may both be advantageously employed. The number of teeth employed around a single band preferably is even number so that pairs of teeth are directly opposed to each other, but odd numbers of teeth may also be advantageously employed. 
   It will be appreciated that the pivot sweep of the teeth  18  will permit a device  10  of a certain size, having a certain diameter of cylinder body  12 , to accommodate at least to some degree a range of sizes of wires W to be pulled. For a given size device  10 , different sizes or diameters of wires W to be pulled will involve the teeth  18  having a different gripping angle during the pulling process. The gripping angle for optimum pulling force is generally approximately 45 degrees between the axis of the tooth and the sidewall of the wire W, however, many embodiments of the invention can perform their function at angles both greater and less than a 45 degrees gripping angle. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary arrangement in which four clamping devices  10  are used. In the case of pulling four wires at once, the four clamping devices  10  are each connected by a respective wire rope  22  to a single loop or carabiner  36 , so that all of the devices  10  are pulled at the same rate. Regardless of the number of devices  10 , in the case of the electrical industry, is common for the devices to be pulled or tugged by a tugging line  38 . In some cases this tugging line  34  may be attached to a power operated take-up roll by a power-operated device that can provide the pulling force necessary.  FIG. 5  illustrates an example where the clamping devices  10  are staggered so that the diameter of the conduit needs to be only be somewhat larger than the diameter of one of the devices  10 . Thus, the conduit need only accommodate the diameter of a single device  10  and the three other wire ropes  22  in the illustrated embodiment. 
   Although an example of the device is shown pulling a wire it will be appreciated that other items can be gripped. Also, although the device is useful to pull items through conduit it can also be used to pull items through other paths and/or in other industries. 
   The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.