Abstract:
A double gate semiconductor device ( 2006 ) is used beneficially as a multiplier ( 2000 ). The double gate semiconductor device ( 2006 ) has a lateral fin ( 105 ) as the channel region with the gates formed opposite each other on both sides of the fin. The lateral positioning of the fin provides symmetry between the two gates. To increase drive current, multiple transistors are easily connected in parallel by having a continuous fin structure ( 2106 ) with alternating source/drain terminals ( 2120, 2122, 2124, 2126 ) in which the sources are connected together and the drains are connected together. Gates ( 2116, 2110 ) are positioned between each pair of adjacent source/drain terminals and electrically connected together. The multiplier ( 2000 ) may also be used as a mixer and further as a phase detector.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is related to the application entitled “Transistor With Independent Gate Structure”, by Mathew et al., having application Ser. No. 10/443,375, filed on May 22, 2003, and assigned to the assignee hereof.  
         [0002]     This application is related to the application entitled “Memory With Charge Storage Locations”, by Mathew et al., having application Ser. No. 10/443,908, filed on May 22, 2003, and assigned to the assignee hereof. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     This invention relates generally to mixers and more specifically to a method for mixing signals with a transistor having more than one independent gate structure.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     A mixer circuit is a type of multiplier circuit that provides frequency translation for two or more signals. For example, in a radio receiver, a mixer circuit is used to translate an RF (radio frequency) signal to an IF (intermediate frequency) signal. In an integrated circuit mixer, the signals to be mixed are applied to the gates of input transistors. The output is a multiplication of the two input signals. Designers of high frequency mixer circuits have been faced with the problem of providing a relatively small and easy to implement mixer circuit that provides highly linear operation at low power supply voltages (e. g. 1.0-1.5 volts).  
         [0005]     Therefore, it is desirable to provide an integrated circuit device for mixing two signals that is small and easy to implement, yet provides highly linear operation at low voltage.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]     The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates identical items unless otherwise noted.  
         [0007]      FIG. 1  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during a stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0008]      FIG. 2  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0009]      FIG. 3  is a partial isometric view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0010]      FIG. 4  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0011]      FIG. 5  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0012]      FIG. 6  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0013]      FIG. 7  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0014]      FIG. 8  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0015]      FIG. 9  is a partial isometric view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 10  is a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 11  is a partial side cross sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during a stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0018]      FIG. 12  is a partial side cross sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0019]      FIG. 13  is a partial side cross sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 14  is a partial side cross sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0021]      FIG. 15  is a partial side cross sectional view of another embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 16  is a partial isometric view of another embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during another stage in the manufacture of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 17  is a partial cut away top view of another embodiment of a transistor according to the present invention.  
         [0024]      FIG. 18  is a schematic of one embodiment of a memory array according to the present invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 19  sets forth a table of one embodiment of a set of voltages applied to bitlines and word lines of a memory array for programming, erasing, and reading a charge storage location of the memory array according to the present invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 20  sets forth a table of one embodiment of a set of voltages applied to bitlines and word lines of a memory array for programming, erasing, and reading another charge storage location of the memory array according to the present invention.  
         [0027]      FIG. 21  sets forth a table of another embodiment of a set of voltages applied to bitlines and word lines of another memory array for programming, erasing, and reading a charge storage location of the memory array according to the present invention.  
         [0028]      FIG. 22  sets forth a table of another embodiment of a set of voltages applied to bitlines and word lines of another memory array for programming, erasing, and reading another charge storage location of the memory array according to the present invention.  
         [0029]      FIG. 23  illustrates a schematic diagram of a mixer circuit in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0030]      FIG. 24  illustrates a top down layout view of a transistor used in the mixer circuit of  FIG. 23 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0031]     Generally, the present invention provides a multiplier circuit. The multiplier circuit includes a semiconductor “fin” formed on a substrate. The fin has first and second sidewalls. A layer of gate material is formed over the substrate and the fin, the gate material including a first portion adjacent to the first sidewall of the fin and a second portion adjacent to the second sidewall of the fin. The layer of gate material is removed from over the semiconductor fin to leave a first gate along the first sidewall and a second gate along the second sidewall, where the first and second gates have a predetermined height and are electrically isolated from each other. The first and second gates function as input terminals for the multiplier circuit and a first input signal is applied to the first gate and a second input signal to be multiplied with the first input signal is applied to the second gate. In another embodiment, the multiplier circuit functions as a mixer circuit.  
         [0032]     A mixer circuit in accordance with the present invention provides the advantages of having fully symmetrical independent input gates. Also, the transistor does not suffer from unpredictable body effects such as floating body and source-drain coupling of back bias. In addition, the gate lengths of the transistors may be changed without a fabrication process change, providing a highly linear mixer that may be integrated in a multi-functional system on a chip (SoC) integrated circuit. Further, because a transistor stack is not used as in some prior art mixers, the mixer circuit can operate at low power supply voltages.  
         [0033]     The following sets forth a detailed description of a mode for carrying out the invention. The description is intended to be illustrative of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting.  
         [0034]      FIG. 1  shows a partial side cross sectional view of one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer during a stage in the manufacture of a transistor with independent gate structures according to the present invention. Wafer  101  includes a substrate with an insulating layer  103 . A structure  104  has been formed over insulating layer  103 . Structure  104  includes a semiconductor structure portion  105  formed over insulating layer  103 , a dielectric portion  111  (e.g. silicon dioxide) formed over semiconductor structure portion  105  and layer  103 , and a nitride portion  109  located over portion  111  and portion  105 . In one embodiment, structure  104  is formed by depositing a layer of semiconductor material over layer  103 , forming a dielectric layer over the semiconductor layer (e.g. by thermal oxidation of the semiconductor layer or by atomic layer deposition of a high K dielectric), and then depositing a layer of nitride over the dielectric. The semiconductor layer, the dielectric layer, and the nitride layer are then patterned to form structure  104 . Afterwards, a dielectric layer  106  is formed on the sidewalls of semiconductor structure portion  105 . As will be shown later, a channel region and current terminal regions of a transistor are formed in semiconductor structure portion  105  of structure  104 . In one embodiment, semiconductor structure portion  105  is made of epitaxial silicon bonded on insulating layer  103 . In other embodiments, portion  105  may be made of polysilicon or other semiconductor material. In one embodiment, structure  104  is a fin structure of a FinFET. In other embodiments, portion  109  may be made of other materials (e.g. other dielectrics) that can be utilized as a hard etch mask.  
         [0035]     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a conformal polysilicon layer  203  is deposited over wafer  101  including over structure  104 . As will be shown later, polysilicon layer  203  is utilized to form independent gate structures of a FinFET transistor. In other embodiments, layer  203  may be made of other gate materials such as e.g. tungsten, titanium, tantalum silicon nitride, silicides such as cobalt or nickel silicides, germanium, silicon germanium, other metals, or combinations thereof. In the embodiment shown, a conformal nitride layer  205  is then deposited over layer  203 . In one embodiment, layer  205  is used both as an antireflective coating and as a hard mask for etching layer  203 . Layer  205  may not be included in some embodiments. In some embodiments, layer  203  may be doped prior to the deposition of layer  205 . In these embodiments, layer  205  may be doped with single or multiple implants at various energies, angles, and/or species. For example, in one embodiment, the left side of layer  203 , relative to the view shown in  FIG. 2 , may doped with a first dopant at a first angle to provide that portion with a first conductivity type, and the right side of the layer  203 , relative to the view shown in  FIG. 2  may be doped at a second angle relative to the view shown in  FIG. 2  to provide that portion with a second conductivity type.  
         [0036]      FIG. 3  is a partial isometric view of wafer  101  after layers  205  and  203  have been patterned to form gate structure  301 . In some embodiments, layers  205  and  203  are patterned by the utilization of conventional photolithographic techniques. During the patterning, the portion of nitride portion  109  located over structure  104  but not located under gate structure  301  is removed. In other embodiments, this portion of nitride portion  109  may be removed at a later stage during manufacture.  
         [0037]     Structure  104  includes current terminal regions  303  and  305  located in each end of portion  105  of structure  104 . In one embodiment where the resultant transistor structure is a field effect transistor (FET), regions  303  and  305  serve as the source and drain regions, respectively. Regions  303  and  305  may be doped at this time by e.g. ion implantation or plasma doping.  
         [0038]      FIG. 4  shows a partial cross sectional view of wafer  101  after a deposition of a planar layer  403  over wafer  101 . In some embodiments, layer  403  may be made of e.g., photo resist, spin on glass, or organic antireflective coating material. Layer  403  may be formed by spin on techniques or by chemical vapor deposition techniques followed by chemical mechanical polish or reflow.  
         [0039]      FIG. 5  shows wafer  101  after layer  403  has been etched back to a level below the top of portion  505  of nitride layer  203  located over structure  104  to expose portion  505 . In one embodiment, layer  403  may be etched back, e.g., by a conventional dry or wet etch techniques. In the embodiment shown, after the etch back, layer  403  is at least thick enough to cover portion  503  of layer  205  such that portion  505  of layer  205  may be removed by etching without removing portion  503 .  
         [0040]     In other embodiments, the resultant structure of layer  403  as shown in  FIG. 5  may be formed by the planar deposition of the material of layer  403  to the level shown in  FIG. 5 , or other desired level.  
         [0041]      FIG. 6  shows the same view as  FIG. 5  after portion  505  of nitride layer  205  located over structure  104  has been removed by etching. Layer  403 , as shown in  FIG. 6 , protects portion  503  of layer  205  from being removing during the etching of portion  505 .  
         [0042]     Referring to  FIG. 7 , after portion  505  of layer  205  has been removed, the portion of layer  203  previously located under removed portion  505  of layer  205  is removed by a non abrasive etching (e.g. wet or dry) to form independent gate structures  701  and  703 . Layer  403  (along with the remaining portions of layer  205 ) protects portions  707  and  709  of layer  203  from being removed during the etching of layer  203 . Gate structures  701  and  703  each have a vertical portion located along a sidewall of structure  104 .  
         [0043]     Utilizing a planar layer for the formation of independent gate structures may allow a portion of the gate material to be removed to form separate gate structures for a transistor without extra masking steps. In some embodiments, the planar layer allows for the portion of the gate structure located over structure  104  to be removed without removing the portions of the gate structure used to form the independent gate structures. In some embodiments, because portions of the conformal layers including the gate material located over structure  104  are exposed from the planar layer, those portions can be removed e.g. by etching to isolate the gate structures without use of an extra mask step. Accordingly, alignment problems in forming separate gates may be avoided.  
         [0044]      FIG. 8  shows the same view as  FIG. 7  after the removal of the remaining portions of layers  403  and  205 . In some embodiments, these layers may be removed by wet or dry etches. In other embodiments, the remaining portions of layers  403  and  205  are not removed.  
         [0045]      FIG. 9  shows an isometric view of the transistor shown in  FIG. 8 . In later processing stages, spacers and silicide layers of the transistor are formed by conventional semiconductor techniques. Regions  903  and  905  serve as current terminal contacts (e.g. as source/drain contacts for FETs). Also, regions  907  and  909  serve as gate contacts for gate structures  701  and  703 , respectively.  
         [0046]      FIG. 10  shows the same view as  FIG. 8  after the formation of gate vias  1003  and  1005  over regions  907  and  909 , respectively. A low K dielectric material  1009  is shown deposited over the resultant transistor structure. Other conventional processing stages not shown or described herein may be performed on wafer  101  to form other conventional structures (such as e.g. interconnects and passivation layers) of a semiconductor device. Afterwards, the wafer is singulated to separate the integrated circuits of the wafer.  
         [0047]     Transistors with independent gate structures according to the present invention may be made by other processes. For example, the formation of the planar layer  403  and the removal of the portion of gate material (e.g. in layer  203 ) located over structure  104  may be performed after the formation of spacers and/or silicides as described above with respect to  FIG. 10 . Also, transistors with independent gate structures maybe made with out utilizing conformal nitride layer  205 . With these embodiments, the planar layer  403  would be formed such that the top portion of the layer of gate material (e.g.  203 ) located over structure  104  would be exposed for etching.  
         [0048]     In some embodiments, independent gate structures may be coupled together either by hardwiring (e.g. conductive material extending between the gate structures) or by other transistors which would allow for the gate structures to be selectively coupled together.  
         [0049]      FIGS. 11-17  set forth views of a semiconductor wafer during various stages in the manufacture of another embodiment of a transistor with independent gate structures according to the present invention. The transistor formed also includes charge storage locations located between the gates and the channel region of the transistor. As will be describe later, such a transistor may be utilized as a non volatile memory device for storing data in the charge storage locations.  
         [0050]     Wafer  1101  includes a substrate having an insulating layer  1103 . A structure  1104  has been formed over insulating layer  1103 . In one embodiment, structure  1104  is a “fin” structure for a FinFET transistor having charge storage locations. Structure  1104  includes a semiconductor structure portion  1105  formed over the insulating layer  1103 , a dielectric portion  1111  (e.g. silicon dioxide) formed over semiconductor structure portion  1105  and layer  1103 , and a nitride portion  1109  located over portion  1111  and portion  1105 . In one embodiment, structure  1104  is formed by depositing a layer of semiconductor material over layer  1103 , forming a dielectric layer over the semiconductor material layer (e.g. by thermal oxidation of the semiconductor layer or by atomic layer deposition of a high K dielectric), and then depositing a layer of nitride over the dielectric. The semiconductor layer, the dielectric layer, and the nitride layer are then patterned to form a structure wherein the sidewalls of the semiconductor layer, the dielectric portion  1111 , and nitride portion  1109  are flush with each other. In the embodiment shown, the remaining portion of the semiconductor layer is then trimmed (e.g. with a dry etch having an isotropic component) to recess the sidewalls of remaining semiconductor layer to form portion  1105  as shown in  FIG. 11 . In other embodiments, structure portion  1105  is not trimmed. In some embodiments, structure portion  1105  may be doped prior to the patterning of the layer of semiconductor material by conventional semiconductor processing techniques to provide the channel region of portion  105  with a specific conductivity type.  
         [0051]     Afterwards, a dielectric layer  1107  is formed on the sidewalls of semiconductor structure portion  1105 . As will be shown later, the channel region and current terminal regions are formed in portion  1105 . In one embodiment, semiconductor structure portion  1105  is made of epitaxial silicon bonded on insulating layer  1103 . In other embodiments, portion  1105  may be made of polysilicon or other semiconductor material. In one embodiment, structure  1104  is a fin structure of a FinFET.  
         [0052]     Referring to  FIG. 12 , a layer  1203  of charge storage material is then deposited over wafer  1101  including structure  1104 . In one embodiment, layer  1203  includes a layer of conductive material such as polysilicon (e.g. as with a floating gate transistor). In other embodiments, layer  1203  may include other types of charge storage material including material having a plurality of charge trapping elements (e.g. silicon nitride as with a thin film transistor). Still in other embodiments, layer  1203  may include discrete charge storage material (e.g. silicon nanocrystals embedded in a layer of dielectric). In some embodiments, the nanocrystals are 2-10 nm in diameter and have a density of 3-10e{circumflex over ( )}11/cm{circumflex over ( )}2. In other embodiments, layer  1203  may be made of multiple layers such as e.g. a layer of silicon nanocrystals and a layer of silicon nitride deposited over the layer of silicon nanocrystals or a layer of silicon nanocrystals embedded between two layers of dielectric material.  
         [0053]      FIG. 13  shows a partial cross sectional view of wafer  1101  after layer  1203  has been etched to remove the portion of layer  1203  located over nitride portion  1109  and located on insulating layer  1103 . Portions of layer  1203  remaining will later be etched to form isolated charge storages structures  1307  and  1305  located on the opposite sidewalls of structure  1104 . In one embodiment, layer  1203  is etched with anisotropic dry etch to form storage structures  1307  and  1305 . In some embodiments, where the charge storage material is made of a high resistivity material such that there would be little to no leakage current, layer  1203  is not etched. In such embodiments, the charge storage structures having charge storage locations would be part of a contiguous layer  1203 .  
         [0054]      FIG. 14  shows a partial cross sectional view of wafer  1101  after a conformal layer  1403  of control dielectric has been deposited over wafer  1101  and after a conformal layer  1407  of gate material has been deposited over layer  1403 .  
         [0055]     After the deposition of gate material layer  1407 , the wafer is further processed to form to two gate structures as per a similar process describe above with respect to  FIGS. 2-8 . For example, a nitride layer (not shown), similar to nitride layer  205  in  FIG. 2 , is deposited over layer  1407 . The nitride layer and layer  1407  is then patterned to form a gate structure similar to gate structure  301  shown in  FIG. 3 . In some embodiments, a portion of charge storage layer  1203  located on the side of dielectric layer  1107  and not underneath the gate structure is etched after the layer  1407  has been etched. After the formation of a gate structure, a planar layer (similar to layer  403  in  FIG. 5 ) is formed wherein the portion of the nitride layer located above structure  1104  is exposed (See  FIG. 5  and the text discussing thereof). After the removal of the exposed portion of the nitride layer, the gate material located above structure  1104  is then etched to form gate structures  1505  and  1503  (See  FIG. 15 ) in a manner similar to that set forth in  FIGS. 6-8  and the discussion thereof.  
         [0056]      FIG. 15  shows a partial side view of wafer  1101  after the formation of gate structures  1505  and  1503 .  FIG. 16  is a partial isometric view of the transistor structure shown in  FIG. 15 . Regions  1607  and  1605  serve as current terminal regions with  1611  and  1613  serving as current terminal contacts (e.g. as source/drain contacts for FETs) for those regions. Also, regions  1620  and  1617  serve as gate contacts for gate structures,  1505  and  1503  respectively.  
         [0057]     In some embodiments, gate structures  1503  and  1505  are doped. The material of these gate structures is doped, in one embodiment, prior to the deposition of the nitride layer (e.g.  205 ) over the layer of gate material. Also, in some embodiments, the current terminal regions  1607  and  1605  are doped after the formation of gate structures  1505  and  1503  to provide a conductivity type that is different from the conductivity type of the channel region of semiconductor structure portion  1105 .  
         [0058]     In later processing stages, silicide layers, spacers, gate vias, and current terminal vias and are formed over transistor structure  1621  by conventional semiconductor techniques. A low K dielectric material (e.g.  1009 ) may also be deposited over the resultant transistor structure  1621 . Other conventional processing stages not shown or described herein may be performed on wafer  1101  to form other conventional structures (such as e.g. interconnects and passivation layers) of an integrated circuit.  
         [0059]     The resultant transistor structure  1621  shown in  FIG. 16  can be utilized as a non volatile memory cell having four isolated charge storage locations (two each in charge storage structure  1305  and  1307 , respectively) that can each store one of bit of data.  
         [0060]      FIG. 17  is a partial cutaway top view of transistor structure  1621  shown in  FIG. 16 . Charge storage structure  1305  includes two charge storage locations  1709  and  1711 , and charge structure  1307  includes two charge storage locations  1713  and  1715 . These four charge storage locations may be programmed, read, and or erased by applying voltages to current terminal regions  1605  and  1607  and gate structures  1503  and  1505 .  
         [0061]     In one embodiment, the transistor structure  1621  functions as two functional MOSFET transistors that share source/drain regions and each have two charge storage locations. Gate structure  1503  serves as the gate for one of the functional transistors, and gate structure  1505  serves as the gate of the other functional transistors. Charge storage locations  1709  and  1711  serve as charge storage locations for the functional transistor having gate structure  1503  as its gate. Charge storage locations  1713  and  1715  server as charge storage locations for the functional transistor having gate structure  1505  as its gate.  
         [0062]     In the embodiment shown, semiconductor structure portion  1105  includes a channel region  1725  (approximately differentiated by the dashed lines) located between current terminal regions  1605  and  1607 . Channel region  1725  is doped to provide a first conductivity type and current terminal regions  1605  and  1607  are doped to provide a second conductivity type.  
         [0063]     During the operation of transistor structure  1621 , when a voltage is applied to gate structure  1503  that exceeds a voltage threshold of the functional transistor associated with gate structure  1503 , an inversion region forms along the sidewall of the channel region  1725  adjacent to gate structure  1503 . When a voltage is applied to gate structure  1505  that exceeds a voltage threshold of the functional transistor associated with that gate structure, an inversion layer forms along the sidewall of channel region  1725  adjacent to gate structure  1505 . In some embodiments where portion  1105  is relatively thin between gate structures  1503  and  1505 , the regions where the inversion layers occur may overlap.  
         [0064]     Charge may be injected into each of the charge storage locations (e.g. by hot carrier injection) to increase the threshold voltage of the functional transistor associated with that charge storage location. For example, to store a charge in charge storage location  1709 , a positive voltage (Vpp) is applied to gate structure  1503 , ½ Vpp is applied to current terminal region  1605 , and a ground potential is applied to current terminal region  1607  and gate structure  1505 .  
         [0065]     Each of the charge storage locations may be read independently of each other. Application of a positive voltage (Vdd) to the gate structure adjacent to a charge storage location and a positive voltage (Vdd) to the current terminal on the opposite side of the charge storage location will effectively read the charge stored in the charge storage location without being affected by the charge stored in the other charge storage locations. For example, to read charge storage location  1709 , a positive charge is applied to gate structure  1503  and to current terminal region  1607 , with a ground potential (VSS) being applied to gate structure  1505  and current terminal region  1605 . The voltage applied to current terminal region  1607  is sufficiently positive so that it effectively masks or shadows any charge present in charge storage location  1711 . In this way, the current through the channel region is primarily affected by the charge stored in location  1709  and not by the charge stored in any other charge storage location.  
         [0066]     To erase a charge stored in a charge storage location, a hot hole injection technique may be utilized. For example, to erase the charge stored in charge storage location  1709 , a negative voltage (−Vpp) is applied to gate structure  1503  and a positive voltage (Vpp) is applied to current terminal region  1605 , the current terminal adjacent to charge storage location  1709 . A ground potential (Vss) is applied to current terminal region  1605  and gate structure  1505 .  
         [0067]     In another embodiment, the charge storage locations of structure  1621  may be erased at the same time by applying a negative voltage (−Vpp) to gate structures  1503  and  1505  and a positive voltage (Vpp) to current terminal regions  1605  and  1607 .  
         [0068]     In other embodiments, other program, read, and/or erase techniques may be utilized for programming, reading and/or erasing the charge in the charge storage location of transistor structure  1621 . For example other conventional techniques for reading a non volatile memory cells having two storage locations may be used.  
         [0069]     In other embodiments, transistor structure  1621  may be utilized such that it implements only two charge storage locations. In one such embodiment, the first charge storage location is located in charge storage structure  1305  and the second charge storage location is located in charge storage structure  1307 . With these embodiments, transistor structure  1621  is utilized as two functional transistors with each functional transistor including a charge storage location. In one example of such an embodiment, the charge storage layer would be made of conducting material (e.g. polysilicon) e.g. as with a floating gate transistor.  
         [0070]     In other embodiments having only two charge storage locations, each charge storage structure ( 1305  and  1307 ) would independently be able to store a charge, but transistor structure  1621  would be read as a single functional transistor having 4 voltage threshold levels. The voltage threshold would be a function of the charge stored in both the charge storage structures. In this embodiment, the charge storage structures would be programmed with different voltages applied to the gates structures. The transistor structure would be read with a single voltage applied to both gate structures. In some of these embodiments, the gate structures would be preferably of different conductivity types or would have different work functions.  
         [0071]     In other embodiments, a transistor structure having gate structures adjacent to the sidewalls of the channel region may have other configurations. For example, the width, length, and/or height of the channel region  1725  may be of other dimensions. Also in other embodiments, multiple transistor structures may be linked together wherein each transistor structure shares a current terminal region (e.g.  1607 ) with the adjacent transistor structure. The channel regions (e.g.  1725 ) and the gate structures (e.g.  1503  and  1505 ) would be located between the shared current terminal regions (e.g.  1607  and  1605 ). An example of such an implementation may be represented by the array shown in  FIG. 18  wherein the current terminal region of one transistor structure is serves as the current terminal of another transistor structure. For example, referring to  FIG. 16 , a second intermediate structure (not shown) would extend from end structure  1630  in the opposite direction (to the left relative to the view shown in  FIG. 17 ) as intermediate structure  1631  of structure  1104  extends from end structure  1630 . A third intermediate structure (not shown) would extend from end structure  1629  in the opposite direction (to the right relative to the view shown in  FIG. 17 ) as intermediate structure  1631  extends from end structure  1629 . A pair of gate structures similar to gate structures  1503  and  1505  would be adjacent to each sidewall of the second intermediate structure and third intermediate structure, similar to the position of gate structures  1503  and  1505  with respect to intermediate structure  1631 .  
         [0072]     In other embodiments, the gate structures  1503  and  1505  may have different conductivity types. This may be accomplished in one embodiment by angled implantation of different dopant species. For example gate structure  1505  may be implanted with a P+ dopant and gate structure  1503  may be implanted with an N+ dopant.  
         [0073]      FIG. 18  is a circuit diagram of a non volatile memory array implementing the transistor structure  1621  as a memory cell including four storage locations ( 1713 ,  1709 ,  1715 , and  1711 ). In one embodiment, array  1801  is a non volatile memory array of an integrated circuit device. Array  1801  includes a number of memory cells with each cell (e.g.  1809 ,  1805 ,  1807 ) implementing a transistor structure similar to transistor structure  1621 . Each cell includes four storage locations similar to storage locations  1713 ,  1709 ,  1715 , and  1711 .  
         [0074]     The gate structures (e.g.  1505  and  1503 ) of each cell are coupled to a word line. For example, gate structure  1505  is couple to word line WL 0  and gate structure  1503  is coupled to word line WL 1 . Each current terminal region of a memory cell is coupled to a bitline. For example, terminal contact  1611  of terminal region is coupled to bitline BL 1  and current terminal contact  1613  is coupled to bitline BL 2 . The bitlines (BL 0 , BL 1 , BL 2 , and BL 3 ) and the word lines (WL 0 , WL 1 , WL 2 , and WL 3 ) of array  1801  are couple to conventional memory array control circuitry (not shown) for controlling the voltages of the lines. The memory cells are arranged in array  1801  in rows and columns. In the embodiment shown, cells  1809  and the cell of transistor structure  1621  are in the same row, and cells,  1809  and  1807  are in the same column.  
         [0075]      FIG. 19  sets forth the voltages applied to the bitlines and word lines shown in  FIG. 18  for programming, erasing, and reading storage location  1713 . In one embodiment, Vpp=8.0V, Vss=0, and Vdd=4.0. To read storage location  1713 , BL 1  is coupled to a sense amplifier (not shown), as designated by “SA” in the table of  FIG. 19 , to determine whether the transistor has been turned on or not. Whether a transistor has been turned on or not is dependent upon whether a charge is stored at the charge storage location (e.g.  1713 ) being read. To program location  1713 , a voltage of VPP/2 is applied to bitline BL 1  and all bitlines located before BL 1  (e.g. BL 0 ) so that locations having a gate coupled to word line WL 0  located before bitline BL 1  (e.g. charge storage location  1821 ) are not programmed. A ground voltage VSS is applied to all bitlines located after BL 1  (e.g. BL 2  and BL 3 ) so that no charge storage locations located after bitline BL 2  (e.g.  1823 ) are inadvertently programmed.  
         [0076]     In other embodiments, the charge storage locations of array  1801  may be erased in a block erase function. In these embodiments, a positive voltage is applied to all bitlines and a negative voltage is applied to all word lines.  
         [0077]      FIG. 20  sets forth voltages applied to the bitlines and word lines shown in  FIG. 18  for programming, erasing, and reading storage location  1711 .  
         [0078]     As shown in the tables of  FIGS. 19 and 20 , the gate of a cell opposite of the charge storage location being programmed, erased, or read is biased at ground (VSS) during these operations. For example, gate structure  1503 , which is opposite of charge storage location  1713 , is biased at VSS during program, erase, and read operations of location  1713 .  
         [0079]      FIGS. 21 and 22  set forth voltages that are applied to the bitlines and word lines of array  1801  in another embodiment for programming, erasing, and reading the charge storage locations of  1801 . In this embodiment, the opposing gate to the charge storage location of a cell being programmed is biased at the opposite voltage of the gate of the cell associated with that location. For example, referring to  FIG. 21 , to program location  1713 , a positive voltage VPP is applied to the word line (WL 0 ), which is coupled to gate structure  1505  and is associated with charge storage location  1713 , and −VPP is applied to word line WL 1 , which is coupled gate structure  1503  and is opposite to charge storage location  1713 . In this embodiment, the width and conductivity of the channel regions of the transistor structures are such that the potential of the channel region adjacent to a gate structure is influenced by the opposing gate structure.  
         [0080]     Because a negative program voltage can be applied to the opposing gate of a charge storage location being programmed, the voltage applied to the gate associated with the cell being programmed may be reduced accordingly. For example, in one embodiment, VPP may be 6.0 volts. Accordingly, because this embodiment allows for a reduction in the program voltage, lower programming voltages may be utilized. In some embodiments, reducing the programming voltage may allow for a reduction in the area required for circuitry to provide the programming voltage.  
         [0081]     Another advantage that may occur from using a transistor with gate structures adjacent to opposing sidewalls in a memory array is that the opposite gate of a charge storage location can provide a transistor such as e.g. a FinFET with a voltage control circuit that effectively acts like as a well voltage control circuit for a planar CMOS transistor. However, unlike the well voltage control circuit for planar CMOS transistors, the voltage of the opposing gate can be controlled independently of gates in other rows of the array. This may allow for the use of more advanced program and erase techniques for an array than would be possible with other types of charge storage transistors.  
         [0082]     One advantage that may occur with the array shown in  FIG. 18  is that more charge storage locations may be implemented in a given area than with planar CMOS NVM cells. Furthermore, with the array of  FIG. 18 , because 4 independent storage locations are programmable utilizing just two current terminal contacts, the transistors may be more closely placed in an array. In some embodiments, a transistor structure similar to transistor structure  1621  may be easily implemented in an integrated circuit having devices implementing FinFET technology or other types of silicon on insulator technology.  
         [0083]     In another embodiment, transistor structure  1261  may be modified to have only one charge storage structure between a gate and the sidewall of the channel region. With one embodiment of such a transistor, the opposing sidewall would not have a charge storage structure between it and the opposing gate. The opposing gate would serve as an effective well bias voltage control circuit.  
         [0084]     Furthermore, transistor structures such as those describe above may be implemented in memory arrays having other configurations. Also in other embodiments, a memory cell having two independent gate structures adjacent to opposing sidewalls of a semiconductor structure and having charge storage locations located between the gate structures and the sidewalls maybe made by other semiconductor processes other than that set forth in this specification, including other conventional processes for forming independent gate structures.  
         [0085]      FIG. 23  illustrates a schematic diagram of a mixer circuit  2000  in accordance with the present invention. Mixer circuit  2000  includes identical mixer portions  2001  and  2003 . Mixer portion  2001  includes resistance element  2002  and transistor  2006 . Transistor  2006  includes gate terminals  2010  and  2012 . Mixer portion  2003  includes resistance element  2004  and transistor  2008 . Transistors  2006  and  2008  are multiple independent gate finFETs as described above and having a cross section as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . Transistor  2008  includes gate terminals  2014  and  2016 . In mixer portion  2001 , resistance element  2002  has a first terminal coupled to a power supply voltage terminal labeled “VDD” and a second terminal for providing an output signal labeled “VO(t)”. Transistor  2006  has a first gate  2001  for receiving a first time varying signal labeled “V1(t)”, a second gate  2012  for receiving a second time varying signal labeled “V2(t)”, a first source/drain terminal coupled to the second terminal of resistance element  2002 , and a second source/drain terminal coupled to a power supply voltage terminal labeled “VSS”. Mixer portion  2003  is identical to mixer portion  2001  except that signals VO(t)*, V 1 (t)*, and V 2 (t)* are logical complements of the same signals having the same name but lacking the asterisk (*). That is, signal VO(t) is 180 degrees out of phase with signal VO(t)*, signal V 1 (T) is 180 degrees out of phase with signal V 1 (t)*, and signal V 2 (t) is 180 degrees out of phase with signal V 2 (t)*. In the illustrated embodiment, VDD is a positive power supply voltage of about 1 to 1.5 volts and VSS is coupled to ground. Transistors  2006  and  2008  both have fully depleted channels and symmetrical gate and source/drain regions. Resistance elements  2002  and  2004  function as loads for transistors  2006  and  2008 , respectively, and can be either active or passive loads. For example, resistance elements  2002  and  2004  may be polysilicon resistors (passive) or transistors (active). Also, in another embodiment, resistance elements  2002  and  2004  may be implemented using a multiple independent gate finFET as illustrated in  FIG. 9 .  
         [0086]     In operation, input signals V 1 (t) and V 2 (t) are provided to gates  2010  and  2012 , respectively, and input signals V 1 (t)* and V 2 (t)* are provided to gates  2016 , respectively. Input signal V 1 (t) may be, for example, an oscillator signal and input signal V 2 (t) may be, for example, an analog signal or a digital signal from an antenna or a baseband circuit. In the illustrated embodiment, mixer circuit  2000  is a square law mixer circuit where the transistors operate in saturation mode. Output signal VO(t)=kV 1 (t)V 2 (t). Constant k depends on the gain of the mixer. The channel region between the two gates is modulated by the input signals provided to the gates. A drain current I D  through resistance element  2002  is 
 
 I   D   =μC   OX /2( W/L )( V   GS     1     +V   GS2   −V   T ) 2  
 
 where μ is a mobility constant, C OX  is a gate oxide capacitance, W is the gate width, L is the gate length, V GS     1    is the gate source voltage of one of the two gates, V GS2  is the other gate voltage, and V T  is the threshold voltage. Note that in another embodiment, mixer  2000  may be a phase detector used to detect a difference in phase between two time varying input signals. 
 
         [0087]     Mixer circuit  2000  provides the advantages of having fully symmetrical independent input gates. The transistor does not suffer from unpredictable body effects such as floating body and source-drain coupling of back bias. The gate lengths of the transistors may be changed without a process change, providing a highly linear mixer. Also, because a transistor stack is not used as in some prior art mixers, mixer circuit  2000  can operate at low power supply voltages.  
         [0088]     To achieve desired drive current in, for example, a mixer application, multiple parallel connected transistors may be used.  
         [0089]      FIG. 24  illustrates a top down layout view of a transistor structure  2100  used in mixer circuit  2000  of  FIG. 23 . Transistor structure  2100  includes three multiple independent gate FETs connected in parallel. Each transistor of the plurality of transistors is the same as the transistor described in the discussion of  FIG. 9 . Transistor  2100  includes a first gate structure  2102  and a second gate structure  2104 . First gate structure  2102  includes gates  2108 ,  2110 , and  2112  electrically connected together, where each of the gates is adjacent to the sidewalls of the fin structure  2106  and between source and drain contacts. Second gate structure includes gates  2114 ,  2116 , and  2118 . Fin structure  2106  includes source/drain terminals  2120 ,  2122 ,  2124 , and  2126 . Each source/drain terminal is accessed via a corresponding one of contacts  2136 ,  2138 ,  2140 , and  2142 . Channel regions are formed between the source/drain terminals and are controlled by the gates. For example, in  FIG. 24 , a channel region exists between source/drain terminals  2120  and  2122  controlled by gates  2114  and  2108 . In  FIG. 24  there are three parallel connected multiple independent gate transistors. However, in other embodiments, there may be only one, or more than three, parallel connected transistors depending on the desired W/L (width/length) ratio. Likewise, gate structure  2102  is accessed via contacts  2130 ,  2132 , and  2134 , and gate structure  2104  is accessed via contacts  2144 ,  2146 , and  2148 . The contacts couple to metal layers implemented above the gate and the source/drain terminal. Note that in the illustrated embodiment, three contacts are shown for each gate structure, however, there may be any number of contacts as long as an acceptable electrical connection can be made.  
         [0090]     The source/drain regions are made symmetrical in the illustrated embodiment, thus allowing the gate length L to be changed without a corresponding process change. In the illustrated embodiment, the gate length L is the same for all of the parallel connected transistors, however, in other embodiments, the gate length L may be different for the different portions. One advantage of the transistor of  FIG. 9  is that the gate length L may be easily changed with just a layout change. That is, no process change is necessary to change the gate length. Also, because the gates are symmetrical, the source/drain terminals are interchangeable. In addition, the channel regions between source/drain terminals of fin structure  2106  may have different widths in other embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment, the distance between the source/drain terminals are the same, however, in other embodiments, the distance between the source/drain terminals may be different.  
         [0091]     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be recognized to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, further changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects, and thus, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true scope of this invention.