Abstract:
Electronic circuitry and techniques are disclosed for controlling one or more timing parameters associated with a circuit that converts a signal of a first type to a signal of a second type. For example, the converter circuit may convert a differential digital logic signal, such as a current mode logic (CML) signal, to a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) signal. For example, apparatus for converting a first type of signal to a second type of signal comprises the following circuitry. First circuitry is configured for generating a first pair of CMOS signals in response to a differential digital logic signal, the first pair of CMOS signals comprising a first CMOS signal having a first polarity and a second CMOS signal having a second polarity. Second circuitry is configured for adjusting, with respect to the first pair of CMOS signals, a transition time of one of the first CMOS signal and the second CMOS signal relative to a transition time of another of the first CMOS signal and the second CMOS signal.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to electronic circuitry, and more particularly to electronic circuitry for converting current mode logic (CML) signals to complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) signals for use, for example, with a write driver of a preamplifier of a hard disk drive system. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A hard disk drive is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on one or more rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces, collectively referred to as the disk. CML and CMOS technologies, when used in an integrated circuit such as a preamplifier integrated circuit in a disk drive system, require a conversion of CML differential voltage levels to CMOS compatible voltage levels. CML voltage levels represent the two values of a data bit (to be stored on the disk) typically by alternately setting one of the two voltage levels to be more positive than the other. A typical CML circuit operates with a differential swing of about two to three hundred millivolts (mV), although but smaller and larger swings are possible. Thus, a CML signal is more generally a differential digital logic signal. A typical CMOS circuit operates according to a single ended voltage, with two specified voltage ranges (respectively corresponding to a high-side data-path and a low-side data-path) that represent the two values of the data bit (to be stored on the disk). 
         [0003]    With respect to a write driver, i.e., typically the circuit in a preamplifier that is responsible for controlling the data that is to be written on the disk via by the write head, write driver rise time and common mode (CM) are two parameters that can affect density and bit error rate in an integrated circuit design that embodies the write driver. In existing designs, there is always significant discrepancy in rise time and common mode between simulation and empirical data, due at least in part to inaccuracy of large signal simulation. Unfortunately, with existing approaches, a designer is not able to adjust the alignment of the high-side and low-side CMOS signals. Thus, the designer has to live with the alignment of the CMOS signals that is inherent with the silicon used to fabricate the integrated circuit design, even though the signals have been correctly simulated. Alternately, the designer may have to re-spin the parts to fix the alignment, which in turn affects cost and time to market. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The present invention in one or more illustrative embodiments provides electronic circuitry and techniques for controlling one or more timing parameters associated with a circuit that converts a signal of a first type to a signal of a second type. For example, the converter circuit may convert a differential digital logic signal, such as a current mode logic (CML) signal, to a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) signal. While the invention is not intended to be limited thereto, the electronic circuitry and techniques are particularly suitable for use with a write driver of a preamplifier of a hard disk drive system. 
         [0005]    For example, in accordance with one embodiment, apparatus for converting a first type of signal to a second type of signal, wherein the first type of signal comprises a differential digital logic signal and the second type of signal comprises a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) signal, comprises the following circuitry. First circuitry is configured for generating a first pair of CMOS signals in response to a differential digital logic signal, the first pair of CMOS signals comprising a first CMOS signal having a first polarity and a second CMOS signal having a second polarity. Second circuitry is configured for adjusting, with respect to the first pair of CMOS signals, a transition time of one of the first CMOS signal and the second CMOS signal relative to a transition time of another of the first CMOS signal and the second CMOS signal. 
         [0006]    The apparatus may also comprise third circuitry configured for generating a second pair of CMOS signals in response to the differential digital logic signal, the second pair of CMOS signals comprising a first CMOS signal having a first polarity and a second CMOS signal having a second polarity, and fourth circuitry configured for adjusting, with respect to the second pair of CMOS signals, a transition time of one of the first CMOS signal and the second CMOS signal relative to a transition time of another of the first CMOS signal and the second CMOS signal. 
         [0007]    Also, the first pair of CMOS signals may be generated for one of a logic high signal path (e.g., high-side data-path) and a logic low signal path (e.g., low-side data-path), and the second pair of CMOS signals generated for another of the logic high signal path and the logic low signal path. 
         [0008]    Advantageously, the adjustment of the transition time in the first pair of CMOS signals is independent of the adjustment of the transition time in the second pair of CMOS signals. Also, advantageously, the operating voltage level of the logic high signal path may have the same magnitude as an operating voltage level of the logic low signal path, or it may have a different magnitude than the operating voltage level of the logic low signal path. 
         [0009]    These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  illustrates a CML-to-CMOS converter circuit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  illustrates timing associated with the CML and CMOS signals for various cases according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  illustrates input voltage versus output voltage of a CMOS output inverter according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example of a write driver according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  illustrates an integrated circuit of a disk drive system for implementing a CML-to-CMOS converter circuit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    Embodiments of the invention will be illustrated herein in conjunction with an exemplary CML-to-CMOS converter associated with a write driver of a hard disk drive system. It should be understood, however, that the tuning principles of the present invention can be implemented using other types of circuitry and systems than that specifically shown and described in conjunction with the illustrative embodiments. 
         [0016]    As noted above, write driver rise time and output common mode depends on the alignment of high-side and low-side CMOS data-paths. However, the CMOS signal comes out of alignment easily due to minor process skews, e.g., the threshold voltage level (Vt) of NMOS (negative metal oxide semiconductor) and PMOS (positive metal oxide semiconductor) gates in the integrated circuit. This misalignment may occur even though the design is simulated correctly. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention, the high-side and low-side CMOS data-paths are able to be re-aligned by programming (controlling) the output common mode of both the high-side and low-side data-paths of a CML-to-CMOS converter. Advantageously, by programming the output common mode of both the high-side and low-side data-paths of the CML-to-CMOS converter, a designer is able to program (control) the skew between high-side and the low-side CMOS signals to compensate for any misalignment. Such re-aligned CMOS signals may then feed a write driver and advantageously generate faster edge rate and low common mode voltage for a higher fidelity preamplifier. 
         [0017]    It is to be understood that the following circuit description is given below without reference to the specific terminals (e.g., input and output), gates, sources, drains, etc. by which a given component is coupled to one or more other components. Given the circuit diagram of  FIG. 1 , the functional description of each component below, and their interaction with one another also described in detail below, one of ordinary skill in the art would realize how each component is to be coupled in order to implement the circuitry of the various embodiments of the invention. Of course, it is also to be understood that the coupling of components could be accomplished in a variety of alternative straightforward ways, each of which could achieve various advantages of the invention. 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates a CML-to-CMOS converter circuit according to one embodiment of the invention. The CML-to-CMOS converter circuit (cell)  100  generates four digital (e.g., 1.5V) signals  102 - 1  (H 1  on high-side)  102 - 2  (H 2  on high-side),  102 - 3  (L 1  on low-side) and  102 - 4  (L 2  on low-side) based on a CML differential input signal  104 . These signals are positive (H 1  and L 1 ) and negative (H 2  and L 2 ) polarity. The high-side signals are referenced to a first voltage range set between VCC and VCC−1.5V power sources. The low-side signals are referenced to a second voltage range set between VEE and VEE+1.5V power sources. The four digital signals (H 1 , H 2 , L 1 , and L 2 ) are then buffered before feeding a write driver (illustrated in  FIG. 4  and described below). 
         [0019]    CML-to-CMOS converter circuit  100  thus includes two main signal paths or data-paths, high-side data-path  106  whose output operates between VCC and VCC−1.5V, and low-side data-path  108  whose operates between VEE and VEE+1.5V. These paths are replicas of each other with inversions in the NPN/PNP differential pair arrangement. A series of programmable current mirrors ( 122  in high-side data-path  106  and  124  in the low-side data-path  108 ) and programmable tail current sources  118  and  120  that include beta current compensation for the NPN and PNP differential pairs in the signal paths adjust the common mode voltage to the four output driver inverters M 1 /M 2  (high-side  106 ), M 3 /M 4  (high-side  106 ), M 5 /M 6  (low-side  108 ) and M 7 /M 8  (low-side  108 ). 
         [0020]    Each signal path is terminated with a pair of differential resistors (R 1  and R 2  in high-side data-path  106 ; and R 3  and R 4  in low-side data-path  108 ) that are held at the CMOS digital switch point which is approximately at the middle of the rail (VCC and VCC−1.5V, VEE+1.5V and VEE) by a shorted inverter ( 110  in high-side data-path  106 ; and  112  in low-side data-path  108 ) in common mode bias circuits ( 114  in high-side data-path  106 ; and  116  in low-side data-path  108 ). The common mode voltage to the output inverters is now independently programmed by controlling the tail current ( 118  in high-side data-path  106 ; and  120  in low-side data-path  108 ) or the load current ( 122  in high-side data-path  106 ; and  124  in low-side data-path  108 ) to adjust the relative turn-on/turn-off times of both the high-side and low-side CMOS signals to achieve the desired rise time and reduce the common mode component of the writer driver. The magnitude of the difference in the turn-on time and the turn-off time of the H 1  and H 2  signals on the high-side, and the L 1  and L 2  signals on the low-side is determined by the rise time of the signal at the bipolar differential pair collectors (described below) and the amount of common mode shift. 
         [0021]    The values of R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  and magnitude of the current sources are largely determined by the maximum toggle frequency of the data. The resistor values and node capacitance determine the settling time of signal voltages at the collectors of transistors  126 - 1  and  126 - 2  in the high-side path  106 , and at the collectors of transistors  128 - 1  and  128 - 2  on the low-side  108 . These nodes must be settled to their final value before transitioning back to their starting value to prevent a timing shift. Typical resistor values are about  200  ohms, and typical magnitudes of the current in the programmable sources are about 1 milliamp for 2 gigahertz operation. 
         [0022]    Each signal paths includes two programmable load current sources ( 122 -A and  122 -B in high-side data-path  106 ; and  124 -A and  124 -B in low-side data-path  108 ) from one voltage rail (VCC in high-side data-path  106 ; and VEE in low-side data-path  108 ) driving into a differential pair of transistors ( 126 - 1  and  126 - 2  in high-side data-path  106 ; and  128 - 1  and  128 - 2  in low-side data-path  108 ) with a programmable tail current sources ( 118 -A and  118 -B in high-side data-path  106 ; and  120 -A and  120 -B in low-side data-path  108 ). The tail current sources must be compensated by the amount of base current used by their respective bipolar devices since it is the collector current that is to be controlled. 
         [0023]    At this point, the collectors of the differential transistor pairs are high impedance nodes that are free to float to any voltage. The collectors are tied to a pair of differential resistors (R 1  and R 2  in high-side data-path  106 ; and R 3  and R 4  in low-side data-path  108 ), that are common-mode tied to a shorted inverter (formed by  130 - 1  and  130 - 2  in high-side data-path  106 ; and  132 - 1  and  132 - 2  in low-side data-path  108 ). The differential transistor pairs switch current through the differential load resistors, thus swinging the collector nodes above and below threshold and generate a CMOS signal which will hold over process variation and geometric mismatch. 
         [0024]    Advantageously, since the shorted inverters are roughly the same scale as the output inverters (comprised of devices M 1  and M 2  for H 1 , M 3  and M 4  for H 2  on the high-side  106 , and devices M 5  and M 6  for L 1 , and devices M 7  and M 8  on the low-side  108 ), the modulation of the threshold voltage due to process variation and power supply bounce is similar. 
         [0025]    A summary explanation for further understanding the operation of the conversion circuit  100  is as follows (explained from the perspective of the high-side data-path  106 ). There are two output inverters made up of M 1 /M 2  and M 3 /M 4 , respectively. They switch or transition from low to high or high to low when the input voltage equals their output voltage. The bipolar differential pair,  126 - 1  and  126 - 2 , steer the current from one side to the other and into or out of R 1  and R 2  that generates a differential voltage signal to the input of the output inverter pair. The shorted common mode inverter  114  generates a voltage that tracks the output inverters switching point over process and temperature. 
         [0026]    When the load currents  122  and tail currents  118  (adjusted for the bipolar beta) are equal, and when the CML signals become equal (the CML switch point), there is no current flowing through R 1  and R 2 . The voltage at the output inverters is equal to the shorted inverter voltage (by definition the switch point) so both output inverters are switching, one transitioning from low to high, and the other from high to low all in sync with each other. 
         [0027]    By adjusting the load or tail currents, the common mode level of the signals to the input of the output inverters can be moved higher or lower than the switch point. 
         [0028]    Taking advantage of the finite rise time of the signals to the inputs of the output inverters, one can adjust the common mode so that one output inverter reaches its switch point before the other so the high going transition of H 1  can be earlier or later than the low going transition of H 2  and vice versa. 
         [0029]    Note that the low-side data-path  108  is merely a PNP/NPN differential pair inversion, and can have the high going transition on L 1  be adjusted earlier or later than the low going transition of L 2 , and vice versa, and independently of the high-side. 
         [0030]    It is also to be appreciated that one could add as many of these conversion modules onto the CML signal as desired, each being independently programmed to its own turn on/ turn off time and to whatever voltage levels desired. 
         [0031]    It is also to be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, conversion circuit  100  can be used for VEE values of −5V, −3V and 0V (same as ground) while keeping VCC at 5V. 
         [0032]      FIG. 2  illustrates the CML signal timing and how shifting the common mode level on the differential pair collectors causes L 1  and L 2  high-going and low-going transitions to be adjusted. Note that  FIG. 2  illustrates timing on the low-side data-path  108 , however, it works the same for the high-side data-path  106 . One main purpose of the transition time adjustments is to compensate for any process skew that occurs. Timing diagrams (A) and (B) in  FIG. 2  illustrates the “delayed turn off” case. More particularly, with reference to components of circuit  100  in  FIG. 1 , timing diagram (A) shows the CML signal on the collector of bipolar transistor  128 - 1  (thin line), the CML signal on the collector of bipolar transistor  128 - 2  (thick line), and shorted CMOS common mode voltage level (dashed line). Timing diagram (B) shows the resulting CMOS signal at L 1 , and the resulting CMOS signal at L 2 . Note that the high-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 1  occurs before the low-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 2 . Likewise, the high-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 2  occurs before the low-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 1 . 
         [0033]    Timing diagrams (C) and (D) in  FIG. 2  illustrates the “balanced” case. More particularly, with reference to components of circuit  100  in  FIG. 1 , timing diagram (C) shows the CML signal on the collector of bipolar transistor  128 - 1  (thin line), the CML signal on the collector of bipolar transistor  128 - 2  (thick line), and shorted CMOS common mode voltage level (dashed line). Timing diagram (D) shows the resulting CMOS signal at L 1 , and the resulting CMOS signal at L 2 . Note that the high-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 1  occurs substantially at the same time with the low-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 2 . Likewise, the high-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 2  occurs substantially at the same time as the low-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 1 . 
         [0034]    Timing diagrams (E) and (F) in  FIG. 2  illustrates the “delayed turn on” case. More particularly, with reference to components of circuit  100  in  FIG. 1 , timing diagram (E) shows the CML signal on the collector of bipolar transistor  128 - 1  (thin line), the CML signal on the collector of bipolar transistor  128 - 2  (thick line), and shorted CMOS common mode voltage level (dashed line). Timing diagram (F) shows the resulting CMOS signal at L 1 , and the resulting CMOS signal at L 2 . Note that the high-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 1  occurs after the low-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 2 . Likewise, the high-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 2  occurs after the low-going transition of the CMOS signal at L 1 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 3  shows input voltage versus output voltage (transfer curve) of a CMOS output inverter. As is evident from the plot, as soon as the input to the gates of the output inverters (M 1 /M 2 , M 3 /M 4 , M 5 /M 6 , and M 7 /M 8 ) are 100 mV less than or greater than the switch point (point at which the input voltage and output voltage are equal) you get almost full CMOS levels out. When the output inverters are buffered by going into a follow-on inverter, the signals are even closer to full swing. 
         [0036]      FIG. 4  shows an example of a write driver  400 , which is operatively coupled to the CML-to-CMOS converter  100  ( FIG. 1 ). H 1 , H 2 , L 1 , and L 2  (or derivatives thereof, when buffered prior to being provided to write driver  400 ) from the converter  100  drive the final write driver, which is usually some form of an H bridge. When H 1  is a digital high and H 2  is a digital low (referenced to VCC) and L 1  is a digital high and L 2  is a digital low (referenced to VEE), current flows from VCC thru M 2 , Q 2  out pin HWY to the write head and into HWX down Q 3  and M 3  to VEE. Conversely, when L 1  and H 1  are low, and L 2  and H 2  are high, current flows from VCC thru M 1 , Q 1 , out pin HWX, thru a write head, into HWY and down Q 4 , M 4  to VEE. 
         [0037]    For a balanced system, all four of these signals need to switch at the same time (H 1  turns off, H 2  turns on, L 1  turns on, and L 2  turns off). However, a perfectly balanced system is not always attainable for some speeds that are trying to be attained, so the tuning techniques of the invention allow one to vary the turn on/turn off time of H 1  and H 2  independently from the turn on/turn off of L 1  and L 2 . It could be that the process gives the fastest write head switching time if L 1  is turned on coincidentally with turning L 2  off, but wants H 1  to turn off slightly early, and H 2  turning off slightly late. One can accommodate this case by leaving the low-side un-programmed (at the balanced state) while programming just the high-side. 
         [0038]      FIG. 5  shows a disk drive system  500  including an integrated circuit  510  that incorporates CML-to-CMOS converter circuitry  100  described in conjunction with  FIG. 1 . Integrated circuit  510  shown in  FIG. 5  may be part of a larger integrated circuit device, such as a microprocessor, central processing unit (CPU), digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other type of processor or integrated circuit device. Further, such integrated circuit  510  may be part of a preamplifier integrated circuit with a write driver (not shown) that is mounted near a write head (not shown) of the disk drive system  500 . 
         [0039]    In an integrated circuit implementation of the invention, multiple integrated circuit dies are typically formed in a repeated pattern on a surface of a wafer. Each such die may include a device comprising write driver and CML-to-CMOS conversion circuitry as described herein, and may include other structures or circuits. Furthermore, in another embodiment, the write driver and CML-to-CMOS conversion circuitry could be implemented in multiple dies and in multiple integrated circuit packages. In any case, the dies are cut or diced from the wafer, then packaged as integrated circuits. One skilled in the art would know how to dice wafers and package dies to produce packaged integrated circuits. Integrated circuits so manufactured are considered part of this invention. 
         [0040]    Again, it should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the invention are intended to be illustrative only. For example, other embodiments can use different types and arrangements of circuitry, control logic elements, processing elements and other circuit elements for implementing the described functionality. These and numerous other alternative embodiments within the scope of the following claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art.