Abstract:
The present invention discloses a single unified decoder for performing both convolutional decoding and turbo decoding in the one architecture. The unified decoder can be partitioned dynamically to perform required decoding operations on varying numbers of data streams at different throughput rates. It also supports simultaneous decoding of voice (convolutional decoding) and data (turbo decoding) streams. This invention forms the basis of a decoder that can decode all of the standards for TDMA, IS-95, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000. Processors are stacked together and interconnected so that they can perform separately as separate decoders or in harmony as a single high speed decoder. The unified decoder architecture can support multiple data streams and multiple voice streams simultaneously. Furthermore, the decoder can be dynamically partitioned as required to decode voice streams for different standards.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/233369, which was filed Sep. 18, 2000, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled “Method and Apparatus for Path Metric Processing in Telecommunications Systems” filed on even date herewith (inventor Bickerstaff; Attorney Ref: Bickerstaff 3), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled “Butterfly Processor for Telecommunications” filed on even date herewith (inventors Nicol, Bickerstaff, and Xu; Attorney Ref: Bickerstaff 2-19-3). 
     
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to wireless communications and, in particular, to a decoder architecture for wireless communications systems.  
         BACKGROUND ART  
         [0003]    Communication systems deal with the transmission of information from a transmitter to a receiver. The transmission medium through which the information passes often contains many sources of noise, including cosmic radiation, Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh scattering (multipath propagation) and electromagnetic noise. The presence of these noise sources corrupts or prevents the transmission of the desired information, thus limiting the ability to communicate.  
           [0004]    It is well known in the art that coding of the information to be transmitted, through the addition of redundant information calculated from the source information, improves the ability to successfully receive the transmitted information. Decoding uses the redundant information to detect the presence of errors or estimate the most probable emitted bits, given those received. Errors are detected when the transmitted redundancy is different from that subsequently calculated with the received data.  
           [0005]    The weight of a codeword is a measure of the capacity to recover data from the codeword. A codeword with a high number of bits has a high weight. A low weight codeword exhibits a low ability to recover data, whereas, conversely, a high weight codeword exhibits improved recovery of data.  
           [0006]    Automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) coding schemes employ an error-detection code. If the presence of an error is detected in the information received, a message requesting retransmission of the relevant information is sent from the receiver to the transmitter. ARQ coding schemes are relatively simple, but require the use of a feedback channel and deliver variable and comparatively slow throughput.  
           [0007]    Forward error correction (FEC) coding schemes are used to encode information in systems in which propagation delays and latency are of concern. The receiver is able to detect and correct errors, without requiring a feedback channel.  
           [0008]    Coding schemes can be broadly categorised into block codes and convolutional codes.  
           [0009]    Block codes map a message of k information bits into a structured sequence of n bits, where n&gt;k. The code is referred to as a (n,k) code. The ratio (n−k)/k is called the redundancy of the code and the ratio of information bits to the total number of bits, k/n, is called the code rate. The extra bits inserted provide redundancy and are used by the decoder to provide error detection and correction. The redundant bits added during encoding are only dependent on the k information bits in the message block. Block codes are often used to detect errors when ARQ is implemented.  
           [0010]    Convolutional encoding generates a block of n code bits in a given period of time from k information bits, where n and k are typically small. The block of n bits generated by the encoder is dependent not only on the k information bits of the time period, but also on the message blocks generated during a predefined number of preceding time periods. The memory thus imparted on the coding enables errors to be corrected based on allowable sequences of codes. Convolutional decoding may be performed using either a Viterbi algorithm or LogMAP algorithm.  
           [0011]    Convolutional codes are preferred for wireless voice communications systems in which the retransmission of data and its associated delay is intolerable. Block codes are capable of delivering higher throughput and are preferred for the transmission of data where latency is less of a concern.  
           [0012]    Turbo codes, also known as parallel concatenated codes, are a class of codes whose performance is very close to the Shannon capacity limit. Turbo coders are implemented by connecting convolutional encoders either in parallel or series to produce concatenated outputs. Bit sequences passing from one encoder to another are permuted by an interleaver. In this manner, low-weight code words produced by a single encoder are transformed into high-weight code words. Turbo decoding thus takes two low weight codewords and obtains the effect of a much higher weight codeword.  
           [0013]    At present, consumer wireless communication systems are primarily concerned with the transmission of voice. Such wireless communication systems include Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). These represent the first (IG) and second (2G) generation systems. With the convergence of data and voice communication systems, the second-and-a-half generation (2.5G) and third generation (3G) systems are emerging in which the transmission of data is becoming a more important concern. In order to achieve superior error performance at higher transmission rates, turbo block encoding is preferred. The latency endemic to block coding is not as significant an issue as it is with the transmission of voice. New, third generation mobile wireless standards, like Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS) and CDMA2000 require turbo encoding for data streams and convolutional encoding for voice streams. These systems require a complex turbo decoder for data and a Viterbi decoder for voice. Furthermore, backward compatibility requires that second generation standards are also supported.  
           [0014]    The transmission of voice and data provides conflicting requirements of transmission rate versus latency and propagation delay. The current mode of addressing these problems is to provide separate encoding systems: turbo encoding for data streams and convolutional encoding for voice streams. Consequently, different decoders are also required, resulting in a multiplicity of hardware platforms and thus increased costs for telecommunications operators.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    The prior art&#39;s problem with decoding is overcome, in accordance with the principles of the invention, by a single unified decoder for performing both convolutional decoding and turbo decoding in the one architecture. The unified decoder architecture can support multiple data streams and multiple voice streams simultaneously. The unified decoder can be partitioned dynamically to perform required decoding operations on varying numbers of data streams at different throughput rates. The unified decoder also supports simultaneous decoding of voice (convolutional decoding) and data (turbo decoding) streams. Advantageously, the unified decoder can be used to decode all of the standards for TDMA, IS-95, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000. The preferred embodiment is modular and thus readily scalable.  
           [0016]    The reconfigurable architecture is capable of decoding data communication signals transmitted according to one of the plurality of coding schemes. The architecture includes: a trellis processing arrangement for receiving an input signal derived from the transmitted signals and new path metrics for determining intermediate decoded results using path metrics; an intermediate store for receiving modified decoded results and for providing a decoding output; and a controller. The controller is coupled to the trellis processing arrangement and is able to configure the architecture to perform one of convolutional or turbo decoding by forming the new path metrics using generated path metrics output from the trellis processing arrangement, determining the modified decoded results from the intermediate decoded results, and determining the decoded output from a selected one of the modified decoded results.  
           [0017]    In accordance with one embodiment, a telecommunications decoding device consists of decoding processors and at least one store arranged in a processing loop. The device includes a control arrangement capable of reconfiguring the processing loop such that the processing loop can operate in accordance with at least two different coding schemes.  
           [0018]    Another embodiment is directed to a telecommunications decoding device, which is capable of being scaled in either one or both of the time and space domains. In accordance with the principles of the invention, the decoding device consists of atomic processing units, each of which is capable of decoding input data provided according to one of a plurality of coding schemes. The atomic processing units may be stacked together and interconnected using an hierarchical switching structure. The individual processing units can perform independently as separate decoders. Alternatively, the individual processing units may be combined to form a signal high speed decoder with a predetermined processor being dominant. The flexibility of the architecture allows multiple parallel streams of input symbols to be processed contemporaneously or a single stream of input symbols to be processed more quickly by combining a plurality of processing units.  
           [0019]    Advantageously, embodiments can perform both Viterbi and Log Map calculations by enabling one of two processors to evaluate a trellis in accordance with a determined coding arrangement of presented input symbols. The flexibility afforded by the invention allows telecommunications operators to reduce hardware costs and respond dynamically to variations in the coding of transmitted signals. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]    A number of preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, in which:  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram representation of a communication network employing multiple protocols;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2A is a schematic block diagram representation of a communication system employing coding;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2B is a schematic block diagram representation of a generic Viterbi decoder in a communication system employing coding;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2C is a schematic block diagram representation of a generic turbo decoder in a communication system employing coding;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram representation of a unified decoder;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram representation of an architecture for a unified decoder;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 5A is a schematic block diagram representation of a butterfly processor of FIG. 4;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5B is a schematic block diagram representation of an Add-Compare-Select (ACS) unit of FIG. 4;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6A is a representation of a 32-state trellis and its corresponding butterfly processors and path metrics;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 6B shows the resultant path metric locations;  
         [0031]    FIGS.  7 A- 7 E are representations of the in-place path metric addressing at times t=1 to t=5 respectively;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 7F is a representation of the addressing of the path metric columns;  
         [0033]    FIGS.  8 A- 8 F are representations of the in-place path metric addressing of a reverse trellis configuration;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 9A is a schematic block diagram representation of an Intermediate Decoding Memory Processor of FIG. 4;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 9B is a schematic block diagram representation of an exploded view of FIG. 9A showing a Window Memory Subsystem, Traceback Controller and Interleaver Controller;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 9C is a schematic block diagram representation of a Traceback Controller of FIG. 9B;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 9D is a schematic block diagram representation of an Interleaver of FIG. 9B;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 9E is an exploded view of an Interleaver address controller of FIG. 9D;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 9F is a schematic block diagram representation of a Window Memory Subsystem of FIG. 9B;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 10A is a schematic block diagram representation of a LogLikelihood processor of FIG. 4 for a single row decoder;  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 10B is a schematic block diagram representation of an Add-Compare-Select Node unit of FIG. 10A;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 10C is a schematic block diagram representation of a LogLikelihood processor of FIG. 4 for an eight row decoder;  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 10D is a schematic block diagram representation of an ACS unit of FIG. 10A;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram representation of a bank of butterfly decoding processors of FIG. 4;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram representation of a Reverse Address Processor of FIG. 4;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram representation of Normalisation Subtractors of FIG. 4;  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram representation of a Comparator of FIG. 4;  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram representation of a Path Metric Memory of FIG. 4;  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram representation of a Forward Address Processor;  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram representation of a Comparator (ACS level) of FIG. 4;  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram representation of an Input Symbol History of FIG. 4;  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram representation of a LogLikelihood Ratio Processor of FIG. 4;  
         [0053]    [0053]FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate use of multiple decoders to implement a single Turbo decoder;  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 21 is a schematic block diagram representation of two interconnected decoders operating together as a single decoder (16-state trellises every cycle);  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 22 is a schematic block diagram representation of four interconnected decoders operating together as a single decoder for even higher performance decoding (32-state trellises every cycle); and  
         [0056]    [0056]FIGS. 23A and 23B are schematic block diagram representations of a non-systematic encoder. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0057]    The preferred embodiment provides a unified decoder architecture for wireless communication systems. The unified decoder implements the decoding required for convolutional encoded and turbo encoded data streams. The unified decoder architecture can support multiple data streams and multiple voice streams simultaneously. Furthermore, the decoder can be dynamically partitioned, as required, to decode voice streams for different standards. The preferred embodiment is modular and thus readily scalable.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication network  100 . A UMTS base station  110  contains a transmitter/receiver  112 , which contains a decoder module  150   a . The transmitter/receiver  112  communicates via a switching network  160  with another UMTS transmitter/receiver  146  located in a remote base station  140  and containing a decoder module  150   f . The transmitter/receiver  112  also communicates with a mobile handset  160   a , which contains a decoder module  150   i . The transmitter/receiver  146  communicates with another mobile handset  160   f , which contains a decoder unit  150   m.    
         [0059]    The base station  140  contains further transmitter/receivers  142  and  144 , containing decoder units  150   d  and  150   e  respectively. Transmitter/receiver  142  is configured to operate as a CDMA transmitter/receiver and communicates via the switching network  160  with remote CDMA base station  130  containing CDMA transmitter/receiver  132  and decoder unit  150   c . The transmitter/receiver  142  also communicates with a mobile handset  160   d , containing decoder unit  150   j . The transmitter/receiver  132  communicates with a mobile handset  160   c , containing decoder unit  150   g.    
         [0060]    Transmitter/receiver  144  communicates via the switching network  160  with remotely located base station  120 , containing transmitter/receiver  122  and decoder unit  150   b . The transmitter/receiver  144  also communicates with a mobile handset  160   e , containing a decoder unit  150   k . The transmitter/receiver  122  communicates with a mobile handset  160   b , containing decoder unit  150   h.    
         [0061]    The decoder units  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c ,  150   d ,  150   e ,  150   f ,  150   g,    150   h,    150   i ,  150   j ,  150   k  and  150   m  located in the transmitter/receivers  112 ,  122 ,  132 ,  142 ,  144  and  146  and mobile handsets  160   a  . . .  160   f  are embodiments of the unified decoder architecture, which have been configured to conform to different cellular network standards.  
         [0062]    The unified decoder architecture of FIG. 1 offers telecommunication companies operating multiple network standards great benefits in flexibility and cost reduction as the same decoder block can be used to implement many different coding schemes in different network components.  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 2A shows a typical communication system  200  in which coding is used to improve the transmission of information from a transmitter  210  to a receiver  270 . The transmitter  210  has an information source  205  supplying an input data stream to an encoder  220 , in which redundant information is added to the input data stream in accordance with a predefined coding algorithm so as to improve the ability to detect and correct errors which may occur during the transmission of information as a result of noise sources present in a communication channel  240 . The encoded input stream is then modulated  230  to impress the encoded data stream onto a waveform to be transmitted. The encoded information is transmitted over a channel  240 , which has many sources of noise  280  acting upon it. The channel  240  couples to a receiver  270  having a demodulator  250  complementing the modulator  230 , the demodulator  250  producing an output to a decoder  260 , which outputs a received information signal  275 .  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 2B shows the communication system  200 , in which the decoder  260  is a generic Viterbi decoder. The input to the Viterbi decoder  260  is coded information received from the channel  240 . The Viterbi decoder includes a branch metric calculator (BMC) unit  289 , whose output is presented to an add-compare-select (ACS) unit  291 . A state controller  290  provides inputs to the BMC unit  289 , the ACS unit  291  and a path metric memory  292 . The path metric memory  292  acts as a double buffer and interchanges information with the ACS unit  291 . A borrow output  294  of the ACS unit  291  is presented to a traceback memory and controller  293 , whose output is the received information signal  275 .  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 2C shows a Turbo decoding configuration of the decoder  260  of FIG. 2A. A received symbol in a turbo decoder consists of systematic data, representing the actual data being transmitted, and parity data, which represents the coded form of the data being transmitted. A first input  261 , being the parity data of the received symbol, is presented to a demultiplexer  263 . A first output  264  of the demultiplexer  263  is presented to a first decoder  266 . A second input  262 , being the systematic data of the received symbol, is presented to the first decoder  266 . A recursive input  277  is also presented to the first decoder  266 . The output  267  of the first decoder  266  is then presented to an interleaver  268 , whose output  269  is presented to a second decoder  271 . A second output  265  of the demultiplexer  263  is also presented to the second decoder  271 . A first output  272  of the second decoder  271  is presented to a first deinterleaver  274 , whose output is the recursive input  277 . A second output  273  of the second decoder  271  is presented to a second deinterleaver  276 . The output of the second deinterleaver  276  is presented to a slicer  278 , which applies a threshold to a soft output to convert it to a hard output, being a received information signal  275 .  
         [0066]    The unified decoder architecture of the preferred embodiment is intended to replace the decoder  260  in wireless communication systems having both voice and data capabilities and exploits the similarity in the computations needed for Viterbi decoding and LOG-MAP Turbo decoding so that memory and processing units are used efficiently when configured for either of such schemes. LogMAP is an algorithm which may be utilised in the decoding of convolutional codes. LogMAP is also used in one half cycle of a turbo decode iteration. Processors within the preferred embodiment are stacked together and interconnected using a hierarchical switching structure so that they can perform independently as separate decoders or, alternatively, they may be combined to form a single high speed decoder, with a predetermined processor being dominant.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 3 shows the block architecture of a unified decoder structure  900  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A multi-bit input symbol  901  from an alphabet of a prior agreed coding scheme for a particular transmission is broadcast to a bank of butterfly decoding processors  920 . The bank of butterfly decoding processors  920  also receives as inputs the outputs of a bank of first stores  940 . A control unit  960  provides inputs to each of an intermediate decoding result memory  910 , the bank of butterfly decoding processors  920 , the bank of first stores  940  and a bank of a second stores  950 . The control unit  960  issues appropriate control signals via the inputs to implement convolutional or turbo coding, as desired.  
         [0068]    The embodiment depicted in FIG. 3 is that of a single row decoder. When multiple decoder rows are interconnected to form a single decoder, each of the decoder rows in the single decoder is presented with the same multi-bit input symbol  901 . When multiple decoder rows are acting as multiple decoders, each decoder being implemented is presented with a separate multi-bit input symbol  901 .  
         [0069]    The bank of butterfly decoding processors  920  produces first outputs  962 ,  964 ,  966  and  968 , which are transmitted via a bus  990  to the bank of second stores  950 . Outputs of the bank of second stores  950  are presented as inputs to the bank of first stores  940 . A generic embodiment of the decoder typically uses a bank of first stores  940  and a bank of second stores  950  in a double buffering mode.  
         [0070]    The bank of butterfly decoding processors  920  produces second outputs  961 ,  963 ,  965  and  967 , which are intermediate decoding results presented to the control unit  960 .  
         [0071]    The bank of butterfly decoding processors  920  and the loop feedback connection via at least one of the stores form a loop functioning as a trellis processor.  
         [0072]    The intermediate decoding result memory  910  produces a decoded output  999 . The intermediate decoding result memory  910  may provide recursive results to the control unit  960  when computing a LogMAP algorithm, as described later.  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 4 shows the block architecture of a unified decoder  1200  in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A control unit  1210  of the unified decoder  1200  receives a number of inputs, including rate  1201 , constraint length  1202 , convolutional or turbo selector  1203 , polynomials  1204 , trellis direction  1205 , number of iterations  1206 , block length  1207 , clock  1208  and reset  1209 . The rate  1201  indicates how much information is used to represent a single data bit present in a transmitted block. The constraint length  1202  indicates how many previous input symbols are used to encode a presented input information bit and is, thus, also an indicator of the complexity of the trellis being processed to decode a given input symbol. The polynomials  1204  are generator polynomial coefficients used in the decoding process. The number of iterations  1206  determines how many loops are executed by the decoder  1200  when operating in turbo mode. A larger value for the number of iterations  2106  indicates a more accurate decoded output  1294  at the cost of increased computational time.  
         [0074]    The control unit  1210  is interconnected to an Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 , LogLikelihood Processors  1250   a  and  1250   b , a bank of multiplexers  1250   c , a Comparator  1247 , Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260 , a Reverse Address Processor  1270 , Normalisation Subtractors  1278 , a bank of multiplexers  1278   a , a Path Metric Store  1280 , a Forward Address Processor  1290 , a LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  and an Input Symbol History  1298 . The Control unit  1210  is able to reconfigure the architecture of the unified decoder  1200  via these connections to implement either a convolutional decoder or a turbo decoder, as desired.  
         [0075]    Input symbols  1299  are presented to an Input Symbol History  1298 , which functions as a double buffer to ensure that a constant data flow is maintained. The Input Symbol History  1298  also receives an Input Symbol History Bank Select  1211 , an Input Symbol History Address  1219 , an Input Symbol History Clock  1223  and an Input Symbol History Reset  1225  from the control unit  1210 . The Input Symbol History  1298  produces a first output  1291   a , which is presented to Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260 , and a second output  1291   b , which is presented to LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a.    
         [0076]    The Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  also receive as inputs reverse trellis path metrics  1265  from the Reverse Address Processor  1270 , and extrinsic information  1242  from the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 . The control unit  1210  also provides a number of inputs to the Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260 , including a Butterfly Reset  1215 , Butterfly Rate  1216 , Butterfly Clock  1217 , Butterfly Polynomials  1218 , Butterfly Constraint  1220 , Butterfly Mode  1221  and beta-phase enable  1235 .  
         [0077]    The Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  produce new multiple bit path metrics for a corresponding state in a trellis diagram, the new path metrics being output on the  32  bit buses  1266  and  1267 , which are connected to a Comparator  1247  and a bank of multiplexers  1250   c . The Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  also produce decision bits  1255 , which are presented as inputs to the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 .  
         [0078]    In a first phase of a LogMAP computation, the Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  compute gammas and alphas. In a second phase, the Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  calculate betas using dummy betas computed by LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a  and LogLikelihood Processor  1250   b  in the first phase.  
         [0079]    Each butterfly processor within the bank of butterfly processor  1260  contains two Add-Compare-Select units (shown as ACS)  320  and an intermediary Branch-Metric Calculator (BMC)  330 , as depicted in FIG. 5A. The BMC  330  executes the same functions as the Branch Metric Units (BMUs) in well-known Viterbi decoders and each ACS  320  performs path metric calculation for trellis decoding.  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 5A shows an exemplary butterfly unit of the butterfly processors  1260  of FIG. 4, having two Add-Compare-Select units  320  and an intermediary Branch-Metric calculator  330 . Each of the Add-Compare-Select units  320  is presented with input path metric-0  1265   a  and input path metric-1  1265   b . The Input Symbol  1291   a  and extrinsic information  1242  are broadcast to each of the Branch Metric Calculators  330  in the bank of butterfly processors  1260 . The intermediary Branch-Metric calculator is also presented with a butterfly rate  1216 , a butterfly constraint  1220  and butterfly polynomials  1218 .  
         [0081]    Each state in a column of a trellis has a pair of branch metrics leading to it. Each of the individual branch metrics has a symbol associated with it. Therefore, when navigating a trellis in a given direction, one of two possible symbols is expected for a state under consideration, depending on the previous states. The BMC  330  determines a measure of the proximity of the received input symbol  1291   a  to an expected symbol. The BMC  330  generates an output branch metric-0  406 , which is presented to a first ACS unit-0  320  and a second ACS unit-1  320  on a bus being m bits wide. The BMC  330  exploits the symmetry of the trellis and produces a second branch metric-1  402 , by arithmetically inverting the branch metric-0  406 . The branch metric-1  402  is presented to the first ACS unit-0  320  and the second ACS unit-1  320  on a bus which is also m bits wide. A butterfly mode  1221  is presented to each of the ACS units  320  to configure them appropriately for the coding scheme in use. The ACS units  320  and the BMC unit  330  also receive a butterfly reset  1215 , a butterfly clock  1217  and a beta-phase enable  1235 .  
         [0082]    Each of the ACS units  320  generates two outputs which, for ACS 0 in FIG. 5A, consist of a first output  1255   a  and a second output  1267   a . The first output  1255   a  is a decision bit which is the value of the comparison borrow bit, indicating which of the upper or lower potential path metrics is selected. A decision bit with a value of 0 corresponds to the lower potential path metric being selected, whereas conversely a value of 1 corresponds to the upper potential path metric being selected. The second output  1267   a  is a new multiple bit path metric for a corresponding state in a trellis diagram. ACS 1 produces corresponding outputs  1255   b  and  1267   b.    
         [0083]    [0083]FIG. 5B shows an architecture of an ACS unit-0  320  of FIG. 5A. Two pairs of inputs  402  and  1265   b , and  406  and  1265   a  are presented to respective Adders  410  and  412 . The first pair of inputs consists of the branch metric-1  402  and path metric-1  1265   b , whereas the second pair of inputs consists of branch metric-0  406  and path metric-0  1265   a . The constituent elements of each of the input pairs are added in respective adders  410  and  412 , the corresponding outputs  411  and  413  of the adders  410  and  412  being presented to a Full Subtractor  414 . The outputs  411  and  413  are also presented to a first two-to-one multiplexer  420 . A borrow output  1255   a  of the Full Subtractor  414  is fed to the first multiplexer  420  to compute a maximum MAX of the input values. The borrow bit  1255   a  is also presented as an output of the ACS unit  320 , with a value of 0 indicating that the lower path metric has been chosen and a value of 1 indicating that the upper path metric has been selected. A second output  415  of the Full Subtractor  414 , representing the difference of the two adder results  411  and  413 , is presented to a Log-sum correction table  440 , which adjusts the result of the new path metric, when the output of the Full Subtractor  414  is small, to produce a more accurate result in the Log domain for LogMAP decoding. An output  441  of the Log-sum correction table  440  is presented to an Adder  460 . An output  421  of the first multiplexer  420  is presented to the Adder  460  and to a second two-to-one multiplexer  450 . A result  461  from the Adder  460  is then presented as a second input to the second multiplexer  450 . A control signal, being butterfly mode  1221 , is also presented as an input to the second multiplexer  450  and is used to determine whether the Viterbi or LogMAP coding scheme is being implemented. The second multiplexer  450  forms an output  451 , which feeds an Accumulate Register  470  and a further multiplexer  480 . The Accumulate Register  470  receives a butterfly reset  1215  and produces an output  472  to the multiplexer  480 . The multiplexer  480  receives a beta-phase enable  1235  as a select signal that selects the output  451  when inactive and the output  472  from the Accumulate register  470  when active. The selected output of the multiplexer  480  is the output path metric  1267   a  of the ACS unit  320 .  
         [0084]    The bank of multiplexers  1250   c  receives a select signal  1258  from the control unit  1210 , which is used to select either the butterfly path metrics  1266  and  1267  output from the Butterfly Processors  1260  or the path metrics produced by the LogLikelihood Processor-0  1250   a  and LogLikelihood Processor-1  1250   b . During a Viterbi calculation, the butterfly path metrics  1266  and  1267  are selected. In the first phase of a LogMAP computation, butterfly path metrics  1266  and  1267  are chosen whilst the Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  compute gammas and alphas. Contemporaneously, LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a  calculates dummy betas. At the end of the first phase, the path metrics produced by the LogLikelihood Processor-0  1250   a  are selected by the bank of multiplexers  1250   c  to be broadcast to enable the calculation of betas in the second phase of the LogMAP computation.  
         [0085]    The bank of multiplexers  1250   c  outputs new path metrics on Lower Path Metric Bus  1295  and Upper Path Metric Bus  1296 . The buses  1295  and  1296  are connected to LogLikelihood processors  1250   a  and  1250   b , a bank of multiplexers  1278   a  and a Forward Address Processor  1290 .  
         [0086]    The Forward Address Processor  1290  receives a Forward Trellis Select  1232 , a Forward Trellis Hold  1234 , a Forward Trellis Transparent Bit  1236  and a Path Metric Input MUX Select  1238  from the control unit  1210 , which are used to configure the Forward Address Processor  1290  in accordance with whether the unified decoder  1200  is being used to navigate a trellis in the forward or reverse direction.  
         [0087]    The Forward Address Processor  1290  orders the new path metrics received on buses  1295  and  1296  such that an apparently sequential list of path metrics is presented to the butterfly processor  1260  for computation of the next column of the trellis, when the trellis is being navigated in the forward direction. When a trellis is being navigated in the reverse direction, the Forward Address Processor  1290  acts transparently.  
         [0088]    The Path Metric Store  1280  receives addressing information ADDR0  1228   a  and ADDR1  1228   b , Path Metric Reset  1230  and Path Metric Read/Write Clock  1231  from the control unit  1210 , in addition to forward trellis path metrics  1285 , which are output from the Forward Address Processor  1290 . The Path Metric Store  1280  outputs stored path metrics  1276  to a bank of multiplexers  1278   a  and to LogLikelihood Processors  1250   a  and  1250   b.    
         [0089]    The bank of multiplexers  1278   a  is used as an interconnect point for multiple decoder row configurations, and receives stored path metrics  1276 , a control signal  1278   b  from the control unit  1210 , and new path metrics on buses  1295  and  1296 . The bank of multiplexers  1278   a  allows the initialisation of the beta computation during LogMAP calculation and produces an output  1277  to Normalisation Subtractors  1278 .  
         [0090]    A comparator  1247  receives the butterfly path metrics output on buses  1266  and  1267  from the Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  and determines a maximum new path metric. This maximum new path metric is then compared with a stored maximum path metric and the greater of the two values is presented as normalising output  1246 , which is sent to the Normalisation Subtractors  1278  and the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 .  
         [0091]    The Normalisation Subtractors  1278  receive the output  1277  from the bank of multiplexers  1278   a  and subtract the Normalising Output  1246  to ensure that the path metrics are contained within the dynamic range of the architecture. The normalised path metrics  1275  are output and presented to a Reverse Address Processor  1270  and LogLikelihood Processors  1250   a  and  1250   b . The Reverse Address Processor  1270  also receives as inputs LogLikelihood Enable  1214 , LogLikelihood 0 Enable  12030  and LogLikelihood 1 Enable  12031 , Reverse Trellis Select  1222 , a Reverse Trellis Hold  1224  and a Reverse Trellis Transparent Bit  1226  from the control unit  1210 . The inputs from the control unit  1210  are used to configure the Reverse Address Processor  1270  appropriately, depending on whether the decoder  1200  is traversing a trellis in the forward or reverse direction. The output of the Reverse Address Processor  1270  is presented as reverse trellis path metrics  1265  to the Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260 .  
         [0092]    The Reverse Address Processor  1270  orders the normalised path metrics such that a desired sequence of path metrics is presented to the butterfly processor  1260  for computation of the next column of the trellis, when the trellis is being navigated in the reverse direction. When the trellis is being navigated in the forward direction, the Reverse Address Processor  1270  acts transparently.  
         [0093]    The LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a  receives a LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a , reverse trellis hold  1224   a , reverse trellis transparent bit  1226   a , a LogLikelihood rate  1248   a , a LogLikelihood constraint  1249   a , a LogLikelihood clock  1251   a , a LogLikelihood reset  1252   a , LogLikelihood polynomials  1253   a , LogLikelihood 0 Enable  1203   a   0 , LogLikelihood Enable  1203   a   1 , reverse trellis select  1222   a , and select signal  1258   a  from the control unit  1210 . The LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a  also receives as inputs the normalised path metrics  1275 , the output  1291   b  from the Input Symbol History  1298 , stored path metrics  1276 , new path metrics on buses  1296  and  1295  and interleaver extrinsic information  1256 . The LogLikelihood processor  1250   a  produces a first output  1245   a , which is presented to a LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297 . The LogLikelihood processor  1250   a  also presents inputs  1266 ′ and  1267 ′ to the bank of multiplexers  1250   c.    
         [0094]    A second LogLikelihood processor  1250   b  receives corresponding inputs  1214   b ,  1224   b ,  1226   b ,  1248   b ,  1249   b ,  1251   b ,  1252   b ,  1253   b ,  1203   b   0 ,  1203   b   1 ,  1222   b  and  1258   b  from the control unit  1210 . The LogLikelihood Processor  1250   b  also receives as inputs the normalised path metrics  1275 , stored path metrics  1276 , interleaver extrinsic information  1256  and the new path metrics on buses  1296  and  1295 . The LogLikelihood processor  1250   b  produces an output  1245   b , which is presented to the LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297 .  
         [0095]    The LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a  is used to compute dummy betas in the first phase of a LogMAP calculation. In the second phase of the LogMAP calculation, LogLikelihood Processors  1250   a  and  1250   b  are used in conjunction with the Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  to create a LogLikelihood result for a “1” and a “0”, respectively.  
         [0096]    The Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  acts as a buffer for producing output during a Viterbi computation. During a LogMAP computation, the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  acts as an extended store for the path metric store  1280 . The Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  receives an Intermediate Decoding Mode  1212 , an Intermediate Decoding Direction  1237 , a Spreading Input  1243 , read/write clock  1257 , a reset  1259  and a clocking signal  1254  from the control unit  1210 . The Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  also receives the Normalising Output  1246  and Decision Bits  1255 . The Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  produces extrinsic information  1242  and Traceback processor output  1567  to the LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297 , and receives an input  1293  from the LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297 . The Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  also produces interleaver extrinsic information  1256  to LogLikelihood Processors  1250   a  and  1250   b.    
         [0097]    The LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  receives a Hard or Soft Output Select  1213  and Spreading Input  1243  from the control unit  1210  in addition to the outputs  1245   a  and  1245   b  from the LogLikelihood Processors  1250   a  and  1250   b . The LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  also receives as inputs the extrinsic information  1242  of the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  and Scramble Address Data  1286 . The LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  then produces a Decoded Output  1294  and an output  1293  to the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 .  
         [0098]    The outputs  1245   a  and  1245   b  represent the probability of the decoded output being a “1” or a “0”, respectively. The LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  performs a subtraction of the outputs  1245   a  and  1245   b  in the log domain, which is equivalent to performing a division in the natural number domain. The result of the subtraction provides the Decoded Output  1294 . The LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  also subtracts the outputs  1245   a  and  1245   b  and the extrinsic information  1242  to produce the output  1293 , which represents new extrinsic information.  
         [0099]    A code of maximum constraint length k produces a trellis diagram with 2 k−1  states. FIG. 6A shows a 32-state raw trellis diagram  1000 , corresponding to a code having a maximum constraint length of 6. Each of the 32 states  1002  at time S 1  has two possible branch metrics mapping to one of 32 states  1004  at time S t+1 . For example state 0  1003  at time S t  has branch metrics  1006  and  1008  leading to state 0  1009  and state 16  1007  at time S t+1 .  
         [0100]    The 32-state raw trellis diagram  1000  may be represented by 16 corresponding butterfly connections  1010  of the same trellis. It can be seen that pairs of states in one column  1012  of the trellis map to corresponding pairs of states in another column  1014  of the trellis. The trellis states  1014  at time S t+1  represent resultant path metrics. Each of the butterfly connections  1010  may be processed by a single butterfly processor  1260 . In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIG. 4, four butterfly processors  1260  are provided. This allows 8 resultant path metric locations to be calculated in each clock cycle.  
         [0101]    [0101]FIG. 6B shows the resultant path metric locations  1014  for a 32-state trellis diagram. The 32 resultant path metric locations have been ordered into four columns  1022 ,  1024 ,  1026  and  1028 , each of which contains eight resultant path metric locations produced by four butterfly processors.  
         [0102]    A trellis operation incorporates several sub-trellis operations, each of which corresponds to a single clock cycle. FIGS. 7A, 7B,  7 C,  7 D and  7 E show the process by which a preferred embodiment of the invention implements in-place path metric addressing. FIG. 7A shows time t=1, corresponding to the first sub-trellis operation, in which eight new path metrics  1112  are presented as inputs. New path metrics  1112  representing 0, 1, 2 and 3 are written into a first column of memory  1102 , corresponding to upper memory blocks B0 of Path Metric Store  1280 , whilst path metrics 16, 17, 18 and 19 are written into four holding registers  1114 . Path metrics 16, 17, 18 and 19 are held for a clock cycle before being written to memory, as the memory locations to which they will be written will not become available until the next clock cycle when the new path metrics for trellis states 8 to 15 have been calculated.  
         [0103]    In the next clock cycle t=2, shown in FIG. 7B, a further eight new path metrics  1122  are presented as inputs. The path metrics  1122  corresponding to new path metric locations 4, 5, 6 and 7 are written into a first column of memory  1104 , corresponding to lower memory blocks B1 of Path Metric Store  1280 . The contents of the holding registers  1114  are written into a second column of memory  1102 , corresponding to Path Metric Store  1280  B0 and the new path metrics corresponding to path metric locations 20, 21, 22 and 23 are written in as the new contents of the holding registers  1114 .  
         [0104]    In the third clock cycle shown in FIG. 7C, a further group of new path metrics  1134  is presented. The new path metrics corresponding to states 8, 9, 10 and 11 are written into a third column of memory  1102 , corresponding to Path Metric Store  1280  BO and the contents of the holding registers  1114 , being states  20 ,  21 ,  22  and  23 , are written into a second column of a memory  1104 , corresponding to Path Metric Store  1280  B1. The four new path metrics corresponding to states  24 ,  25 ,  26  and  27  are written into the holding registers  1114 .  
         [0105]    [0105]FIG. 7D shows the fourth clock cycle, during which the final eight new path metrics  1144  are presented. The new path metrics corresponding to states 12, 13, 14 and 15 are written to a third column of memory  1104 , corresponding to Path Metric Store  1280  B1, the contents of the holding register corresponding to states 24, 25, 26 and 27 are written to a fourth column of memory  1102 , corresponding to Path Metric Store  1280  B0, and the new path metrics corresponding to states 28, 29, 30 and 31 are written to holding registers  1114 .  
         [0106]    An additional clock cycle corresponding to t=5, as shown in FIG. 7E, is required to write the contents of the holding registers  1114  into a fourth column of memory  1104 , corresponding to Path Metric Store  1280  B1.  
         [0107]    [0107]FIG. 7F shows a representation of the addressing of the path metric columns for a 32-state trellis in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The addressing sequence of the path metric columns  1150  corresponds to the read/write addresses of the path metric columns. Each row of the table  1160  corresponds to a different column of a trellis diagram, representing Symbol time n (S n ), Symbol time n+1 (S n+1 ) and Symbol time n+2 (S n+2 ). It is evident that the movement of the addresses of the path metric columns is periodic.  
         [0108]    FIGS.  7 A-E have shown the progression from S n  to S n+1 . The next clock cycle, t=6, will begin the transition from S n+1  to S n+2  and columns 0, 2, 1, 3 will be executed in order to present a sequential list of states to the ACS units.  
         [0109]    [0109]FIGS. 8A, 8B,  8 C,  8 D,  8 E and  8 F show the process by which a preferred embodiment of the invention implements in-place path metric addressing during navigation of a reverse trellis. FIG. 8A depicts the notation that will be followed in FIGS.  8 B-F. FIG. 8B shows time t=1, corresponding to the first sub-trellis operation. The path metrics resident in the first column of memory A, C 0A , have been shifted to a hold register  3010 . In FIG. 8C, time t=2, the first column of memory B, C 0B , is moved to the hold register  3010  and a function of C 0A  and C 2A  form resultant path metrics C 0A ′ and C 0B ′, which are written into the first column of memories A and B respectively. In FIG. 8D, the second column of memory A C 1A  is deposited in the hold register  3010 . A function of the previous contents of the hold register C 0B  and C 2B  form new path metrics C 1A ′ and C 1B ′ which are written back into the third column of A and B respectively.  
         [0110]    [0110]FIG. 8E shows time t=4 in which C 1B  is written to the hold register  3010 . A function of C 1A  and C 3A  produces new path metrics C 2A ′ and C 2B ′, which are written into the second columns of memories A and B respectively. FIG. 8F shows the reverse sub-trellis operation corresponding to time t=5 in which a function of C 1B  and C 3B  forms resultant path metrics C 3A ′ and C 3B ′ which are written into fourth columns of memories A and B respectively. In the calculations of the reverse trellis, path metrics are presented to four butterfly processors in a scrambled manner and the in-place path metric addressing described in FIGS. 8B to  8 F ensures that the resultant path metrics are presented in a sequential manner.  
         [0111]    [0111]FIG. 9A shows a high level schematic block diagram representation of an embodiment of the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 , which performs traceback and interleaver functions in respective decoding schemes. The Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  receives as inputs decision bits  1255 , normalising output  1246 , spreading input  1243 , intermediate decoding direction  1237 , intermediate decoding mode  1212 , a clocking signal  1254 , a read/write clock  1257 , a reset signal  1259  and the output  1293  from the LogLikelihood processor  1297 . The Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  produces outputs including extrinsic information  1242 , interleaver extrinsic information  1256  and Traceback processor output  1567 .  
         [0112]    [0112]FIG. 9B shows an exploded view of the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 . A Traceback Address Controller  1510  receives as inputs Decision Bits  1255 , the Intermediate Decoding Direction  1237 , Norrnalising Output  1246 , the clocking signal  1254 , reset signal  1259 , read/write clock  1257  and the Intermediate Decoding Mode  1212 , which is inverted. The Traceback Address Controller  1510  produces an output  1567 .  
         [0113]    The Traceback Address Controller  1510  writes Decision Bits  1255  to a Window Memory Subsystem  1520  every clock cycle. During traceback, the Traceback Address Controller  1510  examines a trellis section to determine a biggest value to be used as a starting point. It is to be noted that it is not necessary to store the complete value for each state as a new traceback byte address can be generated using one of the Decision Bits  1255 .  
         [0114]    An Interleaver Controller  1520  also receives a clocking signal  1254 , reset signal  1259 , read/write clock  1257  and Intermediate Decoding Mode  1212 . In addition, the Interleaver Controller  1520  receives the output  1293  from the LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297 , the Spreading Input  1243  and the Intermediate Decoding Direction  1237 . The Interleaver Controller  1520  produces extrinsic information  1242  and  1256 . The extrinsic data  1242  is used as a recursive input to the Butterfly Processors  1260  when the decoder  1200  operates as a Turbo decoder.  
         [0115]    The Interleaver Controller  1520  produces extrinsic information  1242  and  1256  at the beginning of every clock cycle. At the end of every clock cycle, the Interleaver Controller  1520  receives new extrinsic information in the form of the output  1293  from the LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  and writes it into memory.  
         [0116]    The Traceback Address Controller  1510  and Interleaver Controller  1520  are interconnected and supply a joint read/write signal  1515  to a Window Memory Subsystem  1530 . The Traceback Address Controller  1510 , Interleaver Controller  1520  and Window Memory Subsystem  1530  are further interconnected by a bi-directional data bus  1526  and an address bus  1525 . The Interleaver Controller  1520  has a second address bus  1535  connected to the Window Memory Subsystem  1530  and the Window Memory Subsystem  1530  produces an output on a second data bus  1536  to the Interleaver Controller  1520 .  
         [0117]    [0117]FIG. 9C shows the Traceback Processor  1510 . The decision bits  1255  are presented to a first multiplexer  1550 . The output of the multiplexer  1550  is presented to a decisions register  1555 . The output of the decisions register  1555  is data  1526 , which is presented as an output of the Traceback Processor  1510  and is also fed back as a recursive input of the first multiplexer  1550  and as an input to a bit select  1558 .  
         [0118]    The Intermediate Decoding Direction  1237  is presented as an input to an address translation unit  1560 . The address translation unit  1560  also receives a read/write clock  1257  and produces an output address  1525  and a read/write signal  1515 . The read/write clock  1257  is also presented as the select of the first multiplexer  1550 .  
         [0119]    A normalising output  1246  is presented as an input to a state register  1562 . The output of the state register  1562  is presented as an input to the address translation unit  1560 , as well as being an input to a previous state unit  1564 . The previous state unit  1564  presents two inputs to a second multiplexer  1566 , whose output is the Traceback Processor Output  1567 .  
         [0120]    The output of the bit select  1558  is presented as an input to a first AND gate  1568 . The output of the AND gate  1568  is presented as an input to the state register  1562 . The output of the bit select  1558  is also presented to a second AND gate  1569 , whose output is also presented to the state register  1562 .  
         [0121]    The Intermediate Decoding Direction  1237  is presented as the second input to the first AND gate  1568  and as the select input of the multiplexer  1566 . The decode unit output  1502  is also presented, via a NOT gate  1570 , to the second AND gate  1569 .  
         [0122]    [0122]FIG. 9D shows the interleaver controller of  1520  of FIG. 9B. The Intermediate decoding mode  1212  is presented to an AND gate  1580 , whose output is presented to two tri-state buffers  1582  and  1583 . The other input to the AND gate  1580  is the inverted form of the spreading input  1243 . The tri-state buffer  1582  also receives as a input a read/write clock  1257 . The second tri-state buffer  1583  receives the output  1293  from the LogLikelihood ratio processor  1297  as its second input. The output  1293  from the LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  is also presented as inputs to two logic blocks  1584  and  1586 . The spreading input  1243  is presented to each of the logic blocks  1584  and  1586 , as is the reset signal  1259 , and the clock signal  1254 . The Interleaver  1520  receives data bus  1526  as an input and presents a corresponding output being extrinsic information  1242 . A second data bus  1536  is output as interleaver extrinsic information  1256 . The data bus  1526  is bi-directional, and the output of the Interleaver  1520  to the data bus  1526  is the output of the tri-state buffer  1583 .  
         [0123]    The first logic block  1584  receives the intermediate decoding mode  1212  and the intermediate decoding direction  1237  and produces an address  1525 . The second logic block  1586  also receives the intermediate decoding mode  1212  and intermediate decoding direction  1237  and produces address  1535 . Each of the logic blocks  1584  and  1586  also receive an input beta_d, which is a low or high power signal.  
         [0124]    [0124]FIG. 9E shows an exploded view of the logic block  1584  of FIG. 9D. The logic block  1586  of FIG. 9D has the same configuration. A window count  1590  receives as inputs a reset  1259 , a clock  1254  and an enable  1212 . It also receives as an input the output of a first adder  1592 . The window count  1590  produces an output which is presented to adders  1592  and  1593 . The first adder  1592  receives as a second input the constant  1599  and presents its output to the window count  1590 . The bit count  1591  receives as inputs the reset  1259 , the clock  1254 , the enable  1212  and the output of a third adder  1594 . The bit count  1591  produces an output which is presented to two adders  1593  and  1594 . Beta d is presented to an element  1595 , which adds 1 and if beta_d is active, it negates the value and presents a result as a second input to the third adder  1594 . The output of the adder  1594  is presented as a recursive input to the bit count  1591 .  
         [0125]    The output of the second adder  1593  is presented as an input to a multiplexer  1596  and to a scramble  1597 . The multiplexer  1596  receives a select signal indicating if the architecture is operating as a first or second decoder, and a second input being the output of the scramble  1597 . The output of the multiplexer  1596  is the address  1525 . The scramble  1597  receives the Spreading Input  1243  as an enabling signal and the output  1293  from the LogLikelihood Ratio Processor  1297  as data. The scramble  1597  could be memory or logic function as is well known in the art and is used to implement scrambling of addresses between a first and second decoder when undertaking Turbo decoder calculations.  
         [0126]    [0126]FIG. 9F shows a schematic block diagram representation of the window memory sub system  1530  of FIG. 9A. A read/write clock  1515 , address buses  1525  and  1535 , and data buses  1526  and  1536  are presented to a window address decoder  1530   a  and window memories  1530   b  . . .  1530   d.    
         [0127]    [0127]FIG. 10A shows the LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a  of FIG. 4. A bank of four butterfly units  1410  is provided and its constituent ACS units  1412   a  . . .  1412   h  are presented with pairs of reverse trellis path metrics  1415   a . . . h  from a Reverse Address Processor  1270   b  and stored path metrics  1276  from the Path Metric Store  1280 . The stored path metrics  1276  represent alphas in the LogMAP calculation. Each of the ACS units  1412   a . . . h  is also presented with a LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a , a LogLikelihood Clock  1251   a  and a LogLikelihood Reset  1252   a . BMC units  1414   a  . . .  1414   d  are each provided with a number of inputs, including the LogLikelihood Rate  1248   a , the LogLikelihood Constraint  1249   a , the LogLikelihood Polynomials  1253   a , interleaver extrinsic information  1256  and the Input Symbol History  1291   b . The ACS units  1412   a . . . h  produce first outputs  1413   a  . . .  1413   h , which are presented in sequential pairs to the ACS node units  1420   a  . . .  1420   d . The ACS units  1412   a . . . h  produce second outputs  480   a . . . h , each of which is presented to a corresponding normalising subtractor  1470   a  . . .  1470   h . The normalising subtractors  1470   a  . . .  1470   h  produce outputs  1266 ′ and  1267 ′, which are fed recursively via multiplexers, as explained below, to the Reverse Address Processor  1270   b  and used to ensure that the path metrics remain within the dynamic range of the architecture.  
         [0128]    Each of a first bank of multiplexers  1417   a . . . h  receives a corresponding normalised path metric  1275   a . . . h  from the Normalising Processor  1278  and a select signal  1258  from the control unit  1210 . Multiplexers  1417   a . . . d  also receive corresponding path metrics  1296   a . . . d , and multiplexers  1417   e . . . h  receive corresponding path metrics  1295   a . . . d . The path metrics  1295   a . . . d  and  1296   a . . . d  represent betas in the LogMAP calculation. The select signal  1258  is used to determine whether the normalised path metrics  1275   a . . . h  or the path metrics  1295   a . . . d  and  1296   a . . . d  will be output.  
         [0129]    Each of a second bank of multiplexers  1416   a . . . h  receives LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a  as a select signal and a corresponding output from the first bank of multiplexers  1417   a . . . h . Multiplexers  1416   a . . . d  receive a third input, being the output  1266 ′ of the normalising subtractors  1470   a . . . d  and multiplexers  1416   e . . . h  receive the output  1267 ′ from the normalising subtractors  1470   e . . . h . The outputs from the multiplexers  1416   a . . . h  are presented as inputs to the Reverse Address Processor  1270   b.    
         [0130]    The Reverse Address Processor  1270   b  also receives a LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a , Turbo enable for LogLikelihood 0 Enable  1203   a   0 , Turbo enable for LogLikelihood 1  1203   a   1 , reverse trellis selector  1222   a , reverse trellis transparent bit  1226   a  and the reverse trellis hold  1224   a . The beta outputs  1266 ′ and  1267 ′ of the LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a  represent the final dummy beta values used for the start of the beta processing phase, when the decoder  1200  is operating in LogMAP/turbo mode.  
         [0131]    The outputs of the ACS node units  1420   a  and  1420   b  are presented to an ACS node unit  1430   a  and the outputs of the ACS node units  1420   c  and  1420   d  are presented to an ACS node unit  1430   b . The outputs of the ACS node units  1430   a ,  1430   b  are presented as inputs to a further ACS node unit  1440   a , whose output is presented to a multi-row comparator tree, which spans the decoder when operated in a multi-row configuration so as to capture the maximum path metric being calculated for the state of the trellis being investigated. An output from the multi-row comparator tree is presented to a subtractor  1450  and a register  1460 . The subtractor  1450  also presents a recursive input to the register  1460 . The register output  1245   a  is fed to the subtractor  1450  and to each one of the normalising subtractors  1470   a  . . .  1470   h , in addition to being an output of the LogLikelihood Processor  1250   a.    
         [0132]    [0132]FIG. 10B shows one arrangement of the ACS node unit  1420   a  of FIG. 10A. The outputs  1413   a  and  1413   b  from the ACS leaf units are presented as inputs to a comparator  1474  and a multiplexer  1476 . A borrow output of the comparator  1474  is fed as a select signal of the multiplexer  1476 . A difference output of the comparator  1474  is presented as an input to a log sum correction table  1478 . The output of the log sum correction table  1478  is presented to an adder  1480 , whose second input is the output of the multiplexer  1476 . The adder  1480  computes and outputs the sum  1425   a  of its two inputs, the sum  1425   a  representing the maximum of the two inputs  1413   a  and  1413   b , with a log-sum correction.  
         [0133]    [0133]FIG. 10C shows a configuration of a LogLikelihood processor  1250   a  of FIG. 4 for an eight row decoder embodiment. The LogLikelihood processors  1250   a ′ in each of the rows are interconnected via a bank of multiplexers  1490 . Each multiplexer  1490  presents a single input to a LogLikelihood processor  1250   a ′ in its corresponding decoder row. Pairs of LogLikelihood processors  1250   a ′ present their outputs as inputs to ACS node units  1420   a ′,  1420   b ′,  1420   c ′ and  1420   d ′. The outputs of the LogLikelihood processors  1250   a ′ are also presented as recursive inputs to the bank of multiplexers  1490 . The ACS nodes units  1420   a ′,  1420   b ′,  1420   c ′ and  1420   d ′ are paired and present their outputs as inputs to further ACS nodes units  1430   a ′ and  1430   b ′. The outputs of the ACS node units  1420   a ′,  1420   b ′,  1420   c ′ and  1420   d ′ are also presented as recursive inputs to the bank of multiplexers  1490 . The ACS node units  1430   a ′ present their outputs to a final ACS node unit  1440 ′ and as recursive inputs to the bank of multiplexers  1490 . The output of the final ACS node unit  1440 ′ is presented as a final recursive input to the bank of multiplexers  1490 . Each multiplexer  1490  is presented with a select signal.  
         [0134]    [0134]FIG. 10D shows one useful architecture of an ACS unit  1412   a  of FIG. 10A. A first pair of inputs, branch metric 1  402 ′ and branch metric 0  406 ′, are presented to a multiplexer  408 , which produces an output  402 ″. A second pair of inputs, path metric  1276   a  and path metric 1  1415   b  are presented to a multiplexer  409 , which produces an output  403 ′. Each of the multiplexers  408  and  409  receives LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a  as a select signal. When the LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a  is inactive, branch metric 1  402 ′ is selected by multiplexer  408  and path metric 1  1415   b  is selected by multiplexer  409 . Conversely, when LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a  is active, branch metric 0  406 ′ is selected by multiplexer  408  and path metric  1276   a , representing an alpha value, is selected by  409 .  
         [0135]    The outputs  402 ″ and  403 ′ of the multiplexers  408  and  409  are presented to an adder  410 ′. The sum  411 ′ is output from the adder  410 ′ and presented to a multiplexer  416 ′ and a multiplexer  417 ′. The multiplexer  417 ′ receives branch metric 0  406 ′ as a second input and LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a  as a select signal. The output  418 ′ of the multiplexer  417 ′ is presented to an adder  412 ′. The adder  412 ′ receives path metric 0  1415   a  as a second input. The adder  412 ′ produces a sum  413 ′, which represents the sum of alphas, betas and gammas. The sum  413 ′ is presented to a Full Subtractor  414 ′ and a multiplexer  420 ′. The multiplexer  416 ′ receives a hardwired input  407 ′ corresponding to the minimum 2s complement number able to be represented and a LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a  as a select signal. The Full Subtractor  414 ′ also receives the output  408 ′ of the multiplexer  416 ′ as a second input and produces a borrow  361 ′ and a difference  415 ′.  
         [0136]    The output  408 ′ of the multiplexer  416 ′ is presented as a first input to a multiplexer  420 ′. The multiplexer  420 ′ receives the sum  413 ′ of the adder  412 ′ as a second input. The borrow output  361 ′ of the Full Subtractor  414 ′ is fed to the multiplexer  420 ′ to compute a maximum MAX of the input values. A second output  415 ′ of the Full Subtractor  414 ′, representing the difference of the multiplexer output  408 ′ and the sum  413 ′, is presented to a Log-sum correction table  440 ′, which tweaks the result of the new path metric, when the output of the Full Subtractor  414 ′ is small, to produce a more accurate result in the Log domain for LogMAP decoding. An output  441 ′ of the Log-sum correction table  440 ′ is presented to an Adder  460 ′. An output  421 ′ of the multiplexer  420 ′ is also presented to the Adder  460 ′. A result  490 ′ from the Adder  460 ′ is then presented as an input to an accumulate register  470 ′. The accumulate register  470 ′ accumulates values for dummy beta LogMAP calculations. The output  480   a  of the accumulate register is presented as an input to a further multiplexer  475 ′ and as an output of the ACS unit  1412   a  to be used in dummy beta computation. The multiplexer  475 ′ receives the sum  490 ′ as a second input and LogLikelihood Mode  1214   a  as a select signal. The output  1413   a  of the multiplexer  475 ′ is the second output of the ACS unit  1412   a.    
         [0137]    [0137]FIG. 11 shows Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  of FIG. 4 in accordance with a preferred embodiment. Each of the component ACS units ACS0 . . . ACS7 is presented with a number of inputs, including a butterfly mode  1221 , a butterfly reset  1215 , a butterfly clock  1217  and a beta-phase enable  1235 . Each of the component BMC units BMC0 . . . BMC3 is presented with a butterfly rate  1216 , a butterfly constraint  1220  and butterfly polynomials  1218 . The reverse trellis path metrics  1265  fan out to present inputs  1265   a  . . .  1265   h  to the ACS units ACS0 . . . ACS7, such that each ACS unit receives two reverse trellis path metrics. Reverse trellis path metrics  1265   a  and  1265   b  are presented to each of the ACS units ACS0 and ACS1, reverse trellis path metrics  1265   c  and  1265   d  are presented to each of the ACS units ACS2 and ACS3, reverse trellis path metrics  1265   e  and  1265   f  are presented to each of the ACS units ACS4 and ACS5, and reverse trellis path metrics  1265   g  and  1265   h  are presented to each of the ACS units ACS6 and ACS7. The BMC units BMC0 . . . BMC3 also receive as inputs extrinsic information  1242  and input symbol history input symbol  1291   a.    
         [0138]    The Butterfly Decoding Processors  1260  are preferably formed by eight ACS units and four BMCs, configured as four butterfly processors:  
         [0139]    (i)ACS0, BMC0, ACS1;  
         [0140]    (ii)ACS2, BMC1, ACS3;  
         [0141]    (iii)ACS4, BMC2, ACS5; and  
         [0142]    (iv) ACS6, BMC3, ACS7.  
         [0143]    The unified decoder architecture takes advantage of the fact that each state in a trellis diagram may only be impacted upon by two other states. A code with a minimum constraint length of k gives rise to a trellis diagram having 2 k−1  states. A butterfly processor having two ACS units and an intermediary BMC unit is capable of processing two states in a trellis state diagram. Therefore, in order to process a code with constraint length 4 in one clock cycle, a total of eight ACS units are required. More states may be handled by processing over a greater number of clock cycles, or by having more butterfly processors.  
         [0144]    The ACS units ACS0 . . . ACS7 produce corresponding outputs  1255   a . . . h,  which are aggregated to form decision bits  1255 . New path metrics computed by ACS units ACS0 . . . ACS3 are presented as outputs  1267   a . . . d  and sent on upper new path metric bus  1267 . The new path metrics  1266   a . . . d  calculated by ACS units ACS4 . . . 7 are presented to the lower new path metric bus  1266 .  
         [0145]    [0145]FIG. 12 shows the Reverse Address Processor  1270  of FIG. 4. The Reverse Address Processor  1270  provides facilities for delaying and ordering path metrics to produce a desired pattern of path metrics. The Reverse Address Processor  1270  is also capable of acting transparently when the decoder  1200  is operating in forward trellis mode such that input path metrics are presented as outputs without alteration. The Reverse Address Processor  1270  receives as inputs: a reverse trellis selector  1222 , a reverse trellis hold  1224 , a reverse trellis transparent bit  1226 , a LogLikelihood Mode  1214 , a LogLikelihood  0  Enable  12030 , a LogLikelihood I Enable  12031 , and the normalised path metrics  1275 . The normalised path metrics  1275  fan out to present pairs of inputs  1275   a  and  1275   e ,  1275   b  and  1275   f ,  1275   c  and  1275   g , and  1275   d  and  1275   h  to a first bank of corresponding multiplexers  1910   a   3 ,  1910   b   3 ,  1910   c   3  and  1910   d   3 , and a second bank of corresponding multiplexers  1915   a  . . .  1915   d.    
         [0146]    The reverse trellis selector  1222  is presented to each of the first bank of XOR gates  1920   a . . . d.  The XOR gates  1920   a  and  1920   c  receive LogLikelihood 0 Enable  1203   0  and XOR gates  1920   b  and  1920   d  receive LogLikelihood 1 Enable  1203   1 . Each XOR gate  1920   a . . . d  produces an output which is presented to a corresponding XOR gate in a second bank of XOR gates  1925   a . . . d  and to a corresponding one of the multiplexers  1910   a   3  . . .  1910   d   3 . Each of the second bank of XOR gates  1925   a . . . d  receives LogLikelihood Enable  1214  as a second input and produces an output to a corresponding multiplexer in the second bank of multiplexers  1915   a . . . d.  As mentioned above, each multiplexer  1915   a . . . d  receives a pair of normalised path metrics The outputs from the XOR gates  1925   a . . . d  act as select signals for the respective multiplexers  1915   a . . . d  to choose one of the presented normalised path metrics. Each of the multiplexers  1915   a . . . d  presents an output to a corresponding one of multiplexers  1910   b   1 ,  1910   d   1 ,  1910   f   1  and  1910   h   1 .  
         [0147]    Multiplexers  1910   a   3  . . .  d   3  an  1915   a . . . d  are presented with different pairs of inputs depending on the values of the LogLikelihood Enable  1214  and the LogLikelihood Enable 0  1203   0  and LogLikelihood 1 Enable  1203   1 . LogLikelihood 0 Enable  1203   0  is enabled for LogLikelihood Processor 0 and disabled for LogLikelihood Processor 1. Conversely, LogLikelihood 1 Enable  1203   1  is enabled for LogLikelihood Processor 1 and disabled for LogLikelihood Processor 0. As the Reverse Address Processor  1270  is used in several locations within the unified decoder  1200 , the Reverse Address Processor  1270  must be capable of handling different modes of operation. When the LogLikelihood Enable  1214  and LogLikelihood Enables  1203   0  and  1203   1  are inactive, the Reverse Address Processor  1270  is in Viterbi mode operating on a trellis generated by a non-systematic convolutional code. When LogLikelihood Enable  1214  is active, the Reverse Address Processor  1270  is performing reverse trellis switching for the LogLikelihood operation for LogMAP decoding. When either of the LogLikelihood Enables  1203   0  and  1203   1  is active with the LogLikelihood Enable  1214  active, the Reverse Address Processor  1270  is performing switching appropriate for a LogLikelihood operation using a recursive systematic code, as in Turbo decoding. The XOR gates implement the appropriate switching for the different operating modes of the Reverse Address Processor  1270 .  
         [0148]    Each of the first bank of multiplexers  1910   a   3  . . .  1910   d   3  produces an output which is presented to a corresponding latch  1910   a   2  . . .  1910   d   2 . Each of the latches  1910   a   2  . . .  1910   d   2  receives the reverse trellis hold  1224  as an input and presents a delayed output as the second input to a corresponding one of the multiplexers  1910   a   1 ,  1910   c   1 ,  1910   e   1  and  1910   g   1 .  
         [0149]    The reverse trellis transparent bit  1226  is broadcast to each of a third bank of multiplexers  1910   a   1  . . .  1910   h   1 , which produce corresponding path metrics  1265   a . . . h.  The path metrics  1265   a  . . .  1265   h  are collated and presented as reverse trellis path metrics  1265 , the output of the Reverse Address Processor  1270 . When the decoder  1200  is operating in the forward trellis direction, the reverse trellis transparent bit  1226  is set such that the Reverse Address Processor  1270  allows the normalised path metrics  1275  to pass through to become the reverse trellis path metrics  1265 , without alteration.  
         [0150]    [0150]FIG. 13 shows Normalisation Subtractors  1278  of FIG. 4. The normalising output  1246  is presented as an input to each of the subtractors  1610   a  . . .  1610   h . The output  1277  of the bank of multiplexers  1278   a  is presented as individual path metrics  1277   a  . . .  1277   h , each of which is presented to corresponding subtractors  1610   a  . . .  1610   h . The outputs  1275   a . . . h  of the subtractors  1610   a  . . .  1610   h  form the normalised path metrics  1275 . The normalising subtractors  1278  are used to subtract the maximum path metric, calculated during the traversal of the trellis and presented as the normalising output  1246 , from the new path metrics to ensure that the path metric values are retained within the dynamic range of the architecture.  
         [0151]    [0151]FIG. 14 shows a comparator  1247  of FIG. 4, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The butterfly path metrics presented on bus  1267  are fanned out to produce inputs  1267   a  . . .  1267   d  to corresponding maximum comparators  1710   a  . . .  1710   d . Similarly, the butterfly path metrics presented on bus  1266  are fanned out to produce inputs  1266   a  . . .  1266   d  to corresponding maximum comparators  1710   e  . . .  1710   h . The path metrics  1266   a  . . .  1266   d  and  1267   a  . . .  1267   d  are compared against one another and a maximum path metric  1715  is output to a multi-row comparator tree, shown in FIG. 17, which spans the decoder when operated in a multi-row configuration so as to capture the maximum path metric being calculated for the state of the trellis being investigated. An output  1716  from the multi-row comparator tree is presented to a register  1720 , which stores the greatest path metric calculated during the traversal of the trellis. The output  1716  is also presented as an input to a subtractor  1730 . The register  1720  provides a second input to the subtractor  1730 , the input being the greatest path metric calculated thus far during the traversal of the trellis. The subtractor compares the greatest path metric calculated during the traversal of the trellis with the maximum path metric  1715  and if the maximum path metric  1715 , which has just been calculated, is greater than the greatest path metric calculated during the traversal of the trellis, a load signal  1735  is enabled to the register  1720  so that the maximum path metric  1715  is loaded into the register  1720  to become the greatest path metric calculated during the traversal of the trellis. The register provides a further output, being a normalising output  1246 , which is fed to the normalising subtractors  1278  and to the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 . The normalising output  1246  is used to ensure that calculated path metric values remain within the dynamic range of the architecture.  
         [0152]    [0152]FIG. 15 shows a path metric memory  1280  of FIG. 4, in accordance with a preferred embodiment. A path metric reset  1230  and path metric read/write clock  1231  are presented to each of the memory units  1810   a  . . .  1810   h . The upper memory blocks  1810   a  . . .  1810   d  are clustered as B0, and receive an input ADDR0  1228   a . Conversely, the lower memory blocks  1810   e  . . .  1810   h  are clustered to form B1, and receive a corresponding input ADDRI  1228   b . The path metric store  1280  receives the forward trellis path metrics  1285 , which fan out and provide a path metric  1285   a  . . .  1285   h  to each of corresponding memory blocks  1810   a  . . .  1810   h , as shown in the diagram. The path metric store  1280  buffers the forward trellis path metrics  1285  for one trellis processing cycle and then produces outputs  1276   a  . . .  1276   h , which are aggregated and form the stored path metrics  1276 .  
         [0153]    [0153]FIG. 16 shows a Forward Address Processor  1290  of FIG. 4, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The Forward Address Processor  1290  provides facilities for delaying and ordering path metrics to produce a desired pattern of path metrics. The Forward Address Processor  1290  is also capable of acting transparently when the decoder  1200  is operating in reverse trellis mode such that input path metrics are presented as outputs without alteration. The upper path metric bus  1296  is broken into its component path metrics  1296   a  . . .  1296   d , which are presented, as indicated, to two multiplexers  2010   a  and  2010   b , each of the multiplexers receiving two input path metrics. The lower path metric bus  1295  is broken into its constituent path metrics  1295   a  . . .  1295   d  and presented, as indicated, to two multiplexers  2010   c  and  2010   d , each of the multiplexers receiving two input path metrics. The multiplexers  2010   a  . . .  2010   d  each receive a forward trellis select  1232 , which indicates which of the presented path metrics  1296   a  . . .  1296   d  and  1295   a  . . .  1295   d  is to be selected.  
         [0154]    Each of the multiplexers  2010   a  . . .  2010   d  feeds into a corresponding hold register  2015   a  . . .  2015   d . The hold registers  2015   a  . . .  2015   d  each receive an input, being forward trellis hold  1234 . The purpose of the multiplexers  2010   a  . . .  2010   d  and the hold registers  2015   a  . . .  2015   d  is to delay certain of the path metrics  1296   a  . . .  1296   d  and  1295   a  . . .  1295   d  by a clock cycle as part of the in-place path metric addressing.  
         [0155]    Each of the hold registers  2015   a  . . .  2015   d  produces an output which is presented to a bank of multiplexers  2020  as indicated. The other inputs to the bank of multiplexers  2020  are the constituent path metrics of the upper path metric bus  1296  and the lower path metric  1295 , also as shown. A path metric input multiplexer select  1238  is broadcast to the bank of multiplexers  2020 . The bank of multiplexers  2020  produces outputs to a second bank of multiplexers  2030 , whose other inputs are the constituent path metrics of upper path metric bus  1296  and lower path metric bus  1295 . A forward trellis transparent bit  1236  is provided to the second bank of multiplexers  2030  and is used to effect a transparent path when the decoder  1200  is operating in the reverse trellis mode. The bank of multiplexers  2030  produces path metrics  1285   a  . . .  1285   h , which are collated to form the forward trellis path metrics  1285 , being the output of the Forward Address Processor  1290 .  
         [0156]    [0156]FIG. 17 shows the Comparator  1247  of FIG. 4, when used in an eight row decoder configuration. The comparators  1247 ′ in each of the rows are interconnected via a bank of multiplexers  2110 . Each multiplexer  2110  presents a single input  1716  to a corresponding comparator  1247 ′ in its corresponding decoder row. Pairs of comparators  1247 ′ present their outputs  1715  as inputs to ACS node units  1420   a ″,  1420   b ″,  1420   c ″ and  1420   d ″, each of which spans two rows of the decoder. The outputs  1715  of the comparators  1247 ′ are also presented as recursive inputs to the bank of multiplexers  2110 . The ACS nodes units  1420   a ″,  1420   b ″,  1420   c ″ and  1420   d ″ are paired and present their outputs as inputs to further ACS nodes units  1430   a ″ and  1430   b ″. The outputs of the ACS node units  1420   a ″,  1420   b ″,  1420   c ″ and  1420   d ″ are also presented as recursive inputs to the bank of multiplexers  2110 . The ACS node units  1430   a ″ present their outputs to a final ACS node unit  1440 ″ and as recursive inputs to the bank of multiplexers  2110 . The output of the final ACS node unit  1440 ″ is presented as a final recursive input to the bank of multiplexers  2110 . Each multiplexer  2110  is presented with a select signal.  
         [0157]    [0157]FIG. 18 shows the configuration of the Input Symbol History  1298 , including an address controller, of FIG. 4. An Input Symbol History Address  1219  is presented as an input to a Window Decoder  2210 , which decodes the address to enable access to a first double buffered memory bank-0  2216  and a second double buffered memory bank-i  2218 . The Input Symbol History  1298  double buffers received input to ensure that a continuous data flow is maintained. Input Symbol History clock  1223  and Input Symbol History reset  1225  are presented to a counter  2212 , whose output  1297   a  is also presented to the double buffered memory bank-0  2216  and the double buffered memory bank-1  2218 . Input symbols  1299  are presented from a host processor to a demultiplexer  2214 . The demultiplexer  2214  produces an output  2224  to double buffered memory bank-0  2216  and the second output  2226  to a double buffered memory bank-1  2218 . The demultiplexer  2214  also receives as an input a read/write signal  1297   b . The read/write signal  1297   b  also feeds a first multiplexer  2220  and a second multiplexer  2222 . Each of the double buffered memory banks  2216  and  2218  is presented with a bank select signal  1211 , with the bank select signal  1211  being inverted at the interface to double buffered memory bank-1  2218 .  
         [0158]    Double buffered memory bank-0  2216  produces a first output  2228  to the multiplexer  2220  and a second output  2230  to a second multiplexer  2222 . Double buffered memory bank-1  2218  produces a corresponding first output  2232  which feeds multiplexer  2220  and a second output  2234  which is presented to the second multiplexer  2222 . The first multiplexer  2220  produces an output  1291   b  which is presented as an input to LogLikelihood processor-0  1250   b . The second multiplexer  2222  produces an output  1291   a  which is presented as an input to the butterfly processors  1260 .  
         [0159]    [0159]FIG. 18 also shows an exploded view of the double buffered memory bank-1  2218 . Incoming data  2226  is presented to a 1-to-n demultiplexer  2240 , which also receives a window select, being the output of the window decode  2210 . N outputs from the demultiplexer  2240  are presented to n corresponding windows W0 . . . Wn, each of which produces an output which is presented to a first m-to-1 multiplexer  2242  and a second m-to-1 multiplexer  2244 . Each of the m-to-1 multiplexers  2242 ,  2244  also receives a window select input signal. The first m-to-1 multiplexer  2242  produces the output  2232  which is used for the dummy beta calculations and is destined for the LogLikelihood ratio processor-0  1250   a . The second m-to-1 multiplexer  2244  produces the output  2234 , which is used for calculating alphas and betas in the branch metric units of the butterfly processors  1260 .  
         [0160]    [0160]FIG. 19 shows the LogLikelihood ratio processor  1297  of FIG. 4. The LogLikelihood ratio processor  1297  receives inputs  1245   a  and  1245   b , which are output from LogLikelihood processor-0  1250   a  and LogLikelihood processor-1  1250   b , respectively. The LogLikelihood ratio processor  1297  also receives as inputs the extrinsic information  1242 , the hard or soft output select  1213 , Spreading Input  1243 , the Traceback Process Output  1567  and Scramble Address Data  1286 .  
         [0161]    A subtractor  2310  receives the inputs  1245   a  and  1245   b , representing the likelihood of a “1” and a “0”, respectively, and produces an output  2315  which feeds a second subtractor  2320 . The output  2315  of the subtractor  2310  also feeds a first multiplexer  2330  and forms part of an output  1294 . The second input to the subtractor  2320  is the extrinsic information  1242 . The output  2325  of the subtractor  2320  is presented to a second multiplexer  2340 .  
         [0162]    The Traceback Process Output  1567  is presented as a second input to the first multiplexer  2330 . The hard or soft output select  1213  is presented as the select input of the multiplexer  2330  and the output of the multiplexer  2330  forms the zero bit of the decoded output  1294 . The output  2315  of the subtractor  2310  is combined with the least significant bit of the output of the multiplexer  2330  to form a multi-bit decoded output  1294 .  
         [0163]    The second multiplexer  2340  receives Scramble Address Data  1286  as its second input and Spreading Input  1243  as its select signal. The second multiplexer  2340  produces an output  1293 , which is fed from the LogLikelihood ratio processor  1297  to the Intermediate Decoding Result and Memory  1240 .  
         [0164]    The embodiment shown in FIG. 3 operates in a five-phase mode. As no loglikelihood processors are present, more path metric memory is required to store more alphas and betas in the computations performed by LogLikelihood Processors  1250   a  and  1250   b  in the embodiment of FIG. 4, which operates in a two-phase mode.  
         [0165]    Operation  
         [0166]    The first step in the operation of the decoder  1200  is to initialise the decoder such that the architecture embodies the required configuration of either convolutional decoding or turbo decoding. The variables available for manipulation include the number of columns needed for the trellis size in question, the number of states in the trellis, the mask for the appropriate number of bits to be used in the addressing of the columns in the path metric memory and the decision depth of the traceback process. The register which holds the winning path metric for the symbol being processed is initialised and sequential numbers are assigned to a register bank whose values are permuted between every symbol time to reflect the column address sequence required for each trellis operation.  
         [0167]    It is to be noted that the decoder  1200  can operate in either the forward or reverse trellis direction.  
         [0168]    In the case in which the trellis is being navigated in the forward direction, the Reverse Address Processor  1270  is configured to operate in transparent mode by setting the Reverse Trellis Transparent Bit  1226 . When navigating the trellis in the forward direction, the sequential numbers are rotated to the left after their first use.  
         [0169]    An iterative process begins by reading the path metrics from the column of the path metric store  1280  B0 and B1 corresponding to the number of the iteration. The sequential list of path metrics held in the first column of  1280  B0 and  1280  B1 are presented to the butterfly processors  1260 . The butterfly processors  1260  produce, via the bank of multiplexers  1250   c , new path metrics, which are no longer in sequential destination state order and are fed into the Forward Address Processor  1290 . The Forward Address Processor  1290  essentially performs a sort operation on each column of new path metrics with the resultant effect being that the columns in the path metrics memory  1280  B0 and B1 represent a set of sequential states when reading down the column. During each column operation, as shown in FIGS.  7 A-E, half of the eight new path metrics are written directly into the path metric store  1280 , whilst the remaining new path metrics are written into the hold registers  2015   a .  2015   d  within the Forward Address Processor  1290 . This alternates between each group of path metrics.  
         [0170]    The navigation through the forward trellis requires a number of column iterations, being one more than the number of columns needed for the particular trellis in question. If the number of iteration is even, path metrics from buses  1296 A, C, E, G are written into the column of path metric store  1280  B0 corresponding to the number of the iteration. Path metrics from the buses  1296 B, D, F, H are contemporaneously written into the hold registers  2015   a  . . .  2015   d  of the Forward Address Processor  1290 .  
         [0171]    If, however, it is an odd iteration, the path metrics from buses  1296 A, C, E, G are written into the hold registers  2015   a  . . .  2015   d  of the Forward Address Processor  1290  and path metrics from buses  1296 B, D, F, H are written into the column of the path metric store  1280  corresponding to the number of the iteration.  
         [0172]    During the column operations, the decision bits  1255  generated by the ACS units of the butterfly processor  1260  are grouped into a byte and written into the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 . The next iteration in the process begins by reading the column address from the path metric store  1280  B0 and B1 corresponding to the number of the next iteration. The iterative process continues until the number of column iterations corresponds to one more than the number of columns required for the trellis being calculated.  
         [0173]    A further write operation is required at the end of the iterative process to transfer the four new path metrics in the hold register of the Forward Address Processor  1290 . The four new path metrics are written into the final column of path metric store memory  1280  B1. The final result is that the new path metrics have been written into path metric store  1280  B0 and B1, albeit in a different column order. However, it is to be noted that the order within each column has not changed.  
         [0174]    When the trellis is being navigated in the reverse direction, the sequential numbers are rotated to the right and then used for the first time. A group of four path metrics are fetched from the first column of path metrics  1280  B0 and are placed in the holding registers within the Reverse Address Processor  1270 . The Forward Address Processor  1290  is configured to operate in a transparent mode by setting the forward trellis transparent bit  1236 . The corresponding reverse trellis transparent bit  1226  is set such that Reverse Address Processor  1270  is enabled. The navigation through the reverse trellis is described in FIGS.  8 A- 8 F.  
         [0175]    Navigating the trellis in the reverse direction requires a number of iterations corresponding to one more than the number of columns required for the particular trellis. When navigating the trellis in the reverse direction, the in-place path metric system always presents a scrambled list of path metrics through the Reverse Address Processor  1270  to produce a non-sequential list of path metrics to the butterfly processors  1260 . The resultant trellis state ordering produced by the butterfly processors  1260  is trellis state sequential.  
         [0176]    In the event that an even iteration is being undertaken, the column in the path metrics store  1280  B0 corresponding to the number of iterations plus one is read and passed through the multiplexers  1278   a , normalising processors  1278  and the Reverse Address Processor  1270  to the butterfly processors  1260 . The path metrics currently held in the Reverse Address Processor  1270  are also read into the butterfly processor  1260 . The column in path metric store  1280  equivalent to the number of the iteration is read and written into the hold register of the Reverse Address Processor  1270 .  
         [0177]    In the case that the number of the iteration is odd, the column of path metric store  1280  B1 corresponding to the number of the iteration plus one is read and passed through the multiplexers  1278   a  and normalising processors  1278  to the Reverse Address Processor  1270  and then to the butterfly processor  1260 . The path metrics held in the Reverse Address Processor  1270  are also presented as inputs to the butterfly processor  1260 . The column of path metrics store  1280  B0 corresponding to the number of the iteration is read and written into the hold register of the Reverse Address Processor  1270 .  
         [0178]    At this point of the navigation of the reverse trellis, the sequential list of path metrics held in the first column of path metric stores  1280  B0 and B1 is presented to the Reverse Address Processor  1270 . The Reverse Address Processor  1270  performs a sort operation on each column of new path metrics to the effect that the resultant columns presented to the butterfly processor  1260  are no longer in sequential destination state order. The butterfly processor  1260  produces eight new path metrics, which are presented, via a bank of multiplexers  1250   c , to the Forward Address Processor  1290 . The Forward Address Processor  1290  is in transparent mode , so the trellis-state sequential list of path metrics produced by the butterfly processors  1260 , via the bank of multiplexers  1250   c , is written back into the path metric stores  1280  B0 and B1. The path metrics stores  1280  B0 and B1 represent a set of sequential states when reading down the column.  
         [0179]    During the column operations, the decision bits  1255  generated by the ACS units of the butterfly processors  1260  are grouped into a byte and presented to the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240 . The next iteration commences by reading the appropriate column of path metrics from path metric stores  1280  B0 and B1.  
         [0180]    At the conclusion of the iterative process, the new path metrics are back in path metrics store  1280  B0 and B1, albeit in a different column order. It is to be noted that the ordering within each column has not changed.  
         [0181]    The traceback processor  1510  within the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  knows the trellis processing direction and the bit location of the decision bit as it performs the well known pointer based traceback operation. The decision bit is extracted from one byte and is used to generate the next pointer into the traceback memory  1530 . Traceback terminates when a predefined traceback depth has been achieved. The traceback depth is typically between five and nine times the constraint length of the code.  
         [0182]    When the decoder  1200  is being used for turbo decoding, the processing is broken into two distinct phases: dummy-beta/alpha processing and beta/LLR processing. When either the forward trellis or the reverse trellis operation is mentioned the above processing occurs, but only for the degenerate case of when the number of trellis states matches the number of ACS units ACS0 . . . ACS7 in a multiple (power of 2) of the ACS unit size of the butterfly processors  1260 . The LogLikelihood processor-0  1250   a  and the ACS units within the butterfly processor  1260  are each equipped with registers to allow the respective ACS units to accumulate results needed for alpha and beta calculations.  
         [0183]    The calculation of dummy-betas and alphas occur in parallel. The LogLikelihood processor-0  1250   a  performs a dummy beta calculation using the leaf ACS units at its disposal. This calculation requires access to the input symbol history buffer and the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor interleaver memory, each of which is a windowed memory system. The input symbol history buffer is organised into banks  2216  and  2218  of the size of a processing window. The LogLikelihood processor-0  1250   a  accumulates dummy betas by processing at time t the window to be processed at time t+1. The LogLikelihood processor-0  1250   a  does not need to access the path metric stores  1280 , which is why the LogLikelihood ratio processor-0  1250   a  can operate in parallel to the ACS units contained within the Butterfly processors  1260 .  
         [0184]    The LogLikelihood ratio processor-0  1250   a  performs normalisation on the dummy beta values by using the adders in the ACS tree to determine the maximum beta calculated. This value is then subtracted from the inputs to the leaf ACS units of the LogLikelihood ratio processor-0  1250   a  before they are used.  
         [0185]    The butterfly processors  1260  perform alpha computations, accumulating alpha values in the registers contained within constituent ACS units. The butterfly processors  1260  perform the forward trellis operation and normalisation as is usual during the forward trellis navigation.  
         [0186]    The dummy betas calculated by the LogLikelihood ratio processor-0  1250   a  are presented to the butterfly processors  1260  at the start of the beta calculation phase.  
         [0187]    During calculation of the betas, both LogLikelihood processors  1250   a  and  1250   b  are used in conjunction with the butterfly processors  1260 . Each of the LogLikelihood processors  1250   a ,  1250   b  accepts alphas from the path metric store  1280 , betas resulting from the previous clock cycle and extrinsic information  1242  produced from the Intermediate Decoding Memory and Processor  1240  to create a LogLikelihood result for a “1” and “0”, respectively. The LogLikelihood calculations can span multiple rows since they are determining the maximum result over all the states.  
         [0188]    Beta computations work in the reverse direction through the input symbol history window, compared to the alphas, and use gammas used in the alpha calculations. The beta computations use the same trellis branch metric assignments that were used for the alpha calculations.  
         [0189]    When the whole block of input history has been processed and the resultant outputs have been fed into the interleaver  1520 , the process is able to commence for the second half of the turbo decoder operation. The interleaver operation during first decoder operation is read sequentially and written sequentially. During second decoder operation, the interleaver is read from and written to, albeit using the random address sequence as determined by the scrambler address output. During second decoder operation, the read and write addresses are the same. The interleaver operation after the first decoder writes in sequentially and reads out randomly, as per the predefined spreading sequence which is used to give the first and second decoders their statistical independence. The interleaver operation for the second decoder writes randomly, as per the spreading sequence, and reads sequentially.  
         [0190]    It is to be noted that because the encoders used for turbo encoding do not have to be the same, the decoding rates and constraints of the second decoder need not necessarily be the same as those for the first decoder. This may require that the configuration of the turbo decoder be changed between block processing operations. If this is the case, it is easily dealt with by manipulating the contents of the configuration registers.  
         [0191]    Each block of input symbol history requires several complete turbo iterations in order to be decoded to within an acceptable bit error rate. The number of iterations required is configurable to ensure that the required bit error rate is achieved.  
         [0192]    A benefit of the architecture in question is that it only requires two phases to complete one turbo decode iteration. This provides flexibility in the use of the architecture and allows the number of decoder rows used to be traded for the number of iterations required. For example, a turbo decoder that does four iterations may be implemented using two decoder rows requiring two iteration times.  
         [0193]    LogMAP computation is performed using a sliding window algorithm. The sliding window algorithm is implemented in 2 phases. In a single decoder this results in increased latency: 2 passes over each window as shown in the configuration (with only a single decoder being used) in FIG. 20A. The first pass computes the dummy beta values and the forward alpha values in parallel and stores the forward alpha values in the alpha memory (NOTE: this memory is the same memory as used in the Viterbi algorithm for path metric storage). The second pass reads the alpha values and computes the beta values according to the LogMAP algorithm and outputs LogLikelihood ratios (LLR).  
         [0194]    When multiple decoders are used, the computation of the two phases can be overlapped and the decoder can process a single block with reduced latency. Multiple decoders can operate separately on different data streams or they can co-operate to increase the decoding speed of a single stream, as shown in the configuration of FIG. 20B. The implementation shown in FIG. 3 can process 4 independent streams or 2 streams with increased speed (and reduced latency) or 1 stream with further increased speed (and minimal latency).  
         [0195]    Table 1 demonstrates the flexibility of the unified decoder to support multiple encoded streams simultaneously. For example, a decoder with 4 decoder rows can process up to 4 data streams at the same time. Furthermore, the decoder rows can operate together to decode fewer streams at higher throughput. This is useful for minimizing the latency of voice decoding. Table 1 demonstrates the flexibility of this approach and the appropriate decoding speed-up obtained in each case. (Again—this list is by no-means complete—more decoder rows can be connected together to achieve even greater flexibility.)  
                             TABLE 1                           Example decoding configurations of multi-bank       interconnected decoders.                    Decoding Speed-Up               (over convolutional/       Scenario   Decoder Configuration   turbo on 1 decoder)               1 convolutional   4 decoders per stream   4X (conv)       2 convolutional   2 decoders per stream   2X (conv), 2X (conv)       3 convolutional   1 decoder for   1X (conv), 1X (conv),           2 streams, 2 decoders for   2X (conv)           1 stream       4 convolutional   1 decoder per stream   1X, 1X, 1X, 1X       1 turbo   2 decoders per stream   2X (turbo)       2 turbo   1 decoder per stream   1X, 1X       4 turbo   1 decoder per stream   1X, 1X, 1X, 1X       1 convolutional &amp;   1 decoder conv,   1X (conv), 2X (turbo)       1 turbo   2 decoders turbo                  
 
         [0196]    To demonstrate how 2 or 4 decoders can co-operate to decode fewer data streams at a higher speed, FIG. 21 shows the interconnections between two decoders. The boxes marked “M” are multiplexers that enable some of the path metrics from adjacent decoders to be swapped before writing to the path metric memories. In this manner, the decoders can operate as a single decoder. Furthermore, FIG. 22 shows how  4  decoders can be interconnected to function as either a single decoder, two separate decoders, or  4  separate decoders.  
         [0197]    To demonstrate the multi-standard nature of the unified decoder, the decoder can support any combination of the standards shown in Table 2. (This list is by no means complete—but is included to demonstrate the flexible (and therefore useful) nature of this unified decoder).  
                             TABLE 2                           Example of standards supported by unified decoder.            Standard   Code Rate   Constraint Length               GSM - full-rate voice   ½   5       GSM - half-rate voice   ⅓   7       GSM - data full-rate (9.6 Kbps)   ½   5       GSM - data full rate (4.8 Kbps)   ⅓   5       GSM - data full rate (2.4 Kbps)   ⅙   5       GPRS - CS-1   ½   5       EDGE - MCS (1-9)   ⅓   7       GSM-AMR TCH/AFS6.7   ¼   7       GSM-AMR TCH/AFS5.15   ⅕   7       UMTS Voice (slotted)   ½   9       UMTS Voice (normal)   ⅓   9       UMTS Data (Turbo)   ½   4       UMTS Data (Turbo)   ⅓   4       CDMA 2000 Voice   ½   9       CDMA 2000 Voice   ¼   9       CDMA 2000 Data (Turbo)   ¼   4                  
 
         [0198]    The unified decoder  900  implements the decoding required for convolutional encoded and turbo encoded data streams and can support multiple data streams and multiple voice streams simultaneously. When decoding Turbo-encoded data streams, this decoder implements an iterative Turbo decoder using either the MAX-LOG MAP or the LOG-MAP soft-output MAP algorithms. The decoder maximizes the re-use of its components to enable the efficient implementation of both convolutional and turbo decoding systems.  
         [0199]    The decoder can be dynamically partitioned, as required, to decode voice streams for different standards. The decoder can process streams with different coding rates (rate {fraction (1/2)}, rate {fraction (1/3)}, rate {fraction (1/4)}, etc.). It can also process streams encoded with different constraint lengths. As such, the unified decoder architecture is capable of supporting each of the mobile wireless standards currently defined: first, second and third generation for both voice and data.  
         [0200]    The unified decoder architecture of the preferred embodiment encapsulates the functionality of non-systematic (feed forward) encoders and systematic encoders (feed backward) in a single architecture. FIG. 23A shows mixing of polynomials  3240  and state bits  3250  to produce a single code bit  3225 _ 0  of a code word  3225 . Polynomials  3240  are presented to corresponding AND gates  3260 , which also receive states  3250  as inputs. Each of the AND gates  3260  produces an output to a corresponding XOR gate  3270 . Each XOR gate  3270  also receives a TRANSITION INPUT  3280  and produces an output  3225 _ 0  of the M-bit non-systematic encoder  3230 .  
         [0201]    [0201]FIG. 23B shows a whole encoder  3200  for a code word  3225 . Polynomials  3240  are presented to corresponding M-bit non-systematic encoders  3230 . An input bit  3220  is presented to an XOR gate  3275 . A RSC_ENABLE signal is presented to an AND gate  3280 , the output of which is the second input of the XOR gate  3275 . The AND gate  3280  also receives as an input the output of the encoders  3230 . The XOR gate  3275  presents an output to an M-bit shift register  3210  and to each of the encoders  3230 . The M-Bit Shift Register  3210  also receives a clock signal  3285  and a reset signal  3290  and holds a state of the encoder  3200  at a time T. The state value is used in conjunction with each particular polynomial  3240  (as specified by a particular code) to produce a non-systematic code bit. The output  3250  of the register  3210  is broadcast to each of the encoders  3230 . The outputs  3225 _ 0  . . .  3225 _R of the encoder  3230  are collated to form the CODE_WORD  3225 .  
         [0202]    By enabling the RSC_ENABLE  3215 , the encoder  3200  becomes a recursive, systematic (RS) encoder. In a recursive, systematic code, the input bit  3220  forms the systematic bit of a code word  3225 . The generated bits of each M-Bit Encoder  3230  form the remainder of the RS code word  3225 .  
         [0203]    In the case of a non-systematic encoder the CODE_WORD  3225  would contain R bits (where R=the rate of the code). When the RSC_ENABLE  3215  is active, the CODE_WORD  3225  is typically 1-bit wide. The output CODE_WORD  3225  (in this case 1-bit wide) and the INPUT_BIT  3220  form the RS code word.  
         [0204]    It is apparent from the above that the embodiment(s) of the invention are applicable to the decoding of multiple wireless transmission standards using a unified, scalable architecture.  
         [0205]    The foregoing describes only one embodiment/some embodiments of the present invention, and modifications and/or changes can be made thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, the embodiment(s) being illustrative and not restrictive.