Abstract:
Biosensor apparatus and associated method for detecting a target material using a vibrating resonator having a surface that operably interacts with the target material. A detector is in electrical communication with a sensor, the sensor comprising a first paddle assembly connected to a second paddle assembly, the first paddle assembly having at least one microbalance sensing resonator proximate a proximal end and at least one sensing electrical contact proximate a distal end in electrical communication with the sensing resonator. The at least one sensing resonator has a target coating for operably interacting with the target material, and the second paddle assembly has a microbalance reference resonator proximate the proximal end and at least one reference electrical contact proximate the distal end in electrical communication with the reference resonator.

Description:
PRIOR APPLICATION 
     This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/355,409 filed Jun. 16, 2010, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to sensors, and more specifically to a sensor for diagnostic measuring or testing based on vibrating resonators that measure and compare a shift in resonance characteristics as it interacts with certain detected materials. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There are a variety of sensors within the art for diagnostic testing of materials related to human health, veterinary medical, environmental, biohazard, bioterrorism, agricultural commodity and food safety. The means for diagnostic testing and analysis of chemical and/or biological materials at the point of need remains limited. Diagnostic testing traditionally requires long response times to obtain meaningful data, involves expensive remote or cumbersome laboratory equipment that costs thousands of dollars located in a centralized laboratory, requires large sample sizes, utilizes multiple reagents, demands highly trained users, may require numerous steps, and/or involves significant direct and indirect costs. For instance, in both the veterinary and human diagnostic markets, most tests require that a specimen be collected from the patient and sent to the laboratory, but the results are not available for several hours or days later. As a result, the patient may leave the caregiver&#39;s office without confirmation of the diagnosis and the opportunity to begin immediate treatment. 
     Other problems related to portable devices include diagnostic results that are limited in sensitivity and reproducibility compared to in-laboratory testing. Fast response times are desirable and often critical to the identification of chemical and/or biological materials, such as in providing timely medical attention or in averting the spread or exposure of public health threats. Direct costs relate to the labor, procedures, and equipment required for each type of analysis. Indirect costs partially accrue from the delay time before actionable information can be obtained, e.g., in medical analyses or in the monitoring of chemical processes. Many experts believe that the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment enabled by an effective point of need diagnostic testing system would yield clinical, economic and social benefits. For instance, clinical benefits include faster turnaround of results, reduced time to treatment, reduced disease severity and improved mortality/morbidity. Economic benefits included reduced length of stay, improved utilization, more efficient care delivery and fewer admissions. Social benefits include improved access to healthcare/therapy, higher patient satisfaction and reduced absenteeism. 
     Various technologies have been utilized to develop sensors to detect and analyze chemical and/or biological materials, but fail to address issues related to traditional detection and analysis systems. For example, some detection systems determine the presence of substances based on electrochemical reactions. Such electrochemical sensors, however, usually have complex sensor arrangements that require substance-recognizing agents, are expensive, are often difficult to miniaturize due to low current densities resulting from smaller sensor structural shapes, and the rate and efficiency of the electrochemical sensor response time may be undesirable as they are controlled by the chemical reactions. Other detection systems are known from chemical laboratory practice, such as the various types of chromatography and spectral analysis. The laboratory systems, however, often do not meet the demands for ruggedness, stability, transportability, and low maintenance and energy consumption required for diagnostic testing outside the laboratory. Bench-top instruments are also often very expensive and require a centralized laboratory to which samples must be sent for testing. 
     Resonators based on piezoelectric properties of materials have also been used in detecting very small quantities of materials. Piezoelectric resonators used as sensors in such applications are sometimes called “micro-balances.” A piezoelectric resonator is typically constructed as a thin planar layer of crystalline piezoelectric material sandwiched between two electrode layers. When used as a sensor, the resonator is exposed to the material being detected to allow the material to bind on a surface of the resonator. 
     A conventional way of detecting the amount of the material bound on the surface of a sensing resonator is to operate the resonator as an oscillator at its resonant frequency, as described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,953 entitled “Method and System for Detecting Material Using Piezoelectric Resonators,” which is incorporated by reference herein. As the material being detected binds on the resonator surface, the oscillation frequency of the resonator is reduced. The change in the oscillation frequency of the resonator, caused by the binding of the material on the resonator surface, is measured and used to calculate the amount of the material bound on the resonator or the rate at which the material accumulates on the resonator surface. 
     The sensitivity of a piezoelectric resonator as a material sensor is typically proportional to its resonance frequency. Thus, the sensitivities of material sensors based on the popular quartz crystal resonators are limited by their relatively low oscillating frequencies, which typically range from several MHz to about 100 MHz. The development of thin-film resonator (TFR) technology has produced sensors with significantly improved sensitivities. A thin-film resonator is formed by depositing a thin film of piezoelectric material, such as AlN or ZnO, on a substrate. Due to the small thickness of the piezoelectric layer in a thin-film resonator, which is on the order of several microns (μm), the resonant frequency of the thin-film resonator is on the order of 1 GHz or higher. The high resonant frequencies and the corresponding high sensitivities make thin-film resonators useful for material sensing applications. 
     A significant disadvantage of the conventional approach is the difficulty in separating the real intended material binding signal from spurious environmental effects. During material detection, a sensing resonator is often exposed to different environmental conditions that also tend to alter the resonance properties of the resonator. It is often difficult to isolate the resonance changes caused by the material detected from the resonance changes caused by various environmental conditions without incorporating large, expensive means for environmental isolation. 
     What is still needed is a simple sensor and resonance shift detection system that is portable for point of need diagnostic testing of chemical and/or biological materials, which not only is simple to use with little or no training, but provides rapid turn-around of reproducibly consistent results at acceptable sensitivity levels, capable of embodiments that can be scaled for manufacturing level utilization, low cost, and capable of transmitting results anywhere to caregivers and patient information systems. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention meet the need for a simple, effective, cost-efficient, reliable, repeatable, sensor for resonance shift detection of chemical and/or biological materials. These sample materials are generally in the form of a fluid including, for instance, liquids, gasses, granular suspensions, gels, and the like. Resonance shift detection, in various embodiments, can be based on phase shift or frequency shift. In some embodiments of the invention, the resonance shift detection system includes a portable hand-held resonance-shift detector and a sensor connected by an interconnector, that can be used for point of need diagnostic testing in the field. In other embodiments of the invention, the resonance shift detection system includes a laboratory bench resonance shift detector and a sensor connected by an interconnector. In still other embodiments, the resonance shift detector and sensor are directly connected without an interconnector. 
     One aspect of the invention is directed to a sensor for a biosensor instrument comprising a first paddle assembly and a second paddle assembly. The first paddle assembly includes a first substrate having a proximal end, a distal end, a front surface and a back surface, a microbalance sensing resonator assembly attached to the front surface of the first substrate proximate the proximal end, and at least one sensing electrical contact proximate the distal end in electrical communication with the sensing resonator assembly. The second paddle assembly is connected to the first paddle assembly, and includes a second substrate having a proximal end, a distal end, a front surface and a back surface, a microbalance reference resonator assembly attached to the front surface of the second substrate proximate the proximal end, and at least one reference electrical contact proximate the distal end in electrical communication with the reference resonator assembly. The first and second paddle assemblies are connected such that the sensing and reference resonator assemblies are on a proximal end of the sensor. The sensing resonator assembly comprises at least one sensing resonator coated with a testing material that operably interacts with a target material, such as by binding with the target material. 
     According to another aspect, an apparatus for detecting a target material includes a sensor having a proximate end and a distal end, the sensor comprising a first paddle assembly connected to a second paddle assembly, the first paddle assembly having at least one sensing resonator proximate the proximal end and at least one sensing electrical contact proximate the distal end in electrical communication with the sensing resonator, the second paddle assembly having a reference resonator proximate the proximal end and at least one reference electrical contact proximate the distal end in electrical communication with the reference resonator, wherein the at least one sensing resonator has a target coating for operably interacting with the target material, such as by binding to the target material. The apparatus further includes a detector in electrical communication with the sensor. 
     A method of detecting a target material according to another aspect of the invention includes providing an apparatus for detecting the target material, the apparatus comprising a detector in electrical communication with a sensor, the sensor comprising a first paddle assembly connected to a second paddle assembly, the first paddle assembly having at least one sensing resonator proximate a proximal end and at least one sensing electrical contact proximate a distal end in electrical communication with the sensing resonator, the at least one sensing resonator having a target coating for operably interacting with the target material, and the second paddle assembly having a reference resonator proximate the proximal end and at least one reference electrical contact proximate the distal end in electrical communication with the reference resonator. The method further includes contacting the sensing resonator and the reference resonator with a test sample. 
     The above summary of the various representative embodiments of the present invention is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the invention. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the invention. The figures in the detailed description that follows more particularly exemplify these embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a functional block diagram of a hand-held resonance shift detector system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1B  is a functional block diagram of the hand-held resonance shift detector system of  FIG. 1A  with the sensor detached from the interconnector according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 1C  is a functional block diagram of the hand-held resonance shift detector system of  FIG. 1A  with the sensor detached from the interconnector and the interconnector detached from the instrument. 
         FIG. 1D  is a functional block diagram of another hand-held resonance shift detector system of the present invention in which the resonance shift detector system and sensor are directly connected to each other with a connector mounted on the instrument board and without an interconnector according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of a laboratory bench resonance shift detector system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3A  is a schematic view of the resonance shift detector system according to one embodiment of the present invention with the interconnector located outside the instrument. 
         FIG. 3B  is a schematic view diagram illustrating the resonance shift detector system of one embodiment with the interconnector located inside the instrument. 
         FIG. 4A  is an illustration of a sensor having a back-to-back paddle configuration according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 4B  is another illustration of the other side of the sensor of  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 5  is a side perspective view illustration of the sensor in  FIGS. 4A-4B  further illustrating the back-to-back paddle configuration embodiment. 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic top view of the front side of a printed circuit board from which the back-to-back paddle configuration embodiment is constructed according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic top view of the back side of the printed circuit board in  FIG. 6A . 
         FIG. 6C  is a schematic view of the various layers of the printed circuit board in  FIGS. 6A-6B . 
         FIG. 7A  is a schematic top view of a resonator assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7B  is a schematic of a cross sectional view of the resonator assembly of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 8A  is a perspective schematic of a sensor assembly within a sensor housing assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8B  is an exploded perspective schematic of the sensor assembly within the sensor housing assembly of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8C  is a perspective schematic of the sensor assembly within the sensor housing assembly of  FIG. 8A  with a top portion of the sensor housing assembly removed. 
         FIG. 8D  is another perspective schematic of the sensor assembly within the sensor housing assembly of  FIG. 8A  with the top portion of the sensor housing assembly removed. 
         FIG. 9A  is a side perspective schematic of a sensor assembly within a sensor housing assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9B  is a top perspective schematic of the sensor assembly within the sensor housing assembly of  FIG. 9A . 
         FIG. 10A  is a side perspective schematic of a sensor assembly within a sensor housing assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10B  is a top perspective schematic of the sensor assembly within the sensor housing assembly of  FIG. 10A . 
         FIGS. 11A-11M  illustrate a process for the manufacture of the sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12A  is a schematic of another embodiment of a sensor configuration of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12B  is a schematic of the sensor configuration of  FIG. 12A  within a sensor housing assembly of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are described in detail herein specific preferred embodiments of the invention. This description is an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated. 
     In some embodiments, sensors for resonance shift detection of chemical and/or biological materials include two printed circuit boards (“PCB”), each with a single resonator die thereon, configured back-to-back such that the sensor has one sensing resonator and one reference resonator disposed on separate substrates. In the back-to-back PCB configuration, the backsides of two substantially identical configured PCBs are secured together such that the electrical contact section of each PCB is on one end of the sensor and each resonator on each PCB is on the other end of the sensor. The back-to-back PCB configuration provides a close proximity of the two resonators, which likely have closely matched resonant frequencies and phase responses. The close proximity ensures that the two resonators are subjected to substantially identical environmental conditions during a material sensing operation. The sensor effectively allows accurate phase shift or resonant frequency shift measurements and cancellation of environmental effects during material sensing operations. In some embodiments, the resonators on the PCB are off-center such that the back-to-back PCB configuration contains offset resonators with sufficient distance there between to reduce cross talk between the two resonators and not affect the flow of the sample liquid. 
     In some embodiments, the sensors for resonance shift detection include back-to-back PCB configurations utilizing two substantially different PCBs. In one aspect of the present invention, the resonator on one PCB is off-center while the resonator on the other PCB is centered. In this configuration, the reference and sensing resonators may still have sufficient distance there between to reduce cross talk between the two resonators. In another aspect of the present invention, the resonators on the two PCBs are such that the back-to-back PCB configuration results in the reference and sensing resonators being directly opposed. Cross talk between the resonators may be reduced or eliminated by the resonators being sufficiently separated or other means for cross talk elimination. 
     In some embodiments, the sensing resonator is coated with a different material than the reference resonator depending upon the material to be detected. By merely changing the coating on the resonators, the resonance shift detection system allows universal use for various diagnostic testing of chemical and/or biological materials without changing any of the other system structural components. 
     Sensors for resonance shift detection of chemical and/or biological materials effectively allow fast response times for the detection of the respective chemical and/or biological material, in the field detection capabilities, small sample sizes, minimally trained individuals, low direct and indirect costs, and electronically transmittable data. 
     In accordance with these and other aspects of the present invention, there is provided a sensor with a back-to-back paddle configuration, wherein each paddle includes a printed circuit board and at least one sensing resonator assembly and at least one reference resonator assembly, and at least a portion of the sensor within a sensor housing assembly, wherein the sensor housing assembly includes a sample channel for the introduction of the liquid sample to the at least one sensing resonator and at least one reference resonator. 
     In some embodiments, the resonance shift detection system includes a reusable handheld battery or solar-powered electronic instrument, and an easily mounted disposable sensor that may be contained within a sensor housing assembly. The sensor has a biological coating that specifically binds with the desired target molecule and provides the mechanism of detection and quantification. A specimen (whole blood, urine, saliva, or any other liquid) is drawn into the single-use sensor within the sensor housing assembly. Signals returned from the sensor (i.e. a change in phase or resonant frequency of the RF wave) indicate if the target is present, and if present, its concentration. For each analysis, a new sensor is attached to the instrument. 
     In some embodiments, the resonance shift detection system utilizes radio frequency resonators operating in shear wave mode. As these resonators operate they generate radio frequency waves that propagate into the liquid layer above the resonator. Changes in the viscosity of this liquid layer result in changes in the resonant characteristics of the resonator. The resonator surface is coated with a detection molecule such as a target specific antibody. As the sensor is exposed to a sample, binding of the target to the antibody causes a change in the resonance characteristics of the resonator. The rate of this change can then be used to give either a qualitative (yes/no) to identify presence, and a quantitative result (mg/dL) to determine concentration. 
     In some embodiments, each sensor has two resonators—a test (sensing) and a reference resonator. The reference resonator serves as an internal control and accounts for resonance changes resulting from non-specific binding, noise, or other changes in environmental conditions. The sensors are very small, thus enabling several resonators to be mounted on a single disposable sensor for testing several infectious agents or multiple pathogens at the same time on a single specimen such as multiple viral infections, several bio-warfare agents, several food or environmental contaminants, or the precise identification of an influenza virus&#39; subtype. 
     In some embodiments, the rate of the resonance change varies with the concentration of the target. The rate of change of resonant frequency or phase angle for the most concentrated sample occurs faster than the lowest concentrated sample. 
     In some embodiments, the resonance shift detection system provides the user with a simple diagnostic testing platform that is inexpensive enough for worldwide deployment and provides several features and advantages over existing diagnostic testing systems, including, at least: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Existing Systems 
                 Present Invention 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Results 
                 10 to 30 minutes 
                 60 seconds or less 
               
               
                 Instrument Cost 
                 $2,000-$5,000 
                 $150-$250 
               
               
                 Size and portability 
                 Large, not field 
                 Size of cell phone,  
               
               
                   
                 portable 
                 portable 
               
               
                 Number of Steps 
                 Multiple, many manual 
                 One, automated 
               
               
                 Sensitivity 
                 Insensitive lateral flow 
                 Highly sensitive sensor 
               
               
                 Requires reagents/supplies 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Complexity 
                 Complex 
                 Simple 
               
               
                 Requires skilled operator  
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Environment 
                 Lab/Institutional Setting  
                 Any Environment 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The resonance shift detection system is ideal for detecting pathogens, proteins and bio-molecules in whole blood, urine, saliva, water, and other liquids and may be an effective tool for screening and diagnosing infections such as, for example, HIV, Smallpox, SARS, influenza (including swine flu or H1N1), and any other molecular biomarkers. The resonance shift detection system may make emerging proteomic diagnostics (measuring many biomarkers simultaneously to diagnose, monitor disease processes and therapy effectiveness over time) widely available and easy to use, providing an affordable means for measuring biomarkers for the early detection of various forms of cancer, heart disease or stroke, the discovery of metabolic diseases, the monitoring of tissue and organ health during recovery and rehabilitation, and for the examination of treatment effectiveness and compliance in chronic diseases, as well as a host of other applications. 
     Referring now to the figures, the components of the resonance shift detector system of the present invention are illustrated. In some embodiments, the resonance shift detector system can be relatively small in size to be portable such that it can be utilized in the field for specific diagnostic testing applications. In some other embodiments, the resonance shift detector system can be configured for diagnostic testing in a laboratory setting. As shown in  FIGS. 1A-1C , the resonance shift detector system  10  is illustrated in a hand-held or portable configuration that includes an instrument  20   a  capable of being interfaced with a sensor  30  by an interconnector  60 , which can be used for point of need diagnostic testing in the field. As shown in  FIG. 1D , the resonance shift detector system  10  is illustrated in a hand-held or portable configuration that includes an instrument  20   a  with a sensor connector  66  that is capable of directly electrically interfacing with sensor  30 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the resonance shift detector system  10  is illustrated in a laboratory-bench or more permanent configuration that includes an instrument  20   b , such as a Network Analyzer, capable of being interfaced with a sensor  30  by an interconnector  60 . The sensor  30  mounted on an interconnector  60  and coupled to a laboratory-bench instrument  20   b , such as a Network Analyzer, allows diagnostic testing in a laboratory setting, quality control testing of a batch of sensors during production, and/or the development of coatings on the sensor  30  for target material diagnostic testing. 
     The instrument  20 , including, but not limited to hand-held instrument  20   a  and laboratory-bench instrument  20   b , may have means for connection to the internet or otherwise transferring information, such as one or more USB ports, wireless connection, or the like. 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  also show the instrument  20 , whether a hand-held instrument  20   a  or a laboratory-bench instrument  20   b , capable of being interfaced to the sensor  30  by the interconnector  60 . The sensor  30  has a one-port sensing resonator  44  and a one-port reference resonator  54 . A one-port resonator has an electrode that is used for both signal input and output. The other electrode of the one-port resonator is typically grounded. The hand-held instrument  20  generally includes a signal source  21  that provides an input signal of a frequency which is within the overlapping portion of the resonant bands of the resonators and in some aspects is set equal to the average of the resonance frequencies of the two resonators. The input electrical signal provided by the signal source  21  is split by a power divider  22  and the split signals are coupled through couplers  23 ,  24  to the respective sensing and reference resonators  44 ,  54 . In this example embodiment, the phase angle of each resonator is the resonant characteristic that is being monitored. The output signals of the resonators are directed to the phase detector  25  by the respective couplers  23 ,  24  as sensor and reference signals. Both the input electrical signals and the output signals of the resonators pass through the interconnector  60  between the couplers  23 ,  24  and the respective sensing and reference resonators  44 ,  54 . The phase detector  25  processes the sensor and references signals to produce an output signal indicative of a phase difference between the sensor and reference signals, which is caused mainly by the binding of the material being detected on the surface of the sensing resonator  44 . In some embodiments, a separate signal source  21  can provide an input signal of a frequency for each of the respective resonators, which would eliminate the use of a power provider  22 . 
     In one example embodiment, sensing and reference resonators  44 ,  54  are resonator assemblies that each include a piezoelectric crystal that is about 150-300 microns wide, and are formed on a silicon substrate, which is about 0.5×1 mm in size. The silicon substrate is mountable on a printed circuit board using solder bumps on a surface opposite the surface on which the sensing and reference resonators are formed (e.g., a “flip-chip” configuration). 
     The phase detector  25  in the illustrated embodiment includes a double-balanced mixer  26  (or a mathematic multiplier) which receives the sensor and reference signals. The output of the mixer  26  is passed through a low-pass filter  27  which eliminates a time dependent term and leaves only the DC term as the output  28  of the phase detector  25 . As provided in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,953, which is incorporated by reference herein, the resulting measured phase shift change can be used to derive the total amount of the material bound on the surface of the sensing resonator  44 . In some embodiments, the signal source  21  generates an analog signal and the phase detector  25  generates either an analog or a digital output signal  28  after receiving the signal and reference signals and processing the information therefrom. In some embodiments, the signal from each respective resonator  44 ,  54  is directed to a separate respective phase detector  25 , each respective phase detector  25  processing the respective sensor or reference signal to produce a phase signal indicative of a phase shift that are then compared to each other to determine the net difference in phase shift between the sensing and reference resonators, which is caused by the binding of the material being detected on the surface of the sensing resonator  44 . Although this illustrative example describes a phase shift detection embodiment, it should be understood that other suitable arrangements may be implemented by persons skilled in the art that detect changes in another resonance characteristic, such as changes in resonant frequency, while implementing aspects of the invention described herein (which are generally applicable to resonance sensors of different types). 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 4A-4B  and  5 , sensor  30  comprises a first paddle  40  mounted in a back-to-back paddle configuration with a second paddle  50 . The first paddle  40  and the second paddle  50  have essentially the same configuration such that the back-to-back paddle configuration results in a sensor  30  with a symmetrically opposed configuration. In some embodiments, each paddle comprises a substrate such as a printed circuit board with at least one resonator assembly mounted thereon. As illustrated in the figures, the first paddle  40  contains a first printed circuit board  42  with a sensing resonator assembly  44  mounted thereon on one end and a contact set  46  located on the opposite end. The second paddle  50  contains a second printed circuit board  52  with a reference resonator assembly  54  mounted thereon on one end and a contact set  56  located on the opposite end. Both the sensing resonator assembly  44  and the reference resonator assembly  54  may be cantilevered over the end of the respective printed circuit board  42 ,  52 . In some aspects, the sensing resonator assembly  44  is coated with a test reagent that binds to or captures the specific material to be detected during the diagnostic testing. In some aspects, the reference resonator assembly  54  is coated with a reference reagent that does not bind with or otherwise capture the specific material to be detected during the diagnostic testing. The resonator assembly  44 ,  54  cantilevered over the end of the respective printed circuit board  42 ,  52  provides full access of the resonator  44   a ,  54   a  to facilitate reagent coating applications as well as exposure to the testing sample during diagnostic testing. 
     The sensor  30  may be of various shapes and sizes. In some embodiments, the sensor  30  with back-to-back paddles  40 ,  50  has the shape illustrated in  FIGS. 4A-6C , which allows the resonator side of the sensor  30  to be inserted into a well of a standard 96 well plate. For instance, paddles  40 ,  50  can be approximately 2-3 cm along their longitudinal dimension, and 0.5-1.5 cm along their transverse dimension. In some embodiments, the two ends of the sensor  30  (contact set end and resonator end) are different widths such that there is a shoulder region that prohibits the sensor  30  from being inserted too far into a well of the standard 96 well plate. In some embodiments, the two ends of the sensor  30  are the same width, as illustrated for example in  FIG. 11L . 
     In some aspects, as illustrated in  FIGS. 4A-4B , the resonator assembly  44 ,  54  is attached to the printed circuit board  42 ,  52 , respectively, in an off-center configuration. The off-center configuration allows an offset between the resonator assemblies  44  and  54  in the back-to-back paddle configuration, which may reduce cross talk during operation and not prevent the flow of the liquid sample during diagnostic testing. In some aspects, the resonator assemblies  44  and  54  are configured such that they are directly offset in the back-to-back paddle configuration, whether the resonator assemblies  44  and  54  are centered on the respective printed circuit board or otherwise off-set such that they at least partially overlap in the back-to-back paddle configuration. 
     While the foregoing description has identified the paddles  40 ,  50  of containing either one of a sensing resonator assembly or reference resonator assembly on a printed circuit board, the back-to-back paddle configuration allows the sensor  30  to contain one or more resonators on each of the respective printed circuit boards  42 ,  52 . For instance, in one type of embodiment, paddle  40  contains two or more sensing resonators and paddle  50  contains two or more reference resonators. In other embodiments, paddles  40 ,  50  each contain at least one sensing resonator and at least one reference resonator. In related embodiments, paddles  40 , 50  may each contain various configurations of one or more resonators (sensing and/or reference), or paddle  40  or paddle  50  contains one resonator while the other contains more than one resonator. As indicated by the foregoing, various arrangements of sensing resonators and reference resonators on the respective printed circuit board  42 ,  52  to constitute the paddles  40 ,  50  is contemplated by the present invention. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 4A-4B , the contact sets  46 ,  56  contain six contacts  46   a - 46   f  and  56   a - 56   f , respectively. Contacts  46   a  and  56   a  connect to the ground plane  47 ,  57 , respectively, as shown in  FIG. 6C . Contacts  46   b  and  56   b  are connected to the signal conductor  49 ,  59 , respectively (shown in  FIG. 6C ) by a via  49 ′ to the internal portion of the respective printed circuit board  42 ,  52  and are connected to the signal contacts  43   d ,  53   d  by a via  49 ″. Contacts  46   c ,  46   d  and  56   c ,  56   d  connect to the ground plane  47 ,  57 , respectively, as shown in  FIG. 6C . Contact pairs  46   e  and  46   f  in  FIG. 4A , or contact pairs  56   e  and  56   f  in  FIG. 4B , are connected to each other. 
     In some embodiments with more than one resonator on the respective paddle  40 ,  50 , one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the number of contacts on in contact sets  46 ,  56  will depend upon the number of resonators and that each resonator will be connected to a signal contact in the respective contact set  46 ,  56 . In such embodiments, there may be one or more ground contacts connected to the ground plane  47 ,  57  and a signal contact connected to the respective resonator. In some embodiments, the contact configuration of ground, signal, ground provides an advantage of reducing signal loss, although only one ground per one signal provides electrical continuity. 
       FIGS. 6A-6C  further illustrate a printed circuit board  42 ,  52  and the layers thereof, of the sensor  30 . Since the sensor  30  in some embodiments is comprised of the back-to-back paddle configuration of paddles  40  and  50  that have essentially the same configuration, the following description with respect to printed circuit board  42  of paddle  40  shall be understood to equally apply to the printed circuit board  52  of paddle  50 . In some embodiments, both the sensing resonator assembly  44  and the reference resonator assembly  54  attach to the respective printed circuit board  42 ,  52  by a set of reflow solder bonds. As shown in  FIG. 6A , the printed circuit board  42  contains a set of solder pads  43 , with solder pads  43   a - 43   c  being connected to the ground plane  47  and solder pad  44   d  being signal connected to signal contact  46   b  by signal conductor  49 . Now referring to  FIG. 6C , the first panel illustrates the vias  49 ′,  49 ″ that connect the signal contacts  46   b ,  43   d , respectively, to the signal conductor  49  in the internal portion of the printed circuit board  42 . The second panel illustrates the top conductor layer with ground plane  47 . The third panel illustrates the mid-conductor layer with signal conductor  49  surrounded by a ground conductor. The fourth panel illustrates the bottom conductor layer with a ground plane. The fifth panel illustrates the ground stitching to connect all of the ground planes in the second, third and fourth panels together. The sixth panel illustrates the top solder mask with a devoid space for the contact set. The seventh panel illustrates the bottom solder mask, and the eighth panel illustrates the routing pattern to give the printed circuit board  42  its shape. As illustrated by the three conductor layers, the signal conductor  49  is a strip line sandwiched on all sides by ground conductor, which essentially is the equivalent of a coaxial conductor. In some embodiments, this conductor layer configuration creates a 50 ohm impedance matched structure. 
     The solder pads  43 ,  53  on the respective printed circuit board  42 ,  52  are attached to a resonator assembly, whether a sensing resonator assembly or a reference resonator assembly. Referring now to  FIG. 7A , the top surfaces of a resonator assembly is illustrated, which is equally applicable to both sensing resonator assemblies and reference resonator assemblies. For ease of reference, the following description refers to the sensing resonator assembly  44 , although the description is equally applicable to the reference resonator assembly  54 . As illustrated in  FIG. 7A , the top surface of the sensing resonator assembly  44  contains a set of solder bumps  45 . Solder bumps  45   a - 45   c  are connected to ground within the resonator assembly  44 . Solder bump  45   d  is connected to the resonator  44   a  by way of a via  44   e  through the piezoelectric layer  44   d  and a resonator conductor  44   c  between, which is further illustrated by the cross sectional view in  FIG. 7B . When the resonator assembly  44  is attached to the printed circuit board  42  to form paddle  40 , solder pad  43   a  and solder bump  45   a  are connected, solder pad  43   b  and solder bump  45   b  are connected, solder pad  43   c  and solder bump  45   c  are connected, and solder pad  43   d  and solder bump  45   d  are connected. The resonator assembly  44  is also cantilevered over the edge of the printed circuit board  42  to allow the resonator  44   a  to be exposed to the surrounding environment during the testing process. In some embodiments, the solder pads  45  may be on a different side of the resonator assembly  44  than the resonator  44   a , such that the resonator assembly  44  does not have a cantilevered configuration. 
     In building impedance matched resonators, the relative surface area of the resonator  44   a  is directly related to the frequency at which the resonator resonates, with higher frequency resonators having a smaller surface area and lower frequency resonators having a larger surface area. Accordingly, it is contemplated that resonators with various resonant frequencies may be used depending upon the desired resonant frequency and any regulatory restrictions on the frequencies available to be used. The thickness of the piezoelectric layer also affects frequency with a thinner piezoelectric resonating at a higher frequency than a thicker layer. In various embodiments, resonance frequencies range from 500 MHz to 2.5 GHz or higher. For example, in certain embodiments operation at resonant frequencies up to 5 GHz, or 10 GHz, is contemplated. 
     Since the back-to-back paddle configuration allows the sensing resonator  44  and the reference resonator  54  to be located in a close proximity with each other, the two resonators are subjected to substantially identical environmental conditions during a material sensing operation, which allows for accurate resonance shift measurements and effective cancellation of the environmental effects. Environmental effects that may be cancelled may be a result of viscosity, pH, temperature, particulates, and any other environment conditions within the sample that will affect the sensing resonator  42  during diagnostic testing. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor  30  contains a sensor housing assembly  32  as illustrated in  FIGS. 8A-10B . The sensor housing assembly  32  may include a body portion  33  that substantially contains at least a portion of the back-to-back paddles  40 ,  50  and a cover portion  34  that operably engages with the body portion  33 . In some embodiments, the body portion  33  and the cover portion  34  are relatively the same size such that the back-to-back paddles  40 ,  50  are about equally contained within each portion  33 ,  34 . In some embodiments, the contact sets  46 ,  56  are exposed and not surrounded by the sensor housing assembly  32 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 8A-8D  and  10 A- 10 B. In some other embodiments, as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A-9B , the sensor housing assembly  32  extends over at least a portion of the contact sets  46 ,  56  while still allowing connection thereto. 
     In some aspects, the cover portion  34  is bonded to the body portion  33 , such as by ultrasonic welding. The sensor housing assembly  32  may also contain a sample channel  35  that provides the ability for the sample aliquot to be brought into direct contact with the sensing and reference resonator assemblies  44 ,  54  of the sensor  30 . In some embodiments, the sample aliquot is introduced to the sensing and reference resonator assemblies  44 ,  54  by capillary action. In some embodiments, the volume of the sample aliquot introduced within the sensor housing assembly  32  is between about 15 microliters to about 50 microliters. In some aspects, the sample volume within the sensor housing assembly  32  will be known and have a relatively reproducible volume between diagnostic tests such that quantitative assessment of the targeted material being sensed may be ascertained. As illustrated in  FIGS. 9A-10B , the sensor housing assembly  32  may also contain a venting mechanism to effectuate the introduction of the sample aliquot to the sensing and reference resonator assemblies  44 ,  54 . 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 8B , paddles  40 ,  50  are mounted together in the back-to-back configuration with a bonding agent  47 , such as a tape, adhesive, glue, or the like. In one aspect, the bonding agent  47  also provides a liquid barrier that prevents the liquid sample from penetrating between the paddles  40 ,  50  and migrating towards the contact sets of the sensor  30 . The body portion  33  and/or the cover portion  34  may also contain energetic director means for creating a gasket seal when ultrasonically welded that also prevents the migration of the sample aliquot on the top or side surfaces of the paddles  40 ,  50 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 8D , the cover portion  34  contains energy directors  37  with corresponding energy directors on the body portion (not shown) for ultrasonic welding the body portion  33  and cover portion  34 . In some embodiments, the sensor  30  and sensor housing assembly  32  will be used for a single diagnostic test and are disposable. In some aspects, the back-to-back paddle configuration allows the sensor  30  to be small in size with a width being about three-tenths of an inch or smaller and the length being about one inch or smaller. 
     Now referring back to  FIGS. 1A-1C  and  2 , the interconnector  60  is capable of simultaneously interfacing with the instrument  20  and the sensor  30  to enable the electrical coupling of the instrument  20  and the sensor  30 . As illustrated best in  FIG. 1C , the interconnector  60  includes a printed circuit board  62  on which is mounted an instrument connector  64  and a sensor connector  66 . The instrument connector  64  electrically interfaces to the instrument  20  and the sensor connector  66  electrically interfaces to the sensor  30 . In some embodiments, the interconnector  60  is located outside the housing of the instrument  20 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3A . In some embodiments, the interconnector  60  is located inside the housing of the instrument  20 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3B . The instrument connector  64  and sensor connector  66  may consist of any of the connectors known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including printed circuit board edge connectors or SubMiniature version A (“SMA”) connectors, as shown in  FIGS. 1A-1C  and  2 . In some embodiments, both the instrument connector  64  and the sensor connector  66  are printed circuit board edge connectors that electrically interface with printed circuit board edge connectors on the instrument and sensor, respectively. As discussed above, the sensor  30  may contain sets of contacts  46 ,  56 . The sensor connector  66  may also contains the same number of contacts on the top receiving portion and on the bottom receiving portion to operably receive the same number of contacts on the sensor  30 . The top and bottom receiving portion of the sensor connector  66  may also have the same type of ground and signal configuration as the corresponding contacts on sensor  30 . 
     The instrument connector  64  and the sensor connector  66  allow the interconnector  60  to be removed from the resonance shift detector system  10  in order to be replaced without affecting the integrity of the instrument  20  and/or the sensor  30 . Since the sensor  30  is removable from the interconnector, and in some embodiments intended for a single use and therefore disposable, the interconnector  60  may need to be replaced as a result of normal use. The repeated insertion of a sensor  30  into the interconnector  60  may result in the sensor connector  66  wearing out under normal use conditions. Other instances may arise resulting in the advantage of a modular configuration of the resonance shift detector system  10 , including other issues arising with respect only to the interconnector  60 , the interconnector  60  containing software applications that need to be updated, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, the interconnector  60  contains a read-only memory on the printed circuit board  62 . The read-only memory may serve to setup the instrument for specific market applications by including software or identification information that allows the instrument  20  to understand the particular use of the resonance shift detector system  10  as it relates to the sensor  30 . For instance, the read-only memory may contain information or explicit instructions for the interpretive logic of the instrument that relates to the output signal of the sensor  30 , which may serve to limit the resonance shift detector system  10  to specific applications, such as limited only to use in veterinary applications, as an example. Besides being limited to specific market applications, the information on the read-only memory may also serve to limit the resonance shift detector system  10  to specific sub-market applications or range of sub-market applications. For instance, within the medical market, certain individuals may not be licensed or qualified to conduct a wide range of diagnostic testing; but instead, be limited to certain diagnostic testing. As a result, the market segment identification information may limit the use of the resonance shift detector system  10  to only those proper diagnostic testing applications. 
     In some embodiments, the interconnector  60  includes an industry standard means for capturing patient identification information, such as a bar code or RFID reader. In clinical and hospital settings, the RFID reader may be used for patient identification, identifying the clinic or hospital, healthcare person, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, besides the sensing resonator  44  and reference resonator  54 , paddle  40  and paddle  50  may also differ from each other in the contact sets  46 ,  56  to provide an “on-off” switch mechanism when the sensor  30  is inserted into interconnector  60 . For the “on-off” switch mechanism, contact pairs  46   e  and  46   f  on paddle  40  are connected to each other, but paddle  50  does not contain the symmetrically mirror-image opposed contact pairs  56   e  and  56   f . Instead, paddle  50  would contain contacts  56   a - 56   d  in the same relative position as shown in  FIG. 4B  with contacts  56   e  and  56   f  being absent. When the sensor  30  with this contact set configuration is inserted into the interconnector  60 , each of contacts  46   a - 46   d  engages a respective contact on the sensor connector  66  and contact pairs  46   e  and  46   f  engages two respective contacts on the sensor connector  66 . On the opposite side of the sensor  30 , each of the contacts  56   a - 56   d  also engages a respective contact on the sensor connector  66 . The contact pairs  46   e  and  46   f  engaging two respective contacts on the sensor connector  66  while the opposing contacts in the sensor connector  66  are not engaged acts as an “on-off” switch for the instrument  20 . The instrument  20  will turn on when the sensor  30  is inserted into the sensor connector  66 , and the instrument  20  may be turned off when the sensor  30  is removed from the sensor connector  66 . While the sensor  30  may contain more contacts on one side than the other, the resonance shift detector system  10  may be configured such that there is no side specific insertion of the sensor  30  into the sensor connector  66 . Instead, the “on-off” switch mechanism will work no matter how the contact set side of the sensor  30  is inserted into the sensor connector  66 . This eliminates the need for the user of the resonance shift detector system  10  to know the proper insertion of the sensor  30  into the interconnector  60  other than the end of the sensor  30  with the contact sets  46 ,  56  being inserted into the sensor connector  66 . In some embodiments, the sensor connector  66  and sensor  30  are configured to have a lock-and-key type configuration, such that the user is only able to insert the sensor  30  into sensor connector  66  in the correct configuration. 
     The foregoing contact set configuration can also provide a sensor side identification feature, such that the instrument  20  is able to identify the side of the sensor  30  containing the sensing resonator  44  and the side containing the reference resonator  54 . In some embodiments, the sensor side is determined by the relationship of the contact sets  46 ,  56  with the contacts on the sensor connector  66  much the same as the “on-off” switch mechanism. The side of the sensor  30  with the six contacts will engage the respective six contacts on that specific side of the sensor connector  66  receiving the sensor  30  indicating the sensing resonator  44  is located on that side of the sensor  30  and/or the side of the sensor  30  with only four contacts will only engage four respective contacts on that specific side of the sensor connector  66  receiving the sensor  30  indicating the reference resonator  54  is located on that side of the sensor  30 . 
     While both the “on-off” switch mechanism and sensor side identifier feature have been described with respect to the paddle  40  containing both a sensing resonator  44  and the six contacts  46   a - 46   f , the sensor  30  may alternatively be configured such that paddle  50  containing the reference resonator  54  contains six contacts  56   a - 56   f  to provide the “on-off” switch mechanism and/or sensor identifier feature. Similarly, the contact sets may be configured to provide the “on-off” switch mechanism and/or sensor identifier feature without necessarily containing six contacts on one of the paddles  40 ,  50 . Instead, it is contemplated that the sensor  30  may contain more or less than six contacts without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. 
     One process for the manufacture of the sensor  30  is illustrated in  FIGS. 11A-11M . In  FIG. 11A , individual resonator assemblies may be picked off of a wafer and placed into a waffle pack as illustrated in  FIG. 11B . In some aspects, the wafer is pre-tested such the functional and non-functional resonator assemblies are known, and the non-functional resonator assemblies may be discarded. After the resonator assemblies are packed into the waffle pack, they are then picked, as shown in  FIG. 11C , and placed onto the respective printed circuit board, as shown in  FIGS. 11D , at a position where solder flux is spotted onto the printed circuit board, which serves to adhere the resonator assembly to the printed circuit board until the melting and reflow of the solder is conducted within a heated oven. In another protocol, the individual resonator assemblies are picked off of the pre-tested wafer and packed into a tape-and-reel configuration having a linear strip. This process provides an alternative to the step of picking each resonator out of the waffle pack to be placed onto a printed circuit board. 
       FIG. 11E  illustrates that the paddles may be manufactured from a panel of printed circuit boards with the resonator assemblies adhered thereto. In another protocol, instead of a panel of printed circuit boards, the paddles are manufactured from a continuous tape configuration that would allow numerous side-by-side paddle configurations. This continuous tape configuration combined with the tape-and-reel configuration allows for efficient manufacture of numerous paddles. 
     After a panel of paddles is created, a strip or row of paddles is removed from the panel with all of the resonator assemblies aligned on a single edge, as illustrated in  FIG. 11F . The edge of the strip or row of paddles containing the resonator assemblies may then be immersed into a narrow trough, set of test tubes, or other container configuration containing one or more desired reagents for preparing the resonator assembly surface, as illustrated in  FIG. 11G . The resonator assemblies cantilevered over the edge of the printed circuit board facilitates this step. In one aspect, the preparing reagent may be a self-assembling monolayer that provides a reactive group on the surface of the resonator assembly to which a wide range of desired materials may be adhered. In some aspects, the desired materials may be proteins, DNA, aptamers, lipopolysacharides, biologically active molecules, or other capture ligands, depending upon the material to be detected. While the individual materials or ligands assembled on the surface of the resonator assembly may be on the nano-level scale, the diagnostic testing operates on an aggregate scale on the micro-level by virtue of a micron-sized resonator as the base substrate for the adhered materials. As illustrated in  FIGS. 11H-11I , the desired material may be placed onto the reactive surface of the resonator assembly and bonded with the reactive monolayer to create the desired coating on the respective sensing or reference resonator. Any excessive amounts of the desired material not bound to the reactive monolayer may be washed away. After the resonator assemblies are coated with the desired material, the individual paddles are separated from the strip or row of paddles, as shown in  FIG. 11J . 
     Once the individual paddles are created, a desired sensing paddle  40  and a desired reference paddle  50  is provided and then placed into a sensor housing assembly  32  in a back-to-back paddle configuration as illustrated in  FIGS. 11   k - 11 L with an intermediate bonding agent as discussed above. The resultant sensor  30  within a sensor housing assembly  32  is illustrated in  FIG. 11M . 
     As illustrated in the foregoing disclosure, the back-to-back paddle configuration provides a platform to provide numerous different types of diagnostic testing depending upon the sensing paddle and reference paddle. Since there may be numerous sensing paddles and reference paddles with different coatings on the resonator assemblies, a sensor may be provided for a specific diagnostic test merely by providing the appropriate sensing paddle and reference paddle from inventory. In some aspects, the reference paddle may be matched with numerous different types of sensing paddles depending upon the diagnostic test to be performed by the resultant sensor. Accordingly, the back-to-back paddle configuration provides a universal diagnostic testing platform. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 12A-12B , in some embodiments, the sensor  30  configuration may be an adjacent or side-by-side paddle configuration with a first paddle  140  mounted adjacent to a second paddle  150 . While  FIGS. 12A-12B  illustrate mirror imaged paddles, the first paddle  140  and second paddle  150  may have the same relative configuration. In some embodiments, the sensor  30  may contain a sensor housing assembly  132  as illustrated in FIG.  12 B. In some embodiments, the sensor  30  may comprise two or more back-to-back paddle configurations in a side-by-side configuration. 
     While the foregoing disclosure has referred to the sensor having at least one sensing resonator and at least one reference resonator disposed on a printed circuit board substrate, other substrates are contemplated by various embodiments of the present invention, including, for example multichip modules, the silicon wafer of the resonator assembly, or the like. The respective substrate would connect the respective resonator to the instrument through an impedance match conductor. 
     During the use of the resonance shift detector system  10 , including the portable field-detection embodiments, the insertion of the sensor  30  into the sensor connector  66  may turn on the instrument  20  and the interface screen on the instrument  20  will indicate to the user that the resonance shift detector system  10  is ready to obtain a sample. 
     During the sampling process, the sensor  30  may be introduced into a liquid or gaseous sample, or the sample aliquot may be introduced to the sensing and reference resonators  44 ,  54  by way of a sensor housing assembly. The liquid sample for the diagnostic test may include blood, urine, serum, saliva, water, or any other liquid sample that may be of interest. As soon as the sample contacts the sensing and reference resonators  44 ,  54 , there is a change in signal from the resonators  44 ,  54 . The instrument  20  is waiting to receive the change in signal, and once the change in signal is detected, the instrument  20  begins the interpretative sequence of collecting data. The instrument  20  continues to collect data until either (i) the instrument  20  times out because the signal has not changed, or (ii) depending upon the speed with which the signal changes, the instrument  20  will stop collecting data once enough data is received to give an interpretation of the diagnostic test. An interpretation of the diagnostic test may include an indication that the target material has been bound or captured onto the sensing resonator and a quantification of the target material. 
     The embodiments above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Additional embodiments are within the claims. In addition, although aspects of the present invention have been described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the scope of the invention, as defined by the claims. 
     Persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize that the invention may comprise fewer features than illustrated in any individual embodiment described above. The embodiments described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the ways in which the various features of the invention may be combined. Accordingly, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive combinations of features; rather, the invention may comprise a combination of different individual features selected from different individual embodiments, as will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is further limited such that no claims that are included in the documents are incorporated by reference into the claims of the present Application. The claims of any of the documents are, however, incorporated as part of the disclosure herein, unless specifically excluded. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is yet further limited such that any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein. 
     For purposes of interpreting the claims for the present invention, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim.