Abstract:
A channel scrambler for use in a transmitter employing a plurality of transmit antennas comprises at least two signal inputs for inputting a signal and a processor for applying a time-varying scrambling matrix to each input signal to produce a scrambled signal. An output stage is provided for outputting each scrambled signal to an antenna. The scrambling matrix is preferably different for each symbol period of a channel block.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates to apparatus, methods and computer program code for encoding in communication systems in which a receiver receives signals from a plurality of transmit antennas, and in particular where the plurality of transmit antennas is associated with a single transmitter.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     A particular problem arises in a communications links where a transmitter with more than one transmit antenna is employed, since signals received from different transmit antennas interfere with one another. This results in so-called multi-stream interference (MSI) and causes decoding difficulties. The potential advantage, however, is greatly increased throughput (that is, a higher bit rate) for such a communications link. In this type of MIMO (Multiple-input Multiple-output) communication link the “input” (to a matrix channel) is provided by the transmitter&#39;s plurality of transmit antennas and the “output” (from a matrix channel) is provided by a plurality of receive antennas. Thus each receive antenna receives a combination of signals from all the transmitter&#39;s transmit antennas which must be unscrambled.  
         [0003]     A typical wireless network comprises a plurality of mobile terminals (MT), each in radio communication with an access point (AP) or base station of the network. The access points are also in communication with a central controller (CC) which in turn may have a link to other networks, for example a fixed Ethernet-type network. Until recently considerable effort was put into designing systems so as to mitigate for the perceived detrimental effects of multipath propagation, especially prevalent in wireless LAN (local area network) and other mobile communications environments. However the described work G.J. Foschini and M.J. Gans, “On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas”  Wireless Personal Communications  vol. 6, no.3, pp.311-335, 1998 has shown that by utilising multiple antenna architectures at both the transmitter and receiver (a so-called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architecture) vastly increased channel capacities are possible. Attention has also turned to the adoption of space-time coding techniques (in OFDM, space-frequency coding) for wideband channels. Typically channel state information (CSI) for maximum likelihood detection of such coding is acquired via training sequences and the resulting CSI estimates are then fed to a Viterbi decoder.  
         [0004]      FIG. 1  shows a typical MIMO communication system  100 . An information source  101  provides an information symbol s( 1 ) at time  1  to a space-time encoder  102  which encodes the symbol as N code symbols c 1 ( 1 ) c 2 ( 1 ). . . , c N ( 1 ), each of which is transmitted simultaneously from one of transmit antennas  104 . A plurality M of receive antennas  106  receives respectively signals r 1 ( 1 ), . . . r M ( 1 ) which are input to receiver  108 . The receiver  108  provides on output  110  an estimate ŝ( 1 ) of the encoded transmitted symbol ŝ( 1 ). There is a plurality of channels between the transmit and receive antennas, for example all channels with two transmit antennas and two receive antennas.  
         [0005]     Third generation mobile phone networks use CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) spread spectrum signals for communicating across the radio interface between a mobile station and a base station. These 3G networks are encompassed by the International Mobile Telecommunications IMT-2000 standard (www.ituint). Collectively the radio access portion of a 3G network is referred to as UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and a network comprising UTRAN access networks is known as a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network. The UMTS system is the subject of standards produced by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP, 3GPP2), technical specifications for which can be found at www.3gpp.org. Fourth generation mobile phone networks, although not yet defined, may employ MMO-based techniques.  
         [0006]     In practical data communication systems multipath within a channel results in intersymbol interference (ISI), which is often corrected with a combination of equalisation and forward error coding. For example a linear equaliser effectively convolves the received data with an inverse of the channel impulse response to produce data estimates with ISI substantially removed. An optimal equaliser may employ maximum likelihood (ML) sequence estimation or maximum a priori estimation (MAP), for example using a Viterbi algorithm.  
         [0007]     Conventional MIMO systems employ a channel encoder, a channel interleaver and a space-time decoder. The receiver usually comprises a space-time decoder, channel de-interleaver and channel decoder. Sometimes the channel may be such that it is difficult to separate the signals at the receiver. This may occur, for example, if the columns of the channel matrix are almost linearly dependent. This problem may be alleviated if the channel also varies with time, since this provides time diversity at the receiver.  
         [0008]     However, if the channel is substantially constant, i.e. there is little or no variation with time, during the channel encoded block, then no time diversity is achieved. If this substantially constant channel is “bad” as described as in the previous paragraph, then the coding will not provide much of an advantage.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a channel scrambler for use in a transmitter employing a plurality of transmit antennas, the scrambler comprising at least two signal inputs for inputting a signal, a processor for applying a time variation to each signal to produce a scrambled signal, and an output stage for outputting each scrambled signal to an antenna. The time variation is preferably achieved by applying a time varying scrambling matrix to each signal.  
         [0010]     The time varying matrix effectively creates an artificially fading, time varying effective channel which replaces the constant channel. This means that the channel “seen” by the receiver varies with time, so that it is sometimes better and sometimes worse than the original. These variations can be used by the channel decoder, where strong signals will help weak signals and thus reduce the error probability. No knowledge of the channel at the transmitter is necessary.  
         [0011]     Preferably the scrambling matrix, which may be a pseudo-random matrix, varies with time for the length of a channel block of the signal. The scrambling matrix may be fixed for one symbol period, changing for the each subsequent symbol period.  
         [0012]     The scrambling matrix is preferably a rotation matrix, and may take the form Q k =P k , where P is a rotation matrix and k is a time index denoting a symbol period, which may vary from  1  up to the number of symbol intervals in a block. P is preferably unitary.  
         [0013]     The invention also provides a transmitter including a channel scrambler as described above and at least two transmit antennas for transmitting the scrambled signals.  
         [0014]     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of encoding data in a communications system employing a receiver with at least one receive antenna and a transmitter with a plurality of transmit antennas, the method comprising preparing a signal for transmitting from the transmit antennas, applying a time varying channel scrambling matrix to the prepared signal to generate a time scrambled signal, and transmitting the scrambled signal from the transmit antennas. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]     Some preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0016]      FIG. 1  shows a known MIMO space-time coded communications system;  
         [0017]      FIG. 2  shows a MIMO communications system including a channel scrambler; and  
         [0018]      FIG. 3  shows the results of a simulation of a system incorporating channel scrambling.  
         [0019]      FIG. 2  illustrates a MIMO communications system  200  having a transmitter  201  and receiver  202 . The transmitter  201  includes a channel encoder  203 , channel interleaver  204 , and space-time encoder  205  in the usual way. Data is transmitted from two antennas  206 ,  207 , via a channel  208 , to antennas  209 ,  210  mounted on the receiver  201 . The receiver includes a space-time decoder  211 , channel de-interleaver  212  and channel decoder  213 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0020]     In a narrowband channel, the input-output relationship between the received and transmitted signal can normally be written as
 
 r   k =Hx k   +v   k 
 
 where r k εC N×1  is the received signal, HεC N×M  is the channel, x k εC M×1  is the transmitted signal, v k εC N×1  is the channel noise and k denotes the time index. 
 
         [0021]     In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , the transmitter also includes a channel scrambler  214 , which acts on the data after it has been encoded by the space-time encoder  205 , but before it is transmitted into the channel  208  by the antennas  206 ,  207 . The channel scrambler introduces a time variant component into the transmitted signal, and the input-output relationship for the arrangement of  FIG. 2  is now
 
 r   k   =HQ   k   x   k   +v   k 
 
 where k, H, r k , x k  and v k  are as defined above, and Q k εC M×M  is the channel scrambler  214 . 
 
         [0022]     The introduction of the channel scrambler Q k  effectively creates a new equivalent channel {tilde over (H)} k =HQ k  which is time-variant even if the channel H is constant. Thus if the channel H is “bad”, meaning that it is difficult to separate the signals at the receiver, the provision of new, pseudo-random channels {tilde over (H)} k  will help the channel decoder. It will be appreciated that this technique will be applicable to a wideband channel, as well as the narrowband channel illustrated.  
         [0023]     There are several possible ways of creating channel scramblers Q k . One simple method involves the use of a rotation matrix P applied once for each symbol. This generates a channel scrambler Q k =P k , k=1 . . . N sym  where N sym  is the number of symbol intervals in a block. If P is a unitary matrix, then P k  will also be unitary for all k. The matrix P could, for example, be designed in the same way as for linear preceding, as described by Y. Xin, Z. Wang and G. Giannakis in “Space-time constellation-rotating codes maximising diversity and coding gains”, Globecom 2001, vol. 1, pp. 455-459, 2001, where the objective is to spread data symbols over all antennas to achieve maximum diversity. However, in that application, the same matrix P is applied at all times, i.e. Q k =P,k=1. . . N sym , so pseudo-random scrambling of the channel is not achieved.  
         [0024]     An example of the operation of the channel scrambler  214  will now be described. Consider a MIMO system having a channel matrix described by  
       H   =       (         1       1           1       0.9         )     .         
 
 The columns of this matrix, which represents how the receiver sees the different transmitted symbols, are quite similar. The normalised correlation between the two columns is  
             1   ×   1     +     1   ×   0.9               1   2     +     1   2         ×         1   2     +     0.9   2             =     0.9986   .         
 
 This means that it is very difficult to separate the signals at the receiver. 
 
         [0025]     Now suppose a channel scrambler as described above is applied to the data before transmission, given by the matrix  
       P   =       (           cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ           sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ                 -   sin     ⁢           ⁢   ϕ           cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ           )     .         
 
 The equivalent channel is now  
         H   ~     =     HP   =     (             cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -     sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ               sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +     cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ                   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -     0.9   ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ               sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +     0.9   ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ             )           
 
 and this has the same effect as a real channel with these values. If the angle is given by φ=2π×0.38, the equivalent channel matrix is  
           H   ~     =     (           -   1.4135           -   0.0444               -   1.3451         0.0285         )       ,       
 
 which has a correlation of  
               -   1.4135     ×     -   0.0444       -     1.3451   ×   0.0285                 (     -   1.4135     )     2     +       (     -   1.3451     )     2         ×           (     -   0.0444     )     2     +     0.0285   2             =     0.2379   .         
 
 Thus the use of a scrambling matrix at the transmitter leads to the decorrelation of the columns. 
 
         [0026]     Since the channel is not known at the transmitter, it is of course conceivable that the scrambling could actually increase the correlation. However, at the next symbol interval the scrambling matrix P has changed to P 2 , so the correlation will be different again. Different scrambling matrices are then used for each subsequent symbol interval.  
         [0027]     Thus there will be at least some instances where the change in the channel will improve the decoding significantly, providing the channel decoder  213  with a better input signal. For most channels there will be no difference between data encoded with a scrambling matrix and without. However, for a constant, “bad” channel, i.e. one with a high correlation between the columns, the scrambling matrix will make a big difference.  
         [0028]     The data is decoded by the receiver in the normal way. The receiver  202  will know the scrambling matrix Q k  applied by the channel scrambler  214 . If the channel H is also known by the receiver (as is usually the case), then it is a simple matter for the receiver to determine the effective channel {tilde over (H)} k =HQ k  and decode the data as though that was the actual channel traversed by the data.  
         [0029]     The system described will improve performance in most environments, but is particularly useful in quasi-static environments, such as indoors and in offices. It is also particularly appropriate for systems such as wireless Local Area Networks (LAN), where the transmitter and receiver may not move relative to each other over a long period of time. The complexity is very low, since only one additional matrix multiplication is involved per symbol interval at the transmitter and receiver. In addition, as mentioned above, the operation of the channel estimator is unaffected by the channel scrambling, minimising the overall impact of the system complexity.  
         [0030]      FIG. 3  shows the results of the simulation of a system having channel scrambling. The system is of the type shown in  FIG. 2 , and has two transmit and two receive antennas in a spatial multiplexing scheme using the Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time Architecture (BLAST), a rate ½ convolutional code with polynomials 5 and 7 and a block length of 10,000 bits. The receiver uses an iterative decoding scheme with four iterations where extrinsic information from the convolutional decoder is fed back to the a posteriori probability (APP) space-time decoder. It can be seen that the bit error rate is lower when scrambling is used  301  compared to when scrambling is not used  302 .  
         [0031]     It will be appreciated that variations to the above described embodiments may still fall within the scope of the invention. For example, the channel scrambler has been described with reference to a system having two transmit and two receive antennas, but will apply to systems having any number of antennas and channel taps. Similarly, the channel scrambler may be used for any application having multiple antennas, whether wideband or narrowband.