Abstract:
A computer which possesses a bottom keyboard housing having a rear edge hingedly connected with the lower edge of an openable display assembly, and wherein heat-generating computer electronics contained in the housing has heat removed therefrom through the intermediary of heat pipes which are hingedly connected with at least one heat dissipator located in the display assembly. In essence, the computer incorporates an inexpensive construction of heat pipe hinges employed in the thermal interconnection of the bottom keyboard housing of the portable personal computer containing the keyboard and electronics with the display assembly, wherein the heat pipes are protected from bending stresses prior to assembling the major portions of the portable personal computer, such as the keyboard housing and the display assembly.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an arrangement for enhancing the cooling capacity of portable personal computers. More particularly, the invention is directed to the provision of an arrangement for increasing the cooling capacity of portable personal computers, particularly such as laptop and notebook computers wherein the computer possesses a keyboard housing having a rear edge hingedly connected with the bottom of an openable display unit or assembly, and wherein heat-generating computer electronics contained in the housing has heat removed therefrom through the intermediary of heat pipes which are hingedly connected with at least one heat dissipator located in the display assembly. In essence, the inventive concept is directed to an inexpensive construction of heat pipe hinges employed in the interconnection of the keyboard housing of the portable personal computer containing the keyboard and electronics with the display assembly, wherein the heat pipes are protected from bending stresses prior to assembling the major portions of the portable personal computer, such as the keyboard housing and the display assembly. 
     Commencing from the time of conception and design development of computers, and especially portable personal computers; for instance, such as laptop computers or the like, there has been encountered the aspect of thermal management as a result of heat which is generated by the processor and other electronic components of the computer. As is widely known in the computer technology, excessive amounts of heat can readily degrade the performance of computers, and additionally may cause the components of the computers to be damaged. Consequently, thermal management is frequently considered to be an extremely important aspect in the design and development of computers. 
     The capacity and performance of portable personal computers, such as laptop computers, notebook computers or the like, has recently been enhanced to such an extent that; for example, since the beginning of 1996, the thermal dissipation requirements of portable personal computers (PCS) have increased from about 10 watts to 25 watts and even higher values. This increase in the thermal dissipation requirements is a result of ever increasing CPU performance and additional functionality; such as DVD, modem, audio and the like, which are provided by future PCS. As elucidated in an article by Albert Yu, “The Future of Microprocessors”, IEEE Micro, December 1996, pages 46 through 53, the trend of increasing power dissipation in the form of heat for portable personal computers will continue in the foreseeable future. Thus, at the widely employed A4 form factor for a portable personal computer; in essence, a 297 by 210 mm footprint, for instance, the cooling limit for a portable PC without an active cooling device, such as a cooling fan or providing additional passive cooling capacity is currently approximately 15 to 20 watts. Although cooling capacity can be added through the installation of an active cooling device, such as a fan, this is normally not desirable inasmuch as these devices take up space, consume power and generate noise. Particularly in a portable personal computer, space and battery consumption and life is at a premium, and the generating of noise is deemed to be highly undesirable. As a result, active cooling devices have been employed as a last resort in attempts to obtain additional cooling capacity. In contrast therewith, passive cooling methods and arrangements are considered to be most desirable and efficient since they do not consume any power, generate no noise and quite often take up no additional space. Thus, providing a greater cooling capacity than the current limits in order to meet the anticipated thermal dissipation requirements of future portable personal computers, represents not only a potential competitive advantage in industry, but also provides a significant product differentiation from currently available and commercially sold portable personal computers. 
     In particular with regard to the power consumption of laptop computers, there has been recently a continued increase in the power of the CPU. For example, the total power of a laptop computer is normally about 10 watts, and has now increased to a range of about 30 to 40 watts or higher, whereas the CPU power has been increased from about 2 to 6 watts and, conceivably, can be as high as in the 15 watt range. Most of this power will eventually be dissipated in the form of heat to the surroundings. Consequently, being able to remove increased amounts of heat from the laptop computer becomes a critical factor in the construction and operation of such laptop computers. 
     DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     Various arrangements and devices for increasing the cooling capacities of portable personal computers, particularly such as laptop or notebook computers, are presently known and widely employed in the technology. 
     Mok, U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,581 discloses an arrangement and method for enhancing the cooling capacity of portable personal computers wherein a double-shelled rotational heat conduction apparatus has heat pipes interconnecting a liquid-crystal display with the heat-generating electronics of a laptop computer which are located in the keyboard housing, and enabling rotation of the heat pipes through a hinged construction. 
     Bhatia, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,822 discloses a heat pipe exchange system which consists of two heat pipes which are brought together within a hollow sleeve filled with a thermally conductive grease. The heat exchange system does not address itself to any means of lowering the thermal resistance between the two heat pipes, which is considered to be critical in actual physical applications. 
     Ishida, U.S. Pat. No. 5,588,483 discloses a heat radiating apparatus for a computer possessing a heat pipe which is connected to a heat radiating plate and a heat receiving plate, and a medium for heat transfer purposes. 
     The heat pipe includes an internal space filled with a grease having a high thermal conductivity. 
     Hatada, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,362 discloses a laptop or notebook computer which incorporates radiator structure including fins for dissipating and eliminating heat generated therein through convection, and further includes the utilization of heat pipes of various configurations. 
     Masatake Mochizuki, et al., et al. “Hinged Heat Pipes for Cooling Notebook PCS”, Thirteenth IEEE SEMI-THERM Symposium, pages 64-72, 1997, discusses the utilization of hinged heat pipes for cooling notebook PCS. The apparatus disclosed in this publication provides for the interconnection of two heat pipes utilizing clamps, wherein there is also employed a dry contact and clamping force in order to maintain a thermal contact which is subject to mechanical wear and environmental contamination. 
     Although the foregoing publications to varying degrees each concern themselves with the transfer of heat from the electronics of a portable personal computer arranged in a body or housing having a keyboard therein, and wherein the heat pipes extend so as to form hinged connections oriented towards a heat sink contained in a display assembly having a display panel therein, and which is hinged to the housing, none of the publications are directed to the aspect of inexpensively manufacturing heat pipe hinges. In such constructions, a first heat pipe transfers the heat output from the first heat pipe to a second heat pipe structure which is rotationally connected to the first heat pipe to form a hinge joint, and then transferring the heat output of the second pipe to a heat spreader in the display assembly which, in turn, dissipates the heat to the surroundings. The inexpensive manufacture of such heat pipe hinges and improvements effected thereto are adapted to facilitate the assembly and repair of the computer by protecting the heat pipe components from bending stresses which are encountered prior to the major elements of the computer being assembled, or during disassembly for repair, and enabling the display assembly to be completely assembled prior to hinged attachment to the body or housing of the computer containing the keyboard and the heat-generating electronics. 
     In essence, an aspect which has generally not been fully addressed in the manufacture of portable personal computers resides in the fact that the display assembly which normally contains the liquid-crystal display and which constitutes the cover structure of the portable personal computer hingedly connected to the keyboard housing is generally assembled by a display vendor or in the facility of the primary manufacturer, at a location which is different from that in which the main assembly, constituting the body or housing of the portable personal computer including the keyboard electronics, is implemented. Generally the complete display assembly consists of a flat panel display, mechanical hinges, one or more circuit boards, one or more cables, a back cover and a front bezel. Normally, the entire display assembly is attached to the main body of the computer by means of protruding mechanical hinges and then the protruding cables are plugged in to form an operative circuit. Any further elements which are added to this particular assembly procedure do not lend themselves itself to this manufacturing scenario, and thereby render the assembly more costly which, in turn, increases the cost of the computer. Thus, in the event that an attachment must be made below the bezel, the latter either must be removed from the display assembly and then reattached, or the display assembly must be forwarded to a final assembly area with the bezel unattached and in a separate condition. A further instance of added manufacturing costs for implementing a final assembly procedure resides in that, if a delicate part of the display assembly is in a protruding condition, the part must be protected or risk of being broken or deformed. This, in particular, is the instance with heat pipe hinges as presently known from the prior art and employed in the technology, wherein the heat pipe hinges are either attached at an end which is located within the display assembly, or at other opposite end, which forces the heat pipe hinge to protrude from the display assembly, with the easily bendable ordinarily copper tubing of the heat pipe being exposed and resultingly unprotected. This renders the heat pipes highly susceptible to being damaged, and thereby carries the risk of destroying the integrity of the heat-removing aspects of the heat pipe arrangement. 
     Another problem which is encountered in the formation of such heat pipe hinges resides in that, such heat pipe hinges are frequently machined from bar stock, which renders the foregoing procedure relatively expensive in the manufacture of personal portable computers which incorporate heat pipe hinges. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, in order to facilitate the manufacture of inexpensive heat pipe hinges for portable personal computers which meet the thermal management requirements, the invention is directed to the provision of an inexpensive mode of transferring heat through rotatably joined heat pipes from the heat generating device, such as the electronics or a processor (CPU) which is located beneath the keyboard in the base or housing of a portable personal computer to the area between a display assembly hinged to the base by means of hinged heat pipes, and wherein a large generally vertical surface is available on the display assembly for the dissipation of heat into the surroundings. 
     Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention resides in the provision of an arrangement and of a method for the producing of heat pipe hinges utilizing inexpensive manufacturing methods, such as through the folding or bending of sheet material or by employing inexpensive extrusions. 
     In that instance, the manufacturing problems encountered in the assembly of personal portable computers utilizing heat pipe hinges is addressed through manufacturing modes which absorb bending stresses which are generated in the heat pipes prior to the assembly of the computer, thereby permitting the display assembly, to be fully assembled prior to the attaching of the display assembly to the computer body or housing containing the electronics and keyboard. 
     In order to achieve the foregoing, pursuant to an object of the invention, the heat pipe hinges may be formed of bendable sheet metal; preferably of aluminum or copper, or through extrusions of such materials, or from highly heat-conductive materials; for example, such as a graphite fiber composite, although other materials having similar heat-conductive properties may be readily employed in connection with the present invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Reference may now be had to preferred embodiments of heat pipe hinges pursuant to the present invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings; in which: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a portable personal computer pursuant to the invention, in which various component details, such as the display, display bezel and various other components have been removed for purposes of clarity; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an enlarged perspective representation of a first embodiment of a heat pipe hinge construction formed from flat bendable sheet metal; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates, in a view similar to FIG. 2, a further embodiment of a heat pipe hinge having an extension formed thereon for protecting the heat pipe from bending stresses; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of the display assembly of a portable personal computer, with the display bezel having been removed for purposes of clarity, and representing an embodiment of the heat pipe hinge which protects the heat pipe from bending stresses which are encountered prior to the assembly of the computer; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view, on an enlarged scale, of a third embodiment of a heat pipe hinge construction pursuant to the invention; and 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view, similar to Figure of a fourth embodiment of a heat pipe hinge construction. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now more specifically to the invention, it is noted that; in essence, from a generally technological standpoint, the heat pipes operate on the basic principle that a liquid will boil when heated while confined in a sealed volume or container. The vapor will flow towards the colder end of the sealed volume or container and there condenses so as thereby transport heat energy from the hot end of the container or volume to the cold end thereof. The resultingly formed condensate then flows back to the hot end of the container by gravity and/or the intermediary of capillary action using a wick arranged in the container. Such devices in themselves are well known in the technology, and are normally capable of transferring heat at a rate at which is equivalent to about 50 to 200 times that of the thermal conductivity of copper. 
     Having particular reference to FIG. 1 of the drawings, which illustrates a perspective representation of a portable personal computer  10 , the latter employs a heat pipe hinge  12 , and a primary heat pipe  14  which is thermally connected to a heat-generating element, such as a processor or a CPU (not shown) which located on a circuit board  16 . The physical structure of the heat-generating element is normally arranged in the lower housing or base portion  18  of the personal portable computer  10 , which also supports the keyboard  20  and other required components for operating the computer  10 , as is well known in the technology. A heat spreader  22  which is connected to the heat-generating element or processor constitutes a connecting device for the heat pipe  14  to the processor. Moreover, a supplemental cooling arrangement may be optionally provided in the form of a fan  24 , although this does not comprise a part of the present invention. 
     Basically, heat is transported through the heat pipe  14  and transferred to a heat conduction member  26  pursuant to the invention, as described in more detail in the illustration of FIGS. 2 and 3 of the drawings. As illustrated, the heat conduction member  26  is formed of a high thermal conductivity material, such as aluminum or copper, or of a graphite fiber composite. Generally, when formed from the metallic components, the member  26  is bent from sheet material which has been cut to size prior to being shaped into its final configuration, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 of the drawings. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the heat conductive material is constituted of 1100 aluminum, which generally possess a higher thermal conductivity than other usual aluminum alloys, and is easily formed, bent or extruded in order to produce the heat conduction member  26 . The latter is formed to provide a tubular portion  28  in a tight surface contact with the heat pipe  14  when the end  30  of the latter is inserted into the opening  32  of the tubular portion  28  of the heat conduction member  26 . Furthermore, the member  26  extends into an L-shaped flange  34  which may have suitable fasteners  36  for attachment to the housing portion  18  of the computer  10 . Alternatively, the heat conduction member  26  can be wrapped around the heat pipe  14  during forming, so as to thereby allow for a good thermal contact between these two members  14 ,  26 . 
     As shown in FIG. 2, in this instance sheet material is utilized to form the component or heat conduction element  26 ; for instance, sheet 1100 aluminum having a thickness of 1.5 mm is bent or shaped around the heat pipe  14  which posses an external diameter of approximately 3 mm; with the length of the contact between the two members  14 ,  26  being about 50 mm. 
     The hinge structure  40  which connects the panel or cover portion  42  of the display assembly  44  to the base portion or housing  18  of the computer  10  is constituted of a similar material and in the similar manufacturing manner as is the heat conduction element  26 . in this instance, the wrapped around tubular portion  46  of the hinge  40  which forms the opening  48  into which the secondary heat pipe  50  has an end  52  inserted, unlike the heat pipe end  30  is provided in the heat conduction member  26  which is essentially non-rotatable in view of the tight grip exerted on the heat pipe by the opening  32  formed in the tubular portion  28 ; the hinge structure  40  has the wrapped tubular portion  46  forming the opening  48  extending about the second heat pipe end  52  at a clearance therebetween so as to enable the second heat pipe  50  to rotate relative to the hinge  40 . This clearance; however, is maintained as close or narrow as possible in order to maximize the heat through-put or transfer from the primary heat pipe  14  to the secondary heat pipe  50 . An acceptable clearance between the second heat pipe  50  and the opening  48  in the hinge  40  is approximately 10-20 micrometers, which causes the diameter of the opening or hole  48  to be approximately 20 to 40 micrometers larger than the diameter of the second heat pipe  50 . The second heat pipe is thermally attached to a heat spreader  90  in the display assembly  44 . 
     The portion of the thermal conduction member  26  which is provided with the bend or flange  34  or the bend or flange portion  60  of the hinge  40  are unnecessary for the thermal operation, but primarily serve the purpose for a convenience of mounting in a perpendicular computer and causing the rotational axis of the second heat pipe  50  to extend collinear with the axis of rotation of the mechanical hinges  62 ,  64 . 
     As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, the heat conduction member  26  is attached to the hinge structure  40  through the intermediary of detachable fasteners  66 , such as screws passing through bores in the flange  34  of the thermal conduction member  26  and aligned threaded bores  70  in the flange portion  60  of the hinge  40 . The thermal conduction member  26  has the lower bent flange portion also adapted to be provided with suitable screws or fastening means enabling attachment thereof to the rear edge of the base portion or housing  18  of the computer  10  containing the heat-generating components or electronics. Ordinarily, pursuant to the prior art, most types of hinges are constituted of a single block which thermally connect the primary heat pipe to the secondary heat pipe or are constituted of mating block portions which must be machined, thereby rendering assembly of the computer housing portions difficult, although maximizing thermal through-put. However, by being able to separate the two pipes, and using inexpensive formable or bendable hinge and thermal conduction elements, the assembly of the personal computer  10  can be implemented in a highly cost-effective manner. 
     Although the degradation of thermal performance may be approximately 0.5 watts; for example, on a system employing 3 mm diameter pipes and a through-put of 8-10 watts, such losses are considered to be negligible and acceptable in the transference of heat from the heat generating element to the panel or cover which contains a heat sink and a heat dissipation structure extending over a large surface area. 
     With respect to the modified embodiment of FIG. 3 of the drawings, in that instance, the hinge  80  which is adapted to receive the end  52  of the second or secondary heat pipe  50  leading to the heat sink or heat dissipation structure in the computer display assembly  44 , inasmuch as the heat pipe  50  is cantilevered from the display assembly, it is still vulnerable to bending notwithstanding the minimum length thereof, in view of bending during the assembly of the computer  10 , particularly inasmuch as the heat pipe  50  is ordinarily constituted of soft copper tubing. The embodiment of FIG. 3 of the drawings addresses this problem in that the hinge  80  which is similar to the hinge structure  40  shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings, is provided with an integral tubular extension  82  along the tubular portion  46  adapted to receive the end  52  of the second heat pipe  50 . This extension  82  fits loosely into a hole  84  formed in a support block  86 , as shown in FIG. 4 of the drawings, which is fixedly arranged in the lower edge portion  88  of the display assembly  44  of the computer  10 . The loose fit between the extension  82  and the hole  84  formed in support block  86  enables the hinge  80  to rotate relative to the remainder of the display assembly, whereas at a concurrent subjection of the hinge  80  to undesirable forces during assembly, handling or shipping of the display assembly, any stresses generated by these forces are taken up by the extension  82  on the hinge  80  and the block  86  on the display assembly  44  into which the extension is inserted. 
     With regard to FIG. 5 of the drawings, wherein components which are similar to or identical with those illustrated in the preceding embodiments are identified by the same reference numerals; in that instance, the heat conduction member  26  is constituted of an extrusion rather than employing sheet material with bending of the latter as in the preceding embodiments. The materials which are employed, and for the remainder the function and structure, are analogous with that shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings. 
     Similarly, the modified embodiment of FIG. 6 of the drawings which is similar to FIG. 3, with the exception that in this instance rather than using sheet aluminum for the hinge construction, the components and the tubular extension are formed of an extruded structure rather than being bent and shaped. This embodiment requires that the extension which is adapted to receive the end  52  of the second heat pipe  50  which is insertable into the block  86  on the panel must be machined from the extrusion. 
     From the foregoing, it becomes readily apparent that the heat pipe hinge constructions adapted to enhance the cooling capacity of portable personal computers are of a simple and inexpensive nature, and readily facilitate the separate manufacture of the lower housing portion  18  of the computer  10  and the panel assembly  44  thereof, without undue risk of damage being encountered by the delicate heat pipes  14 ,  50  employed for the transfer of heat generated by the computer electronics to a heat sink and heat dissipating area formed in the display assembly of the computer  10 . The extension  82  can also be conceivably located at the opposite end of hinge  80 , and an equivalent of block  86  can be incorporated into the mechanical hinge  62 . 
     While there has been shown and described what are considered to be preferred embodiments of the invention, it will, of course, be understood that various modifications and changes in form or detail could readily be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is, therefore, intended that the invention be not limited to the exact form and detail herein shown and described, nor to anything less than the whole of the invention herein disclosed as hereinafter claimed.