Abstract:
Novel rhenium oxides of the formulas MReO 4  and M&#39; 2  ReO 6 , where M is Mg, Zn, Mn, Al, Ga, Fe, Co, or Ni and M&#39; is Cr or Fe, are prepared by heating powder mixtures containing precursor oxides with or without some of the metals selected to give the proper stoichiometry, under a pressure of at least 25 kbars. The new oxides are useful in electrical elements, e.g., resistors.

Description:
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 468,693, filed May 10, 1974 and now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to certain novel mixed oxides of rhenium useful in electrical elements. 
     2. Prior Art 
     Few mixed oxides of rhenium are known. Understandably, these have involved the combination of the small, highly charged rhenium ion with large basic cations. Thus, with the large barium ion, compositions Ba 2  MReO 6  are formed. These have a perovskite structure with the large Ba.sup. +2  ions in 12-fold coordination while Re.sup. +5  or Re.sup. +6  shares 6-fold sites with the M.sup. +3  or M.sup. +2  cation. Another example is KReO 4  having the scheelite structure with the large K +  ions in 8-fold coordination; see J. C. Morrow, Acta. Cryst. 13, 443-445 (1960). Still another example utilizes the relatively large Cd.sup. +2  ion in 8-fold sites of the pyrochlore structure to form the electrically conductive Cd 2  Re 2  O 7  (Donohue et al., Inorg. Chem. 4, 1152-53 (1965). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention there is provided ternary oxides of rhenium having the formula (1) MReO 4  where M is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Zn, Mn, Al, Ga, Fe, Co and Ni or (2) M&#39; 2  ReO 6  wherein M&#39; is Cr or Fe. 
     There is also provided a process for preparing the aforesaid rhenium oxides which comprises heating together appropriate proportions of rhenium oxide and at least one of the oxides of M or M&#39; and appropriate proportions of whichever of the metals Re, M and M&#39; are necessary to provide the stoichiometry of the product, at a temperature of at least about 800° C. and a pressure of at least about 25 kbars. 
     Also provided is an electrical element formed from a material containing at least one of the aforesaid rhenium oxides. 
     These new rhenium oxides are compounds wherein rhenium shares with another ion of comparable size the octahedral sites of a close-packed oxygen lattice. Rhenium oxides of the present stoichiometry have been unknown heretofore. The new compounds all have rutile-related structures, are synthesized under pressure and are useful in electrical resistor compositions. 
     The products are all dark (black or nearly so), crystalline solids which can be readily characterized by their stoichiometry and by their X-ray diffraction patterns. The patterns may all be indexed as belonging to structures related to the well-known rutile structure of TiO 2 . Further, the structures are in most cases of the same type as that of the analogous tungstate. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     MgReO 4 , ZnReO 4  and MnReO 4  are isostructural with the corresponding tungstates of those elements and have the wolframite structure. Using the unit cell dimensions reported here in conjunction with the well-known wolframite pattern (e.g., for MnWO 4  as given by ASTM card 13-434), the characteristic X-ray pattern of each of the new compounds may be generated. 
     AlReO 4 , GaReO 4  and FeReO 4  have the structure of the rutile prototype in which the octahedral cation sites occupied by Ti in the prototype TiO 2  are shared in a statistical fashion by Re and the other cation of Al, Ga or Fe. The X-ray pattern is readily generated by using the unit-cell dimensions indicated below in conjunction with the pattern of the isostructural, known compound FeTaO 4  (see ASTM card 23-305). With Al and Ga, rhenium undoubtedly has a formal valence of +5 similar to Ta. In FeReO 4 , no certain distribution of valence between Fe and Re is assured. 
     The new compounds CoReO 4  and NiReO 4  each crystallize in a slight orthorhombic distortion of the rutile structure similar to that observed for PtO 2  (ASTM card 21-613). 
     The X-ray pattern of Cr 2  ReO 6  is characteristic of a trirutile structure like that of its tungsten analog Cr 2  WO 6  (ASTM card 13-110). Similarly the new compound Fe 2  ReO 6  has a pattern like that of its tungsten analog Fe 2  WO 6  (ASTM card 20-539). 
     All of the new compounds can be prepared by heating together the binary oxides and metals in amounts appropriate to the desired stoichiometry. In order to maintain rhenium in the less common valence of +6 or +5 and in the structures reported here, the proper oxygen proportion as well as the proportion of metals must be maintained by use of a closed, high-pressure system. Pressures of about 25 kbars (1 kbar= 1000 atmospheres) or above, preferably 50 kbars or above, are used. Reaction temperature is at least 800° C. It is preferred to use a temperature of about 1200°-1300° C. in order to facilitate reaction between the finely divided solid reactants, which should first be intimately mixed. The reaction is conveniently carried out in an evacuated and sealed platinum container to avoid contamination. It is preferred to maintain the pressure of at least 25 kbars from before heating until after rapid cooling of the product in order to minimize possible dissociation of the compounds at lower pressure. 
     A convenient method for carrying out the high pressure reaction, and the one employed in the examples below, is by means of a tetrahedral anvil device such as described by E. C. Lloyd et al., Jour. of Res., Nat. Bureau Stds. 63C, 59 (1959). 
     All of these new ternary rhenium oxides have electrical conductivities in the range useful as components of electrical resistors. Measurement on single crystals and pressed compacts of the pure compounds indicates a resistivity span from less than 10.sup. -3  ohm-cm. to over 10 4  ohm-cm. Practical resistor compositions can be prepared by mixing one or more of the finely powdered oxides with a binder that aids consolidation into the desired shape, or by incorporation into a fluid vehicle that permits the use of silk screening techniques to form a conductive array. A particularly preferred resistor composition consists of about 20-80% by weight of a rhenium oxide (or oxides), about 15-75% by weight of a glass binder and about 5-30% by weight of gold or silver. One skilled in the art will have no difficulty in selecting useful binders and/or vehicles for resistor applications. Selection depends on the nature of the substrate, the desired temperature of application and the use conditions as well as other factors. With these new compositions, the use of a low-melting glass serves not only to bind the oxide particles but in addition protects them from excessive degradation at high temperature. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     FeReO 4   
     0.3992g. of Fe 2  O 3 , 0.9758g. of ReO 3 , and 0.1552g. of Re metal were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1300° C. for 2 hrs. under 58 kbars pressure. The black product was weakly magnetic. 
     Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from the product and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 23-305 for FeTa 2  O 4  indicated that the major phase, FeReO 4 , was of the rutile-type FeTaO 4  structure with a= 4.67A and c= 2.93A. The X-ray diffraction pattern for FeReO 4  is shown in Table I. The electrical resistivity of a single crystal of the FeReO 4  product was found to be 8× 10.sup. -4  ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR FeReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________100          4.670        4.689        W110          3.302        3.292        S+101          2.482        2.473        S-200          2.335        2.331        M111          2.192        2.186        W211          1.701        1.698        S220          1.651        1.650        M310          1.477        1.476        M002          1.465        1.460        W301          1.375        1.374        M112          1.339        1.336        W+202          1.241        1.239        W+321          1.185        1.184        W+400          1.167        1.168        W330          1.101        1.101        W222          1.096        1.094        W+411          1.056        1.057        W+420          1.044        1.045        W312          1.040        1.039        W+510          0.916        0.917        W402          0.913        0.913        W501        0.890        0.890        W+431213          0.885        0.883        W332          0.880        0.880        W+422          0.850        0.850        W+521          0.832        0.832        W+440          0.826        0.826        W+512          0.777        0.777        M______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     AlReO 4   
     0.3398g. of Al 2  O 3 , 1.3010g. of ReO 3  and 0.2069g. of Re metal were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1300° C. for 4 hrs. under 58 kbars pressure. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from the black product and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 23-305 for FeTaO 4  indicated that the major phase was AlReO 4  of the rutile-type FeTaO 4  structure with a = 4.64A and c= 2.80A. The X-ray diffraction pattern for AlReO 4  is shown in Table II. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of AlReO 4  was found to be 2 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR AlReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________100          4.640        4.576        M110          3.281        3.279        S001          2.800        2.794        W101          2.397        2.396        S200          2.320        2.317        M+111          2.130        2.136        M210          2.075        2.088        W201          1.786        1.769        W211          1.667        1.666        S220          1.640        1.638        M+310          1.467        1.466        M002          1.400        1.401        M-301          1.354        1.353        M102          1.340        1.336        W-112          1.288        1.289        M202          1.199        1.199        W+321          1.169        1.168        M400          1.160        1.159        W-330          1.094        1.093        W222          1.065        1.065        M411          1.044        1.044        M302        1.038        1.037        W420312          1.013        1.013        M______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     GaReO 4   
     0.374g. of Ga 2  O 3 , 0.7807g. of ReO 3 , and 0.1561g. of Re metal were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1200° C. for 3 hrs. under 58 kbars pressure. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from the dark violet product and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 23-305 for FeTaO 4  indicated that the major phase was GaReO 4  of the rutile-type FeTaO 4  structure with a = 4.69A and c = 2.85A. The X-ray diffraction pattern for GaReO 4  is shown in Table III. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of the GaReO 4  product was 5 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR GaReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________100      4.690        4.670          W110      3.316        3.317          S101      2.436        2.436          S+200      2.345        2.346          M111      2.161        2.162          W211      1.689        1.690          S220      1.658        1.659          W300      1.563        1.566          W-310      1.483        1.484          W221      1.433        1.438          W002      1.425        1.425          W301      1.371        1.371          M112      1.309        1.310          W+______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     ZnReO 4   
     0.3255g. of ZnO and 0.9368g. of ReO 3  were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1300° C. for 1 hr. under 58 kbars pressure. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from the black product and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 13-434 for MnWO 4  indicated that the major phase was ZnReO 4  of the monoclinic wolframite-type structure with a = 4.70A, b = 5.60A, c = 5.03A and β = 91.3°. The X-ray diffraction pattern for ZnReO 4  is shown in Table IV. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of the resulting ZnReO 4  was found to be 60,000 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR ZnReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________010      5.600        5.605          M-100      4.699        4.694          S011      3.742        3.742          S110      3.600        3.599          S101      3.395        3.398          W- 111    2.951        2.950          S+111      2.903        2.903          S+020      2.800        2.804          M002      2.514        2.512          M+021      2.446        2.450          S120      2.405        2.407          W-200      2.349        2.348          M-012      2.294        2.293          W-- 102    2.238        2.236          M102      2.196        2.193          W- 121    2.180        2.181          W-121      2.166        2.162          M- 112    2.078        2.077          W+112      2.045        2.043          W+______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 5 
     MgReO 4   
     0.1612g. of MgO and 0.9368g. of ReO 3  were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1300° C. for 1 hr. under 58 kbars pressure. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from the black product and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card. No. 13-434 for MnWO 4  indicated that the major phase was MgReO 4  of the monoclinic wolframite, structure with a = 4.69A, b = 5.57A, c = 5.07A and β = 92.0°. The X-ray diffraction pattern for MgReO 4  is shown in Table V. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of the resulting MgReO 4  was found to be 40,000 ohm-cm. 
     
                       TABLE V______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR MgReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________010      5.570        5.576          M100      4.687        4.691          S+011      3.748        3.726          S110      3.586        3.587          M- 111    2.965        2.953          M+111      2.891        2.878          S020      2.785        2.788          W002      2.533        2.503          M021      2.441        2.436          W120      2.394        2.395          W______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 6 
     MnReO 4   
     0.1449g. of MnO 2 , 0.0916g. of Mn metal, and 0.7807g. of ReO 3  were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1200° C. for 4 hrs. under 58 kbars of pressure. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern run on a different sample prepared in the same manner and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 13-434 for MnWO 4  indicated that the major phase of the black product was MnReO 4  of the monoclinic wolframite-type structure with a = 4.80A, b = 5.63A, c = 5.08A and β = 92.73°. The X-ray diffraction pattern for MnReO 4  is shown in Table VI. The electrical resistivity of a single crystal of the MnReO 4  product was found to be 2 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE VI______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR MnReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________010      5.630        5.630       M- 100    4.797        4.795       M+011      3.768        3.767       M+- 110    3.651        3.653       M+- 111    3.015        3.015       S+111      2.913        2.913       S020      2.815        2.815       W002      2.535        2.535       M021      2.461        2.461       M012      2.428        2.428       W-- 200    2.398        2.398       W+- 012    2.312        2.312       W-- 102    2.287        2.287       W+- 121    2.211        2.210       W102      2.199        2.199       W-121      2.169        2.169       M-- 112    2.119        2.118       W- 211    2.056        2.056       W112      2.048        2.048       W211      1.991        1.991       W______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 7 
     NiReO 4   
     0.2988g. of NiO and 0.9368g. of ReO 3  were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1300° C. for 3 hrs. under 58 kbars pressure. The product was black. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern run on a different sample prepared in the same manner and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 21-613 for PtO 2  indicated that the major phase was NiReO 4  of the distorted rutile-type structure similar to that of PtO 2  with a = 4.63A, b = 4.68A, and c = 2.89A. The X-ray diffraction pattern for NiReO 4  is shown in Table VII. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of the NiReO 4  product was found to be 8 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE VIII______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR NiReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings    d Spacings Intensityhkl      Calculated, A Observed, A                             Observed______________________________________010      4.680         4.677         S-100      4.630         4.626         M+110      3.291         3.292         S+001      2.890         2.893         M011      2.459         2.460         S101      2.452         2.453         S020      2.340         2.339         M200      2.315         2.313         M111      2.172         2.193         M+021      1.819         1.819         M-201      1.807         1.807         W+211      1.686         1.680         M002      1.445         1.445         M-______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     CoReO 4   
     0.2408g. of Co 3  O 4 , 0.9368g. of ReO 3 , and 0.0589g. of Co metal were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1200° C. for 4 hrs. under 58 kbars of pressure. The product was black. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern run on a different sample prepared in the same manner and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 21-613 for PtO 2  indicated that the major phase was CoReO 4  of the distorted rutile-type structure similar to that of PtO 2  with a = 6.50A, b = 6.73A, and c = 2.88A. The X-ray diffraction pattern for CoReO 4  is shown in Table VIII. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of the CoReO 4  product was 9 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE VIII______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR CoReO.sub.4Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________110        4.675          4.673        M+020        3.365          3.366        S200        3.250          3.251        S001        2.880          2.881        M-111        2.452          2.454        S+220        2.338          2.329        M-021        2.188          2.189        M130        2.121          2.121        W310        2.062          2.067        W221        1.815          1.820        W131        1.708          1.710        M+040        1.683                     1.680        M+311        1.677400        1.625          1.628        M330        1.558          1.552        W______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Fe 2  ReO 6   
     0.7985g. of Fe 2  O 3  and 1.1710g. of ReO 3  were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1300° C. for 2 hrs. under 58 kbars pressure. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from the black product and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 20-539 for Fe 2  WO 6  indicated the major phase, Fe 2  ReO 6 , to be isostructural with Fe 2  WO 6 . The orthorhombic cell dimensions reported for Fe 2  WO 6  are: a = 4.58A, b = 16.77A and c = 4.97A; for Fe 2  ReO 6  a = 4.54A, b = 16.63A, and c = 4.97A. The X-ray diffraction pattern for Fe 2  ReO 6  is shown in Table IX. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of the Fe 2  ReO 6  product was found to be 3 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE IX______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR Fe.sub.2 ReO.sub.6Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________110      4.381        4.376          M021      4.268        4.258          M+040      4.158        4.148          M-130      3.513        3.509          M+111      3.287        3.283          M-041      3.190        3.185          W131      2.869        2.868          S+060      2.772        2.771          M-150      2.684        2.684          M-002      2.486        2.484          M061      2.421        2.420          M+151      2.36         2.360          W200      2.271        2.270          M-112      2.162        2.161          W+161      2.136        2.136          M-080      2.079        2.080          W132      2.029        2.029          M221      2.005        2.003          W+240      1.993        1.994          W______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Cr 2  ReO 6   
     0.4001g. of Cr 2  O 3  and 0.6163g. of ReO 3  were mixed by grinding in a mortar. These reactants were then heated at 1300° C. for 1 hr. under 58 kbars pressure. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from the black product and comparison of this pattern with that shown on Powder Diffraction File Card No. 13-110 for Cr 2  WO 6  indicated that the major phase, Cr 2  ReO 6 , had the trirutile structure with a = 4.55A and c = 8.81A and to be isostructural with Cr 2  WO 6 . The X-ray diffraction pattern for Cr 2  ReO 6  is shown in Table X. The electrical resistivity of a pellet of the Cr 2  ReO 6  product was 10 ohm-cm at room temperature. 
     
                       TABLE X______________________________________X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR Cr.sub.2 ReO.sub.6Reflection    d Spacings   d Spacings  Intensityhkl      Calculated, A                 Observed, A Observed______________________________________002      4.455        4.456          M101      4.052        4.054          S110      3.217        3.221          S+112      2.608        2.608          M103      2.487        2.484          S200      2.275        2.277          M+113      2.182        2.181          M202      2.026        2.025          M-211      1.984        1.983          M114      1.831        1.831          M-213      1.679        1.678          S105      1.659        1.659          W220      1.609        1.608          M204      1.592        1.591          W222      1.513        1.512          W-______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Resistor Comprising MnReO 4   
     A powder mixture was prepared by grinding together 50 percent by weight of MnReO 4  (prepared as described in Example 6), 25 percent by weight of gold powder and 25 percent by weight of a low-melting sodium borosilicate glass powder (glass micro-ballons, Tg= 482° C.). The mixture was pressed into a pellet and heated for 5 minutes at 500° C. to fuse it. The resulting pellet resistor had a resistivity of 1200 ohm-cm when measured at room temperature. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Resistor comprising Cr 2  ReO 6   
     A powder mixture was prepared by grinding together 50 percent by weight of Cr 2  ReO 6  (prepared as described in Example 10), 25 percent by weight of gold powder and 25 percent by weight of a low-melting sodium borosilicate glass powder (glass micro-balloons, Tg= 482° C). The mixture was pressed into a pellet and heated for 5 minutes at 500° C. to fuse it. The resulting pellet resistor had a resistivity of 850 ohm-cm when measured at room temperature.