Abstract:
A projection exposure apparatus includes a projection optical system for projecting a pattern on a substrate, a holding portion for holding an optical element which propagates light toward the projection optical system, a mask which is arranged on or near a plane of an image of the optical element formed by the projection optical system and has a transmission portion, an actuator for driving the optical element along one of focal planes of the projection optical system, and a measurement device for measuring an intensity of light which emerges from the optical element, and passes through the projection optical system and the transmission portion of the mask, while the optical element is driven. The measurement device is disposed at a point in a plane conjugate to a pupil plane of the projection optical system or a point in a plane spaced apart from the mask enough to separately detect respective rays emerging from plural points of the plane.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to an exposure apparatus for transferring a pattern on a mask to a photosensitive substrate via a projection optical system. Such an exposure apparatus is used in lithography in manufacturing, e.g., a semiconductor device. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The manufacture of a semiconductor devices, or the like, by photolithography uses a projection exposure apparatus for transferring a circuit pattern, or the like, formed on a master (to be referred to as a reticle, hereinafter), such as a reticle or photomask to a semiconductor wafer, or the like, coated with a photosensitive agent. An exposure apparatus of this type must accurately transfer a pattern on a reticle onto a wafer at a predetermined magnification (reduction ratio). To meet this demand, the exposure apparatus must exploit a projection optical system which exhibits good imaging performance and suppresses aberration. In recent years, a pattern exceeding the general imaging performance of an optical system is often transferred along with further miniaturization of a semiconductor device. The transfer pattern, therefore, is more sensitive to the aberration of the optical system than a conventional pattern. On the other hand, the projection optical system must increase the exposure area and numerical aperture (NA), which makes aberration correction more difficult. 
   In this situation, demands are arising for measuring aberration, particularly wavefront aberration of the projection optical system while the projection optical system is mounted in the exposure apparatus, i.e., is actually used for exposure. This is because measurement of aberration enables more precise lens adjustment corresponding to the use state and device design almost free from the influence of aberration. 
   To meet these demands, a conventional method is available in which aberration is measured from a change in image intensity distribution along with driving of a knife edge, slit, or the like. 
   In the method of obtaining the image intensity distribution by a knife edge or slit, the S/N ratio of image intensity distribution measurement must be about 10 6  or more in a projection optical system used for semiconductor lithography. This value is difficult to achieve. 
   To obtain wavefront aberration in the method of obtaining the contrast by using a bar chart, the contrasts of many bar charts must be obtained from a rough pitch to a pitch exceeding the resolution limit. This is not practical in terms of the formation of bar charts and measurement labor. 
   Further, these methods do not allow measurement of wavefront aberration. 
   As a method of obtaining wavefront aberration, an interferometer is used. However, the interferometer is generally used as an inspection device in the manufacture of a projection optical system, and is not practically mounted in the exposure apparatus in terms of the technique and cost because an interferometer made up of a prism, mirror, lens, and the like, and an interference illumination system having good coherence must be arranged near a reticle stage or wafer stage in the method using the interferometer. In general, the space near the wafer stage or reticle stage is limited, and the sizes of the interferometer and illumination system must therefore be limited. Limitations are also imposed in terms of heat generation and vibration, and the interferometer is difficult to mount. With recent decreases in exposure wavelength, an interferometer light source having good coherence in the exposure wavelength region does not exist or is very expensive. Thus, it is not practical in terms of the technique and cost to mount an interferometer type aberration measurement device in a projection exposure apparatus. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention has been made in consideration of the above background, and has as its object to provide, e.g., a projection exposure apparatus having a function of measuring the imaging performance (e.g., wavefront aberration) of a projection optical system in a projection exposure apparatus. 
   According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a projection exposure apparatus comprising a projection optical system for projecting a pattern on a substrate, a holding portion for holding an optical element which propagates light toward the projection optical system, a mask which is arranged near a plane of an image of the optical element formed by the projection optical system and has a transmission portion, an actuator for driving the optical element along one of focal planes of the projection optical system, and a measurement device for measuring an intensity of light which emerges from the optical element, and passes through the projection optical system and the transmission portion of the mask while the optical element is driven. 
   According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the projection exposure apparatus preferably further comprises an arithmetic device for calculating aberration (e.g., ray aberration, wavefront aberration) of the projection optical system on the basis of a measurement result of the measurement device. 
   According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the optical element is preferably arranged near the object-side focal plane of the projection optical system, and the mask is arranged near the image-side focal plane of the projection optical system. Preferably, the optical element includes a mask having a transmission portion, and light emerges toward the projection optical system by illuminating the mask serving as the optical element by an illumination system. Alternatively, the optical element preferably includes a mask having a reflecting portion, and light emerges toward the projection optical system by illuminating the mask serving as the optical element by an illumination system. 
   According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the optical element is preferably arranged near the image-side focal plane of the projection optical system, and the mask is arranged near the object-side focal plane of the projection optical system. Preferably, the optical element includes a mask having a transmission portion, and light emerges toward the projection optical system by illuminating the mask serving as the optical element by an illumination system. Alternatively, the optical element preferably includes a mask having a reflecting portion, and light emerges toward the projection optical system by illuminating the mask serving as the optical element by an illumination system. 
   According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a region of the optical element, from which light emerges, is preferably smaller than an isoplanatic region of the projection optical system. 
   According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, light which emerges from the projection optical system preferably sufficiently covers a pupil of the projection optical system. 
   According to the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of measuring aberration of a projection optical system in a projection exposure apparatus for projecting a pattern on a substrate via the projection optical system, the projection exposure apparatus having a projection optical system for projecting a pattern on a substrate, a holding portion for holding an optical element which propagates light toward the projection optical system, and a mask which is arranged near a plane of an image of the optical element formed by the projection optical system and has a transmission portion, the method comprising the measurement step of measuring an intensity of light which emerges from the optical element, and passes through the projection optical system and the transmission portion of the mask while the optical element is driven along one of focal planes of the projection optical system, and the arithmetic step of calculating aberration of the projection optical system on the basis of a measurement result obtained in the measurement step. 
   According to the third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of transferring a pattern to a substrate by using a projection exposure apparatus, the projection exposure apparatus having a projection optical system for projecting a pattern on a substrate, a holding portion for holding an optical element which propagates light toward the projection optical system, and a mask which is arranged near a plane of an image of the optical element formed by the projection optical system and has a transmission portion, the method comprising the measurement step of measuring an intensity of light which emerges from the optical element, and passes through the projection optical system and the transmission portion of the mask while the optical element is driven along one of focal planes of the projection optical system, the arithmetic step of calculating aberration of the projection optical system on the basis of a measurement result obtained in the measurement step, the adjustment step of adjusting the projection optical system on the basis of wavefront aberration obtained in the arithmetic step, and the transfer step of transferring a pattern to the substrate by using the projection exposure apparatus in which the projection optical system is adjusted. 
   According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a device by using a projection exposure apparatus, the projection exposure apparatus having a projection optical system for projecting a pattern on a substrate, a holding portion for holding an optical element which propagates light toward the projection optical system, and a mask which is arranged near a plane of an image of the optical element formed by the projection optical system and has a transmission portion, the method comprising the measurement step of measuring an intensity of light which emerges from the optical element, and passes through the projection optical system and the transmission portion of the mask while the optical element is driven along one of focal planes of the projection optical system, the arithmetic step of calculating aberration of the projection optical system on the basis of a measurement result obtained in the measurement step, the adjustment step of adjusting the projection optical system on the basis of the aberration obtained in the arithmetic step, the transfer step of transferring a pattern to a photosensitive member of the substrate coated with the photosensitive member by using the projection exposure apparatus in which the projection optical system is adjusted, and the developing step of developing the photosensitive member bearing the pattern. 
   Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures thereof. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  is a view showing the optical path of a ray A which deviates from an ideal imaging point IP of an optical system with aberration; 
       FIG. 2  is a view showing the intensity distribution, of a beam having passed through a transmission portion, on a light intensity distribution measurement device; 
       FIG. 3  is a view showing an example of a mask having a transmission portion; 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  are graphs showing the light intensity distributions of rays A and P along the u and v axes on the measurement surface of the light intensity distribution measurement device; 
       FIG. 5  is a view for explaining a beam near the imaging point IP when the transmission portion is a square aperture in an isoplanatic region; 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  are graphs showing the light intensity distributions of beams A′ and P′ shown in  FIG. 5  along the u and v axes on the measurement surface of the light intensity distribution measurement device; 
       FIG. 7  is a view showing the schematic arrangement of a projection exposure apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 8  is a view showing an example in which rectangular apertures are arrayed in a matrix as a transmission portion; 
       FIG. 9  is a partial enlarged view showing the transmission portion and a portion of the light intensity distribution measurement device; 
       FIG. 10  is a view for explaining the arrangement of a measurement unit in which a pupil conjugate optical system is disposed between the transmission portion and a light image sensing system; 
       FIG. 11  is a view showing the schematic arrangement of a projection exposure apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 12  is a view for explaining how an image is projected to an image sensing portion via the exit pupil conjugate optical system of a projection optical system; 
       FIG. 13  is a view showing the schematic arrangement of a,projection exposure apparatus according to the third embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 14  is a flow chart showing a semiconductor device manufacturing process; and 
       FIG. 15  is a flow chart showing a wafer process. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The principle utilized in the present invention will be explained. The present invention is based on the principle adopted in, e.g., the Foucault test, wire test, phase modulation test, and Ronchi test (see, e.g., J. Ojeda-Castaneda, “Optical Shop testing”, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., Chapter 8, “Foucault, Wire and Phase Modulation Tests,” pages 231–281 (1978)). 
   In general, a beam coming from a point object converges to one imaging point in an ideal projection optical system free from any aberration, but does not converge to one point in the presence of aberration. 
     FIG. 1  shows the state of a beam near the imaging point. In  FIG. 1 , a ray A which is emitted by an illumination system (not shown), passes through a transmission portion regarded as a point object formed on a mask as an optical element (not shown), and passes through a projection optical system (not shown), deviates from an ideal imaging point IP. A mask  17 M having a transmission portion  17 T, and a light intensity distribution detection device  18  for measuring the light intensity distribution of a beam having passed through the transmission portion  17 T are arranged near the imaging point. 
   Let coordinates (u,v) be the position of the transmission portion  17 T on a plane perpendicular to the optical axis (not shown; vertical direction in  FIG. 1 ) of the projection optical system, and coordinates (x,y) be the position on the light intensity measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18 . The position on the light intensity measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  is in one-to-one correspondence with the position on the exit pupil of the projection optical system. This can be realized by separating the light intensity distribution detection device  18  from the image-side focal position of the projection optical system by a certain distance, or arranging an optical system which conjugates the position on the light intensity measurement surface and the position of the exit pupil of the projection optical system. 
   In  FIG. 1 , the ray A deviates from the ideal imaging point IP and is shielded by the non-transmission portion of the mask  17 M owing to the aberration of the projection optical system. In this state, the ray A does not reach the light intensity distribution detection device  18 , thereby darkening a portion corresponding to the ray A on the measurement surface of the light intensity distribution measurement device  18 . 
     FIG. 2  shows the intensity distribution of a beam having passed through the transmission portion  17 T on the light intensity distribution detection device  18 . I 0 (u,v) represents the light intensity of a portion corresponding to a principal ray P when the position of the transmission portion  17 T is (u,v), and I a (u,v) represents the light intensity of a portion corresponding to the ray A when the position of the transmission portion  17 T is (u,v). I a (u,v) is low because the ray A is shielded by the non-transmission portion of the mask  17 M. 
   Letting (ε, η) be the ray aberration of the ray A, the light intensity at a portion corresponding to the ray A becomes equal to I 0 (u,v):
 
 I   a ( u,v )= I   0 ( u−ε, v −η)
 
when the transmission portion  17 T is moved by (ε, η)
 
   For this reason, changes in light intensity at respective points on the light intensity distribution detection device  18  are plotted while the position (u,v) of the transmission portion  17 T is moved. As a result, a distribution shifted in phase by an amount corresponding to ray aberration (changes in intensity along with movement) can be obtained. This phase shift amount can be obtained to determine ray aberration. 
   In practice, the mask  17 M having the transmission portion  17 T is scanned along the u axis to obtain the light intensity distribution at the position of the transmission portion  17 T, thereby measuring a transverse aberration amount ε in the u direction. The mask  17 M is also scanned along the v axis perpendicular to the u axis to obtain the light intensity distribution at the position of the transmission portion  17 T, thereby measuring a transverse aberration amount η in the v direction. 
     FIG. 3  is a view showing the mask  17 M having the transmission portion  17 T. A square aperture is formed as the transmission portion (optical element)  17 T in a non-transmission substrate. 
     FIG. 4A  is a graph showing the plots of the light intensities I a (u,v) and I 0 (u,v) on the measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  along the u axis. In  FIG. 4A , the two plots have a phase shift of a ray aberration ε along the u axis. 
     FIG. 4B  is a graph showing the plots of the light intensities I a (u,v) and I 0 (u,v) on the measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  along the v axis. In  FIG. 4B , the two plots have a phase shift of a ray aberration η along the v axis. 
   Since each point (x,y) on the light intensity measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  is in one-to-one correspondence with the exit pupil of the projection optical system, as described above, the ray aberration (ε, η) is regarded as aberration of a ray having passed through the point (x,y) on the exit pupil. 
   In the above description, the transmission mask arranged between the illumination system and the projection optical system is regarded as a point object. If the transmission portion of the transmission mask is an object smaller than the isoplanatic region of the projection optical system, the transmission portion need not be so small as to be regarded as a point object. In the isoplanatic region, aberration is regarded to be equal throughout this region. Imaging beams with the same aberration that pass through respective points of the first transmission portion are superimposed into the image of the first transmission portion. The plot obtained by scanning the image of the first transmission portion at the second transmission portion  17 T has a distribution obtained by superimposing by the size of the second pattern image the plots in which the first transmission portion is regarded as a point object. 
     FIG. 5  shows a beam near the imaging point of the projection optical system when the first transmission portion arranged between the illumination system and the projection optical system is a square aperture in the isoplanatic region. A′ represents a beam corresponding to the ray A; and P′, a beam corresponding to the principal ray P. The sections of the two beams are squares equal in size because of the isoplanatic region, and the beam A′ deviates from the beam P′ by the aberration (ε, η) of the ray A. Let I′ 0 (u, v) be the light intensity of a portion corresponding to the beam P′ when the position of the transmission portion  17 T is (u, v), and I′ a  (u,v) be the light intensity of a portion corresponding to the beam A′. Then, as is apparent from  FIGS. 6A and 6B , we have
   I′   a ( u,v )= I′   0 ( u−ε,v−η ). 
   Changes in light intensity at respective points of the light intensity measurement surface on the light intensity distribution detection device  18  are plotted while the position (u,v) of the transmission portion  17 T is moved. Consequently, a distribution shifted in phase by an amount corresponding to ray aberration (changes along with movement) can be obtained. This phase shift amount can be obtained to determine ray aberration. The transmission portion  17 T is the same as that shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     FIG. 6A  is a graph showing the plots of the light intensities I′ a (u,v) and I′ 0 (u,v) on the measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  along the u axis. In  FIG. 6A , the two plots have a phase shift of the ray aberration ε along the u axis. 
     FIG. 6B  is a graph showing the plots of the light intensities I′ a (u,v) and I′ 0 (u,v) on the measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  along the v axis. In  FIG. 6B , the two plots have a phase shift of the ray aberration η along the v axis. 
   From this, if the first transmission portion is smaller than the isoplanatic region, the ray aberration (ε, η) can be obtained similarly to a case wherein the first transmission portion is regarded as a point object. 
   Letting R′ be as the optical length between the position where the imaging beam crosses the reference sphere and the position where the imaging beam crosses the imaging plane, wavefront aberration φ and the ray aberration (ε, η) satisfy
 
               ɛ   ⁡     (     x   ,   y     )       =       R   ′     ⁢           ⁢       ∂   ϕ       ∂   x                 (   1   )             
               η   ⁡     (     x   ,   y     )       =       R   ′     ⁢           ⁢       ∂   ϕ       ∂   y                 (   2   )             
 
   The wavefront aberration φ is obtained by the above equations. Such equations are described in, e.g., Max Brown, Emill Wolf “Principles of Optics 6 th  Edition”, Chapter V, “ Geometrical Theory of Aberrations ,” pages 230–207, Pergamon Press, 1993. 
     FIG. 7  shows the arrangement of a projection exposure apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A beam emitted by an illumination system  16  passes through a first transmission portion  11  formed in a mask  12 . The beam forms the image of the first transmission portion  11  via a projection optical system  10 . The imaging beam passes through the second transmission portion  17 T arranged near the imaging position of the image of the first transmission portion  11 , and reaches the measurement surface of a light intensity distribution detection device  18  where the light intensity distribution is measured. A measurement unit  30  comprised of the second mask  17 M having the second transmission portion  17 T, the light intensity distribution detection device  18 , and the like, is mounted on a wafer stage  14 . The second transmission portion  17 T is aligned near the imaging position of the first transmission portion  11 . 
   A driving device  15  drives the wafer stage  14 , on which a wafer chuck  13  is fixed. A controller  20  controls an actuator to perform scan driving for the second mask  17 M having the second transmission portion  17 T along the image plane (image-side focal plane) of the projection optical system  10 . A signal processor  20  processes a light intensity signal (light intensity distribution) which is detected by the light intensity distribution detection device  18 . 
   A beam emitted by the illumination system  16  is assumed to sufficiently cover the entrance pupil of the projection optical system  10  after it passes through the first transmission portion  11 . This is realized by adopting an illumination system with a σ=1 as the illumination system  16 . 
   The first transmission portion  11  is smaller than the isoplanatic region of the projection optical system  10 . For the projection system of a semiconductor exposure apparatus, several percent of the screen size is regarded as an isoplanatic region. For a semiconductor exposure apparatus using a six inch mask, the first transmission portion  11  is limited to below several mm in size. 
     FIG. 8  shows an example in which rectangular apertures are arrayed as the first transmission portions  11  in a 10×10 matrix in the mask  12 . The imaging performance can be measured at a plurality of image points by arraying the plurality of first transmission portions  11  and measuring the imaging performance at the respective imaging positions. 
   The measurement unit  30 , which includes the second mask  17 M having the second transmission portion  17 T, light intensity distribution detection device  18 , and the like, is aligned by the wafer stage  14 , so as to locate the second transmission portion  17 T near the imaging position of the first transmission portion  11 . A position on the light intensity measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  has a margin to such a degree as to ensure one-to-one correspondence with a position on the exit pupil of the projection optical system  10 . This can be realized by, e.g., separating an image sensing element  104  of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  from the imaging position of the projection optical system  10  by a certain distance, as shown in  FIG. 9 . This can also be realized by using a pupil imaging optical system for conjugating the pupil of the projection optical system  10  and the image sensing surface. 
   In this state, an actuator  31  in  FIG. 9  performs scan driving for the second transmission portion  17 T along the image plane of the projection optical system  10 . The signal processor  20  processes changes in light intensity detected at the respective light-receiving units of the image sensing element  104  of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  with respect to the position of the second transmission portion  17 T on the basis of the principle described with reference to  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 . As a result, ray aberration (ε(x,y), η(x,y)) can be obtained. 
   Wavefront aberration φ is calculated from the obtained ray aberration on the basis of equations (1) and (2) described above. 
   Letting D be the width of the second transmission portion  17 , t be the width of the first transmission portion (rectangular aperture)  11  shown in  FIG. 8  to be projected by the projection optical system  10 , and m be the magnification of the projection optical system  10 , the light intensities I′ a  (u,v) and I′ 0  (u,v) with respect to the position of the second transmission portion  17 T shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  are measured for a section with a length represented by:
 
 L=D+t×m. 
 
The light intensity distribution is shifted as a whole in the lateral direction by the aberration amount of the projection optical system  10 . For this reason, letting ξmax be the maximum value of transverse aberration to be measured, a scanning distance S has a value, at the minimum, represented by: 
             S   =       ⁢     L   +     2   ×   ξ   ⁢           ⁢   max                       ⁢     D   +     t   ×   m     +     2   ×   ξ   ⁢           ⁢     max   .                   
 
ξmax is multiplied by 2 to deal with the positive and negative signs of a transverse aberration amount.
 
   Letting ξmin be the measurement precision of a transverse aberration amount to be measured, a scanning precision ΔS must have a value not more than:
 
ΔS=ξmin.
 
   The measurement precision ξmin also decreases due to a measurement-precision decreasing factor other than the scanning precision. Though the scanning precision ΔS cannot be determined without assigning precisions to the respective elements, it is assumed to be almost the same as the measurement precision in the following description for the sake of simplicity. 
   For example, assuming that the width t of the first transmission portion (rectangular aperture)  11  to be projected is 100 μm, the magnification m of the projection optical system is ¼, the width D of the second transmission portion  17 T is the same as that of a projected image of the first transmission portion  11 , i.e., 25 μm (100 μm/4), and the measurement precision ξmin of the transverse aberration amount is 10 nm, the scanning precision is given by:
 
ΔS=10 nm.
 
This transverse aberration amount ξmin corresponds to a value of 10 mλ of the fourth spherical aberration where a wavelength to be used is 193 nm, and the image-side numerical aperture of the projection optical system  10  is 0.8.
 
   Letting NAi be the image-side numerical aperture of the projection optical system, a stationary precision ΔZ must have a value not more than:
 
Δ Z =ξmin/ NAi. 
 
   Similarly to the scanning precision, the measurement precision ξmin decreases due to a measurement-precision decreasing factor other than the stationary precision ΔZ. Though the stationary precision ΔZ cannot be determined without assigning precisions to the respective elements, it is assumed to be almost the same as the measurement precision for the sake of simplicity. 
   The stationary precision in a direction perpendicular to the scanning direction is calculated using the same value as the estimated scanning precision as follows:
 
Δ Z =10 nm/0.8=12.5 nm.
 
   In the embodiment described above, the scanning precision of the second transmission portion  17 T and the stationary precision in a direction perpendicular to the scanning direction must meet strict requirements, i.e., have values not more than the transverse aberration measurement precision. With a further decrease in wavelength to be used of the projection optical system  10 , and an approximation to 1 of the numerical aperture of the projection optical system  10 , precisions on the order of nanometers will be required in the future. It is difficult to implement devices with such precisions. 
   In each of the following embodiments, a measurement method and apparatus in which the scanning precision of a transmission portion or mask having the portion formed therein is decreased are disclosed to solve the above-described problem. 
   [Second Embodiment] 
     FIG. 11  shows the arrangement of a projection exposure apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention. A beam emitted by an illumination system  16  passes through a first transmission portion  11  formed in a mask  12 . The beam forms the image of the first transmission portion  11  via a projection optical system  10 . The imaging beam passes through the second transmission portion  17 T arranged near the imaging position of the first transmission portion  11 , and reaches the measurement surface of a light intensity distribution detection device  18  where the light intensity distribution is measured. A measurement unit  40  comprised of the second mask  17 M having the second transmission portion  17 T, the light intensity distribution detection device  18 , and the like, is mounted on a wafer stage  14 . The second transmission portion  17 T is aligned near the imaging position of the first transmission portion  11 . A driving device  15  drives the wafer stage  14 , on which a wafer chuck  13  is fixed. 
   The mask  12  having the first transmission portion  11  is held by a mask holder  12 H. The projection exposure apparatus has an actuator  29  for scanning the first transmission portion  11  along the object plane (object-side focal plane) of the projection optical system  10  by driving the mask holder  12 H. 
   A signal processor  20  processes a light intensity signal (light intensity distribution), which is detected by the light intensity distribution detection device  18 , thereby obtaining the aberration of the projection optical system  10 . 
   A beam emitted by the illumination system  16  is assumed to sufficiently cover the entrance pupil of the projection optical system  10  after it passes through the first transmission portion  11 . This is realized by adopting an illumination system with a σ=1 as the illumination system  16 . 
   The first transmission portion  11  is smaller than the isoplanatic region of the projection optical system  10 . For the projection system of a semiconductor exposure apparatus, several percent or less of the screen size is regarded as an isoplanatic region. For a semiconductor exposure apparatus using a six inch mask, the first transmission portion  11  is limited to below several mm in size. 
     FIG. 8  shows an example in which rectangular apertures are arrayed as the first transmission portions  11  in a 10×10 matrix in the mask  12 . The imaging performance can be measured at a plurality of image points by arraying the plurality of first transmission portions  11  and measuring the imaging performance at the respective imaging positions. 
   A measurement unit  40  comprised of the second mask  17 M having the second transmission portion  17 T, the light intensity distribution detection device  18 , and the like, is mounted on a wafer stage  14 . The second transmission portion  17 T is aligned near the imaging position of the first transmission portion  11 . The light intensity measurement surface of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  is arranged so as to ensure one-to-one correspondence with the exit pupil of the projection optical system  10 . 
     FIG. 10  shows the schematic arrangement of the measurement unit  40 . The measurement unit  40  is comprised of the second mask  17 M having the second transmission portion  17 T, a pupil imaging optical system  103 , the light intensity distribution detection device  18  having a two-dimensional solid-state image sensing element, and the like. The pupil imaging optical system  103  is a collimator lens having a focal length f and is arranged such that the object-side focal plane and image-side focal plane are respectively located on the second mask  17 M and light-receiving surface of the two-dimensional solid-state image sensing element  104 . With this arrangement, the two-dimensional solid-state image sensing element  104  is conjugate to the exit pupil of the projection optical system  10 . 
   In this state, the actuator  29  scans the mask  12  having the first transmission portion  11  along the object plane of the projection optical system  10 , and at the same time a moving amount monitor  21  monitors the moving amount of the mask  12 . A reticle moving mechanism of a reticle stage (not shown) and measurement device for reticle moving amounts (not shown) may respectively be employed as the actuator  29  and moving amount monitor  21 . Alternatively, the actuator  29  and moving amount monitor  21  may be provided separately. 
   As scan of the mask  12  advances, an image of the first transmission portion  11 , which is formed via the projection optical system  10 , moves along the image plane on the second mask  17 M. 
     FIG. 12  shows the state at this time. Note that the first transmission portion  11  is not illustrated in  FIG. 12 . 
   When the first transmission portion  11  is scanned from left to right with respect to the sheet surface of  FIG. 12 , the imaging point of the first transmission portion  11 , which has originally been at a position A, moves from A to C via B from right to left with respect to the sheet surface. The object-side focal plane of the pupil imaging optical system  103  coincides with the position of the second mask  17 M; and the image-side focal plane of the pupil imaging optical system  103 , coincides with the position of the light-receiving surface of the two-dimensional solid-state image-sensing element  104 . Accordingly, the position of the image of the exit pupil of the projection optical system  10 , which is formed on the two-dimensional solid-state image sensing element  104 , does not change even if the image of the first transmission portion  11  moves on the second mask  17 M. The image of a given point on the exit pupil is always formed on a corresponding point on the two-dimensional solid-state image sensing element  104 . 
   In the first embodiment, the second transmission portion  17 T is-scanned while the first transmission portion  11  is fixed. However, in this embodiment, the first transmission portion  11  is scanned while the second transmission portion  17 T is fixed, thereby obtaining the light intensity distribution in the same manner as in the first embodiment. The signal processor  20  processes changes in light intensity (light intensity distribution) at the respective light-receiving units of the two-dimensional solid-state image sensing element  104  of the light intensity distribution detection device  18  with respect to the position of the first transmission portion  11  on the basis of the principle described with reference to  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 . As a result, ray aberration (ε(x,y), η(x,y)) can be obtained. 
   The wavefront aberration φ can be obtained by processing the obtained ray aberration by the signal processor  20  on the basis of the above-described equations (1) and (2). 
   The mark  12  is moved to shift the position of the first transmission portion  11  to a different exposure area, and the measurement unit  40  is so driven as to locate the second transmission portion  17 T at the imaging point of the first transmission portion  11 . In this state, the same measurement as described above can obtain the ray aberration and wavefront aberration in the entire exposure area of the projection optical system  10 . 
   This embodiment has an advantage over the first embodiment in scanning precision. 
   In the first embodiment, the second transmission portion  17 T is to be scanned, and thus the second transmission portion  17 T must have a scanning precision almost equal to or higher than the measurement precision ξmin. 
   On the other hand, in this embodiment, the second transmission portion  17 T remains stationary, and the first transmission portion  11  located on the object plane of the projection optical system  10  is scanned. Consequently, a scanning precision required can be decreased by a factor of the magnification m of the projection optical system  10 . That is, the required scanning precision ΔS′ of the first transmission portion  11  is given by:
 
Δ S ′=ξmin/m.
 
Assuming that the transverse aberration measurement precision is 10 nm, and the magnification of the projection optical system is ¼, the scanning precision ΔS′ is calculated as follows:
 
Δ S ′=10 nm/(¼)=40 nm.
 
The scanning precision of the first transmission portion  11  may be one-fourth the scanning precision of the second transmission portion  17 T in the first embodiment.
 
Assuming that the transverse aberration measurement precision is 10 nm, and the magnification of the projection optical system is ¼, the scanning precision ΔS′ is calculated as follows:
 
Δ S ′=10 nm/(¼)=40 nm
 
The scanning precision of the first transmission portion  11  may be one-fourth the scanning precision of the second transmission portion  17 T in the first embodiment.
 
   The stationary precision ΔZ′ in a direction perpendicular to the scanning direction of the first transmission portion  11  is equal to a value obtained by decreasing the stationary precision ΔZ required in the first embodiment by a factor of the vertical magnification and is given by:
 
Δ Z′/ΔZ= (1/m) 2 .
 
More specifically, if the magnification of the projection optical system  10  is ¼, scanning can be performed at a precision which is one-sixteenth the value of the stationary precision ΔZ. In the first embodiment, if the numerical aperture NAi is 0.8, ΔZ=12.5 nm. On the other hand, in this embodiment, the scanning precision ΔZ′ is very low, as follows:
 
ΔZ′=200 nm.
 
   In this embodiment, the pupil imaging optical system  103  as shown in  FIG. 10  is employed as a measurement unit for the light intensity distribution. However, even if a pupil conjugate optical system is omitted, the light intensity distribution detection device  18  is separated from the second transmission portion  17 T by a sufficient distance, and scan driving is performed for the first transmission portion  11  while the second transmission portion  17 T and light intensity distribution detection device  18  are fixed, the same effect can be obtained. This arrangement is obtained by omitting an actuator  31  from the arrangement shown in  FIG. 9 . The distance between the second transmission portion  17 T and the light intensity distribution detection device  18  is desirably set to satisfy a so-called far-field relationship, i.e., to several mm to several tens of mm. For example, assume that the distance between the second transmission portion  17 T and the light intensity distribution detection device  18  is 50 nm. In this case, when the aperture width of the first transmission portion  11  is 100 μm, the projection system magnification is ¼, and the numerical aperture is 0.8, the size of the image of the first transmission portion  11  is φ25 μm, the size of the exit pupil of the projection optical system  10  to be projected to the light intensity distribution detection device  18  is φ133 μm, and the ratio of the size of the pupil to the image of the first transmission portion  11  is as large as 5,320. 
     FIG. 13  shows the arrangement of a projection exposure apparatus according to the third embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a reflection mask is employed as an optical element. A beam emitted by an illumination system  41  is reflected by a reflecting portion  43  arranged in a mask  42 . The beam forms the image of the reflecting portion  43  via a projection optical system  40 . A beam emitted by the illumination system  41  is assumed to sufficiently cover the entrance pupil of the projection optical system  40  after it is reflected by the reflecting portion  43 . This is realized by, e.g., changing the illumination system  41  to an illumination system with σ=1. The reflecting portion  43  is smaller than the isoplanatic region of the projection optical system  40 . The imaging beam passes through a transmission portion  45  formed in a mask  45 M arranged near the imaging position of the image of the reflecting portion  43 , and reaches the measurement surface of a light intensity distribution detection device  46  where the light intensity distribution is measured. The mask  45 M and light intensity distribution detection device  46  are mounted on a wafer stage (not shown). The transmission portion  45 T formed in the mask  45 M is aligned near the imaging position of the image of the reflecting portion  43 . The position on the image sensing surface of the light intensity distribution device  46  is in one-to-one correspondence with the position on the exit pupil of the projection optical system  40 . The mask  42  is held by a mask holder  42 H and driven by a driving device  44 . A reticle stage may be used in place of the driving device  44 . Alternatively, the driving device  44  may be provided separately. 
   In this state, the mask  42  is driven along the object plane (object-side focal plane) of the projection optical system  40 , and the light intensity distribution detection device  46  detects changes in intensity at respective pupil positions with driving of the mask  42 . The signal processor  20  performs signal processing on the basis of the principle described with reference to  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 . As a result, ray aberration (ε(x,y), η(x,y)) can be obtained. 
   Wavefront aberration can be obtained by processing of the signal processor  20  on the basis of equations (1) and (2) described above. 
   The mark  42  is moved to shift the position of the reflecting portion  43  to a different exposure area, and the transmission portion  45 T and light intensity distribution detection device  46  are driven to the imaging point of the reflecting portion  43 , thereby performing similar measurement. With this operation, the ray aberration and wavefront aberration in the entire exposure area of the projection optical system  40  can be obtained. 
   As described above, in this embodiment, a reflection optical element is adopted as an optical element which propagates light toward the projection optical system in place of a transmission optical element. This makes it possible to easily measure aberration of the projection optical system even in a projection exposure apparatus using a reflection reticle. 
   [Modification] 
   In the above embodiments, the transmission portion  11  or reflecting portion  43  as an optical element which propagates light toward the projection optical system is arranged near the object-side focal plane of the projection optical system. The mask  17 M or  45 M with the transmission portion  17 T or  45 T, which passes light having emerged from the optical element and passed through the projection optical system, is arranged near the image-side focal plane of the projection optical system. However, the optical element may be located on the object-side or image-side focal plane of the projection optical system or a plane conjugate to them. Similarly, the mask may be located on the object-side or image-side focal plane of the projection optical system or a plane conjugate to them. 
   [Aberration Correction Method] 
   In the projection exposure apparatuses of the preferred embodiments of the present invention described above, a plurality of lenses among a plurality of optical elements which constitute the projection optical system are movable in the optical axis direction and/or a direction perpendicular to the optical axis. One or a plurality of aberrations (particularly Seidel&#39;s five aberrations) in the optical system can be corrected or optimized by moving one or a plurality of lenses by an aberration adjustment driving system (not shown) on the basis of aberration information obtained by using the above-mentioned embodiments. A means for adjusting the aberration of the projection optical system includes not only a movable lens but also various known systems such as a movable mirror (when the optical system is a catadioptric system or mirror system), a tiltable plane-parallel plate, a pressure-controllable space, and plane correction by an actuator. 
   [Semiconductor Device Manufacturing Method] 
   An embodiment of a semiconductor device manufacturing method using the above-described projection exposure apparatuses will be explained. 
     FIG. 14  is a flow chart for explaining the manufacture of a semiconductor device (e.g., a semiconductor chip such as an IC or LSI, a liquid crystal panel, a CCD or the like). In step  1  (circuit design), a semiconductor device circuit is designed. In step  2  (mask formation), a mask having the designed circuit pattern is formed. In step  3  (wafer manufacture), a wafer is manufactured by using a material such as silicon. In step  4  (wafer process), called a pre-process, an actual circuit is formed on the wafer by lithography using a prepared mask and the wafer. Step  5  (assembly), called a post-process, is the step of forming a semiconductor chip by using the wafer formed in step  4 , and includes an assembly process (chip encapsulation). In step  6  (inspection), inspections such as an operation confirmation test and a durability test of the semiconductor device manufactured in step  5  are conducted. After these steps, the semiconductor device is completed and shipped (step  7 ). 
     FIG. 15  is a flow chart showing the wafer process in step  4  of  FIG. 14  in detail. In step  11  (oxidation), the wafer surface is oxidized. In step  12  (CVD), an insulating film is formed on the wafer surface. In step  13  (electrode formation), an electrode is formed on the wafer by vapor deposition. In step  14  (ion implantation), ions are implanted in the wafer. In step  15  (resist processing), a photosensitive agent is applied to the wafer. In step  16  (exposure), the above-mentioned exposure apparatus exposes the wafer to the circuit pattern of a mask. In step  17  (developing), the exposed wafer is developed. In step  18  (etching), the resist is etched except for the developed resist image. In step  19  (resist removal), an unnecessary resist after etching is removed. These steps are repeated to form multiple circuit patterns on the wafer. 
   The manufacturing method of this embodiment can manufacture a high-precision semiconductor device which is difficult to manufacture by a conventional method. 
   As has been described above, the present invention enables, e.g., measurement of the imaging performance (e.g., wavefront aberration) of a projection optical system in a projection exposure apparatus. 
   More specifically, a scheme of measuring the intensity of light, having passed through a projection optical system and then the transmission portion of a mask while driving an optical element which propagates the light toward the projection optical system along one focal plane (e.g., an object-side focal plane) of the projection optical system, is adopted. This eliminates the necessity of imparting a high scan driving precision to an optical member. 
   As many apparently widely different embodiments of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the claims.