Abstract:
A fluid substance which is heated or cooled and then transported has associated with it a well-defined transfer of thermal energy. The present invention relates to means of measuring and registering the accumulated quantity of this transfer of thermal energy associated with a moving fluid which experiences a change in temperature.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Meters which measure and register the accumulated flow of fluids by volume or by mass are well known. Likewise, various devices which measure the transmission rate of mechanical and electrical energy are in use. For registering the accumulated electrical energy flow, integrating watt-meters--watt-hour meters--are commonplace items. The present invention relates to means for measuring the accumulated flow of transported thermal energy for use in a manner similar to that of an electrical watt-hour meter, but associated with the volumetric flow of fluid subjected to a temperature change. 
     Such a thermal energy meter is a desirable device. Fluid flow meters such as water meters are widely employed to measure the transmission of water and to enable accurate billing or accounting to be rendered. In many cases, heated or chilled water is being transmitted, and in such cases the value of the thermal energy involved may be comparable to or may exceed the value of the water itself. A thermal energy meter is especially valuable when the fluid is part of a closed system and serves only as a medium for heat transmission or exchange. In this case, the only net flow is the flow of thermal energy itself, and the energy is the only extensive quantity which can be meaningfully metered. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accumulated energy may be measured as the time integral of power. Power, in turn, equals the product of two physical variables, one of which is a measure of the kinetic (moving) energy of a system, and the other of which is a measure of the related potential (static) energy of the same system. For example, the steady-state power delivered to a moving vehicle equals the product of its velocity (a kinetic variable) and the force (the related potential variable) needed to overcome the drag at that velocity. As another example, electric power into or out of a system equals the product of current (a kinetic variable) and the voltage difference (the related potential variable) across the system. In the case of thermal energy, the transmitted thermal power into or out of a system equals the product of the specific heat flow (a kinetic variable) and the temperature difference (the related potential variable) across the system. The specific heat flow is very closely approximated by the fluid&#39;s volumetric flow, F, multiplied by a constant, H v , provided that the temperature (and for a gas, the pressure) range is limited. Consequently, the thermal power into or out of a system is given by P T , where: 
     
         P.sub.T = H.sub.v FΔT                                (1) 
    
     where ΔT is the temperature difference across the system. Such a system might be, for example, a water heater or chiller, or an air conditioning system. 
     Accumulated transferred thermal energy, E T , into or out of the system is therefore the time integral: 
     
         E.sub.T = H.sub.v ∫FΔTdt                        (2) 
    
     where H v  is allowed to be taken as a constant. 
     The present invention relates to means for evaluating and registering the accumulated transferred thermal energy, E T , as defined by equation (2). 
     The independent variables of equation (2) may be registered electrically by transducers now available and input into circuitry which directly implements the block diagram as shown in FIG. 1. Circuits may be analog or digital, with suitable converters. 
     A circuit which directly implements the block diagram as shown in FIG. 1 may be an expensive means of evaluating equation (2) since accurate, drift-free electronic integration requires special circuitry. Furthermore, accurate transducers, power supplies, and other equipment to implement such a thermal energy meter electronically may add significantly to its cost and detract from its reliability. While it is desirable to be able to implement a thermal energy meter electronically because of the ease of making remote or automated readings, it will be valuable to overcome the limitations of a straightforward implementation of a circuit to evaluate equation (2), such as that shown in block diagram form in FIG. 1. In addition, it may be desirable to produce a thermal energy meter which requires no electricity for its operation. The present invention relates to means for implementing a thermal energy meter without these limitations. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide means for making a meter to accurately measure and register the accumulated flow of thermal energy associated with the transport of a fluid which experiences a change in temperature. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide means for making a thermal energy meter of low cost and high reliability. 
     It is an additional object of the present invention to provide means for making a thermal energy meter which may employ a variety of technologies in its construction: thermo-mechanical, thermo-electric, or thermo-electro-mechanical. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram which illustrates how the accumulated flow of thermal energy may be measured and registered, by the evaluation of equation (2). 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an alternative means of evaluating equation (2) utilizing a modified fluid flowmetering device. 
     FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are mechanical schematic diagrams showing a purely mechanical means by which a portion of the block diagram of FIG. 2 may be implemented. 
     FIG. 4 is a mechanical schematic diagram showing a thermo-mechanical means by which a portion of the mechanism shown in FIG. 3B may be implemented. 
     FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing schematically a digital means of implementing a portion of the block diagram of FIG. 2. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As mentioned, an object of the present invention is to provide means for a meter which measures and registers the accumulated thermal energy transport associated with a moving fluid subjected to a temperature change. FIG. 1 illustrates how this is done in basic terms to evaluate equation (2): Temperature Transducer 1 inputs a value proportional to the temperature difference ΔT across the system which is experienced by the moving fluid, while Flow Transducer 2 inputs a value proportional to the volumetric flow of the fluid through the system. Multiplier 3 outputs a value proportional to their product. This output is proportional to the rate of transfer of thermal energy, or thermal power P T . A suitable constant source 4 inputs the proper coefficient H v  which when multiplied by Multiplier 5 and time integrated by Integrator 6 outputs for Register/Display 7 the accumulated value of the transferred thermal energy in convenient units. These units may be, for example, BTU&#39;s or equivalent Kilowatt-Hours. 
     Also mentioned, an object of the present invention is to provide low-cost and reliable means for measuring and registering the accumulated flow of thermal energy transport associated with a moving fluid subjected to a temperature change. FIG. 2 illustrates how this may be accomplished using a common fluid flowmetering device 8 consisting of a mechanical fluid displacement detector 9 (which may be of the piston or turbine variety) whose motion is proportional to the flow of the fluid from input port 10 to output port 11. This motion is coupled within the flow meter 8 by shaft 12 to register/display 13 (which may be of the dial or digit counter variety) to indicate accumulated volumetric flow. Such a flowmetering device 8 becomes a thermal energy meter when the temperature change ΔT experienced by the moving fluid is input by Transducer 14 to proportionally control the operation of the flowmeter 8 by Proportional Controller 15. FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B, and FIG. 4 schematically illustrate mechanical and thermo-mechanical means for a Temperature Transducer 14 and Proportional Controller 15. Note that the required multiplying coefficient H v  may be applied after the meter is read, as is a common practice with electric meters, and therefore no means need be incorporated for doing so within the thermal energy meter itself. A calibrated multiplier constant need only be specified for the meter reader&#39;s use. 
     It is sufficient to proportionally control the flowmeter&#39;s register device 13 by Proportional Controller 15. For example, if the fluid experiences no temperature change, then no heat is transferred into or out of it. The Proportional Controller 15 takes the ΔT=0 from Transducer 14 and does not permit the flowmeter register 13 to be advanced as the fluid flows. If ΔT becomes non-zero, Proportional Controller 15 allows the percentage of flow registered by register 13 to be increased in proportion to ΔT, so that the incremental amount registered by register/display 13 is proportional to the product of the flow rate and the temperature difference across the system, as desired. 
     FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B illustrate a mechanical means for Proportional Controller 15. Flowmeter shaft 12 and register 13 are shown in FIG. 3A. However, unlike a common flowmeter, they are not directly connected, but instead the register 13 is driven through a ratchet mechanism 20, whose moving pawl 22 is driven back and forth against ratchet disc 21 which is allowed to rotate in one direction only by stationary pawl 23. Moving pawl 22 is allowed to travel between the limits provided by fixed stop 24 and variable stop 25. The moving pawl 22 is driven against stops 24 and 25 through arm 19 by spring 18, the driven end of which is attached to pin 17 of crank 16, which is turned by shaft 12 of the flowmeter&#39;s displacement detector 9 as shown in FIG. 2. The net incremental advance of register 13 is thus proportional to the product of the rate of flow of fluid through the flowmeter times the distance between fixed stop 24 and variable stop 25. Thus, true proportional control is achieved by varying the position of variable stop 25 in proportion to the temperature difference ΔT. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates schematically a thermo-mechanical transducer means for varying the position of variable stop 25 of FIG. 3B. Two identical bi-metal coils, 26 and 27 are connected mechanically through their centers by thermally insulating shaft 28. Bi-metal coil 26 is in thermal equilibrium with the fluid at one temperature to be measured, while bi-metal coil 27 is in thermal equilibrium with the fluid at the other temperature to be measured. The temperature difference between the two bi-metal coils 26 and 27 is the ΔT to be measured by the transducer shown by FIG. 4. The outer surface 29 of bi-metal coil 26 is held fixed, while the outer surface 30 of bi-metal coil 27 is free to turn. Because of shaft 28 the central portion of bi-metal coil 27 will turn in proportion to the temperature of bi-metal coil 26. The two bi-metal coils 26 and 27 are wound in the same direction so that the free outer surface 30 of bi-metal coil 27 will turn from its rest position in proportion to the temperature difference ΔT between bi-metal coil 26 and bi-metal coil 27. In cases where the temperature difference may be taken to be relative to an assumed constant ambient temperature, bimetal coil 26 may be omitted and replaced by a fixed position for shaft 28. This thermal transducer means can be employed to vary the position of variable stop 25 by affixing a suitably-shaped cam 31 to the outer surface 30 of bi-metal coil 27 in such a way that it will rotate about shaft 28 in proportion to the temperature difference ΔT. As the temperature difference ΔT varies, the working surface of cam 31 will alter the position of variable stop 25 so that the desired proportional control may be obtained. Alternatively, the working surface of cam 31 may be used directly as variable stop 25. 
     FIG. 5 shows in schematic form how a proportional controller means may be implemented digitally. The flowmeter consists of a flow transducer 36, which contains a flow sensor 37 and pulse generator 38 whose pulse rate is proportional to the volumetric fluid flow rate. The temperature transducer 32 consists of ΔT sensor 33 and analog-to-digital converter 34. The digital output of temperature transducer 32 is proportional to ΔT and ranges from 0 to n, where n is arbitrary. This output appears on the jam inputs of a pre-settable down counter 35. Up counter 41 is used as the accumulator register to contain a reading proportional to the accumulated flow of thermal energy and is enabled to count the pulses from pulse generator 38 only when flip-flop 40 is set. Flip-flop 40 is set every nth pulse from pulse generator 38 by Divide-by-n counter 39, which also triggers the loading of the output from temperature transducer 32 into down counter 35. Flip-flop 40 is reset when down counter 35 underflows. Down counter 35 is clocked to count down on the upgoing transition of a pulse from pulse generator 38, while inverter 42 causes the up counter 41 to be clocked to count on the downgoing transition of a pulse from pulse generator 38 so that counter 41 is disabled prior to counting. True proportional control is accomplished as follows: The digital output of temperature transducer 32 is in proportion to the temperature difference ΔT over the range 0 to n, where n is arbitrary. Therefore, every n pulses output from generator 38, counter 41 counts up in proportion to ΔT, and thus for every unit volume of fluid which flows counter 41 is incremented in proportion to the transported thermal energy. If ΔT=0, down counter 35 underflows immediately and resets flip-flop 40 on the upgoing transition of the first pulse from generator 38 so that up counter 41 is disabled prior to the downgoing transition of the same pulse; thus, under the condition Δt=0, where there is no transported thermal energy, counter 41 will not advance. Circuit types which function in a manner compatible with the block diagram of FIG. 5 are: All counters (including Divide-by- n)--CD4029A; Flip-flop--CD4013A; Inverter--CD4069B. Overflow from counter 41 can be entered into an electromechanical readout register 43 for display of accumulated transported thermal energy.