Abstract:
A coil for a magnet used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, the coil including a grooved resilient former and an electrical conductor disposed around the former, wherein the former includes a sheet of flexible material having a tubular shape.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a coil for a magnet and to a method of manufacturing a coil for a magnet. More particularly, it relates to a gradient coil and to a method of manufacturing a gradient coil and, in particular to a gradient coil for use in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     MRI systems are used today for investigating a large variety of body parts. These systems are based on nuclear phenomena displayed by atomic nuclei having a non-zero magnetic moment (or “spin”). When such nuclei are placed in a static, uniform magnetic field, the nuclear spins are aligned by the magnetic field so as to be either aligned with or against the static magnetic field. The nuclear spins are not stationary, but precess around an axis defined by the magnetic field The frequency at which the spins precess is known as the “Larmor frequency” ω 0 . The Larmor frequency is given by ω 0 =γB 0  where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio of the nucleus and B 0  is the applied magnetic field. For a hydrogen nucleus, γ=42.57 MHz/T. 
     When the nuclear spins are aligned in the static magnetic field B 0 , it is possible to “flip” the spins by applying an alternating magnetic field B 1 . In order to do this, the alternating magnetic field must be at 90° to the static magnetic field and it must alternate at substantially the Larmor frequency. When such an alternating field B 1  is applied the spins will tend to align themselves parallel to B 1 , and when the alternating field is removed the spins will relax back into the state in which they are aligned with the static magnetic field B 0 . The alignment of the spins with the alternating field decreases the magnetisation in the longitudinal direction (parallel to B 0 ) and increases the magnetisation in the transverse plane (that is, the plane perpendicular to B 0 ), and the subsequent relaxation of the spins when the alternating field is removed produces the reverse effects. These changes in the magnetisation are detected in the MRI process, and are processed to provide a visible display of the nuclei. 
     FIG. 1 at  11  shows a typical MRI system in block diagram form. The magnet  12  provides the static magnetic field B 0 . In principle, the magnet  12  could be a superconductive magnet, an electromagnet or a permanent magnet. However, a super-conducting magnet is commonly used, since readily provide a large, homogeneous static magnetic field. The magnet  12  contains a bore  13  enabling the entry of a patient into the static magnetic field. A patient shown at  14  is inserted into the bore  13  using bed arrangement  16  so as to be within the static magnetic field. 
     Radio frequency (R. F.) pulses generated by transmitter  22  and applied through multiplexer  23  and radio frequency coil apparatus  24  act to tip the aligned spins so as to have a projection, for example, in the X, Z plane; the X, Y plane or the Y, Z plane. The X, Y and Z nomenclature refers to the imaginary orthogonal axes shown at 221 used in describing MRI systems; where the Z axis is an axis coaxial with the axis of the bore hole. The Y axis is the vertical axis extending from the centre of the magnetic field and the X axis is the corresponding horizontal axis orthogonal to the other axes. 
     The spins, when realigning after the radio frequency pulse is removed generate, free induction decay (F.I.D.) signals which are received by the radio frequency coil apparatus  24  and transmitted through the multiplexer to the receiving circuit  26 . From the receiving circuit the received signals go through the controller  25  to an image processor  27 . The image processor works in conjunction with a display memory  28  to provide the image displayed on display monitor  29 . It should be noted that the radio frequency coil apparatus  24  can comprise separate coils for transmitting and receiving or the same coil apparatus  24  could be used for both transmitting and receiving the R. F. pulses. 
     In order to spatially resolve the MRI signal, encoding signals within the static magnetic field are provided by gradient coils (not shown in FIG.  1 ). There are typically three sets of gradient coils. X gradient coils alter the strength of the static magnetic field along the X axis, Y gradient coils alter the strength of the static magnetic field along the X axis, and Z gradient coils alter the strength of the static magnetic field along the Z axis. The strength of the static magnetic field along other axes, such as XZ axis for example, can be changed using two or three of the gradient coils in combination. 
     The X, Y and Z gradient coils are driven by X gradient driver  17 , Y gradient driver  18  and Z gradient driver  19 , respectively. It is possible to modify the static magnetic field B 0  using the gradient coils so that only nuclei within a small volume element of the of the patient have a Larmor frequency equal to the frequency of the R. F. field B 1 . This means that the F.I.D. signal comes only from nuclei within that volume element of the patient. In practice the gradient coils are supplied with time-varying electrical currents from a power supply, such as a power amplifier, so that the volume element in which the nuclei have a Larmor frequency equal to the frequency of the applied R.F. field is scanned over the patient so as to build up a 2-D or 3-D image of the patient. 
     A typical prior art set of gradient coils is disclosed in, for example, “Foundations of Medical Imaging” by Z.H. Cho et al (published by Wiley International), and is shown schematically in FIG.  2 . The X gradient coils are shown in FIG.  2 ( a ). FIGS.  2 ( b ) and  2 ( c ) show the Y gradient coils and the Z gradient coils respectively. 
     It will be noted that the X gradient coils and the Y gradient coils shown in FIGS.  2 ( a ) and  2 ( b ) are in the form of saddle coils. In each case, two saddle coils are placed either side of the Z=0 plane. 
     In the prior art, the gradient coils are constructed over a tubular base, the Z gradient coils are placed over the X gradient coils, and finally the Y gradient coils are placed over the Z gradient coils (although the order in which the gradient coils are provided on the former is not limited to this particular order). 
     As shown in FIG.  2 ( c ), the Z gradient coils are axial coils of solenoidal form. These axial coils are wound into pre-formed slots in an insulating former. The former is prepared by machining grooves in a fiberglass tube. The tube is then split into four sections, which are glued to the tope of the X gradient coils. The Z gradient coils are then wound in grooves  41  in the preferably fiberglass former using copper wire or copper bar  42 . FIG.  3 ( a ) is a side view of such a prior art former  40  showing the grooves  41 , and FIG.  3 ( b ) is an end view of the former of FIG.  3 ( a ). 
     To reduce the noise created by the Z gradient coils when they are energized, grooves  41  in former  40  are lined with a rubber sheet  43 , as shown in FIG. 4, which is an enlarged partial sectional view of the former of FIG.  3 ( a ). Rubber sheet  43  acts as a shock absorber and damps the vibration of the Z gradient coils thereby reducing the maximum acceleration of the coils and the noise generated by the coils in use (the vibrations are caused by the coils moving as a result of the magnetic forces acting on the coils). 
     It can therefore be seen that the prior art method of constructing the Z gradient coils is expensive. In particular, the construction of finely machined thin-walled glass-fiber tubes further cut into four sections is very costly. Moreover, two winding steps are required after the former has been glued in position. Firstly the grooves are lined with the rubber sheet  43  and then, secondly, the copper wire or bar is wound into the rubber-lined grooves. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A first aspect of some preferred embodiments of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a coil for a magnet comprising: a curved former; and disposing an electrical conductor around the former; wherein the step of providing the curved former comprises the steps of: 
     (a) manufacturing the former in a flat or substantially flat shape, and 
     (b) bending the former into a curved shape. 
     This method of the invention allows the former to be made in one piece and then bent into position around the underlying components. Thus, the former can be made of flat molded elements, and these are much cheaper then machined ones. 
     In a preferred embodiment the former is manufactured from a resilient material. This eliminates the need to dispose a rubber layer on the former before winding the conductor. 
     A second aspect of some preferred embodiments of the present invention provides a coil for a magnet, the coil comprising a resilient former and an electrical conductor disposed around the former. Use of a resilient former eliminates the need to provide a layer of rubber between the former and the conductor. 
     In a preferred embodiment the former is made of an elastomeric material. 
     The present invention also provides, in a preferred embodiment thereof, an MRI system comprising a coil as defined above. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the magnet constitutes a gradient coil of the MRI system. 
     The present invention also provides, in a preferred embodiment thereof, a method of manufacturing a coil for a magnet comprising the step of disposing an electrical conductor around a resilient former. 
     There is thus provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a method of manufacturing a coil for a magnet comprising: 
     providing a curved former; and 
     disposing an electrical conductor around the former; 
     wherein the step of providing the curved former comprises manufacturing the former of a grooved resilient material. 
     Preferably, providing the curved former comprises providing the former in a flat or substantially flat shape and bending the former into a curved shape. 
     There is further provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a method of manufacturing a coil for a magnet comprising: 
     providing a curved former, and 
     disposing an electrical conductor around the former, 
     wherein providing the curved former comprises: 
     manufacturing the former in a flat or substantially flat shape; and 
     bending the former into a curved shape. 
     Preferably, the former comprises a groove and the electrical conductor is disposed in the groove. 
     Preferably, the flat or substantially flat former is formed by molding. 
     Preferably, the method includes securing the former after the step of bending the former. 
     Preferably, the former is manufactured from a flexible material. Preferably, the former is manufactured from a resilient material. 
     There is further provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a coil for a magnet, the coil comprising a resilient former and an electrical conductor disposed around the former. 
     Preferably, the former is made of an elastomeric material. 
     Preferably, a groove is defined in the former and the electrical conductor is disposed in the groove. 
     Preferably, the former is tubular. 
     There is further provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, an MRI system comprising a coil according to the invention, the coil constituting a gradient coil of the MRI system. 
     There is further provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a method of manufacturing a coil for a magnet comprising the step of disposing an electrical conductor around a resilient former. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Preferred non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an MRI system of the prior art; 
     FIGS. 2A,  2 B and  2 C are schematic views of a prior set of X,Y and Z gradient coils; 
     FIG. 3A is a side view of a prior art former on which the Z gradient coil is wound; 
     FIG. 3B is a partial sectional view of the former of FIG. 3A; 
     FIG. 4 is an enlarged partial view of FIG. 3A; 
     FIG. 5A is a side view of a former on which Z gradient coils are formed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 5B is a partial sectional view of the former of FIG. 5A; and 
     FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial view of FIG.  5 A; 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference is made to FIG. 5A,  5 B and  6 . In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the former on which the Z gradient coil is wound is constructed in one piece. It is molded as a flat former  51 , from a flexible, resilient material. The grooves in the former are formed during the molding process by using a suitably shaped mold. 
     Since former  51  is molded in a flexible material it can easily be bent into a tubular shape around the X gradient coil or other underlying component  53 , which may be made, for example of fiberglass. The molded former may be secured onto the underlying component by any suitable means—for example by gluing. Once the former has been secured in place, the Z gradient coils can be wound in the grooves in the former by any conventional winding process. 
     Moreover, since the former is molded from a flexible, resilient material it is not necessary to line the grooves in the former with elastic sheet, since the former itself will damp the vibrations of the windings. The use of an flexible, resilient former thus provides a further simplification of the manufacture of the coil. 
     FIG. 5A and 5B show side and end views of a former in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, in which at least one flat former sheet  51  is wound around and glued to a mandrill  53 . The former sheet is formed with grooves  54 . The sheet may fit into slots formed in the mandrill, as shown in the FIGS, or may be glued atop a simple cylindrical member. The dotted lines in FIG. 5A represent the mandrill surface underlying the former sheet FIG. 6 shows a detail of the former sheet glued to the cylinder. While a gap is shown between the former sheet and the copper bar, it should be understood that since the former is elastic, a tight fit for the copper may be provided. 
     The former sheet can be made from any resilient, electrically insulating material that is sufficiently flexible to be bent into a tube around the X gradient coils or other underlying component (which will typically have a radius of 600-800 mm). As example of a suitable material would be an elastomeric material, for example, such as rubber or flexible epoxy resin system. 
     Although the former is made of a flat, flexible, resilient material in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the invention is not limited to this. For example, it would be possible to use a former made in two or more curved parts, as in the conventional method, but manufactured from a resilient material. Using such a former would allow the step of lining the grooved with elastic to be eliminated thus simplifying the manufacture of the magnet to some extent. 
     Conversely, the former could be molded as a flat former, but using a material which was not sufficiently resilient to absorb all the vibrations of the electrical conductors. 
     Once this former had been bent around the X gradient coil or other underlying component and secured in place it would be necessary to line the former with rubber before winding the electrical conductor. While this would not achieve the full advantage of using a flexible, resilient former it would nevertheless have some advantage over the conventional method, since it would eliminate the steps of dividing the former into four parts and positioning them individually on the X gradient coil or other underlying component. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to the Z gradient coils of a magnet for an MRI system, the invention is not limited to this. On the contrary, the present invention can be applied to any magnetic device which comprises an electrical conductor wound around a former such as a superconductive or resistive coil of an MRI magnet for producing the principal (B 0 ) magnetic field. 
     As used herein the terms “comprise”, “include”, have” or their conjunctions mean “including but not necessarily limited to.”