Abstract:
According to the invention, a simulation is carried out based on the fundamental motion equation (1) for simulating the system by means of: transformation of the fundamental motion equation into linear differential equations of the first order; further transformation of the linear differential equations into time-discrete state variables; determination of the time response of the system by actualization of the resulting algebraic differential equations in the sampling raster of an associated control processor. Higher simulation accuracy is obtained at an essentially smaller calculating capacity.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to a method for simulation of mechatronic systems. 
   Mechatronic systems of this type include at least one mechanical and electrotechnical/electronic component combined to a unitary system as far as construction, configuration and operation are concerned. This fact is known under the term “mechatronic”. 
   Conventionally, simulation of a mechanism is implemented either through application of multi-mass models, i.e. models with concentrated springs and masses whose differential equations are formed quasi “by hand”, or preferably with so-called FEM models. Such FEM models or finite-element models are preferred in view of their greater accuracy, however they involve highly complex calculations. 
   In the latter case, a fundamental equation of motion is as follows:
 
 M·{right arrow over (ü)}+D·{right arrow over ({dot over (u)} ( t )+ C·{right arrow over (u)} ( t )= {right arrow over (F)} ( t )  (1)
 
wherein
         M is the mass matrix,   D is the damping matrix,   C is the stiffness matrix,   {right arrow over (F)} are the nodal forces,   {right arrow over (u)} is the nodal displacement vector, and   t is the time.       

   This calculation instruction is integrated in such a finite-element model in a manner known to the artisan. 
   In order to solve the fundamental motion equation (1), diverse time integration processes are used which are enormously time consuming because the width of the integration step has to be selected small enough to maintain an integration error within acceptable limits to satisfy the demand on the accuracy. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is therefore an object of the invention, to provide a method of the afore-stated type that has a reduced need for calculation and increased accuracy of simulation compared to afore-illustrated conventional methods. 
   This object is attained in accordance with the present invention by carrying out on the basis of the fundamental equation of motion (1)
 
 M·{right arrow over (ü)}+D·{right arrow over ({dot over (u)} ( t )+ C·{right arrow over (u)} ( t )= {right arrow over (F)} ( t )  (1)
 
the following successive method steps for simulating the system:
         transformation of the fundamental equation of motion into first order linear differential equations,   further transformation of the linear differential equations into time discrete state equations,   determination of the time response of the system through actualization of the resultant algebraic difference equations in a sampling raster of an associated control processor.       

   According to a first advantageous embodiment of the method of the present invention, the fundamental motion equation is transformed into first order linear differential equations in the modal space. In this way, it is possible to select or deselect predeterminable eigenmodes before carrying out a time discretization. 
   According to a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the present invention, differential equations are added in order to simulate time delays of the nodal forces {right arrow over (F)} and considered when determining the time response of the system. In this way, it can be taken into account that such forces normally build up only with a time delay. 
   Of course, there is also the possibility to incorporate additional forces in the system without time delay, when required by the actual situation (e.g. simulation of gravity). This is preferably realized by considering additional non-time-delayed forces {right arrow over (F)}D in the system by splitting the force vector {right arrow over (F)} into a contribution from forces {right arrow over (F)}R with a time delay and a contribution from forces {right arrow over (F)}D without a time delay when determining the time response of the system. 
   It has been proven as particularly advantageous to describe the differential equations for simulation of time delays of the nodal forces {right arrow over (F)} by a PT1 control element as a final control element, whereby the desired force represents the manipulated variable of this controller. 
   In principle, it is, of course, also possible to use final control elements with an arbitrary transfer function. 
   According to a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the mechanical part of the mechatronic system can be described by modal coordinates and their time derivatives, resulting in the fundamental motion equation
 
   M ·{right arrow over ({umlaut over (q)} ( t )+   D ·{right arrow over ({dot over (q)} ( t )+   C ·{right arrow over (q)} ( t )={right arrow over (Q)}( t )
 
wherein
           M =X′·M·X is the modal mass matrix,     D =X′·D·X is the modal damping matrix,     C =X′·C·X is the modal stiffness matrix,   X is the matrix of the eigenvectors of the undamped system,   {right arrow over (q)} are the generalized modal coordinates   {right arrow over (u)}=X·{right arrow over (q)} are the nodal shifts   {right arrow over (Q)}=X′·{right arrow over (F)} are the generalized modal forces.       

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     Further advantages and details of the invention can be seen from the following representation of the computational mathematical relationships to be read in connection with the FIGURE. It is shown schematically in: 
       FIG. 1  a finite element model of a mechanical bridge with a movable carriage. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In accordance with the invention, the fundamental motion equation (1) described above is initially transformed into normal standard state equations, in particular into first order linear differential equations, preferably in the modal space. These equations are subsequently discretized with respect to time so that only algebraic difference equations instead of the differential equations have to be solved to determine the time response of the system. This can be implemented with current computer systems in a simple and effective manner. 
   With this transformation, the time response of the simulated system can be determined by actualizing the time raster, i.e. the calculation of the difference equations, only in the sampling raster of the control processor. This is the case because only the values in the clock cycle of a computer that executes the calculation are relevant. The calculating step width can thus be reduced from typically between 1 and 5 msec to 100 μsec, depending on the required accuracy. 
   The obtained solution according to the invention of the algebraic equations is exact, whereas the conventional solution of differential equations for simulation constitutes only an approximation. 
   The essential advantages of this approach are an improved simulation accuracy and significant time-savings so that the simulation has significant practical significance for the user. In general, the time savings in comparison to the afore-described conventional methods are more than a factor of 1000. 
   Essential for the invention is hereby the “approach” of the computational process, as illustrated in the following: 
   Based on the fundamental motion equation (1), the following is initially defined—for reasons of better illustration:
 
{right arrow over (u)}:={right arrow over (x)} 1  and {dot over ({right arrow over (x)} 1 :={right arrow over (x)} 2   (2)
 
   As a result, the fundamental motion equation (1) yields the following calculation instruction
 
 M·{dot over ({right arrow over (x)}   2   +D·{right arrow over (x)}   2   +C·{right arrow over (x)}   1   ={right arrow over (F)}   (3)
 
   Both equations (2) and (3) can now be combined: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             x 
                             
                               → 
                               . 
                             
                           
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             x 
                             
                               → 
                               . 
                             
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ] 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                           
                           
                             I 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
                                   M 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               · 
                               C 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 M 
                                 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               · 
                               D 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 → 
                               
                               1 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 → 
                               
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               M 
                               
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       F 
                       → 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 4 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The fact that the force can normally be built up only with a delay is considered through addition of respective differential equations. In the simplest case, the final control element can be described by a PT1-element. As a result, the force is: 
                   F     →   .       =         -     1     T     ers   ,   F           ·     F   →       +       1     T     ers   ,   F         ·       F   →     W                 (   5   )               
wherein T ers,F  is the time constant of the PT1-element and {right arrow over (F)} w  is the desired force (manipulated variable of the controller).
 
   The computational instruction (5) can now be combined with the computational instruction (4). By defining {right arrow over (F)}:={right arrow over (x)} 3 , 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     [ 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                               
                                 → 
                                 . 
                               
                             
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                               
                                 → 
                                 . 
                               
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                               
                                 → 
                                 . 
                               
                             
                             3 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     ] 
                   
                   
                     ︸ 
                     
                       X 
                       
                         → 
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                           
                           
                             I 
                           
                           
                             0 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
                                   M 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               · 
                               C 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
                                   M 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               · 
                               D 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               M 
                               
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             0 
                           
                           
                             0 
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                               / 
                               
                                 T 
                                 
                                   ers 
                                   , 
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                       ] 
                     
                     
                       ︸ 
                       A 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   x 
                                   → 
                                 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   x 
                                   → 
                                 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   x 
                                   → 
                                 
                                 3 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                       
                         ︸ 
                         
                           x 
                           → 
                         
                       
                     
                     · 
                     
                       ÷ 
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 0 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 0 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   1 
                                   / 
                                   
                                     T 
                                     
                                       ers 
                                       , 
                                       F 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         
                           ︸ 
                           B 
                         
                       
                     
                     · 
                     
                       
                         
                           F 
                           → 
                         
                         W 
                       
                       
                         ︸ 
                         
                           u 
                           → 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 6 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   If additional non-delayed forces F D  act in the system, then these forces can be considered by splitting the force vector in a contribution from forces F R  with a time delay and a contribution from forces F D  without a time delay. The computational instruction (6) then yields 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     [ 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                               
                                 → 
                                 . 
                               
                             
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
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                                 → 
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                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                               
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                             3 
                           
                         
                       
                     
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                     ︸ 
                     
                       X 
                       
                         → 
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                           
                           
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                             0 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
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                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               · 
                               C 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
                                   M 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               · 
                               D 
                             
                           
                           
                             
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                                 - 
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                               / 
                               
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                                   , 
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                       ] 
                     
                     
                       ︸ 
                       A 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   x 
                                   → 
                                 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   x 
                                   → 
                                 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   x 
                                   → 
                                 
                                 3 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                       
                         ︸ 
                         
                           x 
                           → 
                         
                       
                     
                     · 
                     
                       ÷ 
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 0 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   M 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   1 
                                   / 
                                   
                                     T 
                                     
                                       ers 
                                       , 
                                       F 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 0 
                               
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         
                           ︸ 
                           B 
                         
                       
                     
                     · 
                     
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     F 
                                     → 
                                   
                                   R 
                                   w 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     F 
                                     → 
                                   
                                   D 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         
                           ︸ 
                           
                             u 
                             → 
                           
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   6 
                   ⁢ 
                   a 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The computational instructions (6) or (6a) represent each a standard state equation for describing control processes and can be transformed in a conventional manner into the discrete state equations
 
 {right arrow over (x)}   (k+1)T   =A   d   ·x   kT   +B   d   ·u   kT   (7)
 
wherein the discrete system matrices A d  and B d  are defined by
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     A 
                     d 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     ⅇ 
                     
                       A 
                       · 
                       T 
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
                 
                   
                     B 
                     d 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∫ 
                       0 
                       T 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ⅇ 
                         
                           A 
                           · 
                           v 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       B 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           v 
                         
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 8 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Since the manipulated variable u can only change in the sampling raster, the preceding computational instruction (8) exactly describes the behavior of the system at the sampling instants. 
   Suitably, modal coordinates and their time derivatives are used for describing the states of the mechanical system. The system can then be transformed into the so-called “modal space” by transforming the coordinates of a finite element system which is defined by the fundamental motion equation (1) with the matrix of the eigenvectors X and the generalized modal coordinates {right arrow over (q)}. 
   By substituting {right arrow over (u)}=X·{right arrow over (q)}, the fundamental motion equation (1) is changed to
 
   M ·{right arrow over ({umlaut over (q)}+  D ·{right arrow over ({dot over (q)} ( t )+   C ·{right arrow over (q)} ( t )= {right arrow over (Q)} ( t )  (9)
 
wherein in detail
           M =X′·M·X is the modal mass matrix,     D =X′·D·X is the modal damping matrix,     C =X′·C·X is the modal stiffness matrix,   X is the matrix of the characteristic vector of the undamped system,   {right arrow over (q)} are the generalized modal coordinates   {right arrow over (u)}=X·{right arrow over (q)} are the nodal shifts   {right arrow over (Q)}=X′·{right arrow over (F)} are the generalized modal forces.       

   In this way, it is ensured that the inverse  M   −1 , which is required for calculating the equation (6), always exists, because the modal mass matrix  M  is always positive definite. 
   The state description in modal space advantageously allows (de)selection of certain predetermined eigenmodes before time discretization. 
   The illustration of  FIG. 1  shows a finite element model of a simple mechanical bridge B on which a carriage S can travel in an x-direction x. A schematically indicated coordinate system shows the spatial arrangement of the x-direction x, the y-direction y, and the z-direction z. Further shown by way of example are attachment nodes  1  to  4 , a measuring node  5 , and a force introduction node  6 , for implementing the simulation. 
   The stiffness at the attachment nodes is thus equal to 0 in the x-direction x, whereas the stiffness is preset in y- and z-directions y, z by the stiffness of the guides. The structural characteristic is depicted by volume elements. 
   When simulating this finite element model with a FEM program, the number of nodes can generate about 200 natural frequencies in this model, of which only the lower 20 frequencies are relevant for the behavior of the system. Therefore, only these natural frequencies are selected and the respective standard state equations are extracted in the form of the system matrices. 
   Thus, system matrices of the order  43  are generated:
         20 conjugated complex eigenvalues result in the order  40 ,   1 rigid body mode with a dual pole at the origin, as the carriage can travel freely in the x-direction,   1 negative real eigenvalue resulting from the simulation of the current control circuit.
           in total, a system order of  43  is obtained for the computational process (6).   
               

   Correspondingly, the system order following the discretization according to the computational processes (7) and (8) is also of the order  43 . 
   For example, a step response can be simulated with the method of the invention using, for example, the program ‘Matlab/Simulink/Realtime-Workshop’ within 130 msec. The simulation of the same process in a conventional manner takes 11 min using, for example, the software tool ‘PERMAS’, i.e. the simulation time can be shortened by about the factor 5000 through use of the present patent application.