Abstract:
Embodiments of the invention are related to a method and system for identifying linked electronic mails by receiving a query from a user, wherein the query comprises at least a segment of an electronic mail; and based on the segment received, rendering to the user at least one of related subsets or a related supersets of electronic mails related to the received segment, wherein the related subsets and related supersets are threads of the segment received and arranged in a hierarchical manner.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Electronic mail (e-mail) is a method of exchanging digital messages. E-mail systems are based on a store-and-forward model in which e-mail server computer systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the e-mail infrastructure, typically an e-mail server, with a network-enabled device for the duration of message submission or retrieval. It may be sometimes desirable to find similar e-mails located in a database or a collection of e-mails. E-mail thread refer to establishing a relationship within multiple e-mails within a set of e-mails, which may be related. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the invention disclose a method, a system and a product for building and analyzing an e-mail thread hierarchy. Accordingly, embodiments of the invention includes identifying related electronic mail (hereinafter referred to as e-mail) in a set of e-mails by receiving a query from a user, wherein the query comprises at least a segment of an electronic mail, and based on the segment received, rendering to the user all related subsets and all related supersets of electronic mails related to the received segment, wherein the related subsets and related supersets are threads of the segment received and arranged in a hierarchical manner. In one embodiment, the hierarchy is presented as a visual representation with weights, and the thread hierarchy is determined by near duplicate detection. In a further embodiment each electronic mail comprises a plurality of segments, and each segments has a unique signature. In yet another embodiment the threads of the received segment comprises finding other emails having similar segments using near duplicate duplication, and the received segment is a root node and the thread hierarchy is a child node, and based on the weights a of each of the child node a tread hierarchy is created. Each of the segments generated has a segment signature and can be indexed as a tree, wherein each signature has a root node and subsidiary nodes. 
     In one embodiment the method is configured to generate a plurality of segments (also broadly referred to as tags) in at least one e-mail from the e-mail collection by parsing content of the e-mails. Subsequently the method is configured to create corresponding segment signature for each segment of the plurality of segments, and populate a signature index using the generated segment signatures of the plurality of segments. In a further embodiments the method is configured to receive a query e-mail, generate a plurality of query segments in the query e-mail by parsing the content of the query e-mail, create corresponding query segment signature for each query segment of the plurality of query segments, and identify a query root segment and corresponding query root segment signature of the query e-mail. In yet a further embodiments the method is configured to receive a pre-defined token match threshold, identify a set of root segment signatures of the signature index, and compare the query root segment signature with each root segment signature of the set of root segment signatures of the signature index. In yet a further embodiments the method is configured to identify a subset of the signature index, where a match between the root segment signature and the query root segment signature is at least the pre-defined token match threshold, and build the e-mail thread hierarchy using the identified subset of the signature index. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate like components, where features shown in the drawing are meant as illustrative of only some embodiments of the invention, and not of all embodiments of the invention, unless otherwise explicitly indicated, and implications to the contrary are otherwise not to be made, and in the drawings, 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary embodiment index data creation 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of building an e-mail thread hierarchy using index data created as shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart for creating index data; 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart for overall method of building e-mail thread hierarchy using index data; 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart for details of building of e-mail thread hierarchy; 
         FIG. 4C  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart for using word index; 
         FIG. 4D  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart for using metadata index; and 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary schematic of a data processing system used for building an e-mail thread hierarchy as disclosed in any one or more of  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4A  through  FIG. 4D . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Principles of the embodiments of the invention are directed to a method, a system and a computer program product for analyzing emails and building an e-mail thread hierarchy. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary embodiment  100  of an index data creation which has an e-mail collection  102  consisting of a plurality of e-mails. An exemplary e-mail from the e-mail collection  102  is exemplarily illustrated as element  104 , which is provided to an e-mail segment generator (ESG)  106 . The ESG  106  is configured to create a segment set  108 , a segment signature generator (SSG)  116 , and index data block  118 . Segment set  108  includes several segments that have been created by the ESG  106 . In the embodiments disclosed herein, segments refer to contents of exactly one e-mail. In one embodiment e-mail  104  may include some forwarded and/or replied to e-mails, and preferably those individual e-mails, which form a part of the chain of the original e-mail embedded within e-mail  104  are also termed as segments. In one embodiment, each segments created of the electronic mail will be assigned a unique signature. 
     As an exemplary embodiment three segments are illustrated for e-mail  104 . These three segments are part of segment set  108 , and are illustrated in  FIG. 1  as segment 1   110 , segment 2   112  and segment 3   114 . The ESG  106  is configured to identify each of these various segments  110 ,  112  and  114 . Once these segments are identified, the SSG  116  is configured to create corresponding segment signature for each of the various segment. Preferably, in one embodiment, the SSG  116  while creating the corresponding segment signature may use the technique of near-duplicate detection, which is well known to one skilled in the art. Further, it should also be obvious to one skilled in the art that various other approaches may be used for creating the corresponding segment signatures as state of the art and such approaches fall within the scope of the embodiments of the present invention. SSG  116  preferably uses a pre-defined number of tokens and a set of pre-defined tokens. In an exemplary embodiment, segment 1  signature  122  corresponds to segment 1   110 , segment 2  signature  130  corresponds to segment 2   112 , and segment 3  signature  132  corresponds to segment 3   114 . 
     In a further exemplary embodiment, for signature of segment 1 , the pre-defined number of tokens is three, thus signature  122  belonging to segment 1  includes three tokens T 1   124 , T 2   126  and T 3   128 , which are illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The set of pre-defined tokens includes at least one of a set of words and/or a set of numbers. Yet a further exemplary function of SSG  116  is to advantageously generate a word index  134  and/or a metadata index  136 . Index data  118  may include, in an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of word index  134 , metadata index  136  and signature index  120 . Word index  134 , in an exemplary embodiment may include at least one of keyword and subject information, and metadata index  136 , in an exemplary embodiment may include at least one of temporal information and navigation information. According to a further embodiment, ESG  106  and SSG  116  may reside on a single processor or ESG  106  and SSG  116  may reside on separate processors. E-mail collection  102  may be a repository (not shown in Figure), such as a database or any other form of storage that may contain structured and/or unstructured information. The repository may reside on the same system having the processor or may be coupled to the processor of the system. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 , which illustrates an exemplary embodiment  200  of building an e-mail thread hierarchy using index data created. The exemplary embodiment of the invention includes a repository of index data and the e-mail collection  202 . Embodiments of the invention illustrate a query e-mail  204 , e-mail segment generator (ESG)  206 , segment signature generator (SSG)  208 , query index data  210 , pre-defined token match threshold  212 , e-mail thread hierarchy detection unit  214  and e-mail thread hierarchy  224 . Preferably, in one embodiment, ESG  206  and SSG  208  may be similar to the ESG  106  and SSG  116  of  FIG. 1 . In one embodiment, preferably ESG  206  is adapted to receive query e-mail  204  and generate a plurality of query segments in the query e-mail by parsing content of the query e-mail. Once the query segments are identified, SSG  208  is adapted to create corresponding query segment signature for each query segment of the plurality of query segments. In one embodiment the e-mail thread hierarchy is presented as a visual representation including weights, wherein the weights indicate the position in the hierarchy or in one embodiment can present the thread hierarchy as a ranked list. There are various techniques know to assign weights or create a ranked list in prior and these fall within the scope of the present invention. 
     In one embodiment, SSG  208 , while generating the corresponding query segment signature, uses the near duplicate detection approach. In a further exemplary embodiment, the function of SSG  208  may be configured to generate a query word index (not shown in the Figure) and/or a query metadata index (not shown in the Figure). Query e-mail index data  210  may include, in an exemplary embodiment, query word index, query metadata index and query signature index. The exemplary, query word index may include at least one of keyword and subject information, and exemplary query metadata index may include at least one of temporal information and navigation information. According to a further embodiment, ESG  206  and SSG  208  may reside on a single processor or separate processors. Repository of index data and the e-mail collection  202  may be a file system or a database, in one embodiment, residing on memory of the same system having the processor or may be residing on a separate memory that is coupled to the processor of the system. 
     E-mail thread hierarchy detection unit  214  is configured to receive a pre-defined token match threshold  212 . In one embodiment, the pre-defined token match threshold may be provided by a user or may be built automatically by the system using artificial intelligence methods. This pre-defined token match threshold is provided specifically to find a match between the root segment signature and the query root segment signature. In one embodiment, e-mail thread hierarchy detection unit  214  may include a signature index matching unit  216 , a word index matching unit  218 , a metadata index matching unit  220 , and a thread hierarchy building unit  222 . In a further embodiment, e-mail thread hierarchy detection unit  214  may be on the same processor that includes ESG  206  and/or SSG  208 . Signature index matching unit  216  is configured to identify a query root segment and a corresponding query root segment signature of the query e-mail. Signature index matching unit  216  is further configured to identify a set of root segment signatures of the signature index, wherein the signature index corresponds to each of the emails and compare the query root segment signature with each root segment signature of the set of root segment signatures of the signature index. Signature index matching unit  216  is further adapted to identify a subset of the signature index. A match between the root segment signature and the query root segment signature found to be that match which is at least the same or closest to pre-defined token match threshold  212 . 
     Word index matching unit  218  is configured to identify a set of query words, compare at least one of the set of query words with contents of the word index associated with the subset of the signature index and modify the subset of the signature index in response to the comparing the set of query words with the contents of the word index. 
     Matadata index matching unit  220  is configured to identify a query metadata, compare the query metadata with contents of the metadata index associated with the subset of the signature index and modify the subset of the signature index in response to the comparing the query metadata with the contents of the metadata index. 
     Thread hierarchy building unit  222  is configured to build the e-mail thread hierarchy using the identified subset of the signature index. Thread hierarchy building unit  222  is further configured to identify a first e-mail having only one segment, wherein the first e-mail is corresponding to the query root segment signature in the subset of the signature index, and assign the first e-mail as a root node of the e-mail thread hierarchy  224 . Thread hierarchy building unit  222 , in a recursive manner, for all e-mails corresponding to the subset of the signature index, and is further configured to compare a plurality of segment signatures from the subset of the signature index using a near duplicate detection approach, determine a position of corresponding e-mail in the e-mail thread hierarchy  224 , in response to the comparing a plurality of segment signatures from the subset of the signature index, update the e-mail thread hierarchy  224 , and render, preferably to a user, the e-mail thread hierarchy  224 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 3  illustrating an exemplary flow chart  300  for creating index data. In step  302  at least one e-mail from the e-mail collection is parsed to generate a plurality of segments based on content of the at least one e-mail. In step  304  corresponding segment signature for each segment of the plurality of segments is created. In step  304  corresponding segment signature are generated preferably using near-duplicate detection approach as well as a pre-defined number of tokens and a set of pre-defined tokens. As discussed earlier, it should be obvious to one skilled in the art that various other techniques for generating segment signatures may be used, and all such techniques fall within the scope of the embodiments of the present invention. The set of pre-defined tokens comprises at least one of a set of words and a set of numbers. In step  306  a signature index is populated using the generated segment signatures of the plurality of segments. In step  308  at least one of a word index and a metadata index is generated, wherein the word index includes at least one of keyword and subject information, and the metadata index includes at least one of temporal information and navigation information. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4A  illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart  400  of an overall method of building e-mail thread hierarchy using index data. In step  402  a query e-mail is received. In step  404  the query e-mail is parsed to generate a plurality of query segments based on content of the query e-mail. In step  406  corresponding query segment signature for each query segment of the plurality of query segments is created. In step  408  a query root segment and corresponding query root segment signature of the query e-mail is identified. In step  410  a pre-defined token match threshold is received. In step  412  a set of root segment signatures of the signature index is identified, as defined previously. In step  414  the query root segment signature is compared with each root segment signature of the set of root segment signatures of the signature index. In step  416  a subset of the signature index is identified, wherein a match between the root segment signature and the query root segment signature is found to be similar to or closest to at least the pre-defined token match threshold, and in step  418  the e-mail thread hierarchy is built using the identified subset of the signature index. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4B  illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart  420 , which explains step  418  of  FIG. 4A  of building of e-mail thread hierarchy in details. in step  422  a first e-mail having only one segment is identified, wherein the first e-mail is corresponds to the query root segment signature in the subset of the signature index. In step  424  the first e-mail is assigned as a root node of the e-mail thread hierarchy. Subsequently step  426 , step  428  and step  430  are performed in a recursive manner until all e-mails corresponding to the identified subset of the signature index are exhausted. In step  426  a plurality of segment signatures from the subset of the signature index is compared using a near duplicate detection approach, and step  428  a position of corresponding e-mail in the e-mail thread hierarchy is determined, in response to the comparing a plurality of segment signatures from the subset of the signature index, and in step  430  the e-mail thread hierarchy is updated. Once the e-mail hierarchy is completed using the above recursive steps, in step  432  the e-mail thread hierarchy is presented or rendered, preferably to a user. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4C  illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart  434  for using word index as disclosed in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Flow chart  434 , in one embodiment, may be additional details of step  416  of  FIG. 4A . In step  436  a set of query words is identified. In step  438  the set of query words is compared with contents of a word index associated with the subset of the signature index, and in step  440  the subset of the signature index in response to the comparing the set of query words with the contents of the word index is modified. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4D  illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart  442  for using metadata index. In one embodiment, this may be associated as additional details of step  416  of  FIG. 4A . In step  444  a query metadata is identified. In step the query metadata is compared with contents of a metadata index associated with the subset of the signature index. In step  448  the subset of the signature index in response to the comparing the query metadata with the contents of the metadata index is modified. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, an illustration of building the e-mail thread hierarchy disclosed. An exemplary e-mail collection has a total of eight e-mails: e-mail 1  to e-mail 8 . After using the e-mail segment generator (ESG), the following segments are identified for all the eight e-mails. e-mail 1 =(a,b,c); e-mail 2 =(a,b,c,d); e-mail 3 =(a,d,e); email 4 =(a); e-mail 5 =(a,b); e-mail 6 =(x,y); e-mail 7 =(x,a); e-mail 8 =(q,r,s). In an exemplary embodiment, if the query e-mail is e-mail 2 =(a,b,c,d), and that the root is discovered as “a”, using this root segment “a” as the basis, e-mail 1 , e-mail 2 , e-mail 3 , e-mail 4 , e-mail 5  are selected as the subset of signature index. 
     In the exemplary case, a determination of similarity of “a” may be performed using near duplicate detection approach, where e-mail 6 , e-mail 7 , and e-mail 8  are discarded. Since the root segment is “a” of the query e-mail e-mail 2  is “a”, e-mail 4  is identified as the root node of the e-mail thread hierarchy. Further exploring e-mails corresponding to the subset of signature index, which have multiple segments, the e-mail thread hierarchy is built. Since e-mail 5 =(a,b), e-mail 5  becomes a second level node. Email 1 =(a,b,c) then becomes a child of e-mail 5 . Thus in a recursive manner, a parent-child relationship may be built to evolve an e-mail thread hierarchy. The email thread hierarchy is as shown in Table 1 below: 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 5  illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a data processing system  500 , for example a computer system, portable electronic systems such as mobile phones and the likes, that can be used for implementing various embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the data processing system  500  (hereinafter also referred to as a computer system) can be used to perform the method illustrated in  FIG. 3  and/or  FIGS. 4A to 4D . described. In some embodiments, the computer system  500  can be used as a system illustrated in  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 . The computer system  500  includes a processor  504 . It should be understood although  FIG. 5  illustrates a single processor, one skilled in the art would appreciate that more than one processor can be included as needed. The processor  504  is coupled to a communication infrastructure  502 , for example a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network, where the communication infrastructure  504  is configured to facilitate communication between various elements of the exemplary computer system  500 . Various software embodiments are described in terms of this exemplary computer system. After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art(s) how to implement the invention using other computer systems and/or computer architectures. 
     Exemplary computer system  500  can include a display interface  508  configured to forward graphics, text, and other data from the communication infrastructure  502  (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on a display unit  510 . The computer system  500  also includes a main memory  506 , which can be random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory  512 . The secondary memory  512  may include, for example, a hard disk drive  514  and/or a removable storage drive  516 , representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, etc. The removable storage drive  516  reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit  518  in a manner well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The removable storage unit  518 , represents, for example, a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by the removable storage drive  516 . As will be appreciated, the removable storage unit  518  includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the secondary memory  512  may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into the computer system. Such means may include, for example, a removable storage unit  522  and an interface  520 . Examples of such may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units  522  and interfaces  520  which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit  522  to the computer system  500 . 
     The computer system  500  may also include a communications interface  524 . The communications interface  524  allows software and data to be transferred between the computer system and external devices. Examples of the communications interface  524  may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, etc. Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. 
     Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. These propagated signals are provided to the communications interface  524  via a communications path (that is, channel)  526 . A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). 
     Advantages of various embodiments of the invention include higher efficiency in communication data management and higher performance. Other advantages of some of the other embodiments include better and more readily useful representation of communication network for actionable knowledge. Advantages of some other embodiments may further include more efficient clustering and classification of e-mail data. Advantages of various embodiments of the invention may further include being able to generate missing e-mails if they occur as part of history of other e-mails. 
     Advantages of various embodiments of the invention include less reliance on only header data, or header attributes of e-mails in the e-mail collection, although it could be used as a yet another criteria. Advantages of various embodiments of the invention also facilitate “fuzzy” matching of tokens, due to the usage of near duplicate detection approach. Various embodiments of the invention make the matching of various segments of the e-mails tolerant to extra characters, such as “&gt;” or “&gt;&gt;”, those may get inserted due to various e-mail clients. Although the invention explains various advantages of the specific embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate from the teaching of the embodiments that the advantages of the invention are not limited to the above mentioned. 
     The described techniques may be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture involving software, firmware, micro-code, hardware such as logic, memory and/or any combination thereof. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein refers to code or logic and memory implemented in a medium, where such medium may include hardware logic and memory [e.g., an integrated circuit chip, Programmable Gate Array (PGA), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), etc.] or a computer readable medium, such as magnetic storage medium (e.g., hard disk drives, floppy disks, tape, etc.), optical storage (CD-ROMs, optical disks, etc.), volatile and non-volatile memory devices [e.g., Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), flash, firmware, programmable logic, etc.]. Code in the computer readable medium is accessed and executed by a processor. The medium in which the code or logic is encoded may also include transmission signals propagating through space or a transmission media, such as an optical fiber, copper wire, etc. The transmission signal in which the code or logic is encoded may further include a wireless signal, satellite transmission, radio waves, infrared signals, Bluetooth, the internet etc. The transmission signal in which the code or logic is encoded is capable of being transmitted by a transmitting station and received by a receiving station, where the code or logic encoded in the transmission signal may be decoded and stored in hardware or a computer readable medium at the receiving and transmitting stations or devices. Additionally, the “article of manufacture” may include a combination of hardware and software components in which the code is embodied, processed, and executed. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications may be made without departing from the scope of embodiments, and that the article of manufacture may include any information bearing medium. For example, the article of manufacture includes a storage medium having stored therein instructions that when executed by a machine results in operations being performed. 
     Certain embodiments can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. Elements that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, elements that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. Additionally, a description of an embodiment with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. On the contrary a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments. 
     Computer program means or computer program in the present context mean any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form. 
     Further, although process steps, method steps or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may be configured to work in alternate orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously, in parallel, or concurrently. Further, some or all steps may be performed in run-time mode. 
     The terms “certain embodiments”, “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, and “one embodiment” mean one or more (but not all) embodiments unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. The enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alternations could be made thereto without departing from spirit and scope of the inventions as defined by the appended claims. Variations described for exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be realized in any combination desirable for each particular application. Thus particular limitations, and/or embodiment enhancements described herein, which may have particular advantages to a particular application, need not be used for all applications. Also, not all limitations need be implemented in methods, systems, and/or apparatuses including one or more concepts described with relation to exemplary embodiments of the present invention.