Abstract:
It is an object of the present invention to provide a lead acid battery which generates a higher power than the conventional lead acid battery does. To this end, the lead acid battery of the present invention is characterized in that electrodes are formed, each of the electrodes having a structure in which a metallic powder is disorderly distributed, the metallic powder being composed of a metallic lead powder or a lead alloy powder containing lead as a main element of composition. In the lead acid battery, a charge collection network of a metallic powder containing lead is formed. As a result, the lead acid battery generates a higher power than the conventional lead acid battery does.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a lead acid battery used as a battery for automobile and the like.  
       BACKGROUND ART  
       [0002]     The lead acid battery, which is of a type of secondary batteries, is widely used as the battery for automobile because it has excellent low temperature characteristics as compared to other types of the secondary batteries, and because it is advantageous in cost.  
         [0003]     Incidentally, as a lead acid battery for automobile in recent years, a high power lead acid battery for automobile has been required, the battery being capable of instantaneously drawing a large amount of current so as to make it possible to start an engine under low temperature conditions at any time. It is estimated that the amount of electric power required for a motor and electronic equipment mounted on an automobile will continue to increase in the future as well. For this reason, development of a lead acid battery with a higher power is awaited to cope with this situation.  
         [0004]     In addition, it is estimated that the number of “idling-stop vehicles” and hybrid vehicles will increase because the concern about environmental problems has been increasing in recent years. Development of a lead acid battery which continues to constantly generate a high power for a long period of time is awaited because the above vehicles frequently repeat a charging-discharging cycle of the lead acid battery.  
         [0005]     As a method of manufacturing electrodes from a metallic powder, a method disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-80406, for example, is known.  
         [0006]     An object of the present invention is to provide a lead acid battery which generates a higher power as compared to the conventional lead acid battery.  
       DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The present inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by using, as electrodes of a lead acid battery, electrodes each of which contains an active material and a metallic powder containing lead composed of a metallic lead powder or a lead alloy powder, and each of which has a structure in which the metallic powder containing lead is disorderly distributed.  
         [0008]     Specifically, the present invention encompasses the following inventions.  
         [0009]     (1) A lead acid battery including electrodes for a lead acid battery, each of the electrodes containing an active material and a metallic powder containing lead composed of any one of a metallic lead powder and a lead alloy powder, and each of the electrodes having a structure in which the metallic powder containing lead is disorderly distributed.  
         [0000]     (2) The lead acid battery as recited in the above (1), in which the lead alloy contains 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of at least one selected from the group consisting of Sn, Sb and Ca.  
         [0000]     (3) The lead acid battery as recited in any one of the above (1) and (2), in which the metallic powder containing lead is a rapidly-solidified powder having a crystal size of 20 μm or less.  
         [0000]     (4) The lead acid battery as recited in any one of the above (1) to (3), in which the metallic powder containing lead has an average particle size of 0.01 to 500 μm.  
         [0000]     (5) The lead acid battery as recited in any one of the above (1) to (4), in which the active material contains red lead and at least one selected from the group consisting of monobasic lead sulfate, tribasic lead sulfate and tetrabasic lead sulfate.  
         [0010]     (6) The lead acid battery as recited in any one of the above (1) to (5), further including, as each of charge collectors, any one of an expanded metal, a cast grid, a rolled grid, a rolled plate and a perforated metal, each of which is made of a lead alloy.  
         [0000]     (7) The lead acid battery as recited in any one of the above (1) to (6), in which 15 to 70 percent by weight of the metallic powder containing lead is present in the electrodes excluding the charge collectors.  
         [0000]     (8) The lead acid battery as recited in any one of the above (1) to (7), which is the lead acid battery of a spiral type.  
         [0011]     The present invention provides the lead acid battery which generates a higher power than the conventional lead acid battery does. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]      FIG. 1  shows an example of an electrode used in a lead acid battery of the present invention.  
         [0013]      FIG. 2  shows an example of an electrode used in the lead acid battery of the present invention.  
         [0014]      FIG. 3  shows an example of an electrode used in the lead acid battery of the present invention.  
         [0015]      FIG. 4  shows an example of an electrode used in the lead acid battery of the present invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 5  shows an example of an electrode used in the lead acid battery of the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 6  shows a single plate lead acid battery which is constructed by using a plurality of any one of the electrodes of the present invention.  
         [0018]      FIG. 7  shows a lead acid battery for automobile which is constructed by using a plurality of any one of the electrodes of the present invention.  
         [0019]      FIG. 8  shows a lead acid battery of a spiral type which is constructed by using a plurality of any one of the electrodes of the present invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 9  shows discharging time and discharging voltage of lead acid batteries of example 2 and comparative example 2.  
         [0021]      FIG. 10  shows discharging time and discharging voltage of lead acid batteries of example 3 and comparative example 3.  
         [0022]      FIG. 11  shows discharging time and discharging voltage of lead acid batteries of example 4 and comparative example 4. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0023]     The lead acid battery of the present invention is characterized by including electrodes each of which contains an active material and a lead-containing metallic powder composed of a metallic lead powder or a lead alloy powder, and each of which has a structure in which the lead-containing metallic powder is disorderly distributed.  
         [0024]     “The structure in which the lead-containing metallic powder is disorderly distributed” refers to presence of the lead-containing metallic powder in the form of fine particles without unevenness of density (evenly dispersed) in the electrodes. The particles of the lead-containing metallic powder preferably form a three-dimensional network structure by contacting with one another (refer to  FIG. 1 ). By using electrodes in each of which such a three-dimensional charge collecting network structure is formed, it is possible to obtain the lead acid battery which has extremely low internal resistance, and which thus generates a high power.  
         [0025]     The lead-containing metallic powder is used in order to establish electron conductivity (electroconductive path) among active materials and electron conductivity (electroconductive path) between each of terminals or a metal containing lead and an active material. As the lead-containing metallic powder used in the electrodes of the present invention, it is possible to use a powder of metallic lead or powder of a lead alloy. The lead alloy to be used contains 0.1 to 10 percent by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5.0 percent by weight, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of, for example, Sn, Sb and Ca. Moreover, it is more preferable that the lead-containing metallic powder is a rapidly-solidified powder such as a gas atomized powder and a water atomized powder having a particle size of 0.01 to 20 μm. The average particle size of the lead-containing metallic powder is not limited in particular, but is usually 0.01 to 500 μm, and is preferably 0.1 to 50 μm. In the present invention, the lead-containing metallic powder to be used is the one not subjected to heat treatment such as sintering. A Metal having a low melting point such as lead tends to grow to large-sized crystal particles resulting form coarsening, or to allow the particles thereof to be bound to one another to form coarse particles, by heat treatment such as sintering. In this case, the dispersion state is changed so that a distribution structure different from the structure targeted in the present invention is formed. As a result, by employing heat treatment it is not possible to obtain the advantages of the present invention.  
         [0026]     Moreover, as the active material, it suffices to use the one normally used in a lead acid battery, and it is possible to enumerate, for example, a lead powder (PbOx (x is 0.5 to 0.9)), lead monoxide, lead sulfate, lead dioxide, lead or the like. In the present invention, is preferable to use an active material which contains at least one selected from the group consisting of monobasic lead sulfate, tribasic lead sulfate and tetrabasic lead sulfate, and red lead.  
         [0027]     The electrodes used in the present invention may further include charge collectors in order to improve charge collecting efficiency. As each of the charge collectors, it is possible to enumerate, for example, an expanded metal, a cast grid, a rolled grid, a rolled plate, a perforated metal, or the like.  
         [0028]     It should be noted that an amount of the lead-containing metallic powder to be used is preferably 15 to 70 percent by weight of the weight of the entire electrodes (excluding the charge collectors).  
         [0029]     The present invention is hereinafter described using a particular embodiment with reference to drawings, but not limited to these descriptions  
         [0030]     In an electrode shown in  FIG. 1 , a lead-containing metallic powder  1  is disorderly dispersed in an active material  3  of an electrode  2 , and the particles of the metallic powder  1  form a three-dimensional network structure by contacting with one another.  
         [0031]     In an electrode shown in  FIG. 2 , a rolled plate  4  is used as a charge collector. As in the case of  FIG. 1 , the lead-containing metallic powder  1  is disorderly dispersed in the active material  3  of the electrode  2 , and the particles of the metallic powder  1  form a three-dimensional network structure by contacting with one another. And the three-dimensional network structure contacts with the rolled plate charge collector  4 .  
         [0032]     In an electrode shown in  FIG. 3 , a cast grid  5  is used as a charge collector. As in the case of  FIG. 1 , the lead-containing metallic powder  1  is disorderly dispersed in the active material  3  of the electrode  2 , and the particles of the metallic powder  1  form a three-dimensional network structure by contacting with one another. And the three-dimensional network structure contacts with the rolled plate charge collector  5 .  
         [0033]     In an electrode shown in  FIG. 4 , an expanded metal  6  is used as a charge collector. As in the case of  FIG. 1 , the lead-containing metallic powder  1  is disorderly dispersed in the active material  3  of the electrode  2 , and the particles of the metallic powder  1  form a three-dimensional network structure by contacting with one another. And the three-dimensional network structure contacts with the expanded metal charge collector  6 .  
         [0034]     In an electrode shown in  FIG. 5 , a perforated metal  7  is used as a charge collector. As in the case of  FIG. 1 , the lead-containing metallic powder  1  is disorderly dispersed in the active material  3  of the electrode  2 , and the particles of the metallic powder  1  form a three-dimensional network structure by contacting with one another. And the three-dimensional network structure contacts with the perforated metal charge collector  7 .  
         [0035]     A single plate lead acid battery shown in  FIG. 6  is constructed using any one of the electrodes shown in FIGS.  1  to  5 . The single plate lead acid battery includes an electrode  8  shown in FIGS.  1  to  5  and two sheets of opposite electrodes disposed to interpose the electrode  8 . The electrode  8  and the opposite electrodes  9  are isolated from one another by separators in which electrolyte solution containing sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) is impregnated. The electrode  8  and the two sheets of the opposite electrodes  9  are each provided with a terminal. In the single plate lead acid battery, the opposite electrodes  9  are negative poles in a case where the electrode  8  is a positive pole. The opposite electrodes  9  are positive poles in a case where the electrode  8  is a negative pole.  
         [0036]     Each of the opposite electrodes may be a known electrode. For example, it is possible to obtain an opposite electrode by filling a paste of an active material containing a lead powder (PbOx: 0.5≦x≦0.9 in a formula), red lead and the like into a charge collecting grid composed of lead-calcium-tin alloy, and by drying it. As is known, a chemical conversion treatment causes lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) to be formed on the positive pole, and lead (Pb) to be formed on the negative pole. In addition, the electrodes having any one of the constructions shown in FIGS.  1  to  5  may be used as the opposite electrodes, in the same way as in the case of the electrode  8  according to the present invention  
         [0037]     The operations of the single plate lead acid battery on which to mount the electrode  8  according to the present embodiment are hereinafter described.  
         [0038]     A positive pole reaction shown by the following formula (1) progresses on the positive plate of the single plate lead acid battery.  
                         
 
         [0039]     Specifically, as shown in formula (1), lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) which is an active material is reacted with hydrogen ions (H + ) to deposit lead sulfate (PbSO 4 ) and to form water in the positive plate during discharging. The reversal reaction progresses in the positive plate during charging.  
         [0040]     In the negative plate, a negative pole reaction progresses as shown in the following formula (2).  
                         
 
         [0041]     Specifically, as shown in formula (2), lead (Pb) which is an active material is reacted with ions of sulfuric acid (SO 4   2− ) to deposit lead sulfate (PbSO 4 ) and to release electrons (e − ) in the negative plate during discharging. The reversal reaction progresses in the negative plate during charging.  
         [0042]     In such a single plate lead acid battery, the use of the electrode according to the present invention as a positive pole causes electrons (e − ) to move fast by the disorderly distributed lead-containing metallic powder. As a result, the reaction shown in the above formula (1) is accelerated, and the concentrated formation of lead sulfate (PbSO 4 ) in one area is prevented, thus resulting in increased capacitance of the positive pole in a high rate.  
         [0043]     On the other hand, the use of the electrode according to the present invention as a negative pole causes electrons (e − ) to move fast by the disorderly distributed lead-containing metallic powder. As a result, the reaction shown in the above formula (2) is accelerated, and the concentrated formation of lead sulfate (PbSO 4 ) in one area is prevented, thus resulting in increased capacitance of the negative pole in a high rate.  
         [0044]     As described above, the use of the positive pole and/or negative pole in which the lead-containing metallic powder is disorderly distributed in the single plate lead acid battery enables the lead acid battery to have increased capacitance and a high power in the high rate.  
         [0045]     A lead acid battery for automobile and the electrode body incorporated therein are hereinafter described as an example of the present invention with reference to a drawing as appropriate.  
         [0046]     Description is herein made.  
         [0047]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view for describing the construction of the lead acid battery for automobile, in which the electrode according to the present invention is incorporated.  FIG. 7  has a cutout section in the part of the battery case and the electrode body for the purpose of describing the inside of the battery.  
         [0048]     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the lead acid battery for automobile includes, for example, positive plates  12  and negative plates  13  according to the present invention like the ones shown in FIGS.  1  to  5 . The lead acid battery for automobile is constructed in the same manner as that of battery type 38B19 except that the positive plate  12  and negative plate  13  according to the present invention are used instead of the positive plate and the negative plate of the known lead acid battery for automobile (for example, the lead acid battery of battery type 38B19). The positive plate  12  and the negative plate  13  are disposed with one of separators  10  interposed between them, the separators being made of resin such as polyethylene. The positive plate  12 , the negative plate  13  and one of the separators  10  constitute a set, and the plurality of sets are superimposed on one another to form a cluster of layered plates  19 . Six clusters of layered plates  19  are housed in a battery case  16  together with electrolyte solution containing sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). The positive plates  12  in the cluster of layered plates  19  are electrically connected with one another in parallel. The negative plates  13  in the cluster of layered plates  19  are electrically connected with one another in parallel. The clusters of layered plates  19  are electrically connected with one another in series.  
         [0049]     By using the positive plates and the negative plates according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain the lead acid battery for automobile with both the battery&#39;s capacitance being high in a high rate and the battery&#39;s power being high.  
         [0050]     As an example of the present invention, a lead acid battery of a spiral type and the electrode body incorporated therein are hereinafter described with reference to a drawing as appropriate.  
         [0051]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view for describing the construction of the lead acid battery of the spiral type in which the electrodes according to the present invention are incorporated.  FIG. 8  has a cutout section in the part of the battery case for the purpose of describing the inside of the battery.  
         [0052]     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the lead acid battery of the spiral type includes, for example, the positive plates  12  and the negative plates  13  according to the present invention like the ones shown in FIGS.  1  to  5 . The lead acid battery of the spiral type is constructed in the same manner as that of the lead acid battery of the known spiral type except that the positive plates  12  and negative plates  13  according to the present invention are used instead of the positive plates and negative plates of the lead acid battery of the known spiral type (for example, the lead acid battery of the spiral type of battery type 38B19). A retainer  21  made of glass fiber, the positive plates  12  and negative plates  13  are layered in the order of the retainer  21 , one of the positive plates  12 , the retainer  22  and one of the negative plates  13 , and then these are wound in spiral to form the spiral type cluster of the plates  20  in a cylindrical form. The plurality of spiral type clusters of the plates  20  is housed in the battery case  16  together with an electrolyte solution containing sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). The positive plates  12  in the spiral type cluster of the plates  20  are electrically connected with one another in parallel. The negative plates  13  in the spiral type cluster of the plates  20  are electrically connected with one another in parallel. The spiral type clusters of the plates  20  are electrically connected with one another in series.  
         [0053]     By using the positive plates and the negative plates according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain the lead acid battery for automobile with both the battery&#39;s capacitance being high in a high rate and the battery&#39;s power being high.  
         [0054]     It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and may be implemented in various embodiments. Moreover, though the electrodes shown in FIGS.  1  to  5  are used in the embodiments described above, the electrodes may be used for both of the positive plates  12  and the negative plates  13 , or for one of them.  
         [0055]     The present specification encompasses the contents of the specifications of Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-368346 on which the priority of the present application is based.  
       EXAMPLE  
       [0056]     A more specific description will be made below using examples of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.  
       Example 1  
     Production of the Positive Plate and the Negative Plate  
       [0057]     Positive plates  12   a  to  121  and negative plates  13   a  to  131  were produced by use of the processes shown in (a) to (l) below.  
         [0000]     (a) A negative plate  13   a  and a positive plate  12   a , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 1 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0058]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to a lead powder (PbO x : x=0.5 to 0.9), and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. 12 percent by mass of water relative to the lead powder was added to the obtained mixture, and then the mixing was performed. Furthermore, 13 percent by mass of diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) relative to the lead powder was added thereto to prepare an active material paste for the negative plate. The active material paste for the negative plate was filled in a mold having a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.8 mm, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, and then removed from the mold to produce the negative plate  13   a  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0059]     45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder relative to a mixture of a lead powder and red lead was added to the mixture thereof. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. Water and diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) were added thereto, and this was kneaded to prepare an active material paste for the positive plate. The active material paste for the positive plate was filled in a mold having a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.8 mm, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, and then removed from the mold to produce the negative plate  13   a  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (b) A negative plate  13   b  and a positive plate  12   b , both of have the structure shown in  FIG. 2 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0060]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to a lead powder, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. 12 percent by mass of water relative to the lead powder was added to the obtained mixture, and then the mixing was performed. Furthermore, 13 percent by mass of diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) relative to the lead powder was added thereto to prepare an active material paste for the negative plate. The active material paste for the negative plate was applied to both surfaces of the rolled plate charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   b  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0061]     45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder relative to a mixture of a lead powder and red lead was added to the mixture thereof. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. Water and diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) were added to the lead powder, and this was kneaded to prepare an active material paste for the positive plate. The active material paste for the positive plate was applied to both surfaces of the rolled plate charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   b  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (c) A negative plate  13   c  and a positive plate  12   c , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 3 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0062]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to a lead powder, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. 12 percent by mass of water relative to the lead powder was added to the obtained mixture, and then the mixing was performed. Furthermore, 13 percent by mass of diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) relative to the lead powder was added thereto to prepare an active material paste for the negative plate. The active material paste for the negative plate was filled in a cast grid charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.8 mm, and which was made of lead-calcium-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   c  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0063]     45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder relative to a mixture of a lead powder and red lead was added to the mixture thereof. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. Water and diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) were added to the lead powder, and this was kneaded to prepare an active material paste for the positive plate. The active material paste for the positive plate was filled in a cast grid charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.8 mm, and which was made of lead-calcium-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   c  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (d) A negative plate  13   d  and a positive plate  12   d , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 4 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0064]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to a lead powder, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. 12 percent by mass of water relative to the lead powder was added to the obtained mixture, and then the mixing was performed. Furthermore, 13 percent by mass of diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) relative to the lead powder was added thereto to prepare an active material paste for the negative plate. The active material paste for the negative plate was filled in an expanded metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.7 mm, and which was made of lead-calcium-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   d  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0065]     45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder relative to a mixture of a lead powder and red lead was added to the mixture thereof. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. Water and diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) were added to the lead powder, and this was kneaded to prepare an active material paste for the positive plate. The active material paste for the positive plate was filled in an expanded metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.7 mm, and which was made of lead-calcium-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   d  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (e) A negative plate  13   e  and a positive plate  12   e , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0066]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to a lead powder, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. 12 percent by mass of water relative to the lead powder was added to the obtained mixture, and then the mixing was performed. Furthermore, 13 percent by mass of diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity at: 1.26 at 20° C.) relative to the lead powder was added thereto to prepare an active material paste for the negative plate. The active material paste for the negative plate was filled in a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   e  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0067]     45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder relative to a mixture of a lead powder and red lead was added to the mixture thereof. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. Water and diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) were added to the lead powder, and this was kneaded to prepare an active material paste for the positive plate. The active material paste for the positive plate was filled in a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   e  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (f) A negative plate  13   f  and a positive plate  12   f , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0068]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to monobasic lead sulfate and red lead, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   f  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0069]     45 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder relative to a mixture of monobasic lead sulfate and red lead was added to the mixture thereof. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   f  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (g) A negative plate  13   g  and a positive plate  12   g , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0070]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 15 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to monobasic lead sulfate and red lead, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   g  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0071]     15 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder was added to a mixture of monobasic lead sulfate and red lead. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   g  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (h) A negative plate  13   h  and a positive plate  12   h , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0072]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 70 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder were added to monobasic lead sulfate and red lead, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   h  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0073]     70 percent by weight of a metallic lead powder was added to a mixture of monobasic lead sulfate and red lead. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   h  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (i) A negative plate  13   i  and a positive plate  12   i , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0074]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 70 percent by weight of the lead alloy powder shown in Table 1 were added to monobasic lead sulfate and red lead, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   i  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0075]     70 percent by weight of a lead alloy powder shown in Table 1 was added to a mixture of monobasic lead sulfate and red lead. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   i  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (j) A negative plate  13   j  and a positive plate  12   j , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0076]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 70 percent by weight of an alloy powder composed of lead and 1.5 weight percent tin having the particle size shown in Table 1 were added to monobasic lead sulfate and red lead, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   j  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0077]     70 percent by weight of an alloy powder composed of lead and 1.5 weight percent tin having the particle size shown in Table 1 was added to a mixture of monobasic lead sulfate and red lead. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   j  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (k) A negative plate  13   k  and a positive plate  12   k , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0078]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 70 percent by weight of the lead alloy powder composed of a rapidly-solidified powder having a particle size of 20 μm or less were added to tribasic lead sulfate and red lead, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  13   k  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0079]     70 percent by weight of a lead alloy powder composed of a rapidly-solidified powder having a particle size of 20 μm or less was added to a mixture of tribasic lead sulfate and red lead. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  12   k  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     (l) A negative plate  131  and a positive plate  121 , both of which had the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , were produced.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0080]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder, and 70 percent by weight of the lead alloy powder were added to tetrabasic lead sulfate and red lead, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  131  which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0081]     70 percent by weight of a lead alloy powder was added to a mixture of tetrabasic lead sulfate and red lead. Then, polyester fibers were added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 1 hour. And a half amount of this mixture was poured from both surfaces of a perforated metal charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×100 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was rolled by applying a weight with a powder rolling machine, thus resulting in production of the negative plate  121  which was not chemically converted.  
       Comparative Example 1  
     Production of the Negative and Positive Plates  
       [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0082]     0.3 percent by mass of lignin, 0.2 percent by mass of barium sulfate, and 0.1 percent by mass of a carbon powder were added to a lead powder, and then polyester fibers were added thereto. This mixture was kneaded with a kneading machine for about 10 minutes. 12 percent by mass of water relative to the lead powder was added to the obtained mixture, and then the mixing was performed. Furthermore, 13 percent by mass of diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) relative to the lead powder was added thereto to prepare an active material paste for the negative plate. The active material paste for the negative plate was filled in the same charge collector as that of Example 1, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate which was not chemically converted.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0083]     Polyester fibers were added to a mixture of a lead powder and red lead, and water and diluted sulfuric acid (specific gravity: 1.26 at 20° C.) were added to the lead powder. And this was kneaded to prepare an active material paste for the positive plate. The active material paste for the positive plate was filled in the same charge collector as that of Example 1, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate which was not chemically converted.  
       Example 2  
     Production of the Single Plate Lead Acid Battery  
       [0084]     The single plate lead acid battery shown in  FIG. 6  was produced by using the produced positive plate  12   a  and negative plate  13   a . Diluted sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.225 at 20° C. was used as an electrolyte solution. It should be noted that the chemical conversion of the single plate lead acid battery was performed at 2.2 A for 20 hours. Diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.4 at 20° C. was added thereto after the chemical conversion to adjust the concentration of the electrolyte solution so that it became a diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.28 at 20° C. The battery capacitance of the obtained single plate lead acid battery was 1.75 Ah, and the average discharging voltage thereof was 2V.  
       Comparative Example 2  
     Production of the Single Plate Lead Acid Battery  
       [0085]     The single plate lead acid battery was produced in the same manner as that of Example 2 except that the electrodes produced in Comparative Example 1 were used.  
         [0000]     &lt;Discharge Test&gt; 
         [0086]     The single plate lead acid battery of Example 2 produced in the above manner was discharged at 15 CA. The discharge curve at this time is shown as “A” in  FIG. 9 . It should be noted that “15 CA” refers to a value of a current which allows the battery capacitance to be discharged in one fifteenth of an hour. In the present embodiment, “15 CA” was equivalent to  26 A. Moreover, the discharge time in which the single plate lead acid battery of Example 2 was discharged at 15 CA, and the discharge voltage 10 seconds after starting the discharge were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.  
         [0087]     In addition, the discharge curve obtained when the single plate lead acid battery of Comparative Example 2 was discharged at 15 CA ( 26 A) is shown as “B” in  FIG. 9 . The discharge time in which the single plate lead acid battery of the Comparative example was discharged at 15 CA, and the discharge voltage 10 seconds after starting the discharge were also measured. The results are shown in Table 1.  
         [0088]     As shown in  FIG. 9  and Table 1, it is understood that the single plate lead acid battery of Example 2 is discharged at a high voltage, and in a long discharge time. On the other hand, the single plate lead acid battery of Comparative Example 2 is discharged at a lower voltage and in a shorter discharge time than the case of the single plate lead acid battery of Example 2.  
       Example 3  
     Production of the Lead Acid Battery for Automobile  
       [0089]     The single plate lead acid battery for automobile shown in  FIG. 7  was produced by using the positive plates  12   h  and the negative plates  13   h  produced in Example 1. Separators each having a thickness of 1.5 mm and made of polyethylene resin were used as the separators  10 . Five sheets of the negative plates  13  and four sheets of the positive plates  12  were used in the cluster of layered plates  19 . Diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.25 at 20° C. was used as an electrolyte solution. It should be noted that the chemical conversion of the lead acid battery for automobile was performed at  9 A for 20 hours. Diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.4 at 20° C. was added after the chemical conversion to adjust the concentration of the electrolyte solution so that it became a diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.28 at 20° C. Regarding the obtained lead acid battery, the battery capacitance was 28 Ah, and the average discharging voltage thereof was 12V.  
         [0090]     The discharge time at the time when this lead acid battery was discharged at 15 CA and the discharge voltage then obtained were measured. The result is shown as “A” in  FIG. 10 .  
       Comparative Example 3  
     Production of the Lead Acid Battery for Automobile  
       [0091]     The lead acid battery for automobile was produced in the same manner as that of Example 3 except that the positive plates and the negative plates produced in Comparative Example 1 were used as positive plates and negative plates. Regarding the obtained lead acid battery, the battery capacitance was 28 Ah, and the average discharge voltage was 12V.  
         [0092]     The discharge time at the time when this lead acid battery was discharged at 15 CA and the discharge voltage then obtained were measured. The result is shown as “B” in  FIG. 10 .  
       Example 4  
     Production of the Spiral-Type Lead Acid Battery  
       [0093]     The spiral-type lead acid battery shown in  FIG. 8  was produced in the following procedures.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Negative Plate&gt; 
         [0094]     An active material paste for the negative plate was prepared in the same manner as that of the negative plate  13   b  of Example 1. Then, the active material paste for the negative plate was applied to both surfaces of the rolled plate charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×1000 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was further left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the negative plate.  
         [0000]     &lt;Production of the Positive Plate&gt; 
         [0095]     An active material paste for the positive plate was prepared in the same manner as that of the positive plate  12   b  of Example 1. Then, the active material paste for the positive plate was applied to both surfaces of the rolled plate charge collector which had a dimension of 116 mm×1000 mm×0.2 mm, and which was made of lead-tin alloy, and was left stand under atmosphere conditions of 50° C. temperature and 98 percent relative humidity for 18 hours for ripening. Then, this was left stand at 110° C. temperature for 2 hours to dry, thus resulting in production of the positive plate.  
         [0000]     Production of the Spiral-Type Lead Acid Battery  
         [0096]     The spiral-type lead acid battery shown in  FIG. 8  was produced by using the produced positive plates and negative plates, and the retainers  22  which are made of glass fiber, and which are 0.6 mm thick. Diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.28 at 20° C. was used as an electrolyte solution. Diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.4 at 20° C. was added after the chemical conversion of the spiral-type lead acid battery to adjust the concentration of the electrolyte solution so that it became a diluted sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.28 at 20° C. Regarding the obtained spiral-type lead acid battery, the battery capacitance was 16 Ah, and the average discharging voltage was 12V.  
         [0097]     The discharge time at the time when this spiral type lead acid battery was discharged at 15 CA and the discharge voltage then obtained were measured. The result is shown as “A” in  FIG. 11 .  
       Comparative Example 4  
     Production of the Spiral-Type Lead Acid Battery  
       [0098]     The spiral-type lead acid battery was produced in the same manner as that of Example 4 except that the positive plates and the negative plates produced in Comparative Example 1 were used as positive plates and negative plates. Regarding the obtained lead acid battery, the battery capacitance was 16 Ah, and the average discharge voltage was 12V.  
         [0099]     The discharge time at the time when this lead acid battery was discharged at 15 CA and the discharge voltage then obtained were measured. The result is shown as “B” in  FIG. 11 .  
         [0000]     &lt;Evaluation of Discharge Time&gt; 
         [0100]     As apparent from  FIGS. 9, 10  and  11 , it is understood that the lead acid battery of the present invention is discharged in a longer time and at a higher voltage after starting discharge than the cases of the lead acid batteries of Comparative Examples.  
                                                                 TABLE 1                                               Voltage 10                       Average particle   seconds               Composition of a   size of a   after               lead-containing   lead-containing   starting   Discharge           Electrode   metallic powder   metallic powder   discharge   time           system   —   (μm)   (V)   (seconds)                                    Example 1   12a   Pb   25   1.71   102           13a           1.77   98           12b           1.74   95           13b           1.76   97           12c           1.74   99           13c           1.79   85           12d           1.76   87           13d           1.78   76           12e           1.77   89           13e           1.74   88           12f           1.78   79           13f           1.75   83           12g           1.77   93           13g           1.73   76           12h           1.77   124           13h           1.76   127           12i   Pb—0.2% Sn       1.74   113               Pb—0.2% Sb       1.78   121               Pb—5% Sn       1.7   100               Pb—5% Sb       1.69   105               Pb—0.2% Ca—0.6%       1.71   114               Sn           13i   Pb—0.2% Sn       1.73   118           12j   Pb—1.5% Sn   0.01   1.7   105                   500   1.72   100                   0.1   1.78   122                   50   1.79   124           13j       0.1   1.77   119           12k       25   1.74   117           13k           1.75   119           12l           1.73   114           13l           1.76   118       Comparative   —           1.64   40       Example 1                  
 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY  
       [0101]     According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a lead acid battery which is discharged for a long time, and which constantly generates a high power. The lead acid battery of the present invention is useful for the battery for automobile such as an idling-stop vehicle and a hybrid vehicle, and for the battery used in the equipment which requires a large amount of a current and a high power at the time of start-up, etc.  
         [0102]     All publications cited herein are hereby incorporated as reference in their entirety.