Abstract:
A hand-held dual frequency satellite communication antenna of circular polarization-capable characteristics is disclosed. The antenna system is based on Yagi/Udi spaced elements, including tuned trap-enabled dual frequency elements, disposed in orthogonal planes of a hand-receivable antenna boom element. The antenna system is fabricated from low cost readily obtainable materials and in a manner permitting easy disassembly and packaging for carriage to an isolated location of usage. Configuration of the disclosed antenna system for transmission and reception in two different popular amateur radio satellite communication bands is included. Antenna system field pattern characteristics and actual element lengths are included in the disclosure.

Description:
RIGHTS OF THE GOVERNMENT 
     The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for all governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The development of “micro-satellites” has occasioned the use of multiple inexpensive orbiting satellite communication platforms. These communication platforms may be used by military, commercial, and amateur radio communicators for both digital and analog signal communications and usually involve communication over distances of five hundred to two thousand kilometers along a line of sight path inclusive of atmospheric and free space media. Older arrangements for communicating via such satellite platforms require substantial antenna gain for the uplink communication, the downlink communication, or both. This often means the operator needs to employ an elaborate ground antenna in order to use the satellite. 
     In recent years, radio amateurs have developed hand held antenna systems for use with low orbit satellites such as the satellites sponsored by many local chapters in their fraternity. Unfortunately, these antenna systems have often been characterized by a linear polarization characteristic and the operators have thereby experienced considerable fading in the communication these antennas support, fading as a result of the slow spin or tumble of the microsatellites and the antenna system incorporated therein. These fades in communication can however be minimized with the use of circularly polarized antenna systems. None of the thusly needed circularly polarized antenna systems are known however to have been developed in a package which is both strongly directional and sufficiently light to enable hand-held antenna disposition. 
     Another disadvantage of the available circularly polarized antennas lies in their assembled configuration. These antennas normally function in only one frequency band and must therefore be physically tied to a similarly directed antenna, using for example a cross linking boom, in order to support the second frequency band often used in a two-way satellite communication arrangement. In addition to being cumbersome during use, assembly or disassembly of such a combination of antennas is usually burdensome to an excessive degree. The antenna system of the present invention can however provide this multiple band communication in a form that may be assembled or disassembled in a few minutes. In disassembled form the present invention antenna system comprises a light and easily carried bundle. In assembled form the antenna system comprises a fully capable, directional, dual band antenna system, an antenna system of circular polarization in at least one of its operating bands and an antenna system especially suited to satellite communication but usable for other purposes, portable and fixed, as well. One such other purpose for an antenna system of this type is for example often employed in the amateur radio fraternity in connection with the “hidden transmitter hunt” events used to exercise direction-finding equipment; another purpose includes the direct ground to aircraft communication (without intervening satellite) used by special operation forces and others in present day military actions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a handheld dual band satellite communication antenna system of partial or complete circular polarization characteristics. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system suited to satellite and other communication needs in the UHF and VHF bands of radio frequency. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be disassembled into an easily carried package. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be assembled from a carried package form to a functional antenna system form in a short time interval. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system having circular polarization characteristics in one or both of its operating bands. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be easily adapted to alternate operating frequencies. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be used for either signal transmission or reception functions on either of two operating frequency bands. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a dual band antenna system that seizes upon the tuned trap element arrangement for achieving dual band antenna element operation. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system having favorable, significant gain-inclusive, field pattern characteristics in each of its operating frequency bands. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be fabricated from readily available, low cost, materials. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be fabricated from a variety of alternate materials of differing physical and structural characteristics. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be physically disposed in either hand held or fixed permanent mounting arrangements. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a light-weight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be disposed in a variety of transmitter power level compatible configurations including an easily achieved 100 watt configuration. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a light-weight relatively small dual band antenna system that is compatible with low earth orbit satellite apparatus having no more than ten watts of input energy. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system incorporating the advantages of the Yagi-Udi element arrangement. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system combining a single plane two-frequency linearly polarized antenna with a second plane antenna adding circular polarization characteristics. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system that may be easily and accurately reproduced. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system providing relatively low standing wave ratio electrical characteristics in each of its operating bands. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight relatively small dual band antenna system having one embodiment that is suited to operation in the seventy centimeter and two meter wavelength operating bands. 
     These and other objects of the invention will become apparent as the description of the representative embodiments proceeds. 
     These and other objects of the invention are achieved by dual band circular polarization-capable portable antenna apparatus comprising the combination of: 
     an ultra high radio frequency first array of dipolar antenna elements disposed in a first geometric plane and extending along an antenna boom member in ultra high radio frequency Yagi/Uda element separations; 
     said ultra high radio frequency first array of dipolar antenna elements including an ultra high radio frequency energy radiator element disposed intermediate an ultra high radio frequency reflector element and a plurality of ultra high radio frequency director elements along said antenna boom member; 
     an ultra high radio frequency and very high radio frequency second array of dipolar antenna elements extending in ultra high radio frequency Yagi/Uda element separations along said antenna boom member within a second geometric plane orthogonal of and coaxial of said first geometric plane; 
     said ultra high radio frequency and very high radio frequency second array of dipolar antenna elements including an ultra high radio frequency energy radiator element disposed intermediate an ultra high radio frequency reflector element and a plurality of director elements, including dual radio frequency wavelength director elements of combined very high radio frequency and tuned wave-trap limited ultra high radio frequency effective electrical lengths, along said antenna boom member; 
     said dual radio frequency director elements of combined very high radio frequency and tuned wave-trap limited ultra high radio frequency effective electrical lengths additionally comprising a very high radio frequency-tuned antenna energy radiator element and a very high radio frequency-tuned antenna director element; 
     said ultra high radio frequency and very high radio frequency second array of dipolar antenna elements extending in said second geometric plane along said antenna boom member in interspersed antenna elements relationship with said first geometric plane first array of ultra high radio frequency dipolar antenna elements; 
     an electrical signal frequency responsive and signal phase splitting electrical network apparatus disposed intermediate an electrical port of said circularly polarized portable antenna apparatus and each of said antenna energy radiator elements; 
     said signal phase splitting electrical network of said electrical signal frequency responsive and signal phase splitting electrical network apparatus having output signal ports connecting with said ultra high radio frequency energy radiator elements of said first and second arrays of dipolar antenna elements in circular polarized wave generating element phasing determination. 
     By way of clarification and explanation, it may by now be appreciated, that to the best degree reasonably possible in drafting the present descriptive material, an attempt is made to use the expression “antenna system” or “antenna apparatus” or similar terminology when referring to the overall FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 apparatus and to employ the word “antenna” or “antenna element” or “element” when making generic reference to an antenna or reference to components or lesser assemblies or individual elements included within the complete apparatus. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification, illustrates several aspects of the present invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 shows an antenna system according to the present invention used in a satellite communication application. 
     FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of an antenna system according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 shows one detailed side view of the FIG. 2 antenna. 
     FIG. 4 shows a second detailed side view of the FIG.  2  and FIG. 3 antenna. 
     FIG. 5 shows details of a half element of the FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 antenna. 
     FIG. 6 shows a relative field strength plot for one portion of the antenna system of the present invention for a signal of two meters wavelength. 
     FIG. 7 shows a relative field strength plot for another portion of the antenna system of the present invention for a signal of seventy centimeters wavelength. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 in the drawings shows an antenna system  100  made in accordance with the present invention in a contemplated significant uses setting. In the FIG. 1 drawing a person  102 , such as a U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces team member, is represented to be communicating between a remote deployment location and a low orbit satellite  104  using a portable transmitter and receiver apparatus  106  and the antenna system  100 . Communication of this nature may for example be requesting airborne munitions delivery to an enemy held location or arranging for a Special Operations Forces team pickup at the termination of a temporary deployment mission. This communication especially in the satellite instance occurs along the path  108  often using two different radio frequency signal bands, bands located in the UHF and VHF frequency spectrums for example. The communication along path  108  may ultimately involve other persons located in the battle theatre at a relatively short distance away or persons located at a greater distance, the latter through use of satellite relay or satellite to earth relay arrangements as are known in the present day communication art. The communication along path  108  may also involve an aircraft such as is represented at  110  in the FIG. 1 drawing. Needed communication may also be of a direct point to point nature with others in the theatre and thus may be accomplished directly with the antenna system  100 , and may include a similar antenna system at the opposite end of the communication link. 
     In a satellite communication event such as is represented in the FIG. 1 drawing both the uplink transmission between the person  102  and the satellite  104  and the downlink communication between the satellite  104  and the person  102  are limited by the relatively small quantities of electrical energy conveniently available for such communication purposes. The uplink communication along the path  108  can for example be limited to transmitter power levels of less than ten watts by reason of need for human carrying of the batteries or other transmitter energy source apparatus. The down link communication along path  108  can be limited to even lower energy levels (of for example 0.3 to 3.0 watts) by reason of the need to obtain satellite transmitter energy from batteries, solar cells or nuclear sources all of which must be disposed in earth orbit at significant expense and with desired long operating life. 
     Satellite communication along the path  108  may be complicated by the fact that the satellite  104  is not disposed in a fixed orientation with respect to the earth but is instead rotating or tumbling in its earth orbit. Even though there are fixed satellite orientation arrangements known in the satellite and satellite communications art such arrangements add significant complexity and operating life considerations to a satellite system and are preferably omitted in simple and cost-considered “low tech” apparatus. Such omissions are made in contemplation of making other accommodations such as accepting weaker signal reception or reorienting the signal-receiving antenna system  100  in response to satellite rotation-induced modulation of the downlink signal along path  108 . As a result of using a dipole antenna on the satellite such downlink signals are often of a “planar polarized” nature and therefore optimally received at the antenna system  100  when a planar polarized antenna system at this location is reoriented in synchronization with the satellite movement. 
     A significant advantage of the present invention antenna system lies in fact in the concept that the antenna system disclosed herein may generate and optimally receive signals that are of a circularly polarized nature rather than of the planar polarized nature. In fact signals generated and received by the antenna system of the present invention may be electively polarized in either the right hand or the left hand circular polarizations by way of rearranging the electrical signal to antenna system element coupling arrangements used. The accomplishment of this circular polarization in the present invention antenna system has the practical advantage of the person  102  in FIG. 1 not being required to reorient the antenna system  100  in synchronism with motion of satellite  104  even during the presence of weaker signals, signals otherwise possibly requiring antenna system reorientation or acceptance of partial signal loss. A significant distinction of the present invention embodiment of antenna system  100  over the antennas heretofore used in situations such as represented in FIG. 1 lies in the fact that the present antenna system can provide both dual band operation and circular polarization characteristics. 
     In an environment of limited transmitter operating power levels signal polarization characteristics are but one of several considerations of interest in achieving optimum communication. Another significant consideration toward this goal resides in the signal enhancement or gain characteristics of the antenna system used by the person  102  and by the satellite  104 . Generally it is considered desirable to employ antenna systems of significant directivity or direction-selective characteristics (and thereby of greater orientation accuracy requirement) in each of antenna system  100  and the satellite  104  locations in order to enhance the signal to noise ratio achieved in the receiver at each end of path  108 . As described below herein the antenna system of the present invention incorporates a plurality of elements including dipolar energy radiating elements, dipolar reflector elements and a plurality of dipolar energy director elements all preferably disposed in the manner of the Yagi-Udi antenna in order to enhance the achieved directivity and effective signal gain characteristics. The antenna system of the present invention also employs a second array of Yagi-Udi elements disposed in an offset second antenna plane in order to enhance the achieved receiver signal levels through use of circularly polarized antenna characteristics. It is the offset nature of the two planes fed simultaneously which forms the circularly polarized field. 
     Details regarding the Yagi-Udi antenna are disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 1,745,342 of Yagi and in numerous technical references, references including the textbook “Antenna Engineering Handbook” Second Edition, by Richard C. Johnson and Henry Jasik, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984; in the Udi technical article “Wireless Beam of Short Electric Waves” appearing in the Journal of the Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers, Japan, Number 452, March 1926, at pages 715-741 and also in Number 472, November 1927, pages 1209-1219 and in the Yagi technical article “Beam Transmission of Electric Waves” appearing in the Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, volume Jun.  16 , 1928, pages 715-741. Each of these patent and other writings is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     FIG. 2 in the drawings shows a more detailed perspective view of an antenna system, such as the FIG. 1 antenna system  100 , made in accordance with the present invention. As may be observed in the FIG. 2 drawing the represented antenna system is comprised of a plurality of dipolar elements  200  disposed within two geometric planes of the intersecting plane assemblage  201 . These two planes of the assemblage  201  are represented at  202  and  204  and are represented as coaxial geometric planes orthogonally dispersed around an axis  206  centered in the antenna system boom member  208 . The boom member  208  includes a handle portion  210  disposed at a boom extremity along the axis  206  and convenient for manual disposition of the antenna system by the person  102  or other user. The boom member  208  may extend axially for whatever distance is needed for the antenna elements  200  in the direction opposite the handle portion  210 ; a length of about thirty-one and one half inches is sufficient to receive the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 illustrated antenna elements in the case of the herein described  70  centimeter and  2  meter combination of communicated signal wavelengths and element separations of four and one-half inches to six and one-half inches in each of planes  202  and  204 . Additional lengths from four and one-half inches upward may be added to the boom for handle or other mounting purposes. The boom member  208  may also be disposed for camera tripod or other fixed or semi-fixed mounting of the antenna system  100 . 
     In the first of the FIG. 2 geometric planes  202  the antenna system  100  may be observed to include the combination of six dipolar elements, elements  214 ,  212 ,  220 ,  222   224  and  226 . These elements are spaced along the central axis  206  of the boom  208  in the manner of a Yagi-Udi antenna tailored for the higher of the two antenna system operating frequencies, tailored for the frequency of 440 megahertz or 70 centimeters of wavelength in the case of a present invention satellite communication antenna system usable in the amateur radio bands. This tuning to amateur radio band frequencies is of course a convenience election that is useful for antenna experimentation purposes for example rather than being a limitation of the invention. Clearly antenna systems favoring other more restricted operating frequencies including frequencies assigned for military usage and commercial usage are reasonably considered to come within the scope of the invention. 
     The six dipolar elements spaced along the central axis  206  of the boom  208  in the plane  202  of FIG. 2 include an energy radiation or active element  212  connected to an electrical port  213  of the antenna system, a reflector element  214  located “behind” the active element  212  by a distance of about ¼ wavelength, and four director elements located “in front of” the active element  212 . As disclosed in the materials recited in the above-identified handbook of Johnson and Jasik the use of one reflector element and the four director elements shown in the FIG. 2 antenna system is often a near optimum arrangement of a Yagi-Udi antenna for many purposes and adding additional elements, especially additional reflector elements, is significantly discouraged by the law of diminishing returns. Additional elements may also give rise to portability difficulties in the case of hand disposable use of present invention antenna system. The four director elements of the FIG. 2 plane  202  antenna system, the elements identified with the numbers  220 ,  222 ,  224  and  226  are preferably spaced at similar intervals along the boom  208 , a spacing that is also in keeping with Yagi-Udi antenna practice. 
     The dipolar elements of the plane  202  in the FIG. 2 antenna system are preferably of slightly decreasing length along a progression from the reflector element  214  to the final director element  226 . More precisely overall dipole lengths as described in Table 1 below are found to be desirable for the six elements  214 ,  212 ,  220 ,  222   224  and  226  respectively. The overall or total length of each dipolar element is achieved by way of a pair of “half elements” in combination with a centermost female receptacle or socket or sleeve portion as is also explained below. Visual details of these dipolar element lengths appear to the best degree possible in the three-dimensional view of the FIG. 2 drawing and to a somewhat better degree in the two dimensional view of the plane  202  antenna at  400  in the FIG. 4 drawing. 
     In this FIG. 4 view the antenna elements disposed in the orthogonal geometric plane  204  appear as the series of small circles  401  also disposed along the axis  206  of the boom  208 . In a similar manner the elements  214 ,  212 ,  220 ,  222   224  and  226  disposed in the geometric plane  202  appear as the series of small circles  301  disposed along the axis  206  of the boom  208  in the FIG. 3 view of the present invention antenna system. Use of the present invention antenna system at other frequencies will of course have a direct effect on the recited dipolar element lengths with higher operating frequencies involving shorter element lengths as is known in the antenna.art. The directional view indication symbols at  228  and  230  in the FIG. 2 drawing indicate the nature of the two dimensional FIG.  4  and FIG. 3 drawings herein. 
     Continuing with the discussion of plane  202  elements  214 ,  212 ,  220 ,  222   224  and  226  in the FIG. 2 drawing, these elements may be fabricated from a wide variety of conductive and preferably metallic materials such as copper-based and aluminum-based materials. One material found to be particularly attractive for this use is the {fraction (3/32)} inch brass alloy brazing rod as is readily available at low cost in the commercial marketplace. This material has been found to have a desirable combination of electrical conductivity, physical size and weight and an acceptable compromise between resiliency and stiffness. In the interest of antenna system portability and easy disassembly for carrying these brazing rod or other metal elements are preferably received in tight-fitting, electrical continuity-maintaining permanently boom-mounted sleeve or socket members  228 ,  230 ,  232 ,  234 ,  236  and  238  when the antenna system is in the assembled condition shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG.  4 . Additional details of this antenna element and sleeve arrangement appear in connection with the FIG. 5 drawing below. It is significant to note that the total antenna element lengths involved in the antenna system herein are overall element lengths comprised of two Table 1 half-element segments and the centermost boom attached half-element-connecting sleeve. 
     The boom member  208  in the FIG. 2 antenna system is of an electrical insulating characteristic and may also be made of a variety of materials. For experimental purposes fabrication of this boom member from a hardwood such as maple, ash, oak or hickory has proven satisfactory. In a non-experimental use of the invention the employment of weather resistant and possibly lighter-in weight embodiments of this boom is believed preferable. Such embodiments may for example involve the use of impregnated woven filament materials such as Textolite or fiberglass arranged in any of an open center box or rectangular box or circular tubular structural shape for example. The use of plastic materials such as Nylon, Delrin and Kevlar in either hollow or solid arrangements is also possible. The name of each of these latter materials is believed to be a registered U.S. Trademark owned by a Fortune 500 U.S. international corporation. Foam based structures, waterproofed wood and the vinyl chloride materials commonly used in plastic plumbing piping may also be employed for the boom  208 . The effects of wind and ice loading may require antenna stiffening and other consideration with the use of some of these materials, especially in the instance of non-hand-held permanent mounting of the antenna system. These materials may also be used in fabricating individual antenna element support arrangements, particularly in permanent mounting instances involving weather extremes in combination with the illustrated electrical trap elements. 
     Preferably the six elements  212 ,  214 ,  220 ,  222 ,  224  and  226  in the FIG. 2 antenna system and the corresponding seven elements in the orthogonal plane antenna  300  in FIG. 3 i.e., the elements  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312  and  314  are each comprised of the sleeve and “half element” portions identified above. Additional aspects of this sleeve and half element arrangement appear in the FIG. 5 drawing herein where details of a half element, a half element comprising a part of the active or radiator element  212  for example, and its mating sleeve member  230  are shown. As shown in FIG. 5 each of the half elements of the antenna system are preferably provided with a flattened or dimpled indentation resulting in an increased element diameter in the local region adjacent its innermost end in order to assure the element fits tightly and with good electrical continuity in its corresponding sleeve. This dimpled arrangement is effective with the above identified solid brass element stock or with other solid materials and may also be used with appropriate manufacturing care in the case of elements made from hollow tubing or other element cross sectional shapes. 
     In view of this description of the half element and sleeve arrangement usable in the preferred arrangement of the invention it may now be appreciated that the boom member  208  may also be fabricated of metal. Preferably hollow cross sectional shapes are selected for this usage especially in view of weight considerations and the potential hand-held portable nature of the antenna system. With such a metallic boom, as shown at  500  in FIG. 5, the individual sleeve elements for antenna half element capture may be provided with the desired electrical insulation from the metallic boom using individual electrical insulator members disposed between each sleeve and the metallic boom. Such individual electrical insulators may be made from the materials recited above for non metallic boom fabrication or from additional materials such as the ceramic or fired alumina materials used in outdoor electrical applications for many years. The individual sleeve members in FIG. 5 may for example be provided with threads and mating machine nuts in order to capture both the sleeve member and any mating insulator permanently in the boom member. A metallic boom member at  500  in FIG. 5 may be made of any of aluminum, stainless steel, zinc coated steel, brass or other materials. Alloys of aluminum and alloys of magnesium may be desirable for use in both the boom member and the antenna elements in arrangements of the invention concerned especially with weight. Need for the usual precautions involved with dissimilar metals located in damp environments and the possibility of electrolytic corrosion, especially in the half element to sleeve connections, prevail. The effect of a metallic boom element on the field pattern of the resulting antenna system must of course be considered when this option is selected. 
     Returning now to the FIG.  2  and FIG. 3 showings of the present invention antenna system, it may be appreciated that detailed discussion of the invention has thus far focused on the antenna elements disposed in the first of the orthogonal geometric planes  202  and  204 , i.e., focused on elements located in the geometric plane  202  in FIG.  2 . As has been implied in this thus-far discussion it is the addition of the antenna elements in the plane  204  to these elements in the plane  202  that provides the circular polarization characteristics to the FIG. 2 antenna system. The plane  204  elements also provide the lower frequency band characteristics of the present invention two-band antenna system. The seven antenna elements  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312  and  314  in the FIG.  2  and FIG. 3 antenna system view are also disposed along the central axis  206  of the boom  208  in the manner of a Yagi-Udi antenna tailored for the higher of the two antenna system operating frequencies, tailored for the frequency of 440 megahertz in the case of a satellite communication antenna system usable in the amateur radio bands. In addition to this disposition according to the Yagi-Udi spacing of the higher of the antenna two operating frequencies it is notable that the plane  204  antenna elements  300  (as are most readily appreciated in the FIG. 3 drawing) also include two dipolar elements having longer overall lengths, lengths further inclusive of tuned trap member pairs  316 - 318  and  320 - 322 . The most efficient pairs of frequency bands for the FIG. 3 antenna are those bands in which the arrangement of the higher frequency yagi elements is such that an integer multiple of the higher band element spacing equals or nearly equals the lower band element spacing. 
     The tuned trap members  316 ,  318 ,  320  and  322  are each selected to resonate at the frequency of the FIG. 4 antenna elements i.e., to a frequency of 440 megahertz in the case of the amateur band antenna system, and operate in the manner of conventional tuned trap elements to enable both high band and low band resonances in the elements  308  and  314  of the FIG.  2  and FIG. 3 antenna system. This tuning is preferably accomplished by selecting initial physical dimensions for the traps as are calculated or measured to lie slightly above the desired trap frequency and then changing the initial physical dimensions by stretching or compressing the trap coil to adjust the resonant frequency to the desired location. A grid dip meter or voltage standing wave (VSWR) measurement meter or other frequency calibrated measuring instrument may be used to track the results of this tuning. The above-identified brass brazing rod material is found to have structural rigidity sufficient to provide reasonable physical support for the outer lengths of the antenna elements  308  and  314  notwithstanding the intervening coiled spring physical effect of the trap elements  316 ,  318 ,  320  and  322 . Conductors of greater cross sectional area or electrical insulating physical support members may however be used in the trap elements  316 ,  318 ,  320  and  322  if needed for support reasons in a particular embodiment of the invention. 
     Radio frequency energy coupling into and away from the active antenna elements  214  and  308  in the FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 antennas may involve the antenna system port  212 , a BNC coaxial cable connector, the several lengths of coaxial cable indicated at  232 ,  234 ,  236 ,  238  and  240  in the FIG. 2 drawing. This energy coupling function further includes the signal duplexer network  242 , signal splitter element  244  for driving the 440 megahertz elements located in both planes  204  and  202 , and three driven element impedance matching arrays or gamma matching arrays all as shown at  246 ,  247 ,  248 ;  250 ,  251 ,  252 ;  254 ,  255 ,  256  respectively. In the unbalanced gamma matching array shown at  246 ,  247 ,  248  for example there appears in FIG.  2  and in FIG. 3 the transmission line termination  246 , the gamma rod  247  and the shunt  248 . Similarly in the gamma matching array shown at  250 ,  251 ,  252  there appears in FIG. 2; and in FIG. 3 the transmission line termination  250 , the gamma rod  251  and the shunt  252  and in the gamma matching array shown at  254 ,  255 ,  256  there appears in FIG.  2  and in FIG. 3 the transmission line termination  254 , the gamma rod  255  and the shunt  252 . The gamma-matching array shown at  250 ,  251 ,  252  in FIG. 2 also appears clearly in the FIG. 4 drawing. 
     These gamma matching arrays represent one of several possible arrangements by which the impedance of the coaxial cable transmission lines indicated at  232 ,  234 ,  236 ,  238  and  240  in the FIG. 2 drawing can be matched to the impedance of the antenna radiating elements over a desirable frequency range and without the occurrence of undesirably large energy reflections from the transmission line to antenna junction i.e., matched while maintaining desirably low voltage standing wave ratio or VSWR characteristics in the antenna and transmission line. Low voltage standing wave ratio or VSWR avoids the occurrence of poor signal coupling efficiency, unduly large voltages appearing in the transmission line elements and the transmitter for example and the inefficient use of transmitter energy. Additional information regarding the gamma match and other transmission line to antenna coupling arrangements is found for examples in the U.S. Pat. 2,976,532 of Guest; U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,165 of Yve; U.S. Pat. No. 5,072,233 of Zanzig; U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,751 of Collier and U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,081 of Unwin. Further information of this type is also available in several publications of The American Radio Relay League (ARRL) of Newington Conn. notably in The  ARRL Antenna Handbook  as published each year and especially in the eighth edition published in 1956 and in The  ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs  also published yearly and especially in chapter 17 of the 1992 edition. Each of these patent and publication references is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     According to gamma matching practice the element length location of each gamma rod to antenna element shunt  248 ,  252  and  256  in the FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 antenna is selected to provide best match i.e., the lowest VSWR characteristic, over the band of frequencies of intended antenna system operation. This adjustment alters the inductive and capacitive coupling between gamma rod and antenna element as is explained in the incorporated by reference materials. The boom end of the gamma match-fed antenna elements in FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 is grounded by connection to the shield conductor of the coaxial cable transmission lines feeding these elements in the transmission line termination elements  246 ,  250  and  254 . The center conductor of these coaxial transmission line elements connects to a gamma rod-received capacitance wire,  258  for example, located within each tubular gamma rod  247 ,  251  and  255 . The overall lengths of the gamma elements are recited in Table 1 below for an antenna system of the present frequency optimizations. 
     The transmission line termination elements  246 ,  250  and  254  in the FIG. 2 antenna system may be fabricated from aluminum or other metallic conductors materials; these termination elements include a drill-formed hollow interior region, a coaxial cable male connector and are preferably held in position on the boom member  210  by way of adjustable members such as plastic cable ties or rubber tension components as are typically represented at  260  in the FIG. 2 drawing. The antenna elements  212 ,  304 ,  308  received in these termination elements  246 ,  250  and  254  may extend completely through the termination elements and be received in sleeve elements mounted in the boom  210  in order to further retain the termination elements in the positions desired. 
     The signal duplexer network  242  provides signal separation between seventy-centimeter wavelength signals and two-meter wavelength signals involved with the operation of the invention. In the above discussed instance of the antenna system being used in a two way satellite communication link of differing UHF and VHF frequencies this network enables the use of a single transmission line  232  to provide connection with both a transmitter operating in the two meter band and a receiver operating in the seventy centimeter band. This signal combination and separation function may be viewed as a standard, known in the art, duplexing function allowing coincident transmission and reception, with the present invention antenna system. The duplexing network  242  may be comprised of frequency separation elements as are known in the art. 
     Thus far in this discussion the focus has been on the UHF elements of the FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 antenna system, i.e., on the UHF elements disposed in the plane  202 , and to a lesser degree on the attending UHF elements providing circular polarization in the UHF band as are disposed in the plane  204 . In this discussion the plane  204  elements, as are shown most clearly in the FIG. 3 drawing, have been indicated to include both dedicated UHF elements and the two dual frequency elements  308  and  314 , elements providing a VHF capability for the FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 antenna system. The longer dual frequency elements  308  and  314  provide non-circularly polarized radiation from the FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 antenna system in the VHF or two meter band of operation. This non-circular polarization radiation has proven satisfactory for the earth to satellite usage. It has in fact been observed with the present invention antenna system that the lower frequency antenna pattern is distorted in a favorable pattern by the higher frequency elements that contribute to circular polarization at the higher frequency. This favorable distortion leads to a nearly equal reception from any angle of polarization despite the lack of a cross-polarized lower frequency element. In communication situations needing circular polarization in the VHF band however it is of course possible to modify the FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 antenna system with the substitution of elements similar to elements  308  and  314  located in the plane  202  i.e., in the FIG. 4 element array. Such longer dual frequency elements may for example be substituted for the UHF elements  220  and  226 . 
     Signal coupling with such additional dual frequency elements may be accomplished in the manner of the signal splitter element  244  used for UHF circular polarization in the FIG.  2  and FIG. 3 drawings. Tuned traps in the nature of those shown at  316 ,  318 ,  320  and  322  and elongated gamma rod coupling as used at  247  in FIG.  2  and FIG. 3 may be used with these additional VHF circular polarization elements. Field strength measurement experience has suggested the two-element arrangement of the VHF antennas shown in FIG.  2  and FIG. 3 provides directional and gain performance sufficient to limit the benefit of additional reflector and director elements in either the circular polarization or non-circular polarization arrangements of the present invention antenna system. For critical need situations, also tolerant of the increased overall size involved, such additional elements may be added to the antenna system in respective of the planes  202  and  204 . Laboratory testing has however shown difficulty to arise in tuning a circularly polarized signal at the lower frequency. Fabrication of the antenna system with only a single plane at the lower frequency is therefore deemed an easier and less costly alternative. 
     As is indicated above, for portability purposed it is desirable for the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system to be easily disassembled and containable in a small hand-cartable package; this disassembly desirably includes the antenna elements themselves. FIG. 5 in the drawings therefore shows at  500  and  502  respectively top view and side view details of one UHF half element of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system. In the FIG. 5 drawing the element diameter of {fraction (3/32)} inch as recited above is indicated at  508  and the half element length is indicated at  510 . The length shown at  510  is of course slightly less than one-half of the desired complete element length in view of the total length of each dipolar element being achieved by way of a pair of “half elements” of length  510  in combination with a portion of the centermost female receptacle or socket or sleeve portion  512  permanently mounted in the boom member  210  of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system. With three quarter inch boom member cross sectional dimensions the half elements and their socket or sleeve portion  512  can be conveniently arranged to provide a total additional element length of about one quarter inch when element and sleeve telescoping details are considered. Half element dimensions for both the UHF and VHF elements of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna systems are disclosed in the following Table 1. The element identifications recited in Table 1 are in accordance with those shown in FIG.  2 . The largest length dimensions disclosed for the UHF/VHF elements in the Table 1 data include the length of the tuned trap elements  316 ,  318 ,  320  and  322 ; the smaller of these dimensions excludes the trap elements. Separation distances or gap length for the gamma match elements are also provided in Table 1. The half element lengths recited in Table 1 are achieved by theoretical wavelength calculations followed by optimization tuning accomplished with a standing wave ratio bridge and a field strength measurement apparatus. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MEASURED ANTENNA HALF ELEMENT LENGTHS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 FIG. 2 
                 FIG. 2 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Element 
                 Plane 
                 Function 
                 Length 510 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 302 
                 204 
                 UHF reflector 
                 6.56 
                 inches 
               
               
                 304 
                 204 
                 UHF active 
                 6.25 
                 inches 
               
               
                 255 
                 204 
                 UHF gamma match 
                 2.75 
                 inches, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.56 
                 inch gap 
               
               
                 306 
                 204 
                 UHF director 
                 6.81 
                 inches 
               
               
                 308 
                 204 
                 Trapped VHF active, UHF 
                 16.31 
                 inches, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 director 
                 5.75 
                 inches 
               
               
                 310 
                 204 
                 UHF director 
                 5.00 
                 inches 
               
               
                 312 
                 204 
                 UHF director 
                 5.00 
                 inches 
               
               
                 314 
                 204 
                 Trapped UHF/VHF director 
                 16.63 
                 inches, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6.5 
                 inches 
               
               
                 214 
                 202 
                 UHF reflector 
                 6.56 
                 inches, 
               
               
                 212 
                 202 
                 UHF active 
                 6.50 
                 inches 
               
               
                 251 
                 202 
                 UHF gamma match 
                 3.50 
                 inches, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 inch gap 
               
               
                 220 
                 202 
                 UHF director 
                 5.82 
                 inches 
               
               
                 222 
                 202 
                 UHF director 
                 5.00 
                 inches 
               
               
                 224 
                 202 
                 UHF director 
                 5.13 
                 inches 
               
               
                 226 
                 202 
                 UHF director 
                 5.00 
                 inches 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In addition to the dimensions recited in the above Table 1 it may be noted in the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 drawings that plane  202  and  204  elements of the present antenna system that are most adjacent are separated by unequal distances along the lengthwise axis of the boom  210 . This progression of element spacing is consistent with the arrangement of Yagi antennas in general. 
     FIG. 5 in the drawings shows two views of one half-element portion of the present invention antenna system. At  504  in the top and side views,  500  and  502 , of FIG. 5 there is shown an indentation or distortion of the half element material that is found useful in achieving both a friction fit, telescopic, tight physical seating of the half element in the centermost female receptacle or socket or sleeve portion  512  and also achieving the stable low resistance electrical connection desired between half elements. The indentation or distortion  504  is preferably achieved by striking the half element end portion with some wedge-shaped tool such as a cold chisel or a blacksmith&#39;s anvil wedge or perhaps a cutting plier and may be arranged to provide an indentation depth  506  of about one tenth of the half element diameter. 
     This indentation or distortion  504  also results in a diameter increase in the half element as is represented at  508  in the FIG. 5 drawing and thereby achieves the desired tight frictional fit within the female receptacle or socket or sleeve portion  512  when this female receptacle or socket or sleeve portion is made of a material such as one eighth inch internal diameter brass tubing. Actually two or more of the indentation or distortions  504  may be useful in achieving the desired physical and electrical connection of half elements within receptacle or socket or sleeve portion  512 . In addition to the increased diameter  508  resulting from the indentation or distortion  504  it is also found that the formation of this indentation or distortion tends to bend the leftmost end of the half element representation at  502  in FIG. 5 slightly downward or out of axial alignment with remainder portions of the half element. This slight half element bending can be arranged to be additionally useful in achieving the desired physical and electrical tight frictional connection of half elements with receptacle or socket or sleeve portion  512  in the assembled antenna system. The indentation or distortion(s)  504  may be disposed about two millimeters from the end of the half element  502 . 
     As shown in the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 drawings the antenna system of the present invention provides the circular polarization characteristic for only the UHF signal and thus accommodates true circular polarization in only one direction of a bi-directional communication link. Nevertheless tumble of a satellite having dipole antennas is provided-for by the favorable distortion of the lower frequency antenna patterns described earlier herein. Circular polarization characteristics may of course be provided for the VHF antenna by the addition of other VHF elements, active and passive, in the plane  202  of FIG.  2 . These other elements may be of the tuned trap-inclusive variety as used at  308  and  314  in the FIG. 2 antenna system and thereby may be combined with selected of the UHF elements such as element  220  located in the plane  202 . As in the case of the above described VHF elements in plane  204  the use of a VHF reflector element and plural VHF director elements is believed to be of limited field strength plot enhancement value in added plane  202  VHF elements, a two element VHF structure in plane  202  is therefore believed optimum. 
     FIG. 6 in the drawings shows a relative field strength plot relating to the VHF performance of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system. In the FIG. 6 drawing there appears a polar grid  600  on which is imposed two plots  602  and  604  representing the relative field strength of signals originating in the VHF or two-meter elements of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system as an angular function of the receiving location around a point  606 , a point representing the location of the emitting antenna system. The FIG. 6 polar grid includes graduations representing π/4 radian or 360/8 or 45 degree intervals and radial graduations representing increments of signal strength. Data represented in the FIG. 6 plot is taken at two points within each of the π/4 radian or 45 degree intervals so that the FIG. 6 plot actually represents a total of 16 data points in each of the plots  602  and  604 . 
     The plot at  602  in FIG. 6 represents the magnitude of signals received in a plane perpendicular to that of the emitting VHF antenna system elements and the plot at  604  represents the magnitude of signals received in a plane parallel to that of the emitting VHF antenna elements. With respect to the FIG. 2 drawing and its planes  202  and  204 , the plot  602  represents therefore the strength of signals received from emitting elements  308  and  314  as these signals are received at points in the plane  202  lying perpendicular to that of the emitting elements. Conversely the plot  604  represents the strength of signals received from emitting elements  308  and  314  as these signals are received at points in the plane  204  lying parallel to that of the emitting elements. The relatively small signal strength difference between the plots  602  and  604  indicates the VHF antenna elements of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system to have undergone a favorable distortion for use in cross polarized situations. 
     FIG. 7 in the drawings shows a relative field strength plot of the FIG. 6 type for the 70 centimeter or UHF elements of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system. In the FIG. 7 drawing there appears a polar grid  700  on which is imposed two plots  702  and  704  representing the relative field strength of signals originating in the UHF or 70 centimeter wavelength elements of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system as an angular function of the receiving location around a point  706 , a point representing the location of the emitting antenna system. The FIG. 7 polar grid also includes graduations representing π/4 radian or 45 degree intervals and radial graduations representing signal strength. The plot at  702  in FIG. 7 represents the magnitude of signals received in a plane perpendicular to that of the emitting VHF antenna elements and the plot at  704  represents the magnitude of signals received in a plane parallel to that of the emitting VHF antenna elements. With respect to the FIG. 2 drawing and its planes  202  and  204  the plot  702  represents therefore the strength of signals received from all of the emitting elements, including the UHF portions of the tuned trap elements  308  and  314 , as these signals are received at points in the plane  202  lying perpendicular to that of the emitting elements. Conversely the plot  704  represents the strength of signals received from emitting elements  308  and  314  as these signals are received at points in the plane  204  lying parallel to that of the emitting elements. The relatively small signal strength difference between the plots  702  and  704  indicates the desired freedom from rotational symmetry with the satellite&#39;s antenna has been achieved. The method involved includes the application of one-quarter wave space-delayed simultaneous signals as the driven elements at ultra high frequency. 
     Turning now to the question of standing wave ratio (SWR) and the ability of the present invention antenna system to transduce received transmission line electrical energy into emitted radiation rather than reflections back into the transmission line and its energy source, measurements indicate a SWR or 1.3 to 1 can be achieved by the VHF elements of the FIG.  1  and FIG. 2 antenna system. This ratio is maintained over a frequency range of 144 to 148 megahertz. In the case of the UHF elements of the antenna system a SWR of 1.3 to 1 is achieved over a frequency range of 440 to 448 megahertz. 
     Fabrication of the present invention antenna system is believed fairly described as a low cost task. Excepting for the coaxial cable fittings and the signal divider networks the materials employed are of common usage and ready availability from numerous commercial sources, primarily sources outside the electronic industry. These common materials have been estimated to be available for less than five dollars for each antenna system constructed. Materials more sophisticated or advantageous than the wood and brass brazing rods used in the described embodiment of the invention may of course be desirable in a large quantity usage or in a commercialized realization; even these materials are believed however to remain in the low cost classification especially in view of the limited quantities involved in each antenna system. 
     The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the inventions in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally and equitably entitled.