Abstract:
A voltage regulator which includes an electrical circuit for maintaining a constant output, said electrical circuit including at least one light emitting diode connected to provide a reference voltage and to operate as a pilot lamp.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 356,205, filed May 1, 1973 A CONSTANT VOLTAGE CIRCUIT, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates a constant voltage circuit with excellent volt-ampere and temperature characteristics for regulating especially a low load voltage. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The Zener diodes, which are designed to positively utilize their Zener effect and avalanche breakdown, have been widely employed as voltage reference or constant-voltage devices. A reverse bias current is nearly constant until the reverse bias voltage reaches a critical voltage at which the reverse current is abruptly and markedly increased. In the breakdown region the voltage across a Zener diode remains nearly constant independently of wide variation in current flowing therethrough. This phenomenon is used to regulate the load voltage against variation in load current and against variation in supply voltage. However, the breakdown voltage of a Zener diode is generally higher than 6 V even though it is lower than a constant voltage regulated by a constant-voltage discharge tube or the like. As a result the constant voltage circuit employing a Zener diode for regulating a load voltage lower than the breakdown voltage of the Zener diode is complex in construction, expensive to fabricate and unstable and inaccurate in operation because of the unsatisfactory volt-ampere and temperature characteristics of a Zener diode used. 
     In general the electronic devices including electronic computers, which become more and more complex both in construction and operation, demand constant voltage devices which are extremely reliable, stable, and accurate in operation. Especially the electronic circuits consisting of ICs and LSIs require constant voltage circuits with an extremely small voltage fluctuation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One of the objects of the present invention is therefore to provide a constant voltage circuit employing an electroluminescent or light emitting diode which may overcome the above and other defects encountered in the prior art constant voltage devices and may satisfy the demands required for the recently developed electronic devices. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a constant voltage circuit which may regulate the load voltage with a higher degree of accuracy by utilizing the forward bias characteristics of a light emitting diode. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a constant voltage circuit in which light emitted by a light emitting diode is to indicate the operation of the constant voltage circuit. 
     The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of one preferred embodiment thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which: 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of a constant voltage circuit in accordance with the present invention, and 
     FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the forward bias characteristics of a light emitting diode or diodes used in the present invention and of ordinary diodes and the reverse bias characteristics of a Zener diode. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1, four conventional diodes D 1  -D 4  and a capacitor C 1  constitute a rectifier circuit, the output of which is applied to the collector of a transistor T 1  and to the base thereof through a resistor R 1 . The base of the transistor T 1  is connected to the collector of a transistor T 2  whose emitter is connected to the anode of an electroluminescent or light emitting diode LED. The emitter of the transistor T 1  is also connected through a resistor R 2  to the anode of the light emitting diode LED. A variable resistor is inserted between the emitter of the transistor T 1  and the cathode of the light emitting diode LED, and an arm of the variable resistor VR is connected to the base of the transistor T 2  in order to control the feedback. 
     In the circuitry shown in FIG. 1, the light emitting diode is means for obtaining a reference voltage; the transistor T 2  is means for comparing the output voltage with a reference voltage, thereby detecting the error or difference; and the transistor T 1  is means for controlling the output voltage in response to the output of the detecting means, that is the transistor T 2 . 
     The forward bias of the light emitting diode LED is derived as a constant output voltage, and whether the constant voltage circuit is supplying a predetermined constant voltage or not may be detected by the light emission by the diode LED. For example when the load current is varied and becomes lower than a predetermined level, the base potential of the transistor T 2  drops so that the collector current is reduced in proportion. As a result the base current of the transistor T 1  is increased to supplement the decrease in current flowing through the resistor R 2  and the variable resistor VR so that a constant output voltage may be always supplied. When the load current is increased, the base potential of the transistor T 2  is increased so that the collector current is increased. As a result the base current of the transistor T 1  is reduced so that the emitter current is reduced. The decreased emitter current cancels the increase in current flowing through the resistor R 2  and the variable resistor VR so that the output voltage may be always maintained at a constant level. In like manner the output voltage may be maintained constant even when the input or supply voltage is varied. 
     In order that the output voltage may be always maintained constant, the feedback must be positive and stable. The voltage across a diode must be always smaller than the voltage difference between the output voltage and the voltage between the emitter and base of the transistor T 2  . A Zener diode cannot satisfy the above condition because its breakdown voltage is large. However according to the present invention a light emitting diode is used so that the above condition may be satisfied and the required constant voltage characteristics may be obtained. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, the forward bias characteristic curves LED1, LED2 and LED3 are for one light emitting diode, two diodes connected in series and three diodes connected also in series, respectively. The characteristic curve ZD1 represents the reverse bias characteristic of one Zener diode, whereas the characteristic curve D5 is for five diodes connected in series. The curves D5 and ZD1 have a dull knee or exhibit the poor rising characteristic. The steady voltage is gradually increased so that the accurate control of a constant voltage cannot be expected. On the other hand the curves LED1-LED3 have a sharp knee and exhibit the nearly idealistic characteristics. Especially a single light emitting diode exhibits the idealistic characteristics for regulating a low constant voltage. 
     It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment described in detail hereinbefore and that various modifications can be effected without departing the true spirit of the present invention. Furthermore the temperature characteristic of a light emitting diode when forward biased will not affect the accurate function, and since a light emitting diode emits light when forward biased the operator may easily detect the operation of the constant voltage circuit when an on-off switch is thrown. In other words, the light emitting diode used in the constant voltage circuit in accordance with the present invention also functions as an indicating lamp which indicates that the power is on.