Abstract:
Embodiment methods of treating a human or animal patient using a remotely controlled robotic catheter device including inserting a catheter handle of a catheter into a modular handle controller of the remotely controlled robotic catheter device, operating the catheter remotely with the remotely controlled robotic catheter device to introduce the catheter into a body of the patient, and performing a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure on the patient using the catheter. Diagnostic or therapeutic procedures may include a mapping procedure, an ablation procedure, an angioplasty procedure, a drug delivery procedure; an electrophysiology procedure, a radiological procedure, and a medical device implantation or positioning procedure.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/051,736 filed Mar. 18, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/485,595 filed Jul. 11, 2006 that issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,202,244, which claimed the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/698,271, filed Jul. 11, 2005, entitled “System and Method for Remote Robotic Electrophysiology”, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention is directed to the positioning of medical devices within the body of a patient. More particularly, the invention is directed to the positioning of medical devices such as catheters within a patient&#39;s body using a remotely controlled system. Alternatively, the invention can also be used to position and deploy pacemaker and/or defibrillator leads. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Invasive procedures, such as invasive electrophysiology procedures, are very complicated and presently require the use of radiation, e.g., fluoroscopy, to visualize the location of a device such as a catheter and to help position the device within a patient&#39;s body at a site, such as the heart or the circulatory system. To facilitate catheter placement, certain fields, including the field of electrophysiology, have developed multi-poled and shaped steerable catheters. In addition, three-dimensional non-fluoroscopic mapping systems have also been developed to help identify catheter locations in space and to document their locations along with the electrical activity of the heart. 
         [0004]    Even with the advent of such catheters and mapping systems, these procedures still can expose the patient, operator, and other staff to high cumulative dosages of radiation which may have long term adverse effects on those exposed. A patient may be directly exposed only once or twice to such procedures; however, a high volume operator and staff can be exposed both directly and indirectly to the radiation during many procedures over a long period of time. To protect the operator and staff from this radiation, shielding comprising lead aprons, gowns, glasses, skirts, etc., is worn. Such lead clothing, especially a lead apron, is quite heavy and uncomfortable, and its use has been associated with cervical and lumbar spine injury. 
         [0005]    An alternative to this lead shielding is “imitation” lead, i.e., lead-like substances used as barriers. Even this lighter weight shielding still applies continuous force to the spinal column which can result in discomfort and neck, back, and/or sacral spine injury over time. 
         [0006]    In view of the concerns regarding radiation exposure and the drawbacks of lead protection, techniques and systems have been developed so that a physician or technician may be able to control the insertion and movement of a catheter remotely. Commercially available catheters, such as balloon dilatation angioplasty catheters, typically have at least six ranges of motion. Known systems for remote control of catheters require the use of specialized catheters compatible with a particular system, which catheters are more expensive than the commercially available, “off the shelf” catheters. Also, the known remote controlled catheter insertion systems have controls that are not intuitive and do not conform to procedures generally taught in medical school. As consequence, a user is required to learn a new device and new movement controls for insertion of the catheter. 
         [0007]    Thus, there is a need for a remotely controllable catheter insertion system which can utilize commercially available catheters and take advantage of the known features of such catheters. This will enable the user to utilize the device using a control input which is comfortable and familiar to the user. 
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    It is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus and method for positioning a medical device within a patient. 
         [0009]    It is a also an object of the invention to provide an apparatus and method for positioning a medical device such as a catheter within a patient&#39;s body using a remotely controlled robotic system. 
         [0010]    It is a further object of the invention of the invention to provide a system for remotely controlling the positioning within the body of a patient of a medical device having a control handle, the system comprising: 
         [0011]    a robotic device configured to position the medical device within the body of the patient; and 
         [0012]    a remote control mechanism configured to control the robotic device, 
         [0013]    wherein the robotic device comprises a modular handle controller to receive the control handle. 
         [0014]    It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of inserting elongated medical devices into a patient using such a system and performing any one of a number of diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures. 
         [0015]    These and other objects of the invention will be more apparent in the description below. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    According to the invention, a system and method are provided for remotely controlling a robotic device to insert and position a medical device such as a catheter within the body of a human or animal patient. The device can be visualized by use of standard fluoroscopy (with X rays), cine angiography, and/or three-dimensional mapping non-fluoroscopic imaging modalities, which can have direct and/or remote monitoring capabilities or otherwise. Certain embodiments of the invention allow an operator, such as a doctor or other medical professional, to be positioned at a location that is remote from the actual location of a patient, and to use a remote control mechanism comprising a remote control station and a controller to control a robotic device to insert, place, and position medical devices such as catheters within the body of the patient. The catheter may be fed into a nonvascular part of the body in order to find a target and record, diagnose, and/or deliver treatment or therapy. The catheter feeder may be driven by a telescoping rod without rotors. A system may integrate an imaging modality with a remote monitor and the medical device may be positioned in the body by remotely visualizing the medical device. The device may then be positioned using a system as discussed above. 
         [0017]    In one embodiment of the invention, venous or arterial vascular access or nonvascular access is performed directly by an operator, and a medical device such as a catheter is inserted into an introducer sheath and then fed and advanced and steered to the appropriate location. In another embodiment of the invention, vascular access can also be obtained. In such embodiments, the operator of the medical procedure can advance, remove, shape, steer, and deflect a standard electrophysiology catheter, such as an ablation catheter, within the patient from a location remote from the patient, such as a shielded control room, and avoid exposure to potentially harmful radiation normally associated with such a procedure. In this manner, the present invention may eliminate the need for doctors or other medical personnel, to wear protective gear in performing such medical procedures, which may be uncomfortable, less than fully effective, and cause injury to the wearer over time. 
         [0018]    In another embodiment of the invention, a system and method control a robotic device to position a medical device, such as a catheter, within the body of a patient. The medical device is an elongated medical device having a control handle, examples of which include catheters, guidewires, introducer sheaths or catheters, and guide sheaths or catheters. Examples of specific catheters include, but are not limited to, ablation catheters, mapping catheters, balloon dilatation catheters, perfusion catheters, pacing and/or defibrillation leads, and the like. This embodiment may comprise a robotic device configured to position the medical device within the body of the patient and a remote control mechanism or system configured to control the robotic device to position the medical device. The remote control mechanism preferably comprises (1) a remote control station and (2) a controller in communication with the remote control station. The robotic device preferably has a handle controller to receive the control handle of the medical device. The remote control mechanism may comprise a remote control station and a robotic device controller wherein an operator, such as a doctor or other medical professional, uses the remote control station to control the robotic device. The remote control station will comprise appropriate control knobs, levers, switches, buttons, slides, or other controls, such as a joystick. 
         [0019]    When manipulated by hand, modem catheter devices are capable of moving in up to six ranges of motion. For example, catheters can clearly be moved forward and backward so that a longer portion of the catheter may be inserted into a subject and removed. Catheters may also be rotated clockwise and counterclockwise. Moreover, the distal end or tip of many catheters, referred to as “steerable”, can be deflected in several directions. 
         [0020]    The remote control mechanism may also include one or more transmitters, receivers, or transceivers to communicate information between the remote control station and the robotic device controller, by any wired and/or wireless transmission mechanism, including via dial-up, cable, or broadband modem internet transmission. The operator may control the robotic device from a location that is remote from the location of the patient, including, but not limited to, a shielded control room. The robotic device may include one or more sensors to communicate information to the remote control station regarding movement of the catheter and the environment of the catheter within the patient&#39;s body. 
         [0021]    In another embodiment of the invention, the robotic device may be configured to allow the operator to insert the medical device within the body of the patient and position the medical device within the body of the patient. The medical device may be a catheter, and the robotic device may be a catheter control device configured to allow the operator, using the remote control device, to do one or more of the following within the patient&#39;s body: insert the catheter, advance or feed the catheter, steer the catheter, rotate the catheter, place the catheter, shape the catheter, or deflect the catheter. The catheter or other medical device may be inserted into and positioned within a variety of portions and systems of the patient&#39;s body, such as within the heart or the circulatory system of the patient. 
         [0022]    In another embodiment of the invention, the elongated medical device may be a catheter, such as an electrophysiology catheter and/or an interventional catheter. The catheter or other medical device may be used for a cardiac, vascular, radiological, gastroenterological, or nephrological procedure or for a combination of two or more such procedures, and it may optionally be used to deliver therapy for such procedures, including the delivery of biologicals such as stem cells, angiogenesis factors, etc. The catheter may also be used for mapping, catheter ablation, stenting, angioplasty, atrial fibrillation ablation, ventricular tachycardia ablation, and/or other complex forms of catheter ablation (e.g., multiple atrial tachycardias, etc.), or delivery of drugs or medicine, or a combination of two or more of such procedures. 
         [0023]    In another embodiment of the invention, a robotic device comprises a catheter feeder and a handle control assembly. In a further embodiment of the invention, the control device may include a catheter feeder, a clamp model, a handle control assembly, and/or a catheter control assembly. The feeder system may include an outer housing assembly, wherein the outer housing assembly may include an outer ring and one or more gears, and a clamp assembly, wherein the clamp assembly may include one or more clamp brackets, clamps, or belts. The device may be designed so as to avoid hard wiring in the outer ring. For example, contacts may be used to electrify the motor and deflect the tip. The handle assembly may include a handle outer housing assembly comprised of an outer ring and one or more gears. The control device may further include a means for holding said medical device firmly, a means for rotating said medical device, and a means for one or more of the following: shaping, deflecting, steering, placing, or positioning the medical device within the patient. 
         [0024]    In another embodiment of the invention, the remote control station may comprise a joystick. In a further embodiment of the invention, a computer guided navigation system may be employed with a similar or equivalent catheter introducer system with sensor feedback to translate the actual resistance to movement, tip pressure and catheter motion which is occurring in the body to the remote catheter introducer system/model. A human model with traditional sheath and catheter appearance, with sensors, can serve as the controller translating information to the handle control device and feeder system. This set up could allow the operator to insert and manipulate a catheter by standard fashion, remotely and transmit and manipulate an interventional catheter within the human body. 
         [0025]    The remote control mechanism may optionally include an apparatus or model in which a catheter is introduced or manipulated, similar to that which is inserted into the human body. That catheter and model control mechanism can transmit information back and forth to the catheter handle control device and catheter feeder system so as to translate manipulation, performed remotely to the actual invasive system. Sensors and registers exist in the model (remote control mechanism) to convey the actual feel of the invasive catheter to that of the catheter model remote controller. In one embodiment, the apparatus or model resembles the human anatomy for catheter insertion. Such a model can comprise an introducer sheath; a catheter and handle and gears; and sensors, resistors, and transistors. In another embodiment of the invention, when integrated with imaging modalities such as 3D mapping, the remote control is a computer in which catheter translations, movement/manipulations, can be remotely performed (possibly automatically with the ability for human intervention and/or input) by safe iterative steps in order to safely reach targeted sites for catheter deployment. 
         [0026]    In another embodiment of the invention, handles, knobs, and/or switches on a catheter handle are manipulated as the remote control is translated into precise movement and feel of a similar catheter which is inserted and manipulated robotically within the human body. 
         [0027]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a robotic device comprises: 
         [0028]    a handle controller effective to receive the control handle of a medical device, the medical device having at least three ranges of motion and a distal end; 
         [0029]    a first motor in communication with the handle controller and capable of moving the medical device in the axial direction; 
         [0030]    a second motor in communication with the handle controller and capable of rotating the distal end of the medical device; 
         [0031]    a third motor in communication with the handle controller and capable of deflecting the distal end of the medical device; and 
         [0032]    a control unit in communication with the first, second, and third motors. 
         [0033]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the first motor is connected to an externally threaded drive screw, the handle controller is connected to an internally threaded drive support, and the drive screw is mated with the drive support. The handle controller is connected to a telescoping rod so that when the catheter is inserted into the handle controller, a sheath of the catheter is inserted into the telescoping rod, and the telescoping rod is connected to a catheter feeder. The catheter feeder may comprise a clip or attachment at the distal end of the catheter feeder that attaches to the proximal outer housing of a standard introducer sheath to deliver the catheter into the patient&#39;s body without buckling. 
         [0034]    In other embodiments of the invention, there can be more or less than three motors. In addition, there can be a backend unit to control a second medical device such as, for example, a catheter, stylette, or guidewire. For example, the first component system may control a steerable sheath, and a second, backend system or controller may control a steerable catheter. Thus, there can be a plurality of controllers to achieve additional maneuverability. 
         [0035]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a sensor is disposed proximate to the first motor, the sensor effective to detect movement of the first motor. 
         [0036]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further includes a stabilizer bar effective to receive a flexible portion of the catheter. 
         [0037]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the stabilizer bar is effective to mate with the flexible portion of the catheter in a snap-fit manner. A force sensor can be configured into the stabilizer bar to record pressure upon moving the catheter forward. This is especially useful if the inner housing is floating such that all translation force is conveyed to that stabilizer bar. 
         [0038]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller is detachably mounted to a rotation assembly. 
         [0039]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller includes a cylinder, and the second motor is connected to a drive wheel connected to the cylinder. 
         [0040]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotation assembly includes the drive wheel and a driven wheel. 
         [0041]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotation assembly further includes a support wheel. 
         [0042]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the support wheel is grooved. 
         [0043]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further includes a slip ring. 
         [0044]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a sensor is disposed proximate to the second motor, the sensor effective to detect a movement of the second motor. 
         [0045]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the catheter includes a knob effective to control deflection of the distal end; and the third motor is connected to the knob. 
         [0046]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the knob through at least one gear. 
         [0047]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the knob through a first, second and third gear, the third gear including a gear extension defining an opening for placement of the knob. 
         [0048]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a sensor is disposed proximate to the third motor, the sensor effective to detect a movement of the third motor. 
         [0049]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the catheter includes a knob effective to control deflection of the distal end; and the third motor is connected to the knob. 
         [0050]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the knob through at least one gear. 
         [0051]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the knob through a first, second and third gear, the third gear including a gear extension defining an opening for the knob. 
         [0052]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit is connected to the first, second and third motor through the use of wires. 
         [0053]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit is connected to the first, second and third motor wirelessly. 
         [0054]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit includes a separate control for each of the first, second and third motors. 
         [0055]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a method for using a remotely controlled catheter movement device, comprises: 
         [0056]    inserting a first catheter into a first handle; 
         [0057]    inserting the first handle into the device; 
         [0058]    operating the device; 
         [0059]    removing the first catheter and the first handle; 
         [0060]    inserting a second catheter into a second handle, the second catheter having a distinct structure from the first catheter; 
         [0061]    inserting the second handle into the device; 
         [0062]    operating the device. 
         [0063]    In a further embodiment of a method of the invention, the handles are inserted into a rotation assembly. 
         [0064]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotation assembly includes a driving wheel, a driven wheel and a support wheel. 
         [0065]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the inserting the first catheter into the first handle includes inserting the first catheter into a stabilizer bar. 
         [0066]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the inserting the first catheter into the first handle includes connecting the first catheter to a motor, the motor effective to impart deflection to a tip of the first catheter. 
         [0067]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the inserting the first catheter into the first handle includes clamping the first catheter to the first handle. 
         [0068]    In a further embodiment of the invention, in a system for remotely controlling the positioning of a medical device within the body of a patient, the system comprises a robotic device configured to position the medical device within a body of a patient. The robotic device comprises a handle controller effective to manipulate any control on the medical device, a driver effective to move the medical device forward and backward, and a catheter feeder effective to deliver the medical device inside the body. The device further includes a remote control mechanism effective to control the robotic device. 
         [0069]    The medical device could be a catheter, guidewire, introducer sheath, or guide catheter or a pacemaker or defibrillator lead. The handle controller may be modular with each module adaptable to a certain type of catheter or other medical device. The handle controller may be configured to the shape of a specific catheter. The handle controller may be configured to control features of the catheter in order to change its shape, contour, and to deflect the catheter. The catheter feeder could include a telescoping unit. The telescoping unit could be sterile or disposable. The catheter could be a lead that senses, paces, and or performs defibrillation. The catheter could be placed at locations including the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, the left ventricle, the endocardium of the heart, the epicardium of the heart, etc. 
         [0070]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the remote control mechanism comprises a remote control station and a robotic device controller, an operator using the remote control station to control the robotic device. 
         [0071]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the remote control mechanism includes one or more transmitters, receivers, and/or transceivers to communicate information between the remote control station and the robotic device controller. 
         [0072]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the robotic device is controlled from a remote control station at a location that is remote from the location of the patient, such as a shielded control room. 
         [0073]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller is modular. 
         [0074]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the modular handle controller is designed specifically to control a particular type or model of medical device. 
         [0075]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the modular handle controller is designed specifically to control a particular catheter handle and its controls. 
         [0076]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the modular handle controller is designed specifically to control delivery, positioning, and placement of a pacemaker and/or defibrillator lead. 
         [0077]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller can be adapted to conform to a variety of different medical devices. 
         [0078]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller of the robotic device engages the control handle of the catheter. 
         [0079]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller uses the standard features of the catheter control handle to, within the body of the patient, insert the catheter, steer the catheter, rotate the catheter, place the catheter, shape the catheter, or deflect the catheter, or a combination of two or more thereof. 
         [0080]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the catheter is used for mapping and catheter ablation. 
         [0081]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the catheter is used for stenting, angioplasty, or drug delivery or a combination of two or more thereof. 
         [0082]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further includes a catheter feeder system. 
         [0083]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further comprises a clamp; a handle assembly; and a catheter control assembly. 
         [0084]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further comprises: 
         [0085]    an outer housing assembly, wherein the outer housing assembly includes an outer ring and one or more gears; and 
         [0086]    a clamp assembly effective to clamp the control handle of the medical device to the handle controller, wherein the clamp assembly includes one or more clampbrackets, clamps, or belts. 
         [0087]    In a further embodiment of the invention, handle assembly includes a handle outer housing assembly comprised of an outer ring and one or more gears. 
         [0088]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further comprises: 
         [0089]    means for holding said catheter firmly; 
         [0090]    means for rotating said catheter; and 
         [0091]    means for shaping, deflecting, steering, placing, or positioning the catheter, or a combination of two or more thereof, within the patient. 
         [0092]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further includes one or more sensors to communicate information to the remote control device regarding movement of the catheter and the environment of the catheter within the patient&#39;s body. 
         [0093]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the information is communicated to the remote station. 
         [0094]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the remote control mechanism comprises information regarding manual introduction or manipulation of a catheter into the human body, and the control mechanism can transmit information back and forth to the catheter handle control device and catheter feeder system so as to translate manipulation, performed remotely to the actual invasive system. 
         [0095]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the remote control comprises a computer in which catheter movement and manipulations can be remotely performed by safe iterative steps to safely reach targeted sites for catheter deployment. 
         [0096]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the iterative steps are performed with human oversight. 
         [0097]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handles, knobs, switches, or controls on a catheter control handle are manipulated by the handle controller to approximate the precise movement and feel of a similar catheter which is inserted and manipulated manually within the human body. 
         [0098]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system is securely affixed to a base or support so that a medical device can be delivered to a patient in a stable, predictable, and secure manner. 
         [0099]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the system is mounted to a ceiling, table, wall, floor, tripod, or cart with locking wheels. 
         [0100]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the medical device is a pacemaker and/or defibrillator lead. 
         [0101]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the robotic device can advance and remove the lead and/or rotate the lead clockwise and counter-clockwise. 
         [0102]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system also includes means for securing and/or deploying a lead for pacing or shocking, i.e., cardioverting or defibrillation, within the coronary sinus vein or its branches. 
         [0103]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a lead capable of applying low and/or high voltage therapy to the left atrium or the left ventricle is deployed. 
         [0104]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the medical device is a guidewire or stylette. 
         [0105]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the robotic device can advance and remove the guidewire or stylette and/or rotate the guidewire or stylette clockwise and counter-clockwise. 
         [0106]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the electrophysiology catheter is a mapping and/or ablation catheter. 
         [0107]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system can be used to perform atrial fibrillation ablation. 
         [0108]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system can be used to perform ventricular tachycardia ablation. 
         [0109]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system can be used to perform atrial flutter ablation. 
         [0110]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system can be used to perform atrial tachycardia ablation. 
         [0111]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system can be used to perform pulmonary vein isolation. 
         [0112]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system can be used to perform simple ablations or complex ablations. 
         [0113]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system can be used to perform complex ablations for accessory pathway mediated tachycardias. 
         [0114]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system has limiters to limit the advancement or withdrawal of a medical device. 
         [0115]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the robotic device comprises: 
         [0116]    a handle controller effective to receive a control handle of a catheter, the catheter having at least three ranges of motion and a distal end; 
         [0117]    a first motor connected to the handle controller and effective to at least move the catheter forward and/or backward; 
         [0118]    a second motor connected to the handle controller and effective to at least rotate the catheter; 
         [0119]    a third motor connected to the handle controller and effective to at least deflect the distal end in at least a first direction; and 
         [0120]    a controller unit connected to the first, second and third motors. 
         [0121]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the first motor is connected to an externally threaded drive screw; the handle controller is connected to an internally threaded drive support; and the drive screw is mated with the drive support. 
         [0122]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller is connected to a telescoping rod so that when the catheter control handle is inserted into the handle controller, the distal end of the catheter is inserted into and through the telescoping rod. 
         [0123]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the telescoping rod extends from the handle controller to the catheter feeder. 
         [0124]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the telescoping rod is a collapsible tube with an inner diameter which can easily deliver a medical device such as a catheter or lead without buckling. 
         [0125]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the telescoping rod is constructed of interlocking cylinders such that the cylinder closest to the handle controller is larger than the cylinder farthest from the handle controller. 
         [0126]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the telescoping rod is sterile. 
         [0127]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the telescoping rod is disposable. 
         [0128]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the telescoping rod is sterilizable. 
         [0129]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the telescoping rod is connected to a catheter feeder, the catheter feeder including a clip effective to inhibit buckling of the sheath. 
         [0130]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a specially designed clip can securely attach the end of the controller to an introducer sheath to maintain a short fixed distance and prevent catheter buckling during remote catheter manipulation. 
         [0131]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the clip is sterile. 
         [0132]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the clip is disposable. 
         [0133]    In a further embodiment of the invention, clip is sterilizable. 
         [0134]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system further comprises a sensor disposed proximate to the first motor, the sensor being effective to detect a movement of the first motor. 
         [0135]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further includes a stabilizer bar effective to receive a flexible portion of the catheter. 
         [0136]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the stabilizer bar is effective to mate with the flexible portion in a snap-fit manner. 
         [0137]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system further comprises a sensor disposed proximate to the stabilizer bar, the sensor being effective to detect movement of the catheter. 
         [0138]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system further comprises a limiter connected to the sensor and effective to limit the first motor. 
         [0139]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller is detachably mounted to a rotation assembly. 
         [0140]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller includes a cylinder and the second motor is connected to a drive wheel connected to the cylinder. 
         [0141]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotation assembly includes the drive wheel and a driven wheel. 
         [0142]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotation assembly further includes a support wheel. 
         [0143]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the support wheel is grooved. 
         [0144]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller further includes a slip ring. 
         [0145]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system further comprises a sensor disposed proximate to the second motor, the sensor being effective to detect a movement of the second motor. 
         [0146]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the catheter includes at least one control member effective to control deflection of the distal end and the third motor is connected to the at least one control member. 
         [0147]    In a further embodiment of the invention, each control member is a switch, knob, lever, slide, gear, or button. 
         [0148]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the at least one control member through at least one gear. 
         [0149]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the at least one control member through a first, second and third gear, the third gear including a gear extension defining an opening for placement of the at least one control member. 
         [0150]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a sensor is disposed proximate to the third motor, the sensor being effective to detect a movement of the third motor. 
         [0151]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the catheter includes at least one control member effective to control deflection of the distal end and the third motor is connected to the at least one control member. 
         [0152]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the at least one control member through at least one gear. 
         [0153]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the third motor is connected to the at least one control member through a first, second and third gear, the third gear including a gear extension defining an opening for the knob. 
         [0154]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit is connected to the first, second and third motor through the use of wires. 
         [0155]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit is connected to the first, second and third motor wirelessly. 
         [0156]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit includes a separate control for each of the first, second and third motors. 
         [0157]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the robotic device is configured so that any tubing or wires extending into the medical device do not get tangled as the medical device is rotated. 
         [0158]    In a further embodiment of the invention, there is a rotating connector in communication with the proximal end of the medical device. 
         [0159]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the medical device is a commercially available steerable catheter, introducer sheath, pacing or defibrillation lead, guidewire, or stylette. 
         [0160]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a method for using a remotely controlled robotic catheter device, the method comprises: 
         [0161]    inserting the control handle of a first catheter into a first handle controller; 
         [0162]    inserting the first handle controller into the robotic device; 
         [0163]    operating the device; 
         [0164]    removing the first catheter and the first handle controller; 
         [0165]    inserting the control handle of a second catheter into a second handle controller, the second catheter having a structure distinct from the structure of the first catheter; 
         [0166]    inserting the second handle controller into the robotic device; and 
         [0167]    operating the device. 
         [0168]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controllers are inserted into a rotation assembly. 
         [0169]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotation assembly includes a driving wheel, a driven wheel and a support wheel. 
         [0170]    In a further embodiment of the invention, inserting the control handle of the first catheter into the first handle controller includes inserting the first control handle into a stabilizer bar. 
         [0171]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the inserting the first catheter control handle into the first handle controller includes connecting the first catheter to a motor, the motor effective to impart deflection to a distal tip of the first catheter. 
         [0172]    In a further embodiment of the invention, inserting the first catheter control handle into the first handle controller includes clamping the first catheter control handle to the first handle controller. 
         [0173]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the medical device is a commercially available steerable catheter, introducer sheath, pacing and/or defibrillation lead, guidewire, or stylette. 
         [0174]    In a further embodiment of the invention, in an improved method of mapping, tracking, or delivering therapy with a medical device in combination with an imaging technique, the improvement comprises using a remote positioning control system of the invention to position the medical device. 
         [0175]    In a further embodiment of the invention, in an improved method for mapping and catheter ablation by inserting a mapping and ablation catheter into a patient, the improvement comprises using a remote positioning control system of the invention to position the catheter. 
         [0176]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a pacing and/or defibrillation lead is placed, deployed, and/or screwed in. 
         [0177]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a pacing and/or defibrillation lead is remotely delivered to the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, or left ventricle. 
         [0178]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a lead is delivered epicardially, endocardially, or via the coronary sinus vein. 
         [0179]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system for remotely controlling the positioning of a medical device within the body of a patient, the system comprises: 
         [0180]    a robotic device configured to position the medical device within a body of a patient; 
         [0181]    the robotic device comprising: 
         [0182]    a handle controller effective to manipulate any control on the medical device; 
         [0183]    a driver effective to move the medical device forward and backward; and 
         [0184]    a catheter feeder effective to deliver the medical device inside the body; and 
         [0185]    a remote control mechanism effective to control the robotic device. 
         [0186]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system wherein the handle controller is modular, each module is adaptable to a particular type of medical device. 
         [0187]    In a further embodiment of the invention, the handle controller is adaptable to a variety of medical devices. 
         [0188]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system for remotely controlling the positioning within the body of a patient of an elongated medical device having a proximal end, the system comprises: 
         [0189]    a robotic device configured to position the medical device within the body of the patient; and 
         [0190]    a remote control mechanism configured to control the robotic device, 
         [0191]    wherein the robotic device comprises a handle controller to receive the proximal end of the medical device. 
         [0192]    In a further embodiment of the invention, a system for remotely controlling the positioning of a medical device within the body of a patient, the system comprises: 
         [0193]    a robotic device configured to position the medical device within a body of a patient; the robotic device comprising: 
         [0194]    at least two controllers; a distal controller to control a larger medical device, and a proximal controller to control a smaller medical device which is sent through the larger one; wherein the controllers are effective to manipulate any controls on the medical devices and or the medical devices themselves; 
         [0195]    at least two drivers effective to move the proximal medical device forward or backwards within a distal medical device, with the ability to advance the distal medical device forward independent of the proximal medical device; 
         [0196]    a catheter feeder effective to deliver the medical devices inside the body; and 
         [0197]    a remote control mechanism effective to control the robotic device. 
         [0198]    In a further embodiment of the invention, telescoping rod is constructed of interlocking cylinders such that as the cylinders get closer to the handle controller they get progressively smaller. 
         [0199]    In a further embodiment of the invention, telescoping rod is constructed of interlocking cylinders such that as the cylinders get closer to the handle controller they get progressively larger. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0200]    The following drawing figures, which are included herewith and form a part of this application, are intended to be illustrative and not limiting of the scope of the present invention. 
           [0201]      FIG. 1  is a top view of a catheter which could be used in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0202]      FIG. 2  is a front view of the remotely controlled catheter insertion system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0203]      FIG. 3  is a front view of a remotely controlled catheter insertion system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0204]      FIG. 4  is a lateral cutaway view of a drive support in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0205]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a handle controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0206]      FIG. 6  is a perspective top view of a handle controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0207]      FIG. 7  is a top view of a handle controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0208]      FIG. 8  is a lateral perspective view of a handle controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0209]      FIG. 9  is a lateral perspective view of a handle controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0210]      FIG. 10  is a lateral perspective view of a remotely controlled catheter insertion system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0211]      FIG. 11  is a lateral view of a stabilizer bar in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0212]      FIG. 12  is a top perspective view of a telescoping rod in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0213]      FIG. 13  is a side perspective view of a remotely controlled catheter insertion device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0214]      FIG. 14  is a top view of a controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0215]      FIG. 15  is a front view of a system layout in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0216]    The invention can perhaps be better appreciated by making reference to the drawings. In  FIG. 1 , a catheter  142  is shown in schematic fashion, which catheter could be used in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Catheter  142  comprises a handle portion  172  which may be gripped by a user. Handle portion  172  comprises a proximal end  174  and a grip portion  176 . Inserted into proximal end  174  may be wires  190  or tubing which could provide electricity, coolant, heat, etc., to catheter  142 . Grip  176  comprises an adjustment dial  178  which may be used to adjust the tension of a knob  180 . Handle  172  terminates in a distal flexible end portion  186  which in turn is in communication with a distally extending catheter sheath or tubular member  182 . 
         [0217]    As it is known in the art, catheter sheath  182  may be inserted into a patient by use of various known procedures and devices. Catheter sheath  182  terminates in a distal end  188 . Distal end  188  may include, for example, electrodes for supplying electrical stimulation, coolant, heat, etc. 
         [0218]    Catheter sheath  182  is physically attached to handle  172  so that movement of handle  172  forward or backward in direction arrow  192  or  194  causes catheter sheath  182 , as well as distal end  188 , to move similarly. Rotation or torquing of handle  172  in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner as is shown by arrows  196  and  198 , will impart a similar rotation to catheter sheath  182 . Rotation of knob  180  in the direction or arrow  200  or  202  causes deflection of distal end  188  in one of directions such as are shown at  188   a  and  188   b . Thus, when used manually, commercially available catheters can operate in six ranges of motion: forward and backward in the direction of arrows  192  and  194 , rotatable in the direction arrows  196  and  198 , and deflectable to positions such as at  188   a  and  188   b . Known remote control catheter insertion devices are not capable of utilizing all of these ranges as a device in accordance with the invention can. 
         [0219]    The embodiment shown in the drawings primarily relates to the application of the invention to a steerable catheter. However, the robotic control system of the invention is also applicable to other flexible medical devices such as guidewires, introducer sheaths, guiding catheters, or any similar medical device. 
         [0220]    With regard to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , there is shown a remotely controlled catheter insertion system  100  which could be used in accordance with the embodiment of the invention. System  100  includes a base  102  which supports a motor housing  104 , a handle controller  120  and a catheter feeder  124 . Motor housing  104  houses a motor  105  which receives power and signal control through the use of wires  126  fed through a wire housing  106  and terminal connectors  108 . Wires  126  are also fed to handle controller  120  via terminal connectors  108 . As discussed in more detail below, wires  126  supply both power and signal control to motor  105  and handle controller  120 . 
         [0221]    Handle controller  120  is movably supported on base  102  through a metal drive screw  112 . Handle controller  120  is connected to drive screw  112  through a drive support  118 . Drive support  118  is internally threaded and the internal threads of drive support  118  mate with the external threads of drive screw  112 . In this way, when drive screw  112  rotates, drive support  118  to moves laterally (in the figures from left to right and right to left or in directions  192  and  194 ) due to the engagement of internal threads in drive support  118  and the external threads of drive screw  112 . Stoppers  110  and  114  limit the movement of drive support  118  and thereby, in turn, limit the movement of handle controller  120 . 
         [0222]    As shown most clearly in  FIG. 4 , drive support  118  includes a support base  130  attached to a cantilevered top support  128  and attached to an internally threaded member  132 . Top support  128  is attached to a support base  114  of handle controller  120 . As shown in dotted lines, drive screw  112  is fed through a hole in support base  130  and mates with threads of internally threaded member  132 . Returning to  FIGS. 2-4 , in this way, rotation of drive screw  112 , causes internally threaded member  132  to move backward or forward (i.e., left or right, direction  192  or  194 ). Such movement is imparted to support base  130 , to top support  128 , and then, in turn, to handle controller  120 . A sensor may be disposed proximate to motor  105 , drive screw  112 , drive support  118  or handle controller  120  to sense a movement of handle controller  120 . 
         [0223]    The structure of the handle controller  120  is described in greater detail in  FIGS. 5 ,  6  and  7 . Handle controller  120  comprises a housing  134  (shown in an open position in  FIG. 5 ) and a support base  114 . Mounted to support base  114  is a rotation assembly  152 , a motor  148  and terminal connectors  146 . As with terminal connectors  108 , terminal connectors  146  facilitate engagement of wires  126  with motor  148 . A detachable handle  136  is shown attached to rotation assembly  152 . Disposed within handle  136  is catheter  142  ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0224]    It is a significant feature of the invention that commercially available, off the shelf catheters can be used. As handle  136  is detachable from rotation assembly  152 , different handles may be used for different types of catheters  142 . In the example shown in the  FIG. 1 , a BLAZER II XP™ cardiac ablation catheter (available from Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Mass.) with a corresponding handle  136  is used. Clearly other handles and catheters could be used. For example, a SAFIRE™ bi-directional ablation catheter (available from St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, Minn.) may be used along with a corresponding handle  136 . Similarly, an RF MARINR®, RF CONTRACTR®, or RF CONDUCTR® ablation catheter (available from Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.), might also be used similarly. A fastening mechanism  140  may attach catheter  142  to handle  136 . 
         [0225]    Rotation assembly  152  includes drive wheels  164 , driven wheels  150 , support wheels  162 , and a grooved support wheel  139 . Motor  148  imparts rotation to drive wheels  164  to rotate handle  136 . Driven wheels  150  support and facilitate rotation of handle  136 . Handle  136  includes a hollowed cylinder  160  whose circumference engages with drive wheels  164 , driven wheels  150  and support wheels  162 . A radial edge of cylinder  160  mates with grooved support wheel  139 . In use, catheter  142  is inserted into the hollow portion of cylinder  160  and is mounted to handle  136  using fastening mechanism  140  including a clamp base  154  and a clamp  156 . Clamp  156  is connected to clamp base  154  with screws  158 . 
         [0226]    As shown in  FIG. 7 , upon actuation of motor  148 , axis  166  rotates, causing drive wheels  164  to rotate. The rotation of drive wheels  164  imparts rotation of cylinder  160  supported by support wheels  162  and driven wheels  150 . Catheter  142  is disposed within cylinder  160  and retained there through the use of fastening mechanism  140 . In this way, by actuating motor  148 , handle  136  can be caused to rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise. A slip connector (not shown) may be applied at the end of handle  136  so that wires  190  of catheter  142  are free to rotate. A sensor (not shown) may be disposed proximate to motor  148  or any part of rotation assembly  152  to sense a rotation of handle  136 . 
         [0227]    A structure for controlling deflection of a catheter end is shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . A portion of handle controller  120  is capable of accomplishing deflection of distal end  188  of catheter  142  ( FIG. 1 ). A motor  209  disposed on an underside of a support base  144 , imparts rotation to a driving gear  210 . Driving gear  210  meshes with a first driven gear  208 . First driven gear has an extension which, in turn, meshes with second driven gear  206 . Second driven gear  206  has a gear extension  204  extending upwardly therefrom. Gear extension  204  defines an opening for placement of knob  180  of grip  176  of catheter  142 . Due to the opening defined by gear extension  204 , rotation of gear  206  imparts rotation to gear extension  204  which, in turn, imparts rotation to knob  180 . Therefore, upon a rotation of motor  209 , rotation is imparted to driving gear  210 , first driven gear  208 , second driven gear  206 , gear extension  204 , and knob  180 . Such movement causes deflection of distal end  188  of catheter  142  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). A sensor (not shown) may be installed proximate to motor  209  or to any one of gears  206 ,  208  or  210  so as to measure a rotation of said gears and thereby measure or suggest imparted deflection on distal end  188 . 
         [0228]    Catheter  142  is installed into handle  136  at three locations. Knob  180  is inserted into the space defined by gear extension  204  as discussed above. As discussed with reference to  FIG. 6 , proximal end  174  of catheter  172  is mounted to handle  136  mechanism  140  through the use of clamp  156 . Additionally, proximal end  186  of catheter  172  is snap-fit into a stabilizer bar as can be seen in  FIGS. 5 ,  8 ,  10  and  11 . If catheter  142  has an additional range of motion, such as the point of deflection in a Medtronic ablation catheter, an additional motor can be attached to move the corresponding control on the handle. 
         [0229]    With reference to  FIGS. 10 and 11  stabilizer bar  212  includes a base  214  and a top portion  216  defining in an opening  218 . Opening  218  is designed to be large enough to just fit flexible catheter sheath  182  of catheter  142  in a snap fit arrangement. As shown in for example,  FIG. 10 , stabilizer bar  212  is mounted to an inner side of handle  136  and is effective to stabilize catheter  142  mounted therein. Moreover, stabilizer bar  212  may be used to absorb excessive forward and backward motion imparted to catheter  142 . For example, if catheter  142  is pushed forward too aggressively or too quickly, opening  218  of bar  212  will slide along a circumference of flexible portion  186 . Similarly, a sensor (not explicitly shown) may be installed within stabilizer bar  212  so as to measure an amount of forward or backward force being imparted on to catheter  172 . A limiter may be connected to the motor and used to limit an amount of forward or backward force based on recordings by the sensor. 
         [0230]    Catheter sheath  182  is very flexible. Such flexibility means that if too much force is applied to catheter sheath  182 , catheter sheath  182  may buckle instead of moving forward into a patient. System  100  has various mechanical devices to avoid such buckling. Referring to  FIG. 12 , after flexible catheter sheath  182  is inserted into stabilizer bar  212 , catheter sheath  182  is inserted into guide  138 . Catheter sheath  182  is further inserted into a telescoping rod  220 . As handle controller  120  ( FIG. 2 ) moves forward and backward in directions  192  and  194 , catheter sheath  182  moves internal to telescoping rod  220 . Moreover, as telescoping rod  220  is fixed to an end of support base  144  of handle controller  120  through a fastening mechanism  222 , movement of handle controller  120  generates the telescoping action of telescoping rod  220 . That is, telescoping rod  220  contracts or expands based on forward/backward movement of handle controller  120 . Telescoping rod  220  may be disposed of, or sterilized after every use of catheter  172  by disengagement of fastening mechanism  222 . Telescoping rod  220  may be a collapsible tube constructed of interlocking cylinders (or cones) of smaller size, whose inner diameter easily fits and delivers a catheter, lead, or medical device without significant resistance. It is much like a collapsible cup or an antenna. This embodiment of the invention can allow the controller to deliver the catheter, lead, and/or medical device almost in it&#39;s entirety into the human body. 
         [0231]    To further assist in the feeding of catheter sheath  182  and to avoid buckling of the same, a catheter feeder  124  is used. Referring to  FIGS. 10 ,  12  and  13 , an end of telescoping rod  220  terminates at catheter feeder  124  and includes a housing  226  and a clip portion  224 . As discussed previously, catheter sheath  182  is inserted internally to telescoping rod  220 . Catheter sheath  182  exits from catheter feeder  124  through clip  224 . Clip  224  is an external device which attaches the outside part of catheter feeder  124  directly to an introducer sheath (not shown) to maintain a fixed and precise distance (i.e., close proximity) to catheter sheath  182  and provide further protection against buckling of catheter sheath  182 . If desired, an introducer sheath may be affixed to an end of clip  224  so that catheter sheath  182  exits catheter feeder  124  immediately into the introducer. Catheter feeder  124  is mounted to base  102  of system  100  through bracket  228 . 
         [0232]    Referring again to  FIG. 1 , as discussed, catheter  142  is capable of being manipulated in six ranges of motion: forward and backward  192 ,  194 , rotation clockwise and counter-clockwise  196  and  198 , and deflection of a distal tip to positions  188   a  and  188   b . In system  100 , the movement forward and backward  192 ,  194  is controlled through the use of motor  105  and the engagement of drive screw  112  with drive support  118 —as can be seen most clearly in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . Clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation  196  and  198  is effectuated through the use of motor  148  imparting motion through drive wheels  164  and cylinder  160 —as can be seen most clearly in  FIG. 7 . The deflection of distal end  188  towards positions  188   a  and  188   b  is effectuated through the use of motor  209  and the engagement of gears to  210 ,  208  and  206 —as is shown in  FIG. 8 . Thus, three motors operable in two directions each, provide control for the six ranges of motion. It is within the scope of the invention that additional motors may be present to provide additional catheter movement. 
         [0233]    Referring to  FIG. 14 , there is shown a remote control station  240  which could be used in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Remote control station  240  has a master switch  242  effective to supply power to each of the motors connected to remote control station  240 . A forward/reverse dial  244  is connected to motor  105  ( FIG. 2 ) so that movement of dial  244  supplies power and a control signal to motor  105  and imparts forward and backward movement of catheter  142 . A forward/reverse power switch  250  selectively supplies power to dial  244 . A rotation dial  246  is connected to motor  148  (see  FIG. 7 ) so that movement of dial  246  supplies power and a control signal to the motor and causes rotational movement of catheter  142 . A rotation power switch  248  selectively supplies power to dial  246 . A deflection dial  254  is connected to motor  209  (see  FIG. 8 ). Movement of dial  244  supplies power and control signals to motor  209  and imparts deflection of distal end  188  of catheter  142 . A deflection power switch  252  selectively supplies power to dial  254 . In this way, all of the ranges of movement of catheter  142  can be controlled through the use of remote control  240 . If the catheter has wires attached to it for electricity, heating or cooling such wires may also be connected to control station  240 . Dials may be used to generate on/off signals or analog signals corresponding to various speeds for the motors. 
         [0234]    Referring now to  FIG. 15 , remote control station  240  can be disposed at a location which is spaced from the rest of system  100 . For example, a technician or doctor operating system  100  may control catheter  142  remotely through the use of remote control station  240 . Remote control station  240  may even be in a separate room from the rest of system  100 . A technician may be able to view screens  256  supplying information regarding a procedure (such as fluoroscopy) while operating control station  240 . Control station  240  can be connected to system  100  in a variety of means including wires and/or wireless connections. It is within the scope of the invention that the system described herein may be operated simultaneously or in conjunction with other mapping and/or visualization systems. Such other systems include a CARTO® (available from Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, Calif.) or EnSite™ (available from Endocardial Solutions Inc., St. Paul, Minn.) mapping system or conventional infrared or ultrasound visualization systems. 
         [0235]    Thus, by utilizing conventional, commercially available catheters, a more adaptable and inexpensive remotely controlled catheter insertion system is realized. As standard catheters are used, and catheters are the only instruments which would be inserted into a subject, no additional governmental approval may be needed. As a modular handle is used, catheters of various sizes, shapes and manufacturers can all be incorporated into the system. The use of the telescoping rod means that the system is more sterile as the rod may be easily designed to be disposable. In addition, the motor activated to feed the catheter into the body may be eliminated, and catheter stability, synchronization, and control may be improved. Technicians can easily adapt to use of the controller as familiar controls and screens are available and viewed by the technician. 
         [0236]    The described system is comparatively safe due to the provision of many features. For example, the motor effective to move a catheter forward and backward may ultimately apply less force than is available through a human hand and therefore there is less concern for perforation. Such force can be sensed through various sensors so as to ensure that excessive force is not applied such as through the stabilizer bar. Similarly, sensors can be applied to detect the amount of clockwise and counter-clockwise  movement and movement of the gears facilitating deflection of the distal end of the catheter. Use of all this sensor data helps ensure a safe system. In addition, certain limits, cut-offs, etc., could provide a level of safety even beyond that of a manually performed procedure. 
         [0237]    Clearly any type of catheter could be used such as a diagnostic catheter or angiographic catheter, or catheters including various types of pumps, stylettes, guide-wires or balloons. Positions of the catheter may be maintained even if power is shut off. For example, all six ranges of motion are not dependent upon continuous power supply. The amount of forward or backward movement, rotation and deflection are all not dependent on a continuous supply of power. For example, a particular deflection may be set and then the deflection motor may be turned off while the rotation motor is applied. Similarly, a continuous radiofrequency ablation treatment may be implemented for a particular deflection angle while the catheter is remotely pulled back to create a linear ablation. Some types of treatments include microwave, ultrasound, radiofrequency, cryoablation, chemical ablation, delivery of biologics, etc. Conventional non-fluoroscopic three-dimensional mapping can be used to track catheter movement and ablation applications. 
         [0238]    While prior art controllers required a user to learn a new control scheme, the invention relies on control schemes known by users and generally taught in school. 
         [0239]    The position of the catheter can be measured and recorded using fluoroscopy and/or 3D mapping systems. Using a computer program and feedback system the robotic device could automatically or semi-automatically manipulate the catheter to position and place the catheter according to the operator&#39;s specifications. Software programs using feedback from the catheter system with appropriate fail-safes could manipulate and perform catheter ablations in precise targeted locations without the operator necessarily remotely moving the catheter. The operator could monitor the automatic and targeted operations and could shut off the system if there is any deviation from a planned and targeted mapping/ablation procedure. For example, a software program can analyze, through the sensors, the movements of each of the motors and/or gears for particular placement of a catheter inside a subject. As an example, a technician may first perform a procedure while software is analyzing the movements of each of the motors. Thereafter the software may be used as supplement to the control station so as to robotically control a catheter to a particular location and/or perform a particular procedure. Such a function is particularly helpful in situations where certain procedures need to be repeated multiple times. In addition, the computer software could perform a series of iterative movements of the catheter towards a three-dimensional target, eventually focusing in on the target. The software program can learn from said movements and return to certain locations, and perform a series of maneuvers (possibly drawn or targeted on a computer) such as encircling pulmonary veins with ablation applications to achieve pulmonary vein isolation. In addition, cavo-tricuspid isthmus lines can be created to ablate atrial flutter. Finally, scar maps can be created and ablation lines automatically or semi-automatically formed to prevent reentrant ventricular tachycardia from occurring. 
         [0240]    The systems as described can be disposed anywhere including being mounted by a boom off of, for example, a ceiling, mounted on a table, or on the side or across from a subject. The systems may be mounted and secured firmly to an insertion site so as to be able to translate insertion force without being moved backward. 
         [0241]    Further, additional backend modules can remotely control manipulation, such as forward/backward, rotation, deflection, drug/contrast delivery, balloon inflation, energy/therapy delivery, or stent/device deployment. 
         [0242]    While preferred embodiments have been described, the invention is only limited by the scope of the claims. 
         [0243]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that the method and system of the present invention has many applications, may be implemented in many manners and, as such, is not to be limited by the preceding and following exemplary embodiments and examples. Additionally, the functionality of the components of the preceding and following embodiments may be implemented in different manners. Further, it is to be understood that the steps in the embodiments may be performed in any suitable order, combined into fewer steps or divided into more steps. Thus, the scope of the present invention covers conventionally known and future developed variations and modifications to the system components described herein, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.