Abstract:
Disclosed is an offshore fixed, moored, or mobile energy carrier production plant. The plant&#39;s energy source for the energy intensive processes of producing an energy carrier is nuclear in nature and the resulting energy carriers of the plant range from hydrogen to hydrocarbons such as methanol and jet fuel. The offshore energy carrier production plant will be able to produce energy carriers at a reduced cost, increased sustainability and scalability, increased safety, and with fewer environmental and social impacts than heretofore possible. The resulting energy carrier products can then be transported by marine vessels, pipelines, and other transportation means or any combination of transportation means thereof to be distributed to end use energy carrier consuming devices and products such as fuel cell applications in a variety of industries as well as internal combustion engines.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to an offshore fixed, moored, or mobile energy carrier production plant. The plant&#39;s energy source for the energy intensive processes of producing an energy carrier is thermal nuclear in nature and the resulting energy carriers of the plant range from hydrogen to hydrocarbons such as methanol and jet fuel. The resulting energy carrier products can then be transported by marine vessels, pipelines, and other transportation means or any combination of transportation means thereof to be distributed to end use energy carrier consuming devices and products such as fuel cell applications in a variety of industries as well as internal combustion engines. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art 
         [0004]    The need for a long-term replacement of fossil fuels, which are naturally existing energy carriers, is an ever increasing need due to the limited supply of fossil fuels as well as the destructive releases of carbon emissions and other harmful elements, molecules, and compounds into the atmosphere that occur as the energy is released by use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels do provide a reliable and scalable energy solution as long as the fossil fuel resources remain accessible and useable. Carbon sequestration in addition to other environmental mitigations is proving to be costly as well as risky since the true impact of these measures may not be known for decades. 
         [0005]    Nuclear energy is able to produce a reliable and scalable energy solution. However, conventional methods of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes involves land investments in addition to interior water resources for process cooling both of which are needed to sustain human life and are becoming increasingly sparse in supply, especially in habitable U.S. locations. Nuclear proliferation, accident, and terrorist concerns also exist as many nuclear power plants today are located in or near dense population areas which adds complexities to fully protecting nuclear material as well as limiting public exposure to potential incidents and hazards. In addition, interior water resources used and consumed by most nuclear power plants adds to already overburdened interior water supply systems which are needed to sustain human life through both potable water supplies as well as agricultural irrigation water supplies. This range of complex issues calls for a method to produce reliable, sustainable, and scalable energy production without jeopardizing public health and safety. 
         [0006]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,837,308, 3,962,877, 4,302,291, 5,247,553 each describes offshore above water or underwater power generation facilities producing energy in the form of electrical energy with transmission of electrical energy via cables to the shoreline. The fundamental flaw is the limited method used to distribute the energy. Electrical energy generation via this method is suitable for remote populations without a major electrical grid infrastructure or a temporary form of electrical power needed for energy intensive projects. 
         [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,837,309 describes a “floating power plant that is housed in a generally spherical double-walled shell.” Additionally, the “shell and its contents form part of a compound pendulum whose center of mass is located below the metacenter of the sphere and which has a natural frequency substantially below that of the prevailing wave frequency of the water.” This patent, in addition to issues of electrical power transmission to shore, requires a completely revolutionary marine design as well as a revolutionary nuclear power plant design. The complexity of the design is just one possible reason the plant was never built. U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,877 is an “offshore power plant in which the steam generators of the power plant are located within the support structure carrying the components of the power plant.” It further describes, “instead of transporting the produced natural gas to the mainland, to convert it into electric power directly at the well head.” This patent again has the weakness of relying on electrical transmission to shore as well as being restricted to locations which have natural gas as an energy source and does not involve a nuclear power source. It is unknown if this invention was ever produced. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,291 describes a “structure for an underwater nuclear power generating plant comprising a triangular platform formed of tubular leg and truss members.” Again, this patent illustrates a completely revolutionary nuclear and marine design both of which create a high level of complexity in addition to the limitation of electrical distribution to shore. Also, the submerged devices would be prone to maintenance access issues for major repairs. U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,553 also describes a “submerged passively-safe power station” and also describes a method to use “spent thermal energy in a multi-stage flash desalination process.” The patent also describes a method to service and provide maintenance which improved upon previous designs, but again was limited to electrical distribution of energy to shore. 
         [0009]    The U.S. Army commissioned the Sturgis as the first floating nuclear power plant in the 1960&#39;s for this very purpose. It provided the Army with useful niche purpose electrical power generation, however, the concept failed to have broader energy implications as history shows offshore nuclear power plants have failed to provide commercial viability. The World Nuclear News in August 2009 reported Russia will complete in 2011 the country&#39;s first floating nuclear power plant, however, the plant is destined for a niche energy area such as providing power to remote regions and energy intensive projects such as oil and gas exploration. While the floating nuclear power plants have the possible advantage of mass production; the broader energy use is quite limited and constrained. R. A. Pfeffer and William A. Macon theoretically described hydrogen production from seawater by using a nuclear reactor for military applications but failed to provide a description for one skilled in the art to construct or build such an invention and only provided a theoretical basis with reference to the U.S. Army&#39;s Sturgis project. In addition the paper failed to mention hydrogen storage and distribution issues with possible ways to overcome such issues to make the invention useful beyond a limited scope. The paper also failed to address large scale use in any detail and limited observations to military and other limited purposes. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The present invention is an offshore fixed, moored, or mobile energy carrier production plant. The plant&#39;s energy source for the energy intensive processes of producing an energy carrier is thermal nuclear in nature and the resulting energy carriers of the plant range from hydrogen to hydrocarbons such as methanol and jet fuel. The present invention includes sophisticated electrical, chemical, and thermal processes to strip hydrogen from water then compress and store hydrogen for distribution and combine hydrogen with carbon from varying sources to form hydrocarbons. The resulting energy carrier products can then be transported by marine vessels, pipelines, and other transportation or any combination of transportation means thereof to be distributed to end use energy carrier consuming devices and products such as fuel cell applications in a variety of industries as well as internal combustion engines. 
         [0011]    It is therefore a primary object of this invention to produce hydrogen and hydrocarbons from surrounding water and varying sources of carbon in an offshore sustainable, scalable, and reliable manner which will significantly decrease reliance on fossil fuels as an energy source. 
         [0012]    It is another object of this invention to provide an environment in which a mass producible nuclear reactor can be utilized to lower production costs as well as capital costs and dramatically increase the use of carbon free nuclear energy. 
         [0013]    It is still another object of this invention to provide a design which can be produced in mass quantities to provide both operational cost efficiency as well as scalability required to meet global energy demands. 
         [0014]    It is still another object of this invention to provide a mechanism to permit global energy carrier distribution. 
         [0015]    It is still another object of this invention to reduce strained demand of interior water supplies in the energy sector. 
         [0016]    It is still another object of this invention to enhance nonproliferation of special nuclear materials. 
         [0017]    It is still another object of this invention to produce energy carrier fuels suitable for the transportation industry as well as other industries reliant on fossil fuels and derivatives of fossil fuels. 
         [0018]    It is still another object of this invention to dramatically reduce net carbon emissions as fossil fuels are displaced by the products produced by this invention. 
         [0019]    These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in this art upon reading the accompanying description, drawings, and claims set forth herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a two-dimensional rendering from the front of the offshore mobile semi-submersible platform energy carrier production plant according to the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  represents an optional mooring configuration of the offshore semi-submersible platform energy carrier production plant. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  represents an optional fixed platform configuration of the offshore energy carrier production plant. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  represents an optional artificial island configuration of the offshore energy carrier production plant. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a three-dimensional view of the offshore mobile semi-submersible platform energy carrier production plant based upon  FIG. 1 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a cross section view of the offshore mobile semi-submersible platform energy carrier production plant of the present view taken along line  6 - 6  of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a cross section view of the offshore mobile semi-submersible platform energy carrier production plant of the present view taken along line  7 - 7  of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  is a cross section view of the offshore mobile semi-submersible platform energy carrier production plant of the present view taken along line  8 - 8  of  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]      FIG. 1  shows a three-dimensional rendering of the best mode contemplated by the inventor of an offshore mobile energy carrier production plant  10 , herein referred to as the plant  10  for brevity, according to the concepts of the present invention. An example of the preferred plant  10  is carried by a semi-submersible bare-deck platform  11  also known as the MOSS CS-50 deep-sea semi-submersible platform which is available from Vyborg Shipyard JSC, 2b Primorskoe Shossee 188800 Vyborg, Russia and provides the option to be equipped with a dynamic positioning system  12  for deep water use or anchorage system  13  for water depths less than 1500 m. The semi-submersible platform  11  is selected as the best mode apparatus due to the significant stability and versatility afforded by such a design, however, other mobile nautical vessels apparatus or platforms may be able to adequately function as an offshore energy carrier production plant. An alternate offshore configuration, which could be considered, includes as depicted in  FIG. 2 , a mooring system of cables  14  to secure the semisubmersible platform  11  via sea floor anchors  40  to provide stability for the plant  10 . A further offshore configuration is depicted in  FIG. 3  with support columns  42  extending and secured to the water body floor from a fixed platform  41  to carry plant  10 . An even further offshore alternative is an artificial island configuration as shown in  FIG. 4  with an earth like material base  43  extending to the water body floor to carry plant  10 . Additionally a plurality of offshore methods described previously of carrying the plant equipment could be utilized. 
         [0029]    As depicted in  FIG. 5  through  FIG. 8  various sections are shown to provide the totality of components required for processes and is the best mode contemplated by the inventor based upon  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 6  through  FIG. 8  are indicative of a mirror image of the opposite side, thus these components exist in duplicate but are not shown to minimize the number of figures. At the center of the plant  10  are two reactor vessel containment structures  15  which each house approximately a 300 MWe nuclear reactor vessel  16 . An example of the preferred reactor vessel  16  is a modified A1B Aircraft Carrier Naval reactor which is currently in the final design phases by Bechtel of San Francisco, Calif. It is anticipated that the center of the semi-submersible platform  11  and center of plant  10  is the ideal location of the reactor vessel containment structures  15  as this provides the greatest protection from a collision with a vessel of comparable size thus minimizing the potential of a nuclear disaster as well as potentially minimizing the level of impact the reactor vessels  16  and containment structures  15  would be required to withstand. Alternative configurations for reactor vessel  16  and containment structure  15  not depicted include nuclear fission designs for water cooled, gas cooled, or liquid metal cooled reactors. Additionally a series of smaller reactors coupled together could accomplish the same energy requirements necessary to optimize energy demands of plant  10  processes as well as provide optimization of overall weight and size of components. Considering all existing and future technologies of all nuclear sources whether it be fission or fusion that are capable of significant thermal energy generation is justified as a potential energy source. Spent nuclear fuel could be placed in a secure storage area  17 . Storage area  17  could be built large enough to contain perhaps decades of spent fuel until said plant  10  is decommissioned at which time spent fuel could be safely and securely relocated to another secure area on a nearby plant  10  or safely transported to an accessible long term storage facility or reprocessing facility. 
         [0030]    Thermal energy produced via the nuclear reactor vessels  16  will be extracted via heat exchangers  18  from an appropriate primary reactor cooling loop. Thermal energy will then be distributed via appropriate piping to fulfill a variety of purposes described and depicted herein. Thermal energy not utilized by processes will be transferred out of the system via condensers  19  which can be cooled via sea water pumped by pumps  20  or air cooled via fans  21  or a combination thereof. Thermal energy will be utilized to produce steam to turn turbines  22  with appropriately mated generators  23  for the production of electricity. 
         [0031]    Thermal energy as well as electrical energy will be used to perform high temperature steam electrolysis in solid oxide cells  24  to produce hydrogen, oxygen, syngas or any combination thereof. The source of hydrogen and oxygen is expected to be derived from water surrounding plant  10 . While not yet commercially available, an example of this process using solid oxide cells can be found in United States Patent Application 20080023338 by Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC, Idaho Falls, ID. The resulting hydrogen, oxygen, and syngas from this process would be used in additional processes described herein as well as serve as sellable commodities by compressing using compressors  25  and storing in storage tanks  27  for later distribution via marine vessels utilizing dock  28  or pipeline  29  distribution. Ultimately, liquid hydrocarbons would be much easier to transport from the production locations than would hydrogen, thus the need for a source of carbon. The pipelines  29  can transport various liquids or gases to and from the plant  10  to other nearby plants  10 , the surrounding water for process water and thermal energy exchange, or the shore. 
         [0032]    Boiler feed grade water required by hydrogen, oxygen, and syngas production processes as well as for other processes and human consumption would be produced by pumping surround water using pumps  20  into desalination units  30  utilizing preferably waste thermal energy or prime thermal energy if demand requires. An example of possible desalination units  30  is the IDE LT-MED Process for Combined Power Generation and Seawater Desalination available from IDE Technologies Ltd, Hamatechet St., Hasharon Industrial Park, P.O. Box 5016, Kadima 60920, Israel. 
         [0033]    The carbon source required for the syngas process could be captured from the atmosphere using known methods and processes such as using potassium carbonate and electrolytic stripping in carbon capture process facility  26  which could use airflow from condenser fans  21  for atmospheric carbon capture. Resulting potassium based salts could be evaluated for environmental impact of disposal directly into a salt water body or could be sold as a useful byproduct. This process can be found in “Green Freedom: A Concept for Producing Carbon-Neutral Synthetic Fuels and Chemicals” released by the Los Alamos National Laboratory in July 2006. Additionally, carbon could be derived from a variety of sources such as industrial waste carbon dioxide capture followed by transport by marine vessels or pipelines  29  in compressed gas or liquid form. Additionally, the U.S. Navy recently performed a successful extraction of carbon dioxide from sea water which is reported to have 140 times the concentration of carbon dioxide than that of the atmosphere. Details of this process can be found in the proceedings of the 238 th  ACS National Meeting, “Catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to feedstock chemicals for jet fuel synthesis.” Other known methods could be pursued as well with the consideration of the need to transport raw catalytic and reagent materials as well as byproduct materials to and from the production locations. 
         [0034]    It is anticipated that compressed or liquefied syngas or hydrogen could be subject to high transportation costs as well as transportation risks; therefore, it may be preferable to convert syngas into liquid hydrocarbon energy carriers (fuels) via a Fischer-Tropsch process technology plant  31  onsite. Syntroleum Corporation at 5416 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, Okla., is an example of a commercial provider of such technology. Resulting liquid fuels combined with desired additives would be held in storage tanks  27  transported via pipelines  29  or marine vessels for end use consumption. 
         [0035]    While high temperature steam electrolysis is the preferred method due to near commercial readiness and efficient method to produce hydrogen as well as syngas for conversion to liquid energy carriers via the Fischer-Tropsch process, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are other methods to yield hydrogen production with the same or similar results to include but not limited to: various methods of electrolysis; thermo chemical processes such as the sulfur-iodine cycle, cerium (IV) oxide-cerium (III) oxide cycle, copper-chlorine cycle, iron oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle or similar thermo chemical cycle, or thermo chemical electrolysis combined cycle process facility such as the hybrid sulfur cycle using combined high temperature electrolysis or similar thermo chemical hybrid combined electrolysis method. 
         [0036]    While using the Fischer-Tropsch process to yield liquid hydrocarbons is the preferred method due to commercial scale operational viability, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are other non-traditional methods in development to yield the same or similar results such as metabolic engineering of organisms and synthetic biological approaches for the conversion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels using electrical energy, thermal energy, or combination thereof. The Los Alamos National Laboratory paper referenced previously uses a method for methanol synthesis and the Exxon Mobil MTG process which could also serve as a viable alternative. 
         [0037]    The semi-submersible platform  11  could be equipped with a fully functioning navigation system  32  and using the dynamic positioning system  12  to permit the semi-submersible platform  11  full maneuverability. Many routine procedures such as reactor vessel  16  refueling can take place at sea. Multiple reactor vessels  16  are suggested to provide a continual nuclear thermal energy source for continued operation should one reactor require maintenance. Semi-submersible platform  11  mobility may be needed to safely maneuver the plant  10  away from both environment and terrorist threats such as severe sea conditions or an attempted hostile takeover from an approaching vessel. It is anticipated that from time to time plant  10  and semi-submersible platform  11  would be required to have major maintenance or upgrades performed at sea ports. To avoid complications or concerns arising of a nuclear incident while near population centers at sea ports, the nuclear reactor vessels  16  could be shut down prior to arriving at sea ports. Auxiliary power to critical systems such as navigation and mobility systems could be provided via auxiliary generators  33  fueled by energy in storage tanks  27 . Additionally, supplemental power could be provided by the utilization of solid oxide electrolytic cells  24  as solid oxide fuel cells by reversing the process which could be fueled by energy in storage tanks  27 . 
         [0038]    While a central control, monitoring, and automation system  34  will be used to optimize plant  10  and could be controlled and monitored remotely via a secure communications uplink  35 , it is likely that onboard human occupation will be required for both practicality and regulatory purposes. Thus, the plant  10  could contain a habitation area  36  to provide all of the modern necessities as well as some luxuries to accommodate an onboard crew which may be necessary to provide operational and maintenance support. Reactor control area  39  will be designed to meet regulatory requirements. In addition, the plant  10  could contain cranes  37  and well as an aerial transport pad  38  to assist in the movement of goods, materials, and personnel to and from the plant  10 . It would be preferred to have the production of hydrogen, syngas, and liquid fuels occur on the same plant  10 , however, due to plant  10  weight limitations subject to semi-submersible platform  11  capacity, it may be necessary to have various processes take place at other plants  10  with transfer of various liquids and gasses via pipelines  29  between plants  10  such that a series of plants  10  are capable of providing the desired results. 
         [0039]    Physical location placement of the plant  10  is critical when considering design requirements. The plant  10  which operates in areas prone to fewer natural disasters such as hurricanes or typhoons may be able to be designed in a more cost effective manner. To address security concerns, vast areas of sea or ocean could be designated as plant  10  operation areas with the creation of international no fly zones for aircraft larger than the aircraft intended to be utilized by the aerial transport pad to minimize the impact design requirements of the reactor vessel  16  and the reactor containment structures  15  while utilizing national defense systems to warn or take action against unauthorized aircraft approaching no fly zones. 
         [0040]    The nature of the plant  10  and the ability for the plant  10  to operate in remote areas potentially up to two hundred miles away from the nearest coastline (the limitation of territorial waters) would make accessibility extremely difficult at best, thus proliferation resistance is inherent. If operated in international waters, the distance could be even greater. In addition, monitoring and tracking unauthorized movement within meters of the plant  10  will be possible unlike land based nuclear power plants which have residential and commercial districts adjacent to plant property as well as in the case of Three Mile Island a commercial runway within a few thousand meters and in the direct takeoff and landing path of large aircraft. With a consistent design it could be possible to mass produce plants  10  with many plants  10  operating in the same secured designated area; thus lowering capital and operational costs. Also, with the ability to ship liquid and gas energy carriers worldwide via marine vessels, the usefulness of the products produced could have a significant global impact. 
         [0041]    Depending on the source of carbon for processes and the ability to recapture the carbon on the consumption side, the plant  10  has the potential to actually reduce levels of atmospheric carbon-dioxide and at the very least remain a carbon neutral energy carrier producer. 
         [0042]    It is anticipated that the present invention would be of significant interest to the military as the U.S. Department of Defense is the largest national consumer of liquid transportation fuels. Partnering of private industry with the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, as well as other U.S. federal agencies would be advantageous as much of the risk of producing a first of its kind could be removed and lay a solid foundation for the potential to produce many plants  10  to service energy carrier needs worldwide thus potentially enabling the U.S to dominate world energy markets leading into the 22 nd  century. It is also noteworthy that hydrogen as well as hydrocarbons which are defined herein as energy carriers are used in a broad array of chemical industry applications such as fertilizer, lubricants, polymers, and waxes to name but a few. Therefore, the inventor&#39;s term “energy carrier” used herein in no way intends to limit the products produced to strictly the energy field but to also encompass the entire chemical industry for which hydrogen and hydrocarbons are useful. 
         [0043]    While each of the core technologies discussed herein are not novel and exist as prior art, it will be appreciated by those skilled in their respective art that the combination of such technologies yields unexpected results including but not limited to increased nuclear proliferation resistance, ability to scale to meet global demands via ease of distribution, reduction in manufacturing costs, and inherent safety and security features. Thus it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention described herein provides benefit beyond that derived from any separate or sequential operation of the referenced prior art. 
         [0044]    Thus it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not restricted to the particular preferred embodiments described with reference to the drawings, and that variations may be made therein without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.