Abstract:
A method for delivering and maintaining mandatory directives data from a central office server to an on-board system in an efficient and vital manner is disclosed.

Description:
STATEMENT OF RELATED CASES 
       [0001]    This case claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/021,847, which was filed on Jan. 17, 2008 and is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to railway systems in general, and, more particularly, to train control systems. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Mandatory directives include the required enforceable “Train Control Data” for a train operating on controlled track. The Train Control Data includes information such as movement authorities, speed restrictions, and the like. This data must be transmitted from the controlling entity to the train both at the trip origin and while the train is en route. 
         [0004]    Since this is critical train control data, the exchange of the data must be performed in a “vital” (i.e., safety critical) manner. Failure to deliver vital data can result in unsafe operation of a train. Furthermore, the data on-board must be verified as being current at a frequent rate to avoid operating with stale or missing data. 
         [0005]    Transmission of this data occurs over a communications path that typically has a relatively limited bandwidth, yet must accommodate data exchanges between the controlling entity and all operating locomotives and equipped wayside devices. Furthermore, to react quickly to changes in the operating environment, it is important that communications latency is kept as low as possible. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The prevent invention provides a method for delivering and maintaining mandatory directives data from a central office server to an on-board system in an efficient and vital manner. In the illustrative embodiment, the method is applied to the central server architecture and requires no human intervention (e.g., a user controlling a locomotive by remote control, etc.). The method is implemented in software that is stored in computer-accessible memory and that is suitable for running on a general purpose processor at the central office as well as on-board a train. 
         [0007]    The method thereby enables:
       the on-board system and central server to exchange data in a vital manner;   the on-board system to detect data errors and recognize when a communications outage condition exists;   the on-board system to react to data errors/outage by entering a restricted mode of operation;   the data to be resynchronized by the controlling entity to recover from data errors or an outage condition; and   the on-board system to periodically verify that the data it holds is not compromised and that it is current.       
 
         [0013]    In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the set of mandatory directives, which represents a significant quantity of data, is sent to the train only once, typically at the trip origin. Rather than re-transmitting the entire command data set at regular intervals for the purpose of updating and verifying the mandatory directives, the present method sends an error detection code, such as cyclical redundancy checks (“CRCs”) over data structures, at a fixed interval. In other words, the command data set is not resent. Rather, the current set of data identifiers and the associated error detection code are sent. Sending the error detection code instead of the large data set of mandatory directives requires significantly less bandwidth, while still validating the vitality of the on-board data. Also, since the error detection code comprises a much smaller data set than the entire command data set (i.e., the mandatory directives), a reduction in communications latency is expected as well. 
         [0014]    In the illustrative embodiment, the on-board system checks for any inconsistency between its data (as previously transmitted) and the required data, as per the error correction code. If the on-board system detects an inconsistency, it will enter into a restrictive operating mode and report that condition to the controlling entity. Upon receiving such a report, the central server at the controlling entity (e.g., central control center, regional control center, etc.) initiates a synchronization sequence to update any necessary data on the train. Once the train&#39;s data is updated, the train is directed to return to a normal operating mode. 
         [0015]    The error correction code is sent to the train on a regular basis in a “heartbeat” message that originates from the central server at the controlling entity. Since the heartbeat is sent on a regular basis, the timeliness of the data is ensured. 
         [0016]    In addition to verifying the heartbeat data, the on-board system monitors for the absence of the heartbeat itself to detect communications outages. Since messaging is closed-loop, lack of a response by the train to the controlling entities&#39; heartbeat alerts the controlling entity to any communications failure. The central server will time-out any message after a given amount of time (based on message type) and act appropriately. Denial of Service (“DOS”) attacks will cause the train to fail safely, since the heartbeat would be lost. 
         [0017]    It is notable that the illustrative method ensures the integrity of data over the airways between two vital systems. Each system (i.e., the on-board system and the centralized server) is responsible for maintaining the integrity of data locally. But to the extent that data has been tampered with, the on-board system would detect a mis-compare between that data and the heartbeat error correction code and the system would fail safely. 
         [0018]    This method does not address issues such as secrecy and authentication in conjunction with the transmission of the data between the controlling entity and the train. It is to be understood that encryption and authentication techniques can be used in conjunction with the present disclosure to address such issues. Those skilled in the art will know how to apply to implement encryption and authentication to the present method. 
         [0019]    A method in accordance with the present invention comprises:
       Receiving, at a train, a heartbeat message at a regular and frequent rate, wherein the heartbeat includes error correction code.   Comparing on board data with the error correction code.   Entering a restrictive operating mode if an inconsistency is detected between the on-board data and the error correction code.       
 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  depicts a flow diagram of a method in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  depicts closed-loop messaging for vital train control in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3  depicts the use of periodic heartbeats to confirm that the vital train control data is current in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  depicts a resynchronization sequence that is used to restore the control system to normal operation in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0027]    The following terms are defined for use in this disclosure and the appended claims as follows:
       “Vital” means that a function must be done correctly, or the failure to do so must result in a safe state. Vital is synonymous with “safety-critical.” A safety-critical system is defined when at least one identified hazard can lead directly to a mishap (accident). Standard 1483 (http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore/) defines a safety-critical system as one where the correct performance of the system is critical to the safety, and the incorrect performance (or failure to perform the function) may result in an unacceptable hazard. According to most standards, hazards that have risk ratings of “Unacceptable” or “Undesirable” must be mitigated (i.e., reduce the risk, which is generally done by decreasing the frequency of occurrence) through system and equipment design. In order to do this, all of the functions that are necessary to implement the system must be identified. Functions that have to be implemented so that they are both (1) performed and (2) performed correctly are implemented fail-safely and are identified as “vital” functions. The fail-safely implementation means that all credible failures that could occur are examined and the occurrence of any one of them (or combination of failures in the event that the first failure is not self-evident) maintains the system in a safe state. That can be done either by forcing the system to a stop (or other safe state such as a less-permissive signal) or by transferring control to a secondary system, such as a redundant computer.       
 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  depicts a flow diagram of method  100  in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. The operations recited in method  100  are from the “perspective” of the train. In the embodiment of the method that is depicted in  FIG. 1 , the full set of mandatory directives has already been transmitted to a train from a central server of a controlling entity. Throughout this specification, the terms “central server” and “controlling entity” are occasionally used interchangeably, since the distinction is generally not significant in the context of the invention and will be understood by those skilled in the art. It is understood that the central server is actually a processor that is operating under the auspices of the controlling entity. 
         [0030]    In operation  102  of method  100 , the train monitors for a heartbeat message, which is transmitted over a wireless communications channel by the controlling entity. The heartbeat is transmitted at some frequent interval based on the allowed window of jeopardy for safety hazards and communications channel latency. The heartbeat includes error correction code for all vital data. 
         [0031]    A variety of error correction codes are available for use in conjunction with the illustrative embodiment. One such code is a “cyclical redundancy check” or “CRC.” A CRC is a type of function that takes as input a data stream of any length, and produces as output a value of a certain space, commonly a 32-bit integer. The term “CRC” denotes either the function or the function&#39;s output. A CRC can be used as a checksum to detect accidental alteration of data during transmission or storage. CRCs are particularly good at detecting common errors caused by noise in transmission channels. CRCs are not standardized, although the CRC-32 polynomial, recommended by the IEEE and used by V.42, Ethernet, FDDI and ZIP and PNG files among others, is the generating polynomial of a Hamming code and is used for its error detection performance on communication channels. 
         [0032]    If the heartbeat message is received, the on-board system transmits an acknowledgement of receipt to central server, as per operation  104 . The on-board system then checks, in accordance with operation  106 , the version of the mandatory directives that are stored on-board the train against the error correction code received in the heartbeat message. A discrepancy would indicate that there has been some data corruption and/or that the data is stale, due to transmission failures or communications outages. 
         [0033]    Method  100  queries, at operation  108 , whether there are any discrepancies. If there are no discrepancies, processing returns to operation  102  wherein the train waits to receive the next heartbeat message. 
         [0034]    If the train does not receive the heartbeat message (operation  102 ) or discovers a discrepancy between the on-board version of the mandatory directives and the error correction code, the onboard system downgrades the train&#39;s operational status to a restricted mode (e.g., speed restrictions, altered permissions, etc.), as per operation  110 . 
         [0035]    The train transmits a message to the central server/controlling authority reporting the session failure, in accordance with operation  112 . Assuming that there is a data discrepancy, the central server determines which data is responsible for the discrepancy and transmits this vital train control data to the on-board system. This transmission is not part of a heartbeat message. Thus, at operation  114 , the train receives (re)synchronized data. Acknowledgement of receipt of the synchronized data is transmitted to the central server, as per operation  116 . 
         [0036]    Upon receiving confirmation from the train that the vital train control data has been synchronized, the central server will issue an authorization to resume normal operation. This may be transmitted with the heartbeat message. Thus, at operation  118 , the train receives authorization to return to normal operating mode. The method then loops back to operation  102  wherein the train waits to receive the next heartbeat message. 
         [0037]      FIG. 2  depicts the application of closed-loop messaging to system  200  in accordance with the illustrative embodiment. As depicted in  FIG. 3 , controlling entity  222  transmits message  228  containing vital train control data (e.g., authorities, bulletins, wayside status, etc.) over communications channel  226  to on-board system  224 . This occurs once, typically at the trip origin. When message  228  is received, on-board system  224  sends acknowledgement message  230  over communications channel  226  to controlling entity  222 . If the controlling entity does not receive a response or a non-acknowledgement, it re-sends the train control data, as indicated at  232 . 
         [0038]      FIG. 3  depicts the concept of the heartbeat message being sent from controlling entity  222  to on-board system  224 . As per  FIG. 3 , the controlling entity transmits heartbeat message  334  over limited-bandwidth communications channel  326 . The on-board system confirms receipt of heartbeat message  334  via message  336 . Using the error correction code of all vital train control data, on-board system  224  tests for missing or erroneous data. The controlling entity sends the heartbeat message on a continuing basis, as indicated by messages  338 . This regular frequency of transmissions, and the checks being performed by on-board system  224 , guarantees that the train is operating with proper data with a minimal window of jeopardy. 
         [0039]      FIG. 4  depicts the re-synchronization sequence that occurs when a discrepancy or communications failure is reported. As depicted in  FIG. 4 , on-board system  224  transmits message  440  over communications channel  336  reporting a vital session failure. Controlling authority  222  determines which data is responsible for the discrepancy and transmits message  442  containing this vital train control data to on-board system  224 . The on-board system sends message  444  acknowledging receipt of the (re)synchronized data. When the controlling authority receives message  444 , it transmits message  446  to the on-board system authorizing a resumption of normal train control operation. In some embodiments, message  446  is a heartbeat message. In other words, the authorization is sent with the error correction code, etc., in the heartbeat message. 
         [0040]    It is to be understood that the disclosure teaches just one example of the illustrative embodiment and that many variations of the invention can easily be devised by those skilled in the art after reading this disclosure and that the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the following claims.