Abstract:
A free-piston linear compressor ( 1 ) controlled to achieve high volumetric efficiency by a controller including an algorithm ( 116 ) for ramping up input power until piston-cylinder head collisions are detected using a detection algorithm ( 117/118 ) which then decrements power input whereupon input power is again ramped up by algorithm ( 116 ). Non-damaging low energy collisions are achieved by the controller including a perturbation algorithm ( 119 ) which perturbates the input power ramp with periodic transient pulses of power to ensure piston collisions are provoked during the transient power pulses.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates to a system of control for a free piston linear compressor and in particular, but not solely, a refrigerator compressor. The control system allow a high power mode of operation in which piston stroke is maximised and collisions deliberately occur.  
       PRIOR ART  
       [0002]     Linear compressors operate on a free piston basis and require close control of stroke amplitude since, unlike conventional rotary compressors employing a crank shaft, stroke amplitude is not fixed. The application of excess motor power for the conditions of the fluid being compressed may result in the piston colliding with the head gear of the cylinder in which it reciprocates.  
         [0003]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,434 discloses a control system for a free piston compressor which limits motor power as a function of a property of the refrigerant entering the compressor. However in linear compressors it is useful to be able to detect an actual piston collision and then to reduce motor power in response. Such a strategy can be used purely to prevent compressor damage, when excess motor power occurs for any reason or, can be used as a way of ensuring high volumetric efficiency by gradually increasing power until a collision occurs and then decrementing power before gradually increasing power again. The periodic light piston collisions inherent in this mode of operation cause negligible damage and can easily be tolerated.  
         [0004]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,536,326 discloses a system for detecting piston collisions in a linear compressor which uses a vibration detector such as a microphone.  
         [0005]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,812,597 discloses a method and system for detecting piston collisions based on the linear motor back EMF and therefore without the need for any sensors and their associated cost. This uses the sudden change in period that has been found to occur on a piston collision. Reciprocation period and/or half periods can be obtained from measuring the time between zero-crossings of the back EMF induced in the motor stator windings. The back EMF is a function of motor armature velocity and therefore piston velocity and zero-crossings indicate the points when the piston changes direction during its reciprocation cycles.  
         [0006]     When it is desired deliberately to run the compressor at maximum power and high volumetric efficiency it is very important to ensure the collision detection system does not miss the onset of collisions as they will be a regular and expected occurrence in this mode of operation and successive collisions with increasing power will cause damage.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     It is an object of the present invention to provide a control system for a free-piston linear compressor which allows for high power operation while obviating piston collision damage.  
         [0008]     Accordingly in a first aspect the invention consists in a method of controlling a free-piston linear compressor comprising the steps of: 
        (a) gradually increasing input power to the compressor;     (b) perturbating the power function of step (a) by superimposing periodic transient increases in power;     (c) monitoring for piston collisions;     (d) when a piston collision is detected immediately decrementing said input power; and     (e) continuously repeating steps (a) to (d).        
 
         [0014]     In a further aspect the invention consists in a method of controlling a linear compressor which includes a free piston reciprocating in a cylinder driven by an electric motor having a stator with one or more excitation windings and an armature connected to said piston comprising the steps of:  
         [0015]     (a) supplying an alternating current to said stator winding to cause said armature and piston to reciprocate,  
         [0016]     (b) obtaining an indicative measure of the reciprocation period of said piston,  
         [0017]     (c) detecting any sudden reduction of said indicative measure, said sudden reduction indicative of a piston collision with the cylinder head,  
         [0018]     (d) gradually increasing the power input to said stator windings over many reciprocation periods,  
         [0019]     (e) perturbating the gradually increasing stator power by periodic transient increases in power,  
         [0020]     (f) reducing the power input to said stator windings on detecting any sudden decrease in piston period, and  
         [0021]     (g) cyclically repeating steps (d) to (f).  
         [0022]     In yet a further aspect the invention consists in a method of controlling a linear compressor which includes a free piston reciprocating in a cylinder driven by an electric motor having a stator with one or more excitation windings and an armature connected to said piston comprising the steps of:  
         [0023]     (a) supplying an alternating current to said stator winding to cause said armature and piston to reciprocate,  
         [0024]     (b) monitoring the motor back EMF,  
         [0025]     (c) detecting zero-crossings of said motor back EMF,  
         [0026]     (d) monitoring the slope of the back EMF waveform in the vicinity of said zero-crossings,  
         [0027]     (e) detecting discontinuities in said waveform slope, said discontinuities indicative of a piston collision with the cylinder head,  
         [0028]     (f) gradually increasing the power input to said stator windings over many reciprocation periods,  
         [0029]     (g) perturbating the gradually increasing stator power by periodic transient increases in power,  
         [0030]     (h) reducing the power input to said stator windings on detecting any back EMF slope discontinuity, and  
         [0031]     (i) cyclically repeating steps (d) to (f).  
         [0032]     In yet a further aspect the invention consists in a free piston gas compressor comprising:  
         [0033]     a cylinder,  
         [0034]     a piston,  
         [0035]     said piston reciprocable within said cylinder,  
         [0036]     a reciprocating linear electric motor coupled to said piston and having at least one excitation winding,  
         [0037]     means for obtaining an indicative measure of the reciprocation period of said piston,  
         [0038]     means setting the power input to said motor,  
         [0039]     means for controlling said power setting means to gradually increase the power input to said motor,  
         [0040]     means for perturbating said gradually increasing transient power increases,  
         [0041]     means for detecting any sudden reduction in said reciprocation period, said reduction indicative of a piston collision with the cylinder head due to said perturbation signal, and  
         [0042]     means for reducing the power input to said excitation winding in response to detection of any sudden change in reciprocation period.  
         [0043]     In a further aspect the invention consists in a free piston gas compressor comprising:  
         [0044]     a cylinder,  
         [0045]     a piston,  
         [0046]     said piston reciprocable within said cylinder,  
         [0047]     a reciprocating linear electric motor coupled to said piston and having at least one excitation winding,  
         [0048]     means for monitoring the motor back EMF,  
         [0049]     means for detecting zero-crossings of said motor back EMF,  
         [0050]     means for monitoring the slope of the back EMF waveform in the vicinity of said zero-crossings,  
         [0051]     means for detecting discontinuities in said waveform slope, said discontinuities indicative of a piston collision with the cylinder head,  
         [0052]     means for setting the power input to said motor,  
         [0053]     means for controlling said power setting means to gradually increase the power input to said motor,  
         [0054]     means for perturbating said gradually increasing transient power increases,  
         [0055]     means for detecting said indicative of a piston collision with the cylinder head due to said perturbation signal, and  
         [0056]     means for reducing the power input to said excitation winding in response to detection of any back EMF slope discontinuity.  
         [0057]     To those skilled in the art to which the invention relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The disclosures and the descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0058]     One preferred form of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which;  
         [0059]      FIG. 1  is a longitudinal axial-section of a linear compressor controlled according to the present invention,  
         [0060]      FIG. 2  shows a refrigerator control system in block diagram form,  
         [0061]      FIG. 3  shows a basic linear compressor control system using electronic commutation with switching timed from compressor motor back EMF,  
         [0062]      FIG. 4  shows the control system of  FIG. 3  with piston collision avoidance measures,  
         [0063]      FIG. 5  shows the control system of  FIG. 3  with collision control for high power operation of the compressor,  
         [0064]      FIG. 6  shows the control system of  FIG. 5  including perturbation of the compressor input power according to the present invention,  
         [0065]      FIG. 7  shows a circuit for commutating current to the compressor windings, and  
         [0066]      FIG. 8  shows a graph indicative of compressor power input illustrating the perturbated ramp function high power mode (and corresponding piston collisions), together with corresponding piston expansion and compression half cycle periods, and  
         [0067]      FIG. 9  shows a linear compressor control system incorporating all of the control features of FIGS.  3  to  6 . 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0068]     The present invention relates to controlling a free piston reciprocating compressor powered by a linear electric motor. A typical, but not exclusive, application would be in a refrigerator.  
         [0069]     By way of example only and to provide context a free piston linear compressor which may be controlled in accordance with the present invention is shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0070]     A compressor for a vapour compression refrigeration system includes a linear compressor  1  supported inside a shell  2 . Typically the housing  2  is hermetically sealed and includes a gases inlet port  3  and a compressed gases outlet port  4 . Uncompressed gases flow within the interior of the housing surrounding the compressor  1 . These uncompressed gases are drawn into the compressor during the intake stroke, are compressed between a piston crown  14  and valve plate  5  on the compression stroke and expelled through discharge valve  6  into a compressed gases manifold  7 . Compressed gases exit the manifold  7  to the outlet port  4  in the shell through a flexible tube  8 . To reduce the stiffness effect of discharge tube  8 , the tube is preferably arranged as a loop or spiral transverse to the reciprocating axis of the compressor. Intake to the compression space may be through the head, suction manifold  13  and suction valve  29 .  
         [0071]     The illustrated linear compressor  1  has, broadly speaking, a cylinder part and a piston part connected by a main spring. The cylinder part includes cylinder housing  10 , cylinder head  11 , valve plate  5  and a cylinder  12 . An end portion  18  of the cylinder part, distal from the head  11 , mounts the main spring relative to the cylinder part. The main spring may be formed as a combination of coil spring  19  and flat spring  20  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The piston part includes a hollow piston  22  with sidewall  24  and crown  14 .  
         [0072]     The compressor electric motor is integrally formed with the compressor structure. The cylinder part includes motor stator  15 . A co-acting linear motor armature  17  connects to the piston through a rod  26  and a supporting body  30 . The linear motor armature  17  comprises a body of permanent magnet material (such as ferrite or neodymium) magnetised to provide one or more poles directed transverse to the axis of reciprocation of the piston within the cylinder liner. An end portion  32  of armature support  30 , distal from the piston  22 , is connected with the main spring.  
         [0073]     The linear compressor  1  is mounted within the shell  2  on a plurality of suspension springs to isolate it from the shell. In use the linear compressor cylinder part will oscillate but because the piston part is made very light compared to the cylinder part the oscillation of the cylinder part is small compared with the relative reciprocation between the piston part and cylinder part.  
         [0074]     An alternating current in stator windings  33 , not necessarily sinusoidal, creates an oscillating force on armature magnets  17  to give the armature and stator substantial relative movement provided the oscillation frequency is close to the natural frequency of the mechanical system. This natural frequency is determined by the stiffness of the spring  19 , and mass of the cylinder  10  and stator  15 .  
         [0075]     However as well as spring  19 , there is an inherent gas spring, the effective spring constant of which, in the case of a refrigeration compressor, varies as either evaporator or condenser pressure (and temperature) varies. A control system which sets stator winding current and thus piston force to take this into account has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,434, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,434 also describes a system for limiting maximum motor power to minimise piston cylinder head collisions based on frequency and evaporator temperature.  
         [0076]     Preferably but not necessarily the control system of the present invention operates in conjunction with the control system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,434.  
         [0077]     To provide context for the linear compressor control system in the present invention a basic control system for a refrigerator is shown in  FIG. 2 . A refrigerator  101  incorporating an evaporator  102  and a compressor  103  is set by a user to operate at a desired cabinet temperature through a control which produces a signal  104 . This causes compressor  103  to operate until the refrigerator cabinet temperature monitored by temperature sensor  105  indicates the desired temperature setting has been attained and the error signal  106  driving control amplifier  107  falls below a given threshold. At this point compressor  103  is switched off. When the cabinet temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold the magnitude of error signal  106  exceeds the predetermined value and the compressor is again turned on. This is the conventional non-linear feedback system used in refrigerators.  
         [0078]     The control system of the present invention resides within the conventional loop described with reference to  FIG. 2 . It receives as an input the output signal from amplifier  107  and controls the compressor  103  which in the present invention will be a free piston linear compressor.  
         [0079]     The control system of the present invention operates in conjunction with the basic motor control system of  FIG. 3  and preferably, although not necessarily with the system of  FIG. 4 . Referring to  FIG. 3 , linear compressor  103 A, which may be of the type already described with reference to  FIG. 1 , has its stator windings energised by an alternating voltage supplied from power switching circuit  107  which may take the form of the bridge circuit shown in  FIG. 7  which uses switching devices  411  and  412  to commutate current of reversing polarity through compressor stator winding  33 . The other end of the stator winding is connected to the junction of two series connected capacitors which are also connected across the DC power supply. The “half” bridge shown in  FIG. 7  may be replaced with a full bridge using four switching devices. The control system is preferably implemented as a programmed microprocessor controlling the operation of the power switching circuit  107 . The switching circuit  107  is thus controlled by a switching algorithm  108  executed by the control system microprocessor. The microprocessor is programmed to execute various functions or use tables to be described which for the purposes of explanation are represented as blocks in the block diagrams of FIGS.  3  to  5 .  
         [0080]     Reciprocations of the compressor piston and the frequency or period thereof are detected by movement detector  109  which in the preferred embodiment comprises the process of monitoring the back EMF induced in the compressor stator windings by the reciprocating compressor armature and detecting the zero crossings of that back EMF signal. Switching algorithm  108  which provides microprocessor output signals for controlling the power switch  107  has its switching times initiated from logic transitions in the back EMF zero crossing signal  110 . This ensures the reciprocating compressor peaks maximum power efficiency. The compressor input power may be determined by controlling either the current magnitude or current duration applied to the stator windings by power switch  107 . Pulse width modulation of the power switch may also be employed.  
         [0081]      FIG. 4  shows the basic compressor control system of  FIG. 3  enhanced by the control technique disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,434 which minimises piston/cylinder collisions in normal operation by setting a maximum power based on piston frequency and evaporator temperature. Output  111  from an evaporator temperature sensor is applied to one of the microprocessor inputs and piston frequency is determined by a frequency routine  112  which times the time between zero crossings in back EMF signal  110 . Both the determined frequency and measured evaporator temperature are used to select a maximum power from a maximum power lookup table  113  which sets a maximum allowable power, P t  for a comparator routine  114 . Comparator routine  114  receives as a second input value  106  representing the power demand (P r ) required from the overall refrigerator control. The comparator routine  114  is used by switching algorithm  118  to control switching current magnitude or duration. Comparator routine  114  provides an output value  115  which is the minimum of the power required by the refrigerator P r  and the power P t  allowed from maximum power table  113 .  
         [0082]     Using just the control concepts explained with reference to  FIG. 4  will result in the linear compressor  103 A (when active) operating with no or minimal piston collisions in normal operation. However as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,812, 597 linear compressor  103 A may be run in a “maximum power mode” where higher power can be achieved than with the  FIG. 4  control system, but with the inevitability of some piston collisions. The control system of the present invention facilitates this mode as will now be described.  
         [0083]     Referring to  FIG. 5 a  power algorithm  116  is employed which provides values to a another input to comparison routine  114 . Power algorithm  116  slowly ramps up the compressor input power by providing successively increasing values to comparator routine  114  which causes switching algorithm  108  to ramp up the power switch  107  current magnitude or preferably ON time duration. Power is increased to P a +R every n cycles or piston reciprocations with P a  being the power allowed by the collision analyser (see below) and R being a power increment which defines the ramp rate. In practice usually n=1. This ramping continues until a piston collision is detected. Collision detection process  117  is preferably determined from an analysis of the back EMF induced in the compressor windings and the technique used may be either that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,812,597, which looks for sudden decreases in piston period (FIGS.  8 ( a ) and  8 ( b ) show graphs of piston half-periods against time as mentioned below), or that disclosed in U. S. Pat. No. 10/880,389 which looks for discontinuities on the slope of the analogue back EMF signal.  
         [0084]     Upon detection of a collision, power algorithm  116  causes a decremented value to be input to comparator routine  114  to achieve a decrease of power. Power algorithm  116  then again slowly ramps up the compressor input power until another collision is detected and the process is repeated.  
         [0085]     In order to maximise the probability of detecting the first collision due to increasing peak piston excursions (as continued collisions at what will be increasing power may cause damage) the effective power ramping signal provided by power algorithm  116  is periodically pulsed every m cycles by a perturbation algorithm  119  (see  FIG. 6 ) with an increase (R b ) in power for a very short duration. A typical valve of m might be  100 . In one embodiment this is achieved by increasing the ON time of power switch  107  by 100 μs every 1 second (see  FIG. 8 ( c )). Shorter increases in ON times, say 50 μs, could be used dependent on the collision detection system employed. This amounts to periodic application of an impulse function perturbation R b  of the ramp signal as shown in  FIG. 8 ( c ), although it should be appreciated this is graph of power switch  107  ON time and not power as such. Every m cycles the power is increased to P a +R p  for one cycle, that is, for one reciprocation to induce a collision if compressor power is such as to nearly be causing peak piston displacements which result in collisions with the cylinder valve gear. This low energy collision is detected and compressor input power immediately reduced by s.R p  where  s  might typically be 20, thus making the proven decrement 20 times the perturbation impulse power. The ramp function resumes to gradually increase compressor power again.  
         [0086]     Using the perturbation technique described the linear compressor can be operated at maximum power and volumetric efficiency when required with low energy non-damaging piston collisions in the certainty that continued collisions at increasing power will be avoided.  
         [0087]     Desirably, but not necessarily the high power control methodology described is used in conjunction with control for normal operation where collision avoidance is employed as described with reference to  FIG. 4 . A control system employing both techniques is shown in  FIG. 9 . Here the comparison routine  114  receives three inputs, P r , P t  and P a . In the system of  FIG. 9  input P a  from power algorithm  116  may be decremented by one or both of two collision detection processes  117  and  118 . Process  117  looks for period change and process  1   18  looks for back EMF slope change as previously mentioned.  
         [0088]     With such a comprehensive control system the operation may be summarised by tables I and II shown below.  
                                 TABLE I                           Logic for normal running of the compressor       where collision avoidance is the objective.            Case   Situation   Description   Output               A   Normal   Output power is the   Pr           running   minimum of;               1- the power required               by the refrigerator,               Pr,               2- the power allowed               by the Collision Table,               Pt or               3- the power allowed               by the Collision               detector, Pa.       B   Collision   If Pr &gt; Pt then power   Pt           Avoidance   is held at Pt. Where Pt               is a function of Running               Frequency and Evaporating               Pressure (or temperature,               as evaporating               temperature is closely               correlated to pressure)       C1   Collision   If a collision is   Pt − Rp or           reaction   detected power is   Pr − Rp               decreased by about Rp       C2   Frequent   If there have been   Pt − nRp or           collisions   more than 1 collision   Pr − nRp               in the last p cycles               then decrease power               by n × Rp       C3   No collisions   If there has been no   Pt − nRp +           recently   collisions in the last   ΔP or               q cycles then increase   Pr − nRp +               Power by □P (this can   ΔP               continue until Power               gets to its original               value, Pt).       D   Safety net   If at any time the   Pmin           (only occurs   back emf slope, S,           for a severe   exceeds the reference           collision that is   value, Sr, then           undetected by the   the power is reduced           “collision   to a minimal value,           detection”   Pmin.           algorithm)                 Definitions            Pr, Pa, Pt Power levels that are set by altering the commutation time            Rp Power step that reduces the power level.            N No of multiples of power change, normally n = 1            Q No of cycles that must be collision free before Power is increased, normally p = 1,000,000            Pmin A preset minimum power, normally about 20 W             
 
         [0089]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Logic for high power running where 
               
               
                 low energy collisions are inherent. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Case 
                 Situation 
                 Description 
                 Output 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 Normal 
                 Output power is the 
                 Pr 
               
               
                   
                   
                 running 
                 minimum, of the power 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 required by the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 refrigerator, Pr, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and the power allowed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 by the Collision 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Analyser, Pa. 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 High 
                 If Pr &gt; Pa then power 
                 Pa + R or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Power 
                 is increased to Pa + R 
                 Pa + Rp 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 every n cycles. After m 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cycles the power is 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 increased to Pa + Rp 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 for one cycle to produce 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 a minor collision if 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 a collision is imminent. 
               
               
                   
                 B1 
                 Collision 
                 If a collision is 
                 Pa − s*Rp 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reaction 
                 detected power is 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 decreased by about s*Rp 
               
               
                   
                 B2 
                 Frequent 
                 If there have been 
                 Pa + R − 
               
               
                   
                   
                 collisions 
                 more than 1 collision 
                 δR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 in the last p cycles 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 then decrease R by δR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (this can continue 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 until R becomes a large 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 negative number). 
               
               
                   
                 B3 
                 No collisions 
                 If there has been no 
                 Pa + R + 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recently 
                 collisions in the last 
                 ΔR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 q cycles then increase 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 R by ΔR (this can 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 continue until R gets 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 to its original value). 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 Safety net 
                 If at any time the 
                 Pmin 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (only occurs 
                 back emf slope, S, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for a severe 
                 exceeds the reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 collision that 
                 value, Sr, then the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is undetected 
                 power is reduced to a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by the 
                 minimal value, Pmin. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 “collision 
               
               
                   
                   
                 detection” 
               
               
                   
                   
                 algorithm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   Definitions    
               
               
                   
                   Pr, Pa Power levels that are set by altering the commutation time    
               
               
                   
                   R Power increment that defines the “Ramp Rate”   
               
               
                   
                   Rp Power step that perturbates the power level to force a minor collision when the pump is running near its maximum stroke.    
               
               
                   
                   M No of cycles between each perturbation, normally m = 100    
               
               
                   
                   s Multiple that determines the power decrement after a collision, normally s = 20    
               
               
                   
                   p No of cycles that must be collision free before R is increased, normally p = 1,000,000    
               
               
                   
                   q No of cycles during the collision count, normally q = 10,000    
               
               
                   
                   Pmin A preset minimum power, normally about 20 W    
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0090]     Preferably the collision detection algorithm is one derived from the ascertainment of a sudden decrease in piston period as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,812,597. An enhanced technique derived from this method will now be described.  
         [0091]     The period of the oscillating piston  22  is made up of two half periods between bottom dead centre and top dead centre respectively, but neither successive or even alternate half periods are symmetrical. The half period expansion stroke when the piston moves away from the head (valve plate  5 ) is longer than the half period compression stroke when the piston moves towards the head. Further, because a linear compressor will often run with different periods in consecutive cycles (this becomes very significant if the discharge valve starts to leak), it is useful to separate the period times into odd and even cycles. Thus in the preferred method of piston collision detection four periods are stored and monitored; compression and expansion for the even cycles, plus compression and expansion for the odd cycles. Preferably a sudden change in either of the two shorter half cycles (compression strokes) is assumed in this method to indicate a piston collision. In  FIG. 8 ( b ) typical even short cycle periods are shown whereas  FIG. 8 ( a ) shows typical even expansion stroke half periods.  
         [0092]     The process used in the preferred collision detection algorithm  117  is to store the back EMF zero crossing time intervals from detector  109  for the four half periods mentioned above as an exponentially weighted moving average (ewma) to give a smoothed or filtered value for each of the first and second half periods of the odd and even cycles. Preferably, an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is used with weightings such that the outputted latest estimate of half period time is ⅛ of the last value +⅞ of the previous estimates. These estimates are continually compared with the detected period of the most recent corresponding half cycle and the comparison monitored for an abrupt reduction. If the difference exceeds an amount “A”, algorithm  117  implies a collision. A value for the threshold difference “A” may be 20 microseconds. Other thresholds could be used, especially if the perturbation impulse energy is different from that resulting from a 10 μs ON time.  
         [0093]     When a collision is detected the ON time of power switch  107  is reduced by (see for example transition D in  FIG. 8 ( c )) to stop further collisions. In one embodiment the ON period is reduced by 51.2 μs to produce the previously mentioned s.R p  decrement. Once the collisions stop, the ON time of power switch  107  is allowed to slowly increase to its previous value over a period of time (see the ramp function R in  FIG. 8 ( c )). A value for the period of time for satisfactory operation may be approximately 1 hour. Of course, power control may be achieved by controlling current magnitude or by pulse width modulation to achieve the same effect as that described.  
         [0094]     This is the high power mode of Table II. Alternatively the ON time will remain reduced until the system variables change significantly. In one embodiment where the system in U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,434 is used as the main current control algorithm, such a system change might be monitored by a change in the ordered maximum current. In that case it would be in response to a change in frequency or evaporator temperature. In the preferred embodiment the combination of that algorithm with a collision detection algorithm providing a supervisory role gives an improved volumetric efficiency over the prior art.