Abstract:
An oscillator operates with a variable driving voltage to produce an oscillation signal of a predetermined period in a semiconductor device. The oscillator has a plurality of logic devices connected to each other in a form of a ring. The oscillator includes a voltage generating circuit for generating first and second driving voltages which are selectively applied to the logic devices. The selective application of the first or second driving voltage to the logic devices affects the period of the oscillation signal produced. The first driving voltage is applied to the logic devices for normal operations when the oscillation signal period is tested to substantially equal the predetermined period. The second driving voltage is applied to the logic devices for normal operations when the oscillation signal period is tested to be different from the predetermined period. The second driving voltage is adjusted by changing the resistance ratio of at least two resistors in the circuit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates generally to an oscillator operating with a variable driving voltage, and more particularly to an oscillator operating with a variable driving voltage capable of varying the driving voltage of the oscillator in order to regulate the oscillation signal period produced by the oscillator.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Prior Art  
         [0004]     In general, an oscillator produces a pulse signal having a predetermined period, and  FIG. 1  is a simplified circuit showing the basic structure of a conventional ring oscillator.  
         [0005]     A conventional ring oscillator as shown in  FIG. 1  includes six inverters and one NAND gate. The inverters are connected to each other in the form of a ring. Each dotted box represents a capacitor connected to or separated from a node of the ring by, for example, a metal option.  
         [0006]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the conventional ring oscillator is controlled by an enable signal Enable, and the oscillator outputs an oscillation signal of a predetermined period while the enable signal is maintained at a high level. In general, the period of the oscillation signal outputted from a ring oscillator is influenced by the number of the capacitors connected to the ring (as shown in  FIG. 1  by metal option). For example, if the number of capacitors connected to the ring increases, an RC delay time will increase, and this will produce an oscillation signal having a longer period. However, if the number of capacitors connected to the ring decreases, the RC delay time will be shortened, and the period of the oscillation signal will also be shortened.  
         [0007]     Additionally, the oscillation signal period is influenced by variation in the manufacturing process of the oscillator and the voltage and temperature conditions of the oscillator in operation, and for these reasons, a designer generally provides extra capacitors to the circuit, which are available to be connected to the ring of an oscillator to adjust the period of the oscillation signal. These extra capacitors can be connected to the oscillator or separated from the oscillator by a FIB device (Focused Ion Beam device).  
         [0008]     Accordingly, the designers can regulate the oscillation period of the oscillation signal by controlling the number of the capacitors connected to the oscillator (e.g., to the nodes of the ring) by using the FIB device. The work to optimize the oscillation period by connecting capacitors to the oscillator or disconnecting the capacitors from the oscillator by using the FIB device is ordinarily performed at an early development stage of the semiconductor devices.  
         [0009]     However, such a work to connect and disconnect the capacitors causes the test time and the costs to significantly increase, especially when a large number of oscillators exists in a semiconductor chip.  
         [0010]     Additionally, the extra capacitors provided in a ring oscillator lead to increased ring oscillator circuit area in a semiconductor chip and this imposes a serious burden on the designer when a large number of oscillators is used in a semiconductor chip.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and it is an object of the present invention to provide an oscillator capable of outputting a stable oscillation period.  
         [0012]     Another object of the present invention is to regulate driving capacitance of an oscillator by regulating a level of voltage outputted from a power supply device driving the oscillator.  
         [0013]     Still another object of the present invention is to regulate a period of an oscillation signal outputted from an oscillator by regulating a driving voltage level applied to the oscillator.  
         [0014]     The oscillator of the present invention varies the period of an oscillation signal outputted from the oscillator by varying driving voltage of a plurality of logic devices forming the oscillator.  
         [0015]     According to the present invention, a voltage generation device is provided to generate driving voltage applied to a plurality of logic devices forming the oscillator.  
         [0016]     In order to achieve the above objects, there is provided an oscillator operating with a variable driving voltage, in which a plurality of logic devices are connected to each other in a form of a ring so as to output an oscillation signal having a predetermined period, the oscillator comprising: a voltage generating means for generating first and second driving voltages which are selectively applied to the logic devices, wherein, if the period of the oscillation signal is in a normal state, the first driving voltage is applied to the logic devices, and, if the period of the oscillation signal is faster or slower than the normal state, the second driving voltage is applied to the logic devices, thereby constantly maintaining the period of the oscillation signal.  
         [0017]     According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, if the period of the oscillation signal is slower than the normal state, the second driving voltage is higher than the first driving voltage and if the period of the oscillation signal is faster than the normal state, the second driving voltage is lower than the first driving voltage.  
         [0018]     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an oscillator operating with a variable driving voltage, in which a plurality of logic devices are connected to each other in a form of a ring so as to output an oscillation signal having a predetermined period, the oscillator comprising: a means for generating first and second driving voltages which are selectively applied to the logic devices, wherein the voltage generating means includes a reference voltage generation unit for generating a first reference voltage; a first level shifter circuit outputting a second reference voltage by receiving the first reference voltage; a second level shifter circuit outputting a third reference voltage by receiving the first reference voltage; a first driving unit outputting the first driving voltage having an electric potential level identical to that of the second reference voltage by receiving the second reference voltage; and a second driving unit outputting the second driving voltage having an electric potential level identical to that of the third reference voltage by receiving the third reference voltage, wherein, if the period of the oscillation signal is in a normal state, the first driving voltage is applied to the logic devices, and, if the period of the oscillation signal is faster or slower than the normal state, the second driving voltage is applied to the logic devices, thereby constantly maintaining the period of the oscillation signal. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]     The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0020]      FIG. 1  shows the basic circuit of a conventional ring oscillator;  
         [0021]      FIG. 2A  is a view showing an internal voltage generator according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0022]      FIG. 2B  is a graph showing a voltage of a circuit shown in  FIG. 2A ;  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a view showing an internal voltage generator according to another embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0024]      FIGS. 4A, 4B  and  4 C are views showing resistance devices used the internal voltage generator shown in  FIG. 3 ; and  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  is a circuit view showing an oscillator driven by the voltage outputted from the internal voltage generator shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0026]     Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0027]      FIG. 2A  is a view showing an internal voltage generator according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0028]     Referring to  FIG. 2A , the internal voltage generator includes a reference voltage generator  200  generating a first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE , a level shifter circuit  210  outputting a second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  by varying an electric potential level of the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE , and a driving unit  220  outputting an internal voltage V INT  applied to an internal circuit of a semiconductor device by receiving the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT .  
         [0029]     The reference voltage generator  200  generating a predetermined reference voltage may be selected from the well-known circuits (for example, a bandgap reference voltage generator or a Widlar reference voltage generator) that are used to generate reference voltages.  
         [0030]     The level shifter circuit  210  generates an output signal V REF     —     INT  (i.e., the second reference voltage) having a second electric potential level after receiving and based on the input signal V REF     —     BASE  (i.e., the first reference voltage) having the first electric potential level.  
         [0031]     The level shifter circuit  210  according to an embodiment of the present invention includes, inter alia, the following components: 
        (1) first, second, and third PMOS transistors P 21 , P 22 , P 23  receiving a supply voltage V DD  through a source terminal;     (2) a first NMOS transistor N 21  receiving the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE  through a gate terminal;     (3) a second NMOS transistor N 22  connected between a drain terminal of the second PMOS transistors P 22  and a source terminal of the first NMOS transistors N 21 ;     (4) a third NMOS transistor N 23  receiving a bias voltage V BIAS  through the gate terminal;     (5) a first resistance element R 1  connected between a drain terminal of the third PMOS transistor P 23  and a node connecting the second NMOS transistor N 22 ; and     (6) a second resistance element R 2  connected between the ground and the node connecting the second NMOS transistor N 22  and the first resistance element R 1 .        
 
         [0038]     In the level shifter  210 , it is noted that the first and second NMOS transistors N 21 , N 22  are arranged to form a differential amplifier with two input terminals: a first input terminal at the gate terminal of the first NMOS transistor N 21  and a second input terminal at the gate terminal of the second NMOS transistor N 22 . The transistor P 23  in the level shifter circuit  210  is turned ON by the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE  applied to the first input terminal of the differential amplifier. If the transistor P 23  is turned ON, a voltage V R  of the second input terminal of the differential amplifier rises until voltage V R  reaches the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE . Then, the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE  and the voltage V R  is maintained at the same electric potential level by a feedback operation. In this case, the current flowing through a resistor R 2  is V R /R 2 , so the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  outputted from the level shifter circuit  210  is calculated as follows: 
 
 V   REF     —     INT   =V   R (1+ R   1 / R   2 ). 
 
         [0039]     Accordingly, the electric potential level of the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  of the level shifter circuit  210  is shifted into a higher electric potential level than the electric potential level of the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE .  
         [0040]     The driving unit  220  is a driving circuit for outputting the output voltage V INT  used in an internal semiconductor device, such as a ring oscillator, by receiving the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  outputted from the level shifter circuit  210 .  
         [0041]     The driving unit  220  compares the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  with an output voltage V INT . When the output voltage V INT  of the driving unit  220  drops down below the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT , a transistor P 4  would turn ON. If the transistor P 4  is turned ON, a current is supplied to the transistor P 4  from an external supply voltage V DD , so that the electric potential level of the output voltage V INT  of the transistor P 4  rises until it reaches the electric potential level of the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  of the transistor P 4 .  
         [0042]      FIG. 2B  is a graph showing a voltage of the circuit shown in  FIG. 2A .  
         [0043]     The external supply voltage V DD , the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE  outputted from a reference voltage generator  200 , and the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  outputted from the level shifter circuit  210  are shown in  FIG. 2B . If a predetermined period of time has passed after the external supply voltage V DD  has been supplied, the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE  and the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  maintain a constant voltage level.  
         [0044]      FIG. 3  is a view showing an internal voltage generator according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0045]     An internal voltage generator shown in  FIG. 3  includes: 
        (1) a reference voltage generator  300  generating a first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE ,     (2) a first level shifter circuit  310  outputting a second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  by varying the electric potential level of the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE ,     (3) a first driving unit  320  outputting a first internal voltage V INT  by receiving the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT ,     (4) a second level shifter circuit  330  outputting a third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC  by varying the electric potential level of the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE , and     (5) a second driving unit  340  outputting a second internal voltage V OSC  by receiving the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC .        
 
         [0051]     The first internal voltage V INT  of the first driving unit  320  is regulated such that the first internal voltage V INT  becomes identical to the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  by a feedback operation. Likewisem, the second internal voltage V OSC  of the second driving unit  340  is regulated such that the second internal voltage V OSC  becomes identical to the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC .  
         [0052]     A structure of the internal voltage generator shown in  FIG. 3  is identical to a structure of the internal voltage generator shown in  FIG. 2 , except that  FIG. 3  additionally includes the second level shifter circuit  330  and the second driving unit  340 .  
         [0053]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the level shifter circuit  330  includes: 
        (1) first, second, and third PMOS transistors P 31 , P 32 , P 33  receiving a supply voltage V DD  through a source terminal,     (2) a first NMOS transistor N 31  receiving the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE  through a gate terminal,     (3) a second NMOS transistor N 32  connected between a drain terminal of the second PMOS transistors P 32  and a source terminal of the first NMOS transistors N 31 ,     (4) a third NMOS transistor N 33  receiving a bias voltage V BIAS  through the gate terminal,     (5) a first resistance element R X  connected between a drain terminal of the third PMOS transistor P 33  and a first node, and     (6) a second resistance element Ry connected between the first node and ground.        
 
         [0060]     The gate terminal of the first PMOS transistor P 31  is connected to the gate terminal of the second PMOS transistor P 32 , and the gate and source terminals of the second PMOS transistor P 32  are connected with each other. The drain terminal of the first PMOS transistor P 31  is connected to the drain terminal of the first NMOS transistor N 31 , and the drain terminal of the second PMOS transistor P 32  is connected to the drain terminal of the second NMOS transistor N 32 . In addition, the source terminal of the first NMOS transistor N 31  is connected to the source terminal of the second NMOS transistor N 32 , and the third NMOS transistor N 33  is connected between the source terminal of the first NMOS transistors N 31  and the earth. The drain terminal of the first NMOS transistor N 31  is connected to the gate terminal of the third PMOS transistor P 33 , and the gate terminal of the second NMOS transistor N 32  is connected to the node where R X  and R Y  are connected to (as shown in  FIG. 3 ). Also, the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC  is outputted from the drain terminal of the third PMOS transistor P 33 .  
         [0061]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  outputted from the first level shifter circuit  310  is designed to be different from the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC  outputted from the second level shifter circuit  330 . The basic operation of the second level shifter circuit  330  is identical to an operation of the level shifter circuit  210  described with reference to  FIG. 2   a . That is, a voltage VR 2  of a differential amplifier is maintained identical to the first reference voltage V REF     —     BASE  by a feedback operation. Accordingly, the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC  of the second level shifter circuit  330  will be represented as follows: 
 
 V   REF     —     OSC   =V   R2 *(1 +R   X   /R   Y ) 
 
         [0062]     Therefore, the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC  of the second level shifter circuit  330  can be regulated by varying values of resistors R X  and R Y .  
         [0063]     As described above, the first and second internal voltages V INT  and V OSC  outputted from the internal voltage generator can be selectively applied to an internal circuit of the semiconductor device.  
         [0064]      FIGS. 4A  to  4 C are views showing various examples of resistance ratios (R X /R Y ) described with reference to  FIG. 3 .  
         [0065]     It can be understood from  FIGS. 4A and 4B  that the resistance ratio R X /R Y  may be regulated by means of a metal switch through utilizing a metal short state or a metal open state. This will determine the number of resistors connected to or disconnected to the circuit for the R X /R Y  ratio. Also, as shown in  FIG. 4C , the resistance ratio R X /R Y  can be regulated by turning ON or OFF a transistor. Accordingly, an electric potential level of the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC  outputted from the second level shifter circuit  330  can be regulated through regulating the resistance ratio R X /R Y .  
         [0066]      FIG. 5  shows an embodiment of an oscillator using a second internal voltage V OSC  outputted from an internal voltage generator shown in  FIG. 3  as the driving voltage.  
         [0067]     The oscillator of  FIG. 5  includes six inverters and one NAND gate, but it should be recognized as well known by those skilled in the art the numbers may vary. These logic devices of inverters and the gate are connected to each other in the form of a ring. The driving voltage of these logic devices is the second internal voltage V OSC  of the internal voltage generator.  
         [0068]     In contrast to the conventional art, the ring oscillator of the present invention does not require extra or spare capacitors to be built in for purposes of adjusting the period of the oscillation signal or others. Only the number of capacitors required by design are provided in the oscillator of the present invention without an optional capacitor to be connected to a node of the oscillator circuit, for example, by means of an FIB device. That is, all capacitors shown in  FIG. 5  represent the basic capacitors capable of generating an oscillation period targeted by a designer at the early stage.  
         [0069]     The operational details of the oscillator of the present invention as shown in  FIG. 5  are described as follows.  
         [0070]     First, the oscillation period of the signal outputted from an oscillator is inspected by using the first internal voltage V INT  of an internal voltage generator as a driving voltage of the oscillator. As described above, the first internal voltage V INT  of the internal voltage generator is identical to the second reference voltage V REF     —     INT  due to the feedback operation. The second internal voltage V OSC  of the internal voltage generator is identical to the third reference voltage V REF     —     OSC  due to the feedback operation.  
         [0071]     If the inspected oscillation period is determined to be identical to the target oscillation period, the voltage driving the oscillator is set to the first internal voltage V INT .  
         [0072]     If on the other hand, the inspected oscillation period is determined to be shorter than the target oscillation period, the second internal voltage V OSC  of the internal voltage generator is used as a driving voltage of the oscillator. In this case, the resistance ratio R X /R Y  is regulated such that the electric potential level of the second internal voltage V OSC  is adjusted in comparison to the first internal voltage V INT , that is, for example, lower than the first internal voltage V INT .  
         [0073]     As a result of such an inspection, if the tested oscillation period is determined to be longer than the target oscillation period, the second internal voltage V OSC  of the internal voltage generator is used as the driving voltage of the oscillator. In this case, the resistance ratio R X /R Y  is regulated such that the electric potential level of the second internal voltage V OSC  becomes higher than the first internal voltage V INT .  
         [0074]     Although it is described that the present invention uses two level shifter circuits  310  and  330 , the same effect can be achieved by using only one level shifter circuit  330 .  
         [0075]     As described above, the present invention provides very novel way to regulate the period of an oscillation signal by regulating the driving voltage of an oscillator. To achieve this task, the present invention provides, among other things, an internal voltage generator that is capable of generating a variable internal voltage. The internal voltage generator of the present invention is not only capable of supplying the driving voltage to the oscillator, but also capable of generating and supplying a predetermined voltage required by the semiconductor device itself.  
         [0076]     As explained above, the conventional method requires that a plurality of extra or optional capacitors must be connected to the oscillator or separated from the oscillator in order to regulate the period of the oscillation signal outputted from an oscillator. However, such a conventional method unnecessarily increases the test time and cost.  
         [0077]     According to the present invention, the period of an oscillation signal is regulated by varying a driving voltage of the oscillator without an optional capacitor designed into the circuit, so that the testing time and the testing cost are significantly reduced.  
         [0078]     The preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described for illustrative purposes, and those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.