Abstract:
A method and apparatus for producing a reinforce a conductor of a utility transmission line is provided by selecting an electrical or communication conductor for a desired utility, selecting a plurality of strands of filaments to mechanically reinforce the utility transmission line, selecting a polymer treated with a catalyst to encase the strands of filament and the transmission line, pulling the strands of filament and the transmission line encased in the treated polymer through an elongated protrusion die to form an electrically insulated and reinforced utility cable, maintaining an elevated temperature gradient along the die to control the physical property of the polymer as the polymer catalyze, bending the cable in reversed directions after emerging from the protrusion die during completion of the catalyzing and during cooling to ambient temperature to avoid the occurrence of a permanent set in the catalyzed polymer, and coiling the newly formed electrically insulated and reinforced utility cable.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 09/881,311, filed Jun. 13, 2001 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    This invention relates to a method to manufacture a composite reinforced utility conductor for use in aerial, underground and underwater transmission, distribution and service for electrical and communication utilities, and more particularly, to a reinforced utility cable and a method and an apparatus for producing such a cable by molding and hardening a polymer embedded with continuous filaments or tape in a thermally controlled protrusion die.  
           [0004]    2. The Prior Art  
           [0005]    The metal used for electrical conductors is selected for the desired electrical properties but the metal is structurally weak in terms of the strength needed for suspending the conductor as an electric transmission line and also for withstanding the forces imposed by wind and ice. To overcome this problem, the electric transmission line is made by wrapping several electrical conductors around a strong steel core. The steel reinforced conductors attached to poles or towers are exposed to the elements using the atmosphere for insulation between transmission lines.  
           [0006]    Pultrusion is a well known method for processing material to form a finished product having a desired cross sectional dimension and physical properties imparted by pulling the product along a converging surface of an elongated die. The pultrusion method is used according to the present invention for a cost effective process to apply insulation material and if desired a semi-conducting coating to aluminum or a copper electrical conductor or a light guide cable and controlling sensible heat occurring during the catalyzing action of the polymer in the die. Embedded in the insulation material during passage through the protrusion die are stands of filament and additionally in a light die cable, one or more strands of tape impart the desired strength.  
           [0007]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a reinforced utility cable enveloped in a mass of catalyzing polymer which is molded and hardened in an elongated die wherein the temperature is incrementally varied along the length of the die.  
           [0008]    It is a further object of the present invention to provide a manufacturing process and apparatus for a reinforced utility cable including passing a molded and hardened fiber reinforced utility cable through a looper to work the cable at ambient temperature by repeated reverse bending prior to coiling.  
           [0009]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a reinforcing utility cable and a method and apparatus for producing the same characterized by one or more strands of fiber of tape in a catalyzed polymer encased within a catalyzed polymer containing carbon fiber to form an electromagnetic shield, which is in turn encased with a catalyzed polymer.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method apparatus for manufacturing a composite reinforced utility cable by selecting an utility conductor with an applied grease like film that may contain micronized carbon and then compressing reinforcing filaments which have been coated with epoxy, polyurethane, or similar polymers followed by passing the newly formed bundle through a heated die. The selected polymer is preferably dicyclopentadiene and a catalyst may be introduced into the die along with the bundle consisting of the utility conductor and reinforcing filaments, and controlling the die temperature to control the exothermic catalytic reaction, thus producing a composite reinforced, insulated conductor of sufficient mechanical strength to withstand aerial installation, and with sufficient dielectric strength to allow for close spacing of the electrical conductors to overcome induction problems when transmission lines constructed parallel metallic structures such a natural gas lines in a utility corridor, and overcoming problems of short circuit arcing to trees in narrow rights-of-way.  
           [0011]    Additionally, a high voltage underground or coaxial cable can be made by passing the composite reinforced conductor previously described through a second process by compressing carbon fibers and conductors which been previously dipped in epoxy or polyurethane, or similar material, around the composite reinforced conductor or introducing dicyclopentadiene and a catalysis to the composite reinforced conductor when the newly formed bundle is again forced through a thermally controlled die. The carbon fiber containing conductors functions as an electromagnetic shield as in axial cables and provides a test point for monitoring current leakage to forecast failure in high voltage cable in subterranean placement sites. A third pass through a thermally controlled die is used to applies an outer layer of only a catalyzed polymer to cable used in coaxial and high voltage underground applications.  
           [0012]    More particularly according to the present invention there is provided an apparatus for forming a sheathed utility cable including the combination of an applicator for applying a mass of a catalyzed polymer to a utility conductor and plurality of strands of reinforcing filaments, a protrusion die having an elongated continuous flow space for passage of bundle consisting of a caterized polymer, utility conductor and reinforcement filaments discharged from an applicator, a sleeve surrounding said protrusion die for forming an annular chamber there between, a plurality of closure members at spaced apart locations along an annular chamber for forming discrete chambers for passage of a fluid medium, inlet and outlet conduits connecting to each of the discrete chambers for passage of a fluid medium, a controller for a fluid medium passing to each of the discrete chambers for maintaining a predetermined thermal gradient along the protrusion die, and a driven puller for continuously advancing a bundle from the die.  
           [0013]    The present invention also provides a method to reinforce a conductor of a utility transmission line, the method including the steps of selecting a transmission line for a desired utility, selecting a plurality of strands of filaments to mechanically reinforce the utility transmission line, selecting a polymer treated with a catalyst to encase the strands of filament and the transmission line, pulling the strands of filament and the transmission line encased in the treated polymer through an elongated protrusion die to form an electrically insulated and reinforced utility cable, maintaining an elevated temperature gradient along the die to control the physical property of the polymer as the polymer catalyze, bending the polymer in reversed directions after emerging from the protrusion die during completion of the catalyzing and during cooling to ambient temperature to avoid the occurrence of a permanent set in the catalyzed polymer, and coiling the newly formed electrically insulated and reinforced utility cable.  
           [0014]    The present invention includes the combination of a reinforced utility cable including the combination of strands of a utility conductor collected in a bundle formation, a coating of grease on the strands in the bundle of strands and a coating of lubricant on the outer periphery of the bundle of strands, at least one reinforcing ribbon arranged substantially about the grease coated bundle of strands, and a sheathing of catalyzed polymer enveloping the reinforcing strand of utility conductors. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    These features and advantages of the present invention as well as others will be more fully understood when the following description is read in light of the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the present invention providing an electrical utility cable suitable for coaxial and underground transmission of current at a high voltage level;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the process for forming the utility cable shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a processing line to form a utility cable according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view illustrating a protrusion die incorporated in the processing line shown in FIG. 3;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along lines V-V of FIG. 4;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a processing line to form a utility cable according to a second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the present invention providing optical fiber transmission lines in a reinforced utility cable; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating the process for forming the reinforced utility cable of FIG. 7. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]    In FIG. 1 there is illustrated a reinforced utility cable  10  for high voltage electric current and includes a multiplicity of individual electrical conductors  12  collected into a bundle formation as illustrated and surrounded by a blended layer  14  of carbon and grease. The layer  14  is used to prevent adhesion between the conductors  12  when enveloped in a catalyzed polymer. A reinforcement layer  16  consists of a plurality of continuous strands of filament and a catalyzed polymer. Carbon fibers (not shown) and conductors  18  are contained in an overlying layer of catalyzed polymer  20 . An outer sheathing  22  consists of a catalyzed polymer is applied for imparting high quality electrical insulation. It is to be understood that it is within the scope of the present invention to provide an electrical utility cable without the outer sheathing  22  and the layer of catalyzed polymer  20  including the carbon fibers and conductors therein.  
         [0025]    The method for forming the cable shown in FIG. 1 is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 2 and includes forming a bundle of filaments disbursed about the outer periphery of electrical conductors coated with grease containing micronized carbon. A catalyzed polymer is then added to the bundle and then the bundle and polymer are drawn through a thermally controlled protrusion die to control the catalyzing process and establish the cross sectional shape of the utility cable. The cable is then flexed in reversing directions while the catalyzing process is completed to avoid the formation of set shape due to the coiled configuration on a storage reel. With or without the coiling of the cable, the processing of the cable is continued by again applying a catalyzed polymer containing carbon fibers to the outer surface of the cable while conductors are distributed about the cable surface. A second thermally controlled protrusion die is used to control the catalyzing process and establish the new cross sectional shape for the utility cable. The cable is again flexed in reversing directions while the catalyzing process is completed to avoid the formation of set shape when coiled. And again with or without the coiling of the cable, the processing is continued by applying only catalyzed polymer to the outer surface of the cable and using a third thermally controlled protrusion die to control the catalyzing process and establish the final cross sectional shape for the utility cable. The cable is again flexed in reversing directions while the catalyzing process is completed to avoid the formation of set shape and then the utility cable is coiled for shipment.  
         [0026]    Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated the preferred embodiment of apparatus for forming a continuous pultruded utility cable according to the present invention. Multiple strands of continuous fibers  30 , such as Kevlar, for example, are drawn from storage creels  32 , and are distributed about the bundle of electrical conductors  12  which are coated with the mixture of carbon and grease and pulled from a storage reel  34 . The fibers  30  have been previously mechanically or chemically abraded in order to enhance adherence of the fiber with a polymer. The fibers  30  are disbursed about the bundle of conductors  12  by passage through apertures in a comb  36  arranged to organize the fibers about the periphery. The conductors  12  and the abraded fibers  30  emerging from the comb pass into a protrusion die  38  where the entrance portion contains orifices for the introduction of a polymer and a catalyst. According to the embodiment of FIG. 3 there is a resin preferably cyclopentadiene and a catalyst such as ruthenium dichloride. The reaction becomes exothermic due to ring open metathesis polymerization. The reaction is relative slow and therefore a relatively long protrusion die is provided to allow the polymer to gel before emerging from the die.  
         [0027]    The details of the construction of the protrusion die are illustrated in FIG. 4 and include a tubular die  40  having an internal passageway resembling the shape of a venturi. At the entrance portion of the die there are arranged flow control orifices  42  lying within a plane and communicating with side-by-side chambers  44  and  46 . These chambers are formed by partition walls  44  extending between side and end walls  48  and  50 , respectively. The chambers  44  and  46  communicate with manifolds  52  and  54  respectively by supply pipes. Manifold  52  supplies cyclopentadiene and manifold  54  supplies ruthenium dichloride. The chemical reaction being exothermic commence at a temperature in the range of 80° to 120° F. quickly reaching a temperature of about 360° F. depending on the ratio of the catalyst to the polymer. The temperature is controlled incrementally along the length of the die by arranging a manifold tube  56  exteriorly along the die with internal partitioning walls  58  subdividing the cavity into manifold chambers  60 - 70 . The manifold chambers  60 - 70  are connected by supply pipes extending to thermostatic mixing valves  60 A- 70 A, respectively, having entrance ports coupled to supplies of chilled water and hot water. The manifold chambers  60 - 70  are each connected to drain lines  60 B- 70 B, respectively. The thermostatic mixing valves induce a temperature gradient commencing at a maximum temperature of about 360° F. at the die wall joined with manifold chamber  60  by the introduction of relatively hot water as compared with the water introduced to successive manifold chambers.  
         [0028]    The molded utility cable  72  emerging from the die  38  is passed between spaced apart lopper rolls  74  in a zigzag fashion to repeatedly flex the cable and avoid the formation of a memory or set that might occur when the cable is stored in coiled form. The looper rolls  74  are driven and additionally served functions of pullers to advance the cable from the protrusion die. The cable is then either coiled on a reel  76  without further processing or past on for further processing with or without coiling. Continued processing is accomplished in second and third protrusion dies embodying the same construction as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 but with the die surface having the same venturing shape enlarged to process the additional layers of polymer. The continued processing is by the application of a catalyzed polymer, conductors and filaments as explained hereinbefore and illustrated in FIG. 2.  
         [0029]    A second embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 6 and differs from the first embodiment by the provision of apparatus for the use of a thermosetting resin, which requires the addition of heat for initiating the catalytic reaction to harden the resin. Multiple strands of abraded continuous fibers  30 , such as Kevlar, for example, are drawn from the storage creels  32 , and are distributed about the bundle of the electrical conductors  12  which are coated with the mixture of carbon and grease and pulled from the storage reel  34 . The fibers  30  and the bundle of conductors are disbursed by a comb  80  for individual submersion in a vessel  82  containing a catalyzed polymer preferably a heat setting epoxy. The fibers  30  are then disbursed about the bundle of conductors  12  by passage through the apertures in a comb  36 . The conductors  12  and the abraded fibers  30  emerging from the comb pass into a protrusion die  38 A which is the same as protrusion die  38  with exception that the entrance portion does not contain orifices for the introduction of a polymer and a catalyst. The endothermic reaction in the die  38 A is accomplished by the heat supplied by the hot water controlled by the thermostatic mixing valves  60 A- 70 A to allow the polymer to gel before emerging from the die. The molded utility cable  82  emerging from the die  38 A extends through spaced apart pullers  86  and  88  used to pull the molded utility cable through the die  38 A and then passed between spaced apart lopper rolls  74  in a zigzag fashion to repeatedly flex the cable and avoid the formation of a memory or set that might occur when the cable is stored in coiled form. As in the first embodiment, the cable is then either coiled on a reel  76  or continuously processed by the application of a catalyzed polymer, conductors and filaments as explained hereinbefore and  1 .  
         [0030]    [0030]FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrates a third embodiment of reinforced utility cable which features the use of light guide optical cables  102  feed from storage reels  104  to a tank  106  provided with a roller  108  to immerse the cable in a bath of grease or dry lubricants in a vessel and provide an adhered coating of lubricant on the cable. Examples of such lubricants are silicon and graphite. The stands of the optical cables  102  are collected into bundle formations with each bundle typical containing  12  optical cables and the bundle introduced into one of a plurality of a discrete die  109  connected to a supply of moldable plastic material  110 , such as a polyvinyl resin or compound (preferably polyvinyl chloride) and produces a continuous discrete buffer tube  112 . The discrete buffer tubes  112  are then collected into a bundle configuration after passage through a second bath of grease or dry lubricant in a tank  114  beneath an immersion roller  116  and thence comb  118  to arrange the buffer tubes  112  into the bundle configuration as shown in FIG. 7. The configuration of the bundle of buffer tubes is preferably symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the bundle and some of the buffer tubes may be empty but included to symmetrical disperse the cables  102  about a geometrical center of gravity. Unlike the first and second embodiments, the third embodiment provides that a ribbon of reinforcement material such as Kevlar or similar reinforcement tape is combined with the bundle of buffer tubes to provide reinforcement. According to the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 7 and 8, there is delivered two ribbons  120  and  122  from spools  124  and  126  respectively to an inner and outer ribbon shaping assemblies  128  and  130  having a “C” shaped configuration produced by a corresponding arrangement of guide rollers  132  and  134  respectively. The arraignment of guide rollers  132  is inverted with respect to the arraignment of guide rollers  134 . The guide rollers  132  and  134  alter the physical shape of the ribbons  120  and  122  so that an inner ribbon  128  envelopes about 70% of the inner periphery of the bundle and thereafter an outer ribbon  130  envelopes about 70% the outer periphery of bundle but applied at a side opposite to the side of the bundle where the inner ribbon  128  was applied. Thereafter, a reinforcement layer  16 A is added to the ribbon incased bundle by the introduction of a plurality of continuous strands of filament which are imbedded in a catalyzed polymer introduced in the entrance area to the protrusion die  38 . The composition the resin and the filter filaments are added as a layer  16 A in substantially the same manner as provided by the continuous strands of filaments in the reinforcement layer  16  as shown and described in regard to FIG. 1. The layer  16 A is added to mechanical strength. The bundle assembly is then advance through the protrusion die  38  for the temperature control during curing of the catalyzed polymer and the repeated flexing of the cable after delivery from the die as shown in FIGS. 3 and 6 and described hereinbefore. This optical fiber cable can be used for direct burial or suspended in air. However the cable may become the central core around which aluminum conductors are wrapped form optical power ground wire providing optical fiber for communications, lightning protection for high voltage transmission lines, and fault current return path for circuit breaker coordination. The optical fiber cable will also serve as the structural support for the aluminum conductors. The ribbons  120  and  122  can also be spiral wrapped around the bundle of buffer tubes if desired. Spiral wrapping is an easier production process, but requires more ribbon. The light guide optical fibers are contained in a loose configuration in the buffer tubes. The valued advantage of this embodiment of invention is the isolation of the optical fibers from all forces on the composite formed by the reinforcement layer  16 A by the suspension in grease, powder, or similar friction reducing substance. Additionally, the placement of the optical fiber inside a hollow tube (which may take the form of a soda straw) allows the fibers to move freely inside the tube. During installation all pulling forces are applied only to the reinforcement layers  16 A whereby the optical fibers are isolated from the pulling force which eliminates the most common cause of optical fiber failure, that is, excessive pulling stress during installation. An additional feature of this embodiment of the invention is the ability of the cable to conform to shorter bending radii due to the additional cushion provided by the grease suspension.  
         [0031]    While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiments for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating there from. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the recitation of the appended claims.