Abstract:
A system for implementing a cyclic digital to analog converter (c-DAC) is capable of supporting a large size liquid crystal display. The system includes an upper DAC stage configured to output a first voltage between a lower voltage supply (HVDD) and an upper voltage supply (AVDD). The system also includes a lower DAC stage configured to output a second voltage between the lower voltage supply (HVDD) and a ground. The upper DAC stage includes a single PMOS switch and the lower DAC stage includes a single NMOS switch.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present application relates generally to digital to analog conversion and, more specifically, to a system and method for cyclic digital-to-analog conversion for use with large sized liquid crystal displays. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry converts digital signals into analog signals for use by additional circuitry. Many devices can include DAC circuitry such as video components. Video signals from a digital source, such as a computer, are converted to analog form if they are to be displayed on an analog monitor. DACs are also incorporated in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) column drivers. 
         [0003]    Single rail LCD column drivers utilize a supply voltage (AVDD) as the main supply. Dual rail LCD column drivers may commonly use shield circuits (shields) to assure that the output transistors do not exceed a specified maximum voltage. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    A digital-to-analog (DAC) circuit is provided. The DAC circuit includes an upper voltage supply and a middle voltage supply. The DAC circuit also includes an upper DAC stage. The upper DAC stage includes an upper DAC switch circuit. The upper DAC switch circuit consists of a first set of transistors. A body of the first set transistors are coupled to the upper voltage supply, and a drain and source of the first set of transistors is configured to receive any voltage between the middle voltage supply and the upper voltage supply. The DAC circuit also includes a lower DAC stage. The lower DAC stage includes a lower DAC switch circuit. The lower DAC switch circuit consists of a second set of transistors. A body of the second set of transistors is coupled to a ground and a drain and source is configured to receive any voltage between the lower voltage supply and the middle voltage supply. 
         [0005]    A digital-to-analog (DAC) circuit capable of operating over an upper range and a lower range is provided. The DAC circuit includes an upper voltage supply, a middle voltage supply, and a lower voltage node. The upper range is a first voltage between the middle voltage supply and the upper voltage supply, and the lower range is a second voltage between the lower voltage node and the middle voltage supply. The DAC circuit also includes an upper DAC stage. The upper DAC stage includes an upper DAC switch circuit. The upper DAC switch circuit consists of a first set of transistors. A body of the first set of transistors is coupled to the upper voltage supply, and a drain and source of the first set of transistors is configured to receive any voltage between the middle voltage supply and the upper voltage supply. The DAC circuit also includes a lower DAC stage. The lower DAC stage includes a lower DAC switch circuit. The lower DAC switch circuit consists of a second set of transistors. A body of the second transistor is coupled to the lower voltage node, and a drain and source of the second set of transistors is configured to receive any voltage between the lower voltage supply and the middle voltage supply. 
         [0006]    A digital-to-analog (DAC) circuit capable of operating over an upper range and a middle range is provided. The DAC circuit includes an upper voltage supply, a middle voltage supply, a lower voltage node, and an upper DAC stage. The upper DAC stage includes an upper DAC switch circuit. The upper DAC switch circuit consists of a first set of transistors. A body of the first set transistors is coupled to the upper voltage supply, and a drain and source of the first set of transistors is configured to receive any voltage between the middle voltage supply and the upper voltage supply. The DAC circuit also includes a lower DAC stage. The lower DAC stage includes a lower DAC switch circuit. The lower DAC switch circuit consists of a second set of transistors. A body of the second set of transistors is coupled to the lower voltage node, and a drain and source of the first set of transistors is configured to receive any voltage between the lower voltage supply and the middle voltage supply. The DAC circuit also includes an upper output switch configured to switch an upper output node of the upper DAC stage to an output node when the output is in the upper range, and a lower output switch configured to switch a lower output node of the lower DAC stage to the output node when the output is in the lower range. 
         [0007]    Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term “controller” means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation, such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware or software, or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many, if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior, as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  illustrates a single rail LCD driver circuit; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2A  illustrates a complementary switch structure according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2B  illustrates a circuit architecture including complementary switches in which some of the complementary switches are shared with 2 DACs; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  illustrates a dual rail LCD driver circuit according to the present disclosure; 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates complementary switch structure in upper and lower DACs according to embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  illustrates upper and lower DACs according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]      FIGS. 1 through 5 , discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present disclosure in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present disclosure may be implemented in any suitably arranged system. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional single rail LCD driver circuit. The LCD driver circuit  100  includes a DAC  105  coupled between a supply voltage (hereinafter “AVDD”)  110  and ground  115 . AVDD  110  can be a sixteen volt (16V) maximum supply. 
         [0017]    In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , the DAC  105  receives Vrefs in a range from zero volts (0V) to AVDD. The DAC  105  includes one or more 16V compliance transistors. The configuration of the DAC  105  is further illustrated in greater detail in  FIG. 2A , in which the DAC  10  includes switches in a complementary structure, that is, p-channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistor  205  and n-channel MOSFET (NMOS) transistor  210  switches are used together as a pair. In addition, the example shown in  FIG. 2B  illustrates a circuit architecture including complementary switches wherein some of the complementary switches are shared with 2 DACs. The internal switches  205 ,  210  are in a complementary pair structure because the Vrefs can have any value between 0V and AVDD. The body of NMOS transistor  210  can be coupled to the ground (0V)  115 . The body of the PMOS transistor  205  can be coupled to AVDD  110 . 
         [0018]    The DAC  105  outputs a signal (OUTDAC). The output is taken at  120  as shown. The OUTDAC signal is output from the DAC  105  to a number of switches  125  to produce switch outputs  130 . The switches  125  include one or more 16V compliance transistors in a complementary structure, that is, PMOS and NMOS switches used together as a pair. The PAD  135  has an output voltage swing between 0 and AVDD, which in this example is 16 volts. 
         [0019]      FIG. 3  illustrates a dual rail LCD driver circuit according to the present disclosure. The embodiment of the dual rail LCD driver circuit  300  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the LCD driver circuit  300  is configured as a LCD driver circuit disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,589,653 to Guedon et al. entitled “OUTPUT ARCHITECTURE FOR LCD PANEL COLUMN DRIVER”, issued on Sep. 15, 2009, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0020]    The LCD driver circuit  300  includes an upper DAC (UDAC)  305  and a lower DAC (LDAC)  310 . LCD driver circuit  300  includes two supply voltages, AVDD  315  and HVDD  320 . The HVDD  320  can be an eight volt (8V) supply while the AVDD  315  can be a sixteen volt (16V) maximum supply, that is, AVDD  315  can be twice HVDD  320 . 
         [0021]    The UDAC  305  is coupled between AVDD  315  and HVDD  320 . The LDAC  310  is coupled between HVDD  320  and ground  325  (0V). The UDAC  305  is coupled on an output to Upper switches (USwitches)  335  while LDAC  310  is coupled on an output to lower switches (LSwitches)  340 . The USwitches  335  and LSwitches  340  can be complementary MOS transistor switches. Therefore, the LCD driver circuit  300  includes an upper section and a lower section. Upper refers to an upper range which normally operates between HVDD-AVDD, and lower refers to a lower range which normally operates between 0-HVDD. 
         [0022]    The dual rail LCD driver circuit  300  uses HVDD  320  and AVDD  315  as the main supply. The OUTUDAC  345  swings from HVDD to AVDD while the OUTLDAC  350  swings from 0V to HVDD. The PAD  355  swings from 0V to AVDD. 
         [0023]    In some embodiments, the UDAC  305  and the LDAC  310  are manufactured using larger 16 volt compliance transistor. In this example, the OUTUDAC  345  and OUTLDAC  350  can each tolerate voltage swings from O-AVDD swing due to use of the 16V compliance transistors in the UDAC  305  and the LDAC  310 . In order to avoid turning on the intrinsic diodes of the transistors, the body of the NMOS transistors  405  and  410  in  FIG. 4  are both coupled to the ground (0V) for both the upper and the lower DACs  305 ,  310  while the body of the PMOS transistors  415  and  420  are coupled to the AVDD for both the upper and the lower DACs  305 ,  310 . 
         [0024]    In this embodiment, the size is potentially impacted due to the use of the larger 16 volt compliance transistors  405 - 420 . This could have impact on the body effect (becoming higher). Therefore bigger transistors are needed to achieve the same performance. The body effect and the process constraint result in comparatively large transistor size which will affect the speed performance of the DAC  305 ,  310 . 
         [0025]    In the example shown in  FIG. 3 , the UDAC  305  and the LDAC  310  can be manufactured using eight volt (8V) compliance transistors and sixteen volt (16V) transistors as output switches  335 ,  340 . The 16 volt compliance transistors are configured as shown in  FIG. 4 . In this example, the OUTUDAC  345  can tolerate a Vref range that is an HVDD-AVDD swing and the OUTLDAC  350  can tolerate a Vref range that is an 0-HVDD swing due to use of the 8V compliance transistors in UDAC  305  and the LDAC  310 . 
         [0026]    The single rail LCD driver  100  architecture uses only one supply voltage (AVDD  110 ). The dual rail LCD driver circuit  300  architecture makes use of two supply voltages (AVDD  315  and HVDD  320 ). The dual rail LCD driver circuit  300  provides the possibility to stack the DAC into upper and lower sections. By using an appropriate structure, the upper and lower DAC sections could utilize medium voltage compliance transistors, that is, 8V compliance, due to the smaller voltage requirement. The medium voltage compliant transistor has a smaller size and will result in fast DAC speed and smaller die area. 
         [0027]    The area of the DAC can be a critical factor in designing a column driver. A smaller DAC area can result in a smaller die size because the number of outputs in the column driver is proportional to the number of DAC used. For example, a  420  output column driver consists of an upper DAC and a lower DAC. 
         [0028]      FIG. 5  illustrates upper and lower DACs according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the upper and lower DACs shown in  FIG. 5  is for illustration only. Other embodiments could be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, to further reduce the area of the DAC, a smaller number of transistors are used in the dual rail LCD driver circuit  300  architecture. The dual rail LCD driver circuit  300  can include single type of MOS switches in the UDAC  305  and the LDAC  310 . For example, the UDAC  305  can include a single type of MOS switch (PMOS)  505  and the LDAC  310  can include a single type of MOS switch (NMOS)  510 . 
         [0030]    The “said” symetric 8V transistors, in a 16V process, can sustain up to 16V between the gate/source and gate/drain. The CMOS switches in the UDAC  305  can be replaced by a single PMOS switch having a gate swinging from 0 to AVDD, and the CMOS switches in the LDAC  310  can be replaced by a single NMOS switch having a gate swinging from 0 to AVDD. 
         [0031]    The PMOS switch  505  can be an 8V transistor with a 16V gate compliance. In addition, the drain or source voltage of the UDAC  305  can be within the HVDD-AVDD range. The NMOS switch  510  also can be an 8V transistor with a 16V gate compliance. Further, the drain or source voltage of the LDAC  310  can be within the 0-HVDD range. Therefore, the minimum Gate-Source voltage (Vgs) of the PMOS switch  505  is HVDD when it is on, which is the same as the minimum Vgs of the NMOS switch  510 . 
         [0032]    Although the present disclosure has been described with an exemplary embodiment, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the present disclosure encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.