Abstract:
Embodiments herein provide, for example, a method that includes generating a shared symmetric key to exchange authentication information among a communications group; distributing the generated shared symmetric key to each communicating party in the communications group; exchanging authentication information among members of the communications group, where each communicating party: encrypts the authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key and sends the encrypted authentication information to other members of the communications group, and receives encrypted authentication information from another communicating party in the communications groups and decrypts the received encrypted authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The subject matter of the present application is related to that disclosed in in co-pending applications: 
         [0002]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “CROSS-CLIENT COMMUNICATION METHOD” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,674, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0003]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “CRYPTOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SECURE COMMUNICATIONS” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,676, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0004]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “METHOD OF DENIABLE ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATIONS” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,682, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0005]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “ENCRYPTED GROUP COMMUNICATION METHOD” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,684, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0006]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “METHOD OF GENERATING A DENIABLE ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATIONS VIA PASSWORD ENTRY” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,686, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0007]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “MULTI-KEY ENCRYPTION METHOD” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,688, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0008]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “METHOD OF EPHEMERAL ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATIONS” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,689, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0009]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “METHOD OF MULTI-FACTOR AUTHENICATION DURING ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATIONS” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,692, filed on Jan. 7, 2015; 
         [0010]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “METHOD OF USING SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY FOR BOTH DATA ENCRYPTION AND SIGN-ON AUTHENTICATION” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/100,693, filed on Jan. 7, 2015 and 
         [0011]    Ser. No. ______, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD OF CRYPTOGRAPHICALLY SIGNING WEB APPLICATIONS” and filed Aug. 31, 2015 and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/104,307, filed on Jan. 16, 2015. 
         [0012]    The content of the above applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
       [0013]    The embodiments herein generally relate to cryptography, and, more particularly, to a system and method of encrypting authentication information. 
       Description of the Related Art 
       [0014]    Applications delivered through the Internet and executed with in a user&#39;s Internet browser (“browser”) are becoming increasing common on the Internet. Often, such applications involve sensitive user information and may include, for example, credential information, payment information, and/or personal account management information. For these and other reasons, it is often desirous to verify that the application is an authentic copy and has not been tampered with in any way. For example, sensitive user information could be severely compromised by a malicious entity by modifying an application to obtain sensitive user information and/or information from the user&#39;s computer or computer network. Moreover, when such a malicious entity tampers with the application delivered through the Internet, the malicious entity may also be capable of tampering with the user&#39;s computer or other computers on the computer network. 
         [0015]    To protect sensitive information, conventional methods often exchange asymmetric public keys. The difficulties of such conventional methods for communication over a public network (such as the Internet), however, are numerous and publicly known. For example, the system providing the public key itself to a user may have been tampered with and therefore does not an authenticate copy of the public key. Conventional methods do not address such a situation and, significantly worse, create the illusion of a secure environment. It is therefore desirable to reduce exposure to an encryption system&#39;s private information and verify that an exchange of information over a public communications channel is an authentic copy. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0016]    An embodiment herein provides a method, comprising generating a shared symmetric key to exchange authentication information among a communications group; distributing the generated shared symmetric key to each communicating party in the communications group; exchanging authentication information among members of the communications group, wherein each communicating party: encrypts the authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key and sends the encrypted authentication information to other members of the communications group, and receives encrypted authentication information from another communicating party in the communications groups and decrypts the received encrypted authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key. 
         [0017]    In such a method, the authentication information and the received encrypted authentication information may each include a unique asymmetric public key. Moreover, generating a shared symmetric key to exchange authentication information among a communications group may be generated using out-of-band communications. For example, the out-of-band communications may include an in-person exchange of the shared symmetric key. Additionally, the out-of-band communications may include at least one of email, a public switched telephone network and a third party communications platform. Furthermore, the third party communications platform may include one of a messaging platform and a Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) platform. 
         [0018]    Such a method may further include initiating a communications session within the communications group using the exchanged authentication information. Moreover, initiating a communications session within the communications group using the exchanged authentication information may fails unless each communicating party in the communications group successfully decrypts received encrypted authentication information. 
         [0019]    An embodiment described herein also provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon that are executable by a processor to cause a computer to perform a method, the method comprising: generating a shared symmetric key to exchange authentication information among a communications group; distributing the generated shared symmetric key to each communicating party in the communications group; exchanging authentication information among members of the communications group, wherein each communicating party: encrypts the authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key and sends the encrypted authentication information to other members of the communications group, and receives encrypted authentication information from another communicating party in the communications groups and decrypts the received encrypted authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key. 
         [0020]    In such a storage medium, the authentication information and the received encrypted authentication information may each include a unique asymmetric public key. Moreover, generating a shared symmetric key to exchange authentication information among a communications group may be generated using out-of-band communications. Additionally, out-of-band communications may include an in-person exchange of the shared symmetric key. Out-of-band communications may include at least one of email, a public switched telephone network and a third party communications platform. In addition, third party communications platform may include one of a messaging platform and a Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) platform. 
         [0021]    Such a storage medium may also include a method that includes initiating a communications session within the communications group using the exchanged authentication information. In addition, the initiating a communications session within the communications group using the exchanged authentication information may fail unless each communicating party in the communications group successfully decrypts received encrypted authentication information. 
         [0022]    Another embodiment described herein provides a system to exchange authentication information, comprising: a processor; and a memory operatively coupled to the processor; wherein the processor is configured to: generate a shared symmetric key to exchange authentication information among a communications group; transmit the generated shared symmetric key to each communicating party in the communications group; exchange authentication information among members of the communications group, wherein each communicating party: encrypts the authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key and sends the encrypted authentication information to other members of the communications group, and receives encrypted authentication information from another communicating party in the communications groups and decrypts the received encrypted authentication information using the generated shared symmetric key. 
         [0023]    In such a system, the processor may be configured to initiate a communications session within the communications group using the exchanged authentication information. Furthermore, initiating a communications session within the communications group using the exchanged authentication information may fail unless each communicating party in the communications group successfully decrypts received encrypted authentication information. Additionally, the authentication information and the received encrypted authentication information in such a system may each include a unique asymmetric public key. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0024]    The embodiments herein will be better understood from the following detailed description with reference to the drawings, in which: 
           [0025]      FIG. 1  illustrates a flow diagram illustrating a method of symmetrically encrypting and authenticating asymmetric keys according to an embodiment herein; 
           [0026]      FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic diagram of a network architecture used in accordance with the embodiments herein; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic diagram of a computer architecture used in accordance with the embodiments herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0028]    The embodiments herein and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments herein may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments herein. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein. 
         [0029]    The embodiments herein provide a system and method of symmetrically encrypting and authenticating authentication information (e.g., asymmetric public keys). For example, a user (e.g., “Alice”) of an encrypted communication system (e.g., the Cyph™ secure messaging platform) would like to use the encrypted communication system on a web browser to engage another user to the system (e.g., “Bob”) in encrypted communication. To begin such a communication session Alice will exchange asymmetric keys with Bob through the Cyph secure messaging platform. Using conventional methods, it is not possible for Alice to verify that the asymmetric keys have not been tampered with to create, for example, a man-in-the-middle attack between Alice and Bob. Thus, according to conventional systems, very little security prevents a dedicated attacker from breaking into the application&#39;s server to tamper with the source code (e.g., publish the secret information of a cryptographic system or sensitive user information) without either Alice or the Cyph administrators noticing. 
         [0030]    As described in further detail below, one embodiment of the system and method described herein uses symmetrically encrypting and authenticating asymmetric keys, allowing Alice to know with certainty that asymmetric key is authentic. Additionally, the embodiments herein are simple, in addition to being more secure and convenient, to implement compared to conventional encrypted delivery systems. Stated another way, the embodiments described herein provides an asymmetric authentication method based on symmetric encryption, which allows both Alice and Bob to verify that the true sender of a public key has possession of a pre-coordinated out-of-band shared secret. 
         [0031]    Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to  FIGS. 1 through 3 , where similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the figures, there are shown preferred embodiments. 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  illustrates a flow diagram illustrating a method  1  of symmetrically encrypting and authenticating asymmetric keys according to an embodiment herein. As shown in  FIG. 1 , in step  10 , a shared secret is pre-negotiate between communicating parties and is known by only by the communicating parties. For example, Alice and Bob pre-negotiate a shared secret known by only the two of them. The greater the secrecy of the shared secret at the time of their eventual key exchange, the stronger the guarantee of authenticity of the exchanged keys. For example, if the secret is decided in-person, there is little to no risk of a successful man-in-the-middle attack: whereas if it&#39;s communicated online over an insecure channel like email or Google Hangouts, then the risk of the secret being stolen and used to execute a man-in-the-middle increases. 
         [0033]    According to step  20 , when the communicating parties subsequently wish to exchange public keys, each party symmetrically encrypt their public keys using the shared secret before sending their respective key over the network. Thus, according to the example above, at the time that Alice and Bob wish to exchange public keys, both of them symmetrically encrypt their public keys using the shared secret before sending them over the network Moreover, according to step  30 , upon receiving the encrypted public keys, each communicating party (e.g., Alice and Bob) attempts decryption using the shared secret. In step  40 , if decryption is successful for all communicating parties (e.g., Alice and Bob), then the key exchange is both successful and guaranteed to be authentic/untampered by virtue of the shared secret having been confirmed to be the correct encryption key. In step  50 , if decryption fails for any communicating party (e.g., Alice or Bob), then the key exchange does not complete and it&#39;s considered to be unauthentic/potentially tampered with by virtue of the shared secret having been confirmed to be an incorrect encryption key. 
         [0034]    As a result of the method shown in  FIG. 1 , the communicating parties separately and individually (e.g., both Alice and Bob) verify that the true sender of a public key has possession of a pre-coordinated out-of-band shared secret. Moreover, there are several advantages to method shown in  FIG. 1  over conventional methods. For example, the method of  FIG. 1  provides significantly higher performance than alternative shared-secret-based authentication methods such as the socialist millionaire protocol. In addition, the method of  FIG. 1  provides a significantly simpler design and implementation than alternative methods, and thus it has a smaller attack surface and it&#39;s more obviously/provably safe. Furthermore, keeping asymmetric public keys secret (or as secret as possible) provides additional defense in depth, in that a hypothetical quantum computing attack with the capability to defeat many asymmetric encryption schemes will be unable to decrypt the communicating parties (e.g., Alice and Bob) communication without first retrieving the shared secret and matching it to the correct cypher-text. This is because symmetric cipher are generally not weakened significantly by any known quantum algorithm. 
         [0035]      FIG. 2  illustrates an implementation of an exemplary networking environment (e.g., cloud computing environment  500 ) for the embodiments described herein is shown and described. The cloud computing environment  500  may include one or more resource providers  502   a ,  502   b ,  502   c  (collectively,  502 ). Each resource provider  502  may include computing resources. In some implementations, computing resources may include any hardware and/or software used to process data. For example, computing resources may include hardware and/or software capable of executing algorithms, computer programs, and/or computer applications. In some implementations, exemplary computing resources may include application servers and/or databases with storage and retrieval capabilities. Each resource provider  502  may be connected to any other resource provider  502  in the cloud computing environment  500 . In some implementations, the resource providers  502  may be connected over a computer network  508 . Each resource provider  502  may be connected to one or more computing device  504   a ,  504   b ,  504   c  (collectively,  504 ), over the computer network  508 . 
         [0036]    The cloud computing environment  500  may include a resource manager  506 . The resource manager  506  may be connected to the resource providers  502  and the computing devices  504  over the computer network  508 . In some implementations, the resource manager  506  may facilitate the provision of computing resources by one or more resource providers  502  to one or more computing devices  504 . The resource manager  506  may receive a request for a computing resource from a particular computing device  504 . The resource manager  506  may identify one or more resource providers  502  capable of providing the computing resource requested by the computing device  504 . The resource manager  506  may select a resource provider  502  to provide the computing resource. The resource manager  506  may facilitate a connection between the resource provider  502  and a particular computing device  504 . In some implementations, the resource manager  506  may establish a connection between a particular resource provider  502  and a particular computing device  504 . In some implementations, the resource manager  506  may redirect a particular computing device  504  to a particular resource provider  502  with the requested computing resource. 
         [0037]    The techniques provided by the embodiments herein may be implemented on an integrated circuit chip (not shown). The chip design is created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer transmits the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design is then converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer. The photolithographic masks are utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed. 
         [0038]    The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor. 
         [0039]    The embodiments herein can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment including both hardware and software elements. The embodiments that are implemented in software include but are not limited to, firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
         [0040]    Furthermore, the embodiments herein can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can comprise, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
         [0041]    The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk—read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk—read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. 
         [0042]    A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. 
         [0043]    Input/output (I/O) devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters. 
         [0044]    A representative hardware environment for practicing the embodiments herein is depicted in  FIG. 3 . This schematic drawing illustrates a hardware configuration of an information handling/computer system  600  in accordance with the embodiments herein. The system comprises at least one processor or central processing unit (CPU)  610 . The CPUs  610  are interconnected via system bus  612  to various devices such as a random access memory (RAM)  614 , read-only memory (ROM)  616 , and an input/output (I/O) adapter  618 . The I/O adapter  618  can connect to peripheral devices, such as disk units  611  and tape drives  613 , or other program storage devices that are readable by the system. The system can read the inventive instructions on the program storage devices and follow these instructions to execute the methodology of the embodiments herein. The system further includes a user interface adapter  619  that connects a keyboard  615 , mouse  617 , speaker  624 , microphone  622 , and/or other user interface devices such as a touch screen device (not shown) to the bus  612  to gather user input. Additionally, a communication adapter  620  connects the bus  612  to a data processing network  625 , and a display adapter  621  connects the bus  612  to a display device  623  which may be embodied as an output device such as a monitor, printer, or transmitter, for example. 
         [0045]    For example,  FIG. 3  includes exemplary embodiments of a computing device and a mobile computing device that can be used to implement the techniques described in this disclosure. As a computing device, system  600  is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. As a mobile computing device, system  600  is intended to represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smart-phones, and other similar computing devices. The components shown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be examples only, and are not meant to be limiting. 
         [0046]    Thus, as a computing device, system  600  includes a processor (e.g., CPUs  610 ), a memory  614 , storage units (e.g., ROM  616 , disk units  611 , tape drives  613 ), a high-speed interface  618  connecting to the memory  614  and multiple high-speed expansion ports  619 , and a low-speed interface (not shown) connecting to a low-speed expansion port (not shown) and a storage device. Each of the processors, the memory  614 , the storage device, the high-speed interface  618 , the high-speed expansion ports  619 , and the low-speed interface, are interconnected using various busses (e.g., bus  612 ), and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. The processor can process instructions for execution within the computing device, including instructions stored in the memory  614  or on the storage device to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input/output device, such as a display  623  coupled to the high-speed interface  619 . In other implementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices may be connected, with each device providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system). 
         [0047]    The memory  614  stores information within the computing device. In some implementations, the memory  614  is a volatile memory unit or units. In some implementations, the memory  614  is a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory  614  may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk. 
         [0048]    The storage device is capable of providing mass storage for the computing device. In some implementations, the storage device may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. Instructions can be stored in an information carrier. The instructions, when executed by one or more processing devices (for example, processor), perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The instructions can also be stored by one or more storage devices such as computer-or machine-readable mediums (for example, the memory  614 , the storage device, or memory on the processor). 
         [0049]    The high-speed interface  618  manages bandwidth-intensive operations for the computing device, while the low-speed interface manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions is an example only. In some implementations, the high-speed interface  618  is coupled to the memory  614 , the display  623  (e.g., through a graphics processor or accelerator), and to the high-speed expansion ports  619 , which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, the low-speed interface is coupled to the storage device and the low-speed expansion port. The low-speed expansion port, which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth®, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet) may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch or router, e.g., through a network adapter. 
         [0050]    The computing device may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server, or multiple times in a group of such servers. In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system. Alternatively, components from the computing device may be combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such as a mobile computing device. Each of such devices may contain one or more of the computing device and the mobile computing device, and an entire system may be made up of multiple computing devices communicating with each other. 
         [0051]    As a mobile computing device, system  600  includes a processor (e.g., CPUs  610 ), a memory  614 , an input/output device such as a display  623 , a communication interface  620 , and a transceiver (not shown), among other components. The mobile computing device may also be provided with a storage device, such as a micro-drive or other device, to provide additional storage. Each of the processor, the memory  614 , the display  623 , the communication interface  620 , and the transceiver, are interconnected using various buses (e.g., bus  612 ), and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. 
         [0052]    The processor can execute instructions within the mobile computing device, including instructions stored in the memory  614 . The processor may be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multiple analog and digital processors. The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the mobile computing device, such as control of user interfaces, applications run by the mobile computing device, and wireless communication by the mobile computing device. 
         [0053]    The processor may communicate with a user through a control interface  619  and a display interface (not shown) coupled to the display  623 . The display  623  may be, for example, a TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) display or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or other appropriate display technology. The display interface may comprise appropriate circuitry for driving the display  623  to present graphical and other information to a user. The control interface  619  may receive commands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor. In addition, an external interface (not shown) may provide communication with the processor, so as to enable near area communication of the mobile computing device with other devices. The external interface may provide, for example, for wired communication in some implementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may also be used. 
         [0054]    The memory  614  stores information within the mobile computing device. The memory  614  can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readable medium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatile memory unit or units. An expansion memory (not shown) may also be provided and connected to the mobile computing device through an expansion interface (not shown), which may include, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) card interface. The expansion memory may provide extra storage space for the mobile computing device, or may also store applications or other information for the mobile computing device. Specifically, the expansion memory may include instructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above, and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, the expansion memory may be provide as a security module for the mobile computing device, and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use of the mobile computing device. In addition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placing identifying information on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner. 
         [0055]    The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory (non-volatile random access memory), as discussed below. In some implementations, instructions are stored in an information carrier. The instructions, when executed by one or more processing devices (for example, processor), perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The instructions can also be stored by one or more storage devices, such as one or more computer- or machine-readable mediums (for example, the memory  614 , the expansion memory, or memory on the processor). In some implementations, the instructions can be received in a propagated signal, for example, over the transceiver or the external interface. 
         [0056]    The mobile computing device may communicate wirelessly through the communication interface  620 , which may include digital signal processing circuitry where necessary. The communication interface  620  may provide for communications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls (Global System for Mobile communications), SMS (Short Message Service), EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service), or MMS messaging (Multimedia Messaging Service), CDMA (code division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), PDC (Personal Digital Cellular), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), CDMA2000, or GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), among others. Such communication may occur, for example, through the transceiver using a radio-frequency. In addition, short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth®, WiFi™, or other such transceiver (not shown). In addition, a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module (not shown) may provide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data to the mobile computing device, which may be used as appropriate by applications running on the mobile computing device. 
         [0057]    The mobile computing device may also communicate audibly using an audio codec, which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digital information. The audio codec may likewise generate audible sound for a user, such as through a speaker (e.g., speaker  612  or in a handset of the mobile computing device). Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also include sound generated by applications operating on the mobile computing device. 
         [0058]    The mobile computing device may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a cellular telephone (not shown). It may also be implemented as part of a smart-phone, personal digital assistant, or other similar mobile device. 
         [0059]    To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described here can be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 
         [0060]    The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a data server), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), and the Internet. 
         [0061]    The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. 
         [0062]    The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.