Abstract:
A mechanical grating device for modulating an incident beam of light by diffraction includes an elongated element including a light reflective surface; a pair of end supports for supporting the elongated element at both ends over a substrate; at least one intermediate support between the end supports; and means for applying a force to the elongated element to cause the element to deform between first and second operating states

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a micromechanical device for spatially and temporally modulating an incident beam of light and, more particularly, to an electromechanical device with a conformal grating structure that causes diffraction of the incident light beam. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electromechanical spatial light modulators with a variety of designs have been used in applications such as display, optical processing, printing, optical data storage and spectroscopy. These modulators produce spatial variations in the phase and/or amplitude of an incident beam of light using arrays of individually addressable devices. 
     Spatial phase modulation of an incident beam can be accomplished by arrays of individually addressable deformable mirrors. Such devices can be from a deformable reflective membrane suspended over a grid of supports, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,441,791, issued Apr. 10, 1984 to Hornbeck, entitled “Deformable Mirror Light Modulator.” However, because of the membrane and support structure, these particular deformable mirrors are very inefficient. More efficient deformable mirror designs are disclosed in U.S Pat. No. 5,170,283, issued Dec. 8, 1992 to O&#39;Brien et al., entitled “Silicon Spatial Light Modulator,” and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,711, issued Dec. 1, 1998 to Long, Jr., entitled “Tunable Spatial Light Modulator.” 
     Another class of electromechanical spatial light modulators has devices with a periodic sequence of reflective elements that form electromechanical phase gratings. In such devices, the incident light beam is selectively reflected or diffracted into a number of discrete orders. Depending on the application, one or more of these diffracted orders may be collected and used by the optical system. For many applications, electromechanical phase gratings are preferable to deformable mirrors. Electromechanical phase gratings can be formed in metallized elastomer gels; sec U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,920, issued Dec. 2, 1986 to Glenn, entitled “Solid State Light Modulator Structure,” and U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,978, issued Aug. 15, 1989 to Goldburt et al., entitled “Solid State Light Modulator Incorporating Metallized Gel and Method of Metallization.” The electrodes below the elastomer are patterned so that the application of a voltage deforms the elastomer producing a nearly sinusoidal phase grating. These types of devices have been successfully used in color projection displays; see “Metallized viscoelastic control layers for light-valve projection displays,” Displays 16, 1995, pages 13-20, and “Full-colour diffraction-based optical system for light-valve projection displays,” Displays 16, 1995, pages 27-34. 
     An electromechanical phase grating with a much faster response time can be made of suspended micromechanical ribbon elements, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,360, issued May 10, 1994, to Bloom et al., entitled “Method and Apparatus for Modulating a Light Beam.” This device, also known as a grating light valve (GLV), can be fabricated with CMOS-like processes on silicon. Improvements in the device were later described by Bloom et al. that included: 1) patterned raised areas beneath the ribbons to minimize contact area to obviate stiction between the ribbons and the substrate, and 2) an alternative device design in which the spacing between ribbons was decreased and alternate ribbons were actuated to produce good contrast. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,610, issued Oct. 17, 1995 to Bloom et al., entitled “Deformable Grating Apparatus for Modulating a Light Beam and Including Means for Obviating Stiction Between Grating Elements and Underlying Substrate.” Bloom et al. also presented a method for fabricating the device; see U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,783, issued Oct. 14, 1997, entitled “Method of Making a Deformable Grating Apparatus for Modulating a Light Beam and Including Means for Obviating Stiction Between Grating Elements and Underlying Substrate.” Additional improvements in the design and fabrication of the GLV were described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,579, issued Nov. 24, 1998 to Bloom et al., entitled “Flat Diffraction Grating Light Valve,” and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,592, issued Aug. 26, 1997 to Bornstein et al., entitled “Method of Making and an Apparatus for a Flat Diffraction Grating Light Valve.” Linear arrays of GLV devices can be used for display and printing as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,553, issued Nov. 9, 1999 to Bloom et al., entitled “Display Device Incorporating One-Dimensional Grating Light-Valve Array.” With linear GLV arrays of this type, the diffraction direction is not perpendicular to the array direction, which increases the complexity of the optical system required for separation of the diffracted orders. Furthermore, the active region of the array is relatively narrow requiring good alignment of line illumination over the entire length of the array, typically to within 10-30 microns over a few centimeters of length. The line illumination then also needs to be very straight over the entire linear array. 
     There is a need therefore for a linear array of grating devices that has a large active region with the diffraction direction perpendicular to the array direction. Furthermore, the device must be able to diffract light efficiently at high speed into discrete orders and the device fabrication must be compatible with CMOS-like processes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The need is met according to the present invention by providing a mechanical grating device for modulating an incident beam of light by diffraction, that includes an elongated element including a light reflective surface; a pair of end supports for supporting the elongated clement at both ends over a substrate; at least one intermediate support between the end supports; and means for applying a force to the elongated element to cause the element to deform between first and second operating states. 
     The present invention has the advantage of having a wide active region compared to prior art grating light valve arrays, thereby facilitating alignment of the device and allowing tolerances on the illumination system to be relaxed. The device has the further advantage that the diffraction direction is perpendicular to the long axis of the array, thereby allowing simplification of the optics employed to collect the light diffracted by the array. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially cut-away view of the spatial light modulator with conformal grating devices of the present invention, showing two devices in a linear arrays; 
     FIG. 2 is a top view of the spatial light modulator of the present invention, showing four devices in a linear array; 
     FIGS. 3 a  and  3   b , are cross-sectional views through line  3 — 3  in FIG. 2 showing the device in an unactuated state and an actuated state, respectively; 
     FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  are cross-sectional views through line  4 — 4  in FIG. 2 showing the device in an unactuated state and an actuated state, respectively; 
     FIGS. 4 a  and  b  are a cross-sectional views through line  4 — 4  in FIG. 1 showing the device in an unactuated state and an actuated state, respectively; 
     FIG. 5 is a plot showing device position as a function of applied voltage; 
     FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the deflected element profile in response to two different acutation voltages in device; 
     FIG. 7 is a plot showing diffraction efficiency of the modulator as a function of applied voltage for two different optical system; 
     FIG. 8 is a top view of an alternate embodiment of the spatial light modulator; and 
     FIG. 9 a  and  b  are cross sectional views of a further alternative embodiment of the spatial light modulator according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The conformal grating devices of the preferred embodiment of the present invention are illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. FIG. 1 shows the structure of two side-by-side conformal grating devices  5   a  and  5   b  in an unactuated state. In this embodiment, the devices can be operated by the application of an electrostatic force. The grating devices  5   a  and  5   b  are formed on top of a substrate  10 , made of glass, metal, plastic or semiconductor materials, that is covered by a bottom conductive layer  12  which acts as an electrode to actuate the devices. The bottom conductive layer  12  can be made of materials such as aluminum, titanium, gold, silver, tungsten, doped silicon or indium tin oxide. The bottom conductive layer  12  is covered by a dielectric protective layer  14  followed by a spacer layer  18 . On top of the spacer layer  18 , a ribbon layer  20  is formed which is covered by a reflective layer  22 . In the present embodiment, the reflective layer  22  is also a conductor in order to provide electrodes for the actuation of the conformal grating devices  5   a  and  5   b . The reflective and conductive layer  22  is patterned to provide electrodes to the two conformal grating devices  5   a  and  5   b . The ribbon layer  20  preferably comprises a material with a sufficient tensile stress to provide a large restoring force. Examples of ribbon materials are silicon nitride, titanium aluminide, and titanium oxide. The thickness and tensile stress of the ribbon layer  20  are chosen to optimize performance by influencing the electrostatic force for actuation and the restoring force. These forces affect the voltage requirement, speed and resonance frequency of the conformal grating devices  5   a  and  5   b.    
     Each of the two devices  5   a  and  5   b  has an associated elongated ribbon element  23   a  and  23   b , respectively, patterned from the reflective and conductive layer  22  and the ribbon layer  20 . The elongated ribbon elements  23   a  and  23   b  are supported by end supports  24   a  and  24   b  formed from the spacer layer  18  and by one or more intermediate supports  27 . In FIG. 1, three intermediate supports  27  are shown formed from the spacer layer  18 . These intermediate supports  27  are uniformly separated in order to form four equal-width channels  25 . The elongated ribbon elements  23   a  and  23   b  are secured to the end supports and to the intermediate supports  27 . The end supports  24   a  and  b  are not defined other than at their edges facing the channel  25 . A plurality of square standoffs  29  is patterned at the bottom of the channels  25  from the standoff layer  14 . These standoffs  29  reduce the possibility of the ribbon elements sticking when actuated. The standoffs may also be patterned in shapes other than square; for example, rectangular or round. 
     A top view of a four-device linear array of conformal grating devices  5   a ,  5   b ,  5   c  and  5   d  is shown in FIG.  2 . The elongated ribbon elements are depicted partially removed over the portion of the diagram below the line  2 — 2  in order to show the underlying structure. For best optical performance and maximum contrast, the intermediate supports  27  must be completely hidden below the elongated ribbon elements  23   a ,  23   b ,  23   c  and  23   d . Therefore, when viewed from the top, the intermediate supports must not be visible in the gaps  32  between the conformal grating devices  5   a - 5   d . Here each of the conformal grating devices has three intermediate supports  27  with four equal-width channels  25 . 
     The center-to-center separation Λ of the intermediate supports  27  defines the period of the conformal grating devices in the actuated state. The elongated ribbon elements  23   a - 23   d  are mechanically and electrically isolated from one another, allowing independent operation of the four conformal grating devices  5   a - 5   d . The bottom conductive layer  12  of FIG. 1 can be common to all of the devices. 
     FIG. 3 a  is a side view, through line  3 —of FIG. 2, of two channels  25  of the conformal grating device  5   b  in the unactuated state. FIG. 3 b  shows the same view of the actuated state. For operation of the device, an attractive electrostatic force is produced by applying a voltage difference between the bottom conductive layer  12  and the conducting layer  22  of the elongated ribbon element  23   b . In the unactuated state (see FIG. 3 a ), with no voltage difference, the ribbon element  23   b  is suspended flat between the supports. In this state, an incident light beam  30  is primarily reflected  33  into the mirror direction. To obtain the actuated state, a voltage is applied to the conformal grating device  5   b , which deforms the elongated ribbon element  23   b  and produces a partially conformal grating with period A. FIGS. 3 b  shows the device in the fully actuated state with the elongated ribbon element  23   b  in contact with the standoffs  29 . The height difference between the bottom of element  23   b  and the top of the standoffs  29  is chosen to be approximately ¼ of the wavelength λ of the incident light. The optimum height depends on the specific shape of the actuated device. In the actuated state, the incident light beam  30  is primarily diffracted into the +1 st  order  35   a  and −1 st  order  35   b , with additional light diffiacted into the +2 nd  order  36   a  and −2 nd  order  36   b . A small amount of light is diffracted into even higher orders and some is reflected. For light incident perpendicular to the surface of the device, the angle θ m  between the incident beam and the mth order diffracted beam is given by 
     
       
         sin θ m =mλ/Λ, 
       
     
     where m is an integer. 
     One or more of the diffiacted orders can be collected and used by the optical system, depending on the application. When the applied voltage is removed, the forces due to the tensile stress and bending restores the ribbon element  23   b  to its original unactuated state. 
     FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  show a rotated side view through line  4 — 4  of FIG. 2 of the conformal grating device  5   b  in the unactuated and actuated states, respectively. The clongated ribbon element  23   b  is suspended by the end support  24   b  and the adjacent intermediate support  27  (not shown in this perspective). The application of a voltage actuates the device as illustrated in FIG. 4 b.    
     In the preferred embodiment, a linear array of conformal grating devices is formed by arranging the devices as illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 with the direction of the grating period Λ (the y direction) perpendicular to the array direction (the x direction). The diffracted orders are then at various angles in the y-z plane and are perpendicular to the array direction. Even with a large linear array consisting, possibly, of several thousand devices illuminated by a narrow line of light, the diffracted orders become spatially separated over a relatively short distance. This feature simplifies the optical system design and enables feasible designs in which the separation of orders can be done spatially without the need of Schlieren optics. 
     In a linear array made from conventional GLV devices, the grating period is parallel to the array directions which leads to a much larger distance needed for spatial separation of the diffracted orders. As a comparative example, let us consider an array of conformal grating devices that is 4 cm long (2000 devices 20 μm wide) illuminated by a 100 μm line of light. For devices with a period chosen such that the diffracted orders are angularly separated by 1 degree, the orders will become spatially separated in approximately 6 mm. A similar 4 cm linear array of prior art GLV devices with a 4 degree angular separation between diffracted orders would require at least 60 cm for spatial separation, without the use of a Schlieren optical system. 
     Furthermore, because the grating period Λ in a conformal grating array is perpendicular to the array direction, the array can be made many periods wide, with no significant constraint on the number of periods possible. Increasing the number of periods improves the optical alignment tolerances and provides some built-in redundancy in case of local device failure. If a portion of a conformal grating device stops functioning, the optical beam can be repositioned to a working portion. 
     To understand the electromechanical and optical operation of the conformal grating device in more detail, it is helpful to examine the expected performance of a realistic design with the following materials and parameters: 
     Substrate material: silicon 
     Bottom conductive layer: doped silicon 
     Protective layer: silicon dioxide, thickness=50 nm 
     Spacer layer: silicon dioxide, thickness=150 nm 
     Ribbon layer: silicon nitride, thickness=100 nm, tensile stress =600 Mpa 
     Reflective and conductive layer: aluminum, thickness=50 nm 
     Grating period Λ=20 μm 
     Suspended length of elongated ribbon element=16 μm 
     Width of elongated ribbon element w=30 μm 
     Width of intermediate supports=4 μm 
     This type of design allows for fabrication with CMOS methods and integration with CMOS circuitry. The resonant frequency of the ribbon elements in this particular design is approximately 11 MHz. Most practical designs have resonant frequencies between 2 MHz and 15 MHz. Because of this high resonance, the switching time of the device can be very short. 
     FIGS. 5 and 6 show the modeled electromechanical operation of this particular device. FIG. 5 is a plot of the position of the elongated ribbon element at the center of a channel as a function of applied voltage, illustrating the associated hysteresis. As the voltage is increased from 0 V, the center displacement increases in approximately a quadratic manner until the pull-down voltage of 20.1 V is reached. At this voltage, the electrostatic force overcomes the tensile restoring force and the ribbon slams into the substrate. Further increasing the applied voltage changes the shape of the deformed ribbon, but cannot change the center position. With the ribbon in contact with the substrate, the voltage can be reduced below the pull-down value while maintaining contact, until release at 10.8 V. This hysteresis can be exploited to improve the optical performance of the device. It can also be used as a switch in certain applications. 
     FIG. 6 demonstrates how the grating profile may be modified by adjusting the applied voltage. The profile of two periods of the actuated device is shown at 12V (dotted line) and at 22V (solid line), with the ribbon and substrate in contact. To obtain this 12V profile, contact must first be established by applying a value larger than the pull-down voltage of 20.1 V. Because 12V is only slightly larger that the release voltage, only a small portion of the ribbon touches the substrate. This change in shape with voltage has an important impact on the diffraction efficiency of the device. 
     FIG. 7 is a plot of the diffraction efficiency of the device as a function of applied voltage, assuming an illumination wavelength of 550 nm and 100% reflectivity. Efficiency curves are shown for two cases: 1) an optical system that collects of the −1 and +1 diffracted orders and 2) a system that collects all of the diffracted orders. The curves for both cases show that the voltage can be adjusted to maximize the diffraction efficiency. For the first system the maximum occurs at about 14.5 V, whereas for the second it occurs at about 16V. In order to achieve the optimal optical performance with this particular design, it is necessary to first establish contact by applying a voltage larger than the pull-down voltage of 20.1 V. The voltage is then reduced to obtain the optimal shape. 
     An alternate embodiment of conformal grating devices is shown in FIG. 8, which depicts a top view of a four-device lineal array similar to FIG.  2 . Each of the conformal grating devices  5   a ,  5   b ,  5   c  and  5   d  now has an associated pair of elongated ribbon elements ( 51   a ,  52   a ), ( 51   b ,  52   b ), ( 51   c ,  52   c ) and ( 51   d ,  52   d ), respectively. This subdivision of each device permits fabrication of wider devices without significantly impacting optical performance. The preferred method of fabrication is to etch a sacrificial layer from the channel, thus releasing the ribbon elements. The gaps  55  between the elements allow the etchant to access this sacrificial layer. Increasing the number of gaps  55  can therefore improve the etching process. In practice, it may be necessary to further subdivide the conformal grating devices into more than two. The elongated ribbon elements are depicted partially removed over the portion of the diagram below the line  2 — 2  in order to show the underlying structure. For best optical performance and maximum contrast, the intermediate supports  27  must be completely hidden below the elongated ribbon elements  51   a ,  52   a ,  5   b ,  52   b ,  51   c ,  52   c ,  51   d  and  52   d . Therefore, when viewed from the top, the intermediate supports  27  must not penetrate into the gaps  55 . The ribbon elements within a single conformal grating device are mechanically isolated, but electrically coupled. They therefore operate in unison when a voltage is applied. 
     The conformal grating devices described in the above embodiments have intermediate supports attached to the elongated ribbon elements. To obtain very high contrast, these supports must be completely hidden when the devices are not actuated and the ribbon elements must be completely flat. However, in practice, the fabrication causes some nonuniformity in the profile of the ribbon element just above the intermediate supports. The nonuniformity produces a weak grating reducing the contrast of the device. FIGS. 9 a  and  9   b  show an alternate embodiment that reduces this problem. The side view is the same as in FIGS. 3 a  and  3   b . FIG. 9 a  depicts the two channels  25  between the three intermediate supports  27  of the device in the unactuated state. FIG. 9 b  shows the same view of the actuated state. In the unactuated state, with no voltage applied to the device, the ribbon clement  23   b  is suspended flat above the intermediate supports  27  by the two end supports  24   a  and  24   b  (see FIG.  2 ), leaving a small gap  60  between the top of the intermediate supports  27  and the bottom of the ribbon element  23   b . When a voltage is applied to actuate the device, the bottom of the ribbon element  23   b  makes contact with the top of the intermediate supports and a partially conforming grating is created. FIGS. 3 b  shows the device in the fully actuated state with the elongated ribbon element  23   b  also touching the standoffs  29 . 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
       5   a  conformal grating device 
       5   b  conformal grating device 
       5   c  conformal grating device 
       5   d  conformal grating device 
       10  substrate 
       12  bottom conductive layer 
       14  protective layer 
       16  standoff layer 
       18  spacer layer 
       20  ribbon layer 
       22  reflective and conductive layer 
       23   a  elongated ribbon element 
       23   b  elongated ribbon element 
       23   c  elongated ribbon element 
       23   d  elongated ribbon element 
       24   a  end supports 
       24   b  end supports 
       25  channel 
       27  intermediate supports 
       29  standoffs 
       30  light beam 
       32  gaps 
       33  reflected light beam 
       35   a  +1 st  order beam 
       35   b  −1 st  order beam 
       36   a  +2 nd  order beam 
       36   b  −2 nd  order beam 
       51   a  elongated ribbon elements 
       52   a  elongated ribbon elements 
       51   b  elongated ribbon elements 
       52   b  elongated ribbon elements 
       51   c  elongated ribbon elements 
       52   c  elongated ribbon elements 
       51   d  elongated ribbon elements 
       52   d  elongated ribbon elements 
       55  gaps 
       60  small gap