Abstract:
A linear power controller and related circuitry may be implemented to provide linear control of a variable DC electric motor. The controller and motor are coupled to form a closed loop for controlling the speed of the motor and for adjusting or compensating for noise and other characteristics having a negative impact on performance. The circuitry is configured to have a crossover frequency that is below the motor noise frequency. The configuration of the crossover frequency may allow for the motor or the controller to be implemented without additional circuitry to filter or compensate for motor noise.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/469,591, filed May 9, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     A system, methods, and apparatus for inhibiting or avoiding motor noise using circuitry design while avoiding the need for conventional filtering.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Various techniques for controlling and operating DC variable speed electric motors are implemented in conventional systems. Such techniques are sometimes implemented specifically in the context of automobiles, and specifically for the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (“HVAC”) systems in automobiles to control and operate a DC motor component of the system. In many such instances, circuitry is implemented to provide a linear motor speed response with respect to a control signal.  
         [0004]     Motor noise is generally a problem in such systems, particularly in the context of an HVAC system. Some known systems employ filter circuitry integrated with a motor to improve, i.e., reduce, motor noise. Some of the disadvantages of such techniques are that it adds to the cost of manufacture (e.g., the fewer components in the motor in the system, potentially the less costly to produce) and adds to the complexity of designing systems around the motor. More complicated systems have a tendency to require additional repair or replacement, as well.  
         [0005]     To implement linear control for the motor in such systems, circuitry that establishes a control loop with the motor is sometimes implemented. The implementation of a control loop may often need to meet various criteria of its own that may exist irrespective of considerations for the motor. For example, the control loop may need to sufficiently vary a supply current to meet system requirements and may need to address concerns in variation and noise in battery signals.  
         [0006]     Thus, it is desired to provide linear motor control that avoids the disadvantage of requiring filter circuitry.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     In accordance with the principles of the present invention, system and methods are provided for controlling an electric motor. A linear power controller such as a linear power module can be configured and adapted to form a control loop when operably connected to an electric motor and is configured and adapted to have a crossover frequency that is below a motor noise frequency of the electric motor. Power is applied to the controller to control the speed of the motor with the controller (e.g., to hold the speed at variable fixed speeds). The linear motor controller is, for example, a part of an HVAC system. The circuitry may be configured to power the linear motor controller and the motor with a battery. If desired, the linear motor controller is implemented using an ASIC that controls the speed of the motor. The crossover frequency is preferably configured and adapted to be substantially below the motor noise frequency (e.g., as low as possible) and above a frequency at which there is a rush of current (e.g., an overcurrent) during motor startup or other negative consideration may take place (e.g., slightly above such frequency). The linear motor controller may include a power semiconductor device such as a MOSFET. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]     Further features of the invention, its nature, and various advantages will be more apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:  
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a flow of chart of illustrative steps involved in configuring a close loop for controlling a motor in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0010]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram of an illustrative circuit for implementing a close loop in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0011]      FIG. 3  illustrates a battery current spectrum at 10% duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0012]      FIG. 4  illustrates a battery current waveform at 10% duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0013]      FIG. 5  illustrates a prior art battery current spectrum at 10% duty cycle;  
         [0014]      FIG. 6  illustrates a prior art battery current waveform at 10% duty cycle;  
         [0015]      FIG. 7  illustrates a battery current spectrum at 50% duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0016]      FIG. 8  illustrates a battery current waveform at 50% duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0017]      FIG. 9  illustrates a prior art battery current spectrum at 50% duty cycle;  
         [0018]      FIG. 10  illustrates a prior art battery current waveform at 50% duty cycle;  
         [0019]      FIG. 11  illustrates a battery current spectrum at 90% duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0020]      FIG. 12  illustrates a battery current waveform at 90% duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0021]      FIG. 13  illustrates a prior art battery current spectrum at 90% duty cycle;  
         [0022]      FIG. 14  illustrates a prior art battery current waveform at 90% duty cycle;  
         [0023]      FIG. 15  illustrates a 35% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0024]      FIG. 16  illustrates a prior art 35% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement;  
         [0025]      FIG. 17  illustrates a 50% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0026]      FIG. 18  illustrates a prior art 50% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement;  
         [0027]      FIG. 19  illustrates a 75% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0028]      FIG. 20  illustrates a prior art 75% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement;  
         [0029]      FIG. 21  illustrates a 95% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0030]      FIG. 22  illustrates a prior art 95% duty cycle of phase-gain measurement;  
         [0031]      FIG. 23  illustrates a Nyquist chart according to one embodiment of the present the present invention;  
         [0032]      FIG. 24  illustrates a prior art Nyquist chart;  
         [0033]      FIG. 25  illustrates a DC motor equivalent model according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0034]      FIG. 26  illustrates motor transfer function and impedance according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0035]      FIG. 27  illustrates an LPM turn on at 50% of duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0036]      FIG. 28  illustrates a prior art LPM turn on at 50% of duty cycle;  
         [0037]      FIG. 29  illustrates an LPM turn on at 90% of duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0038]      FIG. 30  illustrates a prior art LPM turn on at 90% of duty cycle;  
         [0039]      FIG. 31  illustrates an LPM turn off at 50% of duty cycle according to one embodiment of the present the invention;  
         [0040]      FIG. 32  illustrates a prior art LPM turn off at 90% of duty cycle; and  
         [0041]      FIG. 33  illustrates an ASIC based LPM in accordance with one embodiment of the present. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0042]     A linear motor controller, such as a linear power module (“LPM”), has now been invented for use in control systems for controlling and operating DC motors by acting as a power source that generates a voltage that is applied to a DC motor. Circuitry arranged to form the linear motor controller (e.g., LPM) can be configured and adapted to establish a control loop with a motor. Examples of illustrative techniques for implementing such control systems, or parts thereof, are shown in shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,781,385 to Permuy issued on Jul. 14, 1998, U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,956 to Lamm issued May 5, 1998, U.S. Patent Publication No. U.S. 2003/0063900 A1 of Wang et al., and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/307,987; Filed: Dec. 3, 2002, which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by express reference thereto.  
         [0043]     A linear motor controller can include a power semiconductor device, such as a MOSFET, that under certain circumstances operates a current source in the control loop. The linear motor controller can operate as a voltage source or a current source in operation in the closed loop. The frequency at which the crossover from a voltage source to a current source occurs is referred to as the crossover frequency. Below that crossover frequency the linear motor controller acts as a voltage source, above that frequency, the linear motor controller acts as a current source. There are benefits to each mode. For example, operating as a current source minimizes battery current noise, while operating as a voltage source aids in controlling motor speed. Without the control loop, form a control perspective, the combination of the MOSFET and battery is considered a controlled current source in that by changing the drive voltage (the voltage between the gate and drain of the MOSFET), the current through the circuit is changed. With a control, the circuit via the MOSFET can be configured to operate as a voltage source where the motor voltage is proportional to the control voltage (Clim signal in  FIG. 2 ). The transition frequency in the circuit with the control loop from operating as voltage source to operating as current source is the control loop crossover frequency.  
         [0044]     Research and experiments have shown an unexpected result in that the solution to this situation is to choose a control loop crossover frequency that is below the motor noise frequency. Therefore, the circuitry is configured to have a crossover frequency that is below the motor noise frequency and preferably, as far below the motor noise frequency as possible. There are considerations for the lower bound for the crossover frequency. One consideration in an HVAC system is that the control loop will need to compensate for slow changes in the battery voltage in order to keep the motor voltage constant during operation. For example, in HVAC systems, the circuitry is configured and adapted so that motor speed “will not see” any changes in the battery voltage occurring at above 10 Hz. Another consideration is that setting the crossover frequency at a level that is too low may cause a high inrush of current during startup. In an HVAC system, this condition can occur at 10 Hz.  
         [0045]     Thus, the crossover frequency is preferably set to be substantially below the motor noise frequency and slightly above frequencies at which there may be a sudden inrush of current or at which the speed of the motor will be affected by slow changes in the voltage source over time. For example, in an HVAC system, the lower limit for the crossover frequency may be about 10 Hz. Motor noise frequency can vary, for example, based on the motor, the speed of operation, etc. In HVAC systems, motor noise typically has a frequency in the range of 50 to 500 Hz, which depends on motor speed. For convenience and clarity, the present invention is primarily described in the context of LPMs and HVAC systems. However, this is not to be understood as the only application of the present invention as is illustratively described herein, and the invention can be applied to a variety of other applications such as those typically requiring the use of filtering circuitry or where it is desired that the motor be at least substantially free or entirely free of motor noise.  
         [0046]     Illustrative steps involved in operating a DC motor with improved noise performance (e.g., at least substantially free, preferably entirely free, of motor noise) are shown in  FIG. 1 . At step  100 , a control loop is formed by a motor (e.g., a variable speed DC motor) and an LPM is configured and adapted to have a crossover frequency that is below the motor noise frequency of the motor generated from normal operation within the control loop (e.g., generated from expected speeds at which the motor is to be normally operated). Step  100  may include step  102  for configuring and adapting the crossover frequency to be above a frequency at which there will be a high inrush, or a rush, of current during startup or above frequencies where there may be other considerations. A high inrush or rush of current may damage one or more system components. At step  104 , the control loop is implemented to operate the motor and to control the speed at which the motor is operating (e.g., in an HVAC system). The control loop may be of the type that is configured and adapted to operate the motor at a number of fixed discrete speeds (e.g., low, medium, high). The control loop may also be applied or implemented in other systems.  
         [0047]     A circuit arrangement based on  FIG. 1  is illustratively shown in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  shows a control loop formed with motor  200 , resistors  204 ,  206 ,  208 ,  210 ,  211 ,  212 ,  216 , capacitors  218 ,  214 , and operational amplifiers  201 ,  202 , and MOSFET  220 . In the circuit, capacitor  218 , resistor  216 , and amplifier  201  are configured to provide an integration amplifier. The circuitry in  FIG. 2  is arranged to implement a crossover frequency for the LPM, which can include all components in the diagram except motor  200 , that is below the expected motor noise frequency of motor  200  and preferably above a lower motor noise frequency set by other considerations such as those mentioned above. Examples of the operation of a closed loop are illustratively shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/435,694 filed on May 9, 2003, which is hereby incorporated herein by express reference thereto. Moreover, the operation and implementation of the circuit of  FIG. 2  will be readily known to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the present application. In the circuit of  FIG. 2 , the LPM output impedance is equal to Z/(1+T), where T is the loop gain of the LPM. If T is high, the LPM has a small impedance and acts as a voltage source and it would support motor noise. Thus, the LPM would have to be configured and adapted to compensate for the effects of motor noise on the operation of the motor. By setting the crossover frequency to be below the motor noise frequency (e.g., at below about 100 Hz for an LPM in an HVAC systems, preferably below about 80 Hz, and more preferably below about 50 Hz, for an LPM in an HVAC systems), the LPM would not have to be configured to compensate for motor noise in the current flowing in the circuit and the LPM output impedance may be equal Z/(1+T), where T&lt;&lt;1 so that output impedance is equal Z.  
         [0048]     An ASIC embodiment of an existing LPM implementation that has a crossover frequency below motor noise (e.g., motor noise of a blower motor in an HVAC system) is illustratively shown with component values in the attached schematic drawing in  FIG. 33 . Illustrative examples and descriptions of ASIC implementations of LPMs for HVAC systems are illustratively shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/017,232 filed on Dec. 13, 2001, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by express reference thereto.  
         [0049]     Such techniques may also be applicable to control loops that are established using analog circuit components or combinations of analog and digital components. A new LPM according to this invention may therefore have a higher impedance in the frequency range of the motor noise compared to conventional LPMs. Accordingly, the battery current noise will likely be smaller in operation as well due to beneficial effect of the higher impedance on battery current noise.  
         [0050]     In known conventional HVAC systems, the crossover frequency is above is above the expected motor noise frequency (e.g., at about 800 Hz).  
         [0051]     Research and simulation performed comparing the operation of an “old” or conventional LPM in an HVAC system (e.g., one that has a crossover frequency that is above or at the motor noise frequency) and a “new” LPM according to the invention in an HVAC system (e.g., one that conforms to the frequency configurations explained above) provided surprising and unexpected beneficial results as shown. For example, these surprising and unexpected benefits were achieved in an LPM according to the present invention with respect to noise figures, LPM stability, and transient response in Tables 1 and 2, and in  FIGS. 3-24  and  27 - 32 .  FIGS. 25 and 26  provide information on the simulation design used for the motor in the research and the motor transfer function and impedance.  
                                                                                                                     TABLE 1                                       High T   Low T   Comparison           Spectrum   Spectrum   High T/                RMS   Peak   RMS   Peak   Old T            Duty Cycle   (mA)   (mA)   (mA)   (mA)   RMS   Peak                    10%   188   420   183   420   1.03   1.00       50%   386   860   198   640   1.95   1.34       90%   136   280   86   180   1.58   1.55                  
 
         [0052]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Old LPM 
                 New LPM Phase 
                 Phase Margin 
               
               
                 Duty Cycle 
                 Phase Margin (deg) 
                 Margin (deg) 
                 Difference (deg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 35% 
                 20 
                 74 
                 54 
               
               
                 50% 
                 20 
                 82 
                 62 
               
               
                 75% 
                 92 
                 87 
                 −5 
               
               
                 95% 
                 153 
                 84 
                 −69 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]     The techniques illustratively described herein were found to provide suitable operation in the temperature range from about −40° C. to +85° C. particularly for LPMs in HVAC systems. However, those of ordinary skill in the art can apply modifications to obtain a different temperature performance range. Also, the circuitry illustrated herein is not the only implementation contemplated in that those of ordinary skill in the art can construct innumerable circuit variations for functionality contemplated herein.  
         [0054]     Thus, an improved LPM can be provided having surprisingly and unexpectedly improved noise performance and stability (phase margin increase), without a significant impact on dynamic performance.  
         [0055]     The term “about,” as used herein, should generally be understood to refer to both numbers in a range of numerals. Moreover, all numerical ranges herein should be understood to include each whole integer within the range.  
         [0056]     Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed but is capable of numerous rearrangements and modifications of parts and elements without departing from the spirit of the invention. It will be understood that the details of every design and embodiment may be slightly different or modified by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the systems, apparatus, and methods taught by the present invention.