Abstract:
A heuristic logical neighborhooding technique is applied to dynamic wireless networking. Logical neighborhooding, provides for the formation of logical neighborhoods across a plurality of channels when such need arises due to increased network density. The technique utilizes a time division multiple access structure including bootstrap slots, broadcast slots, and traffic slots.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to network communications. More particularly the present invention relates to self-organizing wireless networks applying a logical neighborhooding technique to adjust to the network density. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Mobile multi-hop broadcast packet radio networks are known for their rapid and convenient deployment, self organization, mobility, and survivability. In this type of network as illustrated in FIG. 2, a transmission from one node, for example node  1 , is broadcast to all nodes in its “neighborhood”. Ultra-high frequency (UHF) systems generally have a neighborhood defined by nodes within line of sight of the transmitting node (these nodes being termed within one “hop” of the transmitting node). For example, in FIG. 2 nodes  1 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 , and  8  make up one neighborhood. For data transmitted from node  1  to propagate multiple hops, the data must be relayed by one or more of node  1 &#39;s neighbors. For example, node “a” (likewise nodes b, c, and g) is two hops away from the node  1  transmitter. The data will be relayed in this manner until it has arrived at all intended destination nodes. 
     Since there are generally limitations on the number of simultaneous transmissions that a receiver can successfully process (typically one), collisions can be avoided by the assignment of time slots in which individual nodes can transmit. There are many approaches to deciding which nodes are assigned which slots, and the approach is generally driven by the network applications, such as, broadcast, multicast, unicast, datagrams, virtual circuits, etc. Because the problem of optimally assigning slots in this environment is mathematically intractable, a heuristic approach is taken to design an integrated protocol that both chooses the number of slots to assign to each neighboring node and coordinates their activation in the network. 
     Tactical military and commercial applications require self-organizing, wireless networks that can operate in dynamic environments and provide peer-to-peer, multi-hop, multi-media communications. Key to this technology is the ability of neighboring nodes to transmit without interference. Neighboring nodes transmit without interference by choosing time slots and channels that do not cause collisions at the intended unicast or multicast receivers. This functionality is provided by the Unifying Slot Assignment Protocol (USAP) which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,868 and which is herein incorporated by reference. The function of USAP is to monitor the RF environment and allocate the channel resources on demand and automatically detect and resolve contention resulting from changes in connectivity. 
     One of the many tradeoffs that designers of such networks must make is maximizing network size and density in the face of limited channel resources. The challenge is to find methodologies which maintain the desirable network characteristics while providing organization of nodes with respect to densely and sparsely populated portions of the network. These methodologies typically require significant overhead, including computational costs or large storage and transmission requirements. 
     Thus, there is a need and desire for a heuristic procedure that uses minimal overhead to implement the channel resource allocation to establish a broadcast channel for datagram and control traffic and point-to-point links for higher throughput or delay sensitive traffic. Further, there is a need and desire for a heuristic method that uses a very small packet transmitted on a common channel that both initializes the network and contains slot allocations for network operations. Further still, there is a need and desire for a heuristic technique that separates nodes in densely populated areas into logical neighborhoods that, although managed separately, can be bridged for sharing critical network information and user traffic. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for automatically managing the communication channel resources between two nodes having neighboring nodes in a network of transceiver nodes. Each node communicates during specific time slots and uses multiple frequencies on a time multiplex basis. The method includes storing possible communication time slots and frequencies between nodes in the network at each node. The method further includes announcing and transmitting from a first node during a specific time slot, a specific transmit slot and frequency and the identification of a second node to all neighboring nodes of the first node comprising a first set of neighboring nodes. The method still further includes transmitting from the first node a control packet containing transmit and receive information of the first node and the first set of neighboring nodes and identifying the announced selected transmit slot and frequency in the first set of neighboring nodes. The announced selected transmit slot and frequency is used to establish substantially contention free communication on the selected transmit slot and frequency between the first and second nodes. Further still, the method includes adapting to the transceiver node network density by utilizing logical neighborhooding. 
     The present invention relates to a communication network including a network of transceiver nodes, each node having neighbors, utilizing a time division multiple access structure the time division multiple access structure has bootstrap slots, broadcast slots, and traffic slots. Each node includes a boot manager having a logical neighborhooding protocol. Each node also includes a slot assignment protocol that chooses the number of slots to assign to each neighboring node and coordinates the activation of the slots for the neighboring nodes. Each node further includes a slot allocation storage, communicating with the slot assignment protocol, and a channel access communicating with the boot manager. 
     The present invention still further relates to a method of automatically managing the communication channel resources between two nodes having neighboring nodes in a network of transceiver nodes, wherein each node communicates during specific time slots and uses multiple frequencies on a time multiplex basis. The method includes storing possible communication time slots and frequencies between nodes in the network of each node. The method further includes announcing and transmitting from a first node during a specific time slot, a specific transmit slot and frequency and the identification of a second node to all neighboring nodes of the first node comprising a first set of neighboring nodes. The method still further includes transmitting from the first node a control packet containing transmit and receive information of the first node and the first set of neighboring nodes. The method still further includes and identifying the announced selected transmit slot and frequency in the first set of neighboring nodes and adapting to the transceiver node network density by creating logical neighborhoods over a plurality of frequencies when the network density exceeds a predetermined limit. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts, in which; 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a time division multiple access structure utilized with the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a general diagram of a network including nodes; and 
     FIG. 3 is a generalized block diagram depicting information flow within a transceiver node using USAP Logical Neighborhooding. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     1. TDMA Structure 
     USAP Logical Neighborhooding (USAP-LN) has a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) structure  10 , depicted in FIG. 1, consisting of three types of time slots (bootstrap slots  15 , broadcast slots  20 , and traffic slots  25 ). USAP-LN makes efficient use of these slots, which helps make efficient use of network resources. The TDMA structure depicted in FIG. 1, illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention having the network parameters provided in Table 1, however other structures having different arrangements, numbers, order, and duration of slots can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Network Parameters used for TDMA Structure depicted in FIG. 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Parameter 
                 Value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Frames per second 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Bootstrap slots 
                 6 per frame 
               
               
                   
                 Broadcast slots 
                 2 per frame per channel 
               
               
                   
                 Traffic slots 
                 8 per frame per channel 
               
               
                   
                 Traffic cycle 
                 1 frame 
               
               
                   
                 Broadcast cycle 
                 4 frames 
               
               
                   
                 Bootstrap cycle 
                 2 frames 
               
               
                   
                 RF Channels 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Bootstrap slots  15  contain the minimum information necessary to bring the network up to operational status. In a preferred embodiment, two of the user traffic slots are reserved for broadcasting, and are therefore called the “broadcast slots”. The broadcast slots can be assigned over F frames, also known as the “broadcast cycle”  30  (i.e., F is the number of frames that make up a broadcast cycle). Broadcast cycle  30  runs simultaneously with a bootstrap cycle  32  and a traffic cycle  34 . In a preferred embodiment, up to 2*F neighbors can transmit every broadcast cycle to share net management information (NMOPs, directory service, routing, etc.) and occasional user datagrams with their immediate neighbors, however other numbers of neighbors can be accommodated provided with different heuristics. 
     2. Slot Assignment 
     Bootstrap slots  15  contain all the information needed by USAP to assign both broadcast  20  and traffic slots  25 . Referring now to FIG. 2, a network with the “neighborhoods” for nodes one, four, and eight circled by a dotted line is depicted. USAP allows a transmitter to choose one or more slots from the pool of unassigned slots in its neighborhood, coordinate the announcement and confirmation of the assignment with the neighboring nodes up to two hops away, and detect and resolve conflicting assignments that result from unfortunate timing and the mobility of the nodes. 
     USAP can form the foundation of many types of dynamic TDMA architectures by providing common support for different higher level heuristics, hence the term “unifying”. The TDMA schedule established by USAP is contention-free, all conflicts are detected and resolved, and no livelock can occur. 
     The information used by USAP to determine slot assignments is called the “assigned slots record”, or ASR. The ASR consists of two bitmaps. The “broadcast bitmap” is used to perform node activation on the broadcast slots; the “traffic bitmap” is used to perform simultaneous node, link, multicast, and clique activations on the traffic slots. Table 2 shows the structure of the ASR. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Assigned Slots Record Structure 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Information 
                 Size 
                 Values 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 neighborhood 
                 2 bits 
                 channel numbers 0-4 
               
               
                   
                 conflict resolution 
                 6 bits 
                 0-62 Node ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 63 no conflict 
               
               
                   
                 traffic bitmap 
                 S*C*2 bits 
                 0: unassigned 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1: self transmit 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2: self receive 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3: neighbor transmit 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 or conflict 
               
               
                   
                 broadcast bitmap 
                 B*F*2 bits 
                 0: unassigned 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1: self transmit 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2: self receive 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3: conflict 
               
               
                   
                 four Rxers Ids 
                 24 bits (6 bits each) 
                 0-62 Node ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 63 Broadcast 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It assumes that there are C channels, S traffic slots, and B broadcast slots. Notice that the ASR is a more efficient encoding of the information that USAP stores in the STi, SRi, and NTi assigned slot sets (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,868). USAP regenerates the sets from the ASR. 
     3. Node Activation 
     Node activation can effectively make use of only a single channel at a time. Thus in a preferred embodiment, when the density of a neighborhood is greater than 2*F, some nodes will be unable to reserve a broadcast slot on the primary channel. Until slots become available on the primary channel, these nodes can assign themselves slots on a secondary channel. If no secondary channel slots are available, a tertiary channel can be used, and so on. In this way, as network density increases, independently managed neighborhoods are formed. This process is termed “Logical Neighborhooding”. The only tie that one “managed neighborhood” has with another is the ASR, which allows USAP to coordinate consistent slots assignments over a shared channel. However, it would be possible to assign traffic slots between different managed neighborhoods via the ASR, allowing these neighborhoods to communicate with each other in a degraded mode. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, node allocation is managed by a Boot Manager  50 . Boot Manager  50  passes broadcast packets to a channel access  65  and receives slot markers from channel access  65 . The node allocation process consists of the following steps: 
     1. when it is time for a node to transmit in its bootstrap slot, it retrieves its current assigned slot sets, in ASR format, from USAP  55 ; 
     2. Boot Manager  50  passes the ASR information, as it is received from each neighbor, to USAP  55 ; 
     3. if a node allocation slot is not already assigned, Boot Manager  50  asks USAP  55  to choose a node allocation slot on the desired channel (primary, secondary, etc.) that is consistent with its current assigned slot sets; and 
     4. if step  3  is successful, USAP  55  will pass back a handle to that assignment and update a Slot Allocation Table  60 ; however, if USAP  55  detects a conflict, it will erase the allocation from the table. 
     Once Slot Allocation Table  60  has the broadcast slot, net switching starts accepting cells to be transmitted in that slot. Otherwise, any cells intended for the broadcast slots are thrown away. It is up to another, possibly parallel, protocol layer to implement a broadcast protocol or reliable datagram service utilizing the broadcast slots. 
     USAP Logical Neighborhooding provides a new and much more efficient approach to utilize multiple RF channels, as well as addressing interference issues. It provides a multi-functional packet, the bootstrap, that both initializes the network and contains slot allocations for network operations. USAP-LN can handle simultaneous link, node, multicast, and clique activations in the same traffic area. USAP-LN allows nodes in densely populated areas to separate themselves into logical, managed neighborhoods over multiple channels. Finally, by using traffic slots to pass inter-neighborhood management information, these separate neighborhoods can be united to form larger networks. 
     It is understood that while the detailed drawings and examples given described preferred exemplary embodiments of the present invention, they are for the purposes of illustration only. The method and apparatus of the invention is not limited to the precise details and conditions disclosed. For example, it is not limited to the specific time frame and time slot lengths, or to the number of cycles described. Various changes may be made to the details disclosed without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, which is defined by the following claims.