Abstract:
A method and several embodiments of an apparatus for increasing reliability in IEC devices through ionization of a gas while imparting a non-radial momentum thereupon. Said non-radial momentum producing collisions between ionized particles and free neutrons generated from a point of nuclear fusion. Collisions are reduced between neutrons and apparatuses effecting temperatures in the vicinity of said point of nuclear fusion. 
     An electrical switching apparatus externally mounted to a cathode that encompasses an anode with an accelerator cage being disposed in-between. Said accelerator cage being electrically connected to said electrical switching apparatus.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Not Applicable. 
       FEDERAL SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    Not Applicable. 
       SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM 
       [0003]    Not Applicable. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    1. Field 
         [0005]    This application relates to devices for generating nuclear-fusion reactions; specifically to devices for creating controlled nuclear-fusion reactions that utilize the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement approach. 
         [0006]    2. Prior Art 
         [0007]    In generating nuclear-fusion reactions by way of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC), three prevalent geometries are employed. Two are in relation to a cylindrical or spherical nature. The remaining is of a contrarily polyhedron geometry. For deeper explanations and discussions of these approaches to IEC, several U.S. patents have in here been provided: P. T. Farnsworth U.S. Pat. No. 3,258,402 issued Jun. 28, 1966; P. T. Farnsworth U.S. Pat. No. 3,386,883 issued Jun. 4, 1968; Robert L. Hirsch U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,036 issued Sep. 22, 1970; Robert L. Hirsch
       U.S. Pat. No. 3,533,910 issued Oct. 13, 1970; Robert L. Hirsch U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,497 issued Sep. 22, 1970, Robert W. Bussard U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,646 issued May 2, 1989; Robert W. Bussard U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,695 issued Nov. 3, 1992.       
 
         [0009]    To date, no known approach to IEC has ever directly identified neutron flux as a specific issue. For purposes of understanding the broader aspects of IEC and the pertinence of neutron escape or flux thereto, the simpler spherical geometry will henceforth only be discussed. The following specific example of an IEC device was studied by William C. Elmore, James L. Tuck, and Kenneth M. Watson of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; University of California ca. 1959, and will suffice as a generalization of IEC and this neutron issue. 
         [0010]    IEC utilizes two commonly known apparatuses to initiate nuclear-fusion reactions, an anode, and a cathode. Referring to  FIG. 1A , an IEC device is shown with a spherical anode  5  that is highly permeable to charged particle flow concentrically placed inside of a spherical cathode  10  that is not. Spherical cathode  10  has a dual purpose; it serves as the shell of an evacuated chamber and also as an electron source. When energized at a higher potential than spherical cathode  10 , spherical anode  5  pulls electrons radially from the inner surface of spherical cathode  10 , across or “through” space, toward spherical anode  5 . This electron transit occurs due to the difference in potential charges. Since spherical anode  5  is highly permeable to charged particle flow, it allows a large percentage of transiting electrons to concentrically converge inside the volume it encompasses. As electrons approach this “focal point” they begin to lose their velocity, and for purposes of a simplified explanation, nearly stop in this vicinity due to the likeness of their charge. This creates a highly negative space charge region sometimes referred to as a negative potential well  15 ; where at its center, an electrostatic potential develops that is close to the energy applied to spherical anode  5 .  FIG. 1B  shows this distribution. 
         [0011]    The purpose behind creating negative potential well  15  is to capture positive ions that are later introduced into the system at the edge of spherical anode  5 . These ions then begin to oscillate along a radius  20  of negative potential well  15 , colliding with each other as they attempt to reach the “bottom” where the potential difference in charge is greatest. Some of these oscillating ions are accelerated at sufficient velocities to undergo nuclear-fusion reactions, while others undergo scattering reactions because of their palpable lack of velocity. However, most of the ions that do undergo scattering reactions are not lost; these reactions take place at, or very near, the “bottom” of negative potential well  15 . Most of said ions are merely redirected in a different radial path without sufficient momentum to escape. This inference of course assumes perfect head-on collisions between scattering ions. 
         [0012]    For positive ions that do attain sufficient reaction velocities, one resulting product is a free neutron  25 . This sub-atomic particle is ejected outwardly on a radial trajectory from the point at which a nuclear-fusion reaction takes place. Because of its inherently neutral net charge, free neutron  25  is electrically uninfluenced by negative potential well  15 , along with any constant or variable inverse charge it may encounter. Therefore any ion or atom impeding its trajectory will result in a physical collision, causing either scattering, absorption, or in some cases capture of free neutron  25 . And although a neutron (free or otherwise) possesses a magnetic moment, it seems to be of a non-issue in IEC since an abundance of free neutrons are always detected outside of the encompassing volume of cathode  10  when an IEC device is in operation. Of a more important note however, is the detection of any free neutron beyond the confines of an operating IEC device. Such detection is widely regarded as scientific proof for the occurrence of a nuclear-fusion reaction. 
         [0013]    In the case of atomic interactions with a free neutron, a fourth possibility of atomic ionization can occur. When a free neutron strikes the nucleus of a rest atom at certain vectors, the atom itself can be displaced within the molecular structure of its element due to the law of conservation of linear momentum. When this possibility actually occurs, the atomic nucleus of the incident atom recoils from the impact of said neutron, dislodging it from the electron cloud it inhabits; thus destroying its covalent bond and creating what is called an ionization of the atom. This ionized atom, or atomic nucleus, then collides with other atoms within its vicinity transferring its kinetic energy. These secondary atomic collisions can then cause further ionization and so forth until the initial kinetic energy from an incident neutron is satisfactorily converted. This is a major contributor to the degradation and radioactivity observed in all apparatuses crucial to the perpetuation of nuclear-fusion reactions through the employ of IEC. 
         [0014]    One known approach to resolving this issue involves the choice of nuclear fuel. Depending upon the elemental and isotopic nature of the reacting ions, neutron energies vary. There are also certain initial reaction equations that allude to a neutron free product. One such example of this is: 
         [0000]      ρ+ 11 B→3  4 He
 
         [0000]    where ρ represents a Proton,  11 B represents an isotope of the element Boron, and  4 He an isotope of the element Helium. The answer in this equation is essentially three α (Alpha) particles that are easily converted into  4 He by either an electric field, or through the stripping away of two electrons from an incident atom, or atoms, through atomic interactions. 
         [0015]    A draw-back to this nuclear-fusion reaction, and to others of the like, lies somewhat within the required initiation energies; they are significantly greater than those required for any contrasting lighter nuclei. This can result in additional cost and even complexity for an IEC device from an engineering aspect. If higher energies are required, than respectively some apparatuses must be re-engineered to safely accommodate such energies. Expanding pursuant to this logic, design of new apparatuses may be required to prevent failure of some or all apparatuses in such an IEC system; thus contributing to increasing the complexity of such a device. 
         [0016]    Another inherent issue also arises from the aforementioned equation in the fact that some secondary side-reactions, such as: 
         [0000]        4 He+ 11 B→n+N 14  
 
         [0000]    where  4 He represents an isotope of the element Helium,  11 B represents an isotope of the element Boron, n represents a Neutron, and N 14  represents an isotope of the element Nitrogen, emphatically do produce neutrons; may they be at a substantially lower occurrence. Such fuel selection approaches do not completely resolve the aforementioned degradation and radioactivity issues. What they do provide however, is a reprieve to eventual failure of all apparatuses in any known IEC device. With all aforementioned aspects taken into account, ideally what is lacking is a method and apparatus to confine neutrons generated by an IEC device to a spatial area that negates the possibility of neutron interaction with all apparatuses of such a device. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0017]    For sake of improving reliability in IEC devices, several embodiments herein are disclosed of a novel method and apparatus for reduction of neutron flux and or the containment of free neutrons. The aforementioned embodiments consist of a generally spherically shaped hollow anode, highly permeable to charged particle flow, encompassed by a generally spherically shaped and impermeable cathode. Said cathode also functions as the shell of an evacuated chamber. Between said cathode and said anode, disposed is a plurality of electrically conductive rod or wire in a configuration as to resemble the shape of a generally spherical accelerator cage. Said accelerator cage is also highly permeable to charged particle flow. An electrical switching apparatus is provided as well as a means for application of electrical potentials to all electrically conductive apparatuses. Means are also provided for the generation of positive ions from a reactant gas, as well as means for the creation of a generally spherical rotating positive ion flow. Furthermore means are provided for causing collisions between neutrons, resulting from nuclear-fusion reactions produced by the aforementioned apparatuses, and said ions in the aforementioned generally spherical rotating positive ion flow. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       [0018]    The above-mentioned and other features of all apparatuses and means will become more apparent and best understood by referencing the following description of an embodiment in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, herein: 
       DRAWINGS—Figures 
       [0019]      FIG. 1   a - 1   b  are both prior art. 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic depiction of a hermetically sealed spherical electron tube structure. 
         [0021]      FIG. 3A  shows a front view of an isolated electrically conductive rod or wire. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3B  shows an isometric view of a plurality of identical electrically conductive rod or wire in a configuration as to resemble a generally spherical cage. 
         [0023]      FIG. 4  shows a spherical anode. 
         [0024]      FIG. 5  shows a front view of an electrical switching apparatus. 
         [0025]      FIG. 6  shows an exploded view of an electrical switching apparatus. 
         [0026]      FIG. 7A  shows a top view of a top base plate. 
         [0027]      FIG. 7B  shows a bottom view of a top base plate. 
         [0028]      FIG. 7C  shows a top view of a power transfer plate or ring. 
         [0029]      FIG. 7D  shows a bottom view of a power transfer plate or ring. 
         [0030]      FIG. 7E  illustrates a relationship between a power transfer plate or ring and a top base plate. 
         [0031]      FIG. 8A  shows a front view of a plate or disk. 
         [0032]      FIG. 8B  shows an isometric view of a plate or disk. 
         [0033]      FIG. 8C  shows an isometric view of a shaft, a key, and a set of keepers along with part of another shaft. 
         [0034]      FIG. 8D  shows a closer view of a plate or disk assembly. 
         [0035]      FIG. 8E  shows a more detailed view of a stud. 
         [0036]      FIG. 9A  shows a top view of a stud plate. 
         [0037]      FIG. 9B  shows an isometric view of a plurality of identical conductor or stud. 
         [0038]      FIG. 9C  shows a recess contained within the bottom face of a stud. 
         [0039]      FIG. 9D  illustrates a relationship between a set of studs, a bearing, and a stud plate. 
         [0040]      FIG. 9E  shows a bottom view of a stud plate. 
         [0041]      FIG. 9F  shows an isometric view of a plurality of electrical conductor or wire. 
         [0042]      FIG. 9G  shows a left side view of an electrical conductor or wire having bent end portions. 
         [0043]      FIG. 9H  illustrates a relationship between a plurality of conductor or wire and a stud plate. 
         [0044]      FIG. 10A  shows an isometric bottom view of a bottom base plate. 
         [0045]      FIG. 10B  shows a detailed bottom view of a bottom base plate with a sunken area. 
         [0046]      FIG. 10C  shows a plurality of electrical connector. 
         [0047]      FIG. 10D  illustrates a relationship between a plurality of connector and a bottom base plate. 
         [0048]      FIG. 10E  shows a detailed top view of the center of a bottom base plate. 
         [0049]      FIG. 11  illustrates a relationship between a stud plate and a bottom base plate. 
         [0050]      FIG. 12  illustrates a final assembly of an electrical switching apparatus. 
         [0051]      FIG. 13  shows an exploded view of a cathode and a spherical cage along with an anode. 
         [0052]      FIG. 14A  shows a bottom view of an insulator having a flange. 
         [0053]      FIG. 14B  shows a front view of a flange. 
         [0054]      FIG. 14C  illustrates a relationship between an insulator and a conduit. 
         [0055]      FIG. 15  shows a lateral isometric view of an insulator having a flange. 
         [0056]      FIG. 16A  shows a top isometric view of an insulator. 
         [0057]      FIG. 16B  shows a bottom view of an insulator. 
         [0058]      FIG. 17  shows a bottom isometric view of a cap or covering. 
         [0059]      FIG. 18  illustrates a relationship between an insulator, an electrically conductive rod, a covering, and an anode. 
         [0060]      FIG. 19A  shows a bottom view of an electrically conductive ring. 
         [0061]      FIG. 19B  shows a top view of an electrically conductive ring. 
         [0062]      FIG. 19C  shows a top isometric view of an electrically conductive ring having a threaded recess. 
         [0063]      FIG. 20  shows a top isometric view of an insulator. 
         [0064]      FIG. 21  shows a top isometric view of a cap or covering. 
         [0065]      FIG. 22  illustrates a relationship between an electrically conductive ring, an insulator, a covering, and a plurality of electrically conductive rod. 
         [0066]      FIG. 23  shows a top isometric view of an insulator. 
         [0067]      FIG. 24  shows a plurality of electrical connector. 
         [0068]      FIG. 25  shows a top isometric view of a vacuum extension. 
         [0069]      FIG. 26  illustrates a relationship between an electrical connector, an insulator, and a vacuum extension. 
         [0070]      FIG. 27A  shows a top isometric view of an electrical plug having a flange. 
         [0071]      FIG. 27B  shows a bottom isometric view of an electrical plug. 
         [0072]      FIG. 28A  illustrates a relationship between an electrical switching apparatus, an electrical plug, and a vacuum extension. 
         [0073]      FIG. 28B  shows a detailed view of an electrical plug and the bottom of an electrical switching apparatus. 
         [0074]      FIG. 28C  illustrates a plurality of threaded nut. 
         [0075]      FIG. 29  illustrates a relationship between a conduit and a vacuum extension. 
         [0076]      FIG. 30  shows a diagrammatic illustration of the first embodiment for use in explaining the operation thereof. 
         [0077]      FIG. 31A  illustrates an influence from a spherically rotating electric field upon a pair of positive ions. 
         [0078]      FIG. 31B  illustrates a progression in spatial position of a pair of positive ions. 
         [0079]      FIG. 31C  is a two dimensional representation of a generally spherical positive ion flow disposed between a cathode and an anode. 
         [0080]      FIG. 32  diagrammatically illustrates an example of electron transit through the encompassed volume of an anode. 
         [0081]      FIG. 33A  illustrates an influence from a plurality of non-static electric field upon a virtual cathode. 
         [0082]      FIG. 33B  illustrates a progression of influence from a plurality of non-static electric field upon a virtual cathode. 
         [0083]      FIG. 33C  shows a two dimensional side view of a plurality of geometric plane depicting the affected sectors of a virtual cathode. 
         [0084]      FIG. 34  shows a change in trajectory for a positive ion. 
         [0085]      FIG. 35  shows a two dimensional detailed view of a virtual cathode as well as a generally spherical rotating positive ion flow in the reciprocation of this perception. 
         [0086]      FIG. 36  shows a simple vector plot clarifying the scattering of a free neutron. 
         [0087]      FIG. 37  shows a second embodiment of an electrical switching apparatus relating to an anode, a cathode, and an accelerator cage. 
         [0088]      FIG. 38A  shows a bottom view of an electrical plug relating to a second embodiment 
         [0089]      FIG. 38B  is a bottom isometric view of an electrical plug showing a contrarily tapered sunken area utilized in hermetic attachment relating to a second embodiment 
         [0090]      FIG. 39  shows an electrically conductive rod relating to a third embodiment 
         [0091]      FIG. 40  shows an electrically conductive rod having an electrically conductive wire relating to a fourth embodiment 
     
    
     REFERENCE NUMERALS  
     Prior Art 
       [0092]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  5 
                 anode 
                 10 
                 cathode 
               
               
                 15 
                 negative potential well 
                 20 
                 radius 
               
               
                 25 
                 free neutron 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 
       [0093]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  30 
                 servo motor 
                  32 
                 shaft 
               
               
                  34 
                 adapter 
                  36 
                 bearing 
               
               
                  38 
                 sunken area 
                  40 
                 top base plate 
               
               
                  42 
                 threaded bolts 
                  44 
                 threaded cavities 
               
               
                  46 
                 power transfer ring 
                  48 
                 tapered cavities 
               
               
                  50 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
                  51 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
               
               
                  52 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
                  53 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
               
               
                  54 
                 threaded holes 
                  56 
                 disk 
               
               
                  58 
                 cavity 
                  59 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  60 
                 cavity 
                  62 
                 shaft 
               
               
                  64 
                 key 
                  65 
                 keeper 
               
               
                  66 
                 keeper 
                  68 
                 female tang 
               
               
                  70 
                 Lip 
                  71 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  72 
                 groove 
                  73 
                 groove 
               
               
                  74 
                 keyway 
                  76 
                 lip 
               
               
                  78 
                 stud 
                  79 
                 stud 
               
               
                  80 
                 conductor 
                  81 
                 conductor 
               
               
                  82 
                 conductor 
                  83 
                 conductor 
               
               
                  84 
                 stud plate 
                  85 
                 recess 
               
               
                  86a 
                 cavity 
                  86b 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86c 
                 cavity 
                  86d 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86e 
                 cavity 
                  86f 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86g 
                 cavity 
                  86h 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86i 
                 cavity 
                  86j 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86k 
                 cavity 
                  86l 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86m 
                 Cavity 
                  86n 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86o 
                 cavity 
                  86p 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  86q 
                 cavity 
                  86r 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  87a 
                 stud 
                  87b 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87c 
                 stud 
                  87d 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87e 
                 stud 
                  87f 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87g 
                 stud 
                  87h 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87i 
                 stud 
                  87j 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87k 
                 stud 
                  87l 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87m 
                 stud 
                  87n 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87o 
                 stud 
                  87p 
                 stud 
               
               
                  87q 
                 stud 
                  87r 
                 stud 
               
               
                  88a 
                 groove 
                  88b 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88c 
                 groove 
                  88d 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88e 
                 groove 
                  88f 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88g 
                 groove 
                  88h 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88i 
                 groove 
                  88j 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88k 
                 groove 
                  88l 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88m 
                 groove 
                  88n 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88o 
                 groove 
                  88p 
                 groove 
               
               
                  88q 
                 groove 
                  88r 
                 groove 
               
               
                  89a 
                 wire 
                  89b 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89c 
                 wire 
                  89d 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89e 
                 wire 
                  89f 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89g 
                 wire 
                  89h 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89i 
                 wire 
                  89j 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89k 
                 Wire 
                  89l 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89m 
                 wire 
                  89n 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89o 
                 wire 
                  89p 
                 wire 
               
               
                  89q 
                 wire 
                  89r 
                 wire 
               
               
                  90 
                 end portion 
                  91 
                 end portion 
               
               
                  92 
                 bearing 
                  93 
                 sunken area 
               
               
                  94 
                 bottom base plate 
                  95a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95b 
                 cavity 
                  95c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95d 
                 cavity 
                  95e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95f 
                 cavity 
                  95g 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95h 
                 cavity 
                  95i 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95j 
                 cavity 
                  95k 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95l 
                 cavity 
                  95m 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95n 
                 cavity 
                  95o 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95p 
                 cavity 
                  95q 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  95r 
                 cavity 
                  96a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  96b 
                 cavity 
                  96c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  96d 
                 cavity 
                  96e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                  96f 
                 cavity 
                  97 
                 sunken area 
               
               
                  98a 
                 electrical connector 
                  98b 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98c 
                 electrical connector 
                  98d 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98e 
                 electrical connector 
                  98f 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98g 
                 electrical connector 
                  98h 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98i 
                 electrical connector 
                  98j 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98k 
                 electrical connector 
                  98l 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98m 
                 electrical connector 
                  98n 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98o 
                 electrical connector 
                  98p 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  98q 
                 electrical connector 
                  98r 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                  99a 
                 sunken area 
                  99b 
                 sunken area 
               
               
                  99c 
                 sunken area 
                  99d 
                 sunken area 
               
               
                  99e 
                 sunken area 
                  99f 
                 sunken area 
               
               
                 100a 
                 threaded bolt 
                 100b 
                 threaded bolt 
               
               
                 100c 
                 threaded bolt 
                 100d 
                 threaded bolt 
               
               
                 100e 
                 threaded bolt 
                 100f 
                 threaded bolt 
               
               
                 102a 
                 cap 
                 102b 
                 cap 
               
               
                 102c 
                 cap 
                 102d 
                 cap 
               
               
                 102e 
                 cap 
                 102f 
                 cap 
               
               
                 103a 
                 cavity 
                 103b 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 103c 
                 cavity 
                 104a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 104b 
                 cavity 
                 104c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 105a 
                 dowel 
                 105b 
                 dowel 
               
               
                 105c 
                 dowel 
                 106a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 106b 
                 cavity 
                 106c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 106d 
                 cavity 
                 108a 
                 dowel 
               
               
                 108b 
                 dowel 
                 108c 
                 dowel 
               
               
                 108d 
                 dowel 
                 110a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 110b 
                 cavity 
                 110c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 110d 
                 cavity 
                 200 
                 cathode 
               
               
                 201 
                 hemisphere 
                 202 
                 hemisphere 
               
               
                 204 
                 conduit 
                 206 
                 flange 
               
               
                 208 
                 insulator 
                 210 
                 flange 
               
               
                 212 
                 electrical conductor 
                 213a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 213b 
                 cavity 
                 213c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 213d 
                 Cavity 
                 213e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 213f 
                 cavity 
                 214 
                 contrarily tapered sunken 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 area 
               
               
                 216 
                 threaded recess 
                 217a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 217b 
                 cavity 
                 217c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 217d 
                 cavity 
                 217e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 217f 
                 cavity 
                 218 
                 contrarily tapered sunken 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 area 
               
               
                 220 
                 groove 
                 221 
                 groove 
               
               
                 222 
                 gasket 
                 223a 
                 threaded bolt 
               
               
                 223b 
                 threaded bolt 
                 223c 
                 threaded bolt 
               
               
                 223d 
                 threaded bolt 
                 223e 
                 threaded bolt 
               
               
                 223f 
                 threaded bolt 
                 224a 
                 threaded nut 
               
               
                 224b 
                 threaded nut 
                 224c 
                 threaded nut 
               
               
                 224d 
                 threaded nut 
                 224e 
                 threaded nut 
               
               
                 224f 
                 threaded nut 
                 226 
                 conduit 
               
               
                 228 
                 flange 
                 230 
                 insulator 
               
               
                 232 
                 flange 
                 234 
                 electrical conductor 
               
               
                 236 
                 groove 
                 238 
                 gasket 
               
               
                 240 
                 pipe 
                 242 
                 flange 
               
               
                 244 
                 flange 
                 246 
                 flange 
               
               
                 247 
                 gasket 
                 248 
                 pipe 
               
               
                 250 
                 flange 
                 252 
                 conduit 
               
               
                 254 
                 flange 
                 256 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 258 
                 electrically conductive wire 
                 260 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 262 
                 threaded bolt 
                 300 
                 accelerator cage 
               
               
                 310a 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310b 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310c 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310d 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310e 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310f 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310g 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310h 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310i 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310j 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310k 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310l 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310m 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310n 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310o 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310p 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 310q 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 310r 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 320 
                 insulator 
                 322a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322b 
                 cavity 
                 322c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322d 
                 Cavity 
                 322e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322f 
                 cavity 
                 322g 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322h 
                 cavity 
                 322i 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322j 
                 cavity 
                 322k 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322l 
                 cavity 
                 322m 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322n 
                 cavity 
                 322o 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322p 
                 cavity 
                 322q 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 322r 
                 cavity 
                 324a 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324b 
                 groove 
                 324c 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324d 
                 groove 
                 324e 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324f 
                 groove 
                 324g 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324h 
                 groove 
                 324i 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324j 
                 groove 
                 324k 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324l 
                 groove 
                 324m 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324n 
                 groove 
                 324o 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324p 
                 groove 
                 324q 
                 groove 
               
               
                 324r 
                 groove 
                 326 
                 threaded recess 
               
               
                 328 
                 threaded recess 
                 330 
                 covering 
               
               
                 332 
                 tapered cavity 
                 334 
                 tapered cavity 
               
               
                 336 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
                 338 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
               
               
                 340 
                 temporary fastener 
                 341a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341b 
                 cavity 
                 341c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341d 
                 cavity 
                 341e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341f 
                 cavity 
                 341g 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341h 
                 cavity 
                 341i 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341j 
                 cavity 
                 341k 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341l 
                 cavity 
                 341m 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341n 
                 cavity 
                 341o 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 34lp 
                 cavity 
                 341q 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 341r 
                 cavity 
                 342 
                 electrically conductive ring 
               
               
                 343a 
                 groove 
                 343b 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343c 
                 groove 
                 343d 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343e 
                 groove 
                 343f 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343g 
                 groove 
                 343h 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343i 
                 groove 
                 343j 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343k 
                 groove 
                 343l 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343m 
                 groove 
                 343n 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343o 
                 groove 
                 343p 
                 groove 
               
               
                 343q 
                 groove 
                 343r 
                 groove 
               
               
                 344 
                 chamfered cavity 
                 346 
                 chamfered cavity 
               
               
                 348 
                 threaded recess 
                 350 
                 insulator 
               
               
                 351 
                 raised area 
                 352 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 354 
                 threaded recess 
                 356 
                 threaded recess 
               
               
                 358 
                 covering 
                 360 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 362 
                 tapered cavity 
                 364 
                 tapered cavity 
               
               
                 366 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
                 368 
                 threaded and tapered screw 
               
               
                 370 
                 electrical conductor 
                 400 
                 anode 
               
               
                 402 
                 threaded nut 
                 404 
                 insulator 
               
               
                 406a 
                 cavity 
                 406b 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406c 
                 cavity 
                 406d 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406e 
                 cavity 
                 406f 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406g 
                 cavity 
                 406h 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406i 
                 cavity 
                 406j 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406k 
                 cavity 
                 406l 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406m 
                 cavity 
                 406n 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406o 
                 cavity 
                 406p 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 406q 
                 cavity 
                 406r 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 408a 
                 electrical connector 
                 408b 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408c 
                 electrical connector 
                 408d 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408e 
                 electrical connector 
                 408f 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408g 
                 electrical connector 
                 408h 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408i 
                 electrical connector 
                 408j 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408k 
                 electrical connector 
                 408l 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408m 
                 electrical connector 
                 408n 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408o 
                 electrical connector 
                 408p 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 408q 
                 electrical connector 
                 408r 
                 electrical connector 
               
               
                 410 
                 vacuum extension 
                 412 
                 flange 
               
               
                 414 
                 flange 
                 416a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 416b 
                 cavity 
                 416c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 416d 
                 cavity 
                 416e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 416f 
                 cavity 
                 417a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 417b 
                 cavity 
                 417c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 417d 
                 cavity 
                 417e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 417f 
                 cavity 
                 418 
                 electrical plug 
               
               
                 420 
                 flange 
                 422a 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422b 
                 pin 
                 422c 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422d 
                 pin 
                 422e 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422f 
                 pin 
                 422g 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422h 
                 pin 
                 422i 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422j 
                 pin 
                 422k 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422l 
                 pin 
                 422m 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422n 
                 pin 
                 422o 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422p 
                 pin 
                 422q 
                 pin 
               
               
                 422r 
                 pin 
                 424a 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 424b 
                 cavity 
                 424c 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 424d 
                 cavity 
                 424e 
                 cavity 
               
               
                 424f 
                 cavity 
                 426 
                 contrarily tapered sunken 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 area 
               
               
                 428 
                 gasket 
                 430a 
                 threaded nut 
               
               
                 430b 
                 threaded nut 
                 430c 
                 threaded nut 
               
               
                 430d 
                 threaded nut 
                 430e 
                 threaded nut 
               
               
                 430f 
                 threaded nut 
                 432 
                 gasket 
               
               
                 450 
                 positive ion 
                 460 
                 positive ion 
               
               
                 465 
                 generally spherical rotating 
                 470 
                 electron 
               
               
                   
                 positive ion low 
               
               
                 474 
                 electron 
                 478 
                 virtual cathode 
               
               
                 480 
                 plane 
                 482 
                 plane 
               
               
                 484 
                 axis 
                 486 
                 free neutron 
               
               
                 488 
                 positive ion 
                 490 
                 vector 
               
               
                 492 
                 vector 
                 494 
                 vector 
               
               
                 500 
                 electrical switching apparatus 
                 510 
                 solid state electrical 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 switching apparatus 
               
               
                 512a 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512b 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512c 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512d 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512e 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512f 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512g 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512h 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512i 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512j 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512k 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512l 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512m 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512n 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512o 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512p 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 512q 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
                 512r 
                 silicon controlled rectifier 
               
               
                 514 
                 electrical switch board 
                 515 
                 electrical lead 
               
               
                 516 
                 programmable logic controller 
                 518 
                 electrical cable 
               
               
                 520 
                 electrical cable 
                 522 
                 electrical plug 
               
               
                 524a 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524b 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524c 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524d 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524e 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524f 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524g 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524h 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524i 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524j 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524k 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524l 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524m 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524n 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524o 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524p 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 524q 
                 female electrical connector 
                 524r 
                 female electrical connector 
               
               
                 526 
                 contrarily tapered sunken area 
                 550 
                 electrically conductive rod 
               
               
                 570 
                 electrically conductive rod 
                 575 
                 electrically conductive wire 
               
               
                 600 
                 power supply 
                 610 
                 lead 
               
               
                 620 
                 lead 
                 700 
                 power supply 
               
               
                 710 
                 lead 
                 720 
                 connection 
               
               
                 730 
                 lead 
                 740 
                 lead 
               
               
                 800 
                 resister 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     First Embodiment  
     Introduction 
       [0094]    In the spirit of full disclosure, the following first embodiment is organized into five sections:
   1. Overview of entire system   2. Electrical Switching Apparatus   3. Cathode, Accelerator Cage, and Anode   4. Final assembly   5. Operation   
 
       Overview of Entire System—FIG. 2, FIG. 3A-3B, FIG. 4, FIG. 5 
       [0100]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , a schematic depiction of a hermetically sealed electron tube structure is shown having a generally spherical cathode  200 . Cathode  200  is comprised of an electrically conductive material (e.g. stainless steel, aluminum, tungsten, etc.) and is impermeable to gas and charged particle flow. Cathode  200  encompasses a plurality of isolated electrically conductive rod or wire disposed in a way as not to touch the inner surface of cathode  200 . There are eighteen identical electrically conductive rods in this embodiment numerated  310   a - 310   r .  FIG. 3A  shows a front view of electrically conductive rod  310   a . Between both linear sections of electrically conductive rod  310   a , lies an arc resembling that of a half circle. Electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  all are configured in a way as to resemble a generally spherical accelerator cage  300  as shown in  FIG. 3B . Accelerator cage  300  in turn concentrically encompasses a generally spherical anode  400  having a threaded nut  402  at its base shown in  FIG. 4 . Anode  400  and accelerator cage  300  both are comprised of an electrically conductive material as like cathode  200  and do not make tactile contact. In contrast to cathode  200 , accelerator cage  300  and anode  400  both have a high degree of permeability to gas and charged particle flow upwards of ninety five percent. 
         [0101]    Referring back to  FIG. 2 , suitable electrical connections are made to cathode  200  and anode  400  from a power supply  600 . A lead  610  is attached to anode  400  for application of a positive potential from power supply  600 , while another lead  620  is attached to cathode  200  from the negative terminal of power supply  600 . A separate power supply  700  is employed for applying a different electrical potential to accelerator cage  300  than cathode  200 . Other suitable electrical connections are made from power supply  700  to accelerator cage  300  via an electrical switching apparatus  500 .  FIG. 5  shows a front view of electrical switching apparatus  500 . Again referring back to  FIG. 2 , a lead  710  is attached from the negative terminal of power supply  700  to electrical switching apparatus  500 . The electrical potential generated by power supply  700  is transferred symmetrically, and relatively simultaneously, by electrical switching apparatus  500  to a plurality of electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  that comprise accelerator cage  300 . This plural transfer of the electrical potential generated by power supply  700  is represented by connection  720 . Another lead  730  is attached from accelerator cage  300  to one end of a resister  800  with the other end of resister  800  going to ground. Yet another lead  740  is attached from the positive terminal of power supply  700  to ground. In this embodiment cathode  200 , accelerator cage  300 , power supply  600 , and power supply  700  all are grounded. 
       Electrical Switching Apparatus—FIG. 6, FIG. 7A-7C, FIG. 8A-8E, FIG. 9A-9H, FIG. 10A-10E, FIG. 11, FIG. 12 
       [0102]    Beginning with  FIG. 6 , an exploded view of electrical switching apparatus  500  is shown where a servo motor  30  having a shaft  32  with a male tang, is set into an adaptor  34  that is comprised of a rigid material (e.g. plastic, G10, metal, etc.). A bearing  36  is provided for shaft  32  of servo motor  30  to penetrate. Bearing  36  is set or pressed into a sunken area  38  centrally located within the top face of a top base plate  40  as to be flush with the top face of top base plate  40 .  FIG. 7A  shows a top view of top base plate  40 . Top base plate  40  is comprised of a rigid material that has a high degree of resistance to electrical potential (e.g. fiberglass, G10, ceramic, etc.). Servo motor  30  and adapter  34  are both secured to the top of top base plate  40  by a set of four threaded bolts  42  ( FIG. 6 ) comprised of a suitably rigid material (e.g. a metallic material, a plastic material, a ceramic material, etc.). Threaded bolts  42  pass through two aligned sets of four cavities, not numerated, located on servo motor  30  and adapter  34  respectively. Threaded bots  42  are then threaded into a set of four threaded cavities  44  shown in  FIG. 7A , that also align with the cavities of servo motor  30  and adapter  34 . Threaded holes  44  are located outside of sunken area  38 . Compression applied via threaded bolts  42 , hold servo motor  30 , adapter  34 , and bearing  36  secure and in place. 
         [0103]      FIG. 7B  shows a bottom view of a top base plate with a set of four threaded holes  54 . Now moving on to  FIG. 7C , a top view of a power transfer plate or ring  46  is shown. Power transfer ring  46  is comprised of an electrically conductive material (e.g. copper, brass, gold etc.) and has a set of four tapered cavities  48 , located within its bottom face as shown in  FIG. 7D . Tapered cavities  48  align with threaded holes  54 . Referring to  FIG. 7E , the bottom face of top base plate  40  and the top face of power transfer ring  46  are arranged to face each other. A set of threaded and tapered screws denoted by numerals  50 ,  51 , and  52 , penetrate three of the four tapered cavities of  48 . Another threaded and tapered screw  53  penetrates the remaining tapered cavity of  48 . Threaded and tapered screws  50 ,  51 ,  52  and  53  are all comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46 . In contrast to tapered and threaded screws  50 ,  51 , and  52 ; tapered and threaded screw  53  is longer. Threaded and tapered screws  50 ,  51 ,  52 , and  53 , then thread into threaded holes  54 . When assembled, the heads of threaded and tapered screws  50 ,  51 ,  52 , and  53 , are flush with the bottom face of power transfer ring  46 . Threaded and tapered screw  53  protrudes past the top face of top base plate  40  while threaded and tapered screws  50 ,  51 , and  52  do not. Again, compression applied via threaded and tapered screws  50 ,  51 ,  52 , and  53  secure power transfer ring  46  to the bottom of top base plate  40 . Of important note, lead  710  attaches to threaded and tapered screw  53 . 
         [0104]    Referring now to  FIG. 8A , a front view of a plate or disk  56  is shown. Disk  56  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40 . Disk  56  has a circularly rising tapered surface that culmnates at its center. Both the top and bottom faces of disk  56  are symmetrical.  FIG. 8B  shows an isometric view of disk  56 . A plurality of cavity, there are two in this embodiment, numerated  58  and  59 , are symmetrically located near the edges of disk  56 . A cavity  60 , having a shape as to accept a shaft  62  with a key  64  is located in the center of disk  56 .  FIG. 8C  shows an isometric view of shaft  62 , key  64 , and a set of keepers numerated  65  and  66  along with part of shaft  32 . Shaft  62  is comprised of a rigid material as like threaded bolts  42 , is of one piece, and has a plurality of differing diameter. Keepers  65  and  66  are comprised of a semi-rigid material (e.g. spring steel, plastic, etc.). A female tang  68 , located in the top section of shaft  62 , is provided for the mating of shaft  32  with shaft  62 . The diameter of the top section of shaft  62  is such as to penetrate bearing  36 . A lip  70 , being of a greater diameter and also being located below female tang  68 , is provided for a face of the inner race of bearing  36  to rest on. 
         [0105]    Briefly referring back to  FIG. 7B , the bottom view of top base plate  40  shows a cavity  71  located geometrically opposite of sunken area  38 . The radius of cavity  71  is less than that of sunken area  38 . Now continuing with  FIG. 8C , the diameter of lip  70  is also as such as to fit within the radius of cavity  71 . The middle section of shaft  62 , containing its greatest diameter, has a set of two grooves numbered  72  and  73  for the reception of keepers  65  and  66 . The middle section of shaft  62  also contains a keyway  74 . Another lip  76  is located below the middle section of shaft  62 . As like lip  70 , lip  76  is of a diameter as to rest upon a face of the inner race of a bearing  92  shown in  FIG. 6 . The bottom section of shaft  62  has a diameter as to penetrate bearing  92 . 
         [0106]    Moving on to  FIG. 8D , a closer view of a plate or disk assembly is shown. A plurality of stud numerated  78  and  79 , relative to cavity  58  and cavity  59 , are also shown. Stud  78  and stud  79  are comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46  and are also identical to each other. Each end of stud  78  and each end stud  79  are threaded while their middle sections are not.  FIG. 8E  shows a more detailed view of stud  79 . Continuing with  FIG. 8D , stud  78  and stud  79  are both pressed into cavity  58  and cavity  59  respectively. A plurality of conductor, numerated  80 ,  81 ,  82 , and  83 , having threaded recesses, are threaded onto each of the ends of studs  78  and  79 . In this embodiment conductors  80 ,  81 ,  82 , and  83  all have a generally spherical shape and all are also comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46 . Briefly referring back to  FIG. 8C , key  64  is inserted into keyway  74 . Now continuing with  FIG. 8D , key  64  and shaft  62  are then aligned and inserted into cavity  60  until grooves  72  and  73  ( FIG. 8C ) are both exposed above the culminated areas of disk  56 . Keepers  65  and  66  are then inserted into grooves  72  and  73  securing shaft  62  to disk  56 . 
         [0107]    Referring now to  FIG. 9A , a top view of a stud plate  84  is shown. Stud plate  84  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40 . A sunken area  93  is centrally located within the top face of stud plate  84 . A plurality of cavity is located near the edge of stud plate  84 . There are eighteen cavities in this embodiment numerated  86   a - 86   r . Moving on to  FIG. 9B , an isometric view of a plurality of identical conductor or stud is shown numerated  87   a - 87   r . Studs  87   a - 87   r  all are comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46  and all are also relative to cavities  86   a - 86   r . Studs  87   a - 87   r  all are identical to each other. Centrally located within the bottom face of each of studs  87   a - 87   r  is a recess  85  as shown in  FIG. 9C . Now moving on to  FIG. 9D , the top face of stud plate  84  and the bottom faces of all studs  87   a - 87   r  are arranged to face each other.  FIG. 9D  also shows bearing  92 . Studs  87   a - 87   r  all are pressed into cavities  86   a - 86   r  as to leave a significant upper portion of every stud  87   a - 87   r  exposed above the top face of stud plate  84 . Bearing  92  is then set or pressed into sunken area  93  as for a face of bearing  92  to be flush with the top face of stud plate  84 . 
         [0108]    Moving on to  FIG. 9E , a bottom view of stud plate  84  is shown. Within the bottom face of stud plate  84  is a plurality of channel or groove, numerated  88   a - 88   r , that are all relative to cavities  86   a - 86   r . Grooves  88   a - 88   r  all begin within a face of every cavity  86   a - 86   r  and terminate near the center of stud plate  84 . Grooves  88   a - 88   r  all are of a suitable depth, length, and shape as to accept a plurality of electrical conductor or wire.  FIG. 9F  shows an isometric view of a plurality of electrical conductor or wire numerated  89   a - 89   r . Wires  89   a - 89   r  all are comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46  and all are identical to each other.  FIG. 9G  shows a left side view of wire  89   a  having bent end portions numerated  90  and  91 . Now moving on to  FIG. 9H , wires  89   a - 89   r  all are shown to be aligned with grooves  88   a - 88   r . End portion  91  is aligned with recess  85  of stud  87   a . All end portions identical to end portion  91  of wires  89   b - 89   r  are aligned with recesses identical to recess  85  in every stud  87   b - 87   r . End portion  91  of wire  89   a  is then inserted into recess  85  of stud  87   a  while the middle section of wire  89   a  is set into groove  88   a  as to be flush with the bottom face of stud plate  84 . End portion  90  of wire  89   a  is raised in relation to the bottom face of stud plate  84 . Wires  89   b - 89   r  all are then inserted into recesses identical to recess  85  in every stud  87   b - 87   r , while also being set into each groove  88   b - 88   r  as like wire  89   a . All end portions identical to end portion  90  of wires  89   b - 89   r  are also raised in relation to the bottom face of stud plate  84 . 
         [0109]    On to  FIG. 10A ;  FIG. 10A  shows an isometric bottom view of a bottom base plate  94  with a sunken area  97  centrally located within its bottom face. Bottom base plate  94  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40 .  FIG. 10B  shows a detailed bottom view of sunken area  97 . Located within, and near the boundary of sunken area  97 , is a plurality of cavity numerated  95   a - 95   r . Another plurality of cavity numerated  96   a - 96   f  is also shown to be located outside the boundary of sunken area  97 . Cavities  95   a - 95   r  all are of a suitable size as to accept a plurality of electrical connector numerated  98   a - 98   r  shown in  FIG. 10C . Electrical connectors  98   a - 98   r  all are comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46  and all are also identical to each other. Each electrical connector  98   a - 98   r  all are of a suitable size and shape as to accommodate end portion  90  of wire  89   a . Electrical connectors  98   a - 98   r  all are then inserted or pressed into cavities  95   a - 95   r , as shown in  FIG. 10D , until their top ends are flush with the top face of bottom plate  94 . Every bottom end of every electrical connector  98   a - 98   r  sets flush with the lowest point of sunken area  97 . 
         [0110]    Referring now to  FIG. 10E , a detailed top view of the center of bottom base plate  94  is shown to have a plurality of sunken area numerated  99   a - 99   f . Sunken areas  99   a - 99   f  all are geometrically located opposite of cavities  96   a - 96   f . Sunken areas  99   a - 99   f  all have a suitable shape as to accept a plurality of threaded bolt numerated  100   a - 100   f  shown in  FIG. 11 . Threaded bolts  100   a - 100   f  all are comprised of a rigid material as like threaded bolts  42  and are all identical to each other. Sunken areas  99   a - 99   f  all are also of a sufficient depth as to accept a plurality of covering or cap numerated  102   a - 102   f . Caps  102   a - 102   f  all are comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  and all are also of a shape as to fit into sunken areas  99   a - 99   f . Caps  102   a - 102   f  all are identical to each other. Threaded bolt  100   a  is aligned and inserted into sunken area  99   a  until its head reaches the bottom of sunken area  99   a . Threaded bolts  100   b - 100   f  all are then aligned and inserted into sunken areas  99   b - 99   f  as like threaded bolt  100   a . The shape of sunken areas  99   a - 99   f  negates any lateral and rotational movement of threaded bolts  100   a - 100   f . The threaded sections of threaded bolts  100   a - 100   f  all protrude past the bottom face of bottom base plate  94 . Cap  102   a  is then aligned with and pressed into sunken area  99   a  until its bottom face reaches the top of threaded bolt  100   a . Caps  102   b - 102   f  all are then aligned and pressed into sunken areas  99   b - 99   f  as like cap  102   a . Caps  102   a - 102   f  all negate any vertical movement of every threaded bolt  100   a - 100   f  thus securing them. The top faces of every cap  102   a - 102   f  all sit flush with the top face of bottom base plate  94 . 
         [0111]    Continuing with  FIG. 11 , the bottom face of stud plate  84  and the top face of bottom base plate  94  are shown to be facing each other. Stud plate  84  and bottom base plate  94  each have a set of three cavities that align with each other. These cavities are numerated  103   a - 103   c  on stud plate  84  and  104   a - 104   c  on bottom base plate  94 . A set of three pegs or dowels numerated  105   a - 105   c  are also shown to be aligned with both sets of cavities  103   a - 103   c  and  104   a - 104   c . Dowels  105   a - 105   c  all are comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40 . End portion  90  of wire  89   a  is aligned with connector  98   a  (not shown). All end portions identical to end portion  90  of wires  89   b - 89   r , all are also aligned with their corresponding connector  98   b - 98   r  as like wire  89   a . Every wire  89   a - 89   r  is then inserted into its corresponding connector  98   a - 98   r  until the bottom face of stud plate  84  is touching the top face of bottom base plate  94 . Dowel  105   a  is then pressed into cavity  103   a  on stud plate  84  as well as into aligned cavity  104   a  on bottom base plate  94 . Dowels  105   b  and  105   c  both are also pressed into their correspondingly aligned cavities  103   b  and  104   b  as well as  103   c  and  104   c  as like dowel  105   a . Dowels  105   a - 105   c  all secure stud plate  84  to bottom base plate  94 . 
         [0112]    Moving on to  FIG. 12 , illustrated is a final assembly of electrical switching apparatus  500 . As shown, the top face of top base plate  40  is opposite the bottom face of disk  56 . In turn, the top face of disk  56  is opposite the bottom face of bottom base plate  94 . The bottom section of shaft  62 , of disk  56 , is aligned with bearing  92 . Furthermore female tang  68  of shaft  62  is aligned with the male tang of shaft  32  (not shown). Bottom base plate  94  contains a plurality of cavity numerated  110   a - 110   d  shown to be aligned with another plurality of cavity  106   a - 106   d  located near the edges of top base plate  40 . In between cavities  106   a - 106   d  and cavities  110   a - 110   d , is a plurality of peg or dowel numerated  108   a - 108   d . Dowels  108   a - 108   d  all are comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  and all are also aligned with cavities  110   a - 110   d.    
         [0113]    Beginning with shaft  62  of disk  56 , the bottom section of shaft  62  is set or pressed into bearing  92  until lip  76  of shaft  62  rests upon the inner race of bearing  92 . Dowel  108   a  is then pressed into cavity  110   a  until its bottom face is flush with the bottom face of bottom base plate  94 . Following dowel  108   a , dowels  108   b - 108   d  all are pressed into their corresponding cavities  110   b - 110   d . Substantial upper portions of all dowels  108   a - 108   d  set raised above the top face of bottom base plate  94 . The male tang of shaft  32  is then mated to female tang  68  of shaft  62  while the upper portions of studs  108   a - 108   d  all are pressed into aligned cavities  106   a - 106   d  of top base plate  40 . The inner race of bearing  36  rests on lip  70  of shaft  62 . The top faces of every dowel  108   a - 108   d  all set flush with the top face of top base plate  40 . 
         [0114]    Referring back to  FIG. 5 , a spatial gap exists between the bottom face of power transfer ring  46  and electrical conductor  80 . There is also another spatial gap between the bottom face of power transfer ring  46  and electrical conductor  82 . Additional spatial gaps exist between every top face of every stud  87   a - 87   r  and electrical conductor  81 , as well as electrical conductor  83 . All previously mentioned spatial gaps allow for unimpeded rotation of disk  56 . A separate small power supply is attached to servo motor  30  to enable said rotation of disk  56 . 
       Cathode, Accelerator Cage, and Anode—FIG. 13, FIG. 14A-14C, FIG. 15, FIG. 16A-16B, FIG. 17, FIG. 18, FIG. 19A-19C, FIG. 20, FIG. 21, FIG. 22 
       [0115]    Starting with  FIG. 13 , an exploded view of cathode  200  and accelerator cage  300  is shown along with anode  400 . Comprising cathode  200  is a pair of hemispheres numerated  201  and  202 . At the culmination point of hemisphere  201  is a conduit  204  having a flange  206  at its end. Conduit  204  protrudes above the outer surface of hemisphere  201 . Conduit  204  and flange  206  are both comprised of an electrically conductive material as like cathode  200 . Flange  206  is provided for the hermetic attachment of an insulator  208  having another flange  210 . Insulator  208  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base pate  40  while flange  210  is comprised of an electrically conductive material as like cathode  200 . Jutting from the top, and running through the center of insulator  208 , is an electrical conductor  212 . Electrical conductor  212  is comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46  and is electrically isolated from flange  210  by insulator  208 . The top part of electrical conductor  212  is exposed for the attachment of lead  610  while its bottom part is flush with the bottom face of insulator  208 . 
         [0116]    Moving on to  FIG. 14A , a bottom view of insulator  208  is shown. Within flange  210  and located near its outer edge are a plurality of cavity, there are six in this embodiment, numerated  213   a - 213   f . There is also a contrarily tapered sunken area  214  beginning near cavities  213   a - 213   f  of flange  210  and culminating at or near its inner edge. Cavities  213   a - 213   f  and contrarily tapered sunken area  214  are separated and do not touch one another. The bottom of insulator  208  is flush with the bottom face of flange  210 . Centrally located within the bottom face of insulator  208  as well as within electrical conductor  212  is a threaded recess  216 . 
         [0117]    Referring now to  FIG. 14B , a front view of flange  206  is shown. Located within flange  206  and also near its outer edge, is a plurality of cavity numerated  217   a - 217   f  relative to cavities  213   a - 213   f  of flange  210 . As like flange  210 , a contrarily tapered sunken area  218  begins near cavities  217   a - 217   f  of flange  206  and culminates at or near its inner edge. Again as like flange  210 , cavities  217   a - 217   f  and contrarily tapered sunken area  218  are separated and do not touch one another. Divergent to flange  210  however, is a plurality of channel or groove, there are two in this embodiment, numerated  220  and  221  within the front face of flange  206 . Groove  220  is located between cavity  217   e  and cavity  217   f , while groove  221  is located between cavity  217   b  and cavity  217   c . Groove  220  and groove  221  are both of the same depth as the lowest point of contrarily tapered sunken area  218 . Groove  220  and groove  221  also both run from the beginning of contrarily tapered sunken area  218  and terminate within the outer edge of flange  206 . 
         [0118]    Now moving to  FIG. 14C , the bottom face of insulator  208  is shown to be arranged as to oppose the front face of flange  206  with a seal or gasket  222  in between. Gasket  222  is comprised of a deformable material (e.g. copper, rubber, silicone, etc.) and is also of a shape as to fit contrarily tapered sunken area  214  as well as contrarily tapered sunken area  218 . A plurality of threaded bolt numerated  223   a - 223   f , as well as a plurality of threaded nut numerated  224   a - 224   f , is also shown. Threaded bolts  223   a - 223   f  and threaded nuts  224   a - 224   f  all are comprised of a suitably rigid material as like threaded bolts  42 . 
         [0119]    Continuing with  FIG. 14C , gasket  222  is set into contrarily tapered sunken area  218 . Cavity  213   f  is then aligned with cavity  217   f . Contrarily tapered sunken area  214  of flange  210  is also aligned with gasket  222 . Flange  210  now is set onto flange  206  with gasket  222  protruding into contrarily tapered sunken area  214 . Threaded bolt  223   f  then penetrates cavity  213   f  and cavity  217   f  until its head rests upon the top face of flange  210 . The bottom of threaded bolt  223   f  protrudes past the back face of flange  206 . Threaded nut  224   f  is then threaded onto the exposed end of threaded bolt  223   f  until one of its faces reaches the back face of flange  206 . Threaded bolts  223   a - 223   e  each then penetrate every cavity  213   a - 213   e  and also every cavity  217   a - 217   e  as like threaded bolt  224   f . Threaded nuts  224   a - 224   e  all are then threaded onto their respective threaded bolts  223   a - 223   e  as like threaded nut  224   f . Compression applied to flange  210  and flange  206  via threaded bolts  223   a - 223   f  and threaded nuts  224   a - 224   f , force gasket  222  to form to contrarily tapered sunken area  214  and contrarily tapered sunken area  218 . Excess deformation of gasket  222  spills into groove  220  and groove  221 . The compression of gasket  222  creates a hermetic seal between conduit  204  and insulator  208 . All hermetic attachments in this embodiment are made in this manner. 
         [0120]    Referring back to  FIG. 13 , located below conduit  204  is a conduit  226  having a flange  228 . As like conduit  204 , conduit  226  protrudes above the outer surface of hemisphere  201 . Conduit  226  is identical to conduit  204  in every respect, exclusionary of size, as conduit  226  is scaled down. Flange  228  is provided for the hermetic attachment of an insulator  230  having a flange  232 . Flange  232  is identical to flange  210  of insulator  212  in every respect, exclusionary of size, as flange  232  is of the same scale as flange  228 . 
         [0121]      FIG. 15  shows a lateral isometric view of insulator  230 . Insulator  230  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  and protrudes above both the top and bottom faces of flange  232 . Running through the center and jutting at both ends of insulator  230  is an electrical conductor  234 . Electrical conductor  234  is comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46  and is electrically isolated from flange  228  by insulator  230 . The top end of electrical conductor  234  is provided for the attachment of lead  730 . Within its lateral face and near the bottom end of electrical conductor  234  lies a channel or groove  236  provided for the attachment of an electrical connector  256 . Electrical connector  256  is comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46 , and is attached to an electrically conductive wire  258 , having another electrical connector  260 , at its opposite end. Wire  258  and electrical connector  260  are both comprised of the same material as electrical connector  256 . Electrical connector  256  has a protrusion that juts above its inner surface (not shown) for mating with groove  236 .Connector  256  is then attached to the bottom part of electrical conductor  234  at groove  236 . Again referring back to  FIG. 13 , a gasket  238  is provided for hermetic sealing between insulator  230  and conduit  226 . Insulator  230  is then hermetically attached to conduit  226 . 
         [0122]    Continuing with  FIG. 13 , a pipe  240  having a flange  242  is shown to be located below conduit  204 . Pipe  240  is identical to conduit  204  in every respect and is provided for the hermetic attachment of a vacuum apparatus not shown. Conduit  204 , conduit  226 , and pipe  240  all reside above a flange  244  being part of hemisphere  201 . Flange  244  is identical in every respect to flange  232  save for differences in its plurality of cavity and scale. Flange  244  possesses a greater plurality of cavity, not numerated, and is also of a greater scale than flange  210 . Another flange  246 , being part of hemisphere  202 , is identical to flange  206  save for differences in its plurality of cavity and scale. Flange  246  possesses a plurality of cavity, also not numerated, corresponding to the plurality of cavity of flange  244 . Flange  246  is also of the same scale as flange  244 . A gasket  247  is provided for the hermetic sealing of hemisphere  201  and hemisphere  202 . Gasket  247  is identical to gasket  222  in every respect only differing in scale. Gasket  247  is of the same scale as flange  244  and flange  246 . Between flange  246  and the culmination point of hemisphere  202  is a pipe  248  having a flange  250 . Pipe  248  is identical to conduit  226  in every respect. Pipe  248  is provided for the hermetic attachment of a gas supply not shown. At the culmination point of hemisphere  202  is a conduit  252  having a flange  254 . Conduit  252  is identical to conduit  204 . 
         [0123]    Between hemisphere  201  and hemisphere  202  is an insulator  320 . Insulator  320  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  and is of a shape and size as to fill the inside of conduit  252 .  FIG. 16A  shows a top isometric view of insulator  320 . 
         [0124]    Located near the outer edge of insulator  320  is a plurality of cavity numerated  322   a - 322   r  all relative to electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r . Cavities  322   a - 322   r  all are of a sufficient size and shape as to accept the top linear section of each electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r . Cavities  322   a - 322   r  all run from within the top face of insulator  320  into a plurality of groove numerated  324   a - 324   r  located within its bottom face.  FIG. 16B  shows a bottom view of insulator  320 . Grooves  324   a - 324   r  all begin within a face of every cavity  322   a - 322   r  and all terminate within the lateral face of insulator  320 . Grooves  324   a - 324   r  all are also of a sufficient depth as to allow a portion of the arced section of each electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  to rest below the bottom face of insulator  320 . Also found within the bottom face of insulator  320  is a plurality of threaded recess, there are two in this embodiment, numerated  326  and  328 . Threaded recess  326  is located near groove  324   e  and groove  324   f  while threaded recess  328  is located near groove  324   n  and grove  324   o.    
         [0125]    Referring to  FIG. 17 , a bottom isometric view of a cap or covering  330  is shown. Covering  330  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  and is of the same shape as insulator  320 . Within the bottom face of covering  330  is a plurality of tapered cavity numerated  332  and  334  that are relative to threaded recess  326  and threaded recess  328  of insulator  320 . The top face of covering  330  is flush. 
         [0126]    Moving on to  FIG. 18 , a relationship is illustrated between insulator  320 , electrically conductive rod  310   a , covering  330 , and anode  400 . As shown, the top linear section of electrically conductive rod  310   a  is aligned with cavity  322   a . The arced section of electrically conductive rod  310   a  is also shown to be aligned with groove  324   a . Opposing the bottom face of insulator  320  is the top face of covering  330 . Furthermore, tapered cavity  332  and tapered cavity  334  are shown to be respectively aligned with threaded recess  326  and threaded recess  328 . The top linear section of electrically conductive rod  310   a  is then inserted into cavity  322   a  until its arced section reaches the lowest point of groove  324   a . The bottom face of insulator  320  remains flush, however part of the top linear section of electrically conductive rod  310   a , protrudes above the top face of insulator  320 . Anode  400  is then temporally attached to the arced section of electrically conductive rod  310   a  by a temporary fastener  340 . Several mechanisms may be employed as temporary fastener  340  (i.e. a wire, a “zip tie”, a piece of “tape”, etc.) however, a piece of tape is used in this embodiment. The top linear section of every electrically conductive rod  310   b - 310   r  all are then inserted into their corresponding cavities  322   b - 322   r  as like electrically conductive rod  310   a . Electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  collectively encompass anode  400 . 
         [0127]    Covering  330  is now placed on the bottom of insulator  320 . A pair of threaded and tapered screws numerated  336  and  338  are provided for the attachment of covering  330  to the bottom of insulator  320 . Threaded and tapered screw  336  and threaded and tapered screw  338  are both comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40 . The threaded end of threaded and tapered screw  336  then penetrates tapered cavity  332  while threading into threaded recess  326 . The threaded end of threaded and tapered screw  338  then penetrates tapered cavity  334  while threading into threaded recess  328 . The head of threaded and tapered screw  336  as well as the head of threaded and tapered screw  338  both set flush with the bottom face of covering  330 . Vertical compression applied via threaded and tapered screw  336  and also threaded and tapered screw  338 , secures covering  330  to the bottom of insulator  320 . The same vertical compression applied via threaded and tapered screw  336  and also threaded and tapered screw  338  in conjunction with grooves  324   a - 324   r , also immobilize electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r.    
         [0128]    Briefly referring back to  FIG. 13 , below electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  shown is an electrically conductive ring  342  comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46 .  FIG. 19A  shows a bottom view of electrically conductive ring  342 . Between the inner and outer lateral faces of electrically conductive ring  342 , is a plurality of cavity numerated  341   a - 341   r  relative to electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r . Cavities  341   a - 341   r  all are of a sufficient size and shape as to accept the bottom linear section of each electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r . Also between the inner and outer lateral faces of electrically conductive ring  342  is a plurality of chamfered cavity; there are two in this embodiment numerated  344  and  346 . Chamfered cavity  344  lies between cavity  341   e  and cavity  341   f  while chamfered cavity  346  lies between cavity  341   n  and cavity  341   o . Cavities  341   a - 341   r  all run from within the bottom face of electrically conductive ring  342 , into a plurality of groove numerated  343   a - 343   r  within its top face.  FIG. 19B  shows a top view of electrically conductive ring  342 . Grooves  343   a - 343   r  all begin within a face of every cavity  341   a - 341   r  and all terminate within the outer face of electrically conductive ring  342 . Grooves  343   a - 343   r  all are also of a sufficient depth as to allow a portion of the arced section of each electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  to rest below the top face of electrically conductive ring  342 . Briefly referring to  FIG. 19C , a top isometric view of electrically conductive ring  342  is shown having a threaded recess  348  within its outer lateral face. 
         [0129]    Moving on to  FIG. 20 , a top isometric view of an insulator  350  is shown having a raised area  351 . Raised area  351  is centrally located at the top of insulator  350 , and is of a size and shape, as to fill the encompassed volume of electrically conductive ring  342 . The bottom of insulator  350  is flush. Insulator  350  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  and has a size and shape as to fill conduit  204 . Centrally located within the top face of raised area  351  and linearly terminating within the bottom face of insulator  350 , is a cavity  352 . Below raised area  351  and within the top face of insulator  350 , lie a pair of threaded recesses numerated  354  and  356  that are relative to chamfered cavity  344  and chamfered cavity  346 . Threaded recess  354  and threaded recess  356  also both lie between the lateral face of raised area  351  and the lateral face of insulator  350 . Referring now to  FIG. 21 , a top isometric view of a cap or covering  358  is shown. Covering  358  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40 , and has a cavity  360  located within its top face. Cavity  360  is relative to cavity  352 . Near the edge of covering  358  and also within its top face are a pair of tapered cavities numerated  362  and  364 . Tapered cavity  362  and tapered cavity  364  are both relative to chamfered cavity  344  and chamfered cavity  346 . Covering  358  is of the same shape as insulator  350  divergent of raised area  352 . 
         [0130]      FIG. 22  illustrates a relationship between electrically conductive ring  342 , insulator  350 , covering  358 , and electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r . The bottom face of electrically conductive ring  342  is shown to oppose the top face of insulator  350 . The bottom face of covering  358  is shown to oppose the top face of electrically conductive ring  342 . Tapered cavity  364 , chamfered cavity  346 , and threaded recess  356  are all shown to be respectively aligned with each other. Also shown to be respectively aligned, is tapered cavity  362 , chamfered cavity  344 , and threaded recess  354 . Furthermore, cavity  360  is shown to be aligned with cavity  352 . Between covering  358  and electrically conductive ring  342 , the bottom linear section of each electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  all are aligned with cavities  341   a - 341   r  (not depicted). Also not depicted, is an alignment between the arced sections of each electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  with grooves  343   a - 343   r.    
         [0131]    Electrically conductive ring  346  is now set onto the top of insulator  350  with raised area  351  penetrating its encompassed volume. The top face of electrically conductive ring  342  sets flush with the top face of raised area  351 . The outer lateral face of electrically conductive ring  342  is flush with the lateral face of insulator  350 . Each bottom linear section of every electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  all are then inserted into their respective cavities  341   a - 341   r . The arced section of each electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  all are then correspondingly inserted into their respective grooves  343   a - 343   r . The top face of electrically conductive ring  342  remains flush. Covering  358  is now set on top of electrically conductive ring  342 . A pair of threaded and tapered screws numerated  366  and  368 , collectively relative to tapered cavity  362  and tapered cavity  364 , are provided for the securing of electrically conductive ring  342  and covering  358  to insulator  350 . Threaded and tapered screw  366  and threaded and tapered screw  368  are both comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40 . 
         [0132]    Again referring back to  FIG. 13 , another electrical conductor  370  is shown between hemisphere  201  and insulator  350 . Electrical conductor  370 , possessing a threaded section at each end, is comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46 . Electrical conductor  370  is of a shape and size as to penetrate cavity  352 , while also retaining a demeanor for threading into threaded recess  216  as well as threaded nut  402 . 
         [0133]    Continuing with  FIG. 13 , electrical conductor  370  is shown to be aligned with cavity  352 . Also shown is an alignment between insulator  350  and conduit  204 , as well as an alignment between insulator  320  and conduit  252 . One threaded end of electrical conductor  370  is now threaded into threaded recess  216 . Insulator  350  is then inserted into conduit  204  until its bottom face rests against the bottom face of insulator  208 . The other threaded end of electrical conductor  370  penetrates cavity  352  and cavity  360 . A significant portion of electrical conductor  370  protrudes above the top face of covering  358 . Temporary fastener  340  is now removed and discarded. Threaded nut  402  is then threaded onto the other threaded end of electrical conductor  370  providing for a concentric placement of anode  400  within accelerator cage  300 . A threaded bolt  262 , comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46 , is provided for the attachment of wire  258  to electrically conductive ring  342 . Threaded bolt  262  then penetrates connector  260  while threading into threaded recess  348 . Vertical compression applied via threaded bolt  262  secures connector  260  to electrically conductive ring  342 . Flange  244 , gasket  247 , and flange  246  are now brought together and hermetically sealed with insulator  320  penetrating conduit  252 . The top face of insulator  320  sets flush with the top face of flange  254 . 
         [0000]    Final assembly— FIG. 23 ,  FIG. 24 ,  FIG. 25 ,  FIG. 26 ,  FIG. 27A-27B ,  FIG. 28A-28C ,  FIG. 29   
         [0134]    Beginning with  FIG. 23 , a top isometric view of an insulator  404  is shown. Insulator  404  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  and contains a plurality of cavity numerated  406   a - 406   r . Cavities  406   a - 406   r  all run from within the top face of insulator  404  and terminate within its bottom face. Cavities  406   a - 406   r  all are also relative to electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r . Referring now to  FIG. 24 , an isometric view is shown depicting a plurality of electrical connector numerated  408   a - 408   r . Electrical connectors  408   a - 408   r  all are comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46  and all are also of a shape and size as to penetrate every cavity  406   a - 406   r . In this embodiment each electrical connector  408   a - 408   r  is hollow. Moving on to  FIG. 25 , a top isometric view of a vacuum extension  410  is shown having two flanges numerated  412  and  414 . Vacuum extension  410  is comprised of an electrically conductive material as like cathode  200 , and is also of a shape and size as to accept insulator  404 . Flange  414  is identical to flange  210  while flange  412  is identical to flange  206 . Although flange  412  is identical to flange  206 , it is necessary to numerate its cavities  416   a - 416   f  for the sake of continuity, as will later become clear. 
         [0135]    Continuing on to  FIG. 26 , a relationship is illustrated between electrical connector  408   a , insulator  404 , and vacuum extension  410 . As shown, electrical connector  408   a  is aligned with cavity  406   a  while insulator  404  is aligned with the encompassed volume of vacuum extension  410 . Electrical connector  408   a  is now inserted or pressed into cavity  406   a  until both of its ends become flush with the top and bottom faces of insulator  404 . Each remaining electrical connector  408   b - 408   r  is then inserted or pressed into corresponding cavities  406   b - 406   r  as like electrical connector  408   a . Insulator  404  now displaces the encompassed volume of vacuum extension  410 . Both the top and bottom faces of insulator  404  set flush with the mating faces of flange  412  and flange  414  respectively. 
         [0136]    Moving to  FIG. 27A , a top isometric view of an electrical plug  418  is shown having a flange  420 . Electrical plug  418  is comprised of an electrically insulating material as like top base plate  40  while flange  420  is comprised of an electrically conductive material as like cathode  200 . Jutting out from both the top and bottom faces of electrical plug  418  is a plurality of identical pin numerated  422   a - 422   r . Pins  422   a - 422   r  all are comprised of an electrically conductive material as like power transfer ring  46 . Pins  422   a - 422   r  all are also suitably configured within electrical plug  418  as to respectively align with each electrical connector  98   a - 98   r  as well as with every electrical connector  408   a - 408   r . Furthermore, pins  422   a - 422   r  all are of a sufficient length as to mate with each electrical connector  98   a - 98   r  as well as with every electrical connector  408   a - 408   r . The top face of plug  418  is raised in relation to the top face of flange  420  and possesses a suitable shape and size as to completely fill the encompassed volume of sunken area  97 . Referring now to  FIG. 27B , a bottom isometric view of electrical plug  418  is shown. Within flange  420  is a plurality of cavity numerated  424   a - 424   f  relative to threaded bolts  100   a - 100   f . Cavities  424   a - 424   f  all are located between the lateral face of flange  420  and a contrarily tapered sunken area  426 . Contrarily tapered sunken area  426  is identical to contrarily tapered sunken area  218  and also functions in an identical manner. Additionally, flange  420  is of a shape and size as to mate with flange  412 . 
         [0137]    Moving on to  FIG. 28A  a relationship is illustrated between electrical switching apparatus  500 , electrical plug  418 , and vacuum extension  410 . As shown, the bottom face of flange  420  opposes the mating face of flange  412 , while its top face opposes the bottom face of electrical switching apparatus  500 .  FIG. 28B  shows a detailed view of electrical plug  418  and the bottom of electrical switching apparatus  500 . Cavities  424   a - 424   f  all are shown to be aligned with threaded bolts  100   a - 100   f . Each pin  422   a - 422   r  is also respectively aligned with every electrical connector  98   a - 98   r . The top face of electrical plug  418  is now set into sunken area  97  completely filling its encompassed volume. Threaded bolts  100   a - 100   f  penetrate cavities  424   a - 424   f  while pins  422   a - 422   r  penetrate electrical connectors  98   a - 98   r . Every threaded bolt  100   a - 100   f  significantly protrudes past the bottom face of flange  420 . 
         [0138]    Referring back to  FIG. 28A , disposed between flange  412  and flange  420  is a gasket  428 . Gasket  428  is identical in every respect to gasket  222 , and is shown to be aligned with contrarily tapered sunken area  426 . Also shown, is an alignment between threaded bolt  100   a  and cavity  416   a . Remaining cavities  416   b - 416   f  all are also respectively aligned with remaining threaded bolts  100   b - 100   f , although not depicted. An alignment between electrical connectors  408   a - 408   r  and pins  422   a - 422   r  is also not depicted. Briefly referring to  FIG. 28C , a plurality of threaded nut  430   a - 430   f  is illustrated. Threaded nuts  430   a - 430   f  all are comprised of a suitably rigid material as like threaded bolts  42  and all are also of a sufficient size as to thread onto every threaded bolt  100   a - 100   f . Again referring back to  FIG. 28A , threaded nut  430   a  is shown to be aligned with cavity  416   a  as well as with threaded bolt  100   a.    
         [0139]    Continuing with  FIG. 28A , gasket  428  is now set onto contrarily tapered sunken area  426 . Vacuum extension  410  is then set onto electrical plug  418  with threaded bolts  100   a - 100   f  penetrating cavities  416   a - 416   f . Pins  422   a - 422   r  all penetrate each electrical connector  408   a - 408   r  as well. A significant portion of each threaded bolt  100   a - 100   f  is exposed above the back face of flange  412 . Threaded nuts  430   a - 430   f  each are now respectively threaded onto every threaded bolt  100   a - 100   f . Vertical compression applied via threaded nuts  430   a - 430   f  to flange  412 , gasket  428 , and flange  420 , hermetically attach vacuum extension  410  to electrical plug  418 . This same vertical compression secures vacuum extension  410  and electrical plug  418  to electrical switching apparatus  500 . 
         [0140]    Moving now to  FIG. 29 , a relationship is illustrated between conduit  252  and vacuum extension  410 . As shown, the mating faces of flange  254  and flange  414  oppose each other with a gasket  432  disposed between them. Gasket  432  is identical to gasket  222 . Not depicted is an alignment between each electrical connector  408   a - 408   r  and every electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r . Flange  252 , gasket  432 , and flange  414  are now brought together with every electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  penetrating each electrical connector  408   a - 408   r . Vacuum extension  410  is then hermetically attached to conduit  252  thus securing electrical switching apparatus  500  to cathode  200  as well as to accelerator cage  300 . A vacuum pump, not shown, is now hermetically attached to pipe  240 . A control valve connected to a reactant gas supply, also not shown, is then hermetically attached to pipe  248 . 
       Operation—FIG. 30, FIG. 31A-31C, FIG. 32, FIG. 33A-33C, FIG. 34, FIG. 35, FIG. 36 
       [0141]    Beginning with  FIG. 30 , a diagrammatic illustration of the first embodiment is shown for use in explaining the operation thereof. As depicted, vacuum extension  410 , insulator  404 , cathode  200 , accelerator cage  300 , and insulator  208  all are cut-away. Utilizing the vacuum pump hermetically attached to pipe  240 , cathode  200  is first evacuated. The order of vacuum that must be developed within cathode  200  is 10 −6  to 10 −7  inches of mercury. This permits good out-gassing and insures that in-leakage is low thus minimizing possible contaminants. It should be understood that although the vacuum pump is required to provide a vacuum of the aforesaid magnitude, pressure inside cathode  200  will be much greater during operation. 
         [0142]    Moving on to electrical switching apparatus  500 , a sufficient electrical potential is now applied to servo motor  30  from the servo motor power supply initiating a rotation of disk  56 . In this embodiment the rotation of disk  56  is clockwise. A negative electrical potential of between 70 V and 80 kV is then applied to power transfer ring  46  from power supply  700  via threaded and tapered screw  53 . The desired electrical potential applied to power transfer ring  46  is more than sufficient to transit the spatial gaps that exist between power transfer ring  46 , electrical conductor  80 , and electrical conductor  82 . These transits occur almost simultaneously, allowing for a separated plurality of identical electrical potential. This plurality of electrical potential then travels through stud  78  and stud  79  energizing both electrical conductor  81  and electrical conductor  83 . 
         [0143]    This part of the following discussion is a “snap-shot” in time as the operation of electrical switching apparatus  500  is not of a static nature. The plurality of electrical potential energizing electrical conductor  81  and electrical conductor  83 , then transits the spatial gaps that exist between stud  87   j  and stud  87   a . Again, these transits occur almost simultaneously. Stud  87   j  then transfers its electrical potential to wire  89   j  while stud  87   a  transfers its electrical potential to wire  89   a . Electrical connector  98   j  then picks up the electrical potential of wire  89   j  and transfers it to pin  422   j . Likewise the electrical potential of wire  89   a  is transferred to pin  422   a  via electrical connector  98   a . Wire  89   a , electrical connector  98   a , and pin  422   a  all are not shown in  FIG. 30 . Also not shown in  FIG. 30  are wire  89   j , electrical connector  98   j , and pin  422   j.    
         [0144]    Continuing, the identical electrical potentials of pin  422   j  and pin  422   a  are both transferred almost simultaneously to electrical connector  408   j  and electrical connector  408   a . Electrically conductive rod  310   j  then picks up the electrical potential of electrical connector  408   j  and transfers it to electrically conductive ring  342 . Likewise the electrical potential of electrical connector  408   a  is also transferred to electrically conductive ring  342  via electrically conductive rod  310   a . In this embodiment every electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  is energized in this manor following the corresponding suffix to each relative electrically conductive component (e.g. stud  87   b , to wire  89   b , to electrical connector  98   b , to pin  422   b , to electrically conductive rod  310   b ). It should also be understood that in this embodiment when one electrically conductive rod is energized, a second electrically conductive rod is also energized; always 180° apart from the other (e.g. electrically conductive rod  310   e  and electrically conductive rod  310   n ). 
         [0145]    Electrically conductive ring  342  now collects and combines the identical electrical potentials of both electrically conductive rod  310   j  and electrically conductive rod  310   a . Electrically conductive ring  342  then transfers this combined electrical potential through electrical connector  260 , electrically conductive wire  258 , and electrical connector  256  to electrical conductor  234 . Lead  730  then picks up the combined electrical potential and feeds it into resister  800  which then transfers the remaining electrical potential to ground; thus terminating the circuit. 
         [0146]    As electrical conductor  81  and electrical conductor  83  pass over each stud  87   a - 87   r  due to the rotation of disk  56 , two electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  are constantly energized and de-energized. The frequency at which this occurs is wholly dependent upon the rpm at which disk  56  is being operated. The purpose of this consecutive energizing and de-energizing of pairs of electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  is to create a plurality of non-static electric field between cathode  200  and anode  400 . There are two non-static electric fields created in this embodiment at any one time. Furthermore, it is the preferred shape of electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  that determines the character of the plurality of non-static electric field being generated. In this embodiment each non-static electric field resembles a half circle. When compounded with the rotation of disk  56 , the plurality of non-static electric field allows for a NON-RADIAL electromagnetic influence upon any matter within its proximity. Being that the plurality of non-static electric field resembles a half circle, this electromagnetic influence is generally spherical when also compounded with the rotation of disk  56 . These non-static electric fields are employed for the ionization and generally spherical rotation of a suitable reactant gas (e.g. Hydrogen, Deuterium, Tritium, Helium 3 , etc.). 
         [0147]    A small amount of reactant gas is now admitted into cathode  200  by means of a control valve hermetically attached to pipe  248 . A pressure of 10 −4  millimeters of mercury within cathode  200  is permitted for operation in this embodiment which is regulated and maintained by the vacuum pump and associated valves. Other pressures may possibly be utilized depending upon preferred design characteristics. As the atoms of the admitted reactant gas come within range of either non-static electric field, their electrons are stripped away due to the intensity of whichever non-static electric field they encounter. This converts these atoms into positive ions. The newly created positive ions are then further influenced by the consecutive movement of the non-static electric fields. 
         [0148]      FIG. 31A  and  FIG. 31B  both illustrate a further influence from the plurality of non-static electric field upon a pair of positive ions numerated  450  and  460 .  FIG. 31A  and  FIG. 31B  both are also two dimensional representations of electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  and cathode  200 . Electrically conductive rod  310   b  and electrically conductive rod  310   k  are both darkened in  FIG. 31A  to depict applied electrical potentials. Likewise electrically conductive rod  310   c  and electrically conductive rod  3101  both are also darkened in  FIG. 31B  to depict applied electrical potentials. All arrows in both  FIG. 31A  and  FIG. 31B  represent the motion of positive ion  450  and positive ion  460 . 
         [0149]    Viewing  FIG. 31A  in conjunction with  FIG. 31B , as electrically conductive rod  310   b  is de-energized its electric field is terminated along with any influence upon positive ion  450 . When electrically conductive rod  310   c  is energized, its electric field then attracts positive ion  450 . This causes positive ion  450  to transit across space toward electrically conductive rod  310   c . This same process causes positive ion  460  to transit toward electrically conductive rod  3101  when electrically conductive rod  310   k  is de-energized. Given the character of electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r , how they are disposed, and the consecutive energizing and de-energizing thereof, a generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  is created between cathode  200  and anode  400 .  FIG. 31C  shows generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  from a two dimensional perspective. 
         [0150]    Referring back to  FIG. 30 , a positive electrical potential of 100 kV or less is applied to anode  400  from power supply  600  via lead  610 , electrical conductor  212 , and electrical conductor  370 . At this operating potential a generally spherical positive electric field is created around anode  400 . This generally spherical positive electric field attracts electrons from the entire inner surface of cathode  200  as well as from both non-static electric fields. This happens due to the difference in electrical potentials between anode  400 , both non-static electric fields, and cathode  200 . A secondary effect of this generally spherical positive electric field is an initial repulsion of generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465 . This initial repulsive force creates a volumetrically denser positive ion flow that still retains its generally spherical nature. 
         [0151]    A copious amount of electrons now begin to converge upon and transit the encompassed volume of anode  400  due to its high degree of transparency.  FIG. 32  diagrammatically illustrates an example of electron transit through the encompassed volume of anode  400 . As shown, two electrons numerated  470 , and  474  oscillate through the encompassed volume of anode  400  with their trajectories being represented by arrows. Let it be ideally supposed that electron  470  and electron  474  begin from diametrically opposite points of either the inner surface of cathode  200  or the plurality of non-static electric field. Both electron  470  and electron  474  are then radially accelerated toward the geometric center of anode  400 . In the absence of any mutually repelling force, electron  470  and electron  474  would logically collide at this geometric center. However being that both electron  470  and electron  474  have an intrinsically negative charge, as they approach the geometric center of anode  400  their mutual charge causes their respective velocities to progressively decrease until they very nearly touch. At this point the velocity of both electron  470  and electron  474  is zero. 
         [0152]    In a practical embodiment however, electron  470  and electron  474  do not approach “head-on”, instead they pass each other at minimum velocity rather than stopping. Upon passing each other, electron  470  and electron  474  are both accelerated by their mutual charge and continue on with little or no change in their initial trajectories. Electron  470  and electron  474  both are then further accelerated by the generally spherical positive electric field causing them to be ejected from the encompassed volume of anode  400 . Again continuing with these trajectories, electron  470  and electron  474  gain enough velocity to escape the influence of the generally spherical positive electric field momentarily. As electron  470  and electron  474  approach either cathode  200  or the plurality of non-static electric field, they begin to decelerate and eventually stop due to their likeness in charge. This allows electron  470  and electron  474  to once again be attracted to the generally spherical positive electric field of anode  400  thus beginning another transit. All electrons attracted by anode  400  follow radial trajectories, however not every electron makes a transit through its encompassed volume as anode  400  is not completely transparent. A small percentage of electrons relative to the transparency of anode  400  are lost in collisions with its physical structure. 
         [0153]    Now assuming a copious quantity of electrons traversing the encompassed volume of anode  400  as described above, and ignoring for the moment both non-static electric fields, a negative charge is contributed to this spatial area from the traversing electrons with maximum intensity being at the geometric center thereof. Thus a virtual cathode  478  develops in the geometric center of anode  400  which can be made to have essentially the same potential as cathode  200 . It should be understood that virtual cathode  478  cannot exist without a positive electrical potential being applied to anode  400 . Now continuing with the addition of both non-static electric fields, the negative charge of virtual cathode  478  can be further intensified therefore allowing it to be reduced below normal ground. This further intensification takes place only in two geometric sectors or “slices” of virtual cathode  478  at any given time relative to the position of both non-static electric fields. A deeper explanation of this phenomenon is provided below. 
         [0154]    Referring to  FIG. 33A  and  FIG. 33B , a two dimensional representation of electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r , cathode  200 , and virtual cathode  478  is shown.  FIG. 31A  and  FIG. 31B  also show a pair of geometric planes numerated  480  and  482  intersecting virtual cathode  478 . Electrically conductive rod  310   b  and electrically conductive rod  310   k  both are darkened in  FIG. 33A  to represent applied electrical potentials. Likewise in  FIG. 33B , electrically conductive rod  310   c  and electrically conductive rod  310   l  both are also darkened to represent applied electrical potentials. All arrows in  FIG. 33A  and  FIG. 33B  represent a direction of change for both plane  480  and plane  482 . Although virtual cathode  478  is a three dimensional object, it should be considered in terms of two dimensions when contemplating the effect of both non-static electric fields thereon due to the radial oscillations of every electron. 
         [0155]    Viewing  FIG. 33A  in conjunction with  FIG. 33B , when electrically conductive rod  310   b  and electrically conductive rod  310   k  both are energized, a specific increase of negative charge occurs in two geometric sectors of virtual cathode  478 . These specific increases of negative charge are relative to the electrical potential applied to electrically conductive rod  310   b  as well as electrically conductive rod  310   k . Plane  480  and plane  482  represent the shape and position of these specific increases of negative charge. It should be understood that the existence of both plane  480  and plane  482  is dependent upon and in unity with both non-static electric fields. 
         [0156]    As shown, plane  480  and plane  482  do not touch. As successive energizing and de-energizing of electrically conductive rods  310   a - 310   r  occurs, there is a change in the spatial position of both plane  480  and plane  482 . For example when electrically conductive rod  310   b  is de-energized and electrically conductive rod  310   c  is energized, the position of plane  482  changes from electrically conductive rod  310   b  to electrically conductive rod  310   c  while still intersecting virtual cathode  478 . The position of plane  480  is likewise changed when electrically conductive rod  310   k  is de-energized and electrically conductive rod  3101  is energized. Referring now to  FIG. 33C , a two dimensional side view of plane  480  and plane  482  is shown along with the affected sectors of virtual cathode  478 . As depicted an axis  484  runs through the center of virtual cathode  478 . Both plane  480  and plane  482  rotate around axis  484 . This causes two very large sectors or “slices” of virtual cathode  478  to be intensified at any one time. If perceived in three dimensions, the successive movement of both plane  480  and plane  482  gives into an illusion of virtual cathode  478  being rotated. Virtual cathode  478  does not rotate however; rather specific “slices” thereof are consecutively intensified and then returned to their original negatively charged state. 
         [0157]    Now taking into account generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465 , the effect of virtual cathode  478  thereupon is one of attraction. When virtual cathode  478  reaches preferred intensity, the intensity of both non-static electric fields is reduced to a point at which virtual cathode  478  can effectively begin to change the trajectory of every circulating ion. This change in trajectory is of a controlled nature and best explained in terms of a mathematic equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             r 
             = 
             
               α 
               θ 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    When applied, α represents the intensity of both non-static electric fields, θ represents the intensity of virtual cathode  478 , and r equates to the spatial position of a positive ion. This new trajectory is essentially that of a hyperbolic spiral as shown in  FIG. 34 . As virtual cathode  478  exerts its influence upon positive ion  450  in conjunction with the influence of a non-static electric field, positive ion  450  can be continually accelerated on a spiraling trajectory toward the center of virtual cathode  478  if so desired. By manipulating the intensity of virtual cathode  478  as well as the intensities of both non-static electric fields, generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  can be disposed anywhere between accelerator cage  300  and the geometric center of anode  400 . This allows for a generally spherical convergence of said ion flow upon the vicinity of virtual cathode  478  therefore producing an option for creating a rotating sphere or “ball” of plasma thereabout. In this embodiment a rotating sphere of plasma encompasses virtual cathode  478 . 
         [0158]    Through this method, only positive ions on the leading edge of generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  are permitted to reach the center of virtual cathode  478 . It should be understood that this method also controls the rate at which nuclear-fusion reactions will occur. Referring to  FIG. 35 , a two dimensional detailed view of virtual cathode  478  is shown as well as generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  in reciprocation of this perception. As shown, positive ion  450  and positive ion  460  spiral toward the center of virtual cathode  478 . Eventually both positive ion  450  and positive ion  460  reach a point at which neither plane  480  nor plane  482  have any influence over them. At this point positive ion  450  and positive ion  460  are further accelerated, although now radially, toward the geometric center of virtual cathode  478  as well as toward one another. The velocities achieved in this further acceleration are great enough to induce a nuclear-fusion reaction if a “head-on” collision occurs. If this collision is not “head-on”, neither positive ion  450  nor positive ion  460  is lost. The escape of positive ion  450  and positive ion  460  is obstructed form the vicinity of virtual cathode  478  by their like charge to generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465 . As positive ion  450  and positive ion  460  approach generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465 , their velocities are reduced enough for either plane  480  or plane  482  to influence positive ion  450  and or positive ion  460  once again. This allows for both positive ion  450  and positive ion  460  to be re-circulated within virtual cathode  478  indefinitely until they collide “head-on.” 
         [0159]    When a “head-on” collision occurs between positive ion  450  and positive ion  460 , the resultant product is a free neutron  486  that is then ejected from the point at which both positive ion  450  and positive ion  460  are fused. It should be understood that the energy of free neutron  486  is relative to the preferred reactant gas utilized. The trajectory of free neutron  486  is unwaveringly radial until generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  is reached. This is due to a lack of net electrical charge inherent to free neutron  486 . When generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  is reached, scattering of free neutron  486  occurs.  FIG. 36  shows a simple vector plot clarifying the scattering of free neutron  486 . As shown, free neutron  486  is on a vector  490  beginning from the geometric center of virtual cathode  478  having polar coordinates (0, r′). A positive ion  488  within generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465  is also shown to be on an intersecting vector  492  having polar coordinates (−r, r′). When free neutron  486  and positive ion  488  collide, a new vector  494  is produced resulting in a significant change in trajectory of free neutron  486  as well as a loss in velocity. 
         [0160]    Scattering of free neutron  486  generates heat energy that effectively increases temperature within generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465 . This increase of temperature is relative to the initial trajectory of free neutron  486  compounded by every scattering reaction thereof and also facilitates further nuclear-fusion reactions. Eventually free neutron  486  is either reduced in energy to a thermal state, or captured by a positive ion within generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465 . The capture of free neutron  486  is entirely dependent upon two factors; the velocity of free neutron  486  and the density of generally spherical rotating positive ion flow  465 . Both of these factors can be manipulated by choice of “fuel” and the addition of preferred reactant gas. 
       Second Embodiment—FIG.  37 , FIG.  38 A- 38 B 
       [0161]    Most parts within this embodiment are identical to the previous embodiment as well as the structures of the anode, cathode, and accelerator cage. Identical parts are therefore distinguished with a letter suffix—x applied at the end of each like numeral. 
         [0162]    Beginning with  FIG. 37 , a second embodiment of an electrical switching apparatus relating to an anode, a cathode, and an accelerator cage is shown. As depicted, hemisphere  201   x  is partially cut away with electrical switching apparatus  500  being replaced by a solid state electrical switching apparatus  510 . Solid state electrical switching apparatus  510  is devoid of any moving parts and is comprised of a plurality of isolated silicon controlled rectifier as well as an electrical switch board  514 . There are eighteen isolated silicon controlled rectifiers in this embodiment numerated  512   a - 512   r . The anode lead of each silicon controlled rectifier  512   a - 512   r  is connected to an electrical lead  515  within electrical switch board  514 . Power to lead  515  is supplied by power supply  700   x  which is attached via lead  710   x . Each cathode lead of every silicon controlled rectifier  512   a - 512   r  is isolated, routed, and connected via electrical switch board  514  to an electrical cable  520 . Electrical cable  520  is comprised of a plurality of isolated electrically conductive wire (not illustrated) relative to the cathode lead of each silicon controlled rectifier  512   a - 512   r . Electrical cable  520  also has an electrical plug  522  at one of its ends. 
         [0163]    Referring to  FIG. 38A , a bottom view of electrical plug  522  is shown. As depicted, centrally located within the bottom face of electrical plug  522  is a plurality of female electrical connector numerated  524   a - 524   r . Every female electrical connector  524   a - 524   r  is electrically isolated and is also of a shape and size as to accept a portion of the top linear section of every electrically conductive rod  310   ax - 310   rx . Furthermore, the design of electrical plug  522  is so as to allow it to be hermetically attached to electrical conduit  252   x  in the same manner as hermetic attachments are made in the previous embodiment.  FIG. 38B  is a bottom isometric view of electrical plug  522  showing a contrarily tapered sunken area  526  utilized in hermetic attachment. 
         [0164]    Referring back  FIG. 37 , the gate lead of every silicon controlled rectifier  512   a - 512   r  is isolated, routed, and connected via electrical switch board  514  to another electrical cable  518 . Electrical cable  518  is comprised of a plurality of isolated electrically conductive wire (also not illustrated) relative to the gate lead of each silicon controlled rectifier  512   a - 512   r . Electrical cable  518  is attached to a programmable logic controller (PLC)  516 . Programmable logic controller  516  is provided to facilitate an electrical switching of every silicon controlled rectifier  512   a - 512   r . Furthermore programmable logic controller  516  is also connected to a separate power supply to enable the operation thereof. 
         [0165]    Moving on to the operation of this embodiment, a standing negative electrical potential of between  70 V and 80 k  V is applied to lead  515 . This in turn energizes the anode leads of every silicon controlled rectifier  512   a - 512   r . A plurality of equal electrical potential is now simultaneously applied to a plurality of gate lead from programmable logic controller  516 . In this embodiment only two gate leads are energized at any one time. It should be understood that through the utilization of a programmable logic controller in conjunction with a plurality of silicon controlled rectifier a larger multiple of gate lead can be energized at any one point in time; this understanding of course being dependent upon the plurality of silicon controlled rectifier being employed relative to the addressing capability of the programmable logic controller. 
         [0166]    As like the previous embodiment, this part of the following discussion is a “snap-shot” in time. Both silicon controlled rectifier  512   e  and silicon controlled rectifier  512   n  are darkened to represent applied electrical potentials to their gate leads. Each identical electrical potential applied from programmable logic controller  516  is great enough to “activate” silicon controlled rectifier  512   e  as well as silicon controlled rectifier  512   n . This allows for the electrical potential applied to electrical lead  515  to be transferred to the cathode leads of both silicon controlled rectifier  512   e  and silicon controlled rectifier  512   n . Each isolated electrical potential is then routed and transferred through electrical switch board  514  to electrical cable  520 . These isolated electrical potentials are then simultaneously transferred through female electrical connector  524   e  as well as female electrical connector  524   n  to electrically conductive rod  310   ex  and electrically conductive rod  310   nx.    
         [0167]    There is no further discussion concerning the operation of this embodiment as it would be identical to the operation of the previous embodiment. 
       Third Embodiment—FIG.  39   
       [0168]    Briefly referring to  FIG. 39 , an electrically conductive rod  550  is shown relating to a third embodiment. As shown, the geometry of electrically conductive rod  550  does not resemble that of a half circle. Electrically conductive rod  550  should be considered as an alternative design to every electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  that comprise accelerator cage  300 . If this design were to be implemented, the geometry of both plane  480  and plane  482  would be altered. This would not significantly affect the operation of either of the previously described embodiments adversely or otherwise. 
       Fourth Embodiment—FIG.  40   
       [0169]    Referring to  FIG. 40 , an electrically conductive rod  570  having an electrically conductive wire  575  is shown relating to a fourth embodiment. Electrically conductive rod  570  is identical to electrically conductive rod  310   a . As shown, electrically conductive wire  575  is wrapped around the arced section of electrically conductive rod  570  creating a coiled structure thereabout. Electrically conductive wire  575  is comprised of an electrically conductive material (e.g. gold, copper, tungsten, etc.) and is insulated. Electrically conductive rod  570  should be considered as another alternative design to every electrically conductive rod  310   a - 310   r  that comprise accelerator cage  300 . 
         [0170]    If this design were to be implemented, the electrical potential applied to electrically conductive rod  570  would also be applied to electrically conductive wire  575 . This would generate a magnetic field thereabout. A generally spherical rotating magnetic field would then be created as well as a generally spherical rotating electric field. The effect a generally spherical rotating magnetic field would have upon the operation of either the first or second embodiment is unclear; as is the benefit or disadvantage of the addition of a generally spherical rotating magnetic field. 
       Advantages 
       [0171]    From the description above, a number of advantages of some of the embodiments of my electrical switching apparatus and generally spherical accelerator cage become apparent:
       (a) Causing positive ions to circulate through a generally spherical rotating electric field, and then introducing a virtual cathode, positive ions can be influenced to either spiral or change position between both electric fields, this in turn can give control over the rate at which a nuclear-fusion reaction occurs.   (b) Surrounding a nuclear-fusion reaction with a generally spherical rotating positive ion flow can reduce neutron flux levels to a minimum if not to zero, which in turn can increase the reliability of all apparatuses involved in producing a nuclear-fusion reaction.   (c) The scattering of neutrons within a generally spherical rotating positive ion flow can increase the temperature of said ion flow, which in turn can facilitate further nuclear-fusion reactions.       
 
         [0175]    Although the description above contains much specificity, this should not be construed as the limitation of scope, but rather as the exemplification of several currently preferred embodiments thereof. Many other variations are possible. For example a polyhedral, cylindrical, or other three dimensional geometry could be employed for the cathode as well as the accelerator cage; the electrical switching apparatus could be connected via cables or wires; the electrical switching apparatus could switch applied electrical potentials counterclockwise; paint or pigment could be applied to apparatuses to alter the aesthetics thereof; apparatuses could be scaled up or down, etc. 
         [0176]    Accordingly, the scope should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. 
       REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
         P. T. Farnsworth U.S. Pat. No. 3,258,402 issued Jun. 28, 1966 
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         Robert L. Hirsch U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,036 issued Sep. 22, 1970 
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         Robert L. Hirsch U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,497 issued Sep. 22, 1970 
         Robert W. Bussard U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,626 issued May 2, 1989 
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         “Currents Limited by Space Charge between Concentric Spheres” Irving Langmuir, Katherine B. Blodgett, Physics Review, 23, pp 49-59, 1924 
         “On the Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of a Plasma” William C. Elmore, James L. Tuck, and Kenneth M. Watson, The Physics of Fluids, v. 2, no 3, May-June, 1959 
         “Electrostatic Centripetal Confmement” Nathan Sanders and Frank Sanders, Copy Write Office and Library of Congress, Publishing Pending, Filling Date: Aug. 1, 2008