Abstract:
A method for maintaining a time reference for television services includes receiving a transport stream encoding a plurality of television services, and processing at least one of the television services by a first decoder, including receiving time reference data included in the transport stream, estimating a delay in receiving the time reference data, and maintaining the time reference according to the received time reference data and the estimated delay.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    This application relates to recovering timing for television services.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    Television systems today provide viewers with hundreds of broadcast channels that include video and audio services. In general a channel includes a number of video and audio services that are encoded in a signal that is transmitted to a user location where it is decoded and presented to the user using equipment (e.g., a “set top box”) at the user location. Typically, this equipment includes dedicated hardware that decodes information in the signal for the video and audio services for presenting to the viewer. Television systems also provide other types of services to viewers, such as Video-on-Demand (VOD) programming which may include various viewer selectable commands. Presenting these other types of services can involve software-based decoding of data in the transmitted signal. Video and audio services, which are typically encapsulated in MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) transport streams that are time-synchronized by a program clock reference (PCR) signal, are typically decoded using dedicated hardware.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0003]    In a general aspect, the invention features an approach to synchronizing television services received by a viewer&#39;s equipment with a time reference in the equipment. By determining time delays associated with decoding of some television services and other timing inaccuracies, such as clock time drift, the decoded television services are synchronously presented with other decoded television services.  
           [0004]    In one aspect, in general, the invention features a method for maintaining a time reference for television services. The method includes receiving a transport stream encoding a plurality of television services, and processing at least one of the television services by a first decoder, including receiving time reference data included in the transport stream, estimating a delay in receiving the time reference data, and maintaining the time reference according to the received time reference data and the estimated delay.  
           [0005]    In another aspect, in general, the invention features an apparatus for maintaining a time reference for television services. The apparatus includes a first decoder for receiving at least one television service from a transport stream encoded with a plurality of television services. The first decoder processes the at least one television service and receives time reference data included the transport stream. The first decoder estimates a delay in receiving the time reference data and maintains the time reference according to the received time reference data and the estimated delay.  
           [0006]    In another aspect, in general, the invention features an article including a machine-readable medium which stores executable instructions to maintain a time reference for television services. The instructions cause a machine to receive a transport stream encoding a plurality of television services, and process at least one of the television services by a first decoder. The first decoder includes instructions to cause the machine to receive time reference data included in the transport stream, estimate a delay in receiving the time reference data, and maintain the time reference according to the received time reference data and the estimated delay.  
           [0007]    The approach can include one or more of the following features:  
           [0008]    A second decoder may process another of the television services, and may maintain a separate time reference, the separate time reference is different from the time reference maintained by the first decoder.  
           [0009]    The at least one television service processed by the first decoder and the other television service processed by the second decoded may be combined for displaying to a viewer.  
           [0010]    The television service processed by the second decoder may be a video service, and the separate time reference may be maintained by a program clock reference encoded with the video service.  
           [0011]    Processing of the television services by the first decoder may include software-based processing.  
           [0012]    Estimating the delay may include estimating a delay incurred in the software-based processing of the time reference data in the transport stream.  
           [0013]    Maintaining the time reference according to the received time reference data may include determining a time drift.  
           [0014]    The time reference data may include a pair of heartbeat packets consecutively positioned in the transport stream.  
           [0015]    The approach may have one or more of the following advantages:  
           [0016]    Recovering timing for television services provides a timing mechanism so that software-decoded television services which may be presented synchronously with hardware-decoded television services such as video and audio services. For example, sub-pictures, video-highlighting for drawing a viewer&#39;s attention, VOD commands, or other television services may be software-decoded and synchronously presented with hardware-decoded video and audio television services to enhance the viewer&#39;s experience.  
           [0017]    Besides compensating for timing delays caused by software decoding, time drifts between a clock reference generated at a cable head end and a software clock in a set top box connected to a television may be compensated. By compensating for the timing delays and time drifts, software-decoded and hardware-decoded television services may be synchronized to reduce annoyance from unsynchronized services.  
           [0018]    In another example, by synchronizing sub-pictures with currently viewed programming, a viewer may have access to different information, such as different viewing aspects related to an individual program scene. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0019]    [0019]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a television service system.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a set-top box.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a transport stream.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a heartbeat packet.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4 is a block diagram of heartbeat packets in a transport stream.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 5 is a flowchart for recovering software clock timing for software-decoded television services.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION  
       [0025]    Television system  5  provides viewers access to a variety of television services. For example, a viewer can access a particular television channel that provides video and audio services. In addition, the television system  5  provides viewers with video services to enhance television viewing. Enhancements include, outlining video, highlighting portions of a video to draw the viewer&#39;s attention, and commands for video-on-demand programming. For presentation, each enhancement is time-synchronized with the video and audio services of the particular channel of interest. For example, to highlight a video object presented on a video service for a particular channel, highlighting graphics are decoded at the viewer&#39;s set-top box and synchronously presented with the video object. In order to synchronize the highlighting graphics and the video object, timing information is encoded in the data streams carrying the various services for the channel. In particular, a transport stream that includes the highlighting data and the video and audio services for the particular channel includes timing data that is used for the synchronization.  
         [0026]    Set-top boxes typically decode video and audio television services in hardware from the received transport stream. The presentations of these services are synchronized to a system (hardware) clock derived from timing signals embedded in the video or audio service, typically the video service. Other data, such as subpicture data that is also received in the transport stream, is separately decoded by the set-top box, typically in software. The software decoder in some or all set-top boxes often can not access the timing signals embedded in the video service. To synchronize the presentation of hardware and software decoded services, a timing reference is embedded in the transport stream so that a software-based clock in the set-top box can be used to synchronize the presenting of software decoded data with the hardware decoded data. However, the operation of retrieving this timing reference from the transport stream incurs a retrieval time delay that must be compensated. Also as with many clocks, over an operating period the software-based clock can drift in time and this drift is also corrected.  
         [0027]    The television system  5  characterizes and compensates for two timing inaccuracies in maintaining the software clock. The first timing inaccuracy is related to time delay due to retrieving the time signals reference from the transport stream that is sent from the cable head end  10 . To compensate for this delay the system estimates the time delay incurred in retrieving the timing reference from the transport stream. Two data packets that contain respective time references are consecutively inserted into the transport stream. As each of the data packets are sequentially retrieved from the transport stream a software clock, located in the set top box, is sampled to estimate the retrieval delay. The second timing inaccuracy is related to time drift in the software clock itself. To compensate for this inaccuracy, the system uses the time reference information included in the pair of data packets to estimate and compensate for this drift in the software clock.  
         [0028]    Referring to FIG. 1, a television system  5  includes a cable head end  10  that transmits a transport stream to a broadband RF network  20  that distributes the transport stream to viewer&#39;s premises  30   a, b . The transport stream contains audio and video services, from an audio/video source  40 , a data service, from a data source  50 , and a heartbeat service, from a heartbeat service generator  60  that provides the data packets that are inserted in pairs into the transport stream to compensate for the timing inaccuracies. Audio/Video sub-system  70 , data sub-system  80 , and heartbeat sub-system  90  condition (e.g., select, filter, etc.) the respective services and transfer the services to a transport stream processor  100 . The transport stream processor  100  generates the transport stream (i.e., multiplexes the selected services) for transmission on each of a number of different channels to the broadband RF network  20 . Also in some arrangements the transport stream is unicast to a single subscriber (e.g., for on-demand viewing). Each viewer residence  30   a, b  receives the transport stream for a selected channel with a respective set-top-box (STB)  110   a, b  that decodes the transport stream for the selected channel into the audio/video services, the data service, and the heartbeat service. The set-top boxes  110   a,b  hardware-decode the audio/video services and software-decode the data service for presenting the services on respective televisions  120   a, b.  To synchronize the hardware decoded audio and video services, a program clock reference (PCR) is typically inserted into the video services contained in the transport stream and provides a time reference for a clock associated with the hardware decoding. To synchronize the software decoded data service, the heartbeat service is used by the set-top boxes  110   a, b  to provide a reference time signal to a software based clock also included in the set top boxes.  
         [0029]    Referring to FIG. 1A, set-top box  110   a  (shown in FIG. 1) includes a transport stream decoder  130  that receives the transport streams transmitted from cable head-end  10  (also shown in FIG. 1). Once received, decoder  130  de-multiplexes the transport streams for the tuned channel into individual packets for hardware and software decoding and determines which decoder to send the individual packets for decoding based on a packet identifier in the packet. A hardware decoder  140  receives and decodes the packets that include the video and audio services, while a software decoder  160  decodes data packets. The heartbeat packets are sent from the transport stream decoder  130  to the software decoder  160 . The heartbeat packets contain information that can be accessed to provide a time reference to a software clock  195  used by the software decoder  160  which is used as a trigger that releases data for presentation on a television connected to the set top box  110   a.    
         [0030]    Software decoder  160  first inspects each packet it receives to determine the appropriate software module to process the packet and inserts it into a buffer  150 . Heartbeat packets as well as other data packets are queued in the buffer  150 . Software decoder  160  invokes appropriate software modules to process packets that are queued in the buffer. These modules include a heartbeat processor  155 , as well as a data processor  165 . Retrieval time delay  170  is due to the queuing by the buffer  150  and the delay experienced in delivering the packets to either of the software modules  155 ,  165 .  
         [0031]    Hardware processor  140  maintains a PCR clock  190  that is based on Program Clock Reference (PCR) data in the video packets it receives. Audio and video data is presented at times specified in the time base of PCR clock  190 . Packets arriving at hardware decoder  140  experience relatively little delay and therefore PCR clock  190  essentially tracks the PCR values in packets at the time that they are received by the hardware decoder.  
         [0032]    Software decoder  160  maintains a separate software clock  195 , which receives an initial time reference from a CPU clock  175 , and is compensated for the delay  170  as determined from each pair of received heartbeat packets and for time drift from the information contained in each of the heartbeat packets. Data processor  165 , which is passed the data packets sent to the transport stream decoder  130 , stores the data packets and determines when information contained data packets is to be passed to a combiner  180  for presentation with the video and audio packets on the television  120   a  (shown in FIG. 1). For passing the data packets for combining, the data processor  165  also uses the time provided by the software clock  195 . In comparison to hardware decoding of the video and audio packets, heartbeat packets that specify the time of the software clock  195  experience significantly longer delays from the time they are passed from transport stream decoder  130  to the time they received by heartbeat processor  155  from the buffer  150 . This retrieval time delay  170  may also be variable, for example depending on the load of the software processor that executes commands associated with the software decoder.  
         [0033]    Hardware clock  190  and software clock  195  do not necessarily increment in the same time units, or are referenced to the same time origin. The two time bases are associated with a common presentation time relative to the television program or other content transmitted in the transport stream. Therefore correct synchronization of the clocks enables accurately synchronized presentation of audio/video information from the hardware decoder  140  and information from the software decoder  160 . Software decoder  160  does not, in general, have access to hardware clock  190  to allow it to synchronize software clock  195  and hardware clock  190  directly. Furthermore, even if once synchronized, the clocks may drift in their absolute time. This time drift induced on the software clock  195  may result from such contributing factors as, the stability and drift (e.g., phase noise) of the CPU clock  175  of the set-top box  110   a , which provides the initial timing reference to the software decoding clock  195 , and typically operates at a higher frequency than the software clock  195 . Time drifts due to the transmission of the transport stream and error correcting at the head end  10  or at the set-top box  110   a  can also produce time drifts.  
         [0034]    Heartbeat packets identify desired values for software clock  195 . If possible, it would be desirable to synchronize software clock  195  with the time values specified in heartbeat packets at the time those packets were first received by the software decoder, thereby maintaining software clock  195  in synchronization with hardware clock  190 .  
         [0035]    Referring to FIG. 2, an example of a transport stream  200  that is transmitted from the cable head end  10  (shown in FIG. 1) to the user premises  30   a,b  (shown in FIG. 1) is shown. The transport stream  200  includes packets  210 ,  220 ,  230 ,  240  that are multiplexed by the transport stream processor  100  (shown in FIG. 1) and locally de-multiplexed by the transport stream decoder  130  (shown in FIG. 1A). The transport stream  200  includes video packets  210 , which contain video services, audio packets  220 , which contain audio services, data packets  230 , which contain data services, and heartbeat packets  240 . Besides multiplexing the packets  210 - 240  prior to transmission, the transport stream processor  100  (shown in FIG. 1) also inserts program specific information (PSI)  205  into the transport stream  200  that contains a packet identifier (PID) key for each type of packet. Each packet includes a particular PID unique to each packet type so that as the set-top boxes  110   a  receive the transport stream the packets are properly passed to the hardware or software decoders  140 ,  160  (shown in FIG. 1A). For example, video packets are assigned a PID “64”, at the cable head end, and audio packets are assigned a PID “66”. Thus, when the STB&#39;s  110   a, b  receive packets with PID “64” or “66” the packets are passed the hardware decoder  140 . When the STB&#39;s  110   a,b  receive packets with a PID of “71” or “74” the packets are passed to the buffer  150  for decoding by the software decoder  160 .  
         [0036]    For synchronous presenting of the audio and video services stored in audio and video packets  210 ,  220 , hardware clock  190  (shown in FIG. 1A) uses the program clock reference (PCR) that is stored periodically (e.g., 10 PCR&#39;s per second) in the audio or video packets  210 ,  220  (typically only the video packets) as a 43-bit sample of a 27-MHz clock located at the cable head end  10  (shown in FIG. 1). By using the PCR stored within the audio or video packets  210 ,  220 , the hardware clock  190  in the set-top box  110   a  is synchronized to the PCR references in the hardware-decoded packets at the time they are received by hardware decoder  140 . Audio and video information is passed from hardware decoder  140  to combiner  180  according to decode time stamps (DTS) that are relative to PCR references used by the hardware clock  190 . However, some STB&#39;s, such as the Motorola DCT 2000, do not provide software access to the PCR values received in video and audio packets  210 ,  220 . Thus, software decoder  160  cannot update software clock  195  (shown in FIG. 1A) through access to the PCR-based hardware clock to compensate for time differences between the clocks and maintain synchronous presentation of the data decoded by the software decoder  160  and the video and audio services decoded by the hardware decoder  140 .  
         [0037]    Referring to FIG. 3, a typical heartbeat packet  300  from a transport stream is shown. Each heartbeat packet  300  is 188 bytes in length and separated into a header  310  and a payload  320 . The standard MPEG packet header  310  is typically 4 bytes long and includes the packet PID to direct the packet to the software decoder  160  (shown in FIG. 1A). The payload  320  of the packet  300  includes an MPEG private section header  322  and an MPEG private section payload  324  that contains timing information for synchronizing hardware-decoded and software-decoded packets along with information for compensating time drift of the software clock  195  and other system delays. In this implementation the heartbeat MPEG private section payload  324  includes a sequence number  330 , a program clock reference base  340  and a bit rate  350 . Each of these payload items are unsigned longwords and reside in a portion of the 184-byte payload  320 . The sequence number  330  begins with a value of “0” and increases by 1 for each pair of heartbeat packets inserted in the transport stream  200  (shown in FIG. 2). The clock base number  340  is equal to a heartbeat clock reference that is produced at the heartbeat sub-system  90  (shown in FIG. 1) and in some arrangements is referenced to the start of the particular television program or content being transmitted in the transport stream  200  (shown in FIG. 2). In some arrangements the heartbeat clock reference contains a sample of a 10 kHz clock signal produced at the cable head end  10  (shown in FIG. 1). However, in some arrangements the heartbeat clock reference contains samples of a clock signal that operates at a frequency higher or lower than 10 kHz. Typical samples of the program clock reference base  340  range over about a 119-hour time period. Thus, the clock base number  340  may be used to synchronize software-decoded services over a 119 hour time period before resetting. The bit rate  340  contains a constant bit rate of the transport stream in units of bits per second and provides the same value for all of the heartbeat packets inserted into the transport stream since the bit rate of the transport stream is constant.  
         [0038]    Referring to FIG. 4, the transport stream  200  is extended to show three pairs of heartbeat packets  410   a,b,c  that are used to determine the time delay  170  (shown in FIG. 1A) and compensate for time drift. In this implementation, each pair of heartbeat packets  410   a,b,c  are inserted into the transport stream  200  approximately every 500 milliseconds (msec.). The first heartbeat pair  410   a  is inserted approximately 500 msec. after the program map table  205  and the subsequent pairs  410   b,c  are inserted approximately 500 msec. apart. Each heartbeat packet pair  410   a, b, c  includes two heartbeat packets, for example, heartbeat pair  410   a  includes two heartbeat packets  240   a, b , heartbeat pair  410   b  includes two heartbeat packets  240   c, d  and heartbeat pair  410   c  includes heartbeat packets  240   e , f. Similar to the heartbeat packet  300  shown in FIG. 3, after the headers  310   a - f , each heartbeat packet MPEG private section payload  324   a - f  includes a sequence number  330   a - f  that increments for each inserted heartbeat pair  410   a, b, c . For example, both heartbeat packets  240   a,b  for the first heartbeat pair  410   a  each include a “0” sequence number  330   a,b  to represent the first inserted heartbeat pair. Similarly, packets  240   c  and  240   d  include “1” as a sequence number  330   c, d  to represent the second inserted heartbeat pair and packets  240   e  and  240   f  include “2” as a sequence number  330   e, f  to represent the third inserted heartbeat packet pair. In another implementation, the sequence number  330   a - f  may use a 1-based system or any other based number system.  
         [0039]    Each heartbeat packet  240   a - f  also includes a clock base number  340   a - f  that contains the insertion point of the heartbeat packet based on the 10 kHz clock signal of the heartbeat clock at the cable head end  10  (shown in FIG. 1), and a bit rate number  350   a - f  that contains the bit rate of the transport stream  200  (typically 3 to 4 Megabits per second). For example, referring to the clock base numbers, packet  240   a  is inserted into the transport stream  200  500 msec. after the PMT packet  205  and is assigned a clock base number  340   a  of 5000. Packet  240   b  is inserted directly after packet  240   a  and has a clock base number of 5003. After another 500 msec. the heartbeat packet  240   c  is inserted with a clock base number  340   c  of 10000, which corresponds to of 1 second after the insertion of the PMT packet  205 . Similarly, packet  240   d  is inserted directly after packet  240   c  and has a clock base number  340   d  of 10004. Again, after another 500 msec. the heartbeat packet  240   e  is inserted with a clock base number  340   e  of 15000 and packet  240   f , directly inserted after packet  240   e , has a clock base number  340   f  of 15004. As mentioned above the bit rate  350   a - f  of the transport stream  200  is the same for each heartbeat packet  430   a - f  and in this example each bit rate contains a value for 4 Megabits per second.  
         [0040]    Returning to FIG. 1A, heartbeat processor  155  processes heartbeat packets to maintain the software clock  195  in synchronization with the heartbeat clock located at the head end  10  (shown in FIG. 1). Heartbeat processor  155  maintains an estimate for the time delay  170  due to the buffer  150 . To compute the time delay  170 , as each first heartbeat packet of a heartbeat packet pair is received by the heartbeat processor  155  from the buffer  150 , the software clock  195  is sampled for the current time. The software clock  195  is also sampled upon receipt of the second heartbeat packet. The difference of these two time samples provides the estimate of the time delay  170  that then can be applied to the software clock  195 . Once the time delay  170  is calculated for one particular heartbeat packet pair (e.g., packet pair  410   a  shown in FIG. 4), the time delay is averaged with previously calculated time delay estimates from previously received heartbeat packet pairs.  
         [0041]    The reason that heartbeat processor  155  uses sequences for two heartbeat packets to estimate delay  170  can be understood as follows. When a first of a pair of heartbeat messages is received, it passes through buffer  150  with a certain delay at which time it is processed by heartbeat processor  155 . The second of the pair arrives immediately after the first arrives, while the first is still being processed, and therefore is does not immediately begin processing. After heartbeat processor  155  completes processing of the first heartbeat message, the software decoder  160  begins processing of the second packet, and after a certain delay the heartbeat processor  155  begins processing of the second heartbeat packet. Therefore, if the delay is Δt, and the first packet arrived at time t 0 , then the heartbeat processor  155  begins processing of the first heartbeat message at time t 0 +Δt, and assuming negligible processing time by heartbeat processor  155 , processing of the second heart beat packet begins at t 0 +2Δt. Therefore, the different between the times that the heartbeat processor  155  begins processing each of the two heartbeat messages is the heartbeat processor&#39;s estimate of the delay for this pair of heartbeat messages.  
         [0042]    Using this delay estimate, based on the samples from the software clock  195  to represent the arrival times of the heartbeat packets at the heartbeat processor  155 , the heartbeat processor can calculate the time delay in terms of clock cycles or in terms of the transit time from the head end in clock cycles. To determine the time delay  170  in clock cycles, for use in compensating the software clock  195 , the difference of the arrival times and clock reference bases are used:  
         Delay(Clock Cycles)=(Arrival Time 2−Arrival Time 1)−(Clock Base 2−Clock Base 1)  
         [0043]    Referring to FIG. 4, as an example, the clock reference bases  340   a, b  that are stored in heartbeat packet pair 1  410   a  can be used in the equation above to determine the number of clock cycles in the delay. To represent the arrival times, in this particular example, the software clock  195  is sampled at time 16414 when the first heartbeat packet  240   a  arrives at the heartbeat processor  155  and the software clock  195  is sampled at 16419 when the second heartbeat packet  240   b  arrives. Using the equation above, the number of clock cycles in the delay is:  
               Delay                 in                 clock                 cycles     =              (     16419   -   16414     )     -     (     5003   -   5000     )                   =            5   -   3                 =            2                 clock                   cycles   .                                   
 
         [0044]    To determine the transit time delay from the head end  10  (shown in FIG. 1) in comparison to the hardware decoded services, the transmission bit rate  350   a  is used along with the clock rate of the software clock  195 . Similar to determining the delay in clock cycles, the difference of the arrival time of the first heartbeat packet  240   a  and the arrival time of the second heartbeat packet  240   b  is used along with the bit length of each heartbeat packet:  
         Delay in clock cycles=(Arrival Time 2−Arrival Time 1)−(Heartbeat packet length in bytes*8 bits/byte*Clock rate)/(Transmission bit rate)  
         [0045]    Again, using the information in FIG. 4 and same the clock samples representing the arrival times for heartbeat packet 1  240   a  and packet 2  240   b , the transit delay time in clock cycles from the head end is:  
               Delay                 in                 clock                 cycles     =              (     16419   -   16414     )     -       (     188   *   8   *   10   ,   000     )     /     (     4   ,   000   ,   000     )                     =            1.24                 clock                 cycles                                 
 
         [0046]    After the software clock  195  has been compensated for the time delay  170  (shown in FIG. 1A), the time drift that is experienced in the software clock  195  is compensated by the clock reference bases  340   a - f  (shown in FIG. 4) that are included in each heartbeat packet  240   a - f  (also shown in FIG. 4). When heartbeat processor  155  receives a heartbeat message, which contains a desired value (i.e., the clock base number) for software clock  195 , it uses the time sampled of the software clock  195  to determine the difference between this sampled time and the clock reference base number of the received heartbeat packet. If the clock has not drifted then the calculated difference between the clock reference base number and the sample of the software clock is zero. Once the difference value is calculated, the heartbeat processor  155  updates the software clock  195  according to this calculated difference value to compensate for some or all of the time drift. Also the heartbeat processor  155  optionally averages the calculated drift values prior to applying them to the software clock  195 .  
         [0047]    Referring to FIG. 5 a procedure  500  for using heartbeat packets to compensate for time delay due to software decoding and clock time drift is shown. After starting  510 , the procedure  500  initializes  520  the software clock  195  (shown in FIG. 1A) with the CPU clock  175  (also shown in FIG. 1A). In one example, the system clock may be initialized to provide an unsigned 32-bit time value, in increments of {fraction (1/10,000)} of a second, and corresponds to the start of a received transport stream. As mentioned the CPU clock  175  typically has a faster clock rate than the software clock  195 . Once the software clock  195  is initialized  520 , a transport stream containing, for example, video, audio, data and heartbeat packets is received 530 by the STB  110   a . After receiving 530 the transport stream, the procedure  500  determines  540  if the currently received packet of the transport stream is a heartbeat packet or not. If the packet is a not a heartbeat packet, the procedure  500  transfers  545  the packet for proper hardware decoding or other software decoding. If a heartbeat packet is received, the procedure  500  then uses the heartbeat packet for time compensating  550 .  
         [0048]    Time compensating  550  includes first determining  552  if the received heartbeat packet is the first of a heartbeat packet pair. If this heartbeat is the first of a pair, the time the packet arrived at (i.e., was first handled by) the heartbeat processor  155  (shown in FIG. 1A) is recorded  554 . If this is the second of a pair the difference between the arrival times of the two heartbeats is computed  560 . This difference is used to update the estimate of delay  170  using an averaging procedure  570  and apply the average to the software clock  195  (also shown in FIG. 1A). Once the delay  170  is compensated, the procedure  500  compensates for clock drift based on the value of the clock reference base in the first, second or both of the received heartbeat packets  592 .  
         [0049]    Referring briefly to FIG. 4, when the first heartbeat packet  240   a  is received by the heartbeat processor  155  (shown in FIG. 1A), the clock base number  340   a  (5000) plus the current estimate of delay  170  is compared to the current time of the software clock  195  to determine if the software clock has drifted in time. Similarly, as the other heartbeat packets  240   b - f  are received and software-decoded, the clock base numbers contained in each respective heartbeat packet can be compared to the software clock  195  to determine if the clock as drifted in time. After recording the arrival time of the first heartbeat packet  554  or updating the delay estimate  590 , the procedure  500  determines  575  if the transport stream is completed. If the transport stream transmission has not completed, the procedure  500  returns to receive 530 more packets from the transport stream. If the transmission of the transport stream is complete the procedure  500  stops  590 .  
         [0050]    Rather than compensating the software clock  195  (shown in FIG. 1A) for both time drift and delays from software decoding, either compensation may be applied individually. Thus, the software clock  195  located, for example in the STB  110   a  may be compensated for time drift or for time delay due to software decoding.  
         [0051]    Also, besides averaging the time drift and the timing delay due to software-decoding, individual time drifts and timing delays, determined from individual heartbeat packets, may be applied to the software clock. In conjunction with FIG. 4, the heartbeat packet pairs  410   a - c  were inserted into the transport stream  200  in 500 msec. intervals. In other implementations, the heartbeat packet pairs  410   a - c  may be separated by shorter or longer time intervals within the transport stream  200 . In some implementations, the heartbeat processor  155  (shown in FIG. 1A) can disregard calculated delay values that exceed a threshold and are determined to be erroneous.  
         [0052]    A variety of data services can be synchronized with audio and video services using the approach described above. Examples of data services include closed caption services that require presentation of text or other graphics during a program. Another example is a menu service that requires presentation of software decoded or generated graphical images (e.g., buttons, highlights, etc.) during presentation of a video service, for example, that provides background pictures.  
         [0053]    The software clock  195  (shown in FIG. 1A) as mentioned uses an underlying hardware clock (the CPU clock), which typically operates at a faster rate than the software clock, as a time reference. The software clock  195  also, for example, can be set to time zero at the start of a transmitted program, and increment at 10 kHz. Data services can also include information that identifies when the services should be presented based on this clock, which is for example, in units of 100 microseconds from the start of the movie program. The hardware clock  190  (also shown in FIG. 1A) does not necessarily, or even typically, have a zero-origin at the start of a program. As described above, the PCR clock increments at 27 MHz. However, because the software clock is synchronized based on the location of the heartbeat packets in the stream, the hardware and software clocks do not have to use the same origin or time increments. Furthermore, in the delivery process through a television system, the time origin of the PCR clock for a program can be modified (“re-stamped”), for example, due to multiplexing, demultiplexing, or splicing transport streams, and therefore at the time of authoring a data service, the PCR at the time the service will be presented is unpredictable. If a data service were to reference the PCR clock, then the references would not necessarily be updated when the PCR clock itself was modified.  
         [0054]    The approach described can be used in other contexts in which a delay must be compensated to maintain a software clock. For example, audio and video services may be decoded in software and the PCR-based clock is then maintained using estimated retrieval delays. Also, other sequences of timing-related packets than pairs of heartbeat packets may be inserted into a transport stream based on the characteristics of the packet delivery and decoding process to estimate a fixed or variable delay.  
         [0055]    Also in some implementations, time delay  170  (shown FIG. 1A) can be determined after a single program transport stream (SPTS) containing video, audio and heartbeat packets is multiplexed into a multiprogram transport stream that includes multiple SPTS&#39;s. For example, a SPTS with a 3 Mega bit per second bit rate can be multiplexed with nine other SPTS&#39;s (each with respective bit rates of 3 Mega bit per second) into a multiprogram transport stream that contains the ten SPTS&#39;s and has a bit rate of 30 Mega bit per second. In this particular example, 9 packets would be inserted between each packet of each SPTS. So, 9 packets are inserted between two heartbeat packets of one particular transport stream. As mentioned the multiprogram transport stream is delivered at a bit rate of 30 Mbps, but since only 1 of 10 packets is from one individual SPTS, the packets are delivered at {fraction (1/10)}th of 30 Mbps, or 3 Mbps, the original rate of the individual SPTS&#39;s. So while the multiplexed transport stream has a bit rate of 30 Mega bits per second, the effective bit rate between the heartbeat packets is equivalent to inserting no packets between two heartbeat packets in a SPTS with a bit rate of 3 Mega bits per second.  
         [0056]    A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.