Abstract:
The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  for a cathode of a battery. The manufacturing method includes the following steps: dry mixing Fe 3 O 4  and high-purity conductive carbon black, adding the dry-mixed Fe 3 O 4  powder and conductive carbon black into a prepared NaOH solution, adding a prepared NaBH 4  solution into the reaction solution, and conducting aging, pure water cleaning, ultrasonic dispersing, filtering, drying, screening, and seal packing. An iron nickel battery which is produced using the manufacturing method for carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  for an electrode of a battery provided in the present invention has high capacity per gram, high charging and discharging efficiency and low self-discharging, is capable of being sealed, and has a simple process, high strength and long life.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to the technical field of materials for manufacturing batteries, and in particular, to a method for manufacturing carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  for a cathode of a battery. 
         [0003]    2. Related Art 
         [0004]    An iron-nickel storage battery is one type among many rechargeable batteries. A cathode of the iron-nickel storage battery is nickel oxide, an anode of the iron-nickel storage battery is iron, and an electrolyte (an electrolytic solution) is KOH. A voltage of an iron nickel battery generally is 1.2 V, and the battery is very durable, can endure accidents during use at a certain degree (for example, excessive charging, excessive discharging, short circuit, and overheating), and can last for a very long time after going through the foregoing damages. 
         [0005]    Researches and applications of an iron cathode and a nickel anode have been conducted for more than 100 years. In 1887, Desmazures et al., discussed possibilities of using nickel oxide as an active substance at an anode in an alkaline battery. In 1895, Junger from Sweden invented a cadmium-nickel storage battery. In 1900, Edison from America developed an iron-nickel storage battery, and since 1901, Junger and Edison had collaborated on several patents in respect of cadmium-nickel and iron-nickel batteries. 
         [0006]    The iron nickel batteries have good prospects in applications in respect of transport force. In America, Soviet Union, Sweden, West Germany, and Japan, the iron nickel batteries have been commercially developed in various application fields. In the 1980s and 1990s, Karaikudi Central Electrochemical Research Institute (India) and Indian Academy of Sciences Solid Structural Chemistry Department conducted a great amount of work on the iron nickel battery system. Since the late 1990s, many scholars in China and other countries have conducted researches in multiple aspects, so that the iron nickel batteries are put back on the path for practical use. 
         [0007]    At present, the capacity per gram of general Fe 3 O 4  for use in production of iron electrodes is only 50-100 mAh, and the iron nickel battery that is produced by using the general Fe 3 O 4  has low charging and discharging efficiency and high self-discharging, is incapable of discharging at a high rate or being sealed, and has a complicated production process, which limit the use and development of the iron nickel battery. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    To overcome disadvantages of general Fe 3 O 4  for an iron electrode of an existing battery, including low capacity per gram, low charging and discharging efficiency, high self-discharging, and a complicated manufacturing process, and being incapable of discharging at a high rate or being sealed, Fe 3 O 4  for an iron electrode of a battery that has high capacity per gram, high charging and discharging efficiency, high rate of discharging, low self-discharging, is capable of being sealed, and has a simple process, low cost, high intensity, and long life time, and a manufacturing method therefor are needed. 
         [0009]    The present invention provides a method for manufacturing carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  for a cathode of a battery.  FIG. 1 ) is a process flow diagram of the present invention. As shown in FIG. ( 1 ), the manufacturing method includes the following steps: 
         [0010]    (1) crushing and screening Fe 3 O 4  at 300 to 400 meshes and dry mixing the Fe 3 O 4  and high-purity conductive carbon black having a particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.3 μm in a ratio of 70-90:30-10 at a rotation speed of 500 to 1000 rounds per minute for 0.5 to 1 hour; 
         [0011]    (2) placing and maintaining an NaOH solution having a concentration of 0.05 M to 3 M prepared using pure water at a constant temperature of 5 to 15° C. for 0.5 to 1 hour; 
         [0012]    (3) adding the dry-mixed Fe 3 O 4  powder and conductive carbon black into the prepared NaOH solution at a temperature of 5 to 15° C., over slow and uniform stirring, and continuously stirring for 0.5 to 1.5 hours after the dry mixed materials are added into the solution; 
         [0013]    (4) providing a direct-current voltage of 1 to 3 V and a direct-current current of 10 to 30 mA to a reaction vessel by using a direct-current constant current source, preparing pure water into an NaBH 4  solution having a concentration of 0.05 M to 3 M and slowly adding the solution into the reaction solution at a flow rate of 3 to 6 mL per minute, at 5 to 15° C., over slow and uniform stirring, where after the NaBH 4  solution is added into the reaction solution, a weight percentage of the components in the mixed solution in the whole vessel is within the following proportion range: Fe 3 O 4 :conductive carbon black:NaOH:NaBH 4 :pure water=6.45-8.86:0.645-0.886:2.15-2.95:1.07-1.48:85.8-89.68, and continuously stirring over electrifying for 2 to 3 hours; 
         [0014]    (5) conducting aging at a temperature of −1 to 0° C. for 10 to 24 hours after the reaction; 
         [0015]    (6) cleaning by using pure water until a pH value is 6 to 9; 
         [0016]    (7) ultrasonic dispersing for 1 to 3 hours; 
         [0017]    (8) filtering; 
         [0018]    (9) drying at 90 to 100° C.; 
         [0019]    (10) screening at 300 to 400 meshes; and 
         [0020]    (11) seal packing for use. 
         [0021]    An iron nickel battery that is produced by using the carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  for an electrode of a battery provided in the present invention has excellent performance in 1 C charging and discharging, 5 C charging and discharging, 10 C charging and discharging, 20 C charging and discharging, and 30 C charging and discharging, has a super-high rate of charging and discharging performance, a capacity per gram high to 400 mAh or above, and a stable cycle life with a 1 C charging and discharging cycle life high to 300 cycles or above. The iron nickel battery that is produced by using the carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  provided in the present invention has advantages of having fine electrical properties and long life time, and being green, environmentally friendly, and safe, which is particularly suitable for use in the field of electric automobiles. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    To describe the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, the following briefly introduces the accompanying drawings required for describing the embodiments. Apparently, the accompanying drawings in the following description show only some embodiments of the present invention, and a person of ordinary skill in the art may still derive other drawings from these accompanying drawings without creative efforts. 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  is a process flow diagram of the present invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  is a an XRD graph for untreated Fe 3 O 4  and carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  obtained in Embodiment 2; 
           [0025]      FIG. 3  is an SEM image for untreated Fe 3 O 4 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  is an SEM image for carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  is a curve graph of a cycle life test on an AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery that is manufactured by using untreated Fe 3 O 4 ; and 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  is a curve graph of a cycle life test on an AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery that is manufactured by using carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]    The following clearly and completely describes the technical solutions according to the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Apparently, the embodiments in the following description are merely a part rather than all of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. 
       Embodiment 1 
       [0030]    A preferable implementation manner of the present invention provides a specific method for manufacturing carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  for a cathode of a battery. The specific manufacturing method includes the following steps: 
         [0031]    (1) accurately weighing 20 g of NaOH, dissolving the NaOH in 500 mL of pure water, and after the dissolving is completed, cooling the solution to room temperature for use; and then placing and maintaining the NaOH solution at a constant temperature of 10° C. for 30 minutes; 
         [0032]    (2) accurately weighing 60 g of Fe 3 O 4  powder, crushing and screening the Fe 3 O 4  at 400 meshes, and dry mixing the Fe 3 O 4  and accurately-weighed 6 g of high-purity conductive carbon black having a particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.3 μm, at a rotation speed of 500 to 1000 rounds per minute, for 30 minutes; 
         [0033]    (3) adding the dry-mixed Fe 3 O 4  powder and conductive carbon black into the prepared NaOH solution at an environment temperature of 10° C., at the rotation speed of 500 to 1000 rounds per minute, and continuously stirring for 30 minutes after the dry-mixed materials are added into the solution; 
         [0034]    (4) accurately weighing 10 g of NaBH 4  and dissolving the NaBH 4  in 250 mL of pure water; 
         [0035]    (5) providing a direct-current voltage of 1.1 V and a direct-current current of 30 mA to a reaction vessel, slowly adding the prepared NaBH 4  solution into the reaction solution at a temperature of 5 to 15° C., over slow and uniform stirring, at a flow rate of 5 mL per minute, and after the NaBH 4  solution is added into the reaction solution, continuously electrifying and stirring for 3 hours; 
         [0036]    (6) aging for 10 hours at night in ice water; 
         [0037]    (7) cleaning by using pure water at 80° C. until a pH value is 7 to 8; 
         [0038]    (8) ultrasonic dispersing for 1 hour; 
         [0039]    (9) filtering; 
         [0040]    (10) drying at the temperature of 85° C.; 
         [0041]    (11) screening at 300 meshes; and 
         [0042]    (12) seal packing for use. 
       Embodiment 2 
       [0043]    (1) accurately weighing 2 g of NaOH, dissolving the NaOH in 500 mL of pure water, and after the dissolving is completed, cooling the solution to room temperature for use; and then placing and maintaining the NaOH solution at a constant temperature of 5° C. for 30 minutes; 
         [0044]    (2) accurately weighing 48 g of Fe 3 O 4  powder, crushing and screening the Fe 3 O 4  at 400 meshes, and dry mixing the Fe 3 O 4  and accurately-weighed 12 g of high-purity conductive carbon black having a particle diameter of 0.3 μm, at a rotation speed of 500 to 1000 rounds per minute, for 60 minutes; 
         [0045]    (3) adding the dry-mixed Fe 3 O 4  powder and conductive carbon black into the prepared NaOH solution at an environment temperature of 5° C., at the rotation speed of 800 rounds per minute, and continuously stirring for 1.5 hours after the dry-mixed materials are added into the solution; 
         [0046]    (4) accurately weighing 0.5 g of NaBH 4  and dissolving the NaBH 4  in 250 mL of pure water; 
         [0047]    (5) providing a direct-current voltage of 2 V and a direct-current current of 10 mA to a reaction vessel, slowly adding the prepared NaBH 4  solution into the reaction solution at a temperature of 10° C., over slow and uniform stirring, at a flow rate of 6 mL per minute, and after the NaBH 4  solution is added into the reaction solution, continuously electrifying and stirring for 2.5 hours; 
         [0048]    (6) aging for 12 hours at night in ice water; 
         [0049]    (7) cleaning by using pure water at 80° C. until a pH value is 9; 
         [0050]    (8) ultrasonic dispersing for 2 hours; 
         [0051]    (9) filtering; 
         [0052]    (10) drying at the temperature of 90° C.; 
         [0053]    (11) screening at 300 meshes; and 
         [0054]    (12) seal packing for use. 
       Embodiment 3 
       [0055]    (1) accurately weighing 60 g of NaOH, dissolving the NaOH in 500 mL of pure water, and after the dissolving is completed, cooling the solution to room temperature for use; and then placing and maintaining the NaOH solution at a constant temperature of 15° C. for 1 hour; 
         [0056]    (2) accurately weighing 70 g of Fe 3 O 4  powder, crushing and screening the Fe 3 O 4  at 300 meshes, and dry mixing the Fe 3 O 4  and accurately-weighed 6 g of high-purity conductive carbon black having a particle diameter of 0.1 μm, at a rotation speed of 500 rounds per minute, for 30 minutes; 
         [0057]    (3) adding the dry-mixed Fe 3 O 4  powder and conductive carbon black into the prepared NaOH solution at an environment temperature of 15° C., at the rotation speed of 1000 rounds per minute, and continuously stirring for 1 hour after the dry-mixed materials are added into the solution; 
         [0058]    (4) accurately weighing 27.5 g of NaBH 4  and dissolving the NaBH 4  in 250 mL of pure water; 
         [0059]    (5) providing a direct-current voltage of 3 V and a direct-current current of 30 mA to a reaction vessel, slowly adding the prepared NaBH 4  solution into the reaction solution at a temperature of 15° C., over slow and uniform stirring, at a flow rate of 3 mL per minute, and after the NaBH 4  solution is added into the reaction solution, continuously electrifying and stirring for 2 hours; 
         [0060]    (6) aging for 24 hours at night in ice water; 
         [0061]    (7) cleaning by using pure water at 80° C. until a pH value is 6; 
         [0062]    (8) ultrasonic dispersing for 3 hours; 
         [0063]    (9) filtering; 
         [0064]    (10) drying at the temperature of 100° C.; 
         [0065]    (11) screening at 400 meshes; and 
         [0066]    (12) seal packing for use. 
       Embodiment 4 
       [0067]    XRD graph and SEM image contrast analyses for untreated Fe 3 O 4  and carbon-coated nanometer Fe 3 O 4  obtained in Embodiment 2 are performed. The untreated Fe 3 O 4  is Sample 0 # , and a sample obtained in Embodiment 2 is Sample 3 # . 
         [0068]      FIG. 2  shows an XRD graph for Sample 0 #  and Sample 3 # . Upon analysis, major components of Sample 0 #  and Sample 3 #  are both Fe 3 O 4 , mixed with impure phases Fe 2 O 3  and FeO. XRD peaks of Sample 0 #  are comparatively sharp, and peaks of Sample 3 #  are comparatively not quite sharp, which indicates that this XRD graph for Sample 3 #  is caused by that Fe 3 O 4  is coated by carbon, and a peak that is comparatively not obvious occurs for Sample 3 #  when 2θ=26°. 
         [0069]      FIG. 3  is an SEM image for Sample 0 # .  FIG. 4  is an SEM image of Sample 3 # . As can be obviously seen from the SEM image, phase particles of Sample 0 #  are comparatively simplex, and majorly include micron-size blocks; and Sample 3 #  is composed of two types of phase particles, and micron-size blocks are coated by granules in clusters and having a size of about 50 to 60 nm. 
       Embodiment 5 
       [0070]    Fe 3 O 4  that is not coated by carbon and Fe 3 O 4  that is coated by carbon by using the process of the present invention are separately manufactured into AA600mAh sealed iron nickel batteries, and relevant performance data of the batteries are tested for comparison. The AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is not coated by carbon is indicated in the “Before coating” item and the AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is coated by carbon by using the process of the present invention is indicated in the “After coating” item. 
         [0071]    1. Test data: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Before coating 
                 After coating 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Net iron powder quantity of 
                 3.0 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 pole piece (g) 
               
               
                 Closed circuit voltage (V) 
                 1.489 
                 1.400 
               
               
                 Internal resistance (mΩ) 
                   
                 15.7 
               
               
                 0.5 C capacity per gram (mAh/g) 
                 76.67 
                 233.33 
               
               
                 0.5 C Capacity (mAh) 
                 230 
                 630 
               
               
                 0.5 C cycle life (cycles) 
                 80 (64% residue) 
                 80 (90% residue) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0072]    0.5 C Capacity data: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.5 C Capacity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 n th   
                   
                   
                 Set 
                 Set 
                 Start 
                 Terminate 
                 Mean 
                 Terminate 
                 Terminate 
                 Terminate 
               
               
                   
                 position 
                 Cycles 
                 Working state 
                 current 
                 voltage 
                 voltage 
                 voltage 
                 voltage 
                 capacity 
                 time 
                 current 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Before 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 1.900 
                 1.225 
                 1.624 
                 1.637 
                 719.983 
                 144.00 
                 300.00 
               
               
                 coating 
                   
                   
                 charging 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 0.800 
                 1.484 
                 0.799 
                 0.979 
                 145.327 
                 29.07 
                 300.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 discharging 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                   
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 1.900 
                 1.075 
                 1.624 
                 1.644 
                 719.983 
                 144.00 
                 300.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 charging 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 0.800 
                 1.489 
                 0.799 
                 0.950 
                 230.660 
                 46.13 
                 300.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 discharging 
               
               
                 After 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 0.800 
                 1.378 
                 0.799 
                 0.973 
                 624.033 
                 124.80 
                 300.00 
               
               
                 coating 
                   
                   
                 discharging 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 1.900 
                 0.994 
                 1.682 
                 1.428 
                 720.033 
                 144.00 
                 300.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 charging 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                   
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 0.800 
                 1.401 
                 0.798 
                 0.990 
                 631.367 
                 126.27 
                 300.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 discharging 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Constant- current 
                 300.00 
                 1.900 
                 0.889 
                 1.678 
                 1.421 
                 720.033 
                 144.00 
                 300.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 charging 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0073]    As can be seen from the above test data, the use amount of net iron powder quantity of pole piece after the coating is less than the use amount of net iron powder quantity of pole piece before coating, the capacity per gram is 76.67 mAh/g before coating and is 233.33 mAh/g after coating, and the capacity per gram of the battery sample after coating is 3.04 times of the capacity per gram of the battery sample before coating; the constant-current discharging terminate capacities of the battery samples before coating are 145.327 mAh and 230.660 mAh, respectively, and the constant-current discharging terminate capacities of the battery samples after coating are 624.033 mAh and 631.367 mAh, respectively, and the capacity of the AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is coated by carbon by using the process of the present invention is 2.7 to 4.34 times of the capacity of the AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is not coated by carbon. After circular charging and discharging for 80 times, the capacity of the battery before coating only has 64% remained, and the capacity of the battery after coating has 90% remained. 
         [0074]    Referring to  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 5  is a curve graph for a change in the capacity of the AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is not coated by carbon along with an increase of the number of cycles, and  FIG. 6  is a curve graph for a change in the capacity of the AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is coated by carbon by using the process of the present invention along with an increase of the number of cycles. As can be seen from the cycle life test curves, the change in the capacity of the AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is not coated by carbon along with an increase of the number of cycles is rather unstable, and the change in the capacity of the AA600mAh sealed iron nickel battery manufactured by using the Fe 3 O 4  that is coated by carbon by using the process of the present invention along with an increase of the number of cycles is quite stable. 
         [0075]    The foregoing preferable embodiments of the present invention are only for specifically explaining and describing the content of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention.