Abstract:
The subject apparatus and method measures the Total Average Power Loss and isolates the different power loss components of Total Average Loss such as T on  Loss and T off  loss at switching devices such as, MOSFETs, BJTs and IGBTs that may be used in a switching power supply. It provides separation of the components of Total Average Loss as Turn Ton Loss, Turn Toff Loss and allows derivation of conduction loss. It also has the capability to measure Total Average Loss and Switching Loss, while amplitude, duty cycle and frequency of the switching signal is varying in a switching power supply.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY  
       [0001]     The subject application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/504,908 entitled, IDENTIFICATION OF AVERAGE TOTAL LOSS AND SWITCHING LOSS IN DUTY CYCLE AND/OR FREQUENCY VARIATION SIGNALS ACQUIRED ACROSS A SWITCHING DEVICE USING 8-BIT DSO (Srikrishna, et al.), filed 22 Sep. 2003. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The subject invention generally concerns measurement of signals related to switching devices and specifically concerns in-circuit measurements of signals acquired across a switching device by use of a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO).  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Total average power loss is the significant component in the overall power loss of a switching power supply and is estimated at 35% to 40%. The Total average power loss has an adverse impact on the performance of the switching power supply, by reducing efficiency and reliability, and by causing an increase in the size of the needed heat sink.  
         [0004]     In order to know the exact impact, it is important to measure and characterize the total average power loss, switching loss at the switching device. Unfortunately, there are no currently available test tools in market to measure total average power loss or to measure switching loss in time varying signals.  
         [0005]     Total average and switching loss at a switching device is currently analyzed by two methods: Thermal, and Manual. The Thermal technique has following limitations and difficulties. The design engineer needs stimuli to excite the switching device with proper voltage and current. It is time consuming, prone to human error, and the design engineer cannot isolate power loss components such as Ton loss, Toff loss, and conduction loss.  
         [0006]     The second method uses a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) and a Manual measurement technique. This measurement technique has following limitations and difficulties. It, too, is time consuming. It, too cannot separately measure Ton time loss or Toff time loss. Moreover, it is not possible to make measurements when the duty cycle and frequency of switching cycle are varying.  
         [0007]     Because of this complexity in measurement, most of the time, designers over-design the Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) resulting in lower efficiency and higher cost.  
         [0008]     What is needed is an automated method of measuring Total average power loss, and switching loss using a digital storage oscilloscope. This technique of measurement can be applied to switching power supplies that are used in the Computer, Communication, Automotive, and Electronic Ballast industries, thereby overcoming the above-described limitations of thermal and manual computation.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     The subject apparatus and method measures the Total Average Power Loss and isolates the different power loss components of Total Average Loss such as T on  Loss and T off  loss at switching devices such as, MOSFETs, BJTs and IGBTs that may be used in a switching power supply.  
         [0010]     A first aspect of the invention allows automatic measurement of switching loss. A second aspect of the invention provides separation of the components of Total Average Loss as Turn Ton Loss, Turn Toff Loss and allows derivation of conduction loss.  
         [0011]     A third aspect of the invention Improves measurement accuracy by applying signal conditioning, thereby eliminating the impact of noise during the off state of the switching device.  
         [0012]     A fourth aspect of the invention provides support for testing of P channel and N channel devices.  
         [0013]     A fifth aspect of the invention is the avoidance of false detection of switching transitions due to ringing.  
         [0014]     A sixth aspect of the invention is the ability to measure Total Average Loss using a digital storage oscilloscope.  
         [0015]     A seventh aspect of the invention is the capability to measure Total Average Loss and Switching Loss, while amplitude, duty cycle and frequency of the switching signal is varying in a switching power supply.  
         [0016]     An eighth aspect of the invention is the adaptability of the measurement technique, which enables the designer to measure Total average loss and switching loss for different types of topologies deployed in AC-DC and DC-DC converters.verage Power Loss and isolates the different power loss components of Total Average Loss such as T on  Loss and T off  loss at switching devices such as, MOSFETs, BJTs and IGBTs that may be used in a switching power supply.  
         [0017]     A first aspect of the invention allows automatic measurement of switching loss. A second aspect of the invention provides separation of the components of Total Average Loss as Turn Ton Loss, Turn Toff Loss and allows derivation of conduction loss.  
         [0018]     A third aspect of the invention Improves measurement accuracy by applying signal conditioning, thereby eliminating the impact of noise during the off state of the switching device.  
         [0019]     A fourth aspect of the invention provides support for testing of P channel and N channel devices.  
         [0020]     A fifth aspect of the invention is the avoidance of false detection of switching transitions due to ringing.  
         [0021]     A sixth aspect of the invention is the ability to measure Total Average Loss using a digital storage oscilloscope.  
         [0022]     A seventh aspect of the invention is the capability to measure Total Average Loss and Switching Loss, while amplitude, duty cycle and frequency of the switching signal is varying in a switching power supply.  
         [0023]     An eighth aspect of the invention is the adaptability of the measurement technique, which enables the designer to measure Total average loss and switching loss for different types of topologies deployed in AC-DC and DC-DC converters. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0024]      FIG. 1  shows a simplified schematic of a typical switching power supply, as known from the prior art.  
         [0025]      FIGS. 2, 3 ,  5 ,  7 ,  8 , and  11  are oscilloscope screenshots useful in understanding the invention.  
         [0026]      FIGS. 4, 6 , and  9  are waveform diagrams useful in understanding the invention.  FIG. 10  is a flowchart showing an embodiment of the inventive method. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0027]     As noted above, the subject apparatus and method is used to measure Total Average Power Loss and then isolating the different power loss component in total average loss such as T on  Loss and T off  loss at switching device such as MOSFET, BJT and IGBT in a switching power supply. This helps a switching power supply designer to pinpoint inefficiency of the switching power supply. T on  loss+T off  loss also known as switching loss.  
         [0028]     Also the measurement technique is adaptable, to enable the designer to measure Total Average Loss and Switching Loss for different types of topologies deployed in AC-DC and DC-DC converters, which are used in Computer, Communication, Lighting, and Automotive applications. The type of converter used depends upon the power supply requirements of each particular application. As noted above, the subject invention measures switching loss using a digital storage oscilloscope.  
         [0029]      FIG. 1  shows a simplified schematic of a typical switching power supply, as known from the prior art. The voltage and current waveform across the switching device is acquired using an oscilloscope connected to test points D and S, as shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0030]     Voltage Vds is measured across the switching device (FET), and current Ids is measured through the switching device. The gate drive signal is Vgs. Advanced switching loss analysis is employed for calculating the power loss (energy across the switching device). The calculated loss is for all the complete switching cycles in the acquired record. Advanced switching loss measurement needs following signals, Switching Voltage and Switching Current. Based on the topology and load condition of the converter analysis sometimes also needs the gate drive signal Vgs. In the switching loss analysis using switch voltage and current, the switching transitions are detected using the switch voltage.  
         [0031]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , ON and OFF loss and energy are calculated for the switching event, and statistical results of maximum, minimum, and average for each acquisition are displayed.  FIG. 2  shows typical flyback topology waveforms. Ref 1  is the switch voltage captured across the switching device (MOSFET drain to source) and Ref 2  is the switching current (Idrain).  
         [0032]     A signal captured from the Active Power Factor Correction (APFC) portion is zoomed and shown in  FIG. 3 . During this portion current is very low as shown and the switching voltage is in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM mode). It is not possible to identify the switching cycles using only switching voltage and current. So, the gate drive signal is used to identify the switching cycles. The gate drive signal Vgs is clean and does not vary in magnitude.  
         [0033]     The novel approach of the subject invention eliminates the complexity involved in measuring the switching loss under the variation of the switch voltage, switch current, and duty cycle as shown in and  FIG. 3 . Referring to the screenshot of  FIG. 3 , R 1  is the switch voltage signal, R 2  is the switch current and R 3  is the gate drive signal. The lower half of the screenshot is the zoomed in portion of the all three waveforms.  
         [0034]     An ideal power waveform is shown in  FIG. 4 . Referring to  FIG. 4 , E 1  and E 2  are the switching-off and switching-on portions. The portion of the waveforms between E 1  and E 2  is off condition, and the portion of the waveforms between E 2  and E 3  is the conduction portion  
         [0035]     The Switching-ON energy is the integration of the power signal (i.e., the product of switching voltage and current) from the start (approximately 5% of the max of the switching cycle) of the switch current, to stop (approximately 5% of the max of the switching cycle) of switch voltage during the E 2 . The Switching-OFF energy is the integration of the power signal (i.e., the product of switch voltage and current) from start (approximately 5% of the max of the switching cycle) of switch voltage to stop (approximately 5% of the max of the switching cycle) of switch current E 1 . The maximum is calculated locally for each switching cycle on switch voltage and current.  
         [0036]     The real challenge is to identify the start of the data index for the waveform portion of Switching-On E 2  and Switching-Off E 1  for practical situations. During the Switching-ON and Off portions, the voltage and current waveforms experience spikes and these spikes prevent the identification of the correct start and stop index.  
         [0037]     For the following discussion, assume that V ds (t) is the acquired voltage waveform, I ds (t) is current waveform, and V gs (t) is the gate to source voltage waveform.  
         [0038]     During switch ON, the switch current increases and can have a sudden spike or close ringing (See circled portion of  FIG. 5 ). These ringing causes wrong identification of start of TON as in  FIG. 5 . Switching current theoretically is zero from the turn-off to next turn-on. There is a small positive current in this portion (which is system (probe+oscilloscope) floor noise). Multiplying this portion of the switch current by the corresponding switching voltage (which is at 100&#39;s of volts) will result in significant power loss, and may even exceed the actual switching loss. The loss contributed by this portion is reduced to zero by causing switch current to be zero from the end of the turn-OFF state to start of the turn-ON state. The power loss calculated using the signal conditioned switch current has accurate results. The switch current phase lags or leads with respect to the switch voltage during switch-ON and switch-OFF transitions. Edges are identified for both slopes (Rising and Falling) on the voltage waveform at 50% level using the waveform analysis module. The edge timing values and indices are stored in a buffer with time (for explanation) and with an attribute of ON-edge and Off-edge.  
         [0039]     The following steps are used to find start of TON: The device (FET of  FIG. 1 ) starts to conduct the moment it reaches the 5% of the maximum current in that cycle. This index on the current waveform is the start of the switch ON.  
         [0040]     While identifying the start index on the current waveform, the current waveform is passed through the software moving average filter to avoid ringing. The filtered current waveform is used for identifying the start index. The index of the filtered current waveform is mapped to the actual current for the calculation of Ton Loss.  
         [0041]     The window determines the portion of the data being considered for the moving average. Let E1, E2, and E3 timing value on the time buffer of the Previous Off, next On, and Next Off.
 
Twinstart=(E2−E1)/2
 
Twinend=(E3−E2)/2 
 
         [0042]      FIG. 6  is used in the Calculation of edge window  
           I     m   ⁢           ⁢   ovg       ⁡     (   t   )       =       1   /   M     ⁢       ∑     k   =   0       M   -   1       ⁢           ⁢     Ids   ⁢           ⁢     (     n   -   k     )                 
         [0043]     Where M in the above equation is four sample points.  
         [0044]     Locate the 5%(default level) of max current on the I movg (t) data. Let this index be T starton1 .  
         [0045]     In this example assume that the ringing level must be at least 5% of the maximum (current). Also assume that if there is a DC offset on the current waveform, then current will not reach a zero level. So, the user has to compensate the DC offset before running the measurement.  
         [0046]     The following is used to find stop of TON. Apply the window described above with respect to  FIG. 6 . Move forward (i.e., left to right) from the start of the window (Twinstart to Twinstop) to 5% percent of the max (switch voltage).  
         [0047]     The following is used to find start of TOFF. Apply the window described above with respect to  FIG. 6 . Move backward (i.e., right to left) from the stop of the window (Twinstop to next Twinstart) to 5% percent of the max (switch voltage).  
         [0048]     The following is used to find stop of TOFF. Apply the window described above  FIG. 6 . Move forward (i.e., right to left) from the start of the window ((Twinstart to next Twinstop)) to 5% percent of the max (switch current).  
         [0049]     The identified indexes, Ton start, Ton stop, Toff start, Toff stop, are represented on  FIG. 7  as On st, On sp, Off st, and Off sp. That is,  FIG. 7  shows the Start and Stop positions of switch current and voltage  
         [0050]     The following is a discussion of finding Switching Loss using switch voltage, current, and gate voltage. The switch voltage can vary in duty cycle and operating frequency as shown in the  FIG. 8 . As described earlier, switch voltage can operate in both Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). However, switching cycles cannot be identified using the switch voltage in this scenario. So the gate drive signal is used to identify the correct switching cycles and sections.  FIG. 8  is a screenshot of waveforms illustrating Duty Cycle and Frequency variation. Ref 1  is the switch voltage captured across the switching device. Ref 2  is the gate drive signal. Ref 1  goes into discontinuous conduction mode within the highlighted (i.e., “boxed”) switching cycle.  
         [0051]     In the above topology, the switching transition is identified on the gate voltage waveform. The gate voltage is inverse of the switching voltage. This means that a rising gate voltage waveform represents a condition in which the switch (i.e. FET of  FIG. 1 ) is on and a falling gate voltage waveform represents a condition in which the switch as off.  
         [0052]     The following is used to find the start of TON. The start of the TON is 5% level of the maximum gate voltage or 1.5V whichever level is encountered earlier during the rise transition of the gate voltage.  
         [0053]     The following is used to find the stop of TON. Move forward (i.e., left to right on the waveform) and search for the level 5% on the switch voltage level on the switch voltage waveform during the ON transition  
         [0054]     Note: In case of synchronous MOSFETs, the gate drive signal starts from 1.5V and goes up to 3V or 4V. So, a software application in accordance with the subject invention preferably provides user-settable configuration options for the gate voltage.  
         [0055]     The following is used to find the start of TOFF. TOFF is identified by using the gate voltage and the switch voltage waveforms. The switching device will be in conduction as long as the gate voltage is in a high state and the switch voltage is in a low state (conduction voltage). While the gate voltage falls, the index on the gate waveform at 80% is identified and applied to the switch voltage. With the switch voltage still in low state, we move forward to find the actual start of “switch off” using the switch voltage by finding the 5% level on the switch voltage.  
         [0056]     The following is used to find the stop of TOFF. The 80% point of the gate voltage is the start index. From this start index on the switch current (falling slope) move forward (left to right on the waveform) until 5% of the maximum of switch current is met.  
         [0057]     Loss calculation for the TON, TOFF, and Average Total Loss is as follows. After getting the indexes for each of T onstart , T onstop , T offstart , T offstop , the voltage and current data between the indexes are taken for the calculation of the On time loss, Off time loss, On energy, and Off energy, on the power waveform of  FIG. 9 . Where T1 is the first switching cycle, T2 is second switching cycle, and:
 
Total Loss=1/( T 1 +T 2 . . .  Tn )*∫ P  ( t )  dt 
 
Where ∫ P  ( t ) dt=Σ∫P 1( t )+∫ P 2(2) . . . ∫ Pn  ( t ) 
 
TON Loss=1/( T 1 +T 2 . . .  Tn )*∫ PON  ( t )  dt  
 
Where ∫ PON  ( t ) dt=Σ∫PON 1( t )+∫ PON 2(2) . . . ∫ PONn ( t ) 
 
TOFF Loss=1/( T 1 +T 2 . . .  Tn )*∫ POFF  ( t )  dt  
 
Where ∫ POFF ( t )  dt=Σ∫PON 1( t )+∫ POFF 2(2) . . . ∫ POFFn ( t ) 
 
         [0058]     The following is used to find Total Average Loss. Total Average Loss is the summation of the On time Loss (Pon), Off time Loss (Poff), and the Conduction Loss. The Conduction loss is calculated based on the type of the switching device used. If the switching device is a MOSFET, then Rds ON is used. If the switching device is a transistor like an IGBT or a BJT, then Vsat is used. The Conduction loss is calculated using Rds ON or Vsat as the input. The user obtains the Rds On or Vsat from the data sheet of the switching device for the relevant operating temperature.  
         [0059]     If Rds ON is used, the following equation is used to calculate conduction loss.
 
Conduction loss=( I   rms ) 2   ·R   dson  
        I rms  is the rms value of the switching current (I ds ).        
 
         [0061]     If Vsat is used, the following equation is used to calculate conduction loss
 
Conduction loss=( I   rms   *V   sat )
 
Total loss=Pon loss+Poff loss+Conduction loss
 
Total energy=TON energy+TOFF energy+Conduction energy 
 
         [0062]      FIG. 10  is a flowchart of an Advanced Switching Loss algorithm  1000  of the subject invention that accommodates different topologies and Power Factor Corrections (PFCs). Algorithm  1000  is entered at step  1005  and moves to decision step  1010  wherein a check is made to see if there are Duty Cycle or Frequency variations. This is actually a User Interface (UI) configuration issue, so in either case, the subject algorithm advances to decision step  1015 . If, at step  1015 , the calculation is to be cursor-based, then the YES path is taken to step  1020  wherein the necessary cursor-based data is imported, and the routine advances to step  1025 . If, at step  1015 , it was determined that the calculation was not to be cursor-based then, the NO path is taken directly to step  1025 . At step  1025 , the algorithm obtains information (according to note  1030 , for example) concerning the edge source, and then advances to step  1045  to see if the number of acquired edges is greater than or equal to 2. If not, the routine advances along the NO path to step  1050  where the oscilloscope is directed to reacquire a waveform (wfm) with at least 2 edges, and stops further processing at step  1055 . If at least 2 edges of the waveform had been acquired, then the YES path is taken from decision diamond  1045  to process block (i.e. step)  1060 . At step  1060  Switching Voltage, Switching Current, and Gate Voltage data from between the first two valid edges are imported. At step  1065 , an edge analysis is performed using this data. At step  1070 , TON, TOFF, Total Loss, and Energy are computed using the procedures described above, using criteria such as illustrated in notes  1080  and  1085 , depending upon the switching device topology used. At step  1075 , the results are displayed and the algorithm ends at step  1055  (STOP).  
         [0063]     Flexibility in switching loss measurement is provided by the subject invention as follows. One skilled in the art can use cursor-based measurements to measure the switching loss on the signal, which is periodic. The switching loss is calculated on the integral number of cycles. Use of the cursor enables a user to easily select a desired portion of the data on which to calculate the loss.  
         [0064]     Active power factor correction and electronic ballast switching signals are modulated with line frequency. So, the cursor is used to select the waveform data to measure the loss for one complete line cycle.  
         [0065]     For the Switching Loss Algorithm, assume that 
        1) The switching energy or loss measurement does not change irrespective of the topology used, either in current or voltage mode of operation.     2) When a transistor is turned ON, the output switching voltage will have a falling slope and a rising output-switching current. The overlap of this voltage and current will dissipate the peak power.     3) When a transistor is turned OFF, the output switching voltage will have a rising slope and the output-switching current will have a falling slope. The overlap of this voltage and current will dissipate the peak power.     4) The Rise Time and Fall Time measurements have a minimum of three samples between 10%-90%.        
 
         [0070]     The teaching of the subject application may be embodied in a software application for an oscilloscope. Modern oscilloscopes include a microprocessor capable of running, for example, a Windows® operating system and one skilled in the art will recognize that this software application is suitable for such an environment. In this regard,  FIG. 2  shows a screenshot of such a software application in accordance with the Advanced Switching Loss teaching of the subject invention, displaying switching voltage and current.  FIG. 11  shows a screenshot of such a software application in accordance with the Advanced Switching Loss teaching of the subject invention, displaying switching voltage, current, and gate drive signal.  
         [0071]     The scope of the subject invention is to be determined on the basis of the following claims.