Abstract:
A method and device for forming metal capacitor and integrated coaxial lines using energy transfer so as to form conductive links among conductors. Conductors are embedded within nonconductive layers, such that the conductors form a matrix of at least three levels. A source of energy is directed at the layers, such that at least one conductor is wholly shielded by at least one other conductor, and conductive paths form so that a conductor becomes shielded by the paths. Particular conductive path formation is encouraged by use of: differing surface areas of conductors; diffusion barriers to increase relative energy absorption; varied relative distances among conductors; some conductors having a lower melting point than other conductors; directing the energy to conductors in a particular order; or combinations thereof. In one variation, links among differing layers are formed using more than one energy source or sequentially generated and directed pulses of energy.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to formation of metal capacitors and integrated coaxial lines using a directed source of energy, and in particular to a method and device for forming metal capacitors and integrated coaxial lines using laser or other energy transfer so as to cause conductive links between metals. 
     2. Background of the Technology 
     It is known in the art to form interconnecting conductive links between adjacent or closely situated conductive materials, such as for forming conductive paths within nonconductive environments or to produce conductive paths in integrated circuits for a single layer or level. 
     In forming such conductive paths, it is known to embed metals in nonconductive material and then to apply directed laser pulses at the metals. The metals absorb the pulsed energy and expand, fracturing the nonconductive material and generally forming fracture paths between each of the two most closely situated metals. As the metals absorb further energy, the metals melt or otherwise expand into the fracture areas, so that conductive links form between the closely situated metals. It is known in the prior art to use such methods to form conductive connections within up to two levels of metals. However, it is not known to use conductive paths to form enclosing paths among three or more levels, such as for use in forming integrated coaxial lines or metal capacitors. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention includes a method and device for forming metal capacitor and integrated coaxial lines using laser pulses or other energy transfer so as to cause conductive links between metals among three or more levels, including connected paths enclosing lines within the paths. In one embodiment, metals or other conductors are embedded within nonconductive layers, such that the conductors form a matrix of three levels, each of the levels being separated by nonconductive material, and, within each level, conductors being separated from each other by nonconductive material. In one embodiment, a source of energy is directed at the conductive and nonconductive material, such that at least one conductor is wholly shielded by at least one other conductor, and such that some conductors are partially shielded. Upon absorbing energy, the conductors in this embodiment form conductive paths sequentially among layers, such that closed paths form about at least one shielded conductor. Sequential conductive path formation is encouraged using several methods, such as by 1) exposing differing surface areas of conductors to the directed energy, 2) using diffusion barriers to increase energy absorption, 3) varying relative distances between conductors, 4) employing a metal or other conducting substance having a lower melting point for some of the conductors to encourage formation of links with these conductors first, 5) directing the energy, such as in pulses, so that the energy is transmitted at or to conductors in a particular order or in selected patterns, and 6) combinations of these methods. 
     In another embodiment, links among differing layers are formed using more than one energy source or sequentially generated and directed pulses of energy. 
     To achieve the stated and other advantages of the present invention, as embodied and described below, the invention includes method for forming a shielded conducting structure, comprising: directing at least one directable source of energy at a plurality of components, the plurality of components including at least a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer, wherein each of the layers includes conducting and nonconducting portions, wherein at least one of the conducting portions in at least one of the layers is shielded from the at least one directable source of energy by at least a second conducting portion in at least one of the layers when the at least one directable source of energy is directed at the plurality of components, and wherein the at least one directable source of energy is directed so as to impinge the layers sequentially; at least one of the conducting portions in the third layer expandably forming first conductive paths with at least two of the conducting portions in the second layer upon the at least one directable source of energy being directed therat; and the at least two of the conducting portions in the second layer expandably forming second conductive paths to the at least one of the conducting portions in the first layer upon the at least one directable source of energy being directed therat; wherein the first and second conductive paths enclosably surround the at least one shielded conducting portion. 
     To achieve the stated and other advantages of the present invention, as embodied and described below, the invention further includes a device for forming a shielded conducting structure, comprising: a directed source of energy; a first layer positionable for first receiving the directed source of energy, the first layer having a first layer conducting component and two first layer nonconductive regions adjacent the conducting component; a second layer separated from the first layer by a nonconducting region, the second layer including three conducting components separated by two nonconductive regions, wherein the three conducting components of the second layer include a second layer first conducting component, a second layer second conducting component, and a second layer third conducting component, wherein the second layer second conducting component is located between the second layer first conducting component and the second layer third conducting component, wherein the second layer second conducting component is shielded from the source of energy by the first layer conducting component, and wherein the second layer first conducting component and the second layer third conducting component are at least partially unshielded from the source of energy; and a third layer separated from the second layer by a nonconducting region, the third layer including a third layer conducting component at least partially unshielded from the source of energy, the third layer conducting component extending such that the third layer conducting component is impactable by the source of energy via both of the two nonconducting regions of the second layer. 
     Additional advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become more apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or upon learning by practice of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of components for formation of a coaxial cable or metal capacitor prior to application of energy, such as pulsed laser, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the components for formation of a coaxial cable or metal capacitor for the embodiment of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of a partially formed coaxial cable or metal capacitor during application of energy from a directed source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 presents a cross-sectional view of the formed coaxial cable or metal capacitor following application of energy from a directed source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the formed coaxial cable or metal capacitor for the embodiment shown in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 6 presents a cross-sectional view of the components for formation of a coaxial cable or metal capacitor using two generated energy sources in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of functions performed in forming an integrated coaxial line or metal capacitor, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention include methods and systems for forming an integrated coaxial line or metal capacitor using energy transfer, such as laser pulses, to form metal conductive links or “shorts” between lines. In one embodiment of the present invention, the result of these formed conductive links is the formation of an electromagnetic shield for a signal line within the shield for coaxial line formation. Similarly, a capacitor is formable between the formed shield and the internal line. 
     In one embodiment, the device includes three or more layers of metal or other conductive material, with a dielectric or other nonconductive material between the layers. Openings in the metals between the layers are designed so as to allow passage of the energy transmitted, such as laser pulses, only to areas to be joined. In one embodiment, the energy transmission is applied in, for example, a single direction so as to begin to melt or otherwise join metals at successive layers through selected openings. In another embodiment, the energy transmission is applied in two directions so as to join conductors in different locations. 
     In addition, so as to allow selective and successive joining of the layers, from a first layer closest to the energy source, to a second layer, to a third layer farthest from the energy source, the second layer being between the energy source and the third layer, several techniques or methods are used. These techniques include the following: 1) a larger relative area of a third metal layer is exposed to laser irradiation or other energy transfer than that of a second layer; 2) a diffusion barrier or other substance is located between one or more of the layers and the energy source to reduce the amount of reflected energy and allow more relative heat absorption; 3) a shorter relative distance between the third conductive layer and the second conductive layer compared to the distance between the second conductive layer and the first conductive layer, enabling sufficient energy to melt or otherwise cause formation of conductive links between the third and second layers prior to formation of links between the second and first layers; 4) employing a metal or other conducting substance having a lower melting point for some of the conductors to encourage formation of links with these conductors first, 5) directing the energy, such as in pulses, so that the energy is transmitted at or to conductors in a particular order or in selected patterns, and 6) combinations of these methods. 
     Another method for allowing such successive and selective formation of links is to provide for the third conductive layer to have a lower melting point than the second conductive layer. 
     In one embodiment, between the layers a continuous, shielded internal line is provided by locating this line such that no transferred energy can cause conductive lines or melting to occur. For example, nonconductive layers may be placed between the line to be shielded and the energy source during irradiation. 
     The resulting produced coaxial cable or other device thus provides an electrostatic shield for improved signal integrity and reduced crosstalk. For example, the cable or other device produced is usable to protect and isolate critical signal lines from high frequency switching noise. 
     The present invention also provides an improvement over the prior art by requiring fewer process steps than traditional complementary metal-oxide-silicon (CMOS) processing. 
     References will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of components for formation of a coaxial cable or metal capacitor prior to application of energy, such as pulsed laser, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the components  1  for forming the coaxial cable or metal capacitor include three layers generally aligned as indicated by arrows A, B, and C and separated by separation areas as indicated by arrows S 1  and S 2 . In an embodiment of the present invention, the layers include conductive and nonconductive components and the separation areas include nonconductive components. To form the coaxial cable or metal capacitor, an energy source, such as laser pulses are directed at the components via, for example, a laser  2 . 
     FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the components for formation of a coaxial cable or metal capacitor for the embodiment of FIG.  1 . As shown in FIG. 2, the layer aligned with arrow A includes a conductive component  12  and conductive or reflective components  13 ,  14 . The components  12 ,  13  are separated by nonconductive material  15  and the components  12 ,  14  are separated by nonconductive material  16 . The separation area S 1  includes nonconductive material  20  of height h 1 . 
     The layer aligned with arrow B includes conductive material  31 ,  32 ,  33  separated by nonconductive material  34 ,  35 . The separation area S 2  includes nonconductive material  40  of height h 2 . The layer aligned with arrow C includes conductive material  50  and nonconductive material  51 ,  52 . 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, to form the coaxial cable or metal capacitor, a source of energy producing directable energy, such as laser pulses produced by a laser, are directed toward the components as indicted by arrows L. The energy penetrates the components, transmitting energy to the components. In particular, conductive components impacted by the energy absorb the energy, become, for example, heated or melt, and thereby expand. Nonconductive components are less directly impacted by the transmitted energy, with energy generally being at least partially transmitted through the nonconductive components, as indicated by arrows p 1  and p 2 . 
     Because of the direction of the energy L toward the components, as shown in FIG. 2, some of the conductive components are partially or wholly shielded from the energy by other conductive components. For example, in FIG. 2, conductive component  12  wholly shields conductive component  32  from the directed energy L. Conductive component  13  partially shields conductive component  31  from the directed energy L. Conductive component  14  partially shields conductive component  33  from the directed energy L. 
     As the conductive components absorb energy and become heated and expand, the nonconductive material surrounding the conducting components fractures, with some fractures connecting or linking the conductive components. Upon the heated conductive components further expanding and, for example, melting, the melted portions connect the conductive components via the fissures connecting these components. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of a partially formed coaxial cable or metal capacitor during application of energy from a directed source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, methods are used to ensure that the connection between component  50  and components  31 ,  33  occur following exposure of the components to the energy source, and that other connections between components develop. In one embodiment, the connections between component  50  and components  31 ,  33  occur before connections among other elements occur. 
     The methods to ensure formation of connections among multiple levels include one or more of the following: 1) arranging or construction the components such that the nonconductive area  40 , having a height h 2  less than the height h 1  of nonconductive area  20 , such that fissures form and connections or links occur between component  50  and components  31 ,  33  and links occur between components  31 ,  33  and component  12 ; 2) arranging the components such that a larger area of component  50  is exposed to (not shielded from) the incident (impinging) energy than the components  31 ,  33 , such that the component  50  heats and expands at a greater rate than the components  31 ,  33  and, as a result, connections form between component  50  and components  31 ,  33 , before connections form between components  31 ,  33  and component  12 ; 3) directing the energy, such as in pulses, so that an initial pulse is directed first to the component  50  and subsequent pulses are directed at components  31 ,  33 , and, as a result, connections or links form between component  50  and components  31 ,  33  prior to connections forming between components  31 ,  33  and component  12 ; 4) employing a metal or other conducting substance for component  50  having a lower melting point than the metal or other conducting substance comprising components  31 ,  33 , such that the component  50  expands and melts to form connections with components  31 ,  33  prior to components  31 ,  33  expanding and melting to form connections with component  12 ; and 5) depositing an antireflective coating only on the surface of the component  50  or in greater amounts thereon than on components  31 ,  33 , such that the antireflective coating ensures more absorption or more rapid absorption of energy by component  50  than components  31 ,  33 , thus resulting in component  50  forming connections with components  31 ,  33  before components  31 ,  33  form connections with component  12 . Alternatively, a component that enhances energy absorption may be used so that energy absorption is enhanced in selected components. 
     FIG. 4 presents a cross-sectional view of the formed coaxial cable or metal capacitor following application of energy from a directed source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, links or connections  61 ,  62 ,  63 ,  64  form among or between components  12 ,  31 ,  50 ,  33 . 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the formed coaxial cable or metal capacitor  100  for the embodiment shown in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 6 presents a cross-sectional view of the components for formation of a coaxial cable or metal capacitor using two generated energy sources in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment of FIG. 6 contains similar components  1  to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-5, except, in one embodiment, the components indicated by arrow C are very similar or identical in size and layout to those indicated by arrow A. In addition, instead of using the single directed source of energy L, as in FIGS. 1-5, the embodiment of FIG. 6 employs two directed sources of energy L 1 , L 2 , which result in transmitted energy indicated by the arrows p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , p 4 . The two directed sources of energy L 1 , L 2  are produceable by a number of methods and systems, such as by multiple sets of laser pulses from a single laser that is moved relative to the components  1 , or multiple laser pulses from multiple lasers. For example, in one embodiment, the components  1  are formed within an electronic device, the components  1  are then moved relative to a fixed laser, so that pulsed energy L 1 , L 2  are directed at the components to produce transmitted energy indicated by the arrows p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , p 4 . 
     FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of functions performed in forming an integrated coaxial line or metal capacitor, in accordance one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7, components are assembled to form at least three layers of conductive materials separated by nonconductive material  71 . The components are further arranged or features or substances are added so as to cause forming of conductive paths  72 . These further arrangements of features or substances include: 1) providing a larger relative area of a third metal layer is exposed to laser irradiation or other energy transfer than that of a second layer; 2) providing a diffusion barrier or other substance is located between the third layer and the energy source to reduce the amount of reflected light and allow relatively more heat absorption; 3) arranging the conductors such that a shorter relative distance exists between the third conductive layer and the second conductive layer compared to the distance between the second conductive layer and the first conductive layer, enabling sufficient energy to melt or otherwise cause formation of conductive links between the third and second layers prior to formation of links between the second and first layers; 4) employing a metal or other conducting substance having a lower melting point for some of the conductors to encourage formation of links with these conductors first; 5) directing the energy, such as in pulses, so that the energy is transmitted at or to conductors in a particular order or in selected patterns; and 6) combinations of these methods. 
     A source of energy, such as pulses from a laser, are directed at the components  73 . In a first embodiment, the direction of the pulses is such that sequential or somewhat sequential formation of conducting paths is enhanced. In this embodiment, conducting paths form between a third and second layer (e.g., the layer most distant from the source of directed energy), prior to conducting paths forming between other layers  74 . In a second embodiment, conducting paths are formed among the layers by multiple directional pulses of energy. In the first embodiment, following formation of the conducting paths between the third and second layers, formation of conducting paths among other layers occurs  75 . 
     Example embodiments of the present invention have now been described in accordance with the above advantages. It will be appreciated that these examples are merely illustrative of the invention. Many variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art.