Abstract:
This application teaches systems and techniques that use an optical coupler and a film for evanescently coupling light to or from an optical or electro-optical device. The film is connected to the coupler surface as a spacer for setting the distance between the optical coupler and the optical or electro-optical device.

Description:
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
   The systems and techniques described herein were made in the performance of work under a U.S. Government Contract No. DAAH01-02-C-R081, and are subject to the provisions of Public Law 96-517 (35 USC 202) in which the Contractor has elected to retain title. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to optical systems, and in particular, to film spacers located between an optical coupler and a whispering-gallery mode optical resonator. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Optical resonators are exemplary electro-optical devices that are often small in size, having diameters on the order of millimeters, and may be used in many optical system applications, including optical sensors for biological and chemical compounds, electro-optical oscillators and modulators, and tunable optical filters. The optical resonators are curved optical waveguides, i.e., a cylinder, a sphere, or a toroid within which light is internally reflected at the inner surface of the resonator. Optical resonators can support resonator modes of light called whispering-gallery modes (“WGMs”), and thus, are often referred to as whispering-gallery mode resonators. WGMs occur when light having an evanescent wave component travels via internal reflection around the periphery of the optical resonator. The evanescent waves extend beyond the optical resonator&#39;s outer surface and may be coupled into an adjacent optical coupler as long as the optical coupler is located within the extent of the evanescent wave, typically on the order of the light&#39;s wavelength. 
   Many optical resonators which propagate whispering-gallery modes of light have extremely low transmission loses, and as a result, have a very high quality factor (“Q”). High Q optical resonators are desirable because the higher the Q, the longer the amount of time the internally reflected light will remain within the optical resonator. The ultimate intrinsic Q of the optical resonator (Q o ) is limited by the optical losses of the resonator material. Any practical coupling to whispering-gallery modes of the optical resonator can be accomplished through an evanescent wave from an adjacent optical element, i.e., an optical coupler. 
   If light from the optical coupler is over-coupled to the optical resonator, there will be broadening in the whispering-gallery mode output peak due to increased losses at the interface between the optical coupler and the optical resonator. If light from the optical coupler is under-coupled to the optical resonator, there will be less efficient energy transfer from the optical coupler to the optical resonator. Critical coupling occurs when enough energy is coupled from the optical coupler into the optical resonator to compensate for the roundtrip losses of the light propagating through the optical resonator. Coupling losses between the optical coupler and the optical resonator are exponentially dependent upon the distance d between the surface of the optical coupler and the optical resonator˜exp (−d/r*), where r* is the effective scale length of evanescent field of the resonator for the excited whispering-gallery mode as expressed in the following equation:
 
 r *=λ/√{square root over ((4π( n   res   /n   out ) 2 −1))}
 
where
         λ is the wavelength of light evanescently coupled between the optical coupler and the optical resonator;   n res  is the index of refraction of the optical resonator; and   n out  is the index of refraction outside the surface of the optical resonator.       

   If the optical coupler contacts the optical resonator, too much of the light is evanescently coupled out from the optical resonator resulting in a low Q. Also, if the optical coupler is positioned far, more than three wavelengths, from the optical resonator, coupling of light between the optical resonator and the optical coupler becomes difficult. Thus, accurate positioning of the optical coupler relative to the optical resonator is critical to the efficiency of the optical system. 
   Optical couplers can be configured in various forms including those shown by example in FIGS.  1 ( a )- 1 ( c ) which include cross-sectional views, not shown to scale, of three different types of optical couplers  10 ,  12 , and  14 . In FIGS.  1 ( a )- 1 ( c ), each optical coupler is positioned adjacent to and spaced away from a cylindrical or spherical optical resonator  16 ,  18 , and  20  by a distance “d”, which in practice is roughly on the order of the wavelength of the light to be evanescently coupled into or out from the optical resonator. Typically, d ranges in value from approximately 0.1 to 3 times the wavelength of the light. While not shown in FIGS.  1 ( a )- 1 ( c ), the optical resonator also may be toroidal in shape. 
   FIG.  1 ( a ) shows an optical fiber coupler  10  that includes a core  22  and a cladding layer  24 . The end of the optical fiber coupler closest to the optical resonator  16  has a flat polished surface  26  through which light is evanescently coupled into and out from the optical resonator. Similarly, FIG.  1 ( b ) shows a prism coupler  12  having a flat surface  28  through which light is evanescently coupled into and out from the optical resonator  18 . Also, FIG.  1 ( c ) shows a tapered optical fiber coupler  14 , again having a core  30  and a cladding layer  32 , including a tapered section  34  through which light is evanescently coupled into and out from the optical resonator  20 . In FIGS.  1 ( a ),  1 ( b ), and  1 ( c ), incident light travels through the optical coupler as indicated by the straight arrows A 1 -A 3 , respectively, and internally reflected light travels around the periphery of the optical resonator as shown by the curved arrows B 1 -B 3 , respectively. 
   Because the optical resonator and optical coupler are small in size they may be integrated within small housings or devices that can be incorporated into various optical or electro-optical systems. However, one challenge associated with mass producing such integrated optical resonator and optical coupler combinations is providing for ease and repeatability in accurately setting and maintaining the exact separation for stable and exact strength of evanescent coupling. In the experimental setting, voltage-controlled piezo-positioners can be used to finely tune the positions of the optical coupler and optical resonator. However, the use of piezo-positioners is not conducive to mass production of optical systems employing optical resonators and optical coupler combinations. Thus, there is a need for a method of accurately separating an optical coupler relative to an optical resonator while maintaining a high Q. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In one aspect of the present invention, a system includes an optical coupler and a film. The optical coupler evanescently couples light to or from an optical or electro-optical device. The optical coupler includes a coupler interface to which the film is connected. 
   In another aspect of the present invention, a system includes an optical coupler having a coupler surface, a film, and an optical resonator. The film is connected to the coupler surface and the optical resonator is adjacent to the film. 
   In another aspect of the present invention, a method of coupling light includes propagating light through an optical coupler having a coupler surface, and evanescently coupling light through a film connected to the coupler surface into an optical or electro-optical device adjacent to the film. 
   It is understood that other aspects of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein is shown and described only exemplary embodiments of the invention, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Various features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where: 
     FIG.  1 ( a ) is a cross-sectional view of an optical fiber coupler and cylindrical or spherical optical resonator; 
     FIG.  1 ( b ) is a cross-sectional view of a prism coupler and cylindrical or spherical optical resonator; 
     FIG.  1 ( c ) is a cross-sectional view of a tapered optical fiber coupler and a cylindrical or spherical optical resonator; 
     FIG.  2 ( a ) is a cross-sectional view of an optical fiber coupler, film, and cylindrical or spherical optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG.  2 ( b ) is a cross-sectional view of an optical fiber coupler, film, and cylindrical or spherical optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG.  3 ( a ) is a graph of optical resonator output as a function of laser light frequency for an optical fiber coupler in contact with a 1 millimeter diameter fused silica spherical optical resonator; 
     FIG.  3 ( b ) is a graph of optical resonator output as a function of laser light frequency for an optical fiber coupler having a 0.5 micrometer film contacting a 1 millimeter diameter fused silica spherical optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG.  3 ( c ) is a graph of optical resonator output as a function of laser light frequency for an optical fiber coupler having a 1.0 micrometer film contacting a 1 millimeter diameter fused silica spherical optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a graph of Q as a function of film thickness in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention; 
     FIG.  5 ( a ) is a cross-sectional view of an optical fiber coupler, film, and toroidal optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG.  5 ( b ) is a cross-sectional view of an optical fiber coupler, film, and toroidal optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 6  is a graph of optical resonator output as a function of laser light frequency for an optical fiber coupler having a 1.0 micrometer film contacting a 6 millimeter diameter fused silica toroidal optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG.  7 ( a ) is a cross-sectional view of a prism coupler, film, and cylindrical or spherical optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG.  7 ( b ) is a cross-sectional view of a prism coupler, film, and toroidal optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG.  8 ( a ) is a cross-sectional view of a tapered optical fiber coupler, film, and cylindrical or spherical optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG.  8 ( b ) is a cross-sectional view of a tapered optical fiber coupler, film, and toroidal optical resonator in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   FIG.  2 ( a ) is a cross-sectional view, not shown to scale, of one exemplary embodiment of the present invention that includes a system  35  having cylindrical or spherical optical resonator  36  and an optical fiber coupler  38 . While the optical resonator and optical fiber coupler can be made from various materials, in the present embodiment, the optical resonator is made of fused silica having an index of refraction of approximately 1.46. Also, the optical fiber coupler, for example, SMF-28 manufactured by Corning Incorporated of Corning, N.Y., includes both a core  40 , for example, made of germanium-doped fused silica, having a refractive index of approximately 1.468 at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers and a cladding layer  42 , for example, made of fused silica, having a refractive index of approximately 0.36% less than the core. The end of the optical fiber coupler closest to the optical resonator  36  has been ground to an acute angle  44  of approximately 6.5° and then polished resulting in a flat coupler surface  46 . As a result of the acute angle, the length of the flat coupler surface  46  is approximately 1 millimeter even though the outside diameter of the optical fiber is merely 125 micrometers. 
   A film  48  having a thickness “t” is deposited by means of a vacuum deposition process on the flat coupler surface  46  of the optical fiber coupler  38 . The film  48  also may be deposited on the coupler surface  46  by other means such as liquid deposition with subsequent drying and/or polymerization of the film. The thickness of the film  48  is on the order of hundreds of nanometers, roughly on the order of the wavelength of the light to be coupled into or out from the optical resonator  36 . Typically, the film thickness ranges from about 0.1 to about 3 times the wavelength of the light. The film includes two sides  50  and  52 . The side  52  of the film not in contact with the flat surface of the optical fiber coupler is adjacent to, and contacts the surface  54  of the optical resonator in the vicinity of a point on the film co-linear with the optical axis of the core  40 . Thus, the film functions as a spacer between the optical fiber coupler  38  and the optical resonator  36 . 
   The value of the refractive index for the film  48  is selected to allow for total internal reflection at the interface between the optical fiber coupler  38  and the film. In the present embodiment, since the optical resonator has a refractive index of approximately 1.46 and the core  40  of the optical fiber coupler has a refractive index of approximately 1.468, the film&#39;s refractive index can range from about 1.0 to 1.458 when the acute angle  44  is approximately 6.5°. Thus, the film may be fabricated from various materials including, e.g., Magnesium Fluoride (MgF 2 ) which has a refractive index of 1.38, TEFLON which has a refractive index of 1.39, of NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI, manufactured by Navitar Coating Labs of Newport Beach, Calif., which has a refractive index of 1.4. In the present embodiment, NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI was selected as the film material. 
   In operation, as shown in FIG.  2 ( a ), light to be evanescently coupled from the optical fiber coupler  38  into the optical resonator  36  propagates along the optical axis of the core  40 , in the direction of the straight arrows  41 , until it encounters the side  50  of the film  48  in contact with the flat coupler surface  46 , at which point, the light is total internally reflected relative to a perpendicular  41 A to the side  50  of the film as indicated by the arrow  41 B. An evanescent component of the light evanescently penetrates through the film to the other side  52  of the film that contacts the optical resonator. Ultimately, an evanescent component of the light is coupled into the optical resonator. The light is then internally reflected at the surface  54  of the optical resonator as it propagates through the optical resonator near its outer surface as indicated by the curved arrows  43 . 
   FIG.  2 ( b ) shows another exemplary embodiment of the present invention in which, rather than evanescently coupling light from the optical fiber coupler  38  into the optical resonator  36 , light is evanescently coupled from the optical resonator  36  into the optical fiber coupler  38 . A portion of the light previously propagating through the optical resonator as indicated by the direction of the curved arrows  45  is evanescently coupled through the film  48  at or near the film&#39;s point of contact with the optical resonator. Next, the light evanescently penetrates through the film, with a portion of the light propagating into and through the core  40  of the optical fiber coupler as indicated by the straight arrows  47 . 
   During experimental testing, the thickness of the NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI film  48  deposited on the flat coupler surface  46  of optical fiber coupler  38  having an outside cladding diameter of 125 micrometers was varied. Then, the flat coupler surface  46  of the film was placed in contact with an optical resonator  36  made of fused silica having a diameter of 1 millimeter. Considering that the wavelength of light propagating through the optical fiber coupler was approximately 1.5 micrometers, it was hoped that the thickness of the film could be varied from approximately 0.5 to 2.0 micrometers.  FIG. 3  shows the results of the experimental testing. 
   In  FIG. 3 , the optical resonator output in volts measured by a photodetector (not shown) as a function of laser light frequency is plotted for three different experimental cases. In the first case, see FIG.  3 ( a ), no NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI film  48  was deposited on the flat coupler surface  46  of the optical fiber coupler  38 . The flat coupler surface of the optical fiber coupler was placed in contact with the optical resonator resulting in a Q of approximately 7.1×10 6 . In the second case, see FIG.  3 ( b ), a NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI film having a thickness of 0.5 micrometers was placed in contact with the optical resonator resulting in a Q of approximately 5.1×10 7 . In the third case, see FIG.  3 ( c ), a NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI film having a thickness of 1.0 micrometer was placed in contact with the optical resonator resulting in a Q of approximately 2.5×10 8 . The corresponding NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI film thickness and Q values for the three experimental cases were compiled into the graph of  FIG. 4  which shows the relative increase in Q as a function of increasing film thickness. 
   During experimentation, efforts were made to increase the thickness of the NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI film beyond 1.0 micrometers. However, portions of the film began to separate from the rest of the film due to strain resulting from internal forces within the film. Thus,  FIGS. 3 and 4  do not include data corresponding to a film thickness greater than 1.0 micrometer. 
   As mentioned previously, the optical resonator  36  can take various forms including that of a sphere, a cylinder, and a toroid. FIGS.  5 ( a ) and  5 ( b ), analogous to FIGS.  2 ( a ) and  2 ( b ), provide cross-sectional views, not shown to scale, of other exemplary embodiments of the present invention including an optical fiber coupler  38  having a film  48  deposited on a flat coupler surface  46  wherein the film contacts an optical resonator  56  that is toroidal in shape. The operation of the toroidal optical resonators of FIGS.  5 ( a ) and  5 ( b ) are analogous to the previously discussed cylindrical or spherical resonator of FIGS.  2 ( a ) and  2 ( b ), respectively. 
     FIG. 6  is a plot of experimental tests performed using a toroidal optical resonator  56 .  FIG. 6  shows resonant cavity output in volts measured by a photodetector (not shown) as a function of laser light frequency for a toroidal optical resonator made of fused silica and having an outside diameter of 6 millimeters. The NAVITAR FIBERCOAT QLI film  48  thickness deposited on the flat coupler surface  46  of the optical fiber coupler  38  was 1.0 micrometer. Again, the diameter of the optical fiber coupler was 125 micrometers. During testing, the film was placed in contact with the toroidal optical resonator as shown in FIG.  5 ( a ). The resulting Q of the toroidal optical resonator was approximately 2.25×10 8 .  FIG. 6  indicates the optical resonator output was relatively flat or even as a function of laser light frequency. 
   Referring additionally to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , a film  48  can be deposited on the coupler surface of other types of optical couplers besides optical fiber couplers  38 . In particular,  FIG. 7  shows a cross-sectional view, not shown to scale, of another exemplary embodiment of the present invention employing a prism coupler  58  which has a film deposited on the coupler surface  60  of the prism coupler that is in close proximity to either a spherical or cylindrical optical resonator  36 , see FIG.  7 ( a ), or a toroidal optical resonator  56 , see FIG.  7 ( b ). The film includes two sides  50  and  52 . In both FIGS.  7 ( a ) and  7 ( b ), the side  52  of the film not in contact with the prism coupler contacts the surface  54  of the optical resonator. In operation, FIGS.  7 ( a ) and  7 ( b ) show light propagating into the prism as indicated by the straight arrows  53 , the light  53   a  total internally reflecting away from the coupler surface  60  in contact with the film, and an evanescent component of the light penetrating through the film and evanescently coupling into the optical resonator where the light travels around the perimeter of the optical resonator as indicated by the curved arrows  55 . While not shown, a prism coupler, analogous to FIGS.  2 ( b ) and  5 ( b ), also can be used to evanescently couple light out from an optical resonator and into the prism coupler. 
     FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view, not shown to scale, of another exemplary embodiment of the present invention employing a tapered fiber coupler  62 , which has a film  48  deposited on the inner surface  64   a  of the tapered coupler portion  64  of the tapered fiber coupler, in combination with a cylindrical or spherical optical resonator  36 , see FIG.  8 ( a ), or a torodial optical resonator  56 , see FIG.  8 ( b ). As shown in FIGS.  8 ( a ) and  8 ( b ), the film may be deposited only along a section  64   a  of the tapered coupler portion  64  to be positioned adjacent to the optical resonator, or while not shown, the film may be deposited around the entire outside surface of the tapered coupler portion  64 . The film includes two sides  50  and  52 . In both FIGS.  8 ( a ) and  8 ( b ), the side  52  of the film not in contact with tapered fiber coupler  62  contacts the surface of the optical resonator. In operation, FIGS.  8 ( a ) and  8 ( b ) show light  63  propagating along the core  66  of the tapered fiber coupler. The light is evanescently coupled from the tapered fiber coupler into the optical resonator where the light travels around the perimeter of the optical resonator as indicated by the curved arrows  65 . While not shown, a tapered fiber optical coupler, analogous to FIGS.  2 ( b ) and  5 ( b ), also can be used to evanescently couple light out from an optical resonator and into the tapered fiber coupler. 
   For all of the previously discussed types of optical couplers, the optical couplers including deposition of the films may be mass-produced. For example, in the case of the optical fiber coupler  38 , a batch of optical fibers can be securely positioned parallel to one another on a mounting pallet. The flat surface  46  for all of the optical fiber couplers can be ground and polished simultaneously. Also, the film  48  can be deposited on all of the fibers&#39; flat coupler surfaces at the same time. Similarly, multiple prism couplers  58  and multiple tapered fiber couplers  62  including the film deposition step can be mass-produced. Thus, the present invention is conducive to mass production. 
   The present invention offers the advantage of optimal evanescent coupling of light from an optical coupler into an optical resonator and/or from an optical resonator into an optical coupler without adversely affecting the Q of the optical resonator, thus, simplifying the procedure for determining the spacing distance between the optical coupler and the optical resonator. As a result of the present invention, all that is needed is to place the side of the film that is not in contact with the optical coupler in contact with the resonator, leaving merely the step of aligning the optical axis of the optical coupler roughly tangential with the surface of the optical resonator. Also, the present invention is a passive system which, unlike piezo-positioners, assists in positioning an optical coupler relative to an optical resonator without the need for electrical systems. Therefore, the present invention, in addition to offering a solution to a standing problem, offers the advantages of ease of fabrication and a reduction in the number and type of alignment procedures, thus, lowering fabrication cost. 
   Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described, they should not be construed to limit the scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications may be made to the described embodiments. Moreover, to those skilled in the various arts, the invention itself herein will suggest solutions to other tasks and adaptations for other applications. It is therefore desired that the present embodiments be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended claims rather than the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention.