Abstract:
The present invention lies in the field of molecular biology, recombinant peptide and protein expression and relates to methods comprising nucleic acid sequences comprising allocrites of T1SSs or fragments thereof for the efficient production of recombinant Pe OIs and Pr OI. The allocrites or fragments thereof improve the expression of PeOI and Pr OI as IB and function as IB-tags.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention lies in the field of molecular biology, recombinant peptide and protein expression and relates to methods comprising nucleic acid sequences of substrates/allocrites of Type 1 secretion systems or fragments thereof for the efficient production of recombinant peptides and proteins of interest. The allocrites or fragments thereof improve the expression of peptides and protein of interest as inclusion bodies (IB) and function as IB-tags. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In recent years recombinant protein/enzyme production for use in industrial processes has become more and more important and it is expected that soon many industrial processes will involve recombinant technologies. Currently, bioactive peptides and proteins are used as curative agents in a variety of diseases such as diabetes (insulin), viral infections and leukemia (interferon), diseases of the immune system (interleukins), and red blood cell deficiencies (erythropoietin) to name a few. Additionally, large quantities of proteins and peptides are needed for various industrial applications including, for example, the pulp and paper industries, textiles, food industries, personal care and cosmetics industries, sugar refining, wastewater treatment, production of alcoholic beverages and as catalysts for the generation of new pharmaceuticals. 
         [0003]    However, the expression of recombinant peptides and proteins is still limited, as large efforts are required in order to obtain the desired peptides and proteins with a native fold, in high amounts and high purity. 
         [0004]    Generally, product purification is expensive and especially the final step to 100% purity tends to increase the costs exponentially because proteins with similar characteristics are difficult to separate from one another (Hacking, A. J. (1986) Economic aspects of biotechnology, Cambridge University Press). 
         [0005]    In many cases it is useful to express a protein or peptide in insoluble form, particularly when the peptide of interest (PeOI) or protein of interest (PrOI) is rather short, normally soluble, and/or subject to proteolytic degradation within the host cell. Production of the peptide in insoluble form both facilitates simple recovery and protects the peptide from the undesirable proteolytic degradation. One means to produce the peptide in insoluble form is to recombinantly produce the peptide as part of an insoluble fusion peptide/protein by including in the fusion peptide at least one solubility tag (i.e., an inclusion body (IB) tag) that induces IB formation. Typically, the fusion protein is designed to include at least one cleavable peptide linker so that the PeOI or PrOI can be subsequently recovered from the fusion protein. The fusion protein may be designed to include a plurality of IB-tags, cleavable peptide linkers, and regions encoding the PeOI or PrOI. 
         [0006]    Fusion proteins comprising a peptide tag that facilitate the expression of insoluble proteins are well known in the art. Typically, the tag portion of the chimeric or fusion protein is large, increasing the likelihood that the fusion protein will be insoluble. Example of large peptides typically used include, but are not limited to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Dykes et al., (1988) Eur. J. Biochem., 174:411), β-galactosidase (Schellenberger et al., (1993) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 41:326; Shen et al., (1984) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 281:4627; and Kempe et al., (1985) Gene, 39:239), glutathione-S-transferase (Ray et al., (1993) Bio/Technology, 11:64 and Hancock et al. (WO94/04688)), the N-terminus of L-ribulokinase (U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,154 and Lai et al., (1993) Antimicrob. Agents &amp; Chemo.), 37:1614, bacteriophage T4 gp55 protein (Gramm et al., (1994) Bio/Technology, 12:1017), bacterial ketosteroid isomerase protein (Kuliopulos et al., (1994) J Am. Chem. Soc. 116:4599 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,244), ubiquitin (Pilon et al., (1997) Biotechnol. Prog., 13:374-79), bovine prochymosin (Haught et al., (1998) Biotechnol. Bioengineer. 57:55-61), and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (“BP1”; Better, M. D. and Gavit, P D., U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,219). The art is replete with specific examples of this technology, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,145, teaching a tag that protects the expressed chimeric protein from a specific protease; U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,244, teaching the synthesis of a fusion protein having a tag and a cleavable linker for facile purification of the desired protein; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,215,896; 5,302,526; 5,330,902; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/221444, describing fusion tags containing amino acid compositions specifically designed to increase insolubility of the chimeric protein or peptide. 
         [0007]    However, the methods known in the art do not provide any solution to refold the PeOI or PrOI. Thus, there is still need in the art for methods that allow improved production of a recombinant PeOI and PrOI. 
         [0008]    The present inventors found that methods comprising nucleic acid sequences comprising hemolysin A (HlyA) or lipase A (LipA) gene fragments overcome the above need in the art. Both genes are part of a Type 1 secretion system (T1SS), which mostly occur in Gram-negative bacteria and export their cognate substrates in a single step from the cytosol to the extracellular medium without the formation of periplasmic substrate intermediates. Among the family of T1SS the Hly T1SS described by Bakkes et al. involving HlyA as transport substrate is of particular interest, as it carries so-called GG repeats with the consensus sequence GGxGxDxUx (x: any amino acid residue, U: large, hydrophobic amino acid residue) (Ostolaza, H. et al., (1995) Eur J Biochem 228, 39-44). These GG repeats bind Ca 2+  ions with high affinity. This binding event happens after the secretion of the T1SS allocrite to the exterior, where the Ca 2+  concentration is high (up to the mM range) compared to the Ca 2+  concentration inside the cells (high nM). Ca 2+  binding to the GG repeats catalyzes the folding of the allocrites into the native, active conformation and Ca 2+  ions act as a folding helper/chaperone (Jumpertz, T. et al., Microbiology 156, 2495-2505, doi:mic.0.038562-0 [pii]). Further components of the HlyA T1SS of  E. coli  are the inner membrane protein HlyB, which is an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, the outer membrane protein (OMP) ToIC and the membrane fusion protein (MFP) HlyD in the inner membrane. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for production of a recombinant PeOI or PrOI, wherein the method comprises (a) introducing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein comprising at least one PeOI or PrOI, and at least one allocrite of a T1SS or a fragment thereof, into a host cell, wherein the host cell does not express a heterologous ABC transporter, a heterologous MFP and/or a heterologous OMP of the T1SS; (b) cultivating the host cell under conditions that allow expression of the fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein is expressed in the form of IB; (c) isolating the recombinant fusion protein from said host cells; and (d) subjecting the recombinant fusion protein to conditions that allow the PeOI or PrOI to fold into a functional three-dimensional conformation. 
         [0010]    In various embodiments, the allocrit of a T1SS is selected from the group consisting of of HlyA, CyaA, EhxA, LktA, PlLktA, PasA, PvxA, MmxA, LtxA, ApxIA, ApxIIA, ApxIIIA, ApxIVA, ApxI, ApxII, AqxA, VcRtxA, VvRtxA, MbxA, RTX cytotoxin, RtxL1, RtxL2, FrhA, LipA, TliA, PrtA, PrtSM, PrtG, PrtB, PrtC, AprA, AprX, ZapA, ZapE, Sap, HasA, colicin V, LapA, ORF, RzcA, RtxA, XF2407, XF2759, RzcA, RsaA, Crs, CsxA, CsxB, SlaA, SwmA, S111951, NodO, PlyA, PlyB, FrpA, FrpC and fragments thereof. 
         [0011]    In preferred embodiments, the allocrit of a T1SS may be HlyA comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, a fragment thereof or a polypeptide that has at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or the fragment thereof. 
         [0012]    In more preferred embodiments, the fragment of HlyA consists of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or a polypeptide that has at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. 
         [0013]    In various embodiments, the expression medium comprises 20.0 mM or less of Ca 2+ . 
         [0014]    In further embodiments, the present invention relates to a method wherein the expression of the endogenous ABC transporter gene, the endogenous MFP gene and/or the endogenous OMP gene of the T1SS or the activity of the corresponding gene products in the host cell is inhibited or the transport is inefficient. 
         [0015]    In other various embodiments, the host cell does not express endogenous ABC transporter, endogenous MFP and/or endogenous OMP of the T1SS. 
         [0016]    In still further embodiments, the recombinant peptide or protein may be exposed to a refolding buffer, wherein the refolding buffer comprises at least 0.01 mM of Ca 2+ . 
         [0017]    In various embodiments of the methods of the invention, (I) the host cell is a prokaryotic cell; and/or (II) the expression is performed in minimal culture medium; and/or (III) the recombinant fusion peptide or protein is purified using a method selected from affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and combinations thereof; and/or (IV) the method comprises the additional step (e) contacting of the recombinant fusion protein with a protease suitable for cleavage of the fusion protein to yield the allocrite and the PeOI or PrOI as separate molecules; and/or (V) the method comprises a step (e) as defined in (IV) followed by purification of the PeOI or PrOI. 
         [0018]    In still other embodiments, the present invention may also relate to a method wherein the at least one PeOI or PrOI is selected from the group consisting of Nisin, HCRF, IFABP, IFNA2, MBP, peptide 101, peptide 102, peptide 103, MAB-40 Mab-42, Fuzeon®, salmon Calcitonin, human Calcitonin, peptides 1, 238, 239, 240 or 241. 
         [0019]    Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein further comprises a regulatory nucleotide sequence that modulates expression of the fusion protein in further embodiments. 
         [0020]    It is understood that all combinations of the above disclosed embodiments are also intended to fall within the scope of the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic presentation of some of the used plasmid constructs. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  shows a SDS-PAGE gel (15%) of insoluble and the soluble fractions of cell lysates of IFABP and MBP (and the indicated mutations thereof) fused to the N-terminus of HlyA1/HlyAc ( FIG. 2A ). Samples were loaded on a SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB).  FIG. 2B  shows cell lysate samples of  E. coli  expressing fusion proteins of HlyA1 and indicated PrOI or PeOI, wherein the PrOI or PeOI are C-terminally fused to HlyA1, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and visualized by CBB staining.  FIG. 2C  depicts a SDS-PAGE (15%) of soluble and insoluble fractions after cell disruption of cells producing IFABP wt (encoded by plasmid pQE-IFABP wt) or HlyA1-IFABP wt (encoded by pIAR_207). A soluble degradation product of HlyA1-IFABP wt is indicated.  FIG. 2D  shows the expression of peptides 238, 239, 240 and 241 fused to HlyA1 and demonstrates that the expression of peptides 240 and 241 fails without the fusion protein HlyA1. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  shows experiments of HlyA1 being refolded in the presence of EDTA or Ca 2+  and applied to an IMAC and SEC. A: In the presence of Ca 2+ , HlyA1, carrying an N-terminal His6-tag, was loaded to the IMAC (left lane) and bound proteins were eluted with an imidazole gradient. B: SEC analysis (Superdex 75 10/300 column, GE Healthcare) of HlyA1 eluted from the IMAC. C &amp; D: HlyA1 was analyzed by IMAC and SEC in the presence of EDTA. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  shows experiments of HlyA1-Nisin being refolded either in the presence of Ca 2+  or EDTA, concentrated and applied to a SEC. A: Insoluble (“pellet”) and soluble (“supernatant”) fraction of HlyA1-Nisin after refolding in the presence of Ca 2+  and elution fractions of SEC analysis. B: Insoluble (“pellet”) and soluble (“supernatant”) fraction of HlyA1-Nisin after refolding in the presence of EDTA and elution fractions of SEC analysis. C: SEC chromatograms of A and B. D: HlyA1-Nisin was incubated with Factor Xa (NEB), samples of the mixture were taken at various time points (0, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 min from left to right), loaded on a SDS-PAGE gel and stained with CBB. E: HPLC chromatograms of reference nisin (upper line) and nisin that was produced with the invented technology (lower line). F: SDS-PAGE analysis of HPLC elution fractions. Left lane: Factor Xa reaction after 90 min, other lanes: elution fractions of HPLC. Arrows indicate the positions of Nisin and HlyA1. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  shows refolding experiments of LipA1-Nisin in the presence of Ca 2+  and EDTA. LipA1-Nisin was produced as IBs in  E. coli  and isolated IBs were refolded in the presence of Ca 2+  or EDTA. In the presence of Ca 2+ , pure and soluble LipA1-Nisin was produced in a homogeneous state. In contrast, LipA1-Nisin was aggregated in the presence of EDTA. A and B: SDS-PAGE analysis of SEC elution fractions and the corresponding SEC chromatogram of LipA1-Nisin refolded with Ca 2+ . C and D: LipA1-Nisin was refolded in the presence of EDTA and analyzed as described in A and B. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  shows expression analyses of peptides encoded by pIAR_215, pIAR_220, pIAR_221, pIAR_222 and pIAR_223 and refolding experiments of expressed peptides (encoded by pIAR_220, pIAR_222 and pIAR_223) in the presence of Ca 2+  and EDTA. The indicated proteins were produced as IBs in  E. coli  and isolated IBs were refolded in the presence of Ca 2+  or EDTA. A: SDS-PAGE analysis of indicated samples. B-G: SEC analysis of refolded indicated proteins. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  shows the production of HCRF. A: IBs of HlyA1-HCRF, encoded by plasmid pIAR_202, were refolded either in the presence of Ca 2+  or EDTA. B: HlyA1-HCRF, refolded in the presence of Ca 2+ , was incubated with Factor Xa for 10 min, 40 min and 120 min. Arrows indicate the position of HlyA1-HCRF, HlyA1 and HCRF, respectively. HlyA1-HCRF, refolded in buffer containing either Ca 2+  or EDTA, was applied to SEC analysis and elution fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. C: Elution chromatograms of the above mentioned SEC analysis. D: CBB stained SDS-PAGE gel after SEC analysis of HlyA1-HCRF refolded in the presence Ca 2+ . E: CBB stained SDS-PAGE gel after SEC analysis of HlyA1-HCRF refolded in the presence of EDTA. Arrows indicate the position of HlyA1-HCRF. HlyA1-HCRF was refolded in the presence of Ca 2+ , incubated with Factor Xa for 2 h and the digestion mixture was purified by HPLC. F: HPLC chromatogram. G: CBB stained SDS-PAGE gel of HPLC elution fractions. Arrows indicate the position of HCRF. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  shows the production and functional studies of HlyA1-IFABP. SEC analyses of refolded HlyA1-IFABP. A and C: SDS-PAGE gel of elution fractions from SEC analysis of HlyA1-IFABP refolded with Ca 2+  and elution chromatogram of the SEC. B and D: SDS-PAGE gel of elution fractions from SEC analysis of HlyA1-IFABP refolded with EDTA and elution chromatogram of the SEC. E: Purified HlyA1-IFABP in the presence of either Ca 2+  or EDTA were incubated with Factor Xa and protein samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE at indicated time points. The arrow indicates the position of IFABP. F and G: Functional studies of HlyA1-IFABP using titration experiments with DAUDA. F: HlyA1-IFABP was refolded in the presence of Ca 2+  and purified by SEC. DAUDA was titrated to HlyA1-IFABP, the fluorescence signal at 500 nm was recorded and plotted against the DAUDA concentration. The black lane represents the curve of the theoretical fit. G: Same experiments as in F were repeated with HlyA1-IFABP purified in the presence of EDTA. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9  shows the production of HlyA1-IFNA2. A: SDS-PAGE analyses of HlyA1-IFNA2 refolded in the presence of 0.5 M arginine. Secreted IFNA2-HlyA1 served as reference for oxidized protein containing disulfide bonds (left lane). In the absence of DTT, HlyA1-IFNA2 migrates on the same running height as the reference. In contrast, HlyA1-IFNA2 in the presence of DTT migrates slower. These results indicate the formation of disulfide bonds within refolded HlyA1-IFNA2. B and C: SEC analyses of HlyA1-IFNA2 after refolding in the presence of Ca 2+  and EDTA, respectively. B: Refolding in the presence of Ca 2+ . C: Refolding in the presence of EDTA. 
           [0030]      FIG. 10  shows a binding experiment of refolded HlyA1-MBP and amylose resin. HlyA1-MBP was expressed in  E. coli  (lane “cell lysate”) and IBs of HlyA1-MBP were prepared (lane “denat. HlyA1-MBP”), denaturated and refolded in the presence of Ca 2+ . Some HlyA1-MBP precipitated during refolding (lane “precipitated”) and soluble HlyA1-MBP (lane “refolded”) was loaded to amylose resin. HlyA1-MBP bound to amylose and no protein remained within the “flow through”. After washing, HlyA1-MBP was eluted by maltose (lane “elution”). 
           [0031]      FIG. 11  shows the production of peptides 101, 102 and 103. A: Expression of HlyA1 fused to peptides 101, 102 and 103. B-D: Purification scheme of HlyA1 fused to peptide 101, 102 and 103. Cells expressing the corresponding fusion proteins were broken and cell lysates (lane “cell lysates”) were centrifuged. No visible fusion proteins were in the soluble fraction (lane “soluble fraction”) and fusion proteins aggregated as IBs. IBs were denaturated (lane “denat. IBs”) and refolded in the presence of Ca 2+ . Fusion proteins were efficiently refolded with Ca 2+  (“refolded peptide 10X”) and no proteins precipitated (“pellet”). Renaturated fusion proteins were incubated with Factor Xa and peptides 101, 102 and 103 were separated from HlyA1 (lane “Factor Xa”). An unspecific cleavage product occurred in all cases (see lane “+Factor Xa”). 
           [0032]      FIG. 12  shows Factor Xa digestion experiments with peptide 103 fused to HlyA1-R210D (encoded by plasmid pIAR_112). Refolded IBs (lane “−”) were incubated with Factor Xa (“+”) and samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE. No unspecific cleavage product occurred (compared to the results shown in  FIG. 11 ). 
           [0033]      FIG. 13  shows the production of Fuzeon®. HlyA1-Fuzeon® was refolded in the presence of Ca 2+  (A) or EDTA (B) and loaded onto a Superdex 75 16/60 column. The arrow indicates the position of HlyA1-Fuzeon®. C: HlyA1-Fuzeon® was refolded in the presence of Ca 2+  and incubated with Factor Xa for 10 min, 40 min and 120 min. The arrows indicate the position of the cleavage products HlyA1 and Fuzeon®. 
           [0034]      FIG. 14  shows experiments of IBs of HlyA1 M88A-Met-peptide 103 that were denaturated and incubated with CNBr for indicated periods. Samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The cleavage product HlyA1 M88A-Met is visible on the gel. No unspecific cleavage products were obtained. Since peptide 103 was not stained by CBB (presumably due to its relative small molecular weight), it was purified by HPLC and de-novo sequenced by mass spectrometry. Using such method, peptide 103 was identified. 
           [0035]      FIG. 15  shows the expression analyses of HlyA1 M88A-Met-peptide 3 in batch cultures and fermentation.  E. coli  cells carrying plasmid pIAR_115 were incubated in batch cultures (left lane), or by fermentation with glucose (middle lane) or glycerol (right lane) as feed. High cell densities (&gt;50) were obtained by fermentation with glucose and glycerin as feed. However, glucose seems to repress the expression of the fusion protein under the used conditions. In the presence of glycerol, in contrast, high cell densities and high expression levels were achieved. 
           [0036]      FIG. 16  shows the secretion analysis of different peptides fused to HlyA1. A: secretion analysis of peptides 101, 102 and 103 fused to HlyA1. PeOI were fused C-terminal to HlyA1 (plasmids pIAR_101, pIAR_102 and pIAR_103) and co-expressed with HlyB and HlyD (pK184-HlyBD). Cell lysate and supernatant samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. B: Secretion analyses of HlyA1-Mab40. Cells expressed HlyA1-Mab40 and, if indicated by a +, HlyB and HlyD (from plasmid pK184-HlyBD). Moreover, the influence of IPTG and baffles (different aeration) for expression and secretion is investigated. After cell growth, cell lysate and supernatant samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The analysed peptides fused C-terminal to HlyA1 were efficiently secreted by the dedicated T1SS. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0037]    The terms used herein have, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the following meanings. 
         [0038]    “At least one”, as used herein, relates to one or more, in particular 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more. 
         [0039]    “Isolated” or “isolating”, as interchangeably used herein in relation to a molecule, means that said molecule has been at least partially separated from other molecules that are naturally associated with said molecule. “Isolated” may mean that the molecule has been purified to separate it from other molecules and components, such as other proteins and nucleic acids and cellular debris which may originate from a host cell. 
         [0040]    “Nucleic acid” as used herein includes all natural forms of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. 
         [0041]    Preferably, the nucleic acid molecules are DNA. “Nucleic acid sequence identity” as used herein, means that the residue at a given position is identical to that at a corresponding position of a reference nucleic acid. The preferred nucleic acid sequence identity of the present invention is 80%, more preferred 90% or still more preferred 95%. 
         [0042]    The term “fragment”, as used herein in connection with a nucleic acid molecule, relates to a nucleic acid sequence which is compared to its reference nucleic acid sequence shortened by one or more 3′ or 5′ terminal nucleotides. The shortening occurs at the 3′-end, the 5′-end or both so that a contiguous strand of nucleotides of the reference sequence remains. The fragment has preferably a length of at least 20, more preferably at least 50 nucleotides. 
         [0043]    The term “peptide” is used throughout the specification to designate a polymer of amino acid residues connected to each other by peptide bonds. A peptide according to the present invention has 2-100 amino acid residues. 
         [0044]    The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably throughout the specification to designate a polymer of amino acid residues connected to each other by peptide bonds. A protein or polypeptide according to the present invention has preferably 100 or more amino acid residues. 
         [0045]    The terms “protein of interest”, “PrOI” or “peptide of interest”, “PeOI”, as used herein, relate to any gene product that is expressed via recombinant expression. The term “a peptide or protein of interest” as disclosed herein covers any naturally or non-naturally occurring peptide or protein. In some embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is a non-natural/synthetic peptide or protein. Synthetic in this connection means that the sequence of the peptide or protein has been artificially designed. Thus, a sequence encoding for a PeOI or PrOI may comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding for one, two or more naturally occurring peptides or proteins. These naturally occurring peptides or proteins may have been further modified, e.g., by mutagenesis of the encoding sequence. 
         [0046]    The term “an N-terminal fragment” relates to a peptide or protein sequence which is in comparison to a reference peptide or protein sequence C-terminally truncated, such that a contiguous amino acid polymer starting from the N-terminus of the peptide or protein remains. In some embodiments, such fragments may have a length of at least 10 amino acids. 
         [0047]    The term “a C-terminal fragment” relates to a peptide or protein sequence which is in comparison to a reference peptide or protein sequence N-terminally truncated, such that a contiguous amino acid polymer starting from the C-terminus of the peptide or protein remains. In some embodiments, such fragments may have a length of at least 10 amino acids. 
         [0048]    The term “fusion protein” as used herein concerns peptides and proteins which are N- or C-terminally connected to each other. Such fusion proteins may be encoded by nucleic acid sequences which are operably fused to each other. In certain embodiments, a fusion protein refers to at least one PeOI or PrOI C-terminally fused to a polypeptide chain according to the invention, for example a polypeptide chain comprising HlyA or a fragment thereof or a homolog thereof. 
         [0049]    Generally, the skilled person understands that for putting the present invention into practice any nucleotide sequence described herein may or must comprise an additional start and/or stop codon or that a start and/or stop codon of any of the sequences described herein may or must be deleted depending on the nucleic acid construct used. The skilled person will base this decision, e.g., on whether a nucleic acid sequence comprised in the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is to be translated and/or is to be translated as a fusion protein. 
         [0050]    The term “introducing” in relation to a nucleic acid molecule, as used herein, refers to the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA into a host cell. Such uptake of the nucleic acid molecule may depend on the natural competence of the host cell or on transfection methods such as electroporation or calcium chloride transformation which are well known in the art. 
         [0051]    The term “host cell” as used herein relates to an organism that harbors the nucleic acid molecule or a vector encoding the recombinant PeOI or PrOI. In preferred embodiments the host cell is a prokaryotic cell. In more preferred embodiments the host cell is  E. coli  which may include but is not limited to BL21, DH1, DH5α, DM1, HB101, JM101-110, K12, Rosetta(DE3)pLysS, SURE, TOP10, XL1-Blue, XL2-Blue and XL10-Blue strains. 
         [0052]    The terms “expression” or “expressed”, as interchangeably used herein, relate to a process in which information from a gene is used for the synthesis of a gene product. In cell-based expression systems the expression comprises transcription and translation steps. 
         [0053]    The term “recombinant expression”, as used herein, relates to transcription and translation of an exogenous gene in a host organism. Exogenous DNA refers to any deoxyribonucleic acid that originates outside of said organism. The term “heterologous” as used herein in relation to proteins refers to a protein that is expressed from an exogenous DNA. This also includes proteins that are expressed from nucleic acid sequences which are identical to endogenous nucleic acid sequences and that were artificially duplicated. 
         [0054]    The term “production”, as used herein in relation to a recombinant peptide or protein, means that a recombinant peptide or protein is expressed in a host cell and is subsequently isolated from other molecules of the host cell. 
         [0055]    “Culturing”, “cultivating” or “cultivation”, as used herein, relates to the growth of a host cell in a specially prepared culture medium under supervised conditions. The terms “conditions suitable for recombinant expression” or “conditions that allow expression” relate to conditions that allow for production of the PrOI in host cells using methods known in the art, wherein the cells are cultivated under defined media and temperature conditions. The medium may be a nutrient, minimal, selective, differential, or enriched medium. Preferably, the medium is a minimal culture medium. Growth and expression temperature of the host cell may range from 4° C. to 45° C. Preferably, the growth and expression temperature range from 30° C. to 39° C. The term “expression medium” as used herein relates to any of the above media when they are used for cultivation of a host cell during expression of a protein. 
         [0056]    The term “subjecting” as used herein means that various components, for instance proteins and a buffer, are brought into contact. 
         [0057]    The terms “inclusion body” or “TB”, as interchangeably used herein, relate to nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of substances, for instance proteins. IB s are undissolved and have a non-unit lipid membrane. In the method of the present invention, the TBs mainly consist of the fusion protein comprising at least one PeOT or PrOT and at least one allocrite of a T1SS or a fragment thereof. 
         [0058]    The terms “substrate” or “allocrite”, as interchangeably used herein, relate to a solute that may be cargo of a T1SS. The substrate or allocrite is a protein that contains specific peptide sequence motives, such as GG repeats and the secretion signal, that allow the transportation via the T1SS. 
         [0059]    The terms type 1 secretion system” or “T1SS” as interchangeably used herein relate to a protein complex which consists of three protein subunits: an ABC transporter protein, a MFP, and an OMP. The ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to carry out certain biological processes including translocation of various substrates across membranes. Proteins of the MFP family function as auxiliary proteins or ‘adaptors’, connecting a primary porter in the cytoplasmic membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium with an outer membrane factor protein that serves a porin or channel function in the outer membrane. Therefore, the tripartite protein complex allows the transport of various molecules, such as ions, drugs and proteins to pass the inner and outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. A subgroup of T1SS substrates are RTX (repeats in toxins) toxins. 
         [0060]    The term “functional three-dimensional conformation” as used herein in relation to proteins refers to the structure of a protein which allows said protein to have a specific activity such as substrate catalysis, protein specific localization or interaction with other proteins that is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% or 50%, or more preferably at least 80%, or even more preferably 100% of the activity of the same protein in its native conformation. A functional three-dimensional conformation usually requires that the protein is soluble. The native conformation of a protein is its properly folded and/or assembled form, which is operative and functional. The native state of a biomolecule may possess all four levels of biomolecular structure, with the secondary through quaternary structure being formed from weak interactions along the covalently-bonded backbone. This is in contrast to the denatured state, in which these weak interactions are disrupted, leading to the loss of these forms of structure and retaining only the biomolecule&#39;s primary structure. 
         [0061]    The term “inhibiting”, as used herein, relates to a detectable and significant reduction of protein activity or gene expression activity caused by an effector molecule. Methods to detect protein activity or gene expression are known in the art. 
         [0062]    The present invention relates to methods comprising nucleic acid sequences of substrates/allocrites of Type 1 secretion systems or fragments thereof for the efficient production of recombinant peptides and proteins of interest. The allocrites or fragments thereof improve the expression of peptides and protein of interest as inclusion bodies (IB) and function as IB-tags. Importantly, the allocrites and fragments thereof allow the efficient renaturation of the inclusion bodies into a functional three-dimensional conformation. Therefore, the allocrites or fragments thereof combine the advantages of IB-tags and solubility-tags without the corresponding disadvantages. 
         [0063]    The Hly secretion system is a protein secretion system, which mostly occurs in Gram-negative bacteria. This secretion system belongs to the family of T1SS, which transport their substrates in an ATP driven manner in a single step from the cytosol to the extracellular space without an intermediate station in the periplasm. The Hly secretion system comprises HlyB, which represents an ABC transporter, the MFP HlyD, and the universal OMP ToIC. The 110 kDa hemolytic toxin HlyA is a transport substrate of the Hly secretion system. On genetic level, the components necessary for HlyA-specific secretion are organized in an operon structure. The nucleic acid sequence encoding for HlyC also forms part of this operon but is not required for HlyA secretion through the Hly secretion system. HlyC catalyzes acylation of HlyA, which renders HlyA hemolytic. HlyA is a protein, which consists of 1024 amino acid residues and requires for its export via the Hly secretion system its C-terminus comprising about 40-60 amino acids called secretion signal. Furthermore, HlyA is characterized by a domain comprising several glycine rich (GG) repeats (GGXGXDXUX, wherein X can be any amino acid, U is a hydrophobic, large amino acid located N-terminal of the secretion signal). GG repeats are the characteristic of the repeats in toxin (RTX) family. The GG repeats bind Ca 2+  which induces their folding. Hence, in absence of Ca 2+  the domain comprising the GG repeats is unstructured. The amino acid sequence of one HlyA protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, as encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A fragment of HlyA, which was expressed in enhanced levels compared to the wildtype HlyA and lacks the N-terminal part of HlyA ( FIG. 1 ) was named HlyA1. The amino acid sequence of HlyA1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 whereas the encoding nucleotide sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. 
         [0064]    The present invention is based on the inventors&#39; surprising finding that a PeOI or PrOI fused to at least one allocrite of a T1SS or a fragment thereof leads to the expression of the fusion protein in form of IB even if the non-conjugated PeOI or PrOI alone is expressed in a soluble form. Further, it was found by the present inventors that Ca 2+  induces the folding of the denaturated IB of the fusion proteins consisting of the allocrite and the PeOI or PrOI into a soluble and functional three-dimensional conformation. Therefore, the allocrites or fragments thereof are bifunctional tags combining the advantages of IB-tags (high yield, high initial purity, immunity against proteolytic degradation) and solubility-tags (soluble, bioactive products) without the corresponding disadvantages (inclusions body-tags: aggregated, non-active products; solubility-tags: rather low yields, low purity, prone to proteolytic degradation). 
         [0065]    Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for production of a recombinant PeOI or PrOI, wherein the method comprises: (a) introducing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein comprising at least one PeOI or PrOI, and at least one allocrite of a T1SS or a fragment thereof, into a host cell; (b) cultivating the host cell under conditions that allow expression of the fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein is expressed in the form of IB; (c) isolating the recombinant fusion protein from said host cells. Further embodiments may comprise step (d) of subjecting the recombinant fusion protein to conditions that allow the PeOI or PrOI to fold into a functional three-dimensional conformation. In various other embodiments of the first aspect, the host cell does not express a heterologous ABC transporter, a heterologous MFP and/or a heterologous OMP of the T1SS. 
         [0066]    In various embodiments, this aspect of the invention also includes allocrites of a T1SS that are selected from the group consisting of HlyA, CyaA, EhxA, LktA, PlLktA, PasA, PvxA, MmxA, LtxA, ApxIA, ApxIIA, ApxIIIA, ApxIVA, ApxI, ApxII, AqxA, VcRtxA, VvRtxA, MbxA, RTX cytotoxin, RtxL1, RtxL2, FrhA, LipA, TliA, PrtA, PrtSM, PrtG, PrtB, PrtC, AprA, AprX, ZapA, ZapE, Sap, HasA, colicin V, LapA, ORF, RzcA, RtxA, XF2407, XF2759, RzcA, RsaA, Crs, CsxA, CsxB, SlaA, SwmA, S111951, NodO, PlyA, PlyB, FrpA, FrpC, FrpC-like or other T1SS allocrites as described in Linhartova et al. (Linhartova, I. et al., FEMS Microbiol Rev 34, 1076-1112, FMR231 [pii]10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00231.x) and fragments thereof. In various preferred embodiments, the allocrites are characterized by the presence of at least one GG repeat of the consensus sequence GGxGxDxUx (wherein X can be any amino acid, U is a hydrophobic, large amino acid). In more preferred embodiments the allocrit of a T1SS is HlyA comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, a fragment thereof or a polypeptide that has at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or the fragment thereof. In other various embodiments the fragment of HlyA consists of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or a polypeptide that has at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. 
         [0067]    In various embodiments, this aspect of the invention also includes homologs of the afore-mentioned sequences of SEQ ID Nos. 1-4. The term “homologous” or “homolog” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence that has a highly similar sequence to or high sequence identity (e.g. 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99% or more) with another polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence or part thereof. With regard to the above nucleic acid molecule, the term homologs thus includes nucleic acid sequences that have at least 70, preferably 80, more preferably 90, even more preferably 95, 97.5 or 99% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of the first nucleic acid sequence as defined above. The sequence identity may occur over a continuous stretch of nucleotides or may be discontinuous. 
         [0068]    In various embodiments of the first aspect of the invention, the allocrite of a T1SS can be fused to the C-terminus of the PeOI or PrOI. In other various embodiments of the first aspect, the allocrite can be fused to the N-terminus of the PeOI or PrOI. 
         [0069]    In one embodiment, the expression medium comprises 20.0 mM or less of Ca 2+ . In a more preferred embodiment the Ca 2+  concentration in the expression medium is 0.1 mM or less. 
         [0070]    In various embodiments, the expression of the endogenous ABC transporter gene, the endogenous MFP gene and/or the endogenous OMP gene of the T1SS or the activity of the corresponding gene products in the host cell is inhibited. In various embodiments, the host cell does not express endogenous ABC transporter, endogenous MFP and/or endogenous OMP of the T1SS. Methods to inhibit the expression of genes such as their deletion or insertion of nucleotide sequences destroying the integrity of the promoter sequence or the gene itself are known in the art. A preferred gene expression activity after deletion or disruption may be less than 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% or 5% of the activity measured in untreated cells. In other various embodiments of the invention, the endogenous ABC transporter, the endogenous MFP and/or the endogenous OMP of the type 1 secretion system are inhibited by antibodies or small molecule inhibitors. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the ABC transporter activity is inhibited by orthovanadate or an ATP homologous inhibitor such as 8-azido-ATP. Such ATP mimetics are known in the art. The preferred protein activity after inhibitor treatment may be less than 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% or 5% of the activity measured in untreated cells. In other embodiments of the invention, the transport is inhibited or blocked by the allocrite itself, for example by over-expressing the allocrites or the attachment of fusion peptides and proteins. 
         [0071]    In other embodiments, the recombinant peptide or protein is exposed to a refolding buffer, wherein the refolding buffer comprises at least 0.01, more preferably 0.01-40 mM of Ca 2+ . 
         [0072]    In various embodiments of the methods of the invention, (I) the host cell is a prokaryotic cell; and/or (II) the expression is performed in minimal culture medium; and/or (III) the recombinant fusion peptide or protein is purified using a method selected from affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and combinations thereof; and/or (IV) the method comprises the additional step (e) of contacting the recombinant fusion protein with a protease suitable for cleavage of the fusion protein to yield the allocrite and the PeOI or PrOI as separate molecules; and/or (V) the method comprises a step (e) as defined in (IV) followed by purification of the PeOI or PrOI. 
         [0073]    In still another embodiment, the present invention may also relate to a method wherein the at least one PeOI or PrOI is selected from the group consisting of Nisin, HCRF, IFABP, IFNA2, MBP, peptide 101, peptide 102, peptide 103, MAB-40 Mab-42, Fuzeon®, salmon Calcitonin, human Calcitonin, Inhibitor peptide 1, 238, 239, 240 or 241. 
         [0074]    The nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein further comprises a regulatory nucleotide sequence that modulates expression of the fusion protein in various embodiments. A preferred regulatory nucleic acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:39. The term “regulatory nucleotide sequence” as used herein relates to a nucleic acid sequences which are located 5′ of a gene and enhance the expression activity of said gene. 
         [0075]    The terms “affinity tag” as used herein relates to entities, which are coupled to the PeOI or PrOI and allow enrichment of the tagged PeOI or PrOI using an affinity tag receptor. The term “affinity chromatography” as used herein relates to the complex formation of the tagged peptide or protein and the receptor. In certain embodiments affinity tags may be selected from the group consisting of the Strep-tag® or Strep-tag® II, the myc-tag, the FLAG-tag, the His-tag, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) tag, the covalent yet dissociable NorpD peptide (CYD) tag, the heavy chain of protein C (HPC) tag, the calmodulin binding peptide (CBP) tag, or the HA-tag or proteins such as Streptavidin binding protein (SBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), and glutathione-S-transferase. 
         [0076]    The term “protease cleavage site” refers to peptide sequence which can be cleaved by a selected protease thus allowing the separation of peptide or protein sequences which are interconnected by a protease cleavage site. In certain embodiments the protease cleavage site is selected from the group consisting of a Factor Xa-, a tobacco edge virus (TEV) protease-, a enterokinase-, a SUMO Express protease-, an IgA-Protease-, an Arg-C proteinase-, an Asp-N endopeptidases-, an Asp-N endopeptidase+N-terminal Glu-, a caspase1-, a caspase2-, a caspase3-, a caspase4, a caspase5, a caspase6, a caspase7, a caspase8, a caspase9, a caspase10, a chymotrypsin-high specificity, a chymotrypsin-low specificity-, a clostripain (Clostridiopeptidase B)-, a glutamyl endopeptidase-, a granzymeB-, a pepsin-, a proline-endopeptidase-, a proteinase K-, a staphylococcal peptidase I-, a Thrombin-, a Trypsin-, and a Thermolysin-cleavage site. 
         [0077]    The term chemical cleavage refers to the cleavage of peptide bonds caused by a chemical compound. Such compounds may include, but are not limited to cyanogen bromid (CNBr) cleaving C-terminal to methionine residues, BNPS-skatole, NCS or TFA cleaving C-terminal to tryptophane residues and Ni 2+  ions cleaving C-terminal to the tetrapeptide S/TXHZ (X and Z can be any amino acid residues, except X=proline) (Kopera et al., (2012), Plos One 7(5)). 
         [0078]    “Fused”, as used in the context of this invention, means that the resulting peptides or proteins are directly connected to each other or linked to each other by one or more amino acids, peptides or proteins, e.g., one or more protease cleavage sites and/or affinity tags. 
         [0079]    If the PeOI or PrOI comprises two or more naturally occurring peptides or proteins, the two or more peptides or proteins may be separated by protease cleavage sites. 
         [0080]    Generally, any peptide or protein may be chosen as PeOI or PrOI. In certain embodiments, the PrOI is a protein which does not form a homo-dimer or homo-multimer. The avoidance of self-interacting peptides or proteins may be advantageous if the recombinant peptide or protein is to be secreted into the cell culture supernatant, because the formation of larger protein complexes may disturb an efficient protein export. However, the PrOI may also be a peptide or protein, which is a subunit of a larger peptide or protein complex. Such a peptide or protein may be isolated after expression and optionally secretion and be suitable for an in vitro reconstitution of the multi peptide or protein complex. In certain embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is a peptide having less than 100 amino acid residues. If these peptides comprise pre- and/or pro-sequences in their native state after translation the nucleic acid sequence encoding for the PeOI may be engineered to be limited to the sequence encoding the mature peptide. One exemplary peptide is insulin, e.g., human insulin. The secretion of over-expressed peptides and proteins is especially advantageous where the peptide or protein is harmful to the host cell. For this reason, the present invention is particularly advantageous for expression of lipases and proteases which are known to be toxic to the host cell and thus the expression of these proteins by the inventive systems and methods represents a specific embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0081]    In various embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is an enzyme. 
         [0082]    The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has developed a nomenclature for enzymes, the EC numbers; each enzyme is described by a sequence of four numbers preceded by “EC”. The first number broadly classifies the enzyme based on its mechanism. 
         [0083]    The complete nomenclature can be browsed at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/. 
         [0084]    Accordingly, a PeOI or PrOI according to the present invention may be chosen from any of the classes EC 1 (Oxidoreductases), EC 2 (Transferases), EC 3 (Hydrolases), EC 4 (Lyases), EC 5 (Isomerases), and EC 6 (Ligases), and the subclasses thereof. 
         [0085]    In certain embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is cofactor dependent or harbors a prosthetic group. For expression of such peptides or proteins, in some embodiments, the corresponding cofactor or prosthetic group may be added to the culture medium during expression. 
         [0086]    In certain cases, the PeOI or PrOI is a dehydrogenase or an oxidase. 
         [0087]    In case the PeOI or PrOI is a dehydrogenase, in some embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of alcohol dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenases, lactate dehyrogenases, cellobiose dehydrogenases, formate dehydrogenases, and aldehydes dehydrogenases. 
         [0088]    In case the PeOI or PrOI is an oxidase, in some embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases, in particular P450 BM3 and mutants thereof, peroxidases, monooxygenases, hydrogenases, monoamine oxidases, aldehydes oxidases, xanthin oxidases, amino acid oxidases, and NADH oxidases. 
         [0089]    In further embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is a transaminase or a kinase. 
         [0090]    In case the PeOI or PrOI is a transaminase, in some embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases, glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminases, histidinol-phosphate transaminases, and histidinol-pyruvate transaminases. 
         [0091]    In various embodiments, if the PeOI or PrOI is a kinase, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of nucleoside diphosphate kinases, nucleoside monophosphate kinases, pyruvate kinase, and glucokinases. 
         [0092]    In some embodiments, if the PeOI or PrOI is a hydrolase, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of lipases, amylases, proteases, cellulases, nitrile hydrolases, halogenases, phospholipases, and esterases. 
         [0093]    In certain embodiments, if the PeOI or PrOI is a lyase, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of aldolases, e.g., hydroxynitrile lyases, thiamine-dependent enzymes, e.g., benzaldehyde lyases, and pyruvate decarboxylases. 
         [0094]    In various embodiments, if the PeOI or PrOI is an isomerase, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of isomerases and mutases. 
         [0095]    In some embodiments, if the PeOI or PrOI is a ligase, the PeOI or PrOI may be a DNA ligase. 
         [0096]    In certain embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI may be an antibody. This may include a complete immunoglobulin or fragment thereof, which immunoglobulins include the various classes and isotypes, such as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3, IgM, etc. Fragments thereof may include Fab, Fv and F(ab′)2, Fab′, and the like. 
         [0097]    Also contemplated herein are therapeutically active PeOIs and PrOI, e.g., a cytokine. 
         [0098]    Thus, in certain embodiments the PeOI or PrOI is selected from the group consisting cytokines, in particular human or murine interferons, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, necrosis factors, e.g., tumor necrosis factor, and growth factors. 
         [0099]    In some embodiments, if the PeOI or PrOI is an interferon, the PeOI or PrOI may be selected from the group consisting of interferon alpha, e.g., alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-2a, and alpha-2b, alpha-2, alpha-8, alpha-16, alpha 21, beta, e.g., beta-1, beta-1a, and beta-1b, or gamma. 
         [0100]    In further embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is an antimicrobial peptide, in particular a peptide selected from the group consisting of bacteriocines and lantibiotics, e.g., nisin, cathelicidins, defensins, and saposins. 
         [0101]    In further embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is an adhesive peptide with distinct surface specificities, for example for steel, aluminum and other metals or specificities towards other surfaces like carbon, ceramic, minerals, plastics, wood and other materials or other biological materials like cells, or adhesive peptides that function in aqueous environments and under anaerobe conditions. 
         [0102]    In further embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI has a length ranging from 2-100 amino acids, wherein said amino acids are selected from the group of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. More preferably, said PeOI or PrOI are selected from the group of peptides or proteins consisting of DYKDDDDKMASMTGGQQMGHHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 45), MGSSAAAAAAAASGPGGYGPENQGPSGPGGYGPGGP (SEQ ID NO:46), ENREVPPGFTALIKTLRKCKII (SEQ ID NO:47), NLVSGLIEARKYLEWLHRKLKNCKV (SEQ ID NO:48), HHHHHHIEGRAMSILKSPIDERSILK (SEQ ID NO:49), HHHHHHIEGRPPGPPGPPGPPGPPGPPGPPGPPGPPG (SEQ ID NO:50), HHHHHHIEGRGAPGAPGSQGAPGLQ (SEQ ID NO:51), GGGRGDMGSSAAAAAAAASGPGGYGPENQGPSGPGGYGPGGPRGDGGG (SEQ ID NO:52). 
         [0103]    Also disclosed herein are PeOIs or PrOI, which are therapeutically active peptides or proteins. In certain embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is a therapeutically active peptide. In some embodiments, a therapeutically active peptide may be selected from the group consisting of Fuzeon/T20, human calcitonin, salmon calcitonin, human corticotropin release factor, Mab40, Mab42, peptides associated with Alzheimer&#39;s disease, exenatide, glatiramer/copaxone, teriparatide/forsteo, romiplostim/nplate, pramlintitde/symlin, thymalfasin/zadaxin, enfuvirtide, andrenocorticotropin hormones (ACTH), brain natriuretic peptide, nesiritide/natrecor, corticoliberin, sermorelin, somatorelin, secretin (human and porcin), terlipressin, sinapultide, teduglutide, vx-001, vasoactive intestinal peptide, avipdadil, linaclotide, and teduglutide. 
         [0104]    In certain embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is a type I secretion substrate. More than 1000 proteins are annotated or have been described as type I secretion substrates in the literature. Many of them have interesting characteristics for the biotechnological usage, in particular hydrolases like proteases and lipases. Suitable proteases and lipases have been described by Baumann et al. (1993) EMBO J 12, 3357-3364; and Meier et al. (2007) J. BIOL. CHEM.: 282(43), pp. 31477-31483. The content of each of these documents is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
         [0105]    Of course, the nucleic acid sequence encoding for the at least one PeOI or PrOI may be subjected to mutagenesis and thus lead to a mutated PeOI or PrOI on protein level. 
         [0106]    The term “mutation” as used herein relates to a variation in the nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence of a given nucleotide sequence or protein and includes substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. In one specific example, the mutation is a point mutation, i.e. the replacement of one or more nucleotides and/or amino acids in a given sequence. It is understood that if the term “mutation” is used in relation to a protein sequence, that the nucleotide sequence encoding the protein can comprise multiple mutations or modifications, including silent mutations that, for example, serve the purpose to increase expression efficiency (codon-optimization) without changing the amino acid sequence. In the present invention, the mutation is preferably the substitution of one or two amino acids by other amino acids. Alternatively or in addition, the nucleic acid molecule may comprise nucleotide exchanges which do not alter the encoded protein sequence, so called silent mutations. In some embodiments, the mutations, e.g., silent mutations increase the expression and/or secretion efficiency of the peptide or protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule. Importantly, mutations may be induced throughout the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Thus, the mutations may not be limited to sequences encoding for a peptide or protein. Accordingly, also non-coding sequence stretches may be subjected to mutagenesis. This type of mutation also falls within the scope of the term silent mutation. The mutagenesis of non-coding sequences may be advantageous, e.g., for the achievement of an improved expression and/or secretion of a peptide or protein encoded by a different sequence stretch within the nucleic acid molecule. 
         [0107]    The term “mutagenesis” as used herein means that the experimental conditions are chosen such that the amino acid naturally occurring at a given sequence position of a protein sequence can be substituted by at least one amino acid that is not present at this specific position in the respective natural polypeptide sequence. The term “mutagenesis” also includes the (additional) modification of the length of sequence segments by deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids. Thus, it is within the scope of the invention that, for example, one amino acid at a chosen sequence position is replaced by a stretch of three random mutations, leading to an insertion of two amino acid residues compared to the length of the respective segment of the wild type protein. Such an insertion or deletion may be introduced independently from each other in any of the peptide segments that can be subjected to mutagenesis in the invention. 
         [0108]    The term “random mutagenesis” means that no predetermined single amino acid (mutation) is present at a certain sequence position but that one of at least two different amino acids can be incorporated with a certain probability at a predefined sequence position during mutagenesis. 
         [0109]    “Codon-optimized” means that codons encoding one amino acid residue are replaced by a different codon encoding the same amino acid, but being more frequently used by a given host organism for this particular amino acid. It is understood that such nucleotide sequences that encode a homologous polypeptide may have high sequence variability so that sequence identity between the nucleic acid molecules encoding the same or homologous polypeptides may be low. 
         [0110]    The natural coding sequence of a protein sequence, i.e. the respective gene segment of an enzyme, can be used as a starting point for the mutagenesis of the amino acid positions selected in the present invention. For the mutagenesis of the recited amino acid positions, the person skilled in the art has at his disposal the various established standard methods for site-directed mutagenesis (Sambrook, J. et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). A commonly used technique is the introduction of mutations by means of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) using mixtures of synthetic oligonucleotides, which bear a degenerate base composition at the desired sequence positions. For example, use of the codon NNK or NNS (wherein N=adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine; K=guanine or thymine; S=adenine or cytosine) allows incorporation of all 20 amino acids plus the amber stop codon during mutagenesis, whereas the codon VVS limits the number of possibly incorporated amino acids to 12, since it excludes the amino acids Cys, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Trp, Tyr, Val from being incorporated into the selected position of the polypeptide sequence (V=adenine, guanine, or cytosine); use of the codon NMS (wherein M=adenine or cytosine), for example, restricts the number of possible amino acids to 11 at a selected sequence position since it excludes the amino acids Arg, Cys, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Trp, Val from being incorporated at a selected sequence position. Another possibility is the use of codons NDT or NDC (wherein D=adenine, guanine, or thymine) as this provides a 1:1 ratio between the number of codons and the encoded amino acids, thus reduces the screening effort, and leads to a balanced set of 12 polar, non-polar, aromatic, non-aromatic, hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues (Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, Ser, Tyr, Val (Reetz M T et al., 2008, ChemBioChem, 21; 9(11): 1797-804)). 
         [0111]    In certain embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI comprises a deletion of at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or more N- and/or C-terminal amino acid relative to the wildtype peptide or protein sequence. 
         [0112]    In various embodiments, the PeOI or PrOI is chosen from the group consisting of MBP, lipase CalB, protease SprP, hydrolase PlaB, hydrolase PlaK, hydrolase PlbF, lipase TesA, Vif, human interferon alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-8, alpha-16, alpha-21, human interferon beta, human interferon gamma, murine interferon alpha, murine interferon gamma, IFABP, Cas2, affibody protein ZA3, nisin, corticotropin release factor, amyloid-beta peptide, exenatide, Fuzeon/T20, salmon calcitonin, Mab40, Mab42, lipase LipA, SprP, the HIV-1 protein Vif, and human calcitonin. 
         [0113]    The PeOI or PrOI may be cloned into a vector. In certain embodiments, the vector is selected from the group consisting of a pSU-vector, pET-vector, a pBAD-vector, a pK184-vector, a pMONO-vector, a pSELECT-vector, pSELECT-Tag-vector, a pVITRO-vector, a pVIVO-vector, a pORF-vector, a pBLAST-vector, a pUNO-vector, a pDUO-vector, a pZERO-vector, a pDeNy-vector, a pDRIVE-vector, a pDRIVE-SEAP-vector, a HaloTag® Fusion-vector, a pTARGET™-vector, a Flexi®-vector, a pDEST-vector, a pHIL-vector, a pPIC-vector, a pMET-vector, a pPink-vector, a pLP-vector, a pTOPO-vector, a pBud-vector, a pCEP-vector, a pCMV-vector, a pDisplay-vector, a pEF-vector, a pFL-vector, a pFRT-vector, a pFastBac-vector, a pGAPZ-vector, a pIZ/V5-vector, a pLenti6-vector, a pMIB-vector, a pOG-vector, a pOpti-vector, a pREP4-vector, a pRSET-vector, a pSCREEN-vector, a pSecTag-vector, a pTEF1-vector, a pTracer-vector, a pTrc-vector, a pUB6-vector, a pVAX1-vector, a pYC2-vector, a pYES2-vector, a pZeo-vector, a pcDNA-vector, a pFLAG-vector, a pTAC-vector, a pT7-vector, a Gateway®-vector, a pQE-vector, a pLEXY-vector, a pRNA-vector, a pPK-vector, a pUMVC-vector, a pLIVE-vector, a pCRUZ-vector, a Duet-vector, and other vectors or derivatives thereof. In preferred embodiments the vector is the pSU-vector. 
         [0114]    The vectors of the present invention may be chosen from the group consisting of high, medium and low copy vectors. 
         [0115]    The above described vectors may be used for the transformation or transfection of a host cell in order to achieve expression of a peptide or protein which is encoded by an above described nucleic acid molecule and comprised in the vector DNA. 
         [0116]    The host cell may be specifically chosen as a host cell capable of expressing the gene. In addition or otherwise, in order to produce a peptide or protein, a fragment of the peptide or protein or a fusion protein of the peptide or protein with another polypeptide, the nucleic acid coding for the peptide or protein can be genetically engineered for expression in a suitable system. Transformation can be performed using standard techniques (Sambrook, J. et al. (2001), supra). 
         [0117]    Prokaryotic or eukaryotic host organisms comprising such a vector for recombinant expression of a PeOI or PrOI as described herein form also part of the present invention. Suitable host cells can be prokaryotic cell. In certain embodiments the host cells are selected from the group consisting of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. In some embodiments, the host cell is a gram negative bacterium, such as  E. coli . In certain embodiments, the host cell is  E. coli , in particular  E. coli  BL21 (DE3) or other  E. coli  K12 or  E. coli  B834 or  E. coli  DH5α or XL-1 derivatives. In further embodiments, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ),  Pseudomonas, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella, Shigella  (and other enterobacteriaceae),  Neisseria, Hemophilus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Helicobacter, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio, Legionella , acetic acid bacteria,  Bacillus, Bacilli, Carynebacterium, Clostridium, Listeria, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus , and  Archaea  cells. Suitable eukaryotic host cells are among others CHO cells, insect cells, fungi, yeast cells, e.g.,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. pombe, Pichia pastoris.    
         [0118]    The transformed host cells are cultured under conditions suitable for expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide or protein of the invention. In certain embodiments, the cells are cultured under conditions suitable for expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding a PeOI or PrOI. 
         [0119]    For producing the recombinant PeOI or PrOI, a vector is introduced into a suitable prokaryotic or eukaryotic host organism by means of recombinant DNA technology. For this purpose, the host cell is first transformed with a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention using established standard methods (Sambrook, J. et al. (2001), supra). The host cell is then cultured under conditions, which allow expression of the heterologous DNA and thus the synthesis of the corresponding polypeptide. Subsequently, the polypeptide is recovered either from the cell. 
         [0120]    For expression of the peptides and proteins of the present invention several suitable protocols are known to the skilled person. 
         [0121]    Generally, any known culture medium suitable for growth of the selected host may be employed in this method. In various embodiments, the medium is a rich medium or a minimal medium. Also contemplated herein is a method, wherein the steps of growing the cells and expressing the peptide or protein comprise the use of different media. For example, the growth step may be performed using a rich medium, which is replaced by a minimal medium in the expression step. In certain cases, the medium is selected from the group consisting of LB medium, TB medium, 2YT medium, synthetical medium and minimal medium. 
         [0122]    In some embodiments, the medium may be supplemented with IPTG, arabinose, tryptophan and/or maltose, and/or the culture temperature may be changed and/or the culture may be exposed to UV light. In various embodiments, the conditions that allow secretion of the recombinant peptide or protein are the same used for the expression of the peptide or protein. 
         [0123]    In certain embodiments, the host cell is a prokaryotic cell, such as  E. coli , in particular  E. coli  BL21 (DE3) and  E. coli  DH5α. 
         [0124]    In some embodiments, the entire culture of the host cell, e.g., during growth and expression, is carried out in minimal medium. Minimal medium is advantageous for recombinant peptide or protein expression, as the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, pigment, and impurity content in this medium is reduced and thus circumvents or reduces the need of extensive purification steps. 
         [0125]    Furthermore, the inventors found that a supplementation of the refolding buffer with alkaline earth metal salts is advantageous for subjecting the recombinant PeOI or PrOI to fold into a functional three-dimensional conformation. In some embodiments, the final concentration in the refolding buffer is at least 0.01 mM. In certain embodiments, the refolding buffer may be complemented with at least one alkaline earth metal salt selected from the group consisting of a magnesium salt, calcium salt, strontium salt, or barium salt. In some embodiments, the refolding buffer comprises at least 0.01 mM of a calcium salt. The total concentration of at least 0.01 mM earth alkaline metal salt may be achieved by combining several salts from different earth alkaline metals and/or the same earth alkaline metal. If the earth alkaline metal is selected from magnesium salt, calcium salt, strontium salt, or barium salt, the composition may comprise at least 0.01 mM of a single calcium, strontium or barium salt or combinations of several magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium salts, leading to a total concentration of at least 0.01 mM. In particular, a calcium salt concentration of at least 0.01 mM may be achieved by combining several calcium salts leading to a total concentration of at least 0.01 mM. In certain embodiments, the calcium salts are selected from the group consisting of CaCl 2 , CaCO 3 , Ca(OH) 2 , CaSO 4 .2H 2 O, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 .H 2 O, and Ca(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 . In specific embodiments, the buffer contains at least 0.01 mM Ca 2+  ions. In various embodiments the concentration of Ca 2+  in the refolding buffer is in the range of 20-100 mM. In a preferred embodiment, the Ca 2+  concentration is 20 mM. 
         [0126]    In various embodiments, the method also encompasses the purification the recombinant peptide or protein, wherein the recombinant peptide or protein is purified using a method selected from affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and combinations thereof. 
         [0127]    In several embodiments, the method may comprise the treatment of the recombinant peptide or protein with a protease suitable for cleavage of a protease cleavage site within the recombinant peptide or protein. In some embodiments, the recombinant peptide or protein is purified prior to proteolytic cleavage using one or more methods disclosed above. Also after cleavage of the recombinant peptide or protein, the method may comprise a further purification step as defined above. Thus, in some embodiments the recombinant peptide or protein is purified, subjected to proteolytic cleavage and the PeOI or PrOI is further purified. 
         [0128]    By the introduction of a site-specific protease cleavage site between HlyA or fragments of HlyA and the PeOI (e.g. the protease Factor Xa) or by chemical cleavage, the allocrit and the PeOI or PrOI can be separated and the resulting PrOI or PeOI is produced without any additional/artificial amino acid. Chemical cleavage may be processed by cyanogenbromid, B-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide, BNPS-skatole (3-bromo-3-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenylsulfenyl)indolenine) or Ni 2+  ions. Such methods are well known in the art. 
         [0129]    After the purification and/or secretion of the peptide or protein of the present invention, in particular of the PeOI or PrOI, the peptide or protein may be fused to a moiety that extends the serum half-life of the peptide or protein. Such moieties are well-known in the art and those skilled in the art may resort to routine practice to identify suitable moieties. Exemplary moieties include, but are not limited to an Fc part of an immunoglobulin, a CH3 domain of an immunoglobulin, a CH4 domain of an immunoglobulin, albumin or an albumin fragment, an albumin binding peptide, an albumin binding protein, transferrin, a polyalkylene glycol molecule, hydroxyethyl starch, palmitic acid and other fatty acid molecules. The fusion may be to the N- or C-terminus, but also may be to an amino acid side chain that is amenable to such modification, including cysteine, lysine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid side chains. 
         [0130]    In various other embodiments, cysteine residues in the polypeptide sequence of the peptide or protein of the present invention, e.g., the PeOI or PrOI, may be mutated to other amino acids or deleted, for example to prevent disulphide bridge formation. In other embodiments, the peptide or protein of the invention may include one or more amino acids that are mutated to cysteine residues in order to generate coupling sites for modifications, for example for the conjugation to other compounds, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), biotin, peptides or proteins, or for the formation of non-naturally occurring disulphide linkages. Thus, the above described method may also comprise the coupling of compounds, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), biotin, peptides or proteins, or for the formation of non-naturally occurring disulphide linkages. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Materials and Methods 
       [0131]    Proteins were expressed in  Escherichia coli  BL21 (DE3) (Novagen). All oligonucleotides were purchased from Eurofins MWG. All enzymes were purchased from NEB, Clontech, Invitrogen or Fermentas. 
       1. In-Fusion HD Cloning 
     1.1 Linearization of the Vector 
       [0132]    The vector was linearized by PCR using oligonucleotides that anneal at the desired positions. For example, the plasmid pSU-HlyA1 was amplified with the oligonucleotides pSUrev_lin_for (5′-TAATATATTAATTTAAATGATAGCAATCTTACT-3′) (SEQ ID NO:40) and pSUrev_X_rev (5′-TGCTGATGTGGTCAGG-3) (SEQ ID NO:41). If desired, the oligonucleotides encoded a protease cleavage site, i. e. the oligonucleotide pSUrev_lin_Xa_rev (5′-ACGGCCATCAATTGCTGATGTGGTCAGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO:42) encodes a Factor Xa cleavage site (primary sequence: IDGR). PCR products were treated with DpnI to destroy the PCR template. If desired, PCR products were purified with a PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden) or by Gel Extraction (Qiagen, Hilden). 
       1.2. Amplification of the Inserts 
       [0133]    Genes of interest were amplified by PCR with oligonucleotides that anneal to the gene of interest and that carry 5′ overhangs being complementary to the linearized vector. For instance, the overhang of the forward oligonucleotide (5′-GCAATTGATGGCCGT-3′) (SEQ ID NO:43), was complementary to the oligonucleotide pSUrev_lin_Xa_rev, and the overhang of the reverse oligonucleotide (5′-TAAATTAATATATTA-3) (SEQ ID NO:44) was complementary to the oligonucleotide pSUrev_lin_for. If desired, the PCR products were purified with a PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden) or by Gel Extraction (Qiagen, Hilden). 
       1.3. In-Fusion HD Reaction 
       [0134]    This reaction was performed in accordance to the manual (ClonTech). 
       1.4. Transformation 
       [0135]    Suitable  E. coli  cells were transformed with the In-Fusion product, grown overnight on agar plates containing the desired selection marker, and single colonies were picked for the preparation of the plasmids. The sequences of all plasmids were verified by sequencing. 
       2. Insertion or Deletion of Nucleotide(s) by PCR and Subsequent Ligation 
     2.1. Phosphorylation 
       [0136]    Oligonucleotides were ordered with a 5′-Phosphate or phosphorylated at their 5′ with the T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (NEB) according to the manual. 
       2.2. Amplification of the Plasmid 
       [0137]    For the deletion of nucleotides, plasmids were amplified by PCR at the desired nucleotides with phosphorylated oligonucleotides. For insertions, plasmids were amplified by PCR at the desired nucleotides with 5′-phosphorylated oligonucleotides that carried the nucleotides to be inserted at their 5′. PCR reactions were incubated with DpnI at 37° C. to destroy the template DNA, gel-extracted and 50 ng linearized plasmids were ligated overnight at 4° C. with Ligase (NEB) and the recommended reaction buffer. Ligation samples were used for the transformation of  E. coli , the plasmids were isolated and the sequences were verified by sequencing. 
       3. Site-Directed Mutagenesis 
       [0138]    Mutagenesis was performed according to the Site-Directed Mutagenesis Protocol of (Agilent). 
       4. Overexpression of the Genes of Interests 
       [0139]      E. coli  was transformed with the desired plasmid and grown in 2YT medium at 37° C. and shaking. The expression was induced with 1 mM IPTG and the cells were grown for 4 h. Typically, the OD600 of the cultures was ranging between 5 and 8. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and stored at −20° C. 
       5. Preparation of IBs 
       [0140]    Cells were resuspended in resuspension buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 120 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.3) and broken by three passages through a cell disruptor (2.5 kbar, Constant Systems). Cell lysates were centrifuged for 20 min, 13.500×g, 4° C., the pellet was washed with resuspension buffer supplemented with 0.5% Triton-X-100 and 1 mM DTT. After centrifugation for 20 min, 13.500×g, 4° C., the pellet was washed with resuspension buffer. After centrifugation, the pellet containing the IBs was solubilized/denaturated at 4° C./room temperature in denaturation buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 120 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM ETDA, 10% glycerol, 6 M guanidinium-hydrochlorid,/8 M urea pH 7.3). Denaturated IBs were stored at −20° C. 
         [0000]    6. Chemical Cleavage with Cyanogen Bromid (CNBr) 
         [0141]    Denaturated IBs were supplemented with 0.1 N HCl and 100-fold molar excess of CNBr (Sigma-Aldrich). Reaction was incubated at room temperature. 
         [0000]    7. Chemical Cleavage with 3-Bromo-3-methyl-2-(2-nitrophenylthio)-3H-indole (BNPS-Skatole) 
         [0142]    IBs were solubilized in 50% H 2 O and 50% acetic acid and incubated with BNPS-skatole (dissolved in acetic acid) at room temperature or other temperatures. More details are described in Vestling et al. (1994) RCM 8, 786-790; and Rahali et al. (1999) Journal of protein chemistry 18, 1-12. 
         [0000]    8. Chemical Cleavage with N-Chlorosuccinimide (NCS) 
         [0143]    IBs were dissolved in 8 M urea, pH 7.3, and mixed with NCS (dissolved in acetic acid). More details are described in Shechter et al. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5071-5075; and Lischwe et al. (1977) The Journal of biological chemistry 252, 4976-4980. 
         [0000]    9. Chemical Cleavage with Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) 
         [0144]    IBs were dissolved in TFA. DMSO and HCl (37%) were added to start the cleavage reaction. The reaction mixture was incubated at different temperatures. More details are described in Dimarchi et al. (1987) Process for selective peptide bond cleavage, EP0288272A3. 
       10. Refolding of IBs 
       [0145]    Denaturated IBs were diluted to 0.2 mg/mL in denaturation buffer and refolded either while being dialyzed against refolding buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 120 mM NaCl, pH 7.3) supplemented with 20 mM CaCl 2  or 0.2 mM EDTA or by diluting denaturated IBs immediately in resuspension buffer (supplemented with 20 mM CaCl 2  or 0.2 mM EDTA) to 0.2 mg/mL. Components of the refolding buffer might be altered and other buffers (Hepes, CAPS, Bicine, Citrate etc.), pH values ranging from 0-14, salt concentrations and additional supplements might be used. The protein concentration for the refolding might also be altered, for example ranging from 0.01-20 mg/mL. Refolded IBs were centrifuged for 20 min, 50.000×g, 4° C. and the supernatant was used for further experiments. 
       11. Concentration of Protein Samples 
       [0146]    Proteins were concentrated by ultrafiltration (Amicon Filter devices, Millipore) with the desired molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO). 
       12. Immobilized Metal-Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) 
       [0147]    IMACs were performed with FPLC systems (Akta Systems, GE Healthcare). Refolded proteins, which contained a His-tag, were loaded to an IMAC column equilibrated in IMAC buffer A (10 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM KCl, 10% glycerol, 10 mM imidazole, pH 7.3) supplemented with either 0.1 mM EDTA or 20 mM CaCl 2 . Proteins were eluted with a linear gradient from 10 to 500 mM imidazole. 
       13. Factor Xa Digestion 
       [0148]    50 μg proteins were incubated with 1 μg Factor Xa (NEB) either at 4° C., 20° C. or 25° C. and samples were taken at various time points. 
       14. Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) 
       [0149]    Proteins were loaded onto a SEC column (Superdex 75 16/60, Superdex 75 10/300, Superdex 200 16/60, Superdex 200 10/300, GE Healthcare) equilibrated in the corresponding buffer. 
       15. HPLC 
       [0150]    Analytical RP-HPLC was performed with a LiChrospher WP 300 RP-18 end capped column (Merck) at room temperature. Refolded/denaturated IBs were injected and eluted by mixing the aqueous buffer A (0% acetonitrile, 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid) with the organic solvent buffer B (100% acetonitrile, 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid). Proteins or peptides were eluted with a gradient of 0-100% of buffer B. Chromatograms show the absorbance at 220 nm. The eluent was fractionated, collected and the solvent was evaporated. 
         [0000]    16. Fluorescence Spectroscopy with DAUDA 
         [0151]    11-(Dansylamino)undecanoic acid (DAUDA, Cayman Chemical) was prepared as a 1 mM stock solution in 50% isopropanol and 50% buffer (20 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 0.25 mM EDTA, pH 7.3) and further diluted to the appropriate concentrations with buffer. 100 nM protein was used in buffer and a 1 mL silica glass cuvette. The fluorescence signal was recorded at a wavelength of 500 nm after excitation at 350 nm using a Fluorolog®-3 (Horiba) (Kim and Frieden (1998) Protein Sci, 7, 1821-1828). The slit width was adjusted to 4.3 nm for both, the excitation and emission, and the signal was integrated for 0.5 s. Fluorescence signals of DAUDA in buffer in the absence of protein was subtracted as background. The corrected and normalized fluorescence signals were plotted against the DAUDA concentration. Data were fitted using the program Prism 5. 
       17. Binding Assays to Amylose Resin 
       [0152]    Refolded HlyA1-MBP was loaded on amylose resin by gravity flow and after extensive washing, protein was eluted with refolding buffer containing 10 mM maltose. 
       18. Secretion Assays 
       [0153]      E. coli  cells were transformed with plasmid pK184-HlyBD (encoding the ABC transporter HlyB and the membrane fusion protein HlyD to allow the assembly of the Haemolysin A T1SS and the plasmid encoding fusion proteins. pK184 HlyB,D has been previously described by Bakkes et al. (2010) JBC; 285(52):40573-80. Cells were grown in 2×YT medium supplemented with (30 μg/mL) and ampicillin (100 μg/mL) and 5 mM CaCl 2  overnight. 50 mL growth medium was inoculated with cells of a start OD600 of 0.1. Cells were grown at 37° C. and agitation and expression was induced with 1 mM IPTG at an OD600 of 0.4-0.6. After 2-6 h, cultures were centrifuged (20 min, 50.000×g, 4° C.) and supernatant samples (16 μL) and cells (ODeq=0.08) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 
       19. Used Vector and Protein Sequences Encoded by the Used Vectors 
       [0154]    The below DNA was cloned into the backbone of the pSU plasmid. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Vector 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 sequence 
                 Protein 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Wildtype protein 
                   
                 encoding 
                 sequence/ 
               
               
                 Vector 
                   
                 accession no., 
                   
                 SEQ ID 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                 name 
                 PeOI/PrOI 
                 version no., date 
                 Construct 
                 NO: 
                 NO: 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 pIAR_101 
                 peptide 101 
                 — 
                 HlyA1-peptide 1 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                 pIAR_102 
                 peptide 102 
                 — 
                 HlyA1-peptide 2 
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                 pIAR_103 
                 peptide 103 
                 — 
                 HlyA1-peptide 3 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                 pIAR_112 
                 peptide 103 
                 — 
                 HlyA1R210D- 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peptide 3 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_115 
                 peptide 103 
                 — 
                 HlyA1M88A- 
                 13 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peptide 3 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_201 
                 Fuzeon ® 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-Fuzeon ® 
                 15 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3H00_A 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VERSION 3H00_A 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:281307071, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VRL 19 DEC. 2009 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_202 
                 human 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-HCRF 
                 17 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 corticotropin 
                 AAX18228 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 release factor 
                 VERSION 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 AXX18228.1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:6978827, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ROD 14 AUG. 2011 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_207 
                 IFABP 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-IFABP 
                 19 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NP_037200 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VERSION 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 NP_37200.1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:125973, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 BCT 03 MAY 2011 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_212 
                 beta-amyloid 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-Mab40 
                 21 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 peptide precursor  
                 ABB26265 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 [homo sapiens], 40  
                 VERSION 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 amino acids 
                 ABB26265.2 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:8176534, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 14 JUL. 2000 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_213 
                 MBP 
                 — 
                 HlyA1-MBP 
                 23 
                 24 
               
               
                 pIAR_214 
                 nisin 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-nisin 
                 25 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P13068 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VERSION P13068.1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:125973, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 BCT 03 MAY 2011 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_215 
                 nisin 
                 ″ 
                 HlyA1-nisin (3 
                 27 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GG repeats) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_220 
                 nisin 
                 ″ 
                 HlyA1-nisin (2 
                 29 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GG repeats) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_221 
                 nisin 
                 ″ 
                 HlyA1-nisin (1 
                 31 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GG repeat) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_222 
                 nisin 
                 ″ 
                 HlyA1-nisin (no 
                 33 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GG repeat) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_223 
                 nisin 
                 ″ 
                 HlyA1-nisin (4 
                 35 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GG repeats 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 without the C- 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 terminal part of 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HlyA1) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_227 
                 salmon calcitonin 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-Met- 
                   
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BAA00281 
                 salmon calcitonin 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VERSION 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 BAA00281.1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:220946, SYN  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 21 MAY 2003 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_228 
                 human calcitonin 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-Tyr- 
                   
                 60 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACB 14881 
                 human calcitonin 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VERSION 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACB14881.1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:170320110, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SYN 24 MAR. 2008 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_229 
                 beta-amyloid 
                 ACCESSION 
                 HlyA1-Tyr- 
                   
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 peptide precursor 
                 AAB26265 
                 Mab42 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 [homo sapiens], 42 
                 VERSION 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 amino acids 
                 AAB26265.2 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:8176534,  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 14 JUL. 2000 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_237 
                 Inhibitor Peptide 1 
                 Q06455 
                 HlyA1-Met- 
                   
                 62 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (MTG8_HUMAN) 
                 Inhibitor Peptide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_238 
                   
                 artificial sequence 
                 HlyA1-Try- 
                   
                 53 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peptide 238 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_239 
                   
                 artificial sequence 
                 HlyA1-Try- 
                   
                 54 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peptide 239 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_240 
                   
                 artificial sequence 
                 HlyA1-Try- 
                   
                 55 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peptide 240 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_241 
                   
                 artificial sequence 
                 HlyA1-Try- 
                   
                 56 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peptide 241 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pIAR_242 
                   
                 artificial sequence 
                 peptide 240 
                   
                 55 
               
               
                 pIAR_243 
                   
                 artificial sequence 
                 peptide 241 
                   
                 56 
               
               
                 pIAR_302 
                 nisin 
                 ACCESSION 
                 LipA-nisin 
                 37 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P13068 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VERSION P13068.1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GI:125973, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 BCT 03 MAY 2011 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 “ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 1 
     Formation of IBs of PeOI or PrOI that are N-Terminally or C-Terminally Fused to HlyA or Fragments Thereof 
       [0155]    All indicated PrOI and PeOI fused N-terminal to HlyA or fragments of HlyA (for instance HlyA1, see  FIG. 1  for a scheme of some constructs) aggregate in the cells as IBs ( FIG. 2 ). Remarkably, unconjugated IFABP is normally soluble inside cells (see  FIG. 2C ). These results indicate that HlyA and fragments of HlyA induce the formation of IBs and transfer this characteristic to fused peptides and proteins. 
         [0156]    PrOI or PeOI fused C-terminal to HlyA or fragments of HlyA (for instance HlyA1, see  FIG. 1  for a schematic view of the constructs) were expressed in  E. coli  ( FIG. 2B ) and are insoluble inside cells (see exemplary HlyA1-IFABP,  FIG. 2C ). Thus, HlyA and fragments of HlyA force the aggregation as IBs of PrOI and PeOI fused to its N- and C-terminus. 
         [0157]    Fusion proteins of HlyA or fragments thereof and peptide oligomers consisting of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more monomers of one peptide or different peptides are also expressed as insoluble aggregated inside the cells.  FIG. 2D  shows the expression of peptide 238 (SEQ ID NO: 53) as monomer, trimer (peptide 240 [SEQ ID NO:55]) and pentamer (peptide241 [SEQ ID NO:56]) fused to HlyA1. Without the fusion to HlyA1, the trimeric and pentameric peptides were not produced by the cells (see pET16b_240 and pET16b_241). The oligomeric peptides are either not expressed inside the cells or proteolytically degraded. 
         [0158]    Similar expression data were obtained for the following peptides fused to HlyA1: Mab40 (SEQ ID NO:63), Mab42 (SEQ ID NO:64), salmon Calcitonin (SEQ ID NO:65), human Calcitonin (SEQ ID NO:60), inhibitor peptid 1 (SEQ ID NO:62) and others. 
       Example 2 
     Purification and Refolding of HlyA and HlyA1 
       [0159]    HlyA and HlyA1 were produced in  E. coli  as IBs. The IBs were refolded in the presence of EDTA or CaCl 2 , respectively. Refolding efficiencies were about 35% with EDTA and inhomogeneous, instable HlyA or HlyA1 were obtained.  FIGS. 3A  and B show results for the HlyA fragment HlyA1. In contrast, over 90% of HlyA or HlyA1 were refolded in the presence of Ca 2+  and proteins were stable and homogeneous ( FIGS. 3C  and D). 
       Example 3 
     Purification and Refolding of HlyA1-Nisin 
       [0160]    From 5 g cells expressing HlyA1-Nisin (encoded by plasmid pIAR_214), about 140 mg crude IBs of HlyA1-Nisin were prepared, denaturated and refolded. In the presence of EDTA, most protein was insoluble and aggregated and only low amounts of inhomogeneous HlyA1-Nisin were produced ( FIGS. 4A  and C). Refolding with Ca 2+ , in contrast, produced a homogeneous protein species with high purity and in high yields ( FIGS. 4B  and C). The refolding efficiency was higher than 95% in the presence of Ca 2+  and below 25% in the presence EDTA. 
         [0161]    Subsequent to refolding, Nisin was separated from HlyA1 by site-specific proteolysis with Factor Xa ( FIG. 4D ). After 90 min, 100 μL of the reaction mixture was purified by HPLC ( FIG. 4E ). Elution fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE analysis ( FIG. 4F ), Western Blotting and mass spectrometry (data not shown) and the complete Nisin molecule was identified. 
       Example 4 
     Purification and Refolding of LipA1-Nisin 
       [0162]    Lipase A (LipA) is another RTX protein that is secreted by a dedicated T1SS. Comparable construct to HlyA1-Nisin were cloned wherein Nisin is fused to a C-terminal fragment of LipA. This fragment covered the RTX domain and the secretion signal of LipA (encoded on plasmid pIAR_302). Subsequently, LipA1-Nisin was produced in  E. coli  and the formation of IBs was examined. As shown in  FIG. 5A , LipA1-Nisin forms IBs. Moreover, refolding of denaturated LipA1-Nisin was analyzed in the presence of Ca 2+  and EDTA, respectively. SEC analyses of refolded LipA1-Nisin demonstrate that the fusion protein behaves similar to HlyA1-Nisin and that Ca 2+  induces refolding of LipA1-Nisin into a stable, homogeneous protein ( FIG. 5B ). In the presence of EDTA, in contrast, LipA1-Nisin is refolded less efficient and the majority of LipA1-Nisin forms aggregates ( FIGS. 5C  and D). Therefore, HlyA, LipA and likely other members of the RTX protein superfamily might be used to produce PrOI and PeOI as IBs and to refold fusion proteins by the addition of Ca 2+ , other metal ions or specific refolding conditions. 
       Example 5 
     Analysis of Different HlyA Fragments and their Integrity to Induce Refolding 
       [0163]    HlyA1-Nisin was truncated stepwise by GG repeats from the N-terminus ( FIG. 1 ) to investigate the influence of each GG repeat for the formation of IBs and the refolding. Proteins expressed from the plasmids pIAR_215, pIAR_220, pIAR_221, pIAR_222 were investigated. To examine the influence of the C-terminal part of HlyA1, pIAR_223 was designed. pIAR_223 corresponds to Nisin fused C-terminal to all 4 GG repeats of HlyA1 lacking the C-terminus of HlyA1 (which includes the secretion signal). 
         [0164]    Only the protein expressed from plasmid pIAR_222 was expressed in  E. coli  in amounts that were visible in cell lysate samples ( FIG. 6A ). Nevertheless, IBs of cells expressing proteins encoded by pIAR_215, pIAR_220-223 could be prepared, denaturated and refolded with either Ca 2+  or EDTA. Refolded proteins were concentrated and analyzed by SEC. The cleavage of concentrated proteins with Factor Xa was analyzed. Only plasmids pIAR_220, pIAR_222 and pIAR_223 produced recombinant protein in significant amounts. Therefore, these proteins are considered for the following interpretations. 
         [0165]    IBs of proteins encoded from plasmid pIAR_220 (two GG repeats), pIAR_222 (no GG repeat) and pIAR_223 (only four GG repeats, no C-terminal part of HlyA1) were produced. Therefore, the GG repeats and the C-terminal portion of HlyA1 consisting of the secretion signal are potent to induce the formation of IBs. 
         [0166]    The protein encoded by pIAR_220 (two GG repeats) was refolded and concentrated more efficient in the presence of Ca 2+  compared to EDTA ( FIGS. 6B  and C), whereas the refolding and concentration was comparable efficient for the protein encoded by pIAR_222 (no GG repeat) with both, Ca 2+  and EDTA. Thus, two GG repeats allow increasing the refolding efficiency in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner. SEC analysis of proteins encoded by pIAR_220 and pIAR_222 supported these results. The protein encoded by pIAR_220 showed a distinct and symmetric signal by SEC analysis only in the presence of Ca 2+  ( FIG. 6C ), whereas the chromatograms of SEC analysis with the protein encoded by pIAR_222 are comparable in the presence of EDTA and Ca 2+  ( FIGS. 6D  and E) and the protein encoded by pIAR_222 thus did not fold into a soluble, homogenous state. This demonstrates that the GG repeats are essential for the efficient renaturation. 
         [0167]    The protein encoded by pIAR_223 (4 GG repeats without the C-terminal part of HlyA1) elutes as a symmetric signal from the SEC only in the presence of Ca 2+ . In contrast, in the presence of EDTA the recombinant protein expressed from pIAR_223 is non-homogenous ( FIGS. 6F  and G). 
       Example 6 
     Purification and Refolding of HlyA1-HCRF 
       [0168]    Out of about 5 g cells, about 200 mg crude IBs were purified for HlyA1-HCRF (encoded by plasmid pIAR_202) that were denaturated in guanidinium-hydrochlorid and subsequently refolded ( FIG. 7A ). The refolding of 40 mg HlyA1-HCRF in the presence of EDTA produced about 8.4 mg soluble protein, however, the protein sample was instable and inhomogenous ( FIGS. 7C  and E). In contrast, refolding in the presence of Ca 2+  yielded 34 mg soluble and homogeneous protein (corresponding to a refolding rate of about 85%) ( FIGS. 7C  and D). 
         [0169]    Refolded HlyA1-HCRF was digested with Factor Xa ( FIG. 7G ) and the reaction mixture was purified by HPLC ( FIG. 7F ). With this strategy, HCRF was cleaved off and separated from HlyA1. 
       Example 7 
     Production of IFABP 
       [0170]    HlyA1-IFABP (encoded on plasmid pIAR_207) was expressed and from about 6 g cells, 205 mg denaturated IBs were prepared. HlyA1-IFABP was refolded (&gt;65%) in the presence of Ca 2+  and EDTA into a stable, homogenous state ( FIG. 8A-D ). Despite forcing the aggregation of IFABP into IBs, HlyA1 does not disturb refolding of denaturated IFABP in vitro. With this strategy HlyA1-IFABP was produced in high yields, high purity and a soluble form. Based on SEC analysis, the positive effect of Ca 2+  was negligible for the renaturation of HlyA1-IFABP, however, the biological activity of HlyA1-IFABP is higher in the presence of Ca 2+  ( FIGS. 8F  and G). Therefore, in some embodiments allocrites of T1SS or fragments thereof function as IB-tags and do not interfere with the efficient renaturation of fused PeOI or PrOI. The presence of Ca 2+  ions increases the bio-activity of the fusion partner, for example, by increasing its stability and solubility by increasing the stability and/or stability of the allocrites or fragments thereof. 
         [0171]    IFABP was cleaved from HlyA1 with Factor Xa. 1 μg Factor Xa digested &gt;95% of 50 μg HlyA1-IFABP in 3 h at 20° C. ( FIG. 8E ). The biological activity of HlyA1-IFABP was examined with 11-(((5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenyl)sulfonyl)amino)-undecanoic acid (DAUDA), a fluorescent fatty acid analogon ( FIGS. 8F  and G). The K D  for HlyA1-IFABP refolded in Ca 2+  and EDTA were determined to be 140.8 nM±13.1 nM and 264.3 nM±13.2 nM, respectively. HlyA1-IFABP is biological active demonstrating that the developed technology allows production of active, soluble protein. The activity is comparable to values in the literature for IFABP (K D =20.9 nM±0.6 nM). 
       Example 8 
     Production of IFNA2 
       [0172]    HlyA1-IFNA2 (encoded by plasmid pIAR_210) was expressed in high levels in  E. coli.  310 mg denaturated IBs were purified from about 5 g cells. Refolding of HlyA1-IFNA2 was performed in the presence of Ca 2+  or EDTA. ±3-4% of HlyA1-IFNA2 was refolded in the presence of both reagents. SDS-PAGE analyses with or without a reducing reagent (DTT) suggested an oxidized state of HlyA1-IFNA2 after refolding and therefore the formation of disulfide bonds (data not shown). Refolding efficiency was increased to nearly 100% by the addition of 0.5 M arginine. Again, HlyA1 does not interfere with the refolding of IFNA2, and IFNA2 was produced in high yields with the presented invention. Refolded HlyA1-IFNA2 was oxidized as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE analysis in the presence and absence of DTT ( FIG. 9A ) and biological active (data not shown). 
         [0173]    HlyA1-IFNA2 refolded in the presence of arginine and Ca 2+  was soluble and homogeneous ( FIG. 9B ). In contrast, two elution signals were observed for HlyA1-IFNA2 refolded with arginine and EDTA ( FIG. 9C ). Therefore, refolding in the presence of Ca 2+  increased the homogeneity of HlyA1-IFNA2 compared to refolding in the presence of EDTA. 
       Example 9 
     Production of MBP 
       [0174]    MBP is well known as solubility-tag for the soluble expression of fused PrOI within  E. coli  (Nallamsetty, S. &amp; Waugh, D. S. A. (2007) Nat Protoc, 2, 383-391). Nevertheless, HlyA1 forces the aggregation of MBP as IBs and HlyA1-MBP IBs (encoded by plasmid pIAR_213) were prepared ( FIG. 10 ). HlyA1-MBP was refolded and concentrated in the presence of Ca 2+ . SEC analysis demonstrated the production of soluble HlyA1-MBP (data not shown). Refolded HlyA1-MBP bound to immobilized amylose demonstrating the biological functionality of refolded MBP ( FIG. 10 ). 
       Example 10 
     pIAR_101-103-Refolding and Factor Xa Digestion 
       [0175]    Fusion proteins of HlyA1 and peptides 101, 102 and 103 (encoded by plasmids pIAR_101, pIAR_102 and pIAR_103) were expressed in  E. coli  as IBs ( FIG. 11A ). Out of about 4.5 g cells 72 mg, 92 mg and 108 mg crude IBs were prepared. 
         [0176]    IBs were refolded with Ca 2+  to nearly 100% and proteins were concentrated (compare lanes “pellet” and “refolded peptide 10X”,  FIG. 11B-D ). Fusion proteins were incubated with Factor Xa and the PeOI could be separated from HlyA1. Peptides were purified by HPLC. Peptide 103 was identified by mass spectrometry (data not shown). 
       Example 11 
     Purification and Refolding of HlyA1-Fuzeon® 
       [0177]    Out of about 4 g cells 130 mg crude IBs of HlyA1-Fuzeon® (encoded by plasmid pIAR_201) were purified, which were denaturated in guanidinium-hydrochlorid and subsequently refolded. The refolding efficiency was ±30% with Ca 2+  and ±11% with EDTA. SEC analysis demonstrated that HlyA1-Fuzeon® could only be produced in a soluble state in the presence of Ca 2+  ( FIGS. 12A  and B).  FIG. 12C  shows the results of the proteolytic separation of Fuzeon® from HlyA1-Fuzeon® with Factor Xa. 
       Example 12 
     Degeneration of an Unspecific Cleavage Site for Factor Xa in HlyA1 
       [0178]    Mass spectrometry identified an unspecific cleavage site for Factor Xa in HlyA1 (primary sequence SYGR, aa 207-210). The mutation of wild-type HlyA1 to HlyA1-R210D in plasmid pIAR_112 was constructed with the purpose to disrupt this cleavage site and to increase the cleavage efficiency of Factor Xa on intended cleavage sites between HlyA1 and the PeOI or PrOI. Factor Xa digestion of HlyA1-R210D fused to peptide 103 indicated that no site products of HlyA1-R210D were formed ( FIG. 13 ). 
       Example 13 
     Chemical Cleavage of Fusion Proteins 
       [0179]    Chemical cleavage of peptide bonds is well known in the literature. The applicability of such approach to separate PrOI or PeOI from the bifunctional tag was investigated. Cyanogen bromid (CNBr), a chemical reagent that cleaves peptide bonds C-terminal to methionine residues, and BNPS-skatole, NCS and TFA, chemical reagents that cleave peptide bonds C-terminal to tryptophane residues, were chosen. The single methionine and tryptophane residues within HlyA1 were mutated to alanine (M88A, W109A) and a methionine or tryptophane was placed N-terminal to the PeOI or PrOI. For example, a methionine was added N-terminal to peptide 103 (protein HlyA1 M88A-Met-Peptide 3, encoded on plasmid pIAR_115). As shown by the SDS-PAGE analysis in  FIG. 14 , the peptides were successfully cleaved off from HlyA1. A: Peptide 103 was separated from HlyA1 M88A-Met by CNBr. The identity of peptide 103 was confirmed by mass spectrometry (data not shown). B: About 50% of the peptides encoded by pIAR_202 w, pIAR_238, pIAR_239, pIAR_240 and pIAR_241 were cleaved off from HlyA1 by NCS in 3 h. pIAR_240 and pIAR_241 are clearly visible on the coomassie-stained gel (indicated by the arrow), whereas the other peptides were too small to be stained. The species visible at above 50 kDa in the 0 h sample corresponds to the cysteine-bridged dimer of the peptides. 
       Example 14 
     HlyA1 Fusion Proteins Expressed Via Fermentation 
       [0180]      E. coli  carrying plasmid pIAR_115 was used for fermentation. When glucose was used as feed during fermentation the expression was repressed. This repression might result from a repression of the lac promoter that regulates the expression of plasmid pIAR_115 by glucose. Therefore, glycerol was tested as feed during fermentation. With this strategy, more than 2.5 kg wet cells were produced from 10 L fermentation broth. Expression levels of HlyA1 M88A-Met-peptide 3 were comparable or even increased to batch cultures ( FIG. 15 ). Out of 440 g cells (wet cell mass), 65 g IBs were prepared. Therefore, the invented technology is up-scalable and titers of IBs are increased by increasing the cell mass and/or the expression levels. 
         [0181]    All documents cited herein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0182]    The inventions illustratively described herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, the terms “comprising”, “including”, “containing”, etc. shall be read expansively and without limitation. Additionally, the terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the inventions embodied therein herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention. The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. This includes the generic description of the invention with a proviso or negative limitation removing any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised material is specifically recited herein. In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. Further embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the following claims.