Abstract:
An emitting source capable of radiating substantial energy in the near infrared spectrum and suitable for use in non-dispersive infrared gas analyzers or other devices is described. Operation can be steady state (DC) or pulsed at high frequency with excellent modulation characteristics. The device consists of a tungsten filament mounted across the pins of a small transistor outline header and centered at the focal point of a parabolic or other shaped reflector. The header assembly is enclosed by a resistance-welded cap and window assembly having a specially sealed sapphire or other suitable IR transmissive window. Fundamental to the operation of the inventive IR emitter is the incorporation of a getter within the header package configured to prevent oxidation degradation of the tungsten filament. An inert gas backfill limits filament evaporation and further extends apparatus lifetime.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit of the filing dates of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/537,826, filed Jan. 20, 2004, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/473,498, filed May 27, 2003. 
     
    
     
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
         [0002]    Not applicable.  
         REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX  
         [0003]    Not applicable.  
         TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0004]    The present invention relates generally to infrared radiation sources, and particularly to an emitter which radiates in the near infrared spectrum for use in non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas analyzers and other devices requiring an infrared source.  
         BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART  
         [0005]    It is known to employ infrared (IR) emitters in connection with dispersive and non-dispersive-type infrared spectrometers and gas analyzers. Applications are manifold, including medical and industrial gas detection and analysis. IR sources are employed in the carbon dioxide breath analysis of medical patients, alcohol breath analysis by law enforcement personnel, refrigerant gas leak detection, CO analysis for car exhaust, and so forth. In the various settings, the infrared source is typically a laser, a Nernst or Globar radiator, a semiconductor IR emitting diode, or electrically heated elements, such as wires or foil strips, which emit radiation in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. In most analytical systems, means are generally employed to modulate the infrared emission, including mechanical means such as a chopper wheel, whereby the emission is allowed or obstructed according to a predetermined cycle. The modulated beam passes through a sample volume that may include wavelength selective filters and strikes a photo detector which amplifies and conditions the signal for display.  
           [0006]    Exemplary and illustrative devices in the prior art include those disclosed and taught in several recently issued U.S. patents, including: U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,859, to Knodle, et al, which discloses an infrared source comprising an electrically modulated, stable thick film mounted on a thin ceramic substrate. The source has good modulation but is limited to very low power.  
           [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,951 to Kocache et al teaches a miniature source of modulated infra-red energy comprising a very thin heated foil strip of low mass, mounted in a tensioned state by means of two resilient members, and a reflector positioned behind the wire to enhance the radiated energy. The source is hermetically sealed in an inert atmosphere with a cap with a plastic sealed window. The cap has an aperture through which the energy emerges, and which is sealed either with a window or a filter if a specific wavelength emission is desired.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,233 to Boland, et al, teaches an infrared lamp having a one-piece hollow body, a tungsten filament that emits broad band IR radiation, an optical window having an aperture for the radiation emission, an indium allow junction between the window and the body to seal the window, a pliable coating overlaying the indium junction and part of the body, and a gas contained within the body to prevent deterioration of the filament. While this device advances significantly over the prior art, an indium seal is fragile and easily broken, and any elastomer (i.e., pliable) coating employed to reduce the fragility will interfere with the use of a heat sink to control the temperature of the lamp. Finally, this lamp, to the knowledge of the present inventor, cannot be pulsed at frequencies useful for nondispersive IR gas analysis.  
           [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,838,016 to Johnson shows an IR radiation source comprising a radiation filament having a textured surface produced by seeded ion bombardment of a metal foil which is cut to a serpentine shape and mounted in a windowed housing. Specific ion bombardment texturing techniques tune the surface to maximize emissions in the desired wavelength range and to limit emissions outside that narrow range, particularly at longer wavelengths.  
           [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,144 to Laine, discloses an infrared (IR) radiation emitting device comprises a sinuous foil resistive element which emits IR radiation when heated by an electric current. The device is configured so that the resistive element emits radiation with a spatial intensity which substantially possesses a single axis. The resistive element may, for example, be configured as a substantially planar spiral.  
           [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,726 to the present inventor, discloses a pulsable infrared radiation (IR) source which can be used in nondispersive infrared gas analyzers. The pulsable IR source includes a narrow strip of thin metallic foil vertically mounted to the opposite sides of pins of a small transistor type (TO-5 or TO-8) header at the base of a large diameter deep reflector. Infrared radiation from both sides of the heated foil is directly reflected to form a highly efficient source. The foil can be oxidized or otherwise coated under controlled conditions to maximize its emissivity at operating temperatures up to approximately 1200 degrees K. The package is resistance welded with a cap and hermetically sealed window of a suitable material and filter as required to transmit the desired infrared spectrum. An appropriate inert backfill gas prevents further oxidation and enhances the pulsing capability.  
           [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,511 to Syllaios et al, teaches a high frequently infrared radiation emitter. The emitter includes a low-thermal-mass resistive membrane suspended by long thermal isolation arms over a substrate. The membrane is suspended over the substrate such that a resonant emitting cavity is formed between the membrane and the substrate. The low-mass, thermally isolated membrane design maximizes the temperature change induced by Joule heating of the resistive membrane and allows the emitted IR radiation to be modulated at high frequencies.  
           [0013]    The foregoing patents and prior art devices disclosed and, to the knowledge and understanding of the present inventor, all other devices in the prior art, provide IR sources of either limited power or limited pulsability and modulation depth. For example, Cal-Sensors, Inc., of Santa Rosa, Calif., produces an IR emitter that is limited to no more than 727 degrees C. for its pulsable NiCr foil emitters and 900 degrees C. for its Kanthal wire coil steady state sources. Ion Optics, Inc., of Waltham, Mass. manufactures IR emitters limited to approximately 600 degrees C. The radiated power increases as the fourth power of the absolute temperature; thus, increasing the temperature of the filament is the best way to increase the output power. However, NiCr has an extremely short life span when operated above 800 degrees C. Thus the need for a durable and long lasting IR emitter having higher power and greater modulation depth has not been adequately addressed.  
           [0014]    Reference to, and discussion of, the background art is intended to aid in discharging Applicant&#39;s acknowledged duty of candor in disclosing information that may be relevant to the examination of claims to the present invention. However, it is respectfully submitted that none of the above-indicated patents disclose, teach, suggest, show, or otherwise render obvious, either singly or when considered in combination, the invention described and claimed herein.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    The present invention is an infrared radiation emitter that can be operated in either a steady state or a pulsed mode. It is capable of a higher power output in either mode than existing devices in the field, and in the pulsed mode has significantly greater modulation depth at higher frequency and power than known devices at longer wavelengths. Novel features of the present invention include:  
           [0016]    (1) use of tungsten filament; in combination with  
           [0017]    (2) an IR transmissive window, e.g. sapphire (which transmits infrared radiation out to approximately 5 micrometers in wavelength), calcium fluoride (which transmits infrared out to approximately 9 micrometers in wavelength), or ZnSe (which transmits infrared out to 5 approximately 14 micrometers in wavelength); in combination with  
           [0018]    (3) an O 2  getter (to prevent oxidation and hence premature failure of the filament); further in combination with  
           [0019]    (4) a secondary fine wire filament to heat, and therefore activate, the getter after the package is sealed; further in combination with  
           [0020]    (5) a gold-plated, aluminum, or aluminum-plated parabolic or elliptically shaped reflector; further in combination with  
           [0021]    (6) N 2 , argon, or other inert backfill gas, and finally in combination with  
           [0022]    (7) an industrial standard TO-style (Transistor Outline) metal package lamp housing (can) with two glass sealed pins.  
           [0023]    With respect to the first novel feature noted above, viz. the tungsten filament, it should be noted that even though tungsten has a relatively lower emissivity in the infrared (approximately 0.2) than NiCr (approximately 0.88 fully oxidized), the ability of tungsten to operate at higher temperatures (2800 K and above, compared to 1000 K for NiCr) much more than compensates for this difference, because the radiated power is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature.  
           [0024]    Prior art IR sources utilize (1), (2), (6) and (7), but not in combination. For example, Gilway Technical Lamp of Woburn, Mass. makes a tungsten lamp for IR applications, but it utilizes a glass envelope that transmits IR radiation to only about three micrometers in wavelength. Cal-Sensors, Inc, produces an IR lamp with sapphire or ZnSe windows and a polished Aluminum reflector in a TO style package, but the filament is fabricated of Nichrome foil or Kanthal wire and cannot reach the high temperature, and therefore the radiated power, possible with tungsten. Boland utilizes (1), (2), (5), and (6), but the source cannot be pulsed at frequencies useful for nondispersive IR gas analysis.  
           [0025]    The IR source is backfilled with nitrogen, argon, or other inert gas or combination of inert gases. The presence of the inert gas(es) suppresses the evaporation rate and generally retards degradation of the tungsten filament by several orders of magnitude of what it would experience in a vacuum. This extends filament lifetime at the rated power or allows operation at higher temperatures for the same nominal lifetime.  
           [0026]    N 2  is used as the backfill gas for the pulsable source because it has a relatively high thermal conductivity which promotes rapid cooling of the filament during the “OFF” portion of the cycle. Argon is the preferred gas for the steady state source because it has a lower thermal conductivity and assists in preventing heat loss from the filament.  
           [0027]    Early efforts of the present inventor to develop a tungsten source employing a tungsten filament inside an industrial standard TO-8 package (with no reflector) were unavailing. In those efforts, sapphire window seals were made with plastic, but after capping the sources burned out in only a few hours. Evidently, residual oxygen in the package or driven from the plastic, or oxygen leaking through the plastic seal, caused the premature failure. Those efforts were quickly terminated, and workable alternatives were not conceived until the present.  
           [0028]    It is therefore an object and advantage of the present invention to provide an IR source having higher power with greater modulation depth than presently available. Applications include medical and industrial gas detection and analysis and many other miscellaneous applications such as identification of plastics and trace contaminants in fluids, etc. Having a higher power source with the same detector will increase the overall signal-to-noise ratio and therefore the sensitivity of the measurement instrument. Alternatively, a higher power source will allow the device manufacturer to use a less expensive detector to achieve the same signal-to-noise ratio in the system. This is advantageous because detectors are relatively more expensive than sources, while low sensitivity detectors are relatively less expensive than high sensitivity detectors.  
           [0029]    Other novel features which are characteristic of the invention, as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof will be better understood from the following description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. The various features of novelty that characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming part of this disclosure. The invention does not reside in any one of these features taken alone, but rather in the particular combination of all of its structures for the functions specified.  
           [0030]    There has thus been broadly outlined the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form additional subject matter of the claims appended hereto. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based readily may be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.  
           [0031]    Further, the purpose of the Abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract is neither intended to define the invention of this application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.  
           [0032]    Certain terminology and derivations thereof may be used in the following description for convenience in reference only, and will not be limiting. For example, words such as “upward,” “downward,” “left,” and “right” would refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made unless otherwise stated. Similarly, words such as “inward” and “outward” would refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of a device or area and designated parts thereof. References in the singular tense include the plural, and vice versa, unless otherwise noted.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0033]    The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein:  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the infrared radiation emitter of the present invention;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 2 is a side view in elevation of the apparatus of FIG. 1;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the inventive infrared emitter;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an second preferred embodiment of the improved infrared radiation emitter of the present invention;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 4; and  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a third preferred embodiment of the inventive apparatus. 
     
    
     DRAWING REFERENCE NUMERALS  
       [0040]    FIGS.  1 - 6   
         [0041]    [0041] 100  first preferred embodiment of the present invention, generally  
         [0042]    [0042] 110  header  
         [0043]    [0043] 120  base  
         [0044]    [0044] 125  contact or weld point where reflector  150  is affixed to base  120   
         [0045]    [0045] 130   A  first electrical input (feed-through) pin  
         [0046]    [0046] 130   B  second electrical input (feed-through) pin  
         [0047]    [0047] 135  glass seals in base  
         [0048]    [0048] 140  tungsten filament  
         [0049]    [0049] 150  reflector  
         [0050]    [0050] 155  focal point of reflector  
         [0051]    [0051] 157  upper rim of reflector  
         [0052]    [0052] 160  glass bead filament support  
         [0053]    [0053] 170  oxygen getter strip  
         [0054]    [0054] 175  weld point where oxygen getter strip is welded to one of the input pins  
         [0055]    [0055] 180  NiCr wire  
         [0056]    [0056] 200  weld flange (for welding window assembly  300  to base)  
         [0057]    [0057] 205   A  first cross bar  
         [0058]    [0058] 205   B  second cross bar  
         [0059]    [0059] 210  filament leads  
         [0060]    [0060] 215  weld points where filament leads are welded to the input pins  
         [0061]    [0061] 220  weld points where NiCr wire is welded between one of the input pins and the header base  
         [0062]    [0062] 300  sapphire, calcium fluoride, or ZnSe cap and window assembly  
         [0063]    [0063] 310  IR transmissive window  
         [0064]    [0064] 320  upper portion of cap  330   
         [0065]    [0065] 330  nickel TO-8 or TO-5 cap  
         [0066]    [0066] 340  hermetic/high vacuum seal  
         [0067]    [0067] 600  second preferred embodiment of the present invention, generally  
         [0068]    [0068] 700  third preferred embodiment of the present invention, generally  
         [0069]    [0069] 710  tungsten filament  
         [0070]    [0070] 720  first electrical input (feed-through) pin  
         [0071]    [0071] 730  electrical input (feed-through) pin  
         [0072]    [0072] 740  header  
         [0073]    [0073] 750  first cross bar  
         [0074]    [0074] 760  second cross bar  
         [0075]    [0075] 770  molybdenum sleeves  
         [0076]    [0076] 780  focal point of reflector  
         [0077]    [0077] 790  reflector  
         [0078]    [0078] 800  oxygen getter strip  
         [0079]    [0079] 810  long axis of the filament  
         [0080]    [0080] 820  optical axis of the reflector  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0081]    Referring to FIGS. 1 through 6, wherein like reference numerals refer to like components in the various views, there is illustrated therein three preferred embodiments of a new and improved infrared radiation emission source, generally denominated herein as  100 ,  600 , and  700 , respectively.  
         [0082]    [0082]FIGS. 1-3 illustrate a first preferred embodiment  100  of the infrared radiation emitter. This embodiment is primarily for use with a pulsable source as it includes delicate tungsten filaments with leads stabilized in a glass bead. These views show that the inventive apparatus includes an industrial standard TO-8 or similar header  110  having a base  120  with first and second electrical input (feed-through) pins  130   A ,  130   B , or simply input pins. The input pins pass through glass seals  135  in the base. The input pins supply electrical current through leads and to a fine looped or coiled tungsten filament  140  suspended above a gold-plated reflecter 150  at the reflector&#39;s focal point  155  by a glass bead filament support  160 . An oxygen getter strip 170  and a fine NiCr wire  180  are also disposed on the base, and these elements, along with the tungsten wire, are all covered with a sapphire, calcium fluoride, or zinc selenide (ZnSe) cap and window assembly  300 , resistance welded to the base at the weld flange  200 , after backfilling with N 2 , argon, or other inert gas.  
         [0083]    The ends of the leads that support the tungsten filament  140  are embedded in the glass bead filament support, and the filament is welded across the two input pins with first and second cross bars  205   A ,  205   B , which are, in turn, welded to the input pins at weld points  215 . The cross bars are preferably fabricated from molybdenum (or another compatible high melting point material) and are welded in a straight or curvilinear fashion to the input pins on the header. The cross bars extend inwardly from the input pins generally toward the optical axis (see FIG. 6) of the reflector.  
         [0084]    The fine NiCr wire  180 , consisting of a small loop or straight wire, is welded at weld points  220  between one of the pins  130   A  and the header base  120 . This loop or coil activates the the oxygen getter strip  170  through proximity. The oxygen getter strip is welded to one of the input pins  130   A  with at least one weld  175 . The reflector  150  is welded or otherwise affixed to the base  120  with at least one weld  125 . Manufacturing preferences may dictate that the reflector be attached to the header with adhesives rather than welded. One possible approach is to employ water-based inorganic adhesives that utilize aluminum oxide powder as a filler.  
         [0085]    The cap and window assembly  300  comprises an IR transmissive window  310  (preferably sapphire, calcium fluoride, or zinc selenide), disposed at the upper portion  320  of a nickel TO-8 or TO-5 cap  330  and having a hermetic/high vacuum seal (brazed or with solder)  340 . It may be desirable, both for manufacturing ease and performance, to metallize the window and then seal it to the cap with a high temperature solder in a brazed- or solder-seal process. Dimensions of a possible configuration are shown in FIG. 4, though these do not in any way indicate dimensions of emitters embodying all of the inventive features of the present invention.  
         [0086]    After the package is sealed, a low voltage is applied between the case and the relevant pin, which, in turn, heats the getter to approximately 250 degrees Centigrade, thereby activating it. After it is activated, the voltage is rapidly increased, and this burns out the filament and opens the circuit so that there is no short between the tungsten filament and the package. Activation is a one-time event that does not require repeating; the small filament can be sacrificed.  
         [0087]    The tungsten filament requires an oxygen free environment to survive. Even trace amounts will destroy the filament or greatly decrease the life time. The TO-type metal packages with brazed or solder-sealed windows have very low leak rates, but they are not sealed to the same level as a fully glass-enclosed light bulb. Accordingly, there is always some low level leakage around the pins or through the seals. Therefore, the getter is an essential component. The getter has the ability to absorb oxygen both cold and when heated by the filament. Typically, when the lamp is ON the getter should be positioned such that it has a running temperature of about 200 to 250 degrees C. In this configuration, the tungsten filament should have a lifetime comparable to what it would achieve in a fully glass-enclosed bulb.  
         [0088]    Paramount among the novel features of the present invention are the use of tungsten filament and oxygen getter with sapphire, CaF 2 , or ZnSe window. This novel combination is made possible by using a brazed seal for the sapphire window or a solder seal for the CaF 2  or ZnSe. These seals have a very low leak rate, and therefore the getter can absorb the small amount of oxygen that leaks or effuses through the seals. The TO-type can is resistance welded onto the header, and this is virtually leakproof when properly fabricated.  
         [0089]    To appreciate the advance in the art represented by the present invention, it should be noted that there is a practical manufacturing challenge in combining a tungsten filament, IR transmissive window, inert gas backfill, and a TO-style housing. This challenge arises from the difficulty in providing a sufficiently secure glass seal around the pins in the header and a sufficiently secure seal around the window to prevent O 2  leaks. Such leaks destroy the filament within a very short period of time, perhaps only a day or so.  
         [0090]    Even the relatively recent development of brazed sapphire window seals (effective up to approximately 10 −8  Torr vacuum) in combination with TO-style packages would likely not provide a sufficiently adequate seal for long lifetime. The very fine tungsten filaments are extremely sensitive to trace O 2  and would rapidly disintegrate. Also, unless the inert backfill gas is extremely pure, there is enough residual O 2  to significantly damage the filament and degrade its effectiveness, assuming it was not equipped with a getter prior to energizing the filament.  
         [0091]    Residual gas getters were first developed for use in electronic vacuum tubes for radios in the 1930&#39;s. They are composed of various materials (e.g., K, Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba) and remove or “getter” various gases including molecular oxygen. In the early vacuum tubes, getters were either flash vaporized onto the inside wall of the tube or mounted on small loops of wire within the tubes. After the tubes were sealed they were immersed in a high frequency electromagnetic field which by induction caused current to flow in the small wire loops thereby heating and activating the getters. This is a “one-time” operation to remove the initial contaminating gases that may have been contained within the fill gas. After that, the getter removes trace amounts of O 2  that might leak into the tube past the glass-to-metal seals.  
         [0092]    Currently, getters are used in a variety of applications, such as flat panel display monitors for video monitors and televisions, where the getter acts to protect the emitting filament (pixel) elements from oxygen.  
         [0093]    The getter employed in the present invention is specifically designed to remove O 2  from a N 2  environment. The getter must be activated by first heating it to approximately 250 to 300 degrees C. within the enclosed space of the sealed lamp housing, after which the getter will perform both in a cold and heated state. When cold (i.e., when the lamp is turned OFF) residual O 2  is adsorbed onto the surface of the getter. When hot (i.e., when the lamp is turned ON), and the getter is heated by direct radiation from the filament, the O 2  is absorbed into the volume of the getter material and the surface is renewed for the next OFF cycle. Thus, the lifetime of the lamp is determined by the size of the getter, which determines the volume of gas that, in total, can be absorbed.  
         [0094]    Having just two pins in the TO package is very desirable to limit the opportunities for leaks. To the knowledge and understanding of the present inventor, connecting the fine wire between one pin and the base (or case) is entirely novel. After the getter is activated, burning out the fine wire by temporarily increasing the applied voltage eliminates the short circuit between the pin and the case. A short circuit from one pin to the case would be extremely undesirable (and unacceptable) to a user.  
         [0095]    Additionally, to the knowledge and understanding of the present inventor, it is novel to employ getters in TO-style packages for use as IR sources. TO-style packages were specifically developed for use with the earliest transistors (hence, the name Transistor Outline (TO-). They are now used commonly in opto-electronic applications, e.g. for detectors, etc. The technology for sealing these packages is very sophisticated.  
         [0096]    Other novel features of the present invention include use of a gold- or aluminum-plated reflector. Gold plating is extremely desirable to reflect IR radiation in the two to fifteen (2 to 15) micrometer wavelength range. It effectively increases the reflectivity by several percent over polished aluminum over this region. However, cost concerns may militate for use of aluminum as a satisfactory substitute, as it is only slightly less reflective than gold at the wavelengths of concern in the contemplated fields of use.  
         [0097]    [0097]FIGS. 4-5 show a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, all of the physical and functional elements are identical to that of the first preferred embodiment, except that the tungsten filament  140  is disposed in a glass bead  160  which is at the edge of reflector  150 , rather than immediately above the focal point of the reflector. The tungsten filament then extends inwardly to the focal point  155  of the reflector from the upper rim  157  of the reflector. The tungsten filament is electrically connected to two filament leads  210   A ,  210   B , which are welded or otherwise electrically connected to first and second input pins  130   A ,  130   B .  
         [0098]    [0098]FIG. 6 shows a third preferred embodiment  700  of the improved infrared radiation emission source of the present invention. This embodiment is primarily for higher power steady state sources containing larger tungsten filaments and employs a different configuration for mounting the tungsten filament coil  710  to the electrical input (feed-through) pins  720 ,  730 , on the header  740 . Again, cross bars  750 ,  760 , preferably fabricated from molybdenum, are welded to the input pins on the header in the manner described above. The tungsten filament is attached to the cross bars by compressing small molybdenum sleeves  770  around the ends of the tungsten lead wires so that it makes a tight mechanical connection; then the compressed sleeves are welded to the cross bars. The filament coil  710  is positioned directly below the cross bars at the focal point  780  of the reflector  790 . Again, the getter  800  is welded to one of the input pins. Other orientations of the coil and cross bars are possible, For example, the long axis  810  of the filament is shown to be generally perpendicular to the optical axis  820  of the reflector. However, the filament could be oriented parallel to the optical axis of the reflector.  
         [0099]    In manufacture, due to the difference in melting points between tungsten and molybdenum, some kind of mechanical connection is typically made. For instance, the ends of the molybdenum leads can be folded over onto themselves to crimp the tungsten leads; the tungsten leads can be swaged into the molybdenum, or molybdenum sleeves can be used, as in the second preferred embodiment. However, any of these basis processes can be employed, and they are well known in the industry. Alternatively, the leads can be electrically welded with specialized equipment to prevent recrystallization of the tungsten leads.  
         [0100]    It will also be appreciated by those with skill in the art that the NiCr wire which activates the oxygen getter strip may not be necessary. If larger, thicker filaments are employed, sufficient heat may be generated by the filament to activate the getter before filament deterioration occurs. When smaller and finer filaments are employed, the activating wire may be required due to insufficient heat generation.  
         [0101]    The above disclosure is sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention, and provides the best mode of practicing the invention presently contemplated by the inventor. While there is provided herein a full and complete disclosure of the preferred embodiments of this invention, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction, dimensional relationships, and operation shown and described. Various modifications, alternative constructions, changes and equivalents will readily occur to those skilled in the art and may be employed, as suitable, without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. For instance, such changes might involve alternative materials, components, structural arrangements, sizes, shapes, forms, functions, operational features or the like. It will be obvious to those with skill in the art that alternative constructions might include: a header with four pins, two for the tungsten filament and two for the NiCr filament. It would be possible to employ three pins with one common, albeit by sacrificing the advantage of minimizing the glass-to-metal seals around pins that are so vulnerable to leakage. It would further be obvious to those skilled in the art to employ different materials for use in the reflector, such as aluminum or aluminum plating, or for the getter-activating filament, such as Kanthal. Further, alternative backfill gases could be employed, such as N 2 , argon, helium, or other higher molecular weight gases, such as krypton or xenon. It seems possible, though undesirable, to eliminate the secondary (fine NiCr) filament to activate the getter. And a different size or type of package could be employed and still have the appropriate sapphire, CaF 2 , or ZnSe to metal seals.  
         [0102]    The above disclosure is sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention, and provides the best mode of practicing the invention presently contemplated by the inventor. While there is provided herein a full and complete disclosure of the preferred embodiments of this invention, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction, dimensional relationships, and operation shown and described. Various modifications, alternative constructions, changes and equivalents will readily occur to those skilled in the art and may be employed, as suitable, without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Such changes might involve alternative materials, components, structural arrangements, sizes, shapes, forms, functions, operational features or the like.  
         [0103]    Therefore, the above description and illustrations should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.