Abstract:
A process for torrefaction of biomass is provided in which biomass are passed into a fluidized bed reactor and heated to a predetermined temperature in an oxidizing environment. The dried biomass is then fed to a cooler where the temperature of the product is reduced to approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation In Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/084,697 filed on Apr. 12, 2011, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,956,426 on Feb. 17, 2015, which is a Continuation In Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/763,355, filed Apr. 20, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to thermal processing of biomass “torrefaction” so that it can be used instead of, or in addition to, coal for energy production. In one embodiment of the present invention, the biomass is “roasted” in the presence of oxygen wherein heat generated by the combustion of biomass and hot gases associated with biomass combustion provide the heat required to support the torrefaction process, all in a single reactor. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Many states have adopted Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) that require electricity supply companies to increase energy production that is attributed to renewable energy sources. The federal government may soon implement a renewable electricity standard (RES) that would be similar to the “renewables obligation” imposed in the United Kingdom. These standards place an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biofuels, and biomass. 
         [0004]    “Biomass” refers to renewable organic materials such as wood, forestry waste, energy crops, municipal waste, plant materials, or agricultural waste. Biomass often contains about 10 to about 50 weight percent moisture. The trapped moisture cannot be used as fuel and increases costs associated with transportation of the biomass. Thus biomass is a low grade, high cost fuel that cannot compete economically with the fuel most commonly used to generate electricity—coal. Further, biomass has a low bulk density, is very hydrophilic, is seasonal, is variable, and has a limited shelf life. 
         [0005]    “Torrefaction” refers to the processing of biomass at temperatures between about 200° C. to about 350° C. (400°-660° F.) at atmospheric pressure wherein water and light volatile organic chemicals associated with the raw biomass material (i.e., “feed stock”) are vaporized. In addition, during the torrefaction process, molecules of biopolymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) contained in the biomass decompose. After torrefaction, the biomass is a solid, dry, blackened material that is often referred to as “torrefied biomass” or “biocoal” that is easier to grind, which allows it to be used in coal burning power plants. Further, the torrefied biomass possesses a lower oxygen content, has a significantly reduced moisture content (less than about 3%), and has higher fixed carbon levels, which is directly proportional to heating value. 
         [0006]    Fluid bed reactors are commonly used to carry out multiphase reactions. In this type of reactor, gas or liquid is passed through a granular solid material at high enough velocity to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This process, known as “fluidization” imparts many important advantages to the reactor. As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications, such as coal drying. Commonly coal drying is performed in an inert gas, i.e., oxygen-free environment. Drying coal in a non-oxidizing environment requires external heat sources to maintain the temperature of the reactor. However, coal has been dried in an oxidizing environment where the heat used to support the process is at least partially drawn from the burning coal. The temperature of the fluid bed reactor used to dry and otherwise process the coal is controlled by balancing the rate at which the coal is fed into the reactor against the amount of heat generated by the combustion process. Drying of coal increases the heating value of low rank coals, reduces the particle size of the feed stock, and partially decarboxylizes and desulfurizes the coal. After the coal is dried, it must be rehydrated to raise the moisture content up to about 5-9% to reduce its spontaneous combustion characteristics so that it is similar to native coal. 
         [0007]    The table provided below illustrates the differences between raw coal and processed coal. One of skill in the art will appreciate that processed coal possesses a higher fixed carbon and heating values correspond to raw coal and the moisture content is drastically reduced. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Coal 
                 Product 1 
                 Product 2 
                 Product 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Proximate Analysis: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Moisture 
                 20.16% 
                 8.00% 
                 8.00% 
                 8.00% 
               
               
                 Ash 
                 8.16% 
                 7.93% 
                 8.69% 
                 8.67% 
               
               
                 Volatile Matter 
                 31.70% 
                 35.33% 
                 34.90% 
                 35.05% 
               
               
                 Fixed Carbon 
                 39.98% 
                 48.74% 
                 48.42% 
                 42.48% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ultimate Analysis: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Moisture 
                 20.16% 
                 8.00% 
                 8.00% 
                 8.00% 
               
               
                 Hydrogen 
                 2.87% 
                 3.32% 
                 3.19% 
                 3.14% 
               
               
                 Carbon 
                 55.50% 
                 63.15% 
                 62.65% 
                 62.74% 
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 0.75% 
                 0.99% 
                 1.12% 
                 0.81% 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 0.77% 
                 0.52% 
                 0.54% 
                 0.48% 
               
               
                 Oxygen 
                 11.79% 
                 16.09% 
                 15.82% 
                 16.16% 
               
               
                 Ash 
                 8.16% 
                 7.93% 
                 8.69% 
                 8.67% 
               
               
                 Heating Value, 
                 9,444 
                 10,460 
                 10,315 
                 10,165 
               
               
                 Btu/lb 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    It is one aspect of the present invention to process biomass by torrefaction. More specifically, torrefying biomass is an efficient way to achieve the goal of producing a biomass material that can be handled and burned like coal. Thus one embodiment of the present invention is a torrefaction process that is suited for biomass that reduces the moisture content, increases the heating value (HHV), and improves grindability and handling characteristics of the biomass. Hydrophobicity, shelf life, energy density, and homogeneity are all also improved. In addition, mass recovery of 55-65% of the feed as salable product is achieved. Further, energy recovery in the range of about 80-85% of the feed energy content of product is provided where nearly all sulphur is removed. In the process of one embodiment of the present invention, about 70% of the chlorine in the feed is also removed. One advantage to the contemplated process and related systems is that the processed biomass can be used in existing coal burning power plants alone or in combination with coal. That is, little or no modifications are needed to existing power producing systems or processes, and generating capacity was not decreased (derated). 
         [0009]    It is another aspect of the present invention to employ a fluid bed reactor to torrefy the biomass. In one embodiment, the fluid bed reactor uses a combination of air and gas drawn from the fluid bed exhaust, i.e., “offgas” as a primary heating and fluidizing gas. The rate of fluidizing gas introduction into the fluid bed reactor would be as required to produce a gas velocity within the fluid bed reactor between about 4 and 8 feet per second. At this velocity, the bed temperature of the reactor would be maintained between about 230 to 350° C. (450 to 670° F.). 
         [0010]    It is still yet another aspect of the present invention to torrefy biomass in the presence of oxygen. More specifically, as those skilled in the art are aware, torrefaction processes of biomass and coal, have generally been performed in an inert environment, usually in the presence of nitrogen, argon, water vapor, or some other inert or reducing gas. Those of skill in the art are also familiar with the fact that the rate at which volatiles associated with the feed stock are converted to vapor is a function of the amount of volatile organic and inorganic chemicals, processing temperature, and the residence time at the processing temperature. In general, reaction rates for volatile evolution, thermal cracking of larger organic compounds, and oxidation of the biomass increase with the increasing temperatures and increased residence time. However, because it takes time to dry the material before torrefaction reactions can occur, if the biomass is predried, preferably using heat from other sources in the system, residence times can be reduced. 
         [0011]    Torrefying in an oxygen rich environment adds to the conversion of solid mass to gaseous mass and generates energy to drive the torrefaction process. The combustion of vaporized volatiles driven from the biomass generates heat to help maintain the torrefaction process. Traditionally, the heat associated with torrefaction predominately originates from outside sources. In contrast, the system of one embodiment of the present invention employs a fluid bed reactor that is heated internally by the burning of vapors from biomass and biomass itself. This reduces the amount of energy required from outside sources and allows the biomass to be “roasted” economically and in a controlled manner. 
         [0012]    The primary reason that torrefaction processes of the prior art are performed in an inert environment is that burning of the biomass is believed to be uncontrollable and could lead to an explosion. Embodiments of the present invention, however, control the oxygen level in the reactor to prevent excess combustion rates and possible explosion. Temperature control is achieved by controlling the amount of biomass feed and the amount of available oxygen to the reactor and one embodiment of the invention, combustion rate within the reactor is also controlled by selectively adding water to the reactor. 
         [0013]    It is another aspect to provide a scalable system. As traditional systems depend primarily on external heat sources, increase in reactor size translates to reduced external surface area to volume ratios, thereby requiring increased heat transfer rates or reduced capacity. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, in the case of a large reactor, external heating sources cannot efficiently raise the temperature of the inner portions of the larger reactors to heat the biomass efficiently. The reactors of embodiments of the present invention, however, can be increased in size because the heat needed for torrefaction is internally generated. Ideally, a large reactor having an increased diameter is desired because it provides a bed with a large surface area to evenly expose the biomass to the heat. 
         [0014]    It is still yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a process where pre-drying is used. As briefly mentioned above, biomass is often wet having a moisture content of about 10-50%. Thus to decrease residence time within the fluid bed reactor that is associated with vaporizing such moisture, some embodiments of the present invention pre-dry the feed stock. Pre-drying can be achieved by simply allowing the biomass to dry under ambient conditions. More preferably, however, a controlled pre-drying process is used wherein excess heat from the fluid bed reactor, or other processing stations of the system, is used to pre-dry the biomass. 
         [0015]    It is still yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a process for starting combustion in the fluid bed reactor. More specifically, one embodiment of the present invention uses excess heat to initially start combustion of a predetermined amount of biomass positioned within the fluid bed reactor. After combustion has begun, the heat within the fluid bed reactor will increase due to the combustion of the biomass product. Once the temperature in the fluid bed reactor reaches a predetermined level, the amount of external heat added to the fluid bed reactor can be decreased and additional biomass is added to the reactor to maintain the temperature of the fluid bed reactor. 
         [0016]    It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a new processing environment where torrefaction is performed at about 290° C. (550° F.) and wherein the biomass has a 15-20 minute residence time. One embodiment of the present invention has a minimum auto reaction temperature of about 260° C. (500° F.) and produces off gases of about 10 to 17 volume percent water vapor and about 4 to 5 volume percent carbon dioxide. The pressure in the fluid bed reactor is near atmospheric. 
         [0017]    It is yet another aspect of the present invention to employ water sprays and a mixing device, such as a mixing screw, a hollow-flight screw cooler or rotary drum, to cool the processed biomass. Hot torrefied product would be discharged directly from the reactor into the cooler and water would be sprayed onto the hot product through the use of a multiplicity of sprays to provide cooling through evaporation of water. The total amount of water added would be that to provide cooling to approximately the boiling point of water (100° C. at sea level) without raising the moisture content of the cooled product above approximately 3 weight percent. The mixing/tumbling action of the cooler would provide particle to particle contact to enhance distribution of the water added for cooling. The direct application of water may be achieved by methods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/566,174, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
         [0018]    In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, an indirect cooler to reduce the temperature of the torrified biomass is employed in the event that a minimum moisture content is required. For example, an indirect cooler with cooling surfaces such as a hollow flight screw cooler or a rotary tube cooler may be employed to achieve this goal. 
         [0019]    It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a single stage process for biomass torrefaction, comprising charging biomass to a fluidized bed reactor, charging air to the fluidized bed reactor at a velocity of from about 4 to about 8 feet per second, subjecting the biomass to a temperature of from about 230 and 350° C. (450 to 670° F.), and removing the water from the biomass by torrefying the biomass. The biomass charged to the fluidized bed reactor of this embodiment has an average moisture content from about 10 to about 50 percent. The reactor of this example may be comprised of a fluidized bed with a fluidized bed density up to about 50 pounds per cubic foot. In one contemplated process wood chips having a density of about 10 to 13 pounds per cubic foot are used. At fluidization, the bed density would be no more than half of the density of the feed stock. 
         [0020]    It is another aspect of the present invention to provided a process for biomass torrefaction, comprising: adding biomass to a reactor; adding enriched gas to said reactor; controlling the oxygen content of the enriched gas; initiating heating of said biomass by increasing the temperature of said reactor; heating said biomass; maintaining said biomass within said reactor for a predetermined time; removing water from said biomass; vaporizing volatile organic compounds associated with said biomass; torrefying said biomass; and combusting said volatile organic compounds to help maintain the temperature of said fluidized bed reactor. 
         [0021]    It is still yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a process for drying a material, comprising: directing the material to a reactor; pre-drying the material with gasses exhausted from the fluidized bed reactor; and subjecting said material within the reactor to a temperature sufficient to evaporate water; and combusting the vaporized organic compounds to provide heat needed to help maintain said temperature. 
         [0022]    The Summary of the Invention is neither intended nor should it be construed as being representative of the full extent and scope of the present invention. Moreover, references made herein to “the present invention” or aspects thereof should be understood to mean certain embodiments of the present invention and should not necessarily be construed as limiting all embodiments to a particular description. The present invention is set forth in various levels of detail in the Summary of the Invention as well as in the attached drawings and the Detailed Description of the Invention and no limitation as to the scope of the present invention is intended by either the inclusion or non-inclusion of elements, components, etc. in this Summary of the Invention. Additional aspects of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the Detail Description, particularly when taken together with the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of these inventions. 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  is a schematic representation showing the relationship between biomass, coal, and charcoal torrefaction; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is a schematic of a biomass torrefaction process of one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a detailed view of  FIG. 2  showing a fluid bed reactor used in the process of one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is a table showing wood biomass data; and 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is a table showing bio-coal data. 
       
    
    
       [0029]    To assist in the understanding of one embodiment of the present invention, the following list of components and associated numbering found in the drawings is provided below:
   # Component     2  Biomass torrefaction system     6  Fluid bed reactor     10  Hopper     14  Conveyor     18  Surge bin     22  Feeder     26  Feed screw     34  Plate     46  Off gas     50  Startup heater combustion air fan     54  Recycle fan     58  Recycle Gas line     62  Recycle Gas line     66  Recycle Gas line     70  Heated Fluidizing Gas line     74  Heated Fluidizing Gas line     78  Heated Fluidizing Gas line     82  Offgas line     86  Recycled Gas line     90  Recycled Gas line     94  Fresh air fan     98  Valve     102  Emissions control device     106  Particulate removable device     110  Startup heating system     114  Valve     118  Cooler     122  Dump valve     126  Conveyor     130  Storage system   
 
         [0061]    It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the invention or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the invention is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0062]      FIG. 1  is a schematic representation showing the relationship between biomass, coal, and charcoal. It is one goal of embodiments of the present invention to provide a system and process suited for altering biomass, regardless of its source, such that it behaves like coal. One advantage of providing biomass that behaves like coal is that existing coal burning electrical power plants can use the processed biomass without substantial modifications. To make biomass a viable alternative, moisture content must be reduced, heating value must be increased, grindability and handling must be improved, hydrophobicity must be imparted, shelf life must be increased, energy density must be increased, and homogeneity must be improved. To achieve these objectives, embodiments of the present invention treat biomass by torrefaction wherein water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, light volatile organic chemicals, sulphur dioxides, and hydrochlorides are driven out of the raw biomass. The end result is a coal like product that can be used in coal burning electricity generation plants of current design. 
         [0063]    More specifically, the torrefaction contemplated by embodiments of the present invention include thermally processing biomass at temperatures of about 250-325° C. (480-620° F.) under near atmospheric pressure and in the presence of oxygen. This process will remove water and light volatiles from biomass and will reduce the oxygen content of the biomass. Importantly, the amount of fixed carbon in the biomass is increased and the biopolymers, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, are decomposed. 
         [0064]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , the biomass torrefaction system  2  of one embodiment of the present invention employs a fluidized bed reactor  6 . The biomass may be wood that has been reduced in size by a commercially available wood chipper. The size of the biomass will vary, but the smallest dimension is typically about 3 mm to 10 mm. In one embodiment, biomass having about 10 to 50 weight percent moisture is processed. The biomass is initially fed into a hopper  10  that in one embodiment is a feed hopper equipped with a screw conveyor or paddle screw feeder that is adapted to controllably feed biomass to a feed conveyor  14 . In another embodiment, the biomass is fed directly into a surge bin  18 . 
         [0065]    A feeder  22  positioned beneath the feed hopper  10  empties biomass onto the conveyor  14 . In one embodiment, the feed conveyor  14  provides up to 6000 pounds (2721.6 kg) of biomass per hour to the surge bin  18 . The surge bin  18  is equipped with a controllable feed screw  26  that supplies the desired amount of feed at the desired rate to the fluid bed reactor  6 . In another embodiment, a rotary valve or lock hoppers may be used if the surge bin is located above the reactor  6 . In one embodiment, the surge bin  18  employs low level and high level sensors that automatically control a rotary valve and/or associated feeder  22  located underneath the feed hopper  10  in order to maintain a predetermined amount of feed biomass in the surge bin  18 . In another embodiment, the level of biomass in the surge bin  18  is controlled using a continuous level sensor such as, e.g., an ultrasonic level sensing unit. A feed screw  26  directs biomass to the fluid bed reactor  6 . The fluid bed reactor  6  may be a custom design or a commercially available design. 
         [0066]    The biomass is dried to a moisture content of less than about 40 weight percent before introduction to the reactor  6 . The biomass may be pre-dried by conventional means including, e.g., air drying, rotary kilns, cascaded whirling bed dryers, elongated slot dryers, hopper dryers, traveling bed dryers, vibrating fluidized bed dryers, and other methods that do not employ a fluidized bed reactor. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that fluidized-bed dryers or reactors may also be used. The heat source for pre-drying the biomass may be of the form of waste heat, other available heat sources, or auxiliary fuels. The waste heat may be drawn from the reactor  6  or an emissions control device  102 . In one embodiment, the biomass is pre-dried to a moisture content of about 5 to about 20 weight percent. In another embodiment, two or more biomass materials, each with different moisture contents, are blended together to provide a raw feed with an average moisture content of less than about 40 weight percent. 
         [0067]      FIG. 3  is a schematic of an integrated fluid bed reactor  6  and pre-dryer system of one embodiment of the invention. Off-gases  46  from the fluidized bed  6  contact and pre-dry the feed material before it reaches a plate  34 . The fluidized bed reactor  6  is cylindrical and has an aspect ratio (bed height divided by diameter) of about 2 or less, in one embodiment, the aspect ratio ranges from about 2 to about ⅓. The bed is positioned within the cylindrical fluidized bed reactor at a depth of from about 1 to about 8 feet and, more preferably, from about 2 to about 5 feet. Non-cylindrical fluidized beds also may be used, but in one embodiment, the aspect ratio thereof (the ratio of the bed height to the maximum cross sectional dimension) ranges from about 2 to about ⅓. Bed fluidization is achieved by directing fluidizing gas through the perforated plate  34 . A mixture of fresh air and recycled gas, i.e., gas taken from the fluidized bed reactor  6 , is used as the fluidizing gas. It is preferred to use a blower to control the amount and composition of the fluidizing gas. In other embodiments, multiple blowers may be used. 
         [0068]    A startup heater system  110  is used to provide the heat needed for preheating the fluidizing gas during startup for flame stabilization during normal operation. In addition, a recycle fan  54  is used to move the fluidized gas in a loop comprised of lines  58 ,  62 ,  66 ,  70 ,  74 ,  78 ,  82 ,  86  and  90  during startup and shutdown of the system. 
         [0069]    A fresh air fan  94  is used to add fresh air to the fluidizing gas in order to adjust the oxygen content thereof. In another embodiment, the fan  94  may be replaced with a control valve and a suitable control valve added to line  86 . During startup and shutdown, as fresh air is added to the fluidizing gas, a vent valve  98  is used to release an equal amount of gas to the emissions control device  102  to maintain a consistent flow of fluidizing gas through the reactor  6 . 
         [0070]    Gases exiting the reactor  6  enter a particulate removal device  106  where fines are separated. Multiple fines removal devices may be employed to allow coarser particulate to be recovered as additional product or as a separate product. Cleaned gas passes a vent valve  98  where an appropriate amount of gas is vented to an emissions control device  102 . The purpose of the emissions control device  102  is to destroy any carbonaceous components in the offgas after removal of particulate. The emissions control device could be, e.g., a thermal oxidizer. 
         [0071]    In one embodiment, a typical startup procedure involves, e.g., starting the heater system  110  and the recycle fan  54 . Recycle fan speed is selected to ensure sufficient gas flow to achieve bed fluidization, preferably the apparent gas velocity in the reactor is in the range of about 4 to 8 feet per second. The temperature of the fluidizing gas is slowly increased using the heater system. When the biomass in the reactor  6  reaches a temperature within the range of about 446 to 482° F. (230 to 250° C.), biomass is fed to the reactor to fill the reactor bed. When the biomass reaches a temperature of approximately 250° C. (480° F.), it begins to release heat as it consumes oxygen present in the fluidizing gas. Small amounts of biomass are then added to the reactor  6  to maintain a steady rise in the temperature of the fluidized bed. It is preferred that the temperature of the fluidized bed be maintained at about 230 and 350° C. (450 to 670° F.) and, more preferably, about 270 to about 300° C. (520 to about 570° F.). 
         [0072]    As biomass is processed it exits reactor  6  through valve  114  into a cooler  118 . A dump valve  122  can be used to remove material buildup in the bed, or in case of emergency, be actuated to quickly empty the reactor  6  contents into the cooler  118 . As the process reaches steady state, the temperature of the recycle gas in line  66  increases and the burner system  110  controls automatically reduces the firing rate. In one embodiment, hot gasses taken from the emissions control device  106  are used to preheat the fluidizing gas (for example, by the process of  FIG. 3 ) to reduce the amount of combustion of biomass required to maintain the temperature of the fluidized bed as well as the amount of fuel required by the burner system  110 . The reactor  6  is preferably equipped with several water spray nozzles (not shown) to assist in the control the temperature of the fluidized bed. The reactor  6  is also preferably equipped with several temperature sensors to monitor the temperature of the fluidized bed. 
         [0073]    At steady state, reactor  6  operation is a balance between biomass particle size, the reactor temperature, the residence time required for decomposition of biomass polymers, the residence time required for moisture and volatile organics to diffuse from the interior of the biomass particles, the reaction rate of oxygen with the volatile organics, and the gas velocity required for maintaining proper levels of fluidization. In one embodiment, the smallest biomass particle dimension is from about 3 mm to about 10 mm, the fluidizing gas velocity is from about 4 to about 8 feet per second, the temperature of the fluidized bed is maintained at about 230 and 350° C. (450 to 670° F.) and, more preferably, at about 270 to about 300 degrees ° C. (520 to about 570° F.), and the average biomass particle residence time is from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes. 
         [0074]    The gases leaving the reactor  6  via line  82  have an oxygen content of less than about 8 volume percent, whereas the oxygen content of the fluidizing gas is maintained at greater than about 10 volume percent (and, more preferably, closer to that of fresh air) to maximize the rate of biomass processing. At the preferred steady state conditions, the amount of heat released via the combustion of the biomass is balanced by the amount of heat required to accomplish torrefaction and dry the biomass added to the reactor  6 . 
         [0075]    The off gas from reactor  6  is run through a particle separation step to remove particles entrained in the reactor offgas. In one embodiment, this step consists of a single unit such as bag house (not shown) or a cyclone  106 . In another embodiment, the particle separation step includes multiple devices to facilitate recovery of entrained particles on the basis of particle size or density. Larger particles may be directed to the cooler for recovery as product. 
         [0076]    The biomass produced in reactor  6  is typically at a temperature of about 275 to about 330 degrees Centigrade, and it typically contains about 0 to about 1 weight percent of moisture. This product is discharged through valve  114  which may be, e.g., a rotary valve, lock hoppers, etc. to a cooling apparatus  118 . 
         [0077]    The preferred method for cooling, rehydration, and stabilization occurs in one process piece of process equipment. This could be a screw conveyor, a mixing screw conveyor, a rotary drum, rotary tube cooler or any other device that would provide cooling through the application of water as well as mixing. The cooler  118  would be equipped with a multiplicity of water sprays and temperature sensors to allow water to be applied to the product for either progressively lowering the temperature of the product to less than the ambient boiling point of water (100 degrees Centigrade at sea level) and/or adding up to about 3 percent moisture to the product. The application of water may be continuous or intermittent. The control of water application could be on the basis of temperature, the mass flow rate of product and/or a combination thereof. 
         [0078]    In one embodiment, the cooling device would be a mixing screw. In another embodiment, the cooling device could be a hollow flight screw cooler. The screw cooler assembly is also comprised of a multiplicity of water sprays and temperature sensors to control the application of water on the basis of product temperature. For example, if the rate of temperature decrease in the cooler is too low, and/or too high, the rate may be modified by modifying the biomass feed rate into the system, and/or by modifying flow rate or temperature of the water in the screw jackets and/or the rate at which water is applied using the sprays. The water spray may be continuous, and/or it may be intermittent. 
         [0079]    In yet another embodiment, torrefied biomass is consolidated into briquettes or pellets and then cooled. 
         [0080]    The cooled biomass from cooler  118  is discharged  70  to a conveyor  126 . The conveyor  126  conveys the cooled biomass product to a storage system  130 , a load out system for trucks or railcars (not shown), or directly to the end user. Any gases emitted in the cooler are directed to the emissions control device  106 . 
         [0081]    Referring now to  FIG. 4  shows a Proximate and Ultimate analysis for an example woody biomass feed.  FIG. 5  shows a Proximate and Ultimate analysis for the torrefied product produced from the woody biomass feed of  FIG. 4 . 
         [0082]    While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims.