Abstract:
Specific DNA ligand sequences for binding various arthropod-borne pathogens including arboviruses,  rickettsia  and parasites are described. Each of these sequences or their linear, two- and three-dimensional linked sequences can function in varying assay and sensor formats with varying degrees of success. Linkage of the whole or partial DNA sequences (putative binding sites) can be used to enhance specificity and affinity towards complex targets, thereby improving assay selectivity and sensitivity in many instances. In addition, the DNA sequences may bind and neutralize or prevent infection from arthropod-borne viruses,  rickettsia  and  Leishmania  or other parasites.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY TO PRIOR APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of the filing date of Provisional U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/401,731, filed on Aug. 18, 2010, entitled “Methods and Compositions of DNA Ligands for Arthropod-borne Pathogen Detection and Prophylaxis or Therapy”, and Non-Provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/199,082, filed Aug. 18, 2011, entitled “Methods and Compositions of DNA Ligands for Arthropod-borne Pathogen Detection and Prophylaxis or Therapy”, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure, to include the Sequence Listing previously submitted with the subject application(s). 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention pertains to the field of nucleic acid (especially DNA) ligand-based diagnostics and prophylaxis or passive “immunity” (i.e., binding and blocking infectious agents from infecting or progressing throughout the body). In particular, the application relates to single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”) and ribonucleic acid (“RNA”) ligand sequences, whether individual or linked together to form longer multiple binding site “receptors,” that specifically target and bind to arthropod-borne bacteria and viruses (arboviruses). Such arthropod-borne bacteria include the  Rickettsia  genus that can cause typhus or spotted fevers and deadly hemorrhagic fevers or other lethal diseases such as Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (“CCHF”) viruses, Chikungunya (“CHIK”) viruses, Dengue viruses, and West Nile Viruses (“WNV”) or parasites such as various species of  Leishmania . The arthropod vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, lice, mites, midges, fleas, flies and sandflies. 
     These individual or linked DNA ligand (aptamer) sequences represent valuable target analyte-responsive components of diagnostic devices or biosensors. A biosensor can be defined as any device that employs a biologically-derived molecule as the sensing component and transduces a target analyte binding event into a detectable physical signal (including, but not limited to, changes in light intensity, absorbance, emission, wavelength, color, electrical conduction, electrical resistance, or other electrical properties, etc). Once bonded with the target, these DNA ligand sequences can be used to qualitatively determine the presence of target analyte, as well as to quantify the target analyte amount, in a sample using a broad variety of assay types and diagnostic or sensor platforms including, but not limited to: affinity-based lateral flow test strips, enzyme-linked (“ELISA-like”) microplate assays, membrane blotting, surface plasmon resonance (“SPR”), surface acoustic wave (“SAW”) or surface transverse wave (“STW”) sensors, magnetic bead (“MB”)-based capture, plastic-adherent sandwich assays, electrochemiluminescence (“ECL”), radioisotopic, fluorescence intensity assays including quantum dot (“QD”) or other fluorescent nanoparticle (“NP”)-based assays, fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence polarization (“FP”) assays. 
     The invention includes general DNA ligand or aptamer-based methods of detection and quantification of these arthropod-borne diseases or related pathogens in homogenized or chemically (chaotrope or detergent)-extracted arthropods or animal or human body fluids such as whole blood, plasma, serum, sputum or saliva, interstitial, synovial, or cerebrospinal fluid aspirates, mucus, and urine or solid biopsy samples. 
     In addition, these DNA ligand sequences are valuable in competitive displacement assays which are not solely dependent on affinity or avidity to produce sensitive detection. Such assays would include competitive displacement fluorescence or Förster resonance energy transfer (“FRET”) assays or DNA ligand “beacon” FRET assays. Each of these types of assays and detection platforms has different applications in either central laboratories or as a component of portable detectors to identify infected arthropods (homogenates or extracts) or human or animal body fluids. 
     It has been established that aptamers can replace antibodies in lateral flow or chromatographic test strip assay formats and may enhance detection sensitivity by virtue of higher affinity versus comparable antibodies. Such test strips or dipsticks represent rapid, inexpensive and convenient visual detection formats. The user can add various human body fluids or arthropod homogenates or extracts (proteins removed from arthropod guts by low levels of detergents or chaotropes including guanidinium or metal salts) and obtain a positive or negative result by visualizing a red colloidal gold-aptamer conjugate line. Use of fluorescent nanoparticle (“FNP”)- or quantum dot (“QD”)-DNA aptamer conjugates on the test line of a lateral flow test strip in combination with a handheld UV penlight or common laser pointer to illuminate the fluorescent test and control lines appears to confer even greater sensitivity to the assay. 
     These individual or linked DNA ligand (concatamer-like aptamer) sequences represent valuable target analyte-responsive components of diagnostic devices or “biosensors.” A biosensor is defined as any sensor device that employs a biologically-derived molecule as the sensing component and transduces a target analyte binding event into a detectable physical signal, including, but not limited to, changes in light intensity, absorbance, transmittance, refraction (Surface Plasmon Resonance or SPR), wavelength, color, agglutination of cells or particles, fluorescence intensity, fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence polarization or anisotropy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (“FCS”), fluorescence or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET; nonradiative dipole-dipole coupling of fluorophores or fluorophores and quenchers), upconverting phosphor (anti-Stokes shifts), two-photon interaction phenomena, Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (“SERS”), electrical conduction, electrical resistance or other electrical properties, mass, photon or radioactive particle emissions, etc. 
     Once bonded with the target, these DNA ligand sequences can be used to qualitatively determine the presence of analyte, as well as to quantify or semi-quantify the target analyte amount in a sample using a broad variety of assay types and diagnostic or sensor platforms including, but not limited to, affinity-based lateral flow test strips, membrane blotting, surface plasmon resonance (“SPR”), surface acoustic waveguides (“SAW”) or surface transverse waveguides (“STW”) devices, magnetic bead (“MB”)-based capture, plastic-adherent sandwich assays (“PASA”), chemiluminescence (“CL”), electrochemiluminescence (“ECL”), radioisotopic, fluorescence intensity, including quantum dot (“QD”) or other fluorescent nanoparticle (“FNP”) of dye-based, fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence polarization (“FP”) assays, or enzyme-linked (“ELISA-like”) microplate assays. 
     Finally, since envelope- or capsid-protruding spike proteins on viral surfaces control binding to and invasion of host cells, the DNA ligands may have prophylactic or therapeutic value by simply binding or coating the viral spike proteins to prevent attachment to host cell surfaces and inhibiting virus entry into host cells. The prophylactic effect has been demonstrated for H5N1 influenza virus with similar DNA ligand or aptamer sequences that coated the H5N1 viruses and prevented or severely inhibited invasion of host cells and slowed or stopped subsequent viral replication. 
     2. Background Information 
     The DNA ligand sequences listed herein were derived by iterative cycles of affinity-based selection of DNA ligands from a randomized library using rickettsial or leishmanial surface molecules (cold 1.5M MgCl 2 -extracted outer membrane proteins; OMPs), recombinant surface proteins or synthetic peptide epitopes derived from the known amino acid sequences of viral envelope protein spikes or other surface epitopes as defined in Table 1. After affinity-based selection, the DNA ligands were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) amplification followed by cloning and traditional Sanger dideoxynucleotide DNA sequencing. The utility of many of the sequences in ELISA-like plate assays as well as fluorescence (intensity) assays have been used and verified as illustrated by Tables 2-7 and  FIGS. 2-7  and  FIG. 9 . 
     Some of the sequences function more effectively in affinity-based (ELISA-like, lateral flow strips, or fluorescence intensity) assays, while other DNA ligand sequences against the same pathogen targets have functioned better in competitive FRET assays). Therefore, all of the listed sequences have potential utility in some assay format for use in one or more tests or types of sensors for arthropod-borne pathogens and their therapy or prevention. 
     Arthropod-borne pathogens can present serious threats to human health in the form of alphaviruses or flaviviruses (arboviruses) that can cause encephalitis or hemorrhagic fevers or shock syndromes and death. Similarly, untreated rickettsial infections can lead to serious cases of spotted fevers or typhus with significant mortality. Finally, visceral and non-visceral leishmaniasis are serious conditions which are difficult to treat and can be fatal. All of these diseases are transferred to man by arthropod vectors (flying or other insects including mosquitoes, fleas, mites, midges, ticks, lice, flies and sandflies). 
     Rapid, accurate, and ultrasensitive detection of arthropod-borne diseases aids physicians by supplying key diagnostic information in the early phases of infection. This in turn allows administration of the proper antibiotic or anti-viral agent to treat these potentially deadly diseases before they become life-threatening. Current methods of detection such as lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips, although rapid, are not very sensitive and miss early stage disease detection or rely on detection of antibodies against the disease agent which may take weeks to emerge in the patient&#39;s serum. The same is true for many slower and more tedious ELISA tests which are somewhat more sensitive than lateral flow test strips, but often rely on detection of antibodies slowly made by the patient against the infectious pathogen over a period of weeks to months. In addition, there are no truly effective therapies for some of the arboviruses. 
     The DNA ligands disclosed herein can potentially and directly detect many arthropod-borne pathogenic microbes with greater sensitivity and speed than conventional antibodies. These same DNA ligands or aptamers may also have value as high affinity and highly specific binding agents against arboviruses,  rickettsia  and parasites to block or slow disease progression. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides specific DNA sequence information for nucleic acid ligands selected and amplified from randomized pools to bind arthropod-borne pathogenic  rickettsia , arboviruses and parasites in a variety of assay formats and sensor or diagnostic platforms. In addition, the DNA ligands may bind and slow or block infection and inhibit disease progression due to these pathogens, thereby functioning as prophylactics or therapeutics in vivo. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates the general structure of an IgG antibody showing the linkage of hypervariable (HV) amino acid regions used for actual binding to target epitopes on complex antigens. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates nucleotide segments designed into the cDNA template. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates fluorescence spectra from titration of a plastic-adherent DNA ligand-magnetic bead and fluorescent nanoparticle assay. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the results of screening a matrix of 5-biotinylated capture aptamer-magnetic beads and TYE 665 dye-5′-labeled reporter aptamers from the Crimean-Congo viral aptamer pool represented by SEQ ID NOs. 663-756. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates titration of CCHF viral peptides conjugated with 1% glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the specificity of the combination 22 CCHF plastic-adherent assay which detects gamma-irradiated CCHF viruses. 
         FIGS. 6A-6D  illustrate similar plastic-adherent (PASA) DNA ligand-magnetic bead and DNA ligand-fluorescent nanoparticle sandwich assay fluorescence results. 
         FIGS. 7A-7C  illustrate the plastic-adherent (PASA) sandwich assay results for three different combinations of capture and reporter DNA ligands for detection of  Rickettsia typhi.    
         FIG. 8  illustrates the probe scheme used for the test and control lines on successful lateral flow nitrocellulose aptamer chromatographic test strips. 
         FIGS. 9A-9C  show several successful attempts to detect either gamma-irradiated viruses or purified BSA-glutaraldehyde-viral spike peptide conjugates on lateral flow strips. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     There is no single preferred embodiment for use of the DNA ligand sequences in assay or biosensor formats identified herein. Rather, as is the case with monoclonal antibodies, the sequences are useful to varying extents in a variety of assay formats and sensors or diagnostic devices chosen from the following non-comprehensive and non-exclusive list: lateral flow or chromatographic test strips or “dipsticks,” ELISA-like enzyme-linked microplate assays, magnetic bead-based capture assays, ECL or other chemiluminescence assays, radioisotopic assays and a variety of fluorescence assays including, but not limited to, fluorescence intensity or spectrofluorometry, lifetime, fluorescence polarization (“FP”) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (“FRET”) assays (both end-labeled beacons and competitive FRET), SAW and STW-based detection, SPR. 
     Referring to the figures,  FIG. 1A  illustrates the general structure of an IgG antibody showing the linkage of hypervariable (“HV”) amino acid regions used for actual binding to target epitopes on complex antigens. Linear linkage of HV binding sites adds affinity, avidity and specificity to the antibody binding to complex targets.  FIG. 1A  is a Porter stick model of an antibody revealing the multiple hypervariable antigen combining or binding sites on both the heavy and light chains. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates the concept of linking aptamers or their binding sites in a linear fashion (although 2-D and 3-D dendrimer-like linkages are also possible) to mimic the linkage of multiple HV regions in antigen combining sites of antibody chains to enhance affinity, epitopes. The linked DNA ligands or aptamers are somewhat like concatamers, but can vary in the composition of DNA molecules that are linked together (i.e., can be non-repetitive versus repetitive concatamers). DNA ligands or aptamers or their shorter (5-10 base) binding sites can be linked during chemical or biochemical (enzymatic) synthesis to enhance aptamer binding affinity, avidity or specificity for improved assay sensitivity and selectivity. 
     As nature, immunology, and  FIG. 1  suggest, the linkage of binding sites is beneficial in terms of enhancing receptor affinity, avidity (tensile binding strength), and selectivity versus complex targets with two or more distinct epitopes. This linkage can be sequential and linear (one-dimensional as in antibody heavy and light chain linkage of HV regions,  FIG. 1A ) or could be expanded into two or three dimensions much like DNA dendrimers or other more complex structures known to those skilled in the art. The linked DNA ligands or aptamers are somewhat like concatamers, but can vary in the composition of DNA molecules or subunits that are linked together (i.e., can be non-repetitive versus repetitive concatamers). 
     Linear linkage by chemical synthesis is quite facile, if one already knows the aptamer DNA sequences or shorter (approximately 5-10 base) binding site sequences to be linked. One can simply design one long sequence to incorporate the desired aptamers or binding sites with repetitive poly-adenine (A), poly-cytosine (C), poly-guanine (G), poly-thymine (T), poly-uridine (U), or other intervening sequences that are unlikely to bind the target epitopes. The length of the composite aptamer construct will be limited by current chemical synthesis technology to about 200 bases. However, cellular biosynthesis or enzymatic synthesis by polymerase chain reaction or asymmetric PCR (producing predominately single-stranded ss-DNA from a template) would not be so limited and should produce aptamer constructs up to 2,000 bases before the Taq polymerase or other thermostable DNA polymerase falls off the template DNA. The 2 kilobase Taq polymerase limit is the basis for the well-known Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (“RAPD”) method of DNA or genetic “fingerprint” analyses in which primers greater than 2 kilobases apart fail to produce a PCR product or amplicon, because Taq becomes disengaged from the template DNA before traveling 2,000 bases. In this way, lengthy aptamer constructs of less than 2 kilobases could be made from complementary DNA templates that would enable binding of different epitopes that are distal on the surface of relatively large objects such as viruses and whole bacteria,  rickettsia , or eukaryotic parasites and other cells. Again, poly-A, C, G, T, or U or other linker nucleotide segments (similar to the concept of genetic “introns”) could be designed into the cDNA template to produce the resultant nascent strand to ligate aptamers or aptamer binding sites together into one contiguous linear chain with intervening linkers as shown in  FIG. 1B . 
     For 2-D or 3-D linked aptamer structures a variety of linker chemistries are available, but the preferred embodiment is probably addition of a UniLink™ primary amine group somewhere in the mid-section of a larger multi-aptamer construct followed by covalent linkage and branching of two or more such multi-aptamer constructs by means of bifunctional linkers such as low levels (≦1%) of glutaraldehyde, carbodiimides, sulfo-EGS, sulfo-SMCC or other such bifunctional linkers familiar to those skilled in conjugate chemistry. This strategy would result in larger flower-like or dendrimer-like 2-D or 3-D structures consisting of two or more lengthy multi-aptamer structures. 
       FIG. 2  shows fluorescence spectra from titration of a plastic-adherent DNA ligand-magnetic bead and fluorescent nanoparticle assay for detection of gamma-irradiated (inactivated) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) viruses. The spectra or curves each represent fluorescence intensity results as a function of wavelength elicited by interaction with various virus dilutions after collection on aptamer or DNA ligand-biotin-streptavidin-magnetic microbeads of 2.8 microns in diameter (Dynal brand from Invitrogen Corp.), exposure to red-emitting fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) or Fluospheres (Invitrogen, Inc.) and two washes in 1× binding buffer (1× BB; 0.5M NaCl, 10 mM Tris and 1 mM MgCl 2  at pH 7.6). Excitation was at 660 nm and the photomultiplier tube of the spectrofluorometer was set at 900 V. The spectra were obtained using DNA ligands for capture on magnetic beads and red fluorophore-labeled reporter DNA ligands selected from the pool of aptamers represented by SEQ ID NOs. 1-168. In particular, aptamer C1-1/7F (SEQ ID NO. 3) was used for gamma-irradiated viral capture on magnetic beads and 5′-amino aptamer C1-9F (SEQ ID NO. 15) was conjugated to red FNPs by means of a carbodiimide bond, purified and used as the reporter reagent. The clear detection of the 1;6400 dilution above the background curve suggests detection of as few as 150 CCHF virus particles. 
       FIG. 3  shows the results of screening another matrix of 5-biotinylated capture aptamer-magnetic beads and TYE 665 dye-5′-labeled reporter aptamers from the Crimean-Congo (CCHF) viral aptamer pool represented by SEQ ID NOs. 663-756. The top 5 capture and reporter sandwich assay aptamer combinations were evaluated in all 25 (5 capture×5 reporter) possible combinations using a handheld Picofluor™ fluorometer set to its highest sensitivity (STD VAL=999.0). After washing in buffer on a permanent magnetic collection rack and reading this plastic-adherent assay in the polystyrene cuvettes, combination 22 (Gn6-25R; SEQ ID NO. 98) capture aptamer-biotin on streptavidin magnetic beads combined with E7A-18F; SEQ ID NO. 689) 5′-TYE 665-labeled reporter aptamer) was shown to be the strongest or most intense possible assay combination for further development. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates titration of CCHF viral peptides conjugated with 1% glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and purified by size-exclusion chromatography in the void volume of a Sephadex G25 column to emulate CCHF virus particles in pure phosphate buffered saline (PBS), a 50:50 PBS to human serum mix or 100% human serum matrix to test detection with the CCHF combination 22 assay using the Picofluor™ handheld fluorometer at its highest sensitivity setting. Clearly CCHF combination 22 detected the viral stimulant quite well in buffer and continued to detect the simulant even in pure human serum, albeit with less intense fluorescence output. 
       FIG. 5  shows the specificity of the combination 22 CCHF plastic-adherent assay which detects gamma-irradiated CCHF viruses of a comparable concentration much more intensely than unrelated Adenovirus, MS-2 bacteriophage, or Reovirus Type 3 Abney strain viruses. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates similar plastic-adherent (PASA) DNA ligand-magnetic bead and DNA ligand-fluorescent nanoparticle sandwich assay fluorescence results for the detection of  Rickettsia conorii  to a level of approximately 3 μL or 75 cells in some cases. Various DNA ligand sequences are used in capture and reporter roles in the four different experiments from the pool of SEQ ID NOs. 549-662. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the plastic-adherent (PASA) sandwich assay results for three different combinations of capture and reporter DNA ligands for detection of  Rickettsia typhi . Serial dilutions of the  rickettsia  were evaluated using a spectrofluorometer and red-emitting fluorescent nanoparticles. Again, these sandwich assay aptamer combinations were drawn from the pool of SEQ ID NOs. 549-662. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates the aptamer-5′-biotin-streptavidin-gold nanoparticle (GNP) or fluorescent nanoparticle (FNP) and streptavidin-biotin-5′-primer probe (to grab the complementary 18 base constant primer regions on the DNA ligand ends) scheme used for the test and control lines on successful lateral flow nitrocellulose aptamer chromatographic test strips displayed in  FIG. 9  and described in the specifications or main text. 
       FIG. 9  documents several successful attempts to detect either gamma-irradiated viruses or purified BSA-glutaraldehyde-viral spike peptide conjugates on lateral flow strips using the method shown in  FIG. 8 . In particular, panel A shows a strong visible red spot indicating detection of the Chikungunya envelope peptide (ChE) with aptamer ChE 20R (SEQ ID NO. 204) and much fainter detection at the spot where ChE 17R aptamer was laid down and immobilized. Panel B shows similar positive red GNP detection spots for the C1-9F aptamer (SEQ ID NO. 15) detecting two different strains of actual gamma-irradiated CCHF virus, while the CCHF or C3-6R aptamer did not detect the viruses despite its strong performances and evidence of very high affinity in ELISA-like microplate assays and SPR analyses (Tables 2 and 3). Panel C illustrates two successful tests for West Nile Virus (WNV) envelope peptide-BSA conjugates using the WNV-18R and 19R aptamers which correspond to SEQ ID NOs. 306 and 307, respectively. Arrows in each of the panels point to the locations where capture dots or lines of DNA ligands were laid down. 
                           TABLE 1               Targets for DNA Ligand Selection and Development                                Chikungunya (ChE) E1a Virus Surface Peptide        (one letter amino acid-coded sequence)       GDIQSRTPESKDVYANTQLVLQRPAVGTVHVPYSQAPSGFKYWLKERGAS               Crimean-Congo Hemmorhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus          Surface Peptide Targets (one-letter amino acid        coded sequences)       CCHF Peptide 1:        RRLL               CCHF Peptide 2:        RKPL               CCHF Peptide 3:        GQGKTIEAYRAREG               CCHF Peptide 4:        GQGKTIEAYRAREGNAST GQGKTIEAYRAREG               CCHF Altamura Gn 611:        TQEGRGHVKLSRGSE               CCHF 11E7-a:        GLKFASLTCTGCYACSSGISCKVRIHVDEPDE               CCHF 11E7-b:        VAASSSLMARKLEFGTDSTFKAFSAMPKTSLCFYIVEREY               CCHF 11E7-c:        EDTQKCVNTKLEQPQSILIEHKGTIIGK                    
Dengue Viruses
         Recombinant Envelope Proteins Serotypes 1-4 from Virostat Corp., Portland, Me., Cat. Nos. 8812-8815.
 
 Leishmania  Promastigotes
     L. donovani, L. major  WR2885 and other species of live cell surface cold (4° C.) overnight 1.5M MgCl 2 -protein extracts obtained from the U.S. Army, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR).
 
 Rickettsia  
     R. belli, R. conorii, R. parkeri, R. rickettsii , and  R. typhi  frozen cell protein extracts obtained from the U.S Navy Medical Research Command at WRAIR.
 
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses (TBEV)
   Recombinant TBEV CE/gE from Feldan Bio Corp. (Boston, Mass. and Quebec, Canada) Cat. No. FB03-80-149.
 
West Nile Virus (WNV)
   Recombinant Envelope Protein from GenWay Biotech Corp. San Diego, Calif., Cat. No. 10-511-248224.       

     EXAMPLE 1 
     ELISA-Like and SPR Affinity-Based Screening of Arthropod-Borne Pathogen DNA Ligands 
     Table 2 illustrates diversity of affinities for several different CCHF envelope peptide epitopes using two methods (0.1M bicarbonate buffer at pH 8.5 or N-oxy-succinimide-coated microwells) to immobilize the peptides and then carry out a traditional ELISA-like assay with 100 μL of 5′biotinylated DNA ligands for one hour at room temperature (RT, followed by a wash step, addition of 100 μL of 1:2,000 dilution of streptavidin-peroxidase (1 mg/mL stock) for 30 minutes at RT, three more wash steps and finally treatment with one-step ABTS substrate for 10 minutes at RT and reading of absorbance at 405 nm on a microplate reader. Tables 2 and 5-7 show ELISA-like rankings of the various top 3 to 10 DNA ligands by SEQ ID NOs for each of the general arthropod disease categories. 
     The highest ranking or highest affinity DNA ligands register the highest absorbance at 405 nm values and can be used in other types of affinity-based assays besides the ELISA-formatted assays. The highest affinity or highest ranking CCHF DNA ligands such as CCHF1-9F and CCHF3-6R also yielded very high affinity constants of greater 10 8  to 4.23×10 11  by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a Biacore X-100 sensor as documented in Tables 3 and 4. The same or similar ELISA-like methods were used to screen and rank DNA ligand affinities against cognate arboviral, rickettsial and  Leishmania  targets as shown in Tables 5-7. Table 8 chronicles all of the actual candidate DNA ligand nucleotide sequences and corresponding SEQ ID NOs for all of the arthropod-borne pathogen-binding DNA ligands. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2  
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 ELISA-Like Rankings for Absorbance of 
               
               
                 Highest Affinity CCHF DNA Ligands 
               
             
          
           
               
                 NaHCO 3 -Immobilized 
                 NOS-Immobilized 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Abs 
                 ID 
                   
                   
                 Abs 
                 ID 
               
               
                 Rank 
                 405 
                 NO. 
                 Aptamer 
                 Rank 
                 405 
                 NO. 
                 Aptamer 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2.669 
                 31 
                 CCHF3-4F 
                 1 
                 2.219 
                 15 
                 CCHF1-9F 
               
               
                 2 
                 2.478 
                 36 
                 CCHF3-6R 
                 2 
                 2.141 
                 36 
                 CCHF3-6R 
               
               
                 3 
                 2.473 
                 32 
                 CCHF3-4R 
                 3 
                 2.048 
                 4 
                 CCHF1-1/7R 
               
               
                 4 
                 2.243 
                 15 
                 CCHF1-9F 
                 4 
                 1.987 
                 32 
                 CCHF3-4F 
               
               
                 5 
                 1.657 
                 28 
                 CCHF2-10R 
                 5 
                 1.987 
                 16 
                 CCHF1-9R 
               
               
                 6 
                 1.645 
                 25 
                 CCHF2-8F 
                 6 
                 1.987 
                 2 
                 CCHF1-1R 
               
               
                 7 
                 1.618 
                 18 
                 CCHF1-10R 
                 7 
                 1.949 
                 14 
                 CCHF1-6R 
               
               
                 8 
                 1.561 
                 16 
                 CCHF1-9R 
                 8 
                 1.903 
                 3 
                 CCHF1-1/7F 
               
               
                 9 
                 1.505 
                 38 
                 CCHF3-7R 
                 9 
                 1.853 
                 7 
                 CCHF1-3F 
               
               
                 10 
                 1.483 
                 40 
                 CCHF3-8R 
                 10 
                 1.848 
                 25 
                 CCHF2-8F 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of CCHF DNA Ligand SPR Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CCHF DNA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ligand 
                 vs. Peptide 
                 K a   
                 K d  (picoM) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1-9F 
                 Peptide 1 
                 1.23 × 10 8   
                 8.13 
               
               
                   
                 1-9F 
                 Peptide 3 
                 3.06 × 10 6   
                 327 
               
               
                   
                 1-9F 
                 Peptide 4 
                     3.2 × 10 10   
                 0.31 
               
               
                   
                 3-4R 
                 Peptide 3 
                 8.85 × 10 7   
                 11.3 
               
               
                   
                 3-4R 
                 Peptide 4 
                  3.1 × 10 6   
                 322 
               
               
                   
                 3-6R 
                 Peptide 3 
                     4.23 × 10 11   
                 0.24 
               
               
                   
                 3-6R 
                 Peptide 4 
                 2.19 × 10 4   
                 45,700 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Aptamer K A  Values vs. 11E7 CCHF Envelope 
               
               
                 Peptides by SPR 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DNA Ligands or 
                 CCHF Peptides 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Aptamers 
                 11E7A 
                 11E7B 
                 11E7C 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 E7A-11R 
                 4.62 × 10 8   
                 7.34 × 10 7   
                 3.11 × 10 9   
               
               
                   
                 Drosdov 4-7/10R 
                 5.39 × 10 9   
                 1.27 × 10 7   
                 Not done 
               
               
                   
                 Drosdov 17R 
                 2.09 × 10 9   
                 6.08 × 10 8   
                 Not done 
               
               
                   
                 E7B-14R 
                  5.2 × 10 8   
                 9.37 × 10 7   
                 3.72 × 10 7   
               
               
                   
                 Gn6-25R 
                  5.5 × 10 8   
                 2.07 × 10 8   
                     1.48 × 10 10   
               
               
                   
                 E7A-18F 
                 1.39 × 10 7   
                 3.48 × 10 9   
                 1.92 × 10 7   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 ELISA-Like Rankings of Various  
               
               
                 Arthropod-borne Virus DNA Ligands 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sequence 
                 NO. 
                 A 405 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-2 R 
                 760 
                 2.601 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-8 R 
                 772 
                 2.430 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-2 F 
                 759 
                 2.314 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-1 R 
                 758 
                 2.150 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-4 R 
                 764 
                 2.124 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-6 R 
                 768 
                 2.124 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-6 F 
                 767 
                 2.067 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-5 F 
                 765 
                 2.057 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-7 F 
                 769 
                 2.021 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-7 R 
                 770 
                 1.972 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-10F 
                 773 
                 1.951 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-1 F 
                 757 
                 1.935 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-5 R 
                 766 
                 1.925 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-3 R 
                 762 
                 1.908 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-4 F 
                 763 
                 1.881 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-8 F 
                 771 
                 1.847 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-10R 
                 774 
                 1.823 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TBEV-3 F 
                 761 
                 1.797 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 16F 
                 195 
                 2.594 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 20R  
                 204 
                 2.562 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 17R  
                 198 
                 2.510 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 19F  
                 201 
                 2.474 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 16R  
                 196 
                 2.464 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 19R  
                 202 
                 2.459 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 17F  
                 197 
                 2.431 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 18F  
                 199 
                 2.388 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 20F  
                 203 
                 2.364 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ChE - 18R  
                 200 
                 2.246 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 19F 
                 307 
                 2.727 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 18R 
                 306 
                 2.654 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 20F 
                 309 
                 2.538 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 20R 
                 310 
                 2.467 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 16F 
                 303 
                 2.450 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 16R 
                 304 
                 2.255 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 19R 
                 308 
                 2.177 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WNV 18F 
                 305 
                 1.997 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 ELISA-Like Rankings of Leishmania 
               
               
                 parasite DNA Ligands 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ ID 
                 A 405 
               
               
                   
                 Sequence 
                 NO. 
                 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 49, 50R 
                 548 
                 2.501 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 25R 
                 516 
                 2.406 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 1147R 
                 494 
                 2.238 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 610F 
                 487 
                 2.212 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 16F 
                 501 
                 2.166 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 19R 
                 508 
                 2.141 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 17R 
                 504 
                 2.091 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 3240F 
                 525 
                 2.045 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 38F 
                 535 
                 1.979 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 13R 
                 496 
                 1.935 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 22R 
                   
                 1.916 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 31R 
                   
                 1.899 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 2643F 
                   
                 1.854 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 241R 
                   
                 1.850 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 241F 
                   
                 1.849 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 46F 
                   
                 1.845 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 34R 
                   
                 1.838 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 42R 
                   
                 1.835 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 4950F 
                   
                 1.806 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 7F 
                   
                 1.791 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 25F 
                   
                 1.787 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 36R 
                   
                 1.709 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 15R 
                   
                 1.698 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 13F 
                   
                 1.684 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 39F 
                   
                 1.679 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 21F 
                   
                 1.659 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 38R 
                   
                 1.653 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 23F 
                   
                 1.644 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 46R 
                   
                 1.634 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 2643R 
                   
                 1.626 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 27F 
                   
                 1.598 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 42F 
                   
                 1.596 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 22F 
                   
                 1.576 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 31F 
                   
                 1.569 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 5R 
                   
                 1.537 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 7R 
                   
                 1.516 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 29R 
                   
                 1.516 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 34F 
                   
                 1.516 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 9R 
                   
                 1.504 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 610R 
                   
                 1.466 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 18R 
                   
                 1.446 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 19F 
                   
                 1.442 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 23R 
                   
                 1.442 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 16R 
                   
                 1.437 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 45R 
                   
                 1.435 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 35R 
                   
                 1.433 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 32/40R 
                   
                 1.411 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 17F 
                   
                 1.410 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 44F 
                   
                 1.391 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 45F 
                   
                 1.380 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 1F 
                   
                 1.378 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 18F 
                   
                 1.367 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 37F 
                   
                 1.366 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 15F 
                   
                 1.365 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 35F 
                   
                 1.305 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 1R 
                   
                 1.261 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 21R 
                   
                 1.261 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 5F 
                   
                 1.252 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 39R 
                   
                 1.224 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 9F 
                   
                 1.219 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 4R 
                   
                 1.217 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 1147F 
                   
                 1.216 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 27R 
                   
                 1.207 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 14F 
                   
                 1.182 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 36F 
                   
                 1.181 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 3R 
                   
                 1.179 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 44R 
                   
                 1.157 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 29F 
                   
                 1.125 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 4F 
                   
                 1.095 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 3F 
                   
                 1.092 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 37R 
                   
                 1.048 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lm 14R 
                   
                 0.984 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 ELISA-Like Rankings of  Rickettisia  DNA Ligands 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Avg. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SEQ  
                 Absorbance 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ID 
                 at 
               
               
                 Type 
                 Species 
                 Aptamer Clone 
                 NO. 
                 405 nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Whole Cell 
                 
                   R. parkeri 
                 
                 Rp-7R 
                 556 
                 1.33 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rp-14R 
                 568 
                 1.34 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rp-20F 
                 577 
                 1.37 
               
               
                   
                 
                   R. rickettsii 
                 
                 Rr-8/14/22R 
                 584 
                 1.21 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rr-17F 
                 599 
                 1.18 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rr-23R 
                 610 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 
                   R. typhi 
                 
                 Rt-3R 
                 620 
                 1.48 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rt-5/16F 
                 623 
                 1.53 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rt-18R 
                 648 
                 1.45 
               
               
                 OMPs 
                 
                   R. belli 
                 
                 R5-23F 
                 317 
                 2.93 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R5-39F 
                 347 
                 1.95 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R5-21bR 
                 316 
                 1.89 
               
               
                   
                 
                   R. conorii 
                 
                 R4-1R 
                 352 
                 2.12 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R4-14R 
                 362 
                 2.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R4-1F 
                 351 
                 1.99 
               
               
                   
                 
                   R. parkeri 
                 
                 R2-14F 
                 393 
                 2.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R2-17R 
                 400 
                 2.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R2-5F 
                 379 
                 1.95 
               
               
                   
                 
                   R. rickettsii 
                 
                 R3-39F 
                 413 
                 2.12 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R3-39R 
                 414 
                 2.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R3-40R 
                 416 
                 1.99 
               
               
                   
                 
                   R. typhi 
                 
                 R1-21R 
                 426 
                 2.88 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R1-30R 
                 444 
                 2.85 
               
               
                   
                   
                 R1-27bF 
                 437 
                 2.62 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Ultrasensitive Detection of CCHF Virus and  Rickettsia  by Plastic-Adherent Sandwich Assay 
     The DNA ligand sequences have repeatedly been reduced to practice and used to detect low levels of CCHF viral envelope epitopes in neat buffer or animal sera as shown in  FIG. 2 . In this assay, two different CCHF sequences (CCHF 1-1/7F and 1-9F) from the SEQ ID NO. 3 and SEQ ID NO. 15 were 5′-biotin or 5′-amine modified upon synthesis and attached to either 10 6  streptavidin-M280 (2.8 micron diameter) Dynal (Invitrogen, Inc.) MBs for virus capture or custom-made red-emitting carboxyl-coated FNPs (Invitrogen, Inc.) for reporting per test. The lower limit of detection (LLOD or 1:6400 dilution) for this assay was approximately 150 viral particles according to plaque assay data obtained from the U.S. Army at USAMRIID, Ft. Detrick, Md. Excitation was at 600 nm and the photomultiplier tube (“PMT”) was set at 900V. 
     Similarly sensitive plastic-adherent sandwich fluorescence assay results for two species of  rickettsia  cells with LLOD or about 75 cells are shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . These assays also sandwich rickettsial cells between magnetic bead-DNA ligand capture elements and DNA ligand-quantum dot or FNP-labeled reporter aptamers drawn from the SEQ ID NOs given in Table 8. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Lateral Flow (LF) Aptamer Sandwich Assays for Arthropod-Borne Bacteria or Viruses Using Colloidal Gold or Fluorescent Nanoparticles 
     Aptamer-based LF test strips are assembled much like traditional immunochromatographic strips by combining a Whatman GB002 sample pad, a Whatman Standard 17 conjugate pad, Millipore High Flow 240 analytical membrane (for slower migration and greatest sensitivity) and a Whatman 470 wicking or absorbent applied to a pressure sensitive sticky laminate backing. The sample pad is soaked in 0.05M Tris-HCl (pH 8.03) with 0.15 mM NaCl and 0.25% Triton X-100 for 30 minutes followed by air drying of the sample pad strip at 37° C. for several hours until completely dry. The components are assembled with the sample pad overlapping the conjugate pad and both the conjugate pad and wicking pads overlapping onto the nitrocellulose analytical membrane at each end of the analytical membrane as shown in  FIG. 8 . Thereafter, 4 mm wide strips are cut with a sharp paper cutter and laid into plastic cassettes for protection. 
     The streptavidin-colloidal gold for use in conjugates was obtained from DCN at 10 O.D. units per mL and 100 μL of this reagent was added to 100 μL of each 5′-biotinylated aptamer (1.3 to 1.5 mg/mL). Similarly, 100 μL of each 5′-biotin aptamer were added to 100 μL of simple streptavidin at (0.5 mL, Sigma Chemical Co.) and reagents were gently mixed at RT (20-25° C.) for 30 minutes. Any unbound aptamers were removed by use of sterile 30 kD molecular weight cut off spin columns which were centrifuged at 5,000×g for 10 minutes. The retentate was resuspended or rehydrated in 100 μL of sterile 1× BB and used in LF test strip experiments. The capture lines or “dots” (droplets) were laid down as 1 μL droplets a few millimeters from the conjugate pad on Millipore High Flow (HF) 240 nitrocellulose analytical membranes, sometimes in series, and air dried prior to baking in a UV oven for 15 minutes. The conjugate pads were loaded with 10-15 μL of colloidal gold-streptavidin-biotin-aptamer conjugates and target analytes were added in 100 μL of 1× BB at the indicated amounts in each figure. All colloidal gold LF tests were conducted and evaluated after 5 minutes of run time to enable the HF 240 membranes time to fully develop.  FIG. 9  specifically illustrates examples of successful lateral flow DNA ligand (aptamer) tests with the Chikungunya virus aptamer ChE 20R (SEQ ID NO. 204), Crimean-Congo (CCHF) virus aptamer C1-9F (SEQ ID NO. 15) and the West Nile virus (WNV) aptamers 18R and 19F (SEQ ID NOs. 306 and 307 respectively). Interestingly, some other aptamers used for the experiments represented in  FIG. 9  such as ChE 17R and CCHF C3-6R which performed well in ELISA-like plate assays or SPR analysis for affinity assessment (Tables 2, 3, and 5), did not perform well in the lateral flow format, thereby further underscoring a basic tenet of this patent application that not all high-affinity DNA ligands from a given group will perform well in all assay formats. 
     DNA aptamer-quantum dot and aptamer-fluorescent nanoparticle (FluoSpheres™; “FS” from Invitrogen) conjugates were initially adhering rather tightly to glass fiber conjugate pads and not releasing well or not migrating as far as unconjugated particles, but these obstacles were overcome by switching to a larger porosity HighFlow (“HF”) 75 analytical membrane and 40 nm streptavidin-FS to obtain the successful proof-of-concept data shown in  FIG. 9C . 
     Although the invention and DNA ligand sequences listed in Table 8 have been described with reference to specific embodiments, this description is not meant to be construed in a limited sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiments, as well as alternative embodiments of the inventions will become apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description of the invention. It is, therefore, contemplated that the appended claims will cover such modifications that fall within the scope of the invention.