Abstract:
A sono-molecular-conversion device and method for effecting nitrification of ammonia in water, the method including feeding the water containing ammonia through a sono-molecular conversion device including a plurality of ultrasound transducers; and applying ultrasonic energy to the water containing ammonia by the sono-molecular conversion device to ultrasonically collapse microsized bubbles with transient cavitation in the water containing ammonia to effect nitrification of ammonia therein by sono-molecular-conversion.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/719,616, filed Sep. 22, 2005. The present application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 11/534,008, filed on Sep. 21, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 11/042,607, filed in the U.S. on Jan. 25, 2005. The subject matter of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/719,616; U.S. Ser. No. 11/534,008; and U.S. Ser. No. 11/042,607 is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to a non-microbial method and device for detoxification of ammonia, nitrite and nitrates by nitrification and mineralization of carbon suspended solids contained by water, including, but not limited to tertiary waste water intended for discharge into public waterways and lakes by petroleum processors, paper-makers, and steel manufacturers, among others. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    McMaster University Centre for Engineering and Public Policy brought to public notice an Apr. 29, 2010, “Climate of Change” Symposium: “Making the Lakes Great”. The stated objectives are discussions on actions which will affect Ecosystem Threat Reduction and thereby adapt or improve resilience of the large lakes and also mitigate green house gas emissions and effect. 
         [0004]    Although there are technology similarities between the present application and U.S. Ser. No. 11/534,008, the present invention includes process separation between the nitrification, and mineralization for providing continuous, environment-friendly nitrogen (N 2 ) release. Although nitrogen (N 2 ) release is possible with current microbial de-nitrification, it could prove unsatisfactory for addressing the vast quantity of global industrial waste water at hand and curbing global warming because of its necessary release of carbon dioxide and methane green house gases to atmosphere. 
         [0005]    Similarly, U.S. Ser. No. 11/534,008 discloses non-microbial ammonia reduction with continuous recirculation contaminant flow where an accumulating rate (mg/l/hr) of fish generated ammonia concentration was negated by an opposite and opposing rate of sonic ammonia molecular dissociation. 
         [0006]    Contaminated tertiary waste water, delivered by industry for de-contamination contains significant ammonia or nitrate concentrations which can be reduced to an acceptable regulatory level with either a SMC (sono-molecular conversion) low-volume single molecular dissociation pass, or a high volume with repetitive recirculation molecular dissociation passes. 
         [0007]    At a specific rate (mg/l/hr), this invention associates nitrate/nitrite to ammonia while mineralizing organic carbon to ammonia (NH 3 ), thereafter, nitrification, dissociates NH 3  to nitrite (NO 2 ), then dissociates nitrite to nitrate (NO 3 ) and finally dissociates nitrate to nitrogen gas (N 2 ) where after the de-contaminated tertiary waste water is ready for discharge into public waterways and/or Great Lakes. 
         [0008]    Current microbial processing technology for treating industrial tertiary waste water ammonia consists of two separate microbial processes; the first for ammonia nitrification and the second for nitrate de-nitrification. The device name applied to these two waste water treatment processes is “Sequencing Batch Reactor” (SBR). 
         [0009]    For the nitrification-only purpose, the reactor is tagged single-stage and for de-nitrification-only purpose, second-stage. 
         [0010]    The Single Stage Reactor performs an aerobic bacteria nitrification process, changing ammonia (NH 3 ) to nitrite (NO 2 ), and then the nitrite to nitrate (NO 3 ). After that, the nitrate (NO 3 ) is transferred into the Second Stage Reactor along with added organic carbon, such as methanol, thereby providing an anoxic substrate for aerobic/anaerobic bacteria to denitrify nitrate (NO 3 ) into nitrogen (N 2 ) gas for atmospheric release. Unfortunately, in performing the conversions, these same bacteria generate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ), which is released into the atmosphere as green house gas. 
         [0011]    The role of nitrosomonas, nitrobacter and heterotrophic bacteria resident in a bio filter is highlighted by Steven T. Summerfelt and Mark J. Sharrer of CFFI, who discuss nitrification and de-nitrification bacteria generating CO 2 . 
         [0012]    When ammonia is added to water a large percentage combines with the water molecules forming a combined substance called Ammonium. Ammonia combined this way with water is called NH 4 N and is ionized, while that which does not combine with water is called non-ionized NH 3 N. The ratio between the two substances varies with water pH. When pH is high, say 9, the percentage of NH 3  is high vs. NH 4 , and if pH is 6, NH 4  is high vs. NH 3 . A large fraction of CO 2  is produced by the nitrification bacteria in the bio filter as they consume 4.6 mg/l of oxygen while producing 5.9 mg/l of CO 2  for every 1 mg/l of TAN(NH 3 N+NH 4 N) consumed and the heterotrophic bacteria another 1.38 mg/l of CO 2  for every 1 mg/l of DO used by nitrification bacteria. 
       OBJECTS AND SUMMARY 
       [0013]    An object of this invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for eliminating ammonia and reducing nitrite and nitrate and organic carbon concentrations present in industrial tertiary waste-water. 
         [0014]    An object of this invention is replacement of bacterial oxidation by the science of matter, the branch of natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances, their properties, associations and dissociations. Dissociation, usually reversible, (association), is a field of science where action of high temperature and pressure causes molecules to split into simpler groups of atoms, single atoms or ions. 
         [0015]    According to one embodiment, a sono-molecular-conversion method for effecting nitrification of ammonia in water comprises feeding the water containing ammonia through a sono-molecular conversion device including a plurality of ultrasound transducers, and applying ultrasonic energy to the water containing ammonia by the sono-molecular conversion device to ultrasonically collapse microsized bubbles with transient cavitation in said water containing ammonia to effect nitrification of ammonia therein by sono-molecular-conversion. 
         [0016]    This invention is based on the considerable research by the inventor in the field of low-frequency ultrasound with respect to implosive transient cavitations bubble collapse wherein the very high temperatures (5,000° K.) and pressures (500 atmospheres) caused nitrification through dissociation of ammonia (NH 3 ) to nitrite (NO 2 ) and nitrite (NO 2 ) to nitrate (NO 3 ) and nitrate (NO 3 ) to nitrogen gas (N 2 +2H 2 O+½O 2 ). 
         [0017]    Another embodiment of this invention is mineralization wherein very high temperatures and pressures in conjunction with organic carbon (CH 3 ) or (CH 4 ) caused association where nitrate (NO 3 ) was reverted to nitrite (NO 2 ) and nitrite (NO 2 ) was reverted to ammonia (NH 3 ). 
         [0018]    Another embodiment of this invention is that mineralization and nitrification is made possible at any frequency of ultrasound that transient cavitations bubble collapse induces the necessary high temperature and pressure. 
         [0019]    Another embodiment of this invention is suspended-solids ultrasonic pulverization which provides a suspended, uninterruptible micron sized inorganic particle flow. 
         [0020]    Another embodiment of this invention is release of aqueous entrained anoxic gas (N 2 ) for atmospheric dispersal. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIGS. 1A through 1D  illustrates views of a self-contained, SMC console containing the components necessary to decontaminate industrial tertiary waste water in-flow according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIGS. 2A  and B illustrate water tank interconnections with the SMC console according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  illustrates a sono-molecular conversion device according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  illustrate a water tank interconnection with the SMC console according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is a chart showing ammonia nitrification at 2 W/cm 2 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  is a chart showing ammonia nitrification at 1 W/cm 2 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  is another chart showing ammonia nitrification. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  is an illustration of a known connection of ultrasound transducers to a flow pipe. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9  is a chart showing ammonia mineralization at 80 W/cm 2 . 
           [0030]      FIG. 10  is another chart showing ammonia nitrification at 80 W/cm 2 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0031]    A major technological difference between a bio filter and the sono molecular-conversion processes is that the former relies upon bacterial digestive oxidation processes of living aerobic and anaerobic organisms while the latter relies upon the science of matter, where high temperature and pressure initiates molecular dissociation and association causing molecules to split into simpler groups of atoms, single atoms or ions. 
       Sono-Molecular-Conversion Nitrification (Dissociation): 
       [0032]    The inventor&#39;s experimentation, has demonstrated the following interrelationships associated with sono-molecular-conversion nitrification (dissociation) of ammonia (NH 4 /NH 3 ). Ammonia/water mixtures were irradiated with ultrasound pressure waves having a frequency of 30 kHz and intensity settings of 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 W/cm 2 . The corresponding pressure amplitudes were, respectively, 212 kPa, 150 kPa, and 100 kPa. The ammonia/water concentrations were 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 250 mg/L. The water sources, variably experimented with, were municipal, spring and distilled. 
         [0033]      FIGS. 5 and 6  and the following tables illustrate the results of the experiments: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 EXPERIMENT # 1 - Nitrification (Dissociation) 
               
               
                 Results Summary Table - (see FIG. 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Status 
                 pH 
                 DO 
                 NH 4 /NH 3   
                 NO 2   
                 NO 3   
                 INTENSITY 
                 TIME 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Start 
                 7.6 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 2 mg/l 
                   0 mg/l 
                 &lt;5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                  0 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                 7.6 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 &lt;0.5 mg/l 
                 10 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 21 Hrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 EXPERIMENT # 2 - Nitrification (Dissociation) 
               
               
                 Results Summary Table - (see FIG. 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Status 
                 pH 
                 DO 
                 NH 4 /NH 3   
                 NO 2   
                 NO 3   
                 INTENSITY 
                 TIME 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Start 
                 7.6 
                 10 mg/l 
                 4 mg/l 
                    0 mg/l 
                  5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                   0 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                 7.6 
                  8 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 &lt;0.25 mg/l 
                 10 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 20.5 Hrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 EXPERIMENT # 3 - Nitrification (Dissociation) 
               
               
                 Results Summary Table - (see FIG. 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Status 
                 pH 
                 DO 
                 NH 4 /NH 3   
                 NO 2   
                 NO 3   
                 INTENSITY 
                 TIME 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Start 
                 7.6 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 8 mg/l 
                    0 mg/l 
                  5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                   0 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                 7.6 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 &lt;0.25 mg/l 
                 10 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 20.5 Hrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 EXPERIMENT # 4 - Nitrification (Dissociation) 
               
               
                 Results Summary Table - (see FIG. 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Status 
                 pH 
                 DO 
                 NH 4 /NH 3   
                 NO 2   
                 NO 3   
                 INTENSITY 
                 TIME 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Start 
                 7.6 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 250 mg/l 
                    0 mg/l 
                  5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                  0 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                 7.6 
                 9.0 mg/l 
                  0 mg/l 
                 &lt;0.25 mgl  
                 &gt;5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 20 Hrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 EXPERIMENT # 5 - Nitrification (Dissociation) 
               
               
                 Results Summary Table - (see FIG. 4) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Status 
                 pH 
                 DO 
                 NH 4 /NH 3   
                 NO 2   
                 NO 3   
                 INTENSITY 
                 TIME 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Start 
                 7.6 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 4 mg/l 
                   0 mg/l 
                  5 mg/l 
                 1 W/cm 2   
                  0 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                 7.6 
                  10 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0.25 mg/l 
                 10 mg/l 
                 1 W/cm 2   
                 40 Hrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0034]    The following observations were made as a result of the experiments: 
         [0035]    1) For equal water volumes containing different concentrations of ammonia, the time required to reduce all such varying ammonia concentrations to zero was the same. 
         [0036]    2) The time required to decrease a given total ammonia concentration in water to zero was inversely proportional to the applied sono-molecular-conversion intensity, (W/cm 2 ). For example, the time necessary to bring total ammonia concentration in water to zero with an applied sono-molecular-conversion intensity of 2 W/cm 2  was half that required at 1 W/cm 2 . 
         [0037]    3) After sono-molecular-conversion irradiation reduced total ammonia concentration in water to zero, the remaining residual concentrations of nitrite and nitrate remained unchanged with continuing sono-molecular-conversion irradiation. Further, at this point, even with several sequentially added ammonia concentrations being reduced to zero by sono-molecular-conversion, the residual concentrations of nitrite and nitrate showed only slight increase. 
         [0038]    4) Following initial nitrification, the residual concentration of nitrite was 0.25 mg/L and the residual concentration of nitrate was 5 mg/L. 
         [0039]    5) Following each sono-molecular-conversion, nitrification (dissociation) experiment, water pH remained virtually unchanged, i.e., the increase in pH was slight. After each sono-molecular-conversion experiment was completed, the concentration of dissolved oxygen remained the same or showed a slight increase. 
         [0040]    6) The above sono-molecular-conversion nitrification (dissociation) experiment results were independent of temperature of the water/ammonia mixture over the range of 48° F. to 87° F. 
         [0041]    For the above experiments, an 8.5 liter experimental tank volume contained 8,421,000 mg of water. The ammonia concentrations employed were 2 mg/l, 4 mg/l, 8 mg/l and 250 mg/l. Therefore, the corresponding weight of ammonia was 17 mg, 34 mg, 68 mg and 2125 mg, and the % weight of ammonia in tank water was 0.0002%, 0.0004% 0.0008% and 0.025%. 
         [0042]    Water and ammonia molecules weigh the same on the chemical scale. A water molecule consists of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen while an ammonia molecule consists of 1 atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen. When ammonia is added to water having a pH of 7, 99% of the ammonia molecules bond with water molecules forming ammonium (NH 4 ) ions. Ammonium ions repel one another. Ammonia (NH 3 ) is polar and as such readily dissolves in water. 
         [0043]    The end result is establishment of a widely separated  3 D lattice-work of ammonium ions submerged within the experimental tank water volume. Within the experimental tank water is a seemingly endless invisible fog of micron size contaminant nucleation sites interspersed relatively evenly throughout the water volume. When ultrasonic irradiation commences, a significant number of nucleation sites will form micron size bubbles which, with each succeeding pressure wave, will grow until they finally collapse. This cavitations process is repeated over and over again while ultrasonic irradiation continues. However, since the population of ammonium ions is evenly distributed throughout the water volume, there is an equal chance that the ammonium ion population particular to each ammonia/water concentration will experience the same percentage loss of ammonium ions to nitrification at the same time. 
         [0044]    Hence, all the above levels of ammonia/water concentrations will, as the experiment confirmed, complete the reduction of ammonia concentration to zero in the same time period as each curve is asymptotic to zero. 
         [0045]    It was reported by 0.1. Babikov in 1960, that increasing ultrasonic intensity (W/cm 2 ) shortened the time from cavitations bubble initiation to its catastrophic collapse. More precisely, it is an increase in both the rare factional and compressive pressure wave amplitudes that shortens the time from cavitations bubble initiation to its catastrophic collapse. Therefore, increasing the ultrasonic pressure amplitude increases the frequency of all individual micro sized bubble initiation to collapse events than will occur at lower ultrasonic pressure amplitudes. Since each ammonium ion situated adjacent to a collapsing micro sized bubble undergoes the nitrification process it follows that increasing ultrasonic pressure amplitude shortens the time to reduce a given ammonia/water concentration to zero.  FIG. 7  demonstrates the relationship between ultrasonic pressure amplitude and the sono-molecular-conversion-process duration, in hours, necessary to reduce all the above ammonia/water concentrations to zero. 
       Sono-Molecular-Conversion Mineralization: 
       [0046]    The inventor also experimented with sono-molecular-conversion of organic waste (uneaten fish-food) into inorganic ammonia. The fish-food/water mixtures were irradiated at an ultrasound frequency of 30 kHz at intensity settings of 2.0 and 1.0 W/cm 2 . The concentration of fish food was 1.1 gm/L. The water source experimented with was municipal. 
         [0047]      FIGS. 5 and 6  and the following tables illustrate the results of the experiments. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 EXPERIMENT # 6 - Mineralization 
               
               
                 Results Summary Table (TETRAFIN flakes, 0.38 gm/l), (see FIG. 5) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH 
                 DO 
                 NH 4 /NH 3   
                 NO 2   
                 NO 3   
                 INTENSITY 
                 TIME 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Denitrification 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (Association) 
               
               
                 Start 
                 7.4 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0.25 mg/l   
                 5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 0 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                   
                   
                 0.5 mg/l   
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 3 Hrs 
               
               
                 Mineralization 
               
               
                 Start 
                   
                   
                 0.5 mg/l   
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 3 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                   
                   
                 4 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 7 Hrs 
               
               
                 Nitrification 
               
               
                 (Dissociation) 
               
               
                 Start 
                   
                   
                 4 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 7 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                 7.4 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0.25 mg/l   
                 5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 35 Hrs  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 EXPERIMENT #7 - Mineralization 
               
               
                 Results Summary Table (CHICLID pellets, 0.38 gm/l), (see FIG. 6) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH 
                 DO 
                 NH 4 /NH 3   
                 NO 2   
                 NO 3   
                 INTENSITY 
                 TIME 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Denitrification 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (Association) 
               
               
                 Start 
                 7.4 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0.25 mg/l   
                 5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 0 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                   
                   
                 1 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 2 Hrs 
               
               
                 Mineralization 
               
               
                 Start 
                   
                   
                 1 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 2 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                   
                   
                 8 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 9 Hrs 
               
               
                 Nitrification 
               
               
                 (Dissociation) 
               
               
                 Start 
                   
                   
                 8 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 9 Hrs 
               
               
                 Finish 
                 7.4 
                 9.5 mg/l 
                 0 mg/l 
                 &lt;0.25 mg/l    
                 5 mg/l 
                 2 W/cm 2   
                 42 Hrs  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    The inventor&#39;s experimentation demonstrated the following interrelationships applicable to sono-molecular-conversion of organic fish waste (uneaten fish-food) into inorganic ammonia. 
         [0049]    1) For equal water volumes containing the same measure of organic matter, (fish-food), the time required to reduce organic matter to zero was the same. Zero Organic Matter Concentration was defined as the level of highest ammonia concentration converted by the mineralization process. 
         [0050]    2) The time required to decrease a given organic matter concentration to zero (as defined in 1, above) was inversely proportional to the applied ultrasonic intensity (W/cm 2 ). For example, the time necessary to bring organic matter concentration in water to zero with an applied ultrasonic intensity of 2.0 W/cm 2  was half that required at 1.0 W/cm 2 . 
         [0051]    3) Following each sono-molecular-conversion mineralization experiment, the water pH remained virtually unchanged, i.e., the increase in pH was slight. After each sono-molecular-conversion mineralization experiment was completed the concentration of dissolved oxygen remained the same or showed a slight increase. 
         [0052]    4) Coincident with the point of peak ammonia concentration and the simultaneous reduction of carbon to zero, the nitrification process automatically resumed and continued until the ammonia was reduced to 0.0 mg/L. 
       Sono-Molecular-Conversion Denitrification (Association): 
       [0053]    The inventor&#39;s experimentation, demonstrated the following interrelationships are applicable to sono-molecular-conversion denitrification (association) and occurred concurrently with the mineralization conversion of organic matter (uneaten fish-food) to inorganic ammonia. 
         [0054]    1) Before denitrification (association), the residual concentration of nitrite in water was &lt;0.25 mg/L and the residual concentration of nitrate was 5 mg/L. 
         [0055]    2) Very rapidly following the sono-molecular-conversion initiation of the mineralization process, the above nitrite and nitrate concentrations within the aqueous medium were converted to NH 3 . 
         [0056]    3) Thereafter, nitrite and nitrate concentration remained at 0.0 mg/L throughout the mineralization process, i.e., until the concentration of carbon was exhausted and ammonia concentration had peaked. 
         [0057]    4) For equal water volumes containing the same measure of organic matter (uneaten fish-food), the time required to decrease a given residual concentration of nitrite and nitrate to zero was the same. 
         [0058]    5) The time to decrease a given concentration of nitrite and nitrate to zero was inversely proportional to applied sono-molecular-conversion intensity (W/cm 2 ). 
         [0059]    For example, the time necessary to bring nitrite and nitrate concentration in water to zero with a sono-molecular-conversion intensity of 2.0 W/cm 2  was half the time required at 1.0 W/cm 2 . 
         [0060]    6) Following each sono-molecular-conversion nitrification (association) experiment, the water pH remained virtually unchanged, i.e., the increase in pH was slight. After each sono-molecular-conversion nitrification (association) experiment was completed, the concentration of dissolved oxygen remained unchanged or showed a slight increase. 
       Sono-Molecular-Conversion Nitrification/Mineralization/Denitrification: 
       [0061]    Each of the above water/contaminate mixture experiments were conducted separately using discrete but varying measures of ammonia (NH 3 ) and organic fish food. 
         [0062]    Nitrification (Dissociation): 
         [0063]    Several separate concentrations of NH 3  were added to the same, but separate volumes of water. Such mixtures were irradiated at specific sono-molecular-conversion intensities (W/cm 2 ) and with 30 kHz ultrasound to create continuous transient cavitations within the mixture until the NH 4 /NH 3  concentration was reduced to 0.0 mg/L. 
         [0064]    Mineralization: 
         [0065]    Similarly, several concentrations of organic fish-food were added to the same, but separate volumes of water. Such mixtures were irradiated at specific sono-molecular-conversion intensities (W/cm 2 ) and with 30 kHz ultrasound to create continuous transient cavitations within the mixtures until the organic (carbon) matter was fully converted into inorganic matter as indicated by the maximum concentration of ammonia converted. 
         [0066]    Denitrification (Association): 
         [0067]    Concurrent with the reduction of organic matter into inorganic matter (mineralization) it was observed that residual concentrations of nitrite (NO 2 ) and nitrate (NO 3 ) existing in the water volumes before commencement of the mineralization experiment were rapidly reduced to 0.0 mg/L and remained so throughout the mineralization conversion of organic matter to inorganic matter. 
         [0068]    The above separate experiment objectives are combinable and function together as one continuous 24/7 synergistic sono-molecular-conversion process to secure the above nitrification, mineralization and association objectives. 
         [0069]    In practice, the sono-molecular-conversion intensity (W/cm 2 ), is variably adjusted to the rate of ammonia concentration generated in a given aquaculture tank volume by the quantity of fish contained therein and the quantity of fish-food employed. That is, the sono-molecular-conversion intensity is adjusted in amplitude to reduce ammonia concentration at a rate equal to, or greater than, the combined rate at which the fish gill/urine, fish-food and fish feces are generating ammonia. 
         [0070]    The prime-mover for sono-molecular-conversion (SMC), in the aqueous medium is the presence of negative and positive alternating pressure waves which create micro-sized vapor-bubbles which, commensurate with the applied sono-molecular-conversion frequency, collapse upon reaching resonant size by a phenomenon known as transient cavitations. In the fish aquaculture SMC application, frequencies of interest extend over the ultrasonic range 20 to 60 kHz with 30 kHz being the frequency of choice. 
         [0071]    The range for the sono-molecular-conversion intensity setting is adjustable from zero to 10 W/cm 2 , (zero to 387 kPa) which corresponds to safe ammonia concentration reduction rate for fish cultured at a density of 5 lb/ft 3  and estimated uneaten feed of 1 gm/L. 
         [0072]    The preferred ammonia detoxification apparatus for a Recirculating Aquaculture System illustrated by U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/676,061, 10/912,608 and 11/042,607 is incorporated herein by reference, and is the same apparatus used herein. However, the invention&#39;s SMC technology is applicable as a “stand alone” ammonia detoxification device for existing RAS, as well as for integration with municipal and industrial organic waste reduction/conversion applications. The technology is also applicable to removing ammonia from waste waters, such as tertiary industrial waste water. 
         [0073]      FIGS. 1A-D  are side, rear, plan, and front elevations, respectively, of a sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  used in one or more embodiments of the present invention that are applicable to removing ammonia from waste waters, such as tertiary industrial waste water. 
         [0074]    Incoming water, such as waste water containing ammonia, is input through input  22  with the assistance of a peristaltic pump  5 . The incoming water flows up through a pipe  26  into a first sono-molecular converter (SMC)  1 , a more detailed view of which can be seen in  FIG. 3 . After exiting from the top of SMC  1 , the fluid passes through a horizontal pipe  28  into a second SMC  1 ′. The water exiting the second SMC  1 ′ travels through a pipe  25  and out through output  24 . 
         [0075]    As best seen in  FIG. 1C , each SMC includes 8 transducers  20  arranged in a circular pattern about a top portion of the SMC. 
         [0076]    An ultrasonic generator  2  generates ultrasonic energy and supplies the energy to the transducers  20 . A console  3  includes electronics for controlling the water quality probes  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9 ,  10 ,  11  and water quality indicators  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16 , and  17 , illustrated in  FIGS. 1B and 1D . A power supply  4  provides power to the various components of the sono-molecular conversion apparatus. 
         [0077]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are a plan view and a side view, respectively, of a single pass system utilizing the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-D . Water contaminated with ammonia is input into a contaminated tank  40  via an input  30 . At the bottom of the contaminated tank  40 , an output pipe  45  conveys the contaminated water to the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52 , which is illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-D . The contaminated water enters the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  via the input  22 . The treated water leaves the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  via the output  24  into pipe  56 . Pipe  56  delivers the treated water into a clean tank  47  via a nozzle  55 . Pipe  48  provides make up water, as needed, for water lost to evaporation and/or provide seed water for the jet-pump venturi after pipe  50  has conveyed decontaminated water from tank  47  to the destination required. 
         [0078]    The pipe  56  also includes a jet-pump venturi faucet  54  for creating a low pressure region in which nitrogen gas is extracted from the clean water and expelled to atmosphere. 
         [0079]    The sono-molecular converter  1  is illustrated in cross-section in  FIG. 3 . At the bottom of the SMC  1  is a first conduit  74  which can function as either an inlet or an outlet for the SMC  1 . At a region  76 , above the first conduit  74 , the diameter, and thus volume, of the SMC  1  is increased. A plurality, e.g., eight, transducers  20  are equally spaced in a semicircular manner at the top of the SMC  1 . The transducers  20  are angled so as to input ultrasound energy in an overlapping manner, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0080]    At the top center of the SMC  1  is a second conduit  72  that can function as either an inlet or an outlet for the SMC  1 . In view of the fact that the SMC  1  has a larger diameter at the expanded region  76 , water flowing through conduits  72 ,  74  is slowed down while it is resident in the center section  76 , thus increasing the dwell time of the liquid within the SMC  1 . As necessary, conduits  72  and  74  will be fitted with diffusers to lower water flow kinetic energy to ensure complete filling of the cone shaped volume  76  at all times. 
         [0081]    SMC  1  comprises two sections; an upper section comprising a circular stainless steel machined casting and a coned shaped stainless steel lower section. The machined casting and cone shaped section are bolted together and water sealed with an “O” ring gasket to form  72 ,  74  and  76 . 
         [0082]    Each of the eight transducers  20  comprise four elements, 1) an upper section containing a non-reflective component, 2) a piezo crystal bonded to the non-reflective upper section, 3) a polished stainless steel body with a threaded hole through its center and whose body is epoxy-bonded to a polished surface on the stainless steel casting and 4) a threaded bolt which passes through 1) and 2) and through thread tightening 3, anchors 1), 2) and 3) to the assembly comprising  72 ,  74  and  76 . 
         [0083]    According to a second embodiment of the present invention, a recirculating system is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . A cleaning tank  102  having a diameter of 26 feet and a tank capacity of 70,800 liters is fed by a pipe  101  with an inflow regulator  104 . A pipe  108  connects the cleaning tank  102  to the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52 . The sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  is the same equipment illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-D . A centrifugal pump and motor  106  pump liquid from the cleaning tank  102  to the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52 . In addition a pipe  103  delivers the output from the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  back to the cleaning tank  102 . Positioned along pipe  103  is a jet pump venturi faucet  105  which removes nitrogen gas from the liquid passing through the pipe  103 . Another pipe  109  is connected to the cleaning tank  102  to remove processed water from the tank after processing is complete. 
         [0084]    If, during processing, the water level in the tank  102  becomes low due to evaporation or other causes, make-up water can be added through pipe  107 . 
         [0085]    In view of the large capacity of the tank  102 , it is not possible to remove all of the ammonia from the tank  102  in one pass through the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52 . As a result, the system illustrated in  FIG. 4  is a recirculating system, wherein the liquid is recirculated between the tank  102  and the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  a number of times, for example, 15 to 30 times. 
         [0086]    The normal cleaning tank  102  recirculation rate of flow, while the effluent is within the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52 , is reduced to lower the required number of recirculation cycles. Optimization appears to occur when the sono-molecular conversion apparatus  52  rate of flow in liters/minute times the number of recirculation cycles equals the complete nitrification and association time period. 
         [0087]    For example, if the cleaning tank capacity is 70,800 liters, and the circulation rate=1180 liters/minute, the complete recirculation time equals 70,800/1180=60 minutes. 
         [0088]    During recirculation, every liter of effluent spends in the order of 1 minute in transition through the SMC  1  device. To effect complete ammonia removal at 80 W/cm 2 , every liter of effluent must transition through the SMC  1  device for 30 minutes, regardless of ammonia concentration. It follows that complete ammonia removal with one SMC  1  device takes 30 recirculation cycles (30 hours). When two SMC  1  devices are employed, ammonia removal time is reduced to 15 hours. 
         [0089]    With two SMC devices, after 15 hours, an ammonia concentration of 300,000 mg/liter in the cleaning tank  102  will remove 300,000×70800/1000×453.6=46,825 lbs of ammonia or 46,825/15×24=74,920 lb/day 
         [0090]    Also of importance is the location and arrangement of the ultrasonic transducers. Current sono chemical practice relies upon positioning ultrasonic transducers around the external periphery of existing piping. Often such transducers will be placed facing each other on opposite sides of a pipe, i.e., in juxtaposition, resulting in standing ultrasonic waves or wave cancellation with unreliable and unpredictable results. Such a state-of-the-art flow through technique is illustrated in  FIG. 8 , wherein a pipe  202  has a plurality of transducers  204  arranged facing each other on opposite sides of the pipe  202 . 
         [0091]    The placing of the ultrasonic transducers  20  in the same plane, equi-spaced in a circular pattern, at an inclined angled, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1C and 3 , and all operating at the same frequency from one ultrasonic power source, makes for focused ultrasonic intensity magnification without incurring pressure wave interference. The result therefore is predictable sono-molecular dissociation. 
         [0092]    With regard to the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 , the exact processes occurring in the SMC depends on which input effluent constituents are mixed with the waste water. 
         [0093]    When the input constituents are organic materials such as organic carbon (CH 3 ) or (CH 4 ) and nitrates (NO 3 ), the process associates the NO 3  to NH 3  and mineralizes the organic carbon into ammonia (NH 3 ). In this situation, mineralization is the dominant process. Whenever organic carbon exists the SMC will first mineralize the organic material, i.e., dissociating it into inorganic ammonia. Once the organic carbon is exhausted the SMC will automatically revert to the practice of nitrification (dissociation) with the end result being N 2 . 
         [0094]    When the input constituent is nitrate (NO 3 ) only, the process nitrifies (dissociates) the nitrates (NO 3 ) to N 2 . 
         [0095]    When the input constituent is ammonia only, the ammonia is converted by nitrification (dissociation) into NO 3 , then to N 2 . 
         [0096]    After the nitrification (dissociation) has been completed, the effluent is routed to the jet-pump venturi faucet to bring entrained N 2  gas out of solution for release to atmosphere. The effluent is then discharged in aqueous form for detoxified release as required. 
         [0097]      FIG. 9  demonstrates that, at the point of organic carbon exhaustion, the transition from mineralization to nitrification (dissociation) is automatic. 
         [0098]      FIG. 10  demonstrates that regardless of ammonia concentration, sono-molecular conversion nitrification (dissociation) will take place in the same time period. Unlike bacteria driven processes, sono-molecular conversion requires no oxygen, or alkali or acid addition for pH adjustment. 
       Environmental Impact: 
       [0099]    In the year 2005, U.S. Steel&#39;s ammonia discharge rate into Lake Michigan was 19 lb/day, British Petroleum&#39;s 2007 Permit allows 1582 lb/day, and unregulated paper makers discharge approximately 61,000 lb/day. 
         [0100]    Given a sono-molecular conversion system operating at an acoustic intensity of 80 W/cm 2 , the time required to reduce all ammonia concentrations up to 300,000 mg/l to zero for the single pass embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , and for the re-circulating system of  FIG. 4 , is approximately thirty minutes. See  FIG. 10 . 
         [0101]    The single pass embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  has a maximum ammonia removal rate of approximately 114 lb/day. The re-circulating system of  FIG. 4  has a maximum ammonia removal rate of approximately 74,920 lb/day. By contrast, a bio-film SBR has a maximum removal rate of approximately 67 lb/day 
         [0102]    In a sono-molecular conversion system, aqueous entrained gases such as nitrogen (N 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 , if present) are rapidly released to atmosphere with a jet pump venturi faucet which prevents these entrained gases from being discharged into public waterways or large lakes. The jet pump venturi faucet device features a high vacuum (⅓ atmosphere) rather than the design-limited low vacuum ( 1/100 atmosphere) illustrated and claimed in jet pump/venture faucet U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,141. 
         [0103]    The sono-molecular conversion ultrasonically pulverizes low-level concentration (ppm) suspended organic solids into micron size inorganic particles, thereby posing no sludge-forming organic solids ecosystem threat to public waterways or large lakes. 
         [0104]    Sono-molecular conversion, due to the extreme pressures and temperatures involved in ultrasonic transient cavitations, concurrently destroys bacteria, viruses, algae, parasites, and converts PCB and DDT into harmless short term acids. It has also been shown to effect cold evaporation of methyl mercury for filter collection before detoxified effluent is returned into the cleaning tanks. 
         [0105]    A battery of bio-film SBRs&#39; removing 74,920 lb of ammonia would emit 138 tons of CO 2  into the stratosphere. By contrast; one sono-molecular conversion system removing 74,920 lb of ammonia emits no green house gases. 
         [0106]    Sono-molecular conversion reduces PCB and DDT into harmless short-term acids and has the potential to effect cold evaporation of methyl mercury for collection. An SBR bio-film has no impact on these industrial pollutants of the Great Lakes eco system. 
         [0107]    Sono-molecular conversion converts organic waste to inorganic and destroys algae and parasites that pollute the Great Lakes eco system. SBR bio-film has no impact on these pollutants. 
       Carbon Dioxide: 
       [0108]    The same structure disclosed herein used for treating ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, can also be used to reduce CO 2  content in waste water. CO 2  in passing through sono-molecular-conversion at 5000° K. and 500 atmospheres undergoes thermal/pressure decomposition and subsequent dissociation to CO 2 , CO+O 2 . After 24 hours of dissociation, 222.3 kg of CO 2  yields 72.69 kg CO 2 +95.16 kg CO+54.48 kg O 2 . Since CO 2  and CO gases are continuously discharged to atmosphere there will be no build-up. 
         [0109]    Although the invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments and applications, one of ordinary skill in the art, in the light of this teaching, can generate additional embodiments and modifications without departing from the spirit of or exceeding the scope of the claimed invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the drawings and the descriptions herein proffered by way of example to facilitate comprehension of the invention and should not be construed to limit the scope thereof.