Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method, system and computer program for securely managing financial transactions and, more particularly, but not exclusively, transactions authorised by way of authenticated personal data. It is significantly based on authenticated personal data and provides a degree of assurance to financial entities that the personal data used to establish a customer account (and gain access thereto for the purposes of conducting a financial transaction) is genuine, as is the identity of the customer to whom the personal data relates. The identity assurance aspect provides by a rating system which gives a rating to a personal data record according to the number of items of personal data deemed to be authentic, the nature of the issuing source of the identity evidence (e.g. a passport is rated more highly than a sports club membership card) and the financial health of the relevant customer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is based on, and claims priority to, GB Application No. GB1409936.0, filed Jun. 4, 2014, the entire contents of which is fully incorporated herein by reference. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a method, system and computer program for securely managing financial transactions and, more particularly, but not exclusively, transactions authorised by way of authenticated personal data. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The UK Home Office Identity Fraud Steering Committee defines identity fraud as “when a false identity or someone else&#39;s identity details are used to support unlawful activity, or when someone avoids obligation/liability by falsely claiming that he/she was the victim of identity fraud” (National Fraud Authority, Fraud Typologies and Victims of Fraud—Literature Review 2009). Identity crimes are one of the fastest growing types of fraud in the UK. The UK&#39;s Fraud prevention service found that identity fraud accounted for roughly 50% of all frauds recorded in 2012; and that there had been a 9 percent increase in identity frauds, compared with 2011 (CIFAS 2012 Fraud Trends, 17 Jan. 2013). In December 2012 the National Fraud Authority suggested that identity fraud cost UK adults approximately £3.3 billion each year (National Fraud Authority, Annual Fraud Indicator 2013). However, this does not include any losses suffered by the public, private or charity sectors. Therefore, the full cost to the UK from identity fraud each year is likely to be considerably higher. Similarly, a National Crime Victimization Survey conducted in the US found that individual financial losses due to personal identity theft totaled $24.7 billion, over $10 billion more than the losses attributed to all other property crimes measured in the survey (Victims of Identity Theft 2012). 
         [0004]    The first step in identity theft is obtaining personal data (e.g. credit card numbers, social security numbers, driver&#39;s license numbers, ATM numbers, mortgage details, date of birth, passwords and PINs, home address, phone numbers etc. (A. Hedayati,  Jnl of law and Conflict Resolution , 4(1), 2012, 1-12)) pertaining to the victim. For clarity, and borrowing from the Data Protection Act 1998, the term “personal data” will be used henceforth to refer to data which relate to a living individual who can be identified from those data alone or in combination with other information in the possession of another person. 
         [0005]    The most common form of personal data obtained by offenders is credit card data. Offenders use this to order new credit cards and/or duplicate cards on an existing account; and to buy merchandise for their own use or to resell/return for cash (H. Copes H., and L. Vieraitis (2009) Identity Theft in J. Miller (Ed.) 21 st  Century  Criminology: a Reference Handbook , Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications Inc.). Offenders may sometimes change the billing address on a victim&#39;s credit card, so that the victim will not receive bills for the illicit purchases and see the fraudulent charges; thereby allowing the thief more time to abuse the victim&#39;s identity and credit. Offenders may also use stolen identities to acquire or produce additional identity-related documents, e.g. birth certificates, driver&#39;s licenses, social security cards and state identification cards etc. To reduce the risk of their identity being stolen, individuals are recommended to carry identity documents only when they are needed; and, at all other times, to keep their identity documents in a safe place. 
         [0006]    In a recent good practice guide (Good Practice Guide 45, December 2013 Issue No 2.2 —Identity Proofing and Verification of an Individual ) the UK Cabinet Office and the Communications Electronics Security Group (CESG) set out four levels of identity-proofing, providing increasing degrees of confidence that an applicant&#39;s claimed identity is their real identity. At level 1, the identity of the applicant need not be proved. The applicant is merely required to provide an identifier that can be used to confirm an individual as the applicant. At level 2, an applicant must claim an identity and provide evidence that supports the real world existence and activity of the identity. Level 3 requires that the provided evidence physically identifies the person to whom the identity belongs; and Level 4 requires the provision of further supporting evidence and the implementation of additional processes, including the use of biometrics to further protect an identity from impersonation or fabrication. 
         [0007]    However, in practice, there is often a substantial imbalance between the value of guarded properties and the levels of the security checks applied thereto. For example, ATMs which often cap cash withdrawals at £300 per day, use two identifying principles (i.e. knowing a PIN and possessing a debit/credit card) to guard money. However, online banking uses only one principle, namely knowing a username and password to empower a person to transfer thousands of pounds in a matter of seconds (S. Y. K. Wang and W Huang,  Internet Jnl of Criminology  2011). Similarly, notwithstanding the growing availability of high-tech identity verification tools (e.g. speech pattern analysis, fingerprint/retinal scanning etc.), a recent survey of information technology professionals revealed that low tech methods of identity verification are used more often than high-tech methods; and of the high tech methods, virtual credit cards and RFID technologies were the preferred options (J. Compomizzi, S. D&#39;Aurora and D. P. Rota,  Issues in Information Systems,  2013, 14(1), 162-168). 
         [0008]    Growing public use of mobile communications technologies and the convergence of these technologies with sensors and online social networks has caused an exponential increase in the creation and consumption of personal data. While the Internet was conceived as a decentralized network, the most widely used web applications today tend toward centralization. To use these applications, users must consent to the collection of their personal data by the applications. For example, social networks employ a centralized model in which the creator of the social network sets all the terms for membership thereof and has access to all the personal data of the network&#39;s members. Furthermore, user privacy is essentially defined by the privacy policies of the applications creators. Thus, control increasingly rests with centralized service providers who, as a consequence, have amassed unprecedented amounts of data about the behaviours and personalities of users. This prevents users from being able to control their own data, since once they hand the data over to a corporation, it is very difficult to refute or retract the decision. Similarly, given the sheer volume of data involved, it is impracticable for an individual to consent to all of the various ways in which data is collected and used. In addition, securing personal data is increasingly difficult in a distributed network system with multiple parties involved in storage and management, since they must all take appropriate steps to secure data from accidental release, theft, unauthorized access, and misuse. 
         [0009]    Recent years has seen the emergence of decentralized architectures as a response to the centralized services. Their underlying premise is that personal data is a personal asset, whose full potential value can only be realised if individuals are able to control what personal data they share with whom, for what purposes, under what terms and conditions; and if they can realise the benefits (including financial benefits) of doing so. These decentralized architectures reflect a paradigm shift from information as a tool in the hands of an organization to information as a tool in the hands of the individual, wherein privacy becomes a personal setting, rather than something dictated through a policy created by an organisation. These services include cloud-based personal data vault management platforms such as Personal Fill It (trade mark), My Personal Vault (trade mark), Mydex (trade mark), and Cloud IT (trade mark) recently launched by Barclays Bank (trade mark)). Open PDS enables computations on user data to be performed in a Personal Data Store (PDS) environment, under the control of the user, so that only the relevant summarized data for providing functionality to an application leaves the boundaries of the user&#39;s PDS (Y-A de Montjoye, S. S. Wang and A. Pentland,  IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin,  35-4(2012)). Similarly, FreedomBox provides a software platform that connects groups of individuals who trust each other. In parallel with these developments, there has been increased discussion of distributed and federated social network structures following a number of well-publicized privacy mishaps by Facebook (trade mark) and Google (trade mark). 
         [0010]    However, detection of fraud is difficult in an architecture without a single point of data aggregation, management and control (A. Narayanan, V. Toubiana, S. Barocas, H. Nissenbaum and D. Boneh:  A Critical Look at Decentralized Personal Data Architectures . CoRR abs/1202.4503 (2012)). It should be noted that one of the challenges in identifying identity thieves is that they may operate under multiple identities including actual identities, stolen identities and cyber identities. Personal Data Management Systems and distributed social networks could potentially provide a useful hiding place for identity thieves, by enabling the relatively easy creation of multiple digital identities for an individual. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method for securely managing financial transactions, the method comprising the steps of:
       creating for a first client an account in a repository to produce a first client account;   storing personal data of the first client in the first client account;   allowing the first client to configure the first client account to store therein details of   (a) one or more financial entities with whom the first client is willing to transact; and   (b) a maximum limit on a value of a transaction the first client is willing to undertake with the or each financial entity;   receiving a request from a financial entity for access to a second client account of a second client, the said request comprising a value of a transaction to be undertaken between the second client and the financial entity;   determining whether the second client has a second client account in the repository;   determining, in the event the second client has a second client account in the repository, whether the financial entity is among those whose details are stored in the second client account;   comparing, in the event the financial entity is among those whose details are stored in the second client account, the value of the transaction with the details stored in the second client account of the maximum limit on the value of a transaction the second client is willing to undertake with the financial entity; and   allowing the transaction to be conducted in the event the value of the transaction is less than the maximum limit on the value of a transaction the second client is willing to undertake with the financial entity;   characterised in that the step of creating an account for the first client comprises the steps of:   receiving one or more items of identity evidence from the first client;   extracting one or more features from the or each item of received identity evidence;   validating the authenticity of the or each item of received identity evidence by comparing the or each extracted feature from the or each item of received identity evidence with related one or more items of feature information acquired from an issuing source for the or each item of identity evidence; and   verifying that the first client is the genuine owner of the identity being claimed by way of the received identity evidence; and   the step of storing personal data of the first client in the first client account comprises the step of storing the extracted features from the or each item of received identity evidence whose authenticity has been validated.       
 
         [0028]    Preferably, the step of validating the authenticity of the or each items of received identity evidence comprises the step of cross-comparing at least some of the extracted features from the or each item of received identity evidence to assess their consistency with each other and the related one or more items of feature information acquired from an issuing source for the or each relevant item of identity evidence. 
         [0029]    Preferably, the method comprises the step of issuing a token to the first client on creation of the account of the first client account, and storing details of the token in the repository, so that the token is usable to identify the first client as having an account with the repository. 
         [0030]    Preferably, the step of allowing the first client to configure the first client account comprises the step of allowing the first client to reconfigure the token issued thereto. 
         [0031]    Desirably, the method comprises the step of providing a rating to the first client account according to the number of received items of identity evidence whose authenticity has been validated. 
         [0032]    Desirably, the method comprises the step of providing a rating to the first client account according to the issuing source of the or each item of received identity evidence. 
         [0033]    Desirably, the step of creating the first client account, is preceded by a step of allowing an operator to establish a first threshold value; and the step of validating the authenticity of the or each items of received identity evidence comprises the step of issuing an alert message in the event a number of received items of identity evidence are found not to be authentic and the number of received items of identity evidence found not to be authentic exceeds the first threshold value. 
         [0034]    Preferably, the method comprises the step of requesting the first client to present further items of identity evidence in the event the number of items of received identity evidence found not to be authentic is less than the first threshold value. 
         [0035]    Preferably,
       (a) the step of creating the first client account, is preceded by a step of allowing the operator to establish a repeat limit; and   (b) the step of requesting the first client to present further items of identity evidence is continued until a required number of items of identity evidence found to be authentic is achieved or until the number of times further items of identity evidence are requested exceeds the repeat limit.       
 
         [0038]    Preferably, the step of requesting the first client to present further items of identity evidence comprises the step of issuing an alert message in the event the number of times further items of identity evidence are requested exceeds the repeat limit. 
         [0039]    Desirably, the step of creating a first client account is followed by a step of checking a financial status of the first client and the step of providing a rating to the first client account comprises the step of providing a rating to the first client account according to the net worth of the first client. 
         [0040]    Desirably, the step of storing personal data of the first client in the first client account comprises a step of allowing the first client to add further personal data to the first client account. 
         [0041]    Desirably, the step of storing personal data of the first client in the first client account comprises a step of contacting third party sources to acquire additional personal data of the first client and adding the additional personal data to the first client account. 
         [0042]    Preferably, the step of allowing the first client to configure the first client account comprises the step of allowing the first client to configure the first client account to specify details of one or more elements of the personal data stored in the first client account, the first client is willing to share with the or each of the financial entities. 
         [0043]    Preferably, the step of comparing the value of the transaction with the details stored in the second client account of the maximum limit on the value of a transaction the second client is willing to undertake with the financial entity comprises the steps of
       (a) providing, in the event the financial entity is among those whose details are stored in the second client account, the financial entity with the or each elements of the personal data stored in the second client account, the second client is willing to share with the financial entity;   (b) allowing the financial entity to use the or each provided elements of the personal data to further verify the identity of the second client; and   (c) comparing, in the event identity of the second client has been further verified by the financial entity, the value of the transaction with the details stored in the second client account of the maximum limit on the value of a transaction.       
 
         [0047]    Preferably, the method comprises the step of issuing an alert in the event of any one of the occurrences selected from the group comprising
       the second client does not have a second client account with the repository;   the financial entity&#39;s details are not stored in the second client account; and   the value of the transaction exceeds the maximum limit on the value of a transaction the second client is willing to undertake with the financial entity.       
 
         [0051]    Desirably, the method comprises the further step of recording the outcome of substantially every received request for access to the second client account. 
         [0052]    Desirably, the step of recording the outcome of substantially every received request for access to the second client account comprises the step of issuing an alert message to the second client on receipt of a request for access to the second client account, the alert message comprising details of the outcome of the received request. 
         [0053]    According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a system for securely managing financial transactions, the system comprising a registration module adapted to create in a repository a first client account for a first client;
       a personal data store coupled with the first client account and adapted to store personal data of the first client;   a configuration module adapted to allow the first client to configure the first client account to store details of one or more financial entities with whom the first client is willing to transact; and details of a maximum limit on a value of a transaction the first client is willing to undertake with a given financial entity;   an access request handler adapted to receive a request from a financial entity for access to a second client account of a second client;   a token validation module adapted to determine whether the second client has a second client account in the repository;   an accessor identifier adapted to be activated by the token validation module on confirmation that the second client has a second client account in the repository, to determine whether the financial entity is amongst those whose details are stored in the second client account;   a comparator adapted to be activated by the accessor module on confirmation that the financial entity&#39;s details are stored in the second client account, to compare the value of the transaction with the details stored in the second client account of the maximum limit on the value of a transaction the second client is willing to undertake with the financial entity; and   a transaction conductor adapted to be activated by the comparator on confirmation that the value of the transaction is less than the maximum limit, to allow the transaction to be undertaken   characterised in that the registration module comprises   (a) a sampling device adapted to receive one or more items of identity evidence from the first client, to create received identity evidence;   (b) a feature extraction module adapted to extract one or more features from the or each item of received identity evidence, to create one or more extracted features; and   (c) a verification/validation module adapted to:
           validate the authenticity of the or each items of received identity evidence, by comparing the or each extracted feature with related one or more items of feature information acquired from an issuing source for the or each relevant item of received identity evidence; and   verify that the first client is the genuine owner of the identity being claimed by way of the received identity evidence; and   
           the personal data store is adapted to store the extracted features whose authenticity has been validated.       
 
         [0068]    Preferably, the verification/validation module is adapted to validate the authenticity of the or each items of received identity evidence by cross-comparing at least some of the extracted features from the or each item of received identity evidence to assess their consistency with each other and the related one or more items of feature information acquired from an issuing source for the or each relevant item of identity evidence. 
         [0069]    Preferably, the system comprises a digital token store comprising one or more client digital tokens issued to the first client and by which the first client may be subsequently recognised by the system as having a an account with the repository. 
         [0070]    Preferably, the client digital token may be reconfigured by the first client. 
         [0071]    Desirably, the client digital token comprises an element from the set comprising a PIN, a password, a fingerprint scan, a facial scan or an iris scan. 
         [0072]    Desirably, the first client account comprises a rating, the value of the rating being determined by the number of items of received identity evidence whose authenticity has been validated. 
         [0073]    Desirably, the value of the rating is determined by the issuing source of the or each item of received identity evidence. 
         [0074]    Preferably, the system comprises a of a first threshold whose value is configurable by an operator; and the verification/validation module is adapted to issue an alert message in the event one or more received identity evidence are found not to be authentic; and the number of items of received identity evidence found not to be authentic exceeds the first threshold. 
         [0075]    Preferably, the verification/validation module is adapted to request the first client to present further items of identity evidence in the event the number of items of received identity evidence found not to be authentic is less than the first threshold value. 
         [0076]    Preferably, the system comprises a repeat limit whose value is configurable by an operator and wherein the verification/validation module is adapted to continue to request the first client to present further items of identity evidence until a required number of items of identity evidence found to be authentic is achieved or until the number of times further items of identity evidence are requested exceeds the repeat limit. 
         [0077]    Desirably, the registration module is adapted to check the financial status of the first client; and the value of the rating of the first client account is determined by the net worth of the first client. 
         [0078]    Desirably, the personal data store is adapted to store further personal data provided by one selected from the group comprising the first client and one or more third party sources on request by the first client. 
         [0079]    Desirably, the configuration module is adapted to allow the first client to configure the first client account to specify details of one or more elements of the personal data stored in the first client account, the first client is willing to share with the or each of the financial entities. 
         [0080]    Preferably, the comparator is adapted to be activated by the accessor module on confirmation that the financial entity&#39;s details are stored in the second client account, to
       (a) provide the financial entity with the or each elements of the personal data stored in the second client account, the second client is willing to share with the financial entity;   (b) allow the financial entity to use the or each provided element of the personal data to further verify the identity of the second client; and   (c) compare, in the event the identity of the second client has been further verified by the financial entity, the value of the transaction with the details stored in the second client account of the maximum limit on the value of a transaction.       
 
         [0084]    Preferably, the system is adapted to issue an alert in the event of any one of the occurrences selected from the group comprising
       the second client does not have a second client account with the repository;   the financial entity&#39;s details are not stored in the second client account; and   the value of the transaction exceeds the maximum limit on the value of a transaction the second client is willing to undertake with the financial entity.       
 
         [0088]    Preferably, the system comprises a transaction history archive adapted to store the outcome of substantially every received request for access to the personal data of the second client. 
         [0089]    Preferably, the system is adapted to notify the second client of every received request for access to the personal data of the second client and details of the outcome of the received request. 
         [0090]    Desirably, the identity evidence received from the first client may comprise one selected from the group comprising documentary forms of identity evidence, biometric forms of identity evidence and biochemical forms of identity evidence. 
         [0091]    Desirably, the sampling device comprises one selected from the group comprising a scanner, a passport reader, a fingerprint reader, a camera/face scanner and an iris scanner. 
         [0092]    Desirably, the digital token comprises one selected from the group comprising a PIN, a password, a fingerprint scan, a facial photograph and an iris scan. 
         [0093]    According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a secure financial transaction management computer program, tangibly embodied on a computer readable medium, the computer program product including instructions for causing a computer to execute the method for securely managing financial transactions of the first aspect of the invention. 
         [0094]    The present invention is a significant step forward from prior art financial transaction management systems, since it is significantly based on authenticated personal data. This provides a degree of assurance to financial entities using the present invention that the personal data used to establish a customer account (and gain access thereto for the purposes of conducting a financial transaction) is genuine, as is the identity of the customer to whom the personal data relates. The identity assurance aspect is copper-fastened by a rating system which provides a rating to a personal data record according to the number of items of personal data deemed to be authentic, the nature of the issuing source of the identity evidence (e.g. a passport is rated more highly than a sports club membership card) and the financial health of the relevant customer. 
         [0095]    The present invention provides an enhanced mechanism for reducing the costs to financial entities of identity fraud or fraudulent transactions conducted using customer accounts. The present invention also provides a unobtrusive mechanism for verifying the identity of customers, which avoids the irritations to customers of more intrusive or cumbersome identity checking measures. In addition, the present invention provides a greater degree of assurance to customers that their financial accounts are likely to be more secure from fraudsters. This will act as an incentive for attracting customers to financial entities using the system of the present invention. In view of the greater degree of assurance the present invention provides to financial entities regarding the security of customer accounts and enhanced detection of fraudsters, financial entities may alter the blanket-wide caps they currently employ on the value of allowable financial transactions, to embrace variable caps tailored to the rating provided by the present invention to individual customer accounts. In so doing, the financial entities may provide a more customer-sensitive and customer-centric financial transaction support service. 
         [0096]    From the user&#39;s perspective, another advantage is that the present invention employs a digital token mechanism by which the personal data record may be conveniently accessed. This allows the user to provide personal data to financial entities as often as required, while allowing the original physical identity documents (on which the client accounts are based) to be held in safe-keeping at home or in another location. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0097]    An embodiment of the present invention is herein described, by way of example of only, with reference to the accompanying figures in which: 
           [0098]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data; 
           [0099]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data; 
           [0100]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart of a registration process in the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data; and 
           [0101]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart of an enhanced security method for managing financial transactions in accordance with a first aspect of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0102]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , while certain specific features are illustrated, those skilled in the art will appreciate from the present disclosure that various other features have not been illustrated for the sake of brevity and so as not to obscure more pertinent aspects of the implementations disclosed herein. Similarly, for the sake of clarity, the term “identity” will be used henceforth to mean a collection of attributes that uniquely define a person (the fact of being what a person is). Similarly, the term “identity evidence” will be used henceforth to mean information and/or documentation provided by a user to support their claim to a specified identity. Similarly, the term “issuing source” will be used henceforth to refer to an authority that is responsible for the generation of data and/or documents that may be used as identity evidence, for example, security forces, intelligence agencies, border control/immigration agencies, welfare agencies, utility companies, banks or other financial organisations etc. Furthermore, the term “authoritative source” will be used henceforth to refer to an authority that has access to sufficient information from an issuing source that they are able to confirm the validity of an item of identity evidence. 
         [0103]    The system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data may comprise a registration module  10 , a management module  12  and an accessor module  14 . The management module  12  may comprise an account handler  16  and an access request handler  18 . Both the registration module  10  and the accessor module  14  may be coupled with the management module  12  by way of one or more network and other communications interfaces (not shown) and through any combination of wired and wireless local area network (LAN) and/or wide area network (WAN), including a portion of the internet  20 . The skilled person will understand that while the access request handler  18  is shown as a separate entity to the account handler  16 , this configuration is provided for example purposes only. The system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data should in no way be construed as being limited to the depicted configuration, since the access request handler  16  may be integral with the account handler  18 . 
         [0104]    The registration module  10  may comprise a sampling device  22 . The sampling device  22  may comprise a camera or scanner or other device suitable for capturing a one or more images (or other graphical representations) of a one or more presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) presented by a first client  19 . For example, the documentary items of identity evidence might include a passport, a driving license, a military personnel card or a utility bill etc. The skilled person will understand that these are provided for illustration purposes only; and should in no way be construed as limiting the system to these documentary items of identity evidence. Similarly, the skilled person will understand that while  FIG. 1  shows at least three items of documentary identity evidence, this is provided for illustration purposes only; and should in no way be construed as limiting the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. In particular, the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data is extendable to any number and/or form of documentary identity evidence. 
         [0105]    The sampling device  22  may also include a means of acquiring and processing biometric or biochemical forms of identity evidence of a first client  24 . For example, the sampling device  22  may be a fingerprint reader configured to acquire a fingerprint from the first client  24 . Alternatively, the sampling device  22  may be a DNA reader configured to analyse and determine the DNA sequence from an appropriate sample provided by the first client  24 . The skilled person will understand that these examples are provided for illustration purposes only, and should in no way be construed as limiting the scope or function of the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. In particular, the system is extendable to assess any biometric or biochemical forms of identity evidence as required. For brevity, the images of the one or more items of documentary forms of identity evidence and/or biometric or biochemical forms of identity evidence will henceforth be collectively known as “acquired attributes”. 
         [0106]    The sampling device  22  may be adapted to transmit the acquired attributes to a verification/validation module  26 . The verification/validation module  26  may comprise a feature extraction module  28  adapted to receive the acquired attributes from the sampling device  22 ; and extract one or more features (“extracted features”  ExFt ε           u ) from the acquired attributes. The extracted features may depend on the acquired attribute from which they are obtained. Subject to this, the number and nature of the extracted features obtained from a given acquired attribute may be user-configurable. For example, the feature extraction module  28  may be adapted to extract features such as date of birth or issuing office from an image of a presented passport document. Alternatively, the feature extraction module  28  may be adapted to extract ridge features from a fingerprint. The skilled person will understand that the above-mentioned extracted features and acquired attributes are provided for example purposes only; and should in no way be construed as limiting the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data to these extracted features and/or acquired attributes. On the contrary, the system is adaptable to embrace any number and type of extracted features and acquired attributes. 
         [0107]    The feature extraction module  28  may be adapted to transmit the extracted features to a one or more comparison engines (ENG 1 , ENG 2  . . . ENG m ), the or each of which may be adapted to authenticate the or each of the extracted features, by:
       (a) comparing the or each extracted feature with related feature information (not shown) gathered from an issuing source (not shown); and/or   (b) cross-comparing at least some of the extracted features to assess their consistency with each other and their related feature information (not shown) gathered from an issuing source (not shown).       
 
         [0110]    Alternatively, the comparison engines (ENG 1 , ENG 2  . . . ENG m ) may be adapted to delegate the comparison or cross-comparison operations to an authoritative source (not shown). From these operations, the or each comparison engine (ENG 1 , ENG 2  . . . ENG m ) may produce an output comprising an indication of the authenticity of the or each relevant extracted feature. The outputs from the comparison engines (ENG 1 , ENG 2  . . . ENG m ) may be aggregated in a decision module  30  which may be adapted to perform one or both of a:
       (a) validation process to determine whether the or each of the presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) is authentic; and   (b) verification process (using for example, the acquired biometric and/or biochemical forms of identity evidence) to determine whether the first client  24  is the owner of the identity they are claiming through the presented items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ).       
 
         [0113]    Based on the outcomes of the validation process and/or the verification process, the decision module  30  may be adapted to produce an output indicating:
       (a) the number of presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) deemed to be authentic/lack authenticity (i.e. may be fraudulent, counterfeit or forged) by comparison with information from the issuing/authoritative source; and   (b) the first client  24  is, or is not, deemed to be the authentic owner of the claimed identity.       
 
         [0116]    The registration module  10  may be adapted to:
       (a) store a record of the presented items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) and provide an alert message to the authorities, in the event the decision module  30  produces an output indicating that the number of presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) deemed to lack authenticity exceeds a pre-defined first threshold, or that the first client  19  is not the authentic owner of the claimed identity; or   (b) issue an account activation message (Activate) to the account handler  16  in the event the decision module  30  produces an output indicating that the number of presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) deemed to be authentic exceeds a pre-defined second threshold; and the first client  19  is the authentic owner of the claimed identity, wherein the account activation message (Activate) comprises the or each of the extracted features from the authenticated items of identity evidence; or   (c) issue a request to the first client  24  to provide one or more alternative items of identity evidence, in the event, the decision module  30  produces an output indicating that the number of presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) lacking authenticity is less than the first threshold; the number of presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) deemed to be authentic is less than the second threshold; and the first client  24  is the authentic owner of the claimed identity.       
 
         [0120]    The sampling device  22  and the verification/validation module  26  may be housed in a same computer system of a trusted intermediary body (e.g. bank, post office etc.) and remotely located from the rest of the system of the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. Alternatively, the verification/validation module  26  may be housed remotely of the sampling device  22  which remains within the trusted intermediary body. In this alternative formulation, the acquired attributes are encrypted prior to their transmission to the verification/validation module  26 . 
         [0121]    The account handler  16  may be adapted to create a client account for the first client  24  on receipt of an account activation message (Activate) from the registration module  10 . The account handler  16  may be adapted to provide a rating to the client account according to the number of presented documentary items of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) deemed to be authentic by the decision module  30 . The account handler  16  may also adapted to adjust the rating according to the issuing source of a presented documentary item of identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2  . . . IDEv n ) or the authoritative source for the authentication of a presented item of identity evidence. The rating may provide an indication of confidence in the authenticity of the client (and client account) corresponding with a recognizable level of identity proofing and clearance. 
         [0122]    The account handler  16  may be adapted, on creation of a client account, to store in a personal data store  32  associated with the client account, the or each extracted feature from the received account activation message (Activate). The personal data store  32  may be contained in a distributed computing environment (e.g. the cloud) or in a monolithic computing environment (e.g. a dedicated server). The personal data store  32  may be adapted to store further personal data ( Fdat ε           v ) received by the account handler  16  from the first client  24  or one or more third party sources (not shown) on request by the first client  24 . For example, the further personal data Fdat may include credit rating information or details of recent travel (e.g. flight bookings etc.) or purchases (e.g. from vendor receipts etc.). The skilled person will understand that these examples of further personal data are provided for illustration purposes only and should in no way be construed as limiting the operation of the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data to these examples. In particular, the system is adaptable to store any form of further personal data Fdat. 
         [0123]    The account handler  16  may also be adapted to communicate the further personal data Fdat to the comparison engines (ENG 1 , ENG 2 , ENG m ) for authentication prior to the storage of the further personal data Fdat in the personal data store  32 . Thus, the personal data store  32  may include unauthenticated data (from the further personal data Fdat) and authenticated data (acquired by the registration module  10  and used to establish the client account). In the event the further personal data Fdat is not authenticated, the personal data store  32  may be adapted to store the further personal data Fdat with a flag indicating its unauthenticated status. The account handler  16  may be adapted to adjust the rating on the client account according to the number of items of further personal data Fdat stored therein; or the source of the further personal data Fdat; or the number of authenticated stored further personal data items Fdat. For brevity, the extracted features used to establish the client account and the further personal data Fdat will be collectively known henceforth as “client data” ( CD ) wherein  CD = ExFt ∪ Fdat . Thus,  CD ε           s , where s=u+v. 
         [0124]    The account handler  16  may comprise a configuration module  34 , which in turn, may comprise an accepted organisations module  36 . The accepted organisations module  36  may comprise an organisations list  38  associated with each client account, wherein the organisations list  38  may comprises one or more identifiers of organisations (Org 1 , Org 2 , Org p ) (i.e.  Org ε           p ) with whom the first client  24  is willing to share data from their personal data store  32 . The accepted organisations module  36  may also comprise an allowed data matrix  40  (Alldatε           txp ) associated with each client account, wherein the allowed data matrix  40  may comprise identifiers for the elements of the client data ( CD ) the first client  24  is willing to share with each of the organisations  Org  identified in the client&#39;s organisations list  38 . Using the above nomenclature, the first client  24  may choose to allow a given organisation Org i  access to personal data items  Alldat i   =identifiers ⊂   CD  (i=1 to p) and  Alldat i   ε           j , j≦s. 
         [0125]    Both the organisations list  38  and the allowed data matrix  40  may be reconfigurable by the first client  24  to add or remove elements thereto/therefrom. Indeed, the allowed data matrix  40  may be reconfigurable by the first client  24  on presentation of the first client&#39;s digital token to a requesting organisation (described below) to support an engagement with the requesting organisation. 
         [0126]    The person skilled in the art will understand that while the accepted organisations module  36  is shown in  FIG. 1  as a separate entity to the personal data store  32 , this depiction is provided for ease of understanding of their different functionalities. However, the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data is not limited to this implementation. Instead, the organisations list  38  and the allowed data matrix  40  may be storable together with the personal data store  32 . Alternatively, the organisations list  38  and the allowed data matrix  40  may be storable separately of each other and/or the personal data store  32  in other distributed or monolithic computing environments. 
         [0127]    The configuration module  34  may further comprise a digital token store  42  comprising a one or more client digital tokens (not shown) issued to the first client and by which the first client  24  may be subsequently recognised by the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. The or each client digital token (not shown) may be configurable by the first client  24 ; and may, for example, comprise a password or personal identification number (PIN) selected by the first client  24  which may be transmittable to and storable in a mobile computing/communications device (not shown) in the possession of the first client  24 . Alternatively, the or each client digital token (not shown) may comprise a biometric feature (e.g. fingerprint, face or iris scan etc.), in which case the first client  24  themselves contain these features (so there is no need to transmit the digital representation of these features to the mobile computing/communications device (not shown) for storage therein). It will be understood that the above examples of client digital tokens are provided for illustration purposes only; and that the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data should in no way be construed as being limited to these examples. Instead, the system is extendable to any form of client digital token selected by the first client  24 . 
         [0128]    The client digital token (not shown) may be used to allow the first client  24  to gain access to their client account (not shown) and amend details therein, for example, to add/remove organisations from the organisations list  38  or identifiers for specific elements of client data which the user is willing to share with a given organisation from the organisations list  38 . Alternatively, the client digital token (not shown) may be used to subsequently identify a person presenting it, by supporting requests from organisations for access to the stored client data of the first client  24 . 
         [0129]    The system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data may also include an accessor module  14  which may be accessed by a requesting organisation  44  requesting access to personal data stored in the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. The accessor module  14  may comprise a token processor  46 , a data receiver module  48  and an operator display  50 . The token processor  46  may be adapted to receive a candidate digital token  52  from a second client  54 . The candidate digital token  52  is a unique identifier of the second client  54 ; and may comprise a fingerprint, a facial scan or an iris scan from the second client  54 , or a password or PIN etc. It will be understood that the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data is not limited to these candidate digital tokens, but is extendable to any form of candidate digital token required by the requesting organisation  44 . The accessor module  14  may construct an access request (Acc_Req) from the requesting organisation  44  for access to the stored personal data of the second client  54  (as identified by the candidate digital token  52 ). To this end, the access request (Acc_Req) comprises:
       (a) the candidate digital token  52  received by the token processor  46 ;   (b) an identifier (not shown) of the requesting organisation  44 ; and   (c) details of which elements of the stored client data the requesting organisation  44  wishes to gain access       
 
         [0133]    The accessor module  14  may be adapted to communicate the access request (Acc_Req) to the access request handler module  18  in the management module  12 . 
         [0134]    The access request handler module  18  may comprise a token validation module  56  and an access processor  58 . The token validation module  56  may be adapted to extract a candidate digital token  52  from a received access request (Acc_Req). The token validation module  56  may also be adapted to communicate with the digital token store  42  to compare the candidate digital token  52  with the client digital tokens contained in the digital token store  42 . The token validation module  56  may be adapted to communicate a validation message (VM) to the accessor processor  58  in the event the candidate digital token  52  matches a client digital token in the digital token store  42 . The validation message (VM) comprises a confirmation that the second client  54  is a client registered with the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. The token validation module  56  may also be adapted to communicate an alert message (AM 1 ) to the accessor module  14  in the event the received candidate digital token  52  does not match a client digital token. The alert message (AM 1 ) may comprise a notification that the second client  54  is not a client registered with the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. 
         [0135]    The access processor  58  may comprise an accessor identifier  60 , a comparator  61  and a data extractor  62 . The access processor  58  may be adapted to receive the validation message (VM) from the token validation module  56  and activate the accessor. identifier  60 . The accessor identifier  60  may be adapted, on activation, to extract from the received access request (Acc_Req) the identifier of the requesting organisation  44 . The accessor identifier  60  may be adapted to communicate with the organisations list  38  of the client account (not shown) whose client digital token matches the candidate digital token  52 ; and compare the identifier of the requesting organisation  44  with those in the organisations list  38 . The accessor identifier  60  may be adapted to activate the comparator  61  in the event the identifier of the requesting organisation  44  matches an identifier in the organisations list  38  (i.e. the requesting organisation is an organisation with whom the second client  54  is willing to share their data). The accessor identifier  60  may also be adapted to transmit a secondary alert message (AM 2 ) to the accessor module  14  in the event the identifier of the requesting organisation  44  does not match an identifier in the organisations list  38 . The secondary alert message (AM 2 ) may comprise a notification that the second client  54  is unwilling to share their data with the requesting organisation  44  or is only willing to share their data with the requesting organisation on payment to the second client of a specified fee. 
         [0136]    The comparator  61  may be adapted, on activation to extract from the received access request (Acc_Req) details of the elements of the stored client data the requesting organisation  44  wishes to gain access. The comparator  61  may also be adapted to communicate with the allowed data matrix  40  of the client account (not shown) whose client digital token matches the candidate digital token  5  and determine whether the data to which the requesting organisation  44  has requested access matches the identifiers of the elements of the second client&#39;s data (in the associated personal data store  32 ) the second client  54  is willing to share with the requesting organisation  44 . The comparator  61  may be adapted to activate the data extractor  62  on confirmation of a match. The comparator  61  may also be adapted to transmit an alert message to the accessor module  14  in the event the data to which the requesting organisation  44  has requested access does not match the identifiers of the elements of the second client&#39;s data (in the associated personal data store  32 ) the second client  54  is willing to share with the requesting organisation  44 . The alert message may comprise a notification that the second client is unwilling to share the requested personal data with the requesting organisation, or is only willing to share the requested personal data with the requesting organisation on payment to the second client of a specified fee. 
         [0137]    The data extractor  62  may be adapted, on activation, to communicate with the allowed data matrix  40  of the client account (not shown) whose client digital token matches the candidate digital token  5 , to retrieve therefrom the identifiers of the elements of the second client&#39;s data (in the associated personal data store  32 ) requested by the requesting organisation  44 . The data extractor  62  may be adapted to communicate the identifiers to the personal data store  32  and retrieve therefrom the relevant client data elements ( CD ). The data extractor  62  may be adapted to communicate the retrieved client data elements ( CD ) to the data receiver module  48  in the accessor module  14 . The data receiver module  48  may be adapted to process the retrieved client data elements ( CD ) and display a result thereof on the operator display  50 . The access request handler  18  may also be adapted to store in a transaction history archive  64 , a record of one or more of the received access requests (Acc_Req), including the date and time of receipt and the outcomes thereof (including alert messages (AM 1 , AM 2 ), personal data transmission etc.). The access request handler  18  may also be adapted to adjust the rating on the client account (not shown) according to the number and/or frequency of successful received access requests (Acc_Req). 
         [0138]    Referring to  FIG. 2  together with  FIG. 1 , the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may comprise a registration process  70  adapted for registering a first client  24  with the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. The registration process  70  may be implemented by a trusted third party intermediary (for example, the police, a bank, post office etc.) who may provide a recognized level of confidence in the authenticity of a created client account. Referring to  FIG. 3 , the first step of the registration process  70  may comprise the step of acquiring  72  attributes (e.g. date of birth, expiry date, issuing office etc. attributes from a presented passport document) from one or more pieces of identity evidence presented by the first client  24 . The step of acquiring attributes  72  may comprise the step of
       (a) capturing with a camera or scanner (or other suitable device) one or more images (or other graphical representations) of one or more pieces of documentary identity evidence (IDEv 1 , IDEv 2 , . . . IDEv n ); or   (b) acquiring with a biometric reader or biochemical analysing device one or more biometric or biochemical forms of identity evidence of the first client  24 .       
 
         [0141]    The registration process  70  may comprise a next step of validating  74  the acquired attributes by extracting one or more identifying features therefrom and
       (a) comparing the or each extracted feature with related feature information (not shown) gathered from an issuing source (not shown); and/or   (b) cross-comparing at least some of the extracted features, to assess their consistency with each other and their related feature information (not shown) gathered from an issuing source (not shown).       
 
         [0144]    In the event the registration process  70  determines that the presented identity evidence is authentic  76 , the registration process  70  may implement a step comprising verifying  78  that the first client  24  is the genuine owner of the claimed identity. In the event the registration process  70  determines  80  that the first client  24  is the genuine owner of the claimed identity, the registration process  70  may comprise the steps of establishing  82  a client account for the first client  24 ; populating  84  the client account with the or each extracted features; and storing  86  the or each extracted features in the personal data store  32  associated with the client account. The registration process  70  may also comprise the steps of
       (a) issuing  88  the first client  24  with a client digital token by which the first client  24  may be subsequently recognised by the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data;   (b) storing  90  in the digital token store  42 , the details of the issued client digital token; and   (c) linking  91  the stored client digital token with the client account, so that the digital token can act as an identifier therefor and enable the subsequent retrieval therefrom of client data.       
 
         [0148]    The registration process  70  may comprise a further step of providing a rating  92  to the client account according to the number of presented items of identity evidence deemed to be authentic or the issuing source of a presented item of identity evidence or the authoritative source for the authentication of a presented item of identity evidence. However, in the event the registration process  70  determines  80  that the first client  24  is not the genuine owner of the claimed identity, the registration process  70  may comprise the step of issuing  94  an alert message to the authorities. 
         [0149]    In the event the registration process  70  determines that at least some of the pieces of presented identity evidence lack authenticity, the registration process  70  may comprise a step of determining  96  whether the number of items of identity evidence lacking authenticity exceeds a predefined threshold. In the event the threshold is exceeded, the registration process  70  may comprise the step of issuing  94  an alert message to the authorities. However, in the event the threshold is not exceeded, the registration process  70  may comprise a step of requesting  98  the first client  24  to provide more pieces of identity evidence for validation until a required target number of authentic pieces of identity evidence is achieved. Alternatively, failure by the first client  24  to provide the required number of authentic pieces of identity evidence within a defined number of iterations may cause the registration process  70  to implement a step of issuing  94  an alert message to the authorities. 
         [0150]    Returning to  FIG. 2  together with  FIG. 1 , on completion of the registration process  70 , the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may comprise the step of allowing the first client  24  to add  100  further data to their client account/personal data store  32 . The method may also comprise the step (not shown) of contacting third party sources (e.g. credit rating agencies) to acquire further personal data for inclusion in the client account/personal data store  32 . Similarly, the method may also comprise the step of allowing the first client  24  to con figure 102  their client account by:
       (a) specifying organisations with whom the first client  24  is willing to share at least some of the data contained in their client account;   (b) specifying which elements of the data contained in their client account/personal data store  32 , the first client  24  is willing to share with each organisation they specified as being organisations with whom they are willing to share their data; and   (c) reconfiguring their client digital token (e.g. allowing first client  24  to pick their own password or PIN etc.).       
 
         [0154]    For example, a client may specify that they are willing to share their personal data with a local nightclub (e.g. to indicate they are of sufficient age to gain entry to the club) and their financial advisor. However, the client may not be willing to share the same personal data (e.g. personal finances information) with the nightclub as they do with their financial advisor. The method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data allows the first client  24  to specify the parties with whom they are willing to share their personal data; and the elements of their personal data they are willing to share with each such party. The skilled person will understand that the above-described scenarios are provided for illustration purposes only and should in no way be construed as limiting the use of the method to the described night-club or financial advisor example. Similarly, the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data is not limited to the provision of financial information. On the contrary, method is adaptable for use across a wide variety of domains and information types. 
         [0155]    The method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may comprise the further step of receiving  104  a candidate digital token  52  from a second client  54 . This further step may be implemented by a requesting organisation  44  seeking to gain access to at least some of the personal data of the second client  54 . The method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may further comprise the step of allowing the requesting organisation  44  to create  106  an access request (Acc_Req) comprising:
       (a) the candidate digital token  52 ;   (b) an identifier of the requesting organisation  44 ; and   (c) details of the items of the second client&#39;s personal data to which the requesting organisation  44  seeks to gain access.       
 
         [0159]    Using the previous nightclub example, the nightclub is the requesting organisation and the second client is a person seeking to prove their age and thereby gain entry to the nightclub. In this case, the nightclub might possess a fingerprint scanner or iris scanner; and the person might present a finger or iris for scanning by the nightclub. Alternatively, the person might send the nightclub with an SMS or other message (comprising a PIN or password etc,) from a mobile computing/communications device on their person. These may be used as the candidate digital token for the person. Using the received candidate digital token the nightclub creates an access request (Acc_Req) for the date of birth/age, photo etc. of the person, so as to determine whether to grant the person entry to the nightclub. For example, using near field technology, the person may tap their mobile phone against a reading device at the nightclub and a relevant password, tag or other message is transmitted to the reading device, to enable the person to be identified by the nightclub without needing to present their original identity documents. The skilled person will understand that the above-described scenario and mentioned types of candidate digital tokens are provided for illustration purposes only and should in no way be construed as limiting the use of the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data or the types of candidate digital tokens usable therein. In particular, the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data is adaptable to any form of candidate digital token, both embodied within the person of a candidate user and in devices in the possession of the candidate user. 
         [0160]    The method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may comprise the step of receiving  108  the access request (Acc_Req) from the requesting organisation  44 ; and checking  110  the received access request (Acc_Req) to determine the identity of the subject thereof (i.e. the person about who information is requested in the received access request (Acc_Req)). In the event the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data determines  112  that the candidate digital token  52  in the received access request (Acc_Req) does not match a client digital token (not shown) in the digital token store  42  of the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data, the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may comprise the step of issuing  114  an alert message stating that the second client  54  is not registered with the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data. However, in the event the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data determines  112  that the candidate digital token  52  matches a client digital token (not shown) in the digital token store  42  (i.e. the second client  54  is a person registered with the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data), the method may comprise the step of using the candidate digital token  52 /matching client digital token to access the relevant client account and check  116  whether the requesting organisation in the received access request (Acc_Req) is entitled to access any of the stored personal data in the client account of the second client  54 . 
         [0161]    In the event the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data determines  116  that the identifier of the requesting organisation  44  in the received access request (Acc_Req) does not match an identifier (in the organisations list  38  of the client account (not shown)) of an organisation with whom the second client  54  is willing to share their personal data, the method may comprise the step of issuing  118  an alert message stating that the second client  54  is unwilling to share any of their personal data with the requesting organisation  44 . Alternatively, the alert message may state that the second client  54  is willing to share personal data with the requesting organisation on payment of a specified fee by the requesting organisation to the second client. The fee may have been specified by the second client  54  while configuring their client account. However, in the event the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data determines  116  that the identifier of the requesting organisation  44  matches an identifier of an organisation with whom the second client  54  is willing to share their personal data, the method may comprise the step of checking  120  whether the requesting organisation  44  is entitled to access the specific items of personal data requested in the received access request (Acc_Req). This comprises the step of checking whether the details of the personal information in the received access request (Acc_Req) match the elements of the second client&#39;s  54  personal data (contained in the client account/personal data store  32 ) which the second client  54  indicated as being willing to share with the requesting organisation  44 . 
         [0162]    In the event the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data determines  120  that a match is not present, the method may comprise the step of issuing  118  an alert message indicating that the second client  54  is unwilling to share the requested personal information with the requesting organisation  54 . Alternatively, the alert message may state that the second client  54  is willing to share the requested personal data with the requesting organisation on payment of a specified fee by the requesting organisation to the second client. The fee may have been specified by the second client  54  while configuring their client account. 
         [0163]    However, in the event the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data determines  120  that the personal information requested by the requesting organisation  44  matches the elements of the second client&#39;s  54  personal data which the second client  54  indicated as being willing to share with the requesting organisation  44 , the method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may comprise the step of retrieving  122  from the personal data store  32 , the requested items of personal data and delivering  124  them to the requesting organisation  44 . The method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may also comprise the step of displaying (not shown) the retrieved items of personal data. Similarly, the method may also comprise the step of recording  120  received access requests (Acc_Req) and the outcomes thereof (i.e. alert messages or details (date/time etc.) of data retrieval. 
         [0164]    The method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data may also comprise the step of transmitting  128  (by email or SMS (or other suitable messaging protocol)) details of received access requests to the person identified in the access request (as owner of the requested data). Thus, registrants with the system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data are updated every time their client digital token is used; and informed of authorised and unauthorised requests for their personal data. With this information, registrants can keep track of requests for their personal information; and in response, amend their client accounts to include new organisations with whom they might wish to share their personal information; or further configure their client account to address broader changing trends in requested information. Similarly, registrants may be equipped to detect potential identity theft instances. In addition, registrants may be allowed to configure alert messages to be sent to them by the system/method of managing a repository of authenticated personal data, in the event of particular organisations making requests for the registrants&#39; personal information, or changes in the number/frequency of access requests or changes in the number/frequency of requests for particular elements of the registrant&#39;s personal data or requests from particular organisations etc. 
         [0165]    In a further formulation, the method/system for managing a store of authenticated personal data may provide a method or system for managing an adaptive secure social network, whose members provide authenticated personal data and choose which elements of that personal data to share with other members of the social network. Membership of the network may be restricted to those persons possessing pre-defined authenticated personal information attributes (e.g. age or gender etc.). This for example, could be used to establish and manage social networks amongst children or other vulnerable members of society (by ensuring undesirable persons might not gain access to the members of the social network). Alternatively, membership of the social network could be according to personal taste attributes (e.g. nightclubs visited, sports club membership, restaurants frequented etc.) 
         [0166]    In a preferred embodiment, the method and system for managing a repository of authenticated personal data may form the basis of an enhanced security system and method for managing financial transactions (henceforth know for brevity as the “enhanced security system” and the “enhanced security method” respectively). The architecture of the enhanced security system may be substantially similar to the architecture of the system for managing a repository of personal data as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0167]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , in the enhanced security method, a first client  224  is registered  200  with the enhanced security system (not shown) for managing financial transactions. The first client  224  is registered  200  using the registration process shown in  FIG. 3 , wherein the registration process may be implemented by a trusted third party intermediary (e.g. a bank). On registering the first client  224 , the method may comprise a next step of contacting one or more credit rating agencies or other financial reporting organisations (e.g. Equifax (trade mark), Experian (trade mark) and Trans Union (trade mark)) to perform  202  a credit or other check on the financial health of the first client  224 . In a next step, the client account rating is scored  204  according to the financial health of the first client  224  (in addition to, or in place of the rating accorded to the client account during the registration process). In an optional additional step, a photograph of the first client  224  may be taken and appended to the first client&#39;s client account. 
         [0168]    The first client  224  may be allowed to con figure 206  their client account to specify:
       (a) banking or other financial organisations with whom the first client  224  is willing to transact;   (b) a maximum or minimum cap on the value of the transactions the first client  224  is willing to undertake with a given banking or other financial organisation; and optionally   (c) the elements of authenticated personal data the first client  224  is willing to share with the or each banking/financial organisation, to enable the or each banking/financial organisation to verify the identity of persons subsequently undertaking financial transactions therewith.       
 
         [0172]    In configuring their client account, the first client  224  may also be allowed to reconfigure their client digital token (e.g. to pick a PIN or password of their choice). The reconfigured elements of the client account are stored in the organisations module, the digital token store and the personal data store of the enhanced security system, substantially as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0173]    On receipt  208  of a candidate digital token by a banking/financial organisation  244  from a second client  254 , the banking/financial organisation  244  may be allowed to create  210  an access request comprising:
       (a) the candidate digital token;   (b) an identifier of the banking/financial organisation  244 ; and   (c) details of the transaction (including the value thereof) which the second client  254  wishes to undertake with the banking/financial organisation  244 .       
 
         [0177]    The enhanced security method may comprise the step of receiving  214  (by the management module  212 ) the access request from the banking/financial organisation  244 ; and may further comprise the step of checking  216  the received access request to determine the identity of the subject thereof (i.e. the person who wishes to conduct a transaction with the banking/financial organisation  244 ). 
         [0178]    In the event the enhanced security method determines  218  that candidate digital token in the received access request does not match a client digital token in the digital token store, the enhanced security method may comprise the step of issuing  220  an alert message to the banking/financial organisation  244 . The alert message may state that the second client  254  is not registered with the enhanced security system; and consequently, the banking/financial organisation  244  will be unable to verify the identity of the second client  254  using the enhanced security system. However, in the event the enhanced security method determines  218  that the candidate digital token matches a client digital token in the digital token store (i.e. the second client  254  is a person registered with the enhanced security system), the enhanced security method may comprise the step of checking  222  the identity of the banking/financial organisation  244  requesting information about the second client  254  in the received access request. 
         [0179]    In the event the enhanced security method determines  222  that the identifier of the banking/financial organisation  244  in the received access request does not match an identifier (in the organisations list) of a banking or other financial organisation with whom the second client  254  is willing to transact, the enhanced security method may comprise the step of issuing  226  an alert message to the banking/financial organisation  244 , stating that the second client  254  was unwilling to transact with banking/financial organisation  244 . However, in the event the enhanced security method determines  222  that the identifier of the banking/financial organisation  244  matches that of a banking or other financial organisation with whom the second client  254  is willing to transact, the enhanced security method may comprise the step of comparing  228  the value of the value of the transaction (specified in the received access request) which the second client  254  wishes to undertake with the banking/financial organisation  244  against the maximum or minimum cap on the value of the transactions the second client  254  specified (in the organisations module) they were willing to undertake with the banking/financial organisation  244 . 
         [0180]    The enhanced security method may optionally include an intervening step between determining that the identifier of the banking/financial organisation  244  matches that of an organisation with whom the second client  254  is willing to transact, and comparing the value of the transaction which the second client  254  wishes to undertake with the banking/financial organisation  244  against the maximum or minimum cap on the value of the transactions previously specified by the second client  254 . The optional intervening step may provide an additional level of security to the enhanced security method, by providing (not shown) the banking/financial organisation  244  with the elements of authenticated personal data (from the client account) the second client  224  was willing to share with the banking/financial organisation  244  to enable the banking/financial organisation  244  to verify the identity of persons subsequently undertaking financial transactions therewith. The banking/financial organisation  244  may be allowed to request the person attempting the transaction to answer questions based on the provided elements of authenticated personal data. Further optionally, the banking/financial organisation  244  may be provided with a photograph of the face of the first client  224  which they may compare with the face of the person attempting the transaction. In the event the person attempting the transaction was unable to provide the correct answers to the questions (or the face of the person did not match that in the photo of the second client), the enhanced security method may comprise an additional step of issuing an alert message to the banking/financial organisation  244  and/or the first client advising them of the same. 
         [0181]    Returning to  FIG. 4 , in the event the enhanced security method determines  228  that the value of the transaction is within the maximum and minimum limits specified in the client account; and complies with the banking/financial organisation&#39;s own rules or limits on the value of transactions therewith, the enhanced security method comprises the step of allowing the banking/financial organisation  244  to conduct  230  the transaction with the second client  254 . However, in the event the enhanced security method determines  228  that the value of the transaction is greater than the maximum limit or less than the minimum limit specified in the client account; and/or fails to complies with the banking/financial organisation&#39;s own rules or limits on the value of transactions therewith, the enhanced security method comprises the step of issuing  232  an alert message to the banking/financial organisation  244 . In this eventuality, the enhanced security method may comprise an additional step of allowing the banking/financial organisation  244  to
       (a) terminate the transaction; or   (b) amend the transaction so that its value is within the above-mentioned limits, and/or complies with the banking/financial organisation&#39;s rules; and allow the second client  254  to re-attempt the transaction with the banking/financial organisation  244 .       
 
         [0184]    Similarly, the enhanced security method may also comprise the step of recording  234  received requests for transactions from banking/financial organisations and the outcomes thereof (i.e. alert messages or details (date/time etc.) of transaction; and transmitting  236  the record to the second client  254 . 
         [0185]    Modifications and alterations may be made to the above without departing from the scope of the invention.