Abstract:
The invention provides pesticide compositions and methods of use. In particular, pesticide compositions comprises a photolabile pesticide and a UV absorbent.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/884,166, filed Jan. 9, 2007, entitled “Pesticide Composition and Method of Use,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to pesticide compositions and methods of use. In particular, pesticide compositions comprising a photolabile pesticide and a UV protectant. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    When controlling plant pests with the aid of pesticides, the pests to be controlled should be exposed to the pesticide as much as possible so that the pests can take up sufficient amounts of the active compounds. In addition, the pesticide compositions should have a sufficiently long-term action thereby prolonging the pests&#39; exposure to the pesticide. Unfortunately, some pesticides have a relatively short half-life requiring a frequent reapplication in order to control the pest. Some of the factors leading to a relatively short half-life of the pesticide include its instability when exposed to environmental factors such as light, oxygen and the weather. 
         [0004]    While there are methods to protect various chemicals from environmental factors, conventional use protecting pesticide compositions from environmental factors are directed to protecting insect attractants from environmental factors. These formulations are designed to protect insect attractants. Some of the methods used to protect insect attractant from environmental factors include microencapsulation, or binding the formulation in water-soluble polymers. In these methods the formulation mixture is dissolved in an oil phase, the resulting mixture is emulsified in water, and the emulsion is subsequently encapsulated. The disadvantage of this process is, however, the complicated microencapsulation process. Moreover, the formulations are not always sufficiently stabilized against environmental factors, despite the encapsulation, because the thin capsule wall does not provide sufficient protection against photochemical degradation. 
         [0005]    Other methods involve using one or more permanently liquid UV absorbers. In these methods, the pesticide formulations comprise insecticides and pest attractants. In these methods, the formulation is designed to protect the pest attractant from environmental factors not the pesticide itself. Moreover, many of these methods use a relatively large amount of UV-absorbing substances to protect the attractants against photodegradation over a prolonged period. Furthermore, most of the UV absorbers that are used in these formulations are stable and are not degraded, or are degraded only very slowly. In addition, since these pesticide compositions include a UV absorber that are designed to protect the pest attractant, they necessarily require the presence of a pest attractant. 
         [0006]    Accordingly, there is a continuing need for pesticide formulations that are sufficiently stabilized against environmental factors. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    One embodiment of the present invention provides in part, a pesticide composition comprising a photolabile pesticide and a photoprotectant, e.g., UV protectant. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, the photolabile pesticide is selected from the group consisting of a photolabile insecticide, a photolabile herbicide, a photolabile fungicide, and/or a combination thereof. Within these embodiments, in some instances the photolabile insecticide comprises a photolabile neonicitinoid, a photolabile pyrethroid, a photolabile bio-pesticide, or a combination thereof. Still in other instances the photolabile herbicide comprises a photolabile chloroacetamide, or a combination thereof. Yet in other instances the photolabile fungicide comprises a photolabile biofungicide, or a combination thereof. 
         [0009]    In other embodiments, the UV protectant comprises a UV absorbent. 
         [0010]    Still in other embodiments, the UV protectant is a mixture of at least two different UV absorbent compounds. Within these embodiments, in some instances at least one of the UV absorbent compound is UV-A absorbent compound and at least one of the other UV absorbent compound is UV-B absorbent compound. 
         [0011]    Yet in other embodiments, the UV absorbent absorbs at least 50% of UV light. 
         [0012]    Still in other embodiments, the UV protectant comprises an organic compound. 
         [0013]    In other embodiments, the pesticide composition further comprises an organic solvent. Within these embodiments, in some instances the pesticide composition further comprises an emulsifier. 
         [0014]    Still in other embodiments, the extinction coefficient of UV absorbent is greater than the extinction coefficient of the pesticide within a range of the wavelengths from about 200 nm to about 400 nm, often within a range of wavelength from about 290 nm to about 400 nm. 
         [0015]    In one embodiment, invention provides a pesticide composition comprising:
       a photolabile pesticide in the amount from about 0.1 to about 60 wt % of the total non-aqueous material;   a UV protectant in the amount from about 1 to about 20 wt % of the total non-aqueous material; and   optionally an additive comprising an emulsifier, an organic solvent, an adjuvant, or a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein the amount of the total amount of additive ranges from about 35 to about 98 wt % of the total non-aqueous material.       
 
         [0019]    In some embodiments, the amount of UV protectant is from about 6 to about 14 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0020]    In other embodiments, the amount of photolabile pesticide is from about 15 to about 30 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0021]    In some embodiments, the UV protectant comprises a UV absorbent. 
         [0022]    Still in other embodiments, the UV protectant comprises a mixture of a UV A absorbent and a UV B absorbent. Within these embodiments, in some instances the UV absorbent comprises benzophenone-3. Another example of a UV absorbent is Tinuvin 571®. 
         [0023]    Yet in other embodiments, the amount of additive is from about 50 to about 70 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0024]    In some embodiments, the additive comprises an emulsifier and an organic solvent. Within these embodiments, in some instances the amount of emulsifier is from about 3 to about 7 wt % by weight of the total non-aqueous material. In one implementation, the emulsifier can comprise castor oil. Another commercial example of an emulsifier is Sponto AG355N™, available from Witco/Akzo-Nobel. Alternatively, the emulsifier is a mixture of two or more emulsifiers. 
         [0025]    Still in other embodiments, the amount of organic solvent is from about 45 to about 65 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0026]    Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for increasing the half-life of a photolabile pesticide when applied to a plant, said method comprising admixing the photolabile pesticide with a photoprotectant. 
         [0027]    In some embodiments, the photoprotectant is a UV protectant. 
         [0028]    In some embodiments, the photolabile pesticide and the photoprotectant are mixed prior to applying the photolabile pesticide to a plant. 
         [0029]    In other embodiments, the photolabile pesticide and the photoprotectant are applied separately to a plant. 
         [0030]    Still in other embodiments, the photolabile pesticide and the photoprotectant are simultaneous applied to a plant from a separate vessel. 
         [0031]    Still another aspect of the invention provides a method for increasing the half-life of a photolabile pesticide. The method generally comprises admixing the photolabile pesticide with a photoprotectant that is capable of protecting the photolabile pesticide from the wavelength of light that degrades the photolabile pesticide. 
         [0032]    In some embodiments, the amount of photoprotectant present in the admixture is such that the amount of degrading light exposure is reduced by at least about 50%. 
         [0033]    Still in other embodiments, the photoprotectant comprises a UV absorbent. Within these embodiments, in some cases the UV absorbent comprises a mixture of compounds comprising a UV-A absorbent compound and a UV-B absorbent compound. 
         [0034]    In other embodiments, the light absorbent comprises at least about 10 wt % of the total non-aqueous material, i.e., not including water. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0035]      FIG. 1A  is a line graph depicting the radiation absorption of a commercial insecticide. 
           [0036]      FIG. 1B  is a line graph depicting the radiation absorption of a test composition. 
           [0037]      FIG. 2  is a photograph depicting from containers reflecting the results of a photodegradation test. 
           [0038]      FIG. 3A  is a photograph depicting the light stalls used in certain experiments described herein. 
           [0039]      FIG. 3B  is a photograph depicting Petri dishes used in certain experiments described herein. 
           [0040]      FIG. 3C  is a photograph depicting the results of an experiment relating to the impact of UV exposure on the effectiveness of a composition of pesticide and photoprotectant, according to one embodiment. 
           [0041]      FIG. 4A  is a graph depicting the time to inactivity of cutworm in one experiment which the compositions were exposed to 236 hours of UV radiation. 
           [0042]      FIG. 4B  is a graph depicting the time to inactivity of cutworm in one experiment which the compositions were exposed to 260 hours of UV radiation. 
           [0043]      FIG. 4C  is a graph depicting the time to inactivity of cutworm in one experiment which the compositions were exposed to 306.5 hours of UV radiation. 
           [0044]      FIG. 4D  is a graph depicting the average time to inactivity of cutworms in one experiment in which the compositions were exposed to 236, 260, and 306.5 hours of UV radiation. 
           [0045]      FIG. 5  is a graph depicting the average time to cutworm death in another experiment in which the compositions were exposed to various time periods of UV radiation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0046]    Some pesticides are light, in particular ultraviolet (UV) light, sensitive. These pesticides are often inactivated and/or are degraded by UV light. Accordingly sunlight lessens the effectiveness of these pesticides and often results in repeated application, thereby increasing the labor time and cost. Exemplary pesticides that are UV light sensitive include insecticides (e.g., neonicitinoids, pyrethroids, and some bio-insecticides), herbicides (e.g., dinitroanalines), and fungicides (e.g., some biological fungicides). Other representative UV light sensitive pesticides and further pesticide active ingredients that may be incorporated into compositions discussed herein are listed in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Active Ingredient 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (+)-(R)-2-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid 
               
               
                 (+−)-2-(4,5-Dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-metho** 
               
               
                 (4,5-dihydro-3-methoxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-N-{{2-(trifluoromethoxy}-phenyl}sulfonyl** 
               
               
                 (7S)-Hydroprene 
               
               
                 (E)-5-Decen-1-ol 
               
               
                 (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol 
               
               
                 (R)-2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid, dimethylamine salt 
               
               
                 (R,Z)-5-(1-Decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone 
               
               
                 (R + S)-alpha-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1S + 1R)-cis-3-(Z-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro** 
               
               
                 (S)-2-Chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide 
               
               
                 (S)-2-Chloro-N-{(1-methyl-2-methoxy)ethyl}-N-(2,4-dimethyl-thien-3-yl) acetam** 
               
               
                 (Z)-11-Hexadecenal 
               
               
                 (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate 
               
               
                 (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate 
               
               
                 (Z)-4-Tridecen-1-yl acetate 
               
               
                 (Z)-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate 
               
               
                 (Z)-9-Tricosene 
               
               
                 (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-yl acetate 
               
               
                 (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate 
               
               
                 .beta.-Alanine, N-acetyl-N-butyl-, ethyl ester 
               
               
                 ?3-?(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methylU-2-thiazolidinylideneUcyanamide 
               
               
                 1-(2,4-Dichlorophenylaminocarbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 
               
               
                 1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride 
               
               
                 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(2-ethylsulfonylimidazo{1,2-a}pyridin-3-ylsu** 
               
               
                 1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid, S-methyl ester 
               
               
                 1,2,4-Triazin-3(2H)-one, 4,5-dihydro-6-methyl-4-{(3-pyridinylmethylene)amino}-** 
               
               
                 1,2,4-Triazin-5(4H)-one, 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)- 
               
               
                 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one 
               
               
                 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 2-butyl- 
               
               
                 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin 
               
               
                 1,3-Dichloropropene 
               
               
                 1,3-Propanediamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecyl- 
               
               
                 1,4-Bis(bromoacetoxy)-2-butene 
               
               
                 1,4-Dioxaspiro?4,5Udecane-2-methanamine, 8-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-ethyl-N-propy** 
               
               
                 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-(acetyloxy)-3-dodecyl- 
               
               
                 1,7-Dioxaspiro[5.5] undecane 
               
               
                 10,10′-Oxybisphenoxarsine 
               
               
                 11-Tetradecen-1-ol, acetate, (E)- 
               
               
                 1-Bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanedicarbonitrile 
               
               
                 1-Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin 
               
               
                 1-Decanol 
               
               
                 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-1-ethanol, .alpha.-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)-.alpha.-(1,1-di** 
               
               
                 1H-Imidazole-1-sulfonamide, 4-chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)- 
               
               
                 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro- 
               
               
                 1H-Pyrrole-3-carbonitrile, 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(ethoxymethyl)-5-(trif** 
               
               
                 1H-Pyrrole-3-carbonitrile,4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)- 
               
               
                 1-Octen-3-ol (mixed isomers-recemic mixture)(For R-isomer see PC Code 069038) 
               
               
                 1-Octen-3-ol, (3R) 
               
               
                 2-(octylthio)ethanol 
               
               
                 2-((Hydroxymethyl)amino)ethanol 
               
               
                 2-(1-Methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridine 
               
               
                 2-(Decylthio)ethanamine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 2-(Ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine 
               
               
                 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 
               
               
                 2-(tert-Butyl)-5-(4-tert-butyl-benzylthio)-4-chloropyridazin-3-(2H)one 
               
               
                 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole 
               
               
                 2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide 
               
               
                 2,4-D 
               
               
                 2,4-DB 
               
               
                 2,4-Dinitro-N3,N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine (Note: N3 = ** 
               
               
                 2,4-Dodecadienoic acid, 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-, 1-methylethyl ester, ** 
               
               
                 2-{1-{{{(3,5-difluorophenyl)amino}carbonyl}hydrazono}ethyl}-3-pyridinecarboxyl** 
               
               
                 2-{4-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl}-1,3-cyclohexanedione 
               
               
                 2-Benzyl-4-chlorophenol 
               
               
                 2-Bromo-4′-hydroxyacetophenone 
               
               
                 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-{1-{{(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy}imino}propyl}-3-hydroxy-5-** 
               
               
                 2-Ethylhexyl (R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionate 
               
               
                 2-Hydroxyethyl octyl sulfide 
               
               
                 2-Methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone 
               
               
                 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl dimethyl octadecyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 3-Chloro-5-(((((4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)sulfonyl)-1-m** 
               
               
                 3-Chloro-N-(3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl** 
               
               
                 3H-1,2-Dithiol-3-one, 4,5-dichloro- 
               
               
                 3-Iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate 
               
               
                 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 
               
               
                 3-Pyridinecarboxamide, 2-chloro-N-(4′-chloro?1,1′-biphenylU-2-yl)- 
               
               
                 3-Pyridinecarboxamide, N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)- 
               
               
                 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 2-{1-{{{(3,5-difluorophenyl)amino}carbonyl}hydrozon** 
               
               
                 4-(p-Acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone 
               
               
                 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone 
               
               
                 4,6-Dimethyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine 
               
               
                 4-Chloro-3-cresol 
               
               
                 4″-Epimethylamino-4″-deoxyavermectin B1a and B1b benzoates 
               
               
                 4H-Imidazol-4-one, 3,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(methylthio)-5-phenyl-3-(phenylamino** 
               
               
                 4-Iodo-2-????(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl-)aminoUcarbonylUaminoUsulf** 
               
               
                 4-tert-Amylphenol 
               
               
                 5-[(4-Chlorophenyl)methylene]-2,2-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)cycl** 
               
               
                 5-Chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone 
               
               
                 5-Hydroxymethoxymethyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclo(3.3.0)octane 
               
               
                 6-Heneicosen-11-one, (6Z)- 
               
               
                 9-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-methoxycarbonylmethylthiophenylimino)-8-thia-1,6-diazab** 
               
               
                 9-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)- 
               
               
                 Abamectin 
               
               
                 Acephate 
               
               
                 Acequinocyl 
               
               
                 Acetamide, 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)- 
               
               
                 Acetamiprid 
               
               
                 Acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester 
               
               
                 Acetochlor 
               
               
                 Acifluorfen 
               
               
                 Aclonifen 
               
               
                 Acrolein 
               
               
                 Alachlor 
               
               
                 Alanycarb 
               
               
                 Alkyl* dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride *(50% C14, 40% C12, 10% C16) 
               
               
                 Allethrin 
               
               
                 Ametryn 
               
               
                 Amicarbazone 
               
               
                 Amines, N-coco alkyltrimethylenedi- 
               
               
                 Amino-4,5-dihydro-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4** 
               
               
                 Aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 Aminopyralid 
               
               
                 Amitraz 
               
               
                 Amitrole 
               
               
                 Ammonia 
               
               
                 Ammonium bromide 
               
               
                 Ancymidol 
               
               
                 Anthraquinone 
               
               
                 Arsenic acid 
               
               
                 Arsenous acid anhydride 
               
               
                 Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882 
               
               
                 Asulam, sodium salt 
               
               
                 Atrazine 
               
               
                 Azadirachtin 
               
               
                 Azafenidin 
               
               
                 Azimsulfuron 
               
               
                 Azinphos-methyl 
               
               
                 Azoxystrobin 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subspecies  israelensis  Strain BMP 144 solids, s** 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subspecies  kurstaki  strain SA-12 solides, spores, 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis , subspecies  kurstaki  strain SA-11 solids, spor** 
               
               
                   Bacillus cereus  strain UW85 
               
               
                   Bacillus pumilus  GB34 
               
               
                   Bacillus pumilus  strain QST 2808 
               
               
                 
                   Bacillus sphaericus 
                 
               
               
                   Bacillus subtilis  GB03 
               
               
                   Bacillus subtilis  var.  amyloliquefaciens  Strain FZB24 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  Cry2Ab protein and the genetic material necessary for i** 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  aizawai  strain GC-91 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  aizawai , strain NB200 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  israelensis   
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  kurstaki  strain BMP123 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  kurstaki  strain EG2348 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  kurstaki  strain EG2371 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  Subsp.  Kurstaki , Strain ABTS-351 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subspecies  israelensis  strain EG2215 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subspecies  kurstaki , strain EG7826 Lepidopteran active ** 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  subspecies  tenebrionis , strain NB-176 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis  var.  kurstaki  delta endotoxin protein as produced by th** 
               
               
                   Bacillus thuringiensis , subsp. strain ABTS 1857 
               
               
                 BAS 625 H 
               
               
                 Basic cupric sulfate 
               
               
                   Beauveria bassiana  ATCC 74040 
               
               
                 Benefin 
               
               
                 Benfluralin 
               
               
                 Benoxacor 
               
               
                 Bensulfuron-methyl 
               
               
                 Bensulide 
               
               
                 Bentazone 
               
               
                 Benzamide, N-[[[2,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl] amino]** 
               
               
                 Benzene, pentachloronitro- 
               
               
                 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- 
               
               
                 Benzenesulfonamide, 2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5** 
               
               
                 Benzyl benzoate 
               
               
                 Benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 beta-Bromo-beta-nitrostyrene 
               
               
                 beta-cyfluthrin 
               
               
                 Bethoxazin 
               
               
                 Bifenezate 
               
               
                 Bifenthrin 
               
               
                 Bioallethrin 
               
               
                 Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl Isomer 
               
               
                 Bioresmethrin 
               
               
                 Bis(tributyltin) oxide 
               
               
                 Bitertanol 
               
               
                 Bomoxynil octaniate 
               
               
                 Borax (B4Na2O7•10H2O) (1303-96-4) 
               
               
                 Boric acid 
               
               
                 Boric acid (H3BO3), polymer with N-decyl-1-decanamine, oxirane and 1,2-propan** 
               
               
                 Boric oxide 
               
               
                 Boron sodium oxide (B4Na2O7), pentahydrate 
               
               
                 Boron sodium oxide (B8Na2O13), tetrahydrate (12280-03-4) 
               
               
                 Brewer&#39;s yeast extract hydrolysate from  Saccharomyces cerevisiae   
               
               
                 Brodifacoum 
               
               
                 Bromacil 
               
               
                 Bromadiolone 
               
               
                 Bromethalin 
               
               
                 Bromine chloride 
               
               
                 Bromoxynil 
               
               
                 Bromoxynil butyrate 
               
               
                 Bromoxynil heptanoate 
               
               
                 Bromuconazole 
               
               
                 Bronopol 
               
               
                 Bupirimate 
               
               
                 Buprofezin 
               
               
                 Butafenacil 
               
               
                 Butanoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-, 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-1-oxaspiro[4,5]dec-** 
               
               
                 Butanoic acid, 3,3-dimethyl-, 2-oxo-3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.4]n** 
               
               
                 Butoxyethyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate 
               
               
                 Butoxyethyl triclopyr 
               
               
                 Butoxypolypropoxypolyethoxyethanol-iodine complex 
               
               
                 Butoxypolypropylene glycol 
               
               
                 Butralin 
               
               
                 Butylate 
               
               
                 Cacodylic acid 
               
               
                 Cadusafos 
               
               
                 Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) 
               
               
                 Calcium hypochlorite 
               
               
                 Calcium oxytetracycline 
               
               
                 Captan 
               
               
                 Carbaryl 
               
               
                 Carbendazim 
               
               
                 Carbofuran 
               
               
                 Carbonic acid, monoammonium salt 
               
               
                 Carboxin 
               
               
                 Carfentrazone-ethyl 
               
               
                 Carpropamide 
               
               
                 Chloramben 
               
               
                 Chlordane 
               
               
                 Chlorethoxyfos 
               
               
                 Chlorfluazuron 
               
               
                 Chlorflurenol-methyl 
               
               
                 Chlorflurenol, methyl ester 
               
               
                 Chlorhexidine diacetate 
               
               
                 Chlorimuron-ethyl 
               
               
                 Chlorine 
               
               
                 Chlormequat chloride 
               
               
                 Chloroneb 
               
               
                 Chlorophacinone 
               
               
                 Chloropicrin 
               
               
                 Chlorothalonil 
               
               
                 Chloroxylenol 
               
               
                 Chlorpropham 
               
               
                 Chlorpyrifos 
               
               
                 Chlorpyrifos-methyl 
               
               
                 Chlorsulfuron 
               
               
                   Chondrostereum purpureum  isolate PFC 2139, ATCC 60854 
               
               
                 Chromafenozide 
               
               
                 Chromic acid 
               
               
                 Cinidon-ethyl 
               
               
                 Cinmethylin 
               
               
                 Cinosulfuron 
               
               
                 cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane 
               
               
                 cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane 
               
               
                 Citric acid 
               
               
                 Clethodim 
               
               
                 Clodinafop-propargyl (CAS Reg. No. 105512-06-9) 
               
               
                 Clofencet 
               
               
                 Clofentezine 
               
               
                 Clomazone 
               
               
                 Clopyralid 
               
               
                 Clopyralid, monoethanolamine salt 
               
               
                 Cloransulam-methyl 
               
               
                 Clothianidin 
               
               
                 Coal tar creosote 
               
               
                 Codlemone 
               
               
                 Cooper carbonate 
               
               
                 Copper (metallic) 
               
               
                 Copper ethanolamine complex 
               
               
                 Copper hydroxide 
               
               
                 Copper naphthenate 
               
               
                 Copper oxychloride 
               
               
                 Copper oxychloride sulfate 
               
               
                 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 
               
               
                 Copper triethanolamine complex 
               
               
                 Copper(I) oxide 
               
               
                 Copper(II) oxide 
               
               
                 Copper, bis[1-cyclohexyl-1,2-di(hydroxy-.kappa.O)diazeniumato(2-)]- 
               
               
                 Coumaphos 
               
               
                 Coumatetralyl 
               
               
                 Creosote oil (Note: Derived from any source) 
               
               
                 Cryolite 
               
               
                 Cuprous thiocyanate 
               
               
                 Cyclanilide 
               
               
                 Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4(or 5)-chloro-2-methyl-,1,1-dimethylethyl ester 
               
               
                 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)- 
               
               
                 Cyclopentanol, 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(1-methylethyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazo** 
               
               
                 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)-, [2,3,5,6-tetraf** 
               
               
                 Cyclopropene,1-methyl- 
               
               
                 Cyfluthrin 
               
               
                 Cyhalothrin 
               
               
                 Cyhexatin 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
               
               
                 Cypermethrin 
               
               
                 Cyphenothrin 
               
               
                 Cyproconazole 
               
               
                 Cyprodinil 
               
               
                 Cyromazine 
               
               
                 Cytokinin (as kinetin) 
               
               
                 d-Allethrin 
               
               
                 Daminozide 
               
               
                 Dazomet 
               
               
                 DCPA (or chlorthal-dimethyl?) 
               
               
                 DDT 
               
               
                 Decanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol 
               
               
                 Decyl isononyl dimethyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 Deltamethrin 
               
               
                 Desmedipham 
               
               
                 Diazinon 
               
               
                 Dicamba 
               
               
                 Dicamba, dimethylamine salt 
               
               
                 Dicamba, potassium salt 
               
               
                 Dicamba, sodium salt 
               
               
                 Dichlobenil 
               
               
                 Dichlofluanide 
               
               
                 Dichlorophen 
               
               
                 Dichlorprop-P 
               
               
                 Dichlorvos 
               
               
                 Dichromic acid, (H2Cr2O7), disodium salt, dehydrate 
               
               
                 Diclofop-methyl 
               
               
                 Diclomezin 
               
               
                 Dicloran 
               
               
                 Dicofol 
               
               
                 Dicrotophos 
               
               
                 Didecyl dimethyl ammonium carbonate and didecyl dimethyl ammonium bicarbonate 
               
               
                 Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 Difenoconazole 
               
               
                 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate 
               
               
                 Difethialone 
               
               
                 Diflubenzuron 
               
               
                 Diflufenzopyr 
               
               
                 Diisobutylcresoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 Diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 Dimethenamid 
               
               
                 Dimethipin 
               
               
                 Dimethirimol 
               
               
                 Dimethoate 
               
               
                 Dimethomorph 
               
               
                 Dimethylamine (R)-2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionate 
               
               
                 Dimethylamine 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate 
               
               
                 Dimethylamine 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyrate 
               
               
                 Dimethylvinphos 
               
               
                 Dinitramine 
               
               
                 Dinocap 
               
               
                 Dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 Diphacinone 
               
               
                 Diphenylamine 
               
               
                 Dipropyl isocinchomeronate 
               
               
                 Diquat dibromide 
               
               
                 Disodium cyanodithioimidocarbonate 
               
               
                 Disulfoton 
               
               
                 Dithiopyr 
               
               
                 Diuron 
               
               
                 DMDM Hydantoin 
               
               
                 DNOC 
               
               
                 Dodecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol 
               
               
                 Dodecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2-propanediol 
               
               
                 Dodecylguanidine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 Dodine 
               
               
                 D-Phenothrin 
               
               
                 Dried fermentation solids &amp; solubles of myrothecium verrucaria 
               
               
                 d-trans-Allethrin 
               
               
                 d-trans-Chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid ester of d-2-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methy** 
               
               
                 E,Z-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol 
               
               
                 Edifenphos 
               
               
                 Emamectin Benzoate 
               
               
                 Endosulfan 
               
               
                 Endothall 
               
               
                 EPTC 
               
               
                 Ergocalciferol 
               
               
                 Esbiothrin 
               
               
                 Esfenvalerate 
               
               
                 Espesol 3A 
               
               
                 Esprocarb 
               
               
                 Ethalfluralin 
               
               
                 Ethametsulfuron 
               
               
                 Ethametsulfuron-methyl 
               
               
                 Ethephon 
               
               
                 Ethiofencarb 
               
               
                 Ethirimol 
               
               
                 Ethofenprox 
               
               
                 Ethofumesate 
               
               
                 Ethoprop 
               
               
                 Ethyl 1-naphthaleneacetate 
               
               
                 Ethyl 2-chloro-5-[4-chloro-(5-difluoromethoxy)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-4-flu** 
               
               
                 Ethyl alcohol 
               
               
                 Ethylene 
               
               
                 Ethylene dibromide 
               
               
                 Ethylene oxide 
               
               
                 Etoxazole 
               
               
                 Etridiazole 
               
               
                 Etridiazole 
               
               
                 Fats and glyceridic oils, margosa 
               
               
                 Femoxadone 
               
               
                 Fenamiphos 
               
               
                 Fenarimol 
               
               
                 Fenazaquin 
               
               
                 Fenbuconazole 
               
               
                 Fenbutatin-oxide 
               
               
                 Fenhexamid 
               
               
                 Fenothiocarb 
               
               
                 Fenoxycarb 
               
               
                 Fenpropathrin 
               
               
                 Fentin hydroxide 
               
               
                 Fentrazamide 
               
               
                 Fenvalerate 
               
               
                 Fipronil 
               
               
                 Fir Needle Oil 
               
               
                 Flazasulfuron 
               
               
                 Fluazifop-P-butyl 
               
               
                 Fluchloralin 
               
               
                 Flucycloxuron 
               
               
                 Flucythrinate 
               
               
                 Fludioxonil 
               
               
                 Flumetralin 
               
               
                 Flumetsulam 
               
               
                 Flumiclorac-pentyl 
               
               
                 Flumioxazin 
               
               
                 Fluometuron 
               
               
                 Fluoroglycofen-ethyl 
               
               
                 Fluridone 
               
               
                 Flurochloridone 
               
               
                 Fluroxypyr 1-methylheptyl ester 
               
               
                 Flurprimidol 
               
               
                 Fluthiacet-methyl 
               
               
                 Flutolanil 
               
               
                 Fluvalinate 
               
               
                 Folpet 
               
               
                 Fomesafen 
               
               
                 Fomesafen Sodium 
               
               
                 Formaldehyde 
               
               
                 Formetanate hydrochloride 
               
               
                 Fosetyl-Al 
               
               
                 Fosthiazate 
               
               
                 Fuberidazole 
               
               
                 gamma-cyhalothrin 
               
               
                 Gibberellic acid 
               
               
                 Gibberellin A4 mixt. with Gibberellin A7 
               
               
                 Glufosinate-ammonium 
               
               
                 Glutaral 
               
               
                 Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)-potassium salt 
               
               
                 Glycolic acid 
               
               
                 Glyphosate 
               
               
                 Glyphosate, ammonium salt 
               
               
                 Glyphosate, dimethylammonium salt 
               
               
                 Glyphosate, isopropylamine salt 
               
               
                 Guanidine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N″-[(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)methyl]- 
               
               
                 Halofenozide 
               
               
                 Hexaflumuron 
               
               
                 Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine 
               
               
                 Hexazinone 
               
               
                 Hexythiazox 
               
               
                 Hydramethylno 
               
               
                 Hydramethylnon 
               
               
                 Hydrogen peroxide 
               
               
                 Hydroprene 
               
               
                 Hymexazol 
               
               
                 IBA 
               
               
                 Imazalil 
               
               
                 Imazamethabenz-methyl 
               
               
                 Imazamox 
               
               
                 Imazapic 
               
               
                 Imazapyr 
               
               
                 Imazapyr, isopropylamine salt 
               
               
                 Imazaquin 
               
               
                 Imazethapyr 
               
               
                 Imidacloprid 
               
               
                 Imiprothrin 
               
               
                 Indoxacarb 
               
               
                 Iodine 
               
               
                 Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 
               
               
                 Ioxynil 
               
               
                 Iprodione 
               
               
                 Isofenphos 
               
               
                 Isopropyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate 
               
               
                 Isopropylamine 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate 
               
               
                 Isoxaben 
               
               
                 Isoxaben 
               
               
                 Isoxaflutole 
               
               
                 Kaolin 
               
               
                 Kinoprene 
               
               
                 Kresoxim-methyl 
               
               
                 Lactofen 
               
               
                   Lagenidium giganteum , mycelium or oospores 
               
               
                 Linalool 
               
               
                 Linuron 
               
               
                 Lithium hypochlorite 
               
               
                 L-Lactic acid 
               
               
                 Lysophosphatidylethanolamines, egg yolk 
               
               
                 Malathion 
               
               
                 Maleic hydrazide 
               
               
                 Mancozeb 
               
               
                 Maneb 
               
               
                 MCPA 
               
               
                 MCPA (and salts and esters) 
               
               
                 MCPA, 2-ethylhexyl ester 
               
               
                 MCPA, dimethylamine salt 
               
               
                 MCPB (and salts) 
               
               
                 MCPB, sodium salt 
               
               
                 Mefenpyr-diethyl 
               
               
                 Mefluidide 
               
               
                 Mefluidide, diethanolamine salt 
               
               
                 Mercuric Chloride 
               
               
                 Mercuric Oxide 
               
               
                 Mercurous Chloride 
               
               
                 Mesotrione 
               
               
                 Metalaxyl 
               
               
                 Metalaxyl-M 
               
               
                 Metaldehyde 
               
               
                 Metamitron 
               
               
                 Metam-sodium 
               
               
                 Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 spores 
               
               
                 Methabenzthiazuron 
               
               
                 Methamidophos 
               
               
                 Methanone, [2-[[6-(2-chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoro-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]phenyl] (5,6-d** 
               
               
                 Methidathion 
               
               
                 Methiocarb 
               
               
                 Methomyl 
               
               
                 Methoprene 
               
               
                 Methoxyfenozide 
               
               
                 Methyl 2-[3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)ureidosulfonyl]-4-methanesulfonamidom** 
               
               
                 Methyl anthranilate 
               
               
                 Methyl bromide 
               
               
                 Methyl eugenol 
               
               
                 Methyl isothiocyanate 
               
               
                 Methyl nonyl ketone 
               
               
                 Methyl parathion 
               
               
                 Methylene bis(thiocyanate) 
               
               
                 Metiram 
               
               
                 Metolachlor 
               
               
                 Metominostrobin 
               
               
                 Metoxuron 
               
               
                 Metribuzin 
               
               
                 Metsulfuron-methyl 
               
               
                 Milbemectin (A mixture of &gt;=70% Milbemcin A4, &amp; &lt;=30% Milbemycin A3) 
               
               
                 Mineral oil-includes paraffin oil from 063503 
               
               
                 MKH 6561 
               
               
                 Molinate 
               
               
                 Monolinuron 
               
               
                 Morpholine, 3-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl) 
               
               
                   Muscodor albus  strain QST 20799 
               
               
                 Myclobutanil 
               
               
                 N-phenylphthalamic acid 
               
               
                 N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethoxy-7-fluoro-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)pyrimidine-2-su** 
               
               
                 N-(4-Fluorophenyl)-N-(1-methylethyl)-2((5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2** 
               
               
                 N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) 
               
               
                 N-(Phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine 
               
               
                 N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide and other isomers 
               
               
                 N,N-Dimethyl-2-?3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)ureidosulfonylU-4-formylaminobe** 
               
               
                 NAA 
               
               
                 Nabam 
               
               
                 NAD 
               
               
                 Nalad 
               
               
                 Naphthalene 
               
               
                 Naphthalene, 1,4-dimethyl- 
               
               
                 Naproanilide 
               
               
                 Napropamide 
               
               
                 Navel orangeworm pheromone 
               
               
                 N-Cyclopropyl-N′-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 
               
               
                 Nicarbazin 
               
               
                 Niclosamide 
               
               
                 Nicosulfuron 
               
               
                 Nicotine 
               
               
                 Nitrapyrin 
               
               
                 N-Methylneodecanamide 
               
               
                 N-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide 
               
               
                 Nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol-iodine complex 
               
               
                 Norflurazon 
               
               
                 
                   Nosema locustae 
                 
               
               
                 Novaluron 
               
               
                 Noviflumuron 
               
               
                 Nuarimol 
               
               
                 O,O-Dimethyl O-(4-nitro-m-tolyl) phosphorothioate 
               
               
                 Octanoic acid, ester with 1,2-propanediol 
               
               
                 Octhilinone 
               
               
                 Ofurace 
               
               
                 Oil of eucalyptus 
               
               
                 o-Phenylphenol 
               
               
                 Orbencarb 
               
               
                 Orthosulfamuron 
               
               
                 Oryzalin 
               
               
                 Oxadiazon 
               
               
                 Oxamyl 
               
               
                 Oxine-copper 
               
               
                 Oxycarboxin 
               
               
                 Oxydemeton-methyl 
               
               
                 Oxyfluorfen 
               
               
                 Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 
               
               
                 Paclobutrazol 
               
               
                   Paecilomyces fumosoroseus  Apopka Strain 97 
               
               
                 Paradichlorobenzene 
               
               
                 Paraquat dichloride 
               
               
                 Parathion-methyl 
               
               
                 Pefurazoat 
               
               
                 Penconazole 
               
               
                 Pencycuron 
               
               
                 Pendimethalin 
               
               
                 Pentachlorophenol 
               
               
                 Permethrin 
               
               
                 Petroleum distillate, oils, solvent, or hydrocarbons; also paraffinic hydrocar** 
               
               
                 Phenmedipham 
               
               
                 Phenol, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)- 
               
               
                 Phorate 
               
               
                 Phosmet 
               
               
                 Phosphorous acid 
               
               
                 Phostebupirim 
               
               
                 Phoxim 
               
               
                 Picaridin 
               
               
                 Picloram 
               
               
                 Picloram, potassium salt 
               
               
                 Picolinafen 
               
               
                 Pine oil 
               
               
                 Pinoxaden 
               
               
                 Piperalin 
               
               
                 Piperidinium, 1,1-dimethyl-, chloride 
               
               
                 Piperonyl butoxide 
               
               
                 Pirimicarb 
               
               
                 Pirimiphos-methyl 
               
               
                 Plant extract* (*Derived from  quercus falcata ,  opuntia lindheimer , rhus aromat** 
               
               
                 p-Menthane-3,8-diol 
               
               
                 Poly(iminoimidocarbonyliminoimidocarbonyliminohexamethylene) hydrochloride 
               
               
                 Poly(oxyethylene(dimethyliminio)ethylene(dimethyliminio)ethylene dichloride) 
               
               
                 Polyoxin D zinc salt 
               
               
                 Polyxylenol tetrasulfide 
               
               
                 Potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate 
               
               
                 Potassium silicate 
               
               
                 Prallethrin 
               
               
                 Primisulfuron-methyl 
               
               
                 Prochloraz 
               
               
                 Prodiamine 
               
               
                 Profenofos 
               
               
                 Prohexadione calcium 
               
               
                 Prometon 
               
               
                 Prometryn 
               
               
                 Propachlor 
               
               
                 Propanil 
               
               
                 Propanoic acid, 2-?4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxyU-, butyl ester, (R)— 
               
               
                 Propanoic acid, 2-?4-?(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxyphenoxyU-, ethylester, (R)— 
               
               
                 Propanoic acid, 2-{4-{(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy}phenoxy}-, ethyl ester, (R)** 
               
               
                 Propargite 
               
               
                 Propazine 
               
               
                 Propetamphos 
               
               
                 Propiconazole 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
               
               
                 Propoxur 
               
               
                 Propoxycarbazone-sodium 
               
               
                 Propylene oxide 
               
               
                 Propyzamide 
               
               
                 Prosulfuron 
               
               
                 Prothioconazole 
               
               
                 Prothiofos 
               
               
                 
                   Pseudomonas syringae 
                 
               
               
                   Pseudomonas syringae , strain ESC-11 
               
               
                 
                   Pseudozyma flocculosa 
                 
               
               
                 Pymetrozine 
               
               
                 Pyraclostrobin 
               
               
                 Pyrethrins 
               
               
                 Pyrethrins (Pyrethrum) 
               
               
                 Pyridaben 
               
               
                 Pyrithiobac-sodium 
               
               
                 Pyroquilon 
               
               
                   Pythium oligandrum  DV 74 (ATCC 38472) (A Filamentous Fungus) 
               
               
                 QST 713 strain of  bacillus subtilis   
               
               
                 Quinclorac 
               
               
                 Quinoxyfen 
               
               
                 Quizalofop-ethyl 
               
               
                 Resmethrin 
               
               
                 
                   Reynoutria sachalinensis 
                 
               
               
                 Rimsulfuron 
               
               
                 Rotenone 
               
               
                 RU 15525 
               
               
                 S-(2-Hydroxypropyl) thiomethanesulfonate 
               
               
                 S-(O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate) ester of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulf** 
               
               
                 Sabadilla 
               
               
                   Saccharopolyspora spinosa  fermentation product containing Spinosad 
               
               
                 Sethoxydim 
               
               
                 Siduron 
               
               
                 Silicon dioxide 
               
               
                 Silver 
               
               
                 Silver chloride 
               
               
                 Silver sodium hydrogen zirconium phosphate (Ag0.18Na0.57H0.25Zr2(PO4)3) 
               
               
                 Simazine 
               
               
                 Sodium 1-naphthaleneacetate 
               
               
                 Sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate 
               
               
                 Sodium 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy] benzoate 
               
               
                 Sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate 
               
               
                 Sodium acifluorfen 
               
               
                 Sodium bentazon 
               
               
                 Sodium bicarbonate 
               
               
                 Sodium bromide 
               
               
                 Sodium chlorate 
               
               
                 Sodium chlorite 
               
               
                 Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate 
               
               
                 Sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione 
               
               
                 Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate 
               
               
                 Sodium fluoride 
               
               
                 Sodium fluoroacetate 
               
               
                 Sodium hypochlorite 
               
               
                 Sodium o-nitrophenolate 
               
               
                 Sodium o-phenylphenate 
               
               
                 Sodium p-chloro-m-cresolate 
               
               
                 Sodium percarbonate 
               
               
                 Sodium p-nitrophenolate 
               
               
                 Sodium silver thiosulfate 
               
               
                 Spinosad 
               
               
                 Starlicide 
               
               
                 Streptomycin sesquisulfate 
               
               
                 Strychnine 
               
               
                 Sulfentrazone 
               
               
                 Sulfluramid 
               
               
                 Sulfometuron methyl 
               
               
                 Sulfosulfuron 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
               
               
                 Sulfuric acid, monourea adduct 
               
               
                 Sulprofos 
               
               
                 Tebufenozide 
               
               
                 Tebufenpyrad 
               
               
                 Tebuthiuron 
               
               
                 Tebuthiuron 
               
               
                 Tecloftalam 
               
               
                 Tecnazene 
               
               
                 Tefluthrin 
               
               
                 Temephos 
               
               
                 Tepraloxydim 
               
               
                 Terbacil 
               
               
                 Terbufos 
               
               
                 Terbuthylazine 
               
               
                 Terbutryn 
               
               
                 tert-Butyl (E)-4-(((((1,3-dimethyl-5-phenoxy-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)amino)o** 
               
               
                 Tetraacetylethylenediamine 
               
               
                 Tetrachlorvinphos ((Z)-isomer) 
               
               
                 Tetraconazole 
               
               
                 Tetrahydro-2-(nitromethylene)-2H-1,3-thiazine 
               
               
                 Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulphate (THPS) 
               
               
                 Tetramethrin 
               
               
                 Thenylchlor 
               
               
                 Thiabendazole 
               
               
                 Thiamethoxam 
               
               
                 Thiazopyr 
               
               
                 Thidiazuron 
               
               
                 Thifensulfuron-methyl 
               
               
                 Thiobencarb 
               
               
                 Thiodicarb 
               
               
                 Thiophanate-methyl 
               
               
                 Thiram 
               
               
                 Tolclofos-methyl 
               
               
                 Tolylfluanid 
               
               
                 Tralkoxydim 
               
               
                 Tralomethrin 
               
               
                 Triadimefon 
               
               
                 Triadimenol 
               
               
                 Triallate 
               
               
                 Triasulfuron 
               
               
                 Triazoxide 
               
               
                 Tribenuron-methyl 
               
               
                 Tribufos 
               
               
                 Trichlorfon 
               
               
                 Trichlorfon 
               
               
                 Trichloromelamine 
               
               
                 Trichloro-s-triazinetrione 
               
               
                 Triclopyr 
               
               
                 Triclopyr 
               
               
                 Triethylamine triclopyr 
               
               
                 Trifloxystrobin 
               
               
                 Trifloxysulfuron-sodium 
               
               
                 Triflumizole 
               
               
                 Trifluralin 
               
               
                 Triflusulfuron-methyl 
               
               
                 Triforine 
               
               
                 Triforine 
               
               
                 Triisopropanolamine 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate 
               
               
                 Trinexapac-ethyl 
               
               
                 Uniconazole 
               
               
                 Vernolate 
               
               
                 Vinclozolin 
               
               
                 Warfarin 
               
               
                 Zeta-Cypermethrin 
               
               
                 Zinc 
               
               
                 Zinc 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide 
               
               
                 Zinc borate (3ZnO, 2B03, 3.5H2O; mw 434.66) 
               
               
                 Zinc naphthenate 
               
               
                 Zinc oxide 
               
               
                 Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) 
               
               
                 Zineb 
               
               
                 Ziram 
               
               
                 Zoxamide 
               
               
                 ZXI 8901 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0047]    Pesticide compositions of the invention include a photoprotectant, typically a UV protectant, thereby increasing the half-life of the photolabile pesticide. As used herein, the term “photolabile pesticide” refers to a pesticide that is sensitive, i.e., degraded and/or inactivated, by light, typically UV light. UV light is defined as electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths from about 200 nm 400 nm, typically from 290 nm to 400 nm. Within this range of wavelengths, UV light can be subdivided into UV-A (wavelength from about 320 to about 400 nm) and UV-B (wavelength from about 290 to about 320 nm). 
         [0048]    A photoprotectant refers to any compound that can prolong the half-life of photolabile pesticide or increase the stability of photolabile pesticide when exposed to light. A photoprotectant typically absorbs, blocks, and/or reflects at least a portion of the harmful light to reduce the amount of exposure to the photolabile pesticide. In some embodiments, the photoprotectant is a UV protectant. Within these embodiments, in certain cases the photoprotectant is a UV absorbent. The term “UV absorbent” refers to any compound or substance that absorbs UV radiation. A UV absorbent can either scatter or absorb UV radiation. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are two examples that scatter UV radiation. UV absorbents used in the invention are often organic compounds that absorb UV radiation. Organic compounds that absorb UV radiation are well known to one skilled in the art. For example, a number of these compounds are often used in “sun screen” preparation. Exemplary UV absorbents that are useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), avobenzone, oxybenzone, benzotriazole and derivatives (such as commercially available absorbent Tinuvin 571®), homosalate, polyflavinoids such as Shade®, and Benzophenone®. Other suitable organic UV protectants are listed in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 PABA, Ethyl PABA 
               
               
                 Ethyl Dihydroxypropyl PABA 
               
               
                 Ethylhexyl Dimethyl PABA (marketed, in particular, under the trademark “Escalol 507” by ISP) 
               
               
                 Glyceryl PABA 
               
               
                 PEG-25 PABA(marketed under the trademark “Uvinul P25” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Salicylic Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Homosalate (marketed under the trademark “Eusolex HMS” by Rona/EM Industries) 
               
               
                 Ethylhexyl Salicylate (marketed under the trademark “Neo Heliopan OS” by Haarmann and 
               
               
                 Reimer) 
               
               
                 Dipropyleneglycol Salicylate (marketed under the trademark “Dipsal” by Scher) 
               
               
                 TEA Salicylate (marketed under the trademark “Neo Heliopan TS” by Haarmann and Reimer) 
               
               
                 Cinnamic Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate (marketed, in particular, under the trademark “Parsol MCX” by 
               
               
                 Hoffmann-LaRoche) 
               
               
                 Isopropyl Methoxy cinnamate, Isoamyl Methoxy cinnamate (marketed under the trademark 
               
               
                 “Neo Heliopan E 1000” by Haarmann and Reimer) 
               
               
                 Cinoxate 
               
               
                 DEA Methoxycinnamate 
               
               
                 Diisopropyl Methylcinnamate 
               
               
                 Glyceryl Ethylhexanoate Dimethoxycinnamate 
               
               
                 β,β-Diphenylacrylate Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Octocrylene (marketed, in particular, under the trademark “Uvinul N539” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Etocrylene (marketed, in particular, under the trademark “Uvinul N35” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-1 (marketed under the trademark “Uvinul 400” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-2 (marketed under the trademark “Uvinul D50” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-3 or Oxybenzone (marketed under the trademark “Uvinul M40” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-4 (marketed under the trademark “Uvinul MS40” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-5 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-6 (marketed under the trademark “Helisorb 11” by Norquay) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-8 (marketed under the trademark “Spectra-Sorb UV-24” by American 
               
               
                 Cyanamid) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-9 (marketed under the trademark “Uvinul DS-49” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Benzophenone-12 
               
               
                 Benzylidenecamphor Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 3-Benzylidene camphor (marketed under the trademark “Mexoryl SD” by Chimex) 
               
               
                 Benzylidene Camphor Sulfonic Acid (marketed under the trademark “Mexoryl SL” by 
               
               
                 Chimex) 
               
               
                 Camphor Benzalkonium Methosulfate (marketed under the trademark “Mexoryl SO” by 
               
               
                 Chimex) 
               
               
                 Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid (marketed under the trademark “Mexoryl SX” by 
               
               
                 Chimex) 
               
               
                 Polyacrylamidomethyl Benzylidene Camphor (marketed under the trademark “Mexoryl SW” 
               
               
                 by Chimex) 
               
               
                 Phenylbenzimidazole Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid (marketed, in particular, under the trademark “Eusolex 
               
               
                 232” by Merck) 
               
               
                 Disodium Phenyl Dibenzimidazole Tetrasulfonate (marketed under the trademark “Neo 
               
               
                 Heliopan AP” by Haarmann and Reimer) 
               
               
                 Triazine Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Anisotriazine (marketed under the trademark “Tinosorb S” by Ciba Specialty Chemicals) 
               
               
                 Ethylhexyl triazone (marketed, in particular, under the trademark “Uvinul T150” by BASF) 
               
               
                 Diethylhexyl Butamido Triazone (marketed under the trademark “Uvasorb HEB” by Sigma 
               
               
                 3V) 
               
               
                 2,4,6-tris(diisobutyl 4′-aminobenzalmalonate)-s-triazine 
               
               
                 Phenylbenzotriazole Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Drometrizole Trisiloxane (marketed under the trademark “Silatrizole” by Rhodia Chimie) 
               
               
                 Methylenebis(benzotriazolyltetramethylbutylphenol) (marketed in the solid form under the 
               
               
                 trademark “Mixxim BB/100” by Fairmount Chemical or in the micronized form in aqueous 
               
               
                 dispersion under the trademark “Tinosorb M” by Ciba Specialty Chemicals) 
               
               
                 Anthranilic Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Menthyl anthranilate 
               
               
                 Marketed under the trademark “Neo Heliopan MA” by Haarmann and Reimer 
               
               
                 Imidazoline Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Ethylhexyl Dimethoxybenzylidene Dioxoimidazoline Propionate 
               
               
                 Benzalmalonate Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 Polyorganosiloxane comprising benzalmalonate functional group (marketed under the 
               
               
                 trademark “Parsol SLX” by Hoffmann-LaRoche) 
               
               
                 4,4-Diarylbutadiene Derivatives such as: 
               
               
                 1,1-Dicarboxy(2,2′-dimethylpropyl)-4,4-dipenylbutadiene 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0049]    The ability of a compound to absorb a particular wavelength at a given temperature is often expressed by the equation: 
         [0000]      [α] λ   T =εcl 
         [0000]    where α is absorbance at temperature T and at wavelength λ, ε is the extinction coefficient of the compound, c is the concentration, and l is the length of photocell used to measure the UV absorbance. Unless specified otherwise, all absorbance referred to herein are at room temperature, e.g., 20° C. Typical UV absorbents used in the invention have a broad range of UV wavelength absorbance. Often the UV absorbent absorbs at least 30%, typically at least 50%, and more typically at least 70% of UV light. In general, the extinction coefficient of the UV absorbent is at least equal to, often greater than, the extinction coefficient of the pesticide within the UV light spectrum. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that having the extinction coefficient of the UV absorbent at least equal to that of the pesticide allows the UV absorbent to substantially reduce the amount of UV light exposure to the pesticide. However, it should be appreciated that one can also affect the amount of UV light exposure to the pesticide by increasing the amount of UV absorbent relative to the amount of pesticide present in the composition. 
         [0050]    In some embodiments, the UV absorbent comprises a mixture of at least one UV-A absorbent and at least one UV-B absorbent. In one particular embodiment, the UV absorbent comprises a benzophenone (e.g., benzophenone-3) and a benzotriazole derivative (e.g., commercially available solvent Tinuvin 571®, which is available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., Tarrytown, N.Y.). It should be appreciated that while some UV absorbents are categorized as being UV-A or UV-B absorbent, such UV absorbents are not limited to absorbing UV light within their respective category. The term UV-A absorbent means that the minimum extinction coefficient within UV-A range is greater than its UV-B absorbance. However, it does not mean that UV-A absorbent can not absorb any UV-B light. It merely means the extinction coefficient of UV-A absorbance is greater than its extinction coefficient for UV-B wavelength. Similarly, the term UV-B absorbent means that the compound&#39;s extinction coefficient of UV-B absorbent is greater than its extinction coefficient for UV-A wavelength. Simply put, UV-A absorbent has generally a higher absorbance for UV-A than UV-B and UV-B absorbent has generally a higher absorbance for UV-B than UV-A. 
         [0051]    Compositions of the invention comprise a photolabile pesticide. A “photolabile pesticide” refers to a pesticide that is degraded by sunlight, in particular UV light. Pesticide refers to any compound that can control or eliminate a plant pest such as insects, weeds, and fungi. Exemplary pesticides include, but are not limited to, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Particular exemplary photolabile pesticides include, but are not limited to, those listed in Table 1. 
         [0052]    Typically, photolabile pesticides have a relatively short half-life when exposed to UV light. Such a short half-life span means the pesticide has to be re-applied several times during the plant&#39;s growing season. This increases the time and cost in planting plants as well as increasing the amount of potentially harmful chemicals used. In one aspect of the invention, the amount of time and cost as well as the frequency of pesticide application are significantly reduced by using a photolabile pesticide composition that comprises a UV absorbent. Without being bound by any theory, UV absorbent present within compositions of the invention absorbs UV light to protect and/or prolong the half-life of photolabile pesticide. Typically, the half-life of photolabile pesticide is increased by at least 25%, often by at least 50%, and more typically by at least 80%. Such increase in the half-life allows a plant pest to be exposed to the pesticide for a much longer period, thereby reducing the amount and/or the number of pesticide re-application. 
         [0053]    In some embodiments, compositions of the invention can also include an organic solvent. A variety of suitable organic solvents are known to one skilled in the art. Typically these organic solvents comprise an aromatic organic solvent such as Aromatic 150 available from Exxon (Houston, Tex.). Other suitable organic solvents in compositions of the invention include all inert organic solvents that are conventionally employed in plant treatment products. Exemplary suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to, glycols such as propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols having various molecular weights; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone and cyclohexanone; amides such as dimethyl- or diethyl formamide; N,N-dialkylated carboxamides (such as, for example, commercially-available solvent Hallcomid®); alkyllactams such as substituted pyrrolidones (such as, for example, N-methylpyrrolidone and commercially available solvent Surfadone®) and caprolactams (such as, for example, commercially available solvent Azone®); hydrocarbons, n-paraffins and isoparaffins having various boiling ranges as can be obtained (such as, for example, under the trade names Exxol®, Norpar® and Isopar®); aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and aromatic distillation fractions (such as, for example, commercially available solvent Solvesso®); esters such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, dibutyl adipate and di-n-butyl phthalate; ethers such as propylene glycol methyl ether or propylene glycol butyl ether; alcohols such as ethanol, n- and i-propanol, n- and i-butanol, n- and i-amyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and higher alcohols, furthermore liquid carriers which have been obtained by modifying vegetable oils, such as, for example, rapeseed oil methyl ester and 2-ethylhexyl laurate; and furthermore dimethyl sulphoxide, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran. The organic solvents can be employed in the form of individual components or in the form of mixtures. Often organic solvents are miscible with the UV absorbent and/or the emulsifier and are not unduly volatile. 
         [0054]    Still in embodiments, compositions of the invention can also include an emulsifier. Exemplary emulsifiers that are suitable for compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, castor oil, and other emulsifiers such as, for example, commercially available emulsifier Sponto AG355N®, and mixtures of two or more thereof. 
         [0055]    Typically pesticides are applied as an aqueous solution. Accordingly, compositions of the invention can also include water. Alternatively, compositions of the invention can be prepared just prior to or during its application to plants, for example by having a two separate vessels for organic material and aqueous material and mixing the two materials just prior to application or as they are being applied to plants. 
         [0056]    Compositions of the invention can also include one or more adjuvants. Suitable adjuvants are well known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0057]    The amount of each component in compositions of the invention is typical of those known to one skilled in the art. However, as stated above, because the half-life of the pesticide is significantly increased in compositions of the invention, the amount of pesticide present in compositions of the invention can be reduced significantly, thereby reducing the amount of pesticide needed. 
         [0058]    Typically, the amount of photolabile pesticide in compositions of the invention ranges from about 0.1 to about 60 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. Often the amount of photolabile pesticide ranges from about 10 to about 50 wt %, and more often from about 20 to about 30 wt %, of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0059]    The amount of UV absorbent in compositions of the invention generally ranges from about 1 to about 20 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. Often the amount of UV absorbent ranges from about 6 to about 14 wt %, and more often from about 8 to about 12 wt %, of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0060]    When the UV absorbent comprises a UV-A absorbent compound and a UV-B absorbent compound, the amount of UV-A absorbent compound in compositions of the invention generally ranges from 0.5 to about 10 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. Often the amount of UV-A absorbent compound ranges from about 3 to about 7 wt %, and more often from about 4 to about 6 wt %, of the total non-aqueous material. The amount of UV-B absorbent compound generally ranges from 0.5 to about 10 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. Often the amount of UV-B absorbent compound ranges from about 3 to about 7 wt %, and more often from about 4 to about 6 wt %, of the total non-aqueous material. Typically, the relative ratio between the UV-A absorbent compound and the UV-B absorbent compound is about 1 to 1. However, it should be appreciated that the relative ratio of UV-A absorbent compound to UV-B absorbent compound is not limited to these specific ranges and examples given herein. The relative amount of UV-A and UV-B absorbent compounds can vary depending on the extinction coefficient of each of the compound. 
         [0061]    When other additives such as an emulsifier, an organic solvent, adjuvant, or a mixture of two or more thereof are present, the amount of total additives generally ranges from about 35 to about 98 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. Often the total amount of additives ranges from about 50 to about 70 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0062]    The amount of organic solvent in compositions of the invention generally ranges from about 45 to about 65 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. Often the amount of organic solvent ranges from about 50 to about 60 wt %, and more often from about 55 to about 59 wt %, of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0063]    The amount emulsifier in compositions of the invention generally ranges from 3 to about 7 wt % of the total non-aqueous material. Often the amount of emulsifier ranges from about 4 to about 6 wt %, and more often from about 4.5 to about 5.5 wt %, of the total non-aqueous material. 
         [0064]    However, it should be appreciated that the amount of individual components in the compositions of the invention can be varied within a wide range. 
         [0065]    As stated above, the compositions of the invention can also comprise water. The water content prior to drying can vary within a wide range. It is generally between 0 and 80 wt %. 
         [0066]    Suitable additives which can also be present in the compositions according to the invention are all those substances which are conventionally employed as additives in plant treatment products. They include polymers, surface-active substances, colorants, antioxidants, thickeners, fillers, antifreeze agents and solvents. Moreover, as stated above, the compositions according to the invention can also contain water. 
         [0067]    Suitable polymers which can be present in the compositions according to the invention are all customary polymers or copolymers which are soluble or dispersible in water. Preferably suitable are polymers which are accessible by synthesis by means of anionic or non-ionic polymerization of suitable monomers, for example by emulsion polymerization or bead polymerization with the aid of free-radical formers or other initiator systems. Other polymers which can preferably be employed are those based on natural-rubber lattices. 
         [0068]    Exemplary polymers which can be present in compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, are following polymers: polyvinyl acetate (such as, for example, commercially available Mowilith®), polyvinyl alcohols with different degrees of hydrolysis (Mowiol®), polyvinylpyrrolidones (such as, for example, commercially available Lewiskod K® or Agrimer®), polyacrylates (such as, for example, commercially available Carbopol®), acrylate-, polyol- or polyester-based paint system binders which are soluble or dispersible in water (such as, for example, commercially available Desmophen®, Roskydal® or Bayhydrol®), moreover copolymers of two or more monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, maleic anhydride, vinylpyrrolidone, ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as ethylene, butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, styrene, divinylbenzene, ot-methylstyrene or p-methylstyrene, further vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, additionally vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate or vinyl stearate, moreover vinyl methyl ketone or esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with monohydric alcohols or polyols such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethylene methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, decyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylamino-ethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate or glycidyl methacrylate, furthermore diethyl esters or monoesters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, furthermore (meth)acrylamido-N-methylol methyl ether, amides or nitriles such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylol(meth)acrylamide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and also N-substituted maleiraides and ethers such as vinyl butyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether or vinyl phenyl ether. 
         [0069]    Suitable surface-active substances which can be present in the compositions of the invention are all those substances which have surface-active properties and which are conventionally used in plant treatment products. Often surface-active substances are non-ionic and anionic emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, fatty amine ethoxylates, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, alkylarylsulphonates, aryl sulphates and silicone surfactants. Exemplary surface-active substances are listed in McCutcheon&#39;s  Emulsifiers and Detergents,  1982, North America Edit, MC Publishing Co., 175 Rock Road, Glen Rock, N.J. 07 452, USA. 
         [0070]    Suitable colorants are often soluble or sparingly soluble color pigments such as, for example, titanium dioxide, color black or zinc oxide. 
         [0071]    Suitable antioxidants are well known to one skilled in the art and include substances that are usually employed in plant treatment products. Often antioxidants are sterically hindered phenols and alkyl-substituted hydroxyanisoles and hydroxytoluenes. 
         [0072]    Suitable thickeners are also well known to one skilled in the art. These include substances that are usually employed in plant treatment products. Exemplary thickeners include, but are not limited to, the following: organic polymers such as partially or fully neutralized polyacrylic acids (such as, for example, commercially available Carbopol®), polyvinylpyrrolidone homo- or copolymers (such as, for example, commercially available Luviskol K® or Luviskol VA®), polyethylene glycols (such as, for example, commercially available Polyox®), ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers (such as, for example, commercially available Pluronic®), polyvinyl alcohols and non-ionically or ionically modified celluloses (such as, for example, commercially available Tylose®), thixotropic xanthan-based thickeners (such as, for example, commercially available Kelzan®), and moreover inorganic disperse thickeners such as precipitated or pyrogenic silicas, kaolins, bentonites, aluminum/silicon mixed oxides, and silicates. 
         [0073]    Suitable antifreeze agents are conventional substances that are usually employed for plant treatment products. Often antifreeze agents are urea, glycerol or propylene glycol. 
         [0074]    Suitable fillers are typically inert materials that are conventionally employed in plant treatment products. Exemplary fillers include, but are not limited to, the following: ground minerals, calcium carbonate, ground quartz and aluminum/silicon mixed oxides or mixed hydroxides. 
         [0075]    When preparing the compositions of the invention, a procedure is generally followed in which a premix is first prepared by dissolving or dispersing the UV absorbent and the pesticide in an organic solvent with stirring at temperatures typically between 20° C. and 70° C., often at room temperature, and, if appropriate, other additives such as an emulsifier are added. However, a different procedure can be followed when preparing compositions of the invention. For example, the premix can be dispersed in a solution of at least one surface-active substance, e.g., emulsifier, in water with stirring at temperatures typically between 20° C. and 70° C., often at room temperature. The dispersing process can be carried out in such a way that an oil-in-water emulsion is formed in which the average particle size is generally between 0.5 and 50 μm, typically between 1 and 20 μm. The resulting emulsion can subsequently be treated with a solution or dispersion of at least one polymer in water and, if appropriate, additives with stirring at temperatures typically between 20° C. and 70° C., often at room temperature. Still a different procedure can be followed when preparing the compositions of the invention. In general, it is possible to mix the components in any order. All stirring and mixing apparatus which is customary for this purpose is suitable for preparing the compositions of the invention. 
         [0076]    The compositions of the invention are generally obtained from the preparation in a fluid or viscous state. Depending on the preparation process, they remain viscous after application or else form a non-flowable coating. 
         [0077]    Some of the compositions of the invention are suitable for controlling harmful insects and undesirable representatives of the order Acarina which are found in agriculture, in forests and in horticulture, including viticulture. For example, they can be employed against the pests listed in Table 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 From the order of the Isopoda, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Oniscus asellus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Armadillidium vulgare 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Porcellio scaber 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Diplopoda, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Blaniulus guttulatus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Chilopoda, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Geophilus carpophagus 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Scutigera  spec 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Symphyla, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Scutigerella immaculata 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Thysanura, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Lepisma saccharina 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Collembola, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Onychiurus armatus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Orthoptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Blatta orientalis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Periplaneta americana 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Leucophaea maderae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Blattella germanica 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Acheta domesticus 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Gryllotalpa  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Locusta migratoria migratorioides 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Melanoplus differentialis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Schistocerca gregaria 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Dermaptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Forficula auricularia 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Isoptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                   Reticulitermes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Anoplura, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Phylloxera vastatrix 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Pemphigus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Pediculus humanus corporis 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Haematopinus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Linognathus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 From the order cf the Mallophaga, for example: 
               
               
                   
                   Trichodectes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Damalinea  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Thysanoptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Hercinothrips femoralis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Thrips tabaci 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Heteroptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                   Eurygaster  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Dysdercus intermedius 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Piesma quadrata 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cimex lectularius 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Rhodnius prolixus 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Triatoma  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Homoptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Aleurodes brassicae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Bemisia tabaci 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Trialeurodes vaporariorum 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Aphis gossypii 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Brevicoryne brassicae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cryptomyzus ribis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Aphis fabae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Doralis pomi 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Eriosoma lanigerum 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Hyalopterus arundinis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Macrosiphum avenae 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Myzus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Phorodon humuli 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Rhopalosiphum padi 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Empoasca  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Euscelis bilobatus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Nephotettix cincticeps 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Lecanium corni 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Saissetia oleae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Laodelphax striatellus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Nilaparvata lugens 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Aonidiella aurantii 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Aspidiotus hederae 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Pseudococcus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Psylla  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Lepidoptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Pectinophora gossypiella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Bupalus piniarius 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cheimatobia brumata 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Lithocolletis blancardella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Hyponomeuta padella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Plutella maculipennis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Malacosoma neustria 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Euproctis chrysorrhoea 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Lymantria  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Bucculatrix thurberiella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Phyllocnistis citrella 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Agrotis  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Euxoa  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Feltia  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Earias insulana 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Heliothis  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Spodoptera exigua 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Mamestra brassicae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Panolis flammea 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Prodenia litura 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Spodoptera  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Trichoplusia ni 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Carpocapsa pomonella 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Pieris  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Chilo  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Pyrausta nubilalis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Ephestia kuehniella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Galleria mellonella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Tineola bisselliella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Tinea pellionella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Hofmannophila pseudospretella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cacoecia podana 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Capua reticulana 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Choristoneura fumiferana 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Clysia ambiguella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Homona magnanima 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Tortrix viridana 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Coleoptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Anobium punctatum 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Rhizopertha dominica 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Acanthoscelides obtectus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Bruchidius obtectus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Hylotrupes bajulus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Agelastica alni 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Leptinotarsa decemlineata 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Phaedon cochleariae 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Diabrotica  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Psylliodes chrysocephala 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Epilachna varivestis 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Atomaria  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Oryzaephilus surinamensis 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Anthonomus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Sitophilus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Otiorrhynchus sulcatus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cosmopolites sordidus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Hypera postica 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Dermestes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Trogoderma  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Anthrenus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Attagenus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Lyctus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Meligethes aeneus 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Ptinus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Niptus hololeucus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Gibbium psylloides 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Tribolium  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Tenebrio molitor 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Agriotes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Conoderus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Melolontha melolontha 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Amphimallon solstitialis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Costelytra zealandica 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Hymenoptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                   Diprion  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Hoplocampa  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Lasius  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Monomorium pharaonis 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Vespa  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Diptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                   Aedes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Anopheles  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Culex  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Drosophila melanogaster 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Musca  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Fannia  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Calliphora erythrocephala 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Lucilia  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Chrysomyia  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Cuterebra  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Gastrophilus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Hyppobosca  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Stomoxys  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Oestrus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Hypoderma  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Tabanus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Tannia  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Bibio hortulanus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Oscinella frit 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Phorbia  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Pegomyia hyoscyami 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Ceratitis capitata 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Dacus oleae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Tipula paludosa 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Siphonaptera, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Xenopsylla cheopis 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Ceratophyllus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Arachnida, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Scorpio maurus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Latrodectus mactans 
                 
               
               
                   
                 From the order of the Acarina, for example: 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Acarus siro 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Argas  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Ornithodoros  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Dermanyssus gallinae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Eriophyes ribis 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Phyllocoptruta oleivora 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Boophilus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Rhipicephalus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Amblyomma  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Hyalomma  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Ixodes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Psoroptes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Chorioptes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Sarcoptes  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Tarsonemus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Bryobia praetiosa 
                 
               
               
                   
                   Panonivchus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   Tetranychus  spp. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0078]    Some of the compositions of the invention are suitable for controlling harmful plants (e.g., weeds). Suitable photolabile herbicides are well known to one skilled in the art. Any of such photolabile herbicides can be used in compositions of the invention. 
         [0079]    Some of the compositions of the invention are suitable for controlling harmful fungi. Suitable photolabile fungicides are also well known to one skilled in the art. Any of such photolabile fungicides can be used in compositions of the invention. 
         [0080]    Using conventional devices as they are known to those skilled in the art the compositions of the invention can be applied to, and distributed on, the areas under cultivation or plants to be treated in the form of droplets, the drop-size range or thin limited layers. Particularly suitable for the treatment of orchard crops or grape vines is a process in which a defined amount of the formulations according to the invention is applied to the stems of the plants with the aid of dosing dispensers, pipettes or syringes, it being possible for the application device also to be provided with a spreading device or a broad-jet nozzle so as to apply the compositions broadly over a relatively large area. It is also possible to spread the formulations of the invention on a solid support, where they are allowed to dry. 
         [0081]    The amounts in which the compositions of the invention are applied can vary within a substantial range. They are in general in the order of magnitude which is conventionally used. 
         [0082]    Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following examples thereof, which are not intended to be limiting. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
       [0083]    A solution of insecticide composition was prepared as follows: UV-A and UV-B absorber (total about 5-15 wt %), insecticide (about 20-30 wt %), and emulsifiers (total about 2-10 wt %), and a solvent being the remainder. 
       Example 2 
       [0084]    An aqueous solution of a pyrethroid compound was irradiated with light at environmentally significant wavelengths. The half-life of this solution was about 21 hours. The same compound in the presence of UV-A and UV-B protectants had the half-life that was significantly longer. Even after two days, the mixture having UV-A and UV-B protectants did not show a significant degradation. 
       Example 3 
       [0085]    The capacity of a commercial insecticide (known as Tombstone™) to absorb UV radiation was compared to that of a composition combining the same insecticide with a photoprotectant according to one embodiment. 
         [0086]    The Tombstone™ insecticide composition consisted of the following ingredients: 
         [0000]                                                          Ingredient   Weight %                                        Aromatic 150   68.17           Cyfluthrin Tech   25.83           Emulsifier (Sponto ™ AG355N)   5.00           Emulsifier (36 mole castor oil)   1.00                        
Cyfluthrin has the following formula: cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate. Sponto™ AG355N is available from Witco/Akzo-Nobel.
 
         [0087]    The insecticide+photoprotectant composition (“I+P Comp”) according to one embodiment consisted of the following ingredients: 
         [0000]                                                          Ingredient   Weight %                                        Aromatic 150   58.17           Benzophenone-3   5.00           Tinuvin ® 571   5.00           Cyfluthrin Tech   25.83           Emulsifier (Sponto ™ AG355N)   5.00           Emulsifier (36 mole castor oil)   1.00                        
in which both benzophenone-3 and Tinuvin 571 are photoprotectants. The above ingredients were mixed with water at a ratio of 2 lbs of the composition per gallon of water.
 
         [0088]    The UV absorption of each composition was tested using a spectrophotometer. 
         [0089]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  exhibit the results of the testing.  FIG. 1A  shows that the commercial insecticide alone absorbed some UV-B radiation. In contrast,  FIG. 1B  shows that the I+P Comp absorbed both UV-B and UV-A radiation throughout the UV-B and UV-A spectrum. 
       Example 4 
       [0090]    The ability of the commercial insecticide of Example 3 to prevent photodegradation was compared to that of the I+P Comp of Example 3 using a photodegradable dye. 
         [0091]    Four glass bottles were each filled with a mixture of photodegradable dye and water (the ratio of dye to water being identical in each bottle). The commercial insecticide was added to two bottles, and the I+P Comp was added to the other two bottles. Subsequently, one bottle of the commercial insecticide and one bottle of the I+P Comp were placed outside in a location where each bottle could be struck directly by sunlight, and the bottles were exposed to a total of 21 hours of sunlight. Further, one bottle of the commercial insecticide and one bottle of the I+P Comp were placed in a drawer and were not allowed to be exposed to any sunlight. 
         [0092]      FIG. 2  depicts the results of the test. Bottles 1 and 2 contain the commercial insecticide, while bottles 3 and 4 contain the I+P Comp. Further, bottles 1 and 4 (counting from the left) were the bottles placed in the drawer (as controls), while bottles 2 and 3 were the bottles exposed to sunlight. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the photodegradable dye in the bottle of commercial insecticide (bottle 2) that was exposed to the sun had been completely broken down, thereby exhibiting a white color. In contrast, the photodegradable dye in the bottle of I+P Comp (bottle 3) that was exposed to the sun had not been broken down, as evidenced by the blue color indicating that the dye had not been degraded. 
       Example 5 
       [0093]    The effectiveness of the commercial insecticide of Example 3 after UV exposure was compared to that of the I+P Comp of Example 3. In this example, a number of Petri dishes, each containing an absorbent fiber, were treated with the commercial insecticide (“control dishes”), and a number of Petri dishes were treated with the I+P Comp (“test dishes”). Both the control composition and the test composition were added to the dishes at a rate of 1.6 ounces/Acre. In this example, three Petri dishes were treated with the test composition and three were treated with the control composition. 
         [0094]    After treatment, the test and control dishes were then exposed to artificial UV-A and UV-B light in the exposure areas (also referred to herein as “light stalls”) depicted in  FIG. 3A . Each stall had three UV-A/UV-B bulbs disposed above the dish-receiving surface. For purposes of this experiment, the UV light arrangement was the ESU Reptile Combo-Light™, which has a combination of two ReptiSun™ Compact Fluorescent UV-B Lamps (10.0 UVB) and one ReptiSun™ Linear Fluorescent Tube (10.0 UVB), all of which are distributed by Zoo Med Laboratories Inc., located in San Luis Obispo, Calif. 
         [0095]    The dishes were arranged in one of the light stalls under the lights as shown in  FIG. 3B . One test dish and one control dish were each exposed to the UV-A and UV-B light for 236 hours. Another test dish and control dish were each exposed for 260 hours. Finally, a third pair of dishes (one test and one control) were each exposed for 306.5 hours. 
         [0096]    After exposure to the UV light, six black cutworm larvae at the second instar were introduced into each Petri dish and the time to mortality was monitored. More specifically, the time was recorded when each cutworm become entirely inactive.  FIG. 3C  depicts one test dish (designated “TH”) and one control dish (designated “T”) during the mortality monitoring period. Due to the lengthy time to mortality in the 236 hour exposure test, each of the dishes in the 260 and 
         [0097]    The results for the three groups of dishes are shown in  FIGS. 4A ,  4 B,  4 C, and  4 D. Each figure shows the time at which each of the six cutworms became inactive in each dish.  FIG. 4A  depicts the results for the two dishes exposed to the UV light for 236 hours.  FIG. 4B  depicts results for the dishes exposed for 260 hours.  FIG. 4C  depicts results for the dishes exposed for 306.5 hours. Finally,  FIG. 4D  depicts the average time to mortality for all three exposure periods. 
         [0098]    As can be seen in the graphs, the I+P Comp exhibited a faster average mortality than the control composition except with respect to the first cutworm to die in the 236 hour exposure test. 
       Example 6 
       [0099]    The present example is similar to Example 5. That is, the test examined the impact of UV light on the degradation of an insecticide without a photoprotectant in comparison to the degradation of a composition combining an insecticide with a photoprotectant according to one embodiment. As in Example 5, one group of Petri dishes was treated with the test composition and another group was treated with the control composition, both compositions being added at a rate of 1.6 ounces/Acre. 
         [0100]    After treatment, the test and control dishes were then exposed to artificial UV-A and UV-B light. One group of test and control dishes were exposed to the UV-A and UV-B light for 72 hours. Another group was exposed for 144 hours. Three other groups were exposed for 192, 240, and 288 hours respectively. 
         [0101]    After exposure to the UV light, six black cutworm larvae at the second instar were introduced into each Petri dish and the time to mortality was monitored. Subsequently, the test was repeated four times and the results were averaged for those four tests. 
         [0102]    The resulting averages are shown in Table 4 below and also in graphical form in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean time (minutes) for mortality of black cutworm larva 
               
             
          
           
               
                 UV interval (hrs) 
                 Control Composition 
                 Test Composition 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  72 
                 371 
                 354 
               
               
                 144 
                 391 
                 312 
               
               
                 192 
                 411 
                 394 
               
               
                 240 
                 449 
                 431 
               
               
                     288 1   
                 375 
                 329 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Black cutworm larva were slightly smaller in this group, which may have resulted in faster time to mortality. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0103]    The I+P Comp exhibited a faster average mortality than the control composition at every UV exposure period. More specifically, the average mortality rate was 9% faster in the test dishes in comparison to the control dishes. 
         [0104]    The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. Although the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.