Abstract:
A system for estimating fluid flow in a system including a pump and a fluid vessel operatively coupled to the pump via a conduit is described herein. The system comprises an accelerometer affixed to an exterior surface of the conduit, wherein the accelerometer is configured to generate signals representing physical movement of the conduit, and wherein the signals are suitable for estimating fluid flow in the conduit.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/083,765, entitled “NON-INVASIVE FLUID FLOW DETECTION USING DIGITAL ACCELEROMETERS”, filed Nov. 24, 2014, the contents of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Disclosure 
         [0003]    The present disclosure is directed to fluid flow detection. More specifically, certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the detection of fluid flowing in conduits, vessels or other physical mediums, utilizing accelerometers. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Background 
         [0005]    Fluid flow sensing is an important aspect of many industrial, medical and commercial systems, and is often accomplished using one or more flow sensors. A flow sensor is a device for sensing the rate of fluid flow. Typically a flow sensor is referenced as the sensing element used in a flow meter, or flow logger, to record the flow of fluids. There are various kinds of flow sensors and flow meters, including some that have a vane that is pushed by the fluid and that can drive a rotary potentiometer or similar device. Other flow sensors are based on sensors which measure the transfer of heat caused by the moving medium. This principle is common for microsensors to measure flow. 
         [0006]    Flow meters are related to devices called velocimeters that measure velocity of fluids flowing through them. Another example of flow measurement is the laser-based interferometry often used for air flow measurement; but for liquids, it is often easier to simply measure the flow. Another approach to flow measurement is Doppler-based methods. Hall effect sensors may also be used, such as on a flapper valve, or vane, to sense the position of the vane as displaced by fluid flow. Other examples of flow sensors include Doppler (ultrasonic) sensors, sensors based on the Coriolis Effect, thermal mass flow sensors, Venturi meters and vortex flow meters, among others. 
         [0007]    While such configurations are accurate for sensing fluid flow, they are expensive and often require invasive sensors that complicate the installation process for the sensor itself into the system in which flow is to be measured. What is needed is a non-invasive sensing configuration that is inexpensive yet sufficiently accurate to measure fluid flow. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0008]    The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary fluid detection system comprising a container, pump, accelerometer and processor under one exemplary embodiment; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary accelerometer suitable for use in the embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is an exemplary signal diagram illustrating the accelerometer detections of fluid flow of empty tube to full under one embodiment; and 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is an exemplary signal diagram illustrating the accelerometer detections of fluid flow of full tube to empty under one embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    Exemplary embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0014]    Exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that exemplary embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some exemplary embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail. 
         [0015]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed. 
         [0016]    When an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “engaged to”, “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to”, “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
         [0017]    Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments. 
         [0018]    Various embodiments will be described herein below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they may obscure the invention in unnecessary detail. 
         [0019]    Turning now to  FIG. 1 , illustrated is a system  100  in which a fluid container  108  containing fluid  109  is fluidly coupled to pump  104  via tube  105 . In one exemplary embodiment, pump  104  may be a peristaltic pump coupled to container  108  via flexible tubing  105 , which may be manufactured from a suitable rubber, plastic or polymer such as polyvinyl chloride, silicone rubber, fluoropolymer, PharMed and the like. In another embodiment, tubing  105  may comprise a rigid or semi-rigid material. Peristaltic pump  104  may be configured as a positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids through output tubing  102 . The fluid is contained within tube  105 , as may be fitted inside a circular pump casing (or linear peristaltic pump, as the case may be). Typically, a rotor with a number of rollers (or “shoes”, “wipers”, or “lobes”) attached to the external circumference of the rotor compresses flexible tube  105  to provide fluid flow. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression is pinched closed (or “occludes”) thus forcing the fluid to be pumped and thus move through the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam (“restitution” or “resilience”), fluid flow is induced to the pump. 
         [0020]    In an embodiment, pump  104  may comprise two or more rollers, or wipers, occluding the tube and thereby trapping between them a body of fluid. The body of fluid is then transported, at ambient pressure, toward the pump outlet  102 . Pump  104  may be configured to run continuously, or may be indexed through partial revolutions to deliver smaller amounts of fluid. While a peristaltic pump is disclosed herein, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that other types of pumps are contemplated in the present disclosure, including reciprocating pumps, rotary pumps, and the like. 
         [0021]    In the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1 , accelerometer  106  is coupled to an outer portion of tube  105  via fastener  106 , which may comprise a clamp, tie, band, all by way of a non-limiting example. In one embodiment, accelerometer  106  is coupled via communication circuit  112  and wire  110  to a processing apparatus  150 , such as a controller, microcontroller or computing device, all by way of non-limiting example. Communication circuit may  114  be configured to provide communications in any suitable wired communication protocol, including, but not limited to, RS-232, SMBus, I2C, USB, IEEE-1394 and the like. In another embodiment, communication circuit  114  of accelerometer  106  may be embodied as a wireless communication circuit, which communicatively couples accelerometer  106 , using wireless communication  112 , with processing apparatus  150  via any suitable wireless protocol including, but not limited to, WiFi, Bluetooth, or any other suitable wireless protocol known in the art. 
         [0022]    In certain embodiments, the example of  FIG. 1  includes a single accelerometer assembly, comprising accelerometer  106 , communications  114 , and a mechanism  106  for attaching them to a flow surface. In other exemplary embodiments, system  100  may include a plurality of accelerometer assemblies distributed along the same conduit. For example, a second accelerometer assembly  116  may be provided on a second point of a flow surface for tubing  105 . Utilizing a plurality of accelerometer assemblies may be advantageous in that the secondary accelerometer readings may provide useful data for improving the accuracy of the overall flow sensing, and/or provide additional accelerometer data points in which specific flow characteristics may be determined. For example, secondary accelerometer readings may be used to confirm data produced by a first accelerometer and/or confirm flow direction. As the accelerometer assemblies may be placed a certain distance apart, the time differences between each reading may be used to detect flow direction and/or other characteristics of the flow in the tubing such as blockage, leaking, bubble detection and obstruction for example. 
         [0023]    In certain exemplary embodiments, system  100  of  FIG. 1  may also include accelerometer assemblies affixed to the pumping mechanisms themselves. As can be seen from  FIG. 1 , accelerometer assembly  118  may be affixed to pump  104  on a pump casing using any suitable fastening mechanism, including, but not limited to, an adhesive, bonding agent, screw, rivet, nail, or any combinations thereof. Accelerometer assembly  118  may also be integrated into pump  104  itself, or also affixed between a pump casing and tube  105 . 
         [0024]    Turning now also to  FIG. 2 , an exemplary simplified block diagram of accelerometer  106  is illustrated. In this example, the accelerometer is embodied as a three-dimensional accelerometer, although it is understood by those skilled in the art that other types of accelerometers may be utilized. Sensor  204  may be embodied as a capacitive sensor, although other components (e.g., piezoelectric, piezoresistive) may be modified or substituted for specific applications. The accelerometer may be, for example, digital, such as to allow for the accelerometer to more readily interface with additional digital systems. 
         [0025]    In certain embodiments, sensor  204  may comprise a plurality of surface micromachined capacitive sensing cells and a signal conditioning ASIC packaged in a single integrated circuit. The sensing cell may be embodied as a mechanical structure formed from semiconductor materials, such as polysilicon, using semiconductor processes (e.g., masking and etching). In certain embodiments, it may be modeled as a set of beams attached to a movable central mass that moves between fixed beams The movable beams can be deflected from their respective rest positions by subjecting the system to an acceleration. 
         [0026]    In certain embodiments, as the beams attached to the central mass in sensor  204  move, the distance from them to the fixed beams on one side will increase by the same amount that the distance to the fixed beams on the other side decreases. This change in distance may be used to measure acceleration. The cell beams may be formed as two back-to-back capacitors for example. Thus, as the center beam moves with acceleration, the distance between the beams changes and each capacitor&#39;s value will change, i.e., (C=Aε/D), where A is the area of the beam, ε is the dielectric constant, and D is the distance between the beams 
         [0027]    In certain embodiments, a capacitance-to-voltage converter  205  may include an ASIC implementing switched capacitor techniques to measure g-cell capacitance and extract acceleration data based upon the difference between capacitors. The ASIC may also condition and filter the signals  206  via switched capacitors, providing high level output voltages to X, Y and Z-axis modules  210 - 212  that are ratiometric and proportional to acceleration. Ratiometricity refers to the output offset voltage and sensitivity that may scale linearly with applied supply voltage. That is, as supply voltage is increased, the sensitivity and offset increase linearly; and as supply voltage decreases, and offset and sensitivity decrease linearly. This feature is advantageous when interfacing to a microcontroller ( 150 ) or an A/D converter because it provides system level cancellation of supply induced errors in the analog to digital conversion process. The timing of accelerometer  106  may be provided by clock  208 , which operates using oscillator  207 . Additional accelerometer signal processing may be provided by control logic/DSP  209  to modify parameters for accelerometer signal readings including, but not limited to, configuring buffers, adjusting motion detection and transient detection, enhancing orientation, hysteresis, configuring Z-lockout and the like. 
         [0028]    Depending on the application, the accelerometer&#39;s sensitivity (g-sense) may be adjusted, for example, via logic switches, independent of, or in conjunction with control logic/DSP  209  to allow for a plurality of sensitivities. Depending on the logic input placed on the pins, the internal gain may be changed allowing it to function with a plurality of sensitivities (e.g., 1.5 g, 2 g, 4 g, or 6 g). This feature is advantageous when applications require different sensitivities for optimum performance (e.g., applying accelerometer(s) to a fluid bag vs. tubing). The sensitivity may be configured such that it may be changed at any time during the operation. 
         [0029]    By affixing accelerometer  106  to tubing  105 , based on fluid that is moved through the tubing by a peristaltic pump ( 104 ), vibration pump, or any pump without a steady flow, a signal can be detected proportional to the pulse of the fluid created by the pumping action. In one embodiment, the Z-axis of the sensor may be arranged against the tubing, with the tubing slightly compressed. Pump  104  may also create vibration along the tube from its operation. Since liquids resist being compressed, the resulting pulse may cause the tube to expand slightly as the pressure wave moves along its length. The expansion should be significantly greater than any vibration conducted in the tube material alone. By sensing the motion of the expansion/contraction of the pulse from the accelerometer, the detection of fluid flow may be realized. 
         [0030]    The accelerometer data may be processed to produce a waveform representing the fluid flow, where the difference in the signal between the fluid flowing and no flow or empty tubing is measured and processed by a processing apparatus ( 150 ). With reference now to  FIG. 3 , an exemplary waveform is provided, illustrating an empty tube to full tube operation phase (i.e., when fluid is being introduced into the tube). As can be seen in the figure, each pulse is shown as a pulse in the tubing from the pump action. In stage  302 , an exemplary pump is inactive, where only ambient noise is measured. In certain embodiments, ambient noise may be filtered or minimized using accelerometer sensitivity adjustment. In stage  304 , the tube is filling during a pump priming process, and the accelerometer readings increase. 
         [0031]    In stage  306 , fluid is now flowing and each individual pump is detected. This process continued until stage  308 , upon which the pump is stopped and eventually rendered inactive in stage  310 . In certain embodiments, fluid flow may be estimated using processing apparatus  150 . Accelerometer pulses may be filtered and/or normalized to induce pulse peaks to be more uniform, and may be subjected to a pulse count for pulses meeting or exceeding a given threshold. By knowing in advance the volumetric pumping characteristics of the pump and volumetric capacity of the tubing, a flow rate may be advantageously estimated/calculated. In the case of a peristaltic pump, each detected pulse may represent the dosed amount of fluid between each roller in the pump. In the case of a vibration pump, each detected pulse may represent the thrusting action of the pump. Using this known dose amount may then be used in a calculation to determine the amount of fluid flowing. 
         [0032]    Turning to  FIG. 4 , an exemplary waveform is provided, illustrating a full tube to empty tube operation phase (i.e., when fluid begins to empty from the tube). After being inactive in stage  402 , fluid begins to flow in stage  404  and accelerometer pulses may be detected. In stage  406 , fluid begins to run out and bubbles may form in the tubing, resulting in successively smaller pulse amplitudes. In stage  408 , fluid flow is minimal or nonexistent, and the tube is substantially pumping only air. In stage  410 , the pump is stopped and the system is thus rendered inactive in stage  412 . 
         [0033]    Similar to the embodiment in  FIG. 3 , accelerometer pulses may be filtered and/or normalized. However, due to the amplitude minimization of stage  406 , it may be desirable to employ a plurality of thresholds in processing the pulses to estimate fluid flow. In one example, five thresholds may be engaged in processing device  150  to represent 20% reduction in fluid flow. Thus, pulses measured at a full threshold would represent a 100% fluid flow, and pulses measured at the next threshold would represent an 80% fluid flow. Accordingly, the predetermined volumetric flow discussed above would be weighted by multiplying the predetermined value by 80%. The next threshold would represent a 60% fluid flow weight, followed by a 40% fluid flow weight, and so on. By employing multiple weights, a more accurate flow reading may be obtained. 
         [0034]    Of course, one skilled in the art would understand that any suitable number of thresholds may be utilized, depending on the accuracy needs of the application. Furthermore, negative thresholds may be used to detect the positive and negative phases of the accelerometer pulse signal. Moreover, additional signal processing techniques may be used, such as zero-crossing detection, to further increase accuracy. 
         [0035]    The skilled artisan may recognize, in light of the discussion herein, that aspects of the instant disclosure may be employed in any system requiring fluid flow detection such as, but not limited to, medical systems such as those employed in hemodialysis, beverage dispensing fountains, and the like. When so-employed, the disclosed systems may be provided at lower cost and less invasively and intrusively than known systems. For example, proportional detection of fluid flow principally from a position external to the flow conduit negates the need to insert the detector into the fluid flow, and accordingly decreases the intrusiveness and increases the cost-effectiveness of detection; and the placement of a detector principally external to the conduit modifies the requirements for the detector&#39;s specifications, thus further lowering costs. 
         [0036]    In the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.