Abstract:
A MEMs mirror device comprises a mirror layer, a frame structure, and an actuator layer. At least one mirror is movably coupled to the frame. The actuator layer includes at least one conductive path for moving the mirror. In accordance with the invention, the mirror is curved for efficiently directing and focusing reflected light. The mirror comprises a metal-coated base, and curvature can be achieved by doping selected regions of the base or by using coating/base combinations with sufficient mismatch that they be curved by differential thermal expansion. The resulting MEMs devices are advantageous for optical switching, variable attenuation and power gain equalization.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to optical micro-electro-mechanical devices (“MEMs devices”) and, in particular, to MEMs devices comprising movable curved mirrors.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Optical MEMs devices are of considerable importance in optical communication systems. In one important application, a two-dimensional array of MEMs devices provides an optical cross connect between input optical paths and output optical paths. Each MEMs device in the array is a movable mirror disposed to receive an input optical signal. The mirror can be electromechanically moved to reflect the received optical input to a desired output path.  
           [0003]    A typical MEMs mirror comprises a metal-coated base movably coupled to a surrounding frame via a gimbal. Two torsional members on opposite sides of the mirror connect the mirror to the gimbal and define the mirror&#39;s axis of rotation. The gimbal, in turn, is coupled to the surrounding silicon frame via two torsional members, defining a second axis of rotation orthogonal to that of the mirror. A light beam can therefore be steered in almost any direction.  
           [0004]    Electromechanical actuators, such as electrodes, are disposed in a cavity underlying the mirror and the gimbal. Voltages applied to electrode actuators control the orientation of the mirror and the gimbal. Alternatively, in modified arrangements, electrical signals control magnetic, piezoelectric or thermal actuators.  
           [0005]    The mirrors used in optical MEMs devices are typically small substrates coated with metal that is highly reflective at the wavelength of interest. MEMs mirrors typically have a maximum dimension (usually a diameter) of less than 3000 micrometers. Metal coatings such as gold, silver, rhodium, platinum, copper and aluminum can be used to reflect communications wavelengths in the range 800-1600 nm. These reflective metal films typically have thicknesses ranging from about 20 nm to about 2000 nm. The films are deposited on a movable base, usually silicon. At least one adhesion-promoting bond layer is optionally added between the reflective metal film and the base in order to prevent the reflective metal film from peeling.  
           [0006]    A difficulty with such devices, especially where multiple reflections are needed, is loss of optical signal. The mirror surfaces are typically planar. Consequently the reflected beams are not focused. Lens arrays can be added, but their addition presents problems of loss, alignment and expense. Accordingly there is a need for MEMs devices with mirrors that are more efficient in directing and focusing light.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    A MEMs mirror device comprises a mirror layer, a frame structure, and an actuator layer. At least one mirror is movably coupled to the frame. The actuator layer includes at least one conductive path for moving the mirror. In accordance with the invention, the mirror is curved for efficiently directing and focusing reflected light. The mirror comprises a metal-coated base, and curvature can be achieved by doping selected regions of the base or by using coating/base combinations with sufficient mismatch that they be curved by differential thermal expansion. The resulting MEMs devices are advantageous for optical switching, variable attenuation and power gain equalization. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    The nature, advantages and various additional features of the invention will appear more fully upon consideration of the illustrative embodiments now to be described in detail in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of an optical MEMs device comprising a curved mirror;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of a MEMs device comprising a curved mirror;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIGS. 3A, 3B and  3 C depict the fabrication of curved mirror surfaces using ion implantation;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIGS. 4A, 4B and  4 C are graphical illustrations of curvature produced by ion implantation on various types of MEMs mirrors;  
         [0013]    FIGS. SA,  5 B,  5 C and  5 D depict the fabrication of curved mirror surfaces using differential thermal expansion;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 6 illustrates an optical cross connect device comprising a curved MEMs mirror;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 7 shows a 180° bend device employing a curved MEMs mirror;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 8 illustrates an offset path shift device comprising a curved MEMs mirror;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 9 shows a 90° bend device employing a curved MEMs mirror;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 10 illustrates a multiple-beam bending system comprising a curved MEMs mirror;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 11 depicts a signal rerouting device employing a curved MEMs mirror; and  
         [0020]    [0020]FIGS. 12A, 12B and  12 C show optical beam splitters or combiners comprising curved MEMs mirrors. 
     
    
       [0021]    It is to be understood that the drawings are for illustrating the concepts of the invention and, except for the graphs, are not to scale.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0022]    Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of an optical MEMs curved mirror device. The device  9  comprises a curved mirror  10  elastically coupled, as by springs  14 , to a gimbal  11  on a frame  12 . The curved mirror  10  in this example is double-gimbal cantilevered, and the gimbal is attached onto the frame structure  12  by springs  14 . The mirror can be tilted to any desired orientation, as for optical signal routing, via electrical voltage supplied to electrodes  16  from outside. The light-reflecting surface of curved mirror  10  comprises a metal coating  10 A on a base membrane  10 B. The mirror is typically of circular shape.  
         [0023]    The mirror  10  typically has a maximum dimension (usually diameter) of less than 3000 micrometers and preferably less than 1000 micrometers. The desired radius of curvature of the mirror depends on specific applications, but it is typically smaller than 200 mm, preferably less than 80 mm, and even more preferably less than 30 mm. The curvature is advantageously close to spherical shape, although sometimes a deviation from spherical symmetry is useful in compensating optical aberrations. In general, the desired deviation from spherical is smaller than one-fourth of the average wavelength λ of the optical beam, and preferably less than one-eighth of the wavelength. This corresponds to a deviation of less than approximately 200 nanometers for the widely used 1550 nm optical communication wavelength. The mirror  10  is curved to a desired radius of curvature as by one of the processes described herein.  
         [0024]    The curved mirror device  9  can be fabricated on a silicon substrate  15  by micromaching processes such as multilayer deposition and selective etching. After etching, mirror assembly ( 10 ,  11 ,  12 ) can be raised above the substrate by upward bending lift arms  13  during a release process. Alternatively, the mirror assembly and the electrode-containing actuator layer can be fabricated separately and then bonded together. The metal coating  10 A can be deposited by known thin film deposition methods such as vacuum evaporation, sputtering, electrochemical deposition or chemical vapor deposition. The frame  12  and mirror membrane  10 B are typically polysilicon. The membrane  10 B typically has a thickness in the range 0.1-40 micrometers and preferably 0.5-10 micrometers. The metal coating  10 A typically has a thickness in the range 5 nanometers to 5 microns and advantageously 10 nanometers to 0.5 micrometers. The substrate  15  is typically silicon.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an alternative embodiment of an optical MEMs curved mirror prepared using the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) fabrication process. In this embodiment the mirror  10  can be fabricated on a SOI substrate  20  comprising a first layer of silicon  21 , a layer  22  of SiO 2  and a second layer of silicon  23 . The SOI process permits convenient fabrication of the thin silicon mirrors. The buried oxide layer  22  is useful as an etch-stop barrier. Selected patterned areas of the upper layer  21  of the SOI substrate are etched, e.g. by using chemical etch, reactive-ion etch, or a combination, to form the mirror array. The gimbals  11  and the torsion springs  14  are also formed around each mirror  10 . The SOI material and process are described, for example, in  Concise Encyclopedia of Semiconducting Materials and Related Technologies,  Edited by S. Mahajan and L. C. Kimmering, Pergamon Press, New York, 1992, p. 466 et seq., which is incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0026]    Since the movable mirror  10  is typically thin and fragile, the substrate base  15 ,  21  which carries the mirrors and gimbals is advantageously substantially thicker in order to provide mechanical stability. The desired thickness of the SOI substrate base for MEMs mirror applications is typically in the range of 50-1000 micrometers and preferably 200-500 micrometers. The SOI material is etched so that the patterned thicker portion of the mirror-carrying substrate is facing up, while the smooth-surfaced portion is facing down toward the actuator layer  23 . In this embodiment, the mirror is formed on the layer of silicon proximal the actuator layer. The mirror  10  is curved to a desired radius as by one of the processes described herein below.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 3A illustrates a first process for curving MEMs mirror  10 . The mirror advantageously comprises a base  10 B with metal coatings  10 A and  10 C on the top and bottom major surfaces respectively. After application of the metal coatings, the mirror  10  is subjected to ion implantation sufficient to achieve the desired curvature. Implantation produces curvature by inserting atoms that introduce compressive stress. In the example here, the implantation is from the bottom. This stretches the bottom surface, and the membrane curves up in a concave curvature. A variation would be to implant from the top with sufficiently high energy that the implanted atoms penetrate to the lower portion of the base membrane  10 B. This also achieves a concave curvature.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 3B shows an alternative process where the ion implantation is applied to the base  10 B prior to metallization. The metallization layer (or layers)  10 A can subsequently be deposited on the curved base membrane.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 3C illustrates another alternative especially useful in obtaining complex curvature. Here the mirror (or the implantation source) is partially masked as by mask  30  so that implantation takes place only in selected areas. The masked portion of the mirror remains flat. The unmasked portion curves. This mirror reflects a part of the incident optical signal to a certain direction and reflects the remaining optical signal to another direction, resulting in a more collimated beam. A MEMs mirror having a portion with a concave curvature and another portion with a convex curvature can similarly be obtained.  
         [0030]    Many atomic species can be implanted to induce curvature. Advantageous species are selected from relatively light, non-reactive, non-toxic elements including H, He, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Mg, Al, Si, P, Cl, Ar, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, and Sb. Heavier ions are less preferred as they tend to require higher energy implantation, introduce more defects in the host material, and cost more. The implantation dose required depends on the desired mirror curvature, the type of implanted ions, and the elastic stiffness of the host membrane material. The typical desired implantation dose to induce curvature is in the range of 10 13 -10 17  ions/cm 2  and preferably in the range of  5 × 10   14 - 5 × 10   16  ions/cm 2 . The desired accelerating energy of the implanted ions depends on the desired penetration depth of implantation but is typically in the range of 5-300 KeV and preferably in the range of 10-100 KeV. The desired penetration depth of implanted atoms is advantageously in the 50-500 angstrom surface region of the host membrane and preferably in the 100-200 angstrom surface region.  
         [0031]    The use of Si ions or oxygen ions is particularly preferred as many of the MEMs devices are based on Si material and utilize SiO 2  as a dielectric layer. Thus implanted Si or O ions do not introduce foreign atoms which could cause reliability problems such as device shorting, impurity diffusion and contamination. With Si or O, the whole device surface can be globally implanted without local masking.  
         [0032]    FIGS.  4 A- 4 C are graphical illustrations useful in understanding the effect of ion implanting on the curvature of a mirror membrane. Since curvature is affected by ambient temperature, the graphs plot mirror curvature as a function of temperature. Positive values of curvature correspond to concave curvature. Negative values indicate convex curvature. Each graph includes two lines: curve  1  represents a mirror without implanting, curve  2  represents a similar mirror with implanting.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 4A shows the effect of implanting on polysilicon-based mirrors. The implantation ions are Si. The dosage was 5+10 16  ions/cm 2  at 40 KeV. With implantation, the mirror was convex. Without implantation, the mirror was concave.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 4B illustrates implanting into single-crystal SOI mirror bases prior to metallization. The ion implantation was with Si ions at a dose of 1×10 15  ions/cm 2  (20 KeV). Implantation changed the curvature from flat to convex.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4C shows the effect of implantation on coated SOI based mirrors. The SOI base had equal thickness metallizations on both top and bottom surfaces (400 angstrom Au films over 50 angstrom Ti adhesion layers). The implantation was 10 16  ions/cm 2  of Si at 20 KeV. Implantation changed the mirror from near flat to slightly convex.  
         [0036]    An alternative method of inducing mirror curvature is to produce a stress imbalance between the top surface and the bottom surface of the movable membrane. This can be accomplished by depositing a thermally mismatching metal coating  10 A on only one side of the mirror base  10 B and activating curvature by heat treatment. The coefficients of thermal expansion advantageously differ by a factor of at least two.  
         [0037]    FIGS.  5 A- 5 D schematically illustrate inducing curvature by mismatch coating followed by heat activation. Here a mirror  10 B is provided with a single-sided coating of a metal having a substantial thermal mismatch with the base e.g. a Si membrane (about 4×10 −6 /° C.) and Au metallization (about 14×10 −6 /° C.) or Al metallization (about 23×10 −6 ). Metallization is followed by heating. FIG. 5A shows the effect of heat treatment on a top-side metallized MEMs membrane. The metallized side, curves slightly concave for a metallization material having higher CTE value than the host membrane materials. FIG. 5B shows the effect of heat treatment on a bottom-side metallized MEMs membrane.  
         [0038]    The curvature increases upon heat activation. The exposure of the metallized MEMs membrane to a moderate temperature, typically in the range of about 100-600° C., and preferably 150-400° C., enhances the interface coupling for more efficient curving. A higher activation temperature produces a larger curvature. For example, one side of an SOI MEMs mirror array with each Si membrane having ˜3 micrometer thickness and ˜1 mm diameter was metallized with ˜800 angstrom thick aluminum by electron beam evaporation. The metallized mirror was then subjected to ˜160° C. heat activation to produce a mirror curvature of R˜20 mm (or 1/R˜0.050 mm −1 ). Such a heat activation step can be separately applied for better control of the mirror curvature. Alternatively, heat activation may conveniently be combined with subsequent processing steps, for example, device packaging.  
         [0039]    The desired thickness of the single-side metallization depends on the degree of the mirror curvature needed, the relative mechanical properties of the substrate, the metallization materials, and the extent of stresses induced by the single-side metallization. The optimal metallization thickness, can be determined empirically. It is typically in the range of 50-10000 angstroms and preferably in the range of 200-2000 angstroms.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 5C illustrates production of a composite, non-symmetrical curvature. Such a composite curvature can be obtained or by partially balancing out the metallization stress using metallization on the other side of the membrane. Alternatively it can be achieved by using a metallization thickness which varies with distance from the mirror center.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 5D shows that single-side metallization  10 A and heat activation can optionally be combined with ion implantation to further increase the curvature.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an optical cross connect device comprising a curved MEMs mirror. The cross connect device  59  comprises optical input fiber paths  60 , optical output fiber paths  61  and at least one MEMs curved mirror  62  on a substrate  63 . The optical signals from the input paths  60  are incident on each aligned mirror  62 . Each mirror  62 , with the aid of a fixed auxiliary mirror  64 , is electrically controlled to reflect the incident optical signal to a respective output path  61 . In alternative schemes, the input fibers and the output fibers are in separate arrays, and a pair of MEMs mirror arrays are used to perform the cross connect function. The tilting of each curved mirror is controlled by applying specific electric fields to one or more of the electrodes (not shown) beneath the mirror.  
         [0043]    The curved MEMs mirror devices can be useful not only for channel cross-connect, but also for signal re-routing, or signal modification in optical communication systems. In the cross connect, each MEMs mirror receives an optical signal from an incoming channel and reflects it toward an intended output channel. The input signal can contain many wavelengths, or alternatively, can be demultiplexed into separated wavelength channels. The curved mirror MEMs device can also be useful for various other devices such as power gain equalizers, optical switches, wavelength-division-multiplexer (WDM) add/drop devices, optical modulators and optical signal attenuators.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a 180 degree beam bending device  70  comprising curved MEMs mirrors  71 ,  72 . Linear waveguides such as optical fibers  73 ,  74  are typically made of mechanically brittle silica (SiO 2 ) material, and can not be bent at sharp angles without fracturing. The fibers have to be bent or wound with a certain minimum radius of curvature, thus occupying relatively large device real estate. The bending device  70  effects a sharp 180 degree bending of an optical beam. Curved mirror  71  receives an input beam from input fiber  73  and reflects the beam to a second curved mirror  72 . Mirror  72  reflects the mirror into output fiber  74 , effecting a 180° bend. This permits the construction of compact fiber devices such as erbium-doped fibers or Bragg grating filters which need to be wound or bent with a relatively large radius.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 8 illustrates an offset path shift device  80  comprising curved mirrors  81 ,  82 . Mirror  81  receives the input beam from fiber  73  and reflects it 90° to curved mirror  82 . Mirror  82 , in turn, reflects the beam another 90° onto an offset path in fiber  74  in substantially the same direction as the input beam.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 9 illustrates a multiple beam bending device comprising a curved MEMs mirror  91  to send the input optical beams from an array of input fiber paths  90  to an array of output fiber paths  92 . The curved are positioned at 45 degree angle relative to the input beam direction. The position of each optical fiber path  90 ,  92  can be mechanically secured, for example, by utilizing the silicon V-groove technique for accurate positioning fibers.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 10 shows an alternative multi-beam bending device  100  comprising curved MEMs mirrors  100  1 arranged on a planar substrate at 45 degree angles. The mirrors  100  receive input beams from an array of input fibers  101 . Each mirror  100  reflects an input beam to a selected output in an array of output fibers  102 .  
         [0048]    For MEMs-based optical cross-connect systems with large number of ports, for example 1000 or 4000 input fibers and corresponding number of reflecting MEMs mirror ports and output fibers, a multi-stage beam reflection may be needed to route the optical signal beams from the input fibers to the output fibers. This is because of the limited tilt angle of the MEMs mirrors, typically at most several degrees for reliable long-term operations of the movable mirrors. The curved MEMs mirror arrangement with the light collimating capability is particularly useful for such multi-stage beam routing.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 11 illustrates a signal rerouting device  110  employing curved MEMs mirrors  10 . Light beams from an array of input fiber paths  111  impinge on a first array  112  of curved MEMs mirrors  10 . The beams are redirected to a succession of mirror arrays  113 ,  114 ,  115  and hence to an array of output fiber paths  116 . The curved mirrors  10  minimize the use of light-focusing lenses (lens arrays) for each of the beam deflection steps. Such a multi-stage reflection approach using the curved MEMs mirrors permits a large overall angle beam deflection and enables a large-port-number cross-connect systems without straining the mirrors to tilt excessively and thus reducing fatigue or fracture of spring members of the movable MEMs mirror structure.  
         [0050]    The curved MEMs mirror devices according to the invention can also useful as an optical beam splitter or a beam combiner  119 , as illustrated schematically in FIG. 12. The optical beam signal coming out of the input fiber path  120  is reflected from the convex-curved mirror surface  121  (desirably with a high quality light-reflecting coating such as Al or Au) toward various directions. An array of output fiber paths  122  appropriately positioned collects the split beam signals. If the direction of the beam travel is reversed, the device of FIG. 12 can serve as a beam combiner since the signals from various paths of array  122  merge into one path  120 . In order to improve the focusing or collimating of the beam on reflection off the convex surface  121 . Alternatively, further improved embodiments of FIG. 12( b ) can be utilized. Here, the desired local regions on the convex surface  123  are made to have concave curvature by either providing an array of concave MEMs mirrors  10 . In FIG. 12C, curved mirrors are provided by inducing local compressively stressed regions  124  using ion implantation or one-sided metallization spots.  
         [0051]    The inventive methods and structures can also be applied to devices which are not MEMs type devices. It should be understood that the above-described embodiments are illustrative of only a few of the many possible specific embodiments which may represent applications of the present invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.  
         [0052]    Although the present invention has been described in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that they can make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form.