Abstract:
A sensor for detecting stress waves for use in a stress wave analysis system. The stress waves are preferably detected in a narrow frequency range of 35-40 KHz. At this range, stress waves from friction and impact sources typically propagate through machine structures at detectable amplitudes. In order to maximize the signal to noise ratio of stress waves, relative to background noise and vibration, the sensor of the present invention is designed and calibrated with a frequency response and damping features that are specifically tailored for stress wave analysis. The sensor is a multi-functional sensor that can measure a number of logically related parameters for indicting the mechanical condition of a machine. It is often desirable to measure both friction and one or more other parameters appropriate for indication of a machine&#39;s health, where all of the measuring capability is contained in one sensor. The multi-functional capability of the present invention significantly reduces the acquisition, installation, and maintenance costs of the condition monitoring instrumentation system.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/636,697, filed Aug. 11, 2000. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is generally directed to sensors and particularly to multi-functional sensors that can, using stress wave analysis and a number of logically related parameters, indicate the mechanical condition of a machine. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Stress wave analysis is an ultrasonic instrumentation technique that is used for measurement of friction and shock in mechanical devices. Stress waves are in the form of high frequency structure borne sounds caused by friction between moving parts. The analysis of the stress waves involves the detection and amplification of the high frequency sounds. In addition to the high frequency sounds, other noises and vibration signals are also present, which are not directly related to the stress waves. However, these other signals can interfere with proper analysis of any stress waves emitted by a mechanical device and should be eliminated. 
     Past attempts at stress wave analysis have incorporated specially selected piezoelectric accelerometers as stress wave sensors. However, these transducers are not specifically designed to detect stress waves, and suffer important shortcomings relative to Analog Signal Conditioning (“ASC”) and Digital Signal Processing (“DSP”) elements of stress wave analysis instrumentation, such as those shown in FIG.  1 . 
     An accelerometer, when used as a stress wave sensor, is often selected to have maximum repeatability of its primary resonant frequency between 30 Khz and 40 Khz, and its sensitivity at the primary resonant frequency. When secondary resonances are also present in the sensor&#39;s frequency response, they are often very difficult, if not impossible, to eliminate, or control, with the same precision as the primary resonance, as shown in FIG.  2 . Efforts to adjust or control these secondary resonances may also cause unintended and undesirable changes in the sensitivity of the primary resonance. 
     In addition to the friction measurements made by stress wave sensors to monitor the mechanical condition or “health” of a machine, it is often desirable to measure both friction and one or more other parameters appropriate for indication of a machine&#39;s health, where all of the measuring capability is contained in one sensor. Such multi-function sensors can significantly reduce the acquisition, installation, and maintenance costs of the condition monitoring instrumentation system. 
     Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a sensor having characteristics that receives stress wave signals while discarding background noises and vibrations, and more particularly, a multi-functional sensor that is capable of detecting stress wave signals and one or more other parameters used to measure and monitor the health of a machine or machine components. It is therefore to the effective resolution of the shortcomings of the prior art that the present invention is directed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a sensor having characteristics designed specifically for detecting stress waves for use in a stress wave analysis system. In order to eliminate vibration, audible noise and acoustic emission sources that are not directly related to friction and mechanical impact events in operating machinery, it is preferred to detect stress waves in a narrow frequency range, such as, but not limited to, 35 Khz to 40 KHz. At this frequency range, stress waves from friction and impact sources typically propagate through machine structures at detectable amplitudes. Thus, in order to maximize the signal to noise ratio of stress waves, relative to background noise and vibration, the sensor of the present invention is designed and calibrated with a frequency response and damping characteristics that are specifically tailored for stress wave analysis. 
     The sensor of the present invention preferably satisfies the following three criteria: 
     (a) has a resonant gain of approximately 30 db, at its primary resonant frequency, to assure adequate selective amplification of stress waves; 
     (b) provide a total energy content of the Resonant Energy Integral within a specified tolerance band (i.e. +/−10% of a standard value) and which can be measurable using standard test equipment and fixtures to produce calibration data that is traceable to recognized standards; and 
     (c) have its resonant output decay to half amplitude in five cycles or less, and be down to no more than twenty (20%) percent of the initial response in the number of cycles that correspond to the corner frequency of the demodulator&#39;s low pass filter. 
     In an alternate embodiment, a multi-function sensor is provided which, in addition to detecting and measuring friction via stress wave analysis, also measures one or more other parameters which are most complementary to stress wave measurement, such as vibration, fluid pressure and temperature. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a sensor having a frequency response and damping characteristics specifically designed for stress wave analysis. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a multifunction sensor that is designed to detect stress waves and other logically related parameters that indicate the mechanical condition of machine components. 
     In accordance with these and other objects which will become apparent hereinafter, the instant invention will now be described with particular reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a stress wave analysis system including the stress wave sensor of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a stress wave sensor frequency response in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a stress wave sensor frequency response and a band-pass filter response in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a filtered sensor frequency response in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating a resonant energy integral in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating “under damping” of a stress wave signal at its resonant frequency in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating “proper damping” of a stress wave signal at its resonant frequency in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating a rectified band-pass filter output in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating a demodulator output in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating a demodulator low-pass filter frequency response in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating a multiple event demodulator output in accordance with the present invention; and 
     FIG. 12 is a block diagram of one embodiment for the stress wave sensor of the present invention. 
     FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a multi-function output utilizing a piezoelectric transducing element in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a multi-function output utilizing a microelectromechanical resonant structure in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a multi-function output utilizing a hybrid piezoelectric transducing element and microelectromechanical resonant structure in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The various characteristics of the present invention stress wave sensor are illustrated in the Figures, with FIG. 12 illustrating one embodiment for the components of the stress wave sensor. The stress wave sensor in accordance with the present invention is generally designated as reference numeral  20 . 
     The amplitude of stress waves is relatively small as compared to low frequency sources of vibration and audible sound. As such, it is preferred to selectively amplify signals in a desired frequency range (i.e. 35-40 KHz) which are associated with stress wave signals. The chosen frequency range is preferably well above structural vibration frequencies, which are commonly between 0 to 20 KHz. The chosen frequency range is also preferably within the range of standard test equipment, and below high frequency acoustic emission sources, which are typically occurring at frequencies over 100 KHz. 
     Though within the scope of the invention, it is not desirable to selectively amplify the stress wave signals electronically, as such techniques also amplify undesired background noise from the noise floor of the electronic circuitry. 
     Thus, to maximize the stress wave signal to noise ratio of stress wave sensor  20 , the transducing element  22  of sensor  20  is designed to have a primary resonant frequency preferably between 35 KHz and 40 KHz. By choosing this preferred frequency range for the resonant response, the desired selective amplification can be accomplished by mechanical means, prior to conversion to an electrical signal which is further processed by ASC and DSP techniques. To assure sufficient selective amplification of the stress wave signals for many common types of machinery, the resonant gain is preferably approximately 30 db. This resonant gain is defined as the ratio of the sensitivity at the primary resonance to the sensitivity at 20 KHz. 
     As seen in FIG. 3, the secondary resonances which may be present in a sensor&#39;s  20  frequency response may fall within the frequency response curve of a band pass filter (“BPF”), and thus can result in undesirable sensor-to-sensor amplitude variations of a filtered and demodulated stress wave pulse train (“SWPT”). 
     Another important f actor in a stress wave sensor&#39;s performance is the overall shape of its frequency response curve. As also seen in FIG. 3, the slopes of the sensor&#39;s resonant frequency response, as well as the amplitude of the resonances, determine the amplitude of the BPF&#39;s output. The BPF has a relatively flat response between 35 KHz and 40 KHz, and a steep roll-off above and below the pass band, down to the noise floor of the BPF circuitry. From FIG. 3, the frequency where the high pass roll-off intersects the noise floor can be designated f 1 , and the frequency where the low pass roll-off intersects the noise floor can be designated f 2 . As seen in FIG. 4, the output of the BPF preferably contains no low frequency signals due to the dynamic response of machine structures (vibration) or audible noise below f 1 , and no high frequency signals from sources of acoustic emission or secondary resonances at frequencies greater than f 2 . 
     Preferably, stress wave sensors  20  in accordance with the present invention have sensor-to-sensor repeatability within a specified or predetermined range, which in one embodiment can be plus or minus ten (10%) percent, though such range is not considered limiting and other ranges can be used and are considered within the scope of the invention. Additionally, manufacturing and testing process also preferably produce sensors  20  with calibration data that is traceable to recognized standards, when using standard test equipment and fixtures. Thus, a standard method and stimulating each sensor  20  and measuring its output over the frequency range f 1  to f 2  is preferably devised and applied by the present invention. For creating a standard method of stimulating each sensor  20 , a Resonant Energy Integral (FIG. 5) can be developed. 
     After assembly, each sensor  20  is preferably placed on a conventional shaker table commonly used by accelerometer manufacturers. The shaker is preferably set at a specified or predetermined frequency and excites a sensor or unit under test (“UUT”) by moving sensor  20  up and down at an amplitude that is preferably equal or approximate to a previously determined reference “g” level of acceleration. Sensor&#39;s  20  output is measured and preferably recorded as a value “y”, which is provided in millivolts per g (mv/g). The excitation frequency of the shaker, is preferably incrementally changed, the amplitude adjusted to achieve the reference “g” level, and another mv/g output value measurement is recorded. This process is repeated at a number (“n”), which can be predetermined, of discrete frequencies over a frequency band ranging from frequency f 1  to frequency f 2 . The repeated process provides the tested sensor&#39;s  20  frequency response curve over the frequency band f 1  to f 2 . 
     Once the frequency response curve is determined, the Resonant Energy Integral can be computed preferably using a multi-step process. This process preferably consists of the following steps: 
     (1) sensor&#39;s 20 sensitivity at each excitation frequency (“S n ”) is multiplied by an attenuation factor (A bpf ). The attenuation factor represents the amount of signal attenuation at the particular frequency due to the frequency response of the BPF. The resultant value from the multiplication is the adjusted sensitivity (“S na ”) at frequency f n . In equation form the following step is represented as: 
     
       
           S   na =( A   bpf )( S   n )  
       
     
     (2) adjusted sensitivity Sna is multiplied by the frequency span (“f d ”) of the individual element of the Resonant Energy Integral that has f n  at its center. The resultant value from the multiplication is the resonant energy of the nth element of the Resonant Energy Integral. In equation form the following step is represented as: 
     
       
           E   rn =( S   na )( f   d )  
       
     
     (3) computing the total energy content of the Resonant Energy Integral by summing all of the individual E rn  values for elements l through n. 
     This calculated total energy content of the Resonant Energy Integral represents a preferred measure, and most likely best measurement, of the overall signal output from the band pass filter section of the stress wave analysis ASC. 
     As seen in FIG. 6, the band pass filter output is dominated by the primary resonant frequency. FIG. 6 illustrates the time domain response of stress wave sensor&#39;s  20  filtered output, due to a single, short duration friction or shock event. The resonant output signal is essentially a damped sign wave that preferably begins at a near zero peak to peak (“p-p”) amplitude. When stress waves caused by a high amplitude friction event reach sensor  20 , sensor  20  is excited to a zero to peak (“0-p”) amplitude of value “d”. After a sufficient number of cycles, sensor&#39;s  20  amplitude decays back down to its original near zero p-p amplitude. The period of one complete cycle “t p ”, is the reciprocal of the primary resonant frequency f r . Where the primary resonant frequency is 40 KHz, the following period is calculated as: 
     
       
           T   p =1/ f   r =1/40,000 cycles/sec=0.000025  sec.    
       
     
     Stress wave analysis depends upon the modulation of sensor&#39;s  20  resonant response. Thus, the damping of sensor  20  is preferred in the modulation amplitude at the frequency that can be obtained at the output of the ASC. The modulation amplitude “m” is defined as the amount of signal decay after a certain number of cycles, such as, but not limited, five cycles, following the initial excitation. As also seen in FIG. 6, after the certain number of cycles (i.e. 5), modulation amplitude “m” is less than fifty (50%) percent of the original excitation amplitude “d”. This small amount of modulation is preferably undesirable for the detection of multiple friction events and the accurate measurement of their energy content. As such, the sensor  20  response shown in FIG. 6 is considered “under damped”. A properly damped response in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in FIG.  7 . The response is taken from a sensor  20  preferably with the same resonant frequency. FIG. 7 illustrates specifying damping at the resonant frequency, in addition to the Resonant Energy Integral. By damping relatively quickly (FIG.  7 ), additional shock and friction events will again modulate the signal. 
     FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate the steps preferably involved in the demodulation portion of the stress wave analysis signal conditioning process. The damped sinusoidal output of the band pass filter is full wave rectified (FIG.  8 ), preferably prior to low pass filtering. The stress wave pulse train is defined as the demodulated output signal from the low pass filter (FIG.  9 ). The stress wave pulse train preferably has a frequency content from 0 Hz to the corner frequency of the low pass filter portion of the demodulation circuitry (See FIG.  10 ). 
     Sensor  20  can be used in monitoring many different applications (i.e. various shock and friction events from slow speed gear boxes to turbo machinery, etc.), such that its resonant output preferably decays to half amplitude in a specific number of cycles or less. The preferred number of cycles for decaying to half amplitude is five, though such number is not considering limiting and other numbers can be chosen and are considered within the scope of the invention. Furthermore, sensor&#39;s  20  resonant output preferably is not more than twenty (20%) percent, or some other determined value, of the initial response “d” in the number of cycles that occur during the time period that corresponds to the corner frequency of the low pass filter. 
     As an example, where a sensor  20  has a primary resonance of 40 KHz, the stress wave signal is preferably damped to less than twenty (20%) percent of its initial amplitude in eight (8) cycles. FIG. 11 illustrates a stress wave pulse train for the example, where the friction source excites sensor  20  at a periodic rate of five thousand (5000) times per second. 
     FIG. 12 illustrates the major components of one embodiment for a sensor  20  in accordance with the present invention. However other components can be used and are considered within the scope of the invention. 
     Accordingly, with the present invention the design of stress wave sensor  20  is preferably intimately related to the analog signal conditioning employed to extract the stress wave pulse train signal from broadband sources of excitation that contain in addition to the desired friction and shock events, vibration, audible noise and high frequency acoustic emissions. Sensor&#39;s  20  design can also be a function of available calibration test equipment. The transducing element  22  of sensor can be a piezoelectric crystal, or can be based upon Micro Electrical Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, or other transducer technology. Sensor  20  preferably satisfies the following three criteria: 
     (a) has a resonant gain of approximately 30 db, at its primary resonant frequency, to assure adequate selective amplification of stress waves; 
     (b) provide a total energy content of the Resonant Energy Integral within a specified tolerance band (i.e. +/−10% of a standard value) and which can be measurable using standard test equipment and fixtures to produce calibration data that is traceable to recognized standards; and 
     (c) have its resonant output decay to half amplitude in five cycles or less, and be down to no more than twenty (20%) percent of the initial response in the number of cycles that correspond to the corner frequency of the low pass filter. 
     Stress wave sensors  20  communicate with an electronic assembly, which processes the stress wave signal(s) received from sensor(s)  20 . The electronic assembly is in communication with sensors  20  via conventional cabling. In lieu of conventional cabling, the sensors can communicate with the electronics through wireless technology. 
     In one embodiment, sensor  20  can include amplification, band pass filtering and demodulation of the stress wave signal at the sensing element. Alternatively, a non-amplified sensor  20  can also be used, preferably with the use of greater stress wave signal amplification outside the sensing element and a lower noise floor than the preferred amplifying and filtering sensor. Preferably, the stress wave frequency of interest ranges from 20 KHz up. However, other values and ranges can be used and/or analyzed and all are considered within the scope of the invention. To reduce the stress wave signal amplitude range and the signal conditioning electronics&#39; sensitivity sensor  20  may incorporate two features: gain and band pass filtering. 
     Sensor  20  is suitable for use in many applications that require the detection of an impact event within operating machinery, and all of such applications are considered within the scope of the invention. 
     In an alternate embodiment, sensor  20  is a multi-functional sensor capable of measuring friction as well as additional, logically related parameters, to more accurately determine the mechanical health of a machine. 
     The additional parameter that is most complementary to stress wave measurement for most condition monitoring applications is vibration. Whether vibration is measured as a displacement, a velocity, or an acceleration, it can be measured with the same transducing element that is used to convert stress waves into electrical signals. 
     Referring to FIG. 13, a block diagram illustrating the piezoelectric stress wave and vibration multi-function sensor of the present invention is shown. If transducing element  22  is a piezoelectric crystal, the preferred method of obtaining both vibration and stress wave data from the same sensor is to pass the vibration frequencies by low pass filtering the transducer&#39;s electrical output via step  24  and to pass the high frequency resonant response to detect stress waves by parallel band pass filtering the transducer&#39;s electrical output via step  26 . 
     The dual function stress wave and vibration sensor  20  of the present invention therefore includes a transducing element  22  with a nearly constant sensitivity to acceleration from a few Hz to several thousand Hz, charge conversion circuitry  30  to convert the charge on the piezoelectric crystal to a time varying voltage waveform, and two parallel filter networks; a Low Pass Filter  24  to pass the vibration frequencies  34 , and a Band Pass Filter  26  to pass the stress wave frequencies  36 , centered on the crystal&#39;s resonant frequency. 
     The sensor&#39;s acceleration output is integrated once for velocity, or twice for a displacement output. In an alternate embodiment, a High Pass Filter  26 A replaces the Band Pass Filter  26  to pass the resonant response to the high frequency stress waves. To minimize sensor cost, size and weight, an alternate packaging configuration would move Band Pass Filter  26  or High Pass Filter  26 A out of the sensor and include it in the electronic assembly that scans multiple sensors as inputs. 
     If transducing element  22  is a micro electrical mechanical system (MEMS) device  38 , as shown in FIG. 14, the MEMS device is designed having a high Q, high frequency resonance, and about a 30 db sensitivity increase in a narrow frequency band between 25 KHz and 45 KHz. MEMS device  38  can also be mounted inside the sensor&#39;s body in such a fashion that acceleration induced forces along the sensor&#39;s principle axis will cause a shift in the resonant frequency that is a nearly linear function of the acceleration of the sensor body along its principal axis. 
     In the embodiment depicted in the block diagram of FIG. 14, both the stress wave data  36  and vibration data  34  are available on a single time domain waveform that can be carried on a single conductor. Motion Conversion Circuitry  30 A converts motion detected by MEMS device  38  and converts it to a varying voltage waveform. The amplitude modulation of this waveform&#39;s resonant frequency contains stress wave signal  36 , and the frequency modulation of the resonant frequency contains vibration signal  34 . Thus the vibration signal can be extracted by frequency demodulation via step  32 , and the stress wave signal can be extracted using band pass or high pass filtering (via steps  26  or  26 A, respectively) at the transducer&#39;s resonant frequency. The sensor&#39;s acceleration output  34  can be integrated once for a velocity, or twice for a displacement output. To minimize sensor cost, size and weight, alternate packaging configuration moves band pass filter  26  and frequency demodulation circuitry  32  out of sensor  20  and includes them in the electronic assembly that scans multiple sensors as inputs. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the existing piezoelectric crystal-based stress wave sensor is modified by the addition of an existing MEMS “accelerometer on a chip” type of circuit. This is shown in FIG.  15 . MEMS accelerometers of this nature are commercially available and are small enough to be mounted within the stress wave sensor body in similar fashion to the existing piezoelectric charge converter and filter Integrated Circuit chip. This Piezo-MEMS Hybrid design could have a 2-pin shielded connector, share power and the stress wave signal on one pin, put the MEMS accelerometer output on the other pin, and use the sensor case/cable shield as ground. 
     The “Hybrid Sensor” described above is a low risk and economical approach to combine stress wave sensing with other physical parameters useful in the measurement of a machine&#39;s condition. Examples of this would be the integration of parallel sensing and signal conditioning into a common sensor housing for the following parameters: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Stress waves and Fluid Pressure; 
               
               
                   
                 Stress waves and Temperature; 
               
               
                   
                 Stress waves, Fluid Pressure and Temperature; 
               
               
                   
                 Stress Waves, Vibration and Fluid Pressure; 
               
               
                   
                 Stress Waves, Vibration and Temperature; and 
               
               
                   
                 Stress Waves, Vibration, Fluid Pressure and Temperature. 
               
               
                   
                 Stress Waves, Proximity of Moving Machine Elements 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is within the sprit of the present invention to include not only those parameters listed above, but all parameters having logically complementary characteristics, are technically feasible and will be cost effective. 
     For sensors with two or more functions, it becomes increasingly impractical to have separate conductors in the sensor cable for each measured parameter. Since the multi-functional sensors of the present invention digitize their measurements, the multiple parameters can be formatted so that they appear sequentially in the overall digital data stream sent over the single conductor to the monitoring device. Since some sensors will be also capable of operating in different modes under command from the monitoring device, it is feasible to tell the multi-function sensor what parameters are required, at what measurement interval they should be acquired and in what order they should be sent back to the monitoring device. These data acquisition sequences can also be dynamically varied as a function of the analysis performed by the monitoring device. 
     The instant invention has been shown and described herein in what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment. It is recognized, however, that departures may be made therefrom within the scope of the invention and that obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.