Abstract:
Networks may be implemented using peer-to-peer technology. A plurality of peers may form a peer-group, having a unique group label. To relieve the user from administrative tasks, some configuration routines for such networks may be automated. A peer-group may select one of its peers as negotiation peer, having the task to communicate with other peers, e.g. negotiation peers from other peer-groups. When merging or splitting peer-groups, the group label is usually modified. But it may be advantageous to keep the group label. If a new peer-group in a peer-to-peer network is created by merging or splitting of peer-groups, a method for selecting a group label for the new peer-group comprises determining a negotiation peer, exchanging information between the negotiation peers in the case of merging, comparing features of the two peer-groups and assigning the label of one of the peer-groups to the new peer-group.

Description:
This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. 119, of German patent application No. 03011674.3 filed May 23, 2003, and German patent application No. 0320120.6 filed Sep. 05, 2003. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method for selecting an identification label for peer-groups in peer-to-peer networks. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The increasing importance of networked devices and home networks for the consumer electronics industry forces immense administrative efforts by the devices, but also by the user, and may lead to PC like configuration and administration routines in such home networks. Generally, networks can be classified as having either client-server or peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures. In P2P based networks a device or network node is also referred to as a peer. Usually each peer can be unambiguously addressed through a unique label or identifier, e.g. a so-called Universal Unique Identifier (UUID). The peers in P2P networks may communicate directly with each other, so that no central network organization is required, and further may cooperate with each other, sharing services and resources and thus forming a so-called peer-group. Usually the peer-group as such gets a dedicated label, e.g. UUID, which can be used for identifying the members of the group. It can therefore also be used as an address to the peer-group. This label is usually changed when the structure of the peer-group is modified, e.g. a peer is added or removed. The described peer-to-peer networks and mechanisms are in a detailed manner published e.g. in WO 02/057917 A2. 
     Peers can be connected to the network or disconnected from the network at any time. Particularly home networks are highly dynamic systems, where peers are joining and leaving arbitrarily the system, or peer-groups are split or merged. 
     A method for building a home network using P2P technology is described in the not pre-published European Patent application EP02027122.7. According to the mentioned application, a home network can be implemented as a peer-group, by assigning a common group label to the peers. The resulting peer-group is called OwnerZone, and the common group label is called Zone_UUID. Communication between nodes is only allowed if they belong to the same OwnerZone, or to a specified so-called trusted zone. The OwnerZone concept aims at devices that may automatically set up a home network, with only minimal or no administration to be done by the user. According to the mentioned application, the peers may autonomously ‘negotiate’ their new Zone_UUID after any network modification. However, there is no method defined for automatically specifying a Zone_UUID for the new peer-group. 
     The mentioned document further describes that an OwnerZone offers a service for providing information regarding its structure and/or contents, referred to as Zone_Info_Data and being marked with a unique label. The database for Zone_Info_Data can be updated automatically and may contain information like e.g. Zone_UUID or Zone_Service_List. The Zone_Service_List defines which services the OwnerZone may offer. It may also define in detail which services shall be accessible for which trusted zones. 
     When the structure of an OwnerZone changes, e.g. a peer is connected or disconnected, or two OwnerZones are merged into a single new OwnerZone, then new Zone_Info_Data is generated in order to describe the structure and contents of the new OwnerZone. For example, the new Zone_Info_Data may contain information about both source OwnerZones, e.g. their respective Zone_UUIDs, and thus make it possible to track on OwnerZone modifications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In the case of changing the structure of an OwnerZone by adding or removing one or more peers, administrative work must be conducted. Usually the user is required to perform this administrative work, which may be an annoying task, require special networking knowledge, and lead to a high amount of administrational data traffic. This is because the new identifier acts as an address of the peer-group, and must be distributed in the network. Particularly when automating this administrative work, the involved peers or zones must have a common methodology to decide upon an identifier for the new OwnerZone, like a group label or Zone_UUID, or other labels like Zone_Name if applicable. 
     The problem to be solved by this invention is to determine automatically a common identifier for a peer-group, e.g. an OwnerZone, after the structure of the peer-group was changed, either by adding or by removing one or more peers. This is a part of what is called Zone Management. A precondition to be kept is that in this case the amount of administrational work and data traffic shall be minimized. Such method is disclosed in claim  1 . 
     The invention defines suited parameters and algorithms for automatically determining an identifier for a peer-group, while simultaneously minimizing the amount of data traffic required for distribution of the new identifier. According to the invention, the best-suited existing group identifier is determined and reused. Advantageously, the inventive method can be used when the structure of an OwnerZone is changed by adding or removing peers, and when a new OwnerZone is created by splitting or merging OwnerZones. 
     The inventive method comprises selecting an OwnerZone identifier, like Zone_UUID, in consideration of the peer and zone characteristics. The term ‘durability’ is used herein to reflect the zones resistance against a friendly takeover by other zones. When two zones shall be merged, the durability of a zone determines the importance of each zone, or how strong its impact on the newly created zone may be. Also a single peer may be understood as an implicit OwnerZone, so that the method may also be used when a single peer is added to or disconnected from a peer-group. 
     According to the invention, a single peer, herein referred to as ‘negotiation peer’, is automatically selected within a newly created peer-group, using any arbitrary method for determining a node for executing a service. The task of the negotiation peer is to execute the zone management service in the case of changing the structure of the peer-group, e.g. merging the peer-group with another peer-group or with a single peer. This negotiation peer has the required information about the structure and capabilities of the OwnerZone, e.g. it may have access to the Zone_Service_List and Zone_Info_Data, in order to get the contained information characterizing the peer-group. Further the invention comprises that every peer in the peer-group that receives information regarding a structural change forwards this information to its negotiation peer. Then the two negotiation peers of the two peer-groups to be merged may exchange relevant parts of their information, and determine the common identifier for the new peer-group. This is possible if both execute the same determination procedure, based on the same data. As a result, the new OwnerZone keeps the identifier, e.g. Zone_UUID, of one of the source zones, namely the source zone with the higher durability. This is particularly advantageous if a peer-group with a connection to other peer-groups is rearranged, e.g. a peer is added or removed, because in this case the identifier, and thus the peer-group&#39;s address, may remain unchanged. This eliminates the necessity to publish a new address to the other peer-groups, which reduces network traffic and administrational activities. 
     The procedure of determining the identifier for the new peer-group comprises asserting certain durability to each of the source OwnerZones, and may consist of multiple steps, divided in multiple groups of steps. 
     The first group of steps investigates the most important features of the OwnerZone, e.g. regarding its external connections. The existence of these features is scanned through sequentially in a predefined order, such that if any feature exists only in one of the source OwnerZones, the durability of this OwnerZone is higher and thus its Zone_UUID is assigned to the new merged OwnerZone. The determination procedure may in this case be finished. This may also be understood as rating the features such that any feature belonging to the first group is rated higher than the sum of all lower rated features. 
     The second group of steps rates other OwnerZone features by quantification. These steps need only be performed if the first group of steps gave the same result for both source zones. Each of the respective quantifiable features is asserted a certain value, and the values are added for each of the source zones. The source zone with the higher resulting sum value has the higher durability, and its identifier is used as identifier of the new OwnerZone. 
     The features considered in the first group of steps may comprise external access, or existence of trusted zones, existence of user specific configuration and current zone behavior, or at least some of these. The second group of steps may consider features like the type and number of services that the OwnerZone may offer to other zones, the peer-group size, i.e. number of connected peers, peer-group lifetime or available storage capacity. 
     Advantageous embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the dependent claims, the following description and the figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show in 
         FIG. 1  two peers being connected to form a common OwnerZone; 
         FIG. 2  two OwnerZones, both having negotiation peers, being merged to a new OwnerZone; 
         FIG. 3  an exemplary flow diagram for determination of the new OwnerZone&#39;s identifier. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1   a ) shows two nodes of a peer-to-peer network, being labeled UUID N1  and UUID N2  respectively. The nodes belong to different OwnerZones, and thus have associated individual group labels UUID Z1 , UUID Z2 . Therefore they may generally not communicate with each other. When the nodes are physically connected to each other, as shown in  FIG. 1   b ), the users of the respective OwnerZones may be prompted about whether they want to merge their OwnerZones. In another embodiment of the invention the respective users are not prompted, but may explicitly call a service for this purpose. Thus a common OwnerZone may be created, which requires assigning a common group label to the nodes. Using the inventive method allows the nodes to select autonomously such a group label. 
     Particularly, one of the existing group labels UUID Z1 , UUID Z2  is used as common group label. The nodes may periodically send messages, thus detecting each other soon. The communicating nodes UUID N1 , UUID N2  are the negotiation peers. According to the invention, both nodes exchange information about their respective OwnerZones with each other, e.g. parameters like their zone labels UUID Z1 , UUID Z2 , the number of nodes belonging to their respective groups and whether they have trusted zones, i.e. if they may connect to nodes belonging to other OwnerZones. Then each negotiation peer compares the received information with its own, i.e. with the information it has transmitted, and performs a rating. Both nodes UUID N1 , UUID N2  use the same rating algorithm, based on the same data and thus giving the same result. Usually one of the nodes, e.g. UUID N2 , detects from this result that the other node is rated higher, and it overwrites its own group label UUID Z 2  with the higher rated node&#39;s group label UUID Z1 . Thus both nodes have the same group label, and therefore belong to the new common OwnerZone. A critical situation may occur when both nodes are rated equally. Comparing individual lowest-rated parameters can avoid this, e.g. the value of an internal lifetime counter with millisecond resolution, or the numerical value of the node label (Node_UUID) or the Zone label (Zone_UUID). 
     The OwnerZone concept includes also that the connected nodes need not be located close to each other, but they may be connected via a network. E.g. two nodes belonging to the same user are located in different buildings, and are connected to a global net. When the user wants to create a common OwnerZone, he must specify for the nodes that they may communicate with each other. Then the nodes may select a common group label, as described before. This concept can also be used to merge two OwnerZones belonging to different users, and therefore requires security measures in order to prevent hostile takeovers. Security may be increased by various means, e.g. the respective users of each OwnerZone may be required, in advance or online, to explicitly accept the merging. 
     The described algorithm can be understood such that each of the nodes UUID N1 , UUID N2  offers a certain service for zone management. According to the invention, the owner zone provides the zone management service, and one node within the group has to perform or offer this service. For peer-groups comprising more than one node this zone management service is automatically associated with only one of the nodes of the group at a time. This node is called herein ‘negotiation peer’, since the described process is similar to a negotiation. An easy way to determine the negotiation peer is to select one of the nodes being involved in the previous merge process or negotiation, e.g. the node that kept its group label. 
       FIG. 2  shows two OwnerZones OZ — 20, OZ — 21, each of which consisting of two nodes. While all nodes N 20 , . . . , N 23  have individual node identifiers N_ID 1 , . . . , N_ID 4 , the nodes N 20 , N 21  belonging to the first OwnerZone OZ — 20 are labeled with the first OwnerZone&#39;s group label Z_ID A , and the nodes N 22 , N 23  belonging to the other OwnerZone OZ — 21 are labeled with the other OwnerZone&#39;s group label Z_ID B . One of the nodes of each OwnerZone OZ — 20, OZ — 21, e.g. N 21  and N 23 , is the negotiation peer, and thus performs the zone management service for the respective peer-group. When the users of the first and second OwnerZone want to unify their peer-groups in order to create a common OwnerZone, the user of the first OwnerZone OZ — 20 may authorize his negotiation peer N 21  to contact the other peer-group OZ — 21, being specified by its group label Z_ID B . The negotiation peer N 21  sends a message to the other OwnerZone OZ — 21, where the negotiation peer N 23  analyzes the message and requests a confirmation by its respective user. E.g. it may also request the user to enter a secret keyword that is valid only for this purpose and must be decided upon by the users of the first and second OwnerZone OZ — 20, OZ — 21 in advance. If both users agree to merge their OwnerZones, then the negotiation peers N 21 , N 23  exchange information about their respective OwnerZones OZ — 20, OZ — 21, e.g. data about their connections, structures and capabilities, and determine the respective durabilities, e.g. as described in detail below. Both come to the conclusion that e.g. the second OwnerZone OZ — 21 is rated higher than the first OZ — 20, i.e. has higher durability. Then the negotiation peer N 21  of the OwnerZone OZ — 20 with lower durability asserts the new common group label Z_ID B  to the nodes N 20 , N 21  of its peer-group. Further, the node N 21  deactivates its zone management service, since the other negotiation peer N 23  performs this service now for the new peer-group OZ — 2. Anyway, authorized users may also assign the service to any other node within the OwnerZone. 
     Analogously,  FIG. 2  can also be used to explain the reverse process of splitting an OwnerZone. When the user of an OwnerZone OZ — 2 decides to split the OwnerZone, there are two possible ways to execute the process. One possibility is that the user performs a controlled split into two groups OZ — 20, OZ — 21, e.g. by creating a list of the nodes to be connected to the first OZ — 20 and the second OZ — 21 partial group, and then lets a dedicated service, e.g. also the negotiation service, perform the split process at a specified time. This may also be used for splitting the OwnerZone into more than two partial groups, and for disconnecting a single peer from the OwnerZone in a controlled way. According to the invention, the negotiation peer has the task to assign the existing group label Z_ID B  to only one of the partial groups OZ — 20, OZ — 21, namely the one that has higher durability than the other. Then another group label must be assigned to the other partial group. Advantageously, the negotiation peer may use the same durability calculation as for merging, compare the features of the first and second partial groups OZ — 20, OZ — 21, and thus decide which has higher durability. 
     The other possibility to perform the split process is that one or more nodes are simply disconnected from the zone, e.g. by removing a network cable. In this case each node in the network may detect the situation because according to standard P2P protocols the nodes send and receive discovery messages. Thus each node may detect to which other nodes it is connected. The OwnerZone may be configured to handle this situation, e.g. by always storing a copy of the Zone_Info_Data database in all nodes. After a split of the OwnerZone OZ — 2 into two partial zones OZ — 20, OZ — 21, each partial zone OZ — 20, OZ — 21 may determine an own negotiation peer, e.g. N 21  for OZ — 20 and N 23  for OZ — 21. The negotiation peers N 21 , N 23  may calculate the durability of their own peer-group and the durability of the other part, since the copy of the Zone_Info_Data database contains information about both partial groups. Furthermore, since both partial groups OZ — 20, OZ — 21 have the same data and use the same algorithm, they come to the same result, and may assign the group label Z_ID B  of the previous peer-group, before being split, to the partial group with the higher durability. The other partial group may calculate and assign to itself another group label. In  FIG. 2  the OwnerZone OZ — 2 before the split had the group label Z_ID B , and after the split one partial group OZ — 20 comprises nodes N 20  and N 21  while the second partial group OZ — 21 consists of nodes N 22  and N 23 . The durability calculation is performed identically by the two negotiation peers, e.g. N 21  and N 23 , and leads to the result that e.g. the durability of the second partial group OZ — 21 is higher than that of the first partial group OZ — 20. Then, according to the invention, the second partial group OZ — 21 having higher durability keeps the group label Z_ID B , while the first partial group OZ — 20 gets another group label Z_ID A . Particularly in the case when a single peer is disconnected, the remaining peer-group will usually keep its group label. This has the advantage that the user needs not care about the internal organization of his home network, and that it is not necessary to distribute a new group label, or OwnerZone address, over the network to e.g. trusted zones when a peer is added or removed. 
     An important aspect of the invention is the negotiation process, which comprises the calculation of the OwnerZones durability. This means that the negotiation peers perform for each OwnerZone a rating according to a defined method. The durability of the own peer-group can be calculated at any time, preferably whenever a relevant parameter of the peer-group is changed, e.g. memory is allocated for any purpose, a node is disconnected or an additional service is installed. According to the invention, the calculation of durability is done in at least two steps: in the first of these steps predefined parameters are compared in a predefined order, and every parameter has a defined weight. The weight is higher than the total weight of all lower rated parameters, i.e. the comparison may be stopped when a parameter applies only to one node. E.g. the first parameter to be compared is whether a node has trusted zones or not, i.e. if it may connect to external peers. Other criteria are e.g. if the respective databases for Zone_Info_Data are automatically generated or user manipulated, or what services the OwnerZones may offer to each other. User manipulated Zone_Info_Data may contain information that should also be available for the new OwnerZone. Additionally, one of the users or both may have the possibility to influence the process or explicitly decide which label to use, and this may have the highest or a lower priority. 
     An exemplary flow diagram specifying the negotiation process for merging is shown in  FIG. 3 . When a negotiation peer receives a request for communication, the zone management service starts  31  a negotiation procedure, beginning with node detection  32 , i.e. determining the transmitting node&#39;s group label. Then the type of relationship between the two OwnerZones is evaluated  33 . This may require the user to confirm that a connection to the other node may be established, data exchanged and a merge performed. If the user accepts, the connection to the other negotiation peer is regarded as a local connection, and the durability calculation may begin. A special situation occurs if e.g. a new peer is added to an existing P2P network via a local connection. In this case the peer may be programmed by the manufacturer to allow negotiation and merging. Otherwise, if a request for communication is received via a global connection, the negotiation peer checks  313  if the node that has transmitted the request message belongs already to a trusted zone. In this case, the negotiation is finished since the OwnerZones may communicate with each other. Otherwise, if the node that has transmitted the message does not belong to a trusted zone yet, the receiving negotiation peer analyzes  314  if the message contains a request to establish a trusted zone relationship between the two OwnerZones. This will usually also require a user confirmation, and if both users accept a trusted zone relationship to be established, the internal database for Zone_Info_Data is updated  316 . Otherwise the connection is rejected  315 . 
     If the connection to the other negotiation peer is regarded as a local connection, the two negotiation peers exchange the data that are required for the durability calculation, and the calculation can be performed. An initial check  34  verifies if the message comes from another peer-group, e.g. a peer that was not connected to this OwnerZone before. In one embodiment of the invention a peer that is disconnected from an OwnerZone keeps the OwnerZones&#39; group label. If the peer is reconnected, the negotiation may be finished after this step  34  because the group labels are identical. 
     According to the invention, at least two groups of characteristics or parameters are evaluated to find out which OwnerZone has the higher durability. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3  the first of these groups contains two characteristics: the first is if the OwnerZones have external connections or trusted zones  35 . If only one of the two OwnerZones may connect to external nodes, then the group label or Zone_UUID of this OwnerZone is selected  39  for the new OwnerZone. If both OwnerZones may connect to external nodes for any reason, but only one has trusted zones, then the group label of this OwnerZone is selected. The second characteristic  36  is if both OwnerZones to be merged have a Zone_Info_Data service. This could be not the case, e.g. there may be certain devices that are not prepared for being a negotiation peer. If only one of the two OwnerZones has a Zone_Info_Data service, then the group label of this OwnerZone is selected  39 . 
     The second group of characteristics  37  is only evaluated if the first group gave no decision about which group label to select. The characteristics of the second group  37  are rated with values, i.e. they are quantified in a sense that every evaluated item may win points, and the points for all items are summed up for each peer-group. In this example these items comprise the number of nodes that belong to the OwnerZones, the available memory space and the type of available services. Other examples are the number of trusted zones, or the number of nodes belonging to trusted zones. Any items are possible for the second group of items  37 , as long as its evaluation comprises assigning a value to the item and summing up the values for each OwnerZone. This means that the items within this group do not have an order, since all must be compared. 
     The group label is then taken  39  from the peer-group that has more points, or a higher value. This decision  38  may also yield that both have the same value. Then any decision  311  is taken, e.g. based on the numerical value of the group label Zone_UUID. Another possibility is that the nodes have an internal lifetime counter with sufficient resolution, the current values of these counters are exchanged and the exchanged values compared. In any case when OwnerZones to be merged both have a Zone_Info_Data service, one of these services is disabled and the database of the remaining service is updated  310 , e.g. merged, with the database of the disabled service. 
     An advantage of this two-step method is that in many cases arithmetical calculations can be avoided, and thus the decision may be found very quickly, without putting unnecessary strain on the negotiation peer. 
     When a peer is newly connected to a network, there may be one or more peer-groups or OwnerZones already connected, which may, but need not, periodically transmit or broadcast advertisement messages containing characteristics of the respective peer-group or OwnerZone, as described in WO02/057917 for peer-groups. Advertisement messages that are transmitted by peer-groups differ from advertisement messages that are transmitted by OwnerZones. Advertisement messages may contain group label and/or ZoneInfoData. Also, the new peer may, but needs not, have OwnerZone information already attached, like group label or ZoneInfoData. OwnerZone information that is attached to a peer is called herein “permanent”. 
     In one embodiment of the invention a peer that is connected to a P2P network has no permanent OwnerZone information attached, and may receive advertisement messages from existing OwnerZones or other peer-groups. In that case, if it receives advertisement messages from only one OwnerZone, it may simply assume the existing OwnerZones group label, and thus join the OwnerZone. If otherwise it receives advertisement messages from more than one peer-group, it may select a valid OwnerZone by selecting an advertisement pointing to the peer-group that is the current OwnerZone. If otherwise it receives OwnerZone advertisement messages from more than one OwnerZone, it may select which OwnerZone to contact, e.g. according to user preferences. 
     In another embodiment of the invention the peer that is connected to a P2P network has no own permanent OwnerZone information attached, and receives no OwnerZone advertisement messages from the network. In that case a new OwnerZone may be created, as described above. 
     In another embodiment of the invention the peer that is connected to a P2P network has permanent OwnerZone information attached, but receives no peer-group advertisement messages from the network. In that case the new peer may maintain its OwnerZone information, and other peers in the network may instantiate, or join, the new peers OwnerZone. 
     In another embodiment of the invention the peer that is connected to a P2P network has permanent OwnerZone information attached, but also receives peer-group advertisement messages from the network. In that case the above-described zone management process may be performed. 
     The invention can be used for all kinds of devices that can be connected to a P2P network, particularly a P2P home network. These may be computers, but also other electronic devices such as TV, CD or DVD players/recorders or storage units. Furthermore, the method may be used not only for selecting an identification label, but also whenever a peer-group in a P2P network must come to a common decision.