Abstract:
A cleaning apparatus for a printing press. The cleaning apparatus of the present invention allows for effective removal of contaminants from printing press print plates while the printing press is running. Furthermore, the cleaning apparatus of the present invention effectively applies and removes cleaning fluids such as water from the printing plate without resulting in the formation of water drops and streaks on the printed substrate.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to a cleaning apparatus for cleaning printing press plates. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Applying images to substrates by utilizing pigment or dye based ink compositions is well known in the art. These images are generally applied for the purpose of making the article more aesthetically pleasing to the consumer. 
     One of the difficulties historically experienced with printed substrates that are printed with pigment based ink compositions is the tendency for the ink to rub-off of the surface of the paper upon exposure of the paper to liquids. This problem is even more pronounced for printed substrates printed with inks exhibiting relatively high color densities. This problem can be further compounded when printing on absorbent disposable paper products (nonlimiting examples of which include facial tissue, bath tissue, table napkins, wipes, diapers, woven disposable fabrics, nonwovens, wovens, cotton pads, and the like). Absorbent disposable paper products tend to produce more lint and associated contaminants than other grades of paper. 
     One way to control ink rub-off from the surface of the printed substrate is to utilize rub resistant inks. These inks tend to adhere much better to the surface of the substrate. However, one of the drawbacks associated with using rub resistant inks relates to printing press hygiene. Inks that adhere well to the substrate often exhibit similar properties when in contact with the printing press. In particular, the print plates tend to accumulate ink and paper fiber deposits that can eventually lead to print defects in the printed substrate. In order to prevent print defects more frequent cleaning of the printing press is necessitated. This can lead to reduced printing process efficiency. This is especially true in instances where printing press production has to be halted while the printing press is cleaned. Printing press cleaning devices are generally designed to be utilized either while the press is shut down or while the press is running (i.e.; on-line cleaning). 
     Prior art printing press plate cleaning devices have commonly utilized air, vacuum, cleaning fluids, brushes, and other mechanical devices either individually or in combination to remove contaminants from the print plate. 
     It has been found that the prior art printing press plate cleaning devices can cause print defects in the printed substrate. This problem is especially magnified when the cleaning device is used for on-line cleaning on a printing press utilizing segmented printing plates. As used herein, “segmented printing plates” refers to printing plates which are applied in separate sections across the width of the printing press. When printing with segmented printing plates, the clearance distance between the surface of the print plate and the bottom surface of the cleaning device generally needs to be higher than when printing with sleeved printing plates. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that because of the higher clearance distance requirement between the segmented print plate and the cleaning device it is more difficult to control the rebound angle of the spent cleaning fluid (i.e.; cleaning fluid plus any contaminants such as ink, fiber, etc. removed by the cleaning fluid) from the surface of the print plate to the cleaning device. Instead of rebounding back into the cleaning device, some of the spent cleaning fluid has a tendency to rebound onto the printed substrate. As a result, it is common to observe the formation of water streaks and drops on the printed substrate. 
     A further drawback of prior art printing plate cleaning devices relates to the entrapment of cleaning fluid into the cells comprising the individual print plate print elements as the fluid is being applied to the surface of the print plate. The cleaning device is unable to effectively remove the spent cleaning fluid that is trapped between individual print elements of the print plate resulting in the formation of streaks and spotting on the surface of the printed substrate. 
     Yet a further drawback of prior art cleaning devices appears to relate to the flow dynamics of these prior art devices. Prior art cleaning devices tend to have the propensity to form recirculation zones (i.e.; zones of eddy formation) within the collection areas of these devices. These zones can potentially interfere with the collection of the spent cleaning fluid thereby inhibiting the efficient removal of the spent fluid. The spent cleaning fluid is then free to fall back onto the surface of the print plate and/or the substrate after initially entering the cleaning apparatus. These recirculation zones can also cause the cleaning apparatus to plug. 
     The cleaning apparatus of the present invention addresses these drawbacks as it can be utilized at higher clearance distances without the formation of water streaks and drops on the printed substrate. Furthermore, the cleaning apparatus of the present invention penetrates the boundary layer of air associated with the surface to be cleaned resulting in efficient cleaning. 
     Yet further, the cleaning apparatus of the present invention is able to effectively remove spent cleaning fluid trapped between individual print elements of the print plate. Even yet further, the cleaning apparatus of the present invention minimizes recirculation zones within the device thereby providing more efficient collection of the spent cleaning fluid. In addition, the cleaning apparatus of the present invention tends to be self-cleaning. The benefits of the present invention include improved process efficiency and reliability. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a cleaning apparatus. The cleaning apparatus comprises a plenum and a head connected to the plenum. The head includes: a nozzle, at least two banks of air jets wherein at least one bank of air jets is offset from a second bank of air jets and at least three vacuum ports. The nozzle may be positioned inside one of the vacuum ports. The head may also be positioned outboard of the vacuum ports. The local velocity within a substantial portion of the head and plenum is greater than the conveying velocity of the largest cleaning fluid droplet. 
     The cleaning apparatus may also include an aerodynamic surface. The aerodynamic surface may surround the interior surface of the cleaning apparatus. The aerodynamic surface may surround the interior of the head, the plenum, or a combination of both. 
     The cleaning apparatus includes at least one vacuum port and at least one bank of air jets. One or more of the vacuum ports may include a partition. The partition can separate the vacuum port from the bank of air jets. The partition can include a beveled edge. The beveled edge oriented in the upward direction of air flow. The beveled edge can comprise an angle of greater than about 0° but less than or equal to about 45°. 
     The cleaning apparatus can also optionally include an anti-plate stripping element. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the cleaning apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the cleaning apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a front view of the cleaning apparatus embodiment of FIG. 1 depicted as it would be used to clean the plate cylinder of a printing press. 
     FIG. 4 is a front view of the cleaning apparatus embodiment of FIG. 2 depicted as it would be used to clean the plate cylinder of a printing press. 
     FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the cleaning apparatus embodiment of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the cleaning apparatus embodiment of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 7 is a front view of the cleaning apparatus embodiment of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 7 taken along lines  8 — 8  of FIG.  7 . 
     FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 7 taken along lines  9 — 9  of FIG.  7 . 
     FIG. 10 is a top view of the cleaning apparatus embodiment of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 10 taken along lines  11 — 11  of FIG.  10 . 
     FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a cleaning apparatus made according to the prior art. 
     FIG. 13 is a bottom view of the prior art cleaning apparatus of FIG.  12 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The apparatus of the present invention may be used in conjunction with any type of printing press print plate. Furthermore, the apparatus of the present invention may also be used in conjunction with other types of processes where it is desirable to clean the equipment either while the process is idle or while it is running. Non-limiting examples include rolls such as idler rolls, rolls with irregular surface topography, and rolls utilized in the papermaking and converting processes (i.e.; including but not limited to embossing, laminating, and the like). 
     With regard to printing images on textured substrates, the printing plate may produce a nonuniform print image due to irregularities on the surface of the substrate which remain unprinted. For example, papers that are embossed or have significant texture imparted by the drying fabric of the paper machine often create regions that cannot be adequately covered with ink. It is not unusual to observe ink, lint and other contaminants building up on printing plates when printing these types of papers. This is even more commonplace when the textured paper is an absorbent disposable paper product. 
     The apparatus of the present invention can be used in conjunction with any type of printing process. A non-limiting list of these printing processes include flexography, direct gravure, offset gravure, lithography, letterpress, and intaglio. Ink or fiber deposits on the printing apparatus can require manual intervention to remove. In particular, inks which include binders that are highly rub resistant tend to cause more print defects due to buildup on the printing plates. This becomes especially problematic when using a flexographic printing process. Significant manual intervention causes unacceptable costs to be associated with the process. Therefore, it is desirable to limit the amount of manual intervention needed to print reliably and consistently. 
     Cleaning Apparatus 
     While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention provides three basic functions: a cleaning medium, a drying medium, and a removal medium. The cleaning medium includes a means for applying a cleaning fluid to the surface that is to be cleaned. The drying medium includes a means for drying the surface that has been contacted by the cleaning fluid. The removal medium includes a means for removing the spent cleaning fluid along with the contaminants from the surface that has been cleaned. If desired, the cleaning apparatus  90  may be indexed across a surface. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1,  2 , and  5 - 7 , the cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention is comprised of a plenum  100  connected to a head  200 . The head  200  includes a nozzle  400 , a plurality of air jets, and one or more vacuum ports  700 . Optionally, the cleaning apparatus  90  can include one or more aerodynamic surfaces  800 . 
     Nozzle 
     The main purpose of the nozzle  400  is to convey a cleaning fluid to a surface. It is generally preferred that the nozzle  400  utilized for this purpose allow for the penetration of the cleaning fluid through the air boundary layer surrounding the surface. The nozzle  400  is connected to an external cleaning fluid source (not shown). Any cleaning fluid can be used including but not limited to water, detergents, solvents, and the like. The nozzle  400  can be internally placed within the head  200  as shown in the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 1,  3 , and  5 . The nozzle  400  may also be external to the head  200  as shown in the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 2,  4 , and  6 . In addition, it is conceivable that the cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention could include both an external nozzle and an internal nozzle (not shown). Furthermore, it is also conceivable that the cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention could include multiple internal nozzles, multiple external nozzles, or combinations thereof (not shown). 
     Nozzles  400  which produce a flat spray pattern are generally preferred, though other types of spray patterns may also be used. Generally, the nozzle  400  should be capable of delivering the cleaning fluid at a pressure of at least about 40 psi (2.8 kg/cm 2 ) of cleaning fluid. It should be understood however, that this number can be higher or lower depending upon the specific application. The angular relationship between the nozzle  400  and the surface to be cleaned should be such that the impingement angle of the cleaning fluid from the cleaning apparatus  90  to the surface provides effective removal of contaminants and the rebound angle of the spent cleaning fluid from the cleaned surface to the cleaning apparatus  90  is directed toward the vacuum ports  700 . 
     With regard to the internal nozzle  400  shown in FIG. 1, if the nozzle  400  is used to clean a moving surface, the placement of the nozzle  400  may be located such that the cleaning fluid contacts the surface to be cleaned counter to the direction of movement of the surface. The angular relationship between the nozzle  400  and the surface to be cleaned as measured in the direction relative to the normal of the surface to be cleaned is generally from about −6° to about 12° wherein an angle of 0° is normal to the surface, and a positive angle denotes orientation with the direction of the moving surface to be cleaned. This is illustrated in FIG.  3 . Referring to FIG. 3, the cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention is shown as used in operation for cleaning a plate cylinder of a printing press. 
     With regard to the external nozzle  400  shown in FIG. 2, if the nozzle  400  is used to clean a moving surface, the placement of the nozzle  400  may be located such that it the cleaning fluid contacts the surface to be cleaned in the same direction as the movement of the surface. The angular relationship between the nozzle  400  and the surface to be cleaned as measured in the direction relative to the normal of the surface to be cleaned is generally from about −25° to about −75°, preferably about −35° to about −55°, and most preferably about −40° to about −50°, wherein an angle of 0° is normal to the surface to be cleaned. This is illustrated in FIG.  4 . Referring to FIG. 4, the cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention is shown as used in operation for cleaning a plate cylinder of a printing press. 
     A non-limiting example of a suitable nozzle  400  which may be used with the present invention is the VeeJet® Flat Spray Nozzle having an orifice diameter of 0.021 inches (0.533 mm), Part No. H1/8VV 150067, available from Spraying Systems Company of Wheaton, Ill. 
     Air Jets 
     While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the air jets assist with the disruption and penetration of the air boundary layer surrounding the surface to be cleaned. It is also believed that the air jets assist in placing contaminants in suspension with the cleaning fluid thereby facilitating their removal from the surface. Additionally, it is thought that the air jets facilitate the drying of the surface after the cleaning fluid has been applied to the surface. 
     The air jets, which are connected to an external air source (not shown), are comprised of a plurality of orifices as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. Though one bank  310  of air jets  300  may be used, it is generally preferred to have at least two banks  310  of air jets  300 . There are a number of ways in which the air jets may be configured. A non-limiting example of one configuration is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the number of orifices in one air bank  310  contains one additional air jet  300  as compared to the other air bank  310 . With the exception of the center air jet  300 , the air jets  300  in the air bank  310  containing the additional air jet  300  are offset approximately ½ pitch from the corresponding air jets  300  in the other air bank  310  as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. While not wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed that this staggered configuration between the banks  310  of air jets  300  provides improved coverage of the surface to be cleaned and also facilitates directing the removal of the spent cleaning fluid into the cleaning apparatus  90 . 
     With respect to their orientation within the cleaning apparatus  90 , the individual air jets  300  may be configured at an angle if desired. One non-limiting example of such a configuration is shown in FIGS. 7-11. Referring to FIG. 8, with the angle θ 1  relates to the angular relationship of the individual air jets  300  with plane D  320 . Though angle θ 1  can be any suitable angle obvious to one of skill in the art, a non-limiting suitable range for angle θ 1  is from about 0° to 60°. Referring to FIG. 9, angle θ 2  relates to the angular relationship of the individual air jets  300  with plane D  320 . Though angle θ 2  can be any suitable angle obvious to one of skill in the art, a non-limiting suitable range for angle θ 2  is from about 0° to 60°. Referring to FIG. 11, angle θ 3  relates to the angular relationship of the individual air jets  300  with plane B  330 . Though angle θ 3  can be any suitable angle obvious to one of skill in the art, a non-limiting suitable range for angle θ 3  is from about 0° to 60°. 
     A non-limiting example of suitable orifice diameters for an individual air jet  300  may range from about 0.020 inches (0.508 mm) to about 0.125 inches (3.175 mm) and preferably from about 0.045 inches (1.143 mm) to about 0.055 inches (1.397 mm) though smaller or larger orifice diameters may be used. Suitable air pressure to the air jets  300  is generally at least about 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm 2 ). However, it should be understood that more or less air may be needed depending upon the specific application. 
     Vacuum Ports 
     The main purpose of the vacuum ports  700  is to remove the spent cleaning fluid from a surface that has been cleaned. The vacuum ports  700  provide a conduit for the spent cleaning fluid to travel from the cleaned surface through the head  200  and plenum  100  to an external removal location. 
     Though a unitary vacuum port may be used, it is generally preferred to have at least two vacuum ports  700  and more preferably at least three vacuum ports  700 . The vacuum ports  700  may be in any form including but not limited to slots, slits, or any other form familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art. Referring to FIGS. 3,  5 - 7 , and  10 - 11 , an embodiment of the cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention is shown having three vacuum ports  700 . The vacuum ports  700  may be placed in any configuration suitable for removing spent cleaning fluid from the cleaned surface. One suitable configuration is shown in FIG. 5 wherein two vacuum ports  700  are each placed adjacent to a bank  310  of air jets  300 . The third vacuum port is adjacent to one of these two vacuum ports  700 . The nozzle  400  is positioned inside the third vacuum port. 
     Another suitable configuration is shown in FIG. 6 wherein two vacuum ports  700  are each placed adjacent to a bank  310  of air jet  300 . The third vacuum port is adjacent to one these two vacuum ports  700 . The nozzle  400  is positioned outboard of the third vacuum port. Generally, a minimum vacuum flow is needed to prevent the spent cleaning fluid from dripping onto the cleaned surface. A non-limiting example of a suitable minimum vacuum flow for cleaning a print plate wherein the clearance between the bottom of the head  200  of the cleaning apparatus  90  and the top surface of the print plate is approximately 0.130 inches (3.3 mm) is generally at least about 70 SCFM (1.8 SCMM). This is based on the use of the aforementioned nozzle and a head  200  whose open face area is about 3.4 inches 2  (21.94 cm 2 ). 
     Plenum 
     The plenum  100  provides a vacuum conduit that facilitates the removal of the spent cleaning fluid from the surface that has been cleaned. Though the plenum  100  may be comprised of more than one chamber  110 , a single chamber  110  is generally preferred as shown in FIGS. 1-4,  7 , and  11 . While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that a plenum  100  having a single chamber  110  helps reduce recirculation zones within the plenum  100  thereby improving the flow dynamics of the cleaning apparatus  90  as compared to a plenum  100  having two or more chambers  110 . The plenum  100  is connected to an external vacuum source (not shown). 
     Anti-Plate Stripping Element 
     The cleaning apparatus  90  of the present invention may optionally include an anti-plate stripping element  900 . A non-limiting instance where it may be desirable to utilize the anti-plate stripping element  900  is when utilizing the cleaning apparatus  90  to clean segmented print plates. Segmented print plates, familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art, are magnetically or otherwise attached to the print cylinder. The anti-plate stripping element  900  can be utilized to prevent the print plate from lifting off the print cylinder. The anti-plate stripping element  900  may be comprised of any material or shape so long as it is capable of creating a downward force to push a print plate back into place on the print cylinder. A suitable anti-plate stripping element  900  is shown in FIGS. 1,  3 , and  5 . 
     Flow Dynamics 
     It is desirable to minimize the formation of recirculation zones within the cleaning apparatus  90 . As described herein, recirculation zones refer to zones of eddy or whirlpool formation. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that these zones have a deleterious impact on the cleaning and removal process as there is a reduction in the upward velocity in these areas. This can result in the spent cleaning fluid dropping back onto the clean surface or the substrate. Additionally, it can result in the plugging of the cleaning apparatus  90  because it provides airborne contaminants the opportunity to stick to the wall of the apparatus thereby greatly reducing the process efficiency and quality of product. The minimization of eddy formation can actually facilitate the self-cleaning ability of the cleaning apparatus  90 . In order to prevent this from occurring, it is desirable that the in-plane velocity of the vacuum at any point should remain above the droplet conveying velocity. The conveying velocity may be calculated as follows. The required conveying velocity is equal to the terminal falling velocity of a droplet of cleaning fluid. This is found by the equation: 
     
       
           V   2 =2 W/p   f   AC   D   
       
     
     where V=velocity, W=droplet weight, p f =density of the bulk fluid, A=droplet cross-sectional area and C D =friction coefficient of the falling droplet (i.e.; drag coefficient). C D  can be found in fluid dynamic handbooks such as the “ Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook ”, edited by Blevins, 1992 edition, pages 332 and 338. As used herein, “bulk fluid” refers to the fluid that is the predominant fluid within the cleaning apparatus  90 . The bulk fluid is typically air. 
     Therefore, for a spherical droplet the equation becomes:          V   2     =       8                   rgp   d         3                   p   f          C   D                                
     where g=gravitational acceleration, P d =droplet density, and r=droplet radius. Assuming that the cleaning fluid has a mean drop size of 450 μm, the conveying velocity of the droplet is 2.0 m/s. Hence based on cleaning fluids having a mean drop size of 450 μm it is desirable that the local velocity within a substantial portion of the head  200  and plenum  100  be greater than about 2.0 m/s. The current invention is able to achieve this with a much lower vacuum flowrate than the prior art. As used herein, “local velocity”, refers to the velocity at any specific point. 
     Aerodynamic Surface 
     One or more aerodynamic surfaces  800  may be used to minimize the formation of recirculation zones. The aerodynamic surface may be placed in any area within the plenum  100  or head  200 . The aerodynamic surface  800  may comprise any type of medium which facilitates prevention of eddy formation. For instance, one non-limiting example of a suitable aerodynamic surface is a beveled or tapered edge in the head  200  and/or the plenum  100  which is tapered in the direction of vacuum flow smoothly combining the flow streams. In addition this beveled edge could also be used between the various chambers  110  of the cleaning apparatus  90 . For instance, the beveled edge could be utilized on the interior walls of the partitions  340  which separate the vacuum ports  700  from the banks  310  of air jets  300 . A non-limiting example of a suitable aerodynamic surface is shown in FIGS. 6 and 10. Referring to FIGS. 6 and 10 a beveled or tapered edge may be used around the interior surface of the head  200  and/or plenum  100 . The beveled edge may comprise an angle less than or equal to about 45°, preferably an angle less than 40°, and most preferably an angle less than 15°. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Two cleaning apparatus  90  embodiments made according to the present invention were compared to a prior art cleaning device for the purpose of cleaning print plates on a printing press. One of the embodiments made according to the present invention is described as Embodiment 1 as shown in FIGS. 1,  3 ,  5 , and  7 - 11 . The second embodiment made according to the present invention is described as Embodiment 2 as shown in FIGS. 2,  4 , and  6 . The prior art cleaning device, commercially available from the Fabio Perrini Company of Lucca, Italy, is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. The parameters and comparison results are provided in Table 1, 2, and 3. For purposes of the comparisons, the particular cleaning apparatus being evaluated was positioned above a plate cylinder of the printing press. 
     The apparatus was mounted on a traversing mechanism such that it could freely traverse back and forth parallel to the axis of rotation of the plate cylinder in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 3 (Embodiment 1) and FIG. 4 (Embodiment 2). The prior art device was similarly mounted on a traversing mechanism. During the comparison periods, the printing press was running at the speeds indicated in the tables below. Referring to FIG. 3, the angle of the nozzle  400  of Embodiment 1 with respect to the normal tangent of the plate cylinder was positive 12° wherein an angle of 0° was normal to the surface of the plate cylinder. The placement of the nozzle was such that the water contacting the surface of the plate cylinder was sprayed counter to the direction of rotation of the plate cylinder. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, the angle of the nozzle  400  of Embodiment 2 with respect to the normal tangent of the plate cylinder was −50°. The placement of the nozzle  400  of Embodiment 2 was such that the water contacting the surface of the plate cylinder was in the direction of the rotation of the plate cylinder. 
     Referring to FIGS. 3,  5 ,  7 ,  9 , and  11  with respect to the angular relationship of the air jets  300 , for both Embodiments 1 and 2, angle θ 1  was 15°, angle θ 2  was 12°, and angle θ 3  was 20. 
     Referring to column 1, line 2 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, the type plate cylinder utilized on the printing press is indicated. The plate cylinder was either sleeved or segmented as indicated. Referring to column 1, line 3 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, the plate cylinder diameter is indicated. Referring to column 1, line 4 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, the speed of the printing press during the comparison period is indicated. Referring to column 1, line 5 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, the gap distance refers to the clearance distance between the bottom of the cleaning apparatus head and the surface of the print plate. Referring to column 1, line 6 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, water was utilized as the cleaning fluid. The approximate water pressure at the nozzle is indicated. Referring to column 1, line 7 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, the approximate pressure at the air jets is indicated. Referring to column 1, line 8 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, the approximate vacuum through the cleaning apparatus was noted. Referring to column 1, line 9 of Tables 1, 2, and 3, a visual observation was made as to whether water was dripping back onto the plate cylinder from the cleaning apparatus. 
     The tests indicate that the cleaning apparatus embodiments of the present invention allow for lower vacuum flows without water dripping back onto the plate cylinder as compared to the prior art cleaning device. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Prior Art 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Prior Art 
                 Prior Art 
                 Prior Art 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Type Plate Cyl- 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
                 Segmented 
               
               
                 inder 
               
               
                 Plate Cylinder 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
                 17.83 inches 
               
               
                 Diameter 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (45.28 cm) 
               
               
                 Printer Speed 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1100 fpm 
               
               
                   
                 (487.68 mpm) 
                 (487.68 mpm) 
                 (335.28 mpm) 
               
               
                 Gap Distance 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
               
               
                   
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
               
               
                 Nozzle 
               
               
                 Water Pressure 
                 (35.153 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 (35.153 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 (35.153 kg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 65 psi 
                 65 psi 
                 65 psi 
               
               
                 Air Jet 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                 (4.570 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 (4.570 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 (4.570 kg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 203 SCFM 
                 75 SCFM 
                 &gt;168 SCFM 
               
               
                 Vacuum 
                 (5.75 SCMM) 
                 (2.12 SCFM) 
                 (&gt;5.03 SCMM) 
               
               
                 Water Dripping 
                 No 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Embodiment 1 of the Present Invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Type Plate 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
                 Segmented 
               
               
                 Cylinder 
               
               
                 Plate 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
                 17.83 inches 
               
               
                 Cylinder 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (45.28 cm) 
               
               
                 Diameter 
               
               
                 Printer 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1550 fpm 
               
               
                 Speed 
                 (487.68 
                 (487.68 
                 (487.68 
                 (487.68 
                 (472.44 
               
               
                   
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
               
               
                 Gap Dis- 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
               
               
                 tance 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
               
               
                 Nozzle 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
               
               
                 Water 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 45 psi 
                 45 psi 
                 45 
                 45 psi 
                 45 psi 
               
               
                 Air Jet 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 163.6 SCFM 
                 114.7 SCFM 
                 82.4 SCFM 
                 57.7 SCFM 
                 122.5 SCFM 
               
               
                 Vacuum 
                 (4.63 
                 (3.25 
                 (2.33 
                 (1.63 
                 (3.47 
               
               
                   
                 SCMM) 
                 SCMM 
                 SCMM) 
                 SCMM) 
                 SCCM) 
               
               
                 Water 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Dripping 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *VeeJet ® Flat Spray Nozzle having an orifice diameter of 0.021 inches (0.533 mm), Part No. H1/8VV 150067, available from Spraying Systems Company of Wheaton, Illinois.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Embodiment 2 of the Present Invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
                 Embodiment 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Type Plate 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
                 Sleeved 
               
               
                 Cylinder 
               
               
                 Plate 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
                 9.75 inches 
               
               
                 Cylinder 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
                 (24.77 cm) 
               
               
                 Diameter 
               
               
                 Printer 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
                 1600 fpm 
               
               
                 Speed 
                 (487.68 
                 (487.68 
                 (487.68 
                 (487.68 
                 (487/68 
               
               
                   
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
                 mpm) 
               
               
                 Gap Dis- 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
                 0.130 inches 
               
               
                 tance 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
                 (3.30 mm) 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
                 500 psi 
               
               
                 Nozzle 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
                 (35.153 
               
               
                 Water 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 45 psi 
                 45 psi 
                 45 psi 
                 45 psi 
                 45 psi 
               
               
                 Air Jet 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
                 (3.164 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
                 kg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                 Approximate 
                 174.5 SCFM 
                 108.9 SCFM 
                 78.3 SCFM 
                 66.2 SCFM 
                 54.2 SCFM 
               
               
                 Vacuum 
                 (4.94 
                 (3.08 
                 (2.22 
                 (1.87 
                 (1.54 
               
               
                   
                 SCMM) 
                 SCMM 
                 SCMM) 
                 SCMM) 
                 SCMM) 
               
               
                 Water 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Dripping 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *VeeJet ® Flat Spray Nozzle having an orifice diameter of 0.021 inches (0.533 mm), Part No. H1/8VV 150067, available from Spraying Systems Company of Wheaton, Illinois.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.