Abstract:
This invention relates to methods that can be used for the safe storage and transportation of freight rail wheelsets. The object of this invention is to prevent the direct contact between the roller bearings or axle and the adjacent wheelset flange. To do this at storage sites the application of a roller bearing or axle protector to the present wheelset stacking arrangement is required. During transportation this objective is achieved by (a) applying roller bearing protectors, (b) applying axle protectors, (c) shifting the wheelsets on the wheel transporter so that roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange never come in contact, (d) applying wheelset stoppers and/or axle spacers.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority from Provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/217,405, filed Jul. 11, 2000, and Provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/244,374, filed Oct. 30, 2000, and the teachings of said Provisional U.S. Patent Application are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of handling and storage of railway freight wheelsets. This is for use by North American (Canada, United States and Mexico) railroads, freight wheelsets suppliers, wheel shops and transport organizations that move the wheelsets across the North American continent. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Reference: See Appendix FREIGHT WHEELSET ROLLER BEARING DAMAGE—TRANSPORTER AND STORAGE PROLBEM report actual AAR rules and regulations and diagrams of present situation. 
     Present Wheel Transporters 
     In the same way that automobiles go through tires, railroad cars go through wheelsets. Each year the seven biggest class 1 North American railroads replace about 300,000 freight wheelsets. A wheelset is composed of one axle and one wheel and roller bearing at each end of the axle. Equipment personnel at various line points across North America inspect wheelsets on trains and replace bad order (damaged) wheelsets with good order (new or reconditioned) wheelsets. A damaged wheelset could break apart while the train is in motion and derail the train. The bad ordered wheelsets are sent to wheel shops. The wheel shops recondition the wheelsets and then send them back for use at the line points. 
     Wheel transporters move wheelsets between the line points and the wheel shops. These are rail cars that were modified to carry only wheelsets. For example, in 1996 CN had a fleet of 150 wheel transporters for freight wheelsets. These wheel transporters carried up to 44 wheelsets at one time. The wheelsets are loaded in two rows on the transporters. The first row consists of 23 wheelsets placed directly on the wheel transporter. A second row of 21 wheelsets lies on top of the first row. Two interlocking tiers of wheelsets make up each row. 
     The wheelsets are not tied down to the wheel transporters. Steel clamps tie the last four wheelsets at both ends of the car together. The forces that the wheelsets experiences during switching (moving individual cars to form a train consist or to spot at a location) or while the train is in motion could cause them to displace if the four end wheelset were not tied together. Together they act as a unit to block the other wheelsets from moving. 
     The AAR Wheel and Axle Manual states the following: 
     Section 1 
     Rule 1J6 Wheels mounted with roller bearings in place must be arranged when stored so the wheel flanges cannot strike either the roller bearing housing or the body of the adjacent axle. FIG. 4.52 in the Appendix illustrates a track arrangement for wheel and axle assemblies having roller bearings. When this arrangement is not available, assemblies should be stored one behind the other on single tracks. 
     Rule 1J7 The same precautions must be used in placing mounted wheels on a car for shipment. In addition they shall be securely blocked to prevent rolling and end sliding. Details of approved methods are given in the current issue of AAR Loading Rules. 
     Section 3 
     Rule 3B5 Special wheel cars should be provided for the shipment of mounted wheels between wheel shops and repair points. AAR Loading Rules illustrate approved methods of loading. Such cars have proved to be more reliable than the use of blocking in preventing axles from becoming damaged in transit. Wheel rack arrangement for shipping mounted wheels is illustrated in the Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices. 
     Together rules 1J6 and 1J7 state that wheel flanges must not strike the roller bearing of an adjacent wheelset while they are being moved on wheel transporters. The CN wheel transporter design uses the four end wheelsets that are tied together to block the other wheelsets from displacing when the transporter experiences normal forces during switching or train movement. The parts of the wheelsets that come in contact when they are blocked by the four end wheelsets are wheel flanges to roller bearings. This goes against rules 1J6 and 1J7. 
     A loading arrangement on an open top rail car must pass a number of tests before it becomes an approved method in the AAR Open Top Loading Rules. One of the tests is an impact test. Impact tests are like automobile crash tests using crash test dummies. Automobile crash tests deals with the safety of passengers. AAR impact test determines proper loading methods to ensure that the load being transported is not damaged. 
     In an impact test a number of rail cars, with a gross total weight of 250,000 pounds, are coupled together. These cars are placed on one track with both their hand and air brakes filly applied. In effect these rail cars act like a wall. A locomotive pushes the rail car with the test loading arrangement toward this wall of parked rail cars. At a certain speed the locomotive releases the test car so it hits the wall on its own. The test car must hit this wall at 4 miles per hour. After the impact the load is inspected. If everything is okay the test car must impact the wall at 6 miles per hour. If the load passes this impact a third impact at 8 miles per hour is performed. The same end of the test car impacts the wall during the 4, 6 and 8 miles per hour impacts. This ensures that the impact forces on the load are in the same direction. If the test car passes these three impacts then one more impact is made. The test car is turned around and pushed toward the wall so that the opposite end of the car hits the wall at 8 miles per hour. The load now experiences high forces in the opposite direction to those experienced in the first three impacts. 
     If the present wheel transporters used by CN and other North American railroads were to under go such an impact test, they would fail the test because contact would be made between roller bearings and adjacent wheel flange. The result of impact tests done with wheel transporters loaded with bad order wheelsets clearly shows that if good order wheelsets had been used, they would have been damaged. A loading arrangement that cannot be tested with new or reconditioned wheelsets should not be used to transport new and reconditioned wheelsets. 
     Unlike a passenger train, the ride of a freight train is not a smooth ride. Therefore, it is likely that the wheel flanges will hit the roller bearing of an adjacent wheelset often during transportation between wheel shops and line points. When the transporters are switched the flanges will contact the roller bearings with even greater force. This constant contact between wheel flange and roller bearing can damage the roller bearing internally. This damage could eventually lead to a hot box and a major derailment. 
     Wheelset Storage Racks 
     Constant replacement of bad order wheelsets requires the storage of wheelsets at line points and wheel shops. North American railroads store wheelsets in the same arrangement as on wheel transporters. Each row consists of two interlocking tiers of wheelsets. The wheelsets are piled several rows high depending on how busy the line point is. Unfortunately this is not the approved method of storing roller bearing wheelsets shown in FIG. 4.52 in Section 4 of the AAR Wheel and Axle Manual which ensures that the roller bearing is never in line with the wheel flange of an adjacent wheel (see appendix). 
     Rule 1J6 of the AAR Wheel and Axle Manual states that 
     “FIG. 4.52 in Section 4 of the AAR Wheel and Axle Manual illustrates a rack arrangement for wheel and axle assemblies having roller bearings.” 
     Although wheel shops with overhead cranes would not have any problems stacking the wheelsets in the approved AAR manner, line points that only use forklifts would have problems. The flanges of the wheelsets, in the approved loading method for roller bearing wheelsets, are never in line with roller bearings and therefore contact is not made. 
     Rule 1J6 also states that 
     “When this arrangement is not available, assemblies should be stored one behind the other on single tracks.” 
     This also ensures that wheel flanges are never in line with roller bearings since there is no tiers of interlocking wheelsets, but only some locations will use this method. 
     The actual method used to store wheelsets in many locations by North American railroads and wheel shops allows for direct contact between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange. Wheelsets are placed or removed from storage sites using overhead cranes (at wheel shops) or by forklifts (at line points). Unless employees are extremely careful while placing or removing roller bearing wheelsets from storage, the roller bearing will be struck by wheel flanges and possibly damaged. Again rule 1J6 is violated and another concern for hot boxes. 
     Hot Boxes 
     Consider a freight car traveling across Canada from Halifax to Vancouver, a 6,050 kilometer distance. Also, this car is equipped with roller bearing wheelsets and 36″ diameter wheels. Assume that the car&#39;s speed across Canada is 80 kilometers per hour (50 miles per hour). The wheels of this car would make over 2.1 million revolutions at a speed of 7.7 revolutions per second. This car could make up to 20 such trips in one year. 
     To sustain such use the internal components of the roller bearing must be in good condition. Internal grease must always be present to keep these components lubricated. Any damaged component would damage another component that it is in constant contact with. Damaged seals could let the grease leak out of the roller bearing or let particles enter. Running the bearings without grease is like running an automobile engine without oil. Foreign particles that may enter may damage internal components. Damaged internal components may break up very quickly after continuous use. The friction between damaged internal components or the loss of grease would eventually increase the internal temperature of the roller bearings tremendously during a typical trip causing a hot box. A hot box refers to a roller bearing that is overheating. 
     If a hot box goes undetected the internal temperature could rise to a point where the roller bearing literally melts away. Then the wheelset would collapse under the moving train and cause a derailment. This is such a serious problem that hot box detectors are located at numerous points across the rail system. The hot box detector is a device with a heat sensor. It is placed at the side of a track and at the same level of a moving train&#39;s wheels. When a train passes by a hot box detector and one of its wheels has a hot box a central location overseeing all lines receives a signal from the hot box detector. The operator at this location obtains a readout that indicates exactly which axle on the train has the hot box. He then radios the crew of the train with the information. The train stops and the crew investigates the suspect hot box. In case a train&#39;s route does not take it past a hot box detector the train crew routinely walk along the train to see that everything is in order. They usually have some device like a temperature indicating crayon to check for hot boxes. 
     Each year the major North American railroads experience anywhere between 200 to 350 hot boxes per year on each of their lines. With all the precautions taken some hot boxes are not detected and result in burnt out journals and derailments. 
     On Nov. 10, 1979, a train derailed in Mississauga, Ontario. The cause was a hot box. Some of the cars that derailed were carrying dangerous commodities. Cars loaded with propane exploded and one of the tank cars carrying the deadly gas chlorine suffered a 2½ foot diameter hole in its shell. The danger of deadly chlorine gas escaping caused the evacuation of nearly a quarter of a million people from their homes or businesses. 
     The constant contact between adjacent wheel flanges and roller bearings when good ordered wheelsets are placed or removed from storage racks or moved by wheel transporters can damage the internal components of the roller bearing. This could lead to a hot box and a potentially serious derailment. This is because contact between the wheel flange and the roller bearing is only at a single point and not over a large area. To fully understand the difference between single point contact and contact over a large area, consider the difference in pain felt by a foot stepped on by 200 pound person wearing high heel stiletto shoes (single point contact) or wearing flat running shoes (contact over a large area). Since blows at a single point are severe, the AAR conceived of rules 1J6 and 1J7 of the Wheel and Axle Manual. Rules not complied with by wheel transporters or storage racks. 
     One way to verify if a problem really exists is to gauge the roller bearing manufacturer&#39;s confidence in their product. Are they ready to say that their bearings can take the constant hitting from adjacent wheel flanges during delivery to line point on wheel transporters? They may be liable for another Mississauga derailment due to a hot box if they say yes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The most important aspect in the AAR rules for the safe handling of wheelsets while they are being moved or stored is that the roller bearing or axle of a wheelset must not come in direct contact with the wheel flange of an adjacent wheelset. This is because contact is at a single point, which could result in unseen internal damage. If a damaged wheelset is applied under a rail car, this damage could lead to a hot box and an eventual derailment if not caught in time. Unfortunately, the method used to store and move wheelsets across North America by the railroads, wheel shops, wheelset suppliers and other transport companies allow for the direct contact between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange. These forces on the roller bearing while the wheel transporter is moved, humped or flat switched can be considerable. Also, since there is direct contact between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange the methods presently used are illegal. 
     This invention shows different ways that wheelsets may be transported so that there is no contact between roller bearing and an adjacent wheel flange. This is done by (a) applying roller bearing protectors, (b) applying axle protectors, (c) shifting the wheelsets on the wheel transporter so that roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange never come in contact, or (d) restricting the movement of adjacent wheelsets relative to one another while in transport with the use of wheelset stoppers or axle spacers. 
     This invention also shows that if a roller bearing or axle protector is used, then contact between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange will never occur at the storage areas. The present stacking method used by the railroads, wheel shops and wheel suppliers, which does not use a roller bearing protector, is only approved for friction bearing wheelsets and therefore illegal for roller bearing wheelsets. The approved roller bearing stacking method is not used since it causes handling problems at storage areas that are not equipped with overhead cranes and use forklifts. With the simple addition of a roller bearing protector, the present stacking method could then be approved for roller bearing wheelsets. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of block protectors placed between roller bearings and adjacent wheel flanges. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of a cylindrical roller bearing protector that can be slipped on the roller bearing. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram comparing a contoured roller bearing protector, which offers better protection, to a straight cylindrical protector. 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram of a contoured roller bearing protector shown as two parts for application on roller bearings. 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram of a contoured roller bearing protector showing deformation while in use thereby increasing the contact area. 
     FIG. 6 (Prior Art) is a Pressure versus Contact Area graph. 
     FIG. 7 (Prior Art) is a diagram of a roller bearing adapter shown in use in rail car&#39;s side truck frame. 
     FIG. 8 (Prior Art) is an exploded view of a roller bearing side frame assembly. 
     FIG. 9 (Prior Art) is a diagram of a roller bearing adapter installed in rail car&#39;s side frame over the roller bearing. 
     FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example of a roller bearing/axle protector that is inserted between the roller bearing/axle and adjacent wheel flanges after wheelsets are loaded on wheel transporters. 
     FIG. 11 is a diagram comparing the higher contact area to a wheel of a roller bearing protector with flat deformable section to that of a cylindrical roller bearing protector. 
     FIG. 12 is a top view of inserted axle protector between axle and adjacent wheel flange. 
     FIG. 13 is a perspective view of inserted axle protector between axle and adjacent wheel flange. 
     FIG. 14 is a diagram of an example of an axle protector that is taped, strapped or clipped to the axles. 
     FIG. 15 (Prior Art) is a top, side and end view of a present wheel (transporter loading arrangement. Wheel flanges contact adjacent roller bearings. 
     FIG. 16 is a top, side and end view of a shifted wheelsets loading arrangement. Wheel flanges cannot contact adjacent roller bearings. 
     FIG. 17 is a diagram of present (Prior Art) and new wheelset supports. Center portion of new wheelset support is lengthened. 
     FIG. 18 is a diagram of an example of a lateral stopper. 
     FIG. 19 (Prior Art) is an end view of a present wheel transporter. Flange of top wheelsets sandwiched between flanges of bottom wheelsets. 
     FIG. 20 is an end view of a shifted wheelsets loading arrangement. Top wheelset sitting to the right of bottom wheel&#39;s flange. 
     FIG. 21 is an end view of a shifted wheelsets loading arrangement. Top wheelset sitting to the left of bottom wheel&#39;s flange. 
     FIG. 22 is a top view of wheelsets loaded between wheelset stoppers. 
     FIG. 23 is a side view of wheelsets loaded between wheelset stoppers. 
     FIG. 24 is an end view of wheelsets loaded between wheelset stoppers. 
     FIG. 25 is a diagram showing the contact two points between axle and wheelset stopper. 
     FIG. 26 is a side view of loaded wheelsets being restrained by wheelset stoppers and axle spacers. 
     FIG. 27 is a top view of loaded wheelsets being restrained by wheelset stoppers and axle spacers. 
     FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an example of an axle spacer. Spacer locks in place by pressing down. 
     FIG. 29 is a side view of a wheelset comparing the effectiveness of resistive forces F and Bh on preventing the wheelset form rolling forward due to an impact force I. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The problem with the present method of transporting and storing wheelsets is that the roller bearing is in direct contact with the flange of the adjacent wheel, which is prohibited by AAR rules. Manufacturers always package their products (e.g. televisions, stereos, glass . . . ) to protect them from damage that may occur between the time the product leaves the plant to when the final user receives the item. Similarly the new or reconditioned wheelsets should be properly packaged or protected to prevent any damage that may occur between the time the wheelset leaves the wheel shop to the time it is used and placed underneath a rail car. The following invention shows the different methods of protecting the wheelsets during shipment and storage. 
     The first embodiment of this invention is the use of a roller bearing protector, which is placed between the roller bearing and the flange of an adjacent wheel. FIG. 1 shows wheels  2  as they are stacked on a wheel transporter or in storage. A simple block shaped roller bearing protector  5  is placed between the roller bearing  1  and the adjacent wheel flange  4 . This block shaped protector  5  could be made of some type of rubber, plastic or even wood. 
     FIG. 2 shows a cylindrical roller bearing protector that can be applied to the roller bearings in the wheel shop during the last step before the wheelset is placed in storage or on a transporter. The material used for the protection  7  should be thick enough (dimension “a”) and made of a substance like rubber that is able to absorb the impact of the wheel flange in order to prevent damage to the roller bearing. Adding a hard exterior shell  8  (e.g. a metal or hard moulded plastic) to the protector will improve protection to the roller bearing, since it will distribute the force of the flange&#39;s blow over a larger surface area of the absorption material  7  (i.e. rubber material for example). 
     Extra protection is possible if the outer profile of the roller bearing protector follows the contour of the adjacent wheel as shown in FIG. 3 item  10 . This is because the force of the blow from the flange  4  of the wheel  2  is made over a larger area instead of the single point using a straight cylindrical roller bearing protector  9 . 
     To understand what will make an effective protector for the roller bearings, the following design in FIG. 4 for the roller bearing protector will be examined. This protector consists of an outer cushion  11 , a hard shell  12 , an inner cushion  13  and an end cushion  14 . The inner and outer cushions can be made of some energy absorbing material like rubber while the hard shell could be made of a metal or hard plastic. FIG. 5 shows the two halves of the roller bearing protector held in place by two rubber O rings  15 , one at each end of the roller bearing protector. The two halves of the roller bearing protector may also be secured with tape or a clip system similar to that used on ski boots for example. The outer cushion (in use and deformed  16  and not in use  11 ) serves to increase the contact area and eliminate any gap between the adjacent wheel  2  and the roller bearing  1 . Although the outer cushion should be able to deform slightly to eliminate this gap, it should also be stiff enough to transmit some of the adjacent wheel&#39;s force to the roller bearing protector&#39;s hard shell. In effect the area on the hard shell that experiences the force of the adjacent wheel is increased from the single point contact at the wheel&#39;s flange to include the area of the deformed outer cushion. The hard shell transmits the wheel&#39;s pressure to the inner cushion (item  13  in FIG. 4) over an even greater area, which is then transmitted to the roller bearing itself. It is the transmission of the adjacent wheel&#39;s force over a large area (versus single point contact between wheel flange and roller bearing) and filling the gap between the roller bearing and the adjacent wheel flange that protects the roller bearing. This can easily be understood by performing the following two experiments. 
     The first experiment requires two ordinary 500 ml glass jars with the lids, ½″ steel ball, newspaper, protective glove, safety glasses and thick long sleeved shirt. Place the steel marble into the glass jar and close the lid. Put on the safety clothing. Now pick up the jar and shake it hard, like a baby&#39;s rattle. Before long the moving steel ball in the glass jar will break the jar. Now half fill the second glass jar with newspaper. Take the steel ball, place it in the second glass jar and tightly fill it with more newspaper. The steel ball should be placed against the wall of the glass jar. Enough newspaper should be placed in the jar so the steel ball cannot move and is in constant contact with the glass jar. Now close the jar with the lid and once again shake the jar hard. This time the jar will not break because the steel ball is not allowed to move with respect to the glass jar and continuously hit the jar. This is because the newspaper takes up all spaces or gaps within the jar. Similarly, the gap between roller bearings and adjacent wheel flanges allows them to constantly hit each other as a wheel transporter is jarred into motion (movement of a freight train is not smooth). 
     A pen, its&#39; cover and a hard covered book is required for the second experiment. Place your hand on a table, with the palm of the hand touching the table. Hit the back of your hand with the covered nib of the pen a few times, ensuring that you do not injure yourself. Remember how this felt. Now place the hard covered book over the back of your hand that is still on the table, palm down. Now strike the book with the pen, in same manner as was done earlier, and feel the difference as the blow is transferred through the book to your hand. This time the blow is not as harsh because the book transfers the same force that was experienced earlier over a larger area. The first case (without the book) is like the direct single point blow on the roller bearing by the adjacent wheel flange. The second case (with the book between the hand and the striking pen) is like roller bearing experiencing the blow over a large contact area since the roller bearing protector is between the roller bearing and the striking adjacent wheel. 
     Where P represents pressure (what the hand or roller bearing feels after being struck), F represents force (the strength of the impact on the hand or roller bearing by the pen or wheel flange respectively) and A represents the contact area (contact area where hand or roller bearing is struck). if the force remains constant and the contact area approaches a single point, then pressure becomes extremely high. As the contact area increases, the pressure quickly drops as shown in the graph in FIG. 6 (Prior Art). 
     Therefore, an effective roller bearing protector must not only ensure no direct contact between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange as required by rules 1J6 and 1J7 of The AAR Wheel and Axle Manual. An effective roller bearing protector should remove any gap between the roller bearing and adjacent wheels and transmit an adjacent wheel&#39;s force over a greater area than the present single point load. (Note: although not as effective, if the absorption material is sufficiently thick enough then a very small gap may be tolerated.) In essence an effective roller bearing protector must act like the roller bearing adapter does for the roller bearings of wheelsets in use on rail cars as shown in FIGS. 7 (Prior Art),  8  (Prior Art) and  9  (Prior Art). The roller bearing adapter  18  ensures that the roller bearing  1  fits properly in the side frame  17  of rail car&#39;s truck, leaving no gaps for the roller bearing  1  to move around and damage itself. The contour of the roller bearing adapter, like the roller bearing protector, ensures that any forces that the roller bearing experiences as the rail car moves along the rail is spread over a large area and not on a single point load. 
     Keeping this in mind consider the simple block protector  5  shown in FIG. 1 to that shown in FIG.  10 . The simple block  6  now has one face  42  contoured to follow the profile of the wheel flange that it contacts while the opposite face  43  follows the profile of the roller bearing that contacts it. This roller bearing protector  6  could also have a hard plate  24  inserted into it to help transfer the force of the wheel over an even larger area (similar to the hard shell  12  in the roller bearing protector of FIG.  4 ). 
     FIG. 11 compares two different roller bearing protectors  23  while in contact with a wheel  2 . The first roller bearing protector has a circular outer cushion  20  while the other roller bearing protector has a flat outer cushion  21 . The outer shape of the roller bearing protector also has an effect on the amount of protection it will offer. As the wheel makes contact with the deformable outer cushion of the roller bearing protector, the contact area between the wheel and the protector increases as that section of the protector deforms. A roller bearing protector whose outer cushion is flat  21  as opposed to circular  20  will have a higher contact area. As a result the force is transmitted to the roller bearing over an even larger area, thereby decreasing the pressure the roller bearing feels. 
     The orientation of a circular roller bearing protector is not critical as opposed to one with flat sides. Therefore, a method is required that will place a flat sided protector in the proper orientation. Gravity can be used to keep a flat sided roller bearing protector properly oriented by placing an off centered weight  22  on it. If the roller bearing protector is loosely fitted to the roller bearing, then gravity will rotate the protector with respect to the roller bearing to the proper orientation. If the roller bearing protector is tightly fitted to the outer casing of the roller bearing then the off centered weight must be heavy enough to allow gravity to turn the roller bearing outer casing as well. 
     It should be noted that a roller bearing protector does not have to have a hard outer shell but could be made of one molded material like rubber or plastic. This roller bearing protector could also be contoured to increase contact area. 
     A second embodiment for this invention involves the use of axle protectors instead of roller bearing protectors for the shipment and storage of the wheelsets. The axle protectors ensure that no contact is made between the axle and the flange of an adjacent wheel. The gap between axle and adjacent wheel flange is greater than between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange. If the gap between axle and adjacent wheel flange was reduced to less than that between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange with the insertion of an axle protector, then the roller bearings will never come in contact with an adjacent wheel flange. 
     The design of axle protectors is similar to roller bearing protectors and based on the same principles discussed above. For example, by changing the contour of face  43  of the roller bearing protector in FIG. 10 to conform to the profile of an axle the protector becomes an axle protector. FIG. 12 is a top view of this axle protector  6 ′ inserted between the axle  3  and the flange  4  of wheel  2 . As with the roller bearing protector, the rigid bar  24  may be inserted within the axle protector to better distribute any forces over a larger area on the axle. FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the set up in FIG.  12 . 
     FIG. 14 shows two halves of a cylindrical axle protector that is taped or strapped together on to the axle. Like similar roller bearing protectors, this axle protector has an inner cushion  34  and a hard shell  33 . Since the diameter of an axle is smaller than that of a roller bearing, the dimension “a” shown of the inner cushion  34  could be greater than that of a roller bearing protector resulting in better protection. Although not shown in this Figure, the axle protector may be contoured with the addition of an outer cushion similar to the roller bearing protector in FIGS. 4 and 5 (item  11 ). The axle protector may vary in length so as to cover on the area near the adjacent wheel flange or the whole axle. 
     The third embodiment for this invention involves changing the basic design of the wheel transporter so that the wheel flanges are never in line with a roller bearing. FIG. 15 (Prior Art) shows the top, side and end views of the basic layout of the present wheel transporters. Each wheelset is composed of one axle  3  with a wheel  2  and a roller bearing  1  at each end of the axle. The wheels of the first row are placed on the wheelset supports  25 . A second row is placed on the first row of wheelsets. The top view shows only the bottom row of wheelsets to avoid confusion. The top view shows that one row of wheelsets is composed of two interlocking tiers of wheelsets. As a result the flange  4  of one wheel  2  of a wheelset is in line with a roller bearing  1  and the flange of the other wheel of the same wheelset is in line with axle  3  of an adjacent wheelset. Item  44  represents the sides of the wheel transporter. 
     FIG. 16 is the top, side and end view of the new wheel transporter layout arrangement. Here the two tiers of wheelsets are shifted apart and closer to the sides of the car  44 . Now the wheel flanges are only in line with the axle of an adjacent wheelset and not with any roller bearings. To shift the wheelsets an altered wheelset support  26  is required. Axle protectors  30  are needed to prevent contact between wheel flanges and adjacent axles. Lateral stoppers  27  and  28  are now needed to prevent the wheelsets from the top row from falling off the wheelsets of the bottom row. The difference between lateral stopper  27  with lateral stopper  28  is that the latter helps prevent adjacent wheels from the bottom row from moving forward along the car. The shim  29  placed between the lateral stopper  28  and an adjacent wheel flange removes any gap between them and lock the wheels in place. The shim can be stored within the lateral stopper when not in use. 
     FIG. 17 shows the present  25  (Prior Art) and new  26  wheelset support that is based on the CN Rail design. There are other designs available in the railroad industry. What is important is that the wheel wells  45 , which are common to all the different designs, are shifted apart for the new wheel transporter arrangement. 
     FIG. 18 shows two examples of lateral stoppers  27  and  28 . The exact design of a lateral stopper depends on the wheel transporter itself, which will vary within the railroad industry, since it would become a permanent part of the wheel transporter. In this design a lateral stopper consists of metal sides  32  and webs  31 . By adding an extra web to lateral stopper  28 , the web is now closer to adjacent wheels of the first row. As a result, lateral stopper  28  also helps prevent wheels from the first row from moving forward. 
     FIGS. 19 (Prior Art),  20  and  21  help explain the need and the design of the lateral stopper. FIG. 19 (Prior Art) shows the end view of present wheel transporter with wheel support  25  loaded with two rows of wheelsets. This view shows that the flange  4  of wheel C in the top row is sandwiched between wheel B and the flange of wheel A in the bottom row. Therefore, wheelsets in the top row will not fall off the top row if they experience a side force. 
     FIGS. 20 and 21 are end views of the new wheel transporter arrangement consisting of shifted wheelsets. Both Figures show the new wheelset supports  26  and lateral stopper  27  or  28 . In this arrangement since wheel B and the flange  4  of wheel A are further apart, a side force would cause wheel C to fall off the top row if a lateral stopper  27  or  28  were not present. In FIG. 20, wheel C is sandwiched between the flange  4  of wheel A and the right side wall  32  of the lateral stopper  27  or  28 . In FIG. 21, wheel C is sandwiched between the flange  4  of wheel A and the left side wall  32  of the lateral stopper  27  or  28 . The web  31  of the lateral stopper should also be low enough to accommodate different wheel sizes. The smaller the wheel the lower the top wheelset will sit. 
     A fourth embodiment of this invention shown in FIG. 22 is to build wheelset stoppers  35  on the wheel transporters to form individual cradles for each wheelset. Since the diameter of the axle  3  may vary for different sizes of wheelset, but the space between wheelset stoppers  35  is constant, axle protectors  30  may be used to reduce any space between the axle  3  and the wheelset stopper  35 . FIG. 22 is a top view of loaded wheel transporter. The side view and end view of the loaded wheel transporter is shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 respectively. FIG. 25 shows the contact points  36  between the axle  3  and the wheelset stopper  35 . if the wheelset stopper is made of metal then the axle protector is needed to prevent any damage on the axle since contact is made at single points, if the contact surface of the wheelset stopper is lined with wood, plastic or rubber  37  then axle protectors may not be required. An AAR impact test on such an arrangement would be required to see if an axle protector is needed to eliminate the gap between the axle and wheelset stopper. As a result of an impact, all the wheelsets would move in unison in one direction before the wheelset stopper stops their motion. The impact test would confirm whether or not the flange of a wheel actually makes contact with an adjacent roller bearing as the wheelset settles back into place after the impact. 
     The wheelset stoppers are permanent fixtures on the wheel transporter whose final design depends on the particular wheel transporter used. FIGS. 22,  23  and  24  show single wheelset stoppers along the center of the wheel transporter. Wheelset stoppers could also come in pairs, one near each wheel of a wheelset (or even in triplets). 
     A fifth embodiment for this invention is the use of axle spacers  46  or  47  as shown in FIG. 26, which is a side view of a loaded wheel transporter. The difference between a wheelset stopper  35  and an axle spacer is that the wheelset stopper is attached to the wheel transporter while the axle spacer  46  or  47  is separate from the transporter and must placed after the wheelsets are loaded. Axle spacer  46  is an example of an axle spacer that restrains four wheelsets from moving relative to each other. As shown in FIG. 26 axle spacers  47  could be inserted in both rows of wheelsets or just in the top row if a wheelset stopper  35  is present for the bottom row. Since the axle spacer is inserted between the axles of adjacent wheelsets, two wheelset stoppers  35  are required at each end of the wheel transporter to secure the last wheelsets. Also short wheelset stoppers could be used for the bottom row of wheelsets while axle spacers  47  are used in the top row. 
     FIG. 27 is a top view of a loaded wheel transporter showing different arrangements of axle spacers. A single axle spacer  48  could be inserted between axles or they may come in pairs  49  for added stability. Added stability may also be achieved with a single axle spacer between a pair of axles that has a larger contact area  50 . 
     The spacer could be of a fixed shape or include mechanical links or devices that allow it to be extended or snapped into place between axles like the example shown in FIG.  28 . In this example the surface of the spacer  40  that contacts the axle  3  is contoured to maximize contact area and avoid single point contact. It is attached to the spacer arm  38  via a pivot pin  41 . Both spacer arms  38  are in turn connected by a pivot pin  39  that locks itself after the axle spacer is pushed into position. In essence a spacer is a device that restrains the axles from moving closer together thereby preventing contact between roller bearing and adjacent wheel flange. 
     FIG. 29 is the side view of a wheelset showing the wheel  2  and roller bearing  1 . Force I represents any impact force that acts through the wheelset&#39;s center of gravity  48  causing it to roll forward. The present wheel transporter arrangement provides a horizontal resistive force Bh, from the wheel transporter&#39;s wheel wells or blocking for wheelsets on the first row or from the wheels the wheelsets on the second row sit on. The problem with force Bh is that it acts below the wheelset&#39;s center of gravity and cannot guarantee that the wheelset will not roll forward and contact adjacent wheelsets if force I was large enough. A more effective means to ensure that the wheelset does not roll forward due to the impact force I is to provide blocking that creates a resistive force F acting along a horizontal plane that cuts through the wheelset&#39;s center of gravity  48 . This would effectively ensure that the wheelset is properly blocked and will never roll as per AAR rule 1J7. Roller bearing protectors, axle protectors, wheelset stoppers and axle spacers all methods of blocking that provide such a resistive force F. On the present wheel transporters only the end wheelsets that are in direct contact with the wheel transporter&#39;s end walls or are held in place by the end braces or clamps experience such a resistive force F. 
     The present wheel transporter loading arrangement allows each wheelset to freely sit in place and act independently if the wheel transporter experiences any impact. This is because gaps exist between adjacent wheelsets that allows a wheelset to directly impact an adjacent wheelset. Reducing these gaps by applying roller bearing protectors, axle protectors, axle spacers, shims or any other item between adjacent wheelsets will improve the present situation. The most ideal situation is to totally remove these gaps between adjacent wheelsets by using appropriately sized roller bearing protectors, axle protectors, axle spacers, shims or any other item that completely fills in these gaps and contacts both adjacent wheelsets at the same time. As a result, each wheelset is no longer independent. All the wheelsets now act as one large mass that is held in place on the wheel transporter by bracing and bulkheads at each end of the load. Impacts between adjacent wheelsets are no longer an issue. Any movement relative to one another is due to compression any energy absorption material (rubber for example) found in the roller bearing protectors, axle protectors, axle spacers, shims or any other item used to eliminate the gaps between adjacent wheelsets. 
     While the preferred embodiment and various alternative embodiments of the invention have been disclosed and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.