Abstract:
An insufflation apparatus and methods for using same are disclosed. The apparatus is equipped with an interactive system for administering reproducible intratracheal aerosols in a consistent automated manner. The insufflation system is useful, in particular for use with experimental animals, including mice and rats and also for treating small animals via the pulmonary route in veterinary medicinal practice.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/862,484, filed Aug. 5, 2013, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to a drug delivery system, including an insufflation apparatus and methods for delivering a consistent powder discharge to an animal&#39;s lungs during inhalation cycles. In particular, the apparatus is configured with an automated computerized system which can be used to deliver drugs by insufflation, for example, to experimental animals for local and/or systemic drug administration studies. The apparatus achieves drug delivery with consistency and reproducibly. 
         [0003]    All references cited in this specification, and their references, are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety where appropriate for teachings of additional or alternative details, features, and/or technical background. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    The pulmonary route of administration is useful for delivering medicines into the lungs for treatment of local conditions or to achieve systemic absorption. For local treatments, the medicine can be delivered directly to the site of need where the compound can exert effect. Most current drugs delivered to the lungs are designed to have an effect on the tissue of the lungs. Examples of drugs for lung delivery include, vasodilators, surfactants, chemotherapeutic agents, or vaccines for flu, or other respiratory illnesses for the treatment of diseases, including, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary infections. Pulmonary administration enables rapid treatment of these chronic and acute conditions. Drug formulations for treating pulmonary diseases such as asthma are available by several methods, including, using nebulizers such as treatment with PULMOZYME®, using metered-dose inhalers such as SYMBICORT®, and dry powder inhalers such as ADVAIR DISKUS®, PULMICORT FLEXHALER®. Other types of treatments, including biologics such as nucleotides drugs in genetic therapy have been delivered to the lungs, for example, for gene therapy of cystic fibrosis, where retroviral vectors expressing an effective adenosine deaminase are administered to the lungs. 
         [0005]    Currently, formulations for treating systemic disease using biologic products are available primarily through injectable compositions. Dry powder compositions for pulmonary inhalation and systemic delivery of insulin have been used, including EXUBERA®, and AFREZZA®. 
         [0006]    In cases where systemic absorption is desired, the large surface area of the lung, its thin wall structure, and its local proximity to the systemic circulation are beneficial. Drug delivery to the lungs provides advantages over oral administration of active agents such as proteins and peptides, which are sensitive to enzymatic deactivation or degradation in the gut. In addition, absorption through the lungs into the systemic circulation is more effective in reaching target tissues, bypassing the liver, which is the site of metabolic action of most drugs delivered by injections and other routes of administration. The potential for delivering many other compounds through the lungs for systemic administration, ranging from peptides and proteins to small molecules often requires numerous studies and approaches depending on the delivery system used. 
         [0007]    For pulmonary delivery, medicines are often formulated into a liquid or dry powder format so that they can be aerosolized and inhaled by patients. Aerosolization is achieved by delivery devices such as inhalers, atomizers, and nebulizers, which convert a payload of the liquid or dry powder formulation into a respirable dispersion. The dispersion is comprised of particles suitably small for navigating the airway and depositing in the lung. Particles that are too large carry excessive inertia, impact the back of the throat, and are swallowed. Particles that are too small can be exhaled and never deposit in the lung. 
         [0008]    Early development work on drug formulations often requires non-clinical testing. This may involve small animals, including, mice, rats and other rodents, wherein drug delivery, exposure and the resulting effects can be studied before progressing to large animals and into human administration studies. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects along with adverse events can be assessed using an animal model to help progress or halt development of candidate drug formulations. It is therefore, extremely important in evaluating a potential drug that the delivery of the formulation being tested is consistent to ascertain with more accuracy the envisioned delivery in humans. For example, if the drug is intended for delivery in a single inhalation using an inhaler together with a dry powder formulation, then the small animal testing should approximate the envisioned approach in humans. 
         [0009]    Current model methodologies used to assess delivery and efficacy of drugs for pulmonary delivery, include liquid instillation or dry powder insufflation. These methods have been developed by researchers to enable placement of candidate drug formulations directly into the lung. The methods involve syringe-like systems such as the PennCentury DP-4, wherein an elongated blunted cannula, dry powder chamber and syringe are used to disperse the contents of the chamber into the animal&#39;s lungs. To perform the insufflation, the animal is lightly anesthetized and intubated to insert the device cannula past the vocal cords and into the trachea just before the carina, the tracheal bifurcation leading into the bronchi. Oftentimes, a laryngoscope is used to help the researcher guide the cannula during the insertion step. The syringe barrel is then depressed forcing the contents, either liquid, suspension, or powder out of the chamber, down the cannula, and into the animal&#39;s lung. The air volume to discharge the powder from an insufflator is typically between 1.0 to 5.0 mL depending on the animal species. Using this equipment, a valve feature within the powder chamber prevents air flow and the subsequent aerosolization until a minimum threshold pressure is achieved. Accordingly, researchers exert significant manual force to depress the syringe plunger during activation thereby aerosolizing the contents of the chamber with minimal air volume. 
         [0010]    Two major challenges are encountered with the aforementioned techniques. The first challenge is one of timing delivery of the drug during the breathing cycle. Discharge of powder into an animal during exhalation results in sub-optimal delivery as the contents can be blown back and are not delivered to the test subject. With powder delivery, powder blow back condition results in exhalation of drug, making it impossible to estimate the magnitude of drug delivery and confounding any measurable effects by the drug. Manual discharge of powder or liquid to avoid blow back is difficult in animals with high respiratory rates and or small lung capacity, for example, in mice having typically, 90 breaths per minute. The second challenge is repeatability and/or consistency. Current technology requires a minimum pressure to disperse a drug formulation. The devices allow for a range of pressures above that minimum which affect both the quality and consistency of the dispersion. Airflows occurring with the minimum required pressure may produce an aerosol discharge with large particle sizes that are not able to be inhaled deep into the lung. Large sizes are prevented from navigating deep into the lung because inertial forces become too large forcing the drug laden particles into the upper airway branches of the lung. Conversely, airflows occurring with higher applied pressures may produce aerosol discharges with far greater quality. Particle sizes within these emitted aerosols will likely be reduced and therefore will have a much greater likelihood of depositing deeper in the lung. The dependence of consistency on the applied syringe plunger pressure is also difficult to overcome. Instillation and/or insufflation studies typically involve multiple animals which can lead to variations in drug delivery from animal to animal if procedures are manually executed. Sources of variation in the drug delivery make assessment of drug effect more difficult to interpret. 
         [0011]    Dosing reproducibility during experiments requires that the drug formulation be delivered to the subject with consistent and reproducible results. Therefore, the inventors have seen the need to design and manufacture an apparatus, system, and method to overcome the problems encountered with standard apparatuses and procedures currently used. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0012]    A drug delivery system is provided comprising an apparatus and a method for delivering a drug composition, including aerosolized particles to the lungs are disclosed. 
         [0013]    The apparatus comprises devices configured for measuring and recording an animal&#39;s breathing cycles; ascertaining the intervals of the breathing cycles and delivering an aerosol at a predetermined interval relative to an animal&#39;s breathing, in particular during an inhalation. The apparatus can comprise one or more sensors selecting from a variety of sensors, including, but not limited to accelerometers, microphones, strain gauges and transducers. 
         [0014]    In one embodiment, computer algorithms specific to the sensors can then characterize and quantitate the animal&#39;s breathing pattern and determine when to trigger the insufflation in order to synchronize delivery with a natural inhalation maneuver. In one embodiment, delivery of dose composition can also be synchronized with different portions of the breathing cycle prior to or during an inhalation. The duration of the inhalation can also be checked, and assessed to determine the extent of delivery relative to the start and end of the inhalation. In one embodiment, active monitoring of the animal&#39;s breathing also generates data on duration of inhale/exhale, regularity of breathing, and other characteristics of the breathing cycle. In this and other embodiments, the apparatus is provided with an automated driving mechanism that displaces air through the insufflation device, by adapting an electromechanical device. In one embodiment, a linear solenoid can be used to displace a driving pump&#39;s piston, which ensures repeatable driving force and results in repeatable discharge flow rates. 
         [0015]    In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided comprising: 
         [0016]    a first device comprising a platform comprising an area for positioning an animal and configured to hold an animal in place and comprising an adjustable strap adapted with at least one sensor which detects movement of distension of the animal&#39;s thorax and/or abdomen due to breathing; said sensor generates a signal and communicates the signal to a microprocessor for analysis; and mounting means, including a stand for securing to said platform; 
         [0017]    a second device comprising a solenoid, a syringe pump and a powder reservoir; wherein said solenoid is actuated by an onboard relay output system to pressurize the syringe pump; said second device further comprising a computer interface comprising a programmable algorithm which detects an animal&#39;s breathing pattern and said solenoid is actuated to pressurize the syringe pump at a predetermined interval during an inhalation to release a powder plume from the powder reservoir. 
         [0018]    In one embodiment, the first device can further comprise a second sensor, which can detect sound generated from the animal&#39;s breathing cycles. In this and other embodiments, the apparatus can also comprise one or more modules comprising a relay board for relaying an output signal, such as an automated on and off switch; and a data acquisition board. In this embodiment, a first sensor communicates a first set of input signals to a first microprocessor configured with a data acquisition board which captures the input signals from the sensors, processes and analyzes the first set of signals in the first device and continuously streams to a computer and communicates with a relay board to actuate the solenoid and pressurize the syringe to discharge a powder contained in the powder reservoir at a predetermined interval. 
         [0019]    In one embodiment, the first device comprises an adjustable cantilevered arm on which a transducer is mounted and can be positioned in the desired position on an animal to best measure physiological changes associated with breathing, such as diaphragm distention. 
         [0020]    In a particular embodiment, a drug delivery system is provided comprising: an air pump adapted with a solenoid; an insufflation or instillation device adaptable to said air pump and comprising a chamber for containing a drug composition and a cannula; one or more sensors which can detect signals from breathing cycles of an animal; and a data acquisition board comprising an executable algorithm analyzing and transmitting signals from said one or more sensors, wherein the executable algorithm contains instructions to actuate the solenoid at a predetermined interval of a breathing cycle of the animal. In an example embodiment, the acquisition board can process the signals from the sensors within a computer, which makes the system modular, or can be part of a microprocessor built-in with the solenoid. In one embodiment, the animal is anesthetized and the system can have at least two sensors, including an accelerometer and a microphone. 
         [0021]    In further embodiments, a method for insufflating an animal, including for example dogs, cats, monkeys, and rodents such as a mouse or a rat is disclosed. In a particular embodiment, the method comprises: anesthesizing an animal; positioning one or more sensors on or near the animal in the insufflation apparatus; detecting and analyzing the animals breathing cycles and administering a dose of a test composition at the inhalation interval of said animal. In an alternate embodiment, the method can also be used to instill a solution, a suspension, and/or a vapor to an animal. 
         [0022]    In a particular embodiment, detecting and analyzing the animal&#39;s breathing cycles comprises positioning one or more sensors, such as an accelerometer, a microphone, or a transducer on or near the animal, which sensor(s) can detect signals from the animal, and transmit the signals to a data acquisition board, through which signals are analyzed and evaluated using an algorithm executable by, for example, a microprocessor on board a computer, or a programmable logic controller (PLC). 
         [0023]    In one embodiment, signals from one or multiple sensors including, but not limited to microphones, thermocouples, strain gauges, accelerometers, and the like are used to optimally position the sensor(s) relative to the animal. In this embodiment, positioning information is relayed via a computer interface in which an algorithm detects the sensor output. An algorithm determines if the position is acceptable using sensor specific criteria, for example, validity of signal to noise, peak detection, slope detection, baseline noise and the like. The positioning of the sensor can occur manually by an operator or automatically using computer controlled, including motors and pneumatics, and sensor feedback. 
         [0024]    In one embodiment, the method comprises, positioning an animal to be tested to an accessible area, for example, strapping the animal to a platform comprising an adjustable belt comprising one or more sensor(s), including an accelerometer, a transducer and/or a microphone; positioning the one or more sensor(s) to detect one or more signals generating from the animal&#39;s breathing cycles; actuating a power source and setting the accelerometer to detect a predetermine number of input signals to characterize the breathing pattern of the animal; and delivering an aerosolized powder plume to the animal during an inhalation. In a specific embodiment, the method comprises, determining the animal&#39;s breathing rate and inhalation intervals; and delivering a dose of an aerosolized composition at an inhalation interval. In some embodiments, the animal can optionally be strapped to the platform comprising a restraining area. In some embodiments, the adjustable belt can comprise an elastic material. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]      FIG. 1  depicts a schematic representation of an embodiment of the drug delivery system or apparatus. 
           [0026]      FIG. 2A  depicts a schematic representation of the apparatus embodiment of  FIG. 1 , illustrating the details of a platform embodiment adapted with a strap containing an accelerometer for positioning on an animal.  FIG. 2B  depicts  FIG. 2A  showing a balloon mouse simulator adapted to the apparatus for in vitro testing studies. 
           [0027]      FIG. 3  depicts a schematic representation of an embodiment device component of the apparatus of  FIG. 1  showing a solenoid and syringe pump system. 
           [0028]      FIG. 4  depicts a schematic representation of an embodiment herewith depicting a flow chart illustrating the functional systems associated with the apparatus of  FIG. 1   
           [0029]      FIG. 5  depicts an embodiment of the insufflation device for adapting to the apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1  and containing a drug chamber or reservoir and showing a cannula for intubating an animal and delivering a powder dose. 
           [0030]      FIG. 6A  is a photograph of platform section of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1  showing its components part and an attached balloon simulation adaptor is showing in  FIG. 6B  to represent a small animal. 
           [0031]      FIG. 7  is a computer screenshot showing an output signal from an embodiment apparatus which signal was obtained using a balloon connected to a pump ( FIG. 6B  setup) to simulate breathing by mimicking inflate and deflate such as during a breathing cycle for a small rodent and assembled into the device. 
           [0032]      FIG. 8  is a schematic representation of an alternate platform embodiment of the apparatus embodiment of  FIG. 1 , depicting a movable cantilevered arm containing a linear positioning sensor for use with small experimental animals. 
           [0033]      FIG. 9  is a schematic representation of a modified top view of the platform embodiment in  FIG. 8  showing the positioning of the cantilever moveable on a stage. 
           [0034]      FIG. 10  is schematic representation of the functional components of the operating system of the drug delivery apparatus. 
           [0035]      FIG. 11  is a schematic representation of the hardware communication system of an embodiment of the herein described apparatus. 
           [0036]      FIG. 12  is schematic representation of the insufflation sequence using an example embodiment apparatus for use with an experimental animal. 
           [0037]      FIG. 13  is a computer screenshot showing an output signal generated from data obtained from an insufflation study with an embodiment apparatus in use during an insufflation of a Sprague Dawley rat as exemplified in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0038]    In embodiments disclosed herein, there is disclosed an apparatus, a system, and a method for delivering drugs to an animal by insufflation. 
         [0039]    In an exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 1-7 , there is disclosed an insufflation apparatus with an interactive system and methods for administering intratracheal aerosols to small animals, including mice and rats. The apparatus  10  can be used to deliver aerosols in dry powder, suspension, or in liquid form. In one embodiment, the apparatus  10  can be used to insufflate, for example, mice, or Sprague-Dawley rats with dry powder aerosols for delivering test drug formulations in research and development, and for use in small animal practice in veterinary medicine, including, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, monkeys, and the like. 
         [0040]    In this embodiment and illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the insufflation apparatus  10  comprises a stand, a platform  14  ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ) for positioning an animal, including a mouse or a rat, a movable adjustable retainer  9 , a data acquisition system (not shown), a strap  13  comprising a sensor  15  such as an accelerometer and/or microphone, a solenoid  17  adapted to a small volume air pump  16  ( FIG. 3 ), and a unit-dose reusable insufflation device ( FIG. 5 ) to disperse pre-metered masses of powder from a powder reservoir adapted with a cannula  28 . In this embodiment, the apparatus comprises a sensor  18  such as microphone and an accelerometer  19  to monitor breathing signals, including, sound signals, air flow, chest or diaphragm distention signals, and the like. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise a single sensor or multiple sensors, which can be used to detect different types of signals from the animal and include, but are not limited to, transducers, strain gauges, pressure gauges, or thermistors. 
         [0041]      FIG. 4  is a schematic representation of an embodiment herewith, and illustrates an example of the physical and/or electronic interactions between various components of apparatus  10 , wherein apparatus  10  comprises two sensors, a first sensor which can be an accelerometer  19  for detecting distension of the abdomen, and a second sensor, for example, a miniature microphone  19  for detecting breathing sounds generated from the breathing cycles of an animal. In this embodiment, both types of signals generated from the first sensor  18  and second sensor  19  are relayed to a data acquisition board  22 , which receives the different types of signals and streams them to a software interface comprising real-time breathing monitoring analysis and processing capabilities of an animal&#39;s breathing cycles. Apparatus  10  is controlled with software algorithms to correlate characteristic electrical signals from the sensors to the animal&#39;s breathing.  FIG. 4  also shows that output signals from data acquisition board  22  are sent to an automated pump controller  26  to actuate solenoid  17  adapted to syringe pump  16  to automatically actuate the solenoid when an insufflation maneuver is needed to administer a dose during a test or treatment procedure. 
         [0042]    In this and other embodiments, the actuation of the air pump  16  by solenoid  17  can also be controlled to exert constant or varying force levels based on selection of hardware and software algorithm features. In one embodiment, the trigger of the automated air pump  16  is controlled by an executable algorithm and can then be actuated at any point in the breathing cycle. This will allow for triggering of the pump offset from a feature within the breathing cycle or in a manner predictive of inhale, exhale, or other marker in the breathing cycle. In this embodiment, the optimal actuation is expected to be upon start of an animal&#39;s inhalation period. In one embodiment, aerosol delivery will occur in a single or multiple short bursts and during a single, or multiple consecutive, or non-consecutive inhalations depending on the dose and the animal. 
         [0043]    In an exemplary embodiment as disclosed in  FIGS. 1 through 5 ,  FIG. 1  illustrates an animal stand  12 ,  14 , and a solenoid  17  driven hand pump  16 .  FIG. 2  provides a close-up of the animal stand pictured in  FIG. 1  comprising: platform  14 , an animal retaining adjustable bar device  9  and animal strap  13  comprising sensor  19 . In this particular embodiment, animal stand  14  comprises a microphone slide  20  and bracket  21 , microphone  18 , hanging wire and neck support post  9 , adjustable strap  13  mounts and the strap with accelerometer  19  mounted to it. In this embodiment, the rat is meant to hang from wire  9  by its incisors, and the neck post provides support and alignment for the rear of the animal&#39;s neck. The strap  13  and accelerometer  19  are designed to be positioned over the diaphragm on the chest-abdomen area to detect the animal&#39;s breathing cycles. Microphone  18  is positioned near the animal&#39;s nose, to be able to monitor its breathing cycles. Data is collected from microphone  18  and accelerometer  19  by analog ports on data acquisition board  22 , and an executable algorithm is run which converts both the accelerometer and microphone signals into information describing the animal&#39;s breathing pattern. 
         [0044]      FIG. 2B  is the embodiment of  FIG. 2A  comprising an adaptor for in vitro studies of the insufflation apparatus and comprising a balloon positioned in the center of the adaptor and connected to an air pump which inflates the balloon at predetermine intervals to simulate breathing patterns of a small animal. In one embodiment, the air pump is automatically controlled by a computer program. 
         [0045]      FIG. 3  is a drawing of an embodiment, which provides a close-up or more detailed view of the automated pump embodiment in  FIG. 1 . The automated air pump assembly  16  comprises an adjustable spring return hand pump, a solenoid mounting cylinder  17  and a solenoid  24 . In one embodiment, the discharge volume of hand pump  16  can be adjusted to volumes less than the animal&#39;s regular or tidal breathing volume to reduce over-pressurizing the animal&#39;s lung during an insufflation procedure. For a small animal, the air pump can discharge volumes less than 5 ml, less than 3 ml, less than 2 ml, or less than 1 ml, depending on the animal to be insufflated. In one embodiment, the volume of pressurized air delivered by syringe pump 16 is from about 0.25 ml to about 1.5 ml, or from about 1 to 1.5 ml. In some embodiments, larger volumes greater than 3 ml of air can be delivered depending on the animal and the size of the dose to be administered. In one embodiment, the syringe pump is driven by solenoid assembly, which generates results in a repeatable manner and consistent force profile, since force is applied in a consistent manner. The automated air pump assembly in use provides a reduction in air volume required in typical insufflators to deliver the contents of a dose from the insufflation device, thus limiting dose content blow back post insufflation. 
         [0046]      FIG. 4  specificaly depicts a block diagram showing the sequence required for automation. In this embodiment, the apparatus  10  can be activated by pushing the run button on the software interface. The actuation trigger of apparatus  10  begins the collection of signals from both the accelerometer  19  and microphone  18 . The analog signal from accelerometer  19  is processed before data acquisition board  22 . Analog signals from each sensor  18 ,  19  are transmitted to the data acquisition board  22 , which then transmits the signals to the software in a computer or PLC for additional processing and real time analysis. Using the software set of instructions, the signals from each sensor  18  and  19  are converted into signals describing the breathing pattern of the animal with relevant parameters, for example, duration of inhale, duration of exhale, breaths per minute, change in breathing rate, tidal volume, and the like. The computer software  29  instructions enables the rapid identification of the start of the animal&#39;s inhalation maneuver, and thus allows for the actuation of the pump and discharge of the drug liquid, suspension or powder prior to the end of a single inhalation. In some embodiments, if the quantity of drug exceeds a volume that can be administered in one inhalation, it is possible to administer the drug by a predetermined number of consecutive inhalations, or at predetermine intervals that can skip one or more inhalations. 
         [0047]    As previously stated, the insufflation system can be used to administer liquids, suspensions and dry powders by intratracheal insufflation.  FIG. 5  depicts an embodiment of a single dose reusable insufflation device  30 , which can be adapted to apparatus  10  in series with air pump  16  for use with a small animal such as a rodent insufflation system. In this embodiment, the insufflation device  30  can be designed to administer various types of composition, including dry powders and comprises a substantially cylindrical body in the form of a syringe  30 . In one embodiment, insufflation device  30  can connect to automated air pump  16  by a short tube  17 a. The device can be made of materials, including metal to alleviate static effects on the drug composition being insufflated. The insufflation device  30  further comprises a chamber  15  with one or more valves for containing a powder composition. In alternate embodiments, the chamber  15  can comprise a reservoir for liquids or suspensions for use in instillations. The tip of the insufflation device  30  comprises a blunt cannula  28 , which is used to directly intubate an anesthetized animal. Once the animal is intubated, the blunt end of the cannula is for positioning through the animal&#39;s mouth until it reaches near the carina of the tracheal region of the respiratory tract to ensure lung deposition of the drug composition to be insufflated.  FIG. 5  also illustrates the insufflation device  30  further comprising an air inlet port  32  for allowing air into the pump upon retraction of the piston of the syringe pump  16 ; and one or more valves (not shown) to regulate air intake and powder containment in chamber  15  prior to delivery. Moreover, chamber  15  can be remove from the short tube  17 a with or without cannula  28  to provide replacement of individual dosing units. 
         [0048]    In an alternate embodiment, the insufflation apparatus comprises a platform  40  for use with animals that may not need to be strapped or restrained. In this embodiment shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , platform  40  is mounted on a stand  42  comprising base  44 , support beams  46 ,  46 ′ adapted with hinge  48  configured to hold platform  40  and a shaft  45  to hold and support an air pump; solenoid and insufflation device. In this embodiment, platform  40  supported by a stand  43  configured on base  44  and it is designed to comprise an adjustable stage assembly  50  comprising a cantilevered arm  52  that can be moved to different positions depending on the size of the animal to be insufflated. In one embodiment, arm-like structure  52  is connected to platform  40  through a joint to pivot, rotate and or extend, and can be placed over the abdomen of the animal.  FIG. 9  is a modified top view of a portion of the apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1  adapted with a platform as shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . As seen in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , sensor  54  comprises a transducer in particular, linear sensor pin  54 , including, pin  56 ; wire posts  58 ,  58 ′; wire  60  for holding, for example, a rat by its incisor teeth; and screw  62  for adjusting or moving the stage to position and adjust the sensor on an animal. In this embodiment, screw  62  moves the cantilevered arm up and down on a vertical plane. In some embodiments, platform  40  can be adapted with a robotic arm comprising a plurality of sensors, including sensor  54 , microphones, thermistors, transducers, or an accelerometer. 
         [0049]    In some embodiments, platform  40  can further include a nose cone  57  that can removably attach to the top end of the platform. Nose cone  57  can serve as a mount allowing tubing to be passed through in order to keep an animal anesthetized. 
         [0050]    In an alternate embodiment, the sensor on the cantilevered arm can comprise an accelerometer or other types of sensing device. The sensor  54  can be placed at the distal end of the arm for monitoring breathing signals from the animal.  FIG. 8  depicts an embodiment with the swivel arm-like component of the insufflation apparatus. In an alternate embodiment, platform  40  comprises a robotic arm comprising an accelerometer. 
         [0051]      FIG. 10  is schematic representation of the functional components of one operating system of the drug delivery apparatus. As indicated in  FIG. 10 , input signal  70  generated from an animal is detected by sensor  74  once the program has been initiated to position the sensor  72 . This signal is transmitted from the sensor to a data acquisition board and processed in a computer. If the sensor  76  is determined to have proper position, the signals are processed and as output as baseline breathing data  78 . If the sensor is not properly placed on the animal, the sensor is adjusted  79  until acceptable baseline signals are obtained. When baseline breathing signals are properly detected, dosing can begin  80 . Sensor output is detected  81  by on board system  82  and determines if the signals indicate the start of inhalation. If the signals are not from an inhalation the system continues monitoring until it detects an inhalation upon which the system can trigger actuation of the solenoid to activate the air pump  84 . In one embodiment, the insufflation system can be set for a single dose delivery  86 . If multiple dosing or repeated doses are to be administered, the system queries if it is the last trigger  86 . If it is not the last trigger, the system will continue to detect inhalation signals until all doses are delivered and the output data  88  is displayed on a screen, printed, or saved in the microprocessor or computer system. 
         [0052]      FIG. 11  is a schematic representation of the hardware communication system of an embodiment of the claimed apparatus. Sensor  90  which can be a microphone, accelerometer, thermistor, or transducer sends signals to a data acquisition board  91 , which can be part of a microprocessor or a computer module. Signals from the data acquisition board  91  are processed and analyzed using a processing algorithm  92 , which detects positioning of the sensor and/or dosing, and also communicates output regarding the breathing patterns of the animal and about proper positioning of sensor and to computer  95 . Processing algorithm  92  also analyzes the inhalation information  94  from the animal and if an inhalation is detected, it directs the information to the data acquisition board  96  for further action. The data acquisition board determines if a trigger of an insufflation is required and if so it directs the relay board  97  to actuate the solenoid  98  and activate the air pump to initiate an insufflation as the animal begins an inhalation. 
         [0053]      FIG. 12  is schematic representation which summarizes the sequence of steps that are needed to performing an insufflation study using an example embodiment apparatus for use with an experimental small animal, for example, a rat or a mouse. 
         [0054]    The preceding disclosures are illustrative embodiments. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed herein elucidate representative techniques that function well in the practice of the present disclosure. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
     Monitoring and Delivering a Measured Dose of a Powder Composition 
       [0055]    The photographs in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  depict an actual apparatus set up intended for use with a small animal, in this example, the apparatus was designed for use with rodent such as a rat or a mouse.  FIG. 6A  depicts the insufflation system prototype consisting of a plexiglass and metal stand and a platform. As shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  a portion of the stand is visible, consisting of a Lucite platform attached to a mounting means having supports for holding the platform. For testing purposes, the insufflation apparatus herewith is illustrated using a balloon which was mounted underneath the accelerometer strap to simulate the displacement motion of the abdomen/thorax of a rat or mice during breathing. The balloon is secured to the platform and for undergoing a simulation insufflation procedure. The balloon has been positioned in the same location as the abdomen of the animal that would be in the process of being insufflated. This configuration is to serve as a test which allows to assess the signal captured by the accelerometer mounted at the center of the strap. The balloon is connected to a pressurized air source and a three way valve and can thus be inflated and deflated periodically to mimic the breathing pattern of a small animal. 
         [0056]    The screenshot in  FIG. 7  acquired from an experiment with a balloon shows the control interface with a plot of the data collected from the accelerometer and displayed on a screen. The signal is characterized by a baseline when the balloon is at rest. Upon rapid inflation and deflation of the balloon, the accelerometer measures a rapid changing oscillating signal. The system is then set to actuate the solenoid in the second device, an air pump (not shown) pressurizes the syringe pump to discharge a powder from the powder reservoir at a predetermine interval during a simulated inhalation. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Insufflation Experiments with Rats 
       [0057]    Sprague-Dawley rats were used in these experiments. Rats were anesthetized, intubated and monitored using the insufflation assembly shown in  FIGS. 5 and 8 , using the method as described in  FIGS. 12  and 5 mg of dry powder compositions per kilogram of weight of rat. Administration of the dose to each rat was triggered by the system during natural inhalation as detected by the system. Data collected from these experiments show that the process for intubation and insufflation was achievable for the delivery of doses of neutron activated cerium dioxide (NM-212, Specific Activity=5.7 μCi of  141 Ce/mg CeO 2 ) to the rats during inhalations in a consistent manner data not shown). Table 1 illustrate data obtained from this study. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhalation characteristics during insufflation. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 average 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 animal 
                 # of 
                 inhalation 
                 inhalation 
                 Inhalations 
               
               
                 ID 
                 inhalations 
                 duration (s) 
                 cycle (s) 
                 per minute 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 rat 25 
                 10 
                 0.260 
                 1.275 
                 47.1 
               
               
                 rat 26 
                 10 
                 0.169 
                 1.524 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 rat 27 
                 10 
                 0.226 
                 1.224 
                 49.0 
               
               
                 rat 28 
                 10 
                 0.108 
                 0.685 
                 87.5 
               
               
                 rat 29 
                 10 
                 0.096 
                 0.863 
                 69.5 
               
               
                 rat 30 
                 8 
                 0.274 
                 1.357 
                 44.2 
               
               
                 rat 31 
                 9 
                 0.182 
                 1.041 
                 57.6 
               
               
                 rat 32 
                 10 
                 0.115 
                 0.682 
                 88.0 
               
               
                 rat 33 
                 10 
                 0.140 
                 0.867 
                 69.2 
               
               
                 rat 34 
                 8 
                 0.216 
                 0.897 
                 66.9 
               
               
                 rat 35 
                 10 
                 0.156 
                 1.255 
                 47.8 
               
               
                 rat 36 
                 9 
                 0.062 
                 1.111 
                 54.0 
               
               
                   
                 average 
                 0.167 
                 1.065 
                 56.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0058]    The data in Table 1 shows that the breathing cycles detected by the apparatus herein are greater than 0.5 seconds. Specifically, the data shows the rats breathing cycles detected indicated that the rats were breathing at intervals between 0.68 and 1.52 seconds with inhalations lasting from about 62 to about 300 milliseconds. 
         [0059]      FIG. 13  is a computer screenshot showing an output signal generated from data obtained from an insufflation study with an embodiment apparatus in use during an insufflation of a Sprague Dawley rat describe herewith. As seen in  FIG. 13 , each breathing cycle for the rat is shown from valley to valley in a real-time plot of the data collected with a linear position sensor as described in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
         [0060]    The preceding disclosures are illustrative embodiments. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed herein elucidate representative techniques that function well in the practice of the present disclosure. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0061]    Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. 
         [0062]    The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention. 
         [0063]    Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims. 
         [0064]    Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 
         [0065]    Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents and printed publications throughout this specification. Each of the above-cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
         [0066]    Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language. When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the transition term “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claims. The transition term “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s). Embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein. 
         [0067]    In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.