Abstract:
In UTRA-TDD and other systems, a method and system for providing improved acquisition performance of beacon channels. The present invention uses time-staggered beacon time slots to provide improved beacon-acquisition performance. The present invention is applicable to sectorized cells or anywhere with unfavorable deployment conditions which lead to unacceptable beacon acquisition performance with time-aligned beacon time slots.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/412,273, filed on Sep. 20, 2002, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The ability of a mobile or fixed wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to acquire beacon channels in a fast and reliable manner is a key functionality for a Third Generation (3G) Time Division Duplex (TDD) system. Beacon channels, also known as broadcast control channels (BCHs), transmit in a predefined slot within a particular frame of a multi-frame TDD system. 
   A beacon channel is always a BCH, but other channels such as the paging indicator channel (PICH) or a paging channel (PCH) can also be used as beacon channels. However, an important characteristic of a beacon channel is that it must be transmitted at a fixed (high) reference power level such that the beacon can be reliably received everywhere in the cell. This allows a WTRU to determine the pathloss estimate from the known beacon channel. In the favored deployment of a TDD system, an unlimited number of base stations (BSs) may transmit their beacon signals in the same time slot, allowing all the WTRUs in the coverage area to measure all the beacons simultaneously. The WTRUs can then compare the power received from each of the BSs in the coverage area and choose to connect to the BS with the highest quality signal. 
   The WTRU acquires the beacon for system access information or to find other WTRUs for eventual cell handover or cell re-selection. The advantage of having all the neighboring BS beacons in the same timeslot also leads to a disadvantage in the form of interference from all the high powered signals in the same time slot. 
   A beacon channel can be further defined as a special physical channel that is sent at a fixed high reference power and uses a special reserved orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) code, which is sent at least once per frame. A time slot (TS) that contains a beacon channel is called a beacon TS. 
   There are two common deployment scenarios for beacon time slots in TDD systems. In the first scenario, only a single time slot is allocated as the beacon TS of a cell. The single beacon TS containing the BCH is always found at a specific time slot location TS(k) of the frame. In the second scenario, two time slots are allocated as the beacon TSs of a cell. The BCH beacon information is sent at location TS(k) of the frame and the second beacon TS of the frame is located at TS(k+8). The second beam TS is known as the secondary beacon and it may contain other downlink channel information. The second scenario represents the predominant deployment of a TDD system today. 
   TDD cells which operate in close geographical areas and on the same frequencies need resource coordination and time synchronization in order to achieve maximum system capacity and efficiency. The deployment of the beacon TSs of TDD cells uses a scheme where the beacon channels of all neighboring cells are sent in the same time slot, thus requiring time alignment. The major benefit of time-aligned beacons is that it allows WTRUs to simultaneously measure their neighboring cell BS and the current serving cell BS. The WTRU may discover another BS with a better signal level and switch to that BS, thereby allowing the WTRU to reduce its transmitting power and preserve battery life. However, if the coverage area has many BSs in close proximity, there is a strong possibility that the time-aligned beacon TSs will lead to extremely degraded BCH beacon acquisition performance for WTRUs. 
   To study the acquisition time of the BCH beacon, a simple geometric arrangement based upon path-loss shows that a WTRU at a cell&#39;s border, (equally distant between two neighboring BSs), experiences an intra-cell interference (Ior) to inter-cell interference (Ioc) ratio (Ior/Ioc) of 0 dB. The intra-cell interference (Ior) is the total received signal power in a time slot from the BS in which the WTRU is communicating. The inter-cell interference (Ioc) is the sum of the total received signal power in the same TS from all the neighboring BSs. Intra-cell interference (Ior) is therefore the “useful” energy, or the signal from the BS with which the WTRU is communicating. Inter-cell interference is the interference caused by all the undesired signal energy from all the other BSs received by the WTRU, and is therefore detrimental to the decoding of the “useful” signal. 
   This Ior/Ioc ratio is an important parameter for the performance of a multiuser detector (MUD). The analogous ratio which is found in the more classic signal detectors, such as RAKE receivers in frequency division Duplex (FDD) is Ec/Io, where “Ec” is the energy per chip of the desired spreading code and Io is the sum of the energies of all other spreading codes which the WTRU can receive, but does not need to decode. As the geometric path-loss situation is extended to more than just the two closest neighbors, the Ior/Ioc ratio will continue to decrease and approach −1.5 dB. 
   Shadowing and fading will make the communications worse and more sporadic. In fading environments, it is anticipated that an Ior/Ioc in the range of at least −1 to 0 dB or higher is needed in order to decode the BCH properly with reasonable acquisition time. Analysis has shown that for a time-aligned BCH TS communication system, approximately 25% of WTRUs at cell borders and 15% within all cell areas will experience an Ior/Ioc&lt;−1 dB. This results in a very degraded BCH beacon detection which leads to detrimental effects on the user&#39;s perception of quality-of-service. As the Ior/Ioc value decreases, the BCH beacon acquisition is compromised and WTRU synchronization under the worst-case circumstances would be impossible for a significant part of the deployment area. 
   It is therefore desirable to provide a novel beacon TS utilization approach to obviate the disadvantages discussed above. 
   SUMMARY 
   The present invention is a method and system having improved acquisition performance of beacon channels using time-staggered beacon time slots. The present invention may be deployed in sectorized cells or anywhere with unfavorable deployment conditions which lead to unacceptable beacon acquisition performance with time-aligned beacon time slots. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A more detailed understanding of the invention may be had from the following description of preferred embodiments, given by way of example and to be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawing wherein: 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of an example showing a typical time slot of the prior art with one allocated beacon TS. 
       FIG. 2  is an illustration of an example showing cell sectors with the minimum of two allowed beacon TSs. 
       FIG. 3  is an illustration of an example showing three sectored cells per cell site. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The present invention employs an interference avoidance strategy which can be used to improve the beacon channel acquisition performance. The present invention can be implemented in a TDD system, or any other system whose cells can tolerate time staggering of the beacon channels. It can be deployed in an area using sectored cell sites or non-sectored cell sites as well. In general, it is the characteristic of the cells and their sectors, irrespective how the operator places its base stations to provide service. Although the figures herein only show sectored cells, it is also possible that one base station corresponds to one cell or sector when placed approximately in the middle of the cell or sector. 
     FIG. 1  illustrates a typical beacon TS  14  of the prior art. The beacon TS  14  is part of a frame  12 . In wideband TDD, a frame comprises 15 timeslots and has a 10 ms length, but in other systems a different type of frame structure may be employed. For example, in narrowband TDD a group of 7 timeslots with an overall of 5 ms length is called a sub-frame. Two sub-frames make up a radio frame  10  having a length of 10 ms, which comprises a frame of the multi-frame structure of the radio frame  10 . 
   In the present invention, the beacon TSs are allocated to sectorized cells such that their mutual interference is minimized according to certain reuse patterns. The optimum reuse pattern depends on the number of sectored or normal cell sites, the number of beacon TSs available and the characteristics of the radio environment. Although the following description refers to a TDD system as an example, the TDD system has been selected for convenience. Accordingly, the present invention should not be construed as being limited to a TDD system. 
   The time staggered approach could comprise a simple approach, wherein the prior art allocated the beacons of all cells or sectors into TS(k) and TS(k+n) in every frame. The present invention proposes that a first group of these cells or sectors having their Beacons in TS(k) and TS(k+n) in every frame and a second group of these cells or sectors having their beacons in TS(m) and TS(m+p) in every frame or any extension of this timeslot reuse pattern principle. The UTRA TDD standard does not fix the beacon to be in any particular timeslot (unlike GSM). It states that the beacon channel (BCH) must be at some TS(k), where k ranges from 1 to 7. When there is a second beacon TS in the frame, it must be at TS(k+8). 
   A first embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 2 , which utilizes a beacon timeslot reuse factor of two without spatial dimension cell sectoring. The coverage area  28  has four base stations, BS 1 , BS 2 , BS 3  and BS 4 . Each base station BS 1 -BS 4  is assigned a different staggered time slot for its beacon transmission into one of three cells. The first group of BSs transmit their beacons into cells  20  and  22  at time slots TS(k) and TS(k+n) respectively. The second group of BSs transmits their beacons into cells  24  and  26 , at timeslots TS(m) and TS(m+p), respectively. TS(k) represents a time slot at time k and TS(k+n) represents another time slot that is offset from TS(k) by n time slots. The same methodology follows through for cells TS(m) and TS(m+p). 
   A WTRU in position  29  becomes activated while it is located in the cell  24  of BS 2 , which is in the coverage area  28 . In this deployment scenario, the WTRU can receive one of four possible time slot beacons, TS(k), TS(k+n), TS(m) or TS(m+p), each representing a possible cell location. For this example and simplicity, the received beacon with the best signal quality is the one being transmitted by BS 2  into cell  24  with a beacon time slot of TS(m). The WTRU in position  29  would acquire this BCH beacon and establish its communication via BS 2 . As the WRTU moves throughout the coverage area  28 , it can monitor other beacons in the different time slots and make a determination whether it should hop to another BS based on the beacon channel signals. 
   If the WTRU were to move into position  21  and the surrounding base stations BS 1 -BS 4  were all transmitting their BCH beacon in the same time slot, the WTRU would find it difficult to acquire a BCH beacon due to the aforementioned Ior/Ioc ratio problems. Therefore, a reduction of the mutual interference of the beacon channels of neighboring cells will improve the average experienced Ior/Ioc for mobiles in the coverage area and therefore improve BCH acquisition time. 
   In an alternative embodiment, a plurality of cells using cell sectorization or spatial dimensioning with three sectors per cell and antennas with a reuse of two is shown in FIG.  3 . Each base station BS 1 -BS 4  broadcast beacon signals into three sectors. The three sectors are comprised of either two TS(k)s sectors and one TS(m) sector or one TS(k) sector and two TS(m)s sectors. When BS 1  transmits the BCH beacon into sectors  31  or  33 , the BS 1  broadcasts the beacon at time slot k. Alternatively, when BS 1  is transmitting into sector  32 , the BS 1  transmits the beacon in time slot m. 
   Furthermore, besides the standard macro-cell sites, there are additional embodiments for special cell sectorization for which the inventive method is applicable. For example, a pico-BTS cell for a large gathering of people in a dense place, such as a sporting event or a convention could have sectors by rows of seats in the auditorium. A micro-BTS cell may cover a street with two different sectors, one representing a north side of the street and the other sector representing the south side. 
   The present invention provides a very simple, yet effective interference avoidance strategy for beacon TS deployment in systems such as a UTRA-TDD system which can improve beacon acquisition time by means of radio network planning. Applying the present invention with antenna sector reuse cells enables UTRA-TDD system designers in dense urban pedestrian WTRU environments the ability to create systems with an acceptable user system acquisition perception as well as pragmatic use. This invention is fully compliant with the UTRA UMTS standards, especially since mobiles are required to be able to measure neighboring cells on any time slot. It should be noted that beacon TS allocation to cells in the present invention and method can still be changed during system operation and can be made especially effective when sectored cell sites are available. 
   The present invention described above, is not intended to replace the time-aligned beacon TS approach which has advantages in terms of WTRU battery life and system capacity. However, for deployment scenarios where a time-aligned beacon time slot deployment leads to unacceptable beacon acquisition performance for a significant percentage of WTRUs in the coverage area, the present invention represents a valuable and easy-to-implement methodology for radio resource management (RRM). 
   Although particular processing functions have been described as being performed by particular components, it should be understood that performance of processing functions may be distributed among network components as desired. 
   Although the present invention has been described in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto, and that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined by the attached claims.