Abstract:
An internal combustion engine comprising a support structure, including a tube and a hollow stator core, supported by and rigidly affixed to the tube. Additionally, a rotor assembly is eccentrically and rotatably mounted about the stator core and having a pair of partial sidewalls, each of which defines a circular opening. A pair of shaft seals, in which each shaft seal is set into one of the circular openings and are rotatably mounted about the tube. The stator core, rotor and shaft seals together define multiple, separate sealed chambers that change volume as the rotor moves. Finally, ignition, intake and exhaust mechanisms are mounted internal to the hollow stator core.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/497,940, filed Aug. 1, 2006 and now U.S. Pat. No. 7,350,500, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/361,235 filed Feb. 24, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,513. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This application is a continuation-in-part and incorporates by reference the content of the patent application for the “Inverted Wankel” (application Ser. No. 11/361,235 by Webb, henceforth “the &#39;235 application”). The &#39;235 application discloses an engine that is an inversion of the standard Wankel rotary engine. In the engine of the &#39;235 application, the stator has a “constant-width” geometry: it always appears to be the same width when viewed from any angle. The particular constant-width shape of the &#39;235 application is the same as that used as a rotor in production rotary engines and is based on a Reuleaux triangle, named for the French mathematician who formally described it. In the &#39;235 application, the rotor, stator and shaft seals define a chamber having epitrochoidal geometry, so that regions of gas in the engine housing may undergo compression and ignition as a result of the rotor motion. 
         [0003]    Although the Inverted Wankel engine disclosed in the &#39;235 application represents a significant advancement in the art, and may open up new fields of application for the Wankel engine, it includes some mechanical complexity that may drive up the cost of manufacture. Also, the minimum size and weight of an engine made according to the &#39;235 application disclosure may be greater than would be desirable for some applications. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools and methods which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, rather than limiting in scope. In various embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems have been reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are directed to other improvements. 
         [0005]    In a first, separate aspect, the present invention may take the form of an internal combustion engine comprising a support structure, including a tube and a hollow stator core, supported by and rigidly affixed to the tube. Additionally, a rotor assembly is eccentrically and rotatably mounted about the stator core and having a pair of partial sidewalls, each of which defines a circular opening. A pair of shaft seals, each of which is set into one of the circular openings and is rotatably mounted about the tube. The stator core, rotor and shaft seals together define two, separate sealed chambers that change volume as the rotor moves. Finally, ignition, intake and exhaust mechanisms are mounted internal to the hollow stator core. 
         [0006]    In a second separate aspect, the present invention may take the form of an internal combustion engine comprising support structure means, including tube means and stator core means, supported by and rigidly affixed to the tube means. Rotor means are eccentrically and rotatably mounted about the stator core means and have a pair of partial sidewall means, defining a circular opening. A pair of shaft seal means, each of which is set into one of the circular openings and are rotatably mounted about the tube means. The stator core means, rotor means and shaft seal means together defining two chambers that change volume as the rotor means moves, the chambers being combustion chambers. Finally, ignition, intake and exhaust means are mounted internal to the hollow stator core means. 
         [0007]    In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by study of the following detailed descriptions. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  is a side-top perspective view of the inboard side of an inverted rotary engine, according to the present invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a side-top perspective view of the outboard side of an inverted rotary engine, according to the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a side-top perspective view of the engine of  FIG. 2 , with the exterior power band removed. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a side-top perspective view of the engine of  FIG. 2 , with the power band, pinion mounts and pinions removed. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a side perspective of the cam driver mechanism, camshaft, cams, valves and spark plugs. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  is a side cut-away sectional view of the components of  FIG. 3 , taken along line  4 - 4  of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is a side view of the components of  FIG. 3 , showing the rotor in a second position. 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  is a side view of the components of  FIG. 3 , showing the rotor in a third position. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view of an alternative preferred embodiment, in which two rotors are teamed together sharing a common cam driver mechanism. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0018]    In a preferred embodiment, the present invention takes the form of a cardioid engine. In broad, general terms the cardioid engine results from a cost reduction and simplification of the Inverted Wankel of the &#39;235 application. It appears that the least-complicated constant-width solid that can achieve variable compression is three-sided, and interacts with a two-lobe epitrochoid enclosure. To reduce the cost of this design, the &#39;235 application constant width stator is replaced by a “two-sided” stator core (that is no longer a “constant-width” shape), while a lobe is removed from the &#39;235 application two-lobed epitrochoid, causing it to degenerate into a cardioid. The outermost ends of the stator core seal against the interior boundary of the cardioid rotor to create two chambers of varying volume. The resulting engine requires only two intake valves, exhaust valves and spark plugs. The engine of the &#39;235 application, in contrast, requires three of each. 
         [0019]    Referring first to  FIG. 6 , in an inverted cardioid rotary engine  10  a stator core  12  has two bounding curved surfaces  120 , joined at two acute angles  122 . Also, a rotor  14  has a radially inward facing surface of cardioid shape. The rotor also includes a pair of partial sidewalls  18  that each define a circular opening  20 . A circular shaft seal  22  is rotatably and sealingly mounted in each opening  20  and rotatably mounted about a support tube  30  ( FIG. 2 ). The stator core  12 , the rotor  14  and the pair of shaft seals  22  together define a set of two combustion chambers  15  and  16 . 
         [0020]    The rotor  14  is driven about the stator  12  by a sequence of explosions that cause the rotor  14  to both translate and rotate. This series of translational and rotational movements moves the position of openings  20 , thereby forcing the seals  22  to rotate in an eccentric path about the support tube  30  ( FIG. 1 ), in a direction opposite to the rotational direction of the rotor  14  and at the same rotational velocity. 
         [0021]    Because explosive compression occurs between the rotor  14  and the stator core  12 , stator core  12  must be firmly anchored. Core  12  is rigidly supported on its interior by the core tube  30 , which extends laterally to be firmly anchored in the engine mount  32  as seen in  FIG. 1 . The radially outer surface of rotor  14  defines a set of teeth  40 , a portion of which are always engaged with a set of inwardly facing teeth  42  of a surrounding power band  44 . 
         [0022]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a set of pinions  50  all rotatably mounted on a triangular pinion support  52 , constrains band  44 , permitting it to revolve symmetrically about the center of core  12  ( FIG. 6 ), more slowly but in the same direction as rotor  14  ( FIG. 6 ). The pinions  50  are external to the rotor  14 , but are still internal to the power band  44 , leaving its outer circumference unencumbered and available to drive a circumferential load. In an alternative preferred embodiment, pinions  50  are laterally extended beyond the ends of the power band  44  to provide additional means of utilizing power from the engine. Pinion supports  52  are mounted onto tube  30 . 
         [0023]    Referring again to  FIG. 6 , to create and facilitate a driving series of combustions, a set of two intake ports  62 , two exhaust ports  64 , and two spark plugs  66  reside in the stator core  12 . There are a total of four cams  72 ,  74 ,  76  and  78  on the cam shaft, each of which may actuate a valve or spark plug in either the upper or the lower chamber  16 . A first cam  72  alternately actuates the upper chamber  15  intake and the lower chamber  16  exhaust valves. A second cam  74  actuates the lower chamber  16  intake valve. A third cam  76  actuates the upper chamber  15  spark plug. A fourth cam  78  actuates the upper chamber  15  exhaust and the lower chamber  16  spark plug. A cam shaft  80  runs through the center of the core  12 , and supports and drives the cams. 
         [0024]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a cam shaft  80 , to which cams  72 ,  74 ,  76  and  78  are mounted is driven by a gear train that is driven by the motion of a set of teeth  82  on the exterior of shaft seal  22  ( FIG. 4 ) and turns cam shaft  80  at one-half the rotational velocity as the rotor  14  ( FIG. 6 ). More specifically, a first step down gear  84  meshes with teeth  82  and drives a second step down gear  86 , mounted on the laterally exterior side of pinion support  52  ( FIG. 1 ). Gear  86 , in turn, drives cog  88 , to which shaft  80  is rigidly mounted. The gear ratios are listed in Table 1. The cam shaft  80  is supported by cam shaft supports  81  ( FIG. 1 ) within each end of the supporting tube, and may be extended in either direction beyond the end of the engine, perhaps for an application that needs to be synchronized with the rotor position, or simply as an additional means of harnessing the engine&#39;s power. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GEAR (NUMBER) 
                 RADIUS 
                 ANGULAR VELOCITY 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Cam driver gear (82) 
                 6 
                 x 
               
               
                 Inner cam transfer gear (84) 
                 2 
                 −3x 
               
               
                 Outer cam transfer gear (84) 
                 1 
                 −3x 
               
               
                 Inner cam stepdown gear (86) 
                 3 
                 x 
               
               
                 Outer cam stepdown gear (86) 
                 1.333 . . . 
                 x 
               
               
                 Cam shaft gear (88) 
                 2.666 . . . 
                 −x/2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]      FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  show three instants in time of the operation of the engine  10 . A first phase in the operation of engine  10  is shown in  FIG. 6 . At this instant, the stator core is spanning the minor axis of the cardioid rotor, dividing the rotor into upper and lower chambers of equal size. As the rotor rotates clockwise, the upper chamber  15  increases in volume and the lower chamber  16  decreases in volume.  FIG. 7  illustrates the major axis of the rotor having inclined by 45 degrees, with the gasoline and air mixture in upper chamber  15  having been recently ignited by a sparkplug  66  of upper chamber  15 . Also during this phase, lower chamber  16  is expelling exhaust through an exhaust port  64 . Referring to  FIG. 8 , at a later instant the upper chamber  15  has reached its maximum volume and is entering its exhaust phase. The lower chamber  16  is at its minimum volume and is entering its intake phase. The explosion of fuel in upper chamber  15  has forced rotor  14  to rotate clockwise and to translate upward. This action forces the shaft seal  22  to rotate counterclockwise as shown, driven by the partial sidewalls of rotor  14 . The same sequence of operations is occurring in chamber  16 . 
         [0026]      FIG. 9  shows a version in which two rotors are joined together to form a multirotor engine sharing a single cam driver assembly. The multi-rotor engine is shown without engine mounts: like the Inverted Wankel of the &#39;235 application, either axial or radial mounts may be used to affix the engine to a vehicle. 
       THEORY OF OPERATION 
       [0027]    The operation of an inverted rotary internal combustion engine depends on maintaining specific proportions between an internal stator and an enclosing hollow rotor having an internal surface of epitrochoid shape. A simple stator to produce is a “Reuleaux triangle”, commonly used as the rotor for a Wankel engine. If one side is removed from the Reuleaux triangle, the resulting stator is bound by only two curved surfaces. These curved surfaces meet at the ends of their arcs to support apex seals that travel against the inner surface of the enclosing rotor. 
         [0028]    The inner surface of the surrounding rotor should define one fewer lobe than the number of “sides” in the stator. The one-lobed epitrochoid shape that results is a “cardioid” form, so named for being “heart-shaped”. 
         [0029]    An epitrochoid shape is created by rolling a circle of radius (RR) around a stationary circle of (RS) and tracing the path of a follower point that is at distance (RF) from the center of the rolling circle, where RF&lt;RR. Because a single-lobe epitrochoid is required, the rolling circle must complete a rotation on each revolution around the static circle, so RR=RS. The follower radius may be somewhat arbitrary. However, if RF is chosen to be greater than (RR/2), there will be a convex neighborhood on the interior of the cardioid that will cause the cardioid to look truly “heart-shaped”. This inflection point must traverse the end seals of the stator while the rotor is turning, so it is good to minimize the degree of convexity. This degree of convexity also influences the attainable compression ratio of the engine. The cardioid engine in the illustrations uses RF=(RR/2). 
         [0030]    Given these choices for RS, RR and RF, the distance of the boundary point nearest to the center of the cardioid is 
         [0000]      RS+RR−RF, 
         [0000]    and the distance of the boundary point farthest from the center of the cardioid is 
         [0000]      RS+RR+RF. 
         [0000]    A line connecting these points is defined to be the minor axis of the cardioid, and its length LMINOR is 
         [0000]        L MINOR=( RS+RR−RF )+( RS+RR+RF )=2*( RS+RR ) 
         [0000]    This distance must be spanned by the stator core when the rotor&#39;s inflection point is making the transition across one end of the stator. Therefore, the cross-sectional “length” of the major axis of the stator, also the distance between the endpoints of the arcs, is 
         [0000]        L STATOR=2*( RS+RR ). 
         [0031]    The cross-sectional “width” or thickness of the stator is measured along the minor axis of the stator. (In the illustrated embodiment, the stator is oriented so that the major axis is horizontal and the major axis is oriented vertically.) The maximum thickness of the stator is dictated by the geometry of the enclosing cardioid. As noted before, the distance of the nearest boundary point from the center of the rotor is (RS+RR−RF). While the rotor is revolving around the stator, the center of the rotor is orbiting around the center of the stator in a circle of radius RF. When the cardioid rotor&#39;s inflection point is closest to the center of the stator core, the rotor&#39;s center is diametrically opposite the center of the stator core from the inflection point by a distance of RF. This makes the closest approach of the rotor&#39;s inflection point to the center of the stator 
         [0000]      RS+RR−2RF. 
         [0032]    Twice this value is the maximum “width” or minor axis dimension for the stator core: 
         [0000]        W STATOR=2*( RS+RR− 2 RF ) 
         [0000]    The actual minor axis length may be decreased below this at the expense of decreasing the engine&#39;s compression ratio and decreasing the space available for the cam and valve mechanism on the interior of the stator. For this reason, the maximum value given above was used for the illustrated embodiment. The stator width also represents the maximum practical diameter for the stator&#39;s supporting tunnel. 
         [0033]    Given the values for LSTATOR and WSTATOR, the constants needed to draw the stator shape may be derived. A pair of arcs must be drawn connecting the endpoints indicated by LSTATOR while intersecting the points indicated by WSTATOR. To calculate the radius and angle of the arcs, first calculate the length of the chord subtending half of the arc: 
         [0000]        L CHORD=sqrt(square( L STATOR/2)+square( W STATOR/2)) 
         [0000]    Half of the angle opposing this chord (in radians) is: 
         [0000]        A CHORD=(pi/2)−arctangent(( L STATOR/2)/( W STATOR/2)) 
         [0000]    The radius of the required arc is 
         [0000]        R STATOR=( L CHORD/2)/sin( A CHORD). 
         [0000]    The angle of the required arc is 
         [0000]        A STATOR=4 *A CHORD 
         [0000]    The distance of the arc center points from the major axis along the minor axis is the difference between the radius of the arc and half the width of the stator core. With this information, the arcs can be drawn. 
         [0034]    It is necessary to adhere closely to these proportions between the internal stator and its surrounding cardioid chamber proportions in order to sustain compression and operation of the engine. The inside dimensions of the cardioid are given above; to draw a larger cardioid around this (representing the outside of the combustion chamber wall), the static and rolling circle radii may be increased arbitrarily (maintaining the restriction that RR=RS), but the follower radius remains the same as that used for the inner cardioid above. 
         [0035]    The cardioid combustion chamber is encircled by an eccentric gear whose radius RE must not be less than the distance of the outermost boundary point from the center of the cardioid, so 
         [0000]    
       
      
       RE&gt;=RS+RR+RF.  
      
     
         [0000]    The eccentric gear in turn revolves within the constraining “power band” of radius RP. These gears have the same relationship as the pinion and the ring gear in the classical rotary engine in that they differ in radius by the degree of eccentricity: 
         [0000]    
       
      
       RP=RE+RF  
      
     
         [0000]    The theoretical minimum eccentric gear radius RE is (RS+RR+RF), but this must be increased by the wall thickness of the combustion chamber and of the eccentric gear itself. The problem with increasing the radius of the eccentric gear arbitrarily is that the ratio of the radius of the eccentric gear to that of the power band is: 
         [0000]        RE/RP=RE /( RE+RF ), 
         [0000]    which tends toward one as RE tends toward infinity. Eventually (when the length of the gear teeth approaches the radius of eccentricity RF), the teeth will remain partially meshed about the circumference of the gear, and eccentric motion will no longer be possible. For this reason, increasing the radius of the eccentric gear arbitrarily should be avoided. The rotational speed of the power band lags behind the speed of the eccentric gear by a factor of (RE/RP). 
         [0036]    The external pinions shown in the illustrations of the inverted engine are one embodiment of a constraint mechanism that forces the revolving power band to remain coaxial with the center of the stator core. In this embodiment, the size of the pinions is not rigidly restricted. They must be of sufficient radius to support teeth approximating the size of the teeth in the power band, but small enough to avoid collision with the core tunnel that connects the stator core to the vehicle. 
         [0037]    In the embodiment of the inverted engine illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the pinions (and their supports) have been placed in the interior of the power band to leave the outside circumference unencumbered by any engine parts, so that the engine may drive a circumferential load (specifically a load that is radially symmetrical about the engine, such as an automobile tire). 
         [0038]    The rotating cardioid combustion chamber revolves about a stator core that is supported by a tunnel extending from the inboard and outboard sides of the constant-width stator core along a common axis. Like the uninverted Wankel engine, shaft seals are required in the sides of the rotating combustion chamber to allow the chamber to revolve eccentrically about the core tunnel that supports the stator core. There are actually two circular seals involved: one interfacing to the epitrochoid chamber, the other sealing around the core tunnel. The maximum radius of the outer seal is the minimum radius of the cardioid, LMINOR/2. This must be diminished slightly to allow for the radial thickness of the outer seal. The practical maximum outer diameter of the core tunnel is the width of the stator core. The inside diameter of the tunnel may be somewhat arbitrary, but must allow the walls of the core tunnel to be strong enough to support a portion of the mass of a vehicle. 
         [0039]    Unlike the Wankel-type engine (with constant-width core), the shaft seals must bear the entire reaction force resulting from a combustion cycle. The effect of the expanding gases is to try to force the stator core into the center of the rotor and out of contact with the walls. This in turn tends to push the encompassing eccentric gear into the middle of the power band with its teeth disengaged. If the engine had a constant-width core, the enclosing rotor would accept reaction force from an explosion on one side of the stator core and reapply it as reaction force to the opposing side of the stator core. But with the cardioid geometry, the burden falls entirely on the shaft seals. The power band and pinions should be designed with sufficient clearance from the eccentric gear so that the power band only absorbs the tangential component, but never the radial component of the reaction force. 
         [0040]    Like the Wankel engine, the combustion chamber seal is necessary to allow the chamber to withstand pressure. Unlike the Wankel engine, no mechanical energy needs to be transmitted from the inside of the combustion chamber to the outside through the chamber seals. One side effect of the external-pinion geometry is that the eccentric and pinion gears are not within the combustion chamber, where they would be exposed to high temperatures and its accompanying thermal fatigue. 
         [0041]    In the inverted cardioid engine, the upper and lower chambers each arrive at both their maximum and minimum volumes once during each complete revolution of the rotor. Because it is a four-phase (or “four stroke”) engine, two revolutions of the rotor are required for ignition to have occurred in each of the chambers. As a result, the engine averages one power stroke per revolution. However, the phases of the lower chamber  16  precede the phases of the upper chamber  15  by a full phase. A single operational phase of the cardioid engine is defined to be 90 degrees rotation of the cam shaft or 180 degrees rotation of the rotor. 
         [0000]                                    Phase   Upper chamber 15   Lower chamber 16                   1   intake   exhaust       2   compression   intake       3   combustion   compression       4   exhaust   combustion                    
Alternatively, it&#39;s also possible to arrange the lower chamber  16  to lag behind the upper chamber  15 . Either arrangement will give the single-rotor engine a “beat, beat, rest, rest” cadence with two consecutive combustion phases followed by two non-combustion phases.
 
         [0042]    In the inverted cardioid, the camshaft must turn at half the speed of the rotor, because the rotor requires two full revolutions for each chamber to pass through four cycles. As the rotor is turning clockwise, the contact point between the rotor and the power band is traversing counterclockwise by the same degree. The outboard shaft seal, whose center always lies toward the power band contact point from the center of the rotor, is traveling opposite the direction of the rotor. This shaft seal supports the ring gear that drives the cam shaft through a mechanism that reverses and reduces the rotational speed by a factor of 2. Therefore, the mechanism for synchronizing the cam shaft in both the Inverted Wankel and cardioid engines is the same with respect to the ratios of the various gears in the cam driver train. 
         [0043]    In a single-rotor cardioid engine, the mass of the rotor is always eccentrically offset from the center of the stator core. If this is dynamically undesirable, a two-rotor engine may be employed, with the rotors diametrically opposed about the center of the stator core. With the rotors 180 degrees out of phase with each other, the rotor mass appears to be radially symmetrical about the stator core. This amount of phase difference is needed if the different segments of the power band are to be synchronized through transfer gears. This also has the happy harmonic side effect of giving the engine a more constant cadence. 
         [0044]    The Inverted Wankel and the cardioid engine differ considerably in attainable compression ratios. In the Wankel-class engine, the maximum volume of a chamber at the start of the compression must be less than half of the volume of the rotor chamber. Specifically, it is half of the volume of the epitrochoid minus the area of a portion of the stator core that protrudes into that half of the epitrochoid. By contrast, at the beginning of a compression phase, the cardioid&#39;s major chamber will contain the entire volume of the cardioid less the volume of the stator core and the minor chamber volume. This is much more than half of the volume of the cardioid. The cardioid engine may have a substantially higher compression ratio than the Wankel-class engine. The engine could be further simplified if the compression ratio were sufficient to sustain Diesel operation, eliminating the need for spark plugs. 
         [0045]    There are parts essential to the starting and operation of the engine that are not illustrated here. A starter and a generator may easily be mounted on one or the other pinion support, with an abundance of exposed teeth on the interior of the power band to engage the starter or generator gears. Alternatively, a multi-pole generator may be placed in the core tunnel, with permanent magnets orbiting about it. An epitrochoid pump chamber may revolve about the engine core along with the combustion chamber, driven by the power band. Such pump chambers and their associated stator cores could serve to pressurize fuel, oil, hydraulic or cooling fluids. There is ample space in the core tunnel for intake and exhaust manifolds. The air filter may be integrated into the hubcap. 
         [0046]    Although a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize that there can be modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.