Abstract:
This invention provides a procedure for authentication of plant and animal materials used as traditional Chinese medicine is described. This method amplifies and detects the discrete and species-specific RFLP patterns in the region of rDNA. The present invention offers a reliable and definite way to identify morphologically similar Chinese medicine, using a minute amount of biological samples. Its application in the authentication of American and Oriental ginsengs is illustrated in detail.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/258,111, filed Feb. 25, 1999 now abandoned, which is a continuation of 08/778,912, filed Jan. 3, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,977. The content of these two applications are incorporated into this application by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is directed to the authentication of herbal and animal Chinese medicinal materials based upon RFLP patterns of the PCR-amplified rDNA. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the medicinal materials and clinical application of such materials in the framework of the theoretical and empirical parameters circumscribed by the Chinese people in the last 2-3 millennia. This medical system and many of the medicinal materials have spread to and have been adopted by other Oriental countries such as Japan and Korea and evolved into Oriental medicine in those countries. As a result, traditional Chinese medicine should not be limited to only the herbs and other natural products used in Chinese medicine, but also to Oriental medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine currently in mainland China also covers the practice and medicinal materials used by Tibetan, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities. 
     The herbs and other natural products (animals and minerals) used in Chinese medicine have been recorded in a) classical herbals, e.g. Bencao Gangmu  and Bencao Gangmu Shiyi  the two together contain about 2,500 items; b) pharmacopoeia, e.g. Pharmacopoeia of the People&#39;s Republic of China  which contains some 600 items; and c) treaties, e.g. Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica Zhongyao Dacidian  , which contains 5,767 items. 
     Traditionally the authentication of Chinese herbs relied upon morphological and histological inspection. In many cases, such as in the authentication of different ginseng species, and in the authentication of Acorus species, this method is unreliable. An effective program of authentication of Chinese herbs is essential and central issue in the healthy development of the herbal industry. It provides a necessary protection for consumers, minimises unfair business competition and prevents the health hazard of many adulterants. 
     In plant, animals and insect nuclear genomes, genes for ribosomal RNA (rDNA) are normally clustered in an array of multiple tandemly repeated copies of the cistron of 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S (Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453). The sequence separates the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes is designated as ITS1 ( I nternal  T ranscribed  S pacer 1) and the sequence between 5.8S and 28S is designated as ITS2. The coding regions of the three rDNA genes are highly conserved, whereas the sequence homology within the ITS1 and ITS2 regions are lower across the plant kingdom. Furthermore within a given individual organism or species, the rDNA sequence is usually very similar due to the homogenization of the sequence by gene conversion and crossing over. This invention takes advantage of these features of plant rDNA, and use PCR to amplify the DNA of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions with the conserved DNA sequences flanking to the regions as primers, and explores the DNA polymorphism in different plant species within the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region as a mean of authentication. 
     The roots of  Panax quinquefolius  (American Ginseng) and  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) are important herbal medicinal materials widely applied in the Orient as tonic, prophylactic and anti-aging agents. In recent years the American ginseng, cultivated mainly in Wisconsin, USA, and British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, enjoys increasing popularity as a health food in Western countries. The ginseng trade is a big industry, in 1993 Hong Kong imports more than HK$1,500 million worthy of American and Oriental ginsengs. The retail price of cultivated American ginseng is usually much more expensive than that of cultivated Oriental ginseng produced in China, and that prompts wild-spread practice of disguising Orient ginseng as American ginseng by dishonest merchants. Tremendous financial incentive is also responsible for the imitation or adulteration of ginsengs with some herbal products including several poisonous plants that bear morphological similarity with ginsengs. The two ginsengs also have different medical values and potency. 
     Both American and Oriental ginsengs, together with several important Chinese medicines including Sanchi ( P. notoginseng ), belong to the genus of Panax in the family of Araliaceae. American ginseng and Oriental ginseng have similar morphological appearance. Furthermore many commercial ginseng products exist in the forms of powder or shredded slice, rendering their authentication by morphological and histological methods difficult and unpractical. In recent years, techniques have been developed to authenticate ginseng samples by examination of their ginsenoside profiles (Lang, Z., Lou, W S. and But, P P H, 1993, J. Clin. Pharm. Sci., 2:133-143). However, the application of chemical analysis may be limited as the amount of ginsenosides are significantly affected by many environmental factors such as the storage condition, the freshness of the products and the different post-harvest processing. In addition, the chemical method demands large quantity of materials for proper analysis. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is based upon the DNA polymorphism in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA. Accordingly, plant or animal genomic DNA was isolated and the ITS regions of rDNA were selectively amplified using pairs of primers that correspond to the consensus DNA sequence within the rDNA. The resultant PCR products were then subject to the fragmentation by selected restriction endonuclease to generate, after electrophoresis, discrete and species-specific RFLP patterns. Application of this invention to authenticate American ginseng from Oriental ginseng and several common adulterants are detailed as examples. This invention is suitable to authenticate herbal and animal materials used in traditional Chinese medicine and differentiate them from various adulterants. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG.  1 . ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. quinquefolius  (SEQ ID NO:1). 
     FIG.  2 . (A). ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. ginseng  (SEQ ID NO:2). (B) G1 DNA is the same as the sequnece of  P. ginseng  (SEQ ID NO:3); the IC DNA is the sequence from a Russian cultivar of  P. ginseng.  The four variables between the two are underlined (SEQ ID NO:4). 
     FIG.  3 . ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. japonicus  (SEQ ID NO:5). 
     FIG.  4 . ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. notoginseng  (SEQ ID NO:6). 
     FIG.  5 . ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. trifolium  (SEQ ID NO:7). 
     FIG. 6. 3′ AGCCATCCTCGCTGCCCGCCACAC 5′ (SEQ ID NO:8) 5′ ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:9) 
     The primers, 18d and 28cc, used to amplify ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of the plant rDNA genes. 
     FIG.  7 . The Hinf1 RFLP patterns of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region for  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng),  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) and their adulterants. Lane M, DNA size marker; 
     lane 1,  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng); 
     lane 2,  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng); lane 3, adulterant  Mirabilis jalapa ; lane 4, adulterant  Phytolacca acinosa . Lanes 5 to 9 represent the RFLP patterns of the mixed samples of American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in different ratio. Lane 5, American Ginseng and Oriental ginseng in the ratio of 9:1; Lane 6, in the ratio of 7:3; Lane 7, in the ratio of 1:1; Lane 8, in the ratio of 3:7; and Lane 9, in the ratio of 1:9. Two fragments of 0.1 kb and 0.06 kb present in American ginseng but are absent from Oriental ginseng, while a fragment of 0.17 kb present in Oriental ginseng but absent from American ginseng.  M. jalapa  contains two characteristic fragments of 0.4 kb and 0.3 kb in size. The plant DNA were extracted using CTAB (cetyl triethylammonium bromide) method as described in Experimental Details and their rDNA ITS regions were amplified by PCR using the primers specified in FIG.  6 . The resultant PCR products were subject to restriction of Hinf1, fractionated on PAGE and silver stained. 
     FIG.  8 . The Taq1 RFLP patterns of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region for  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng),  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) and their adulterants. Lane M, DNA size marker; lane 1,  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng); lane 2,  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng); lane 3, adulterant  M. jalapa ; lane 4, adulterant  P. acinosa . Lanes 5 to 9 represent the RFLP patterns of the mixed samples of American Ginseng and Oriental ginseng in different ratio. Lane 5, American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in the ratio of 9:1; Lane 6, in the ratio of 7:3; Lane 7, in the ratio of 1:1; Lane 8, in the ratio of 3:7; and Lane 9, in the ratio of 1:9. A 0.18 kb fragment is present in American ginseng but absent from oriental ginseng; while a 0.27 kb fragment is present in Oriental ginseng but absent from American ginseng. Both adulterants contain characteristic fragments of 0.28 kb and 0.4 kb in size. The plant DNA were extracted using CTAB method and their rDNA ITS regions were amplified by PCR using the primers specified in FIG.  6 . The resultant PCR products were subject to restriction of Taq1, fractionated on PAGE and silver stained. 
     FIG.  9 . The Sau3A1 RFLP patterns of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region for  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng),  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) and their adulterants. Lane M, DNA size marker; lane 1,  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng); lane 2,  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng); lane 3, adulterant  M. jalapa;  lane 4, adulterant  P. acinosa . Lanes 5 to 9 represent the RFLP patterns of the mixed samples of American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in different ratio. Lane 5, American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in the ratio of 9:1; Lane 6, in the ratio of 7:3; Lane 7, in the ratio of 1:1; Lane 8, in the ratio of 3:7; and Lane 9, in the ratio of 1:9. When compared to American ginseng, Oriental ginseng contains two additional DNA fragments at the size of 0.6 kb and 0.17 kb. On the other hand, in comparison of ginsengs,  M. jalapa  contains three additional fragments of 0.3 kb, 0.07 kb and 0.05 kb in size, and  P. acinosa  contains an additional fragment of 0.05 kb in size. The plant DNA were extracted using CTAB method and their rDNA ITS regions were amplified by PCR using the primers specified in FIG.  6 . The resultant PCR products were subject to restriction of Sau3A1, fractionated on PAGE and silver stained. 
     FIG. 10 Polymorphic restriction fragments among the four Epimedium species:  E. brevicornum, E. koreanum, E. pubescens , and  E. wushanese . * denotes absence of restriction sites. The polymorphic fragments are underlined. 
     FIG. 11 The PCR-RFLP patterns of Codonopsis rDNA ITS using restriction enzymes HinfI and HhaI. The PCR products were generated by primers 18d and 28cc, digested with restriction enzymes HinfI (panel A) and HhaI (panel B) and fractionated on 3.59 agarose gel. Lanes 1-6:  C. pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta, C. nervosa  var.  macrantha, Ca. javanica Blume , and  P. grandiflorus , respectively. M:100 bp molecular weight marker with a 800 bp intensive band indicated by an arrow. 
     FIG. 12 DNA sequences of  C. pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta, C. nervosa  var  macrantha, Ca. javania Blume  and  P. grandiflorus  in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Position 1 is the 5′ end of primer 18d. ITS1 region ranges from nucleotide 170 to 431, ITS2 region ranges from 594 to 839, and the 5.8S region is in bold type; hyphens denote alignment gaps. 
     FIG. 13 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of 
     (A)  Codonopsis modesta  (SEQ ID NO:16) 
     (B)  Codonopsis nervosa  (SEQ ID NO:17) 
     (C)  Codonopsis pilosula  (SEQ ID NO:18) 
     (D)  Codonopsis tangshen  (SEQ ID NO:19) 
     (E)  Platycodon grandiflorus  (SEQ ID NO:20) 
     (F)  Campanumoea javanica Blume  (SEQ ID NO:21) 
     (G)  Epimedium brevicornum  (SEQ ID NO:22) 
     (H)  Epimedium koreanum  (SEQ ID NO:23) 
     (I)  Epimedium pubescens  (SEQ ID NO:24) 
     (J)  Epimedium wushanense  (SEQ ID NO:25) 
     (K)  Tulipa edulis  (SEQ ID NO:26) 
     (L)  Pheretima aspergillus  (SEQ ID NO:27) 
     FIG. 14 Taxonomic position of plant species whose ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences have been determined in this application. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence. This invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence from plant cultivars. It is expected even within the same species, there will be a minor variation between them. Such variation may be up to 1% or less. It is intent of this invention to cover this variation. It is easily appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the claimed invention works the same with this variation. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. quinquefolius.    
     This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG.  1 . 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. ginseng.    
     This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 2A or  2 B. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. japonicus.    
     This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG.  3 . 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. notoginseng.    
     This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG.  4 . 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. trifolium.    
     This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG.  5 . 
     This invention provides a method for authenticating the identity of herbs comprising the following steps: 
     (a) extracting rDNA from a herb sample with known identity determined by traditional means; 
     (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; 
     (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and 
     (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the herbal sample. 
     This invention provides a method for identifying a herbal material comprising the following steps: 
     (a) extracting rDNA from the herbal material; 
     (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; 
     (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and 
     (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different herbs, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known herb identifies the herbal material. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence. 
     This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is from an animal. 
     This invention provides a method for authenticating the identity of an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps: 
     (a) extracting rDNA from an animal traditional Chinese medicine sample with known identity determined by traditional means; 
     (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; 
     (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and 
     (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the sample. 
     This invention provides a method for identifying an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps: 
     (a) extracting rDNA from the Chinese medicine; 
     (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; 
     (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and 
     (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different known animal Chinese medicine sample, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known animal sample identifies the animal Chinese medicine. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis modesta . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13A (SEQ ID NO:16). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis nervosa . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13B (SEQ ID NO:17). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis pilosula . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13C (SEQ ID NO:18). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis tangshen . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13D (SEQ ID NO:19). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Platycodon grandiflorus . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13E (SEQ ID NO:20). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Campanumoea javanica Blume . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13F (SEQ ID NO:21). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium brevicornum . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13G (SEQ ID NO:22). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium koreanum . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13H (SEQ ID NO:23). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium pubescens . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13I (SEQ ID NO:24). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium wushanense . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13J (SEQ ID NO:25). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Tulipa edulis . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13K (SEQ ID NO:26). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Pheretima aspergillus . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13L (SEQ ID NO:27). 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis modesta.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis nervosa.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis pilosula.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis tangshen.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Platycodon grandiflorus.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Campanumoea javanica Blume.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium brevicornum.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium koreanum.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium pubescens.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium wushanense.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Tulipa edulis.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Pheretima aspergillus.    
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27. 
     The nucleic acid of the subject invention may include DNA or RNA. The DNA may include genomic DNA or cDNA. The RNA may include MRNA and rRNA. 
     This invention provides a method for determining whether a given herbal or animal material is that of  Codonopsis modesta, Codonopsis nervosa, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen, Platycodon grandiflorus, Campanumoea javanica, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium wushanense, Tulipa edulis , or  Pheretima aspergillus , which comprises: 
     a) extracting DNA from the herbal or animal materials; 
     b) amplifying an ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers whose nucleotide residue is conserved across the plant kingdom and which flank the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of  Codonopsis modesta, Codonopsis nervosa, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen, Platycodon grandiflorus, Campanumoea javanica, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium wushanense, Tulipa edulis , and  Pheretima aspergillus;    
     c) digesting amplified nucleic acid with one or more restriction endonucleases so as to generate restriction fragments; 
     d) separating the restriction fragments obtained in step c) to generate a restriction fragment length profile; 
     e) comparing this restriction fragment length profile with known restriction fragment length profiles of herbs and animals, thereby determining whether the material is that of either  Codonopsis modesta, Codonopsis nervosa, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen, Platycodon grandiflorus, Campanumoea javania Blume, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium wushanense, Tulipa edulis , or  Pheretima aspergillus  or whether the herbal or animal material is from an entirely different source. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises a sequence which includes but is not limited to SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, and SEQ ID NO:27. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted DNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26. 
     This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. quinquefolius . In an embodiment, this sequence is as set forth in FIG.  1 . 
     In an embodiment, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence is the DNA sequence between the oligonucleotide primers 18d and 28cc. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. ginseng . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 2A or B. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. japonicus . In one embodiment of the nucleic acid, the sequence is as set forth in FIG.  3 . 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. notoginseng.    
     In one embodiment of the nucleic acid, the sequence is as set forth in FIG.  4 . 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. trifolium . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG.  5 . 
     This invention also provides a method for authenticating the identity of herbs comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from a herb sample with known identity determined by traditional means; (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the herbal sample. 
     This invention further provides a method for identifying a herbal material comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from the herbal material; (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different herbs, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known herb identifies the herbal material. 
     This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence. In an embodiment, the sequence is from an animal. 
     This invention also provides a method for authenticating the identity of an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from an animal traditional Chinese medicine sample with known identity determined by traditional means; (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the animal traditional Chinese medicine. 
     This invention provides a method for identifying an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from the Chinese medicine; (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction;(c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different known animal Chinese medicine sample, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known animal sample identifies the animal Chinese medicine. 
     Finally, this invention also provides a method for authentication of a given herbal or animal material which comprises: 
     a) extracting DNA from the herbal or animal material; 
     b) amplifying an ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers whose nucleotide sequences are conserved across the plant or animal kingdoms and flank the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region; 
     c) digesting the mplified nucleic acid with one or more restriction endonucleases so as to generate restriction fragments; 
     d) separating the restriction fragments obtained in step c) to generate a restriction fragment length profile; 
     e) comparing the restriction fragment length profile obtained in step d) with a database of known restriction fragment length profiles of herbs and animals so as to thereby determine whether the material is one of the herbs or animals in the database or is from an entirely different source, thereby authenticating a given herbal or animal material. 
     In order to facilitate an understanding of the following examples, certain frequently occurring methods and/or terms are best described in Sambrook, et al. (Sambrook, et al. (1989)). 
     This invention will be better understood by reference to the Experimental Details section which follows, but those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific experiments detailed are only illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims which follow thereafter. 
     Experimental Details 
     First Series of Experiments 
     Extraction of plant DNA. Dried roots of  P. quinquefolius  were from Canada,  P. ginseng  from China;  M. jalapa  L and  P. acinosa  Roxb from Hong Kong. The dried samples were rinsed with 70% ethanol and then distilled water to remove surface contaminants. The samples were then ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen by a mortar and pestle. Powders of  P. quinquefolius  and  P. ginseng  were mixed in different proportion of 9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7 and 1:9 in the mixed sampling assay. Ground sample powder was added into 12 vol. of 1×CTAB extraction buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.7 M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1% cetyl triethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol] and incubated for 30 min at 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. The mixture was then cooled down to room temperature and extracted with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 min., 0.1 vol. of 10% CTAB solution was added to the aqueous phase. It was then extracted again with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The aqueous phase was collected, and added with an equal volume of 1×CTAB precipitation buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 1% CTAB]. After standing at room temperature for 1 hour, the solution was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 15 min. The resultant pellet was resuspended in 400 ul 1 M NaCl, added with 800 ul of cooled absolute ethanol and stored at −20° C. overnight. The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 10 minutes and the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol twice. It was then dried and resuspended in 50 ul TE buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA]. Further purification by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation is optional. 
     Amplification of DNA. The plant rDNA was amplified using a pair of primers 18d and 28cc (Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453), which correspond to the conserved regions of plant 18S and 28S rRNA respectively. 
     18d: 5′-CACAC CGCCC GTCGC TCCTA CCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10) 
     28cc: 5′-ACTCG CCGTT ACTAG GGGAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:11) 
     The reaction was performed in a 50 ul mixture containing 1 ng plant DNA, 1×Taq buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 0.001% gelatin], 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 uM of each primer and 1 unit of Taq polymerase. Reaction mixtures were overlaid with mineral oil and reaction was carried out in a Thermolyne thermocycler. Initial template denaturation was programmed at 94° C., 5 min. It was then subjected to 35 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min.; 60° C. for 1 min.; 72° C. for 2 min., and with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 min. After the reaction, the products were resolved by a 1.4% TBE agarose gel. 
     Sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of plant DNA was sequenced in both strands using a set of primers on the conserved regions of the flanking 18S and 28S rDNA. The sequences of the primers used were as follows (Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453): 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   18d: 
                   CACAC CGCCC GTCGC TCCTA CCGA 
                  (SEQ ID NO:12) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5.8c: 
                 TTGCG TTCAA AGACT CGATG 
                 (SEQ ID NO:13) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5.8d: 
                 AACCA TCGAG TCTTT GAACG CA 
                 (SEQ ID NO:14) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28cc: 
                 ACTCG CCGTT ACTAG GGGAA 
                 (SEQ ID NO:15) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     SequiTherm™ Cycle Sequencing Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) was used to direct-sequence the PCR-amplified rDNA containing ITS-5.8S-ITS2. The sequencing procedure was done according to the manufacturers&#39;s instruction. The products were resolved onto a standard 8% polyacrylamide sequencing gel. 
     Determination of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Plant DNA amplified using primers 18d and 28cc was purified using Geneclean kit (Bio101, Inc.) and digested with selected restriction endonucleases TaqI, Sau3AI or HinfI. 1.5 ug rDNA was used for each digestion in a volume of 50 ul. For TaqI, a buffer of 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, pH 8.4, supplemented with 100 ug/ml bovine serum albumin was used and the digestion was carried out at 65° C. for 4 hours. For Sau3AI, a buffer of 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 MM MgCl 2 , pH 7.3, supplemented with 100 ug/ml bovine serum albumin was used. For HinfI a buffer of 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.9 was used. The reaction for both Sau3AI and HinfI was incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. The products were then purified by phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and dissolved in 20 ul distilled water. They were resolved in a 5% PAGE and detected with Bio-Rad silver stain kit (Bio-Rad, Ltd) 
     Advantages of the Invention 
     The method of authentication of ginsengs described above are expected to be suitable for authentication of other herbal and animal traditional Chinese medicine as well, considering the existence of the conserved DNA sequences flanking to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region in plant and animal kingdoms and the variation in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions among different species. As demonstrated in this application, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of more than 17 plant species belongs to diversified taxonomic groups (FIG. 14) can be readily isolated and authenticated using the method described here. We also demonstrated the feasibility of authentication of animal samples using the same method. In comparison to the existing procedures of authentication of traditional Chinese medicine, this invention provides the following advantages: 
     a. the authentication results are reliable and reproducible, and are not affected by the physical forms and age of the plant samples; 
     b. it is a method of high sensitivity: microgram sample is sufficient; 
     c. more than one distinctive profiles with different enzymatic digestion can be produced and that makes the interpretation of results straightforward; 
     d. the contamination of other biological materials can be detected. 
     References 
     Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T. (1991) Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenic inference.  Quar. Rev. Biol.,  66: 411-453. 
     Lang, Z., Lou, W S. and But, P P H. (1993) High performance liquid chromatographical analysis of ginsenosides in  Panax ginseng  and  P. notoginseng. J. Clin. Pharm. Sci.,  2:133-143. 
     Sambrook, et al. (1989)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.    
     Second Series of Experiments 
     Extraction of Plant DNA 
     The dried roots of  Codonopsis pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta , and  C. nervosa  var  macrantha , as well as two related adulterants  Campanumoea javania Blume  and  Platycodon grandiflorus  were rinsed with 7% ethanol and then distilled water to remove surface contaminants. The samples were then ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen by a mortar and pestle. Ground sample powder was added into 12 vol. of 1×CTAB extraction buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.7 M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1% cetyl triethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol] and incubated for 30 min at 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. The mixture was then cooled down to room temperature and extracted with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 minutes, 0.1 vol. of 10% CTAB solution was added to the aqueous phase. It was then extracted again with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The aqueous phase was collected, and added with an equal volume of 1×CTAB precipitation buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, ph 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 1% CTAB]. After standing at room temperature for an hour, the solution was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 15 min. The resultant pellet was resuspended in 400 μl of 1M NaCl, added with 800 μl of cooled ethanol and stored at −20° C. overnight. The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 10 min and the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol twice. It was then dried and resuspended in 50 μl TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, ph 8.0, 1 mM EDTA). Further purification by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation is optional. 
     Amplification of DNA 
     The plant rDNA was amplified using a pair of primers 18d and 28cc (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, the Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453), which correspond to the conserved regions of plant 18S and 28S respectively. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                  18d: 
                     5′-CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 28cc: 
                 5′ ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The reaction was performed in 50 μl mixture containing 1 ng plant DNA, 1×Taq buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM Kcl, 0.001% gelatin], 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 μM of each primer and 1 unit of Taq polymerase. Reaction mixtures were overlaid with mineral oil and reaction was carried out in a Thermolyne theremocycler. Initial template denaturation was programmed at 94° C., 5 min. It was then subjected to 35 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min.; 60° C. for 1 min.; 72° C. for 2 min., and with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 min. After the reaction, the products were resolved by a 1.4% TBE agarose gel. 
     Sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 
     The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the plant rDNA was sequenced in both strands using a set of primers on the conserved regions of the flanking 18S and 28S rDNA. The sequences of the primers used were as follows (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66:411-453): 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   18d: 
                  CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5.8c: 
                 TTGCGTTCAAAGACTCGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5.8d: 
                 AACCATCGAGTCTTTGAACGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 28cc: 
                 ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     SequiTherm™ Cycle Sequencing Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) was used to direct-sequence the PCR-amplified rDNA containing ITS-5.8S-ITS2. The sequencing procedure was done according to the manufacturer&#39;s instruction. The products were resolved onto a standard 8% of polyacrylamide sequencing gel. 
     Determination of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 Region 
     Plant rDNA amplified using primers 18d and 28cc was purified using Geneclean kit (Bio101.Inc.) and digested with selected restriction endonucleases HhaI, or HinfI. 1.5 μg rDNA was used for each digestion in a volume of 50 μl. For HhaI, a buffer of 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , pH7.9 and 1 mM DTT was used. For HinfI, a buffer of 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.9 was used. The reaction for both HhaI and HinfI was incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. The products were then purified by phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and dissolved in 20 μl distilled water. They were resolved on 3.5% agarose gel. 
     Third Series of Experiments 
     Extraction of Animal DNA. 
       Pheretima aspergillus  were rinsed with 70% ethanol and then distilled water to remove surface contaminants. The samples were then ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen by a mortar and pestle. Ground sample powder (0.1 g) was added into 12 vol. of 1×CTAB extraction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.7M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1% cetyl triethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) and incubated for 30 min at 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. The mixture was then cooled down to room temperature and extracted with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 min., 0.1 vol. of 10% CTAB solution was added to the aqueous phase. It was then extracted again with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The aqueous phase was collected, and added with an equal volume of 1×CTAB precipitation buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 1% CTAB). After standing at room temperature for 1 hour, the solution was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 15 min. The resultant pellet was resuspended in 400 μl 1 M NaCl, added with 800 μl of cooled absolute ethanol and stored at −20° C. overnight. The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 10 min and the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol twice. It was then dried and resuspended in 50 μl TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA). Further purification by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation is optional. 
     Amplification of DNA 
     The animal rDNA was amplified using a pair of primers 18d and 28 cc (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453), which correspond to the conserved regions of plant 18S and 28S respectively. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                  18d: 
                   5′ CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA 3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 28cc: 
                 5′ ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA 3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The reaction was performed in a 50 μl mixture containing 1 ng animal DNA, 1×Taq buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 0.001% gelatin), 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 μM of each primer and 1 unit of Taq polymerase. Reaction mixtures were overlaid with mineral oil and reaction was carried out in a Thermolyne thermocycler. Initial template denaturation was programmed at 94° C., 5 min. It was then subjected to 35 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min.; 60° C. for 1 min.; 72° C. for 2 min., and with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 min. After the reaction, the products were resolved by a 1.4% TBE agarose gel. 
     Sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 
     The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the animal rDNA was sequenced in both strands using a set of primers on the conserved regions of the flanking 18S and 28S rDNA. The sequences of the primers used were as follows (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66;411-453): 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                  18d: 
                  CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5.8c: 
                 TTGCGTTCAAAGACTCGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5.8d: 
                 AACCATCGAGTCTTTGAACGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 28cc: 
                 ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     SequiTherm™ Cycle Sequencing Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) was used to direct-sequence the PCR-amplified rDNA containing ITS-5.8S-ITS2. The sequencing procedure was done according to the manufacturer&#39;s instruction. The products were resolved onto a standard 8% polyacrylamide sequencing gel. 
     
       
         
           
             27 
           
           
             1 
             875 
             DNA 
             P. Quinquefolius 
           
            1
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggacggcg    120
caacagggtc atgagagctt ttgctggcga cgggtcaccg cacgacatga gaagagggct    180
ttttacaacc accacttgtc gtgacgtcca tcgccaagga ctcgcatttg ggccaaccgc    240
gcggtgagac acgggaggcc attatccgcc cctccgcctc aactcccgca agggagtgat    300
gggttggggg gcgacgcgat gcgtgacgcc caggcagacg tgccctcggc ctaatggctt    360
cgggcgcaac ttgcgttcaa agactcgatg gttcacggga ttctgcaatt cacaccaagt    420
atcgcatttc gctacgttct tcatcgatgc gagacgcgag atatccgttg tcgagagtcg    480
tttgtgtttt agaaagacgc ttccgccgcc cgcaaacggg ggggacgcgt gcagttcagt    540
ttgatttcct tggcgcattc cgcgccgggg ggtcgttgtt cggacgagat ccacccaagg    600
gtggtccccg accatgggtt tgcaacttgg ggagcttgcg cacccctcgt ccctcacccg    660
gtattgtaac gtgttcgcgg gtcgttctgc tatgcaggtt tcgacaatga tccttccgca    720
ggttcaccta cggaaacctt gttacgactt ctccttcctc taaatgataa ggttcagtgg    780
acttctttcg acgtcgcggg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840
ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 
           
             2 
             874 
             DNA 
             P. Ginseng 
           
            2
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggagcgca    120
acagggtcat gagagctttt gctggcgacg ggtcaccgca cgacatgaga agagggcttt    180
ttacaaccac cacttgtcgt gacgtccatc gccaaggact cgcatttggg ccaaccgcgc    240
ggtgagacac gggaggccat tatccgcccc tccgcctcga ctcccgcaaa ggagtgatgg    300
gttggggggc gacgcgatgc gtgaacgccc aggcagacgt gccctcggcc taatggcttc    360
gggcgcaact tgcgttcaaa gactcgatgg ttcacgggat tctgtaattc acaccaagta    420
tcgcatttcg ctacgttctt catcgatgcg agagccgaga tatccgttgc cgagagtcgt    480
ttgtgtttta gaaagacgct tccgccgccc gcaaacgggg gggacgcgtg cagttcagtt    540
tgatttcctt ggcgcattcc gcgccggggg gtcgttgttc ggacgagagc cacccaaggg    600
tggtccccga ccatgggttt gcaacttggg gagcttgcgc acccctcgtc cctcacccgg    660
tattgtaacg tgttcgcggg tcgttctgct atgcaggttt cgacaatgat ccttccgcag    720
gttcacctac ggaaaccttg ttacgacttc tccttcctct aaatgataag gttcagtgga    780
cttctttcga cgtcgcgggc agcgaaccgc ccacgtcgcc gcaatccgaa cacttcaccg    840
gaccattcaa tcggtaggag cgacgggcgg tgtg                                874 
           
             3 
             875 
             DNA 
             P. Ginseng 
           
            3
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggacggcg    120
caacagggtc atgagagctt ttgctggcga cgggtcaccg cacgacatga gaagagggct    180
ttttacaacc accacttgtc gtgacgtcca tcgccaagga ctcgcatttg ggccaaccgc    240
gcggtgagac acgggaggcc attatccgcc cctccgcctc aactcccgca agggagtgat    300
gggttggggg gcgacgcgat gcgtgacgcc caggcagacg tgccctcggc ctaatggctt    360
cgggcgcaac ttgcgttcaa agactcgatg gttcacggga ttctgcaatt cacaccaagt    420
atcgcatttc gctacgttct tcatcgatgc gagacgcgag atatccgttg tcgagagtcg    480
tttgtgtttt agaaagacgc ttccgccgcc cgcaaacggg ggggacgcgt gcagttcagt    540
ttgatttcct tggcgcattc cgcgccgggg ggtcgttgtt cggacgagat ccacccaagg    600
gtggtccccg accatgggtt tgcaacttgg ggagcttgcg cacccctcgt ccctcacccg    660
gtattgtaac gtgttcgcgg gtcgttctgc tatgcaggtt tcgacaatga tccttccgca    720
ggttcaccta cggaaacctt gttacgactt ctccttcctc taaatgataa ggttcagtgg    780
acttctttcg acgtcgcggg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840
ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 
           
             4 
             870 
             DNA 
             P. Ginseng 
           
            4
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtccggc ctgacctggg gtcgcggtcg gagcgcacgt cgaggacggc    120
gcaacagggt catgagagct tttgctggcg acgggtcacc gcacgacatg agaagagggc    180
tttttacaac caccacttgt cgtgacgtcc atcgccaagg actcgcattt gggccaaccg    240
cgcggtgaga cacgggaggc cattatccgc ccctccgcct caactcccgc aagggagtga    300
tgggttgggg ggcgacgcga tgcgtgacgc ccaggcagac gtgccctcgg cctaatggct    360
tcgggcgcaa cttgcgttca aagactcgat ggttcacggg attctgcaat tcacaccaag    420
tatcgcattt cgctacgttc ttcatcgatg cgagagccga gatatccgtt gccgagagtc    480
gtttgtgttt tagaaagacg cttccgccgc ccgcaaacgg gggggacgcg tgcagttcag    540
tttgatttcc ttggcgcatt ccgcgccggg gggtcgttgt tcggacgaga tccacccaag    600
ggtggtcccc gaccatgggt ttgcaacttg gggagcttgc gcacccctcg tccctcaccc    660
ggtattgtaa cgtgttcgcg ggtcgttctg ctatgcaggt ttcgacaatg atccttccgc    720
aggttcacct acggaaacct tgttacgact tctccttcct ctaaatgata aggttcagtg    780
gacttctttc gacgtcgcga gcagcgaacc gcccacgtcg ccgcaatccg aacacttcac    840
cggaccattc aatcggtagg agcgacgggg                                     870 
           
             5 
             875 
             DNA 
             P. Japonicus 
           
            5
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc ctgacctggg gtcgcggtcg gagcgcacgt cgaggacggc    120
gcaacagggt catgagagct tttgttggcg aagggtcacc gcacgacatg agaagagggc    180
tttttacaac caccacttgt cgtgacgtcc atcgccaagg actcgcattt gggccaaccg    240
cacggtgaga cacgggaggc caatatccgc ccctccgcct cgactcccgc aagggagtga    300
tgggttgggg ggcgacgcga tgcgtgaacg cccaggcaga cgtgccctcg gcctaatggc    360
ttagggcgca acttgcgttc aaagactcga tggttcacgg gattctgcaa ttcacaccaa    420
gtatcgcatt tcgctacgtt cttcatcgat gcgagagccg agatatccgt tgccgagagt    480
cgtttgtgtt ttagaaagac gcttccgccg cccgcaaatg ggggggacgc gtgcagttca    540
gtttgatttc cttggcacat tccgcgccgg ggggtcgttg ttcggacgag atccaccaag    600
ggtgtccccg accatgggtt tgcaacttgg ggagcttgcg cacgcctcgt ccctcacccg    660
gtattgtaac gtgttcacgg gtcgttctgc tatgcaggtt tcgacaatga tccttccgca    720
ggttcaccta cggaaacctt gttacgactt ctccttcctc taaatgataa ggttcagtgg    780
acttctttcg acgtcgcggg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840
ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 
           
             6 
             876 
             DNA 
             P. Notoginseng 
           
            6
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggacggcg    120
caacagggtc atgagagctt ttgctggcga cgggtcaccg cacgacatga gaagagggct    180
ttttacaacc accacttgtc gtgacgtcca tcgccaagga ctcgcatttg ggccaaccgc    240
gcggtgagac acgggaggcc attatccgcc cctccgcctc gactcccgca aaggagtgat    300
gggttggggg gcgacgcgat gcgtgaacgc ccaggcagac gtgccctcgg cctaatggct    360
tcgggcgcaa cttgcgttca aagactcgat gattcacggg attctgcaat tcacaccaag    420
tatcgcattt cgctacgttc ttcatcgatg cgagagccga gatatccgtt gccgagagtc    480
gtttgtgttt tagaaagacg cttccgccgc ccgcaaacgg gggggacgcg tgcagttcag    540
tttgatttcc ttggcgcatt ccgcgccggg gggtcgttgt tcggacgaga gccacccaag    600
ggtggtcccc gaccatgggt ttgcaacttg gggagcttgc gcacccctcg tccctcaccc    660
ggtattgtaa cgtgttcgcg ggtcgttctg ctatgcaggt ttcgacaatg atccttccgc    720
aggttcacct acggaaacct tgttacgact tctccttcct ctaaatgata aggttcagtg    780
gacttctttc gacgtcgcag gcagcgaacc gcccacgtcg ccgcaatccg aacacttcac    840
cggaccattc aatcggtagg agcgacgggc ggtgtg                              876 
           
             7 
             875 
             DNA 
             P. Trifolium 
           
            7
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc ctgacctggg gtcgcggtcg gagcgcgcgt cggggacggc    120
gcaacagggt cgtgagagcc tttgccggcg acgggtcacc gcacgacttg agaagagggc    180
tttttacaac caccacttgt cgtgacgtcc gtcgccgagg actcgcattt gggccaaccg    240
cgcggttaga cacgggaggc caatatccgc ccctccgcct cgactcccgt aagggagtga    300
tgggttgggg ggcgacgcga tgcgtgacgc ccaggcagac gtgccctcgg cctaatggct    360
tagggcgcaa cttgcgttca aagactcgat ggttcacggg attctgcaat tcacaccaag    420
tatcgcattt cgctacgttc ttcatcgatg cgagagccga gatatccgtt gccgagagtc    480
gtttgtgttt tagaaagacg cttccgccgc ccgcaaacgg gggggacgcg tgcagttcag    540
tttgatttcc ttggcgcatt ccgcgccggg gggtcgttgt tcggacgggg agcacccggg    600
ggcggccccc gaccatgggt tcggaacttg gggggcttgc gcacccttcg tccctcaccc    660
ggtgttgaaa cgtgttcgcg ggtcgttctg ctgtgcaggt ttcgacaatg atccttccgc    720
aggttcacct acggaaacct tgttacgact tctccttcct ctaaatgata aggttcagtg    780
gacttctttc gacgtcgcgg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840
ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 
           
             8 
             24 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            8
agccatcctc gctgcccgcc acac                                            24 
           
             9 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            9
actcgccgtt actaggggaa                                                 20 
           
             10 
             24 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            10
cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccga                                            24 
           
             11 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            11
actcgccgtt actaggggaa                                                 20 
           
             12 
             24 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            12
cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccga                                            24 
           
             13 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            13
ttgcgttcaa agactcgatg                                                 20 
           
             14 
             22 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            14
aaccatcgag tctttgaacg ca                                              22 
           
             15 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Primer 
             
           
            15
actcgccgtt actaggggaa                                                 20 
           
             16 
             918 
             DNA 
             Codonopsis Modesta 
           
            16
cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60
gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120
gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgca    180
cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acgtgaacaa caccggggac gcgggcttgc ccgtggcccc    240
ttgccgtcgg cgcatgcacc cgcccaacca cttggtggaa gggagcatgc gtgcgtcgtt    300
cggcgccaaa cgaaccccgc gcgatccgcg ccaaggaaaa cttaactcaa agagcgccac    360
gtcctcccgt cgccccgttc gcggtgtgcg cacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagtgaaaa    420
acacaaacga ctctcggcaa cggatatctc ggctctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa    480
atgcgatact tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt    540
gcgcccgaag ccgttagggc gagggcacgt ctgcatgggc gtcacgcatc gcgtcgcctc    600
ccttatgata attttgttta cgttaacaag taacggaaag ggggagcgga tactggcctc    660
ccgtgccttg cggcgcggct ggctcaaaac ggagtccccg cgaaggacgc acgacaagtg    720
gtggttgata acaacccctc gcgtcctatc gtgcgcacgt cctgcgatgg gttggctctc    780
gtgaccctga cgcgtctagg tctaagccta aggcgctccg accgcgaccc catgtcaggc    840
gggactaccc gctgagttta agcatatcaa taagcggagg aaaagaaact tacaaggatt    900
cccctagtaa cggcgagt                                                  918 
           
             17 
             918 
             DNA 
             Codonopsis Nervosa 
           
            17
cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60
gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120
gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgca    180
cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acgtgaataa caccggggac gcgggattgc ccgtggccct    240
ttgccgtcgg cgcatgcacc cgcccaacca cttggtggaa gggagcatgc gtgcgtcgtt    300
cggcgccaaa cgaaccccgc gcgatccgcg ccaaggaaaa cttaactcaa agagcgccac    360
gtcctcccgt cgccccgttc gcggtgtgcg cacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagtgaaaa    420
acacaaacga ctctcggcaa cggatatctc ggctctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa    480
atgcgatact tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt    540
gcgcccgaag ccgttagggc gagggcacgt ctgcatgggc gtcacgcatc gcgtcgcctc    600
gtttatgata attttgttta cgttaacaag taacggaaag ggggagcgga tactggcctc    660
ccgtgccttg cggcgcggct ggctcaaaac ggagtccccg cgaaggacgc acgacaagtg    720
gtggttgata acaacccctc gcgtcctatc gtgcgcacgt cctgcgatgg gttggctctc    780
gtgaccctga cgcgtctagg tctaagccta aggcgctccg accgcgaccc catgtcaggc    840
gggactaccc gctgagttta agcatatcaa taagcggagg aaaagaaact tacaaggatt    900
cccctagtaa cggcgagt                                                  918 
           
             18 
             917 
             DNA 
             Codonopsis Pilosula 
           
            18
cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60
gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120
gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgac    180
agcagaacga cccgcgaaca cgtgaacaac accggggacg cgggcttgcc cgtggcccct    240
tgccgtcggc gcatgcaccc gcccaaccac ttggtggaag ggagcatgcg tgcgtcgttc    300
ggcgccaaac gaaccccgcg cgatccgcgc caaggaaaac ttaactcaaa gagcgccacg    360
tcctcccgtc gccccgttcg cggtgtgcgc acggttgggt ggtcgcttct tagtgaaaaa    420
cacaaacgac tctcggcaac ggatatctcg gctctcgcat cgatgaagaa cgtagcgaaa    480
tgcgatactt ggtgtgaatt gcagaatccc gtgaaccatc gagtctttga acgcaagttg    540
cgcccgaagc cgttagggcg agggcacgtc tgcatgggcg tcacgcatcg cgtcgcctcc    600
cttatgataa ttttgtttac gttaacaagt aacggaaagg gggagcggat actggcctcc    660
cgtgccttgc ggcgcggctg gctcaaaacg gagtccccgc gaaggacgca cgacaagtgg    720
tggttgataa caacccctcg cgtcctatcg tgcgcacgtc ctgcgatggg ttggctctcg    780
tgaccctgac gcgtctaggt ctaagcctaa ggcgctccga ccgcgacccc atgtcaggcg    840
ggactacccg ctgagtttaa gcatatcaat aagcggagga aaagaaactt acaaggattc    900
ccctagtaac ggcgagt                                                   917 
           
             19 
             918 
             DNA 
             Codonopsis Tangshen 
           
            19
cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60
gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120
gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cgtgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgca    180
cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acgtgaacaa caccggggac gcgggcttgc ccgtggcccc    240
ttgccgtcgg cgcatgcacc cgcccaacca cttggtggaa gggagcatgc gtgcgtcgtt    300
cggcgccaaa cgaaccccgc gcgctccgcg ccaaggaaaa cttaactcaa agagcgccac    360
gtcctcccgt cgccccgttc gcggtgtgcg cacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagtgaaaa    420
acacaaacga ctctcggcaa cggatatctc ggctctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa    480
atgcgatact tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt    540
gcgcccgaag ccgttagggc gagggcacgt ctgcatgggc gtcacgcatc gcgtcgcctc    600
ccttatgata attttgttta cgttaacaag taacggaaag ggggagcgga tactggcctc    660
ccgtgccttg cggcgcggct ggctcaaaac ggagtccccg cgaaggacgc acgacaagtg    720
gtggttgata acaacccctc gcgtcctatc gtgcgcacgt cctgcgatgg gttggctctc    780
gtgaccctga cgcgtctagg tctaagccta aggcgctccg accgcgaccc catgtcaggc    840
gggactaccc gctgagttta agcatatcaa taagcggagg aaaagaaact tacaaggatt    900
cccctagtaa cggcgagt                                                  918 
           
             20 
             815 
             DNA 
             Platycodon Grandiflorus 
           
            20
tagaggaagg agaagtcgta acaaggtttc cgtagtgcac ctgcggaagg atcagtgtcg     60
aaactgcaca gcagcgcgtt cgccaacgca tgaacaacac cggggtctcg ggcttgcccg    120
tggcgcctac gcgtcgccgc atgcacccat tcaaccactt ggtggaaggg agtatgagtg    180
cgtcgttcgg cggcaaacga accccgcgat ccattttaag gagaacttaa ctcaagcgta    240
gagctccacg tgtcatcccg tcgaaccgtt cgcggtgtcc gcacggttaa gtggtcgctt    300
cttagtgaaa agcaaacgac tgtcggcaac ggatatctcg gctctcgcat cgatgaagaa    360
cgtagcgaaa tgcgatactt ggtgtgaatt gcagaatacc gtgaaccatc gagcctttga    420
acgcaagttg cgcccgaagc cgttagggcg aaggcacgtc tgcatgggcg tcacgcatcg    480
cgtcgcctcc cattatgata gatttgtgta cgttaataag tcaatacagg aaagggggtg    540
cggatagagg cctcccgtgc ctagcggcgg cgtggctggc tcaaaacgga gttcccgcga    600
agggcgcacg acaagtgacg gtcgataaca accccgagct tcctatcgag cccacgtcct    660
gcgatgggtt ggcgctcgtg accctgacgc gtctaggtct catgctaagg cgctcagacc    720
gcgactccat gtcaggcggg actacccgct gagtttaagc atatcaataa gccgaggaaa    780
agaaacttac aagcattccc ctagtaacgg cgagt                               815 
           
             21 
             904 
             DNA 
             Campanumoea Javanica Blume 
           
            21
cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcgccgacct     60
gggcggttcg ccgttggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120
gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagagaa cctgcggaag gatcgttgtc gaaacctgca    180
cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acatgaacga caccggacgc gggcttgccc gtggcccatg    240
ccgtcggtcc atgcacccca acctcttggt ggaaatgagc atgcagtgcg taattcggcg    300
tcaaacgaac ctcgcgatcc gtgccaagga gcttaactcc aagagctcca cgtcctcccg    360
gcgcccgttc gcggtgtgcg tacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagggaaaa actcaaacga    420
ctttcggcaa cggatatctc gactctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa atgcgatact    480
tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt ccgcccgaag    540
ccgttagggc gagggcgagt ctgcatgggc gccacgcatc gcgtcgctcc caccatgatg    600
cctttgttct gttatcgggc aacgcaacgt gggaagcgga tattggcccc ccgtaccttt    660
gtgcggcgtg gccttcaaaa cggcctcgcg aacgacgtac gatcagtggt ggttgataac    720
ccctttgcgt catatcgtgc gtacgtgttg cgatgggttg gctatcgtga ccctgacgcg    780
tctacgtaca agcctaacgc gttccgactg cgaccccatg tcaggcggga ctacccgctg    840
agtttaagca tatcaataag cggaggagaa gagacttaca aggattcccc tagtaacggc    900
gagt                                                                 904 
           
             22 
             898 
             DNA 
             Epimedium Brevicornum 
           
            22
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt atacgacacg    120
caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180
ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240
gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa accacgttgc agttgcccga    300
taacaaaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360
cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420
tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480
tccattgccg agagtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540
tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgaggggc    600
gtcgttctcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660
agcacccttc gtccctccca caagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720
ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780
ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840
cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 
           
             23 
             898 
             DNA 
             Epimedium Koreanum 
           
            23
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt atacgacacg    120
caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180
ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240
gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa gccacgttgc agttgcccga    300
taacagaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360
cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420
tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480
tccattgccg agggtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540
tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgaggggc    600
gtcgttgtcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660
agcacccttc gtccctccca taagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720
ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780
ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840
cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 
           
             24 
             898 
             DNA 
             Epimedium Pubescens 
           
            24
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt atacgacacg    120
caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180
ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240
gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa gccacgttgc agttgcccga    300
taacagaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360
cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420
tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480
tccattgccg agagtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540
tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgaggggc    600
gtcgttgtcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660
agcacccttc gtccctccca taagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720
ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780
ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840
cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 
           
             25 
             898 
             DNA 
             Epimedium Wushanense 
           
            25
actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60
aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt acacgacacg    120
caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180
ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240
gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa gccacgttgc agttgcccca    300
taacagaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360
cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420
tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480
tccattgccg agagtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540
tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgagggac    600
gtcgttgtcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660
aacacccttc gtccctccca taagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720
ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780
ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840
cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 
           
             26 
             754 
             DNA 
             Tulipa Edulis 
           
            26
cgtaacaagg tttccgtagt gaacctgcgg aaggatcatt gtcgataccc gaccgaaaga     60
ccgtgaactg taacggatgt cacagggttg tcgggcaagc tcggcctccc tggagcccta    120
ccgccccctt tcggagcgac cttgtgccgc gcggatgggg tggtacggga taacgaaacc    180
ccgcgctgca tgcgccaagg aacatatatg accggatgga cgtctgcctt tgcccttgcg    240
gcgaggcaac gaccgctgaa cattaccata cgactctcgg caacggatat ctcggcctct    300
cacatcgatg aagaacgtag cgaaatgcga tacttggtgt gaattgcaga atccgtgaac    360
catcgagttt ttgacgcaag ttgcgcccga ggcctttccg gctgagggca cgcctgcctg    420
ggcgtcacgc ctcgcgtcgc tctatgctcc tgacccttca gggcggtggt gttgatgcgg    480
aaattggccc cccgtacctt gtgtgcggtg ggctaaagag agggctgcca gccaggtgtg    540
gcacggcaag tggtggacat agcgccagca ggatgccgtg gcccccctag ctggatggac    600
ctaagtaccc ggataaggtg agacgcactc ctgtatggga ttgtattgtc gcctcgcaaa    660
gcgaccccag gtcaggcggg gacacccgct gagtttaagc atatcaataa gcggaggaaa    720
agaaactaac aaggattccc ctagtaacgg cgag                                754 
           
             27 
             1193 
             DNA 
             Pheretima Aspergillus 
             
               misc_feature 
               (100)..(100) 
               n = a, t, c, g, or u 
             
           
            27
ccgcccgtgg ctcctaccga ttggatgttt tagtgagatc ctcggattgg acccggcgcg     60
gagggcaacc ttcgggtcgg tgttccgaaa agacgatcan acttgatcat ctagaggaag    120
taaaagtcgt acaaggtttc cgtaggtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattacc gtaacgctcg    180
ctcgctcgga aggctcgccc gccgacgcga cgcagcagtc aaacgagtca cacacgggaa    240
tcgaacggcc gcggttccac aagcgtccgg tcccgaaagg acggacggcg gtcgacagaa    300
gacgaccgtg cgtccccgag cgtcacgtgg aatcgatcgg cgggcttacc agtgtctaga    360
cgcagtgggt acctgtccgt tcgccgcccc gagccggtcg gcgacgggga gagcattggc    420
ggtcggcgat cgtcgtgagg catccgatgc ctgcggcgtc gtacgctgtc gtttatgcga    480
ggttcaaaga gccgcgctaa ccgttcgtct cgtccgccga cgagcggcgg ccgccccgcg    540
ttgttttttc tcaaacctaa tttttaagac accgaacgtg gtgaacgttt ccagtctggc    600
cgttgcgccg cttcggcggc tcggtcgacc gtcttcgaag gagaaggcga acgtgaaaaa    660
cactcttggc ggtggatcac tcggttcgtg cgtcgatgaa gagcgcagcc agctgcgtta    720
attaatgtga attgcaggac acattgaaca tcgagatctt gaacgcatat tgcggcctcg    780
ggcactcccg aggccacgcc cgtctcaggg tcggttgaaa atcgaatcgc gagtgctctc    840
cgctcgcgca ttggacagtc gcagacggcg atcgcgacga agtggaggcg tgctgcccga    900
tcggtggccg cttttcttcg tcgtcgcgag acccggtctt cgtcgtccga agaacagacg    960
cgtggctcac tcgctcgccg ccggatcggc gcggcgggag cgggacggcg agtcggattc   1020
tttgctcgtc gcctcccgcc tcgcgtcgtg caggctttcg tgcgacggca gcgaggtcgc   1080
gcaacgtcgt gatccatctt cgacctgaga tcggacgaga ttacccactg aattaaagca   1140
tattaataag cggaggaaaa gaaactaacg aggattcccc tagtaacggc gag          1193