Abstract:
A thin laminated high transmission electro-optical lens populated with a plurality of apertures in communication with its laminates used to improve the collection, focusing, and selection of ions generated from atmospheric pressure sources, such as electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, inductively coupled plasma, discharge, photoionization and atmospheric pressure matrix assisted laser desorption ionization. The laminated lens is made of alternating layers of electrically insulating and metal laminates. The geometry of the lens may be planar or shaped into various curve shapes, any of which act to optimize the direct current (DC) electric field geometries and strengths across the lens for transferring virtually all the ions from the ion source into an ion-focusing region. Embodiments of this invention are methods and devices for improving sensitivity of mass spectrometry when coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization sources.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/384,869, filed 2002, Jun. 1st. This application is related to Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/210,877, filed Jun. 9 th , 2000 now application Ser. No. 09/877,167, Filed Jun. 8 th , 2001. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
     The invention described herein was made in the course of work under a grant from the Department of Health and Human Services, Grant Number: 1 R43 RR143396-1. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of Invention 
     This invention relates to methods and devices for improved collection and focusing of ions generated at or near atmospheric pressure for introduction into the mass spectrometer, ion mobility or ion and charged particle or droplet deposition onto surfaces. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Description of Prior Art 
     The generation of ions at atmospheric pressure is accomplished by a variety of means; including, electrospray (ES), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), discharge ionization,  63 Ni sources, inductively coupled plasma ionization, and photoionization. A general characteristic of all these atmospheric sources is the dispersive nature of the ions once produced. Needle sources such as electrospray and APCI disperse ions radially from the axis in high electric fields emanating from needle tips. Aerosol techniques disperse ions in the radial flow of gases emanating from tubes and nebulizers. Even desorption techniques such as atmospheric pressure MALDI will disperse ions in a solid angle from a surface. The radial cross-section of many dispersive sources can be as large as 5 or 10 centimeters in diameter. As a consequence of a wide variety of dispersive processes, efficient sampling of ions from atmospheric pressure sources to small cross-sectional targets or through small cross-sectional apertures and tubes (usually less than 1 mm) into a mass spectrometer becomes quite problematic. This is particularly amplified if the source on ions is removed from the regions directly adjacent to the aperture. 
     The simplest approach to sampling dispersive atmospheric sources is to position the source on axis with a sampling aperture or tube. The sampling efficiency of simple plate apertures is generally less than 1 ion in 10 4 . Devices developed by Fite (U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,696) used pinhole apertures in plates with electrospray. Devices developed by Laiko and Burlingame (W.O. Pat. No. 99/63576 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,884) used aperture plates with atmospheric pressure MALDI. An atmospheric pressure source by Kazuaki et al (Japan Pat. No. 04215329) is also representative of this inefficient approach. This general approach in severely restricted by the need for precise aperture alignment and source positioning and very poor sampling efficiency. 
     A wide variety of source configurations utilize conical skimmer apertures in order to improve collection efficiency over planar devices. This approach to focusing ions from atmospheric sources is limited by the acceptance angle of the field generated at the cone. Generally, source position relative to the cone is also critical to performance, although somewhat better than planar apertures. Conical apertures are the primary inlet geometry for commercial ICP/MS with closely coupled and axially aligned torches. Examples of conical-shaped apertures are prevalent in ES and APCI (U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,994), and ICP (U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,492) inlets. As with planar apertures, source positioning relative to the aperture is critical to performance and collection efficiency is quite low. 
     One focusing alternative utilizes a plate lens with a large hole in front of an aperture plate or tube for transferring sample into the vacuum system. The aperture plate is generally held at a high potential difference relative to the plate lens. The configuration creates a potential well that penetrates into the source region and has a significant improvement in collection efficiency relative to the plate or cone apertures. This configuration has a clear disadvantage in that the potential well resulting from the field penetration is not independent of ion source position, or potential. High voltage needles can diminish this well. Off-axis sources can affect the shape and collection efficiency of the well. Optimal positions are highly dependent upon both flow (gas and liquid) and voltages. They are reasonable well suited for small volume sources such as nanospray. Larger flow sources become less efficient and problematic. Because this geometry is generally preferential over plates and cones, it is seen in most types of atmospheric source designs. We will call this approach the “Plate-well” design which is reported with apertures by Labowsky et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,056), Covey et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,209) and Franzen (U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,799). There are also many Plate-well designs with tubes reported by Fenn et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,293), Goodley et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,326), and Whitehouse et al. (U.S. Pat. No.  6,060,705).    
     Several embodiments of atmospheric pressure sources have incorporated grids in order to control the sampling. Jarrell and Tomany (U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,446) utililized a grid that reflected lower mass ions into a collection cone and passed large particles through the grid. This modulated system was intended to allow grounded needles and float the grid at high alternating potentials. This device had limitations with duty cycle of ion collection in a modulating field (non-continuous sample introduction) and spatial and positioning restrictions relative to the sampling aperture. Andrien et al (U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,954 B1) used grids as counter electrodes for multiple corona discharge sources configured in geometries and at potentials to generated ions of opposite charge and monitor their interactions and reactions. This specialized reaction source was not configured with high field ratios across the grids and was not intended for high transmission and collection, rather for generation of very specific reactant ions. An alternative atmospheric pressure device by Yoshiaki (Japan Pat. No. 10088798) utilized hemispherical grids in the second stage of pressure reduction. Although the approach is similar to the present device in concept, it is severely limited by gas discharge that may occur at low pressures if higher voltages are applied to the electrodes and most of the ions are lost at the cone-aperture from atmospheric pressure into the first pumping stage. 
     Grids are also commonly utilized for sampling ions from atmospheric ion sources utilized in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Generally, for IMS analysis ions are pulsed through grids down a drift tube to a detector as shown in Kunz (U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,428B1). Great effort is made to create planar plug of ions in order to maximize resolution of components in the mobility spectrum. These devices generally are not continuous, nor do they require focusing at extremely high compression ratios. 
     SUMMARY 
     A preferred embodiment of the invention is the configuration of a Laminated High Transmission Element (L-HTE) (as shown in FIG.  5 A), comprising an electrical insulating base, and a layer of conducting meshed-surfaces laminated on both sides. The L-HTE is configured downstream from any of a variety of atmospheric pressure sources and upstream from an Inner Field-Shaping Electrode and a conducting collector surface (aperture plate or tube). Ions generated in a relatively large volumetric area of an atmospheric pressure source are attracted toward the top surface of the L-HTE by an attracting potential relative to the source region. 
     The field ratio, the field strength on the source side of the high transmission element relative to the collector side is maintained at a lower value (generally 1-10× less) than the field strength equidistant to the collector side of the L-HTE. In this operating condition, the field from the collector side of the L-HTE penetrates into the source side of the L-HTE and accelerates appreciably all of the ions through the openings in the L-HTE surface. Typically, the field ratio value is calculated at a distance of several opening diameters away from the surface. A good value of a field ratio is greater than 10. 
     The L-HTE is typically manufactured so to allow ions to pass easily through the L-HTE surface. This entails having a L-HTE with a low depth aspect ratio, referring to the ratio of the dimension of the openings to the thickness of the L-HTE surface; where the thickness of the insulating base and metal laminates are as thin as mechanically possible. In addition, the openness of the L-HTE is also important. Typically the openness, the ratio of the dimension of the opening to the entire surface area should be as large as possible to allow the field from the metal laminated on the collector side to penetrate through the metal laminated on the source side of the L-HTE and into the source side several opening diameters away from the source side surface of L-HTE. 
     The focusing side metal laminate of the L-HTE and the inner field-shaping electrode are held at approximately the same potential relative to the collector surface which is held at extremely high potential difference to attract virtually all ions that cross the L-HTE, through a relatively large aperture in the inner field-shaping electrode, onto the collector surface (or through an aperture into the vacuum). The combination of L-HTE shape, Inner Field-shaping Electrode aperture size, and potential difference (between the HTE and the collector) affect substantial compression of the dispersed ions into a small cross-sectional beam at the collector. When this beam is precisely aligned with a vacuum sampling aperture into a mass spectrometer, very high sensitivities are achieved. 
     The physical separation of the ionization source region from the deep potential-well focusing region by the L-HTE solves many of the efficiency problems associated with conventional approaches to ion collection at atmospheric pressure. With the present invention, dispersed ions are not required to be focused to a small diameter in the ion source region, rather, they are required to drift toward a relatively large front surface of the L-HTE. In this way all ions from a given source can be collected across an appropriately sized and shaped L-HTE surface, then focused in the high field of the focusing well. 
     OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES 
     One object of the present invention is to increase the collection efficiency of ions and/or charged particles at a collector, or through an aperture or tube into a vacuum system, by creating a very small cross-sectional area beam of ions and/or charged particles from highly dispersed atmospheric pressure ion sources. Another object of the present invention is to increase the transmission efficiency of ions from atmospheric pressure ion sources to a target collector, or through an aperture or tube. The present invention has a significant advantage over prior art in that the use of a Laminated High Transmission Element (L-HTE) to separate the regions of ion generation from ion focusing allows precise shaping of fields in both regions. Ions can be generated in large ion source regions without losses to walls. Droplets have longer time to evaporate and/or desorb ions without loss from the sampling stream. Source temperatures can be lower because rapid evaporation is not required. This can prevent thermal decomposition of some labile compounds. Counter electrodes for electrospray needles do not have to be the plate lens as practices with most convention sources or even the L-HTE. The aerosol can be generated remotely and ions can be allowed to drift toward the L-HTE. 
     Another object of the present invention is to have collection efficiency be independent of ion source position relative to the collection well. With the present invention there is no need for precise mechanical needle alignment or positioning relative to collectors, apertures, or tubes invention. Ions generated at any position in the ion source region are transmitted to the collector, aperture, or tube with similar efficiency. No existing technology has positional and potential independence of the source. The precise and constant geometry, and alignment of the focusing well with sampling apertures will not change with needle placement. The fields inside (focusing side) the well will not change, even if they change outside (source side). 
     Another object of the present invention is the independence of ion source type. This device is capable of transmission and collection of ions from any atmospheric (or near atmospheric) source; including, electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure MALDI (laser desorption), inductively coupled plasma, discharge sources,  63 Ni sources, spray ionization sources, induction ionization sources and photoionization sources. The device is also capable of sampling ions of only one polarity at a time, but with extremely high efficiency. 
     Another object of the present invention is to efficiently collect and/or divert a flow of ions from more than one source. This can be performed in a simultaneous fashion for introduction of mass calibrants from a separate source and analytes from a different source at a different potential; conversely, it can be performed sequentially as is typical with multiplexing of multiple chromatographic streams introduced into one mass spectrometer. 
     Another object of the present invention is to efficiently transmit ions to more than one target position. This would have the utility of allowing part of the sample to be collected on a surface while another part of the sample is being introduced through an aperture into a mass spectrometer to be analyzed. 
     Another object of the present invention is to improve the efficiency of multiplexed inlets from both multiple macroscopic sources and micro-chip arrays, particularly those developed with multiple needle arrays for electrospray. Position independence of this invention make it compatible with a wide variety of needle array technologies and multi-well plates for surface desorption techniques. 
     Another object of the present invention is to remove larger droplets and particles from aerosol sources with a counter-flow of gas to prevent contamination of apertures, tubes, and vacuum components. 
     Another object of the present invention is to collect all the ions or charged particles or droplets at the outer surface (upstream side) of the L-HTE but to also be able to selectively and spatially sample a select group of ions through the surface. Allowing the efficient application (deposition) of charged compounds on a surface in patterns determined by the shape of the L-HTE, whether the opening permits the transfer of the charged compounds, or by the shape and size of the openings. 
     Another objective of the present invention is that the precise alignment of the individual openings of the L-HTE with a combination of electrostatic potentials and gas flows, both concurrent and countercurrent, substantially all of the charged compounds can be transferred through the surface. 
     An advantage of the present device is the independence of collection efficiency of a source of ions from the sampling efficiency of the ions into a gas-phase ion analyzer. Multiple sources are able to be uniformly collected with this invention. Multiple focal points can also be configured if there is need to collect part of the sample and analyze another part. 
     An additional advantage of the present device is that the addition of gas flow, concurrent and countercurrent to the motion of the ions, provides additional focusing to the ions passing through the L-HTE. As the ions move through the L-HTE a countercurrent flow of gas focuses the ions toward the center of the openings, away from surfaces, and as the ions exit the openings a concurrent flow of gas prevents their radial dispersion focusing the ions axially; whereby the electrostatic direct current potential ratio across the L-HTE can be less than 1. 
    
    
     DRAWING FIGURES 
     In the drawings, closely related figures have the same number but different alphabetic suffixes. 
     FIGS. 1A to  1 C show cross-sectional illustrations of a planar laminated high-transmission element (L-HTE) configuration consisting of two metal laminates with three alternative operating modes; namely, (A) a symmetric laminate in transmission mode with relatively equal fields on either side of laminate surface, (B) a symmetric laminate in back-collection mode due to high relative field on ion source side of laminate surface, and (C) an asymmetric laminate with relatively equal fields on either side of surface and concurrent flow to compensate for asymmetric field penetration. 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B show a potential energy surface of a laminated high-transmission element (L-HTE) comprised of three metal laminates, (A) showing position  2  closed and positions  1 ,  3 , and  4  open to ion flow, and (B) showing positions  1  and  3  closed and positions  2  and  4  open to ion flow. 
     FIG. 3 shows a laminated high-transmission element (L-HTE) comprised of three metal laminates described in FIGS. 2A and 2B with digital or analog control. 
     FIGS. 4A to  4 D shows cross-sectional illustrations of various shapes of a laminated high-transmission element (L-HTE) with the base partially removed between the two metal laminates (A) hemispherical-shaped laminated high transmission element, (B) conical-shaped laminated high transmission element, (C) tubular-shaped laminated high transmission element, (D) planar-shaped laminated high transmission element. 
     FIGS. 5A to  5 C shows a laminated high-transmission element (L-HTE) (A) a cross-sectional illustration showing the focusing of ions from the ion source region, through the laminated element and subsequent transmission through an exit aperture, (B) a 3-dimensional cutaway of the device, (C) potential energy surface of the device showing the Ion Source, Funnel, and Deep-Well Regions. 
     FIGS. 6A to  6 C shows a laminated high-transmission element (L-HTE) where one of the metal laminates is also used as atmospheric-matrix-assisted laser desorption (AP-MALDI) target (A) a cross-sectional illustration showing the focusing of desorbed ions desorbed from the ion source region, through the laminated element and subsequent transmission through an exit aperture, (B) a 3-dimensional cutaway of the device, (C) a partial view of the potential energy surface of the device showing the Ion Source, Funnel, and Deep-Well Regions. 
     FIGS. 7A to  7 F show perspective views of six hemispherical shaped laminated high-transmission elements (L-HTE); showing the outer or upstream metal laminate (A) sheet metal with circular openings, (B) woven wire elements with square or rectangular openings, (C) cross-hatched wire electrodes showing similarly shaped openings, (D) stamped sheet metal with hexagonal apertures, (E) parallel wires with transverse slots or openings between individual wires, and (F) concentric wire hoops or rings with radial slots or openings. 
    
    
     REFERENCE NUMBERS IN DRAWINGS 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                  10 
                 sample source 
               
               
                   
                  12 
                 sample delivery means 
               
               
                   
                  14 
                 laser source 
               
               
                   
                  16 
                 incident laser beam 
               
               
                   
                  20 
                 ion source 
               
               
                   
                  22 
                 ion trajectories 
               
               
                   
                  24 
                 equipotential lines 
               
               
                   
                  26 
                 needle electrode 
               
               
                   
                  30 
                 concurrent gas source 
               
               
                   
                  32 
                 concurrent gas inlet 
               
               
                   
                  40 
                 countercurrent gas source 
               
               
                   
                  42 
                 countercurrent gas inlet 
               
               
                   
                  50 
                 exhaust destination 
               
               
                   
                  52 
                 exhaust outlet 
               
               
                   
                  60 
                 ion source region 
               
               
                   
                  62 
                 ion source entrance wall 
               
               
                   
                  63 
                 window 
               
               
                   
                  64 
                 ion source cylindrical wall 
               
               
                   
                  66 
                 insulator ring 
               
               
                   
                  68 
                 insulator ring 
               
               
                   
                  70 
                 funnel region 
               
               
                   
                  72 
                 funnel lens or electrode 
               
               
                   
                  74 
                 funnel region wall 
               
               
                   
                  76 
                 funnel aperture 
               
               
                   
                  80 
                 deep-well region 
               
               
                   
                  82 
                 deep-well ring insulator 
               
               
                   
                  84 
                 exit aperture 
               
               
                   
                  86 
                 exit wall 
               
               
                   
                  90 
                 laminated-high transmission element (L-HTE) 
               
               
                   
                  92 
                 inner-electrode 
               
               
                   
                  93 
                 interior electrode 
               
               
                   
                  94 
                 L-HTE insulation layer 
               
               
                   
                  95 
                 discrete opening electrode 
               
               
                   
                  95a 
                 discrete opening electrode-position 1 
               
               
                   
                  95b 
                 discrete opening electrode-position 2 
               
               
                   
                  95c 
                 discrete opening electrode-position 3 
               
               
                   
                  95d 
                 discrete opening electrode-position 4 
               
               
                   
                  96 
                 outer-electrode 
               
               
                   
                  98 
                 laminate openings 
               
               
                   
                  97 
                 external control means 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 ion destination region 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 MALDI target disk 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS.  5 A- 5 C—Perferred Embodiment 
     [Laminated Focusing Device With Two Metal Laminates] 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention is an ion or particle transmission and focusing device utilizing a laminated high transmission element, atmospheric lens or just abbreviated as L-HTE  90  as illustrated in FIGS. 5A-C. Sample from a source  10  is delivered to an ion source  20  by a delivery means  12  through an ion source entrance wall  62 . Wall  62  is electrically isolated from an ion source cylindrical wall  64  by a ring insulator  66 . Wall  64  is isolated from the L-HTE  90  by a ring insulator  68 . The device includes an atmospheric pressure or near atmospheric pressure ion source region  60  from which ions originating from the source  10  are delivered or, alternatively, neutral species are ionized in the ion source  20 . This device is intended for use in collection and focusing of ions from a wide variety of ion sources; including, but not limited to electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, photo-ionization, electron ionization, laser desorption (including matrix assisted), inductively coupled plasma, discharge ionization, charged aerosols and ions sampled from nature, etc. Alternatively the ions may be supplied by ion separating or focusing devices; including, but not limited to ion mobility spectrometers. 
     Downstream of the ion source region  60  is the L-HTE  90 , composed of laminations comprising inner- 92  and outer- 96  laminates, surfaces, or electrodes, both conducting separated by an insulator layer or base  94 . The surface of the L-HTE  90  is populated with a multitude of lamination openings or apertures  98  through which ions are transmitted from the ion source region  60  to an ion funnel region  70  which is downstream of the L-HTE  90 . Funnel region  70  is bounded by a funnel region wall  74  and a funnel region lens  72 . A DC potential is applied to each laminate, electrode, wall, or lens creating an electric field (indicated by equipotential lines  24 ), although a single power supply in conjunction with a resistor chain can also be used, to create the desired net motion of ions, as shown by the generalized ion trajectories  22 , from the ion source region  60 , through the openings  98  of the L-HTE  90 , into the ion funnel region  70 , through a funnel lens aperture  76  into a deep-well region  80  where they are accelerated toward an exit aperture  84  in an exit wall  86  to an ion destination  100 . Exit wall  86  is isolated from the funnel lens  72  by a deep-well ring insulator  82 . Exit wall  86  is made of a conducting material or a conductively coated insulating material such as glass. In the case of vacuum detection, such as mass spectrometry in region  100 , typical aperture diameters are 100 to 500 um. The destination region  100  in this embodiment is intended to be the vacuum system of a mass spectrometer (interface stages, optics, analyzer, and detector) or other low-pressure ion and particle detectors. 
     Gases, such as but not limited to air or nitrogen can be added to the ion source region  60  for concurrent flow gas from a concurrent gas source  30  introduced through a concurrent gas inlet  32 . Gas can also be added for countercurrent flow from a countercurrent gas source  40  through a countercurrent gas inlet  42 . Alternatively, gas flowing in the concurrent and countercurrent direction may be added to the ion source region  60  and ion funnel region  70  by introducing the gas between inner- 92  and outer- 96  laminates, the gas flowing out of the openings  98  into the respective areas. Excess gas can be exhausted through an exhaust outlet  52  toward an exhaust destination  50 . All gas supplies can be regulated and metered and of adequate purity to meet the needs of the ion transmission application. 
     All components of the device are generally made of chemically inert materials. In the preferred embodiment, the L-HTE insulator base  94  is an insulating material, such as glass or ceramic. However, it can consist of any other material that can isolate electrically the two metal electrodes  92 ,  96  from each other, such as nylon, polyimide, Teflon, poly ether ether ketone (PEEK), etc. The metal electrodes,  92 ,  96 , are composed of conductive materials, such as stainless steel, brass, copper, gold, and aluminum. In this embodiment the L-HTE  90  consist of planar-shaped laminated electrodes  92 ,  96  of uniform cross-section with circular-shaped openings  98  evenly spaced across the L-HTE  90 . Two perforated plates separated by an insulated layer are workable for the planar geometry, but for other shapes or geometries it is also possible to use molded materials for the base  94  and laminates  92 ,  96 , with the laminates consisting of material that is conducting or as non-conducting molded materials with subsequent deposition of conducting material on the surfaces of the laminates. Alternatively, the metal laminates may be deposited on the base  94  by vapor deposition and the holes or apertures formed by ablating away the metal and base using a laser, or the L-HTE may be manufactured by using the techniques of microelectronics fabrication: photolithography for creating patterns, etching for removing material, deposition for coating the surfaces with specific materials, etc. 
     FIGS. 2,  3 , and  6 —Additional Embodiment 
     [Multiple Metal Laminates and Back-well AP-MALDI] 
     Additional embodiments are shown in FIGS. 2,  3 , and  6 , in one case the L-HTE consists of three metal laminates, and the other where a MALDI target is incorporated into the structure of the L-HTE. In FIGS. 2A,  2 B, and  3  the L-HTE consists of three metal electrodes, with a interior laminate or electrode  93  sandwiched between electrodes  92 ,  96 . The internal electrode  93  is made up a multitude of individual electrodes,  95 A,  95 B,  95 C, etc. isolated from each other and electrodes  92 ,  96  by the insulating base  94 . A digital or analog control means  97  controls the electric potential of the individual electrodes. 
     In FIGS. 6A and 6B the present invention incorporates a laser source  14  and the use of an incident laser beam  16  to desorb MALDI samples from a MALDI target disk  120  that is incorporated into the inner-electrode  92  of the L-HTE  90 . Region  60  can be either open to the atmosphere or closed with access to the target  120  through a window  63 . In this embodiment, a needle electrode  26 , axial with the L-HTE  90 , incorporated in the ion source entrance wall  62  or alternatively the wall can be completely eliminated leaving just the needle electrode projecting into the ion source region  60 . 
     FIGS.  4  and  7 —Alternative Embodiments 
     [Manufacturing, Shapes, and Patterns] 
     There are various possibilities with regard the geometry and shape of the laminated high-transmission element and disposition of the insulating layer, as illustrated in FIG. 4; in each case the insulation layer  94  is not continuous between the metal laminates. FIG. 4A shows a set of hemisphere-shaped electrodes  92 ,  96 ; FIG. 4B shows a set of conical-shaped electrodes  92 ,  96 ; FIG. 4C shows a set of tubular-shaped electrodes  92 ,  96 ; FIG. 3D shows a set of planar-shaped electrodes  92 ,  96 ; and a wide variety of geometries can be implements as geometric barriers between one or more ion regions and/or one or more ion destinations. 
     Alternatively, there are various possibilities with regard to the shape of the laminated openings, as illustrated in FIG. 7 for hemi-spherical-shaped L-HTE where the openings in one laminate are optically aligned with openings in the other, and uniformly spaced in order to meet the field penetration, transmission, and isolation requirements of a particular application. FIG. 7A shows a hemispherical-shaped L-HTE  90  made of perforated metal with circular-shaped openings  98 ; FIG. 7B shows a hemispherical-shaped L-HTE  90  made of woven metal with rectangular or square-shaped openings  98 ; FIG. 7C shows a hemispherical-shaped L-HTE  90  made of cross-hatched metal with rectangular or square-shaped openings  98 ; FIG. 7D shows a hemispherical-shaped L-HTE  90  made of hexagonal metal with hexagonal-shaped openings  98 ; FIG. 7E shows a hemispherical-shaped L-HTE  90  made of parallel array of wires with slotted or rectangular-shaped openings  98 ; FIG. 7F shows a hemispherical-shaped L-HTE  90  made of concentric metal hoops or rings with slotted or rectangular-shaped openings  98 . 
     Operation of the Basic Device—FIGS. 1 and 5 
     The L-HTE  90  in operation is placed between the ion source and the ion destination to isolate the processes of ion generation from ion collection, analysis, or detection without significant transmission losses. The potentials of the electrodes  92 ,  96  are adjusted to control transmission. Ions supplied or generated from an atmospheric pressure source are attracted to the L-HTE  90  by an electrical potential difference between the ion source region  20  and the potential on inner-electrode  92  of the L-HTE  90 . The ions will tend to follow the field lines through region  60 . We distinguish regions  20  and  60  in that the ion source region  20  may comprise a plasma with ill-defined or uncontrollable fields. Region  60  contains gas such as air or nitrogen below the threshold for discharge ionization and fields defined by the shape and potential on L-HTE  90 . The ions moving toward inner-electrode  92  are diverted away from the conducting surfaces of the inner-electrode through the openings  98  by the presence of the electrical field penetrating through the openings into the part of region  60  that is close to the inner-electrode  92 . This field penetration is due to the potential difference between the inner- 92  and the outer-electrode  96  being relatively high. As the ions move into the openings they are compressed toward the axis of openings  98 . FIG. 1A illustrates the motion of ions through the L-HTE  90  when the fields on either side of the L-HTE are equal and transmission is virtually 100%. When the field on the ion source region  60  side is substantially higher than the field in the ion funnel region  70  side, many ions impact on the surface of the outer-electrode  96  (back-deposition) as shown in FIG.  1 B. To overcome transmission losses due to this unfavorable field ratio, a concurrent flow of gas can be added to prevent back-deposition (as shown in FIG. 1C) and thus maximize transmission of ions through the L-HTE into the ion funnel region  70 . 
     The device illustrated in FIGS. 5A and B operates by generating ions or collecting ions in the ion source region  60 . The ions are accelerated away from the ion source region, toward and through the L-HTE  90  into the funnel region  70  of the device where ions are focused through the funnel aperture into the deep-well region where a well-collimated and highly compressed beam of ions is delivered to the ion destination region  100 . FIG. 5C displays the potential-energy surface plot showing the relative potential of each component of the operating system. In general, the ions flow form a dispersive, high-field source region, across the L-HTE  90  with local high-fields to nudge the ion through the openings and through the L-HTE, into and through the funnel-shaped focusing fields of the funnel region  70 , and into the deep potential well of the deep-well region  80 . The general operation is simply to isolate the focusing regions  70 ,  80  from the dispersive ion source region  60  in order to maximize compression and collection while minimizing transmission losses. 
     The ion destination region  100  can be a mass spectrometer, MS/MS, IMS, and any other ion or charged particle detection and analysis device. Alternatively, this device may be operated as a collection and focusing device to move gas-phase ions and charged particulate materials from diffuse atmospheric sources onto small focal areas of collector surfaces. We envision applications for laying down materials in printing, semiconductor, micro-chemistry applications, etc. In addition, this device can operate to collect sample onto surfaces for subsequent surface analysis (e.g. depositing sample onto MALDI targets, SIMS targets, or X-ray targets). In addition, collecting material onto surfaces of reaction wells may allow for gas-phase ion production to be a useful tool for placing charge chemical species into a discrete and small reaction well in application, such as collecting and specifying complex reagents and reactant for applications in combinatorial chemistry. 
     The flow of gas in a direction that is counter to the movement of ions will serve to reduce or eliminate contamination from particulate materials and neutral gases. Operating with a counter-flow of gas is accomplished by adding sufficient flow to purge or remove unwanted materials. This to some extent will have some dependency on the volatility of neutral gases and the size of interfering particulate material originating from the ion source region  60 . Lower mobility charged particles may also be swept away in the counter-flow of gas. In some cases, a combination of gas following concurrent to the motion of ions to improve transmission through the L-HTE and gas flowing counter-current to remove impurities may be required. When using gas flowing in opposite directions the counter-flow of gas is likely to occur through the funnel aperture  76 . 
     Operation of the of Multiple Source Devices 
     The operation of the present invention can accommodate the collection of ions from more than one source. This multi-source device operates under the same principles as a single-source device but the ion source region  60  is occupied by more than one ion source. This can have application for devices with both APCI and electrospray ion sources present in the same ion source region either spraying simultaneously or alternating back and forward in a pre-determined manner. In addition, electrospray needle arrays are also becoming commercially available for high-throughput sample analysis, discrete introduction of mass calibration standards, etc.; sampling the spray from an electrospray needle array one needle at a time. Alternatively, a laser can desorb a series of samples from individual targets one target at a time. Operation with more than one source can also occur with selective sampling of ions from a desired source through one region of the L-HTE while rejection ions from another source in a second region of the same L-HTE. Thereby operating the L-HTE as an ion switch, selecting one sample stream then another. 
     Operation of the of Multiple Collector or Target Devices 
     This invention may also operate in a mode whereby the ions from a single ion source region  60  are collected and focused across multiple L-HTE with multiple discrete collection regions. This mode is useful for delivering ions from a single source to multiple focal points or apertures for sampling and eventual analysis or delivering to multiple targets. A single ion source with two or more L-HTE and companion targets up to a large array of L-HTE and target foci can have application in a wide variety of areas including loading reagents onto reaction wells, printing, micro-fabrication, semi-conductor manufacturing, etc. 
     Operation of the Three Layer Device—FIGS. 2 and 3 
     The L-HTE can be used to selectively transmit ions through pre-selected openings by incorporating a third metal laminate. As shown in FIGS. 2A,  2 B, and  3  when an additional metal laminate is added to the L-HTE, the transmission of ions can be selectively blocked or transmitted across the L-HTE. The inner- 92  and outer-electrode  96  serve in much the same way as the two-layer laminate. This embodiment has an interior electrode  93  comprised of a large number of individually isolated aperture electrodes (represented as  95   a  through  95   d  for aperture position  1  through  4  respectively) that can be individually controlled in time and electrical potential. These electrodes provide a means to produce a potential barrier at each discrete opening in the L-HTE surface. Each discrete opening electrode  95  has an electrical connection to the external control means  97 . These electrodes can be controlled both individually and in groups or clusters depending on the application and the spatial resolution requirement for transmission of the intended application. This control can be either analog or digital, utilizing digital control for high-speed control applications. Thereby allowing for the transmission of ions to be temporally and spatially controlled over the surface of the L-HTE. This more complex embodiment has application in delivering ions from a source to a precisely determined spatial position, for example the L-HTE can be used for laying down samples onto MALDI targets or laying down reagents into microchip arrays. Alternatively, it can be sued for laying down complex patterns for very precise micro-printing, coating applications, etc. It should also be noted that the pattern of ions generated by this gating process can be subsequently focused and compressed by various optical configurations. 
     Operation of the of Atmospheric MALDI Device—FIG. 6 
     The operation of the atmospheric pressure-MALDI (AP-MALDI) source illustrated in FIGS. 6A thru  6 C is fundamentally the same as the general operation with several important exceptions. FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate two views of an AP-MALDI source with the MALDI samples directly deposited on the surface of the inner-electrode. Samples can be applied directly to the surface, or, more conveniently onto the conducting sample disk  120  that attaches co-planar and makes electrical contact to the inner electrode. In this fashion, MALDI samples are desorbed from the surface by application of incident the laser beam  16  from the laser source  14 . Once desorbed, the ions proceed on trajectories that wrap around the sample plane, traversing the L-HTE  90 ; and are funneled and compressed in a similar fashion as described in the preferred embodiment. In this embodiment, a ring of slotted openings (laminated openings  98 ) around the target area provides the necessary field penetration for accelerating the ions away from the target and subsequent transmission through the openings. The optional needle electrode  26  in region  60 , on axis with the MALDI target can be operated to control the degree of field penetration from the L-HTE into region  60 . FIG. 6C shows a close-up of the potential-energy surface on this device illustrating the position of the deep-well downstream of the sample, thus designating this embodiment as “back-well” AP-MALDI. 
     CONCLUSION, RAMIFICATIONS, AND SCOPE 
     Although the description above contains many specifications, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. For example complex shapes and patterns can be deposited by tailoring the shape of the L-HTE or the shape, pattern, or spatial orientation of the individual openings in the separate metal laminates; insulator surfaces can be manufactured by using the techniques of microelectronics fabrication; photolithography for creating patterns, etching for removing material, and deposition for coating the base with specific materials; the number of laminates and the size and shape of the individual openings can vary depending on the source of ions, the extent of using concurrent and countercurrent gas flow, the type of ion-collection region or a combination of both, etc. 
     Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.