Abstract:
Weighing apparatus of the return-to-zero load compensation type is disclosed, characterized by the provision of voltage-responsive impedance means for modifying the pan position sensing signal to remove undesirable variations therein produced by interference or external vibrations or excessive swinging of the weighing pan by the load. In one embodiment, a dampening circuit is connected between the pan position sensing circuit and the control signal generating means for dampening sensing signals having an amplitude less than a given limit amplitude. In a second embodiment, the voltage-responsive means serves to render inoperable the differential section of a proportional-differential-integral controller when the pan position sensing signals are less than a given limit amplitude. In both embodiments, the voltage-responsive impedance means comprises a pair of diodes connected in polarity opposition in parallel in the corresponding signal-modifying circuit.

Description:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     As evidenced by the prior U.S. patents to Baumann et al. No. 3,816,156, Allenspach U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,884, Strobel U.S. Pat. No. 3,688,854, Strobel et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,789,937 and Kunz U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,786,678 and 3,786,883, it is known in the prior art to provide weighing apparatus of the return-to-zero electromagnetic compensation type wherein means are operable when the pan is displaced from a zero position by a load for supplying a current which produces in a magnetic field a force for returning the loaded pan to its zero position, the magnitude of the current being a measure of the applied load. Position sensing means serve to generate a pan position signal that is applied to a control curcuit that provides an appropriate pan return current which is applied to the compensation means. 
     One inherent problem in such known weighing apparatus is that of reducing, and, if possible, eliminating, the influence of external vibrations on the weighing apparatus, more particularly on the result output. The significance of this problem increases as the resolution of the apparatus rises. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, there is provided a weighing apparatus comprising an electromagnetic compensation means operable to counteract the weight to be measured, by means of a compensation current, and a control circuit for determining the magnitude of the compensation current, the control circuit including: a position detector for producing a signal indicative of the operating position of the apparatus; a control means for receiving a said signal and operable thereby to determine the magnitude of the compensation current required to compensate said weight; and a signal-modifying circuit operatively associated with the input of the control means and including a voltage-dependent impedance means having a severely curved characteristic, such that the control performance of the control circuit is modified in dependence on the amplitude of said signal. 
     Accordingly, the primary object of the present invention is to provide an improved weighing apparatus of the return-to-zero electromagnetic compensation type, including voltage-responsive impedance means for modifying the pan position signal to eliminate variations therein caused by external vibrations, excessive pan swinging or the like. In a first embodiment of the invention, a dampening circuit containing the voltage-responsive impedance means is connected between the pan position sensing means and the control means which generates the pan return signal, said dampening circuit serving to strongly damp the pan position signals (either of low or high frequencies) having an amplitude less than a given value. In a second embodiment, the voltage-responsive impedance means are connected as part of the PID-controller (i.e., the proportional-integral-differential controller) which generates the pan return signal, said voltage-responsive impedance means being operable to render inactive the differential section of the PID-controller when the amplitude of the pan position signals is less than a given value. Thus, the signal-modifying circuit is a threshold means which is connected upstream of the D-component of the control means and which imparts a PI-performance to the control means below a limit amplitude of the signal from the zero position detector. In this case, the performance of the control means itself is altered in dependence on the amplitude of the input signal. Thus, the rapid response to signals of low amplitude, caused by the D-component of the control means, is prevented. The performance of the PI-part of the control means and the desired (high) amplifications of the entire control circuit are maintained. Very low-frequency interference signals pass into the control signal, corresponding to the performance of the PI-component, that is to say, the modification in the control characteristic only occurs in respect of higher frequencies. 
     In accordance with a more specific object of the invention, the voltage-responsive impedance means comprises a pair of diodes connected in opposite polarity in parallel, thereby providing an economical arrangement. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a study of the following specification when viewed in the light of the accompanying drawing, in which: 
     FIGS. 1a and 1b are diagrammatic and block diagram representations, respectively, of a first embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of the dampening means of FIG. 1b; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the operation of the dampening means of FIG. 2 relative to voltage magnitude; 
     FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 4. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     For the purposes of describing the apparatus, reference will be made to an embodiment in the form of a top-pan balance without balance beam. It is to be understood however that the apparatus can be in the form of other kinds of weighing equipment, for example, apparatus with a balance beam. 
     As shown in FIG. 1a, the balance has a weighing pan 10 for receiving an article or material m to be weighed. The weighing pan 10 is fixed to the upper end of a pan carrier 12, while a movable coil 14 is secured to the lower end of the pan carrier 12. The coil 14 is movable in an annular air gap 16 in a pot-shaped permanent magnet 18 which is fixed in the balance frame 20. The pan carrier 12 is guided parallel to itself by means of two guide arms 22 and 22&#39; which are supported on the balance frame 20, so that in a weighing operation the pan carrier 12 performs substantially only a vertical movement. 
     Disposed between the two arms 22 and 22&#39; is a zero position detector 24 which includes a stationary capacitor plate 26 secured to the balance frame 20 and two further capacitor plates 28 and 28&#39; which are disposed on respective sides of and adjacent to the capacitor plate 26 and which are both carried on the pan carrier 12. 
     FIG. 1b shows the control circuit of the apparatus. When the pan carrier 12 is displaced out of a zero position in which, for example, the plates 28 and 28&#39; are equally spaced from the fixed plate 26, the zero position detector 24 operates as a differential capacitor to generate in a known manner, by means of a sensing unit 30 (usually an alternating current bridge with rectification of the output signal), an error or pan position signal Ua which is supplied to a control means 32 in which the signal is processed to determine the magnitude of a correction or compensation current. The correction or compensation current signal Ur is amplified in an amplifier 34, and the amplified current signal is supplied to the coil 14. Due to its electromagnetic force action in the air gap 16 of the permanent magnet 18, the correction or compensation current attempts to counteract the force, i.e., the weight of material m, which is deflecting the pan carrier 12. When the balance is in the &#34;swung-in&#34; or equilibrium condition and the pan carrier 12 is at least substantially stationary, the compensation current represents a measurement of the weight of the material m being weighed. This measurement can then be processed by an evaluation circuit 36 and passed to a display means 38 (and possibly recorded by way of a further output). The circuit 36 can include, in a manner which is also known, a digital voltmeter to measure a voltage which is produced by the compensation current at a high-precision measuring resistor and which is proportional to the weight of the material m. 
     As indicated by the broken-line arrow connecting the units 14 and 30, denoting the operative connection between the mechanical part of the balance (at the left in FIG. 1; zero position detector 26, 28 and 28&#39;), and the unit 30 the system described above forms what is virtually a closed control circuit, including the mechanical part of the balance. In order to substantially reduce the effect of external vibrations or accelerations on the control circuit (and thus on the display means 38), a damping circuit 40 is connected into the system, between the sensing unit 30 and the control means 32. This circuit 40, as shown in greater detail in FIG. 2, includes a parallel circuit of a resistor 42 and two diodes 44 and 44&#39; arranged with opposed directions of conduction. This parallel circuit is arranged in series with a resistor 46. This circuit portion 46, 42, 44 and 44&#39; operates as follows: as long as the diodes 44 and 44&#39; are in the nonconducting condition, error signal Ua supplied from the sensing unit 30 is modified in accordance with the relationship of the resistor 50 to the sum of the resistors 42 and 46, and passed to the control means 32, as a correspondingly smaller signal Ui. If for example the resistors 42 and 46 are in a relationship such as 9:1, the value of Ui will be only one tenth of the value of Ua (if the resistor 50, which is described in greater detail hereinafter, is correspondingly selected). If on the other hand, the amplitude of the error signal Ua is so great that the diodes are put into a conducting condition (for example while the balance is swinging into the equilibrium condition after having been loaded with material m to be weighed), then the resistors 42 and 46 do not substantially affect the error signal, and the error signal reaches the control means 32 virtually unaltered (Ua = Ui). The connection is qualitatively shown in FIG. 3; to the right of the dotted line, Ui/Ua is about 1, that is to say, the error signal reaches the control means 32 virtually without alteration. 
     Therefore, by suitable selection of the diode characteristics, it is possible to determine for the error signal Ua a limit amplitude below which the signal is strongly damped, depending on the size of the resistors 42 and 46, which can also be substantially freely selected. Thus the sensitivity of the system in regard to interference vibrations of low amplitude, irrespective of their frequency, can be substantially improved, that is to say, the result display can be stabilized. The choice of the limit amplitude substantially depends on two criteria: on the one hand, it is necessary to ensure that the control means remains stable, that is to say, does not go into a state of oscillation, and on the other hand the time that the balance takes to swing into an equilibrium condition after changes in load should not be rendered excessive. 
     The diodes 44 and 44&#39; are preferably used for reasons of economy and because of their favourable characteristics. However, instead of the diodes, it would also be possible to use any other suitable components with a severely curved conduction characteristic (for example, Zener diodes), which provide a performance similar to that shown in the FIG. 3 graph. 
     Reverting briefly to FIG. 2, an amplifier 48 and the resistor 50 connected in parallel therewith (in the above-described example the resistor 50 has the same value as the resistor 46) are provided for adaptation of the unit 40 to the input impedance of the control means 32. 
     While in the above-described example the control means 32 can basically be of any suitable structure, the second embodiment as shown in FIG. 4 requires a control means in the form of a PID-controller 52 (i.e., a proportional-integral-differential controller). The controller includes, and is known to this extent, a control amplifier 54 and a resistor 56 which is connected to one input of the amplifier 54 and which with a resistor 62 defines the P-component of the controller. Connected in parallel with the resistor 56 is an RC-member (resistor 58 and capacitor 60) which with the resistor 62 determines the performance of the D-component. Finally, connected in parallel with the amplifier 54 is a capacitor 64 which with the resistor 56 determines the performance of the I-component of the controller. The amplification characteristic of such a controller corresponds to the solid line characteristic curve in FIG. 5 (amplification V [= control signal UR with respect to the error signal Ua] over the frequency f); that is to say, the extent of the amplification action is only dependent on the frequency of the error signal, but not its amplitude, so that even small interference amplitudes are also amplified, in particular those below and above a middle frequency range which corresponds to the P-component control range. 
     In accordance with the present invention, another amplification is provided for the controller 52, above the above-mentioned middle frequency range, for small amplitudes. This is effected, similarly as in the above-described first embodiment, by means of a circuit or component 65 having a highly non-linear, voltage-dependent resistance, for example two diodes 66 and 66&#39;  arranged in parallel with each other and with opposed directions of conduction, connected in series with the D-component (58, 60, 62) of the controller. These diodes 66 and 66&#39; provide that the controller has a purely PI-performance in respect of small interference amplitudes (that is, when the diodes 66 and 66&#39; are in the non-conducting condition), and therefore virtually suppresses such amplitudes, while at greater amplitudes (when the diodes 66 and 66&#39; are in conducting condition), the controller operates normally as a PID-controller. The horizontal broken line in FIG. 5 in the D-region illustrates the amplification performance of the controller 52 if the D-component is rendered passive as described above (diodes 66 and 66&#39; nonconducting). It can be seen from this that higher-frequency interference signals of low amplitude only have a small effect on the control signal Ur (low-frequency interference signals of low amplitude play a part which in practice is less important). This arrangement can therefore also cause the display output of the apparatus to be substantially stabilized. 
     Based on the experience that the externally originating vibrations which occur most frequently are of relatively low amplitudes (at predominantly relatively high frequencies), in the above-described apparatus, it is possible for the multiplicity of interference vibrations which occur in practice and which act from the outside on the weighing apparatus, to be so reduced that weighing performance may no longer be influenced by such vibrations, and in particular the result display remains steady, without the measuring result being falsified. 
     Experiments have shown that balances in accordance with the two embodiments described above could provide a stability that was improved by about a factor of 10, in comparison with conventional balances, under otherwise equal ambient conditions, with only a slight extension in the swing-in time of the control circuit, and with the same standard of accuracy. 
     While in accordance with the provisions of the Patent Statutes, the preferred forms and embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without deviating from the inventive concepts set forth above.