Abstract:
A flow-through, chamber-in-chamber, nanocavitation apparatus having an elongated housing with an inlet and an outlet. A working chamber disposed between the inlet and the outlet includes alternating radial and central flow guides disposed concentrically in the working chamber about a central axis. A first radial flow guide is disposed proximate to the inlet and all radial flow guides have a radial opening adjacent to an inner wall of the housing. A first central flow guide is disposed proximate to the outlet and has a central opening about the central axis. The alternating concentric nature of the flow guides promotes alternating generation and collapse of cavitational features, all while promoting the efficient exchange of heat between hot zones and cooler regions of adjacent flow guides.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention generally relates to the flow-through, high-shear mixers and cavitation apparati that are utilized for processing heterogeneous and homogeneous fluidic mixtures through the controlled formation of cavitation bubbles and uses the energy released upon the implosion of these bubbles to alter said fluids. The device is meant for preparing mixtures, solutions, emulsions and dispersions with the particle sizes that can be smaller than one micron, particle and nanoparticle synthesis, carrying out reactions and processes and improving composition, mass and heat transfer and is expected to find applications in food, pharmaceutical, chemical, oil, fuel and other industries. 
         [0002]    More particularly, the apparatus relates to the modification of fluids composed of different compounds by using the implosion energy of cavitation bubbles to improve the homogeny, viscosity, and/or other physical characteristics of the fluids, as well as, alter their chemical composition, and obtain upgraded or altered products of higher value. 
         [0003]    Cavitation can be of different origins, for instance, acoustic, hydrodynamic or generated with laser light, an electrical discharge or steam injection (Gogate, 2008; Mahulkar et al., 2008). Hydrodynamic cavitation comprises the vaporization, generation, growth, pulsation and collapse of bubbles which occur in a flowing liquid as a result of a decrease and subsequent increase in the hydrostatic pressure and can be achieved by passing the liquid through a constricted zone at sufficient velocity. Cavitation onsets after the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid has decreased to the saturated vapor pressure of the liquid or its components and is categorized by a cavitation number C v . Cavitation ideally begins at C v  equals 1, where a C v  less than 1 indicates a high degree of cavitation. Other important considerations are the number of cavitation events in a flow unit, the surface tension, and the size of bubbles, which range from ten nanometers to a few microns or even larger in diameter (Gogate, 2008; Passandideh-Fard and Roohi, 2008). 
         [0004]    The eventual collapse of the bubbles results in a localized increase in pressure and temperature. The combination of elevated pressure and temperature along with vigorous mixing supplied by the hydrodynamic cavitation triggers and accelerates numerous reactions and processes. These actions enhance the reaction yield and process efficiency by means of the energy released upon the collapse of the cavitation bubbles. Such enhanced reaction yield and process efficiency has found application in mixing, emulsification and the expedition of chemical reactions. While extreme pressure or heat can be unfavorable, the outcome of controlled cavitation-assisted processing has been shown to be beneficial. 
         [0005]    When fluid is processed in a flow-through cavitation mixing device at a suitable velocity, the decrease in hydrostatic pressure results in the formation of cavitation bubbles. Small particles and impurities in the liquid serve as nuclei for these bubbles. When the cavitation bubbles relocate to a high-pressure zone they will implode within a short time. The collapse of bubbles is asymmetrical because the surrounding liquid rushes in to fill the void forming a micro jet that subsequently ruptures the bubble with tremendous force. The implosion is accompanied by a significant jump in both the local pressure and temperature up to 1,000 atm and 5,000° C., respectively, and the formation of shock waves (Suslick, 1989; Didenko et al., 1999; Suslick et al., 1999). The released energy activates atoms, molecules, ions or radicals located in the bubbles and surrounding fluid, initiates reactions and processes and dissipates into the surrounding fluid. The implosion may be accompanied by the emission of UV and/or visible light, which promotes photochemical reactions and generates radicals (Sharma et al., 2008; Kalva et al., 2009). 
         [0006]    Numerous flow-through hydrodynamic cavitation devices are known. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,705,396 to Ivannikov et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,207,712, 6502,979, 5,969,207 and 5,971,601 to Kozyuk, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,762,715 to Gordon et al. 
         [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,338,551 to Kozyuk discloses a method and device for generating bubbles in liquid that passes through a first local constriction of the device at a velocity of at least 12 m/s and then is mixed with gas to affect implosion within the second cavitation field. Since this device provides two cavitation zones the treatment outcome may be unsatisfactory when more consecutive cavitations are desired. It should be noted that the device is not designed for an advanced heat exchange between the low-pressure and high-pressure compartments, which can lead to overheating and loss in efficiency. 
         [0008]    In contrast to sonic or ultrasonic cavitation devices, the flow-through hydrodynamic apparatuses do not require using a vessel. The efficiency of sonic or ultrasonic processing performed in a static vessel is insufficient because the effect diminishes with an increase in distance from the radiation source. The achieved fluid alterations are not uniform and occur at specific locations in the vessel, depending on the frequency and interference patterns. Thus, processing fluids via sonic or ultrasonic cavitation does not offer an optimized method. 
         [0009]    At the present time, with energy costs rapidly rising, it is highly desirable to reduce both treatment time and energy consumption to secure a profit margin as large as possible. However, the prior art techniques do not offer the most efficient and safest methods of blending, emulsifying, altering or upgrading fluids in the shortest time possible. Thus, there exists a need for an advanced flow-through cavitation device for processing thermal sensitive liquids within a minimal time at a low cost that would result in the products with improved characteristics. An advanced, compact, and highly efficient apparatus is particularly needed at pharmaceutical plants and feedstock processing locations and refineries, where throughput is a key factor. The present invention provides such a device while upgrading products expeditiously. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The present invention provides a unique method for manipulating fluids. This goal is achieved via the chamber-in-chamber design of a multi-stage flow-through cavitation mixing device aimed at the expeditious modification of thermo-sensitive or flammable liquids, solutions and compounds. In accordance with the present invention, the method comprises feeding fluidic flow with a discharge pump and/or a downstream suction pump set at proper pressure in an array of low-pressure and high-pressure chambers separated with vortex turbulizers to afford the chamber-in-chamber compact design, advanced heat exchange, rapid mass transfer, high treatment efficiency and superior capacity, and supplying other conditions of choice. 
         [0011]    In addition to the objects and advantages of the fluids&#39; manipulation described in this patent application, several objects and advantages of the present invention are:
       (1) to provide a compact flow-through nanocavitation device for processing fluids in an expedited manner with optimized energy and maintenance costs;   (2) to reduce space taken up by the processing equipment;   (3) to provide conditions for blending, emulsification, altering and upgrading thermo-sensitive fluids and flammable compounds by passing them through the bubble-generating chamber that houses a high-pressure chamber wherein the cavitation bubbles&#39; implosion occurs to provide the advanced conditions for rapid heat exchange;   (4) to provide conditions for gradual, multi-step alteration of fluids by subjecting them to the first cavitation event followed by subjecting the residual original compounds and products of the reactions to the second cavitation event, etc.   (5) to provide a compact, flow-through apparatus for manipulating fluids at the site of production;   (6) to generate a uniform cavitation field throughout the reaction chamber for a time period allowing the desired changes to take place.       
 
         [0018]    The present invention is directed to a compact, flow-through nanocavitation mixer apparatus with a chamber-in-chamber design for advanced heat exchange. The mixer apparatus comprises an elongated housing having an inlet and an outlet, defining a working chamber between the inlet and the outlet, and having a central axis passing longitudinally through the center of the housing. Within the working chamber a first radial flow guide and a first central flow guide are concentrically disposed about the central axis. The first radial flow guide is proximate or adjacent to the inlet and the first central flow guide is disposed proximate or adjacent to the outlet. The first radial flow guide has a radial opening adjacent to an inner wall of the housing. The first central flow guide has a central opening about the central axis. The first radial flow guide and the first central flow guide are generally conical in shape and nested one within the other. 
         [0019]    Each of the first radial flow guide and the first central flow guide have interior and exterior tapered conical surfaces configured such that an exterior angle α between the exterior tapered conical surface and the central axis is between zero degrees and one hundred eighty degrees. Preferably, the angle α is an obtuse angle between 90° and 180°. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the exterior angle α is between 115° and 150°. 
         [0020]    The mixer apparatus may also comprise a hollow cylinder having a downstream first end disposed in a sealed manner in the central opening of the first central flow guide and an upstream second end abutting in a sealed manner against the peak of the first radial flow guide. The hollow cylinder has a plurality of side wall openings disposed around the hollow cylinder and passing through the side wall of the hollow cylinder. The side wall openings of the hollow cylinder may be arranged in rows or columns around the hollow cylinder axis and may be canted relative to the central axis. Each of the plurality of side wall openings are canted at the same angle or at different angles. 
         [0021]    A coaxial disc is disposed in a sealed manner in the central opening of the first central flow guide, abutting against the downstream first end of the hollow cylinder. The coaxial disc has a channel passing therethrough. Preferably, the coaxial disc has a plurality of channels passing therethrough, wherein said channels cross within the coaxial disc or along extended axes of the channels outside the coaxial disc. 
         [0022]    The mixer apparatus preferably comprises a plurality of alternating radial and central flow guides. A particular central flow guide is spaced from a preceding radial flow guide by a hollow cylinder affixed in the central opening and abutting against said preceding radial flow guide. A particular radial flow guide is spaced from a preceding central flow guide by a spacer ring abutting against both flow guides. In this configuration, the mixer apparatus has the first radial flow guide disposed proximate or adjacent to the inlet and the first central flow guide disposed proximate or adjacent to the outlet. 
         [0023]    The outlet of the mixer apparatus may also comprise a diffuser, wherein the diffuser is configured as a cone with a gradually expanding cross-sectional area. The diffuser is connected to a hollow cylinder, the hollow cylinder being disposed in the central opening of the first central flow guide and in an abutting relationship to a second radial flow guide proximate to the outlet. 
         [0024]    The mixer apparatus may also comprise an end cap in the outlet. The end cap has a generally elongated, cylindrical opening, an end disc disposed in the end cap and a baffle body mounted on the end disc oriented toward a second radial flow guide proximate to the outlet. The end disc has outlet channels disposed around the perimeter of the baffle body. Vibration strips are mounted in the end cap such that a free end of each of the vibration strips is disposed adjacent to one of said outlet channels. 
         [0025]    The first radial flow guide and the first central flow guide may be generally planar in shape such that a right angle exists between a facing surface of the flow guides and the central axis. A second radial flow guide may be disposed proximate to the outlet, between the outlet and the first central flow guide. The inlet may comprise an inlet flange and the outlet may comprise an outlet flange. A first spacer ring may be disposed between the first radial flow guide and the inlet flange and a second spacer ring may be disposed between the second radial flow guide and the outlet flange. The mixer apparatus preferably comprises a plurality of alternating radial and central flow guides, wherein a particular radial flow guide is spaced from an adjacent central flow guide or an inlet or outlet flange by a spacer ring abutting against both. 
         [0026]    The first radial flow guide and the first central flow guide may be made from materials selected from the group consisting of a STELLITE® alloy, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass, silver, zinc, nickel, PTFE, FEP or other fluoropolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), PEEK, PBAT, PETG, PVC, polycarbonates, acrylic materials, and polycrystalline diamond. Preferably, all parts of the compact, flow-through nanocavitation mixer apparatus are made from materials selected from the group consisting of a STELLITE® alloy, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass, silver, zinc, nickel, PTFE, FEP or other fluoropolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), PEEK, PBAT, PETG, PVC, polycarbonates, acrylic materials, and polycrystalline diamond. 
         [0027]    Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0028]    The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention. In such drawings: 
           [0029]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a first preferred embodiment of the compact, flow-through, chamber-in-chamber nanocavitation mixer apparatus of the present invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  is a close-up view of the cavitation apparatus indicated by line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  is a close-up view of the outlet pipe of the cavitation apparatus illustrating an alternate construction; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a second preferred embodiment of the compact, flow-through, chamber-in-chamber nanocavitation mixer apparatus of the present invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  illustrates a front view of the flow plate of the second preferred embodiment; 
           [0034]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view taken along line  6 - 6  of  FIG. 5 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0035]    With reference now to  FIGS. 1-6 , the flow-through, multi-stage, chamber-in-chamber nanocavitation mixer apparatus of the present invention, is generally referred to by reference numerals  10  and  70 , representing alternate embodiments. The apparatus  10 ,  70  is especially suitable for processing viscous and thermo-sensitive fluids, such as organic solvents, crude oil, cell extracts, biological fluids, pharmaceutical emulsions and solutions, etc. 
         [0036]    The term “fluid” includes but is not limited to a pure liquid comprised of identical molecules, a homogeneous or heterogeneous fluidic mixture, media liquefied prior to cavitation treatment, two- or multi-phase systems including crude oil, water/oil and/or other emulsions and dispersions, salt solutions, gases and/or other matter dissolved in suitable solvent(s), melted matter, dispersions, suspensions, slurries, liquefied gases, cell culture or broth, biological fluids, tissues, and the mixtures thereof. 
         [0037]    The objects of the present invention are achieved by forcing fluids in the flow-through cavitation apparatus  10 ,  70  to induce reactions and/or processes and/or change the properties of these fluids. The hydrodynamic nanocavitation process assumes the formation of vapor-filled bubbles ranging in diameter from nanometers to microns or larger within the fluid when accelerated to a proper velocity. The phenomenon is called cavitation, because cavities form when the liquid pressure has been reduced to its vapor pressure. The bubbles expand and suddenly collapse upon reaching a high-pressure zone. The violent implosion causes a spike in pressure and temperature and intense shearing forces, resulting in reactions, mixing, emulsion formation and other effects. 
         [0038]    Usually, when a multi-component fluidic mixture moves through a multi-stage cavitation apparatus the most volatile components will form vapor bubbles first and the other components will follow in the order of increasing boiling points. With the proposed chamber-in-chamber device  10 ,  70  the components will form vapor bubbles leading to different reactions in different chambers and exhibit the different behavior, depending on the value of angles α and β, the size and direction of openings, the properties of material from which the device  10 ,  70  is made, the rate of heat exchange and other characteristics. 
         [0039]    A first preferred embodiment of the flow-through, multi-stage, chamber-in-chamber nanocavitation mixer apparatus  10  is depicted in  FIGS. 1-3 . The various parts of the apparatus  10  can be fabricated from a STELLITE® alloy, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass, silver, zinc, nickel, PTFE, FEP or other fluoropolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), PEEK, PBAT, PETG, PVC, polycarbonates, acrylic materials, polycrystalline diamond or other finished or unfinished metals and material(s) with the required thermal conductivity an/or optical transparency. The apparatus  10  comprises a housing  12  having an inlet pipe  14  and an outlet pipe  16  for connecting in-line with an industrial pipeline (not shown). Housing  12  can have a circular, elliptical or polygonal cross-section and may be provided with gas/liquid inlet port(s) (not shown). 
         [0040]    The housing  12  encloses a working chamber  18  that contains alternating radial flow guide  20  and central flow guide  22 . The flow guides  20  and  22  are shaped as truncated circular, elliptical or polygonal cones depending upon the desired cross-sectional shape. Every flow guide  20 ,  22  comprises beaded flanges  24  for aligning the guides  20 ,  22  within the housing  12 . The flow guides  20 ,  22  are disposed within the working chamber  18  in a fully or partially nested, concentric configuration about a central axis  26  of the device  10 . The exterior angle α between the central axis  26  and the exterior tapered conical surfaces  28  of the flow guides  20 ,  22  may comprise any angle between 0 and 180 degrees (0°&lt;α&lt;180°). The interior angle β between the central axis  26  and the interior tapered conical surface  28   a  of the flow guides  20 ,  22  may also comprise any angle between 0 and 180 degrees (0°&lt;β&lt;180°). In a preferred embodiment, such exterior angle α is preferably an obtuse angle) (90°&lt;α&lt;180°) and such interior angle β is preferably an acute angle (0°&lt;β&lt;90°). In a particularly preferred embodiment, the exterior angle α is between 115 and 150 degrees (115°&lt;α&lt;150°) and the interior angle β is between 25 and 60 degrees (25°&lt;β&lt;60°). The angles α and β and not required to be supplementary angles, meaning that the sum of angles α and β can differ from 180° if the thickness of flow guides  20 , 22  varies along the tapered conical surfaces, i.e., the interior and exterior tapered conical surfaces are not parallel. The flow guides  20 ,  22  are preferably manufactured from materials with a relatively high thermal conductivity. If cavitation is expected to be accompanied by the emission of light, the flow guides are preferably manufactured from materials transparent to UV and/or visible light. The tapered conical surfaces  28  of the flow guides  20 ,  22  may be provided with grooves and/or protrusions to increase the effect on fluid pressure as described below. These grooves and/or protrusions may comprise concentric terrace folds or radial linear, wavy or spiral ribs. 
         [0041]    As mentioned above, the flow guides  20 ,  22  are disposed in an alternating pattern. The first upstream flow guide  20 , referred to as a radial flow guide, includes radial openings  30  disposed on the beaded flanges  24 . The radial openings  30  may be circular, rectangular, trapezoidal, slotted and/or any different shape in the beaded flange  24 . The second downstream flow guide  22 , referred to as a central flow guide, includes a central opening  32  disposed at the peak of the cone comprising the flow guide  22 . The radial flow guides  20  and central flow guides  22  continue in this alternating pattern through the working chamber  18 . Each central flow guide  22  is separated from a downstream radial flow guide  20  by a spacer ring  34 . The spacer ring  34  is either detachable or permanently fixed to a flow guide  20 ,  22  or housing  12 , depending on the number of flow guides  20 ,  22  and the engineering design solutions. 
         [0042]    A hollow cylinder  36  is disposed and tightly fitted in the central opening  32  of the central flow guide  22 . The hollow cylinder  36  is fitted tightly against an inner peak surface  38  on the upstream radial flow guide  20  and is provided with side wall openings  40  ( FIG. 2 ). The side wall openings  40  can be positioned at any location on the side wall of the hollow cylinder  36 . The hollow cylinder  36  can have a circular, elliptical or polygonal cross-section. In the above-described configuration, the hollow cylinder  36  is mounted between two adjacent flow guides  20 ,  22  as depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0043]    The side wall openings  40  can be identical or have different shapes, as described below, and can be arranged in rows, columns, triangles, circles, squares, stars, crosses and/or other patterns. The axes of the side wall openings  40  can be aligned parallel to the radius of the cylinder  36  or be canted relative the central axis  26  of the cylinder  36  or the flow direction. For example, the side wall openings  40  may be canted clockwise or counterclockwise relative to the central axis  26  to produce corresponding clockwise or counterclockwise vortex jet streams within the hollow cylinder  36 . The canted angle(s) can be the same for all side wall openings  40  or different for each side wall opening  40  and/or the group of side wall openings  40 . The directions of flow jets resulting from some side wall openings  40  in a particular hollow cylinder  36  can be identical or opposite when compared to the directions of the flow jets coming off other side wall openings  40  on the same hollow cylinder  36 . The inlets and outlets of side wall openings  40  can be round, square, rectangular, oval, star-like, slotted and/or virtually any other shape. The channels  42  of side wall openings  40  can be shaped as cylinders, cones, pyramids, Venturi tubes, an S-shape and/or have contraction(s) and/or expansion(s). 
         [0044]    Since the cylinder  36  also functions as a spacer, spacer  34  is only required downstream of central flow guides  22  and not radial flow guides  20 . Co-axial disc  44  is disposed in central opening  32  and abuts against hollow cylinder  36 . The co-axial disc  44  is provided with channel(s)  46 . The channels  46  of the disc  44  can be of the same or different shapes and/or sizes and can be arranged in groups. The openings of the channels  46  may be circular, oval, triangular, square, rectangular, slotted, trapezoidal, hexagonal, cross-shaped, diamond-shaped, heart-shaped, dumbbell-shaped, star-shaped, freeform-shaped, or any other known shape such as cloud, heart, leaf, etc. The cross-sections of the channels  46  and their openings can be shaped as a circle, star, square, rectangle or triangle or have a different shape. The channels  46  can cross within the body of the disc  44 . Alternatively, the extended central axes of these channels  46  can cross outside the body of the disc  44 . The superficial openings of the channels  46  can be spread evenly over the surfaces of the disc  44  or arranged in patterns. Hollow cylinder  36  and disc  44  are attached to each other and flow guides  20 ,  22 , respectively, by means of threaded joints, tight fitting, gluing, magnetic force, stud(s) or other known methods. 
         [0045]    After the alternating series of flow guides  20 ,  22  and associated elements is a diffuser  48  disposed in end cap  50  that includes outlet pipe  16 . The diffuser  48  is preferably conical in shape and may be configured in varied cross-sectional shapes, such as circular, elliptical or polygonal as the housing  12  or the flow guides  20 ,  22 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , in an alternate embodiment, the diffuser  48  can house a baffle body  52  shaped as, for example, a pyramid, cone, semi-sphere, cube or differently shaped body. With this baffle body  52 , the end cap  50  preferably includes end disc  54  provided with channels  56 . The baffle body  52  is mounted on end disc  54  and is shaped as described. The channels  56  are disposed on the end disc  54  such that their openings are proximate to the edge of the baffle body  52 . Strips  58  for generating acoustic vibrations are attached to the inner surface of outlet pipe  16 . Such strips  58  may be attached by screws or by other known means. Strips  58  may be made from metal, plastic or other materials and have a profiled surface. The free end  58   a  of strip  58  is preferably sharp and positioned adjacent channels  56 . Therefore, the number of strips  58  is equal to or less than the number of channels  56  in end disc  54 . 
         [0046]    The device  10  may be fully or partially made from materials having a high thermal conductivity. This high thermal conductivity will augment the effectiveness of the heat exchange properties described elsewhere herein. The device  10  may also be fully or partially fabricated from antibacterial, germicidal, antifungal and/or antiseptic materials. These materials preferably comprise copper, brass, copper alloys, zinc, nickel, silver and/or composite materials, including metal particles, nanomaterials and nanoparticles. 
         [0047]    The device  10  works as follows: fluid is fed into inlet pipe  14  by an upstream discharge pump, a downstream sucking pump or a similar mechanism. The fluid then moves through expanding ring channel  60 , which is formed radially around the surface of the first upstream radial flow guide  20 . From the inlet pipe  14 , the fluid flow first encounters the peak of the first upstream radial flow guide  20 . From this point, the fluid flow moves along the tapered conical surface  28  which, with the inner wall of the housing  12 , defines the first expanding ring channel  60   a . As the fluid flow moves through this first expanding ring channel  60   a , the fluid flow approaches the beaded flange  24  and radial openings  30  therein. When the fluid enters the radial openings  30  the formation of vortices and cavitation bubbles may occur. Depending on fluidic flow properties, the bubbles may implode in downstream chamber  62  resulting in the formation of numerous minute nuclei, i.e., submicron bubbles. 
         [0048]    The fluid enriched with these submicron bubbles moves through the first tapering ring channel  60   b , defined by the interior tapered conical surface  28   a  of the first upstream radial flow guide  20  and the exterior tapered conical surface  28  of the adjacent downstream central flow guide  22 , and toward the first hollow cylinder  36 . The pressure of the fluid gradually decreases while it travels through this tapering ring channel  60   b  because of the decreasing cross-sectional area. As a result of this pressure decrease, the minute nuclei give a rise to plentiful cavitation bubbles. The bubbles expand enhancing the downstream cavitation field intensity. The fluid then enters hollow cylinder  36  through side wall openings  40  and channels  42 , collide with fluid from other side wall openings  40  inside the hollow cylinder  36  and forms a single vortex flow that flows through channels  46  in the co-axial disc  44 . Flowing through channels  46  significantly intensifies bubble formation and growth. 
         [0049]    The fluid then travels through a second expanding ring channel  60   c  similar to the first expanding ring channel  60   a . As the bubbles move along the channel  60   c , the hydrostatic pressure increases until a point is reached where the pressure on the outside of the bubble is greater than the pressure on the inside. The cavitation bubbles pulsate and implode releasing energy and heating the fluid. This intensifies processing and allows carrying out target reactions. The flow then enters a second tapered ring channel  60   d  similar to the first tapered ring channel  60   b . This process repeats according to the number of flow guides  20 ,  22  in the working chamber  18 . 
         [0050]    Interlacing flow guides  20 ,  22  allows prompt heat transfer from ring channels  60  featuring gradually increasing and decreasing cross-sectional area and fluidic pressure in alternating channels. When the cavitation bubbles implode, heat is transferred to adjacent ring channels  60 . The flow moves through the alternating ring channels  60 , i.e., from the radial openings to the apex gradually accelerating and from the apex to the radial openings gradually decelerating. In the former, the fluid becoming enriched with cavitation bubbles and, in the latter, the cavitation bubbles imploding resulting in localized pressure and temperature increases. This particular feature makes the present device unique and especially suitable for the treatment of thermo-sensitive and flammable fluids of a high value. 
         [0051]    The heat transfer between neighboring ring channels  60  with changing cross-sectional areas is determined by the thermal conductivity and surface area of the flow guides  20 ,  22 , the flow velocity and other fluid parameters and conditions. The transferred heat enhances the efficiency of cavitation-assisted treatment by lowering the cavitation threshold in bordering zones. It should be emphasized that the heat exchange between the high-pressure and low-pressure chambers allows for the advanced control of cavitation making the present device  10  especially suitable for processing thermal sensitive biological fluids and pharmaceuticals, preheating of viscous liquids such as crude oil, diesel and vegetable oils, treating flammable organic solvents, etc. The important advantage of the device&#39;s distinct chamber-in-chamber design is the apparatus&#39; reduced length, which is approximately equal to one-half that of traditional flow-through cavitation devices. 
         [0052]    After passing through the upstream elements of the device  10 , the flow passes around baffle body  52  in end cap  50 , where it enters channels  56  of disc  54 . The fluid then reaches sharpened strips  58  forming oscillating vortices. Cavitation inception is likely to occur on the vibrating strip  58 , provided sufficient amplitude and acceleration is generated. With vortex pulsation frequency reaching intrinsic frequencies of the strips  58 , resonance is established and the pulsation amplitude escalates. There is a further drop in pressure due to shock and turbulence. The vibration of strips  58  generates acoustic oscillations and vortices in the flow. The outcome of all these pressure drops is the creation of low-pressure regions in the proximity to the vibrating strips, which promote the formation of cavitation bubbles that implode in outlet pipe  16 . 
         [0053]    In order to create the conditions that are most suitable for nucleation, formation, growth, pulsation, rupture and the collapse of cavitation bubbles, the present device comprises a stack of the conical low-pressure chambers  60   b ,  60   d , etc., interlaced with the conical high-pressure chambers  60   a ,  60   c , etc. The first preferred embodiment of the device  10  provides at least one cavitation zone, preferably more than one. The exact location and the number of cavitation zones depends on the device&#39;s design and the fluidic flow properties. The number of sets comprised of one radial flow guide  20 , one central flow guide  22 , one hollow cylinder  36  and one co-axial disc  44  in the device  10  depicted in  FIG. 1  is at least one. This design allows adding any number of such sets to create additional cavitation zones. One of the numerous advantages of the preferred embodiment is its versatility in respect to fluid feeding. The device  10  can be used in reverse mode by feeding fluid in outlet pipe  16 , assuming the flow moves directionally from right to left. 
         [0054]    The second preferred embodiment of the device  70  is shown in  FIGS. 4-6  can also be made of STELLITE® alloy, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass, silver, zinc, nickel, PTFE, FEP or other fluoropolymers, Plexiglas, PEEK, PBAT, PETG, PVC, polycarbonates, acrylic materials, polycrystalline diamond or other finished or unfinished material(s). The device  70  comprises a housing  72 , an inlet pipe  74  and an outlet pipe  76  for connecting in-line with an industrial pipeline (not shown). This embodiment of the device  70  is characterized by a 90° exterior right angle α′ between a central axis  78  and a facing surface  80   a  of radial flow guide  80 . 
         [0055]    The flange  74   a  of inlet pipe  74  and the first downstream radial flow guide  80  are separated by circular channel  82   a . Assuming fluidic flow from left to right, the flow moves radially from the central axis  78  to the side wall of the housing  72  in this circular channel  82   a . Radial flow guide  80  and a downstream bushing or central flow guide  84  are separated by circular channel  82   b  wherein flow moves from the side wall of the housing  72  to the central axis  78 . A spacer ring  90 , which comprises an annular ring the size of the diameter of the housing  72  having a large central opening, is disposed between each radial flow guide  80  and central flow guide  84  pair. A spacer ring  90  is also disposed between the flange  74   a  of the inlet  84  and the first guide  80 , as well as the flange  76   a  of the outlet  76  and the last guide  80 . 
         [0056]    Each radial flow guide  80  is provided with radial openings  86  and radial wings  88  for aligning the guide  80  within housing  70 . Alternatively, radial flow guides  80  can be provided with slotted openings that can be arranged in patterns. The angles between the faces of guides  80 ,  84  and the central axis  78  are all right angles. The diameter of the channels  82  is equal to the diameter of the central opening of spacer ring  90 . The width of the channels  82  is equal to the width of spacer ring  90 . The bushing or central flow guide  84  has a central opening  92  shaped as a circle, oval, triangle, square, rectangle, trapezoid, diamond, heart, hexagon, multi-pointed star, cross, dumbbell, slot, leaf, cloud or any other free form shape. One of the numerous advantages of the device  70  of the second preferred embodiment is its versatility in respect to the direction of flow. Since the device comprises identical sets of flow pressure-affecting elements it can be used in reverse mode by feeding fluid in outlet pipe  76 , assuming the flow moves from right to left. 
         [0057]    The cavitation mixing device  70  manufactured in accordance with the second preferred embodiment functions as follows: fluid fed in inlet pipe  74  with an upstream discharge pump and/or downstream suction pump moves through first narrow circular channel  82   a  forming cavitation bubbles. The fluid then flows through radial openings  86  made in guide  80  which results in a decrease of the rate of fluidic flow and the implosion of numerous cavitation bubbles. The flow enriched with tiny gas nuclei enters downstream channel  82   b . The tiny bubbles readily grow and pulsate while flowing through the channel  82   b . The formed bubbles implode in opening  92   a  releasing a significant amount of energy and enriching the flow with nuclei. After passing sequentially through a plurality of alternating upstream elements of the device  70 , the flow exits the device  70  through outlet pipe  76  that can be connected to a sucking pump, if needed. 
         [0058]    The last circular channel  82   z  can house a baffle body such as a pyramid, cone, semi-spherical body, cube or a body of different shape as in the alternate embodiment depicted in  FIG. 3 . The outlet pipe  76  of the second preferred embodiment can be configured as depicted in  FIG. 3  to accommodate this structure. When configured in this alternate embodiment, the outlet pipe  16  is replaced by a structure similar to end cap  50  that includes an outlet pipe  16 . The diffuser  48  of the end cap  50  can house a baffle body  52  as described. An end disc  54  provided with channels  56  is disposed immediately downstream of the baffle body  52  such that the channels  56  are proximate to the edge of the baffle body  52 . This alternate construction of the outlet pipe  76  may or may not include the vibrating strips  58  as described above. 
         [0059]    The exact location and the number of cavitation zones provided by the second preferred embodiment may vary depending on the fluidic flow properties and device&#39;s design, for example the cross-sectional area of circular channels  82 , radial openings  86 , and central openings  92 . Guides  80 ,  84  of the apparatus transfer heat from hot zones to cooler regions. 
         [0060]    The devices  10 ,  70  are used for carrying into effect the present invention. Fluids can be treated continuously or periodically by passing them through the multi-stage chamber-in-chamber device  10 ,  70  comprised of the bubble generating zones, as well as the higher-pressure chambers meant for their implosion. The device  10 ,  70  can be placed anywhere around a manufacturing, processing or production site. The placement of one device  10 ,  70  can be combined with the placement of one or more other devices. 
         [0061]    The bubbles&#39; implosion results in the release of a significant amount of energy that drives reactions and processes and heats the fluid. The size of the bubbles depends on the properties of the fluid, the design of the cavitation device, the pump pressure and other fluid conditions. In practice, the pump pressure is gradually increased until a cavitation field of proper intensity is established. In addition to determining the size, concentration and composition of the bubbles, and, as a consequence, the amount of released energy, the inlet pressure governs the outcome of triggered reactions. 
         [0062]    The preferred embodiments of the present invention optimize the cavitation to afford uniform cavitation of fluids and hence, alteration thereof, by applying the most suitable pump pressure. The cavitation employed in accordance with the preferred embodiments of the present invention is achieved with a pump pressure selected from the range of approximately 25-5,000 psi to afford the highest efficiency of the treatment. However, as one familiar in the art can imagine, different media require different energies obtained through cavitation in order for their alteration to occur. Therefore, this range is in no way intended to limit use of the present invention. 
         [0063]    It becomes an equipment cost decision which device  10 ,  70  to employ, since a number of approaches are technically feasible, whether for large scale upgrading or the treatment of small batches. One approach for ensuring the best conditions is to create uniform cavitation throughout the fluid flow to avoid wasting energy. Additional lines and skid systems can be added to scale up the production capacity. These systems can be easily mounted and transported, making them suitable for both production and transportation. 
         [0064]    The beneficial effects gained through the present invention cannot be achieved with a rotor-stator cavitation or sonic-/ultrasonic-induced cavitation because the conditions created by using the inventive apparatus  10 ,  70  cannot be duplicated by other means. For example, cavitation bubbles form a barrier to transmission and attenuate sonic waves due to scattering and diversion, limiting the effectiveness of sonic-/ultrasonic-induced cavitation. Furthermore, ultrasonic radiation modifies liquid at specific locations, depending on the frequency, interference patterns and the source&#39;s power. The present invention overcomes these limitations, changing the composition of fluid in a uniform adjustable manner by supplying enough energy to drive target reactions and processes. Therefore, the inventive device  10 ,  70  provides a superior means of upgrading fluids and producing unrivalled emulsions and dispersions. 
         [0065]    The present invention uses the energy released as a result of the cavitation bubbles&#39; implosion to alter fluids. Hydrodynamic cavitation is the formation of vapor-filled cavities in the fluid flow followed by the collapse of the bubbles in a high-pressure zone. In practice, the process is carried out as follows: the fluid is fed in the device&#39;s inlet passage. In the localized zone the flow accelerates causing its static pressure to drop resulting in the formation of bubbles composed of the vapors of compounds that vaporize under the specific conditions. When the bubbles move to the zone wherein the flow pressure increases, the bubbles collapse, exposing the vapors found within to high pressure and temperature, shearing forces, shock waves and/or electromagnetic radiation. Each bubble represents an independent miniature reactor, in which chemical and physical alterations take place. The resulting pressures and temperatures are significantly higher than those in many industrial processes. The further transformation of fluid results from the reactions and processes occurring in the adjacent layers of vapor/liquid. 
         [0066]    The preferred embodiments of the present invention apply optimized levels of both pressure and temperature via the controlled flow-through cavitation and heat transfer from high-temperature zones to cooler regions. The process is independent of external conditions and provides a means for changing the chemical composition, physical properties and/or other characteristics of fluidic mixtures uniformly throughout the flow. In addition, important economic benefits are experienced through implementing the present invention. The optimized usage of a flow-through cavitation device serves to lower equipment, handling and energy costs, as it improves efficiency and productivity of the treatment. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0067]    Intense localized heat released because of micro jet formation and compression of cavitation bubbles followed by the implosion of the bubbles, excite molecules existing in the vapor phase and the adjacent layers of surrounding fluid transiently enriched with the high-boiling ingredient(s), thereby driving target reactions and processes. 
       Example 1 
       [0068]    Since emulsion stability is affected by mixing time and intensity, cavitation devices can be compared by determining the stability of water/oil emulsions prepared with these systems, measuring the fading of dyes due to the cavitation-induced formation of peroxide in aqueous solutions or carrying out iodide oxidation in the accordance with the Weissler reaction (Chen and Tao, 2005; Morison and Hutchinson, 2009; Wang et al, 2009). 
         [0069]    The stability of prepared emulsions was characterized with a coefficient k t , value for which was calculated by using the following expression: k t =V o /V, where V o  is the volume of oil separated from the emulsion at time t and V is the total volume. Emulsions were prepared with a cavitation device  70  similar to that shown in  FIG. 4  wherein the number of radial plates  80 , was 6, the number of central flow plates  84  was 6 and the width of the spacer rings  90  was 0.9 mm. First, vegetable oil was added to an equal amount of water followed by mechanical agitation at 20° C. for 10 min. Second, the mixture was fed in the inventive device  70  at a pump pressure of 235 psi and a rate of 26 gallons per minute and subjected to either 2 or 20 passes through the device  70 . Then 100 ml of the prepared emulsion was transferred to a transparent measuring cylinder. The value of coefficient k t  was determined at different times (Table 1). The obtained data confirm that water/oil emulsions prepared with no surfactants by using the present device are more stable than those prepared by mechanical agitation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 t 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0.5 min 
                 30 min 
                 1 h 
                 2 h 
                 3 h 
                 4 h 
                 6 h 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2 Passes 
                 0.00 
                 0.08 
                 0.22 
                 0.35 
                 0.43 
                 0.48 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 k t , 
               
               
                 20 Passes 
                 0.00 
                 0.12 
                 0.18 
                 0.24 
                 0.28 
                 0.30 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 k t , 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
       [0070]    Values for cavitation number, calculated with program ANSYS for the chamber-in-chamber cavitation device  10  (length 20 cm, diameter 15 cm, inlet pressure 690 psi) which is similar to the apparatus shown in  FIG. 1 , were 0.88 and 0.12 for the zones located downstream of the first and second openings  46 , respectively, assuming flow moves from left to right. 
       Example 3 
       [0071]    Values for cavitation number, calculated with program ANSYS for the cavitation device  70  shown in  FIG. 4  provided with 4 radial flow plates  80  and 3 central flow plates  84  at inlet pressure of 499 psi, were 0.95, 0.74, 0.59, 0.15 and 0.89, 0.66, 0.38, 0.08 in the first, second, third and forth radial openings  86  and first, second and third central openings  92 , and outlet pipe  76 , respectively, for each successive flow plate  80 ,  84 , assuming flow moves from left to right. 
         [0072]    Although the description above contains much specificity, this description should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but as merely providing illustrations of some of the preferred embodiments of the present invention offering many potential uses for the products of the invention. The readers should comprehend that many other embodiments of the present invention are possible as understood by those skilled in this art. For example, there are many approaches to creating cavitation in fluids in addition to the ones described above. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be determined solely by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the given examples. 
         [0073]    Although several embodiments of the invention have been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications of each may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited, except as by the appended claims.