Abstract:
RF repeater circuits may be used to regenerate an RF signal. A method and apparatus is described for regenerating a received RF signal the RF signal comprising a plurality of channels, each channel comprising a plurality of channel symbols, the method comprising producing a digitized RF signal from the received RF signal, extracting spectral information of each of the channels from the digitized RF signal, recovering one or more channel symbols from each of the plurality of channels, remodulating the channel symbols, and converting the remodulated channel symbols to an analog signal resulting in a regenerated RF signal.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of European patent application no. 12290457.6, filed on Dec. 21, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     This invention relates to radio frequency (RF) repeater circuits for regenerating an RF signal. 
     RF repeater circuits are used to regenerate an RF signal, which is transmitted over some distance, for example mobile phone signals transmitted over a mobile phone network and Cable TV transmission signals. These RF signals typically include a number of channels of information represented by channel symbols that are modulated onto the RF signal using a number of well-known techniques such as Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM), Phase shift keying (PSK) and Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). These channels may, for example, carry voice data for a particular call in the case of a mobile telephone network or the information for a particular TV channel when transmitted along a cable. 
     US 2003/0114103A1 describes a repeater system for transmitting and receiving RF signals to and from an area obstructed by a mountain, a building, etc. One antenna is linked to the base station antenna of, for example, a cell in a cellular network, and another antenna is directed to the obstructed area. Signals are received by one antenna from the base station antenna and digitally separated into a number of different frequency channels. The separated channels are then transmitted by the other antenna into the obstructed area to mobile users. Also, signals from the mobile users are received by one of the antennas and similarly digitally separated into different frequency channels and transmitted to the base station antenna for delivery to a communication network. 
     US 2011/0085477A1 describes a repeater system for a wireless communication system. The repeater system uses an analog frequency converter and digital down and up converter in order to allow the processing of the repeated signal in a relatively low frequency, in the 30 MHz range, and in a digital rather than in analog form. The repeater system also provides a programmable multi-band filter, which can identify and suppress out of band noises to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. However, the Noise Factor of the channel itself does not improve, since the filtering only suppresses noise occurring at out-of-band frequencies, and not within the channel. 
     Various aspects of the invention are defined in the accompanying claims. In a first aspect there is defined a radio-frequency (RF) repeater for regenerating a received RF signal, the RF signal comprising a plurality of channels, each channel comprising a plurality of channel symbols, the radio-frequency repeater comprising: an input for receiving the received RF signal, an analog to digital convertor coupled to the input and operable to output a digitized RF signal, a spectrum processor coupled to the analog to digital convertor and operable to extract spectral information of each of the plurality of channels from the digitized RF signal, a channel symbol extraction module coupled to the spectrum processor and operable to recover and extract one or more channel symbols from each of the plurality of channels, a RF signal regenerator coupled to the channel symbol recovery module and operable to remodulate the one or more recovered channel symbols in each of the plurality of channels and output a digitized regenerated RF signal, and a digital to analog convertor coupled to the RF signal regenerator and operable to convert the digitized regenerated RF signal to a regenerated RF signal for transmission. 
     The full spectrum of a received RF signal may be processed by digitizing the signal using a single high performance wideband ADC, and then by performing full or partial demodulation of the channels, first by spectral processing of the RF signal and extracting the channel symbols from the channels, followed by regenerating the signal by remodulation of the extracted channel symbols and then converting back to an analog RF signal for transmission with a wideband DAC. This results in an improved noise factor for a channel. For a single high-performance wideband ADC which can capture the full bandwidth of the RF signal, the incoming signal may be processed without down-conversion to an intermediate frequency or splitting the signal into a number of channels that are processed in separate signal paths or datapaths through the circuit. In the case of cable TV applications, the signals that can be processed by a single wideband ADC may be in the range of 40 MHz to 1.1 GHz. 
     Embodiments may also include signal conditioning circuit arranged in the signal path between the input and the analog to digital convertor, the signal conditioning circuit comprising an amplifier coupled to an equalizer. 
     The amplifier and equalizer can adapt the received RF signal to the input signal range of the analog to digital convertor. 
     In embodiments the spectrum processor comprises a Fourier transform module which may implement a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The Discrete Fourier Transform may be implemented as a fast Fourier transform algorithm. 
     In embodiments, the spectrum processor is arranged to process the spectrum of a RF signal comprising a plurality of channels modulated by Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation, or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. The spectrum processor may apply a window to the RF signal prior to the Fourier transform operation having a window bandwidth factor of K and the spectrum is processed by adjusting the numbers of points Npts of the Fourier transform according to the relationship:
 
 K *(Sample frequency/Npts)=Channel bandwidth
 
     The window bandwidth factor K may be defined in units of the number of Fourier transform output bins. 
     In embodiments, the Fourier transform module is operable to apply windowing to the digitized RF signal, wherein the Window Bandwidth is equal to the Channel Bandwidth. 
     In embodiments, the channel extraction module is operable to calculate the average amplitude and phase of each channel symbol. In embodiments the channel symbol extraction module is further operable to apply a correction to the amplitude and phase of each channel symbol to locate the symbol correctly within a predefined symbol constellation. 
     The channel extraction allows amplitude and phase errors to be corrected without fully decoding the channel symbols, for example by locating on the QAM symbol constellation, so reducing the in-band channel noise. 
     In embodiments the RF signal regenerator further comprises a correction module, arranged between an inverse Fourier transform module and the digital to analog convertor, wherein the -correction module is operable to alter the phase and/or amplitude of each channel symbol. The correction module may allow compensation for the track and hold behaviour of the digital to analog conversion. 
     In some embodiments the spectrum processor is arranged to process the spectrum of a RF signal comprising a plurality of channels modulated by OFDM modulation and the Fourier transform module is operable to apply a FFT operation on each sub carrier of the RF signal. 
     In embodiments arranged to process OFDM signals, the channel symbol extraction module is operable to extract channel symbols from each of the sub channels of the RF signal. 
     In embodiments arranged to process QAM or PSK modulated RF signals the RF signal regenerator further comprises a channel relocator operable to set the amplitude and phase of the central frequency and to scale the amplitude of each of the plurality of channels. This equalizes the channels in the regenerated RF signal. 
     In embodiments arranged to process OFDM signals, the RF signal regenerator further comprises a channel relocator operable to set the amplitude and phase of the central frequency of all sub-carriers. 
     In embodiments the RF signal regenerator comprises an Inverse Fourier Transform Module. 
     In embodiments the RF repeater is operable to regenerate an RF signal with a central carrier frequency of at least one of the plurality of channels which is different to the central carrier frequency of the corresponding at least one channel of the received RF signal. The RF signal generator may regenerate an RF signal with channels on different carrier frequencies than the received RF signal. This can be used to improve signal to noise ratio caused by interference on a particular carrier frequency or path propagation characteristics. For example in a cable transmission system there may be more attenuation at some points within the frequency spectrum. 
     In embodiments the RF signal regenerator may comprise a channel decoder coupled to the channel symbol extraction module, a forward error correction module coupled to the channel decoder, a channel encoder coupled to the forward error correction module and a channel relocator coupled to the channel encoder, wherein the RF signal generator module is further operable to perform error correction on each recovered channel symbol. By adding full channel decoding, error correction and re-encoding, the bit error rate of a repeater may be reduced for each channel in addition to the noise factor. 
     In a second aspect there is described a method of regenerating a received radio-frequency (RF) signal, the RF signal comprising a plurality of channels, each channel comprising a plurality of channel symbols, the method comprising producing a digitized RF signal from the received RF signal, extracting spectral information of each of the channels from the digitized RF signal, recovering one or more channel symbols from each of the plurality of channels, remodulating the channel symbols, and converting the remodulated channel symbols to an analog signal resulting in a regenerated RF signal. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention are now described in detail, by way of example only, illustrated by the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a known repeater for a cable TV network. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a repeater for a cable TV network according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  shows a repeater for a cable TV network according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a repeater for a system using an OFDM modulation scheme according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a repeater with channel decoding and symbol error correction according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a known RF repeater  100  for a cable TV system. A first terminal of first diplexer  10  is connected to an input of a low noise amplifier  12 . The output of the low noise amplifier  12  is connected to an equalizer  14 . The output of the equalizer  14  is connected to the input of amplifier  16 . The output of amplifier  16  is connected to a first terminal of a second diplexer  18 . The output of amplifier  16  is connected to an input of a spectrum analyzer  20 . The output of low noise amplifier  16  is connected to a first input of a maintenance channel processor  22 . The amplifier  12 , equalizer  14  and low noise amplifier  16  may form a signal conditioning circuit. A first output of the spectrum analyzer  20  is connected to a second input of maintenance channel processor  22 . A second output of the spectrum analyzer  20  is connected to a control input of equalizer  14 . The maintenance channel may be a dedicated channel for controlling the path from broadcaster to end customer. The maintenance channel processor  22  is connected to upstream processor  24 . The upstream processor  24  may process the return path from customer to broadcaster, for example in internet applications. The first terminal of the first diplexer  10  is connected to maintenance channel processor  22 . The first output of upstream processor  24  is connected to a second terminal of first diplexer  10 . Upstream processor  24  is connected to a second terminal of second diplexer  18 . RF signals from a cable television transmission may be received on an input connected to the third terminal of first diplexer  10 . RF signals from a cable television transmission may be retransmitted on an output connected to the third terminal of second diplexer  18 . 
     An incoming RF signal on third terminal of first diplexer  10  is routed through to the input of the low noise amplifier  12  and the spectrum analyzer  20 . The spectrum analyzer  20  may control the behaviour of the equalizer  14  dependent on the content of the RF signal. The low noise amplifier  12 , the equalizer  14 , and the amplifier  16 , together behave as a signal conditioner. The regenerated RF signal generated from the output of the amplifier  16  is transmitted to the further cable via the third terminal of the second diplexer  18 . In cable TV applications, frequencies may range from between 40 MHz and 1.1 GHz. Any RF return signals are received at an input connected to the third terminal of diplexer  18 . The return signals are routed to upstream processor  24  and then to the first diplexer  10 . Return signals may be output from the third terminal of first diplexer  10 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a RF repeater  200  for a cable TV system according to an embodiment. A first terminal of first diplexer  30  is connected to an input of a low noise amplifier  32 . The output of the low noise amplifier  32  is connected to an equalizer  34 . The output of equalizer  34  is connected to the input of an amplifier  36 . The output of low noise amplifier  36  is connected to a first terminal of a second diplexer  38 . The output of low noise amplifier  36  may be connected to an analog to digital convertor  40 . The output of the analog to digital convertor  40  may be connected to spectrum processor  42 . The output of Spectrum processor  42  may be connected to the input of modulation symbol extractor  44 . The output of modulation symbol extractor  44  may be connected to the input of RF signal regenerator  46 . The output of RF signal regenerator module  46  may be connected to an input of digital to analog convertor  48 . The analog output of the digital to analog convertor  48  may be connected to a first terminal of second diplexer  38 . A second terminal of diplexer  38  may be connected to upstream processor  50 . A first output of upstream processor  50  may be connected to a second terminal of the first diplexer  30 . Upstream processor  30  may also be connected to maintenance processor by a bidirectional signal. A second output of Spectrum processor  42  may be connected to an input of spectrum analyzer  54  and a first input of a maintenance channel processor  52 . A first output of the spectrum analyzer  54  may be connected to a second input of maintenance channel processor  52 . A second output of the spectrum analyzer  54  may be connected to a control input of the equalizer  34 . 
     An RF signal carrying a multitude of channels may be received on the third terminal of the first diplexer  30 . The channel information may be modulated on the carrier signal using a Quadrature Amplitude QAM modulation scheme. The channel bandwidth in this case may be approximately 1.2 times the symbol rate. For example, the digital transmission standard for cable television defined in Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers standard ANSI/SCTE 07 2006 defines a channel bandwidth of 6 MHz and a symbol rate of 5.056941 Msps (+/−5 ppm) for a 64 QAM modulation and a channel bandwidth of 6 MHz and a symbol rate of 5.360537 Msps+/−5 ppm for a 256 QAM modulation. The RF signal maybe routed to the input of the low noise amplifier  32  and through the equalizer  34  and amplifier  36 . The low noise amplifier  32 , equalizer  34  and amplifier  36  may condition the incoming RF signal to amplify and compensate for the high frequency tilt so that the signal will fit into the full range of the analog to digital converter  40  and thus take full advantage of the ADC resolution. 
     Analog to digital convertor  40  digitizes the QAM modulated RF signal. To digitize the full bandwidth in cable TV applications, the sample rate of the ADC may be greater than 2.2 GHz where the full spectrum has a bandwidth between 40 MHz and 1.1 GHz. The ADC may be a 10-bit ADC. 
     The spectrum of the digitized RF signal may then be processed by computing the Fourier transform of the signal using Spectrum processor  42 . The number of points (Npts) of the Fourier transform may be adjusted according to the required frequency resolution. If no windowing operation is performed then for a sample frequency Fs, an Npts Fourier transform operation is equivalent to Npts Sin(x)/x filters each filter of bandwidth Fs/Npts placed every Fs/Npts. 
     If a window operation is used, the FFT of Npts points is equivalent to Npts filters each of bandwidth K*Fs/Npts placed every Fs/Npts, where K is a window bandwidth factor defined in units of number of Fourier transform output bins. 
     The Fourier transform of the window is a low-pass filter with cut off frequency f c  denoted as LPF(f c ,0). The windowing FFT behaves like a bank of filters, centered to any bin of the FFT; these filters are the LPF(fc,0) filter shifted around the FFT output bins. Now assuming that FFT is continuously operating, then an FFT output bin is running over time. The following maths demonstrate that any FFT bin over time may be equivalent to a channel located at that frequency translated in baseband. 
     Let x(t) denote the RF signal, X(f) denote the Fourier transform of x(t), w(t) denote the window signal and W(f) denote the Fourier transform of the window signal w(t). 
     Assume X is the sum of channels centred at I·f c  and with f c  channel spacing, then:
 
 X ( f )=Σ A   i ( f−I·f   c )  with A   i ( f )=0 for  f&lt;f   c /2 and  f&gt;f   c /2  (Equation 1)
 
     Assuming that a window is a low pass filter of bandwidth f c :
 
 W ( f )=1 for − f   c /2&lt; f&lt;+f   c /2, 0 otherwise  (Equation 2)
 
     Assuming a continuous Fourier transform is run for a time u on signal x(t) windowed by w(t), then:
 
 XW ( u,f )=Fourier( x ( t )· w ( t·u ))
 
 XW ( u,f )= X ( f )*( W ( f )·exp(− j· 2· m·f·u ))
 
 XW ( u,f )=∫ X ( f−v )· W ( v )·exp(− j· 2· m·v·u )· dv  
 
 XW ( u,f )=Σ∫ A   i ( f−v−I·f   c )· W ( v )·exp((− j· 2·π· v·u )· dv  
 
     Now, considering any channel centre frequency f=i·f c  and noting that XW(u,i·f c )=XW i (u), then:
 
 XW   i ( u )=Σ∫ A   i (( i−I )* f   c   −v )· W ( v )·exp((− j· 2· m·v·u )· dv  
 
     And according to equations (1) and (2) XW i (u) becomes:
 
 XW   i ( u )=∫ A   i (− v )· W ( v )·exp(− j ·2·π· v·u )· dv  
 
 XW   i ( u )=∫ A   i ( v )· W ( v )·exp( j· 2· m·v·u )· dv   (Equation 3)
 
     Equation 3 is the inverse Fourier transform of channel i in baseband, i.e.:
 
 XW   i ( u )= A   i ( u )  (Equation 4)
 
     In the discrete time domain, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) operation can be used. Let Npts denote the size of discrete Fourier transform, K denote the bandwidth of the window in number of Fourier transform bins, T s  denote the sampling period and F s  denote the sampling frequency, where F s =1/T s . 
     The frequency resolution of the DFT is:
 
 f   r =1/( T   s ·Npts)
 
     Now, assuming that Ts, Npts are properly selected in order that
 
 K·f   r   =f   c  
 
     Then according to equation (3) the DFT bin located at frequency i·K·f r  images channel i in baseband over time. 
     Note that:
         a) The DFT should not be run every T s  period as the channel bandwidth is limited to f c .   b) The lowest rate for computing the DFT is
 
1/ f   c =1/( K·f   r )= T   s ·Npts/K  (Equation 5)
   c) According to equation (5) there must be at least K interleaved DFT operations.       

     The window may be applied to the digitized samples prior to FFT processing. The window bandwidth factor K depends on the type of window applied. Embodiments may use a Hanning window, a Hanning window or other window functions. The window increases the selectivity but at the cost of lower frequency resolution since the bandwidth is now K*F s /Npts. However, when the window bandwidth is close to the channel bandwidth then about 60 dB or 80 dB attenuation may be achieved resulting in better channel selectivity. Hence the number of sampling points Npts has to be adjusted according to the channel bandwidth (BWDchannel), and the window bandwidth (BWDwindow) according to the relationship
 
BWDchannel=BWDwindow= K *( F   s /Npts)
 
     Note that the Channel bandwidth BWDchannel is typically less than the channel frequency spacing f c . 
     Following spectrum processing by Spectrum processor  42  all channels are available, together with central frequency and phase information for each channel. Symbol extractor  44  may compute the average amplitude and phase information and then to apply a correction to map the modulation vector onto the constellation diagram. The channel symbols may then be passed to a FIFO to compensate for any symbol rate fluctuation. By relocating the symbol correctly on the constellation, the noise factor of the channel may be improved by reducing the in-band channel noise which is not possible with analog processing. Following symbol extraction the symbols are input to the RF signal regenerator module  46 . The regeneration module  46  may set the amplitude and phase of the central frequency. At that stage, some pre-equalization may be done by scaling higher amplitude signals. In case of continuous or sub-sampling processing, the regeneration module  46  may smooth the transition to the next symbol by some symbol shaping. The regeneration module  46  then applies an inverse FFT and outputs the data to digital to analog convertor  48 . The output of digital to analog convertor  48  may be a regenerated modulated RF signal. The regenerated signal may be transmitted through the second diplexer  18 . 
     Embodiments of the RF repeater may have a signal to noise ratio of 59 dB. Embodiments may not have an upstream channel or maintenance channel in which case maintenance channel processor  52  and upstream processor  50  may be omitted. In embodiments, one or more of the low noise amplifier  32 , equalize  34  and amplifier  36  may be omitted dependent on what signal conditioning is required prior to the analog to digital convertor  40 . 
     In embodiments the lowest FFT sample rate may be driven by the highest channel bandwidth and the channel bandwidth may be determined by the symbol rate. Spectrum processor  42  may have a sample frequency of twice the highest channel bandwidth. 
     Spectrum processor  42  may perform a FFT of 2048 points, at 32 MHz rate, assuming 512 channels, 8 MHz channel bandwidth, Windowing factor K of 4 FFT output bins and an oversampling channel of 4. 512*K=2048 &amp; 8 MHz*4=32 MHz. Interleaved FFT may be used to achieve the higher processing rate. The output of Spectrum processor  42  may be a 12-bit output. 
     The repeater  200  can improve the noise factor of the signal compared to previous repeaters since symbols are extracted, rescaled, realigned, relocated on the constellation and then resent or retransmitted. This may result in an improvement on signal to noise ratio and bit error rate. Embodiments may use other modulation schemes such as phase shift keying. 
       FIG. 3  shows a RF repeater  300  for a cable TV system according to an embodiment. A first terminal of first diplexer  30  is connected to an input of a low noise amplifier  32 . The output of low noise amplifier  32  is connected to equalizer  34 . The output of equalizer  34  is connected to the input of an amplifier  36 . The output of amplifier  36  is connected to a first terminal of a second diplexer  38 . The output of amplifier  36  may be connected to an analog to digital convertor  40 . The output of the analog to digital convertor  40  may be connected to Spectrum processor  42  for performing a fast Fourier transform operation. The output of Spectrum processor  42  may be connected to the input of modulation symbol extractor  44 . The output of modulation symbol extractor  44  may be connected to the input of channel relocator  56 . The output of channel relocator  56  may be connected to an input of pre-equalizer  58 . An output of pre-equalizer  58  may be connected to an input of symbol corrector  60 . An output of symbol corrector  60  may be connected to an input of inverse FFT module  62 . An output of inverse FFT module  62  may be connected to an input of digital to analog convertor  48 . The analog output of the digital to analog convertor  48  may be connected to a first terminal of second diplexer  38 . A second terminal of diplexer  38  may be connected to upstream processor  50 . A first output of upstream processor  50  may be connected to a second terminal of the first diplexer  30 . The upstream processor  30  may also be connected to maintenance processor  52  by a bidirectional signal. A second output of Spectrum processor  42  may be connected to an input of spectrum analyzer  54  and a first input of maintenance channel processor  52 . A first output of the spectrum analyzer  54  may be connected to a second input of maintenance channel processor  52 . A second output of the spectrum analyzer  54  may be connected to a control input of the equalizer  34 . An output of maintenance processor  52  may be connected to an input of a pre-equalizer  58 . 
     The operation of repeater  300  is similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 2 . A received RF signal having channels of information modulated using a QAM scheme may be conditioned by amplifier  32 , equalizer  34  and amplifier  36  before being digitized by analog to digital convertor  40 . Following spectrum processing by Spectrum processor  42 , the symbol extractor  44  may calculate the average amplitude and phase of the symbol and sets the amplitude and phase of the central frequency for each channel. The channel symbols can then be processed by the channel relocator  56  which may reallocate the channel to a new central frequency. The symbols may then be pre-equalized by pre-equalization module  46 . Pre-equalization module  58  may compensate for the channel characteristics before retransmission from characteristics of the channel supplied to the maintenance module by either the Spectrum processor  42  or spectrum analyzer  54 . If a feedback mechanism from a next repeater is enabled, which can be communicated via the upstream path to the maintenance processor  52 , pre-equalization or adaptive equalization may be performed to improve the noise factor of the complete system. A reduced noise factor may allow either a longer transmit path for the same data rate or a higher rate for the same transmit path. 
     Correction module  60  may then apply a correction to compensate for the characteristics of the digital to analog convertor  48  before the symbols are converted back to the time domain by inverse FFT module  62  which effectively remodulates the channels. The data output from the inverse FFT module  62  may be output to the digital to analog convertor  48 . The output of digital to analog convertor  48  is a regenerated RF signal. The regenerated signal may be transmitted through the second diplexer  18 . 
       FIG. 4  shows an example repeater for RF network using an OFDM modulation scheme  400 . Repeater  400  may be used in a network for mobile communications for example mobile telephones. A first terminal of first diplexer  30  is connected to an input of a low noise amplifier  32 . The output of low noise amplifier  32  is connected to equalizer  36 . The output of equalizer  34  is connected to the input of amplifier  36 . The output of low noise amplifier  36  is connected to a first terminal of a second diplexer  38 . The output of an amplifier  36  may be connected to an analog to digital convertor  40 . The output of the analog to digital convertor  40  may be connected to Spectrum processor  78  for performing a fast Fourier transform operation. The output of Spectrum processor  78  may be connected to the input of OFDM symbol extractor  70 . The output of OFDM symbol extractor  70  may be connected to the input of OFDM channel relocator 72 . The output of OFDM channel relocator  72  may be connected to an input of pre-equalizer  74 . An output of pre-equalizer  74  may be connected to an input of OFDM corrector  76 . An output of OFDM corrector  76  may be connected to an input of inverse FFT module  80 . An output of inverse FFT module  80  may be connected to an input of digital to analog convertor  48 . The analog output of the digital to analog convertor  48  may be connected to a first terminal of second diplexer  38 . A second terminal of diplexer  38  may be connected to upstream processor  50 . A first output of an upstream processor  50  may be connected to a second terminal of the first diplexer  30 . The upstream processor  50  may also be connected to maintenance processor by a bidirectional signal. A second output of Spectrum processor  78  may be connected to an input of spectrum analyzer  54  and a first input of maintenance channel processor  52 . A first output of the spectrum analyzer  54  may be connected to a second input of maintenance channel processor  52 . A second output of the spectrum analyzer  54  may be connected to a control input of the equalizer  34 . An output of maintenance processor may be connected to an input of pre-equalizer  74 . 
     The operation of repeater  400  is as follows. A received RF signal having channels of information modulated using an OFDM scheme may be conditioned by amplifier  32 , equalizer  34  and amplifier  36  before being digitized by analog to digital convertor  40 . The spectrum is then computed by Spectrum processor  78  either by performing a global FFT dimension with sufficient resolution to separate the channels or by performing an extra sub FFT per channel. Following spectrum processing by Spectrum processor  78  the OFDM symbols are analyzed and extracted by OFDM extractor  70 . OFDM extractor  70  may compute the average amplitude and phase information and map the modulation vector onto the constellation diagram for each sub-carrier. The channel symbols are input to the OFDM channel relocator  72 , which may relocate one or more channels to a different central frequency. The symbol data may then be pre-equalized and symbol transition smoothed by pre-equalizer  74 . Following pre-equalization the data maybe pre-distorted and reconstructed by reconstruction filter  76 . Reconstruction filter  76  may apply a correction to compensate for the effect of the subsequent digital to analog conversion. The data may then be remodulated by converting back to the time domain by inverse FFT module  80  which then may output the data to digital to analog convertor  48 . The output of digital to analog convertor  48  is a regenerated RF signal. The regenerated signal may be transmitted through the second diplexer  18 . 
     Repeater  500  is shown in  FIG. 5 . The input of analog to digital convertor  90  may receive an RF signal modulated with information for a plurality of channels. The output of the analog to digital convertor  90  may be connected to Spectrum processor  82  for performing a fast Fourier transform operation. The output of Spectrum processor  82  may be connected to the input of symbol extractor  84  which may be an OFDM or QAM extractor dependent on the modulation scheme. The output of Spectrum processor  82  may be connected to the input of channel decoder  86  which may be for example a viterbi decoder. The output of channel decoder  86  may be connected to an input of forward error correction module  88 . The output of forward error correction module  88  may be connected to channel encoder  90 . The output of channel encoder  90  may be connected to RF signal regenerator  92 . RF signal regenerator may reconstruct on OFDM signal and/or a QAM signal dependent on the modulation scheme used The output of RF signal generator  92  may be connected to the input of digital to analog convertor  94 . In operation the output of digital to analog converter  94  may output a regenerated RF signal. 
     The repeater  500  performs full channel decoding, error correction and re-encoding which may further improve the signal to noise ratio and the bit error rate. In embodiments some channel symbols may be remodulated using different channels than used for the incoming RF signal, which may overcome problems in the downstream transmission. 
     Although the appended claims are directed to particular combinations of features, it should be understood that the scope of the disclosure of the present invention also includes any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed herein either explicitly or implicitly or any generalisation thereof, whether or not it relates to the same invention as presently claimed in any claim and whether or not it mitigates any or all of the same technical problems as does the present invention. 
     Features which are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub combination. Embodiments may include any wireless network having repeaters. 
     Embodiments may include any wired or wireless RF transmission networks with RF repeaters. The applicant hereby gives notice that new claims may be formulated to such features and/or combinations of such features during the prosecution of the present application or of any further application derived therefrom. 
     For the sake of completeness it is also stated that the term “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, the term “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality, a single processor or other unit may fulfil the functions of several means recited in the claims and reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.