Abstract:
A balloon filled with a gas mixture of ammonia and n-hexane will stay at aonstant altitude due to condensation at altitude of the n-hexane. Since both components are liquid below about 50 meters in the ocean and together with the load are buoyant, the aerostat may be submarine launched and rise to the surface at which point the ammonia and n-hexane evaporate and take the balloon and load to its preset altitude.

Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to a gas mixture for use in an aerostat. More particularly the gas mixture utilizes two substances one of which condenses at an altitude to reduce the weight of the air displaced causing the aerostat to float at a constant altitude. 
     Present aerostat technology dictates the use of bottled helium and a strong envelope so that the balloon would have constant volume and would support considerable super pressure at the hovering altitude. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore a general object of the invention to disclose an improved mixture of gases for use in an aerostat. It is an additional object that an aerostat containing the mixture of gases be particularly suitable for underwater launch from a submarine. 
     This is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by providing a mixture of gases in which both the gases, n-hexane and ammonia are suitable to be launched underwater in the liquid state and to assume the gaseous state upon surfacing in the water. This would enable an unmanned aerostat to carry many kinds of instrumentation. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph of altitude vs. mole fraction of n-hexane in ammonia to lift 1 kilogram; and 
     FIG. 2 is a pressure-temperature graph comparing saturated n-hexane and ammonia to standard atmospheric conditions over a range of altitudes. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     An aerostat may be filled with a mixture of two components, one of which condenses at a predetermined altitude to reduce the weight of air displaced and thereby float at a constant altitude. It is required that the condensing component at its partial pressure in the mixture condense at the temperature corresponding to the desired altitude. Thus, for an aerostat to float at 5 km in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1962) the temperature is -17° C. and the pressure is 540 mbars, the condensing gas should be saturated. 
     In Table 1 below several hydrocarbons are shown. Both ammonia and helium are shown as lifting gases since neither reacts with the hydrocarbons. Ammonia and hydrocarbons are both reducing agents, and helium is inert. Since the aerostat may be submarine launched, ammonia is preferred. Ammonia becomes liquid at shallow ocean depths of about 55 meters, making for convenient packaging. The important results tabulated in Table 1 include the volume of the gas mixture, V in cubic meters; the takeoff load, L 0  in kilograms; the buoyancy margin, B; the average molecular weight of the binary gas, M x  ; and the lifting load with the substance condensed, L 1  in kilograms. Of the candidates listed n-hexane combined with ammonia appears to be the best. It has adequate buoyancy margin in a reasonable size. 
     The data for helium instead of ammonia as the lifting gas shows cyclopentane to be the best substance. This mixture will not condense at any ocean depth and is not particularly suitable for submarine launch. It is, however, a very safe mixture. 
     Table 2 below shows the altitude, temperature, pressure and density of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1962). For each temperature is computed the saturation pressure of n-hexane. Each saturation pressure has been divided by the corresponding atmospheric pressure to yield the mole fraction of n-hexane which would result in saturation at that temperature and pressure. Also computed and tabulated are the molecular weight of the mixture, M x  ; and the volume of mixture required to lift one kilogram at sea level, V. The essential results are plotted in FIG. 1. Stable altitudes between 1.5 and 6 km can be obtained by varying the proportions of n-hexane and ammonia. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________             Partial pressure             at -17° C. when                       Mole        M.sub.s             saturated Fraction                              Lifting                                   Avg.                                       V   L.sub.1                                                L.sub.0Substance   Formula        Mole wt             psia/molar                       of substance                              Gas  M.W.                                       m.sup.3                                           kg   kg   B__________________________________________________________________________n-hexane   C.sub.6 H.sub.14        86.17             .32/22.1  .0409  Ammonia                                   19.858                                       2.595                                           .870 .935 .070                              Helium                                   7.36                                       1.09                                           .941 .971 .0302,3 dimethyl   C.sub.6 H.sub.14        86.17             .6/41.4   .0767  Ammonia                                   22.333                                       3.563                                           .665 .833 .201butane                             Helium                                   10.30                                       1.27                                           .883 .942 .062cyclopentane   C.sub.5 H.sub.10        70.13             .82/56.5  .1046  Ammonia                                   22.584                                       3.703                                           .525 .763 .237                              Helium                                   10.917                                       1.31                                           .832 .916 .084n-pentane   C.sub.5 H.sub.12        72.15             1.5/103.4 .1915  Ammonia                                   27.585                                       17.081                                           -3.007                                                -1.003                              Helium                                   17.05                                       1.98                                           .534 .767 .304__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE                     Saturated                Psat C.sub.6 H.sub.14                          C.sub.6 H.sub.14 andAlt.  Temp.      Press.           Density                n-hexane                     Mole NH.sub.3                                vkm ° K. ° C.      mbar kg/m.sup.3                mbar Fraction                          M.sub.x                                m.sup.3__________________________________________________________________________0  288.1 15   1013.           1.225                141.1                     .139 26.66 10.231  281.6 8.5  899. 1.112                100.6                     .112 24.77 5.6252  275.1 2.0  795. 1.007                70.5 .089 23.16 4.073  268.7 -4.5 701. 9.092                48.6 .069 21.83 3.314  262.2 -11.0      617. 8.194                32.9 .053 20.72 2.875  255.7 -17.5      540. 7.364                21.87                     .040 19.83 2.596  249.2 -24.0      472. 6.601                14.22                     .030 19.11 2.407  242.7 -30.5      411. 5.900                9.03 .022 18.55 2.278  236.2 -36.9      357. 5.258                5.60 0.0157                          18.12 2.18__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The following calculations are for determining the essential characteristics of binary gases in a constant altitude aerostat: 
     
         M W.sub.avg =M.sub.x =M.sub.L (1-x)+M.sub.s x 
    
     where 
     M w avg  =M x  =average molecular weight of combined lifting gas and substance 
     M l  =molecular weight of lifting gas 
     M s  =molecular weight of substance 
     x=mole fraction of substance when combined with lifting gas. 
     To lift load L with both the lifting gas and the substance vaporized ##EQU1## where d A  =density of the atmosphere 
     M a  =molecular weight of atmosphere 
     With the substance condensed to a negligible volume and the lifting gas as gaseous form, we can lift a lesser load, L, ##EQU2## 
     So that the buoyancy margin is the fraction ##EQU3## depending on the state of the condensing substance P mbar  =68.95 P sia   
     x=(P mbar  /540) 
     M l  =m.w. 
     for H e , M.W.=4.00 
     For NH 3 , M.W.=17.03 
     Line of sight range to horizon from altitude H(km)=113 √H 
     For zero buoyance in water using the n-hexane-ammonia composition, the following relationship must hold: ##EQU4## When the expression is unity d L  (max) is determined. d L  (max)=4.36 gm/cm 3  (sp.gr.=4.25), payload density 
     Where 
     mole vol=22.414 m 3  /kg 
     d s  =density liquid n-hexane=0.6603 
     d N  =density liquid ammonia=0.817 
     Envelope capacity should be ##EQU5## to avoid burst at 5 km altitude. Solar heating will raise the internal temperature and raise the altitude of the aerostat. 
     Properties 
     C 6  h 14  b.p.=68.95° c. 
     
         ______________________________________temp range, t    A           B______________________________________-50 to -10° C.            35167       8.399-10 to +90° C.            31679       7.724______________________________________ 
    
     where ##EQU6## and P mbar  =1.3332 P mm  Hg P is the saturation pressure at temperature T=t+273 
     A and B are constants in the Antoine equation 
     So that 
     
         ______________________________________ ##STR1##                    Total pressure whent °C.    P.sub.mbar      mole fraction = .0408______________________________________-50      1.94            47.5-40      4.37            107.-30      9.23            226.-20      18.36           449.6-17.2    22.05           540.-10      34.67           849.090        61.39           1502.+10      100.52          2463.______________________________________ 
    
     This data is plotted in FIG. 2. 
     For NH 3  B.P.=-33.35° C. 
     P sat  vs t° C. is given below 
     
         ______________________________________t° C.     P.sub.mm Hg                P.sub.mbar______________________________________-77       47.8       63.7-62       143.8      191.7-50       307.       409.3-41       510.3      680.3-35       699.1      932.0-20       1427.      1902.     (= 8.8 meters)+10       4612.      6149.     (= 50.7 m)______________________________________ 
    
     This data is plotted in FIG. 2. 
     Proportions of mixture 
     For mole fraction, x, hexane=0.0408 
     and mole fraction (1=x) ammonia=0.9592 
     vol liquid 0.0408 moles hexane 
     V h  =x M hex  /d hex   
     V h  =m hex  /d hex  =5.32 ml 
     vol gas ammonia 
     22.4 liters×0.9592=21.49 liters 
     which will lift ##EQU7## 
     Therefore, add 0.64 ml of hexane for each gram lift from pure ammonia. Adding more will reduce the hovering altitude as shown in FIG. 1 
     The described mixture is suitable for use in a aerostat enabling the aerostat to raise a communication buoy from a submarine, transport meteorological instruments and radar false targets. 
     It will be understood that various changes in details, materials, steps and arrangement of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.