Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of forming a semiconductor device that has a plurality of pin junctions comprising silicon films formed on a substrate by using a radio-frequency plasma CVD method, including: forming a first semiconductor layer; covering a surface of the first semiconductor layer with a member containing water with a content of 0.01 to 0.5 wt % so as to contact each other; removing the member; and forming a second semiconductor layer on the first semiconductor layer. According to the present invention, it is possible to efficiently form a semiconductor device having a multi-layer structure where a number of silicon thin films are laminated, to form a semiconductor device having less variation in characteristics among lots and having more excellent uniformity and characteristics, and to provide a semiconductor device excelling in adhesion and environmental resistance.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a method of forming a semiconductor device. 
     2. Related Background Art 
     A radio-frequency (RF) plasma CVD method facilitates formation of a device with a large area or at a low temperature and thus has an advantage in that a process throughput is improved. Therefore, the method is regarded as promising as a method of forming a silicon thin film. 
     Taking a solar cell as an example of a semiconductor device having a semiconductor junction composed of silicon thin films, the solar cell formed of the silicon thin films is advantageous in terms of inexhaustible energy source and clean power generation process as compared with existing energy utilizing fossil fuels. However, the solar cell needs to, for its widespread use, attain a lower unit price per generated power. To that end, significant technical issues to consider are as follows: establishment of a producing technique capable of realizing a low cost, a technique of enhancing a photoelectric conversion efficiency, a technique regarding a uniformity for forming semiconductor devices having desired characteristics in a stable manner, and a technique of improving an environmental resistance in consideration of actual use conditions (in many cases, the solar cell is placed outdoors). 
     As a method of producing the semiconductor device having the semiconductor junction composed of the silicon thin films, there have been known a method of sequentially forming semiconductor layers of desired conductivity types in a single semiconductor forming vessel, and a so-called batch method in which a p-type layer, an i-type layer, and an n-type layer are formed in separate semiconductor forming vessels for preventing an impurity gas from mixing therein, and the like. In addition, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,409 as a production method capable of avoiding mixing of impurities and realizing cost reduction is a continuous plasma CVD method employing a roll to roll system. From the viewpoint of further improving characteristics and productivity, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-170973 discloses a method of forming a semiconductor device characterized by including the step of exposing a semiconductor layer to an oxygen atmosphere at a semiconductor interface. 
     The disclosed RF plasma CVD method is an excellent semiconductor device forming method. However, in the case of including plural pin junctions and using a multi-layer structure of the p-type layer, the i-type layer, and the n-type layer, the method involves the increased number of requisite semiconductor forming vessels. Suppose a case where all the semiconductor forming vessels are continuously connected with one another to continuously form the semiconductor layers in a step of forming the semiconductor device. In such a case, an operation of the entire system needs to be stopped each time the need for maintenance, inspection, or repair arises in part of the semiconductor forming vessels. Further, when taking out it to the outside (in the air) midway through the semiconductor formation, lots may vary from one another in their characteristics, in particular, photoelectric conversion efficiencies, although depending on deposition conditions, environmental conditions, or storage conditions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has an object to provide a method of forming a semiconductor device, which enables efficient formation of a semiconductor device having a multi-layer structure where a number of silicon thin films are laminated, a method of forming a semiconductor device having less variation in characteristics among lots and having more excellent uniformity and characteristics, and a method of forming a semiconductor device excelling in adhesion and environmental resistance. 
     The present invention provides a method of forming a semiconductor device that has a plurality of pin junctions comprising silicon films formed on a substrate using a radio-frequency plasma CVD method, the method comprising, in sequence: a first formation step for forming a first semiconductor layer; a covering step for covering a surface of the first semiconductor layer with a member containing water content of 0.01 to 0.5 wt % so as to contact each other; a removing step for removing the member; and a second formation step for forming a second semiconductor layer on the first semiconductor layer. 
     In the method according to the present invention, preferably, the member is brought into contact with the surface of the first semiconductor layer at a pressure of 10 g/cm 2  to 100 g/cm 2 , more preferably 20 g/cm 2  to 80 g/cm 2 . 
     In the method according to the present invention, preferably, the surface of the first semiconductor layer has a higher temperature in the covering step than a temperature of the surface of the first semiconductor layer in the removing step and the temperature of the surface is gradually decreased between the covering step and the removing step. 
     In the method according to the present invention, preferably, the method further includes a keeping step for keeping the device in the air at at least a part between the covering step and the removing step. It is preferable that the covering step be performed in a vacuum and then the substrate on which the first semiconductor layer has been formed and the surface of the semiconductor has been covered with the member, be kept in the air and that the removing step be performed in a vacuum. However, the covering step and the removing step may be performed in the air. Further, the substrate on which the first semiconductor layer has been formed and the surface of the semiconductor has been covered with the member, is preferably kept in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Also, the substrate on which the first semiconductor layer has been formed and the surface of the semiconductor has been covered with the member, is preferably kept in an airtight space. 
     In the method according to the present invention, preferably, the member is formed of nonwoven cloth. 
     According to a preferable aspect of the present invention, the first semiconductor layer is formed of a semiconductor having one conductivity type and the second semiconductor layer is formed of a semiconductor having another conductivity type different from the one conductivity type or the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer are formed of semiconductors having the same conductivity type. 
     According to another preferable aspect of the present invention, the radio-frequency plasma CVD method includes a roll to roll method. 
     According to the present invention, it is possible to efficiently form a semiconductor device having a multi-layer structure where a number of silicon thin films are laminated, having less variation in characteristics among lots and having more excellent uniformity and characteristics, and to form a semiconductor device excelling in adhesion and environmental resistance. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A ,  1 B,  1 C,  1 D and  1 E are schematic diagrams for illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are schematic diagrams for illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a photovoltaic device including a semiconductor device, to which a formation method according to the present invention is preferably applicable. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a deposited film forming apparatus for forming a semiconductor device, to which the formation method according to the present invention is preferably applicable. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph illustrative of distribution regarding a photoelectric conversion efficiency of each photovoltaic device. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described but the present invention is not limited to those embodiments. 
     In a roll to roll method, aramid paper or a PET film has been used so far, for example, for separating a substrate. When taking out it to the outside (in the air) midway through semiconductor formation, lots may vary in their characteristics, in particular, photoelectric conversion efficiencies, although depending on deposition conditions, environmental conditions, or storage conditions. The inventor of the present invention have made extensive studies and finally found that the variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency correlates to a water content of a member covering a semiconductor surface, which content is influenced by a treating method for the member or the way of handing a roll. This is supposedly because the water from the member for separating the substrate affects the surface of a semiconductor layer. 
     To that end, a semiconductor device is half-completed by using aramid paper “NOMEX” (available from Du Pont Co.) having a thickness of 0.05 mm as a member and a water content changed according to a procedure described later with reference to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B,  1 C,  1 D and  1 E. The half-completed device is left standing a day in an airtight space under a dry nitrogen atmosphere, followed by completing the whole semiconductor device. As a result, in some regions, the photoelectric conversion efficiency largely varies depending on the water content of the member. If the water content is larger than 0.5%, it is likely that the photoelectric conversion efficiency falls and the variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency among the lots increases. If the water content is smaller than 0.01%, the variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency among the lots tends to increase. 
     The cause of the variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency is not specifically known. However, the variation is supposed to occur owing to: an effect of a fine oxygen atom layer suppressing diffusion of dopants, the oxygen atom layer being formed at a semiconductor layer interface as appropriate; and modification of a semiconductor layer due to adsorption of the water in the semiconductor layer or due to bonding thereof. Note that if the water content is excessively increased, the semiconductor layer is further modified, leading to an increase in series resistance and reduction in fill factor (hereinafer, referred to as FF). As a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency may fall and vary. In contrast, with the small water content, it is found that the member has an increased stiffness and cannot come into uniform contact with the semiconductor surface. This supposedly causes the non-uniform formation of the modified semiconductor layer and increases the variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency. 
     As presumed from the above, the variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency is induced unless the uniform contact is attained. According to the findings of the inventor of the present invention, a pressure at which the member contacts the semiconductor layer preferably ranges from 10 g/cm 2  to 100 g/cm 2 . 
     According to the present invention, it is preferable that the surface of the first semiconductor layer have a higher temperature in the covering step for covering the surface of the first semiconductor layer with the member so as to contact each other than a temperature of the surface of the first semiconductor layer in the removing step for removing the member and the temperature of the surface be gradually decreased between the two steps. The higher the temperature, the more easily the reaction proceeds. Also, the reaction itself slows down as the reaction proceeds. Therefore, in the case where the temperature is high immediately after the layer contacts the member and is gradually decreased afterward, the semiconductor layer is modified at a rather high rate at the beginning and is then gradually modified according as the temperature decreases and the thickness increases. As a result, the uniform thickness may be attained with few irregularities and the variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency may be lessened. In addition, the above is assumed to relax a stress that acts on the interface, improving an adhesion therebetween. 
     According to the present invention, more stable conditions are achieved under storage in a reduced pressure atmosphere, for example, in a vacuum. Meanwhile, an apparatus for keeping the vacuum atmosphere is necessary, for instance. By inserting the step of keeping the device in the air at at least one point between the covering step for covering the first semiconductor surface with the member so as to contact each other and the removing step for removing the member, a part of pin junction is formed in the semiconductor device as needed and the device can be kept in an apparatus any maintenance of which is omitted. Therefore, its productivity can be enhanced in total. Also, plural semiconductor forming apparatuses are prepared and thus the semiconductor layers with high maintenance frequency are formed by the greater number of semiconductor forming apparatuses. The productivity can be further enhanced. At this time, if the device is kept in a dry nitrogen atmosphere or an airtight space, the environmental conditions such as temperature conditions are more stabilized, which leads to the small variation in the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Accordingly, the device is preferably kept in the dry nitrogen atmosphere, more preferably the airtight space. 
     The member may be formed of, for example, fibrous non-woven cloth or resins such as polyethylene, polyester, PET, polyimide, and polyamide. Among those, the non-woven cloth is a preferred material in terms of appropriate water retention. 
     Consider a case where the first semiconductor layer is formed of a semiconductor having one conductivity type and the second semiconductor layer is formed of a semiconductor having another conductivity type different from the one conductivity type. For example, the first semiconductor layer is constituted of a p-type layer and the second semiconductor layer is constituted of an n-type layer. Alternatively, the first semiconductor layer is constituted of the n-type layer and the second semiconductor layer is constituted of the p-type layer. In such a case, the interface constitutes a reverse junction, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency falls if the device exhibits rectifying characteristics. Therefore, it is important to cause a current to flow through as many defects as possible, for example. In addition, excessive mutual-diffusion of the impurities needs to be suppressed for maintaining characteristics of the layer with the conductivity type. In the present invention, the modified semiconductor layer is formed, making it possible to attain the less mutual-dispersion of the impurities and the many defects in the interface. Therefore, the above effect is further exerted, which is preferable. 
     In a case where the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer are made of semiconductors with the same conductivity type, the semiconductor layer modified with the water is formed between the layers with the conductivity type. Thus, the modified layer can suppress the diffusion of the dopants into the first semiconductor layer even when appropriately increasing the dopant concentration of the dopants in the second semiconductor layer formed on the pn interface (pn junction) side. Also, the modified semiconductor layer is formed therein to thereby achieve a wide band gap and suppress absorption of incident light, which is preferable. The modified semiconductor layer has an effect of scattering the incident light and thus is expected to increase the amount of incident light absorbed in a light absorption layer. 
     A roll to roll method is cited as an example where the present invention is preferably applied. 
       FIGS. 1A ,  1 B,  1 C,  1 D, and  1 E each illustrate a method of forming a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention. In  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B,  1 C,  1 D and  1 E, reference numeral  101  denotes a substrate and  102  denotes a member. In the present invention, the device is formed according to the following procedure:
     (a) Up to the first semiconductor layer is formed on the substrate  101  ( FIG. 1A ).   (b) The substrate  101  formed up to the first semiconductor layer is made in contact with the member  102  such that the member  102  covers the substrate  101  ( FIG. 1B ).   (c) Storage is done in the state where the substrate  101  formed up to the first semiconductor layer is in contact with the member  102  ( FIG. 1C ).  FIG. 1C  shows the case where plural sets of the substrate  101  and the member  102  are laminated and storaged.   (d) The member  102  is removed from the substrate  101  formed up to the first semiconductor layer ( FIG. 1D ).   (e) The second semiconductor layer and the rest are formed on the substrate  101  formed up to the first semiconductor layer ( FIG. 1E ).   
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  show an example of a case of using a flexible substrate. 
       FIG. 2A  shows the step of covering the substrate with a member. 
     A member  203  is fed from a member feeding device  204  and taken up by a take-up bobbin  202  alternate with a flexible substrate  201 . In this case, the flexible substrate  201  is wound under a tensile stress. The member  203  is pressed against the flexible substrate  201  at a given pressure. At this time, a pressure P for winding up the flexible substrate is represented by P=f/r/d, where f represents a tensile stress, r represents a radius, and d represents a width of the substrate. 
     Similarly,  FIG. 2B  shows the step of removing the member. 
     A member take-up device  206  rewinds and removes the member  203  from a feeding bobbin  205  around which the member and the flexible substrate  201  have been alternately wound. The flexible substrate is fed. 
     A photovoltaic device disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-170973 is given as an example of a semiconductor device to which the formation method of the present invention is preferably applied. 
     In examples described hereinafter, the present invention is described in detail taking a solar cell as an example of the semiconductor device. However, those examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A photovoltaic device shown in  FIG. 3  was formed using a deposited film forming apparatus  401  shown in  FIG. 4  according to the following procedure.  FIG. 3  is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a photovoltaic device  301  having a silicon thin film according to the present invention. In  FIG. 3 , reference numeral  302  denotes a substrate;  303 , a reflective layer;  304 , a photovoltaic device having a first pin junction;  305 , a photovoltaic device having a second pin junction; and  306 , a transparent electrode. 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a deposited film forming apparatus for forming a silicon thin film and manufacturing a photovoltaic device according to the present invention. The deposited film forming apparatus  401  of  FIG. 4  is composed by connecting between a substrate feeding vessel  408 , semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  410  to  413 , and a substrate take-up vessel  409  through each gas gate  414 . A band-shaped, conductive substrate  402  was set in the deposited film forming apparatus  401  while passing through the respective vessels and gas gates. The band-shaped, conductive substrate  402  was wound off from a feeding bobbin  404  installed in the substrate feeding vessel  408  and rewound around a take-up bobbin  405  in a substrate take-up vessel  409 . At this time, the feeding bobbin  404  rewound the member  403  from a member take-up device  406 . The take-up bobbin  405  rewound the member  403  from a member feeding device  407 . The semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  410  to  413  were each composed of a deposition chamber for forming a plasma generating region and in addition, a heater  416  for heating the substrate  402 . 
     A radio-frequency (RF) introducing portion (not shown) was applied with an RF power from an RF power source (not shown) to induce glow discharge to thereby decompose a material gas for allowing the semiconductor layer to deposit on the conductive substrate  402 . Also, the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  410  to  413  were each connected to a gas introducing pipe  415  for introducing the material gas or diluent gas and also to an exhaust system (not shown). 
     First, a band-shaped substrate made of stainless steel (SUS 430BA) (width: 50 cm, length: 1,500 m, and thickness: 0.125 mm) was well degreased and washed, and mounted to a continuous sputtering apparatus (not shown). Thus, Ag was deposited into a thin film with a thickness of 100 nm using an Ag electrode as a target through sputter deposition. Further, a ZnO thin film with a thickness of 2.0 μm was formed on the Ag thin film using a ZnO target through sputter deposition to form the band-shaped, conductive substrate  402 . 
     Next, the feeding bobbin  404 , around which the conductive substrate  402  had been wound, was attached to the substrate feeding vessel  408 . The conductive substrate  402  was inserted up to the substrate take-up vessel  409  through the gas gate  414  at a carry-in side, the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  410  to  413 , and the gas gate  414  at a carry-out side. The tensile stress of 80 kg was applied to the band-shaped, conductive substrate  402  so as not to sag. The pressure varies along with an increase in radius. However, the substrate was wound at the pressure of about 20 to 60 g/cm 2 . 
     At this time, the aramid paper “NOMEX” (available from Du Pont Co.) having a thickness of 0.05 mm and an adjusted water content was set on the member feeding device  407  and taken up by the take-up bobbin  405  together with the substrate  402 . A vacuum pumping system including a vacuum pump (now shown) sufficiently evacuated the substrate feeding vessel  408 , the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  410  to  413 , and the substrate take-up vessel  409  down to 6.7×10 −4  Pa (5×10 −6  Torr) or less. The water content in the member was adjusted by controlling a time of drying in a 130° C.-oven. 
     The water content in the member was determined by cutting the member into fragments of 1.0 g each and measuring the water content in each fragment using a Karl Fischer moisture titrator “MKC-510” (manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd.). The measurements are listed in Table 1 below. 
     The material gas and the diluent gas were supplied to the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413  from each gas introducing pipe  415  while operating the vacuum pumping system. An H 2  gas was simultaneously supplied as a gate gas to each gas gate  414  from each gate gas supplying pipe (not shown) at a flow rate of 500 sccm. In this state, the exhaust capacity of the vacuum pumping system was adjusted to adjust a pressure inside the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413  to a predetermined pressure. The formation conditions are as listed in Table 2 below. 
     After the pressure inside the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413  stabilized, the conductive substrate  402  started moving in a direction from the substrate feeding vessel  408  to the substrate take-up vessel  409 . 
     Next, the glow discharge was induced inside the deposition chambers inside the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413 . An amorphous n-type semiconductor layer, a microcrystalline i-type semiconductor layer, and a microcrystalline p-type semiconductor layer were formed on the conductive substrate  402  to thereby form a pin junction of a bottom cell. After forming the p-type layer, the substrate was not forcedly cooled but brought into contact with the member and taken up by the take-up bobbin  405 . 
     On completion of formation of the pin junction of the bottom cell, the substrate take-up vessel  409  underwent vacuum leak, and the conductive substrate  402  was taken out and kept for 24 hours in an airtight atmosphere under a dry nitrogen atmosphere until the deposited film forming apparatus  401  was ready for operation. 
     After that, a pin junction of a top cell was subsequently formed. The bobbin around which the conductive substrate  402  had been wound, was attached to the substrate feeding vessel  408 . The conductive substrate  402  was inserted up to the substrate take-up vessel  409  through the gas gate  414  at a carry-in side, the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  410  to  413 , and the gas gate  414  at a carry-out side. The tensile stress of 80 kg was applied such that the band-shaped, conductive substrate  402  does not sag. Then, a vacuum pumping system including a vacuum pump (not shown) sufficiently evacuated the substrate feeding vessel  408 , the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  410  to  413 , and the substrate take-up vessel  409  down to 6.7×10 −4  Pa (5×10 −6  Torr) or less. 
     The material gas and the diluent gas were supplied to the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413  from each gas introducing pipe  415  while operating the vacuum pumping system. An H 2  gas was simultaneously supplied from each gate gas supplying pipe (not shown) as a gate gas to each gas gate  414  at a flow rate of 500 sccm. In this state, the exhaust capacity of the vacuum pumping system was adjusted to adjust a pressure inside the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413  to a predetermined pressure. The formation conditions are as listed in Table 3 below. 
     After the pressure inside the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413  stabilized, the conductive substrate  402  started moving in a direction from the substrate feeding vessel  408  to the substrate take-up vessel  409 . 
     Next, the glow discharge was induced inside the deposition chambers within the semiconductor forming vacuum vessels  411 ,  412 , and  413 . An amorphous n-type semiconductor layer, an amorphous i-type semiconductor layer, and a microcrystalline p-type semiconductor layer were formed on the conductive substrate  402  to thereby form the pin junction of the top cell. 
     Subsequently, the band-shaped photovoltaic device thus formed was processed into a solar cell module with a size of 36 cm×22 cm by using a continuous modularizing apparatus (not shown). In the same way, five samples (Examples 1-A to 1-C, and Comparative Examples 1-A and 1B) were prepared by changing the water content in the member. 1,000 modules were arbitrarily selected from among those prepared for each sample (10 lots per sample) and evaluated for current-voltage characteristics under the irradiation of light at a spectrum of AM 1.5 and intensity of 100 mW/cm 2  by using a solar simulator “YSS-150” (manufactured by Yamashita Denso K. K.). A photoelectric conversion efficiency (η (%)) was obtained from the measured current-voltage characteristics. Further, the following cycle was repeated 100 times. That is, in the cycle, the module is first kept under conditions of 85° C. (temperature) and 85% (relative humidity) for 30 minutes and then cooled down to −20° C. in 70 minutes and kept for 30 minutes, and subsequently caused to return to the initial conditions of 85° C. (temperature) and 85% (relative humidity) in 70 minutes. After that, the adhesion was examined by using a cross-cut tape method (1 mm-interval between cuts and 100 squares). 
     The results thereof are shown in  FIG. 5  as relative values of the photoelectric conversion efficiency distribution with an average value of the modules of Example 1-B set as 1. In addition, the results are summarized in Table 5 below. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the results reveal that Comparative Example 1-A involves slight decrease in average value of the photoelectric conversion efficiency and increase in variation of the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Examples 1-A to 1-C show almost the same distribution. Comparative Example 1-B involves the substantially similar average value but has a slight increase in variation of the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The measurements of the adhesion are as follows. In Examples 1-A to 1-C, and Comparative Example 1-A, the tape is peeled in 0 to 3 squares. In contrast, only in Comparative Example 1-B, the tape is peeled in a slightly large number of squares, i.e., 9 squares. 
     As understood from the above, when the water content falls within a range of 0.01% to 0.5%, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is satisfactory, the photovoltaic device with less variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained, and higher adhesion and environmental resistance are attained. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     The photovoltaic device shown in  FIG. 3  was formed using the deposited film forming apparatus  401  shown in  FIG. 4  according to the following procedure. 
     The formation was conducted similar to Example 1 except using conditions of Tables 2 and 4 below. 
     The results are summarized in Table 6 below. 
     Comparative Example 1-A involves slight decrease in average value of the photoelectric conversion efficiency and increase in variation of the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Examples 1-A to 1-C show almost the same distribution. Comparative Example 1-B involves the substantially similar average value but has a slight increase in variation of the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The measurements of the adhesion are as follows. In Examples 1-A to 1-C, and Comparative Example 1-A, the tape is peeled in 0 to 4 squares. In contrast, only in Example 1-B, the tape is peeled in a slightly large number of squares, i.e., 11 squares. 
     As understood from the above, when the water content falls within a range of 0.01% to 0.5%, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is satisfactory, the photovoltaic device with less variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained, and higher adhesion and environmental resistance are attained. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Water content (wt %) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 1-A 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-A 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-B 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-C 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 1-B 
                 0.006 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gas for film formation 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (cm 3 /min(normal)) 
                 Power 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PH 3   
                 BF 3   
                 density 
                   
                 Substrate 
                 Film 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (diluted 
                 (diluted 
                 (mW/cm 3 ) 
                 Pressure 
                 temperature 
                 thickness 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SiH 4   
                 H 2   
                 with 2% H) 
                 with 2% H) 
                 RF 
                 VHF 
                 (Pa) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 n1 
                 20 
                 100 
                 30 
                   
                 50 
                   
                 350 
                 250 
                 20 
               
               
                 i1 
                 100 
                 5000 
                   
                   
                   
                 400 
                 350 
                 250 
                 2000 
               
               
                 p1 
                 10 
                 800 
                   
                 100 
                 300 
                   
                 350 
                 200 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gas for film formation 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (cm 3 /min(normal)) 
                 Power 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PH 3   
                 BF 3   
                 density 
                   
                 Substrate 
                 Film 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (diluted 
                 (diluted 
                 (mW/cm 3 ) 
                 Pressure 
                 temperature 
                 thickness 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SiH 4   
                 H 2   
                 with 2% H) 
                 with 2% H) 
                 RF 
                 VHF 
                 (Pa) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 n2 
                 20 
                 100 
                 50 
                   
                 50 
                   
                 250 
                 250 
                 20 
               
               
                 i2 
                 300 
                 3000 
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                 250 
                 250 
                 500 
               
               
                 p2 
                 10 
                 800 
                   
                 100 
                 300 
                   
                 250 
                 200 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gas for film formation 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (cm 3 /min(normal)) 
                 Power 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PH 3   
                 BF 3   
                 density 
                   
                 Substrate 
                 Film 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (diluted 
                 (diluted 
                 (mW/cm 3 ) 
                 Pressure 
                 temperature 
                 thickness 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SiH 4   
                 H 2   
                 with 2% H) 
                 with 2% H) 
                 RF 
                 VHF 
                 (Pa) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 p2 
                 10 
                 800 
                   
                 100 
                 300 
                   
                 250 
                 200 
                 3 
               
               
                 n2 
                 20 
                 100 
                 50 
                   
                 50 
                   
                 250 
                 250 
                 20 
               
               
                 i2 
                 300 
                 3000 
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                 250 
                 250 
                 500 
               
               
                 p2 
                 10 
                 800 
                   
                 100 
                 300 
                   
                 250 
                 200 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Photoelectric 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 conversion 
                 Variation in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 efficiency 
                 photoelectric 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (average 
                 conversion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 value) 
                 efficiency 
                 Peeling 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Example 1-A 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-B 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-C 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-A 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-B 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ∘: No reduction of 1% or more with respect to photoelectric conversion efficiency (average value) 
               
               
                   
                 ∘: Standard deviation of 0.01 or less with respect to variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 ∘: 5 or smaller squares where a tape is peeled 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Photoelectric 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 conversion 
                 Variation in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 efficiency 
                 photoelectric 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (average 
                 conversion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 value) 
                 efficiency 
                 Peeling 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 1-A 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-B 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-C 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-A 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1-B 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ∘: No reduction of 1% or more with respect to photoelectric conversion efficiency (average value) 
               
               
                   
                 ∘: Standard deviation of 0.01 or less with respect to variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 ∘: 5 or smaller squares where a tape is peeled