Abstract:
The present invention is described in several embodiments depicting structures and methods to form these structures. A first embodiment is a structure having a silicon dioxide film bonded to a metal film comprising: a metal nitride film bonded to the metal film; and the silicon dioxide film bonded to the metal nitride film. A second embodiment is a structure having a silicon dioxide film bonded to a metal film comprising: a metal oxide film bonded to the metal film; and the silicon dioxide film bonded to the metal oxide film. A third embodiment is a structure having a silicon dioxide film is bonded to a metal film comprising: a metal/oxide/nitride film bonded to the metal film; and the silicon dioxide film bonded to the metal/oxide/nitride film.

Description:
This is a continuation to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/645,958, filed Aug. 24, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,530, which is a divisional to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/744,298, filed Nov. 06, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,098, which is a continuation to Ser. No. 08/228/054 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,868, filed Apr. 15, 1994. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a semiconductor structure and fabrication process and more particularly to techniques for forming a structure that provides adhesion between silicon dioxide and titanium. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     During semiconductor fabrication it is common to use silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) as an insulator between metal layers due to its superior dielectric properties. It is typical to form a titanium/aluminum/titanium (Ti/Al/Ti) stack for use as a metal 1  layer. Over this metaI 1  stack a thick film of plasma SiO 2  is deposited. Usually before a metal 2  layer is deposited on the dielectric, topography variations existing on the dielectric are smoothed out by planarization techniques such as chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). 
     Unfortunately, the polishing technique by its very nature induces a lot of stress at the interface between the metal 1  layer and the dielectric layer. Extensive peeling of the dielectric is observed if the adhesion between the metal and dielectric is poor, which is highly undesirable. 
     The present invention addresses the poor adhesion that can exist between a metal layer and a dielectric layer in the several embodiments described hereinafter. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A first embodiment of the present invention is a structure having a silicon dioxide film bonded to a metal film comprising: 
     a metal nitride film bonded to the metal film; and the silicon dioxide film bonded to said metal nitride film. 
     The structure of the first embodiment is formed by a semiconductor fabrication process for adhering silicon dioxide to metal comprising the steps of: 
     cleaning the surface of the metal; 
     converting the cleaned metal surface to a metal nitride; and 
     forming silicon dioxide subjacent to the metal nitride. 
     A second embodiment of the present invention is a structure having a silicon dioxide film bonded to a metal film comprising: 
     a metal oxide film bonded to the metal film; and 
     the silicon dioxide film bonded to the metal oxide film. 
     The structure of the second embodiment is formed by a semiconductor fabrication process for adhering silicon dioxide to metal comprising the steps of: 
     cleaning the surface of the metal; 
     forming an oxygen deficient film on the metal surface; and 
     forming a silicon dioxide layer over the oxygen deficient film, thereby causing a chemical reaction between the oxygen deficient film and the metal to form an interfacial metal oxide bonding layer therebetween. 
     A third embodiment of the present invention is a structure having a silicon dioxide film bonded to a metal film comprising: 
     a metal/oxide/nitride film bonded to the metal film; and 
     the silicon dioxide film bonded to the metal/oxide/nitride film. 
     The structure of the third embodiment is formed by a semiconductor fabrication process for adhering silicon dioxide to metal comprising the steps of: 
     cleaning the surface of the metal; 
     converting the cleaned metal surface to a metal nitride; 
     forming an oxygen deficient film on the nitrided metal surface; and 
     forming a silicon dioxide layer over the oxygen deficient film, thereby causing a chemical reaction between the oxygen deficient film, the metal nitride and the metal to form an interfacial metal/oxide/nitride bonding layer therebetween. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 a  represents a process flow diagram of the first embodiment; 
     FIGS. 1 b - 1   d  represent composite cross-sectional views of an in-process substrate portion depicting the resulting structure following the process flow of FIG. 1 a;    
     FIG. 2 a  represents a process flow diagram of the second embodiment; 
     FIGS. 2 b - 2   d  represent composite cross-sectional views of an in-process substrate portion depicting the resulting structure following the process flow of FIG. 2 a;    
     FIG. 3 a  represents a process flow diagram of the third embodiment, and 
     FIGS. 3 b - 3   e  represent composite cross-sectional views of an in-process substrate portion depicting tie resulting structure following the process flow of FIG. 3 a.    
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A first embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 1 a - 1   d . a second embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 2 a - 2   d , and a third embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 3 a - 3   e.    
     In a first embodiment and referring now to FIG. 1 a , the general processing flow is outlined. First the surface of a metal is cleaned (as represented by box  1 ) by such methods as subjecting the metal to an argon plasma. When subjecting the metal to argon plasma, the desired result is accomplished by performing a sputter clean at a pressure of approximately 30 mTorr, at an energy of approximately 200 W RF power, at an argon flow rate of approximately 50 sccm and for a time period of approximately 10 sec. Even better results are obtained when employing a magnetic field of approximately 60 Gauss during the sputter clean. However, the range for each of the parameters can vary. For example, the sputter clean can be performed at a pressure range of 10-50 mTorr, at an energy range of 100-500 W RF power, at an argon flow of 20-70 sccm and for a time period of 5-50 sec. 
     Next, the metal surface is converted to nitride (as represented by box  2 ) by such methods as subjecting the cleaned metal surface to plasma nitridation comprising N 2 +NH 3  plasma. When subjecting the metal surface to plasma nitridation, the metal surface is placed in an N 2 /NH 3  ambient for approximately 15 sec, at a pressure of approximately 4.5 Torr, at a temperature of approximately 360° C. and at an energy of approximately 350 W RF power. It is preferred that the N 2 :NH 3  ratio is 10:1, however it is sufficient if the ratio ranges from 2:1 to 50:1. 
     Finally an SiO 2  layer is formed on the metal nitride (represented by box  3 ) by methods known to those skilled in the art. 
     A specific example resulting from the process steps of FIG. 1 a  is depicted in FIGS. 1 b - 1   d . Referring now to FIG. 1 b , a metal stack comprising Ti layer  11 , Al/Cu layer  12  and Ti layer  13  has been formed on a supporting substrate  10  (supporting layer  10  represents any material used in a fabrication process that the metal stack can be formed upon). Ti layer  13  is then cleaned by a method such as the one described for FIG. 1 a.    
     Referring now to FIG. 1 c , the cleaned surface of Ti layer  13  is exposed to plasma nitridation by a method such as the one described for FIG. 1 a . The resulting nitridation of the surface of Ti layer  13  forms TiN layer  14 . As FIG. 1 c  shows, though a portion of the Ti is converted to TiN layer  14 , a non-converted portion of the Ti remains as depicted by the remaining Ti layer  13 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 1 d , an SiO 2  layer  15  is formed on the TiN layer  14  by methods known to those skilled in the art. TiN layer  14  is the layer that adheres SiO 2  layer  15  to Ti layer  13 . 
     In a second embodiment and referring now to FIG. 2 a , the general processing flow is outlined. First the surface of a metal is cleaned (as represented by box  1 ) by such methods as subjecting the metal to an argon plasma. When subjecting the metal to argon plasma, the desired result is accomplished by a performing a sputter clean at a pressure of approximately 30 mTorr, at an energy of approximately 200 W RF power, at an argon flow rate of approximately 50 sccm and at a time period of approximately 10 sec. Even better results are obtained when employing a magnetic field of approximately 60 Gauss during the sputter clean. However, the range for each of the parameters can vary. For example, the sputter clean can be performed  15  at a pressure range of 10-50 mTorr, at an energy range of 100-500 W RF power, at an argon flow of 20-70 sccm and for a time period of 5-50 sec. 
     Next an oxygen deficient film is formed on the metal surface as represented in box  4 . For example, the oxygen deficient film comprises SiO x  that is formed by the plasma dissociation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) where x varies from 1-2 (x is less than 2 to be classified as oxygen deficient, or in this embodiment, x ranges from 1 to less than 2). 
     Finally, an SiO 2  film is formed over the oxygen deficient film (represented by box  5 ) thereby forming a bonding layer between the oxygen deficient film and the SiO 2  film. 
     A specific example resulting from the process steps of FIG. 2 a  is depicted in FIGS. 2 b - 2   d . Referring now to FIG. 2 b , a metal stack comprising Ti layer  11 , Al/Cu layer  12  and Ti layer  13  has been formed on a supporting substrate  10  (supporting layer  10  represents any material used in a fabrication process that the metal stack can be formed upon). Ti layer  13  is then cleaned by a method such as the one described for FIG. 2 a.    
     Referring now to FIG. 2 c , an SiO x  layer  21  is formed over the cleaned surface of Ti layer  13  by the plasma dissociation as described for FIG. 2 a . During this dissociation, not only is SiO x  layer  21  formed over the cleaned surface of Ti layer  13 , but Ti layer  13  is oxidized to form TiO 2  layer  20  that adheres Ti layer  13  to SiO x  layer  21 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 2 d , SiO 2  layer  22  is formed on SiO x  layer  21  by methods known to those skilled in the art. 
     A third embodiment is a combination of the first two embodiments and referring now to FIG. 3 a , the general processing flow is outlined. First the surface of a metal is cleaned by such methods as subjecting the metal to an argon plasma as represented by box  1 . When subjecting the metal to argon plasma, the desired result is accomplished by a performing a sputter clean at a pressure of approximately 30 mTorr, at an energy of approximately 200 W RF power, at an argon flow rate of approximately 50 sccm and at a time period of approximately 10 sec. Even better results are obtained when employing a magnetic field of approximately 60 Gauss during the sputter clean. However, the range for each of the parameters can vary. For example, the sputter clean can be performed at a pressure range of 10-50 mTorr, at an energy range of 100-500 W RF power, at an argon flow of 20-70 sccm and for a time period of 5-50 sec. 
     Next, the metal surface is converted to nitride (as represented by box  2 ) by such methods as subjecting the cleaned metal surface to plasma nitridation comprising N 2 +NH 3  plasma. When subjecting the metal surface to plasma nitridation the metal surface is placed in an N 2 /NH 3  ambient for approximately 15 sec, at a pressure of approximately 4.5 Torr, at a temperature of approximately 360° C. and at an energy of approximately 350 W RF power. It is preferred that the N 2 :NH 3  ratio is 10:1, however it is sufficient if the ratio range is form 2:1 to 50:1. 
     Next, an oxygen deficient film is formed on the metal nitride as represented in box  6 . For example, the oxygen deficient film comprises SiO x  that is formed by the plasma dissociation of TEOS (where x varies from 1-2). 
     And finally a SiO 2  film is formed over the oxygen deficient film (represented by box  7 ) thereby forming a bonding layer between the oxygen deficient film and the SiO 2  film. 
     A specific example resulting from the process steps of FIG. 3 a  is depicted in FIGS. 3 b - 3   e . Referring now to FIG. 3 b , a metal stack comprising Ti layer  11 , Al/Cu layer  12  and Ti layer  13  has been formed on a supporting substrate  10  (supporting layer  10  represents any material used in a fabrication process that the metal stack can be formed upon). Ti layer  13  is then cleaned by a method such as the one described for FIG. 3 a.    
     Referring now to FIG. 3 c , the cleaned surface of Ti layer  13  is exposed to plasma nitridation by a method such as the one described for FIG. 3 a . The resulting nitridation of the surface of Ti layer  13  forms TiN layer  14 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 3 d , an SiO x  layer  31  is formed over Ti layer  13  by the plasma dissociation as described for FIG. 3 a . During this dissociation, not only is the SiO x  layer  31  formed over Ti layer  13 , but TiN layer  14  is converted to an interfacial layer  30  that comprises Ti/O/N layer  30  and adheres Ti layer  13  to SiO x  layer  31 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 3 e , a second SiO 2  layer  32  is formed on the first SiO 2  layer  32  by methods known to those skilled in the art. 
     It is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with reference to several embodiments, various modifications or other combinations of these embodiments, may be made to the structure and process steps presented herein without departing from the invention as recited in the several claims appended hereto.