Abstract:
A yarn is produced which consists substantially of twisting filaments which are wrapped sequentially upon each other helically upon the yarn in layers, wherein the helically wound filaments preferably are wound right to left and then left to right alternatively to balance the yarn, wherein optionally a glue is applied to one of the filaments to maximize the performance of the yarn in producing paper.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    A claim of benefit is made to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/125,283 filed Mar. 19, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This is a continuation-in-part application of the Provisional Application filed Mar. 19, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This is further a continuation in part application of PCT/US00/07106 filed on Mar. 17, 2000, the contents of which are also herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    (1) Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    This invention relates to yarns for use in papermaking fabrics, and more specifically to stuffer yarns used in papermakers&#39; fabrics.  
           [0004]    (2) Description of Prior Art  
           [0005]    In the early days of papermaking, paper-forming slurry of particles was deposited on a wire screen. Eventually, that wire screen evolved into a woven fabric woven from yarns. Indeed, because the screens are woven, such products that are used on papermaking machines have become known as papermachine clothing. As one can imagine, the proper-ties of the yarns used in weaving papermachine clothing are important, and contribute to the final characteristics of the papermachine itself.  
           [0006]    The usual papermaking machine has three primary sections: a forming section, a press section, and a drying section. In the forming section, a water slurry or suspension of cellulose fibers, known as the paper stock or pulp, is fed onto the top of the upper run of a traveling endless forming belt. The forming belt provides a papermaking surface and operates as a filter to separate the cellulose fibers from the aqueous medium to form a wet paper web. In forming the paper web, the forming belt serves as a filter element to separate the aqueous medium from the cellulose fibers by providing for the drainage of the aqueous medium through its mesh openings, also known as drainage holes, by vacuum means or the like located on the drainage side of the fabric.  
           [0007]    From the forming section, the somewhat self-supporting paper web is transferred to the press section of the machine and onto a press felt, where still more of its water content is removed by passing it through a series of pressure nips formed by cooperating press rolls, these press rolls serving to compact the web as well. A press felt generally includes a woven fabric to which a batt material is applied, usually by one or more needling operations, as is known in the art. As will be described herein, the stuffer yarns of the present invention may be used to enhance batt anchorage in a press felt.  
           [0008]    After leaving the press section, the paper web is transferred to a dryer section where it is passed about and held in heat transfer relation with a series of heated, generally cylindrical dryer rolls to remove still further amounts of water therefrom. One or more dryer fabrics may be employed to press the moist web uniformly and successively against the dryer cylinders to dry the web. As used herein and in the claims, the term “papermaking machine” is to be considered in a broad or generic sense, that is, the machine producing a paper or paper-like material such as pulp, board, wet laid non-woven sheet or other similar structures.&#39; 
           [0009]    In the dryer section, the dryer cylinders are internally heated by steam or the like. The cylinders usually have imperforate surfaces for contacting the paper web. Other rolls, such as pocket rolls, may have surfaces that are perforated or slotted to permit the passage of heated air there through to increase the drying action on the web.  
           [0010]    Ideally, dryer fabrics should have at least the following properties. First, they should have a top surface that is fine enough to minimize marking of the sheet of paper being produced. Second, they should have a resilient bottom layer to provide long life while enduring the stress the fabric is subjected to while in contact with the machine over a long period of time. Third, the dryer fabric weave should be open enough to allow heat to pass through without significant impedance. Fourth, the fabric should be designed in such a way that the permeability of the fabric, and thus the heat transfer from the dryer cylinders to the web, may be controlled.  
           [0011]    In multi-layer dryer fabrics, it is known in the art that a certain degree of control may be exhibited over the permeability of the woven dryer fabric by inserting additional cross machine direction yarns, called stuffer picks, or stuffer yarns, into the weave at selected positions across the fabric. These yarns serve to fill the air pockets or voids created in the weave between the machine direction and cross machine direction yarns. These stuffer yarns can also serve the supplemental purpose of joining the top and bottom layers of the fabric and lending an increased cohesiveness and durability to a fabric that would otherwise be overly porous and vulnerable to wear.  
           [0012]    In the past, several varieties of stuffer yarns have been employed for the purposes noted above. The most common yarns utilized have been cabled monofilament yarns, hollow monofilament, and thermoplastic coated (or deformable) cross-machine-direction yarns. Each of these yarns brings limitations to the dryer fabric application. Specifically, a daunting problem is that none of the three prior art stuffer yarns provide the desired degree of permeability control in the dryer fabric in which a stuffer yarn is used.  
           [0013]    In addition, a number of problems specific to the use of cabled yarns as stuffer yarns in a dryer fabric are well known in the art. For example, a major problem is that they are bound tightly and are not able to efficiently fill the interstices of the woven fabric to impede the flow of air, as desired. Furthermore, the cabled monofilament stuffer yarn does not weave efficiently. Undesirable torque builds up during the weaving process that results in pigtails or kinks being pulled into the fabric.  
           [0014]    In addition, the diameter and shape of the fibers used in the manufacture of the cabled yarn should be identical. When fibers of varying diameters are twisted into a cabled yarn, the resulting yarn becomes buckled and kinked. The difficulties of incorporating such a yarn into a weave are obvious. Even if it were possible to weave such a yarn into a fabric, the resulting fabric would be uneven and cause marking and non-uniform drying to the paper web. Thus, cabled yarns are limited to fiber bundles of uniform cross section and diameter. The result of this limitation is that cabled yarns have a somewhat uniform radius, and will not fill fabric voids. The result of having fabric voids in papermakers&#39; fabric made with cabled yarns of the prior art is less control over the permeability of the fabric.  
           [0015]    Monofilament hollow yarns have also used been used as cross machine direction stuffer picks in dryer fabrics. Further, while hollow monofilaments will distort to fill the fabric voids they will not provide the same effect as the inter-twisted yarns&#39; ability to allow individual monofilaments to disperse in the fabric voids. The major disadvantage of using hollow yarns as stuffer yarns is that such yarns are more difficult to produce than conventional monofilament yarns and, as a result, are significantly more expensive than cabled monofilament or inter-twisted monofilament yarns.  
           [0016]    Cross-machine direction yarns that are deformable have been used as stuffer yarns, but like hollow yarns, they are very costly to manufacture. Further, they require special post-treatment to allow the coating to deform to fill the fabric voids.  
           [0017]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,675,409 to Rosenstein addressed the problem of pigtails and kinks in a multi-filament fiber bundle, specifically a tow. Rosenstein prevents snags and kinks in a tow through the use of a wrapping filament to keep the tow fibers substantially parallel. The wrapping filaments are wound in a clockwise and counter-clockwise manner to prevent unraveling and loosening of the substantially parallel tow fibers which were then cut for flock. In Rosenstein, the wrapping filaments were limited in their application to ensure that when the tow was chopped they were substantially the same length as the substantially parallel filaments that they bound.  
           [0018]    For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for an improved stuffer yarn for use in papermakers&#39; fabrics, and for an improved method of making such a yarn that is fast and economical.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0019]    The present invention satisfies these needs with an improved assembled multifilament stuffer yarn for use in papermakers&#39; dryer fabrics and press felts, utilizing a plurality of monofilament filaments that are helically wrapped or twisted clockwise and counterclockwise to form a papermakers&#39; yarn by wrapping or twisting filaments together. The first twisting/wrapping filament twists with at least the second twisting/wrapping filament which then acts as a carrier for the subsequent wrapping or twisting filaments wherein the finished yarn is substantially free of filaments which are parallel.  
           [0020]    The yarn is made by passing a first twisting filament or a yarn or a plurality of twisting filaments or a mixture of twisting filaments, hereinafter referred to in the specification and in the claims as the “central twisting carrier” from static-positioned spools through the hollow center of twisting filament-static loaded supply spools positioned sequentially in a linear pattern. There is a multiple of twisting filament spools, wherein the majority of the cross-sectional diameter of the finished yarn are twisting filament fibers with substantially no fibers parallel to one another.  
           [0021]    As the central twisting carrier is passed through the hollow center of each of the subsequent twisting filament-loaded supply spools, the central twisting carrier is helically wrapped by a twisting filament that is pulled off of the supply spool along with the moving central twisting carrier. The supply spools are oriented in positions such that the twisting filament that is pulled off some of the supply spools wraps the central twisting carrier in a clockwise direction, and some of the twisting filaments wrap the central twisting carrier in a counterclockwise direction.  
           [0022]    Accordingly, an object of the invention is invention to provide an improved assembled monofilament yarn for use in a papermaking fabric that will efficiently control the flow of air through the fabric.  
           [0023]    A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved assembled monofilament yarn for use in a press felt that provides improved anchorage for needling batt fibers.  
           [0024]    Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved dryer fabric for the dryer section of a papermaking or similar machine utilizing the inter-twisted monofilament yarns of the present invention as stuffer yarn.  
           [0025]    Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved press felt for the press section of a papermaking or similar machine utilizing the multifilament yarns of the present invention for scrim structure substrate.  
           [0026]    Yet another object of the invention is to provide a dryer fabric that may be employed to press the moist web uniformly and successively against the dryer cylinders to dry the web.  
           [0027]    A further object of the invention is to provide yarns that can be utilized as stuffer picks in a dryer fabric, filling in fabric voids, thereby allowing for improved control of permeability.  
           [0028]    Another object of the invention is to provide a yarn that can be utilized in a papermakers&#39; fabric and which provides improved control of heat transfer.  
           [0029]    Another object of the invention is to provide a yarn that will impart greater wear resistance and compaction resistance to a press felt made therefrom.  
           [0030]    Another object of the invention is to provide an assembled monofilament yarn that can be woven efficiently, without undesirable torque build-up that results in kinks being pulled into the fabric.  
           [0031]    A further object of the invention is to provide an improved papermakers&#39; yarn that is less expensive to make than monofilament hollow yarns and other cross-machine-direction yarns. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0032]    [0032]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of papermaking machine.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 2 shows a top plan view of a typical prior art hollow monofilament yarn.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view in the cross-machine direction of a prior art fabric utilizing the hollow monofilament yarn of FIG. 2 as cross-machine direction stuffer picks.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the yarn of the present invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art dryer fabric.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view in the cross-machine direction of a dryer fabric of the present invention.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 7 is a fragmentary side schematic showing the spindle assembly used to make the yarn of the present invention.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the spindle assembly used to make the yarn of the present invention.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 9 is a view of the first supply spool in the spindle assembly.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 10 is a view of two supply spools in the spindle assembly.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 11 is a view of one of the last two supply spools, which may be motor-driven. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0043]    At the outset, the invention is described in its broadest overall aspects with a more detailed description following. The present invention is a multifilament stuffer yarn for use in papermakers&#39; fabrics, and a method of making the stuffer yarn. The improved, yarn has applications for use in the dryer, and press sections of a papermaking machine.  
         [0044]    Fibers selected for use in the yarn and fabrics of the present invention may be those commonly used in papermakers&#39; fabrics. The polymer fibers can be selected from the group consisting of polypropylenes, polyesters, aramids or nylon. One skilled in the relevant art will select yarn materials according to the particular application of the final fabric.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 1 displays a diagrammatic representation of a papermaking machine, on which fabrics constructed partially of yarn made in accordance with the present invention may be used.  
         [0046]    The exemplary papermaking machine is shown for the purposes of illustration of the application of the yarn of the present invention to papermakers&#39; dryer fabrics. As shown in FIG. 1, the machine includes a forming section  60  (having a forming fabric  61 ), a press section  62  (having a press felt  63 ), and a dryer section  64  (having a dryer fabric  65 ).  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 5 illustrates a prior art dryer fabric  80  having cross-machine-direction yarns  82 , machine direction yarns  84 , and cabled monofilament stuffer yarns  86 . FIG. 6 illustrates a cross sectional view in the cross-machine direction, having machine direction yarns  82 , cross-machine-direction yarns  84 , and the wound stuffer yarns of the present invention  88 .  
         [0048]    From FIG. 6, the advantages of the dryer fabric utilizing the wound yarn of the present invention over the prior art dryer fabric of FIG. 3 or FIG. 5 become apparent. Compared to the single, fixed-diameter hollow monofilament yarns  28  of FIG. 3 or the cabled stuffer yarn  86  of FIG. 5, the embodiment of FIG. 6 illustrates the advantages of the intertwisted yarn  88  of the present invention in creating a dryer fabric which allows the papermaker increased control of permeability in the dryer section of the papermaking machine. As seen in the cross-sectional view in FIG. 4 of one embodiment of the yarn of the invention and in FIG. 6, the separation of filaments comprising the yarn of the invention causes the yarn to fill the interstices of the fabric, which controllably inhibits the air flow through the fabric, and results in the formation of a superior sheet of paper.  
         [0049]    In yet another embodiment of the invention, the intertwisted yarns of the present invention may be used as picks in the machine direction of a press fabric. As previously described, press fabrics are used in papermaking machines to support the moist, freshly formed paper web as it encounters a variety of rolls to extract water from the moist paper web. A press felt is formed through a needling process, whereby a batt material is applied to a base fabric and driven into inter-engagement with the fabric. As is known in the art, there is significant stress placed upon the press felt in the press section of the papermaker&#39;s machine.  
         [0050]    The wound yarns of the present invention are inserted as picks in the press fabric, in much the same manner as has been previously described with respect to a dryer fabric. The fabric is subsequently needled with batt material. Optionally hot melt adhesive holds the stuffer picks into the press fabric.  
         [0051]    In the present embodiment, improved anchorage of the batting material in the base fabric is effected by the inter-engagement of the batt fibers with the additional wound stuffer picks of the present invention during needling. Specifically, the multifilament picks of the present invention engage the batting material more tightly during needling as a result of the increased contact area. Additionally, because the machine-direction yarns are wound multifilament, the degree to which batt fibers become enmeshed and intertwined with these yarns is greater than that in prior art felts. This increased entwinement results in higher frictional forces between the batt fibers and the wound intertwisted picks, thus producing a higher degree of restricted lateral movement of batt fibers once needled. This embodiment provides an advantageous felt construction, offering improved felt durability and wear characteristics. Additionally adhesive can be used to increase the performance of the fibers.  
         [0052]    Thus it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the use of the intertwisted yarns of the present invention, and specifically the use of the intertwisted yarns of the present invention as stuffer picks in the dryer and in the scrim of press fabrics of a papermaking machine affords the papermaker enhanced control over the papermaking process such as the control of heat transfer and permeability in the dryer section and improved batt retention and wear qualities in the press section.  
         [0053]    The preceding detailed descriptions of embodiments of the present invention are intended to provide examples of how intertwisted yarns may be used in accordance with the present invention, but they are not intended to limit the use to the applications described. Further embodiments may also be designed in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood that numerous combinations of yarn types, yarn diameters, winding geometries and arrangements of yarns may be used with equal facility and effectiveness.  
         [0054]    It is also to be understood that many other variations and modifications of this fabric construction, all within the scope of this invention, will readily occur to those skilled in the art. While the embodiments, as described above, have been illustrated in the form of dryer and press fabrics made up in simple duplex weaves, it will be understood that any appropriate multi-layer weave can be used which will enable the introduction of stuffer picks. By varying the geometry of the stuffer picks, a large variety of dryer and press fabrics of different characteristics can be achieved. Accordingly, the foregoing is intended to be descriptive only of the principles of the invention and is not to be considered a limitation thereof.  
         [0055]    The yarn is made by pulling a twisting yarn or filament from static-positioned yarn spools mounted on hollow spindles and then through the hollow center of each of several twisting filament-loaded supply spools positioned sequentially in a linear pattern, wherein there are preferably six or more twisting filaments wrapped around the central twisting carrier. There is a requirement in a preferred embodiment that the twisting filaments must be balanced in matched pairs of clockwise and counter-clockwise wrapping filaments to balance the torque of the final yarn. The maximum number of total filaments in the finished yarn is approximately 100 filaments.  
         [0056]    As shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, the central twisting carrier is advanced through a series of spindles  36  in a spindle assembly  52 . Each spindle  36  in the assembly  52  serves as an axle for a twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34 . In one embodiment central twisting carrier yarns pass through eight (8) spindles  36 , with each spindle  36  serving as the axle of yet another, twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34 . The supply spool  34  is held stationary, and the twisting filament  30  is pulled off the twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34  at 90 degrees from the tangential direction, and then is fed into the spindle  36 .  
         [0057]    If the central twisting carrier yarns  32  were merely pulled through the spindles  36 , they would remain essentially parallel to one another, however the majority of the fibers in the instant invention are not parallel to the central twisting carrier or the individual filaments contained therein and in the formation of the array, twisting of the filaments are desired. However, when a twisting filament  30  is pulled from an individual twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34  on the axle of the spindle  36 , the mere act of pulling the bundle of central twisting carrier yarns  32  through the spindle  36  causes the twisting filament  30  to rotate off the top of the twisting filament supply spool  34  and twist around the central twisting carrier yarn to therefore increasing the central twisting carrier&#39;s diameter.  
         [0058]    The twisting filament  30  forms a layer because each successive twisting filament joins the central twisting carrier at some distance away in the spindle assembly. The characteristics of the twist varies by the changing diameter of the filament-loaded supply spools. The diameters of the spools may be uniform or non-uniform, depending on the desired twisting characteristics.  
         [0059]    Since a twisting filament  30  is added to the central twisting carrier at every spindle  36  in the assembly, the character of the diameter changes accordingly. The length of the twist is determined by the amount of twisting filament  30  on the twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34  (i.e. by the circumference of twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34 ). As used herein the length of the twist refers to the distance it takes for a yarn to start at the top of the central twisting carrier and go around the central twisting carrier and end up at the top again. The smaller the circumference of the filament on the twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34 , the greater the length of the twist, and the larger the circumference of the spool  34 , the shorter the resulting length of twisting. Of course as the twisting filament  30  is pulled from the twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34 , the circumference of the spool  34  will get smaller. Starting with the second twisting yarn spool  34  in the spindle assembly, it is possible to rotate the twisting filament-loaded supply spool  34  to compensate for twist that is applied as a result of a decreasing diameter of the spool.  
         [0060]    At the end of the spindle assembly the diameter of the central twisting carrier is significantly larger than when it passed through the first spindle  36 . This change in diameter effects the length of the twist.  
         [0061]    As shown in FIG. 7, and FIGS.  9 - 11 , one end of each twisting filament-loaded supply spool is provided with an annular array of monofilament whiskers  38 . The whiskers used in one embodiment of the invention are available as a brush from Wyrepak-Watkins. The whiskers are part of a patented device, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,290. As the twisting filaments payoff the twisting filament-loaded supply spools, the tension of the twisting filaments is controlled by pulling them through the monofilament whiskers.  
         [0062]    The number of times a twisting filament is wrapped around the central twisting carrier is increased by driving at least one twisting filament-loaded supply spool with a motor-driven pulley to increase the number of revolutions per minute of the twisting filament-loaded supply spool. By controlling both the speed of the pulley driving at least one twisting filament-loaded supply spool, and by controlling the speed of the take-up reel  54  (FIGS. 7 and 8), the number of wraps of the twisting filament around the central twisting carrier can be controlled.  
         [0063]    In a preferred embodiment, the central twisting carrier is wrapped with twisting filament at a rate of between 2 and 100 wraps per linear inch of central twisting carrier passing through a twisting filament-loaded supply spool.  
         [0064]    Post-treating of the wrapped/inter-twisted central twisting carrier yarn bundle may be used to further bind the assembly of filaments. This can include heat treating, resin coating, impregnation or the use of low melting temperature filaments or filaments coated with a low melting polymer within the assembly of filaments.  
         [0065]    For example, after the combined bundle of central twisting carrier yarns and twisting yarns leaves at least the last spindle in the spindle assembly, it is joined together with a temporary glue. The glue is strong enough to enable the yarn to be woven into a fabric, but weak enough to allow the filaments in the yarn to separate slightly during the weaving process, as desired. This separation of filaments or breakdown causes the yarn to fill the interstices of the fabric, which controllably inhibits the airflow through the fabric, and results in the formation of a superior sheet of paper.  
         [0066]    After the central twisting carrier yarn bundle is passed through at least the last spindle  36  in the spindle assembly, a temporary glue or adhesive is applied to at least one filament. The purpose of applying a temporary glue is to hold the filaments together for weaving the yarn into the fabric. The glue might, for example be a urethane that is either heat or ultraviolet cured. The temporary nature of the glue allows the filaments in the bundle to become unwound or to separate after the yarn is woven into a fabric. As described previously, this is desirable in the dryer fabric because the unwound yarn does a better job of filling the interstices of the fabric than the prior art stuffer yarns. It provides increased interference in airflow through the fabric that results in the formation of a superior sheet of paper. While the inter-twisted structure will contain the bundle of filaments as a group, the individual monofilaments may migrate somewhat independently within a finite length of the stuffer pick. This will allow filaments to fill towards the warp yarn apex of the open void or shed.  
         [0067]    In addition to urethane, the glue that is applied may be selected from a member of the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate adhesive, polyamide adhesive, nylon adhesive, thermoset epoxy resin, thermoset vinyl ester resin, and thermoset polyester resin, and hot melt adhesives.  
         [0068]    As an alternative to temporary glue, adhesive coated filaments or yarns may be provided to join the central twisting carrier yarns and the twisting filaments. The adhesive coated yarns may be in addition to the central twisting carrier yarns  32  and twisting filaments  30 , or they may be selected from the central twisting carrier and/or twisting filaments  32 ,  30 .  
         [0069]    The adhesive coating may be activated by a heat zone, shown schematically in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 as an oven  50  and subsequently cooled prior to winding. The yarn is heated in oven  50  to a temperature of about between 140° F. and 500° F., with the actual temperature to be determined by the nature of the glue or adhesive selected. The temperature should be high enough to produce a bond between the glue or hot melt adhesive and the twisting filaments which is strong enough to hold together during weaving, but weak enough to allow the filaments to separate after the yarn is woven into a fabric.  
         [0070]    A die, set of rolls or other methods of compressing or squeezing the monofilaments and adhesives together to enhance the adhesive distribution may be used. FIGS. 7 and 8 show that the yarn is taken up by a take-up reel  54 , the turning of which pulls the central twisting carrier filaments  32  through the spindles  36 .  
         [0071]    In another embodiment, the adhesive coated yarns may be wound on small diameter packages and fed into the system over end to provide a greater degree of inter-twisting.  
         [0072]    Although the yarn of several embodiments has been disclosed, it is understood that any number of twisting yarns may be used, with a maximum of about 100 total filaments to produce the yarn and the majority of filaments must not be parallel to each other.  
         [0073]    In addition, the twisting filaments and central twisting carrier yarns may be of any shape, and are not limited to yarns having a circular cross section. For example, the yarns may have a rectangular, trapezoidal, square, oval shape, or other shape. In addition, the twisting and central twisting carrier yarns need not be of uniform size. Furthermore the twisting filaments may also be bundles of multifilaments or spun yarns.  
         [0074]    To modify the inter-twist level and resulting compaction of the filament bundle one or more of the spools may be rotated by driving the hollow spindles while the fibers paying off the preceding bobbins pass through the hollow spindle holding the rotating spool or spools. For example, 12 spools of twisting filament, a monofilament, are mounted on hollow spindles in a linear relationship. Each spool is alternated so the twisting filament pays off over the head of the twisting filament-loaded supply spool in clockwise or counterclockwise direction causing the twisting filament to twist off in an “S” or “Z” direction.  
         [0075]    Each end of twisting filament is fed into the next hollow spindle. If the twisting filament-loaded supply spools are numbered in a linear sequence as spool number  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 , . . .  12 , then one possible format is that the twisting filament from twisting filament-loaded supply spool  1  is rotating clockwise off the static spool, wraps the moving central twisting carrier which is passing through the center of supply spool  1  in a clockwise direction, and is fed along with the central twisting carrier into the hollow spindle holding twisting filament-loaded supply spool  2 . The twisting filament from spool  2  pays off counterclockwise and rotates about the twisting filament from spool  1  and the moving central twisting carrier.  
         [0076]    The moving central twisting carrier, now wrapped with two inter-twisted twisting filaments is then fed through the hollow spindle holding twisting filament-loaded supply spool  3  while the twisting filament from spool  3  pays off in clockwise direction and wraps the central twisting carrier and helically-wound twisting filaments from the two preceding twisting filament-loaded supply spools. This arrangement continues until at twisting filament-loaded supply spool  12  there are eleven inter-twisted twisting filaments wrapped by the twisting filament paying off twisting filament-loaded supply spool  12 . The result is an inter-twisted bundle of twelve filaments successively by the known twisting action of taking a twisting filament over the end of the spool or package. The resultant twist per inch is 1/πD or 1/C, where 1 is the number of twists inserted divided by the length of yarn in the circumference of the package central twisting carrier d multiplied by the constant, π (pi), which is approximated here as 3.1416.  
         [0077]    In the above example all spools are static and only the action of the yarn provides the twisting or wrapping action about the filament(s) passing through the hollow spindle.  
         [0078]    The twisting or wrapping action is fixed in direction “s” or “z” by the direction of pay off the twisting filament-loaded supply spool and the twisting or wrapping rate is limited by the diameter of the wound filament on the twisting filament-loaded supply spool from which the filament is “Peeled”. Accordingly the inter-twisting or wrapping density or spacing remains constant and independent of the throughput speed of the passing filament(s).  
         [0079]    Another configuration of the invention would be to rotate one or more twisting filament-loaded supply spools by driving at least one of the hollow spindles with a motor driven belt  40  as shown in FIG. 11. Modifying the above example, if spool  12  is driven at a rate of 300 RPM, then twisting filament  12  will twist and wrap about the bundle of filaments passing through the hollow spindle at 50 IPM linear speed of “L” with a relationship of (I×RPM)/L or (I×300).50=6 wraps per inch about the bundle.  
         [0080]    An embodiment of the method of making a yarn of the invention is performed as follows.  
         [0081]    As shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, the twisting carrier filaments  32  or yarns or central twisting carrier  32  is fed from a central twisting carrier spool  34 . The first twisting carrier spool  34  delivers the twisting carrier filament  32 , which than passes through the hollow of the subsequent twisting carrier  34  to form the final filament bundle. Each central twisting carrier spool  34  is fixed and not allowed to rotate, and the central twisting carrier is pulled off the side of the central twisting carrier spool  34  at an angle of 90 degrees from the axel.  
       EXAMPLE  
       [0082]    Twelve active ends of 0.008 inch polyester monofilaments, (HC;Type 900C) were processed with alternating “S” and “Z” pay-off from the spools.  
                                                                                                                                                           Yarn position                1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12                        Direction   S   Z   S   Z   S   Z   S   Z   S   Z   S   Z                  
 
         [0083]    Positions  11  and  12  had the 0.008 inch monofilament, but each was previously coated with 31% (wt.) EVA hot melt resin. The twisting filament-loaded supply spool at position  12  was driven at a rotation of 746 RPM as the inter-twisted filaments (eleven) comprising the central twisting carrier passed through the hollow spindle  12  at a linear speed of 125 FPM (feet per minute). As explained previously, the speed of the central twisting carrier is determined by the speed of the take-up reel. It is important to note, that the rotation rate should be varied depending on the type of twisting filament being used. In a preferred embodiment, the central twisting carrier is wrapped with twisting filament at a rate of between 2 and 100 wraps per linear inch of central twisting carrier passing through a twisting filament-loaded supply spool.  
         [0084]    The completed assembly of twelve monofilaments was then heated in a series of radiant heat tubes totaling 14 feet in length at a temperature of 415° F. After passing in an ambient air cooling zone the yarn was precision wound to a 3 ¼ inch×11 inch tube.  
         [0085]    The yarn was woven directly from the above noted tube as a stuffer pick in a two-layer, all monofilament dryer fabric. The fabric was heat set and air permeability was tested and compared to a section of fabric woven using the standard 4×3 cabled 0.008 inch monofilament stuffer at the same picks per inch.  
         [0086]    The comparison showed the inter-twisted monofilament structure which is the object of this invention provided a CFM of 70 compared to 100 for the standard cabled monofilament.  
         [0087]    The process of making a Dryer fabric consisted of the following step of: First, a yarn is made using an embodiment of the method described above, wherein the first twisting filament is pulled off the end of the first twisting filament-loaded supply spool to wrap in a clockwise direction around the central twisting carrier, and the second twisting filament is pulled off the second twisting filament-loaded supply spool to wrap in a counterclockwise direction around the central twisting carrier. The central twisting carrier is passed through twelve twisting filament-loaded supply spools, as the twisting filament from each supply spool pays off in alternate directions, clockwise and counterclockwise. The central twisting carrier may be comprised of two or more parallel filaments. The central twisting carrier filaments and the twisting filaments may be either nylon or polyester. The number of revolutions per minute of at least one of the twisting filament-loaded supply spools is controlled by a motor-driven pulley. The central twisting carrier is wrapped at a rate of between 2 and 100 wraps per linear inch of central twisting carrier passing through a twisting filament-loaded supply spool. A temporary glue is applied to at least the last twisting filament being wrapped around the central twisting carrier. The yarn is passed through an oven to form a temporary bond between the glue and the twisting filaments. The yarn is cooled and coiled on a take-up reel. The yarn is then inserted as stuffer picks in making a dryer fabric.  
         [0088]    The following process discusses the Making A Press Felt using the steps of: First a yarn is made according to any one of the above embodiments of the invention. Then the yarn is woven into a base fabric. Batt fibers are then needled into the base fabric, which provides improved anchorage for the batt fibers. Hot melt or thermoplastic resin coated filaments may be incorporated to provide better adhesive properties to the scrim to better bond the needled fibers.  
         [0089]    While the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes and modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the and all equivalents are included within the scope of the following claims.