Abstract:
The present invention is a dampening device for a flex circuit of a disk drive. The dampening device engages the flex circuit to alter is vibrational effect generated by the moment of the flex circuit that adversely affects post seek oscillations performance of the drive. The dampening device lowers the first resonant frequency of the flex circuit and reduces the magnitude of the post seek off track oscillations.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/560,831, filed Apr. 8, 2004, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the reduction of vibrational loads imparted upon an actuator in a disk drive as a result of a seek operation. In particular, one embodiment of the invention dampens vibrational inputs originating from a flex circuit interconnected to the actuator to reduce post seek oscillation levels resulting in improved seek performance. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Hard disk drives store information on magnetic disks. Typically, the information is stored on concentric tracks of the disk that are divided into servo sectors and data sectors. Information is written to or read from the disk by a transducer or head, mounted on an actuator arm that positions the transducer over the disk in a predetermined location. Accordingly, the movement of the actuator arm allows the transducer to access the different tracks of the disk. The disk is rotated by a spindle motor at a high speed, allowing the transducer to access different sectors within each track on the disk. 
     A voice coil motor (VCM) in combination with a servo control system is usually employed to position the actuator arm. The servo control system generally performs the function of seek control and track following. The seek function is initiated when a command is issued to read data from or write data to a target track on the disk. Once the transducer has been positioned sufficiently close to the target track by the seek function of the servo control system, the track following function of the control system centers and maintains the transducer on the target track until the desired data transfer is completed. 
     Typically, the transducer will oscillate about the center line of the target track for a period of time following the transition of the servo control system from the seek mode to the track following mode. These off-track displacements, or post-seek oscillations (PSO), are due, at least in part, to mechanical vibrations generated by the components of the disk drive during the seek and/or tracking operation. In addition, while in the track following mode, adjustments to the position of the transducer with respect to the center line of the target track are often required due to these same mechanical vibrations. Such adjustments are required to correct drift in the position of the transducer relative to the target track. The precise control of the position of the transducer relative to a target track has become increasingly important as track densities (or tracks per radial inch —TPI) in disk drives have increased. More specifically, the number of tracks included on a disk, i.e., the greater the TPI, translates to higher data storage capability. However, the increased number of tracks means that there is a more stringent requirement that the transducer stay on track for both reading and writing purposes as the separation distance between adjacent tracks decreases. A measure of how far the transducer is off target is termed “Track Misregistration” (TMR). It can be measured in distance (e.g., microns) or as a percentage of track pitch. TMR is also referred to as off track or track following errors. 
     The actuator assembly also includes a flex circuit that extends from a flex circuit connector mounted to the base plate and electrically interconnected with the disk drive printed circuit board, across a length of the base plate to the actuator, along the actuator arm and suspension and to the transducer for the transfer of information between the transducer and processors located on the printed circuit board. The flex circuit comprises a plurality of conductors or traces embedded in a flexible polyamide material, such as Kapton, that allows the flex circuit to deflect to accommodate the rotary movement of the actuator. 
     The actuator assembly generally includes one or more actuator arms and a corresponding load beam and slider for each actuator arm, along with the previously described transducer and a single flex circuit which generates vibrational loads that impair the ability of the actuator assembly to position and maintain the transducer over a desired track. The actuator assembly also includes a yoke and voice coil that can also contribute to the vibrational loads. To account for vibrational loads, during the design phase, the amount of vibration from the assembled components may be assigned a budget that must not exceed a predetermined level of generated vibration, thus minimizing TMR and post seek oscillation errors. These budgets are based upon vibrations originating from a number of sources and take on various forms including, but not limited to, electrical noise torque, whirl, arm mode, drum mode, ball bearing tones, high frequency turbulence, disk vibration, aerodynamic torque, and external vibration or seek settle. More specifically, the vibrational loads are generated by the different modes of vibrational motion generated by the components of the actuator assembly. Minute vibrational loads that emanate from the aerodynamic loading of the disk and/or actuator moving through the air inside the disk drive housing may also affect TMR and post seek oscillations. Thus, it is important for designers of disk drives to reduce the individual sources of vibrational loads that influence positioning of the transducer to produce a disk drive with lower vibrational loading such that the servo control system may better compensate for post seek oscillations and TMR. 
     In addition to the post seek oscillations generated by the components of the actuator assembly, post seek oscillations are also caused by the acceleration and deceleration of the actuator assembly as the actuator arm(s) moves from one track to its intended track. The flex circuit in effect places a torque loading on the actuator assembly. As the actuator moves, resonances in the flex circuit are exited. The primary or first resonant mode is the most distinctive in that it causes the greatest torque disturbance. This is because it is a low frequency resonance, on the order of 200-400 Hz. The magnitude or amplitude of the vibration caused by the flex circuit torque loading is also a problem in PSO. Other sources of post seek oscillation will be apparent to one skilled in the art, such as those from the interaction between various components, such as the bearing and the actuator when the actuator slows or stops the flex circuit and the actuator, rotation of the disk, or the interaction of the voice coil motor with the driver. 
     The negative effects of post seek oscillations and TMR are most easily described by a brief discussion of track pitch. The distance between two concentric tracks of a disk is known as track pitch, which decreases as TPI increases. For example, a disk with 100,000 TPI has generally a track pitch budget of 0.25 microns (approximately 10 millionths of an inch), wherein a disk with a 150,000 TPI has a track pitch of about 0.17 microns (approximately 7 millionths of an inch). As described above, each vibration-generating component of a disk drive has a budget that contributes to the maximum allowable TMR that are correctable by the servo control system. That is, vibrational induced oscillations of the transducer must be maintained at or below a level where the servo controller can effectively counteract the movement and control the position of the transducer. This level is predetermined in the design of a disk drive. Returning now to the above example in which TPI is increased from 100,000 to 150,000, and the same servo controller is used in each instance, vibrations generated by the flex circuit increase as a percentage of the total budget. Therefore, it is desirable to implement other means of reducing vibrations due to the flex circuit other than through the servo controller. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Thus, it is a long felt need in the field of magnetic disk drive construction to provide a device and method that reduces errors from post seek oscillations of the transducer head by dampening the vibrational loads generated by the flex circuit. The following disclosure describes a dampening mechanism that interfaces with the flex circuit of a disk drive actuator arm to reduce the vibrations emanating therefrom. More specifically, the flex circuit of many disk drives is interconnected to a flex clamp that is situated on or near an electrical connector that interconnects the flex circuit with the printed circuit board of the disk drive that, in turn, is interconnected with a computer system. The flex clamp is generally a molded plastic member that secures a portion of the flex circuit to the electrical connector. The flex circuit extends from the flex clamp and travels in a curved or arcuate path to the actuator, thereby providing slack and accommodating free movement of the actuator. 
     One embodiment of the present invention is a spring-like mechanism that interconnects with the clamp to engage one portion of the flex circuit, thus providing dampening to help lower the first resonant mode or natural frequency of the flex circuit. In one embodiment of the present invention, the flex circuit dampener is inserted between the flex circuit and a wall of the flex clamp to provide a spring similar to that of a leaf spring. More specifically, this embodiment of the present invention provides a flexible surface that engages the flex circuit to provide localized dampening by deflectional and frictional loading of the surface of the flex circuit, thus removing vibrational energy from the flex circuit. 
     One skilled in the art will appreciate that many types of dampeners may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention, such that many shapes or sizes of various types of materials may be employed. The aim of all of the embodiments of this invention is to provide a dampener placed in contact with the flexing portion of the flex circuit, which is typically but not necessarily located between the actuator assembly and the flex clamp. In operation, a dampener of a specific range of stiffness and dampening values may effectively modify the mechanical response of a flex circuit during a seek operation and reduce the reaction of forces or torques exerted on the actuator by the flex circuit that results in post seek oscillations that, in turn, reduce seek time performance. Both the dimensional and material properties of the dampener are important for achieving the correct stiffness and dampening properties of the dampener. Similarly, the dimensional and material properties of the flex circuit are also relevant for achieving the correct stiffness and dampening properties of the dampener. The flex circuit dampener may be a rectangular piece of material that is interconnected to the wall of the flex clamp, thus making the present invention easy to retrofit into existing designs of disk drives. In one embodiment of the present invention, the flex dampener is a rectangular piece of Kapton 75 microns thick and about 35 millimeters in height that is positioned between the flex clamp and the flex circuit. 
     The flex circuit dampener is used to modify the frequency response of the flex circuit by modifying its natural frequencies. More specifically, the flex circuit dampener alters the natural frequencies of the flex circuit such that resonance of the flex circuit occurs at a lower frequency range such that the servo control system of the disk drive can more effectively compensate for and correct PSO from the flex circuit. In addition, the flex circuit dampener reduces the magnitude of the resonant frequencies, especially the first mode frequency, which is the most prominent and which causes the most vibrational loading on the actuator assembly. Further, tests in connection with one embodiment of the present invention have shown an approximately 30% reduction in the first mode natural frequency and about a 50% decrease in overall amplitude of the resonant frequencies. The flex circuit dampener may be constructed of a polyamide material with a natural frequency of about 300 Hz. In addition, it has been found that the most effective dampening of the flex circuit occurs when the stiffness of the dampener approaches the stiffness of the flex circuit. 
     The natural frequency shift of the flex circuit is important because generally a servo mechanism that controls the actuator is more apt to compensate for external disturbances generated from vibrations at lower frequencies. Thus, when the natural frequency of an external vibration driver, such as the flex circuit, is reduced, the servo controller will more easily counteract the vibrational loading. This concept is often referred to in the art as the sensitivity function of the disk drive, such that a certain frequency range results in inefficient or non-existent servo control. Further, in those instances where the servo controller cannot counteract the external vibrational loads, the constant engagement of the servo mechanism may actually amplify external disturbances to maintain or increase the post seek oscillation errors. 
     In addition, the present invention also promotes coulomb dampening, which is generated by sliding friction between flex circuit and flex circuit dampener to further dampen vibrational loading emanating from the moving flex circuit. It has been found through experimentation and analysis that the most efficient coulomb dampening is achieved when the stiffness of the dampener is the same or nearly the same as the flex circuit stiffness and provided the contact between the flex circuit and the dampener over a predetermined region is such that the frictional interaction is optimized. 
     One skilled in the art will appreciate that the dampening method of the present invention provides an easy way for manufacturers to reduce the amplitude and shift the natural frequency of the flex circuit such that the servo controller can more efficiently compensate for the vibrations generated by the flex circuit, thus allowing the flex circuit to meet its post seek oscillation and/or tracking error budget. One skilled in the art will also appreciate that the present invention is easy to implement into existing disk drives. This retrofitability allows the present invention to be implemented in disk drives in a relatively inexpensive manner. 
     The Summary of the Invention is neither intended nor should it be construed as being representative of the full extent and scope of the present invention. The present invention is set forth in various levels of detail in the Summary of the Invention as well as in the attached drawings and the Detailed Description of the Invention and no limitation as to the scope of the present invention is intended by either the inclusion or non-inclusion of elements, components, etc. in this Summary of the Invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of these embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is a partial perspective view of a disk drive with the cover removed; 
         FIG. 2  is a top plan view of one embodiment of an actuator assembly showing the flex circuit connecting to the actuator arm; 
         FIG. 3  is a partial perspective view of a 90° flex circuit dampener interconnected to a flex circuit clamp, and also showing the flex circuit extending to and interconnecting with another embodiment of an actuator assembly; 
         FIG. 4  is a partial perspective view of a 180° flex circuit dampener interconnected to a flex circuit clamp, and also showing the flex circuit extending to and interconnecting with another embodiment of an actuator assembly; 
         FIG. 5  is a top plan view of a wedge flex circuit dampener interconnected to a flex circuit clamp; 
         FIG. 6  is a detailed top plan view taken from area A of  FIG. 3  showing engagement between the flex circuit and one embodiment of the flex circuit dampener; 
         FIG. 7A  is a graph showing the frequency magnitude of an undampened actuator arm; 
         FIG. 7B  is a graph showing the frequency magnitude of a dampened actuator arm that shows the effect that the dampener of one embodiment of the present invention has on post seek oscillation of an actuator arm; 
         FIG. 8A  is a graph that shows undampened post seek oscillations of an actuator head; 
         FIG. 8B  is a graph that shows the effect that a dampener of the present invention has on post seek oscillations. 
         FIG. 9A  is a graph showing a finite element analysis of the reaction force experienced by an actuator assembly over time by four dampeners of the present invention, each with a different stiffness, in combination with a flex circuit. 
         FIG. 9B  is a graph showing a finite element analysis of the effect that four different dampeners of the present invention have on the displacement of the flex circuit versus time. 
         FIG. 10  is a graph showing the average reaction force experienced by an actuator assembly by a dampener of the present invention as the stiffness of the dampener is changed. 
     
    
    
     It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. In certain instances, details which are not necessary for an understanding of the invention or which render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the invention is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 1-6 , a disk drive and flex circuit dampening device is shown. More specifically, in  FIG. 1 , a partial view of a disk drive  10  is shown. An actuator assembly  12  is connected to a base plate  14  and rotates about a pivot  16 . A voice coil  18 , in combination with a pair of permanent magnets  20 , only one of which is shown, causes rotary movement of the actuator assembly  12  relative to spinning disk  22 . A flex circuit  24  supplies energy to the voice coil. The flex circuit  24  is also the primary path for transmitting data between a transducer or head  26 , positioned at the distal end of each actuator arm  28  ( FIG. 2 ), and a printed circuit board typically mounted on the opposite side of the base plate  14  as shown in  FIG. 1  (not shown). The flex circuit  24  contains a plurality of electrical traces (not shown) that interconnect the transducer and voice coil to the various processors and other components on the printed circuit board. The electrical traces interface with a connector which interconnects the traces and the printed circuit board. The opposite end of the flex circuit  24  is connected to the actuator assembly  12  via a connector  32 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a plan view of one embodiment of an actuator assembly  12  is shown. The actuator assembly  12  includes at least one actuator arm  28 , a suspension or load beam  38 , which is attached to the actuator arm  28  and a slider  40  attached to the distal end of the load beam. The transducer head  26  is attached to the slider. Also included are two arms  42  that form a yoke that secures a voice coil  18 . The actuator assembly  12  rotates about a pivot assembly  16  that allows for the positioning of the transducer over desired tracks on the rotating memory disks  22  by varying electric current through the voice coil  18 . The present invention is designed to interface with the flex circuit  24  such that vibrations generated by its movement, caused by movement of the actuator assembly, are dampened. This is accomplished by decreasing the amplitude of flex circuit vibration and/or decreasing its first mode natural frequency. The resultant benefit is a decrease in the post seek oscillation (PSO) of the head  26 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the flex circuit  24  travels in a serpentine or arcuate path between the actuator assembly  12  and the flex clamp  34 . Sufficient slack is provided in the flex circuit to allow the actuator assembly to fully rotate. The flex circuit  24  is generally a composite material composed of a matrix that contains a plurality of conductors or traces. More specifically, within the flex circuit  24 , electrical conductors necessary for the transfer of data and power are embedded. The numbers and size of the traces contribute to the stiffness of the flex circuit. The flex circuit  24  also has specific material properties based on its composite construction. As a result, movement of the flex circuit during seek operations will cause vibrations that ultimately affect post seek oscillation performance of the disk drive. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , one embodiment of the flex circuit dampener  44  is shown. More specifically, the 90° flex circuit dampener  44  is generally a bent piece of semi-rigid material. The material may be metal, such as stainless steel, or a polymer, such as Kapton or Mylar. In this embodiment, the flex circuit dampener  44  is L-shaped with a first leg  46  positioned generally perpendicular to a second leg  48 . The dampener has an area of about 10 millimeters by 35 millimeters, and a thickness of about 75 microns. The flex circuit  24  and the flex circuit dampener  44  are both connected to the flex circuit clamp  34 , although persons of skill in the art will appreciate that the flex circuit dampener  44  may connect to different structures than the flex clamp  34  or that the flex circuit clamp  34  may have different configurations, provided the flex circuit dampener  44  engages the flex circuit as described herein. In this embodiment, the flex clamp  34  includes a first clamp wall  50 , a second clamp wall  52  and a third clamp wall  54 . Each of the three clamp walls is disposed generally perpendicular to the floor  56  of the base plate  14 . The first clamp wall  50  and second clamp wall  52  are generally parallel with a gap or slot  58  formed between them. One end of the flex circuit  24 , which in one sense is a ribbon-like structure, is mechanically and electrically attached to an inside surface  60  of the first clamp wall  50 . The first clamp wall  50  contains electrical connectors (not shown) that interconnect the flex circuit to a printed circuit board (not shown). From its connection to the surface  60  of the first clamp wall  50 , the flex circuit  24  bends back on itself, passes along the second clamp wall  52  and extends to the actuator assembly  12 . 
     The flex circuit dampener  44  is attached to the third clamp wall  54 . The third clamp wall  54  is positioned generally perpendicular to the first and second clamp walls  50 ,  52 . A second slot or gap  62  is formed where the first, second and third clamp walls generally merge. The first leg  46  of the dampener  44  is secured to a surface  64  of the third clamp wall  54  and the second leg  48 , positioned generally perpendicular to the first leg  46  extending through the slot  62  and is positioned between the flex circuit  24  and the second clamp wall  52 . This is illustrated in more detail in  FIG. 6 . 
     The flex circuit dampener  44  is designed to engage the flex circuit  24  and to deflect the flex circuit such that it will preload the flex circuit dampener  44 , thus creating a spring mechanism that dampens displacement of the flex circuit  24 . The flex circuit dampener  44  may be interconnected to the flex circuit clamp  34  in various ways, such as with fasteners, adhesives, or manufactured therewith in a molded plastic assembly that clips in place. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be readily retrofit into many existing disk drives, since it is easily positioned within the space between the flex circuit  24  and one or more clamp walls. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , an alternate embodiment of the flex circuit dampener  44  is shown. More specifically, this embodiment of the present invention is very similar to that described above, however, the flex circuit dampener  44  of this embodiment is folded at approximately 180 degrees. As shown, the first leg portion  46  of the flex circuit dampener  44  is interconnected to an outer surface  66  of the second clamp wall  52 . The third clamp wall  54  of the previous embodiment may be eliminated. The flex circuit dampener  44  then extends around the second clamp wall  52  and back towards itself, where the second leg  48  is situated between the second clamp wall  52  and the flex circuit  24 . The flex circuit  24  is attached in the same manner as described with respect to the previous embodiment. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , yet another embodiment of the flex circuit dampener  44  is shown. This embodiment of the present invention is similar to that shown in  FIG. 4 , however, the placement of the dampener is slightly different. As shown, the first leg  46  of the flex circuit dampener is interconnected to the inner surface  68  of the second clamp wall  52 . The flex circuit dampener  44  is folded back towards itself to form a wedge wherein the second leg  48  of the flex circuit dampener  44  is positioned between the first leg  46  of the flex circuit dampener  44  and the flex circuit  24 . The flex circuit  24  is connected to the first wall  50  of the flex clamp  34  as in the prior embodiments shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . The flex circuit  24  contacts the second leg  48  of the flex circuit dampener  44 , and then travels to the actuator assembly  12 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a detailed view of the engagement or contact between the flex circuit  24  and the flex circuit dampener  44  is shown. It has been found that a flex circuit dampener  44  of about the same stiffness of the flex circuit  24  is desirable. In addition, to increase the amount of frictional, or coulomb dampening, it has been found that the amount of contact between the lengths of the two components is important. More specifically, as contact between the flex circuit  24  and the flex circuit dampener  44  is maximized, more surface area interaction is available for coulomb dampening. In addition, as stiffness of the flex circuit dampener  44  approaches the stiffness of the flex circuit  24 , the affect of the coulomb dampening increases such that the decay rate of the reaction force imparted by the flex circuit  24  onto the flex circuit dampener  44  is increased. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 7A  and B, graphical depictions of the effects of the flex circuit dampener are shown. Referring specifically to  FIG. 7A , the post seek oscillation behavior of a disk drive without a flex circuit dampener is shown that has a first resonant frequency of about 0.74 micro inches, at around 480 Hz. Now, with emphasis on  FIG. 7B , after the flex circuit dampener of the embodiment of  FIG. 3  is added to the disk drive, the amplitude decreases to about 0.38 micro inches, at about 250 Hz. Thus, the first resonant frequency has been reduced by approximately 48% and the magnitude of the vibration has been reduced by over 50%. One skilled in the art will appreciate that these graphs show exemplary data, different configurations of disk drives and dampeners therefore will produce different reactions to post seek oscillation. However, it should be understood that the present invention is designed, and has been shown, to reduce the magnitude and natural frequency of the post seek oscillation by altering the component of vibrations emanating from the flex circuit. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 8A  and B, graphical representations of post seek oscillations or settle are shown. More specifically, the graphs show the magnitude of actuator head movement over time. The disk drive of  FIG. 8A  does not include a dampener, the disk drive of  FIG. 8B  does include a dampener of the type shown in  FIG. 3 . Comparing the graphs, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the head settles much more quickly with the dampener installed. Without the dampener the head moves about plus and minus 0.75 micro inches initially and these oscillations decrease slowly. In comparison, with reference to the dampened disk drive shown in  FIG. 8B , the head also moves a magnitude of about plus and minus 0.75 micro inches initially, but the oscillations decrease more quickly than that of the embodiment of  FIG. 8A , without a dampener, such that the oscillation of the head relative to the target track on the disk is reduced and thus is more quickly connected by the servo mechanisms of the disk drive. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9A and 9B , a graphical representation of a finite element analysis of a disk drive containing a flex circuit dampener of the kind illustrated in  FIG. 3  is shown. Each plot illustrates four different flex circuit dampeners, each having a different stiffness, namely: 5, 12.5, 50 and 1,000 milliNewtons per millimeter.  FIG. 9A  is a plot of the reaction force on the actuator assembly in grams force versus time.  FIG. 9B  is a plot of the same four flex circuit dampeners, but showing displacement of the flex circuit versus time. Both  FIGS. 9A and 9B  take into account the effects of coulomb friction. A dampener with a stiffness of 1,000 milliNewtons per millimeter is analogous to a rigid wall. Thus, as can generally be seen, positive results begin to occur with a dampener having a stiffness of approximately 50 milliNewtons per millimeter. 
       FIG. 10  is a plot of a finite element analysis of the average reaction force of an actuator assembly versus dampener stiffness. In this analysis, the flex circuit had a stiffness of 12.5 milliNewtons per millimeter. The highlighted oval shows that the flex dampener is most effective in reducing the force of the flex circuit on the actuator when the dampener stiffness is in the range of approximately 5 to 50 milliNewtons per millimeter. When the stiffness of the dampener and the flex circuit are the same (e.g., 12 milliNewtons per millimeter), the mean reaction force drops over 50% from that of a rigid clamp wall (1,000 milliNewtons per millimeter). 
     Preferably, the dampener of the present invention is manufactured of Kapton with a range of thickness of about 0.001-0.003 inches. The thickness is dependent primarily upon the stiffness of the flex circuit  24 . However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that any stiffness of material may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. Overall, it is preferred that the stiffness of the dampener be in the range of between about 5 milliNewtons per millimeter and 50 milliNewtons per millimeter. The simplicity of the invention allows it to be easily retrofittable into many disk drives or installed into new disk drives. 
     The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the invention are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     Moreover, though the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g. as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.