Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for combining a composite image ( 4 ) of an object ( 8 ) composed of multiple sub-images ( 6 ) by means of so-called stitching. Multiple adjacent sub-images ( 6 ) of the object ( 8 ) are captured and are stitched by means of an image processing operation together to form a coherent composite image ( 4 ). In order to make it possible to stitch the sub-images ( 6 ) together in the correct position even in the case of little information about the image, it is proposed that the stitching of the sub-images ( 6 ) together to form the composite image in the image processing operation be performed using an optical pattern ( 30, 74 ) that is generated by means of a pattern means ( 44 ).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The application claims the benefit of the earlier filing date of co-pending German Patent Application No. 102013103971.5, filed Apr. 19, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a method for generating a composite image of an object composed of multiple sub-images, wherein multiple adjacent sub-images of the object are captured; and said sub-images are combined together by means of an image processing operation to form a coherent composite image. 
         [0003]    When biological samples are analyzed, these samples are exposed to a suitable light and are photographed by means of a camera. By suitably marking with biological markers, the biological samples can be examined by, for example, a fluorescent analysis or with colorimetric techniques. Additional examinations can be performed with simple reflected light or transmitted light techniques. For accurate optical scanning of the sample, microscope optical systems are used in order to identify even small biological structures. 
         [0004]    If large samples or so-called micro-arrays with a plurality of objects, probes or biochips are examined, there is the problem that a large area has to be photographed with a high resolution. In order to solve this problem, it is known to scan large areas. In so doing, the area is photographed line by line; and the lines are combined to form a composite image. Such a method is known from the U.S. Pat. No. 7,978,874B1. 
         [0005]    Compared with such methods, image detectors offer the advantage of a larger optical variability. However, in order to create a composite image, multiple sub-images that are captured by the image detector have to be merged together to form a composite image. In the case of such an image processing operation, also called stitching, the overlapping regions of the sub-images are examined as to whether they match up. For example, an optical object is found in both of the adjacent sub-images, and the position of the sub-images in relation to each other is determined by means of the position of said optical object in the sub-images, so that the sub-images can be stitched together in the correct position. This technique is known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 7,778,485B1. 
         [0006]    Such a blending together of sub-images to form a composite image can result in inaccuracies if there is inadequate information in the overlapping region of two sub-images, so the position of the sub-images in relation to each other can be determined only inadequately. 
         [0007]    In order to solve this problem, it is known, for example, from the WO98/44446 to move a sample substrate with such a high mechanical precision that the adjacent and non-overlapping sub-images of the object can be stitched together with an accuracy of a few μm without image processing. However, this method requires a motion device with which the sample can be moved under the objective lens with high precision. 
         [0008]    The object of the present invention is to provide a simple and reliable method for generating a composite image from multiple adjacent sub-images. 
         [0009]    This object is achieved by means of a method of the genre described in the introductory part of the specification, where the stitching of the sub-images together to form a composite image in the image processing operation is performed using an optical pattern that is generated by means of a pattern means. The pattern provides adequate optical information, so that the position of the sub-images in relation to each other can be reliably determined by means of the properties of the pattern, such as its location in the sub-images. 
         [0010]    In this case it is advantageous if the sub-images at least partially overlap each other, so that the pattern is imaged in the overlapping region of both sub-images or in the pattern images that overlap each other when the pattern is not directly imaged in the sub-image. However, an overlapping of the sub-images is not absolutely necessary because the optical pattern can also be configured in such a way that immediately adjacent sub-images can be fixed in their position to each other by means of the pattern. 
         [0011]    The sub-images depict a part of the object. The composite image depicts a larger part of the object or the whole object and is expediently composed of at least two sub-images, in particular, of at least a one-dimensional chain of K sub-images, where K≧3; and, furthermore, in particular, is composed of a two-dimensional arrangement of N×M sub-images, where N≧2 and M≧2. The sub-images can abut each other or overlap each other. The sub-images are at least one-dimensional images with k pixels, where k≧2, expediently two-dimensional images with a two-dimensional pixel arrangement, expediently an arrangement of n×m pixels, where n≧2 and m≧2. Correspondingly an image detector of an image capturing device for capturing sub-images comprises at least k adjacent detector elements that are arranged, in particular, at least n×m in a two-dimensional grid. 
         [0012]    An algorithm in the image processing operation expediently uses the optical pattern to stitch together the sub-images. The image processing method can include one or more of the following steps: 
         [0013]    At least two images that at least partially contain the optical pattern are examined for pattern elements of the pattern. Optionally the pattern elements can be recognized as such by means of a pattern recognition device. The pattern elements that are found in the two images are compared with each other for agreement. The agreement can be examined in the form of parameters: size and/or color. If the agreement in one or more parameters exceeds a predefined degree, then the two pattern elements are assigned to each other. Complementary pattern elements are examined for their location in relation to each other. The location can comprise the position and the orientation in the images. The location of the pattern elements can be used to relate the two images in their position to each other. The two images are blended by means of this relationship together to form the composite image. In the composite image two complementary pattern elements are congruently superposed one on top of the other. 
         [0014]    The pattern means is arranged expediently outside the object. The pattern means generates an additional pattern for imaging the object. Therefore, the pattern is not a pattern that is inherent in the object. The pattern means is expediently independent of the object. As an alternative, the pattern means may be a component of the object, for example, a pattern means that is mounted on a sample carrier. Even pattern elements, such as particles, in a sample element, for example an adhesive, are possible and advantageous. In general, it is advantageous, if the pattern means is arranged in a region or is imaged as a pattern in a region that is free of the object to be examined or free of a region of the object that is to be examined so the pattern does not disturb the contour of the object. 
         [0015]    The optical pattern can consist of one or more pattern elements. The pattern can be a predefined pattern that is generated in such a way that its geometry is defined by the pattern means, for example, dots and/or lines. However, it is also possible to generate the pattern in such a way that it is undefined, so that it is not predetermined. The image processing unit comprises one or more algorithms for the pattern recognition; this algorithm expediently recognizes the pattern as such in the sub-image or in the pattern image. 
         [0016]    The optical pattern can be imaged totally or partially in the sub-images, expediently in an overlapping region of two adjacent sub-images. However, it is generally not necessary that the pattern be arranged—if desired, only partially—in the overlapping region. If the pattern or a portion of it is arranged in a sub-image, one property of the pattern can be registered from one edge of the pattern (for example, a brightness profile). 
         [0017]    If the optical pattern is imaged totally or partially in the sub-images, then the image processing unit can recognize the optical pattern—or more specifically a pattern element directly from the sub-images—and can stitch the sub-images together in the correct position. However, the imaging of the optical pattern in the sub-images has the drawback that the optical pattern hides the image contents of the sub-images and, as a result, can reduce the image content of the sub-images. In order to eliminate this problem, it is advantageous to image the optical pattern in one or more pattern images that expediently have a defined relative location in relation to the sub-images. It is advantageous if the pattern images are different from the sub-images in such a way that the optical pattern is imaged only in the pattern images, and the sub-images don&#39;t have a pattern. 
         [0018]    It is advantageous if each sub-image is assigned a pattern image. In this case different sub-images are assigned different pattern images. The image processing unit determines the position of the sub-images in relation to each other by means of the location of one pattern element in two images, i.e. two sub-images or two pattern images. The position of the sub-images in relation to each other can also be determined indirectly by means of the location of the pattern images in relation to each other. 
         [0019]    In order to capture the sub-images, the object is moved expediently in relation to an image capturing device, such as a camera or an objective lens. As a result, the image capturing device can scan the object sub-image by sub-image. Advantageously the pattern is moved along with the object. Thus, the pattern moves in the same way relative to the image capturing device as the object itself. At the same time it is advantageous if the pattern, in its movement, is coupled completely to the movement of the object, so that no relative movement between the pattern and the object takes place. Since the movement is only a relative movement, it is also possible to hold the object and the pattern in a state of rest and to move the image capturing device. Advantageously the pattern means is moved along with the object holder and the object. In particular, the pattern means is moved automatically with said object holder. In this case an automatic movement can be generated by means of a rigid connection between the pattern means and the object holder. 
         [0020]    One advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the object holder is a sample stage; and the object is a sample, in particular a biological sample, that is arranged on the sample stage. A biological sample includes a biological material, in particular, cells, micro-organisms, bacteria and/or the like. The sample is expediently a two-dimensional, flat sample, which can exhibit one or more sample elements, for example, microchips, an arrangement of multiple sample vessels and/or the like. Advantageously the sample comprises a sample substance that is placed on or in the sample holder. The sample can be covered by a cover, expediently a cover glass. Advantageously the sample holder and, in particular, also the cover are transparent in the wavelength of the object image. A suitable material for the sample holder is glass. 
         [0021]    An additional advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the method is a microscopy method; and that the sub-images are captured by means of the optical system of a microscope. The optical system of the microscope expediently has a magnification of at least a factor of 5 and, in particular, a magnification of at least a factor of 20. 
         [0022]    In order to image the optical pattern on an image detector, there are a number of possibilities that depend on multiple parameters. These parameters are described in detail below and can be combined in any way. 
         [0023]    The first parameter is the execution of the pattern as a material pattern or a non-material pattern. Hence, the parameter has two possibilities. The pattern can be a material pattern, for example, an item, such as a glass scale, which is securely connected to the object holder, and/or an item, which is securely connected to the object, for example, a sample. Some examples may include particles in the sample, for example, in an adhesive, or a coating of an element of the object. In contrast, a non-material pattern, for example, a radiation pattern, which can be executed in the form of an imaging, is particularly advantageous. The pattern is thrown by, for example, the pattern means, as a radiation pattern onto a pattern carrier, for example, the object. The term radiation pattern also includes a shadow pattern. A projection of a material pattern onto the pattern carrier is advantageous. Expediently the pattern means is configured in such a way that the optical pattern can be switched off; that is, the optical pattern can be switched on and off. 
         [0024]    A second parameter is the wavelength, or more specifically the radiation spectrum, in which the pattern is captured on an image detector. The term wavelength is used below not only for a sharp wavelength, but also for a spectrum of wavelengths. Images of the pattern or a portion of it can be captured in the wavelength of the object image or in a wavelength of the pattern image. Hence, these parameters also have two possibilities: that is, a dual parameter. The wavelength of the object image is a wavelength or rather an optical spectrum, in which the sub-images are captured and in which an object image detector that captures the images is sensitive. The wavelength of the image can be in the visible spectral range, can be a fluorescent wavelength or any other suitable spectral range. 
         [0025]    A wavelength of the pattern image is different from the wavelength of the object image. Said wavelength of the pattern image lies outside the wavelength of the object image, or more specifically outside the wavelength spectrum of the object image. Said wavelength of the pattern image is such a wavelength, or rather spectral range, in which the sub-images are not captured, and, thus, to which the object image detector is insensitive or which is filtered out of the optical path of the object image. In the course of capturing sub-images, the wavelength of the pattern is, for example, filtered out of the optical path so that the sub-images are not captured in this wavelength. In an additional possibility the wavelength of the pattern is invisible to the object image detector. Hence, said object image detector is insensitive in this wavelength. 
         [0026]    An additional parameter constitutes the excitation wavelength and the emission wavelength of the pattern. Typically the emission wavelength of the pattern is included in the excitation wavelength spectrum of the pattern. The pattern is generated, for example, with blue light, emits with blue light, and is captured in the blue spectral range. However, there is also the possibility of configuring the pattern in such a way that its emission wavelength is not included in the excitation wavelength spectrum, for example, in the case of fluorescence. In this case a highly energetic radiation is incident on a pattern carrier, which emits the pattern with low energetic radiation, in which the pattern is then captured. Hence, this parameter is also a dual parameter, and it therefore has two possibilities. 
         [0027]    An additional dual parameter has the two possibilities that the pattern is already incident on a pattern carrier as a pattern, for example, the object, or said pattern is first formed by the pattern carrier; that is, the pattern is inherent in the pattern carrier. In this case the pattern carrier is, for example, uniformly exposed; and said pattern carrier generates the pattern in its emission, for example, in that only one pattern region scatters, reflects or fluoresces. 
         [0028]    Another dual parameter consists of whether the pattern is imaged in the sub-image, thus in the imaging of the object, which is used for generating the composite image, or whether the pattern is imaged in a pattern image, which is in addition to the object image. In this case the pattern is not imaged in the sub-image, so that the object information in the sub-image is maintained to the maximum extent. 
         [0029]    When pattern images are captured, it is advantageous if the pattern images are arranged in a predefined position in relation to the sub-images. The position of the pattern images in relation to each other can be determined by means of an evaluation of the pattern in the pattern images. The position of the sub-images in relation to each other can be determined by means of the known position of the object images in relation to the pattern images, so that these sub-images can be stitched together to form the composite image. 
         [0030]    The pattern image can comprise an imaging of the object. However, it is not used as a sub-image. For example, the object is imaged together with the pattern on an object image detector; and a pattern image is captured. The position of the pattern image, particularly in relation to a predefined reference point, is determined by means of the pattern. The sub-image is captured beforehand or afterwards without the pattern, so that there is the possibility of removing the pattern from the imaging and then capturing the sub-image or first capturing the sub-image and then making the pattern visible in the imaging on the detector. Expediently the object holder is held in the same position, for example, relative to the reference point, in both images. 
         [0031]    An additional parameter is the place of a non-material pattern. The pattern becomes visible at a pattern carrier. This pattern carrier can be the object or an item that is different from the object, for example, at the object holder or at a different item. 
         [0032]    Furthermore, it is advantageous if the pattern is made visible on a pattern carrier that is transparent to a wavelength of the object image. The pattern carrier can be transilluminated in the object image wavelength in which the sub-images were captured, whereas the pattern can be emitted by the pattern carrier. In this case the pattern carrier is expediently opaque to a wavelength of the pattern image. The pattern carrier can be a glass, for example, a sample carrier and/or a cover glass for covering a sample. An adhesive that glues multiple elements together is also possible. The pattern carrier water is similarly possible and advantageous, for example, as a component of the object, while other components of the object can also be used as the pattern carrier at the same time. Glass can be used as such as the pattern carrier or can comprise a stain that is transparent to the wavelength of the object image and is opaque to the wavelength of the pattern image. 
         [0033]    Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the pattern is a laser pattern. A predefined pattern is especially easy to generate with a laser. The laser pattern is made visible in an advantageous way on a pattern carrier that is expediently not the object or a part of it. The laser can radiate, just like the laser pattern, in the wavelength of the object image or in a separate wavelength of the pattern image. Similarly it is possible that the laser pattern is excited by the laser and radiates back in a wavelength that is different from the laser. 
         [0034]    Furthermore, it is advantageous if the pattern is an interference pattern. This interference pattern can be generated in a pattern carrier, which can be, for example, a cover glass of a sample, and which is transparent to the wavelength of the object image. In this case the interference pattern can be imaged as such on an object image detector or a pattern image detector. 
         [0035]    The pattern can be generated, with the same advantage, as a standing wave, in particular in a sample element, i.e. an element associated with the sample: for example, the sample holder or a part of it, such as a sample cover glass. 
         [0036]    The generation of the pattern as a speckle pattern is similarly possible and advantageous. This speckle pattern is also generated advantageously in a sample element. 
         [0037]    An additional dual parameter is the chronological sequence of the capturing of the sub-images and the pattern images. The capturing can occur simultaneously or in succession. During image capturing in succession, a sub-image can be generated first, and then beforehand or afterwards the pattern image, assigned to the sub-image, can be generated. The sub-image and the pattern image can be imaged on the same object image detector, or the sub-image is imaged on the object image detector, and the pattern image is imaged on a pattern image detector. 
         [0038]    Another dual parameter consists of imaging the pattern on either an object image detector or a pattern image detector, which is separate from the object image detector. In the event that two detectors are used, these detectors can be sensitive in the same wavelength of the object image or in different spectral ranges: for example, the object image detector in the wavelength of the object image and the pattern image detector in the wavelength of the pattern image. 
         [0039]    An additional parameter is the choice of the objective lens that captures the pattern. The pattern can be imaged with an object objective lens on a detector, and this object objective lens also images the object on the object image detector. Another possibility consists of imaging the pattern with a pattern objective lens, which is expediently present in addition to the object objective lens, and by means of which the object is not imaged. The parameters of both detectors and the two objective lenses can be combined with each other in any way. Thus, an optical path can be guided from two objective lenses to one detector, or from one objective lens to two detectors, or from two objective lenses to two detectors, or from one objective lens, which images the object and the pattern, to a single detector. 
         [0040]    An additional parameter consists of the relative position of the pattern in relation to the object. The pattern can be made visible on or in the object, expediently in the plane of the object image. Another possibility consists of arranging the pattern in the object image, but before or after the plane of the object image. To this end, it is advantageous if the pattern is arranged outside the object plane of the sub-images; i.e. outside the plane on which the optical system focuses on the object image detector for sharp imaging of the object. In this case the optical system can focus initially on the pattern and then on the object or vice versa. The images, i.e. the sub-images and the pattern images, can be captured as a function of the focusing. A third possibility for the parameters consists of arranging the pattern next to the object and outside the object image. 
         [0041]    Another parameter can include whether the radiation that generates the optical pattern is incident on the object, or whether the pattern goes through the object. If the radiation is incident on the object, then the radiation can be incident on the object by means of the objective lens of the object. That is, the radiation can be coupled into an image optical path of the object image. As an alternative or in addition, the radiation can be transmitted from externally past the objective lens of the object onto the object. If the pattern radiates in the transmitted light technique, then said pattern is passed through the object or the object holder. 
         [0042]    The choice of a suitable pattern means offers an additional parameter. The pattern means can be a transmission element, i.e. such an element that is illuminated by a light source and allows only a portion of the radiation to pass as the light pattern or shadow pattern. Another embodiment uses a self-radiating pattern, for example, an LED, which already forms a pattern by means of its non-uniform emission, so that in one advantageous embodiment of the invention the pattern can be an imaging of a pattern light source. 
         [0043]    The aforementioned parameters can be combined in any way so that an advantageous generation of the pattern is achieved for the respective application. Individual advantageous exemplary embodiments are described in conjunction with the figures. However, due to the plethora of possible and advantageous embodiments corresponding to the combination of the aforementioned parameters, it is not possible to describe all of the advantageous embodiments. Correspondingly only a small selection of advantageous embodiments can be presented. However, other combinations of the parameters may be advantageous in other applications. 
         [0044]    In addition, the invention relates to a device for generating a composite image composed of multiple sub-images. The device comprises an object image detector, an optical system for imaging an object on the object image detector, and an image processing unit for stitching multiple adjacent and, in particular, partially overlapping sub-images of the object together to form a coherent composite image. 
         [0045]    It is proposed that the device exhibits a pattern means for generating an optical pattern according to the invention. In this case the image processing unit is preconfigured to stitch the sub-images together to form the composite image by means of the pattern. As described above, the relative position of the sub-images in relation to each other can be recognized by means of the pattern, and the sub-images can be stitched together in the correct position to form the composite image. 
         [0046]    The device comprises advantageously one or more of the above described device elements, such as detectors, objective lenses, sample elements, pattern carriers and the like. 
         [0047]    Furthermore, the device advantageously comprises a control unit that is preconfigured to carry out the method according to the invention and one or more of the above described details of the method. 
         [0048]    The optical system expediently comprises an object optical system, which is transmissive in a wavelength of the object image, and which can also comprise an object objective lens. Furthermore, the optical system comprises advantageously a pattern optical system, which is transmissive in a wavelength of the pattern image and which can also comprises a pattern objective lens. Expediently, an object optical system is less than 50% transparent in a wavelength of the pattern image, in particular less than 10%. 
         [0049]    The above description of advantageous embodiments of the invention includes numerous parameters of the invention that are described in detail. However, the person skilled in the art will combine these features in a practical way to form logical combinations. In particular, these features can be combined individually and in any suitable combination with the inventive method and the inventive device, according to the independent claims. 
         [0050]    The above described properties, features and advantages of the invention as well as the manner in which said properties, features and advantages are achieved, will become clearer and will be better understood in conjunction with the following description of the exemplary embodiments that are explained in detail with reference to the drawings. The purpose of the exemplary embodiments is to explain the invention and not to limit the invention to the combination of features that are disclosed in said exemplary embodiments, not even with respect to the functional features. In addition, the respective suitable features of any one of the exemplary embodiment may also be viewed explicitly in isolation, may be removed from one exemplary embodiment, inserted into another exemplary embodiment in order to complement it, and/or can be combined with any one of the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0051]      FIG. 1  is a device for capturing images of an object. 
           [0052]      FIG. 2  is a movable object holder of the device from  FIG. 1  with an object arranged on said object holder. 
           [0053]      FIG. 3  is a composite image of the object, where said composite image is composed of four sub-images. 
           [0054]      FIG. 4  is four pattern images with an optical pattern. 
           [0055]      FIG. 5  is an object holder, which is modified compared to the object holder from  FIG. 2 , in schematic form. 
           [0056]      FIG. 6  is a pattern means for generating a pattern with a laser; and 
           [0057]      FIG. 7  is an additional device for capturing the image of an object with an additional pattern objective lens. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0058]      FIG. 1  shows a device  2  for generating a composite image  4 , which is shown by way of example in  FIG. 3 . The composite image  4  is composed of multiple sub-images  6  and shows an object  8 , which is rigidly attached to an object holder  10  ( FIG. 1 ). In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the object  8  is a sample, which contains a plurality of biochips  11 , which are examined by means of the composite image  4 . The object holder  10  is a sample stage, which can be moved, as shown by way of example in  FIG. 2 , perpendicular to the direction of view  12  of an objective lens  14  of the device  2 . This mobility of the object holder is shown by means of the double arrow  16 . 
         [0059]    In order to capture the object images or more specifically the sub-images  6  of the object  8 , as they are called here, the device  2  comprises an image capturing device  13 , for example in the form of a camera, which can comprise an object image detector  18  or any other suitable unit for capturing the sub-images  6 . A spectral filter  22  is arranged upstream of the object image detector  18  in the optical path  20  of the object image. This spectral filter can have one or more different filter elements, so that the sub-images  6  can be captured in different wavelengths of the object image. 
         [0060]    Further upstream in the optical path  20  there is an optical imaging system  24 , which is a part of the optical system  26 , which comprises not only the optical imaging system  24 , but also the objective lens  14 . In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the optical system  26  also comprises an optical imaging system  28  for imaging a pattern  30 , which is shown by way of example in  FIG. 4 , by means of an optional filter  32  on a pattern image detector  34 , which is also a part of the image capturing device  13  of the device  2 . 
         [0061]    Furthermore, the device  2  comprises an image capturing device  35  with an image processing unit  36  for processing the pattern  30 , imaged on the pattern image detector  34 , by means of image processing steps. An additional image processing unit  38  is used for processing the object images or more specifically the sub-images  6  and for evaluating the sub-images  6  or more specifically the composite image  4  with respect to the optical properties of the object  8 . The two image processing units  36 ,  38  can also be configured as a single image processing unit  36 , which takes over the functions of the two depicted image processing units  36 ,  38 . 
         [0062]    In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the objective lens  14  is a part of a microscope  40  with an image magnification of at least a factor of 5 and, in particular, an image magnification of at least a factor of 20. The microscope  40  comprises a microscope tube  42  (which is shown only in schematic form) for eliminating the scattered or stray light. As an alternative, the objective lens  14  is a part of an optical unit without image magnification, for example, for stitching together overview images. It is especially advantageous if the objective lens can be adjusted in such a way that it images on the object image detector  18  with or without magnification. 
         [0063]    Furthermore, the device  2  comprises a pattern means  44  having a light source  46 , a pattern element  48  and a pattern optical system  50 . The pattern element  48  is, for example, a pattern shutter, in which the pattern  30  is arranged, as transparent apertures, in a shutter that is otherwise opaque for the light of the light source  46 . As an alternative, the light source and the pattern element  48  are a single element, which emits light in a pattern. As an example, it is possible to use an LED having spatial emission characteristics that are not homogeneous. A corresponding pattern is imaged on the pattern carrier by means of the pattern optical system  50 . 
         [0064]    The term “light” is not limited in the following to the visible spectrum, but rather can also include electromagnetic radiation of any suitable wavelength or more specifically of any suitable spectrum. The pattern means  44  is securely connected to the object holder  10  by way of a pattern means holder  52  so that the pattern means is always in the same position in relation to the object  8 . 
         [0065]      FIG. 2  shows the object holder  10  and, arranged on it, the object  8  in a detailed drawing. The object holder  10  comprises a motion unit  56  for moving the object holder  10  with a motor in relation to the objective lens  14 . The movement occurs perpendicular to the direction of view  12 . As a result, it is also possible for the motion to occur in the direction of view  12 , in order to make it easier to focus the objective lens  14  on different planes of the object  8 . As an alternative, the objective lens  14  is preconfigured to focus on different planes, which are arranged at various distances from the objective lens  14  in the direction of view  12 . 
         [0066]    The object  8  from  FIG. 2  comprises a container  58  with multiple object elements arranged in said container. Each of these object elements includes a glass slide and, arranged on it, a sample  60 , which is covered on the top with a cover glass  62 . The sample  60  to be observed is typically kept in a surrounding medium, for example in water or glycerin, or is a formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sample. The sample  60  can be a tissue section, for example, a cell population. In this case the cells can be stained and/or marked for visualization and differentiation. One example of such a stain is hematoxylin and eosin in histology. Additional examples include staining techniques in immunohistochemistry and selective marking by means of fluorescent dyes. 
         [0067]    A sample  60  to be observed occupies only a portion of the area of the object  8 , not only because in the example there are multiple object elements, each with one sample  60 . The samples occupy only a sub-region of the object elements, so that there is an interesting region to be observed, and there are other regions that can be used, as required, for patterns without covering the sample  60 . 
         [0068]    The object  8  lies on the object holder  10  and is securely connected to said object holder, so that when the object holder  10  moves in relation to the object  14 , the object  8  moves along exactly the sample  8  of this relative movement [sic]. The motion unit  56  is controlled by a movement means  64 , which may be a part of a central evaluation means  66 , which can also comprise the image processing units  36 ,  38 . 
         [0069]    A number of advantageous methods for generating a composite image  4  are described below by means of multiple examples. 
         [0070]    The object  8  is securely connected to the object holder  10  and is moved into the field of view of the objective lens  14 . If desired, there may also be a focusing step, so that the objective lens  14  focuses the object  8  in a focal plane of the object; that is, the object focal plane that is imaged on the object image detector  18  lies in a desired position inside the object  8 . The object  8  can be illuminated with reflected light or transmitted light; and a sub-image  6  of the object  8  can be imaged on the object image detector  18  and captured. 
         [0071]    In addition to the illumination of the object, the object  8  is illuminated by means of the pattern means  44 . This approach allows the pattern  30 , for example, a dot pattern indicated in  FIG. 4 , to be put on the object  8  or another pattern carrier, for example, the cover glass  62 .  FIG. 4  shows four pattern images  68 , which overlap each other, so that the edges of each of two pattern images  68  form overlapping regions  70 , i.e. the pattern regions that are imaged on both pattern images. The sub-images  6  also overlap each other in their edge regions in an analogous way, so that at these edge regions each of two sub-images  6  also forms an overlapping region  72 , which shows an object region that is imaged on both sub-images  6 . 
         [0072]    Each sub-image  6  is an object image of the object  8  and shows the corresponding section of the object  8 . A pattern image  68  shows the pattern  30  on the object  8 . Object elements can also be visible in the pattern image  68 ; however, this is not necessary. The pattern  68  is emitted by a pattern carrier, which can be the object  8  or can be arranged above, below or next to the object  8 . 
         [0073]    The position of the pattern images  68  is expediently selected in such a way that one pattern image  68  covers a sub-image  6  exactly. Hence, the images  6 ,  68  are identical in shape and position on the object  8 . Correspondingly the overlapping regions  70 ,  72  are also congruently superposed one on top of the other. In each case one sub-image  6  and one pattern image  68  correspond to each other and are assigned to each other. If the position of two pattern images  68  in relation to each other is known, then the position of the corresponding sub-images  6  in relation to each other is also known. 
         [0074]    However, the sub-images  6  and the pattern images  68  are captured in different wavelengths. Hence, the object  8  is illuminated in a wavelength of the object image and emits in this wavelength, so that the sub-images are captured by the object image detector  18  in this wavelength of the object image. In contrast, the pattern carrier is illuminated in a pattern image wavelength, which is different from the object image wavelength, and the pattern  30  is emitted from the pattern carrier in the wavelength of the pattern image. In this exemplary embodiment the illumination wavelength of the light source  46 , i.e. the excitation wavelength of the pattern  30 , is also its emission wavelength, i.e. the pattern image wavelength, in which the pattern images  68  are captured. 
         [0075]    The wavelength of the pattern image is selected in such a way that the pattern image  68  does not reach the object image detector  18  and/or said object image detector is insensitive to the wavelength of the pattern image. In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the decoupling element  54  separates the wavelength of the pattern image from the wavelength of the object image, so that the pattern image  68  is captured by the pattern image detector  34  in the wavelength of the pattern image, and the object image is captured by the object image detector  18  in the wavelength of the object image. In this way it is possible to avoid the object image suffering a loss of information due to the overlapping with the pattern image. In the course of quickly creating the composite image  4 , the pattern  30  and the object  8  can be imaged simultaneously on the pattern image detector  34  or on the object image detector  18  respectively and can also be captured, in particular, at the same time. 
         [0076]    After capturing a sub-image  6  and—before, after, or at the same time—capturing a pattern image  68 , the object  8  is moved in relation to the objective lens  14  by means of the motion unit  56 , so that an additional section of the object  8  comes to rest in the field of view of the objective lens  14 . At this point another sub-image  6  with the associated pattern image  68  is captured, so that now there are two sub-images  6 , each with its associated pattern image  68 . 
         [0077]    The evaluation means  66  calculates by means of image processing methods the relative position of both pattern images  68  in relation to each other from the pattern elements imaged in the two pattern images  68 . For this purpose the evaluation means compares the pattern  30  in the overlapping region  70  of the two pattern images  68  for identical pattern elements. If the pattern image  68  reveals a region that is identical to a region in another pattern image  68 , then the two regions can be brought to congruence, and in doing so the two pattern images  68  can be positioned relative to each other. Since at this point the position of the pattern images  68  in relation to each other is known, the sub-images  6  can also be positioned in relation to each other. The sub-images  6  are in a pre-known position and orientation to the pattern images  68 , so that when the position of the pattern images  68  in relation to each other is known, the sub-images  6  can also be properly stitched together. At this point the sub-images  6  can be combined to form the composite image  4 . In so doing, all of the sub-images  6  with the associated pattern images  68  of the composite image  4  can be captured in a first step, and then the composite image  4  is only created after all of the images have been captured. It is also possible to merge the sub-images  6  one after the other by means of the pattern images  68  and, as a result, to create the composite image  4  in succession. 
         [0078]    The wavelength of the pattern image is chosen, corresponding to the object  8 , in a suitable spectral range. The spectral range should be one in which the pattern  30  becomes visible on the object  8  or on a suitable pattern carrier that is arranged on said object. In the exemplary embodiment depicted herein, the object  8  comprises a cover glass  62 , which is opaque to ultraviolet light. In this case opaque is understood to mean a degree of transparency of less than 50%, in particular, less than 10%. To show the pattern  30 , the object  8  or the object holder  10  has a pattern carrier, on which the pattern  30  becomes visible. The wavelength of the pattern is selected in such a way that the incident pattern  30  can become visible on the pattern carrier. 
         [0079]    In the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2 , the pattern carrier is the cover glass  62 , and the wavelength of the pattern is an ultraviolet spectral range. The pattern  30  is imaged on the cover glass  62 , so that the image processing unit  36  can recognize the pattern  30 . Correspondingly the optical system  26  of the device  2  has to be configured in such a way that the pattern  30  can be captured. In this respect the objective lens  14  and the optical imaging system  28  are transparent to the wavelength of the pattern and are beam forming. The optical imaging system  24  can be non-transparent to the wavelength of the pattern and/or the object image detector  18  can be insensitive to the wavelength of the pattern. If the optical imaging system  24  is transparent to the wavelength of the pattern, and the object image detector  18  is sensitive to the wavelength of the pattern, then the decoupling element  54  and/or the filter  22  should be selected in such a way that the pattern image  68  does not appear in the sub-image  6 . 
         [0080]    The cover glass  62  can have a stain that is invisible in the sub-images  6 . 
         [0081]    In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the pattern  30  can be generated initially by the pattern carrier. Then the pattern  30  is intrinsic in the pattern carrier. In the specific case this can be carried out in such a way that the pattern carrier—for example, the cover glass  62 —is uniformly illuminated with light in the wavelength of the pattern. At this point the pattern element  48  is no longer present in the pattern illumination, but rather in a different form in the pattern carrier, for example, as an embossed structure. As a result, the pattern carrier can exhibit a stain that is invisible in the sub-images  6 . As an alternative, the pattern carrier has, for example, a fluorescent pattern that fluoresces in the form of the pattern when a large area is illuminated. In this case the corresponding fluorescent wavelength, i.e. the emission wavelength of the pattern  30 , is a wavelength other than the incident wavelength for exciting the fluorescence. However, it is also possible to conceive of other pattern elements in which the incident wavelength is identical to the emission wavelength—for example, by means of a reflection pattern or by means of different transparencies of the pattern carrier—so that some portions of the pattern carrier are transparent and others are opaque to the wavelength of the pattern. 
         [0082]    If the goal is to economize by eliminating the additional detector  34 , then the wavelength of the pattern has to be selected in such a way that the pattern  30  can be recognized by the object image detector  18 . Then it is also possible to dispense with the decoupling element  54 . The illumination of the pattern means  44  can be switched on and the pattern image can be captured by the object image detector  18 . Then the illumination, which generates the pattern  30 , can be switched off, and the object  8  is captured in the form of a sub-image  6 . Between the capturing of the pattern image and the sub-image  6 , the object  8  is held rigidly in a state of rest in relation to the objective lens  14 . The object  8  is moved relative to the objective lens  14  only after the pattern image and the sub-image  6  have been captured. 
         [0083]    Similarly it is possible that the pattern carrier, for example, the cover glass  62 , has a stain, which is visible to the object image detector  18  only during illumination with the light source  46 . When the light source  46  is switched on, the pattern image  68  is captured, and when switching off the light source  46 , in which the stain does not appear in the sub-image  6 , the sub-image  6  is captured. The pattern can be generated with a pattern element  48  or the pattern is intrinsic in the pattern carrier, for example, through a suitable distribution of the stain in the pattern carrier. 
         [0084]    Rather than switching the pattern illumination on and off, the spectral filter  22  can be selected in such a way that the pattern  30  is visible or is not visible in the object image detector  18 , according to the position of the spectral filter  22 . For example, in order to capture the pattern image, the spectral filter  22  can be different from the filter that is used for capturing the sub-image  6 . Or the spectral filter  22  is used only for capturing the sub-image  6 , so that the pattern  30  is filtered out by the spectral filter  22 . 
         [0085]    The arrangement of the pattern  30  in relation to the object  8  can also be selected in a different way. In the exemplary embodiment from  FIG. 2  the pattern carrier  62  is arranged above the sample  60 . In the event that the pattern image and the sub-image  6  are to be captured with a detector  18 , then the first step is to focus on the pattern  30 , or more specifically on the pattern carrier  62 , and then on the object  8 , or more specifically on the sample  60 . However, it is also possible to position the pattern carrier below the sample  60  or at the object holder  10 . Even an arrangement next to the object  8 , in particular at the object holder  10 , is conceivable and advantageous. 
         [0086]    An additional possibility for generating a pattern is shown in  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 5  shows the object holder  10 , in which a pattern means  74  is embedded. The pattern means  74  generates a pattern, which can be switched on and off, at the object holder  10 . In  FIG. 5  the pattern means  74  is an LCD unit, with which the pattern can be generated in the form of individual pixels. The pattern means  74  comprises a control unit  76  for generating the pattern and, in particular, for switching on and off the pattern. As an alternative to the individually controllable pixels, the pattern can be a permanently pre-installed pattern, which allows a particularly fine configuration of the pattern. However, a variable pattern is also possible, for example, in the form of a screen, which can generate the pattern variably as a function of the control commands of the control unit  70 . 
         [0087]    The pattern is switched on by switching the individual regions of the pattern means  68  to opaque mode, transparent mode or self-illuminating mode. Therefore, the object holder  10  is, for example, transparent to the wavelength of the object image. For this wavelength of the object image the individual regions of the pattern means  68  can be switched to opaque mode so that the pattern becomes visible during transmitted light illumination. The pattern is switched off by switching the regions of the wavelength of the object image to transparent mode, so that the pattern is invisible for the object image detector  18 . In this way the pattern image and the sub-image  6  can be captured one after the other, so that the image data loss in the object image or more specifically the sub-image  6  can be minimized. It is possible to dispense with the image capturing device  35 . The pattern means  74  is simultaneously the pattern carrier. The pattern means  74  is expediently mounted securely on or in the object holder  10  and is always moved along with this object holder. 
         [0088]    The pattern can also be transmitted as a transmitted light pattern from below into the object  8 . For example, the pattern means  44  from  FIG. 1  is arranged, as a transmitted light pattern means, beneath the object holder  10 . 
         [0089]    Another possibility for generating a pattern is shown in  FIG. 6 . A laser  78  couples a pattern in a pattern carrier  80 , for example, a special cover glass, which is provided with two reflectors  82 . Standing waves, which can be recognized as the brighter regions in the upward direction, are produced in the pattern carrier  80 . If the laser  78  is switched off, then the pattern vanishes, and the pattern carrier  80  is transparent to the wavelength of the object image. 
         [0090]    As an alternative, it is possible to select an interference pattern, which is formed in or on the pattern carrier  80 . Similarly, as an alternative, it is possible to integrate inhomogeneity in the pattern carrier  80 . This inhomogeneity has the effect of decoupling the laser light in the direction of the objective lens  14 , so that the pattern becomes visible as the decoupling pattern. The inhomogeneities should be selected in such a way that they are as invisible as possible from the top and without laser illumination so that the object image is not disturbed. 
         [0091]    Furthermore, it is possible to generate a speckle pattern in a pattern carrier. The pattern carrier can be the cover glass  62 , and the speckle pattern is generated with a laser in the cover glass  62 . This pattern is easy to generate and is very fine, so that it is possible to determine precisely the position of the pattern images  68  in relation to each other. 
         [0092]    In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 7 , the device  2  comprises not only the objective lens  14  for imaging the object  8 , but also an additional objective lens  84  for imaging the pattern, or more specifically a pattern carrier  86  that carries the pattern. In this case the pattern can be configured as a material pattern, which is securely connected to the object holder  10  and, in particular, is embedded in this object holder. The pattern is arranged next to the object  8  and is securely connected to this object. The pattern image, or rather its optical path, can be coupled into the optical path of the object image by means of suitable beam guiding elements  88 , and can be captured either by the object image detector  18  or can be decoupled by means of the decoupling element  54  and can be fed to the image capturing unit  35  with the pattern image detector  34 . 
         [0093]    As an alternative, it is possible to have a totally separate pattern camera in addition to the object camera. In this case both cameras are rigidly coupled to each other. In order to couple the two cameras, one of the two cameras, expediently the object camera, comprises a coupling preparation device  90 , with which the other camera can be coupled. If stitching is desired, then the pattern camera can be coupled to the object camera; and the stitching can be performed by means of the pattern images of the pattern camera. If stitching is not necessary, then the pattern camera can be decoupled and removed. 
         [0094]    Independently of the type of pattern generation and the pattern  30 , the sub-images  6  can be captured one after the other. At this point there is the possibility of not combining the sub-images  6  of a composite image  4  together to form a composite image until after all of the sub-images  6  of the composite image  4  have been captured. This approach has the advantage that a sub-image can be merged with the respective adjacent sub-image  6  not only at one edge, but also at several of its edges, so that merging errors can be eliminated or minimized through position redundancy. 
         [0095]    However, it is preferred that the sub-images  6  be merged one after the other, in particular in the sequence in which they were captured. Preferably the merging is performed in real time. Hence, before all of the sub-images  6  of the composite image  4  are captured, in particular, even before the next subsequent sub-image  6  is captured, a sub-image  6  is merged with an adjacent sub-image  6 , in particular, with the sub-image that was captured immediately before. 
         [0096]    This arrangement makes it possible to achieve the advantage that the regions of the composite image  4  composed of multiple sub-images  6  can be looked at without delay; one does not have to wait until the composite image  4  is created. The merging is performed by means of an imaging processing operation, for example, for each of two sub-images  6  that have been captured directly one after the other. As a result, the composite image  4  is stitched together piece by piece in the sequence, in which the sub-images  6  were captured. In this respect the already merged region of the composite image  4  is outputted on a display unit, for example, a screen. 
         [0097]    In the event that a merging error is made while merging two sub-images  6 , there is the risk that this error will propagate into the placement of the subsequent sub-images  6 . In order to avoid such an error, a sub-image  6  can be stitched at all of its edges, which abut the adjacent sub-images  6  or overlap said adjacent sub-images, together with these adjacent sub-images  6  in a second merging step. Furthermore, in a third merging step it makes sense to merge a sub-image  6  anew between all of the adjacent sub-images  6 , when all of the adjacent sub-images  6  are present. With this renewed merging step earlier merging errors can be corrected. Furthermore, in a fourth merging step all of the sub-images  6  of the composite image  4  can be merged once again after all of the sub-images are available, so it is possible with this approach to minimize a merging error of the composite image  4 . Naturally not all of the four merging steps have to be executed, but rather it is possible to select one, two or three steps at random, for example, corresponding to the requirements for the composite image  4  or the requirements for the properties of the object. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 List of reference numerals 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2 
                 device 
               
               
                 4 
                 composite image 
               
               
                 6 
                 sub-image 
               
               
                 8 
                 object 
               
               
                 10 
                 object holder 
               
               
                 11 
                 biochip 
               
               
                 12 
                 direction of view 
               
               
                 13 
                 image capturing device 
               
               
                 14 
                 objective lens 
               
               
                 16 
                 arrow 
               
               
                 18 
                 object image detector 
               
               
                 20 
                 optical path 
               
               
                 22 
                 spectral filter 
               
               
                 24 
                 optical imaging system 
               
               
                 26 
                 optical system 
               
               
                 28 
                 optical imaging system 
               
               
                 30 
                 pattern 
               
               
                 32 
                 filter 
               
               
                 34 
                 pattern image detector 
               
               
                 35 
                 image capturing device 
               
               
                 36 
                 image processing unit 
               
               
                 38 
                 image processing unit 
               
               
                 40 
                 microscope 
               
               
                 42 
                 microscope tube 
               
               
                 44 
                 pattern means 
               
               
                 46 
                 light source 
               
               
                 48 
                 pattern element 
               
               
                 50 
                 pattern optical system 
               
               
                 52 
                 pattern means holder 
               
               
                 54 
                 decoupling element 
               
               
                 56 
                 motion unit 
               
               
                 58 
                 container 
               
               
                 60 
                 sample 
               
               
                 62 
                 cover glass 
               
               
                 64 
                 motion means 
               
               
                 66 
                 evaluation means 
               
               
                 68 
                 pattern image 
               
               
                 70 
                 overlapping region 
               
               
                 72 
                 overlapping region 
               
               
                 74 
                 pattern means 
               
               
                 76 
                 control unit 
               
               
                 78 
                 laser 
               
               
                 80 
                 pattern carrier 
               
               
                 82 
                 reflector 
               
               
                 84 
                 objective lens 
               
               
                 86 
                 pattern carrier 
               
               
                 88 
                 beam guiding element 
               
               
                 90 
                 coupling preparation device