Abstract:
A circuit and method for reducing local oscillator frequency transmission in a homodyne, or direct conversion, radio transceiver using I/Q modulation/demodulation minimizes local oscillator leakage to the antenna and its subsequent reception by the receiver by interfacing I/Q input signals to the modulator in a controlled manner so as to increase isolation during reception by presenting high impedance states to the I/Q modulator input terminals during reception thereby nulling the carrier during reception.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to local oscillator frequency transmission in a radio transceiver. In such a transceiver, a local oscillator (LO) frequency signal is used for modulation to produce modulated signals for transmission. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a particular type of homodyne transceiver, an I/Q (in-phase and quadrature-phase, respectively) modulator is used. A possible application for use of such a transceiver requires the transmission of two pulses of 1 μs duration of different phases 1 μs apart and then repeating after 100 μs. The pulses are transmitted onto material that responds with a signal (echo) 600 KHz less than the transmitted frequency. The echo is received 4 μs after the second pulse is transmitted. In practice, the echo may be almost completely covered by noise. By using a combination of different phases in the transmitted signal, this additive noise can be almost completely removed. 
     The unwanted emission during reception mode of local oscillator (LO) frequency out through the antenna or internally, e.g. via an antenna switch, and the subsequent reception of it by the receiver is a problem in homodyne or direct conversion transceivers. It is a problem which increases with ever-decreasing levels of received signal strength in the receiver. Where signal levels are even lower than normal, the receiver is very sensitive to in-band signals. This LO leakage can cause a DC offset in the receiver, which distorts the information contained in the received signal. 
     Typically, I/Q modulators have two pairs of differential input pins: one pair for the In-Phase (I) modulation signal input, and an additional pair for the Quadrature (Q) phase modulation input. These pins are internally biased so as to provide maximum carrier suppression with no signal applied. 
     It is common practice for input signals to be AC-coupled to the I and Q input pins to the modulator. The reason for this is that any DC voltage appearing at the inputs would cause DC offsets within the device, which in turn would degrade the carrier suppression of the modulated signal. For most applications, AC coupling would be suitable, provided that the DC-blocking capacitor value is chosen such that the high-pass corner frequency that results from this type of coupling is low enough to avoid any distortion of the modulating signal. 
     For some applications, however, the modulating signal must be DC coupled to the modulator inputs. In one application such as that described above, the phase of the transmitted signal must be one of four fixed, stable values for the duration of the transmitted pulse, and must be repeatable from pulse to pulse. This requirement can be fulfilled only if the phase-control signals are DC-coupled to the I and Q input pins to the modulator. To overcome the inherent DC offsets that would be introduced in such an application, and to reduce the resulting carrier leakage during reception, complex DC offset compensation circuitry would heretofore be necessary. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a circuit and method for reducing local oscillator frequency transmission in a radio transceiver wherein the above mentioned disadvantage(s) may be alleviated. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the invention there is provided a circuit for reducing local oscillator or carrier frequency transmission in a radio transceiver, the circuit comprising: modulator means or circuitry having inputs for receiving signals for modulation on a carrier signal to produce a modulated carrier transmission signal for transmission; and demodulator circuitry for receiving a modulated carrier reception signal to recover therefrom signals modulated thereon, wherein the circuit further comprises control means or circuitry for applying to the modulator circuitry inputs the signals for modulation on the carrier during transmission and for presenting to the inputs of the modulator circuitry high impedances during reception whereby carrier frequency transmission during reception is reduced. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In this transceiver, the solution to the DC offset problem caused by LO leakage discussed above is to suppress the carrier during reception by way of high impedance states presented on modulation signal inputs, e.g. I and Q inputs, of an I/Q modulator. The phase of the output signal of a modulator which is an I/Q modulator may be controlled during transmission by inputs on the I and Q (modulation signal input) lines. Preferably, by internally biasing the I/Q lines, maximum LO isolation can be provided by nulling the carrier. This condition can by the invention be obtained during reception by the high impedance states provided by the control means. The invention thereby beneficially allows the transceiver to use inexpensive integrated circuits (IC&#39;s), which are currently widely available in the marketplace. 
     Thus, in the circuit according to the first aspect of the invention, the control means and modulation means may be such that the modulation signals may be phase control signals, e.g. in-phase and quadrature phase signals, which are dc coupled to the modulator means via the modulation signal inputs. The signals may be applied as differential signals via pairs of inputs to the modulator means, e.g. to provide transmitted modulated signals which have one of four selected phase states. 
     In the circuit according to the first aspect of the invention, the modulation means may comprise means for internally biasing the modulation signal inputs whereby the carrier signal is suppressed with no modulation signal applied. The carrier signal may by the provision of the control means, be substantially nulled during reception. 
     The control means may incorporate semiconductor switching devices which can be switched between a conducting state and a high impedance state. The switching devices may comprise transistor devices, e.g. bipolar transistors. 
     The circuit according to the first aspect of the invention may include control circuitry which comprises: outputs for connection to the inputs of the modulator circuitry; and high impedance transistor circuitry; the inputs of the modulator circuitry being connected to the outputs of the control circuitry to receive the signals for modulation on the carrier during transmission, and the high impedance transistor circuitry being coupled to the inputs of the modulator circuitry to present a high impedance thereto during reception. 
     The invention beneficially allows one frequency synthesiser to be used as the source for both the transmitter and the receiver and for the transmitter and receiver to operate in the same frequency band without substantial feedthrough of the carrier signal during reception. 
     The transceiver according to the first aspect of the invention may be a homodyne transceiver and may be usable in a mobile or portable radio communications device. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method for reducing carrier frequency transmission in a radio transceiver which method comprises providing modulator circuitry having inputs receiving signals for modulation on a carrier and producing a modulated carrier transmission signal for transmission; providing demodulator circuitry receiving a modulated carrier reception signal and recovering therefrom signals modulated thereon; and providing control circuitry applying to the modulator circuitry inputs the signals for modulation on the carrier during transmission and presenting to the inputs of the modulator circuitry high impedances during reception whereby carrier frequency transmission is reduced. 
     EP0661801A describes a quadrature phase modulator for a transmitter with adaptive suppression of carrier leakage. This reference describes a technique for nulling the carrier feedthrough during modulation for transmission. It does not contemplate reducing unwanted carrier leakage between transmissions, i.e. during a reception mode, as provided by the present invention. 
     Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block-schematic circuit diagram of a homodyne radio transceiver embodying the invention; and 
     FIG. 2 is a symbolic circuit diagram of a control circuit used in the transceiver of FIG.  1 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF DETAILED EMBODIMENT(S) OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a homodyne radio transceiver  100  includes a synthesizer  102 , in which a reference signal from a reference signal generator  104  is divided in a fractional-N divider  106  whose output signal is passed through a low pass filter  108  to control a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)  110 . The output of the VCO  110  is applied through an amplifier  112  to produce the synthesizer output. The VCO output is also fed back to the fractional-N divider  106 . The synthesizer output is applied to power splitter  114 , one of whose outputs is applied as a carrier signal to an I/Q modulator  116 , which receives I and Q (i.e., in-phase and quadrature-phase respectively) signal inputs (I T  and Q T  respectively) from control circuitry  200 , which will be described in greater detail below. The output of the I/Q modulator  116  is applied to an SPDT switch  118 . The output from the switch  118  is applied to an RF power amplifier  120 , whose output is applied (via a transmit/receive switch  122 ) to an antenna  124  for transmission. 
     Another output of the power splitter  114  is applied as a local oscillator signal to an I/Q demodulator  126 . 
     For reception, the antenna  124  is connected (via the transmit/receive switch  122 ) through a band-pass filter  130 , a low noise amplifier  132  and a band-pass filter  134  to an input of the I/Q demodulator  126 . The demodulator  126  produces two outputs, which are applied through respective low-pass filters  142  and  144 , to produce recovered I and Q received signals I R  and Q R  respectively. 
     Referring now also to FIG. 2, the control circuitry  200  produces the I T  and Q T  signals as differential signals on respective pairs of differential output lines I T   + , I T   −  and Q T   + , Q T   −  which respectively are input lines to the modulator  116 . The control circuitry  200  has four bipolar npn transistors  202 ,  204 ,  206  and  208  which have their base electrodes connected respectively to differential input lines C 202 , C 204 , C 206  and C 208  through respective resistors. The collector electrodes of the transistors  202 ,  204 ,  206  and  208  are connected respectively to the output lines I T   + , I T   −  and Q T   + , Q T   −  via resistors  212 ,  214 ,  216  and  218 . The emitter electrodes of the transistors  202 ,  204 ,  206  and  208  are connected to earth. 
     In use of the transceiver  100 , the I/Q modulator  116  receives a carrier signal from the synthesizer  102 . The control circuitry  200  provides differential I T  and Q T  input signals to the I/Q modulator  116 . The I/Q modulated signal (having a carrier frequency f 0 ) which can have one of four selected phase states according to the applied modulation signals is passed on to the SPDT switch  118  which is used to create pulses for transmission. The pulses from the SPDT switch  118  enter the RF power amplifier  120 , from which they are transmitted out (through the transmit/receive switch  122 ) at the antenna  124 . 
     A received signal enters the radio transceiver  100  through the antenna  124  and is routed by way of the transmit/receive switch  122  to the receiver section of the transceiver. The received signal is band limited by the band-pass filter  130  and amplified by the low noise amplifier  132 . The signal is then filtered again by the band-pass filter  134 , and applied to the I/Q demodulator  126 . The local oscillator signal for the I/Q demodulator  126  is provided by the output of the power splitter  114 . The I and Q demodulated output signals of the I/Q demodulator  126  are then low-pass filtered by the respective low-pass filters  142  and  144  to produce recovered I and Q received signals I R  and Q R , which are passed to logic circuitry (not shown) of the transceiver. 
     As mentioned above, in order to minimise feedthrough of the carrier signal from the I/Q modulator  116  during reception of a received signal, the control signals are applied to the four control lines C 202 , C 204 , C 206  and C 208  to control the conductivity of the transistors  202 ,  204 ,  206  and  208  which are connected in open-collector configuration, so as to present high impedances to the respective inputs of the modulator  116 . 
     It will be understood that a bias voltage on each of the output lines I T   + , I T   − , Q T   +  and Q T   −  is created by pull-up resistors (not shown) and internal bias circuitry (also not shown). In reception mode, all four control lines are held low, so that all of the transistors are off (thus presenting a high impedance to the modulator inputs), and the internal bias circuitry is undisturbed. This condition provides the best carrier suppression. 
     In transmission mode, one of the control lines is asserted high, which pulls low the appropriate output line (I T   + , I T   − , Q T   +  or Q T   − ) and creates an intentional imbalance between the lines of the relevant differential pair (I T   +  and I T   − , or Q T   +  and Q T   − ), which provides a constant-phase carrier. By appropriate selection of the values of the collector resistors ( 212 ,  214 ,  216  and  218 ), four quadrature phases can be obtained by activating respective ones of the control lines. 
     By combining DC coupling with a high-impedance state, accurate and stable phase control of the transmitted signal is possible, whilst maintaining low carrier leakage when necessary, especially during reception mode. In the transmission mode, the phase control voltages are DC-coupled to the I and Q inputs of the modulator, thus generating a constant-phase transmitted signal of the selected phase. When the transceiver is switched to reception mode, a high impedance is presented to the I and Q inputs of the I/Q modulator  116  and these inputs are virtually disconnected, leaving the internal DC bias of the I/Q modulator  1 I 6  undisturbed and thereby providing optimal carrier suppression during reception mode. 
     It will be understood that in the circuit and method for reducing carrier frequency transmission in a radio transceiver described above, by controlling the states of the I and Q inputs to the I/Q modulator during reception mode in the manner described, optimal carrier suppression from the I/Q modulator can be obtained during reception mode. A radio transceiver utilizing this novel and beneficial approach may use existing commercially available integrated circuits without any additional synthesizers, firmware, or additional high-cost hardware. 
     It will also be appreciated that although the invention has been described above in the context of a homodyne receiver, the invention could also be applied to a heterodyne transceiver.