Abstract:
The invention provides polyhydroxyalkanoate having a bromo group in a unit and being thermally stable and capable of arbitrarily controlling physical properties, and a producing method thereof. According to the invention, there are provided a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer including a 3-hydroxy-ω-bromoalkanoic acid unit represented by a formula —[OCH((CH 2 ) n Br)CH 2 C(O)]— (n=1 to 8) (1) and a unit represented by a formula —[OCH((CH 2 ) m R)CH 2 C(O)]— (2) within a same molecule, and a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer by microorganisms, utilizing a ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by a formula Br(CH 2 ) p CH 2 CH 2 COOH (p=1 to 8) (20) and a compound represented by a formula R(CH 2 ) q CH 2 CH 2 COOH (21) as raw materials.  
     (In the formulae, R designates a residue selected from the group consisting of a phenyl structure, a thienyl structure and a cyclohexyl structure. m and q are integers selected from 1 to 8 respectively, provided it may be 0 when R designates the cyclohexyl structure. n and p designate integers within the ranges in the formulae respectively. These respective residues and integers in one unit are independent of respective one in another unit.)

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a polyhydroxyalkanoate containing a novel unit and a producing method therefor utilizing microorganisms.  
           [0003]    2. Related Background Art  
           [0004]    “Biodegradable Plastics Handbook”, edited by Biodegradable Plastics Association, N.T.S.Co., p178-197(1995) reports that various microorganisms produce poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) or other polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and accumulate such products therein. Such microorganism-produced polymer, such as PHA, can be utilized for producing various products for example by fusion, like the conventional plastics. Also the microorganism-produced polymer, such as PHA, is biodegradable, and has an advantage that it can be completely decomposed by the microorganisms. Therefore, polyhydroxyalkanoate produced by the microorganisms, when discarded, unlike the various conventional synthesized polymers, is free from contamination resulting from remaining in the natural environment. The polyhydroxyalkanoate produced by the microorganisms generally shows satisfactory matching with the living tissues and is expected in the applications as the soft material for medical use.  
           [0005]    Such microorganism-produced PHA is known to assume various compositions or structures depending on the kind of microorganism, composition of culture medium and culture condition employed for production, and researches have been made for controlling such composition and structure, principally for improving the physical properties of PHA.  
           [0006]    As one of the researches for controlling the composition or structure of the microorganism-produced polyhydroxyalkanoate, a microorganism production of polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic ring in the unit is actively investigated in recent years.  
           [0007]    (a) PHA Containing Phenyl Group or a Partially Substituted Group Thereof:  
           [0008]    Makromol. Chem. 191, 1957-1965(1990) and Macromolecules, 24, 5256-5260(1991) report that  Pseudomonas oleovorans  produces PHA containing 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid as a unit, from 5-phenylvaleric acid as substrate.  
           [0009]    Also Macromolecules, 29, 1762-1766(1996) reports that  Pseudomonas oleovorans  produces PHA containing 3-hydroxy-5-(p-tolyl)valeric acid as a unit, from 5-(p-tolyl)valeric acid as substrate.  
           [0010]    Also Macromolecules, 32, 2889-2895(1999) reports that  Pseudomonas oleovorans  produces PHA containing 3-hydroxy-5-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)valeric acid and 3-hydroxy-5-(p-nitrophenyl)valeric acid as units, from 5-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)valeric acid as substrate.  
           [0011]    (b) PHA Containing Phenoxy Group or Partially Substituted Group Thereof:  
           [0012]    Macromol. Chem. Phys., 195, 1665-1672(1994) reports that  Pseudomonas oleovorans  produces a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer containing 3-hydroxy-5-hydroxyvaleric acid and 3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonaic acid as the units, from 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid as substrate.  
           [0013]    Also Japanese Patent No. 2989175 discloses inventions relating to a homopolymer formed by a 3-hydroxy-5-(monofluorophenoxy) pentanoate (3H5(MFP)P) unit or a 3-hydroxy-5-(difluorophenoxy) pentanoate (3H5(DFP)P) unit; a copolymer containing at least a 3H5(MFP)P unit or a 3H5(DFP)P unit; a novel strain of  Pseudomonas putida  capable of producing these polymers; and a method for producing the aforementioned polymers utilizing Pseudomonas genus. This patent specification teaches, as the effects of such inventions, that PHA polymer having a phenoxy group substituted with 1 or 2 fluorine atoms at the end of the side chain can be biosynthesized from a long-chain fatty acid having a substituent and that such polymer has a high melting point and is capable of providing stereoregularity and water repellency while maintaining satisfactory working properties.  
           [0014]    In addition to the fluorine-substituted PHA having a fluorine substitution on an aromatic ring in a unit, there is also investigated polyhydroxyalkanoate in which an aromatic in the unit is substituted with a cyano or nitro group.  
           [0015]    Can. J. Microbiol., 41, 32-43(1995) and Polymer International, 39, 205-213(1996) report production of polyhydroxyalkanoate containing 3-hydroxy-6-(p-cyanophenoxy) hexanoic acid or 3-hydroxy-6-(p-nitrophenoxy) hexanoic acid as the monomer unit by  Pseudomonas oleovorans  ATCC 29347 strain and  Pseudomonas putida  KT2442 stain, from octanoic acid and 6-(p-cyanophenoxy) hexanoic acid or 6-(p-nitrophenoxy) hexanoic acid as substrate.  
           [0016]    Polyhydroxyalkanoate including a unit having an aromatic ring provided with a substituent constitutes a polyhydroxyalkanoate of multiple functions, including novel functions resulting from the substituent present on the aromatic ring, while retaining polymer properties of a high glass transition point and a satisfactory working property, resulting from the aromatic ring.  
           [0017]    On the other hand, active investigations are executed for obtaining polyhydroxyalkanoate of multiple functions, based on polyhydroxyalkanoate having a bromo group in the unit and introducing an arbitrary functional group into a side chain of the produced polymer, by a chemical conversion utilizing such bromo group.  
           [0018]    Macromol. Rapid Commun., 20, p.91-94(1999) reports producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having a bromo group in a side chain by  Pseudomonus oleovorans  and modifying the side chain with a thiolated product of acetylated maltose, thereby synthesizing polyhydroxyalkanoate different in solubility or hydrophilicity.  
           [0019]    As described in the foregoing references, a bromo group has a high reactivity in an addition reaction or the like, and can be used for introducing various functional groups or for chemical conversion. It can also constitute a crosslinking point, which is a starting point of a crosslinking reaction of the polymer. Consequently, presence of a bromo group in a unit constituting polyhydroxyalkanoate can be considered very useful in conceiving applications of the polymer as a functional material.  
           [0020]    Such polyhydroxyalkanoate having a bromo group in the unit has been biosynthesized from ω-bromoalkanoic acid only as the raw material, or in co-existence of a straight-chain alkanoic acid.  
           [0021]    Macromolecules, 25, p.1852-1857(1992) reports that  Pseudomonas oleovorans  strain produces polyhydroxyalkanoate containing 3-hydroxy-ω-alkanoic acid unit in the co-existence of an ω-bromoalkanoic acid such as 11-bromoundecanoic acid, 8-bromooctanoic acid or 6-bromohexanoic acid and n-nonanoic acid.  
           [0022]    In addition to the foregoing, a description of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-288256 is cited in the present application.  
           [0023]    However, thus obtained polyhydroxyalkanoate having a bromo group in the unit is usually a copolymer including a straight-chain 3-hydroxyalkanoic acid unit. Such PHA has a glass transition temperature of −20° C. to −30° C. so that the application as a polymer is limited. Because of such situation, there have been desired polyhydroxyalkanoate having a bromo group in the unit, which is thermally so stable as to expand the field of application as a polymer and which also allows to arbitrarily control physical properties, and a producing method therefor.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0024]    The present inventors, as a result of intensive investigations for achieving the above-mentioned objectives, have made the following invention. More specifically, the present invention provides: (A) a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer including a 3-hydroxy-ω-bromoalkanoic acid unit represented by a chemical formula (1) and a unit represented by a chemical formula (2) within a same molecule:  
                         
 
           [0025]    wherein n designates a number within a range shown in the chemical formula and can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0026]    wherein a pair of R and m is selected from the group consisting of R including a residue having a phenyl structure and m being an integer selected from 1 to 8, R including a residue having a thienyl structure and m being an integer selected from 1 to 8; and R including a residue having a cyclohexyl structure and m being an integer selected from 0 to 0.8; and, in case plural units are present, the pair of R and m of one unit can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule.  
           [0027]    The polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention is:  
           [0028]    (B) a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer according to (A) wherein R in the unit represented by the foregoing chemical formula (2), namely a residue having a phenyl, thienyl or cyclohexyl structure is at least one selected from the group consisting of the following chemical formulas (3) to (14) and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule:  
                         
 
           [0029]    wherein R 1  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CH═CH 2 , COOR 2  (wherein R 2  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom and a K atom), CF 3 , C 2 F 5  and C 3 F 7 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0030]    wherein R 3  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , and SCH 3 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0031]    wherein R 4  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5  and C 3 F 7 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0032]    wherein R 5  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 6 , SO 2 R 7  (wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 7  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 —C, and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0033]    wherein R 8  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 9 , SO 2 R 10  (wherein R 9  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 10  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 —C, and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
                         
 
           [0034]    wherein R 11  designates a substituent on the cyclohexyl group selected from the group consisting of an H atom, CN, NO 2 , a halogen atom, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , and C 3 F 7 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0035]    wherein R 12  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 13 , SO 2 R 14  (wherein R 13  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 14  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 —C, and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0036]    wherein R 15  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 16 , SO 2 R 17  (wherein R 16  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 17  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 —C, and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0037]    The polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention is:  
           [0038]    (C) a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer according to (A) or (B), wherein the 3-hydroxy-ω-bromoalkanoic acid unit represented by the foregoing chemical formula (1) is at least either of a 3-hydroxy-8-bromooctanoic acid unit represented by a chemical formula (15) and a 3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit represented by a chemical formula (16), and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule:  
                         
 
           [0039]    Also the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention is:  
           [0040]    (D) a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer according to (A) or (B), wherein the 3-hydroxy-ω-bromoalkanoic acid unit represented by the foregoing chemical formula (1) is at least one of a 3-hydroxy-11-bromoundecanoic acid unit represented by a chemical formula (17), a 3-hydroxy-9-bromoundecanoic acid unit represented by a chemical formula (18) and a 3-hydroxy-7-bromoheptanoic acid unit represented by a chemical formula (19), and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule:  
                         
 
           [0041]    The polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention is:  
           [0042]    (E) a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer having a number-average molecular weight within a range from 2,000 to 500,000.  
           [0043]    The present invention also provides:  
           [0044]    (F) a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer including at least a kind of a 3-hydroxy-ω-bromoalkanoic acid unit represented by the chemical formula (1) and at least a kind of a unit represented by the chemical formula (2) within a same molecule, comprising the step of executing a biosynthesis by a microorganism having an ability of producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer including a 3-hydroxy-ω-bromoalkanoic acid unit represented by the chemical formula (1) and a unit represented by the chemical formula (2) within a same molecule, wherein at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by a chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound-represented by a chemical formula (21) is utilized as the raw materials:  
                         
 
           [0045]    wherein p is an integer selected within a range indicated in the chemical formula,  
                         
 
           [0046]    wherein a pair of R and q is selected from the group consisting of R including a residue having a phenyl structure and q being an integer selected from 1 to 8, R including a residue having a thienyl structure and q being an integer selected from 1 to 8, and R including a residue having a cyclohexyl structure and q being an integer selected from 0 to 8,  
                         
 
           [0047]    wherein n designates, independently for each unit, a number within a range shown in the chemical formula,  
                         
 
           [0048]    wherein a pair of R and m is selected from the group consisting of R including a residue having a phenyl structure and m being an integer selected from 1 to 8, R including a residue having a thienyl structure and m being an integer selected from 1 to 8, and R including a residue having a cyclohexyl structure and m being an integer selected from 0 to 8, and, in case plural units are present, the pair of R and m of one unit can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule.  
           [0049]    The method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention is:  
           [0050]    (G) a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer according to (F) wherein R in the unit represented by the foregoing chemical formulas (2) and (21), namely a residue having a phenyl, thienyl or cyclohexyl structure is at least one selected from the group consisting of the following chemical formulas (3) to (14) and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule:  
                         
 
           [0051]    wherein R 1  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CH═CH 2 , COOR 2  (wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom and a K atom), CF 3 , C 2 F 5  and C 3 F 7 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0052]    wherein R 3  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , and SCH 3 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0053]    wherein R 4  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5  and C 3 F 7 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0054]    wherein R 5  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 6 , SO 2 R 7  (wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 7  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 ° C., and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0055]    wherein R 8  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 9 , SO 2 R 1 o (wherein R 9  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 10  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 —C, and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
                         
 
           [0056]    wherein R 11  designates a substituent on the cyclohexyl group and is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, CN, NO 2 , a halogen atom, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , and C 3 F 7 , and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0057]    wherein R 12  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 13 , SO 2 R 14  (wherein R 13  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 14  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 —C, and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0058]    wherein R 15  designates a substituent on the aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , COOR 16 , SO 2 R 17  (wherein R 16  is selected from the group consisting of an H atom, a Na atom, a K atom, CH 3  and C 2 H 5 , and R 17  is selected from the group consisting of OH, ONa, OK, a halogen atom, OCH 3  and OC 2 H 5 ), CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , (CH 3 ) 2 —CH and (CH 3 ) 3 —C, and, in case plural units are present, can be different from that of another unit in the same molecule;  
                         
 
           [0059]    The method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention can be:  
           [0060]    (H) a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer according to (F) or (G) by culturing the aforementioned microorganisms in a culture medium including at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21).  
           [0061]    More specifically, the method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention can be a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer featured by culturing the aforementioned microorganisms in a culture medium including a peptide in addition to at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21). In such case, there is provided a method for producing a polyhydroxy alkaoate copolymer featured by employing polypeptone as the aforementioned peptide to be included in the culture medium.  
           [0062]    Also, the method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention can be a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer featured by culturing the aforementioned microorganisms in a culture medium including an yeast extract in addition to at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21).  
           [0063]    Also, the method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention can be a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer featured by culturing the aforementioned microorganisms in a culture medium including an organic acid or a salt thereof in addition to at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21). In such case, there can be provided a method for producing a polyhydroxy alkaoate copolymer featured by utilizing, as the organic acid or the salt thereof to be included in the culture medium, at least one selected from the group consisting of pyruvic acid, oxaloacetic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, ketoglutaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid and salts thereof.  
           [0064]    Also, the method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention can be a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer featured by culturing the aforementioned microorganisms in a culture medium including an amino acid or a salt thereof in addition to at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21). In such case, there can be realized a method for producing a polyhydroxy alkaoate copolymer featured by utilizing, as the amino acid or the salt thereof to be included in the culture medium, at least one selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and salts thereof.  
           [0065]    Also, the method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention can be a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer featured by culturing the aforementioned microorganisms in a culture medium including a sugar in addition to at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21). In such case, there can be realized a method for producing a polyhydroxy alkaoate copolymer featured by utilizing, as the sugar to be included in the culture medium, at least one selected from the group consisting of glyceroaldehyde, erythrose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, galactronic acid, maltose, sucrose and lactose.  
           [0066]    Also, the method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention can be a method for producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer featured by culturing the aforementioned microorganisms in a culture medium including a straight-chain alkanoic acid with 4 to 12 carbon atoms or a salt thereof in addition&#39;to at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21).  
           [0067]    In the following, there will be explained details of culture conditions for the microorganisms in the producing method for polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present invention.  
           [0068]    In an inorganic culture medium based on a phosphate buffer and an ammonium salt or a nitrate salt, various necessary substrates and nutrition sources are added.  
           [0069]    As the substrate for producing the desired polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, there are preferably contained at least a kind of ω-bromoalkanoic acid represented by the foregoing chemical formula (20) and at least a kind of a compound represented by the foregoing chemical formula (21), each in amount of 0.0005 to 1%(w/v) of the medium, more preferably 0.001 to 0.2%.  
           [0070]    A carbon source and a nitrogen source for microorganism proliferation, namely co-existing substrates as energy sources for producing the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, are preferably contained in a concentration within a range of 0.1 to 5%(w/v) per medium, more preferably 0.2 to 2%(w/v).  
           [0071]    The culture medium to be employed in the present invention can be any inorganic culture medium a phosphate salt and a nitrogen source such as an ammonium salt or a nitrate salt, but the productivity of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer can be improved by regulating the concentration of the nitrogen source.  
           [0072]    The culture temperature can be any temperature at which the aforementioned strains can satisfactorily proliferate, and can preferably be within a range of 15 to 37° C., more preferably 20 to 30° C.  
           [0073]    The culture can be executed in any culture method such as liquid culture or solid culture, in which the employed microorganisms can proliferate and can produce polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer. Also there can be employed any of batch culture, fed batch culture, semi-continuous culture or continuous culture. Also for liquid batch culture, there can be employed oxygen supply method by shaking in a shaking flask or by agitated aeration in a jar fermenter.  
           [0074]    For causing the microorganisms to produce and accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, there can be employed, in addition to the above-described method, a method of transferring the bacteria after sufficient proliferation to a culture medium in which the nitrogen source such as ammonium chloride is limited, and executing a further culture under an addition of a compound serving as a substrate for the desired unit, whereby the productivity can be improved.  
           [0075]    Also the producing method of the present invention can be a method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, including steps of culturing the aforementioned microorganisms under the aforementioned conditions, and recovering from the cells thereof the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer including the 3-hydroxy-ω-bromoalkanoic acid unit represented by the chemical formula (1) and the unit represented by the chemical formula (2) within a same molecule. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0076]    [0076]FIG. 1 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 1;  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 2 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 2;  
         [0078]    [0078]FIG. 3 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 10;  
         [0079]    [0079]FIG. 4 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 13;  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 5 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 16;  
         [0081]    [0081]FIG. 6 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 17;  
         [0082]    [0082]FIG. 7 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 18; and  
         [0083]    [0083]FIG. 8 is a chart showing  1 H-NMR spectrum of a polyester obtained in an example 20. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0084]    (Method of recovery)  
         [0085]    For recovering desired polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer from microbial cells, there can be applied an ordinary method for recovering polyhydroxy alkanoate. Recovery is most simply executed by extraction with organic solvent such as chloroform, dichloromethane or acetone, but there may also be employed dioxane, tetrahydrdofurane or acetonitrile. In a situation where the organic solvent is difficult to use, there can be utilized processing with a surfactant such as SDS, processing with an enzyme such as lysozyme, chemical processing with a hypochlorite salt, ammonia or EDTA, or physical crushing by an ultrasonic crushing method, a homogenizer method, a pressure crushing method, a beads impact method, a mechanical crushing method, a grinding method or a freezing-thawing method to eliminate the bacteria components other than polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, thereby recovering polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer.  
         [0086]    (Microorganisms)  
         [0087]    The microorganisms to be employed in the producing method of the present invention can be any microorganisms having an ability meeting the aforementioned requirements, but in particular there are preferred microorganisms of Pseudomonas genus, more specifically  Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorecense, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas jessenii  etc. Further specifically, there can be used strains of  Pseudomonas cichorii  YN2 (FERM BP-7375),  Pseudomonas cichorii  H45 (FERN BP-7374),  Pseudomonas jessenii  P161 (FERM BP-7376), and  Pseudomonas putida  P91 (FERM BP-7373). These four strains are deposited in International Patent Organism Depositary of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (former National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology), and described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-288256 (patent reference 2).  
         [0088]    The culture of the microorganisms of the present invention, the production and microbial accumulation of the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention, and the recovery of the polyhydroxyalkanoate from the microbial cells in the present invention are not limited to the methods described above.  
         [0089]    (Culture medium)  
         [0090]    A composition of an inorganic culture medium (M9 medium) which is used a method of the present invention is shown in the following:  
         [0091]    Na 2 HPO 4 : 6.3  
         [0092]    KH 2 PO 4 : 3.0  
         [0093]    NH 4 Cl: 1.0  
         [0094]    NaCl: 0.5  
         [0095]    (g/L; pH 7.0)  
         [0096]    It is necessary to add a stock solution of trace ingredients of the following composition to about 0.3% (v/v) to the above inorganic culture medium, for good proliferation and production of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer.  
         [0097]    Stock solution of trace ingredients Nytrilotriacetic acid: 1.5; MgSO 4 : 3.0; MnSO 4 : 0.5; NaCl: 1.0; FeSO 4 : 0.1; CaCl 2 : 0.1; CoCl 2 : 0.1; ZnSO 4 : 0.1; CuSO 4 : 0.1; AlK(SO 4 ) 2: 0.1; H 3 BO 3 : 0.1; Na 2 MoO 4 : 0.1; NiCl 2 : 0.1 (g/L)  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0098]    In the following examples of the present invention will be described. In the following, “%” is based on weight, unless otherwise specified.  
       Example 1  
       [0099]    5.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 1.06 g of 5-phenylvaleric acid and 0.67 g of 8-bromooctanoic acid were dissolved in 1000 ml of M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 2000 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 5 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas jessenii  P161 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and the culture was performed for 64 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and lyophilized. After a weight measurement of the bacteria cells, chloroform was added and stirring was conducted for 72 hours at 25° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0100]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=2:92:6) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (22) Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid, but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                         
 
         [0101]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0102]    [0102]FIG. 1 shows the  1 H-NMR spectrum of the obtained polymer. Table 1 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 1                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   398   104   26.1   3.4   6.5   1.9                          
 
       Example 2  
       [0103]    A process was executed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the P161 strain used therein was changed to  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2, to obtain a desired polymer.  
         [0104]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR and  13 C-NMR as in Example 1 confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=1:90:9) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (23). Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid unit), but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                         
 
         [0105]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by GPC as in Example 1.  
         [0106]    [0106]FIG. 2 shows the  1 H-NMR spectrum of the obtained polymer. Table 2 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 2                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   821   271   33.0   6.6   13.9   2.1                          
 
       Example 3  
       [0107]    A process was executed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that polypeptone used therein was changed to yeast extract, to obtain a desired polymer. A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  
         [0108]    [0108] 1 H-NMR and  13 C-NMR as in Example 1 confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=1:91:8) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (24). Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid unit), but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                           
         [0109]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by GPC as in Example 1.  
         [0110]    Table 3 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 3                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   388   99   25.5   3.3   6.6   2.0                          
 
       Example 4  
       [0111]    A process was executed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the P161 strain used therein was changed to  Pseudomonas cicholii  H45, to obtain a desired polymer. A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR and  13 C-NMR as in Example 1 confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=1:93:6) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (25). Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid unit), but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                         
 
         [0112]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by GPC as in Example 1.  
         [0113]    Table 4 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 4                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   312   81   26.0   3.6   6.9   1.9                          
 
       Example 5  
       [0114]    A process was executed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the P161 strain used therein was changed to  Pseudomonas putida  P91 and polypeptone in the culture medium was changed to yeast extract, to obtain a desired polymer. A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR and  13 C-NMR as in Example 1 confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=1:91:8) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (26). Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid unit), but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                         
 
         [0115]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by GPC as in Example 1.  
         [0116]    Table 5 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 5                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   2.12   59   27.8   4.0   7.8   2.0                          
 
       Example 6  
       [0117]    A process was executed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that polypeptone in the culture medium was changed to D-glucose, to obtain a desired polymer. A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR and  13 C-NMR as in Example 1 confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=3:90:7) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (27). Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid unit), but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                         
 
         [0118]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by GPC as in Example 1.  
         [0119]    Table 6 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 6                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   507   161   31.6   3.7   7.8   2.1                          
 
       Example 7  
       [0120]    A process was executed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that polypeptone in the culture medium was changed to sodium pyruvate, to obtain a desired polymer. A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR and  13 C-NMR as in Example 1 confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=4:89:7) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (27). Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid unit), but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                         
 
         [0121]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by GPC as in Example 1.  
         [0122]    Table 7 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 7                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   556   173   31.1   3.4   7.1   2.1                          
 
       Example 8  
       [0123]    A process was executed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that polypeptone in the culture medium was changed to sodium glutamate, to obtain a desired polymer. A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR and  13 C-NMR as in Example 1 confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C+D=1:91:8) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (29). Also  13 C-NMR confirmed presence of unit C (3-hydroxy-6-bromohexanoic acid unit) and unit D (3-hydroxy-8-bromooctaonic acid unit), but the ratio of the unit C and the unit D was unknown.  
                         
 
         [0124]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by GPC as in Example 1.  
         [0125]    Table 8 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE B                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   479   169   35.3   3.5   7.2   2.1                          
 
       Example 9  
       [0126]    125 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 26.7 g of 5-phenylvaleric acid and 19.9 g of 11-bromoundecanoic acid were dissolved in 25 L of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 50 L jar fermenter, sterilized for 10 minutes at 121° C. and cooled to 30° C. To thus prepared culture medium, 200 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas jessenii  P161 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and the culture was performed for 16 hours at 30° C., 70 rpm and an aeration rate of 9.4 L/min. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the bacteria cells, 200 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 16 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0127]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (A:B:C=5:85:10) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (30).  
                         
 
         [0128]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 0 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0129]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0130]    Table 9 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 9                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   375   77   20.6   3.1   5.9   1.9                          
 
       Example 10  
       [0131]    125 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 29.1 g of 5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 5.6 g of 8-bromooctanoic acid were dissolved in 25 L of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 50 L jar fermenter, sterilized for 10 minutes at 121° C. and cooled to 30° C. To thus prepared culture medium, 200 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and the culture was performed for 15 hours at 30° C., 70 rpm and an aeration rate of 9.4 L/min. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the bacteria cells, 250 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 42 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0132]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (E:F:G=6:87:7) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (31).  
                         
 
         [0133]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 3 and 5.  
         [0134]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0135]    [0135]FIG. 3 shows  1 H-NMR spectrum of the obtained polymer. Also Table 10 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 10                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   402   33   8.2   3.1   6.5   2.1                          
 
       Example 11  
       [0136]    1.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 0.23 g of 5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 0.004 g of 8-bromooctanoic acid were dissolved in 200 ml of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 500 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 2.0 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and the culture was performed for 65 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the bacteria cells, 20 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 63 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0137]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (E:F:G=6:91:3) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (32).  
                         
 
         [0138]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 3 and 5.  
         [0139]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0140]    Table 11 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 11                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   502   203   40.4   8.0   17.0   2.1                          
 
       Example 12  
       [0141]    1.0 g of D-glucose, 0.23 g of 5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 0.13 g of 8-bromooctanoic acid were dissolved in 200 ml of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 500 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature (culture medium 1). Next, 1.0 g of D-glucose, 0.23 g of 5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 0.13 g of 8-bromooctanoic acid were dissolved in 200 ml of a culture medium formed by eliminating only the nitrogen source (NH 4 Cl) from the aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 500 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature (culture medium 2). To the culture medium 1, 2.0 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and the culture was performed for 40 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, suspended in the culture medium 2 and subjected to a vibration culture for 98 hours at 30° C. After the culture, the bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the dried bacteria cells, 20 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 63 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0142]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (E:F:G=22:58:20) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (33).  
                         
 
         [0143]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 3 and 5.  
         [0144]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0145]    Table 12 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 12                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   431   52   12.1   3.1   6.7   2.2                          
 
       Example 13  
       [0146]    5.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 1.2 g of 5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 0.3 g of 11-bromoundecanoic acid were dissolved in 1,000 ml of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 2,000 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 10 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and a vibration culture was executed for 17 hours at 30° C.  
         [0147]    After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the bacteria cells, 50 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 45 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0148]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (E:F:G=14:79:7) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (34).  
                         
 
         [0149]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0150]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0151]    [0151]FIG. 4 shows  1 H-NMR spectrum of the obtained polymer. Also Table 13 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 13                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   743   82   11.0   4.8   11.0   2.3                          
 
       Example 14  
       [0152]    1.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 0.23 g of 5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 0.05 g of 11-bromoundecanoic acid were dissolved in 200 ml of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 500 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 2.0 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and a vibration culture was executed for 67 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the bacteria cells, 20 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 64 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0153]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (E:F:G=5:86:9) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (35).  
                         
 
         [0154]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0155]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0156]    Table 14 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 14                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   500   29   5.8   5.9   14.0   2.4                          
 
       Example 15  
       [0157]    1.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 0.12 g of 5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 0.05 g of 11-bromoundecanoic acid were dissolved in 200 ml of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 500 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 2.0 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and a vibration culture was executed for 67 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the dried bacteria cells, 20 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 64 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0158]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (E:F:G=13:76:11) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (36).  
                         
 
         [0159]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0160]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0161]    Table 15 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 15                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   552   46   8.3   4.9   12.0   2.4                          
 
       Example 16  
       [0162]    1.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 0.25 g of 5-benzoylvaleric acid and 0.05 g of 11-bromoundecanoic acid were dissolved in 200 ml of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 500 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 2.0 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and a vibration culture was executed for 64 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the dried bacteria cells, 20 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 48 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0163]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (H:I:J=11:80:9) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (37).  
                         
 
         [0164]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0165]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0166]    [0166]FIG. 5 shows  1 H-NMR spectrum of the obtained polymer. Also Table 16 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 16                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   521   22   4.2   6.9   16.0   23                          
 
       Example 17  
       [0167]    1.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 0.20 g of 4-cyclohexylbutyric acid and 0.13 g of 8-bromooctanoic acid were dissolved in 200 ml of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 500 ml shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 2.0 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and a vibration culture was executed for 40 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the dried bacteria cells, 20 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 17 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0168]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (K:L=88:12) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (38).  
                         
 
         [0169]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 3 and 5.  
         [0170]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0171]    [0171]FIG. 6 shows  1 H-NMR spectrum of the obtained polymer. Also Table 17 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 17                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   945   242   25.6   4.0   11.0   2.8                          
 
       Example 18  
       [0172]    1.0 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 1.28 g of 5-(phenylsulfanyl)valeric acid and 0.80 g of l-bromoundecanoic acid were dissolved in 1.0 L of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 2.0 L shaking flask, sterilized in an autoclave and cooled to the room temperature. To thus prepared culture medium, 10.0 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, was added and a vibration culture was executed for 16 hours at 30° C. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the dried bacteria cells, 100 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 18 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0173]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (M:N:O=4:86:10) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (39).  
                         
 
         [0174]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 1 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0175]    [0175]FIG. 7 shows  1 H-NMR spectrum of the obtained polymer. Also Table 18 shows weights of cells and polymer, and a polymer weight ratio to cells.  
                               TABLE 18                                   CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %                           727   127   17.4                                                          
 
       Example 19  
       [0176]    125 g of polypeptone (supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Co.), 32.1 g of 5-(phenylsulfanyl)valeric acid and 19.9 g of 11-bromoundecanoic acid were dissolved in 25 L of aforementioned M9 culture medium, which was then charged in a 50 L jar fermenter, sterilized for 10 minutes at 121° C. and cooled to 30° C. To thus prepared culture medium, 200 ml of a culture liquid of  Pseudomonas cicholii  YN2 strain, which was cultured with shaking in advance for 8 hours at 30° C. in an M9 culture medium containing 0.5% of polypeptone, were added and the culture was performed for 16 hours at 30° C., 70 rpm and an aeration rate of 9.4 L/min. After the culture, bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging, then washed with methanol and dried under a reduced pressure. After a weight measurement of the dried bacteria cells, 150 ml of chloroform were added and stirring was conducted for 13 hours at 35° C. to extract the polymer. The chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered, then concentrated with an evaporator, and a portion precipitated and solidified by cold methanol was collected and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain the desired polymer.  
         [0177]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (M:N:O=17:63:20) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (40).  
                         
 
         [0178]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 0 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0179]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene).  
         [0180]    Table 19 shows weights of cells and polymer, a polymer weight ratio to cells, a molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer.  
                                   TABLE 19                       CDW (mg/L)   PDW (mg/L)   P/C %   Mn × 10 4     Mw × 10 4     Mw/Mn                   314   42   13.3   2.1   4.5   2.1                          
 
       Example 20  
       [0181]    300 mg of the polymer obtained in Example 18 were charged in a 300 ml flask, and were dissolved by adding 30 ml of dichloromethane. The solution was placed on an ice bath, and agitated with an addition of 6 ml of acetic acid and 1001 mg of 18-crown-6-ether. Then 798 mg of potassium permanganate were slowly added to the solution on the ice bath and stirring was conducted for 21 hours at the room temperature. After the reaction, 50 ml of water and 1000 mg of sodium hydrogensulfite were added. Then pH of the liquid was brought to pH 1 with 1.0 mol/L (1.0 N) hydrochloric acid. Dichloromethane in the mixed solution was distilled off by an evaporator to recover the polymer in the solution. The polymer was washed with 200 ml of methanol, then washed three times with 200 ml of purified water and dried under a reduced pressure to obtain 313 mg of polymer.  
         [0182]    A structure determination of the obtained polymer by  1 H-NMR (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400, 1H resonance frequency: 400 MHz, measured nucleus species: 1H, solvent: CDCl 3 , reference: capillary-sealed TMS/CDCl 3 , measurement temperature: room temperature) confirmed a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (P:Q:R=11:81:8) containing a unit represented by the following chemical formula (41).  
                         
 
         [0183]    wherein a represents at least any of integers from 0 to 10, b represents at least either of integers 3 and 5, and n represents at least any of integers 4, 6 and 8.  
         [0184]    The molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Tosoh HLC-8220, column: Tosoh TSK-GEL Super HM-H, solvent: chloroform, conversion to polystyrene). As a result, the number-average molecular weight Mn was 13300.  
         [0185]    As explained in the foregoing, the present invention provides a novel polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer including a unit having a bromo group in a side chain and a unit having a residue including a phenyl, thiophene or cyclohexyl structure in a side chain, within a same molecule, and a producing method therefor.