Abstract:
A Web server indicates which device, user, software, and network properties it can use to generate personalized content for a requesting user. The Web server also indicates which properties are actually required for it to generate any meaningful content at all. Using this mechanism, the client can optionally query the user for permission before including requested information in the request. Furthermore, the client device can save network bandwidth by only transmitting information that the server will use.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates in general to computer software, and in particular to a method and system for requesting device-specific information to be included in a World Wide Web document request. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and system by which a server may designate which device attributes does it require to support the dynamic customization of the retrieved Web document. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The World-Wide Web provides a mechanism by which users can retrieve documents from servers. Users run Web browsers, such as Netscape Navigator (Navigator is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation) or Internet Explorer (Internet Explorer is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation) on desktop computers. These browsers use the Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to issue requests to servers for particular documents or other content. (It should be noted that the World-Wide Web supports the use of several alternative protocols, including the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Gopher protocol.) 
   Upon receiving these browser requests, the server locates the document and returns it to the browser which, in turn, renders it for the user. These documents are typically authored in the Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML), though other markup languages such as the Wireless Markup Language (WML), Voice Markup Language (Voice XML), and eXtensible Markup Language (XML) are in common use. 
   Modern Web servers can also generate documents dynamically based on information contained in the request about the particular user and the particular browser making the request. For example, the User-Agent header in the HTTP protocol typically carries the identity of the browser software from which the request originated. Additional information in the HTTP protocol can identify the user. At the Web server, a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) program, Active Server Page (ASP) program, or Java servlet can analyze the User-Agent and user information to select which content to include in the returned document and to determine how best to format the returned document. This concept of personalization is vital to today&#39;s Web because it ensures that users receive desired information in a form that is best shown on the client browser. However, existing methods of personalization are also limited because they require the server software to explicitly handle each type of browser independently. 
   Currently, there is a proliferation of new types of Web-connected devices, including wireless laptops, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), automotive computers, intelligent household appliances, and home gateways. These devices have widely varying user interface capabilities, installed software, and network connectivity. As the number of browsers is growing, servers are burdened with the increasingly complex task of personalizing content for each of these different devices. 
   New standards are emerging to allow devices to describe their user interface capabilities, installed software, user preferences, and network connectivity in more abstract ways. The Composite Capability and Preference Profiles (CC/PP) specification published by the World-Wide-Web Consortium (W3C) describes a framework for providing this information within each HTTP request. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Forum has defined a similar method (called User Agent Profiles, or UAProf) for describing this information within each Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) request. (The WSP is a form of HTTP that has been optimized for use over low-bandwidth wireless networks.) 
   As the range of available client information grows, it can become impractical for a device to provide all of that information with each request. Moreover, a user who is sensitive to privacy may not want client information to be provided within every Web document request. However, with today&#39;s technology, there is no way for a server to indicate which client characteristics does it actually use or require for dynamically generating personalized content for the device. Consequently, a client must simply include its entire profile with every request to ensure that the server receives the information that it needs. 
   Therefore, a need exists for a method and system that allows Web servers to indicate which device, user, software, and network properties can it use to generate personalized content for the requesting user. The Web server also needs to indicate which properties are actually required for it to generate any meaningful content at all. Using this mechanism, the client can optionally query the user for permission before including the requested information in the request. Using this mechanism, the client furthermore can save network bandwidth by only transmitting information that the server will use. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   An object of the present invention is to provide, within a networked environment, a method by which a Web server can indicate which device, user, software, and network properties can it use when generating personalized content for the requesting user. 
   Another object of the present invention is to provide a method by which a Web server can indicate which device, user, software, and network propreties are required for it to generate any meaningful content for the requesting user. 
   Yet another object of the present invention is to allow servers to describe which client properties are used or required within the context of existing markup languages, so that existing browsers are not negatively impacted by the presence of this information. 
   Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method by which the client can query the user before providing potentially sensitive information to a requesting Web server. 
   Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method for reducing the amount of network bandwidth consumed to transmit device, user, software, and network information that is not used by the Web server. 
   To achieve the foregoing objects and in accordance with the purpose of the invention as broadly described herein, a method and system are disclosed for annotating markup language links, or anchors, with information about the client properties that are used or required by the Web server. Using this information, the client can determine which properties to transmit with the link request, optionally querying the user before transmitting private information. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for further advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following Detailed Description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a pictorial representation of a distributed data processing system which may be utilized to implement the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram depicting a data processing system, which may be implemented as a server in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented; 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  show sample HTML and WML documents including links for retrieving other Web documents; 
       FIGS. 5A ,  5 B, and  5 C show link elements that have been annotated with requested client properties, in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 6  is a sample dialog querying the user whether to include a particular property with a linked document request, in accordance with the present invention; and 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart depicting the processing performed at the client when the user chooses to follow an annotated link, in accordance with the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   With reference now to the figures,  FIG. 1  depicts a representation of a distributed data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented. Distributed data processing system  100  is a network of computers in which the present invention may be implemented. Distributed data processing system  100  contains a network  102 , which is the medium used to provide communications links between various devices and computers connected together within distributed data processing system  100 . Network  102  may include permanent connections, such as wire or fiber optic cables, or temporary connections made through telephone connections. 
   In the depicted example, a server  104  is connected to network  102  along with storage Unit  106 . In addition, a group of cooperating web servers CWSs  109  is connected to network  102 . Clients  108 ,  110 , and  112  also are connected to a network  102 . These clients  108 ,  110 , and  112  may be, for example, personal computers or network computers. For purposes of this application, a network computer is any computer, coupled to a network, which receives a program or other application from another computer coupled to the network. In the depicted example, server  104  provides data, such as boot files, operating system images, and applications to clients  108 - 112 . Clients  108 ,  110 , and  112  are clients to server  104 . For the purposes of this description, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium can be any apparatus that can contain or store, programs and/or code for use by or in connection with processor, apparatus or devices. Examples of a non-transitory computer readable storage medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. Users located at these clients may, for example, without limitation, access various resources through browsers. 
   Distributed data processing system  100  may include additional servers, clients, and other devices not shown. In the depicted example, distributed data processing system  100  is the Internet with network  102  representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is the backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers, consisting of thousands of commercial, government, educational, and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, distributed data processing system  100  also may be implemented as a number of different types of networks, such as, for example, an Intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN).  FIG. 1  is intended as an example, and not as an architectural limitation for the processes of the present invention. 
   Referring to  FIG. 2 , a block diagram depicts a data processing system, which may be implemented as a server, such as server  104  in  FIG. 1 , in accordance with the present invention. Data processing system  200  maybe a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system including a plurality of processors  202  and  204  connected to system bus  206 . Alternatively, a single processor system may be employed. Also connected to system bus  206  is memory controller/cache  280 , which provides an interface to local memory  209 . I/O bus bridge  210  is connected to system bus  206  and provides an interface to I/O bus  212 . Memory controller/cache  208  and I/O bus bridge  210  may be integrated as depicted. 
   Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus bridge  214  connected to I/O bus  212  provides an interface to PCI local bus  216 . A number of modems  218 - 220  may be connected to PCI bus  216 . Typical PCI bus implementations will support four PCI expansion slots or add-in connectors. Communications links to network computers  108 - 112  in  FIG. 1  may be provided through modem  218  and network adapter  220  connected to PCI local bus  216  through add-in boards. 
   Additional PCI bus bridges  222  and  224  provide interfaces for additional PCI buses  226  and  228 , from which additional modems or network adapters may be supported. In this manner, server  200  allows connections to multiple network computers. A memory-mapped graphics adapter  230  and hard disk  232  may also be connected to I/O bus  212  as depicted, either directly or indirectly. 
   Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware depicted in  FIG. 2  may vary. For example, other peripheral devices, such as optical disk drive and the like, also may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware detected. The depicted example is not meant to imply architectural limitations with respect to the present invention. 
   The data processing system depicted in  FIG. 2  may be, for example, an IBM RISC/System 6000 system, a product of International Business Machines Corp. in Armonk, N.Y., running the Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX) operating system. 
   With reference now  FIG. 3 , a block diagram illustrates a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented. Data processing system  300  is an example of a client computer. Data processing system  300  employs a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus architecture. Although the depicted example employs a PCI bus, other bus architectures such as Micro Channel and Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) may be used. Processor  302  and main memory  304  are connected to PCI local bus  306  through PCI bridge  308 . PCI bridge  308  also may include an integrated memory controller and cache memory for processor  302 . Additional connections to PCI local bus  306  may be made through direct component interconnection or through add-in boards. In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter  310 , small computer system interface (SCSI) host bus adapter  312 , and expansion bus interface  314  are connected to PCI local bus  306  by direct component connection. In contrast, audio adapter  316 , graphics adapter  318 , and audio/video adapter (A/V)  319  are connected to PCI local bus  306  by add-in boards inserted into expansion slots. Expansion bus interface  314  provides a connection for a keyboard and mouse adapter  320 , modem  322 , and additional memory  324 . SCSI host bus adapter  312  provides a connection for hard disk drive  326 , tape drive  328 , and CD-ROM drive  330 . Typical PCI local bus implementations will support three or four PCI expansion slots or add-in connectors. 
   An operating system runs on processor  302  and is used to coordinate and provide control of various components within data processing system  300  in  FIG. 3 . The operating system may be a commercially available operating system such as OS/2, trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. An object oriented programming system, such as Java, a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc., may run in conjunction with the operating system and provides calls to the operating system from the Java programs or applications executing on data processing system  300 . Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented operating system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as hard disk drive  326 , and may be loaded into main memory  304  for execution by processor  302 . 
   Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware in  FIG. 3  may vary depending on the implementation. Other internal hardware or peripheral devices, such as flash ROM (or equivalent nonvolatile memory) or optical disk drives and the like, may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in  FIG. 3 . Also, the processes of the present invention may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system. 
   For example, data processing system  300 , if optionally configured as a network computer, may not include SCSI host bus adapter  312 , hard disk drive  326 , tape drive  328 , and CD-ROM  330 , as noted by the box with the dotted line  332  in  FIG. 3  denoting optional inclusion. In that case, the computer, to be properly called a client computer, must include some type of network communication interface, such as LAN adapter  310 , modem  322 , or the like. As another example, data processing system  300  may be a stand-alone system configured to be bootable without relying on some type of network communication interface, whether or not data processing system  300  comprises some type of network communication interface. As a further example, data processing system  300  may be a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device which is configured with ROM and/or flash ROM in order to provide non-volatile memory for storing operating system files and/or user generated data. 
   The depicted example in  FIG. 3  and above-described examples are not meant to imply architectural limitations with respect to the present invention. Although  FIGS. 1-3  provide examples of configurations of computer systems on which the present invention may execute, the following background information may provide a context for understanding the overall computing environment in which the present invention may be used. 
   Software program code which employs the present invention is typically stored in the memory of a storage device  232  of a stand-alone workstation or LAN server from which a developer may access the code for distribution purposes, the software program code may be embodied on any of a variety of known media for use with a data processing system such as a diskette or CD-ROM or may be distributed to users from a memory of one computer system over a network of some type to other computer systems for use by users of such other systems. Such techniques and methods for embodying software code on media and/or distributing software code are well-known and will not be further discussed herein. 
   Documents written in Web-based markup languages, such as HTML and WML, typically contain elements that represent pointers, or links, to other documents. Referring now to  FIG. 4A , there is shown an example of a document written in the Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML), as indicated by the start tag  240  and end tag  241 . In HTML, for example, document links are indicated by an ANCHOR, or “A”, tag  242 . The text  244  between the “A” tag  242  and the terminating &lt;/A&gt; tag  243  is typically displayed by the browser in a special color or font to indicate that the user may click on it to retrieve the document referred to by the anchor link. The anchor link element  242  typically includes a plurality of attributes ( 245 ,  247 ) describing the link. The HREF attribute  245  describes the identity  246  of the document being referenced by the anchor. The HREF attribute  245  is mandatory within an “A” element. The TYPE attribute  247  is optional within an “A” element and describes the type or format  248  of the linked document. Other attributes may also be included within the “A” element in accordance with the HTML specification. It is understood that, in accordance with the HTML specification, formatting of the document is not significant and tag names, elements, and attributes may be in upper or lower case. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4B , there is shown a document written in the Wireless Markup Language (WML), as indicated by the tags  250  and  251 . This document contains two “A” links  252  and  254 . Link  252  includes an HREF attribute  253  pointing to the second card in the document. Link  254  includes an HREF attribute  255  pointing to another document, deck2.wml. The optional SENDREFERER attribute  256  instructs the browser to include the current document name within the request to retrieve the linked document. Again, it is understood that WML documents may be formatted in many ways, in accordance with the WML specification. 
   Though not shown, it is understood that Web documents may be written in a multitude of different markup languages. Each of these languages may include designated tags for linking to other documents. Within these tags, the document author may include a plurality of mandatory and optional attributes that provide the client with additional information about how the linked document should be retrieved. 
   The server may need to indicate to the client browser that the server that provides a particular linked document is capable of customizing the content or format of that document according to the client as long as the document request includes information about the hardware device, platform or application software, or user preferences. To do this, the server may include an additional attribute (PROFILEATTRS) with the link element listing the properties that the referenced server can use to customize the referenced document. 
   The HTML specification allows for additional attributes to be included within a particular element, such as the “A” tag. Browsers that do not recognize the additional attributes are expected to simply ignore that information. However, browsers that do recognize the attribute may take special function. Therefore, the PROFILEATTRS attribute does not disrupt existing browsers but does allow new browsers to recognize the requested client properties and take appropriate action, as discussed with  FIG. 7  below. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5A , there is shown a link element  341  that contains an HREF attribute  342  pointing to the document “http://www.ibm.com/index.html”  343 . The optional attribute PROFILEATTRS  344  designates a list of client properties  345  that may be provided to the server from which the document  343  is requested. The list  345  includes only one property. The property is designated by a category HardwareCharacteristics  346 , followed by a colon, followed by a property name ScreenSizes  347 . Additional properties may be included in the list  345  by separating them with a semi-colon. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5B , there is shown a link element  350  containing a PROFILEATTRS attribute  351 . The property list contains multiple values  352  and  353 , separated by semi-colons. The first value  352  indicates that the client may provide the Location property within the HardwareCharacteristics group. The second value  353  indicates that the server can make use of any properties within the SoftwareCharacteristics group. The asterisk (*) indicates a “wild card” for properties within the group. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5C , there is shown a link element  375  containing a PROFILEATTRS attribute  376 . The property list contains multiple values  377  and  378 , separated by a semi-colon. The first value  377  indicates that the client may provide the Location property within the HardwareCharacteristics group. However, this property is preceded by an exclamation point, which indicates that the server cannot generate the requested document unless the client provides this property value. In other words, the client must provide this property value in order to receive the linked document; if the client is unable or unwilling to provide this property, it should not attempt to retrieve the document because the server is unable to deliver a response document unless it receives this information. The second value  353  indicates that the server can make use of the ScreenSize property in the HardwareCharacteristics group. Because this property is not preceded by an exclamation point, the attribute is deemed to be optional; the server can use the property if it is provided, but it does not require the information in order to generate the referenced document. 
   Though  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B, and  5 C show links annotated in a particular way, it is understood that alternative embodiments of this invention may employ a variety of different formats, including different attribute names (other than PROFILEATTRS), different syntax for listing requested properties, or different syntax for designated wild cards or mandatory attributes. It is understood that these alternative embodiments do not take away from the inventive constructs herein. 
   When the user selects a link that has been annotated with a PROFILEATTRS attribute, the browser software is responsible for determining the set of requested properties to provide and for subsequently generating a request for the linked document, embedding the selected set of properties within the request. In determining which requested properties to provide, the client may optionally query the user for confirmation that this information may be released. This is particularly appropriate when the requested client properties are deemed confidential or sensitive. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 6 , there is shown a user interface dialog querying the user whether a particular property should be included with a request to a linked document. The dialog  400  includes at least the linked document location  401 , the particular property being requested  402 , and selection widgets  403  and  404  allowing the user to indicate that the property should or should not be transmitted. Though  FIG. 6  illustrates a particular embodiment of the query dialog, it is understood that alternative implementations may present this dialog in other formats, which may include a voice-based interface. These alternative interface embodiments do not take away from the inventive concepts herein. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is shown a flowchart depicting the steps executed by the client when the user selects a document link that has been annotated with the PROFILEATTRS attribute. At block  500 , the user selects a document link that has been annotated with the PROFILEATTRS attribute, and the transmission properties list is initialized to be empty. At decision block  505 , it is determined whether there are any more properties listed within the PROFILEATTRS attribute. (It is understood that if a listed property is a wildcard, then this property is expanded into a list of all matching property names for the purpose of decision block  505  and block  510 , discussed below.) If the answer to decision block  505  is no, then processing proceeds to block  590 , where the document request is sent, along with the transmission properties. Processing then terminates at block  595 . 
   Continuing with  FIG. 7 , if the answer to decision block  505  is yes, then at block  510 , the next property in the PROFILEATTRS list is selected (again assuming that the wildcard is expanded into its individual properties). At decision block  515 , the client determines whether it is capable of transmitting the selected property. If the answer to decision block  515  is no, then control passes to decision block  520  where it is determined whether the selected property is mandatory. If the answer to decision block  520  is no, then control returns to decision block  505  where the next property is processed. If the answer to decision block  520  is yes, then it is determined that the request cannot be successfully transmitted because a mandatory property is unavailable. Control passes to block  595 , where the process is terminated. 
   Continuing with  FIG. 7 , if the answer to decision block  515  is yes, then control passes to decision block  525 , where it is determined whether the user needs to be queried to confirm whether to provide the selected property with the request. This determination may be performed by accessing a configuration file or database on the client. If the answer to decision block  525  is yes, then at block  530 , the user is queried for permission to include the property with the linked document request. This query may take the form of a dialog, such as the one shown above in  FIG. 6 . At decision block  535 , it is determined whether the user agreed to transmit the property with the request. If the answer to decision block  535  is no, then control proceeds to decision block  520  where denied mandatory properties cause the request to be terminated. 
   Continuing with  FIG. 7 , if the answer to decision block  525  is no (the user does not need to be prompted) or the answer to decision block  535  is yes (the user agrees that the property may be transmitted with the linked document request), then control proceeds to block  540 . At block  540 , the selected property is inserted into the list of transmission properties for later insertion into the linked document request. Control then returns to decision block  505  where the next property is processed. 
   In this way, a client includes the requested properties with the document request, confirms property inclusion with the user where appropriate, and terminates the request if a mandatory property cannot be (or is not permitted to be) sent. 
   Although the present invention has been described with respect to a specific preferred embodiment thereof, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art and it is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.