Abstract:
A multi-directional shock sensor having a central post surrounded by an omnidirectionally moveable toroidal mass. A plurality of anchor members surrounds the mass and carries one arm of a latching arm assembly. The other arm of each latching arm assembly is carried by, and radially extends from the mass to oppose a respective first arm. A shock event will cause the mass to move in a certain direction to an extent where one or more of the arm assemblies will latch. The latching may be determined by an electrical circuit connected to contact pads on the central post and on the anchor members.

Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
   The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for government purposes without the payment of any royalties therefor. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention has a plurality of uses, for example and without limitation, including detection of rough handling during product shipping and detection of vehicle impact from accidents. In the field of package handling it is often desired to know if a package has been subject to mishandling. That is, if the package has exceeded a certain shock level, such as by dropping, it may be an indication that the package contents may have been damaged. This situation is of particular concern especially if the contents are comprised of delicate electronics or instrumentation or any specialized equipment. 
   Various types of sensors are used to determine if a shock level has been exceeded. Visual sensors, which may be attached to a package, include glass vials filled with dye that will rupture when the shock level is exceeded, thereby displaying the dye, and indicating, for example, that the package has been dropped during handling. Another visual arrangement includes a ball and spring whereby the ball will become displaced if the shock level is exceeded. Such visual sensors will reveal that the shock level has been exceeded but are unable to display the direction of the shock or, at best, only display the shock from a limited number of directions. 
   Electronic sensors include well-known accelerometers, which record acceleration movement for later display. Such electronic sensors however require a power supply in order to record accelerations as well as a power supply to subsequently read out the recorded values. 
   In addition to placement on a package it is often desired to place one or more sensors inside a particular piece of equipment to see if it has been subject to rough use. A need therefore exists to provide a miniature sensor, which may be placed on or in a container and does not require any sort of power for recording a shock event. It is an object of the present invention to provide such sensor. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   A multi-directional shock sensor is provided which includes a central post with a toroidal mass surrounding the central post. A spring arrangement connects the mass with the central post to allow for omnidirectional movement of the mass and a plurality of anchor members surrounds the mass. A plurality of latching arm assemblies is provided where each latching arm assembly includes a first arm opposed to a second arm. Each of the first arms is connected to a respective one of the anchor members and each of the second arms is connected to the mass. Movement of the mass due to a shock event causes at least one of the second arms to engage and latch with an opposed one of the first arms, whereby the shock event and direction of the shock event may be determined. Accordingly, the multi-directional shock sensor can record in-plane shocks from any direction without an electric power source. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will be better understood, and further objects, features and advantages thereof will become more apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a view of an SOI wafer prior to fabrication of the sensor device. 
       FIG. 2  is a view of the fabricated sensor device. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates the arms of a latching arm assembly in an unlatched condition. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates the arms of a latching arm assembly in a latched condition. 
       FIG. 4  is an electrical diagram for indicating excessive shock and shock direction. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates one type of packaging arrangement for the sensor device. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates another type of packaging arrangement for the sensor device. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an arrangement for detecting shock in an XYZ coordinate system. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In the drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, like or corresponding parts are denoted by like or corresponding reference numerals. 
     FIG. 1  illustrates a portion of an SOI (silicon on insulator) wafer  10  from which the sensor of the present invention will be fabricated. The structure of  FIG. 1  includes a silicon substrate  12  (also known as a handle layer) covered by an insulating layer  14 , such as silicon dioxide, over which is deposited another silicon layer  16  (also known as the device layer), which is the layer from which the sensor will be fabricated. 
     FIG. 2  is a view of a sensor  20  formed from the wafer  10  of  FIG. 1 . The sensor is formed by a DRIE (deep reactive ion etching) process, which removes unwanted portions of layer  16 . The DRIE process is a well developed micromachining process used extensively with silicon based MEMS (micro electromechanical systems) devices. For this reason silicon is the preferred material for the sensor of the present invention, although other materials are possible. 
   Sensor  20  is one of a multitude of similar sensors fabricated on the same wafer  10 , with all of the sensors being separated after fabrication for use as individual multi-directional shock sensors. Sensor  20 , etched in the top silicon layer  16  includes a central post  22  surrounded by a toroidal mass  24  and connected to the post  22  by means of a series of springs  26 . Completely surrounding the mass  24  is a plurality of individual wedge shaped anchor members, sixteen of which  28 - 1  to  28 - 16  are illustrated by way of example. 
   Sensor  20  includes a plurality of latching arm assemblies  30 , each having a first arm  31  connected to a respective anchor  28 - 1  to  28 - 16 , and a second arm  32  connected to the mass  24 . Arms  31  and  32  are positioned in a notched-out portion  36  on the side of a respective anchor, and each arm  32  is positioned within a respective radial notch  38  formed in mass  24 , so as to allow for greater flexibility of the first arm. Accordingly, the first arm  31  is opposed the second arm  32 . In addition, the notched-out portion  36  may be a variety of shapes, including a substantially reversed “L” shape. 
   In order to operate as a multi-directional shock sensor, mass  24 , as well as springs  26  and arms  31  and  32  must be free to move and therefore must be free of any underlying silicon dioxide insulating layer  14 . One way to accomplish the removal of the underlying insulating layer is by applying an etchant such as hydrofluoric acid, which will dissolve the silicon dioxide. 
   The etchant will, in a relatively short period of time, dissolve the insulation beneath the arms  31  and  32  as well as under the springs  26 , since they are of small width, thus freeing them for movement. In order to shorten the time for dissolving the silicon dioxide under mass  24 , mass  24  is provided with a series of apertures  40  which extend from the top surface down to the insulating layer  14 , thereby allowing the etchant direct access to the mass undersurface. Although some of the etchant dissolves the insulation under the post  22  and anchors  28 - 1  to  28 - 16 , the process of freeing the mass  24 , springs  26  and latching arm assemblies  30  is completed before the post and anchors are completely freed so that they remain immovable. 
   If a shock in the plane of the device is of sufficient force and is of sufficient duration, mass  24  will move in the direction opposite to the applied shock, resulting in the latching of at least one or two of the latching arm assemblies  30 . With additional reference to  FIGS. 3A and 3B ,  FIG. 3A  illustrates first and second arms  31  and  32  of a latching arm assembly prior to latching. Each of the arms includes a latching segment in the form of a respective arrow-head  44  and  46  at the ends thereof where the respective arrowhead  44  and  46  is in the shape of a triangle. As a result of the movement of mass  24  to which arm  32  is connected, the shock event will cause arm  32 , more particularly arrow-head  46 , to slide past arrow head  44  of arm  31 . When the shock event ceases, arm  32 , under the action of springs  26 , will tend to revert to its normal position, however it will be prevented from doing so since the arrow heads  44  and  46  will lock in the position illustrated in  FIG. 3B . In particular, the invention may be set and calibrated to a predetermined threshold in order to respond to a shock event of a particular magnitude. Once the shock event exceeds the particular magnitude, the arrowheads  44  and  46  will slide and lock. The stiffness of the springs  26 , the size of the toroidal mass  24  and the configuration of the latching segment, for example and without limitation, the arrow heads  44  and  46 , are each adjustable and may be varied when selecting the predetermined threshold. This invention is particular useful and will respond to a broad range of shock events where the shock level, that is, the force of acceleration of gravity (gs), for example and without limitation, may typically be in a range of about 5 gs to about 30,000 gs, and further may more particularly be in a range of about 50 gs to about 3,000 gs. Accordingly, the multi-directional shock sensor will record in-plane shocks from any direction without an electric power source. 
   Referring back to  FIG. 2 , the sensor  20  is provided with a plurality of contact pads for electrical connections. More particularly, central post  22  includes a contact pad  56  and each anchor  28 - 1  to  28 - 16  includes a respective contact pad  58 . The occurrence of the shock, as well as its direction may then be detected by examining which arm assembly or assemblies  30  have latched, as in  FIG. 3B . This may accomplished electrically and to this end reference is additionally made to  FIG. 4 . Although not illustrated, means may be provided for unlatching the arms after a latching situation. 
   For electrical detection of latching, the silicon from which the sensor is fabricated is sufficiently doped so as to make it electrically conducting. Arms  31  and  32  are, in essence, an open switch when unlatched and a closed switch when latched. There are many ways to determine if a switch is closed or not and  FIG. 4  illustrates one such way. The sixteen latching arm assemblies  30 , one for each anchor  28 - 1  to  28 - 16  are electrically in parallel, with each arm  32  being electrically connected to one side of a power source such as battery  50 , via mass  24 , springs  26  and contact pad  56 . Each arm  31  is connected to an indicating element such as a light  52  via an anchor and contact pad  58 , with each light  52 , in turn, being connected to the other side of battery  50 . The battery  50  and lights  52  may be part of a read out system which includes probes  54  for connection to the exposed leads of a sensor package, as in  FIG. 5  or  6 , to be described. If any latching arm assembly  30  latches, the light connected to that particular assembly will activate, thereby providing an indication of shock exceeding a certain level, as well as shock direction. 
   Once the sensors have been fabricated on a wafer, the wafer is diced to provide a plurality of sensors  20 . In order to provide for mechanical coupling to sense shock, electrical connections to sense switch closure and protection from the environment, each sensor is then placed in a protective sensor package such as sensor package  64  illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Sensor package  64  is a conventional integrated circuit chip carrier having leads  66  for attachment to all of the contact pads  56  and  58  of the sensor  20 . A lid  68  is seam welded to the carrier to provide for a hermetic seal. 
   Another packaging arrangement which is significantly less costly than a chip carrier is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . In this embodiment, the sensor  20  includes a surrounding border  72  to which a lid  74  may be hermetically sealed to form a hermetically sealed package. 
   Extending through the top of the lid  74  is a plurality of metalized vias  76  which make electrical contact with corresponding contact pads  56  and  58  of sensor  20 . The arrangement is affixed to a printed circuit board  78  having leads  80  for electrical connection to the vias  76 . 
   The sensor  20  provides an indication of a shock event in the plane of the sensor. It may be desirable to be able to measure for shock in other directions and the arrangement of  FIG. 7  provides for this capability. In  FIG. 7 , three sensor packages  70  of the type shown in  FIG. 6  are mounted on three mutually perpendicular surfaces  84 ,  85  and  86  of a support  88 . An unused surface  90  may then be affixed, such as by an adhesive, to a container which may be subjected to shock. In this manner, shock readings in an XYZ coordinate system may be obtained. 
   EXAMPLE 1 
   Shock Sensor Testing 
   Applicant&#39;s invention was tested with successful results. The shock sensor was tested to determine the threshold latching level. This series of tests was used to calibrate the sensor, in order to relate its performance to an actual shock event. Each shock test series was performed by successively shocking the sensor at higher values until it latched. The last two shock levels formed the bounds for the threshold of the shock sensor. The shock sensor was tested at various orientations to determine its ability to record shock from different directions. 
   The sensors to be tested were attached to an aluminum carrier with thermoplastic and covered with a plastic lid prior to testing on a shock table. The sensors were packaged in a class 10,000 clean room to reduce the risk of dust contamination. A mounting plate was used under the carrier in order to test it at various orientations. For these shock tests, two aluminum carriers were prepared. One carrier held one sensor, and the other carrier held two sensors. A linear shock table (from GHI Systems) was used to perform the shock testing. The aluminum test fixture containing the sensors was mounted to the magnesium block on the shock table. This block was then pulled back against the shock table springs and released. The block was then accelerated until it impacted the rubber stop (the programmer). This impact produced the shock on the sensor. 
   An accelerometer was mounted in the magnesium block to record the shock level. The shock level was adjusted by controlling the distance that the block traveled into the shock table springs before it was released. The shock pulse was measured using a data acquisition system, and it was filtered at 5 kHz. The maximum g-level of the shock pulse was recorded after filtering. The shape of the shock pulse was approximately haversine (resembling half of a sine wave), and the duration was 0.80 ms. Table 1 gives the details on the accelerometer and the data acquisition used to record the shocks. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Accelerometer and data acquisition information. 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Accelerometer 
               Data Acquistion 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Model 
               Dytran 3200 B6T 
               Software 
               Wincat 
             
             
                 
               Range 
               ±2500 g 
               Sampling Rate 
               1 MHz 
             
             
                 
               Sensitivity 
               1.92 mV/g 
               Filter 
               5 kHz 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Since the sensors latch once the shock threshold is reached, the sensors were tested by successively ramping up the shock level until the sensors latched. The sensors were inspected with a boroscope after each shock to determine whether they latched. Once the latch took place, the last two shock levels were recorded as “not latched” and “latched.” These two levels form the lower and upper bound for the actual shock threshold. After a successful test series, the sensors were manually reset using steel probes in the clean room. The sensors were then re-tested at a different orientation. They were tested at orientations ranging from 0° to 20° in 5° increments. Table 2 gives a summary of the test results. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 2 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Shock testing summary. 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Sensor Number 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               34 
               14A 
               14B 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Not 
                 
               Not 
                 
               Not 
                 
             
             
               Angle 
               Latched 
               Latched 
               Latched 
               Latched 
               Latched 
               Latched 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                0 
               500 
               522 
               577 
               589 
               538 
               552 
             
             
                5 
               513 
               526 
               565 
               578 
               521 
               537 
             
             
               10 
               513 
               530 
               567 
               577 
               527 
               541 
             
             
               15 
               500 
               513 
               553 
               566 
               529 
               546 
             
             
               20 
               NR 
               496 
               542 
               555 
               530 
               542 
             
             
               Average 
               507 
               517 
               561 
               573 
               529 
               544 
             
             
               SD 
               7.5 
               13.5 
               13.5 
               12.9 
               6.1 
               5.7 
             
             
               % SD 
               1.5 
               2.6 
               2.4 
               2.3 
               1.2 
               1.0 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   If the tests for the different sensors and orientations are averaged, then the threshold latching level for the multi-directional shock sensor was 538 g. Overall, there appears to be no significant variation or trend between the latching values at different angles. The average standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the average latching value is 1.8%. The individual sensors showed very repeatable results in successive tests, with a maximum standard deviation of 2.6%. The test procedure demonstrates a valid method of test as the average error in the test recording across all the data is ±2.7%. This was computed by taking the percent average delta between “non-latching and “latching” values across all data points. There was a larger variation in latching levels between different sensors (about 10%) and the differences may be due to the sensors being fabricated at different times before packaging, which may increase the risk for contamination from dust and moisture and may have contributed to the higher latching level. Nonetheless, the test results validate the Applicant&#39;s invention. 
   The forgoing summary, description and example of the present invention are not intended to be limiting, but are only exemplary of the inventive features defined in the claims. Accordingly, all modifications, alterations and changes coming within the spirit and scope of the present invention are herein meant to be included. 
   Finally, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations (for example, by using the term “about”) that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.