Abstract:
A pre-printed case label is provided for labeling cases that contain item-level packages such as clamshells of produce or loose bulk produce. The pre-printed case label includes a common identifier and space for adding a tag that includes a unique identifier. A case that includes the pre-printed case label and the tag provides case-level traceability through the distribution chain. Additionally, the item-level packages, or items of loose bulk produce, can include their own individual traceability codes to extend the traceability down to the item level. Methods provided herein associate non-lot-specific information, like brand and quantity, and lot-specific information, like harvest event data, with the unique identifier.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to, and incorporates by reference U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. 60/970,933 filed on Sep. 7, 2007 and titled “Attributing Harvest Information with Unique Identifiers,” No. 61/028,163 filed on Feb. 2, 2008 and titled “Systems and Methods of Associating Individual Packages with Harvest Crates,” and No. 61/080,121 filed on Jul. 11, 2008 and titled “Mobile Table for Implementing Clamshell-to-Case Association.” 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of consumer product traceability, and more specifically to case-level traceability for products such as fresh produce. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Produce is often packaged in unit-level packaging (sometimes referred to as fixed-weight consumer packs), such as clamshells, either in the field or at a packing facility. Unit-level packages provide retailers with a standardized merchandizing unit, offer brand owners a labeling opportunity, and offer convenience to the consumer. Unit-level packages of produce like tomatoes and strawberries are typically aggregated into cases for distribution. In various industries these cases are sometimes also referred to as trays or flats. Cases are typically characterized by an open top so that clamshells or similar unit-level packages can be readily packed together and later readily removed by retailers or consumers. The open top also allows the produce in the clamshells to be displayed while still in the case. 
     One problem in industries such as the produce industry, but also in similar industries like the processed foods and pharmaceuticals industries, relates to the traceability of goods through the supply chain from raw ingredients to the consumer. Traceability becomes particularly important during product recalls, but can also be useful for utilizing consumer feedback to improve quality and for marketing purposes. In view of the rising importance of traceability in the produce industry in particular, new guidelines are being developed to improve produce traceability from the fields to the consumer. These guidelines require the use of labels on cases that are readable both by humans and machines. The labels need to provide enough information that particular cases can be traced back to particular lots. An example of such guidelines are the Fresh Produce Traceability Guidelines, Version 2, October 2006, being jointly promulgated by the Produce Marketing Association and the Canadian Produce Marketing Association, and incorporated herein by reference. 
     Prior attempts to add such traceability to produce at the case-level has been achieved by writing lot-specific information on each case. In some prior art implementations, such information has been printed on cases with inkjet systems. Problems with the use of inkjet systems to mark cases include (a) inkjet systems require considerable maintenance, (b) printing tends to be poor quality and therefore difficult to read, and (c) typical inkjet systems cannot print high resolution barcodes, and such barcodes are needed for automated scanning such as along the distribution chain. Additionally, for small operations and operations with a lot of packing lines, the need for adding in-line printing capabilities is onerous and expensive. 
     SUMMARY 
     An exemplary case label comprises a first field that provides case contents, a first identifier including a data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable, and a second field disposed proximate to the first identifier, the second field comprising an area sufficient to accept a tag including a second identifier. The case label can further comprising an adhesive backing. In various embodiments, the data structure of the first identifier comprises a machine-readable barcode and human-readable alphanumeric characters, for example, a Global Trade Identification Number (GTIN) data structure. In some of these embodiments a barcode symbology employed for the barcode is Code  128 . The second field on the case label for accepting the tag includes, in some embodiments, an indicium to indicate that the second field is intended for the placement of the tag. The second field can also be disposed to the right of the first identifier. 
     An exemplary case comprises a case label disposed on the case where the case label includes a first identifier including a first data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable, and a field disposed proximate to the first identifier, the field comprising an area sufficient to accept a tag including a second identifier. The case can also comprise the tag disposed on the case, where the tag includes the second identifier having a second data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. In some of these embodiments the tag is further disposed on the field of the case label proximate to the first identifier. Regarding the second data structure, this can also comprise a machine-readable barcode and human-readable alphanumeric characters, such as a GTIN data structure. In some of these embodiments a barcode symbology employed for the barcode is Code  128 . In further embodiments, the case also contains a plurality of unit-level packages, such as clamshells. In some of these embodiments, each unit-level package includes a traceability code. 
     A method for establishing case-level traceability comprises affixing a case label to a case, where the case label includes a first identifier having a first data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. The first identifier can be associated with certain non-lot-specific information. The method also comprises affixing a tag to the case, where the tag includes a second identifier having a second data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. The method further comprises storing lot-specific information, such as the harvest date, in association with the second identifier. Non-lot-specific information can also be associated with the second identifier. The method can also further comprise reading the first identifier together with the second identifier. In further embodiments, the method comprises filling the case with a plurality of unit-level packages. In some of these embodiments the method further comprises marking each unit-level package with a traceability code. Some of these embodiments, in turn, can further comprise storing a traceability code of a unit-level package in association with the second identifier. 
     Another method for establishing case-level traceability comprises affixing a tag to a case label disposed on a case, where the case label includes a first identifier including a first data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable, and where the tag includes a second identifier including a second data structure that also is both machine-readable and human-readable. This method further comprises storing lot-specific information in association with the second identifier, and can also comprise storing non-lot-specific information with the second identifier. Embodiments of this method can further comprise filling the case with a plurality of unit-level packages, some of these embodiments can also comprise marking each unit-level package with a traceability code, and some of these embodiments can further comprise storing a traceability code of a unit-level package in association with the second identifier. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a case label according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows the case label of  FIG. 1  having a tag disposed thereon. 
         FIG. 3  shows a case label according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows a case including the case label and tag of  FIG. 2  according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart representation of a method  500  for establishing case-level traceability according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure is directed to improving the traceability of goods in the supply chain. Accordingly, unique identifiers that are both machine-readable and human-readable, in accordance with the traceability guidelines noted above, are added to cases. In one implementation, a pre-printed standard case label includes a common identifier associated with non-lot-specific information common to the items in every case, such as brand name. This case label is applied to every case, sometimes well in advance of packing the case with item-level packages such as clamshells of produce. A tag is later added to each case, more temporally proximate to the act of packing the case, where the tag includes the unique identifier. The unique identifier is associated with lot-specific information and may also be associated with non-lot-specific information. In some instances, the case label includes a space designated for adding the tag next to the common identifier. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, each item-level package in the case is marked with a further unique traceability code that can be associated with the unique identifier on the tag on the case to provide traceability from the case level down to the item level. The use of pre-printed labels as the tags makes adding unique identifiers to the cases simple, inexpensive, and obviates the need for inline printing. The use of unique identifiers that are associated with lot-specific information maintains the confidentiality of information such as pack and pick dates from the casual observer, while allowing such information to be readily determined when necessary, such as during a product recall. It will be appreciated that the use of pre-printed labels for the case label, the tag, and to mark the item-level packages permits packers to comply with emerging standards for case-level traceability without having to install and maintain inkjet or other inline printing systems. 
       FIG. 1  shows a case label  100  according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The case label  100 , in some embodiments, includes an adhesive backing, though it will be appreciated that the case label  100  can be secured to a case in other ways, such as with staples. In still other embodiments, the case label  100  can be printed directly onto the case. The case label  100  can optionally comprise one or more fields that provide various information including the case contents, the country or region of origin, and the producer, as illustrated. In some embodiments, the case label  100  can also comprise a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for a website through which lot-specific information can be obtained. 
     The case label  100  comprises an identifier  110  including a data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. The data structure can be, for example, a GTIN data structure encoded as a machine-readable barcode and as human-readable alphanumeric characters. In some embodiments, the barcode symbology employed for the barcode is Code  128 , though other symbologies can be used. Here, the identifier  110  is associated with certain non-lot-specific information, i.e., information that does not change on a lot-to-lot basis such as brand name, type of product (e.g., strawberries), quantity per unit, and so forth. Where the identifier  110  is a GTIN, this information comprises a code for the manufacturer and a Stock Keeping Unit (SKU). 
     The case label  100  also comprises a field  120  disposed proximate to the identifier  110 . The field  120  comprises an area sufficient to accept a tag  200  including an identifier  210 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . The field  120  does not have to be larger than the tag  200  to accept the tag  200 , though in some embodiments the field  120  is larger than the tag  200 , and in some embodiments the field  120  is of approximately similar dimensions to the tag  200 . In some embodiments, the field  120  is disposed to the right of the identifier  110  on the case label  100 , though the field  120  can be to the left, above, or below the identifier  110 . As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the field  120  can include an indicium  300  to indicate that the field  120  is intended for the placement of the tag  200 . Exemplary indicia  300  include an outline of the tag  200  and text, as shown. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , the tag  200  can be an adhesive-backed label, for example. The identifier  210  includes a data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. In some embodiments, the data structure of the identifier  210  can be the same as the data structure of the identifier  110 . The data structure of the identifier  210  can be, for example, a GTIN data structure encoded as a machine-readable barcode and as human-readable alphanumeric characters. In some embodiments, the barcode symbology employed for the barcode is Code  128 , though other symbologies can be used. Here, the identifier  210  is associated with lot-specific information such as harvest event data like the harvest date, weather conditions, harvesting crew, packing house, and so forth. The identifier  210  can also be associated with non-lot-specific information. 
       FIG. 4  shows a case  400  including a case label  100  according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The case label  100  includes an identifier  110  and a tag  200 . The case  400  also contains a plurality of unit-level packages  410  such as clamshells. Each unit-level package  410  includes a traceability code  420 . The traceability codes  420  can be printed on adhesive-backed labels, for example, and applied to the unit-level packages  410  either before or after the unit-level packages  410  have been filled with produce. 
     Exemplary methods for generating and printing traceability codes are described, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/743,648 filed on May 2, 2007 and titled “System and Method of Product Information Coding and Authentication” which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/347,424 filed on Feb. 2, 2006 and titled “Method and System for Deterring Product Counterfeiting, Diversion and Piracy,” which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/650,364 filed on Feb. 3, 2005 and titled “System, Method and Technique for Combating Product Counterfeiting, Piracy and Diversion,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart representation of a method  500  for establishing case-level traceability according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The method  500  comprises a step  510  of affixing a case label to a case, where the case label includes a first identifier having a first data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. The method  500  also comprises a step  520  of affixing a tag to the case, where the tag includes a second identifier having a second data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable, an optional step  530  of reading the second identifier, and a step  540  of storing lot-specific information in association with the second identifier. The method  500  can also comprise an optional step  550  of filling the case with a plurality of unit-level packages, an optional step  560  of marking each unit-level package with a traceability code, and an optional step  570  of storing a traceability code of a marked unit-level package in association with the second identifier. 
     Step  510  comprises affixing a case label to a case, where the case label includes a first identifier having a first data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. Here, affixing the case label can include adhering the case label with an adhesive backing to the case, or otherwise securing the case label to the case, such as with staples. In some embodiments, affixing the case label is performed by hand, or with a hand-held applicator. Affixing the case label can also be automated. Step  510  can also comprise printing the case label information directly on the case. Step  510  can be performed by a manufacturer of the cases before the cases are shipped to the packer, or by the packer after receipt of the cases. When performed by the packer, step  510  can be performed well before the tag is affixed in step  520  and before the case is filled in step  550 , though both steps  510  and  520  can be performed after the case is filled in step  550 . 
     Step  520  comprises affixing a tag to the case, where the tag includes a second identifier having a second data structure that is both machine-readable and human-readable. Here, the tag can be a label with an adhesive backing such that affixing the tag to the case can comprise adhering the tag to the case. In further embodiments, the tag is adhered to the case label, and in some of these embodiments the tag is adhered to a field on the case label, where the field is sized to accept the tag. In some embodiments, step  520  also comprises removing the tag from a sheet or roll of tags, for example, where each tag includes a different second identifier. In this way a series of cases can be created where each case has a common first identifier and a unique second identifier. 
     In optional step  530  the second identifier is read. In some embodiments, this step is performed after the tag has been affixed to the case, while in other embodiments the second identifier is read from the tag just prior to being affixed to the case. The second identifier can be read with a barcode scanner, for example. In some embodiments, the first and second identifiers are generally aligned on the case, or on the case label itself, so the two can be read together. The second identifier can be read with a hand-held scanner or a fixed-position scanner that reads barcodes as they pass a location on a packing line, for example. 
     In step  540  lot-specific information is stored in association with the second identifier. Lot-specific information can be recorded, for instance, on a harvest form by a supervisor in the field. In some embodiments, such as those in which a roll of tags is used in step  520  to affix tags to cases, a first tag from the roll is first placed on the harvest form as part of step  540 , a plurality of tags are then removed from the roll and affixed to cases in step  520 , and then a last tag from the roll is finally placed on the harvest form next to the first tag, again as part of step  540 . Here, given a known sequence of second identifiers on the tags on the roll, each of the second identifiers in the sequence between the second identifiers on the first and last tags placed on the harvest form can be associated with the lot-specific information on the harvest form. As another example, each harvest form can include a unique identifier that is scanned each time a second identifier on a tag is scanned. In a similar manner, in step  540  non-lot-specific information can also be associated with the second identifier. 
     Steps  520 ,  530 , and  540  are shown in  FIG. 5  as occurring before step  550  of filling the case with unit-level packages, but it will be understood that the order shown is merely exemplary and many other orders to the steps of the method  500  are possible. As just noted for example, step  540  can begin before step  520 . Continuing with the example of placing tags from a roll on both a harvest form and a plurality of cases, well after tags have been affixed to cases in step  520  and the cases have been filled with item-level packages in step  550 , the step  540  can be completed by taking the harvest form to an office, scanning the first and last tags with a barcode reader, and manually entering the lot-specific information through a GUI. In this way, the second identifiers of the tags in the sequence between the first and last tags placed on the harvest form can be stored in associated with the lot-specific information, for example, in a database. It will be appreciated that the step  530  is optional in this example, since it is not necessary to read the second identifier from the tags on any cases in order to store lot-specific information in association with the second identifiers on such tags. It will also be understood that any number of the tags, including all of the tags can be scanned in step  530 . 
     In some embodiments, the method  500  also comprises the optional steps  550 ,  560 , and  570 . In step  550  the case is filled with a plurality of unit-level packages. Here, unit-level packages such as clamshells are filled with produce from a given lot and added to the case. 
     In step  560  each unit-level package is marked with a traceability code. For example, adhesive-backed labels, each with a traceability code, can be adhered to the unit-level packages in the case. In other embodiments, step  560  can be performed well in advance of the step  550 . For instance, the traceability codes can be printed on the clamshells, or labels that include the traceability codes can be adhered to the clamshells, before the clamshells are brought to the field to be filled with produce. 
     In step  570  a traceability code of a marked unit-level package is stored in association with the second identifier. This step can be achieved, for example, by reading the second identifier from the tag on the case, as in step  530 , and also reading the traceability code from the marked unit-level package in the case. 
     The present invention also provides computing systems capable of performing steps of the method  500 . Such computing systems include processing means, such as a general purpose processor. Such computing systems also include logic configured to receive the identifiers, traceability codes, and both lot-specific and non-lot-specific information as inputs from scanners and GUIs, for example; logic configured to make associations between these inputs; as well as logic configured to store the associations in databases, for instance. 
     A computing system may comprise an integrated circuit, a microprocessor, a personal computer, a server, a distributed computing system, a communication device, a network device, or the like, and various combinations of the same. A computing system may also comprise volatile and/or non-volatile memory such as random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), magnetic media, optical media, nano-media, a hard drive, a compact disk, a digital versatile disc (DVD), and/or other devices configured for storing digital information, such as in a database. The logic noted above can comprise hardware, firmware, or software stored on a computer-readable medium, or combinations thereof. 
     After being packed, a case that is labeled as described above can be readily tracked through the distribution chain due to the presence of both the first and second identifiers on the exterior of the case. The traceability codes on the unit-level packages, and the stored associations described above, allows a buyer or consumer to enter a code from a unit-level package through a website or a kiosk, for example, to obtain at least some of the lot-specific and non-lot-specific information for that unit-level package. An FDA inspector, on the other hand, can use the identifiers, traceability codes, and associations to trace a problem back from a case or particular unit-level package to a given lot, and then trace forward to each case that was filled from that lot, and then determine from tracking records through the distribution chain where those cases were sent. In the event of a recall, those traceability codes associated with the second identifiers on cases that were packed from an affected lot can be identified. By way of the traceability codes on the unit-level packages, retailers and consumers can verify whether or not the unit-level packages are subject to the recall. 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention is described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited thereto. Various features and aspects of the above-described invention may be used individually or jointly. Further, the invention can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. It will be recognized that the terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used herein, are specifically intended to be read as open-ended terms of art.