Abstract:
A distortion of image data is corrected by performing a coordinate transformation of the image data by using 
     
       
         
           
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     where X and Y represent coordinates of a transformation source which is the image data after the correction of the distortion, x and y represent coordinates of a transformation destination which is the image data having the distortion, x 0  and y 0  are offset values in x direction and y direction, respectively, and f and g are correction functions.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to and incorporates by reference the entire contents of Japanese priority document 2008-033585 filed in Japan on Feb. 14, 2008 and Japanese priority document 2008-282860 filed in Japan on Nov. 4, 2008. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a technology for processing an image captured by an optical system having a wide angle and a large distortion. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    A vehicle is provided with a fender mirror, a door mirror, and a back mirror so that blind spots that cannot be seen directly by a driver can be seen; however, it is difficult to see the blind spots perfectly over the entire circumference of the vehicle only by these mirrors. To view the blind spots that cannot be seen even with these mirrors, developments of an on-board visual camera fitted to the front, rear, or sides of the vehicle have been underway recently (see, for example, Kenichi HATANAKA, et al., “Development of In-Vehicle Image Processing Equipment” SEI technical review, vol. 162, pp. 90-93, March 2003). 
         [0006]    In the case of a front camera, 180 degrees or more is required as a view angle of a camera to confirm a vehicle coming from left and right at the time of approaching an intersection. Also with a rear camera, an area that a driver wishes to view is a central image of the camera at the time of moving back. Even at this time, by displaying the left and right blind spots, the vehicle can be moved back more safely. For this purpose, 180 degrees or more is required as the view angle of the camera. The side camera fitted in the fender mirror or the door mirror, or to the vicinity of the side mirror is mainly for viewing blind spots of sides of the vehicle. To continuously view a close image of front wheels or rear wheels, and a forward or rearward image thereof with the side camera from immediately below the side, a camera having a view angle of 180 degrees or more is required as well. However, with the camera having the view angle of 180 degrees or more, an image of a central part becomes small, and there are such problems that recognition of a subject becomes slower and it is difficult to gain a sense of distance. Further, as the view angle becomes wider, the distortion becomes larger, thereby making it difficult to design an optical system with a small aberration. 
         [0007]    Accordingly, as for a camera with the view angle being 140 degrees or more, distortion correction is generally performed for correcting a distortion of the image together with image processing. However, in the case of the view angle being 180 degrees or more, it is difficult to correct the distortion completely without any sense of strangeness. 
         [0008]    Further, in the case of a camera using a sensor having an aspect ratio of 4:3, if a stereographic projection system uses equiangular projection or the like, a vertical view angle becomes approximately 140 degrees. If the front camera is installed at the right front, or the rear camera is installed toward the right back, right under the camera is out of a light receiving area of the sensor and becomes a blind spot. An image just under the camera, that is, an image showing a bumper coming close to an obstacle such as a wall at front or rear is one of images most desired to view when the vehicle is parked. If the camera is installed downward to see the image, the most part of a screen becomes an image showing a road, and a forward image as well as a downward image becomes small. 
         [0009]    Therefore, image processing referred to as overview transformation (viewpoint transformation) for virtually moving a position of the camera according to calculation is performed. Conventionally, when distortion correction and overview transformation are to be performed, distortion correction is performed taking into consideration a distortion amount of the circumference of the lens, and thereafter, the viewpoint transformation is performed in order to conduct the overview transformation, thereby obtaining an overview image. In this system, due to continuous processing of distortion correction and viewpoint transformation, the processing becomes very heavy, and much calculation resources are consumed. 
         [0010]    Correction of a magnification chromatic aberration and the distortion is performed by transforming a coordinate of each pixel in an original image by using a correction formula (a formula of coordinate transformation) such as a polynomial. Conventionally, various correction formulae have been known, and a conventional general formula for correcting the distortion can be expressed as 
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         [0000]    where X and Y represent coordinates of a transformation source, x and y represent coordinates of a transformation destination, and f and g are correction functions. 
         [0011]    As shown in Equation (1), a distortion-corrected image has been heretofore obtained by performing coordinate transformation vertically and horizontally symmetrically around the center of the image. In this case, the image generally has a sense of strangeness at four corners, and when there is a subject desired to see at an upper or lower corner, a natural correction image cannot be obtained. 
         [0012]    Further, when the distortion correction and the overview transformation are to be performed, after the distortion correction is performed, the viewpoint transformation for the overview transformation is performed separately. Accordingly, the processing becomes very heavy, and much calculation resources are required. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    It is an object of the present invention to at least partially solve the problems in the conventional technology. 
         [0014]    According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of processing image data having a distortion. The method includes correcting the distortion of the image data by performing a coordinate transformation of the image data by using 
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         [0000]    where X and Y represent coordinates of a transformation source which is the image data after the correction of the distortion, x and y represent coordinates of a transformation destination which is the image data having the distortion, x 0  and y 0  are offset values in x direction and y direction, respectively, and f and g are correction functions. 
         [0015]    Furthermore, the offset values can be set as x 0 ≠0 and y 0 =0, so that an offsetting is performed only in the x-direction. 
         [0016]    Moreover, the offset values can be set as x 0 =0 and y 0 ≠0, so that an offsetting is performed only in the y-direction. 
         [0017]    Furthermore, the offset values x 0  and y 0  can be set such that a fixed point in correcting the distortion is offset from the center. 
         [0018]    The above and other objects, features, advantages and technical and industrial significance of this invention will be better understood by reading the following detailed description of presently preferred embodiments of the invention, when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an imaging apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic diagram of a Bayer color filter array for a G-signal; 
           [0021]      FIG. 2B  is a schematic diagram of the Bayer color filter array for an R-signal; 
           [0022]      FIG. 2C  is a schematic diagram of the Bayer color filter array for a B-signal; 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an MTF correcting unit according to the embodiment; 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram for illustrating an example of an FIR filter; 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is a configuration diagram of a distortion correcting unit according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 ; and 
           [0026]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are specific examples of distortion correction according to the present invention and a conventional technique. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0027]    Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be explained below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments explain an imaging apparatus that captures a subject by using an optical system having a large chromatic aberration of magnification and distortion with a wide angle, and an image processing system has a configuration to correct the chromatic aberration of magnification and the distortion. However, the main characteristic of the present invention is the distortion correction with the overview transformation (viewpoint transformation), and the image needs to be an image captured by the optical system having at least wide angle and large chromatic aberration of magnification. While color components of the image are red (R), green (G), and blue (B) of an additive primary colors, they can be yellow (Y), magenta (M), and cyan (C) of a subtractive primary colors. 
         [0028]      FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an image processing system in an imaging apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. In addition to the components shown in  FIG. 1 , the imaging apparatus according to the embodiment includes an operating unit, an image storage unit, and an image display unit, which are not shown in  FIG. 1 . The imaging apparatus is used as a vehicle on-board camera, but it is not the only application that limits the present invention. For example, the imaging apparatus can be installed and used at supermarkets or convenience stores. 
         [0029]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , a control unit  100  provides required control signals (clock, horizontal/vertical synchronization signal, and the like) to respective units to control the operation of the units in a pipelined manner. 
         [0030]    An imaging device  110  includes, for example, a CCD or CMOS sensor for converting an optical image captured using the optical system (not shown) such as a fisheye optical system having a wide angle and large chromatic aberration of magnification and distortion into an electric signal (image data). A Bayer color filter array is provided in the imaging device  110 , and Bayer-arrayed RGB image data is sequentially output based on coordinate value (x, y) given from the control unit  100 . The control unit  100  gives the coordinate value (x, y) given to the imaging device  110  to a subsequent stage sequentially by shifting a predetermined time. The coordinate value (x, y) can be generated in the imaging device  110  and sequentially given to the subsequent stage. 
         [0031]    An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter  120  converts the Bayer-arrayed RGB image data, which is an analog signal output from the imaging device  110 , into a digital signal and outputs the digital signal to a Bayer interpolating unit  130 . The digital signal, for example, includes 8 bits for each of RGB. Generally, an AGC circuit is provided at a previous stage of the A/D converter  120 ; however, it is omitted here. 
         [0032]    The Bayer interpolating unit  130  receives the Bayer-arrayed RGB image data, which is converted into the digital signal, generates image data of entire coordinate positions by a linear interpolation, and outputs the image data to a magnification-chromatic-aberration correcting unit  140 . 
         [0033]      FIGS. 2A to 2C  are schematic diagrams of the Bayer color filter array, where G 0 , R 2 , R 4 , R 6 , R 8 , and R 0  are obtained by Equations (3) to (8). 
         [0000]        G   0 =( G   2   +G   4   +G   6   +G   8 )/4   (3) 
         [0000]        R   2 =( R   1   +R   3 )/2   (4) 
         [0000]        R   4 =( R   3   +R   5 )/2   (5) 
         [0000]        R   6 =( R   5   +R   7 )/2   (6) 
         [0000]        R   8 =( R   1   +R   7 )/2   (7) 
         [0000]        R   0 =( R   1   +R   3   +R   5   +R   7 )/4   (8) 
         [0000]    B 2 , B 4 , B 6 , B 8 , and B 0  are the same as the case of R 2 , R 4 , R 6 , R 8 , and R 0 . 
         [0034]    Although the embodiment deals with an imaging device employing the Bayer color filter array, the effect can be obtained for an imaging device employing other type of color filter array of CMYG array or RGB+Ir (infrared). Particularly, the imaging device having a color filter array of four colors requires a low latency memory or a 4-port RAM, expecting a high effect, compared to a three-color type such as RGB. 
         [0035]    The magnification-chromatic-aberration correcting unit  140  receives Bayer-interpolated RGB image data, performs coordinate transformation (chromatic aberration of magnification coordinate transformation) individually with respect to the color components of RGB according to a predetermined equation, and outputs the chromatic aberration of magnification-corrected RGB image data. A low-capacity and low-latency memory or a low-capacity memory having a plurality of ports (such as an SRAM) can be used for the coordinate transformation for correction of the chromatic aberration of magnification. 
         [0036]    A modulation-transfer-function (MTF) correcting unit  150  receives the chromatic aberration of magnification-corrected RGB image data, performs MTF correction using an FIR file, and outputs the MTF-corrected RGB image data. 
         [0037]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the MTF correcting unit  150 . A converting unit  152  converts RGB image data into YCbCr image data based on Equations (9) to (11). 
         [0000]        Y= 0.299 R+ 0.587 G+ 0.114 B    (9) 
         [0000]        Cr= 0.500 R− 0.419 G− 0.081 B    (10) 
         [0000]        Cb=− 0.169 R− 0.332 G+ 0.500 B    (11) 
         [0038]    An FIR filter (5×5 filter)  154  receives only a luminance signal Y of YCbCr, and performs predetermined MTF correction. A high quality image with amplification of color noise being suppressed can be obtained by filtering (performing MTF correction) only to the Y-signal.  FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram for illustrating an example of the FIR filter. Because the Y-signal is filtered, the MTF correction needs to be performed after the correction of the chromatic aberration of magnification. However, when the MTF correction is performed after the distortion correction, the transformation distance in the coordinate transformation is large in the distortion correction and an arithmetic error easily occurs, as described below. The MTF correction is preferably performed at a subsequent stage of correction of the chromatic aberration of magnification and at a previous stage of the distortion correction as in the present embodiment, to avoid that the error is amplified by the MTF correction to adversely affect the image quality. 
         [0039]    An inverse converting unit  156  receives the CbCr-signal and the MTF-corrected Y-signal, and outputs inverse-converted RGB image data based on Equations (12) to (14). 
         [0000]        R=Y+ 1.402 Cr    (12) 
         [0000]        G=Y− 0.714 Cr− 0.344 Cb    (13) 
         [0000]        B=Y+ 1.772 Cb    (14) 
         [0040]    A distortion correcting unit  160  inputs the magnification chromatic aberration-corrected and MTF-corrected RGB image data, to perform the coordinate transformation commonly to the respective color components of RGB according to Equation (2), and outputs the RGB image data subjected to the overview transformation (viewpoint transformation) as well as the distortion correction. The coordinate transformation for correcting the distortion generally requires large memory capacity as compared with the memory for correcting the magnification chromatic aberration; however, because a 1-port memory can be used, a high-latency memory (dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or the like) can be used. The configuration and operations of the distortion correcting unit  160  will be described later. 
         [0041]    A gamma correcting unit  170  receives the RGB image data output from the distortion correcting unit  160 , performs predetermined gamma correction by using respective lookup tables or the like of RGB, and outputs the gamma-corrected RGB image data. The RGB image data from the gamma correcting unit  170  is transmitted to a display unit (not shown) and displayed on a monitor. 
         [0042]    The overall operation of the present embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  is as explained above. The distortion correcting unit  160  is described in detail below. 
         [0043]      FIG. 5  is a configuration diagram of the distortion correcting unit  160  according to the embodiment. In the present embodiment, it is assumed that Equation (15) is used for the correction formula of the distortion (the formula of coordinate transformation). However, Equation (2) can be generally used. 
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         [0000]    where X, Y denotes a coordinate of the source, x, y denotes a coordinate of the destination, y 0  denotes an offset value in the y direction (vertical direction), and a(1) to a(4) and b(1) to b(4) denote coordinate transformation coefficients. 
         [0044]    According to Equation (15), a distortion-corrected image can be obtained by performing coordinate transformation vertically asymmetrically with respect to the original image having the distortion. For example, if a focal point is set slightly upward, the area of the lower part increases, and when the subject that a driver wishes to view is in the lower part, the subject can be viewed clearly. If the focal point is set slightly downward, the image can be seen naturally. 
         [0045]    In  FIG. 5 , reference numeral  162  denotes a coordinate transformation memory such as a RAM,  164  denotes a coordinate transformation calculator that calculates transformation coordinate for correcting the magnification chromatic aberration according to Equation (15),  166  denotes a parameter table for holding coordinate transformation coefficients and parameters of the offset value used for the correction formula. The coordinate transformation coefficients and the offset values in the parameter table  166  can be arbitrarily changed from outside. 
         [0046]    The RGB image data (original data) with the distortion being uncorrected is sequentially written in the coordinate transformation memory  162  from the top line according to the coordinate value (x, y). On the other hand, the coordinate transformation calculator  164  inputs the coordinate value (x, y), which is the coordinate of the destination, obtains the required coordinate transformation coefficient and offset value from the parameter table  166  to calculate Equation (15), and outputs a coordinate value (X, Y) as the coordinate of the source. 
         [0047]    The RGB image data is sequentially read from the coordinate transformation memory  162  based on the coordinate value (X, Y) output from the coordinate transformation calculator  164 , parallel to the write operation of the RGB image data based on the coordinate value (x, y) (to be precise, delayed for a predetermined time). That is, a pixel value of the pixel at the coordinate (X, Y) is read as the pixel value of the pixel at the coordinate (x, y) from the coordinate transformation memory  162 , and ultimately the distortion-corrected RGB image data is output. 
         [0048]    As described above, the distortion-corrected image that is coordinate-transformed vertically asymmetrically can be obtained by Equation (15) as the correction formula. That is, the same effect as that obtained by the overview transformation (viewpoint transformation) can be obtained. The user sees a monitor image on the display unit (not shown) to change the parameter value y 0  in the parameter table  166  as required, thereby enabling to arbitrarily change a rate of vertical asymmetry. 
         [0049]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are specific examples of distortion correction according to the present invention and a conventional technique.  FIG. 6A  is an example when a conventional correction formula is used, and  FIG. 6B  is an example when Equation (15) according to the present embodiment is used, where a frame surrounded by dotted line indicates an image before correction and a frame surrounded by solid line indicates an image after correction. In  FIG. 6B , transformation coefficients a(1) to a(4) and the offset value y 0  are represented by 
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         [0000]    The display range is X=−1 to 1 and Y=−1 to 1. 
         [0050]      FIG. 6A  indicates that an image with the distortion is subjected to the coordinate transformation vertically and horizontally symmetrically, around the center (0, 0) of the image to obtain a distortion-corrected image. On the other hand, in  FIG. 6B , the image with the distortion is subjected to the coordinate transformation vertically asymmetrically, around (0, −0.5) to obtain a distortion-corrected and viewpoint-transformed image. In  FIG. 6B , magnification on the lower part can be decreased to increase the upper part without any sense of strangeness, and the same effect as that when the viewpoint is raised can be obtained. Similarly, for example, by setting y 0 =−0.5, the same effect as that when the viewpoint is lowered can be obtained. Generally, a desired correction image can be obtained without any sense of strangeness by performing coordinate transformation at least vertically or horizontally asymmetrically according to Equation (2). 
         [0051]    According to one aspect of the present invention, the original image with the distortion is corrected by performing the coordinate transformation at least vertically or horizontally asymmetrically, thereby enabling to obtain a corrected image without any sense of strangeness, such that a subject that that a driver wishes to view can be seen naturally. For example, when the subject that the driver wishes to view is at the lower corner, by performing offsetting vertically to distort the upper corner, the subject at the lower corner can be seen naturally. Further, by performing offsetting horizontally, adjustment becomes possible in the case that the installation position of the camera is not at the center, and a level of recognition of a moving object from left or right can be improved. 
         [0052]    Further, by performing the processing shown in Equation (2), even when the camera is installed at a relatively lower position of a vehicle body such as the front camera, a point of view can be raised by performing a simple viewpoint transformation, and an image of the front side can be obtained without any sense of strangeness. Because overview transformation is not required after the distortion correction, the same effect as that of the viewpoint transformation can be obtained with very light processing. When the camera is installed slightly downward to view just under the front camera, the most part of the screen displays a road surface. However, by Equation (2), magnification of the upper part and the lower part of the screen can be changed. Therefore, magnification of the lower part can be decreased to increase the upper part without any sense of strangeness, thereby enabling to display a clear view with no sense of strangeness as a whole with a large image of the front side. 
         [0053]    In the case of the rear camera, the camera may be fitted above a rear window, and the point of view becomes high in this case. However, by simply performing correction with Equation (2), the point of view can be lowered, and an image of the rear side can be obtained without any sense of strangeness. Because the overview transformation is not required after the distortion correction, the same effect as that of the viewpoint transformation can be obtained with very light processing. 
         [0054]    Further, in the case of the side camera, even if the camera is installed downward, an image with no sense of strangeness toward the front or back can be obtained. Because the overview transformation is not required after the distortion correction, the same effect as that of the viewpoint transformation can be obtained with very light processing. 
         [0055]    Although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments for a complete and clear disclosure, the appended claims are not to be thus limited but are to be construed as embodying all modifications and alternative constructions that may occur to one skilled in the art that fairly fall within the basic teaching herein set forth.