Abstract:
A device for separating a first bone from a second bone is disclosed. The device can be an expandable orthopedic jack. The device can be used to treat spinal stenosis. The device can be deployed between adjacent spinous processes and then increased in height to reduce pressure on nearby nerves. Methods for using the device are also disclosed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/878,328, filed 31 Dec. 2006, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates to devices for providing support for biological tissue, for example to repair spinal stenosis and/or spinal compression fractures, and methods of using the same. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Spinal stenosis is often caused by a shift in the vertebral bodies, which in turn change the static and dynamic nature of the spine. As the spine column shifts, load distributions change, tendons in the spine often shrink, and muscles reorganize and compensate. This can result in a vertebra “bumping” into an adjacent vertebra, or excessive pressure from one vertebra on the adjacent vertebra. This “bumping” can result in hypertrophy of the facet joints, or degenerative disc disease, which in turn can force the tissue surrounding the spinal cord and/or dorsal and ventral roots to compress and irritate the respective nerves. This irritation and compression can cause pain. 
         [0006]    Over time this cascading “downward spiral” often gets worse. People with spinal stenosis may start to favor their spine, hunching over. This hunching can cause yet more load shifting, and more long-term tissue damage and pain. 
         [0007]    Existing mechanical treatment options includes a laminectomy procedure, which removes the adjacent lamina and often a portion of the facet joints. Another procedure performed to treat spinal stenosis is a facetectomy, removing tissue from the facet joints, for example complete removal of the facet or partial removal using a rongeur. However, healthy tissue damage and destruction is required by either of these methods, whether used alone or in combination. Also, non-target tissue can be damaged, including spinal nerve tissue. Further this procedure is typically performed in an open surgery, requiring more damage and longer healing time. 
         [0008]    Another treatment includes an attempt to mechanically restore adjacent vertebrae to an angle with respect to each other that will prevent the vertebrae from pinching the affected nerves.  FIGS. 1 through 3  illustrate this concept.  FIG. 1  illustrates that a first vertebra  102  can have a first vertebral plane  104 . A second vertebra  106  can have a second vertebral plane  108 . The first vertebra  102  can have a first vertebral goal plane  110 . The first vertebral goal plane  110  is the plane at which the first vertebra  102  will not, or will minimally, press, pinch, or otherwise pathologically interfere with the surrounding nerves (e.g., spinal cord  112  or dorsal or ventral roots  114 ), such as shown at a compressed nerve area  116 . The difference between the first vertebral plane  104  and the first vertebral goal plane  110  can be a vertebral angle  118 . The first vertebral goal plane  110  and the second vertebral plane  108  can be substantially parallel. 
         [0009]    The device  200  can be positioned near the treatment site, as shown in  FIG. 1 . The device may have a cam, or prop  202 . The device can have straps or braces  204  to secure to the adjacent vertebra.  FIG. 2  illustrates that the device  200  having a cam  202  can be inserted between the first and second vertebrae&#39;s&#39; processes.  FIG. 3  illustrates that the cam  204  can be turned to expand, as shown by arrows, pushing the dorsal ends of the vertebrae  102  and  106  apart. This rotates the first vertebra  102  so the first vertebral plane  104  becomes coplanar with the first vertebral goal plane  110 . The affected nerve  116  will therefore be no longer compressed, or be less compressed. 
         [0010]    One method of accomplishing this treatment includes the deployment of a static mechanical prop between vertebrae. The prop is used to wedge into place between adjacent vertebrae and push the adjacent vertebrae back to a naturally beneficial relative angle, often relieving die pressure on the affected nerve. The prop is commonly attached to the adjacent vertebrae using straps. However, the prop is not adjustable in height and the straps must be surgically attached around the adjacent vertebra. 
         [0011]    Yet another existing prop has fixed lateral braces and an adjustable cam that separates the vertebrae. The fixed braces are significantly larger than the prop and require an open procedure to deploy, requiring significant additional tissue destruction and damage to deploy than the cam alone. Further, the cam has a relatively small range of expansion and produces an unnatural, significantly rigid connection between the adjacent vertebrae, much like the static prop. 
         [0012]    A less invasive treatment option to regain support height between affected vertebrae is desired. A device that can produce a more natural mechanical resolution of the altered angle between adjacent vertebrae is also desired. Further, a device is desired that can be adjusted in vivo to the desired height between adjacent vertebrae. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    A method is disclosed that can include implanting an expandable support device between adjacent bones, such as vertebrae. This less invasive treatment method can increase height in the spine and provide mechanical support in the spine. This method and the associated device can reduce trauma to the soft tissue and reduce the disruption to the ligaments in the spine, increasing spinal stability. The expandable support device can be used as a spinal lift device. The expandable support device can also be used as an expandable space creator, for example between two or more bones, such as vertebra. 
         [0014]    A method for treating spinal stenosis is disclosed. The method can include positioning an expandable support device between a first vertebra and a second vertebra, where the first vertebra is adjacent to the second vertebra. The method can also include compressing the expandable support device. 
         [0015]    Compressing can include applying a compressive force in a first direction. Compressing can also include expanding the expandable support device in a second direction. The second direction can be substantially perpendicular to the first direction. 
         [0016]    Compressing can include applying a compressive force along an axis that is substantially perpendicular to a line from an anatomical landmark on the first vertebra to the anatomical landmark on the second vertebra. Compressing can include expanding the height of the expandable support device. The height can be measured along an axis that is substantially parallel with a line from an anatomical landmark on the first vertebra to the anatomical landmark on the second vertebra. 
         [0017]    The method can also include sensing the compressed expandable support device, then further compressing the compressed expandable support device. Sensing can include visualizing, such as by MRI, CT scan, radiocontrast visualization, direct visualization, fiber optic visualization, or combinations thereof. The method can also include further expanding the expandable support device after initially expanding and visualizing the expandable support device. 
         [0018]    An expandable support device for treating spinal stenosis by applying substantially oppositely directed forces on a first bone and a second bone is also disclosed. The device can have an expandable frame. The expandable frame can have a first elongated element, a second elongated element, and a first connector, such as an end plate. The first elongated element can have a first elongated element first end and a first elongated element second end. The second elongated element can have a second elongated element first end and a second elongated element second end. The first connector can connect the first elongated element to the second elongated element. The expandable frame can be configured to expand in a first direction when the expandable frame is compressed in a second direction. 
         [0019]    The first elongated element and the second elongated element can interdigitate. 
         [0020]    The device can have a second connector connecting the first elongated element to the second elongated element. The first connector can be connected to the first elongated element at the first elongated element first end. The second connector can be connected to the first elongated element at the first elongated element second end. The connection between the first elongated element and the first connector can include the first connector being integral with the first elongated element. 
         [0021]    The first connector can be configured to attach to a compression tool. The second connector can be configured to attach to the compression tool. 
         [0022]    The expandable frame can be configured to bend about an axis substantially parallel with the first direction. The expandable frame can be configured to bend about an axis substantially perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. 
         [0023]    The first elongated element can have a seat configured to attach to the first bone, and wherein the seat is configured in a different shape than the adjacent portion of the first elongated element. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0024]      FIGS. 1 through 3  illustrate a generic method for treating spinal stenosis by mechanically rotating and supporting a vertebra. The variation of the device is shown schematically. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  illustrate variations of the expandable support device in a contracted configuration. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  illustrates the variation of the expandable support device of  FIG. 4   a  or  4   b  in an expanded configuration, not to scale. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6   a  is a side view of a variation of the expandable support device in a contracted configuration. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6   b  is a perspective view of the expandable support device of  FIG. 6   a.    
           [0029]      FIG. 7   a  is a side view of the expandable support device of  FIG. 6   a  in an expanded configuration. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7   b  is a perspective view of the expandable support device of  FIG. 6   a  in an expanded configuration. 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  illustrates a variation of the expandable support device in a contracted configuration. 
           [0032]      FIGS. 9 ,  10  and  11  are top, side and end views, respectively, of a variation of the expandable support device in a radially unexpanded configuration. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 12 ,  13  and  14  are top, side and end views, respectively, of the variation of the expandable support device of  FIGS. 9 ,  10  and  11  with a deployment rod in a radially expanded configuration. 
           [0034]      FIGS. 15 and 16  are perspective views from alternate ends, respectively, of the variation of the expandable support device of  FIGS. 9 ,  10  and  11  with a deployment rod in a radially expanded configuration. 
           [0035]      FIG. 17  illustrates a variation of the tissue seat and adjacent elements of a variation of the expandable support device. 
           [0036]      FIG. 18  shows a variation of cross-section A-A of  FIG. 17 . 
           [0037]      FIGS. 19 and 20  illustrate variations of the tissue seat and adjacent elements of a variation of the expandable support device. 
           [0038]      FIGS. 21 and 22   a  are perspective views of variations of the expandable support device. 
           [0039]      FIG. 22   b  is a side view of a variation of the expandable support device of  FIG. 22   a.    
           [0040]      FIGS. 23 through 25  illustrate a variation of a method for using a variation of the expandable support device in a spine. 
           [0041]      FIGS. 26 through 29  illustrate a variation of a method for deploying the expandable support device between adjacent vertebrae. 
           [0042]      FIG. 30  illustrates a variation of the expandable support device deployed between a first spinous process and a second spinous process. 
           [0043]      FIGS. 31 through 33  illustrate variations of close-up B-B of  FIG. 30 . 
           [0044]      FIGS. 34   a  and  34   b  illustrate a variation of a method for using a variation of the expandable support device. 
           [0045]      FIG. 35  illustrates cross-section C-C of  FIG. 29 , a variation of using the expandable support device between adjacent vertebrae. 
           [0046]      FIGS. 36   a  and  36   b  illustrate a variation of a method for using a variation of the expandable support device. 
           [0047]      FIGS. 37   a  and  37   b  illustrate a variation of a method for using a variation of the expandable support device. 
           [0048]      FIG. 38  illustrates a variation of the expandable support device deployed in a spine. 
           [0049]      FIG. 39  is a close-up view of a portion of a variation of the expandable support device deployed in a spine. 
           [0050]      FIG. 40   a  is a top view of a variation of the expandable support device in a first configuration during deployment in a spine. 
           [0051]      FIG. 40   b  is a front view of  FIG. 40   a  with different anatomical features shown. 
           [0052]      FIG. 41   a  is a top view of the expandable support device of  FIG. 40   a  in a second configuration during deployment in a spine. 
           [0053]      FIG. 41   b  is a front view of  FIG. 41   a  with different anatomical features shown. 
           [0054]      FIG. 42  illustrates variations of methods for deploying the expandable support device. 
           [0055]      FIG. 43  illustrates exemplary images of a silhouette of a person with their back in extension and flexion, not the invention. 
           [0056]      FIGS. 44   a  and  44   b  illustrate a portion of the spine in flexion and extension, respectively, not the invention. 
           [0057]      FIGS. 45   a  and  45   b  illustrate a method of using the expandable support device in a spine in flexion and extension, respectively. 
           [0058]      FIGS. 46   a  and  46   b  illustrate a method for using a variation of expandable support device in a spine in a first configuration and a second configuration, respectively. 
           [0059]      FIG. 47  illustrates exemplary images of a silhouette of a person with their back in left and right side bending, not the invention. 
           [0060]      FIGS. 48   a  and  48   b  illustrate a portion of the spine in left and right side bending, respectively, not the invention. 
           [0061]      FIGS. 49   a  and  49   b  illustrate a method of using the expandable support device in a spine in left and right side bending, respectively. 
           [0062]      FIG. 50  illustrates exemplary images of a silhouette of a person with their back in left and right rotation, not the invention. 
           [0063]      FIGS. 51   a  and  51   b  illustrate a method of using the expandable support device in a spine in left and right rotation, respectively. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0064]      FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  illustrates that the expandable support device  300  can have an expandable and compressible frame.  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  illustrate the expandable support device in a radially contracted (i.e., flattened, height contracted) configuration. 
         [0065]    The expandable support device  300  can have two, three, four or more struts The struts  302  can be rotationally connected to (i.e., attached to or integrated with) some or all of the other struts  302 . The expandable support device  300  can have a top plate  304  and/or a bottom plate  306 . The plates  304  can be rotationally connected to one, some or all of the struts  302 . The expandable support device  300  can have a first end plate  306   a  and/or a second end plate  306   b . The struts  302  and/or plates  304  and/or  306  can rotationally connect to any or all of each other. 
         [0066]    The struts  30 ′ and/or plates  304  can have a first vertebral seat  308   a  and/or a second vertebral seat  308   b . The first and second vertebral seats  308   a  and  308   b  can be configured to attach to the first and second vertebrae  102  and  106 , respectively. The vertebral seats  308  can be configured to minimize or completely prevent lateral movement of the vertebrae  102  and  106 . For example, the seats  308  can each have a seat first side  310   a  and/or a seat second side  310   b . The seat first side  310   a  can form a right or acute angle with the seat second side  310   b . The vertebral seats  308  can have a “V” configuration. 
         [0067]    The struts  302  and/or plates  304  and/or  306  can form one or more channels or holes  312 . One or both of the end plates  306  can have one, two or more tool interfaces, such as tool interface ports  314 . The tool interface ports  314  can be configured to removably attach to a deployment tool. The struts  302  and/or plates  304  and/or  306  can have grooves  316  to receive a deployment tool and/or locking element (e.g., to resist expansion and/or contraction of the expandable support device  300 ). 
         [0068]    The expandable support device  300  can have a compression or longitudinal axis  318 . The expandable support device can have an expansion axis  320 . The compression axis  318  can be perpendicular to the expansion axis  320 . The compression axis  318  can be parallel with the deployment tool interface ports  314 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 4   b  illustrates that the dimensions of the expandable support device  300  and the elements thereof can vary from those of  FIG. 4   a , even with a similar configuration. The expandable support device  300  can be configured to fit a particular patient anatomy. For example, a physician could select from a number of variously sized expandable support devices to best fit the patient. 
         [0070]      FIG. 5  illustrates that the expandable support device  300  can be in a radially expanded (i.e., radially expanded, heightened) configuration. A compression force, as shown by arrows  322 , can be applied along the compression axis  318 . The compression force can cause rotation of the struts  302  with respect to each other, and the plates  304  and  306 . The compression force can cause expansion, as shown by arrows  324 , of the expandable support device  300  along the expansion axis  320 . The expansion can result in the first and second vertebra seats  308   a  and  308   b  translating away from each other. 
         [0071]      FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b  illustrate that the expandable support device  300  can have an expandable support device contracted length  326   a  and an expandable support device contracted height  328   a . The expandable support device contracted length  326   a  can be from about 16 mm (0.63 in.) to about 66 mm (2.6 in.), for example about 33 mm (1.3 in.). The expandable support device contracted height  328   a  can be from about 4 mm (0.2 in.) to about 16 mm (0.63 in.), for example about 8 mm (0.3 in.). 
         [0072]    The vertebral seats  308  can have seat anchors  330 . The seat anchors  330  can attach to the bone in the vertebral seat  308  during use. The seat anchor  330  can restrict lateral and/or posterior/anterior movement of the bone. The seat anchors  330  can have points, ridges, hooks, barbs, brads, or combinations thereof. The vertebral seats  308  can have a “W” configuration. 
         [0073]    The expandable support device  300  can have a generally cylindrical configuration, for example in the contracted configuration. The end plates  306  can be substantially circular or oval. The end plates  306  can each have a single deployment tool port  314 . The deployment tool ports  314  can be substantially centered on the end plates  306 . 
         [0074]    The expandable support device  300  can have two or more rows of completely or substantially parallel struts  302  and/or plates  304  in the longitudinal direction. The first and/or second vertebral seats  308   a  and/or  308   b  can each be on a single strut  302  or plate  304 , or can be split onto two or more struts  302  and/or plates  304 , as shown in  FIGS. 6   b  and  7   b.    
         [0075]      FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b  illustrate that the expandable support device  300  can have an expandable support device expanded length  326   b  and an expandable support device expanded height  328   b . The expandable support device expanded length  326   b  can be from about 11 mm (0.43 in.) to about 46 mm (1.8 in.), for example about 23 mm (0.91 in.). The expandable support device expanded height  328   b  can be from about 10 mm (0.39 in.) to about 40 mm (1.6 in.), for example about 20 mm (0.79 in.). 
         [0076]    The expandable support device can have an expanded seat height  332 . The expanded seat height  332  can be the distance between the first vertebral seat  308   a  and the second vertebral seat  308   b  when the expandable support device  300  is in an expanded configuration. The expanded seat height  332  can be from about 8 mm (0.3 in.) to about 33 mm (1.3 in.), for example about 16.5 mm (0.650 in.). 
         [0077]    In the expanded configuration, the expandable support device  300  can form acute, and/or obtuse, and/or substantially right angles between the struts  302 , and plates  304  and  306 . For example, the side view (longitudinal cross-section) can be substantially rectangular and/or square, as shown in  FIG. 7   a.    
         [0078]      FIG. 8  illustrates that the expandable support device can have interdigitating struts  302 . The vertebral seats  308  can have a “C” or “U” configuration. The end plates  306  can have substantially square configurations. 
         [0079]      FIGS. 9 ,  10  and  11  illustrate that the expandable support device can have a first top plate attached to a second top plate by a recessed strut-hinge-strut combination, as shown. The struts can be integral with the hinge at a first foot. 
         [0080]    The expandable support device can have a first base plate attached to a second base plate by a recessed strut-hinge-strut combination, as shown. The struts can be integral with the hinge at a second foot. The first foot can oppose the second foot. In a radially compressed configuration (as shown), the first foot can be in contact or adjacent in contact with the second foot. 
         [0081]    The first top plate and the first base plate can be integral with or attached to a tip. The second top plate and the second base plate can be integral with or attached to the tool connector. A longitudinally compressive force can be applied between the tip and tool connector. The expandable support device can resiliently or deformably radially expand. 
         [0082]    As the expandable support device radially expands, the first foot can move away from the second foot Any element, such as a bumper, wedge, or combinations thereof can be inserted between the first foot and the second foot when the expandable support device is in a radially expanded configuration. The bumper can prevent, impede or minimize radial compression of the expandable support device. 
         [0083]      FIGS. 12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  15  and  16  illustrate that the expandable support device can have an elongated element such as a locking pin, bumper, wedge, or combinations thereof. The expandable support device can have the locking pin before deployment of the expandable support device to the target site, or the locking pin can be inserted into the remainder of the expandable support device after the remainder of the expandable support device has be positioned at the target site. 
         [0084]    The locking pin can be fixedly or threadably attached to the tip. The locking pin can extend through the tool connector. The locking pin can have a locking pin cap. The locking pin cap can be rotatably or threadably attached to the tool connector. The locking pin cap can be rotatably attached to the tool connector and/or to the locking pin. In a radially compressed configuration, the feet can be in contact with or adjacent to the locking pin. 
         [0085]    The expandable support device can be longitudinally compressed (i.e., the tip can be compressed toward the tool connector), for example causing radial expansion. The feet can radially expand away from the locking pin. 
         [0086]    The locking pin can be rotated during use. Rotation of the locking pin can compress the tip toward the tool connector. 
         [0087]    The locking pin or bumper can be rigid or elastic. The locking pin or bumper can be made from a polymer and/or metal. The locking pin can provide some or no substantial shock absorption. The locking pin can form an interference fit with adjacent elements, such as the first foot and/or the second foot, to limit the minimum radial compression of the expandable support device. 
         [0088]    The adjacent plates can pucker outward where the struts adjoin the plates. The puckering can form protruding tissue anchors that can dig into tissue (e.g., bone, soft tissue, ligament, tendon, muscle, fat, fascia) surrounding the hinge during implantation. 
         [0089]    Between adjacent tissue anchors, a tissue seat or saddle can be formed in the recess formed by the struts and the hinge. The tissue anchors can dig or anchor into tissue during use. During use the tissue between the tissue anchors can seat into the tissue seat. The tissue anchors and tissue seat can assist in fixing the expandable support device in the tissue during use. One or more teeth can be in the tissue seat. The teeth can engage the tissue in the tissue seat. The teeth can minimize or eliminate longitudinal and/or other movement of the tissue with respect to the teeth and the tissue seat. 
         [0090]    For example, adjacent spinous processes can be forced into opposite bone seats. 
         [0091]    The tip can be used to penetrate soft tissue during deployment, for example muscle, tendon, ligament (e.g., spinous process ligament), fat, fascia, and combinations thereof. 
         [0092]    If the top plates are compressed toward the base plates during use, the feet can abut the locking pin, impeding or otherwise limiting radial compression of the expandable support device. 
         [0093]      FIGS. 17 and 18  illustrate that the contact area in the tissue seat can have a row of teeth. The first and/or second tissue anchors can have one or more first and/or second tissue hooks or other grabbing elements, respectively. The first tissue hooks can face the second tissue hooks. The tissue hooks can be flexible or rigid. The tissue hooks can be sharp or atraumatic. The tissue hooks can be anchors, brads, barbs, rails, pegs, or combinations thereof. The tissue hooks can extend along all or part of the longitudinal length of the tissue anchors. 
         [0094]    The tissue anchors and/or tissue hooks can be configured to compressively grasp and attach to a bone (e.g., spinous process) between the first tissue anchor (and first tissue hook, if available) and the second tissue anchor (and second tissue hook, if available). The tissue anchors and/or hooks can resiliently (e.g., elastically) or plasticly deform, for example to accommodate the tissue (e.g., spinous process) in the tissue seat. The tissue hooks can dig into or enter the tissue (e.g., bone). 
         [0095]      FIGS. 19 and 20  illustrate that the tissue anchors can have fingers. The fingers can extend radially along the tissue anchors (as shown in  FIG. 19 ) or struts and tissue anchors (as shown in  FIG. 20 ). The fingers can be flexible or rigid. The fingers can be separated. The fingers can move substantially independently of each other. The fingers can be formed, for example, by laser cutting or sawing the tissue anchors and/or strut. 
         [0096]      FIG. 21  illustrates that the expandable support device can have no vertebral seats  308 . Adjacent struts  302  can join to form a vertebral anchor  330 . Between the plates  306   a  and  306   b , the expandable support device  330  can be entirely straight struts  302 . The end plates  306   a  can be individual and separated for each strut  302 , and/or flexibly joined together. 
         [0097]      FIG. 21  illustrates that the expandable support device can have a transverse axis  334 . The transverse axis  334  can be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  318  and/or expansion axis  320 . 
         [0098]      FIGS. 21 ,  22   a  and  22   b  illustrate that the struts  302  (as shown), or plates  304  can have length adjusters  336 . The length adjusters  336  can contract and expand, for example to fit the length of the expandable support device  300  to the length of the target site, also for example, to ease introduction of the expandable support device  300  through soft and hard tissue when being inserted to the target site. The length expanders  336  can be hinges, springs, or combinations thereof. The length expanders  336  can be configured to rotate, and/or expand, and/or contract. The length expanders  336  can be attached to, and/or integral with the adjacent struts  302  and/or plates  304 . 
         [0099]      FIG. 23  illustrates that the expandable support device can be deployed between a first spinous process of a first vertebra and a second spinous process of a second vertebra. The first vertebra can be adjacent to the second vertebra. With the spine in a neutral position, the intervertebral height at the location of the expandable support device can be as shown. The intervertebral angle between first vertebral plane  104  and second vertebral plane  108  can be as shown, for example about 0°. In a deployed configuration the expandable support device can be substantially resilient in an axis between the first spinous process and the second spinous process. 
         [0100]    The expandable support device can allow substantially natural motion of the spine. The implant can be implanted in a small unexpanded configuration. Once in position between two spinous processes, the device can be “released” or radially expanded. In the radially expanded configuration, the expandable support device can act as a spring and a mechanical damper between adjacent (i.e., first and second) spinous processes. 
         [0101]      FIG. 24  illustrates that the spine can rotate, as shown by arrow, so the intervertebral angle and the intervertebral height at the expandable support device can increase from the dimensions shown in the neutral position in  FIG. 23 . The expandable support device can resiliently expand to fill the space between the first spinous provess and the second spinous process. 
         [0102]      FIG. 25  illustrates that the spine can rotate, as shown by arrow, so the intervertebral angle and the intervertebral height at the expandable support device can decrease from the dimensions shown in the neutral position in  FIG. 23 . The expandable support device can resiliently contract to allow the spinous process to contract between the first spinous provess and the second spinous process. 
         [0103]      FIG. 26  illustrates that the expandable support device  2  can be attached to a deployment tool  132  (e.g., on the tool connector). The expandable support device can be constrained, for example by the deployment tool  132  or other delivery system or element (e.g., a separate constrainment sheath). 
         [0104]    The deployment tool  132  can hold the first longitudinal end of the expandable support device at a controlled, fixed distance from the second longitudinal end of the expandable support device, for example preventing unintended radial expansion of the expandable support device. The deployment tool  132  can controllably radially constrain all or part (e.g., the proximal or distal longitudinal end) of the expandable support device. 
         [0105]      FIG. 27  illustrates that the deployment tool  132  can position the expandable support device  2  between a first spinous process of a first vertebra  142   a  and a second spinous process of a second vertebra  142   b . The second vertebra can be adjacent to the first vertebra. The deployment tool  132  and expandable support device  2  can be inserted adjacent to the spinous processes with a posterior approach, lateral approach, or a combination thereof. The tissue seats of the expandable support device  2  can be aligned with the respective spinous process. 
         [0106]      FIG. 28  illustrates that the deployment tool  132  can radially expand the expandable support device  2 . For example, the deployment tool can longitudinally compress the expandable support device. Also for example, once the expandable support device is in a target site, the radially constrainment sheath can be removed, allowing the device to resiliently radially expand or then be deformably expanded (e.g., by longitudinal compression and or radial expansion such as by an expansion balloon). The expandable support device can be held open by inherent resilient spring force or by a secondary element. For example, the locking pin can be deployed and/or a one way lock (e.g., internal ratcheting) can allow the expandable support device to radially expand to a maximum radius, but can limit the reduction of the radius. 
         [0107]    One or more tissue seats can engage the respectively adjacent spinous processes. The tissue anchors can hold and/or dig into, anchor or otherwise attachably engage to the spinous processes and/or a different portion of the vertebra. The radial expansion of the expandable support device  2  can cause the first spinous process to move away from the second spinous process, and/or part or substantially the entire first vertebra  142   a  to move away from part or substantially the entire second vertebra  142   b . The longitudinal axis of the expandable support device  2  can be substantially in the coronal plane, sagittal plane, or a combination thereof. A locking pin can be inserted into the expandable support device  2 . 
         [0108]      FIG. 29  illustrates that the deployment tool  132  can be detached from the expandable support device  2 . The deployment tool  132  can be removed from the target site. The expandable support device  2  can be left between the first spinous process and the second spinous process and/or removed from the target site. 
         [0109]    The deployed expandable support device can expand and contract to follow the interspinous processes through their range of motion (e.g., from back flexion through back extension) and can provide a stop when the intervertebral height is less than a minimum limit (e.g., interference fitting against the locking pin or bumper). The minimum limiting can, for example, reduce or eliminate pinch of the spinal cord caused by stenosis. 
         [0110]    The expandable support device can minimally migrate or dislodge from the deployed target site. The expandable support device can have decreased micromotion and wear, decrease the subsidence between the device and the spinous process. The expandable support device can be deployed with or without attaching the expandable support device to one or more spinous processes with pins, straps, staples, or combinations thereof. The expandable support device can be configured to not reduce spinal column range of motion (ROM). The expandable support device can be configured to follow spinal motion in one, two or three degrees of freedom. 
         [0111]    The expandable support device can be deployed to the target site through an open or minimally invasive procedure. The expandable support device can be implanted through a minimally invasive (or open) approach in an unexpanded condition. The deployment tool can push the device through a small puncture in the interspinous ligament. The expandable support device can be radially expanded, for example, after the expandable support device is positioned between adjacent spinous processes. The punctured spinous process ligament can press against the expandable support device, for example stabilizing the expandable support device. 
         [0112]    The expandable support device can be deformable (e.g., malleable, ductile) or resilient. The expandable support device can be bent or deformed into shape, or released from a constrained configuration. The expandable support device can be deployed between adjacent spinous processes to jack open or otherwise expand the distance between adjacent the spinous processes. 
         [0113]      FIG. 30  illustrates that the expandable support device can be constrained between the first spinous process and the second spinous process. The first spinous process can seat or otherwise engage in the first tissue seat. The second spinous process can seat or otherwise engage in the first tissue seat. 
         [0114]    The portions of the expandable support device in contact with the spinous processes can have soft areas at the expected locations or contact with the bone, for example to reduce the subsidence and spinous process fracture (e.g., stress reduction). 
         [0115]      FIG. 31  illustrates that the first tissue seat can have a soft and/or resilient cushion (e.g., spring) under one or more teeth. For example, the teeth can be substantially hollow, deformable, resilient, or soft, and the cushion can be a resilient material (e.g., metal and/or polymer), leaf spring, foam, or combinations thereof. The teeth themselves can act as springs or cushions. 
         [0116]      FIG. 32  illustrates that the cushion can be a coating or a pad on the outside of the remainder of the expandable support device. The cushion can be made from a soft metal or polymer (e.g., silicone, PEEK, or other polymers described herein). 
         [0117]      FIG. 33  illustrates that the first tissue seat can have springs on one or either side of the tissue seat. For example, the tissue seat can have leaf springs on one or both sides of the tissue seat. 
         [0118]      FIG. 34   a  illustrates that the expandable support device  300  can be inserted to the target site attached to a deployment tool  338 . The deployment tool  338  can be part of a delivery system (not shown) that can include a catheter, trocar, drill, balloon, or a combination thereof. The deployment tool  338  can follow a guide wire into position between the tilted spinous process (e.g., of the stenotic vertebra  102  and  106 ) and deployed. 
         [0119]    The deployment tool  338  can be attached to the expandable support device  300  via the deployment tool interface ports  314 . The deployment tool  338  can extend through and/or around the length of the expandable support device  300 . The deployment tool  338  can attach to the distal and/or proximal ends of the expandable support device  300 , for example to deploy a compressive or tensile force to the expandable support device  300  along the compression or longitudinal axis  318 . 
         [0120]    The expandable support device  300  can be inserted into the target site, for example along the longitudinal axis  318 . The expandable support device  300  can be inserted into the target site in an orientation perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  318 , for example, the expandable support device  300  shown in  FIGS. 4   a ,  4   b  and  5 . 
         [0121]      FIG. 34   b  illustrates that when the expansion axis is aligned with the vertebrae  102  and  106 , for example at the spinous processes, and/or when the vertebral seats  308  are aligned with the closest points of the vertebrae  102  and  106  (e.g., the closest points of the spinous processes), then the deployment tool  338  can compress, as shown by arrows  322 , the expandable support device  300  along the compressive or longitudinal axis  318 . The expandable support device  300  can then expand, as shown by arrows  324 , in height along the expansion axis  332 . 
         [0122]    As the expandable support device  300  expands in height, the expandable support device contacts the first and second vertebrae  102  and  106 . The first and second vertebrae  102  and  106  can attach to the expandable support device  300 , for example, at the first and second vertebral seats  308   a  and  308   b , respectively. 
         [0123]    As the expandable support device  300  is continued to be compressed, and therefore continued to be expanded in height, the first vertebrae  102  can be forced away from the second vertebra  106 , for example, at the spinous processes, thereby rotating and/or translating the first vertebra  102  with respect to the second vertebra The rotation and/or translation of the first vertebra  102  with respect to the second vertebra  106  can decompress the affected nerve. 
         [0124]      FIG. 35  illustrates that the expandable support device can be positioned transversely posterior to adjacent vertebral bodies (not shown). The inferior side of the first spinous process can fit and seat in the top (i.e., superior) tissue seat of the expandable support device. The superior side of the second spinous process can fit and seat in the bottom (i.e., inferior) tissue seat of the expandable support device. 
         [0125]    The expandable support device can be used to hold the first spinous process away from the second spinous process and/or to increase the distance between the first spinous process and the second spinous process. The locking pin can be inserted into the expandable support device. 
         [0126]      FIGS. 36   a  and  36   b  illustrate deployment and expansion of the expandable support device  300  similar to the expandable support device  300  shown in  FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b ,  7   a  and  7   b . The vertebral anchors  330  can attach to, and press in to the vertebrae  102  and  106  during expansion of the expandable support device  300 . 
         [0127]      FIGS. 37   a  and  37   b  illustrate deployment and expansion of the expandable support device  300  similar to the expandable support device  300  shown in  FIG. 8 . When deployed into an expanded configuration, the interdigitating struts  302  can rotate toward the same or opposite directions during deployment as the initial starting position of the strut  302  in the contracted configuration. For example, even though a first strut can be on a first side (e.g., top) and a second strut can be on a second side (e.g., bottom) in the contract configuration, the first strut can be on the second side (e.g., bottom) and the second strut can be on the first side (e.g., top) in the expanded configuration. 
         [0128]      FIG. 38  illustrates that the first vertebra  102  can have a first spinous process  340   a  and the second vertebra  106  can have a second spinous process  340   b . The expandable support device  300  can be deployed between spinous processes  340  on adjacent vertebra. The expandable support device  300  can be deployed between any equivalent peripheral anatomic feature of a vertebra on adjacent vertebrae. For example, the expandable support device can be deployed between adjacent vertebraes&#39; facets, pedicles, laminae, inferior articular processes, transverse processes, superior articular processes, accessory processes, or combinations thereof. More than one expandable support device can be deployed between a first vertebra  102  and a second vertebra  106 , for example between different anatomical features on die vertebrae (e.g., between spinous processes and separately between transverse processes). 
         [0129]      FIG. 39  illustrates in a partial view of a expandable support device  300  shown close-up deployed between a first spinous process  340   a  and a second spinous process  340   b  that the length adjusters  336  on various struts  302  can be expanded and contracted to different lengths, for example to accommodate the surrounding anatomy. For example, first length adjusters  336   a  on the first strut  302   a  can be more compressed than the length adjusters  336   b  on the second strut  302   b . The length from the first spinous process  340   a  to the second spinous process  340   b  can physiologically be closer at the first strut  302   a  than at the second strut  302   b.    
         [0130]      FIGS. 40   a  and  40   b  illustrate that the expandable support device  300  can be deployed through a cut or incision  344  in soft tissue  342  between the first spinous process  340   a  and the second spinous process  340   b . The cut or incision  344  can be performed before the expandable support device is inserted to the target site, and/or by the expandable support device  300 , as the expandable support device  300  is inserted to the target site. 
         [0131]    The soft tissue  342  can have or be a ligament or tendon. For example, the soft tissue  342  can be the ligamentum flavum, the posterior longitudinal ligament, the anterior longitudinal ligament, or combinations thereof. The deployment tool  338  and/or the expandable support device  300  can have a sharpened distal end, for example configured to cut the soft tissue  342  during deployment. 
         [0132]    The expandable support device  330  can be positioned to be on one side of the soft tissue  342  (e.g., the ligament or tendon) or straddle or otherwise be on both sides of the soft tissue  342 . 
         [0133]    The expandable support device  300  can have tissue attachment elements  346 , for example on the struts  302  and or internal or external sides of the plates  304  and/or The tissue attachment devices  346  can be panels, textured surface, hooks, barbs, brads, or combinations thereof. 
         [0134]      FIGS. 41   a  and  41   b  illustrate that when the expandable support device  300  is expanded, as shown by arrows  324  in  FIG. 41   b , and longitudinally contracts, the tissue attachment devices  346  can attach to the soft tissue  342  adjacent to the expandable support device  300 . As shown in  FIG. 41   a , the expandable support device  300  can clamp, squeeze, or otherwise attach to the soft tissue  342 . The tissue attachment elements  346  can attach to the soft tissue  342 . Attachment of the expandable support device  300  to the soft tissue  342  (e.g., via compression of the soft tissue  342  and/or attachment by the tissue attachment elements  346 ) solely or additionally anchor and/or secure the expandable support device  300 . 
         [0135]    During expansion and deployment, the top plate  304   a  can rotate relative to the bottom plate  304   b , for example as seen in  FIG. 41   b . For example, the rotation can occur through flexing or bending in the expandable support device  300 . 
         [0136]      FIG. 42  illustrates paths of inserting the expandable support device  300  through the soft tissue of the back  348  and into the target site, for example adjacent to the first vertebra  102 . The expandable support device  300  can be implanted from a posterior approach, as shown by arrow  350 , lateral approach, as shown by arrow  352 , or a hybrid approach (i.e., mix of posterior and lateral), as shown by arrow  354 . 
         [0137]    The deployed expandable support device  300  can rotate the first vertebra  102  with respect to the second vertebra  106  the equivalent of about the negative vertebral angle  118 . 
         [0138]    The end plates  306  can indirectly connect more than one strut. The end plates  306  can be in the middle of the length of the expandable support device  300  (i.e., not being “end” plates in that variation) to connect various struts  302  in a transverse plane relative to the longitudinal axis  318 . 
         [0139]    The expandable support device  300  can have a smaller unexpanded profile than expanded profile. The expandable support device  300  can have a round, square, or rectangular transverse cross section before and/or after expansion. 
         [0140]    The expandable support device  300  can have a textured surface, for example, to increase purchase of the bone (e.g., spinous process). The expandable support device  300  can have one or more teeth, serrated surfaces, holes, sharp ridges, or combinations thereof. 
         [0141]    The expandable support device  300  can have a tapered shape, for example to increase wedging force applied to the surrounding bone and/or other tissue and/or for better stability to resist migration. 
         [0142]    The expandable support device  300  can be porous, for example before or after expansion. 
         [0143]    The expandable support device  300  can be mechanically expanded (e.g., deformable), self expanding (e.g., resilient), or both. 
         [0144]    The expandable support device  300  can be removed and repositioned from the target site. 
         [0145]    The expandable support device  300  can be rigid or have controlled spring force. The device can have support arches. The expandable support device is stabilized by the soft tissue and creates an interference fit. 
         [0146]    The expandable support device  300  does not compromise the natural soft tissue within the spinal column, this will help create final stability (ligaments are not cut or removed.) 
         [0147]    The expandable support device  300  can be curved along a compression and/or longitudinal axis  318 . 
         [0148]    The expandable support device  300  can have anchors (e.g., sharp points) in the vertebral seats (e.g., bone contact area), for example to securely engage the bone. 
         [0149]    The expandable support device  300  can be positioned (e.g., centered over and under the vspinous processes) and/or stabilized by the ligament tissue and bone, during or after deployment of the expandable support device  300 . 
         [0150]    The expandable support device  300  can be filled/covered with cement, bone, polymer, drug, collagen or any other agent or material disclosed herein. 
         [0151]    The expandable support device  300  can be pre-sized before implantation. The device can be expanded and/or the opposed spinous processes can be distracted with a separate mechanical jack (e.g., distractor or a balloon, such as strong shaped directional balloon). For example, the opposed spinous processes can be distracted before the expandable support device  300  is implanted in a non-expanded, partially expanded, or fully expanded configuration. 
         [0152]    The expandable support device  300  can be locked open, for example to increase radial or height resistance. Once expanded, the expandable support device can be fitted with one or more pins, screws, suture, wire, wedges, filler, or combinations thereof, to increase radial resistance. 
         [0153]    The expandable support device  300  can be designed to bend, rotate or otherwise flex (e.g., made of Niti, Ti, polymers), for example, to allow extra motion between the adjacent spinous processes. 
         [0154]    Any or all elements of the expandable support device  300  and/or other devices or apparatuses described herein can be made from, for example, a single or multiple stainless steel alloys, nickel titanium alloys (e.g., Nitinol), cobalt-chrome alloys (e.g., ELGILOY® from Elgin Specialty Metals, Elgin. IL; CONICHROME® from Carpenter Metals Corp., Wyomissing, Pa.), nickel-cobalt alloys (e.g., MP35N® from Magellan Industrial Trading Company, Inc., Westport, Conn.), molybdenum alloys (e.g., molybdenum TZM alloy, for example as disclosed in International Pub. No. WO 03/082363 A2, published 9 Oct. 2003, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), tungsten-rhenium alloys, for example, as disclosed in International Pub. No. WO 03/082363, polymers such as polyethylene teraphathalate (PET), polyester (e.g., DACRON® from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), poly ester amide (PEA), polypropylene, aromatic polyesters, such as liquid crystal polymers (e.g., Vectran, from Kuraray Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (i.e., extended chain, high-modulus or high-performance polyethylene) fiber and/or yarn (e.g., SPECTRA® Fiber and SPECTRA® Guard, from Honeywell International, Inc., Morris Township, N.J., or DYNEEMA® from Royal DSM N.V., Heerlen, the Netherlands), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded PTFE (ePTFE), polyether ketone (PEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK) (also poly aryl ether ketone ketone), nylon, polyether-block co-polyamide polymers (e.g., PEBAX® from ATOFINA, Paris, France), aliphatic polyether polyurethanes (e.g., TECOFLEX® from Thermedics Polymer Products, Wilmington, Mass.), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, thermoplastic, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), absorbable or resorbable polymers such as polyglycolic acid (PGA), poly-L-glycolic acid (PLGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethyl acrylate (PEA), polydioxanone (PDS), and pseudo-polyamino tyrosine-based acids, extruded collagen, silicone, zinc, echogenic, radioactive, radiopaque materials, a biomaterial (e.g., cadaver tissue, collagen, allograft, autograft, xenograft, bone cement, morselized bone, osteogenic powder, beads of bone) any of the other materials listed herein or combinations thereof. Examples of radiopaque materials are barium sulfate, zinc oxide, titanium, stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys, tantalum and gold. 
         [0155]    Any or all elements of the expandable support device  300  and/or other devices or apparatuses described herein, can be, have, and/or be completely or partially coated with agents and/or a matrix a matrix for cell ingrowth or used with a fabric, for example a covering (not shown) that acts as a matrix for cell ingrowth. The matrix and/or fabric can be, for example, polyester (e.g., DACRON® from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), poly ester amide (PEA), polypropylene, PTFE, ePTFE, nylon, extruded collagen, silicone, any other material disclosed herein, or combinations thereof. 
         [0156]    The expandable support device  300  and/or elements of the expandable support device  300  and/or other devices or apparatuses described herein and/or the fabric can be filled, coated, layered and/or otherwise made with and/or from cements, fillers, glues, and/or an agent delivery matrix known to one having ordinary skill in the art and/or a therapeutic and/or diagnostic agent. Any of these cements and/or fillers and/or glues can be osteogenic and osteoinductive growth factors. 
         [0157]    Examples of such cements and/or fillers includes bone chips, demineralized bone matrix (DBM), calcium sulfate, coralline hydroxyapatite, biocoral, tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), biodegradable ceramics, bioactive glasses, hyaluronic acid, lactoferrin, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) such as recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs), other materials described herein, or combinations thereof. 
         [0158]    The agents within these matrices can include any agent disclosed herein or combinations thereof, including radioactive materials; radiopaque materials; cytogenic agents; cytotoxic agents; cytostatic agents; thrombogenic agents, for example polyurethane, cellulose acetate polymer mixed with bismuth trioxide, and ethylene vinyl alcohol; lubricious, hydrophilic materials; phosphor cholene; anti-inflammatory agents, for example non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid, for example ASPIRIN® from Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany: ibuprofen, for example ADVIL® from Wyeth, Collegeville, Pa.; indomethacin; mefenamic acid), COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., VIOXX® from Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.; CELEBREX® from Pharmacia Corp., Peapack, N.J.; COX-1 inhibitors); immunosuppressive agents, for example Sirolimus (RAPAMUNE®, from Wyeth, Collegeville, Pa.), or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors (e.g., tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives) that act early within the pathways of an inflammatory response. Examples of other agents are provided in Walton et al, Inhibition of Prostoglandin E 2  Synthesis in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms,  Circulation , Jul. 6, 1999, 48-54; Tambiah et al, Provocation of Experimental Aortic Inflammation Mediators and Chlamydia Pneumoniae,  Brit. J. Surgery  88 (7), 935-940; Franklin et al, Uptake of Tetracycline by Aortic Aneurysm Wall and Its Effect on. Inflammation and Proteolysis,  Brit. J. Surgery  86 (6), 771-775; Xu et al, Sp1 Increases Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Hypoxic Vascular Endothelium,  J. Biological Chemistry  275 (32) 24583-24589; and Pyo et al, Targeted Gene Disruption of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (Gelatinase B) Suppresses Development of Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms,  J. Clinical Investigation  105 (11), 1641-1649 which are all incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
         [0159]      FIG. 43  illustrates back extension (i.e., bending back or posteriorly), and back flexion (e.g., bending forward or anteriorly). 
         [0160]      FIG. 44   a  illustrates that during back flexion, the first spinous process of the cranial first vertebra moves away, as shown by the flexion arrow, from the second spinous process.  FIG. 44   b  illustrates that during back extension, the first spinous process of the cranial first vertebra moves toward, as shown by the flexion arrow, the second spinous process. 
         [0161]      FIG. 45   a  illustrates the spine having a spinal cord. When the spine is in flexion, the intervertebral angle can increase. Despite the natural propensity of the expandable support device to slip posteriorly away from the spinal cord, as shown by the arrow, when the intervertebral angle increases, the expandable support device can be attached to the spinous processes, for example via the tissue seats, tissue anchors, and/or teeth. The attaching or anchoring (e.g., motion stability) of the expandable support device with respect to the spinous processes can prevent or minimize the slip and motion away from the intended implant position. 
         [0162]      FIG. 45   b  illustrates that when the spine is in extension, the intervertebral angle can decrease. Despite the natural propensity of the expandable support device to slip anteriorly toward from the spinal cord, as shown by the arrow, when the intervertebral angle increases, the expandable support device can be attached to the spinous processes, for example via the tissue seats, tissue anchors and/or teeth, preventing or minimizing motion away from the intended implant position. 
         [0163]      FIG. 46   a  illustrates that the tissue anchors and tissue hooks can attach to the spinous processes.  FIG. 46   b  illustrates that as the first vertebra moves away from the second vertebra, as shown by arrows, the expandable support device can deformably or resiliently expand, with the tissue hooks and tissue anchors remaining attached to the spinous processes. 
         [0164]    The expandable support device can follow the spinous process, never disrupting contact between the expandable support device and the spinous process. The interspinous ligament can surround the expandable support device and help or completely hold the expandable support device in place and/or provide a stability force. The expandable support device can stretch a hole into the interspinous ligament. The interspinous ligament can bind the expandable support device and help minimize or prevent migration of the expandable support device. 
         [0165]      FIG. 47  illustrates right and left bending of the back. 
         [0166]      FIGS. 48   a  and  48   b  illustrates that during left and right bending, respectively, that the lateral intervertebral angle between the first vertebra and the second vertebra can increase. 
         [0167]      FIG. 49   a  illustrates that despite the natural propensity of the expandable support device to slip, squirt or migrate laterally to the right, as shown by the arrow, during left bending when the intervertebral angle increases, that the expandable support device can be attached to the spinous processes, for example via the tissue seats, tissue anchors and/or teeth. The attaching or anchoring (e.g., motion stability) of the expandable support device with respect to the spinous processes can prevent or minimize the slip and motion away from the intended implant position. 
         [0168]      FIG. 49   b  illustrates that despite the natural propensity of the expandable support device to slip, squirt or migrate laterally to the left, as shown by the arrow, during right bending when the intervertebral angle increases, that the expandable support device can be attached to the spinous processes, for example via the tissue seats, tissue anchors and/or teeth. The attaching or anchoring (e.g., motion stability) of the expandable support device with respect to the spinous processes can prevent or minimize the slip and motion away from the intended implant position. 
         [0169]      FIG. 50  illustrates left and right back rotation. 
         [0170]      FIGS. 51   a  and  51   b  illustrate that despite the natural propensity of the expandable support device to slip, squirt or migrate out from between the spinous processes during rotation of the spine, that the expandable support device can be attached to the spinous processes, for example via the tissue seats, tissue anchors and/or teeth. The attaching or anchoring (e.g., motion stability) of the expandable support device with respect to the spinous processes can prevent or minimize the slip and motion away from the intended implant position. 
         [0171]    The tissue anchors can remain in contact with the spinous processes at all times once the expandable support device is deployed. The expandable support device can be configured to fit the patient so that the expanded configurations of the expandable support device can be large enough to sufficiently secure to the spinous processes to minimize or substantially or completely prevent migration of the expandable device with respect to the spinous process (e.g., in the direction towards or away from the spinal cord). Due to the geometry of the expanded expandable support device, if the expandable support device migrates toward the spinal cord, the vertebral body bony structures can form an interference fit with the expandable device features (e.g., creating a walling or damming effect and preventing migration to the spinal cord). 
         [0172]    It is apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to this disclosure, and equivalents employed, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Elements shown with any embodiment are exemplary for the specific embodiment and can be in used on or in combination with other embodiments within this disclosure.