Abstract:
Processes and apparatuses are provided for contactless Nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) spectrum acquiring and spectroscopic analysis and/or measuring or monitoring, in-line, in-situ and/or in real time, at least one composition or object under test of one or more solid, liquid, and/or gaseous substances and/or one or more bulk materials. One or more apparatus may include a resonance type impedance sensor having at least two coils, at least one coil of the at least two coils being at least one excitation coil, at least one other coil of the at least two coils being at least one sensing coil. The method(s) involve acquiring an NMR spectrum of an object under test while changing at least one of the frequency of an IR sensor and the intensity of the magnetic field applied to an object under test and/or sweeping intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a non-provisional patent application that claims the benefit of the filing date of, and priority to, U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/565,844, filed Dec. 1, 2011, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy devices, and more particularly to one or more small scale NMR spectroscopic apparatuses and methods of using same. 
     Nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR as it is abbreviated by scientists, is a phenomenon which occurs when the nuclei of certain atoms are immersed in a static magnetic field and exposed to a second oscillating magnetic field. Some nuclei experience this phenomenon, and others do not, dependent upon whether they possess a property called spin. NMR is based on the nuclear magnetic properties of certain elements and isotopes of those elements. It is a fundamental law of quantum mechanics that nuclei with nonzero spin will have a magnetic dipole and will thus interact with electromagnetic radiation. The presence or absence of a spin and the nature of the spin is expressed in terms of the spin quantum number (I) of the nucleus, which may be either 0, ½, or integer multiples of ½. In a uniform magnetic field, a nucleus having a spin quantum number of ½ may assume two orientations relative to the applied magnetic field. The two orientations have different energies, so that it is possible to induce a nuclear transition by applying electromagnetic radiation of the appropriate frequency. This nuclear transition, known as resonance, is thus brought on when the correct combination of magnetic field strength and exciting frequency characteristic of the nuclei of interest are applied. 
     Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the use of the NMR phenomenon to study physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter. NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and/or structural information about molecules due to at least one of the chemical shift, the Zeeman effect, and the Knight shift effect on the resonant frequencies of the nuclei present in the sample. It is a powerful technique that can provide detailed information on the topology, dynamics and/or three-dimensional structure of molecules in one or more liquid and/or gaseous solution(s) and a solid state thereof. Over the past fifty years, NMR spectroscopy has become the preeminent technique that can be used for structural and/or quantitative analysis of a compound in a mixture, especially an organic one. Of all the spectroscopic methods, NMR spectroscopy is the only one for which a complete analysis and interpretation of the entire spectrum is normally expected. Although larger amounts of a sample are needed than for mass spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy is non-destructive, and with modern instruments, good data may be obtained from samples weighing less than a milligram. One of the most important groups analytically has a nuclear spin quantum number of ½ because the group includes  1 H presented in one or many compounds of interest. Because all nuclei have unique resonances, e.g., approximately 100 megahertz in a 2.35 Tesla field for protons,  1 H NMR will only detect compounds having protons. Moreover, because the exact frequency at which a proton resonates within this range is related to its chemical environment, the  1 H NMR signal of protons of one compound can generally be distinguished from another, and an integrated intensity of the signal is directly proportional to the amount of the compound of interest. The position of the resonance signal is characterized by its frequency, i.e., the chemical shift, which is usually expressed on a ppm scale relative to the resonance frequency of some standard compound. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to electrical devices and, more particularly, to one or more NMR apparatuses, and methods of using same, including method(s) for the NMR spectra acquisition and/or measuring or monitoring at least one of in-line, in-situ and in real time, one or more compositions of at least one of a solid substance, a liquid substance, a gaseous substance and one or more bulk materials. One or more embodiments may be relatively small, light weight apparatuses. In accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention, a distinctive feature of the present invention is the use of a resonance type impedance sensor (also called an impedance resonance (IR) sensor) as a sensing element for one or more NMR spectroscopy devices and one or more NMR measuring or monitoring devices. In at least one embodiment, the IR sensor is a multicoil open-core or air-core inductor comprising at least two coils: an excitation coil and a sensing coil. Preferably, the excitation coil is connected to an alternating current source with frequency sweep. Preferably, the sensing coil is connected to a data processing system. In one or more embodiments, the excitation coil propagates an electromagnetic energy into the sensing coil, and the sensing coil, in turn, generates a probing electromagnetic field. An object under test is located in such a way with respect to the sensing coil such that the probing electromagnetic field penetrates the whole object under test or at least its part (e.g., the object under test may be located within a sensing area of the sensing coil, a portion of the object under test may be located within a sensing area of the sensing coil, etc.). Being electromagnetically coupled with the object under test, the sensing coil preferably perceives all influences on the probing electromagnetic field made by the object under test. In at least one embodiment, the sensing coil perceives at least one influence of the object under test on the probing electromagnetic field. In order to use an advantage in sensitivity of the resonant circuit, in at least one embodiment, the sensing coil is brought in (or configured to operate within) resonance condition by using the alternating current source with frequency sweep. The resonance frequency is a function of intrinsic inductance L, capacitance C, and resistance R parameters of the sensing coil and one or more electromagnetic characteristics of the object under test. 
     In accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for contactless Nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) spectrum acquiring and spectroscopic analysis and/or measuring or monitoring, in-line, in-situ and/or in real time, at least one composition or object under test of one or more solid, liquid, and/or gaseous substances and/or one or more bulk materials, includes: at least one resonance type impedance (IR) sensor which is a multicoil open-core or air-core inductor, said sensor comprising at least two coils, at least one coil of the at least two coils being at least one excitation coil connectable to at least one alternating current source with frequency sweep, at least one other coil of the at least two coils being at least one sensing coil connectable to at least one data processing system, wherein: (i) upon electrical connection to said current source, said at least one excitation coil is capable of propagating an electromagnetic energy to said at least one sensing coil, which is capable of generating a probing electromagnetic field, (ii) said at least one sensing coil is designed in such a way that intrinsic inductance L, capacitance C, and resistance R parameters of said at least one sensing coil are capable of providing resonance conditions for measuring impedance of object under test or at least a portion of said object under test being disposed within a sensing area of said at least one sensing coil at a predetermined frequency range, and (iii) said at least one sensing coil uses only its intrinsic (distributed) capacitance and is not connected to any capacitance means; at least one magnetic system providing a strong homogeneous magnetic field; at least one power supply; at least one radio frequency (RF) sweep generator, the at least one RF sweep generator being electrically connected to at least one said excitation coil; at least one data acquisition block, the at least one data acquisition block being electrically connected to: (i) at least one said excitation coil, (ii) at least one said sensing coil, or (iii) to both said excitation and sensing coils; at least one calculation block; and at least one communication block. 
     In one or more embodiments, the at least one data acquisition block has high electrical input impedance. Preferably, the least one data acquisition block has electrical input impedance greater than 10MΩ or substantially greater than 10MΩ. 
     In at least one embodiment, the apparatus may include at least one test fixture for containing samples. The test fixture may be spun to average any magnetic field variations, as well as said test fixture imperfections. 
     The magnetic system may include at least one of: (i) at least one electromagnet coil connected to at least one controlled power supply capable to control an intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test; (ii) at least one means to measure the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test; (iii) at least one electromagnet; (iv) at least one permanent magnet; and (v) at least one magnetic conductor. The electromagnet coil may be located on a magnetic conductor as far as possible from the gap where said object under test is situated in order to reduce and/or minimize distortions of the homogeneous magnetic field made by and/or controlled by said electromagnet coil. The magnetic system may be transformable and/or convertible such that the magnetic system is capable of changing an intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test. The at least one magnetic conductor may include a truncated cone section capable of concentrating the magnetic field applied to the object under test. 
     The at least one resonance type impedance (IR) sensor may include at least two resonance type impedance (IR) sensors designed to acquire an NMR signal from different target nuclei. The at least one magnetic system and the at least one resonance type impedance (IR) sensor are designed to provide one or more single-side NMR measurements. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of acquiring an NMR spectrum using the one or more apparatuses of the present invention may include the steps of: placing an object under test into the sensing area of said IR sensor; searching for resonant frequency of said IR sensor; changing the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test by means of the transformable and/or convertible magnetic system; measuring the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test; calculating of Larmor precession frequency; stopping the changing of the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test when the Larmor precession frequency coincides with, substantially matches, or substantially equals said resonant frequency of said IR sensor; and acquiring an NMR spectrum of said object under test while changing the frequency of said IR sensor by means of said RF sweep generator electrically connected to said excitation coil. 
     In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, another method of acquiring an NMR spectrum using one or more apparatuses of the present invention may include the steps of: placing an object under test into the sensing area of said IR sensor; searching for resonant frequency of said IR sensor; changing the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test by means of the transformable and/or convertible magnetic system; measuring the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test; calculating of Larmor precession frequency; stopping the changing of the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test when the Larmor precession frequency coincides with, substantially matches, or substantially equals said resonant frequency of said IR sensor; and acquiring an NMR spectrum of said object under test while changing the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test by means of said at least one electromagnet coil connected to the at least one controlled power supply. 
     In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, another method of acquiring an NMR spectrum using one or more apparatuses of the present invention may include the steps of: placing an object under test into the sensing area of said IR sensor; searching for resonant frequency of said IR sensor; changing the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test by means of said at least one electromagnet coil connected to the at least one controlled power supply; measuring the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test; calculating of Larmor precession frequency; stopping the changing of the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test when the Larmor precession frequency coincides with, substantially matches, or substantially equals said resonant frequency of said IR sensor; and acquiring of an NMR spectrum of said object under test while changing the frequency of said IR sensor by means of said RF sweep generator electrically connected to said excitation coil. 
     In accordance with an even further aspect of the present invention, another method of acquiring an NMR spectrum using one or more apparatuses of the present invention may include the steps of: placing an object under test into the sensing area of said IR sensor; searching for resonant frequency of said IR sensor; changing the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test by means of said at least one electromagnet coil connected to the at least one controlled power supply; measuring the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test; calculating of Larmor precession frequency; stopping the changing of the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test when the Larmor precession frequency coincides with, substantially matches, or substantially equals said resonant frequency of said IR sensor; and acquiring of an NMR spectrum of said object under test by sweeping intensity of the magnetic field applied to the object under test by means of said at least one electromagnet coil connected to the at least one controlled power supply, the sweeping occurring in a vicinity of the intensity of the magnetic field found in the stopping the changing of the intensity step. 
     The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the traditional electrical circuit, composed of inductor and capacitor, may be replaced by an inductor alone (i.e., the sensing coil may not be connected to any other capacitance means, and the sensing coil may only use its intrinsic (distributed) capacitance C from inter-turn capacitance of the sensing coil). In particular, the inventors have found that impedance resonance sensor systems without the added capacitance showed a dramatic augmentation of sensitivity. 
     In order to increase sensitivity, the sensing coil may be connected to a data acquisition block with high electrical input impedance and not connected to any additional capacitive or capacitance means, as contrasted to a regular resonant circuit comprising at least two elements: an inductor and a capacitor. A phenomenon of the increasing sensitivity, observed experimentally, can be logically explained in the following way. In a typical traditional resonant circuit, comprising at least an inductor and a capacitor, at resonant condition an intensive exchange of electromagnetic energy occurs causing an increase of electrical current in inductor and interconnecting wires and, as a consequence, causing loss of stored electromagnetic energy and decreasing sensitivity of a sensor made on the basis of such a circuit. In contrast to the typical traditional resonant circuit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention, in a resonant circuit, comprising an inductor only and connected to a data acquisition block with high electrical input impedance, the electrical current in inductor and interconnecting wires is negligibly low. For example, in a case where a sensing coil is connected to a data acquisition unit with 10 MΩ input impedance and 10V operating range, a value of the electrical current does not exceed 1 μA. 
     One or more aspects of the present invention also may be employed in conjunction with a suitable IR sensor, including, but not limited to, the IR sensor of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/887,887, Filing Date: Sep. 22, 2010, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The one or more NMR devices can be built using one or more different magnetic systems: one magnet systems, two magnet systems, Halbach array systems, etc. The magnets can be permanent ones and/or electromagnets. One of the important merits of the IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention is that the IR sensor may be used not only in regular NMR devices which use a special gap in magnet system for placing a sensor and an object under test, but a flat IR sensor can be successfully used for building of one or more single-sided NMR devices. 
     In order to acquire an NMR signal, a resonance frequency of a sensing coil electromagnetically coupled with an object under test should coincide with a frequency of the Larmor precession for target nuclei. The coincidence can be achieved either: (i) by specially designing a sensing coil with specified intrinsic LCR parameters which provide resonance condition of measurement for an IR sensor at the Larmor precession frequency defined by a magnetic system; or (ii) by adjusting a magnetic field intensity in accordance with at least one existent sensing coil using a transformable (convertible) magnetic system or using an electromagnet coil connected to a controlled power supply. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For purposes of illustrating the various aspects of the invention, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, there are shown in the drawings simplified forms that may be employed, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited by or to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. To assist those of ordinary skill in the relevant art in making and using the subject matter hereof, reference is made to the appended drawings and figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a schematic of at least one NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an embodiment of an IR sensor that may be used in at least one NMR spectroscopy device based on a two magnetic pole or Halbach array design in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  depicts an embodiment of a low-field, open-access Halbach magnet array NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR-sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  depicts a magnetic field shape in a cross section of a low-field, open-access Halbach magnet array NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  depicts an embodiment of a strong-field Halbach magnet array NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  depicts a cross section of the strong-field Halbach magnet array NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR sensor shown in  FIG. 5  in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  depicts an embodiment of a flat IR sensor that can be used for one or more single-sided mobile Halbach magnet array NMR spectroscopy devices in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  depicts an embodiment of a single-sided mobile Halbach magnet array NMR spectroscopy device based on a flat IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  depicts a system comprising an embodiment of a single-sided mobile Halbach magnet array NMR spectroscopy device based on a flat IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  depicts a schematic of a two permanent magnet NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  depicts a schematic of a single permanent magnet NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The general concept of the preferred embodiment is to position a sensor which is an open core or air core inductor, comprising at least two coils. One of the at least two coils, named an excitation coil, is connected to an alternating current source with frequency sweep and transfers electromagnetic energy from said source to another coil of the at least two coils, named a sensing coil. The sensing coil is placed in close proximity (near, adjacent, etc.) to an object under test, so that the object may be electromagnetically coupled with the sensing coil. By changing a frequency of an alternating current source, the sensing coil coupled with the object under test may be brought into, or configured to operate in, a state of resonance. In resonance condition the sensing coil represents a tank with electromagnetic energy continuously being drained by the object under test and replenished by the excitation coil. Every change in energy dissipation of the object under test (such change happens in NMR condition) changes an amount of electromagnetic energy stored in the sensing coil and consequently changes a resonance amplitude of the sensing coil coupled with the object under test. The amplitude is read by a data acquisition unit. 
     A fundamental distinction of one or more NMR spectroscopes or spectroscopy devices of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 1 , is a sensitive or sensing element that is analogous to the one or more Impedance Resonance (IR) sensors disclosed in co-pending applications, including, but not limited to, the IR sensor of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/887,887, Filing Date: Sep. 22, 2010, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference, and the IR sensor of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/566,267, filed on Dec. 2, 2011, and entitled “Impedance Resonance sensor for real time monitoring of different processes and methods of using same”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, one or more embodiments of the NMR device of present invention comprises:
         a magnetic system for producing a strong homogeneous magnetic field, where the magnetic system comprises of two electromagnets or permanent magnets  25  and two electromagnetic coils  26  for sweeping said strong homogeneous magnetic field,   a test fixture  24  that is usually spinning for averaging an NMR signal, containing an object under test  23 , and   an IR sensor comprising: at least an excitation coil  22  connected to an RF generator with frequency sweep  27  and at least a sensing coil  21  connected to a processing system comprising: a data acquisition unit  28  and a data storage component  29 .       

     In accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention, one of the embodiments of the IR sensor that may be used with the NMR device is shown in  FIG. 2 . The embodiment includes at least two coils: an excitation coil  32  and a sensing coil  33 . The excitation coil  32  of the at least two coils may include one turn and is connected to a source of harmonic electrical oscillation  31 . The excitation coil  32  serves as a “pump” that propagates the sensing coil  33  with electromagnetic energy, and brings said sensing coil  33  into a state of forced electromagnetic oscillations. Owing to the oscillations, the sensing coil  33  emits a harmonious electromagnetic field. In at least one embodiment, the harmonious electromagnetic field is especially intensive in a space encompassed by the sensing coil  33 . When the forced oscillations coincide with a natural electromagnetic frequency of the sensing coil  33 , the sensing coil  33  begins to oscillate in resonance, and an intensity of the emitted electromagnetic field surges up dramatically. Being in resonance, the sensing coil  33  works like a “tank” that stores electromagnetic energy. Frequency and amplitude of the resonance depends on intrinsic inductance L, capacitance C, and resistance R parameters of the sensing coil  33  and a value of electrical current in the excitation coil  32 . After placing a test fixture  36  with an object under test  37  into the sensing coil  33 , the electromagnetic field emitted by said sensing coil  33  penetrates the object under test  37  and the test fixture  36 . This penetration leads to electromagnetic coupling between the sensing coil  33  and the object under test  37 . (In spite of the test fixture  36  being involved in this coupling in one or more embodiments of the present invention, the influence of the test fixture  36  does not change its value from one measurement to another, so the influence is not mentioned further for simplicity of the description.) Due to this electromagnetic coupling between the object under test  37  and the sensing coil  33 , the resonance frequency and amplitude of the sensing coil  33  changes their values in comparison with self-resonance values (e.g., for the self-resonance frequency and the amplitude) of the sensing coil  33  itself. In the case of a resonance frequency of a system comprising the sensing coil  33  and the object under test  37  coinciding with the Larmor precession frequency of one or more nuclei contained in the object under test  37 , a nuclear-magnetic resonance occurs, and said one or more nuclei, being in a state of NMR, actively absorb electromagnetic energy emitted by the sensing coil  33  and dissipate the electromagnetic energy as heat. This absorption leads to a decreasing quantity of electromagnetic energy stored in the sensing coil  33  and eventually dramatically decreases a voltage that is read by a data acquisition system  34  (best seen in  FIG. 2 ). 
     From all the information stated above can be drawn the following conclusions. Preferably, for each intensity of the strong magnetic field and for each kind of object under test (such as the object under test  37 ), the sensing coil  33  is specially designed and produced to be in resonance conditions with the object under test  37  at a Larmor precession frequency of a target nuclei. 
     Now turning to the features of  FIGS. 3-9 , several embodiments are shown of NMR spectroscopes based on an IR sensor and different Halbach magnet arrays. The main merit of Halbach magnet arrays in comparison with two magnetic pole systems is that Halbach magnet arrays produce a more homogeneous and stronger magnetic field in greater volume than a magnetic field produced by two magnetic pole systems. 
       FIG. 3  shows an open-access NMR spectroscopy device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. The NMR spectroscopy device uses an IR sensor  41  analogous to the IR sensor shown in  FIG. 2 . Indeed, the IR sensors shown in  FIGS. 2-3  may employ one or more of the same or similar components (e.g., the IR sensor  41  may employ the excitation coil  32  and the sensing coil  33 ), and, therefore, discussion of such components of the IR sensor  41  is not repeated further herein. In addition to such components, a main part of the NMR spectroscopy device are one or more magnets  42 . The magnets  42  may be permanent in one or more embodiments. An example of the shape of a strong magnetic field produced by these magnets  42  is shown in  FIG. 4 . At least one advantage of such NMR spectroscopy devices is comfortable or easy access to an object under test; e.g., an object under test may be easily placed into the IR sensor  41  due to a large enough distance between the magnets  42 . The distance is preferably a predetermined distance that may be modified or changed depending on the object(s) under test to be analyzed. 
     In one or more additional embodiments of an NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR sensor, such as the embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , a more powerful Halbach magnet array may be used. Preferably, this Halbach array uses additional (i.e., a plurality of magnets  61  that is a larger group than the magnets  42  of the previously discussed embodiment) magnets  61 , and one or more directions of magnetization of the magnets  61  may be arranged in a more complex order as shown in  FIG. 6 . Preferably, the magnets  61  are permanent magnets. As best seen in  FIG. 6 , an IR sensor  71  is used substantially in, or about near, the middle of the magnets  61 . Preferably, the IR sensor  71  is the same as, or similar to, the IR sensor shown in  FIG. 2 . Indeed, the IR sensor  71  may employ one or more of the same or similar components (e.g., the IR sensor  71  may employ the excitation coil  32  and the sensing coil  33 ), and, therefore, discussion of such components of the IR sensor  71  is not repeated further herein. Because the group of magnets  61  is larger (relatively to the magnets  42  shown in  FIG. 3 ) and because of the complex order of magnetization of the magnets  61  as discussed above, one or more embodiments of the subject NMR spectroscopy device are more sensitive and accurate than the NMR spectroscopy device shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Another category of an NMR spectroscopy device is or includes NMR surface sensors or single-sided NMR spectroscopy devices. At least one embodiment of possible single-sided NMR spectroscopy devices is shown in  FIG. 8 . The single-sided NMR spectroscopy device comprises a Halbach array of magnets  92  and an IR sensor  91 . Preferably, the magnets  92  are permanent. One example of a flat IR sensor  91  that may be used with the single-sided NMR spectroscopy device is shown in  FIG. 7 . The flat IR sensor  91  comprises an excitation coil  84  and a sensing coil  85 . Preferably, the excitation coil  84  is connected with its contact  83  to an RF generator with frequency sweep, and the sensing coil  85  is connected with its contact  82  to a data acquisition unit. Contact  81  is “ground”. 
     An example of a measurement system that may be used with the present invention shown in  FIG. 9  comprises a compact single-sided NMR spectroscopy device  101 . Manipulations made with the device  101  during measurements resemble ones made with a computer mouse. A computer-readable storage medium, such as a data acquisition unit  102 , used commonly, such as, but not limited to, a hard disk, a flash memory, a CD, a DRAM or the like, an optional combination thereof, a server/database, etc. may be used to cause a processor, such as, but not limited to, the first processor (also referred to as a computer)  103 , etc. to perform the steps of the methods disclosed herein, including those steps for analyzing and taking readings from an object under test. The computer-readable storage medium, such as element  102 , may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium, and/or the computer-readable medium  102  may comprise all computer-readable media, with the sole exception being a transitory, propagating signal. The computer-readable storage medium  102  may include media that store information for predetermined or limited or short period(s) of time and/or only in the presence of power, such as, but not limited to Random Access Memory (RAM), register memory, processor cache(s), etc. 
     In accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention, the methods, system, and computer-readable storage medium  102  related to the processors, such as the processor  103 , as described above may be achieved utilizing suitable hardware, such as that illustrated in the figures. Such hardware may be implemented utilizing any of the known technologies, such as standard digital circuitry, any of the known processors that are operable to execute software and/or firmware programs, one or more programmable digital devices or systems, such as programmable read only memories (PROMs), programmable array logic devices (PALs), etc. The processors, such as the processor  103 , may also include and/or be made of one or more microprocessors. Still further, the various aspects of the invention may be implemented by way of software and/or firmware program(s) that may be stored on suitable storage medium  102  (e.g., computer-readable storage medium, hard drive, etc.) or media (such as floppy disk(s), memory chip(s), etc.) for transportability and/or distribution. 
       FIG. 10  shows a schematic of one of possible embodiments of a two permanent magnet NMR spectroscopy device (also referred to as a spectrometer) based on an IR-sensor with an adjustable gap between magnetic poles. The subject NMR spectroscopy device preferably comprises at least an IR sensor comprising:
         An excitation coil  113  connected to an RF sweep generator (not shown),   A sensing coil  114  connected to a data processing system (not shown),   a test fixture  112  containing a sample or object under test  111 ,   two permanent magnets  115 ,   truncated cone sections  116 , preferably made of at least a magnetic material having high permeability (e.g., where relative permeability μ/μ o  is equal or more than 4000) and a high saturation level (e.g., where the saturation level is equal or more than 15000 gauss),   an upper movable part of a magnetic conductor  117 , preferably made of at least a magnetic material having high permeability (e.g., where relative permeability μ/μ o  is equal or more than 4000) and a high saturation level (e.g., where the saturation level is equal or more than 15000 gauss),   a lower part of a magnetic conductor  118 , preferably made of at least a magnetic material having high permeability (e.g., where relative permeability μ/μ o  is equal or more than 4000) and a high saturation level (e.g., where the saturation level is equal or more than 15000 gauss), and   an electromagnet coil  119  connected to a controlled power supply (not shown). Even though the RF sweep generator, the data processing system and the controlled power supply are not shown in  FIG. 10 , any RF sweep generator, data processing system (e.g., items  102  and/or  103  discussed above) and controlled power supply may be used known to those skilled in the art. Examples of the RF sweep generator, data processing system and power supply may also be found in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/887,887, Filing Date: Sep. 22, 2010, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.       

     Preferably, the NMR spectrometer shown in  FIG. 10  is tuned to a specific nucleus ( 1 H,  13 C, or one of many others isotopes that contain an odd number of protons and/or of neutrons having an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum, in other words a nonzero spin). The test fixture  112  including the sample under test  111  is preferably oriented orthogonally to an external magnetic field, substantially between the poles of a powerful magnet comprising of: the two permanent magnets  115 , the two truncated cone sections  116 , the upper part of magnetic conductor  117 , the lower part of magnetic conductor  118 , and the electromagnet coil  119  connected to the controlled power supply. RF radiation of an appropriate frequency emitted by the IR sensor penetrates into the sample  111 , and the same IR sensor preferably measures a quantity of RF energy absorbed by the sample or object under test  111 . Data from the IR sensor may be monitored by a dedicated computer (such as the computer  103  shown in  FIG. 9 ). Preferably, the computer, such as the computer  103 , also manages sweeping of the magnetic field by means of the controlled power supply and the electromagnet coil  119 . 
     Adjustment of the Larmor precession frequency for different objects under test may be done by changing the gap between the truncated cones section  116  connected to the permanent magnets  115  using an ability of the magnetic system to be transformed by means of a moving upper part of the magnetic system, the moving upper part comprising: the upper movable part of magnetic conductor  117 , the upper permanent magnet  115 , and the upper truncated cone section  116 . 
     Another possible embodiment of an NMR spectroscopy device based on an IR-sensor in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention is depicted in  FIG. 11 . The NMR spectroscopy device includes:
         an IR sensor  121  with a test fixture containing a sample or object under test connected to a controller (not shown, but the controller may be the same or similar to the test fixture  112  such that no further discussion is made herein).   a permanent magnet  122 ;   two parts of magnetic conductor preferably made of at least a magnetic material having high permeability (e.g., where relative permeability μ/μ o  is equal or more than 4000) and a high saturation level (e.g., where the saturation level is equal or more than 15000 gauss); and   an electromagnet coil  124  connected to a controlled power supply (not shown, but again, any controlled power supply known to those skilled in the art may be used as explained above).       

     A principle of operation of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 11  is the same as the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 10 . Specifically, the shape of the respective magnetic conductor provides a huge concentration of a magnetic field into the gap where the IR sensor containing the sample or the object under test is located. As a result, more sensitive and more accurate readings may be obtained. In one or more alternative embodiments, the shape of the magnetic conductor (such as the two parts  123  shown in  FIG. 11  and the two parts  117 ,  118  shown in  FIG. 10 ) may be changed to a predetermined shape and/or size depending on the sample or object under test to be analyzed. 
     At least one embodiment of the sensor that pertains to the present application is similar to one disclosed in our pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/887,887, Filing Date: Sep. 22, 2010, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.