Abstract:
A chip card has a program execution unit and a memory for at least one program that can be reloaded as a function of the application. In every reloadable program, first command instructions having absolute address parameters that refer to memory areas not occupied by the reloadable program are separated from second command instructions having absolute address parameters that refer to the memory area occupied by the reloadable program. It is possible for the reloadable program to be reloaded as a function of the application at any desired start address in the memory and to be adapted to that start address by the program execution unit. In particular, the need to create different reloadable program versions for possible application-related start addresses is dispensed with.

Description:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     Chip cards frequently have a data memory which, for example, is organized in the form of a hierarchical file system and which is provided, in particular, in the form of an EEPROM memory module. In addition, the data memory of chip cards serves, in particular, also as a memory for programs which can be reloaded as a function of the application. The reloading of programs after the chip card has been manufactured, and in particular after it has been personalized or initialized permits subsequent reloading of, in particular, program routines or files, such as for example encryption algorithms, which only the application provider of the chip card, and not the manufacturer of the chip card, knows. Programs for fault recovery or expansion routines, in particular for the operating system of the chip card, can also be reloaded subsequently. For example, the need to carry out costly reengineering of a ROM memory module with a faulty chip card operating system can thus be dispensed with because program routines for fault correction can be reloaded. For example, application and user programs can also be reloaded as a function of the application. 
     In the case of chip cards, there exits the problem here that only command instructions with absolute address parameters are available for the programs which are as a rule created at the chip card programming code level, in particular at the machine command level. These are command instructions with an absolute memory address system in which the access address in the memory of the chip card is specified directly and which is independent of the memory address of the corresponding command instruction itself. In the chip card, the command instructions which are generally used in PC systems and which have a relative memory addressing system are not at all available, or available only to a very restricted extent, with the result that in the case of programs for chip cards it is necessary to resort to accessing command instructions with an absolute memory addressing system. Such command instructions in the case of chip cards with absolute address parameters are, in particular, jump instructions, shift instructions or address instructions, for example the so-called ‘MOV_DPTR’, ‘#adrs’, ‘LCALL_adrs’ or ‘LJMP_adrs’ command instructions. 
     When a reloadable program is created with command instructions with absolute address parameters for a chip card it is therefore necessary for the memory area which is provided to be known, in particular for the start address, at which the program is to be reloaded, to be known. 
     If the program is to be stored at a different location in the memory, it is necessary to adapt specific command instructions with absolute address parameters. There are, in particular, two groups of command instructions with absolute address parameters available for this. A first group of these command instructions is independent of the memory area which the program in the memory occupies, in particular because the address parameters refer to memory areas which are not occupied by the reloadable program, for example to the operating system of the chip card. On the other hand, a second group of these command instructions is dependent on the memory area which the program occupies in the memory, in particular because the address parameters refer to the memory area which is occupied by the reloadable program. If the program is shifted, the address parameters of the second group of command instructions are adapted, while the address parameters of the first group of command instructions must remain unchanged. 
     A problem is that command instructions with absolute address parameters of the memory area of the reloadable program in the memory can be either independent or dependent. The distinction for command instructions with absolute address parameters between the first and 
     Second group is not dependent on the type of the respective command instruction here. The disadvantageous possibility is known that, during the actual creation of a reloadable program for chip cards, a specific version of the corresponding reloadable program, which takes into account its respective application-dependent arrangement in the memory of the chip card, is created for any foreseeable application which can be provided. 
     It is particularly disadvantageous that such an adaptation of the program to its application-dependent memory area assignment in the memory of the chip card can, generally, not be performed in particular by the user himself because the user frequently does not know the structure of the reloadable program, or is also not supposed to know it at all. In particular, it is necessary for complicated revision of the program to be performed “manually” or with specific compilers or interpreters by the manufacturer of the reloadable program. 
     SUMMARY 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a chip card with programs which can be reloaded as a function of the application and which permits a more advantageous adaptation of the respective program to its application-dependent memory area assignment in the memory of the chip card. 
     An advantage of the chip card according to the preset invention is that during the creation of a reloadable program which has command instructions with absolute address parameters, it is only necessary to create a single program version. This basic version of the program can then be reloaded into the memory of the chip card as a function of the application, and in particular can be installed or configured by means of the chip card itself, i.e., can be adapted to the memory area which is occupied as a function of the application. 
     It is particularly advantageous that the memory area which is occupied by the reloadable program can, according to the invention, preset have at least a first memory element and a second memory element for separating at least the command instructions with absolute address parameters, which refer to the memory area occupied by the program, and the memory areas which are not occupied by the program. Thus, the necessary adaptation of the reloadable program to the memory area occupied by it, i.e., the necessary adaptation of the program in particular to its application-dependent start address, can advantageously be carried out completely by the program execution unit of the chip card. To reload a program, a user of the chip card thus advantageously requires no detailed knowledge of the program structure, with the result that, in particular, it is possible to reload even programs which relate to the security of the chip card and whose internal structures are not supposed to be known to the user. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of the structure of the chip card according to the preset invention with program execution unit and memory in which programs which can be reloaded as a function of the application are stored, the programs having first and second command instructions with absolute address parameters. 
     FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of the structure of a reloadable program whose first and second command instructions are separated in the first and second memory elements of the memory area which is occupied by the reloadable program. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates, by way of example, a schematic view of the structure of the chip card CK according to the preset invention with a program execution unit P and a memory S. The memory S has at least one program which can be reloaded as a function of the application, the programs which are designated by the references P 1  to Pn and which are reloaded into the memory S as a function of the application being illustrated in FIG. 1 by way of example. Each of the reloadable programs P 1  to Pn occupies, in the reloaded state in the memory S, a specific memory area B 1  to Bn, each of which has, in particular, a start address SA 1  to SAn. The preset invention will be described below, in particular with respect to the example of the reloadable program P 1 . 
     The reloadable program P 1  has first command instructions, designated by OP 1 , with absolute address parameters A 1  which refer to memory areas which are not occupied by the reloadable program P 1  to Pn. For example, for the reloadable program P 1  which is illustrated in FIG. 1 these are those memory areas of the memory S which are located outside the memory area B 1 . The absolute addressing reference of the first command instructions OP 1  which are requested by means of the address parameters A 1  is illustrated in FIG. 1, by way of example, with the arrow J 1 . 
     Furthermore, the reloadable program P 1  has second command instructions, designated by OP 2 , with absolute address parameters A 2  which refer to the memory area B 1  which is occupied by the reloadable program P 1 . The absolute addressing reference of the second command instructions OP 2 , which is requested by means of the address parameter A 2 , is illustrated in FIG. 1, by way of example, with the arrow J 2 . 
     In FIG. 2, a reloadable program P 1  of the chip card CK according to the preset invention is illustrated by way of example, said program P 1  occupying the memory area B 1  in the memory S of the chip card CK according to the preset invention. The first and second command instructions, which have the respective references OP 1  and OP 2  in FIG. 1, have, by way of example, in FIG. 2 the references OP 11  to OP 1 z and OP 21  to OP 2 x, respectively, with the absolute 
     Address parameters adr 11  to adr 1 z and adr 21  to adr 2 x, respectively. The memory area B 1  which is occupied by the reloadable program P 1  in the memory S has, according to the preset invention , a first memory element NLA 1  and at least one second memory element LA 1 . Here, according to the preset invention the first command instructions OP 11  to OP 1 z whose absolute address parameters adr 11  to adr 1 z refer to memory areas which are not occupied by the reloadable program P 1  are arranged in the first memory element NLA 1 . Addressing references of the first command instructions OP 11  and OP 1 y to memory areas which are not occupied by the reloadable program P 1  are illustrated in FIG. 2, by way of example, with the arrows J 4  and J 5 , respectively. The second command instructions OP 21  to OP 2 x whose absolute address parameters adr 21  to adr 2 x refer to the memory area B 1  which is occupied by the reloadable program P 1  are, according to the preset invention arranged in the second memory element LA 1 . Addressing references of the second command instructions OP 21  and OP 2 x to the memory area B 1  which is occupied by the reloadable program P 1  are illustrated in FIG. 2 by way of example with the arrows J 6  and J 7 , respectively. 
     The structure of the reloadable program P 1  which is illustrated in FIG. 2 in schematic form is capable of being transferred to the programs P 1  to Pn which are illustrated in FIG. 1, can be reloaded according to the preset invention and occupy the memory areas B 1  to Bn in the memory S. The memory areas B 1  to Bn have the first and second memory elements NLA 1  to NLAn and LA 1  to LAn, respectively, which are illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     The preset invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the example of an embodiment illustrated in FIG.  2 . Here, according to the preset invention, the program execution unit P adapts, for example, those address parameters adr 21  to adr 2 x of the second command instructions OP 21  to OP 2 x which are arranged in the second memory element LA 1  during the reloading of the program P 1  into the memory area B 1  which is occupied as a function of the application. As a result of the advantageous sorting between the first and second command instructions OP 11  to OP 1 z and OP 21  to OP 2 x, respectively, which occurs according to the preset invention, only those address parameters adr 21  to adr 2 x of the second command instructions OP 21  to OP 2 x which are arranged in the second memory element LA 1  have to be adapted. The adaptation of the second command instructions OP 21  to OP 2 x is carried out, in particular, as a function of the start address SA 1  of the memory area B 1  which is occupied by the reloaded program P 1 . On the other hand, the program execution unit P does not perform any adaptation for those address parameters adr 11  to adr 1 z of the first command instructions OP 11  to OP 1 z which are arranged in the first memory element NLA 1  because said address parameters adr 11  to adr 1 z refer to memory areas outside the memory area B 1 . 
     For example, before the reloading, the program P 1  is initially created in hexadecimal form 0000h for the start address. After the reloading of the program P 1  to the application-dependent start address SA 1 , the program execution unit P adds the value of the start address SA 1  globally to all those address parameters adr 21  to adr 2 x of the second command instructions OP 21  to OP 2 x which are arranged in the second memory element LA 1 . As a result, the absolute addressing references of the address parameters adr 21  to adr 2 x, and thus the operational capability of the program P 1 , are maintained. 
     Owing to the programming relationship, in particular semantic relationship, between command instructions in a program, it may, in particular, be necessary also to be able to access memory areas outside the occupied memory area B 1  from the part of the reloadable program P 1  which is stored in the second memory element LA 1 . In one advantageous embodiment of the present invention, a programming access is carried out by second command instructions OP 21  to OP 2 x in the second memory element LA 1  to memory areas which are not occupied by the reloadable program P 1 , by means of the first command instructions OP 1  to OP 1 z arranged in the first memory element NLA 1 . This is explained below with reference to the example of a second command instruction OP 21  which has the reference OP 21 . The absolute address parameters adr 21  of the second command instruction OP 21  which is arranged in the second memory element LA 1  refer here to a first command instruction OP 1 y which is arranged in the first memory element NLA 1 , as is illustrated in FIG. 2, by way of example, by the arrow J 6 . The absolute address parameters adrly of the respective first command instruction OP 1 y refer to the memory areas i.e. in particular to that memory address of the memory S to which the programming access is to be made, as is illustrated in FIG. 2, by way of example, by the arrow J 5 . In particular, a jump table T with first command instruction OP 1 y to OP 1 z is advantageously arranged in the first memory element NLA 1 , by means of which a programming access of second command instructions OP 21  to OP 2 x which are arranged in the second memory element LA 1  can be made to memory areas which are not occupied by the reloadable program P 1 , these being, for example, memory areas of the chip card at which operating system routines are stored. 
     Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in more detail below with areference to FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the memory S of the chip card CK has a first memory subdivision S 1  to which the address parameters A 1  of the first command instructions OP 1  of the reloadable programs P 1  to Pn refer. Furthermore, the memory S advantageously has at least one second memory subdivision S 2  in which the memory area B 1  to Bn occupied by the reloadable programs P 1  to Pn is located. In particular, an operating system program BS of the chip card CK is preferably stored in the first memory subdivision S 1  of the memory S. The first memory subdivision S 1  and the second memory subdivision S 2  are, in particular, physically different memories of the chip card CK, for example a read-only memory in the form of a ROM module or a read/write memory in the form of an EEPROM module. While, for example, the operating system program BS can already be stored in the first memory subdivision S 1  of the memory S during the manufacture of the chip card CK, the programs P 1  to Pn can be subsequently reloaded into the second memory subdivision S 2  as a function of the application. Independently of the first and second memory subdivision S 1  and S 2 , respectively, the memory S of the chip card CK can advantageously have comprehensive memory addressing a system, for example from hexadecimal 0000h to hexadecimal FFFFh. 
     In one advantageous embodiment of the preset invention, at least the magnitude of the first memory elements NLA 1  to NLAn of the memory areas B 1  to Bn which are occupied by the reloadable programs P 1  to Pn are stored in the memory S of the chip card. The magnitude of the first memory element NLA 1  to NLAn is advantageously stored in the respective, occupied memory area B 1  to Bn, as is illustrated in FIG. 2 by way of example for the program P 1  with the reference L 1 . Furthermore, it is, in particular, also possible to store the magnitude of the second memory element LA 1  to LAn, as is illustrated in FIG. 2 by way of example for the program P 1  with the reference L 2 .