Abstract:
The present invention relates to methods and arrangements for scheduling of positioning channels and traffic in order to recover a sufficiently perfect orthogonality including scheduling tasks for the downlink and uplink direction. A scheduling manager co-ordinates the scheduling and measurement timing of first and second positioning schedulers that, respectively, allocate uplink and downlink radio resources.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to methods and arrangements in telecommunication systems for scheduling on the uplink and downlink in conjunction with positioning tasks for user equipments in said system. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Cellular telecommunication systems can be equipped to perform a number of different positioning methods to enable location services to the cellular subscribers. The following paragraphs present some conceivable methods: 
         [0003]    Cell-ID positioning determines the cell to which the user equipment (UE) is connected. The position of the user is hence determined with cell granularity. Typically the radio network controller (RNC) of the radio network (RAN) determines a 3-15 corner polygon that determines the geographical extension of the cell. The corners of this polygon are given as latitude, longitude pairs in the WGS84 geographical reference system. The cell-ID method is the backbone of all cellular positioning system since it is always available when the UE can be connected to the system. 
         [0004]    Enhanced cell-ID (Ecell-ID) positioning augments the Cell-ID positioning with auxiliary information that narrows down the area that is determined by the cell polygon. The most useful method in the wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) system is the round trip time (RTT) measurement. This measurement determines the travel time, back and forth, from the radio base station (RBS) to the UE and back. Using the speed of light, the distance from the known position of the RBS to the UE can be calculated, which determines a circular strip around the RBS where the UE is located. The thickness of the strip is determined by the measurement uncertainty. The Ecell-ID method is obtained by noticing that the UE is located both in the cell and in the circular strip—hence the UE is located in the intersection of these two geographical regions. 
         [0005]    Assisted GPS (A-GPS) positioning is an enhancement of the US military global positioning system (GPS). GPS reference receivers attached to, e.g., a cellular communication system, collect assistance data that, when transmitted to GPS receivers in terminals connected to the cellular communication system, enhances the performance of the GPS terminal receivers. Typically, A-GPS accuracy can become as good as 10 meters also without differential operation. The accuracy becomes worse in dense urban areas and indoors, where the sensitivity is often not high enough for detection of the very weak signals from the GPS satellites. Advantages of A-GPS include a high accuracy. The method easily meets the North American emergency positioning E-911 requirements of 50 meters for 67% of all positionings and 150 meters for 95% of all positionings. A drawback is the limited indoor coverage, which is a result of the low ranging signal strengths that are obtained at ground level. 
         [0006]    Downlink time difference of arrival with idle periods in the downlink (OTDOA-IPDL) refers to a positioning method that is similar to A-GPS in that it relies on time difference of arrival measurements. However, the OTDOA-IPDL method uses UE measurements of Pilot radio (CPICH in WCDMA) signals transmitted from several RBSs. The measurement results are signalled to the RNC, where a hyperbolic trilateration method is used for calculation of the position of the UE. In order to enhance the hearability of the RBSs in the UE, there is a possibility to use idle periods in the downlink (IPDL) in order to attenuate the transmissions from the RBS to which the UE is connected. This reduces the interference and hence enhances the hearability of other RBSs. A tentative advantage with OTDOA-IPDL is that it theoretically provides a better indoor coverage than does A-GPS. 
         [0007]    Uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA) is a positioning method that is currently under standardization within the 3GPP organization. It is similar to A-GPS in that it relies on time difference of arrival measurements. However, the UTDOA method uses RBS (or separate location measurement unit (LMU)) measurements of signals transmitted from the positioned UE. The transmitted signal is detected in a number of RBSs or LMUs, after which the measured results are signalled to a positioning node where the position of the UE is determined by a trilateration method. In order to be able to detect the time of arrival from measurements of opportunity from the UE, a reference signal first needs to be created in a master-LMU or master RBS. This is done by decoding of the signal, followed by reconstruction of the chip stream that then forms the reference signal. An advantage of UTDOA positioning is that it provides a better indoor coverage than does A-GPS. Outdoor accuracy is normally inferior to A-GPS though. 
         [0008]    An issue with terrestrial time difference of arrival methods, i.e. OTDOA-IPDL and UTDOA, is the receiver sensitivity when positioning is considered. Theoretically the methods can provide a three-dimensional position from 4 time-of arrival measurements (equivalent to three time-difference-of-arrival (pseudo)measurements). However, radio propagation conditions are far less beneficial than for A-GPS, since OTDOA-IPDL and UTDOA ranging signals propagate along the surface of the earth, whereas A-GPS signals propagate from above. The terrestrial positioning methods therefore suffer more from non-line-of-sight (LOS) propagation and multipath propagation. This results in outlier measurements, whose suppression requires the availability of excess detections, i.e. detections from significantly more than the minimum number of RBSs. In practice, to achieve a useful positioning accuracy, at least 6-8 RBSs need to be detected in the UE in case OTDOA-IPDL positioning is used. For UTDOA positioning at least 6-8 RBSs need to detect the UE transmissions in order to obtain useful position estimates in practical environments. 
         [0009]    The consequence of the above is that more remote RBSs need to be detected (for OTDOA-IPDL) or need to detect (for UTDOA). This means that lower signal strengths need to be detected with high probability. Calculations typically show that signals need to be detected down to about −40 dB C/I. Further, the pre-detection step needs to enhance the signal to about 11-13 dB C/I in order to achieve a sufficiently low false alarm rate. In essence, the processing gain for positioning purposes in any CDMA system needs to be 50-55 dB to make terrestrial positioning useful. This is significantly more than what is needed for other services, which means that positioning sensitivity requirements need to be assessed at the definition phase of the air-interface. 
         [0010]    There is thus an apparent need to circumvent and/or improve the situation in case certain multiple access schemes are in place. Together with multiple access methods with combined variable bandwidth or time division access with scrambling codes added in particular orthogonal frequency division multiple (OFDM) access schemes are discussed. OFDM is a modulation scheme using multi carrier transmission. The data stream to be transmitted is split into N parallel sub-streams, each with a N times lower rate than the original data stream. Each sub-stream modulates a separate sub-carrier. By selecting the sub-carrier spacing Δf=1/T, where T is the symbol duration, the sub-carriers are mutually orthogonal. Due to the relatively narrow bandwidth of each sub-carrier, the fading per sub-carrier will be (nearly) flat. Receiver processing is therefore straight-forward and OFDM is therefore an attractive solution for systems operating in time-dispersive environments. This, as well as other properties, has made OFDM the main candidate for the downlink of studies on UTRA long-term evolution (LTE) in 3GPP. 
         [0011]    Regarding the uplink, one main alternative is localized FDMA, where the scheduler assigns to a UE a specific bandwidth to be used for a specific period in time. This time duration is typically rather short, in the (sub-) millisecond range, after which other terminals are commanded to transmit. The frequency band assigned to a terminal can be contiguous or non-contiguous in frequency. It should be noted that the disclosed techniques of the present invention disclosure may also be partly applicable to other access schemes than those discussed here. 
         [0012]    The multiple access scheme for an uplink is a combination of
       Frequency-division and time division multiple access, where each user is allocated one set of resources in the frequency domain (with adjustable bandwidth) for a given and variable period of time (time slots with variable length), and   Scrambling codes that are unique to each UE within the system.       
 
         [0015]    In the current WCDMA system additional high-speed channels have been defined for the downlink (high speed downlink packet access, HSDPA) and the uplink (enhanced uplink, EUL). Major performance enhancements for these high-speed channels are provided by the scheduler function. The main idea in HSDPA is fast scheduling of transmissions between the RBS and the UEs so that the communication with a specific UE occurs at instances in time where the radio conditions are favourable (e.g. avoiding fading dips). The enhanced uplink concept rather schedules excess capacity of the uplink so that enhanced uplink traffic is allocated to periods of time when the total load of the uplink is sufficiently low. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0016]    From the description above it has been noted that A-GPS positioning is a high precision technology, however, with only limited indoor positioning availability as a major drawback while OTDPA-IPDL and UTDOA positioning have the technical potential to provide better indoor coverage than A-GPS and to deliver good precision whereby, however, the presently available detection sensitivities are not sufficient to provide a good enough accuracy. The introduction of orthogonal (uplink/downlink) radio communication channels between terminals or radio base stations, as far as terrestrial (OTDOA-IPDL and/or UTDOA) positioning measurements are concerned, can relax the very hard detection sensitivity requirements (at least −40 dB C/I). A problem is then that orthogonality is not perfect; rather orthogonality is limited by the cross correlation properties of the scrambling codes. 
         [0017]    It is an object of the present invention to solve the above problem by introducing arrangements and methods for scheduling of positioning channels and traffic in order to recover a sufficiently perfect orthogonality including scheduling tasks for the downlink and uplink direction. 
         [0018]    This object is achieved by a scheduling manager  111 , 211  and a method in said manager for coordinating the scheduling and measurement timing of first and second positioning schedulers  122 , 222  that, respectively, allocate uplink and downlink radio resources. 
         [0019]    Said first and second positioning schedulers  122 , 222 , which are integrated with existing schedulers  123 , 223  for accounting, e.g., load and available hardware resources, aim at securing a sufficiently perfect orthogonality in order to relax the interference conditions that normally limit the positioning detection performance by allocating uplink radio resources and downlink radio resources, respectively, on the air interface in order to secure a successful positioning (time-of-arrival) measurement for a user equipment  13 , 23  that is to be positioned. Hereby the user equipment  13 , 23  need not be located in a cell served by the radio base station unit  12 , 22  in question. 
         [0020]    The scheduling manager  111 , 211  typically resides in a centralised network node  11 , 21 , e.g. the RNC of a WCDMA system, whereas the positioning schedulers  122 , 222  can reside, e.g., in the radio base stations  12 , 22  of the radio access network. However, it is possible to locate the scheduling manager and positioning schedulers in whatever network unit that is responsible for scheduling tasks and the handling of positioning information. 
         [0021]    The scheduling manager  111 , 211  is either a part of the unit  112 , 212  responsible for UE positioning, or responds to commands from said unit whenever a terrestrial positioning shall be performed for a user equipment. The scheduling manager  111 , 211  is responsible for at least the following functionality:
       Receiving commands for terrestrial positioning measurements of a user equipment preferably together with information that support the scheduling of such measurements, e.g. the cell ID of the cell where the user equipment is connected and a list of “close enough” radio base stations where radio resources for positioning measurements are to be scheduled.   Requesting and/or receiving information from candidate radio base stations used for positioning. The information may include presently available radio resources, for instance free frequency bands, time slots in the uplink, free orthogonal tones in the downlink.   Calculation of scheduling commands for the respective positioning scheduler. This includes for the uplink access scheme mentioned above an indication of measurement time slot(s), frequency band(s) and bandwidth. For the downlink the information includes an indication of allowed tones as well as time slots for measurements. The algorithms used for this purpose need to balance the positioning needs, the reported available resources from radio base stations, priorities, while at the same time basic constraints are met.   Signalling of the scheduling commands to each affected positioning scheduler.       
 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0026]      FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an uplink positioning scheduler. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of a downlink positioning scheduler. 
           [0028]      FIG. 3  illustrates detailed block diagrams of a radio network controller and a radio base station in which the present invention can be integrated. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]    The present invention assumes introduction of orthogonality between terminals as far as terrestrial (OTDOA-IPDL and/or UTDOA) positioning measurements are concerned which, however, implies the problem that orthogonality is not perfect but rather limited by the cross correlation properties of the scrambling codes. In current  3 G WCDMA-systems, for instance, the downlink cross correlation suppression is worse than 10*log 10(38400)=45 dB since the code length is 38400 chips. In practice the cross correlation suppression may be only 35 dB. This follows since in GPS the cross correlation performance is optimized by the use of Gold codes. The performance is anyway about 7 dB below the theoretical limit, so a loss of 10 dB seems to be a realistic assumption for the scrambling codes used in current  3 G WCDMA-systems. Hence, close to an additional 20 dB of processing gain may be needed in order to get a sufficient performance when applying terrestrial positioning methods in this case. In the WCDMA uplink, the code length is longer and a higher processing gain is possible by integrating over a sufficiently long time period. However, (coherent) accumulation of energy over a long period of time may be cumbersome as the propagation conditions and/or UE position may change during this period. 
         [0030]    The following detailed description is made with reference to  FIG. 1 , depicting the uplink method, and  FIG. 2 , which depicts the downlink method. Both figures depict typical WCDMA RAN configurations; the present invention, however, is not limited to such configurations but may be implemented in many other ways. 
         [0031]    The information signalled to the radio base stations in a downlink positioning application is different for different transmitting radio base stations. For a single positioning, e.g. by selection of different tones and time slots for different radio base stations, orthogonality can be maintained in the receiving UE that performs the time of arrival positioning measurements. For multiple users, scheduling for orthogonality needs to account for different sets of transmitting radio base stations, a fact that may couple the scheduling task over the entire RAN. For uplink scheduling for positioning, as described herein, the task is to ensure that the transmissions from different user equipments that may interfere are scheduled so as to maintain orthogonality. This requires scheduling of allowed frequency bands and time slots for positioning transmissions over “close enough” simultaneous terrestrial positionings over the RAN. 
         [0032]    Regarding the uplink method in conjunction with  FIG. 1 , the Radio Network Controller  11  receives a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message  116 . The unit  112  responsible for user equipment (UE) positioning determines that an uplink terrestrial positioning method is to be used. The UE positioning may determine, e.g., the geographical Cell-ID position of the user equipment  13  or even compute a list of radio base stations  12 , 121  that are within range from the user equipment  13  to be positioned. Then, the unit  112  responsible for UE positioning function forwards this information to the Positioning Scheduler Manager  111  in form of a command to schedule positioning measurements. As depicted in  FIG. 1 , the Positioning Scheduler Manager  111  may be a part of the unit  112  responsible for UE Positioning. The forwarded information includes preferably the interval in time during which the positioning measurements shall be completed. The Positioning Scheduler Manager  111  may first need to retrieve information from all the radio base stations  12 , 121  that are involved in the new positioning. This information is signalled across the Iub-, or possibly the Iur-, interface. The signalled information  114  includes at least information on time slots, frequency bands, and priorities for resources that are already allocated to other user equipments that perform positioning transmissions. The Positioning Scheduler Manager  111  then determines the allowed time slot(s), the allowed frequency band(s), and bandwidth that the positioning scheduler(s)  122  for each involved radio base station  12  may use for final scheduling of radio resources for positioning measurements. Optionally, a priority value may also be assigned. This information is then sent over Iub to each (tentatively) involved radio base station  12  as part of a scheduling command  113 . 
         [0033]    The Positioning Scheduler  122  of a radio base station  12  (which is a part of an overall Scheduler  123  of the radio base station) that receives such information enters it into the Scheduler  123  of the radio base station  12 , where the demand for resources is balanced against other traffic and available hardware resources. When the scheduling is available, a grant (i.e. a scheduling command  124 ) is sent to the user equipment  13  that is to be positioned. It may also be necessary to issue a positioning measurement command that triggers radio transmission from the user equipment  13 . This command may be issued directly over the Uu-interface or over RRC from the radio network controller  11 . This latter alternative would also require backward signalling to the radio network controller over Iub. During the scheduled time slot and at the correct frequency band, the radio base stations  12  receive the radio signal from the user equipment  13  that is intended for the time-of-arrival measurement in a unit  126  of the radio base station  12 . The time-of-arrival is then estimated and forwarded over Iub to the unit responsible for UE Positioning  112 . Using measurement results from all radio base stations  12 , 121 , the unit  112  responsible for UE Positioning determines the position estimate and reports it back to the core network with a LOCATION REPORT  117  over the Tu-interface. 
         [0034]    Regarding the downlink method in conjunction with  FIG. 2 , the procedure begins by the reception of a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message  216  in the radio network controller. The unit  212  responsible for positioning determines that a downlink terrestrial positioning method is to be used. The unit  112  for UE positioning may determine, e.g., the geographical Cell-ID position of the user equipment  23  or even compute a list of radio base stations  22 , 221  that are within range from the user equipment  23  that is to be positioned. The unit  112  responsible for UE positioning forwards the information to the Positioning Scheduler Manager  211  in form of a command to schedule positioning measurements. As depicted in  FIG. 2 , the Positioning Scheduler Manager  211  may be a part of the UE Positioning function  211 . The forwarded information includes preferably the interval in time during which the positioning measurements must be completed. The Positioning Scheduler Manager  211  may first need to retrieve information from all the radio base stations  22 , 221  that are involved in the new positioning. This information is signalled across the Iub-, or possibly the Iur-, interface. The signalled information  214  includes at least the tones and priorities for resources that are already allocated to other user equipments that perform positioning measurements. The Positioning Scheduler Manager  211  then determines the allowed time slot(s) and the allowed tone(s) that the positioning scheduler(s)  222  of each involved radio base station  22  may use for final scheduling of radio resources for positioning measurements. Optionally, a priority may also be assigned. This information is then sent over the Iub-interface to each (tentatively) involved radio base station  22  as part of a scheduling command  213 . 
         [0035]    The Positioning Scheduler  222  of a radio base station (which is a part of an overall Scheduler  223  of the radio base station) that receives such information enters it into the Scheduler  223  of the radio base station  22 , where the demand for resources is balanced against other traffic and available hardware resources. When the scheduling is available the radio base station  22  will initiate transmissions accordingly. At this point in time the user equipment  23  has been informed to initiate positioning measurements at the correct tone(s). This command may either be signalled directly over the Uu-interface or over RRC. This latter alternative would also require backward signalling to the radio network controller  21  over the Tub-interface. During the scheduled time slot and for the scheduled tones, the user equipment receives the radio signal from each radio base station  22  that is intended for the time of arrival measurement. The time of arrival is then estimated and reported over RRC to the unit  212  responsible for UE Positioning. Using measurement results for all radio base stations  22 , 221 , the unit  212  responsible for UE Positioning determines the position estimate and reports it back to the core network with a LOCATION REPORT  217  over the Iu-interface. 
         [0036]    The above description implicitly assumes that the radio access network (RAN) is synchronized. The invention is however applicable also to unsynchronized RANs provided that the time relation between the RBSs and the UE are determined by other means. Given such relative timing information, the Positioning Scheduler Manager function can still operate as described above. Another alternative would be to introduce guard bands in time and frequency. The uplink and downlink radio access schemes used for the description of the present invention can of course be switched. Similar techniques can be applied also to other access methods. In such cases the signaled information would also be subject to change. The distribution of functionality in the RAN can be different than in the present IE.