Abstract:
An apparatus for toggling circuits includes a plurality of parallel channels each having a first end and a second end, a plurality of ports transverse to the plurality of parallel channels, wherein each port has a plurality of valves corresponding to the plurality of parallel channels, wherein each valve selectively opens and closes in response to an input and wherein opening a valve fills a portion of a port with a conducting fluid. The apparatus also includes a controller communicatively coupled to the input of each valve and configured to complete an electric circuit between the first end of the parallel channel and the port corresponding to the valve when the controller opens the valve. A method executed by a computer and a corresponding computer program product are also disclosed herein.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to printed circuits, and more specifically, to the use of conducting fluids to toggle individual electric circuits. 
         [0002]    In the field of printed circuits, control of the connectivity of individual circuits is difficult. One reason for this is that printed circuits have grown increasingly complicated as the complexity of printed circuits increases. One challenge is to maintain control over each individual circuit despite the number of circuits increasing and the dimensions of each circuit decreasing. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    As disclosed herein, an apparatus for toggling circuits includes a plurality of parallel channels each having a first end and a second end, a plurality of ports transverse to the plurality of parallel channels, wherein each port has a plurality of valves corresponding to the plurality of parallel channels, wherein each valve selectively opens and closes in response to an input and wherein opening a valve fills a portion of a port with a conducting fluid. The apparatus also includes a controller communicatively coupled to the input of each valve and configured to complete an electric circuit between the first end of the parallel channel and the port corresponding to the valve when the controller opens the valve. A method executed by a computer and a corresponding computer program product are also disclosed herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  depict examples of one embodiment of a microvalve in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0005]      FIGS. 2A-2B  depict examples of embodiments of a controllable circuitry in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0006]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a circuit toggling method in accordance with the present invention; and 
           [0007]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram depicting one example of a computing apparatus (i.e., computer) suitable for executing the methods disclosed herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0008]    Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to printed circuits, and more specifically, to the use of conducting fluids to toggle individual electric circuits. Insertion of conducting fluid into a microchannel may be used to complete an electric circuit, just as removing the conducting fluid may break the circuit. Thus, selectively controlling the presence/absence of conducting fluid in microchannels may provide a means of controlling the activity of circuits on a printed circuit board. Furthermore, use of conducting fluids in printed circuits may enable circuits to be highly compact while also possessing redundancies that make the circuits tolerant to damage. 
         [0009]    It should be noted that references throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language herein do not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the embodiments disclosed herein should be, or are in, any single embodiment of the invention. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, discussion of the features, advantages, and similar language, throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment. 
         [0010]    Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the invention. 
         [0011]    These features and advantages will become more fully apparent from the following drawings, description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the figures. 
         [0012]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  depict examples of one embodiment of a microvalve in accordance with the present invention. As depicted, microvalve  100  includes a conduction path  110 , a microvalve  120 , a port  130 , and a conducting fluid  140 .  FIG. 1A  depicts a closed microvalve  120  that prevents the conducting fluid  140  from entering the port  130 , whereas  FIG. 1B  depicts an open microvalve  120 , which may enable the conducting fluid  140  to enter port  130 . 
         [0013]    Conduction path  110  may be a conductive trace of a circuit. In some embodiments, microvalve  100  is one of many microvalves positioned serially along a portion of conduction path  110 . Conduction path  110  may be made of any conducting material used in printed circuitry, such as copper, silver, gold, aluminum, alloys thereof, graphene, and the like. The printed circuitry may be printed on a rigid or flexible printed circuit medium. 
         [0014]    Microvalve  120  may be a microstructure acting as a valve that, when closed, substantially impedes the flow of conducting fluid  140 . Microvalve  120  may be an active microvalve or passive microvalve. Active microvalves may include mechanical, non-mechanical, and external microvalves. Mechanical microvalves in turn may include magnetic, electric, piezoelectric, thermal, and bistable microvalves. Non-mechanical microvalves may include electrochemical, phase change, and rheological microvalves. External microvalves may include modular and pneumatic microvalves. In embodiments where microvalve  120  is a passive microvalve, microvalve  120  is either a mechanical check-valve microvalve, or a capillary microvalve. 
         [0015]    Port  130  may be a chamber or cavity that is empty when microvalve  120  is closed, but fills with conducting fluid  140  when microvalve  120  opens. When filled with conducting fluid  140 , port  130  may complete a circuit in the conduction path  110 , enabling electrons to flow from one end of conduction path  110 , through port  130 , and into the other end of conduction path  110 , as depicted in  FIG. 1B . When conducting fluid  140  is removed from port  130  and microvalve  120  is closed (as depicted in  FIG. 1A ), port  130  may act as an insulator that disrupts electron flow through conduction path  110 . 
         [0016]    Conducting fluid  140  may be any sort of fluid capable of bridging the gap in conduction path  110  so that electrons can pass through port  130 . Conducting fluid  140  may be selected based on one or several fluid properties, such as density, viscosity, electric conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Conducting fluid  140  may also be selected based on its hydraulic friction factor formed at the surfaces of the conduction path  110 , microvalve  120 , and/or port  130 . In some embodiments, conducting fluid  140  is selected based on its Reynolds number achieved when conducting fluid  140  flows into or out of port  130 . Conducting fluid  140  may include metals, such as mercury or gallium, that are liquid at temperatures associated with computing. In some embodiments, conducting fluid  140  includes any metallic or non-metallic element, compound, mixture, suspension, solution, or other combination that is capable of exhibiting fluid properties and conducting electrons through port  130 . Conducting fluid  140  may be a conductive ink. In some embodiments, conducting fluid  140  is stored in a reservoir such as one of the channels  230 A- 230 C depicted in  FIGS. 2A-2B . 
         [0017]      FIGS. 2A-2B  depict examples of embodiments of controllable circuitry  200  in accordance with the present invention.  FIG. 2A  is a side view and  FIG. 2B  is a top view. As depicted, controllable circuitry  200  includes channel ends  210 A and  210 B, circuit terminals  220 A- 220 D, channels  230 A- 230 C, ports  240 A- 240 D, and microvalves  250 A- 250 L, as well as controller  260  and controller circuits  270 A- 270 C. In the depicted embodiment, there are three channels  230 A- 230 C, which corresponds to a redundancy factor of three for controlling each circuit. 
         [0018]      FIG. 2A  is a side view of controllable circuitry  200  to illustrate the relation between the channels  230 A- 230 C, microvalves  250 A- 250 C, port  240 A and circuit terminal  220 A. The various dimensions of controllable circuitry  200  may be exaggerated for clarity. Conducting fluid may be stored in each of the channels  230 A- 230 C. In some embodiments, the conducting fluid is pumped into or out of channels  230 A- 230 C on demand. When a microvalve opens, conducting fluid flows from a channel through the microvalve and to the port, which enables electricity to flow to circuit terminal  220 A and activate a circuit. For example, when microvalve  250 B opens, conducting fluid flows from  230 B to contact port  240 A, completing a circuit. When the circuit is to be deactivated, the conducting fluid may be removed from the opened microvalve, at which point the microvalve may close. In some embodiments, the conducting fluid is removed via application of a negative pressure. The embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2A  may be considered to have a redundancy factor of three, as the circuit can be activated by opening either microvalve  250 A,  250 B, or  250 C. 
         [0019]    Turning to  FIG. 2B , controllable circuitry  200  has three parallel channels,  230 A- 230 C, which are bounded by channel ends  210 A and  210 B. Channels  230 A- 230 C may be capable of housing a conducting fluid such as conducting fluid  140  as described in  FIGS. 1A  and  1 B. In some embodiments, channel ends  210 A- 210 B and walls of channels  230 A- 230 C act as boundaries that confine the conducting fluid within one or more of the channels  230 A- 230 C. 
         [0020]    Circuits may be activated or deactivated by completing or breaking an electrical connection between channel end  210 A and one of the circuit terminals, such as circuit terminal  210 A. In one embodiment, a circuit is activated when a microvalve opens to allow conducting fluid to complete a circuit in a port, which electrically connects channel end  210 A with a circuit terminal corresponding to the open microvalve and port. For example, when microvalve  250 A opens, conducting fluid that was confined to channel  230 A may flow into port  240 A, which completes an electrical connection between channel end  210 A and circuit terminal  220 A. 
         [0021]    The controllable circuitry  200  thus may be controlled by selectively opening/closing one or more of the microvalves. If, for example, microvalve  250 B is damaged, then the circuit spanning channel end  210 A to circuit terminal  220 A may still be controllable by opening/closing either microvalve  250 A or  250 C. Thus, because there are three channels  230 A- 230 C in the depicted example, each of the four circuits in the depicted example has a redundancy factor of three. Ports  240 A- 240 D may contain a conductor that enables electricity to flow from channel end  210 A through a conducting fluid in a channel (such as channel  230 C), to an open microvalve (such as microvalve  250 H) in a port (such as port  240 C), and then to the circuit terminal associated with that port (such as circuit terminal  220 C). In some embodiments, there are more or fewer channels, as a higher number of channels may increase cost and/or scale up the redundancy of controllable circuitry  200 . 
         [0022]    Controller  260  may include any sort of digital controller capable of signaling the microvalves  250 A- 250 L with instructions to open and/or close. Controller  260  may open and close each microvalve  250 A- 250 L independently using controller circuits  270 A- 270 C. In some embodiments, controller  260  itself receives instructions from another microprocessor. Controller  260  may communicate independently with each microvalve  250 A- 250 L via one of the controller circuits  270 A- 270 C. For example, in order to open microvalves  250 B and  250 E and to close microvalve  250 J, controller signals microvalves  250 B and  250 E to open via controller circuit  270 B, and signals microvalve  250 J to close via controller circuit  270 A. When controller  260  signals a microvalve to close, the microvalve may pump the conducting fluid out of the microvalve and its corresponding port before closing, which may ensure that the electrical circuit is severed. When conducting fluid is not being used by a port or microvalve to complete a circuit, the conducting fluid may be stored in a reservoir such as channels  230 A- 230 C. 
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a circuit toggling method in accordance with the present invention. As depicted, circuit toggling method  300  includes receiving ( 310 ) instructions, opening ( 320 ) a valve, and closing ( 330 ) a valve. The circuit toggling method  300  may thus be used to selectively activate or deactivate a particular circuit, such as the circuits depicted in  FIGS. 2A-2B . 
         [0024]    Receiving ( 310 ) instructions to open a valve may include a microvalve receiving a signal to open. In some embodiments, the microvalve receives the signal from a controller, such as controller  260  depicted in  FIG. 2B . Opening ( 320 ) the valve may occur in response to receiving ( 310 ) instructions to open the valve. When the microvalve opens, a conducting fluid that the microvalve was previously holding back may enter a space such that an electrical circuit is completed. In some embodiments, the conducting fluid bridges an otherwise insulator gap, enabling electrons to flow through the fluid and across the gap. 
         [0025]    Closing ( 330 ) the valve and breaking the circuit may include removing the conducting fluid, closing the valve, and breaking the electrical circuit formed as a result of valve opening operation  320 . In some embodiments, the conducting fluid is returned to a storage reservoir, such as one of the channels  230 A- 230 C depicted in  FIGS. 2A-2B . Once the conducting fluid is removed and the valve is closed, the electrical circuit is broken and thus, the circuit is deactivated. The valve closing operation  330  may occur in response to a signal received from a controller. By repeating circuit toggling method  300  individual circuits may be selectively activated and deactivated. 
         [0026]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram depicting components of a computer  400  suitable for executing the methods disclosed herein. It should be appreciated that  FIG. 4  provides only an illustration of one embodiment and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environment may be made. 
         [0027]    As depicted, the computer  400  includes communications fabric  402 , which provides communications between computer processor(s)  404 , memory  406 , persistent storage  408 , communications unit  412 , and input/output (I/O) interface(s)  414 . Communications fabric  402  can be implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or control information between processors (such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric  402  can be implemented with one or more buses. 
         [0028]    Memory  406  and persistent storage  408  are computer readable storage media. In the depicted embodiment, memory  406  includes random access memory (RAM)  416  and cache memory  418 . In general, memory  406  can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media. 
         [0029]    One or more programs may be stored in persistent storage  408  for execution by one or more of the respective computer processors  404  via one or more memories of memory  406 . The persistent storage  408  may be a magnetic hard disk drive, a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. 
         [0030]    The media used by persistent storage  408  may also be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage  408 . Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto another computer readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage  408 . 
         [0031]    Communications unit  412 , in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices. In these examples, communications unit  412  includes one or more network interface cards. Communications unit  412  may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links. 
         [0032]    I/O interface(s)  414  allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to computer  400 . For example, I/O interface  414  may provide a connection to external devices  420  such as a keyboard, keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable input device. External devices  420  can also include portable computer readable storage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. 
         [0033]    Software and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention can be stored on such portable computer readable storage media and can be loaded onto persistent storage  408  via I/O interface(s)  414 . I/O interface(s)  414  may also connect to a display  422 . Display  422  provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be, for example, a computer monitor. 
         [0034]    The programs described herein are identified based upon the application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature. 
         [0035]    The embodiments disclosed herein include a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out the methods disclosed herein. 
         [0036]    The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
         [0037]    Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
         [0038]    Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
         [0039]    Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
         [0040]    These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0041]    The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0042]    The flowcharts and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.