Abstract:
An optical fiber amplifier includes a laser pump source for generating laser pump light; a fiber including an inner cladding layer optically coupled to a laser pump source for receiving laser pump light; a large mode area (LMA) core surrounded by the inner cladding, the LMA core including a confined region having a predetermined doping concentration of rare-earth ions for undergoing excitation to generate laser light when pumped by the laser pump light; and an outer cladding layer surrounding the inner cladding layer for substantially confining the laser pump light to the inner cladding and the LMA core. In a method of forming the optical fiber amplifier, a ratio of an area of the confined region to an area of the LMA core, and the predetermined doping concentration of the rare earth ions are selected so as to achieve a quantum efficiency (QE) gain factor of approximately 2, but such that the heat dissipation per unit length can be controlled by adjusting the area of the confined region.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The technical field relates generally to optical fiber lasers and methods of fabricating such optical fiber lasers and, more particularly, to optical fiber lasers having a confined Thulium doped configuration. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    A conventional optical fiber laser featuring a dual clad fiber (DCF) amplifier can include a laser diode based pump source for emitting laser pump light, an optical fiber having a core doped with rare-earth ions, an inner cladding, and an outer cladding surrounded by an outer protective jacket. The pump source can be, for example, high brightness arrays of laser diode bars based on GaAlAs, GaInPAs, GaInAlAs, GaInAs or similar active layers. The rare-earth ions can be, for example, ytterbium (Yb), ytterbium/erbium (Yb/Er), or thulium (Tm), each lasing at different wavelengths in combination with appropriate diode pump wavelengths. 
         [0003]    A conventional Tm-doped fiber laser pumped with standard diodes for emitting 790 nm light can emit a signal wavelength at 2000 nm. Thus, the conventional Tm-doped fiber laser has a maximum optical-to-optical efficiency of approximately 40% (790/2000). Under certain conditions, the optical-to-optical efficiency of a conventional Tm-doped fiber laser can theoretically be doubled by the so-called cross-relaxation process in which the  3 F 4 - 3 H 6  pump transitions of Tm 3+  near 800 nm are utilized as shown in  FIG. 4 . The Tm 3+  cross-relaxation is a nonradiative process in which a single excited Tm 3+  ion in the  3 H 4  level generates two Tm 3+  ions in the  3 F 4  upper laser level, theoretically doubling the maximum optical-to-optical efficiency from 40% to 80%. The Quantum Efficiency (the number of photons emitted divided by the number of pump photons absorbed) is thus effectively doubled. 
         [0004]    The mean inter-ionic distance must be sufficiently small such that the wave functions for the two ions can interact to achieve the cross-relaxation. Thus, the doping concentration of Tm 3+  must be sufficiently high. However, the high concentration of Tm 3+  leads to the drawback of increased density of heat generation, thereby resulting in high heat loads per unit length from intense pumping, and prohibiting high power applications through excessive temperature rise. The high heat loads can also cause fiber fusion (the fiber fuse phenomenon), in which the core of the fiber is destroyed by a moving melt zone driven by laser power absorption. 
         [0005]    One approach to dealing with the high heat loads has been to provide robust fiber cooling means such as liquid nitrogen flowing around the fiber. However, such cooling means can not remove heat fast enough to prevent the initiation of fiber fusion at fiber power levels of interest. 
         [0006]    Another approach to dealing with the high heat loads has been to reduce the size of the fiber core. However, this approach has the drawback of limited fiber power as a result of the intense beams inducing Brillouin scattering from acoustic vibrations, a phenomenon known as Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS). Hence, restricting the core size to manage the heat load leads to limitations in the useful fiber power. 
         [0007]    It would be desirable to have an optical fiber laser that can utilize the cross-relaxation process for operational use while having a sufficiently low heat load, i.e., power dissipated per unit fiber length. It would be further desirable for such an optical fiber laser to generate light with a wavelength within the eye safe spectral region for which the wavelength (λ) is greater than approximately 1.5 microns. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    The present disclosure concerns a fiber associated with a fiber amplifier, including: an inner cladding layer; an outer cladding layer surrounding the inner cladding layer; a large mode aperture (LMA) core disposed within the inner cladding layer; and a confined region within the LMA core. The confined region can include a predetermined doping concentration of thulium ion (Tm +3 ). The ratio of the area of the confined region to the total area of the LMA core, and the predetermined doping concentration of Tm +3 , are selected so as to achieve a quantum efficiency (QE) gain factor of around 2. 
         [0009]    The present disclosure also concerns a method of fabricating a fiber amplifier for generating laser light in response to pump light from a pump source. The method includes: forming a large mode area (LMA) core; and forming a confined region within a predetermined area of the LMA core, the confined region having a predetermined doping concentration of Tm +3 , wherein a ratio of the predetermined area of the confined region and an area of the LMA core, and the predetermined doping concentration of Tm +3  are selected in order to achieve a predetermined QE gain defined as a ratio of emitted photons to absorbed pump photons. 
         [0010]    Accordingly, a fiber amplifier or laser can operate at a high power while reducing the heat load to a tolerable level by using robust cooling means, and maintain the intensity of the laser signal at a level sufficiently low to avoid or prevent nonlinear effects such as Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve further to illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 1A-1B  are diagrams illustrating a Tm-doped optical fiber amplifier structure according to various embodiments; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating the lowest order mode of the optical fiber amplifier shown in  FIGS. 1A-1B ; and 
           [0014]      FIGS. 3A-3B  are diagrams illustrating a conventional Tm-doped optical fiber amplifier; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a representative illustration of the cross-relaxation process in thulium; and 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for manufacturing an optical fiber amplifier similar to the optical fiber amplifier structure shown in  FIGS. 1A-1B . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    In overview, the present disclosure concerns optical fiber lasers, and fiber amplifier associated with such fiber lasers. More particularly, various inventive concepts and principles are embodied in an apparatus, and methods therein for providing an improved optical fiber amplifier or laser. 
         [0018]    The instant disclosure is provided to further explain in an enabling fashion the best modes of performing one or more embodiments of the present invention. The use of relational terms such as first and second, and the like, if any, are used solely to distinguish one from another entity, item, or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities, items or actions. It is noted that some embodiments may include a plurality of processes or steps, which can be performed in any order, unless expressly and necessarily limited to a particular order; i.e., processes or steps that are not so limited may be performed in any order. 
         [0019]    Referring to the figures, various embodiments of an optical fiber amplifier  100  will be discussed with reference to the drawings in which like numbers reference like components, and in which a single reference number may be used to identify an exemplary one of multiple like components. The optical fiber amplifier  100  receives an input signal at one end and emits an amplified version of that signal at the output end when appropriately pumped. Thus, the optical fiber amplifier can operate as a fiber laser when provided with means for feedback from the output end. 
         [0020]    An elevational view of the optical fiber amplifier  100  is shown in  FIG. 1A , and a cross-sectional view of the optical fiber laser  100  along line IB-IB of  FIG. 1A  is shown in  FIG. 1B . The optical fiber amplifier  100  includes an outer cladding layer  110  surrounding an inner cladding layer  120 , a large mode area (LMA) core  130  disposed within the inner cladding layer  120 , and a confined doping region  140  within the LMA core  130 . 
         [0021]    The outer cladding layer  110  is for confining pump light, and the inner cladding layer  120  is for facilitating optical pumping. Accordingly, the outer cladding layer  110  is preferably composed of polymers or glass, and the inner cladding layer  120  is preferably composed of silica. Generally, the material of the outer cladding layer  110  should have a refractive index that promotes the wave guiding properties of the inner cladding layer  120 . 
         [0022]    The LMA core  130  is preferably composed of germanate or tellurite, though other materials such as silica can be used. A predetermined area of the LMA core  130 , which is referred to here as the confined doping region  140 , is doped with a predetermined doping concentration of rare-earth ions. Preferably, the rare-earth ions are thulium (Tm) Tm 3+  ions. However, the dopant in the confined region  140  is not limited to Tm +3  ions. Other Lanthanide metals such as, for example, erbium (Er), praseodymium (Pr) or holmium (Ho) can be used in order to achieve a high doping concentration when that is desirable while reducing the linear density of heat generation. 
         [0023]    The optical fiber amplifier  100  can be coupled to a pump source such as, for example, GaAlAs, GaAsP, or GaInAlAs diode pumps (not shown), to provide pump light which excites the rare-earth ions in the confined region  140  to thereby provide optical gain and amplification of laser light. 
         [0024]    The optical fiber amplifier  100  can be mounted in thermal contact with a heat sink for removal of heat dissipated within the confined region  140  during high power operation. Alternatively, the fiber amplifier  100  can be suspended in a flowing liquid coolant. 
         [0025]    As discussed above, the Quantum Efficiency (QE) of the fiber amplifier  100  can be doubled (2×QE) by utilizing the  3 F 4 - 3 H 6  pump transitions of Tm 3+  ions which occur during the cross-relaxation process. As shown in  FIG. 4 , during the cross-relaxation process a single excited Tm 3+  ion in the  3 H 4  level generates two Tm 3+  ions in the  3 F 4  upper laser level, theoretically doubling the QE from 1 to 2. As discussed below, a predetermined doping concentration N crit  of the confined region  140  should be set to preferably assure 2×QE, or at least a QE greater than 1, as well as be confined to a smaller volume within the LMA core  130  so that heat loading can be reduced. 
         [0026]    Given the areas of the confined region  140  including the rare earth ions (A confinement ), the area of the inner cladding layer  120  (A clad ), the doping concentration (N crit ) of Tm as the rare earth ions, the power of the laser pump light (P pump ) and the laser signal light (P sig ), the absorption cross section (δ abs ) and emission cross section (δ emiss ), the absorption of pump light and the gain in laser signal along the length z of the fiber amplifier is shown below by Formulas (1): 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                  
                 
                   P 
                   pump 
                 
               
               
                  
                 z 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 σ 
                 abs 
               
                
               
                 N 
                 crit 
                 Tm 
               
                
               
                 
                   A 
                   confinement 
                 
                 
                   A 
                   clad 
                 
               
                
               
                 P 
                 pump 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                  
                 
                   P 
                   sig 
                 
               
               
                  
                 z 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 σ 
                 emiss 
               
                
               
                 N 
                 crit 
                 Tm 
               
                
               
                 
                   A 
                   confinement 
                 
                 
                   A 
                   clad 
                 
               
                
               
                 P 
                 sig 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0027]    Formulas (1) imply that the ratio of fiber length needed for fixed absorbed power and signal gain is inversely proportional to the ratio of the area of the confined region  140  to the area of the inner cladding layer  120 . That is, reducing the area of the confined region  140  by half requires increasing the fiber length by twice. Further, the heat load is also proportional to the ratio of the area of the confined region  140  to the area of the inner cladding layer  120 . Thus, the length of the optical fiber can be increased to reduce the heat load while maintaining constant signal gain and pump absorption. 
         [0028]    As shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B , a conventional optical fiber laser  300  includes an outer cladding layer  310  surrounding an inner cladding layer  320 , and a Tm-doped LMA core  330  disposed within the inner cladding layer  320 . Accordingly, the ratio of the area of the Tm-doped LMA core  330  to the total inner cladding layer  320  area is established in accordance with the relationships discussed below in order to reduce heat and achieve fixed absorbed power and signal gain. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                          
                         
                           P 
                           pump 
                         
                       
                       
                          
                         z 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         σ 
                         abs 
                       
                        
                       
                         N 
                         crit 
                         Tm 
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           A 
                           confinement 
                         
                         
                           A 
                           clad 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         P 
                         pump 
                       
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     
 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       
                          
                         
                           P 
                           sig 
                         
                       
                       
                          
                         z 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         σ 
                         emiss 
                       
                        
                       
                         N 
                         crit 
                         Tm 
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           A 
                           confinement 
                         
                         
                           A 
                           clad 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         P 
                         sig 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formulas 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     2 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0029]    The ratio of fiber length needed for fixed absorbed power and signal gain in the conventional fiber laser  300  is inversely proportional to the ratio of the area of the LMA core  330  to the area of the inner cladding  320  rather than just the confined region as in the fiber amplifier  100 . In comparison, the fiber amplifier  100  of  FIGS. 1A-1B  can distribute the power dissipated in the amplification process along a fiber of greater length, thereby reducing temperature rise in the fiber core. 
         [0030]    Further, the area of the LMA core  130  may be sufficiently large so as to suppress or minimize undesirable nonlinear parasitic effects such as Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Four Wave Mixing (FWM), Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) when operated at higher optical power levels. 
         [0031]    The lowest order mode of the fiber amplifier  100  is shown in  FIG. 2 . The mode has a Gaussian-like profile with the mode primarily confined in the LMA core  130  and the peak in the confined doping region  140 . Accordingly, the confined region has increased coupling with excited ions, and the LMA core  130  can achieve efficient gain saturation due to the overlap with the confined region  140 . Further, selectivity of the lowest order mode can be achieved by adjusting the area of the confined region  140  and the inner cladding  120 . Because of this selectivity, a larger LMA core size in possible, further reducing nonlinear effects for a given confined doping region. 
         [0032]    The predetermined doping concentration of the rare earth ions in the confined region  140  of the LMA core  130  should be sufficient for providing optical gain only within the confined region  140 . Thus, the propagating signal mode supported by the LMA core substantially overlaps the confined region containing the Tm +3  ion doping, such that the optical gain for the lowest order propagating signal mode is greater than that for any other higher order propagating signal mode, and hence operation in the lowest order signal mode is favored and maximally efficient. The Tm +3  of the confined region can provide laser light well within the eyesafe region. Further, although the 2×QE effect has only been discussed here primarily for Tm +3  ions, it should be noted that any other RE ions in particular fiber glass compositions that can achieve the 2×QE effect by fortuitous alignment of energy levels can also be used. 
         [0033]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , a method of fabricating a fiber amplifier for an optical fiber laser will be discussed. At  502 , a fiber with the LMA core  130  is formed with sufficient size for accommodating the confined region  140  to suppress nonlinear parasitic effects during high power operation. The fiber of the LMA core  130  can be coiled to strip out higher order modes and thereby support a large area single propagating signal mode. 
         [0034]    At  504 , a predetermined area of the LMA core  130  is doped during the fabrication process with a predetermined doping concentration of a rare earth ion, primarily Tm +3 , to form the confined region  140 . The predetermined area of the confined region  140 , the area of the LMA core  130 , and the predetermined doping concentration of rare earth ion are selected in order to achieve the 2×QE effect. The predetermined area of the confined can be adjusted to control a level of heat dissipation per unit length of fiber. Also, the predetermined doping concentration of the rare earth ion sufficient for providing optical gain should exist only within the confined region  140 . 
         [0035]    In order to maintain a substantially equal refractive index between the LMA core  130  and the confined region  140 , additional constituents such as fluorine, Al, P, or other elements having known refractive index impact, can be added to the LMA core  130  to compensate for a refractive index change in the confined region due  140  resulting from the doping action. Maintaining a substantially equal refractive index between the LMA core  130  and the confined region  140  ensures that a propagating signal mode supported by the LMA core  130  substantially overlaps the confined region  140  to thereby make an optical gain for the lowest order propagating signal mode greater than that for any other higher order propagating signal mode and ensures efficient extraction of the stored energy. 
         [0036]    At  506 , the inner cladding layer  120  is formed to surround the LMA core  130 . At  508 , the outer cladding layer  110  is formed to surround the inner cladding layer  120 . As discussed above, the inner cladding layer  120  can be formed from silica, perhaps with dopants for refractive index modification, and the outer cladding layer can be formed from polymers or low index glass. It is understood that the details of fabricating the layers are well understood by those versed in the art, and that the sequence of steps described above are conceptual for the purpose of understanding the operation of the disclosed device. 
         [0037]    The optical fiber, including the cladding layers and the core, can be made by first constructing a large-diameter preform and then pulling the preform to form the long thin optical fiber. 
         [0038]    The outer cladding layer  110  can be mounted to be in thermal contact with a heat sink (not shown) for removal of heat dissipated within the confined region  140  during high power operation, such that the temperature does not rise excessively so as to reduce the QE. Alternatively, the outer cladding layer  110  can be suspended in a liquid coolant for heat removal. 
         [0039]    The optical fiber amplifier  100  can also be incorporated into a conventional high power fiber laser as well as the Tm-doped fiber amplifier discussed above, with the same advantages. Examples of such laser configurations include power oscillators, master oscillator power amplifiers (MOPAs), coherently combined phased arrays and spectrally combined arrays. 
         [0040]    The apparatuses and methods discussed above and the inventive principles thereof are intended to and will provide an optical fiber amplifier having capability of high power operations. It is expected that one of ordinary skill given the above described principles, concepts and examples will be able to implement other alternative procedures and constructions that offer the same benefits. It is anticipated that the claims below cover many such other examples.