Abstract:
The present invention provides photonic devices utilized in optical telecommunications. The photonic devices include photosensitive bulk glass bodies which contain Bragg gratings, particularly with the ultraviolet photosensitive bulk glass bodies directing optical telecommunications wavelength range bands. Preferably the ultraviolet photosensitive bulk glass bodies are batch meltable alkali boro-alumino-silicate bulk glass bodies. One embodiment of the invention relates to an optical element including a transparent photosensitive bulk glass having formed therein a non-waveguiding Bragg grating; and a optical element optical surface for manipulating light. Desirably, the photosensitive bulk glass has a 250 nm absorption less than 10 dB/cm.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This is a division of application Ser. No. 09/874,721, filed Jun. 5, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,510,264. 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/221,770 filed Jul. 31, 2000, entitled BULK INTERNAL BRAGG GRATINGS AND OPTICAL DEVICES, of Venkata A. Bhagavatula, Nicholas F. Borrelli, Monica K. Davis and Edward F. Murphy, III, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     This application is related to co-filed U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/221,770, filed Jul. 31, 2000, entitled UV Photosensitive Melted Germano-Silicate Glass, by Nicholas F. Borrelli, George B. Hares and Charlene M. Smith, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to photonic devices utilized in optical telecommunications, and in particular photonic devices utilizing photosensitive bulk glass bodies which contain Bragg gratings. In particular photonic devices for directing wavelength range bands are provided from ultraviolet photosensitive bulk glass bodies, and preferably from batch meltable alkali boro-alumino-silicate bulk glass bodies. 
     Optical refractive index Bragg grating patterns formed in bulk glass bodies are utilzed to reflect optical telecommunication wavelengths of light. Such bulk internal Bragg grating devices provide economic and manufacturing benefits for the production of optical telecommunication photonic devices. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention includes an optical communications wavelength device for use with wavelength range bands, said device comprising an input optical waveguide collimator, said input optical waveguide collimator collimating an input light beam out of an optical waveguide to provide an unguided input light beam including at least one reflective communications wavelength range band λ R  and at least one communications wavelengths range band λ n  preferably including λ n1 , λ n2 , λ n3  and λ n4 , a bulk non-waveguiding, internal Bragg grating, said bulk Bragg grating comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium including an internal modulated refractive index grating with a grating pattern period for reflecting said at least one wavelength range band λ R , at least one output coupler, said output coupler for outputting at least one output wavelength range band, and a substrate structure for securing said bulk Bragg grating relative to said input collimator and said output coupler, said bulk Bragg grating disposed in said unguided input light beam wherein said at least one wavelengths range band λ n  is transmitted through said bulk Bragg grating and said at least one wavelength range band λ R  is reflected by said bulk Bragg grating. 
     The invention further includes a method of making an optical communications wavelength device, said method comprising providing an input optical waveguide collimator for producing a collimated unguided input light beam path, providing a bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium, providing a reflected wavelength output coupler and a transmitted wavelength output coupler, securely disposing said provided bulk internal Bragg grating relative to said input optical waveguide collimator, said reflected wavelength output coupler, said transmitted wavelength output coupler, and in the collimated unguided input light beam path wherein a reflected wavelength is reflected by said bulk internal Bragg grating to said reflected wavelength output coupler and a transmitted wavelength is transmitted through said bulk internal Bragg grating and to said transmitted wavelength output coupler. 
     The invention further includes an optical communications planar integrated waveguide circuit device for operating on communications wavelengths including at least one reflectable wavelength, said device comprising a planar waveguide substrate supporting a waveguiding integrated circuit core and a waveguiding integrated circuit cladding covering said core, said planar waveguide substrate comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium, said transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium containing within it a bulk Bragg internal modulated refractive index grating with a grating pattern for reflecting at least one reflectable wavelength, said refractive index grating proximate adjacent said core wherein a reflectable wavelength guided by said core is reflected by said refractive index grating. 
     The invention further includes a method of making an optical planar integrated waveguide circuit, said method comprising providing a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium planar waveguide substrate having a near core side, forming a waveguiding integrated circuit core, cladding said core, forming a bulk Bragg internal modulated refractive index grating in said transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium planar waveguide substrate proximate said near core side wherein a waveguided wavelength guided by said core is reflected manipulated by said refractive index grating. 
     The invention further includes an optical waveguide semiconductor laser device for an optical waveguide communications system, said device comprising an optical waveguide system semiconductor laser for producing a reflectable wavelength λ R  utilized in an optical waveguide system, preferably a pump or signal laser a bulk internal Bragg laser grating, said bulk Bragg laser grating comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium including an internal modulated refractive index grating with a grating period for reflecting said wavelength λ R , a substrate structure for securing said bulk Bragg laser grating relative to said semiconductor laser wherein said wavelength λ R  produced by said semiconductor laser is reflected by said bulk internal Bragg laser grating back into said semiconductor laser. Preferably semiconductor laser device comprises a signal laser or a pump laser. 
     The invention further includes a method of making an optical waveguide semiconductor laser device, said method comprising providing a bulk internal Bragg laser grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium, providing an optical waveguide system semiconductor laser for producing an optical waveguide system wavelength securely disposing said bulk optical grating medium relative to said semiconductor laser wherein a wavelength produced by said semiconductor laser is reflected by said bulk internal Bragg laser grating back into said semiconductor laser. 
     The invention further includes an optical communications wavelength optical element for operating on light range bands, said optical element comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium, preferably a photosensitive bulk glass, said optical element having at least one optical element optical surface for manipulating light, said bulk glass including an internal modulated refractive index Bragg grating pattern for reflecting at least one wavelength range band. 
     The invention further includes a multi-mask grating former, said grating former comprised of a first grating phase mask and an opposing second grating phase mask and a phase mask spacing structure, said phase mask spacing structure securing said first phase mask away from said second phase mask to provide a photosensitive optical grating medium receiver space for reception of a photosensitive optical grating medium between said first and second masks with said first phase mask in alignment with said second phase mask. 
     The invention further includes a method of making an optical waveguide communications wavelength device, said method comprising providing an input optical waveguide collimator for producing a collimated unguided input light beam path from an optical waveguide, providing a bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium, providing a wavelength output waveguide coupler, securely disposing said provided bulk internal Bragg grating relative to said input optical waveguide collimator, said output coupler, and in the collimated unguided input light beam path wherein a reflected wavelength is reflected by said bulk internal Bragg grating and a transmitted wavelength is transmitted through said bulk internal Bragg grating. In an embodiment the reflected wavelength is outputted. In a further embodiment the transmitted wavelength is outputted. In a further embodiment the reflected wavelength is outputted to a first output coupler and a transmitted wavelength is outputted to a second output coupler. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the invention with a reflected output coupler utilized to output λ R . 
     FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIGS. 4 and 4 a  show a preferred embodiment of a bulk internal Bragg grating in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the invention with an unguided input light beam with a collimated beam width BW. 
     FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of the invention with the bulk optical grating medium including a thin film filter. 
     FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 11 shows a method in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 12 shows the reflectivity and transmission of a grating in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 12 a  shows a method in accordance with the invention and the geometry of the exposure and reflectivity/transmission measurements of FIG.  12 . 
     FIG. 13 shows a multi-mask grating former in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 14 shows a method in accordance with the invention. 
     FIGS. 15 and 15 a  (cross section view) show an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIGS. 16 and 16 a  (cross section view) show an embodiment of the ivention. 
     FIGS. 17 and 17 a  show an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIGS. 18 and 18 a  show an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIGS. 19 and 19 a  shown an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIGS. 20 and 20 a  show an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 21 shows a reflection spectrum of a grating in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention includes an optical communications wavelength device for use with wavelength range bands. The communications wavelength device includes an input optical waveguide collimator for collimating an input light beam out of an optical waveguide to provide an unguided input light beam which includes at least one reflective communications wavelength range band λ R  and at least one communications wavelength range band λ n . The device further includes a bulk internal Bragg grating comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium including an internal modulated refractive index grating with a grating pattern for reflecting the at least one wavelength range band λ R . The device includes at least one output coupler for outputting at least one output wavelength range band. The device includes a substrate structure for securing the bulk Bragg grating relative to the input collimator and the output coupler with the bulk Bragg grating disposed in the unguided input light beam wherein the at least one wavelength range band λ n  is transmitted through the bulk Bragg grating and the at least one wavelength range band λ R  is reflected by the bulk Bragg grating. In a preferred embodiment the device comprises an optical communications demultiplexer/multiplexer. In a further embodiment the device comprises a gain flattening filter. 
     FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention. Input optical waveguide collimator  20  produces input light beam  22  out of optical waveguide  24 . Bulk internal Bragg grating  26  is comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  with an internal modulated refractive index grating  30 . Output couplers  32  include reflected output wavelength range band output coupler  34  and transmitted output wavelength range band output coupler  36 . Reflected output coupler  34  is disposed relative to bulk Bragg grating  26  wherein λ R  is reflected by internal grating  30  to output coupler  34 . Transmitted output coupler  36  is disposed relative to bulk Bragg grating  26  and input beam  22  wherein λ n  is transmitted through grating  26  and into output coupler  36 . FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the invention wherein only a reflected output coupler is utilized to output λ R . Such an embodiment can be utilized to separate λ R  when there is no need to output the transmitted wavelengths of λ R . A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 3 wherein the transmitted wavelengths of λ R  are outputted and the wavelengths of λ n  are separated out by bulk grating  26  but not outputted. 
     FIGS. 4 and 4 a  show a preferred embodiment of bulk internal Bragg grating  26 . Transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  is preferably a photosensitive bulk glass  38 . Internal modulated refractive index grating pattern  30  is photo-induced formed inside photosensitive bulk glass  38  using a photo-inducing radiation grating pattern. The photo-inducing radiation grating pattern induces a change in the refractive index of the glass exposed to the radiation pattern. FIG. 4 a  is a cross section of FIG.  4 . Preferably photosensitive bulk glass  38  has a 250 nm absorption that is less than 30 dB/cm. Preferably glass  38  has a 250 nm absorption &lt;20 dB/cm, more preferably &lt;15 dB/cm, more preferably &lt;5 dB/cm. Such glass absorption&#39;s allow for beneficial grating characteristics and the formation of gratings with a radiation pattern at a UV wavelength of 250 nm or less. Preferably the bulk grating  30  in bulk glass  38  has a refractive index photosensitivity modulation level Δn&gt;10 −4 . More preferably the index modulation Δn&gt;2×10 −4 . In a preferred embodiment photosensitive bulk glass  38  is an alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass that contains germanium and is hydrogen (H 2 ) loadable. Preferably the alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass is a melted glass, preferably with a melting temperature ≦1650° C. The bulk glass  38  is preferably a below 250 nm photosensitive alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass with ≦70 mole % SiO 2 , ≧25 mole % B 2 O 3 , ≧2 mole % GeO 2 , &lt;10 mole % Al 2 O 3  and &lt;10 mole % alkali. More preferably glass  38  has a composition of 42-67 mole % SiO 2 , 2-15 mole % GeO 2 , 25-36 mole % B 2 O 3 , 2-6 mole % Al 2 O 3  and 2-6 mole % R 2 O where R is an alkali. 
     As shown in FIG. 5, unguided input light beam  22  has a collimated beam width BW. Internal modulated refractive index grating  30  has a grating depth GD with GD&gt;BW. Preferably the grating depth GD extends from a top surface of bulk grating medium  28 , has a first entrance/exit side  40  and an opposing second entrance/exit side  42  with grating  30  comprised of a plurality of photo-induced grating elements  44  which have a progression from first side  40  to second side  42 . As shown in FIG. 6, grating medium  28  has a top surface  48  and a bottom surface  50 . Unguided input beam  22  has a beam width BW. Photo-induced grating elements  44  have a grating depth length GD in a direction between surface  48  and  50  with GD&gt;BW. Preferably top surface  48  is normal to the first side  40  and second side  42 , more preferably with first side  40  parallel to second side  42 . Preferably first entrance/exit side  40  is planar and second entrance/exit side  42  is planar. In an alternative embodiment first and/or second entrance/exit sides  40 ,  42  may include a curved surface. The whole surface of the side can be curved such as a bulk lens element or just part of the side can be a curved surface or multiple curved surfaces such as a lens array. The curved surface can be made from grating medium  28  such as by grinding, finishing, and polishing, or can be a separate optical material that is adhered to the optical grating medium. 
     In a embodiment of the invention the optical communications wavelength device includes a thin film filter made of a stack of alternating dielectric layers for reflecting/transmitting communications wavelengths. More than one thin film filter can be used with the invention. The thin film filter is positioned in unguided input light beam  22 , where the thin film filter can operate on the incident light beam. Preferably the thin filter is positioned after bulk Bragg grating  26 . As shown in FIG. 7, thin film filter  52  is deposited on bulk optical grating medium  28 . Thin film filter  52  can be deposited on first entrance/exit side  40 , with the thin film filter covering the whole side or deposited on just a portion of the side  40 . Thin film filter  52  can be deposited on second entrance/exit side  42 , with the thin film filter covering the whole side or deposited on just a portion of the side  42 . Thin film filters  52  can be deposited on both entrance/exit sides  40  and  42 . 
     Preferably bulk grating  26  is formed from a hydrogen loaded bulk glass  38  where the grating pattern is formed in the bulk glass when the glass contains a sufficient amount of molecular hydrogen, preferably at least 1×10 18  H 2  molecules/cm 3 , and more preferably at least 1×10 19 . After grating elements  44  are made in the glass the loaded hydrogen is allowed and promoted to diffuse back out of the glass so that bulk grating  26  is a bulk glass  38  with a diffusion lowered hydrogen level &lt;10 18  molecules/cm 3 . Such lowered hydrogen levels are provided by allowing the hydrogen gas to diffuse out such as into a hydrogen depleted or low hydrogen atmosphere. 
     As shown in FIG. 8, the inventive bulk grating optical device includes a second bulk internal Bragg grating comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium including a second internal modulated refractive index grating with a grating pattern for reflecting an at least one transmitted wavelength range band λ n1 , and a second reflected output wavelength range band output coupler. The second reflected output coupler outputs the wavelength range band λ n1 . The second bulk internal Bragg grating is after the λ R  reflecting bulk Bragg grating. The second bulk internal Bragg grating is disposed in the unguided input light beam wherein at least one wavelength range band λ n  is transmitted through the second bulk Bragg grating and the wavelength range band λ n1  is reflected by the second bulk Bragg grating to the second reflected output coupler. 
     As shown in FIG. 9, the inventive bulk grating optical device includes a third bulk internal Bragg grating  26  comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium including a third internal modulated refractive index grating with a grating pattern for reflecting an at least one transmitted wavelength range band λ n2 , and a third reflected output wavelength range band output coupler. The third reflected output coupler outputs the wavelength range band λ n2 . The third bulk internal Bragg grating is after the second bulk Bragg grating and disposed in the unguided input light beam wherein at least one wavelength range band is transmitted through the third bulk Bragg grating and the wavelength range band λ n2  is reflected by the third bulk Bragg grating to the third reflected output coupler. 
     As shown in FIG. 10, the bulk grating device includes a fourth bulk internal Bragg grating comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium including a fourth internal modulated refractive index grating with a grating pattern for reflecting an at least one transmitted wavelength range band λ n3 , and a fourth reflected output wavelength range band output coupler. The fourth reflected output coupler outputs the wavelength range band λ n3 . The fourth bulk internal Bragg grating is after the third bulk Bragg grating. The fourth bulk internal Bragg grating is disposed in the unguided input light beam wherein at least one wavelength range band is transmitted through the fourth bulk Bragg grating and the wavelength range band λ n3  is reflected by the fourth bulk Bragg grating to the fourth reflected output coupler. 
     The invention further includes a method of making an optical communications wavelength device, the method comprises providing an input optical waveguide collimator  20  for producing a collimated unguided input light beam path  22  providing a bulk internal Bragg grating  26  in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  providing a reflected wavelength output coupler  34  and a transmitted wavelength output coupler  36  and securely disposing the provided bulk internal Bragg grating relative to the input optical waveguide collimator, the reflected wavelength output coupler, the transmitted wavelength output coupler, and in the collimated unguided input light beam path wherein a reflected wavelength is reflected by the bulk internal Bragg grating to the reflected wavelength output coupler and a transmitted wavelength is transmitted through the bulk internal Bragg grating and to the transmitted wavelength output coupler. Preferably providing a bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  includes forming a modulated refractive index grating  30  inside the photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  with a grating radiation pattern  100 . Preferably the grating radiation pattern is an interference pattern and preferably is a mask formed grating pattern. As shown in FIGS. 11-12 preferably the grating pattern is formed from a phase mask and a collimated laser beam. Preferably, providing a bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  includes providing a photosensitive bulk glass  38 . Preferably providing a photosensitive bulk glass  38  comprises providing a bulk glass with a 250 nm absorption less than 30 dB/cm, more preferred less than 20 dB/cm, more preferred less than 15 dB/cm, more preferred less than 10 dB/cm, and most preferred a 250 nm absorption less than 5 dB/cm. 
     Preferably providing a glass comprises providing an alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass, preferably a melted glass containing germanium. Preferably providing the bulk glass comprises providing a melted glass with a melting temperature ≦1650° C. Preferably providing the bulk glass comprises providing a hydrogen loaded glass. In the preferred embodiment method includes forming the grating radiation pattern  100  with a below 250 nm light  101  Preferably the forming the modulated refractive index grating inside the bulk optical grating medium with a grating radiation pattern  100  includes producing a below 250 nm coherent light beam such as laser light from a continuous wave CW laser having a coherence length &gt;50 microns and forming the grating radiation pattern with the coherent light beam  101 . 
     Preferably producing the coherent light beam producing a coherent light beam with a coherence length ≧100 microns, more preferably ≧200 microns, more preferably ≧300 microns, most preferably ≧400 microns. Preferably as shown in FIGS. 3-6, providing the bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium includes providing a bulk optical grating medium with a first entrance/exit side  40  and an opposing second entrance/exit side  42  with the first entrance/exit side proximate the input collimator and the second entrance/exit side proximate the transmitted wavelength output coupler, with  30  the collimated unguided input light beam path having a beam width BW, the first side  40  having a first side depth height FSH and the second side  42  having a second side depth height SSH, with FSH&gt;BW and SSH&gt;BW. 
     Preferably the bulk internal Bragg grating has a grating depth height GD, wherein forming the grating includes producing a below 250 nm coherent light beam  101  having a coherence length CL with CL&gt;GD. Preferably GD&gt;BW, GD&lt;FSH or SSH. More preferably the bulk internal Bragg grating has a grating depth height GD, wherein forming the grating includes producing a below 250 nm coherent light beam  101  having a coherence length CL with CL≧2 GD. Preferably the bulk optical grating medium includes a grating formation coherent light entrance surface top  48  normal to the first entrance/exit side  40  with the method including providing a grating phase mask  200 , positioning the phase mask proximate and adjacent the grating formation coherent light entrance surface  48 , and transmitting the coherent light beam  101  through the mask  200  and into the bulk optical grating medium  28 . Preferably providing the bulk internal Bragg grating  28  includes providing a bulk optical grating medium  28  with a first entrance/exit side  40  and an opposing second entrance/exit side  42 , a first grating formation coherent light entrance surface  48  and an opposing second grating formation coherent light entrance surface  50 . The first and second grating formation coherent light entrance surfaces are preferably normal to the first entrance/exit side. This embodiment includes providing a multi-mask grating former  500  which includes a first grating phase mask  200  and an opposing second grating phase mask  201  aligned with the first phase mask  200 , positioning the first grating phase mask proximate the first grating formation coherent light entrance surface  48  and the second grating phase mask  201  proximate the second grating formation coherent light entrance surface  50 , producing a first coherent light beam  101  and transmitting the first coherent light beam through the first mask  200  and into the bulk optical grating medium and producing a second coherent light beam  101  and transmitting the second coherent light beam  101  through the second mask  201  and into the bulk optical grating medium to form the grating pattern and the bulk grating. 
     As shown in FIG. 8, the method includes providing a second bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium for reflecting a second reflect wavelength, and providing a second reflected wavelength output coupler, and securely disposing the provided second bulk internal Bragg grating between the bulk internal Bragg grating and the transmitted wavelength output coupler and in the collimated unguided input light beam path, and relative to the provided second reflected wavelength output coupler wherein the second reflect wavelength is reflected by the second bulk internal Bragg grating to the second reflected wavelength output coupler and a transmitted wavelength is transmitted through the second bulk internal Bragg grating and towards the transmitted wavelength output coupler. 
     As shown in FIG. 9, the method includes providing a third bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium for reflecting a third reflect wavelength, and providing a third reflected wavelength output coupler, and securely disposing the provided third bulk internal Bragg grating between the second bulk internal Bragg grating and the transmitted wavelength output coupler and in the collimated unguided input light beam path, and relative to the provided third reflected wavelength output coupler wherein the third reflect wavelength is reflected by the third bulk internal Bragg grating to the third reflected wavelength output coupler and a transmitted wavelength is transmitted through the third bulk internal Bragg grating and towards the transmitted wavelength output coupler. 
     As shown in FIG. 10, the method includes providing a fourth bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium for reflecting a fourth reflect wavelength and providing a fourth reflected wavelength output coupler and securely disposing the provided fourth bulk internal Bragg grating between the third bulk internal Bragg grating and the transmitted wavelength output coupler and in the collimated unguided input light beam path, and relative to the provided fourth reflected wavelength output coupler wherein the fourth reflect wavelength is reflected by the fourth bulk internal Bragg grating to the fourth reflected wavelength output coupler and a transmitted wavelength is transmitted through the fourth bulk internal Bragg grating and towards the transmitted wavelength output coupler. 
     In an embodiment the method includes providing a thin film filter  52  the thin film filter comprised of a stack of alternating dielectric layers, and disposing the thin film filter in the collimated unguided input light beam  22 . As shown in FIG. 7 the thin film filter is preferably attached to bulk grating  26 , preferably with filter  52  formed and directly deposited on grating  26 . Alternatively filter  52  can be physically separate, grating  26 . 
     In a preferred embodiment the method includes depositing a thin film filter alternating dielectric layers stack on the transparent bulk optical grating medium. Preferably the method includes loading the bulk glass  38  with molecular hydrogen, and inhibiting the diffusion of loaded molecular hydrogen out of the bulk glass  38  and forming a modulated refractive index grating inside the molecular hydrogen bulk glass with a grating radiation pattern  100 . Preferably this is followed by diffusing the loaded molecular hydrogen out of the bulk glass  38  after forming the modulated refractive index grating  30 . 
     In a further embodiment the invention includes an optical communications planar integrated waveguide circuit device  600  for operating on communications wavelengths including at least one reflectable wavelength, the planar device  600  comprising a planar waveguide substrate  601  supporting a waveguiding integrated circuit core  602  and a waveguiding integrated circuit cladding  603  covering the core  602 . The planar waveguide substrate  601  is a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28 , the transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  containing within it a bulk Bragg internal modulated refractive index grating  606  with a grating pattern for reflecting at least one reflectable wavelength, the refractive index grating is proximate and adjacent to the core  602  wherein a reflectable wavelength guided by the core is reflected by the refractive index grating. FIGS. 15,  15   a ,  16 ,  16   a  show embodiments of the planar device  600  with FIG. 15 a  being a cross section view and FIG. 16 a  being a cross section view. 
     Preferably the transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium planar substrate  601  comprises a photosensitive bulk glass  38 . Preferably bulk glass planar substrate  601  is a melted alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass. 
     In embodiments of the invention the grating pattern is in a selected portion of the substrate preferably with a plurality of grating patterns, and alternatively the grating pattern can be over the entire surface. Preferably the substrate includes at least a second grating pattern for reflecting at least a second reflectable wavelength guided by the core. 
     The invention further includes a method of making an optical planar integrated waveguide circuit  600 . The method includes providing a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium planar waveguide substrate  601  having a near core side  650  forming a waveguiding integrated circuit core  602  cladding the core with a cladding  603 , and forming a bulk Bragg internal modulated refractive index grating  606  in the transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium planar waveguide substrate  601  proximate the near core side  650  wherein a waveguided wavelength guided by the core  602  is manipulated by the refractive index grating  606 . 
     Preferably the method comprises providing a photosensitive bulk glass  38  preferably wherein providing the photosensitive bulk glass  38  comprises providing a melted alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass. 
     The invention includes an optical waveguide semiconductor laser device  700  for an optical waveguide communications system, an embodiment of which is shown in FIGS. 17-17 a . In an embodiment the laser device is a pump laser. In another embodiment the laser device is a signal laser. The semiconductor laser device  700  includes an optical waveguide system semiconductor laser  702  for producing a reflectable wavelength λ R  utilized in an optical waveguide system, a bulk internal Bragg laser grating  26 , the bulk Bragg laser grating  26  comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  including an internal modulated refractive index grating  30  with a grating period for reflecting the wavelength λ R , and a substrate structure  710  for securing the bulk Bragg laser grating  26  relative to the semiconductor laser  702  wherein the wavelength λ R  produced by the semiconductor laser is reflected by the bulk internal Bragg laser grating  26  back into the semiconductor laser  702 . Preferably the transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  comprises a photosensitive bulk glass  39 , preferably wherein the bulk glass comprises an alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass. Such a device  700  produces a beneficial laser output centered about λ R  since λ R  is fed back into the laser by grating  26 . Preferably the Bragg laser grating has an optical element shape and optical surface for manipulating the light. Preferably the grating includes a curved surface and comprises a lens. 
     The invention includes a method of making an optical waveguide semiconductor laser device  700 . The method includes providing a bulk internal Bragg laser grating  26  in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  and providing an optical waveguide system semiconductor laser  702  and securely disposing the bulk optical grating medium  28  relative to the semiconductor laser  702  wherein a wavelength produced by the semiconductor laser  702  is reflected by the bulk internal Bragg laser grating  26  back into the semiconductor laser  702 . 
     Preferably the method includes providing the bulk internal Bragg laser grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium comprises providing a photosensitive bulk glass  38 , preferably with the photosensitive bulk glass comprising a melted alkali boro-alumino-silicate glass. 
     As shown in FIGS. 18-20 a , the invention further includes an optical communications wavelength optical element  800  for operating on light range bands, the optical element  800  comprised of a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium  28  photosensitive bulk glass  38 , the optical element having at least one optical element optical surface  801  for manipulating light, the bulk glass  38  including an internal modulated refractive index Bragg grating pattern for reflecting at least one wavelength range band. Preferably the optical element optical surface  801  comprises a curved surface. In a preferred alternative the optical element optical surface  801  comprises a total internal reflecting surface, preferably a flat surface, with the optical element  800  being a prism as shown in FIGS. 20-20 a . As shown in FIGS. 18,  18   a ,  19 ,  19   a  the curved surface  801  comprises a lens. As shown in FIGS. 19-19 a  the element includes a lens array with a plurality of lenses utilizing the reflectance of grating  30 . The optical element optical surfaces  801  are preferably formed from the bulk glass such as ground, pressed or shaped surfaces in medium  28 . Alternatively the optical element optical surfaces  801  are comprised of a transparent optical material attached and adhered to the glass medium  28 . 
     As shown in FIGS. 13-14, the invention includes a multi-mask grating former  500 , the grating former  500  comprised of a first grating phase mask  200  and an opposing second grating phase mask  201  and a phase mask spacing structure  501 , the phase mask spacing structure  501  securing the first phase mask away from the second phase mask to provide a photosensitive optical grating medium receiver space  502  for reception of a photosensitive optical grating medium  28  between the first and second masks with the first phase mask  200  in alignment with the second phase mask  201 . 
     The invention includes a method of making an optical waveguide communications wavelength device. The method comprises providing an input optical waveguide collimator for producing a collimated unguided input light beam path from an optical waveguide, 
     providing a bulk internal Bragg grating in a transparent photosensitive bulk optical grating medium, providing a wavelength output waveguide coupler, and securely disposing the provided bulk internal Bragg grating relative to the input optical waveguide collimator, the output coupler, and in the collimated unguided input light beam path wherein a reflected wavelength is reflected by the bulk internal Bragg grating and a transmitted wavelength is transmitted through the bulk internal Bragg grating. 
     EXAMPLES 
     As shown in FIGS. 11-12 a , bulk Bragg gratings were made with alkali boro-alumino-silicate germanium photosensitive bulk glass samples loaded with hydrogen. Bulk glass samples in the shape of rectangular blocks were utilized. As shown in FIG. 12 a , a bulk glass sample of Glass 5 g of cross-referenced Patent Application UV Photosensitive Melted Germano-Silicate Glasses (51 mole % SiO 2 , 7.5 mole % GeO 2 , 2.6% mole % LiO 2 , 3.2 mole % Al 2 O 3 , and 35.1 mole % B 2 O 3 ) was exposed through the wide face using a 244-nm CW laser (0.35 W for 30-60 minutes) utilizing a phase mask with a period such as to satisfy the Bragg condition at 1550-nm to produce a refractive index pattern. The grating length was 2.5-mm. The reflectivity and transmission of the grating is shown in FIG.  12 . FIG. 12 a  shows the geometry of the exposure and the reflectivity and transmission measurement. From the grating transmission measurement (1.5-2 db decrease corresponding to 30-40% reflectivity in the 2.5-mm long grating), a modulated refractive index change of 0.12-0.14×10 −3  is calculated at 1550-nm. FIG. 21 shows a reflection spectrum of a grating in accordance with the invention. 
     The bulk gratings of the invention preferably have a reflectivity of at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 99.9%. Preferably the grating reflect telecommunications utilized wavelengths &gt;900 nm, more preferred &gt;1200 nm, more preferred &gt;1400 nm, and most preferably &gt;1500 such as the 1550 nm range. The bulk gratings advantageously are free of cladding modes. Preferably the bulk Bragg gratings have channel spacings as small as 50 GHz or even smaller. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.