Abstract:
A systemic inducer comprising a chemical compound combined with microorganismic substance extracted from non-plant pathogenic microorganisms. The compound includes an acid and/or the salt of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. The microorganismic substance may be extracted from fungus, bacteria or virus. The systemic inducer may be applied to stems, leaves, seeds, flowers or fruits of plants. Alternatively, the systemic inducer may be applied to soil to elicit a response via the roots of the plants. Finally, the systemic inducer may be injected into the stem or pseudo stem of the plants. The inducer effectively enables the induced plants to resist attack by pathogens to plants, seedlings, leaves, fruits, flowers and roots.

Description:
[0001]     Fungicides, bactericides and insecticides have been applied since the 1950&#39;s to control fungi, bacteria, insects and nematodes that attack the plants. These chemical pesticides are not only contaminating the environment, pose a danger to workers, leave traces of pesticides in the co produce consumed, but is also becoming quite useless as these pathogens are fast developing resistance to these chemical agents.  
         [0002]     Compounds such as, phosphates, phosphites potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, iron and sodium have been used as fertilizers for several decades in many forms.  
         [0003]     These compounds to be effective as plant nutrients have to be applied in quantities as small as 25 pounds to as high as 200 pounds per acre.  
         [0004]     When these compounds are applied for their nutrient value, they never impart any pesticidal effect to the plants to which the compounds are applied. They never impart any effect on the plant to enable the plant to resist infections by fungus, virus and bacterial pathogens or enable the plant to resist attack by insects. If these compounds were able to impart this special effect, there would not be any need for pesticides in producing a crop.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     An object of this invention is to provide a systemic inducer for plants made up of certain chemical compounds combined with either live or dead microorganisms or extracts of these microorganisms obtained by macerating them physically, chemically or enzymatically and which when applied to the plants with the purpose of inducing resistance within the plants to foliar and root pathogens and to a variety of insects including nematodes.  
         [0006]     In the embodiment disclosed, the compounds used are phosphoric acids, phosphorous acids, phosphates, phosphites, salts of calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper, iron and sodium, in amounts per acre insufficient to have any nutrient value. Microorganismic substances alive or in an extracted or hydrolyzed form is combined with the above compounds and applied to plants to provide this systemic resistance to plant diseases and infestations by insects.  
         [0007]     The systemic inducer may be applied to the stem, leaves, flowers or fruits of plants. Alternatively, the systemic inducer may be applied to soil to elicit induction into the plants via the roots of plants. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0008]     Plants have the ability to ward off infections by fungal, bacteria, virus and insects to a certain degree. Some varieties have natural resistance built in to ward off severe infections. These varieties have been either selected by genetists to offer to the agricultural industry a variety of plants that do not need a pesticide to resist a particular pathogen. In this selection process the plants selected rarely have the ability to ward off more than one pathogen and definitely do not ward off say a fungal infection and simultaneously an insect infestation.  
         [0009]     The plants&#39; inherent ability to develop this extra resistance is called “systemic acquired resistance”. Any material that is applied to plants for plants to develop such extra resistance is called “inducers”. So applying certain inducers can elicit certain plants to develop systemic resistance. This is a new field of investigation and development.  
         [0010]     The closest parallel process is akin to a human developing resistance to a particular disease after being vaccinated. Compounds such as phosphites, phosphates, oxalates and salicylates are known to provide a very small degree of immunity to plants, but not enough for plants to produce a crop without the use of pesticides such as insecticides, fungicides and nematacides.  
         [0011]     We have developed products comprising organisms or extracts of these microorganisms when combined with phosphoric acids, phosphorous acids, phosphates, phosphites, salts of calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper, iron and sodium and applied to plants can induce these plants to develop extra resistance naturally to ward off fungal, bacterial, viral and insect infections at the same time such that no pesticides need to be applied to produce a crop. This program will eventually lead to producing fruits, vegetables and cereals without the use of any pesticides. This would be a boom to the world and consumers.  
         [0012]     The present invention provides a systemic resistance inducer that is obtained by phosphorous acid and salts thereof, phosphoric acid and salts thereof and the salts of calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, manganese, copper, iron and sodium combined with extracts of microorganisms. The systemic inducer is applied to plants as a foliar application, or applied to the soil on which the plants are planted. These microorganismic extracts do not by themselves cause any induction or invade the plant if used alone, as they are selected from organisms that do not cause any disease to plants by themselves, so the 100% effective induction that is taking place only if and when these extracts are used in combination with the compounds listed above. Growth enhancers or regulators such as betaine, benzothiodiazole, jasmonic acid, cytokinins, auxins and gibberellins, beta amino butyric acid, may be added to the combination to improve plants productivity. These compounds by themselves used in the amounts in this invention, do not have any nutritional effect or induction effect.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0013]     Non plant pathogenic microorganisms were grown in a growth medium and allowed to die by attenuating it with formaldehyde or exposing to microwaves or hydrolyzed with acids and the total extracts obtained from these organisms were tested for induction of resistance on various plants such as strawberry, apple, tomato and banana. These plants thus treated were then challenged by exposing the plants to pathogens such as downey, mildew, phytopthora, black sigatoka and thrips and mites. The plants suffered severe infestation. But when these same extracts were combined with a phosphate or phosphite salt or calcium nitrate and applied to similar set of plants in the same manner of the application of extracts alone, all plants resisted the infestation of fungal and insects. When these chemical compounds were used alone without the microorganismic extracts they did not induce any resistance (See Table I) for the results.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0014]     The microorganisms such as from a pseudomonads species,  bacillus subtilis, rhodotorulum  species,  xanthomonas  species were specifically cultured together, hydrolyzed and the extracts used either alone or in combination with a calcium phosphite, potassium phosphate, calcium citrate on a set of plants. Such plants included lettuce, strawberry, tomato, grapes, banana, blueberry, apples, corn and potatoes. 
    1. The microorganismic compounds applied alone is shown on Table II. A.     2. The micro-organismic compound used in combination with chemical compound such as calcium phosphite etc. are shown in Table II. B.     3. The chemical compounds used by themselves is shown in Table II. C.    
 
         [0018]     The combination of the compound and the microorganismic were made two weeks prior to the window and during the period of heavy natural infestations on the plants listed above except bananas, with no pesticides applied. In banana foliar applications were sprayed weekly for six (6) months with no fungicides applied. In banana a control set of plants were sprayed weekly with conventional systemic and protectant fungicides.  
         [0019]     When the insect infestation time arrived, the insect traps that were placed in the blocks where the combined product was used to treat showed zero infestation by insects, such as thrips, mites, Japanese beetle, leaf hopper and blueberry maggot fly while the non-combined product used showed the usual heavy infestation.  
         [0020]     There was no scab in the apple, potatoes had no signs of infection by rhyzoctonia, no infestations of phytophera on tomato, and citrus were recorded. There was no leaf fungal infection on the leaves on potato, strawberry, citrus, tomato and low sigatoka infection occurred in bananas. There were no insects to be found in the traps or on the leaves. There were no nematode infestation in banana, tomato and strawberry roots.  
         [0021]     When these same microorganismic compounds were applied by themselves to plants that were exposed to the various pathogens little if any resistance was found to be induced. When the chemical compounds were applied alone, zero resistance to the infestation was also recorded.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0022]     These chemical compounds were tested at rates 0.25 to 3 kg per acre of citrus, strawberries, tomatoes and bananas by themselves to measure (A) fertilizer effect on foliar uptake, (B) growth effect, (C) resistance induction effect. These compounds were then combined with extracts of pseudomonas, subtilis species and actinomyces and applied to the similar set of plants and measured for A, B, and C as above. These extracts were also applied to a similar set of plants and measured for A, B, and C as above.  
         [0023]     The results are shown in Table III where the compounds showed zero effect of induction alone but excellent induction when combined with the microorganismic extracts, and the fertilizer effect at these low rates showed very little increase in foliar analysis for the elements content and no extra growth effect.  
                                                                                                                                                             TABLE I                           A       Effect of Compounds Applied to Strawberry Plant to Induce Restance                                    Results in           Chemical       Micro-Organic       When   Where   Foliar   Results in Root       Compound   Dose   Extract   Dose   Applied   Applied   Infections   Infection               potassium phosphate   1.5 kg per acre   microbial ground extract   5 grams per acre   once a week   foliar   zero infection   zero nematode infestation       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   25% infection   20% nematode infection       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   —   ″   ″   20% infection   20% nematode infection       calcium phosphite   1.5 kg per acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   zero infection   zero nematode infestation       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   25% infection   20% nematode infection       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   —   ″   ″   15% infection   20% nematode infection       calcium nitrate   1.5 kg per acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   zero infection   zero nematode infestation       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   25% infection   20% nematode infection       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   —   ″   ″   20% infection   20% nematode infection                    B       Effect of Compounds Applied to Apple Trees to Induce Restance Against Fire Blight                                    Results On                           Where   Development       Chemical Compound   Dose   Micro-Organic Extract   Dose   When Applied   Applied   of Fire Blight               potassium phosphate   1.5 kg per acre   microbial ground extract   5 grams per acre   twice 10 day intervals after bud break   foliar    2% fire blight       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   20% fire blight       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   —   ″   ″   18% fire blight       calcium phosphite   1.5 kg per acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   zero fire blight       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   20% fire blight       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   —   ″   ″   15% fire blight       calcium nitrate   1.5 kg per acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″    2% fire blight       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   20% fire blight       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   —   ″   ″   20% fire blight                    C       Effect of Compounds Applied to Tomato Plants to Induce Restance Against Leaf &amp; Root Infection                    Micro-                       Chemical       Organic           Where       Compound   Dose   Extract   Dose   When Applied   Applied   Results In Foliar &amp; Root Infections               potassium phosphate   1.5 kg per acre   extract   5 grams per acre   every 10 days   foliar   zero foliar, zero phytopthora, zero nematodes       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   20% foliar infection, 15% phytopthora, 20% nematode       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   ″   ″   ″   15% foliar infection, 15% phytopthora, 20% nematrode       calcium phosphite   1.5 kg per acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   zero foliar infection, zero phytopthora, zero nematodes       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   20% foliar infection, 15% phytopthora, 20% nematode       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   ″   ″   ″   12% foliar infection, 15% phytopthora, 20% nematode       calcium nitrate   1.5 kg per acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   zero foliar, zero phytopthora, zero nematodes       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   20% foliar infection, 15% phytopthora, 20% nematode       ″   1.5 kg per acre   ″   ″   ″   ″   15% foliar infection, 15% phytopthora, 20% nematrode                    D       Effect of Compounds Applied to Bananas to Induce Resistance Against Black Sigatoka &amp; Nematodes            Chemical       Micro-Organic       When   Where           Compound   Dose   Extract   Dose   Applied   Applied   Results On Black Sigatoka Nematode Infection               Potassium   1.5 Kg Per Acre   Extract   5 grams per acre   Every Week   Foliar   12 Leaves at Flowering, Zero Nematode infection       Phosphate               ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″    6 Leaves at Flowering, High Nematode infection       Potassium   1.5 Kg Per Acre   ″       ″   ″    7 Leaves at Flowering, High Nematode infection       Phosphate       Calcium Phosphite   1.5 Kg Per Acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   13 Leaves at Flowering, Zero Nematode infection       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″    6 Leaves at Flowering, High Nematode infection       ″   1.5 Kg Per Acre   ″   —   ″   ″    8 Leaves at Flowering, High Nematode infection       Calcium Nitrate   1.5 Kg Per Acre   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″   12 Leaves at Flowering, Zero Nematode infection       ″   —   ″   5 grams per acre   ″   ″    6 Leaves at Flowering, High Nematode infection       ″   1.5 Kg Per Acre   ″   —   ″   ″    7 Leaves at Flowering, High Nematode infection                  
 
         [0024]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A Extract Applied Alone 
               
               
                 Effect of Specific Microrganism Extracts &amp; Chemical Compounds in Resistance Inducing 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Chemical 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Where 
                   
               
               
                 Compound 
                 Dose 
                 Extract 
                 Dose 
                 Appilcation Timing 
                 Applied 
                 Results On Black Sigatoka Nematode Infection 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 extract eg II 
                 5 grams 
                 lettuce every 10 days 
                 foliar 
                 40% infection of leaves 
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 strawberry every 10 days 
                 foliar 
                 20% infected leaves &amp; 10% infected fruits 
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 tomatoes every week 
                 foliar 
                 40% infected leaves 
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 grapes every 15 days 
                 foliar 
                 25% mildew 
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 bananas every week for 6 months 
                 foliar 
                  3 leaves without sigatoka infection high 
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 blueberries every 15 days 
                 foliar 
                 15% infected fruits, 5% fruits infected by 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 nematode in roots 
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 apples (2 yrs old) 10 days post bud 
                 foliar 
                 25% leaves fire blight burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 break &amp; 1 week later 
                   
                 blueberry maggots 
               
               
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 potatoes 4 times during season 
                 foliar 
                 25% leaves infected with early bligjht 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II B 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical &amp; Extracts Applied Together 
               
               
                 Effect of Specific Microrganism Extracts &amp; Chemical Compounds in Resistance Inducing 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Chemical Compound 
                 Dose 
                 Extract 
                 Dose 
                 Application Timing 
                 Where Applied 
                 Results 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 extract eg II 
                 5 grams 
                 latuce every 10 days 
                 foliar 
                 2% infection of leaves 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 5% infection of leaves 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 1% infection of leaves 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 strawberries every 10 days 
                 ″ 
                 5% infected leaves 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 4% infected leaves 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 2% infected leaves 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 tomatoes every week 
                 ″ 
                 6% leaf infection 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 5% leaf infection 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 3% leaf infection 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 extract from eg II 
                 5 grams 
                 grapes every 15 days 
                 foliar 
                 2% mildew 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 4% mildew 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 1% mildew 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 bananas every week 
                 ″ 
                 7 leaves without infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 for 6 months 
                   
                 zero nematodes in roots 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 bananas every week 
                 ″ 
                 7 leaves without sigatoka infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 for 6 months 
                   
                 zero nematodes in roots 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 bananas every week 
                 ″ 
                 6 leaves without sigatoka infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 for 6 months 
                   
                 zero nematodes in roots 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 extract from eg II 
                 5 grams 
                 blueberry every 15 days 
                 foliar 
                 2% infection of fruits, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zero maggot flies in fruits 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 3% infection of fruits, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zero maggot flies in fruits 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 2% infection of fruits, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zero maggot flies in fruits 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 Apples (2 yr old) 10 days post 
                 foliar 
                 2% fire blight burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bud break &amp; 1 week later 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 Apples (2 yr old) 10 days post 
                 ″ 
                 3% fire blight burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bud break &amp; 1 week later 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 Apples (2 yr old) 10 days post 
                 ″ 
                 2% fire blight burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bud break &amp; 1 week later 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 extract eg II 
                 5 grams 
                 Potatoes 4 times during 
                 foliar 
                 less than 5% infected leaves 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 season for early &amp; late blight 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 Potatoes 4 times during 
                 ″ 
                 less than 7% infected leaves 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 season for early &amp; late blight 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 ″ 
                 5 grams 
                 Potatoes 4 times during 
                 ″ 
                 less than 2% infected leaves 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 season for early &amp; late blight 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0026]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II C 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Compound Applied Alone 
               
               
                 Effect of Specific Microrganism Extracts &amp; Chemical Compounds in Resistance Inducing 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Chemical Compound 
                 Dose 
                 Extract 
                 Dose 
                 Application Timing 
                 Where Applied 
                 Results 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 blueberry every 15 days 
                 foliar 
                 30% infection of fruits 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 35% infection of fruits 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 30% infection of fruits 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 apples (2 yr old) 10 days post bud 
                 foliar 
                 25% fire blight burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 break &amp; 1 week later 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 apples (2 yr old) 10 days post bud 
                 ″ 
                 25% fire blight burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 break &amp; 1 week later 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 apples (2 yr old) 10 days post bud 
                 ″ 
                 20% fire blight burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 break &amp; 1 week later 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 potetoes 4 times during season 
                 foliar 
                 30% leaf infected with early &amp; late blight 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 for early &amp; late blight 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 potetoes 4 times during season 
                 ″ 
                 35% leaf infection 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 for early &amp; late blight 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 potetoes 4 times during season 
                 ″ 
                 25% leaf infection 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 for early &amp; late blight 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 lettuce every 10 days 
                 foliar 
                 90% infection 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 85% infection 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 90% infection 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 strawberry every 10 days 
                 foliar 
                 90% infection 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 85% infection 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 80% infection 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 tomatoes every week 
                 foliar 
                 90% infection 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 100% infection 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 85% infection 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 grapes every 15 days 
                 foliar 
                 60% mildew 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 70% mildew 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 55% mildew 
               
               
                 calcium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 bananas every week for 6 months 
                 foliar 
                 80% infection-all leaves except youngest 3 
               
               
                 potassium phosphite 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 90% infection-all leaves except youngest 4 
               
               
                 calcium citrate 
                 25 grams 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ″ 
                 ″ 
                 85% infection-all leaves except youngest 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 High infection of nematodes in roots 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in all 3 experiments 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0027]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Effects of Different Amounts of Chemical Compounds for Nutrient &amp; Induction Effects 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Compounds &amp; Extracts Applied Together 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Chemical 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Results-Foliar 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compound 
                 Dose 
                 Microrganisms 
                 Dose 
                 Application Timing 
                 Analysis 
                 Growth effect 
                 Induction of Resistance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 foliar, 
                 zero increase 
                 very little 
                 die back reversed, new flush 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 2 
                   
                 4 times in 1 year, citrus 
                 in leaf CA or P 
                   
                   phytopthora  in roots very low, 10% 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 foliar, 
                 zero increase 
                 very little 
                 die back reversed, new flush 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 2 
                   
                 4 times in 1 year, citrus 
                 in leaf CA or P 
                   
                   phytopthora  in roots very low, 10% 
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 every 10 days in 
                 zero increase 
                 very little 
                 good control of 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 2 
                   
                 strawberry 
                 in leaf CA or P 
                   
                 leaf disease, 5% infection 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 every 10 days in 
                 zero increase 
                 very little 
                 excellent leaf disease control 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 2 
                   
                 strawberry 
                 in leaf K or P 
                   
                 2% infected leaves 
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 every 10 days, 
                 zero increase 
                 very little 
                 5% leaf infection 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 3 
                   
                 tomatoes 
                 in CA or P 
                   
                 zero  phytopthora  in roots 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 every 10 days, 
                 zero increase 
                 very little 
                 3% leaf infection 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 3 
                   
                 tomatoes 
                 in foliar CA or P 
                   
                 zero  phytopthora  in roots 
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 every week, foliar 
                 zero increase in 
                 very little 
                 Sigatoka control, 7 leaves with 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 3 
                   
                 for 6 months, bananas 
                 CA or P in leaves 
                   
                 no symptoms zero nematodes in roots 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                 extract from 
                 5 grams 
                 every week, foliar 
                 zero increase in 
                 very little 
                 Sigatoka control, 7 leaves with 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                 example 3 
                   
                 for 6 months, bananas 
                 CA or P in leaves 
                   
                 no symptoms zero nematodes in roots 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds Applied Alone 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Microrganism 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Chemical 
                   
                 from 
               
               
                 Compound 
                 Dose 
                 example 3 
                 Dose 
                 Application Timing 
                 Results-Foliar Analysis 
                 Growth effect 
                 Induction of Resistance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                   
                 — 
                 4 times in one year, 
                 no increase in 
                 zero improvement 
                 zero resistance to  phytopthora , 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 citrus 
                 leaf CA or P 
                 in production 
                 die back as usual 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                   
                 — 
                 4 times in one year, 
                 no improvement in 
                 zero improvement 
                 zero resistance to  phytopthora , 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 citrus 
                 foliar K or P 
                 in production 
                 die back as usual 
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                 — 
                 — 
                 every 10 days, 
                 no improvement in foliar 
                 no increase in 
                 no visible foliar disease 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 strawberry 
                 uptake of CA or P 
                 production 
                 suppression, 30% infection 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                 — 
                 — 
                 every 10 days, 
                 no improvement in foliar 
                 no increase in 
                 no visible foliar disease 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 strawberry 
                 uptake of CA or P 
                 production 
                 suppression, 25% infection 
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                 — 
                 — 
                 every 10 days, foliar, 
                 .001% increase in CA &amp; 
                 no increase in 
                 leaf disease, botrylis zero control, 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 tomatoes 
                 zero increase in P 
                 production 
                   phytopthora  zero control, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 30% leaf infection 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                 — 
                 — 
                 every 10 days, foliar, 
                 no increase in K or P 
                 no increase in 
                 leaf disease, botrylis zero control, 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 tomatoes 
                   
                 production 
                   phytopthora  zero control, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 35% leaf infection 
               
               
                 calcium 
                 3 kg 
                 — 
                 — 
                 every week, foliar, 
                 no increase in foliar 
                 no increase in 
                 Black Sigatoka Infection high, 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 bananas for 6 months 
                 analysis of CA or P 
                 production 
                 nematode infection very high. 
               
               
                 potassium 
                 3 kg 
                 — 
                 — 
                 every week, foliar, 
                 no increase in foliar 
                 no increase in 
                 only 4 youngest leaves 
               
               
                 phosphite 
                   
                   
                   
                 bananas for 6 months 
                 analysis of CA or P 
                 production 
                 without symptoms 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Extracts Applied Alone 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Micro-organisms 
                   
                 Application 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 from Ex. 3 
                 Dose 
                 Timing 
                 Results-Foliar Analysis 
                 Growth effect 
                 Induction of Resistance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 extract from example 3 
                 5 grams 
                 4 times a year, 
                 zero increase in foliar CA or P 
                 zero increase in any growth 
                 dio back bad, roots heavily 
               
               
                   
                   
                 foliar, citrus 
                   
                   
                 infected with  phytopthora   
               
               
                 extract from example 3 
                 5 grams 
                 every 10 days, 
                 zero increase in foliar CA or P 
                 zero increase in any growth 
                 high foliar fungal disease 30% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 foliar, strawberry 
               
               
                 extract from example 3 
                 5 grams 
                 every 10 days, 
                 zero increase in foliar CA or P 
                 zero increase in any growth 
                 50% leaves infected, roots 
               
               
                   
                   
                 foliar, tomatoes 
                   
                   
                 infected with  phytopthora   
               
               
                 extract from example 3 
                 5 grams 
                 every week, 
                 zero increase in foliar CA or P 
                 zero increase in any growth 
                 3 leaves without symptoms, roots 
               
               
                   
                   
                 foliar, bananas 
                   
                   
                 have 75% infection with nematodes