Abstract:
The following discloses mammalian cells lines that stably express functional nematode acetylcholine receptor subunits. The resulting expression of functional ion channels has been made possible by the stable co-expression of the chaperone protein, RIC3. These cell lines are extremely useful for the high throughput screening (HTS) of compounds, to identify new candidate parasiticidal, including nematocidal, active ingredients.

Description:
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 62/047,822, filed on 9 Sep. 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. All the documents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING 
       [0002]    The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is MER 14-243 Seq Listing_ST25.txt. The text file is 99 KB; it was created on 8 Sep. 2015, based in large part upon the above-referenced provisional application; and it is being submitted electronically via EFS-Web, concurrent with the filing of the specification. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The disclosure generally relates to the production of mammalian cells lines, which express functional ion channels from heterologous species. The disclosure further relates to use of the stable cells lines for high throughput screening assays to identify compounds useful in modulating these receptors. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Several commercial anthelmintic drugs (e.g. levamisole, pyrantel, morantel, monepantel, derquantel) disrupt the acetylcholine signaling pathway by agonizing or antagonizing AChRs in parasitic gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of ruminants. However, GI parasite populations that are resistant to traditional anthelmintics, including cholinergic anthelmintics, are spreading globally and cause significant losses in farm productivity and profitability each year. One strategy to overcome current and minimize or prevent new resistance is to develop an anthelmintic with a novel mode of action. Ongoing research continues to identify and characterize additional components of the ACh signaling pathway in nematodes. Based on the precedent for the anthelmintic effectiveness of drugs that target ACh signaling, other components of the ACh signaling pathway may be exploited as novel anthelmintic targets. 
         [0005]    ACR-16 is a homopentameric, levamisole-insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) similar to the human alpha-7 nicotinic AChR that is found in neuromuscular junctions of both free-living and parasitic nematodes. ACR-16 functions as a ligand-gated ion channel that likely regulates fast action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and in the nervous system. In 2005 and 2007, Touroutine et al. showed that a “gain-of-function” mutation in ACR-16 was lethal to the free-living nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans  (Cel), and that ACR-16-containing receptors account for all non-levamisole sensitive nicotinic synaptic signaling at the Cel neuromuscular junction. These observations suggest that ACR-16 plays a vital role in nematode physiology, which led us and several other research groups to hypothesize that an agonist or positive allosteric modulator of ACR-16 could impair parasitic nematode physiology and, thus, be an effective anthelmintic. 
         [0006]    RIC3 (resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 3) is a chaperone protein that in humans is encoded by the RIC3 gene. The RIC3 gene was first discovered in  C. elegans , and influences the maturation of various ligand-gated ion channels including the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly the homomeric α7 nicotinic receptor. RIC3 enhances currents generated by these receptors by expediting receptor transport to the cell surface and by increasing receptor number. Before the instant disclosure, the importance of RIC3 expression in yielding functional ACR-16-containing channels in cells was not appreciated. 
         [0007]      Haemonchus contortus  (Hco), also known as the barber&#39;s pole worm, is a blood-feeding, parasitic GI nematode and one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants. Adult worms attach to abomasal mucosa and feed on blood, which causes anemia, edema, and death of infected cattle, sheep and goats, mainly during summer months in warm, humid climates. Adult female Hco may lay over 10,000 eggs a day, which pass from the host animal in the feces. After hatching from their eggs, Hco larvae molt several times to the infective larval stage 3 (L3), which is ingested by host animals during grazing. Ingested larvae mature to the adult stage in the host GI tract and ultimately attach to the abomasal mucosa. 
         [0008]    Hco infection, or haemonchosis, causes large economic losses for farmers globally, but, especially for those living in warmer climates. Anthelmintics are used to treat and control ruminant GI infections of Hco and other parasitic nematodes, but growing resistance of parasites to anthelmintics such as levamisole and monepantel has rendered nematode control strategies extremely challenging, if not ineffective. Accordingly, a critical need exists to develop new anthelmintics against GI parasitic nematodes with novel modes of action. 
         [0009]    In addition to GI parasites of ruminants, novel anthelmintics are needed for other parasitic nematode species have developed resistance to commercial anthelmintics. One important example is  Dirofilaria immitis  (Dim), a filarial nematode transmitted by mosquitoes that causes heartworm disease in dogs, cats, ferrets, and wild canids. Heartworm disease is a serious and potentially fatal condition caused by the adult stage of Dim that affects the right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries. Heartworm larvae are transmitted year-round. Although heartworm disease is most prevalent in warmer climates (with higher mosquito populations), it has been diagnosed in all fifty US states and throughout southern Europe. Commercial heartworm disease preventives work by interrupting the parasite life cycle within the host, thereby preventing the development of adult worms and associated pathology. Only one chemical class, the macrocyclic lactones (MLs), is approved by the FDA and other global agencies for the prevention of heartworm disease. 
         [0010]    Since 2005, the existence of Dim subpopulations that are resistant to MLs populations in the US has been confirmed. These populations appear to be localized, mostly to the Mississippi Delta region of the US, though transportation of pets and shelter dogs across state lines or even internationally puts other regions at risk. Both the inherent mechanism(s) of Dim resistance to MLs and the potential of ML resistance to spread are unknown. Thus, an urgent need exists to develop new heartworm disease preventives with novel modes of action. 
       REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
         Touroutine D et al., acr-16 encodes an essential subunit of the levamisole-resistant nicotinic receptor at the  Caenorhabditis elegans  neuromuscular junction. J. Biol Chem. 2005; 280(29): 27013-27021 
         Touroutine D et al., ACR-16 is an essential subunit of the levamisole-insensitive receptor. International Worm Meeting 2005. 
       
     
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    In one aspect, the disclosure provides new and useful mammalian cells lines which have been genetically engineered to express functional nematode acetylcholine receptors from Hco or Dim. At the time of this disclosure, applicants are unaware of anyone successfully expressing functional nematode channels, not only ACR-16, in mammalian cells. Applicants are also unaware of any previous successful expression of functional Hco or Dim ACR-16 in any cell system, transiently or stably. This lack of success in the field can be explained by Applicants&#39; surprising finding that, while co-expression of the obligate chaperone protein, RIC3, derived from either human or Hco, was sufficient to achieve functional Hco ACR-16 expression in mammalian cells, co-expression of Hco ACR-16 and  C. elegans  (Cel) RIC3 fails to yield a functional Hco ACR-16 channel. Moreover, and also quite unexpectedly, co-expression of Cel ACR-16 and Cel RIC3 did show functional responses. Accordingly, the knowledge in the field at the time of this disclosure, combined with applicants&#39; unexpected results, support the nonobviousness of their invention. 
         [0014]    Similarly, applicants have successfully generated a stable inducible HEK cell line co-expressing Dim ACR-16 and Dim RIC3 proteins that results in expression of a functional ACR-16 channel. Although applicants are aware of Hco ACR-16 being cloned previously, Applicants identified and cloned a novel, previously unknown ortholog expressed by Dim larvae. 
         [0015]    In another aspect, the disclosure provides for ACR-16 functional validation and high-throughput screening assays. To the applicants&#39; knowledge, no nematode species ACR-16 has ever been subjected to a large-scale, systematic screen for new active compounds. As indicated, nematodes have become increasingly resistant to parasiticides, making the search for new, safe and effective active ingredients essential to the future of our food supply. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures, wherein: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  shows a scheme for using the Flip-In-T-REX system; 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  shows a map of the  Haemonchus contortus  (Hco) ACR-16/Human RIC3 construct; 
           [0019]      FIG. 3  shows a map of the Hco ACR-16/Hco RIC3 construct; 
           [0020]      FIG. 4  shows a map of the Dim ACR-16/Dim RIC3 construct; 
           [0021]      FIG. 5  shows video-imaging results for the Hco ACR-16/hRIC3 stable cell line (each line represents one individual cell). Highlighted are calcium signal levels obtained following application of buffer, 10 μM PNU120596, and 300 nM epibatidine; 
           [0022]      FIG. 6  shows video-imaging results for the Hco ACR-16/Hco RIC3 stable cell line. Highlighted are calcium signal levels obtained following application of buffer, 10 μM PNU120596, and 300 nM epibatidine; 
           [0023]      FIG. 7  shows video-imaging results for the Dim ACR-16/Dim RIC3 stable cell line. Highlighted are calcium signal levels obtained following application of buffer, 10 μM PNU120596, and 300 nM epibatidine; 
           [0024]      FIG. 8  shows PNU-120956 concentration-response curves fitted using a four-parameter logistic equation of the form y=[A1−A2/(1+x/x0)p)+A2, where A1 is the maximum asymptote, A2 is the minimum asymptote, x0 is the XC50, and p is the Hill slope. A value of 160 nM was calculated; 
           [0025]      FIG. 9  shows concentration response curves for cells stably expressing Hco ACR-16/hRIC3 for three orthosteric reference agonists, epibatidine (6 nM), nicotine (200 nM) and acetylcholine (480 nM); 
           [0026]      FIG. 10  shows the concentration response curve for Dim ACR-16/Dim RIC3 stable cells for an orthosteric reference agonist, epibatidine (EC50 10 nM); 
           [0027]      FIG. 11  shows the response curve for another orthosteric agonist, nicotine (EC50 350 nM); 
           [0028]      FIG. 12  shows the response curve for the allosteric modulator PNU120596 (EC50 2.4 μM). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0029]    The present invention relates to the production of mammalian cells lines, which express functional ion channels comprised of subunits from heterologous species. The disclosure further relates to use of the stable cells lines for high throughput screening (HTS) assays to identify compounds useful in modulating these receptors. 
         [0030]    In a first aspect, the present invention provides a stable cell line that stably expresses both a gene encoding a nematode ACR-16 protein and a gene encoding a RIC3 protein. The presence of the RIC3 protein may be necessary for the expression of a resulting functional heterologous ion channel, which comprises the ACR-16 protein. As used herein, “ACR-16 protein” is equivalent to and used interchangeably with “acetylcholine receptor subunit ACR-16.” 
         [0031]    In an embodiment of the first aspect, the stable cell line contains within its genomic DNA and stably expresses both a gene encoding a functional heterologous nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACR) subunit protein, and a gene encoding a functional resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 3 (RIC3) protein. As a result of the stable expression of these two genes, the cell line expresses a functional ion channel comprising the heterologous nACR protein or subunit. In a particular embodiment, the nACR protein or subunit is an ACR-16 protein, also referred to herein as an “acetylcholine receptor subunit ACR-16.” 
         [0032]    In another embodiment, the stable cell line is produced by transfecting a human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell, or another mammalian cell, and selecting for stable recombinant cells. 
         [0033]    In yet another embodiment, the stable cell line contains and expresses a gene encoding a nematode ACR-16 protein or subunit. The ACR-16 protein may have a sequence having at least 90% identity to a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 19, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 13 or 25, with the proviso that the ACR-16 protein forms part of the functional ion channel. 
         [0034]    When percent identity language is used herein, it is to be understood that the protein or nucleic acid having substantial identity, at either the polypeptide sequence or polynucleotide sequence level, to one of the exemplified proteins or nucleic acids, must still exhibit sufficient structural and/or functional similarly to serve a substantially equivalent function as the exemplified protein or nucleic acid. For example, “an ACR-16 protein having at least 90% identity to the polypeptide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2” means that the referenced non-identical protein must have at least 90% of the same amino acids in the same locations, relative to SEQ ID NO: 2, and it also means that the non-identical protein must serve the substantially similar function of being able to form part of a functional nACR ion channel. 
         [0035]    Similarly, implicit in statements as to polynucleotide sequence identity is the understanding that the referenced non-identical nucleic acids must have substantial functional equivalence to the exemplified nucleic acids. Here, substantial functional equivalence of nucleic acids means that they encode for cognate polypeptides having substantial functional equivalence to one another. Accordingly, “an ACR-16 gene having at least 80% identity to the polynucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1” means that the referenced non-identical nucleic acid must have at least 80% of the same nucleotides in the same locations, relative to SEQ ID NO: 1, and it also means that the non-identical nucleic acid must serve the substantially similar function of coding for a protein that is able to form part of a functional ACR-16-containing nACR ion channel. 
         [0036]    In yet another embodiment of the stable cell line, the stably-expressed ACR-16 protein has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 19, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 13 or 25. 
         [0037]    In another embodiment, the stable cell line contains and expresses a gene encoding for a RIC3 protein having at least 90% identity to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 6, 32, 33, 10 or 16. In an embodiment, the RIC3 protein has a polypeptide sequence having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 6, 32, 33, 10 or 16. 
         [0038]    In a particular embodiment, the ACR-16 and RIC3 proteins are  Haemonchus contortus  ( H. contortus ) and  Homo sapiens  proteins, respectively. 
         [0039]    In another particular embodiment, both the ACR-16 and the RIC3 proteins are  H. contortus  proteins. The ACR-16 and RIC3 proteins may also both be  Dirofilaria Immitis  ( D. immitis ) proteins. 
         [0040]    In one embodiment, the ACR-16 protein is a  D. immitis  protein and the RIC3 protein is a human RIC3 protein. 
         [0041]    In another embodiment, the ACR-16 protein is a  D. immitis  protein and the RIC3 protein is a  H. contortus  protein. 
         [0042]    In a second aspect, the disclosure provides a high throughput screening (HTS) method for identifying modulators of ACR-16-containing channels 
         [0043]    In an embodiment, the HTS method may comprise the general steps of: 
         [0044]    a) culturing the disclosed stable cell lines that express functional ACR-16-containing ion channels; 
         [0045]    b) exposing aliquots of the stable cells to control and experimental compounds; and 
         [0046]    c) determining which experimental compounds are able to modulate the activity of the ACR-16-containing ion channel, thereby identifying modulators of the ACR-16-containing ion channel. 
         [0047]    In one embodiment, the determining step may comprise the step of measuring a significantly greater or lesser amount of calcium influx in the experimental aliquots of cells, relative to the amount of calcium influx in the control aliquots of cells. 
         [0048]    In a particular embodiment of the method, the calcium influx may be determined to be significantly greater in the experimental cells, indicating that the modulators are agonists of the ACR-16-containing ion channel. In an embodiment, the agonists are safe and effective parasiticidal agents for administration to animals in need thereof. 
         [0049]    In a third aspect, the disclosure provides at least one vector for producing the ACR-16- and RIC3-expressing stable cell lines. 
         [0050]    In an embodiment, the vector comprises both a gene encoding a heterologous nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACR) protein and a gene encoding and a resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 3 (RIC3) protein. The vector may contain a variety of elements known to those of skill in the art. For example, it is routine practice to incorporate antibiotic resistance cassettes, promoters, enhancers, transcription terminators, origins of replication, and any other elements required for gene expression, plasmid production/replication, and selection of stable recombinant cells. Now that the inventive combinations of ACR-16 and RIC3 have been disclosed, Applicants envision that a wide range of DNA vectors, including plasmid vectors, may be employed to produce a wide range of stable cells lines, including stable HEK cells. The stable cell line of the disclosure may be produced using the reagents and techniques disclosed herein, or they may be made using any other routine methods known by those of skill in the art. 
         [0051]    In another embodiment, the vector contains a gene encoding a functional nematode ACR-16 protein and a gene encoding a functional RIC3 protein. The gene encoding the RIC3 protein may be selected from a human RIC3 gene, an  H. contortus  RIC3 gene, a  C. elegans  RIC3 gene and a  D. immitis  RIC3 gene. Since applicants have surprisingly found that vectors containing an Hco ACR-16 gene and a  C. elegans  RIC3 gene fail to produce stable cells expressing functional ACR-16-containing channels, a non- C. elegans  RIC3 gene is preferred when an Hco ACR-16 gene is present in the vector. 
         [0052]    In still another embodiment of the vector, the ACR-16 gene has at least 80% identity to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 7, 11 or 12 and the RIC3 gene has at least 80% identity to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 9, 14 or 15, in any combination of ACR-16 gene and RIC3 gene, with the proviso that when the vector contains an Hco ACR-16, the RIC3 gene is not a  C. elegans  RIC3 gene. 
         [0053]    The ACR-16 gene may also have a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 19, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 13 or 25. Alternatively, the ACR-16 gene may encode a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to a polypeptide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 19, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 13 or 25. 
         [0054]    In another embodiment of the vector, the ACR-16 gene has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 9, 14 or 15; and the RIC3 gene has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 9, 14 or 15. Any combination of ACR-16 gene and RIC3 gene is envisioned, with the proviso that when the vector contains an Hco ACR-16, it is preferred that the RIC3 gene be other than a  C. elegans  RIC3 gene. 
         [0055]    In yet another embodiment, the RIC3 gene may encode a polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 6, 32, 33, 10 or 16. The RIC3 gene may also encode a polypeptide having at least 90% identity to a polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 6, 32, 33, 10 or 16. 
         [0056]    In a particular embodiment of the vector, the ACR-16 gene has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the RIC3 gene has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. 
         [0057]    In a fourth aspect, the disclosure provides a method for producing cells that stably express functional ACR-16-containing ion channels, which comprises the step of stably transfecting cells with both an ACR-16 gene and a RIC3 gene. In a particular embodiment, the ACR-16 gene has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the RIC3 gene has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. 
         [0058]    The invention will now be further described by way of the following non-limiting examples. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0059]    Below discloses the development of the disclosed stable cell lines, which express functional ACR-16 channels, and are useful for the high-throughput screening of compounds capable of modulating ACR-16 channel function. 
       Example 1 
     Production of Mammalian Cells Expressing Functional Nematode AChR: Hco ACR-16/Human RIC3 
       [0060]    Materials &amp; Methods. 
         [0061]    In general, the Flp-In™ T-Rex™-293 (Human Embryonic Kidney cells) and the Flp-In™ T-Rex™ system # FITR were used to produce the stable cell lines. The vector was pCDNA5-FRT-TO_DEST and the insert sequences were Hco ACR-16 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and Human RIC3 (SEQ ID NO: 3) (depicted in  FIG. 2 ). Cells were grown in DMEM (#31966, Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FCS (#10500, Gibco), 15 μg/ml Blasticidin (#ant-bl-1, InVivoGen) and 80 μg/ml Hygromycin B (#10867, Invitrogen). Cells were grown at 37° C., 5% CO2 and 90% humidity, and passaged using Accutase (#091000449, Sigma). Finally, inductions were carried out using 0.1 μg/ml doxycycline at for 24 h at 37° C. 
         [0062]    The Flp-In™ T-Rex™ expression system allows the generation of stable mammalian cell lines. The gene of interest can be integrated at a specific genomic location called  F lp  R ecombination  T arget (FRT) site. The integration of the gene of interest into the genome is mediated through a Flp recombinase. With this system, the generation of stable cell line is rapid and efficient as it permits the generation of isogenic cell lines without clonal selection. This system is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , 19, and is available in more detail in the product manuals for pcDNA™5/FRT/TO (herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The inducible expression vector was designed for use with the Flp-In™ T-REx™ System (Cat. no. V6520-20). 
         [0063]    The  Haemonchus contortus  ACR-16 clone was obtained from the University of Manchester and was back-mutated to match the publicly available accession number. The following primers were then used to equip the clone with suitable restriction sites for cloning into pCDNA5dual-FRT-TO_DEST. Cloning was done using the InFusion technology. SEQ ID NO:17 (9924-01 forward primer PmlI InFusion) 5′-AGG TGT CGT GAA CAC GTG CCA CCA TGT GGA GCT TGC TGA TCG C-3′; SEQ ID NO:18 (9924-02 reverse primer PmlI InFusion) 5′-AGC GGC CGC GAC CAC GTG CTA GGC GAC CAG ATA TGG AG-3′. The human RIC3 was taken from a clone that was cloned from adrenal tissue at Sanofi. For cloning into pCDNA5 dual-FRT-TO_DEST, the Gateway cloning technology was used. 
         [0064]    Transfections. One day prior to transfection, 1.5*10 6  Flp-In-T-Rex-293 or —CHO cells were seeded in 10 ml DMEM or HAM-F12 containing 10% FCS into a Petri Dish (ø=100 mm) and incubated at 37° C./10% CO2 overnight. Using the Lipofectamine transfection reagent, cells were co-transfected with the Flp recombinase expression plasmid pOG44 and the pCDNA5 dual-FRT-TO-target with a 9:1 ratio. For the transfection of one dish, 10.8 μg of pOG44 and 1.2 μg of pCDNA5 dual-FRT-TO-target were mixed to 500 μl Opti-MEM I medium containing 72 μl Lipofectamine reagents. After 20 minutes of incubation at room temperature, the transfection reagent/DNA complex was distributed drop wise onto the cells. Flp-In-T-Rex-293 or —CHO cells were incubated at 37° C./10% CO2. Five hours after transfection the cells were washed and fresh culture medium was added to the cells. 
         [0065]    Forty-eight hours after transfection the cells were washed and fresh cultivation medium containing the selection antibiotic was added. Flp-In-T-Rex-293-HcoACR-16 hRic3 cells were selected with 80 μg/ml hygromycin. The culture medium was exchanged every 2-3 days until a resistant population of cells had grown. After two to three weeks of selection, the cells were cultivated in T75 flasks for scale-up and batch production. 
         [0066]    In parallel, a transitory expression of HcoACR-16 with Hco and Cel Ric3 was performed in the HEK parental cell line. The combination of Hco AChR-16+Cel Ric3 did not yield functional AChR16 channels while expression of HcoACR-16+Hco or human Ric3 did yield functional channels. 
         [0067]    Cells were harvested from the culture flasks by a short treatment (2-5 minutes) with accutase, resuspended in culture medium and centrifuged at 1000 rpm/10 min. Cells were resuspended in 90% fetal calf serum containing 10% DMSO and stored frozen in liquid nitrogen. All cell lines in culture and in the frozen stock were  mycoplasma -free. DMEM (Gibco 31966) supplemented with 10% FCS (Gibco 10500) and 100 μg/ml Penicillin &amp; Streptomycin (Gibco 15140); 80 μg/ml Hygromycin B (Invitrogen 10687); and 15 μg/ml Blasticidin (InVivoGen ant-bl-1). Subculturing was performed by the following procedure: detach cells with Accutase (Sigma A6964), 1 ml/T75 cm2 flask Count: Vi-Cell (Beckman Coulter) Split Ratio: A subcultivation inoculum of 1:10 for 3 days maintenance and 1:15 for 4 days maintenance is recommended. Environment: 5% CO2/37° C./95% RH Culture Flasks: 75 cm 2  flask (Corning 430641). 
       Example 2 
     Production of Mammalian Cells Expressing Functional Nematode AChR: Hco ACR-16/Hco RIC3 
       [0068]    The methods of Example 1 were used, except that the insert sequences used were Hco ACR-16 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and Hco RIC3 (SEQ ID NO: 5) (depicted in  FIG. 3 ). 
       Example 3 
     Production of Vectors for Transient Expression of Functional Nematode AChR: Cel ACR-16 and Cel RIC3 
       [0069]    The methods of Example 1 were used, except that the vector was pCDNA3.1neo_DEST and the insert sequences were Cel ACR-16 (SEQ ID NO: 7) and Cel RIC3 (SEQ ID NO: 9). Transfections were carried out using FuGENE 6 (#E2691, Promega). 
       Example 4 
     Production of Mammalian Cells Expressing Functional Nematode AChR: Dim ACR-16/Dim RIC3 
       [0070]    As in Example 1, Flp-In™ T-Rex™-293 (Human Embryonic Kidney cells) and the Flp-In™ T-Rex™ system # FITR were used to produce the stable cell lines. The vector was pCDNA5-FRT-TO_DEST and the inserts were codon-optimized Dim ACR-16 (SEQ ID NO:12) and codon-optimized Dim RIC3 (SEQ ID NO:15) (depicted in  FIG. 4 ). Applicants cloned Hco RIC3 from Hco cDNA prepared from field isolates, and to their knowledge, no one has previously published this sequence. 
       Example 5 
     Evaluation of Mammalian Cells Expressing Functional AChR Using Calcium Mobilization Fluorescence Assays 
       [0071]    Video-Imaging Setup, Assay Protocol for Fluorescence-Ca2+ Measurement 
         [0072]    Fluorescence intensity was measured on a Hamamatsu station (camera, polychromator, Simple PCI software) with two excitation wavelengths 340 (free fura2) &amp; 380 nm (Ca2+−fura2) and emission beyond 510 nm. 
         [0073]    Working Assay Buffer=Ringer&#39;s Solution: 
         [0074]    In distilled water: to mM Hepes (Sigma H7523), 150 mM NaCl (Sigma S6191), 4 mM KCl (Sigma P5405), 2 mM CaCl 2  (Sigma C4901), 1 mM MgCl 2  (Sigma M2670), adjusted at pH 7.3 by NaOH 2M (Fisher). All products are in powder form except NaOH in solution form. Osmolarity was set up at 301 mmol/kg. 
         [0075]    Assay Protocol for Video-Imaging Ca2+ Measurement: 
         [0076]    Ca 2+  increase was monitored using Flura-2 (AM) dye and imagery of fluorescence was performed on a Hamamatsu platform (Nikon Eclipse TE2000U+Photonics Polychromator+Orca Camera+SimplePCI software).
       Cells were seeded in growth medium with 1 μg/ml of doxycycline onto Labtek Chamber slideck, poly-lysine coated at a cell density of 200×10 3  cells/chamber in 1 mL.   Induction: doxycycline 1 μg/ml for 24 h @ 37° C. @ 5% CO 2 ,   1 μM of Fura-2-AM was added for 20 minutes at 37° C./5% CO 2      Medium was replaced by assay buffer (Ringer&#39;s solution).   Fluorescence intensity was measured above 510 nm with both excitation wavelengths of 340 (free-fura2) and 380 nm excitation (Ca 2+  bound fura2).   Calcium increase was triggered by reference agonist application: 300 nM epibatidine in assay buffer following pre-incubation of 10 μM PNU-120596.       
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reagents for the Calcium Imaging Studies 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Materials 
                 Supplier 
                 Cat. No. 
                 Function 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Flura-2 AM 
                 Molecular 
                 F1221 
                 Calcium sensitive fluorescent 
               
               
                   
                 Probes 
                   
                 dye 
               
               
                 HEPES 
                 SIGMA 
                 H7523 
                 Ringer&#39;s Buffer solution 
               
               
                 NaCl 
                 SIGMA 
                 S6191 
                 Ringer&#39;s Buffer solution 
               
               
                 KCl 
                 SIGMA 
                 P5405 
                 Ringer&#39;s Buffer solution 
               
               
                 MgCl 2   
                 SIGMA 
                 M2670 
                 Ringer&#39;s Buffer solution 
               
               
                 CaCl 2   
                 SIGMA 
                 C4901 
                 Ringer&#39;s Buffer solution 
               
               
                 NaOH 
                 Fisher 
                   
                 Ringer&#39;s Buffer solution pH 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 adjusted 
               
               
                 Epibatidine 
                 SIGMA 
                 P178 
                 nAChR agonist Reference 
               
               
                 PNU120596 
                   
                   
                 nAChR positive allosteric 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 modulator reference 
               
               
                 Flp-In-293-Hco ACR-16 hRic3 
                   
                   
                 Cell line expressing the Hco 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACR-16 and hRic3 (i.e. the line 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 described in Example 1) 
               
               
                 Flp-In-293 
                   
                   
                 Parental cell line 
               
               
                 Poly-D-Lysine 
                 SIGMA 
                 P6407 
                 Coating 
               
               
                 Lab-Tek II ® Chamber slide 
                 NUNC 
                 155379 
                 Assay plate 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Epibatidine statistics 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Std 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Event 
                 Est. 
                 N 
                 Mean 
                 Dev 
                 Median 
                 nMAD 
                 Min 
                 Max 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Epibatidine 300 nM 
                 Rmin 
                 98 
                 1.02 
                 0.12 
                 1.04 
                 0.07 
                 0.49 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 Epibatidine 300 nM 
                 Rmax 
                 98 
                 2.62 
                 1.69 
                 2.34 
                 1.42 
                 0.49 
                 9.16 
               
               
                 Epibatidine 300 nM 
                 Ratio 
                 98 
                 2.51 
                 1.57 
                 2.15 
                 1.31 
                 0.99 
                 8.10 
               
               
                 Epibatidine 300 nM 
                 Reaction 
                 51 
                 17.69 
                 9.79 
                 15.03 
                 0.00 
                 15.03 
                 80.20 
               
               
                   
                 Time 
               
               
                 Epibatidine 300 nM 
                 AUC 
                 98 
                 271.25 
                 141.44 
                 253.67 
                 110.84 
                 33.42 
                 869.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0083]    Assay Protocol for Ca2+ Measurement in 384-Well Plate Format on FDSS6000 (Hamamatsu) 
         [0084]    The Ca 2+  increase through either Hco or Dim ACR-16 was monitored using Fluo-4AM dye and measured by a FDSS6000 platform (Hamamatsu). Twenty-four hours before the experiment, cells were seeded in growth medium into 384-well black, clear bottom poly-lysine coated plates, at a cell density of 10.000 cells/well in 50 μl complemented with 1 μg/ml doxycycline. 
         [0085]    Medium was replaced by washing three times with assay buffer, keeping a residual volume of 25 μl per well. Subsequently 25 μl of dye loading buffer were added and the plate was incubated for 1 h at RT. 
         [0086]    Dye loading buffer was removed by washing three times with assay buffer (Cell washer BioTek), keeping a residual volume of 50 μl per well. 
         [0087]    Plates were transferred to the FDSS6000 reader and measured for agonist response by adding 5 μl of agonist solution. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calcium Imaging Reagents 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Cat. 
                   
               
               
                 Materials 
                 Supplier 
                 No. 
                 Function 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fluo-4/AM 
                 Invitrogen 
                   
                 Calcium sensitive 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 fluorescent dye 
               
               
                 HBSS (10x) with 
                 Invitrogen 
                 14065 
                 Buffer solution 
               
               
                 calcium/magnesium 
               
               
                 Flp-In-293-Hco ACR-16/ 
                   
                   
                 Cell line expressing 
               
               
                 hRIC3 hybrid 
                   
                   
                 ACR-16 
               
               
                 Epibatidine 
                   
                   
                 nAChR agonist reference 
               
               
                 PNU-120596 
                   
                   
                 nAChR positive 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 allosteric modulator 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 reference 
               
               
                 384-well plate (poly- 
                 BD 
                   
                 Assay plate 
               
               
                 lysine coated) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Assay Buffer Composition 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Reagent 
                 Chemicals 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Assay buffer 
                 HBSS (+Ca/+Mg) 1x 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 mM CaCl 2   
               
               
                   
                 20 mM Hepes 
               
               
                   
                 0.001% Pluronic acid 
               
               
                   
                 Set to pH 7.4 
               
               
                 Agonist/ 
                 Assay buffer 
                 Fresh solution of 
               
               
                 compound 
                   
                 epibatidine/nicotine was 
               
               
                 buffer 
                   
                 prepared 
               
               
                 Dye loading 
                 Assay buffer containing: 
                 Fluo-4/AM is added from a 
               
               
                 buffer 
                 4 μM Fluo-4/AM 
                 0.5 mM stock solution in DMSO 
               
               
                   
                 0.1% BSA 
                 (1 mg diluted in 910 μl DMSO, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protected from light) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Robustness values obtained for 384-w format assay using 
               
               
                 Hco ACR-16/hRIC3 cell line 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Signal amplitude 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 with 10 μM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PNU120596 + 300 nM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 epibatidine 
               
               
                   
                 Conditions 
                 application (RFU) 
                 Z′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 24 h @ 37° C. 
                 1503 
                 0.89 
               
               
                   
                 24 h @ 37° C. + 24 h @ 30° C. 
                 2160 
                 0.90 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0088]    As a measure of assay robustness, the Z′ value is calculated as follows using the means (μ) and standard deviations (σ) of both positive (p) and negative (n) controls (μ p ,μ n ,σ p  and σ n ): 
         [0000]        Z′= 1−3*(σ p +σ n )/|μ p −μ n |
 
         [0089]    For a high-throughput screen, a Z′ value of 1 is ideal and greater than 0.5 is considered excellent. Z′ is typically calculated for each plate with plate-specific positive and negative controls. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 EC50 values for reference compounds vs Hco 
               
               
                 ACR-16/hRIC3 cell line 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Reference compounds 
                 EC50 value (μM) 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Epibatidine 
                 0.006 
                 Revealed by co-application of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PNU-120956 
               
               
                 Nicotine 
                 0.20 
                 Revealed by co-application of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PNU-120956 
               
               
                 Acetylcholine 
                 0.48 
                 Revealed by co-application of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PNU-120956 
               
               
                 PNU-120956 
                 0.16 
                 Revealed by co-application of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EC100 orthosteric reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 agonist 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Robustness values obtained for 384-w format assay using 
               
               
                 Hco ACR-16/Hco RIC3 cell line 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Signal amplitude 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 with 10 μM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PNU120596 + 300 nM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 epibatidine 
               
               
                   
                 Conditions 
                 application (RFU) 
                 Z′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 24 h @ 37° C. 
                 680 
                 0.81 
               
               
                   
                 24 h @ 37° C. + 24 h @ 30° C. 
                 1601 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hco ACR-16/Hco RIC3 stable cell line Result on FDSS6000 setup 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Reference compounds 
                 EC50 value (μM) 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Epibatidine 
                 0.005 
                 Revealed by co-application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of PNU-120956 
               
               
                 PNU-120956 
                 1.4 
                 Revealed by co-application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of EC100 orthosteric 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reference agonist 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dim ACR-16/Dim RIC3 stable cell line Results on 
               
               
                 FDSS6000 setup 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Reference compounds 
                 EC50 value (μM) 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Epibatidine 
                 0.005 
                 Revealed by co-application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of PNU-120956 
               
               
                 Nicotine 
                 0.4 
                 Revealed by co-application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of PNU-120956 
               
               
                 PNU-120956 
                 2.4 
                 Revealed by co-application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of EC100 orthosteric 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reference agonist 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Robustness values obtained for 384-w format assay 
               
               
                 using Dim ACR-16/Dim RIC3 cell line 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Signal amplitude 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 with 10 μM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PNU120596 + 300 nM 
               
               
                   
                   
                 epibatidine 
               
               
                   
                 Conditions 
                 application (RFU) 
                 Z′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 24 h @ 37° C. + 24 h @ 30° C. 
                 450 
                 0.81 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0090]    The invention will now be set forth in the following non-limiting claims.