Abstract:
The invention relates to a method of channel-adaptive power control. According to the invention, the method makes it possible to control the transmission power in a channel-adapting way, employing an arbitrary large set of different TPC algorithms (TPCAs) for use. Each TPCA should be well adapted to a special kind of channel characteristics. The set of TPCAs is all the better performing when it covers the largest scale possible of channel characteristics. At any time, the transmission power is controlled by that algorithm chosen among the set of algorithms that appears to be optimal for the actual channel characteristics.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of this invention is the digital radio communication. More precisely this invention relates to a method of channel-adaptive power control as claimed, to a CDMA transceiver device and to a digital CDMA radio communication system as claimed in the independent claims. 
     Power control method serves to adapt the transmission power of a transmitter in a base station or respectively in a mobile station according to information received from its communication counterpart the mobile station respectively the base station over the radio channel. 
     In CDMA systems all channel resources are allocated to all users simultaneously. On the one hand the “Near-Far”-effect must be properly compensated so that all mobile stations communicating with a base station have approximately the same contribution to the total received signal at the base station independently of their distance to the base station. On the other hand the mobile radio channel has a broad dynamic bandwidth. The characteristics depend directly on the behaviour of the mobile user and are typically affected by radio-link Doppler and Rayleigh-fading effects. Appropriate mechanisms have to be used to avoid connection degradation or loss due to a too high attenuation of the signal w.r.t. interference. 
     Under these conditions a fast and accurate power control is necessary to ensure an appropriate level of transmission quality for the users. At the same time power control maximises communication density levels in the system. For uplink, this is achieved if the Signal-to-Interference-Ratio (SIR) measured by a base station for each connected mobile station is kept as close as possible to a target Signal-to-Interference-Ratio (SIRtarget). 
     In prior art e.g. “CDMA—Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication”, Andrew J. Viterbi 1998, Addison-Wesley, Page 182-183, uplink power control has been realised with an open loop power control scheme or with a closed loop control scheme. 
     In the open loop control scheme a mobile station is tracking a pilot signal sent by the base station while receiving and transmitting traffic. The power level of the pilot signal is in relation with the SIRtarget value and is known by the mobile station. The downlink path loss can then be estimated at any time. Assuming that the physical channel is completely symmetrical, the downlink path loss is the same as the uplink path loss and the mobile station can deduce at any time the appropriate transmission power it has to use. 
     A closed loop power control takes into account that the dynamical part of propagation loss is not symmetric, since Rayleigh fading depends strongly on the carrier frequency, which may differ considerably in the two directions. In that case the transmission power is based on periodical measurements made at the receiving (base or mobile) station. These measurements lead to an estimation of the SIR of the signal received. SIR sampling is done once per 0.625 ms timeslot as specified in UMTS W-CDMA, ETSI XX.03, Version 1.0.0 (December 1998), Section 5.2.1 (Page 6) for uplink, Section 5.3.1 (Page 9) for downlink. The receiving station compares the estimated SIR with SIRtarget and generates according to an algorithm a Transmit Power Control (TPC) command indicating to which extent the counterpart station has to raise or to lower its actual transmission power. This TPC command is sent back to the counterpart station over a signalling channel. The counterpart station modifies its transmission power in the way indicated by the TPC command. The generation of TPC commands is also done once per 0.625 ms timeslot as specified in UMTS W-CDMA. 
     In prior art an algorithm named “bang-bang” algorithm is used to generate TPCs. It is specified in UMTS W-CDMA, ETSI XX.07, Version 1.0.0 (December 1998), Section 4.1.1 (Page 5) for uplink, Section 4.2.1 (Page 6) for downlink. It simply compares for each sampling instance the estimated SIR with the SIRtarget and generates a binary TPC value equal to “up” if the sign of the difference SIRtarget-SIRestimated is positive and to “down” if the sign of the difference is negative. The way of modifying the transmission power is quantified: a Transmission Power Step value (TPS) is fixed. Upon reception of the TPC message, the mobile station converts the value “down” into the indication “reduce transmission power by TPS dB” and the value “up” into the indication “increase transmission power by TPS dB”. 
     Disadvantages of closed loop power control combined with “bang-bang” algorithm are especially detected in urban environments where the mobile channel shows such fast attenuation variations that the loop delay—induced by the measurement in the base station, the TPC command generation, its transmission to the mobile station and the power tuning of the transmitter—causes a noticeable probability that the TPC command at its point of arrival at the transmitter in the mobile station is obsolete. E.g., suppose that the base station considers the received power level to be too high, thereupon generating a TPC command “down” in order to let the mobile station reduce its transmission power. When this TPC command arrives at the transmitter in the mobile station, the attenuation over the radio channel between the base station and the mobile station may have increased to such an extent, that the SIR has dropped below the SIRtarget before the TPC comes into effect. In this case, when the TPC becomes effective, it actually causes the SIR to deviate further from its target value rather than reducing the power error. 
     In order to reduce these effects, which tend to decrease the potential user capacity in CDMA networks considerably, predictive algorithms could be advantageous but not sufficient. Indeed, such predictive algorithms should be well adapted to one type of channel characteristics, but under other type of channel characteristics, their predictions might deviate considerably from the real appearing values. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide a method of improving power control in making it possible to control the transmission power in a channel adapting form. 
     These objects are attained by the features of the independent claims respectively by offering an arbitrary large set of different TPC algorithms (TPCAs) for use. Each TPCA should be well adapted to a special kind of channel characteristics. The set of TPCAs is all the better performing when it covers the largest scale possible of channel characteristics. At any time the transmission power is controlled by the algorithm chosen among the set of algorithms that appears to be optimal for the actual channel characteristics. This method takes advantage of the right algorithm at the right time. 
     Further advantageous features of the invention are defined in the dependent claims. 
     Especially an algorithm using a first and second threshold is well adapted to a channel affected by Rayleigh fading. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The invention will become more apparent from the following description of several embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows two transceivers of a digital CDMA radio communication network communicating with each other in one direction over traffic channel and realising power control, 
     FIG. 2 shows the simulation and evaluation unit and 
     FIG. 3 includes a flowchart showing steps of the method for realising power control in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The digital CDMA radio system shown in FIG. 1 is composed of a device A  1  and a device B  2 . For the description of this example device A is a mobile station  1  and device B is a base station  2 . Both devices are composed of a transmitter  12 , 22  and of a receiver  11 , 21 . The mobile station  1  with the transmitter  12  sends out a traffic information with transmission power STXi at the sampling instance i. The information enters the base station  2  and the receiver  21  over a radio communication traffic channel  31 . The transmitter  22  of the base station sends signalling information to the receiver  11  of the mobile station  2  on a signalling channel ( 32 ). In the base station  2  the receiver  21  is connected to a control circuit  4  for realising improved power control. The task of the control circuit  4  is to take the received signal from the traffic channel  31  and to generate a transmission power control command TPCi at sampling instance i at the output. The control circuit  4  is connected to the transmitter  22  of the base station. The TPCi is sent by the transmitter  22  of the base station to the receiver 11 of the mobile station  1  over the signalling channel  31 . 
     In the next timeslot of the CDMA-transmission a new TPCi is computed and sent out. 
     The new transmission power at sampling instance i+1 (STXi+1) at the transmitter  12  of the base station is calculated as follow: 
     
       
           STXi+ 1 =STXi*TPCi.   
       
     
     The control circuit  4  for realising improved power control is composed by an estimation unit  41  connected to the receiver  21  and a operating unit  43 . The output of the operating unit  43  is connected to the input of the transmitter  22  of the base station  2 . The estimation unit  41  and the output of the operating unit  43  are connected in a second line to the input of a reconstruction unit  42  which is over parallel simulation units  441  . . .  44   n  connected to a selection unit  45 . The selection unit has a trigger line to switch switches  3 ,  3 ″. 
     a estimation unit  41  responsible for SIR estimation obtained at each sampling instance as follows: 
     signal power received over the traffic channel by the receiver of the base station SRXi divided by interference power at device B&#39;s receiver part IRXi: 
     
       
         
           SIRi=SRXi/IRXi. 
         
       
     
     an operating unit  43  composed of n algorithms A 1 , A 2 , . . . , An. At sampling instance i, in FIG. 1, A 1  is the operative algorithm and controls the TPC generation. TPCi is used to regulate the transmission power of device A&#39;s transmitter part. The other algorithms are at sampling instance i inactive regarding the generation of a TPC to regulate the transmission power of the base station. 
     a reconstruction unit  42  responsible for reconstructing in real time the channel behaviour. The channel behaviour is characterised by the evolution over the time of the absolute channel loss ACLi defined at each step as follows: 
     Signal transmission power at the mobile station  1  STXi divided by the power of the same signal at the base station after attenuation by the radio channel SRXi 
     
       
         
           ACLi=STXi/SRXi. 
         
       
     
      The reconstruction unit  42  takes as input the value of the measured SIR given by the estimation unit  41  and the value of the TPC command generated by the operating unit  43 . 
     The result of the real time channel reconstruction operated by the reconstruction unit  42  is stored at each sampling instance i in n memories for further use. 
     n simulation units  441 , 442  . . .  44   n  each of them responsible for the simulation and the validation of one algorithm. The n simulation units  441 , . . . ,  44   n  are running simultaneously and independently of each other. They generate virtual TPCs (VTPCs) in parallel. These VTPCs are just used for simulation purpose. They don&#39;t influence directly the power control since they are not transmitted to the mobile station  1 . Note that the operative algorithm can also be simulated and validated this way. 
     a selection unit  45  responsible for the selection of the best algorithm according to the common quality criterion. If the best algorithm is different of the operative algorithm, the selection unit also triggers the switching of switches  3  between the operative algorithm at step i and the best algorithm which becomes the operative algorithm at step i+1. 
     At each step i, the simulation unit  44   k  for the algorithm Ak as shown in FIG. 2 consists of: 
     a first memory  42   k  where channel information is stored at each sampling instance i by the reconstructing unit  42 . 
     a computing unit Ak′ computing at step i the VTPC according to the algorithm Ak (VTPCk,i). 
     a second memory  46   k  where at each sampling instance i, the virtual SIR information reconstructed by the simulation of the algorithm Ak (VSIRk,i) is stored 
     a validation unit  45   k  validating the results provided by the simulation of the algorithm Ak with a quantitative quality evaluation based on a common quality criterion for all algorithms. This quantitative quality evaluation indicates how well the sequence of VTPCk,i generated by the algorithm Ak enables it to keep the sequence of VSIRk,i close to SIRtarget under the current channel conditions. The validation is done by the n units in parallel providing the n quantitative quality evaluations instantaneously. 
     In the embodiment of the invention being described, one TPCA represented by its instances A 1  and A 1 ′ is the “bang-bang” algorithm. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 TPC i  = +TPS dB 
                 if SIR i  &lt; SIR target   
               
               
                   
                 TPC i  = −TPS dB 
                 if SIR i  &gt; SIR target   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Another TPCA represented by its instances A 2  and A 2 ′ is especially performing for a channel affected by Rayleigh fading phenomenon. It deviates from the standard “bang-bang” algorithm by sending a “down” TPC command when the following situation occurs: the measured SIRi is below SIRtarget, but above another constant threshold SIR, called “pre-braking SIR” (SIR pb ), and SIRi is detected to be increasing by at least a minimum rate (e.g. dpb dB per control cycle, where dpb can be positive, zero or negative) 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 TPC i  = −TPS dB 
                 if SIR i  &gt; SIR target  or (SIR i  &gt; SIR pb  and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SIR i−1  + dpb &lt; SIR i ) 
               
               
                   
                 TPC i  = +TPS dB 
                 otherwise 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As it can be regarded as to perform “braking” of the upward movement of the SIR by reversing the TPC commands before the desired SIR level has been reached, it could be named the positive slope pre-braking (PSPB) algorithm. 
     One variation of the PSPB algorithm is to detect a decrease of the ACL value instead of an increase of the SIR value. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 TPC i  = −TPS dB 
                 if SIR i  &gt; SIR target  or (SIR i  &gt; SIR pb  and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACL i−1  + dpb &gt; ACL i ) 
               
               
                   
                 TPC i  = +TPS dB 
                 otherwise 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Variation of ACL are given by the unit responsible for reconstructing in real time the channel behaviour. It can also be directly obtained if the transmission power is transmitted over the signalling channel from the mobile or base station 
     The other TPCAs represented by their instances A 3 , A 3 ′ . . . An, An′ can be predictive or non-predictive algorithms. The degree in which the TPCAs differ from each other can be variable, e.g. it is possible that a part or the whole set of algorithms are identical with the exception of one or more parameters having different numerical values, but also completely different algorithms can be operated in parallel. One is not restricted to one class of algorithm. 
     An embodiment of the method according to the invention for realising improved power control is shown as a flowchart in FIG.  3 . The method comprises the following steps: 
     Step S1: Initialisation of the parameters. An operative algorithm is chosen as start algorithm according to an external criterion among the set of available algorithms. 
     Step S2: The signal received on the traffic channel is measured. An evaluation of SIRi at sampling instance i is done. 
     Step S3: According to the operative algorithm TPCi is generated at sampling instance i. 
     In the following, the step S4 on the one hand and the steps S5 to S11 inclusive on the other hand are executed in parallel. 
     Step S4: TPCi generated by the operative algorithm is sent over the signalling channel back to device A. 
     Step S5: The image of the channel at sampling instance i is reconstructed. In the configuration shown in FIG. 1, the channel behaviour can be derived from the only information available at the base station  2 : −SIRi given by the estimation unit  41   
     TPCi generated by the operative algorithm if it is assumed that IRXi is constant for each i: 
     
       
           ACLi+ 1/ ACLi=STXi+ 1 /STXi*SRXi/SRXi+ 1 =TPCi*SIRi/SIRi+ 1. 
       
     
     Using the reconstructed channel value, the behaviour of all algorithms is simulated in parallel. 
     Step S6: the value VSIRk,i derived at each step i from VSIRk,i−1,VTPCk,i−1,ACLi−1 and ACLi according to the following formula: 
     
       
           VSIRk,i/VSIRk,i− 1 =VTPCk,i− 1 ACLi− 1 /ACLi  for 1 &lt;=k&lt;=n   
       
     
     Step S7: VTPCk,i is generated for each algorithm Ak at sampling instance i. The simulated algorithm Ak uses as input the value VSIRk,i to generate VTPCk,i. 
     
       
           VTPCk,i=Ak ( VSIRk,i ) for 1 &lt;=k&lt;=n   
       
     
     Step S8: A quality evaluation is done for each algorithm according to a common quality criterion. All Algorithms are validated in the same way, for example their quality is measured as the averaged square error Qk of VSIRk,i w.r.t. SIR target . Here, optimal quality is reached when the numerical value of Q k  is minimal:          Q   k     =       av                   (       (       SIR   target     -     VSIR     k   ,   i         )     2     )       =       n     -   1                         ∑     i   =   0       n   -   1                         (       SIR   target     -     VSIR     k   ,   i         )     2                                  
     Step S9: The algorithm meeting the best the quality criterion is selected. 
     Step S11: If the selected algorithm is not equal to the operative algorithm, the operative algorithm is replaced by the selected algorithm, else nothing is changed. 
     Step S12: The step number is incremented and the process starts again at Step S2. 
     The invention is not restricted to a base station which is able to handle alternative algorithms. It is also possible that a mobile station has all necessary means to adapt TPC in the inventional way. 
     The whole circuit can be integrated in a single module with a processor able to process incoming data. 
     The invention is not restricted to a method which send TPC in every time slot. It is possible to send the TPC the next timeslot after a measurement. In some cases it is sufficient to adapt the power in a lower frequency. 
     The decision to switch the operative algorithm to another can be taken immediately after an algorithm with a better quality has been detected. The decision can also be taken due to a defined threshold. Only if the quality of an algorithm is above this threshold the switching will be triggered. 
     Another possible solution is to take the decision if an algorithm has been the best one during a certain time.