Abstract:
A progressive cavity pump or motor, particularly suitable for hydrocarbon recovery operations, includes a rotor  20  and a stator  10 . Fluid pressure in cavities between the stator and the rotor create torque which rotates the bit. An interior surface of the stator is rigidly secured to the outer housing of the pump stator and defines an interior profile. A substantially uniform thickness elastomeric layer  62  is supported on the outer housing. The pump rotor has an exterior profile which corresponds with the interior profile of the elastomeric layer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to the design and manufacture of pumps and motors utilizing progressive cavity power sections. More specifically, this invention relates to the design and manufacture of the female stator component of the progressive cavity pump or motor. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   U.S. Pat. No. 1,892,217 discloses a gear mechanism of a progressive cavity pump or motor. This progressive cavity technology is commonly used in a pump to convert mechanical to power fluid energy, and in a motor to convert fluid energy to mechanical power. As a downhole motor, the moving energy of a drilling fluid may be converted to rotary motion to rotate a bit to drill a subterranean well. Other publications of interest including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,084,631; 4,104,009; 4,676,725; 5,171,138; 5,759,019; 6,183,226; 6,309,195; and 6,336,796; and WO 01/44615. 
   Operation of a progressive cavity pump or motor utilizes an interference between the external profile of the rotor which resides inside the stator, and the internal profile of the stator. This interference allows the cavities of the pump or motor to be sealed from adjoining cavities. This seal resists the fluid pressure resulting from the mechanical pumping action, or resulting from the conversion of fluid energy to mechanical energy in a motor. This interference between the internal rotor and stator necessitates that one of or both of these components be covered with a resilient or dimensionally forgiving material which also allows the pump or motor to pass or transfer particles and other abrasive objects in either the driving  fluid (motor) or the transmitted fluid (pump). Historically, this resilient material has been provided on the interior of the stator. 
   The resilient material used for the stator introduces weaknesses into the operation and life of the pump/motor. Common elastomers have temperature tolerances below that of most other components in the pump or motor, e.g., metal components. Mechanical resistance of the elastomer is also of concern since high pressures are generated in the cavities of the pump/motor. These high fluid pressures and the necessary reactive forces result in significant deflection and stress in the elastomer, particularly along the rotor/stator interferences. These forces create friction which generates a large amount of heat during operation, and this heat may be very deleterious to the desired characteristics of the elastomer, and thus deleterious to the performance and life of the pump/motor. 
   A progressive cavity pump or motor stator is conventionally constructed by molding an elastomer with the desired spiral interior profile within a cylindrical steel tube or housing. Due to the spiral profile on the stator&#39;s inner surface, varying thicknesses of elastomer are molded between the stator inner surface and the inner surface of the metal tube to which the stator is adhered. If the heat resulting from the previously mentioned sources becomes excessive, the properties of the elastomer will more generally degrade. Elastomers have high insulative properties and thus inherently restrict the conduction of the heat generated at the rotor and stator interface from being conducted to the thermally conductive metal tube, which may then be dissipated from the pump/motor, if desired, with various cooling systems, including liquid cooling systems and exposed fin systems. The radially  thicker sections of elastomer create the greater insulative properties, and thus typically degrade faster than radially thin sections. Additionally, the high pressure experienced during operation may deflect the thicker sections of elastomer to the extent that the interference is overcome and contact with the rotor is lost. This loss of contact results in decreasing speeds for the motor and decreasing flows for the pump, resulting in poor efficiency. In addition, heat from the pump/motor operation, in some cases in conjunction with the environment in which pump/motor operates, distorts the shape of the elastomer molded to the interior of the metal tube. Elastomers have a high coefficient of thermal expansion compared to other materials used in the construction of progressive cavity pump/motor. As a result of the varying thicknesses and the relatively high thermal expansion of the elastomer, the radially thick sections distort more than the thinner sections of the stator, which results in a geometrical profile drastically different than intended, thereby hindering the proper operation of the pump/motor. This distorted profile may generate additional heat and further distort the stator profile, creating a system which rapidly contributes to its own degradation and ultimate failure. 
   During operation, a conventional downhole progressive cavity drill motor develops a great deal of heat due to the friction between the rotor and the stator. In addition, the flexing of the rubber profile generates heat which must be removed from the motor to prevent the elastomeric material portion of the stator from being detrimentally effected. Heat generated may be transferred to the fluid being pumped through the motor. Alternatively, the heat may be conducted through the elastomer to the stator tube or housing where the thermally conductive steel tube  then conducts heat to the drilling fluid moving along the exterior of the housing. Due to the high insulative properties of elastomeric material, heat generated along the radially thick portion of the stator profile is inhibited from effectively transferring to the thermally conductive steel tube. The center of the stator profile lobes is subjected to heat from a large percentage of its surrounding area and is the most limited in transferring this heat to the metal tube due to the thickness of the elastomeric material. With extended operation, the center of the stator profile lobes may become hard and brittle as a result of the excessive heat in this area, and the mechanical properties of the rubber or elastomer in this area are accordingly severely degraded. As a result, the stator lobe may break or “chunk out” of the stator profile. In addition, the pressure acting in the chambers between the stator and the rotor may exceed the strength of the elastomeric material, and the stator lobe may deflect from its original shape or may break or “chunk off” the stator lobe. A deflecting stator lobe degrades the pressure seal for the chambers created between the rotor and the stator. 
   The disadvantages of the prior art are overcome by the present invention. An improved progressive cavity pump/motor is hereinafter disclosed which overcomes many of the problems of prior art pumps and motors, including excessive build-up. The motor of a present invention is particularly well suited for use as the downhole motor in a well to rotate a bit.  
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to the design and manufacture of a stator for a progressive cavity pump or motor. In one embodiment, the stator includes a substantially uniform layer of elastomer on the interior of the stator profile. This uniform layer of elastomer has significant advantages, and overcomes many of the disadvantages of prior art progressive cavity pumps and motors. Alternatively, the elastomer layer may deviate from a uniform thickness to achieve desirable properties known to those skilled in the art. 
   To create the layer of elastomer on the interior of the stator profile, a profiled reinforcement member may be mounted to the interior of the cylindrical tube or housing. The reinforcement preferably has a profile substantially similar to but radially larger than that of the elastomeric lining. A layer of elastomeric material may then be molded to the interior of the reinforcement to create the desired stator. 
   In an alternate embodiment, a stator tube may include an inner stator member cast or molded into the tube. The inner surface of the inner stator member may have a slight taper which matches the taper on the generally tubular stator tube. 
   It is a feature of the invention that the interior surface which defines the interior profile of the pump stator may be integral with the outer housing, such that the elastomeric layer is formed on an interior profile of the outer housing. In an additional alternative embodiment, the interior profile of the stator tube may be integral with respect to the outer housing. In both embodiments, the elastomeric layer is formed on the interior of the resulting housing.  
   It is a further feature of the invention that the rubber layer may have an increasing thickness or taper extending along the axial length of the stator, such that a radial thickness of a first end of the elastomeric layer is less than the radial thickness of an opposing second end of the elastomeric layer. 
   In an alternate embodiment, the inner profile has a varying diameter, such that the radial thickness of an first end of the elastomeric layer is less than the radial thickness of a second end of the elastomeric layer. 
   A stator alignment feature is also disclosed, along with tooling which may be used during alignment and positioning to manufacture and repair the stator. Tooling may also be used to accurately verify the lead of any interior profiled stator tube. 
   These and further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, wherein reference is made to the figures in the accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a transverse cross-sectional view of a conventional progressive cavity stator. 
       FIG. 2  is a transverse cross-sectional view of a conventional progressive cavity stator incorporating a rotor. 
       FIG. 3  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a conventional progressive cavity pump/motor incorporating a rotor. 
       FIG. 4  is a transverse cross-sectional view of a conventional stator illustrating various failures.  
       FIG. 5  is a transverse cross-sectional view of an even rubber thickness progressive cavity stator according to the present invention. 
       FIG. 6  is a transverse cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of an even rubber thickness progressive cavity stator, illustrating a cast in place insert creating the internal profile. 
       FIG. 7  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an even rubber thickness progressive cavity stator, illustrating a cast in place insert creating the internal profile, and a profiled elastomer layer. 
       FIG. 8  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of an even rubber thickness progressive cavity stator, illustrating a cast in place insert creating a tapered internal profile resulting in a longitudinally varying elastomer thickness. 
       FIG. 9  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a conventional progressive cavity stator mold. 
       FIG. 10  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an even elastomer thickness stator tube incorporating an alignment feature. 
       FIG. 11  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a conventional progressive cavity stator mold assembly incorporating the alignment modifications of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of an even elastomer thickness progressive cavity stator mold. 
       FIG. 13  is a transverse cross-sectional view of an even rubber thickness progressive cavity stator tube illustrating a lead measurement tool.  
       FIG. 14  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an cast in place insert stator with a tapered insert creating a longitudinally varying elastomer thickness with the addition of a rotor. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1  depicts a conventional progressive cavity stator  9  of a pump or motor which includes a steel or similar structural material tube or housing  10 . Elastomeric layer  11  is molded into the tube  10 . The number of lobes  12  may be of any practical number greater than one. As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , the rotor  13  has one less lobe  14  than the mating stator. The number of lobes depends on the desired operating characteristics of the pump or motor. As the rotor  13  rotates inside of the stator  9 , debris entrained in the fluid which supplies the energy for a motor, or is being moved by a pump, may become caught between the rotor surface  16  and the stator surface  24 . The flexible nature of an elastomeric material allows this debris to be pressed into the stator surface  24 , thereby allowing the rotor  13  to continue rotating unabated. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates a conventional technology progressive cavity motor  18 , which alternatively could be a progressive cavity pump. To transmit the power developed inside the motor  18  to the adjoining systems, the rotor  13  includes a lower connection section  15 . This rotor connecting section  15  may incorporate mechanical connections to allow the rotor  13  to be fixed to the adjoining system, thereby forming a complete drilling tool for rotating a bit in a well. 
   During operation in a hydrocarbon recovery well, drilling fluid is pumped down to the motor  18 , and enters the first end  19  of the motor  18 . When the bit  encounters rotational resistance, which in turn is transmitted through mechanical connections to the motor. High fluid pressure in the cavities  20 ,  21  and  22  formed between the rotor  13  and the stator  9  develops in response to the torque demands of the bit. The exact number of cavities will vary depending on the desired operating performance desired the pump/motor. Fluid pressure inside these cavities reacts against the rotor surface  16  and the stator surface  24 , causing the rotor  13  to turn inside the stator  9 . To transmit the power developed inside the motor  18  to the adjoining systems, the rotor  13  includes a lower connecting section  15 . This rotor connecting section  15  may incorporate mechanical connections to allow the rotor  13  to be fixed to the adjoining system, thereby forming a complete drilling tool for rotating a bit in a well. A progressive cavity pump works inversely of the motor described above. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates some of the typical failures experienced by a conventional stator. Due to heat generation in the center of the lobes  12 , hard nodules or regions  50  can develop. These nodules  50  occur as a result of the further cross-linking of the elastomer molecules and have inferior mechanical properties compared to the normal elastomer. With high stress being applied to the lobes  12  during operation, the lobes  12  have a tendency to deflect or shift to a new position  51  from their original desired position  52 . This shift in position negatively effects performance of the motor or pump. If the stress of operation reaches a substantially high level failure or chunking  53  of the lobe  12  can occur. As understood by those skilled in the art the reinforcement rendered by the profile tube or insert as illustrated in   FIGS. 5 and 6  address these shortcomings and will reduce the occurrence of these failures. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates a substantially even rubber or elastomeric thickness stator  60 . The layer  65  of rubber or elastomer is molded in a substantially even layer of uniform thickness on a stator tube or housing  61  with a varying radial thickness. The stator tube  61  has an inner profile  62 , which substantially matches the inner profile  63  of the stator  60 . Matching the inner tube profile mechanically strengthens the stator lobes  64 , allowing them to resist the bending or deflecting forces discussed above. The uniform or even layer  65  of elastomer also allows any heat generated during operation to be effectively conducted away by the high thermal conductivity of the stator tube  61 . This uniform rubber thickness layer also maintains the desired geometrical relationship of the profiles  62 ,  63 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 6 , an alternative embodiment to having the stator tube constructed from a unitary material tube is to have the inner profile  70  of the tube  10  cast or molded inside a conventional steel tube with a substantially uniform wall thickness. The inner cast profile  70  may be manufactured from material with the strength necessary to physically support the even thickness rubber lining  71 . The molded or cast in profile may also be manufactured from a highly thermal conductive material to effectively conduct heat generated at the stator/rotor interface. In a downhole drilling motor application, this heat in turn may be conducted to the drilling fluid exterior of the stator tube.  FIG. 7  illustrates a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the stator shown in  FIG. 6 . As illustrated, the rubber layer  71  maintains a substantially even radial thickness over the length of  the stator.  FIG. 7  also depicts a profiled reinforcement layer  73  mounted to the interior of the cylindrical stator tube  10 . Reinforcement layer  73  preferably has a profile substantially similar to but radially slightly larger than that of the elastomeric lining. The profiled layer  73  may be formed from various materials which enhance the strength of the elastomeric material, including metals or fibers. 
   An alternative embodiment stator is illustrated in  FIG. 8 . A substantially uniform thickness stator tube  10  has the inner stator member  81  cast or molded into the stator tube, with the inner stator member  81  having an inner surface profile  82  similar to profile  70 . In a preferred embodiment, the inner stator member  81  may be cast with a slight taper between the upper or first end  85  of the stator and opposite lower or second end  86  of the stator. An inner stator member with identical geometry may be manufactured from an integral piece of steel or similar material, then lowered in place within the tube  10 . 
     FIG. 14  illustrates the stator of  FIG. 8  with the addition of a rotor. The differential pressure existing between the different motor cavities in the pump/motor is not constant over the length of the stator. The pressure differential existing between the cavities  72 A and  72 B at the first lower end of the stator are generally higher than the pressure differentials existing between the cavities  72 B and  72 C at the second upper end of the stator. By increasing the thickness of the rubber profile as one moves toward the first lower end of the stator, the elastomeric deflection resulting from the pressure will be greater. This slight increase in deflection towards the first end of the stator will tend to reduce the pressure differential existing near the bottom of the stator, thereby ensuring an even distribution of pressure in the  various cavities  72 A, B, C, etc., over the length of the stator. An even distribution of pressure over the length of the stator also assures a more even wear and stress to the rubber layer, and therefore maximizes the life of the rubber layer. 
     FIG. 11  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an improved stator mold assembly  140  in which the rubber or elastomeric lining is of a uniform thickness. To mold this uniform thickness of rubber in the stator tube  61 , the core  101  is held rotationally aligned with the shaped stator tube  61 . During the process of injecting the elastomer into stator mold assembly  140 , the uncured rubber tends to force the stator tube  61  to rotate relative to the core  101 . 
   The present invention preferably restrains the shaped stator tube  61  from rotating relative to the core  101  during injection of the rubber layer. As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the shaped stator tube  61  has an area of contour  120  with an internal profile  121  identical in shape to the shape of stator tube profile  81 . As illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the core has an external profiled alignment key  130 . The externally profiled alignment key  130  has an external profile  131  substantially similar to that of the stator tube alignment profile  120 . When the stator mold  140  is assembled, the alignment key  130  engages the stator alignment profile  120 , thereby restraining the shaped stator tube  61  rotationally about the longitudinal axis of the core  101 . After assembly, the mold  140  may be injected in a conventional manner known to those skilled in the art. 
     FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the stator tube lead measurement tool  200  positioned in a section of an even rubber thickness stator tube  201 . In a preferred embodiment, lead measurement tool  200  includes a  measurement device  202 , such that the relative thickness between the outside diameter  205  and the inner profile surface  81  of the stator tube  201  may be determined. One or more stabilizing supports  203  may be present to maintain the measurement tool  200  in alignment with the stator tube  201 . As the lead measurement tool  200  is rotated relative to the centerline of the stator tube  201 , the varying relative tube thicknesses may be displayed on indicator dial  204 . Once a minimum or maximum extreme of the thickness is determined, the angular position of the tool may be recorded. Angular position may be determined with conventional devices, such as protractors and levels. This procedure may then be repeated on the opposite end of the stator tube  61 . With the angular positions from each end determined and the length of the stator tube  61  known, the lead or pitch of the spiraling contour may be mathematically determined. 
   While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of the preferred embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.