Abstract:
A dielectric ceramic composition which comprises a composition represented by xBaO.yNd 2  O 3 .zTiO 2  (where 8.5≦x≦20, 5≦y≦23, 62≦z≦85, and x+y+z=100), Y 2  O 3  in an amount not more than 15 wt % of the amount of said composition, and Al 2  O 3  in an amount not more than 2 wt % of the total amount of the principal components BaO, Nd 2  O 3 , TiO 2 , and Y 2  O 3 . And a relative permittivity εr of the dielectric ceramic is not less than 59, its dielectric loss (tan δ) is 3×10 -4  ˜8×10 -4  (2.7 GHz), and its temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf may be -30˜+10 ppm/°C. This microwave ceramic dielectric will be used for dielectric resonators in the microwave frequency region, microwave IC substrates, and impedance matching of microwave circuits.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a ceramic composition to be made into a microwave ceramic dielectric, more particularly, to a ceramic composition to be made into a microwave ceramic dielectric which has a high Q value, a high relative permittivity, and a temperature coefficient permissible to practical use, and also exhibits its good quality invariably regardless of the firing temperature. The microwave ceramic dielectric will be used for dielectric resonators in the microwave frequency region, microwave IC substrates, and impedance matching of microwave circuits. 
     2. Prior Art 
     There is known a ceramic composition for a microwave ceramic dielectric (simply referred to as a dielectric ceramic composition hereinafter) which is composed of BaO, Nd 2  O 3 , and TiO 2  (as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 79753/1988). It has a disadvantage of being limited in the range of optimum firing temperature. In other words, it varies in characteristic properties (such as relative permittivity εr, temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf, and Q value) depending on the firing temperature even though it has the same composition. This makes it difficult to obtain products of uniform quality. Moreover, it has a little high temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, i.e., +10 to 20 ppm/°C., whereas the desirable value is in the neighborhood of 0 ppm/°C. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention was completed to eliminate the above-mentioned disadvantages. It is an object of the present invention to provide a ceramic composition which gives rise to a microwave ceramic dielectric which exhibits outstanding characteristic properties invariably regardless of the firing temperature. 
     The present inventors carried out a series of researches on a variety of dielectric ceramic compositions. As the result, it was found that the above-mentioned disadvantage can be eliminated if a composition composed mainly of BaO, Nd 2  O 3 , TiO 2 , and Y 2  O 3  is incorporated with a specific amount of Al 2  O 3 . The present invention is based on this finding. 
     The present invention is embodied in a dielectric ceramic composition which comprises a composition represented by xBaO.yNd 2  O 3 .zTiO 2  (where 8.5≦x≦20, 5≦y≦23, 62≦z≦85, and x+y+z=100), Y 2  O 3  in an amount not more than 15 wt % of the amount of said composition, and Al 2  O 3  in an amount not more than 2 wt % of the total amount of the principal components BaO, Nd 2  O 3 , TiO 2 , and Y 2  O 3 . 
     According to the present invention, the amount of BaO is defined by the value of x which is from 8.5 to 20. If the value of x is smaller than 8.5, the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a low relative permittivity εr. If the value of x is greater than 20, the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a high dielectric loss (tan δ). The amount of Nd 2  O 3  is defined by the value of y which is from 5 to 23. If the value of y is smaller than 5, the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a high positive temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf. If the value of y is greater than 23, the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a high dielectric loss (tan δ). The amount of TiO 2  is defined by the value of z which is from 62 to 85. If the value of z is smaller than 62, the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a high dielectric loss (tan δ). If the value of z is greater than 85, the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a high positive temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf. 
     The additional component Y 2  O 3  stabilizes the temperature coefficient without appreciably lowering the relative permittivity εr. If the amount of Y 2  O 3  exceeds 15 wt %, the ceramic composition will vary in sinterability and the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a low Q value and a large negative temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf. 
     The additional component Al 2  O 3  minimizes the fluctuation of the Q value, relative permittivity εr, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf, which depends on the firing temperature. It also stabilizes the quality of the sintered ceramic dielectric and controls the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency f as desired. If the amount of Al 2  O 3  exceeds 2 wt %, the resulting ceramic dielectric will have a large negative temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf and a low relative permittivity εr. 
     As mentioned above, the dielectric ceramic composition of the present invention gives rise to a microwave ceramic dielectric which has characteristic properties for practical use (e.g., a high Q value, a low dielectric loss, a practical temperature coefficient, and a practical relative permittivity). The ceramic dielectric invariably has the stable quality of the sintered products regardless of the firing temperature. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     This example demonstrates the proper range of the amount of each component. Four starting materials, BaCO 3  powder, Nd 2  O 3  powder, TiO 2  powder, and Y 2  O 3  powder, each having 99.9% purity, were weighed according to the formulations shown in Tables 1 to 3. (The amount of Y 2  O 3  is expressed in terms of wt % of the total mixed amount of BaCO 3  powder, Nd 2  O 3  powder, and TiO 2  powder.) They were mixed and crushed by dry process using a mixer, and the mixture was calcined at 1100° C. for 4 hours in the air. The calcined product was crushed together with an adequate amount of organic binder and water in a ball mill containing alumina balls. The crushed product was granulated by spray drying. The granules were formed into a cylinder, 19 mm in diameter and 14 mm high, by pressing at 1000 kg/cm 2 . The molded article was fired in the air at 1300°-1450° C. for 0.5-4 hours. Finally, both ends of the fired article was polished to give a cylindrical article, about 16 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height. Thus there were obtained dielectric samples Nos. 1 to 36, 41 and 42. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Sample    Principal component (mol %)              Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 τ.sub.fNo. xBaO yNd.sub.2 O.sub.3         zTiO.sub.2              (wt %)                  ε.sub.r                      tanδ                              (ppm/°C.)__________________________________________________________________________*1  *5.1 *23.5         71.4 3.2 *43.0                      *1.01 × 10.sup.-3                              *-120*2  8.6  *23.6         67.8 0.7 52.3                      *1.12 × 10.sup.-3                              +13*3  9.1  *3.5 *87.4              1.2 78.0                      5.40 × 10.sup.-4                              *+213*4  9.1  5.0  *85.9              2.3 75.0                      6.00 × 10.sup.-4                              *+179*5  16.7 22.2 *61.1              8.4 30.2                      *2.50 × 10.sup.-2                              +37*6  17.0 16.0 67.0 *0  87.0                      3.35 × 10.sup.-4                              *+79 7  17.2 15.1 67.7 1.7 77.8                      2.98 × 10.sup.-4                              +52 8  17.3 14.3 68.4 3.6 76.7                      3.06 × 10.sup.-4                              +36 9  17.4 13.9 68.7 4.5 80.4                      2.92 × 10.sup.-4                              +3010  17.5 13.4 69.1 5.5 80.1                      3.05 × 10.sup.-4                              +2711  17.6 13.0 69.4 6.5 79.8                      3.43 × 10.sup.-4                              +1912  17.7 12.5 69.8 7.5 77.8                      3.88 × 10.sup.-4                              +13__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Sample    Principal component (mol %)              Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 τ.sub.fNo. xBaO yNd.sub.2 O.sub.3         zTiO.sub.2              (wt %)                  ε.sub.r                      tanδ                              (ppm/°C.)__________________________________________________________________________13  17.7 12.5 69.8 7.5 78.8                      3.67 × 10.sup.-4                              +1714  17.8 12.0 70.2 8.6 79.1                      4.79 × 10.sup.-4                              +1215  17.8 12.2 70.0 8.6 77.6                      3.37 × 10.sup.-4                              +2116  17.8 12.5 69.7 8.6 79.8                      3.11 × 10.sup.-4                              +2017  17.8 12.8 69.4 6.5 78.8                      4.16 × 10.sup.-4                              +1918  17.8 13.0 69.2 6.5 78.6                      4.13 × 10.sup.-4                              +2019  17.9 11.8 70.3 7.6 78.3                      4.20 × 10.sup.-4                              +1420  17.9 12.0 70.1 7.6 79.3                      4.01 × 10.sup.-4                              +1621  17.9 12.3 69.8 7.6 79.2                      5.23 × 10.sup.-4                              +1222  17.9 12.6 69.5 7.5 78.7                      4.26 × 10.sup.-4                              +1623  18.0 11.3 70.7 8.7 76.8                      6.99 × 10.sup.-4                              +1324  18.0 11.6 70.4 8.7 78.4                      7.76 × 10.sup.-4                               +9__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Sample    Principal component (mol %)            Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 τ.sub.fNo. xBaO   yNd.sub.2 O.sub.3        zTiO.sub.2            (wt %)                ε.sub.r                    tanδ                            (ppm/°C.)__________________________________________________________________________25  18.0   11.8 70.2            8.6 79.3                    6.80 × 10.sup.-4                             +926  18.0   12.1 69.9            8.6 79.9                    5.49 × 10.sup.-4                            +1027  18.1   10.8 71.1            9.8 76.6                    2.51 × 10.sup.-3                             -928  18.1   11.1 70.8            9.7 76.9                    1.82 × 10.sup.-3                             +629  18.1   11.4 70.5            9.7 78.2                    1.70 × 10.sup.-3                             +430  18.1   11.6 70.3            9.7 78.2                    1.33 × 10.sup.-3                             -9*31 18.5   8.7  72.8            *17.0                76.8                    *8.62 × 10.sup.-3                            *-70*32 19.1   5.6  75.3            *25.7                *Unmeasurable*33 *20.2   *0   79.8            *45.4                *Unmeasurable*34 *20.6   17.5 *61.9            5.0 51.3                    *1.71 × 10.sup.-3                            +143*35 *21.1   *26.3        *52.6            7.3 *Unmeasurable*36 *28.6   10.2 *61.2            3.6 *Unmeasurable40  9.1 12.5 78.4            7.5 64.5                    1.32 × 10.sup.-4                            -3541  17.7   6.0  76.3            7.5 62.3                    3.16 × 10.sup.-4                            -38__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The samples were tested for relative permittivity εr, dielectric loss (tan δ), Q u  value (unloaded Q), and temperature coefficient (20°-80° C.) of resonant frequency τf by the parallel conductor plates type cylindrical dielectric resonator method, with the resonant frequency being 2-3 GHz. 
     The results are shown in Tables 1 to 3. Asterisks in these tables denote those unsatisfactory samples which do not pertain to the present invention. Samples Nos. 32, 33, 35, and 36 shown in Table 3 had such a small Q u  value that they could not be tested for relative permittivity and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency. 
     Tables 1 to 3 show the following. Sample No. 1, in which the amount (x) of BaO is as small as 5.1 mol %, exhibits as low an εr value as 43.0. Sample No. 34, in which the amount (x) of BaO is as large as 20.6 mol %, exhibits as high a tan δ value as 1.71×10 -3  and as high a τf value as +143 ppm/°C. Sample No. 3, in which the amount (y) of Nd 2  O 3  is 3.5, exhibits as high a τf value as +213 ppm/°C. Samples Nos. 1 and 2, in which the amount (y) of Nd 2  O 3  is as large as 23.5 mol % and 23.6 mol %, respectively, exhibit as high a tan δ value as 1.01×10 -3  and 1.12×10 -3 , respectively. Sample No. 34, in which the amount (z) of TiO.sub. 2 is as small as 61.9, exhibits as high a tan δ value as 1.71×10 -3 . Samples Nos. 3 and 4, in which the amount (z) of TiO 2  is as large as 87.4 mol % and 85.9 mol %, respectively, exhibit as high a τf value as +213 ppm/°C. and +179 ppm/°C., respectively. 
     Moreover, it is noted that Y 2  O 3  stabilizes the temperature coefficient in proportion to its amount without appreciably lowering the relative permittivity. However, Y 2  O 3  in excess of 15 wt %, as in Example 31 containing 17%, makes the ceramic composition poor in sinterability and causes the ceramic dielectric to have a low Q u  value (and hence a high tan δ value) and as high a negative τf value as -70. 
     Samples Nos. 7 to 30, 40, and 41, which pertain to the present invention, exhibit εr values from 60 to 80, Q u   values from 700 to 2100, tan δ values from 1.0×10 -4  to 3.0×10 -3 , and τf values from -40 to +50 ppm/°C. These values are suitable for practical use. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     This example demonstrates the effect of Al 2  O 3 . Four starting materials, BaCO 3  powder, Nd 2  O 3  powder, TiO 2  powder, and Y 2  O 3  powder, each having 99.9% purity, were weighed according to the formulations for samples Nos. 23, 24, and 12 in Tables 1 and 2. To the four components for Sample 12 was added 0.1 wt % Al 2  O 3 , 0.5 wt % Al 2  O 3 , 1 wt % Al 2  O 3 , and 2 wt % Al 2  O 3  to give Samples Nos. 40, 37, 38, and 39, respectively. (The amount of Al 2  O 3  is expressed in terms of wt % of the total amount of BaO, Nd 2  O 3 , TiO 2 , and TiO 2 .) They were mixed and crushed by dry process using a mixer, and the mixture was calcined at 1200° C. for 2 hours. The calcined product was crushed together with an adequate amount of organic binder and water in a ball mill containing alumina balls. The crushed product was granulated by spray drying. The granules were formed into a cylinder, 19 mm in diameter and 14 mm high, by pressing at 1000 kg/cm 2 . 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Sample Al.sub.2 O.sub.3          ε.sub.r firing temperatures (°C.) belowNo.    (wt %)  1300     1325 1350    1375 1400______________________________________23     0       --       66.2 77.7    77.5 --24     0       66.9     76.4 76.2    x    x12     0       x        77.9 80.1    80.7 x37     0.5     59.4     73.5 73.1    72.1 71.938     1       66.3     69.1 67.9    67.2 65.639     2       60.7     62.8 61.2    56.4 54.740     0.1     70.2     29.4 79.2    78.5 75.3______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________Sample Al.sub.2 O.sub.3          Qu (2.7 GHz) at firing temp. (°C.) belowNo.    (wt %)  1300    1325  1350   1375  1400______________________________________23     0       --       840   730    160  --24     0       1470     790   810   x     x12     0       x       1500  1480   1320  x37     0.5     1900    1350  1100    770   42538     1       1950    1580  1300   1160   98039     2       1670    1890  1820    670   60040     0.1     2030    1900  1850   1400  1000______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________Sample Al.sub.2 O.sub.3          tan δ × 10.sup.-4 at firing temp. (°C.)          belowNo.    (wt %)  1300    1325  1350   1375  1400______________________________________23     0       --      11.94 12.03  68.35 --24     0       6.06    13.30 14.19  x     x12     0       x       4.79  4.89   5.57  x37     0.5     4.10    5.94  8.07   12.40 25.0538     1       3.83    5.42  7.52   8.89  11.2139     2       5.83    4.45  4.89   20.22 23.0740     0.1     3.92    4.56  4.64   8.39  10.43______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________Sample Al.sub.2 O.sub.3          τ.sub.f (ppm/°C.) at firing temp. (°C.)          belowNo.    (wt %)  1300    1325  1350   1375  1400______________________________________23     0       --       7.5    9.2  -18.8 --24     0        16.7    -2.2 -29.6  x     x12     0       x         8.3  14.1   12.9 x37     0.5      -2.6    -3.7  -7.8   -8.3 -67.038     1       -15.1   -13.1 -12.6   -5.6  -0.739     2       -20.0   -19.0 -22.7  -32.8 -40.040     0.1      -0.2    -0.4  -0.6   -1.3  -9.5______________________________________ 
    
     The molded article was fired in the air at 1300°-1400° C. (shown in Tables 4 to 7) for 3.5 hours. Finally, both ends of the fired article was polished to give a cylindrical article, about 16 mm in diameter and 8 mm in height. Thus there were obtained dielectric samples Nos. 23, 24, 12, 37, 38, and 39. Incidentally, Samples Nos. 23, 24, and 12 have the same composition as those in Example 1. 
     The samples were tested for relative permittivity εr, dielectric loss (tan δ), Q u  value (unloaded Q), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf in the same manner as in Example 1. The characteristic properties at different firing temperatures are shown in Tables 4 to 7. (The mark &#34;--&#34; denotes that no measurements were made and the mark &#34;x&#34; denotes that the sample gave no resonance.) 
     Tables 4 to 7 show the following. Samples Nos. 23, 24, and 12, which contain no Al 2  O 3 , have a narrow range of firing temperatures (1325°-1375° C.). Outside this range, the resulting ceramic dielectrics have unmeasurable εr values, Q u  values, tan δ values, and τf values. 
     Samples Nos. 37 to 40, which contain not more than 2.0 wt % Al 2  O 3 , have a broad range of firing temperatures (1300°-1400° C.). Even those samples which were fired at the lower end or higher end of this range, particularly have the characteristic values that can be measured. The ceramic dielectrics fired at 1300°-1375° C. gave stable characteristic values. Particularly the ceramic dielectrics fired at 1300°-1350° C. gave characteristic values as follows which are satisfactory for practical use. εr=59-80, Q u  =1100-2030 (2.7 GHz), tan δ=4.1-8.1×10 -4  (2.7 GHz), and τf=-23 to -0.2 ppm/°C. 
     Not only does Al 2  O 3  bring the τf value close to zero but it also permits the ceramic dielectric to have a positive or negative τf value as desired. For example, while sample No. 12, which was fired at 1325° C. without Al 2  O 3 , has a τf value of +8.3 ppm/°C., this value is shifted toward the negative side, i.e., -0.4 ppm/°C., -3.7 ppm/°C. and -13.1 ppm/°C. respectively as the amount of Al 2  O 3  is increased to 0.1 wt %, 0.5 wt % and 1.0 wt %. This suggests that samples containing not more than 0.5 wt % Al 2  O 3  would have a τf value close to 0 ppm/°C. 
     Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. In other words, the calcination and firing may be carried out under various conditions, and the BaCO 3  as a raw material of BaO may be replaced by a peroxide, hydroxide, or nitrate.