Abstract:
The invention relates to optical switching. Rapid, low-power optical switching is achieved by selectively substantially depleting majority carriers in a plurality of planes of semiconducting material to alter their transmissive response to incoming radiation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Present Invention 
   The invention relates to optical switches, and more specifically, to the switching of light, or electromagnetic radiation, by electronic means. 
   2. Background of the Present Invention 
   Fiber optic communication has become a significant means of providing high bandwidth for digital and other communications. Low-loss fiber optics together with high-speed modulation techniques make optical communications the preferred medium for modern communication systems. 
   In order to provide effective communications, altering, or switching, the optical paths of communication light beams must be provided. This allows sets of signals to be transmitted to the desired destinations as needed. 
   Currently, a preferred method of switching such light beams is by guiding such beams with mirrors which can be mechanically moved to change the transmitted path when needed. Typically, an array of micro-mechanical mirrors are provided on a substrate to form a chip, and electrostatic forces are used to rotate the mirrors physically. This requires very high voltages, typically in excess of 100 Volts, in order to provide sufficient force to rotate the mirrors. Furthermore, because the mirrors are capable of rotating by any arbitrary angle, sophisticated electronic controls are necessary to provide feedback in order to ensure that the proper angles are achieved and maintained during operation. Such high voltage power supplies, and the associated electronics needed to control the electrostatic voltages to the micro-mechanical mirror chips, are expensive, large, consume significant power, and are relatively unreliable. 
   Other methods of switching optical signals have been proposed which also present certain limitations. One method is to use liquid crystals, which can be modulated through application of an electric field, to change from partially transmitting light to partially reflecting light. Unfortunately, while such liquid crystals do provide low power operation, they are limited to reflecting only light of a particular polarization, and are also very slow, switching in the time scale of milliseconds. Another alternative method is to use a material which undergoes a transition to a superconducting state. In this method a material becomes highly reflective when superconducting, and becomes a lossy transmitter of light when not in its superconducting state. Unfortunately, such systems must be chilled to very low temperatures, and also are relatively slow to switch, since they are switched by heating or cooling them about the critical temperature, or by providing large magnetic fields to break the superconductivity. Furthermore, such superconducting materials are relatively poor transmitters of light when not in a superconducting state. 
   Thus, high speed switching of optical signals without the use of high voltages and/or sophisticated electronic controls, and at ambient temperatures is desired. 
   SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
   Embodiments of the invention provide for high speed switching of optical signals without the use of high voltages and/or sophisticated electronic controls, and at ambient temperatures. 
   A first aspect of an embodiment of the invention relates to an integrated circuit chip comprising a first portion with a plurality of transistors comprised of a first plurality of discrete semiconductor bodies, and a least one optical switch comprised of a second plurality of discrete semiconductor bodies. 
   Another aspect of an embodiment of the invention relates to an optical switch receiving incoming radiation at a given frequency, said optical switch comprising a plurality of semiconductor bodies adjacent one another and having first and second respective majority carrier types, said plurality of semiconductor bodies being coupled to respective voltage sources, wherein said plurality of semiconductor bodies are selectively substantially depleted of majority carriers to alter a transmissive response of said bodies to said incoming radiation. 
   Yet another aspect of an embodiment of the invention relates to an optical switch comprising a plurality of fin bodies on a substrate, said plurality of fin bodies disposed parallel to one another and having central portions defining an optical path and doped end portions, a first plurality of said fin bodies having an end portion doped with a first dopant and a second plurality of said fin bodies having an end portion doped with a second dopant, said first plurality of said fin bodies being coupled to a first voltage source and said second plurality of said fin bodies being coupled to a second voltage source, wherein said plurality of fin bodies are selectively substantially depleted of majority carriers to alter a transmissive response of said fin bodies to incoming radiation. 
   Still another aspect of an emodiment of the invention relates to a method of forming an optical switch for receiving incoming radiation at a given frequency, the method comprising the steps of providing a substrate; removing portions of the substrate to form a plurality of semiconductor bodies adjacent one another; selectively doping an end portion of a first of said plurality of semiconductor bodies with a first dopant; and selectively doping an end portion of a second of said plurality of semiconductor bodies with a second dopant. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     Embodiments of the invention will be better understood by reference to the following drawings, in conjunction with the accompanying specification, in which: 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrate structures according to an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 3  shows an integration of the structures shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  to provide an integrated optical/electrical switching circuit. 
       FIGS. 4 through 16  illustrate a sequence of steps that can be used to form the structures shown in  FIGS. 1–3 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , a substrate  50  such as, for example, a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, is provided having a first plane of semiconductor material  100  formed thereupon. The first plane  100  is of a thickness (greater than about 2 nanometers) sufficient to contain an inversion layer of carriers (e.g. electrons or holes). A second plane of semiconductor material  110 , parallel to the first plane  100 , and of similar thickness, is formed a distance D, typically between about 2 nm and about 100 nm, from the first plane  100 . At least one edge  101  of the first plane  100  is doped a first dopant type such as, for example, an n-type dopant, and at least one edge  111  of the second plane  110  is doped a second dopant type such as, for example, a p-type dopant. The remaining portions of first and second planes  100 ,  110  are undoped or lightly doped. An electrical contact (not shown) to the n-type  101  and p-type  111  edges can be provided by methods known to those skilled in the art. When the electrical potential of the p-type edge  111  is less than that of the n-type edge  101  by a critical value, referred to as the threshold voltage, typically having a value of about 1 volt, almost no free electrical carriers (electrons or holes) are present in the first and second planes  100 ,  110 . When a beam of light  115  is incident upon the first and second planes  100 ,  110 , typically perpendicular to both planes, light  115  will pass through both planes substantially without attenuation since no free electrical carriers are present. When the electrical potential of the p-type edge  111  is more positive than that of the n-type edge  101  by an amount greater than about the threshold voltage, a very high density of electrons will ‘flood’ the first plane  100 , and a very high density of holes will ‘flood’ the second plane  110 . Light  115  incident upon the first and second planes  100 ,  110  in this condition will now be reflected, as though the planes  100 ,  110  were made of a metal, due to the large concentrations of free electrical carriers. 
   As the wavelength of light that is to be switched becomes shorter, a higher concentration of electrical carriers is required to effectively reflect the light when so desired. To accomplish this,  FIG. 2  shows a first group of semiconductor planes  100 A–C, each plane with at least one edge  101 A–C doped n-type. A second group of semiconductor planes  110 A–C are inter-digitated with the first group of planes  100 A–C, each plane with at least one edge  111 A–C doped p-type. The n-type edges  101 A–C are electrically connected together to provide a first electrical terminal  200  and the p-type edges  111 A–C are similarly electrically connected to provide a second electrical terminal  210 . Since each individual plane can be thin (about 2 nm thick) a number of such planes may be stacked in parallel without adding a large mass of semiconductor in the path of the light  115 . As was discussed hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 1 , when the voltage applied to the second terminal  210  is less than a threshold voltage above that of the first terminal  200 , all of the first and second group of planes  100 A–C,  111 A–C will be devoid of electrical carriers and hence substantially transparent. When the voltage applied to the second terminal  210  exceeds that of the first terminal  200  by a threshold voltage, all of the first and second group of planes  100 A–C,  111 A–C will include high densities of electrons and holes, respectively, and hence, even shorter wavelengths of light  115  will be reflected. 
   Because no mechanical motion is required to alter the optical path, nor are any changes of temperature required, switching can be very fast. If the furthest distance in the plane of the semiconductor from the doped edge is given by L, then the maximum switching speed will be approximately t sw =L/v sat , where vsat is the saturation velocity of the carriers in the semiconductor (e.g. v sa t ˜1×10 7  cm/s in silicon). For silicon planes having L=200 nm with doped regions on one edge, the intrinsic switching speed is approximately 2×10 −12  s, providing substantially faster switching than the prior art methods. Other semiconductor materials such as, for example, silicon carbide or gallium arsenide are also well suited to form the above mentioned planes. For greatest transpanrency when operated below the threshold voltage, semiconductors with bandgap energies in excess of hv should be used, where h is Plank&#39;s constant (˜6.6×10 −34  j-s) and v is the frequency of the light to be switched. This condition ensures that electron-hole pair production in the semiconductor planes cannot attenuate transmission of the light. While it is preferred that the semiconductor planes each be a single crystal, the planes can also comprise many, randomly aligned crystals known as polycrystalline semiconductors. Also, it is preferred to use a dielectric material with a dielectric constant equal to that of the semiconducting material for the paths leading into and away from the semiconductor planes. This will minimize reflection of the light at the dielectric/semiconductor interface when the semiconductor planes are not inverted. 
   Another aspect of an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Combinations of optical switches, such as those shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , together with mirrors and transistors can be integrated on the same integrated circuit. For example, upon a substrate  300 , optical switches  301  and  302  are integrated together with transistor  303  and mirror  304 . Suitable electrical interconnects can be added (not shown) to effect electrical connections between transistors and/or optical switches. Thus, an optical bench can be integrated on a single chip, to provide complex optical circuits according to an embodiment of the invention. 
   Yet another aspect of an embodiment of the invention is the ability to integrate electronic circuits with the optical switches and mirrors (as shown in  FIG. 3 ) on the same substrate. As described hereinbelow, transistor bodies are formed simultaneously with the semiconductor planes during processing of the semiconductor layer. This aspect provides for electronic signal processing, optical signal processing, and combinations of optical and electronic processing, so as to realize the advantages of both media on a monolithic integrated circuit. 
   An exemplary method of constructing optical switches as shown in  FIGS. 1–3  will be described. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a starting substrate  350 , preferably a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer comprising a bulk silicon layer  355  and a buried oxide layer  360 , includes a masking layer  410  such as, for example, silicon oxide or silicon nitride. Masking layer  410  is patterned and the silicon etched according to the pattern to provide silicon bodies, also referred to as “fins” or planes,  401 – 404 . The height of the planes is given by the thickness of the top silicon of the SOI wafer and is typically equal to or greater than one-half of the wavelength (as extant in the semiconductor) of the lowest-frequency of light to be switched. For example, using red light, with a wavelength in silicon of about 180 nm, the planes must be at least about 90 nm high. Also shown in  FIG. 4  are other regions of the silicon which have been patterned and etched with the intent of forming mirrors or transistors in subsequent steps. 
   As shown in  FIG. 5 , a dielectric  500 , is deposited or grown on the planes, preferably having a dielectric constant nearly equal to that of the substrate  350 . For example, Al 2 O3 would be a preferred dielectric as it presents a relative dielectric constant nearly equal to that of silicon. During this step, the regions to be used to construct transistors or mirrors are blocked. 
     FIGS. 6A , B show a cross-sectional and plan views, respectively, of a first mask  600  that is used to allow selective doping of an edge  601  of a first  401  with an n-type dopant. For example, arsenic doping by ion implantation  602  is preferred. The ion implant  602  is tilted at an angle theta between about 30° to about 45° from vertical so as to shadow first plane  401  while implanting the edge  601 . 
   As shown in  FIGS. 7A , B, a second mask  700  is used to allow selective doping of an edge  701  of a second plane  402  with a p-type dopant. For example, boron doping by ion implantation  702  is preferred. The ion implant  702  is substantially normal to the substrate  350 , and can also enter the upper surface of plane  401  without any detrimental effects to the operation of the optical switch formed by the combination of planes  401  and  402 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 8 , a dielectric  800  is formed by, for example, a deposition process such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Dielectric  800  such as, for example, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, or other suitable insulators is formed over the entire surface of the wafer and then planarized. 
     FIG. 9  shows a portion of dielectric  800  removed by methods known in the art such as, for example, photolithography and reactive ion etch, to form an opening  900 . The remaining portions of dielectric  800  encapsulate planes  401 – 403  while transistors will be formed in opening  900  as described hereinafter. Exposed regions of semiconductor are doped according to need, typically with ion implantations of boron and arsenic for nFETs and pFETs, respectively, to adjust the threshold voltages of the FETs. A gate insulator  901  is grown and/or deposited, typically by methods known in the art such as, for example, thermal oxidation and nitridation. 
   A gate electrode material such as, for example, polysilicon, is deposited, patterned and removed using known photolithographic and etch techniques to form gate  1000  on plane  404  as shown in  FIGS. 10A , B (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,284 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). (It should be noted that in  FIGS. 10A ,  11 A and  12 A, gate  1000  is represented as a side cross-sectional view as taken through a section B—B of corresponding  FIGS. 10B ,  11 B and  12 B. Likewise, gate  1000  is represented in  FIGS. 10B ,  11 B and  12 B as a top cross-sectional view as taken through a section A—A of corresponding  FIGS. 10A ,  11 A and  12 A). A thin dielectric  1001  such as, for example, silicon oxide is grown or deposited, and source and drain extensions  1002  are formed by ion implantation of suitable species into the exposed areas of opening  900 . Typically arsenic is implanted at a dose of 1×10 15  cm−2 and energy between 1 and 5 keV for nFETs and boron diflouride at a dose of 1×10 15  cm−2 at an energy of 0.5 to 3 keV for pFETs. Optionally halos may be co-implanted with the extensions for improved short-channel control. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 11A , B, spacers  1100  are formed by processes known in the art such as, for example, a conformal CVD of a material, preferrably silicon nitride, followed by directional etching. Sources and drains  1101  are then formed by ion implantation, typically arsenic at 3–5×10 15  cm−2 and an energy of 1 to 10 keV for nFETs and boron at a dose of 3–5×10 15  cm−2 and an energy of 0.5 to 5 keV for pFETs. 
   A silicide is formed by depositing a suitable metal such as, for example, titanium, cobalt, or nickel, and annealing to selectively form a metal silicide where the metal is in contact with silicon as shown in  FIGS. 12A , B. The remaining metal is selectively removed to leave silicide only on the sources, drains and gates of the FinFET  406 . 
     FIG. 13  shows a protective layer  1250  deposited and planarized to protect the previously exposed opening  900  and FinFET  406 . Next, the dielectric  800  is selectively removed from a region  1300  where a mirror is to be formed. A metal  1301  such as, for example, aluminum, is deposited by evaporation, sputtering or other means, to ‘silver’ the exposed plane  403 , thereby forming mirrors. 
   A mask  1400  is formed using conventional photolithography over the silvered plane  403  as shown in  FIG. 14 . Exposed metal  1301  is removed using, for example, an anisotropic etch. Mask  1400  is then removed. 
   Referring to  FIG. 15 , a dielectric layer  1500 , preferably having a dielectric constant approximately equal to that of the semiconductor (i.e. silicon) which is used to form planes  401 – 404 , is deposited on the entire exposed surface in order to fill opening  1300 . Dielectric layer  1500  is planarized by chemical-mechanical polishing and/or etch back to approximately the level of the dielectric layer  800 . 
   Construction of the three major components to be integrated, namely optical switches ( 401 ,  402 ), mirror ( 403 ) and FinFET ( 404 ), have been described hereinabove. Subsequent processes which are known to those skilled in the art of large-scale integration can be used to provide contacts and interconnects to wire the transistors to each other and to optical switches. For example,  FIG. 16  shows a dielectric layer  1600  which is patterned to provide contacts and interconnects (not shown) to wire the optical switches  401 ,  402  to the transistor  406 . Thus, an integrated optical/electrical integrated circuit is formed according to an embodiment of the invention. 
   While embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that the spirit and scope of the invention is not limited thereby. Rather, various modifications may be made to embodiments of the invention without departing from the overall scope of the invention as described above and as set forth in the several claims appended hereto. For example, although the present invention describes a FinFET ( 406 ) formed with optical switches ( 401 ,  402 ), it will be understood to those skilled in the art that other devices such as, for example, a planar FET, a dual-gate FET, a bipolar junction transistor or other such devices can also be formed with optical switches  401 ,  402 .