Abstract:
A microphotonic device is provided. The microphotonic device includes a membrane structure that can experience strain. A waveguide element is formed on the membrane structure so that when the membrane structure is strained, the waveguide element elements are tuned to a selective amount.

Description:
PRIORITY INFORMATION  
       [0001]    This application claims priority from provisional application Ser. No. 60/395,932 filed Jul. 12, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention relates to the field of microphotonics, and in particular to reconfigurable microphotonic devices via a deformable membrane platform.  
           [0003]    The vast majority of microphotonic devices possess a wide spectrum of applications. Most of these devices are static devices, where reconfiguration is not possible after device fabrication. To achieve tuning of microphotonic devices, the electro-optic effect, the charge-carrier effect (via temperature and/or doping) and the liquid crystal tuning methods have been reported. There is a need in the art to provide tunability in silicon microphotonics, given the absence of electro-optic effect in silicon. Our invention also permits low-power actuation, a response time on the order of 10 −5  sec, and fine-resolution control of the tuning.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a microphotonic device. The microphotonic device includes a membrane structure that can experience strain. A waveguide element is formed on the membrane structure so that when the membrane structure is strained, the waveguide elements are tuned to a selective amount.  
           [0005]    According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of forming a microphotonic device. The method includes providing a membrane structure that can experience strain. Also, the method includes forming a waveguide element on the membrane structure so that when the membrane structure is strained the waveguide element is tuned to a selective amount. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a microring resonator implemented on top of a membrane; FIG. 1B is a flowchart demonstrating how to fabricate the microring resonator;  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a microracetrack resonator implemented on top of a membrane;  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a higher order microracetrack resonator implemented on top of a membrane;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a microcavity waveguide implemented on top of a membrane; and  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a 2-dimensional photonic crystal implemented on top of a membrane with 1-dimensional tunability. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]    The invention uses a novel concept of tuning microphotonic devices via mechanical deformation. A microphotonic structure, such as a microring resonator, a photonic crystal, or similar derivatives can be superimposed onto a thin sub-micron deformable membrane. The controlled deformation of the membrane will allow the geometrical structure to be tuned up to the order of 0.2% strain. Correspondingly, optical properties of the microphotonic structure, such as resonance in the bandgap of the transmission spectra, the size of the bandgap, the quality factor Q of a quantum electrodynamics cavity, and other properties can also be tuned. Fine control of the membrane deformation will allow fine-tuning of these optical properties.  
         [0012]    This invention will also allow for dynamic tuning of these properties, either in part of the device function, in response to fabrication deviations, or to external disturbances. Real-time reconfigurability of the microphotonic structures can be achieved. This invention uses the concept of deformable membrane actuation to mechanically tune microphotonic structures.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1A shows a microring structure  2  that is formed on a membrane  6  supported by base anchors  7 . The thin-film membrane  6 , sub-micron in size and on the order of 200-400 nm, is deformed through thin-film piezoelectric actuators  4 , such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), zinc oxide, quartz or aluminum nitride. With the mechanical strain through the piezoelectric actuators  4  that has the high power density on the order of 1000 W/kg, the piezoelectric actuators  4  provides a possible and experimentally measured strain of approximately 0.2% on the membrane. With a superimposed microphotonic device structure, this 0.2% tunability in the structure results in changes in its optical response. The base anchor  7  on both sides of the membrane provides the fixed-fixed boundary supports to the deformable membrane.  
         [0014]    For a photonic crystal bandgap with a defect, such as in a 1-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity waveguide, this mechanical strain creates a 0.56% change in the resonant frequency in the transmission bandgap from modified perturbation theory computations. For a 2-dimensional photonic structure, the membrane can be designed to limit the strain at the line defect.  
         [0015]    The maximum amount of deformation will be limited by the strain limit of the membrane and the actuators. For lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric actuators, the actuator strain limit could reach up to 0.1% and provide a membrane strain on the order of 0.2%. The membrane is a thin sub-micron silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) layer to provide mechanical support for the microphotonic structure, while providing high dielectric contrast with air underneath the membrane. A suggested thickness of 200 nm is designed under mechanical robustness constraints. If the microphotonic structure is continuous in the strain direction, the strain limit of the microphotonic structure is highly dependent on the surface roughness of the material; a silicon material with surface roughness below 20 nm is expected to have fracture stresses on the order of 1 GPa, corresponding to a strain limit of 0.7%. The device strain limit is dependent on the detailed microfabrication process, dependent on the geometrical shape of the structure in introducing stress concentration regions, and expressed as a probability distribution function through Weibull statistic. The strain of 0.2% to 0.3% for the silicon devices in our invention is a safe estimate.  
         [0016]    The steps of fabricating the inventive microring device are shown in FIG. 1B. A microphotonic device is fabricated on top of a SiO 2  membrane layer (step  10 ). A Pt/Ti layer is deposited and lift-off patterned to from the bottom electrode for the PZT (step  12 ). The thin-film PZT is deposited, annealed, and wet etched (step  14 ). A Pt/Ti layer is deposited and lift-off patterned to form the top electrode for the PZT (step  16 ). A SiO 2  membrane layer is patterned via Reactive Ion Etching (step  18 ). Frontside XeF 2  etching or backside Deep Reactive Ion Etching is used to remove bulk Si substrate to free the membrane (step  20 ).  
         [0017]    Step  10  is a lumped fabrication step to create a microphotonics device and depends on the exact device. Steps  12 - 16  create the active piezoelectric actuators. Steps  18 - 20  create the doubly-anchored deformable membrane platform for microphotonics devices.  
         [0018]    Microring resonators have applications in channel dropping filters and can be made compact for high-density integration and low loss through high dielectric contrast waveguides. By applying a mechanical strain on the microring resonator, the optical path length of the microring is changed, resulting in tunability of the resonant mode.  
         [0019]    In a second embodiment of the invention, a microphotonic structure  24  includes a microracetrack resonator  30  that is implemented on top of a membrane  28 , as shown in FIG. 2. With identical applications to the microring resonator  8  shown in FIG. 1A, the microracetrack resonator  30  allow for more efficient coupling because the straight length  32  of the racetrack  30  allow for exact phase-matching between the input/output waveguides and the microphotonic structure  24 . By applying a mechanical strain on the microracetrack resonator  30 , the optical path length of the microracetrack resonator  30  is changed, resulting in tunability of the resonant mode. Furthermore, the techniques for fabricating the microphotonic structure  24  is the same steps for fabricating the microphotonic structure  2 , as discussed for FIG. 1B, except the dimensions of the microracetrack resonator  30  will be different than that of the microring structure  8  discussed in FIG. 1A.  
         [0020]    Tuning of a microracetrack resonator via mechanical deformable membranes is especially useful for higher order filters, as shown in FIG. 3, where virtually identical resonances are necessary for acceptable efficiencies in the higher order filters  34 . Via mechanical deformation, as opposed to thermal tuning, localized tuning of individual resonators is now possible. Higher response times and lower voltage requirements are also essential benefits.  
         [0021]    In another embodiment of the invention, a microphotonic structure includes a microcavity waveguide  40  that is formed on top of membrane  38 , as shown in FIG. 4. This waveguide  40  is a 1-D photonic crystal, with optical confinement in the other two directions through total internal reflection from the high dielectric contrast in the silicon waveguide. By mechanically-straining the membrane with piezoelectric actuators  44 , the defect length over the lattice constant ratio can be increased. Based on design analysis and demonstrated experimental work, a strain of 0.1% to 0.2% can be applied at the microcavity and a strain of 0.2% to 0.3% at the holes  42  in the waveguide. A mechanical strain of 0.3% on the microcavity waveguide will result in approximately 0.85% tunability in the resonant frequency in the bandgap, as calculated through perturbation to finite-difference time-domain computations. The specific amount of tuning in the periodicity could be increased and decreased in specific designs.  
         [0022]    In another embodiment of the invention, tuning of fractional edge dislocations  52  for 1-dimensional deformation of a 2-dimensional photonic crystal  46 , such as a hexagonal 2-dimensional photonic crystal with a line defect  52 , is shown in FIG. 5. The strain can be concentrated at the fractional edge region  48  through sharp width tapering of the membrane  50  at the fractional edge region  48 , leading to significant mechanical strain at the localized region. The removal of membrane material along the line defect permits localized strain at the fractional edge region  48 . By tuning the localized period in this example photonic crystal  46 , the Q factor of the localized mode from defect  53  of the photonic crystal  46  can be increased. Furthermore, FIG. 5 shows that the photonic crystal  46  has a length of L 2  and the length of the fraction edge region  48  is L 1 . Note that the PZT actuation is used in operation of this structure.  
         [0023]    The inventive microphotonic structure can be used in optical circuits and optical communications, such as tunable vertical 2-dimensional photonic band-gap defect laser. Moreover, the inventive microphotonic structure can be used in light modulation for optical displays and optical storage devices. Furthermore, the inventive microphotonic structure can be used in experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics.  
         [0024]    Although the present invention has been shown and described with respect to several preferred embodiments thereof, various changes, omissions and additions to the form and detail thereof, may be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.