Abstract:
A conical pulley for belt Continuously-Variable-Transmissions allowing a bigger than the width W of the belt maximum axial displacement of the one conical pulley half relative to the other, achieving a bigger than 0.5*W*tan(F) difference between the maximum and the minimum effective radiuses of the belt as it runs on the pulley, wherein F is the angle of the working conical surfaces of the pulley, providing a substantial increase of the transmission gear ratio range that enables faster accelerations at the low gear ratios and better mileage and quieter operation at the high gear ratios.

Description:
BACKGROUND ART 
       [0001]    In a belt CVT for a car, scooter, ATV etc, an even lower gear ratio at low-gear improves the acceleration, and an even higher gear ratio at high-gear improves the mileage and reduces the noise. This is why the ratio of the higher gear ratio to the lower gear ratio, called Transmission Gear Ratio Range (or TGRR in the following), is important. 
         [0002]    The new generation of steel belt CVTs for cars expands the Transmission Gear Ratio Range from the previous 6.0 to the current global top level of 7.0 
         [0003]    The need for higher Transmission Gear Ratio Range is even more crucial in trucks, in agricultural tractors, in machinery equipment etc. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    This invention relates with a continuously variable transmission comprising at least: 
         [0005]    a first shaft rotating about a rotation axis; 
         [0006]    a first conical pulley comprising two conical halves on the first shaft, the one conical half of the first conical pulley being displaceable relative to the other conical half of the first pulley along the rotation axis; 
         [0007]    a second shaft, 
         [0008]    a second conical pulley on the second shaft, 
         [0009]    a belt engaging the first conical pulley and the second conical pulley transferring power between the first and second shafts, the belt is running at an effective radius R on the first conical pulley, the effective radius R is varying from a minimum effective radius Ri to a maximum effective radius Ro, 
         [0010]    characterized in that 
         [0011]    the first conical pulley is such that it allows a difference RD between the maximum effective radius Ro and the minimum effective radius Ri bigger than 0.5*W*tan(F), wherein W is an effective width of the belt along the rotation axis, and F is an angle of the first conical pulley. 
         [0012]    Each conical pulley half has one or more working conical surfaces created by rotating a generator line about the rotation axis of the conical pulley. 
         [0013]    The angle F of the conical pulley is defined as the angle between the rotation axis of the pulley and the generator line. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  shows the section of a conical pulley (and of a belt engaged with it) of a conventional CVT. At top the belt is at the lowest radius Ri. At bottom the moving half of the conical pulley and the belt are shown at three different positions/radiuses. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  shows a first embodiment wherein the section of each conical half of each pulley comprises a “comb” shape part allowing the one conical-pulley-half to enter into its mate conical-pulley-half. With the top pulley being the drive pulley, the CVT is shown at its lowest transmission ratio. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  shows the first embodiment at the highest transmission ratio. By dashed line it is shown the position of the movable conical-pulley-half of the drive pulley (and of the belt) at the lowest transmission ratio (i.e. as in  FIG. 2 ). The maximum axial displacement Lmax of the movable pulley half of the drive pulley is substantially bigger than the effective belt width W. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  shows the one only pulley and the belt of the first embodiment at a small radius. The belt is abutting on the “comb” region of the conical pulley halves. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  shows what  FIG. 4  with the difference that now the two conical halves are closer to each other (the one enters into the other), with the belt at a big radius. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  shows, from a side viewpoint, the one conical pulley half of the first embodiment. The two pulley halves are properly sliced to show more details. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  shows the conical pulley of a second embodiment. The two pulley halves are sliced. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  shows the pulley of  FIG. 7  with the two halves close to each other. A portion of the working conical surface of each pulley half enters into grooves cut on the other pulley half. 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  shows the one conical pulley half of the second embodiment from a side viewpoint. 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  shows the other conical pulley half of the second embodiment from a side viewpoint. 
           [0024]      FIG. 11  shows the pulley and a part of the belt of the second embodiment from a side viewpoint. 
           [0025]      FIG. 12  shows what  FIG. 11  with the one conical pulley half moved aside to show how the belt abuts on the other conical pulley half. 
           [0026]      FIG. 13  shows a third embodiment. The belt at the drive pulley, at top, is at its lowest radius Ri. The left half of the drive pulley comprises two sections, the one into the other. The inner section of the left pulley half of the drive pulley is shown locked at its rightmost position relative to the outer section. 
           [0027]      FIG. 14  shows the third embodiment with the belt at the highest radius Ro on the drive pulley (at top). The inner section of the left pulley half of the drive pulley is shown at its leftmost position relative to the outer section. 
           [0028]      FIG. 15  shows the third embodiment with the belt abutting on the outer section of the left half of the drive pulley. The inner section of the left half of the drive pulley is locked at its rightmost position. 
           [0029]      FIG. 16  shows the third embodiment with the belt abutting on the outer section of the left half of the drive pulley, as in  FIG. 15 , but now the inner section of the left half of the drive pulley is shown slightly displaced to the left relative to outer section. 
           [0030]      FIG. 17  shows the pulleys of  FIG. 15  from a side viewpoint. The outer section of the left half of the drive pulley, the outer section of the right half of the driven pulley and the shafts are sliced to show more details. 
           [0031]      FIG. 18  shows the pulleys of  FIG. 16  from a side viewpoint. The inner section of the left half of the drive pulley (at top) is slightly displaced to the left. 
           [0032]      FIG. 19  shows a fourth embodiment wherein the one half of each pulley comprises three sections axially moveable relative to each other. The inner section and the intermediate section of the left half of the drive pulley, at top, are locked at their rightmost position. The belt runs on the inner section of the left half of the drive pulley. The system is at its lowest transmission ratio. 
           [0033]      FIG. 20  shows the fourth embodiment at the highest transmission ratio. Now the belt runs on the outer section of the left half of the drive pulley. The intermediate section and the inner section of the left half of the drive pulley are displaced to the left relative to the outer section of the left half of the drive pulley. 
           [0034]      FIG. 21  shows exploded, from a side viewpoint, the one pulley of the fourth embodiment. The parts are properly sliced. 
           [0035]      FIG. 22  shows what  FIG. 21  from a different viewpoint. 
           [0036]      FIG. 23  shows a hydraulic control mechanism for the control of the effective diameter of the belt on the pulleys of the third embodiment. The belt is shown running at a low effective radius. It fits with the existing hydraulically controlled steel belt CVTs of cars. 
           [0037]      FIG. 24  shows the hydraulic control mechanism of  FIG. 23  with the belt running at a high effective radius. 
           [0038]      FIG. 25  shows a hydraulic/mechanical control mechanism for the control of the effective diameter of the belt on the drive (preferably) pulley of the third embodiment. The belt runs at a low radius. 
           [0039]      FIG. 26  shows the hydraulic/mechanical control mechanism of  FIG. 25  with the belt running at a high radius. 
           [0040]      FIG. 27  shows a mechanical control mechanism for the control of the effective diameter of the belt on the drive (preferably) pulley of the third embodiment. The belt runs at the lowest radius. 
           [0041]      FIG. 28  shows the mechanical control mechanism of  FIG. 27  with the belt running at a high radius. 
           [0042]      FIG. 29  shows a mechanical control mechanism for the control of the effective diameter of the belt on the driven (preferably) pulley of the third embodiment. The belt runs at a high radius. 
           [0043]      FIG. 30  shows the mechanical control mechanism of  FIG. 29  with the belt running at the lowest radius. 
           [0044]      FIG. 31  shows the third embodiment with a mechanical control mechanism like that of  FIG. 27  on the drive pulley, and with a mechanical control mechanism like that of  FIG. 29  on the driven pulley. Its simplicity fits with various applications like, for instance, the scooter CVTs. 
           [0045]      FIG. 32  shows a fifth embodiment wherein the conical pulley at top is variable and the conical pulley at bottom is fixed. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0046]      FIG. 1  shows the section of a conical pulley of a state-of-the-art CVT by a section plain passing from the rotation axis of the conical pulley shaft.  FIG. 1  also shows the section of the belt. 
         [0047]    F is the angle between the rotation axis of the conical pulley shaft and the section of the working conical surface of the one conical pulley half by the abovementioned section plain. 
         [0048]    At top it is shown the conical pulley with the belt running at the minimum allowed effective radius Ri. 
         [0049]    At bottom the moving conical-pulley-half and the belt are shown at three different positions: with continues line are shown the moving conical-pulley-half and the belt at the highest allowed radius Ro, with dashed-line they are shown the conical-pulley-half and the belt running at an intermediate effective radius R, and with more dense dashed-line they are sown the conical-pulley-half and the belt running at the minimum allowed effective radius Ri. 
         [0050]    The allowed axial displacement L (L=0 when the belt runs at the minimum allowed radius Ri) of the one conical-pulley-half relative to the other conical-pulley-half is limited by the effective width W of the belt. If an axial displacement L′ wider than W is applied to the one conical-pulley-half towards the other conical-pulley-half, it will cause collision of the working conical surfaces of the conical pulley. 
         [0051]    That is: the axial displacement L is, at most, W, i.e. Lmax&lt;=W. Given the angle F of the conical pulleys, given the working width W of the belt and given the minimum effective radius Ri wherein the belt is allowed to run on the pulley, the transmission gear ratio range (TGRR) is defined (and limited). 
         [0052]    The effective radius R wherein the belt runs is calculated as: 
         [0000]        R=Ri+ 0.5 *L *tan( F ), 
         [0000]    wherein L is the axial displacement (i.e. the displacement along the rotation axis of the conical pulley shaft) of the one conical-pulley-half relative to the other (with L=0 when the belt runs at the minimum effective radius Ri). 
         [0053]    The tan(F) is the tangent of the angle F. 
         [0054]    For specific Ri and F, the R gets maximized when the L is maximized, so the maximum possible effective radius Ro at which the belt can run on the conical pulley is: 
         [0000]        Ro=Ri+ 0.5* L max*tan( F ). 
         [0055]    The maximum allowed radial displacement Ro-Ri of the belt as it cooperates with the conical pulley is: 
         [0000]      MaximumAllowedRadialDisplacement= Ro−Ri= 0.5* L max*tan( F ). 
         [0056]    The maximum pulley ratio Ro/Ri is: 
         [0000]      MaximumPulleyRatio= Ro/Ri= 1+(0.5*Lmax*tan( F )/ Ri ) 
         [0057]    And supposing similar drive and driven pulleys (which enables the maximum TGRR), the attainable Transmission Gear Ratio Range becomes: 
         [0000]      TGRR=MaximumPulleyRatiô2=(1+(0.5* L max*tan( F )/ Ri ))̂2
 
         [0058]    As explained previously, the Lmax cannot be bigger than W (W is the effective width of the belt), limiting the Transmission Gear Ratio Range to: 
         [0000]      TGRR=(1+(0.5* W *tan( F )/ Ri ))̂2
 
         [0000]    limiting also the maximum allowed radial displacement RD of the belt to: 
         [0000]      MaximumAllowedRadialDisplacement= Ro−Ri= 0.5* W *tan( F ). 
         [0059]    For instance, with a minimum radius Ri=50 mm, a conical pulley angle F=79 degrees (i.e. 90 degrees−F=11 degrees) and a belt width 
         [0060]    W=32 mm: 
         [0061]    Ro=132.3 
         [0062]    MaximumPulleyRatio=2.65 
         [0063]    TGRR=2.65̂2=7.0 
         [0064]    MaximumAllowedRadialDisplacement=82.3 mm 
         [0065]    The present invention enables a substantial increase of the maximum allowed radius Ro, which allows a bigger maximum allowed radial displacement of the belt, which enables a substantially bigger Transmission Gear Ratio Range. 
       Preferred Embodiments 
       [0066]    In a first embodiment,  FIGS. 2 to 6 , the section (by a plain wherein the rotation axis of the conical pulley lies) of the “conical working surface” of each conical-pulley-half comprises a “comb shaped” part. 
         [0067]    The “combs” on the two conical pulley halves are “complimentary”: when the belt runs at big radiuses on the pulley, the “rings” formed in the inner part of the one conical-pulley-half enter into respective grooves/recesses made on the other pulley-half and vice-versa. 
         [0068]    At the big effective radiuses the belt runs as in the conventional conical pulleys. 
         [0069]    At the small effective radiuses the belt runs above the grooves made on the two conical halves of the pulley, abutting on the conical ends of the “rings”. 
         [0070]    As shown in  FIG. 3  (wherein with dashed line is shown the position of the moveable conical-pulley-half when the belt runs at the minimum allowed radius), the allowed axial displacement L of the moving conical-pulley-half is 1.6 times the effective width W of the belt, which increases the maximum allowed radial displacement RD=Ro−Ri of the belt by 1.6 times and the Transmission Gear Ratio Range by 1.6̂2 =2.5 times. 
         [0071]    For instance, with “comb” pulleys the world top TGRR goes easily from the present 7.0 to more than 17.0. 
         [0072]    With the same belt width W, with the same angle F of the conical surfaces and with the same minimum allowed radius Ri (which defines/limits the maximum torque capacity of the transmission), the new geometry enables a substantially bigger axial displacement of the one conical-pulley-half relative to the other, which provides a substantial increase of the Transmission Gear Ratio Range. 
         [0073]    The first embodiment fits with both, continues elastic belts and belts comprising a big number of friction elements (typically of trapezoidal/H shape) connected together via band(s). At the big effective radiuses of the belt, the trapezoidal elements abut on the conical surfaces as in a conventional conical pulley. At the small effective radiuses of the belt, and depending on the height of the friction elements, each friction element passes over one or more grooves of each conical-pulley-half and abuts on the top of one or more “ring”. 
         [0074]    A bigger height of the belt (height: the “radial” dimension of the belt as it runs around a pulley) allows the belt sides to abut on several “rings” at each conical pulley half, decreasing this way the surface pressure at the small radiuses. 
         [0075]    In a second embodiment,  FIGS. 7 to 12 , each conical pulley half comprises a number of grooves/recesses extending not only peripherally but also in the radial direction. As in the first embodiment, the more the conical halves of the pulley come closer to each other, the more the inner side (i.e. near the rotation axis) of the conical surface of the one conical pulley half enters into the grooves of the other conical pulley half. This arrangement fits better with continues belts (like the elastic belts used in most scooters). When the belt runs at big diameters, there is no difference from the conventional conical pulleys. When the belt runs at small diameters, the belt abuts on several conical sections of each pulley half. In some applications this may prove beneficial because the belt needs to slightly bend, increasing the friction between the belt and the conical surfaces. 
         [0076]    In a third embodiment,  FIGS. 13 to 18 and 31 , the one conical pulley half of the conical pulley comprises two sections, an inner one and an outer one. The two sections are axially displaceable to each other. The inner section comprises a working conical surface S 1 , the outer section comprises a working conical surface S 2 . 
         [0077]    The two conical surfaces S 1  and S 2  are coaxial (the common axis is the rotation axis of the conical pulley). 
         [0078]    At a first position the two conical surfaces S 1  and S 2  form a combined smooth (stepless) conical surface whereon the belt abuts as it does on a conventional conical surface. 
         [0079]    At small radiuses the belt is engaged between the inner conical surface S 1  and the opposite conical-pulley-half. 
         [0080]    As the effective radius of the belt increases, the belt reaches the limit (the border) between the two conical surfaces S 1  and S 2 ; as the effective radius further increases, the belt passes progressively over the limit/border and goes from the inner conical surface S 1  to the outer conical surface S 2 , i.e. the two conical surfaces S 1  and S 2  must fit/match with each other to allow a smooth transition of the belt from the S 1  to S 2  (when the effective radius increases) and from the S 2  to S 1  (when the effective diameter decreases). After the belt has passed the limit/border and abuts exclusively onto the outer conical surface S 2 , the inner conical surface S 1  is displaced axially to make room (space) for the opposite conical-pulley-half, enabling an adequately bigger effective radius and, consequently, a substantial increase of the Transmission Gear Ratio Range. 
         [0081]    When with the belt abutting onto the outer conical surface S 2  the effective diameter is decreasing and the belt reaches (or is close to reach, or is over) the abovementioned limit/border, the conical surface S 1  is displaced and is locked with the S 2  conical surface to form a smooth conical passage for the belt. 
         [0082]    In a fourth embodiment,  FIGS. 19 to 22 , the one conical-pulley-half comprises three sections axially displaceable to each other, each having a conical surface facing the conical surface of the other conical-pulley-half. The TGRR of the CVT of  FIGS. 19 and 20  is more than four times bigger than the TGRR of a conventional CVT having the same effective belt width, the same conical pulley angle and the same minimum effective diameter of the belt, i.e. the 7.0, which is the current world top TGRR, goes to more than 28.0. 
         [0083]    If desirable, more sections can be used, to further increase the TGRR. 
         [0084]    In a fifth embodiment,  FIG. 32 , a variable conical pulley drives, through the belt, a fixed (the effective radius of the belt is fixed) conical pulley, as in the CVT of some old (Motobecane) mopeds. In this embodiment the distance of the rotation axes of the two pulleys varies to keep the belt in tension. The one half of the drive pulley comprises two sections, each having a conical surface on it. 
         [0085]    Control 
         [0086]    Regarding the control over the conical-pulley-half with the two, three or more sections (like the embodiments 3 and 4), various control mechanisms can be used, a few of which are presented in the following. 
         [0087]    Hydraulic Control: 
         [0088]    In  FIG. 23  the belt is at a small radius and runs on the S 1  conical surface of the inner section of the left half of the pulley. A restoring spring pushes to the right the inner section of the left half of the pulley. A sealed space V 1  behind the inner section contains hydraulic liquid at a pressure P 1  that pushes the inner section of the left half of the pulley to the right. Hydraulic liquid at pressure P 2  in the sealed space V 2  pushes the right half of the pulley to the left. The spaces V 1  and V 2  are fed with hydraulic liquid through proper passageways in the shaft. The P 1  is adequately high to keep the inner section of the left half of the pulley locked at its rightmost position. Adding hydraulic liquid into the space V 2 , the right half of the pulley moves to the left displacing the belt at bigger radiuses. 
         [0089]    In  FIG. 24  the belt runs on the conical surface S 2  of the outer section of the left conical half of the pulley. A quantity of hydraulic liquid has been added to the space V 2  pressing the right half of the pulley to the left. A quantity of hydraulic liquid has been left to exit from the space V 1 . The inner section of the left half of the pulley is displaced by the right half of the pulley to the left relative to the outer section of the left half of the pulley, and the restoring spring is compressed. 
         [0090]    Hydraulic/Mechanical Control: 
         [0091]    In  FIG. 25  the belt is shown at a small radius. The left half of the mechanism is the same as in the mechanism of  FIGS. 23 and 24 . 
         [0092]    The right half of the mechanism is a variator (a centrifugal governor) having roller weights moving along ramps. The higher the revs the more the roller weight push the right half of the pulley to the left. 
         [0093]    In  FIG. 26  the belt has passed from the conical surface Si to the conical surface S 2 , a control valve (not shown) allows hydraulic liquid from the space V 1  to exit and the inner section of the left half of the pulley, under the action of the right half of the pulley, moves to the left. 
         [0094]    Mechanical Control: 
         [0095]    In  FIG. 27  a variator comprises roller weights and ramps. As the revs increase, the roller weights push the inner section of the right half of the pulley to the left. The inner section abutting on the outer section of the right half of the pulley pushes it to the left. As the roller weights move away from the shaft, the radius of the belt increases. The belt passes from the S 1  conical surface to the S 2  conical surface and the roller weights pass from the inner section to the outer section of the right half of the pulley. Then the inner section of the right half of the pulley, abutting on the left half of the pulley, stops displacing to the left. The outer section of the right half continues its motion to the left. 
         [0096]    When the revs drop (or the tension of the belt increases) the roller weights move closer to the shaft allowing the outer section of the right half of the pulley to move at right, allowing the belt to run at smaller radiuses ( FIG. 28 ). As the belt runs at smaller and smaller effective radiuses, the outer section abutting on the inner section of the right half of the pulley pushes it to the right. Then the roller weights pass from the outer section to the inner section and then the belt passes from the conical surface S 2  to the conical surface S 1 . The central spring pushes the inner section of the right half of the pulley to the left (necessary when the roller weights do not abut on the inner section). Similarly the side springs pull the outer section of the right half of the pulley to the right (necessary when the roller weights are not abutting on the outer section) Mechanical control over the driven pulley: 
         [0097]      FIG. 29  shows a mechanism suitable for the driven pulley of scooters etc. A big spring pushes, through a linkage, the movable half of the driven pulley to the left. Initially the big spring acts, through the rollers, on the outer section of the right half of the pulley and the belt runs at big radiuses and abuts on the conical surface S 2 . As the belt goes to smaller radiuses, the outer section moves to the right. Then the surface E 2  of the outer section abuts on the surface E 1  of the inner section and pushes the inner section to follow the outer section at its motion to the right. Then the rollers pass to the inner section. Then the belt passes to the inner section. 
         [0098]    In  FIG. 30  the belt is at a small radius. The big spring through the rollers pushes the inner section to the left. The two small springs at the sides keep the outer section at its leftmost position relative to the inner section. After the belt has passed from the S 1  conical surface to the S 2  conical surface, the big spring, through the rollers of the linkage, push the outer section to the left. The small central spring pushes the inner section to the left. 
         [0099]    Electrical Control: 
         [0100]    In the arrangement of  FIGS. 25 and 26 , an electromagnet can replace the liquid in the space V 1 . At small effective radiuses of the belt, the electromagnet keeps the inner section of the left half of the pulley locked onto the outer section of the left half of the pulley, at its rightmost position. When the effective radius of the belt is increased and the belt is abutting onto the outer section, the electromagnet is de-activated allowing the displacement of the inner section, relative to the outer section, to the left. 
         [0101]    Applications 
         [0102]    It fits with the CVT of trucks, of agricultural tractors, of cars, of scooters etc. 
         [0103]    Due to each high Transmission Gear Ratio Range it can be used between the crankshaft of an engine and the auxiliary devices of the engine (like electric generator, air conditioning, supercharger, hydraulic pump etc) to reduce the parasitic friction. 
         [0104]    It may also be used for the big reduction required between a turbine and the propeller of an airplane or helicopter. 
         [0105]    It may also be used for the big increase of the revs between a wind turbine and its electric generator, and for keeping the electric generator revs at the optimum.