Abstract:
A calibration standard for calibrating a thermal gradient spectrometer. The calibration standard is a structure having a particular glucose concentration which a thermal gradient spectrometer reads for determining whether the spectrometer is in calibration. The structure of the calibration standard properly mimics the physiology of human tissue. A number of such standards, each containing a different concentration of glucose are provided in kit form with a thermal gradient spectrometer for use in calibrating the spectrometer. The spectrometer is provided with a display and internal circuitry for performing self-calibrating adjustments and a communications port for electronically coupling to a remote computer and database for supplying external calibration commands to said spectrometer.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to spectrometers used for the non-invasive generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from human or animal tissue. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices and methods that calibrate spectrometers of the type that are used for the non-invasive generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from human or animal tissue. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to calibration methods and devices that contain a base source of thermal gradient spectra associated with glucose to test and calibrate a spectrometer used for the non-invasive generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from human or animal tissue. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Millions of diabetics are force to draw blood daily to determine their blood sugar levels. To alleviate the constant discomfort of these individuals, substantial effort has been expanded in the search for a non-invasive apparatus and methodology to accurately determine blood glucose levels. Four patent applications, each assigned to Optiscan Biomedical Corporation of Alameda, Calif., have significantly advanced the state of the art of non-invasive blood glucose analysis The methodology taught in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/820,378 is performed by the apparatus taught in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/816,723, and each of these references is herewith incorporated by reference. While the methodology taught in the incorporated references presents a significant advance in non-invasive glucose metrology, there exists room for further improvements. One such improvement lies in the manner in which the data collected by the apparatus are manipulated. In the methodology taught in Ser. No. 08/820,378 a volts-to-watts radiometric calibration step is often required. To preclude this requirement, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/267,121 teaches a methodology that takes advantage of the fact that by inducing a temperature gradient, a difference parameter between the signal at a reference wavelength and the signal of an analyte absorption wavelength may be detected. The frequency or magnitude or phase difference of this parameter may be used to determine analyte concentration. A further object of the invention taught therein is to provide a method of inducing intermittent temperature modulation and using the frequency, magnitude, or phase differences caused by analyte absorbance to determine analyte concentration. This intermittent temperature may be periodic or a periodic. Another improvement concerns U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/265,195 entitled: “Solid-state Non-invasive Infrared Absorption Spectrometer for the Generation and Capture of Thermal Gradient Spectra from Living Tissue” which teaches a method of inducing a temperature gradient and monitoring of radiation emitted from test samples. The complete teachings of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/267,121 and Ser. No. 09/265,195 are also herewith incorporated by reference. 
     As has been noted in Ser. No. 09/265,195, the non-invasive spectrometer require calibration to assure quality performance to the diabetic end user. While such calibration presents no particular difficulty in the laboratory environment, it will be appreciated that accurate calibration in the field presents some rather interesting challenges. The laboratory type standards are basically an aqueous solution of glucose, where the exact concentration of glucose is known. However, once this type of prior art standard solution leaves the laboratory it is subject to a wide variety of environment effects which can serve to degrade its accuracy. Such effects include, but are not limited to evaporation, contamination, fermentation, dilution, sundry photochemical effects, spillage, and the like. Given the need for extremely precise measurements afforded by the principles of the present invention, any degradation in accuracy is unacceptable. A further second problem lies in the fact that a prior art solution of glucose cannot properly mimic the physiology of human tissue. To applicants&#39; knowledge there are no known standards available for use in calibrating a non-invasive spectrometer in the field that can overcome the foregoing problems associated with laboratory standards comprising aqueous solution of glucose. 
     Thus, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a calibration standard apparatus for use in calibrating a non-invasive spectrometer in the field. 
     A related object of the present invention is to provide a field calibration standard that overcomes the problems associated with prior art laboratory type of standards comprising aqueous solution of glucose. 
     An other object of the present invention is to provide a field calibration standard that properly mimic the physiology of human tissue. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a spectrometer apparatus that not only can perform non-invasive glucose level tests in humans, but that is adapted to receive the calibration standards and perform the thermal gradient calibration measurements. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the foregoing object is accomplished by providing a calibration standard for calibrating a thermal gradient spectrometer. The standard comprises a structure having a particular glucose concentration which a thermal gradient spectrometer reads for determining whether the spectrometer is in calibration. The structure of the calibration standard properly mimics the physiology of human tissue. Human tissue, and most importantly human skin, is a layered structure. Accordingly, the principles of the present invention contemplate the use of layered polymeric standard structures which closely mimic human skin. A number of such standards, each containing a difference concentration of glucose, may be used. 
     One structure for such a standard includes a number of polymeric layers. The first layer, that which is placed in contact with the optical window of the spectrometer is intended to mimic the stratum corneum. The second layer mimics the epidermis. Standards are provided at a variety of glucose concentrations including concentrations consisting of 0% glucose; 50 mg/dL glucose (physiological hypoglycemia); 10 mg/dL glucose (physiological normal); 500 mg/dL glucose (physiological hyperglycemia); and 1000 mg/dL glucose (outside the physiological limits). The standards are packed in a hermetic container and treated to prolong shelf life and to retard microbial growth. Sterile standards are also within the scope of the present invention. The container, and the standards themselves are provided with imprinted data about the standard, including its glucose concentration. The labeling could be machine-readable, for example, using a bar code. 
     In use, a spectrometer is placed in a calibration mode, manually or automatically upon presentation of the standard thereto. The spectrometer then reads the encoded information from the standard, or as manually entered. The spectrometer then scans the standard. When complete, the instrument prompts for the next standard in the series. When all standards in the series have been scanned, the spectrometer post-processes the data. The instrument may then determine that it is within specification, and so notifies the operator. The instrument could also determine that it is out of specification and may perform an automatic adjustment. It will then notify the operator that the adjustment have been successfully accomplished. The instrument may also determine that it is out of specification and that it requires manual adjustment. The operator must be notified accordingly. In each of the above cases, operator notification may additionally require a network connection to a computer or remote database. Such network connection may provide not only a repository for calibration information for a number of instruments, but may serve to automatically calibrate the instrument from the remote location. In similar fashion, the network connection may also be utilized to retain a remote database of patient information, and for a repository of treatment options given a certain patient history and reading. 
     Other features of the present invention are disclosed or apparent in the section entitled: “DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION”. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     For fuller understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawing in the following Detailed Description of the Invention. In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is an embodiment of a thermal gradient spectrometer adapted for being calibrated using the calibration standard of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 2 and 3 collectively show a flow chart methodology for calibrating a thermal gradient spectrometer using the glucose calibration standards of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a fragmented cutaway of the spectrometer thermal window showing a calibration standard in place for being read by the spectrometer thermal gradient sensory elements. 
     FIG. 5 is a table showing a list of calibration standards with glucose concentrations that span the glucose concentration spectrum of interest for calibration purposes. 
     FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-section of a calibration standard apparatus having a leading end portion, a thermal gradient body portions laden with glucose, and a handling portion. 
     FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the leading end portion showing a breakdown of the embedded coded information. 
     FIG. 8 a collection of calibration standards in a container and which are listed in the table shown in FIG.  5 . 
     Reference numbers refer to the same or equivalent parts of the invention throughout the several figures of the drawing. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to FIG. 1, and by example only, an embodiment of a thermal gradient spectrometer  100  is shown having a remote communications port  120 , a display portion  130 , and an input port  140  for receiving a calibration standard  10 , in accordance with the present invention. Display portion  130  is shown having respective window areas  131  for mode of meter operation,  132  for displaying standard concentration value,  133  for displaying actual concentration readout, and  134  for displaying message of results and suggested action. Port  120  is shown with a network communicating means  200  for being inserted, as shown by arrow A, to primarily effect remote calibration of meter  100 . Other functions may be provided via communication means  200 , such as to effect a network connection to a computer or remote database. As indicated above, such network connection may provide not only a repository for calibration information for a number of instruments, but may serve to automatically calibrate the instrument from the remote location. In similar fashion, the network connection  200  may also be utilized to retain a remote database of patient information, and for a repository of treatment options given a certain history and reading. Input port  140 , in combination with standard  10 , essentially simulate the patient&#39;s skin that would normally be exposed to the spectrometer&#39;s thermal mass to effect thermal gradients. In fact, in the embodiment of standard  10  shown in FIG. 4, areas  11  and  12  comprise standard portions at two temperatures t 1  and t 2 . As background information, the spectrometer&#39;s thermal mass window&#39;s function is threefold. One function is to cool the measurement “site”, another to warm it, and the last is to efficiently collect and transmit the infrared energy to the collector and detector systems. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2 calibration process  400  comprises a step  401  of placing the spectrometer in calibration mode, as opposed to user mode, then a step  402  of placing standard  10  in port  140 . At this point the spectrometer thermal mass window, generally shown as numeral  141 , will perform these functions on standard  10 . The operation of meter  100 , as it performs these functions is the same as if being used on a human tissue, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/265,195, incorporated herein by reference. As process  400  continues, and as indicated at steps  403  and  404 , the leading end portion  14  of standard  10  is read and then the thermal gradient areas  11  and  12  are scanned. Spectrometer  100  is programmed to query the user at step  405  whether there are other standards to be scanned. If yes, the process continues to step  405   a  to repeat the data gathering function of steps  403  and  404 . If not other standards are to be scanned, then the process continues to step  406 , as shown in FIG. 3, connected by numeral B from FIG.  2 . At steps  406  and  407 , spectrometer  100  processes the data gathered and provides a user with the results of the calibration task and makes a determination of the action to be taken. If, by example, the results are that the meter is in calibration and within specifications, then at step  408  an “in-spec” message is displayed on display portion  134 , or if being calibrated remotely at step  408   a,  an “in-spec” message displayed to an operator at a remote location. If the results are that the spectrometer is out of calibration and requires adjustments, then depending upon the availability of remote or local adjustment features on the spectrometer, either step  412  for remote adjustments are executed, or step  409  for local adjustments are executed. Assuming that step  409  is performed, then meter  100  will either display an “in spec” message on display portion  134 , as indicated at step  411 , or if out of specification, such that internal self-adjustments were not successful, then a message to perform manual adjustments is displayed on display portion  134 , as indicated at step  410 . If, by example, a remote calibration is desired, as indicated at step  412 , then the results will either be a successful “adjustment complete” message displayed on display portion  134 , as indicated at step  413 , or results that the remote adjustment were not successful, resulting in a message on display portion  134  that manual adjustments are required, as indicated in step  414 . 
     The preferred embodiment of the present invention contemplates the use of layered polymeric standard structures which closely mimic human skin. FIG.  4  and FIG. 6 show a layered polymeric standard structure  10  in accordance with the present invention. As best seen in cross-section in FIG. 6, standard  10  comprises a leading end portion  14 , which will be the end of standard  10  to be inserted into port  140  of spectrometer  100 , (as indicated by insertion arrow), a major standard portion comprising two layered human skin simulating portions ( 11   a,    11   b ) and ( 12   a,    12   b ), and a back-end handling portion  15 . Major standard portion ( 11   a,    11   b ) and ( 12   a,    12   b ), are partitioned from leading end portion  14  and back end portion  15  by a partition  13 , comprising material suitable to confine the glucose to the major standard portions ( 11   a,    11   b ) and ( 12   a,    12   b ). The first layer of standard  10 , comprising portions  11   a  and  11   b,  are on the side of standard  10  that is placed in contact with the optical window of the spectrometer. Structure portions  11   a  and  12   a  are intended to mimic the stratum corneum. The second layer portions  11   b  and  12   b  of standard  10  are intended to mimic the epidermis. It should be understood that a number of such standards  10 , each containing a different concentration of glucose G, may be used. This aspect of the invention is best seen by referring to FIGS. 5 and 8, showing standards  10 G 1 ,  10 G 2 ,  10 G 3 ,  10 G 4 , and  10 G 5 , containing 0%, 50, 100, 500, 1000 mg/dl of glucose, respectively. 
     FIG. 7 shows an enlarged view of the leading end portion  14  showing a breakdown of the embedded coded information. By example, the leading end portion contains a bar code portion  14   a,  a resistor code  14   b,  a semiconductor memory device  14   c  such as a programmable read only memory (PROM), and a reserved space  14   d  for future code features. 
     Layered polymeric standard portion  11   a,    12   a,  in accordance with the present invention, have the following properties: 
     Thickness=50 μm+/−20 μm; 
     Moisture content less than 20%; 
     No spectral features in the infrared band from 3-12 μm; 
     Thermal conductivity in the range of 0.21 to 0.26 watts/meter-° C., and 
     Specific heat in the range of 3578 to 3600 Joules/Kg-° C. 
     The second layer portions  11   b,  and  12   b  which mimic the epidermis and have the following properties: 
     Thickness=300 μm+/−50 μm; 
     Moisture content=80% +/−10%; 
     Glucose spectral features at 9.6 μm; 
     No other spectral features in the infrared band from 3-12 μm; 
     Thermal impedance in the range of 0.3 to 0.52 watts/meter-° C., and 
     Specific heat in the range of 3200 to 3400 Joules/Kg-° C. 
     As shown in FIG. 8, the standards  10 G 1 ,  10 G 2 ,  10 G 3 ,  10 G 4 , and  10 G 5 , are packed in a hermatic container C and treated to prolong shelf life and to retard microbial growth. Sterility may, or may not be desirable. The container C, should have information about the standards on a label, shown generally as label L. The data should reflect information on front end portion  14  about the contained standards, including the glucose concentration. The labeling could be machine-readable, for example, using a bar code. 
     To summarize process  400 , the spectrometer is placed in a calibration mode, manually or automatically upon presentation of the standard thereto. The spectrometer then reads the encoded information from the standard, or as manually entered. The spectrometer then scans the standard. When complete, the instrument may prompt for the next standard in the series. When all standards in the series have been scanned, the spectrometer post-processes the data. The spectrometer then determines that it is within specification, and if so notifies the user locally, or an operator remotely. The spectrometer may, however, determine that it is out of specification and may perform an automatic adjustment. It will then notify the operator that the adjustments have been successfully accomplished. The instrument may determine that is out of specification and requires manual adjustment. The operator must be notified accordingly. As previously stated, in each of the above cases, operator notification may additionally require a network connection to a computer or remote database. Such network connection may provide not only a repository for calibration information for a number of instruments, but may serve to automatically calibrate the instrument from the remote location, as executed following process  400 . In similar fashion, and not illustrated in the flow diagram for process  400 , the network connection may also be utilized to retain a remote database of patient information, and for a repository of treatment options given a certain patient history and reading. 
     It will be appreciated that many modifications can be made to the calibration standard structure and spectrometer described above without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Various other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art after having the benefit of studying the foregoing text and drawings, taken in conjunction with the following claims.