Abstract:
The present invention provides: a pad conditioner for dressing a surface of a polishing pad which is used in a polishing apparatus for polishing works, comprising a bending or deflecting or elastic member and a supporting section to support a base end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member, wherein upon contact of a vicinity of a tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member with the polishing pad, the bending or deflecting or elastic member elastically deforms, so that a pressure necessary to condition the pad is generated; a polishing apparatus using the pad conditioner; and a pad conditioning method using the same, in order to evenly condition a polishing pad of an elastic body by following a surface of the polishing pad.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a pad conditioner, a pad conditioning method, and a polishing apparatus, in particular, a pad conditioner which recovers a surface of a polishing pad in a polishing apparatus for polishing a work such as a semiconductor wafer, a pad conditioning method, and a polishing apparatus which is provided with the pad conditioner. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    As microstructure and multilayered structure of a semiconductor device have been achieved, CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) technology has become essential in a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device. The CMP technology is now used for planarization of an insulating film between layers, as well as in various processes of Cu wiring and isolation of elements, for example. 
         [0005]    In the CMP technology for planarization, removal rate uniformity (polishing uniformity) across a work surface is an important specification. In order to improve the polishing uniformity, it is important to uniformly distribute any elements which affect the removal rate across a work surface. 
         [0006]    While such important elements include a polishing pressure and a relative velocity in polishing, a surface state of a polishing pad is also an important element quantification of which is still in a preliminary stage. A preferable surface state of a polishing pad is achieved by conditioning the polishing pad. Also, a fact that, in a so-called in-situ conditioning in which a pad is conditioned during polishing, for example a stopping of the conditioning suddenly drops a removal rate, shows that a precise control of a surface state of a polishing pad is important. 
         [0007]    Pad conditioning is an act to bring a pad conditioner (hereinafter, it may be simply referred to as a conditioner) having grinders such as diamond into contact with a polishing pad to scrape or roughen a surface of the polishing pad, so that a surface state of a new polishing pad is optimized as an initial state with a good holding capacity of the slurry or the slurry holding capacity of the polishing pad in use is recovered to maintain its polishing capability. 
         [0008]    Conventionally, pad conditioners having diamond abrasive particles electro-deposited thereto have been often used to condition a polishing pad by being pressed against the polishing pad while rotating around its central axis (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-274122, or Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-181756). 
         [0009]      FIG. 12  is a conceptual view to illustrate a pad conditioner described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-274122. The pad conditioner  130  described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-274122 includes, as shown in  FIG. 12 , a substrate  131  having diamond abrasive particles  133  electro-deposited thereto, and a supporting section  132  to which the substrate  131  is fixedly attached. 
         [0010]      FIG. 13  is a conceptual view to illustrate a pad conditioner described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-181756. The pad conditioner  130 A described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-181756 in principle includes a substrate  131 A, diamond abrasive particles  133  which are electro-deposited to the substrate  131 A, and a supporting section  132 A, and the substrate  131 A is swingably mounted to the supporting section  132 A in every direction, via a so-called gimbal arrangement of a ball joint  132   a  for example, so as to follow a surface of a polishing pad  20 . 
         [0011]    Apparatuses having a brush conditioner in addition to a diamond conditioner are also known (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-211355). Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-211355 discloses a diamond conditioner for scraping a polishing pad surface as a first conditioner and a brush conditioner for extracting foreign matters clogged in recesses in the polishing pad surface as a second conditioner. 
         [0012]    Since the brush conditioner is for extracting foreign matters clogged in recesses in the polishing pad surface, it is the diamond conditioner of the first conditioner which conditions the pad. 
         [0013]    The brush conditioner has a nylon brush as a brushing member. The nylon brush can brush a pad surface, but is not effective for scraping the pad surface. 
         [0014]    Thus, in the technology disclosed in the above document, the brush conditioner is used as a device only for removing foreign matters in a pad surface, not for scraping and conditioning the pad surface with a brush. 
         [0015]    Other than the above, there is another document which describes about conditioning by use of brush (for example, see the above Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-181756 or Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-329003). However, both brushes described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-181756 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-329003, as well as the one in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-211355, are described to use in a brushing method for extracting foreign matters in a pad surface, not to use in a conditioning method for scraping a surface of a polishing pad. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    A polishing pad used in a CMP apparatus has a surface which is not flat when the pad is attached to a polishing plate, because the thickness of the polishing pad itself is uneven or the polishing pad is attached to the polishing plate unevenly. A surface of a polishing pad attached to a polishing plate usually has a height difference of 30 μm to 50 μm. 
         [0017]    However, in CMP, in order to uniformly polish a wafer surface, a uniform conditioning over a polishing pad surface having such unevenness is required by following such a surface with a pad conditioner. 
         [0018]      FIG. 11  is a view to show a concept of a pad conditioning specification required in CMP. As shown in  FIG. 11 , when a polishing pad  20  having the waviness with a height difference of 50 μm for a width of about 100 mm is conditioned for example, a uniform conditioning by following the waviness is required. Since a polishing pad is made of an elastic material in this way, such a pad conditioning in a CMP apparatus is considered to be a reference grinding process on an elastic material. 
         [0019]    Whereas, the pad conditioner  130  described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-274122 is completely fixed to the supporting section  132 , and this configuration allows only the top portion of a waviness of a polishing pad surface to be scraped. So, the pad conditioner  130  has a problem that a uniform conditioning by following a polishing pad surface cannot be achieved. 
         [0020]    The pad conditioner  130 A described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-181756 has a conditioning surface which is supported to follow a polishing pad surface, but in an actual pad conditioning, a uniform conditioning by following a polishing pad surface cannot be achieved. This is because the pad conditioner is positioned at an angle to the polishing pad  20  due to a large frictional force applied to the pad conditioner surface in contact with the polishing pad  20  which is moving at a high speed. The positioning at an angle makes the frictional force to be decreased, and the pad conditioner returns to its original posture, thereby the pad conditioner discontinuously contacts the polishing pad  20  (stick-slip). 
         [0021]    The following problems on the polishing performance of the wafer are caused by the ununiformity (unevenness) of the conditioning in the polishing pad surface. The polishing ununiformity (polishing unevenness) is occurred because there are a conditioned portion and an unconditioned portion in the polishing pad surface. Next, in the step of stabilizing the polishing rate, the entire polishing pad surface is not conditioned evenly and the conditioning is made to partially progress, so that stabilizing the polishing rate takes long time. The polishing pad in which the polishing rate is yet stabilized, can not subject a product wafer to the polishing processing. As a result, the startup time of the polishing pad takes long. 
         [0022]    In case of pad conditioning is an act to bring the conventional plate type pad conditioner to which diamonds are electro-deposited into contact with a polishing pad, the pad conditioner is positioned at an angle to the polishing pad due to a large frictional force applied to the pad conditioner surface in contact with the polishing pad which is moving at a high speed. The positioning at an angle makes the frictional force to be decreased, and the pad conditioner returns to its original posture, thereby the pad conditioner discontinuously contacts the polishing pad. In this way, the conditioning of the polishing pad in a circumferential direction is performed unevenly. The problems caused by the uniformity of the conditioning are not limited to the above described. 
         [0023]    The size of the scrapes of the polishing pad scraped by conditioning varies greatly, since the portions of small scrapes and large scrapes are generated because the pad conditioner discontinuously contacts the polishing pad. The surface of the polishing pad is scraped as exfoliated a big pieces not stably scraped by small amount, accordingly, the scrapes volume of the polishing pad by the conditioning enlarges. As a result, the consumption amount of the pad surface is increased, leading to a problem that the life of the polishing pad is short and then the replacement cycle of the polishing pad is also short. In this way, conventional pad conditioners have an essential problem in their structures from the point of view of a reference grinding over an elastic body. 
         [0024]    Prior to the present invention, the inventor of the present invention made a study to assess the effect of a pad conditioning. First, a recovery of a removal rate of a clogged polishing pad was evaluated by brushing a surface of the polishing pad with a nylon brush while pure water being supplied to the pad without scraping the polishing pad surface. As a result, the removal rate recovered not more than 31.4% in spite of the pure water supply and brushing for a long time of period, where it was observed under SEM that foreign matters in the polishing pad surface were completely removed from the polishing pad surface (related document: Daichi Kamikawa and Takashi Fujita et al., Proceedings of the 2004 Japan Society for Precision Engineering Conference, Tohoku Regional Branch, p. 22). 
         [0025]    The above experiment shows that such a brushing only removes foreign matters remained in a surface of a polishing pad, but does not condition a pad. The inventor of the present invention confirmed that the removal rate recovers with a usual conditioning using diamonds for scraping the polishing pad surface after the brushing, and concluded that a scraping of a polishing pad surface is necessary for a pad conditioning. 
         [0026]    In addition, the inventor of the present invention verified that a surface of a polishing pad is chemically modified when a removal rate of the polishing pad is decreased due to clogging. The inventor of the present invention also confirmed that scraping the diverse material partially recovers the removal rate. This result suggests that a removal rate decreases not only when foreign matters are deposited in pores of a polishing pad, but also when the polishing pad surface chemically modifies (related document: Takashi Fujita, Proceedings of the 2005 Japan Society for Precision Engineering Conference, Spring, p. 845). 
         [0027]    In this way, the inventor of the present invention confirmed that extracting foreign matters in a polishing pad surface is not sufficient as a conditioning to maintain a removal rate, and scraping the modified pad surface is essential. 
         [0028]    A conditioning in terms of scraping a polishing pad surface is already achieved with a conditioning plate of the first conditioner to which diamonds are electro-deposited, in the above Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-211355 for example. 
         [0029]    The above description shows that a pad conditioning which includes scraping a polishing pad surface by following a surface of the polishing pad, that is, finely grinding the polishing pad is indispensable. 
         [0030]    However, a pad conditioning is not just a scraping of a polishing pad surface. Roughening the polishing pad surface during the scraping is also necessary, and when the surface is carved with a tool such as a plane without roughening, the slurry holding capacity of the polishing pad is degraded, which is not a result of conditioning to obtain. In conditioning, it is important to scrape a pad surface while a microscopically rough surface being formed which is required to improve or maintain the slurry holding capability of the pad. 
         [0031]    When a finely-scraped, microscopically rough surface of a polishing pad is achieved by conditioning, the modified portion of the polishing pad surface is effectively removed, and a substantial surface area for holding slurry is increased in the polishing pad surface, which allows a sufficiently high removal rate to be ensured. 
         [0032]    Because the polishing pad is an object to be processed which is made of a polymer composite resin material and of a material having a number of air bubbles in its surface, the process to achieve a microscopically rough surface of a polishing pad is very different from a grinding in a usual metal processing or ceramic processing. In grinding a porous resin material with abrasive particles, a size of the abrasive particles, a tip shape of the abrasive particles, and the like should be carefully designed so as not to tear off the surface by the particles cutting into the surface. 
         [0033]    In a conventional pad conditioning, a plate to which diamonds are electro-deposited is pressed against a polishing pad. As a result, a polishing pad surface is scraped by the moving diamonds of the plate. However, since the diamonds electro-deposited to the plate do not cut into the pad enough under a low pressure, a somewhat higher pressure is applied to press down the plate for conditioning. Therefore, the plate roughens a polishing pad surface while grinding, but eventually it scrapes the surface too much due to the higher presser, and shortens the life of the polishing pad. 
         [0034]    Prior to the present invention, the inventor of the present invention first roughened a polishing pad surface with a tool having a tiny needle to which diamonds are electro-deposited. The inventor confirmed a result that the surface was quite effectively scraped, and observed under SEM that the surface was effectively microscopically roughened despite the surface of the polishing pad being also a porous resin material. 
         [0035]    However, as described above, in the case of a conditioner using a conventional conditioning plate, the conditioning plates is positioned at an angle to a polishing pad due to a frictional force between the polishing pad and the conditioner, and the positioning at an angle makes the frictional force to be decreased, and the pad conditioner returns to its original posture, thereby a conditioning is performed by the pad conditioner which discontinuously contacts the polishing pad. 
         [0036]    With respect to the discontinuous contact, a report about an actual research has been issued (See Ara philipossian, Zhonglin Li, Hyosang Lee, Len Borucki, Ryozo Kimura, Naoki Rikita and Kenji Nagasawa, Effect of Diamond Disc Conditioner Design and Kinematics on Process Hydrodynamics during Copper CMP, Proceedings of CMP-MIC conference (2005) p. 43, T. P. Merchanr, J. N. Zabasajja, L. J. Borucki, A. Scott Lawing, A Pad Wear Model For CMP Process Optimization, Proceedings of CMP-MIC Conference (2005) p. 143-150). 
         [0037]    In the report, a tilting of a pad is mentioned in which a conditioner tilts relative to a pad due to a frictional force when a small vertical load is applied to a conditioner, and the moving of a conditioning plate is analyzed in consideration of the tilting. 
         [0038]    The inventor of the present invention also conditioned a pad using a conditioning plate of the prior art under a flexible joint mechanism. In the conditioning, the inventor of the present invention applied a coating over the polishing pad surface to evaluate the conditioning uniformity based on the amount of the removed coating. 
         [0039]    The result of the above evaluation, as shown in  FIG. 9 , clearly shows that the polishing pad surface was unevenly conditioned using the conventional conditioning mechanism. This obviously means that the polishing pad surface was unevenly polished because the conditioner discontinuously contacted the pad as described above and also the uneven thickness of the polishing pad or uneven attachment of the polishing pad affected the polishing. 
         [0040]    The present invention was made in the view of the above problems and in light of the background which is based on a number of the above examinations, and the objects of the present invention is to provide a pad conditioner which, in conditioning a polishing pad of a polishing apparatus such as a CMP apparatus, is able to evenly condition the surface of the polishing pad, reduce the startup time of the pad conditioner, have excellent removal rate uniformity across a work surface, and prolong the life of the polishing pad, and a polishing apparatus using the pad conditioner. 
         [0041]    In order to achieve the above object of the present invention, a first aspect according to the present invention provides a pad conditioner for dressing a surface of a polishing pad which is used in a polishing apparatus for polishing works, comprising: an bending or deflecting or elastic member; and a supporting section to support a base end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member, wherein upon contact of a vicinity of a tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member with the polishing pad, the bending or deflecting or elastic member elastically deforms, so that a pad conditioning of the polishing pad is performed by scraping a surface of the polishing pad with the vicinity of the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member pressed against the surface of the polishing pad at a predetermined pad conditioning pressure. 
         [0042]    According to the first aspect of the present invention, because, upon contact of the vicinity of the tip end of the elastic member with the polishing pad, the elastic member is elastically deformed and a conditioning pressure is generated so that the elastic member conditions the surface of the polishing pad with its tip end, the tip end follows the surface of the polishing pad, which can achieve a uniform pad conditioning along the surface of the polishing pad. 
         [0043]    In the present invention, as described in a second aspect, the bending or deflecting or elastic member is a brush like member made of a metal and the vicinity of the tip end of the brush like member is preferably coated with a wear resistant material, or as described in a third aspect of the present invention, a tip piece is fixed to the vicinity of the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member, and the tip piece is preferably made of a material having high hardness and wear resistance. 
         [0044]    According to the second and the third aspects of the present invention, a polishing pad can be efficiently conditioned with the brush like member made of a metal in which the vicinity of the tip end of the brush like member is preferably coated with a wear resistant material or the tip piece made of a material having high hardness and wear resistance. 
         [0045]    In the present invention, as described in a fourth aspect, the bending or deflecting or elastic member may be a thin plate having a vicinity of a tip end to which a plurality of the tip pieces are fixed. In the present invention, as described in a fifth aspect, the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member preferably has a plurality of notches formed therein toward to the base end, so that the tip end is divided into a plurality of portions. 
         [0046]    According to the fifth aspect of the present invention, because the bending or deflecting or elastic member has a tip end to which a plurality of tip pieces are fixed, and the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member is divided into a plurality of portions, even when some individual portions discontinuously contact a polishing pad like a stick-slip motion in an actual pad conditioning, taken as a whole, a constant conditioning on the polishing pad is performed by the bending or deflecting or elastic member, which enables a uniform pad conditioning along a surface of the polishing pad. 
         [0047]    In the present invention, as described in a sixth aspect, the bending or deflecting or elastic member may be consisted of a group of a plurality of linear bodies, and as described in a seventh aspect, each of the plurality of linear bodies preferably has a tip end to which the tip piece is fixed. 
         [0048]    According to the seventh aspect of the present invention, because the bending or deflecting or elastic member comprises a group of a plurality of linear bodies, and each linear body has a tip end to which a tip piece is fixed, even when some individual tip pieces of the linear bodies discontinuously contact a polishing pad like a stick-slip motion in an actual pad conditioning, taken as a whole, a constant conditioning on the polishing pad is performed by the bending or deflecting or elastic member, which enables a uniform pad conditioning along a surface of the polishing pad. 
         [0049]    An eighth aspect of the present invention provides the pad conditioner according to any one of the first to seventh aspects, further comprising a pressure regulating device which regulates a pad conditioning pressure by moving the supporting section to or away from the polishing pad and adjusting a bending of the bending or deflecting or elastic member. 
         [0050]    According to the eighth aspect of the present invention, because the pad conditioner is provided with a pressure regulating device which regulates a pad conditioning pressure by adjusting a bending of the bending or deflecting or elastic member, a pad can be conditioned under an optimal condition. 
         [0051]    A ninth aspect of the present invention provides the pad conditioner according to the eighth aspect, wherein the supporting section includes a first supporting body for fixing the base end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member thereto, and a second supporting body which is mounted to the first supporting body movably to and from the first supporting body for limiting the position of the bending or deflecting or elastic member in a plane parallel to the polishing pad, and the bending or deflecting or elastic member has an effective flexible length which is adjustable by moving the second supporting body to or away from the first supporting body. 
         [0052]    According to the ninth aspect of the present invention, because the bending or deflecting or elastic member is configured to have an adjustable effective flexible length, a pressure for the pad conditioning can be easily regulated. 
         [0053]    A tenth aspect of the present invention provides a polishing apparatus comprising the pad conditioner according to any one of the first to ninth aspects. 
         [0054]    According to the tenth aspect of the present invention, because of the pad conditioner which is able to uniformly condition a pad along a surface of the polishing pad, a process on a work can be well achieved with excellent removal rate uniformity across a work surface. 
         [0055]    An eleventh aspect of the present invention provides a pad conditioning method for dressing a surface of a polishing pad which is used in a polishing apparatus for polishing works, comprising: conditioning the polishing pad while pure water or slurry being supplied to the polishing pad by relatively moving the polishing pad and the pad conditioner according to the first aspect with the polishing pad and the pad conditioner being in contact to each other. 
         [0056]    According to the eleventh aspect of the present invention, because, upon contact of the vicinity of the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member with the polishing pad, the bending or deflecting or elastic member is elastically deformed and a conditioning pressure is generated so that the bending or deflecting or elastic member conditions the surface of the polishing pad with its tip end, the tip end follows the surface of the polishing pad, which can achieve a uniform pad conditioning along the surface of the polishing pad. 
         [0057]    A twelfth aspect of the present invention provides a pad conditioning method for dressing a surface of a polishing pad which is used in a polishing apparatus for polishing works, comprising: using the pad conditioner according to the ninth aspect of the present invention; moving the second supporting body to or away from the first supporting body to adjust an effective flexible length of the bending or deflecting or elastic member; and regulating a pressure which is necessary for the pad conditioning. 
         [0058]    According to the twelfth aspect of the present invention, because a pressure for pad conditioning is regulated by adjusting an effective flexible length of the bending or deflecting or elastic member, the pressure for the pad conditioning can be easily regulated. 
         [0059]    A thirteenth aspect of the present invention provides a pad preparation method for conditioning a surface of a polishing pad which is used in a polishing apparatus for polishing works to optimize the surface as an initial state for polishing, comprising: scraping the surface of the polishing pad to roughen the surface of the polishing pad by relatively moving the polishing pad and the pad conditioner with the polishing pad and the pad conditioner according to the first aspect being in contact to each other. 
         [0060]    According to the thirteenth aspect of the present invention, because a surface of a polishing pad is roughened by contacting the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member with the polishing pad to elastically deform the bending or deflecting or elastic member so that a pressure is generated, and scraping the surface of the polishing pad with the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member, the tip end follows the surface of the polishing pad, which can achieve a uniform pad preparation along the surface of the polishing pad in a short time of period. 
         [0061]    A fourteenth aspect of the present invention provides a pad preparation apparatus for conditioning a surface of a polishing pad which is used in a polishing apparatus for polishing works to optimize the surface as an initial state for polishing, comprising: a rotating table which holds and rotates the polishing pad; and the pad conditioner according to any one of the first to ninth aspects of the present invention, and wherein the pad preparation apparatus is configured to roughen the surface of the polishing pad by relatively moving the polishing pad and the pad conditioner with the polishing pad and the pad conditioner being in contact to each other, and by scraping the surface of the polishing pad. 
         [0062]    According to the fourteenth aspect of the present invention, because a surface of a polishing pad is roughened by contacting the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member with the polishing pad to elastically deform the bending or deflecting or elastic member so that a pressure is generated, and scraping the surface of the polishing pad with the tip end of the bending or deflecting or elastic member, the tip end follows the surface of the polishing pad, which can achieve a uniform pad preparation along the surface of the polishing pad in a short time of period. 
         [0063]    As described above, according to a pad conditioner and a pad conditioning method of the present invention, uniform pad conditioning can be achieved along a polishing pad surface, and also according to a polishing apparatus of the present invention, a process on a work can be well achieved with excellent removal rate uniformity across a work surface. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0064]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view to show an embodiment of a polishing apparatus according to the present invention; 
           [0065]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are conceptual views to show a first embodiment of a pad conditioner according to the present invention; 
           [0066]      FIG. 3  is a conceptual view to show a second embodiment of a pad conditioner according to the present invention; 
           [0067]      FIG. 4  is a conceptual view to show a third embodiment of a pad conditioner according to the present invention; 
           [0068]      FIG. 5  is a conceptual view to show a fourth embodiment of a pad conditioner according to the present invention; 
           [0069]      FIG. 6  is a conceptual view to show a fifth embodiment of a pad conditioner according to the present invention; 
           [0070]      FIG. 7  is a schematic view to show a conditioning by a pad conditioner of the present invention; 
           [0071]      FIG. 8  is a top plan view to show an embodiment of a pad preparation apparatus according to the present invention; 
           [0072]      FIG. 9  is a view to compare uniformities of pad conditioning; 
           [0073]      FIG. 10  is a graph to compare the startup time of the polishing pads; 
           [0074]      FIG. 11  is a view to illustrate a concept of pad conditioning required for CMP; 
           [0075]      FIG. 12  is a conceptual view to show a configuration of a conventional pad conditioner; 
           [0076]      FIG. 13  is a conceptual view to show a configuration of another conventional pad conditioner; 
           [0077]      FIG. 14  is a graph to show the scrapes size of the polishing pad in the pad conditioning; 
           [0078]      FIG. 15  is a graph to compare the startup time of the polishing pads; 
           [0079]      FIG. 16  is a graph to show the scrapes size of the polishing pad in the pad conditioning; and 
           [0080]      FIG. 17  is a graph to compare the polishing shape in the startup process of the polishing pads. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0081]    Now, preferable embodiments of a pad conditioner and a polishing apparatus according to the present invention will be explained below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Throughout the drawings, similar reference numerals or characters are used to designate the similar members. 
         [0082]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view to show an embodiment of a polishing apparatus according to the present invention. A polishing apparatus  10  of  FIG. 1  generally includes a polishing plate  12 , a wafer carrier  14 , and a pad conditioner  30 . 
         [0083]    The polishing plate  12  has a rotating shaft  16 , and a driving of a motor  18  which is coupled to the rotating shaft  16  causes the polishing plate  12  to rotate in a direction shown by the arrow A in  FIG. 1 . The wafer carrier  14  holding a work of wafer has a rotating shaft  22 A, and a driving of a motor (not shown) which is coupled to the rotating shaft  22 A causes the wafer carrier  14  to rotate in a direction shown by the arrow B in  FIG. 1 . The polishing plate  12  has an upper surface onto which a polishing pad  20  is attached, and slurry is supplied from a slurry supply nozzle (not shown) over the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0084]    The pad conditioner  30  conditions a surface of the rotating polishing pad  20  after being pressed against to the surface to maintain its polishing capability, by cleaning clogging of the polishing pad  20  so that the slurry holding capacity of the polishing pad is recovered. 
         [0085]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are conceptual views to show a pad conditioner  30  of the first embodiment of the present invention. The pad conditioner  30  generally includes an elastic member  31 , and a supporting section  32  which supports a base end  31   a  of the elastic member  31 . The supporting section  32  is supported by a pressure regulating device  34  which moves to and away from the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0086]    The elastic member  31  may be preferably stainless, duralumin, brass, or a group (for example, a brush-like group) of a linear metal having high hardness and wear resistance. 
         [0087]    The tip end  31   b  of the elastic member  31  is preferably formed to have a sharp edge and coated with a material having high hardness and wear resistance. 
         [0088]    The material having high hardness and wear resistance may be DLC (Diamond Like Carbon), cemented carbide, and the like as well as diamond abrasive particles, and the material may be fixed to the elastic member by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), coating, and the like as well as plating such as electro-deposition. 
         [0089]    As shown in  FIG. 2A , the supporting section  32  may be consisted of two members for various approaches including sandwiching or adhesively holding the base end  31   a  of the elastic member  31  therebetween, or as shown in  FIG. 2B , implanting the plurality of the base ends  31   a  of the elastic members  31  in each hole provided on the supporting section  32 . The pressure regulating device  34  may include a guide member (not shown), a screw member which is driven by a motor, and the like, but other driving mechanism may be used. 
         [0090]      FIG. 7  is a schematic view to show a conditioning by a pad conditioner  30  according to the present invention. A conditioning pressure which is applied by the pad conditioner  30  can be represented by the following formula (1), where a Young&#39;s modulus of the elastic member  31  is E, an effective flexible length of the elastic member  31  is L, a thickness of the elastic member  31  is t, a width of the elastic member  31  is b, a coefficient of friction between the elastic member  31  and the polishing pad  20  is μ, and a horizontal displacement caused by deflection of the elastic member  31  is δ. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   P 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         Ebt 
                         3 
                       
                        
                       δ 
                     
                     
                       6 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             δ 
                             2 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             L 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             μ 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             L 
                           
                           + 
                           δ 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0091]    For example, when a surface waviness of the polishing pad  20  is ±50 μm, the use of an elastic member  31  having a Young&#39;s modulus E=101 Gpa, a thickness t=0.4 mm, a width b=0.3 mm, and an effective length L=30 mm yields the conditioning pressure P=20±0.076 gf, and yields the variation in pressures on the order of 0.4% or less due to the height difference of the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0092]    In addition to the capability of the elastic member  31  to follow a surface of the polishing pad  20 , the individual displacement and movement of each abrasive particle supported by the elastic member  31  allows the elastic member  31  to constantly condition the polishing pad  20  in a stable manner as a whole. 
         [0093]    In  FIGS. 2A and 2B , in order to condition the polishing pad  20 , the tip piece  33  of the pad conditioner  30  is brought into contact with the surface of the rotating polishing pad  20 , and then the supporting section  32  is approached to the polishing pad  20  by a predetermined distance so that the elastic members  31  are bended. The elastic deformation of the elastic members  31  creates a conditioning pressure which makes the surface of the polishing pad  20  to be conditioned. In this case, the amount of bending of the elastic members  31  can be adjusted by the pressure regulating device  34  to obtain an optimal conditioning pressure. 
         [0094]    The tip piece  33  follows the different heights of the surface of the polishing pad  20  caused by the surface waviness, and a stress variation which corresponds to a variation of bending of the elastic members  31  caused by the following is small, thereby a more uniform conditioning along the surface of the polishing pad  20  can be achieved. 
         [0095]    Since the elastic member  31  is consisted of an group of individual linear body, even when the tip end  31   b  of each elastic member  31  discontinuously contacts the polishing pad  20  like a stick-slip motion individually, as the entire group of the plurality of elastic members  31 , at any time, some tip ends  31   b  of the plurality of elastic members  31  are in contact with the polishing pad  20 , which can achieve a uniform pad conditioning along a surface of the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0096]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the pad conditioner  30  is mounted to an arm  26  which is fixed to a rotating shaft  25  and includes a transfer medium  27 , and is moved in a reciprocating manner between a central portion and a peripheral portion of the polishing pad  20  to condition the polishing pad  20  or, by the transfer medium  27 , is moved in a reciprocating manner in a radius direction of the polishing pad  20  in which the elastic member  31  is arranged, which can improve the uniformity of conditioning across the polishing pad surface. 
         [0097]      FIG. 3  is a conceptual view to show a pad conditioner  30  of the second embodiment of the present invention. The pad conditioner  30 A generally includes an elastic member  31 A, and a supporting section  32  which supports a base end  31   a  of the elastic member  31 A. The elastic member  31 A also has a vicinity of a tip end  31   b  to which a tip piece  33  is fixedly attached. The supporting section  32  is supported by a pressure regulating device  34  which moves to and away from the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0098]    The elastic member  31 A may be preferably a plate spring, a piano wire and the like. The tip piece  33  fixedly attached to the vicinity of the tip end  31   b  of the elastic member  31 A is preferably made of a material having high hardness and wear resistance, and diamond abrasive particles or the like are fixed to the tip piece  33  by electro-deposition. 
         [0099]      FIG. 4  is a conceptual perspective view to show a third embodiment of a pad conditioner  30 B according to the present invention. The pad conditioner  30 B according to the first embodiment includes a thin sheet of a plate spring  31 B for the elastic member  31 B. 
         [0100]    The plate spring  31 B has a plurality of notches  31   d  formed therein from the tip end  31   a  toward the base end  31   b  of the plate spring  31 B to divide the tip end  31   b  into a plurality of portions. The plurality of divided portions have tips to which tip pieces  33  of diamond abrasive particles are electro-deposited respectively. 
         [0101]    As described above, the material having high hardness and wear resistance may be DLC (Diamond Like Carbon), cemented carbide, and the like as well as diamond abrasive particles, and the material may be fixed to the elastic member by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), coating, and the like as well as plating such as electro-deposition. 
         [0102]    The pad conditioner  30 B is, as shown in  FIG. 4 , configured so that a conditioning pressure is generated by the tip pieces  33  when the plate spring  31 B is elastically deformed in order to condition the surface of the polishing pad  20  by the tip pieces  33 . 
         [0103]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , since the plate spring  31 B has a plurality of notches  31   d  formed therein to divide tip end  31   b  into a plurality of portions from the positions close to the base end  31   a  to the tip end  31   b,  even when some individual tip pieces  33  discontinuously contact the polishing pad  20  like a stick-slip motion, as the entire plate spring  31 B, at any time, some tip pieces  33  are in contact with the polishing pad  20 , which achieves a uniform pad conditioning along a surface of the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0104]      FIG. 5  is a conceptual view to show a fourth embodiment of a pad conditioner  30  according to the present invention. A pad conditioner  30 B according to the fourth embodiment includes a group (for example, a brush-like group) of piano wires  31 C, which are a plurality of linear bodies, for the elastic members  31 . 
         [0105]    A piano wire  31 C which is the individual linear body has a base end  31   a  which is fixed to the supporting section  32  and a vicinity of a tip end  31   b  to which tip pieces  33  of diamond abrasive particles are electro-deposited. As shown in  FIG. 5 , with each piano wire  31 C being elastically deformed, each tip piece  33  is brought in contact with the polishing pad  20  so that an appropriate conditioning pressure is generated. 
         [0106]    Since the elastic member  31  is consisted of a group of individual piano wires  31 C, in this third embodiment also, even when the tip pieces  33  of each piano wire  31 C discontinuously contacts the polishing pad  20  like a stick-slip motion individually, as the entire group of the plurality of piano wires  31 C, at any time, some tip pieces  33  of the plurality of piano wires  31 C are in contact with the polishing pad  20 , which achieves a uniform pad conditioning along a surface of the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0107]    In this fourth embodiment, the piano wires  31 C are used as linear bodies, but the present invention is not limited to the piano wires, and any other linear bodies of materials having high modulus of elasticity may be used such as glass fibers, resin, and the like. In the case of materials such as glass fibers, resin, and the like, since it is hard to electro-deposit the tip pieces  33  to the materials, the tip pieces  33  may be fixedly attached with an adhesive and the like. 
         [0108]      FIG. 6  is a conceptual view to show a fifth embodiment of a pad conditioner  30  according to the present invention. A pad conditioner  30 D according to the fourth embodiment includes a supporting section  32  having a first supporting body  32 A and a second supporting body  32 B. 
         [0109]    The first supporting body  32 A is a member to fix each base end  31   a  of a plurality of elastic members  31  thereto, and limits the position of each elastic member  31  in a horizontal direction with a plurality of holes formed in the second supporting body  32 . The second supporting body  32 B is movably supported to and away from the first supporting body  32 A with a plurality of adjustment screws  32 C, so that the elastic members  31  can have an effective flexible length L which is finely adjusted. 
         [0110]    This configuration of the pad conditioner  30 D according to the fifth embodiment makes the adjustment of the effective flexible length L of the elastic members  31  easy, and so the fine control of the conditioning pressure P is easy. 
         [0111]    As an elastic member  31  according to the fifth embodiment, the elastic member  31  in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the elastic member  31 A in  FIG. 3 , the elastic member  31 B in  FIG. 4 , or the elastic member  31 C in  FIG. 5  is preferably used. 
         [0112]      FIG. 8  shows a pad preparation apparatus for optimizing a surface of the polishing pad  20  as an initial state for polishing by conditioning the polishing pad  20 . A pad preparation apparatus  40  includes a rotating table  41  which holds and rotates the polishing pad  20 , a pad conditioner  30 , and a water or slurry supplying apparatus (not shown). 
         [0113]    The rotating table  41  has a suction hole to suck and fix the polishing pad  20 , and is rotated by a motor (not shown). The pad preparation apparatus  40  includes the pad conditioner  30  described above, and the polishing pad  20  and the pad conditioner  30  are brought into contact with each other while being rotated in order to finely scrape a surface of the polishing pad  20  and roughen the surface of the polishing pad  20 . To achieve a microscopically rough surface of the polishing pad  20 , water may be supplied to the polishing pad  20  during the roughening. 
         [0114]    In conditioning, for example, a foamed polyurethane pad is used as the polishing pad  20 , which is fixed to the rotating table  41  by vacuum suction. A process of conditioning is performed to obtain a surface roughness Ra of 0.4 μm to 0.6 μm at a rotation frequency of the polishing pad  20  of 30 rpm and a rotation frequency of the pad conditioner  30  of 80 rpm. 
         [0115]    In this way, the pad preparation apparatus  40  includes the pad conditioner  30  described above, so that a uniform pad conditioning can be achieved, and a surface of the polishing pad  20  can be optimized as an initial state for polishing in a short time of period. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0116]    Now, examples of the pad conditioner  30  in the first embodiment will be described below. The elastic member  31  was made of SUS304 material having a diameter of 0.3 mm, an effective length of 20 mm and Young&#39;s modulus 193 GPa, and a diamond abrasive particle (particle size #60) was not electro-deposited to the vicinity of the tip end of the elastic member  31  as the tip piece  33 . About 500 elastic members  31  were fixed into the circular plate of the supporting section  32  having the outer dimension approximately 100 mm×60 mm. 
         [0117]    The pad conditioner  30  was used to condition the polishing pad (the foamed polyurethane pad, IC 1000 (X-Y Groove Type single layer) manufactured by Nitta Haas Incorporated.) on the polishing apparatus (ChaMP232: manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu Co., Ltd.). A silicon oxide film wafer (P-TEOS) was used as a dummy wafer and fumed silica slurry SS25 (manufactured by Cabot Corporation) was used as slurry. The conditioning was performed for 1 minute at the polishing pressure 4 psi and the number of the platen rotation was set 80 rpm. The pad conditioning was performed as an interval conditioning with scanning and the interval of the pad conditioning was set 1 minute. 
         [0118]    The test conditioning with the conventional plate was done for comparison. The conventional conditioning was performed with the plate having the diameter 4 inches, the diamond abrasive particle size #100 and the load condition was set at 39.4N. The condition of the pad conditioning was performed with rotational scanning. 
         [0119]    First, the scrapes sizes of each polishing pad which was generated by the conditioning of the present invention with the above described conditions and the conditioning of the conventional plate type pad conditioner with the above described conditions were observed. 
         [0120]    As a result of the observation, the scrapes size with the conventional plate type pad conditioner was the average of 30.7 μm and standard deviations of 10.5 μm and the scrapes size with the present invention was the average of 20.8 μm and standard deviations of 7.1 μm as shown in  FIG. 14 . Therefore, the present invention provided smaller scrapes and smaller variations in the size of scrapes. 
         [0121]    It was determined that the pad conditioner of the present invention finely scraped the surface of the polishing pad based on the result above, unlike with the conventional pad conditioner such as a nylon brush scraping a by-product material off from the surface of the polishing pad. It was also determined that the scrapes size of the polishing pad in the present invention was much finer and the variations in the size were smaller in comparison with the conventional plate type pad conditioner. The result was obtained because each cutting edge of the pad conditioner in the present invention conditioned the polishing pad by continually contacting at the constant pressure. The conditioning with the conventional nylon brush was performed for comparison but the fine scrapes were not observed. 
         [0122]    Next, the startup time of the conventional plate type pad conditioner and the conditioner of the present invention of the polishing pad was compared. As a result of the comparison, the conventional plate type conditioner was used 15 (15 minutes) until stabled the polishing rate and the conditioner of the present invention was used 4 (4 minutes) to reach the predetermined polishing rate 2500 A/min after the startup as shown in  FIG. 15 . 
         [0123]    Subsequently, the conditioning ununiformity across the polishing pad surface was compared. As a result of evaluating the conditioning ununiformity in the colored polishing pad as shown in  FIG. 16 , the colored substance of the polishing pad was removed evenly across the polishing pad surface, and thereby it was determined that the conditioning of the polishing pad was performed evenly. 
         [0124]    Further, the shape of the polishing pad surface was compared. While there was noticeable ununiformity in a radius direction across the surface of the wafer by using the conventional plate type pad conditioner, there was small ununiformity in a radius direction by using the pad conditioner of the present invention as shown in  FIG. 17 . in this way, the reduction of the ununiformity obtained by the uniform conditioning in the present invention was verified. 
         [0125]    Secondly, examples of the pad conditioner  30  in the second embodiment will be described below. A circular plate of SUS304 material having a diameter of 150 mm was used as the supporting section  32 . The elastic member  31  was made of SUS304 material having a diameter of 0.3 mm and an effective length of 10 mm, and a diamond abrasive particle (particle size #60) was electro-deposited to the vicinity of the tip end of the elastic member  31  as the tip piece  33 . About 15000 elastic members  31  to which diamond abrasive particles were electro-deposited were fixed into the circular plate of the supporting section  32 . 
         [0126]    The above pad conditioner  30  was used to condition a polishing pad made of foamed polyurethane which had a surface stained with color. The process of conditioning was performed to obtain a surface roughness Ra of 0.4 μm to 0.6 μm at a rotation frequency of the polishing pad  20  of 30 rpm and a rotation frequency of the pad conditioner  30  of 80 rpm. 
         [0127]      FIG. 9  shows the result of the above pad conditioning, and the result indicates that the surface of the polishing pad  20  was conditioned more uniformly compared to the case with a conventional pad conditioner which discontinuously contacts a surface of a polishing pad. 
         [0128]    A pad conditioning was performed during a polishing of a dummy wafer (in-situ conditioning) in a polishing apparatus  10  equipped with the pad conditioner  30 , and an operation of the polishing pad  20  was started up. 
         [0129]      FIG. 10  is a graph to compare the startup of a conventional pad conditioner and the startup of the pad conditioner  30  of the present invention In  FIG. 10 , the horizontal axis represents the number of wafers, and the vertical axis represents removal rates (A/min). The startup curve by the conventional pad conditioner is shown as a dotted line, and the startup curve by the pad conditioner  30  of the present invention is shown as a solid line. The graph shows that the startup time of the pad conditioner  30  of the present invention is reduced to about one third of the startup time of the conventional pad conditioner. 
         [0130]    In a pad conditioning, a slurry supply nozzle is preferably provided to supply slurry along the elastic members  31  (plate spring  31 A, piano wire  31 B, carbon fiber  31 C), which makes the pad conditioning more effective. 
         [0131]    As described above, according to the pad conditioner  30  and the pad conditioning method of the present invention, when the elastic member  31  elastically deforms, the bending of the elastic members  31  creates a conditioning pressure, and this makes the elastic member  31  follows a waviness of a surface of the polishing pad  20  to condition the pad  20 , and a uniform pad conditioning along the surface of the polishing pad  20  can be achieved. 
         [0132]    Since the elastic member  31  is divided into a plurality of individual members, even if some individual members discontinuously contact the polishing pad  20  like a stick-slip motion, as the entire elastic member  31 , at any time, some of the plurality of members are in contact with the polishing pad  20  to condition the polishing pad  20 , which achieves a uniform pad conditioning along a surface of the polishing pad  20 . 
         [0133]    Also, according to the polishing apparatus  10  of the present invention, since the polishing apparatus  10  includes a pad conditioner which is able to uniformly condition a polishing pad along a surface of the pad, a process on a work can be well achieved with excellent removal rate uniformity across a work surface. 
         [0134]    Moreover, according to the pad preparation method and the pad preparation apparatus  40  of the present invention, a polishing pad  20  can be optimized as an initial state in a short time of period.