Abstract:
An indoor localization and navigation system for a mobile robot, the system comprising: a projector mounted on the mobile robot and configured to project a temporal projector light signal, wherein the temporal projector light signal is encoded, for each pixel of the projector, with an information segment comprising the pixel coordinates of the each pixel of the projector; a stationary sensor node comprising a light sensor configured to detect the temporal projector light signal and generate a sensor signal and a transmitter configured to transmit a sensor node identifier and a position code generated based on the sensor signal; a receiver mounted on the mobile robot and configured to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the transmitter; and an onboard computer mounted on the mobile robot and operatively coupled to the projector and the receiver, wherein the onboard computer is configured to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the receiver and to determine a location information of the mobile robot based on the received sensor node identifier and the position code.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Technical Field 
       [0001]    The disclosed embodiments relate in general to localization and navigation systems and methods and, more specifically, to mobile robot indoor localization and navigation systems and methods. 
       Description of the Related Art 
       [0002]    The usage of autonomous mobile robots for transport of people and goods has increased in recent years. However, real-time localization of the mobile robots, which has been considered as the basis for motion planning and control, is still an unsolved problem given that various factors (e.g. accuracy, resolution, cost, and et al.) post different constraints onto system design and implementation in real world scenarios. On the other hand, most of the robot navigation systems proposed in the published literature are either tailored toward particular structured environments or driven by an overwhelming degree of computational complexity. 
         [0003]    In view of the above and other shortcomings of the conventional technology, new and improved systems and methods for robot navigation are needed that can move robots autonomously to a given goal in a quasi-unstructured environment context, where only a limited knowledge of the environment is available. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The embodiments described herein are directed to systems and methods that substantially obviate one or more of the above and other problems associated with the conventional robot localization and navigation systems. 
         [0005]    In accordance with one aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided an indoor localization and navigation system for a mobile robot, the system comprising: a projector mounted on the mobile robot and configured to project a temporal projector light signal, wherein the temporal projector light signal is encoded, for each pixel of the projector, with an information segment comprising the pixel coordinates of the each pixel of the projector; a stationary sensor node comprising a light sensor configured to detect the temporal projector light signal and generate a sensor signal and a transmitter configured to transmit a sensor node identifier and a position code generated based on the sensor signal; a receiver mounted on the mobile robot and configured to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the transmitter; and an onboard computer mounted on the mobile robot and operatively coupled to the projector and the receiver, wherein the onboard computer is configured to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the receiver and to determine a location information of the mobile robot based on the received sensor node identifier and the position code. 
         [0006]    In one or more embodiments, the stationary sensor node is rigidly mounted on a ceiling. 
         [0007]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines the location information of the mobile robot by identifying a projector pixel corresponding to the position code. 
         [0008]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines the location information of the mobile robot by querying a remote server using the received sensor node identifier and receiving, from the remote server, a node position corresponding to the received sensor node identifier. 
         [0009]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines the location information of the mobile robot by combining the node position received from the remote server with a second position generated based on the position code. 
         [0010]    In one or more embodiments, the sensor node comprises a second light sensor configured to detect the temporal projector light signal and generate a second sensor signal, wherein the transmitter is further configured to transmit a second position code generated based on the second sensor signal and wherein the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines the location information of the mobile robot by identifying a second projector pixel corresponding to the second position code. 
         [0011]    In one or more embodiments, the sensor node comprises a second light sensor configured to detect the temporal projector light signal and generate a second sensor signal, wherein the transmitter is further configured to transmit a second position code generated based on the second sensor signal and wherein the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines an orientation information of the mobile robot based on the position code and the second position code. 
         [0012]    In one or more embodiments, the temporal projector light signal projected by the project comprises a plurality of sequential light pulses encoding pixel coordinates of the each pixel of the projector. 
         [0013]    In one or more embodiments, onboard computer of the mobile robot is configured to calculate a trajectory error of the mobile robot and issue a guidance command based on a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) calculation performed using the calculated trajectory error. 
         [0014]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer is configured to maintain a map comprising topological relation of a plurality of stationary sensor nodes. 
         [0015]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer is configured to issue a guidance command based on the map and a goal sequence information. 
         [0016]    In one or more embodiments, the goal sequence information comprises an ordered plurality of stationary sensor nodes. 
         [0017]    In one or more embodiments, the system further comprises a server executing a global navigation module for building the goal sequence information and transmitting the goal sequence information to the onboard computer of the robot. 
         [0018]    In one or more embodiments, the projector and the receiver are positioned on a top of the mobile robot. 
         [0019]    In one or more embodiments, the stationary sensor node further comprises a second light sensor configured to detect the temporal projector light signal and generate a second sensor signal and wherein the transmitted position code is additionally based on the second sensor signal. 
         [0020]    In one or more embodiments, the stationary sensor node further comprises a third light sensor configured to detect the temporal projector light signal and generate a third sensor signal and wherein the transmitted position code is additionally based on the third sensor signal. 
         [0021]    In accordance with another aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided an indoor localization and navigation method for a mobile robot, the method comprising: using a projector mounted on the mobile robot to project a temporal projector light signal, wherein the temporal projector light signal is encoded, for each pixel of the projector, with an information segment comprising the pixel coordinates of the each pixel of the projector; using a stationary sensor node comprising a light sensor for detecting the temporal projector light signal and generate a sensor signal and a transmitter for transmitting a sensor node identifier and a position code generated based on the sensor signal; using a receiver mounted on the mobile robot to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the transmitter; and using an onboard computer mounted on the mobile robot and operatively coupled to the projector and the receiver, to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the receiver and to determine a location information of the mobile robot based on the received sensor node identifier and the position code. 
         [0022]    In one or more embodiments, the stationary sensor node is rigidly mounted on a ceiling. 
         [0023]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines the location information of the mobile robot by identifying a projector pixel corresponding to the position code. 
         [0024]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines the location information of the mobile robot by querying a remote server using the received sensor node identifier and receiving, from the remote server, a node position corresponding to the received sensor node identifier. 
         [0025]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer of the mobile robot determines the location information of the mobile robot by combining the node position received from the remote server with a second position generated based on the position code. 
         [0026]    In accordance with another aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided a computer-readable medium embodying a set of instructions implementing an indoor localization and navigation method for a mobile robot, the method comprising: using a projector mounted on the mobile robot to project a temporal projector light signal, wherein the temporal projector light signal is encoded, for each pixel of the projector, with an information segment comprising the pixel coordinates of the each pixel of the projector; using a stationary sensor node comprising a light sensor for detecting the temporal projector light signal and generate a sensor signal and a transmitter for transmitting a sensor node identifier and a position code generated based on the sensor signal; using a receiver mounted on the mobile robot to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the transmitter; and using an onboard computer mounted on the mobile robot and operatively coupled to the projector and the receiver, to receive the sensor node identifier and the position code from the receiver and to determine a location information of the mobile robot based on the received sensor node identifier and the position code. 
         [0027]    Additional aspects related to the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Aspects of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations of various elements and aspects particularly pointed out in the following detailed description and the appended claims. 
         [0028]    It is to be understood that both the foregoing and the following descriptions are exemplary and explanatory only and are not intended to limit the claimed invention or application thereof in any manner whatsoever. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0029]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification exemplify the embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain and illustrate principles of the inventive technique. Specifically: 
           [0030]      FIG. 1( a )  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a mobile robot indoor localization and navigation system. 
           [0031]      FIG. 1( b )  illustrates one specific example of a process for determining one pair of robot locations (both coarse- and fine-grained) using the mobile robot indoor localization and navigation system. 
           [0032]      FIG. 1( c )  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary operating sequence of a process for determining one pair of robot locations (both coarse- and fine-grained) using the mobile robot indoor localization and navigation system. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 2( a ) and 2( b )  illustrate two temporal coded light signals produced by the projector. 
           [0034]      FIG. 3  demonstrates that the final location data for the robot is a combination of region information based on sensor node&#39;s ID, which uniquely identifies one of the regions corresponding to the identifiers ID_ 1 , ID_ 2  and ID_ 3 , respectively, and a pixel-level location (x,y) within the region based on the position of the sensor node inside the projection area of the robot-mounted projector. 
           [0035]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a world map maintained by the robot. 
           [0036]      FIG. 5  illustrates how the error in the robot trajectory may be calculated and corrected. 
           [0037]      FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an onboard computer of the robot, which may be used to implement the techniques described herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0038]    In the following detailed description, reference will be made to the accompanying drawing(s), in which identical functional elements are designated with like numerals. The aforementioned accompanying drawings show by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation, specific embodiments and implementations consistent with principles of the present invention. These implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and it is to be understood that other implementations may be utilized and that structural changes and/or substitutions of various elements may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be construed in a limited sense. Additionally, the various embodiments of the invention as described may be implemented in the form of a software running on a general purpose computer, in the form of a specialized hardware, or combination of software and hardware. 
         [0039]    In accordance with one aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided a practical indoor localization and navigation system and method configured to exploit the advantage of global and local positioning strategies. In one embodiment, the main parts of the aforesaid novel system are twofold, including global navigation and local navigation. More specifically, to obtain global position, a stripe of sensor nodes would be deployed on the ceiling in the target environment and a mobile robot would be configured to determine which region it belongs to by projecting light onto the ceiling and activating different sensor nodes of the stripe. Each sensor node is equipped with light sensors and infrared transmitters and both its unique identifier (ID) and position in real-world coordinates have been pre-stored in a networked database as a key-value pair. Once the sensor node is activated, it will send its IDs to the robot through the infrared (IR) channel. Finally, the robot is configured to locate itself by receiving the ID and obtaining the associated global location in the data center through the WiFi or Bluetooth communication. 
         [0040]    In one or more embodiments, a topological relation map which shows the connection of scattered landmarks through the environment is also used and a global navigation module running on the server is configured to generate desirable path directing the robot to a goal based on the real-time location of the robot. Meanwhile, coded light mechanism is used to provide information of the orientation and exact position of the robot inside the region to which the robot belongs and navigate the robot from region to region. 
         [0041]    By combining region detection from artificial landmarks, the sensor nodes in an embodiment of the described system, and fine positioning from the coded light, the embodiment of the described system compensates for the disadvantages of the conventional localization techniques and, as such, may be used for various localization and navigation applications with different requirements as to the accuracy and resolution. 
         [0042]    In one or more embodiments, the described localization and navigation system utilizes coded light to provide both coarse- and fine-grained real-time indoor location information of a mobile robot.  FIG. 1( a )  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a mobile robot indoor localization and navigation system  100 . As shown in  FIG. 1( a ) , a strip of sensor nodes  101 ,  102  and  103  are embedded on the ceiling  104  for a given scenario. Each sensor node  101 - 103  contains two light sensors  105  and  106  and one IR transmitter  111 . It should be noted that while in the described exemplary embodiment the sensor nodes  101 - 103  incorporate two light sensors  105  and  106 , the invention is not limited to any specific number of light sensors per sensor node. In various embodiment, the described system may incorporate 1, 2, 3, 4 or more light sensors per sensor node. Therefore, the number of light sensors should not be considered to be limiting the scope of the described embodiments. 
         [0043]    At the initial state, all sensor nodes  101 ,  102  and  103  are configured to be in sleep mode. A mobile robot  107  equipped with a projector  108  and an IR receiver  109  is navigated on the ground  112  in the given setup. Once started, the projector  108  on the robot  107  is configured to periodically project a sequence of gray code images to the ceiling  104 . A sensor node  101 ,  102  or  103  would be activated when the light sensor  105  and/or  106  (and/or any additional light sensors) on it detects the change of light intensity with certain frequency (for example 4 kHz). Then the sensor node  101 ,  102  or  103  will send its ID and its pixel position inside the projection area back to the robot  107  through the IR channel. Since these sensor nodes  101 ,  102  and  103  divide the coverage of this system into different regions and the ID of each sensor node is unique and associated with a global location which has been collected beforehand, the robot  107  would query a networked database (not shown) for the associated global location after it receives the ID from a sensor node  101 ,  102  or  103 , and combine this global data with the local pixel position it receives to form a final location. 
         [0044]      FIG. 1( b )  illustrates one specific example of a process for determining one pair of robot  107  locations (both coarse- and fine-grained) using the mobile robot indoor localization and navigation system  100 . On the other hand,  FIG. 1( c )  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary operating sequence  150  of a process for determining one pair of robot  107  locations (both coarse- and fine-grained) using the mobile robot indoor localization and navigation system  100 . 
         [0045]    First, the sensor node  101 - 103  on the ceiling  104  is activated by the projected coded light from the projector  108  mounted on the mobile robot  107 , see step  151  of process  150 . Then, the particular light sensor  105  and/or  106  of the corresponding node  101 - 103  would receive a sequence of code carried by the projected light, which determines the relative location of the receiving light sensor  105  or  106  inside the projection area of the robot-mounted projector  108 , see step  152  of the process  150 . To decode this relative location, the projector pixel ID or coordinates are decoded from the output of the light sensors  105  or  106 , because the location of each pixel in the light signal pattern projected by the projector  108  is predefined, see step  153  of the process  150 . 
         [0046]    After that, the sensor node  101 ,  102  or  103  would send its ID and the relative location with respect to the robot-mounted projector  108  decoded from the projected light intensity variations by the light sensors  105  and/or  106  back to the robot  107 , see step  154 . With this node ID information, the robot  107  is configured to query, via a wireless network, such as WIFI or Bluetooth, a networked data center  110  to obtain the associated global location information for this particular ID, see step  155  of the process  150 . With the global location information, the robot  107  will know to which region it belongs, which gives the robot  107  the coarse location information. In addition, with the relative pixel position, the robot  107  will have fine position information inside this region, see step  156  of the process  150  in  FIG. 1( c ) . 
         [0047]      FIGS. 2( a ) and 2( b )  illustrate two temporal coded light signals  201  and  205  produced by the projector  108 . In one embodiment, the projector  108  is a DLP projector, well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. The temporal light signals  201  and  205  correspond to two different pixels  203  and  207  of the projector  108 . The temporal light signal  201  propagating in the direction  202  is encoded with unique position information of the first projector pixel  203  using a corresponding first unique sequence of temporal light pulses. On the other hand, the temporal light signal  205  propagating in the direction  206  is encoded with unique position information of the second projector pixel  207  using a corresponding second unique sequence of temporal light pulses. In  FIGS. 2( a ) and 2( b )  the projector pixels  203  and  207  are illustrated by their corresponding projections and on an imaginary projection surface  204 . The aforesaid first and second sequences of light pulses are different and carry information about the respective projector pixel. 
         [0048]      FIG. 3  demonstrates that the final location data for the robot  107  is a combination of region information based on sensor node&#39;s ID, which uniquely identifies one of the regions  301 ,  302  or  303  corresponding to the identifiers ID_ 1 , ID_ 2  and ID_ 3 , respectively, and a pixel-level location (x,y) within the region based on the position of the sensor node  101 ,  102  or  103  inside the projection area of the robot-mounted projector  108 . The region information (e.g. region ID) provides coarse robot localization in the space, while the pixel-level location information provides fine robot positioning. 
         [0049]    In addition, in one or more embodiments, the system  100  also maintains a world map  401 , an exemplary embodiment of which is shown in  FIG. 4 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the world map  401  corresponds to a floor plan  400 . The world map  401  shows the topological relation of sensor nodes  101 ,  102  and  103  in the target area. In one or more embodiments, the world map  401  is used by the global navigation module running on a server for building a sequence of sub-goals to a given goal. For a given starting point and a goal, the aforesaid global navigation module running on the server will generate a suitable path for robot  107 , consisting of a sequence of sensor nodes ( 101 ,  102  and  103 ) which the robot  107  should find on that path and a series of actions the robot  107  should take at different sensor nodes  101 ,  102  and  103 . 
         [0050]    For example, in order to navigate the robot from “a” to “f”, the global navigation module might give a path like “a-c-h-g-f”. This means that the robot should first find the sensor node a, go straight, then find node c, keep straight, then find node h, keep straight, then find node g, turn left, go straight, and finally find f. During the motion between any two sub-goals, coded light system will be used to make sure the robot is moving right on the path. However, many factors, such as slip, unequal motors, and more would make the robot  107  off the path resulting in error. In one or more embodiments, the offset between the desired path and the real path of the robot  107  can be fed into a proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) for error correction.  FIG. 5  illustrates how the error in the robot  107  trajectory may be calculated and corrected. 
         [0051]    Specifically, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the distance error along Y axis is calculated as a difference between the Y value of the sensor node and Y value of the projection center. The aforesaid Y error value represents the deviation of the robot  107  from the center of the node along the Y axis. This error value is subsequently fed into the PID controller, which sends an appropriate command to the robot drive system to adjust for the error. 
       Exemplary Embodiments of Onboard Computer System 
       [0052]      FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an onboard computer  600  of the robot  107 , which may be used to implement the techniques described herein. In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer  600  may be implemented within the form factor of a mobile computing device well known to persons of skill in the art. In an alternative embodiment, the onboard computer  600  may be implemented based on a laptop or a notebook computer. Yet in an alternative embodiment, the onboard computer  600  may be a specialized computing system, especially designed for the drone, robot or car. 
         [0053]    The onboard computer  600  may include a data bus  604  or other interconnect or communication mechanism for communicating information across and among various hardware components of the onboard computer  600 , and a central processing unit (CPU or simply processor)  601  coupled with the data bus  604  for processing information and performing other computational and control tasks. The onboard computer  600  also includes a memory  612 , such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to the data bus  604  for storing various information as well as instructions to be executed by the processor  601 . The memory  612  may also include persistent storage devices, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, solid-state flash memory device or other non-volatile solid-state storage devices. 
         [0054]    In one or more embodiments, the memory  612  may also be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by the processor  601 . Optionally, onboard computer  600  may further include a read only memory (ROM or EPROM)  602  or other static storage device coupled to the data bus  604  for storing static information and instructions for the processor  601 , such as firmware necessary for the operation of the onboard computer  600 , basic input-output system (BIOS), as well as various configuration parameters of the onboard computer  600 . 
         [0055]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer  600  may additionally incorporate projector  609  and IR receiver  610  for projecting the coded light signal and for receiving information from the nodes  101 - 103 . In addition, the onboard computer  600  may incorporate a drivetrain interface  603  for controlling drivetrain of the robot. 
         [0056]    In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer  600  may additionally include a communication interface, such as a network interface  605  coupled to the data bus  604 . The network interface  605  may be configured to establish a connection between the onboard computer  600  and the Internet  4  using at least one of WIFI interface  607  and the cellular network (GSM or CDMA) adaptor  608 . The network interface  605  may be configured to provide a two-way data communication between the onboard computer  600  and the Internet  624 . The WIFI interface  607  may operate in compliance with 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and/or 802.11n protocols as well as Bluetooth protocol well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. In an exemplary implementation, the WIFI interface  607  and the cellular network (GSM or CDMA) adaptor  608  send and receive electrical or electromagnetic signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information. 
         [0057]    In one or more embodiments, the Internet  624  typically provides data communication through one or more sub-networks to other network resources. Thus, the onboard computer  600  is capable of accessing a variety of network resources located anywhere on the Internet  624 , such as remote media servers, web servers, other content servers as well as other network data storage resources. In one or more embodiments, the onboard computer  600  is configured send and receive messages, media and other data, including application program code, through a variety of network(s) including Internet  624  by means of the network interface  605 . In the Internet example, when the onboard computer  600  acts as a network client, it may request code or data for an application program executing in the onboard computer  600 . Similarly, it may send various data or computer code to other network resources. 
         [0058]    In one or more embodiments, the functionality described herein is implemented by onboard computer  600  in response to processor  601  executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in the memory  612 . Such instructions may be read into the memory  612  from another computer-readable medium. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in the memory  612  causes the processor  601  to perform the various process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the embodiments of the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. 
         [0059]    The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor  601  for execution. The computer-readable medium is just one example of a machine-readable medium, which may carry instructions for implementing any of the methods and/or techniques described herein. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. 
         [0060]    Common forms of non-transitory computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punchcards, papertape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, a flash drive, a memory card, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read. Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor  601  for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk from a remote computer. Alternatively, a remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over the Internet  624 . Specifically, the computer instructions may be downloaded into the memory  612  of the onboard computer  600  from the foresaid remote computer via the Internet  624  using a variety of network data communication protocols well known in the art. 
         [0061]    In one or more embodiments, the memory  612  of the onboard computer  600  may store any of the following software programs, applications and/or modules: 
         [0062]    1. Operating system (OS)  613 , which may be a mobile operating system for implementing basic system services and managing various hardware components of the onboard computer  600 . Exemplary embodiments of the operating system  613  are well known to persons of skill in the art, and may include any now known or later developed mobile operating systems. Additionally provided may be a network communication module  614  for enabling network communications using the network interface  605 . 
         [0063]    2. Software modules  615  may include, for example, a set of software modules executed by the processor  601  of the onboard computer  600 , which cause the onboard computer  600  to perform certain predetermined functions, such as issue commands to the drivetrain of the robot  107 , see, for example, a drive control module  616  and a localization and PID module  617 . 
         [0064]    3. Data storage  618  may be used, for example, for storing the world map as well as the parameters of the robot-mounted projector  108 , see parameter and map store  619 . 
         [0065]    Finally, it should be understood that processes and techniques described herein are not inherently related to any particular apparatus and may be implemented by any suitable combination of components. Further, various types of general purpose devices may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein. It may also prove advantageous to construct specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein. The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different combinations of hardware, software, and firmware will be suitable for practicing the present invention. For example, the described software may be implemented in a wide variety of programming or scripting languages, such as Assembler, C/C++, Objective-C, perl, shell, PHP, Java, as well as any now known or later developed programming or scripting language. 
         [0066]    Moreover, other implementations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. Various aspects and/or components of the described embodiments may be used singly or in any combination in the mobile robot indoor localization and navigation system. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.