Abstract:
A vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) capable of producing long-wavelength light has a substrate of GaSb or InAs, and an active region with alternating quantum wells and barrier layers. The target wavelength range is preferably between 1.2-1.4 um. The quantum well is made of GaInSbP, GaInSbAs, AlInSbAs, or AlInSbP, and the barrier layers are made of AlInSbP, AlGaSbP, AlInSbAs, AlGaSbAs, or AlSbPAs. The active region is sandwiched between two mirror stacks that are preferably epitaxially grown Distributed Bragg Reflectors. The active region has large conduction and valence band offsets (ΔE c  and ΔE v ) for effective carrier containment over the wide range of ambient temperatures in which the VCSEL is expected to function. The active region can be designed to have little or no lattice strain on the substrate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is directed towards the field of lasers, and more specifically, towards alloys that can be used in the active region of a laser. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are commonly used as light sources in optical communication systems. FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a prior art VCSEL  101 , based on a gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate  102 . VCSEL  101  emits light at 850 nm. Two mirror stacks  103 , one adjacent to the substrate  102  and one at the top of the VCSEL  101 , reflect the laser light within the VCSEL  101 . The mirror stacks  103  are typically Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) made of alternating layers of Al x Ga 1−x As and Al y Ga 1−y As, where “x” and “y” denote the molecular fractions of Al in high and low refractive index layers, respectively. A cladding layer  107  is adjacent to each mirror stack  103 . Although each cladding layer  107  is illustrated as a single layer, it may be composed of many different layers. The cladding layer  107  may also be called a spacer, and is used to pad the size of an active region  109  so that the VCSEL  101  will work properly. Sandwiched between the mirror stacks  103  and cladding layers  107  is the active region  109 , comprising interleaved layers of quantum wells  111  and barrier layers  113 . The quantum wells  111  have a width w. The quantum wells  111  are typically GaAs, and the barrier layers  113  are typically AlGaAs. Hereinafter, VCSELs shall be referred to by the composition of their active region. Therefore, the VCSEL  101  can be identified as a GaAs/AlGaAs VCSEL, or alternatively as a VCSEL with a GaAs/AlGaAs active region. 
     FIG. 2 shows an energy-band diagram identifying selected band parameters for an active region of a laser such as the VCSEL  101  shown in FIG.  1 . The conduction band is labeled E c  and the valence band is labeled E v . The difference between the conduction band E c  and the valence band E v  is known as a band gap. The band gap of the quantum well  111  is labeled Eg QW . The band gap of the barrier layer  113  is labeled Eg B . The difference between the conduction bands E c  of the quantum well  111  and the barrier layer  113  is known as the conduction band offset, labeled ΔE c . The difference between the valence bands E v  of the quantum well  111  and the barrier layer  113  is known as the valence band offset, labeled ΔE v . Electrons and holes (collectively known as carriers) are injected into the quantum well  111  and confined by the barrier layers  113  when the VCSEL is forward biased. Ideally, the materials used in the quantum wells  111  and barrier layers  113  have a relatively large ΔE c  and ΔE v  to provide effective carrier confinement in the quantum well  111 . In a typical GaAs/AlGaAs VCSEL  101 , ΔE c ≈150 meV and ΔE v ≈75 meV. Note that ΔE c  is twice ΔE v ; a 2:1 ratio between ΔE c  and ΔE v  is often considered indicative of a well-balanced material system. 
     Carriers inside the quantum well  111  actually acquire a slight amount of energy as a result of their confinement, effectively increasing the quantum well bandgap Eg QW  by the energy of quantum confinement dE qc  (not shown). dE qc  is a function of the quantum well width w, increasing as w is decreased. When the active region  109  is not lattice-matched to the substrate  102 , the carriers within the quantum well acquire an additional energy due to lattice strain dE strain  (not shown). Although the band parameters described above refer specifically to the active region  109  of the VCSEL  101 , the terms are equally applicable to the active region of any laser. 
     Light is emitted from the quantum well  111  when electrons drop from the conduction band E c  to the valence band E v . The wavelength of light emitted is determined approximately by the formula:                λ   um     ≈       1.24                 eV         E   g   QW     +     dE   qc     +     dE   strain                 (     Equation                 1     )                                
     In Equation 1, E g   QW  is the greatest contributing factor in determining the wavelength, as it is typically much larger than dE qc or  dE strain . The material used for the quantum well  111  should be selected to have a band gap E g   QW  that will produce light within the desired range of wavelengths. The quantum well width w and lattice strain on the substrate  102  will also be a consideration because of dE qc  and dE strain . 
     GaAs/AlGaAs is ideal for the active region in a GaAs-substrate VCSEL for several reasons. First, GaAs and AlGaAs can be used to implement both the mirror stacks  103  and the active region  109 , thus simplifying the manufacturing process because there is no need to change the growth conditions. Second, mirror stacks  103  using AlGaAs/AlGaAs can be epitaxially grown on the GaAs substrate  102 , which results in a VCSEL that is entirely grown epitaxially. Since fully-epitaxial VCSELS are easier to manufacture and process, they are preferred over VCSELS having mirror stacks formed with other methods such as fusion bonding or deposition. Third, GaAs/AlGaAs VCSELs can be oxidized. Oxidized layers are often used in a VCSEL to electrically confine carriers and optically confine the laser beam, which leads to improved electro-optical performance of the device. 
     One final reason that GaAs/AlGaAs VCSELs work well is due to their low sensitivity to temperature. A VCSEL typically has to maintain performance within an operating temperature range between 0-100° C. One parameter used to measure temperature sensitivity is known as the characteristic temperature T 0 . T 0  is usually determined for broad area lasers (also known as edge-emitting lasers), not for VCSELs. However, the T 0  of an edge-emitting laser built with a given active region is still a useful indicator of how that same active region will perform with temperature changes in a VCSEL. A high characteristic temperature T 0  is preferable because it means the laser is less sensitive to temperature fluctuations. An edge-emitting laser built with a GaAs/AlGaAs active region typically has a characteristic temperature T 0  around 150K, which is relatively high. The characteristic temperature T 0  is also related to ΔE c  and ΔE v —an active region with large ΔE c  and ΔE v  will likely exhibit high T 0  and low threshold current density, provided that the material quality is good. 
     The light emitted from a GaAs/AlGaAs VCSEL typically has a wavelength around 850 nm, which allows for a transmission range of 200-500 m in multimode fiber, depending on the speed of the optical link. Currently, the challenge facing the optical communications industry is creating a VCSEL capable of emitting light with a longer wavelength, which can travel longer distances along a single-mode optical fiber. The preferable target wavelength range is between 1.2 um and 1.4 um, or more specifically, 1260-1360 nm, which would produce transmission ranges of 2-40 km. The ideal long-wavelength VCSEL would possess the same qualities as a GaAs/AlGaAs VCSEL (i.e. epitaxially grown mirrors, active regions that are lattice matched to the substrate, good carrier containment, low sensitivity to temperature changes, etc.) except with a longer wavelength of emitted light. 
     Several material systems have been proposed that would emit light within the target range. One approach is using InGaAsN/GaAs or InGaAsN/GaAsN (hereinafter collectively referred to as InGaAsN/GaAs(N)) in the active region on a GaAs substrate. InGaAsN/GaAs(N) has acceptable performance over the desired temperature range. Unfortunately, although InGaAsN/GaAs(N) can be epitaxially grown on the GaAs substrate, the lattice structure does not match well to the GaAs substrate and introduces a compressive strain of 3% or more. Such a large strain may cause undesirable reliability problems in a VCSEL. 
     Another approach to long-wavelength VCSELs involves using a substrate of indium phosphide (InP). InP has been researched extensively as a VCSEL substrate, and many materials have been identified that can form epitaxially-grown mirror stacks on InP. For example, InGaAsP/InP was a promising material system for VCSELs, since InGaAsP can be lattice-matched to the InP substrate and epitaxially grown to create mirror stacks. However, the small conduction band offset (ΔE c ) in an InGaAsP/InP active region does not allow for effective electron confinement at elevated temperatures. Since VCSELs must operate over a wide range of temperatures up to 100° C., the InGaAsP/InP material system is not an ideal solution. Another drawback to the InGaAsP/InP material system is that it cannot be oxidized to create the desired optical and electrical confinement within the VCSEL. 
     AlInGaAs/AlInGaAs active regions grown on InP have also been investigated. However, the characteristic temperature of edge-emitting lasers made with AlInGaAs/AlInGaAs is only in the range of 100-120K. A higher characteristic temperature would be preferable to minimize the VCSEL&#39;s sensitivity to temperature changes. This is especially important since the thermal conductivity of epitaxial mirrors grown on InP substrates is known to be low. 
     Therefore, a need remains for a VCSEL long-wavelength material system that has relatively large band offsets (ΔEc and ΔEv) for effective carrier confinement within the quantum wells in the temperature range of interest, with a lattice structure that substantially matches the substrate&#39;s lattice structure, and a relatively high characteristic temperature. Preferably, the mirror stacks of the VCSEL can be epitaxially grown on the substrate. It would also be preferable that the mirrors can be oxidized, since oxidation is an effective way to provide electrical and optical confinement of currents and optical beams. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with an illustrated preferred embodiment of the present invention, a VCSEL based on a GaSb substrate is disclosed. The VCSEL has a first mirror stack and second mirror stack, the first mirror stack adjacent to the substrate. Sandwiched between the two mirror stacks are two cladding layers. Sandwiched between the two cladding layers is an active region. The mirror stacks are preferably grown epitaxially, although other methods of fabricating the mirror stacks are acceptable. The active region uses GaInSbP, AlInSbAs, GaInSbAs, or AlInSbP quantum wells interleaved with barrier layers of AlInSbP, AlGaSbP, AlInSbAs, AlGaSbAs, or AlSbPAs. Alternatively, the VCSEL can be based on a substrate of InAs. 
     As will be discussed in the following section, the present invention advantageously provides an active region that not only emits light within the desired long-wavelength range, but also has a relatively low-strain lattice structure on considered substrates. Furthermore, the present invention provides effective carrier containment over the entire operating temperature range. This is a combination of features not available in the prior art. 
     Further features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of preferred embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying exemplary drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a simplified cross-sectional side view of a prior art VCSEL based on a GaAs substrate. 
     FIG. 2 shows an energy-band diagram for the active region of a laser such as a VCSEL. 
     FIG. 3 is a simplified cross-sectional side view of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4A is a plot of the band gap values for selected binary compounds against the lattice strain on a GaSb substrate. 
     FIG. 4B plots conduction band offsets (ΔE c ) and valence band offsets (ΔE v ) for selected binary compounds against the lattice strain on a GaSb substrate. 
     FIG. 5A plots the first electron-heavy-hole (E-HH1) transitions for an GaInSbP/AlInSbAs active region as a function of Ga composition in the quantum well. 
     FIG. 5B plots the conduction band offset (ΔE c ) and valence band offsets (ΔE v ) as a function of Ga composition in the quantum well for a GaInSbP/AlInSbAs active region. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to FIG. 3, a VCSEL  301  according to one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. The VCSEL  301  is based on a substrate  303  of GaSb or InAs. The VCSEL  301  has a first mirror stack  305  and a second mirror stack  305 , the first mirror stack  305  adjacent to the substrate. Preferably, the two mirror stacks  305  are epitaxially grown, although other methods such as fusion bonding, deposition of dielectric mirror, etc. are also acceptable. In between the two mirror stacks  305  are two cladding layers  307 . The cladding layers  307  are also preferably epitaxially grown. 
     In between the two cladding layers  307  is an active region  309 . The active region  309  includes alternating quantum wells  311  and barrier layers  313 . The quantum wells are made of Ga x In 1−x Sb y P 1−y , Al x In 1−x Sb y As 1−y , Ga x In 1−x Sb y As 1−y  or Al x In 1−x Sb y P 1−y , where x and y have values ranging from 0 to 1. The quantum wells have a width w. The barrier layers  313  can be made of Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t , Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t , Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t , Al s Ga 1−s Sb t As 1−t , or AlSb s P t As 1−s−t , where s and t have values ranging from 0 to 1. For ease of use, the quantum well materials may be referred to without their subscripts as GaInSbP, AlInSbAs, GaInSbAs, or AlInSbP. For ease of use, the barrier layer materials may be referred to without their subscripts as AlInSbP, AlGaSbP, AlInSbAs, AlGaSbAs, or AlSbPAs. The quantum wells  311  and barrier layers  313  can be either tensile or compressive strained, or lattice matched to the substrate. Although they are illustrated as equal in width in FIG. 3, the quantum wells  311  and barrier layers  313  can have different widths. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the first and second mirror stacks  305  are DBRs made of high and low refractive index layers of AlGaAsSb. AlGaAsSb is a preferred material for use in the mirror stacks  305  because it can be oxidized, a desirable quality as previously mentioned. Other materials that may be used in the mirror stack  305  are AlGaSbP, AlInAsSb, AlInSbP, AlAsSbP, AlInGaSb. The first mirror stack  305  does not have to made of the same materials as the second mirror stack  305 . The mirror stacks  305  and cladding layers  307  are conventional structures common in VCSEL design. Various materials that have the appropriate reflective properties suitable for use in the mirror stacks  305  and cladding layers  307  are well known to persons skilled in the art, and thus will not be further discussed in detail here. 
     The band parameters of the alloys used in the quantum wells  311  and barrier layers  313  of the present invention are well known or can be easily interpolated from the known band parameters of binary compounds. (See “Band Parameters for III-V Compound Semiconductors and Their Alloys”, Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 89, Number 11, 1 Jun. 2001, pages 5815-5875.) FIGS. 4A-4B plot various band parameters for selected binary compounds. Using the data represented within these figures, the band parameters for the proposed quaternary compounds can be determined through interpolations. These interpolations are not explicitly shown in the figures, since they are difficult to depict. Also, since these interpolations are well known in the art, they do not need to be described in detail here. Instead, the binary compound parameters are illustrated to give a general idea as to what the parameters for the quaternary compounds would be. 
     FIG. 4A plots the band gaps for selected binary compounds that can be used to form an active region, against the lattice strain on a GaSb substrate for the VCSEL of FIG.  3 . Interpolations can be performed on this data to determine the band gaps and lattice strain of quaternary alloys formed from the binary compounds shown in FIG. 4A. A line delineating the band gap that produces a 1.3 um wavelength (the midpoint of the target wavelength range) is superimposed on the graph. 
     Suitable alloys for use in the quantum wells  311  of the present invention have band gaps E g   QW  that produce light emissions in the desired range of wavelengths, as calculated by Equation 1. Such alloys can be identified from FIG.  4 A. (Although not explicitly illustrated in FIG. 4A, the quantum confinement energy dE qc  and lattice strain energy dE strain  should also be factored into the calculations, as shown in Equation 1.) The alloys selected should be lattice matched or have very little strain on the substrate. Up to 2% strain may be acceptable, depending on the growth conditions and quality. As indicated by FIG. 4A, quantum wells made of GaInSbP, AlInSbAs, GaInSbAs or AlInSbP can be lattice matched (or matched with minimal strain) to a GaSb or InAs substrate, and emit light within the desired range of wavelengths. 
     FIG. 4B plots conduction band offsets (ΔE c ) and valence band offsets (ΔE v ) for selected binary compounds against lattice strain on a GaSb substrate. Interpolations can be performed on this data to determine ΔE c  and ΔE v  for quaternary alloys formed from the binary compounds shown in FIG. 4A; such interpolations are well known in the art and, as such, do not need to be described in detail here. A suitable pair of alloys for use in the present invention has a ΔE c  and ΔE v  that provides sufficient carrier confinement to guarantee device performance over the temperature range of interest, which is 0-100° C. For satisfactory operation over the desired temperature range, ΔE c  for the selected alloys should preferably be ˜100 meV or greater, and ΔE v  should be ˜35 meV or greater. Based on interpolations of the data in FIG. 4B one can show that GaInSbP, AlInSbAs, GaInSbAs, or AlInSbP quantum wells with AlInSbP, AlGaSbP, AlInSbAs, AlGaSbAs, or AlSbPAs barrier layers will fit these criteria. The characteristic temperature T 0  of these active regions can also be at least as high as, if not higher than the characteristic temperature T 0  of the GaAs/AlGaAs active region, provided that the material quality is comparable. The information available in FIG. 4B also indicates that InAs would make a suitable lattice-matching substrate for the above-mentioned quantum well and barrier layers. 
     As discussed throughout, the ideal active region for a long-wavelength VCSEL should satisfy the following requirements: possess minimal lattice strain, emit light with a wavelength within the target range, and maximize carrier containment to maintain performance over the operating temperature range. FIGS. 5A-5B are graphs depicting the characteristics of a sample GaInSbP/AlInSbAs active region (lattice-matched to a GaSb substrate) that meets these requirements. FIG. 5A plots the first electron-heavy-hole (E-HH1) in a GaInSbP/AlInSbAs material system, as a function of Ga composition in the quantum well and for three different values of Sb in the barrier layer. FIG. 5B plots the conduction band offset (ΔE c ) and valence band offset (ΔE v ) for the same material system described in FIG. 5A, as a function of Ga composition in the quantum well and for three different values of Sb in the barrier layer. 
     The alloy composition in the quantum well of the sample active region is represented by Ga x In 1−x Sb y P 1−y ; the alloy composition in the barrier layer is represented by Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t . For the purposes of this example, the molecular fractions of the elements have been selected to lattice match the active region to the GaSb substrate. In material systems that cannot be lattice matched to the substrate, the lattice strain should be reduced as much as possible. The quantum well width w has been set at 35 Angstroms. 
     The wavelength of emitted light in the sample GaInSbP/AlInSbAs active region is controlled by the amount of Ga (as indicated by the x-axis) in the quantum well. As can be seen from FIG. 5A, increasing the amount of Ga in the quantum well decreases the wavelength of emitted light. The amount of Sb in the quantum well (as indicated on the right y-axis labeled Sb y  in FIG. 5A) is chosen so that the quantum well is lattice matched to the GaSb substrate. The quantum well width w has been fixed at 35 Angstroms in this example, but the width of the quantum well can also be varied (affecting the quantum confinement energy dE qc  in Equation 1) to modify the emission wavelength. 
     As can be seen from FIG. 5B, varying the amount of Ga in the quantum well or Sb in the barrier layer changes the values for ΔE c  and ΔE v . ΔE c  and ΔE v  should be selected to provide effective carrier containment. For example, with 60% Ga in the quantum well and 60% Sb in the barrier layer, the GaInSbP/AlInSbAs material system has a conduction band offset of ˜450 meV, and a valence band offset of ˜100 meV. Previously, it was stated that ΔE c ≈150 meV and ΔE v ≈75 meV for 850 nm GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Therefore, the material system of FIGS. 5A-5B (in the molecular fractions proposed) can be designed to exceed the band offsets of the 850 nm VCSELS and provide sufficient confinement for satisfactory device performance over the temperature range of interest. 
     Using methods well known in the art (and similar to the methods for determining an appropriate alloy composition for the sample active region of FIGS.  5 A- 5 B), appropriate compositions can be calculated for all of the suggested alloys and quantum well/barrier pairings, as well as for both GaSb and InAs substrates. Using the criteria listed in Table 1, a preferable range of compositions can be determined for the proposed quaternary alloys and substrates. Tables 2-5 list these preferred ranges. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 Minimum Value 
                 Maximum Value 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Quantum well width 
                  30 nm 
                 120 nm 
               
               
                 E-HH1 Wavelength 
                 1.2 um 
                  1.4 um 
               
               
                 Strain in quantum well 
                 −2% 
                 2% 
               
               
                 Strain in barrier layer 
                 −2% 
                 2% 
               
               
                 Conduction band offset (ΔE c ) 
                 100 meV 
               
               
                 Valence band offset (ΔE v ) 
                  35 meV 
               
               
                 X-Gamma separation 
                 100 meV 
               
               
                 L-Gamma separation 
                 100 meV 
               
               
                 SO-Gamma separation 
                 100 meV 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ga x In 1−x Sb y P 1−y   
               
               
                   
                 Barrier Layer 
                 in Quantum Well 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Min  Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
               
               
                   
                 s   s 
                 T 
                 t 
                 x 
                 x 
                 y 
                 y 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 GaSb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 20%    95% 
                 35% 
                 95% 
                  0% 
                 85% 
                 25% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 25%    95% 
                 80% 
                 95% 
                 15% 
                 85% 
                 40% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 35%    95% 
                 15% 
                 95% 
                 20% 
                 85% 
                 45% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 30%    95% 
                 70% 
                 95% 
                 40% 
                 85% 
                 70% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 70%    95% 
                  0% 
                 20% 
                 15% 
                 85% 
                 40% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 InAs substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 10%    95% 
                 20% 
                 95% 
                  0% 
                 85% 
                 20% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 20%    95% 
                 75% 
                 95% 
                  5% 
                 85% 
                 65% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 35%    95% 
                  5% 
                 95% 
                 10% 
                 85% 
                 35% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 25%    95% 
                 60% 
                 95% 
                 35% 
                 85% 
                 65% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 60%    95% 
                  0% 
                 25% 
                  5% 
                 85% 
                 30% 
                 95% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Al x In 1−x Sb y As 1−y   
               
               
                   
                 Barrier Layer 
                 in Quantum Well 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Min  Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
               
               
                   
                 s   s 
                 t 
                 t 
                 x 
                 x 
                 y 
                 y 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 GaSb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 20%    95% 
                 35% 
                 95% 
                 15% 
                 30% 
                  0% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 30%    95% 
                 80% 
                 95% 
                 15% 
                 30% 
                 10% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 35%    95% 
                 15% 
                 95% 
                 20% 
                 30% 
                 15% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 55%    95% 
                 70% 
                 95% 
                 20% 
                 25% 
                 50% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 70%    95% 
                  0% 
                 20% 
                 15% 
                 25% 
                  0% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 InAs substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 20%    95% 
                 25% 
                 95% 
                 15% 
                 30% 
                  0% 
                 55% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 20%    95% 
                 75% 
                 95% 
                 15% 
                 30% 
                  0% 
                 55% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 35%    95% 
                  5% 
                 65% 
                 15% 
                 25% 
                  0% 
                 50% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 70%    95% 
                 60% 
                 65% 
                 20% 
                 25% 
                 45% 
                 50% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 60%    95% 
                  5% 
                 25% 
                 15% 
                 25% 
                  0% 
                 50% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ga x In 1−x Sb y As 1−y   
               
               
                   
                 Barrier Layer 
                 in Quantum Well 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Min  Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
               
               
                   
                 s   s 
                 t 
                 t 
                 x 
                 x 
                 y 
                 y 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 GaSb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 50%    95% 
                 65% 
                 95% 
                 65% 
                 95% 
                 60% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 35%    95% 
                 80% 
                 95% 
                 75% 
                 95% 
                 80% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 35%    95% 
                 35% 
                 95% 
                 65% 
                 95% 
                 45% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 55%    95% 
                 70% 
                 95% 
                 20% 
                 95% 
                 45% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 70%    95% 
                  0% 
                 20% 
                 75% 
                 95% 
                 80% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 InAs substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 25%    95% 
                 55% 
                 95% 
                 20% 
                 95% 
                 20% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 25%    95% 
                 75% 
                 95% 
                 65% 
                 95% 
                 35% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 30%    95% 
                 30% 
                 95% 
                 20% 
                 95% 
                 25% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 25%    95% 
                 60% 
                 65% 
                 20% 
                 95% 
                 40% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 60%    95% 
                  0% 
                 25% 
                 70% 
                 95% 
                 40% 
                 95% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Al x In 1−x Sb y P 1−y   
               
               
                   
                 Barrier Layer 
                 in Quantum Well 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Min  Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Max 
               
               
                   
                 s   s 
                 t 
                 t 
                 x 
                 x 
                 y 
                 y 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 GaSb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 25%    95% 
                 35% 
                 90% 
                  0% 
                 25% 
                 25% 
                 70% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 50%    95% 
                 80% 
                 90% 
                 10% 
                 20% 
                 45% 
                 65% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 40%    85% 
                 20% 
                 55% 
                 10% 
                 25% 
                 50% 
                 70% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 75%    95% 
                  5% 
                 20% 
                 10% 
                 20% 
                 45% 
                 65% 
               
               
                 InAs substrates 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 10%    95% 
                 20% 
                 85% 
                  0% 
                 20% 
                 20% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 Al s Ga 1−s Sb t P 1−t   
                 50%    95% 
                 75% 
                 90% 
                  5% 
                 15% 
                 35% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 Al s In 1−s Sb t As 1−t   
                 30%    85% 
                  5% 
                 50% 
                 10% 
                 20% 
                 40% 
                 60% 
               
               
                 AlSb s P t As 1−s−t   
                 65%    90% 
                 10% 
                 25% 
                  5% 
                 15% 
                 35% 
                 60% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to particular preferred embodiments, persons possessing ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains will appreciate that various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims that follow. For example, the active regions described for VCSELs may also be used in other types of lasers, such as edge-emitting diodes.