Abstract:
This invention provides a procedure for authentication of plant and animal materials used as traditional Chinese medicine is described. This method amplifies and detects the discrete and species-specific RFLP patterns in the region of rDNA. The present invention offers a reliable and definite way to identify morphologically similar Chinese medicine, using a minute amount of biological samples. Its application in the authentication of American and Oriental ginsengs is illustrated in detail.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/258,111, filed Feb. 25, 1999, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/778,912, filed Jan. 3, 1997. The content of these two applications are incorporated into this application by reference. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention is directed to the authentication of herbal and animal Chinese medicinal materials based upon RFLP patterns of the PCR-amplified rDNA.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the medicinal materials and clinical application of such materials in the framework of the theoretical and empirical parameters circumscribed by the Chinese people in the last 2-3 millennia. This medical system and many of the medicinal materials have spread to and have been adopted by other Oriental countries such as Japan and Korea and evolved into Oriental medicine in those countries. As a result, traditional Chinese medicine should not be limited to only the herbs and other natural products used in Chinese medicine, but also to Oriental medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine currently in mainland China also covers the practice and medicinal materials used by Tibetan, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities.  
           [0004]    The herbs and other natural products (animals and minerals) used in Chinese medicine have been recorded in a) classical herbals, e.g. Bencao Gangmu (         ) and Bencao Gangmu Shiyi          ) the two together contain about 2,500 items; b) pharmacopoeia, e.g. Pharmacopoeia of the People&#39;s Republic of China (         which contains some 600 items; and c) treaties, e.g. Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica (Zhongyao Dacidian          which contains 5,767 items.  
           [0005]    Traditionally the authentication of Chinese herbs relied upon morphological and histological inspection. In many cases, such as in the authentication of different ginseng species, and in the authentication of Acorus species, this method is unreliable. An effective program of authentication of Chinese herbs is essential and central issue in the healthy development of the herbal industry. It provides a necessary protection for consumers, minimises unfair business competition and prevents the health hazard of many adulterants.  
           [0006]    In plant, animals and insect nuclear genomes, genes for ribosomal RNA (rDNA) are normally clustered in an array of multiple tandemly repeated copies of the cistron of 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S (Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453). The sequence separates the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes is designated as ITS1 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1) and the sequence between 5.8S and 28S is designated as ITS2. The coding regions of the three rDNA genes are highly conserved, whereas the sequence homology within the ITS1 and ITS2 regions are lower across the plant kingdom. Furthermore within a given individual organism or species, the rDNA sequence is usually very similar due to the homogenization of the sequence by gene conversion and crossing over. This invention takes advantage of these features of plant rDNA, and use PCR to amplify the DNA of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions with the conserved DNA sequences flanking to the regions as primers, and explores the DNA polymorphism in different plant species within the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region as a mean of authentication.  
           [0007]    The roots of  Panax quinquefolius  (American Ginseng) and  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) are important herbal medicinal materials widely applied in the Orient as tonic, prophylactic and anti-aging agents. In recent years the American ginseng, cultivated mainly in Wisconsin, USA, and British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, enjoys increasing popularity as a health food in Western countries. The ginseng trade is a big industry, in 1993 Hong Kong imports more than HK$1,500 million worthy of American and Oriental ginsengs. The retail price of cultivated American ginseng is usually much more expensive than that of cultivated Oriental ginseng produced in China, and that prompts wild-spread practice of disguising Orient ginseng as American ginseng by dishonest merchants. Tremendous financial incentive is also responsible for the imitation or adulteration of ginsengs with some herbal products including several poisonous plants that bear morphological similarity with ginsengs. The two ginsengs also have different medical values and potency.  
           [0008]    Both American and Oriental ginsengs, together with several important Chinese medicines including Sanchi ( P. notoginseng ), belong to the genus of Panax in the family of Araliaceae. American ginseng and Oriental ginseng have similar morphological appearance. Furthermore many commercial ginseng products exist in the forms of powder or shredded slice, rendering their authentication by morphological and histological methods difficult and unpractical. In recent years, techniques have been developed to authenticate ginseng samples by examination of their ginsenoside profiles (Lang, Z., Lou, W S. and But, P P H, 1993, J. Clin. Pharm. Sci., 2:133-143). However, the application of chemical analysis may be limited as the amount of ginsenosides are significantly affected by many environmental factors such as the storage condition, the freshness of the products and the different post-harvest processing. In addition, the chemical method demands large quantity of materials for proper analysis.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    This invention is based upon the DNA polymorphism in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA. Accordingly, plant or animal genomic DNA was isolated and the ITS regions of rDNA were selectively amplified using pairs of primers that correspond to the consensus DNA sequence within the rDNA. The resultant PCR products were then subject to the fragmentation by selected restriction endonuclease to generate, after electrophoresis, discrete and species-specific RFLP patterns. Application of this invention to authenticate American ginseng from Oriental ginseng and several common adulterants are detailed as examples. This invention is suitable to authenticate herbal and animal materials used in traditional Chinese medicine and differentiate them from various adulterants.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. quinquefolius  (SEQ ID NO:1).  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2. (A). ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. ginseng  (SEQ ID NO:2). (B) G1 DNA is the same as the sequnece of  P. ginseng  (SEQ ID NO:3); the IC DNA is the sequence from a Russian cultivar of  P. ginseng . The four variables between the two are underlined (SEQ ID NO:4).  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. japonicus  (SEQ ID NO:5).  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. notoginseng  (SEQ ID NO:6).  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  P. trifolium  (SEQ ID NO:7).  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6. 3′ AGCCATCCTCGCTGCCCGCCACAC 5′ (SEQ ID NO:8) 5′ ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:9) The primers, 18d and 28cc, used to amplify ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of the plant rDNA genes.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 7. The Hinf1 RFLP patterns of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region for  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng),  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) and their adulterants. Lane M, DNA size marker; lane 1 , P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng); lane 2 , P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng); lane 3, adulterant  Mirabilis jalapa ; lane 4, adulterant  Phytolacca acinosa . Lanes 5 to 9 represent the RFLP patterns of the mixed samples of American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in different ratio. Lane 5, American Ginseng and Oriental ginseng in the ratio of 9:1; Lane 6, in the ratio of 7:3; Lane 7, in the ratio of 1:1; Lane 8, in the ratio of 3:7; and Lane 9, in the ratio of 1:9. Two fragments of 0.1 kb and 0.06 kb present in American ginseng but are absent from Oriental ginseng, while a fragment of 0.17 kb present in Oriental ginseng but absent from American ginseng.  M. jalapa  contains two characteristic fragments of 0.4 kb and 0.3 kb in size. The plant DNA were extracted using CTAB (cetyl triethylammonium bromide) method as described in  Experimental Details  and their rDNA ITS regions were amplified by PCR using the primers specified in FIG. 6. The resultant PCR products were subject to restriction of Hinf1, fractionated on PAGE and silver stained.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 8. The Taq1 RFLP patterns of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region for  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng),  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) and their adulterants. Lane M, DNA size marker; lane 1 , P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng); lane 2 , P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng); lane 3, adulterant  M. jalapa ; lane 4, adulterant  P. acinosa . Lanes 5 to 9 represent the RFLP patterns of the mixed samples of American Ginseng and Oriental ginseng in different ratio. Lane 5, American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in the ratio of 9:1; Lane 6, in the ratio of 7:3; Lane 7, in the ratio of 1:1; Lane 8, in the ratio of 3:7; and Lane 9, in the ratio of 1:9. A 0.18 kb fragment is present in American ginseng but absent from Oriental ginseng; while a 0.27 kb fragment is present in Oriental ginseng but absent from American ginseng. Both adulterants contain characteristic fragments of 0.28 kb and 0.4 kb in size. The plant DNA were extracted using CTAB method and their rDNA ITS regions were amplified by PCR using the primers specified in FIG. 6. The resultant PCR products were subject to restriction of Taq1, fractionated on PAGE and silver stained.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 9. The Sau3A1 RFLP patterns of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region for  P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng),  P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng) and their adulterants. Lane M, DNA size marker; lane 1 , P. quinquefolius  (American ginseng); lane 2 , P. ginseng  (Oriental ginseng); lane 3, adulterant  M. jalapa ; lane 4, adulterant  P. acinosa . Lanes 5 to 9 represent the RFLP patterns of the mixed samples of American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in different ratio. Lane 5, American ginseng and Oriental ginseng in the ratio of 9:1; Lane 6, in the ratio of 7:3; Lane 7, in the ratio of 1:1; Lane 8, in the ratio of 3:7; and Lane 9, in the ratio of 1:9. When compared to American ginseng, Oriental ginseng contains two additional DNA fragments at the size of 0.6 kb and 0.17 kb. On the other hand, in comparison of ginsengs,  M. jalapa  contains three additional fragments of 0.3 kb, 0.07 kb and 0.05 kb in size, and  P. acinosa  contains an additional fragment of 0.05 kb in size. The plant DNA were extracted using CTAB method and their rDNA ITS regions were amplified by PCR using the primers specified in FIG. 6. The resultant PCR products were subject to restriction of Sau3A1, fractionated on PAGE and silver stained.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 10 Polymorphic restriction fragments among the four Epimedium species:  E. brevicornum, E. koreanum, E. pubescens , and  E. wushanese . * denotes absence of restriction sites. The polymorphic fragments are underlined.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 11 The PCR-RFLP patterns of Codonopsis rDNA ITS using restriction enzymes HinfI and HhaI. The PCR products were generated by primers 18d and 28cc, digested with restriction enzymes HinfI (panel A) and HhaI (panel B) and fractionated on 3.5% agarose gel. Lanes 1-6 : C. pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta, C. nervosa  var.  macrantha, Ca. javanica  Blume, and  P. grandiflorus , respectively. M:100 bp molecular weight marker with a 800 bp intensive band indicated by an arrow.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 12 DNA sequences of  C. pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta, C. nervosa  var  macrantha, Ca. javania  Blume and  P. grandiflorus  in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Position 1 is the 5′ end of primer 18d. ITS1 region ranges from nucleotide 170 to 431, ITS2 region ranges from 594 to 839, and the 5.8S region is in bold type; hyphens denote alignment gaps.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 13 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequence of  
         [0023]    (A)  Codonopsis modesta  (SEQ ID NO:16)  
         [0024]    (B)  Codonopsis nervosa  (SEQ ID NO:17)  
         [0025]    (C)  Codonopsis pilosula  (SEQ ID NO:18)  
         [0026]    (D)  Codonopsis tangshen  (SEQ ID NO:19)  
         [0027]    (E)  Platycodon grandiflorus  (SEQ ID NO:20)  
         [0028]    (F)  Campanumoea javanica  Blume (SEQ ID NO:21)  
         [0029]    (G)  Epimedium brevicornum  (SEQ ID NO:22)  
         [0030]    (H)  Epimedium koreanum  (SEQ ID NO:23)  
         [0031]    (I)  Epimedium pubescens  (SEQ ID NO:24)  
         [0032]    (J)  Epimedium wushanense  (SEQ ID NO:25)  
         [0033]    (K)  Tulipa edulis  (SEQ ID NO:26)  
         [0034]    (L)  Pheretima aspergillus  (SEQ ID NO:27)  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 14 Taxonomic position of plant species whose ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences have been determined in this application.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0036]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence. This invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence from plant cultivars. It is expected even within the same species, there will be a minor variation between them. Such variation may be up to 1% or less. It is intent of this invention to cover this variation. It is easily appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the claimed invention works the same with this variation.  
         [0037]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. quinquefolius.    
         [0038]    This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 1.  
         [0039]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. ginseng.    
         [0040]    This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 2A or  2 B.  
         [0041]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. japonicus.    
         [0042]    This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 3. This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. notoginseng.    
         [0043]    This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 4.  
         [0044]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. trifolium.    
         [0045]    This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid wherein the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 5.  
         [0046]    This invention provides a method for authenticating the identity of herbs comprising the following steps:  
         [0047]    (a) extracting rDNA from a herb sample with known identity determined by traditional means;  
         [0048]    (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction;  
         [0049]    (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and  
         [0050]    (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the herbal sample.  
         [0051]    This invention provides a method for identifying a herbal material comprising the following steps:  
         [0052]    (a) extracting rDNA from the herbal material;  
         [0053]    (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction;  
         [0054]    (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and  
         [0055]    (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different herbs, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known herb identifies the herbal material.  
         [0056]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence.  
         [0057]    This invention provides the above isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence is from an animal.  
         [0058]    This invention provides a method for authenticating the identity of an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps:  
         [0059]    (a) extracting rDNA from an animal traditional Chinese medicine sample with known identity determined by traditional means;  
         [0060]    (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction;  
         [0061]    (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and  
         [0062]    (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the sample.  
         [0063]    This invention provides a method for identifying an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps:  
         [0064]    (a) extracting rDNA from the Chinese medicine;  
         [0065]    (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction;  
         [0066]    (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and  
         [0067]    (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different known animal Chinese medicine sample, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known animal sample identifies the animal Chinese medicine.  
         [0068]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis modesta . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13A (SEQ ID NO:16).  
         [0069]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis nervosa . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13B (SEQ ID NO:17).  
         [0070]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis pilosula . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13C (SEQ ID NO:18).  
         [0071]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis tangshen . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13D (SEQ ID NO:19).  
         [0072]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Platycodon grandiflorus . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13E (SEQ ID NO:20).  
         [0073]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Campanumoea javanica  Blume. In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13F (SEQ ID NO:21).  
         [0074]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium brevicornum . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13G (SEQ ID NO:22)  
         [0075]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium koreanum . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13H (SEQ ID NO:23).  
         [0076]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium pubescens . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13I (SEQ ID NO:24).  
         [0077]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium wushanense . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13J (SEQ ID NO:25).  
         [0078]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Tulipa edulis . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13K (SEQ ID NO:26).  
         [0079]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Pheretima aspergillus . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 13L (SEQ ID NO:27).  
         [0080]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis modesta.    
         [0081]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.BS-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis nervosa.    
         [0082]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis pilosula.    
         [0083]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Codonopsis tangshen.    
         [0084]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Platycodon grandiflorus.    
         [0085]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Campanumoea javanica  Blume.  
         [0086]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium brevicornum.    
         [0087]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium koreanum.    
         [0088]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium pubescens.    
         [0089]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Epimedium wushanense.    
         [0090]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Tulipa edulis.    
         [0091]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  Pheretima aspergillus.    
         [0092]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16.  
         [0093]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17.  
         [0094]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18.  
         [0095]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19.  
         [0096]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20.  
         [0097]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21.  
         [0098]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22.  
         [0099]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.  
         [0100]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24.  
         [0101]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25.  
         [0102]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26.  
         [0103]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27.  
         [0104]    The nucleic acid of the subject invention may include DNA or RNA. The DNA may include genomic DNA or cDNA. The RNA may include MRNA and rRNA.  
         [0105]    This invention provides a method for determining whether a given herbal or animal material is that of  Codonopsis modesta, Codonopsis nervosa, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen, Platycodon grandiflorus, Campanumoea javanica, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium wushanense, Tulipa edulis , or  Pheretima aspergillus , which comprises:  
         [0106]    a) extracting DNA from the herbal or animal materials;  
         [0107]    b) amplifying an ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted rDNA using oligonucleotide primers whose nucleotide residue is conserved across the plant kingdom and which flank the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of  Codonopsis modesta, Codonopsis nervosa, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen, Platycodon grandiflorus, Campanumoea javanica, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium wushanense, Tulipa edulis , and  Pheretima aspergillus;    
         [0108]    c) digesting amplified nucleic acid with one or more restriction endonucleases so as to generate restriction fragments;  
         [0109]    d) separating the restriction fragments obtained in step c) to generate a restriction fragment length profile;  
         [0110]    e) comparing this restriction fragment length profile with known restriction fragment length profiles of herbs and animals, thereby determining whether the material is that of either  Codonopsis modesta, Codonopsis nervosa, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen, Platycodon grandiflorus, Campanumoea javania Blume, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium wushanense, Tulipa edulis , or  Pheretima aspergillus  or whether the herbal or animal material is from an entirely different source.  
         [0111]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises a sequence which includes but is not limited to SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, and SEQ ID NO:27.  
         [0112]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted DNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16.  
         [0113]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17.  
         [0114]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18.  
         [0115]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19.  
         [0116]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20.  
         [0117]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21.  
         [0118]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22.  
         [0119]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.  
         [0120]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24.  
         [0121]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25.  
         [0122]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26.  
         [0123]    This invention provides the above method wherein the extracted rDNA consists of nucleotides, the sequence of which comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27.  
         [0124]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. quinquefolius.    
         [0125]    In an embodiment, this sequence is as set forth in FIG. 1. In an embodiment, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence is the DNA sequence between the oligonucleotide primers 18d and 28cc.  
         [0126]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. ginseng . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 2A or B.  
         [0127]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. japonicus . In one embodiment of the nucleic acid, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 3.  
         [0128]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of  P. notoginseng.    
         [0129]    In one embodiment of the nucleic acid, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 4.  
         [0130]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8-S-ITS2 sequence of  P. trifolium . In an embodiment, the sequence is as set forth in FIG. 5.  
         [0131]    This invention also provides a method for authenticating the identity of herbs comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from a herb sample with known identity determined by traditional means; (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the herbal sample.  
         [0132]    This invention further provides a method for identifying a herbal material comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from the herbal material; (b) amplifying the ITSl-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across plant kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; (c) digesting the amplified ITSl-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different herbs, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known herb identifies the herbal material.  
         [0133]    This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence. In an embodiment, the sequence is from an animal.  
         [0134]    This invention also provides a method for authenticating the identity of an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from an animal traditional Chinese medicine sample with known identity determined by traditional means; (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction; (c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate profiles and comparing these profiles with the known profiles from an authenticated sample with the same identity, wherein similar profiles confirm the identity of the animal traditional Chinese medicine.  
         [0135]    This invention provides a method for identifying an animal traditional Chinese medicine comprising the following steps: (a) extracting DNA from the Chinese medicine; (b) amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers that are conserved across animal kingdom and that flank to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by polymerase chain reaction;(c) digesting the amplified ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region with appropriate restriction endonucleases to generate restriction fragments; and (d) separating the restriction fragments resulted from step (c) to generate a profile of the herbal material and comparing this profile with known profiles from different known animal Chinese medicine sample, wherein the showing of similar profile with a known animal sample identifies the animal Chinese medicine.  
         [0136]    Finally, this invention also provides a method for authentication of a given herbal or animal material which comprises:  
         [0137]    a) extracting DNA from the herbal or animal material;  
         [0138]    b) amplifying an ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the extracted DNA using oligonucleotide primers whose nucleotide sequences are conserved across the plant or animal kingdoms and flank the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region;  
         [0139]    c) digesting the mplified nucleic acid with one or more restriction endonucleases so as to generate restriction fragments;  
         [0140]    d) separating the restriction fragments obtained in step c) to generate a restriction fragment length profile;  
         [0141]    e) comparing the restriction fragment length profile obtained in step d) with a database of known restriction fragment length profiles of herbs and animals so as to thereby determine whether the material is one of the herbs or animals in the database or is from an entirely different source, thereby authenticating a given herbal or animal material.  
         [0142]    In order to facilitate an understanding of the following examples, certain frequently occurring methods and/or terms are best described in Sambrook, et al. (Sambrook, et al. (1989)).  
         [0143]    This invention will be better understood by reference to the Experimental Details section which follows, but those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific experiments detailed are only illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims which follow thereafter.  
         [0144]    Experimental Details  
         [0145]    First Series of Experiments  
         [0146]    Extraction of plant DNA. Dried roots of  P. quinquefolius  were from Canada,  P. ginseng  from China;  M. jalapa  L and  P. acinosa  Roxb from Hong Kong. The dried samples were rinsed with 70% ethanol and then distilled water to remove surface contaminants. The samples were then ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen by a mortar and pestle. Powders of  P. quinquefolius  and  P. ginseng  were mixed in different proportion of 9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7 and 1:9 in the mixed sampling assay. Ground sample powder was added into 12 vol. of 1×CTAB extraction buffer [50 mM Tris-HC1, pH 8.0, 0.7 M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1% cetyl triethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol] and incubated for 30 min at 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. The mixture was then cooled down to room temperature and extracted with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 min., 0.1 vol. of 10% CTAB solution was added to the aqueous phase. It was then extracted again with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The aqueous phase was collected, and added with an equal volume of 1×CTAB precipitation buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 1% CTAB]. After standing at room temperature for 1 hour, the solution was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 15 min. The resultant pellet was resuspended in 400 ul 1 M NaCl, added with 800 ul of cooled absolute ethanol and stored at −20° C. overnight. The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 minutes and the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol twice. It was then dried and resuspended in 50 ul TE buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA]. Further purification by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation is optional.  
         [0147]    Amplification of DNA. The plant rDNA was amplified using a pair of primers 18d and 28cc (Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453), which correspond to the conserved regions of plant 18S and 28S rRNA respectively.  
         [0148]    18d: 5′-CACAC CGCCC GTCGC TCCTA CCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10)  
         [0149]    28cc: 5′-ACTCG CCGTT ACTAG GGGAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:11) The reaction was performed in a 50 ul mixture containing 1 ng plant DNA, 1×Taq buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 0.001% gelatin], 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 ,1 uM of each primer and 1 unit of Taq polymerase. Reaction mixtures were overlaid with mineral oil and reaction was carried out in a Thermolyne thermocycler. Initial template denaturation was programmed at 94° C., 5 min. It was then subjected to 35 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min.; 60° C. for 1 min.; 72° C. for 2 min., and with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 min. After the reaction, the products were resolved by a 1.4% TBE agarose gel.  
         [0150]    Sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of plant DNA was sequenced in both strands using a set of primers on the conserved regions of the flanking 18S and 28S rDNA. The sequences of the primers used were as follows (Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453):  
         [0151]    18d: CACAC CGCCC GTCGC TCCTA CCGA (SEQ ID NO:12)  
         [0152]    5.8c: TTGCG TTCAA AGACT CGATG (SEQ ID NO:13)  
         [0153]    5.8d: AACCA TCGAG TCTTT GAACG CA (SEQ ID NO:14)  
         [0154]    28cc: ACTCG CCGTT ACTAG GGGAA (SEQ ID NO:15)  
         [0155]    SequiTherm™ Cycle Sequencing Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) was used to direct-sequence the PCR-amplified rDNA containing ITS-5.8S-ITS2. The sequencing procedure was done according to the manufacturers&#39;s instruction. The products were resolved onto a standard 8% polyacrylamide sequencing gel.  
         [0156]    Determination of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Plant DNA amplified using primers 18d and 28cc was purified using Geneclean kit (Bio101, Inc.) and digested with selected restriction endonucleases TaqI, Sau3AI or HinfI. 1.5 ug rDNA was used for each digestion in a volume of 50 ul. For TaqI, a buffer of 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, pH 8.4, supplemented with 100 ug/ml bovine serum albumin was used and the digestion was carried out at 65° C. for 4 hours. For Sau3AI, a buffer of 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.3, supplemented with 100 ug/ml bovine serum albumin was used. For HinfI a buffer of 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.9 was used. The reaction for both Sau3AI and HinfI was incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. The products were then purified by phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and dissolved in 20 ul distilled water. They were resolved in a 5% PAGE and detected with Bio-Rad silver stain kit (Bio-Rad, Ltd).  
         [0157]    Advantages of the Invention  
         [0158]    The method of authentication of ginsengs described above are expected to be suitable for authentication of other herbal and animal traditional Chinese medicine as well, considering the existence of the conserved DNA sequences flanking to the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region in plant and animal kingdoms and the variation in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions among different species. As demonstrated in this application, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of more than 17 plant species belongs to diversified taxonomic groups (FIG. 14) can be readily isolated and authenticated using the method desribed here. We also demonstrated the feasibility of authentication of animal samples using the same method. In comparison to the existing procedures of authentication of traditional Chinese medicine, this invention provides the following advantages:  
         [0159]    a. the authentication results are reliable and reproducible, and are not affected by the physical forms and age of the plant samples;  
         [0160]    b. it is a method of high sensitivity: microgram sample is sufficient;  
         [0161]    c. more than one distinctive profiles with different enzymatic digestion can be produced and that makes the interpretation of results straightforward;  
         [0162]    d. the contamination of other biological materials can be detected.  
       REFERENCES  
       [0163]    Hillis, D. M and Dixon, M. T. (1991) Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenic inference.  Quar. Rev. Biol.,  66: 411-453.  
         [0164]    Lang, Z., Lou, W S. and But, P P H. (1993) High performance liquid chromatographical analysis of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and  P. notoginseng. J. Clin. Pharm. Sci.,  2:133-143.  
         [0165]    Sambrook, et al. (1989)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.    
         [0166]    Second Series of Experiments  
         [0167]    Extraction of Plant DNA  
         [0168]    The dried roots of  Codonopsis pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta , and  C. nervosa  var  macrantha , as well as two related adulterants  Campanumoea javania  Blume and  Platycodon grandiflorus  were rinsed with 7% ethanol and then distilled water to remove surface contaminants. The samples were then ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen by a mortar and pestle. Ground sample powder was added into 12 vol. of 1×CTAB extraction buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.7 M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1% cetyl triethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol] and incubated for 30 min at 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. The mixture was then cooled down to room temperature and extracted with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 minutes, 0.1 vol. of 10% CTAB solution was added to the aqueous phase. It was then extracted again with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The aqueous phase was collected, and added with an equal volume of 1×CTAB precipitation buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, ph 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 1% CTAB]. After standing at room temperature for an hour, the solution was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 15 min. The resultant pellet was resuspended in 400 μl of 1M NaCl, added with 800 μl of cooled ethanol and stored at −20° C. overnight. The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 10 min and the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol twice. It was then dried and resuspended in 50 μl TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, ph 8.0, 1 mM EDTA). Further purification by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation is optional.  
         [0169]    Amplification of DNA  
         [0170]    The plant rDNA was amplified using a pair of primers 18d and 28cc (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, the Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453), which correspond to the conserved regions of plant 18S and 28S respectively.  
                                       18d:   5′-CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA-3′                       28cc:   5′ ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA-3′          
 
         [0171]    The reaction was performed in 50 μl mixture containing 1 ng plant DNA, 1× Taq buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM Kcl, 0.001% gelatin], 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 μM of each primer and 1 unit of Taq polymerase. Reaction mixtures were overlaid with mineral oil and reaction was carried out in a Thermolyne theremocycler. Initial template denaturation was programmed at 94° C., 5 min. It was then subjected to 35 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min.; 60° C. for 1 min.; 72° C. for 2 min., and with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 min. After the reaction, the products were resolved by a 1.4% TBE agarose gel.  
         [0172]    Sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2  
         [0173]    The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the plant rDNA was sequenced in both strands using a set of primers on the conserved regions of the flanking 18S and 28S rDNA. The sequences of the primers used were as follows (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66:411-453):  
                                       18d:   CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA                       5.8c:   TTGCGTTCAAAGACTCGATG                       5.8d:   AACCATCGAGTCTTTGAACGCA                       28cc:   ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA          
 
         [0174]    SequiTherm™ Cycle Sequencing Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) was used to direct-sequence the PCR-amplified rDNA containing ITS-5.8S-ITS2. The sequencing procedure was done according to the manufacturer&#39;s instruction. The products were resolved onto a standard 8% of polyacrylamide sequencing gel.  
         [0175]    Determination of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 Region  
         [0176]    Plant rDNA amplified using primers 18d and 28cc was purified using Geneclean kit (Bio101.Inc.) and digested with selected restriction endonucleases HhaI, or HinfI. 1.5 μg rDNA was used for each digestion in a volume of 50 μl. For HhaI, a buffer of 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , pH7.9 and 1 mM DTT was used. For HinfI, a buffer of 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.9 was used. The reaction for both HhaI and Hinfl was incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. The products were then purified by phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and dissolved in 20 μl distilled water. They were resolved on 3.5% agarose gel.  
         [0177]    Third Series of Experiments  
         [0178]    Extraction of animal DNA.  
         [0179]    [0179] Pheretima aspergillus  were rinsed with 70% ethanol and then distilled water to remove surface contaminants. The samples were then ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen by a mortar and pestle. Ground sample powder (0.1 g) was added into 12 vol. of 1 × CTAB extraction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.7M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1% cetyl triethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) and incubated for 30 min at 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. with occasional shaking. The CTAB extraction buffer was pre-warmed to 56° C. The mixture was then cooled down to room temperature and extracted with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 min., 0.1 vol. of 10% CTAB solution was added to the aqueous phase. It was then extracted again with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The aqueous phase was collected, and added with an equal volume of 1×CTAB precipitation buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 1% CTAB). After standing at room temperature for 1 hour, the solution was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 15 min. The resultant pellet was resuspended in 400 μl 1 M NaCl, added with 800 μl of cooled absolute ethanol and stored at −20° C. overnight. The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 10 min and the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol twice. It was then dried and resuspended in 50 μl TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA). Further purification by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation is optional.  
         [0180]    Amplification of DNA  
         [0181]    The animal rDNA was amplified using a pair of primers 18d and 28cc (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66: 411-453), which correspond to the conserved regions of plant 18S and 28S respectively.  
                                       18d:   5′ CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA 3′                       28cc:   5′ ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA 3′          
 
         [0182]    The reaction was performed in a 50 μl mixture containing 1 ng animal DNA, 1×Taq buffer (10 mM Tris-HC1, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 0.001% gelatin), 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 μM of each primer and 1 unit of Taq polymerase. Reaction mixtures were overlaid with mineral oil and reaction was carried out in a Thermolyne thermocycler. Initial template denaturation was programmed at 94° C., 5 min. It was then subjected to 35 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min.; 60° C. for 1 min.; 72° C. for 2 min., and with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 min. After the reaction, the products were resolved by a 1.4% TBE agarose gel.  
         [0183]    Sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2  
         [0184]    The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the animal rDNA was sequenced in both strands using a set of primers on the conserved regions of the flanking 18S and 28S rDNA. The sequences of the primers used were as follows (Hillis, D. M. and Dixon, M. T., 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66;411-453):  
                                       18d:   CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA                       5.8c:   TTGCGTTCAAAGACTCGATG                       5.8d:   AACCATCGAGTCTTTGAACGCA                       28cc:   ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGGGAA          
 
         [0185]    SequiTherm™ Cycle Sequencing Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) was used to direct-sequence the PCR-amplified rDNA containing ITS-5.8S-ITS2. The sequencing procedure was done according to the manufacturer&#39;s instruction. The products were resolved onto a standard 8% polyacrylamide sequencing gel.  
     
       
       
         1 
         
           
             27  
           
           
             1  
             875  
             DNA  
             Quinquefolius  
           
            1 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggacggcg    120 

caacagggtc atgagagctt ttgctggcga cgggtcaccg cacgacatga gaagagggct    180 

ttttacaacc accacttgtc gtgacgtcca tcgccaagga ctcgcatttg ggccaaccgc    240 

gcggtgagac acgggaggcc attatccgcc cctccgcctc aactcccgca agggagtgat    300 

gggttggggg gcgacgcgat gcgtgacgcc caggcagacg tgccctcggc ctaatggctt    360 

cgggcgcaac ttgcgttcaa agactcgatg gttcacggga ttctgcaatt cacaccaagt    420 

atcgcatttc gctacgttct tcatcgatgc gagacgcgag atatccgttg tcgagagtcg    480 

tttgtgtttt agaaagacgc ttccgccgcc cgcaaacggg ggggacgcgt gcagttcagt    540 

ttgatttcct tggcgcattc cgcgccgggg ggtcgttgtt cggacgagat ccacccaagg    600 

gtggtccccg accatgggtt tgcaacttgg ggagcttgcg cacccctcgt ccctcacccg    660 

gtattgtaac gtgttcgcgg gtcgttctgc tatgcaggtt tcgacaatga tccttccgca    720 

ggttcaccta cggaaacctt gttacgactt ctccttcctc taaatgataa ggttcagtgg    780 

acttctttcg acgtcgcggg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840 

ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 

 
           
             2  
             874  
             DNA  
             P.Ginseng  
           
            2 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggagcgca    120 

acagggtcat gagagctttt gctggcgacg ggtcaccgca cgacatgaga agagggcttt    180 

ttacaaccac cacttgtcgt gacgtccatc gccaaggact cgcatttggg ccaaccgcgc    240 

ggtgagacac gggaggccat tatccgcccc tccgcctcga ctcccgcaaa ggagtgatgg    300 

gttggggggc gacgcgatgc gtgaacgccc aggcagacgt gccctcggcc taatggcttc    360 

gggcgcaact tgcgttcaaa gactcgatgg ttcacgggat tctgtaattc acaccaagta    420 

tcgcatttcg ctacgttctt catcgatgcg agagccgaga tatccgttgc cgagagtcgt    480 

ttgtgtttta gaaagacgct tccgccgccc gcaaacgggg gggacgcgtg cagttcagtt    540 

tgatttcctt ggcgcattcc gcgccggggg gtcgttgttc ggacgagagc cacccaaggg    600 

tggtccccga ccatgggttt gcaacttggg gagcttgcgc acccctcgtc cctcacccgg    660 

tattgtaacg tgttcgcggg tcgttctgct atgcaggttt cgacaatgat ccttccgcag    720 

gttcacctac ggaaaccttg ttacgacttc tccttcctct aaatgataag gttcagtgga    780 

cttctttcga cgtcgcgggc agcgaaccgc ccacgtcgcc gcaatccgaa cacttcaccg    840 

gaccattcaa tcggtaggag cgacgggcgg tgtg                                874 

 
           
             3  
             875  
             DNA  
             P.Ginseng  
           
            3 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggacggcg    120 

caacagggtc atgagagctt ttgctggcga cgggtcaccg cacgacatga gaagagggct    180 

ttttacaacc accacttgtc gtgacgtcca tcgccaagga ctcgcatttg ggccaaccgc    240 

gcggtgagac acgggaggcc attatccgcc cctccgcctc aactcccgca agggagtgat    300 

gggttggggg gcgacgcgat gcgtgacgcc caggcagacg tgccctcggc ctaatggctt    360 

cgggcgcaac ttgcgttcaa agactcgatg gttcacggga ttctgcaatt cacaccaagt    420 

atcgcatttc gctacgttct tcatcgatgc gagacgcgag atatccgttg tcgagagtcg    480 

tttgtgtttt agaaagacgc ttccgccgcc cgcaaacggg ggggacgcgt gcagttcagt    540 

ttgatttcct tggcgcattc cgcgccgggg ggtcgttgtt cggacgagat ccacccaagg    600 

gtggtccccg accatgggtt tgcaacttgg ggagcttgcg cacccctcgt ccctcacccg    660 

gtattgtaac gtgttcgcgg gtcgttctgc tatgcaggtt tcgacaatga tccttccgca    720 

ggttcaccta cggaaacctt gttacgactt ctccttcctc taaatgataa ggttcagtgg    780 

acttctttcg acgtcgcggg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840 

ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 

 
           
             4  
             870  
             DNA  
             P.Ginseng  
           
            4 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtccggc ctgacctggg gtcgcggtcg gagcgcacgt cgaggacggc    120 

gcaacagggt catgagagct tttgctggcg acgggtcacc gcacgacatg agaagagggc    180 

tttttacaac caccacttgt cgtgacgtcc atcgccaagg actcgcattt gggccaaccg    240 

cgcggtgaga cacgggaggc cattatccgc ccctccgcct caactcccgc aagggagtga    300 

tgggttgggg ggcgacgcga tgcgtgacgc ccaggcagac gtgccctcgg cctaatggct    360 

tcgggcgcaa cttgcgttca aagactcgat ggttcacggg attctgcaat tcacaccaag    420 

tatcgcattt cgctacgttc ttcatcgatg cgagagccga gatatccgtt gccgagagtc    480 

gtttgtgttt tagaaagacg cttccgccgc ccgcaaacgg gggggacgcg tgcagttcag    540 

tttgatttcc ttggcgcatt ccgcgccggg gggtcgttgt tcggacgaga tccacccaag    600 

ggtggtcccc gaccatgggt ttgcaacttg gggagcttgc gcacccctcg tccctcaccc    660 

ggtattgtaa cgtgttcgcg ggtcgttctg ctatgcaggt ttcgacaatg atccttccgc    720 

aggttcacct acggaaacct tgttacgact tctccttcct ctaaatgata aggttcagtg    780 

gacttctttc gacgtcgcga gcagcgaacc gcccacgtcg ccgcaatccg aacacttcac    840 

cggaccattc aatcggtagg agcgacgggg                                     870 

 
           
             5  
             875  
             DNA  
             P.Japonicus  
           
            5 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc ctgacctggg gtcgcggtcg gagcgcacgt cgaggacggc    120 

gcaacagggt catgagagct tttgttggcg aagggtcacc gcacgacatg agaagagggc    180 

tttttacaac caccacttgt cgtgacgtcc atcgccaagg actcgcattt gggccaaccg    240 

cacggtgaga cacgggaggc caatatccgc ccctccgcct cgactcccgc aagggagtga    300 

tgggttgggg ggcgacgcga tgcgtgaacg cccaggcaga cgtgccctcg gcctaatggc    360 

ttagggcgca acttgcgttc aaagactcga tggttcacgg gattctgcaa ttcacaccaa    420 

gtatcgcatt tcgctacgtt cttcatcgat gcgagagccg agatatccgt tgccgagagt    480 

cgtttgtgtt ttagaaagac gcttccgccg cccgcaaatg ggggggacgc gtgcagttca    540 

gtttgatttc cttggcacat tccgcgccgg ggggtcgttg ttcggacgag atccaccaag    600 

ggtgtccccg accatgggtt tgcaacttgg ggagcttgcg cacgcctcgt ccctcacccg    660 

gtattgtaac gtgttcacgg gtcgttctgc tatgcaggtt tcgacaatga tccttccgca    720 

ggttcaccta cggaaacctt gttacgactt ctccttcctc taaatgataa ggttcagtgg    780 

acttctttcg acgtcgcggg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840 

ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 

 
           
             6  
             876  
             DNA  
             P.Notoginseng  
           
            6 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcggtcgg agcgcacgtc gaggacggcg    120 

caacagggtc atgagagctt ttgctggcga cgggtcaccg cacgacatga gaagagggct    180 

ttttacaacc accacttgtc gtgacgtcca tcgccaagga ctcgcatttg ggccaaccgc    240 

gcggtgagac acgggaggcc attatccgcc cctccgcctc gactcccgca aaggagtgat    300 

gggttggggg gcgacgcgat gcgtgaacgc ccaggcagac gtgccctcgg cctaatggct    360 

tcgggcgcaa cttgcgttca aagactcgat gattcacggg attctgcaat tcacaccaag    420 

tatcgcattt cgctacgttc ttcatcgatg cgagagccga gatatccgtt gccgagagtc    480 

gtttgtgttt tagaaagacg cttccgccgc ccgcaaacgg gggggacgcg tgcagttcag    540 

tttgatttcc ttggcgcatt ccgcgccggg gggtcgttgt tcggacgaga gccacccaag    600 

ggtggtcccc gaccatgggt ttgcaacttg gggagcttgc gcacccctcg tccctcaccc    660 

ggtattgtaa cgtgttcgcg ggtcgttctg ctatgcaggt ttcgacaatg atccttccgc    720 

aggttcacct acggaaacct tgttacgact tctccttcct ctaaatgata aggttcagtg    780 

gacttctttc gacgtcgcag gcagcgaacc gcccacgtcg ccgcaatccg aacacttcac    840 

cggaccattc aatcggtagg agcgacgggc ggtgtg                              876 

 
           
             7  
             875  
             DNA  
             P. Trifolium  
           
            7 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttttcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc ctgacctggg gtcgcggtcg gagcgcgcgt cggggacggc    120 

gcaacagggt cgtgagagcc tttgccggcg acgggtcacc gcacgacttg agaagagggc    180 

tttttacaac caccacttgt cgtgacgtcc gtcgccgagg actcgcattt gggccaaccg    240 

cgcggttaga cacgggaggc caatatccgc ccctccgcct cgactcccgt aagggagtga    300 

tgggttgggg ggcgacgcga tgcgtgacgc ccaggcagac gtgccctcgg cctaatggct    360 

tagggcgcaa cttgcgttca aagactcgat ggttcacggg attctgcaat tcacaccaag    420 

tatcgcattt cgctacgttc ttcatcgatg cgagagccga gatatccgtt gccgagagtc    480 

gtttgtgttt tagaaagacg cttccgccgc ccgcaaacgg gggggacgcg tgcagttcag    540 

tttgatttcc ttggcgcatt ccgcgccggg gggtcgttgt tcggacgggg agcacccggg    600 

ggcggccccc gaccatgggt tcggaacttg gggggcttgc gcacccttcg tccctcaccc    660 

ggtgttgaaa cgtgttcgcg ggtcgttctg ctgtgcaggt ttcgacaatg atccttccgc    720 

aggttcacct acggaaacct tgttacgact tctccttcct ctaaatgata aggttcagtg    780 

gacttctttc gacgtcgcgg cagcgaaccg cccacgtcgc cgcaatccga acacttcacc    840 

ggaccattca atcggtagga gcgacgggcg gtgtg                               875 

 
           
             8  
             24  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            8 

agccatcctc gctgcccgcc acac                                            24 

 
           
             9  
             20  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            9 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa                                                 20 

 
           
             10  
             24  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            10 

cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccga                                            24 

 
           
             11  
             20  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            11 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa                                                 20 

 
           
             12  
             24  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            12 

cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccga                                            24 

 
           
             13  
             20  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            13 

ttgcgttcaa agactcgatg                                                 20 

 
           
             14  
             22  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            14 

aaccatcgag tctttgaacg ca                                              22 

 
           
             15  
             20  
             DNA  
             primer  
           
            15 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa                                                 20 

 
           
             16  
             918  
             DNA  
             Codonopsis Modesta  
           
            16 

cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60 

gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120 

gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgca    180 

cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acgtgaacaa caccggggac gcgggcttgc ccgtggcccc    240 

ttgccgtcgg cgcatgcacc cgcccaacca cttggtggaa gggagcatgc gtgcgtcgtt    300 

cggcgccaaa cgaaccccgc gcgatccgcg ccaaggaaaa cttaactcaa agagcgccac    360 

gtcctcccgt cgccccgttc gcggtgtgcg cacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagtgaaaa    420 

acacaaacga ctctcggcaa cggatatctc ggctctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa    480 

atgcgatact tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt    540 

gcgcccgaag ccgttagggc gagggcacgt ctgcatgggc gtcacgcatc gcgtcgcctc    600 

ccttatgata attttgttta cgttaacaag taacggaaag ggggagcgga tactggcctc    660 

ccgtgccttg cggcgcggct ggctcaaaac ggagtccccg cgaaggacgc acgacaagtg    720 

gtggttgata acaacccctc gcgtcctatc gtgcgcacgt cctgcgatgg gttggctctc    780 

gtgaccctga cgcgtctagg tctaagccta aggcgctccg accgcgaccc catgtcaggc    840 

gggactaccc gctgagttta agcatatcaa taagcggagg aaaagaaact tacaaggatt    900 

cccctagtaa cggcgagt                                                  918 

 
           
             17  
             918  
             DNA  
             Codonopsis Nervosa  
           
            17 

cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60 

gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120 

gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgca    180 

cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acgtgaataa caccggggac gcgggattgc ccgtggccct    240 

ttgccgtcgg cgcatgcacc cgcccaacca cttggtggaa gggagcatgc gtgcgtcgtt    300 

cggcgccaaa cgaaccccgc gcgatccgcg ccaaggaaaa cttaactcaa agagcgccac    360 

gtcctcccgt cgccccgttc gcggtgtgcg cacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagtgaaaa    420 

acacaaacga ctctcggcaa cggatatctc ggctctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa    480 

atgcgatact tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt    540 

gcgcccgaag ccgttagggc gagggcacgt ctgcatgggc gtcacgcatc gcgtcgcctc    600 

gtttatgata attttgttta cgttaacaag taacggaaag ggggagcgga tactggcctc    660 

ccgtgccttg cggcgcggct ggctcaaaac ggagtccccg cgaaggacgc acgacaagtg    720 

gtggttgata acaacccctc gcgtcctatc gtgcgcacgt cctgcgatgg gttggctctc    780 

gtgaccctga cgcgtctagg tctaagccta aggcgctccg accgcgaccc catgtcaggc    840 

gggactaccc gctgagttta agcatatcaa taagcggagg aaaagaaact tacaaggatt    900 

cccctagtaa cggcgagt                                                  918 

 
           
             18  
             917  
             DNA  
             Codonopsis Pilosula  
           
            18 

cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60 

gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120 

gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgac    180 

agcagaacga cccgcgaaca cgtgaacaac accggggacg cgggcttgcc cgtggcccct    240 

tgccgtcggc gcatgcaccc gcccaaccac ttggtggaag ggagcatgcg tgcgtcgttc    300 

ggcgccaaac gaaccccgcg cgatccgcgc caaggaaaac ttaactcaaa gagcgccacg    360 

tcctcccgtc gccccgttcg cggtgtgcgc acggttgggt ggtcgcttct tagtgaaaaa    420 

cacaaacgac tctcggcaac ggatatctcg gctctcgcat cgatgaagaa cgtagcgaaa    480 

tgcgatactt ggtgtgaatt gcagaatccc gtgaaccatc gagtctttga acgcaagttg    540 

cgcccgaagc cgttagggcg agggcacgtc tgcatgggcg tcacgcatcg cgtcgcctcc    600 

cttatgataa ttttgtttac gttaacaagt aacggaaagg gggagcggat actggcctcc    660 

cgtgccttgc ggcgcggctg gctcaaaacg gagtccccgc gaaggacgca cgacaagtgg    720 

tggttgataa caacccctcg cgtcctatcg tgcgcacgtc ctgcgatggg ttggctctcg    780 

tgaccctgac gcgtctaggt ctaagcctaa ggcgctccga ccgcgacccc atgtcaggcg    840 

ggactacccg ctgagtttaa gcatatcaat aagcggagga aaagaaactt acaaggattc    900 

ccctagtaac ggcgagt                                                   917 

 
           
             19  
             918  
             DNA  
             Codonopsis Tangshen  
           
            19 

cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcggcgacct     60 

gggcggttcg ccgccggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120 

gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagtgaa cgtgcggaag gatcattgtc gaaacctgca    180 

cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acgtgaacaa caccggggac gcgggcttgc ccgtggcccc    240 

ttgccgtcgg cgcatgcacc cgcccaacca cttggtggaa gggagcatgc gtgcgtcgtt    300 

cggcgccaaa cgaaccccgc gcgctccgcg ccaaggaaaa cttaactcaa agagcgccac    360 

gtcctcccgt cgccccgttc gcggtgtgcg cacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagtgaaaa    420 

acacaaacga ctctcggcaa cggatatctc ggctctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa    480 

atgcgatact tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt    540 

gcgcccgaag ccgttagggc gagggcacgt ctgcatgggc gtcacgcatc gcgtcgcctc    600 

ccttatgata attttgttta cgttaacaag taacggaaag ggggagcgga tactggcctc    660 

ccgtgccttg cggcgcggct ggctcaaaac ggagtccccg cgaaggacgc acgacaagtg    720 

gtggttgata acaacccctc gcgtcctatc gtgcgcacgt cctgcgatgg gttggctctc    780 

gtgaccctga cgcgtctagg tctaagccta aggcgctccg accgcgaccc catgtcaggc    840 

gggactaccc gctgagttta agcatatcaa taagcggagg aaaagaaact tacaaggatt    900 

cccctagtaa cggcgagt                                                  918 

 
           
             20  
             815  
             DNA  
             Platycodon Grandiflorus  
           
            20 

tagaggaagg agaagtcgta acaaggtttc cgtagtgcac ctgcggaagg atcagtgtcg     60 

aaactgcaca gcagcgcgtt cgccaacgca tgaacaacac cggggtctcg ggcttgcccg    120 

tggcgcctac gcgtcgccgc atgcacccat tcaaccactt ggtggaaggg agtatgagtg    180 

cgtcgttcgg cggcaaacga accccgcgat ccattttaag gagaacttaa ctcaagcgta    240 

gagctccacg tgtcatcccg tcgaaccgtt cgcggtgtcc gcacggttaa gtggtcgctt    300 

cttagtgaaa agcaaacgac tgtcggcaac ggatatctcg gctctcgcat cgatgaagaa    360 

cgtagcgaaa tgcgatactt ggtgtgaatt gcagaatacc gtgaaccatc gagcctttga    420 

acgcaagttg cgcccgaagc cgttagggcg aaggcacgtc tgcatgggcg tcacgcatcg    480 

cgtcgcctcc cattatgata gatttgtgta cgttaataag tcaatacagg aaagggggtg    540 

cggatagagg cctcccgtgc ctagcggcgg cgtggctggc tcaaaacgga gttcccgcga    600 

agggcgcacg acaagtgacg gtcgataaca accccgagct tcctatcgag cccacgtcct    660 

gcgatgggtt ggcgctcgtg accctgacgc gtctaggtct catgctaagg cgctcagacc    720 

gcgactccat gtcaggcggg actacccgct gagtttaagc atatcaataa gccgaggaaa    780 

agaaacttac aagcattccc ctagtaacgg cgagt                               815 

 
           
             21  
             904  
             DNA  
             Campanumoea Javanica Blume  
           
            21 

cacaccgccc gtcgctccta ccgaaggacc ggtccgggtg tgttgggttc gcgccgacct     60 

gggcggttcg ccgttggcga cgtcgcgaga agtccactga accttatcat ttagaggaag    120 

gagaagtcgt aacaaggttt ccgtagagaa cctgcggaag gatcgttgtc gaaacctgca    180 

cagcagaacg acccgcgaac acatgaacga caccggacgc gggcttgccc gtggcccatg    240 

ccgtcggtcc atgcacccca acctcttggt ggaaatgagc atgcagtgcg taattcggcg    300 

tcaaacgaac ctcgcgatcc gtgccaagga gcttaactcc aagagctcca cgtcctcccg    360 

gcgcccgttc gcggtgtgcg tacggttggg tggtcgcttc ttagggaaaa actcaaacga    420 

ctttcggcaa cggatatctc gactctcgca tcgatgaaga acgtagcgaa atgcgatact    480 

tggtgtgaat tgcagaatcc cgtgaaccat cgagtctttg aacgcaagtt ccgcccgaag    540 

ccgttagggc gagggcgagt ctgcatgggc gccacgcatc gcgtcgctcc caccatgatg    600 

cctttgttct gttatcgggc aacgcaacgt gggaagcgga tattggcccc ccgtaccttt    660 

gtgcggcgtg gccttcaaaa cggcctcgcg aacgacgtac gatcagtggt ggttgataac    720 

ccctttgcgt catatcgtgc gtacgtgttg cgatgggttg gctatcgtga ccctgacgcg    780 

tctacgtaca agcctaacgc gttccgactg cgaccccatg tcaggcggga ctacccgctg    840 

agtttaagca tatcaataag cggaggagaa gagacttaca aggattcccc tagtaacggc    900 

gagt                                                                 904 

 
           
             22  
             898  
             DNA  
             Epimedium Brevicornum  
           
            22 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt atacgacacg    120 

caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180 

ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240 

gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa accacgttgc agttgcccga    300 

taacaaaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360 

cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420 

tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480 

tccattgccg agagtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540 

tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgaggggc    600 

gtcgttctcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660 

agcacccttc gtccctccca caagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720 

ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780 

ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840 

cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 

 
           
             23  
             898  
             DNA  
             Epimedium Koreanum  
           
            23 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt atacgacacg    120 

caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180 

ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240 

gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa gccacgttgc agttgcccga    300 

taacagaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360 

cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420 

tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480 

tccattgccg agggtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540 

tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgaggggc    600 

gtcgttgtcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660 

agcacccttc gtccctccca taagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720 

ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780 

ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840 

cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 

 
           
             24  
             898  
             DNA  
             Epimedium Pubescens  
           
            24 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt atacgacacg    120 

caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180 

ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240 

gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa gccacgttgc agttgcccga    300 

taacagaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360 

cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420 

tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480 

tccattgccg agagtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540 

tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgaggggc    600 

gtcgttgtcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660 

agcacccttc gtccctccca taagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720 

ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780 

ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840 

cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 

 
           
             25  
             898  
             DNA  
             Epimedium Wushanense  
           
            25 

actcgccgtt actaggggaa tccttgtaag tttcttctcc tccgcttatt gatatgctta     60 

aactcagcgg gtagtcccgc tgacctgggg tcgcagagtg aatgtcgttt acacgacacg    120 

caagggtcca tatggcccaa atagacgacg aaacaacacg ataccggtct atgacaaagg    180 

ggttattcaa ccaccactga tcgtgacgct cgtcgccgag ggccgaattt taggccggcc    240 

gcgcctacaa aggtacgggg ggccaatatc cgcttcccaa gccacgttgc agttgcccca    300 

taacagaaca aaggcatcat ggtgggagcg acgctgtggc tgacgcccag gcagacgtgc    360 

cctcgaccta atggccttgg gcgcaacttg cgttcaaaga ctcgatggtt cacgggattc    420 

tgcaattcac accaagtatc gcatttcgct acgttcttca tcgatgcgag agccgagata    480 

tccattgccg agagtcgtta taagatcgga attacaacat cgtcatgaag acgtgctcta    540 

tccgttaaga ttttccttgg cgcagaccgc gccgagttgt tatttgaatc aacgagggac    600 

gtcgttgtcg ctttcacgac acaatcgtcc caagtgaccc agtaggaagg attcaaggtt    660 

aacacccttc gtccctccca taagtgtttt tcacaagttc gctggtcgtt ctgctttgca    720 

ggttttgaca atgatccttc cgcaggttca ctacggaaac cttgttacga cttctccttc    780 

ctctaaatga taaggttcaa tggacttctc gcgacgtcgc cggcggcgaa ccacccacgt    840 

cgccgcgatc cgaacatttc accggaccat tcaatcggta ggagcgacgg gcggtgtg      898 

 
           
             26  
             754  
             DNA  
             Tulipa Edulis  
           
            26 

cgtaacaagg tttccgtagt gaacctgcgg aaggatcatt gtcgataccc gaccgaaaga     60 

ccgtgaactg taacggatgt cacagggttg tcgggcaagc tcggcctccc tggagcccta    120 

ccgccccctt tcggagcgac cttgtgccgc gcggatgggg tggtacggga taacgaaacc    180 

ccgcgctgca tgcgccaagg aacatatatg accggatgga cgtctgcctt tgcccttgcg    240 

gcgaggcaac gaccgctgaa cattaccata cgactctcgg caacggatat ctcggcctct    300 

cacatcgatg aagaacgtag cgaaatgcga tacttggtgt gaattgcaga atccgtgaac    360 

catcgagttt ttgacgcaag ttgcgcccga ggcctttccg gctgagggca cgcctgcctg    420 

ggcgtcacgc ctcgcgtcgc tctatgctcc tgacccttca gggcggtggt gttgatgcgg    480 

aaattggccc cccgtacctt gtgtgcggtg ggctaaagag agggctgcca gccaggtgtg    540 

gcacggcaag tggtggacat agcgccagca ggatgccgtg gcccccctag ctggatggac    600 

ctaagtaccc ggataaggtg agacgcactc ctgtatggga ttgtattgtc gcctcgcaaa    660 

gcgaccccag gtcaggcggg gacacccgct gagtttaagc atatcaataa gcggaggaaa    720 

agaaactaac aaggattccc ctagtaacgg cgag                                754 

 
           
             27  
             1193  
             DNA  
             Pheretima sieboldi  
             
               n  
               (100)..(100)  
               n=any nucleotide  
             
           
            27 

ccgcccgtgg ctcctaccga ttggatgttt tagtgagatc ctcggattgg acccggcgcg     60 

gagggcaacc ttcgggtcgg tgttccgaaa agacgatcan acttgatcat ctagaggaag    120 

taaaagtcgt acaaggtttc cgtaggtgaa cctgcggaag gatcattacc gtaacgctcg    180 

ctcgctcgga aggctcgccc gccgacgcga cgcagcagtc aaacgagtca cacacgggaa    240 

tcgaacggcc gcggttccac aagcgtccgg tcccgaaagg acggacggcg gtcgacagaa    300 

gacgaccgtg cgtccccgag cgtcacgtgg aatcgatcgg cgggcttacc agtgtctaga    360 

cgcagtgggt acctgtccgt tcgccgcccc gagccggtcg gcgacgggga gagcattggc    420 

ggtcggcgat cgtcgtgagg catccgatgc ctgcggcgtc gtacgctgtc gtttatgcga    480 

ggttcaaaga gccgcgctaa ccgttcgtct cgtccgccga cgagcggcgg ccgccccgcg    540 

ttgttttttc tcaaacctaa tttttaagac accgaacgtg gtgaacgttt ccagtctggc    600 

cgttgcgccg cttcggcggc tcggtcgacc gtcttcgaag gagaaggcga acgtgaaaaa    660 

cactcttggc ggtggatcac tcggttcgtg cgtcgatgaa gagcgcagcc agctgcgtta    720 

attaatgtga attgcaggac acattgaaca tcgagatctt gaacgcatat tgcggcctcg    780 

ggcactcccg aggccacgcc cgtctcaggg tcggttgaaa atcgaatcgc gagtgctctc    840 

cgctcgcgca ttggacagtc gcagacggcg atcgcgacga agtggaggcg tgctgcccga    900 

tcggtggccg cttttcttcg tcgtcgcgag acccggtctt cgtcgtccga agaacagacg    960 

cgtggctcac tcgctcgccg ccggatcggc gcggcgggag cgggacggcg agtcggattc   1020 

tttgctcgtc gcctcccgcc tcgcgtcgtg caggctttcg tgcgacggca gcgaggtcgc   1080 

gcaacgtcgt gatccatctt cgacctgaga tcggacgaga ttacccactg aattaaagca   1140 

tattaataag cggaggaaaa gaaactaacg aggattcccc tagtaacggc gag          1193