Abstract:
In a data communication system having a channel with time-varying impairments and further having a transmitter with a precoder, a method and apparatus for updating the precoder coefficients. The method and apparatus is based on the arrangement of a duplicate precoder and correction filter in the receiver, where the correction filter generates incremental coefficients. The incremental coefficients are sent via a back channel to the transmitter and added to the current values of the precoder coefficients. The method and apparatus provide DFE-like performance and do not have the delay problems associated with DFEs.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This application relates to telecommunication systems and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for updating precoder coefficient taps in a data communication transmitter. In cases when a decision feedback equalizer cannot be used, a Tomlinson precoder provides a means for compensating for the impairments of a transmission channel, but has limitations when the impairment values of the transmission channel change with time. Hence there is a need to update the precoder coefficients in response to the time-varying changes in the channel impairments. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is well known by those skilled in the art that the performance of a data communication system may be significantly improved by using one or more equalizers in the receiver of the data communications system. Typically equalizers eliminate most of the distortion caused by the transmission channel coupling a transmitter and a receiver. Further the equalizer attempts to whiten noise that is coupled to the channel from a variety of sources. 
     Those skilled in the art appreciate that a combination of a nonlinear feedback filter and a linear feedforward filter, a decision feedback equalizer (“DFE”), typically has performance that exceeds that obtained via a linear equalizer (“LEQ”) having no feedback. However it is also known that a DFE is not a suitable technique when the decision process incurs delay, since most of the intersymbol interference (“ISI”) energy typically occurs within the first few symbol intervals after a pulse has been received. Hence a delay in the feedback path eliminates the ability of the DFE to cancel ISI up to that amount of delay. For example a DFE can&#39;t be used with trellis coded modulation (“TCM”) because of the delay that is inherent to the TCM decision process. One method to obtain performance nearly equivalent to a DFE is to use a Tomlinson-Harashima precoder (“precoder”) where a feedback filter is in the transmitter rather than in the receiver. Because the precoder is in the transmitter, the delays that cause problems with TCM do not occur with a precoder/LEQ combination. 
     Precoders are typically initialized during a training mode when a training signal is sent from a transmitter to a receiver having a DFE. During the training mode, DFE coefficients are generated and then transferred via a return channel or back channel to the communication transmitter. The transferred DFE coefficients are then placed in a precoder feedback filter and are typically referred to as precoder coefficients or precoder taps. However once the data communication system goes from the training mode into a data mode, the precoder coefficients in prior art systems are fixed and may only be changed or updated by going back to the training mode. 
     There are some communication channels that have time-varying impairments such as time-varying changes in frequency response and in noise characteristics. For example, twisted pair loops in telecommunication channels that are undergoing environmental changes, such as temperature swings, may have significant distortion changes. The performance changes in a data communication system, having such time-varying impairments, has been pointed out by Rockwell in standards contribution T1E1.4/98-060, December 1997. Aerial cables, for example, may encounter large temperature swings. Such temperature swings cause changes in the resistance of the cable thereby reducing the effectiveness of the precoder. Hence a precoder having fixed coefficients can be less effective than a DFE when a communication channel has time-varying impairments. 
     It became apparent to those working with precoders, such as participants in the T1E1.4 work project on HDSL2, (Single Pair High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) that a precoder update method during the data mode would alleviate performance degradation. One such method was suggested by Cicada Semiconductor in standards contribution T1E1.4/98-217, June 1998. Cicada implied that it was possible to develop a new set of precoder taps and periodically send them back to the receiver, replacing the previous precoder coefficients. Details of the Cicada method were not then and are not now publicly available nor available to the named inventors of the present invention. It was also questionable that the described technique actually worked since there was an unexplained 2 dB error in the contribution. 
     Because the data bandwidth on a back channel is limited there are restrictions on how often a complete set of coefficients may be sent from the receiver to the transmitter. Therefore it may not be possible to transfer a complete set of coefficients in a timely manner. In a typical application a precoder may have between 100 and 200 coefficients of 16 to 24 bits. For example, in an HDSL2 transmitter having a precoder, the precoder coefficient exchange protocol provides 22 bits for each coefficient. Hence there needs to be a method, apparatus and system for updating precoder coefficients that efficiently uses the typically limited bandwidth of a back channel. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One objective of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method that updates precoder coefficients and at the same time uses the return bandwidth efficiently. Such a method and apparatus should be easy to implement within the receiver and communication system structure. 
     Another objective of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method that allows a precoder and LEQ to have performance equivalent to a LEQ and DFE. It would also be desirable and is a further objective to adapt in a timely manner so there is not a significant period of time when performance is degraded. 
     It is yet another objective of the present invention to have a means for quickly retraining a communication system after an interruption of service. The interruption may be caused, for example, by a change in the channel or noise environment. If the change cannot be accommodated in the data mode, a quick retrain using the update method of this invention can provide improved performance. After the cause of the loss of service or degradation has disappeared, the coefficient values of the precoder and LEQ have typically remained close to optimum values. Rather than using a lengthy full retrain, the present invention is capable of transmitting a known data sequence over the communications channel and obtaining precoder increments. 
     Still another objective of the present invention is to have a method and apparatus that can have user selectable parameters, such as frequency of updates and convergence parameters in learning algorithms. 
     Hence a method and apparatus is described in figures and a preferred embodiment and meets the above objectives. In accordance with the present invention, a duplicate precoder and a correction filter are placed in the receiver for generating precoder filter increments. Because the precoder filter increments are small, the back channel is used efficiently. Performance comparisons show that the precoder has DFE like performance using the method of the present invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is block diagram illustrating a data communication system in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a prior art transmitter having a precoder; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a precoder; 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating in detail an apparatus in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is flow chart illustrating a method for updating precoder coefficients in accordance with the present invention; and 
     FIG. 6 is a plot showing performance comparison. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A basic communication system having a channel for transmitting information and a back channel for returning information is shown in FIG. 1. A transmitter  110  having a transmitter signal is coupled to a channel  130 , which itself is coupled to a receiver  120 . In the case of a data communication system, input data  150  which can be coded or uncoded is coupled to the transmitter and retrieved as output data  152  at the receiver  120 . The communication system  100  of the present invention has a back channel  140  for coupling information at a relatively low data rate from the receiver  120  to the transmitter  110 . For example the data going downstream, from the transmitter  110  to the receiver  120 , may be sent at 1.544 Mbps and the back channel data may be sent at around 16 Kbps. In a communication system utilizing a precoder, i.e., channel precoding, in the transmitter, the back channel may have only a few hundred bits per second available for updating related precoder coefficients. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a simulation of a prior art data transmission system having a precoder  210 . The precoder comprises a modulo device and a precoder feedback filter which are described in detail in FIG.  3 . Still referring to FIG. 2, an input data signal D(z), which can be coded in the modulation sense, is the input to the precoder. Those skilled in the art would appreciate that D(z) has a limited magnitude and typically has values between −M and +M. For mathematical convenience, the input data signal may be normalized having values between −1 and +1. The coded data signal, D(z), if coded, may be formed using a variety of modulation methods, such as PAM, QAM, CAP, or other methods. The output of the prior art system is a receiver coded data signal D′(z). A discussion of the prior art system is provided to assist those skilled in the art with an understanding of the present invention. A training mode and a data mode are used in the prior art system and are described in the following paragraphs. 
     During a training mode, learning algorithms are active and generate coefficient values to be used during a data mode. Those skilled in the art would appreciate that when in the training mode, the coded data signal D(z) is generated by a training data sequence. When in the training mode the coded data signal, D(z), is fed directly to transmitter circuits  220  and then through the equivalent channel  274 , which includes the series arrangement of the transmitter circuits  220 , the channel  130 , receiver circuits  240  and a feedforward filter  241 . 
     In the data mode, equivalent noise, N 0  is added to the output of the equivalent channel  274 , for example, as shown by summer  271  resulting in receiver input signal S(z). In the training mode, S(z) is further subject to F(z), a feedback filter signal, via summer  272  to cancel the effects of ISI. The equivalent noise contains crosstalk which is normally coupled into the data communication system between the channel  130  and the receiver circuits  240 . Those skilled in the art would appreciate that the equivalent noise may be modeled as white noise because of the whitening effects of the receiver circuits and feedforward filter. 
     Again, in the training mode, the receiver input signal bypasses modulo device  242  via bypass switch  247  as shown in a closed position. A detector  244  then selects a value for a receiver coded data signal D′(z). A first error signal E 1 (z), equal to [D′(z)−U(z)], serves as an input to a equalizer update device  248 . Further, during the training mode, D′(z) is an input to feedback filter  246 . The output of the feedback filter goes through second switch  245 , shown in a closed position in the training mode, and is then subtracted from the sum of the output of the feedforward filter  241  and the equivalent noise, N 0 . During the training mode coefficients of the feedforward filter  241  and of the feedback filter  246  are generated. Whereas the well-known LMS algorithm is typically used to generate filter coefficients, other algorithms could be used in the prior art system of FIG.  2 . 
     Upon completing the training mode, the coefficients of the feedback filter are transferred across the back channel  140  to the precoder  210  and become precoder filter coefficients. The coefficients of the feedforward filter are temporarily frozen, until the prior art communication system goes into the data mode. 
     During the data mode, the first switch directs the coded data signal D(z) to the precoder  210 . The output of the precoder, P(z), then goes through the transmitter circuits  220  and the channel elements  130 ,  240 , and  241 . A receiver signal, S(z), comprises noise added to the output of the channel elements. When in the data mode, the bypass switch  247  is open and S(z) is processed by modulo device  242  resulting in modulo receiver signal, U(z), i.e., an inverted receiver signal. The detector  244  then generates the receiver coded data signal, D′(z). The first error signal E 1 (z) is generated as in the training mode, but now the feedback filter  246  is not operational. The first error signal, when in the data mode, is only used to update the feedforward filter  241 . The equalizer update device  248 , typically using the LMS algorithm, continuously updates the feedforward filter during the data mode. However, when the prior art system is in the data mode the precoder coefficients are frozen and may only be updated when the system returns to the training mode. 
     In the simulated prior art system of FIG. 2 the precoder coefficients are generated only during the training mode. If the performance of the prior art communication system becomes unsatisfactory, such as high bit-error rates (“BERs”), because of time changing channel impairments, it may be necessary to go from the operational mode back to the training mode to regenerate precoder coefficients. In many data communication systems, it is undesirable to go to the training mode, since data services will be interrupted. Hence there needs to be a way to update the precoder filter coefficients during the data mode of a data communications system. 
     The elements of a precoder are shown in FIG.  3 . The precoder has a modulo device  242  that limits the maximum value of the precoder signal, P(z). Modulo devices are known to those skilled in the art of communication, but a brief description should be helpful in understanding the present invention. Mathematically the modulo operation is described, when the limits are −1 and +1, as follows: find an integer K such that −1≦x+2K&lt;+1, then y=x+2K. As an example of the characteristics of a modulo device, refer to modulo graph  320 . The maximum magnitude of the output signal as described by the modulo graph has a numerical value of 1. For example if the input is 0.5, the output is 0.5 since the diagonal lines have a slope of 1. When the input is ‘x’, having a value of around 1.70, the output is—0.3 as shown by location ‘y’ on the ordinate. The modulo device  242  as shown in the precoder  210  limits the value of the output magnitude to a value of one or some other selected value. The precoder also has a precoder feedback filter  310  having a transfer function A p (z) where the filter is typically a finite impulse response (“FIR”) filter. The values of the FIR coefficients, i.e., the precoder filter coefficients, are generated in the receiver and sent to the transmitter via a back channel. 
     An embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.  4 . Before the present invention becomes operational, the apparatus of FIG. 2 or a similar prior art apparatus has served as a means for setting the values of the precoder feedback filter coefficients during a startup or training mode. FIG. 4 is viewed with the assumption that initial values have been determined for A p (z) and the channel impairments may be changing with time. The coded data signal is processed by the precoder  210  and transferred via an equivalent channel to the modulo device  242 . Note, the modulo device  242 , i.e., an inverting device, and the precoder  210  can have, equivalently, any device having a non-linear transformation function which is invertible. The equivalent channel has a transfer function [1+A c (z)+B(z)], where 1+A c (z) is the channel characteristic during the training mode and B(z) is the time varying component of the equivalent channel during the operational mode. Those skilled in the art would appreciate that the value of A p (z) is approximately equal to A c (z). 
     The receiver signal, S(z), is the output of the equivalent channel and additive white noise, N 0 . The receiver signal is processed by the modulo device  242  producing a modulo receiver signal, U(z). The modulo receiver signal is processed in the detector  244  to generate a receiver data signal, D′(z), which is coded when D(z) is a coded signal in the modulation sense. In a low error environment D′(z)≈D(z), where D′(z) is a delayed version of D(z) as would be understood by those skilled in the art. A summer  462  is then used to generate a first error signal, E 1 (z), by subtracting U(z) from D′(z). The receiver coded data signal is also coupled to a duplicate precoder  440 , wherein coefficients of the duplicate precoder  440  are updated when the precoder coefficients of precoder  210  are updated. Since the input to the duplicate precoder is approximately equal to the input of the precoder, the output of the duplicate precoder  440  is approximately equal to the output of precoder  210 . The just described relation may be expressed as P′(z)≈P(z). The output of the duplicate precoder, P′(z), is coupled to a correction filter having a transfer function C(z). The coefficients of C(z) are determined by an update device  460 . A summer  463  is then used to generate a second error signal E 2 (z), which is one input to the update device  460 , where E 2 (z) is the sum of the output of the correction filter, W(z), and the first error signal, E 1 (z). Other inputs to the update device  460 , include P′(z), C(z), and a gain factor “Δ”. The new or updated values for the C(z) coefficients are determined by the LMS algorithm known to those skilled in the art. Other update algorithms may be used and fall within the scope of the present invention. According to the LMS algorithm, new values for the coefficients c n  are equal to c n−1 +Δp′(n−1) e 2 (n−1) where c n  and p′(n−1) are vectors. The coefficient vector c n  represents the most recently updated precoder filter increments of the coefficients of C(z) used to update the precoder filter coefficients of precoder  210 . The increments of the coefficients of C(z) are transferred to the transmitter over the back channel, at intervals selected by the user, and are added to the corresponding coefficients of the precoder filter at selected instants of time. 
     In addition to generating the coefficients of the correction filter C(z), the update device also serves to update coefficients for a linear equalizer contained in the receiver circuits. The LMS algorithm is used for the linear equalizer updates and those skilled in the art could implement the algorithm. However the second error term, E 2 (z), is used in the linear equalizer update instead of the first error term E 1 (z). The use of E 2 (z) ensures that the linear equalizer will not try to compensate for any distortion that can be removed by C(z). 
     The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 4 provides performance equal to a receiver having a DFE. Mathematical predictions and simulations have shown the steady state performance of the current invention to be within a few tenths of a decibel of a receiver having a DFE. Because most of the time-varying impairments of the channel are a result of temperature changes, there may be environments where the coefficients of C(z) are essentially zero. However, even in environments of realistic temperature changes, the rates of change of the values of the coefficients of C(z) are small (around 10 −4 ) compared to the values of the coefficients of A c (z) (about 1.8). Hence the data bandwidth needed to send coefficient increments on the back channel is smaller than for sending the entire coefficient. Those skilled in the art would appreciate that the data rate for updating the precoder coefficients is dependent on the rate of changes in the channel. Hence an embodiment of the present invention may use a timer having a selectable update interval. 
     Those skilled in the art may modify the present invention as an update apparatus and method for a symmetrical communication system. When identical transceivers, at a first location and a second location are coupled by a single twisted pair, a correction filter can feed values to the precoder without the need for a back channel. For the symmetrical communication system modification of the present invention it is assumed that the frequency content of the transmitted signals at both locations are identical. 
     The present invention may also serve as a apparatus and method for a quick retrain. When the data mode has a sudden interruption causing loss of operation or degradation, the data communication system enters a retrain mode. The retrain mode updates the current and near optimum values of the precoder and equalizer coefficients, but uses a training signal for updating. After a predetermined time, less than the normal training time, the data communication system returns to the data mode. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a method embodiment of the present invention. After a precoder signal is processed by transmitter circuits, step  510 , a precoded signal is sent to a modulo device, step  520 , in the receiver. The receiver then generates a receiver modulo signal, step  530 . Next, the receiver modulo signal is processed by a detector to generate a receiver coded data signal, step  540 . The receiver modulo signal and the receiver coded data signal are processed to determine precoder filter increments, step  550 . The precoder filter increments are sent to the receiver for updating the precoder, step  560 . 
     In order to appreciate the performance improvements provided by the precoder update apparatus and method describe above, FIG. 6 summarizes simulation results of a realistic case. The no precoder update curve  610  indicates that performance is about 7 decibels worse than when update is provided. In other words, FIG. 6 shows that the same performance can be achieved with precoding, but at a lower signal-to-noise ration. The update of precoder performance curve  620  has performance nearly as good as a DFE solution as shown in DFE curve  630 . The illustration in FIG. 6 is not drawn to scale, but is an example of the trend shown in simulations of the present invention. 
     From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concept of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific methods and apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.