Abstract:
Disclosed is a method and apparatus for removing oxygen from hydrogen, hydrocarbon, or halogenated hydrocarbon gas which contains about 0.01 to about 10 mole % oxygen. The oxygen removal is accomplished by contacting the gas with a Hopcalite catalyst at a temperature of about 100° to about 300° C. The invention can be part of a process for making 1,2-dichloroethane where, in a first reaction, ethane and chlorine are reacted to make ethylene and hydrogen chloride and, in a second reaction, the ethylene and hydrogen chloride are reacted with excess oxygen to make the 1,2-dichloroethane. The unreacted ethane can be recycled to the first step after the method of the invention is applied to remove the oxygen.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method of removing oxygen from hydrogen, hydrocarbon gases, and halogenated hydrocarbon gases that contain about 0.01 to about 10 mole % oxygen. In particular, it relates to the use of a Hopcalite catalyst at a temperature of about 100° to about 300° C. to remove oxygen from these gases. 
     A new process for producing 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) in two steps is disclosed in WO 92/10447, herein incorporated by reference. In that process, ethane and chlorine are first reacted (in a two step reaction) to form ethylene and hydrogen chloride. That reaction occurs at high temperatures and the presence of oxygen in the reaction can burn the hydrocarbons and result in an explosion hazard. Also, the burning of the hydrocarbons with oxygen results in the formation of water which, in the presence of the hydrogen chloride, produces corrosive hydrochloric acid. Thus, it is necessary to exclude oxygen during that reaction. 
     The product of the reaction, ethylene and hydrogen chloride, is reacted with oxygen in an oxychlorinator at a lower temperature to form EDC. Excess oxygen is used in the oxychlorinator and the EDC product contains not only excess oxygen but also unreacted ethane from the first reaction. Once the EDC has been removed, the remaining mixture, which is mostly ethane, could be recycled to the first reaction, provided that the oxygen can be removed from it first. (Until the discovery of this new process, oxygen removal was not necessary because conventional processes for producing EDC began with ethylene, not ethane.) 
     Hopcalite catalysts, a mixture of copper and manganese oxides, are widely used to remove pollutants from air by catalyzing the reaction of the pollutants with oxygen. For example, Hopcalite catalysts have been used to catalyze the reaction of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. In these reactions, the pollutant is present at a very low concentration in a huge excess of oxygen. The catalyst is thereby maintained in a higher oxidation state (CuO and MnO 2 ) by reaction with oxygen and immediately returns to the higher oxidation state after being reduced by reaction with a pollutant. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     We have discovered that Hopcalite and related catalysts can be used in a lower oxidation state to remove very small amounts of oxygen from large excesses of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, or halogenated hydrocarbons. The removal occurs by the reaction of the oxygen with the hydrogen or hydrocarbon to produce carbon dioxide and water (or just water if hydrogen is the only reactant). Because of this invention, a mixture of unreacted ethane and oxygen from the oxychlorination can now be treated to remove the oxygen so that the remaining ethane can be recycled and reacted with chlorine to produce more ethylene. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawing is a diagramatic view of a certain presently preferred embodiment of an apparatus for producing EDC from ethane and hydrochloric acid according to this invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In the drawing, ethane in line 1 and chlorine in line 2 are reacted in adiabatic reactor 3 at a temperature of about 600° to about 700° C. to form ethylene and hydrogen chloride according to the reaction 
     
         C.sub.2 H.sub.6 +Cl.sub.2 →C.sub.2 H.sub.4 +2HCl. 
    
     The ethylene and hydrogen chloride product are sent through line 4 to oxychlorinator 5 where oxygen is added through line 6 to produce EDC according to the reaction 
     
         C.sub.2 H.sub.4 +2HCl+1/2O.sub.2 →C.sub.2 H.sub.4 Cl.sub.2 +2H.sub.2O. 
    
     This reaction typically occurs at a temperature of about 200° to about 300° C. The product is sent through line 7 to gas-liquid separator 8 where the liquid EDC and water products are removed from the gas mixture through line 9. (The EDC can be separated from the water by phase separation followed by distillation in a drying column, not shown.) The remaining gas mixture is sent through line 10 to oxygen scavenger 11, which contains heated Hopcalite or related catalyst. The composition of the gases in line 10 of the drawing is typically about 40 to about 90 mole% ethane, about 5 to about 40 mole % ethylene, about 0 to about 10 mole % ethyl chloride, about 0 to about 5 mole % methane, and about 0.01 to about2 mole % oxygen. Oxygen scavenger 11 is preferably a column packed with Hopcalite catalyst heated to about 200° to about 225° C. Thegas mixture passes up through the column resulting in the reaction of oxygen with the hydrocarbons present to form water and carbon dioxide. Themixture then passes through line 12 to water absorber 13. Water removal canbe accomplished, for example, by means of a molecular sieve or alumina. Themoisture-free mixture, primarily ethane, then passes through line 14 back to adiabatic reactor 3. 
     Carbon dioxide removal from the recycled gases is optional, as carbon dioxide is inert in the reactions. However, its concentration will gradually increase until it affects the efficiency of the process. Carbon dioxide can be removed by using a caustic wash or a compressor and distillation column prior to removal of the water from the recycled gases,or by periodic purging. 
     The method and apparatus of this invention are applicable to hydrogen and to any hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon gas having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples include ethane, ethylene, methane, propane, isopropane, butane, ethyl chloride, butadiene, propyl chloride and acetylene, as well as mixtures of these gases. The gases contain small amounts of oxygen, typically about 0.01 to about 10 mole % and preferably about 0.1 to about 2 mole %. 
     The catalysts useful in this invention are oxides of manganese, vanadium, tungsten, iron, molybdenum, and chromium and oxides and chlorides of copper, nickel, cobalt, and silver. In particular, the catalysts are Mn 2  O 3 , MnO 2 , V 2  O 5 , WO 3 , Fe 2  O 3 , MoO 3 , Cr 2  O 3 , CuO, CuCl 2 , NiO, NiCl 2 , Co 3  O 4 , CoCl 3 , Ag 2  O, and AgCl. Mixtures of these catalysts canalso be used. The preferred catalysts are MnO 2  and CuO. Since MnO 2  is believed to be active against hydrocarbons (e.g., CH 4 , C 2  H 4 , and C 2  H 6 ) and CuO is believed to be active against hydrogen and ethyl chloride, a mixture of MnO 2  and CuO is preferred for many industrial applications. The mixture can be about 1 to about 99 wt % Mn 2  O 3  or MnO 2  to about 1 to about 99 wt % CuO, but about 70 to about 95 wt % Mn 2  O 3  or MnO 2  and about5 to about 30 wt % CuO is preferred. The most preferred mixture of Mn 2 O 3  or MnO 2  and CuO is known as a &#34;Hopcalite catalyst&#34; and is about 86 wt % MnO 2  and 14 wt % CuO. 
     Because the hydrocarbon gas is present in much greater quantities than oxygen, most of the catalyst will be present in its lower oxidation state,e.g., Cu 2  O, Mn 2  O 3 , and MnO. In the catalytic reaction of the oxygen with the hydrocarbon the catalyst is oxidized to its higher oxidation state, CuO and MnO 2 , but then is immediately reduced by thelarge excess of hydrocarbons. 
     The amount of catalyst used should be sufficient to give a gas hourly spacevelocity (GHSV) of about 100 to about 4000 hr -1 . (The space velocity is the volume of gas that passes over the catalyst per unit time divided by the volume of catalyst used). Lower space velocities can be used, but they require impractical large amounts of catalyst; at higher space velocities the efficiency of the catalyst may decrease unless higher temperatures are used. 
     The temperature of the catalytic reaction can be about 100° to about300° C. and is preferably about 200° to about 250° C.,but will depend upon the particular hydrocarbon or mix of hydrocarbons being treated. Temperatures of less than 100° C. should not be usedbecause that can result in water being trapped on the catalyst which may reduce its activity. 
     The following examples further illustrate this invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Two types of Hopcalite catalyst, acquired from Callery Chemical Company, were evaluated. Both catalysts had a grain size of 6 to 14 mesh. The apparent densities of Type 26599 and Type 21215 Hopcalite are ≧0.95and ≧0.75 g/cm, respectively. Type 26599 has a nominal moisture content of ≦0.5%, while Type 21215 can tolerate adsorption of up to4 wt % of water before catalyst activity is significantly reduced. 
     The fixed bed reactor was packed with a preselected amount of catalyst in a 3/4&#34; α-SiC tube. Reactor temperature was maintained by a temperature-controlled tube furnace. For each test, cylinder nitrogen purged the entire system while the reactor was heated to the desired temperature. Once the temperature was reached, nitrogen was replaced by the reaction feed gases. The reactant flow rates were manually controlled by metering valves and monitored by digital mass flow meters and rotameters. The feed gases were fed into a premixer to ensure proper mixing. The gas mixture then passed through the preheated reactor tube. 
     Once the reaction reached steady state at each set of conditions, gas chromatography (GC) samples of feed and product streams were taken periodically. A GC method was developed to provide high sensitivity for oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide detections. 
     In all cases 12 ml of catalyst was used and the reactor pressure was 0 psig. Ethane, ethylene, methane, and oxygen in volumetric flow rates of 130, 15, 4, 0.73 ml/min respectively, constituted 1 unit of gas mixture. The following tables give the results. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Hopcalite 26599, GHSV = 748.65 hr.sup.-1, nohydrogen, 1 unit/minute of gas mixture.______________________________________Reactor Temp/°C.        25      198     224   248   276O.sub.2, removed (%)        0.00    90.97   98.66 96.70 96.41______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Hopcalite 26599, GHSV = 1497.25 hr.sup.-1,no hydrogen, 2 units/min of gasmixture.______________________________________Reactor Temp/°C.        25      193     219   246   278O.sub.2 Removed (%)        0.00    52.13   91.76 98.23 98.26______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Hopcalite 26599, GHSV = 2246 hr.sup.-1, nohydrogen, 3 units of gas mixture.______________________________________Reactor Temp/°C.        25      198     221   250   279O.sub.2 Removed (%)        0.0     52.60   90.67 96.82 97.82______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Hopcalite 26599, GHSV = about 1500 hr.sup.-1, 2 unitsof gas mixture plus hydrogen______________________________________Hydrogen (ml/min)        0      2.9     2.9   2.9   2.9Reactor Temp/°C.        25     199     225   251   274O.sub.2 Removed (%)        0.00   79.94   95.91 99.54 99.29______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________Hopcalite 26599, GHSV = 1557.25 hr.sup.-1, 2 units ofgas mixture plus 12 ml/min ethyl chloride______________________________________Reactor Temp/°C.        25     195     226   248   276O.sub.2 Removed (%)        0.00   96.70   98.88 98.91 98.14______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________Hopcalite 21215, GHSV = 1527.25 hr.sup.-1, 2 units ofgas mixture plus 6 ml/min ethyl chloride__________________________________________________________________________Reactor Temp     25 125 133 149 154 174 178(°C.)O.sub.2, Removed (%)     0.00        61.90            73.15                97.32                    89.52                        99.33                            98.68__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The data clearly show that Type 26599 Hopcalite consistently reduces the oxygen concentration from as high as 0.87% down to about 50 ppm. The data also shows that a reactor temperature of about 225° to 250° C. is most effective and that the space velocity can be varied from 750 to2250 hr -1 . By comparing Tables 2 and 4 it is obvious that the process requires no hydrogen to facilitate the oxygen removal. As shown in Table 5, adding about 4% ethyl chloride in the simulated recycle mixture did nothave an adverse effect on Type 26599 Hopcalite effectiveness. 
     As shown in Table 6, when the recycle stream contained about 3% ethyl chloride essentially all the oxygen in the stream was removed by maintaining the catalytic reactor at 175° C. 
     Another approach investigated was to minimize the thermal dehydrochlorination of ethyl chloride by decreasing the reactor temperature. With no ethyl chloride and hydrogen in the simulated feed, Type 21215 Hopcalite removed &gt;99% of the oxygen at a temperature of 125° to 150° C. and a space velocity of 1500 hr -1 . 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Sustained bench-scale evaluation was performed to examine the service life and oxygen removal efficiency of Type 21215 Hopcalite catalyst. The molar concentrations of ethane, ethylene, ethyl chloride, methane, and oxygen inthe simulated recycle stream were 81.7%, 13.3%, 2.8%, 1.5%, and 0.7%, respectively. The gas hourly space velocity was set at 1500 hr -1 . Forthe first 160 hours of operation, nearly 100% oxygen removal was consistently achieved at a reactor temperature of 175° C. The catalyst activity appeared to remain constant. Ethyl chloride in the feed showed no adverse effect on the catalyst performance. In a single fixed bed reactor, the majority of the oxygen feed was converted by reacting with ethylene, and the residual oxygen was eliminated by reacting with methane. 
     Hopcalite catalyst effectiveness declined slightly but steadily as the sustained operation exceeded 175 hours. The decline was believed to be dueto the product water absorbed on the catalyst. It was found that by adjusting the reactor temperature to 200° C., the catalyst would self-regenerate and maintain high activity. 
     The study was concluded as the total operation time reached 400 hours. Evenwith constant operation and temperature cycling, the system consistently achieved nearly 100% oxygen removal.