Abstract:
A system and method for generation of energy from renewable energy sources and consumption of said energy, where appropriate, to produce hydrogen. An overall systems approach improves efficiency by controlling electricity generation over a wider range of conditions, and by controlling the electric conversion to that required by the hydrogen converter much more efficiently, than a collection of independent systems. The approach employs an overall systems controller which dynamically optimizes the complete system to maximize the available inputs, such as renewable and stored energy, while providing the maximum desired outputs, such as power, hydrogen and income, taking into account the ultimate capacity of components along with historical, current and predicted future data.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This a is a continuation-in-part of my pending U.S. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 11/163,249, filed Oct. 11, 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Since this applications is filed by the same inventor as is the prior application and its contents are incorporated herein, it has the benefits from and the filing date of the prior application under 37 CFR 1.53(b). 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to the production of energy, fuel and hydrogen which is specifically produced using renewable energy. It addresses improvements in overall performance accomplished by treating the whole process as a single system to maximize the renewable energy captured and to most efficiently produce fuel, hydrogen, energy and income. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Three pieces of background information relate to the understanding of current state of the art for this invention. First, energy is generated and distributed at standard levels. Second, hydrogen generation from renewable energy requires precise controls to minimize energy losses. The electrolysis of water requires control of the energy delivered to the electrolyzer cells. The generation of hydrogen from solar energy requires control of the solar collector system as well as the hydrogen generation. Third, that hydrogen can be used to generate electricity, allowing it to be used as a means of renewable energy storage, and can be used in the processing of other materials and can be blended with other materials to produce fuels. 
         [0004]    In the US and many parts of the world, electric power is generated and distributed to its users on a power grid. On this power grid, there are very specific requirements for electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency, etc. In the USA, the frequency is specified at a tightly controlled 60 hertz. Voltage levels depend on what part of the system is monitored. Distribution on the grid may be 238 kV, 138 kV, 69 kV or some similar voltage. Within a residential distribution area or small commercial park, voltages of 12,470 volts or 13,200 volts can be found. Within a building or home 480 volt, 240 volt or 120 volt systems are typical. This standardization allows manufacturers to design equipment without knowing the specific equipment to which it will be connected. 
         [0005]    On a typical wind farm in the USA which produces electricity for distribution on the power grid, the generator produces electric at 480 or 600 Volts AC, 3 phase, and at that precise 60 hertz. Other forms of renewable power generation systems use the same concepts. Solar, wave energy, geothermal and hydroelectric plants use generators that produce power which is adjusted to get the precisely required parameters to connect to an internal power grid. Then at one or more substations the voltage is raised to the level required to connect to the US power distribution grid. The use of these standard voltage, frequency and other electrical parameters make it easy for interconnection of the components, but in the cases of renewable power generation, in particular, it means that some generation equipment must be adjusted or disconnected because it does not meet the requirements. The result is high nameplate plant capacities which represent the maximum generating capacity of the renewable energy which could be produced under absolutely ideal conditions. In reality, the actual operating capacity factors of these plants are very low (many times below 35%), because of the previously mentioned adjustments and outages. Use of this invention will help raise these capacity factors. 
         [0006]    It is observed and known that the conversion of power from one type to another is optimized by matching the source characteristics to the load&#39;s characteristics. In radio as in electronic audio, the maximum power transfer occurs when the source impedance matches the output&#39;s impedance. We are familiar with making sure that a 4 ohm speaker is used on a 4 ohm amplifier and an 8 ohm on an 8 ohm system. Also in radio applications, the radio&#39;s impedance must be matched to the cable and the antenna impedance. In CB and shortwave radio system setup, an SWR meter is used to adjust the impedance matching and improve energy transfer. Likewise, matching the operating characteristic of an engine to a motor vehicle produces the maximum power transfer and performance. A large engine with plenty of low end torque moves large earth moving equipment better than an high revving motocross motorcycle engine. Transmissions are used to improve the energy transfer over a wide range of operating conditions. Most notable is the improved acceleration of an automobile which is in the proper gear. Similarly, how hard is it to start a car in third gear and if one can get it started, how slow is the initial acceleration? The invention makes use of these concepts of matching the primary renewable energy source to the load, which is the hydrogen production equipment. This applies to non-electric solar produced hydrogen as well as that produced from renewable electricity. 
         [0007]    Generating hydrogen from renewable electric energy requires background in what electricity goes into an electrolyzer cell. In this case, nature specifies some of the requirements. The nature of the process requires specific chemical and physical interactions which require a precise DC voltage to cause hydrogen and oxygen atoms to dissociate in water. The more current used, the more water is broken into its atomic components. Ideally, there would be zero resistance in the electrical components which make up the electrolyzer cells. But in reality there are what is known as IR losses and these require the electrical power supplied to be of slightly higher voltage than nature&#39;s ideal level. Mechanical design within the cells attempts to limit these IR losses, but also set practical limits on the maximum current which can be put through a cell. A power converter/controller is used by the electrolyzer to provide the required electrical energy to dissociate the hydrogen and oxygen in the water, compensate for IR losses, to convert the AC electric energy to the required DC level and control the rate at which the gasses are generated. As stated earlier, most generating equipment operating in the US operates at 60 hertz. Renewable power generating equipment usually shuts down when it can not produce the required 60 Hz frequency, but this limitation is not necessary for hydrogen production. The power generation equipment can continue to supply energy to hydrogen power conversion equipment even though the frequency may be 30 Hz or 120 Hz. This would allow the system to continue producing hydrogen when a traditional system would be shutdown. Within reason, the frequency of generated power does not effect the hydrogen generation process since the power supplied to the electrolyzer cell is a DC voltage. 
         [0008]    Again, back to the power grid issue. Current electrolyzer systems are designed to operate from the utility power grid. For decades, small laboratory units have been designed and operated from 120/240 VAC power, typically found in a school of higher learning or industrial laboratory. Even large commercial units which produce enough hydrogen to run a refueling station for fuel cell driven automobiles will run on a typical power system level of 480 VAC, 3 phase. These values are chosen because they are the discrete values available in standard applications. They are not the ideal values for maximum hydrogen production. The invention removes the limitations artificially imposed to meet standard available power, and maximizes the hydrogen produced during generation of any available power. 
         [0009]    The ideal requirements for a renewable energy source used to make hydrogen are also altered by social and economic reasons. As an example, we adjust some parameters to meet requirements for hydrogen demand, costs and available raw materials. Here raw materials refers to the availability of water and electricity. For instance, if the tide is coming in for a wave energy plant, so water is available and electricity is plentiful, then while the income for the produced hydrogen is high, the cell current will be raised even though there may be higher IR losses. In contrast, low water and electric availability, combined with low market price for hydrogen, may call for operating the cells at lower current densities or reducing the number of cells operating to produce the hydrogen product. 
         [0010]    It should be noted that the concepts of using a controller to optimize a network of electric generation, hydrogen production, hydrogen storage and users is already covered under referenced U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,912,450 and 6,745,105. These concepts are mentioned here for illustration purposes only and are not a part of the invention presented here. The apparatus and method presented here is a dynamic, real time, system which adjusts or controls the generation of energy from renewable sources, the production of fuel and energy, the transmission of energy and the conversion of energy to the requirements of the hydrogen/fuel conversion equipment. Historical, current and predicted future data is used to optimize the complete system. For simplicity this invention is referred to as the integrated renewable energy and fuel production system. 
         [0011]    Renewable and traditional energy sources are transported to their point of final use via energy carriers. Many people think of the wires that carry both renewable and traditionally generated electricity as energy carriers for the energy that lights up our homes and factories, and powers all of those electrical devices we have come to depend upon. Now people are applying the term to renewable generated hydrogen. That is, the hydrogen is the energy carrier for the renewable electric which was used to generate it. But in a broader sense it can be applied to all results which combine renewable energy with traditional systems. For example, if methane gas was collected from bio-degrading waste and it was combined with renewable produced hydrogen to raise its BTU content, the resulting fuel can be used just as natural gas is today and it is the carrier for the renewable energy. Blending of renewable fuels with traditional components is commonly done to pre-specified recipes such as B20, which is a blend of 80% petroleum diesel with 20% bio-diesel, or E85, which is a blend of 85% ethanol with 15% gasoline. The components are usually made in separate plants then combined before they are delivered to the retailer. The invention presented here treats the whole process as an integrated system and optimizes the system&#39;s output. This invention can use low seasonal demand as a reason for storage, or intermittent high price as a reason to sell or even high component price as a reason to change a fuel blend. The invention can also apply renewable solar and wind energy generated during an unseasonably warm and sunny winter to storage and to profit from a weather prediction of a very hot summer with high energy demand. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0012]    The invention embodies an apparatus having: 
         [0013]    1. A source of renewable energy such as but not limited to solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and wave energies. 
         [0014]    2. One or more hydrogen or other energy/fuel conversion units 
         [0015]    3. Data measurement, storage and analyzing equipment 
         [0016]    4. A dynamic, overall system controller to direct the generation, energy transmission, energy storage, and energy conversion or blending. 
         [0017]    In accordance with the invention, electric power is generated from the renewable energy source. The electric power is used to provide energy to an electrolyzer or other hydrogen converter. The electrolyzer is used to disassociate water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen can also be generated from renewable sources using such techniques as photosensys or solar powered water dissociation. The hydrogen is then transported to a fuel consumer, blended or used with other fuel components, or stored for future use. An object of the invention is to provide an overall improvement in efficiency of hydrogen and fuel production from renewable energy sources. 
         [0018]    An object of this invention is to improve the control and use of intermittent and varying renewable energy sources for the purpose of better plant utilization when producing fuel or other energy carriers. 
         [0019]    An object of the invention is to provide a greater capacity factor for renewable electric energy generating systems. 
         [0020]    An object of the invention is to provide reduced energy losses in conversion and delivery systems. 
         [0021]    An object of the invention is to provide an efficient and reliable method of supplying hydrogen and other fuels to replace fossil fuels, and to do so using clean, renewable energy sources. 
         [0022]    An object of the invention is to provide a means to efficiently store the energy produced from renewable sources. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The drawings depict various arrangements of the invention, not to limit but rather to illustrate some possible arrangements which include: 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  shows a basic block diagram showing an arrangement of several renewable energy generators powering a hydrogen production system consisting of several electrolyzers and the energy is provided to a variety of storage and delivery systems, 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is illustrative of a wave powered generator as the renewable power source and it also illustrates how the integrated system can control the energy conversion and production of hydrogen, 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is illustrative of a wind turbine generator (WTG) as the renewable power source and it illustrates how the integrated system can be used as a supervisory or master controller to optimize the WTG&#39;s output while the same master/slave arrangement is shown to control hydrogen production, 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is illustrative of an integrated system which consists of several renewable energy sources including grid connected power lines, which can both supply power to the system and can return renewable power generated by the system to the power grid, and it also shows an internal power grid or buss which can supply power from multiple sources to the production, 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is illustrative of an integrated system which consists of several renewable energy sources connected both to the hydrogen production equipment and to power lines, which can both supply power to the system and can return renewable power generated by the system to the power grid, also with the hydrogen production going to storage and to other production processes for making fuel and energy. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0029]      FIG. 1  depicts a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of the invention having renewable energy source  10  supplying energy to renewable energy electric generators  11 . The diagram uses three generators for the purpose of illustration only. The electric generators  11  can be of any type suitable to harness the supplied energy. These generators can include, but are not limited to; photovoltaic, solar sterling, solar thermal, wind turbine, wave, ocean current, nuclear, bio-mass, etc. The output of the generator  11  is electrical energy  12  which supplies power to at least one electrolyzer cell  30 . 
         [0030]    The electrolyzer cell(s)  30  take water  50  via conduit  51  into the cell. The electrolyzer cell(s) use electrical power  12  to split the water molecules and produce hydrogen  40 . The hydrogen  40  is then used to produce fuel, stored, conveyed or transported for use. The hydrogen  40  can be kept in storage containers  61  for future use. The hydrogen  40  can be supplied to a new or existing distribution system network  62  which can distribute hydrogen to many different users including other hydrogen based fuel production systems. The hydrogen can be used to generate electrical power using any number of different types of electrical power generators  63 . These include, but are not limited to steam turbines, hydrogen powered gas turbines or even fuel cells. Hydrogen storage  61  can be combined with power generators  63  to produce a system which appears to store clean renewable electrical power. The hydrogen  40  can also be provided for mobile users either directly to the motor vehicle or through a storage/fueling station  64 . Finally, the hydrogen can be provided to any other type of hydrogen user  65 . These hydrogen users  65  can include, but are not limited to, laboratories, chemical plants, fuel producers or even rocket engines. 
         [0031]    The electrical power from the generators  11  is controlled by the system controller  20 . The invention&#39;s integrated system allows the production of the maximum electrical output power  12  from the generators  11  by constraining it only as far as required by the electrolyzers  30 . Unlike traditional systems, which constrain the voltage, power factor, frequency, etc. of the power generated to a typical value such as 480 VAC, 3 phase, 60 Hertz, the invention allows wider varying parameters. It should be noted that even though a traditional system may use transformers to adjust the generators voltage to meet the requirements of a power distribution system, the generators are restricted to very discrete operating parameters. 
         [0032]    On the electrolyzer side, the integrated system makes similar improvements in efficiency. The electrical energy  12  is used to supply energy to the fans, heaters and pumps as well as the energy converter for the cells. As stated previously, this electrical energy is one of several discrete levels such as 240 VAC or 480 VAC operating at 60 Hz. Traditional systems use transformers, which are typically fairly highly efficient, to supply the proper voltage level to the peripheral devices like the pumps, etc. On the other hand, the larger portion of the energy is used by the electrolyzer energy converter and regulator which is much lower in efficiency. The invention&#39;s overall systems approach maximizes the energy efficiency from the renewable energy source  10  to the electrolyzer  30  because this path has the highest energy flow and the most potential for efficiency improvement of energy losses. 
         [0033]    Overall renewable energy source  10  to hydrogen produced 40 efficiency improvements are accomplished by the system controller  20 . The controller receives operating parameter and renewable energy source data via the signal line  21 . Similarly, the controller  20  receives electrolyzer operating conditions data through the signal line  22 . Using an internal algorithm it sends signals to the generator(s)  11  to adjust its operating parameters to maximize the energy delivery to those required by the electrolyzer  30 . A similar algorithm is used to send signals  22  to the electrolyzer  30  to adjust its operating conditions for maximum use of the generated electrical energy. Thus the invention maximizes the overall power throughput and hydrogen produced. 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  depicts an embodiment of the invention having renewable energy source  10  supplied from ocean wave energy. The ocean waves provide mechanical energy to the wave powered electric generator  13  which in turn supplies electricity to the system controller  20  via electric conduit  12 . In this embodiment, the controller  20  conditions and regulates the electrical energy and through the conduit  15  it is provided to the electrolyzer  30 . Water  50  is conveyed through conduit  51  to the electrolyzer where it is dissociated by the supplied electrical energy into hydrogen  40  and oxygen. 
         [0035]    Referring to the diagram, information about the wave energy available such as wave height and frequency are measured by instrumentation in the wave generator  13  and conveyed to the renewable power controller  20  via signal  24 . Other generator information such as generator output frequency, power output, generated voltage, etc. are also conveyed along signal line  24  from the generator  13  to the controller  20 . Similar information from the electrolyzer instrumentation is conveyed down signal line  22 . The information from these inputs is processed by an algorithm in the controller  20  and used to adjust electrolyzer  30  via signal line  22  and generator  13  via signal line  27 . The results of the algorithm adjust the components of the system to optimize power throughput and hydrogen production. The algorithm sends commands or supervisory signals  27  to adjust such parameters as generator frequency constraints, generator excitation voltage level, shutdown commands, etc. Using such an algorithm to improve the overall performance of integrated hardware system provides for optimum systems performance and matches that performance to the demand and profit margins desired by operators and energy users. 
         [0036]    This embodiment depicts electrical energy passing through the renewable power controller from the generator  13  to the electrolyzer  30 . The power controller conditions and regulates the electrical energy to maximize hydrogen  40  produced and to minimize the overall system losses. The renewable energy controller can include a means to adjust the voltage  71 . It can also convert the AC power generated by the renewable electric generator to the DC power required by the electrolyzer cell using an AC/DC power converter  72 . Then the DC electrical energy can be filtered to produce smooth DC power which is constantly adjusted by the DC controller  73  to meet the exact and optimal needs of the electrolyzers  30 . 
         [0037]      FIG. 3  depicts an embodiment of the invention having renewable energy source  10  supplied from wind energy. The wind turbine generator supplies electrical power  14  to the electrolyzer controller and power converter  31 . The conditioned electrical power  15  is then delivered with water  50  via conduit  51  to the electrolyzer  30 . Here the water is dissociated and hydrogen  40  is produced. 
         [0038]    In this embodiment of the invention, the overall management system for supervisory monitoring and control of the generator and electrolyzer power system are shown in block diagram format. Most traditional wind turbine generators have some form of Data Acquisition System (DAS) or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System. The integrated systems approach of this invention uses this existing DAS or SCADA to monitor the wind/weather conditions as well as the WTG operating conditions and make changes to the WTG&#39;s adjustable parameters through signal line  28 . These parameters include but are not limited to turbine blade pitch, generator excitation, generator speed, frequency, etc. Likewise, supervisory control is used to monitor and control the electrolyzer&#39;s controller and power converter  31  through signal line  32 . The system controller  20  monitors and controls such parameters as cell current density and hydrogen output and sends commands such as the voltage to apply to the electrolyzer cells, etc. 
         [0039]    Thus, on the supply side, the invention allows improved overall performance by using renewable energy which is lost when the invention is not employed. For example, a traditional wind farm can not operate in low wind conditions. The wind turbine blades are feathered and renewable energy capture is stopped. The integrated approach allows the turbine to continue generating electrical power even though it may not meet the strict requirements of the power grid and still product hydrogen and other fuels. Also, the 60 Hz frequency requirements of a typical power grid require the generator blades to turn at a specific speed. The generator is not connected to the power grid until the blades are up to speed. The invention allows the generator to produce useable power while the blades are winding up to speed. 
         [0040]    The generator side of the system offers areas for efficiency improvement by making use of energy which is normally abandoned due to the variable nature of renewable energy supplies. Oceans and wave energy systems cannot produce grid quality power when the water is calm. Likewise, solar based systems like photocells and solar furnaces cannot produce grid level power during clouding weather and at night. Wind turbines can not produce grid quality power when there is no wind or when the wind speeds are too high. Weather is variable by its nature and this in turn makes electric from renewables variable. The invention uses the energy normally lost because grid quality power can not be produced and turns it into usable hydrogen and other fuels. 
         [0041]      FIG. 4  depicts an embodiment of the invention having multiple renewable energy sources including a solar collector system  19  and a wind turbine generator  13 . It also shows how excess or unused power can be supplied to the power grid  16 . The power grid  16  is connected to a substation  17  which controls the flow of power. The renewable power controller  20  controls the substation  17  and either directs power from the grid to the internal grid or buss  36  where it is used to make hydrogen or other fuels, or to direct power from the renewable sources  13  and  19  to the power grid for use by other electric consumers. As in the previous example, wind power generated electric uses a wind turbine generator  13  which is controlled by its own wind turbine generator controller  11  that receives commands and supplies data to the system controller  20 . 
         [0042]    In the case of solar energy  18 , all components are controlled by the system controller  20  via their individual component controllers. The solar collector  19  gathers solar energy  18  and its collection process and tracking are controlled by the collector controller  33 . The gathered solar energy drives the solar engine  26  which is controlled by the engine controls  34 . The mechanical energy drives the generator  25  which is controlled by the generator controls  35 . 
         [0043]    All of the electrical energy from both renewable energy sources and the power grid are fed into the internal electrical buss  36 . The buss  36  supplies electrical energy to the electrolyzer controller and power converter  31  which is in turn controlled by the system controller  20 . Conditioned electrical power  15  which is optimized for maximum efficiency and throughput is supplied to the electrolyzers  30 . Here it dissociates water  50  which is supplied via conduit  51  to produce hydrogen  40 . 
         [0044]      FIG. 5  depicts a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of the invention having renewable energy source  10  supplying energy to renewable energy generators  11 . The diagram uses three generators for the purpose of illustration only. The generators  11  can be of any type suitable to harness the supplied energy. These generators can include, but are not limited to; photovoltaic, solar sterling, solar thermal, wind turbine, wave, ocean current, nuclear, bio-mass, etc. and supply renewable electrical energy to the power grid  16  or to the to energy conversion and hydrogen generators  30  through selector  9 . The output of the generator  11  can be electrical energy or any other form of renewable energy such as light or heat used by the hydrogen converters  30 . The hydrogen converters  30  are supplied water  50  which is dissociated to produce hydrogen. 
         [0045]    The hydrogen can be placed in storage  61  for use by all of the hydrogen users. This storage  61  is a method of storing renewable energy for use when it has a higher value or is needed in the future. The hydrogen can feed the electric generator  25  which in turn make electricity which is placed on the power grid  16 . The stored hydrogen  61  can be sold as compressed gas. Hydrogen can be used in the refining  66  of heavy crude oil to produce a variety of oil based petroleum products. Hydrogen can be combined with carbon monoxide in a syn-gas production unit  67  to produce syn-gas which can be burned in a boiler or other natural gas powered device. The syn-gas unit  67  can also take low grade biomass generated gas and enrich it for similar uses. In fact, pipeline natural gas can be combined with up to 20% hydrogen using blending unit  68 , and can be used just as natural gas is used today. The process is managed by the system controller  20 , which interacts with each component to produce the desired outputs most efficiently. It is this ability of this invention&#39;s integrated system of electric, hydrogen and fuels which make it an advantage over systems like Shaw application #2006/0010867, by allowing market price and demand to determine which energy products are produced. The ones shown in  FIG. 5  represent just an example of the potential energy possibilities. 
         [0046]    Although this disclosure has described and illustrated certain embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not restricted to those particular embodiments. Rather, the invention includes all embodiments which are functionally or mechanically equivalent to the specific embodiments and features that have been described and illustrated herein.