Abstract:
Two nucleotide sequences encoding two different polypeptides found in yeast trehalose synthase have been isolated and cloned. The coding sequences can be inserted into suitable vectors and used to transform host cells. The transformed cells will produce increased amounts of trehalose compared to the untransformed wild types and have increased tolerance to a variety of stresses, in particular to decreased availability of water. The invention may be used to improve the stress tolerance of organisms, to increase the storage life of foodstuffs and to produce trehalose economically on an industrial scale in an organism (e.g, baker&#39;s yeast) that is a traditional and safe foodstuff.

Description:
This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 836,021, filed Feb. 14, 1992, now abandoned. 
     Two nucleotide sequences encoding two different polypeptides found in yeast trehalose synthase have been isolated and cloned. The coding sequences can be inserted into suitable vectors and used to transform host cells. The transformed cells will produce increased amounts of trehalose compared to the untransformed wild types and have increased tolerance to a variety of stresses, in particular to decreased availability of water. The invention may be used to improve the stress tolerance of organisms, to increase the storage life of foodstuffs and to produce trehalose economically on an industrial scale in an organism (e.g, baker&#39;s yeast) that is a traditional and safe foodstuff. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is well known that sugars and other polyhydric compounds stabilize isolated proteins and phospholipid membranes during dehydration, probably by replacing the water molecules that are hydrogen-bonded to these macromolecules [reviewed by Crowe, J. H. et. al. (1987) Biochemical Journal 242, 1-10]. Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-α-D-glucopyranose) is a dimer of two glucose molecules linked through their reducing groups. Because it has no reducing groups, it does not take part in the Maillard reactions that cause many sugars to damage proteins, and it is one of the most effective known protectants of proteins and biological membranes in vitro. 
     In nature, trehalose is found at high concentrations in yeasts and other fungi, some bacteria, insects, and some litoral animals, such as the brine shrimp. It is notable that all these organisms are frequently exposed to osmotic and dehydration stress. Accumulation of trehalose in higher plants is rare, but high levels occur in the so-called resurrection plants, such as the pteridophyte, Selaginella lepidophylla, which can survive extended drought [Quillet, M. and Soulet, M. (1964) Comptes Rendus de l&#39; Acadamie des Sciences, Paris 259, pp. 635-637; reviewed by Avigad, G. (1982) in Encyclopedia of Plant Research (New Series) 13A, pp. 217-347]. 
     A decreased availability of intracellular water to proteins and membranes is a common feature not only of dehydration and osmotic stress, but also of freezing, in which ice formation withdraws water from inside the cells, and heat stress, which weakens the hydrogen bonds between water and biological macromolecules. In recent years a number of publications have shown a close connection between the trehalose content of yeast cells, especially of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their resistance to dehydration and osmotic, freezing and heat stresses. This work has lead to the concept [summarized by Wiemkem, A. (1990) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 58, 209-217] that, whereas the main storage or reserve carbohydrate in yeast is glycogen, the prime physiological function of trehalose is as a protectant against these and other stresses, including starvation and even copper poisoning [Attfield, P. V. (1987) Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 225, 259-263]. 
     Thus, during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on glucose, glycogen begins to accumulate about one generation before the glucose is exhausted, and begins to be steadily consumed as soon as all external carbon supplies are exhausted. In contrast, accumulation of trehalose (partly at the expense of glycogen) only begins after all the glucose has been consumed, and the trehalose level is then maintained until all the glycogen has been consumed [Lillie, S. A. &amp; Pringle, J. R. (1980) Journal of Bacteriology 143, 1384-1394]. The eventual consumption of trehalose is accompanied by a rapid decrease in the number of viable cells. 
     When trehalose levels in S. cerevisiae have been manipulated by varying the growth conditions or administering heat shocks, high positive correlations have been found between the trehalose content of the cells and their resistance to dehydration [Gadd, G. et al (1987) Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiological Letters 48, 249-254], heat stress [Hottiger, T. et al., (1987) Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 220, 113-115] and freezing [Gelinas, P. et al Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, 2453-2459]. Also, strains of S. cerevisiae and other yeasts selected for resistance to osmotic stress [D&#39;Amore, T. et. al. (1991) Journal of Industrial Microbiology 7, 191-196] or high performance in frozen dough fermentation [Oda, Y. (1986) Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52, 941-943] were found to have unusually high trehalose contents. Furthermore, a mutation in the cyclic AMP signaling system of S. cerevisiae that causes constitutive high trehalose levels also causes constitutive thermotolerance, whereas another mutation in this system that prevents the usual rise in trehalose during heat shock also prevents the acquisition of thermotolerance [Hottiger, T. et. al., (1989) Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 255, 431-434]. Thus, there is much evidence pointing to a connection between trehalose content and stress resistance in yeasts, especially S. cerevisiae. Similar findings have been made for several other fungi [e.g., Neves, M. J., Jorge, J. A., Francois, J. M. &amp; Terenzi, H. F. (1991) Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 283, 19-22]. However, a causative relationship has not yet been demonstrated. Further, nearly all conditions that cause increases in the trehalose content of yeast also cause increases in the levels of the so-called heat shock proteins. The 1989 publication of Hottiger and colleagues, cited above, claims that canavanine does not cause an increase in either trehalose levels or thermotolerance, whereas this compound is reported to induce heat shock proteins. 
     Whether or not there is a causal relation between trehalose content and stress resistance, it is general practice in the manufacture of baker&#39;s yeast to maximise the trehalose content of the yeast. Various maturation processes have been developed to achieve this aim, and they are of crucial importance in the manufacture of active dried yeast. The details of these processes are often secret, but they are generally empirical regimes in which carbon and nitrogen feeds, aeration and temperature are carefully controlled and selected strains of yeast are used. They demand time and energy inputs during which little increase in cell number occurs. A more rational and controlled process that could be applied to any yeast strain would be of economic benefit. 
     According to Cabib, E. &amp; Leloir, L. F. [(1957) Journal of Biological Chemistry 231, 259-275], trehalose is synthesized in yeast from uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) by the sequential action of two enzyme activities, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase. Londesborough, J. &amp; Vuorio, O. [(1991) Journal of Microbiology 137, 323-330, expressly incorporated herein by reference] have purified from baker&#39;s yeast a proteolytically modified protein complex that exhibited both these activities and appeared to contain a short polypeptide chain (57 kDa) and two truncated versions (86 kDa and 93 kDa) of a long polypeptide chain. The intact long chain was estimated to have a mass of at least 115 kDa. It was not disclosed which enzyme activity or activities was associated with which polypeptide, nor indeed whether both polypeptides were essential for either or both enzymatic activities. Anti-sera against both polypeptides were reported, but no amino acid sequences were disclosed. 
     An earlier patent application [EP 451 896; (see Claim 1)] has claims for a transformed yeast &#34;comprising . . . one gene encoding . . . trehalose-6-phosphate synthase&#34;. No information about this gene was given. However, if it exists, it is clearly something different from the two structural genes encoding the long and short chains of trehalose synthase, because, as will be explained below, neither of these genes encodes a protein with properly functional TPS activity. 
     Several authors have reported increases in TPS activity in conditions that lead to accumulation of trehalose by S. cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe both during the approach to stationary phase [Winkler, K. Kienle, I. Burgert, M. Wagner, J.-C. &amp; Holzer, H. (1991) Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 291, 269-272; Francois, J., Neves, M.-J. &amp; Hers, H.-G. (1991) Yeast 7 575-787,] and after temperature shift-ups to about 40° C. [De Virgilio, C. Simmen, U. Hottiger, T. Boller, T. &amp; Wiemken, A. (1990) Federation of European Biochemical, Societies Letters 273, 107-110]. Panek and her colleagues [Panek, A. C., de Araujo, P. S., Neto, M. V. &amp; Panek, A. D. (1987) Current Genetics 11, 459-465] have claimed that TPS activity is increased by dephosphorylation of pre-existing enzyme molecules, i.e., that it is the result of post-translation regulation. This claim has been challenged [Vandercammen, A., et al., (1989) European Journal of Biochemistry 182, 613-620] but continues to be made [Panek, A. D. &amp; Panek, A. C. (1990) Journal of Biotechnology 14, 229-238]. Evidence for or against an increase in the amount of enzyme during trehalose accumulation is conflicting. Inhibitors of mRNA synthesis inhibited trehalose accumulation by S. cerevisiae shifted from 30° to 45° C. [Attfield (1987) loc.cit.] whereas under very similar conditions [Winkler et al [1991) loc.cit.] found that cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis) did not prevent the accumulation of trehalose, which, however, occurred without an observable increase in TPS activity. In a lower temperature range (a shift from 23° to 36° C.), trehalose accumulation was accompanied by a three-fold increase in TPS activity, and cycloheximide prevented the increase in TPS [Panek, A. C., Mansure Vania, J. J., Paschoalin, M. F. and Panek, A. (1990) Biochemie 72, 77-79]. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, temperature shift-up caused a large accumulation of trehalose and increase of TPS which were not prevented by cycloheximide, leading the authors to suggest that in this yeast a post-translational activation occurs. We now disclose that in S. cerevisiae the co-ordinate increases in TPS and TPP activities during exhaustion of glucose are accompanied by an increase in antigenic material recognized by anti-sera to the short and long chains of a purified trehalose synthase. Hence, a method to increase the trehalose content of cells would be to isolate, clone, and modify the structural genes (hereinafter referred to as TSS1 and TSL1) of these polypeptides and cause their expression in yeast or other host cells under the control of suitable promoters. If the expression of these genes could be controlled, then so could the trehalose content of the host cells. 
     Expression of the genes for trehalose synthesis in yeast under conditions where trehalase is active will increase the operation of a so-called &#34;futile&#34; cycle, in which glucose is continuously phosphorylated, converted to trehalose and regenerated by hydrolysis of the trehalose, resulting in increased consumption of ATP. This ATP must be regenerated, and under fermentative conditions this will occur by conversion of sugars into ethanol. Therefore, introduction of TSS1 and TSL1 into yeast under the control of promoters active under fermentative conditions is expected to decrease the yield of cell mass on carbon source and increase that of ethanol. The present invention includes transformed strains of distiller&#39;s yeast, in which the presence of modified forms of TSS1 and TSL1 results in an increased yield of ethanol from carbohydrate sources. 
     As well as being used to improve the storage properties of yeast, especially active dried yeast and yeast for frozen doughs, this invention has other obvious applications. First, by increasing the proportion of trehalose in yeast, the industrial scale production of trehalose from yeast is made more economic. It is particularly advantageous to obtain trehalose from yeast because, since yeast is a traditional and safe food stuff, a minimal purification of the trehalose will often be adequate: preparations of trehalose containing yeast residues could be safely added to food stuffs for human or animal consumption. Trehalose also has medical applications, both as a stabilizer of diagnostic kits, viruses and other protein material [WO 87/00196] and, potentially, as a source of anti-tumour agents [Ohtsuro et al (1991) Immunology 74, 497-503]. Trehalose for internal applications in humans would be much more safely obtained from yeast than from a genetically engineered bacterium. 
     Second, by transferring these genes to higher plants after making suitable modifications obvious to anyone skilled in the art (in general, replacements of adenine/thymine base pairs by guanine/cytosine base pairs as suggested by Perlak et al [(1991) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 88, 3324-3328] and the introduction of suitable promoters, some of which may be tissue-specific, to direct the synthesis of trehalose to frost- and drought-sensitive tissues), the resistance of the plants to various stresses, especially frost and dehydration, should be improved. The economic importance of such improvements is potentially enormous, because even small increases in cold-tolerance will lead to large increases in growing season, whereas dehydration resistance can save entire crops in time of drought. Frost and drought resistance in higher plants is usually accompanied by increases in compounds such as proline rather than trehalose [reviewed by Stewart (1989) in &#34;Plants under Stress, pp 115-130], but, as mentioned above, resurrection plants accumulate large amounts of trehalose and there seems, a priori, to be no reason why this strategy should not be successful. Therefore, the present invention includes a process to transform crop plants by introducing recombinant forms of the structural genes of yeast trehalose synthase (TSS1 and TSL1) so as to increase the trehalose content of some of their tissues compared to those of the parent plant. Third, the shelf-life of food products can be increased by adding trehalose to them [WO 89/00012]. A further aspect of the present invention is a novel process for producing trehalose-enriched food products from plants by causing them to express the structural genes for yeast trehalose synthase in their edible tissues. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The present invention provides two isolated genes coding for the short and long chains of yeast trehalose synthase. These genes can be used to transform an organism (such as a yeast, other fungus or higher eukaryote), whereby the transformed organism produces more trehalose synthase resulting in a trehalose content higher than the parent organism. The higher trehalose content confers improved stress resistance and storage properties of the transformed organism as compared to the parent organism. The genes can also be used to produce large quantities of trehalose by fermenting a bacteria or yeast transformed with appropriate vectors expressing the genes. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 SDS-PAGE of native trehalose synthase. 
     A 6-13% T (Total concentration of acrylamide+bisacrylamide) gradient gel was used. Lane 1 contains 8.3 μg of native trehalose synthase eluted from the UDPG-Glucuronate-Agarose column with 0.2M NaCl (#11 of Table 1). Lanes 2,3 and 4 contain, respectively, 7.7, 12 and 1.0 μg of enzyme eluted from the column with 0.4M NaCl containing 10 mM UDPG (#13, #14 and #15 from Table 1). Lane 5 contains about 1 μg each of molecular mass markers (myosin, β-galactosidase, α-phosphorylase, BSA, ovalbumin, lactate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate-isomerase, myoglobin and cytochrome c). The major polypeptides of native trehalose synthase are named on the left and the molecular mass calibration, in kDa, is shown on the right. 
     FIG. 2 SDS-PAGE of immunoprecipitates of wild-type yeast grown on YP/2% glucose. 
     A 9% T gel was used. Lane 1 contains about 1 μg each of the molecular mass markers used in FIG. 1. Lanes 2,3 and 4 contain immunoprecipitates from 3.8 mg fresh yeast harvested after 16.1 h (1.2% residual glucose), 18.1 h (no residual glucose) and 39 h. The molecular mass calibration is shown on the left and the major polypeptides of trehalose synthase and the heavy chain of γ-globulin are shown on the right. 
     FIG. 3 Nucleotide sequence of TSS1 and deduced amino acid sequence of the short chain of trehalose synthase. FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate the nucleotide sequence. FIGS. 3E and 3F illustrate the amino acid sequence. 
     In the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) the start ATG and the tandem TGA stop codons are double underlined and a TATA box and putative catabolite repression element are underlined. In the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) the sequences are found from the peptides isolated from the short chain of trehalos synthase and are underlined (U=untranslated). 
     FIG. 4 The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the 3&#39;-terminal portion of TSL1. FIG. 4A-4C illustrate the sequence. 
     In this sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), the sequences of peptides found in the complete and truncated versions of the long chain of trehalose synthase are underlined (U=untranslated). The corresponding nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:3. 
     FIG. 5 Alignment of the amino acid sequences of the short and long chains of trehalose synthase. FIG. 5A-5D illustrate the sequence. 
     The complete short chain sequence (SEQ ID NO:2; the upper sequence) is aligned against the first 502 residues of SEQ ID NO:4 (the lower sequence), which is from the C-terminal portion of the long chain, 36 gaps being introduced to optimize the alignment. Vertical dashes indicate identical residues. Colons indicate conservative substitution. 
     FIG. 6 Important restriction sites in TSS1 and TSL1. 
     Important restriction sites in TSS1 and the 3&#39;terminal portion of TSL1 are shown. The heavy lines indicate open reading frames. The scale bar shows one kb. 
     FIG. 7 Synthesis of [ 14  C]-trehalose from [U- 14  C]-glucose 6-phosphate by an extract of wild-type yeast. 
     Reaction mixtures (100 μl) contained 40 mM HEPES/KOH pH 6.8, 1 mg BSA/ml, 10 mM MgCl 2  10 mM [U- 14  C]-G6P (736 c.p.m./nmol) and (a) no phosphate or (b) 5 mM K phosphate pH 6.8 and (0) 5 mM UDPG, ( ) 2.5 mM ADPG or (□) neither UDPG nor ADPG. Reactions were started by adding 10 μl (equivalent to 94 μg fresh yeast) of a 28,000 g supernatant of stationary phase X 2180. Reactions were stopped by transfer to boiling water for 2 min and addition of 1.0 ml of a slurry of AG1-X8 (formate) anion exchange resin [Londesborough &amp; Vuorio (1991) loc. cit.]. The radioactivity in the resin supernatant was measured. 
     FIG. 8 western analysis of Klg 102 and X2180 yeasts. 
     Growth of the yeasts is described in Example 7. The loads of fresh yeast per lane were: lane 1, 200 μg X2180/2; lanes 2 and 5, 330 μg 2669/1; lanes 3 and 6, 610 μg 2669/2; lanes 4 and 7, 810 μg 2670/1+2; lane 8, 560 μg X2180/1 and lane 9, 280 μg X2180/1. The blot was probed with anti-TPS/P serum at a dilution of 1/30 000. Major bands of trehalose synthase are identified on the right. 
     FIG. 9 Treatment of truncated trehalose synthase with 1.9 mM NEM 
     Truncated enzyme (0.13 TPS units/ml≈43 μg/ml) in 2 mg BSA/ml 50 mM HEPES pH 7.0 containing 67 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.17 mM dithiothreitol, 0.17 mM benzamidine and 1.7 mM UDPG was incubated at 24° C. with (closed symbols) or without (open symbols) 1.9 mM NEM. TPS ( ,0] and TPP ( ,□) activities were measured. 
     FIG. 10 Autoradiogram of truncated trehalose synthase labelled with [ 14  C]-NEM and separated by SDS-PAGE. 
     Labelling was performed as described in Example 8 for 1.5, 10.5, 63 and 190 min in lanes 1,2,3 and 4, respectively. The positions of the (57 kDa) short chain, 93 and 86 kDa fragments of the long chain and the carrier BSA are indicated. 
     FIG. 11 Treatment of truncated trehalose synthase with ethyl-labelled NEM. 
     Truncated enzyme (7.2 TPS units/ml≈0.24 mg/ml) in 1 mg BSA/ml 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 containing 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA and 0.2M NaCl was incubated at 23° C. with (solid symbols) or without (open symbols) 32 μM ethyl-labelled NEM. TPS ( ,0) and TPP ( ,□) activities and the amount of [ 14  C]-NEM incorporated into the 93 ( ), 86 (+) and 57 (X) kDa polypeptides were measured. 0.1 mol NEM incorporated per mol (150 Kg) of enzyme corresponds to an excess radioactivity of 75 c.p.m. in bands cut from the gel. 
     FIG. 12 Stoichiometry of NEM labelling. 
     Residual TPP activity is plotted against the amount of NEM incorporated to the 93 and 86 kDa fragments of the long chain. Ring-labelled ( ) and ethyl-labelled (0) NEM were used. 
     FIG. 13 SDS-PAGE analysis of fractions eluted from the cellulose-phosphate column. 
     Lane L contains 47 μl of the native trehalose synthase applied to the column. Lane M contains about 1 μg each of the molecular mass markers used in FIG. 1. The numbered lanes contain 33 μl of selected 1.5 ml fractions eluted from the column. The NaCl gradient began to appear in fraction 6 and reached 300 mM at fraction 27. A step to 600 mM NaCl emerged between fractions 36 and 37. Fractions 40 to 42 were eluted with 200 mM K phosphate. The major bands in the trehalose synthase preparation are identified on the left. Details are given in Example 9. 
     FIG. 14 In vitro activation of trehalose synthase by limited tryptic digestion. 
     Native trehalose synthase was incubated with (solid symbols) and without (open symbols) trypsin and its TPS activity measured in the presence of 5 mM F6P in reaction mixtures containing (0, ) no phosphate or ( ) 5 mM K phosphate pH 6.8. Details are given in Example 10. 
     FIG. 15 Limited tryptic digestion of native trehalose synthase. 
     Lane 1 contains the untreated trehalose synthase used in FIG. 15 and lane 2 the same amount of enzyme after 48 min treatment with trypsin. Lane 3 contains molecular mass standards. The major polypeptides of trehalose synthase are identified on the left. 
     FIG. 16 The effect of fructose 6-phosphate on the TPS activity of native trehalose synthase at different phosphate concentrations. 
     The TPS activity of native trehalose synthase was measured between zero and 10 mM F6P. Other conditions were as in the standard TPS assay with ( ) no changes, (0) 13 mM K phosphate pH 6 8 added or ( ) 4 mM K phosphate pH 6.8 and 0.1M KCl added and the MgCl 2  concentration decreased to 2.5 mM. Activities are shown as percentages of that in the standard assay (i.e., at 5 mM F6P and no phosphate). 
     FIG. 17 Activation of the TPP activities of native and truncated trehalose synthase by phosphate. 
     TPP activities were measured in standard assay mixtures containing the indicated concentrations of K phosphate pH 6.8 and are shown as percentages of the standard TPS activity. Initial rates are shown for the ( ) native and ( ) truncated enzyme. Rates during the second five minutes of the accelerating reaction obtained with truncated enzyme are also shown (0). 
     FIG. 18 Phosphate-dependence of the TPP activity of native trehalose synthase. 
     The reciprocal of the increase in rate (V.sub.Δ) caused by the phosphate is plotted against (0) [phosphate] -2  or ( ) [phosphate] -1 . V.sub.Δ is shown as a percentage of the standard TPS activity. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following description, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) refer to catalytic activities, not to proteins, unless specifically stated otherwise, whereas trehalose synthase refers to a protein that can convert uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into trehalose, and also exhibits as partial reactions TPS and TPP activities. TSS1 and TSL1 are structural genes that encode, repectively, the short (57 kDa) and long (about 130 kDa) chains of trehalose synthase. 
     The present inventors previously reported the isolation of a partially degraded protein preparation that contained a short (57 kDa) polypeptide chain and two fragments (86 and 93 kDa) of a long polypeptide chain and possessed both TPS and TPP catalytic activities [(1991) Journal of General Microbiology 137, 323-330]. The size of the full-length, native long chain, and whether one or other polypeptide possessed one or other of the catalytic activities were not known at that time. 
     The present inventors have now isolated an undegraded trehalose synthase that contains a 57 kDa short chain and a long chain of about 130 kDa as its major polypeptides. A 99 kDa polypeptide and traces of other polypeptides are also present that appear to be degradation products of the long chain. Two genes, TSS1 and TSL1, that encode, respectively, the short and long chains have now been cloned. The complete sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, respectively) of TSS1 and the polypeptide it encodes are shown in FIG. 3. About 65% of the sequences of TSL1 and the polypeptide it encodes are disclosed as SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO: 4, respectively, the latter also being shown in FIG. 4. Genetic evidence is presented herein that shows that a functional TSS1 gene is required for the expression of both TPS and TPP catalytic activities in S. cerevisiae: both activities are absent from a mutant strain (Klg 102) that lacks a properly functional TSS1 gene and does not express the short chain in a form recognizable in Western blots although it does express immunologically recognisable long chain. We disclose biochemical evidence that the TPP catalytic activity of a truncated trehalose synthase requires a functional long chain: incorporation of about 1 mole of  14  C-N-ethylmaleimide into the long chain fragment per mole of trehalose synthase results in complete loss of TPP activity but only a slight loss of TPS activity. Furthermore, under special conditions we have been able to isolate the 99 kDa polypeptide, which is believed to be a truncated form of the long chain, and show that it possesses residual TPP activity but no TPS activity (this does not contradict the above finding that yeast lacking a functional TSS1 gene is not able to assemble a stable, functional protein with TPP activity). Nevertheless, we show that truncation of the long chain has dramatic and important effects on the TPS activity of trehalose synthase: appropriate truncation greatly decreases the sensitivity of the TPS catalytic activity to inhibition by phosphate and essentially completely eliminates its activation by fructose-6-phosphate. 
     Thus, both the short and the long chain make essential contributions to both the TPS and the TPP catalytic activities of trehalose synthase. The situation is therefore that there are two different structural genes for a trehalose synthase, neither of which can be accurately described as the structural gene of either a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase protein or a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase protein. We disclose that these two genes contain extensive similarities such that the amino acid sequence of the entire short chain is 34% identical to a corresponding portion of the long chain. 
     A novel feature of the present invention, therefore, is that in order to increase the capacity of a yeast or some other host organism for trehalose synthesis it will generally be necessary to increase the expression of both the TSS1 and TSL1 genes or modify these genes in some other way, not because either TPS or TPP activity is &#34;rate-limiting&#34;, but because both activities depend on both genes. It will now be obvious to a person familiar with the art that special organisms will exist (such as the yeast mutant, Klg 102) in which one or other gene is defective in such a way that both catalytic activities can be increased by transformation with a functional version of the defective gene. 
     A surprising finding was that the TSS1 gene is identical with a gene variously called FDP1 or CIF1. This gene has pleiotropic effects on the utilization of sugars by S. cerevisiae. In particular, haploid yeast bearing certain alleles of this gene (the so-called fdp1 and cif1 mutants) are unable to grow on mannose, or on mannose or sucrose, or on mannose, sucrose or fructose, or on mannose, sucrose, fructose or glucose, depending upon the severity of the defect [Van de Poll &amp; Schamhart, (1977) Molecular and general Genetics 154, 61-66; Banuelos, M. &amp; Fraenkel, D. G. (1982) Molecular and Cellular Biology 2, 921-929]). Such mutants grow normally on galactose. Therefore, during the selection of strains in which the TSS 1 gene has been deleted or modified it is sometimes essential and always advisable to grow the transformants on galactose, because in many cases the desired transformant will be unable to grow on any other common sugar, including the routinely used glucose. This is an unexpected methodological consideration that would not be obvious even to a person skilled in the art: special knowledge about the sequence and chromosomal location of the TSS 1 gene is required, which we now disclose. 
     At present only one gene (TSL1) for the long chain of trehalose synthase has been cloned and partially sequenced. Findings disclosed here indicate that a second gene may exist. Thus, the purified preparations of trehalose synthase contain, in addition to the 130 kDa long and 57 kDa short chains, a 99 kDa polypeptide. Surprisely, amino acid sequence analysis of peptides from this 99 kDa polypeptide provide little evidence that it would be a degradation product of the 130 kDa long chain, although they do not yet exclude this possibility. If the complete sequence of TSL1 shows that the 99 kDa polypeptide cannot be a degradation product of the 130 kDa long chain, then the gene (&#34;TSL2&#34;) for the 99 kDa polypeptide will be cloned using the amino acid sequences from this polypeptide herein disclosed. A method for the partial resolution of trehalose synthase into a 99 kDa enriched form and a 130 kDa-enriched form (both also containing the short chain) is disclosed, and by using this method we found that the catalytic properites (in particular, the TPP/TPS activity ratio) of the two forms differ. Therefore, depending upon the particular circumstances, it may be advantageous to transform organisms with either a combination of TSS1 and TSL1 genes or of TSS1 and TSL2 genes. 
     The inventors&#39; previous work [Londesborough &amp; Vuorio (1991) loc. cit.] showed that the TPS catalytic activity of what is now known to be trehalose synthase requires a so-called TPS-Activator protein, which is a dimer of 58 kDa subunits. We have now identified this protein by the amino acid sequences of peptides it contains and by its catalytic activity and disclose that it is yeast phosphoglucoisomerase. We disclose that fructose-6-phosphate, which could be made by phosphoglucoisomerase from the glucose-6-phosphate in the assay mixtures used to measure TPS activity, is a powerful activator of the TPS activity of native trehalose synthase. Furthermore, the TPS activity of truncated trehalose synthase does not require fructose-6-phosphate, and is not so strongly inhibited by phosphate as is that of the native enzyme. Thus, a trehalose synthetic pathway can in principle be transferred to any organism by transforming the organism with the structural genes for yeast trehalose synthase: it is not necessary to simultaneously introduce the TPS-activator, because fructose-6-phosphate is a ubiquitous component of cells. Furthermore, if the amounts of fructose-6-phosphate in an organism are inadequate, or phosphate concentrations are too high, the organism can be transformed with TSS1 and a truncated version of TSL1 encoding for the truncated long chain that confers insensitivity to phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. This aspect of the present invention is particularly significant, because it allows both the introduction of a trehalose synthetic pathway to organisms in which the cytosolic phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate concentrations would prevent the efficient function of yeast trehalose synthase, and also may permit trehalose synthase to function efficiently at stages of yeast growth when native trehalose synthase would be inhibited by cytosolic phosphate. We disclose that native trehalose synthase can be liberated from phosphate inhibition by treatment with trypsin in vitro. 
     From the knowledge gained from the present invention, it is possible to produce trehalose recombinantly by transforming a host cell with the TSS1 and TSL1 genes. Methods of transformation and appropriate expression vectors are well-known in the art. Although only 65% of the TSL1 DNA and polypeptide sequences have been uncovered to date, those of ordinary skill in the art could utilize the sequence known to probe for the entire TSL1 gene for use in an expression vector. 
     Expression vectors are known in the art for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems, and the present invention contemplates use of both systems. Also contemplated are modifications of the DNA sequence which would provide &#34;preferred&#34; codons for particular expression systems (e.g., bacteria and higher plants). In addition, the TSS1 and TSL1 DNA sequences may be modified by certain deletions or insertions, provided the translated polypeptides are enzymatically functional. Expression of functional polypeptides of TSL1 and TSS1 may be confirmed by assaying for TPS and/or TPP activity in the expression system by the methods described in Londesborough and Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.]. 
     It has already been mentioned that truncation of the 130 kDa long chain generates an enzyme with TPS activity relatively insensitive to inhibition by phosphate and not activatable by F6P. Methods are described that will locate the site or sites of this truncation, and appropriate deletions may be made in TSL1 so that organisms transformed with the modified gene can express a trehalose synthase with these advantageous properties. As another example, the DNA can be manipulated by inserting sequences that code for basic amino acids at one end of the polypeptide to facilitate purification of the enzyme. 
     The genes of the present invention may be transferred and expressed in plants by using the Ti plasmid system which is well known in the art. The internal transforming genes of a cloned T-DNA can be removed by recombinant DNA techniques and replaced by the genes of the present invention and expressed in plant tissues. Commonly, the coding sequence of the foreign gene (in this instance, TSL1 and TSS1) is substituted for the coding region of the opine synthetase gene. In this way, the natural promoter and polyadenylation signals of the opine synthetase gene confer high-level expression of the foreign protein. Any method known in the art, however, may be used to transform higher plants with the genes of the present invention. 
     The following examples are for illustration of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the present invention in any manner. 
     EXAMPLES 
     General Methods and Materials 
     Materials. 
     Fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) and adenosine 5&#39;-diphosphoglucose (ADPG) were from Sigma Chemicals. Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), uridine 5&#39;-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) and other commercial reagents were from the sources stated in Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.]. Truncated trehalose synthase (proteolytically activated &#34;TPS/P&#34;) and TPS activator were prepared as described in Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [1991) loc. cit.]. The antisera, anti-TPS/P, anti-57K and anti-93K were made in rabbits using as antigen, respectively, truncated trehalose synthase and the short (57 kDa) chain or the 93 kDa fragment of the long chain of trehalose synthase as described in Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.]. 
     Yeasts. 
     Commerical baker&#39;s yeast was from Alko&#39;s Rajamaki factory. The standard laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae used were X2180 (ATCC 26109) and S288C (ATCC 26108). Mutant strains are described in the Examples. Laboratory yeast were routinely grown on 1% yeast extract/2% peptone (YP) containing the indicated sugar in aerobic shake flasks at 30° C. and 200 r.p.m. Cells were harvested by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 3000 g, resuspended in distilled water and again centrifuged 5 minutes at 3000 g. The pellets were suspended in about 20 volumes of 25 mM HEPES/KOH pH 7.0 containing 1 mM benzamidine, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA and 1 mM dithiothreitol (HB2M1ED) and centrifuged in tared tubes for 10 minutes at 15,000 g. Tubes and pellets were weighed to give the mass of fresh yeast. For trehalose determinations, portions of the pellets were treated as described by Lillie, S. H. &amp; Pringle, J. R. [(1980) Journal of Bacteriology 143, 1384-1394]. The washed cells were broken by suspending them at 0° C. in 1 to 4 volumes of HB2M1ED, adding fresh stock PMSF/pepstatin (1 mg pepstatin A/ml 0.1M PMSF in methanol) to give final concentrations of 10 μg pepstatin/ml and 1 mM PMSF, and shaking with glass beads for three 1 minute periods in a Braun MK II homogenizer. The glass beads were removed and the volume of homogenate was measured. Samples for SDS-PAGE were made at once by dilution with Laemmli sample buffer [Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Nature, London 227, 680-685]. The homogenates were then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 28,000 g and enzyme assays were made on the supernatants. 
     Enzyme Assays. 
     TPP and TPS standard assays and other kinetic measurements were made as described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.] except that the standard TPS assay mixture contained 5 mM F6P unless stated otherwise. 
     DNA manipulations. 
     Stratagene&#39;s (La Jolla, Calif.) Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue (recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi, hsdR17, supE44, relA1, lac, {F&#39; proAB, lacIq ADM15, Tn10 (tetR)}) were used as host bacteria. When needed, XL-1 Blue cells were made competent by the method of Mandel &amp; Higa [(1970) Journal of Molecular Biology 53, 159-162]. The cloning vector was Stratagene&#39;s Lambda Zap II, predigested with EcoRI, where the cloning site is near the N-terminus of the gene for B-galactosidase, thus enabling the color selection of recombinant clones. The sequencing vectors M13mp18 and M13mp19 from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology were also used. 
     High molecular mass DNA from the haploid S288C strain was prepared as described [Johnston, J. R. (1988) in Yeast, A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford] and partially digested with either HaeIII or EcoRI restriction enzyme. For the large scale HaeIII digestion, e.g., a reaction mixture of 330 μl containing 30 μg of DNA and 4.8 U of enzyme was incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 10 μl of 0.5M EDTA and transferred to ice. The methods for such digestions and their agarose gel electrophoretic analysis are well known in the art and are described, e.g., in Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual [Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed., (1989)]. 
     Plasmid DNA was isolated using standard methods for small scale purification [Sambrook et al (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, hereby expressly incorporated by reference]. Large scale purifications of plasmid DNA were done with Qiagen tip-100 columns from Diagen following their instructions. 
     DNA sequences were determined either manually by the dideoxy-chain termination method [Sanger et al (1977) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 74, 5463-5467], sequencing directly from pBluescript plasmids, or automatically with the Applied Biosystems Model 373A automatic DNA sequencer, sequencing either directly from these plasmids or from M13 subclones. 
     Southern and Western hybridizations and other standard manipulations were carried out by well known procedures [see, e.g., Sambrook et al (1989) loc. cit.]. 
     Example 1 
     Purification of native trehalose synthase 
     Native trehalose synthase was purified from commercial baker&#39;s yeast. The method described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.] for purification of &#34;proteolytically activated TPS/P&#34; was modified as follows: 
     1. All buffers contained 2 mM MgCl 2  and 1 mM EDTA. This increased yields in the early steps and probably helped to decrease proteolysis in the later steps. 
     2. In the first ammonium sulphate fractionation, the EDTA concentration was increased to 2.5 mM before addition of ammonium sulphate. 
     3. All buffers were adjusted to between 0.4 and 1 mM PMSF and between 4 and 10 μg pepstatin A/ml by addition, immediately before use, of the appropriate amount of a freshly prepared stock solution containing 1 mg pepstatin A/ml 0.1M PMSF in methanol (called, stock PMSF/pepstatin). When, as in chromatography, buffers were used for several hours, more stock PMSF/pepstatin was added at intervals, but so as not to exceed 1.5% methanol in the buffer, or a fresh lot of buffer was taken into use, because of the short half-life of PMSF in aqueous solution. All columns were equilibrated with at least one bed volume of buffer containing PMSF and pepstatin A immediately before application of enzyme. 
     4. Experience permitted the enzyme-containing fractions (a total of 17.8 ml) from Heparin-Sepharose to be identified as soon as they were eluted. Stock PMSF/pepstatin (150 μl) and 0.1M EDTA (200 μl) were immediately added to them. Then 7.2 g of powdered ammonium sulphate was slowly added (over 20 min). After 30 min equilibration, the mixture was centrifuged 15 min at 28 000 g. The pellets were packed for 5 min at 28 000 g and expressed buffer removed with a pasteur pipette. The pellets were dissolved to 2.0 ml in HB2M1ED containing 0.8 mM PMSF and 8 μg pepstatin A/ml, centrifuged 5 min at 28 000 g and applied to a 2.6×34 cm column of Sepharose 6B freshly equilibrated with HB2M1ED containing 0.4 mM PMSF and 4 μg pepstatin A/ml. The interval between elution from Heparin-Sepharose and application to Sepharose 6B was 5 h. In the Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.] procedure, the Heparin-Sepharose eluates were stored at about 3° C., without addition of PMSF or pepstatin A, for 5 days before the second ammonium sulphate fractionation and application to Sepharose 6B. 
     5. Fractions (3.7 ml) from the Sepharose 6B column were immediately mixed with 20 μl of stock PMSF/pepstatin and then assayed. Again, experience permitted the correct fractions to be pooled, based on activity and A280 measurements without SDS-PAGE analysis, and immediately applied to a 0.7×7 cm column of UDP-Glucuronate-Agarose equilibrated with HB2M1ED containing 0.4 mM PMSF and 4 μg pepstatin A/ml. The enzyme was eluted as described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.] and 10 μl of stock PMSF/pepstatin added to each 1.7 ml fraction. Each fraction was divided into three. Two portions were stored at -70° C. and one at 0° C. 
     Table 1 summarizes a purification and FIG. 1 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of fractions eluted from UDP-Glucuronate-Agarose. No obvious differences were apparent between enzyme eluted by 0.2M NaCl and that eluted by 10 mMUDPG/0.4M NaCl. The major bands present had molecular masses of 57, 99 and about 130 kDa. Many weaker bands were present between about 130 and 90 kDa. In Western analyses in which these fractions were probed with antisera [described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio (1991) loc. cit.] against proteolytically activated TPS/P and against isolated short chain (57 kDa) and the 93 kDa fragment of the long chain, the 130 kDa, 99 kDa and most, if not all, of the fainter bands in this region were recognized by the anti-TPS/P and anti-93K sera. This suggests that they are partially degraded long chains. The weak bands at 68 kDa also reacted with the anti-93K serum, but could be removed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (see Example 8). 
     It is not clear why part of the enzyme was eluted already at 0.2M NaCl and part remains bound until washing with 10 mM UDPG in 0.4M NaCl. When #9 was re-run on the same UDP-Glucuronate-Agarose column, 76% of the TPS activity was again eluted by 0.2M NaCl (and 25% by 10 mM UDPG in 0.4M NaCl), so that the reason is not simple over-loading of the column. Possibly, the enzyme that is eluted at 0.2M NaCl is in a different state of aggregation, leading to steric hindrance of its tight binding. However, the ratio of the TPP activity to the TPS activity measured in the presence of F6P varied through the subtle changes in the composition of the trehalose synthase affect both this ratio and the chromatographic behaviour. 
     These findings disclose that a highly purified trehalose synthase containing a 57 kDa short chain, and about 130 kDa long chain and a 99 kDa polypeptide that is recognised by antiserum to the long chain (anti-93k) possesses both TPS activity activatable by TPS-Activator protein and TPP activity. This novel preparation possesses some unexpected catalytic properties, which are described in more detail in Example 11. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Purification of native trehalose synthaseThe preparation is from 60 g of pressed baker&#39;s yeast. TPSactivities &#34;Without Activator&#34; were measured as described byLondesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.], i.e., in the absence ofF6P. Assays &#34;With Activator&#34; were determined similarly but in thepresence of a saturating amount of pure TPS activator (similar valueswere obtained when some fractions were later assayed in the presenceof 5 mM F6P instead of TPS activator, and are shown in parentheses).            Volume                 Without Activator                              With ActivatorFraction         (ml) U/ml                     U/mg                         Total U                              U/ml U/mg                                       Total U__________________________________________________________________________1st (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 Precipitate            13.4 58  1.0 810  ND   ND  NDG25 eluate       22.2 30  1.1 668  ND   ND  NDHeparin-Sepharose eluate            18.2 ND  ND  ND   ≈21                                   ≈11                                       ≈380Sepharose 6B eluate            26   1.4 5.1  36  4.7  17  121UDP-glucuronate agarose eluates:at 0.2M NaCl#9               1.7  4.6 3.1 --   11.5(12)                                   12#10              1.7  ND  ND  ND   12.2 21#11              1.7  ND  ND  ND    6.3 23  58#12              1.7  ND  ND  ND   3.9(3.3)                                   22at 0.4M NaCl/10 Mm UDPG#13              1.7  2.1 --  --   5.9(6.2)                                   25-30.sup.a#14              1.7  3.7 --  --   9.3  25-30.sup.a                                       27#15              1.7  ND  --  --   0.8  --__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.a based on protein contents estimated from Coomassie bluestained SDSPAGE gels. 
    
     Example 2 
     Increased expression by S. cerevisiae of the long and short chains of trehalose synthase after consumption of glucose. 
     Three 500 ml lots of YP/2% glucose in 1 l shake flasks were each inoculated with 1 ml of a suspension of X2180 cells with an A 600  of 1.0 and shaken at 200 r.p.m. at 30° C. At the times shown in Table 2, the cells were harvested, broken and analyzed as described in General Materials and Methods. The 28 000 g supernatants were stored for a week at -18° C., thawed and re-centrifuged for 20 min at 28 000 g. Portions of 150 μl (each equivalent to 53 mg of fresh yeast) were mixed with 30 μl of anti-TPS/P serum, equilibrated for 30 min at 0° C. and centrifuged for 10 min at 10 000 g. The pellets were washed with 250 μl of HBMED and then dissolved in Laemmli sample buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE (FIG. 2). Bands at 57, 99 and about  130 kDa were strong in the sample (C) from stationary phase yeast and in the sample (B) harvested immediately after disappearance of glucose from the medium, but were absent or very weak in the sample (A) from yeast growing in the presence of 1.2% glucose. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Appearance of TPS and TPP activities in X2180 yeast grown onYP/2% glucose.        A        B       C______________________________________Age (h)        16.1       18.1    39.0Residual glucose          1.2        ≦0.001                             ≦0.001(g/100 ml medium)Fresh yeast mass          7.6        14.8    29.5(mg/ml medium)Trehalose      0.73       3.1     94(mg/g dry yeast)TPS (U/g fresh yeast)          1.2        7.4     10.5TPP (U/g fresh yeast)          0.29       2.2     3.0TPP/TPS (%)    24         30      29______________________________________ 
    
     Control experiments (not shown) showed that pre-immune serum did not precipitate the 57, 99 and about 130 kDa bands, and that using 50 μl of serum instead of 30 μl did not precipitate more of these three bands from the C sample. 
     These results disclose that the co-ordinate, 7-fold increase in TPS and TPP activities that occurs during less than 2 h when glucose disappears from the medium is accompanied by a large increase in the amounts in yeast of three polypeptides, of mass 57, 99 and about 130 kDa, that are immunoprecipitated by anti-TPS/P serum. These polypeptides are those found in the native trehalose synthase purified in Example 1. Thus, increase in the amount of enzyme protein is a major mechanism by which the capacity of yeast to synthesize trehalose is increased. 
     Example 3 
     Determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of peptides isolated from the short and long chains of trehalose synthase. 
     The 57, 86 and 95 kDa polypeptides of the truncated trehalose synthase were separated by SDS-PAGE, digested on nitrocellulose blots and fractionated by HPLC as described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.]. Also, these polypeptides and polypeptides of molecular mass 57, 99 and about 130 kDa immunoprecipitated from yeast extracts as described in Example 2 were separated by SDS-PAGE and digested in the gel with lysylendopeptidase C as described by Kawasaki, H., Emori, Y. and Suzuki, K. (in press). The derived peptides were separated essentially according Kawasaki, H. &amp; Suzuki, K. [(1990) Analytical Biochemistry 186, 264-268] and sequenced in a gas-pulsed liquid phase sequencer as described by Kalkkinen, N. &amp; Tilgmann, C. [(1988) Journal of Protein Chemistry 7, 242-243], the released PTH-amino acids being analyzed by on-line, narrow-bore, reverse-phase HPLC. The sequences are shown in Table 3. 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________N-terminal amino acid sequences of peptides isolated from (fragments of)the long and short chains of trehalose synthase.When two sequences were obtained from the same HPLC peak, they are shownas a and b sequences, where possible according to thesequences predicted from the genes. Tentative identifications from theamino acid sequencer are shown by the one letter codesfollowed by double queries, and unidentifiable residues are shown bytriple queries.__________________________________________________________________________Short chain peptidesTryptic peprides from blots of the 57 kDa polypeptide fromproteolytically activate TPS/P. 848 Tyr--Ile--Ser--Lys(SEQ ID NO:5) 850 Asp--Val--Glu--Glu--Tyr--Gln--Tyr--Leu--Arg(SEQ ID NO:6) 859 His--Phe--Leu--Ser--Ser--Val--Gln--Arg(SEQ ID NO:7) 862aVal--Leu--Asn--Val--Asn--Thr--Leu--Pro--Asn--Gly--Val--Glu--Tyr--Gln--(SEQ ID NO:8) 862bSer--Val--Val--Asn--Glu--Leu--Val--Gly--Arg(SEQ ID NO:9) 863 Leu--Tyr--Lys 864 Glu--Thr--Phe--Lys(SEQ ID NO:10) 866 Leu--Asp--Tyr--Ile--Lys(SEQ ID NO:11) 870 Ile--Leu--Pro--Val--Arg(SEQ ID NO:12)From lysylendopeptidase C digests of immunoprecipitated 57 kDa band 966aGlu--Val Asn--???--Glu--Lys(SEQ ID NO:13) 966bPhe--Tyr--Asp--???--L??(SEQ ID NO:14) 980 Leu--???--Ala--Met--Glu--Val--Phe--Leu--Asn--Glu--???--Pro--Glu(SEQ ID NO:15) 981 Tyr--Thr--Ser--Ala--Phe--Trp--Gly--Glu--Asn--Phe--Val--???--Glu--Leu1(SEQ ID NO:16) 987 Phe--Gly--???--Pro--Gly--Leu--Glu--Ile--Pro(SEQ ID NO:17)Long chain peptidesTryptic peptides from blots of the 86 and 93 kDa fragments. 889 D??--Gly--Ser--Val--Met--Gln(SEQ ID NO:18) 890/891Leu--Pro--Gly--Ser--Tyr--Tyr--Lys(SEQ ID NO:19) 892aAsp--Ala--Ile--Val--Val--Asn--Pro--Met--Asp--Ser--Val--Ala(SEQ ID NO:20) 892bMet--Ile--Ser--Ile--Leu(SEQ ID NO:21)From lysylendopeptidase digest of combined 86 and 93 kDa fragments.1171 Arg--Arg--Pro--Gln--Trp--Lys(SEQ ID NO:22)From lysylendopeptidase digests of immunoprecipitated 130 kDa band1047 Ser--D??--Pro--Gln--Lys(SEQ ID NO:23)1048 Phe--Tyr--Arg--Asn--Leu--Asn--Gln--Arg--Phe--Ala--Asp--Ala--Ile--Val--Lys(SEQ ID NO:24)1054aAsp--Gly--Ser--Val--Met--Gln--W??--???--Gln--Leu--I??(SEQ ID NO:25)1054bAsn--Ala--Ile--Asn--Thr--Ala--Val--Leu--Glu--Asn--Ile--Ile--Pro--H??--???--H??--Val--Lys(SEQ ID NO:26)1061 Leu--Val--Asn--Asp--Glu--Ala--Ser--Glu--Gly--Gln--Val--Lys(SEQ ID NO:27)1063 V??--Gln--Asp--Ile--Leu--Leu--Asn--Asn--Thr--Phe--N??(SEQ ID NO:28)From lysylendopeptidase digests of immunoprecipitated 99 kDa band959  Asp--Thr--Thr--Gln--Thr--Ala--Pro--Val--T??--Asn--Asn--Val--???--Pro(SEQ ID NO:29)961  Asn--Gln--Leu--Asp--Ala--A??--Asn--Tyr--Ala-- Glu--Val(SEQ ID NO:30)1002aAsn--Leu--Ser--Arg--Trp--Arg--Asn--Tyr--Ala--Glu(SEQ ID NO:31)1002bTrp Gln Gly Lys(SEQ ID NO:32)1043 Ile--Gln--Leu--Gly--Glu--Ser--Asn--Asp--Asp--D??--L??(SEQ ID NO:33)1055 Gln--Val--Pro--Thr--Ile--Gln--Asp--???--Thr--Asn--Lys(SEQ ID NO:34)1287 Ile--Tyr--Xaa--Tyr--Val--Lys(SEQ ID NO:35)1297aAsn--Gln--Leu--Thr--Asn--Tyr(SEQ ID NO:36)1297bVal--Ala--Leu--Gly(SEQ ID NO:37)1299 Asp--Ala--Ile--Val--Val--Asn--Pro--Xaa--Asp--Ser--Val--Ala(SEQ ID NO:38)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Apart from peptide 966b, all the amino acid sequences determined in the short chain have been located in the TSS1 gene (see Example 4). Putative long chain sequences were obtained from the 86 and 93 kDa fragments (which gave virtually identical peptide maps) and from the about 130 kDa and 99 kDa polypeptides found in immunoprecipitates and presumed to be identical to those in native trehalose synthase. Peptides 890 (from the 86 kDa fragment) and 891 (from the 93 kDa fragment) were identical. Peptide 889 (from the 86 kDa fragment) was identical with the start of peptide 1054a (from the 130 kDa polypeptide). Peptide 892a (from the 86 kDa fragment) was identical with the peptide 1299 (from the 99 kDa polypeptide). These identities support the notion that the 86, 93, 99 and about 130 kDa polypeptides are all derived from a single polypeptide parent, presumably the about 130 kDa polypeptide, but do not exclude the possibility of two very similar parent polypeptides. Eight of these long chain sequences have already been located in the sequenced portion of TSL1 (see Example 5). However, of the ten sequences obtained from the 99 kDa polypeptide, so far only the tetrapeptide, 1002b, has been identified in this gene. 
     These results disclose the identical amino acid sequences found in the 86 and 93 kDa fragments and in the 86 kDa fragment and complete (130 kDa) long chain, and that the TSS1 and TSL1 genes, described below, actually encode amino acid sequences found in the short and long chains of trehalose synthase. 
     Example 4 
     Cloning and sequencing of TSS1. 
     (a) Preparation and screening of a yeast genomic DNA library. 
     A genomic library was constructed in the bacteriophage lambda vector, Lambda Zap II, using a partial HaeIII digest of S. cerevisiae strain S288C chromosomal DNA, according to Stratagene&#39;s Instruction Manual for the Zap-cDNA synthesis kit. The DNA from the ligation reaction was packaged into Giga II Gold packaging extract (Stratagene) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (1990). The titer of the recombinants was determined on Luria broth plates containing X-β-galactoside (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) as a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase and IPTG (isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside) as an inducer. About 50, 000 recombinants were amplified on large (150 mm) NZY-plates according to Stratagene&#39;s instructions. The titre of the resulting library was 5×10 9  pfu/ml with a total of 150 ml. 
     Several positive clones were found by screening with anti-TPS/P serum. After three rounds of purification, all clones were positive. They were screened again, now with anti-57K serum, as described in General Methods and Materials. 
     For further manipulations of DNA, the plasmid part, pBluescript, of the Lambda Zap vector was excised as described in the manual for Predigested Lambda ZapII/EcoR1 Cloning Kit (1989). 
     (b) Sequencing of TSS1. 
     A strongly positive clone from the Lambda ZapII library was selected and sequenced manually. The sequence obtained included an open reading frame that encoded a 57 kDa protein, but none of the short chain peptide sequences disclosed in Example 3 was found in the amino acid sequence encoded by this ORF. 
     Therefore, a second clone was selected, from a group of clones that gave distinct restriction maps compared with the group including the first clone. It also responded less strongly to anti-57K serum, which is why it was not chosen in the first place. It was sequenced using the Exonuclease III/Mung Bean nuclease system for producing series of unidirectional deletions. The deletions were prepared according to Stratagene&#39;s manual for the pBluescript Exo/Mung DNA sequencing system. The plasmid was first digested with the restriction enzymes SacI, which leaves a 3&#39; overhang, and BamHI, which leaves a 5&#39; overhang. For filling in possible recessed 3&#39;termini created by Mung Bean nuclease, 2.5 μl of 10X nick-translation buffer, 1 μl of dNTP (a mixture of all four dNTPs, each at 2 mM) and 1 μl (2U) of Klenow fragment were added. The reaction proceeded for 30 min at room temperature and was then stopped with 1 μl of 0.5M EDTA [Sambrook et al (1989) loc. cit.]. The deletion time points were run on a 0.8% low melting agarose gel. The bands were cut out, melted and ligated according to Stratagene&#39;s instructions. Portions (5 μl) of each ligation mixture were used to transform XL-1 Blue cells. 
     The clone proved to encode all the short chain peptide sequences disclosed in Example 3, except the poorly defined pentapeptide, 966b. It is notable that the anti-57K serum alone was an inadequate tool for cloning this gene: the amino acid sequence data disclosed in Example 3 were also essential. Comparison of sequences with the Microgenie Data Bank showed that the gene sequence of the clone was available as an unknown reading frame in the post-translational region of the gene for yeast (S. cerevisiae) vacuolar H +  -ATPase. The data in the bank contain sequence errors, and have thus been erroneously interpreted as two short unidentified ORFs instead of one long ORF. The complete sequence of the TSS1 gene with 800 bp of promoter and 200 bp of terminator regions is disclosed in FIG. 3. This sequence is SEQ ID NO:1 and the amino acid sequence deduced from its ORF is SEQ ID NO:2. 
     Example 5 
     Cloning and sequencing of TSL1. 
     (a) Preparation and screening of genomic DNA libraries. 
     The gene TSL1 was first found in the same library as described in Example 4. Screening was done using first anti-TPS/P serum and then anti-93K serum. Later, another library was constructed from a partial EcoR1 digest of chromosomal DNA from S. cerevisiae, strain S288C, using the methods described in Example 4. 
     (b) Sequencing of TSL1. 
     The anti-93K positive clones from the HaeIII library were partially sequenced manually and then automatically from pBluescript exonuclease deletion series as described in Example 4. 
     The HaeIII clones did not contain the whole of this long gene, and it was difficult to find the N-terminus from any clone. Therefore, the new EcoR1 library was constructed, screened, first with anti-93 serum and then with nucleotide probes derived from the sequenced parts of TSL1, and sequenced using exonuclease deletions and the automatic sequencer. 
     The about 65% of the TSL1 sequence that is already known is SEQ ID NO:3. Nucleotides 240-2594 comprise an ORF that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4 and FIG. 4 and ends in a stop codon (bp 2595-7). This amino acid sequence includes eight of the long chain amino acid sequences disclosed in Example 3. The 5-terminal 35% is being sequenced from clones of the new EcoR1 library. 
     Example 6 
     Characterization of TSS1 and TSL1. 
     The nucleotide sequence of TSS1 encodes a polypeptide of 495  amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 56 kDa. This open reading frame starts with an ATG codon and ends with two TGA codons. The promoter region contains a TATA box and the sequence CCCCGC, which has been implicated in catabolite repression [Nehlin &amp; Ronne, (1990) European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 9, 2891-2898]. This may account for the low expression of trehalose synthase in the presence of glucose disclosed in Example 2. 
     The first 300 bp of the partial sequence disclosed for TSL1 in FIG. 4 are still uncertain. Therefore the first 20 amino acids indicated are also uncertain. So far, the ORF encodes 785 amino acids, corresponding to a calculated molecular mass of about 89 kDa. This implies that about 1.2 kb are still missing from the 5&#39;-terminal end of the ORF. The 3&#39;-terminus is marked by a TAA codon. Sixty bp downstream from this codon is a possible TATATA transcription termination element [Russo et al (1991) European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 10, 563-571] 
     FIG. 5 discloses that the entire TSS1 gene exhibits 37% identity at the amino acid level to a 502 amino acid portion of the sequenced part of the TSL1 gene. The genes are obviously closely related. 
     Most surprisingly, the TSS1 gene is identical to the CIF1 gene that has been recently cloned and sequenced by Gancedo&#39;s group [Gonzales et al (1992) Yeast in press]. This group is unaware of the connection with trehalose synthase. This disclosure reveals that special methodology is required to handle mutants containing modified forms of the TSS1 gene, because cif1 mutants have severe defects in sugar metabolism, as discussed in the Detailed Description. It also explains, of course, why no recognisable short chain is present in the Klg 102 mutants, which carry the cif1 mutation (see Example 7). Previously, it has been (tacitly) assumed that failure of cif1 and fdp1 mutants to express TPS activity is the consequence of a lengthy cascade of regulatory effects. The findings disclosed here and in Example 7 show that absence of the short chain of trehalose synthase is the primary defect, from which, in an as yet completely obscure way, the other regulatory defects of these mutants result. 
     S. cerevisiae chromosomes were separated by pulsed field electrophoresis, with pulse times of 60 sec for 15 h and 90 sec for 9 h at 200 volts, as recommended by the instruction manual for the CHEFDR II [BioRad Laboratories, Richmond, Calif.]. Genes were located using digoxigenin-labelled non-radioactive probes, following the instructions in the manual by Boehringer Mannheim. The following probes were used: a 2.1 kb DraI restriction fragment from TSL1 and a 1.9 kb NarI-SmaI restriction fragment of TSS1, where the SmaI site is in the linker between the insert and the vector. TSL1 was located exclusively on Chromosome 16. TSS1 was located exclusively on Chromosome 2, which is where both FDP1 [Van de Poll and Schambert (1977) loc. cit.] and CIF1 [Gonzales et al (1992) loc. cit.] have been located. This disclosure further strengthens the evidence for the identity of TSS1 with CIF1 and FDP1. These and other important restriction sites in TSS1 and TSL1 are shown in FIG. 6. 
     Example 7 
     A functional TSS1 gene is required for expression of both TPS and TPP activities. 
     The S. cerevisiae mutant Klg 102, was obtained from Dan Fraenkel (Harvard Medical School) and has the genotype MATα, ura1, leu1, trp5, cif1-102. It was routinely grown on YP/2% galactose or YP/2% glucose, and long term storage was under liquid nitrogen. As reported by others [Navon, G., Shulman, R. G., Yamane, T., Eccleshall, T. R., Lam, K.-B., Baronofsky, J. &amp; Marmur, J. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 4487-4499; Banuelos, M. &amp; Fraenkel, D. G. (1982) Molecular and Cellular Biology 2, 921-929], this mutant would not grow on YP/2% fructose, though revertants were frequent. 
     Six individual colonies from each of two substrains, ALKO 2669 and ALKO 2670, that differed in reversion frequency and colony size, were streaked onto YP/2% fructose and YP/2% glucose at 30° C. After 45 h, all 12 streaks were growing on glucose, although slower than the control yeast, X2180, but none showed any growth on fructose. After 4 days, five of the ALKO 2669 streaks showed several large, but isolated colonies on fructose and one ALKO 2670 streak showed several small colonies on fructose. From the glucose plates, three streaks from each substrain were chosen for the smallest number of revertants on the corresponding fructose plate, and used to inoculate 100 ml portions of YPD in 250 ml shake flasks, and grown at 200 r.p.m. and 30° C. Three parallel flasks were inoculated with X2180. A600 and residual glucose in the media were monitored and samples were plated out quantitatively onto YP/2% glucose and YP/2% fructose. The ALKO 2669 cultures grew faster than the ALKO 2670 cultures, and both grew much slower then X2180 (not shown). 
     At appropriate times the cells were harvested, broken and analyzed as described in the General Materials and Methods. Results are shown in Table 4. 
     These results show that TPS activity was below the detection level in the Klg 102 samples and less than 0.5% of the value in X2180, which is typical of wild type S. cerevisiae. This agrees with previously reported results [Paschoalin, V. M. F., Silva, J. T. &amp; Panek, A. D. (1989) Current Genetics 16, 81-87]. Surprisingly, however, TPP activities were also very low, between ≦1% and 5% of the X2180 values. Even this residual ability to hydrolyse trehalose-6-phosphate is likely to be due to non-specific phosphatases. Paschoalin et al [(1989) loc. cit.] claim that Klg 102 specifically lacks UDPG-linked TPS activity, but that, like the wild-type yeast S288C (which is the haploid form of X2180), it contains an ADPG-linked activity. If this were true, and accepting the conventional view that trehalose synthesis in yeast 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Growth of Klg 102 and X2180 strains on YPD.The cultures were performed as described in the text. Residualglucose and cell mass are given as, respectively, g/100 ml and mg/ml ofgrowth medium. Phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) was determined as describedin Example 11. PGI, TPS and TPP are given as U/g of wet cells (TPSwas determined in the presence of 5 mM F6P). Trehalose is given asmg/g of wet cells. Viability Fru/Glu shows the number of cells able togrow on fructose as a percentage of the number of cells able to growon glucose at the time of harvesting. Cells from the cultures 2670/1and 2670/2 were combined for breakage and subsequent analysis.ND, not determined.           Residual   Age     Glucose     CellMass                              PGIStrain  (h)     (g %)       (mg/ml)                              (U/g)______________________________________Klg 102 cultures2669/1   24     ND          4.3    882669/2   48     ≦0.02                       11.6   812669/3  114     none        10.3   ND2670/1  1102670/2  110     none        9.7    892670/4  114     none        11.2   NDX2180 cultures1        24     ND          19.1   932       110     none        31.7   1263       114     none        34.4   ND______________________________________                      Trehalose       TPS      TPP   Fru/Glu       Viability       (U/g)    (U/g) (mg/g)        (%)______________________________________Klg 102 cultures2669/1      ≦0.02                ND    ND            2.42669/2      ≦0.03                0.034 ND            ≦1.72669/3      ND       ≦0.02                      ≦0.22  ≦1.8 2670/1                                  1.4       ≦0.03                0.081 ND2670/2                                   4.02670/4      ND       ≦0.02                      ≦0.19  ≦0.3X2180 cultures1       6.3      1.7     ND            ND2       6.3      2.3     ND            ND3       ND       2.9     29.3          ND______________________________________ 
    
     proceeds via free trehalose-6-phosphate, Klg 102 should contain significant TPP activity. Our results disclose that this is not the case. Furthermore, when we tested whether wild type yeast (X2180) was able to synthesise [ 14  C]-trehalose from [ 14  C]-G6P in the presence of UDPG or ADPG, we found significant activity only in the presence of UDPG. The assay systems used by Paschoalin et al [(1989) loc. cit.] have been criticised by Vandercammen et al [(1989) loc. cit.], so we tested the overall reaction directly. Yeast extracts were incubated in 40 mM HEPES pH 6.8 containing 1 mg BSA/ml, 10 mM MgCl 2  and 10 mM [U- 14  C]-G6P (736 c.p.m./nmol) in the presence or absence of 5 mM UDPG or 2.5 mM ADPG and presence or absence of 5 mM K phosphate. Reactions were stopped by boiling for 2 min and addition of AG1-X8 (formate) anion exchange resin, as in the TPP assay system described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.]. Results are shown in FIG. 7. Without UDPG or ADPG, radioactivity appeared in the resin supernatants, presumably due to phosphatases active on G6P. UDPG caused a clear increase in this rate in the absence of phosphate and a marked increase in the presence of 5 mM phosphate, which stimulates the TPP activity and inhibits the TPS activity of trehalose synthase. With UDPG and 5 mM phosphate, the increase in rate corresponded, after a lag phase, to 0.94 μmol/min/g of fresh yeast, which is about 50% of the TPP activity of this yeast at 20 mM phosphate. ADPG, however, did not cause any significant increase in the rate of appearance of radioactivity in the resin supernatant, indicating that no ADPG-linked TPS activity was present. 
     Western blots of the homogenates of Klg 102 and X2180 yeast are shown in FIG. 8. The origin of the bands marked D is not clear: they may be degraded short chain. X2180 shows a strong 57 kDa band, due to the short chain of trehalose synthase and several weak bands at 100 to 130 kDa due to intact and truncated versions of the long chain. In contrast, although the Klg 102 samples showed stronger long chain bands, because more yeast sample was applied to the gel, they showed no trace of a short chain band. Thus, Klg 102 does not contain a recognisable form of the product of the TSS1 gene (it might contain a truncated version lacking the epitopes recognised by our polyclonal antibodies), but contains normal amounts of the TSL1 product. Furthermore, the TSL1 product appears to increase as Klg 102 traverses the diauxic lag (compare e.g. lanes 3 and 2 of FIG. 8), suggesting that expression of the long chain of trehalose synthase in this yeast increases when all glucose is consumed. In wild type yeast, increases in both short and long chains occur concomitant with the increases in TPS and TPP activities when glucose is consumed (Example 2). 
     These results disclose that the failure of Klg 102 to express immunologically recognisable short chain of trehalose synthase is correlated with the absence of both TPS and TPP activities. This unexpected behaviour, in contradiction of the views of Paschoalin et al [(1989) loc. cit.], indicates that a functional short chain is required to assemble a trehalose synthase with either partial activity. 
     Example 8 
     Biochemical evidence that the long chain of trehalose synthase is required for Tpp activity. 
     Truncated trehalose synthase containing the short (57 kDa) chain and fragments (86 and 93 kDa) of the long chain was prepared according to the method of Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.] for proteolytically activated TPS/P complex. TPS and TPP activities were assayed as described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.]. [N-ethyl-1- 14  C]-maleimide (ethyl-labelled NEM; 40 mCi/mmol) was NEC-454 from New England Nuclear. N-ethyl-[2,3- 14  C]-maleimide (ring-labelled NEM; 6 mCi/mmol) was CFA 293 from Amersham International. Both were obtained as solutions in n-pentane and the manufacturer&#39;s stated specific activities were assumed to be correct. Unlabelled N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) was E-3876 from Sigma. It was dissolved in 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 immediately before use and standardized by absorption measurements at 305 nm, assuming an E mM  of 0.62. 
     Treatment of truncated trehalose synthase with 1.9 mM NEM at 24° C. in the presence of about 0.17 mM dithiothreitol (which presumably rapidly consumes about 0.34 mM NEM) caused a rapid and essentially complete (≧98%) loss of TPP activity, but little (≦24%) loss of TPS activity (FIG. 9). This suggested that NEM modified one or more amino acid (presumably cysteine) side chains that are required intact for TPP but not for TPS. 
     To permit quantitative experiments with low concentrations of labelled NEM, the dithiothreitol in the enzyme preparation was removed by gel-filtration through Pharmacia NAP5 columns equilibrated with 1 mg BSA/ml of 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 containing 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA and 0.2M NaCl. Recoveries of TPS and TPP activities through this gel-filtration were above 85%. 
     In one experiment, 2.0 μl of ethyl-labelled NEM was mixed with 150 μl of gel-filtered enzyme and incubated at 23° C. Samples (10 μl) taken at various times up to 190 min were mixed with 60 μl of Laemmli sample buffer (the mercaptoethanol in this buffer should destroy residual NEM), boiled for 5 min and subjected to SDS-PAGE. At closely similar times (and also at 23 h) other samples (10 μl) were mixed with 100 μl (for TPS) or 700 μl (for TPP) of 5 mg BSA/ml of 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 containing 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA, 0.2M NaCl and 1 mM dithiothreitol (the dithiothreitol should destroy residual NEM) and assayed for TPS and TPP. The enzyme dilution used for the TPP assay was sufficient that radioactivity from the NEM (about 1/3 of which remains in the resin supernatant) did not interfere with the TPP determinations. 
     After electrophoresis, the upper (cathode) buffer, containing most of the added radioactivity, was completely removed before disassembling the apparatus. The gel was then fixed, stained and destained as described by Laemmli [(1970) Nature, London 227, 680-685] and dried. An autoradiogram of this gel (FIG. 10) showed that the 93 kDa band (and also BSA) became labelled during the experiment, while the 86 and 57 kDa bands were much more weakly labelled. The Coomassie blue stained bands and adjacent, empty areas (as blanks) were cut out of the dried gel (in later experiments, they were cut from undried gels), broken up and extracted overnight with 1 ml of 5% SDS in pre-blanked scintillation vials. Then 10 ml of a toluene/Triton X100-based scintillant was added, and the tubes were repeatedly counted using a wide energy window to minimise quench effects. After 10 h constant counting levels were reached. Excess radioactivity was calculated by subtracting a blank value obtained from empty regions of the gel. Results are shown in FIG. 11. In control experiments, in which enzyme was omitted, it was shown that the excess radioactivity found in the 93 and 86 kDa bands did not originate from potential labelling of impurities in the BSA. 
     FIG. 11 shows that label from NEM enters mainly the 93 kDa fragment of the long chain, with relatively small amounts entering the 86 kDa fragment and the 57 kDa short chain. Also, the amount of label entering the long chain fragments (93+86 kDa) is roughly proportional to the loss of TPP activity, but lags increasingly behind this loss: at 10.5 min 30% of the initial TPP was lost and 0.20 moles of NEM had entered the long chain fragments per mole (150 Kg) of enzyme, whereas at 190 min, 56% of TPP was lost and 0.32 moles of NEM had entered the long chain fragments. Possibly, since trehalose synthase may be an octamer (its native molecular mass is about 800 kDa), reaction of one long chain with NEM can eventually lead to loss of activity associated with the other long chains in the octamer. FIG. 12 collates data from several experiments, using both ring- and ethyl-labelled NEM. Parallel experiments with identical concentrations of ring- and ethyl-labelled NEM suggested that about 25% of the radioactivity from ethyl-labelled NEM originally fixed in the protein was lost during SDS-PAGE processing (some loss is expected in acidic conditions), and the results with ethyl-labelled NEM have been corrected accordingly. Within the limits of accuracy (a specific activity of 30 TPS units/mg was used to calculate the mass of protein and a dimer molecular mass of 150 kDa was assumed for the truncated enzyme) complete loss of TPP reflected incorporation of rather less than 1 mole of NEM into, specifically, the long chain fragments. 
     Another reagent with high specificity for cysteine, dithiodinitro-benzoate (DTNB) also caused a specific loss of TPP activity: after 10 min treatment with 0.9 mM DTNB over 95% of the TPP was lost and less than 28% of the TPS. 
     These findings disclose that a proper structure of the long chain is essential for TPP activity, because modification of a single amino acid (presumable cysteine) residue in the long chain eliminates TPP but not TPS activity. 
     Example 9 
     An isolated 99 kDa polypeptide from trehalose synthase contains TPP activity. 
     Because the long and short chains of trehalose synthase could not be separated by usual chromatographic procedures, fractionations were attempted in the presence of a non-ionic detergent. During fractionation with a NaCl gradient on DEAE-cellulose (Whatman DE52) in 1% Triton X100 at pH 8.0, the enzyme was recovered in about 90% yield at 140 mM NaCl. Some minor polypeptides (e.g. the weak 68 kDa polypeptides visible in FIG. 1) were removed, but the main 57, 99 and 130 kDa polypeptides were not resolved. However, the ratio of the 99 and 130 kDa bands changed from about 1.5 to 0.3 across the enzyme peak, while concomitantly the TPP/TPS ratio decreased steadily from 0.54 to 0.42 (data not shown). This suggested that the procedure was partially resolving trehalose synthase molecules enriched in the 99 kDa polypeptide from those containing full length long chains, and that the former had a relatively higher TPP activity. 
     Because the long chain appears to contain an avid phosphate binding site (see Examples 10 and 12), chromatography on phosphocellulose was attempted. Native trehalose synthase (4.2 TPS units) was transferred above a PM10 membrane in an Amicon cell to 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 containing 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol and 0.3% Triton X100 (HMED/0.3% T) and applied to a 0.7×4.2 cm column of phosphocellulose (Whatman P11-cellulose) equilibrated with the same buffer. The column was washed with 4 ml of HMED/0.3% T and developed with a linear gradient from zero to 0.6M NaCl in 60 ml of HMED/0.3% T at 5 ml/h. By 0.35M NaCl only traces of TPS had been eluted (≦3% in the first 9 ml and ≦9% spread between 0.15 and 0.35M NaCl). The column was then washed sequentially with (a) 8 ml of 10 mM fructose-6-phosphate in HMED/0.3% T/0.35M NaCl, (b) 6 ml of HMED/0.3% T/0.6M NaCl and (c) 0.2M K phosphate pH 7.0/2 mM MgCl 2  /1 mM EDTA/1 mM dithiothreitol. No TPS or TPP activity was recovered except in a single 1.5 ml fraction in which the 0.6M NaCl began to elute. This contained 12% of the applied TPP, but ≦0.1% of the applied TPS. 
     Fractions were examined by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 13) which showed: (1) almost pure short chain eluted at and just before the start of the NaCl gradient in fractions devoid of enzyme activity; (2) traces of short and long chain eluted diffusely at about 0.2 to 0.35M NaCl in fractions containing altogether ≦7% of the applied TPS activity; (3) at least 50% and possibly all of the applied 99 kDa polypeptide eluted at 0.6M NaCl in the fraction containing 12% of the applied TPP activity; and (4) most of the 130 kDa polypeptide remained bound to the column. 
     These findings disclose that, under special conditions (0.3% Triton X100), the 99 kDa polypeptide can be removed from trehalose synthase and retain TPP, but not TPS, activity. Together with the findings in Example 7, this indicates that, whereas the full length long chain either exhibits no activity or is trehalose synthase unable to attain in vivo a stable, active conformation in the absence of the short chain, once trehalose synthase has been correctly folded, the 99 kDa polypeptide can be removed from the complete enzyme with retention of some TPP activity. 
     These findings also disclose that when the short chain is separated from the long chain by chromatography in a buffer, in which intact trehalose synthase is stable, it rapidly looses any TPP or TPS activity it possessed when correctly folded in the trehalose synthase. 
     The findings also indicate that the full-length long chain has extraordinarily high affinity for phosphocellulose, which is consistent with the location of a high affinity phosphate binding site in a terminal portion of this chain as suggested by Examples 10 and 12. 
     Finally, chromatography on phosphocellulose in the presence of Triton X100 is a convenient method of obtaining the short (57 kDa) chain and 99 kDa polypeptide in sufficient purity to permit, for example, N-terminal amino acid sequencing. No other method has been disclosed, by which the polypeptides of trehalose synthase can be separated, apart from SDS-PAGE. This novel method has several advantages over SDS-PAGE (followed by blotting onto a suitable membrane), including larger scale and freedom from the chemical modifications that frequently block the N-termini of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. 
     Example 10 
     Truncation of the long chain of trehalose synthase by trypsin in vitro dramatically increases TPS activity. 
     Native trehalose synthase (0.28 TPS units, ≈9.4 μg) was incubated with or without 0.5 μg of trypsin at 30° C. in 250 μl of 13 mM HEPES pH 7.0 containing 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2M NaCl and 0.5 mM benzamidine. Its TPS activity was determined at intervals using standard assay mixtures (containing 5 mM F6P) containing no or 4 mM K phosphate pH 6.8, and samples were prepared for SDS-PAGE analysis immediately before and 48 min after addition of the trypsin. 
     During the first 48 min the TPS activity measured in the absence of phosphate decreased faster in the presence of trypsin than in its absence. However, in the first 10 min, trypsin caused a 4-fold increase in the activity measured at 4 mM phosphate, and by 48 min the activities with and without phosphate were essentially equal (FIG. 14). By 48 min, the 130 kDa full length long chain had disappeared and been replaced by a doublet of polypeptides at 85 kDa (FIG. 15). In contrast, the short chain (57 kDa) was unchanged and the 99 kDa band was at only slightly decreased in strength. 
     These findings disclose that limited tryptic digestion of the long chain in vitro has a profound effect on the TPS activity of trehalose synthase at a phosphate concentration typical of cytosol. Thus, the TSL1 gene product is involved in both TPP (see Examples 8 and 9) and TPS activities. 
     Example 11 
     Identification of the TPS activator as phosphoglucoisomerase. 
     TPS activator was transferred to 0.1M Tris/HCl pH 9.0 above a PM10 membrane in an Amicon cell. A 300 μl sample (34 μg) was digested for 20 h at 37° C. by 0.8 μg of lysylendopeptidase C (Wako). Peptides were separated by HPLC and sequenced as described in Example 3. All five sequences obtained and disclosed in Table 5 are identical to sequences found in yeast phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI). 
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________Peptide sequences from TPS activator.The PGI sequences are from Tekamp-Olson, P., Najarian, R. &amp;Burke, R. L. (1988) Gene 73, 153-161.TPS-Activator Peptide PGI Residues______________________________________TA1156     TFTNYDGSK      51-59      (SEQ ID NO:39)TA1158     TGNDPSHIAK     241-251      (SEQ ID NO:40)TA1159     IYESQGK        24-30      (SEQ ID NO:41)TA1160     AEGATGGLVPHK   456-467      (SEQ ID NO:42)TA1161     LATELPAXSK     11-19      (SEQ ID NO:43)______________________________________ 
    
     The PGI activity of a sample of TPS activator that had been stored for several months at 0° C. was measured in 50 mM HEPES/KOH pH 7.0, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM F6P and 0.4 mg/ml NADP. A specific activity of 190 U/mg was found. 
     These findings disclose that TPS activator from S. cerevisiae is identical to PGI. Example 12 discloses that F6P is a powerful activator of the TPS activity of native, but not of truncated, trehalose synthase. Because the assay mixtures for TPS contain G6P, it is clear that TPS activator functions by producing the activatory F6P from the substrate G6P. Previous investigations [Londesborough &amp; Vuorio (1991) loc. cit.] had to use crude preparations of native trehalose synthase because pure native trehalose synthase was not available. Although the effectiveness of TPS activator preparations was reported to vary between different enzyme preparations, under certain circumstances data were obtained that suggested TPS activator might interact stoichiometrically with native trehalose synthase [Londesborough &amp; Vuorio (1991) loc. cit.]. The present findings show that this suggestion was completely incorrect. The findings also imply that kinetic data in the literature is confused, because some preparations of so-called &#34;trehalose-6-phosphate synthase&#34; will have contained PGI whereas some may not. With the former preparations, the activator F6P will have been generated from the substrate G6P, but the amount so generated will have depended upon the details of the experimental procedure used. 
     Example 12 
     The different kinetic behaviours of native and truncated trehalose synthase. 
     Truncated trehalose synthase was prepared as described by Londesborough &amp; Vuorio [(1991) loc. cit.] and contained the 57 kDa short chain and 86 and 93 kDa fragments of the long chain. Native trehalose synthase was prepared as in Example 1 and contained the 57 kDa short chain, a 130 kDa long chain and also the 99 kDa polypeptide. Kinetic assays were done at 30° C. as described in General Methods and Materials. 
     (a) The TPS Partial Activity. 
     The TPS activity of native enzyme was much more sensitive to inhibition by phosphate than was that of the truncated enzyme (Table 6). 
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________Inhibition of the TPS activities of native and truncatedenzyme by phosphate at 5 Mm F6P.The effect of adding K phosphate pH 6.8 to standard assay mix-tures (10 mM G6P, 5 mM UDPG and 5 mm F6P) is shown. Foreach enzyme, the activity without phosphate is set at 100%.Added Phosphate         Native Enzyme                     Truncated Enzyme______________________________________None          100%        100%1.3 mM        69%         94%4.0 mM        14%         83%______________________________________ 
    
     The results in Table 6 underestimate the difference between the phosphate responses of native and truncated enzyme, because F6P partially reverses the phosphate inhibition of native enzyme (see below) but has virtually no effect on truncated enzyme. Table 7 shows the effect of shifting from the salt conditions of the standard assay (40 mM HEPES/KOH pH 6.8, 10 mM MgCl 2 ) to conditions closer to those of yeast cytosol. In the absence of F6P, the shift caused 67% inhibition of native enyzme (from 43% to 14% of the standard activity) but only 10% inhibition of truncated enzyme (from 96% to 86%). 
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________Effect on the TPS activity of native and truncated enzyme ofshifting to more physiological salt conditions.For measurements at &#34;physiological conditions&#34;, 1.3 mM Kphosphate and 0.1M KC1 were added to the standard assay mix-tures and the MgCl.sub.2 was decreased from 10 to 2.5 mM.Standard Cond.           Physiological Cond.(5 mM F6P)     No F6P    5 mM F6P  No F6P______________________________________Native  100%       43%       72%     14%Truncated   100%       96%       90%     86%______________________________________ 
    
     These results disclose the insensitivity of the TPS activity of truncated trehalose synthase to physiological phosphate concentrations and the presence or absence of F6P at a concentration well above the normal value in yeast cytosol (between 0.1 and 1 mM; Lagunas, R. &amp; Gancedo, C. (1983) European Journal of Biochemistry 137, 479-483). 
     FIG. 16 illustrates the F6P-dependence of the TPS activity of native enzyme at different phosphate concentrations. Double-reciprocal plots indicate that at 1.3 mM phosphate, and perhaps at 4 mM phosphate, sufficiently high concentrations of F6P completely overcome the inhibition by phosphate. With no added phosphate, F6P caused a maximum activation of 2.5-fold, with a K 1/2  of 60 μM. At 1.3 mM phosphate, the maximum activation was at least 20-fold, and the K 1/2  was 1.4 mM F6P. The slopes of these double-reciprocal plots varied linearly with the square of the phosphate concentration, suggesting that two phosphate binding sites are involved. At 4 mM phosphate, which is still within the probable range of phosphate concentrations in yeast cytosol [Lagunas &amp; Gancedo (1983) loc. cit], inhibition was so severe that even 10 mM F6P permitted only 40% of the activity observed under standard conditions. Thus, expression of a truncated trehalose synthase in yeast would be expected to cause a large increase in the intracellular specific activity of the enzyme. 
     Fructose-1-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and glucose-1-phosphate were tested at sub-optimal F6P concentrations (1 mM F6P at 1.3 mM phosphate). None caused activation at 5 or 2.5 mM concentrations; instead inhibitions of about 25% occurred, probably due to competition with G6P and F6P. 
     (b) The TPP Partial Activity. 
     At phosphate concentrations equal to or less than 1 mM, the progress curves of TPP reactions catalysed by truncated trehalose synthase accelerated markedly over at least the first 10 min of reaction. This did not happen with native enzyme. For the initial rates of reaction, native enzyme was activated by smaller phosphate concentrations than was truncated enzyme (FIG. 17). For truncated enzyme, double-reciprocal plots of the activation (v.sub.Δ =the rate with phosphate, v Pi , minus the rate without phosphate, v o ) were linear when 1/v.sub.Δ was plotted against 1/[phosphate], with a K 1/2  of 3 mM phosphate. For native enzyme these plots were non-linear, and linear plots resulted when 1/[phosphate] 2  was used (FIG. 18). This, again, suggests that native enzyme has two strong phosphate binding sites, one of which is lost in the truncated enzyme. For native enzyme, half maximal activation was obtained at 0.6 mM phosphate. 
     In the absence of phosphate, F6P did not affect the TPP activity of native enzyme. At sub-optimal phosphate concentrations, 5 mM F6P caused modest (20 to 30%) inhibitions of the TPP activity of both native and truncated enzymes, and at saturating phosphate concentrations, smaller inhibitions (10 to 15%) were observed (data not shown). 
     These findings disclose a profound sensitivity of the TPS activity of native trehalose synthase to physiological phosphate and F6P concentrations that is lost by truncation of the long chain from 130 kDa to about 90 kDa. The effects of truncation are less marked on the TPP activities, both enzymes being activated by physiological phosphate concentrations, and neither showing a strong response to F6P. The data suggest that native enzyme has two strong phosphate binding sites, one of which is located in the region of the long chain removed by truncation. The finding that full length long chain could not be recovered from phosphocellulose, disclosed in Example 9  supports this conclusion. 
     Example 13 
     The complete sequence of the TSL1 gene. 
     The EcoRI genomic library of S. cerevisiae, strain S288C, described in Example 5 has been screened with anti-93K serum and positive clones further screened using nucleotide probes. Several positive clones have been obtained with an 8.2 kb insert that must contain the missing about 1.2 kb at the 5&#39;terminus of the ORF and also the upstream flanking sequence. A plasmid pALK751 (also known as pOV12), containing this insert has been deposited on Feb. 18, 1992 with the Deutsch Sammlung von Mikroorganismen (DSM), Gesellschaft furBiotechnologtische, Forschung mbH, Grisebachstr.8, 3400 Gottingen, Germany and has been given the accession number DSM 6928. The insert may be sequenced by standard methods, such as those described in Examples 4 and 5. Smaller fragments may be made with appropriate restriction enzymes. These fragments and the original inserts can be sequenced (a) by using primers designed from the 5&#39;-terminal portion of SEQ ID NO:3 and (b) by subcloning endonuclease deletion series back into pBluescript Sk -  and use of the Applied Biosystems automatic DNA sequencer (see General Materials and Methods and Examples 4 and 5). 
     Example 14 
     Transformation of yeast. 
     (1) Assembly of complete genes and truncated versions of TSL1. 
     DNA molecules containing the complete ORFs and required flanking regions of TSS1 and TSL1 may be assembled by (1) ligating pieces of DNA containing separate parts of the genes that have been isolated in different clones from the respective libraries, and (2) trimming off unwanted parts of the 5&#39;- and 3&#39;-flanking regions. The methods to be used are routine to a person skilled in the art and involve (1) excision of unwanted DNA pieces by judicious use of restriction enzymes, the choice depending upon the nucleotide sequences of the vectors to be used, the sequences disclosed in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:3 and the sequence of the remaining 5&#39;-portion of TSL1, and (2) ligation of the desired pieces, preceded, when necessary, by appropriate filling-in reactions or construction of suitable linkers. 
     For TSL1, truncated versions of the ORF may be made that encode truncated versions of the long chain of trehalose synthase confering F6P-independent activity that is relatively insensitive to inhibition by phosphate, as disclosed in Examples 10 and 12. The truncation site may be located by isolating the 85 kDa doublet of polypeptides generated by in Vitro limited digested with trypsin (Example 10) either by SDS-PAGE or by chromatography, e.g, on phosphocellulose in the presence of Triton X 100 as described in Example 9. The about 45 kDa polypeptide representing the other piece of the long chain may also be isolated. It is foreseen that this, shorter polypeptide may be degraded by trypsin under the conditions used in Example 10. For this reason, it may be useful to perform limited digestion with other enzymes (e.g., lysylendopeptidase C) and with trypsin and these enzymes in the presence of phosphate and F6P, because findings disclosed in Examples 9, 10 and 12 suggest that the shorter polypeptide removed by trypsin contains phosphate and F6P binding sites, so that these compounds may protect this region of the polypeptide from proteolytic attack. It is possible that conditions are found in which truncation by limited proteolysis yields only two polypeptides from the long chain, whereby determination of the N-terminal sequence of one or the other will define the truncation site exactly. Alternatively, determination of internal peptide sequences together with the size of the truncated polypeptide will determine the position within the accuracy (about ±1.5 kDa≈15 amino acids) of SDS-PAGE. The TSL1 gene may be cut at or near this point using standard procedures including restriction enzymes at suitable restriction sites. The truncated gene may then be ligated to its own promoter and/or terminator (depending on which were removed during the truncation) or inserted into expression cassettes (see below) containing other yeast operators and terminators, as described below. The ability of the truncated gene to express a polypeptide that can associate in vivo with the short chain of trehalose synthase may be a critical function of the position of the truncation. Therefore, several versions may be tested. If necessary, limited endonuclease treatments to generate a mixture of molecules covering a range of truncation sites may be used, and the products ligated into expression vectors and screened for the production in yeast of trehalose synthase with the desired properties (F6P-independence and insensitivity to phosphate). 
     Finally, because the sequenced two-thirds of the TSL1 gene only contains 8 of the 21 peptides sequenced in Example 3 from the various forms of the long chain (the 130 kDa intact chain and the 86, 93 and 99 kDa truncated versions), it is possible that two closely related versions of the long chain may exist, encoded by two closely related genes. Therefore, if the complete sequence of TSL1 does not reveal the missing peptides, a search may be made for a related gene (TSL2), using hybridization at low stringency to probes derived from TSL1 or nucleotide probes designed from some of the missing peptides. 
     (2) Disruption mutants. 
     The TSS1 and TSL1 genes may be disrupted to confirm that they are the structural genes of trehalose synthase. This will also give additional evidence concerning the possible existence of a TSL2 gene, mentioned above. In addition, the phenotypes of these disruption mutants will indicate the physiological consequences of deficiency of these genes. The phenotype after disruption of TSS1 would be expected to resemble the fdp1 and cis1 phenotypes (see Example 2). The one-step gene disruption method [Rothstein, R. J. (1983) Methods in Enzymology 101, 202-211] may be used. A set of &#34;disruption cassettes&#34; specifically designed for this purpose has been described [Berben et al (1991) Yeast 7, 475-477) and cassettes based on these well known principles but tailored to a particular problem can be constructed by a person skilled in the art. 
     (3) Strategies for transformation. 
     Laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae bearing auxotropic markers such as his3, leu2, lys 2, trp1 and ura3 may be transformed with versions of TSS1 and TSL1 in which the natural promoters and terminators are intact or have been replaced by (stronger and regulatable) promoters and terminators from other yeast genes. For example, PGKI [pMA91; Mellor et al (1983) Gene 24, 1-14], ADC1 [pAAH5; Ammerer (1983) Methods in Enzymology 101, 192-201] and MEL1 [pALK35-37, pALK41, etc., Suominen, P. L. (1988) Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki] systems have been used to increase the expression levels of genes in S. cerevisiae and other yeast. The MEL1 system has the advantage that the expression can be regulated, being repressed by glucose and induced by galactose. Standard vectors are available [episomal and integrating and centromere yeast plasmids are reviewed by Rose &amp; Broach (1990) Methods in Enzymology 185, 234- 279 and Stearns, T., Ma, H &amp; Botstein, D. (1990) Methods in Enzymology 185, 280-291] that incorporate auxotrophic markers such as HIS3, LEU2, TRP1 and URA3, which can be used to select the transformants. Vectors based on these principles, but suited to a particular task can be constructed by a person familiar with the art. 
     The basic strategy is to leave the yeast with an intact version of its natural TSS1 and TSL1 genes and introduce, either on episomes or integrated into a yeast chromosome, extra copies of the genes. These may be under control of their own promoters, or of stronger promoters and promoters that can be regulated, for example by adding substances such as galactose to the growth medium or by changing the temperature. The use of such promoters has been described [see, e.g., Mylin et al (1990) Methods in Enzymology 185, 297-308; Sledziewski et al (1990) Methods in Enzymology 185, 351-366]. This strategy avoids problems that can be foreseen if all copies of one or both genes are put under tight control (such as the defects in sugar catabolism expected if TSS1 is not properly expressed; see Example 7.) Transformed yeast bearing additional copies of TSS1 and TSL1 with their natural promoters may accumulate enough trehalose to exhibit the desired improvement in stability. They may also cycle enough glucose units through trehalose during fermentative conditions to generate an ATPase that accelerates fermentation and increases the yield of ethanol on glucose. In another aspect of the invention, copies of the TSS1 and TSL1 ORFs will be inserted into expression vectors equipped with powerful promoters (that may be regulatable) to cause still larger increases in trehalose. This aspect of the present invention will be particularly useful for the production of trehalose. 
     Transforming yeast with both TSS1 and TSL1 may be achieved in several ways. The most obvious procedure is to use two auxotrophic markers and introduce first one and then the other gene. Another method is to construct a YIp containing URA3 and a modified version of TSL1 with a stronger promoter but still containing a region of homology upstream of this promoter. After directed integration of this plasmid to the chromosomal ura3 site and selection of URA+ transformants, mutants in which the URA3 has again been excised (with a frequency of about 1×10 -4 ) can be selected by growth on media containing 5-fluoroorotic acid [see Stearns et al (1990) loc. cit.]. Some of the selected cells would contain a new version of the gene, with the stronger promoter and can again be transformed, this time with a modified TSS1 gene. The resultant transformants will contain one copy of TSL1 driven by the new promoter, and two copies of TSS1, one of which is still under the control of its natural promoter. Thirdly, a YIp containing both TSS1 and TSL1 could be used to introduce the two genes in a single step. 
     Various methods to transform industrial, polyploid yeast, which lack auxotrophic markers have been described in the literature. Earlier methods have been reviewed by Knowles, J. K. C. &amp; Tubb, R. S. [(1987) E. B. C. symposium on brewer&#39;s yeast, Helsinki, 1986. Monograph XII 169-185] and include the use of marker genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, methylglyoxal, copper, cinnamic acid and other compounds. These markers facilitate selection of transformants. Some of the marker genes are themselves of yeast origin, and so are preferred for acceptability reasons. When suitable modifications of TSS1 and TSL1 have been identified in laboratory yeast, they may be transferred to industrial yeast using these procedures or others described in the literature, such as co-transformation with pALK2 and pALK7 [Suominen, P. I. (1988) loc. cit.]. These plasmids contain a readily selectable MEL1 marker gene on a 2 μ-based plasmid that can readily be cured, thus facilitating sequential transformation with more than one gene if it is not practicable to introduce the modified TSS1 and TSL1  genes in one step using this co-transformation procedure. 
     Example 15 
     Transformation of crop plants. 
     Methods for the transformation of higher plants, including crop plants of economic importance, have been described [Goodman et al (1987) Science 236, 48-54; Weising et al, (1988) Annual Review of Genetics 22, 421-477; Glasser &amp; Fraley (1989) Science 244, 1293-1299] and laboratory manuals setting out standard procedures are available such as the Plant Molecular Biology Manual [ed Gelvin &amp; Schnilperoort (1988) Kluwer Academic Press]. Of particular utility is the use of tissue specific promoters from the genes of proteins that are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner [see, e.g., Higgins (1984) Annual Review of Plant Physioloogy 35, 191 et seq; Shotwell and Larkins (1989) in The Biochemistry of Plants 15, 297 et seq]. The use of such promoters will allow the expression of trehalose synthase in (a) specifically the frost- and drought-sensitive tissues of plants so that they may be protected from these and equivalent stresses without diverting carbohydrate metabolism in the major storage tissues, or alternatively (b) precisely in the edible tissues. The purpose of this second alternative is to cause the accumulation of trehalose in products such as the fruit of tomatoes, in order to increase the shelf-life of these products. The expression of non-plant genes, with higher A+T contents than are commonly found in plant genes can generally be improved by changing the codons to increase the G+C content, and in particular to avoid regions of overall high A+T content [Perlak et al (1991) loc. cit.]. It is foreseen that such modifications will be beneficial in the case of the genes TSS1 and TSL1, which have A+T-rich regions. Selection systems are available for use in the transformation of higher plants, including plasmids comprising the gene (hpt) for hygromycin phosphotransferase [Dale &amp; Ow (1991) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88, 10558-10562]. These and similar methods familiar to persons skilled in the art will be used, first to introduce various modifications of TSS1 and TSL1 into Arabidopsis thaliana, and then to transfer the most successful modifications to plants of economic importance. 
     One example of how one would transform a crop plant (dicots and some monocots) is via a Ti plasmid. A large fragment of the Ti plasmid encompassing both the T-DNA and vir regions is first cloned into the common bacterial plasmid pBR322. One or both of the genes, TSS1 and TSL1, are then cloned into a nonessential region of the T-DNA and introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying an intact Ti plasmid. The plants are then infected with these bacteria and the gene products of the vir region on the intact Ti plasmid mobilize the recombinant T-DNA, and the recombinant T-DNA integrates into the plant geome. One or both of the trehalose synthase genes can be introduced into the plant in this manner, by either inserting both genes into the same plasmid or on separate plasmids. The infection with the Agrobacterium containing the hybrid plasmid may also take place in leaf disks and callus cultures. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 43(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2484 base pairs(B) TYPE: Nucleotide(C) STRANDEDNESS: Doublestranded(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Genomic DNA(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: no(iv) ANTI-SENSE: no(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Saccharomyces cerevisiae(B) STRAIN: S288C(E) HAPLOTYPE: Haploid(vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:(A) LIBRARY: Genomic(B) CLONE: 20(viii) POSITION IN GENOME:(A) CHROMOSOME/SEGMENT: 2R(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:TTTTTAAACGTATATAGATGTCTACATGTGTGTTTT TGTTTTTTTACGTA50CGTATACCCCACTATATATGCATAATCCGTAATTGAAAAAAAAAAAAGTA100AAGATCAAGGAACACATCACCCTGGGCACATCAAGCGTGAGGAATGCCGT150CCAACTGGTGGAGACGCTTGATTTGCTCTTTTTGTTCCTGGGTCCAACC C200GGTCTCGAAGAACATCAGCACCACGCCCGCAACGACAAAGAACATTGCAA250TACACTTGCATATGTGAGCATAGTCGAGCGGTCCGTTCTGTGGTTGATGC300TGTTGTTCTTTCTTCTGTTTGTCAGGGGTGATAGCCATATCTTCGTGCTC350TTGTT GCGATTGTTCTGTTCCATCTGCACCAGAACAAAGAACAAAAGAAC400AAGGAACAAAGTCCAAGCACGTCAGCGCTGTTTATAAGGGGATTGACGAG450GGATCGGGCCTAGAGTGCCAGCGCGCCAGGGAGAGGGAGCCCCCTGGGCC500CTCATCCGCAGGCTGATA GGGGTCACCCCGCTGGGCAGGTCAGGGCAGGG550GCTCTCAGGGGGGCGCCATGGACAAACTGCACTGAGGTTCTAAGACACAT600GTATTATTGTGAGTATGTATATATAGAGAGAGATTAAGGCGTACACGCGT650GGTTGGTAGAGATTGATTAACTTGGTAGTC TTATCTTGTCAATTGAGTTT700CTGTCAGTTTCCTTCTTGAACAAGCACGCAGCTAAGTAAGCAACAAAGCA750GGCTAACAAACTAGGTACTCACATACAGACTTATTAAGACATAGAACTAT800GACTACGGATAACGCTAAGGCGCAACTGACCTCGTCTTCAGGG GGTAACA850TTATTGTGGTGTCCAACAGGCTTCCCGTGACAATCACTAAAAACAGCAGT900ACGGGACAGTACGAGTACGCAATGTCGTCCGGAGGGCTGGTCACGGCGTT950GGAAGGGTTGAAGAAGACGTACACTTTCAAGTGGTTCGGATGGCCTGGGC1000 TAGAGATTCCTGACGATGAGAAGGATCAGGTGAGGAAGGACTTGCTGGAA1050AAGTTTAATGCCGTACCCATCTTCCTGAGCGATGAAATCGCAGACTTACA1100CTACAACGGGTTCAGTAATTCTATTCTATGGCCGTTATTCCATTACCATC1150CTGGTGAGATCA ATTTCGACGAGAATGCGTGGTTCGGATACAACGAGGCA1200AACCAGACGTTCACCAACGAGATTGCTAAGACTATGAACCATAACGATTT1250AATCTGGGTGCATGATTACCATTTGATGTTGGTTCCGGAAATGTTGAGAG1300TCAAGATTCACGAGAAGCAACTGCA AAACGTTAAGGTCGGGTGGTTCCTG1350CACACACCATTCCCTTCGAGTGAAATTTACAGAATCTTACCTGTCAGACA1400AGAGATTTTGAAGGGTGTTTTGAGTTGTGATTTAGTCGGGTTCCACACAT1450ACGATTATGCAAGACATTTCTTGTCTTCCGTGCAAAGA GTGCTTAACGTG1500AACACATTGCCTAATGGGGTGGAATACCAGGGCAGATTCGTTAACGTAGG1550GGCCTTCCCTATCGGTATCGACGTGGACAAGTTCACCGATGGGTTGAAAA1600AGGAATCCGTACAAAAGAGAATCCAACAATTGAAGGAAACTTTCAAGGGC 1650TGCAAGATCATAGTTGGTGTCGACAGGCTGGATTACATCAAAGGTGTGCC1700TCAGAAGTTGCACGCCATGGAAGTGTTTCTGAACGAGCATCCAGAATGGA1750GGGGCAAGGTTGTTCTGGTACAGGTTGCAGTGCCAAGTCGTGGAGATGTG1800GAAGAGT ACCAATATTTAAGATCTGTGGTCAATGAGTTGGTCGGTAGAAT1850CAACGGTCAGTTCGGTACTGTGGAATTCGTCCCCATCCATTTCATGCACA1900AGTCTATACCATTTGAAGAGCTGATTTCGTTATATGCTGTGAGCGATGTT1950TGTTTGGTCTCGTCCACCCG TGATGGTATGAACTTGGTTTCCTACGAATA2000TATTGCTTGCCAAGAAGAAAAGAAAGGTTCCTTAATCCTGAGTGAGTTCA2050CAGGTGCCGCACAATCCTTGAATGGTGCTATTATTGTAAATCCTTGGAAC2100ACCGATGATCTTTCTGATGCCATCAACGAGGC CTTGACTTTGCCCGATGT2150AAAGAAAGAAGTTAACTGGGAAAAACTTTACAAATACATCTCTAAATACA2200CTTCTGCCTTCTGGGGTGAAAATTTCGTCCATGAATTATACAGTACATCA2250TCAAGCTCAACAAGCTCCTCTGCCACCAAAAACTGATGAACCCGA TGCAA2300ATGAGACGATCGTCTATTCCTGGTCCGGTTTTCTCTGCCCTCTCTTCTAT2350TCACTTTTTTTATACTTTATATAAAATTATATAAATGACATAACTGAAAC2400GCCACACGTCCTCTCCTATTCGTTAACGCCTGTCTGTAGCGCTGTTACTG2450A AGCTGCGCAAGTAGTTTTTTCACCGTATAGGCC2484(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 495 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Polypeptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:2:MetThrThrAspAs nAlaLysAlaGlnLeuThrSerSerSerGly51015GlyAsnIleIleValValSerAsnArgLeuProValThrIleThr20 2530LysAsnSerSerThrGlyGlnTyrGluTyrAlaMetSerSerGly354045GlyLeuValThrAlaLeuGluGlyLeuLysLysThrTyr ThrPhe505560LysTrpPheGlyTrpProGlyLeuGluIleProAspAspGluLys657075AspGln ValArgLysAspLeuLeuGluLysPheAsnAlaValPro808590IlePheLeuSerAspGluIleAlaAspLeuHisTyrAsnGlyPhe95 100105SerAsnSerIleLeuTrpProLeuPheHisTyrHisProGlyGlu110115120IleAsnPheAspGluAsnAlaTrpPheGly TyrAsnGluAlaAsn125130135GlnThrPheThrAsnGluIleAlaLysThrMetAsnHisAsnAsp140145 150LeuIleTrpValHisAspTyrHisLeuMetLeuValProGluMet155160165LeuArgValLysIleHisGluLysGlnLeuGlnAsnValLysVal 170175180GlyTrpPheLeuHisThrProPheProSerSerGluIleTyrArg185190195IleLeuProValArgGlnG luIleLeuLysGlyValLeuSerCys200205210AspLeuValGlyPheHisThrTyrAspTyrAlaArgHisPheLeu215220 225SerSerValGlnArgValLeuAsnValAsnThrLeuProAsnGly230235240ValGluTyrGlnGlyArgPheValAsnValGlyAlaPhePro Ile245250255GlyIleAspValAspLysPheThrAspGlyLeuLysLysGluSer260265270ValGlnLy sArgIleGlnGlnLeuLysGluThrPheLysGlyCys275280285LysIleIleValGlyValAspArgLeuAspTyrIleLysGlyVal290 295300ProGlnLysLeuHisAlaMetGluValPheLeuAsnGluHisPro305310315GluTrpArgGlyLysValValLeuValGlnV alAlaValProSer320325330ArgGlyAspValGluGluTyrGlnTyrLeuArgSerValValAsn3353403 45GluLeuValGlyArgIleAsnGlyGlnPheGlyThrValGluPhe350355360ValProIleHisPheMetHisLysSerIleProPheGluGluLeu 365370375IleSerLeuTyrAlaValSerAspValCysLeuValSerSerThr380385390ArgAspGlyMetAsnLeuVa lSerTyrGluTyrIleAlaCysGln395400405GluGluLysLysGlySerLeuIleLeuSerGluPheThrGlyAla410415 420AlaGlnSerLeuAsnGlyAlaIleIleValAsnProTrpAsnThr425430435AspAspLeuSerAspAlaIleAsnGluAlaLeuThrLeuProA sp440445450ValLysLysGluValAsnTrpGluLysLeuTyrLysTyrIleSer455460465LysTyrThr SerAlaPheTrpGlyGluAsnPheValHisGluLeu470475480TyrSerThrSerSerSerSerThrSerSerSerAlaThrLysAsn485 490495(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 3000 base pairs(B) TYPE: Nucleotide(C) STRANDEDNESS: Doublestranded(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Genomic DNA(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) ANTI-SENSE: No(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (B) STRAIN: S288C(E) HAPLOTYPE: Haploid(vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:(A) LIBRARY: Genomic(B) CLONE: 6(vii) POSITION IN GENOME:(A) CHROMOSOME/SEGMENT: 16(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:CCTCCTCTGGATCTTCTGGGTCTTCTGCGCCACCTTCCATTAAAAGGATT50ACGCCCC ACTTGACTGCGTCTGCTGCAAAACAGCGTCCCTTATTGGCTAA100ACAGCCTTCTAATCTGAAATATTCGGAGTTAGCAGATATTTCGTCGAGTG150AGACGTCTTCGCAGCATAATGAGTCGGACCCGGATGATCTAACTACTGCC200CTGACGAGGATATGTTT CTGATTAGGAATTGATGACGCGAGAGGACTACA250AGGTTCAAAGTTCGGCGCTATTCATAAATCAACTAAGAAATATGCGCTGT300TAAGGTCATCTCAGGAGCTGTTTAGCCGTCTTCCATGGTCGATCGTTCCC350TCTATCAAAGGTAATGGCGCCATGAAG AACGCCATAAACACTGCAGTCTT400GGAGAATATCATTCCGCACCGTCATGTTAAGTGGGTCGGTACCGTCGGAA450TCCCAACGGATGAGATTCCGGAAAATATCCTTGCGAACATCTCTGACTCT500TTAAAAGACAAGTACGACTCCTATCCTGTCCTTACGG ACGACGACACCTT550CAAAGCCGCATACAAAAACTACTGTAAACAAATCTTGTGGCCTACGCTGC600ATTACCAGATTCCAGACAATCCGAACTCGAAGGCTTTTGAAGATCACTCT650TGGAAGTTCTATAGAAACTTAAACCAAAGGTTTGCGGACGCGATCGT TAA700AATCTATAAGAAAGGTGACACCATCTGGATTCATGATTACCATTTAATGC750TGGTTCCGCAGATGGTGAGAGACGTCTTGCCTTTTGCCAAAATAGGATTT800ACCTTACATGTCTCGTTCCCCAGTAGTGAAGTGTTTAGGTGTCTGGCTCA850 GCGTGAGAAGATCTTAGAAGGCTTGACCGGTGCAGACTTTGTCGGCTTCC900AGACGAGGGAGTATGCAAGACATTTCTTACAGACGTCTAACCGTCTGCTA950ATGGCGGACGTGGTACATGATGAAGAGCTAAAGTATAACGGCAGAGTCGT1000TTCTGTGAGG TTCACCCCAGTTGGTATCGACGCCTTTGATTTGCAATCGC1050AATTGAAGGATGGAAGTGTCATGCAATGGCGTCAATTGATTCGTGAAAGA1100TGGCAAGGGAAAAAACTAATTGTGTGTCGTGATCAATTCGATAGAATTAG1150AGGTATTCACAAGAAATTGT TGGCTTATGAAAAATTCTTGGTCGAAAATC1200CGGAATACGTGGAAAAATCGACTTTAATTCAAATCTGTATTGGAAGCAGT1250AAGGATGTAGAACTGGAGCGCCAGATCATGATTGTCGTGGATAGAATCAA1300CTCGCTATCCACCAATATTAGTATTTCTCA ACCTGTGGTGTTTTTGCATC1350AAGATCTAGATTTTTCTCAGTATTTAGCTTTGAGTTCAGAGGCAGATTTG1400TTCGTAGTCAGCTCTCTAAGGGAAGGTATGAACTTGACATGTCACGAATT1450TATCGTTTGTTCTGAGGACAAAAATGCTCCCCTACTGTTG TCAGAATTTA1500CTGGTAGTGCATCTTTATTGAATGATGGCGCTATAATAATTAACCCATGG1550GATACCAAGAACTTCTCACAAGCCATTCTCAAGGGGTTGGAGATGCCATT1600CGATAAGAGAAGGCCACAGTGGAAGAAATTGATGAAAGACATTATCAACA 1650ACGACTCTACAAACTGGATCAAGACTTCTTTACAAGATATTCATATTTCG1700TGGCAATTCAATCAAGAAGGTTCCAAGATCTTCAAATTGAATACAAAAAC1750ACTGATGGAAGATTACCAGTCATCTAAAAAGCGTATGTTTGTTTTCAACA1800TT GCTGAACCACCTTCATCGAGAATGATTTCCATACTGAATGACATGACT1850TCTAAGGGCAATATCGTTTACATCATGAACTCATTTCCAAAGCCCATTCT1900GGAAAATCTTTACAGTCGTGTGCAAAACATTGGGTTGATTGCCGAGAATG1950GTGCATACGTTA GTCTGAACGGTGTATGGTACAACATTGTTGATCAAGTC2000GATTGGCGTAACGATGTAGCCAAAATTCTCGAGGACAAAGTGGAGAGATT2050ACCTGGCTCGTACTACAAGATAAATGAGTCCATGATCAAGTTCCACACTG2100AAAATGCGGAAGATCAAGATCG TGTAGCTAGTGTTATCGGTGATGCCATC2150ACACATATCAATACTGTTTTTGACCACAGAGGTATTCATGCCTACGTTTA2200CAAAAACGTTGTTTCCGTACAACAAGTGGGACTTTCCTTATCGGCAGCTC2250AATTTCTTTTCAGATTCTATAATTCTGCTTCG GATCCACTGGATACGAGT2300TCCGGCCAAATCACAAATATTCAGACACCATCTCAACAAAATCCTTCAGA2350TCAAGAACAACAACCTCCAGCCTCTCCCACTGTGTCGATGAACCATATTG2400ATTTCGCATGTGTCTCTGGTTCATCGTCTCCTGTGCTTGAAC CATTGTTC2450AAATTGGTCAATGATGAAGCAAGTGAAGGGCAAGTAAAAGCCGGACACGC2500CATTGTTTATGGTGATGCTACTTCTACTTATGCCAAAGAACATGTAAATG2550GGTTAAACGAACTTTTCACGATCATTTCAAGAATCATTGAAGATTAAATT2 600TTACCATTTTAAAATTTTAATGTTCTTGGGTATGAACTTTTATTTTCAAC2650TGCTTATTATATATCAATTCTATAAATTTTTTTCTTCTCTCTAACGACCA2700ATTATAAAATTCATCCTCTTATTTATTACAGCATCTTATACATTATGTAT2750ATGGG TAGCTATTATTCATTTTTGCTTCGTAAGGACTTTTTTTGTCAACT2800TTTTCATCCTAAGCGGCTAAAAGTGATTGGAGAGGAATGTCCAGGCGACC2850AATGATAAAAACGCTTTCTCTTGGAACAAGAAATAGGAGCAATTGACAGT2900TGTCGATGAACAGCG AAAATAGTAAGATAACCTTCAAGCCCAATATTCTA2950ATTAAAGGCGTTTATATATTTGTACTTTATGGTATGTGCATATGTATTGT3000(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 785 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Polypeptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: Yes ?(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: C-terminal(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:ArgGlyLeuGlnGlySerLysPheGlyAlaIleHisLysSerThr51015LysLysTyrAlaLeuLeuArgSer SerGlnGluLeuPheSerArg202530LeuProTrpSerIleValProSerIleLysGlyAsnGlyAlaMet3540 45LysAsnAlaIleAsnThrAlaValLeuGluAsnIleIleProHis505560ArgHisValLysTrpValGlyThrValGlyIleProThrAspGlu 657075IleProGluAsnIleLeuAlaAsnIleSerAspSerLeuLysAsp808590LysTyrAspSerTyrP roValLeuThrAspAspAspThrPheLys95100105AlaAlaTyrLysAsnTyrCysLysGlnIleLeuTrpProThrLeu1101 15120HisTyrGlnIleProAspAsnProAsnSerLysAlaPheGluAsp125130135HisSerTrpLysPheTyrArgAsnLeuAsnGlnArgPhe AlaAsp140145150AlaIleValLysIleTyrLysLysGlyAspThrIleTrpIleHis155160165AspTy rHisLeuMetLeuValProGlnMetValArgAspValLeu170175180ProPheAlaLysIleGlyPheThrLeuHisValSerPheProSer185 190195SerGluValPheArgCysLeuAlaGlnArgGluLysIleLeuGlu200205210GlyLeuThrGlyAlaAspPheValGlyP heGlnThrArgGluTyr215220225AlaArgHisPheLeuGlnThrSerAsnArgLeuLeuMetAlaAsp230235 240ValValHisAspGluGluLeuLysTyrAsnGlyArgValValSer245250255ValArgPheThrProValGlyIleAspAlaPheAspLeuGlnSer 260265270GlnLeuLysAspGlySerValMetGlnTrpArgGlnLeuIleArg275280285GluArgTrpGlnGlyLy sLysLeuIleValCysArgAspGlnPhe290295300AspArgIleArgGlyIleHisLysLysLeuLeuAlaTyrGluLys30531 0315PheLeuValGluAsnProGluTyrValGluLysSerThrLeuIle320325330GlnIleCysIleGlySerSerLysAspValGluLeuGluA rgGln335340345IleMetIleValValAspArgIleAsnSerLeuSerThrAsnIle350355360SerIle SerGlnProValValPheLeuHisGlnAspLeuAspPhe365370375SerGlnTyrLeuAlaLeuSerSerGluAlaAspLeuPheValVal380 385390SerSerLeuArgGluGlyMetAsnLeuThrCysHisGluPheIle395400405ValCysSerGluAspLysAsnAlaProLe uLeuLeuSerGluPhe410415420ThrGlySerAlaSerLeuLeuAsnAspGlyAlaIleIleIleAsn425430 435ProTrpAspThrLysAsnPheSerGlnAlaIleLeuLysGlyLeu440445450GluMetProPheAspLysArgArgProGlnTrpLysLysLeuMet 455460465LysAspIleIleAsnAsnAspSerThrAsnTrpIleLysThrSer470475480LeuGlnAspIleHisIle SerTrpGlnPheAsnGlnGluGlySer485490495LysIlePheLysLeuAsnThrLysThrLeuMetGluAspTyrGln500505 510SerSerLysLysArgMetPheValPheAsnIleAlaGluProPro515520525SerSerArgMetIleSerIleLeuAsnAspMetThrSerLy sGly530535540AsnIleValTyrIleMetAsnSerPheProLysProIleLeuGlu545550555AsnLeu TyrSerArgValGlnAsnIleGlyLeuIleAlaGluAsn560565570GlyAlaTyrValSerLeuAsnGlyValTrpTyrAsnIleValAsp575 580585GlnValAspTrpArgAsnAspValAlaLysIleLeuGluAspLys590595600ValGluArgLeuProGlySerTyrTyrLys IleAsnGluSerMet605610615IleLysPheHisThrGluAsnAlaGluAspGlnAspArgValAla620625 630SerValIleGlyAspAlaIleThrHisIleAsnThrValPheAsp635640645HisArgGlyIleHisAlaTyrValTyrLysAsnValValSerVal 650655660GlnGlnValGlyLeuSerLeuSerAlaAlaGlnPheLeuPheArg665670675PheTyrAsnSerAlaSer AspProLeuAspThrSerSerGlyGln680685690IleThrAsnIleGlnThrProSerGlnGlnAsnProSerAspGln695700 705GluGlnGlnProProAlaSerProThrValSerMetAsnHisIle710715720AspPheAlaCysValSerGlySerSerSerProValLeuGlu Pro725730735LeuPheLysLeuValAsnAspGluAlaSerGluGlyGlnValLys740745750AlaGlyH isAlaIleValTyrGlyAspAlaThrSerThrTyrAla755760765LysGluHisValAsnGlyLeuAsnGluLeuPheThrIleIleSer770 775780ArgIleIleGluAsp785(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal (v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:TyrIleSerLys(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:AspValGluGluTyrGlnTyrLe uArg(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 8 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:HisPheLeuSerSerValGlnArg 5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 14 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:ValLeuAsnValAsnThrLeuProAsnGlyVal GluTyrGln510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:SerValV alAsnGluLeuValGlyArg5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 4(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:GluThrPheLys(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:LeuAspTyrIleLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:(i ) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:IleLeuProValArg5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13:GluValAsnXaaGluLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14:PheTyrAspXaaXaa5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 13 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15:LeuXaaAlaMetGluValPheLeuAsnGluXaaProGlu510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 14 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16:TyrThrSerAlaPheTrpGlyGluAsnPheValXaaGluLeu510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17:PheGlyXaaProGlyLeuGluIlePro5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18:XaaGlySerValMetGln5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 7 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19:LeuProGlySerTyrTyrLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 12 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20:AspAlaIleValValAsnProMetAspSerValAla510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21:MetIleSerIleLeu5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22:ArgArgProGlnTrpLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23:SerXaaProGlnLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24:PheTyrArgAsnLeuAsnGlnArgPheAlaAspAlaIleValLys51015(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25:AspGlySerValMetGlnXaaXaaGlnLeuXaa510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 18 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26:AsnAlaIleAsnThrAlaValLeuGluAsnIleIleProXaaXaa 51015XaaValLys(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 12 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal (v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27:LeuValAsnAspGluAlaSerGluGlyGlnValLys510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide( iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28:XaaGlnAspIleLeuLeuAsnAsnThrPheXaa510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 14 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29:AspThrThrGlnThrAlaProValXaaAsnAsnValXaaPro510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30:AsnGlnLeuAspAlaXaaAsnTyrAlaGluVal510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: Yes(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31:AsnLeuSerArgTrpArgAsnTyrAlaGlu510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: 32(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:32:TrpGlnGlyLys(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:33:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:33:IleGlnLeuGlyGluSerAsnAspAspXaaXaa510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:34:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:34:GlnValProThrIleGlnAspXaaThrAsnLys510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:35:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:35:IleTyrXaaTyrValLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:36: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: Yes(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:36:AsnGlnLeuThrAsnTyr5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:37:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(C) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: Yes(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:37:ValAlaLeuGly(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:38:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 12 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid (C) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:38:AspAlaIleValValAsnProXaaAspSerValAla510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:39:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino acid(C) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:39:ThrPheThrAsnTyrAspGlySerLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:40:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino acid(C) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:40:ThrGlyAsnAspProSerHisIleAlaLys510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:41:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:( A) LENGTH: 7 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(C) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:41:IleTyrGluSerGlnGlyLys5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:42:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 12 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino acid(C) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:42:AlaGluGlyAlaThrGlyGlyLeuValProHisLys510(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:43:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids(B) TYPE: Amino acid(C) TOPOLOGY: Linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: No(iv) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal(v) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:43:LeuAlaThrGluLeuProAlaXaaSerLys510