Abstract:
A method for improving the specularity of a surface comprises steps for (a) spraying a wax material suspended in a carrier or solvent onto the surface; and (b) drawing a lip of a wiper blade across the surface, wiping away the carrier or solvent and leaving the wax material in pores and crevices of the surface.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED DOCUMENTS  
       [0001]    The present patent application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/205,420 filed on De. 4, 1998, now U.S Pat. No. 6,243,911. The prior application is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention is in the field of car-wash accessories and pertains more particularly to hand-held devices used for removing standing water from, and applying spray-on wax to automobiles and other vehicles.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    One of the largest and most lucrative product markets in the United States involves cosmetic accessories for automobiles and light trucks. There are literally thousands of products available that are dedicated to enhancing the cosmetic appearance of a consumer&#39;s pride and joy, namely, his automobile. From products that add luster to an expensive paint job, to products that add sparkle to chrome, all one has to do is visit a local parts store to see discover a broad range of such innovative products.  
           [0004]    One category of products possibly containing the least variety from which to choose is car-wash products. Car-wash accessories known in the art include special towels for removing water and drying automobile finishes after a car-wash, or chamois cloths for absorption of excess water and the like. Other products in this category include automated hot-air blowers for quick drying the automobile finish, or various hand-held cloth or synthetic pads for rubbing excess water off of an automobiles finish.  
           [0005]    Bottled solutions or treatments are sometimes employed as aids to reducing spotting or staining of automobiles finish often resulting from standing water. The type of water used in washing a car plays a part in possible spotting or staining that may be present on an automobiles finish after a wash. For example, if the water is very hard (has a lot of dissolved minerals) minerals, resultant spotting can be extreme; whereas, if the water is softer, spotting may be lessened. These bottled solutions or pastes are designed to reduce spotting via their interaction with the water itself.  
           [0006]    Further to the above, many professional detailers offer full-service hand washing and regular wash programs. One of the advantages of this type of service for the customer is that the vehicle is cleaned with a detailer&#39;s touch, which tends to be much more thorough than a standard car wash. One of the most useful products used by a professional detailer is a chemical/liquid spray-on wax product. Such multi-purpose products may be used for adding extra gloss to the finish of a vehicle after a full-service wash, for example, or for touching up the finish of the vehicle after an exterior detail job, showroom wiping and dry-washing.  
           [0007]    Spray-on waxes were originally developed for the show vehicle industry, allowing technicians to quickly wipe dust and fingerprints off of the vehicles on display or in long-term storage. If the vehicle is never exposed to any substantial amount of direct sunlight, then the protection provided by occasional spray waxing is often sufficient. Spray waxes also provide the consumer with many similar advantages, one of which is providing a quick way to accomplish light surface cleaning of the vehicle&#39;s finish, such as removing dust and fingerprints, and so on.  
           [0008]    Most spray waxes also have a high silicone content which helps to hide minor surface imperfections such as micro-scratches and the typical method of application, simply spraying on and wiping off, allows detailers and consumers alike to do all of this very quickly. The protective wax or silicone elements in typical spray-on products are solid in nature and are suspended in the water-based or chemical-based solution after thorough mixing of the product, and in general, the more solids to spray-on wax contains, the more cleaning and protective power to product will have. Higher solid content, however, also means that the spray-on wax will be more difficult to buff off using the conventional means of application and wiping off with a cloth or chamois.  
           [0009]    An advantage for consumers in using such spray-on wax products is that the vehicle receives a protective coating that lasts typically one to two weeks, and the consumer is not required to pay the substantial cost of a complete exterior detail job.  
           [0010]    Properly applied, the application of spray-on wax products provides a finish on the vehicle which appears much shinier, with less visible micro-scratches, then it would if it was simply washed and dried.  
           [0011]    Most spray-on cleaning and waxing products on the market today are simply water-based chemicals with a mild cleaning ability providing one to two weeks of protective value for the paint of the vehicle. Others are solvent-based and thus provide slightly more cleaning and protective abilities. Many manufacturers now carry a liquid spray wax designed just for cleaning the surface finish of the vehicle without water, the idea being that if the vehicle is not extensively dirty or muddy, a detailer can spray the dry-wash liquid directly onto the vehicle surface and wipe it off with a cloth or chamois, removing both the cleaner and any dirt that is on the surface. Such dry-washing products are usually the most effective cleaners and provide the longest protective durability, often lasting up to several months. Many dry-wash products also contain stronger protective elements, when compared to standard spray-on wax/cleaning products, some even containing an added liquefied polymer sealant, providing a protective durability that can range from several weeks to several months.  
           [0012]    At the time of this patent application the most successful (least damaging) method known in the art for removing standing water from an automobile finish, and evenly distributing and wiping spray-on wax/cleaning products is likely the time-tested chamois. The chamois is a highly flexible section of treated animal skin that has a large absorption capability. The chamois is typically used just after the automobile has been rinsed. It is laid out on the surface and pulled in the direction of the user for removing standing water, and, in the case of spreading and buffing of sprayed-on wax, or similar spray-on products, is wiped in a back and forth or circular pattern in alternating directions.  
           [0013]    Although the chamois cloth is widely accepted as a viable method for removing standing water and wiping sprayed-on wax products as described above, there are some inherent problems and limitations associated with its use. Because of the chamois cloth&#39;s persistent adhesion to a wet surface, moving the chamois from side to side, or at directions away from the user, such as when wiping sprayed-on wax products, is relatively difficult. The chamois cloth has a tendency to fold or roll under itself if it is not being pulled directly toward the user. This drawback limits accessibility to areas that may need to be wiped. Another problem is that, while a chamois is very successful in absorbing standing water and spreading spray-on wax, the chamois must be wrung out when it is loaded with water and/or spray-on wax products, and such cloths are difficult to wring.  
           [0014]    Because of these difficulties several chamois cloths must often be used to completely remove standing water or other liquid materials from a vehicle finish. Although the chamois is very soft and generally harmless to a paint job or finish, it is possible that unseen dirt or particles left over from the car-wash process get lodged in the chamois and can cause scratches when the chamois is pulled across, or otherwise wiped across the surface of an automobile. This can be particularly disturbing for those who own expensive show cars that support special auto paints that may be susceptible to scratching.  
           [0015]    Moreover, if a spray-on wax is applied to the wet surfaces of the vehicle just after washing, or is applied to a dry just-washed surface, a first cloth or chamois (or set thereof) is required for spreading the sprayed-on wax product, which may be mixed with the standing water (or not, in the case of dry-washing/waxing), and a second set of cloths/chamois is required to finally wipe and buff the waxed finish to a shine.  
           [0016]    It is well-known in the art that a typical painted surface of a vehicle, although it may appear perfectly smooth to the naked eye, is actually quite porous, containing many tiny pores in the form of valleys and crevices. This is especially apparent when the painted surface is viewed under very high magnification. An inherent problem in using a cloth or chamois for spreading and buffing spray-on wax products is that, since the wiping and buffing process must typically occur very quickly after application of the spray-on wax because of rapid evaporation of the very thin layer of water and/or carrier solution, the protective wax solids which are suspended in the carrier solution do not have the opportunity to settle into the pores, and also are not effectively forced into the porous surfaces of the paint surface by the wiping action of a cloth or chamois. Many of the tiny wax solids will tend to be collected by the cloth or chamois instead of desirably being forced into the pores and thereby creating a glossier finish.  
           [0017]    Other types of cloths are available and well known in the art, such as re-washable towels that are sold in most auto-care shops. The absorption qualities, as well as the scratch resistant properties of these products typically vary. These towel-type products are generally intended for users who expect marginal results and are not overly concerned with the cosmetic appearance of their automobiles. Similarly, hand-held pads of the type made out of synthetic fiber vary in their absorption quality, as well as scratch resistant properties. While hand-held pads provide a convenient place for a user&#39;s hand (usually straps on the top surface), they do little else to improve the technology of water removal or evenly distributing spray-on wax products and enabling the wax solids to more completely fill the tiny pores of the paint.  
           [0018]    It is well known in the art that some products with rubber-like blades, such as squeegees and windshield wipers, work fairly well removing water from a flat or slightly curved surface. These devices, however, are not well adapted to removal of standing water from automobile bodies, because they cannot conform to the sometimes radical and compound curvature of an automobile body. Moreover, many body panels for vehicles such as trucks and airplanes have uneven surfaces, such as broken by rivet heads and the like, and also by intentional functional or ornamental patterns. One such pattern is a diamond shape panel that is well-known in the art and used for truck trailers and the like. Wipers are not known in the art that are efficient in removing standing water from such surfaces.  
           [0019]    Air blowers are sometimes employed to evaporate standing water droplets on a surface. This method is most used in automated car washes and the like; and it is well known in the art that an automobile owner concerned with the cosmetic appeal of his or her vehicle would not, under normal circumstances, patronize a commercial auto-wash.  
           [0020]    Moreover, air blowers of the type that are hand-held are typically difficult because they are cumbersome, awkward, and rather heavy to hold for the time it takes to dry a car body. Furthermore, power cords can get in the way while working on an automobile surface, and cause scratches and other damage as well. In addition, electricity and or battery costs may be a deterrent to those having to wash multiple automobiles such as would be the case with a car dealership, etc.  
           [0021]    What is clearly needed is a method and apparatus for removing standing water from surfaces that is adapted to conform around the sometimes compound and radical curvature of automobile bodies, and around rivet heads and other projections from surfaces to be dried, and is at the same time gentle to surface finishes, easy to use, inexpensive, and durable. The method and apparatus in various embodiments is also enabled for evenly spreading spray-on wax or other such vehicle finish products that are sprayed on a wet or dry just-washed painted surface, while significantly improving the application of the distributed wax or other such solids down into the pores of the paint. It is to these objects and others that the present invention is dedicated, and apparatus and methods are taught herein in enabling detail for accomplishing these ends.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0022]    In a preferred embodiment of the present invention a method for improving the specularity of a surface is provided, comprising the steps of (a) spraying a wax material suspended in a carrier or solvent onto the surface; and (b) drawing a lip of a wiper blade across the surface, wiping away the carrier or solvent and leaving the wax material in pores and crevices of the surface.  
           [0023]    In some embodiments there is further a step prior to steps (a) and (b) for washing the surface, leaving water droplets on the surface. In some embodiments the water left on the surface after washing may be allowed to dry. IN some cases the surface may have curved portions, and the wiper blade may have a height between the lip and a handle sufficient to allow the lip to form around the curved portions. The surface may be the painted surface of a vehicle, such as a car or a truck.  
           [0024]    In embodiments of the invention described in enabling detail below, for the first time a method is provided for waxing a car or truck, wherein wax applied by spray in a carrier or a solvent may be urged into irregularities in a surface by use of the lip of a wiping blade, without requiring cloths or chamois, and leaving a highly specular finish.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Figures  
       [0025]    [0025]FIG. 1 is a perspective exploded view of a hand-held water blade in an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 2 is a broken view of a water blade insert in an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 3 is a cross section view of the water blade insert of FIG. 2 taken along section line  3 - 3  of FIG. 2 in an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the water blade of FIG. 1 applied to a curved surface, with the blade just touching the surface.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 4B is a view of the blade and surface of FIG. 4A from a different vantage.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 4C is a perspective view of the blade of FIGS. 4 a  and  4 B with the blade urged into the surface.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 4D is a view of the blade and surface of FIG. 4C from a different vantage.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 5A is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment according to the invention, including a molded passage and insert for a rigid handle.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 5B is a perspective view of a two-part molded blade and handle according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 6 is an end view of the lip area of the water blade of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 7A is a perspective view of the water blade of FIG. 1 displacing water from a diamond plate surface according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 7B is an elevation view of the water blade and diamond plate of FIG. 7A.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 8A is an end view of a lip design according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 8B is an end view of a lip design according to yet another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 8C is an end view of a lip design according to still another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 9 is an end view of yet another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 10A is an end view of the lip area of a water blade element according to an embodiment of the present invention, applied to a surface upon which a spray-on wax has been applied, with one lip urged into the surface.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 10B is an end view of the lip area and surface of FIG. 10A, with water and spray-on wax, enlarged to show greater detail. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0043]    [0043]FIG. 1 is a perspective exploded view of a hand-held water blade  11  in an embodiment of the present invention, illustrating three main elements of the assembly of water blade  11 . A two-part handle consists of a first section  15  adapted to fasten to a second section  17  with a blade insert  13  captured between the handle sections. With the handle sections joined and the blade captured, a functioning water blade  11  is formed. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, handle sections  15  and  17  are molded from polypropylene in an injection molding process. Injection molding is well known in the art of fabricating various plastics and is considered by the inventor, in this instance, to be a preferred process for manufacturing water blade  11 . In other embodiments, other fabrication methods may be employed such as gluing various parts together, or perhaps plastic welding techniques may be employed. It will be apparent to one with skill in the art that various materials may be used to fabricate handle sections  15  and  17  such as Delrin, nylon, and others. Metals, wood, and the like may be used in other embodiments.  
         [0044]    A T-shaped top portion  18  is provided in blade insert  13  wherein opposite sides of the “T” fit snugly into opposite blade slots provided in handle sections  17  and  15 . A blade retaining slot  12  is shown in handle section  15 , and a similar slot is provided in section  17 , though not shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0045]    Handle sections  15  and  17  are designed to fit together to form a handle grip that retains the wiper blade, is comfortable to hold, and is of light weight. In a preferred embodiment, special texture areas are provided around the outer edges of each handle section, although this is not required. Recesses may be molded into handle sections  15  and  17  for the purpose of supporting decals, logos, and the like.  
         [0046]    In the embodiment shown a method is provided for attachment of handle sections  15  and  17  whereby handle section  15  has assembly brackets such as bracket  14  that are designed to accept rivets such as rivet  19  that are to be inserted through access points shown in handle section  17 , such as the access point shown roughly in line with rivet  19  and bracket  14  illustrated by the directional arrows. Bracket  14  may be formed in the molding process or may be mounted to handle section  15  after molding. Bracket  14  may be fabricated from aluminum, sheet metal, or any other suitable material known in the art and of suitable strength to provide a secure attachment.  
         [0047]    In the embodiment shown by FIG. 1 the method of attachment is riveting. However, other methods of attachment may be used as well, such as screws, snap inserts and the like. In another embodiment there may be no brackets or recesses but rather grooves provided and adapted for the installation of outer snap rings. It will be apparent to one with skill in the art that many methods, well known in the art, may be employed for attaching handle sections together without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as described above. In still other embodiments a one-piece handle may be provided with a T-slot adapted to engage T-section  18  of blade  13 , wherein the blade may be threaded into the slot of the one-piece handle. An advantage in this embodiment is that there is no need for separate sections or fasteners. In still other embodiments handles may be formed in other ways, ad some of these other ways are described in more detail below.  
         [0048]    In a preferred embodiment of the present invention length dimension D1 is about 12 inches, width dimension D2 is approximately {fraction (7/8 )} of an inch, and height dimension D3 is approximately 1¼ of an inch. It will be apparent to one with skill in the art that dimensions with respect to length, width, and height of the grip handle formed by handle sections  15  and  17  may vary. For example, handles of different sizes-may be provided along with blades of different sizes for use under certain circumstances. Large sizes for large trucks and trailers, for example, and smaller models for such as compact cars FIG. 2 is a broken elevation view of blade insert  13  of FIG. 1 in an embodiment of the present invention showing approximate dimensions and various molded features, some of which are important to unique functionality of wiper blades in embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a section view of blade insert  13  taken along section lines  3 - 3  of FIG. 2 wherein further dimensioning is illustrated.  
         [0049]    A lip region  21  is provided along the longitudinal bottom edge of blade insert  13  with lip elements extending laterally from the bottom edge. This lip region may be formed in several different ways in different embodiments of the invention. In a preferred embodiment the lip region is formed at an angle from the blade element as described below in more detail.  
         [0050]    In a preferred embodiment of the present invention blade insert  13  is molded from a silicon rubber material via injection molding process for similar reasons stated as stated above with respect to the molding of handle sections  17  and  15 . It will be apparent to one with skill in the art that blade insert  13  may be molded from other materials known in the art and of suitable flexibility. In this instant embodiment, the inventor prefers silicon rubber with a flexibility rating of approximately 30 to 70 durometer, depending on thickness of the blade. The flexibility of blade insert  13  can be more or less than 30 to 70 durometer, depending on a number of factors that also affect functionality, such as blade thickness, taper, grooving, blade height, and the like.  
         [0051]    A unique and critical function provided by unique characteristics of blade insert  13  is its capability of conforming around sometimes compound and/or radical curves in the body of an automobile, such as in a fender section. It is an object of the present invention is to provide for eliminating standing water in these areas in a safe and efficient manner. This unique capability is made possible in part by the approximate dimensional proportions of blade insert  13  with respect to length and height.  
         [0052]    Referring to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, blade  13  has a height D4 that is a significant fraction of length D1. The ability of blade  13  to form around curved surfaces in wiping water from such surfaces is largely due to the height of the blade relative to the length, and this feature is enlarged upon below. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, D12, which is the effective height of the blade extending from a handle, is about 2½ inches. This dimension is the free flexible height from bottom of blade insert  13  to the bottom of the grip handle formed by handle sections  15  and  17  of FIG. 1. In this embodiment D1 is about 12 inches. The ratio of free height to length in this case is about 0.21, or about 20 twenty percent. The inventor has discovered empirically that this ratio need to be about ten percent or more for the water blade to be really useful for automobiles with considerable curved surfaces.  
         [0053]    It will be understood that D1 is used in this embodiment both as the length of the handle sections and the wiper blade, as the lengths are substantially the same. In some other embodiments handle elements and wiper blades will be of different dimensions. It is been found by experiment that in this embodiment, the dimensions 2.5 inches for height D12 and 12 inches for D1, with a thickness of material of approximately {fraction (3/16)} of an inch produces a useful and preferable result. In other embodiments wherein the overall dimensions of water blade  11  are larger or smaller, a material with a more suitable hardness and perhaps thickness may be employed to aid in achieving desirable flexing properties of water blade  11 .  
         [0054]    Providing a significant height for blade insert  13  increases the area of contact around a curved automobiles surface such as a fender, and the like. The ratio of height to length of blade insert  13  is important to the function of water blades in various embodiments of the present invention, and will be described in more detail in below.  
         [0055]    Another important characteristic in blade insert  13  is a capability to direct standing water from a surface and to move it in an efficient manner whereby virtually no water residue remains behind on the automobile surface. This directing effect is accomplished by lip  21  which is formed along the longitudinal bottom edge of blade insert  13  and extends in the embodiment shown in the form of a tapered angle on either side. Angled lip  21  produces a rolling action to the water and forces it to ride up on the angled surface of the lip effectively separating the water from the surface of the automobile. It is known to the inventor that some windshield wiper blades incorporate a similar design, and it is well known in the art that this design is effective in removing standing water.  
         [0056]    The angled lip characteristic is unique in conjunction with the height of the blade, in providing a lipped blade with an ability to conform to compound and radical curves in the surface of an automobile.  
         [0057]    In the embodiment shown in the figures a series of molded indentions is provided along the length of blade insert  13 . The object of these indentions is to minimize the amount of material required to mold blade insert  13 . It is known in the art that silicon rubber is relatively expensive when compared to other materials, therefore, considerable savings can be realized by employing such material reducing techniques. In the embodiment shown these indentions are equally spaced approximately ½ inch (D13) from center line to center, for 24 indentions. The uniform height of these indentions is approximately 1⅞ inches (D11), and the dimension from the bottom of the indentions to the bottom of blade insert  13  is approximately ½ of an inch (D10).  
         [0058]    Even though indentions as described immediately above may be used for saving weight and material volume, in most preferred embodiments the sides of blade  13  are smooth, rather than grooved, and the inventor has found that the smooth embodiment actually provides enhanced water-wiping function compared to blades with the grooved surface.  
         [0059]    A groove  25  is shown running the entire length of blade insert  13 . Groove  25 , described briefly with reference to FIG. 1, is formed around the perimeter of blade insert  13 , providing the shape of T-section  18 . These grooves provide a secure locking arrangement when handle sections  15  and  17  of FIG. 1 are closed, thereby stopping blade insert  13  from moving up or down with respect to the grip handle.  
         [0060]    The overall thickness of blade insert  13  is approximately  1 / 2  of an inch (D 5 ). A minor thickness of blade insert  13  shown from the inside diameter of T-slot  25  and extending down to the upper shoulder of angled lip  21  is approximately {fraction (3/16)} of an inch (D6). Overall height of blade insert  13  is approximately 2 and ⅞ inches (D4). The width of grooves  25  of and the height of angled lip  21  are approximately ⅛ of an inch (D7 and D8 respectively). The approximate angle of angled lip  21  in the preferred embodiment shown is 30 degrees (A1). In some embodiments the angle at which lip  21  joins the body of the blade is different, and in some embodiments the lip may be on one side only. The inventor has found that a sharp edge  24  at the end of lip  21  provides a superior wiping action.  
         [0061]    Various dimensions as described herein are approximate only and are meant to illustrate preferred size relationships of features of blade insert  13  in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It will be apparent to one with skill in the art that many changes can be made with respect to dimensioning water blade  11  without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, a larger water blade may be used on a larger vehicle such as a semi-trailer rig and so on. In one embodiment a water blade with an added height to its blade insert may be used, for example, if a particular type of vehicle contains more curved features that are pronounced.  
         [0062]    FIGS.  4 A- 4 C illustrate the unique action of water blade  13  in conforming to a curved surface  29 . FIG. 4A illustrates a section view of a curved surface, which could be the curvature of a fender, and a water blade  11  including a rigid handle positioned so that lip  21  is just in contact with the curved surface, but flexible blade element  13  is not deformed. FIG. 4B is a view in the direction of arrow  27  of FIG. 4A, showing water blade  11  in contact with curved surface with blade element  13  not deformed. In this example, the contact of the blade element with the surface is just a narrow line. This is the situation that will always exist with a blade having little or no height D12 (FIG. 2).  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 4C is the same section view of a curved surface  29  as shown in FIG. 4 a , with water blade  11  in contact with surface  29 , and FIG. 4D is a view in the direction of arrow  31 . In this example, blade  11  has been rotated somewhat around the longitudinal axis of the handle, and the blade has been urged toward curved surface  29  in the direction of arrow  33 . This movement is applied by a user holding the blade in his or her hand.  
         [0064]    The result of moving the water blade into surface  29  is deformation of blade element  11 , bringing the sharp edge of lip region  21  into contact with the surface, and causing flexible blade element  13  to wrap around the curvature of the surface to a significant degree. In this example, width of the contact area (FIG. 4C) is from point  35  to point  37 . The significantly wide contact line around the curvature of the surface is a result of the height D12 (FIG. 2) of flexible blade element  13 .  
         [0065]    The arc length that may be accomplished by blade element  13  around a curved surface in practicing the present invention is a function of both the height of the blade element and the curvature of the surface. As surface curvature may be varied and compound, rather than simple, the calculations can be complex. A simplified example is given here assuming that the curvature is circular of radius R.  
         [0066]    Given radius R for the curvature of the surface, and a height H for dimension D12 of blade element  13 , and assuming that the water blade is urged into the curved surface until the handle is proximate the surface (which is a max situation, not actually encountered in practice), the angle α can be determined by the formula:  
         sin α=( R−H )/ R    
         [0067]    The potential length of the contact line to the curved surface from point  35  to point  37  in this situation can then be calculated as that portion of the circumference of a circle of radius R subtended by twice the angle α taken around the center of the curvature.  
         [0068]    It is apparent in the above analysis that for the potential length of the contact line to be realized, the overall length of the flexible blade element must be at least equal to the potential length. If the length of the blade element is more than the potential contact length, then part of the blade element will not make contact, as is shown in FIG. 4C. As is described above, in the preferred embodiment shown, the height of the blade element is about 3 inches, and the length is about 12 inches. This relationship has been found by the inventor to be useful for most automobile bodies.  
         [0069]    It will be apparent to those with skill in the art that there are many alterations that might be made in the embodiments shown and described without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In the area of handle provision for water blades in particular, many variations have been developed. FIG. 5A is a perspective view of one such alternative embodiment. In FIG. 5A a water blade  39  according to an embodiment of the present invention is molded from material such as silicone material of a single durometer, and a handle portion  41  is molded integrally from the same material. In the molding process a lengthwise passage  43  opening to either or both ends is molded into the water blade. After molding a rigid stiffener of about the length of the water blade is inserted into the lengthwise passage, and provides rigidity and the function of the rigid handle added according to FIG. 1.  
         [0070]    [0070]FIG. 5B shows yet another handle alternative for a water blade  47 . In the embodiment of FIG. 5B material of two different durometers are molded in one mold. A blade region  49  is molded of a material soft enough for the needed flexibility, and a more rigid material is molded as a handle region  51 . Procedures for such molding are well-known I the art.  
         [0071]    Effective Water Removal (Displacement) Over Rivets and Other Projections  
         [0072]    In another aspect of the invention, the lip area of water blade insert  13 , shown as element  21  in FIG. 1, is especially implemented to provide for effective water removal (displacement) when used on surfaces that have projections emanating from the surface, such as rivet heads, raised ornamental patterns, and the like.  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 6 is an exploded and broken view of lip  21  of water blade insert  13  of FIG. I according to an embodiment of the present invention wherein lip  21  is not orthogonal to the height of the blade, but at other than a right angle.  
         [0074]    It was mentioned above that some windshield wiper blades, known to the inventor, have lip regions that are similar in design to lip  21  of FIG. 1, and are known to be effective for removing standing water. However, it is also known and accepted in the art that a windshield wiper is limited by design and rigidity of material in that it is effective for a slightly curved and smooth surface such as a windshield. It was also mentioned above that the shape of lip  21  combined with the height of blade insert  13  is unique in it&#39;s ability to conform to and remove water from compound and radical curves in the surface of an automobile. This unique capability of water removal inherent to lip  21 , as previously taught, is not limited only to contours and curves such as are common to surfaces of automobiles, trucks and other vehicles, but also extends, in some embodiments, to projections from surfaces as found in rivets, diamond plate, and other ornamental features found on some automobile surfaces, airplane surfaces, truck surfaces, and many other like surfaces that may or may not be associated with a type of vehicle, as is taught below.  
         [0075]    The flexing capabilities of blade insert  13  and lip  21  also play a major roll in the ability of water blade  11  to remove water from more difficult surfaces such as surfaces exhibiting rivet heads, diamond pattern, and so forth. For example, with the applied action of water blade  11  over a given surface that may be contoured and have a raised pattern such as a diamond head pattern, blade insert  13  will conform to the contour while the contact side of lip  21  will conform to and around the edges of the diamond pattern effectively removing water. Lip  21 , for example, may be specially designed with the required length (extension from the body of blade  13 ) for extending more than the total raised height of an ornamental pattern or an array of rivets and so on.  
         [0076]    The inventor has discovered that an important factor in the ability of a lip, such as lip  21 , to conform to raised elements in a surface to be wiped, such as rivet heads and diamond patterns mentioned, is the included angle of the lip at the apex of the lip. Depending on the nature of the raised surface to be wiped, the angle needs to be 30 degrees or less. In some cases the angle needs to be no more than 20 degrees. The actual angle that works in some cases is a function also of the length of the lip from the body of the wiper blade, and of the flexibility (softness) of the material of the lip. For a simple lip of substantially triangular shape, an extension from the body of about {fraction (3/16)} inches, and a durometer of about 30, an angle of from between 10 and 20 degrees is best. An included angle of more than 30 degrees is not very useful, and the angle needs to be less than thirty degrees.  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 7A is a perspective view of the water blade of FIG. 1 removing (displacing) water from a surface having rivet-head projections according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a user urges water blade  11  across a surface  61  having projecting rivet heads  63  in the direction of the arrows while, at the same time, keeping a sufficient downward force on surface  61  to cause the lip to conform to the shape of the raised rivet heads. As one side (contact side) of lip  21  passes over a rivet head  63 , the flexible material conforms to the shape of each of the raised regions. In this fashion, water is displaced from all areas exposed to lip  21  including regions in between raised rivet heads of surface  61 .  
         [0078]    [0078]FIG. 7B is an elevation view of water blade  11  and rivet-studded surface  61  of FIG. 7A. When viewing water blade  11  and surface  61  in the direction of motion as indicated  10  by the directional arrows of FIG. 7A, one can see how tightly lip  21  conforms around raised regions such as those present on surface  61 . This unique ability is due to the flexibility of the material and design of lip  21  wherein sufficient length and flexibility is provided for conforming around such shapes. It will be apparent to the skilled artisan that one angular side or potion of lip  21  may be formed of a substantially greater length than the opposing side so that dual use is provided to water blade  11  without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, one side having a longer extension may be used for surfaces having raised regions while the opposing shorter side is used for smooth surfaces and so on. In alternative embodiments alternate designs are provided to the lip section of blade  11  to conform to even more complex surface features as taught below.  
         [0079]    [0079]FIG. 8A is an end view of a lip shape according to another embodiment of the present invention. In this example, a lip section  65  is formed having a v shape configuration on each opposing end. As is the case with lip  21  of FIG. 1, the v form is made to extend along the longitudinal edge of blade insert  13  of FIG. 1. This v formation produces a double-edge effect providing a second swipe at a surface during one initial pass of water blade  11 .  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 8B is an end view of a lip design according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. In this example, a lip section  67  is formed having a v shape similar to lip  65  of FIG. 8A accept that the opposing formations are much closer together. Such a formation may be used, for example, when raised areas or portions of a surface are not particularly high therefore not requiring substantial length with regard to lip formation.  
         [0081]    [0081]FIG. 8C is an end view of a lip design according to still another embodiment of the present invention. In this example, a lip  69  is formed having a half-moon shape on opposing ends and a substantially straight bridge connecting the half-moon shapes to each other. As with the previous two examples, there are now two swiping edges that are able to make contact with a surface during one pass with blade  11 . A formation such as seen in this embodiment may be useful for a surface that has a series of rounded rows forming a ribbed surface. The formation shown here would allow bi-directional motion of water blade  11  such as across the rows and down the rows wherein water removal is successful in either direction.  
         [0082]    [0082]FIG. 9 is an end view of yet another, and simpler, embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment the lip is a simple straight projection forming an orthogonal T-bar at the bottom of blade  13 , the T-bar having essentially constant wall thickness.  
         [0083]    Effective Spray-on Wax Application Using Water Blade  
         [0084]    In another aspect of the present invention the water wiping apparatus described above in various embodiments provides an effective means for applying spray-on wax or other such finishing products that are sprayed on to a just-washed painted surface. It is an object of the present invention, as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 10A, to provide an improved method and apparatus for evenly spreading spray-on wax or other such vehicle finish products that are sprayed on a wet or dry just-washed painted surface, while significantly improving the application of the distributed spray-on wax or other such spray-on finishing products to the surface. It must be noted, however, that the invention is in no way limited to automotive paint, and the invention may be practiced in various embodiments on a variety of surfaces onto which a spray-on finishing product, such as spray-on wax, may be applied.  
         [0085]    The improved method and apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, as is described below in enabling detail, is best practiced on a substantially flat painted surface. However, various alternative embodiments of the invention, as described above utilizing different shapes and styles in the lip area of the wiper blade insert, may be used for effectively applying a spray-on finishing product to curved or contoured services, or other services not substantially flat, and also to surfaces is having projections emanating from the surface, such as rivet heads, raised ornamental patterns, and the like.  
         [0086]    [0086]FIG. 10A is an end view of the lip area of a water blade element according to an embodiment of the present invention, as described in detail above, applied to a painted surface with one lip urged into the surface. Blade element  101 , similar to that of FIG. 1, is shown in this view having a lip region  103 , lip region  103  provided in this embodiment along the longitudinal bottom edge of blade element  101 . In the preferred embodiment shown blade element  101  is molded or otherwise formed from a silicon rubber material, but it will be apparent to one skilled in the art however that blade element  101  may be manufactured from other materials having similar suitable flexibility and resilience.  
         [0087]    In the embodiment shown in this view, a surface  105  is illustrated which represents the outer surface of a portion of the body of a vehicle being detailed, which is covered with a layer of typical automotive paint, onto the surface of which an aspect of the present invention, as will be described below in detail, is practiced. Surface  105  in the embodiment shown is a typical layering of automotive paint, but may also be of a variety of different paint types applied using various known methods.  
         [0088]    As is well-known in the art, a typical painted surface of a vehicle, although appearing substantially smooth and glossy to the naked eye when the paint is properly applied, is actually quite porous, comprising a multitude of tiny pores in the form of valleys and crevices. Such a surface is especially apparent when the painted surface is viewed under very high magnification. A plurality of pores  107  indicate such a porous surface in the present illustration, however pores  107  are greatly enlarged in this view, relative to blade element  101  and surface  105 , for the purpose of illustration.  
         [0089]    Surface  105  in the embodiment shown is a just-washed painted surface on which a portion of the water used in washing the surface remains. As previously mentioned, however, in practicing the present invention in alternative embodiments it is not required that the just-washed surface of the paint still be wet from the washing. As is typical in the art of detailing an automotive painted finish, the spray-on wax product, or other spray-on finishing product is applied to the wet surface of the paint by spraying just after washing the surface, before the remaining water droplets have evaporated. It is desirable that the spray-on wax or other finishing product sprayed onto the wet surface is mixed with the remaining water droplets on the painted surface, such that dispersion of the wax product is enhanced by virtue of the remaining water. Droplets  109  in the embodiment shown represent the remaining water from the washing, mixed with a spray-on wax product that has been sprayed on the wet surface of surface  105 . Although detail is not explicitly shown in this view, solid elements of the spray-on wax product or other finishing product are suspended along with the carrier for the spray-on wax product within the remaining water droplets  109  on surface  105 . Much greater detail of such suspended wax solids within the remaining water droplets, as well as the tiny crevices and valleys forming the porous painted surface are shown in a subsequent illustration, FIG. 10B.  
         [0090]    In practice of the present invention in the embodiment shown in FIG. 10A, blade element  101 , with lip portion  103  urged against surface  105 , is drawn horizontally in the direction indicated, with consistent downward pressure applied to blade element  101  as indicated by the downward directional arrow. Blade element  101 , as shown in the view, is disposed at an angle such that when drawn horizontally across surface  105  with slight downward pressure applied to blade element  101 , lip portion  103  bends slightly backward trailing behind blade element  101 , and skims surface  105  for the purpose of dispersing (removing) much of the remaining water in droplets  109 , as described above for previous embodiments, but at the same time applying the solid wax products within droplets  109  to surface  105 , such that a much greater portion of the solid wax products within droplets  109  are applied and settled into pores  107  of surface  105 , when compared to conventional methods of wiping the droplets of water and wax using sets of wiping cloths or chamois.  
         [0091]    [0091]FIG. 10B is an end view of lip portion  103  and surface  105  of FIG. 10A, enlarged to show greater detail of pores  105  and the mixture of water and wax solids remaining on the surface. The tiny crevices and valleys forming pores  105 , which, as described above, are typical of automotive paint, are clearly illustrated in this view, creating the porous qualities of surface  105 . It is noted, however, that the illustration of  105  and pores  107  is exemplary only, and may or may not represent the actual appearance of such pores in an actual surface coated with automotive paint. The inventor deems the exemplary illustration as sufficient, however, to depict the microscopic pores  107  and practice of the present invention.  
         [0092]    As detailed in the previous illustration FIG. 10A, lip portion  103  is drawn horizontally as indicated by the directional arrow, across surface  105 , with slight downward pressure applied as indicated to lip portion  103 , thereby urging the lower tip of lip portion  103  down onto surface  105 . As described above with reference to previous illustrations depicting removing of standing water from the painted surface using the wiper blade of the present invention, the wiping action utilized in the present illustration for removing standing water and applying spray-on wax is the same.  
         [0093]    Forward of lip portion  103  there is a mixture  11  of water and wax solids comprising water  117 , which is the remaining water on the just-washed surface  105 , and wax solids  113  which have been sprayed, along with the carrier solution (not shown), onto surface  105  just after washing. As detailed in this view, a portion of the wax solids  113  of mixture  111  are still suspended in water  117 , and a portion of solids  113  have settled into pores  107 . Mixture  111  is moved by the forward horizontal motion of lip portion  103  across surface  105 , and creates a mixing action for water  117  and wax solids  113  as it is drawn horizontally at the proper angle with slight downward pressure, as shown, across surface  105 . Lip portion  103 , as described above in previous embodiments, disperses (removes) a substantial portion of the remaining wash water and carrier solution on surface  105  and tends to force a substantial portion of wax solids  113  into pores  107 .  
         [0094]    The resulting layer of wax solids, which is now evenly distributed across surface  105 , even if the wax solution was sprayed on unevenly, remains behind lip portion  103  to form a desired smooth protective and specular wax finish on surface  105  as shown, substantially filling the uneven surface and pores  107  of surface  105 . The resulting finish appears to be smoother and much shinier to the naked eye when compared to a conventional finish utilizing sets of common wiping cloths or chamois for wiping the water/wax mixture after washing of the surface, as in conventional detailing using spray- on wax products.  
         [0095]    As previously described, practice of the invention does not require that water droplets remain on the just-washed surface. Some spray-on wax products are solvent-based, instead of water-based, and may contain a much higher proportion of wax solids to carrier solution, and thus provide somewhat more protective abilities to the surface being detailed. Many liquid spray wax products are designed just for touch-up waxing of the surface finish of the vehicle without using water at all, the idea being that if the surface to be detailed is substantially free of dirt particles and already has a base wax which has been previously applied, a detailer can spray the dry-wax liquid directly onto the vehicle surface, and utilize the wiper blade of the present invention as described above to evenly disperse the wax solids of the spray-on product over the painted surface. In such a way porousness of the surface being detailed is further reduced by virtue of the wax solids of the spray-on product being forced into the tiny crevices of the painted surface, over the previous wax solids that are already in the crevices by virtue of the previous wax application. A much smoother surface is thereby created which appears much shinier to the naked eye after application utilizing the wiper blade of the present invention as described above. Such dry-washing products usually provide the longest protective durability, often lasting up to several months. Many dry-wash products on the market today also contain stronger protective elements, when compared to standard spray-on wax/cleaning products, some even containing an added liquefied polymer sealant, providing a further enhanced protective durability that can range from several weeks to several months.  
         [0096]    It will be apparent to one with skill in the art that examples shown in FIG.&#39;s  8 A-C,  9  and  10 A, B are merely a few of many possible lip-design variations that may be implemented without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention to provide for conforming to complicated shapes on surfaces to be processed with a wiper blade as taught herein.  
         [0097]    In another example of alternative embodiments, larger or smaller water blades may be desirable for certain situations. For example, larger blades may be provided for use with large vehicles, such as tractor/trailer rigs and the like, or for vans and other trucks. In some embodiments, especially for use with large vehicles or other entities with large body areas, interfaces may be provided for handle extensions and the like, to allow a user to present the blade to otherwise hard-to-reach areas. Such interfaces might include such as ball and socket joints for flexibility in positioning a water blade in relationship to a handle.  
         [0098]    As another example, many different materials that could be used in the fabrication of a water blade in different embodiments. In other embodiments blade inserts may be of differing heights and lengths and may be sold separately to be inserted into one handle grip and so forth. The breadth of the present invention is limited only by the claims that follow.