Abstract:
This invention is a water producer that extracts water from the air. One embodiment of the invention adiabatically compresses and heats the air. The heated air is cooled through a counter-flow heat exchanger so that it becomes supersaturated and water condenses. The air is then cooled further and passed back through the heat exchanger to recover its former heat. It then passes through an adiabatic expander to recover energy. A second embodiment utilizes a unique isothermal compressor/expander to compress the humid air isothermally so that the air becomes supersaturated with water, and the water condenses. The air is then cooled to remove the heat of condensation of the water and returned to the isothermal compressor/expander to recover energy. A third embodiment draws in humid air through a counter-flow heat exchanger to cool it down below its dew point so that water is collected. The air is then cooled adiabatically and passed back through the counter-flow heat exchanger and on to a compressor, which compresses the air back to ambient pressure and pushes the air out. These embodiments can be used to desalinate seawater, brackish water, or desiccant aqueous solutions by having a humidifier evaporate water from the liquids to make the input air to the water producer very humid.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This claims priority to and the benefit of Provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/746,271, filed May 3, 2006, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The earth&#39;s atmosphere carries an enormous amount of water. At 50% relative humidity, the amount of water flowing in a 10 mile per hour wind over a farmer&#39;s square-mile farm in Kansas with a clear sky overhead amounts to 6.9 billion gallons per day. That is 21,140 acre-feet, enough to cover the farmer&#39;s land to a depth of 33 feet of water every day. The winds over the U.S. carry far more water than all the American rivers combined. Most of that water is carried back out over the oceans without being used. 
         [0003]    There are many places in the world that have a severe shortage of water, but machinery could be built to supply water from the air. Most water extraction mechanisms require a lot of energy. Some of them use refrigeration that cools a surface to cause water condensation. A typical refrigeration device that removes water from the air requires about 2 kWh (depending on the humidity) to produce a gallon of water. If the electricity costs 9 cents per kWh, the cost is 18 cents per gallon or $180 per thousand gallons. Current seawater desalination plants can produce fresh water for $2 to $6 per thousand gallons. (But 18 cents per gallon is cheap compared to bottled water prices). 
         [0004]    It is well known that compression of air can increase the relative humidity of the air. If the air is compressed sufficiently, the relative humidity can exceed 100%, which means that it will condense on surfaces. One problem is that when air is compressed adiabatically, it gets hot, and that lowers the relative humidity. U.S. Pat. No. 6,360,549, Spletzer, et al, from the Sandia National Laboratories describes a device that incorporates a piston in a cylinder to compress air into a porous medium where the water can condense. The claim is that it is near isothermal (constant temperature) operation, which means that it does not get hot. The problem with this design is that the air that is being compressed gets hot before it reaches the porous medium. It cools inside the medium so that condensation can occur. Then, when the piston moves the other direction, the air that comes out of the medium expands and cools almost adiabatically unless the piston is moving slowly. This means that the expansion of the air returns less of the energy that was put into it. These problems can be overcome by operating the engine very slowly so that the air can cool against the piston and cylinder walls during compression and receive heat during expansion. But this would mean that the device would be very slow and would take a long time to produce a gallon of water. 
         [0005]    The patent from the Sandia National Laboratories states that it is theoretically possible to get excess energy from their system. That is, since the condensing water releases heat, the machine becomes a heat engine that not only produces water but also produces energy. That will not work with their system, because if their system is isothermal, any extra heat produced by water condensation would be absorbed by the same mechanism that keeps the air isothermal. If their system were adiabatic, the mechanical parts would heat up until water would no longer condense. 
         [0006]    Parenthetically, it should be noted that one of the problems with the Spletzer patent discussed above is that the water is deposited in a porous material at the end of the cylinder in which the piston is located. When the piston finishes compressing the air into the material, the piston withdraws, and the air pressure drops. At that point, the water would start evaporating from the porous material just as fast as it condensed. In the patent, it explains that the water would not evaporate, because it is drained out of the material. If the machine has to wait until the water is drained, it will be a very slowly operating device. Furthermore, and water clinging to the inside of the pores of the material will evaporate. 
         [0007]    Other US patents that are somewhat related to embodiments of the present invention are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,676,067, 5,641,273, and 6,511,525. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    A device that we may call the “Water Producer” overcomes the problems outlined above. The air is removed from the compression device before condensation occurs. It is theoretically possible to use very little energy to separate the water from the air. Most of the energy requirements are used to overcome friction and aerodynamic losses. Since large quantities of air must be handled, these friction losses must be reduced as much as possible. There are some methods to reduce the mechanical losses considerably, and some of these are considered later in this document. We also need to use highly efficient counter-flow heat exchangers. 
         [0009]    An added advantage to one of the devices described below is that if solar energy is available, the solar heat can be introduced at a specific point in the cycle, and it can generate electric power, and the use of the solar energy is very efficient. This eliminates the problem of having to set up a separate engine to drive the Water Producer. 
         [0010]    Note that this system can not only be placed next to the ocean, but it can be placed in the desert, where it will need no cooling towers to generate water and electric power. The water output will be less, if the humidity is low. There are places in Africa and elsewhere where the humidity is high but the rainfall is low. 
         [0011]    The Water Producer can be used not only as large power plants, but small units can be built to put in people&#39;s back yards to generate electricity and fresh water for the home and can be placed on rooftops of businesses. 
         [0012]    Military units can use portable Water Producers in the field to provide water without having to haul tank loads of water. 
         [0013]    It is therefore an object of the present invention to efficiently extract water vapor from the air and condense the vapor to liquid water using an adiabatic compression and expansion machine. 
         [0014]    It is another object of the present invention to efficiently extract water vapor from the air and condense the vapor to liquid water using an isothermal compression and expansion machine. 
         [0015]    It is another object of the present invention to provide methods of humidifying intake air to the Water Producer by flowing air over seawater, brackish water, or desiccant aqueous solutions. 
         [0016]    It is another object of the present invention to utilize solar energy or other heat sources to provide energy to run the Water Producer and to generate electric power. 
         [0017]    It is another object of the present invention to provide means for reducing mechanical losses in the compression and expansion devices. 
         [0018]    It is another object of the present invention to provide methods of preventing or slowing condensation of water at inappropriate times in the machine cycles. 
         [0019]    It is another object of the present invention to provide methods to effectively allow approximate isothermal compression and expansion. 
         [0020]    It is another object of the present invention to provide simplified Water Producer that does not involve high temperatures or pressures. 
         [0021]    Other objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope of applicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings: 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  is a schematic side view of the adiabatic embodiment of the present invention showing an adiabatic compressor and an adiabatic expander. 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  is a schematic side view of an embodiment of the present invention showing an isothermal compressor/expander. 
           [0025]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic isometric view tapered concentric circular forms for increasing surface contact with gases for isothermal compressors and expanders. 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a schematic that illustrates the use of a humidifier to humidify air that can be drawn into a Water Producer to desalinate seawater, brackish water, or a desiccant aqueous solution. 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is drawing representing one form of the cooler for desalination systems, and at the same time, it provides humid air for the Water Producer. 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is an artists conception of an inside view of a rotating piston engine. 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  is a schematic top view of a modified rotating piston engine featuring tapered plates for isothermal operation. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  is a side view schematic of a bellows compressor and/or expander. 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  is a schematic side view drawing of a low friction bellows compressor utilizing a hinge on one side. 
           [0032]      FIG. 9  is a schematic side view of an embodiment of the present invention that provides a simplified method of extracting water from the air efficiently. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Adiabatic Water Producer  
       [0033]    We can use isothermal compression or adiabatic compression to provide the increased pressure of the air. We first consider the adiabatic method. In this case, we would prefer to minimize the heat exchange between the air and the cylinder walls and the piston, since this represents an energy loss. The interior volume of the cylinder should be relatively large, and the cylinder walls and the piston face should be lined with Teflon or other insulating material. Having the machine run fast also reduces heat loss. 
         [0034]      FIG. 1  shows one embodiment of the adiabatic Water Producer. For the first stroke, the piston  4  in the compressor  1  moves upward and draws in ambient air through intake  2  with valve  3  open. Then valve  3  closes, and the piston  4  moves downward and compresses and heats the air. When the air pressure in the compressor  1  becomes greater than the pressure in the counter-flow heat exchanger  6 , the check valve  5  opens and compressed air flows into the counter-flow heat exchanger  6 , which has parallel chambers with down-flowing and up-flowing air flowing in alternate chambers. The air in the heat exchanger  6  is continually pressurized with air. 
         [0035]    It would be preferable to have the interior surfaces of the heat exchanger in the down-flowing chambers coated with a hydrophobic material, such as Teflon to prevent condensation. When the air flows out the bottom of the heat exchanger, it flows into a condenser  7 , which is filled with fibrous hydrophilic material to provide condensing surfaces for the water. This heats and expands the air. The condensed water flows out a drainpipe  16 . 
         [0036]    The air flows out the bottom of the condenser and into a cooler  8 , which is shown as an adiabatic expander in  FIG. 1 . The purpose of the cooler is to maintain the temperature gradient from the top to the bottom of the counter-flow heat exchanger  6 . By using an adiabatic expander as a cooler, the energy that the condensing water imparts to the air can be reclaimed. This energy can be used to help drive the moving parts of the Water Producer. Alternatively, the cooler could be cooled by ambient air blown through cooling fins or by other means, but this does not recover any mechanical energy. More water condenses in the cooler  8  and flows out the drainpipe  18 . The air flows into the reservoir  9  and then flows back up through the counter-flow heat exchanger  6 , where it heats up as it receives heat from the down-flowing air. By the time it reaches the top, it is nearly as hot as the down-flowing air at the top. 
         [0037]    If an external heat source, such as solar energy, is used, that energy flows into the super heater  15 . If no external source of heat is used, the super heater is eliminated. The high-pressure air then flows through valve  10  into the expander cylinder  11  and returns energy to the system as it pushes piston  12  upward. Valve  10  closes, and the air continues to push the piston in an adiabatic expansion. When the piston reaches the top, the air has returned to near ambient conditions (minus some water). Valve  13  opens, and the air is forced out the exhaust pipe  14 . The system is ready for a repeat performance. In fact, the compressor and expander should be operating at the same time, 180 degrees out of phase. There could be a number of compressors and expanders feeding the same heat exchanger. 
         [0038]    In the adiabatic embodiment of the Water Producer, the air is heated by the compression, and then the air is cooled in the heat exchanger to enhance water extraction. The heat is returned to the air so that it can return energy to the system through adiabatic expansion. Again, theoretically, very little energy is used to remove water from the air. 
         [0039]    Instead of using a piston compressor and a piston expander, other types of compressors and expanders, such as turbines or scroll devices could be used. 
         [0040]    The adiabatic method requires more energy to compress the air, but it gets more energy back during expansion. An advantage of the adiabatic method is that water is less likely to condense in the compressor but will readily condense in condenser and the cooler. 
       Isothermal Water Producer  
       [0041]      FIG. 2  is a schematic that illustrates a new type of isothermal compressor and expander. In order to increase heat transfer from the air to the metal, the surface area is greatly increased by placing tapered plates  22  on the front of the piston  21  and tapered plates  23  on the bottom of the cylinder  20 , leaving channels for air flow. These plates could have flat surfaces as shown in the diagram, or they could have circular concentric configurations as shown in  FIG. 2A . 
         [0042]    In operation, valve  25  is opened and the piston  21  in the pump cylinder  20  moves upward so that it draws in fresh air from the outside through intake  24 . When the piston reaches its maximum height, valve  25  is closed, and the piston is forced downward, compressing the air. As the air is compressed, it tends to increase in heat, but the tapered plates absorb the heat of the air. Since the heat capacity of the metal plates is about 2000 times as great as the air (per unit volume), the plates&#39; temperature does not rise very much during one half cycle. 
         [0043]    When the piston has traveled down far enough to provide the appropriate pressure the air, valve  26  opens to allow the air and its water vapor to flow through check valve  27  and to enter the condensation tank  28 , which has about the same pressure as the air in the pump cylinder  20 . The piston continues to move downward to force the air into the condensation tank. 
         [0044]    The inside pump cylinder walls and the tapered plates should be coated with a very thin layer of Teflon or other hydrophobic material. This prevents the water vapor from readily condensing on the plates. Any droplets that do form would tend to be thrown downward as the piston decelerates and to be blown out by the air rushing into the condensation tank. The coating should be as thin as possible so that it does not hinder heat transfer. The condensation tank  28  is filled with hydrophilic material  29  that could be fibrous. The water vapor in the air at this point is above the saturation value (greater than 100% relative humidity), so it condenses on the hydrophilic material and runs down out of the tank for useful purposes. There could be several cylinders and pistons that alternately feed air to the tank and take air out of the tank. 
         [0045]    While the pump  20  forces air into the condensation tank  28 , the adiabatic expander  32  draws in air through valve  31  from the condensation tank. When the appropriate amount of air is drawn in, valve  31  closes, and the air in the expander  32  is expanded adiabatically until it reaches a specified volume. The piston reverses direction, and valve  34  is opened so that the air is expelled into the reservoir  35 . When piston  21  moves upward, it draws air from reservoir  35  through check valve  36  and valve  26 . The air tends to cool during expansion, but the tapered plates  22  and  23  supply heat to keep the air near isothermal. When piston  21  reaches the top, it reverses, as valve  26  closes and valve  25  opens. The air is forced out intake pipe  24 . 
         [0046]    Calculations show that the air will remain near isothermal during both compression and expansion, since the air has close proximity to the plates for heat transfer, and the motion of the plates create turbulence that further enhance heat transfer. 
         [0047]    The condensation of the water in the condensation tank releases the latent heat of condensation, and this heats the air, causing expansion of the air. If the condensation tank does not have sufficient volume to accommodate the extra volume without significantly increasing the pressure, a reservoir can be placed adjacent to the tank. 
         [0048]    Expansion of the air causes the system to behave as a heat engine, since the volume of the air flowing out of the expander is greater than the volume of air flowing out of the pump. 
         [0049]    In the Water Producer, described in this document, the air is forced out of the pump into the condenser, and the water condenses in a separate chamber, where the air pressure is maintained so that it causes condensation and prevents evaporation. This is in contrast to the method used in the Sandia National Laboratories&#39; patent, which has the condensation system inside the compressor. 
         [0050]    In the discussion above, tapered plates are described as providing large surfaces for heat transfer to the air. In many applications, it may be better to use tapered concentric circular forms that are approximately cylindrical.  FIG. 2A  is a schematic drawing showing the tapered concentric circular forms  38  mounted on a base  39 . The circular forms would fit better in a cylinder such as  20  in  FIG. 2  than flat plates. The tapered plates  23  of  FIG. 2  could actually be the tapered concentric circular forms  38 . Similar circular forms could be attached to piston  21  in  FIG. 2 . 
       Desalination  
       [0051]      FIG. 3  shows humidifier  41  for providing high humidity to the air. The air flows from the Water producer  40  through pipe  46  to a manifold  43 , which distributes the air between metal plates  42 . The humidifier consists of a number of flat plates  42 , that can be metal or a hydrophilic plastic. Seawater or brackish water enters through pipe  44  and flows through a manifold  49  on the left and is distributed to the top surfaces of the plates  42 . The water runs down the plates as a film. Air flowing between the plates becomes humidified and is drawn through pipe  47  into the Water Producer  40 , where some of the water is removed as fresh water. The exhaust air from the Water Producer flows back to the humidifier to be re-humidified again. Collected fresh water flows out drain  48 . An important feature of this method is that the air will be dust-free. If there is particulate matter in air drawn directly from the atmosphere, water will condense on these particles before the air reaches the condenser. 
         [0052]    Incoming seawater can be used as the heat exchange fluid in a cooler  8  of  FIG. 1  (if an adiabatic expander is not used) to cool the air before it returns to the heat exchanger. In  FIG. 2 , cool seawater could be used to cool the air in place of the adiabatic expander  32  is not used. 
         [0053]      FIG. 4  shows an effective way to humidify air, and at the same time, act as a cooler in  FIGS. 1 and 2  when the Water Producer is used as a desalination unit, in case the adiabatic expander  8  or  32  is not used. It consists of metal sheets  51  that form two enclosed chambers  53  and  59 . Seawater enters through pipe  55  and flows as a film  56  down the floor of the upper chamber  53  and is heated by heat from below. The seawater flows out pipe  57 . Exhaust air from the Water Producer flows in through pipe  52  over the water film  56  and becomes humidified. It then flows back to the Water Producer through pipe  54 . Air flowing out of the condenser ( 7  in  FIG. 1  or  28  in  FIG. 2 ) enters the bottom chamber  59  and deposits heat into the seawater film in chamber  53 . After being cooled, this air flows out through pipe  60  and to the air reservoir ( 9  of  FIG. 1  or  35  of  FIG. 2 ). This method will transfer heat from the air in the bottom chamber  59  and heat the water in the top chamber  53 , but it will not generate any power. 
         [0054]    Since the exhaust air from the expander  11  of  FIG. 1  is warmer than the intake air, it can also be used to heat the seawater. 
         [0055]    For the devices described in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , instead of using seawater or brackish water, a solution of desiccant and water can be pumped through the water channels. The desiccant solution can then be pumped back to a device that blows air across the surface of the solution so that it can absorb more water from the air. It would then flow back to the humidifier again. 
       More Efficient Compressors and Expanders  
       [0056]    One of the main sources of inefficiency for a compressor/expander engine that is needed for the Water Producer is sliding friction of the piston. I have a U.S. Pat. No. 6,401,686) that is often referred to as “MECH,” which stands for motor, expander, compressor, and hydraulics. Since it uses rolling friction between two rotating pistons rather than sliding friction of a standard piston engine, the friction losses are much less. The rotating pistons do not touch the cylinder walls. There is sliding friction on the ends of the pistons, but this can be relatively small by making the pistons long compared to the diameter. 
         [0057]    It is well known that rolling friction is only about 1/100 as large as sliding friction. A MECH prototype that we built demonstrated only 8% as much energy loss as a comparable size piston engine. It provides an engine with unprecedented economy for producing water from the air or for desalinating seawater. 
         [0058]      FIG. 5  is an artist&#39;s conception of a MECH engine  65  with the end plate removed. One can see how the two rotating pistons  66  roll together at the contact line  67 . It could be used as a compressor and expander for the design of  FIG. 1 . In fact, a single MECH engine could be compressing air in the top chambers  68  while it is expanding air in the bottom chambers  69 , and vice versa. 
         [0059]      FIG. 6  shows a top view of a compressor/expander (it can be used as a compressor or expander or both) that is similar to a MECH engine in that it has two rotating surfaces that roll together. It is designed to be an isothermal compressor and/or expander. The MECH compressor already has one advantage over standard compressors for isothermal compression: it has larger surface areas of the cylinder walls and piston surfaces for absorbing heat during compression and for returning heat during expansion. The rotating pistons rotate almost  180  degrees in one direction and then reverse directions for almost  180  degrees. The pistons do not touch the cylinder walls. Sliding friction occurs only at the ends of the pistons where they meet the end of the cylinders. The seal to prevent air leakage is formed at the rolling contact point between the two pistons. 
         [0060]      FIG. 6  is a schematic top view of a modified MECH compressor. Cylinders  75  are machined out of a block  70 . Each rotating piston  71  consists of a hollow half-cylinder that is open on one side. The half-cylinder is connected to the shaft  77  by a partition  74 . Tapered plates  72 , like those in  FIG. 2  are placed inside the half cylinder  71 . The top and bottom of the rotating piston  71  are closed with half-circle plates; they are not shown, because they are on the near end and far end of the half-cylinder (above and below the page). When the right piston rotates to the right and the left piston rotates to the left, the upper tapered plates will move into the volume where stationary tapered plates  73  are located and will fit between the stationary plates. The stationary tapered plates are attached to the separator  79 . The air in the spaces will be compressed and squeezed out the exhaust/intake pipes  76 . At the same time, air will be drawn into the bottom half of the engine through the other pipes  78 . When it rotates the other direction, air in the bottom half will be compressed. 
         [0061]    The tapered plates provide large surface areas for the transfer of heat to and from the air. The motion of the tapered plates relative to the stationary plates causes air turbulence in the small gaps between them, and this enhances heat flow. 
         [0062]      FIG. 7  shows a design that incorporates bellows  83  to compress and expand air. The bellows is connected to the top  80  and to a base  86 . Push rod  81  moves the top up and down. The inside surfaces can be coated with hydrophobic materials. The purpose of the displacer  84  is to push out as much air as possible when the bellows is compressed as far as possible. Air flows in and out of pipe  86 . 
         [0063]    For an isothermal compressor, the tapered plates like those of  FIG. 2  can be connected to the displacer  84  and to the base  85 . 
         [0064]    One source of friction in the design of  FIG. 7  is that the push rod  81  would need to have a sliding bearing on it to keep it aligned with the center of the bellows compressor. It would also need a bearing on the upper end of it that connects a connecting rod to a flywheel. The design of  FIG. 8  avoids problem by having a bellows  90  that opens like a fireplace bellows. There is a hinge  92  on the bottom. Rigid side  91  provides a place to attach a connecting rod  94  that connects to flywheel  95 . Rigid structure  93  supports the other side of the bellows. In the center of the bottom, there is an inlet/outlet (not shown). This design has low friction bearings at the ends of the crank rod. 
       Required Cooling and Heating  
       [0065]    There may be some situations in which the tapered plates of the embodiment of  FIG. 2  need some cooling or heating. The incoming air provides some stabilization of the temperatures. If more cooling or heating is needed, the tapered plates can be hollow and cooling or heating fluid can flow through them. In the case of the compressor/expander of  FIG. 6 , the liquid can flow through an axial hole in the center of the shaft  77  to cool the rotating plates  72 . The stationary plates  73  can receive liquid through the separator  79 . The cylinder walls  75  can have fluid channels on the outside. 
         [0066]    For the desalination system, cool ocean water can provide cooling for the compressor. Rather than flow ocean water through the compressor plates and walls, the seawater could cool a coolant fluid in a heat exchanger, and the coolant could flow through the compressor. Also, since evaporating seawater gets cold, a device like that of  FIG. 4  could provide coolant by having the liquid coolant flow through the bottom chamber  59  rather than having air flow through. The heat supplied to the seawater would help to evaporate the seawater and humidify the air. In this case, ambient desert air could supply heat for the expander. Simple solar collectors could also supply the heat. 
       A Simple Water Producer  
       [0067]      FIG. 9  presents a simple method of extracting water from the air that will reduce the required energy in comparison to present day water producers, but it cannot produce excess energy. Humid air is drawn into a counter-flow heat exchanger  100  at the top left opening  101 . The heat exchanger is shown as two long chambers with a heat transfer partition  110  between them, but in a real device, it would have many parallel chambers. 
         [0068]    As the air flows down through the heat exchanger in chamber  102 , it is cooled by releasing heat through the partition  110  to the rising cool air on the right of the partition in chamber  106 . As the air cools at atmospheric pressure, the relative humidity rises. At the bottom, the air flows into a condenser  103 , which is filled with hydrophilic fibers that collect the water from the supersaturated air. 
         [0069]    The water flows out the drainpipe  109 , while the air is drawn into an adiabatic expander  104 . When the air is adiabatically expanded, it cools further, and more water condenses. The cold air then flows through pipe  105  to the right side of the heat exchanger and into chamber  106 , where it absorbs heat from the down-flowing intake air. At the top, the air is drawn into the compressor  107  and is compressed adiabatically back to atmospheric pressure and then expelled to the atmosphere through pipe  108 . 
         [0070]    A computer Fortran program, Waterair.f, calculates the performance of this machine for various input parameters. If the ambient temperature is 25 degrees C and the relative humidity is 90%, for each cubic meter of air processed, the device theoretically produces 18 grams of water and requires 28 calories (117 joules) of energy. If the humidity is 50%, it produces 10 grams of water at a cost of energy of 37 calories per gram. With 30% relative humidity, it produces 5 grams at 43 calories per gram. 
         [0071]    Modern water producers that use a refrigeration system to remove water from the air require 300 to 1,000 calories per gram of water. The present invention does not require Freon refrigerant, with its complications, and it does not require fans to cool a refrigerant condenser. An advantage of this design over the Water Producers of  FIGS. 1 and 2  is that it does not have high temperatures and high pressures. But it does not produce any excess energy. 
         [0072]    If we can reduce the cost to a tenth (or even a fourth) that of other machines, we should be able to help the world with its water problems.