Abstract:
The invention provides means for measuring the intercranial pressure of a patient. A small sealed capsule is located in a trephined hole in the patient&#39;s skull, with its active face in the form of a diaphragm in contact with the dura mater. The capsule includes a small hollow cylindrical permanent magnet slidable for a short distance along a smooth rod and held against a stop by the diaphragm with a pressure proportional to the intercranial pressure of the liquid within the skull. When an alternating magnetic field of sufficient intensity is applied to the magnet by an external wound inductor, it vibrates on and off its stop, producing an audible signal and the current in the inductor, at this point, is proportional to the said intercranial pressure.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The periodic measurement of intercranial pressure in patients over a long term presents great clinical interest. Various methods are known for measuring intercranial pressure all of which necessitate a connection with the atmosphere with an attendant risk of infection. Electronic transducers are known, but the life of the source of implanted energy is never more than ten days and the source is of relatively large dimensions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has for its subject an intercranial pressure transducer of the passive type. 
     According to the present invention there is provided an intercranial pressure transducer of the passive type, including a capsule adapted to be housed in the thickness of the skull and containing a movable magnet and guide means enabling displacement of the said magnet, such that when the said magnet is submitted to a hydrostatic force generated by the pressure to be measured, and to a pulsed magnetic force opposed to the hydrostatic force and generated by the magnetic field of an external inductor, the said magnet makes an exteriorly perceptable movement when the said magnetic force becomes greater than the hydrostatic force. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings show three embodiments of a transducer in accordance with the invention, as well as one embodiment of an inductor. 
     FIG. 1 shows an axial section of a transducer in accordance with a first embodiment, in use; 
     FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 shows a view in section of a transducer in accordance with a second embodiment, adapted to measure directly the cerebral liquid pressure, without the intermediary of the dura mater. 
     FIG. 4 shows in semi-axial section a magnetic induction generator for reading the transducer; 
     FIG. 5 shows an axial sectional view along the line V--V of FIG. 6 of a transducer in accordance with a third embodiment; 
     FIG. 6 shows transverse sectional view along the line VI--VI of FIG. 5. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the example of FIG. 1 a cylindrical magnet 1 is made of a material having a very high coercive force such as the alloy SmCo 5 , with an axial hole. It surrounds a rod 3 made of ruby, along which it can be displaced freely. This assembly is housed in a capsule 2, closed on its operative face by an elastic diaphragm 5, made of mylar or rubber. 
     Variations of atmospheric pressure are transmitted to the interior of the capsule by the holes 4, which are covered with a silicone rubber sheet 32 which permits the passage of gases but not liquids. 
     Pneumatic damping of the movements of the magnet 1 by the air between the rod 3 and the diaphragm 5, is avoided by providing a transfer channel 6. 
     During implantation the transducer is housed in a trephined hole 9 made in the skull 11 and placed in such a manner that the film 5 lightly touches the dura mater 8 without substantially deforming it. To facilitate the operation, the transducer is provided with lugs 7 introduced into grooves 10 provided on the edges of the hole then slid between the dura mater 8 and the skull 11. The position of the transducer is thus determined by a mechanism similar to a bayonet fitting. 
     FIG. 2 shows clearly the position of the grooves 10 with respect to the lugs 7. 
     In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a capsule 13 of the transducer contains a magnet 1 and is closed by a membrane 14, similar to the diaphragm 5, and located in a compartment 15 provided with a tubular needle 16. In use, this needle traverses the dura mater and allows the cerebral liquid to flow under its own pressure into the compartment 15, where it exerts a hydrostatic force on the magnet 1 without interference from the dura mater. The behaviour of the transducers of FIGS. 1 and 3 is thus identical. 
     In the case of the transducer of FIGS. 5 and 6, the magnet is guided by elastic filament suspensions 26,27,28 and 26&#39;, 27&#39;, 28&#39;, respectively of high mechanical strength, arranged on two planes perpendicular to the axis of the magnet, in the vicinity of its poles. The filaments may be piano wire. 
     These filaments are fixed at 30 to the magnet by means of auxiliary rings 24 and 24&#39; respectively, and to an outer envelope 25 at points 29 and 29&#39; respectively. 
     Small axial displacements of the magnet take place freely, but movements in any other direction are precluded. The amplitude of the axial movement of the magnet is limited by a collar 31 forming part of the envelope 25. 
     This elastic suspension system, as in the example in accordance with FIGS. 1 and 2, is enclosed in a capsule consisting of two parts 34 and 35 soldered or stuck together, provided with fixing lugs 37 and having its operating face closed by the elastic diaphragm 5. The capsule can be of synthetic material. At 32 there is a semi-permeable film of silicone rubber which permits the transfer via the holes 4 to the interior of the transducer of variations in atmospheric pressure, without permitting liquids to enter. 
     The magnet of an implanted transducer is submitted at its end turned towards the dura mater, to a hydrostatic force proportional to the intercranial pressure. 
     Interrogation of the transducer is obtained by submitting it to a magnetic field along its axis, the field being generated by an external inductor. 
     In a first form, the said inductor generates a purely alternating magnetic field, for example at a power line frequency. Since this field varies rapidly, the magnet is alternately submitted to a force of the same direction as the intercranial hydrostatic force, which tends to maintain it at the base of its capsule, and to a force opposed to the hydrostatic force, which tends to move it from the base of the capsule. When this repulsive force becomes greater than the hydrostatic force, the magnet oscillates audibly. 
     The intercranial pressure is determined by the relation between this excitation current in the inductor and to the said pressure, which can be determined experimentally. 
     In a second form, the said inductor generates a direct magnetic field repelling the magnet of the transducer, this direct field being modulated by a small alternating field. When the repulsive magnetic force balances the hydrostatic force, the magnet oscillates under the effect of the small alternating component of the magnetic field of the inductor. 
     The intercranial pressure is determined from that direct excitation current of the inductor which produces maximum oscillation of the magnet of the transducer. 
     In a further embodiment, and referring to FIG. 5, the direct and alternating components of the inductor field can be so regulated that the magnet oscillates lightly between the abutments constituted by the base of the capsule 2 and the collar 31. This condition is easily controlled by audible means or by means of an oscilloscope, and permits a very precise adjustment of the direct component of the current, which represents the cranial pressure. 
     A third alternative consists in submitting the magnet 1 of the transducer to a &#34;pre-restraint&#34;, i.e. a static force directed towards the operating face (dura mater side). In its resting position, the magnet 1 bears on a forward abutment constituted by the collar 31. In this rest position the magnet lightly touches the elastic diaphragm 5. 
     This &#34;pre-restraint&#34;, is generated by a ferromagnetic ring 33, fixed to the capsule 2 at one end of the magnet 1, so as to draw it towards the diaphragm 5 with a force opposed to the hydrostatic force generated by the intercranial pressure. 
     The interrogation of the transducer is effected by the application of the method of embodiment 2 above. The alternating component of the magnetic inductor field generates an audible vibration of the magnet against the collar 31. This vibration is maximum when all the direct forces are balanced, i.e. the hydrostatic force, the pre-restraint and the induced magnetic force. 
     If the pre-restraint balances a hydrostatic force corresponding to an intercranial pressure of 20 cm of water, for example, the induced force will be in the same direction as the hydrostatic force for the measurement of intercranial pressures less than 20 cm of water, whilst it will be in the opposite direction for the measurement of intercranial pressures greater than 20 cm of water. 
     An inductor usually has few ampere turns, and is of small dimensions. 
     A second advantage results from the possibility of using the inductor to measure the &#34;pre-restraint&#34; on the magnet in the implanted position. The direct component of the magnetic inductor field is, to this end, polarised to attract the magnet 1 towards the base of the capsule 2. When approaching this position, the alternating component of the magnetic inductor field produces an audible rattle of the magnet against the base of the capsule 2 which permits calibration of the direct component of the magnetic inductor field, except that the magnet is no longer in contact with the diaphragm acted upon by the hydrostatic force. 
     FIG. 4 gives a mid-sectional view of one form of inductor. The core 17, having a symmetrical surface of revolution, is open on its lower face and is hollowed out and may contain a noise detector of acoustic or electronic type. The core 17 and coil 22 jointly comprise a magnetic circuit. During a measurement, the inductor must be perfectly aligned on the transducer and at a predetermined distance therefrom. The effect of an error in position is inversely proportioned to the diameter of the plane face 18 of the core, so that a large inductor is preferable. The weight of the inductor can then justify mounting it on a mechanical stand. 
     As a variant, a magnetic field detector 23, enables the position and the distance of the transducer to be accurately ascertained. 
     Here the inductor is provided with three adjustable feet 20 which rest on the cranium of the patient. One of these feet 21 may include a microphone for the detection of magnet noise. 
     The magnetic field of the inductor is generated by current applied to the coil 22. 
     Various methods may be provided to read the variations of the intercranial pressure. 
     In a first method the intercranial pressure is derived from the noise from the magnet, when subjected to an alternating inductor field of appropriate constant amplitude. 
     In a second method the intercranial pressure is derived from correlation between a modulation of the inductor field, preferably of saw-tooth form, and the onset of noise from the magnet. 
     The life expectancy, in the implanted state, of a pressure transducer of the invention is practically unlimited and its output is constant. It measures with sufficient precision the intercranial excess pressure with respect to the ambient atmospheric pressure, without material connection with the atmosphere and consequently without risk of infection and for a moderate price. 
     The invention is not limited to the embodiments described but extends to all variations thereof, within the scope of the appended claims. For example the elastic suspension systems constituted by the filaments 26,27,28 and 26&#39;, 27&#39;, 28&#39; respectively can be replaced by two metallic diaphragms.