Abstract:
A combined optical profiler, ellipsometer, reflectometer and scatterometer is described which is configured to have user selectable spot sizes. An attached computer allows the user to select via software the desired spot size on the substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention is directed toward measuring thin films and defects on silicon wafers, magnetic thin film disks and transparent and coated glass substrates and more particularly toward measuring thin film thickness, and wear, surface roughness, scratches, particles, stains, pits, mounds, surface topography, step heights, and inclusions using a laser directed toward a thin film disk at many angles including non-Brewster&#39;s angles of an absorbing layer of the thin film.  
           [0003]    2. Description of Background Art  
           [0004]    Coated thin film disks are used in a variety of industries including the semiconductor and the magnetic hard disk industry. A computer hard disk (magnetic storage device) is a non-volatile memory device that can store large amounts of data. One problem that the manufacturers of hard disks experience is how to maximize the operating life of a hard disk. When a hard disk fails the data stored therein may be difficult, expensive, or impossible to retrieve. Failure of a hard disk may be caused by defects on the surface of the thin film disk. It is important to be able to detect and classify these defects in order to prevent disk drive failure and to control the manufacturing process.  
           [0005]    A schematic of a thin film disk used in magnetic storage devices is shown in FIG. 1. It includes a magnetic thin film (layer)  106  which is deposited upon a substrate  108  (typically a NiP plated Al—Mg alloy or glass). The magnetic thin film  106  can be protected by a thin film of carbon  104  (carbon layer), for example, whose thickness is typically 20 to 200 Angstroms (Å). The carbon layer  104  is typically coated with a thin layer ( 10  to  30  Angstroms) of a fluorocarbon lubricant  102  (lubricant layer). The lubricant layer  102  serves to increase the durability of the underlying carbon layer  104  particularly when the magnetic read/write head contacts the disk, for example when the disk drive is turned off. The hard disk drive industry has been dramatically improving storage capacity by flying the thin film head closer to the surface of the thin film disk. As a result even very small defects can cause a hard drive to fail. These defects may be topographic such as scratches, pits, mounds, or particles or they may be non-topographic such as stains or inclusions. It is useful to measure all these types of defects to control the disk manufacturing process and improve disk drive manufacturing yield.  
           [0006]    A schematic of a semiconductor wafer is shown in FIG. 2. The structure of a semiconductor wafer can be very complex and FIG. 2 shows only a typical structure of a wafer that is undergoing the copper dual damascene process. In FIG. 2, 201 is the copper layer  202  is the second plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) oxide layer,  203  is the first PECVD oxide layer and  204  is the silicon substrate. The copper layer  201  is polished down using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process until only the via holes and copper lines remain. The problem is that the CMP process can leave residual copper, nitride, or CMP slurry on the surface of the wafer. In addition, stains, particles, scratches, and micro-waviness may be present on the polished wafer. It is useful to detect and measure such defects to control the process of making the wafer. Fewer defects will also mean greater wafer yields at the end of the process. The problem in the hard disk, semiconductor and photonics industries is to inspect these magnetic disks and wafers for defects such as particles, scratches, pits, mounds, stains, topographic irregularities and inclusions. Conventional techniques to solve these problems are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,674,875, 5,694,214, 5,748,305, and 6,157,444 that are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. These patents describe techniques to measure defects using essentially sophisticated scatterometers and reflectometers. None of these systems enables the simultaneous measurement of topographic and non-topographic defects. The present invention enables this measurement through the use of a combined reflectometer, scatterometer, ellipsometer, profilometer and Kerr effect microscope.  
           [0007]    What is needed is a system and method for examining thin film disks, silicon wafers and transparent wafers that: (1) measures topographic and non-topographic defects; (2) measures the optical profile on these substrates; (3) enables the measurements to be performed simultaneously; (4) measures the thickness of thin films; (5) enables measurement on patterned or unpatterned silicon or photonic wafers; (6) is performed in situ or in line; (7) measures only a single side of a transparent substrate or (8) is configurable to have multiple selectable beam widths to test varying spot sizes of the object being examined.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    A combined optical profiler, ellipsometer, reflectometer and scatterometer is described which is configured to have user selectable spot sizes. An attached computer allows the user to select via software the desired spot size on the substrate. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 is an illustration of a thin film that can be measured using an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 is an illustration of a semiconductor wafer that can be measured with one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3 is one half of optical layout of combined ellipsometer and optical profiler (side view).  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 4 is a top view of an optical profilometer that measures height or slope according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 5 is a top view of an optical profilometer having a single laser that measures height or slope according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 6 is a side view of optical profilometer showing laser one and PSD  1  according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 7 illustrates the height sensitivity multiplier as a function of angle of incidence (theta) according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 8 is an illustration of a miniature optical surface analyzer according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 9 is an illustration of a miniature optical surface analyzer according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 10 is an illustration of a miniature optical surface analyzer according to another embodiment of the present invention from a top view perspective.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 11 is an illustration of a miniature optical surface analyzer of FIG. 10 from the perspective from the A direction.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 12 is an illustration of a miniature optical surface analyzer according to another embodiment of the present invention from a top view perspective.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 13 is an illustration of a final test spindle with dual miniature optical heads and stepper motor according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 14 is an illustration of a spatial filter for blocking bottom surface reflection from a glass substrate according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 15 is an illustration of one half of an optical layout of combined ellipsometer and optical profiler from a side view perspective according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 16 is an illustration from a top view perspective of a combined ellipsometer and optical profilometer according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 17 is an illustration of a system for measuring the phase shift of an elliptically polarized beam by use of a beam splitter that splits the beam into non-orthogonally polarized components according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 18 is a graph illustrating the reflectivity versus angle of incidence for copper and glass with polarization as a parameter according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 19 is an illustration of one half of a material independent optical profilometer from a side view perspective according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 20 is an illustration of another half of a material independent optical profilometer from a side view perspective according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 21 is an illustration of one half of a material independent optical profilometer that uses incident light that is circularly polarized according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 22 is an illustration having a top view perspective of an optical profilometer that is completely material independent according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 23 is an illustration having a top view perspective of a material independent optical profilometer using a single laser as its optical source according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 24 is an illustration having a top view perspective of an optical profilometer that is completely material independent according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 25 is an illustration having a top view perspective of an optical profilometer that is completely material independent according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 26 is an illustration of a pair of material independent optical profilometers that are arranged at 90° to cancel pattern effects on patterned semiconductor wafers according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 27 is an illustration of an optical profilometer that cancels slope and measures height using circularly polarized light incident upon a sample according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 28 is an illustration of an optical profilometer that cancels slope and measures height using a single detector and using S polarized light incident upon a sample according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 29 is an illustration of an optical profilometer that cancels slope and measures height using a single detector an using 45° linearly polarized light incident upon a sample according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 30 is an illustration of an optical profilometer that measures only slope and cancels height and material effects according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 31 is an illustration of an optical profilometer that cancels slope and measures height using a single detector and using S polarized light incident upon a sample according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 32 is an illustration having a side view perspective of an optically scanned version of a material independent optical profilometer shown in FIGS. 19, 20,  21  and  22  according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 33 is an illustration having a top view perspective of an optically scanned material independent optical profilometer according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 34 is an illustration depicting the beam profiles after one and two reflections from the surface under measurement according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 35 is an illustration of mode modulation circuitry according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 36 is an illustration of a material independent optical profilometer having one detector according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 37 is an illustration from a top view perspective of a material independent optical profilometer having one detector according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 38 is an illustration of an optical profilometer, ellipsometer, reflectometer and scatterometer which uses a telescope to produce user selectable multiple spots sizes on a substrate. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0047]    A preferred embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to the figures where like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Also in the figures, the left most digit(s) of each reference number correspond(s) to the figure in which the reference number is first used.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 3 is an illustration of an apparatus for measuring properties of the thin film according to an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus uses a focused laser light signal whose angle of propagation θ (as shown in FIG. 3) can be between zero degrees from normal and ninety degrees from normal.  
         [0049]    One embodiment of the apparatus  300  includes a conventional laser diode  301 , e.g., RLD65MZT1 or RLD-78MD available from Rolm Corporation, Kyoto, Japan, which has been collimated by Hoetron Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif., e.g., a conventional linear polarizer  302 , e.g., made of Polarcor that is commercially available from Newport Corp., Irvine, Calif., a conventional zero order half wave plate  303  that is commercially available from CVI Laser, Livermore Calif., a conventional focusing lens  304  that is commercially available from Newport Corporation, Irvine, Calif., conventional mirrors  305  and  306  available from Newport Corp. Irving, Calif. A collimating lens  309  available from Newport Corp., a zero order quarter wave plate  310  available from CVI Laser Corp., a conventional polarizing beam splitter  312  rotated at 45° to the plane of incidence available from CVI Laser Corp., a pair of conventional quadrant detectors  311  and  313  available from Hamamatsu Corp., Hamamatsu City, Japan, a conventional avalanche photodiode  314  available from Advanced Photonix, Inc., Camarillo, Calif. and a conventional motor  315  available from Maxon Precision Motors, Burlingame, Calif. for rotating the half wave plate  303 . The avalanche photodiode  314  maybe replaced with a conventional photo multiplier tube (PMT) available from Hamamatsu Corp., Hamamatsu City, Japan.  
         [0050]    It will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that the apparatus  300  is an embodiment of the present invention and that alternate designs can be used without departing from the present invention. The operation of the apparatus  300  is now described in greater detail.  
         [0051]    A laser diode  301  emits an electromagnetic signal toward the thin film disk, silicon wafer, photonics wafer or glass substrate. In an embodiment the electromagnetic signal is a light signal having a wavelength of 780 or 655 nanometers (nm) although a wide variety of wavelengths can be used. The angle of propagation of the light signal can be any angle θ between zero and ninety degrees.  
         [0052]    Laser diodes are well known to have an internal photodiode to monitor the laser output power. An embodiment of a feedback control circuit to control the optical intensity is to use such a photodiode, which is internal to the laser diode. This photodiode which is internal to the laser diode feeds back a control signal to negative feedback circuitry and by doing so keeps the intensity of the laser at a constant value. The photodiode that is used to control the laser intensity may be external to the laser. When an external photodiode is used an external non-polarizing beam splitter is placed after the laser. This external non-polarizing beam splitter directs a sample of the laser onto the external photodiode. The signal from the external photodiode is used to feedback a control signal to negative feedback circuitry and thereby controls the laser intensity. Another means of keeping an approximate constant output power of the laser is to control the current of the laser diode, that is, run the diode laser in a constant current mode. The laser diode will exhibit a very slow decrease in output power over a period of months. As long as the scan time is less than 5 or 10 minutes then the optical power output of the laser will remain constant during the scan. The advantage of this technique is its simplicity. Long-term drifts of the laser output power may be calibrated out of the system by first measuring a standard reflector and using this to normalize the measured signals. The value of the signal is first measured over the standard (known) reflector and then the disk or wafer is measured. If there has been any drift of the standard reflector measurement then all the data is corrected for this amount of drift. As a result long-term drifts may be compensated even when operating in a constant current mode. The emitted light passes through the linear polarizer  302 . The linear polarizer  302  improves the linear polarization of the laser light signal.  
         [0053]    There are several ways to reduce the optical noise of lasers. One of these is to use a multi-mode laser diode (such as the Rohm laser diode mentioned above) that runs in 6 to 8 longitudinal modes simultaneously. This prevents the laser from mode hopping and reduces intensity noise. Another way to reduce noise is to start with a single mode laser and to modulate the laser current at a frequency from 30 to 1000 MHz. The laser current includes a DC component of 20 to 100 ma plus a smaller AC component at the above specified frequency. The AC component of the current forces the single mode laser to run in several modes and this prevents mode hopping and reduces laser noise. This technology is known as noise reduction through mode modulation. A third way to reduce noise is to use a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) to keep the laser temperature constant. The TEC technology will reduce mode hopping but will not prevent it. The TEC technology will also increase the diode laser lifetime.  
         [0054]    The mode modulation technology is useful in instruments like the Optical Surface Analyzer discussed herein. This is because the laser noise and intensity stability limits the sensitivity of the instrument. The best way to eliminate mode hopping is to use mode modulation. FIG. 35 shows a schematic of the mode modulation technology. The 30 to 1000 MHz modulation comes from the AC source and the DC source provides the 20 to 100 ma DC current needed to run the laser. The blocking capacitor prevents the DC current from passing into the AC source. When this technology is combined with the Optical Surface Analyzer described herein the sensitivity of the instrument can be greatly improved. Further improvements may be achieved by combining TEC with mode modulation technology.  
         [0055]    The linearly polarized light passes through a mechanically rotatable zero order half-wave plate  303 . The half wave plate  303  is attached to a miniature motor  315  which allows the polarization to be dynamically rotated between P polarized (parallel to the plane of incidence), S polarized (perpendicular to the plane of incidence) and 45° polarized (between P and S) light. The polarized light passes through a focusing lens  304  and is directed onto a thin film magnetic disk, silicon wafer or transparent substrate  306  by a turning mirror  305 . The reflected signal is directed to the detection optics by another turning mirror  308  and recollimated by another lens  309 . An avalanche photodiode, conventional PIN photodiode or photo multiplier tube  314 , for example, detects the scattered component of the signal. The recollimated beam passes through a zero order quarter wave plate  310  that is used to adjust the polarization of the beam so that equal amounts of energy are directed into the quadrant photodetectors  313  and  311 . After passing through the quarter wave plate  310  the beam is split by a polarization beam splitter  312  that is rotated by 45° to the plane of incidence. In another embodiment the polarizing beam splitter may be a Wollaston prism or a Glan Thompson or a Rochon prism beam splitter. The split beams are directed onto two quadrant detectors  311  and  313 . The quadrant detectors are used to compute the phase shift between the split beams, the reflectivity, the optical profiles in the radial and circumferential directions, and the Kerr rotation (if the film on the substrate  306  is magnetic). The outputs from the quadrant detectors are digitized by a conventional analog to digital converter and directed to the memory of a conventional personal computer. The signals are then analyzed by the personal computer to detect defects, measure topography, and measure stains. The entire optical apparatus  300  is placed upon a stage that moves the apparatus in the radial direction while a motor  307  rotates the sample  306 . In this manner the entire surface of the sample  306  may be scanned for defects.  
         [0056]    An alternative embodiment for scanning the entire substrate  306  is to place the optical head or the substrate  306  on a x-y scan stage. The substrate  306  or the optical apparatus  300  is scanned in the x and y directions and in this manner the entire sample may be scanned for defects or topography.  
         [0057]    The spindle or motor which rotates the disk at a high rate of speed includes an encoder which produces 1024 pulses as it rotates through 360 degrees, for example. This encoder is used to determine the circumferential positions around the disk. The present invention preferably utilizes a very high-resolution determination of the position around the circumference of the disk. This is accomplished by using a phase locked loop to multiply the encoder signal by a selectable factor of up to 64 times. The phase locked loop, which multiplies the 1024 encoder pulses, has to the ability to track any velocity jitter in the encoder. This feature allows averaging of repeated revolutions to be done with no loss of lateral resolution. That is, subsequent revolutions lie in phase with one another and when averaged, the resulting image is not smeared by any jitter effect. Averaging is done to improve signal-to-noise ratio.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 4 shows the top view design of an optical profilometer, which measures height only and measures height directly. It can also measure the slope of the surface independent of height. This differs from previous optical profilometers that measure both slope and height at the same time. With such systems the height is obtained from the slope data by integrating the slope information. However, if the slope information is contaminated with height information then the integration will not give the correct surface profile. A goal is to obtain data that includes only height information and not a combination of both slope and height. The design illustrated and described with reference to FIGS.  4 - 7  accomplishes this by using two lasers and two position sensitive detectors (PSD) oriented at right angles to one another.  
         [0059]    The position sensitive detectors (PSD) are quadrant detectors that are oriented as shown in FIG. 4. The PSD&#39;s measure the displacement of the beam in the radial and circumferential directions by subtracting the appropriate PSD quadrants. As the laser beam moves along the surface of the object to be measured, the roughness and waviness of the surface cause the laser beam to “wiggle” on the quadrant detector in response to the slope of the surface. The quadrant detector measures this by subtracting the sum of one pair of quadrants from the sum of another pair. For example, referring to FIG. 6, the slope of the surface in the circumferential direction is given by [(A1+B1)−(C1+D1)]/[A1+B1+C1+D1] where the sum of the four quadrants in the denominator is used to normalize for reflectivity differences. At the same time, if the average distance of the surface from the detector changes, then the average position of the beam on the quadrant detector will change. The resulting difference signal in the above equation will register a slope change when in fact a difference in surface height is occurring. The problem is to be able to separate slope changes from height changes. This can be accomplished by considering the slope in the radial direction, which is obtained by referring to FIG. 6 and is given by [(A1+D1)−(B1+C1)]/[A1+B1+C1+D1]. The equation for the radial slope measures the “wiggle” of the beam in the radial direction. In the case of the radial slope, if the average distance of the surface from the detector changes then the beam simply moves along the line separating A1+D1 from B1+C1. As a result the radial slope signal does not change when the surface height changes and the equation for the radial slope records only slope and not height changes.  
         [0060]    When the orientation of the laser beam is rotated by 90 degrees (as with laser  2  and PSD  2  in FIG. 4) the behavior of the radial and circumferential slope will reverse. In the case of laser  2  and PSD  2  the circumferential slope equation will record only slope changes and not height changes. On the other hand, for laser  2 , the radial slope equation will record both slope and height changes. Since the output beam of both lasers  1  and  2  is positioned at the same location on the surface (as shown in FIG. 4) then it is possible to subtract the radial slope equation from laser  1  and PSD  1  from the radial slope equation from laser  2  and PSD  2 . The resulting subtraction will include only height information and no slope information. It is also possible to obtain the same information by subtracting the circumferential slope equation from laser  1  and PSD  1  from the circumferential slope equation from laser  2  and PSD  2 . The radial slope (with no height information) can be obtained by choosing the radial slope equation from laser  1  and PSD  1 . The circumferential slope (with no height information) can be obtained by choosing the circumferential slope equation from laser  2  and PSD  2 . In this manner it is possible to independently measure surface height variation and slope variation.  
         [0061]    In another embodiment of this optical profilometer, as shown in FIG. 5, a single laser is used and a 50/50 mirror  504  oriented at a compound angle directs a second beam onto the surface to a position labeled  502  on FIG. 5. The beam that passes through the 50/50 mirror  504  is directed onto the surface to a position labeled  501  on FIG. 5. The entire surface of the object to be measured is scanned with both of the beams resulting in at least two images of the surface. The resulting images are stored and digitally shifted so that the resulting images have the object to be profiled at the same x, y location. The resulting shifted images may then be subtracted to give the height profile in the manner described above. The advantage of this embodiment is that it uses only a single laser and fewer optical components and the beam shape of the two beams is identical.  
         [0062]    Laser one and PSD  1  nominally measure the signal in the radial, Sr, and the signal in the circumferential, Sc, directions. However, the nature of the PSD results in Sc from laser one and PSD  1  being contaminated with height information, in addition to slope information. Sr from laser  1  and PSD  1  include only slope information. Laser two and PSD  2  also nominally measure the slope in the radial and circumferential directions. However, Sr from laser  2  and PSD  2  measures both slope and height at the same positions as Sr from laser  1  and PSD  1 . As a result the true height variation can be obtained by subtracting Sr from laser  2  and PSD  2  from Sr from laser  1  and PSD  1 . That is, the slope information is removed when subtracting Sr from PSD  2  from Sr from PSD  1 , leaving only the height information.  
         [0063]    A similar result can be obtained from subtracting Sc from PSD  2  that only includes slope information. As a result, subtracting Sc from PSD  2  from Sc from PSD  1  gives data including only height information. The result is a direct measurement of height. The advantages of this technique are that it gives a direct measurement of height and it can be done in a non-contact manner at high speed. This technique can also measure step heights with 90-degree step angles. Conventional systems, which use slope measurements, cannot measure 90-degree step heights.  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 6 shows the side view design of the optical profilometer. This figure only shows laser  1  and PSD  1  in an effort to easily show the side view design. In FIG. 6 the optical profilometer is positioned above a thin film disk or wafer and is translated in the radial direction while the disk or semiconductor wafer is rotated.  
         [0065]    The angle of incidence (θ) shown in FIG. 6 can be chosen for the particular application. Any angle of incidence can be chosen except normal incidence, where the PSD&#39;s would have no height sensitivity. For an application that involves transparent substrates one could choose angles greater than 45 degrees in order to increase the reflection signal from the surface. As the angle of incidence increases, the height sensitivity also increases by the factor 2 sin θ. A plot of this factor is shown in FIG. 7. This suggests that an angle of incidence greater than or equal to approximately 60 degrees would be optimal, although not necessary. At angles greater than 60 degrees the sensitivity will increase and the signal from a transparent surface will increase. This embodiment requires that the focused spot sizes of the two lasers be substantially identical and that the laser spots overlap as closely as possible.  
         [0066]    A problem in the magnetic recording industry is to inspect thin film disks for defects at the final test step of the manufacturer of disks. The manufacturers of thin film disks require that both sides of the thin film disk be inspected simultaneously. The problem is that the clearance between the disk and the chuck (which holds the disk) is only 1″ or less (see FIG. 13, 1304). This requires that the optics be miniaturized in order to fit in the small space between the disk and the chuck (see FIG. 13). A solution to this problem can be obtained by using the optical designs in FIG. 8, 9,  10 , and  11 . These designs have several key improvements, which allow the design to be miniaturized without compromising the performance of the device. First of all the design uses the internal feedback photodiode, which is included within the laser diode  801 , to achieve stabilization of the DC level of the optical signal. Secondly, the angle of incidence, θ, is adjusted to reduce the height of the instrument so that it will fit within the 1″ space requirement. Thirdly, the surface topography measurement capability feature of the instrument is incorporated within the phase/specular detectors  808  and  809  shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The position sensitive detectors  808  and  809  (quadrant detectors) serve as both phase detectors, specular detectors, and topography measurement detectors. Fourthly, the size may be decreased by using a polarizing beam splitter  901  as shown in FIG. 9 instead of a Wollaston prism  807  as shown in FIG. 8. The polarizing beam splitter  807  or Wollaston prism  901  is rotated at 45° with respect to the plane of incidence.  
         [0067]    Another embodiment of this invention can use a beam splitter that splits the beam into non-orthogonal components, which will be discussed in a subsequent section. Using two spherical mirrors  1004  and  1006  to direct the beam onto the disk as shown in FIG. 10 will diminish the size in the lateral dimension. The mirrors  1004  and  1006  are adjusted at a compound angle as shown in FIGS. 10. This is also shown in FIG. 11 which is a view of FIG. 10 along the “A” direction, where the mirrors that are at a compound angle are  1102  and  1104 . These mirrors direct the beam  1103  onto the disk or wafer  1101 . In addition to directing the beam onto the disk the spherical mirrors also focus the beam to a small spot. In an alternative embodiment flat mirrors  1202  and  1203  are used in combination with focusing lenses  1201  as shown in FIG. 12. Also shown in FIG. 12 is a silicon photodetector or avalanche photodiode or photo multiplier tube  1204 , which is positioned above the point where the beam strikes the disk. This element enables the detection of submicron particles. The avalanche photodiode  1204  is available from Advanced Photonix, Inc., Camarillo, Calif.  
         [0068]    Referring to FIG. 8, the laser beam from the diode laser  801  passes through a linear polarizer  802 , and a focusing lens  803  and then strikes a disk or wafer  804 . Upon reflecting from the surface the beam passes through a recollimating lens  805 , a quarter wave plate  806 , and through a polarizing beam splitter such as Wollaston prism  807  which is rotated at 45° to the plane of incidence and onto two quadrant detectors  808  and  809 . The specular signal is obtained by summing the signals from position sensitive detector 1  809  with the sum of position sensitive detector 2,  808  times a constant K:  
         Specular signal=( A 1 +B 1 +C 1 +D 1)+κ*( A 2 +B 2 +C 2 +D 2)  
         [0069]    The cosine of the phase shift between the two split beams (Cos(ps)) can be obtained by subtracting the sum of the elements of detector 1  809  from those of detector 2,  808  times a constant K:  
         Cos( ps )=( A 1 +B 1 +C 1 +D 1)− K *( A 2 +B 2 +C 2 +D 2) where K is a constant.  
         [0070]    Referring to FIG. 8 detector 1,  809 , the slope in the circumferential direction is given by:  
         Slope in circumferential direction=[( B 1 +C 1)−( A 1 +D 1)]/( A 1 +B 1 +C 1 +D 1)  
         [0071]    The slope in the radial direction is given by:  
         Slope in the radial direction=[( A 1 +B 1)−( C 1 +D 1)]/( A 1 +B 1 +C 1 +D 1)  
         [0072]    The topography in the circumferential or radial direction is obtained by integrating the slope in the circumferential or radial direction, respectively. The slope signals can also be obtained from detector 2,  808  with the same equations as shown above except for substituting 2 for 1.  
         [0073]    Using the designs in FIGS. 8, 9,  10  and  12  will allow the measurement of sub-micron scratches, particles, stains, pits, mounds, handling damage, wear of the carbon layer, outside diameter damage and contamination. This design can also measure the longitudinal Kerr effect by a measurement of the Kerr rotation angle. The advantages of this design are its small size which is made possible by detectors which combine the measurement of phase shift, specular reflectivity, radial and circumferential slope, and scattered light.  
         [0074]    The miniature optical design may be mounted on the top and bottom of a thin film disk  1302  as shown in FIG. 13 and the resulting combination is translated over the surface of the disk with a stepper or DC servomotor driven stage  1308 . A spindle motor  1306  rotates the disk while the optics  1301  is translated in the radial direction so that 100% of the surface of the disk may be measured for defects. The entire apparatus is mounted on a baseplate  1307 . The electronics package is located above the stepper motor  1303 . The disk is placed upon a vacuum chuck  1305  that is rotated at a high rate of speed.  
         [0075]    A problem in the inspection of transparent glass substrates  1406  and other transparent objects is to separate the signal from the top and the bottom surface. This can be accomplished by the use of a spatial filter  1404  that blocks the signal from the bottom surface  1405  and does not affect the top surface reflection  1403 . FIG. 14 shows this in the optical design of the Optical Surface Analyzer (OSA). The incoming optical beam is  1401 .  
         [0076]    The spatial filter  1404  is in the shape of a small wedge that is attached to the bottom surface of the integrating sphere  1402 . The location of the spatial filter is adjusted to just block the bottom surface reflection  1405  and not to interfere with the top surface reflection  1403 . This invention allows one to separate information from the top and bottom surface of a transparent glass disk or wafer  1406 . This invention also works with any transparent medium such as lithium niobate, fused silica, photoresist, and other transparent oxides.  
         [0077]    An alternative design does not require the spatial filter to be attached to the bottom of the integrating sphere. For example, the integrating sphere may be omitted and the spatial filter may be attached to any other point on the optical body. The crucial point is that the spatial filter must be located near enough to the transparent substrate so that the reflections from the top and bottom surface are separated in the lateral plane. In this manner it is possible to intercept the bottom surface reflection with the spatial filter and leave the top surface reflection unaffected.  
         [0078]    A problem in the measurement of semiconductor wafers is the detection of defects caused by the CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) process. These defects can be residual copper, nitride, slurry, particles, scratches and stains. The measurement is complicated by the fact that the semiconductor wafers have a very complex pattern on their surface. The object is to separate the defects from the complex pattern of semiconductor devices on the surface of the semiconductor wafer. This can be accomplished by the design shown in FIG. 15. The device includes a means for measuring the phase shift between the P and S polarization components of the incident beam and a means to measure the topography of the surface. The device includes a laser  1501  and a polarizer  1502 . The laser is directed onto a focusing lens  1503  and onto a mirror  1504  that directs the beam onto a wafer or disk  1505  that may be rotated by a motor  1506 . The reflected beam is directed by another mirror  1507  onto a collimating lens  1508  and through a quarter wave plate  1509 . The signal passing through the quarter wave plate is directed onto a polarizing beam splitter  1511  that is oriented at 45° to the plane of incidence. The split beams are measured with two photodetectors  1510  and  1512 . The phase shift of the incident beam is proportional to the difference in the amplitudes of photodetectors  1510  and  1512 .  
         [0079]    When the phase shift between the split beams is measured it is found that the orientation of the semiconductor pattern lines will have a substantial effect on the measured phase shift. What is desired is to remove the semiconductor pattern and enhance the defects. A means to accomplish this is to image the wafer with two orthogonal beams as shown in FIG. 16. An optical path shown in FIG. 15 generates each of the beams shown in FIG. 16. Laser one  1601  and detector one  1602  in FIG. 16 generate a phase shift image of the surface that has one particular amplitude due to the orientation of the semiconductor pattern lines. Laser two  1603  and detector two  1604  have a particular amplitude pattern that is identical in lateral shape but opposite in amplitude to that generated by laser one  1601  and detector one  1602 . This is because the orientation of the optical beams of lasers one and two are orthogonal with respect to the orientation of the pattern lines. As a result, what is generated are two phase shift images of the surface of the semiconductor that have opposite amplitude phase shift signals from the semiconductor pattern lines. If these two images are added together then the semiconductor pattern will be greatly attenuated. Defects, on the other hand, do not change phase shift in the two orthogonal beams and as a result when the two orthogonal images are added the defects increase in amplitude and the semiconductor pattern diminishes in amplitude. Defects do not have opposite phase shift amplitudes since most defects are isotropic in nature and do not have the strong anisotropy associated with semiconductor pattern lines. This technique effectively enhances the defect signals and diminishes the semiconductor pattern signal. The focused beams  1607  cross at point  1606 . The entire device is included within housing  1605 .  
         [0080]    This invention has the additional advantage that it can simultaneously measure the topography of the surface as has been described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/718,054 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In the preferred embodiment the angle of incidence (θ) shown in FIG. 15 is at approximately 60°. Larger or smaller angles of incidence may be used depending upon the application. For example, a larger angle of incidence may be used if a transparent substrate is to be examined. This would be advantageous since a transparent substrate will give a larger signal from the top surface with a greater angle of incidence. Simultaneous measurement at two or more angles of incidence may be accomplished by making the angle of incidence of laser  1601  at a first angle θ 1  and that of laser  1603  at a second angle θ 2  This will involve changing the angle of the turning mirrors  1504  and  1507  for both lasers  1601  and  1603 . The angle of incidence θ 1  or θ 2  may be between zero and 90 degrees. This particular embodiment allows two angles of incidence to be simultaneously scanned. The simultaneous scanning of additional angles of incidence may be obtained by adding additional lasers in FIG. 16 at angles between the orthogonal pair of lasers  1601  and  1603 . Each laser added between  1601  and  1603  may be adjusted to be incident on the surface at any angle of incidence between 0 and 90 degrees. Simultaneous measurement at two or more wavelengths may be accomplished by making each laser  1601  and  1603  a different wavelength. In this manner phase shift and reflectivity information may be simultaneously collected at two wavelengths. Additional wavelengths may be added by positioning additional lasers and detectors between the orthogonally oriented lasers  1601  and  1603 . Each laser added between  1601  and  1603  will have a different wavelength so that any number of wavelengths may be simultaneously incident upon the substrate or disk  1505 .  
         [0081]    The advantage of multiple wavelengths or angles of incidence is that each angle or wavelength gives different information on the properties of the substrate or disk  1505 . For example, shorter wavelengths will allow the detection of smaller particles and thinner films.  
         [0082]    [0082]FIG. 17 illustrates the measurement of the phase shift of an elliptically polarized beam by the use of a beam splitter that splits the beam into non-orthogonally polarized components. The incoming elliptically polarized beam is labeled  1701 , this beam is directed into a quarter wave plate  1702  and subsequently into a beam splitter  1703  which splits the beam into nonorthogonally polarized components. Internal to  1703  is a polarizing beam splitter such as a Wollaston prism  1704  or a polarizing cube beam splitter and a polarization rotation device  1705  such as a half wave plate or an optically active quartz polarization rotator. The two beams leaving the beam splitter  1703  are polarized in the same direction as indicated by  1706  and  1707 . In general the two beams leaving the beam splitter  1703  may be polarized at any angle with respect to the other. This is accomplished by rotating a half wave plate  1705  (which is internal to the beam splitter  1703 ) to an arbitrary angle so that the beam leaving  1707  will now be polarized at an arbitrary angle with respect to beam  1706 . After the beams leave the beam splitter  1703  they strike diffusers  1708  and subsequently are detected by photodetectors  1709  and  1710 . The advantage of this type of beam splitter  1703  is that the outgoing beams may be polarized in the same direction. As a result when the beams  1706  and  1707  strike the diffusers  1708  and photodetectors  1709  and  1710  the reflection from these surfaces will be identical and the detected signals will have identical reduction due to surface reflection. This fact makes the calibration of the instrument considerably easier. The computation of the phase shift of the incoming beam  1701  is proportional to the difference in the amplitude of the two beams as measured by the photodetectors  1709  and  1710 .  
         [0083]    The incoming laser beams discussed in previous paragraphs have been described as P, S or 45° polarized beams. These earlier discussions are preferred embodiments of this invention. It is also possible to illuminate the surface with unpolarized light and detect the resulting reflected signals with the same optical and electronic methods. The resulting detected signals, which use a source of light which is unpolarized, will still give measurements of the phase shift, topography, reflectivity, defects and particles.  
         [0084]    A problem with conventional optical profilometers is that they are material (reflectivity) dependent. That is, a step height including chrome on a glass substrate will give a different optically measured height than the same step height of chrome on a chrome substrate. One embodiment of the present invention removes this limitation. A reason that the optical profilometer shown in FIGS.  3 - 6  is material dependent is shown in FIG. 18. FIG. 18 shows the reflectivity versus angle for copper and glass for S, P and randomly polarized light. When a laser beam is focused onto a glass sample the beam will include a range of angles whose magnitude will depend upon the numerical aperture of the focusing lens. If a modest numerical aperture of 0.13 is assumed then the range of angles will be 15°. If the angle of incidence is 58° then the angles incident will vary from 51° to 66°. As a result, the reflected beam will have an intensity variation across its profile given by the reflection coefficient of the material versus angle between 51 and 66° multiplied by the incident intensity variation. For example, in the case of glass the S reflection coefficient varies from 11 to 23% over this range of angles. Copper on the other hand will have an S reflection coefficient variation from 82% to 88% over the same angle range. The net result of this is that the centroid of the beam will be shifted towards larger angles for both copper and glass, but the shift is much greater for glass than for copper. As a result when the focused beam is scanned from glass to copper the centroid of the beam on the quadrant detector will shift showing an apparent height change when in fact there is no change in height.  
         [0085]    One way to reduce (but not eliminate) the material (reflectivity) effect is to use randomly polarized light. For this discussion, randomly polarized light is equivalent to circularly or 45° linearly polarized light. FIG. 18 shows that randomly (or circularly or 45° linear) polarized light has much less variation with incident angle when the angle of incidence is less than 45°. As a result the effect of material (reflectivity) may be reduced in designs which would otherwise show a strong reflectivity dependency by using an angle of incidence (θ) which is less than 45° together with light which is randomly, circularly or 45° linearly polarized. If the above criteria are applied to the designs shown in FIGS.  3 - 6 ,  27 ,  28 ,  29  and  31  then the material (reflectivity) dependency will be reduced.  
         [0086]    The embodiments shown in FIGS. 19 through 26 completely remove the material (reflectivity) dependency by the use of a retro-reflector. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 include an S polarized laser diode  1901  which is split by a 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitter  1903  and directed onto a focusing lens  1904  which focuses the beam  1906  to a small spot on a substrate  1907  which may be a silicon wafer, thin film disk or optical substrate. The beam reflects from the substrate and is recollimated by a second lens  1904  and then reflects from a retro-reflector  1905 . The retro-reflector  1905  may be a conventional retro-reflecting prism (a Porro prism) or a conventional cube corner prism which are both available from CVI, Inc. Albuquerque, N. Mex.  
         [0087]    The retro-reflected beam is then refocused upon the substrate and reflects a second time and then passes to the quadrant detector  1902  where the height and slope are measured. The double reflection from the substrate removes the material dependency from the optical signal. The retro-reflector takes the first reflection from the surface and inverts the beam profile and reflects it back to the surface where it undergoes a second reflection. The second reflection alters the beam profile in exactly the opposite manner of the first reflection, since the beam profile has been inverted by the retro-reflector. As a result the doubly reflected beam has a symmetric profile and its centroid is not shifted regardless of the material type, reflectivity, polarization, angle of incidence or range of angles in the beam. However, if there is a height change present then the amount of height change will be doubled by the retro-reflector.  
         [0088]    A change in the beam profile with reflection from a surface is shown in FIGS.  34 A- 34 C. In FIG. 34A a uniform beam profile has been chosen for illustrative purposes. In an actual device the beam profile would have a gaussian shape. After one reflection from the surface under investigation the portion of the beam coming from larger angles of incidence (on the right in FIG. 34B) will have a greater intensity as shown by the profile illustrated in FIG. 34B. It is the non-uniform intensity shown in FIG. 34B which results in a centroid shift of the beam even in the absence of any height change. When the beam strikes the retro-reflector the profile is inverted and redirected towards the surface where it undergoes a second reflection. The second reflection produces the symmetric beam profile shown in FIG. 34C. The symmetric beam profile produced by the two reflections and the retro-reflector does not have a centroid shift when there is no height change regardless of the material from which the beam is reflecting.  
         [0089]    Using a second optical head that is mirror imaged about the focal point, as shown in FIG. 20, allows the separation of the slope and height. In FIG. 20, 2001 is the S polarized laser diode,  2002  the quadrant detector,  2003  the 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitter,  2004  the focusing lenses,  2005  the retro-reflector and  2006  the focused beam. When these optical heads are combined as shown in FIG. 22 and the outputs are added, the slope signals will cancel and the height signals will add. In FIG. 22  2201  are the S polarized lasers,  2202  the quadrant detectors,  2203  the 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitters,  2204  the focusing and collimating lenses,  2205  the retro-reflectors. The separation angle φ is generally set to be less than 10°. The quadrant detectors may be replaced with bi-cell detectors with the split-oriented perpendicular to the plane of incidence.  
         [0090]    The sensitivity is increased by using a higher angle of incidence, the retro-reflector and adding the outputs of the mirror imaged heads together. Theoretically the sensitivity can be increased to 8 times the actual surface height. This would require an incidence angle of 90°, in practice one can get a sensitivity increase of 6.9 by using an incidence angle of 60° with retro-reflectors and summing two mirror images heads. This results in an optical profilometer that can achieve high lateral resolution, high sensitivity, measure 90° step heights, is material independent and separates the slope and height signals.  
         [0091]    An alternate embodiment to the design shown in FIG. 19 is given by FIG. 21. This design uses an S polarized laser  2101  that is directed onto a polarizing beam splitter  2102 . The S polarized beam is completely reflected by the polarizing beam splitter and passes through a quarter wave plate  2103  which is oriented such that circularly polarized light is focused onto the substrate. The circularly polarized light is retro-reflected and passes through the quarter wave plate  2103  a second time at which point it becomes P polarized and passes through the polarizing beam splitter without reflection and impinges upon the quadrant detector. This design is much more optically efficient than that shown in FIG. 19 and no beam reflects back towards the laser  2101 . The disadvantage of this design is that the signal reflected from the surface for circularly polarized light is less than for S polarized light. The design shown in FIG. 21 may be used to replace the elements in FIG. 22 so that an optical profilometer that uses circularly polarized light is created.  
         [0092]    Another embodiment of a material independent optical profilometer is shown in FIG. 23. This embodiment uses a single S polarized laser diode  2301  and a 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitter  2302 . The split beams are directed onto a pair of 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitters  2303  and then focused upon the substrate. The advantage of this design is that it uses a single laser diode. This design may also use the circularly polarized elements shown in FIG. 21.  
         [0093]    [0093]FIG. 24 shows another embodiment of a material independent optical profilometer. This design is similar to FIG. 22 but in this case the beams do not overlap. The individual elements  2401  and  2402  are mechanically attached together and scanned over a substrate at the same time. The resulting two images are aligned with software in order to account for the difference in the position of the two beams on the substrate. Once the beams have been aligned in software the images are added so that slope and height may be separated as discussed in earlier paragraphs. This design may also use the circularly polarized elements shown in FIG. 21.  
         [0094]    [0094]FIG. 25 shows another embodiment of an optical profilometer that separates slope and height and is material independent. This design uses only two lenses instead of the four used in FIGS. 22, 23 and  24 . The advantage of this design is that it uses fewer optical components. This design may also use the circularly polarized elements shown in FIG. 21.  
         [0095]    [0095]FIG. 26 shows a profilometer design that is used to eliminate the effects of the semiconductor pattern. When a patterned semiconductor wafer is rotated beneath a fixed beam whose plane of incidence is oriented in the radial or circumferential direction as shown in FIG. 4, artifacts will be created in the data which are dependent upon the orientation of the semiconductor pattern. These effects may be eliminated by the design shown in FIG. 26 that includes a circumferentially oriented profiler  2601  and a radially oriented profiler  2602 . If both these heads are used to simultaneously scan the surface of the patterned wafer and then the separate outputs from  2601  and  2602  are added together then the resulting data will be independent of the pattern on the semiconductor wafer. This design may also use the circularly polarized elements shown in FIG. 21.  
         [0096]    Another problem with conventional optical profilometers is that they may give incorrect results when attempting to measure steps or profiles on thin transparent layers. This is because the bottom surface reflection from the thin transparent layer gives a spurious signal that is added to the signal from the top surface. This problem can be solved by using a deep Lw wavelength (for example 266 nm) for the laser in FIG. 19 ( 1901 ) where nearly all transparent materials are strongly absorbing. If a deep Lw laser is used then there will be no bottom surface reflection since the thin transparent layer will absorb the UV signal. An additional advantage of using a 266-nm laser is that it can be focused to a beam size of approximately 0.2 microns resulting in a lateral resolution of 2000 Å.  
         [0097]    [0097]FIG. 27 shows an optical profiler design that also separates slope and height. This design will be sensitive to material (reflectivity) changes but these effects can be minimized by choosing an incidence angle less than 45°, operating with a modest numerical aperture and using random, circular or 45° linear polarization, as discussed earlier. This embodiment begins with a random, circular or 45° linearly polarized (as shown) laser  2701  that is incident upon a polarizing beam splitter  2708 . The P component is transmitted and is rotated to S polarization by the half wave plate  2707 . This counter clockwise propagating beam continues to the right and totally reflects from polarizing beam splitter  2708  and passes through a quarter wave plate  2709  which is oriented to produce circularly polarized light which is directed onto the substrate  2711  by a turning mirror  2706 . A lens  2705  focuses the beam and after reflecting it is recollimated by a second identical lens  2705 . The beam then is directed onto a second turning mirror  2706  and passes through a second quarter wave plate  2704  which is oriented to produce P polarization. The P polarized beam passes through the polarizing beam splitter  2708  and impinges upon the quadrant detector  2702 . A similar path is followed by the clockwise propagating beam with this beam impinging upon the right quadrant detector  2703 .  
         [0098]    When the substrate  2711  changes slope as indicated by  2710  the clockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) beams will move in the same direction on the detectors  2702  and  2703 . For the slope change shown with  2710  both CW and CCW beams will move to the right on detectors  2702  and  2703 . When there is a height change then the CW and CCW beams will move in opposite directions on the detectors  2702  and  2703 . For example, if the substrate plane  2711  moves up then the CCW beam on  2702  will move to the right and the CW beam will move to the left on  2703 . As a result, if the outputs of  2702  and  2703  are subtracted the slope signals will cancel and the height signals will add. This design will be insensitive to slope changes and will have double the height sensitivity.  
         [0099]    [0099]FIG. 28 shows another embodiment of an optical profilometer that separates slope and height. This design will be sensitive to material (reflectivity) changes but these effects can be minimized by choosing an incidence angle less than 45°, operating with a modest numerical aperture and using random, circular or 45° linear polarization, as discuss earlier. This design begins with a 45° linearly polarized laser  2801  that is directed onto a 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitter  2802 . The reflected beam is directed onto a polarizing beam splitter  2803 . The polarizing beam splitter  2803  may be a Glan-Thompson or a polarizing cube beam splitter or any similar polarizing beam splitter. The split beam is separated into a P polarized component which propagates counter clockwise (CCW) and an S polarized component which propagates clockwise (CW). The P polarized CCW beam is rotated by a half wave plate  2804  so that it becomes S polarized and then any remaining non S polarized intensity is removed by an S oriented polarizer  2805 . The CCW beam is directed onto a focusing lens  2807  by a turning mirror  2806  and is reflected from the substrate  2808 . The CCW beam is recollimated by another identical lens  2809  and reflects from another turning mirror  2810  and passes through another S polarizer  2811  and then reflects from the polarizing beam splitter  2803 . The resulting beam is directed to the beam splitter  2802  and a portion passes through and impinges upon the quadrant detector  2812 . The quadrant detector may be replaced with a bi-cell detector with the split perpendicular to the plane of incidence.  
         [0100]    The CW propagating beam follows a path similar to the CCW beam after reflecting from the beam splitter  2803 . After the CW beam reflects from the substrate  2808  and passes through the polarizing beam splitter  2803  a portion then passes through the non-polarizing beam splitter  2802  and impinges upon the quadrant detector  2812 . When the substrate has a slope the CW and CCW beams will move apart (opposite directions) on the detector  2812  and the output will be zero. When the substrate has a height change the CW and CCW beams will move in the same direction on the detector  2812  and the output will be double that of a single beam. The advantage of this design is that it uses a single detector, separates slope and height and gives twice the height signal. There will be no interference of the CW and CCW beams on detector  2812  since they are orthogonally polarized.  
         [0101]    [0101]FIG. 29 shows another embodiment of an optical profilometer that separates slope and height. This design uses 45° linearly polarized light incident upon the substrate so as to minimize the effects of material differences. The design is similar to that shown in FIG. 28 except the CCW beam encounters a half wave plate  2901  which is oriented to rotate the incident P light by 45° and this light passes through a 45° oriented linear polarizer  2902 . Upon reflecting from the substrate the beam passes through a second 45° oriented linear polarizer  2903  and to through a half wave plate  2904  which is oriented to rotate the polarization an additional 45° so that it becomes S polarized. The S polarized light reflects completely from the polarizing beam splitter and is directed onto the quadrant detector  2905 . If the angle of incidence is set to approximately 30° and the numerical aperture chosen to be about 0.13 then this design will reduce the effects of material differences upon the height signal. The advantages of this design are its double height sensitivity, reduced material sensitivity, separation of height and slope, and single detector.  
         [0102]    It is interesting to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the designs shown in FIG. 29 and FIG. 22. FIG. 29 is simpler since it uses a single detector, but it has some material sensitivity. The design of FIG. 29 is limited to relatively small numerical apertures because of material sensitivity whereas that of FIG. 22 may use any numerical aperture and still be material independent. The angle of incidence of the design of FIG. 29 is limited to less than 45° because of material sensitivity. This reduces the sensitivity according to FIG. 7, whereas the design of FIG. 22 does not suffer this sensitivity loss. The retro-reflector on FIG. 22 and the double head design gives a four-fold increase in the height sensitivity. This fact and angle of incidence multiplier mean that the theoretical height sensitivity of the design of FIG. 22 is 8 times the physical height change. The same analysis applied to the design of FIG. 29 gives double the physical height change. In summary, the design of FIG. 22 will be material insensitive, achieves perfect slope cancellation, may be run at much higher lateral resolution, and is 4 times more sensitive than that of FIG. 29. The advantage of the design of FIG. 29 is the simplicity of a single detector. The designs of FIGS. 28 and 29 also achieve perfect slope cancellation since the path length for the CW and CCW beams are identical. There is no interference of the CW and CCW beams on the detector  2905  since the beams are orthogonally polarized.  
         [0103]    [0103]FIG. 30 shows an optical design that measures only slope and rejects height and material (reflectivity) changes. This design is very similar to that shown in FIG. 28 except in this case a Wollaston prism  3001  acts as a polarizing beam splitter. The orientation of the prism  3001  means that both the CW and CCW beams strike the prism on the same side of the split in the prism. This fact means that any height (or material) changes will move in opposite directions on the detector and slope changes will move in the same direction. As a result this design rejects material sensitivity and height changes and doubles the sensitivity to slope. This design is intended as a high sensitivity slope measurement device. The slope may be integrated to arrive at the topographic profile.  
         [0104]    The design shown in FIG. 31 is another embodiment of an optical profiler that measures height and rejects slope. This design will be material (reflectivity) sensitivity. The design as shown uses S polarized light but it is also possible to use random, circular or 45° linearly polarized light, for example. If one of these polarization&#39;s are used and the angle of incidence θ is less than 45° then the material sensitivity will be reduced. The design begins with a 45° linearly polarized laser  3101  which is directed onto a 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitter  3111  which directs a portion of the beam to a polarizing beam splitter  3106 . The splitter  3106  reflects the S portion of the beam and directs it in the clockwise direction where it passes through a S polarizer  3110  (to improve the linear polarization) and is deflected onto a substrate  3107  by a turning mirror  3109 . The CW beam is focused by a lens  3104  and recollimated by an identical lens  3104  after reflecting from the substrate  3107 . The CW beam is deflected by a turning mirror  3103  and passes through another S polarizer  3102  and impinges upon the polarizing beam splitter  3106  and is reflected downward onto a quarter waveplate/mirror combination  3105  which converts the S polarization to P which reflects from  3105  and passes through the polarizing beam splitter  3106  and a portion passes through  3111  and impinges upon the quadrant detector  3112 .  
         [0105]    The CCW propagating beam follows a similar path before impinging upon the quadrant detector  3112 . A bi-cell detector may be substituted for the quadrant detector  3112  with the split-oriented perpendicular to the plane of incidence.  
         [0106]    The embodiment shown in FIG. 31 behaves in a manner similar to those embodiments shown in FIGS. 28 and 29. When the CW and CCW beam encounter a slope  3108  in the substrate the beams move apart on the detector  3112 . When a height change is encountered then the CW and CCW beams move in the same direction on the detector  3112 . As a result slope changes are cancelled and height changes are doubled. The advantage of this design is that it uses a single detector. This embodiment achieves nearly complete slope cancellation since the CW and CCW beam paths differ only by the length of the polarizing beam splitter  3106 . There is no interference of the CW and CCW beams on the detector  3112  since they are orthogonally polarized.  
         [0107]    [0107]FIG. 32 shows an optically scanned embodiment of a material independent optical profilometer. This embodiment uses a rotating polygon  3202  (available from Lincoln Laser, Phoenix, Ariz.) or XY galvanometric scanner (available from GSI Lumonics, Watertown, Mass.), or an acousto-optic scanner (available from Electro-Optical Products Corp., Fresh Meadows, N.Y.) to scan the beam from point A to B (the X direction). A pair of XY galvanometric scanners or acousto-optic scanners may be used to scan the beam in two dimensions. An alternative is to use the design of FIG. 32 to scan in the X direction (from A to B) and a mechanical stage to scan in the Y direction (in and out of the page). This design uses an S polarized laser diode  3201  that is directed onto a scanner  3202  that scans the beam  3209  in a clockwise motion. The scanner is placed at the back focal plane of the scan lens  3206 . That is, the scanner (in this case a rotating polygon)  3202  is placed one focal length along the beam path from the scan lens  3206 . The scanned beam is incident upon a polarizing beam splitter  3204  and totally reflects onto quarter wave plate  3205  and then a scan lens  3206  where it is scanned from points A to B. Upon reflecting from the substrate  3208  at points A or B the beams pass through a second scan lens  3206  and are incident upon a retro-reflector  3207  placed at the back focal plane of the scan lens  3206 . The retro-reflector causes the beams to retrace their path and upon passing a second time through the quarter wave plate  3205  the beam becomes P polarized and passes through the polarizing beam splitter  3204  and is incident upon a quadrant detector  3203  which is placed at a point near the back focal plane of the scan lens  3206 . The beam is scanned across the quadrant detector  3203  in the direction shown.  
         [0108]    In order to separate slope and height terms according to one embodiment of the present invention a mirror image the design is used at the top of FIG. 32 and this is shown at the bottom of FIG. 32 as  3210 . This embodiment  3210  can also have its polygon scanner rotating in a clockwise direction so that both beams will scan from points A to B. When the outputs from the quadrant detectors of the designs at the top and bottom of FIG. 32 are added together then the resulting signal will give a signal which is proportional to the height of the substrate  3208  and independent of its slope. That is, the slope terms will cancel and the height terms will add. The signal will also be independent of the reflectivity of the material for the reasons discussed in earlier paragraphs. One aspect of the design of FIG. 32 is seen in the large difference in path lengths of the beams that are directed at points A and B. This means that in order for the beam to remain in focus over this large path length difference this design is best utilized at low resolution, since a large depth of focus (large spot size) design must be used.  
         [0109]    An alternate embodiment that increases the resolution is shown in FIG. 33 as  3301 . In this design the laser diode  3201 , polygon scanner  3202 , and polarizing beam splitter  3204  of FIG. 32 are rotated by 90° so that the laser and polygon are now arranged as shown in FIG. 33, 3301. All the other components remain unchanged. The view of FIG. 33 is from the top of device whereas that of FIG. 32 is from the side. The embodiment of  3301  scans the beam from points A to B and since the path lengths from the scan lens to A and B are equal then a much higher (smaller spot size) resolution optical design may be used. In order to separate slope and height according to one embodiment of the present invention, a mirror image  3301  about the line AB is used to create a second head (analogous to FIG. 32) as shown as  3302  whose quadrant detector output is added to the quadrant detector of  3301 . This will separate slope and height in the same manner as FIG. 32. As shown in FIG. 33 the polygon scanner moves the beam in the Y direction. A mechanical stage (not shown) or a second polygon scanner may accomplish the X direction scan.  
         [0110]    [0110]FIG. 36 shows a side view of another embodiment of a material independent optical profilometer that uses a single detector. This design is similar to that shown in FIGS. 19, 20,  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24 , and  25  except that only a single detector is required in FIG. 36.  3601  is a conventional polarizing beam splitter,  3602  is a linear polarizer oriented in the P orientation,  3603  is a linear polarizer oriented in the S orientation,  3604  is a 90° polarization rotator, which may be a half wave plate or optically active quartz,  3605  and  3606  are turning mirrors,  3607  is a quadrant detector,  3608  is the beam from one half of the mirror imaged optical system and  3609  is the beam from the other half of the optical system. The two halves of the mirror imaged optical system are shown as the solid and dashed lines in FIG. 36. The solid and dashed halves of the optical system are not in the same plane as shown in FIG. 37. The advantage of the design of FIGS. 36 and 37 is that it uses only a single detector which eliminates the issue of achieving identical (or substantially identical) detectors as used in the designs of FIGS. 19 through 25. FIG. 37 shows the design of FIG. 36 as seen from the top with the components labeled as in FIG. 36. The dashed beam in FIG. 37 corresponds to the dashed beam in FIG. 36. Note that the beams that strike the detector  3607  are orthogonally polarized and as a result will not interfere. The signal from the two beams  3608  and  3609  are optically added when they strike the detector  3607 . As a result the signal output from  3607  will be proportional to the height of the object imaged and independent of its reflectivity or slope.  
         [0111]    The quadrant detectors shown in FIGS.  3 - 6 ,  8 - 10 ,  12 ,  15 ,  19 - 33 ,  36  and  37  may be replaced by conventional position sensitive detectors such as model S5991 available from Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City, Japan or by bi-cell detectors also available from Hamamatsu.  
         [0112]    The detection of the optical signal is done over a bandwidth from DC to 3 MHz since this is the bandwidth of the quadrant detectors as described in the preceding text. This bandwidth may be filtered as appropriate to remove mechanical vibration, optical noise, or stray light signals. An alternate detection scheme is to modulate the laser intensity and to synchronously detect the signal from the quadrant detectors at the laser modulation frequency. This method will greatly improve the signal to noise of the detected signal and will reject external noise sources such as vibration. The disadvantage of this approach is that the speed of data acquisition will be greatly reduced.  
         [0113]    A multiple spot size optical surface analyzer is shown in FIG. 38 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The optical surface analyzer includes a laser diode with internal feedback photodiode  3801 , a linear polarizer  3802 , a half wave plate  3803  with a motor  3815  for rotating the half wave plate so that P, S and 45° polarization is available. The optical surface analyzer also includes a Galilean or Keplerian telescope  3816  for expanding or diminishing the beam diameter. This telescope  3816  may be moved in and out of the beam via a motor  3817 .  
         [0114]    Multiple beam diameters may be achieved by moving different magnification Galilean or Keplerian telescopes into the beam via the motor  3817 . The embodiment of FIG. 38 shows only two possible beam diameters (the original beam diameter and the expanded one with  3816  present in the beam), however any number of beam diameters may be achieved by using a series of different magnification Galilean or Keplerian telescopes attached to the motor  3817 . An alternative embodiment can use a continuously variable magnification telescope such as model K61-386 available from Edmund Industrial Optics, Barrington, N.J., USA. If this type of telescope is used to replace  3816  then a continuous range of beam diameters and hence focussed spot sizes is possible. The motor  3817  can be computer controlled to adjust the continuously variable magnification telescope  3816  to give the desired beam diameter and hence spot size.  
         [0115]    The different beam diameter will change the focussed spot size on the substrate  3806  in direct proportion to the magnification or diminution produced by the telescope  3816 . With reference to FIG. 38, the system includes a focussing lens  3804 , a turning mirror  3805 , the substrate  3806 , a spindle motor  3807 , a turning mirror  3808 , a collimating lens  3809 , a quarter wave plate  3810 , a quadrant detector  3811 , a polarizing beam splitter  3812  rotated at 45° to the plane of incidence, a quadrant detector  3813 , and a scattered light detector  3814  which may be a PMT tube, a PIN photodiode or an avalanche photodiode.  
         [0116]    Some of the advantages of this design are that multiple focussed spot sizes are available in a single optical system and the system does not need to be refocussed when a different beam diameter is selected. This is because the beam diameter is selected before the beam is focussed and the incoming beam is always collimated regardless of magnification. The advantage of multiple spot sizes is that smaller spot sizes generally give better sensitivity and resolution but slower throughput. A system which has multiple spot sizes can be automatically configured to the desired sensitivity and thoughput by a simple choice of spot size. The motor  3817  is controlled by a connection to a small computer so that the beam diameter (and hence spot size) may be selected by commands given to the computer. The multiple spot size idea may be applied to the multiple beam designs described in FIGS. 16, 19,  20 ,  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24 ,  25 ,  26 ,  27 ,  28 ,  29 ,  30 ,  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 ,  36 , and  37 .  
         [0117]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment and various alternate embodiments, it will be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and details can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.