Abstract:
The present invention relates to a dipping material composition that is environmentally friendly and used in production of cord fabric and the rubber to be attached to each other by providing a phase between the said two structures. The objective of the present invention is to provide a dipping solution comprising more environmentally friendly chemicals (an acrylic resin containing a carboxylic acid group, an epoxy resin, a blocked polyisocyanate, a styrene butadiene latex and a styrene butadiene vinylpyridine latex) relative to the chemicals used in the state of the art, providing the desired effect by treating cord fabrics for shorter period of time, and enabling the cords to be produced in desired colors owing to their pale yellowish color.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to an environmentally friendly dipping material composition, which forms an interphase between the synthetic fiber that is used in the production of cord fabric and rubber and thus bonds the said two structures to each other. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Cord fabric is used as tire reinforcement material. Since the chemical structures of synthetic fibers used in cord fabric production and rubber are considerably different from each other, the said materials are incompatible with each other in terms of their chemical and physical structures. Synthetic fibers have high strength and low elongation whereas rubbers are polymeric materials which have high elongation and low strength. The polar groups (amide, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups) present in the structure of the synthetic fibers are incompatible with the non-polar structures of the rubber. This incompatibility present in the state of the art is eliminated with water-based Resorcinol-Formaldehyde-Latex (RFL) adhesive solutions which form a phase between the cord and the rubber and enable the rubber and the fiber to be attached to each other. 
         [0003]    Main function of RFL is to serve as an adhesive bonding two incompatible structures by forming a phase between fiber and rubber. RF functional group in RFL is attached to the polar groups of fiber while Latex (L) group is attached to the fiber by vulcanization, and thus the rubber-fiber composite structure is formed. The vehicle tire application is amongst the most significant product examples wherein the said composite structure is used. The water based RFL adhesives are applied on cord fabric during “dipping” process which is the final step of cord fabric production. The strength of the bonds formed between the rubber and the cord is examined with adhesion tests. Adhesion is a very important parameter in high tenacity cord reinforced rubber products. This is because cord-rubber adhesion is a factor which directly effects the tire life and performance. 
         [0004]    RFL adhesive formulation has been used as an adhesive material in all synthetic fiber reinforced materials for over half a century because of its stable structural features and low cost. However, both resorcinol and formaldehyde are the chemicals which possess high risk for human and environmental health, and therefore their use is limited. Regarding this subject, significant feedbacks have come from international organizations, manufacturers and end users. It is known that the resorcinol causes itching and rash when it contacts the skin, irritates the eye and shows toxic properties in liver and cardiovascular systems. 
         [0005]    Formaldehyde is riskier than resorcinol for human health and safety. In 2004, formaldehyde was classified as group 2A chemical (probably carcinogenic to humans) by a group of scientists in International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of World Health Organization, and later as group 1 (carcinogenic for humans). In 2009, formaldehyde was included in the list of chemicals causing leukemia by IARC. In line with this, formaldehyde was claimed to be a gene mutagen. Even low level of formaldehyde (1 ppm) can cause eye, nose and throat irritation. 
         [0006]    Although formaldehyde-based resins are advantageous in terms of cost, both producers and consumers search for alternatives because of the reasons stated above. Therefore, especially in recent years, researchers have been working on the development of resorcinol and formaldehyde-free cord fabric dip solutions. The preparation of formaldehyde-free dip solutions have been reported in various studies. 
         [0007]    United States Patent document no US20120041113, an application known in the state of the art, discloses preparing a composition comprising an epoxy, a blocked isocyanate, an epoxy curing agent and vinyl pyridine latex. 
         [0008]    International Patent document no WO9600749, another application known in the state of the art, discloses the application of dipping solutions formulated with three functional-epoxy resins, styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine and styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid latex to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cord fabric and its strength of adhesion with rubber. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,545, another application known in the state of the art, discloses the synthesis of an aramide comprising multiple double bonds. It is stated that the synthesized resin is applied on the aramide-based cord fabric and that the double bonds in the aramide resin are vulcanized with the double bonds in rubber while the amide groups provide physical adhesion to the aramide fiber. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,463 discloses dipping non-adhesive activated PET fibers with two-step dipping process. The first dipping step comprises aromatic glycidyl ester epoxy and blocked isocyanate, while the second dipping step comprises two different latexes. The first latex is styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine copolymer, and the other one is acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer. It is stated that the H-adhesion values are higher than that of RFL dipped fibers. 
         [0011]    United States Patent document no US20040249053, another application in the state of the art wherein an environmentally friendly dipping material is disclosed, discloses that the maleinized-polybutadiene is rendered water-soluble by reacting with polyethylene glycol. The PET cords modified with epoxy are first coated with this resin and then with styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine latex. The said resin exhibited lower adhesion strength relative to the fabrics treated with RFL. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The objective of the present invention is to provide a dipping material, which comprises more environmentally benign chemicals and provides high performance for cord fabrics, instead of the chemicals used in the state of the art. 
         [0013]    Another objective of the present invention is to provide a dipping material production method, which enables the cord fabrics to give the desired effect by being processed for a shorter period of time relative to the method known in the state of the art and provides high performance for cord fabrics. 
         [0014]    A further objective of the present invention is to provide a dipping material providing high performance for cord fabrics which has pale yellow color and thus makes it possible to produce cords in desired colors. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    In an inventive dipping material composition providing high performance for cord fabrics, there are functional acrylic resin (polymer) involving carboxylic acid, epoxy resin, blocked polyisocyanate, styrene-butadiene and styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine latexes. In the polymers comprising carboxylic acid, at least one of the monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, maleic acid is employed in order to provide functionality to the acrylic resin. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the amount of carboxylic acid within the acrylic polymer is between 10-100% by mole. In one embodiment of the invention this ratio is preferably kept between 30-70 mol %. Then, pH value of this composition comprising water and acrylic polymer is adjusted. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, ammonium is added to the composition to reach a pH value of 7-12, preferably 7-10. After pH is adjusted to the desired level, epoxy is added into the composition. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the epoxy which is used is either a water soluble epoxy or a water-based dispersion. As the epoxy, at least one of glycidyl-based glycerol, sorbitol epoxy, diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol glycidyl ether, trimethylol propane polyglycidyl ether, polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether, pentaerithiole polyglycidyl ether, diglycerol polyglycidyl ether, phenol novalac epoxy, cresol novalac epoxy, cresol novalac and bisphenol A epoxy resins is used. However their use is not limited to these. Any epoxy which is water soluble or can be prepared as dispersion in water can be used in this invention. 
         [0016]    In the preferred embodiment of the invention, water-based blocked isocyanate or water-based polyurethane prepolymer comprising blocked polyisocyanate groups is used. As polyisocyanate, at least one of tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (1,6-diisocyanatohexane), octamethylene diisocyanate, decamethylene diisocyanate, dodecamethylene diisocyanate, aromatic isocyanates 2,4- or 2,6-tolylenediisocyanate, tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, p-xylene diisocyanate, 2,4′- or 4-4′-diisocyanatediphenylmethane, 1,3- or 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate is used alone or in the form of functional group attached to the polymers. At least one of phenol, thiophenol, chlorophenol, cresol resorcinol, p-sec-butylphenol, p-tert-butylphenol, p-sec-amylphenol, p-octylphenol, p-nonylphenol, tert-butyl alcohol, diphenylamine, dimethylaniline, phthalic imide, δ-valerolactam, ε-caprolactam, malonic acid dialkylester, acetylacetone, acetoacetic acid alkylester, acetoxime, methylethylketoxime, cyclohexanone oxime, 3-hydroxypyridine and acidic sodium sulfite can be used as free isocyanate blocking agent, but their use is not limited to these. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the molecular weight of the waterborne polyurethane prepolymer comprising blocked isocyanate groups is in the range of 1000-10000 g/mol, in one embodiment of the invention this value is between 1500-3000 g/mol. 
         [0017]    In the invention, vinylpyridine-styrene-butadiene, vinylpyridine-styrene-butadiene modified with carboxylic acid, styrene-butadiene, styrene-butadiene modified with carboxylic acid, natural latex, chloroprene latex and the like can be used. In the invention, a composition comprising 2 different latexes is used. The first latex is styrene-butadiene copolymer and the second is styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine terpolymer. 1,3-butadiene and 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene can be used as butadiene component, but its use cannot be limited to these. Styrene, α-methylstyrene, 2-methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, 2,4-diisopropilstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, 4-t-butylstyrene and hydroxymethylstyrene can be used as styrene component, but its use cannot be limited to these. 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, 5-ethyl-2-vinylpyridine can be used as vinyl pyridine monomer, but the use is not limited to these. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the solid amount inside the latex is between 35-45% by weight. The ratio of the solid of the 1 st  latex to that of the 2 nd  is in the range of 0.05-1 by weight; however preferably the said ratio should be in the range of 0.13-0.30. 
         [0018]    The dipping material is obtained by adding all the materials mentioned in the previous steps into the water at room temperature and stirring it. 
         [0019]    The compositions were prepared by using acrylic functional polymer, epoxies and polyisocyanates in different ratios. The said compositions were made ready for rubber by being dried in different drying and curing temperatures. 
         [0020]    In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the acrylic resin is used in ratio of 0.5-10%, preferably 1.5-5% by weight; the epoxy is 2-10%, preferably 4.5-7% by weight, polyisocyanate is 5-17%, preferably 9-14% by weight; styrene-butadiene latex is 5-17%, preferably 10-13% by weight; styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine latex is 50-80%, preferably 65-75% by weight. 
         [0021]    The invention is a composition which can be used in dipping of cords such as nylon 6.6, nylon 6, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, rayon, aramide, and its use is not limited to these. After the said cords are prepared in certain constructions (ply number and twist), it is dipped with the inventive dipping material and dried at between 100-210° C. first. Subsequently, they are cured at between 200-240° C. The dipped cords are made ready to be cured with rubber compound, and it is pressed to the unvulcanized rubber compound. The said composite material is generally cured at 170° C. under press for about 20 minutes, and the final cord reinforced composite is obtained. 
         [0022]    The said dipping material composition is prepared using more environmentally friendly chemicals relative to RFL. Furthermore, the said method is advantageous in terms of both cost and short preparation time. The final product being pale yellowish does not create any visual pollution and also enables the preparation of cord fabrics in various colors by the addition of colorants. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0023]    The chemicals used in the said invention are acrylic resin, epoxy, polyisocyanate, latex, water and ammonium. Adding and stirring processes were performed via mechanical stirrer under room conditions. The ratios of chemicals used in the preparation of the aqueous composition are given in FIG. 1 by weight. 
         [0024]    The amount of solids of the mixtures in the present invention was determined as 15%, and pH was adjusted to 9-10 range. The indexed peel adhesion strength values are given in FIG. 1. The adhesion of cords dipped with RFL to the rubber was taken as reference, and this value was considered as 100. The dipping solution shown as RFL in the invention is the D-5 dipping whose intellectual property rights belong to General Tire Company (USA). Two layered 1400 dtex nylon 6.6 yarns were twisted as 396×396, and the twisted cord was dipped into the inventive dipping solutions. The cord treated with control (RFL) dipping solution was first dried for 60 seconds at 130 ° C., and then cured for 60 seconds at 235 and 230° C., respectively. The dipping solutions in the invention were passed through 3 ovens at different temperatures. The temperature of the 1 st  oven is kept between 110-210° C., preferably between 150-200° C.; the temperature of the 2 nd  furnace is between 220-245° C., preferably between 225-240° C.; the temperature of the 3 rd  furnace is kept between 210-235° C., preferably between 220-230° C. 
         [0025]    Five cords were placed parallel to each other on the rubber mixture for the adhesion test. The said mixture was cured at 170° C. under pres, and then tested by pulling in Instron device. Here, the detachment value of the cord from the cured rubber was measured as kg. 
         [0026]    As the acrylic functional polymer (resin) waterborne polymeric materials having 50% solid content and carboxylic acid and polybasic alcohol groups are used. 
         [0027]    Glycerol based glycidyl resin was used as the epoxy. The said resin is 100% water soluble. 
         [0028]    Water based, caprolactam blocked 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate with 60% solid content was used as the blocked polyisocyanate. 
         [0029]    Styrene-butadiene latex is a material with a solid content of 41% and a pH of 10.4. 
         [0030]    Styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine is a material with a solid content of 41% and a pH of 10.5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Acrylic 
                   
                   
                 SBR 
                 VP 
                 Peel 
               
               
                   
                 resin 
                 Epoxy 
                 Isocyanate 
                 latex 
                 latex 
                 adhesion 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 * 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2.4 
                 6.6 
                 11.1 
                 12.0 
                 68.0 
                 107.9 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.8 
                 5.1 
                 13.0 
                 12.0 
                 68.0 
                 103.1 
               
               
                 3 
                 4.3 
                 5.5 
                 10.2 
                 12.0 
                 68.0 
                 101.4 
               
               
                 Control 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100.0 
               
               
                 (RFL) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *indexed