Abstract:
The embodiments disclosed herein describe a set of fault detection circuits for LED circuits in an LED channel. A first fault detection circuit is configured to detect a short fault across one or more LEDs. A second fault detection circuit is configured to detect an open fault across an LED. A third fault detection circuit is configured to detect a short across an LED channel transistor. A fourth fault detection circuit is configured to detect an LED channel sense resistor open fault. A fifth fault detection circuit is configured to detect if the LED channel is being intentionally unused. These fault detect circuits can be implemented in a fault detection integrated circuit coupled to the LED channel.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/837,036, filed Jun. 19, 2013, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention pertains generally to the field of LED circuits and, more particularly, to LED circuit fault detection. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Three-dimensional televisions and other displays often require increasingly higher current and higher density LED arrays. In some instances, electrical current flowing through each string of LEDS in an LED array for display backlighting ranges from around 100 mA to 1 A or greater. In order to address the heat produced by such currents and to lower IC cost, display manufacturers can move heat-producing components, such as power MOSFETs and LED current sensing resistors, off chip. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The present disclosure describes a set of fault detection circuits for LED circuits. These fault detection circuits can be implemented within a fault detection IC. Two such fault detection circuits are an LED short fault detection circuit and an LED open fault detection circuit. In addition, the fault detection IC can include a MOSFET drain-to-source short fault detection circuit, a sense resistor open fault detection circuit, a sense resistor short fault detection circuit, and an LED channel short detection circuit. The fault detection IC can further include circuitry configured to determine if a particular LED channel is unused. The fault detection IC can include circuits configured to act as a first type of fault detection circuit in a calibration mode, and as a second type of fault detection circuit in an operation mode. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  shows an LED driver circuit, according to one embodiment. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  illustrates a connector array on a PCB with a short between adjacent connector nodes, according to one embodiment. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  illustrates a set of fault detection circuits for use in LED circuits, LED driver circuits, and LED channels, according to one embodiment. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  illustrates a timing diagram for fault detection circuits during a calibration mode, according to one embodiment. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  illustrates a logic table for use in detecting faults in a calibration mode, according to one embodiment. 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  illustrates an LED channel short circuit fault detection circuit, according to one embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0011]    The Figures (Figs.) and the following description relate to various embodiments by way of illustration only. Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is noted that wherever practicable similar or like reference numbers may be used in the figures and may indicate similar or like functionality. The figures depict various embodiments for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles described herein. 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  shows an LED driver circuit, according to one embodiment. The driver circuit of  FIG. 1  includes MOSFET  100 , amplifier  105 , and sense resistor R SENSE . The positive input terminal of the amplifier  105  is coupled to an input V ADIM , and the negative input terminal of the amplifier is coupled to the source node of the MOSFET  100 . An LED string  110  is coupled between the voltage source V LED  and the drain node of the MOSFET  100 . 
         [0013]    The output of the amplifier  105  is coupled to the gate node of the MOSFET  100 . The amplifier  105  outputs a signal based on the difference between signals received at the positive and negative input terminals of the amplifier. In one embodiment, the amplifier  105  is a high gain amplifier. The input V ADIM  controls the switching of the gate node of the MOSFET  100 . 
         [0014]    When the output of the amplifier  105  is high, the MOSFET  100  acts as a closed switch. In such a configuration, current flows from the voltage source V LED , through the LED string  110  (causing the LEDs to emit light), through the drain node of the MOSFET  100  to the source node of the MOSFET, and through the resistor R SENSE . When the output of the amplifier  105  is low, the MOSFET  100  acts as an open switch, preventing current from flowing from the voltage source V LED  through the MOSFET (and thus preventing the LEDs from emitting light). 
         [0015]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the resistor R SENSE  is generally a low-resistance resistor. For example, the resistance of R SENSE  may be equal to or less than 2Ω. The voltage across R SENSE  (V SENSE ) is used as a feedback signal to control the output of the amplifier  105 , which in turn controls the switching of the MOSFET  100  and the current through the LED string  110 . 
         [0016]    In one example embodiment, V LED  is 70V and the LED string  110  includes 20 LEDs. In this embodiment, when current is flowing through the MOSFET  100 , the voltage drop across each LED is approximately 3.3V. As a result, the voltage at the drain node of the MOSFET  100  is approximately 4V. 
         [0017]    Manufacturing defects and gradual degradation over time can occur within off-chip MOSFETs, LED current sensing resistors, and other off-chip components. One or more LEDs in the LED string  110  can be shorted or opened. Shorted LEDs can be particularly problematic, as they can cause additional LEDs to become shorted, and can cause over-heating on an external MOSFET  100 . In addition, the source and drain nodes of the MOSFET  100  can be shorted. Further, the nodes of the sensing resistor R SENSE  can shorted or opened. Traditional on-chip LED short and open circuit protections generally fall short of addressing such defects for off-chip components. 
         [0018]    In addition, individual LED channels can be shorted.  FIG. 2  illustrates a connector array on a PCB with a short between adjacent connector nodes  1  and  2 . If an LED string A is coupled to node  1 , and an LED string B is coupled to node  2 , the power circuit used to control current flow through LED string A can additionally cause current to flow through LED string B. Thus, fault detection and prevention is necessary for LED channel shorts as well. 
         [0019]    As noted above, the present disclosure describes fault detection circuits for use with LED circuits and LED power circuits. It should be noted that in other embodiments, the described circuits can be used in conjunction with other circuits, systems, and devices. The fault detection circuits can detect the presence of one or more types of circuit faults either before circuit operation (for instance, during a calibration mode) or in real-time during circuit operation. Such flexibility can optimize the likelihood that a fatal circuit fault is detected, and can help reduce the likelihood of damaging the circuit or a related circuit or system. 
         [0020]      FIG. 3  illustrates a set of fault detection circuits for use in LED circuits, LED driver circuits, LED channels, and any other suitable LED circuit, according to one embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the fault detection circuits are included on a single IC  120 , though it should be noted that in other embodiments, the fault detection circuits can be included on separate ICs, or can be implemented in other contexts. Further, it should be noted that in other embodiments, the fault detection IC  120  only includes a subset of the fault detection circuits described herein. In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the fault detection IC  120  is coupled to an LED channel  115  made up of the LED string  110 , the MOSFET  100 , and the sense resistor R Sense . It should be noted that although the term “fault detection IC” is used, it should be noted that the fault detection functionality described herein can be incorporated into other circuits, such as LED driver circuits, or can be implemented in standalone circuits. 
         [0021]    The fault detection IC  120  can include an LED short detection circuit configured to detect LED short circuit faults. The LED short detection circuit includes a voltage divider, made up of R 1  and R 2 , and a comparator  140 . The LED short detection circuit detects shorts across one or more LEDs in the LED string  120 . The voltage divider is coupled to the drain node of the MOSFET  100 . As noted above, the voltage at the drain node of the MOSFET  100  is equal to the difference between the source voltage V LED  and the cumulative voltage drops over the LEDs in the LED string  110 . 
         [0022]    The comparator  140  receives the voltage divider voltage V DIV  and a reference voltage V Ref1 , compares the two voltages, and outputs an error signal LED_short based on the comparison. The values of the resistors R 1  and R 2  can be selected to reduce the voltage at the drain node of the MOSFET  100  by a pre-determined percentage. The reference voltage V Ref1  can be selected to satisfy the following two conditions:
       1. V Ref1 &lt;V DIV  if one or more LEDs in the LED string  110  is shorted, and   2. V Ref1 &gt;V DIV  if no LEDs in the LED string  110  are shorted       
 
         [0025]    For example, if one or more LEDs in the LED string  110  are shorted, the voltage drop across the LED string will decrease, resulting in a greater voltage at the drain node of the MOSFET  100  than if no LEDs were shorted. The comparator  140  detects such a higher voltage by comparing the voltage V DIV , which is based on the drain voltage of the MOSFET  100 , to reference voltage V Ref1 , and outputs an error signal LED_short if V DIV &gt;V Ref1 . It should be noted that the LED short detection circuit can beneficially detect LED short circuit faults during real-time operation of the LED string  110  and MOSFET  100 . 
         [0026]    The fault detection IC  120  can include an LED open detection circuit configured to detect LED open circuit faults. The LED open detection circuit includes a comparator  144 . The comparator  144  receives the voltage at the source node of the MOSFET  100  and a reference voltage V Ref3 , compares the two voltages, and outputs an error signal LED_open based on the comparison. In the event of an LED open circuit fault condition, no current flows through LED channel  115  (from the source voltage V LED  through the MOSFET  100  and the sense resistor R sense ). When current is not flowing through the sense resistor R sense , there is no voltage drop across R sense , and the voltage at the source node of the MOSFET  100  is zero. 
         [0027]    The reference voltage V Ref3  can be selected to satisfy the following two conditions:
       1. V Ref3 &gt;0, and   2. V Ref3 &lt;V Source  during normal operation of LED string  110  (no open circuit fault)       
 
         [0030]    The comparator  144  is configured to output the error signal LED open when the voltage V Source  is less than the reference voltage V Ref3 . For example, if current is flowing from the source voltage V LED  through the LED string  110  and the MOSFET  100 , the voltage V Source  is equal to the product of the current and the resistance of R sense . If the current flowing through the MOSFET  100  is 1 A and the resistance of R sense  is 2Ω, then V Source  is 2V. If V Ref3  is selected to be 1V, then the comparator  144  will output the error signal LED_open when no current is flowing through the MOSFET  100  (since V Source  will be 0V, less than the 1V reference voltage), and will not output the error signal when the 1 A current is flowing through the MOSFET (since V Source  will be 2V, greater than the 1V reference voltage). It should be noted that the LED open detection circuit can beneficially detect LED open circuit faults during real-time operation of the LED string  110  and the MOSFET  100 . 
         [0031]    The fault detection IC  120  can include a MOSFET short detection circuit configured to detect a short circuit fault between the source and drain nodes of the MOSFET  100 . The MOSFET short detection circuit includes the comparator  142 . If the drain and source nodes of the MOSFET  100  are shorted, current continuously flows from the source voltage V LED  and through the LED string  110  and resistor R sense . In such instances, the voltage V Sense  stays higher than V ADIM , and the high-gain amplifier  105  outputs the voltage V Gate , which reflects the continuously high voltage V Sense . Accordingly, V Gate  tends towards 0V, lower than the voltage V Gate  required to cause the MOSFET  100  to act as an open circuit in normal operation. 
         [0032]    The comparator  142  receives the voltage V Gate  and the reference voltage V Ref2 , compares the two voltages, and outputs an error signal DS_short based on the comparison. The reference voltage V Ref2  can be selected to satisfy the following two conditions:
       1. V Ref2 &gt;V Gate  when V Sense  stays high (as a result of a short circuit fault between the drain and source nodes of MOSFET  100 ), and   2. V Ref2 &lt;V Gate  during normal operation of MOSFET  100  (the voltage required to configure the MOSFET to act as an open switch)       
 
         [0035]    The comparator  142  is configured to output the error signal DS_short when the voltage V Ref2  is greater than the voltage V Gate . It should be noted that the MOSFET short detection circuit can beneficially detect short circuit faults between the drain node and the source node of the MOSFET  100  during real-time operation of the MOSFET  100 . 
         [0036]    The fault detection IC  120  can include a sense resistor short detection circuit configured to detect a short circuit fault across R Sense . The sense resistor short detection circuit includes a comparator, and in one embodiment, includes the comparator  144 . When a short circuit fault exists across R Sense , the voltage drop across R Sense  is 0V. This is a similar result to an LED open circuit fault—both result in a 0V potential across R Sense . Accordingly, the same comparator can be used to detect both faults. V Ref3  can be selected to satisfy the same two conditions discussed above, and the comparator  144  can output the error signal R Sense     —   short in response to a determination that V Source &lt;V Ref3 . It should be noted that in other embodiments, the sense resistor short detection circuit and the LED open circuit detector can each include a separate comparator. Further, the sense resistor short detection circuit can beneficially detect sense resistor short circuit faults during the real-time operation of the MOSFET  100 . 
         [0037]    The fault detection IC  120  can include a sense resistor open detection circuit configured to detect an open circuit fault across R Sense . When R Sense  includes an open circuit fault, current cannot flow through the LED channel  115 . The fault detection IC  120  can also include an unused LED channel detection circuit configured to detect if the LED channel  115  is unused. If an LED channel is to be unused, the sense resistor R Sense  (generally ˜2Ω or less) can be replaced with a much larger resistor, for example 100 kΩ or more. Both unused channels and sense resistor open circuit faults prevent enough current from flowing through the LEDs in the LED channel  120  to cause the LEDS to emit light. 
         [0038]    In one embodiment, the sense resistor open detection circuit and the unused LED channel detection circuit are implemented by the same circuit. In addition, in some embodiments, the sense resistor open detection circuit and the unused LED channel detection circuit detect open circuit faults and unused LED channels, respectively, before real-time operation of the LED channel  115 , for instance in a calibration mode. In such embodiments, such as the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the sensor resistor open detection circuit and the unused LED channel detection circuit can also be implemented in the same circuit as the LED open detection circuit described above. It should be noted that in other embodiments, the sense resistor open detection circuit, the unused LED channel detection circuit, and the LED open detection circuit can be implemented in separate circuits. 
         [0039]    The sense resistor open detection circuit and the unused LED channel detection circuit include the comparator  144 , the comparator  146 , the MOSFET  130 , the current source I Ref , the input V Cal , and the decoder  148 . The comparator  144  receives the voltage at the source node of the MOSFET  100 , V Source , compares it to the reference voltage V Ref3 , and outputs a signal c 1  based on the comparison. Since the detection of sense resistor open circuit faults and unused LED channels occurs in a calibration mode (or any other mode prior to real-time operation of the LED channel  115 ), the value of V Ref3  used by the comparator  144  can be different than the value of V Ref3  used when detecting LED open circuit faults. The comparator  146  receives the voltage V Source , compares it to the reference voltage V Ref4 , and outputs a signal c 2  based on the comparison. 
         [0040]    During the calibration mode, the input V Cal  goes high, configuring the MOSFET  130  to act as a closed switch, causing the current I Ref  to flow through the MOSFET  130 . In embodiments where R Sense  includes an open circuit fault, the voltage V Source  becomes equal to V Test . For example, V Test  can be 5V. In embodiments wherein the LED channel  115  is unused, the voltage V Source  is equal to I Ref *R sense . For example, if I Ref =10 μA and R sense =100 kΩ, then V Source =1V. 
         [0041]      FIG. 4  illustrates a timing diagram for the fault detection circuits of the fault detection IC  120  during a calibration mode, according to one embodiment. Calibration mode begins at time t 1 . At t 1 , V Cal  goes high for a period of 32 μs. During this time interval, V ADIM  stays low, preventing operation of the LED channel  115 . When V Cal  is high, the comparators  144  and  146  produce signals c 1  and c 2 , respectively, and the decoder  148  produces a channel status signal based on c 1  and c 2 . At time t 2 , V Cal  goes low, marking the end of calibration mode. After a period of 32 μs, at time t 3 , V ADIM  goes high, and the LED channel  115  operates in a normal mode. It should be noted that the periods of time selected herein for calibration mode are merely exemplary, and can be different in other embodiments. 
         [0042]    In one embodiment, the reference voltage V Ref3  can be selected to satisfy the following two conditions:
       1. V Ref3 &lt;I Ref *R sense  when R Sense &gt;1 kΩ, and   2. V Ref3 &gt;I Ref *R sense  when R Sense &lt;1 kΩ       
 
         [0045]    The comparator  144  is configured to output the signal c 1  as high when V Source &gt;V Ref3 , and to output the signal c 1  as low when V Source &lt;V Ref3 . Continuing with the previous example, if I Ref *R sense =1V when R sense =100 kΩ and if I Ref *R sense =20 μV when R sense =2Ω, then selecting V Ref3 =0.5V will result in the comparator  144  outputting c 1  as high when the LED channel is unused, and outputting c 1  as low when the LED channel is used. It should be noted that V Ref3 , as well as any of the reference voltages described herein, can be selected according to other criteria than those described herein. 
         [0046]    In one embodiment, the reference voltage V Ref4  can be selected to satisfy the following two conditions:
       1. V Ref4 &lt;V Test , and   2. V Ref4 &gt;I Ref *R sense  when R Sense ≧100 kΩ       
 
         [0049]    The comparator  146  is configured to output the signal c 2  as high when V Source &gt;V Ref4 , and to output the signal c 2  as low when V Source &lt;V Ref4 . Continuing with the previous example, if V Test =5 v, V Ref4 =4.5V, and R Sense  is open, then V Source =V Test , and the comparator will determine that V Source &gt;V Ref4 , outputting c 2  as high. Likewise, if R Sense &lt;100 kΩ, then the comparator will determine that V Source &lt;V Ref4 , outputting c 2  as low. 
         [0050]    The decoder  148  is configured to receive the signal c 1  and c 2 , and is configured to output the signal channel_status in response to the values of c 1  and c 2 .  FIG. 5  illustrates a logic table for use by the decoder  148  in detecting faults in a calibration mode, according to one embodiment. When c 1  and c 2  are low, the output signal channel_status indicates that no fault is detected, and that the LED channel  115  is in use (for example, R Sense ≦2Ω). When c 1  is high and c 2  is low, the output signal indicates that the LED channel  115  is not intentionally in use (for example, R Sense &gt;100 kΩ). When c 1  is low and c 2  are high, the output signal indicates that a fault is detected, and that R Sense  includes an open circuit. In other embodiments, the comparators  144  and  146  can output c 1  and c 2 , respectively, according to different criteria than those described herein, and the decoder  148  can output different channel_status signals in response to different criteria or different inputs than those described herein. 
         [0051]    The fault detection IC  120  can include an LED channel short detection circuit configured to detect short circuit faults between LED channels, for instance at the PCB level.  FIG. 6  illustrates an LED channel short circuit fault detection circuit, according to one embodiment. The embodiment of  FIG. 6  includes two LED channels, channel  1  and channel  2 . Each LED channel includes a string of LEDs, a MOSFET, and a sense resistor. The gate of the MOSFET of channel  1  is coupled to the amplifier  155 , which receives input signal V 1 . The gate of the MOSFET of channel  2  is coupled to the amplifier  150 , which receives input signal V 2 . 
         [0052]    The LED channel short detection circuit of  FIG. 6  includes the comparator  160 , which is configured to receive the gate voltage of the MOSFET of channel  1  (V Drain1 ), and the reference voltage V Ref1 . The comparator  160  is further configured to compare V Drain1  and V Ref1 , and to output the signal channel_short_ 1  in response to the comparison. Similarly, the LED channel short detection circuit of  FIG. 6  includes the comparator  162 , which is configured to receive the gate voltage of the MOSFET of channel  2  (V Drain2 ), and the reference voltage V Ref2 . The comparator  162  is further configured to compare V Drain2  and V Ref2 , and to output the signal channel_short_ 2  in response to the comparison. It should be noted that in some embodiments the reference voltages V Ref1  and V Ref2  are the same voltage. In addition, in some embodiments, the signals channel_short_ 1  and channel_short_ 2  are the same signal (as a short between channel  1  and channel  2  is detectable by either comparator  160  or  162 ). 
         [0053]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 6 , channel  1  and channel  2  include a short circuit fault  165 , which couples the drain node of the MOSFET of channel  1  (D 1 ) to the drain node of the MOSFET of channel  2  (D 2 ). The short circuit fault  165  in the embodiment of  FIG. 6  is shown external to the fault detection IC (for instance, at the PCB level), but it should be noted that in some embodiments, short circuit faults between LED channels can be internal to the fault detection IC. The short  165  causes the voltage on the drain nodes of the MOSFETs to be the same. In embodiments without the short  165 , for example, when V 2  is high and V 1  is low, the MOSFET of channel  2  is configured to act as a closed switch and the MOSFET of channel  1  is configured to act as an open switch. Accordingly, current is configured to flow through channel  2 , but not channel  1 . In such circumstances, the voltage at the drain of the MOSFET of channel  1  is equivalent to the LED supply voltage V C1 , since no current is flowing through channel  1 . In embodiments with the short  165 , current can flow through the LED string of channel  1 , through the short  165 , and through the MOSFET of channel  2 . In such circumstances, the voltage at the drain node of the MOSFET of channel  1  is lower than if no current were flowing through the LED string of channel  1 . 
         [0054]    In one embodiment, the reference voltage V Ref1  can be selected to satisfy the following two conditions:
       1. V Ref1 &lt;V C1 , and   2. V Ref1 &gt;V Drain1  when current is flowing through the MOSFET of channel  1  (for instance, when V 1  is high)       
 
         [0057]    Similarly, in one embodiment, the reference voltage V Ref2  can be selected to satisfy the following two conditions:
       1. V Ref2 &lt;V C2 , and   2. V Ref2 &gt;V Drain2  when current is flowing through the MOSFET of channel  2  (for instance, when V 2  is high)       
 
         [0060]    Referring to fault detection embodiments by channel  1 , the comparator  160  compares V Ref1  and V Drain1 , outputs channel_short_ 1  as high if V Drain1 &lt;V Ref1  (indicating the presence of short  165 ), and outputs channel_short_ 1  as low if V Drain1 &gt;V Ref1  (indicating that no short is detected between channels). Referring to fault detection embodiments by channel  2 , the comparator  162  can output channel_short_ 2  similarly based on a comparison of V Drain2  and V Ref2 . The detection of shorts between LED channels can occur before operation, for instance in the calibration mode described above or during PCB manufacture. Accordingly, the LED channel short detection circuit and the LED short detection circuit described above can be implemented with the same comparator. For example, the comparator  140  of  FIG. 3  and the comparator  160  of  FIG. 6  can be the same comparator. In such embodiments, the reference voltages V Ref1  of  FIG. 3  and V Ref1 /V Ref2  of  FIG. 6  can be different, and can change based on the mode of operation (calibration mode vs. normal mode). It should be noted that in calibration mode, every combination of LED channel pairs in an LED channel array can be individually tested as described herein to detect the presence of a short between any two LED channels. 
         [0061]    Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative designs for controlling the dimming operation of an LED. Thus, while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the embodiments discussed herein are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein and that various modifications, changes and variations which will be apparent to those skilled in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.