Abstract:
The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element that can be driven with low voltage or utilizes current more efficiently without damaging an organic compound, and a light-emitting element formed by the method. According to the present invention, a rubbing treatment is performed on a surface of an electrode on which an organic layer is formed so as to control a molecular arrangement of an organic compound included in the organic layer. It is possible to turn the direction of light-emission from the organic compound to the electrode by performing the rubbing treatment on the surface of the electrode, and thus, to improve a current efficiency and further to realize improvement in the light-extraction efficiency. Specifically, a conductive film including a crystal component, such as a metal oxide typified by an indium tin oxide (ITO) is used as an electrode on which an organic layer is formed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element in which a layer comprising an organic compound is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, and a light-emitting element formed by the method for manufacturing.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     A light-emitting element typified by an organic electroluminescent (EL) element has a typical structure in which a layer comprising an organic compound is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, and it is an element which emits light by applying voltage to the both electrodes. In the light-emission mechanism, when the voltage is applied to the electrodes, a hole from an anode and an electron from a cathode are injected into the layer comprising an organic compound and moved. It is said that the hole and the electron cause a recombination with a certain probability and a singlet exciton of the organic compound is generated to emit light. Light-emission of an organic electroluminescent element can pass through an anode and a substrate to be emitted outside by using a transparent electrode as the anode.  
         [0005]     Various studies for improving the luminous efficiency of an organic EL element has been made for the sake of utilizing an organic EL element as a display element of a display unit. It is one of important objects to increase the light-extraction efficiency (a coefficient of taking out light-emission in the interior of an element) in order to increase the luminous efficiency.  
         [0006]     The light-extraction efficiency is a value that is obtained by considering the total reflection in an organic layer, on an electrode interface or the like with respect to light emission from the inside of the organic layer, but it is thought that the limit to the light-extraction efficiency is about 20 percents in view of a refractive index of the organic layer.  
         [0007]     It is described in Reference 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-110363) that a direction of light-emission from an organic compound included in a light emitting layer is turned to an electrode direction (light-emission from an organic compound is controlled by a molecular arrangement), which is effective for preventing a loss of light-emission by the light-extraction efficiency.  
         [0008]     However, there is a risk that an organic compound is damaged since a rubbing treatment is performed on a surface of an organic layer formed over a substrate, according to the method described in Reference 1.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element that can be driven with low voltage or to utilizes current more efficiently without damaging an organic compound, and a light-emitting element formed by the method for manufacturing.  
         [0010]     According to the present invention, a rubbing treatment is performed on a surface of an electrode on which an organic layer is formed so as to control a molecular arrangement of an organic compound included in the organic layer. It is possible to turn the direction of light-emission from the organic compound to the electrode by performing the rubbing treatment on the surface of the electrode, and thus, to improve a current efficiency and further to realize the improvement in the light-extraction efficiency. In the present invention, specifically, a conductive film including a crystal component, such as a metal oxide typified by an indium tin oxide (ITO) is used as an electrode on which an organic layer is formed.  
         [0011]     Here, the rubbing treatment is a treatment for orienting a molecule of an organic compound included in an organic layer formed on an electrode on which the rubbing treatment is performed, in a certain direction. In order to orient the molecule of the organic compound, minute unevenness is formed in a certain direction on a surface of the electrode by rubbing the surface of the electrode with a cloth for the rubbing treatment.  
         [0012]     In addition, a dichroic ratio of polarized light photoluminescence (PL) intensity (photon number) of a light-emitting element is changed by ten percents or more, and an orientation angle is changed in the range of from 2° through 90° by the above rubbing treatment.  
         [0013]     The orientation angle is an angle between a normal vector of a substrate and a transition dipole moment of the molecule of the organic compound included in the organic layer.  
         [0014]     According to the above described structure of the present invention, it is possible to control a molecular arrangement of an organic compound and to turn the direction of light-emission from the organic compound to an electrode, without performing a rubbing treatment on a surface of an organic layer. Therefore, enhancement of the light-extraction efficiency can be realized without damaging an organic compound, and consequently, a low drive voltage or improvement in high-efficiency of current of a light-emitting element can be realized. Lower drive voltage of a light-emitting device itself can be realized by using the above described light-emitting element as a display element of the light-emitting device.  
         [0015]     These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention become more apparent upon reading of the following detailed description along with the accompanying drawings.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]     In the accompanying drawings:  
         [0017]      FIGS. 1A  to  1 C show a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element of the present invention;  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting element of the present invention;  
         [0019]      FIGS. 3A  to  3 C are cross-sectional views of light-emitting elements of the present invention;  
         [0020]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are a graph showing a measurement value of luminance to voltage and a graph showing a measurement value of current efficiency to luminance, respectively;  
         [0021]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  are a graph showing a measurement value of luminance to voltage and a graph showing a measurement value of current efficiency to luminance, respectively;  
         [0022]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are a graph showing a measurement value of luminance to voltage and a graph showing a measurement value of current efficiency to luminance, respectively;  
         [0023]      FIGS. 7A  to  7 H show electronic devices for which a light-emitting element of the present invention is used. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [heading-0024]     [Embodiment Mode] 
         [0025]     As shown in  FIG. 1A , an indium tin oxide (ITO) is first formed on a substrate  10  to form an anode  11 . Note that the anode  11  may comprise a metal, an alloy, an electrical conductive compound having a large work function (4.0 eV or more), and a mixture of them, in addition to an ITO. For example, a metal oxide such as IZO (indium zinc oxide) in which 2 to 20 percent zinc oxide (ZnO) is mixed into indium oxide is preferable, but gold (Au), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), a nitride of a metal material (such as TiN) or the like may be used.  
         [0026]     Note that the metal oxide may be one which mainly contains an amorphous component in film formation and then, is crystallized by a heat treatment, or one in which mainly contains a crystalline component since film formation by a heat treatment for forming a film.  
         [0027]     Then, as shown in  FIG. 1B , a treatment for rubbing a surface of the anode  11  with a rubbing cloth (rubbing treatment) is conducted. For example, cellulosic fiber such as rayon (a registered trademark) can be employed as the cloth. In addition, the rubbing treatment can be performed by a method of rotating a roller  18  wrapped with the cloth, in certain direction.  
         [0028]     Next, ultrasonic cleaning is performed on the surface of the anode  11  after the rubbing treatment. After the cleaning, the substrate  10  is heated.  
         [0029]     Note that a rubbing-treated ITO may be element-separated by patterning or a barrier layer may be provided.  
         [0030]     As shown in  FIG. 1C , an organic layer is formed over the anode  11 . Herein, an example of employing a hole injecting layer  12 , a hole transporting layer  13 , a light-emitting layer  14 , an electron transporting layer  15 , an electron injecting layer  16  as the organic layer is described. The hole injecting layer  12  is first formed over the anode  11 . The hole injecting layer  12  is formed, for example, by a vapor deposition of a phthalocyanine compound such as phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc) or copper phthalocyanine (CuPc).  
         [0031]     Then, the hole transporting layer  13  is formed on the hole injecting layer  12 . the hole transporting layer  13  can be formed by a vapor deposition of an aromatic amine-based (that is, a compound having a benzene ring-nitrogen bond) compound. As the aromatic amine-based compound, in addition to 4,4′-bis[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-biphenyl (TPD), a derivative thereof such as 4, 4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-biphenyl (“α-NPD”) is cited. Further, star burst aromatic amine compounds such as 4, 4′,  4 ″-tris (N,N-diphenyl-amino)-triphenyl amine (TDATA), and 4, 4′,  4 ″-tris [N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-triphenyl amine (MTDATA) are also cited.  
         [0032]     Then, the light-emitting layer  14  is formed on the hole transporting layer  13 . The light-emitting layer  14  is formed, for example, by a vapor deposition of a light-emitting material having a favorable light-emitting capability and a carrier transporting property such as 9,10-di(2-naphthyl) anthracene (DNA), or tris (8-quinolinolato) aluminum (Alq 3 ). Note that a material obtained by a co-evaporation of a material having a favorable carrier transporting property such as DNA or Alq 3  and a guest material can be also used for the light-emitting layer  14 . As the guest material, a phosphorescent material such as bis (2-(2′-benzothienyl)pyridinato-N,C 3 ′)(acetylacetonato)iridium (Ir(btp) 2 (acac)) can be also used, in addition to a fluorescent material such as N,N′-dimethyl quinacridon (DMQd), 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM1), 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(julolidine-4-yl-vinyl)-4H-pyran (DCM2), N,N-dimethyl quinacridon (DMQd), 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), 5,12-diphenyl tetracene (DPT), coumarin 6, perylene, or rubrene.  
         [0033]     The electron transporting layer  15  is formed on the light-emitting layer  14 . As the electron transporting layer  15 , metal complexes having a quinoline skeleton or benzoquinoline skeleton such as tris(8-quinolinolate) aluminum (Alq 3 ), tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminium (Almq 3 ), bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]-quinolinato) beryllium (BeBq 2 ), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-phenyl phenolate-aluminium (BAlq) can be used. Other examples include metal complexes having oxazole-based and thiazole-based ligands such as bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzoxazorato]zinc (Zn(BOX) 2 ) and bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzothiazorato] zinc (Zn(BTZ) 2 ). Further, 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD), and 1,3-bis [5-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl]benzene (OXD-7); 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1, 2, 4-triazole (TAZ) and 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1, 2, 4-triazole (p-EtTAZ); bathophenanthroline (BPhen); bathocuproin (BCP) and the like can be used, in addition to metal complexes.  
         [0034]     Then, the electron injecting layer  16  is formed on the electron transporting layer  15 . For the electron injecting layer  16 , a compound of an alkali metal or an alkaline-earth metal such as lithium fluoride (LiF), cesium fluoride (CsF), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) can be used. Alternatively, a material having electron transporting property, which contains an alkali metal or an alkaline-earth metal, for example, an material in which magnesium (Mg) is contained in Alq, or the like can be used.  
         [0035]     After the organic layer is formed, a cathode  17  is formed. Concretely, the cathode  17  is formed on the electron injecting layer  16  in  FIG. 1C . A metal, an alloy, an electrical conductive compound having a small work function (work function of 3.8 eV or less) or a mixture of them is preferably used for the cathode  17 . As a concrete example of such cathode materials, elements belonging to 1 group or  2  group in the element periodic table, namely alkali metals such as lithium (Li) and cesium (Cs), alkaline-earth metals such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and strontium (Sr), and alloys including them (Mg:Ag, Al:Li) are given. However, a layer made of a compound of an alkali metal or an alkali-earth metal, such as lithium fluoride (LiF), cesium fluoride (CsF), or calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) is provided between the electrode  17  and the light-emitting layer  14  to be laminated with the cathode  17 . As a result, various electrical conductive materials such as Al, Ag, and ITO can be used for the cathode  17  regardless of a work function.  
         [0036]     Note that the hole injecting layer  12 , the hole transporting layer  13 , the light-emitting layer  14 , the electron transporting layer  15 , and the electron injecting layer  16  may be formed by either ink-jetting or spin coating, in addition to by a vapor deposition. In addition, the layers may be formed by using a material other than the material described above.  
         [0037]     A structure of the light-emitting element is not limited to the above described structure, even a light-emitting element having a laminated structure between the anode  11  and the cathode  17 , which is different from the above described structure, may be employed. For example, a structure in which a hole blocking layer is provided between the light-emitting layer and the electron transporting layer, may be employed. Further, layers such as an electron injecting layer, an electron transporting layer, a hole blocking layer, a hole transporting layer, and a hole injecting layer are combined freely and provided, in addition to a light-emitting layer. A light-emitting element comprising a laminated structure such as a lamination of a hole injecting layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transporting layer in this order; a lamination of a hole injecting layer, a hole transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transporting layer, an electron injecting layer in this order; a lamination of a hole injecting layer, a hole transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transporting layer in this order; a lamination of a hole injecting layer, a hole transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transporting layer, an electron injecting layer in this order; or a lamination of a hole injecting layer, a hole transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transporting layer in this order, between the anode  11  and the cathode  17  may be employed. Note that BAlq, OXD-7, TAZ, p-EtTAZ, BPhen, BCP or the like can be used for a material of the hole blocking layer.  
         [0038]     In this embodiment mode, the light-emitting element is manufactured over the substrate  10  made of glass, plastic or the like. A passive type light-emitting device can be manufactured by forming plural light-emitting elements like this over one substrate. In addition, the light-emitting element may be formed over a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate, for example, as shown in  FIG. 2 , besides a substrate made of glass, plastic, or the like. In  FIG. 2 , a light-emitting element  20  comprising an anode  21  whose surface is exposed to a rubbing treatment, a cathode  23 , and an organic layer  22  provided between the anode  21  and the cathode  23  is formed over a substrate over which a TFT  24  is formed, like a passive type light-emitting device. And the anode  21  is connected to a drain of the TFT  24  electrically. An active matrix type light-emitting device which controls driving of a light-emitting element with a TFT can be manufactured by using the light-emitting element of the present invention as shown in  FIG. 2 . Note that a structure of the TFT may be bottom gate type without being limited to a top gate type as shown in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0039]     As described above, a treatment for forming a groove or a minute univenness to control a molecular arrangement of an organic compound, specifically, a rubbing treatment, is performed on a surface of an electrode over which an organic layer is formed, so as to lower a drive voltage of a light-emitting element. Alternatively, current efficiency of the light-emitting element can be increased.  
         [heading-0040]     [Embodiment 1] 
         [0041]     This embodiment describes a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element of the present invention and properties of the light-emitting element.  
         [0042]     A method for manufacturing a light-emitting element of the present invention is described first.  
         [0043]     An ITO (indium tin oxide) is formed by sputtering as a transparent electrode over a glass substrate  100  to form an anode  101 . Note that the ITO in the film formation contains an amorphous component as the main component.  
         [0044]     After the ITO is etched to be element-separated, it is heated at 200° C. for one hour. A bank is formed by applying a positive type acryl and then exposing it to light-exposure and development. After that, it is heated at 220° C. for one hour.  
         [0045]     Then, the surface of the anode  101  is rubbed in certain direction with a roller of a rubbing device, which is wrapped with a rayon cloth (rubbing treatment). Note that the treatment is performed under such conditions that the press force is 0.4 mm, the number of roller rotations is 300 rpm, the speed for transporting a substrate is 10 mm/sec, and a substrate is transported one time.  
         [0046]     After the rubbing treatment, ultrasonic cleaning is performed on the surface of the anode  101 , and further it is heated at 205° C. for one hour.  
         [0047]     Then, copper phthalocyanine for a hole injecting layer  102 , α-NPD for a hole transporting layer  103 , Alq 3  for a light-emitting layer  104 , CaF 2  for an electron injecting layer  105 , and aluminum for a cathode  106  are sequentially formed over the anode  101  to manufacture a light-emitting element  1  ( FIG. 3A ). Regarding the film thickness of each layer, the hole injecting layer  102  is 20 nm thick, the hole transporting layer  103  is 40 nm thick, the light-emitting layer  104  is 50 nm thick, and the electron injecting layer  105  is 2 nm thick. The film formation is performed by a vacuum vapor deposition.  
         [0048]     In addition, in order to compare with the light-emitting element  1 , another light-emitting element having the same laminated structure as the light-emitting element  1 , but without the rubbing treatment on a surface of an anode, is manufactured. It is compared with the light-emitting element  1 .  
         [0049]      FIG. 4A  shows a graph of measurement values of luminance L (cd/m 2 ) to voltage V of the light-emitting element  1  with the rubbing treatment and the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  FIG. 4B  shows a graph of measurement values of current efficiency η (cd/A) to luminance L (cd/m 2 ) of the light-emitting element  1  with the rubbing treatment and the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [0050]     As shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the voltage for light-emission of lcd/m 2  is 4.0 V and the current efficiency is 5.4 cd/A in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  in the light-emitting element  1  with the rubbing treatment.  
         [0051]     On the other hand, as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the voltage for light-emission of 1 cd/m 2  is 4.0 V and the current efficiency is 5.03 cd/A in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  in the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [0052]     Therefore, it is understood that the current efficiency in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  is higher in the light-emitting element  1  with the rubbing treatment than in the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [heading-0053]     [Embodiment 2] 
         [0054]     A light-emitting element of the present invention having a different laminted structure from that of Embodiment 1 is described. Note that from the rubbing treatment to a step of heating is similar to that of Embodiment 1, and thus, the description about it is omitted here.  
         [0055]     After the heat treatment of 205° C., α-NPD for a hole transporting layer  301 , Alq 3  for a light-emitting layer  302 , CaF 2  for an electron injecting layer  303 , and aluminum for a cathode  304  are sequentially formed over an anode  101  to manufacuture a light-emitting element  2  ( FIG. 3B ). Regarding the film thickness of each layer, the hole transporting layer  301  is 40 nm thick, the light-emitting layer  302  is 50 nm thick, and the electron injecting layer  303  is 2 nm thick. The film formation is performed by a vacuum vapor deposition.  
         [0056]     In addition, in order to compare with the light-emitting element  2 , another light-emitting element that has the same laminated structure as the light-emitting element  2 , but that is not exposed to the rubbing treatment, is manufactured. It is compared with the light-emitting element  2 .  
         [0057]      FIG. 5A  shows a graph of measurement values of luminance L (cd/m 2 ) to voltage V of the light-emitting element  2  with the rubbing treatment and the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  FIG. 5B  shows a graph of measurement values of current efficiency η (cd/A) to luminance L (cd/m 2 ) of the light-emitting element  2  with the rubbing treatment and the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [0058]     As shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the voltage for light-emission of 1 cd/m 2  is 2.8 V and the current efficiency is 3.7 cd/A in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  in the light-emitting element  2  with the rubbing treatment.  
         [0059]     On the other hand, as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the voltage for light-emission of 1 cd/m 2  is 3.0 V and the current efficiency is 3.5 cd/A in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  in the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [0060]     Therefore, it is understood that the voltage for light-emission of 1 cd/m 2  is lower and the current efficiency in light-emission of 100 cd/m  2  is higher in the light-emitting element  2  with the rubbing treatment than in the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [heading-0061]     [Embodiment 3] 
         [0062]     A light-emitting element of the present invention having a different laminated structure from that of Embodiment 1 is described. Note that from the rubbing treatment to a step of heating is similar to that of Embodiment 1, and thus, the description about it is omitted here.  
         [0063]     After the heat treatment of 205° C., Alq 3  for a light-emitting layer  401 , CaF 2  for an electron injecting layer  402 , and aluminum for a cathode  403  are sequentially formed over an anode  101  to manufacture a light-emitting element  3  ( FIG. 3C ). Regarding the film thickness of each layer, the light-emitting layer  401  is 90 nm thick, and the electron injecting layer  402  is 2 nm thick. The film formation is performed by a vacuum vapor deposition.  
         [0064]     In addition, in order to compare with the light-emitting element  3 , another light-emitting element having the same laminated structure as the light-emitting element  3 , but without the rubbing treatment, is manufactured. It is compared with the light-emitting element  3 .  
         [0065]     Note that when a molecule over the substrate is orientated at a certain angle γ, the ratio of P polarized light and S polarized light (dichroic ratio) that are absorption spectrums of the molecule and the orientation angle γ are expressed by the following equation 1, based on a hypothesis that the molecule is arranged in the uniaxial orientation. An absorption spectrum and a light-emission spectrum can be determined uniquely, in the case where it is considered that the molecule can absorb only light in a transient moment direction and emit light in the transient moment direction. In other words, the dichroic ratio of light-emission is obtained and the orientation angle of the molecule can be obtained from a light-emission spectrum when the polarized light enters the molecule.  
             R   =               2   ⁡     [         sin   2     ⁢   θ     +       sin   2     ⁢     α   ⁡     (       3   ⁢     cos   2     ⁢   θ     -   1     )           ]       -                   (       3   ⁢     sin   2     ⁢   α     -   1     )     ⁢     (       3   ⁢     cos   2     ⁢   θ     -   1     )     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   γ     ⁢                       2   ⁢           ⁢     sin   2     ⁢   θ     +       (     2   -     3   ⁢     sin   2     ⁢   θ       )     ⁢     sin   2     ⁢   γ                 [     Equation   ⁢           ⁢   1     ]             
 
         [0066]     In the equation 1, R is a dichroic ratio, γ is an orientation angle, α is an incident angle, θ is an angle between a molecular aspect and a transient moment of the molecule.  
         [0067]      FIG. 6A  shows a graph of measurement values of luminance L (cd/m 2 ) to voltage V of the light-emitting element  3  with the rubbing treatment and the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  FIG. 6B  shows a graph of measurement values of current efficiency ç (cd/A) to luminance L (cd/m 2 ) of the light-emitting element  3  with the rubbing treatment and the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [0068]     As shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the voltage for light-emission of lcd/m 2  is 6.0 V and the current efficiency is 0.24 cd/A in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  in the light-emitting element  3  with the rubbing treatment. The photon numbers of P polarized light and S polarized light in the light-emission spectrum of Alq 3  are 6200 and 3000, respectively. The intensity ratio (dichroic ratio) of the P polarized light and the S polarized light is 2.067. The orientation angle of Alq 3  is 32.80 degrees from the dichroic ratio.  
         [0069]     Note that the light-emission spectrum is measured by using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The exciting light of 420 nm that Alq 3  absorbs is used. The exciting light is polarized to P polarized light (a light having a vibration direction in parallel with a plane of incidence) and S polarized light (a light having a vibration direction perpendicular to the plane of incidence) by setting a polarizing plate in front of an element in a real measurement, before the exciting light is emitted on the element, and then is incident. The incident angle of the exciting light with respect to an element face is fixed to 45°. The peak intensity ratio of the obtained light-emission spectrum is set as the dichroic ratio and thus an orientation angle is obtained.  
         [0070]     On the other hand, as shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the voltage for light-emission of 1 cd/m 2  is 7.0 V and the current efficiency is 0.15 cd/A in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  in the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment.  
         [0071]     Therefore, it is understood that the voltage for light-emission of 1 cd/m 2  is lower and the current efficiency in light-emission of 100 cd/m 2  is higher in the light-emitting element  3  with the rubbing treatment than in the light-emitting element without the rubbing treatment. The photon numbers of P polarized light and S polarized light in the light-emission spectrum of Alq 3  are 7800 and 3300, respectively. The intensity ratio (dichroic ratio) of the P polarized light and the S polarized light is 2.364. The orientation angle of Alq 3  is 29.84 degrees from the dichroic ratio.  
         [0072]     When the values of the orientation angle of Alq 3  are compared with each other between the light emitting element with the rubbing treatment and the light emitting element without the rubbing treatment, it is understood that the light-emitting element with the rubbing treatment has a smaller angle between the transient moment of Alq 3  and the substrate plane, and the transient moment is decumbent (lying down) to the substrate in the light-emitting element with the rubbing treatment. In other words, it is thought that a direction of light-emission from Alq 3  can be perpendicular to the electrode face by the rubbing treatment.  
         [heading-0073]     [Embodiment 4] 
         [0074]     Electronic devices using a light-emitting element of the present invention include a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display (head mounted display), a navigation system, an audio player (such as a car audio compo or an audio compo), a computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal (such as a mobile computer, a cellular telephone, a portable game machine or an electronic book), an image reproducing device provided with a recording medium (typically, a device provided with a display that can reproduce a recording medium such as DVD (digital versatile disc) and display the image) and the like. Practical examples thereof are shown in  FIGS. 7A  to  7 H.  
         [0075]      FIG. 7A  shows a television receiver including a casing  2001 , a support  2002 , a display portion  2003 , a speaker portion  2004 , a video input terminal  2005  and the like. The television receiver can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portion  2003  or the like.  
         [0076]      FIG. 7B  shows a digital camera including a main body  2101 , a display portion  2102 , an image receiving portion  2103 , operation keys  2104 , an external connection port  2105 , a shutter  2106  and the like. The digital camera can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portion  2102  or the like.  
         [0077]      FIG. 7C  shows a computer including a main body  2201 , a casing  2202 , a display portion  2203 , a keyboard  2204 , an external connection port  2205 , a pointing mouse  2206  and the like. The computer can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portion  2203  or the like.  
         [0078]      FIG. 7D  shows a mobile computer including a main body  2301 , a display portion  2302 , a switch  2303 , operation keys  2304 , an infrared port  2305  and the like. The mobile computer can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portion  2302  or the like.  
         [0079]      FIG. 7E  shows a portable image reproducing device provided with a recording medium (such as a DVD player), which includes a main body  2401 , a casing  2402 , display portions A  2403  and B  2404 , a read-in portion for a recording medium (such as DVD)  2405 , operation keys  2406 , a speaker portion  2407  and the like. The display portion A  2403  mainly displays image information and the display portion B  2404  mainly displays character information. The image reproducing device can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portions A  2403  and B  2404  or the like. Note that the image reproducing device provided with a recording medium includes a game machine and the like.  
         [0080]      FIG. 7F  shows a goggle type display (head mounted display) including a main body  2501 , a display portion  2502 , an arm portion  2503  and the like. The goggle type display can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portion  2502  or the like.  
         [0081]      FIG. 7G  shows a video camera including a main body  2601 , a display portion  2602 , a casing  2603 , an external connection port  2604 , a remote controller receiving portion  2605 , an image receiving portion  2606 , a battery  2607 , a sound input portion  2608 , operation keys  2609 , an eye piece  2610  and the like. The video camera can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portion  2602  or the like.  
         [0082]      FIG. 7H  shows a cellular telephone including a main body  2701 , a casing  2702 , a display portion  2703 , a sound input portion  2704 , a sound output portion  2705 , operation keys  2706 , an external connection port  2707 , an antenna  2708  and the like. The cellular telephone can be manufactured by using a light-emitting element of the present invention for the display portion  2703  or the like.  
         [0083]     Note that a light-emitting element of the present invention can be applied to a front type or a rear type projector as well as the above described electronic devices.  
         [0084]     As described above, the present invention can be applied extremely widely and used for electronic devices of all fields. This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2003-305915 filed in Japan Patent Office on 29 th , Aug., 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.  
         [0085]     Although the present invention has been fully described by way of Embodiment Mode and Embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, unless such changes and modifications depart from the scope of the present invention hereinafter defined, they should be constructed as being included therein.