Abstract:
The leakage current in metal oxide varistor bodies is found to vary as a function of applied pressure in the 0.5 kbar to 10 kbar range. 
     A pressure sensing device is conditioned by first prestressing a metal oxide varistor to a pressure above the range of measurement and then releasing the prestress pressure. Upon application of subsequent pressures equal or less than the prestress pressure, the leakage current in the device is found to vary as a function of pressure.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of a prior application with Ser. No. 793,039, filed May 2, 1977, now abandoned. 
    
    
     This invention relates to pressure sensing devices. More specifically this invention relates to devices which measure pressure in the 0.5 kbar to 10 kbar range by determination of leakage current in prestressed bodies of zinc oxide based, metal oxide varistor material. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Pressure is not only an important extensive variable in physicochemical and thermodynamics investigation of matter, but also is an essential process parameter in certain specialized technologies which utilize a high pressure route for manufacturing a final product. In recent years, extensive efforts have been devoted to the measurement and standardization of high pressure environments (for example, &#34;Accurate Characterization of the High Pressure Environment&#34;, editor E. C. Loyd, National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 326, 1971). In the range from approximately 10 kbar to 300 kbar, a series of reference points--the so-called &#34;fixed points&#34;--indicated by phase changes and/or resistance jumps in selected materials are commonly used for pressure calibration as well as sensing. In the range below 10 kbar, that is, 0.5 kbar to 10 kbar, however, such fixed points calibrants are rare, for example, Ce at 7 kbar and the Hg freezing point at 0° C., 7.6 kbar. Manganin (84 Cu-12 Mn-4 Ni) gauges are often used in the pressure range from 2 kbar to  14 kbar and higher, but this material is rather insensitive having a pressure coefficient of electrical resistance 
     
         k=(R/R.sub.o)1/P 
    
     (where R o  is the resistance at atmospheric pressure) which is on the order of 10 -3  per kbar and is not constant. 
     Recently, non-ohmic ceramics based on ZnO have been utilized for surge protection against transient voltage and power overload. Zinc oxide based metal oxide varistors of the bulk type are, for example, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,663,458 and 3,682,841, which patents are incorporated herein as background material. Prior art investigations of the properties of the metal oxide varistor materials have been performed at atmospheric pressure. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The leakage current in metal oxide varistor materials is found to vary as a function of pressure in the range from approximately 0.5 kbar to approximately 10 kbar. Reproducible pressure readings may be obtained first by prestressing a body of varistor material to a pressure above the range of measurement, subsequently releasing pressure to atmospheric level, and then applying an unknown pressure to the varistor body. 
     It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide methods and materials for continuously measuring pressure in the range from approximately 0.5 kbar to approximately 10 kbar. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The novel features believed characteristic of the present invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken in connection with the appended drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the voltage-current characteristics as a function of applied pressure in samples of medium voltage metal oxide varistors; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the voltage-current characteristics as a function of pressure in a low voltage metal oxide varistor; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the voltage-current curves as a function of pressure in a binary zinc oxide-bismuth oxide varistor; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the variation of leakage current as a function of applied pressure in a medium voltage metal oxide varistor. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the pressure-leakage characteristics for a prestressed varistor. 
     FIG. 6 is a partial side elevation view showing a varistor of the present invention being subjected to pressure and connected to a leakage current tester. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Pressure within varistor samples was generated by squeezing sintered disks uniaxially between two opposing carboloy anvils in a hydraulic press. Electrical connections were made between the anvils which were properly insulated from the rest of the press. A point-by-point procedure, more particularly described in an article by Joe Wong in the Journal of Applied Physics 46,1653 (1975) was used to measure the current-voltage characteristics. Measurements were also taken after recycling to atmospheric pressure before subjecting the samples to a higher load. The sintered specimens were all approximately 14 millimeters in diameter by between approximately 2 millimeters and approximately 3 millimeters thick and were coated with a silver electrode on each face. 
     A strong dependence of electrical characteristics on pressure is evident in many zinc oxide based varistor systems. With an increase in pressure, the approximately ohmic, prebreakdown region at low current moves to higher currents over 4 or 5 orders of magnitude accompanied by a decrease in α, the nonlinear exponent, (which is defined by the empirical relationship I=KV.sup.α which expresses the current-voltage behavior in the nonohmic region). The leakage current I L , (which is defined as the current at half the initial varistor voltage required to produce a current of 1 mA), varies monotonically with applied load. 
     EXAMPLES 
     I. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a family of voltage-current characteristics, as a function of applied pressure, for a medium voltage varistor which was produced by sintering a mixture of approximately 97 mol percent ZnO, 1/2 mole percent Bi 2  O 3  together with Co 3  O 4 , MnO 2 , Sb 2  O 3 , and SnO 2 , 
     II. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a family of voltage-current characteristics, as a function of applied pressure, for a low voltage varistor which was produced by sintering a mixture of approximately 98 mol percent ZnO, 1/2 mol percent Bi 2  O 3  together with Co 3  O 4 , MnO 2 , and TiO 2 . 
     III. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a family of voltage-current characteristics, as a function of applied pressure, for a binary varistor comprising a sintered mixture of zinc oxide with 1/2 mol percent Bi 2  O 3 . 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the variation of leakage current (defined as the current at approximately 200 volts) for the medium voltage varistor of FIG. 1 as a function of applied pressure. Curve B illustrates the value of leakage current under pressure while curve A illustrates the corresponding leakage current, at the same voltage, measured at atmospheric pressure after the specimen has been subjected to the corresponding load. Thus, the leakage current of such varistors may be utilized as a pressure memory device which electrically indicates the value of a previously applied force, and hence pressure. Below a load of approximately 2 tons, the varistor is seen to recover its initial characteristics. Beyond approximately 12 tons, the varistor samples loose their ceramic integrity and crumble with further applied pressure. 
     The variation of electrical characteristics, notably leakage current, which is obtained after subjecting a varistor sample to an initial high pressure is not reproducible; that is: the variation of electrical characteristics with applied pressure will not be identical for a first pressure application and for subsequent applications. We have determined, however, that a varistor sample which has been prestressed at a given pressure level will provide reproducible leakage current readings at subsequent pressure applications which are below the initial prestress level. Thus, an efficient pressure sensor may be produced by first prestressing a varistor sample with a pressure above the range of measurement interest, releasing the samples to atmospheric pressure, and subsequently calibrating the sample at pressures below the prestress level. However, once the pressure effects on the leakage current are determined for a given varistor formulation, single shot tests may be conducted without any prestressing on other varistors made in accordance with the same formulation. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the variation of leakage current at 10 volts vs. applied pressure for a sample which was previously described with respect to FIG. 2 which was prestressed in accordance with the method described above. Excellent reproducibility is obtained upon pressure cycling up and down from 8.66 kbar. The pressure coefficient is approximately 1000 times larger than that for Manganin wire in the same pressure range. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates the varistor 1 with attached electrodes 2 and 2&#39; being subjected to a pressure P as described above. The varistor is also electrically connected to a leakage current tester 3 which functions to measure the current flow when the voltage applied to the varistor is equal to one-half of the voltage needed to produce a current of 1 ma through the varistor. 
     Varistor pressure sensors and pressure memory devices of the present invention provide highly sensitive sensor in the pressure range of approximately 0.5 kbar to approximately 10 kbar. The devices are considerably more sensitive than the Manganin wire gages which previously provided the only continuous measurement in this range. 
     While this invention has been described in detail herein in accord with certain preferred embodiments thereof, many modifications and changes may be effected by those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.