Abstract:
This invention relates to RIM molded elastomers prepared from aliphatic isocyanurates and prepolymers thereof. The reactive systems used to prepare these elastomers exhibit longer gel times with improved flow and can still be demolded in about 30 seconds. The resultant elastomers have good weatherability without painting. This invention also relates to phase stable polyol blends.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The production of polyurethane moldings via the reaction injection molding (i.e. RIM) technique is well known and described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,543. The RIM process involves a technique of filling the mold by which highly reactive, liquid starting components are injected into the mold within a very short time by means of a high output, high pressure dosing apparatus after they have been mixed in so-called “positively controlled mixing heads”.  
         [0002]     In the production of polyurethane moldings via the RIM process, the reaction mixture generally comprises an A-side based on polyisocyanates and a B-side based on organic compounds containing isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms, in addition to suitable chain extenders, catalysts, blowing agents, and other additives. The polyisocyanates which are suitable for a commercial RIM process are the aromatic isocyanates such as, for example, diphenyl methane-4,4′-diisocyanate (i.e. MDI). While various patents broadly disclose cycloaliphatic isocyanates in a long list of isocyanates which are described as suitable for use in a RIM process, few patents have any working examples wherein a cycloaliphatic isocyanate is used.  
         [0003]     U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,639 describes a process for the production of polyurethane moldings reacting organic polyisocyanates with organic compounds containing isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms in the presence of catalysts and auxiliary agents inside a closed mold. The isocyanate component is based on (a1) mixtures of (i) 1-isocyanate-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (IPDI), and (ii) polyisocyanates containing isocyanurate groups prepared by the trimerization of a portion of the isocyanate groups of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, or (a2) (i) IPDI and (iii) polyisocyanates containing isocyanurate groups prepared by the trimerization of a portion of the isocyanate groups of a mixture of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane and IPDI. These reaction mixtures are broadly disclosed as being suitable for RIM processing.  
         [0004]     U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,320 discloses a process for the preparation of a molded polymer comprising reacting inside a closed mold a reaction mixture comprising (a) an active hydrogen containing material comprising a primary or secondary amine terminated polyether having an average equivalent weight of at least 500, (b) at least one chain extender, and (c) a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanate, polyisothiocyanate, or mixture thereof, wherein the NCX index is from about 0.6 to 1.5. This process requires that component (a) have at least 25%, and preferably 50% of its active hydrogen atoms present in the form of amine hydrogens. All of the examples disclose a system based on a HDI prepolymer with amine terminated polyethers and diethyltoluenediamine at high mold temperatures and long demold times.  
         [0005]     U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,543 discloses aliphatic RIM systems that use very fast reacting aliphatic polyamines. This patent is restricted to total polyurea systems based on chain extenders which are cycloaliphatic diamines and polyethers which are amine-terminated polyethers, with an aliphatically bound polyisocyanate.  
         [0006]     RIM systems are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,945. These systems are based on compositions comprising a polyisocyanate, a hydroxyl-containing polyol, and a specific chain extender. The specific chain extender comprises (1) at least one component selected from the group consisting of (a) a hydroxyl-containing material which is essentially free of aliphatic amine hydrogen atoms, and (b) aromatic amine-containing materials containing at least two aromatic amine hydrogen atoms and are essentially free of aliphatic amine hydrogen atoms; and (2) at least one aliphatic amine-containing material having at least one primary amine group and an average aliphatic amine hydrogen functionality of from about 2 to 16. Both aromatic polyisocyanates and (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanates are disclosed as being suitable for this process. All of the working examples in this patent use aromatic isocyanates that may be polymeric in nature.  
         [0007]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,346 also discloses reaction systems for preparing elastomers via the RIM process. These systems require an allophanate modified polyisocyanate, a hydroxyl group containing polyol, and an aromatic polyamine in which at least one of the positions ortho to the amine group is substituted with a lower alkyl substituent.  
         [0008]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,502,147 describes (cyclo)aliphatic isocyanate based RIM systems. These (cyclo)aliphatic isocyanates have a viscosity of less than 20,000 mPa·s at 25° C., an NCO functionality of 2.3 to 4.0, and are modified by isocyanurate groups, biuret groups, urethane groups, allophanate groups, carbodiimide groups, oxadiazine-trione groups, uretdione groups, and blends thereof. The B-side comprises a high molecular weight polyol and a low molecular weight chain extender in which the OH:NH ratio is from 1:1 to 25:1.  
         [0009]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,502,150, which is commonly assigned, discloses a RIM process which uses a hexamethylene diisocyanate prepolymer having a functionality of less than 2.3, an NCO content of 5 to 25%, and a monomer content of less than 2% by weight. This prepolymer is reacted with a high molecular weight isocyanate-reactive compound, a chain extender selected from diols and aminoalcohols, and a hydroxyl-based crosslinking compound containing no more than one aliphatic amine hydrogen atom.  
         [0010]     Light stable polyurethanes are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,656,677 and 6,242,555. The polyurethanes of U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,677 comprise the reaction product of a (cyclo)aliphatic isocyanate with a compound containing isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms, in the presence of a chain extender and/or crosslinker, and a specific catalyst system. The catalyst system comprises 1) at least one organic lead compound, 2) at least one organic bismuth compound, and/or 3) at least one organic tin compound. The light stable elastomers of U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,555 comprise the reaction product of A) isophorone diisocyanate trimer/monomer mixture having an NCO group content of 24.5 to 34%, with B) an isocyanate-reactive component, in the presence of C) at least one catalyst selected from organolead (II), organobismuth (III) and organotin (IV) compounds.  
         [0011]     Advantages of the present invention include (cyclo)aliphatic isocyanate based RIM elastomers can be prepared with good green strength at a 30 second demold and with good physical properties. In addition, polyol blends which are phase stable are formed from the combination of a chain extender comprising 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, a co-extender comprising a di-primary amine, and a crosslinker comprising an amine-initiated polyol.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     This invention relates to a process for the production of a polyurethane elastomer and to the resultant elastomers. These elastomers are prepared by a reaction injection molding process.  
         [0013]     The process and the product both require a specific reaction mixture. The isocyanate component (A) of this reaction mixture has an NCO group content of 23 to 34% and a functionality of about 2.1 to about 2.5, and comprising: 
        (1) from about 60 to 100% (preferably 80 to 100%) by weight, based on 100% by weight of (A), of a (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanurate having an NCO group content of about 23% to about 34%, a functionality of about 2.1 to 2.5, and comprises the trimerization product of isophorone diisocyanate; and     (2) from 0 to about 40% (preferably 0 to 20%) by weight, based on 100% by weight of (A) of an isocyanate-reactive component having from about 1.5 to about 6, preferably from about 2 to about 3 hydroxyl groups capable of reacting with NCO groups of (A)(1), and having a molecular weight of about 60 to about 8,000, preferably 2,000 to 8,000 and more preferably 3,000 to 6,000.        
 
         [0016]     The isocyanate-reactive component (B) required herein comprises: 
        (1) from about 45 to about 93.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one polyether polyol having a hydroxyl functionality of from about 1.5 to about 4.0, and a number average molecular weight to from about 2,000 to about 8,000,     (2) from about 3 to 40 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one chain extender having a hydroxyl functionality of 2, a number average molecular weight of from about 62 to about 150, and is free of amine groups (preferably 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol or ethylene glycol);     (3) from about 0.5 to about 3.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one chain extender having about 2 to about 4 amine groups which are primary or secondary amine groups, a number average molecular weight of from about 60 to about 400, and is free of hydroxyl groups (preferably 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane); and     (4) from about 3 to about 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one crosslinking agent having from about 3 to about 8 hydroxyl functional groups (preferably secondary OH groups), from 1 to 4 tertiary amine groups, a number average molecular weight of from about 130 to about 800, and is free of primary and secondary amine groups, (preferably a propoxylated polyether polyol initiated from a diamine compound).        
 
         [0021]     Components (A) and (B) are reacted in the presence of: 
        (C) a catalyst system comprising at least one metal based catalyst, and, optionally,     (D) one or more additives comprising UV stabilizers and/or antioxidant stabilizers, 
 
 wherein the relative amounts of (A) and (B) are such that the Isocyanate Index of the reaction mixture ranges from about 90 to about 110. 
       
 
         [0024]     The present invention also relates to phase stable polyol blends. These phase stable polyol blends comprise: 
        (1) from about 45 to about 93.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (1), (2), (3) and (4), of at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of from about 1.5 to about 4.0, and a number average molecular weight to from about 2,000 to about 8,000;     (2) from about 3 to 40 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (1), (2), (3) and (4), of a chain extender comprising 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol;     (3) from about 0.5 to about 3.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (1), (2), (3) and (4), of at least one chain extender having about 2 to about 4 (preferably about 2) amine groups which are primary or secondary amine groups, a number average molecular weight of from about 60 to about 400, and is free of hydroxyl groups (preferably 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane); and     (4) from about 3 to about 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (1), (2), (3) and (4), of at least one crosslinking agent having from about 3 to about 8 hydroxyl functional groups (preferably secondary OH groups), from 1 to 4 tertiary amine groups, has a number average molecular weight of from about 130 to about 800 (preferably about 200 to abut 500), and is free of primary and secondary amine groups, (preferably a propoxylated polyether polyol initiated from a diamine compound).        
 
         [0029]     As used herein, the term “phase stable” means that these polyol blends are physically stable, with no signs of layering, after being stored for up to 3 months at room temperature. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0030]     Suitable (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanates to be used as component (A) in the present invention include (1) isocyanurates of isophorone diisocyanate.  
         [0031]     Polyisocyanurates or polyisocyanates which contain isocyanurate groups, i.e. the so-called trimers of polyisocyanates are suitable as component (A) herein. Suitable trimers of polyisocyanates include compounds such as those which can be prepared as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,586, 4,324,879, 5,656,677 and 6,242,555, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference; European Patents 3,765, 10,589 and 47,452 the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference; and German Offenlegungsschriften 2,616,416, herein incorporated by reference.  
         [0032]     It is preferred that the trimerized isophorone diisocyanate (A)(1) comprise from about 25 to about 40% by weight of trimer, with the balance being monomeric isophrone diisocyanate. The isocyanato-isocyanurates generally have an average NCO functionality of about 2.1 to about 2.5, preferably of about 2.15 to about 2.40, and an NCO content of 23 to 34% and preferably 26 to 31% by weight.  
         [0033]     In accordance with the present invention, the polyisocyanate component (A) may comprise a prepolymer of the polyisocyanurates of isophorone diisocyanate as described above. Prepolymers are prepared by reacting (1) the isocyanurates (or trimerized isocyanates) of isophorone diisocyanate, with (2) an isocyanate-reactive component which contains from about 1.5 to about 6 hydroxyl groups, and preferably about 2 to about 3 hydroxyl groups, which are capable of reacting with NCO groups of (1). These isocyanate-reactive components typically have molecular weights in the range of about 60 to about 8,000.  
         [0034]     Examples of suitable isocyanate-reactive compounds to be used as (A)(2) herein include polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polycaprolactones, glycols, low molecular weight polyols, polythioethers, polycarbonates, polyacetal, etc., and mixtures thereof. All of these compounds are known in the field of polyurethane chemistry.  
         [0035]     Suitable polyether polyols may be prepared by the reaction of suitable starting compounds which contain reactive hydrogen atoms with alkylene oxides such as, for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydrin, and mixtures thereof. Suitable starting compounds containing reactive hydrogen atoms include compounds such as, for example, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexanediol, octanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexandimethanol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, polybutylene glycol, glycerine, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, water, methanol, ethanol, 1,2,6-hexane triol, 1,2,4-butane triol, trimethylol ethane, mannitol, sorbitol, methyl glycoside, sucrose, phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 1,1,1- or 1,1,2-tris-(hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, etc.  
         [0036]     Suitable polyester polyols include, for example, the reaction products of include, for example, the reaction products of polyhydric, preferably dihydric alcohols (optionally in the presence of trihydric alcohols), with polyvalent, preferably divalent, carboxylic acids. Instead of using the free carboxylic acids, it is also possible to use the corresponding polycarboxylic acid anhydrides or corresponding polycarboxylic acid esters of lower alcohols or mixtures thereof for producing the polyesters. The polycarboxylic acids may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, and/or heterocyclic and may be unsaturated or substituted, for example, by halogen atoms. The polycarboxylic acids and polyols used to prepare the polyesters are known and described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,098,731 and 3,726,952, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.  
         [0037]     A specific group of polyester polyols which are suitable for the preparation of isocyanate prepolymers in accordance with the present invention include those made from lactones, e.g. ε-caprolactone or hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. omega-hydroxycaproic acid. As is known to one skilled in the art of polyurethane chemistry, polyester polyols can be prepared by reacting lactone with a glycol (i.e. diol or triol) to form a polyester polyol suitable for making prepolymers in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0038]     Suitable polythioethers, polyacetals, polycarbonates and other polyhydroxyl compounds are also disclosed in the above-identified U.S. Patents. Finally, representatives of the many and varied compounds which may be used in accordance with the invention may be found, for example, in High Polymers, Volume XVI, “Polyurethanes, Chemistry and Technology,” by Saunders-Frisch, Interscience Publishers, New York, London, Vol. I, 1962, pages 32-42 and 44-54, and Volume II, 1964, pages 5-6 and 198-199; and in Kunststoff-Handbuch, Vol. VII, Vieweg-Hochtlen, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1966, pages 45-71.  
         [0039]     Suitable low molecular weight polyols for preparing prepolymers include, for example; diols, triols, tetrols, and alkoxylation products of these. These include 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4- and 2,3-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, pentaerythritol, etc. Alkoxylation products of these same compounds may also be used to prepare prepolymers. In accordance with the present invention, preferred isocyanate-reactive compounds to form prepolymers are trimethylolpropane and tripropylene glycol.  
         [0040]     In accordance with the present invention, residues of isocyanates which may inherently result in the production of the above described isocyanates after treatment of the residue, are not suitable for the isocyanate component herein. Such residues are undesirable by-products of the process for the production of the isocyanate components.  
         [0041]     In accordance with the present invention, component (B), the isocyanate-reactive component comprises: 
        (1) from about 45 to about 93.5, preferably from about 60 to about 87 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one polyether polyol having a hydroxyl functionality of from about 1.5 to about 4.0 and a number average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 8,000,     (2) from about 3 to about 40, preferably from about 5 to about 30 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one chain extender having a hydroxyl functionality of 2, a number average molecular weight of from about 62 to about 150, and is free of amine groups (preferably 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol or ethylene glycol);     (3) from about 0.5 to about 3.5, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2.0 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one chain extender having about 2 to about 4 (preferably about 2) amine groups which are primary or secondary amine groups, a number average molecular weight of from about 60 to about 400, and is free of hydroxyl groups (preferably 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane);     (4) from about 3 to about 20, preferably from about 5 to about 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (B), of at least one crosslinking agent having from about 3 to about 8 hydroxyl functional groups (preferably secondary OH groups), from 1 to 4 tertiary amine groups, a number average molecular weight of from about 130 to about 800 (preferably 200 to 500), and is free of primary and secondary amine groups, (preferably a propoxylated polyether polyol initiated from a diamine compound).        
 
         [0046]     The sum of the parts by weight of components (B)(1), (B)(2), (B)(3) and (B)(4) totals 100 parts by weight of component (B).  
         [0047]     Suitable polyether polyols to be used as component (B)(1) herein typically have a molecular weight of at least about 2,000, preferably at least about 3,000 and more preferably at least about 4,000. These polyether polyols also typically have a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 8,000, preferably less than or equal to about 6,000. The polyether polyols may have a molecular weight ranging between any combination of these upper and lower values, inclusive, e.g. from about 2,000 to about 8,000, preferably from about 3,000 to about 6,000, and more preferably from about 4,000 to about 6,000.  
         [0048]     These polyether polyols also typically have a hydroxyl functionality of at least about 1.5 and preferably of at least about 1.8. The polyether polyols also typically have a hydroxyl functionality of less than or equal to about 4.0 and preferably less than or equal to about 3.0. In addition, these polyether polyols may have a hydroxyl functionality between any combination of these upper and lower values, inclusive, e.g. from about 1.5 to about 4.0, and preferably from about 1.8 to about 3.0.  
         [0049]     The high molecular weight polyethers suitable for use in accordance with the invention are known and may be obtained, for example, by polymerizing tetrahydrofuran or epoxides such as, for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide or epichlorohydrin in the presence of suitable catalysts, such as, for example, BF 3  or KOH, or by chemically adding these epoxides, preferably ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, in admixture or successively to components containing reactive hydrogen atoms such as water, alcohols or amines. Examples of suitable alcohols and amines include the low molecular weight chain extenders set forth hereinafter, propylene glycol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, triethanolamine, water, trimethylolpropane, bisphenol A, sucrose, aniline, ammonia, ethanolamine and ethylene diamine. It is preferred to use polyethers which contain substantial amounts of primary hydroxyl groups in terminal positions (greater than 80% by weight, based on all of the terminal hydroxyl groups present in the polyether).  
         [0050]     Polyether polyols are preferably used as component (B)(1) in the invention. Preferred polyethers include, for example, those compounds based on di- or tri-functional starters such as, for example, water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, trimethylolpropane, or triethanolamine. These preferred compounds include copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with greater than 12% by weight of the oxides being ethylene oxides.  
         [0051]     Suitable chain extenders to be used as component (B)(2) in accordance with the present invention typically have a molecular weight of at least about 62. These chain extenders also typically have a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 150, and preferably less than or equal to about 110. The chain extenders may have a molecular weight ranging between any combination of these upper and lower values, inclusive, e.g. from about 62 to about 150, and preferably from about 62 to about 110.  
         [0052]     Compounds suitable for use as component (B)(2) herein contain 2 hydroxyl groups which are reactive with isocyanate groups. In addition, these compounds are free of isocyanate-reactive amine groups.  
         [0053]     Suitable organic diols to be used as component (B)(2) according to the invention include, for example, diols such as, for example, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4- and 2,3-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexane-dimethanol, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane-1,3-diol. Preferred diols include, for example, ethylene glycol and 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol.  
         [0054]     Suitable chain extenders to be used as component (B)(3) in accordance with the present invention typically have a molecular weight of at least about 60. These chain extenders also typically have a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 400, and preferably less than or equal to about 250. The chain extenders may have a molecular weight ranging between any combination of these upper and lower values, inclusive, e.g. from about 60 to about 400, and preferably from about 60 to about 250.  
         [0055]     Chain extenders (B)(3) of the invention contain from about two to about four amine groups, preferably about two amine groups, which may be either primary or secondary amine groups (or a combination of primary and secondary amine groups). Also, these compounds should be free of hydroxyl groups.  
         [0056]     Some examples of suitable compounds to be used as chain extenders (B)(3) in accordance with the present invention include, for example, 2-methyl-1,5-pentane diamine, ethylene diamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, isophoronediamine, diethylenetriamine, diaminocyclohexane, hexamethylenediamine, methyliminobispropylamine, iminobispropylamine, bis(aminopropyl)piperazine, aminoethyl piperazine, 1,2-diaminocyclo-hexane, polyoxyalkylenepolyamines (preferably polyoxyalkylene diamines and polyoxyalkylene triamines), bis-(p-aminocyclo-hexyl)methane, triethylenetetramine, mixtures thereof, and the like.  
         [0057]     Other suitable amines include, for example, 1,8-p-diaminomenthane, bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)-methane, bis(4-amino-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohexyl)-methane, bis(4-amino-2,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)methane, 1,1-bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)propane, 2,2-(bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)propane, 1,1-bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)ethane, 1,1-bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)butane, 2,2-bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)butane, 1,1-bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)ethane, 2,2-bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)propane, 1,1-bis(4-amino-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohexyl)ethane, 2,2-bis(4-amino-3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-amino-3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl)butane, 2,4-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 4-aminocyclohexyl-4-amino-3-methylcyclohexylmethane, 4-amino-3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl-4-amino-3-methylcyclohexylmethane, and 2-(4-amino-cyclohexyl)-2-(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane.  
         [0058]     Also suitable amines for component (B)(3) include aromatic diamine compounds containing two primary amine groups. These compounds are commonly known and described as aromatic diamine chain extenders having a molecular weight within the above described range. The preferred aromatic diamine compounds contain exclusively aromatically bound primary amino groups, and preferably, may also contain alkyl and heteroalkyl substituents. Examples of such diamines include 1,4-diaminobenzene; 2,4- and/or 2,6-diaminotoluene; 2,4′- and/or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane; 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane; 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (MOCA); 1-methyl-3,5-bis(methylthio)-2,4- and/or -2,6-diaminobenzene; 1,3,5-triethyl-2,4-diaminobenzene; 1,3,5-triisopropyl-2,4-diaminobenzene; 1-methyl-3,5-diethyl-2,4- and/or -2,6-diaminobenzene (also known as 3,5-diethyl-2,4- and/or -2,6-toluenediamine, or DETDA); 3,5-dithiomethyl-2,4-diamino toluene (i.e. ETHACURE 300); 4,6-dimethyl-2-ethyl-1,3-diaminobenzene; 3,5,3′,5′-tetraethyl-4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane; 3,5,3′,5′-tetraisopropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane; 3,5-diethyl-3′,5′-diisopropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane; 2,4,6-triethyl-m-phenylenediamine (TEMPDA); 3,5-diisopropyl-2,4-diaminotoluene; 3,5-di-sec-butyl-2,6-diaminotoluene; 3-ethyl-5-isopropyl-2,4-diaminotoluene; 4,6-diisopropyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4,6-di-tert-butyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4,6-diethyl-m-phenylenediamine; 3-isopropyl-2,6-diaminotoluene; 5-isopropyl-2,4-diaminotoluene; 4-isopropyl-6-methyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-isopropyl-6-tert-butyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-ethyl-6-isopropyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4,6-di-sec-butyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-ethyl-6-tertbutyl-m-phenylene-diamine; 4-ethyl-6-sec-butyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-ethyl-6-isobutyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-isopropyl-6-isobutyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-isopropyl-6-sec-butyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-tert-butyl-6-isobutyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4-cyclohexyl-6-isopropyl-m-phenylenediamine; 4,6-dicyclopentyl-m-phenylenediamine; 2,2′,6,6′-tetraethyl-4,4′-methylenebisaniline; 2,2′,6,6′-tetraisopropyl-4,4′-methylenebisaniline (methylenebis diisopropylaniline); 2,2′,6,6′-tetra-sec-butyl-4,4′-methylenebisaniline; 2,2′-dimethyl-6,6′-di-tert-butyl-4,4′-methylenebisaniline; 2,2′-di-tert-butyl-4,4′-methylenebisaniline; and 2-isopropyl-2′,6′-diethyl-4,4′-methylenebisaniline. Such diamines may, of course, also be used as mixtures.  
         [0059]     A preferred aromatic diamine compound for (B)(3) in which there are two primary amine groups comprises an isomer of diethyltoluene-diamine (i.e. DETDA), a mixture of isomers of diethyltoluenediamine, an isomer of di-(methylthio)toluenediamine (i.e. ETHACURE 300), and a mixture of isomers of di-(methylthio)toluenediamine. A preferred isomeric mixture comprises 75 to 81% by wt. of the 2,4-isomer of diethyltoluene-diamine and 21 to 25% by wt. of the 2,6-isomer of diethyltoluenediamine. This is commercially available under the tradename Ethacure 100 from Albermarle Corporation. The color stabilized version of Ethacure 100 which is available under the tradename Ethacure 100LC is preferred.  
         [0060]     A particularly preferred compound to be used as (B)(3) herein is 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane.  
         [0061]     Suitable crosslinking agents to be used as component (B)(4) in accordance with the present invention to be used as component herein typically have a molecular weight of at least about 130, and preferably at least about 200. These crosslinking agents also typically have a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 800, and preferably less than or equal to about 500. The crosslinking agents may have a molecular weight ranging between any combination of these upper and lower values, inclusive, e.g. from about 130 to about 800, and preferably from about 200 to about 500.  
         [0062]     Crosslinking agents (B)(4) of the invention contain about 3 to about 8 hydroxyl groups which are capable of reacting with isocyanate groups. It is preferred that compounds used as (B)(4) contain from about 3 to about 6 hydroxyl groups. In addition, compounds used as (B)(4) contain from 1 to 4 tertiary amine groups, and preferably from 1 to 3 tertiary amine groups. These compounds should be free of primary amine groups and of secondary amine groups.  
         [0063]     Examples of such compounds include, for example, various alkoxylation products of amine containing starters or initiators. Such amine starters or initiators include compounds such as, for example, ethylene diamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, isophoronediamine, 2-methyl-1,5-pentane diamine, toluene diamine, diethylenetriamine, diaminocyclohexane, hexamethylenediamine, methyliminobispropylamine, iminobispropylamine, bis(aminopropyl)piperazine, aminoethyl piperazine, 1,2-diaminocyclo-hexane, polyoxyalkylenepolyamines (preferably polyoxyalkylene diamines and polyoxyalkylene triamines), bis-(p-aminocyclohexyl)methane, triethylenetetramine, mixtures thereof, etc.  
         [0064]     These initiators are alkoxylated by reacting with a suitable alkylene oxide such as, for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylenes oxide, stryrene oxide, etc. to the desired functionality and molecular weight as described above. Propylene oxide is a preferred alkylene oxide. Propoxylated polyether polyols initiated from diamine compounds are preferred. A most preferred crosslinking agent is propoxylated ethylene diamine having a hydroxyl functionality of 4 and a molecular weight of about 350.  
         [0065]     In accordance with the present invention, at least one catalyst is present. Suitable catalysts include metal based catalysts including, for example, metal carboxylates, metal halides and metal-sulfur catalysts, other carboxylates such as ammonium carboxylates, as well as tertiary amines, etc., and mixtures thereof. Of the metal halides, the metal chlorides are preferred. These catalysts may be used alone or as a combination with at least one tertiary amine catalyst.  
         [0066]     Some examples of metal carboxylate catalysts which are suitable for use in accordance with the present invention include for example, tin carboxylates such as, for example, dimethyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin dilaurate and dimethyltin dineodecanoate; bismuth carboxylates, such as, for example, bismuth trineodecanoate and bismuth 2-ethylhexanoate, as well as other metal carboxylates such as lead 2-ethylhexanoate. Some suitable examples of metal halides include, for example, tin halides and metal chlorides, and especially tin chlorides such as, for example, dimethyltin dichloride. Suitable examples of ammonium carboxylates include, for example, trimethylhydroxyethylammonium-2-ethylhexanoate (i.e. Dabco TMR). Tin carboxylates such as, for example, dimethyltin dilaurate and dimethyltin dineodecanoate, and bismuth carboxylates such as, for example, bismuth trineodecanoate and bismuth 2-ethylhexanoate, are preferred catalysts. Metal chlorides such as, for example, dimethyltin dichloride are also preferred catalysts.  
         [0067]     Suitable compounds to be used as tin-sulfur catalysts include, for example, dialkyltin dilaurylmercaptides such as, for example, dibutyltin dilaurylmercaptide and dimethyltin dilaurylmercaptide.  
         [0068]     Some examples of suitable tertiary amine catalysts include, for example, triethylamine, triethylenediamine, tributylamine, N-methyl-morpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, N-ethyldiethanolamine, and N, N-dimethylethanol-amine.  
         [0069]     Also, suitable catalysts include, for example, acid blocked catalysts such as, acid blocked 1,8-diaza-7-bicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (i.e. DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.4.0]-dec-5-ene (i.e. DBD), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (i.e. DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo[7.5.0]tetradec-8-ene, 1,8-diazabicyclo-[7.4.0]tridec-8-ene, 1,8-diazabicyclo[7.3.0]dodec-8-ene, etc. Suitable blocking agents include phenol, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, formic acid, oleic acid, etc.  
         [0070]     It is preferred that the catalyst system herein comprises one or more metal catalyst. Preferred metal catalysts include a combination of dimethyltin di-2-ethylhexanoate and bismuth tri-2-ethylhexanoate.  
         [0071]     The total quantity of catalyst used herein typically ranges from about 0.3 to about 1.5%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.0%, based on 100% by weight of the total system. The use of “total system” here means the combined weight of the A-side and the B-side, including additives.  
         [0072]     Optional additives to be included in the present invention as component (D) include, for example, surface-active additives such as emulsifiers and foam stabilizers. Examples include N-stearyl-N′,N′-bis-hydroxyethyl urea, oleyl polyoxyethylene amide, stearyl diethanol amide, isostearyl diethanolamide, polyoxyethylene glycol monoleate, a pentaerythritol/adipic acid/oleic acid ester, a hydroxy ethyl imidazole derivative of oleic acid, N-stearyl propylene diamine and the sodium salts of castor oil sulfonates or of fatty acids. Alkali metal or ammonium salts of sulfonic acid such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid or dinaphthyl methane sulfonic acid and also fatty acids may also be used as surface-active additives.  
         [0073]     Suitable foam stabilizers include polyether siloxanes. The structure of these compounds is generally such that a copolymer of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide is attached to a polydimethyl siloxane radical. Such foam stabilizers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,764,565. In addition to the catalysts and surface-active agents, other additives which may be used in the molding compositions of the present invention include known blowing agents including nitrogen, cell regulators, flame retarding agents, plasticizers, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, adhesion promoters, dyes, fillers and reinforcing agents such as glass in the form of fibers or flakes or carbon fibers. Suitable antioxidants include, for example, aromatic phosphates such as, for example tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite (i.e. Weston TNPP), and compounds such as triethylene glycol bis-3-(3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-propionate (i.e. Irganox 245), etc. Suitable UV stabilizers include, for example, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate (i.e. Tinuvin 765), 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1,1-dimethy-propyl)phenol (i.e. Tinuvin 328), etc. However, any of the known antioxidants and/or UV stabilizers may be used. As set forth hereinabove, specific advantages have been found in reaction mixtures containing antioxidants and/or UV stabilizers have been added.  
         [0074]     It is also possible to use the known internal mold release agents, such as, for example, zinc stearate, in the RIM process of the invention. As is known to one of ordinary skill in the art, in the RIM process, an isocyanate, and active hydrogen containing compounds are mixed and injected into molds, wherein the reactants are allowed to react fully.  
         [0075]     The molded products of the present invention are prepared by reacting the components in a closed mold via the RIM process. The compositions according to the present invention may be molded using conventional processing techniques at isocyanate indexes ranging from about 90 to 110 (preferably from 95 to 105). By the term “Isocyanate Index” (also commonly referred to as NCO index), is defined herein as the equivalents of isocyanate, divided by the total equivalents of isocyanate-reactive hydrogen containing materials, multiplied by 100.  
         [0076]     In general, in a RIM process, two separate streams are intimately mixed under high pressure and subsequently injected into a suitable closed mold, although it is possible to use more than two streams. The first stream contains the polyisocyanate component, optionally with additives such as catalysts, antioxidants, etc., while the second stream contains the isocyanate reactive components and any other additives which are to be included.  
         [0077]     The following examples further illustrate details for the process of this invention. The invention, which is set forth in the foregoing disclosure, is not to be limited either in spirit or scope by these examples. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions of the following procedures can be used. Unless otherwise noted, all temperatures are degrees Celsius and all parts and percentages are parts by weight and percentages by weight, respectively.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0078]     The following components were used in the working examples of the present application: 
        Iso A: a trimer of isophorone diisocyanate having an NCO group content of about 29.3% and a functionality of about 2.2, and prepared by the partial trimerization of isophorone diisocyanate in the presence of trimethylbenzylammonium hydroxide catalyst, to a trimer to monomer ratio of about 65 weight % to 35 weight %     Polyol A: a glycerine started polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene polyether polyol, having a nominal functionality of 3 and a number average molecular weight of about 4740     EG: ethylene glycol     MP-Diol: 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol     DEOA: diethanolamine     Dytek A: 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane     Polyol B: an ethylene diamine propoxylated polyether polyol having a functionality of about 4 and a number average molecular weight of about 350     Catalyst A: bismuth tri-2-ethylhexanoate, commercially available as Coscat 28 from Cambrex     Catalyst B: lead di-2-ethylhexanoate, commercially available as lead octoate from Shepherd Chemical Co.     Catalyst C: a phenol salt of 1,8-diazadicyclo(5.4.0)undecene, commercially available as Polycat SA-1 from Air Products     Catalyst D: dimethyltin dineodecanoate, commercially available as Cotin 280 from Cambrex     Irganox 245: triethylene glycol bis-3-(3′-tert-butyl-4′hydroxy-5′-methyl-phenyl)propionate, an antioxidant that is commercially available from Ciba-Geigy Inc.     Tinuvin 328: 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol, an UV stabilizer; commercially available from Ciba-Geigy Inc.     Tinuvin 765: bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate, a UV stabilizer, commercially available from Ciba-Geigy Inc.     DR-0217: a black paste, commercially available from Plasticolors as DR-0217     Baylith L Powder: a zeolite (drying agent), commercially available from Bayer BMS LLC     Weston TNPP: tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite from GE Specialties 
 
 General Procedure: 
       
 
         [0096]     The components described above were used to produce reaction injected molded articles. The specific materials and the amounts of those materials used are reported in Tables 1 and 3 which follow. Example 1 is a comparative example.  
         [0097]     The polyurethane-forming systems of Examples 1-9 were injected using a LK-06 RIM machine, which is a Hennecke RIM-DO-MAT with a Hennecke MQ-8 mixhead. The isocyanate-reactive materials and various additives were put into the B-side of the machine, and the appropriate quantities of the isocyanate component were loaded into the A-side. The B-side was preheated to 45° C. and the A-side was heated to 45° C. The materials were injected at an injection pressure of 175 bar and an injection rate of 177 grams/sec. The material was injected into a flat plaque aluminum mold of 3×200×300 mm heated to about 80° C. About 210 g of reaction mixture was shot into the mold and the trimmed plaque weighed about 180 g. After a 30 second dwell time, the part was demolded. Physical properties were determined in accordance with ASTM standards.  
         [0098]     The following ASTM test methods were used in the working examples of the present application. Physical properties for Examples 1-9 are reported in Tables 2 and 4.  
                                             ASTM Tests                Property   ASTM Test Number                       Flexural Modulus   D 3489 (D 790 Method I)           Shore A Hardness   D2240           Shore D Hardness   D2240           Die C Tear Strength   D624           Split Tear Strength   D624           Tensile Strength   D412           Ultimate % Elongation   D412                      
 
         [0099]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
                 Example 4 
                 Example 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol A 
                 82.9 
                 79.7 
                 79.5 
                 77.4 
                 77.6 
               
               
                 EG 
                 7.5 
                 7.5 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 MP Diol 
                   
                   
                   
                 9.6 
                 9.6 
               
               
                 DEOA 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Dytek A 
                   
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Polyol B 
                   
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Irganox 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 245 
               
               
                 Tinuvin 
                 0.5 
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 328 
               
               
                 DR-0217 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 Baylith L 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 Catalyst A 
               
               
                 Catalyst B 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Catalyst C 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Iso A 
                 56.87 
                 54.2 
                 54.24 
                 49.96 
                 49.92 
               
               
                 Catalyst D 
                 0.248 
                 0.226 
                 0.236 
                 0.217 
                 0.208 
               
               
                 Tinuvin 
                 0.464 
                 2.12 
                 0.443 
                 0.408 
                 1.953 
               
               
                 765 
               
               
                 Weston 
                 4.301 
                   
                 4.102 
                 3.779 
               
               
                 TNPP 
               
               
                 NCO 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Index 
               
               
                 Gel Time 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                 (sec) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0100]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
                 Example 4 
                 Example 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Density 
                 1113 
                 1057 
                 1105 
                 1081 
                 1100 
               
               
                 (kg/m 3 ) 
               
               
                 Hardness 
                 80 
                 88 
                 90 
                 90 
                 92 
               
               
                 Shore A 
               
               
                 Hardness 
                 25 
                 33 
                 34 
                 35 
                 33 
               
               
                 Shore D 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 252 
                 230 
                 250 
                 219 
                 236 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Tensile 
                 13.1 
                 15.2 
                 15.5 
                 12.9 
                 13.8 
               
               
                 Strength 
               
               
                 (MPa) 
               
               
                 Die C 
                 418 
                 405 
                 455 
                 418 
                 438 
               
               
                 Tear 
               
               
                 (N/cm) 
               
               
                 Split Tear 
                 88 
                 89 
                 91 
                 111 
                 121 
               
               
                 (N/cm) 
               
               
                 Flex 
                 22 
                 53 
                 54 
                 55 
                 65 
               
               
                 Modulus 
               
               
                 (MPa) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0101]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 6 
                 Example 7 
                 Example 8 
                 Example 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol A 
                 82.9 
                 79.9 
                 77.8 
                 80.1 
                 78.0 
               
               
                 EG 
                 7.5 
                 7.5 
                   
                 7.5 
               
               
                 MP Diol 
                   
                   
                 9.6 
                   
                 9.6 
               
               
                 DEOA 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Dytek A 
                   
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Polyol B 
                   
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Irganox 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 245 
               
               
                 Tinuvin 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 328 
               
               
                 DR-0217 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 Baylith L 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 Catalyst A 
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Catalyst B 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Catalyst C 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Iso A 
                 56.87 
                 53.98 
                 49.71 
                 53.94 
                 49.67 
               
               
                 Catalyst D 
                 0.248 
                 0.474 
                 0.216 
                 0.452 
                 0.416 
               
               
                 Tinuvin 
                 0.464 
                 0.474 
                 0.433 
                 2.119 
                 1.952 
               
               
                 765 
               
               
                 Weston 
                 4.301 
                 4.262 
                 3.762 
               
               
                 TNPP 
               
               
                 Iso Index 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Gel Time 
                 4 
                 11 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
               
               
                 (Sec) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0102]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 6 
                 Example 7 
                 Example 8 
                 Example 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Density 
                 1113 
                 1087 
                 1091 
                 1085 
                 1100 
               
               
                 (Kg/m 3 ) 
               
               
                 Hardness 
                 80 
                 90 
                 86 
                 94 
                 92 
               
               
                 Shore A 
               
               
                 Hardness 
                 25 
                 34 
                 28 
                 36 
                 35 
               
               
                 Shore D 
               
               
                 Elongation 
                 252 
                 250 
                 266 
                 251 
                 230 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Tensile 
                 13.1 
                 14.4 
                 11.7 
                 14.4 
                 12.0 
               
               
                 Strength 
               
               
                 (MPa) 
               
               
                 Die C 
                 418 
                 447 
                 388 
                 406 
                 449 
               
               
                 Tear 
               
               
                 (N/cm) 
               
               
                 Split Tear 
                 88 
                 94 
                 118 
                 132 
                 128 
               
               
                 (N/cm) 
               
               
                 Flex 
                 22 
                 52 
                 35 
                 83 
                 67 
               
               
                 Modulus 
               
               
                 (MPa) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0103]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polyol Blend Compatibility Study 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                 Example 11 
                 Example 12 
                 Example 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol A 
                 79.5 
                 77.4 
                 79.9 
                 77.8 
               
               
                 EG 
                 7.5 
                   
                 7.5 
               
               
                 MP Diol 
                   
                 9.6 
                   
                 9.6 
               
               
                 Dytek A 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Polyol B 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Catalyst A 
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Catalyst B 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Catalyst C 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Irganox 245 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Tinuvin 328 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Appearance 
                 Cloudy with 
                 Clear 
                 Cloudy but 
                 Clear with 
               
               
                   
                 phase 
                   
                 translucent 
                 slight haze 
               
               
                   
                 separation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0104]     Although the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention except as it may be limited by the claims.