Abstract:
This is directed to systems, processes, machines, and other means that simulate blast waves from explosive events. The invention can make waveforms tailored to a user&#39;s preference to accurately model a variety of explosive events by utilizing a driver section and a transition section that have divergent geometries.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
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     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
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     THE NAMES OF PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
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     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
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     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This relates to devices that simulate air blast pressure waves. In some embodiments, the shock waves simulate those generated by an explosive event such as the detonation of a bomb or improvised explosive device (IED), rupture of a pressure vessel or rapid petrol-chemical combustion. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Explosive events can be caused by either accidents or deliberate acts. Both of these are extremely dangerous to both people and structures. Engineers study the effect of explosive charges either in field tests or in laboratories. A prerequisite for the experimental investigation of blast effects and injuries, and the consequent development of protective technologies, is the ability to accurately, safely, and reproducibly simulate the air-blast loading conditions caused by an explosion. 
     Conducting experiments using actual high-explosive charges in field tests is problematic due to cost, availability of qualified sites and personnel, risk of accidents in storage, movement or setting of the charge, rate of testing, quality of extent of data gathering, inherent lack of reproducibility, poor control of the target setup conditions, and the inability to apply advanced instrumentation. 
     Since the 1800&#39;s, the use of laboratory testing has been popular to reproduce gas-dynamic shock waves in a safe and scientific manner. These early devices were versions of the modern gas-dynamic shock tube, which has a variety of uses, from experimental studies of supersonic aerodynamics to combustion. A standard shock tube uses a driver section of a circular cross-section having a constant cross-sectional area with axial distance known as a “conventional geometry.” Typically, any inclusions of area expansions in the circular cross-section are highly problematic to fabricate in a matter that would allow gradual and easily defined wall curvature, such that the area change with distance is smooth and gradual. 
     Scientists and engineers endeavor to use shock tubes to accurately and safely simulate blast conditions in a controlled and repeatable manner to research blast vulnerabilities of systems, detailed processes of blast loading, damages and injuries, as well as to develop countermeasures or protective technologies in a controlled, safe, economic and systematic manner. The shock tubes which accomplish this are called “blast simulators.” 
     A blast wave is a particular type of shock wave characterized by certain profiles or “wave shapes” for pressure, flow velocity, density, and temperature. In a blast simulator a shock wave generated from the “driver section” causes gas to pass through the shock tube to the “test section,” where experiments would be conducted, such as studies of blast damage to test articles measured by various devices. 
     Prior to the disclosed invention, there was a lack of blast simulators which accurately and efficiently replicated blast conditions for scientific investigations. While many have tried, previous blast simulators do not reproduce full and credible blast waveforms leading to the development of protection measures that may be ineffective or in fact deleterious when exposed to actual blast conditions. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     The Hanes U.S. Pat. No. 2,824,444 teaches a device that uses a frangible diaphragm with a shock tube to further drive a moveable piston that is then used to impact a target, producing a mechanical shock for testing. It is not used to generate a blast wave for testing. 
     The Fowler U.S. Pat. No. 3,079,786 teaches a device that uses a shock tube to accelerate a mechanical mass for impact shock testing of components. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Filler U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,955 teaches a device for amplifying the blast effect from a high explosive charge by using a conical shock tube with the detonating charge at the apex. The device offers no insight on how to simulate the blast waves of high explosives with substances that are not, in fact, the same high explosives. 
     The Filler U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,098 teaches a conical shock tube used to amplify the shock from the detonation of a small amount of explosive, channelling that shock to the surface of the earth to induce seismic waves for geologic exploration. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Stephenson U.S. Pat. No. 3,326,033 teaches a solution to the problem of reflection in closed shock tubes by putting a screen on the end of an open shock tube. This creates the problem of rarefaction in having an open shock tube, for which no solution is offered. Further, it does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Daiber U.S. Pat. No. 3,410,142 teaches a conventional geometry blast tube that is driven by high pressure gas generated by heating the driver with concentrically arranged lasers. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Allgood U.S. Pat. No. 3,495,455 teaches a device that is used to produce low-pressure long-duration blast waves to simulate a nuclear blast. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape, nor does it explain how the teaching can be applied to short-duration high-pressure blasts. 
     The Moffatt U.S. Pat. No. 3,514,071 teaches a valve mechanism where the shock wave is produced in the shock tube instead of a frangible membrane. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Clark U.S. Pat. No. 3,578,008 teaches a fast acting plate valve used to actuate a conventional shock tube system only. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Moffatt U.S. Pat. No. 3,711,061 teaches a conventional shock tube actuated by an improved “fluid snap valve” that is more durable than previous valve designs. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Daiber U.S. Pat. No. 3,756,344 teaches a conventional geometry blast tube that is driven by high pressure gas generated by focusing a laser on an orifice at one end of a shock tube. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Kingrey Statutory Invention Registration No. H86 teaches a method for eliminating end-waves by placing several bars placed over the open end of the shock tube and adjusting the spacing between the bars to achieve the rarefaction to reflected ratio. The claimed invention utilizes an end-wave eliminator made of either mesh screen or perforated plates that are adjusted to achieve the same affect. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape 
     The Filler U.S. Pat. No. 4,890,603 teaches a device that uses a conical shock tube initiated by a spark to produce a spherically expanding shock wave, which interacts with a diffracting shock wave at the rim of the open end of the shock tube, creating a moving region of high pressure within the human body that then locally fractures kidney stones. It does not use of a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Lacey U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,665 teaches a free-piston shock tube that uses a piston to compress the driver gas and then rupture the driver membrane for use in situations where the user desires very high pressure and high temperature shocks of a long duration for aerodynamic studies.  FIG. 1C  shows a conical expansion between the driver and test sections, but the description does not teach the meaning of this construction. Rather it indicates this feature is unnecessary in its preferred embodiment. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Lacey, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,868 teaches the operation of a stop mechanism for the compression piston in a free-piston shock tube similar to Lacey U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,665 above. Again, it does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Osofsky U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,866 teaches the use of a pebble bed heater to heat the driver gas in a conventional shock tube to improve performance when simulating a nuclear blast. The device uses an expansion section to connect a smaller driver section to a larger test section, but does not teach how this affects waveforms. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Lacey U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,081 teaches a valve assembly to actuate the free piston shock tube tunnel in Lacey U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,665 above. The patent does not teach anything about the generation of true free-field blast waves. 
     The Lacey U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,110 teaches a diaphragm design for the shock tube of Lacey U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,665 above, with multiple rupture areas. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     The Ritzel et al. paper, An adjustable explosion-source model for CFD [computational fluid dynamic] blast calculations raises the prospect that a more accurate method of modeling explosions can exist by using helium balloons to simulate explosions. It does not teach how to make a blast wave simulator to model these explosions. 
     The Tate U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,891 teaches a shock tube that uses a high speed valve in place of a rupture membrane. The patent is concerned with the design of the high speed valve and does not claim to use divergent driver or transition section geometry to generate true free-field blast waves. 
     The Thomas, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,763,696 teaches a shock tube system composed of a cylindrical driver, an extension section to extend the driver length, an expansion section, and a test section with a larger cross section than driver or extension section. The patent does not teach anything about divergent driver geometry or that the expansion section referenced is anything other than a convenient way to go from the smaller-area driver/extension section to the larger-area test section. The patent also does not teach that the divergent geometry of the expansion section is required for the wave shape tailoring the inventors claim. 
     The Unified Facilities Criteria publication  Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions  provides a model for simulating only the first phase of a free-field explosion. It does not teach a how to make a blast wave simulator to model these explosions. 
     The Carpenter U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2010/0011981A1 teaches a device that generates a shock wave using a tube and a fast acting valve to generate noise signatures for IED training. It does not teach a driver section and transition section with divergent geometries to generate a true free-field blast wave shape. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods, systems, and other means are provided for explosive blast testing. In accordance with some embodiments, a machine simulates the transient air shock-wave conditions generated by an explosive event. This machine can be a specially shaped and designed gas-dynamic shock tube. The disclosed invention is a blast simulator comprising four continuous sections: a first section called a “driver section,” a second section called a “transition section,” a third section called a “test section,” and a fourth section called an “end-wave eliminator.” 
     The driver section comprises a special shaped duct with two ends. The first end is closed and converges into an apex. From the apex, the duct has a diverging area which leads to a second end that contains a frangible membrane. The driver section receives an input of compressed gas, which pressurizes the driver section until the frangible membrane ruptures from over-pressurization, or is mechanically ruptured by a cutting device. 
     After passing through the first frangible membrane, the compressed gas enters the transition section. The transition section smoothly channels the expanding gas and propagated wave from the driver section into a second “test section.” In this regard, the transition section performs two functions. First, it must allow for the initial expansion of gasses at the same rate developed from the driver section for some distance such that the required shock waveform is properly developed. Second, once that shock waveform is developed, the shockwave flow must be smoothly redirected or converged into the test section where users can conduct experiments. If the flow is not re-converged, the shock-wave amplitude will decay too rapidly. The transition section may contain louvered apertures in the side wall to adjust waveforms as necessary, depending on the test involved. 
     The test section is typically used for the placement of a test object, or target, and contains test objects, structures or materials that react to the shock waveforms, creating results germane to the desired outputs of a user. However, experiments can be conducted close to the first frangible membrane in the transition section, if especially high loading levels are desired. Those tests simulate explosive events such as bombs, IEDs, and petro-chemical explosions. One difficulty in obtaining accurate results is the Law of Reflection, which states that waveforms reflect off objects in their surroundings and return to the wave source. The present invention eliminates that concern by use of the end-wave eliminator. 
     After the waveform leaves the test section, it enters the end-wave eliminator. The end-wave eliminator is located at the end of the test section and comprises a shock-diffuser element within an enclosing dump tank having an anechoic liner at the end of the test section. The end-wave eliminator serves two functions. First, it prevents a wave which has passed through the test section from being reflected back into the test section, harming the experimental results. Second, the end-wave eliminator possesses sufficient volume to contain the efflux of gas from the test section and, with its anechoic lines, serves to muffle the pressure disturbance which would otherwise be propagated into the external laboratory workspace. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is an explanatory illustration of a blast wave simulator in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an explanatory illustration of the driver section of a blast wave simulator in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are explanatory illustration of a device to cut the frangible membrane of a blast wave simulator in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is an explanatory illustration of the transition section of a blast wave simulator in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of a model blast wave behavior over pressure, time and distance. 
         FIG. 6A-D  is a series of descriptions of different drivers. 
         FIG. 7  is an explanatory illustration of the test section of a blast wave simulator in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is an explanatory illustration of the end-wave eliminator of a blast wave simulator in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Shock tubes were built to simulate air blast pressure waves from nuclear explosions since the Atmospheric Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 prohibited live-fire testing. The shock tubes generally performed well, simulating an air blast that lasted for 1000 ms at 1 MPa. These shock tubes were a straight piece of pipe open at one end and separated into a “driver” section with a high pressure gas and a “driven” section with a low-pressure test target and open to ambient conditions. The two sections would be separated by a frangible membrane. The driver would be pressurized until the frangible membrane either ruptured from over-pressurization or by a puncturing device. 
     There are two basic problems with this design. First, it did not accurately replicate air blast waves from nuclear explosions. Second, it did not accurately replicate air blast waves from hemispherical high energy blast sources. 
     There are four basic problems with the traditional blast-tube&#39;s simulation of the air blast resulting from a nuclear explosion. First, unless the driver gas is specially heated, its cooling upon expansion will cause a density and temperature discontinuity to develop when interfacing with the air it is pressurizing, resulting in anomalous waveforms. Second, an open-ended shock tube will result in a greatly exaggerated outflow and the development of a recompression shock traveling upstream, that is, contrary to a true explosive blast. Third, an inefficient frangible membrane rupture will result in remnants of the frangible membrane obstructing the pressurized air leaving the driver. Fourth, an explosion in an enclosed space such as a laboratory is extremely loud and disruptive to anyone else trying to do work, even in a large facility. 
     There are three additional problems with using techniques appropriate to modern air-blast wave concerns. First, there are different types of explosive threats, including high explosives, fuel-air explosions, non-conventional heterogeneous formulations, and non-spherical charges, which tend to have higher peak over-pressure conditions, because the impulse is around 10 ms, or 1% of the length of time-scale of an air blast from a nuclear detonation. Second, these different kinds of explosive incidents have secondary shocks. Many non-conventional structures and humans are sensitive to the negative phase of a high explosive blast, which cannot be simulated in the traditional shock tube. When a high explosive detonation occurs, for example, there is a shock compression followed by an abrupt expansion. Both of these are relevant to human injury—particularly brain injury—but the traditional shock tube can only accurately simulate the former. Third, non-nuclear explosive events create waveforms that have higher amplitude, shorter duration, and some manner of negative phase, including the secondary shock. 
     Embodiments of the present invention overcome many of the obstacles associated with producing waveforms that simulate explosive events, and now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings that show some, but not all embodiments of the claimed inventions. Indeed, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
       FIG. 1  shows blast simulator  100 . Blast simulator  100  is a duct. Blast simulator  100  can be used to, among other things, create waveforms that replicate the waveforms created by IEDs, bomb blasts, and petro-chemical explosions. Once those waveforms are created, they can be used to test impact on material within blast simulator  100 . 
     Blast simulator  100  includes driver section  200 . Driver section  200  is coupled to transition section  300  with contains a mechanical couple  250 . Transition section  300  is coupled to test section  400  with mechanical couple  350 . Test section  400  is coupled to end-wave eliminator  500  with a mechanical couple (not shown). 
     In one embodiment, blast simulator  100  functions when an explosive event occurs in driver section  200  (see  FIG. 2 ). The explosive charge creates a waveform that passes through mechanical couple  250  (see  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ) and enters transition section  300  (see  FIG. 4 ). From transition section  300 , the waveform passes through mechanical couple  350  (see  FIG. 4 ) and enters test section  400  where it may react with a target (see  FIG. 5 ). The waveform which does not have exposure to the target then enters end-wave eliminator  500 , where it is dissipated. 
       FIG. 2  shows driver section  200 . Driver section  200  contains a first end  210  that is especially shaped and has an area divergent from a second end, which contains apex  220 . Apex  220  has a mechanical couple  250  to frangible membrane  240 . In one embodiment, driver section  200  contains a removable back plate  201 . In a first operating mode, removable back plate  201  contains port  211 , which allows for the input of a combustible gaseous mixture, such as oxy-acetylene. Removable back plate  201  contains port  212 , which allows for the insertion of a firing plug to ignite the compressed gas inserted through port  211 . In some embodiments, multiple ports can provide for a set of firing plugs  214 . In that embodiment a set of firing plugs  214  ignite the compressed gas inserted through port  211 . Removable back plate  201  can be attached to flange  202  with bolts. In a second operating mode, removable back plate  201  can have port  211  blocked and port  212  can be used to insert inert compressed gas to pressurize driving section  200 . In a third operating mode, a balloon  216  made of made of tough reinforced fabric such as vinyl or sheet plastic such as polyethylene can be inserted into driver section  200  and inflated with an inert gas. The rupture of the balloon  216  either by over-pressurization or by a cutting device such as cutting mechanism  242  to create a pressure wave. Reinforcement rib  203  is not required, but can provide additional stability for driver section  200 . Air-eductor purge port  204  can be blanked for compressed gas mode or used to provide air to allow flammable gas to ignite in flammable gas mode. Apex  220  contains flange  221 , which has a mechanical couple  250  to flange  222  with an o-ring (not pictured), as necessary. Frangible membrane  240  is reinforced by cutting mechanism  242 . Frangible membrane  240  can also be punctured by cutting mechanism  242 . Frangible membrane  240  is unnecessary in the third operating mode because a balloon  216  serves as the frangible membrane as explained below. 
     The purpose of driver section  200  is to create a pressure wave for blast simulator  100 . There are three ways of accomplishing this which use three different sets of equipment in each case the equipment pressurizes the driver section combines with an even which causes the frangible membrane to rupture creating a pressure wave. In the first operating mode, needed equipment can include a device that inserts flammable gas into driver section  200  through port  211  which becomes a flammable gas inlet. That gas is then ignited by a firing plug  214  inserted into port  212  creating an ignited gas mixture. The ignited gas mixture pressurizes driver section  200 . The ignited gas mixture creates a pressure wave when it travels through mechanical couple  250  upon the rupture of frangible membrane  240 . Frangible membrane  240  can be ruptured either by over-pressurization or by cutting mechanism  242 , which is explained in more detail below. The ignited gas mixture expands from driver section  200  into transition section  300 , creating a pressure wave. 
     In the second operating mode, needed equipment can include a pumping device that fills driver section  200  with compressed gas though port  211 . The pumping device could be, for example, an air compressor. Air-eductor purge port  204  is covered in the second operating mode. The compressed gas creates a pressure wave when it travels through mechanical couple  250  upon the rupture of frangible membrane  240 . Frangible membrane  240  can be ruptured either by over-pressurization or by cutting mechanism  242  which is explained in more detail below. 
     In the third operating mode, the requires equipment that includes a balloon  216  inserted into driver section  200  and an inflation device attached to port  211  to pressurize the balloon  216 . The inflation device could be, for example, an air compressor. Air-eductor purge port  204  and port  212  are blocked in the third operating mode. Frangible membrane  240  is removed and the frangible membrane becomes the balloon  216  itself. Cutting mechanism  242  is mounted in transition section  300  (see  FIG. 3A ,  3 B). The inflation device pressurizes the balloon  216  to a desired level, at which point the balloon  216  can be ruptured by cutting mechanism  242  creating a pressure wave. The third operating mode, can be used, for example, in large scale operations. 
       FIG. 3A  shows the location of cutting mechanism  242 . Cutting mechanism  242  is located within transition section  300  and just downstream of mechanical couple  250 . In some embodiments, cutting mechanism  242  has the shape of an aerodynamic wing that is immediately adjacent to frangible membrane  240 . Until a set of cutting teeth (not pictured) are activated with switch  2421 , cutting mechanism  242  acts as a support strut for frangible membrane  240 . Cutting mechanism  242  can be a single support strut, or a plurality of support struts, depending on the needs of the user. However, the construction and use technique of cutting mechanism  242  is similar in all three operating modes. 
       FIG. 3B  shows a cross-sectional view of cutting mechanism  242 . Cutting mechanism  242  can be mounted into transition section  300  with top mounting bracket  2422  and bottom mounting bracket  2425 . Inside of cutting mechanism  242  is a set of cutting teeth  2423 . Cutting teeth  2423  are of non-uniform size and mounted onto bracket  2426 . Bracket  2426  pivots on pivot point  2424 . When switch  2421  is activated, bracket  2426  pivots about pivot point  2424 , causing cutting teeth  2423  to pass through slots  2426 , and then rupture a frangible membrane (not pictured). 
     As noted above, one of the problems with previous shock tubes is the inability to rupture a frangible membrane without having the remnants of the frangible membrane obstructing the flow of the compressed gas leaving the driver section. The present invention resolves this problem with a unique cutting mechanism to rupture the diaphragm without forming anomalous waves. The present invention does this by combining an aerodynamic wing with a series of holes that can deploy a plurality of teeth that efficiently sever the frangible membrane. 
     Cutting mechanism  242  can be constructed with a number of machining techniques. For example, a 3/16 inch sheet of 1040 steel can be bent to form the shape of cutting mechanism  242 . The ends of the sheet can then be welded together, and a metal cutting device can then be used to cut a series of slots  2426  in cutting mechanism  242 . Cutting teeth  2423  can be attached to bracket  2426  by welding, or both components can be manufactured as one piece of metal. Pivot point  2424  can be as simple as a bolt through bracket  2426 , or can be more elaborate depending on the embodiment utilized. The machinist can then insert bracket  2426  into cutting mechanism  242 , attach pivot point  2424 , and then utilize switch  2421  to activate cutting mechanism  242 . 
     As noted above, one of the problems with previous shock tubes has to do with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. When compressed gas passes from the driver, it expands, loses energy, creates entropy and, as a result, malforms the compression wave. Previous shock tubes resolved the problem of waveform energy dissipation by heating the compressed gas, which adds energy to the compressed gas. However, these solutions are limited in their effectiveness because the form of the pressure wave is equally important as the energy in it. The present invention takes a new approach by using the transition section to adjust the waveform to resemble model waves as depicted in scientific journals. 
       FIG. 4  shows transition section  300 . In one embodiment, transition section  300  contains a first wall  310 , a second wall  320 , a third wall  330 , and a fourth wall  340 . First wall  310  is parallel to second wall  320 . The shape of third wall  330  and fourth wall  340  are defined by a mathematical shape function. The mathematical shape function has a first derivative which defines the slope of the wall. Third wall  330  and fourth wall  340  are “smooth” when the first derivative of the mathematical shape function is continuous from mechanical couple  250  to mechanical couple  350 , and when the second derivative of the mechanical shape function is low order and continuous. In one embodiment, third wall  330  and fourth wall  340  are smooth. Third wall  330  and fourth wall  340  are collectively known as a set of side walls. 
     It is well known that curves can be fitted with polynomials of different orders. Higher order polynomials have more inflection points and therefore are more likely to fit more points on a curve. However, this patent teaches that the equation which models each sidewall must be continuous in the first and second derivative and use low order polynomials in the second order. The smooth curves caused by these functions prevent anomalous waves. 
     One embodiment may require the testing of material that blocks the cross-sectional area of test section  300 . Such material is subject to reflected shockwave conditions because the shockwave will reflect back to the closed end of driver  200 , which may be back plate  201  in some embodiments. To mitigate that problem, louvered apertures  331  and  341  may be inserted into sidewalls  330  and  340  respectively to allow reflected shock waves from the encounter to vent externally from the blast wave simulator. Louvered apertures  331  and  341  can be rapidly opened by various mechanical methods after passage of the initial downstream shockwave. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the pressure from the initial shockwave can open louvered apertures  331  and  341 . 
       FIG. 5  shows a graph of Dr. Harold Brode&#39;s well-known classical solution for a pressure wave at a specified time and distance from a spherical explosion of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The axes are labeled in the same manner as in Dr. Brode&#39;s paper. The τ-axis represents time from the explosive event, with the origin being the incident of the explosive event. The π-axis measures pressure, with the origin being atmospheric pressure. The λ-axis represents distance from the explosive event, with the origin being the epicenter. The explosive event initially causes a primary shock phase where the pressure is initially high, then the wave enters a first phase of compression below atmospheric pressure, then a secondary shock phase creates a second impulse, followed by a second phase of compression. 
     As noted above, one of the difficulties facing previous shock tube configurations was the ability to recreate this pattern of primary shock and secondary shock, particularly with the short impulse times of non-nuclear explosions. Previous inventions dealt with this issue by heating the compressed gas at the transition section inlet. As explained in  FIGS. 6A-6D , the present invention resolves that problem by adjusting the physical geometry of the driver section, or first part, and transition section, or second part, which is collectively a shock tube driver known as the “wedge.” The physical geometry enables the wedge to control the waveform. 
     In each of the drawings  6 A- 6 D the driver section has a physical geometry divergent from the transition section. In each drawing that divergent physical geometry has an effect on the waveform that leaves the transition section as shown in the two graphs. 
       FIG. 6A  shows a wedge having a physical geometry defined where driver section  200  contains a positive curvature, and transition section  300  contains an inflected curvature separated by mechanical couple  250 . The adjacent graphs show the pressure-time relationship of this wedge configuration modeling a TNT detonation when the compressed gas is either air or helium, in a large test section with a short duration explosive event. 
       FIG. 6B  shows a wedge having a physical geometry defined where driver section  200  contains a linear curvature, and transition section  300  contains a convergent curvature separated by mechanical couple  250 . The adjacent graphs show the pressure-time relationship of this wedge configuration modeling a TNT detonation when the compressed gas is either air or helium, in a large test section with a short duration explosive event. 
       FIG. 6C  shows a wedge having a physical geometry defined where driver section  200  contains a negative curvature, and transition section  300  contains a convergent curvature separated by mechanical couple  250 . The adjacent graphs show the pressure-time relationship of this wedge configuration modeling a TNT detonation when the compressed gas is either air or helium, in a large test section with a short duration explosive event. 
       FIG. 6D  shows a wedge having a physical geometry defined where driver section  200  is a plurality of shock tube drivers containing a positive curvature and transition section  300  contains an inflected curvature separated by mechanical couple  250 . The adjacent graphs show the pressure-time relationship of this wedge configuration modeling a TNT detonation when the compressed gas is either air or helium, in a large test section with a short duration explosive event. 
       FIG. 7  shows test section  400 . Test section  400  is a duct that has a mechanical couple  350  to transition section  300 . Test section  400  has a mechanical couple  450  to end-wave eliminator  500 . Test section  400  has four walls: first wall  410 , second wall  420 , third wall  430 , and fourth wall  440 . First wall  410  is parallel to second wall  420 . Third wall  430  is parallel to fourth wall  440 . Test section  400  contains room for test subject  401  and various testing equipment (not pictured) that a user may perform desired tests upon. A user can measure the properties of the wave or its effect on an object in test section  400 . 
       FIG. 8  shows end-wave eliminator  500 . End-wave eliminator  500  contains shock diffuser  510  within enclosing dump tank  520 . In some embodiments, shock diffuser  510  has a converging cross-sectional area with porous surface  511 . For example, shapes with converging cross-sectional areas include wedges, cones, or pyramids. In some embodiments, the converging cross-sectional area of shock diffuser  510  matches that of test section  200 . When a shockwave enters end-wave eliminator  500 , it passes through shock diffuser  510 , and is propelled through porous surface  511  (shown here with cross-sectional shading) into enclosing dump tank  520 , where enclosing dump tank  520  has sufficient volume to hold the volume of gas in the waveform and an anechoic lining to dissipate the sound of the waveform. 
     In some embodiments, porous surface  511  may be a perforated plate, a wire mesh, expanded metal, or any other material that provides controlled and distributed venting of the shock wave flow from test section  400 . A wire mesh cone that is a spiral wrapped with strong non-adhesive tape will also serve this purpose. In this embodiment, the spiral wrapping allows controlled venting between the leaves of the overlapping tape laps. The porous feature of porous surface  511  must be adjusted so that the net effect is to cause elimination of any appreciable upstream reflection while allowing for the controlled efflux of the shock wave gas from test section  400  into dump tank  520 . In this embodiment, the end-wave eliminator dissipates the energy in the waveform leaving the test section. 
     A blast wave is a single-pulse event, but standard shock tubes develop longitudinal reverberant wave patterns due to the ultimate reflection of the shock wave at the end of the tube. If the tube has a closed end, that closed end will cause a reflected shock of greatly enhanced pressure, to be propagated back toward to the test area stopping the outflow. Conversely, an open end will cause a rarefaction wave of reduced pressure, enhancing outflow back to the test area. These anomalous pressure waves are known as “end waves.” 
     One solution to the problem of end waves, in facilities without space limitations, is to have a sufficiently long shock tube from the experiment section to the end of the shock tube, such that the arrival of a reflective disturbance from the end of the shock tube does not affect the experiment in the time scale of interest. However, this creates two problems. First, many facilities have space limitations that cannot handle a shock tube of a sufficient length to make reflection irrelevant to the experiment. Second, some targets, such as biological material specimens, are affected by all waves during that target&#39;s time in the shock tube. These anomalous waves will cause the experiment to produce inaccurate results. 
     While reflection eliminators have been designed for shock tubes in the past, embodiments of the present invention utilize dump tank  520 , in combination with shock diffuser  510 , to eliminate anomalous waves in the most complete manner possible. Additionally, end-wave eliminator  500  also mitigates potentially hazardous and disturbing noise, and flow efflux, into the surrounding laboratory space.