Abstract:
A stator has a field winding, the winding comprising a plurality of axial conductors connected at their ends to form at least one circuit with a number of turns. Each axial conductor is disposed within a tubular axial insulation member, the tubular axial insulation members being disposed within a stack of laminations. The axial conductors and the tubular insulation members are radially distributed at equal angles. The position of the axial conductors and the tubular insulation members is predetermined.

Description:
[0001]    At present, electrical machines comprise one or more electrical conductor windings each of which has a polymeric insulation material. These electrical machines have a maximum operating temperature of the order of 200 C. due to the polymeric insulation material applied to the electrical conductor windings. 
         [0002]    The use of high temperature polymeric insulation material would enable the electrical machines to have a maximum operating temperature of the order of 250 C. However, it is believed that stable, oxidation resistant, polymeric insulation material will not have a maximum operating temperature above 300 C. 
         [0003]    There is a requirement for electrical machines with maximum temperatures of 400 to 500° C. and above. These electrical machines for example are active electromagnetic bearings, electrical generators and electrical motors for use within gas turbine engines, particularly on the high-pressure shaft rotor of a gas turbine engine, in oil and gas wells, particularly in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) type heavy oil wells,. The use of active electromagnetic bearings may allow the simplification of the rotating machinery by the elimination of conventional bearings and oil systems. 
         [0004]    As discussed above, polymeric insulation material cannot be used at temperatures above about 300 C. The use of an inorganic insulation material for the electrical conductors is a possibility. The inorganic insulation material may be based on ceramic cloths or ceramic coatings, applied to the electrical conductors. However, this is not desirable because the inorganic insulation material tends to be bulky limiting the packing density of the electrical conductor and the electrical conductors require potting in an inorganic cement, in addition the manufacturing process is very labour intensive. The use of an inorganic insulation material may be based on ceramic cloth and inorganic cement. However, this is not desirable because these inorganic insulation materials have poor thermal conductivity and would make the thermal management of the electrical conductor difficult. Additionally the porous nature of the inorganic cement tends to allow the inorganic insulation material to soak up fluids, for example water, oil or other lubricant. The presence of moisture tends to degrade the electrical insulation by allowing leakage currents to earth or between turns of the electrical conductor. The presence of oil tends to degrade the electrical insulation by forming carbon also allowing leakage currents to earth or between turns of the electrical conductor. Also the thermal expansion mismatch may cause damage to the insulation material during thermal cycling of the electrical conductor. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    It is an object of the present invention is to provide a motor winding that can operate at or withstand high temperatures. 
         [0006]    According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a stator having a field winding, the winding comprising a plurality of axial conductors connected at their ends to form at least one circuit with a number of turns, each axial conductor being disposed within a tubular axial insulation member, the tubular axial insulation members being disposed within a stack of laminations. 
         [0007]    According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a stator having a field winding, the winding comprising a plurality of axial conductors connected at their ends to form at least one circuit with a number of turns, the axial conductors being joined in pairs by a connection at their ends to form at least one circuit with a number of turns, the connection between pairs of the axial conductors being provided by a plurality of discs formed of insulating material, each disc having conductive end turn path provided to connect one or more pairs of axial conductors. 
         [0008]    According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a stator having a field winding, the winding comprising a plurality of axial conductors connected at their ends to form at least one circuit with a number of turns, the axial conductors being joined in pairs by a connection at their ends to form at least one circuit with a number of turns, the connection between pairs of the axial conductors being provided by shaped conductor members, with potting material being provided around the shaped conductor members. 
         [0009]    One aspect of the invention is to provide ceramic or other insulating material for the copper conductor in lamination slots. For example, the ceramic may be provided as a tube through which each copper conductor is threaded. A second aspect is providing ceramic (or other insulating) material for the end turns, for example using stackable wafers which sandwich the copper conductor. In order to enable the copper to bend at the end turn yet not crack the insulation, at each end turn the ceramic tube or sandwich may be terminated and a ceramic lamination used to isolate the copper conductor to enable it to be “turned” to the next slot and then threaded or laid into the ceramic insulated slot. Once the machine is fully wound, the free space around the conductors and ceramic laminations may be filled with magnesium oxide insulation, in either case the windings are ideally hermitically sealed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    The present invention will be more fully described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  section end view through the stator 
           [0012]      FIG. 2 . is an isometric view of a ceramic end turn wafer 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a half section of the wafer shown in  FIG. 2   
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is an end view of the wafer 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is an end turn link shown in  FIG. 4   
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a section side view AA of  FIG. 5   
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is a section view BB of  FIG. 5   
           [0018]      FIG. 8  is a slot winding diagram 
           [0019]      FIG. 9  is the end view of the layer AA of the winding diagram shown in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 10  is the slot winding diagram showing the next winding circuit 
           [0021]      FIG. 11  is the end view of the layer BB of the winding diagram shown in  FIG. 10 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 12  is the end view of the layer A of the winding diagram shown in  FIG. 10 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 13  is the slot winding diagram showing the complete circuit for phase A 
           [0024]      FIG. 14  is an isometric view of the stator with end turn wafers for both ends. 
           [0025]      FIG. 15  is an isometric view of end turn wafers A to J 
           [0026]      FIG. 16  is the same view as  FIG. 15  with the wafers hidden to show the conductor end turns A to J 
           [0027]      FIG. 17  is an isometric view of another embodiment of the invention of the non welded end turn end. 
           [0028]      FIG. 18  is a similar view to  FIG. 17  at the opposite end turn end. 
           [0029]      FIG. 19  is end on view of the end turn shown in  FIG. 18 , with an ultrasonic welding tool being used. 
           [0030]      FIG. 20  is a similar view to  FIG. 19  with an inner and outer sleeve around the end turns. 
           [0031]      FIG. 21  is a similar view to  FIG. 20  with the end turns potted with a cold cured ceramic potting material, the potting material contained between the inner and outer sleeve. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
       [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , mid-section of the stator comprises a steel tube housing  1 , installed inside the housing are a number of laminations  2 , the number will determine the length of the motor. The lamination  2  has holes or slots for the motor windings  3 , each hole has a ceramic tube  4  which provides electrical insulation for the motor winding wire  3 . The number of laminations and their thickness determines the length of the active portion of the stator. The slots and the conductors for the motor windings  3  are arranged in two concentric circles, the slots and conductors being equally distributed around each radius. 
         [0033]    Each length of winding must of course be electrically connected to the other windings to provide a winding path having a number of turns. For this stator, a stack of wafers  5  are used at each end of the stack of laminations  2 . Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , a ceramic wafer  5 , has a corresponding number of holes or slots  6  to match the holes or slots in the lamination  2 . To complete an end turn, the motor winding wire  3  passes through the passage  7 , along the curved channel  8  and back into the lamination stack via passage  9 . The conductors which form the windings (and the end turns if separate) may be copper, or copper clad steel. 
         [0034]    The wafers  5  can be stacked one on top of the other, the rim of each wafer having a stepped profile so that a raised boss  10  on the underside of the wafer fits into a recesses  11  of the upper face of the subsequent wafer. On each wafer there are three passage  12 ,  13  and  14  which correspond to each electrical phase of the motor. 
         [0035]    The wire forming the conductive path may be continuous, or it may be terminated at motor end turn wafer and electrically and mechanically joined to the next wire. Referring to  FIGS. 4 to 7 , as the wire  20  exits the wafer it is connected to wire  21  (the return wire) through the lamination stack by a conductive link piece  22 , which is generally curved, and has two inwardly radially extending arms  26 ,  27 . As previously mentioned, the slots  6  are distributed around the ceramic wafer in two concentric circles. The wire  20  is located in a slot  6  on the inner concentric circle, while the wire  21  is located in a slot  6  on the outer concentric circle. The length of arms  26 ,  27  of link piece are sized appropriately. 
         [0036]    Link piece  22  may be formed of copper, or copper clad steel for example. 
         [0037]    The link piece may be connected to the wires  20 ,  21  by an interference fit into the channel  13  of the ceramic wafer, or referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7  an ultrasonic friction welded, or mechanically connected using a connection element  29 , which may include a grub screw  25  and stack of Bellville washers  24 , which apply uniform pressure even at elevated temperatures. 
         [0038]    Each end of the axial conductors running through the laminations can be connected to the link bar using friction welding, enabling extra thick ceramic insulation to be bonded to the outside of the copper wire. 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIGS. 8 and 9  there is shown the motor circuit diagram together with corresponding views of one of the bottom end turn ceramic wafers  5 . For efficient packing, all three phases are wired at the simultaneously. The end turn of each phase consists of a U shaped wire, i.e. for phase A the U shaped wire  20  passes through slots  1  and  10 , while similar wires  31 ,  33  pass through slots  13  and  22 , and  25  to  34  respectively, using link pieces  22  as previously described. 
         [0040]    Referring to  FIGS. 10 and 11 , when the conductor in slot  10  reaches the top end of the motor, another ceramic end turn wafer  35  is added to the lamination stack, and the conductor is joined using a link pieces to another conductor in slot  2 . Similarly, the conductors of slots  22  and  34  are joined to conductors in slots  14  and  26  respectively. 
         [0041]    Referring to  FIGS. 10 and 12 , when the conductor in slot  2  reaches the bottom end of the motor, another ceramic end turn wafer  36  is added to the previous ceramic end turn wafer  5 , and the conductor is joined using a link pieces to another conductor in slot  11 . The conductors in slots  14  and  26  are joined to conductors in slots  23  and  35  respectively. 
         [0042]    Referring to  FIG. 13 , which shows the wiring diagram for a single phase, this process is repeated until the conductor of ever slot is joined as part of a winding circuit, in this case using three separate circuits to employ a three-phase power supply. 
         [0043]    In this embodiment, the slots are arranged in two concentric circles, each circle having  36  slots distributed equally around the radius. Each ceramic end turn wafer joins three conductor pairs (one pair for each phase circuit). In order to connect the  72  longitudinal connectors together,  11  ceramic end turn wafer A to K are required at the top of the stator where the power is connected, and  12  ceramic end turn wafer AA to LL are required at the bottom of the stator. As shown in the diagrams, a conductor from the outer concentric circle of conductors will generally be connected to a conductor from the inner concentric circle of conductors. 
         [0044]    Other wiring configurations will be possible, with the number and layout of slots, and in particular the arrangement of connections and length of ceramic link pieces being varied to suit the winding arrangements. The use of the link pieces with the end turn ceramic wafers, as well as the use of ceramic tubes through the active part of the stator laminations, enables the wire to be completely encased in a ceramic insulation, each wire fully isolated from every other wire in the motor. 
         [0045]    Referring to  FIGS. 14 to 16 , there is shown an isometric view of the motor windings  3  and ceramic end turn wafers  5 , it shows a very compact motor winding arrangement, again with every magnet wire passing through the motor totally isolated from any other passing through the lamination stack. 
         [0046]    The voids can be filled with high temperature dielectric oil, or filled using magnesium oxide or a liquid ceramic paste such as Rescor castable ceramics available from www.contronics.com. 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIGS. 17 to 21  there is shown a further embodiment of the invention, in this example the ceramic tubes  100  housing conductors  108 , which extend through the lamination stack  101  and are cut to different lengths corresponding to the end turn layers a to k. 
         [0048]    In this embodiment there are no end turn wafers. Curved ceramic link pieces  106 , comprising a shaped ceramic shell enclosing a conductive core, are used to connect two conductors  108  for each new end turn, the ceramic shell of the link piece  106  abutting the ends of the ceramic tubes  100 . Referring to  FIG. 19 , the conductors  108  are then ultrasonically welded using an anvil  104  and vibrating head or sonotrode (also known as a horn)  105 . This method reliably and cleanly achieves an excellent electrical connection. 
         [0049]    Once the conductors  108  are fully wired to create the winding circuits, an inner sleeve  102  and outer sleeve  103  are placed around the end turns (that it, the curved link pieces  106  and the exposed ends of the ceramic tubes  100 ) and a castable ceramic potting material  107  is poured around all the end turns and between the inner and outer sleeve to fully encapsulating the end turn assembly. 
         [0050]    The use of ceramics for the end turn wafers, insulating tubes for the longitudinal conductors, and link pieces, in both the embodiments, is particularly suitable for their insulating and temperature resistant properties. Nevertheless, other materials, such as composite materials and polymers, may also be suitable, provided they adequate provide insulating and temperature resistant properties, either for the tubes holding the axial conductors, or for the end wafers. Both components may be formed by injection moulding. 
         [0051]    The end turn wafers could also be formed with the curved conductors pre-assembled with the wafers. Each wafer and set of conductors for that wafer could be formed using a printed circuit board. The end turn conductors of the circuits boards may be braze together for electrical and mechanical connection once assembled. 
         [0052]    Each axial conductor located in an insulating tube could be made up of one or more strands or wires, and they may be braided or disposed separately. Provided they carry they are at the same voltage, tracking between them is not an issue.