Abstract:
Embodiments of the invention provide method and apparatus for generating a structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system having a transmitter with a least one transmitting antenna, said method comprising; composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain, wherein the frame has a transmission time interval in the time domain and locating a pilot signal, having pilot power level, from a first at least one antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119  
       [0001]     The present Application for Patent claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/692,184 entitled “Pilot design and channel estimation for OFDM” filed Jun. 20, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/709,085 entitled “Pilot design and channel estimation for OFDM” filed Aug. 16, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/723,891 entitled “Pilot design and channel estimation for OFDM” filed Oct. 5, 2005. All applications assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby incorporated by reference. The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Embodiments of the invention are directed, in general, to communication systems and, more specifically, to pilot design used in communications systems.  
         [0003]     The global market for both voice and data communication services continues to grow as does users of the systems which deliver those services. As communication systems evolve, system design has become increasingly demanding in relation to equipment and performance requirements. Future generations of communication systems, will be required to provide high quality high transmission rate data services in addition to high quality voice services. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique that will allow for high speed voice and data communication services.  
         [0004]     Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is based on the well-known technique of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). OFDM technique relies on the orthogonality properties of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the inverse fast Fourier transform (I FFT) to eliminate interference between carriers. At the transmitter, the precise setting of the carrier frequencies is performed by the IFFT. The data is encoded into constellation points by multiple (one for each carrier) constellation encoders. The complex values of the constellation encoder outputs are the inputs to the IFFT. For wireless transmission, the outputs of the IFFT are converted to an analog waveform, up-converted to a radio frequency, amplified, and transmitted. At the receiver, the reverse process is performed. The received signal (input signal) is amplified, down converted to a band suitable for analog to digital conversion, digitized, and processed by a FFT to recover the carriers. The multiple carriers are then demodulated in multiple constellation decoders (one for each carrier), recovering the original data. Since an IFFT is used to combine the carriers at the transmitter and a corresponding FFT is used to separate the carriers at the receiver, the process has potentially zero inter-carrier interference.  
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrative of the Frequency  103 —Time  101  Representation  100  of an OFDM Signal. In FDM different streams of information are mapped onto separate parallel frequency channels  140 . Each FDM channel is separated from the others by a frequency guard band to reduce interference between adjacent channels.  
         [0006]     The OFDM technique differs from traditional FDM in the following interrelated ways: 
        1. multiple carriers (called sub-carriers  150 ) carry the information stream;     2. the sub-carriers  150  are orthogonal to each other; and     3. a Cyclic Prefix (CP)  110  (also known as guard interval) is added to each symbol  120  to combat the channel delay spread and avoid OFDM inter-symbol interference (ISI).        
 
         [0010]     The data/information carried by each sub-carrier  150  may be user data of many forms, including text, voice, video, and the like. In addition, the data includes control data, a particular type of which is discussed below. As a result of the orthogonality, ideally each receiving element tuned to a given sub-carrier does not perceive any of the signals communicated at any other of the sub-carriers. Given this aspect, various benefits arise. For example, OFDM is able to use orthogonal sub-carriers and, as a result, thorough use is made of the overall OFDM spectrum. As another example, in many wireless systems, the same transmitted signal arrives at the receiver at different times having traveled different lengths due to reflections in the channel between the transmitter and receiver. Each different arrival of the same originally-transmitted signal is typically referred to as a multi-path. Typically, multi-paths interfere with one another, which is sometimes referred to as InterSymbol Interference (ISI) because each path includes transmitted data referred to as symbols. Nonetheless, the orthogonality implemented by OFDM considerably reduces ISI and, as a result, often a less complex receiver structure, such as one without an equalizer, may be implemented in an OFDM system.  
         [0011]     A Cyclic Prefix (CP) (also known as guard interval) is added to each symbol to combat the channel delay spread and avoid OFDM inter-symbol interference (ISI).  FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrative of using Cyclic Prefix (CP) to eliminate ISI and perform frequency domain equalization. Blocks  200  each comprising cyclic prefix  210  coupled to data symbols  220  to perform frequency domain equalization. OFDM typically allows the application of simple, 1-tap, frequency domain equalization (FDE) through the use of a Cyclic Prefix (CP)  210  at every FFT processing block  200  to suppress multi-path interference. Two blocks are shown for drawing convenience. CP  210  eliminates inter-data-block interference and multi-access interference using Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).  
         [0012]     Since orthogonality is guaranteed between overlapping sub-carriers and between consecutive OFDM symbols in the presence of time/frequency dispersive channels, the data symbol density in the time-frequency plane can be maximized and high data rates can be very efficiently achieved for high Signal-to-Interference and Noise Ratios (SINR).  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrative of Cyclic Prefix (CP) Insertion. A number of samples is typically inserted between useful OFDM symbols  320  (guard interval) to combat OFDM ISI induced by channel dispersion, assist receiver synchronization, and aid spectral shaping. The guard interval  310  is typically a prefix that is inserted  350  at the beginning of the useful OFDM symbol (OFDM symbol without the CP)  320 . The CP duration  315  should be sufficient to cover most of the delay-spread energy of a radio channel impulse response. It should also be as small as possible since it represents overhead and reduces OFDM efficiency. Prefix  310  is generated using a last block of samples  340  from the useful OFDM symbol  330  and is therefore a cyclic extension to the OFDM symbol (cyclic prefix).  
         [0014]     When the channel delay spread exceeds the CP duration  315 , the energy contained in the ISI should be much smaller than the useful OFDM symbol energy and therefore, the OFDM symbol duration  325  should be much larger than the channel delay spread. However, the OFDM symbol duration  325  should be smaller than the minimum channel coherence time in order to maintain the OFDM ability to combat fast temporal fading. Otherwise, the channel may not always be constant over the OFDM symbol and this may result in inter-sub-carrier orthogonality loss in fast fading channels. Since the channel coherence time is inversely proportional to the maximum Doppler shift (time-frequency duality), this implies that the symbol duration should be much smaller than the inverse of the maximum Doppler shift.  
         [0015]     The large number of OFDM sub-carriers makes the bandwidth of individual sub-carriers small relative to the total signal bandwidth. With an adequate number of sub-carriers, the inter-carrier spacing is much narrower than the channel coherence bandwidth. Since the channel coherence bandwidth is inversely proportional to the channel delay spread, the sub-carrier separation is generally designed to be much smaller that the inverse of the channel coherence time. Then, the fading on each sub-carrier appears flat in frequency and this enables  1  -tap frequency equalization, use of high order modulation, and effective utilization of multiple transmitter and receiver antenna techniques such as Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO). Therefore, OFDM effectively converts a frequency-selective channel into a parallel collection of frequency flat sub-channels and enables a very simple receiver. Moreover, in order to combat Doppler effects, the inter-carrier spacing should be much larger than the maximum Doppler shift.  
         [0016]     The baseband representation  400  of the OFDM signal generation using an N-point IFFT  460  is shown in  FIG. 4 , where n refers to the n th  sub-channel modulated data symbol  420 , during the time  401  period 0&lt;t&lt;T u  where Tu is OFDM useful symbol duration. The vector S is defined as the useful OFDM symbol and is practically the time superposition of the N narrowband modulated sub-carriers. Therefore, from a parallel stream of N data sources, a waveform composed of N orthogonal sub-carriers  407  is obtained. At the receiver, a computationally efficient Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) may be used to demodulate the multi-carrier information and to recover the transmitted data.  
         [0017]      FIG. 5  shows the concepts of frequency diversity  500  and multi-user diversity  505 . Using link adaptation techniques based on the estimated dynamic channel properties, the OFDM transmitter can adapt the transmitted signal to each User Equipment (UE) to match channel conditions and approach the ideal capacity of frequency-selective channel. Thanks to such properties as flattened channel per sub-carrier, high-order modulation, orthogonal sub-carriers, and MIMO; it is possible to improve spectrum utilization and increase achievable peak data rate in OFDM system. Also, OFDM can provide scalability for various channel bandwidths (i.e. 1.25, 2.5, 5,10, 20 MHz) without significantly increasing complexity.  
         [0018]     OFDM may be combined with Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system to allow multiplexing of multiple UEs over the available bandwidth.  
         [0019]     Because OFDMA assigns UEs to isolated frequency sub-carriers, intra-cell interference may be avoided and high data rate may be achieved. The base station (or Node B) scheduler assigns physical channels based on Channel Quality Indication (CQI) feedback information from the UEs, thus effectively controlling the multiple-access mechanism in the cell. For example, in  FIG. 5 , transmission to each of the three UEs  501 ,  502 ,  503  is scheduled at frequency sub-bands where the channel frequency response allows for higher SINR relative to other sub-bands. This is represented by the Received signal levels R 501 , R 502 , and R 503  for users  501 ,  502  and  503  at Frequencies F 501 , F 502 , and F 503  respectively.  
         [0020]     OFDM can use frequency-dependent scheduling with optimal per sub-band Modulation &amp; Coding Scheme (MCS) selection. For each UE and each Transmission Time Interval (TTI), the Node B scheduler selects for transmission with the appropriate MCS a group of the active UEs in the cell, according to some criteria that typically incorporate the achievable SINR based on the CQI feedback. In addition, sub-carriers or group of sub-carriers may be reserved to transmit pilot, signaling or other channels. Multiplexing may also be performed in the time dimension, as long as it occurs at the OFDM symbol rate or at a multiple of the symbol rate (i.e. from one IFFT computation to the next). The MCS used for each sub-carrier or group of sub-carriers can also be changed at the corresponding rate, keeping the computational simplicity of the FFT-based implementation. This allows 2-dimensional time-frequency multiplexing, as shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 .  
         [0021]     Transmission Time Interval (TTI) may also be referred to as a frame.  
         [0022]     Turning now to  FIG. 6 , which is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for multi-user diversity. The minimum frequency sub-band used for frequency-dependent scheduling of a UE typically comprises of several sub-carriers and may be referred to as a Resource Block (RB)  620 . Reference number  620  is only pointing to one of the 8 RBs per OFDM symbol shown as example and for drawing clarity. RB  620  is shown with RB bandwidth  625  in frequency dimension and TTI duration  610  in time dimension. Each RB may be comprised of continuous sub-carriers and thus be localized in nature to afford frequency-dependent scheduling. A high data rate UE may use several RBs within same TTI  630 . UE # 1  is shown as an example of a high rate UE. Low data rate UEs may be multiplexed within the same RB  640 .  
         [0023]     Alternatively referring to  FIG. 7 , which is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for frequency diversity, an RB  720  may correspond to a number of sub-carriers substantially occupying the entire bandwidth thereby offering frequency diversity. This may be useful in situations where CQI feedback is not available or it is unreliable (as is the case for high speed UEs).  
         [0024]     To facilitate data-aided methods, OFDM systems periodically insert reference (or pilot) symbols that are known a priori, into the transmission signal. The receiver can thus estimate the channel response based on the received pilot symbols and the known transmitted pilot symbols. In an OFDM based communication system, pilot symbols are transmitted in addition to data symbols in order to serve, inter aila, in providing a reference for the receiver to estimate the channel medium and accordingly demodulate the received signal. A pilot signal also referred to as reference signal is composed of the pilot symbols.  
         [0025]     The DownLink (DL) pilot signal should provide effective performance for the following functions: 
        Channel estimation at all possible operating carrier frequencies for all physical channels for all channel multi-path delay spreads (frequency selectivity) encountered in practice and for all UE speeds of interest.     CQI measurement for link adaptation and channel-dependent scheduling.     Sector identification of sector within the same cell.     Measurements for cell search and handover.        
 
         [0030]     UE dedicated pilot signals may also be used for UE-dependent adaptive beam-forming. Moreover, as the pilot signal is actually overhead consuming resources that could have been otherwise dedicated for data transmission, it should have minimum time/frequency and power overhead.  
         [0031]     Two types of pilot structure have been previously examined; 
        i) a Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM) pilot structure where the pilot signal is placed on a single OFDM symbol per TTI ( FIG. 8 ).     ii) a scattered pilot structure where the pilot signal is placed in every OFDM symbol per TTI ( FIG. 9 )        
 
         [0034]     In the example shown in  FIG. 8 , the TTI is assumed to comprise of seven OFDM symbols  810 . Moreover, the TTI duration is assumed to be 0.5 milliseconds. Shaded dots indicate pilot locations for 1 transmit antenna. In the example of  FIG. 9 , the TTI is assumed to comprise of seven OFDM symbols  910 . Shaded dots indicate pilot locations for 1 transmit antenna. Channel estimation is based on time and frequency interpolation among pilot sub-carriers in order to obtain the channel estimates at the position corresponding to data sub-carriers. In order to be able to perform frequency interpolation, the pilot sub-carrier spacing in the frequency domain should be smaller than the 50% correlation coherence bandwidth of the channel for all channels of interest. Similarly, in order to be able to perform time interpolation, the pilot sub-carrier spacing in the time domain should be smaller than the 50% coherence time of the channel at the operating carrier frequency for all UE speeds of interest. The example shown in  FIG. 8  has a spacing in frequency domain ΔF pil    830  of 4 sub-carriers and spacing in time domain ΔT pil    820  of 7 OFDM symbols. The example shown in  FIG. 9  has a spacing in frequency domain ΔF pil    930  of 4 sub-carriers and spacing in time domain ΔT pil    920  of 1 OFDM symbol.  
         [0035]     Additional requirements for the pilot signal design may relate to the ability to demodulate only an initial sub-set of the TTI without having to receive the entire TTI. This is applicable, for example, when the control channel associated with scheduling of UEs in the current TTI at various RBs is transmitted in the first few OFDM symbols in every TTI. Then, it may be beneficial to demodulate and decode the control channel prior to the reception of the remaining OFDM symbols in the referenced TTI in order to reduce latency. Moreover, in order to improve channel estimation performance, it is desirable to capture as much of the transmitted pilot signal power as possible without additional latency. Clearly, the pilot signal power from preceding TTIs may be assumed available to the UE but the UE will have to incur additional decoding latency if it were to obtain the pilot signal power from succeeding TTIs. However, this would be particularly desirable for channel estimation performance as it would result to pilot signal availability that is more symmetric relative to the TTI of interest.  
         [0036]     Based on the above discussion, the following disadvantages can be directly identified for the pilot structures of prior art: 
        1) The TDM pilot structure cannot provide reliable channel estimation and communication support at high UE speeds. For example, for a UE speed of 250 Kmph and carrier frequency of 2.6 GHz, the channel at the fourth OFDM symbol in the TTI structure of  FIG. 8  has very little correlation with the channel at the first OFDM symbol of the same TTI or the channel at the first OFDM symbol of the next TTI where the pilot sub-carriers are located. The same problem would persist if the pilot sub-carriers were placed at another OFDM symbol in the TTI (not the first symbol).     2) The nature of the scattered pilot structure results to very little pilot signal power concentration per OFDM symbol. As a result, if the control channel is transmitted in the first few OFDM symbols in the TTI, there may not be enough pilot signal power to demodulate is prior to the reception of the entire TTI. Moreover, if any substantial pilot signal power from the succeeding TTI is to be obtained in order to provide some symmetry in the channel estimated for the TTI of interest, substantial latency will be incurred as the pilot sub-carriers in several OFDM symbols of the succeeding TTI will need to be captured.        
 
         [0039]     There is a need for an improved pilot structure design in order to achieve accurate channel estimates for high user equipment (UE) speeds in mobile operations while also achieve the ability to use substantial pilot energy from succeeding TTI with minimum latency.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0040]     In light of the foregoing background, embodiments of the invention provide a method for generating a structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system having a transmitter with a least one transmitting antenna, said method comprising; composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain, wherein the frame has a transmission time interval in the time domain with a beginning and an ending; and locating a pilot, having pilot power level, from a first at least one antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame.  
         [0041]     Therefore, the system and method of embodiments of the present invention solve the problems identified by prior techniques and provide additional advantages.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0042]     Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:  
         [0043]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrative of the Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal;  
         [0044]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrative of using cyclic prefix (CP) to eliminate ISI and perform frequency domain equalization;  
         [0045]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrative of Cyclic Prefix (CP) Insertion  
         [0046]      FIG. 4  shows OFDM Useful Symbol Generation Using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT);  
         [0047]      FIG. 5  shows the concepts of frequency and multi-user diversity;  
         [0048]      FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for Multi-User Diversity;  
         [0049]      FIG. 7 , which is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for frequency diversity;  
         [0050]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM) pilot structure;  
         [0051]      FIG. 9  shows an exemplary scattered pilot structure;  
         [0052]      FIG. 10  shows a staggered pilot structure in accordance with embodiments of the invention using one transmit antenna;  
         [0053]      FIG. 11  shows a staggered pilot structure in accordance with embodiments of the invention using two transmit antennas; and  
         [0054]      FIG. 12  shows a staggered pilot structure in accordance with embodiments of the invention using four transmit antennas.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0055]     The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In this disclosure, the term pilot parameters can mean pilot power, number of pilot fields, pilot position, power of each pilot field, etc. The term speed and velocity may be used interchangeably. One skilled in the art may be able to use the various embodiments of the invention to use both the speed and direction of a mobile to adjust other parameters to vary the power and direction of signal transmission.  
         [0056]     A novel pilot structure circumventing the aforementioned shortcomings is presented in embodiments of this invention.  FIG. 10  shows a staggered pilot structure for the exemplary case of one transmit antenna, but several obvious extensions are discussed for more transmit antennas. Staggered pilot structure  1000  comprises a TTI of seven OFDM symbols  1010 . Shaded dots  1060  indicate pilot locations for  1  transmit antenna. Non-shaded dots  1050  indicate data sub-carrier. The exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 1000  has a spacing in frequency domain ΔF pil    1030  of 4 sub-carriers and spacing in time domain ΔT pil    1020  of 4 OFDM symbols.  
         [0057]     The attributes of the staggered pilot signal structures disclosed in the embodiments can be summarized as follows: 
        i) The pilot signal power is divided in the beginning and middle of the TTI. In the exemplary embodiment, 50% of the pilot signal power from the transmit antenna is placed at the first OFDM symbol  1001  and the remaining 50% is placed at the fifth OFDM symbol  1005  of the seven OFDM symbol exemplary TTI  1010 . Placing the pilot signal power at the second and the sixth OFDM symbols instead of the first and fifth OFDM symbols is an alternative of dividing the pilot signal power between the beginning and middle of the TTI. Asymmetric power allocation may also be possible.     ii) For the exemplary TTI structure  1010  having 0.5 milliseconds duration, the staggered pilot signal structure can maintain good channel estimation quality even for very high speeds of interest as channel estimates can be always obtained well before the 50% coherence time period of the channel.     iii) The pilot sub-carrier spacing in the frequency domain can be easily designed to be smaller that the 50% correlation coherence bandwidth for the longest channel among the channels of interest.     iv) Sufficient pilot signal energy exists in the first OFDM symbol  1001  of the TTI of interest  1010 A and the preceding TTI  1010 B to decode a control channel that may be located in the first few OFDM symbols with minimal performance degradation and without additional latency from the absence of the pilot sub-carriers at the fifth OFDM symbol of the TTI.     v) Sufficient pilot signal energy exists in the first OFDM symbol  1001  of the succeeding TTI  1010 B to materially improve channel estimation performance while resulting to minimal additional decoding latency of one OFDM symbol and being applicable to most of the current TTI  1010 A even at high UE speeds.        
 
         [0063]     The above and other properties of the staggered pilot signal design can assist in the development of OFDM systems offering reliable and robust communication from a Node B to the receiving UEs. Node B may be a base station, access point or the like network entity.  
         [0064]      FIG. 11  and  FIG. 12  further expand the concept of materially dividing the pilot signal power transmitted by an antenna to two OFDM symbols per TTI for the cases of two transmit  FIG. 11  and four transmit antennas  FIG. 12 .  
         [0065]     In  FIG. 11 , similarly to the one transmit antenna case of  FIG. 10 , the pilot sub-carriers from the two antennas are placed on the first OFDM symbol  1101  and fifth OFDM symbol  1105 . Alternatively, the pilot sub-carriers from the second antenna could be placed on the second OFDM symbol  1102  and sixth OFDM symbol  1106 .  
         [0066]     In  FIG. 12 , similarly to that two transmit antennas case of  FIG. 11 , the pilot sub-carriers from the first two antennas are placed on the first OFDM symbol  1201  and fifth OFDM symbol  1205  while the pilot sub-carriers from the third and fourth antennas are placed on the second OFDM symbol  1202  and sixth OFDM symbol  1206 .  
         [0067]     Embodiments of the invention can be implemented in either the transmitter or the receiver, or in both, of a multi-carrier system, such as an OFDM system, using software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. The software is assumed to be embodied as a lookup table, an algorithm, or other program code that defines the pilot structure in a time transmission interval or frame.  
         [0068]     An apparatus for an OFDM based communication system operating in accordance with an OFDM transmission technique would be coupled to a plurality of transmitting antennas and comprise a mapper for converting an input signal to a plurality of data symbols, transmitter circuitry adapted to insert pilot symbols with the data symbols for each transmitting antenna, a modulator for modulating said pilot symbols and data symbols in a transmission time interval in accordance with an OFDM transmission technique. The transmission time interval has multiple OFDM symbols. The power level of the pilot symbols is divided into two OFDM symbols in the transmission time interval. The input signal and plurality of data symbols are comprised of sub-sets, each sub-set intended to a unique receiver in the OFDM based communication system.  
         [0069]     Embodiments of the invention may be utilized in a receiver in an OFDM based communication system adapted to perform channel estimation using a received reference signal transmitted from at least one antenna, said reference signal being substantially located into two OFDM symbols. The receiver may also be adapted to use the reference signal located in the first OFDM symbol in succeeding transmission time intervals in addition to the reference symbols in the current and preceding transmission time intervals.  
         [0070]     Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions, the associated drawings, and claims. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.