Abstract:
Pilot error is reduced and auto pilot operation is improved by the addition of capture information to the information provided on a cockpit display. The capture information, such as, for example, capture start point, last point to initiate capture, trajectory during capture, and capture overshoot region provide information to the pilot regarding the correct initiation of capture. Pilots are therefore better able to evaluate the ongoing performance of the automation or auto pilot systems and to trust that the auto pilot is functioning as desired. Furthermore, the pilot operating the aircraft in manual mode receives guidance based on this information to better know when to initiate capture of the assigned altitude or vertical path.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates generally to aircraft flight instrument systems and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for displaying altitude and path capture trajectories to an aircraft pilot.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Air traffic control systems and procedures are designed to reduce the likelihood that aircraft will collide with each other or with objects on the ground. To this end, air traffic controllers (ATC) typically assign specific flight paths to aircraft which, if adhered to, are designed to keep individual aircraft in their own lanes. These paths may be constant altitude paths, or the paths may be assigned paths (e.g., three dimensional directions from one point in space to another point in space, including level paths, ascending paths and descending paths).  
           [0003]    During a typical flight, an aircraft may be assigned to a new altitude, and may begin an ascent or descent to that altitude. The aircraft achieves the assigned altitude once it is steadily flying at the new assigned altitude. At some point before the aircraft achieves the assigned altitude, an adjustment to the pitch and thrust is typically made to effect a smooth transition from the ascent/descent maneuver to the constant altitude portion of the flight. Initiating the adjustment(s) to the pitch and thrust is known as initiating the “capture” of the assigned altitude. If capture of the assigned altitude is delayed, the aircraft may either overshoot the assigned altitude or perform a rough transition to the constant altitude portion of the flight. Either of these conditions may potentially create an unsafe condition as the aircraft could enter into airspace for which it has not received ATC clearance. An overshoot of the assigned altitude by greater than, for example, 250 feet, is known as a “bust” or “altitude bust” and is a violation of Federal Aviation Administration rules.  
           [0004]    During a maneuver to an assigned altitude or vertical path, a pilot typically receives feedback regarding the altitude, thrust, heading, rate of ascent, and other information from a primary flight display panel. Modern day flight display panels are typically electronic, as opposed to analog indicators such as dials and gauges. These electronic displays may be, for example, flat screens or computer monitors. In particular, the display screens often show an altitude tape indicating the current altitude and another indicator on the screen may show the rate of ascent or descent. However, these indicators do not typically display information regarding when capture of the assigned altitude should begin, the path that should be taken to acquire the assigned altitude, or the last point to begin capture without an altitude bust.  
           [0005]    Often, aircraft are equipped with flight management systems, auto pilots, and other automated flight control systems. These systems typically control the aircraft to relieve the pilot of repetitive tasks such as instantaneous aircraft trajectory control. Moreover, the automation is also typically capable of performing these tasks consistently with better accuracy than manual pilot operation. A pilot typically conveys the assigned altitude or assigned path to the automation (e.g., auto pilot) via a mode control panel, a multi-function control and display unit (MCDU), or like electronic systems. The automation then typically controls the aircraft&#39;s pitch and thrust to achieve the pilot&#39;s instructions. Alternatively, the pilot may manually control the aircraft&#39;s pitch and thrust to fly the plane along an assigned path.  
           [0006]    An aircraft guided by automatic pilot typically accurately processes the many changing variables such as wind speed, thrust, pitch, positioning of control surfaces, and weight of the aircraft to determine and follow a path which smoothly transitions from the ascent/descent phase to the level flight phase or, in general, from one phase to another phase. Performing this same task under manual control is difficult because no “rules of thumb” or bright line tests are available to assist the pilot in accounting for all of these factors. Aircraft pilots often closely monitor the performance of the auto pilot and are prepared to make corrections if necessary. It is important, therefore, that the pilot is provided accurate and timely information allowing the pilot to make informed decisions, make more efficient use of the automation, and make fewer pilot errors.  
           [0007]    When an aircraft experiences an altitude bust by overshooting a target altitude by, for example, 250 feet, the incident must typically be reported to the FM or other regulatory body. Several recent Safety Reports (e.g., NTSB-A-99-39 to -44, 1999) and Aviation Safety Reporting System (“ASRS”) Reports indicated that a contributing factor to described incidents and accidents was the pilot&#39;s lack of knowledge of the trajectory used by the auto-pilot to capture the assigned altitude. Several researchers have also identified situations in which the pilots were not aware of the capture trajectory commanded by the automation.  
           [0008]    The continued advancement in the sophistication of aircraft flight displays has resulted in increasingly higher levels of information density which has presented a greater amount of visual information to be perceived and understood by the aircraft operator. In many applications, it is important that visual displays provide a proper cognitive mapping between what the operator is trying to achieve and the information available to accomplish the task. As a result, such systems increasingly utilize the human-factor design principles in order to build instrumentation and controls that work cooperatively with human operators. More particularly, Title 14 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 25, Sec. 25.1321 et seq. provides guidelines for the arrangement and visibility of instruments, warning lights, indicators, and the like. Similarly, detailed guidelines related to electronics displays can be found in FAA Advisory circular 20-88A, Guidelines on the Marking of Aircraft Powerplant Instruments (September 1985). Both of these documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as background information.  
           [0009]    Current display information may be improved to assist pilots in determining when capture initiation should begin. Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus to display FMS (“Flight Management System”), auto pilot, and other flight control system calculated capture initiation information to a pilot to reduce pilot errors.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    The following summary of the invention is provided to facilitate an understanding of some of the innovative features unique to the present invention, and is not intended to be a full description. A full appreciation of the various aspects of the invention can only be gained by taking the entire specification, claims, drawings, and abstract as a whole.  
           [0011]    According to various aspects, a method for providing feedback to a vehicle operator suitably includes providing an indicator of current vehicle position, adjusting this indicator in real time, assigning a target position to be captured and calculating a first capture initiation position such that capture can be accomplished if capture is initiated at this first capture initiation position, and displaying this first capture position relative to the target or to the current position.  
           [0012]    According to another aspect of the present invention, information is provided to a pilot of an aircraft via a display. The display indicates the current attribute of the aircraft, receives a target attribute for the aircraft, and determines a capture attribute for the aircraft to obtain the target attribute from the current position. Then the capture attribute is displayed in conjunction with the current attribute of the aircraft.  
           [0013]    According to another aspect of the present invention, a target altitude indicator and a current altitude indicator are shown on a sliding scale altitude indicator on a display for an aircraft. A capture region indicator and an overshoot region indicator are also shown on the sliding scale altitude indicator.  
           [0014]    The novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon examination of the following detailed description of the invention or can be learned by practice of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description of the invention and the specific examples presented, while indicating certain embodiments of the present invention, are provided for illustration purposes only because various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the detailed description of the invention and claims that follow. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    A more complete understanding may be derived by referring to the following detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures where like numerals denote like elements.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1A is an exemplary embodiment of a flight management system and auto pilot system with a primary flight display;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1B is a functional block diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1C is a conventional prior art cockpit graphic display illustrating various instrument readings including an altitude tape;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2A is an exemplary elevation view of an aircraft ascending to an assigned elevation along multiple paths;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2B is an exemplary elevation view of an aircraft descending to an assigned elevation along multiple paths;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 3A is an exemplary side view of an aircraft acquiring an assigned descending vertical path;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 3B is an exemplary side view of an aircraft acquiring an assigned ascending vertical path;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4 is an exemplary embodiment showing a method of displaying the capture region in relation to the assigned altitude;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are exemplary depictions of an aircraft ascending to an assigned altitude or target;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 6A is an exemplary embodiment showing one method of displaying the capture region in relation to the assigned altitude and current altitude;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 6B is an exemplary embodiment showing another method of displaying the capture region in relation to the assigned altitude and current altitude;  
         [0027]    FIGS.  7 A- 7 F are an exemplary embodiment of an altitude tape as shown in various steps during the acquisition of an assigned altitude;  
         [0028]    FIGS.  8 A- 8 F are an exemplary embodiment of an altitude tape as shown in various steps during the acquisition of an assigned altitude; and  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 9 is an alternative embodiment of the present invention showing a dial gauge. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0030]    Various aspects of the present invention may be described herein in terms of functional block components and various processing steps. It should be appreciated that such functional blocks may be realized by any number of hardware and/or software components or computer systems configured to perform the specified functions. For example, one or more components may employ various computer systems, e.g., microprocessor or micro controller-based systems, and the like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices. Similarly, the software elements of the present invention may be implemented with any programming or scripting languages such as C, C++, Java, Assembly Language, PERL, or the like, or any combination thereof, with the various algorithms being implemented with any combination of data structures, objects, processes, routines or other programming elements. Further, it should be noted that various elements may employ any number of techniques for data transmission, signaling, data processing, and the like. Also, the software elements of the present invention may be stored on any digital medium such as a disk, CD-ROM, optical storage device, magnetic storage device, memory, or other data storage medium.  
         [0031]    It should be appreciated that the particular implementations shown and described herein are illustrative of exemplary embodiments, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Indeed, for the sake of brevity, conventional flight display devices and other functional aspects of the systems (and components of the individual operating components of the systems) may not be described in detail. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical or logical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships, physical connections or logical connections may be present in a practical altitude and path capture trajectory displaying system.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIGS. 1A and 1B show how various embodiments may connect to and communicate with systems of an aircraft. Referring to FIG. 1A, a block diagram of a typical aircraft vertical axis guidance and control system is shown. The vertical profile of an aircraft may be considered as having two dimensions altitude (up/down) and time (speed). The vertical profile of the aircraft may be controlled via elevators  810  and engines  820  which control the pitch (up/down) component and the thrust component respectively.  
         [0033]    With respect to the first of these components, an elevator  810  of an aircraft may be driven by an actuator  812  via a link. This link may be electric, hydraulic, mechanical, or any other linkage assembly. Actuator  812  in turn may be driven by a Pitch Stability Augmentation System (PSAS)  814 . PSAS  814  accounts for non-linearities in the actuators  812  and instabilities in the aircraft dynamics. An Autopilot  816  may be coupled to PSAS  814  and may generate command signals. Autopilot  816  may be driven by electronic signals (targets and control modes) from Flight Management System (FMS)  818  or any other automated flight plan guidance system.  
         [0034]    With respect to the second component, the thrust (T) of the engine 820 may also driven by an actuator  822  which in turn may be driven by a Full Authority Digital Electronic Controller (FADEC)  824 . An auto-throttle  826  may generate an electronic signal (throttle command) which is communicated to FADEC  824 . Auto-throttle  826  receives signals from FMS  818 , or any other automated flight plan guidance system that generates throttle commands.  
         [0035]    Mode Control Panel (MCP)  856  serves as a user-interface between the flight-crew and the automation. The flight-crew select pitch, thrust, and roll modes via  860 ,  862 ,  864 ,  866 ,  868 ,  870 , and  8 xx respectively.  
         [0036]    The primary flight display  828  may also be part of the user-interface between the flight-crew and automation. The primary flight display  828  may include an attitude and roll indicator  830 , speed tape  832 , altitude tape  834 , and vertical rate indicator  835  along with any other appropriate displays. The primary flight display may also include a Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA)  836 . The FMA, in one embodiment, includes one panel for autothrottle  838 , one panel for roll autopilot  840 , and one panel for pitch autopilot  842 . The autothrottle panel annunciates (i.e., displays) the speed target  828  and the autothrottle control mode  846 . The roll panel  840  annunciates the heading/track target  848  and the heading/track control mode  850 . The pitch panel annunciates the altitude target  854  and the pitch control mode  852 . The FMA  836  annunciates the targets from the MCP  856  and the control modes from the MCP  856 . The pilot selections are displayed on the FMA  836 .  
         [0037]    The flight-crew may opt to allow FMS  818  to automatically select pitch modes and altitude targets by selecting VNAV or PROF button  866 . The flight-crew may also opt to have the FMS  818  automatically select the thrust modes and speed targets by selecting the FMS SPDS button  870 . Autopilot  816  and FMS  818 , in one embodiment, employ processes and decision-making algorithms that compute a constant vertical acceleration trajectory (a circular path trajectory) to the assigned altitude when the Autopilot  816  is engaged or when VNAV  866  is engaged. When the Autopilot and/or VNAV are engaged, the flight-crew generally monitor the behavior of the automation and the trajectory of the aircraft. PFD  828  is the primary source of information on aircraft attitude, roll  830 , speed  832 , and altitude  834 . Capture of the assigned altitude may be annunciated by a change in the FMA  836 . Due to the non-linear equation used to perform a constant g, circular path capture computed by the Autopilot  816  and/or FMS  818 , it is often very difficult for the pilot to use rules-of-thumb or heuristics to predict the capture trajectory or to monitor its execution.  
         [0038]    Referring to FIG. 1B there is shown a generalized block diagram of one exemplary embodiment of a system  800  for computing and displaying a capture region. System  800  has the ability to compute various real time values regarding the flying of the aircraft. These values include the altitude target, CAS/Mach target, vertical speed target, and pitch/thrust control mode. These values may then be provided to an auto pilot system  894  or other similar system, and may be used to compute capture trajectories for display. In an exemplary embodiment, an FMS  893 , or another similar component or components, includes five processes. These processes include decision-making algorithms  881 ,  882 ,  883 , and  884  which respectively compute the altitude target, CAS/Mach target, vertical speed target, and pitch/thrust control mode. Algorithm  890 , which may execute within FMS  893 , suitably receives input from some or all of these processes and computes the desired vertical path. The computed vertical path may also provided to auto pilot system  894  and to a process for computing the capture trajectory  891 .  
         [0039]    The system  800  for computing and displaying a capture region may include processes for computing pitch commands. These pitch command computing processes may be executed, for example, as a part of an Autopilot system  894 . In an exemplary embodiment, Auto pilot system  894  includes an Autopilot pitch mode logic  885  for determining which pitch command is used from among the outputs of the following processes: Compute Speed-on-Elevator Pitch Command  886 , Compute Vertical Speed Pitch Command  887 , Compute Altitude Hold Pitch Command  888 , Compute Altitude Capture Pitch Command  889  and Compute Vertical Path Pitch Command  892 . The selected pitch command is communicated to the pitch stability augmentation process.  
         [0040]    The capture trajectory is computed based on data such as the assigned altitude and calculated altitude capture pitch commands. The overshoot range is also computed for display. In an exemplary embodiment, capture trajectory computation process  891  accepts trajectory computations from the assigned altitude computation process  890  and altitude capture pitch command computation process  889 . Capture trajectory computation process  891  computes the circular path constant g trajectory to the assigned altitude or vertical path. In another exemplary embodiment, process  891  also computes the trajectory resulting in an overshoot of more than 250 feet. These computations may then be displayed on the primary flight display altitude tape as discussed herein. The trajectory computations may be updated every 100 msecs, or any other suitable period of time, to reflect current vertical speed.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 1C shows an exemplary aircraft flight display  100  which provides feedback to the pilot regarding the velocity of the aircraft, altitude of the aircraft, rate of ascent/descent, heading, and other information. The flight display may be, in one embodiment, a Cathode Ray Tube, or Flat Panel display. Also shown is an exemplary mode control panel  120 . With reference to FIG. 1C, a cockpit display screen suitably includes an artificial horizon display  110 , a vertical rate of ascent/descent scale  103 , and an altitude tape  102 . Mode Control Panel  120  includes an altitude assignment knob  106 . Altitude tape  102  displays to the pilot the current altitude. The current altitude is indicated by an icon  104 . This icon  104  is typically located at the center of altitude tape  102  and may numerically indicate the current altitude which scrolls up or down, past icon  104 , as the elevation of the aircraft changes. As the pilot is instructed by Air Traffic Control to change from one assigned elevation to another elevation, the pilot enters or dials that change into an auto pilot or other automation. This altitude change can be entered directly on the auto pilot, or by adjusting dial  106  to indicate the new assigned altitude. Alternatively, any other method of entering the new assigned altitude may be utilized, such as entering the assigned altitude through the Multi Function Control and Display Unit (MCDU) which is a part of the Flight Management System (FMS). The vertical rate of ascent/descent scale  103  indicates the vertical velocity of the plane via use of a bar graph type display.  
         [0042]    It is important to note that the term “path” is generally used to describe an intended route from one point in space to another. The term “trajectory” is generally used to describe the actual route taken to get from one point to another. After the pilot enters a new assigned altitude, the automation suitably begins to change the pitch and thrust of the aircraft to achieve the new assigned altitude. For example, an aircraft flying at an elevation of 8300 feet, as indicated by altitude icon  104  in FIG. 1C, may be assigned to ascend to an altitude of 10,000 feet. After entering the new assigned altitude of 10,000 feet via dial  106 , the automation makes thrust, pitch, or other adjustments as appropriate to begin the ascent.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 2A shows several exemplary trajectories which might be followed by an aircraft capturing an assigned level altitude. With reference to FIG. 2A, aircraft  201  is shown ascending along trajectory  202  to an assigned altitude  210 . At some point(s) before aircraft  201  reaches assigned altitude  210  the pilot or auto pilot adjusts the pitch and thrust of aircraft  201  to make a smooth transition, for example along trajectory  203 , to assigned altitude  210 . Failure to make a timely adjustment to the pitch and thrust used during the ascent portion  202  may result in an overshoot of the assigned altitude  210 , for example along path  212  or  222 , or may result in a rough transition from path  202  to assigned altitude  210 . A maximum permissible overshoot range  215  may be defined relative to assigned altitude  210 , for example, by the FAA, another regulatory agency, or the airline. The maximum permissible overshoot range  215  may be, for example, 250 feet, although any range may be set as appropriate. A maximum overshoot elevation  220  may also be defined by the assigned altitude plus the maximum permissible overshoot range which in this example would be 10,250 feet. Therefore, the overshoot indicated by path  222  would take aircraft  201  above maximum overshoot elevation  220  and would result in an altitude ‘bust’.  
         [0044]    In another example, and with reference to FIG. 2B, aircraft  201  is shown descending along trajectory  232  to an assigned altitude  210 . At some point before aircraft  201  reaches assigned altitude  210  the pilot or auto pilot must adjust the pitch and thrust of aircraft  201  to make a smooth transition, for example along path  233 , to assigned altitude  210 . Failure to make a timely adjustment to the pitch and thrust used during the descent portion  232  may result in an overshoot of the assigned altitude  210 , for example along path  242  or  252 , or may result in a rough transition from path  202  to assigned elevation  210 . A minimum overshoot elevation  250  may also be defined by the assigned altitude  210  minus the maximum permissible overshoot range  215 . Therefore, the overshoot indicated by path  252  would take aircraft  201  below minimum overshoot elevation  250  and would result in an altitude ‘bust’.  
         [0045]    In a further embodiment, and with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, aircraft  201  may be assigned to a descending path  301  or an ascending path  302 , as opposed to the level paths discussed with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. An overshoot or undershoot window may be defined around path  301  or  302  by adding the maximum overshoot range to each point on path  301  or  302  to get overshoot boundary  311  and by subtracting the maximum overshoot range to each point on path  301  or  302  to get overshoot boundary  313 .  
         [0046]    To acquire path  301  or  302 , aircraft  201  may be instructed to ascend or descend to the paths from a different elevation. This may result in the aircraft following a first trajectory  305  or  325  and smooth transition trajectory  307  or  327 . In this example, a failure to initiate capture in a timely manner might lead to overshoot along trajectory  329  or  309  (respectively), and to a breach of overshoot boundary  313  or  311 . It is also anticipated that aircraft  201  may be assigned to capture paths  301  or  302  from horizontal flight along trajectory  350  and smooth transition trajectory  352 , and where a failure to initiate capture in a timely manner would result in a breach of overshoot boundaries  311  or  313  along trajectories  351  or  353  respectively.  
         [0047]    A smooth path capture might follow, for example, a circular path trajectory or constant normal acceleration (e.g., 0.03*g) adjustment. The computations used to compute the pitch control commands for capturing an assigned altitude may be made by the flight control computer, the flight management computer, or another component and may be based on non-linear equations that are difficult for human operators to estimate with rules-of-thumb or other linear techniques. Furthermore, the computations may be based on logical conditions that determine the level of constant normal acceleration required by the aircraft. Calculations may, for example, be based on the equation  
         Ac   =       Evs   ·        Evs            2   ·   C   ·   g         ;                         
 
         [0048]    where Ac is the Capture Altitude, Evs is the vertical speed error, C is a Constant, and g is 32.2 ft/sec 2 . The Capture Altitude is the altitude remaining to the assigned altitude or vertical path. The Vertical Speed Error is the difference between the desired vertical speed and the actual vertical speed. Of course, the desired vertical speed for a level altitude is zero. The Constant is the desired vertical acceleration (e.g. 0.03*g).  
         [0049]    In the above examples, although the automation may initiate capture in a timely manner, the pilots of aircraft  201  may not always trust the accuracy of the automation and, without additional information, may make manual adjustments over-riding the automation and deviating from the smooth transition paths discussed above. It is, therefore, desirable to provide the pilots with further information via cockpit display screen  100 . FIG. 4 is view of an exemplary cockpit display screen  100 . In one embodiment a capture icon  410  is displayed on altitude tape  102  on cockpit display screen  100 . Capture icon  410  provides the pilot with information such as the first point to initiate capture, last point to initiate capture, and capture trajectory in the manner described more fully below. In a further embodiment, one or more “off tape” indicators  420  may be displayed to inform the pilot that further information would be shown if the tape were larger and that as the tape scrolls to higher (or lower) elevations, that this information will be displayed. Off tape indicators  420  may also be located below altitude tape  102  or in other locations as appropriate.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIGS. 5A and 5B show elevation views of an aircraft acquiring an assigned altitude  500 . Capture information alerts the pilot to the proper point  515  to initiate capture. In one embodiment, the proper point may be calculated to create a smooth transition to the assigned altitude. In other embodiments, a variety of inputs could be considered to calculate the safest or most fuel efficient transition, or a combination of these results. In other embodiments capture information may also alert the pilot as to the last possible point  520  to initiate capture safely without an altitude bust. Points  515  and  520  may not be static points, but rather may be adjusted and updated as the plane changes altitude and vertical velocity, and therefore, provide real time capture information to the pilot. Points  515  and  520  may be, in one embodiment, calculated points at a distance relative to aircraft  201  and from the frame of reference of aircraft  201  as shown in FIG. 5A. In this exemplary embodiment, the pilot is informed that aircraft  201  should initiate capture when point  515  reaches target  500 , and no later than when point  520  reaches target  500  to avoid an altitude bust. In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 5B, aircraft  201  may be thought of as ascending towards static points  515  and  520  as aircraft  201  acquires target altitude  500 . In this embodiment, capture should be initiated when aircraft  201  reaches point  515  and no later than when aircraft  201  reaches point  520  in order to capture target  500  without an altitude bust. Technically speaking, points  515  and  520  are computed above the aircraft as opposed to ahead of the aircraft. FIG. 5C shows another conceptual drawing of an exemplary embodiment where the calculated distance to the first  515  and last  520  capture initiation points are shown above the aircraft at various stages of ascent. In this embodiment, an aircraft  201  ascending at the stage referenced by  571  may be well below the first point where capture initiation should begin, may be the capture initiation point at  572 , may be at the last point to initiate capture at  573 , and may “bust” if capture has not begun if in the position referenced by  574 .  
         [0051]    With reference FIG. 6A, a more detailed view of altitude tape  102  is shown in relation to the elevation view of FIG. 5A, and an exemplary embodiment is described. A capture icon  410  is displayed on altitude tape  102  from the aircraft&#39;s frame of reference. The current altitude of aircraft  201  is displayed in box  104  which may remain vertically centered on altitude tape  102  while the current elevation of aircraft  201  scrolls past current altitude box  104 . Tick marks  602  may be spaced, for example, at  100  foot intervals. An assigned or target altitude value indicator  421  is shown near assigned altitude icon  420 . In FIG. 6A, for example, the assigned altitude is shown to be 10,000 feet.  
         [0052]    A capture icon  410  is displayed which may include a capture region  610  and overshoot region  612 . Capture region  610 , in one embodiment, resembles a bracket where the end of the bracket nearest the current altitude  614  represents the last point to start capture and where the other end of the bracket  616  represents the first point to start capture. Relative distance indicators  615  and  617  may be provided near bracket ends  614  and  616 . These first and last points to initiate capture and their associated relative distance indicators may be constantly or periodically recalculated and may depend on the current vertical ascent/descent rate, among other factors. During a maneuver to a different elevation, the vertical rate may first increase, then remain constant, and then decrease back to zero as the assigned elevation is attained. Therefore, the relative distance indicators ( 615  and  617 ) may change many times.  
         [0053]    As an example, assuming that an aircraft is climbing at 1500 feet per minute, relative distance indicator  617  indicates to the pilot that the first point to initiate capture is, 544 feet above the current altitude of the aircraft. Also, given the same assumption, relative distance indicator  615  indicates to the pilot that the last point to initiate capture without an altitude bust occurs 294 feet above the current altitude of the aircraft. Bracket ends  614  and  616  may be shown at relative distances to current altitude marker  104  as a graphical representation of the relative distance indicator values. If any part of capture region  610  is far enough away from current altitude indicator  104  that it can not be shown on altitude tape  102 , this condition may be indicated on a off-tape capture region indicator  616  located, for example, just above (or below) altitude tape  102 .  
         [0054]    An assigned altitude icon  420  may also be provided together with assigned altitude value indicator  421 . Both of these may indicate to the pilot the assigned altitude, both may be parked above (or below) tape  102  as shown in FIG. 6A, and both may move on altitude tape  102  within the “displayable” range. Overshoot range  612  may be provided as appropriate between last point to start capture bracket end  614  and the current altitude icon  104 . It is possible, however, that conditions could be present where no last point to initiate capture exists (i.e., when relative distance indicator  615  is equal to zero) and therefore no overshoot region would exist. For example, at vertical speed rates of less than 300 feet per minute, it is generally possible to capture an assigned altitude regardless of the remaining distance to the assigned altitude. The capture information discussed herein and displayed on altitude tape  102  makes apparent to a pilot that aircraft  201  is following a proper capture trajectory when the assigned altitude bug enters the capture region and in particular when it is not in the overshoot region.  
         [0055]    With reference to FIG. 6B, it is also possible to display information on altitude tape  102  with the frame of reference being the target altitude as discussed with reference to FIG. 5B. Operation in this reference frame is similar to that described above, however, capture icon  410  is displayed to the pilot relative to assigned altitude icon  420  as opposed to being displayed relative to current altitude box  104 . Also, in this embodiment, the first point to initiate capture bracket  616  and relative distance indicator  617 , and the last point to initiate capture bracket  614  and relative distance indicator  615  may be shown relative to assigned altitude icon  420 .  
         [0056]    As an example, assuming that an aircraft is climbing at 1500 feet per minute, relative distance indicator  617  indicates to a pilot that the first point to initiate capture is, 544 feet below the 10,000 foot assigned altitude. Also, in an aircraft climbing at 1500 feet per minute, relative distance indicator  615  indicates to a pilot that the last point to initiate capture without an altitude bust is 294 feet below the 10,000 foot assigned altitude. Therefore, if aircraft  201  is ascending to 10,000 feet at a vertical speed of 1500 feet per minute, the last point to initiate capture may be the 9,706 foot level.  
         [0057]    It should be noted that in the exemplary embodiments described herein, exemplary values are provided for elevations, velocities, distances, and similar numbers representing physical conditions and calculated values. These values are provided for example purposes, but it should be clear that other values may be calculated in accordance with known algorithms used to calculate such information as velocity, elevation, pitch, thrust, and similar values.  
         [0058]    To describe another example, and with reference to FIG. 7A, Air Traffic Control may instruct an aircraft  201  to ascend from an initial altitude of 6000 feet to an assigned altitude of 10,000 feet. If aircraft  201  is initially flying a level path, vertical velocity scale  103  registers zero. As aircraft  201  increases its pitch and thrust to climb at 1100 feet per minute, for example, vertical velocity scale  103  may appear as in FIG. 7B. Assigned altitude icon  420  remains parked off scale, and capture region icon  610  indicates that the first point to initiate capture  616  is 162 feet above the current altitude of the aircraft. As aircraft  201  continues its ascent in FIG. 7C and the vertical climb rate is further increased as displayed on vertical velocity scale  103 . Capture region icon  610  suitably indicates that the first point to initiate capture  616  is now 420 feet above the current altitude of the aircraft, and the last point to initiate capture  614  is 170 feet above the current altitude of the aircraft. One reason for the increased distance in first point  616 , and the appearance of last point  614  is that the vertical ascent rate has increased. In FIG. 7D, aircraft  201  continues to climb at the same rate as discussed with regard to FIG. 7C and therefore, the first point  616  and last point  614  remain constant. The assigned altitude icon  420 , however, has now entered into the displayable region of altitude tape  102 .  
         [0059]    As, the aircraft automation initiates capture and begins to slow the rate of ascent, thus decreasing the size of the capture region  610  shown in FIG. 7E decreases keeping assigned altitude icon  420  just within capture region icon  610  to reflect that capture has been initiated. Finally, the assigned altitude is captured, FIG. 7F, and the vertical ascent speed returns to zero, the assigned altitude icon  420  is displayed at the same position as current altitude icon  104 , and the capture region indicators disappear.  
         [0060]    In some embodiments, the automation is configured so as to not allow the assigned altitude icon to enter into the overshoot region. This may be accomplished, for example, by creating software limiting rules in the auto-pilot or FMS. If a pilot entered an assigned altitude during an ascent phase to a previously assigned altitude, however, the auto pilot could suddenly find itself in the overshoot region and then alert the pilot to this situation by displaying the assigned altitude icon in the same region as the overshoot icon. In like fashion, if a pilot failed to initiate capture soon enough during an ascent to an assigned altitude in manual mode, the assigned altitude icon would be shown in the overshoot region. The presence in the overshoot region could be displayed regardless of whether the pilot is on manual control or on auto pilot control.  
         [0061]    Although much of the discussion has focused on examples where aircraft  201  is ascending to an assigned altitude, similar operation is provided for an aircraft assigned to a lower altitude, for an aircraft assigned to ascending or descending paths, and for embodiments showing capture region information relative to the assigned altitude.  
         [0062]    With reference to FIG. 8A, an aircraft may be assigned from an initial altitude of 10,000 feet to an assigned altitude of 6000 feet. If aircraft  201  is initially flying a level path, vertical velocity scale  103  registers zero, as shown in FIG. 8A. As aircraft  201  changes its pitch and thrust to descend at 1100 feet per minute, for example, vertical velocity scale  103  may read as shown in FIG. 8B. Assigned altitude icon  420  remains parked off scale, and capture region icon  610  indicates that the first point to initiate capture  616  is 162 feet above the 6,000 foot level. As aircraft  201  continues its descent (shown in FIG. 8C), the rate of descent is further increased as displayed on the vertical velocity scale  103 . Capture region icon  610  indicates that the first point to initiate capture  616  is now 420 feet above the 6,000 foot level, and the last point to initiate capture  614  is 170 feet above the 6,000 foot level. One reason for the increased distance in first point  616 , and the appearance of last point  614  is that the vertical descent rate has increased relative to that shown in FIG. 8B. In FIG. 8D, aircraft  201  continues to descend at the same rate as discussed with regard to FIG. 8C and therefore, the first point  616  and last point  614  remain constant. But the assigned altitude icon  420  has now entered into the displayable region of altitude tape  102 .  
         [0063]    As the first point to initiate capture scrolls past the current altitude icon  104 , the automation initiates capture and begins to slow the rate of ascent, thus decreasing the size of the capture region as shown in FIG. 8E and keeping assigned altitude icon  420  just within capture region icon  610 . Finally, the assigned altitude is captured, FIG. 8F, and the vertical ascent speed returns to zero, the assigned altitude icon  420  is at the current altitude icon  104 , and the capture region indicators disappear. In the embodiment where the capture region is displayed relative to an assigned altitude, the aircraft  201  is known to be following a capture trajectory when the current altitude box  104  enters and stays within the capture region.  
         [0064]    Although the present discussion is described in the context of an altitude tape display, any visual display that shows a pilot the first and last points to initiate capture is within the scope of this invention. For example, FIG. 9 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment where a dial type altitude gauge is displayed on a computer monitor on a cockpit display. This dial type altitude gauge may include icons for displaying capture information. In such an embodiment, a needle  910  on a gauge  900  points to the current altitude  905 . Needle  910  may rotate, or alternatively the altitudes could rotate past a stationary needle  910 . Capture icon  908  may be suitably displayed with a first point to initiate capture  920 , last point to initiate capture  922 , an overshoot range  924 , and an icon representing the assigned altitude  925 . This embodiment operates with the same principles described in greater detail with regards to the altitude tape embodiment described herein.  
         [0065]    The corresponding structures, materials, acts and equivalents of all elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material or acts for performing the functions in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalence, rather than by the examples given above. No element described herein is necessary to the practice of the invention unless expressly described as “critical” or “essential”. The various steps in the following method claims may be practiced in any order, and are not required to be practiced in the order recited below.