Abstract:
A Chinese to English Translation Tool (CETT) locates pre-existing translations of phrases and increases probabilities for a match by searching independently of proper nouns and Western characters. The CETT comprises an enhancement program, a search program and a display program. The CETT is adapted to access a translation database, a proper noun table, and an unmatched translation table. The translation database is a central repository of an accumulated body of translated literature. The proper noun database is a table showing the associations between English and Chinese for proper nouns.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention is related generally to methods of computer implemented translation from Chinese into English, and specifically to a method for improving automated translation of clauses, proper nouns, and embedded western characters.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Companies offering web services and service oriented architecture for international businesses include services that translate foreign languages into English. Automated translation tools can provide real time translation capabilities. Asian languages such as Chinese pose special problems for automated translation into English. For example, current automated techniques for translation from Chinese to English do not take into account the idiomatic differences between the languages. Consequently, automated literal translation of Chinese to English bears little resemblance to normal, everyday English, and proper translations can only be achieved by manual translation by Chinese language experts.  
         [0003]     However, there exists a large body of Chinese literature translated into English. In the translation of the literature, idiom has been taken into account. There is a considerable wealth of such translated literature today. These translated literary works have already been expertly translated from Chinese to English and vice versa. Moreover, the technology exists to capture and store these translations digitally so that the data can be searched at high speed. For example, the availability of 64 bit computing and very large memories allow for efficient high speed searching of such captured translations. A variety of methods for converting Chinese literature to digital format are known to persons skilled in the art.  
         [0004]     Chinese is a well structured language with specific character orders. Chinese has no spaces between words, but it does use commas to separate clauses and periods at the end of sentences. There are no spaces between words and each character carries a specific meaning. These characteristics of the Chinese language raise the possibility of using electronic files of translated literature for automated Chinese to English translation because the chance of finding a match in the wealth of literature is very high. In addition, the fact that Chinese has no real tenses, gender, cases or plurals, reduces the variety of different sentence structures considerably.  
         [0005]     If such a search could be made, several problems exist. First, proper nouns may be translated in several ways. For example, in English our reference to the main Chinese river is “Yangtze”. However, in Chinese this refers to a fish that lives at the mouth of the river. The actual river itself is called the “Chang Jiang,” which literally means “long river.” Another example is Peking versus Bei Jing, or the “Imperial Palace.” Although Chinese has no capital letters, proper nouns can easily be identified from the structure of the sentence.  
         [0006]     Second, modern Chinese in use today has many embedded western characters, such as numbers, names and web addresses. Embedded Western characters do not require translation, yet their positioning within the Chinese text to be translated can lessen the likelihood of a match. The accuracy of this translating can be improved if it is made independent of embedded Western characters. Modern Chinese uses many of these, particularly numbers.  
         [0007]     What is needed is a tool or method to increase the accuracy of automated translation of Chinese into English by taking advantage of existing expert translations. In addition, need exists for further improvements in accuracy by addressing the impact of proper nouns and embedded Western characters to such a search.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     The invention, which meets the needs identified above, is a Chinese to English Translation Tool (CETT) for locating pre-existing translations of phrases and for increasing probabilities for a match by searching independently of proper nouns and Western characters.  
         [0009]     The CETT comprises an enhancement program, a search program and a display program. The CETT is adapted to access a translation database, and a proper noun database. The translation database is a central repository of an accumulated body of translated literature. The proper noun database is a table showing the associations between English and Chinese for proper nouns.  
         [0010]     The enhancement program replaces Western characters in the accumulated body of translated literature in the translation database with markers so that the search for a translation can focus entirely on Chinese characters, thereby increasing the chances for a match. The enhancement program further identifies proper nouns in the translation database, and marks the proper nouns with another character indicating a proper noun. The proper nouns may be searched or ignored depending on the search program. The proper nouns are also linked to a proper noun table giving the associations between English and Chinese for these proper nouns. The table will then give the right substitution after a match has been found.  
         [0011]     The search program is adapted to access the translation database containing an accumulated body of translated literature and a dictionary. The search program searches the accumulated body of translated literature for a match. The search is done first without removing proper nouns. If there is no match, then the enhancement program is invoked to remove the proper nouns. If a matching clause is found, it will be selected for display. If there are duplicate translation, the clauses at either side will also be selected for display, and a determination will be made which group of clauses is the closest match. The central clause from the group that is the closest match will then be selected for display. If there is no match, a literal translation will be used and a log will be written of these. A translation service of top scholars will translate these correctly and the database will be updated.  
         [0012]     The display program presents both the Chinese and the English sources side by side, highlights the text that the search program identifies as a match, and then prompts the user to select or verify the translation. The display program allows the user to modify the highlighted text on either side to correct the idiom translation match.  
         [0013]     The CETT may be a pluggable module that can integrate with a search or translation engine (or web browser). 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]     The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0015]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of a computer network used to implement the present invention;  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of a memory containing components of the translation system;  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart of the database enhancement program;  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart of the search program; and  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart of the display program. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0020]     The principles of the present invention are applicable to a variety of computer hardware and software configurations. The term “computer hardware” or “hardware,” as used herein, refers to any machine or apparatus that is capable of accepting, performing logic operations on, storing, or displaying data, and includes without limitation processors and memory; the term “computer software” or “software,” refers to any set of instructions operable to cause computer hardware to perform an operation. A “computer,” as that term is used herein, includes without limitation any useful combination of hardware and software, and a “computer program” or “program” includes without limitation any software operable to cause computer hardware to accept, perform logic operations on, store, or display data. A computer program may, and often is, comprised of a plurality of smaller programming units, including without limitation subroutines, modules, functions, methods, and procedures. Thus, the functions of the present invention may be distributed among a plurality of computers and computer programs. The invention is described best, though, as a single computer program that configures and enables one or more general-purpose computers to implement the novel aspects of the invention. For illustrative purposes, the inventive computer program will be referred to as the “Chinese to English Translation Tool” (CETT).  
         [0021]     Additionally, the CETT is described below with reference to an exemplary network of hardware devices, as depicted in  FIG. 1 . A “network” comprises any number of hardware devices coupled to and in communication with each other through a communications medium, such as the Internet. A “communications medium” includes without limitation any physical, optical, electromagnetic, or other medium through which hardware or software can transmit data. For descriptive purposes, exemplary network  100  has only a limited number of nodes, including workstation computer  105 , workstation computer  110 , server computer  115 , and persistent storage  120 . Network connection  125  comprises all hardware, software, and communications media necessary to enable communication between network nodes  105 - 120 . Unless otherwise indicated in context below, all network nodes use publicly available protocols or messaging services to communicate with each other through network connection  125 .  
         [0022]     CETT  200  typically is stored in a memory, represented schematically as memory  220  in  FIG. 2 . The term “memory,” as used herein, includes without limitation any volatile or persistent medium, such as an electrical circuit, magnetic disk, or optical disk, in which a computer can store data or software for any duration. A single memory may encompass and be distributed across a plurality of media. Thus,  FIG. 2  is included merely as a descriptive expedient and does not necessarily reflect any particular physical embodiment of memory  220 . CETT  200  comprises enhancement program  300 , search program  400 , and display program  500 . In addition memory  220  includes additional data and programs. Of particular import to CETT  200 , memory  220  includes translation database  230 , proper noun table  240 , and unmatched clause database  250 . An existing literal translation program  120  provides literal translation and such programs are known in the art.  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  depicts the logic for enhancement program  300 . Enhancement program  300  starts ( 302 ) and makes a determination whether the processing is for a new database that has not been enhanced ( 310 ), an existing database with a new file ( 312 ), an existing database with updated files ( 314 ), or a database with an updated log of unmatched clause translations ( 316 ). If enhancement program  300  makes an affirmative determination at either step  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316 , then enhancement program  300  will select a file ( 318 ) and scan the file for western characters ( 320 ). If enhancement program makes a negative determination at steps  312 ,  314 , and  316 , it will stop ( 340 ). If a western character is found ( 322 ) it will be marked ( 324 ) and the file will continue to be scanned ( 320 ) until a negative determination results at step  322 . If a western character is not present, or if all western characters have been marked, enhancement program  300  scans the file for proper nouns ( 326 ). If a proper noun is located ( 336 ), enhancement program  300  marks the proper noun ( 334 ) and determines whether the proper noun matches a proper noun in proper noun table ( 332 ). If the proper noun matches a proper noun in the table, the marked proper noun is linked to the proper noun in the table ( 328 ) and the scan continues ( 326 ) until there are no more proper nouns to examine at step  336 . If the proper noun does not match the table, the user is prompted to update the table ( 330 ) and the scan continues at step  326 . When there are no proper nouns at step  336 , enhancement program  300  determines whether there is another file ( 338 ), and if so, goes to step  320 , and if not, stops ( 340 ).  
         [0024]      FIG. 4  depicts the logic for search program  400 . Search program  400  starts ( 402 ) when invoked and determines whether a user identified a clause for translation ( 410 ). If a clause has not been identified, search program  400  stops ( 450 ). If a clause has been identified, search program  400  ignores the western characters that have been marked by enhancement program  300  ( 412 ). The database is searched ( 414 ) and search program  400  determines whether a multiple match has been made ( 416 ). If so, the clauses immediately preceding and following the subject clause are examined ( 418 ) to determine whether one of the matched clauses from the database is the closest ( 420 ). If so, the match is displayed ( 438 ), and if not, enhancement program  400  prompts the user to make a selection ( 422 ) and displays the selection ( 424 ).  
         [0025]     If at step  416 , the determination is negative, then search program  400  determines if there is a single match ( 426 ). If so, the match is displayed ( 438 ), and if not, enhancement program  400  ignores all proper nouns marked by enhancement program  300  ( 428 ), and searches for a match ( 430 ). If a match is found ( 432 ), the match is displayed ( 438 ). If a match is not found, a literal translation is used ( 434 ) and the literal translation and the clause are written to a log for manual translation ( 436 ). Search program  400  determines whether there is another identified clause to be translated ( 440 ). If so, search program  400  goes to step  412 , and if not, stops ( 450 ).  
         [0026]      FIG. 5  depicts the logic for display program  500 . Display program  500  starts ( 502 ) and displays a literal translation ( 510 ). If the user identifies a clause for translation ( 512 ), search program  400  is invoked (see  FIG. 4 ), and if not, display program  500  stops ( 540 ). After invoking search program  400 , display program  500  determines whether there were any results from the search ( 516 ). If not, the clause is added to the log for manual translation ( 530 ). If there are results, display program  500  determines whether user selection is required ( 518 ). User selection is required when there are multiple translations identified for a clause and the user has been prompted to make a selection (see  FIG. 4 , step  424 ). If so, display program obtains the user selection ( 524 ) and displays the selection ( 526 ). If the user does not make a selection, rules are applied to make a selection ( 522 ) and the selection is displayed ( 526 ). After displaying the selection ( 526 ), display program  500  determines whether the user approves the displayed translation ( 528 ). If not, the clause is added to the log for manual translation ( 530 ), and if so, determines whether another clause has been identified ( 532 ). If so, display program  500  goes to step  514 , and if not, stops ( 540 ).  
         [0027]     With respect to the above description, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. The novel spirit of the present invention is still embodied by reordering or deleting some of the steps contained in this disclosure. The spirit of the invention is not meant to be limited in any way except by proper construction of the following claims.