Abstract:
A digital imaging system is provided for interpolating a full color image from a camera having an array of single color sensors. Measured color values are stored as an array of data elements in a memory of the system. Each data element corresponds to the measured color value from one sensor. A set of gradient values is determined for each data element at a specific location in the array. The gradient values correspond to color value differences in a plurality of directions from the data element. From the set of gradient values, a threshold value is determined. Using the threshold value, a subset of gradient values is selected so that the members of the subset have gradient values less than the threshold. Additional color values for each data element are interpolated according to the subset of gradient values.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to the field of digital imaging, and more particularly to generating digital representations of full color images. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a single sensor camera, varying intensities of electromagnetic radiation are measured at an image plane composed of a rectangular array of sensor elements. If the radiation is visible light, then a gray-scale image is produced. In order to construct a full color image, a Bayer color filter array (CFA) can be placed between the lens and the sensors at the image plane. A CFA has one color filter element for each sensor. For a more detailed description, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065 to Bayer. 
     Usually, at least three different colors are used for the filter elements of the CFA, for example, red, green, and blue (RGB). These three colors are sufficient to recover all colors in the visible light part of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, because each sensor can only measure the intensity of a single color, interpolation is required to recover a full color image from the sparsely sampled image plane. 
     In most color cameras, one of the colors is sampled more frequently. For example, with the Bayer CFA, the image plane is partitioned in blocks of four sensors having the pattern: 
     
       
         G R 
       
     
     
       
         B G 
       
     
     There are two green sensors on one diagonal, and a red and blue sensor on the other. The dominant color is green because green has the maximum sensitivity in the human eye. Therefore green is used to represent high frequency detail. 
     The measured intensity of the green sensors may be used to determine the overall luminance of the image using simple bilinear interpolation. Then, after the luminance has been determined, the full RGB color values at each location in the image can be interpolated from the chrominance values of neighboring sensors. Such a method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,678. As a disadvantage, simple bilinear interpolation is prone to color edge artifacts. 
     In order to minimize this problem, adaptive color plan interpolation has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,322 to Laroche. There, the gradients of luminance values are determined in the horizontal and vertical directions. The gradient values in these two directions are compared and a single preferred direction is selected. The additional color values at a particular location are interpolated from nearby sensors located in the preferred direction. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,734 to Hamilton, a single preferred direction is selected by using a classifier. The classifier is computed by adding LaPlacian second-order values to the gradient values. Then, like Laroche above, the single direction is used to perform the interpolation. 
     There is a problem with choosing only a single direction, either horizontal or vertical, for interpolation. In real images, there may be edges which are not predominantly vertical or horizontal. In addition, the image may have many fine detailed features without a specific single directional orientation of the gradient. Therefore, it is desired to provide a method for interpolating additional color values at locations of the image that do not have a single directional gradient bias. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a digital imaging system, a method and apparatus are provided for interpolating a full color image from a camera having an array of single color sensors. Each sensor measures a single color value, for example, red, green, or blue. The measured color values are stored as an array of data elements in a memory of the system. The location of the data elements in the array correspond to the location of the sensors at the image plane of the camera. 
     Using color differencing, a set of gradient values is determined for each data element at a specific location in the array. The gradient values correspond to color value differences in a plurality of directions from the data element. Color values are differenced for a smaller fixed sized array centered on each data element. 
     From the set of gradient values, a threshold value is determined. The threshold can be based on a maximum and minimum gradient of the set. Using the threshold value, a subset of gradient values is selected so that the members of the subset have gradient values less than the threshold. The directions associated with the selected set identify a region where color values are similar. Additional color values for each data element can then be interpolated according to the subset of gradient values. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a digital imaging system that uses the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a five-by-five array of data elements stored in a memory having single color values, centered on a green data element, with red elements directly above and below the center green element; 
     FIG. 3 is a five-by-five array of data elements stored in a memory having single color values, centered on a green data element, with blue elements directly above and below the center green element; 
     FIG. 4 is a five-by-five array of data elements stored in a memory having single color values, centered on a blue data element; and 
     FIG. 5 is a five-by-five array of data elements stored in a memory having single color values, centered on a red data element. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows an image processing system  100  that uses multiple threshold-based gradients to determine a full color image according to the invention. The system  100  includes a single sensor camera  110 , a digital processor  120 , and a display device  130 . If the camera  110  is an analog device, then a analog to digital converter (AID)  115  is used to convert the measured signals to digital signals. The system  100  also includes an image buffer  121  and a processor buffer  122 . The buffers  121 - 122  can be made of conventional memories. 
     During operation of the system  100 , the camera  110  measures light signals with a regular array of sensor elements placed at the image plane, e.g., charge-coupled devices (CCD). The sensors are overlaid with a color filter array (CFA) to produce measured values for the colors red, green, and blue. Each CCD sensor measures one color. The measured color values are stored in the image buffer  121  as an array of data elements, i.e., a “frame.” The data elements representing the color values at the image plane are operated on by the processor  120  using the processor buffer  122 . The processed color values can be rendered on the screen of the display device  130  as a full color image. In the art, the fundamental units associated with the individual color values in the arrays are generally known as pixels, for example, the sensors, the data elements, or the display screen locations. 
     As an introduction to the invention, a full color image is interpolated from color values measured by a single sensor camera. The camera  110  measures only a single color value at each pixel location. The color values are stored in the image buffer  121  as a frame. 
     The goal of the invention is to recover the missing color values at each location, given only a single color value at each location. FIGS. 2,  3 ,  4 , and  5  show the data elements used in this recovery process. FIG. 2 shows a five-by-five array  200  of data elements of the image plane as represented in the image buffer  121 . As can be seen, each pixel stores a color value for a single color, e.g., red, green, and blue (RGB). The green  201 , e.g., g 1 , g 2 , . . . , g 13 , are arranged along one diagonal of the array, and the red and blue pixels  202 - 203  are arranged along the other diagonal, e.g., r 1 , b 1 , r 2 , b 2 , etc. The pixel under consideration, the center pixel of the five-by-five array, is green. Therefore the missing color values are blue and red. 
     FIG. 3 shows a similar five-by-five array  300  of data elements of the image plane, except that the blue and red pixels are reversed from FIG.  2 . FIG. 4 shows a similar five-by-five array  400  of data elements of the image plane, except that the center pixel is blue, so the missing color values are green and red. FIG. 5 shows another similar five-by-five array  500  of data elements of the image plane, except that the center pixel is red, so the missing color values are green and blue. In each of the FIGS. 2,  3 ,  4 , and  5 , the goal is to recover the missing color values at the center pixel of the five-by-five array. 
     For each pixel, the missing color components are found as follows. First, a set of gradients is determined from the neighboring color values in the five-by-five array centered at a particular pixel. Each gradient corresponds to a different direction. Second, for each set of gradients, a threshold value is determined, and the threshold is used to select a subset of gradients. Low valued gradients are preferred because they indicate pixels having similar color values. High gradients would be expected in regions of the image where there are many fine details, or sharp edges. 
     Third, the subset of gradients is then used to locate regions of pixels that are most like the pixel under consideration. Note, here the pixels in the identified regions can be in different directions from the pixel under consideration, in contrast with the prior art where color values located in only a single direction are used for interpolation. The pixels in the regions are then weighted and summed to determine the average difference between the color of the actual measured center pixel value and the missing color. 
     We now described those steps for the case in which the pixel under consideration is green, and the missing value is blue. Note that there are six separate cases, all of which use the same conceptual algorithm: 
     Case 1: consider green, missing blue; 
     Case 2: consider green, missing red; 
     Case 3: consider blue, missing green; 
     Case 4: consider blue, missing red; 
     Case 5: consider red, missing green; and 
     Case 6: consider red, missing blue. 
     To recover all of the missing color values in the image would require the application of the following: 
     For each green pixel, Cases 1 and 2 must be performed. 
     For each blue pixel, Cases 3 and 4 must be performed. 
     For each red pixel, Cases 5 and 6 must be performed. 
     Below, we describe only the first case with the understanding that the other five cases are solved in a similar manner. 
     To demonstrate the case of considering a green pixel and recovering the missing blue value, we use FIG. 2, since it portrays a five-by-five array centered on a green pixel. The first step is to determine a set of gradients. In the preferred implementation, we consider a set of eight gradients, although that number can be changed. We choose eight gradients in the following eight compass point directions: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW. To determine the gradients, we weight and sum the absolute values of the differences between pairs of similar-colored pixels as follows: 
     
       
         Gradient N=| r   2   −r   5   |+|g   2   −g   7   |+|g   4   −g   9 |/2 +|g   5   −g   10 |/2 +|b   1   −b   3 |/2 +|b   2   −b   4 |/2 
       
     
     
       
         Gradient E=| b   4   −b   3   |+|g   8   −g   7   |+|g   5   −g   4 |/2 +|g   10   −g   9 |/2 +|r   3   −r   2 |/2 +|r   6   −r   5 |/2 
       
     
     
       
         Gradient S=| r   5   −r   2   |+|g   12   −g   7   |+|g   9   −g   4 |/2 +|g   10   −g   5 |/2 +|b   5   −b   3 |/2 +|b   6   −b   4 |/2 
       
     
     
       
         Gradient W=| b   3   −b   4   |+|g   6   −g   7   |+|g   4   −g   5 |/2 +|g   9   −g   10 |/2 +|r   1   −r   2 |/2 +|r   4   −r   5 |/2 
       
     
     
       
         Gradient NE=| g   5   −g   9   |+|g   3   −g   7   +|b   2   −b   3   |+|r   5 | 
       
     
     
       
         Gradient SE=| g   10   −g   4   |+|g   13   −g   7   |+|b   6   −b   3   |+|r   6   −r   2 | 
       
     
      Gradient NW=| g   4   −g   10   |+|g   1   −g   7   |+|b   1   −b   4   |+|r   1   −r   5 | 
     
       
         Gradient SW=| g   9   −g   5   |+|g   11   −g   7   |+|b   5   −b   4   |+|r   4   −r   2 | 
       
     
     We note that for a green pixel under consideration, it is possible for the pixels directly above and below to be blue instead of red. In this case, we use FIG.  3  and switch the r&#39;s and b&#39;s in the above eight gradient calculations. 
     For example purposes, let us assume the following numerical values of our eight gradients: 12, 13, 7, 8, 4, 7, 12, 14, i.e., 
     Gradient N=12 
     Gradient E=13 
     Gradient S=7 
     Gradient W=8 
     Gradient NE=4 
     Gradient SE=7 
     Gradient NW=12 
     Gradient SW=14 
     The second step is to determine a threshold and select a subset of gradients. In the preferred implementation, we determine a threshold as follows. Let the maximum gradient value be denoted as Max, and let the minimum gradient value be denoted as Min. Then we determine our threshold T as follows: 
     
       
           T =(1.5×Min)+[0.5×(Max+Min)] 
       
     
     Using the threshold value T, a subset of gradients is selected such that all gradients in the subset are less than the threshold T. Using the numerical values in the above example, Max=14, Min=4, and T is determined to be 11. Thus, the selected subset of gradients less than 11: 
     
       
         Subset( g   7 )={S=7, W=8, NE=4, SE=7} 
       
     
     The third step is to locate pixels in the regions corresponding to the subset of gradients, and to use those pixels to determine a color difference. In the example above, we determine the average blue and green values in the gradient subset regions as follows. Let the average green value in the region be denoted as G, and let the average blue value in a region be denoted as B. Then, in the gradient subset regions the average values are determined as follows: 
     S: G=(g 12 +g 7 )/2; 
     W: G=(g 6  +g 7 )/2 
     NE: G=g 5 ; 
     SE G=g 10 ; 
     B=(b 3 +b 4  +b 5  +b 6 )/2; 
     B=b 3 ; 
     B=(b 2 +b 4 )/2 
     B=(b 4 +b 6 )/2. 
     The above G values are added together to produce a total G, denoted by G sum . Likewise, the above B values are added to each other to produce a total B denoted by B sum . Then, the difference of the two sums, B sum -G sum , is divided by the number of gradients in the threshold subset to produce a normalized color difference, BG diff . This difference is added to the pixel value under consideration, e.g., g 7 , to produce an estimate for the missing blue value. 
     It should be apparent that other formulations can be used to determine the threshold values used for selecting interpolation directions. What is important here is that interpolation is based on pixels in a region defined by multiple directions, and not a single direction as in the prior art. The method can also be used to determine sets of gradient values for any colored pixel, that is, red and blue pixels, as well as green pixels. As an advantage, a high resolution, full color image is produced. 
     It is understood that the above-described embodiments are simply illustrative of the principles of the invention. Various other modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art which will embody the principles of the invention and fall within the spirit and scope thereof.