Abstract:
A fiber optic cable comprises a jacket defining an interior passageway therethrough, at least one optical fiber disposed in the interior passageway of the outer jacket, and a water blocking zone having, for example, a solid polymer foam material contacting and surrounding at least one optical fiber over at least a portion of a length thereof and filling a space between at least one optical fiber and the inner wall of the cable. The invention is applicable to many different configurations of fiber optic cables, including those having one or more buffer tubes containing the optical fiber(s) as well as cables without any buffer tube. The optical fibers can be in loose and unbundled form, in bundled arrangements, or in ribbonized form. The water blocking zone preferably is relatively soft and resilient, and can be in the form of discrete foamed or non-foamed portions spaced apart along the length of the cable.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/322,525 filed May 28, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,374,023, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to fiber optic cables and, more particularly, to fiber optic cables having at least one water blocking feature. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A fiber optic cable generally comprises a jacket, strength members, and one or more optical fibers disposed within the passageway of the jacket or within one or more buffer tubes disposed within the passageway. Fiber optic cables that are intended for outdoor or indoor/outdoor use generally also include elements for preventing or mitigating the effects of water that may infiltrate into the interior passageway(s) of the cable. In particular, it is undesirable to allow water to migrate longitudinally along the passageway(s) of the cable because the water may reach cable closures or connectors, which can be damaged by exposure to the water. Accordingly, many fiber optic cables include water blocking elements for preventing migration of water longitudinally along the cable interior. 
     A commonly used technique for preventing water migration through the cable is to fill the interior passageway(s) of the cable with a petroleum based grease-like compound. However, there are many disadvantages attendant to the use of such compounds. For this reason, “dry” fiber optic cables have been developed. A dry fiber optic cable typically includes a water swellable element that swells when exposed to water so as to form a blockage in the cable preventing water from flowing past the blockage. The water swellable element often comprises a superabsorbent polymer composition coated on or impregnated in a yarn or tape that is wrapped about the fiber(s) all along the length thereof. 
     Such water swellable yarns or tapes are effective in preventing water migration through a cable. A drawback of their use, however, is that they can restrict free movement of the fiber(s) within the cable passageway(s), which movement is desirable during thermal elongation or contraction of the cable. As a result, the water swellable yarns or tapes can affect the attenuation performance of the cable relative to that of a comparable grease-containing cable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An aspect of the present invention comprises a fiber optic cable with a small outside diameter and a non-petroleum based water blocking zone, comprising a cable jacket, at least one optical fiber disposed within the cable jacket, with the water blocking zone at least partially filling the cable. The water blocking zone comprising a soft, solid material having a three-dimensional network of bonding, defining a multifunctional component. The water blocking zone provides water blocking, defines a buffer that allows desirable levels of optical fiber movement, and is operative to cushion mechanical loads. The water blocking zone preferably comprises a thermoplastic or thermoset material. The water blocking zone can comprise a foamed or non-foamed material. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a fiber optic cable in accordance with the present inventions. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a juncture between the water blocking zone and an optical fiber, showing a material disposed between the water blocking zone and the fiber for producing a controlled bond. 
     FIG. 3 is a fragmentary, enlarged cross-sectional view of the juncture between the water blocking zone and the inner surface of the outer jacket, showing a material disposed between the water blocking zone and the jacket for producing a controlled bond. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a single buffer tube fiber optic cable in accordance with the present inventions. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a multi-tube fiber optic cable in accordance with the present inventions. 
     FIG. 6 is a sectioned isometric view of a fiber optic ribbon cable in accordance with the present inventions, showing intermittent water blocking zones spaced apart along the cable. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     FIG. 1 shows a first configuration of a fiber optic cable  10  to which the present inventions can be applied. Fiber optic cable  10  is preferably a tubeless cable, meaning that it preferably does not include a buffer tube. Fiber optic cable  10  includes a cable jacket  12  with an OD preferably under about 25 mm, and most preferably under about 10.0 mm. Cable jacket  12  defines an interior passageway having at least one optical component, e.g., an optical fiber  16  disposed therein. A layer of armor (not shown) can be in contact with the jacket. The optical component is preferably a single optical fiber  16  as shown in FIG. 1, or a plurality of optical fibers  16  either unbundled or in one or more bundles, tubes, or optical ribbons. In a preferred embodiment, jacket  12  includes tensile and/or anti-buckling members  18  that can be, for example, glass fiber rovings, aramid fibers, fiber reinforced plastics or glass reinforced plastics. Optical fiber  16  generally includes a silica-based core that is operative to transmit light and is surrounded by a silica-based cladding having a lower index of refraction than the core. A soft primary coating surrounds the cladding, and a relatively rigid secondary coating surrounds the primary coating. Optical fiber  16  can be, for example, a single-mode or multi-mode fiber available commercially from Coming Incorporated. 
     Fiber optic cable  10  preferably includes a water blocking zone  20  surrounding optical fiber  16  and preferably filling the space between optical fiber  16  and the inner surface of outer jacket  12 . Characteristics of water blocking zone  20  include preferably a substantial lack of petroleum based grease compositions, but may include a small fraction of oil or a plasticizer. Water blocking zone  20  may include a super absorbent polymer suitable for use in a cable. It is preferably a soft, solid material comprising a three-dimensional network of preferably covalent, hydrogen, and/or Van der Walls bonding, and can be foamed or non-foamed. In addition, water blocking zone is multifunctional, as it provides water blocking, and defines a buffer that allows desirable levels of fiber movement and cushions lateral mechanical loads. Preferably, water blocking zone  20  intimately contacts the outer surface of optical fiber  16  and the inner surface of outer jacket  12 , and preferably forms a generally full 360° disc or cylinder structure, i.e., a structure whose outer periphery matches the shape of the inner surface of outer jacket  12  so that there is no open passage through water blocking zone  20 . Water blocking zone  20  preferably comprises thermoplastic or thermoset materials. In addition, water blocking zone  20  can include super absorbent materials. 
     A thermoplastic material, such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/322,625, which is incorporated by reference herein, can define a suitable three-dimensional network. Preferably, the thermoplastic polymer melts and flows at temperatures above about 80° C., most preferably about 90° C. to about 125° C. This allows the polymer to be melted and introduced into jacket  12  during cable manufacture. Further, the filling material containing the three-dimensional network maintains its three-dimensional characteristics at as high as about 80° C. to inhibit dripping, and is sufficiently soft at as low as about −50° C. to avoid undue optical performance degradation. 
     The thermoplastic polymers employed may include, but are not limited to, thermoplastic elastomers and rubbers that will form the three-dimensional network singly or in combination. Desirable thermoplastic elastomers include block copolymers having hard and soft polymeric units such as block copolymers of styrene and butadiene, block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, block copolymers of styrene and ethylene and/or butylene; and polyurethane elastomers and elastomeric alloys. Desirable thermoplastic rubbers include olefinic rubbers such as ethylene or propylene containing rubber, and other olefinic rubbers that can be plasticized sufficiently to achieve the desired softness. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer employed is a block copolymer. Such copolymers are available from Shell Chemicals under the tradename KRATON™ polymers and compounds. KRATON™ polymers are high performance thermoplastic elastomers. 
     Certain KRATON™ block copolymers are particularly suitable for use with the present invention due to an unusual combination of softness and low viscosity for easy thermoplastic processing at elevated temperatures or in solution. The KRATON™ block copolymers are available as linear, diblock, triblock and radial polymers. Each molecule of KRATON™ block copolymer includes block segments of styrene monomer units and rubber monomer units. The most common structures are the linear A-B-A block types: styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS). 
     The desired thermoplastic polymers of the present invention include rigid end blocks and a soft middle block. For example, the A-B-A structure of the KRATON™ block copolymers has polystyrene endblocks and an elastomeric midblock. Prior to processing, the polystyrene endblocks are associated in rigid domains. Physical bonding via these domains yields a continuous three dimensional network. During processing, in the presence of heat and shear or solvent, the polystyrene domains soften and permit flow. After cooling or solvent evaporation, the polystyrene domains reform and harden, locking the three-dimensional network in place. The physical bonding and reinforcing effect of the styrene domains provide strength, and the rubber midblock provides elasticity. 
     Of special interest are the KRATON™ G polymers. A particularly preferred block copolymer of the KRATON™ G series is a second generation polymer of the styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) type. The polymers exhibit superior ozone resistance and can withstand prolonged outdoor exposure. Further, these polymers may be made, in accordance with the present invention with a sufficient softness such that they do not cause a large compressive strain on the optical fibers. The thermoplastic filling materials of the present invention may include one or more additives to achieve superior appearance, performance and/or processing properties. These additives may include, but are not limited to plasticizers, lubricants, foaming agents, heat stabilizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, pigments, dyes and fillers. In certain embodiments, any one or more of the additives are excluded from the filling materials of the invention, yet in other embodiments, any one or more of the additives may be included. Thermoplastics include SEBS materials, e.g. Kraton. 
     Water blocking zone  20  can comprise a thermoset material, for example, polyurethane or silicone. Water blocking zone  20  in a preferred embodiment is a relatively soft foamed material, e.g., comparable to that commonly used for seat cushions or the like. Various other polymer materials can be used, including but not limited to polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, ethylene vinyl acetate, or the like. When foamed, water blocking zone  20  preferably comprises a closed-cell foam, with a cell size of less than about 20 microns, a foaming rate of about 10-90%, and a material softness of about Shore A hardness of less than about 40. The cells can be various shapes, for example, spherical or bubble-like, and can be up to about 1 meter long. 
     Foamed polymer materials generally are formed either by bringing together two reactive precursor chemicals (e.g., a polyol and an isocyanate in the case of forming polyurethane foam) so as to form a reaction that produces gas that bubbles through the composition as the composition cures, thus forming cells, or by adding a heat-activated physical or chemical blowing agent to a polymer composition and heating the composition to activate the blowing agent, which produces gas. Any suitable technique for producing foamed polymer materials can be used in accordance with the present inventions. 
     As one example, a liquid foam-forming composition (or two precursor chemicals therefor) can be injected into an extruder cross-head for forming the water blocking zone inside of outer jacket  12  as the optical fibers enter the extruder, thus forming a cylinder of foam around the fibers. Alternatively, water blocking zone  20  could be formed around the optical fiber(s) prior to feeding the fiber(s) to the extruder, and then outer jacket  12  could be extruded over the foam material and fiber(s). 
     In some cases, it may be desirable to control the degree of bonding between water blocking zone  20  and optical fiber  16  and/or between water blocking zone  20  and outer jacket  12 . To these ends, fiber optic cable  10  can include a material  22  between water blocking zone  20  and optical fiber  16  for producing a controlled bond therebetween, and/or can include a material  24  between water blocking zone  20  and outer jacket  12  for producing a controlled bond therebetween. For example, it may be desirable to be able to easily and cleanly strip water blocking zone  20  from optical fiber  16 , such as when accessing optical fiber  16  for connectorizing or splicing purposes. In this case, material  22  preferably comprises a TBII layer, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,564 incorporated by reference herein, or a slip layer comprising an oil material known to have good release properties with the particular foam material employed. As another example, it may be desirable to provide a stronger bond between water blocking zone  20  and outer jacket  12  than would be provided by the natural tendency of the materials in water blocking zone  20  to adhere to the jacket material. In this case, material  24  can comprise an adhesive, for example, a hot melt glue, EAA, or a solvent based adhesive and can include a coloring material. In other applications where it is desired to be able to separate outer jacket  12  from water blocking zone  20 , material  24  can comprise a suitable release material. 
     As previously noted, the present inventions are not applicable to only one type of cable. Indeed, water blocking zone  20  can be used in place of the conventional grease compound anywhere that such compound is typically used. Thus, FIGS. 4 through 6 depict several other exemplary fiber optic cables in accordance with the present inventions. 
     FIG. 4 depicts a single buffer tube fiber optic cable  40  generally similar to fiber optic cable  10  of FIG. 1, except that outer jacket  12  surrounds a buffer tube  14 , and a plurality of optical components are disposed within buffer tube  14 . Water blocking zone  20  surrounds optical fibers  16  and fills the space between optical fibers  16  and the inner surface of buffer tube  14 . Although not shown in FIG. 4, fiber optic cable  40  can include a material for producing a controlled bond between water blocking zone  20  and optical fibers  16 , and/or between water blocking zone  20  and buffer tube  14 , if desired. 
     FIG. 5 depicts a multi-tube fiber optic cable  50  comprising an outer jacket  12 , a plurality of buffer tubes  14  disposed within the passageway of outer jacket  12 , and a central strength member  18  about which buffer tubes  14  are stranded. Each buffer tube  14  contains at least one optical component  16 , and often will contain a plurality of fibers. Central strength member  18  can comprise, for example, steel, loose fibers, or fiber-reinforced plastic. Water blocking zone  20  surrounds each optical fiber  16  inside the respective buffer tube  14  in the space between optical fiber  16  and the inner surface of the buffer tube. Additionally or alternatively, water blocking zone  20  can surround buffer tubes  14  and in the space between buffer tubes  14  and the inner surface of outer jacket  12 . Fiber optic cable  50  can also include other cable elements such as ripcords  26 , armor jacketing (not shown), or further strength members (not shown). Where the cable includes an armor layer, a water blocking zone  20  can be disposed between the armor and jacket. 
     FIG. 6 depicts a fiber optic ribbon cable  60  in accordance with the present inventions. Cable  60  includes an outer jacket  12  and an optical ribbon  30  disposed in the interior passageway of outer jacket  12 . Optical ribbon  30  comprises a plurality of optical fibers  16  disposed side-by-side in a flat array and bound together by a matrix material typically of plastic. Although only one optical ribbon  30  is shown, it will be understood that cable  60  preferably includes a plurality of such ribbons in a stack, if desired. Water blocking zone  20  surrounds ribbon  30  and fills the space between ribbon  30  and the inner surface of outer jacket  12 . FIG. 6 also depicts a further aspect of the present invention, namely, that water blocking zone  20  need not be a continuous structure extending all along the length of cable  60 . Thus, a finite length of cable  60  is illustrated in which two discrete foam portions  20  are disposed and are spaced apart along cable  60  at preferably less than a one meter spacing. Of course, although the provision of discrete water blocking zones  20  is illustrated in connection with ribbon cable  60 , any of the fiber optic cables previously described herein, or any other fiber optic cable configuration in accordance with the invention, can likewise include such discrete water blocking zones, if desired. The provision of the discrete water blocking zones results in a savings of foam material, and can still provide a water blocking function. In this regard, any water entering cable  60  between two adjacent zones  20  can migrate along cable  60  to either or both of zones  20  but is blocked by the zones from further migrating along the cable. Water blocking zone  20  can also potentially offer an improved fire retardancy, for example, it can include a flame retardant material such as magnesium hydroxide. 
     Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.