Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for frequency offset estimation and correction prior to preamble detection of DSSS signals. An integrated circuit is disclosed including a receiver circuit having an input coupled to receive a DSSS signal, the receiver circuit configured to sample the DSSS signal and to output a sequence of digital samples; carrier frequency offset estimation logic configured to perform a carrier frequency offset estimation on the digital samples; carrier frequency correction logic configured to correct the carrier frequency of the sequence of digital samples using the carrier frequency offset estimation and to output a sequence of corrected digital samples; offset quadrature phase shift keying (O-QPSK) demodulation logic configured to perform demodulation on the corrected digital samples and further configured to output symbols corresponding to the corrected digital samples; and preamble identification configured to identify and detect a preamble sequence in the symbols. Additional methods and apparatus are disclosed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/001,289, (attorney docket TI-75100PS) filed on May 21, 2014, entitled “Frequency offset estimation and correction on oversampled signal prior to acquisition or preamble detection of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal for smart utility networks,” which application is hereby incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present application relates to communication systems, and in particular to direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal communications systems. More specifically, the arrangements that form aspects of the present application relate to the carrier frequency offset correction in received DSSS communications such as are used, for example but without limiting the present application, in smart utility network systems. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    DSSS networks are used in implementing over the air systems. In one example, a smart utility network (SUN) is a low rate (5 kb/s to 1 Mb/s), low power, wireless communications technology that is specifically designed to be used in utility metering applications, such as for transmitting electric, gas, or water usage data from the one or more meters on the customer premises to a data collection point operated for the utility. The data collection point can then be connected to a central office for the utility by a similar or a different interface, which can be a high speed “backhaul” such as an optical fiber, copper wire, or other high speed wired connection to a network including the central office. 
         [0004]    In the prior known solutions, different physical layers (PHYs) can be used for communication in over the air networks such as SUN including frequency shift keying (FSK), direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In an example DSSS communications system that is a closed utility network, the devices that are allowed into the network can be controlled by the utility or the network operator. Note that while some of the examples discussed herein for illustration include the operation of smart utility networks, the arrangements disclosed as aspects of the present application are not so limited and can be applied and used in conjunction with DSSS communications networks, generally. 
         [0005]    A relevant standard has been promulgated by the IEEE, referred to as IEEE standard number 802.15.4g, entitled “Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)” issued Apr. 27, 2012 by the IEEE Computer Society and sponsored by the LAN/MAN Standards Committee. This standard identifies physical layer (PHY) specifications for low data rate, wireless, smart metering utility networks (SUN). The standard is intended to provide a globally used standard that facilitates very large scale process control applications such as a utility smart-grid network that are capable of supporting large, geographically diverse networks with minimal infrastructure and containing potentially millions of fixed endpoints. Note that arrangements of the present application is not limited to particular environment, including the SUN applications, but the various arrangements that form aspects of the present application are applicable to such applications. 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of a portion of a 100 kchip/sec DSSS physical layer packet as defined by the IEEE 802.15.4g specification. In a DSSS communication system, a “chip” refers to a single electrical pulse with duration equal to 1/chip second rate. For example, in a 100Kchip rate system, the chip duration would be 1/100,000=10 uS. The DSSS packet  100  in  FIG. 1  includes fields such as a synchronization header (SHR)  110 , physical layer header (PHR)  112  and a physical layer service data unit (PSDU)  114 . Each SHR contains a preamble  120  and a start frame delimiter (SFD)  122  that can be utilized by the receiver for detecting the DSSS packet. For the 100 kchip/s mode, the preamble  120  contains 32 bits that are spread with a spreading code of 32 to form a string of 1024 chips (32 bits×32 spread) as indicated  130 ,  132 . The SFD  122  contains 16 bits that are also spread with spreading code of 32. An aspect of the current application provides methods and apparatus that will improve the detection of the preamble  120 . 
         [0007]    In the example communications systems described herein, phase shift keying is used to modulate data. In phase shift keying (PSK), digital modulation is used to transmit data by modulating the phase of a reference signal or carrier. In quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), four points on a constellation diagram are used that are equispaced around a circle, providing four phases. Accordingly 2 bits can be used to indicate the quadrature phase. In the examples described here, offset QPSK or O-QPSK modulation is used. In O-QPSK, the two portions, the in-phase and quadrature components or I and Q components of a symbol, are transmitted with an offset between them. In this fashion only one bit of a two bit coding scheme changes at a given time and thus reception errors that could occur in the reception of the symbols due to noise or interference can be reduced. 
         [0008]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram depicting a standardized transmitter of the prior art for DSSS packets, as defined by the IEEE 802.15.4g specification. The chip timing for the Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Key (O-QPSK) modulator  210  is shown in  FIG. 1 . Transmitted data is coded, spread and concatenated at  202  before being coupled to the O-QPSK modulator  210 . The O-QPSK modulator  210  contains a local oscillator  282  that is designed to oscillate at the same prescribed frequency as the receiver&#39;s local oscillator and serves to generate the transmitter&#39;s carrier frequency. The receiver has the same frequency for demodulation of received signals. 
         [0009]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram depicting a prior art system  300  performing the detection of DSSS preambles using differential sequences. In  FIG. 3 , the receiver/sampler  302  is coupled to the O-QPSK demodulator  380 . Within the demodulator  380 , a local oscillator  382  is designed to oscillate at the same prescribed frequency as the transmitter&#39;s local oscillator (shown in  FIG. 2 , above). The O-QPSK demodulator  380  is coupled to, for example, a chip differential block  312  which is coupled to an accumulation block  314 . The accumulation block  314  is coupled to a correlation block  316  which produces an output  318 , indicating that the preamble has been found. The flow  312 - 316  is illustrated for the first sample. Similar processing occurs for each subsequent timing signal as they arrive as illustrated by the 3 flows  322 - 326  for 2 nd  sample,  332 - 336  for 3 rd  sample and  342 - 346  for 4 th  sample. 
         [0010]    In this example  300 , 4× over sampling is used to sample the signal in block  302  at 4 discrete times. The 4 signal samples arrive sequentially at the rate of one sample per oversample clock. The processing of each of the signal samples is illustrated by the series of 3 blocks  312 , 314 , 316 . The processing in each of the blocks ( 312 , 314  and  316 ) is completed within 1 oversampled clock period. Although the processing flow for each of the 4 timing samples is depicted in  300 , in the actual receiver, there may only be a single instance of each block since the sampled signal arrives and is processed sequentially through the blocks. Alternatively, more blocks can be used. 
         [0011]    In operation, as shown in  FIG. 3 , a DSSS signal is received from an antenna, for example, and sampled at 4× the chip rate in block  302 . The I/Q signals  303  are passed to the O-QPSK demodulator  380  where the I/Q signals are down-converted utilizing the receiver&#39;s local oscillator  382  as the carrier frequency. The differential chip values for the first phase are calculated in block  312  and accumulated together with prior data in block  314 . After accumulation, each sample can be correlated in block  316  to a known chip spreading value and the result can be compared to a threshold value. When the threshold value is exceeded, that result indicates that a preamble has been located (in block  318 ). In one approach a single signal sample can be used to detect a preamble location in the sequence, however, processing of additional signal samples  322 - 342  improves the success of preamble detection and improves the performance of the system by detecting the preamble using the corrected carrier frequency. The use of the arrangements can enable preamble detection even in environments with low signal to noise (SNR) characteristics, including environments with interfering devices. 
         [0012]    An example DSSS signal preamble detection system is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2013/0202014A1, entitled “DSSS Preamble Detection for Smart Utility Networks,” to Timothy Mark Schmidl, which is co-owned with the present application, and which application is hereby incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. 
         [0013]    The DSSS receivers can be used in a utility network. For example, utility meters are typically installed for each house in a residential neighborhood. The meter data can be transmitted wirelessly via a RF transmission and be received and read by either a mobile or fixed point collection device called a reader. Some meters will broadcast periodically so the reader is simply a receiver. In other instances, the customer premises meter&#39;s transmitter remains in a sleeping state waiting for a transmission or poll message from the reader. The reader&#39;s transmission makes the meter “wake up” and transmit the accumulated data which is then received by the reader. 
         [0014]    Mobile readers can be vehicle mounted or carried in person by a meter reader or otherwise deployed. For the safest and fastest data collection, the mobile readers prefer to stay on public thoroughfares, so that there is no need to enter the customer&#39;s property. This allows utility meter data collection under circumstances where the meter cannot be seen, when the customer is not home, the property has dangerous conditions such as construction or dogs present or some other impediment that makes physically reading the meter data difficult. The RF meter data collection occurs by maneuvering the mobile reader close enough to the meter to enable the signal to be read. At the end of a route or meter reading session, the mobile reader returns to a central office or base location and the meter readings are transferred for processing. 
         [0015]    Mobile readers are very common and a meter reader simply checks out a reader prior to collecting data on a route. Because the meters are used in this fashion, there is an opportunity for a different physical reader being used along a given route at different reading times. Each of the readers includes a DSSS receiver that performs the preamble detection process as described above, including having a different a local oscillator which can be oscillating at a different frequency from the prior readers used to read the meters on a route. 
         [0016]    A characteristic feature of utility networks is that the customer meters often have a long life span, such as 20 years, and across an established utility area there are typically many generations of customer meters deployed. Within these meters, the local oscillators are initially designed to have the same frequency, however because of component tolerances, temperature, aging and other imperfections, the local oscillator frequency of the transmitters can drift from the intended frequency resulting in a large carrier frequency offset between the transmitter/receiver pair. This carrier frequency offset characteristic makes preamble detection more difficult for the DSSS receiver by causing a continuous rotation in the signal constellation, thus slowing down the process of reading meters sometime requiring either multiple passes, entering the customer premises to obtain the meter reading and eventually replacing the meter. The preamble detection can also be performed in a low signal to noise ratio environment, where the signal is compromised by various interference or noise sources. Carrier frequency offset in a low SNR environment can cause prior known approaches to preamble detection to fail or to cause the need for repeated attempts. While these problems are presented in a utility meter example above, carrier frequency offset between receivers and transmitters can occur in other DSSS communications systems and the arrangements of the present application apply to DSSS systems generally, as well as to SUN applications. Generally, the arrangements of the present application improve performance in DSSS signaling systems where carrier frequency offset can occur between a transmitter and a receiver. 
         [0017]      FIG. 4  depicts in a block diagram a communications network  400  with a fixed receiver  482  with several smart meters and their local oscillators. In  FIG. 4 , a utility  410 , such as gas, water or electricity, is available through an area where customers are provided with smart meters ( 420 , 430 , 440 , 450 ) each having the capability to measure the consumption of the utility, and to transmit that information using the DSSS coding and a local oscillator ( 422 , 432 , 442 , 452 ) set to a prescribed frequency. A fixed meter reader  480  is depicted with a DSSS receiver and local oscillator  482  set to a prescribed frequency. The reader  480  is connected to a link  412  which transfers collected data back to a billing center or central office. The link  412  could be implemented as copper, fiber, or wireless method and can be referred to as a “backhaul.” Fixed readers  480  are typically mounted on pole tops and can be connected to the main office by various methods including copper, fiber optics or wirelessly  412 . Fixed readers offer the utility lower recurring costs since the meter readings occur automatically without the need for an employee to either walk or drive the route to collect readings. Imperfections in the local oscillators in the devices ( 422 , 432 , 442 , 452  and  482 ) cause a carrier frequency offset. The carrier frequency offset results in difficulty for the DSSS receiver in the fixed meter  480  to detect the preamble needed receive the DSSS header sent by the smart meters ( 420 , 430 , 440 , 450 ). This degradation in preamble detection can reduce the number of meters a fixed reader can service in a fixed period. In other situations, the data may have to be collected by a mobile reader placed closer to the customer premises, causing additional expense. 
         [0018]    Improvements in the reception of DSSS signals having carrier frequency offset, or reduction of carrier frequency offset in received signals which will improve the preamble detection in DSSS systems, are therefore needed in order to address the deficiencies and the disadvantages of the prior known approaches. In the SUN application, improvements which will extend the utility meters useable lifetime and improve a meter reader&#39;s ability to capture meter data are desirable. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0019]    In the arrangements that form various aspects of the present application, the arrangements address receiving DSSS signals that can have carrier frequency offset and the arrangements reduce or eliminate the carrier frequency offset in the received signals prior to the preamble detection. Use of DSSS transceivers that can exhibit large carrier frequency offset characteristics, such as aging smart meters, is facilitated without the need to replace the transceivers or the smart meters including the transceivers. 
         [0020]    In an illustrative arrangement that forms an aspect of the present application, an integrated circuit for receiving direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals includes: a receiver circuit having an input coupled to receive a DSSS signal from an over the air interface, the receiver circuit including analog to digital converter circuitry coupled to the input and configured to sample the DSSS signal and further configured to output a sequence of digital samples corresponding to the DSSS signal; carrier frequency offset estimation logic coupled to the sequence of digital samples from the receiver circuit and configured to perform a carrier frequency offset estimation on the sequence of digital samples; carrier frequency correction logic coupled to the carrier frequency offset estimation logic and configured to correct the carrier frequency of the sequence of digital samples using the carrier frequency offset estimation, and configured to output a sequence of corrected digital samples; offset quadrature phase shift keying (O-QPSK) demodulation logic coupled to the carrier frequency correction logic and configured to perform demodulation on the corrected digital samples and further configured to output symbols corresponding to the corrected digital samples; and preamble identification logic coupled to receive the symbols output by the O-QPSK demodulation logic and configured to identify and detect a preamble sequence in the symbols. 
         [0021]    In a further illustrative arrangement that forms an additional aspect of the present application, a method for performing preamble detection in a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signaling system includes receiving DSSS signals on an over the air interface; sampling the received DSSS signals using a sampling frequency fs; converting the samples of the received DSSS signals to form digital samples in a sequence representative of the DSSS signals; using the digital samples, performing a carrier frequency offset estimation to determine a carrier frequency offset Δf; using the carrier frequency offset Δf, correcting the digital samples to form corrected digital samples representative of the DSSS signal with a corrected carrier frequency; subsequently, performing offset quadrature phase shift keying (O-QPSK) demodulation for the corrected digital samples to form demodulated corrected digital samples; and using one or more predetermined preamble sequences, correlating known preamble values to a differential sequence formed from the demodulated corrected digital samples in order to detect a preamble sequence present in the received DSSS signals. 
         [0022]    In still another arrangement that forms an additional aspect of the present application, a communications device for receiving direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals includes a receiver coupled to an input and configured to receive a DSSS signal; the receiver including analog to digital converter circuitry coupled to sample the received DSSS signal and configured to output a sequence of digital samples corresponding to the DSSS signal; carrier frequency offset estimation logic coupled to receive the digital samples and configured to perform a carrier frequency offset estimation on the sequence of digital samples; carrier frequency correction logic configured to use the carrier frequency offset estimation to correct the carrier frequency and outputting a sequence of corrected digital samples; offset quadrature phase shift keying (O-QPSK) demodulation logic coupled to receive the corrected digital samples and configured to perform demodulation on the corrected digital samples and to output symbols corresponding to the corrected digital samples; and preamble identification logic coupled to the O-QPSK demodulation logic and configured to identify and detect a preamble sequence in the symbols output from the O-QPSK demodulation logic. 
         [0023]    Various alternative arrangements that form additional aspects of the present application are also described below which are contemplated by the inventors and which fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0024]    For a more complete understanding of the illustrative examples of aspects of the present application that are described herein and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0025]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of a prior art 100 kchip/sec DSSS physical layer packet as defined by the IEEE 802.15.4g specification; 
           [0026]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram depicting a standardized transmitter of the prior art for DSSS packets, as defined by the IEEE 802.15.4g specification; 
           [0027]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram depicting detection of DSSS preambles using differential sequences; 
           [0028]      FIG. 4  depicts a fixed receiver with several smart meters and their local oscillators for use with arrangements of the present application; 
           [0029]      FIG. 5  depicts in block diagram a device configured to detect DSSS preambles incorporating aspects of the present application; 
           [0030]      FIG. 6  illustrates in a flow diagram a method arrangement of the present application; and 
           [0031]      FIG. 7  illustrates in a block diagram a system arrangement of the present application. 
       
    
    
       [0032]    Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generally refer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. The figures are drawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the illustrative example arrangements and are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0033]    The making and using of various example illustrative arrangements that incorporate aspects of the present application are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the illustrative examples disclosed provide many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific examples and arrangements discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the various arrangements, and the examples described do not limit the scope of the specification, nor do they limit the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0034]    For example, when the term “coupled” is used herein to describe the relationships between elements, the term as used in the specification and the appended claims is to be interpreted broadly, and while the term “coupled” includes “connected,” the term “coupled” is not to be limited to “connected” or “directly connected” but instead the term “coupled” may include connections made with intervening elements, and additional elements and various connections may be used between any elements that are described as “coupled.” 
         [0035]    In an aspect of the present application, a coarse carrier frequency offset estimation is performed and the received signal samples are then corrected for the carrier frequency offset prior to detecting the preamble sequence. By performing this novel process prior to attempting to detect the preamble, the accuracy of the preamble detection is increased, greatly improving system performance. The carrier frequency offset estimation can be performed quickly and can be used to correct the sampled I/Q signals prior to demodulation, and existing systems can easily be modified to incorporate the novel process and added functions. 
         [0036]      FIG. 5  is a system block diagram  500  depicting detection of DSSS preambles with aspects of the current application included. The system  500  can, in one arrangement that forms an aspect of the present application, be formed as a single integrated circuit. In alternative arrangements that form additional aspects of the present application, the system  500  can be implemented as a module including two or more integrated circuits. Further, the blocks of system  500  can be implemented as dedicated hardware such as logic gates and digital circuitry. In additional arrangements that form additional aspects of the present application, the blocks of system  500  can be implemented by programming a programmable processor, such as a digital signal processor, microprocessor, microcontroller, RISC core or ARM core, to perform the functions of each of these blocks. Configurable logic such as ASIC and FPGA devices can be used to implement the blocks of system  500 . In system  500 , the DSSS receiver/sampler  502  is coupled to a coarse carrier frequency estimator  504 . The carrier frequency estimator is coupled to the frequency correction block  520 . The frequency correction block  520  is coupled to the 0-QPSK demodulator  580 . The demodulator  580  is the first stage of a DSSS preamble detector, such as that shown in  FIG. 3 . The O-QPSK Modulator contains a local oscillator  582 . The preamble detection is performed by block  512 , which calculates differential chip values for a first timing. The processing continues in block  514 , which accumulates differential chip values for a sample of L words, and in block  516 , which correlates the differential chip values with a predetermined differential chip sequence for a preamble, and finally in block  518 , which compares the correlation with a threshold to determine whether a preamble has been detected. 
         [0037]    In one aspect of the present application, in operation of system  500 , a DSSS signal can be received and over-sampled in the block  502  at 2, 3, 4 or any other integer multiple of the chip rate within the DSSS signal. A downconversion is performed by the receiver to center the received signal at a baseband or intermediate frequency. The downconversion involves mixing the over the air signals at the receiver with the locally generated carrier frequency. This results in a signal centered at a baseband frequency or 0 Hz. In an alternate approach the received over the air signals are mixed with a locally generated carrier that is offset from the transmitter carrier frequency, resulting in an intermediate frequency that is non-zero. The resulting intermediate frequency can vary from, for example, 200 kHz to 4 MHz depending on the signal bandwidth and the sampling frequency. The samples undergo an analog to digital conversion to form digital I and Q (“I/Q”) samples. The resulting digital I/Q signal samples  510  can then be used to find a coarse carrier frequency offset. The estimate for the coarse carrier frequency offset is performed in block  504 . The coarse carrier frequency offset Δf, labeled  506 , can be obtained from any valid technique for frequency offset estimation. 
         [0038]    One illustrative method of determining the coarse carrier frequency offset Δf from oversampled digital I/Q signals is described in Equation 1: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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         [0039]    Where Δf is the frequency estimate, f s  is the sample rate of the signal and L is the angle operator indicating which quadrature the signal originates in the QPSK encoding. L is the number of samples used for estimation and is based on the estimation delay and error tolerance, ranging from 32 (1 preamble bit) to 1024 (32 preamble bits). x(n) is the received oversampled signal. x*(n) is the complex conjugate operator applied to the oversampled signal x(n). 
         [0040]    In addition to the example offset carrier frequency estimate of Equation 1, in alternative arrangements that form aspects of the present application that are also contemplated herein, the coarse frequency offset estimate Δf can be formed using other known carrier frequency offset estimate methods. 
         [0041]    In system  500  in  FIG. 5 , the resulting carrier frequency offset estimate (Of)  506  can then be applied to the original digital I/Q samples in a frequency correction process  520  which produces corrected I/Q samples  530 . 
         [0042]    One method of applying the frequency offset (Δf) is described by Equation 2: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0043]    Where y(n) is each of the frequency offset corrected oversamples; x(n) is the received oversampled signal sample, L is the number of samples used for estimation and can range from 32 (1 preamble bit) to 1024 (32 preamble bits), Δf is the frequency estimate, fs is the sample rate of the signal. L is chosen based on the estimation delay and error tolerance. 
         [0044]    In this example, a delay and buffer of a depth of at least L samples can be used in order to apply the frequency offset correction. In another alternative arrangement, a tradeoff can be made between implementation complexity and buffer delay vs the accuracy of the applied correction. In this alternative arrangement that forms an additional aspect of the present application, the above calculation can be performed with a buffer length of L2 samples, where 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               L 
               2 
             
             = 
             
               L 
               k 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    with k being an integer value of 1, 2, 3 or 4. 
         [0045]    In the operation of system  500 , in  FIG. 5 , the corrected digital I/Q samples are output to the O-QPSK demodulator  580  for further processing. The samples are processed using down conversion using the carrier frequency produced by the receiver&#39;s local oscillator  582 . Typical processing such as code acquisition, chip timing acquisition and additional fine frequency offset estimation can be performed. The O-QPSK demodulator  580  and the blocks  512 ,  514 ,  516  and  518  can then locate the DSSS preamble sequence in the corrected digital samples of the received DSSS signals with more accuracy than was possible using the prior known approaches. Use of the corrected digital samples obtained using the offset frequency estimation of block  504  and correction of block  520  prior to the O-QPSK demodulation in this aspect of the current application enhances DSSS signal preamble detection because of the reduction or elimination of carrier frequency offset between the transmitter&#39;s local oscillator (such as element  282  shown in  FIG. 2 ) and the receiver&#39;s local oscillator  582 . Advantageously, in the novel methods of the present application, the carrier frequency offset estimate and carrier frequency correction is performed prior to the signal processing and prior to preamble detection. In the novel arrangements of the present application, preamble detection is far more likely, and the preamble detection can occur at lower signal to noise ratios (lower SNR) when the carrier frequency offset is first corrected, prior to performing the preamble detection steps. 
         [0046]      FIG. 6  depicts in a flow diagram a method arrangement  600  that forms another aspect of the present application. The method  600  begins in an Idle state  610 . The method  600  transitions to step  612  when the receiver begins receiving DSSS signals. At step  614  the DSSS signals are sampled using an oversampling frequency fs, and analog to digital conversion is performed to convert the samples to digital samples that represent the DSSS signals. At step  616  a coarse carrier frequency offset estimation is performed. In one arrangement as described above, the coarse carrier frequency offset estimation shown in Equation 1 can be performed. In alternative arrangements that form additional aspects of the present application, alternative methods for performing the carrier frequency offset can be performed. At step  618 , the carrier frequency offset obtained can be used to form corrected digital samples. In the example arrangement described above, the correction can be performed as shown in Equation 2. In an alternative arrangement that is also contemplated as forming an additional aspect of the present application, correction of the digital samples can be performed using other correction methods. The corrected digital samples are then used in subsequent signal processing steps. As described above, the number of samples L used in the correction step can be varied. As described above, the length L of the samples can be reduced to a smaller length L2, which can be formed by dividing L by an integer to obtain a reduced sample length. These alternatives form additional aspects of the present application that are also contemplated by the inventors and which fall within the scope of the appended claims. In step  620 , the demodulation and detection of the preamble sequence are performed using the corrected digital samples. 
         [0047]    The methods disclosed herein can be implemented in a variety of ways. The methods can be implemented and performed by programmable devices executing stored instructions, for example. The methods can be implemented in software or in firmware or machine language instructions. Alternatively, programmable logic can be used to form dedicated hardware solutions. Devices that can be configured to perform the methods, including field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), complex logic programmable devices (CPLDs) and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) can be used to implement the arrangements. A system on a chip (SOC) integrated circuit can be formed including a DSSS receiver with a signal sampler and ADC converter for forming digital samples can be used. A processor such as a CPU, microprocessor (MPU), microcontroller unit (MCU), mixed signal processor (MSP) or a digital signal processor (DSP) and memory including RAM, ROM, Flash, volatile and non-volatile types, EEPROM and the like can be used. The arrangements can be implemented using several commercially available integrated circuits on a circuit board or on a multiple chip module to form a complete solution. Each of these alternatives forms additional arrangements that are contemplated by the inventors and which form additional aspects of the present application. 
         [0048]      FIG. 7  depicts in a simple block diagram an example arrangement that forms an additional aspect of the present application. In  FIG. 7 , a system  700  is formed using an antenna  701  for receiving and transmitting RF signals using a physical layer that includes DSSS signals. In system  700 , a module  703  includes an analog portion  705  including a sampling circuit and an analog to digital converter for receiving DSSS signals, performing downconversion to a baseband or an intermediate frequency, and outputting digital I/Q samples. The analog portion  705  uses a sampling frequency fs that is an oversampling frequency that is a multiple of a chip rate of the DSSS signals. The digital signals output by the analog portion  705  are then transferred to a digital portion  713 . In the digital portion  713 , the digital samples are input to a memory  709  that is coupled to the CPU  707 . In an example arrangement of the present application, the CPU  707  executes instructions to perform the carrier frequency offset estimate, the offset carrier frequency correction to form corrected digital samples, and the O-QPSK demodulation needed, including preamble detection, performed on the corrected digital samples, as described above. 
         [0049]    In  FIG. 7 , in one arrangement that forms an aspect of the present application, the module  703  can be implemented as a single integrated circuit including the sampling and analog to digital converter  705 , and the digital portion  713 . Alternative arrangements can include a module with an analog portion including  705  on an integrated circuit or module, and a digital portion  713  which can be a single integrated circuit including the CPU  707  and the communications device  713 , for example. 
         [0050]    The system  700  can be used to implement a meter reader in a SUN, as described above. The system  700  can be part of a fixed data collection station associated with a plurality of customer meters. Alternatively the system  700  can be part of a mobile meter reader. Advantageously, use of the arrangements of the present application allow the reception of DSSS signals with significant carrier frequency offset. In a network including transmitters that are within aging equipment, such as smart meters located on customer premises, the arrangements of the present application can be placed in a central data collection station and improve the preamble detection of the DSSS signals without the need for replacing the various smart meters; instead the central data collection station can efficiently detect preambles even in DSSS signals with significant carrier frequency offset at the transmitters. 
         [0051]    The system  700  can be used in the data collection station. In an alternative arrangement that forms an additional aspect of the present application, the system  700  can be used to implement a smart meter at a customer premise. Further, the applications of the arrangements are not limited to the SUN examples described herein. The system  700  can improve the performance of any DSSS signal system where carrier frequency offset is possible in the DSSS signals. 
         [0052]    Various modifications can also be made in the order of steps and in the number of steps to form additional novel arrangements that incorporate aspects of the present application, and these modifications will form additional alternative arrangements that are contemplated by the inventors as part of the present application and which fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0053]    Although the example illustrative arrangements have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular illustrative example arrangement of the process, machine, manufacture, and composition of matter means, methods and steps described in this specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding example arrangements described herein may be utilized according to the illustrative arrangements presented and alternative arrangements described, suggested or disclosed. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.