Abstract:
Methods for optimizing grammar structure for a set of phrases to be used in speech recognition during a computing event are provided. One method includes receiving a set of phrases, the set of phrases being relevant for the computing event and the set of phrases having a node and link structure. Also included is identifying redundant nodes by examining the node and link structures of each of the set of phrases so as to generate a single node for the redundant nodes. The method further includes examining the node and link structures to identify nodes that are capable of being vertically grouped and grouping the identified nodes to define vertical word groups. The method continues with fusing nodes of the set of phrases that are not vertically grouped into fused word groups. Wherein the vertical word groups and the fused word groups are linked to define an optimized grammar structure. In another aspect, a layered grammar and dictionary library that can be defined for efficient use in speech recognition systems, is provided.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/683,221, filed on May 20, 2005, which is herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to the method of speech recognition systems, and more particularly, to a method of using an efficient dictionary and grammar structures. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In the field of speech recognition systems a speech recognition system inputs an audio stream that is filtered to extract and isolate sound segments that are speech. The speech recognition engine then analyzes the speech sound segments by comparing them to a defined pronunciation dictionary, grammar recognition network and an acoustic model. 
     Sublexical speech recognition systems are usually equipped with a way to compose words and sentences from more fundamental units. For example, in a speech recognition system based on phoneme models, pronunciation dictionaries can be used as look-up tables to build words from their phonetic transcriptions. A grammar recognition network can then interconnect the words. Due to their complexity grammar recognition networks are seldom represented as look-up tables and instead are usually represented by graphs. However, the grammar recognition network graphs can be complicated structures that are difficult to handle and represent. Although there is not a fixed standard for grammar recognition network graphical representations, a current structure used is the Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK) Standard Lattice Format (SLF). 
     SLF can be used to represent multiple recognition hypotheses in a word lattice fashion and a grammar recognition network for speech recognition. This format is composed of various fields or parts. The most relevant ones are the node and link fields. Together both fields define the grammar graph. Each node represents one of the edges of the graph and each link is related to one of the graph arcs. The words in the grammar can be associated to either the nodes or the links. The links can be associated to N-gram likelihoods, word transition probabilities and acoustic probabilities. 
     In the context of efficient grammar graph representation, one disadvantage of SLF is its explicitness to list nodes and links. Fundamentally, when words are associated to the nodes, the SLF nodes are only able to represent one and only one word. By the same token, each link represents one and only one transition between nodes. This explicitness makes it difficult for a human reader to interpret the contents of the grammar and, more importantly, requires a large memory object to be handled by the speech recognition system. 
     Another disadvantage of SLF is its lack of association with other elements of the recognition system, particularly the pronunciation dictionary. The interaction between the grammar recognition network and the pronunciation dictionary is dependent on the specific implementation of the speech recognition process. However, as long as the grammar recognition network and pronunciation dictionary are separate entities there can be undesirable operation of the speech recognition system. For example, if there are errors in the pronunciation dictionary they are not visible from the grammar recognition network and vice versa. Furthermore, it can be difficult to have changes made in one reflected in the other. 
     In view of the forgoing, there is a need for a more efficient method that can represent a unified layered dictionary and grammar structure. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, a method for optimizing grammar structure for a set of phrases to be used in speech recognition during a computing event is provided. The method includes receiving a set of phrases, the set of phrases being relevant for the computing event and the set of phrases having a node and link structure. Also included is identifying redundant nodes by examining the node and link structures of each of the set of phrases so as to generate a single node for the redundant nodes. The method further includes examining the node and link structures to identify nodes that are capable of being vertically grouped and grouping the identified nodes to define vertical word groups. The method continues with fusing nodes of the set of phrases that are not vertically grouped into fused word groups. Wherein the vertical word groups and the fused word groups are linked to define an optimized grammar structure. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a speech recognition system is provided. The method includes receiving voice input, an acoustic model and a layered grammar and dictionary library at the speech recognition engine. Included in the layered grammar and dictionary library is defining a language and non-grammar layer that supplies types of rules a grammar definition layer can use and defines non-grammar the speech recognition system should ignore and defining a dictionary layer that defines phonetic transcriptions for word groups the speech recognition system is meant to recognize when the voice input is received. Also included in the layered grammar and dictionary library is defining a grammar definition layer that applies rules from the language and non-grammar layer to define combinations of word groups the speech recognition system is meant to recognize when the voice input is received. The method concludes with using the acoustic model and the layered grammar and dictionary library to process the voice input. 
     Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention, together with further advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1A  is a flowchart of the process of creating a grammar structure, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1B  is a grammar graph of a set of phrases in the form of a node and link structure generated from the input of three sentences, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a grammar graph showing the results of redundant node elimination, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a grammar graph showing the result of grouping vertical nodes and converting individual words into word groups, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a grammar graph showing the result of fusing horizontal nodes, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a summary of the optimization in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a representation of the layers in a layered grammar and dictionary library in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7A  is an example of the contents of the dictionary layer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7B  is an example of group rules that can be defined in the language/non-grammar layer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7C  is an example of how group rules become applied group rules in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram showing how different groups can be combined using the applied group rules from the grammar definitions layer to create phrases in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An invention is disclosed for generating an optimized grammar structure and using the optimized grammar structure for use in a unified layered grammar and dictionary library for speech recognition. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
     Because of their computational complexity speech recognition systems must balance the capacity to accurately identify speech with the available computing capacity of the system. Optimizing the grammar structure by grouping words together can improve the performance of the system by reducing the memory object the system must handle. Additionally, unifying the dictionary library and grammar definitions further optimizes the system because changes to either the dictionary or grammar definitions are immediately incorporated in the other component. Part I describes the process of optimizing a grammar structure by grouping words together. Part II describes how to use the optimized grammar structure as part of a unified layered grammar and dictionary library. 
     Part I: Optimizing Grammar by Grouping Words 
       FIG. 1A  is a flowchart of the process of creating a grammar structure, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment SLF output  108  is simplified using redundant node elimination  110  as will be described in  FIG. 2 . Node grouping  112 , as will be described in  FIG. 3 , is performed after the redundant node elimination  110  and, in this particular embodiment, results in Playstation Voice Recognition (PSVR) formatting  114 . For the purposes of discussion, reference will be made to “PSVR”, although other formatting systems may be used. 
     The next step is to carry out node fusion  116  on the PSVR formatted text. An example of the node fusion  116  is provided in  FIG. 4  and the result is a grammar structure labeled PSVR grammar  118 . As the diagram indicates, further simplification of the grammar structure can be achieved by applying the transition probabilities from n-tuples based on the SLF output to conduct word group removal  120  and sentence elimination  122 . The results are an optimized grammar structure, which for this example is labeled Optimized PSVR grammar  124 . 
       FIG. 1B  is a grammar graph of a set of phrases in the form of a node and link structure generated from the input of three sentences, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 1B , the phrases “I am a nice girl.”, “I am a good girl.” and “You are a great girl.” have been reduced to a node  102  and link  104  structure. Although the graph seems to contain redundant nodes  106 , their presence guarantees that all the input phrases are supported in the grammar graph. 
     Inspection shows that the grammar graph is complete because it can only produce the three inputted phrases. Also notice that the grammar graph does not allow over-generation. Over-generation is when the grammar graph allows the generation of phrases other than those of the inputted phrases. Completeness and lack of over-generation are very appealing despite of the complexity of the grammar graph. One way to quantify the complexity of a grammar graph is to count the nodes  102  and the links  104 . In the grammar graph shown in  FIG. 1B  there are 14 nodes  102  and  15  links  104 . 
       FIG. 2  is a grammar graph showing the results of the redundant node  106  elimination, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment redundant nodes are identified for elimination if the nodes represent the same word, the outgoing links of the potential redundant nodes all go to the same set of successor nodes and the potential redundant nodes do not appear as a begin node in more than one link. Based on the given definition of redundant nodes, the grammar graph can be traversed in order to find the redundant nodes and the remaining nodes reconnected to maintain the completeness of the graph while also not allowing over-generation. In this case, the redundant nodes  106  can be eliminated and replaced by node  204 . Note that nodes  206 , that represent the same word “a”, cannot be eliminated because they do not comply with the definition of redundant nodes and their elimination would result in improper modeling of the input sentences. After the elimination of the redundant nodes, the grammar graph is composed of 12 nodes  102  and  13  links  104 . 
       FIG. 3  is a grammar graph showing the result of grouping vertical nodes and converting individual words into word groups, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It is possible to group words together in such a way that the nodes no longer represent individual words. Instead, the nodes represent a word group as shown in  FIG. 3  by the brackets placed around the words. A word group may contain a single word as seen in word group  308  or multiple words as seen in word group  302 . Node grouping can be based on the definition of interchangeable words in the grammar graph. In this example word groups within nodes are interchangeable in the grammar graph only if their set of successor and predecessor nodes are the same. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , grouping node cluster  202  results in the word group  302 . Node grouping can be intuitively understood as an operation where the node cluster  202  has been merged in a vertical direction into the word group  302 . After vertical node grouping and converting the words into word groups, the number of nodes and links in the grammar graph have both been reduced to 11. 
       FIG. 4  is a grammar graph showing the result of fusing horizontal nodes, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 3 , node cluster  304  is composed of word groups that each contain one word. Fusion of horizontal nodes can be applied to those word groups that comply with a series of conditions related to the fact that the combination of nodes represents a single sentence path across the grammar graph. For example, a node in a grammar graph can be fused with it&#39;s predecessor using the following conditions: if both nodes have only one word in their word group, the node has only one predecessor, the predecessor node is not predecessor to any other node, the END and BEGIN node do not merge, and the predecessor node has only one predecessor itself. Referring to  FIG. 3 , the node cluster  304 , and node cluster  306  each form two uninterrupted strings of nodes that only include word groups each containing one word and that do not branch out of the main path. The internal transitions within these node clusters can be eliminated and the nodes and their words can be fused without affecting the completeness or allowing over-generation within the grammar graph. Referring to  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 3 , the result of node fusion is that fused group  402  replaces the node cluster  306  and the fused group  404  replaces the node cluster  304 . 
     Completing node fusion creates new multi-word word groups that may be susceptible to further simplification. Thus, the final step of the grammar graph reduction is to perform another node grouping targeting new multi-word word groups. For example, the new word groups are interchangeable in the grammar graph if their sets of successor and predecessor nodes are the same. The example used cannot benefit from a second node grouping however the second node grouping will further simplify the grammar graph in many situations. 
       FIG. 5  is a summary of the optimization in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Redundant word elimination combined with node grouping, node fusion and a second round of node grouping reduced the number of nodes in the original grammar graph from 14 to 6 and the number of links from 15 to 6. As will be shown, the reduced grammar structure can be incorporated into a grammar definitions layer and combined with a dictionary layer containing the phonetic transcriptions of the word groups and a language/non-grammar layer to comprise a unified layered grammar and dictionary library. 
     Note that the generation of the groups for a grammar structure could be accomplished by a computer or by a person. Automatically generating the word groups using a computer may result in a larger number of groups because of limitations in the software used to identify words as candidates for grouping or fusing. It may be possible for a person to construct a more compact and robust dictionary by applying their knowledge of a particular language to eliminate redundant nodes and find more efficient node fusions and node groupings. 
     Part II: Unified Layered Grammar and Dictionary Library 
       FIG. 6  is a representation of the layers in a layered grammar and dictionary library in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment there is a language/non-grammar layer  602 , a dictionary layer  604 , and a grammar definitions layer  610 . 
     The language/non-grammar layer  602  can be viewed as an understanding layer. For example the language/non-grammar layer  602  can define a symbol or an abbreviation representing silence. By defining silence a programmer has the choice to require silence between words or to optionally allow silence between words. The language/non-grammar layer  602  also contains information that defines the language the system can recognize, along with garbage that is ignored by the voice recognition software. Garbage can be identified as silence and/or any continuous combination of user designated phonemes as shown below in Table B and Table C. A user can also define the minimum phoneme set for a particular language, specify N-gram probabilities and define word meaning grouping in the language/non-grammar layer  602 . Of course, other types of non-grammar entities can be represented to make the system more efficient. The dictionary layer  604  contains groups  606  each containing a word group  608 . The grammar definitions layer  610  applies a group rule  614  to groups  606  to define the words and phrases the system is meant to recognize. Applied group rule  612  represents the application of the group rule  614  to the groups  606 . 
     In the following Table A, an example of syntax used to define the format of the contents of the layered grammar and dictionary library is provided. Note that Table A is an example and is merely one way to define the syntax notations and syntax of a layered grammar and dictionary library. Other syntax notations and syntax are possible and Table A is not meant to be restrictive. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE A 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Syntax Notation 
               
               
                 Each line contains one entry. Lines are separated by a linefeed (”\n”) oxr 
               
               
                 carriage return (”\r”) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 !$BOLD word 
                 Reserved keyword to type exactly as indicated, for example, 
               
               
                   
                 
                   !$LANGUAGE. 
                 
               
               
                 Italic word 
                 A term, variable, or grouping to replace with appropriate text. 
               
               
                 SPACE 
                 Replace with any white-space character or characters, which 
               
               
                   
                 includes tabs. Tabs and spaces are treated equally. The number of 
               
               
                   
                 white-space characters in one place is not relevant except they are quoted as a 
               
               
                   
                 token; you can use as many or few as needed to format the file. 
               
               
                 TOKEN 
                 An ASCII character string composed of one or more characters except 
               
               
                   
                 \r, \n, \”, \0, \;, or space. Avoid using character * because it 
               
               
                   
                 makes it confusable with patterns in grammar-rule. 
               
               
                 TOKEN_QUOTED 
                 A quoted TOKEN has quotation marks (”) at both ends of the string; 
               
               
                   
                 white space and \; are allowed between the quotes. Quoted TOKEN 
               
               
                   
                 is used only for word othography. 
               
               
                 TOKEN_PHONE 
                 An ASCII character string composed of one or more characters in the 
               
               
                   
                 range of a–zA–Z0–9 —   
               
               
                 ::= 
                 Means ”is defined as”. 
               
               
                 [ ] 
                 Indicates an optional element. 
               
               
                 [ ]+ 
                 Zero or more repetitions of the content enclosed by the brackets. 
               
               
                   
                 When it covers one complete line, it implies that the carriage return at 
               
               
                   
                 the end of the line is repeated. For example, [this th i s]+ means that 
               
               
                   
                 ”this th i s” can be repeated on separate consecutive lines zero 
               
               
                   
                 or more times. 
               
               
                 * 
                 Any character except the asterisk (“*”) or quotation mark (”) is valid 
               
               
                   
                 in this position. 
               
               
                 \ 
                 When preceding [, ], or *, indicates that the character should be used 
               
               
                   
                 exactly as is rather than being interpreted as above. 
               
               
                 Other 
                 Within the GnD, special characters have the following meanings: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 punctuation 
                 | 
                 Choose one. 
               
               
                   
                 ~ 
                 Garbage phoneme. 
               
               
                   
                 [ ] 
                 Optional phoneme(s). 
               
               
                   
                 ( ) 
                 Groups of phonemes that are interchangeable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for a single phoneme position in a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pronunciation. 
               
               
                   
                 / 
                 A bigger, specific contex. For example, ae/bat 
               
               
                   
                   
                 means the phoneme ae of the word bat. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   — — — 
                 
                 Optional silence. (3 underscores) 
               
               
                   
                 * 
                 Any one or more characters. 
               
               
                   
                 “([|/])+−” 
                 Special characters used in phoneme names. 
               
               
                   
                 phone1−phone2 
                 Phone2 with left context of phone1. E.g., aa−f 
               
               
                   
                 phone1+phone2 
                 Phone1 with right context of phone2. E.g., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 f+aa 
               
               
                   
                 ==&gt; 
                 Continuous grammar deduction. A ==&gt; B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 means speaker is allowed to say A followed by 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B without a pause. 
               
               
                   
                 --&gt; 
                 Paused grammar. A --&gt; B means speaker 
               
               
                   
                   
                 can say B after A, but speaker must pause 
               
               
                   
                   
                 before saying B. 
               
               
                   
                 pattern 
                 Any quoted ASCII string, in which * stands for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 any one or more characters. It is used only in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 grammar-rule. Used to match word string or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 vocabulary string in the PSVR grammar-and- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dictionary (GnD). 
               
               
                   
                 ! 
                 Beginning of the declaration of a variable or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 keyword. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Syntax 
               
             
          
           
               
                 GND ::= 
               
               
                   [; *] 
               
               
                   [!$LANGUAGE  *] [;*] 
               
               
                   [!$PHONES  *] [;*] 
               
               
                   [!$SILENCE  sil] [;*] 
               
               
                  [[ !$GARBAGE  pronunciation] [;*]] 
               
               
                  [[~word pronunciation [;[feature]*]]]+ 
               
               
                  [ !$DICTIONARY _ALL [;*] 
               
               
                  [word pronunciation [;[feature]*]]+] 
               
               
                  [ !$ VOC [!$C=(0–9)] [!$TOKEN]+ [;*] 
               
               
                  [word [pronunciation [;[feature]*]]]+]+ 
               
               
                  [ !$SENTENCE  [;*] 
               
               
                     grammar-rule [;*] 
               
               
                    [grammar-rule [;*]]+] 
               
               
                  [ngrams] 
               
               
                 feature ::= 
               
               
                    [ !$MEANING =*] [!$TOKEN]+ 
               
               
                 word ::= 
               
               
                   TOKEN 
               
               
                 word ::= 
               
               
                   TOKEN_QUOTED 
               
               
                 VOC ::= 
               
               
                   TOKEN 
               
               
                 sil ::= 
               
               
                   TOKEN_PHONE 
               
               
                 sil ::= 
               
               
                   \[TOKEN_PHONE\] 
               
               
                 Note: default is [sil] 
               
               
                 pronunciation ::= 
               
               
                   phone [phone]+ [;*] 
               
               
                 phone ::= 
               
               
                   [_] TOKEN_PHONE [_] 
               
               
                 phone ::= 
               
               
                   [_] \[TOKEN_PHONE [|TOKEN_PHONE]+\] [_] 
               
               
                  phone ::= 
               
               
                   [_] \(TOKEN_PHONE[|TOKEN_PHONE]+\) [_] 
               
               
                 pattern ::= 
               
               
                   TOKEN 
               
               
                 pattern ::= 
               
               
                   “[pattern]*[pattern]” 
               
               
                 probability ::= 
               
               
                   number# 
               
               
                 probability ::= 
               
               
                   [−\+][(0–9)]+.(0–9)[(0–9)]+[#] 
               
               
                 number ::= 
               
               
                   [−\+](1–9)[(0–9)]+ 
               
               
                 Note: The number is interpreted as log probability. Probability of −99.0 or smaller is 
               
               
                 equivalent to log(0). 
               
               
                 grammar-rule ::= 
               
               
                   SPACE --&gt; $TOKEN [probability] 
               
               
                 grammar-rule ::= 
               
               
                   SPACE ==&gt; $TOKEN [probability] 
               
               
                 grammar-rule ::= 
               
               
                   $TOKEN --&gt; $TOKEN [probability] 
               
               
                 grammar-rule ::= 
               
               
                   $TOKEN ==&gt; $TOKEN [probability] 
               
               
                 grammar-rule ::= 
               
               
                   pattern --&gt; $TOKEN [probability] 
               
               
                 grammar-rule ::= 
               
               
                   pattern ==&gt; $TOKEN [probability] 
               
               
                 ngrams ::= 
               
               
                   !$ ngram[/$VOC] 
               
               
                   [[probability] word [ word]+ [probability]]+ 
               
               
                  Note: First probability is the n-gram&#39;s probability. The number of n-grams depends 
               
               
                  on the number of Words in the single line. The second probability is the back-off 
               
               
                  probability. 
               
               
                  Example: The phrases ”John buys” and ”John runs” are 2-grams (contain two 
               
               
                  words). If the probability of the first 2-gram is 0.6 and of the second is 0.4, then when 
               
               
                  PSVR has recognized ”John” it knows that it is more likely for the next word to be 
               
               
                  ”buys” than ”runs”. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the following Table B, an example of a layered grammar and dictionary library is provided where a manual grouping was generated based on specific phrases. Table C, also included below, represents a computer generated layered grammar and dictionary library for the same phrases represented in Table B. As discussed above, the manually generated Table B has word groups under grammatical structure headings derived from the users knowledge of the English language whereas the computer generated Table C groups are simply labeled as numbered groups. It should be understood that the English language is only used herein as an example, and any other spoken or coded language may also be used. The two tables illustrate how two different layered grammar and dictionary library structures can represent the same phrases. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE B 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 {Manually-designed dictionary/grammar file} 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 !$SILENCE 
                 [sill] 
               
               
                   
                 !$GARBAGE 
                 sil aa iy uw eh ax hh n d s 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$SUBJECT !$SINGULAR 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “You” 
                 y uw 
               
               
                   
                 “I” 
                 ay 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$SUBJECT !$PLURAL 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “We” 
                 w iy 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$VERB !$SPECIAL_VERB 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Rock and roll” 
                 r aa k  — — —  ax n  — — —  r ax l 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$VERB !$COMPOSE 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Have fun” 
                 hh ae v  — — —  f ah n 
               
               
                   
                 “Look good” 
                 uh k  — — —  g uh d 
               
               
                   
                 “Love to” 
                 l ah v  — — —  t uw 
               
               
                   
                 “Like to” 
                 l ay k  — — —  t uw 
               
               
                   
                 “Enjoy” 
                 eh n jh oy 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$OBJECT 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Dress up” 
                 d r eh s  — — —  ah p 
               
               
                   
                 “Dress up” 
                 d r ix s  — — —  ah p 
               
               
                   
                 “Talk” 
                 t aa k 
               
               
                   
                 “Swim” 
                 s w ih m 
               
               
                   
                 “Swim” 
                 s w ix m 
               
               
                   
                 “Play” 
                 p l ey 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$ENJOY_OBJECT 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Dancing” 
                 d ae n s ix ng 
               
               
                   
                 “Music” 
                 m y uw z ix k 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$SENTENCE 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 ==&gt; $SUBJECT 
               
               
                   
                 “$SUBJECT” 
                 ==&gt; $VERB 
               
               
                   
                 “* to” 
                 ==&gt; $OBJECT 
               
               
                   
                 “Enjoy” 
                 ==&gt; $ENJOY_OBJECT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE C 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 {Auto-generated dictionary/grammar file} 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 !$SILENCE 
                  [sil] 
               
               
                   
                 !$GARBAGE 
                  sil aa iy uw eh ax hh n d s 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$group_2 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “I” 
                 ay 
               
               
                   
                 “You” 
                 y uw 
               
               
                   
                 “We” 
                 w iy 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$group_7 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Play” 
                 p l ey 
               
               
                   
                 “Talk” 
                 t aa k 
               
               
                   
                 “Dress up” 
                 d r eh s  — — —  ah p 
               
               
                   
                 “Dress up” 
                 d r ix s  — — —  ah p 
               
               
                   
                 “Swim” 
                 s w ih m 
               
               
                   
                 “Swim” 
                 s w ix m; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$group_10 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Dancing” 
                 d ae n s ix ng 
               
               
                   
                 “Music” 
                 m y uw z ix k 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$group_13 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “to” 
                 t uw; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$group_14 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Enjoy” 
                 eh n jh oy 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$group_16 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Like” 
                 l ay k 
               
               
                   
                 “Love” 
                 l ah v 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$group_5 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 “Rock and roll” 
                 r aa k  — — —  ax n  — — —  r ax l 
               
               
                   
                 “Look good” 
                 l uh k  — — —  g uh d 
               
               
                   
                 “Have fun” 
                 hh ae v  — — —  f ah n 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
               
                   
                 !$SENTENCE 
               
               
                   
                 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 ==&gt; $group_2 
               
               
                   
                 “$group_13” 
                 $group_7 
               
               
                   
                 “$group_14” 
                 ==&gt; $group_10 
               
               
                   
                 “$group_16” 
                 ==&gt; $group_13 
               
               
                   
                 “$group_2” 
                 ==&gt; $group_14 
               
               
                   
                 “$group_2” 
                 ==&gt; $group_16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 7A  is an example of the contents of the dictionary layer  604  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this example the dictionary layer  604  is composed of the group  700 , the group  704 , the group  708  and the group  712 . Respectively, the groups are composed of word group  702 , word group  706 , word group  710  and word group  714 . Word groups are made up of at least one word and that word&#39;s phonetic transcriptions. In this example, the group  704  contains the word group  706  that is one word, “up” and the phonetic transcription “ah p”. In this example a particular phoneme set, that might be different from language to language, was defined earlier in the process so “ah p” is meaningful to the voice recognition system along with the particular notation “ — — — ” which, as described in Table A, represents optional intra-word silence. 
     It is possible for a group to contain multi-word phrases as shown in the group  712 . It is also possible that a group contain the same word with multiple phonetic transcriptions as shown in the group  708 . Another example is a group with multiple words that also includes multiple phonetic transcriptions of one word as shown in the group  700 . The above listing of single and multi-word phrases, multiple phonetic transcriptions and multiple word groups are provided as examples and should not be considered inclusive of all potential groupings. It should also be noted that the phonetic transcriptions shown in  FIG. 7  are representative for this example and it is possible to use other phonetic transcriptions and combinations thereof to create a dictionary library. 
       FIG. 7B  is an example of group rules  614  that can be defined in the language/non-grammar layer  602  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this example the group rule  716 , represented by the characters “==&gt;” requires that the word groups combined by the group rule occur continuously without pauses. In another example, the group rule  718 , represented by the characters “--&gt;” allows pauses between the combined word groups. Though the two example group rules both deal with pauses it is possible that new group rules could utilize specific sounds or sound sequences in order to link groups. The variety of possible group rules is unlimited. 
       FIG. 7C  is an example of how group rules  614  become applied group rules  612  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this example all the groups listed are joined by the group rule  716  meaning the groups cannot be separated by pauses. As mentioned above it would be possible to use a variety of group rules thus allowing combinations of words while restricting others. 
     Referring to the previously presented Table A and Table B under the sections designated “!$SENTENCE”, note the more compact structure found in Table A. This compact structure is enabled because the word groups are based on grammatical structures. The use of the “*” wildcard in combination with the word “to” allows the connection of words such as “like to” and “love to” with just one line. Table A also demonstrates the use of “super groups”. Under the heading “!$SENTENCE”, $SUBJECT and $VERB are super groups. $SUBJECT is a super group composed of the groups $SUBJECT $ SINGULAR and $SUBJECT $PLURAR. Likewise, $VERB is a super group that includes $VERB $SPECIAL_VERB AND $VERB $COMPOSE. The use of the super group notation and sub-categorization based on grammatical structure allows a more compact representation of an otherwise complex grammar. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram showing how different groups can be combined using the applied group rules from the grammar definitions layer  610  to create phrases in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. For example, following the path of applied group rule  726  results in connecting group  816  with the group  712  and results in the phrase “I like to”. Because the group  712  can also be connected to the group  700  via applied group rule  722  or the combination of the group  708  and the group  704  via applied group rules  720  and  612 , a plurality of phrases can be generated including, “I like to play.”, “I like to dress up.”, and “I like to swim.” 
     It should be noted that the groups used in the example for  FIG. 8  could benefit from further optimization. This is evident because the group  708  and the group  704  can be combined to create one group representing “dress up”. With the change the totality of phrases generated by the groups in  FIG. 8  remain unchanged. However, the reduction in complexity of the library could further enhance the system&#39;s ability to either recognize more phrases or run more efficiently. Also note that the group  816  cannot be combined with the group  712  or the group  818 . While combining the group would simplify the library it would also eliminate the phrase “I dress up” formed by the combination of the applied group rules  730  and  612 . 
     The benefits for changes in either the grammar dictionary layer  610  or the dictionary layer  604  to be reflected in the other should become clear after the following examples. Adding a word and the corresponding phonetic transcription into a word group within the dictionary layer  604  automatically results in a new combination of phrases. For example, adding the phase “like a clown” to the group  704  means the phrases “I dress like a clown” and “I like to dress like a clown” will be automatically recognized by the system without editing the grammar definitions layer. Accordingly, the addition of an applied group rule such as “Group  28 ==&gt;Group  5 ” means the phrases “I play”, “I swim” and “I talk” will be recognized by the system without modifying the dictionary layer  604 . 
     Another benefit of a speech recognition system using a unified layered grammar and dictionary library system is a reduced memory footprint compared to that of a traditional system intended to recognize the same phrases. The reduced memory footprint allows speech recognition in systems where it was previously not possible or undesirable because of the strain it would place on computing resources. 
     Video game systems are an ideal candidate to benefit from a speech recognition system using a unified layered grammar and library system because speech recognition could enhance the interactivity and realism of video games. Video games are usually controlled via hand-operated devices using a combination of buttons and joysticks or a keyboard and mouse. Input from buttons and joysticks is relevant to computing events within games such as selecting objects for a game character to use or to control movement within the game. Correlating a set of relevant phrases to computing events within games such as “use flashlight,” “use key,” and “crawl” are well within the ability of a speech recognition system utilizing a unified layered grammar and dictionary library. Because specific game controls and commands could be inputted verbally using speech recognition the traditional input devices could be used to further enhance the interactivity of the game. The examples previously listed are all computer triggered voice gaming commands but it should be noted that speech recognition of relevant phrases related to a computing event for computer assisted voice communications, computer voice assisted gaming and computer triggered voice commands are all possible using a unified layered grammar and dictionary library. 
     Speech recognition could also enhance the realism of video games by allowing users to actively “speak” to characters within the game rather than selecting predetermined text phrases or typing dialog to initiate a particular computing event. Phrases such as “go away” or “leave me alone” could be spoken to prompt in game characters to walk away from the game player&#39;s character. Games allowing multiplayer interaction using the internet or an intranet could also benefit from speech recognition software by enhancing communication between players by. For example, if two players&#39; characters meet in an online game environment player  1  can speak specific phrases that are recognized by the system and the corresponding text can appear at the second players remote location. 
     The complexity and number of phrases a unified layered grammar and dictionary library can recognize are constrained by the computing resources available to the speech recognition system. It would be possible for each game to have a custom dictionary and grammar library depending on the commands and actions necessary for the game. This would be advantageous because it would allow a programmer to balance the need to recognize specific phrases with particular meaning to the game with the available computing resources. To streamline development it would also be possible for game programmers to create a generic dictionary and library and add customized phrases for a specific game. While such a solution might simplify game development, maintaining a generic dictionary and library could sacrifice the number of customized phrases the speech recognition system could recognize. 
     Video game systems are not the only technology that could benefit from the compact, robust voice recognition systems enabled by a unified layered grammar and dictionary library. Handicapped people who have lost the ability to manipulate their limbs while maintaining the ability to speak could benefit greatly from systems using speech recognition. The reduced computing resources required by using a unified layered grammar and dictionary library could make such systems more portable thereby providing their users more freedom and interaction with society. 
     The groups and corresponding word groups along with the phrases generated in  FIG. 8  and the subsequent discussion are only for exemplary purposes. It should be clear to one skilled in the art that unlimited sets of phrases for an unlimited number of applications related to computing events can be broken down into groups and entered into a similarly unified layered grammar and dictionary library. The available computing resource of the system is the only constraint on the number of relevant phrases recognized for any particular application. 
     Further optimization of a unified layered grammar and dictionary library is possible by using transition probabilities from n-tuples from the original SLF output. In one example transition probabilities can be used in the grammar definition layer  610  and word probabilities can be used within the dictionary layer  604 . Using these probabilities it would be possible to eliminate unlikely or partial sentences from the grammar definitions layer  610  and rare words can be eliminated from the dictionary layer  604 . 
     The invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations including game consoles, gaming computers or computing devices, hand-held devices, microprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributing computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a network. For instance, on-line gaming systems and software may also be used. 
     With the above embodiments in mind, it should be understood that the invention may employ various computer-implemented operations involving data stored in computer systems. These operations are those requiring physical manipulation of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as producing, identifying, determining, or comparing. 
     Any of the operations described herein that form part of the invention are useful machine operations. The invention also relates to a device or an apparatus for performing these operations. The apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, such as the carrier network discussed above, or it may be a general purpose computer selectively activated or configured by a computer program stored in the computer. In particular, various general purpose machines may be used with computer programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may be more convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the required operations. 
     The invention can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data, which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include hard drives, network attached storage (NAS), read-only memory, random-access memory, FLASH based memory, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, CD-RWs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, and other optical and non-optical data storage devices. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over a network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. 
     Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.