Abstract:
Systems and methods are described that use software diversification techniques to improve the security of mobile applications. Embodiments of the disclosed systems and methods may, among other things, facilitate secure application distribution through deployment of diverse of applications in an application distribution channel. Software diversification consistent with certain disclosed embodiments may mitigate large-scale automated circumvention of security protections by presenting attacking malware moving and/or otherwise unpredictable diverse targets.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/076,354, filed Nov. 6, 2014, and entitled “SECURE APPLICATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND METHODS”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     COPYRIGHT AUTHORIZATION 
       [0002]    Portions of the disclosure of this patent document may contain material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
       BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
       [0003]    The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for distributing secure software applications. More specifically, but not exclusively, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods that use software diversification techniques in connection with generating and distributing secure software applications.. 
         [0004]    Software applications, including mobile software applications, may betargeted in a variety of attacks. For example, mobile software applications may be targeted in man-at-the-end attacks—attacks against mobile applications from device-resident malware. Maintaining mobile application security may be important to a variety of value chain stakeholders, including device users and other transaction participants. Implementing digital rights management (“DRM”) in connection with controlled media applications may help improve application security, and DRM and/or other security methods may be further used in connection with applications involving advertising, payments, and/or other types of value exchange. Secure device hardware may be used to strengthen device security, but such hardware might not be universally deployed across devices. 
         [0005]    Systems and methods disclosed herein may use software diversification methods to improve the security of mobile applications. Embodiments of the disclosed systems and methods may, among other things, facilitate secure application distribution through deployment of diverse applications in an application distribution channel. Software diversification consistent with certain disclosed embodiments may mitigate large-scale automated circumvention of security protections by presenting attacking malware with moving and/or otherwise unpredictable diverse targets, akin in certain aspects to a reverse of the strategy used by polymorphic malware in evading anti-virus tools. Consistent with embodiments disclosed herein, applications may be different in their implementation from device to device (i.e., different users may receive different implementations of a single application version), thereby frustrating the deployment of effective malware. In certain embodiments, diversity between applications may be achieved by enabling application stores to distribute various diverse instances of an application to various devices. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]    The inventive body of work will be readily understood by referring to the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0007]      FIG. 1  illustrates deployment of diverse mobile software applications consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  illustrates a process of generating and distributing diverse secure mobile software applications consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  illustrates generation and deployment of mobile software application instances to an application store for distribution to devices consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  illustrates generation and deployment of mobile software application instances by an application store consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  illustrates personalization of a mobile application by a device using a personalization service consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  illustrates personalization of a mobile application by a device consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  illustrates a flow chart of a mobile application build and deployment process consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0014]      FIG. 8  illustrates a system that may be used to implement certain embodiments of the systems and methods of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    A detailed description of systems and methods consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure is provided below. While several embodiments are described, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to any one embodiment, but instead encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents. In addition, while numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments disclosed herein, some embodiments can be practiced without some or all of these details. Moreover, for the purpose of clarity, certain technical material that is known in the related art has not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the disclosure. 
         [0016]    Some embodiments of the disclosure may be understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts may be designated by like numerals. The components of the disclosed embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following detailed description of certain illustrative embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, as claimed, but is merely representative of possible embodiments of the disclosure. In addition, the steps of any method disclosed herein do not necessarily need to be executed in any specific order, or even sequentially, nor need the steps be executed only once, unless otherwise specified. 
         [0017]    Embodiments of the system and methods disclosed herein may employ software diversification in connection with mobile application generation and distribution. In some embodiments, software diversification may be used to alter a software application (e.g., altering an executable binary) in various ways to create multiple instances of the application that, while providing the same and/or similar functionality, to an attacker appear different and/or operate differently (e.g., operate differently on the binary level). Software diversification may frustrate an attacker&#39;s attempts to exploit information gained from one deployment of an application to compromise other deployments. Although certain embodiments disclosed herein are discussed in connection with diverse mobile applications and/or mobile devices, it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments may be further employed in connection with any other type of software application diversification and/or systems or devices for interacting with and/or executing the same. 
         [0018]    In certain embodiments, the systems and methods described herein can, for example, be used in connection with digital rights management (“DRM”) technologies such as that described in commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/583,693, “Digital Rights Management Engine Systems and Methods,” filed Oct. 18, 2006, and published as U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0180519 (“the &#39;693 application”), service orchestration and DRM technologies such as those described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 8,234,387, “Interoperable Systems and Methods for Peer-to-Peer Service Orchestration” (“the &#39;387 patent”), (the contents of &#39;693 application and the &#39;387 patent being hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties), as well as in other contexts. 
         [0019]      FIG. 1  illustrates deployment of a diverse mobile software application  100  to a mobile device  102  consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, a mobile software application  100  may be generated by an application developer system  104  and uploaded to an application store system  106  for distribution to one or more mobile devices  102 . In other embodiments, the application developer system  104  may not be directly used to generate the mobile application  100 , but may be a system used by and/or otherwise associated with an application developer for use in connection with uploading the mobile application  100  to the application store system  106  for distribution. As discussed in more detail below, the application developer system  104  may continuously and/or periodically upload a plurality of diverse instances of the mobile application  100  to the application store system  106  for distribution to one or more mobile devices  102 , thereby reducing the potential for a successful attack against the application  100  across multiple devices. 
         [0020]    The application developer system  104 , application store system  106 , mobile devices  102 , and/or other systems (not shown) used in connection with the disclosed embodiments may comprise any suitable computing system or combination of systems configured to implement embodiments of the systems and methods disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the application developer system  104 , application store system  106 , mobile device  102 , and/or other systems providers may comprise at least one processor system configured to execute instructions stored on an associated non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. As discussed in more detail below, the application developer system  104 , application store system  106 , mobile device  102 , and/or other systems may further comprise a secure processing unit (“SPU”) configured to perform sensitive operations such as trusted credential and/or key management, secure policy management, and/or other aspects of the systems and methods disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the application developer system  104 , application store system  106 , mobile device  102 , and/or other systems may comprise a laptop computer system, a desktop computer system, a server computer system, a smartphone, a tablet computer, and/or any other computing system and/or device that may be used in connection with the disclosed systems and methods. 
         [0021]    The application developer system  104 , application store system  106 , mobile device  102 , and/or other systems may further comprise software and/or hardware configured to enable electronic communication of information between the devices and/or systems  102 - 106  via one or more associated network connections (e.g., network  108 ). The network connections may comprise a variety of network communication devices and/or channels and may use any suitable communication protocols and/or standards facilitating communication between the connected devices and systems. For example, in some embodiments the network  108  may comprise the Internet, a local area network, a virtual private network, and/or any other communication network utilizing one or more electronic communication technologies and/or standards (e.g., Ethernet and/or the like). In some embodiments, the network connections may comprise a wireless carrier system such as a personal communications system (“PCS”), and/or any other suitable communication system incorporating any suitable communication standards and/or protocols. In further embodiments, the network connections may comprise an analog mobile communications network and/or a digital mobile communications network utilizing, for example, code division multiple access (“CDMA”), Global System for Mobile Communications or Groupe Special Mobile (“GSM”), frequency division multiple access (“FDMA”), and/or time divisional multiple access (“TDMA”) standards. In certain embodiments, the network connections may incorporate one or more satellite communication links. In yet further embodiments, the network connections may use IEEE&#39;s 802.11 standards, Bluetooth®, ultra-wide band (“UWB”), Zigbee®, and or any other suitable communication protocol(s). 
         [0022]    The application developer system  104  may comprise a computing device executing one or more applications configured to implement certain embodiments of the systems and methods disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the application developer system  104  may be used by a developer to code, compile, and/or otherwise generate a mobile application  100  and/or a particular instance of the mobile application (e.g., a unique instance or the like). In other embodiments, the application developer system  104  may be used to manage one or more mobile applications generated using a separate system (not shown). In some embodiments, applications and/or instances thereof, described in more detail below, may be stored and/or otherwise managed by the application developer system  104  in an application database  110 . 
         [0023]    The application developer system  104  may be configured to diversify distributed mobile applications  100  by generating a plurality of instances of the mobile application  100  that, in certain embodiments, may be unique instances. In certain embodiments, diversified application instances may have the same and/or similar functionality but may be altered in such a way that to an attacker (e.g., malware or the like) they appear to be different and/or operate differently. 
         [0024]    As discussed in more detail below, diversity in applications may be introduced at a variety of times in the application generation and/or build process to create various application instances. For example, diversity may be introduced during coding of an application, at various stages of compilation of the application, and/or during a provisioning and/or personalization process. In certain embodiments, diverse application instances may be generated by an application instance generation engine  112  executing on the application developer system  104 . A variety of types of software diversification may be used in connection with the disclosed embodiments including, without limitation, data diversification and/or code diversification. In certain embodiments, both data diversification and code diversification may be employed in connection with generating diverse software instances. 
         [0025]    Embodiments employing data diversification may embed certain data values referenced by application code that vary among different instances of the same application. As an example, the application instance generation engine  112  may embed different cryptographic keys across various application instances configured to encrypt information stored on an executing device or that excerpts other keys imported into the application. Even if an attacker managed to extract the cryptographic key embedded in a particular application instance, the attacker could not use the extracted key to decrypt certain secret information included in other application instances. In certain embodiments, data diversification may be introduced by injecting unique and/or otherwise personalized data values into program code (e.g., binary image code) during code compilation and/or deployment. Data values introduced as part of data diversification methods consistent with the disclosed embodiments may further include, without limitation, keys, nonces, salt, white-box cryptography (“WBC”) data structures, homomorphic encryption including fully homomorphic encryption (“FHE”) data structures, and/or other randomly generated cryptographic information. 
         [0026]    In some embodiments, a secure key provisioned as part of a data diversification process may be stored by in a protected processing environment such as a secure key box. In certain embodiments, a secure key box may be configured to protect the secrecy and/or integrity of the secure key. The secure key box may further protect software code used in connection with secure computations performed by an associated device using code digests and/or any other verifiable computing techniques. 
         [0027]    In some embodiments, the secure key box may use white-box cryptographic and/or homomorphic encryption methods (e.g., FHE methods) that allow the secure key to remain encrypted, even during execution of associated cryptographic methods. In certain embodiments, the secure key box may enable the secure key to be stored and/or used in connection with cryptographic methods without exposing the secure key in clear text. For example, in some embodiments, the secure key box may allow storage and/or use of the secure key without exposing the secure key in code and/or in memory of a device  102  having an open architecture. In certain embodiments, a secure key box may be implemented separately and/or in connection with a hardware-isolated secure enclave and/or a more traditional secure hardware element (e.g., a subscriber identity module (“SIM”) chip and/or a smart card chip) for use in connection key operations. 
         [0028]    The secure key box may be used in connection with both static keys and/or encrypted dynamic keys that may be loaded and/or decrypted at run time. In further embodiments, separate secure key boxes associated with different devices may store and/or operate on secure keys using different encryption formats. In certain embodiments, a secure key box may enable protection of secure keys and/or computations performed using the same without the use of dedicated security hardware included in a device  102 . 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, secure information such as, for example, the secure key may be encrypted when transmitted out of a secure key box. In certain embodiments, the secure key may be managed by a personalization service, described in more detail below, in a separate secure key box operating thereon (not shown). When transmitted from the secure key box of the personalization service as part of a personalization process of an application, the secure key box of the personalization service may encrypt the secure key with a common export key shared with the secure key box of the device  102 . In some embodiments, the secure key may be encrypted with a shared symmetric key and/or a public asymmetric key. Upon receipt by the client device  102 , the secure key box of the device  102  may decrypt the received encrypted secure key using the common export key for use in connection cryptographic methods. 
         [0030]    Embodiments employing code diversification may introduce varied instructions (e.g., binary instructions) between different application instances and/or between separate sets of application instances. In certain embodiments, code diversification may be introduced using methods to improve the tamper-resistance of a software application including, without limitation, code obfuscation, instruction set randomization, integrity protection, junk code insertion, code expansion, and/or virtualization. In some embodiments, a subset and/or component of an application may include diversified code across various instances of the application. For example, sensitive parts of application code may include diversified code across instances (e.g., cryptographic routines and/or components or the like). In other embodiments, code diversification may be employed across an entire application executable. 
         [0031]    In certain embodiments, diversified applications  100  may include information identifying a particular instance of the application and/or version of the application. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a mobile application  100  may comprise an instance ID  116  and a version ID  118 . Consistent with embodiments disclosed herein, a plurality of application instances (e.g., applications having different instance IDs  116 ) may be associated with a particular version ID  118 , and various application instances and/or versions may be managed together and/or separately in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. In some embodiments, the instance ID  116  associated with a particular application may be used by a developer post-deployment in connection with application diagnosis, error reporting, and/or the like. 
         [0032]    An instance of a mobile application  100  may be uploaded by the application developer system  104  to the application store system  106  for distribution to one or more mobile devices  102 . The application store system  106  may include an application store database  120  storing one or more mobile applications and/or instances thereof. An application store engine  122  may be configured to manage requests from mobile devices  100 , uploading operations from developer systems  104 , and/or otherwise coordinate the downloading of applications  100  to mobile devices  102  and other operations of the application store system  106 . 
         [0033]    In certain embodiments, the upload of the mobile application  100  to the application store system  106  may be managed by an application distribution module  114  executing on the application developer system  104 . The application distribution module  114  may employ a variety of possible uploading methodologies with respect to varied application instances that, in some embodiments, may be articulated in an application diversification schedule and/or policy. For example, in some embodiments, a first software application instance may be initially uploaded to the application store system  106 . After a particular period of time has elapsed (e.g., an hour, a day, a week, etc.), a second software application instance replacing the first software application instance may be uploaded to the application store system  106 . Based on the time when mobile devices (e.g., mobile device  102 ) download the application from the application store system  106 , the mobile devices will receive different instances of the application (e.g., the first or second instance), thereby facilitating application diversity across a number of devices. 
         [0034]    Application diversification policies may further employ other time-based diversification schedules. For example, a diversification schedule may facilitate continuous uploading of various application instances to the application store system  106  by the developer system  104  at a variety of suitable fixed time frequencies and/or based on an irregular or otherwise random pattern. Diversification policies and/or schedules may, in addition and/or in alternative to being time-based, be based on geographic and/or device parameters. For example, varied application instances may be uploaded to the application store system  106  for distribution to devices located in different geographic regions. Similarly, varied application instances may be uploaded to the application store system  106  for deployment to varied types of devices, device models, individual serialized devices, and/or the like. It will be appreciated that a wide variety of application diversification schedules and/or policies may be used in connection with the disclosed systems and methods, and that the disclosed embodiments may employ any suitable schedule and/or policy that results in differentiation between application instances across multiple devices. 
         [0035]    Certain application store systems  106  may require that an application  100  be inspected and/or otherwise tested for compliance with one or more requirements prior to distribution to devices  102 . For example, after an application  100  is initially uploaded to the application store system  106 , the system  106  may inspect and/or test the application  100  for compliance with certain security requirements. New versions of the application  100  uploaded to the application store system  106  may be similarly tested and/or inspected. 
         [0036]    In some embodiments, applications  100  may be diversified such that various instances of the application do not need to be individually inspected and/or tested for compliance with application store system  106  requirements. In certain embodiments, this may be achieved by introducing diversity (e.g., code and/or data diversity) into portions of an application&#39;s code that are not tested and/or otherwise inspected by the application store system  106 . In some embodiments, this may streamline the process of uploading various application instances  100  to the application store system  106  and reduce the burden on the application store system  106  to inspect and/or test each instance. 
         [0037]    Certain application store systems  106  may be configured to push updates of an application to certain devices  102  when a new version of an application  100  is uploaded to the application store system  106 . In embodiments employing time-based diversification policies and/or schedules for release of various application instances, such a push and/or pull update of a new application version may undesirably result in a large number of devices  102  being updated with the same application instance (e.g., the initial instance of the new application version). Accordingly, in some embodiments, release of new versions to certain devices  102  may be delayed following an initial version release (e.g., randomly delayed, delayed according to a particular schedule, etc.) such that devices receive varied application instances of the new application version in connection with application updates. In some embodiments, diversity may be introduced in connection with software updates and/or new version updates to ensure updates and/or new versions comprise diverse and/or otherwise unique instances of the application  100 . 
         [0038]    It will be appreciated that a number of variations can be made to the architecture and relationships presented in connection with  FIG. 1  within the scope of the inventive body of work. For example, without limitation, in some embodiments, some or all of the functions performed by the application developer system  104  may be performed by the application store system  106 . Similarly, some or all of the functions performed by the application store system  106  may be performed by the application developer system  104 . Thus it will be appreciated that  FIG. 1  is provided for purposes of illustration and explanation, and not limitation. 
         [0039]      FIG. 2  illustrates a process of generating and distributing diverse secure mobile software applications consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the application developer system  104  may generate a first instance of a mobile application (“Mobile Application Instance  1 ”) using any suitable method of introducing diversity between various application instances (e.g., code diversification, data diversification, code obfuscation, etc.). The first instance may be uploaded to an application store system  106  for deployment to one or more mobile devices  102   a ,  102   b . In certain embodiments, uploading of the first instance may be based, at least in part, on an articulated application diversification schedule and/or policy. 
         [0040]    After the first application instance has been uploaded to the application store system  106 , a mobile device  102   a  may issue a request to download and/or otherwise install the application. In response to this request, the application store system  106  may transmit the first instance of the application to the mobile device  102   a . Upon receipt of the first instance, the mobile device  102   a  may perform an installation process to install the application on the device  102   a.    
         [0041]    An application diversification schedule and/or policy associated with a particular application may articulate that new application instances should be generated by the application developer system  104  and uploaded to the application store system  106  according to a time-based schedule (e.g., following a fixed and/or randomly determined release period between instance releases or the like). Accordingly, at the completion of an instance release period, the application developer system  104  may generate a second instance of a mobile application (“Mobile Application Instance  2 ”) using any suitable method of introducing diversity between various application instances and may upload the second instance to the application store  106  for deployment to requesting mobile devices  102   a ,  102   b.    
         [0042]    Once uploaded, the second application instance may replace the first application instance in the application store system  106 . Accordingly, a mobile device  102   b  issuing a request to download and/or otherwise install the application after the second application instance has been uploaded to the application store system  106  may receive the second instance of the application in response to the request for installation. In this manner, based on the mobile devices  102   a  and  102   b  having requested the application from the application store system  106  at different times, the devices  102   a ,  102   b  may receive different instances of the application, thereby providing application diversity between the devices  102   a ,  102   b  installing the deployed applications and improving their associated security. 
         [0043]      FIG. 3  illustrates generation and deployment of mobile software application instances to an application store for distribution to devices consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, in lieu of and/or in addition to uploading a single instance of an application to an application store system  106  at a particular time (e.g., based on an instance release schedule and/or policy or the like), the application developer system  106  and/or an application instance generation engine  112  executing thereon may generate a plurality of diverse application instances  300  and upload the plurality of diverse application instances  300  to the application store system  106 . 
         [0044]    Application instances  300  uploaded to the application store system  106  may be included and/or managed in an application store database  120 . When the application store system  106  receives a request from a mobile device  102  to download the application, the application store system  106  may select and transmit an instance of the application from the plurality of application instances  300  included in the database  120 . In some embodiments, the particular instance may be selected from the plurality of instances  300  based on a diversification policy and/or schedule. For example, a time-based diversification policy, a location-based diversification policy, and/or a device-based diversification policy may be used in connection with selecting and/or distributing a particular application instance  100  of the plurality of instances  300 . In some embodiments, the selection and/or distribution of the application instance  100  may be performed using, at least in part, an application distribution module  114  executing on the application store system  106 . 
         [0045]    As an example, in some embodiments, the application store system  106  may distribute a first application instance  100  from the plurality of instances  300  to requesting devices  102  for a certain instance release period), and then continuously cycle through distributing different applicant instances of the plurality during subsequent instance release periods. In another example, the application store system  106  may distribute application instances  100  from the plurality of application instances  300  that are unique to each requesting device  102 . The application store system  106  may further randomly distribute application instances  100  from the plurality of instances  300  to requesting devices  102 . In yet another example, the application store system  106  may distribute a first application instance  100  from the plurality of instances  300  to requesting devices  102  included in a first geographic region, and distribute different instances to requesting devices located in other regions. 
         [0046]    In certain embodiments, by implementing instance selection and/or determination decisions using the application store system  106 , greater diversity of deployed instances  100  may be achieved as more granular instance selection determinations may be made based on a particular requesting device  102 . In addition, the burden on the application developer system  104  and/or the application store system  106  associated with continuously uploading new instances for distribution may be reduced. Similarly, the burden of frequent inspection and/or otherwise testing of application instance compliance with store requirements may be reduced, as all and/or a subset of the plurality of instances  300  may be inspected and/or tested for compliance as a group, thereby streamlining the inspection and/or testing process. 
         [0047]      FIG. 4  illustrates generation and deployment of mobile software application instances by an application store system  106  consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the application store system  106  may be configured to generate diverse application instances  100  for distribution to mobile devices based on information provided by the application software developer system  104  (e.g., an undiversified application  400  or the like). 
         [0048]    Diversity in applications may be introduced at a variety of times in the application  100  generation and/or build process to create various application instances. For example, diversity may be introduced during coding of an application, at various stages of compilation of the application, and/or during a provisioning and/or personalization process, certain aspects of which may be performed by the application store system  106 . In certain embodiments, diverse application instances may be generated by an application instance generation engine  112  executing on the application store system  104  employing any of the types of software diversification methods disclosed herein. 
         [0049]    In certain embodiments, the application store system  106  and/or an instance generation engine  112  executing thereon may be configured to generate application instances  100  by including diversified code and/or data in certain components and/or portions of the application. For example, in some embodiments, diverse instances  100  may be generated by including diverse code between multiple instances in a particular component of an application. In further embodiments, diverse instances may be generated by including certain diverse data such as a cryptographic key or the like between multiple instances of the application. In certain embodiments, diversifying a subset and/or a component of an application rather than an entire application may reduce the burden on the application store system  106  in connection with generating diverse instances  100 . 
         [0050]    In further embodiments, the application store system  106  and/or the instance generation engine  112  executing thereon may be configured to perform a portion of a build process for an application to generate a diversified instance  100  of the application. In such embodiments, the application developer system  104  may transmit information (e.g., undiversified application information  400 ) to the application store system  106  used to complete a build process for the application to generate an associated application instance  100 . In some embodiments, the application developer system  104  may further transmit instructions and/or preferences for introducing diversity to the application store system  106  and/or to safeguard application performance and/or user experience requirements. 
         [0051]    As an example, the application developer system  104  may transmit application information  400  to the application store system  106  that comprises application bit code and/or an intermediate representation of the application. Using the application information  400 , the application store system  106  and/or the instance generation engine  112  may perform bit code obfuscation to diversify the bit code and/or the intermediate representation of the application. The application store system  106  may then perform a back end compilation process on the application bit code and/or intermediate representation to generate a machine code representation of the application which may be used to generate an executable application instance  100  for transmission to requesting mobile devices  102 . In certain embodiments, generation of the application instance  100  and/or the bit code obfuscation and/or backend compilation process may be performed in response to receiving a request from a mobile device  102  to download the application (i.e., just-in-time (“JIT”) instance generation). 
         [0052]    In certain embodiments, generating diverse application instances at the application store system  106  may allow for individualized and/or otherwise serialized unique application instances to be generated for individual requesting devices  102 . For example, in some embodiments, serialized and/or otherwise unique information associated with a requesting device  102  may be used by the application store system  106  in connection with generating a diverse application instance  100 . In further embodiments, serialized and/or otherwise unique information associated with a user of a requesting device (e.g., user account, registration, and/or authentication data) may be used by the application store system  106  in connection with generating diverse application instances  100 . 
         [0053]    In some embodiments, an application distribution module  114  executing on the application store system  106  may be configured to manage the generation and/or distribution of unique application instances  100  to requesting devices  102  (e.g., based on an associated diversification policy and/or schedule or the like). Generating diverse application instances  100  at the application store system  106  may further reduce the burden of generation and/or uploading a plurality of application instances by the application developer system  104 , and may further streamline application and/or testing processes performed by the application store system  106 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 5  illustrates personalization of a mobile application  502  by a device  102  using a personalization service  500  consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. In some embodiments, diversity in an application may be introduced by a device  102  after downloading the application  502  from the application store system  106  through a personalization and/or provisioning process. 
         [0055]    As illustrated, an application developer system  104  may provide the application store system  106  with a mobile application  502  configured to be personalized during and/or following installation of the application  502  on a device  102 . After downloading the application  502  from the application store system  106  and during and/or following the installation of the application  502 , the mobile device  102  may issue a personalization request  506  to a personalization service  500 , which may comprise any suitable computer system configured to implement application personalization methods consistent with the disclosed embodiments. In response to the personalization request  506 , the personalization service  500  may generate and/or access personalization information  508  and transmit the personalization information  508  to the mobile device  102 . The personalization information  508  may include any suitable information for use in connection with generating a unique application instance including, for example, code patches, keys, data values, user account information, user registration information, and/or the like. The mobile device  102  may use the personalization information  508  to generate a personalized and/or otherwise diversified instance of the application  504  for execution on the device  102 . For example, using the personalization information  508 , the mobile device  102  may embed and/or otherwise reference certain data values unique to the instance of the application  504 , thereby introducing data diversity to the application  504 . 
         [0056]    In at least one example, following receipt of a mobile application from the application store system  106 , the mobile device  102  may request the personalization service  500  to generate and provide a unique key used for use in connection with cryptographic operations performed by the mobile application. The personalization service  500  may generate the key and return it to the mobile device  102 . Upon receipt, the mobile device  102  may provision the cryptographic components of the mobile application with the key to generate a diversified application instance  504 . 
         [0057]    In some embodiments, when diversity is introduced by the mobile device  102  through a personalization and/or provisioning process, certain security measures may be taken to reduce the potential for the application  504  to be compromised by an attack. For example, code patches included in personalization information  508  may be signed and signature verification may be strongly enforced by the device  102 . In further embodiments, the mobile device  102  may comprise a hardware-enforced secured environment for code loading and/or personalization of the application  502  to generate a diversified application instanced  504 . Various software code protection techniques to protect diversity mechanisms may further be delivered directly to the device  102  to improve security of the personalization process. Introducing diversity at the mobile device  102  may, among other things, reduce the burden on the application developer system  104  and/or application store system  106  of application instance generation and/or applying schedules or policy associated with distribution of various application instances. 
         [0058]      FIG. 6  illustrates personalization of a mobile application  600  by a mobile device  102  consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, personalization information  602  may be generated and/or otherwise accessed by an application developer system  104  and/or an application store system  106 . The personalization information  602  may be downloaded to the mobile device  102  from the application store system  104  together with and/or separately from the mobile application  600 . 
         [0059]    In some embodiments, the personalization information  602  may include information to personalize and/or otherwise diversify a single instance of an application. For example, the personalization information  602  may comprise a key used to diversify cryptographic components of an application instance. In other embodiments, the personalization information  602  may include information that may be used to generate a plurality of application instances  604 . As part of a personalization and/or diversification process to generate an application instance, a subset of the information included in the personalization information  602  may be selected and used in connection with a personalization process to generate a diversified instance of the application  604 . In certain embodiments, such a process may be performed by a mobile application personalization engine  606  executing on the mobile device  102 . 
         [0060]    In at least one example, the personalization information  602  may comprise a plurality of cryptographic keys. In connection with a personalization and/or diversification process to generate an application instance  604 , the mobile application personalization engine  606  may randomly select a cryptographic key of the plurality of cryptographic keys and provision the cryptographic components of the mobile application  600  with the selected cryptographic key to generate a diversified application instance  604 . In this manner, a common library of personalization information  602  may be sent to a number of mobile devices that may use information in the library to generate a diversified and/or otherwise unique application instance  604 . 
         [0061]      FIG. 7  illustrates a flow chart of a mobile application build and deployment process  700  consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. The illustrated process  700  may be implemented in a variety of ways, including using software, firmware, hardware, and/or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, various aspects of the method  700  may be implemented by an application developer system, an application store system, a mobile device, a personalization service system, an update system, and/or any other related system as described above. Certain embodiments included in the illustrated process  700  may implement code diversity in connection with generating diversified application instances. It will be appreciated, however, that data diversity may be similarly implemented in connection with the illustrated process. In addition, it will be appreciated that a mobile application build and deployment process may incorporate all of the elements of the illustrated process  700  or a subset thereof, and may proceed in any suitable order. 
         [0062]    At  702 , source code associated with an application may be obfuscated using any suitable source code software obfuscation technique. Front end compilation of the obfuscated application source code may be performed at  704  to generate a bit code and/or intermediate representation of the application code. Bit code obfuscation methods may be performed at  706  that introduce diversity into the particular application instance being built. 
         [0063]    To ensure the obfuscation does not detrimentally alter the expected functionality of the bit code, the bit code may be tested at  708  to see if the bit code functions as expected. If the bit code does not function as expected, the method  700  may proceed to terminate. If the bit code functions as expected, the method  700  may proceed to  710 , where back end compilation of the bit code and/or intermediate representation code may be performed to generate machine code. In certain embodiments, the back end compilation and/or certain other subsequent steps may be performed by an application store system prior to delivering the application instance to the device. 
         [0064]    Following back end compilation, linking of the machine code may be performed at  712 . Compilation may produce several object files referring to code entry points and global variables by symbolic address. A linker may be provided with some initial required code entry points to build in, and may select which dependent pieces of object code are to be used in the linking operation. The linker may arrange how the object code is to be loaded in an executable memory space, and may resolve symbolic addresses to numerical addresses. The linker may further produce an executable (e.g., machine code) program file and/or an executable library (e.g., DLL or SO file). In some embodiments, program dependencies that reside in dynamic libraries (e.g, DLL or SO) may be resolved at load time or at run time by a linking loader, which may be part of the target device&#39;s operating system. 
         [0065]    At  714 , the linked machine code may be obfuscated. As detailed above, machine code obfuscation may examine the machine code following linking and apply certain code transformations to make the code difficult to reverse engineer and/or to foil static analysis tools. Machine code patching may be performed at  716 , where certain changes to the executable application and/or its accompanying resources may be applied. In certain embodiments, patching may facilitate referencing of certain numerical code addresses following obfuscation processes. 
         [0066]    To ensure the obfuscation does not detrimentally alter the expected functionality of the machine code, the machine may be tested at  718  to see if the code functions as expected. If the code does not function as expected, the method  700  may proceed to terminate. If the code functions as expected, the method  700  may proceed to  720 , where the application may be packed for delivery to devices. 
         [0067]    The application may be downloaded by a device and unpacked at  722 . Although not illustrated, the application may further be patched by the device after unpacking to introduce diversity to the application. In some embodiments, the application may be tested by the device at  724  to determine whether it functions as expected. If the application does not function as expected, the method  700  may proceed to terminate. If the application functions as expected, the method  700  may proceed to  726 , where the application may be provisioned with certain information. For example, in some embodiments, a personalization process may be performed to provision the application with certain personalized information (e.g., personalized keys or the like), thereby introducing further diversity to the application. 
         [0068]      FIG. 8  illustrates a system  800  that may be used to implement certain embodiments of the systems and methods of the present disclosure. The system  800  may comprise an application developer system, an application store system, a mobile device, a personalization service system, an update system, and/or any other system configured to implement certain aspects the systems and methods described herein. In certain embodiments, the system  800  may perform certain functions associated with an authentication device, a trusted authority, and/or another related service as disclosed herein. 
         [0069]    As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , system  800  may include: a processor  802 ; system memory  804 , which may include high speed RAM, non-volatile memory and/or one or more bulk non-volatile computer-readable storage mediums (e.g., a hard disk, flash memory, etc.) for storing programs and other data for use and execution by the processor  802 ; an interface  816  (e.g., an input/output interface) that may include a display and/or one or more input devices such as, for example, a touchscreen, a keyboard, a mouse, a track pad, and the like; a port  806  for interfacing with removable memory  808  that may include one more diskettes, optical storage mediums, and/or other computer-readable storage mediums (e.g., flash memory, thumb drives, USB dongles, compact discs, DVDs, etc.); a network interface  810  for communicating with other systems via a network  812  using one or more communication technologies; one or more sensors  818  that may comprise one or more location sensors; and one or more buses  832  for communicatively coupling the aforementioned elements. 
         [0070]    In certain embodiments, network  830  may comprise the Internet, a local area network, a virtual private network, and/or any other communication network utilizing one or more electronic communication technologies and/or standards (e.g., Ethernet or the like). In some embodiments, the network interface  810  and/or network  830  may be part of a wireless carrier system, such as a PCS, and/or any other suitable communication system incorporating any suitable communication standards and/or protocols. In further embodiments, the network interface  810  and/or network  830  may be part of an analog mobile communications network and/or a digital mobile communications network utilizing, for example, CDMA, GSM, FDMA, and/or TDMA standards. In still further embodiments, the network interface  810  and/or network  830  may incorporate one or more satellite communication links and/or use IEEE&#39;s 802.11 standards, near-field communication, Bluetooth®, UWB, Zigbee®, and or any other suitable standard or standards. 
         [0071]    In some embodiments, the system  800  may, alternatively or in addition, include a SPU  814  that is protected from tampering by a user of system  800  or other entities by utilizing secure physical and/or virtual security techniques. An SPU  814  can help enhance and/or facilitate the security of sensitive operations such as private management of secret or other secure information, and other aspects of the systems and methods disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the SPU  814  may operate in a logically secure processing domain and be configured to protect and operate on secret information. In some embodiments, the SPU  814  may include internal memory storing executable instructions or programs configured to enable to the SPU  814  to perform secure operations. 
         [0072]    The operation of system  800  may be generally controlled by the processor  802  operating by executing software instructions and programs stored in the system memory  804  (and/or other computer-readable media, such as removable memory  808 ). The system memory  804  may store a variety of executable programs or modules for controlling the operation of the system  800 . For example, the system memory  804  may include an operating system (“OS”)  820  that may manage and coordinate, at least in part, system hardware resources and provide for common services for execution of various applications and a trust and privacy management system  822  for implementing trust and privacy management functionality including protection and/or management of secret information. The system memory  804  may further include, without limitation, communication software  824  configured to enable in part communication with and by the system  800 , applications  826  and/or an application store, an application instance generation engine  112  configured to generate diversified application instances, an application distribution module  114 , and/or any other information and/or applications configured to implement embodiments of the systems and methods disclosed herein. 
         [0073]    One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the systems and methods described herein can be practiced with computing devices similar or identical to that illustrated in  FIG. 8 , or with virtually any other suitable computing device, including computing devices that do not possess some of the components shown in  FIG. 8  and/or computing devices that possess other components that are not shown. Thus it should be appreciated that  FIG. 8  is provided for purposes of illustration and not limitation. 
         [0074]    The systems and methods disclosed herein are not inherently related to any particular computer, electronic control unit, or other apparatus and may be implemented by a suitable combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Software implementations may include one or more computer programs comprising executable code/instructions that, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to perform a method defined at least in part by the executable instructions. The computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and can be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. Further, a computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. Software embodiments may be implemented as a computer program product that comprises a non-transitory storage medium configured to store computer programs and instructions, that when executed by a processor, are configured to cause the processor to perform a method according to the instructions. In certain embodiments, the non-transitory storage medium may take any form capable of storing processor-readable instructions on a non-transitory storage medium. A non-transitory storage medium may be embodied by a compact disk, digital-video disk, a magnetic tape, a magnetic disk, flash memory, integrated circuits, or any other non-transitory digital processing apparatus memory device. 
         [0075]    Although the foregoing has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be made without departing from the principles thereof. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing both the systems and methods described herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.