Abstract:
A microprocessor having a logic control unit and a memory unit. The logic control unit performs execution of a number of instructions, among them being memory operation requests. A memory operation request is passed to a memory unit which begins to fulfill the memory request immediately. Simultaneously with the memory request being made, a copy of the full memory request is made and stored in a storage device within the memory unit. In addition, an identification of the request which was the origin of the memory operation is also stored. In the event the memory request is fulfilled immediately, whether it be the retrieval of data or the storing of data, the results of the memory request are provided to the microprocessor. On the other hand, in the event the memory is busy and cannot fulfill the request immediately, the memory unit performs a retry of the memory request on future memory request cycles. The microprocessor is able to perform the execution of additional instructions and other operations without having to be concerned about the memory request because the memory unit contains a duplicate of the memory request and will continue to perform and retry the memory request until it is successfully completed. This significantly increases overall microprocessor operation and throughput of instruction sets.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to a system for processing many memory requests simultaneously and in particular, a method and apparatus that receives many memory requests and tracks each request while providing a response as quickly as possible. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Microprocessors have increased in clock speed in recent years. Only a few years ago, clock speeds in the kilohertz range for a microprocessor were considered high performance. Recently, standard microprocessors as used in consumer computers have reached speeds in excess of 3-400 megahertz. The processing speed of supercomputers has increased even more dramatically. 
     Supercomputers today often process data with clock cycles in the gigahertz and terahertz range. Unfortunately, access to memory has not increased in speed as quickly as microprocessor speeds. When a microprocessor desires to perform a memory operation, it takes a large number of clock cycles, often in excess of 100, before the memory operation can be completed. There are some systems in which the microprocessor waits until completion of the memory operation before performing subsequent operations. This, however, is not efficient use of microprocessor cycle time, which has the capability to perform many operations more quickly than a memory operation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to principles of the present invention, a memory unit is provided for tracking memory operation requests from a microprocessor. The memory unit stores an identification of the source of the memory request as well as the type of memory operation being requested. A tag provides the information identifying the source of the memory request. The tag, along with other information is stored in the slot control register for identifying the source of the memory request and tracking the fulfilling of the request and returning the results to the microprocessor. 
     The slot number is used to index slot control register and a memory request storage which contains a duplicate copy of the memory request. The slot state, also indexed by slot number, contains an identification of the status of the request. The slot state tracks the status of the request; whether it is outstanding, whether to perform a retry in the future, whether the slot is available for use by a new memory operator, or other types of information associated with the pending request. When the reply to an outstanding request is a busy, the slot state is updated and will perform a retry on future clock cycles. A retry is performed along with performing newly received memory requests. As soon as an outstanding request is filled, whether from a newly received request, or a retry of a request, results are provided back to the microprocessor and the slot state is changed to empty indicating it is ready for future memory requests. 
     A significant advantage of the present invention is that the memory unit is able to perform its function of memory operations and retrieval while letting the central microprocessor perform its job of instruction execution simultaneously. The memory unit runs requests under its own control and provides the requested memory results to the central processor within acceptable time limits for the microprocessor so that the microprocessor can perform other tasks without having to use clock cycles to repeat memory requests. The memory unit reply cycle is not synchronized with the CPU request cycle so that each can operate independently in performing the allocated tasks. This significantly increases the speed at which the overall system can operate both in executing logic and control operations, memory operations and most importantly, increases the speed at which operations requiring memory and arithmetic interaction can occur. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a microprocessor according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the memory unit of FIG. 1 according to he present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A microprocessor  10  includes, at least two distinct sections, a logic and control operation unit  12  and a memory unit  14 . The logic and control is the heart of the microprocessor. It executes instructions and carries out a number of operations, including arithmetic operations, logic operations and other control functions. The microprocessor according to the present invention is a high speed versatile processor of the type used in a supercomputer. It can, for example, have up to 128 streams of instructions being processed simultaneously with each other. In addition, each of the 128 streams can process a number of operation requests simultaneously. In one example, each string can request the performance of a large number of memory operations while a previous memory operation is still pending. 
     A pending memory operation may include storing data in a selected location in memory, reading from a known location in memory, or the like. To the microprocessor, a read is termed a load operation, namely the read request causes certain data to be loaded into a given register within the microprocessor&#39;s control so that it may perform operations on the data. When the microprocessor requests a memory operation, such as a load or a store, it is necessary for the operation to be carried out, so that the microprocessor may be prepared to use the results when needed on future instruction cycles. The present invention permits such memory operations to be carried out without consuming additional resources of the microprocessor clock as will now be explained. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic of the memory unit according to the present invention. The memory unit  14  receives a memory operation request  16  from the microprocessor  10 . The memory operation request may be of at least two types, and in some instances there may further types within these types. For example, one request may be a load, which has the meaning of performing a read of data in memory and returning the results of that read for use by the microprocessor. Within the memory operation of load, there are different types of loads such as a normal load which retrieves data from an identified location, a future load which retrieves the data from an identified location which has been confirmed as full, or a synch load which, while it is similar to a future load in that it obtains data only from a location which has been confirmed full, upon obtaining the data it automatically switches the memory location to empty. The synch load has some advantages in many applications which need not be discussed here. However, it is desirable in some applications for the microprocessor, and thus for the memory unit, to keep track of whether the load was of the type that was a normal load, a future load, synch load or some other type of load of the various types which can be performed. Also, the memory operation request may be a store, specifically, to store the results of a computation in a particular memory location. The store may also have various types, such as a normal, a future store, a synch store or other type whose symanties are complementary to those of the load. A store is also a time consuming task. It is preferred to have the microprocessor return to the execution of other tasks without having to use additional clock cycles to track whether the store has in fact yet occurred. 
     Associated with each memory operation request is also the source from which the request came. In the present invention, the microprocessor can have up to 128 streams operating simultaneously at any one time. Further, each one of these streams has the capability of making up to eight memory requests while current requests are still pending. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, an identification of the stream which made the request is provided on line  18  and a flag identifying which request it is within the stream is provided on line  20 . The stream request line is, in the present embodiment, a 7 bit line and the flag is a 3 bit line, 7 and 3 bits being required respectively to uniquely identify one stream of  128  and one request from eight. The combination of the stream code and the flag code are organized together as a 10 bit tag by block  22  within the memory unit. The slot allocation block  22  allocates a slot and associates it with a tag. The block  22  is then prepared to create additional slot allocations for updating the slot control register  24  as well as slot state  30  and memory request storage  28 . The slot allocation block  22  provides the tag to register  24 , memory request storage  28  and slot state  30 . 
     Slot control  24  is a register which stores at all times the tag for each outstanding memory operation which has been requested by the microprocessor  10 . 
     Simultaneously with the creation of the slot in block  22  and the storage of the tag in the slot control register  24 , the memory operation request is processed on line  17  through the memory unit to perform the memory request at output  26 . The memory request itself is therefore passed extremely quickly through the memory unit  14  so that the request can begin to be filled immediately. The slot number is provided out on bus  17  as part of the memory request. It can therefore be returned with the results of the request. When the memory operation request is made, it is also stored in a memory request storage  28 . The entire memory request is stored in the memory request storage  28  so that the microprocessor itself no longer needs to keep track of what request was made, or even which stream or instruction within the stream made the request. A complete duplicate of the entire memory operation request has been stored in the memory request storage  28  and, an identifier of the source of the request had been stored in slot control register  24 . The microprocessor is thus freed to return to the execution of subsequent tasks without having to be concerned with tracking the results of the memory requests or waiting for them to be filled. Of course, the subsequent tasks should be of a type which do not rely on the completion of the outstanding memory requests. This can be provided by appropriate selection of the next instructions to be carried out, the sequence of instructions and tracking such instructions, which features need not be discussed in detail herein because they do not relate to the subject matter of the present invention but are described in a co-pending application. 
     Simultaneously with storing the memory request in the memory request storage  28 , the state of such request is also stored in the slot state register  30  which is part of the memory request storage  28 . The slot state  30  keeps track of the state of any memory operation request which has been stored in the memory storage  28 . Each of the block  24 ,  28  and  30  are indexed by the same slot number. When an operation is performed, such as a request or a completion, each of these can be quickly addressed by the same index code. 
     The state of the request is based on the results of a request made on line  26 . When the request is initially made, the memory state is stored as being outstanding. This means that the memory request has been made and the results of the request are pending and have not yet been reported to the memory unit  14  on line  32 . An attempt is made immediately to complete the memory request as made in line  26 . If the attempt is not successful, a return is provided in line  32  indicating that the memory request has not yet been completed. This generally is in the form of the a slot number and a busy signal indicating that the memory to which access is being requested is not currently available for accessing. Such a busy signal can be received in instances where another memory request, possibly from a different stream or a different microprocessor is attempting to access the very same memory to perform, for example, a store or read. Or, it may result if the memory location is not full, which will be the case if the data sought to be read from the memory is not yet stored in the indicated location. This may be because a previous instruction has not yet been completed. In this instance, the data location is not yet full and the memory request cannot be completed until the data location is full. Another possible response from the memory request in line  32  is completed, namely the memory request has been performed. When the memory request has been completed, the results of the memory request are provided on line  32 . The results are passed on line  32  to the slot control register  24  which matches the memory request to the tag with which it is associated. The results of the memory request are then provided on line  34 , together with the stream on line  36  and the flag on line  38 , which were the source of the memory request. The microprocessor  10  can then receive the memory request, together with an identification of the source of the request and can perform further instructions on the data which has now been received. 
     The return from the memory request  32  may include more than the data or information instead of the date. For example, the return on bus  32  may include the slot number of a particular memory request. It may also include the results of the request, such as busy, pending, etc. The signal returned on bus  32  thus provides an index to the memory unit  14  and can be used in a number of ways even when the request is not yet completed. When the request is completed, the data (if it was a load) is returned on bus  32 , along with other information, such as the slot number. This is used to allocate that slot in the various parts of the memory unit and the data itself is provided out on line  34 . Along with the date, the stream and flag (which is the tag) are provided as well. 
     In the event the line  32  returns a busy signal from the memory operation which has been requested, the slot state register  30  stores a retry as the status of the memory request. On the next available clock cycle that is not being occupied by an outstanding memory request, a retry is performed on a memory request stored in the memory storage  28  for which the state is a retry. The memory storage  28  contains a full copy of all the pending memory operations which have been requested. Accordingly, it outputs via line  40  to bus  17  for output on line  26  a memory request. The memory request on line  26  is viewed by the system as an original memory operation request since coming from the memory storage  28  is all of the information which is part of an original memory operation request from the microprocessor  10 . The memory therefore treats the request as an original memory request and makes an attempt to execute the request, changing the state of the request to outstanding. While the memory is attempting to execute this request, additional memory requests from the microprocessor may be received on line  16  or, if an open cycle is available on bus  17 , the memory request storage  28  will examine whether there are any other requests having a retry state in the register  30  and if so, will place these on bus  17  for output as a memory request on line  26 . The memory request storage  28  continues to process memory requests whenever a cycle becomes available on bus  17  so that a retry is performed whenever a cycle has become available on the bus  17 . The retry of memory requests is done under control of the slot state  30  without the microprocessor  10  having to track, or even be aware that such functions are being performed on its behalf. Instead, the microprocessor is free to perform additional instructions while numerous retries may be made on a number of memory requests and, as soon as a retry results in a successful memory operation the results are provided via line  34  as transmitted along internal bus  33  as previously described. 
     Upon completion of the memory request, the slot state  30  has a state of empty stored therein which releases its associated line in the memory request storage  28  to receive and store subsequent requests as received on memory request line  16 . In addition, upon the request being fulfilled, the slot control register  24  outputs the matching tag with the data and no longer stores the tag. The register is then available to store subsequent tags as they are received from the slot allocation  22 . 
     According to one example of a memory unit  14 , the memory request storage  28  can be any desired size of RAM. It can be sized to store only a few memory requests, such as 32 or 64, or, on the other hand, it can be larger and sized to store 2056 or many more memory requests as desired. You can have as many slots as you have tags. In one example the memory request has 384 separate words. In another example, it has 1024 separate words. Namely, it can keep track of and simultaneously store memory references of up to 384 pending memory operations. The slot state register  30  which is part of the memory request storage  28  has a state associated with each of the 384 pending operations within the memory request storage  28 . Slot state  30  thus stores such data as the state of the memory request, whether outstanding, empty, whether a retry waiting, or a retry variant. Two bits would be required to store one of the four different states and thus the slot state register  30  can be composed of 2 bits in one embodiment. 
     In addition, the memory request storage  28  may include the memory operation code which identifies the type of action being taken. The actions being taken may include such things as a normal load meaning get data from a location and return the value; a future load meaning get data only from a location identified as full and return the data while leaving a location full with the same data; and a synchronization load meaning get data from a location which is confirmed as full and switch the location to empty. Other types of loads may also be performed in different systems if desired. The operation type may also be a store meaning store specific data at a location in memory. Likewise, the store can be a normal, future, synch or the like. In this situation, the identity of the data to be stored is also stored within the memory request storage  28  so that it contains a full set of all the information needed to carry out the memory operation request without further interaction with the microprocessor  10 . 
     Slot control register  24  indexed by the slot number may include the tag which is a 7 bit string identifying marker as well as a 3 bit flag marker. In another embodiment the number of slots is equal to the number of tags so the slot allocation block  22  and slot control register  24  are not needed since the tag number is the same as the slot number. The slot state is instead a retry storage that is an ordered list of slots, namely memory requests, that need to be retried. 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, the memory unit  14  also ensures that the memory storage  28  is not overloaded with more requests than it can store and also performs a retry of the request which has not yet been fulfilled on a regular basis. 
     The memory unit provides an output signal back to logic unit  12  when a slot is allocated and de-allocated. To avoid overflowing the memory request storage  28 , the logic unit  12  confirms that slots are still available when a request is sent. In the event all the number of slots used approaches a certain point, the logic unit  12  will reduce the number of memory requests to the memory unit  14  so it will not overflow. 
     From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.