Abstract:
A method for the operation of an in-line coating configuration comprising 2n+1 chambers, where n is an integer, and specifically is preferably 2. Thus, at least between two times two chambers of this installation one gate each can be opened and closed, it is possible to coat also overdimensioned substrates with the same installation. The opening and closing of the gates entails a change of the pressure courses in comparison to standard operation.

Description:
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This application claims priority from German Patent Application No. 10 2004 008 598.6 filed Feb. 21, 2004 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.  
         [0002]     The invention relates to a method for the operation of an in-line coating installation.  
         [0003]     In order to coat substrates, sputtering installations are utilized, in which particles are sputtered off so-called targets under vacuum conditions, and the particles are subsequently deposited on the substrate.  
         [0004]     If, in the process, the substrates are continuously transferred through an interlock into the sputtering installation and again transferred out of it through an interlock, one speaks of an in-line coating installation or also of a “pass-through” coating installation.  
         [0005]     Such an installation is comprised either of a linear configuration of relatively small, but interconnected, individual chambers or of one or two large chambers with vacuum transition lockings at each end of the line. The process chambers are provided either along one large chamber or in each individual chamber.  
         [0006]     An in-line sputtering system is already known, which comprises three concentric cylinders, with the inner and the outer cylinder forming an annular chamber with cylindrical walls (U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,092). A central cylinder, disposed between the inner and the outer cylinder, has openings supporting substrates and serves as a cylindrical support, which substantially fills the annular transit chamber and which is stepwise rotatable.  
         [0007]     An arrangement is furthermore known for the defect-free coating of substrates with a coating segment, which includes a vacuum coating section and an entrance and exit interlock (DE 200 22 564 U1). In addition, a carrier is here provided, which includes a carrier insert for receiving the substrates. The carrier path is implemented as a closed path.  
         [0008]     In order to save space in an in-line coating installation, it is known to reduce the number of required supports by providing a return chamber (JP 2002309372 A). The supports move here with the substrates into a first direction, rotate about 180 degrees and subsequently move into a second direction.  
         [0009]     The chambers of the known arrangements are tailored to specific sizes of the substrates. If oversized substrates are to be worked, different arrangements with larger chambers must be used.  
         [0010]     The invention therefore addresses the problem of being able to coat normal substrates as well as also oversized substrates with only one coating installation.  
         [0011]     This problem is solved by the present invention, which relates to a method for the operation of an in-line coating configuration comprised of 2n+1 chambers, where n is an integer and specifically preferably 2. By being able to open and close at least one gate between two times two chambers of this installation, it also becomes possible to coat oversized substrates with the same installation. In comparison to standard operation, opening and closing the gates entails a change of the pressure courses.  
         [0012]     The advantage attained with the invention comprises in particular better utilization of available installations.  
         [0013]     Embodiment examples of the invention are shown in the drawing and will be described in further detail herein and by the drawings 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0014]      FIG. 1 a  three-chamber coating installation in a side view,  
         [0015]      FIG. 2 a  five-chamber coating installation in a side view,  
         [0016]      FIG. 3 a  three-chamber coating installation in plan view,  
         [0017]      FIG. 4 a  five-chamber coating installation in plan view,  
         [0018]      FIG. 5 a  portion of a five-chamber coating installation in a sectioned side view. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0019]      FIG. 1  shows a coating installation  1  in a side view. This coating installation  1  comprises three chambers: an inward transfer chamber  2 , a process chamber  3  and an outward transfer chamber  4 . Between the different chambers  2 ,  3 ,  4  and at the entrance of chambers  2 ,  4  are located a total of four gates, which can be opened and closed vacuum-tight. In  FIG. 1  the gates themselves are not visible, but extension pieces  5  to  8 , which indicate the positions of the gates. The substrates to be coated, for example flat architectural glass, metal plates, Si wafers, synthetic material plates and the like, are introduced at the inward transfer chamber  2 , subsequently coated in the process chamber  3 , to be subsequently guided out via the outward transfer chamber  4 . The substrates can be moved with or without support through the chambers  2 ,  3 ,  4 . However, in any event a transport system for the transport of the substrates is provided in chambers  2 ,  3 ,  4 .  
         [0020]     By  9  to  17  are denoted pumps, which evacuate the chambers  2 ,  3 ,  4  to a specified pressure value. The pumps are here disposed on the side walls of the chambers. However, they can also be disposed on the ceilings of the chambers.  
         [0021]     The size of the chambers  2  to  4  is determined by the maximum substrate dimension, which, for example in the case of architectural glass, is 2.54 m×3.66 m or 3.21 m×6.00 m. The number of chambers is determined by the desired minimum cycle time. By cycle time is understood that time which elapses from the input of a first substrate into the chamber  2  until the input of a second substrate into the same chamber  2 . As a rule, for a cycle time of up to approximately 90 seconds, a so-called three-chamber principle is used, such as is shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0022]     With the gate open, a substrate is herein introduced at extension piece  5  into chamber  2 , whose internal pressure subsequently, with the gate then closed again at extension piece  5  and the gate at extension piece  6  closed, is reduced for example to 0.05 mbar through the pumps  9  to  11 . The movement of the substrate, which can be located as a rule on a support or carrier, is discontinuous, since the gate at extension piece  6  is also initially closed and the substrate must be brought to a standstill by this gate.  
         [0023]     When the pressure in the inward transfer chamber  2  has reached the specified value of, for example, 0.05 mbar, the gate at extension piece  6  is opened and the substrate is moved continuously through chamber  3 , in which a vacuum obtains. In this chamber  3  the coating is subsequently carried out. After the coating, the substrate is transferred to the outside through the outward transfer chamber  4 .  
         [0024]     The cycle times in a three-chamber coating installation are relatively long, since the substrate must remain in the inward transfer chamber  2  for a relatively long time, in order for the specified low pressure to be reached in the chamber.  
         [0025]     Shorter cycle times are attained with a five-chamber coating installation  20 , such as is depicted in  FIG. 2 . Compared to the three-chamber coating installation  1 , this five-chamber coating installation  20  comprises two additional buffer chambers  21 ,  22  at the extension pieces  25 ,  26  with corresponding pumps  23 ,  24 . Since the substrates in a five-chamber coating installation  20  can be moved more rapidly through the chambers  2 ,  21 ,  3 ,  22 ,  4 , the cycle times are shorter. This faster movement is due to the fact that the evacuation of chambers  2 ,  21  or  22 ,  4  takes place differently than that of chambers  2 ,  4  in the three-chamber system of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0026]     In the case of the five-chamber coating installation  20 , the substrates are moved discontinuously into the inward transfer chamber  2  at the timing of the installation, with the pressure in the inward transfer chamber  2  being reduced to approximately 15 mbar, thus not to 0.05 mbar as in the three-chamber installation. With the next timing the substrates are transferred through an interlock into the buffer chamber  21 , and the pressure in the buffer chamber  21  is brought close to the pressure in the process chamber  3 . After the substrates have been moved continuously through the process chamber  3 , they are brought to the outside via the buffer chamber  22  and the outward transfer chamber  4 , where atmospheric pressure obtains.  
         [0027]     In the case of the five-chamber coating installation  20  the cycle time is reduced to less than 90 seconds essentially thereby that the inward transfer process of a substrate into the coating installation is divided over the inward transfer chamber  2  and the buffer chamber  21  and, consequently, can take place in both chambers in parallel, i.e. after a substrate has been transported from the inward transfer chamber  2  into the buffer chamber  21 , it is already possible to bring another substrate into the inward transfer chamber  2 . In order to be able to introduce a substrate into the process chamber  3 , the pressure in the chamber, which is in front of the process chamber  3 , must be reduced to approximately 0.05 mbar. In the three-chamber coating installation  1  this pumping-down to 0.05 mbar takes place exclusively in the inward transfer chamber  2 .  
         [0028]     In contrast, in the case of the five-chamber coating installation  20 , the pressure in the inward transfer chamber  2  is only pumped from atmospheric pressure to approximately 15 mbar and the substrate to be worked is subsequently transferred into the buffer chamber  21 . When the gate at extension piece  6  between the inward transfer chamber  2  and the buffer chamber  21  is opened, the pressure is equalized. The pressure is markedly lower than 0.05 mbar in the buffer chamber  21 , which previously was open toward the process chamber  3 , in which, for example a pressure of 3×10 −3  mbar obtains. Consequently, the buffer chamber  21  itself initially does not need to be pumped to a lower pressure value at all. Thereby that the inward transfer chamber  2 , in which a pressure of 15 mbar obtains, after the gate at extension piece  6  has been opened, is connected with the buffer chamber  21 , in which a pressure of only 3×10 −3  mbar obtains, the total pressure in both equally dimensioned chambers  2  and  21  decreases to a mean pressure value of approximately 7 mbar. After the gate at extension piece  6  has been closed, the pressure in the buffer chamber  21  is now reduced by means of pumping from approximately 7 mbar to approximately 0.05 mbar. While a substrate is brought from the buffer chamber  21  into the process chamber  3 , the inward transfer process for the next substrate can already be started again in the inward transfer chamber  2  after the inward transfer chamber  2  has been flooded and subsequently the gate at extension piece  5  has been opened. Due to the opening, atmospheric pressure obtains again in the inward transfer chamber  2 , which subsequently is again pumped down to approximately 15 mbar. Consequently, the pressure of the inward transfer chamber  2  fluctuates between atmospheric pressure and approximately 15 mbar. In contrast, the buffer chamber  21  only experiences a pressure change from 7 mbar to 0.05 mbar.  
         [0029]     When pumping down a chamber of a vacuum installation, the pressure reduction takes place according to an exponential function. The pressure change from approximately 1000 mbar to approximately 15 mbar takes place relatively rapidly. In contrast, the further pumping to lower pressures, such as for example 0.05 mbar, takes longer.  
         [0030]     Different types of vacuum pumps, such as for example vane-type rotary pumps, Roots pumps or turbomolecular pumps, have their optimum evacuation performance in different pressure ranges. Vane-type rotary pumps evacuate from atmospheric pressure to approximately 0.005 mbar. But to attain this end pressure requires a very long pumping time. Roots pumps can be employed highly variably and have their optimum evacuation performance in the range from 1-0.1 mbar. Turbomolecular pumps are only connected in below 0.1 mbar, but they only have a useful evacuation performance below 10 −2  mbar.  
         [0031]     Pumps  9  to  17 , or  9  to  17  and  23 ,  24 , are selected according to the task they have to perform. The pumps for the inward transfer chamber  2  and the buffer chamber  21  can be laid out such that the pumping times for both chambers  2 ,  21  are approximately equal.  
         [0032]     The inward transfer chamber  2  of the three-chamber installation  1  is evacuated by means of pumps  9  to  11 , which are vane-type rotary and Roots pumps. The Roots pumps increase the evacuation performance in the lower pressure range to the switching point of 0.05 mbar, starting at which the gate at extension piece  6  toward the process chamber  3  is opened. Typical cycle times are here 60-90 sec at a pumping time of approximately 30-60 sec.  
         [0033]     However, the inward transfer chamber  2  of the five-chamber installation  20  is evacuated by means of pumps  9  to  11 , which are exclusively vane-type rotary pumps. The pump station  23  for the buffer chamber  21  can include vane-type rotary and Roots pumps. During conventional five-chamber operation the cycle time is approximately 45 sec at a pumping time of 15-20 sec. The difference between cycle time and pumping time is needed inter alia for moving the glass plates and for opening and closing the gates.  
         [0034]     In  FIG. 3  the three-chamber coating installation  1  is shown once again in plan view, while  FIG. 4  shows the five-chamber coating installation  20  in plan view.  
         [0035]     In  FIG. 3  can be seen the chambers  2 ,  3 ,  4  as well as the extension pieces  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8  with the associated gates  60 ,  61 ,  62 ,  63 . In addition, in the process chamber  3  can be seen two slit diaphragms  18 ,  30  or  19 ,  29 , which define transfer chambers  31 ,  33 . By  30 ,  29  are denoted slit diaphragms, which are disposed perpendicularly on sheet metal parts  18 ,  19 .  
         [0036]      FIG. 4  shows the five-chamber installation in plan view. This five-chamber installation comprises two additional gates  64 ,  65 , which are located between the chambers  21 ,  31  and  33 ,  22 , respectively.  
         [0037]     During standard operation, i.e. when no excessively long substrates are being coated, in the installation  20  according to  FIG. 4 , the following pumping processes are carried out: inward transfer chamber  2  is flooded, gate  60  is opened and a substrate is transported into the inward transfer chamber  2 . Thereupon gate  60  is closed again. After reaching the pressure switching point of approximately 15 mbar in chamber  2 , gate  61  is opened again and the substrate is transported into chamber  21 . Hereupon gate  61  is again closed. While in the buffer chamber  21  the pressure is reduced to approximately 0.05 mbar, the inward transfer chamber  2  is flooded and subsequently gate  60  is opened. A new substrate is now introduced into inward transfer chamber  2  and gate  60  closes again. In parallel, upon reaching the pressure switching point of approximately 0.05 mbar in the buffer chamber  21 , gate  64  is opened and the first substrate moved via the transfer chamber  31  into the process chamber  3 . In general, during this operation always only one of gates  60 ,  61 ,  64  is opened. It should be pointed out that valves are disposed between the chambers and the pumps as well as between the chambers and the atmospheric environment. To switch off the pumping power, a valve between chamber and pump is closed; but the pumps continue to run continuously. During the flooding of a chamber, the valve in front of the chamber toward the ambient air is opened, such that air can flow into the chamber and the pressure in this chamber rises to atmospheric pressure.  
         [0038]     During standard operation of the five-chamber installation according to  FIG. 4 , consequently, the chamber  2  is pumped down from atmospheric pressure to approximately 15 mbar, and, when opening gate  61 , a pressure equalization takes place, since the pressure in chamber  21 , which previously had been open toward chamber  3  (approximately 3×10 −3  mbar) is markedly lower than 0.05 mbar. Thereby the total pressure in both equally dimensioned chambers  2 ,  21  decreases to approximately 7 mbar. Chamber  21  is subsequently pumped from approximately 7 mbar to approximately 0.05 mbar. The Roots pumps in chamber  21  can work without interruption, since the pressure in this chamber varies only between approximately 7 mbar and less than 0.05 mbar.  
         [0039]     During standard operation of the five-chamber installation  20 , the transport systems only run synchronously during the transfer of the substrate from the inward transfer chamber  2  into the buffer chamber  21 . During the remaining movement phases both transport systems can transport the particular substrates independently of one another.  
         [0040]     On the left hand side of  FIG. 5  an installation similar to installation  20  according to  FIG. 4  is shown once again in section. The installation differs from that of  FIG. 4  thereby that, in addition to the slit diaphragm  30 , it has a further slit diaphragm  28 . Rollers or cylinders  34  to  37  in the inward transfer chamber  2  are evident, rollers or cylinders  38  to  41  in the buffer chamber  21  and rollers or cylinders  42  to  53  in the process chamber  3 . On these rollers or cylinders is disposed a substrate  55 , which is moved from the left to the right.  
         [0041]     The slit diaphragms  30 ,  28  are suspended on metal sheets  18 ,  27  and on their underside leave open a slit, which is of such a size that the substrate  55  can be guided past under the slit diaphragm. In the process chamber  32  proper is located a sputter cathode  56 . The substrate  55  is coated with the particles sputtered of this cathode.  
         [0042]     The slit diaphragms  30 ,  28  extend over the entire depth of the process chamber  3 . This applies also to the suspensions  18 ,  19  of these slit diaphragms.  
         [0043]     To improve the gas separation between the chambers, the transport system can additionally be covered with a metal sheet not shown in  FIG. 5 , from which projects only the upper portion of the transport rollers.  
         [0044]     The substrate transport arrangement consequently comprises many rollers or cylinders  34  to  53 , which rotate at the same number of rotations and transport the substrates. At those sites at which the gates  61 ,  64 ,  65 ,  62  are provided, the transport arrangement has interruptions or greater spaces between the rollers or cylinders. The sections of the transport arrangement in chambers  2 ,  21 ,  22  and  4  operate intermittently, the section in chamber  3  operates continuously.  
         [0045]     In standard operation the substrate transport in the five-chamber installation with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5  operates as follows: the transport arrangement in chamber  2  is switched on, in order to transfer the substrate  55  inwardly. Once the substrate  55  has reached its specified position in chamber  2 , the transport is switched off. To transfer the substrate  55  from chamber  2  to chamber  21 , both transport arrangements with cylinders  34  to  37  or  38  to  41  operate simultaneously and are only switched off when the substrate  55  has reached its end position in chamber  21 . To transport the substrate  55  into chamber  3 , the transport device  38  to  41  in chamber  21  is switched on, the transport arrangement  42  to  53  in chamber  3  is running in any event without interruption. For the transfer from chamber  3  to chamber  22  ( FIG. 2 ) the transport arrangement located there is switched on simultaneously with the opening of gate  65 . The further outward transfer process takes place analogously to the inward transfer process but in reverse sequence.  
         [0046]     The inward transfer chamber  2  is evacuated with a pump station, which only comprises vane-type rotary pumps, however, the pump station for chamber  21  includes vane-type rotary and Roots pumps. During the flooding of a chamber, the pump is not switched off but rather a valve between the chamber and the pump is closed.  
         [0047]     Up to this point the functions known per se of a three-chamber installation  1  and a five-chamber installation  20  have been described.  
         [0048]     With reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , in the following the manner is described in which with the aid of a five-chamber installation relatively large substrates can also be coated according to the invention.  
         [0049]     To both installations  1  or  20  applies that the maximally permitted substrate dimension is a function of the dimensions of the particular chambers. Substrates, which are larger than the chambers  2  and  21  or  22  and  4  cannot be coated. Furthermore applies that the chambers are developed as modules with identical dimensions.  
         [0050]     As is evident in  FIG. 4 , larger substrates could be treated if the gates  61 ,  63  were open. In this case the chambers  2  and  21  as well as  4  and  22  would in each instance together form a larger space, in which in this case also a larger substrate could be accommodated.  
         [0051]     For the interlock chambers  2 ,  21 ,  22 ,  4  the same modules in the same size are utilized, independently of whether or not a three-chamber installation  1  or a five-chamber installation  20  is involved. Since with both installations  1  or  20  normally the same substrates with the same maximum size are coated, the chambers must also have these dimensions.  
         [0052]     If it is assumed that the inward transfer, buffer and outward transfer chamber are all of equal size, since they are developed as modules, substrates of the twofold length can be worked if the gates  61 ,  62  are open. The working, in particular coating, of occasionally demanded special dimensions, of for example more than 6 m length and 3.21 m width, would consequently also be possible in coating installations with standard chamber sizes.  
         [0053]     In conjunction with these  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the switching-over process according to the invention from five-chamber coating to three-chamber coating will be explained.  
         [0054]     In order to switch from five-chamber operation to three-chamber operation, it is not sufficient to open only gates  61  and  62  between the inward transfer chamber  2  and the buffer chamber  21  or the outward transfer chamber  4  and the buffer chamber  22 . Rather, the pumping sequence and the drive control must be adapted to the new condition. Consequently considerable changes are necessary in the inward transfer procedure. As already described, the inward transfer of a substrate in the three-chamber coating installation  1  takes place by pumping down the inward transfer chamber  2  by means of pumps  9  to  11  to a pressure of approximately 0.05 mbar. In order to evacuate the inward transfer chamber  2  from atmospheric pressure to transfer pressure, rather long pumping times are required. Since the gate  61  to the process chamber  3  is opened when a substrate is transferred into the process chamber, gases can enter at too high a pressure into the process chamber  3 , which is only permitted to have a pressure of 3× 10   −3  mbar. To prevent such, an increased number of pumps  12  are disposed in the entrance area of the process chamber  3 , of which only one pump  12  is depicted in  FIG. 1 . This entrance area is separated by means of a slit diaphragm  18 ,  30  from the process area  32  proper. This entrance area is also denoted as transfer chamber  31 , even though it is only separated from the process chamber  3  by the slit diaphragm  18 ,  30  but not by gates. The process chamber  3  consequently is comprised of a transfer area  31 , a process area  32  and a further transfer area  33  in front of the outward transfer chamber  4 , with a further slit diaphragm  19 ,  29  being provided between the transfer area  33  and the process area.  
         [0055]     That section  31  of the process chamber, which is evacuated via several turbo pumps  12 , is denoted as “transfer section”. The process chamber  32  proper is combined of many individual segments of equal size, and, depending on the requirement, the number of segments added to one another is such that therein the particular tasks can be carried out. In the case of a three-chamber installation  1  in the inward transfer chamber  2  a pressure of 0.05 mbar obtains, such that when gate  61  is opened, gas flows over into the process chamber  32 , since here the pressure is approximately 3×10 −3 . This pressure surge is absorbed in the “transfer section” of the process chamber  3  by the high evacuation performance of several turbo pumps.  
         [0056]     During special operation for overlong substrates, i.e. when the five-chamber installation  20  is operated as a three-chamber installation  1 , the following processes take place in the five-chamber installation according to  FIG. 4 : chambers  2  and  21  are flooded. Gate  60  is opened. Gate  61  always remains open in this operating state, since otherwise the substrate would be destroyed. A substrate is transported into chambers  2  and  21 , subsequently gate  60  is closed again. After reaching the pressure switching point of approximately 0.05 mbar, gate  64  is opened, the substrate is transported into the process chamber  3  and gate  64  is closed again. After flooding chambers  2  and  21 , gate  60  is opened again in order to transfer in another substrate.  
         [0057]     The particular outward transfer process takes place analogously but in reverse sequence, i.e. the substrate is first in the outward transfer chamber  22 , subsequently flooding is carried out and subsequently the opening of gate  63  to atmospheric pressure occurs.  
         [0058]     It is thus not sufficient in the five-chamber installation  20  to open the gates  61 ,  62  between the two chambers  2 ,  21  and  4 ,  22 , respectively, in order to be able to work substrates, preferably glass plates, having excessive lengths. It is moreover necessary to adapt the pumping programs for the two chambers  2 ,  21  and  22 ,  3 , such that only both chambers  2 ,  21  and  22 ,  4  are pumped down from atmospheric pressure to approximately 0.05 mbar. While this extends the inward transfer time, and consequently the overall cycle time, of the installation, however, in this way it is possible to work at least substrates with overlengths without a larger installation having to be built.  
         [0059]     With special operation for overlong substrates, the pumping in the five-chamber installation in detail takes place in the following steps: chambers  2  and  21  together are both pumped down from atmospheric pressure to approximately 0.05 mbar. For this purpose in the pumping program for chamber  2  the pressure switching point must be lowered from 15 mbar to 7 mbar. The pump set for chamber  2  in this case pumps only from atmospheric pressure to 7 mbar, subsequently the valve between pump set and chamber  2  is closed, but simultaneously the valve between the second pump set and chamber  21  is opened, which previously had been closed. The reason is that the pump set of chamber  2  is comprised of vane-type rotary pumps, which are capable of pumping down from atmospheric pressure. Apart from vane-type rotary pumps, the pump set of chamber  21  includes also Roots pumps, which must only be connected in starting at approximately 7 mbar. In order to be able to pump the increased inward transfer chamber  2 +21 down to approximately 0.05 mbar, consequently both pump sets are utilized successively and do not operate in parallel as in standard operation.  
         [0060]     Flooding and pumping-down of chambers  22  and  4  take place analogously.  
         [0061]     The transport system for the substrates must, moreover, be adapted to another inward transfer sequence.  
         [0062]     If the five-chamber installation  20  is utilized for coating overlong substrates, the transport systems during the inward transfer process must operate synchronously as a single system, since otherwise scratches would be generated on the substrates. If the substrate is pushed from one section of the transport system onto another section, which is not switched on, either the rotating rollers on the substrate underside drag or the plate is pushed over the non-rotating rollers and in both cases scrape marks are generated.  
         [0063]     During special operation for overlong substrates  55  the transport in the five-chamber installation according to  FIG. 4, 5  takes place as follows: while in standard operation the transport arrangements  34  to  37  and  38  to  41 , respectively, in chambers  2  and  21  operate synchronously or independently of one another depending on the requirement, both arrangements are now treated as if they were a single coherent transport arrangement. Reaching the end position of substrate  55  in chamber  2  must be ignored, i.e. it must travel through until the end position in chamber  21 . In this case there is no operating state in which the individual sections of the transport arrangement in chambers  2  and  21  operate independently of one another. The further substrate transport takes place analogously.  
         [0064]     The control of the pumps, transport rollers, gates, etc. preferably takes place by means of a stored programmable control (SPS), which is commercially available in the form of a control computer.  
         [0065]     With such a control even extremely large industrial installations can be controlled with flexible programs (SPS program sequence). All measuring systems, limit switches, sensors, motors, valves and controls, etc., which are part of the installation, are connected to the inputs and outputs of the control computer. The installation control proper is taken over by the program, which connects these inputs and outputs with one another through logic links and places the necessary actions into the correct time sequence. If an above described installation is to be controllable in different operating states, no significant hardware changes are necessary. If, instead of pressure cells with fixed switching points, flexibly programmable pressure sensors are utilized, only the necessary new logic linkages querying the changed pressure switching points must be stored in alternative program sequences and be separately addressable.  
         [0066]     For the inward transfer of a substrate no exact pressure measurement is required, the signal of a sensor is sufficient, which indicates that the desired pressure (for example 15 mbar) has now been reached. Previously pressure cells were utilized for this purpose, which had a fixed pressure switching point. If alternative pressure switching points were required, additional pressure cells had to be installed, which were set to these pressure points. Today an electronic pressure meter is sufficient, whose measurement value in the SPS program is only queried as to whether or not the desired pressure had been reached at the particular program location.  
         [0067]     The concept of the invention can in principle also be applied to 2 n+1 chamber installations, where n is an integer. A seven-chamber installation is also realizable in practice. In installations with even more chambers, the expenditures would no longer represent a reasonable relationship to the possible shortening of the cycle time and consequently to the increase of productivity.