Abstract:
The invention relates to the field of data transmission in a network of distributed stations. One problem, particularly in a UPnP based network, is that the UPNP devices need to be constantly switched on in order to be available in the network. The invention intervenes at this point and describes ways in which unused network stations can be switched off but continue to be identified as devices in the network. If a device which is switched off is needed, it is automatically switched on. This allows a considerable power saving to be achieved in the network. The invention provides for a network connection switching unit to contain “communication maintenance means” which maintain the communication for an inactivated network station at least to a restricted extent instead of the inactivated network station. A network station matched thereto is also proposed.

Description:
[0001]    The invention relates to the technical field of data transmission in a network of distributed stations, particularly in a “home network”. In particular, the invention relates to a network connection switching unit which sets up data connections between network stations arranged in a star formation. The invention also relates to a network station matched thereto. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Various home network standards are available for networking devices in the home sector. 
         [0003]    A consortium of companies, particularly the companies in the computer industry, led by Microsoft, have started an initiative for specifying a piece of network control software based on the existing Internet protocol (IP). This network system has become known by the acronym UPnP (Universal Plug and Play). In this system, the specification is not made primarily for consumer electronics devices, but rather other devices may also be integrated in the network, particularly personal computers “white goods” household appliances, such as refrigerators, microwave ovens, washing machines, or else heating controllers, lighting controllers, alarm systems, etc. The transmission system which is preferably used for implementing a UPnP network is based on the known Ethernet bus system. Many variants of this bus system have been standardized, so that in the home network sector it is possible to select the respective optimum variant. 
         [0004]    In the home network sector, it is recommended that “star cabling” be used. By way of example, the standardized 100-Mbit/s variant called 100 Base/TX can be used, which uses a “CAT/5 cable” which can have a maximum length of 100 m. In a case of such star cabling, the cables are routed together to the individual network stations in a network connection switching unit, also called a “switch” or “switching hub”. Such a network connection switching unit is able to convey data packets between the individual subscriber stations. It thus has its own control logic and the software required for this purpose. 
         [0005]    The UPnP network system contains a stipulation that new stations need to log on in the network and stations which are switched off need to log off from the network. This is done using special messages based on the SSD protocol (Simple Service Discovery Protocol). 
       INVENTION 
       [0006]    One problem with UPnP-based networks is that the UPnP devices which need to be available in the network must constantly be switched on. On the basis of the UPnP standard, not only are the aforementioned logon and logoff messages which the network stations need to evaluate transmitted, but also a few messages, which the individual network stations use to renew the allocated IP address and to confirm their activity, for example, are periodically repeated in the course of operation. Such messages are the UPnP discovery messages, for example, which the network stations available in the network need to respond to. 
         [0007]    The invention intervenes at this point and aims to achieve a way in which unused UPnP devices can be switched off but continue to be identified as UPnP devices in the UPnP network. 
         [0008]    The solution based on the invention is to provide the network connection switching unit with additional communication maintenance means in it which maintain the communication for an inactivated/switched-off network station at least to a restricted extent. The inactivated/switched-off network stations change to a power-saving mode of operation, so that the power requirement of these devices in the network is greatly reduced. Despite this, the inactivated devices continue to be available in the network, so that the UPnP standard does not need to be changed for this as regards the bus management messages. 
         [0009]    The measures presented in the dependent claims permit advantageous developments and improvements of the inventive network connection switching unit. 
         [0010]    It is very advantageous if the communication maintenance means have detection means for identifying the break in a connection at a network connection point, and in such a case generate a logoff message for the network station connected via the latter. This ensures that a network station which is no longer available does not feign availability in the network. 
         [0011]    It is likewise advantageous if the communication maintenance means are deactivated for a network station when a logon message from this network station has been identified. This is because in this case a network station which was initially switched off has been switched on again. This network station then no longer needs to be represented by the network connection switching unit. 
         [0012]    It is also advantageous that the communication maintenance means send a wakeup message to the inactivated network station when a message for the inactivated network station has arrived which cannot be handled independently by the communication maintenance means. This measure ensures that if a network station which has been switched off itself is needed, it is also automatically woken up. The wakeup mechanism may advantageously be based on a Wake-on-LAN data packet, which is transmitted to the switched-off network station. In the power-saving mode of operation, the network stations monitor the data traffic such that they can identify such a wakeup data packet. 
         [0013]    A network station based on the invention has a normal mode of operation and a power-saving mode of operation, in which, although the network station is inactive, it nevertheless has evaluation means for a wakeup message which are activated when the network station is in the power-saving mode of operation. In addition, such a network station has interrogation means which, when the station has logged on in the network, transmit a special message to the network subscribers in order to establish whether they are connected to a network connection switching unit having the inventive communication maintenance means, and where the interrogation means are designed to evaluate the response from a network connection switching unit having the aforementioned communication maintenance means. The inventive network station is thus independently able to identify whether it is connected to an inventive network connection switching unit, and can then change to the power-saving mode of operation after a particular waiting time, for example. 
         [0014]    As mentioned, it is advantageous if the evaluation means for the wakeup message in the network station are designed to evaluate a Wake-on-LAN data packet. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0015]    Exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and are explained in more detail in the description below. In the drawings: 
           [0016]      FIG. 1  shows the structure of an exemplary network having two network connection switching units; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  shows a protocol overview for the inventive network connection switching unit; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  shows a block diagram of the inventive network connection switching unit; 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of an inventive network station; 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  shows a sequence diagram for the switched-on phase of a network station; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6   a  shows a sequence diagram for the switched-off phase of a network station; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 6   b  shows a sequence diagram for the switched-on phase of a network station after a wakeup message. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0023]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary home network having  5  network stations  12 - 16  and two network connection switching units  10 ,  11 . The bus connections between the network connection switching units  10 ,  11  and the network stations  12 - 15  are based on Ethernet technology, specifically 100 Base/TX Ethernet. The network station  16  is wirelessly connected to the network connection switching unit  10 , for example by means of wireless LAN in line with IEEE 802.11b. The connection between the two network connection switching units  10  and  11  is also based on Ethernet technology. For each network connection switching unit  10 ,  11 , four network connection points (also called ports) are shown. The transmission system used for the data transmission in the network is the 100 Base/TX variant of the Ethernet bus system, which has already been mentioned in the introduction. This variant is considered to be adequate for the chosen application instance, but in other application instances a different variant may be used as transmission system. For higher data rates, systems known as 1000 Base/T or 1000 Base/SX or 1000 Base/LX are available, for example. In this case, the last two variants are based on optical fibre technology. The network shown in  FIG. 1  is UPnP-based, i.e. the individual network stations are designed on the basis of the UPnP standard. 
         [0024]    The Ethernet bus system does not provide a secure connection for the higher protocol layers, since transmission frames can be lost. This is not adequate for transmitting a large amount of useful data, which is why the transmission is frequently protected by the higher protocol layers. For the UPnP network system, the next highest protocol level provided is the IP protocol (Internet protocol) at the level of the network layer in the OSI layer model for data communication. The data link layer is first provided by the TCP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol) based thereon. For both protocol levels, which are no longer part of the Ethernet standard, separate standardizations apply, with reference merely being made to these for the disclosure of the invention. A full protocol architecture used in the UPnP network system can be found in the UPnP specification (available at www.upnp.org). 
         [0025]      FIG. 2  shows the particular protocol architecture which is required for a network connection switching unit based on the invention. The two Ethernet protocol levels Ethernet PHY and Ethernet MAC are arranged on the bottommost levels. Above these is the aforementioned protocol level IP. The transport layer level then holds the UDP protocol (User Datagram Protocol), which is used for transmitting all messages related to device identification (Device Discovery). 
         [0026]    Situated above this is a special version of the HTTP protocol (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). This is the HTTPMU protocol (HTTP multicast over UDP). Such HTTP messages are thus forwarded via the bottom UDP and IP protocol levels using inclusive addressing. 
         [0027]    Above the HTTPMU protocol level, there is also the SSDP protocol (Simple Service Discovery Protocol). 
         [0028]    Besides the UDP protocol, the TCP protocol is also used, which is used for transmitting all other UPnP messages, particularly for device/service descriptions, for device control and for event notification. Above this, there is the HTTP protocol, and above that, at the level of the SSDP protocol, the SOAP protocol, earlier Simple Object Access Protocol. This is used in order to make function calls (Remote Procedure Calls, RPC) on other devices. In addition, the GENA (General Event Notification Architecture) protocol may also be implemented, which allows registration operations for event notifications in other network stations. 
         [0029]    In the network structure shown in  FIG. 1 , only one of the two network connection switching units  10 ,  11  is designed in line with the invention. It is subsequently assumed that the network connection switching unit  10  is designed with the invention, but the network connection switching unit  11  is not, on the other hand. The design of the inventive network connection switching unit  10  is explained below with reference to  FIG. 3 . In this figure, the reference numeral  20  denotes a switching matrix. This switching matrix can be used to set up any connections between the network stations connected via the network connection points  25 . The switching matrix  20  is controlled using a microcontroller  22  in the network connection switching unit  10 . This microcontroller also performs further tasks in the network connection switching unit, which will be discussed in more detail below. The interface circuit  21  contains the circuit components which are relevant for the Ethernet protocol. The reference numeral  23  denotes a memory unit or a memory area in such a unit. This memory  23  is used for registering the information which is required in the network connection switching unit for the communication maintenance for a network station which is switched off. The reference numeral  24  also denotes a special register within this memory area, said special register being linked directly to detection means  26 , provided in the interface circuit  21 , which establish whether a network connection has been disconnected manually. In simple terms, removing a network connection connector opens or closes particular contacts on these detection means, which results in associated latching flip-flops being set or reset. In the case of the solution mentioned by way of example with the special register  24  situated in the memory area  23 , the flip-flop outputs are connected directly to an interrupt input, which then addresses the microcontroller  22 , which can perform appropriate evaluation. 
         [0030]    Suitable network connection points  25  are the usual connectors for receiving known RJ45 connectors. The inventive communication maintenance means essentially comprise the components  22 ,  23 ,  24 ,  26 . 
         [0031]      FIG. 4  shows the design of a network station adapted in line with the invention. The reference numeral  35  denotes a protocol stack comprising the protocol levels Ethernet, IP and UDP/TCP. Reference numeral  31  is a block storing the UPnP device description. Reference numeral  32  denotes a block in which event notifications are managed (UPnP Eventing). A standard component of the UPnP device is also a web server  33 . The reference numeral  34  denotes a UPnP discovery unit. Above these blocks, a UPnP application program is also denoted by the reference numeral  30 . All of these units are standard components in a UPnP device and are described in detail in the UPnP specification. 
         [0032]    The inventive network station is designed such that it has implemented two different modes of operation. One implemented mode of operation is the normal mode of operation, in which the device is fully supplied with power and participates in the network data traffic independently. The other mode of operation corresponds to a power-saving mode of operation, in which the main board of the device provides a standby voltage even in the switched-off state and uses it to supply the communication interface  35  with power. This voltage is sufficient for the chip in the communication interface to monitor the network permanently and to wait for a “wakeup data packet”. This data packet contains the instruction to switch off the device completely. The top protocol layers, such as TCP/UDP/IP, do not need to be available in this power-saving mode. For this reason, the wakeup data packets are of very simple design. They comprise a single Ethernet data frame which, somewhere in its payload, contains a preamble of 6 bytes with the respective value 0xFF and then, after that, 16 times the hardware address (MAC address) of the network station which is to be woken up. Such wakeup data packets mentioned correspond to the Wake-On-LAN data packet known in the prior art, as is used in PC networks. For more details on the Wake-On-LAN capability of a network station, reference is made to the article by Benjamin Benz, “Netzwerkwecker” [Network interrupts] in the periodical “c&#39;t”, 2005, issue 2, pages 200 to 201. 
         [0033]    In line with the invention, the wakeup message described is generated by the extended network connection switching unit  10 , this specifically being done when, after the network station  12  has been switched off, a data packet has arrived at the network connection switching unit  10  which the communication maintenance means  22  to  26  cannot handle fully. In this case, the switched-off device is switched on by a wakeup message and the data packet in question is forwarded to the woken network station. This network station is able to handle the request contained therein itself. 
         [0034]    The interplay between the inventive network connection switching unit and the inventive network station is described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 5  shows the interplay following a switch-on operation in the inventive network station. After the switch-on operation, the network station  15  first of all requests an IP address from the network&#39;s DHCP server. In the network shown in  FIG. 1 , it is assumed that the network connection switching unit  10  also performs the role of the DHCP server. The DHCP server makes the address allocation and passes an appropriate submission to the network station  15  using the DHCP protocol (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). If there are a plurality of DHCP servers in the network, the network station  15  has, on the basis of the DHCP protocol, the option of selecting one of the submitted IP addresses, for example because it has the longest validity period, also called lease time. The network station  15  then contacts the DHCP server  10  using the selected IP address, and the DHCP server  10  then confirms the IP address and transmits the further relevant data to the network station  15 . Next, the network station  15  sends a search query via the network in order to find out whether the network is connected to a network connection switching unit based on the invention. This search query corresponds to a UDP packet with the following exemplary content: 
         [0036]    ESWITCH-SEARCH 
         [0037]    The search query is sent using inclusive addressing (to a broadcast address) and addresses all connected stations. It is a certainty that the network stations designed in line with the invention understand this message. The other network stations ignore this message. The network connection switching units which are not designed in line with the invention simply forward this search query to all the outputs. The inventive network connection switching unit  10  will first of all receive the search query and identify that it is a special search query for the inventive type of network connection switching unit. The network connection switching unit  10  will then not forward this search query to further switching units or network stations. Instead, it will respond to the search query itself and thus confirm that it itself is a network connection switching unit  10  which corresponds to the search query. This response corresponds to a UDP packet with the following exemplary content: 
         [0038]    ESWITCH-RESPONSE:DIRECT-CONNECTED 
         [0039]    The network station  15  therefore knows that it is directly connected to an extended network connection switching unit  10 . It can then leave the network and change to the power-saving mode after a settable waiting time. Before that, however, the network station  15  also sends a logon message (SSDP:alive). 
         [0040]    The appearance of the response when, although the network connection switching unit is designed in line with the invention, it is not connected directly to the requesting network station is as follows: 
         [0041]    ESWITCH-RESPONSE:INDIRECT-CONNECTED 
         [0042]    In this case, the network station cannot change to the power-saving mode of operation. This is because the network connection switching unit to which it is connected does not support this mode of operation. 
         [0043]    This is followed by the usual communication in the UPnP network for the case in which a service request arrives at the network station  15  from a control device  16  in the network (control point device). To this end, the control device  16  requests the device descriptions based on the UPnP standard. This is done using the standardized “Get Device Description” and “Get Service Description” HTTP:GET requests. Normally, a control device  16  will register in the device  15  to be controlled for the notification of particular events too, this registration being performed via the UPnP Eventing system. Next,  FIG. 5  shows that the network connection switching unit  10  for its part requests the device description and service description from the network station  15 . This is done as a precautionary measure within the context of the invention, in order to equip the communication maintenance means in the network connection switching unit  10  such that they can also handle requests to the network station  15  when it is in the power-saving mode of operation, i.e. in the inactivated mode of operation. The data received are stored in the memory  23 , as described previously.  FIG. 5  next shows that the control device  16  renews the registration for particular event notifications. The UPnP standard has provision for this. Similarly, the logon message SSDP:alive is also repeated periodically at particular intervals. Search queries can be sent to the network by a control device at any time, which is the next thing shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0044]    The validity period of the IP address of the network station  15  has a time limit on the basis of the DHCP protocol, as previously mentioned. The next thing to happen in  FIG. 5  is therefore a request to the DHCP server  10  from the network station  15 , asking for an extension to the validity time. The DHCP server  10  meets this request in the response. In the last part of  FIG. 5 , a control request is then also sent to the network station  15  by the control device  16 . This may be a Browse instruction, for example, in order to request the content of a directory in a device  15  which is to be controlled, for example. As a further example, it may also be a start or stop command etc. 
         [0045]    The text below explains the interplay of the devices for the case in which the network station  15  changes to the power-saving mode of operation. In this case, the communication with the inactive network station  15  is maintained by the inventive network connection switching unit  10 . It is first of all shown that the network station changing to the power-saving mode of operation announces this change of mode of operation to the network connection switching unit. This is done using a UDP packet with the following content: 
         [0046]    STANDBY 
         [0047]    The network connection switching unit returns a confirmation packet. 
         [0048]    On the basis of the UPnP system, there are various types of requests which a UPnP device needs to answer. The extended network connection switching unit  10  does not need to be designed to answer all of these requests. There are certain degrees of freedom here for the design of the network connection switching unit. Depending on the chosen design, more requests are answered by the network connection switching unit and hence the represented device is woken less often, or fewer requests are answered and hence the device is woken more often. The requests which the network connection switching unit needs to answer can be permanently programmed in. An extension involves an entire protocol being defined which the network station and the network connection switching unit used to negotiate which requests the network connection switching unit needs to answer. A further alternative implementation involves the network connection switching unit  10  also logging all requests to the network station, including the associated responses, in a first phase and then later answering such requests independently and finally waking the inactivated device only when an unknown request is sent to it. The requests shown in  FIG. 5  are therefore examples and should not be considered to be conclusive. 
         [0049]    The topmost part of  FIG. 6   a  shows that the control device  16  requests renewal of the registration for particular event notifications on the inactive network station  15 . This message is sent to the network connection switching unit  10  and is handled there. The network connection switching unit  10  confirms the renewal of the registration for the requested event notifications and in so doing enters the actually inactive network station  15  as sender. As a second case,  FIG. 6   a  shows that instead of a renewal for event notifications a request is made for the deletion of the registration for event notifications on the inactive device  15 . In that case, the network connection switching unit  10  would delete the relevant entry in the registration table in the memory  23 . 
         [0050]    Next, the network connection switching unit  10  autonomously sends a repeat logon message SSDP:alive for the inactive network station  15 . In this case too, the network station  15  is again entered as sender. Next, it is shown that the extension to the validity period for the allocated IP address is also requested independently by the network connection station  10  on the DHCP server  10 . Since the network connection switching unit  10  itself is also configured as a DHCP server, this notification does not actually need to be transmitted via the Ethernet bus. However, the standard confirmation of the extension to the validity time is also returned to the network connection switching unit  10  internally. Next,  FIG. 6   a  shows that the control device  16  requests the device description and service description from the inactive network station  15 . 
         [0051]    These requests are also answered by the network connection switching unit  10 . To this end, the network connection switching unit  10  had, of course, requested and stored the relevant information, as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0052]    A search query is also answered by the network connection switching unit  10 , as  FIG. 6   a  shows. 
         [0053]    The last part of  FIG. 6   a  shows that the control device  16  sends a control request to the inactivated device  15 . This request cannot be handled by the network connection switching unit  10 . For this reason, the network connection switching unit  10  sends the wakeup message via the bus to the network station  15 , in line with the invention. This message is used to change over the network station  15  to the normal mode of operation, as explained above. 
         [0054]      FIG. 6   b  then shows the rest of the communication cycle. When it is switched on again, the network station  15  first of all sends the request for the IP address, as shown in  FIG. 5 . This request is intercepted by the network connection switching unit  10  and is converted into a renewal request for the validity time for the existing IP address to the DHCP server  10 . The sender entered here is then the network station  15 . The renewal of the validity time which is performed is then converted by the network connection switching unit  10  into a standard-compliant message containing the submission of the requested IP address, for which the sender entered is the DHCP server  10 . The network station  15  will then adopt the submitted address, because only the address already allocated is being submitted by the network connection switching unit  10  as the sole selection option. The subsequent notification determines the parameters Name server, Lease time etc. and is produced artificially by the network connection switching unit  10 , with the DHCP server being entered as sender. The search query for an inventive network station is then sent by the network station  15  again, as already shown in  FIG. 5 . This is followed by the logon message SSDP:alive 
         [0055]    Next, the network connection switching unit  10  notifies the network station  15  of the current level of registrations for event notifications. This is required because in the time in which the network station  15  was inactive such registrations may have been received from a few other network stations, and these registrations have been handled by the network connection switching unit. Conversely, some event notifications may already have been deleted, of which the network station  15  is alternatively notified in this phase. When the registrations for the event notifications have been synchronized, the network connection station  10  sends the actual control request to the activated network station  15 . This request contains the control device  16  entered as sender. This request is then handled and answered by the activated network station  15 , as provided for in the UPnP standard. 
         [0056]      FIG. 1  shows that in addition to the inventive network connection switching unit the exemplary network also contains a conventional network connection switching unit  11 . This means that the stations  12  and  13  connected via this network connection switching unit  11  cannot enter the power-saving mode, even if they are designed for it. Since such stations also send the relevant search query to the network when they are connected to the network, however, it is necessary for them to be able to tell that they are not connected to the inventive network connection switching unit. The inventive search query would also be forwarded to the inventive network connection switching unit  10  by the conventional network connection switching unit  11 . The inventive network connection switching unit  10  will then respond to this search query as before. The fact that the search query comes via an uplink connection from the conventional network connection switching unit  11  and not from a directly connected device might tell the network connection switching unit  10  that the requesting network station is not connected to it itself. It will then return the response with the parameter INDIRECT-CONNECTED. This tells the requesting device that although the network contains an inventive network connection switching unit it itself is not connected to it, however, and therefore cannot change to the power-saving mode when it wishes to be still available in the network.