Abstract:
A method is provided for estimating the polarization ellipticity of an antenna response signal to an incident electromagnetic wave received on a crossed-loop antenna or an Adcock antenna array. The method comprises at least the following steps: measuring the phase offset Δφ between the signals acquired respectively on the cosine and sine path of the antenna; measuring the ratio R between the amplitudes of the signals acquired respectively on the cosine and sine path of the antenna; determining the ellipticity angle τ based on the phase offset Δφ and on the ratio R. The invention applies notably to the discrimination of ionospheric waves from ground and/or sea waves, in particular for a surveillance, eavesdropping, or goniometry system using HF band signals.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Stage of International patent application PCT/EP2009/064598, filed on Nov. 4, 2009, which claims priority to foreign French patent application No. FR 0806235, filed on Nov. 7, 2008, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for estimating the polarization ellipticity of an antenna response signal to an incident electromagnetic wave. The invention applies notably to the discrimination of ionospheric waves from ground and/or sea waves, in particular for a surveillance, eavesdropping, or goniometry system using HF band signals. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A large number of surveillance, eavesdropping, goniometry systems or, more generally, systems detecting and processing electromagnetic signals are used to process waves originating directly from transmitters on the ground. Sometimes, however, ionospheric waves interfere with their operation, whereby said waves may be mistaken for signals emitted by a transmitter on the ground. 
     Ionospheric waves can propagate over a long distance, in the order of several thousands of kilometers. Furthermore, when the radio waves produced by a transmitter penetrate the atmosphere as far as the ionosphere, they are continually subjected to refraction phenomena which cause part of the energy of said waves to return towards the earth. A portion of this energy can then be picked up by a receiver, even if the latter is very distant from the initial transmitter. If, for example, this receiver is used by a goniometer in order to determine the direction of signals originating from nearby transmitters, the received ionospheric waves may adversely affect the obtained angle measurements through interference. Furthermore, independently of any interference phenomenon, an initial vertical polarization wave is transformed following ionospheric propagation into any given polarization wave, and is therefore likely to cause the failure of any radiogoniometry device designed to operate in an optimum manner in the face of zero elevation and vertical polarization incident waves. This occurs, for example, in the case of “Watson-Watt” goniometry. 
     It is therefore desirable to distinguish ionospheric waves from sea and/or ground waves. Furthermore, in the case of goniometry measurements, it is desirable to evaluate the validity of said measurements according to the type of wave received by the goniometer antenna (ionospheric wave or ground/sea wave). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One object of the invention is to distinguish ionospheric waves from sea and/or ground waves. For this purpose, the subject matter of the invention is a method for estimating the polarization ellipticity τ of a response signal of a crossed-loop antenna or an Adcock antenna array in response to an incident electromagnetic wave received on said antenna, characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps:
         measuring the phase offset Δφ between the signals acquired respectively on the cosine and sine path of the antenna;   measuring the ratio R between the amplitudes of the signals acquired respectively on the cosine and sine path of the antenna;   determining the ellipticity angle τ based on the phase offset Δφ and on the ratio R.       

     According to one embodiment of the method, said ellipticity angle τ is determined by the following relation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               sin 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   2 
                   · 
                   τ 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 2 
                 
                   R 
                   + 
                   
                     1 
                     R 
                   
                 
               
               · 
               
                 sin 
                 ⁡ 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Δ 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     φ 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where 
               R   =              a   _     c                   a   _     s              ,         
∥ā c ∥ being the amplitude of the signal received on the cosine loop, and ∥ā s ∥ being the amplitude of the signal received on the sine loop.
 
     The subject matter of the invention is also a method for discriminating ionospheric waves from sea and/or ground waves, comprising at least the following steps:
         detecting an electromagnetic wave on a crossed-loop antenna or Adcock antenna array;   determining the polarization ellipticity angle τ of the antenna response signal to the received wave by carrying out the steps of the method described above;   testing the ellipticity angle value τ: if its value is greater than a chosen threshold value, said wave is then classified as an ionospheric wave.       

     According to one embodiment of the method for discriminating ionospheric waves from sea and/or ground waves, if, at the end of the test of the ellipticity angle value τ, the ellipticity value is less than the chosen threshold value, said wave is then classified as a ground and/or sea wave. 
     According to one embodiment of the method for discriminating ionospheric waves from sea and/or ground waves, if, at the end of the test of the ellipticity angle value τ, this ellipticity value is less than the chosen threshold value, the detection step is then reiterated and the value of the deviation of the ellipticity angle τ is tested in a recurrent manner through time: if this deviation is greater than a second chosen threshold value, the wave is then classified as an ionospheric wave. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The subject matter of the invention is also a device placed on the ground or in the sea, comprising a crossed-loop receive antenna or an Adcock antenna array and a processing module implementing the method for estimating the ellipticity angle τ as described above in order to determine the polarization ellipticity angle τ of a response signal of the antenna to an electromagnetic wave received by the receive antenna or the antenna array. 
       Other characteristics are explained in the following detailed description, provided by way of a non-limiting example and referring to the attached drawings, in which: 
         FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  show a perspective and top view of a first example of a crossed-loop antenna receiving the signals processed by the method according to the invention, 
         FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b , show a perspective and top view of a second example of a crossed-loop antenna receiving the signals processed by the method according to the invention, 
         FIG. 3   a  is a graph illustrating a phase offset between signals received on the loops of the antenna when the carrier wave of said signals is vertically polarized, 
         FIG. 3   b  is a graph illustrating a phase offset between signals received on the loops of the antenna when the carrier wave of said signals is not vertically polarized, 
         FIG. 4  is a synopsis presenting the steps of a first embodiment of the method according to the invention, 
         FIG. 5  is a synopsis presenting a first method using the method according to the invention to discriminate ionospheric waves from ground and/or sea waves, 
         FIG. 6  is a synopsis presenting a second method, derived from the first method shown in  FIG. 5 , for discriminating ionospheric waves from ground and/or sea waves, 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration of a device implementing the method for estimating the ellipticity angle τ according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     For the sake of clarity, the same references in different figures denote the same objects. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  present a first example of a crossed-loop antenna receiving the signals processed by the angle measurement method according to the invention.  FIG. 1   a  is a perspective view of the antenna,  FIG. 1   b  showing the antenna seen from above. 
     The antenna  100  comprises a first loop  111  orthogonal to a second loop  112 , the two loops  111 ,  112 , being formed in the example by metal rectangles held up by a support  115  and set up in more or less vertical planes. The first loop  111  is sometimes referred to as the “sine loop”, the second loop  112  being referred to as the “cosine loop”. The antenna  100  comprises a third receive channel in the form, in the example, of a monopole antenna implemented with vertical metal bars  116 ,  117 ,  118 ,  119  placed under the loops  111 ,  112 . 
       FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  present a second example of a crossed-loop antenna receiving the signals processed by the angle measurement method according to the invention.  FIG. 2   a  is a perspective view of the antenna,  FIG. 2   b  showing the antenna seen from above. 
     The antenna  200  comprises two pairs  210 ,  220  of loops held up by a support  230 , the loops of each pair  210 ,  220  being parallel with one another, the loops  211 ,  212  of the first pair  210  being orthogonal to the loops  221 ,  222  of the second pair  220 , all of the loops  211 ,  212 ,  221 ,  222  of the antenna being, in the example, metal rectangles set up in more or less vertical planes. In the example, the pairs  210 ,  220  of loops are held up around the support  230  in such a way that they more or less form a square seen from above. In the example, the antenna also comprises, under each loop  211 ,  212 ,  221 ,  222 , a metal bar  216 ,  217 ,  226 ,  227 , which is more or less vertical, all of these bars  216 ,  217 ,  226 ,  227  forming the monopole channel of the antenna. From a theoretical point of view, this antenna is equivalent to the antenna shown in  FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b . The terms “sine loop” and “cosine loop” will be used below to refer to the first antenna model shown in  FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b , these terms being applied to the pairs  210 ,  220  of loops  211 ,  212 ,  221 ,  222  when the method is implemented on the second antenna model shown in  FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b.    
     According to a different embodiment of the method according to the invention, the crossed-loop antenna is replaced by an Adcock antenna array, this type of antenna array being able to be modeled in a manner analogous to the crossed-loop antennas, i.e. at least by a sine loop and a cosine loop. 
     Furthermore, the monopole of the antenna can be replaced by a dipole or any other antenna serving as a reference channel. 
       FIG. 3   a  illustrates, by way of a graph, the phase offset between signals received on the loops of the antenna when the carrier wave of said signals is vertically polarized. The voltage received by the sine loop is shown on the y-axis  301 , whereas the voltage received by the cosine loop is shown on the x-axis  302 . The phase offset between the received signals is shown by a straight line  304 . 
     If the carrier wave of the signal is non-vertically polarized or has been subjected to the influence of reflectors close to the receive antenna, the signals received on the sine and cosine paths are provided with an additional phase offset, which causes an elliptical response of the loops, as shown in  FIG. 3   b.    
       FIG. 3   b  illustrates, by way of a graph, the phase offset between signals received on the loops of the antenna when the carrier wave of said signals is elliptically polarized. The voltage received by the sine loop is shown on the y-axis  311 , whereas the voltage received by the cosine loop is shown on the x-axis  312 . The phase offset between the received signals is shown by an ellipse  310 . 
     The signal received on the monopole and the two cosine and sine loops of an antenna can then be expressed as follows: 
             {                         ⁢         U   0     ⁡     (   t   )       =       Re   ⁡     (     β   ·     s   ⁡     (   t   )       ·     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢   ϖ   ⁢           ⁢   t         )       =     Re   ⁡     (           a   _     0     ⁡     (   t   )       ·     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢   ϖ   ⁢           ⁢   t         )           ⁢                           U   c     ⁡     (   t   )       =       Re   ⁡     (     α   ·     s   ⁡     (   t   )       ·     cos   ⁡     (   θ   )       ·     ⅇ       j   ⁢           ⁢   ϖ   ⁢           ⁢   t     ⁢                 )       =     Re   ⁡     (           a   _     c     ⁡     (   t   )       ·     ⅇ       j   ⁢           ⁢   ϖ   ⁢           ⁢   t     +     φ   0     +     Δ   ⁢           ⁢   φ           )                             ⁢         U   s     ⁡     (   t   )       =       Re   ⁡     (     α   ·     s   ⁡     (   t   )       ·     sin   ⁡     (   θ   )       ·     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢   ϖ   ⁢           ⁢   t         )       =     Re   ⁡     (           a   _     s     ⁡     (   t   )       ·     ⅇ     j   ⁢           ⁢     (       ϖ   ⁢           ⁢   t     +     φ   0       )           )           ⁢                           
where U 0 , U c  and U s  denote the antenna output voltages on the monopole, on the cosine loop and on the sine loop respectively, s(t) denoting the modulating signal, ω denoting the carrier wave pulsation, the complex terms α and β being respectively dependent on the effective height of a loop and of the monopole, the terms ā 0 , ā c  and ā s  denote the complex envelopes of the signals, φ 0  denoting the phase difference between the sine loop and the monopole, Δφ denoting the phase offset between the signal received on the sine loop and the cosine loop, the phase offset Δφ being zero if the wave is vertically polarized. The coefficients α and β are determined during the calibration of the antenna in its usage environment by means of a vertically polarized, zero-incidence wave by comparing the response of the antenna with the theoretical response of the antenna (in cos(θ) and sin(θ) with α and β equal to 1).
 
       FIG. 4  shows, by way of a synopsis, the steps of a first embodiment of the method according to the invention. The method according to the invention estimates the polarization ellipticity angle τ of the antenna response signal to the received carrier wave. 
     In a first step  401 , the phase offset Δφ between the response signal on the sine loop and cosine loop is measured. In parallel  402 , the ratio between the amplitude ∥ā c ∥ of the response signal on the cosine loop and the amplitude ∥ā s ∥ of the signal on the sine loop is determined. In a second step  403 , the input angle of incline of the carrier wave of the signals is determined on the basis of the phase offset Δφ and the ratio R between ∥ā c ∥ and ∥ā s ∥. The input angle of incline τ can in fact be expressed as a function of these two values Δφ and R as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               sin 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   2 
                   · 
                   τ 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     2 
                     · 
                     
                        
                       
                         
                           a 
                           _ 
                         
                         c 
                       
                        
                     
                     · 
                     
                        
                       
                         
                           a 
                           _ 
                         
                         
                           s 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                         
                       
                        
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                          
                         
                           
                             a 
                             _ 
                           
                           c 
                         
                          
                       
                       2 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                          
                         
                           
                             a 
                             _ 
                           
                           s 
                         
                          
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   sin 
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       Δ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       φ 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   2 
                   
                     
                       
                          
                         
                           
                             a 
                             _ 
                           
                           c 
                         
                          
                       
                       
                          
                         
                           
                             a 
                             _ 
                           
                           s 
                         
                          
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                          
                         
                           
                             a 
                             _ 
                           
                           s 
                         
                          
                       
                       
                          
                         
                           
                             a 
                             _ 
                           
                           c 
                         
                          
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   sin 
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       Δ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       φ 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The ellipticity angle value τ calculated in this way may, for example, allow the ionospheric waves to be distinguished from the sea and/or ground waves, as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 5  presents, by way of a synopsis, a method using the method according to the invention to discriminate ionospheric waves from ground and/or sea waves. 
     A first step  501  of estimation of the ellipticity angle τ is followed by a test step  502  comparing the estimated angle τ with a predefined threshold. If the angle value τ exceeds the threshold, the wave is considered to be an ionospheric wave  511 . If the angle value τ does not exceed the defined threshold, the wave is considered to be a sea and/or ground wave  512 . 
     Thus, thanks to the method according to the invention, it becomes easy to avoid performing processing operations on the ionospheric waves received by an antenna if, for example, these waves are considered as interference and produce inconsistent measurements. 
       FIG. 6  shows a second method, derived from the first method shown in  FIG. 5 , for discriminating ionospheric waves from ground and/or sea waves. 
     A first step  501  of estimation of the ellipticity angle τ is followed by a first test step  502  comparing the estimated angle τ with a first threshold. If the angle value exceeds this first threshold, the wave is considered to be an ionospheric wave  511 , if not, a tracking step  603  is carried out. 
     This tracking step  603  allows the ellipticity angle value τ to be followed through time. A second test step  604  then makes it possible to determine, on the basis of the deviation of the ellipticity angle value, whether the wave is an ionospheric wave  511 . In the example, this second test step  604  considers the wave to be an ionospheric wave  511  if the deviation through time of the ellipticity angle value τ exceeds a second threshold. If not, the wave is considered to be a ground and/or sea wave  512 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the method for estimating the ellipticity angle τ according to the invention can be implemented in a device placed on the ground or in the sea. The device  700  comprises a processing module  701  which allows said ellipticity angle τ to be estimated on the basis of signals received by an antenna  702 . The device can thus be used, for example, to discriminate ionospheric waves from ground and/or sea waves. 
     The method for estimating the ellipticity angle τ according to the invention can also allow a quality rating to be assigned to a goniometry measurement. In fact, if goniometry measurements are to be carried out on signals originating from transmitters on the ground, the reception of an ionospheric wave may interfere with the measurements. Thus, a decreasing quality rating based on the antenna response ellipticity value τ can be assigned. The goniometry measurements carried out on emissions considered to be ionospheric can then be excluded.