Abstract:
A continuous haulage system, including a belt adapted to convey material, said belt being suspended from supporting means by hanging members located along each opposing longitudinal edge of said belt, wherein the hanging member has a hook-shaped cross-section.

Description:
The present invention is generally directed to the removal of material from a mine site, specifically continuous haulage systems, and in particular to suspended continuous haulage systems. 
   Run of Mine (ROM) material is defined as any free material from a mine, including both ore and waste material. In the economic analysis of the viability of a mine, a vital consideration lies in the assessment of the cost of transporting (ROM) material following extraction. 
   Typically, the material is removed by purpose built trucks, capable of transporting many tens of tonnes of material at a time. The ROM material is loaded onto the trucks, either from temporary stockpiles or directly from extraction. The trucks then travel from the pit to the waste material dump or to the ore crushing plant, depending on the quality of material for the particular load. 
   The purchase of a fleet of appropriate trucks involves a considerable capital cost, as does the establishment and maintenance of roads of sufficient bearing capacity to bear the load of heavily laden trucks. Further, as the mining process progresses, the extraction point moves deeper, the path to be followed by the trucks lengthens. For a typical road grade of 10%, this means for every meter of depth, an extra 10 meters of road is required. Consequently, the cycle time for the trucks to retrieve material, dump it and return, increases. It follows, therefore, that there will be an ever increasing unit cost of ROM material over time, as the mine progresses. This variable cost, combined with the substantial amortized capital cost, have an enormous detrimental effect on the viability of mining operations. 
   As an alternative method, it is known to adopt conveyor systems to remove this material. Conventional conveyor systems are characterized by reinforced rubber belts, supported beneath the belt by idlers and some form of drive system to motivate the belt. The system is in a fixed position, and must be substantially straight, having little or no ability to deviate either horizontally or vertically. 
   A conveyor system needs to be tensioned between drive drums, which provide the motivating drive, thus being a substantial contributor to the lack of deviation. Therefore, it is normal, for such systems, to spend a considerable amount of time selecting the path to ensure an uninterrupted straight path is achievable. 
   A further problem lies with the mine environment. As would be expected, there is a considerable volume of dust, mud and water, which infiltrate and generally envelope all equipment within the mine zone. The combination of these factors provide for a natural and effective lubricant. Once in contact with the belt, the drive capability of the drive drums is markedly reduced. Whilst this can be accommodated for in a horizontal orientation, when the belt is inclined, the traction force is reduced below a useful level, and drive can be substantially lost. 
   It also follows that, when inclined above a certain angle, the material will slide down the belt, preventing transport. Typically, such systems are restricted to about 20° from the horizontal. 
   A further problem is the size limitation of the system. The belt of the conveyor system is susceptible to severe damage from large, angular rocks, partly because of the punching shear force established between the sharpness of the rocks on the belt and the support from underneath, as a result of the impact of the rocks. As a consequence, such systems are associated with In-Pit Crushing plants, to reduce the size and weight of individual rocks to be transported. Typically such systems are limited to rock sizes of less than 300 mm, and thus any material to be removed from the pit must be crushed to a suitable size. 
   A significant problem associated with this arrangement is the cost of crushing. The establishment and operation of a crushing plant is significant, and is an operation which is, justifiably, only performed if absolutely necessary. Unfortunately, it has been shown in practice that, typically, ROM material comprises a very high percentage of material above 300 mm, up to a common maximum of 1000 mm, not withstanding extremely large “renegade” rocks of unpredictable size. Thus, this initial crushing is necessary, but based on the limitations of the conveying system rather than on a sound economic basis. 
   Further, because material must first be delivered to the crushing plant, normally be truck, then loaded to some type of conveyor system, the material is having to be “double handled”. With every transfer of material between transport mediums representing additional cost per tonne processed, further detracting from the economic viability of such a system. 
   Further still, whilst the ratio of waste material to ore can vary substantially, economic forecasts for a mine&#39;s viability often rely on a ratio of 6:1, that is for every 1 tonne of ore there is 6 tonnes of waste. Using the truck based system, this waste material is taken directly to a dumping site, as crushing of such material is of no practical benefit, and represents an enormous and pointless waste of resources. However, for a conveyor system, crushing of waste material above 300 mm is essential, so that it can be transported out of the pit. 
   An alternative form of conveyor system is the so-called suspended belt system, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,213. This system, marketed under the name SICON, includes a belt that is tear-drop shaped, and open at the top. The longitudinal edges of the belt, adjacent to each other at the top of the tear-drop shape, are mounted on continuous cables tensioned between end drums that drive the belt through friction. Material is loaded by separating the cables, allowing the belt to open. After loading, the cables are brought together, containing the material not unlike a sack. It has been found that such an arrangement cannot be used on a significant slope without slippage of material thereon. 
   Further, these systems are confined to small particle sizes, typical maximum sizes being 40 mm to 70 mm. Further, such system have the same reliance on drive drums as do conventional conveyor system, and so lack mobility. Hence, such systems are generally confined to different applications relating to bulk handling of fine materials. And for this reason, the use of such systems is virtually unknown in the mining industry, providing no practical solution to the problem of transporting substantial volumes of large sized material. 
   It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a continuous haulage system that can provide an advantage over the prior art in terms of efficiency or effectiveness. 
   With this in mind, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous haulage system, including a belt adapted to convey material, said belt being suspended from a plurality of discrete supporting means by hanging members located continuously along each opposing longitudinal edge of said belt, wherein the hanging member has a hook-shaped cross-section. The belt may be both flexible in the longitudinal and lateral direction, such that it can at least substantially form a supporting tube for conveying material therein when the supporting idlers converge towards each other for the haulage of material. Loading and unloading is also effected by diverging from each other, and thus opening the belt. 
   The hook-shaped profile may be provided along a reinforced portion at each longitudinal edge of the belt. The hook-shaped profile serves the dual function of being retainable on the idlers during service and making the belt readily detachable for maintenance. 
   The key advantage to the hook-shaped profile, however, is the capacity for a translational degree of freedom. As the hook-shaped profile and idler profile are dissimilar curves, the action is more than merely a “ball in socket” motion, which is typical of similar curve profiles (often spherical). By adopting dissimilar curves, the area of contact between the idler face and the hook-shaped profile can vary substantially along the curvi-linear path of the hook-shaped profile. Thus, this action permits a very wide scope to accommodate vertical and horizontal curves along the line of haulage. 
   It is noted that the belt may be continuous, with the hook-shaped profile extending along its entire length. Alternatively, the belt may be a segmented belt, that is, a belt formed as a plurality of discrete portions joined in series, but still retaining the hook-shaped profile along the longitudinal edge of the portions. In this manner, the “train” of segmented sections functions in the same manner as a continuous belt. Such an alternative further provides the advantage that sections may be added or removed for lengthening the belt or replacing damaged sections. It also provides the advantage that sections may be replaced by linking elements, such as a chain or rod, where the volume of material to be transported is small, but individual rocks are of such a size as to require a large capacity belt. 
   Further, the extra degree of freedom permits increased rock sizes as compared with the conventional conveyor belt systems and suspended belt systems. Whereas such systems are restricted in the size of rock that can be transported, the ability of the hook-shaped profile to rotate and translate permit rocks of greater than 300 mm in diameter to be accommodated within the belt under normal conditions. 
   Further still, the extra degree of freedom also provides for the belt to open further to permit the capacity of the belt to be utilized to a greater degree than conventional systems. Thus, whereas conventional systems tend to impart adverse loads to other elements in the system, the present invention avoids such problems. 
   It should be noted that this extra capacity also has a synergistic effect with regard to vertical mobility. As stated previously, the system provides for travel up inclined surfaces. To travel up such a slope requires the run of mine material to be stable within the belt. By increasing the volume of material held, there is a tendency for the material to consolidate, thus providing a mass of material that tends to act in a unitary fashion. Known as “bridging”, when material is loaded into the belt, and the opening closed, the material is compressed by the closing walls of the belt. This compression tends to consolidate the material, preventing the material from flowing easily. When loaded to a significant proportion of the belt&#39;s capacity, the material actually binds up such that no flow is possible. 
   This effect is known as a problem in situations where material is required to flow, such as loading hoppers, feed bins, ore passes and so forth. The present invention, however, uses the consolidation to advantage by controlling the effect. Subsequently, when unloading the belt, the opening is widened and the belt loosens the material, permitting the material to flow once again. 
   Further still, the hook-shaped profile has the advantage of being self cleaning. With the concave aspect of the profile being directed downwards, any detritus that is adhering to the idlers and is transferred to the belt, will tend to dislodge quickly, falling away harmlessly, rather than merely infiltrating the equipment completely. This self cleaning action is further assisted by the any particular portion of the belt only being in intermittent contact with the idler support. 
   In a further embodiment, the hook-shaped profile would also include a reverse curve, whereby a second idler may provide a downward reaction to the concave face of the reverse curve extremity of the longitudinal edge of the belt. 
   In a still further embodiment, each longitudinal edge of the continuous belt may have a second hook, as a mirror image of the first, and thus at the same level but directed away from the first hook, but having the concave portion of the hook also directed downward, as does the first. This embodiment permits the use of variable arrangement of idlers for extra stability, drive, loading or unloading characteristic or other associated purpose. 
   In a still further embodiment, a second hook may be placed in the same alignment as the first, but directly below the first, and thus accommodate a bank of idlers one above the other. 
   According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous haulage system including a belt adapted to convey material, said belt being suspended from a plurality of discrete supporting means by hanging members located continuously along each opposing longitudinal edge of said belt, wherein the hanging member has a hook-shaped cross-section, and further including at least one drive means adapted to impart a driving force to said belt by engaging a receiving means located along each opposing longitudinal edge of the belt. The drive means may include a caterpillar drive, having a continuous elongate drive surface, contacting a portion of the belt or a carrier of the belt, to impart a driving force by friction or by mating surfaces between the caterpillar drive and the belt, or belt carrier. As an alternative, the caterpillar drive may include a series of sprockets. Further, the continuous belt may be a chain having the elongate drive surface bonded to it. Thus, the continuous belt may be a chain drive rather than driven through friction. Said drive system may include a plurality of caterpillar drives placed intermediate between the extreme ends of the continuous haulage system. As part of the support system for the belt, the drive system may be associated with idler units mounted into frames, said idlers not having drive capability, that act to support the driven belt and are also placed intermediately between the extreme ends of the continuous haulage system. 
   To facilitate the normal return of the belt, at each end may be located an undriven pulley unit, mounted into a frame, that acts to support and “return” the belt. 
   The drive means and idler units may be part of a continuous frame work. Alternatively, the drive and idler units may each be mounted within discrete frames. In the case of discrete frames, these may be linked to permit a pivotal movement between each frame. Alternatively, the discrete frames may be isolated from each other, there being no direct contact between adjacent frames. 
   By placing one or more intermediate caterpillar drives, the belt may be driven, without the need of high tensioning between drums as in conventional end drum drive systems. Thus, a belt driven by the caterpillar drive does not require tensioning. 
   Therefore, use of the drive system, and subsequent lack of tensioning, provide for the extension of the continuous haulage system. The fixity of the end drive drums was a major determinant in the inextensibility of the conventional conveyor system, in that, the point of extraction is continually moving but the drive drums are unable to be moved with ease. The invention permits the addition of further discrete idler unit frames to the continuous haulage system, as well as further drive units if required for extra drive. Also, being undriven the pulley units at the ends are readily moveable. Thus, by lengthening the belt, and adding new units, the continuous haulage system is able to be extended by adopting the drive system. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a belt for a continuous haulage system, said belt having a hook-shaped profile continuously along its longitudinal edge, wherein the belt may be corrugated, said corrugation propagating longitudinally along the length of the belt. 
   As distinct from a mere surface profile, the corrugated belt provides for two distinct advantages over the prior art. Firstly, with regard to the continuous haulage system located on an inclined surface, the corrugations further assist in retaining material by providing a series of barriers at discrete distances along the belt length. Thus when the belt is being used under capacity, and the binding effect of a large volume of material is less effective, the addition of the corrugations provides interference for the backward slide of the material, and thus the material may be retained. 
   Secondly, as stated previous, the flexibility of the belt yields specific advantages over the prior art with respect to providing vertical and horizontal curvature of the haulage path. Hence, by providing a corrugated belt, each corrugation acts as an articulating element, further enhancing the flexibility of the belt in both the vertical and horizontal direction. 
   Large rocks cause substantial damage to rubber-based belts, both through normal wear and through localized damage as a result of sharp irregular protrusions. A corrugated belt carrying large rocks will tend to bind such rock between the protrusions and the inner corrugations. Thus to limit or prevent damage to the belt from large rocks, such inner corrugations can be reinforced against such damage, and this extend the life of the belt beyond that of a conventional flat belt. 
   In a further embodiment, the corrugations may be inclined at an angle to the vertical axis of the belt. This provides for an effectively vertical corrugation when the belt is inclined up a slope. In such a circumstance, each individual corrugation will provide an interference extending along a significant length of the belt. As a portion of the belt containing material climbs an inclined surface, the material will shift downward. This shift of material will be limited by the corrugations. In the case of each corrugation influencing material over a greater length of the belt, the ability of the material to “bridge” will be enhanced, as the bridging effect will involve more material per corrugation, and thus provide an increased ability to restrain the flow of material as the belt becomes inclined. 
   In a further embodiment, the corrugations may extend along a portion only of the cross-section periphery, being symmetrical about the centreline of the cross-section and encompassing the curved base of the cross-section. 
   In a still further embodiment, the depth of each corrugation may vary along the length of the corrugation, with the greatest depth occurring at the base of the belt, and symmetrically reducing in size on either side of the base. 
   According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous haulage system, including a belt, said belt having a hook-shaped profile along its longitudinal edge, said continuous haulage system being driven by a drive system, wherein the drive system includes at least one drive means located along a the length of the belt, contacting a portion of the belt or a carrier of the belt, to impart a driving force by mating surfaces between the drive means and the belt, or belt carrier. The drive means may include a caterpillar drive naving a continuous drive surface. 
   Whilst the drive system provides for an extension of the continuous haulage system, in the event such an extension also requires a deviation around an obstacle, the articulation of the idler units frames and the hook to idler connection provide sufficient flexibility for the belt and the supporting frame to vary from a straight line around the obstacle. 
   This flexibility also permits vertical curvature, such that the haulage system can negotiate vertical inclines. As discussed, conventional suspended systems are unable to travel up vertical inclines of more than about 30°, as the material will tend to slide backwards. This is due to the relatively small volume of material within the belt, which can readily slide longitudinally down the belt. In the present invention, however, because the loaded belt is close to full capacity, the ability for the material to shift more than a marginal amount is restricted. Thus, apart from minor settling, the material is unable to move, allowing the continuous haulage system to travel up inclined slopes far exceeding those of conventional systems. 
   According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous haulage system including a belt adapted to convey material, said belt being suspended from a plurality of discrete supporting means by hanging members located along each opposing longitudinal edge of said belt, wherein the hanging member has a hook-shaped cross-section, and further including an articulated support system including a plurality of support frames each being pivotal in the horizontal plane and also in the vertical plane. 
   A feature of having each frame pivotally adjustable, when used as a series of similarly adjustable frames in combination with a continuous haulage system, is to provide for a fully articulated system that is adjustable to accommodate obstacles and traverse inclined surfaces. 
   A second feature of the above described system, is the extensibility of the system through the addition of further individual units. 
   More importantly, in combination, these features provide a two part procedure for the tracking of the moving extraction point within a mine. An example is a mobile excavator on a track traversing an excavation face within a mine. As the excavator is constantly moving whilst removing material from the face, any system for removing the run of mine material must likewise move. 
   In this case, before commencing the excavation process, the continuous haulage system may be established. Rather than having the haulage line, of initially fixed length, being in a straight line, the line may have several meanders before presenting the loading point of the continuous haulage system in proximity to the commencement point of the excavation. Thus the effective distance of the haulage line would be substantially less than the actual length. 
   As the excavator proceeds, in order for the loading point to remain in a proximate position with the excavator, the loading point may be readily moved to follow the excavator. By advancing the loading point, the articulation in at least one of the frames accommodates the movement, and thus the continuous haulage system self aligns as the meanders are straightened. Thus, the effective length may be extended, without affecting the overall length of the haulage line. This process of advancing the loading point can be repeated until the effective length and actual length are the same. Thus, the calculation of the actual length may be influenced by the length of the excavation face, or similar. 
   At times of establishing the system, or where coarse adjustment of the length of the system is required, additional articulated frames can be added, and a corresponding length of belt added. Whilst not as readily achieved as the articulation of the individual frames, when required, the actual length of the haulage line can be increased by lengthening the belt and adding additional frames. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     It will be convenient to further describe the present invention with respect to the accompanying drawings which illustrate possible arrangements of the invention. Other arrangements of the invention are possible, and consequently the particularity of the accompanying drawings is not to be understood as superseding the generality of the preceding description of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  is a cross sectional elevation view through the belt of a first possible arrangement of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a detail view of the hook and idler of the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional detail view of the hook and idler of a second possible arrangement of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional detail view of the hook and idler of a third possible arrangement of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 5  is a further cross sectional view through the belt showing the loading position of the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 6  is a side elevation of the corrugated belt of a fourth possible arrangement of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 7  is a cross sectional view through the corrugated belt of the system of  FIG. 6 ; 
       FIG. 8  is a side elevation of the corrugated belt of a fifth possible arrangement of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 9  is a side elevation of the caterpillar drive of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 10  is a further cross sectional view through the belt, showing the hook to drive roller interaction of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 11  is a plan view of the continuous haulage system; and 
       FIG. 12  is a side elevation of the segmented belt of a sixth possible arrangement of the continuous haulage system according to the present invention 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1  shows a belt  1  in the closed state for a suspended continuous haulage system, wherein the belt  1  is supported intermittently by a series of idler sets  2 , made up from two opposing and inclined idlers  3   a  and  3   b  contacting the belt at two hook shaped profiles  4   a  and  4   b  longitudinally and continuously extending for the full length of the belt  1 . A central idler  5  bears downwards on the hooks  4   a  and  4   b , providing a reaction for the generally upward directed idlers  3   a  and  3   b , and thus clamping the hooks  3   a  and  3   b  in a three way grip between all the idlers  3  and  5 . 
   The hooks  3   a  and  3   b  are located along each of the longitudinal edges of a strip  6  made from a reinforced rubber compound, designed to resist abrasion and local shear. The hooks  3   a  and  3   b  comprise shaped metal elements to form the hook shape, and reinforced by a plurality of steel cables, or other composite construction, running longitudinally and parallel with the strip  6 . The hooks  3   a  and  3   b  are integrally connected  10  to the strip  6  to form the belt  1 . 
   The continuous haulage system functions by transporting material within the enclosed space  7  of the belt  1 . The belt is driven in a continuous loop, and supported intermittently by a series of idler sets  2 , which act to both support and to keep closed, the confining the material within the space  7  and also applying a lateral distributed load through the rubber strip  6  to the material within. Thus, the material tends to compact partially, assisting in the transport of the material. 
     FIG. 2  shows the hook  4   a  to idler  3   a  arrangement in detail. The hook  4   a  has the concave portion of the hook  4   a  directed generally downwards, allowing the generally upwardly directed idler  4   a  to engage the hook  4   a . When the belt  1  is in the loaded condition, the angle at which the hook  4   a  is generally directed will vary away from substantially vertical to a position where the concave portion of the hook  4   a  may be directed downward and outward at an angle of up to 45° to the vertical. The idler  3   a , as part of the three way support is directed upwards and out of the vertical by up to 45°. Thus, in combination with the other idlers  3   b  and  5 , the hooks  4   a  and  4   b  are pressed together, holding the belt  1  in the closed position. 
   To effectively hold the belt  1  in the closed position, the idlers  3   a ,  3   b  and  5  must prevent any translation freedom of the hooks  4   a  and  4   b . However, the special arrangement of the hooks and idlers ( 3   a ,  3   b ,  4   a ,  4   b  and  5 ) permit a single rotational freedom, such that the hook may be rotated within the plane of the belt  1  cross section. 
   This rotational degree of freedom is achieved by the dissimilar curves of the hook  4   a  and idler  3   a . The curve  8  of the concave surface of the hook  4   a  is of significantly different radius than the curve  9  of the idler  3   a . A compatible curve arrangement between the hook  4   a  and the idler  3   a  would emulate a ball and socket arrangement, and thus the two curves  8  and  9  would have a surface contact. Whilst this would permit the hook  4   a  to rotate freely, if not connected to the strip  6 , the strip  6  lacks clearance from the idler set  2  to allow the belt  1  to gain its full capacity. By having the curves  8  and  9  dissimilar, the relative motion of the hook  4   a  and idler  3   a  requires the contact between the surfaces  8  and  9  to move freely, and thus both rotation and a type of translation occurs. Thus, when the space  7  is being loaded with material, as the belt  1  expands, the hook  4   a  rotates and translates to a balanced position, allowing the extra capacity to be realized. The increased rotation and translation is demonstrated by the angle  11  from the vertical. 
     FIG. 3  shows an alternative embodiment of the hook arrangement, wherein the first hook portion has an extension in the form of a reverse curve  4   c . Where the first hook portion has the concave surface directed generally downwards, it follows the reverse curve  4   c  portion has the concave surface directed upwards. The upwardly directed surface is adapted to make contact with a further idler  3   c  placed adjacent, and generally parallel to, the first  3   b . Whereas the first idler  3   b  provides the upward reaction to support the belt  6  through the first hook portion, the second idler  3   c  provides a downward reaction. An advantage provided by the reverse curve  4   c  includes stability during loading and unloading. A feature of the present invention is the ability of the hook and idler to rotate and translate relative to each other so as to fully utilize the belt capacity to held material. However, there may be instances where this movement is not required, such as at loading and unloading. By providing a second point of reaction parallel with the first, a broad support is provided at the hook portion, limiting or preventing rotation, and thus provide the required stability. 
     FIG. 4  shows a further alternative embodiment of the hook arrangement, wherein the single hook portion is replaced by a dual hook portion  4   d , that is, two hook portions, the second being a mirror image of the first. In addition to providing a stability function similar to the reverse curve  4   c  embodiment, the dual hook  4   d  has the further advantage of increasing the load carrying capacity of the belt  6  at that portion. Again, this embodiment has an advantage during the loading phase. As a result of the impact of material entering the belt  6 , the loads to be resisted by the support system are higher than at any time during the transport of the material. By providing a second downwardly directed hook  4   d , and thus a further upward reaction idler  3   d , the loading carrying capacity is doubled at a time when such extra capacity is required. 
     FIG. 5  shows the belt  1  in the open position ready for loading and unloading of the material. To open the belt  1 , a differing idler set  12   a  and  12   b  is required. Previously, where the idler set  2  provided a three way clamping action, in this instance, the open position requires the opposing idlers  12   a  and  12   b  to diverge, which separate the longitudinal edges of the belt  1 , and thus opens the belt  1 . In this position, material may be loaded directly into the space  7   b  through a hopper (not shown) or other means. 
     FIG. 6  shows an alternative possible arrangement of the belt  1  in elevation, providing a longitudinal orientation to the continuous haulage system. In this embodiment of the invention, the belt  1  displays corrugations  13  and  14  placed longitudinally along the belt  1  in spaced relation to each other. The corrugations  13  and  14 , in this case, are vertically disposed, however, variants where the corrugations  13  and  14  are inclined may also be contemplated. The corrugations  13  and  14  are formed by providing increased reinforcement in the raised portion  13  of the belt, such that sharp rocks being loaded or transported by the belt  1  contact the raised corrugations  13 , having vastly increased abrasion resistance as compared with the troughs  14  of the corrugation. Thus, this provides for the raised portion  13  to have replaceable inserts (not shown) providing the reinforcement. In this case; the belt  1  remains protected from rock damage by a continual replacement of the protective inserts. 
     FIG. 7  shows the corrugations  13  and  14  in cross section, and provides insight into the corrugations second most valuable feature. As has been discussed, the belt  1 , when closed tends to compact the material. This compaction tends to bind the material through an enhanced cohesion, and thus limiting movement of the material during transportation. With the provision of corrugations  13  and  14 , the compaction is selectively applied to the material, as well as enhanced in these locations, and thereby enhancing the compaction effect. 
     FIG. 8  shows an alternative arrangement of the belt  1 . Whereas the belt of  FIGS. 6 and 7  showed a belt  1  having corrugations  14  directed at right angles to the axis of the belt  1 , the corrugations  14   a  of  FIG. 8  are inclined at an angle  15  to the vertical. The inclination of such corrugations  14   a  are useful when the continuous haulage system is positioned up an inclined surface. With the “bridging” effect, the conveyed material is held in a semi-consolidated mass. When travelling up an inclined slope, gravity will tend to push the material back down the belt. Whilst this action can assist consolidation, any weakness in the mass can also disturb the consolidation. By using inclined corrugations  14   a , further assistance against this back sliding is provided, thus enhancing the characteristics of the system. 
     FIG. 8  further shows the corrugations only extending partially up the belt  1  to a line  16 . Applicable to both inclined  14   a  and non-inclined  14  corrugations, the degree to which the corrugations  14   a  extend upward provides only an incremental benefit passed a certain line  16 . This line  16  will vary with conditions, materials, moisture content, inclination etc. Hence, when designing a system, the line  16  can be used to optimise the system if a full height of corrugation  14   a  is not required. 
     FIG. 9  shows the belt  1  being driven by the caterpillar drive  17 , which includes a continuous belt  18  actuated by a drive roller  20  with the continuous belt  18  traveling around a series of caterpillar idlers  19 . The hook  4  of the belt  1  is driven by being threaded between the continuous belt  18  and a series of pinch idlers  21 . Thus, the drive along the continuous belt  18  is assisted by the adjustable pressure applied between the pinch idlers  21  and the caterpillar idlers  19 , through the continuous belt  18 . Hence, whilst the drive  17  may be based on friction, the reaction pressure which controls the friction drive is adjustable under adverse conditions. 
   As an alternative, the caterpillar drive  17  may include a series of sprockets in place of the drive roller  19  and caterpillar idlers  19 . Further, the continuous belt  18  may be a chain having a drive surface bonded to it. Thus, the continuous belt  18  may be a chain drive rather than friction. 
   To further assist the drive capacity of the system, the continuous belt  18  may be profiled or knurled  22  and a complimentary knurling  23  on the concave surface of the hook  4 . Thus, the continuous haulage system 1  may be configured such that the drive system  17  is independent of environmental conditions which may limit the effectiveness of friction based drives, by providing a drive system similar in concept to a sprocket and chain arrangement. The profiling, or knurling  22 , can be effected by the provision of teeth, projections or other raised portions, so as to provide a better grip. When such profiling  22  is present on both the continuous belt  18  and the concave surface of the hook  4 , a meshing or engagement between the two elements  18  &amp;  24  can be achieved. This meshing can ensure the driving force imparted to the hook  4  is through a positive drive rather than relying on friction. 
     FIG. 10  shows the drive system  17  and the belt  1  in cross section, with the continuous belt  18  in contact with the hooks  4   a  and  4   b . The orientation of the drive system  17 , in relation to the angle to the vertical is identical to that of the idlers  3   a  and  3   b . Hence, the drive system  17  is located within a framework such that the drive system  17  also supports the belt  1  in the same manner as idlers  3   a  and  3   b  located within a support frame (not shown). Thus, the incorporation of the drive system  17  along the path of the continuous haulage system is non-intrusive and with the continuous haulage system being flexible enough to not be restricted in the number of drive systems that can be incorporated. 
     FIG. 11  shows a plan view of the entire continuous haulage system  24 . The system comprises a hopper  25  that material is loaded into for delivery to the belt  1 . Material may be loaded by any number of means, such as from laden trucks, direct from a mine face or from a crushing plant. The material from the hopper  25  travels along the belt  1  which is supported by a series of support frames  26 , which use either idler sets  2  or drive systems  14  to contact the hooks  4   a  and  4   b  of the belt  1 . Each of the support frames  26  have a pivotal system incorporated such that a restricted degree of angular movement in the horizontal and vertical planes, as well as torsionally about a longitudinal axis of the continuous haulage system  1 , is permissible. Adjacent frames  26  can be either directly connected or be isolated from each other. In the case of the direct connection, the connection provides for further degrees of angular movement. In either case, the position of the frames  26  can be adjusted such that the path of the continuous haulage system  24  can adopt a selectively curvi-linear shape  27 . 
   This degree of movement permits, therefore, the relative position of the hopper  25  and the unloading point  28  to vary by advancing the hopper  25  in accordance with movement of, say, the point of extraction of the ROM material. As the hopper  25  is advanced, at least one of the frames  26  will accommodate the movement of the continuous haulage path. Thus, the articulation in the, at least one, frame permits the system to self align, permitting straightening. Hence, for situations where the ideal loading position varies continually, the position of the hopper  25  may be conveniently and readily adjusted to match this movement. 
   Further, for instances where the total movement of the ideal loading point is known at the design stage of the continuous haulage system  24 , the required maximum length of the continuous haulage system  24  can be placed, with substantial meanders incorporated in the path, and thus have the relative position of the hopper  25  and the unloading point  28  relatively small at commencement of operations. As the ideal loading point moves away from the unloading point, the meanders within the path may be straightened until the furthest position of the ideal loading point is reached. At this point the continuous haulage system  24  path will be straight. 
     FIG. 12  shows a segmented belt  6   a  arrangement, as an alternative to the continuous belt. At various stages in the life of a mine, the quantity of material being removed will vary. Thus, whilst the continuous haulage system may be designed for a maximum capacity, is may be less advantageous to operate the system at this high capacity when only a portion is actually being removed. This the system must accommodate the lesser capacity. Despite the lower capacity, the actual size of the rocks being removed is unlikely to vary, and so the belt must still be able to encapsulate large rocks. By providing a segmented belt  6   a , the volume of the belt is maintained, but the total volume of material being conveyed can be controlled by managing the proportion of actual belt per meter length of the system as a whole. Further, to contain material within the belt units  6   a  it is possible to use end plugs or containment barriers at the open ends of each unit  6   a , and thus prevent material “leaking”. It should be noted that, although the belt is segmented, the hook profile  4  is continuous, so as to maintain the drive and support of the system.