Abstract:
Described is a laminate, including a stack of mutually bonded adhesive layers and metal sheets. The laminate includes abutting and/or overlapping metal sheet edges that extend along a length direction within a splicing region. A splice strap is bonded to the laminate at an outer surface of the laminate across said splicing region and has a smaller thickness than a thickness of a metal sheet, positioned adjacent to the splice strap in the stack. A method to manufacture the laminate is also disclosed, which involves deforming metal layers in the laminate before consolidating the laminate. The laminate has an improved strength and fatigue behavior over known laminates.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a laminate of mutually bonded adhesive layers and metal sheets with abutting and/or overlapping metal sheet edges, extending along a length direction within a splicing region of the laminate. The invention further relates to a method for obtaining such a laminate. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    Laminates of mutually bonded adhesive layers and metal sheets are used for structural purposes, for instance in the aircraft industry. In order to obtain large panels of such laminates, and because metal sheets are available in limited widths only, typical laminates comprise abutting and/or overlapping metal sheet edges, extending along a length direction within a splicing region of the laminate. 
         [0003]    A laminate comprising a splicing region is for instance known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,326, which discloses a laminated body panel for aircraft applications. The panel comprises at least two metal layers with a typical thickness of 0.3 mm, and an adhesive layer provided in between the metal layers. Some metal layers are composed of two or more metal sheets which are generally disposed coplanar in a layer and separated by a splice or splice line extending in a length direction of the laminate. Splices in a metal layer are typically staggered with respect to splices provided in other metal layers in order to prevent the laminate from weakening too much. Using splices in a laminate no longer restricts the maximum width of a laminate to a metal sheet width that is limited by present day metal sheet manufacturing technology. 
         [0004]    In some laminates, the splice region of the laminate is covered with a splice strap or doubler to prevent exposure of the splices to environmental conditions, and to strengthen the laminate in a direction transverse to the length direction of the laminate. 
         [0005]    The known laminate may suffer from internal stresses, for instance induced by their manufacturing process. The internal stresses may negatively affect strength and fatigue life of the laminate, which strength and fatigue life are an important design parameter, in particular for aircraft structures. The negative effects on strength and fatigue life may be worsened in laminates having relatively thick and/or stiff metal layers, in particular exceeding 0.3 mm for aluminum layers, and/or at relatively low temperatures below 0° C. and lower. 
         [0006]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a laminate with an adequate strength and improved fatigue behavior, as well as a method for manufacturing such a laminate. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    This and other objects are achieved by providing a laminate comprising a stack of mutually bonded adhesive layers and metal sheets, the laminate comprising abutting and/or overlapping metal sheet edges, extending along a length direction within a splicing region, wherein a splice strap is bonded to the laminate at an outer surface of the laminate and extends in the length direction across said splicing region, the splice strap having a smaller thickness than a thickness of a metal sheet, positioned adjacent to the splice strap in the stack. It has turned out that by providing the spliced laminate with a relatively thin splice strap improves fatigue life, probably by decreasing stress concentrations at critical locations in the laminate. 
         [0008]    An improved fatigue life, in the context of the present application means a larger number of load cycles up to failure at a certain load. The splicing region in the laminate is defined as that region of the laminate wherein splice lines between abutting metal sheets and/or overlapping edge parts of metal sheets occur. The splicing region in a transverse direction (perpendicular to the length direction) of the laminate extends across abutting edges of metal sheets or across at least one edge of a metal sheet that overlaps with another metal sheet. The adhesive layer between metal sheets is preferably continuous through the splicing region and therefore bridges splice lines and the like. The adjacent metal sheet is the metal sheet positioned next to the splice strap within the stack in the thickness direction, the thickness direction extending perpendicular to the plane formed by the length and transverse directions. The wording ‘substantially’ in the context of the present inventions means at least 90% of the indicated variable or subject. The splice strap extends across the splicing region, by which is meant that the width of the splice strap covers the width of the splicing region or a part of the width of the splicing region. 
         [0009]    Bonding of the splice strap to the laminate may be achieved by any adhesive, including the same adhesive as that used in the adhesive layers of the laminate. The strap bonding adhesive layer may be provided with reinforcing fibers, if desired. The reinforcing fibers in an embodiment have a smaller length than the width of the strap. This creates at each end of the strap an adhesive bonded region which is preferably larger than 5 times the thickness of the thinnest adjacent metal sheet and more preferably larger than 10 times said thickness. This may enhance the peel resistance of the edge of the strap significantly. 
         [0010]    Another embodiment comprises reinforcing fibers having a larger length than the width of the strap, which promoters a smooth load introduction to the strap. The length of the reinforcing fibers is preferably such that they extend at each side of the strap by a length of at least 5 times the thickness of the strap and more preferably larger than 10 times the thickness of the strap. 
         [0011]    In an embodiment of the laminate according to the invention the splice strap thickness is less than 90% of said adjacent metal sheet thickness, and more preferably ranges from 10% to 75% of said adjacent metal sheet thickness, even more preferably from 20 to 60% of said adjacent metal sheet thickness. In an embodiment wherein the metal sheet thickness in the laminate is 0.4 mm, the thickness of the splice strap ranges from 0.04 to 0.3 mm in a preferred embodiment. 
         [0012]    In useful embodiments, the thickness of the splice strap is defined as the total thickness of the splice strap. When referring to the thickness of a splice strap, metal sheet or adhesive layer, a constant thickness is generally understood. However, splice straps, metal sheets and/or adhesive layers may be tapered for instance, in which case the thickness means the average thickness across the splicing region. 
         [0013]    The splice strap extends in the transverse direction of the laminate across at least a part of the splicing region. However, in some embodiments, the splice strap may extend across the splicing region or even beyond the splicing region. In further embodiments, the splice strap may even extend in the transverse direction of the laminate over substantially the complete laminate width. 
         [0014]    Another embodiment of the invention provides a laminate wherein an outer surface of the splice strap protrudes from the outer surface of the laminate by an off-set thickness ranging from 0% to more than 100% of the splice strap thickness. When the off-set thickness is 0 (zero), the splice strap is embedded in the laminate and a substantially smooth outer surface of the laminate ensues. In embodiments having a non-zero off-set thickness, the splice strap protrudes from an outer surface of the laminate in the splicing region and a discontinuous outer surface of the laminate ensues in the splicing region. This will in particular embodiments provide a ridge that extends in the length direction of the laminate. In an embodiment wherein the off-set thickness differs from zero, the thickness of the splice strap is defined as the largest off-set thickness occurring. In such embodiments therefore the actual thickness of the splice strap may be larger than or as large as the adjacent metal sheet thickness. 
         [0015]    Another embodiment of the invention provides a laminate wherein the off-set thickness ranges from 10% to 60% of the splice strap thickness. In an embodiment wherein the metal sheet thickness in the laminate is 0.3 mm, the off-set thickness of the splice strap ranges from 0.003 to 0.18 mm in a preferred embodiment. It has turned out that an off-set thickness of 0.1 mm at most is particularly preferred. 
         [0016]    An improved embodiment of the invention relates to a laminate that further comprises a bonded second splice strap extending in the length direction across said splicing region and positioned within the stack. The thickness of the second splice strap is not subject to any limitation, but the sum of the first and second splice strap thicknesses is preferably at most 120% of the thickness of the metal sheets in the laminate, and, in a more preferred embodiment less or equal to the thickness of said adjacent metal sheet. 
         [0017]    A preferred embodiment provides a laminate wherein the second splice strap is positioned adjacent to said adjacent metal sheet and at a side of said adjacent metal sheet that is opposite to the outer surface of the laminate carrying the splice strap. 
         [0018]    The splice strap in useful embodiments comprises a metal strip, for instance made from the same metal as the laminate metal sheets. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a laminate is provided wherein the splice strap comprises stacked splice strap layers, preferably of fiber-reinforced adhesive, more preferably of metal sheets and most preferably of a combination of metal sheets and fibre-reinforced adhesive for which the first layer of the strap adjacent to the laminate is having a thickness less than the adjacent outer metal layer of the laminate, more preferably that the average thickness of the stacked splice strap is less than the thickness of the adjacent outer metal sheet of the laminate. The stacking sequence of the splice strap can be provided outside-in or, preferably, inside-out; meaning respectively that the smallest layer is adjacent to the laminate, or the widest strap layer is adjacent to the laminate 
         [0019]    A particularly useful embodiment offers a laminate wherein the splice strap layers each have a width across the splicing region and the width of the layers decreases in the thickness direction of the laminate from the outer laminate surface towards an inner laminate surface. 
         [0020]    The laminate according to the invention in some embodiments needs to accommodate a splice strap and/or overlapping metal sheet edges in the thickness direction. In order to provide a smooth continuous outer surface of the laminate, some metal sheets need to have a lower thickness or need to be deformed. A useful embodiment of the invention therefore provides a laminate wherein the splicing region comprises deformed metal sheets. A method in which the metal sheets are deformed will be described further below. 
         [0021]    In embodiments wherein the splice strap extends substantially parallel to the length direction of the laminate, the deformed metal sheets are preferably bend along a line parallel to the length direction. 
         [0022]    Deforming metal sheets in the laminate may produce a laminate wherein, in an embodiment, the outer surface of the laminate is substantially smooth and a second outer surface opposite said outer surface is curved. The outer surface is then typically used as outbound surface of an aircraft component for instance, whereas the curved second outer surface is used as inbound surface of the aircraft component. The inbound surface may typically be covered with interior cladding and the like. 
         [0023]    The adhesive layers in the laminate of the invention may be used as such. Preferred embodiments of the invention however provide a laminate wherein the adhesive layers comprise reinforcing fibers to form a fiber-metal laminate. 
         [0024]    The laminates according to the present invention preferably comprise from 2 to 20 metal layers and about 1 to 19 adhesive layers. The metal layers may have any thickness such as the relatively thin metal layers of the prior art spliced laminates. Metal sheet thicknesses of between 0.1 and 0.5 mm may be used. The metal sheets in the present invention preferably have a thickness of more than 0.2 mm, more preferably more than 0.6 mm, and most preferably more than 1.0 mm. 
         [0025]    The metal sheets are preferably made from a metal having a tensile strength of more than 200 MPa. Examples of suitable metals are aluminum alloys, steel alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, and aluminum matrix composites. Aluminum-copper alloys of the AA2000 series, aluminum manganese alloys of the AA3000 series, aluminum-magnesium alloys of the AA5000 series, aluminum-zinc alloys of the AA7000 series, and aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys of the AA6000 series are preferred. Some particularly preferred alloys are AA2024 aluminum-copper, AA5182 aluminum alloy, AA7075 aluminum-zinc, and AA6013 aluminum-magnesium-silicon. When improved corrosion resistance is desired, a sheet of AA5052 alloy or AA5024, AA5083 or AA5182 alloy may be included in the laminate. The laminates may also comprise metal sheets of a different alloy. Other useful alloys comprise aluminum-lithium alloys, such as AA2090, AA2098, and AA2198 alloys. 
         [0026]    The adhesive layers are in preferred embodiments provided with reinforcing fibers, which fibers preferably bridge the splice lines and metal sheet edge overlaps and therefore are continuous across the splicing region. The reinforcing fibers may be oriented in one direction or in several different directions, depending on the loading conditions of the laminate structure. At least half of the reinforcing fibers preferably extend perpendicular to splice lines and/or lines of overlapping metal sheet edges. Preferred reinforcing fibers comprise continuous fibers made of glass, aromatic polyamides (“aramids”) and copolymers, carbon, and/or polymeric fibers such as PBO for instance. Preferred glass fibers include S-2, S-3 and/or R-glass fibers, as well as carbonized silicate glass fibers, although E-glass fibers are also suitable. Preferred fibers have a modulus of elasticity of between 60 and 650 GPa, and an elongation at break of between 0.1 and 8%, preferably above 1.6%, more preferably above 2.0%, and most preferably above 3.0% 
         [0027]    The adhesive layers preferably comprise synthetic polymers. Suitable examples of thermosetting polymers include epoxy resins, unsaturated polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, and phenolic resins. Suitable thermoplastic polymers include polyarylates (PAR), polysulphones (PSO), polyether sulphones (PES), polyether imides (PEI), polyphenylene ethers (PEE), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyamide-4,6, polyketone sulphide (PKS), polyether ketones (PEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether ketoneketone (PEKK), and others. The laminate may be provided with additional adhesive in certain areas, apart from the adhesive present in the adhesive layers. The thickness of the adhesive layers may be similar to that of the metal sheets but adhesive layers in the laminate are preferably thinner. The adhesive layers between the metal layers are preferably thinner than 1.5 mm, more preferably have a thickness between 0.1 and 0.9 mm, and most preferably between 0.1 and 0.6 mm. 
         [0028]    The reinforcing fibers may be provided in prepregs, an intermediate product of reinforcing fibers embedded in a partly cured thermosetting resin or in a thermoplastic polymer. Typically fiber volume fractions range from 25 to 75%, and more preferably from 30 to 65% of the total volume of adhesive and reinforcing fiber in the adhesive layers. The effective fiber volume fraction in an adhesive layer may be lowered by adding plain adhesive layers to reinforced adhesive layers. 
         [0029]    The invention further relates to a method for manufacturing a laminate in accordance with the invention, The method comprises the steps of providing a forming substrate with an upper surface; providing a splice strap on the upper surface of the forming substrate, the splice strap extending over part of the forming substrate in a length direction across a splicing region; providing a stack of at least one adhesive layer and metal sheets, of which edges extend along the length direction and abut and/or overlap within the splicing region, the stack extending beyond the boundaries of the splice strap; the splice strap having a smaller thickness than a thickness of a metal sheet, positioned adjacent to the splice strap in the stack; and applying heat and pressure to the thus obtained stack. 
         [0030]    In an embodiment of the method, metal sheets deform across the splicing region during the application of heat and pressure, and the deformed shape is consolidated. The shape may be consolidated by curing the thermosetting resin in the adhesive layers, or by lowering the temperature below the melt temperature of a thermoplastic polymer in case such polymer is used in the adhesive layers. According to a preferred embodiment, the metal sheets will bend towards the splice strap. The metal sheets may be deformed elastically (below the elastic limit) and/or may be deformed plastically (beyond the plastic limit) Which type of deformation prevails depends on the type of metal used, on shape and dimensions, on manufacturing conditions, and more. 
         [0031]    The method advantageously exploits the relatively low bending stiffness of the laminate in unconsolidated state, i.e. in the state prior to the application of heat and pressure. According to embodiments of the method, a metal sheet is forced to take on the shape of a part of the stack adjacent to said metal sheet. Typically, metal sheets are deformed in the splicing region over a distance in the thickness direction of about the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the splice strap and/or the thickness of an adhesive layer and a metal sheet in case of overlapping metal sheet edges. 
         [0032]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the upper surface of the forming substrate comprises a recess across the splicing region for accommodating the splice strap, and the splice strap is provided in said recess, whereby a thickness of the recess ranges from 0% to more than 100% of the splice strap thickness. In an embodiment wherein the recess thickness is larger than 100% of the splice strap thickness, the larger part of the thickness preferably comprises adhesive. 
         [0033]    Other preferred embodiments of the method are provided wherein the thickness of the recess ranges from 10% to 60% of the splice strap thickness, and/or wherein the recess has a thickness that varies in a cross direction perpendicular to the length direction. A more preferred embodiment provide a method wherein the thickness of the recess varies in a continuous fashion from 0 outside the splicing region to the thickness of the splice strap within the splicing region. In the latter embodiment, the splice strap thickness may be equal to or even larger than the (adjacent) metal sheet thickness. 
         [0034]    Further preferred embodiments relate to methods wherein a second splice strap is provided in the stack, the second splice strap extending in the length direction across said splicing region and/or wherein the second splice strap is positioned adjacent to said adjacent metal sheet and at a side of said adjacent metal sheet that is opposite to the side facing the forming substrate. 
         [0035]    Another useful embodiment of the method according to the invention provides a splice strap comprising stacked layers of fiber-reinforced adhesive. Several of such layers are preferably applied to the forming substrate on top of each other to build up thickness, with the proviso that the total build up thickness in this embodiment is defined as the thickness of the splice strap. 
         [0036]    Another aspect of the invention finally relates to a structural component for a vehicle, spacecraft, or aircraft, comprising a laminate according to one of the described embodiments, and in particular to an aircraft comprising such a laminate. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0037]    The invention will now be further elucidated on the basis of the exemplary embodiments shown in the figures, without however being limited thereto. The same or similar elements in the figures may be denoted by the same or similar reference signs. In the figures: 
           [0038]      FIG. 1 —is a view in perspective of a fiber-metal laminate according to the state of the art; 
           [0039]      FIG. 2 —is a view in perspective of a fiber-metal laminate according to the state of the art; 
           [0040]      FIG. 3 —is a cross-sectional view in a transverse direction of a fiber-metal laminate according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0041]      FIG. 4 —is a cross-sectional view in a transverse direction of a fiber-metal laminate according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0042]      FIG. 5 —is a cross-sectional view in a transverse direction of a fiber-metal laminate according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0043]      FIG. 6 —is a cross-sectional view in a transverse direction of a fiber-metal laminate according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0044]      FIG. 7 —is a cross-sectional view in a transverse direction of a fiber-metal laminate according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0045]      FIG. 8 —is a cross-sectional view in a transverse direction of an assembly of a forming substrate and a fiber-metal laminate, illustrating an embodiment of a method for manufacturing the laminate shown in  FIG. 6 ; and 
           [0046]      FIG. 9 —is a cross-sectional view in a transverse direction of an assembly of a forming substrate and a fiber-metal laminate, illustrating an embodiment of a method for manufacturing the laminate according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0047]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , a fiber-metal laminate according to the state of the art is shown. The laminate has a total number of three layers, of which layers  1  and  3  comprise a metal layer and layer  2  comprises a fiber-reinforced adhesive layer. Alternatively, layer  1  and  3  may comprise a fiber-reinforced adhesive layer and layer  2  a metal layer. Layers  1  and  3  may comprise the same metal alloy or may be built from a different kind of metal alloy. The fiber-reinforced adhesive layers may contain fibers in multiple directions as well as different fiber types. The laminate is typically built by providing a forming substrate, providing a first layer  3  on the forming substrate and stacking layers  2  and  1  on top of layer  3  to produce a stack of layers  1 - 3 , which stack is then consolidated under the application of heat and pressure into a cured laminate. 
         [0048]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , a fiber-metal laminate may comprise more layers up to a layer n, where n may range from 4 to more than 30 for instance. The outer layers  1  and n may be metal layers and/or fiber-reinforced adhesive layers. In the laminate, metal layers generally alternate with fiber-reinforced adhesive layers. Metal layers may be built from one metal sheet having a width in a transverse direction  25  that is sufficiently large to cover the entire width  6  of the laminate. As shown in  FIG. 2 , metal sheets may not be available in widths covering the entire width  6  of the laminate, and metal layers may have to be built up of at least two metal sheets with abutting metal sheet edges that form a splice  7 , extending along a length direction  24  of the laminate within a splicing region  8  of the laminate (an extension of one splice line only is shown in  FIG. 2  for clarity reasons). As shown in  FIG. 3 , the at least two metal sheets may also comprise overlapping edge parts within a splicing region  8 . 
         [0049]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3-7 , several embodiments of the invented laminate are shown. The fiber-metal laminate of  FIG. 3  comprises a stack of 2 fiber-reinforced adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) and three metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ). The metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ) are bonded to the adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) by the adhesive present in the adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ). Outer metal sheet  1  is composed of two metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ), edge parts whereof mutually overlap over a distance  9 . The overlapping edges extend along the length direction  24  within a splicing region  8 . According to the invention, a splice strap  12  is bonded to the laminate  10  at an outer surface  10   a  of the laminate  10  and extends in the length direction  24  within or across said splicing region  8 . The splice strap  12  is made of metal, in casu an aluminum alloy, and has a smaller thickness than the constant thickness of the metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ), and in particular of the metal sheet  1   b , which is positioned directly adjacent to the splice strap  12  in the stack ( 1 - 5 ). Although thicknesses may vary, an embodiment of the laminate of  FIG. 3  comprises metal sheets of 0.4 mm thickness each, and an aluminum splice strap  12  of 0.2 mm thickness. 
         [0050]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , an outer surface  12   a  of the splice strap  12  protrudes from the outer surface  10   a  of the laminate  10  by an off-set thickness which is about half the thickness of the splice strap  12 . The outer surface  10   a  of the laminate is substantially smooth—apart from the slightly protruded splice strap  12 —and a second outer surface  10   b  opposite said outer surface  10   a  is curved. A substantially smooth outer surface  10   a  is preferred for aircraft components from an aerodynamics point of view. To accommodate the overlapping edge parts of sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ) as well as the splice strap  12 , and still produce a substantially smooth or flat outer surface  10   a , may in some embodiments require that metal sheets are deformed in the splicing region  8 . In particular, as shown, metal sheets are bent along a line parallel to the length direction  24  towards the splice strap  12  and/or overlapping edge parts. A useful method for manufacturing laminates in accordance with the invention will be elucidated in more detail further below. The splice strap  12  extends over a width  12   c  which encompasses the splice region. At the left hand of the splice strap  12 , the splice strap  12  extends further than the end of layer  1   b , whereas at the right hand of the splice strap  12 , the splice strap  12  extends equally far as the layer  1   a . In other embodiments however, the right side of the splice strap  12  may extend further than the layer  1   a.    
         [0051]    Another useful embodiment of a fiber-metal laminate  10  is shown in  FIG. 4  and comprises a bonded second splice strap  13  positioned within a stack of 2 fiber-reinforced adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) and three metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ). The second splice strap extends in the length direction  24  across said splicing region  8 , just as a splice strap  12  provided at the outer surface  10   a  of the laminate  10  extends in the length direction  24  across said splicing region  8 . The respective widths ( 12   c  (see  FIG. 3 ),  13   c ) of both splice straps ( 12 ,  13 ) need not be the same, as shown. Outer metal sheet  1  is composed of two metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ), edge parts whereof abut to form a splice line  7 , extending along the length direction  24  within a splicing region  8 . The aluminum splice strap  12  has a smaller thickness than the constant thickness of the metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ), and in particular of the metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ), which are positioned directly adjacent to the splice strap  12  in the stack ( 1 - 5 ). The second aluminum splice strap  13  is positioned adjacent to the adjacent metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ) but at a side of the adjacent metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ) that is opposite to the outer surface  10   a  of the laminate  10 . The second splice strap  13  in other words is positioned directly below the abutting end parts of metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ), and has a thickness equal to the thickness of the adjacent metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ). Although thicknesses may vary, an embodiment of the laminate of  FIG. 4  comprises metal sheets of 0.6 mm thickness each, an aluminum splice strap  12  of 0.2 mm thickness that protrudes over an off-set thickness of 0.1 mm, and a second splice strap  13  having a thickness of 0.6 mm. 
         [0052]    Yet another useful embodiment of a fiber-metal laminate  10  is shown in  FIG. 5 . The laminate  10  comprises a splice strap  12  bonded to an outer surface  10   a  of the laminate, which comprises a stack of 2 fiber-reinforced adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) and three metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ). Another splice strap  12  is provided at an opposite outer surface  10   b  and extends in the length direction  24  across a second splicing region  8   b , just as a splice strap  12  provided at the outer surface  10   a  of the laminate  10  extends in the length direction  24  across a first splicing region  8   a . Outer metal sheet  1  is composed of two metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ), an edge part of sheet  1   a  overlapping with a straight edge part of sheet  1   b . The aluminum splice straps  12  have a smaller thickness than the constant thickness of the metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ), and in particular of the metal sheets  1   b  and  5 , which sheets are positioned directly adjacent to the splice straps  12  in the stack ( 1 - 5 ). In this embodiment, an outer surface  12   a  of both splice straps  12  protrudes from the outer surfaces  10   a  with an off-set thickness that is more than 100% of the strap  12  thickness. Indeed, as shown, an additional adhesive layer  14  is provided between the splice straps  12  and the outer surface  10   a  of the laminate  10 . Although thicknesses may vary, an embodiment of the laminate of  FIG. 5  comprises metal sheets of 0.8 mm thickness each, an aluminum splice strap  12  of 0.2 mm thickness that protrudes over an off-set thickness of about 0.3 mm Yet another useful embodiment is shown in  FIG. 7  in which a fiber-metal laminate  10  comprises a stack of 2 fiber-reinforced adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) and three metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ). The metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ) are bonded to the adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) by the adhesive present in the adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ). Outer metal sheet  1  is composed of two metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ), edge parts whereof mutually overlap over a distance  9 . The overlapping edges extend along the length direction  24  within a splicing region  8 . According to the invention, the laminate  10  is provided with a splice strap  15  at an outer surface  10   a  of the laminate  10  and extends in the length direction  24  within or across said splicing region  8 . The splice strap  15  in the embodiment shown comprises stacked layers ( 15   a ,  15   b ,  15   c ,  15   d ) of fiber-reinforced adhesive, the total thickness thereof is smaller than the constant thickness of the metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ), and in particular of the metal sheet  1   b , which is positioned directly adjacent to the splice strap  15  in the stack ( 1 - 5 ). The layers ( 15   a ,  15   b ,  15   c ,  15   d ) of splice strap  15  each have a width across the splicing region  8  and the width of the layers ( 15   a ,  15   b ,  15   c ,  15   d ) is seen to decrease in the thickness direction  20  of the laminate  10  from the outer laminate surface  10   a  towards an inner laminate surface, or second outer surface  10   b.    
         [0053]    Another embodiment of the invention finally is shown in  FIG. 6  and provides a laminate wherein one of the metal sheets in the laminate  10  functions as a splice strap. As shown, the laminate  10  comprises a stack of 2 fiber-reinforced adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) and three metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ). Outer metal sheet  1  is composed of two metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ), an edge part of sheet  1   a  overlapping with a straight edge part of sheet  1   b  over a distance  9 . An outer surface  16  of the metal sheet  1   b  that outside the splicing region  8  forms the outer surface of the laminate  10  gradually protrudes from the outer surface  10   a  of the laminate to reach a final off-set thickness  17  at an end of the metal sheet  1   b . This will provide a ridge that extends in the length direction  24  of the laminate  10 . According to the invention, the protruding part  18  of the metal sheet  1   b  in the splicing region  8  acts as splice strap  18 , the thickness of the splice strap  18  being defined as the largest off-set thickness occurring, which in the present case corresponds to the final off-set thickness  17 . Please note that the actual thickness of the splice strap  18  in the present embodiment is as large as the thickness of the adjacent metal sheet  1   a  in the stack ( 1 - 5 ). The transverse distance  19  over which the metal sheet  1   b  is gradually bent outwards to produce the offset thickness  17  can be chosen within a large range. A preferred distance is at least 10 times the thickness of the metal sheet  1   b . Another useful embodiment (not shown) may in addition to sheet  1   b  comprise the metal sheet  1   a , an outer surface of which gradually protrudes from the outer surface  10   a  of the laminate to reach the final off-set thickness  17  at an end of the metal sheet  1   a . The ends of sheets  1   a  and  1   b  in this embodiment preferably form closely abutting edges. 
         [0054]    Embodiments of the method for making a laminate  10  in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . In  FIG. 8 , a method is illustrated for making a laminate as shown in  FIG. 6 , whereas  FIG. 9  shows a method for making a laminate as shown in  FIG. 3 or 4 . The method comprises providing a forming substrate  30  extending in a transverse direction  35 , a thickness direction  36  and a length direction  34 , and provided with a shape defining upper surface  31 . The upper surface  31  of the forming substrate  30  comprises a recess  31   a  which extends in the length direction  34  of the forming substrate  30  across a splicing region for accommodating a splice strap ( 12 ,  18 ). In  FIG. 8 , the recess gradually builds up from an upper surface  31  outside the splicing region to achieve a final recess depth  31   a  at a discontinuous end line. The shape of the recess  31  mirrors the shape of the protruded part  18  of the metal sheet  1   b  of the laminate  10  of  FIG. 6 . In  FIG. 9 , the recess is provided in the upper surface  31  as a constant thickness trough  31   a , which of course mirrors the shape of the splice strap  12  of the laminate of  FIG. 3 or 4 . 
         [0055]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , a first metal sheet  1   b  is then provided onto the tapered upper surface  31  of the forming substrate  30  such that an end part  18  thereof abuts against the upstanding end wall of the recess  31   a . In the embodiment of  FIG. 9 , a metal or fiber-reinforced adhesive splice strap  12  is provided on the upper surface of the recess  31   a  within the confines of the recess  31   a , the first metal sheet  1   b  and the splice strap  12  extending over part of the forming substrate  30  in the length direction  34  across a splicing region. A stack of three metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ) and two adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ) is then applied on top of the first metal sheet  1   b  ( FIG. 8 ) or the splice strap  12  ( FIG. 9 ). Edges of the metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ) extend along the length direction  34  and abut and/or overlap within the splicing region, and the stack ( 1 - 5 ) extends beyond the boundaries of the splice strap  12  or tapered metals sheet section  18 . Heat and pressure are then applied to the thus obtained stack ( 1 - 5 ), in which process metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ,  3 ,  5 ) deform across the splicing region. The deformed shape is then consolidated by curing a thermosetting adhesive in the fiber-reinforced adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ), or by cooling down a thermoplastic adhesive in the fiber-reinforced adhesive layers ( 2 ,  4 ). As shown, the metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ) are elastically bent over the splice strap  12  ( FIG. 9 ) or first metals sheet portion  18 , since metal sheets ( 1 ,  3 ,  5 ) are forced to take on the shape of the splice strap  12  or first metal sheet portion  18 , provided in the recess  31   a  of forming substrate  30 . 
         [0056]    Heating and applying pressure may be achieved in a press or alternatively using an autoclave. Conventional pressure and heat levels may be used, for instance 4-10 bar at 120-175° C. The splice straps  12  and metal sheets ( 1   a ,  1   b ) may if desired be subjected to a degreasing treatment followed by etching or anodizing, and a primer may be applied onto the surface of the forming substrate. Although the forming substrate in the examples has a substantially flat upper surface, it does not need to be flat, and may for instance be shaped as the mirror image of a single- or double-curved body panel for an aircraft, or may have other shapes. The laminate is in particular applied in structural components for a vehicle spacecraft, or aircraft.