Abstract:
A variable reluctance electric motor is disclosed. The motor has a generally circularly shaped stator core having at least one pole and a winding disposed thereon. Furthermore, the motor has a rotor core with at least one rotor lobe and configured to be insertable into the stator core. A gap is defined between the stator core and rotor core. The radius of the rotor core is configured to vary the length of the gap between the rotor lobe(s) and the stator pole(s) when rotating within the stator core in order to create a variable reluctance machine.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention generally relates to variable reluctance electrical machines and more particularly to a variable reluctance electrical motor whereby the length of the air gap between the rotor lobe and stator pole varies during the torque cycle as a function of rotor position in order to increase torque and efficiency within the motor.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Common to all forms of conventional electromotive machines is the division of electrical energy into two equal components of magnetic and mechanical energy. This effect may be expressed as: 
 
Δ E   electrical →−(Δ E   magnetic   +ΔE   mechanical )   Eq.1 
 
         [0003]     In this regard, the electrical energy splits into mechanical and magnetic energy in accordance with the law of equi-partition of energy: 
 
ΔE magnetic =ΔE mechanical    Eq.2 
 
         [0004]     Substituting Eq. 2 into Eq. 1: 
 
Δ E   electrical =2 ΔE   magnetic =2 ΔE   mechanical  or: ½ ΔE   electrical   =ΔE   magnetic   =ΔE   mechanical    Eq.3 
 
         [0005]     Thus half of the electrical energy appears as unwanted magnetic energy and the other half as useful mechanical energy. Only the mechanical energy is extracted while the co-created magnetic energy must be recovered and recycled to retain system efficiency. Failure to reclaim or recycle this significant quantity of energy (i.e., co-energy), yields a theoretical efficiency of no greater than 50% for an otherwise ideal machine of zero dissipative losses.  
         [0006]     The lost co-energy is not the same as reactive energy. The reactive energy has out-of-phase current and voltage components that result in zero net power gain or loss when integrated over a full electrical cycle. Co-energy, on the other hand, is exactly in-phase with the mechanical energy and represents actual net energy that does not necessarily circulate in and out of the electric circuit as does reactive energy.  
         [0007]     In poly-phase AC machines, co-energy never leaves the machine but is trapped continuously in the rotor-stator air gap as it transfers from phase to phase. In the AC machine there is no need for co-energy recovery methods. Each individual phase does see a complete cycle of co-energy per torque cycle corresponding directly to the production of mechanical energy according to Eq. 2.  
         [0008]     Generation of magnetic co-energy always accompanies torque production when the electrical/mechanical conversion process occurs simultaneously. In the motor mode, electrical input energy splits into equal components of mechanical and magnetic co-energy. In the generator mode, mechanical input energy splits into equal components of electrical and magnetic co-energy.  
         [0009]     Conventional variable reluctance machines (VRM) create a magnitude of co-energy exactly equal to the production of mechanical energy. Unlike the AC machine, however, the co-energy does not automatically transfer among phases but must be deliberately managed to assure efficient operation.  
         [0010]     Two primary “equations-of-state” lie at the core of electromotive theory. Both of these fundamental equations show the interrelationship of electric circuit and magnetic circuit parameters constituting an electromotive machine.  
         [0011]     One equation-of-state is derived from Ampere&#39;s magnetic circuit laws, which is actually the magnetic analog to Ohm&#39;s Law for electric circuits: 
 
 mmf=ni =Φ          (magnetic circuit)  emf=v=iR (electric circuit) 
 
Or: 
 
  
             i   =           ϕ   ⁢     n     ⁢           ⁢   or   ⁢           ⁢   solving   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   flux   ⁢     :     ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     =     ni                 Eq   .           ⁢   4     ⁢   A             
 
 Where: n=number of coil turns 
 
         [0012]     i=coil current  
         [0013]     Φ=magnetic flux  
         [0014]              =magnetic circuit reluctance due to the air gap  
         [0015]     v=voltage  
         [0016]     R=electric circuit resistance  
         [0017]     Thus amp-turns ni is the “Magneto-Motive Force” (mmf) that drives flux Φ through a magnetic circuit of reluctance           which is analogous to “Electro-Motive Force” (emf or voltage v) that drives current i through an electric circuit of resistance R. Magnetic circuit “reluctance” simply represents impedance to flux flow created by low permeability of the air gap just as resistance in an electric circuit restricts current flow created by low conductivity when a resistor is placed in the circuit.  
         [0018]     The other equation-of-state relates to voltage induced in an electric circuit by changes in magnetic flux amplitude, first propounded in Faraday&#39;s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:  
             v   =       -   n     ⁢       ⅆ   ϕ       ⅆ   t                 Eq   .           ⁢   5             
 
         [0019]     The negative sign in Eq.5 indicates that the induced voltage v acts in a direction to oppose any change in amplitude of current thereby imparting an “inertial” or “mass” property to an inductor. This effect, known as Lenz&#39;s Law, allows the inductor to serve as a “constant current source” in the same way that a capacitor serves as a “constant voltage source”.  
         [0020]     Based on the intrinsic definition of current i as Coulomb charge flow-rate i=dq/dt, and voltage v=dE/dq as energy per unit charge, then the product iv is equal to the rate-of-change of energy, known as electric power P where:  
             P   =         ⅆ   E       ⅆ   t       =   iv             Eq   .           ⁢   6             
 
 Therefore, 
 
dE E =Pdt=ivdt   Eq.7 
 
 Where: E electrical →E E =electrical energy to simplify the subscripts 
 
 Substituting Eqs.4A and 5 into Eq.7:  
               ⅆ     E   E       =       -     (       ϕ   ⁢       )       ⁢     (     ⁢       ⅆ   ϕ       ⅆ         )     ⁢             Eq   .           ⁢   8             
 
 Integrating Eq.8 at constant reluctance           starting from zero flux:  
                 Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   E       =         -     ⁢       ∫   0   ϕ     ⁢     ϕ   ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   ϕ           =         -     1   2       ⁢     ϕ   2     ⁢     =       -   Δ     ⁢           ⁢     E   M             ⁢     
     ⁢       Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   M       =       1   2     ⁢     ϕ   2     ⁢   ⁢     (     stored   ⁢           ⁢   gap   ⁢           ⁢   magnetic   ⁢           ⁢   energy     )                 Eq   .           ⁢   9             
 
 Where: E M =magnetic energy stored in the gap 
 
         [0021]     Reluctance           was held constant during the integration of Eq.9. Because a fixed inductor produces no mechanical energy, then electrical energy is stored solely in the air gap in the form of magnetic energy. Thus Eq.9 represents only stored inductor magnetic energy.  
         [0022]     Substituting Eq.4A into Eq.9:  
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   M       =         1   2     ⁢       i   2     ⁡     (       n   2     ℜ     )         =       1   2     ⁢       i   2     ⁡     (       n   2     ℜ     )                   Eq   .           ⁢   10             
 
 Let inductor inductance L be defined as:  
             L   =     (       n   2       )             Eq   .           ⁢   11             
 
 Then Eq.10 may be written:  
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   M       =       1   2     ⁢     i   2     ⁢     L   (     gap   ⁢           ⁢   magnetic   ⁢           ⁢   energy     )               Eq   .           ⁢   12             
 
         [0023]     An alternative expression for Inductance L may be found by equating Eqs.9 and 12 and using Eq.4A for Φ:  
                   i     ⁢   L     =         ϕ   2     ⁢     =       ϕ   ⁡     (       n   ⁢       )       ⁢   ⁢           ⁢   so   ⁢           ⁢   that   ⁢     :           ⁢     
     ⁢     L   =       (     n   i     )     ⁢   ϕ               Eq   .           ⁢   13             
 
         [0024]     Eq.13 is especially useful for evaluating smooth-bore AC machines where there are no changes in the physical dimensions defining flux containment volume. AC machines experience a change in flux Φ at constant current i due to variations in angular orientation of rotor and stator coils which results in a change of machine inductance according to Eq.13.  
         [0025]     By contrast, Eq.11 is used in evaluating a VRM having only a single coil where no mutual coil interaction can exist. A change in inductance can only occur by altering the volume of the flux cavity formed between interfacing rotor and stator poles. Variations in cavity dimensions cause reluctance           to change and hence a change in machine inductance according to Eq.11. Inasmuch as this analysis applies only to VRMs, Eq.11 alone is invoked for inductance L.  
         [0026]     By definition, flux Φ is expressed in terms of gap area A g  and gap flux density B g : 
 
Φ=A g B g    Eq.14 
 
 Where: A g =gap cross-sectional area 
 
         [0027]     B g =flux density 
 
 Substituting Eq.14 into Eq.9:  
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   M       =       1   2     ⁢     A   2     ⁢     B   g   2     ⁢             Eq   .           ⁢   15             
 
 Let reluctance           be defined as:  
             ℜ   =       l   g         A   g     ⁢     μ   o                 Eq   .           ⁢   16             
 
 Where: I g =gap length in the direction of magnetic lines of force; and 
 
         [0028]     μ o =permeability of air, i.e., gap permeability 
 
 Substituting Eq.16 into Eq.15:  
             =         1     2   ⁢           ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     (       A   g     ⁢     l   g       )     ⁢     B   g   2       =       1     2   ⁢           ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     V   g     ⁢     B   g   2                 Eq   .           ⁢   17             
 
 Where: V g =A g l g =gap volume occupied by magnetic flux 
 
         [0029]     Magnetic energy residing within the air gap is shown by Eq.17 to be proportional to gap volume V g  and the square of flux density B g . Also note that stored magnetic energy is inversely proportional to gap permeability μ o  which explains why an ideal transformer having a core of infinite permeability, μ o →∞, cannot store magnetic energy. An inductor capable of storing appreciable magnetic energy requires a gap of low permeability such as air.  
         [0030]     Differentiating Eq.12 while holding inductance L constant yields:  
               ⅆ           ⁢     E   E       =       iv   ⁢     ⅆ   t       =       -     ⅆ     E   M         =       -     ⅆ     (       1   2     ⁢     i   2     ⁢   L     )         =       -   iL     ⁢       ⅆ   i       ⅆ   t                       Eq   .           ⁢   18             
 
 Dividing both sides of Eq.18 by i:  
             v   =       -   L     ⁢       ⅆ   i       ⅆ   t                 Eq   .           ⁢   19             
 
         [0031]     The familiar term L di/dt of Eq.19 is the reactive component inasmuch as di/dt is 90° out-of-phase with current i. Therefore voltage v arising from L di/dt must also be 90° out-of-phase with current i resulting in non-real reactive power. Time-varying current di/dt alone does not produce mechanical energy and, in fact, produces no real energy of any kind. Electromotive theory therefore ignores the reactive term as making no contribution to real energy. In short, a changing current di is not involved in the production of mechanical energy.  
         [0032]     Mechanical shaft energy E S  is due solely to mechanical motion causing a change in machine inductance dL. Given the equivalence of magnetic and mechanical energy, required by the Law of Conservation of Energy, then Eq.3 may be written differentially using Eq.12:  
               ⅆ     E   M       =       -     ⅆ     E   S         =       -     1   2       ⁢     i   2     ⁢     ⅆ     L   ⁡     (       “   real   ”     ⁢           ⁢   energy     )                     Eq   .           ⁢   20             
 
         [0033]     In Eq.20 current i is held “quasi-constant”, meaning that although current may vary (e.g., sinusoidally), current is considered constant during the change of differential inductance element dL.  
         [0034]     Determining now the total electrical energy entering a variable inductor, i.e., a VRM of conventional design, substitute Eq.5 into Eq.7, using Eq.14 for the definition of Φ, and differentiating at constant current i:  
               ⅆ     E   E       =       iv   ⁢     ⅆ   t       =         -     i   ⁡     (       n   ⁢     ⅆ           ⁢   ϕ         ⅆ       )         ⁢     ⅆ       =         -   ni     ⁢     ⅆ           ⁢   ϕ       =       -     niB   g       ⁢     ⅆ     A   g                       Eq   .           ⁢   21             
 
 Dividing both sides by idt:  
               v     e   ⁢           ⁢   mf       =       nB   g     ⁢       ⅆ     A   g         ⅆ   t                   Eq   .           ⁢   21     ⁢   A             
 
         [0035]     Voltage v emf  is the conventional VRM internally generated voltage known as “back-emf” in the case of a motor or “forward-emf” with regard to a generator. There is no difference between back-emf and forward-emf except direction relative to current flow. As suggested by the term, “back-emf” opposes current flow in a motor and “forward-emf” promotes current flow in a generator.  
         [0036]     Eq.21A shows machine voltage v emf  as a function of changing flux dΦ due to time-rate-of-change of area dA g /dt. In other words, v emf  is directly proportional to shaft speed which dictates a constant “volts/Hz ratio” as determined by the basic machine configuration of turns n and total flux capacity Φ. Because voltage v emf  is strictly a function of shaft frequency, the generation of machine voltage produces no heat above that of the thermal energy required to create flux Φ due to winding current.  
         [0037]     A conventional VRM, employing simultaneous energy conversion, produces an internal voltage v emf  that is equally divided between mechanical energy and real magnetic co-energy and is therefore twice the value required for shaft power alone, a situation reinforcing the necessity for co-energy recovery.  
         [0038]     Substituting Eqs.14 and 16 into Eq.4:  
               ni   =         A   g     ⁢     B   g     ⁢   ℜ     =       ⁢     B   g     ⁢     l   g         ⁢     μ   o             ⁢     
     ⁢     i   =       1     n   ⁢           ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     B   g     ⁢     l   g                 Eq   .           ⁢   22             
 
         [0039]     Eq.22 shows that in a standard VRM with constant gap length l g , current i is held constant in order to maintain fixed B g  near saturation during maximum torque production, the optimal operating condition. Because area gap A g  cancels out in Eq.22, variable area dA g  has no effect on either current or flux density, only voltage v emf  as given by Eq.21A.  
         [0040]     Substituting Eq.22 into Eq.21:  
                       ⅆ     E             ⁢   E         =       -     (       1             ⁢     μ             ⁢   o           ⁢     B             ⁢   g       ⁢     l             ⁢   g         )       ⁢     B             ⁢   g       ⁢     ⅆ     A             ⁢   g                       =       -     1     μ   o         ⁢       B   g   2     ⁡     (       l   g     ⁢     ⅆ     A   g         )                     =       -     1     μ   o         ⁢     B   g   2     ⁢     ⅆ     V   g                 ⁢     
     ⁢       ⅆ     E   E       =       -     1     μ   o         ⁢     ⅆ     V   g       ⁢     B   g   2                 Eq   .           ⁢   23             
 
         [0041]     Comparing Eq.23 for electrical energy ΔE E  with Eq.17 for magnetic energy ΔE M  shows:  
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   E       =         -   2     ⁢           ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   M     ⁢           ⁢   or   ⁢           ⁢     1   2     ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   E       =       -   Δ     ⁢           ⁢     E   M                 Eq   .           ⁢   24             
 
         [0042]     Only half the electrical energy ΔE E  is shown by Eq.24 to appear in the form of magnetic energy ΔE M . The remaining half appears as mechanical or “shaft” energy ΔE S  so that: 
 
Δ E   E   =−[ΔE   S   +ΔE   M ]  Eq.25 
 
ΔE S =ΔE M  (conventional VRM)   Eq.26 
 
         [0043]     Where: ΔE M =“real” magnetic co-energy produced concurrent with production of shaft (mechanical) energy ΔE S  in prior-art VRM practice. Note the similarity of Eqs.25 and 26 to Eqs.2 and 3 as a manifestation of the principle of “Equi-Partition of Energy”. This is the standard single-step simultaneous conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy with concomitant creation of co-energy.  
         [0044]     Combining Eqs.23, 24 and 26 gives:  
               dE   S     =         1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     dV   g     ⁢     B   g   2       =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     l   g     ⁢     dA   g     ⁢     B   g   2                 Eq   .           ⁢   27             
 
         [0045]     Further investigation illuminates the exact mechanism by which torque is generated in standard VRM practice. Let: 
 
dA g =h g dS g =h g r g dθ S    Eq.28 
 
 Where: h g =gap axial length in an axial-type machine; 
 
         [0046]     S g =arc distance through which a rotor pole rotates relative to a stator pole=r g S g ; and  
         [0047]     θ S =angle of shaft rotation  
         [0048]     Substituting Eq.28 into Eq.27:  
               dE   S     =         1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢       r   g     ⁡     (       l   g     ⁢     h   g       )       ⁢     dS   g     ⁢     B   g   2       =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     r   g     ⁢     A     g   -   norm       ⁢     dS   g     ⁢     B   g   2                 Eq   .           ⁢   29             
 
         [0049]     Note that the quantity (h g l g ) is the gap area whose plane is normal to the tangential torque vector, where: 
 
( h   g   l   g )= A   g-norm    Eq.30 
 
         [0050]     By definition, let: 
 
dE S =T P dθ S    Eq.31 
 
 Where: T P =shaft torque per pole 
 
         [0051]     Substituting Eq.31 into Eq.29:  
                   T   P     ⁢   d   ⁢     g       =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     r   g     ⁢     A     g   -   norm       ⁢   d   ⁢     g     ⁢     B   g   2         ⁢     
     ⁢       T   P     =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     r   g     ⁢     A     g   -   norm       ⁢     B   g   2     ⁢           ⁢     (     torque   ⁢           ⁢   per   ⁢           ⁢   pole     )                 Eq   .           ⁢   32             
 
         [0052]     But torque T P  is defined as simply a force F acting normal to gap radius r g : 
 
T P =Fr g    Eq.33 
 
         [0053]     Substituting Eq.33 into Eq.32:  
                 F   ⁢     g       =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     g     ⁢     A     g   -   norm       ⁢     B   g   2         ⁢     
     ⁢     F   =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     A     g   -   norm       ⁢     B   g   2                 Eq   .           ⁢   34             
 
         [0054]     Eq.34 is immediately recognized as the formula for magnetic force. However, because the plane of area A g-norm  is not normal to the magnetic lines-of-force, as is the case for “attractive” magnetic force, then the force of Eq.34 expresses the “expansive” magnetic force that acts perpendicular to the lines-of-force.  
         [0055]     It is known that a magnetic field has two force components: 1) a longitudinal tensile force attempting to contract the field in a direction parallel to the lines-of-force; and 2) an expansive force causing the lines-of-force to behave like slender gas-filled balloons pushing one another apart transversely. This phenomenon could be compared to gas “pressure” acting in a 2-dimensional context except that the 3 rd  longitudinal dimension is contractive rather than expansive.  
         [0056]     Eq.34 shows the expansive magnetic force is exactly equal to the attractive force for a given area A g  and flux density. The only difference is the direction of force, not amplitude. Expansive force is always perpendicular to the attractive force. In a motor, then, the torque-producing tangential force would be equal to the radial magnetic force if the normal area A g-norm  were equal to the radial area A g-radial .  
         [0057]     Total shaft torque is the summation torque produced by each pole. Therefore let: 
 
T tot =N P T P    Eq.35 
 
 Where: T tot =total shaft torque; and 
 
         [0058]     N P =number of machine poles  
         [0059]     Substituting Eq.32 into Eq.35:  
               T   tot     =       N   P     ⁢     1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     r   g     ⁢     A     g   -   norm       ⁢     B   g   2               Eq   .           ⁢   36             
 
         [0060]     Multiplying top and bottom of Eq.36 by k g 2π:  
                     T   tot     =         N   P         k   g     ⁢   2   ⁢   π       ⁢     (       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     k   g     ⁢   2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢     r   g     ⁢     A     g   -   norm       ⁢     B   g   2       )                   =         N   P         k   g     ⁢   2   ⁢   π       ⁢     (       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     k   g     ⁢     V     g   -   tot       ⁢     B   g   2       )                   =         N   P         k   g     ⁢   2   ⁢   π       ⁢     (       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     V     g   -   M       ⁢     B   g   2       )                     Eq   .           ⁢   37             
 
 Where: k g =ratio of total pole width (circumferential) to gap circumference, 
 
         [0061]     typically ½ 
         [0062]     V g-tot =2πr g A g-norm =total geometric gap volume  
         [0063]     V g-M =k g V g-tot =total gap flux volume enclosed by rotor-stator poles  
         [0064]     From Eq.17 for total magnetic energy ΔE M-tot  contained with total flux volume V g-M :  
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E     M   -   tot         =     (       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     V     g   -   M       ⁢     B   g   2       )             Eq   .           ⁢   38             
 
         [0065]     Which substituted into Eq.37 gives:  
               T   tot     =       1       k   g     ⁢   2   ⁢   π       ⁢     N   P     ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E     M   -   tot                 Eq   .           ⁢   39             
 
         [0066]     Because the value of k g  is usually ½, then generally Eq.39 can be stated as:  
               T   tot     =       1   π     ⁢     N   P     ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E     M   -   tot       ⁢           ⁢     (     conventional   ⁢           ⁢   VRM     )               Eq   .           ⁢   40             
        Where: ΔE M-tot =total magnetic energy storage capacity of the machine        
 
         [0068]     Except for the variations in multiplier 1/π for different machine types, the fundamental essence of torque production in any conceivable electromotive machine, AC or VRM, is expressed fully by Eq.40. Torque production is rendered in terms of just two fundamental parameters: 1) the number of poles N P ; and 2) the total magnetic energy ΔE M-tot  contained within the machine, which is directly proportional to overall machine size for a given gap-to-radius ratio. Inasmuch as magnetic energy is contained mostly within the rotor-stator gap volume, then clearly gap length l g  becomes of critical importance. But because current i is necessary to create flux density B g  across the gap (see Eq.22), maximum gap length l g  is limited by heat generation, i.e., i 2 R losses. Both torque and heat rise together as functions of the square of current (B 2 =i 2 )which means machine efficiency would remain constant irrespective of gap length. However, limitations on the ability to remove heat impose a ceiling on maximum torque production by means of increasing gap length l g , rather than concern for reduced efficiency since efficiency actually remains constant regardless of gap length. The small gap used in conventional practice allows the machine to operate close to flux saturation without overheating. Since conventional small-gap machines operate near saturation but considerably below their thermal limit, it is usually the saturation limit, rather than the thermal limit, that dictates conventional machine peak performance.  
         [0069]     In a VRM, the pole number N P  states the number of energy-conversion pulses per shaft revolution. N P  also represents the ratio of “electrical pulse frequency” ω E  to “shaft frequency” ω S . Note: In an AC machine N P /2 gives the same ratio because there are two pulses, positive and negative, per electrical cycle. N P  in a VRM represents just one pulse per electrical cycle and may be expressed as:  
               N   P     =       ω   E       ω   S               Eq   .           ⁢   41             
 
 Where: ω E =electrical pulse frequency in a VRM; and 
 
         [0070]     ω S =shaft frequency  
         [0071]     Shaft power P S  is defined as: 
 
P S =T tot ω S    Eq.42 
 
         [0072]     Substituting Eqs.41 and 42 into Eq.40:  
               P   S     =         T   tot     ⁢     ω   S       =       1   π     ⁢     ω   E     ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E     M   -   tot                   Eq   .           ⁢   43             
 
         [0073]     Substituting Eq.38 into Eq.43:  
               P   S     =         ω   E     ⁡     (       1     2   ⁢     πμ   o         ⁢     V     g   -   M         )       ⁢     B   g   2               Eq   .           ⁢   44             
 
         [0074]     Assuming no restriction on heat removal capacity, and given machine size as indicated by flux gap volume V g-M , machine power P S  is ultimately determined by the magnetic properties of the core material as demonstrated by Eq.44. Electrical pulse frequency ω E  at some point introduces unacceptable hysteresis losses, and to a lesser extent eddy-current losses, that degrade efficiency. Flux density B g  is limited to the saturation level of the core material. Ferrite materials hold promise for transcending the frequency limitations incurred by steel laminations although this advantage is somewhat offset by their lower flux density.  
         [0075]     The torque cycle of a VRM operates at 50% duty-cycle, meaning the rotor is coasting at zero torque during half of the total torque cycle. At first glance this situation would imply the VRM is inherently limited to half the shaft torque of an AC motor which experiences 100% duty-cycle torque production.  
         [0076]     Careful examination disproves this seemingly obvious conclusion. It can be shown that these two types of machines are identical at the most fundamental level.  
         [0077]     Both an AC machine and a VRM of given gap volume actually store the same quantity of energy in the magnetically active region comprising about half of the total physical gap volume. Both produce the same rate-of-change of magnetic energy per revolution for a given number of poles. Therefore, according to Eq.44, both types of machines will produce the same power at a given speed, i.e., the same torque.  
         [0078]     As described above, the VRM utilizes the expansive magnetic force for torque production thereby creating magnetic co-energy in a single-step process. This co-energy is exactly equal to the shaft energy making salvaging and recycling imperative in order to obtain acceptable machine efficiency. What is needed is a VRM machine that eliminates the need for co-energy recovery following each torque cycle thereby permitting a greater portion of the cycle to be dedicated strictly to torque production.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0079]     A variable reluctance electric motor is disclosed. The motor has a generally circularly shaped stator core having at least one winding disposed thereon. Furthermore, the motor has a rotor core configured to be insertable into the stator core. The rotor core defines a gap between the stator core and the rotor core. The radius of the rotor core is configured to vary a length of the gap between the rotor core and the stator core when rotating within the stator core in order to create a variable reluctance machine.  
         [0080]     The radius of the rotor core is varied to define at least one lobe of the rotor. Typically, the rotor core has a number of lobes corresponding to the number of poles of the motor. The radius of the rotor core is varied sinusoidally in order to form the lobes.  
         [0081]     A drive circuit energizes at least one coil disposed around the stator core. Typically, the number of coils corresponds to the number of poles of the motor. The drive circuit is operable to control a magnetic field formed within the gap between the stator core and the rotor core. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0082]     These, as well as other features of the present invention, will become more apparent upon reference to the drawings wherein:  
         [0083]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an electrical motor constructed in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0084]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the motor shown in  FIG. 1  with end bells removed;  
         [0085]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of the motor shown in  FIG. 2  with stator windings removed;  
         [0086]      FIG. 4  is an exploded perspective view of the motor shown in  FIG. 3 ;  
         [0087]      FIG. 5  is a plan view of the rotor of the motor shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0088]      FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating the curvature of the rotor shown in  FIG. 5 ;  
         [0089]      FIG. 7  is a plan view of the stator of the motor shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0090]      FIGS. 8A-8H  illustrate the rotor shown in  FIG. 5  rotating within the stator shown in  FIG. 7 .  
         [0091]      FIG. 9  is a graph illustrating motor current versus torque cycle for the motor shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0092]      FIGS. 10A-10C  are a controller circuit diagram for the motor shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0093]      FIG. 11  is a plan view of a rotor and stator for a sixteen pole motor constructed in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0094]      FIG. 12  is an enlargement of the stator-rotor air gap for the stator and rotor shown in  FIG. 11 ;  
         [0095]      FIGS. 13 and 14  are perspective views of the sixteen pole motor constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0096]     As previously stated, all electromotive machines are innately variable inductors. Any motor or generator not modeled as a variable inductor leads to false conclusions and fails to indicate potential areas for performance improvement.  
         [0097]     Inductance can be varied in two ways: (1 )angular variation of rotor-stator coils as found in AC machines; and (2) variation of the physical volume containing magnetic energy as found in all VRM&#39;s. Both of these methods produce a change in stored magnetic energy that represents conversion to mechanical energy. The motor of the present invention varies the physical flux cavity volume with a variable gap length dl g  at constant interfacing pole area A g . The axial gap length h g  (i.e., the third dimension defining a volume) remains fixed in an axial-type machine which is the type assumed throughout this analysis.  
         [0098]     A magnetic field has two force components acting perpendicular to one another: 1) a longitudinal attractive force; and 2) a transverse expansive force. As show by Eq.34, these two forces are of equal magnitude under the same conditions of active area A g  and flux density B g .  
         [0099]     Two different mechanical means are available for enabling magnetic-to-mechanical energy conversion, the choice depending upon whether the magnetic force is in the expansive-mode or the attractive mode. Variable gap area dA g  of a conventional VRM extracts the expansive energy of the magnetic field. Variable gap length l g  of the present invention extracts the attractive energy of the magnetic field.  
         [0100]     Torque production, in a conventional VRM with a variable-area dA g  approach under the ideal scenario, proceeds at constant current i and constant gap flux density B g  because gap length l g  is constant, according to Eq.22. Also, back-emf (or forward-emf) v emf  is also constant under these conditions due to the rate-of-change of area dΦ/dt=B g dA g /dt being constant according to Eq.21A at constant shaft speed.  
         [0101]     Conversely, the present invention employs a constant gap area A g  and variable gap length dl g . Then according to Eq.22, current i must vary with changing dl g  if flux density B g  is to remain constant under the ideal scenario. Moreover, if gap area A g  and flux density B g  are both constant, the total flux Φ is also constant and dθ/dt=0. This means machine voltage v emf  is zero according to Eq.5. Essentially, energy conversion takes place at zero back-emf in a motor or zero forward-emf in a generator. The emphasis is placed on “energy conversion” taking place at zero voltage. Any conceivable machine must present an internal voltage during some portion of the torque cycle. An additional step is therefore necessary for creating the required internal voltage. In the second step, internal voltage arises during the introduction (motor) or removal (generator) of magnetic energy to or from the rotor-stator air gap. Thus the internal machine voltage v emf , or “emf”, is retained but occurs during the additional step of energy injection (motor) or energy extraction (generator).  
         [0102]     Magnetic energy is injected or extracted under the ideal condition of constant inductance (L=constant; dL/dt=0) at the beginning (motor) or end (generator) of the torque cycle. Therefore the machine internal voltage v emf  is not generated as a function of rotor rotation creating the dΦ/dt of Eq.5, but rather simply as the opposing voltage of a static inductor following “v emf ”=L di/dt. In the complete cycle of a sinusoidal applied voltage, this would be an entirely reactive process (Eq.19) with no net energy delivered to the machine. However, in the case of the innovation, the applied voltage v A  initially charges the inductor with energy which in turn is converted to mechanical energy in the subsequent step (motor) rather than returned to the circuit to give zero net power. Applied voltage v A  is, in fact, the “emf” inasmuch as di/dt automatically adjusts to whatever value supports the applied voltage for the given inductance L.  
         [0103]     Briefly, v A =“v emf ”=L dθ/dt=back or forward emf since the machine creates an internal voltage v (Eq.19) which exactly matches the applied voltage V A . Consequently, any shape of voltage waveform may be applied because the machine always responds in kind with a matching voltage. The concept of mismatched waveforms creating so-called “harmonics” is thus meaningless.  
         [0104]     The 2-step energy conversion process eliminates production of magnetic co-energy which always accompanies the conventional expansive-mode of simultaneous energy conversion employed exclusively throughout the prior-art, as demonstrated in the derivation of Eqs.23-26.  
         [0105]     To the contrary, invoking the 2-step attractive-mode for torque production facilitates consumption, rather than production, of magnetic energy during energy conversion. Due to less-than-ideal mechanical conditions in a practical rotary machine, there will always be a small quantity of residual magnetic energy requiring recovery which amounts to less than 20% of the co-energy that would otherwise be produced in a conventional VRM format.  
         [0106]     Analysis of torque production of a motor constructed in accordance with the present invention relies upon equations previously derived for the conventional VRM. Only the motor-mode will be shown with the understanding that the generator mode is the same operation but in reverse.  
         [0107]     The overall 2-step process consists of: 1) conversion of electrical energy to magnetic energy; and 2) conversion of magnetic energy to mechanical energy. Shown as a flow diagram: 
 
ΔE E →ΔE M →ΔE S    Eq.45 
 
 Where: ΔE E =electrical energy 
 
         [0108]     ΔE M =magnetic energy  
         [0109]     ΔE S =mechanical (shaft) energy  
         [0110]     Viewing each stage of the process individually: 
 
Δ E   E   =−ΔE   M    Eq.46 
 
Δ E   M   =−ΔE   S    Eq.47 
 
         [0111]     The negative signs are dictated by Conservation of Energy which requires that the decrease in one form of energy is equal to the increase in another form.  
         [0112]     Eq.46 is the inductor charging stage when voltage v A  is applied to the excitation coil resulting in magnetic energy ΔE M  derived earlier in Eqs.12 and 17 and repeated here for convenience:  
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   M       =         1   2     ⁢     i   2     ⁢   L     =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     V   g     ⁢     B   g   2                 Eq   .           ⁢   48             
 
         [0113]     Conversion of magnetic energy ΔE M  into mechanical energy ΔE S , as presented by Eq.47, must occur at constant flux inasmuch as the applied voltage is removed and the excitation coil short-circuited so that  
       v   =       n   ⁢       ⅆ   ϕ       ⅆ   t         =       n   ⁢           ⁢     A   g     ⁢       ⅆ     B   g       /     ⅆ   t         =   0           
 
 (see Eqs.5 and 14). Since A g  is constant in the present invention, the zero (short-circuited) coil voltage v constrains flux density to be constant because dB g /dt=0. Thus B g  remains constant throughout the energy conversion stage. As mentioned before, with A g  and B g  both constant, the magnetic force will also be constant during the course of energy conversion. 
 
         [0114]     If B g  is constant, then current i is constrained to be directly proportional to gap length l g  as indicated by Eq.22 which gives:  
         B   g     =       ⁢       (     i     l   g       )     f       =       ⁢       (     i     l   g       )     i       =   constant           
 
         [0115]     Where subscripts f and i indicate “final” and “initial” conditions of the energy conversion stage.  
               i   f     =       i   i     ⁡     (       l     g   -   f         l     g   -   i         )               Eq   .           ⁢   49             
 
         [0116]     To verify Eq.47, begin by differentiating Eq.17:  
               dE   M     =         1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     B   g   2     ⁢     ⅆ     V   g         =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     A   g     ⁢     B   g   2     ⁢     ⅆ     l   g                   Eq   .           ⁢   50             
 
         [0117]     Next find ΔE S  by using the definition for mechanical energy in differential form as: 
 
dE S =Fdl g    Eq.51 
 
         [0118]     Substituting Eq.34 for magnetic force F into Eq.51:  
               dE   S     =         1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     A   g     ⁢     B   g   2     ⁢     ⅆ     l   g         =       Eq   .           ⁢   51     =     ⅆ     E   M                   Eq   .           ⁢   52             
 
         [0119]     Integrating Eq.52:  
                     Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   S       =       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     A   g     ⁢     B   g   2     ⁢       ∫     l   g     0     ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ     l   g                       =       -     (     1     2   ⁢     μ   o         )       ⁢     V   g     ⁢     B   g   2                   =       -   Δ     ⁢           ⁢     E   M                   =       Eq   .           ⁢   17     =     Eq   .           ⁢   18                     Eq   .           ⁢   53             
 
         [0120]     Constant piston force will create sinusoidal torque at the shaft such that average torque T ave  may be found by using Eq.34 for magnetic force F and allowing 2r=l g  at maximum stroke:  
                     T   ave     =       2   π     ⁢     T     p   ⁢           ⁢   k                     =       2   π     ⁢   rF                 =       2   π     ⁢   r   ⁢         A   g     ⁢     B   g   2         2   ⁢     μ   o                       =       1   π     ⁢     (       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     l   g     ⁢     A   g     ⁢     B   g   2       )                   =       1   π     ⁢     (       1     2   ⁢     μ   o         ⁢     V   g     ⁢     B   g   2       )                   =       1   π     ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E   M                     Eq   .           ⁢   54             
 
         [0121]     Notice that average torque T ave , as given by Eq.54 for a reciprocating VR machine operating in the attractive-mode, is exactly the same as pole torque T P =T tot /N P  of a conventional VRM operating in the expansive-mode (see Eq.40). This is not surprising considering the basic premise that torque, applied through an angle, is always predictable when converting magnetic energy into mechanical energy. If the quantity of magnetic energy is the same, then the torque produced will be the also be same regardless of the type of machine used.  
         [0122]     Accordingly, Eq.54 becomes equivalent to Eq.40 as:  
               T   tot     =       1   π     ⁢     N   P     ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     E     M   -   tot                 Eq   .           ⁢   55             
        Where: ΔE M-tot =total magnetic energy storage capacity of the machine.        
 
         [0124]     For a given size machine, adding poles would not at first glance appear to result in increased torque. Because, the logic follows, even though there are more poles, each pole has proportionately less magnetic energy available for conversion. Therefore it would appear that net result is fixed storage capacity for a given size machine which results in the same torque.  
         [0125]     This argument is actually correct when applied to pistons driven from a crankshaft. For a given engine size, displacement is not affected by the number of cylinders. Therefore engine torque is independent of cylinder number. The number of cylinders is actually comparable to the number of motor phases because, while the number of phases has no effect on torque, additional phases do redistribute torque in finer increments that reduces torque ripple, the same effect as adding more cylinders.  
         [0126]     However, this line of reasoning does not apply to motor poles. Even though pole-number has no effect on total magnetic energy stored within a given size machine, the frequency of conversion of total stored magnetic energy does vary directly with pole number. The “rate of energy conversion”, or number of “flux reversals per unit time”, increases with higher pole number for a given shaft speed, which is not the case in a reciprocating engine by simply adding more cylinders within a fixed envelope. In other words, a higher cylinder number does not increase the rate of chemical energy conversion; it just reduces torque ripple. Rate of magnetic energy conversion is, by definition, the power rating of a machine. Adding poles increases the magnetic conversion rate. Shaft power therefore rises for a given speed with an increase in pole number. This effectively translates into higher torque because, from Eq.42:  
               P   S     =         T   tot     ⁢     ω   S       =         (       2   ⁢   π     60     )     ⁢       T   tot     ⁡     (   rpm   )       ⁢           ⁢   or   ⁢           ⁢     T   tot       =       (     60     2   ⁢   π       )     ⁢       P   S         (   rpm   )     ⁢                             Eq   .           ⁢   56             
 
         [0127]     Thus if power P S  increases at constant (rpm) due to an increase in pole number, then torque T tot  necessarily increases proportionately.  
         [0128]     Even though VRM machine torque is produced at a 50% duty cycle, the above equations are not to be multiplied by “½”. The equations represent simply the conversion of magnetic energy per shaft revolution irrespective of the time period during which the conversion process takes place.  
         [0129]     In prior-art VRM practice employing the magnetic expansive-mode, magnetic co-energy is co-created simultaneous with torque production in a single-step process. This co-energy is exactly equal to the shaft energy making salvaging and recycling imperative in order to obtain acceptable machine efficiency.  
         [0130]     By contrast, the present invention entails magnetic attractive force which consumes magnetic energy in a 2-step process. Only a small amount of residual magnetic energy remains at the end of the torque cycle which is readily recovered and returned to the power source.  
         [0131]     Both conventional and a motor constructed in accordance with the present invention have conversion methods that yield the same net mechanical energy upon conversion of the same quantity of magnetic energy, as stipulated by the Law of Conservation of Energy. However, eliminating the necessity of co-energy recovery following each torque cycle permits a greater portion of the cycle to be dedicated strictly to torque production. Consequently, the present invention is capable of generating more torque per unit weight than a conventional VRM.  
         [0132]     Co-energy recovery schemes impose a sacrifice of torque in conventional VRM practice. Avoidance of this sacrifice comes at the expense of lower machine efficiency resulting from incomplete co-energy reclamation. The present invention can therefore realize higher operating efficiency inasmuch as the necessity for co-energy recovery has been largely eliminated.  
         [0133]     Referring to  FIGS. 1-4 , a rotating electric motor  10  constructed in accordance with the present invention is shown. The motor  10  is a single phase, 4-pole motor that illustrates one embodiment. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that multiple phases and poles can be added to the motor without departing from the scope of the invention.  
         [0134]     The motor  10  has a shaft  12  that supported by end bells  14   a  and  14   b  with bearings  22 . The end bells  14   a,    14   b  are connected with four tie rods  16  that extend the length of the motor  10 . Disposed between the tie rods  16  are four winding coils  18  that wrap around the stator core  20  that is formed from steel laminations.  FIG. 2  illustrates the motor  10  with end bells  14   a  and  14   b  removed.  FIG. 3  illustrates the motor  10  with the stator windings  18  removed to expose the stator core  20  in greater detail. The stator core  20  has four stator poles  24  formed therein. Furthermore,  FIG. 3  illustrates the laminated rotor core  26  attached to the shaft  12  and shaft bearings  22 . Referring to  FIG. 4 , an exploded view of the rotor core  26  and the stator core  20  is shown. As will be further explained below, the rotor core  26  is formed with four rotor lobes  28   a,    28   b,    28   c  and  28   d.    
         [0135]     The four winding coils  18  are wrapped around the periphery of the stator core  20  between the four stator poles  24  such that the coil axis is aligned circumferentially with the stator back iron. The motor  10  also operates with a conventional winding format whereby the winding is wrapped around each pole with the coil axis oriented parallel to the poles. The arrangement shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  provides increased cooling surface area and greater ease of assembly because there is a large slot volume between the poles of the machine.  
         [0136]     As previously discussed, the rotor core  26  is formed with four distinct lobes  28   a - 28   d.  As seen in  FIG. 5 , the circumference of the rotor varies sinusoidally above and below the mean rotor radius r g  represented by the broken line. In this respect, the radius of curvature r R  defining the rotor surface can be expressed as:  
               r   R     =       [       r   g     +         l   g     2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢     N   P     ⁢     θ   M         ]     .             Eq   .           ⁢   57             
 
         [0137]     Where: r R =rotor radius of curvature 
        r g =mean rotor radius     N P =number of poles     θ M =mechanical degrees     l g =maximum length of air gap between stator pole and rotor lobe        
 
         [0142]     The radius of curvature of the rotor circumference defines peaks and valleys on the surface of the rotor  26  if laid flat.  FIG. 6  depicts the surface of the rotor  26  laid out with corresponding mechanical degrees for a four pole configuration shown with electrical degrees for a complete torque cycle include a coasting period. The torque-production interval comprises the region between 67.5° and 22.5° mechanical degrees corresponding to 180 electrical degrees. The remaining 180 electrical degrees of a complete torque cycle are reserved for the coasting period.  
         [0143]     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the geometry of the stator core  20  is shown. The stator core  20  has four stator poles  24   a - d  each comprising about 30 mechanical degrees and with a minimum inside radius of  
         (       r   g     +       l   g     2       )     .       
 
 It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, that the number and shape of the poles  24  may vary. 
 
         [0144]     FIGS.  8 A-H illustrates the four pole machine  10  progressing in 15° degree increments through a complete torque cycle. More specifically, FIGS.  8 A-D represent the torque producing interval of the cycle, while FIGS.  8 D-H represent the coasting interval of the cycle. Vertical hatching portrays the magnetic flux between the stator poles and the surface of the rotor with a reduction of flux volume occurring as torque production proceeds.  
         [0145]     The production of torque proceeds along three distinct phases as shown by  FIGS. 8 and 9 . In the “charging stage”, magnetic energy is introduced into the rotor-stator gap volume when machine inductance is nearly constant at the beginning of the torque cycle. This stage replicates the condition of a static inductor due to slow changes in gap volume. During this stage, external power is applied to the motor winding. Back emf is simply the self-induced voltage of a static inductor matching the applied voltage waveform.  
         [0146]     In the “energy conversion stage”, magnetic energy within the gap between the stator and rotor is converted to mechanical energy during the portion of the torque interval when the machine inductance is changing quickly due to rapid variation of the gap volume (i.e., when the gap length varies). Throughout this stage, the external power remains disconnected while the machine winding is short circuited to allow internal circulating current to decay non-dissipatively as inductor energy is extracted and converted into shaft energy.  
         [0147]     In the “discharging stage”, residual magnetic energy is reclaimed during nearly constant inductance when the gap volume is again changing slowly upon completion of the torque cycle. During this stage, the machine behaves as a static inductor containing remnant energy that is easily returned to the DC power supply.  
         [0148]     Conventional VRM salient poles involve prominent protrusions jutting abruptly outward form the center of the rotor. Accordingly, magnetic flux appears mostly on the pole periphery surface within the overlap region of opposing rotor and stator poles. As such, no appreciable flux fills the space between rotor or stator poles.  
         [0149]     However, during torque production of the motor  10 , magnetic flux lines of force attach to every point along the surface of the rotor  26 . During the charging stage of the torque interval, flux fills the valley between midway between the rotor lobes  28 . Peak torque occurs in the region of maximum variation of curvature which is approximately halfway between the valley and the peak of the lobe  28 . During residual energy recovery, the flux lines are concentrated around the peak of the lobe  28 . At all points throughout the torque interval, flux density remains constant when dissipative decay losses are assumed negligible.  
         [0150]     Similar to the conventional VRM, a varying gap volume is entrained between the rotor core  26  and the stator core  20 . However, the singular difference between the conventional VRM and the motor  10  constructed in accordance with the present invention is the manner in which gap volume is caused to vary as required by any VRM. In the motor  10 , the majority of gap variation is achieved by altering the radial length of the gap while maintaining constant gap area. Consequently, magnetic attractive forces are the primary mechanism for torque production.  
         [0151]     It is necessary to saturate the stator poles for successful implementation. As used herein, saturation refers to varying degrees of partial saturation wherein magnetic permeability varies markedly as a function of flux density.  
         [0152]     As previously discussed above, the shape of the lobes  28  for the rotor core  26  enable production of torque. However, by necessity, the stator core  20  does not have a profile corresponding to the shape of the rotor core  26 . Therefore, without some measure of stator pole saturation, the required reaction torque of the stator could not exist. This is because the lines of force, attached to the stator pole faces, are directed radially rather than tangentially. With no circumferential (tangential) component, the lines of force make no contribution to torque generation because there is no reaction torque as required by the Law of Conservation of Torque. Most torque is produced by magnetic distortion of the pole face in order to create an effective magnetic stator pole shape corresponding partially to the rotor pole shape. This is not an actual physical distortion of the stator pole material but rather a change of magnetic properties, namely permeability, that alter the magnetic geometry of the pole. In other words, the effective magnetic pole geometry is distorted by non-uniform saturation of the stator pole. The resulting magnetic stator pole has an effective surface normal to the tangential direction as required to produce reaction torque. This favorable magnetic adjustment, due to stator pole saturation and the rotor pole shape (lobes), arises from a natural tendency to create a gap of uniform length. A shorter gap length carries higher flux density and therefore saturates to a greater degree than locations of a longer gap length. The resulting gap has a more uniform flux density across the pole face than would be apparent from the physical pole geometry alone.  
         [0153]     Referring to FIGS.  10 A-C, a drive circuit  38  for the motor  10  is shown. The drive circuit  38  has a DC power supply  40  connected to a filter inductor  42  and a filter capacitor  44 . The filter inductor  42  and the filter capacitor  44  reduce the impact of current surges on the DC power supply  40  during the first stage (gap charging), as well as during the third stage of residual energy recovery (gap discharging). The drive circuit  38  further includes first and second solid-state power switches (IGBT  1  and IGBT 2 ), as well as first and second diodes (diode  1  and diode  2 ) connected together as shown in FIGS.  10 A-C.  
         [0154]     One drive circuit is required per machine phase. The drive circuit  38  illustrated in FIGS.  10 A-C is shown in three different conduction states corresponding to the three torque stages described above. The dotted lines in FIGS.  10 A-C indicate the conducting portions of the circuit.  
         [0155]     Referring to  FIG. 10A , during the first stage where the gap is charged with magnetic energy, both IGBT  1  and IGBT  2  are on and both diode  1  and diode  2  are off thereby allowing current to flow through the motor winding. The energy conserving stage is shown In  FIG. 10B  where the external power source (i.e., DC power supply  40 ) is isolated. In this stage, IGBT  1  and diode  1  are conducting. In the discharge stage of residual energy recovery, both IGBT  1  and IGBT  2  are off and diode  1  and diode  2  are on. Accordingly, residual energy can flow back into the DC power supply  40 . It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, that a control circuit can be created that controls the conduction of IGBT  1  and IGBT  2 .  
         [0156]     Generator mode operation of the motor  10  with the drive circuit  38  follows the same sequential order of FIGS.  10 A-C except timing of the rotor position relative to the electrical switching is shifted 90° (electrical) the gap is charged with a small amount of excitation energy injected into the gap volume at it minimum value where, under motor mode, residual energy would have been withdrawn with the circuit conducting as  FIG. 1A . Next, with  FIG. 10B  operative, the gap volume expands and coil current increases at constant flux density which represent a buildup of magnetic energy. Finally, at maximum gap volume, both IGBT  1  and IGBT  2  are turned off as shown in  FIG. 10C  and the accumulated gap magnetic energy is discharged into the DC load which was formerly the DC source under motor mode.  
         [0157]     As previously mentioned, it is also possible for the motor  10  to have multiple poles. For example,  FIG. 11  shows a rotor core  102  having sixteen lobes  102   a  to  102   p.  The motor  10  also has a stator core  106  with sixteen poles  108   a  to  108   p.  The operation of the motor with the multiple lobes  102  and multiple poles  108  is similar to the four pole motor  10  as previously described.  FIG. 12  is an exploded view of the interface of the stator poles  108  and rotor lobes  102  shown in  FIG. 11  but with the addition of winding coils  110 . As seen in  FIG. 12 , the length of an air gap  112  formed between a stator pole  108  and the rotor core  102  varies over the length of the rotor lobe  102 .  FIG. 13  is an exploded view of the sixteen pole motor, while  FIG. 14  shows an assembled sixteen pole motor with end bell  114  and shaft  116 .  
         [0158]     It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the concepts and techniques described herein can be embodied in various forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalents thereof are intended to be embraced.