Abstract:
A two-stroke internal combustion engine ( 30 ) is disclosed. Fuel efficiency is improved and extended over a wide power band by an inlet air valve ( 108 ) which controls the air charge and maintains a constant compression ratio. An integrated positive displacement supercharger ( 50 ) provides adequate air charge at all power levels and recovers compressor power from unused supercharged air. An integrated post combustion chamber ( 48 ) extends the power stroke by mixing combustion gases with ambient air for farther expansion and power production. Exhaust noise is reduced because the combustion gases are vented from the engine at lower pressure, lower velocity and temperature. The opposed cylinder design provides nearly continuous power by combining supercharger power recovery with extended power strokes.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application 61/017,152 filed on 27 Dec. 2007 by the present inventor. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     There has been no federal funding for this project. 
     REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     This invention relates to opposed reciprocating piston mechanisms such as internal combustion engines. The combustion chamber has a unique inlet air valve and volume adjuster. An integrated self-supercharger and regenerator are new and not previously seen. 
     2. Description of prior Art 
     An internal combustion engine is a machine that converts chemical energy to mechanical energy. The engine controls and surrounds the chemical reaction. The chemical reaction produces heat and combustion gases which are converted to mechanical power. The present art has improved this conversion efficiency however more energy is exhausted as hot gases than converted to mechanical power. Better conversion of these hot gases to power has been the target of many inventors. 
     A major improvement has been the addition of a turbocharger. Turbochargers use energy in the exhaust stream that would otherwise be wasted. The turbine in the exhaust stream effectively converts the exhaust manifold into a post-combustion chamber that salvages some the exhaust energy. The other half of a turbocharger is a compressor in the inlet manifold which adds a pre-combustion chamber to increase the air pressure and density of the air charge. A turbocharger increases efficiency because it salvages energy that would otherwise be lost and it increases power density because the same size engine can combust a greater mass of air/fuel. 
     As good as turbochargers are, they have some weaknesses: 1) They do not work at low power levels because the velocity of the exhaust gases is insufficient to drive the turbine; 2) At high power, they extract more power than needed to compress the inlet air charge; and 3) At high power the added boost increases the effective compression ratio and results in even higher energy content which is lost in the exhaust stream. It is the goal of my invention to correct these deficiencies. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,437,437 has a secondary expansion chamber to extend the power stroke. Erickson eliminates the simultaneous opening of the intake and exhaust valves. Erickson employed a suction chamber to aid in purging the combustion chamber. This improvement reduces the exhaust pressure to be below atmospheric to improve volumetric efficiency. In my design, the combustion chamber and regenerator are always at or above atmospheric pressure. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,774 is closer to a Wankel engine than a reciprocating engine with pistons. Erickson demonstrated improved fuel efficiency by extending the power stroke to another chamber. This is an extension of an earlier patent and is now supercharged in this patent. This engine has better fuel efficiency than a traditional two-stroke. It does not have a regenerative phase. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,287 has reciprocating piston movement and there are no connecting rods. However there is no supercharging, no multi-chambers and the cycle is not thermodynamically close to this invention. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,314,923 has opposed cylinders, used in a two-stroke engine without connecting rods. This invention uses poppet valves to eliminate simultaneous port openings and the resultant fuel loss. Each cylinder supercharges its mate. The supercharger is not self regulated as in the present invention and supercharges the opposed cylinder. This necessitates lengthy gas passageways. There is no regeneration chamber. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,121,235 has many features contained in U.S. Pat. No. 6,314,923. Similarities are: double pistons used in pairs, reciprocating piston without connecting rods, self supercharging and secondary expansion. However Schmied increases the compression ratio whereas the proposed invention maintains a constant compression ratio. Schmied&#39;s claim  6  is similar to U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,774. Schmied&#39;s invention has secondary expansion chambers. He uses ducting and secondary valves to transport the gases to the chambers. Schmied operates the exhaust valves with a belt arrangement, see his FIG. 66. My invention operates the exhaust valves directly from the crankpin. Schmied combines exhaust gases from a common port for each cylinder pair. Then he directs the combustion gases to the other cylinder to assist in supercharging. This is effectively a positive displacement supercharger assist. In my engine, the combustion gases move directly to an encircling regeneration chamber. My invention also inducts fresh cold air into the regenerator for each cycle. The combustion gases then heat the trapped cold air for farther expansion. 
     The value of two-stroke engines is explained and improved by Springer, U.S. Pat. No. 5,526,778 who discloses an adjacent supercharger to improve the air flow through a combustion chamber. Two-stroke engines are farther improved by Hofbauer in U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,443 where he uses two opposed cylinders to provide smooth power with supercharged axial scavenging. He also solves a dynamic problem by balancing the opposed piston weight. Marks, U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,287, discloses a clever way to reduce friction in opposed two-strokes engines by utilizing an oscillating cylinder. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to integrate into an engine many of the improvements and benefits prior inventors have sought. A novel engine geometry and motion will be disclosed which is efficient over a wide operating range. The proposed invention is a two-stroke opposed cylinder internal combustion engine. The combustion chamber has a unique inlet valve that controls the air charge and maintains a constant compression ratio. Two annular cylinders encircle each combustion chamber. One annular cylinder is a chamber that is a self regulating supercharger. The other annular cylinder is a chamber that is a secondary expansion chamber. The secondary expansion chamber improves efficiency by extending the power stroke and converting thermal energy of the exhaust gases into increased pressure by heating cold air trapped inside it. It also reduces noise by slowly releasing the exhaust gases at a low pressure and temperature. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-F  show a conventional two-cycle engine process and its thermodynamic states. 
         FIGS. 2A-F  show the invention&#39;s process and thermodynamic states. 
         FIG. 3  shows an exploded view of the preferred embodiment of my engine and its main subassemblies. 
         FIGS. 4A-C  show an isometric, sectional and detailed view of a cylinder housing assembly. 
         FIG. 5A  shows the preferred embodiment and section line for  FIG. 5B   
         FIG. 5B  shows a sectional view of the preferred embodiment. 
         FIGS. 5C-I  illustrate varying volumes of the supercharger, regenerator and combustion chamber at different degrees of crankpin drive mechanism rotation. 
         FIG. 6  shows an exploded view of the planetary crankpin drive mechanism and double pistons. 
         FIG. 7  shows a sectional view of a double piston. 
         FIG. 8A  shows an isometric view of the preferred embodiment of an inlet valve subassembly in a full power position. 
         FIG. 8B  shows an isometric view of the preferred embodiment of an inlet valve subassembly in a low power position. 
         FIG. 9A  shows the preferred embodiment and section line for  FIG. 9B . 
         FIG. 9B  is a detailed sectional view of the preferred embodiment. 
         FIGS. 10A-C  show the supercharger, combustion chamber and regenerator chamber pressure for one revolution. 
         FIG. 11  shows a sectional view of one cylinder with the inlet valve at full power. 
         FIG. 12  shows a sectional view of one cylinder with the inlet valve at low power. 
         FIG. 13A  is a sectional view of one cylinder, at TC (self ignition) and full power. 
         FIG. 13B  is a sectional view of one cylinder, at 90° (power) and full power. 
         FIG. 14A  is a sectional view of one cylinder, at 135° (power &amp; transfer) and full power. 
         FIG. 14B  is a sectional view of one cylinder, at 160° (purge) and full power. 
         FIG. 15A  is a sectional view of one cylinder, at 200° (charge) and full power. 
         FIG. 15B  is a sectional view of one cylinder, at 270° (compress) and full power. 
     
    
    
     REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
         
           30  preferred embodiment 
           34  double piston 
           38  inlet valve assembly 
           40  inlet air ports 
           44  planetary access hole 
           48  regenerator chamber 
           52  Combustion chamber 
           56  reed valve 
           58  air entering the supercharger 
           62  crankpin shaft 
           66  transfer cam lobe 
           70  offset crank 
           74  ring gear 
           78  PTO (power take off) bearing 
           80  planetary gear axis 
           84  cam follower 
           88  regenerator piston 
           92  transfer passageway 
           94  supercharger piston 
           98  end plate 
           102  controlling device 
           104  riser gear 
           108  inlet valve 
           111  rotation to add power 
           113  rotation to reduce power 
           116  fuel injectors 
           120  supercharged air 
           124  exhaust gases 
           32  cylinder housing assembly 
           36  planetary crankpin drive mechanism 
           39  cylinder housing 
           42  main bearing access hole 
           46  fixed annular partition 
           50  supercharger chamber 
           54  sliding seal 
           60  air entering the regenerator 
           64  exhaust cam lobe 
           68  main bearing 
           72  planetary gear 
           76  planetary idler gears 
           79  PTO (power take-off) gear 
           82  main bearing boss 
           86  exhaust valve 
           90  combustion chamber body 
           93  transfer valve 
           96  combustion chamber inlet port 
           100  clamping device 
           106  riser 
           110  injector barrel 
           112  movement to add power 
           114  movement to reduce power 
           118  injector barrel slot 
           122  combustion gases 
       
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Convention 
     This description utilizes conventional terms used in the art. TC (Top Center) means when the combustion chamber is at minimum volume and ready for the combustion process. BC (Bottom Center) means that the combustion chamber is at maximum volume. It is understood that seals, bearings, guides, rings, valve keepers and other traditional parts in conventional engines are necessary and present. Cooling systems, lubrication, sensors, control systems and fuel injectors are complimentary technologies and necessary. The fuel used in this invention could be any of the traditional fuels used in internal combustion engines such as diesel, bio-fuel or gasoline. This invention will work well with any materials suitable for engine use. Consequently, this description does not labor the reader with such details. 
     Thermodynamic Review of Conventional Engines 
     Conventional two-stroke engines vary power by controlling fuel flow and have a complete cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft. A constant amount of air is compressed on each rotation. Conventional engines are usually designed for an optimum air/fuel mixture at full power. Consequently they have a “lean burn” at less than full power. A review of the traditional two-stroke process at low power is done in  FIGS. 1A , C &amp; E. Refer to  FIG. 1A : the process starts with the power stroke at TC. The burning air/fuel mixture expands and pushes against the piston to produce power. The power stroke continues until the exhaust valve opens, denoted as EO and combustion gases are released. 
     As the piston continues to move down, the inlet ports open (identified as  10  in  FIG. 1A ) and purging begins. Purging is the process of pushing out the combustion gases with fresh air. Purging ends with the closing of the exhaust valve. This is usually at BC, when the combustion chamber is at maximum volume. 
     The charging process begins at BC. The supercharger must have sufficient volume and pressure to both purge and charge the combustion chamber. The power to operate the supercharger reduces the net power output. Some designers have added a turbocharger to supplement the supercharger but turbochargers are only effective at high speed. A supercharger is necessary to start a two-stroke engine. 
     The compression process begins when the inlet port is closed, denoted IC in  FIG. 1A . The minimum compression ratio depends on operating conditions and fuel; a compression ratio of 20 to one (20/1) is typical. At less than full power, excess air is compressed in the combustion chamber which is not needed for combustion. The power to compress this excess air reduces net power output. In addition the excess air mixes with the combustion gases and lowers the peak burn temperature. It is well known within the art that lowering the peak temperature reduces efficiency. Conventional engines have another problem at low power known as “wet stacking” or unburnt fuel in the exhaust. This is caused by the excess air depressing the temperature and preventing complete combustion. 
     A traditional review of the two-stroke process at full power is done in  FIGS. 1B , D &amp; F. Notice that  FIGS. 1A  &amp; B are identical except the amount of fuel that is used. The power stroke ends when the exhaust valve opens. The pressure within the combustion chamber must be reduced to be less than the supercharger to allow purging. Conventional engine designers must do a tradeoff study to weigh the impact of delaying the opening of the exhaust valve and extending the power stroke. If the exhaust opening is delayed, very large and fast exhaust valves are needed. If the exhaust valves open early, the power stroke and net power is reduced. There is yet another problem with conventional engines. Exhaust valves are usually near the fuel injector which increases the possibility of unburnt fuel leaving the combustion chamber. 
     Thermodynamic graphs illustrate the conventional engine process as PV (pressure volume) curves in  FIGS. 1C  &amp; D. The combustion is shown as a dual cycle as is typical in engine analysis. Half of the heat input is modeled as increased pressure and half as increased volume. The large amount of fuel in the high power case ( FIG. 1D ) increases the pressure and temperature more than in the low power case. The power stroke is shown as an isentropic process; it ends when the exhaust valve opens (EO). The exhaust (from points EO to IO), purging (from points IO to BC) and charge process (from points BC to IC) are all limited by the valve size, speed and lift which are difficult design choices. The cycle is completed with the compression process, from IC to TC, which is simplified as an isentropic process. The area encircled within the graph is proportional to the net power. Adding more fuel,  FIG. 1D , increases the encircled area and net power out. 
     Inspection of  FIGS. 1C  &amp; D shows one of the problems that conventional engine designers face. The volume of the combustion gases at full power is greater than at low power. If the exhaust valve opens early enough for the full power case it will be opening too early for the low power case. The premature release of exhaust gases reduces efficiency. 
     Idealized T-S (temperature-entropy) graphs illustrate a conventional two-stroke engine in  FIGS. 1E  &amp; F. Dual cycle combustion is again assumed. Since the same air charge is compressed at low and high power, the starting conditions before combustion are identical. The work required to compress the air charge is proportional to the change in temperature. The power produced by the engine is proportional to the change in temperature during the power stroke. The high power case has a larger change in temperature. 
     Inspection of  FIGS. 1E  &amp; F shows another problem that conventional engine designers face. Consider the low power case. The work required to compress the inlet charge is almost as big as the power produced in the power stroke. Most of the air does not contribute to combustion but must be compressed and brought up to ignition temperature. This is part of the “lean burn” process mentioned earlier. Besides reduced efficiency, the “lean burn” has another weakness. Excess oxygen in the combustion chamber leads to the formation of nitrous oxides in the combustion gases. This is a pollutant. 
     Farther inspection of  FIGS. 1E  &amp; F reveal another weakness in conventional engines. The exhaust temperature in the high power case is greater than in the low power case (higher temperature at point EO). It is well understood that the exhaust gases are the greatest energy loss within an engine. Much effort and many improvements within the art have been directed to this end. Even so, the exhaust gases are the biggest energy loss. 
     Thermodynamic Review of the Improved Engine 
     Now my engine is reviewed in the same manner.  FIGS. 2A , C &amp; E show the low power case. As before, the power stroke begins at TC. The volume of the combustion chamber expands and produces power. About half way through the power stroke (90° in the preferred embodiment), a transfer valve opens (denoted as TO in  FIG. 2A ) and combustion gases flow and mix in a sealed adjacent chamber. The secondary expansion chamber is the regenerator. The process after the transfer valve opens is denoted as “power and transfer”. The combustion chamber pressure drops and regenerator rises. The volume of the preferred regenerator is six times that of the combustion chamber. Consequently the mass of air in the regenerator is approximately equal to the mass of combustion gases in the combustion chamber. 
     The regenerator solves two weaknesses of the conventional engine: 1) the combustion gases can fully expand and produce power until its pressure has dropped to atmospheric or close to atmospheric; and 2) the exhaust valve size and speed requirements are eliminated. Before the transfer valve opens, the regenerator fills with ambient (much colder than the exhaust gases) air through one-way valves. When the transfer valve opens, hot combustion gases mix with the air trapped in the regenerator chamber. Mixing of hot exhaust gases with cold air efficiently converts the thermal energy of the exhaust to expanded gas. Since this gas is inside a sealed chamber and its expansion presses against the crankpin, the regenerator produces power. 
     The purging process begins when the inlet valve is opened; denoted IO in  FIGS. 2A  &amp; B. Notice that the duration of the purge process is longer in full power mode. Pressurized air from the supercharger flushes out the combustion chamber from end to end, axial scavenging. This process continues until BC, when the transfer valve closes. My engine solves another weakness in conventional engines: purging of the combustion chamber is usually done with exhaust valves near the fuel injector. This forces any unburnt fuel immediately out of the combustion chamber. In the new design, the fuel injector is at the opposite end as the transfer valve. 
     The charging process begins at BC. Notice that the charging process is longer and that the charged pressure is greater in full power mode. This is accomplished by an inlet valve. This valve elegantly solves a major weakness in conventional engines: varying the air charge to the combustion chamber while maintaining a constant compression ratio. Covering the inlet ports to reduce the air charge would normally reduce the effective compression ratio by starving the cylinder for air. This would prevent self ignition. The new design solves this problem by using an inlet valve which is of the sliding gate type, has an area of at least half of the cylinder and its movement changes the volume of the combustion chamber. Thus moving the inlet valve covers the inlet ports and reduces the air intake but also reduces the compressed volume of the combustion chamber. 
     The compression phase begins when the inlet valve closes. This is denoted as IC in  FIGS. 2A  &amp; B. The movement of the inlet valve changes the position of IC in  FIGS. 2A  &amp; B. At TC, the air charge is fully compressed and process repeats. In  FIG. 2A : at IC the combustion chamber is at 1 atmosphere pressure and will be compressed to 20 to 1 at TC. In  FIG. 2B , at IC the combustion chamber is at 2 atmospheres and will be compressed 10 to 1 at TC. The position of the inlet valve has double the combustion chamber volume at TC. 
     My invention&#39;s thermodynamic process at low power is shown as a PV curve in  FIG. 2C . The combustion is shown as a dual cycle as is typical in engine analysis. The power stroke is shown as an isentropic process. The power stroke continues after the transfer valve opens (denoted TO) but at lower pressure. Purging takes place from IO to BC; BC is at maximum volume. Charging takes place from BC to IC. The cycle is completed with the isentropic compression process from IC to TC. The exhaust phase is eliminated from the combustion chamber. The area encircled within the graph is proportional to the net power. The additional power produced in the regenerator is illustrated by the dashed lines in  FIGS. 2C . 
     My invention&#39;s thermodynamic process at high power is shown as a PV curve in  FIG. 2D . When the compression stroke starts, (IC in the figure) the high power case has twice the pressure as the low power case. At TC has the high power case has twice the volume. The power stroke expansion is greater than in a conventional engine because the combustion chamber is twice as big. The dashed lines illustrate the additional power recovered from the regenerator. 
     Idealized Temperature-entropy graphs illustrate the new design in  FIGS. 2E  &amp; F. Dual cycle combustion is again assumed. Since temperature and entropy are intrinsic properties, the graphs are nearly identical. The excess air depressing the burn temperature at low power is eliminated. This weakness of conventional engines (shown in  FIGS. 1E  &amp; F) is gone. 
     Inlet Valve Sizing Example 
     The principle of operation of the inlet valve is not limited to a particular ratio. However an example will make the explanation obvious. Assume an engine with a stroke of 80 mm and a combustion chamber area of 2000 mm 2 . Assume the combustion chamber has a nominal compression ratio of 20/1. The compressed volume of the combustion chamber is (80 mm*2000 mm 2 /20)=8000 mm 3 . Assume the stroke of the inlet valve is 10% of the engine stroke, 8 mm. Assume the axial length of the inlet port is also 8 mm. Thus the inlet valve can control the inlet charge from zero to full flow. 
     In the no power case, the inlet valve covers the inlet port and we have no air charge, no purging and of course no fuel. The residual combustion gases in the combustion chamber would be essentially at atmospheric pressure. They will be compressed 20 to 1. 
     Consider the full power case when the inlet valve does not cover the inlet port. If the area of the inlet valve were ½ of the combustion chamber area, it would be 1000 mm 2 . If the valve were moved 8 mm, it would change the volume of the combustion chamber by 8000 mm 3 . This would double the volume and halve the compression ratio to 10/1. However now the inlet ports are fully open and the supercharger charges the combustion chamber (in this explanation) to 2 atmospheres. The resulting effective compression ratio remains at 20/1. 
     A designer skilled in the art can select an inlet port shape that linearizes the relation between inlet air charge and combustion chamber volume. Thus by combining a sufficiently large supercharger with a massive inlet valve, we can vary the inlet air charge while maintaining a constant compression ratio. 
     Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 3  shows an exploded isometric view of the preferred embodiment. The dominate feature of the engine is the cylinder housing assembly  32 . The engine will have at least one cylinder housing assembly. The cylinder housing assembly has two opposed cylinders. Each cylinder surrounds a double piston  34 . The double pistons join together and rotatably join the double pistons to the planetary crankpin drive mechanism  36 . Each cylinder housing assembly will have one centrally located planetary crankpin drive mechanisms. The reciprocating motion of the pistons is controlled by the crankpin drive mechanism. Power is extracted from the engine (or applied to the engine for starting) by the crankpin drive mechanism. Each cylinder is capped with an inlet valve assembly  38 . 
     Alternate embodiments include multiple cylinder housing assemblies. If the housings are in-line, the inlet valve assembly can be extended to operate multiple cylinders. Likewise the planetary gear assemblies can be coupled. Dynamic oscillations can be mitigated if the reciprocating masses move in opposite directions (180° out of phase). If the cylinder housing assemblies are not in-line, the dynamic performance can be altered to improve smoothness of torque. Another alternate embodiment could employ eccentric bearings to support the crankpin drive mechanism instead of planetary gears. 
       FIG. 4A  shows an isometric view of the cylinder housing assembly. The main part of the cylinder housing assembly is an open ended cylinder, the cylinder housing  39 . Inlet air ports  40  are located circumferentially about midway to each end of the cylinder housing assembly. The centrally located planetary crankpin drive mechanism extends into the cylinder housing through planetary access holes  44 . The main bearing access holes  42  provide access to the double pistons and are the exhaust ports.  FIG. 4B  shows a section view (from  FIG. 4A ) of the cylinder housing assembly. There is a fixed annular partition  46  inside each cylinder. On the inward facing surface of the partition is the regenerator chamber  48 . On the outward facing surface is the supercharger chamber  50   
       FIG. 4C  shows a detail view of  FIG. 4B . Sealing between the chambers is accomplished with a sliding seal  54 . The double pistons have reciprocating motion as controlled by the planetary crankpin drive mechanism. This motion allows the supercharger and regenerator volumes to change complementarily. All air enters through inlet air ports  40 . Air flow is controlled by reed valves  56  which allow air to flow in one direction only. When the supercharger is expanding, air enters it  58 . When the regenerator is expanding, air enters it  60 . One is expanding while the other is contracting. Therefore inlet ports  40  are sufficient for air flow to both supercharger and regenerator. 
       FIG. 5A  shows the preferred embodiment of a single cylinder housing assembly engine  30 . The section line through  FIG. 5A  locates the section plane for  FIG. 5B . Sectional drawing  5 B locates the supercharger and regenerator. The centrally located planetary crankpin drive mechanism is in the middle. Double pistons encircle it. The cylinders are capped with inlet valve assemblies  38 . The inlet valves project into the double pistons and create the combustion chambers  52 . Each cylinder has a fixed annular partition  46 ; hence there are two fixed partitions in the cylinder housing assembly. Each partition, in conjunction with the double piston define the boundary of the supercharger and regenerator chamber. The chamber closer to the crankpin drive mechanism is the regenerator chamber  48 . The chamber farther from the planetary crankpin drive mechanism is the supercharger chamber  50 . The reciprocating motion of the double piston changes the volume of these three chambers.  FIGS. 5C-I  show the changing volumes as the planetary crankpin drive mechanism rotates. Since this is an opposed engine, the opposite cylinder is 180° out of phase. This is an important advantage of this design. When one cylinder requires power to compress the air charge, the companion cylinder provides that power directly without any gearing or linkage. This smoothes the power output. 
     Combustion chambers of traditional engines have a fixed cylinder and a movable piston. Reciprocating motion of the piston alternately compresses or extractors power from the gases within the combustion chamber. Review of  FIGS. 5C-I  show that my engine&#39;s combustion chamber is different. Motion is from the reciprocating cylinder which is part of double piston  34 . The inlet valve assembly is the fixed piston. 
       FIG. 6  shows an exploded view of the planetary crankpin drive mechanism  36  and the double pistons  34 . The main component of the planetary crankpin drive mechanism is the crankpin shaft  62 . The crankpin shaft has two exhaust cam lobes  64  and one transfer cam lobe  66 . Each lobe operates two valves. Integrating cam lobes onto the crankpin allow the crankpin to function as a camshaft. The crankpin shaft has main bearings  68 . The main bearings rotatably attach the double pistons to the crankpin shaft. Each end of the crankpin shaft is supported and keyed to an offset crank  70 . Each offset crank is supported and keyed to a planetary gear  72 . The planetary gear engages and rotates within ring gear  74 . The ring gear has twice as many teeth as the planetary gear. The resultant motion of the crankpin shaft is reciprocating as indicated by the arrow in the  FIG. 6 . The planetary idler gears,  76 , maintain engagement with the ring gear. PTO (power take-off) bearing  78  rotatably connects the offset crank to PTO (power take-off) gear  79 . The PTO gear has rotary motion. Typically the PTO gear would be used to extract power from the engine or used during starting. 
     The crankpin shaft  62  has compound motion: it reciprocates and rotates. The reciprocating motion is the engine stroke. The crankpin shaft makes one revolution for each complete cycle of the reciprocating motion. The cam lobes  64  and  66  actuate each valve once per revolution. The axis of the crankpin shaft  80  is normal to the central axis of the cylinder housing assembly. 
       FIG. 7  shows a detailed sectional view (from  FIG. 6 ) of the double piston  34 . The double pistons are clamped to each. This is done with the main bearing boss  82 . Joining the main bearing bosses encircles the main bearings  68 . Cam followers  84  are rotatable attached to the main bearing boss; there is one cam follower for each valve. The crankpin cam surface actuates the valves as the crankpin rotates. Each double piston has two exhaust valves  86 . The exhaust valves are seated in regenerator piston  88 . The regenerator piston supports the combustion chamber body  90 . The attachment between the regenerator piston and combustion chamber body is intermittent. The openings are the transfer passageways  92 . Combustion gases from the combustion chamber exit the combustion chamber  52  through a transfer valve  93 . The valve is actuated by cam follower  84 . The combustion chamber body is attached to the supercharger piston  94 . Combustion chamber inlet ports  96  are located circumferentially around one end of the combustion chamber. In the preferred embodiment, the height of the ports is 10% of the engine stroke. These ports are opened to allow compressed air from the supercharger to enter the combustion chamber. Otherwise these ports are closed. 
     The preferred embodiment has reed valves  56  located in the fixed partition. An alternate embodiment would locate the supercharger reed valves in the supercharger piston. An alternate embodiment would locate the regenerator reed valves in the regenerator piston. 
     With the previous explanation, the boundary of the combustion chamber  52  can now be defined. The combustion chamber is a right cylinder where the wall is the combustion chamber body  90 . The base of the combustion chamber body with the transfer valve is one end. The other end is part of the inlet valve assembly, which is shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     The previous explanation allows farther description of the supercharger chamber  50 . The supercharger is an annular cylinder where one end is the supercharger piston  94  and the other end is the fixed annular partition  46 . The inner wall is the combustion chamber body  90 . The outer wall is the cylinder housing  39 . 
     The previous explanation allows farther description of the regenerator chamber  48 . The regenerator chamber,  48 , is an annular cylinder. One end is the regenerator piston  88  and the other end is the fixed annular partition  46 . The inner wall is the combustion chamber body  90  and the outer wall is the cylinder housing  39 . 
     Inlet Valve Assembly 
       FIGS. 8A  &amp; B show the inlet valve assemblies for the preferred embodiment. The inlet valve is a throttle that controls the air charge to the combustion chamber.  FIG. 8A  shows the assembly  38  in a full power (full flow) position.  FIG. 8B  shows the assembly in a low power (low flow) position. Clamping the end plate  98  to the cylinder housing assembly can be done in many ways. A clamping device  100  is illustrated. The inlet valve must be adjustable to control the air charge. This can be done in many ways and does not affect the improvement of my engine. A controlling device  102  such as a stepper motor is illustrated and attached to the end plate. The inlet valves will be exposed to the full pressure inside the combustion chamber. Hence a large mechanical advantage is needed. The stepper motor rotates riser gear  104 . This gear is keyed to riser  106  so rotating the riser gear also rotates the riser. The riser has a helical end. The inlet valve  108  has an identical helical end but can not rotate. Thus rotating the riser adjusts the height of the inlet valve. The injector barrel  110  is fixed and provides an installation point for a fuel injector. Rotation  111  results in movement  112  which will increase the air charge to the combustion chamber. In  FIG. 8A , the inlet valve is offset from the injector barrel face and indicative of a significant power condition. 
       FIG. 8B  shows the inlet valve assembly in a low or no power position. Arrow  113  in  FIG. 8B  shows the rotation of the riser which will reduce the air charge to the combustion chamber. Rotation  113  results in movement  114  which will reduce the air charge to the combustion chamber. In  FIG. 8B , the inlet valve is flush with the injector barrel face and indicative of a low or no power condition. This movement  114  exposes less of the combustion chamber inlet port  96  at the top of the combustion chamber. 
       FIG. 9A  shows the preferred embodiment with section line  9 B. Sectional view  9 B includes the fuel injector  116  for completeness. Notice that the volumes of the volumes of the combustion chambers are complementary. This is because the inlet valve projects in to the double pistons differently. The volumes of the superchargers are different. As one supercharger is expanding, the other is contracting. They are 180° out of phase. Likewise for the regenerator chambers. 
     Supercharger Operation 
       FIG. 10A  shows the supercharger pressure history for one revolution of the crankpin. Consider the low power case which is the dashed line. At TC, the supercharger is at its maximum volume. Supercharger compression starts and the pressure increases. At BC, the pressure is at is maximum. If the inlet valve were closed, almost all of the work would be returned to the crankshaft as the compressed air expands. The dashed line labeled recovery represents this process. The dashed line labeled air intake would be essentially zero. One skilled in the art, would see an application for such a process—cold weather starting. It is well known that self ignition is difficult at low temperatures. Preheaters are frequently used during starting. Repeated compression and decompression with the inlet valve closed will heat the trapped air. 
     Consider the high power case, the solid line in  FIG. 10A . Starting from TC, the pressure is the same as the low power case until the inlet port opens. This is the start of purging. The inlet valve opens early for the high power case so the supercharger pressure drops first. At BC, the supercharger is at minimum volume and the transfer valve closes. This is the end of purging and the start of charging. In the preferred embodiment, the combustion chamber is charged to two atmospheres at high power. This implies that the supercharger pressure will be at least two atmospheres when charging is complete. As the cycle continues the volume of the supercharger increases and the pressure decreases. This is identified as the solid line labeled recovery the  FIG. 10A . The work required to compress the air within the supercharger is returned. This recovery continues until the pressure in the supercharger drops below atmospheric. Then air enters  58  though the reed valves  56 ; this is the solid line labeled air intake. 
     Supercharger Sizing 
     The following discussion shows how a designer can select the proper supercharger size. For the sake of explanation, assume the engine displacement were 1 liter and his goal is to purge the combustion chamber and provide a 2 atmosphere air charge at full power. The first step is to estimate the supercharger maximum volume. Assume 6 liters. The next step is to assume a supercharger compression ratio, assume 6/1. Consider the high power case. A minimum of one liter of the supercharger air is required for purging. Assume that some mixing of the incoming air and combustion gases occurs and that 1.5 liters is needed. At the end of purging, the combustion chamber is full of fresh air. The next step is to increase the combustion chamber pressure to 2 atmospheres. If the combustion chamber remained at one liter of volume, this would require one liter of air. However during charging, the combustion chamber volume is decreasing. When the inlet valve closes, the volume will be 90% of its original volume. Therefore an additional 0.9 liters of air is required to supercharge the combustion chamber. A total of 2.4 liters is consumed in one revolution. 
     Since the goal is to charge the combustion chamber to 2 atmospheres, the pressure in the supercharger must be greater than that. Assume the supercharger pressure is 2.2 atmospheres. The next step is to determine the supercharger volume at the end of charging. The assumed supercharger compression ratio is 6/1. Therefore the volume at BC is 1 liter. Charging ends when the piston has moved 10% of its stroke. The change in supercharger volume is 5 liters (6 L−1 L=5 L); 10% of this is 0.5 liters. Therefore the volume of the supercharger at the end of charging is 1.5 liters. The supercharger pressure at this time is 2.2 atmospheres. The volume of air within is 1.5*2.2=3.3 liters. The sum of consumed air and the required air within the supercharger at the end of charging is 2.4 L+3.3 L=5.7 L. Consequently the assumed supercharger compression ratio of 6/1 is slightly greater than required. If a more accurate size is needed, the designer would correct his initial assumptions and redo the calculation. 
     The previous discussion shows an important variation, a high altitude application. If the supercharger is considerable larger, for example 12 times bigger than the combustion chamber, it would have sufficient capacity to charge the engine when the atmospheric pressure were reduced by 50%. Consequently, an aircraft could have full power at high altitude. 
     Combustion Chamber and Regenerator Operation 
       FIG. 10B  shows the combustion chamber pressure history for one revolution of the crankpin. The solid line is for the high power case. The dashed line is for the low power case. When  FIG. 10B  is reviewed in conjunction with  FIG. 2 , the pressure history is obvious. Starting from TC, the pressure is the same for high and low power. The large fuel load at high power extends the duration of the high pressure since the volume of the combustion chamber is bigger. When the transfer valve opens, TO, the power stroke continues within the regenerator. At BC, the pressures are equal and at one atmosphere. But at the end of charging, the high power case is at higher pressure. However the high power case has a larger combustion chamber. At the end of the compression stroke, the pressures are again equal. 
       FIG. 10C  show the regenerator pressure history for one revolution of the crankpin. Starting from TC, the volume of the regenerator increases and the reed valves  56  allow air  60  to enter. When the transfer valve opens, TO, hot high pressure combustion gases enter and mix with the cold air in the regenerator. In the preferred embodiment, the mass of cold air within the regenerator is approximately equal to the mass of combustion gasses. The mixed temperature will be approximately half way between the two initial temperatures. However, the well known thermodynamic principle of Charles&#39;s law indicates that the volume of the mixed gases will increase. Mixing is an effective method to convert the thermal energy of the exhaust into extra volume that can be used to expand and produce power. At BC, the regenerator is at maximum volume and trapped gases within it have expanded and cooled and the exhaust valves open and the gases are pushed out. 
     There are three advantages over traditional engines: 1) the pressures are much lower so the noise associated with exhaust is greatly reduced; 2) the temperatures are lower because the gases mixed with cold air and expanded doing more work and 3) the exhaust process is extended over 180° of crank rotation so the velocity and pressure drop is reduced. A fourth possible advantage is in pollution control. The regenerator is a potential catalytic converter chamber. 
     Inlet Valve Operation 
       FIG. 11  shows a detailed view of one cylinder shown in  FIG. 9 . Details will now be explained. In  FIG. 11 , the inlet valve is in a full flow position and the supercharger is close to fully compressed. Supercharged air  120  can enter the combustion chamber through the combustion chamber inlet ports  96 . The inlet valve  108  can only move in an axial direction because it is restrained by pin and slot  118 . The fuel injector has been hidden to expose the slot. Rotation of riser  106  controls the inlet valve axially. Riser rotation  111  would cause movement  112  of the inlet valve to add more power. Note that  FIG. 11  is upside down when compared to  FIG. 8A . 
       FIG. 12  shows an detailed view of  FIG. 9  but with the inlet valve almost closed. The blockage of the combustion chamber inlet ports  96  is evident. Air flow from the supercharger  120  is limited. The riser  106  has been rotated  113  to move  114  the inlet valve and block in the inlet port.  FIG. 11 and 12  illustrate the process at BC, when the transfer valve has just closed and the exhaust valves are about to open. 
     Detailed Review of Engine Operation 
       FIGS. 13 ,  14  and  15  show sectional views (from  FIG. 9B ) of one cylinder at different phases in the two-stroke process. This sequence will explain how the air moves from chamber to chamber. The symbol to the left of the figure shows the process location as done in  FIG. 2B .  FIG. 13A  shows a sectional view of a cylinder at TC. The supercharger chamber  50  is at maximum volume and has just completed its intake stroke. The air within the supercharger is at atmospheric pressure. The combustion chamber  52  is at minimum volume; the air charge has been compressed and is ready for fuel and self ignition. The fuel injector  116  is about to inject fuel. The regenerator chamber  48  has just completed its exhaust stroke by forcing all the combustion gasses out. 
       FIG. 13B  show a sectional view of a cylinder in the power stroke with the crank angle at slightly less than 90°. The supercharger  50  is about half way through its compression stroke and its pressure will be approximately 2 atmospheres. Air  60  would be entering the regenerator chamber  48  though air inlet ports  40  and reed valves  56 . The pressure in the regenerator would be slightly less than atmospheric as to induct air. The combustion chamber  52  would have high pressure and temperature gases producing power. 
       FIG. 14A  show a sectional view of a cylinder in the power &amp; transfer stroke with the crank angle at approximately 135°. The supercharger  50  is about ¾ through its compression stroke and its pressure will be approximately 4 atmospheres. The transfer valve  93  is open and combustion gases  122  are flowing from the combustion chamber  52  to the regenerator chamber  48 . The outside air within the regenerator has mixed with combustion gases. The regenerator is producing power. 
       FIG. 14B  shows a sectional view of a cylinder in the purge phase with the crank angle at approximately 160°. The supercharger chamber  50  is about 90% through its compression stroke. The combustion chamber inlet ports  96  to the combustion chamber are open and supercharger air  120  is forcing the combustion gases from the combustion chamber. The volume of the supercharger is still decreasing but its pressure is dropping because the purge flow will be greater than its change in volume. The pressure will be approximately 4 atmospheres. The transfer valve is open and combustion gases  122  move from the combustion chamber to the regenerator. The regenerator pressure is close to atmospheric. 
       FIG. 15A  shows a sectional view of a cylinder in the charge phase with the crank angle at approximately 200° . The supercharger chamber  50  is starting it expansion stroke but is still pressurized. The combustion chamber inlet ports  96  to the combustion chamber are open and supercharged air  120  is entering the combustion chamber  52 . At the end of the charge phase, the combustion chamber and supercharger pressure will be approximately 2 atmospheres. The exhaust valves  86  are open and exhaust gases  124  are being pushed from the regenerator. As rotation continues, the supercharger will expand and do work until its pressure drops below atmospheric. The recovered power from the supercharger will help compress the air charge in the combustion chamber. 
       FIG. 15B  shows a sectional view of a cylinder in the compression stroke with the crank angle at approximately 270°. The supercharger chamber is expanding and if its pressure has dropped below atmospheric, air  58  will enter through the inlet air ports  40 . The air charge in the combustion chamber  52  will be approximately at 4 atmospheres. The regenerator chamber  48  will be about half way through it exhaust stroke. The rotation will continue until TC and the process will repeat.