Abstract:
The present invention relates to compounds with α7 nAChR agonistic activity, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and the use thereof for the treatment of neurological, psychiatric, cognitive, immunological and inflammatory disorders.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to compounds with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonistic activity, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and the use thereof for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A number of recent observations point to a potential neuroprotective effect of nicotine in a variety of neurodegeneration models in animals and in cultured cells, involving excitotoxic insults (1-5), trophic deprivation (6), ischemia (7), trauma (8), Aβ-mediated neuronal death (9-11) and protein-aggregation mediated neuronal degeneration (9;12). In many instances where nicotine displays a neuroprotective effect, a direct involvement of receptors comprising the α7 subtype has been invoked (7;11;13-16) suggesting that activation of α7 subtype-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors may be instrumental in mediating the neuroprotective effects of nicotine. The available data suggest that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor represents a valid molecular target for the development of agonists/positive modulators active as neuroprotective molecules. Indeed, α7 nicotinic receptor agonists have already been identified and evaluated as possible leads for the development of neuroprotective drugs (18-22). Involvement of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in inflammatory processes has also recently been described (23). Thus, the development of novel modulators of this receptor should lead to novel treatments of neurological, psychiatric and inflammatory diseases. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The invention provides compounds acting as full or partial agonists at the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), pharmaceutical compositions containing the same compounds and the use thereof for the treatment of diseases that may benefit from the activation of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor such as neurological and psychiatric disorders, in particular Alzheimer&#39;s disease and schizophrenia. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In a first aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula I 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0005]    wherein: 
         [0006]    Y is a group —CONH—; —NHCONH—; —NHCO—; —SO 2 NH—; —NHSO 2 —; —NHSO 2 NH—; —OCONH; —NHCOO— 
         [0007]    Q is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring 
         [0008]    R is hydrogen; halogen; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or acyl; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; mono- or di- (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino, acylamino or alkylaminocarbonyl; carbamoyl; (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl- or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphonylamino; (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl- or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphamoyl; a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with: halogen; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or acyl; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; amino; mono- or di- (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino, acylamino or alkylaminocarbonyl groups; carbamoyl; (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl- or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphonylamino; (C 6-10 ) aryl- or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphamoyl; 
         [0009]    X is a group of formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0010]    wherein 
         [0011]    R 1  represents (C 1 -C 6 ) acyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; a —(CH 2 ) j —R′″ group, wherein j=0,1 and R′″ is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with: halogen; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, acyl, acylamino groups; 
         [0012]    Z is CH 2 , N or O 
         [0013]    m is an integer from 1 to 4 
         [0014]    n is 0 or 1; 
         [0015]    s is 1 or 2; 
         [0016]    p is 0, 1 or 2; 
         [0017]    R″, independently from one another for p=2, represents hydrogen; halogen; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, acyl; a —(CH 2 ) j —R′″ group, wherein n and R′″ are as above defined; carbamoyl; (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl- or (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylsulphonylamino; (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl- or (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylsulphamoyl; mono- or di-[linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl]aminocarbonyl; 
         [0018]    A first group (Ia) of preferred compounds of formula I are those in which: 
         [0019]    Y is —CONH—; —NHCO—; —NHCONH— 
         [0020]    Q is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring; 
         [0021]    R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino; trihaloalkyl; phenyl; naphthyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; indolyl; thienyl; benzothienyl; furanyl; benzofuranyl; imidazolyl; benzoimidazolyl; pyrrolyl; optionally substituted as indicated above for the compounds of formula (I); 
         [0022]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0023]    Z is CH 2 , N or O 
         [0024]    m is an integer from 1 to 4 
         [0025]    p is 0, 1 or 2 
         [0026]    R″, independently from one another for p=2, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; mono- or di-[linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl]aminocarbonyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, alkoxy, acyl; 
         [0027]    Particularly preferred compounds Ia are those where Y is —CONH(Q)-; 
         [0028]    Q is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring 
         [0029]    R is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; naphthyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; indolyl; thienyl; benzothienyl; furanyl; benzofuranyl; imidazolyl; benzoimidazolyl; pyrrolyl; optionally substituted as indicated above for the compounds of formula (I); 
         [0030]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0031]    where 
         [0032]    Z is CH 2 , N or O 
         [0033]    m is an integer from 1 to 4 
         [0034]    p is 0, 1 or 2 
         [0035]    R″, independently of one another for p=2, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; mono- or di-[linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl]aminocarbonyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, alkoxy, acyl; 
         [0036]    Another group of particularly preferred compounds Ia are those where 
         [0037]    Y is —NHCONH(Q)-; 
         [0038]    Q is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring 
         [0039]    R is selected from the group consisting of halogen; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino; haloalkyl; phenyl; naphthyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; indolyl; thienyl; benzothienyl; furanyl; benzofuranyl; imidazolyl; benzoimidazolyl; pyrrolyl; optionally substituted as indicated above for the compounds of formula (I); 
         [0040]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0041]    Z is CH 2 , N or O 
         [0042]    m is an integer from 1 to 4 
         [0043]    is 0, 1 or 2 
         [0044]    R″, independently from one another for p=2, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; mono- or di-[linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl]aminocarbonyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, alkoxy, acyl; 
         [0045]    Another group of particularly preferred compounds Ia are those where 
         [0046]    Y=—NHCO(Q)-; 
         [0047]    Q is phenyl 
         [0048]    R is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; naphthyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; indolyl; thienyl; benzothienyl; furanyl; benzofuranyl; imidazolyl; benzoimidazolyl; pyrrolyl; optionally substituted as indicated above for the compounds of formula (I); 
         [0049]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0050]    where 
         [0051]    Z is CH 2 , N or O 
         [0052]    m is an integer from 1 to 4 
         [0053]    p is 0, 1 or 2 
         [0054]    R″, independently of one another for p=2, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; mono- or di-[linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl]aminocarbonyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, alkoxy, acyl; 
         [0055]    A further group (Ib) of preferred compounds of formula (I) are those in which 
         [0056]    Y is —CONH(Q) 
         [0057]    Q is phenyl, indolyl 
         [0058]    R is selected from the group consisting of halogen; phenyl; naphthyl; pyridyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; indolyl; thienyl; benzothienyl; furanyl; benzofuranyl; imidazolyl; benzoimidazolyl; pyrrolyl; optionally substituted as indicated above for the compounds of formula (I); 
         [0059]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0060]    where R′ is a 5-10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with halogen or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy groups; 
         [0061]    A further group (Ic) of preferred compounds of formula (I) are those in which 
         [0062]    Y is —NHCONH(Q) 
         [0063]    Q is phenyl, indolyl 
         [0064]    R is selected from the group consisting of halogen; phenyl; naphthyl; pyridyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; indolyl; thienyl; benzothienyl; furanyl; benzofuranyl; imidazolyl; benzoimidazolyl; pyrrolyl; optionally substituted as indicated above for the compounds of formula (I); 
         [0065]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0066]    where R′ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with halogen or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy groups; 
         [0067]    Another group (Id) of preferred compounds of formula I are those in which 
         [0068]    Y is —NHCO(Q); 
         [0069]    Q is phenyl, pyridyl 
         [0070]    R is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; naphthyl; pyridyl; quinolinyl; pyrimidinyl; isoquinolinyl; indolyl; thienyl; benzothienyl; furanyl; benzofuranyl; imidazolyl; benzoimidazolyl; pyrrolyl; optionally substituted as indicated above for the compounds of formula (I); 
         [0071]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0072]    where R′ is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with halogen or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy groups; 
         [0073]    Particularly preferred are the compounds (Id) wherein 
         [0074]    Y is —NHCO(Q); 
         [0075]    Q is phenyl 
         [0076]    R is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; pyridyl; indolyl; pyrimidinyl; optionally substituted with: halogen; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl, alkoxy or acyl; cyano; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino; acylamino; alkylaminocarbonyl groups; carbamoyl; 
         [0077]    X is a group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0078]    where R′ is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with halogen or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy groups 
         [0079]    The compounds of the invention can be in the form of free bases or acid addition salts, preferably salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The invention also includes separated isomers and diastereomers of compounds I, or mixtures thereof (e.g. racemic mixtures). 
         [0080]    The compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared through a number of synthetic routes amongst which the ones illustrated in Schemes 1, 2, and 3 (see also for reference  Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.  1995, 5 (3), 219-222). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0081]    According to Scheme 1, a suitably activated butylphthalimide (compound  2 ) is reacted with an amine (compound 1) in an organic solvent in the presence of a base. For example, a mixture of 1 (or its hydrochloride salt) and 2 are refluxed in methylethyl ketone in the presence of alkaline carbonate until the reaction is complete, then the reaction mixture is cooled, the insoluble materials removed by filtration, the filtrate washed with CHCl 3 , and the filtrate and washings concentrated to dryness. 
         [0082]    In the following step, the N-(4-aminobutyl)phthalimide 3 is converted into a (4-aminobutyl)amine 4, for example by refluxing a mixture of 3 and hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. Then 4 is reacted with an activated species 5 such as for example (but not limited to) an acid chloride or an isocyanate in an organic solvent in the presence of a base. For example, to a mixture of 4 and 5 in CH 2 Cl 2  triethylamine and a catalytic amount of DMAP are added, to give compounds I. Alternatively, a mixture of 4, 5, a carbodiimide or carbonyldiimidazole and DMAP are reacted to yield compounds I. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0083]    According to Scheme 2, aminobutanol is reacted with an activated acid species or an isocyanate—for example (but not limited to) a substituted acid chloride 6 in the presence of a base—in an organic solvent like dichloromethane until the reaction is complete. The alcohol 7 thus obtained is then oxidised under standard conditions (for example Swern oxidation) and aldehyde 8 is then reacted with the suitably substituted amine 1 under standard conditions—for example with sodium triacetoxyborohydride—to afford compound Iα. In the case of R being a halogen, Iα can be further processed—for example via a cross-coupling reaction with a boronic acid—to yield compound Iβ. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0084]    According to Scheme 3, 5-bromopentanoyl chloride is reacted with an (hetero)aromatic amine 9 in the presence of an organic base to afford a 5-bromopentanoic acid amide 10. This species is reacted with an amine 1 to displace the halogen and furnish compounds Iα. In the case of R being a halogen, Ia can be further processed—for example via a cross-coupling reaction with a boronic acid—to yield compounds Iβ. 
         [0085]    The compounds of formula I, their optical isomers or diastereomers can be purified or separated according to well-known procedures, including but not limited to chromatography with chiral matrix and fractional crystallisation. 
         [0086]    The pharmacological activity of a representative group of compounds of formula I was demonstrated in an in vitro assay utilising cells stably transfected with the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and cells expressing the alpha 1 and alpha 3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5HT3 receptor as controls for selectivity. Neuroprotection of these compounds was demonstrated in a cell-based excitotoxicity assay utilising primary neuronal cell cultures. 
         [0087]    According to a further aspect, the invention is therefore directed to a method of treating neurological and psychiatric disorders, which comprises administering to a subject, preferably a human subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of formula I. Neurological and psychiatric disorders that may benefit from the treatment with the invention compounds include but are not limited to senile dementia, attention deficit disorders, Alzheimer&#39;s disease and schizophrenia. In general, the compounds of formula I can be used for treating any disease condition, disorder or dysfunction that may benefit from the activation of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, including but not limited to Parkinson&#39;s disease, Huntington&#39;s chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, memory or learning deficit, panic disorders, cognitive disorders, depression, sepsis, arthritis, immunological and inflammatory disorders. 
         [0088]    The dosage of the compounds for use in therapy may vary depending upon, for example, the administration route, the nature and severity of the disease. In general, an acceptable pharmacological effect in humans may be obtained with daily dosages ranging from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg. 
         [0089]    In yet a further aspect, the invention refers to a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more compounds of formula I, in association with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients. The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid preparations, preferably in form of solutions, suspensions, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, syrups, suppositories, aerosols or controlled delivery systems. The compositions can be administered by a variety of routes, including oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, rectal and intranasal, and are preferably formulated in unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 1 to about 1000 mg, preferably from 1 to 600 mg of the active ingredient. The compounds of the invention can be in the form of free bases or as acid addition salts, preferably salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The invention also includes separated isomers and diastereomers of compounds I, or mixtures thereof (e.g. racemic mixtures). The principles and methods for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions are described for example in Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, Easton (Pa.). 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0090]    
         FIG. 1 
       
           [0091]    Effect of compound from Example 64 on NMDA-induced toxicity in rat cortical neurons. Rat cortical neurons were pre-treated with the compound at the indicated concentrations 24 h before addition of NMDA and toxicity determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurements after 24 h. Data of all experiments are normalised to 100% NMDA toxicity. Statistical analysis: 
           [0092]    p&lt;0.05 vs NMDA treatment; One-Way ANOVA and Tukey post test values were normalised to the level of NMDA (=100%). 
           [0093]    
         FIG. 2 
       
           [0094]    Effect of sub-chronic treatment of compound from Example 1 or nicotine on number of ChAT-positive neurons in the nucleus basalis of quisqualic acid injected animals. Compounds were administered 24 h and 1 h before quisqualic acid injection and for 7 days after lesioning. Doses: compound 3 mg/kg i.p. daily or nicotine 0.3 mg/kg i.p. daily. The doses were selected on the basis of literature data and comparable effects in behavioral studies. Number of neurons is expressed as % changes vs non-injected hemisphere. Statistical analysis: ANOVA and Fisher Post-Hoc test: F(3,21)=13.00 P&lt;0.001*P&lt;0.05 vs quisqualic acid injected rats # P&lt;0.05 vs nicotine treated rats. 
           [0095]    
         FIG. 3 
       
           [0096]      FIG. 3   a —Results of passive avoidance test 
           [0097]    Effect of acute administration of compound from Example 1 on scopolamine-induced amnesia in young rats in passive avoidance test and reversion by the selective alpha-7 antagonist MLA. Amnesia was induced by scopolamine 0.5 mg/kg i.p. 20 min before training trial and the compound (3 mg/kg i.p.) was injected 5 min after scopolamine. MLA (5 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 10 min before scopolamine and compound administration. Results are presented as retest latencies 24 h after the training trial. 
           [0098]    Statistical analysis: ANOVA and Tukey Post-Hoc test: * P&lt;0.05 vs saline and scopolamine-treated rats # P&lt;0.05 vs saline treated rats. 
           [0099]      FIG. 3   b —Results of object recognition test 
           [0100]    Effect of acute administration of compound from Example 1 on scopolamine-induced amnesia in young rats. Amnesia was induced by scopolamine 0.2 mg/kg i.p. 20 min before training trial and the compound (3 mg/kg i.p.) was injected 5 min after scopolamine. Results are presented as discrimination index calculated on the exploration time of new (N) and familiar (F) objects during the test trial performed after 2 h from the training trial as follow: Discrimination index: N−F/N+F. Statistical analysis: ANOVA and Tukey Post-Hoc test: * P&lt;0.05 scopolamine-treated rats. 
       
    
    
     EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES—SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUNDS 
       [0101]    General 
         [0102]    Unless otherwise specified all nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded using a Bruker AC200 (200 MHz) or a Varian Mercury Plus 400 Mhzspectrometer equipped with a PFG ATB Broadband probe. 
         [0103]    HPLC-MS analyses were performed with an Agilent 1100 instrument, using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 4.6×150 mm; a Zorbax CN 4.6×150 mm column or a Zorbax Extend C18 2.1×50 mm column, coupled to an atmospheric API-ES MS for the 2.5 minutes method. The 5 and 10 minute methods were run using a waters 2795 separation module equipped with a Waters Micromass ZQ (ES ionisation) and Waters PDA 2996, using a Waters XTerra MS C18 3.5 μm 2.1×50 mm column. 
         [0104]    Preparative HLPC was run using a Waters 2767 system with a binary Gradient Module Waters 2525 pump and coupled to a Waters Micromass ZQ (ES) or Waters 2487 DAD, using a Supelco Discovery HS C18 5.0 μm 10×21.2 mm column 
         [0105]    Gradients were run using 0.1% formic acid/water and 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile with gradient 5/95 to 95/5 in the run time indicated. 
         [0106]    All column chromatography was performed following the method of Still, C.; J. Org Chem 43, 2923 (1978). All TLC analyses were performed on silica gel (Merck 60 F254) and spots revealed by UV visualisation at 254 nm and KmnO4 or ninhydrin stain. 
         [0107]    All microwave reactions were performed in a CEM Discover oven. 
       N-(4-(Arylpiperazin-1-yl)-butyl)phthalimides 
       [0108]    The compounds were prepared following the general procedure outlined in Nishikawa, Y.; et al;  Chem. Pharm. Bull.,  1989, 37 (1), 100-105. 
         [0109]    A mixture of N-(4-bromobutyl)-phthalimide (0.00135 mol), 1-(aryl)-piperazine hydrochloride (0.00135 mol), K 2 CO 3  (0.00270 mol), NaI (0.00186 mol) and methylethyl ketone (7 mL) was refluxed for 20 h with stirring. After the mixture was cooled, the insoluble materials were removed by filtration and washed with CHCl 3 . The filtrate and the washings were concentrated to dryness in vacuo. 
         [0110]    The residue was subjected to chromatography on silica gel using CHCl 3 /MeOH 95/5 as eluent. 
       4-[4-(Aryl-piperazin-1-yl)]-butylamines 
       [0111]    A solution of N-(4-(Arylpiperazin-1-yl)-butyl)phthalimides (0.236 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (0.478 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) was refluxed for 2 h with stirring. After the solution had cooled, the insoluble materials were removed by filtration and washed with EtOH. The filtrate and the washings were concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was taken up with CHCl 3 . The CHCl 3  layer was washed with water, dried and concentrated to give the title amine. 
       4-[4-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine 
       [0112]    a) Following the general procedure, 2-methoxyphenyl-piperazine (3.4 mL, 17.7 mmol) is added to a suspension of N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimide (5 g, 17.7 mmol), sodium iodide (1.33 g, 8.85 mmol) and potassium carbonate (3.67 g, 26.6 mmol) in 2-butanone (70 mL). The resulting suspension is stirred for 18 h at 100° C., before LC-MS check. The reaction is filtered and the solvent removed by vacuum distillation; the resulting oil is dissolved in 5% MeOH in dichloromethane, washed with water and sat. NaCl, dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent is removed under reduced pressure to yield the desired product as a thick yellow oil. The residue is extracted into ethyl acetate and washed with water and then saturated brine and dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure to afford 5.01 g of 2-{4-[4-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-isoindole-1,3-dione used without further purification in step b) below (72%). 
         [0113]    2-{4-[4-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-isoindole-1,3-dione (5.01 g, 12.7 mmol) is dissolved in abs. EtOH (60 mL) and hydrazine monohydrate (2.54 mL, 26 mmol) is added dropwise. The reaction is heated at 100° C. for 1 h; the reaction is filtered, concentrated at reduced pressure and transformed into its hydrochloride salt. The salt is dissolved in 15% NaOH and extracted into ethyl acetate to yield 2.04 g of 4-[4-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine as waxy solid (7.8 mmol, 61%). 
         [0114]    C 15 H 25 N 3 O Mass (calculated) [263.39]; (found) [M+H+] 32  264.39 
         [0115]    LC Rt=0.45, 92% (5 min method) 
         [0116]    NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.48 (2H, m); 1.57 (2H, m); 2.42 (2H, m); 2.65 (4H, bs); 2.72 (2H, m); 3.1 (4H, bs); 3.86 (3H, s); 6.85 (1H, d); 6.97 (3H, m). 
       4-[4-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine 
       [0117]    To a solution of N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimide (5 g, 17.73 mmol) and 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-piperazine (17.73 mmol) in 2-butanone (100 mL), potassium carbonate (26.6 mmol) and potassium iodide (13.3 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was heated at 90° C. overnight. After cooling the solution was filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (100 mL) and washed with water. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated. This material was dissolved in ethanol (100 mL) and hydrazine (2 eq) was added. The solution was refluxed for 4 hours when a thick precipitate formed. Conc. HCl (5 mL) was then added and the mixture heated for a further hour. After cooling the solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in 2M HCl (100 mL). This solution was filtered and the aqueous filtrate evaporated again to dryness. The resulting residue was taken in isopropanol (30 mL) and filtered to give the hydrochloride salt of the required product. The salt was converted in the free amine by dissolution in NaOH (15% w/w) and extraction with dichloromethane. (2.6 g, 54%). 
         [0118]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 1.3 (br s, 2H), 1.46-1.58 (m, 4H), 2.41 (t, 2H), 2.62 (s, 4H), 2.73 (t, 2H), 3.05 (br s, 4H), 6.77-6.83 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.94 (m, 1H) (M+1) e/z 270 
       4-Morpholin-4-yl-butylamine 
       [0119]    a) Following the general procedure, morpholine (1.7 mL, 20 mmol) is added to a suspension of N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimide (5.36 g, 20 mmol), sodium iodide (1.5 g, 10 mmol) and potassium carbonate (5.53 g, 40 mmol) in 2-butanone (80 mL). The resulting suspension is stirred for 18 h at 100° C., before LC-MS check. The reaction is filtered and the solvent removed by vacuum distillation; the resulting oil is dissolved in 5% MeOH in dichloromethane, washed with water and sat. NaCl, dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent is removed under reduced pressure to yield the desired product as a thick yellow oil. The residue was extracted into ethyl acetate and washed with water and then saturated brine and dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford 5.7 g of 2-(4-Morpholin-4-yl-butyl)-isoindole-1,3-dione used without further purification in step b) below. 
         [0120]    C 16 H 20 N 2 O 3  Mass (calculated) [288.35]; (found) [M+H+]=289.36 
         [0121]    Lc Rt=0.83, 95% (3 min method) 
         [0122]    b) 4-Morpholin-4-yl-butyl-isoindole-1,3-dione (5.69 g, 19 mmol) is dissolved in abs. EtOH (95 mL) and hydrazine monohydrate (3.8 mL, 80 mmol) is added dropwise. The reaction is heated at 100° C. for 1 h; LC-MS show the reaction to be complete. The reaction is filtered, concentrated at reduced pressure and taken up with toluene and dichloromethane to remove excess phthalhydrazide; the crude amine is purified by SCX column, eluting with MeOH:dichloromethane 1:1 followed by 2 M NH3 in MeOH, to afford 1.46 g (9.2 mmol, 48%). 
         [0123]    C 8 H 18 N 2 O Mass (calculated) [158.25]; (found) [M+H+]=159.27 
         [0124]    LC Rt=0.29, 96% (3 min method) 
         [0125]    NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): 1.51 (4H, m); 2.36 (2H, m); 2.46 (4H, s); 2.64 (2H, m); 3.68 (4H, m). 
         [0126]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 1.26 (br s, 2H), 1.44-1.57 (m, 4H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.44 (br s, 4H), 2.71 (t, 2H), 3.72 (m, 4H) 
       4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butylamine 
       [0127]    Prepared in analogous manner as 4-[4-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine and obtained in yield=25%. 
         [0128]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6+D 2 O) δ 1.53-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.74 (m, 2H), 2.80 (t, 2H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 3.17 (m, 2H), 3.38 (br s, 4H), 3.67 (br s, 4H); (M+1) e/z 172. 
       4-Piperidin-1-yl-butylamine 
       [0129]    a) Following the general procedure, N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimide (5.96 g, 20 mmol) was added to a suspension of piperidine (1.98 mL, 20 mmol), sodium iodide (1.5 g, 10 mmol) and potassium carbonate (4.15 g, 21 mmol) in 2-butanone (100 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred for 18 h at 85° C. The reaction was filtered and the solvent removed by vacuum distillation; the resulting oil was washed with water and recovered with dichloromethane. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford 3.7 g of desired product as a white solid (yield: 65%). 
         [0130]    C 17 H 22 N 2 O 2  Mass (calculated) [286.38]; (found) [M+H+]=287 
         [0131]    Lc Rt=0.97, 95% (5 min method) 
         [0132]    NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.41 (2H, m), 1.49-1.59 (6H, m), 1.65-1.72 (2H, m), 2.15-2.35 (6H, m), 3.69-3.73 (6H, m), 7.69-7.74 (2H, m), 7.80-7.85 (2H, m). 
         [0133]    b) 2-(4-Piperidin-1-yl-butyl)-isoindole-1,3-dione (3.7 g, 13 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (50 mL) and hydrazine monohydrate (1.26 mL, 26 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 4 h. The reaction was filtered, concentrated at reduced pressure and taken up with toluene and dichloromethane to remove excess phthalhydrazide by filtration; the crude amine was purified by SCX column, eluting with MeOH:dichloromethane 1:1 followed by 2 M NH3 in MeOH, to afford g (410 mg, 35%). 
         [0134]    C 9 H 20 N 2  Mass (calculated) [156.27]; (found) [M+H+]157 
         [0135]    LC Rt=0.31 (5 min method) 
         [0136]    NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): 1.45-1.62 (10 H, m), 2.30-2.43 (10 H, m), 2.64-2.67 (2H, m). 
       1-(4-Amino-butyl)-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid diethylamide 
       [0137]    a) Following the general procedure, commercially available N,N-diethylnipecotamide (3.4 g, 40 mmol) was weighed, placed in a flask and dissolved in 150 mL 2-butanone. To this N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimide (11.3 g, 40 mmol), NaI (3 g, 20 mmol) and K2CO3 (8.28 g, 60 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was heated at 85° C. for 20 hours. The solution was dried under vacuum and the crude solution was washed twice with water and dichloromethane. The organic layer was purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/MeOH 96/4. 
         [0138]    C 22 H 31 N 3 O 3  Mass (calculated) [385.50]; (found) [M+H+]=386 
         [0139]    LC Rt=2.63, 94% (10 min method) 
         [0140]    NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.08-1.12 (2H, m), 1.14-1.21 (2H, m), 1.52-1.76 (8H, m), 2.1 (1H, m), 2.23 (1 H, m), 2.44 (1H, m), 2.79 (1H, m), 2.94 (2H, m), 3.29-3.35 (4H, m), 3.69-3.73 (2H, m), 7.71-7.82 (2H, m), 7.82-7.86 (2H, m). 
         [0141]    b) The phthalimide was deprotected using the general method described for the previous examples to obtain the desired product in 38% yield. 
         [0142]    C 14 H 29 N 3 O Mass (calculated) [255.23]; (found) [M+H+] 32  256 
         [0143]    LC Rt=0.35 (10 min method) 
         [0144]    NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.09 (3H, m); 1.21 (3H, m); 1.50-1.60 (1H, m); 1.62-1.84 (6H, m), 2.13-2.19 (1H, m); 2.35-2.40 (1H, m); 2.46-2.50 (2H, m); 2.79-3.02 (5H, m); 3.27-3.47 (4H, m); 5.20-5.31 (3H, m). 
         [0145]    General Procedure for the synthesis of biaryl carboxylic acids 
         [0146]    Prepared according to the procedure outlined in Gong, Y. and Pauls, H. W. Synlett, 2000, 6, 829-831. 
         [0147]    A catalytic amount of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  was added to a degassed solution of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (0.001 mol) and arylic bromide (0.001 mol) in 0.4 M sodium carbonate solution (5 mL) and acetonitrile (5 mL). 
         [0148]    The mixture was heated at 90° C. under N 2  for 15-20 h. The hot suspension was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to about a half the original volume and then washed with CH 2 Cl 2 . The aqueous layer was acidified with conc. HCl and the resulting precipitate was collected. 
       2′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0149]    Yield: 80% 
         [0150]      1 H-NMR (CD 3 OD) δ (ppm): 8.10 (d, 1H); 7.50 (d, 2H); 6.94 (m, 4H) 
         [0151]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 214 (M+1, 100%). 
       4-(Pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid 
       [0152]    Yield: 70%; 
         [0153]      1 H-NMR (CD 3 OD) δ (ppm): 8.63 (d, 1H); 8.05 (m, 4H); 7.90 (m, 2H); 7.51 (m, 1H). 
         [0154]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 200 (M+1, 100%). 
       4-(1-Oxy-pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid 
       [0155]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 216 (M+1, 100%). 
       2′-Methylbiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0156]    Prepared with a modification of the procedure outlined in Leadbeater, N. E.; Marco, M;  Org. Lett.  2002, 4 917) 2973-2976: 
         [0157]    In a 10 mL glass tube were placed 4-carboxyphenyl boronic acid (166 mg, 1.0 mmol), 2-bromotoluene (120 μL, 1.0 mmol), Na 2 CO 3  (315 mg, 3 mmol), Pd(OAc) 2  (1 mg, 0.004 mmol), 2 mL of water and a magnetic stirbar. The vessel was sealed with a septum and placed into the microwave cavity. Microwave irradiation (maximum emitted power 200W) was used to increase the temperature to 150° C.; the reaction mixture was then kept at this temperature for 5 min. 
         [0158]    The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and the reaction mixture was filtered washing with little CHCl 3 . The aqueous layer was acidified, and the precipitate collected. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel using Petroleum Ether/AcOEt 50/50 as eluent to give 67.8 mg of 12, yield 32%. 
         [0159]      1 H-NMR (CD 3 OD) δ (ppm): 8.05 (m, 2H, arom); 7,41 (m, 2H, arom); 7.21 (m, 4H, arom); 2.22 (s, 3H, C—CH 3 ). 
         [0160]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 424 (2M, 100%). 
       2′-Nitrobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0161]    To a stirred solution of 2′-aminobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (213 mg, 0.001 mol) in hexane/water/acetone (6.7:5:1, 6 mL), were added at 0° C. NaHCO 3  (400 mg) and Oxone (1.050 g). After 20 min a second portion of NaHCO 3  (400 mg) and Oxone® (1050 mg) was added and, after 20 min, a final portion of NaHCO 3  (400 mg) and Oxone® (1050 mg) was added. After 6 h the suspension was diluted with water and the organic layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The combined organic layers were evaporated to give 2′-nitro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (138.5 mg, 0.00057 mol), yield 57%. 
         [0162]      1 H-NMR (CD 3 OD) δ (ppm): 7.80 (m, 8H) 
         [0163]    Mass (ES neg) m/z %: 242 (M−1, 100%); 226 (M−1-16, 70%) 
       2′-Methoxy-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0164]    To a solution of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (3.32 g, 20 mmol), Fibrecat®1007 (2 g) and potassium carbonate (3.03 g, 22 mmol) in ethanol/water (20 mL/20 mL), 1-bromo-2-methoxy-benzene was added (4.11 g, 22 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hours. After cooling, was filtered and the solution evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in aq. citric acid (10% w/v), filtered and washed with water and diethyl ether. The resulting solid was dried under vacuum to yield the title compound (4.02 g, 88%). 
         [0165]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 3.79 (s, 3H), 7.08 (m, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H), 7.96 (d, 1H) 
       2′-Chloro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0166]    A mixture of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (3.32 g, 20 mmol), Fibrecat®1007 (1 g), potassium carbonate (3.03 g, 22 mmol) and 1-bromo-2-chloro-benzene (4.2 g, 22 mmol) were exposed to microwave irradiation in a CEM Discovery Microwave for 15 minutes up to the maximum temperature of 120° C. After cooling, the mixture was filtered and the solution evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in 1M HCl solution, filtered and washed with water and diethyl ether. The resulting solid was dried under vacuum to yield the title compound (4.0 g, 86%). 
         [0167]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 7.38-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.98-8.02 (m, 2H); (M+1) e/z 233 
       2′,4′-Difluoro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0168]    Prepared as outlined for 2′-chloro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and obtained in yield=49%. 
         [0169]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 7.24 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.60 (m, 3H), 8.04 (d, 2H); (M+1) e/z 235 
       2′-Carbamoyl-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0170]    Prepared as outlined for 2′-chloro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and obtained in yield=29%. 
         [0171]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.52 (m, 6H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, 2H); (M+1) e/z 242 
       2-Methyl-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
       [0172]    Prepared as outlined for 2′-chloro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and obtained in yield=59%. 
         [0173]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 2.29 (s, 3H), 7.31-7.50 (m, 6H), 7.83 (dd, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H); (M+1) e/z 213 
       6-Phenyl-nicotinic acid 
       [0174]    Prepared as outlined for 2′-chloro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 
         [0175]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 7.47-7.55 (m, 3H), 8.1 (d, 1H), 8.11-8.16 (m, 2H), 8.32 (dd, 1H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 13.39 (br s, 1H); (M+1) e/z 200 
       4-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid 
     a) 4-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester 
       [0176]    A mixture of 4-cyano-benzoic acid methyl ester (16.5 g, 102 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (102 mmol), NaHCO 3  (110 mmol) in methanol (200 mL) was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature and heated to the reflux for a further 3 hours. After cooling, water (400 mL) was added, the precipitate collected by filtration, washed and dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. for 8 hours to give the title compound as a white solid (16.5 g, 83%). (M+1) e/z 195 
       b) 4-(5-Oxo-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl) -benzoic acid 
       [0177]    To a solution of 4-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (5.7 g, 29.4 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) was added CDI (1.2 eq). The reaction mixture was heated to 110° C. for 30 minutes. After cooling the solvent was evaporated, the residue suspended in water and the pH adjusted to pH=2 with aq. HCl (3M). The precipitate was collected by filtration washed with water, suspended in aqueous solution of NaOH (30 mL, 10% w/w) and methanol (50 mL) and left stirring at room temperature overnight. After evaporation of the solvents, the residue was taken in water (30 mL), pH adjusted to pH=2 adding aq. HCl (3M). The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum to yield the title compound as a white solid (4.1 g, 68%). 
         [0178]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 2.29 (s, 3H), 7.31-7.50 (m, 6H), 7.83 (dd, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H); (M+1) e/z 213 
       4-(3-Methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-benzoic acid 
     a) N-(4-Methoxycarbonylbenzoyl)oxy)acetarnidine 
       [0179]    To a solution of terephthalic acid monomethyl ester (5 g, 27.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 mL), CDI (27.7 mmol) was added. After 10 minutes stirring, N-hydroxy-acetamidine (27.7 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The solution was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a white solid (4.9 g, 75%). 
         [0180]    (M+1) e/z 237 
       b) 4-(3-Methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-benzoic acid 
       [0181]    A mixture of N-(4-methoxycarbonylbenzoyl)oxy)acetamidine (4.9 g, 20.7 mmol) and sodium acetate (20.7 mmol) in methanol (70 mL) and water (20 mL) was heated to 90° C. for 8 hours. After cooling a solid crystallised out of solution. The solid was filtered out, suspended in aq. NaOH solution (10% w/w, 30 mL) and methanol (30 mL) and left stirring at room temperature overnight. The solution was then evaporated under reduced pressure, the pH adjusted to pH=3 adding aq. HCl (6M). A precipitated formed, which was collected by filtration, washed with water, diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to yield the title compound as a white solid (2.5 g, 44%). 
         [0182]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 2.44 (s, 3H), 8.17 (m, 4H); (M+1) e/z 205 
       4-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-benzoic acid 
       [0183]    A mixture of 4-cyano-benzoic acid methyl ester (4.02 g, 25 mmol), sodium azide (32.5 mmol) and triethylamine hydrochloride (32.5 mmol) in toluene (40 mL) is heated at 97° C. for 7 hours. After cooling the solution, water (100 mL) was added. The aqueous phase was separated and to this solution HCl conc (7 g) was added. A precipitate formed which was isolated by filtration and washed with water. The obtained solid was suspended in aq. NaOH solution (20 mL, 10% w/w) and methanol (20 mL) and left stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was then evaporated, water was added to the residue and the pH acidified with HCl (6M). A white precipitate formed which was isolated by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum to give the title compound (4.5 g, 95%). 
         [0184]      1 H-NMR (dmso-d6) δ 8.09-8.17 (m, 4H); (M+1) e/z 191 
       4-(5-Methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid 
       [0185]    To a solution of 4-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (3.88 g, 20 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL), acetic anhydride (40 mmol) was added. The mixture was left stirring at room temperature overnight. After  16  hours the solvent was evaporated, pyridine (30 mL) was added and the reaction mixture heated at 95° C. for 2 days. After cooling the solution a solid crystallised out of solution. To this solution, water (20 mL) was added and after 2 hours stirring at room temperature it was filtered and the solid collected. The solid was suspended in aq. NaOH (30 mL, 10% w/w) and methanol (50 mL) and left stirring at room temperature overnight. After evaporation of the solvents, the residue was taken in water (30 mL), pH adjusted to pH=2 adding aq. HCl (3M). A precipitate formed which was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum to yield the title compound as a white solid (3.8 g, 93%). (M+1) e/z 205. 
         [0186]    General Procedure for the Synthesis of Biaryl-Carboxylic Acid Chlorides 
         [0187]    The biarylcarboxylic acids (0.00057 mol) were treated with 5 mL of SOCl 2  for 5 h under reflux. The excess of SOCl 2  was removed by distillation and the crude acid chloride was used in the next reaction without further purification. 
         [0188]    General Procedure for Acid—Amine Coupling Method using Acid Chlorides 
         [0189]    A mixture of (4-aryl-piperazin-1-yl)-alkylamine (0.3 mmol), biarylcarboxylic acid chloride (0.3 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mmol) and a catalytic amount of DMAP in CH 2 Cl 2  was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min then at room temperature for 4 h. 
         [0190]    The CH 2 Cl 2  layer was washed with water, dried and concentrated. The residue purified by chromatography on silica gel with CHCl 3 /MeOH 95/5 as eluent to give the title compound. 
         [0191]    General Procedure for Acid—Amine Coupling Method using Carbodiimide 
         [0192]    A solution of (4-aryl-piperazin-1-yl)-alkylamine (0.00014 mol) in 5 mL of dry CH 2 Cl 2  was cooled to 0° C. The carboxylic acid (0.0002 mol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) (0.0002 mol) and a catalytic amount of DMAP were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. 
         [0193]    The CH 2 Cl 2  layer was then washed with water, dried and concentrated in vacuo and the residue purified by chromatography eluting with a gradient CHCl3/MeOH 99:1 to 95:5. 
         [0194]    General Procedure for Acid—Amine Coupling Method using N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) 
         [0195]    To the preweighed acid (0.55 mmol), dimethylformamide was added (2 mL) to dissolve, followed by N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (0.55 mmol). The solution was then left for 60 minutes before adding the amine (0.6 mmol) and the reaction was stirred for a further 16 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude mixture was treated with 5% MeOH in dichloromethane (2 mL) and washed with 10% sodium hydroxide solution (2 mL). This mixture was passed through a column packed with 5 grams of diatomaceous earth and the eluting the product with dichloromethane. The collected organic layer, containing the desired compound, was further purified using flash chromatography eluting with 10% MeOH in dichloromethane. Fractions containing the product were combined and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. 
         [0196]    For less reactive carboxylic acids, activation was accomplished by heating the reaction at 60° C. for 2 h before adding the amine (1 eq) (1M solution in dimethylformamide) to the reaction mixture upon cooling; the reaction is then shaken at room temperature for 18-24 h. 
         [0197]    Alternatively, to a solution of carboxylic acid (0.3 mmol) and CDI (0.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL), the amine (0.3 mmol) was added after 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was exposed to microwave irradiation for 10 minutes at 100° C. After cooling the reaction mixture was absorbed on a SCX cartridge, eluted with dichloromethane, methanol and methanol/ammonia solution. After evaporation, the residue was purified by silica column eluting with a gradient ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1:1)ethyl acetate→ethyl acetate/methanol (9:1). The fractions containing the product were combined and the solvent evaporated. 
         [0198]    General Procedure for Coupling of 4-oxo-butyl-benzamides via Reductive Alkylation 
       a) 4-bromo-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)benzamide 
       [0199]    A solution of 4-aminobutan-1-ol (20.71 g, 232 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added to a stirring solution of 4-bromobenzoyl chloride (51 g, 232 mmol) in dichloromethane (250 mL). Diisopropylethylamine (40.4 mL, 232 mmol) was added and the colourless solution was stirred at room temperature. LC/MS indicated completion of the reaction after 50 mins. The solution was transferred to a separating funnel and washed with water. A white solid precipitated out which was filtered off and washed with dichloromethane to afford pure product. The filtrate was treated with H 2 O which gave rise to further precipitate. The organic layer was washed with 1M HCl and NaHCO 3  (sat), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in-vacuo to afford a further batch of product (total yield 57.99 g). 
         [0200]    MS (ES) m/z 272/274 (Br) 
       b) 4-Bromo-N-(4-oxobutyl)-benzamide 
       [0201]    A solution of oxalyl chloride (4.15 mL, 47.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) was stirred under a N 2  flow at −60° C. DMSO (6.76 mL, 95.2 mmol) was added cautiously ensuring that the temperature remained below −50° C. After 15 mins a solution of 4-bromo-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)benzamide (10 g, 36.6 mmol) in a mixture of dichloromethane (20 mL), THF (40 mL) and DMSO (5 mL) was added. After 30 mins the temperature had risen to −50° C. After 1 h triethylamine (1.637 g, 16.18 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. LC/MS indicated completion of the reaction. H 2 O (200 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was washed with 1M HCl, NaHCO 3  (sat) and brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in-vacuo to afford an orange oil (9.93 g). 
         [0202]    MS (ES) m/z 270/272 (Br); 252/254 (Br) 
       a) 3-Bromo-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)benzamide 
       [0203]    A solution of 4-aminobutan-1-ol (20.3 g, 228 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added to a stirring solution of 3-bromobenzoyl chloride (50 g, 228 mmol) in dichloromethane (250 mL). DIPEA (39.6 mL, 228 mmol) was added and the colourless solution was stirred at room temperature. LC/MS indicated completion of the reaction after 50 mins. The solution was transferred to a separating funnel and washed with water. A white solid precipitated out which was filtered off and washed with dichloromethane to afford pure product. The filtrate was treated with H 2 O which gave rise to further precipitate. The organic layer was washed with 1M HCl and NaHCO 3  (sat), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in-vacuo to afford a further batch of product (total yield 46.82 g, 76%, 97% pure by LC/MS). 
         [0204]    Rt=1.09; MS (ES) m/z 272/274 (Br) 
       b) 3-Bromo-N-(4-oxo-butyl)-benzamide 
       [0205]    A solution of oxalyl chloride (20.85 mL, 239 mmol) in dichloromethane (900 mL) was stirred under a N2 flow at −60° C. DMSO (33.9 mL, 478 mmol) was added cautiously ensuring that the temperature remained below −50° C. After 15 mins a solution of 3-bromo-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)benzamide 1 (50 g, 184 mmol) in a mixture of dichloromethane (100 mL), THF (400 mL) and DMSO (50 mL) was added. After 30 mins the temperature had risen to −50° C. After 1 h triethylamine (96.7 g, 956 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. LC/MS indicated completion of the reaction. H 2 O (1 L) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was washed with 1M HCl, NaHCO 3  (sat) and brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in-vacuo to afford an orange oil (9.93 g, &gt;100%, 97% pure by LC/MS). 
         [0206]    Rt=1.18; MS (ES) m/z 252/254, 270/272 (Br) 
       Reductive alkylation on N-(4-oxo-butyl)benzamides 
       [0207]    To the preweighed amine (1 equivalent), the aldehyde was added dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (1.2 eq, dichloromethane). The solution was left to mix for 90 minutes before addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.5 equivalents). The reaction was left to mix for a further 16 hours. The crude reaction was then washed with saturated NaHCO 3  (2 mL solution/reaction) and the organic layer extracted. The dichloromethane crude solution was passed through an SCX column, eluting the desired product in 20% ammonia in methanol. Fractions containing the compound were combined and the product purified further using HPLC prep. 
         [0208]    General Procedure for Suzuki coupling of N-(4-amino)butyl-3- or 4-bromobenzamides—Exemplified in Detail for N-(4-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-bromobenzamide and 2-ethylphenylboronic Acid 
         [0209]    N-(4-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-bromobenzamide (86 mg, 0.225 mmol) was dissolved in DME:EtOH 1:1 (20 mL) and added to a microwave tube containing 2-ethylphenylboronic acid (34 mg, 0.225 mmol). 1M Na 2 CO 3  in H 2 O was added (300 μl, 0.3 mmol) followed by Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (26 mg, 0.0225 mmol). The tube was capped, shaken by hand and loaded into the microwave for 10 mins at 150° C. The reaction was filtered through celite and washed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated in-vacuo and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The product was taken on directly to form the HCl salt: 200 μl 1.25 M HCl in MeOH and 800 μl dichloromethane were added to the title compound and the solution was shaken and concentrated in-vacuo to afford the hydrochloride salt (38.7 mg). 
         [0210]    MS (ES) m/z 408 
         [0211]    General procedures for 5-alkylaminopentanoic Acid arylamides Preparation from 5-bromopentanoyl Chloride 
         [0212]    In dichloromethane at 0° C.-room temperature. A solution of aromatic amine (1 eq) and triethylamine (1 eq) in dichloromethane (0.2 mmol/mL) is cooled at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. 5-Bromopentanoyl chloride (1 eq) in dichloromethane (0.3 mmol/mL) is slowly added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hr. The amine (5 eq) and triethylamine (1 eq) are added at once and the reaction is stirred at room temperature for 40 hrs. The organic solution is then washed with brine, dried and the solvent removed. The product are crystallised by hexane: diethylether 1:1 or purified by flash chromatography. 
         [0213]    Modified room temperature conditions for array synthesis: To a solution of aniline (1 eq) and triethylamine (1 eq) in dichloromethane (2 mL) at room temperature was slowly added 5-bromo-pentanoyl chloride (1 eq) and the mixture stirred for 1.5 hr. The solution was added to a previously prepared vial containing the amine (5 eq) and triethylamine (1 eq) and the reactions were shaken at room temperature for 40 hrs. The organic solution was washed with brine, dried and the solvent removed. The products were purified by flash chromatography or by preparative HPLC. 
         [0214]    In dichloroethane/dimethylformamide at 55° C.: A substituted aromatic amine (1 eq) and triethylamine (1 eq) are weighed in a glass vial and 1,2-dichloroethane is added to give a 1.2 M solution; 5-bromovaleryl chloride (0.95 eq) is then added dropwise as a solution in dimethylformamide (1.2 M) and the reaction is shaken at room temperature for 1 h 30 min. The amine (3 eq) and triethylamine (1 eq) are then added as a solution in DCE (amine concentration 1.8 M) and the reaction mixture shaken at 55° C. for 4 h. After this period, the reaction mixture is cooled and partitioned between water and dichloromethane; the organic layer is washed with sat. NaCl and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The crude amides obtained after solvent evaporation at reduced pressure are purified by preparative HPLC. 
       5-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pentanoic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide 
       [0215]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature to give 3.7 g (70%) of the title compound. 
         [0216]    C 16 H 24 N 3 OBr Mass (calculated) [354.29]; found [M+H+]=354/356 (Br), 
         [0217]    Lc Rt=0.58, 93% 
         [0218]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.43 (2H, m); 1.55 (2H, m); 2.23 (3H, s); 2.27-2.50 (12H, m); 7.44 (2H, d, J=9 Hz); 7.55 (2H, d, J=9 Hz); 10.05 (1H, s). 
         [0219]    General Suzuki Cross-Coupling Procedure for the Synthesis of Arylamides 
         [0220]    To a degassed mixture of 5-alkylamino-pentanoic acid bromoaryl-amide (0.1 g, 1 eq) and a substituted benzeneboronic acid (1.1 eq) in acetonitrile/sodium carbonate 0.4 M solution 1/1 (4 mL) a catalytic amount of Pd[(PPh 3 )] 4  (5 mmol %) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 20 minutes under microwave irradiation (150 Watt) and then again other 20 minutes. The organic layer was separated and purified by SCX column. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford the corresponding product. 
         [0221]    General Procedure for Urea Synthesis from Isocyanates 
         [0222]    To a cooled 0.2 M solution of amine (1 eq) in dichloromethane, 1 eq of bromophenylisocyanate was added. The mixture was left stirring at 0° C. and it was stopped when a white solid was formed (1 h), after ca. 1 hour. The product was recovered by filtration as a white solid which was used without further purification. 
         [0223]    General Suzuki Cross-Coupling Procedure for the Synthesis of Ureas Microwave Irradiation 
         [0224]    To a degassed 0.067 M solution of bromide (1 eq, prepared following the procedure for ureas described above) in acetonitrile/water (1/1), the appropriate boronic acid (1 eq) and Na2CO3 (3 eq) were added followed by Pd[(PPh 3 )] 4  (10% mol). The solution was irradiated under microwave conditions, using the following parameters: power=200 watt; ramp time=1 min; hold time=20 min; temp=90° C.; pressure=200 psi. The acetonitrile layer was separated and the crude mixture was purified using a SCX column washing with dichloromethane/MeOH followed by MeOH and then NH3/MeOH to elute the product. The fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried under reduced pressure. 
         [0225]    Thermal Heating 
         [0226]    The urea was weighted (1 eq, prepared following the procedure for ureas described above), placed in a 2-neck flask and dissolved in a degassed solution of acetonitrile/water (4/1, 0.04 M). To this solution boronic acid (1.1 eq), Na 2 CO 3  (3 eq) and Pd[(PPh 3 )] 4  (10% mmol) were added. The mixture was heated at 80° C. and stirred for 20 hours. The solution was filtered on Celite layer and purified using SCX or preparative HPLC. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
     N-{4-[4-(2,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-4- (pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide 
     a) 1-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazine hydrochloride 
       [0227]    Prepared with a modification of Pascal, J. C.; et al.  Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  1990, 25, 291-293: a solution of 1.48 g (0.0097 mol) of 2,4-dimethoxyaniline, 1.89 g (0.0160 mol) of bis-2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride and 2.00 g of K 2 CO 3  in 25 mL of 1-butanol was refluxed for 24 h then filtered hot. 
         [0228]    The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue triturated with acetone. The resulting powder was filtered and dried to give 1.25 g of the title compound. 
         [0229]      1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm): 9.21 (br s, 1H); 6.82 (d, 1H); 6.52 (s, 1H); 6.42 (d, 1H); 3.74 (s, 3H); 3.68 (s, 3H); 3.12 (s, 4H); 3.07 (s, 4H). 
       b) 2-{4-[4-(2,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-isoindole-1,3-dione  
       [0230]    Prepared following the general procedure outlined in Nishikawa, Y.; et al;  Chem. Pharm. Bull.,  1989, 37 (1), 100-105. 
         [0231]    A mixture of N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimide (0.00135 mol), 1-(2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)-piperazine hydrochloride (0.00135 mol), K 2 CO 3  (0.00270 mol), Nal (0.00186 mol) and methylethyl ketone (7 mL) was refluxed for 20 h with stirring. After the mixture had cooled, the insoluble materials were removed by filtration and washed with CHCl 3  The filtrate and the washings were concentrated to dryness in vacuo. 
         [0232]    The residue was purified by cromatography on silica gel with CHCl 3 /MeOH 95/5 as eluent. Yield: 68%. 
         [0233]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 7.73 (m, 4H); 6.82 (d, 1H); 6.40 (m, 2H); 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.65 (m, 2H); 2.98 (m, 4H); 2.61 (m, 4H); 2.41 (t, 2H); 1.66 (m, 4H). 
       c) 4-[4-(2,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine 
       [0234]    A solution of 2-{4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-isoindole-1,3-dione (0.000236 mol) and hydrazine hydrate (0.000478 mol) in ethanol (2 mL) was refluxed for 2 h with stirring. After the solution had cooled, any insoluble materials were removed by filtration and washed with EtOH. The filtrate and the washings were concentrated in vacuo to dryness. The residue was taken up with CHCl 3 . The CHCl 3  layer was washed with water, dried and concentrated to give the title amine. Yield: 50%. 
         [0235]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 6.85 (d, 1H); 6.41 (m, 2H); 3.81 (s, 3H); 3.75 (s, 3H); 3.01 (m, 4H); 2.63 (m, 4H); 2.40 (t, 2H); 1.35 (m, 6H). 
       d) N-{4-[4-(2,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-4-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide 
       [0236]    Prepared by reaction with 4-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid according to the general procedure (acid chloride method). 
         [0237]    Yield: 35%. 
         [0238]    Mp 154.5-156° C. (free base); 212-216° C. (HCl salt) 
         [0239]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 8.66 (d, 1H); 8.02 (d, 2H); 7.85 (d, 2H); 7.75 (m, 2H); 7.23 (m, 1H); 6.96 (br s, 1H); 6.76 (d, 1H); 6.42 (d, 1H); 6.36 (dd, 1H); 3.78 (s, 3H); 3.72 (s, 3H); 3.47 (m, 2H); 2.97 (m, 4H); 2.65 (m, 4H); 2.47 (t, 2H); 1.70 (m, 4H) 
         [0240]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 475 (M+1, 100%); 497 (M+Na, 19%) 
         [0241]    HPLC: column Zorbax C8 MeOH 80%/H 2 O 20%, 1.0 mL/min; Rt 6.54; area=99% 
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-amide 
       [0242]    Prepared from 4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine and 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid following the general procedure (acid chloride method). 
         [0243]    Yield: 35% 
         [0244]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 7.82 (d, 2H); 7.5-7.6 (m, 4H); 7.48-7.5 (m, 3H); 6.89 (br s, 1H); 6.77 (d, 1H); 6.45 (d, 1H); 6.34 (dd, 1H); 3.80 (s, 3H); 3.73 (s, 3H); 3.49 (m, 2H); 2.96 (m, 4H); 2.64 (m, 4H); 2.45 (t, 2H); 1.68 (m, 4H). 
         [0245]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 474 (M+1, 100%); 496 (M+Na, 6%). 
         [0246]    HPLC: column: Zorbax CN AcCN 40%/H 2 O (CF 3 COOH pH=2.3) 60%, 0.8 mL/min; Rt=5.396; Area 98% 
       EXAMPLE 3 
     2′-Nitro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-amide 
       [0247]    Prepared from 4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine and 2′-nitrobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid following the general procedure (acid chloride method). 
         [0248]    Yield: 17% 
         [0249]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 7.7-7.9 (m, 3H); 7.45-7.55 (m, 2H); 7.3-7.4 (m, 3H); 6.84 (br s, 1H); 6.80 (d, 1H); 6.44 (d, 1H); 6.37 (dd, 1H); 3.80 (s, 3H); 3.74 (s, 3H); 3.49 (m, 2H); 2.97 (m, 4H); 2.63 (m, 4H); 2.46 (t, 2H); 1.68 (m, 4H) 
         [0250]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 519 (M+1, 100%); 541 (M+Na, 11%) 
         [0251]    HPLC: column Zorbax CN MeOH 50%/H 2 O (CF 3 COOH pH=2) 50%, 0.4 mL/min; Rt=17.209; Area 88% 
       EXAMPLE 4 
     2′-Fluoro-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-amide 
       [0252]    Prepared from 4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine and 2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid following the general procedure (acid chloride method). 
         [0253]    Yield: 20% 
         [0254]    Mp=124-125.5° C. 
         [0255]    R t  (CHCl 3 /MeOH 95/5) 0.21 
         [0256]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 7.81 (d, 2H); 7.56 (d, 2H); 7.1-7.4 (m, 4H); 6.99 (s br, 1H); 6.76 (d, 1H); 6.43 (d, 1H); 6.33 (dd, 1H); 3.78 (s, 3H); 3.71 (s, 3H); 3.46 (m, 2H); 2.94 (m, 4H); 2.60 (m, 4H); 2.44 (t, 2H); 1.66 (m, 4H) 
         [0257]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 492 (M+1, 100%); 
         [0258]    HPLC: column Zorbax CN AcCN 50%/H 2 O (CF 3 COOH pH=2,3) 50%, 0.4 mL/min; Rt=13.525; Area 96% 
       EXAMPLE 5 
     2′-Methyl-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-amide 
       [0259]    Prepared from 4-[4-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine and 2′-methylbiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid following the general procedure (acid chloride method). 
         [0260]    Yield: 21% 
         [0261]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 7.80 (d, 2H); 7.35 (d, 2H); 7.2-7.4 (m, 4H); 6.88 (br s, 1H); 6.79 (d, 1H); 6.46 (d, 1H); 6.36 (m, 1H); 3.82 (s, 3H); 3.76 (s, 3H); 3.50 (m, 2H); 2.98 (m, 4H); 2.66 (m, 4H); 2.47 (m, 2H); 2.25 (s, 3H); 1.70 (m, 4H) 
         [0262]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 488 (M+1, 100%) 
         [0263]    HPLC: column Zorbax C8 AcCN 40%/H 2 O (CF 3 COOH pH=2.3) 60%, 1.0 mL/min; Rt=11.748; Area 96% 
       EXAMPLE 6 
     N-{4-[4-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-4-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide 
     a) 2-{4-[4-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-isoindole-1,3-dione 
       [0264]    Prepared According to the General Procedure 
         [0265]    Yield: 80% 
         [0266]    1H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 7.72 (m, 4H); 6.89 (m, 4H); 3.81 (s, 3H); 3.69 (t, 2H); 3.15 (m, 4H); 2.60 (4H, m); 2.40 (t, 2H); 1.66 (m, 4H). 
       b) 4-[4-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine 
       [0267]    Prepared According to the General Procedure 
         [0268]    Yield: 53% 
         [0269]      1 H-NMR (CD 3 OD) δ (ppm): 6.90 (m, 4H); 3.83 (s, 3H); 3.05 (m, 4H); 2.79 (t, 2H); 2.66 (4H, m); 2.43 (m, 2H); 1.60 (m, 4H). 
         [0270]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 264 (M+1, 100%). 
       c) N-{4-[4-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-4-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzamide 
       [0271]    Prepared by Reaction with 4-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid According to the General Procedure—Carbodiimide Method. 
         [0272]    Yield: 41% 
         [0273]    Mp=152.3-154.6° C. 
         [0274]    R t  (CHCl 3 /MeOH 95/5)=0.15 
         [0275]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 8.66 (d, 1H); 8.00 (d, 2H); 7.84 (d, 2H); 7.70 (m, 2H); 7.21 (m, 1H); 6.8-7.0 (m, 5H); 3.80 (s, 3H); 3.44 (m, 2H); 3.03 (m, 4H); 2.62 (m, 4H); 2.43 (m, 2H); 1.65 (m, 4H). 
         [0276]    Mass (ES) m/z %: 445 (M+1, 100%); 467 (M+Na, 78%). 
         [0277]    HPLC: column Zorbax C8 MeOH 80%/H 2 O 20%, 0.8 mL/min; Rt=4.72; area: 99.9%. 
       EXAMPLE 7 
     1H-Indole-6-carboxylic acid (4-[4-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-amide 
       [0278]    Following the general procedure, 6-indolecarboxylic acid (44 mg, 0.27 mmol) is dissolved in dimethylformamide (1 mL) and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (44 mg, 0.27 mmol) is added. 4-[4-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine (73 mg, 0.27 mmol) dissolved in dimethylformamide (0.25 mL) is then added and the mixture is allowed to react for 18 h. Work-up followed by preparative HPLC affords the title compound (51 mg, 41%, &gt;95% pure) as formate salt. 
         [0279]    C 23 H 26 F 2 N 4 O Mass (calculated) [412.49]; (found) [M+H+]=413 
         [0280]    LC Rt=3.02, 100% (10 min method) 
         [0281]    NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.51 (4H, m); 2.34 (2H, t); 2.47 (4H, bs); 2.93 (4H, bs); 3.26 (2H, m); 6.49 (1H, s); 6.95-7.01 (2H, m); 7.12-7.17 (1H, m); 7.40 (2H, m); 7.6 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 1.2), 8.09 (1H, s); 8.17 (1H, HCOOH,s); 8.26 (1H, t); 11.27 (1H, s). 
       EXAMPLE 8 
     N-(4-Azepan-1-yl-butyl)-4-pyridin-2-yl-benzamide 
     a) N-(4-Hydroxy-butyl)-4-pyridin-2-yl-benzamide 
       [0282]    CDI (4.07 g, 25 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-pyridin-2-yl-benzoic acid (5.0 g, 25 mmol) in dichloromethane and the reaction mixture stirred for 4 hours. 4-aminobutanol (3.0 mL, 30 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 4 hours after which the solution was washed with a saturated solution of Na 2 CO 3 . The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography (dichloromethane, dichloromethane/MeOH 1%) to give 2.4 g of the title alcool. 
         [0283]    LC Rt=0.98 min (5 min run) 
         [0284]    (M+1=271) 
         [0285]    1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 8.71-8.66 (1H,m), 8.53-8.46 (1H, m), 8.78 (2H,d, 8.1 Hz), 8.12 (1H, d, 8.3 Hz), 7.94 (2H, d, 8.1 Hz), 7.92-7.83 (1H, m), 7.46-7.36 (1H, m), 4.38 (1H, t, 6.6 Hz), 3.42 (2H, dd, 6.6 Hz, 12.0 Hz), 3.35-3.25 (2H, m), 1.60-1.42 (4H,m). 
       b) N-(4-Oxo-butyl)-4-pyridin-2-yl-benzamide 
       [0286]    A solution of oxalyl chloride (42 μL, 0.48 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred under N 2  at −60° C. DMSO (34 μL, 0.48 mmol) was added followed after 15 mins by a solution of alcohol (100 mg, 0.37 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL). After 2 h triethylamine (106 μl, 0.74 mmol) was added. The mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. LC/MS indicated completion of the reaction. The organic layer was washed with a saturated solution of NH 4 Cl, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 100 mg of a white powder (92% pure by LC/MS Rt=0.98, M+1=269) which was used in the next step without further purification. 
       c) N-(4-Azepan-1-yl-butyl)-4-pyridin-2-yl-benzamide 
       [0287]    Azepane (50 μl, 0.45 mmol) was weighed into a clean glass vial. To this, the crude N-(4-oxo-butyl)-4-pyridin-2-yl-benzamide (100 mg, 0.37 mmol) was added, dissolved in 2 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane. The reaction was left to mix for 90 minutes before addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (118 mg, 0.56 mmol), after which it was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature before washing the crude reaction with saturated NaHCO 3  (2 mL solution) and extracting the organic layer. The dichloromethane crude solution was passed through an SCX column, eluting the desired product in 20% ammonia in methanol. Fractions containing the compound were combined and the product purified further using HPLC prep to yield N-(4-Azepan-1-yl-butyl)-4-pyridin-2-yl-benzamide as the formate salt (47 mg, 36% yield). 
         [0288]      1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) 8.08 (m, 4H), 7.77 (m, 3H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.10 (m, 6H), 1.89 (m, 6H), 1.73 (m, 6H) 
       EXAMPLE 9 
     5-Piperidin-1-yl-pentanoic acid (3-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
       [0289]    Following the general procedure in dichloroethane/dimethylformamide at 55° C., 3-chloroaniline (76 mg, 0.6 mmol) and triethylamine (60 mg, 0.6 mmol) are dissolved in dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) and 5-bromovaleryl chloride (113 mg, 0.57 mmol) in dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) is added dropwise. After 1 h 30 min, piperidine (153 mg, 1.8 mmol) and triethylamine (60 mg, 0.6 mmol) in dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) and the reaction mixture heated at +55° C. for 4 h. Wok-up followed by preparative HPLC affords the title compound (118 mg, 67%) as a white solid as formate salt. 
         [0290]    C 16 H 23 C 1 N 2 O Mass (calculated) [294.82]; (found) [M+H+]=295 
         [0291]    LC Rt=1.78, 100% (10 min method) 
         [0292]    NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d6): 1.48 (2H, m); 1.52 (6H, m); 2.31 (2H, t); 2.48 (6H, m); 7.05 (1H, dd, J=8, 1.2); 7.30 (1H, m); 7.41 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 0.8); 7.80 (1H, s); 8.21 (1H, HCOOH,s); 10.1 (1H, bs). 
       EXAMPLE 10 
     5-morpholin-4-yl-pentanoic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide 
       [0293]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature to give 6.4 g (93%) of the title compound. 
         [0294]    C 15 H 21 N 2 O 2 Br Mass (calculated) [341.24]; found [M+H+]=341/343 (Br) 
         [0295]    Lc Rt=2.30, 100% 
         [0296]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.44 (2H, m); 1.57 (2H, m); 2.29 (8H, m), 3.54 (4H, m), 7.44 (2H, d, J=7 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J=7 Hz). 
       EXAMPLE 11 
     5-Piperidin-1-yl-pentanoic acid (3-bromo-phenyl)-amide 
       [0297]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature to give 1.7 g (33%) of the title compound. 
         [0298]    C 16 H 23 N 2 OBr Mass (calculated) [339.28]; found [M+H+]=339/341 (Br), 
         [0299]    Lc Rt=1.86, 98% 
         [0300]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.51-1.64 (10H, m); 2.34 (2H, m); 2.23 (2H, m); 2.76 (4H, m); 2.97 (2H, m); 7.12-7.264 (2H, m); 7.48 (2H, br d, J=8 Hz); 7.97 (1H, s). 
       EXAMPLE 12 
     5-Morpholin-4-yl-pentanoic acid (2′-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide  
       [0301]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature followed by Suzuki coupling to give 0.1 g (92%) of the title compound. 
         [0302]    C 22 H 25 N 2 O 2 F 3  Mass (calculated) [406.44]; (found) [M+H+]=407 
         [0303]    Lc Rt=3.36, 98% 
         [0304]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.45 (2H, m); 1.6 (2H, m); 2.3 (8H, m); 3.55 (4H, m); 7.21 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz); 7.36 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz); 7.56 (1H, m); 7.63 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz); 7.68 (1H, m); 7.79 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz) 
       EXAMPLE 13 
     4′-[5-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pentanoylamino]-biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid amide 
       [0305]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature followed by Suzuki coupling to give 0.07 g (63%) of the title compound. 
         [0306]    C 23 H 30 N 4 O 2 Mass (calculated) [394.51]; (found) [M+H+]=395 
         [0307]    Lc Rt=1.06, 100% 
         [0308]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.43 (2H, m); 1.58 (2H, m); 2.10 (3H, s); 2.12-2.44 (12H, m); 7.40 (1H, s); 7.49 (1H, m); 7.68 (4H, m); 7.78 (2H, m); 8.06 (1H, s); 8.11 (1H, s); 9.97 (1H, s). 
       EXAMPLE 14 
     5-(4-Acetyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pentanoic acid (2′-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
       [0309]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature followed by Suzuki coupling to give 46 mg (51%) of the title compound. 
         [0310]    C 24 H 31 N 3 O 3  Mass (calculated) [409.53]; (found) [M+H+]=410 
         [0311]    LC Rt=2.21, 100% (10 min method) 
         [0312]    NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): 1.62 (2H, m); 1.74(2H, m); 2.07 (3H, s); 2.41-2.49 (8H, m); 3.53 (2H, m); 3.58 (2H, m); 3 . 78  (3H, s); 6.98 (1H, m); 7.04 (1H, d, J=8); 7.27 (2H, m); 7.43 (2H, d, J=8.8); 7.56 (2H, d, J=8.8) 
       EXAMPLE 15 
     4-Acetyl-1-[4-(2′,3′-difluoro-biphenyl-4-ylcarbamoyl)-butyl]-[1,4]diazepan-1-ium formate 
       [0313]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature followed by Suzuki coupling to give 0.04 g (37%) of the title compound. 
         [0314]    C 24 H 29 N 3 O 2 F 2  HCO 2 H Mass (calculated) [429.51/46.01]; (found) [M+H+]=430.28 
         [0315]    Lc Rt=2.98, 100% 
         [0316]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.44 (2H, m); 1.58 (2H, m); 1.66 (1H, m); 1.75 (1H, m); 1.96 (3H, s), 2.32 (2H, m); 2.42 (2H, m); 2.52 (3H, m); 2.62 (1H, m); 3.54 (4H, m), 7.24-7.42 (3H, m); 7.5 (2H, d, J=9 Hz); 7.7 (2H, d, J=9 Hz); 8.16 (1H, s); 10.03 (1H, s) 
       EXAMPLE 16 
     5-Piperidin-1-yl-pentanoic acid (3′-hydroxy-biphenyl-3-yl)-amide 
       [0317]    Prepared according the general procedure in dichloromethane at room temperature followed by Suzuki coupling to give 0.06 g (58%) of the title compound. 
         [0318]    C 22 H 28 N 2 O 2  Mass (calculated) [352.47]; (found) [M+H+]=353.32 
         [0319]    Lc Rt=1.90, 99% 
         [0320]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.34 (2H, m); 1.40-1.47 (6H, m); 1.57 (2H, m); 2.19-2.33 (8H, m); 6.73 (1H, d, J=8 Hz); 6.95 (1H, s); 6.99 (1H, d, J=7 Hz); 7.23 (2H, m); 7.32 (1H, m); 7.51 (1H, d, J=9 Hz); 7.87 (1H, s); 9.56 (1H, br s); 9.94 (1H, s). 
       EXAMPLE 17 
     1-(2′-Chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-3- (4-morpholin-4-yl-butyl)-urea 
       [0321]    1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(4-morpholin-4-yl-butyl)-urea was weighed (0.8 g, 0.22 mmol), placed in 2 necks flask and dissolved in a degassed solution of acetonitrile (4 mL) and water (1 mL). 2-Chloro-phenylboronic acid (0.33 g, 0.24 mmol) and Na2CO3 (0.65 g, 0.6 mmol) and a catalytic amount of Pd[(PPh 3 )] 4  werer then added in sequence and the mixture was heated at 80° C. and stirred for 20 hours. The solution was filtered on Celite layer and purified using preparative HPLC. 
         [0322]    C 21 H 26 C 1 N 3 O 2  Mass (calculated) [387.91]; (found) [M+H+]=388 
         [0323]    Lc Rt: 3.20 (96%) 
         [0324]    NMR (400 MHz, MeOH): 1.56-1.58 (2H, m), 1.71 (2H, m), 2.94-2.98 (2H, m), 3.06-3.22 (4H, m), 3.22-3.25 (2H, m), 3.8 (4H, m), 7.24-7.29 (5H, m), 7.37-7.42 (3H, m), 8.31 (1H, s) 
       TABLE 1-EXAMPLES 18-254 
       [0325]    Table 1 shows a selection of the compounds synthesised, which were prepared according to the method indicated in the last column of the table and discussed in detail in the Experimental Procedures with the synthesis of Examples 1-17. When the compound is indicated as the HCl salt, the salt was formed by dissolution of the free base in methanol and addition of 1 eq 1M HCl in ether followed by evaporation of the solvents. When the compound is indicated as HCOOH (formic acid) salt, the compound was purified by preparative HPLC. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 Salt 
                 Parent Formula 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H29N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C16H23N2OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C15H21N2O2Br 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C16H23N2OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H25N2O2F3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H30N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H31N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H29N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H28N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C21H26N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H38N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C27H36N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H39N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C28H36N3O2F3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C25H35N3O2S 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C27H35N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H42N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H41N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H29N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H28ClN3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H28N3OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H33N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H27N3OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H28N3OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H27N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H28N3OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H30N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H27N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H27N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H32N2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C28H31F2N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C28H32ClN3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H26N2OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C31H35N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C28H36N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C30H31N5O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C28H31N5O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C28H31N2O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C27H35N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C28H32N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H27N2OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H29N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H34N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C20H26N2OS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H27N2OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H28N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H28N3OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H28N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C27H32N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C27H36N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C21H27N3O2S 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C21H28N4O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C21H27N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C21H27N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 65 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C27H32N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H40N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H32N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C21H27N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C16H23N2OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H27N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C2H26N2OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C20H26N2OS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C20H27N3OS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H27N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H29N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H31N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 78 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H31N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H34N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H27N3OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H33N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H32N2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H26N2OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C25H32N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 85 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H28N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 86 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H27N3OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 87 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C23H30N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 88 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H30N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 89 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H27N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 90 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C27H29N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 91 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C25H33N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 92 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H30N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 93 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C28H34N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C29H34N3O3Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 95 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C16H23N2OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H32N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H32N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 98 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C15H22N3O2Br 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 99 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C27H33N5O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C29H36N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H27N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C16H24N3OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C30H37N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C28H33N4O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C26H29N5OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C28H35N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H28N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H29N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C20H26N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H25N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H30N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H32N2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C25H34N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H28N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H27N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H25N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H26N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H23N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C17H23N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 120 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H23N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H30N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H30N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H26N4OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H34N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H29N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H27N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H24N2OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H25N2OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H28N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C15H21N2OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H32N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H24N2OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 133 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H30N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 134 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H32N2O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H24N2O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H26N2O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H25N2O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H29N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C20H25N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H24N2O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H27N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H28N2O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H31N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H32N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C30H38N4O4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H29N4O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C22H29N5O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C31H39N5O4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C24H32N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C25H33N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H29N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCl 
                 C29H33N5O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C20H25N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H28N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H25N4O2Br 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C21H33N4O2Br 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C27H33N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C30H34N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C31H38N4O4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H27N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C28H36N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 163 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C28H36N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C29H40N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 165 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H28N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H30N2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H28N2O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 168 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H30N3O2F3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 169 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C26H35N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 170 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C27H37N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 171 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H31N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 172 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H30N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 173 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C26H34N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 174 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H29N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 175 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H32N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 176 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H33N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 177 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H33N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H32N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 179 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H32N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 180 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H29N4OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H33N5O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 182 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C28H39N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 183 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C28H40N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 184 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C28H40N4O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 185 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C27H37N4O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 186 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C26H37N5O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 187 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C29H41N5O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 188 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C27H36N4O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 189 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H27N3OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 190 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H28N4O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 191 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 192 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H28N3OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 193 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C18H28N2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 194 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C20H32N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 195 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H28N3OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 196 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H33N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 197 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H35N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 198 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H27N3OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 199 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H29N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 200 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 201 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H27N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 202 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C25H34N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 203 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H26N2OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 204 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H30N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 205 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C15H21N2OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 206 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C16H23N2OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 207 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C19H30N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 208 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C19H30N2O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 209 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C17H26N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 210 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C18H28N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 211 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C19H30N2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 212 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C19H31N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 213 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C20H33N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 214 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HOOH 
                 C18H26N2O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 215 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C17H25N2OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 216 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C17H25N2OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 217 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C20H25N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 218 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C20H25N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 219 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C16H21N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 220 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H23N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 221 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C16H21N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 222 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C16H21N2O2F3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 223 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H23N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 224 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C15H21N2OBr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 225 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C15H21N2O2Br 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 226 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H23N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 227 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C18H25N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 228 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C18H23N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 229 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C19H25N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 230 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H23N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 231 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C18H25N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 232 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C20H32N2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 233 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C21H33N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 234 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C17H25N2OCl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 235 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C18H25N3O2Cl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 236 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C20H33N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 237 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C21H33N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 238 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C21H34N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 239 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C21H34N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 240 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C21H34N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 241 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C21H35N3O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 242 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C22H36N4O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 243 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C19H28N2O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 244 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C26H35N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 245 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H28N3O2F3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 246 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H27N3O2F2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 247 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H29N3O3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 248 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H32N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 249 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C26H36N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 250 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H29N2OF3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 251 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H28N2OF2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 252 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C23H30N2O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 253 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H31N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 254 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H33N3O2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Parent 
                   
                 LC purity 
                   
                 method 
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 MW 
                 Mass found 
                 % 
                 LC Rt 
                 (min) 
                 Synthetic Method 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 351.49 
                 352 
                 100 
                 1.79 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 294.82 
                 295 
                 100 
                 1.78 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 341.24 
                 341, 343 
                 100 
                 2.3  
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride, 0 0 C.-rt 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 339.27 
                 339, 341 
                 100 
                 1.96 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 406.44 
                 407 
                 98 
                 3.36 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 394.51 
                 395 
                 100 
                 1.06 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 409.52 
                 410 
                 100 
                 2.21 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 429.50 
                 430 
                 100 
                 2.98 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 352.47 
                 353 
                 99 
                 1.9  
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 387.90 
                 388 
                 98 
                 3.2  
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki under thermal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 heating 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 474.64 
                 475 
                 98 
                 1.35 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 470.05 
                 470 
                 97 
                 1.34 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 477.64 
                 478 
                 94 
                 1.18 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 503.60 
                 504 
                 99 
                 1.42 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 441.63 
                 442 
                 100 
                 1.29 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 471.58 
                 472 
                 98 
                 1.37 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 478.56 
                 479 
                 96 
                 1.37 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 463.65 
                 464 
                 100 
                 1.46 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 379.50 
                 380 
                 100 
                 1.12 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 414.00 
                 414, 416 
                 100 
                 1.17 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 419.48 
                 420 
                 100 
                 1.22 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 379.54 
                 380 
                 100 
                 1.29 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 387.47 
                 388 
                 100 
                 1.16 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 385.93 
                 386 
                 100 
                 1.2  
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 404.47 
                 405 
                 92 
                 1.65 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 385.93 
                 386 
                 100 
                 1.25 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 366.50 
                 367 
                 100 
                 1.55 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 415.48 
                 416 
                 100 
                 1.15 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 361.48 
                 362 
                 100 
                 2.69 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 364.52 
                 365 
                 100 
                 1.75 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 479.60 
                 480 
                  97 
                 1.55 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 478.00 
                 478, 480 
                 95 
                 1.55 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 372.45 
                 373 
                  98 
                 1.63 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 41 
                 525.64 
                 526 
                 100 
                 1.16 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 460.61 
                 461 
                 100 
                 1.24 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 43 
                 493.60 
                 494 
                 100 
                 1.33 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 44 
                 469.58 
                 470 
                 100 
                 1.09 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 463.01 
                 462, 464 
                 91 
                 1.1  
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 46 
                 472.58 
                 472 
                 91 
                 1.45 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 47 
                 478.03 
                 478 
                 98 
                 1.63 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 48 
                 370.92 
                 370, 372 
                 100 
                 1.8 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 49 
                 379.50 
                 380 
                 100 
                 1.21 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 393.52 
                 394 
                  92 
                 2.63 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 51 
                 486.61 
                 487 
                 96 
                 1.23 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 381.51 
                 382 
                 100 
                 1.25 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 53 
                 342.50 
                 343 
                 100 
                 1.68 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 54 
                 370.92 
                 370, 372 
                 100 
                 1.79 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 380.48 
                 381 
                 93 
                 0.87 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 56 
                 385.93 
                 385, 387 
                 100 
                 1.29 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 57 
                 413.94 
                 413, 415 
                 97 
                 1.24 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 58 
                 444.57 
                 445 
                 99 
                 1.23 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 59 
                 470.05 
                 469, 471 
                 94 
                 1.47 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 385.52 
                 386 
                 91 
                 1.15 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 61 
                 352.47 
                 353 
                 100 
                 0.92 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 62 
                 381.51 
                 382 
                 93 
                 1.21 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 63 
                 337.46 
                 338 
                 100 
                 1.3  
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 64 
                 337.46 
                 338 
                 99 
                 0.65 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 65 
                 444.57 
                 445 
                 96 
                 1.31 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 66 
                 492.65 
                 493 
                 100 
                 1.11 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 67 
                 408.54 
                 409 
                 100 
                 0.93 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 68 
                 393.52 
                 394 
                 98 
                 1.32 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 69 
                 337.46 
                 338 
                 100 
                 1.35 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 70 
                 339.27 
                 339, 341 
                 100 
                 1.49 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 71 
                 415.48 
                 416 
                 95 
                 1.23 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 72 
                 372.45 
                 373 
                 100 
                 1.74 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 73 
                 342.50 
                 343 
                 100 
                 1.67 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 74 
                 357.51 
                 358 
                 95 
                 1.19 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 75 
                 415.48 
                 416 
                 98 
                 1.22 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 76 
                 379.50 
                 380 
                 99 
                 2.41 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 77 
                 409.52 
                 410 
                 94 
                 1.18 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 78 
                 409.52 
                 410 
                 92 
                 1.19 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 79 
                 486.61 
                 487 
                 96 
                 1.19 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 80 
                 387.47 
                 388 
                 93 
                 1.22 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 81 
                 379.54 
                 380 
                 91 
                 1.4  
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 82 
                 364.52 
                 365 
                 100 
                 1.9  
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 83 
                 372.45 
                 373 
                 100 
                 1.73 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 84 
                 436.55 
                 437 
                 92 
                 0.98 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 85 
                 413.94 
                 413, 415 
                 98 
                 1.27 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 86 
                 387.47 
                 388 
                 100 
                 1.24 
                 2.5 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 87 
                 366.50 
                 367 
                 100 
                 1.69 
                 2.5 
                 rom 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 88 
                 366.50 
                 367 
                 99 
                 2.42 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 89 
                 385.50 
                 386 
                 94 
                 2.06 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 90 
                 427.54 
                 428, 485 
                 100 
                 1.29 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 91 
                 423.55 
                 424 
                 100 
                 1.17 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 92 
                 427.97 
                 428, 430 
                 95 
                 1.24 
                 2.5 
                 reductive alkylation on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 N-(4-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl)bromobenzamide 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 followed by Suzuki 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupling 
               
               
                   
                 93 
                 474.59 
                 475 
                 98 
                 3.7 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 94 
                 508.05 
                 508 
                 98 
                 4.31 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 95 
                 339.27 
                 339, 341 
                 99 
                 2.74 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride, 0 C.-rt 
               
               
                   
                 96 
                 436.55 
                 437 
                 100 
                 2.74 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 97 
                 436.55 
                 437 
                 100 
                 2.86 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 98 
                 356.26 
                 356/358 
                 100 
                 1.54 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis 
               
               
                   
                 99 
                 459.58 
                 460 
                 95 
                 1.21 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 488.62 
                 489 
                 97 
                 2.69 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 101 
                 337.46 
                 338 
                 100 
                 2.25 
                 10 
                 reductive alkylation of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4-oxobutylbenzamide 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 354.29 
                 356 
                 100 
                 1.73 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis 
               
               
                   
                 103 
                 515.65 
                 516 
                 100 
                 2.22 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 104 
                 493.04 
                 493 
                 93 
                 3.77 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 105 
                 465.54 
                 466 
                 100 
                 2.39 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 106 
                 489.61 
                 490 
                 92 
                 2.3  
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki under thermal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 heating 
               
               
                   
                 107 
                 396.48 
                 397 
                 92 
                 2.27 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 383.48 
                 384 
                 98 
                 3.01 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 109 
                 354.45 
                 355 
                 100 
                 0.58 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 389.44 
                 390 
                 100 
                 3.15 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 111 
                 410.51 
                 411 
                 90 
                 2.5  
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 112 
                 364.52 
                 365 
                 100 
                 3.63 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 113 
                 394.55 
                 395 
                 100 
                 3.64 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 114 
                 352.47 
                 353.39 
                 98 
                 2.7  
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 115 
                 404.47 
                 405 
                 98 
                 3.54 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 116 
                 390.44 
                 391 
                 98 
                 3.48 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 117 
                 338.44 
                 339.35 
                 100 
                 2.65 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 118 
                 301.38 
                 302 
                 98 
                 2.37 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 119 
                 301.38 
                 302 
                 99 
                 2.00/2.07 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 301.38 
                 302 
                 100 
                 1.79 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 121 
                 406.52 
                 407 
                 100 
                 2.90 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 122 
                 406.52 
                 407 
                 95 
                 2.76 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 123 
                 412.48 
                 413 
                 100 
                 2.89 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 124 
                 398.54 
                 399 
                 100 
                 2.89 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, 60 C. 
               
               
                   
                 125 
                 379.50 
                 380 
                 99 
                 1.61 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 126 
                 365.47 
                 366 
                 99 
                 1.37 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 127 
                 358.42 
                 359 
                 97 
                 2.41 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 128 
                 356.89 
                 357 
                 95 
                 2.49 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 129 
                 352.47 
                 353 
                 98 
                 2.25 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 325.24 
                 325, 327 
                 99 
                 1.71 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride, 0 C.-rt 
               
               
                   
                 131 
                 380.52 
                 381 
                 98 
                 3.45 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 132 
                 358.42 
                 359 
                 100 
                 3.19 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 133 
                 366.50 
                 367 
                 99 
                 3.39 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 134 
                 396.52 
                 397 
                 99 
                 3.44 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 135 
                 374.42 
                 375 
                 95 
                 3.19 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 136 
                 354.44 
                 355.34 
                 99 
                 2.48 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 137 
                 372.89 
                 373 
                 96 
                 3.2 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 138 
                 395.49 
                 396 
                 97 
                 2.49 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 139 
                 339.43 
                 340 
                 99 
                 double 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 peak 
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.57- 
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.19 
               
               
                   
                 140 
                 374.42 
                 375 
                 97 
                 3.14 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 141 
                 381.47 
                 382 
                 95 
                 2.29 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 142 
                 368.47 
                 369 
                 100 
                 3.05 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 143 
                 437.53 
                 438 
                 100 
                 1.95 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 144 
                 381.51 
                 382 
                 96 
                 2.99 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 145 
                 424.54 
                 425 
                 92 
                 2.7  
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 146 
                 518.65 
                 519 
                 94 
                 3.33 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 147 
                 428.95 
                 429 
                 100 
                 2.97 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 148 
                 395.50 
                 396 
                 95 
                 0.52 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 149 
                 545.67 
                 546 
                 96 
                 2.87 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 150 
                 408.54 
                 409 
                 96 
                 2.37 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 151 
                 451.56 
                 452 
                 92 
                 2.16 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 152 
                 383.48 
                 384 
                 100 
                 3.05 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 153 
                 521.60 
                 522 
                 100 
                 3.27 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 154 
                 323.43 
                 324 
                 99 
                 0.55 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 155 
                 352.47 
                 353 
                 99 
                 2.91 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 156 
                 397.31 
                 399 
                 100 
                 2.39 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis 
               
               
                   
                 157 
                 453.42 
                 455 
                 100 
                 2.74 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis 
               
               
                   
                 158 
                 475.58 
                 476 
                 96 
                 2.51 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 159 
                 498.62 
                 499 
                 100 
                 3.18 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 530.66 
                 531, 266 
                 100 
                 2.81 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 161 
                 361.48 
                 362 
                 100 
                 2.66 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 162 
                 460.61 
                 461 
                 100 
                 2.84 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 163 
                 460.61 
                 461 
                 100 
                 2.88 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 164 
                 492.65 
                 493 
                 100 
                 2.58 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 165 
                 404.50 
                 405 
                 99 
                 2.35 
                 10 
                 acid-amine coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with CDI, room temp. 
               
               
                   
                 166 
                 350.50 
                 351 
                 98 
                 3.25 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 167 
                 368.47 
                 369 
                 94 
                 3.01 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 168 
                 461.52 
                 462.3 
                 100 
                 3.07 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 169 
                 421.58 
                 422.33 
                 100 
                 3.23 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 170 
                 451.60 
                 452.35 
                 100 
                 3.14 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 171 
                 409.52 
                 410.31 
                 96 
                 2.19 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 172 
                 427.97 
                 428.25 
                 95 
                 2.98 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 173 
                 450.47 
                 451.31 
                 99 
                 2.2  
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 174 
                 429.50 
                 430.3 
                 100 
                 2.89 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 175 
                 436.55 
                 437.32 
                 100 
                 2 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 176 
                 423.55 
                 424.37 
                 99 
                 2.77 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 177 
                 423.55 
                 424.33 
                 100 
                 2.85 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 178 
                 396.53 
                 397 
                 93 
                 2.4  
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 179 
                 396.53 
                 397 
                 100 
                 2.39 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 180 
                 400.94 
                 401 
                 99 
                 2.54 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 181 
                 423.55 
                 424 
                 100 
                 1.85 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 182 
                 493.64 
                 494 
                 100 
                 2.39 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 183 
                 480.64 
                 481 
                 96 
                 3.05 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 184 
                 480.64 
                 481 
                 91 
                 3.19 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 185 
                 485.06 
                 485 
                 96 
                 3.38 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 186 
                 451.60 
                 452 
                 100 
                 1.64 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 187 
                 507.67 
                 508 
                 97 
                 2.64 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 188 
                 486.60 
                 487 
                 95 
                 3.4  
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 189 
                 387.47 
                 388 
                 96 
                 3.08 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 190 
                 430.49 
                 431 
                 97 
                 2.89 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 191 
                 381.51 
                 382 
                 98 
                 2.9  
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 192 
                 385.93 
                 386 
                 99 
                 3.08 
                 10 
                 urea synthesis followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by cross-coupling in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 microwave 
               
               
                   
                 193 
                 288.43 
                 289 
                 100 
                 2.10 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 194 
                 332.48 
                 333 
                 100 
                 2.35 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 195 
                 419.48 
                 420 
                 100 
                 2.13 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 196 
                 379.54 
                 380 
                 100 
                 2.2 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 197 
                 409.56 
                 410 
                 100 
                 2.18 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 198 
                 387.47 
                 388 
                 100 
                 1.95 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 199 
                 367.48 
                 369.32 
                 100 
                 1.29 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                 468 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 381.51 
                 382 
                 100 
                 1.83 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 201 
                 404.47 
                 405 
                 97 
                 2.69 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 202 
                 394.55 
                 395 
                 97 
                 2.75 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 203 
                 372.45 
                 373 
                 100 
                 2.49 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 204 
                 366.50 
                 367 
                 100 
                 2.35 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 205 
                 280.79 
                 281 
                 100 
                 1.67 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 206 
                 294.82 
                 295 
                 100 
                 1.78 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 207 
                 318.45 
                 319 
                 100 
                 2.24 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 208 
                 334.45 
                 335 
                 100 
                 2.18 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 209 
                 290.40 
                 291 
                 100 
                 1.27 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 210 
                 304.43 
                 305 
                 100 
                 1.99 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 211 
                 302.45 
                 303 
                 100 
                 2.24 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 212 
                 317.47 
                 318 
                 100 
                 0.38 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 213 
                 331.50 
                 332 
                 100 
                 0.40 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 214 
                 318.41 
                 319 
                 100 
                 1.24 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 215 
                 353.30 
                 353, 355 
                 100 
                 1.97 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride - array 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions 
               
               
                   
                 216 
                 353.30 
                 353, 355 
                 100 
                 1.95 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride - array 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions 
               
               
                   
                 217 
                 323.43 
                 324 
                 100 
                 0.85 
                 10 
                 reductive alkylation of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4-oxobutylbenzamide 
               
               
                   
                 218 
                 339.43 
                 340 
                 100 
                 0.79 
                 10 
                 reductive alkylation of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4-oxobutylbenzamide 
               
               
                   
                 219 
                 314.35 
                 315 
                 100 
                 2.10 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 220 
                 328.37 
                 329 
                 100 
                 1.98 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 221 
                 314.35 
                 315 
                 100 
                 2.18 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 222 
                 330.35 
                 331 
                 100 
                 2.05 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 223 
                 328.37 
                 329 
                 100 
                 2.09 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 224 
                 325.24 
                 325, 327 
                 100 
                 1.83 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 225 
                 341.24 
                 341, 343 
                 100 
                 1.63 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 226 
                 301.38 
                 302 
                 100 
                 double 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 peak 
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.42/0.69 
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 227 
                 299.41 
                 300 
                 95 
                 1.14 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 228 
                 313.39 
                 315 
                 100 
                 0.36 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 229 
                 311.42 
                 312 
                 100 
                 0.38 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 230 
                 285.38 
                 286 
                 97 
                 0.94 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 231 
                 299.41 
                 300 
                 97 
                 1.17 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 232 
                 316.48 
                 317 
                 100 
                 2.26 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 233 
                 359.51 
                 360.44 
                 100 
                 1.82 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride - array 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions 
               
               
                   
                 234 
                 308.85 
                 309 
                 100 
                 1.81 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 235 
                 351.87 
                 352.32 
                 100 
                 1.28 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride - array 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions 
               
               
                   
                 236 
                 347.50 
                 348 
                 100 
                 1.44 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 237 
                 375.51 
                 376 
                 100 
                 2.02 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 238 
                 346.51 
                 347 
                 95 
                 2.30 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 239 
                 374.52 
                 375.43 
                 100 
                 0.29 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride - array 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions 
               
               
                   
                 240 
                 374.52 
                 375. 
                 100 
                 0.29 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 241 
                 345.52 
                 346 
                 100 
                 0.32 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 242 
                 388.55 
                 389.41 
                 100 
                 0.30 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride - array 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions 
               
               
                   
                 243 
                 332.44 
                 333 
                 100 
                 1.34 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride in DCM/DMF, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 C. 
               
               
                   
                 244 
                 437.57 
                 438 
                 96 
                 2.55 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 245 
                 447.49 
                 448 
                 98 
                 2.49 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 246 
                 415.48 
                 416 
                 100 
                 2.33 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 247 
                 395.49 
                 396.40 
                 100 
                 1.70 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 248 
                 380.52 
                 381 
                 100 
                 2.54 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 249 
                 408.58 
                 409 
                 100 
                 2.93 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 250 
                 418.50 
                 419 
                 100 
                 2.91 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-45, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki soupling 
               
               
                   
                 251 
                 386.48 
                 387 
                 100 
                 2.74 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 252 
                 366.50 
                 367.42 
                 100 
                 2.05 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 253 
                 393.52 
                 394 
                 100 
                 1.77 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                 254 
                 407.55 
                 408 
                 100 
                 2 
                 10 
                 from 5-bromopentanoyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 chloride 0 C.-rt, followed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 by Suzuki coupling 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0326]    Biological Activity 
         [0327]    Cloning of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and generation of stable recombinant alpha7 nAChR expressing cell lines 
         [0328]    Full length cDNAs encoding the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor were cloned from a rat brain cDNA library using standard molecular biology techniques. Rat GH4C1 cells were then transfected with the rat receptor, cloned and analyzed for functional alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression employing a FLIPR assay to measure changes in intracellular calcium concentrations. Cell clones showing the highest calcium-mediated fluorescence signals upon agonist (nicotine) application were further subcloned and subsequently stained with Texas red-labelled a-bungarotoxin (BgTX) to analyse the level and homogeneity of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression using confocal microscopy. Three cell lines were then expanded and one characterised pharmacologically (see Table 2 below) prior to its subsequent use for compound screening. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pharmacological characterisation of alpha7 nAChR stably 
               
               
                 expressed in GH4C1 cells using the functional FLIPR assay 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 EC 50  [microM] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Acetylcholine 
                  3.05 ± 0.08 (n = 4) 
               
               
                   
                 Choline 
                 24.22 ± 8.30 (n = 2) 
               
               
                   
                 Cytisine 
                  1.21 ± 0.13 (n = 5) 
               
               
                   
                 DMPP 
                  0.98 ± 0.47 (n = 6) 
               
               
                   
                 Epibatidine 
                 0.012 ± 0.002 (n = 7) 
               
               
                   
                 Nicotine 
                  1.03 ± 0.26 (n = 22) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0329]    Development of a Functional FLIPR Assay for Primary Screening 
         [0330]    A robust functional FLIPR assay (Z′=0.68) employing the stable recombinant GH4C1 cell line was developed to screen the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The FLIPR system allows the measurements of real time Ca 2+ -concentration changes in living cells using a Ca 2+  sensitive fluorescence dye (such as Fluo4). This instrument enables the screening for agonists and antagonists for alpha 7 nAChR channels stably expressed in GH4C1cells. 
         [0331]    Cell Culture 
         [0332]    GH4C1 cells stably transfected with rat-alpha7-nAChR (see above) were used. These cells are poorly adherent and therefore pretreatment of flasks and plates with poly-D-lysine was carried out. Cells are grown in 150 cm 2  T-flasks, filled with 30 ml of medium at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 . 
         [0333]    Data Analysis 
         [0334]    EC 50  and IC 50  values were calculated using the IDBS XLfit4.1 software package employing a sigmoidal concentration-response (variable slope) equation: 
         [0000]        Y =Bottom+((Top-Bottom)/(1+((EC 50   /X ) ̂ HillSlope)) 
         [0335]    Assay Validation 
         [0336]    The functional FLIPR assay was validated with the alpha7 nAChR agonists nicotine, cytisine, DMPP, epibatidine, choline and acetylcholine. Concentration-response curves were obtained in the concentration range from 0.001 to 30 microM. The resulting EC 50  values are listed in Table 2 and the obtained rank order of agonists is in agreement with published data (Quik et al., 1997). 
         [0337]    The assay was further validated with the specific alpha7 nAChR antagonist MLA (methyllycaconitine), which was used in the concentration range between 1 microM to 0.01 nM, together with a competing nicotine concentration of 10 microM. The IC 50  value was calculated as 1.31±0.43 nM in nine independent experiments. 
         [0338]    Development of Functional FLIPR Assays for Selectivity Testing 
         [0339]    Functional FLIPR assays were developed in order to test the selectivity of compounds against the alpha1 (muscular) and alpha3 (ganglionic) nACh receptors and the structurally related 5-HT3 receptor. For determination of activity at alpha1 receptors natively expressed in the rhabdomyosarcoma derived TE 671 cell line an assay employing membrane potential sensitive dyes was used, whereas alpha3 selectivity was determined by a calcium-monitoring assays using the native SH-SY5Y cell line. In order to test selectivity against the 5-HT3 receptor, a recombinant cell line was constructed expressing the human 5-HT3A receptor in HEK 293 cells and a calcium-monitoring FLIPR assay employed. 
         [0340]    Screening of Compounds 
         [0341]    The compounds were tested using the functional FLIPR primary screening assay employing the stable recombinant GH4C1 cell line expressing the alpha7 nAChR. Hits identified were validated further by generation of concentration-response curves. The potency of compounds from Examples 1-254 as measured in the functional FLIPR screening assay was found to range between 10 nM and 30 microM, with the majority showing a potency ranging between 10 nM and 10 microM. 
         [0342]    The best exemplified compounds were also demonstrated to be selective against the alpha1 nACh, alpha3 nACh and 5HT3 receptors. 
         [0343]    Cell based Assay of Neuroprotection 
         [0344]    Neuroprotective activity of selected compounds was analyzed in an established cell-based assay of excitotoxicity induced by NMDA in mixed primary rat cortical neurons as described previously (Stevens et al, 2003). In brief, test compounds were added 24 h before NMDA application. Incubation with NMDA lasted 10 min or 24 h and cell mortality was assessed 24 h after application of the excitotoxic stimulus (see  FIG. 1 ). Selected compounds (at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 microM) reduced mortality on average by 50% and in some experiments a maximum of 80% neuroprotection was observed. 
         [0345]    In vivo Neuroprotection Assay 
         [0346]    Neuroprotective activity of compounds was analyzed in an in vivo animal model of cholinergic degeneration induced by quisqualic acid injection in the nucleus basalis of rats. Subchronic treatment i.p. daily, for 7 days, with the compound at a dose of 3 mg/kg resulted in 60% reduction in the degeneration of cholinergic neurons as demonstrated by determination of the number of ChAT-positive neurons (a representative result is shown in  FIG. 2 ). 
         [0347]    Cognitive Behaviour 
         [0348]    Cognitive behaviour was studied for selected compounds from example using the passive avoidance (PA) and object recognition (ORT) tests in order to test the capability to reverse scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. The compounds showed mild to good cognitive improvement of short term-working and episodic memory by inducing significant reversion of scopolamine-induced amnesia in one or both tests (a representative result is shown in  FIG. 3 ). 
       REFERENCES 
       [0349]    1. Prendergast, M. A., Harris, B. R., Mayer, S., Holley, R. C., Pauly, J. R., Littleton, J. M. (2001) Nicotine exposure reduces N-methyl-D-aspartate toxicity in the hippocampus: relation to distribution of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit.  Med.Sci.Monit.  7, 1153-1160. 
         [0350]    2. Garrido, R., Mattson, M. P., Hennig, B., Toborek, M. (2001) Nicotine protects against arachidonic-acid-induced caspase activation, cytochrome c release and apoptosis of cultured spinal cord neurons.  J.Neurochem.  76, 1395-1403. 
         [0351]    3. Semba, J., Miyoshi, R., Kito, S. (1996) Nicotine protects against the dexamethasone potentiation of kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons.  Brain Res.  735, 335-338. 
         [0352]    4. Shimohama, S., Akaike, A., Kimura, J. (1996) Nicotine-induced protection against glutamate cytotoxicity. Nicotinic cholinergic receptor-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide formation.  Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.  777, 356-361. 
         [0353]    5. Akaike, A., Tamura, Y., Yokota, T., Shimohama, S., Kimura, J. (1994) Nicotine-induced protection of cultured cortical neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate cytotoxicity.  Brain Res.  644, 181-187. 
         [0354]    6. Yamashita, H., Nakamura, S. (1996) Nicotine rescues PC12 cells from death induced by nerve growth factor deprivation.  Neurosci.Lett.  213, 145-147. 
         [0355]    7. Shimohama, S., Greenwald, D. L., Shafron, D. H., Akaika, A., Maeda, T., Kaneko, S., Kimura, J., Simpkins, C. E., Day, A. L., Meyer, E. M. (1998) Nicotinic alpha 7 receptors protect against glutamate neurotoxicity and neuronal ischemic damage.  Brain Res.  779, 359-363. 
         [0356]    8. Socci, D. J., Arendash, G. W. (1996) Chronic nicotine treatment prevents neuronal loss in neocortex resulting from nucleus basalis lesions in young adult and aged rats.  Mol.Chem.Neuropathol.  27, 285-305. 
         [0357]    9. Rusted, J. M., Newhouse, P. A., Levin, E. D. (2000) Nicotinic treatment for degenerative neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease and Parkinson&#39;s disease.  Behav.Brain Res.  113, 121-129. 
         [0358]    10. Kihara, T., Shimohama, S., Sawada, H., Kimura, J., Kume, T., Kochiyama, H., Maeda, T., Akaike, A. (1997) Nicotinic receptor stimulation protects neurons against beta-amyloid toxicity.  Ann.Neurol.  42, 159-163. 
         [0359]    11. Kihara, T., Shimohama, S., Sawada, H., Honda, K., Nakamizo, T., Shibasaki, H., Kume, T., Akaike, A. (2001) alpha 7 nicotinic receptor transduces signals to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to block A beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity.  J.Biol. Chem.  276, 13541-13546. 
         [0360]    12. Kelton, M. C., Kahn, H. J., Conrath, C. L., Newhouse, P. A. (2000) The effects of nicotine on Parkinson&#39;s disease.  Brain Cogn  43, 274-282. 
         [0361]    14. Kem, W. R. (2000) The brain alpha7 nicotinic receptor may be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer&#39;s disease: studies with DMXBA (GTS-21).  Behav.Brain Res.  113, 169-181. 
         [0362]    15. Dajas-Bailador, F. A., Lima, P. A., Wonnacott, S. (2000) The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype mediates nicotine protection against NMDA excitotoxicity in primary hippocampal cultures through a Ca(2+) dependent mechanism.  Neuropharmacology  39, 2799-2807. 
         [0363]    16. Strahlendorf, J. C., Acosta, S., Miles, R., Strahlendorf, H. K. (2001) Choline blocks AMPA-induced dark cell degeneration of Purkinje neurons: potential role of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor.  Brain Res.  901, 71-78. 
         [0364]    17. Utsugisawa, K., Nagane, Y., Obara, D., Tohgi, H. (2002) Overexpression of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor prevents G1-arrest and DNA fragmentation in PC12 cells after hypoxia.  J.Neurochem.  81, 497-505. 
         [0365]    18. Jonnala, R. R., Terry, A. V., Jr., Buccafusco, J. J. (2002) Nicotine increases the expression of high affinity nerve growth factor receptors in both in vitro and in vivo.  Life Sci.  70, 1543-1554. 
         [0366]    19. Bencherif, M., Bane, A. J., Miller, C. H., Dull, G. M., Gatto, G. J. (2000) TC-2559: a novel orally active ligand selective at neuronal acetylcholine receptors.  Eur.J.Pharmacol.  409, 45-55 Ref Type: Journal. 
         [0367]    20. Donnelly-Roberts, D. L., Xue, I. C., Arneric, S. P., Sullivan, J. P. (1996) In vitro neuroprotective properties of the novel cholinergic channel activator (ChCA), ABT-418.  Brain Res.  719, 36-44. 
         [0368]    21 Meyer, E. M., Tay, E. T., Zoltewicz, J. A., Meyers, C., King, M. A., Papke, R. L., De Fiebre, C. M. (1998) Neuroprotective and memory-related actions of novel alpha-7 nicotinic agents with different mixed agonist/antagonist properties.  J. Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.  284, 1026-1032. 
         [0369]    22. Stevens, T. R., Krueger, S. K., Fizsimonds, R. M. and Picciotto, M. R. (2003) Neuroprotection by nicotine in mouse primary cortical cultures involves activation of calcineurin and L-type calcium channel inactivation. J. Neuroscience 23, 10093-10099. 
         [0370]    23. Wang H, Yu M, Ochani M, Amella C A, Tanovic M, Susarla S, Li J H, Wang H, Yang H, Ulloa L, Al-Abed Y, Czura C J, Tracey K J: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. Nature 2003, 421:384-388.