Abstract:
A method, a user equipment, base stations for performing random access procedures in a network including a high power base station, a low power base station and a user equipment are provided, wherein the user equipment is in connection with the high power base station in a downlink direction and is in connection with the low power base station in an uplink direction. The method comprises performing, by the user equipment, the random access procedure with the low power base station if the random access procedure is initiated by the user equipment. The method further comprises performing, by the user equipment, the random access procedure with the high power base station if the random access procedure is initiated by the high power base station. With the present invention, the duration of the random access procedure conducted under the decoupled downlink/uplink scenario can be significantly shortened.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Field 
         [0002]    Certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate generally to random access procedures, and more particularly, to a method, a user equipment, and base stations for performing random access procedures in a heterogeneous network. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Various abbreviations that appear in the specification and/or in the drawing figures are defined as below:
       3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project   BS Base Station   BSR Buffer Status Report   CE Control Element   CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission   C-RNTI Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier   DCI Downlink Control Information   DL Downlink   eNB evolved Node B   ePDCCH enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel   ePHICH enhanced Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel   HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request   LTE Long Term Evolution   MAC Media Access Control   Msg Message   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel   PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel   PRACH Physical Random Access Channel   RA Random Access   RACH Random Access Channel   RAN Radio Access Network   RAR Random Access Response   Rx Reception   RRC Radio Resource Control   SIB System Information Block   TA Timing Advance   Tx Transmission   UE User Equipment   UL Uplink       
 
         [0034]    The CoMP Work Item has been approved in the 3GPP RAN plenary #53 meeting in which a heterogeneous network scenario was defined by the 3GPP with respect to the UL CoMP. A key feature in this heterogeneous network is a decoupled DLUL scenario for pertinent UEs. For a better understanding of the heterogeneous network scenario at issue, discussions will be made with reference to  FIG. 1  in which an exemplary and simplified heterogeneous network  100  is illustrated. 
         [0035]    As seen from  FIG. 1 , the heterogeneous network  100  comprises a high power BS  101 , a low power BS  102  and a UE  103 , wherein a coverage area of the high power BS  101  is depicted with a large ellipse and a coverage area of the low power BS  102  is depicted with a relatively small ellipse according to different power levels. For an easy discussion, the coverage area of the high power BS  101  (e.g., a macro BS) is termed a macro cell and the coverage area of the low power BS  102  (e.g., a pico BS) is termed a pico cell. For a UE (such as the UE  103 ) located within the macro cell and at the edge of or within the pico cell, the received DL signals from the macro cell are generally stronger than those from the Pico cell. Hence, for the DL transmissions, the UE is associated with the macro cell and receives DL signals from the macro cell. 
         [0036]    In contrast, for the UL transmissions, since the UE is closer to the Pico cell than to the macro cell, it would be preferable to select the pico cell as the reception point, in order to save the Tx power of the UE and reduce the potential interference to normal UEs in the pica cell. As such, the UE would connect with the high power BS  101  in the DL direction and connect with the low power BS  102  in the UL direction, which in turn may probably form various backhaul links to a core network (not shown). This way, the high power BS  101  would manage or schedule the DL transmission possibly with a DL scheduler and the low power BS  102  may be in charge of the UL transmission possibly with a UL scheduler, leading to a decoupled DL/UL scenario as noted before. Motivated by this decoupling feature, i.e., reception points (e.g., low power BSs) may be selected independently of transmission points (e.g., high power BSs), separations of DL and UL modules/components have been widely investigated to enable the decoupling scenario to support all sorts of the backhaul connections possibly dependent on different lengths of latency (e.g., good, less than ˜0.5 ms latency; medium, ˜5 ms latency; any, ˜50-100 ms latency, the symbol “˜” denoting “approximately”), the MAC/RLC separation, scheduling, power control, and ePDCCH/ePHICH. 
         [0037]    Although the decoupled DLUL scenario as discussed above may be beneficial for heterogeneous communications, it is likely to engender potential problems when implemented in an LTE system. In the LTE system, there is a strict delay requirement for DLUL coordination in RA procedures, which may cause problems in the decoupled DLUL scenario that aims to support “any backhaul” (˜50-100 ms latency), as will be discussed in detail below. 
         [0038]    In the current LTE system, the RA procedures can be divided into a contention based RA procedure and a non-contention based RA procedure. Such division depends upon whether the RA preamble used during the RA procedure is selected by the UE itself or selected by the BS. 
         [0039]    In the contention based RA procedure, according to the decoupled DLUL scenario, an RA preamble transmitted from the UE should be received by the low power BS, which manages the UL transmission from the UE, as discussed previously. On the other hand, Msg 2 of the RA procedure, i.e., an RAR, which may include a TA command, a UL grant and a temporary C-RNTI, should be sent by the high power BS, which is in charge of the DL transmission to UE, also as discussed previously. According to the 3GPP specification, the maximum delay between the RA preamble Tx and the RAR Rx is 13 ms at most (the largest value of ResponseWindowSize is 10 ms), which is apparently less than the latency of “&#39;any&#39; backhaul connections” (˜50-100 ms). Thus, decrease of the latency of the backhaul link so as to satisfy the strict delay requirement between the RA preamble Tx and RAR Rx would be a critical factor in performing the contention based RA procedure in the heterogeneous network, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0040]    In the non-contention based RA procedure, in which a dedicated preamble would have been allocated to the UE for RA attempts and thus the BS is able to identify the UE by the dedicated preamble, the BS uses a “PDCCH order” to initiate the RA procedure for delivery of new DL data. Since the largest periodicity of a PRACH is 20 ms according to the current the 3GPP specification, it is requested that the delay between the BS&#39;s transmission of the PDCCH order in the DL and the UE&#39; s transmission of the dedicated RA preamble in the UL as a response takes no longer than 20 ms. However, when the DLUL decoupled scenario is employed, since the PDCCH order is transmitted by the high power BS yet the RA attempts (i.e., dedicated preambles) are received by the low power BS, it is very likely to engender an extended delay between the PDCCH order Tx and the RA preamble Rx, which needs to be shortened in view of the periodicity of the PRACH. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0041]    To address or mitigate at least one of the above potential problems, certain embodiments of the present invention would provide for an efficient way of performing an RA procedure in a heterogeneous network, thereby shortening the latency of the RA procedure due to the backhaul link and accelerating performance of the RA procedure. 
         [0042]    According to an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for performing an RA procedure in a network including a high power BS, a low power BS and a UE, wherein the UE is in connection with the high power BS in a DL direction and is in connection with the low power BS in a UL direction. The method comprises performing, by the UE, the RA procedure with the low power BS if the RA procedure is initiated by the UE. The method further comprises performing, by the UE, the RA procedure with the high power BS if the RA procedure is initiated by the high power BS. 
         [0043]    According to another embodiment, there is provided a UE for performing an RA procedure in a network including a high power BS, a low power BS and the UE, wherein the UE is in connection with the high power BS in a DL direction and is in connection with the low power BS in a UL direction. The UE comprises a transmitting module, adapted to transmit messages in relation to the RA procedure. The UE further comprises a receiving module, adapted to receive messages in relation to the RA procedure, wherein if the RA procedure is initiated by the UE, the transmitting module is adapted to transmit to the low power BS the messages in relation to the RA procedure therebetween and the receiving module is adapted to receive from the low power BS the messages in relation to the RA procedure therebetween, and wherein if the RA procedure is initiated by the high power BS, the transmitting module is adapted to transmit to the high power BS the messages in relation to the RA procedure therebetween and the receiving module is adapted to receive from the high power BS the messages in relation to the RA procedure therebetween. 
         [0044]    According to a further embodiment, there is provided a low power BS for performing an RA procedure in a network including a high power BS, the low power BS and a UE, wherein the UE is in connection with the high power BS in a DL direction and is in connection with the low power BS in a UL direction. The low power BS comprises a transmitting module, adapted to transmit messages in relation to the RA procedure. The low power BS further comprises a receiving module, adapted to receive messages in relation to the RA procedure, wherein if the RA procedure is initiated by the UE, the transmitting module is adapted to transmit to the UE the messages in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the low power BS and the receiving module is adapted to receive from the UE the messages in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the low power BS. 
         [0045]    According to an additional embodiment, there is provided a high power BS for performing an RA procedure in a network including the high power BS, a low power BS and a UE, wherein the UE is in connection with the high power BS in a DL direction and is in connection with the low power BS in a UL direction. The high power BS comprises a transmitting module, adapted to transmit messages in relation to the RA procedure. The high power BS further comprises a receiving module, adapted to receive messages in relation to the RA procedure, wherein if the RA procedure is initiated by the high power BS, the transmitting module is adapted to transmit to the UE the messages in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the high power BS and the receiving module is adapted to receive from the UE the messages in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the high power BS. 
         [0046]    According to the foregoing embodiments of the present invention, the UE-initiated RA procedure is carried out between the UE and the low power BS and the high power B S-initiated RA procedure is carried out between the high power BS and the UE. In this manner, the duration of the RA procedure conducted under the decoupled DLUL scenario can be significantly shortened and thereby the delay needs as specified under the LTE system or other possible systems could be well met. Further, interference that might take place among multiple UEs performing the RAs simultaneously can be alleviated or mitigated since the messages in relation to the RAs, such as the RAR and the preambles, are transmitted on respective different resources. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0047]    Further embodiments, details, advantages, and modifications of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, which is to be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0048]      FIG. 1  illustrates a simplified and exemplary heterogeneous network in which certain embodiments of the present invention can be practiced; 
           [0049]      FIG. 2  schematically illustrates performing RA procedures in the heterogeneous network as illustrated in  FIG. 1  according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0050]      FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a signaling diagram for performing a UE-initiated RA procedure according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0051]      FIG. 4  schematically illustrates another signaling diagram for performing a high power BS-initiated RA procedure according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0052]      FIG. 5  is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a UE according to one embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0053]      FIG. 6  is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a BS, which may be embodied as a low power BS or high power BS, according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0054]    Embodiments of the invention will be described thoroughly hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments and specific details set forth herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the specification. 
         [0055]    The features, structures, or characteristics of the invention described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “certain embodiments,” “some embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one o embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in certain embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification do not necessarily all refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
         [0056]    Embodiments of the invention may be applied in various wireless networks, including but not being limited to the 3GPP LTE network. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type wireless communication technologies and systems with which the present invention may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the invention to only the aforementioned system. 
         [0057]    In the context of the disclosure, for example, the term “high power BS,” as implied by its name, may refer to any BSs that have relatively high transmission power and thereby cover a relatively large coverage area. Examples of such a high power BS is a macro BS or macro eNB. Likewise, the term “low power BS” may refer to any BSs that have relatively low transmission power and thereby cover a relatively smaller coverage area as compared to the high power BS. Examples of such a low power BS is a pico BS, a femto BS, and a relay node, as widely employed in the current various communication system. Furthermore, resources according to embodiments of the present invention may include but are not limited to a time domain, a frequency domain, a code domain, a spatial domain, or a combination of such domains. 
         [0058]    To minimize the RA delay that might arise under the decoupled DL/UL scenario and suit the RA timing requirements in this scenario, the embodiments of the present invention propose that the RA initiated by the high power BS be performed directly between the high power BS and the UE without involvement of the low power BS and that the RA initiated by the UE be performed directly between the low power BS and the UE without involvement of the high power BS. By ways of this, the RA procedure under the decouple DL/UL scenario could be carried out in a more efficient and straightforward manner. To avoid potential interference that might arise during multiple ongoing RA procedures, the embodiments of the present invention also propose allocating different resources for delivery of different RARs and RA preambles. 
         [0059]      FIG. 1  illustrates a simplified and exemplary heterogeneous network  100  in which certain embodiments of the present invention can be practiced. Details regarding the network  100  have been described previously and thus further description is omitted herein for simplicity&#39;s sake. 
         [0060]      FIG. 2  schematically illustrates performing RA procedures in the heterogeneous network as illustrated in  FIG. 1  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Shown at the left part of the  FIG. 2  are some steps of an ongoing RA procedure initiated by the high power BS  101  and corresponding resource allocation for PDCCH, as exemplarily depicted by a block diagram. Upon receipt of a PDCCH order from the high power BS  101 , the UE  103  may send, among other things, its dedicated preamble to the high power BS  101  in the UL direction and as a response, the high power BS  101  sends to the UE  103  an RAR together with pertinent DL data in the DL direction. 
         [0061]    Shown at the right part of the  FIG. 2  are some steps of an ongoing RA procedure initiated by the UE  103 . At the outset, the UE  103  may initiate an R.A. procedure by sending a preamble to the low power BS  102  together with some UL data and then, as a response, may receive an RAR from the low power BS  102 . Further shown at the right part of the  FIG. 2  is corresponding resource allocated for PDCCH, as exemplarily depicted by a block diagram. It can be noted from the two resource allocation block diagrams that the resource as reserved at the high power BS  101  side is exactly used at the low power BS  102  side for RAR delivery. Thereby, different resources would be used to transmit the RARs from the high power BS  101  and low power BS  103  on the PDCCHs, respectively. By this pre-allocation or pre-coordination between the high power BS and the low power BS of the resources for the RAR transmission, the interference from the high power BS DL transmission to reception of the RAR by the UE from the low power BS could be avoided. 
         [0062]    Although the high power BS-initiated and the UE-initiated procedures are both shown in  FIG. 2 , it is to be understood that the UE may only initiate or participate in a single RA procedure at a time. Further, some other messages or steps, such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , are not shown in  FIG. 2  merely for a simplifying purpose. 
         [0063]      FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a signaling diagram  300  for performing a UE-initiated RA procedure (i.e., a contention based RA procedure) according to an embodiment of the present invention. The signaling diagram  300  begins with step  5301 , at which the UE  103  is informed, by the high power BS  101 , low power BS  102  or a potential third party, of information regarding PRACH resource allocation. The reason for this PRACH resource allocation or partition is discussed as below. 
         [0064]    In the UE-initiated and the high power BS-initiated RAs, the UE may need higher power to send an RA preamble aiming at the high power BS than an RA preamble aiming at the low power BS. If both types of RA preambles are sent using the same PRACH resource, the preamble aiming at the high power BS would impose large interference on the preambles sent by other potential UEs and aiming at the low power BS. Therefore, a resource partition method is necessary to separate PRACH resources for the high power BS and for the low power BS, and the signaling of the resource allocation information to the UEs can be implemented in different ways. 
         [0065]    For instance, the information regarding the PRACH resource partition could be sent to the UEs beforehand, e.g., via a broadcasted SIB or dedicated RRC signaling, such that the UEs could have knowledge of which PRACH can be applied to perform RA attempts directed to the low power BS and which PRACH can be applied to send the preamble directed to the high power BS once RA commands, i.e., PDCCH orders, have been received from the high power BS. 
         [0066]    As a further example, the information regarding the PRACH resource partition could be sent to the UEs when necessary. To this end, the PRACH configuration information broadcasted in the  5113  is actually only for PRACH reception at the low power BS. As compared thereto, the PRACH resources allocated for the high power BS reception would be delivered to UEs along with the RA attempt commands sent by the network, in the form of the RRC, MAC CE, DCI or the like. 
         [0067]    Simply put, the embodiments of the present invention propose transmitting respective RA preambles on respective different resources with respect to the high power BS and the low power BS, thereby mitigating or alleviating the interference as discussed before. 
         [0068]    Returning back to  FIG. 3 , at step S 302 , in order to send UL data or to re-establish an RRC connection, the UE  103  would send an RA preamble, also referred to as RACH Msg 1, to the low power BS  102  to initiate an RA procedure. As discussed above, this RA attempt including the RA preamble should be sent to the low power BS  102  using the PRACH resources as notified at step S 301 . 
         [0069]    All things being equal, as a response, the low power BS  102 , instead of the high power BS  103 , may send an RAR, also referred to as RACH Msg 2, to the UE  103  at step S 303 . The RAR may include a preamble identifier, a UL grant, a temporary C-RNTI and a time alignment command, and the like. It may be easy for the low power BS  102  to do so since a UL grant included in the RAR could be simplified. 
         [0070]    Similar to the PRACH resource partition, the embodiments of the present invention also propose using a resource partition scheme to implement transmission of RARs with respect to the high power BS  101  and low power BS  102  on respective different resources. Because details regarding the RAR resource partition have been described in connection with  FIG. 2 , a further discussion thereof is omitted herein for a brief purpose. 
         [0071]    Upon receiving the RAR from the low power BS  102  at step S 303 , the UE may form an RACH Msg 3 based upon the RAR received from the low power BS  102  and send it to the low power BS  102  through the UL grant at step S 304 . The Msg 3 may include a BSR of a UL buffer in the UE. 
         [0072]    Afterwards, at step S 305 , a new UL grant may be formed at the low power BS  102  and sent to the UE  103  as a Msg 4. Based upon the new UL grant, UL transmission from the UE  103  commences (not shown). 
         [0073]    With less involvement of the high power BS  101 , the UE-initiated RA procedure as illustrated in  FIG. 3  can be completed in a straightforward and time-saving way, thereby meeting the strict delay requirement as specified by the LTE system towards the RA procedure. 
         [0074]      FIG. 4  schematically illustrates another signaling diagram  400  for performing a high power BS-initiated RA procedure (i.e., a non-contention based RA procedure) according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , similar to the step S 301  as shown in  FIG. 3 , the signaling diagram  400  also begins with transmitting information regarding the PRACH resource allocation to the UE  103 , as performed by step S 401 . Then, due to arrival of new DL data or similar reasons, a high power BS-initiated RA procedure may commence by sending a PDCCH order on a PDCCH or ePDCCH to the UE  103  at step S 402 . 
         [0075]    Because the RA initiated by the PDCCH order is a contention-free or non-contention based RA procedure as mentioned before, the UE  103  has already been allocated a dedicated preamble by the high power BS  101 . Thus, the high power BS  101  is able to identify the US  103  through the RA preamble as sent by the UE  103  at step S 403  for acquiring UL synchronization. Similar to those discussed in  FIG. 3 , the dedicated preamble should be sent using the PRACH resources as previously partitioned so as not to cause harmful interference to other UEs. Upon receipt of the dedicated preamble, the high power BS  101  sends an RAR to the UE  103  at step S 404 . Thereafter, the high power BS  101  may, at step S 405 , send to the UE  103  a DL assignment which may also be a UL grant, as a non-limiting example. 
         [0076]    As seen from the signaling diagram  400 , it is straightforward and efficient way to cause the high power BS  101  to send the RAR such that the strict delay requirement can be satisfied. Further, since transmission of Msg 3 is unnecessary for the contention-free based RA procedure, UL resource reservation in this regard could also be omitted at the low power BS  102 . 
         [0077]    It should be noted that the foregoing has discussed main steps of the RA procedure in connection with  FIGS. 3 and 4 , it is purely for the purposes of explaining the embodiments of the present invention. A person skilled in the art can readily understand and easily implement the embodiments of the invention based upon the disclosure of this specification in combination of knowledge of the existing RA procedure as specified in the 3GPP specification. Further, it is to be understood that additional or alternative steps that might take place in the RA procedure are not set forth herein so as not to unnecessarily obscure the scope of the embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0078]      FIG. 5  is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a UE  500  according to one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the UE  500  may include a transmitting module  501  adapted to transmit messages in relation to the RA procedure and a receiving module  502  adapted to receive messages in relation to the RA procedure. The message may be Msgs 1-4, including the RA preamble and the RAR, as discussed with reference with  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
         [0079]    In case the RA procedure is initiated by the UE  500  (or  103 ), the transmitting module  501  is adapted to transmit to the low power BS the messages (e.g., including the preamble or Msg 3) in relation to the RA procedure therebetween and the receiving module  502  is adapted to receive from the low power BS  102  the messages (e.g., including the RAR or UL grant) in relation to the RA procedure therebetween. 
         [0080]    In case the RA procedure is initiated by the high power BS, the transmitting module  501  is adapted to transmit to the high power BS the messages in relation to the RA procedure therebetween and the receiving module  502  is adapted to receive from the high power BS the messages in relation to the RA procedure therebetween. Similarly, the message may relate to Msgs 1-4, including the RA preamble and the RAR, as discussed with reference with  FIG. 4 . 
         [0081]    In an embodiment, the transmitting module  501  is adapted to transmit respective RA preambles on respective different resources to the low power BS and high power BS so as to mitigate or eliminate the potential interference. In another embodiment, in order for remove of the potential interference, the receiving module  502  is adapted to receive, on respective different resources, respective RARs from the low power BS and the high power BS. 
         [0082]      FIG. 6  is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a BS  600  according to another embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the BS  600  may include a transmitting module  601  adapted to transmit messages in relation to the RA procedure. The BS  600  may further include a receiving module  602  adapted to receive messages in relation to the RA procedure. 
         [0083]    When the BS  600  is embodied as a high power BS, if the RA procedure is initiated by the high power BS, the transmitting module  601  is adapted to transmit to the UE the messages (e.g., PDCCH order, RAR or DL assignment) in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the high power BS and the receiving module  602  is adapted to receive from the UE the messages (e.g., the dedicated preamble) in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the high power BS, as is the case in the  FIG. 4 . In an embodiment, the transmitting module  601  is adapted to transmit an RAR on a different resource c from a resource allocated for transmission of an RAR in a RA procedure initiated by the UE with the low power BS. In another embodiment, the high power BS may be a macro BS. 
         [0084]    When the BS  600  is embodied as a low power BS, if the RA procedure is initiated by the UE, the transmitting module  601  is adapted to transmit to the UE the messages (e.g., the RAR or UL grant) in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the low power BS and the receiving module  602  is adapted to receive from the UE the messages (e.g., the RA preamble or Msg 3) in relation to the RA procedure between the UE and the low power BS, as is the case in  FIG. 3 . In an embodiment, the transmitting module  601  is adapted to transmit an RAR on a different resource from a resource allocated for transmission of an RAR in a RA procedure initiated by the high power BS with the UE. In another embodiment, the low power BS may be one of a pico base station, a femto base station, and a relay node. 
         [0085]    It will be appreciated that the invention maybe implemented in any suitable form including hardware, software, firmware or any combination of these. The invention may optionally be implemented at least partly as computer software running on one or more data processors and/or digital signal processors. The elements and components of an embodiment of the invention may be physically, functionally and logically implemented in any suitable way. Indeed the functionality may be implemented in a single unit, in a plurality of units or as part of other functional units. As such, the invention may be implemented in a single unit or may be physically and functionally distributed between different units and processors. 
         [0086]    It is to be noted that, although individual features may be included in different claims, these may possibly be advantageously combined, and the inclusion in different claims does not imply that a combination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous. Also the inclusion of a feature in one category of claims does not imply a limitation to this category but rather indicates that the feature is equally applicable to other claim categories as appropriate. Further, it is to be noted that, the order of features/steps in the claims or in the specification do not imply any specific order in which the features/steps must be worked. Rather, the steps/features may be performed in any suitable order. 
         [0087]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit to the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to comprise the plural forms as well, unless otherwise stated. It will be further understood that the terms “including,” “comprising” and conjugation thereof when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
         [0088]    Although the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The exemplary embodiments should be considered in descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Therefore, the scope of the invention is defined not by the detailed description of the invention but by the appended claims.