Abstract:
A compact laser-scanning microscope that allows in-vivo observation, particularly of cells, with wavelengths ranging from the visible to the infra-red, can be provided. The laser-scanning microscope includes a laser light source unit, an optical fiber, a collimator optical system, an optical scanning unit, a pupil projection optical system, an objective optical system, and a detection optical system that detects fluorescence or reflected light from the specimen, via the objective optical system, the pupil projection optical system, the optical scanning unit, the collimator optical system and the optical fiber. The objective optical system can be attached to and detached from the pupil projection optical system near the intermediate image position.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to a laser-scanning microscope used in fluorescence examination or confocal fluorescence examination in applications such as imaging and the study of cellular function.  
         [0003]     2. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART  
         [0004]     In the related art, a laser-scanning microscope is a known apparatus for examining cellular function and so on. Such an apparatus functions by irradiating a specimen, such as a living organism, with excitation light from the surface thereof and selectively detecting fluorescence emitted from a position at a predetermined depth in the specimen. (See, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. HEI-3-87804 (page 2, etc.) and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. HEI-5-72481 ( FIG. 1 , etc.).)  
         [0005]     In addition to standard microscope examination, this laser-scanning microscope can obtain images by scanning laser light converged onto a minute spot on the specimen with a scanning unit such as galvano mirrors or the like and detecting the fluorescence emitted by the specimen.  
         [0006]     This laser-scanning microscope affords an advantage in that, since the minute spot allows excellent resolving power and light outside the minute spot can be eliminated, it is possible to obtain sharp observation images with a high signal-to-noise ratio.  
         [0007]     However, the known laser-scanning microscope suffers from the drawback that the size of the apparatus is large because, in addition to optical systems for standard fluorescence observation, such as an objective lens and an imaging lens, it is also necessary to include optical systems such as a pupil projection lens and a scanning mechanism.  
         [0008]     In general, therefore, the optical system of the laser-scanning microscope has an objective lens focal length of approximately 180 mm. As a result, the overall length from the specimen to the scanning mechanism located close to the conjugate position of the pupil of the objective lens is 400 to 500 mm, which makes the overall size of the apparatus relatively large.  
         [0009]     Accordingly, to allow confocal fluorescence examination or fluorescence examination, the specimen must be positioned on a stage of the microscope. In practice, therefore, when carrying out in-vivo fluorescence examination of cells or small animals such as rats under incubation conditions, there is a restriction in that a suitable examination environment must be created on the stage.  
         [0010]     Furthermore, the laser-scanning microscope is generally constructed so that examination is carried out in a state where the optical axis of the objective lens is orthogonal to the surface of the stage. As a result, it is difficult to carry out examination from an oblique direction with respect to the specimen. Also, it is difficult to carry out examination while the main body of the laser-scanning microscope is tilted with respect to the specimen or while the specimen or the stage is tilted.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     In light of the circumstances described above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a laser-scanning microscope that can be made more compact than the laser-scanning microscopes of the related art and that has improved ease of use when carrying out in-vivo examination, particularly of cells, using wavelengths ranging from the visible region to the infra-red region.  
         [0012]     In order to realize the above-described object, the present invention provides the following features.  
         [0013]     The present invention provides a laser-scanning microscope including a laser light source unit; an optical fiber that transmits excitation light or illumination light from the laser light source unit; a collimator optical system that substantially collimates the excitation light or illumination light from the optical fiber; an optical scanning unit that scans the excitation light or illumination light from the collimator optical system onto a specimen; a pupil projection optical system that images the excitation light or illumination light from the optical scanning unit at an intermediate image position; an objective optical system that re-images the intermediate image of the excitation light or illumination light imaged in the pupil projection optical system onto the specimen; and a detection optical system that detects fluorescence or reflected light emitted from the specimen. The objective optical system can be attached to and removed from the pupil projection optical system in the vicinity of the intermediate image position.  
         [0014]     According to the present invention, since the objective optical system can be attached to and removed from the pupil projection optical system close to the intermediate image position, the objective optical system can be separated, which allows it to be left fixed to the examination site. Then, to perform examination again, by connecting the objective optical system to the pupil projection optical system, it is possible to perform examination of the same position at time intervals without moving the objective optical system from the position of the examination site, where it was previously positioned. Since the objective optical system does not move with respect to the examination site, an advantage is afforded in that the object under examination is not disturbed.  
         [0015]     By configuring the objective optical system to be attachable and removable close to the intermediate image position, it is possible to easily align the optical axes of the pupil projection optical system and the objective optical system and to easily adjust the inclination angle. Furthermore, by forming an intermediate image with the pupil projection optical system, it is possible to provide an optical system of sufficient length, which allows the objective optical system to be inserted deep inside a living organism.  
         [0016]     Preferably, in an aspect of the present invention, when the numerical aperture of laser light emitted from the pupil projection optical system at the intermediate image position is NAp 1 , the focal length of the pupil projection optical system is Fp 1 , and the distance between the optical scanning unit and the intermediate image position is Lsf, condition (1) below is satisfied. 
 
0.04 ≦|NAp   1 × Fp   1 / Lsf|≦ 0.1   (1) 
 
         [0017]     According to this aspect, if |NAp 1 ×Fp 1 /Lsf| is smaller than 0.04, the overall length from the optical scanning unit to the tip of the objective optical system is too long, which results in the drawback that the ease-of-use is reduced. In this case, if Lsf is reduced, NAp 1 ×Fp 1  is also reduced. In order to achieve a large examination region, it is necessary to increase the scanning angle of the optical scanning unit; however, since off-axis rays deviate substantially from the optical axis in the pupil projection optical system in this case, there is a problem in that it is difficult to correct off-axis aberrations (coma and astigmatism).  
         [0018]     If |NAp 1 ×Fp 1 /Lsf| is larger than 0.1, the optical scanning unit and the pupil projection optical system are too close to each other, and interfere, and it is therefore difficult to position the optical scanning unit. If Lsf is reduced, the beam diameter (=Nap 1 ×Fp 1 ) in the optical scanning unit is increased.  
         [0019]     Preferably, in the above-described aspect of the invention, when the objective optical system has a maximum lens diameter Dof within 10 mm of the object side of the objective lens unit and when the distance from the tip at the object side of the objective optical system to the intermediate image position is Lob, conditions (2) and (3) below are satisfied. 
 
0.3 ≦|NAp   1 × Fp   1 / Dof|≦ 4   (2) 
 
0.04 ≦|NAp   1 × Fp   1 / Lob|≦ 0.25   (3) 
 
         [0020]     According to this configuration, the outer diameter of the objective optical system can be minimized, thus reducing the degree of invasiveness of the object under examination, and it is possible to prevent a reduction in the resolution as well as a reduction in the size of the examination region. Moreover, by keeping the overall length of the objective optical system long, it is possible to carry out examination of a relatively deep examination site. If |NAp 1 ×Fp 1 /Dof| is smaller than 0.3, the outer diameter of the objective optical system becomes too large, and therefore, it is not possible to access an internal examination site without causing a large degree of invasiveness to the object under examination. If Dof is reduced, NAp 1 ×Fp 1  is also reduced, which causes the beam diameter of the optical scanning unit to be reduced. To obtain a large examination region, it is necessary to increase the scanning angle of the optical scanning unit; however, this causes a problem in that it is difficult to correct the off-axis aberrations (coma and astigmatism) because the off-axis beam deviates from the optical axis in the pupil projection optical system.  
         [0021]     If |NAp 1 ×Fp 1 /Dof|is larger than 4, the outer lens diameter is insufficient, and therefore, the numerical aperture is reduced, which results in the drawback that the resolution and the size of the examination region are reduced. If Dof is made smaller, the beam diameter in the optical scanning unit is increased; this causes the optical scanning unit and the collimator lens to increase in size, thus increasing the overall size of the apparatus, and results in the problem that it is difficult to carry out in-vivo examination of a living organism.  
         [0022]     If |NAp 1 ×Fp 1 /Lob|is smaller than 0.04, the overall length of the apparatus becomes too large, which reduces the ease-of-use. Also, if the overall length of the objective optical system is large, off-axis rays deviate substantially from the optical axis, and therefore, it becomes difficult to correct the off-axis aberrations. There is also a problem in that a large outer diameter of the objective optical results in a high degree of invasiveness of the specimen, such as a small experimental animal. If |NAp 1 ×Fp 1 /Lob| is larger than 0.25, the overall length of the objective optical system becomes too small, which makes it difficult to observe an examination site located deep inside the specimen, and it also becomes difficult to attach it to the pupil projection optical unit. In addition, if the overall length is too short, there is a problem in that it is difficult to correct the aberrations since the number of lenses constituting the objective optical system is limited.  
         [0023]     In the above-described aspect, a conjugate position of the optical scanning unit formed by the pupil projection optical system may be located towards the specimen side of a specimen-side focal position of the pupil projection optical system, and, when the distance between the focal position of the pupil projection optical system at the objective-optical-system side and the conjugate position of the optical scanning unit formed by the pupil projection optical system is Lp 1 , condition (4) below is preferably satisfied. 
 
| Fp   1 / Lp b|≦ 1 . 3    (4) 
 
         [0024]     According to this configuration, it is possible to easily correct the aberrations of the objective optical system and the pupil projection optical system. If |Fp 1 /Lp 1 | is larger than 1.3, the intermediate image position and the pupil position (the conjugate position of the optical scanning unit formed by the pupil projection optical system) become too close together and the angle of the off-axis chief ray with respect to the optical axis becomes too large. Therefore, there is a problem in that it is difficult to properly correct the aberrations.  
         [0025]     Preferably, in the above described aspect, the pupil projection optical system includes a first lens group having positive refractive power as a whole and including, from the optical scanning unit, at least one compound lens composed of a positive lens and a negative lens; and a second lens group having positive refractive power as a whole, and, when the d-line Abbe number of the positive lens of the lenses in the first lens group is νd, the radius of curvature of the interface surface of the compound lens in the first lens group is Rp 1 , and the difference in refractive index between the positive lens and the negative lens in the compound lens in the first lens group is Δnd 1 , conditions (5) and (6) below are preferably satisfied. 
 
νd&gt;80   (5) 
 
5 &lt;|Rp   1 /( Fp   1 ×Δ nd   1 )|&lt;10   (6) 
 
         [0026]     When νd is less than or equal to 80, it is difficult to correct chromatic aberration. When |Rp 1 /(Fp 1 ×Δnd 1 )| is less than or equal to 5, spherical aberration is over-corrected, and when it is greater than or equal to 10, spherical aberration is under-corrected, both of which are a problem. According to this configuration, therefore, correction of chromatic aberration is easy, and it is possible to properly correct for spherical aberration.  
         [0027]     Furthermore, in the above-described configuration, the second lens group preferably includes at least one compound lens formed of at least two lenses, and, when the radius of curvature of the interface surface of the compound lens in the second lens group is Rp 2  and when the difference in refractive index of the at least two lenses constituting the compound lens in the second lens group is Δnd 2 , condition (7) below is preferably satisfied. 
 
0.9 &lt;|Rp   2 /( Fp   1 ×Δ nd   2 )|&lt;2.5   (7) 
 
         [0028]     If |Rp 2 /(Fp 1 ×Δnd 2 )| is less than or equal to 0.9, coma is under-corrected, and if it is greater or equal to 2.5, coma is over-corrected, both of which are a problem. According to this configuration, therefore, coma can be properly corrected.  
         [0029]     Furthermore, in the above-described aspect, the objective optical system may be attachable to and removable from the pupil projection optical system, close to the intermediate image position, while being rotatable with respect thereto.  
         [0030]     With this configuration, it is possible to leave the objective optical system attached to the living organism and to couple the objective optical system and the pupil projection to each other without rotating the objective optical system relative to the living organism, regardless of the rotation angle of the pupil projection optical system.  
         [0031]     The laser-scanning microscope according to the present invention may comprise a coupling optical system for detection which converges the fluorescence or reflected light emitted from the specimen and an optical fiber for detection which transmits the fluorescence or reflected light which has been converged by the coupling optical system for detection.  
         [0032]     With this configuration, an optical system with a high signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained.  
         [0033]     Furthermore, in the above configuration, the collimator optical system and the coupling optical system for detection may be a system in common.  
         [0034]     In such a case, the scanning unit can be made compact while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio.  
         [0035]     In the above configuration, the collimator optical system and the coupling optical system for detection may be separate systems, and the core diameter of the optical fiber for detection may be greater than the diffraction limit.  
         [0036]     In such a case, the signal-to-nose ratio can be made even higher, and observation of a thick specimen at a deep position from the surface becomes possible.  
         [0037]     According to the present invention, by forming an intermediate image with the pupil projection optical system, it is possible to construct a long, thin optical system from the pupil projection optical system to the objective lens. Also, it is possible to realize an objective optical system that maintains a low level of invasiveness up to the examination site located at a certain depth inside the object being examined, such as an experimental animal.  
         [0038]     By isolating the laser light source unit and the detection optical unit with the optical fiber, the structure from the collimator optical system to the objective optical system can be made compact, the system components can be more freely positioned as a result of the flexible optical fiber, and the ease-of-use can thus be enhanced. Therefore, this configuration affords an advantage in that examination can be carried out from an arbitrary angle with respect to the examination site by placing the objective optical system in the vicinity thereof. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0039]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a laser-scanning microscope according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0040]      FIG. 2  is a diagram showing the optical path in a pupil projection optical system and an objective optical system of the laser-scanning microscope in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0041]      FIG. 3  is a longitudinal sectional view of the pupil projection optical system and the objective optical system in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0042]      FIG. 4  is a diagram showing an example of an application of the laser-scanning microscope in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0043]      FIG. 5  is a similar diagram to that in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0044]      FIG. 6  is a diagram, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of a collimator optical system according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0045]      FIG. 7  is a diagram, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of the pupil projection optical system and the objective optical system according to a first example of the present invention.  
         [0046]      FIG. 8  is a diagram, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of the pupil projection optical system and the objective optical system according to a second example of the present invention.  
         [0047]      FIG. 9  is a diagram, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of the pupil projection optical system and the objective optical system according to a third example of the present invention.  
         [0048]      FIG. 10  is a diagram, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of the pupil projection optical system and the objective optical system according to a fourth example of the present invention.  
         [0049]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram of a laser-scanning microscope according to a first modified example of the present invention.  
         [0050]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of a laser-scanning microscope according to a second modified example of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0051]     A description of a laser-scanning microscope according to an embodiment of the present invention will be given below, with reference to FIGS.  1  to  5 .  
         [0052]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , a laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment includes an optical unit  2 , a scanning unit  3 , an objective optical system unit  4  attached to the scanning unit  3 , and an optical fiber  5  that connects the optical unit  2  and the scanning unit  3 .  
         [0053]     The optical unit  2  includes a laser light source unit  6  and a detection optical system  7 .  
         [0054]     The laser light source unit  6  includes laser light sources  8  formed of semiconductor lasers, collimator optical systems  11  formed of lenses  9  and pinholes  10 , and dichroic mirrors  12 .  
         [0055]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the detection optical system  7  includes dichroic mirrors  13 , barrier filters  14 , lenses  15 , pinholes  16 , and photosensors  17 .  
         [0056]     The optical fiber  5  transmits excitation light emitted from the laser light source unit  6  and guides fluorescence emitted from a specimen A to the detection optical system  7 .  
         [0057]     The scanning unit  3  includes a collimator optical system  18  that substantially collimates the excitation light from the optical fiber  5 , an optical scanning unit  19  that scans the excitation light from the collimator optical system  18  on the specimen A, and a pupil projection optical system  20  that images the excitation light from the optical scanning unit  19  at an intermediate image position B.  
         [0058]     The collimator optical system  18  includes a position adjusting mechanism  25  (see  FIG. 4 ) that can move the collimator lens constituting the collimator optical system  18  in the optical-axis direction.  
         [0059]     The optical scanning unit  19  includes two galvano mirrors  19   a  and  19   b  that can swing back and forth about orthogonal axes, so as to allow the collimated light emitted from the collimator optical system  18  to be scanned two-dimensionally.  
         [0060]     The objective optical unit  4  is configured so as to re-image the excitation-light intermediate image formed in the pupil projection optical system  20  onto the specimen A.  
         [0061]     With this configuration, the fluorescence emitted from the specimen A is detected by the photosensors  17  of the detection optical system  7  after passing through the objective optical system unit  4 , the pupil projection optical system  20 , the optical scanning unit  19 , and the collimator optical system  18 .  
         [0062]     A dichroic mirror  21  for guiding the excitation light from the laser light source unit  6  to the specimen A and for guiding the fluorescence from the specimen A to the photosensors  17  is provided in the optical unit  2 . Reference numeral  22  in the figure represents a converging lens.  
         [0063]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the objective optical system unit  4  is configured so that the rear focal position C thereof is placed in conjugate relation with the vicinity of the central position D between the two galvano mirrors  19   a  and  19   b  constituting the optical scanning unit  19  by the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0064]     As shown in  FIG. 3 , in the laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment, the objective optical system unit  4  is configured so that it can be attached to and removed from the scanning unit  3 , near the image position B of the intermediate image formed by the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0065]     More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 3 , an outer barrel  23  of the pupil projection optical system  20  and an outer barrel  24  of the objective optical system unit  4  are installed so as to abut each other at the intermediate image position B of the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0066]     A processing and control unit  26  such as a personal computer or the like is connected to the laser-scanning microscope  1 . The processing and control unit  26  performs wavelength control of the laser light sources  8 , wavelength selection of the dichroic mirrors  12  and  13  and the filters  14 , control of a wavelength splitting element (not shown), analysis and display of the detection information detected by the photosensors  17  of the detection optical system  7 , driving control of the optical scanning unit  19 , and so on.  
         [0067]     In the laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment, the numerical aperture NAp 1  of the laser light emitted from the pupil projection optical system  20 , at the intermediate image position B of the pupil projection optical system  20 , the focal length Fp 1  of the pupil projection optical system  20 , and the distance Lsf between the optical scanning unit  19  and the intermediate image position B are set so as to satisfy condition (1) below. 
 
0.04 ≦|Nap   1 × Fp   1 / Lsf |≦0.1   ( 1 ) 
 
         [0068]     Also, the maximum lens diameter Dof within 10 mm from the object side of the objective optical system unit  4  and the distance Lob from the object-side end of the objective optical system unit  4  to the intermediate image position B are set so as to satisfy conditions (2) and (3) below. 
 
0.3 ≦|NAp   1 × Fp   1 / Dof |≦4   (2) 
 
0.04 ≦|NAp   1 × Fp   1 / Lob |≦0.25   (3) 
 
         [0069]     The distance Lp 1  between the focal position of the pupil projection optical system  20 , at the objective optical system unit  4  side, and the conjugate position C of the optical scanning unit  19  side, formed by the pupil projection optical system  20 , satisfies condition (4) shown below. 
 
| Fp   1 / Lp   1 |≦1.3   (4) 
 
         [0070]     The pupil projection optical system  20  is formed, from the optical scanning unit  19  side, of a first lens group  20 a having positive refractive power overall, including at least one compound lens formed of a positive lens and a negative lens, and a second lens group  20   b  having positive refractive power overall, including at least one compound lens. The d-line Abbe number νd of the positive lens in the compound lens of the first lens group  20   a,  the radius of curvature Rp 1  of the interface of the compound lens in the first lens group  20   a,  the refractive index difference Δnd 1  between the positive lens and the negative lens of the compound lens in the first lens group  20   a,  the radius of curvature Rp 2  of the interface of the compound lens in the second lens group  20   b,  and the refractive index difference Δnd 2  of the compound lens in the second lens group are set so as to satisfy conditions (5), (6), and (7) below. 
 
νd&gt;80   (5) 
 
5 &lt;|Rp   1 /( Fp   1 ×Δ nd   1 )|&lt;10   (6) 
 
0.9 &lt;|Rp   2 /( Fp   1 ×Δ nd   2 )|&lt;2.5   (7) 
 
         [0071]     The function of the laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment, having such a configuration, will be described below.  
         [0072]     With the laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment, after being converged on the pinhole  10  by the lenses  9 , the excitation light emitted from the laser light sources  8  is converted to collimated light by the lenses  9 . Thereafter, the light is incident on the dichroic mirrors  12  and  21  and the converging lens  22  to be converged onto the tip of the optical fiber  5 , is transmitted through the optical fiber  5 , and is introduced to the scanning unit  3 . In the scanning unit  3 , the light emitted from the end of the optical fiber  5  is converted into collimated light by the collimator optical system  18  and is made incident on the optical scanning unit  19 , and then the beam is deflected in two dimensions with respect to the optical axis by rotating each galvano mirror  19   a  and  19   b  of the optical scanning unit  19 . The light is then converged, via the pupil projection optical system  20 , at the intermediate image position B to form an image. The excitation light converged at the intermediate image position B then passes through the objective optical system unit  4  to illuminate a minute spot on the specimen A. At this time, the excitation light illuminating the surface of the specimen A is scanned by the optical scanning unit  19 .  
         [0073]     Fluorescence excited by illuminating the specimen A with excitation light passes through the objective optical system unit  4 , the pupil projection optical system  20 , the optical scanning unit  19 , the collimator optical system  18 , the optical fiber  5 , the converging lens  22 , and the dichroic mirror  21 , and is introduced to the detection optical system  7 . Then, in the detection optical system  7 , after passing through the dichroic mirrors  13 , the barrier filters  14 , and the lenses  15 , only the fluorescence transmitted through the pinholes  16  is detected by the photosensors  17 .  
         [0074]     In this case, with the laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment, since an intermediate image is formed between the pupil projection optical system  20  and the objective optical system unit  4  by the pupil projection optical system  20 , it is possible to set the length of the optical system from the pupil projection optical system  20  to the end of the objective optical system unit  4  to be sufficiently large and to set the thickness thereof to be sufficiently small. As a result, the outer diameter of the outer barrel  24  of the objective optical system unit  4  is kept small, which removes the need to make a large incision in small experimental animals and so on. Therefore, the tip of the objective optical system unit  4  can reach the examination site of an internal organ (specimen) A located deep inside the body, in a low-invasive manner without causing any significant damage to the small experimental animal or the like.  
         [0075]     Also, with the laser-scanning microscope according to this embodiment, since the objective optical system unit  4  is disposed at the intermediate image position B formed by the pupil projection optical system  20  so as to be attachable and removable, when compared to the case where it is attached and removed at locations other than the intermediate image position B, there is no need to carry out precise alignment of the optical axes or precise adjustment of tilting of the optical axes. Therefore, comparatively straightforward adjustment is possible, and as a result, an advantage is provided in that it is possible to improve the quality of the images obtained.  
         [0076]     Furthermore, since the optical unit  2  and the scanning unit  3  are connected by the optical fiber  5 , it is possible to design the scanning unit  3  to have a compact configuration. As a result, the optical fiber  5  can be bent freely to allow the position and inclination of the scanning unit  3  to be freely changed, which affords an advantage in that it is easy to reposition the system components. For example, as shown in  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5 , the scanning unit  3  is attached to the end of an arm  27 , which is attached to a stand (not shown), and by changing the inclination and so on of the arm  27 , the scanning unit  3  and the objective optical system unit  4  can be set in an arbitrary position for examination. Also, a fine adjustment mechanism  28  may be disposed between the arm  27  and the scanning unit  3 ; the position of the scanning unit  3  is coarsely adjusted by moving the arm  27  and is finely adjusted by actuating the fine adjustment mechanism  28 . Reference numeral  29  in the drawings represents a display for displaying images.  
         [0077]     Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the objective optical system unit  4  may be isolated from the scanning unit  3  and kept in position at the examination site of a small experimental animal A serving as the object under examination, and by moving the arm  27  and the scanning unit  3  in this state, the scanning unit  3  may be positioned at various objective optical system units  4  and connected thereto for carrying out examination. With this arrangement, it is possible to carry out examination at the same position without removing the objective optical system unit  4 , which was previously positioned with respect to the examination site. Also, it is possible to carry out examination without disturbing the examination site.  
         [0078]     In this case, when connecting the objective optical system unit  4  and the scanning unit  3 , a connection mechanism  30  of the objective optical system unit  4  for connecting to the scanning unit  3  is preferably configured so as to allow them to be coupled without relative rotation about the axes thereof. Therefore, it is possible to connect them as is without rotating the objective optical system unit  4  positioned on the specimen A, regardless of the rotation angle of the scanning unit  3 . As a result, there is an advantage in that no damage is caused to the specimen A. In addition to a screw fastening mechanism, various mechanisms can be used as the connection mechanism  30 , including a clamp-type mechanism in which the objective optical system unit  4  and the scanning unit  3  are fitted together and pushed with a screw from the outer radial direction, a mechanism in which a tapered screw is formed in the outer surface of a slotted sleeve and tightened by a nut fastener, a spigot-mount mechanism, a bayonet mechanism, a magnetic-fastening mechanism, and so forth.  
         [0079]     The pinholes  16  are provided in order to eliminate unnecessary light such as scattered excitation light.  
         [0080]     The laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment is designed so as to satisfy conditions (1) to (7).  
         [0081]     By satisfying condition (1), an advantage is afforded in that the ease-of-use is improved and off-axis aberrations (coma and astigmatism) can be easily corrected.  
         [0082]     Also, interference caused by bringing the scanning unit and the pupil projection optical system too close together can be prevented, which facilitates positioning of the optical scanning unit.  
         [0083]     By satisfying condition (2), the outer diameter of the objective optical system can be minimized, which allows low-invasive examination of an object, and it is possible to prevent a decrease in resolving power and a reduction in the size of the examination region. Also, the overall length of the objective optical system can be made long enough so that an examination site located deep inside the object can be examined. Furthermore, it is possible to easily correct off-axis aberrations (coma and astigmatism).  
         [0084]     Moreover, a reduction in numerical aperture can be prevented, which increases the resolving power, thus ensuring examination of a wide examination region. In addition, the beam diameter in the scanning unit is reduced, which allows the sizes of the scanning unit and the collimator lens to be reduced, thus also reducing the size of the entire apparatus. Therefore, in vivo examination is facilitated.  
         [0085]     By satisfying condition (3), off-axis aberrations can easily be corrected and the outer diameter of the objective optical system can be reduced, which allows low-invasive examination of a specimen such as a small experimental animal. Also, the overall length is increased, which allows a large number of lenses to be used for the objective optical system, thus facilitating correction of aberrations.  
         [0086]     By satisfying condition (4), it is possible to easily correct the aberrations of the objective optical system and the pupil projection optical system. The intermediate image position and the pupil position (the conjugate position of the optical scanning unit, formed by the pupil projection optical system) are prevented from coming too close together, which makes it possible to easily correct aberrations.  
         [0087]     Also, by satisfying conditions (5) to (7), chromatic aberrations can be easily corrected, and it is possible to prevent over-correction and under-correction of spherical aberration and coma.  
         [0088]     Examples of the collimator optical system  18 , the pupil projection optical system  20 , and the objective optical system unit  4  of the laser-scanning microscope  1  according to this embodiment will be described below.  
         [0089]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of the collimator optical system  18 .  
         [0090]     From the tip of the optical fiber  5 , this collimator optical system  18  includes, in the following order on the optical axis thereof, a flat plate L 1 , a positive compound lens composed of a biconvex lens L 2  and a negative meniscus lens whose concave surface faces the biconvex lens L 2 , and a positive compound lens L 3  composed of a negative meniscus lens L 4  whose convex surface faces the tip of the optical fiber  5  and a biconvex lens L 5 .  
         [0091]     The specification data of each of the optical elements L 1  to L 5  composing the collimator optical system  18  are shown below. In this specification data, r represents the radius of curvature of each of the lenses L 1  to L 5 , d represents the thickness or spacing of each of the lenses L 1  to L 5 , nd represents the refractive index of each of the lenses L 1  to L 5  at the d-line, and νd represents the Abbe number of each of the lenses L 1  to L 5 . The first surface is the position of the tip of the optical fiber  5 . The focal length is 16.01 mm and the pupil diameter is 3 mm.  
                                                     Specification data                                    r 1  = ∞   d 1  = 10.86                   r 2  = ∞   d 2  = 0.5   nd 2  = 1.51825   νd 2  = 64.14           r 3  = ∞   d 3  = 2.9           r 4  = 9.231   d 4  = 3   nd 4  = 1.43985   νd 4  = 94.93           r 5  = −6.1   d 5  = 0.012   nd 5  = 1.5675   νd 5  = 43.79           r 6  = −6.1   d 6  = 0.5   nd 6  = 1.51825   νd 6  = 64.14           r 7  = −60.898   d 7  = 1.81           r 8  = 20.878   d 8  = 0.5   nd 8  = 1.68082   νd 8  = 55.34           r 9  = 5.534   d 9  = 0.012   nd 9  = 1.5675   νd 9  = 43.79           r 10  = 5.534   d 10  = 1.37   nd 10  = 1.48915   νd 10  = 70.23           r 11  = −18.561                      
 
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0092]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of a first example of the pupil projection optical system  20  and the objective optical system unit  4 .  
         [0093]     The pupil projection optical system  20  includes a first lens group  20   a  formed of a biconvex lens L 6  and a negative compound lens, composed of a biconvex lens L 7  and a biconcave lens L 8 , and whose concave surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 ; a second lens group  20   b  formed of a positive compound lens, composed of a biconcave lens L 9  and a biconvex lens L 10 , whose concave surface faces the optical scanning unit  19  and a biconvex lens L 11;  and a flat plate L 12 . The flat plate L 12  functions as a window member for protecting the pupil projection optical system  20  when the objective lens unit  4  is separated from the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0094]     The objective optical system unit  4  includes a negative meniscus lens L 13  whose concave surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a plano-convex lens L 14  whose flat surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a plano-convex lens L 15  whose flat surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a negative compound lens, composed of a biconvex lens L 16  and a biconcave lens L 17 , whose convex surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a positive compound lens composed of a biconvex lens L 18  and a negative meniscus lens L 19  whose concave surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a positive compound lens composed of a negative meniscus lens L 20  whose convex surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20  and a biconvex lens L 21 ; a positive meniscus lens L 22  whose convex surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a biconvex lens L 23 ; and a plano-concave lens L 24  whose concave surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0095]     The specification data of the lenses L 6  to L 24  forming the optical system of the first example is shown below.  
                                                     Specification data                                    r 1  = ∞   d 1  = 8                     r2  = 9.111   d 2  = 1   nd 2  = 1.43875   νd 2  = 94.93           r 3  = −21.275   d 3  = 0.11           r 4  = 3.469   d 4  = 2   nd 4  = 1.43875   νd 4  = 94.93           r 5  = −6.881   d 5  = 1   nd 5  = 1.51633   νd 5  = 64.14           r 6  = 2.339   d 6  = 2.98           r 7  = −5.805   d 7  = 0.32   nd 7  = 1.6779   νd 7  = 55.34           r 8  = 3.3   d 8  = 2.5   nd 8  = 1.497   νd 8  = 81.54           r 9  = −6.115   d 9  = 0.5           r 10  = 5.191   d 10  = 1.5   nd 10  = 1.497   νd 10  = 81.54           r 11  = −8.003   d 11  = 0.14           r 12  = ∞   d 12  = 1.5   nd 12  = 1.7725   νd 12  = 49.6           r 13  = ∞   d 13  = 3.45           r 14  = ∞   d 14  = 5.14           r 15  = −1.353   d 15  = 1   nd 15  = 1.51633   νd 15  = 64.14           r 16  = −10.001   d 16  = 0.3           r 17  = ∞   d 17  = 1.45   nd 17  = 1.6779   νd 17  = 55.34           r 18  = −5.135   d 18  = 5.49           r 19  = ∞   d 19  = 1.52   nd 19  = 1.43875   νd 19  = 94.93           r 20  = −6.422   d 20  = 1.96           r 21  = 6.181   d 21  = 2   nd 21  = 1.6779   νd 21  = 55.34           r 22  = −40.05   d 22  = 0.5   nd 22  = 1.6134   νd 22  = 44.27           r 23  = 4.296   d 23  = 3.21           r 24  = 6.353   d 24  = 3.2   nd 24  = 1.43875   νd 24  = 94.93           r 25  = −2.744   d 25  = 0.5   nd 25  = 1.7725   νd 25  = 49.6           r 26  = −35.645   d 26  = 0.5           r 27  = 7.004   d 27  = 0.56   nd 27  = 1.7725   νd 27  = 49.6           r 28  = 3.902   d 28  = 2.95   nd 28  = 1.43875   νd 28  = 94.93           r 29  = −3.902   d 29  = 0.11           r 30  = 3.201   d 30  = 1.54   nd 30  = 1.43875   νd 30  = 94.93           r 31  = 7.204   d 31  = 0.26           r 32  = 1.444   d 32  = 1.89   nd 32  = 1.43875   νd 32  = 94.93           r 33  = −1.739   d 33  = 0.31   nd 33  = 1.51633   νd 33  = 64.14           r 34  = ∞   d 34  = 0.2005   nd 34  = 1.33304   νd 34  = 55.79           r 35  = ∞                      
 
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0096]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of a second example of the pupil projection optical system  20  and the objective optical system unit  4 .  
         [0097]     The pupil projection optical system  20  includes a first lens group  20   a  formed of a biconvex lens L 6  and negative compound lens, composed of a biconvex lens L 7  and a biconcave lens L 8 , whose convex surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 ; a second lens group  20   b  formed of a compound lens composed of a negative meniscus lens L 9  and a positive meniscus lens L 10  whose convex surfaces face the optical scanning unit  19  and a biconvex lens L 11 ; and a flat plate L 12 . The flat plate L 12  functions as a window member that protects the pupil projection optical system  20  when the objective optical system unit  4  is separated from the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0098]     The objective optical system unit  4  includes a negative meniscus lens L 13  whose concave surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 , a plano-convex lens L 14  whose flat surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 , a plano-convex lens L 15  whose flat surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 , a compound lens composed of a positive meniscus lens L 16  and a negative meniscus lens L 17  whose convex surfaces face the pupil projection optical system  20 , a positive compound lens composed of a biconvex lens L 18  and a negative meniscus lens L 19  whose concave surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 , a positive compound lens composed of a negative meniscus lens L 20  whose convex surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20  and a biconvex lens L 21 , and a compound lens composed of a plano-convex lens L 23  whose convex surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20  and a flat plate L 24 .  
         [0099]     The specification data of the optical elements forming the optical system of the second example is shown below.  
                                                     Specification Data                                    r 1  = ∞   d 1  = 12                   r 2  = 11.02   d 2  = 1   nd 2  = 1.43875   νd 2  = 94.93           r 3  = −38.4828   d 3  = 0.1           r 4  = 3.5857   d 4  = 2   nd 4  = 1.43875   νd 4  = 94.93           r 5  = −6.9665   d 5  = 1.55   nd 5  = 1.51633   νd 5  = 64.14           r 6  = 2.339   d 6  = 2.98           r 7  = 18.7454   d 7  = 0.4   nd 7  = 1.6779   νd 7  = 55.34           r 8  = 2.9519   d 8  = 2.5   nd 8  = 1.497   νd 8  = 81.54           r 9  = 17.1965   d 9  = 0.1           r 10  = 4.1138   d 10  = 1.5   nd 10  = 1.497   νd 10  = 81.54           r 11  = −8.0159   d 11  = 0.29           r 12  = ∞   d 12  = 1   nd 12  = 1.51633   νd 12  = 64.14           r 13  = ∞   d 13  = 3.15           r 14  = ∞   d 14  = 3.19           r 15  = −0.874   d 15  = 0.55   nd 15  = 1.6134   νd 15  = 44.27           r 16  = −5.469   d 16  = 0.1           r 17  = ∞   d 17  = 1.1   nd 17  = 1.741   νd 17  = 52.64           r 18  = −2.744   d 18  = 3.91           r 19  = ∞   d 19  = 1.83   nd 19  = 1.43875   νd 19  = 94.93           r 20  = −5.434   d 20  = 6.03           r 21  = 2.439   d 21  = 1.09   nd 21  = 1.6779   νd 21  = 55.34           r 22  = 9.44   d 22  = 0.3   nd 22  = 1.6134   νd 22  = 44.27           r 23  = 1.686   d 23  = 0.89           r 24  = 4.995   d 24  = 1.75   nd 24  = 1.43875   νd 24  = 94.93           r 25  = −1.667   d 25  = 0.3   nd 25  = 1.7725   νd 25  = 49.6           r 26  = −3.937   d 26  = 2           r 27  = −77.074   d 27  = 0.31   nd 27  = 1.7725   νd 27  = 49.6           r 28  = 2.32   d 28  = 1.62   nd 28  = 1.43875   νd 28  = 94.93           r 29  = −2.32   d 29  = 0.13           r 30  = 2.32   d 30  = 1   nd 30  = 1.43875   νd 30  = 94.93           r 31  = −5.741   d 31  = 0.1           r 32  = 1.108   d 32  = 1.09   nd 32  = 1.43875   νd 32  = 94.93           r 33  = ∞   d 33  = 0.49   nd 33  = 1.51633   νd 33  = 64.14           r 34  = ∞   d 34  = 0.05   nd 34  = 1.33304   νd 34  = 55.79           r 35  = ∞                      
 
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0100]      FIG. 9  is a cross-section, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of a third example of the pupil projection optical system  20  and the objective optical system unit  4 .  
         [0101]     The pupil projection optical system  20  includes a first lens group  20   a  formed of a biconvex lens L 6  and a negative compound lens, composed of a biconvex lens L 7  and a biconcave lens L 8 , whose convex surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 ; a second lens group  20   b  formed of a positive compound lens, composed of a biconcave lens L 9  and a biconvex lens L 10 , whose concave surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 , and a biconvex lens L 11 ; and a flat plate L 12 . The flat plate L 12  functions as a window member that protects the pupil projection optical system  20  when the objective lens optical system unit  4  is separated from the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0102]     The objective optical system unit  4  includes a compound lens composed of a biconcave lens L 13  and a plano-convex lens L 14 ; a plano-convex lens L 15  whose flat surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a compound lens, composed of a plano-convex lens L 16  and a negative meniscus lens L 17 , whose flat surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a biconvex lens L 18 ; a positive compound lens, composed of a negative meniscus lens L 19  and a biconvex lens L 20 , whose convex surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a plano-concave lens L 21  whose concave surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 ; a biconvex lens L 22 ; and a plano-convex lens L 23  whose convex surface faces the pupil projection optical system  20 .  
         [0103]     The specification data of the optical elements forming the optical system of the third example is shown below.  
                                                     Specification data                                    r 1  = ∞   d 1  = 8                   r 2  = 9.111   d 2  = 1   nd 2  = 1.43875   νd 2  = 94.93           r 3  = −21.275   d 3  = 0.11           r 4  = 3.469   d 4  = 2   nd 4  = 1.43875   νd 4  = 94.93           r 5  = −6.881   d 5  = 1   nd 5  = 1.51633   νd 5  = 64.14           r 6  = 2.339   d 6  = 2.98           r 7  = −5.805   d 7  = 0.32   nd 7  = 1.6779   νd 7  = 55.34           r 8  = 3.3   d 8  = 2.5   nd 8  = 1.497   νd 8  = 81.54           r 9  = −6.115   d 9  = 0.5           r 10  = 5.191   d 10  = 1.5   nd 10  = 1.497   νd 10  = 81.54           r 11  = −8.003   d 11  = 0.14           r 12  = ∞   d 12  = 1.5   nd 12  = 1.7725   νd 12  = 49.6           r 13  = ∞   d 13  = 3.45           r 14  = ∞   d 14  = 0.95           r 15  = −1.869   d 15  = 0.5   nd 15  = 1.51633   νd 15  = 64.14           r 16  = 1.425   d 16  = 1   nd 16  = 1.7725   νd 16  = 49.6           r 17  = ∞   d 17  = 0.56           r 18  = ∞   d 18  = 1   nd 18  = 1.7725   νd 18  = 49.6           r 19  = −3.746   d 19  = 1.03           r 20  = 10.104   d 20  = 0.8   nd 20  = 1.6779   νd 20  = 55.34           r 21  = −0.804   d 21  = 0.34   nd 21  = 1.7725   νd 21  = 49.6           r 22  = −5.961   d 22  = 0.2           r 23  = 2.681   d 23  = 0.7   nd 23  = 1.51633   νd 23  = 64.14           r 24  = −2.406   d 24  = 0.2           r 25  = −2.406   d 25  = 0.29   nd 25  = 1.6134   νd 25  = 44.27           r 26  = 0.674   d 26  = 0.7   nd 26  = 1.43875   νd 26  = 94.93           r 27  = −1.218   d 27  = 0.15           r 28  = −3.637   d 28  = 0.45   nd 28  = 1.6134   νd 28  = 44.27           r 29  = ∞   d 29  = 0.15           r 30  = 1.273   d 30  = 0.6   nd 30  = 1.741   νd 30  = 52.64           r 31  = −3.469   d 31  = 0.15           r 32  = 0.614   d 32  = 0.55   nd 32  = 1.51633   νd 32  = 64.14           r 33  = ∞   d 33  = 0.1067   nd 33  = 1.33304   νd 33  = 55.79           r 34  = ∞                      
 
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0104]      FIG. 10  is a cross-section, taken along the optical axis, showing the configuration of a fourth example of the pupil projection optical system  20  and the objective optical system unit  4 .  
         [0105]     The pupil projection optical system  20  includes a first lens group  20   a  formed of a positive compound lens composed of a biconvex lens L 6  and a negative meniscus lens L 7 ; and a second lens group  20   b  formed of a positive compound lens, composed of a negative meniscus lens L 8  and a plano-convex lens L 9 , whose convex surface faces the optical scanning unit  19  and a negative compound lens, composed of a plano-convex lens L 10 , a plano convex lens L 11 , and a biconcave lens L 12 , whose convex surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 .  
         [0106]     The objective optical system unit  4  includes a negative meniscus lens L 13  whose concave surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 , a positive meniscus lens L 14  whose concave surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 , a plano-convex lens L 15  whose convex surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 , a negative compound lens composed of a biconvex lens L 16  and a biconcave lens L 17 , a positive compound lens composed of a biconvex lens L 18  and a negative meniscus lens L 19 , a positive compound lens composed of a negative meniscus lens L 20  and a biconvex lens L 21 , a positive meniscus lens L 22  whose convex surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 , a plano-convex lens L 23  whose convex surface faces the optical scanning unit  19 , and a flat plate L 24 .  
         [0107]     The fourth example is a design example in which the conjugate position of the optical scanning unit is substantially at infinity, so that the magnification does not change even if the distance between the pupil projection optical system and the objective optical system varies.  
         [0108]     The specification data of the optical elements forming the optical system of the fourth example is shown below.  
                                                 Specification data                                r 1  = ∞   d 1  = 10               r 2  = 7.56   d 2  = 3   nd 2  = 1.43875   νd 2  = 94.93       r 3  = −6.422   d 3  = 0.61   nd 3  = 1.51633   νd 3  = 64.14       r 4  = ∞   d 4  = 3.37       r 5  = 7.902   d 5  = 0.6   nd 5  = 1.741   νd 5  = 52.64       r 6  = 4.002   d 6  = 2   nd 6  = 1.43875   νd 6  = 94.93       r 7  = ∞   d 7  = 0.75       r 8  = 8.136   d 8  = 1.52   nd 8  = 1.497   νd 8  = 81.54       r 9  = ∞   d 9  = 1.5   nd 9  = 1.6779   νd 9  = 55.34       r 10  = −9.282   d 10  = 0.75   nd 10  = 1.51633   νd 10  = 64.14       r 11  = 8.44   d 11  = 3.52       r 12  = ∞   d 12  = 2.89       r 13  = −1.5384   d 13  = 1.5298   nd 13  = 1.51633   νd 13  = 64.14       r 14  = −5.4767   d 14  = 0.1       r 15  = −16.2798   d 15  = 0.8   nd 15  = 1.7725   νd 15  = 49.6       r 16  = −3.7151   d 16  = 16.8295       r 17  = 6.2201   d 17  = 1   nd 17  = 1.43875   νd 17  = 94.93       r 18  = ∞   d 18  = 0.8       r 19  = 3.5   d 19  = 1.4   nd 19  = 1.6779   νd 19  = 55.34       r 20  = −4.3947   d 20  = 0.41   nd 20  = 1.6134   νd 20  = 44.27       r 21  = 2.0869   d 21  = 0.8       r 22  = 9.752   d 22  = 1.51   nd 22  = 1.43875   νd 22  = 94.93       r 23  = −1.6405   d 23  = 0.4   nd 23  = 1.7725   νd 23  = 49.6       r 24  = −4.6449   d 24  = 1.5       r 25  = 8.4707   d 25  = 0.4   nd 25  = 1.7725   νd 25  = 49.6       r 26  = 2.32   d 26  = 1.63   nd 26  = 1.43875   νd 26  = 94.93       r 27  = −2.32   d 27  = 0.362       r 28  = 3.4602   d 28  = 1   nd 28  = 1.7725   νd 28  = 49.6       r 29  = 10.1303   d 29  = 0.1       r 30  = 1.5071   d 30  = 1.09   nd 30  = 1.7725   νd 30  = 49.6       r 31  = ∞   d 31  = 0.48   nd 31  = 1.51633   νd 31  = 64.14       r 32  = ∞   d 32  = 0.05   nd 32  = 1.33304   νd 32  = 55.79       r 33  = ∞                  
 
         [0109]     Next, the parameters used in the conditions of the laser-scanning microscope  1  of each of the above-described examples are shown in Table 1. Also, the wavefront aberrations at each wavelength in the examples are shown in Table 2.  
                                                             TABLE 1                                   Example 1   Example 2   Example 3   Example 4                                    Focal length of pupil projection optical   Fp1   11.98   11.98   11.98   12.01       system       Numerical aperture of pupil projection   NAp1   0.125   0.125   0.125   0.12       optical system       Distance between optical scanning unit and   Lfs   25   28.57   25   27.62       intermediate image       Distance between intermediate image and   Lp1   12.04   12.13   12.04   −91101       conjugate position of optical scanning unit       Objective optical system tip: lens diameter   Dof   4.2   2.5   1.3   2.5       Distance between objective optical system   Lob   34.39   27.78   10.32   35.03       and intermediate image       Numerical aperture at specimen side of   NAob   0.69   0.7   0.5   0.73       objective optical system       Condition (1)   0.04 ≦ |NAp1 · Fp1/Lfs| ≦ 0.1   0.060   0.052   0.060   0.052       Condition (2)    0.3 ≦ |NAp1 · Fp1/Dof| ≦ 4   0.357   0.599   1.152   0.576       Condition (3)   0.04 ≦ |NAp1 · Fp1/Lob| ≦ 0.25   0.044   0.054   0.145   0.041       Condition (4)   |Fp1/Lp1| ≦ 1.3   1.00   0.99   1.00   0.00       Condition (5)   νd &gt; 80   95   95   95   95       Condition (6)   5 &lt; |Rp1/(Fp1 · Δnd1)| &lt; 10   7.40   7.50   7.40   6.89       Condition (7)   1 &lt; |Rp2/(Fp1 · Δnd2)| &lt; 2.5   1.52   1.36   1.52   1.10                  
 
         [0110]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Optical Performance: Wavefront aberration, RMS value (unit: wavelength) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Wavelength λ 
                 Obh = 0 
                 Obh = 0.071 
                 Obh = 0.141 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 435.84 
                 0.011 
                 0.059 
                 0.203 
               
               
                   
                 486.13 
                 0.007 
                 0.034 
                 0.167 
               
               
                   
                 546.07 
                 0.019 
                 0.036 
                 0.153 
               
               
                   
                 587.56 
                 0.023 
                 0.042 
                 0.152 
               
               
                   
                 656.27 
                 0.028 
                 0.050 
                 0.149 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wavelength λ 
                 obh = 0 
                 obh = 0.053 
                 obh = 0.106 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 435.84 
                 0.04  
                 0.059 
                 0.221 
               
               
                   
                 486.13 
                 0.043 
                 0.069 
                 0.129 
               
               
                   
                 546.07 
                 0.044 
                 0.089 
                 0.11  
               
               
                   
                 587.56 
                 0.043 
                 0.096 
                 0.118 
               
               
                   
                 656.27 
                 0.041 
                 0.102 
                 0.133 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wavelength λ 
                 obh = 0 
                 obh = 0.0355 
                 obh = 0.071 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 435.84 
                 0.022 
                 0.113 
                 0.154 
               
               
                   
                 486.13 
                 0.023 
                 0.1  
                 0.139 
               
               
                   
                 546.07 
                 0.023 
                 0.088 
                 0.123 
               
               
                   
                 587.56 
                 0.023 
                 0.082 
                 0.114 
               
               
                   
                 656.27 
                 0.023 
                 0.073 
                 0.101 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wavelength λ 
                 obh = 0 
                 obh = 0.050 
                 obh = 0.110 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 435.84 
                 0.014 
                 0.052 
                 0.096 
               
               
                   
                 486.13 
                 0.020 
                 0.054 
                 0.098 
               
               
                   
                 546.07 
                 0.023 
                 0.054 
                 0.097 
               
               
                   
                 587.56 
                 0.023 
                 0.053 
                 0.096 
               
               
                   
                 656.27 
                 0.024 
                 0.052 
                 0.094 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   obh: object height    
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0111]     Next, a description of modified examples of the laser-scanning microscope  1  according to the present invention as shown in  FIG. 1  will be given with reference to  FIG. 11  and  FIG. 12 .  
         [0112]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram of a laser-scanning microscope according to a first modified example.  
         [0113]     In this laser-scanning microscope  40 , a dichroic mirror  41  for separating excitation light (illumination light) and fluorescence (detected light) is disposed not inside an optical unit  40  but inside a scanning unit  43 . In this case, a first optical fiber  45   a,  which guides the excitation light (illumination light) from a laser light source unit  46  to the scanning unit  43 , and a collimator optical system  48   a  are separate from a second optical fiber  45   b,  which guides the fluorescence (detected light) from the scanning unit  43  to a detection optical system  7 , and a coupling optical system  48   b  for the fluorescence (detected light), respectively. Reference numeral  49  in the figure represents a mirror for guiding the excitation light passed via the first optical fiber  45   a  and the collimator optical system  48   a  for the excitation light (detected light) to the dichroic mirror  41  for separation.  
         [0114]     By making the first optical fiber  45   a  for the excitation light (illumination light) separate from the second optical fiber  45   b  for the fluorescence (detected light), an optical system with a higher signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained.  
         [0115]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of a laser-scanning microscope according to a second modified example.  
         [0116]     In this laser-scanning microscope  50 , a collimator/coupling common optical system  58  has the functions of both of a collimator optical system for excitation light (illumination light) and a coupling optical system for fluorescence (detected light). In this case, since both of the above two optical systems are made by the collimator/coupling common optical system  58  as a single system, a scanning unit  53  can be made compact while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio.  
         [0117]     When the core diameter of the second optical fiber  45   b,  which guides the fluorescence (detected light) to a detection optical system  42 , in the above first and second modified examples is close to the diffraction limit, the laser-scanning microscope is in a confocal optical system, and a sectioning effect (an effect in which signals at depths other than that of the focal plane can be cut) can be obtained.  
         [0118]     On the other hand, when the core diameter of the second optical fiber  45   b,  which guides the fluorescence (detected light) to a detection optical system  42 , is greater than the diffraction limit, the signal-to-noise ratio can be made high, although the separating power becomes low. Accordingly, observation of a thick specimen at a deep position from the surface becomes possible.