Abstract:
A roof segment for a vehicle, particularly a motor vehicle, wherein the roof segment has a flat base element with a wall, wherein the wall is created from a single, plastically deformed starting material, forms a closed hollow cross section, and encloses one or more cavities. The invention further relates to a method for producing a roof segment that may include plastic deformation of a single starting material to produce a blank that has a wall with a closed hollow cross section, and hotforming the blank to produce the flat base element.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to German Patent Application No. 1020150018086, filed Feb. 11, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a roof segment for a vehicle, particularly a motor vehicle. The invention further relates to a roof module that includes a roof segment and a vehicle equipped with the roof module or roof segment. The invention also relates to a method for producing said roof segment. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    One of the greatest challenges facing Humanity today is global warming, the term used to characterise the rise in the average temperature of the near-earth atmosphere and oceans that has been observed since the middle of the 19th century. Studies have confirmed that there is a relationship between global warming and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. One process that causes the release of CO2 is the burning of fossil fuels, so combustion engines used to power motor vehicles are responsible for the release of a significant proportion of CO2 emissions. The motor vehicle manufacturers are working hard to find ways to reduce CO2 emissions, these efforts also being mandated by legal regulations. In this context, reducing the weight of the motor vehicle as a whole is critically important, although the protection of passengers and pedestrians as well as torsional stiffness must not be neglected, but on the contrary should rather be further enhanced. In view of the increasingly stringent requirements regarding structural behaviour that are being imposed on vehicle bodies in terms of long-term durability, noise in the vehicle interior and driving comfort, it has become imperative to use alternative materials and material combinations, particularly in the area of the vehicle body. Besides the consideration of reducing the consumption of combustion materials or fuels by vehicles that rely on combustion engines, in electric motor cars increased range is a very important factor which is very closely associated with weight reduction. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    According to the herein described embodiments provided is a roof segment for a vehicle, particularly a motor vehicle, which results in a reduction in the overall weight of the vehicle and also lends the body additional torsional stiffness. 
         [0005]    According to one of the herein described embodiments, the roof segment may include a flat base element with a wall, wherein the wall is constructed from a single starting material that has undergone plastic deformation and forms a closed hollow cross section. 
         [0006]    The base element may have an approximately rectangular cross section along its longitudinal and transverse axes, with the result that the base element has a fiat shape. In this context, the term “flat” is intended to indicate that the length and width of the base element are significantly greater than the height thereof. As a consequence, an upper and a lower wall section are formed, and the distance between them is relatively small, whereas the side wall sections are very short, and the distance between them is large. The term closed hollow cross section is understood to mean that there is at least one location in the base element where the wall is completely closed and encloses one or more cavities. 
         [0007]    Known roof segments are produced from metal sheets consisting of a single layer, as is known for example from DE 10 2010 024 704 A1. To ensure that these metal sheets are able to contribute for the purpose of increasing the torsional stiffness of the body as a whole, they must have a relatively high wall thickness or be equipped with stiffening elements, which results in relatively heavy roof segments. Other known roof segments include two or more shells or troughs, which are attached to each other in such a way that they enclose a cavity. In order to attach the shells, however, connecting flanges must be provided, which in turn requires additional material. Furthermore, the shells must be positioned very precisely relative to each other when making the connection, which increases the assembly effort. 
         [0008]    In contrast to the above, the roof segment according to the herein described embodiments is inherently very stiff due to its wall with the closed hollow cross section, which in turn results in greater torsional stiffness of the body as a whole. As a consequence, the walls can be made considerably thinner than those of the known, single-layer roof segments, so torsional stiffness is increased and at the same time weight is reduced. Thus, a way has been found to successfully alter the typically conflicting parameters of reduced weight and stiffness in such a way that both are increased. A further advantage of the herein described embodiments is that the roof segment can be manufactured from just a single starting material. Both assembly effort and material requirement can be reduced substantially compared with a roof segment that includes two or more shells. In most cases in the two shells construction method, the two shells are not identical, so strict attention must be paid to ensure that only matching shells are joined to each other. Since according to the described embodiments only a single starting material is needed, this problem no longer arises, with the result that logistics and manufacturing can be simplified. 
         [0009]    It is advantageous that the starting material may be a single flat material with a first end area and a second end area, wherein the flat material is bent to create the wall and the two end areas are attached to each other structurally. The first and second end areas may be designed so that they can easily be attached to each other in such a way that the desired structure is created. In this context, the nature of the attachment is not limited in any way. For example, the two end areas be furnished with corresponding protrusions and recesses, which engage with each other to create a form-fitting connection. This serves to simplify the manufacture of the roof segment according to the described embodiments, and the additional cost of manufacture compared with known roof segments may be minimised, or the cost may even be reduced. 
         [0010]    It is also expedient that the flat material for creating the wall is rollformed. With rollformed flat materials, it is very easy to produce profiles with cross sections that are almost if not completely constant over the entire longitudinal axis thereof. Because of this property, the rollforming process can be used particularly advantageously to create the wall, since the cross section of the base element hardly changes at all along the longitudinal axis, and accordingly it is not necessary to subject the roof segment to any major post-processing steps. 
         [0011]    In a further variant, the first end area may have a first edge, and the second end area has a second edge, which edges extend substantially parallel to one another. The two edges may be attached to one another by means of an adhesive or rivets, for example. Unlike the solution in which protrusions engage in recesses, the two end areas can be joined directly without open joints. In this way, the operation of the roof segment according to the described embodiments can be simplified further. A substantially rectangular metal sheet may be used as the starting material so that the delivered sheet only has to be cut to the required dimensions if at all. Further preliminary work is not required. 
         [0012]    It is expedient if the first end area and the second end area are joined to each other structurally by welding, particularly laser welding. After rollforming, a blank is obtained that already has a hollow cross section, but is not yet closed. The closed hollow cross section is not created until the end areas are joined structurally. Nowadays, welded joints can be made inexpensively and with sufficient precision by robots. To this end, it is particularly expedient if the two end areas both have two edges that extend parallel to one another. In addition, the welded joints can be designed such that are able to withstand high loads for long time. 
         [0013]    It is also expedient if the starting material is a pellet that has been extruded to form the wall. Extrusion makes it possible to provide the base element with the closed hollow cross section directly, without the additional step of structural connection. It is true that the extrusion tool is somewhat more expensive than the tools needed to create a structural connection by welding, for example, but on the other hand the roof segment can be prepared with fewer processing steps and the quality thereof is more consistent, so the higher cost of investing in the extrusion tool is offset by the savings realised in high-volume production runs. 
         [0014]    In a further variant, the base element is made from a lightweight metal material, particularly aluminium or magnesium, or an alloy containing lightweight metal materials. Alternatively, non-ferrous metals may also be used. These materials or the alloys made from them constitute a further significant contribution to weight reduction compared with pure steel without reducing the inherent stiffness of the roof segment. Moreover, they respond particularly well to plastic deformation, and higher degrees of bending can be achieved. Consequently, the roof segment can also be given more complex geometries without significantly increasing production costs. 
         [0015]    In another form, the base element is furnished with a number of attachment sections for connecting the roof segment to adjacent components of the vehicle. The attachment sections may correspond at least partially with the adjacent components, so that the roof segment can be positioned definitively with respect to the adjacent components even during assembly, which in turn can help to simplify the assembly stage and increase the precision of the bodywork created thereby. The adjacent components may be the front or rear windscreen or the tailgate of a motor vehicle. However, it is also possible to attach adapters to the attachment sections, to function as a kind of adapter, so that special material or geometrical properties can be taken into account. For example, the adapter may be substantially U-shaped, and the open end serves as a mounting for the adjacent components. 
         [0016]    In the attachment sections, the upper and lower wall sections can touch each other, resulting in a doubling of the material, which in turn increases the torsional stiffness of the roof segment. This may be necessary particularly for the roofs of station wagons (Kombis), MPV&#39;s (Multi Purpose Vehicles) or SUV&#39;s (Sport Utility Vehicles). 
         [0017]    The base element further has a left and a right attachment section for fastening each roof segment to the side wall of the vehicle, wherein stamping zones extend between the left and the right attachment sections. The left and right attachment sections particularly serve to connect the roof segment to side walls of the bodywork and the vehicle. The stamping zones may be designed so that the upper and lower wall sections contact each other there, and a double of material is realised. The contact between the upper wall section and the lower wall section creates a certain adhesive force in the stamping zones, which in turn increases the torsional stiffness of the roof segment. The torsional stiffness can be increased further if bolts or rivets are provided within the stamping zones or if laser welding is carried out there to reduce the torsion of the roof segment. In general, an adhesive material may also be applied there to lower the torsion of the roof segment. 
         [0018]    On the other hand, the stamping zones may be created by increasing the distance between the upper and lower wall sections, thereby creating a bulge. These may be used for attaching additional components, for example, and also have the effect of increasing torsional stiffness. 
         [0019]    It is expedient, if the base element has connection zones for connecting additional components of the vehicle. Connection zones may be holes, protrusions, embossing, recesses or the like, with which components such as sunshades interior lights, handles etc. can be fastened to the roof segment. The provision of connection zones in the base element makes it easier to assemble these components later, since the connection zones to not have to be created while the vehicle is being assembled. 
         [0020]    Herein described embodiments further relate to a roof module for a vehicle, particularly a motor vehicle, that has a roof segment according to any one of the variations described previously, and one or more components of the vehicle. The term roof module is intended to denote a structural unit that comprises other components as well as the roof segment, for example the headliner, the sunshades, the interior lights, handles etc. The roof module is a structural unit that can be pre-assembled, and is assembled before it is connected to the adjacent components on the vehicle body. The roof segment is much more easily accessible before adjacent components are attached, so assembly is simpler. It is also possible to have the roof module completely assembled by a subcontractor at a different site, so the production line only has to be modified slightly, if at all. Otherwise, the advantages and technical effects that were described with regard to the roof segment apply equally for the roof module. And, the roof segment may include attachment zones that are designed either for fastening a rear windscreen for a notchback vehicle or for attaching a tailgate for a hatchback vehicle. 
         [0021]    A further aspect of the herein described embodiments relates to a vehicle, particularly a motor vehicle, that has a roof segment according to any of the previously described variants, or a roof module according to the previously described embodiment. The advantages and technical effects that were described with regard to the roof segment and roof module apply equally for the motor vehicle. 
         [0022]    Embodiments of methods for producing a roof segment according to any of the previously described embodiments, may include: Plastic forming of a single starting material to produce a blank that has a wall with a hollow cross section, and Hot forming the blank to produce the flat base element. 
         [0023]    The term “plastic forming” is used to refer to a deformation process that permanently changes the shape of the corresponding starting material. In this case, the starting material is plastically reshaped in such manner that a blank is created having a wall with a hollow cross section. This blank is then hot formed to yield the flat base element of the roof module. 
         [0024]    Consequently, the roof segment according to the invention can be produced in two reshaping steps, with the result that production is considerably simpler than the process for constructing roof segments in shells. In particular, no shells have to be attached to each other and do not need to be aligned precisely with each other even before the joining operation. With hot forming it is possible to achieve high degrees of bending, so that the roof segment can be given complex geometries with significantly more effort. 
         [0025]    In a further variant, a single flat product is used as the starting material and the blank is prepared by forming, particularly rollforming the flat product. Rollforming is an ideal process for producing large number of roof segments. A particular characteristic of the rollforming method is that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to modify the cross section along the longitudinal axis of the products produced thereby. However, since the cross section of the roof segment only varies insignificantly along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, the rollforming method can be used particularly advantageously, since no major post-processing steps need to be performed on the roof segment. In addition, the preparation of the roof segment is made simpler by the fact that only one flat material is required, a metal sheet, for example. If the roof segment is to have a bulge about its longitudinal axis, this too can be prepared in the same rollforming step. If the roof segment is to have a bulge about the transverse axis, this can be created in a stretch-bending process for example. 
         [0026]    The method is developed further in that the flat material has a first end area and a second end area, and these are joined to each structurally to form a closed hollow cross section. If the starting material is rollformed, a blank is produced that has the desired hollow cross section but is not yet closed. To close the hollow cross section, the end areas of the starting material or the wall must be joined to each other. With rollforming, a single flat material product may be used as the starting material, and is reshaped in such manner that the first and second end areas are arranged directly beside one another. Optionally, the flat product may be formed in such manner that the two end areas are arranged directly beside one another with a preloading force. Consequently, the structural connection of the two end areas can be carried out quickly, easily and without the need to overcome a force when making the connection. 
         [0027]    In this context, it is expedient if the first end area and the second end area are structurally connected to one another by welding, particularly laser welding. Nowadays, welded joints can be made inexpensively and with sufficient precision by robots. To this end, it is particularly expedient if the two end areas both have two edges that extend parallel to one another. In addition, the welded joints can be designed such that are able to withstand high loads for long time. 
         [0028]    It is also conceivable that a pellet may be used as the starting material, and is extruded to form a closed hollow cross section. Extrusion makes it possible to provide the base element with the closed hollow cross section directly, without the additional step of structural connection. It is true that the extrusion tool is somewhat more expensive than the equipment needed for rollforming and creating a structural connection by welding, for example, but on the other hand the roof segment can be prepared with fewer processing steps and the quality thereof is more consistent, so the higher cost of investing in the extrusion tool is offset by the savings realised in high-volume production runs. A particular characteristic of the rollforming method is that it is difficult, to modify the cross section along the longitudinal axis of the products produced thereby. However, since the cross section of the roof segment only varies insignificantly along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, the extrusion method can be used particularly advantageously, since no major post-processing steps need to be performed on the roof segment. 
         [0029]    It is further expedient if the step of hot forming the blank is carried out by high pressure forming. In this way, it is possible to apply both internal and external pressure forming. High pressure forming enables very high bending levels, greater than 250%. This enables a very high degree of freedom in the design step, so that very complex geometries can be created with the need to joint several components together for the same effect, which means that connection points or lines that add weight can also be dispensed with. It is also possible to achieve very high degrees of precision and reproducibility. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    in the following, the invention will be explained in detail on the basis of embodiments thereof and with reference to the accompanying drawing. In the drawing: 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  shows a first embodiment of a blank, from which a roof segment can be produced, 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  shows a second embodiment of a blank, 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment of a roof segment, 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  shows a roof module comprising a second embodiment of a roof segment, each in a sectional representation, 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  shows a third embodiment of a blank in a first production state, 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  shows the third embodiment of the blank in a second production state, 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  is a top view of a third embodiment of the roof segment in an intermediate production state, 
           [0038]      FIG. 8  is a bottom view of the roof segment of  FIG. 7 , 
           [0039]      FIG. 9  shows the third embodiment of the roof segment in a production state, 
           [0040]      FIG. 10  is a perspective representation of a fourth embodiment of the roof segment in a production state, 
           [0041]      FIG. 11  shows a forming die for forming bending one of the roof segments represented in the preceding, and 
           [0042]      FIG. 12  shows a motor vehicle having a roof segment according to the third embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0043]    The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background of the invention or the following detailed description. 
         [0044]      FIG. 1  shows a first embodiment of a blank  101 , from which a roof segment (see also  FIG. 3  ff.) may be produced. Blank  101  has a flat base element  14  with a wall  13  that encloses a cavity  16 . In this context, the term “flat” is intended to indicate that the length and width B of base element  14  are significantly greater than height H, so that the roof segment  121  made therefrom has a substantially rectangular cross section along its longitudinal axis L and transverse axis Q (see  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). Consequently, wall  13  forms an upper wall section  18  and a lower wall section  20 , with a relatively small distance between them. Blank  101  is produced by extrusion, so wall  13  is closed on itself and does not have any connecting sections, so a closed hollow cross section is created without any further processing steps. 
         [0045]      FIG. 2  shows a second embodiment of the blank  102 . It is substantially constructed in exactly the same way as the first embodiment, but blank  102  is manufactured by the rollforming method, wherein only single, suitable flat material such as metal sheet was used as the starting material. Consequently, wall  13  of base element  14  forms a first end area  32  and a second end area  34 , which in the example shown have the form of a first edge  36  and a second edge  38 , which extend essentially parallel to each other and along the longitudinal axis L of blanks  102  perpendicularly to the plane of the drawing in  FIG. 2 . The two end areas  32 ,  34  or the two edges  36 ,  38  are connected to each other structurally, in the example shown by means of a welding method, so a weld seam  40  is created. 
         [0046]      FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment of the roof segment  121 , which is produced from a blank  101  according to the first embodiment by an extrusion method. In a second shaping step, for example hot forming, and with the aid of high pressure, which in this embodiment is applied to wall  13  by external means via a medium such as water or oil in an appropriate tool (see  FIG. 11 ), the upper wall section  18  and the lower wall section  20  may be moved toward one another until they are touching, and a stamping zone  42  is created. Alternatively, it is possible that upper wall section  18  and lower wall section  20  in stamping zone  42  touch each other as a result of a corresponding design of the extrusion tool. Stamping zone  42  may also be created by punches acting on wall  13  from the outside. In all cases, cavity  16  is divided into two sub-cavities  441 ,  442  by stamping zone  42 , It is also conceivable for stamping zone  42  to extend over the entire roof segment  121 , so that in this case no cavities  16  are formed. However, it is not necessary for the upper and lower wall sections  18 ,  20  to touch each other in the stamping zone. The formation of stamping zone  42  is advantageous for roofs of station wagons (Kombis), MPV&#39;s (Multi Purpose Vehicles) or SUV&#39;s (Sport Utility Vehicles). 
         [0047]      FIG. 4  is a schematic representation of a roof module  45  including a roof segment  122  according to a second embodiment, which has been produced in a rollforming process, but otherwise has the same cross section as the first embodiment  121  shown in  FIG. 3 . However, because it is manufactured by the rollforming process, the second embodiment  122  also has first and second end areas  32 ,  34  and first and second edges  36 ,  38 , in the same way as the blank  102  of  FIG. 2 , and these are connected by means of weld seam  40 . 
         [0048]    Roof segment  122  also comprises connection zones in this case holes  24 , to accommodate fastening elements  26  such as bolts or rivets, with which further components  28  of a vehicle  74  (see  FIG. 1 ) can be fastened to roof segment  122 . In the example shown, the further component  28  is a headliner  30 . Headliner  30  and roof segment  121  are essential components of roof module  45 , which can be assembled before it is installed in vehicle  74 . Alternatively, further component  28  may also be fastened directly to roof segment  121  via connection area  22  without the aid of a separate fastening element  26 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the blank  103  in a first production state. It shows clearly that blank  103  is flat in structure, that is to say the extension thereof along longitudinal axis L and transverse axis Q is significantly larger than along its height axis, which is not shown here. It has been bent from a single, flat piece of material using a rollforming process, wherein the two end areas  32 ,  34  and the two parallel edges  36 ,  38  (see  FIGS. 2 and 4 ) are connected to each other by means of a welding method, with the result that the third embodiment also has a weld seam  40 . Blank  103  is slightly convex about longitudinal axis L, this curvature having been created during rollforming, but it is not convex about transverse axis Q. 
         [0050]      FIG. 6  shows the embodiment of the blank  103  shown in  FIG. 5  in a second production state. Roof segment  121  is now also bent about transverse axis Q, this bending taking place in a stretch-bending process which follows the forming but is not illustrated further here. 
         [0051]      FIG. 7  is a view of a third embodiment of a roof segment  123  shown from a top left perspective. Roof segment  123  has been furnished with attachment sections  46 , in the example shown with a front attachment section  48  and a rear attachment section  50 , to which for example a front windscreen  76 , and/or a rear window  78  may be attached (see  FIG. 12 ) by means of a hot forming process and with the assistance of pressure that is applied to wall  13  by a medium. Upper and lower wall sections  18 ,  20  touch each other in attachment sections  46 , so that the material is in double thickness here, with the result that roof segment  123  is stiffer in the attachment sections. This material doubling may be produced for example by punches acting on wall  13  from the outside (see  FIG. 11 ). 
         [0052]    For production-related reasons, however, front attachment section  48  and rear attachment section  50  do not form the front end  52  and rear end  54  of roof segments  123  in the third production state, but instead there is a certain distance between front end  52  and rear end  54 , so a front adapter  56  and a rear adapter  58  are formed between front attachment section  48  and front end  52  as well as between rear attachment section  50  and rear end  54 . 
         [0053]    In  FIG. 8 , the roof segment  123  of  FIG. 7  is shown from below. This shows that roof segment  123  has been provided with a left attachment section  60  and a right attachment section  62  by hot forming. Roof segment  125  can be connected to the side walls  80  (not shown here) of a vehicle  74  via left attachment section  60  and right attachment section  62  (see  FIG. 12 ). Roof segment  125  has also been furnished by forming with two of the stamping zones  42 , which extend between left attachment section  60  and right attachment section  62 , and thus along the transverse axis (see  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). In this case, however, upper and lower wall sections  18 ,  20  do not touch each other in stamping zone  42  but stamping zone  42  represents an outward bulge of lower wall section  18 , so that the distance between wall sections  18 ,  20  within stamping zone  42  is increased. 
         [0054]    In  FIG. 9 , the roof segment  123  of  FIG. 8  is shown from the same perspective, but in this case front adapter  56  and rear adapter  58  have been separated from roof segment  123  in a separating step, so now front attachment sections  48  forms front end  52  and rear attachment section  50  forms rear end  54  of roof segment  123 , and these are now closed, in contrast to the previous production states. 
         [0055]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of the roof segment  124 . It is largely similar to the third embodiment, with the difference that rear attachment section  50  is designed such that a tailgate can be attached to roof segment  124  instead of a rear windscreen  78 . 
         [0056]    All embodiments of the roof segments  12  shown may be provided with additional components  28  of vehicle  74 , as shown in  FIG. 4 , to create a roof module  45 . 
         [0057]      FIG. 11  shows a bending tool  64 , in this case a hot forming die, with which blanks  10  can be bent to form a roof segment  12  according to one of the embodiments shown earlier. To this end, forming die  64  has an upper tool  66  and a lower tool  68 , which are movable relative to each other. Lower tool  68  also has contours  70 , with which stamping zones  42  can be produced. Lower tool  68  and upper tool  66  also have openings  72  through which sliders or punches (not shown) are guided. 
         [0058]    Blank  103  is first warmed to a suitable temperature and then placed between upper tool  66  and lower tool  68 . Then, upper tool  66  and lower tool  68  are moved toward each other, and forming die  64  is closed. This does not alter the convexity of blank  103 . A medium, for example air and/or a water-oil emulsion, is introduced into cavity  16  of blank  103  under high pressure via feed lines (not otherwise shown), so that the pressure acts on wall  13  from the inside, and wall  13  is forced outwards in the area of contours  70  (internal high pressure forming). Alternatively, the medium may be introduced into contours  70  so that the pressure acts the wall  13  from outside in this case, wall  13  is pressed inwards in the area of contours  70  (external high pressure forming). Front and rear attachment sections  48 ,  50  are produced using the punches (not shown) that are applied to wall  13  through openings  72 . In this case, upper and lower wall sections  18 ,  20  are moved toward each other until they touch each other in the attachment sections. 
         [0059]      FIG. 12  shows perspective view of a vehicle  74  equipped with a roof module  45  that includes a roof segment  123  according to the third embodiment. The vehicle shown has a notchback with luggage compartment lid so that a front windscreen  76  is attached to roof module  45  via front attachment section  48 , and a rear windscreen  78  is attached to roof module  45  via rear attachment section  50 . Roof module  45  is also connected to side walls  80  of vehicle  74  via left attachment section  60  and right attachment section  62 . A hatchback vehicle with a tailgate, which in this case is attached to rear attachment section  50  instead of rear windscreen  78  is not shown. 
         [0060]    While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and their legal equivalents.