Abstract:
The invention provides novel isolated polynucleotides containing a polynucleotide sequence chosen from the group  
     a) a polynucleotide which is at least 70% identical to a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide which contains the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2,  
     b) a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide which contains an amino acid sequence which is at least 70% identical to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2,  
     c) a polynucleotide which is complementary to the polynucleotides in a) or b), and  
     d) a polynucleotide containing at least 15 nucleotides in sequence from the polynucleotide sequence in a), b) or c),  
     and a process for the fermentative preparation of L-lysine with attenuation of the zwa2 gene in the coryneform bacteria used.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority from German Application No. 199 59 327.2, filed on Dec. 9, 1999, the subject matter of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding the zwa2 gene and a process for fermentative preparation of amino acids, in particular L-lysine, using coryneform bacteria in which the zwa2 gene is attenuated.  
           [0004]    2. Background Information  
           [0005]    Amino acids, in particular L-lysine, are used in human medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry, but especially in the animal nutrition sector.  
           [0006]    It is known that amino acids can be prepared by fermenting strains of coryneform bacteria, in particular  Corynebacterium glutamicum.  Due to the great importance of these processes, work relating to improving the methods of manufacture is always in progress. Process improvements may relate to fermentation technology measures such as, for example, stirring and supplying with oxygen, or the composition of the nutrient media such as, for example, the sugar concentration during fermentation, or working up to full product status by, for example, ion exchange chromatography, or the intrinsic performance characteristics of the microorganism itself.  
           [0007]    To improve the performance characteristics of these microorganisms, the methods of mutagenesis, selection and mutant choice are applied. Strains which are resistant to antimetabolites, such as, for example, the lysine analogon S-(2-aminoethyl)-cysteine, or are auxotrophic for regulatorily important metabolites and which produce L-amino acids are obtained in this way.  
           [0008]    For some years, the methods of recombinant DNA technology have also been used for the strain improvement of amino acid-producing strains of Corynebacterium.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       Object of the Invention  
         [0009]    It is an object of the invention to provide novel means for the improved fermentative preparation of amino acids, in particular L-lysine.  
         Description of the Invention  
         [0010]    L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine are used in human medicine, in the pharmaceutical industry and in particular in animal nutrition. Thus there is general interest in providing new improved processes for preparing amino acids, in particular L-lysine.  
           [0011]    Whenever L-lysine or lysine is mentioned herein, it is intended to include not only the bases but also the salts such as, for example, lysine monochloride or lysine sulfate.  
           [0012]    The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide from coryneform bacteria containing a polynucleotide sequence chosen from the group  
           [0013]    a) a polynucleotide which is at least 70% identical to a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide that contains the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2,  
           [0014]    b) a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide which contains an amino acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2,  
           [0015]    c) a polynucleotide which is complementary to the polynucleotides in a) or b), and  
           [0016]    d) a polynucleotide containing at least 15 nucleotides in sequence from the polynucleotide sequence in a), b) or c).  
           [0017]    The invention also provides a polynucleotide with the above features that is preferably a replicatable DNA, containing:  
           [0018]    (i) the nucleotide sequence, shown in SEQ ID NO:1, which codes for the zwa2 gene,  
           [0019]    (ii) at least one sequence which corresponds to sequence (i) within the scope of degeneration of the genetic code or,  
           [0020]    (iii) at least one sequence which hybridises with sequences complementary to sequences (i) or (ii), and optionally  
           [0021]    (iv) functionally neutral sense mutations in (i).  
           [0022]    Also provided are  
           [0023]    a polynucleotide as described above, containing the nucleotide sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO:1,  
           [0024]    a vector, containing the polynucleotide with the features of d), as detailed above, in particular pCR2.1zwa2int, deposited in  E.coli  DSM 13113  
           [0025]    and coryneform bacteria acting as host cells which are obtained by integration mutagenesis with this vector.  
           [0026]    The invention also provides polynucleotides which consist substantially of one polynucleotide sequence which are obtainable by screening by means of hybridising a corresponding gene library which contains the complete gene with the polynucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:1 or a portion thereof, using a probe which contains the sequence of the polynucleotide in accordance with SEQ ID NO:1 described hereinabove or a fragment thereof, and isolating the DNA sequence mentioned.  
           [0027]    Polynucleotide sequences in accordance with the invention are suitable as hybridisation probes for RNA, cDNA and DNA, in order to isolate the full length of cDNA which encodes the Zwa2 gene product and in order to isolate those product cDNAs or genes which are very similar to the sequence with the zwa2 gene.  
           [0028]    Polynucleotide sequences in accordance with the invention are also suitable for use as primers with the aid of which DNA can be produced, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from genes which code for the zwa2 gene.  
           [0029]    Those oligonucleotides which can be used as probes or primers contain at least 30, preferably at least 20, very particularly preferably at least 15 nucleotides in sequence. Oligonucleotides with a length of at least 40 or 50 nucleotides are also suitable.  
           [0030]    “Isolated” means being taken out of its natural surroundings.  
           [0031]    “Polynucleotide” refers in general to polyribonucleotides and polydeoxyribonucleotides, wherein they may be non-modified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA.  
           [0032]    “Polypeptides” are understood to be peptides or proteins which contain two or more amino acids linked via peptide bonds.  
           [0033]    Polypeptides in accordance with the invention include polypeptides in accordance with SEQ ID NO:2, in particular those with the biological activity of the gene product from the zwa2 gene and also those which are at least 70% identical to the polypeptide in accordance with SEQ ID NO:2, preferably being at least 80% and in particular at least 90% to 95% identical to the polypeptide in accordance with SEQ ID NO:2 and which have the activity mentioned.  
           [0034]    The invention also provides a process for the fermentative preparation of amino acids, in particular L-lysine, using coryneform bacteria which in particular already produce the amino acid and in which the nucleotide sequences encoding the zwa2 gene are attenuated, in particular expressed at a low level.  
           [0035]    The microorganisms which are provided by the present invention can produce L-lysine from glucose, saccharose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch, cellulose or from glycerol and ethanol. They may be representatives of coryneform bacteria in particular of the genus Corynebacterium. From the genus Corynebacterium, the species  Corynebacterium glutamicum  should be mentioned in particular, this being known in the specialist field for its ability to produce L-amino acids.  
           [0036]    Suitable strains of the genus Corynebacterium, in particular the species  Corynebacterium glutamicum,  are, for example, the known wild type strains  
           [0037]    [0037] Corynebacterium glutamicum  ATCC13032  
           [0038]    [0038] Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum  ATCC15806  
           [0039]    [0039] Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum  ATCC13870  
           [0040]    [0040] Corynebacterium melassecoloa  ATCC17965  
           [0041]    [0041] Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes  FERM BP-1539  
           [0042]    [0042] Brevibacterium flavum  ATCC14067  
           [0043]    [0043] Brevibacterium lactofermentum  ATCC13869 and  
           [0044]    [0044] Brevibacterium divaricatum  ATCC14020  
           [0045]    and L-lysine producing mutants or strains produced therefrom such as, for example  
           [0046]    [0046] Corynebacterium glutamicum  FERM-P 1709  
           [0047]    [0047] Brevibacterium flavum  FERM-P 1708  
           [0048]    [0048] Brevibacterium lactofermentum  FERM-P 1712  
           [0049]    [0049] Corynebacterium glutamicum  FERM-P 6463  
           [0050]    [0050] Corynebacterium glutamicum  FERM-P 6464 and  
           [0051]    [0051] Corynebacterium glutamicum  DSM5715  
           [0052]    The inventors have succeeded in isolating from  C. glutamicum  the novel zwa2 gene coding for the Zwa2 gene product.  
           [0053]    In order to isolate the zwa2 gene or any other genes from  C. glutamicum  a gene library from this microorganism is first constructed in  E. coli.  The construction of gene libraries is described in generally known textbooks and manuals. As examples, the textbook by Winnacker: Gene und Klone, Eine Einführung in die Gentechnologie (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1990) or the manual by Sambrook et al.: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) may be mentioned. A very well-known gene library is that from the  E. coli  K-12 strain W3110, which was compiled by Kohara et al. (Cell 50, 495-508 (1987)) in λ-vectors. Bathe et al. (Molecular and General Genetics, 252:255-265, 1996) describe a gene library from  C. glutamicum  ATCC13032, which was constructed with the aid of the cosmid vector SuperCos I (Wahl et al., 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 84:2160-2164) in  E. coli  K-12 strain NM554 (Raleigh et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Research 16:1563-1575). Börmann et al. (Molecular Microbiology 6(3), 317-326 (1992)) also describe a gene library from  C. glutamicum  ATCC13032 using the cosmid pHC79 (Hohn and Collins, Gene 11, 291-298 (1980)). To prepare a gene library from  C. glutamicum  in  E. coli , plasmids such as pBR322 (Bolivar, Life Sciences, 25, 807-818 (1979)) or pUC9 (Vieira et al., 1982, Gene, 19: 259-268) can also be used.  E. coli  strains which are especially suitable as hosts are those which are restriction and recombination defective. An example of these is the strain DH5αmcr, which was described by Grant et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 87 (1990) 4645-4649). The long DNA fragments cloned with the aid of cosmids may then be subcloned in commonly used vectors suitable for sequencing and then sequenced, as described, for example, in Sanger et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 74:5463-5467, 1977).  
           [0054]    The new DNA sequence encoding the zwa2 gene was obtained in this way, and this is a constituent of the present invention as SEQ ID NO:1. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence of the zwa2 gene in the corresponding gene product was derived from the available DNA sequence. The amino acid sequence of the Zwa2 gene product being produced is shown in SEQ ID NO:2.  
           [0055]    Coding DNA sequences which are produced from SEQ ID NO:1 due to the degeneracy of the genetic code are also included in the invention. Similarly, DNA sequences which hybridise with SEQ ID NO:1 or portions of SEQ ID NO:1 are also included in the invention. Finally, DNA sequences which are prepared by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers which are produced from SEQ ID NO:1 are also included in the invention.  
           [0056]    A person skilled in the art will find instructions for identifying DNA sequences by means of hybridisation, inter alia, in the manual “The DIG System Users Guide for Filter Hybridization” produced by Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim, Germany, 1993) and in Liebl et al. (International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1991) 41: 255-260). A person skilled in the art will find instructions for amplifying DNA sequences with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), inter alia, in the manual by Gait: Oligonucleotide synthesis: a practical approach (IRL Press, Oxford, UK, 1984) and in Newton and Graham: PCR (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1994).  
           [0057]    The inventors discovered that coryneform bacteria produce amino acids, in particular L-lysine, in an improved manner after attenuation of the zwa2 gene.  
           [0058]    To produce attenuation, either the expression of the zwa2 gene or the catalytic properties of the enzyme protein can be reduced or switched off. Optionally, both measures can be combined.  
           [0059]    Gene expression can be reduced by suitable culture management or by genetic modification (mutation) of the signal structures for gene expression. Signal structures for gene expression are, for example, repressor genes, activator genes, operators, promoters, attenuators, ribosome bonding sites, the start codon and terminators. Data on these may be found by a person skilled in the art, for example, in patent application WO 96/15246, in Boyd and Murphy (Journal of Bacteriology 170: 5949 (1988)), in Voskuil and Chambliss (Nucleic Acids Research 26: 3548 (1998), in Jensen and Hammer (Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58: 191 (1998)), in Patek et al. (Microbiology 142: 1297 (1996)) and in standard textbooks on genetics and molecular biology such as, for example, the textbook by Knippers (“Molekulare Genetik”, 6th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995) or the textbook by Winnacker (“Gene und Klone”, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 1990).  
           [0060]    Mutations which lead to a change or reduction in the catalytic properties of enzyme proteins are known from the prior art; the articles by Qiu and Goodman (Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 8611-8617 (1997)), Sugimoto et al. (Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 61: 1760-1762 (1997)) and Mockel (“Die Threonindehydratase aus Corynebacterium glutamicum: Aufhebung der allosterischen Regulation und Struktur des Enzyms”, Reports from the Jülich Research Centre, Jül-2906, ISSN09442952, Jülich, Germany, 1994) may be mentioned as examples. Brief reviews can be found in standard textbooks on genetics and molecular biology such as, for example, the textbook by Hagemann (“Allgemeine Genetik”, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986).  
           [0061]    Transitions, transversions, insertions and deletions are considered to be mutations. Mis-sense mutations or non-sense mutations are referred to, depending on the effect of amino acid exchange on the enzyme activity. Insertions or deletions of at least one base pair in a gene lead to frame shift mutations as a result of which the wrong amino acids are incorporated or translation is terminated prematurely. Deletions of several codons typically leads to complete loss of enzyme activity. Instructions for producing these types of mutations are part of the prior art and can be found in standard textbooks on genetics and molecular biology such as, for example, the textbook by Knippers (“Molekulare Genetik”, 6th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995), the textbook by Winnacker (“Gene und Klone”, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 1990) or the textbook by Hagemann (“Allgemeine Genetik”, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986).  
           [0062]    An example of a plasmid with the aid of which insertion mutagenesis of the zwa2 gene can be performed is pCR2.1zwa2int (FIG. 1).  
           [0063]    Plasmid pCR2.1zwa2int consists of the plasmid pCR2.1-TOPO described by Mead at al. (Bio/Technology 9:657-663 (1991)), into which an internal fragment of the zwa2 gene shown in SEQ ID NO:3 has been incorporated. This plasmid leads to a total loss of function after transformation and homologous recombination in the chromosomal zwa2 gene (insertion). The strain DSM5715::pCR2.1zwa2int in which the zwa2 gene is switched off was prepared, for example, in this way. Further instructions for and explanations of insertion mutagenesis can be found, for example, in Schwarzer and Pühler (Bio/Technology 9,84-87 (1991)) or Fitzpatrick et al. (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 42, 575-580 (1994)).  
           [0064]    In addition, it may be advantageous for the production of L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine, as well as attenuating the zwa-2 gene, to enhance, in particular to overexpress, one or more enzymes in the relevant biosynthetic pathway, glycolysis, anaplerotic reactions, the citric acid cycle or amino acid export.  
           [0065]    Thus, for example, for the production of L-lysine, one or more of the genes chosen from the group  
           [0066]    the dapA gene encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthase (EP-B 0 197 335),  
           [0067]    the dapD gene encoding tetradihydrodipicolinate succinylase (Wehrmann et al., Journal of Bacteriology 180, 3159-3165 (1998)),  
           [0068]    the lysc gene encoding a feed back resistant aspartate kinase,  
           [0069]    the dapE gene encoding succinyldiaminopimelate desuccinylase (Wehrmann et al., Journal of Bacteriology 177: 5991-5993 (1995)),  
           [0070]    the gap gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174:6076-6086),  
           [0071]    the pyc gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase (DE-A-198 31 609),  
           [0072]    the mqo gene encoding malate:quinone oxidoreductase (Molenaar et al., European Journal of Biochemistry 254, 395-403 (1998)),  
           [0073]    the lysE gene encoding lysine export (DE-A-195 48 222) can be simultaneously enhanced, in particular overexpressed or amplified.  
           [0074]    Furthermore, it may be advantageous for the production of amino acids, in particular L-lysine, simultaneously to attenuate, in addition to the zwa2 gene,  
           [0075]    the gene encoding phosphate pyruvate carboxykinase (DE 199 50 409.1; DSM 13047) and/or  
           [0076]    the pgi gene encoding glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (US 09/396,478; DSM 12969).  
           [0077]    Furthermore, it may also be advantageous for the production of amino acids, in particular L-lysine, in addition to attenuating the zwa2 gene, to switch off unwanted secondary reactions (Nakayama: “Breeding of Amino Acid Producing Micro-organisms”, in: Overproduction of Microbial Products, Krumphanzl, Sikyta, Vanek (eds.), Academic Press, London, UK, 1982).  
           [0078]    The microorganisms containing the polynucleotide with features a)-d) are also provided by the invention and may be cultivated continuously or batchwise in a batch process or a fed batch process or a repeated fed batch process for the purposes of producing amino acids, in particular L-lysine. A summary of known cultivation methods is described in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einfuhrung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1994)).  
           [0079]    The culture medium to be used has to satisfy the requirements of the particular strains in a suitable manner. Descriptions of culture media for different microorganisms are given in the manual “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” by the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981). Sources of carbon which may be used are sugar and carbohydrates such as e.g. glucose, saccharose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch and cellulose, oils and fats such as e.g. soya oil, sunflower oil, groundnut oil and coconut butter, fatty acids such as e.g. palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols such as, for example, glycerol and ethanol and organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid. These substances may be used individually or as a mixture. Sources of nitrogen which may be used are organic nitrogen-containing compounds such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soya bean meal and urea or inorganic compounds such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate. The sources of nitrogen may be used individually or as a mixture. Sources of phosphorus which may be used are phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts. The culture medium also has to contain salts of metals, such as, for example, magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are needed for growth purposes. Finally, essential growth substances such as amino acids and vitamins can be used in addition to the substances mentioned above. In addition to this, suitable precursors may be added to the culture medium. The feed substances mentioned can be added to the culture in the form of a single mixture or may be supplied gradually in an appropriate manner during cultivation.  
           [0080]    To regulate the pH of the culture, basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water or acid compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid are used in an appropriate manner. To regulate the production of foam, antifoaming agents such as, for example, polyglycol esters of fatty acids may be used. To maintain stability of the plasmids, suitable selective substances such as, for example, antibiotics may be added to the medium. In order to maintain aerobic conditions, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures such as, for example, air are passed into the culture. The temperature of the culture is normally 20° C. to 45° C. and preferably 25° C. to 40° C. The culture is cultivated until a maximum in the lysine concentration has been produced. This objective is normally reached within 10 hours to 160 hours.  
           [0081]    Methods for determining L-amino acids are known from the prior art. Analysis can be performed as described in Spackman et al. (Analytical Chemistry, 30, (1958), 1190) using anion exchange chromatography followed by ninhydrin derivatisation or reversed phase HPLC may be used, as described in Lindroth et al. (Analytical Chemistry (1979) 51: 1167-1174).  
           [0082]    An integration vector suitable for mutagenesis was deposited in  E.coli  at the German Collection for Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) in accordance with the Budapest Treaty:  
           [0083]    [0083] Escherichia coli  strain TOP10F′/pCR2.1zwa2int as DSM 13113  
           [0084]    In addition to attenuating the zwa2 gene, it may be advantageous to enhance the zwa1 gene or the effect of the associated Zwa1 gene product. The corresponding gene and the associated measures can be found in German patent application 199 59 328.0 which was filed in parallel with this application.  
           [0085]    An integration vector suitable for mutagenesis pCR2.1zwa1exp was deposited in  E.coli  DH5 under the no. DSM13115. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0086]    [0086]FIG. 1: Map of the plasmid pCR2.1zwa2int  
     
    
       [0087]    The data relating to length are understood to be approximate values.  
         [0088]    The abbreviations and names used have the following meaning.  
                                                       ColE1 ori:   Replication origin of the plasmid ColE1           lacZ:   5′ end of the β-galactosidase gene           f1 ori:   Replication origin of the phage f1           KanR:   Kanamycin resistance           ApR:   Ampicillin resistance           EcoRI:   Cleavage site of the restriction enzyme               EcoRI           zwa2:   Internal fragment of the zwa2 gene                      
 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0089]    The present invention is explained in more detail in the following, using working examples.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0090]    Preparing a genomic cosmid gene library from  Corynebacterium glutamicum  ATCC 13032  
         [0091]    Chromosomal DNA from  Corynebacterium glutamicum  ATCC 13032 was isolated in the way described in Tauch et al. (1995, Plasmid 33:168-179) and partly cleaved with the restriction enzyme Sau3AI (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany, product description Sau3AI, Code no. 27-0913-02). The DNA fragments were dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany, product description SAP, Code no. 1758250). The DNA from the cosmid vector SuperCosl (Wahl et al. (1987) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A 84:2160-2164), purchased from the Stratagene Co. (La Jolla, USA, product description SuperCosl cosmid vector kit, Code no. 251301) was cleaved with the restriction enzyme XbaI (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany, product description XbaI, Code no. 27-0948-02) and also dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase. The cosmid DNA was then cleaved with restriction enzyme BamHI (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany, product description BamHI, Code no. 27-0868-04). The cosmid DNA treated in this way was mixed with the treated ATCC13032 DNA and the mixture was treated with T4-DNA-Ligase (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany, product description T4-DNA-Ligase, Code no.27-0870-04). The ligation mixture was then packaged into phages with the aid of Gigapack II XL packing extract (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA, product description Gigapack II XL packing extract, Code no. 200217). In order to infect  E. coli  strain NM554 (Raleigh et al. 1988, Nucleic Acid Research 16:1563-1575) the cells were taken up in 10 mM MgSO 4  and mixed with an aliquot of the phage suspension. Infection and standardisation of the cosmid library was performed as described in Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor), wherein the cells were plated out on LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190) with 100 μg/ml of ampicillin. After incubation overnight at 37° C., individual recombinant clones were selected.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0092]    Isolation and sequencing of the zwa2 gene  
         [0093]    The cosmid DNA from an individual colony was isolated using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Product No. 27106, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer&#39;s data and partly cleaved with the restriction enzyme Sau3AI (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany, product description Sau3AI, Product No. 27-0913-02). The DNA fragments were dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany, produce description SAP, Product No. 1758250). After gel electrophoretic separation, the cosmid fragments in the size range 1500 to 2000 were isolated using the QiaExII gel extraction kit (Product No. 20021, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). DNA from the sequencing vector pZero-1 purchased from the Invitrogen Co. (Groningen, the Netherlands, product description zero background cloning kit, Product No. K2500-01) was cleaved using the restriction enzyme BamHI (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany, product description BamHI, Product No. 27-0868-04). The cosmid fragments were ligated in the sequencing vector pZero-1 using the method described in Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor), wherein the DNA mixture was incubated overnight with T4 ligase (Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Germany). This ligation mixture was then electropored in  E. coli  strain DH5αMCR (Grant, 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 87:4645-4649) (Tauch et al. 1994, FEMS Microbiol Letters, 123:343-7) and plated out on LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190) with 50 pg/ml zeocin. Plasmid preparation of the recombinant clones was achieved with a Biorobot 9600 (Product No. 900200, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Sequencing was achieved using the dideoxy-chain termination method of Sanger et al. (1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 74:5463-5467) with modifications by Zimmermann et al. (1990, Nucleic Acids Research, 18:1067). The “RR dRhodamin Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit” from PE Applied Biosystems(Product No. 403044, Weiterstadt, Germany) was used. Gel electrophoretic separation and analysis of the sequencing reaction was performed in a “Rotiphorese NF Acrylamid/Bisacrylamid” gel (29:1) (Product No. A124.1, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) using the “ABI Prism 377” sequencing equipment from PE Applied Biosystems (Weiterstadt, Germany).  
         [0094]    The crude sequence data obtained were then processed using a Staden software package (1986, Nucleic Acids Research, 14:217-231) Version 97-0. The individual sequences in the pzerol derivatives were assembled to give a cohesive contig. Computer-aided coding region analyses were drawn up using the XNIP programme (Staden, 1986, Nucleic Acids Research, 14:217-231). Homology analyses were performed using the “BLAST search programs” (Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Research, 25:3389-3402) against the non-redundant data bank at the “National Center for Biotechnology Information” (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA).  
         [0095]    The nucleotide sequence obtained for the zwa2 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO:1. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence produced an open reading frame of 1740 base pairs which was called the zwa2 gene. The zwa2 gene encoded a polypeptide of 385 amino acids, which is shown in SEQ ID NO:2.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0096]    Preparation of an integration vector for the insertion mutagenesis of the zwa2 gene  
         [0097]    Chromosomal DNA from the strain ATCC 13032 was isolated by the method of Eikmanns et al. (Microbiology 140: 1817-1828 (1994)). On the basis of the sequence for the zwa2 gene disclosed for  C. glutamicum  in example 2, the following oligonucleotides were chosen for the polymerase chain reaction:  
                                   zwa2-in1:           5′ GGA ACT TGG TGA CCA GGA CA 3′                       zwa2-in2:           5′ CTG GCT TTG CTG CGG TGA TT 3′          
 
         [0098]    The primers shown were synthesised by the MWG Biotech Co. (Ebersberg, Germany) and the PCR reaction was performed using the standard PCR method of Innis et al. (PCR protocols. A guide to methods and applications, 1990, Academic Press) with Pwo polymerase from the Boehringer Co. With the aid of the polymerase chain reaction, an approximately 0.6 kb large DNA fragment was isolated, shown in SEQ ID NO:3, which included an internal fragment of the zwa2 gene.  
         [0099]    The amplified DNA fragment was ligated with the TOPO TA cloning kit from the Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, Calif., USA; catalogue number K4500-01) in vector pCR2.1-TOPO (Mead at al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:657-663). The  E. coli  strain Top10F′ was electropored with the ligation mixture (Hanahan, In: DNA cloning. A practical approach. Vol.I. IRL-Press, Oxford, Washington D.C., USA). Selection of the plasmid-carrying cells was achieved by plating out the transformation batch on LB agar (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 2 nd  Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), which had been supplemented with 25 mg/l kanamycin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one of the transformants with the aid of a QIAprep spin miniprep kit from the Qiagen Co. and tested by restriction with the restriction enzyme EcoRI followed by agarose gel electrophoresis (0.8%). The plasmid was named pCR2.1zwa2int.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0100]    Integration mutagenesis of the zwa2 gene into the lysine-producer DSM 5715  
         [0101]    The vector called pCR2.1zwa2int in example 2 was electropored in  Corynebacterium glutamicum  DSM 5715 using the electroporation method of Tauch et al.(FEMS Microbiological Letters, 123:343-347 (1994)). The strain DSM 5715 is an AEC-resistant lysine producer. The vector pCR2.1zwa2int cannot replicate autonomously in DSM5715 and only remains in the cells when it has integrated into the chromosome of DSM 5715. The selection of clones with pCR2.1zwa2int integrated in the chromosome was achieved by plating out the electroporation batch on LB agar (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 2 nd  Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) which had been supplemented with 15 mg/l kanamycin. In order to detect integration, control PCR reactions were performed using the standard method of Innis et al. (PCR protocols. A guide to methods and applications, 1990, Academic Press) using Pwo polymerase from the Boehringer Co. By combining the primers zwa1-in1 and zwa2-in2 (see example 3) with the primers M13 universal forward (5′-gttttcccagtcacgac-3′; Invitrogen Corporation, Cat. No. N540-02) and M13 universal reverse (5′-caggaaacagctatgac-3′; Invitrogen Corporation, Cat. No. N530-02) which can only bond within the sequence of the vector pCR2.1zwa2int, it can be shown that the plasmid pCR2.1zwa2int had inserted within the chromosomal zwa2 gene in the chromosome of the lysine-producer DSM5715. The strain was called DSM5715::pCR2.1zwa2int.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0102]    Preparing Lysine  
         [0103]    The  C. glutamicum  strain DSM5715::pCR2.1zwa2int obtained in example 3 was cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for the production of lysine and the lysine concentration in the culture supernatant liquid was determined.  
         [0104]    To do this, the strain was first incubated on agar plates with the corresponding antibiotic (brain/heart agar with kanamycin (25 mg/l)) for 24 hours at 33° C. Starting from this agar plate culture, a preliminary culture was inoculated (10 ml of medium in 100 ml conical flasks). Complete medium CgIII was used as the medium for the preliminary culture. Kanamycin (25 mg/l) was added to this. The preliminary culture was incubated for 48 hours at 33° C. 240 rpm on a shaker. A main culture was inoculated with this preliminary culture so that the initial OD (660 nm) of the main culture was 0.1. The medium MM was used for the main culture.  
                                                           Medium MM                   CSL (Corn Steep Liquor)   5   g/l           MOPS   20   g/l           Glucose (autoclaved separately)   50   g/l           Salts:           (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4     25   g/l           KH 2 PO 4     0.1   g/l           MgSO 4  * 7 H 2 O   1.0   g/l           CaCl 2  * 2 H 2 O   10   mg/l           FeSO 4  * 7 H 2 O   10   mg/l           MnSO 4  * H 2 O   5.0   mg/l           Biotin (filtered sterile)   0.3   mg/l           Thiamin * HCl (filtered sterile)   0.2   mg/l           Leucine (filtered sterile)   0.1   g/l           CaCO 3     25   g/l                      
 
         [0105]    CSL, MOPS and the salt solution are adjusted to pH 7 with ammonia water and autoclaved. Then the sterile substrate and vitamin solutions are added, as well as the dry autoclaved CaCO 3 .  
         [0106]    Cultivation was performed in 10 ml volumes in a 100 ml conical flask with baffles. Kanamycin (25 mg/l) was added. Cultivation was performed at 33° C. and 80% atmospheric humidity.  
         [0107]    After 48 hours, the OD was determined at a measurement wavelength of 660 nm using a Biomek 1000 (Beckmann Instruments GmbH, Munich). The amount of lysine produced was determined with an amino acid analyser from the Eppendorf-BioTronik Co. (Hamburg, Germany) by ion exchange chromatography and post-column derivatisation with ninhydrin detection.  
         [0108]    Table 1 gives the results of the trial.  
                                                 TABLE 1                                           Lysine-HCl           Strain   OD (660)   g/l                                        DSM5715::pCR2.1zwa2int   12.7   12.29           DSM5715   13.1   9.54                      
 
         [0109]    [0109] 
     
       
       
         1 
         
           
             5  
           
           
             1  
             1740  
             DNA  
             Corynebacterium glutamicum  
             
               CDS  
               (341)..(1495)  
             
           
            1 

gtattgcgcc gatttcccag attttgattg aaaccgatgc gccgtatatg acgccggagc     60 

cgtttcgggg gagtaggaat gagccgtcgt tgattggtca tacggcgcta tgcattgcgg    120 

aggttcgggg gatggctgtg gaggatgttg cggcggcttt gaatgagaat tttgatcgcg    180 

tttatggggt cacaaatcta taacgtgagg tagctcacag tcaatctgtt ggccgtggtc    240 

agctgtgggg gttgtggtgg gtgtgactga agtttatgaa gttgcacgcc acggcgtttt    300 

ggtgatggac gggggtagtt tgttaccgta ttgtgactaa ttg tta att ccc ccg      355 
                                            Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro 
                                            1               5 

aga gcg aag aag ttt tac atg gcg ccc cat cag aag tca cgg atc aac      403 
Arg Ala Lys Lys Phe Tyr Met Ala Pro His Gln Lys Ser Arg Ile Asn 
                10                  15                  20 

cgg atc aac agc acc cgc tcg gtg ccg ttg cgt ttg gct acc ggt ggc      451 
Arg Ile Asn Ser Thr Arg Ser Val Pro Leu Arg Leu Ala Thr Gly Gly 
            25                  30                  35 

gtg ctc gcc acc ttg ctt atc ggc gga gtc acc gct gca gct acc aaa      499 
Val Leu Ala Thr Leu Leu Ile Gly Gly Val Thr Ala Ala Ala Thr Lys 
        40                  45                  50 

aag gac atc att gtt gat gtc aac ggc gag cag atg tcc cta gtg act      547 
Lys Asp Ile Ile Val Asp Val Asn Gly Glu Gln Met Ser Leu Val Thr 
    55                  60                  65 

atg tcc ggc act gtt gaa ggt gtg ctg gcg caa gct ggt gtg gaa ctt      595 
Met Ser Gly Thr Val Glu Gly Val Leu Ala Gln Ala Gly Val Glu Leu 
70                  75                  80                  85 

ggt gac cag gac att gtt tcc cct tca ctg gat tca tcc atc agt gat      643 
Gly Asp Gln Asp Ile Val Ser Pro Ser Leu Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Asp 
                90                  95                  100 

gaa gac act gtg act gtt cgt act gcc aag cag gtg gcg ctc gtg gtg      691 
Glu Asp Thr Val Thr Val Arg Thr Ala Lys Gln Val Ala Leu Val Val 
            105                 110                 115 

gaa ggt caa atc caa aac gtg acc acc act gcg gtt tcc gtg gag gac      739 
Glu Gly Gln Ile Gln Asn Val Thr Thr Thr Ala Val Ser Val Glu Asp 
        120                 125                 130 

ctc ctg cag gaa gtc ggt ggc att acc ggt gct gat gcg gtg gac gct      787 
Leu Leu Gln Glu Val Gly Gly Ile Thr Gly Ala Asp Ala Val Asp Ala 
    135                 140                 145 

gat ctt tca gag acc atc cca gaa tct ggt ttg aag gtg agt gtt acc      835 
Asp Leu Ser Glu Thr Ile Pro Glu Ser Gly Leu Lys Val Ser Val Thr 
150                 155                 160                 165 

aag ccg aag att att tcc atc aat gat ggt ggc aag gtc act tac gtt      883 
Lys Pro Lys Ile Ile Ser Ile Asn Asp Gly Gly Lys Val Thr Tyr Val 
                170                 175                 180 

tct ttg gca gct cag aac gta cag gaa gcc cta gag ctg cgg gat att      931 
Ser Leu Ala Ala Gln Asn Val Gln Glu Ala Leu Glu Leu Arg Asp Ile 
            185                 190                 195 

gag ctg ggt gct cag gac cgc att aat gtg cct ctg gat cag cag ctg      979 
Glu Leu Gly Ala Gln Asp Arg Ile Asn Val Pro Leu Asp Gln Gln Leu 
        200                 205                 210 

aag aac aac gct gcg atc cag atc gac cgc gtt gac aac acc gaa atc     1027 
Lys Asn Asn Ala Ala Ile Gln Ile Asp Arg Val Asp Asn Thr Glu Ile 
    215                 220                 225 

act gaa act gtg tct ttc gat gct gag cca acc tac gtg gat gat cca     1075 
Thr Glu Thr Val Ser Phe Asp Ala Glu Pro Thr Tyr Val Asp Asp Pro 
230                 235                 240                 245 

gaa gct cca gct ggc gat gaa act gtg gtc gaa gaa ggc gct cct gga     1123 
Glu Ala Pro Ala Gly Asp Glu Thr Val Val Glu Glu Gly Ala Pro Gly 
                250                 255                 260 

acc aag gaa gtt act cgc acc gta aca acc gtt aat ggt cag gaa gaa     1171 
Thr Lys Glu Val Thr Arg Thr Val Thr Thr Val Asn Gly Gln Glu Glu 
            265                 270                 275 

tct tcc acg gtg atc aat gaa gtt gaa atc acc gca gca aag cca gca     1219 
Ser Ser Thr Val Ile Asn Glu Val Glu Ile Thr Ala Ala Lys Pro Ala 
        280                 285                 290 

acc att agc cgt ggc acc aaa act gtc gct gca aac tcc gtg tgg gat     1267 
Thr Ile Ser Arg Gly Thr Lys Thr Val Ala Ala Asn Ser Val Trp Asp 
    295                 300                 305 

cag ctg gca cag tgt gaa tcc ggc gga aac tgg gca atc aac aca ggt     1315 
Gln Leu Ala Gln Cys Glu Ser Gly Gly Asn Trp Ala Ile Asn Thr Gly 
310                 315                 320                 325 

aat ggc ttc tcc ggc ggc cta cag ttc cac cca cag acc tgg ctc gca     1363 
Asn Gly Phe Ser Gly Gly Leu Gln Phe His Pro Gln Thr Trp Leu Ala 
                330                 335                 340 

tac ggt ggt gga gct ttc tcc ggt gac gct tcc ggt gca agc cgt gaa     1411 
Tyr Gly Gly Gly Ala Phe Ser Gly Asp Ala Ser Gly Ala Ser Arg Glu 
            345                 350                 355 

cag caa atc tcc atc gca gaa aag gtt cag gct gca caa ggt tgg gga     1459 
Gln Gln Ile Ser Ile Ala Glu Lys Val Gln Ala Ala Gln Gly Trp Gly 
        360                 365                 370 

gca tgg cct gct tgc acc gca agc ttg ggc atc cga tagtagaaat          1505 
Ala Trp Pro Ala Cys Thr Ala Ser Leu Gly Ile Arg 
    375                 380                 385 

ctggcatcca ataggtagat tgggatgcta tggaagaacc ctcaggtgca cagctgctcg   1565 

gcccggtaga aatccgtgcg ctggcagaaa agctcgacgt cacaccaact aagaagttgg   1625 

ggcagaactt tgttcacgat cccaacacgg tgcgtcgcat tgttgctgcg gcagagctca   1685 

ccccagacga ccacgtggtg gaagttggcc ctggtctggg ctctctgacc cttgc        1740 

 
           
             2  
             385  
             PRT  
             Corynebacterium glutamicum  
           
            2 

Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro Arg Ala Lys Lys Phe Tyr Met Ala Pro His Gln 
1               5                   10                  15 

Lys Ser Arg Ile Asn Arg Ile Asn Ser Thr Arg Ser Val Pro Leu Arg 
            20                  25                  30 

Leu Ala Thr Gly Gly Val Leu Ala Thr Leu Leu Ile Gly Gly Val Thr 
        35                  40                  45 

Ala Ala Ala Thr Lys Lys Asp Ile Ile Val Asp Val Asn Gly Glu Gln 
    50                  55                  60 

Met Ser Leu Val Thr Met Ser Gly Thr Val Glu Gly Val Leu Ala Gln 
65                  70                  75                  80 

Ala Gly Val Glu Leu Gly Asp Gln Asp Ile Val Ser Pro Ser Leu Asp 
                85                  90                  95 

Ser Ser Ile Ser Asp Glu Asp Thr Val Thr Val Arg Thr Ala Lys Gln 
            100                 105                 110 

Val Ala Leu Val Val Glu Gly Gln Ile Gln Asn Val Thr Thr Thr Ala 
        115                 120                 125 

Val Ser Val Glu Asp Leu Leu Gln Glu Val Gly Gly Ile Thr Gly Ala 
    130                 135                 140 

Asp Ala Val Asp Ala Asp Leu Ser Glu Thr Ile Pro Glu Ser Gly Leu 
145                 150                 155                 160 

Lys Val Ser Val Thr Lys Pro Lys Ile Ile Ser Ile Asn Asp Gly Gly 
                165                 170                 175 

Lys Val Thr Tyr Val Ser Leu Ala Ala Gln Asn Val Gln Glu Ala Leu 
            180                 185                 190 

Glu Leu Arg Asp Ile Glu Leu Gly Ala Gln Asp Arg Ile Asn Val Pro 
        195                 200                 205 

Leu Asp Gln Gln Leu Lys Asn Asn Ala Ala Ile Gln Ile Asp Arg Val 
    210                 215                 220 

Asp Asn Thr Glu Ile Thr Glu Thr Val Ser Phe Asp Ala Glu Pro Thr 
225                 230                 235                 240 

Tyr Val Asp Asp Pro Glu Ala Pro Ala Gly Asp Glu Thr Val Val Glu 
                245                 250                 255 

Glu Gly Ala Pro Gly Thr Lys Glu Val Thr Arg Thr Val Thr Thr Val 
            260                 265                 270 

Asn Gly Gln Glu Glu Ser Ser Thr Val Ile Asn Glu Val Glu Ile Thr 
        275                 280                 285 

Ala Ala Lys Pro Ala Thr Ile Ser Arg Gly Thr Lys Thr Val Ala Ala 
    290                 295                 300 

Asn Ser Val Trp Asp Gln Leu Ala Gln Cys Glu Ser Gly Gly Asn Trp 
305                 310                 315                 320 

Ala Ile Asn Thr Gly Asn Gly Phe Ser Gly Gly Leu Gln Phe His Pro 
                325                 330                 335 

Gln Thr Trp Leu Ala Tyr Gly Gly Gly Ala Phe Ser Gly Asp Ala Ser 
            340                 345                 350 

Gly Ala Ser Arg Glu Gln Gln Ile Ser Ile Ala Glu Lys Val Gln Ala 
        355                 360                 365 

Ala Gln Gly Trp Gly Ala Trp Pro Ala Cys Thr Ala Ser Leu Gly Ile 
    370                 375                 380 

Arg 
385 

 
           
             3  
             629  
             DNA  
             Corynebacterium glutamicum  
           
            3 

ggaacttggt gaccaggaca ttgtttcccc ttcactggat tcatccatca gtgatgaaga     60 

cactgtgact gttcgtactg ccaagcaggt ggcgctcgtg gtggaaggtc aaatccaaaa    120 

cgtgaccacc actgcggttt ccgtggagga cctcctgcag gaagtcggtg gcattaccgg    180 

tgctgatgcg gtggacgctg atctttcaga gaccatccca gaatctggtt tgaaggtgag    240 

tgttaccaag ccgaagatta tttccatcaa tgatggtggc aaggtcactt acgtttcttt    300 

ggcagctcag aacgtacagg aagccctaga gctgcgggat attgagctgg gtgctcagga    360 

ccgcattaat gtgcctctgg atcagcagct gaagaacaac gctgcgatcc agatcgaccg    420 

cgttgacaac accgaaatca ctgaaactgt gtctttcgat gctgagccaa cctacgtgga    480 

tgatccagaa gctccagctg gcgatgaaac tgtggtcgaa gaaggcgctc ctggaaccaa    540 

ggaagttact cgcaccgtaa caaccgttaa tggtcaggaa gaatcttcca cggtgatcaa    600 

tgaagttgaa atcaccgcag caaagccag                                      629 

 
           
             4  
             20  
             DNA  
             PCR primer  
           
            4 

ggaacttggt gaccaggaca                                                 20 

 
           
             5  
             20  
             DNA  
             PCR primer  
           
            5 

ctggctttgc tgcggtgatt                                                 20