Abstract:
A light modulator includes elongated elements arranged parallel to each other. Each elongated element includes a light reflective planar surface with the light reflective planar surfaces configured in a first grating plane. A support structure is coupled to the elongated elements to maintain a position of the elongated elements relative to each other and to enable movement of each elongated element in a direction normal to the first grating plane. The support structure enables movement between a first modulator configuration and a second modulator configuration. In the first modulator configuration, the elongated elements act to reflect an incident light as a plane mirror. In the second modulator configuration, the elongated elements form a stepped blaze configuration along a second grating plane lying at a grating angle to the first grating plane and act to diffract the incident light into at least two diffraction orders.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to an apparatus for tilting the grating plane of a stepped blaze grating. More particularly, this invention relates to tilting the grating plane for improved crosstalk in 1×N blaze switches. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Bloom et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,360, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Modulating a Light Beam,” teach a grating light valve™ light modulator which operates in a reflection mode and a diffraction mode. The grating light valve™ light modulator type device includes elongated elements suspended above a substrate. In the reflective mode, reflective surfaces of the grating light valve™ light modulator type device cause incident light to constructively combine to form reflected light. In the diffractive mode, the reflective surfaces of the grating light valve™ light modulator type device are separated by a quarter wavelength of the incident light to produce diffracted light. When the grating light valve™ light modulator type device is in the diffractive mode, the grating light valve™ light modulator type device predominantly diffracts light into a plus one diffraction order and a minus one diffraction order but also diffracts a small amount of light into higher diffraction orders. 
   Bloom et al. further teach an alternative grating light valve™ light modulator type device in which the elongated elements include off-axis neck portions at ends of each of the elongated elements. In a non-activated mode, the elongated elements are parallel causing incident light to reflect from the elongated elements and, thus, produce the reflected light. In an activated mode, each of the elongated elements is rotated about an axis defined by the off-axis neck portions to diffract light in a similar manner as a sawtooth grating. 
   Because the light modulator is switched between the non-activated mode and the activated mode and because the non-activated mode diffracts small quantities of light into the same angles as does the activated mode, a contrast between the non-activated state and the activated state is less than an optimum contrast. 
   The co-owned, co-filed, and co-pending U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 09/930,838, entitled BLAZED GRATING LIGHT VALVE teach a diffractive light modulator, which operates in a reflection mode and a diffraction mode. The diffractive light modulator includes elongated elements arranged in groups. The elongated elements within each group are progressively stepped downward. The groups of elements lic in a plane parallel to a substrate. The co-owned, co-filed, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/930,838, entitled BLAZED GRATING LIGHT VALVE is hereby incorporated by reference. 
   Light directed into plus or minus first orders, or higher orders, can be collected as different outputs of an optical switch. However, since light modulators diffract small portions of light into angles other than an intended primary diffraction angle, this can lead to crosstalk, which is interference from adjacent channels. What is needed is a light modulator that minimizes crosstalk in switching applications. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Embodiments of the present invention include a light modulator. The light modulator includes elongated elements arranged parallel to each other. Each elongated element includes a light reflective planar surface with the light reflective planar surfaces configured in a first grating plane. A support structure is coupled to the elongated elements to maintain a position of the elongated elements relative to each other and to enable movement of each elongated element in a direction normal to the first grating plane. The support structure enables movement between a first modulator configuration and a second modulator configuration. In the first modulator configuration, the elongated elements act to reflect incident light as a plane mirror. In the second modulator configuration, the elongated elements form a stepped blaze configuration along a second grating plane lying at a grating angle to the first grating plane and act to diffract the incident light into at least two diffraction orders. 
   A diffraction angle of each diffraction order can be dependent on the grating angle. The stepped blaze configuration can include a plurality of blaze elements thereby forming stepped blaze elements, and each blaze element can include a plurality of adjacent elongated elements configured as a stepped blaze grating thereby forming stepped elongated elements. Each blaze element can be separated by a blaze element height difference from an adjacent blaze element. The grating angle can be about an arctangent of the blaze element height difference divided by a blaze element pitch. The incident light can impinge the elongated elements normal to the first grating plane such that the at least two diffraction orders comprise a first positive diffraction order and a first negative diffraction order. The first positive diffraction order can be at a first splus order blaze angle of about an arcsine of a wavelength of the incident light divided by the blaze element pitch minus a sine of the grating angle, the grating angle is then subtracted from the arcsine result. The first negative diffraction order can be at a first negative order blaze angle of about an arcsine of a negative of the wavelength of the incident light divided by the blaze element pitch minus the sine of the grating angle, the grating angle is then subtracted from the arcsine result. The at least two diffraction orders can further comprise a near zero order diffraction order at a near zero order blaze angle of about two times the grating angle. 
   The blaze element pitch can comprise a sum of a width of each elongated element within the blaze element. Each elongated element within the blaze element can be separated by a constant height difference. The stepped elongated elements within each blaze element can form a positive slope while the stepped blaze elements form a positive slope. The stepped elongated elements within each blaze element can form a negative slope while the stepped blaze elements form a negative slope. The stepped elongated elements within each blaze element can form a positive slope while the stepped blaze elements form a negative slope. The stepped elongated elements within each blaze element can form a negative slope while the stepped blaze elements form a positive slope. The light modulator can comprise a diffractive light modulator. The diffractive light modulator can comprise a grating light valve™ light modulator type device. Each elongated element can further comprise a first conductive element. The light modulator can further comprise a substrate couple to the support structure. The substrate can comprise a second conductive element such that in operation an electrical bias applied between the first conductive element and the second conductive element enables movement of each of the elongated elements. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an isometric view of a diffractive light modulator according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator in a reflection mode. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator in a first blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator in a second blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an attenuation and crosstalk graph for a symmetric stepped blaze grating. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates an exemplary light energy distribution comparison of a straight switching application versus a switching and attenuation application while using the diffractive light modulator in the first blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates an exemplary light energy distribution comparison of a straight switching application versus a switching and attenuation application while using the diffractive light modulator in the second blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator in a third blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator in a fourth blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates a shift in the light energy distribution according to the third blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates a shift in the light energy distribution according to the fourth blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator in a fifth blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator in a sixth blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 9  is an exemplary attenuation and crosstalk graph for a positive tilt-stepped blaze grating. 
       FIG. 10  is an exemplary attenuation and crosstalk graph for a negative tilt stepped blaze grating. 
       FIG. 11A  illustrates a cross-section of a diffractive light modulator in a reflection mode according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11B  illustrates a cross-section of the alternative diffractive light modulator in a seventh blaze diffraction mode. 
       FIG. 11C  illustrates a cross-section of the alternative diffractive light modulator in an eighth blaze diffraction mode. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
   A diffractive light modulator  10  according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.  1 . Preferably, the diffractive light modulator is a grating light valve™ light modulator type device. The diffractive light modulator  10  comprises elongated elements  12  suspended by first and second posts,  14  and  16 , above a substrate  20 . Preferably, the elongated elements  12  are ribbons of the grating light valve™ light modulator type device. The substrate  20  comprises a conductor  18 . In operation, the diffractive light modulator  10  operates to produce modulated light while operating in a reflection mode or a particular stepped blaze diffraction mode. Preferably, the light to be modulated comprises a wavelength, or channel, of incident light. Preferably, the incident light comprises wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals where each wavelength comprises an optical channel, as is well known in the art. Each channel impinges appropriate ones of the elongated elements on the diffractive light modulator. Preferably, each channel impinges  12  elongated elements  12 .  FIG. 1  illustrates a single optical channel. It is understood that the diffractive light modulator can include more, or less, elongated elements  12  than that shown in FIG.  1 . It is also understood that each optical channel can impinge more, or less, than  12  elongated elements as appropriate. 
     FIGS. 2 ,  3 A, and  3 B illustrate a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator  10  in a reflection mode, a first blaze diffraction mode, and a second blaze diffraction mode, respectively. The elongated elements  12  comprise a conducting and reflecting surface  22  and a resilient material  24 . The substrate  20  comprises the conductor  18 . The elongated elements  12  are preferably segmented into groups. Each group of elongated elements is called a blaze element. The first four elongated elements  12  comprise a blaze element  26 . The middle four elongated elements  12  comprise a blaze element  27 . The last four elongated elements comprise a blaze element  28 . Each blaze element  26 ,  27 , and  28  includes a blaze pitch P. 
     FIG. 2  depicts the diffractive light modulator  10  in the reflection mode. In the reflection mode, the conducting and reflecting surfaces  22  of the elongated elements  12  form a first grating plane  30  so that incident light I reflects from the elongated elements  12  to produce reflected light R. 
     FIG. 3A  depicts the diffractive light modulator  10  in the first blaze diffraction mode. In the first blaze diffraction mode, each blaze element forms a step of a stepped blaze grating. As can be seen in  FIG. 3A , the elongated elements  12  within each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  descend from left to right. The bottom elongated elements within each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  form a second grating plane  30 ′. The first grating plane  30  and the second grating plane  30 ′ are parallel to each other. In the first blaze diffraction mode, and the blaze diffraction modes to follow, an electrical bias causes selected ones of the elongated elements  12  to move toward the substrate  20 . The electrical bias is selectively applied between the reflecting and conducting surfaces  22  of the elongated elements  12  and the conductor  18 . The closer the elongated element  12  is to be moved toward the substrate  20 , the more electrical bias is applied. In this manner, more electrical bias is applied to each descending step within the blaze elements  26 ,  27 ,  28  to form the steps. The selective electrical bias results in a height difference between each successive elongated element  12  within each stepped blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28 . Preferably, the height difference between each step in the blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  is the same. This is referred to as a symmetric stepped blaze. Preferably, no electrical bias is applied to the elongated element  12  corresponding to the top step in each of the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  of this first blaze diffraction mode. A height difference of a quarter wavelength λ/4 of the incident light I between the top step and the bottom step of each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  produces maximum diffracted light including plus one and minus one diffraction orders, D +1  and D −1 . By varying the height difference between zero and λ/4 produces a variable greyscale effect. A blaze grating primarily diffracts light into a single direction. In the case of the first blaze diffraction mode, light is primarily diffracted into the plus one order, D +1 . Some light does diffract into non-primary directions, that is the zero order, reflected light R, and the minus one order, D −1 , as can be seen in FIG.  3 A. 
   When the first grating plane  30  is parallel to the second grating plane  30 ′, the plus one order light is diffracted at a diffraction angle βf expressed as:
 
 βf =arcsine (λ/ P ).  (1)
 
The minus one order light, in this case, is diffracted at a diffraction angel −βf.
 
     FIG. 3B  depicts the diffractive light modulator  10  in the second blaze diffraction mode. The second blaze diffraction mode is similar to the first blaze diffraction mode except that the elongated elements  12  within each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  descend from right to left. In the case of the second blaze diffraction mode, light is primarily diffracted into the minus one order, D −1 . Some light does diffract into the zero order, reflected light R, and the plus one order, D +1 , as can be seen in FIG.  3 B. As in the first blaze diffraction mode, the minus one order light is diffracted at the diffraction angle −βf, and the plus one order light is diffracted at the diffraction angle βf. 
   Since a stepped blaze grating primarily diffracts into one direction, the stepped blaze grating can be used effectively in switching applications. In such a switching application, each of the plus one order light and the minus one order light can be collected as output of a separate output port. By also counting the zero order, three output ports can be produced. 
     FIGS. 2 ,  3 A, and  3 B depict the diffractive light modulator  10  in the reflection, first blaze diffraction, and second blaze diffraction modes, respectively. For a height difference between the top and bottom steps in each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  of less than about a quarter wavelength λ/4, the amount of diffraction into the zero order and non-primary first order increases. This increases the crosstalk between the primary first order and the non-primary first order light. In switching applications, diffraction of light into diffraction angles corresponding to non-switched channels increases crosstalk. 
   When symmetric stepped blaze gratings are used to switch incoming incident light into plus one and minus one orders, e.g. D +1  and D −1 , the above characteristics of the first and second blaze diffraction modes comprise the crosstalk between the switched outputs.  FIG. 4  illustrates an attenuation and crosstalk graph for a symmetric stepped blaze grating. A crosstalk curve  35  illustrates the crosstalk between plus first order light and zero order light. As can be seen in  FIG. 4 , the crosstalk curve  35  is U-shaped. At point A, the diffractive light modulator  10  is in the reflection mode, as in  FIG. 2 , and the elongated elements  12  within each blaze element are configured as a flat mirror. This provides good crosstalk for switching into the zero order. At point B, the diffractive light modulator  10  is in the first blaze diffraction mode, as in  FIG. 3A , and the elongated elements  12  within each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  are configured for maximum diffraction. This provides good crosstalk for switching into the plus first order. Recall that maximum diffraction occurs when the top step and the bottom step within each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  are separated by a height difference of λ/4. The remainder of the crosstalk curve  35  between points A and B corresponds to the crosstalk when the blaze elements  26 ,  27 ,  28  are not configured as a flat mirror or for maximum diffraction. 
   An attenuation curve  40  illustrates the attenuation of the plus first order light. When the blaze elements are in the reflection mode, then approximately all of the plus first order light is attenuated (far left of the attenuation curve  40 ). When the blaze elements are in the first blaze diffraction mode, then a small amount of the plus first order light is attenuated (far right of the attenuation curve  40 ). Similar crosstalk and attenuation curves (not shown) exist for the crosstalk between minus first order light and zero order light, and the attenuation of the minus first order light, respectively. 
   It is clear from the graph illustrated in  FIG. 4  that for moderate degrees of attenuation, the crosstalk is increased. For applications that require switching and attenuating, such an increase in crosstalk might prove prohibitive. 
     FIG. 5A  illustrates an exemplary light energy distribution comparison of a straight switching application versus a switching and attenuation application while using a diffractive light modulator in the first blaze diffraction mode. Each signal within an optical channel is represented by an energy distribution. Preferably, the energy distribution form a gaussian curve. When a signal is diffracted into the plus first order light, a maxima of the signal energy distribution is diffracted at approximately the first order diffraction angel. The trailing edges of the energy distribution are diffracted at diffraction angles either slightly higher or lower than the first order diffraction angle. The plus first order diffraction angle is represented in  FIG. 5A  as “+1”. In the case of the first blaze diffraction mode, the plus first order diffraction angle is Bf In a switching application, light can be collected at the plus first order diffraction angle as output of an output port, say output port  1 . An energy distribution  42  represents the signal diffracted into the plus first order. Such a situation occurs when the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  are configured for maximum diffraction in the first blaze diffraction mode, as in FIG.  3 A. In the case of a straight switching application, the energy distribution  42  represents the signal switched into the output port  1 . 
     FIG. 5B  illustrates an exemplary light energy distribution comparison of a straight switching application versus a switching and attenuation application while using a diffractive light modulator in the second blaze diffraction mode. If the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  are configured for maximum diffraction in the second blaze diffraction mode, as in  FIG. 3B , an energy distribution curve  52  represents the signal diffracted into the minus first order. In the case of the second blaze diffraction mode, the minus one first order diffraction angle is −Bf. For the same input signal, the energy distribution curve  52  ( FIG. 5B ) is a mirror image of the energy distribution curve  42  (FIG.  5 A). The minus first order light can then be collected as another output port, say output port  2 . If the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  are configured in the reflection mode, as in  FIG. 2 , then the reflected zero order can be collected as yet another output port, say output port  0 . 
   It is understood that when a signal is switched to the plus first order, as illustrated by energy curve  42  in  FIG. 5A , trace amounts of the signal are also reflected into the zero order and diffracted into the minus first order, as discussed above in relation to  FIGS. 3A and 3B . Similarly, it is understood that when a signal is switched to the minus first order, trace amounts of the signal are also reflected into the zero order and diffracted into the plus first order. These trace amounts are not illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . 
   If the signal is to be switched and attenuated, as in an energy distribution  48  in  FIG. 5A , then the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  are configured somewhere between the maximum diffraction state and the flat mirror state, depending on the required amount of attenuation. The more the signal that is to be attenuated at the output port  1 , the closer the blaze elements are configured towards the flat state. However, as the signal is attenuated to the level of energy distribution  48 , the attenuated portion of the signal is directed into the zero order and the minus first order, as shown in FIG.  5 A. Since the zero order and minus first order are collected at output ports  0  and  2 , respectively, the attenuated portion increases crosstalk between the output ports. A similar situation occurs when the signal is switched and attenuated at the output port  2 , and the attenuated portion is directed to the zero order and the plus first order, as in energy distribution curve  58  in FIG.  5 B. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator  10  in a third blaze diffraction mode and a fourth blaze diffraction mode, respectively. The third and fourth blaze diffraction modes each form a tilted grating plane. By tilting the grating plane, the diffracted energy distribution curves are essentially shifted. Like elements between  FIGS. 2 ,  3 A,  3 B,  6 A, and  6 B use the same reference numerals. In the third blaze diffraction mode illustrated in  FIG. 6A , the blaze element  27  is pulled down further than the blaze element  26 , and the blaze element  28  is pulled down further than the blaze element  27 . This forms stepped blaze elements along a first tilted grating plane  50 . A height difference between each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  is δ. The blaze elements  26 ,  27 ,  28  and the elongated elements  12  within each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  all step down from left to right. The bottom step of the blaze element  28  is the lowest portion of the stepped blaze elements and forms a third grating plane  30 ″. The third grating plane  30 ″ is parallel to the first and second grating planes  30  and  30 ′, respectively. By configuring the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  as left to right stepped blaze elements, the grating plane  30  is effectively rotated clockwise by a tilt angle θ. The tilt angle θ is determined by the periodicity of the blaze element, which is the blaze element pitch P, and the blaze element height difference δ. Specifically, the tilt angle θ can be expressed as:
 θ=arctan(δ/ P ).  (2) 
By tilting the grating plane clockwise, the diffraction angles of the plus first order light, D +1 , the minus first order light, D −1 , and the reflected light R are also tilted clockwise. In this third blaze diffraction mode, a diffraction angle β for the plus first order light D +1  is expressed as:
 β=arcsin(λ/ P −sin(θ))−θ.  (3) 
The zero order light is no longer reflected back along the incidence path. Instead, the zero order light is diffracted at a diffraction angle α, where α is expressed as:
 α=2←.  (4) 
The minus first order light D −1  is diffracted at a diffraction angle β′, where β′ is expressed as:
 β′=arcsin(−λ/ P −sin(θ))−θ.  (5) 
   Tilting the grating plane clockwise has the impact of shifting the diffracted energy distribution curve. The impact of tilting the grating plane according to the third blaze diffraction mode is illustrated in FIG.  7 A. The energy distribution curve  48  is the energy distribution for the switching and attenuating application according to the first blaze diffraction mode as described in relation to FIG.  5 A. An energy distribution curve  60  is the energy distribution curve  48  shifted to the right as a result of tilting the grating plane clockwise by the tilting angle θ. The maxima for the energy distribution curve  60  is now located at the shifted plus first order diffraction angle β. Similarly, the attenuated portions of the energy distribution curve  48  that were located at the diffraction angles  0  and −βf are also shifted to the right. The attenuated portion diffracted as zero order light is located at the diffraction angle α, and the attenuated portion diffracted as minus first order light is located at the diffraction angle β′. 
   It is understood that a similar impact is made when the diffractive light modulator  10  is used within a switching application. An energy distribution curve associated with a switched signal, e.g. the energy distribution curve  42  in  FIG. 5A , is shifted to the right. In other words, the plus first order diffraction angle for the switched signal is rotated clockwise. The trace amounts of the signal that are diffracted into the zero order and the minus first order are also shifted to the right. 
   In the fourth blaze diffraction mode illustrated in  FIG. 6B , tile blaze element  27  is pulled down further than the blaze element  28 , and the blaze element  26  is pulled down further than the blaze element  27 . This forms stepped blaze elements along a second tilted grating plane  54 . The height difference between each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  is δ. The blaze elements  26 ,  27 ,  28  and the elongated elements  12  within each blaze element  26 ,  27 ,  28  all step down from right to left. The bottom step of the blaze element  26  is the lowest portion of the stepped blaze elements and lies in the third grating plane  30 ″. By configuring the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  as right to left stepped blaze elements, the grating plane  30  is effectively rotated counter-clockwise by the tilt angle θ. By tilting the grating plane counter-clockwise, the diffraction angles of the plus first order light, D +1 , the minus first order light, D −1 , and the reflected light R are also tilted counter-clockwise. In this fourth blaze diffraction mode, the minus first order light D −1  is diffracted at the diffraction angle −β. The zero order light is diffracted at the diffraction angle −α. The plus first order light D +1  is diffracted at a diffraction angle −β′. 
     FIG. 7B  illustrates a shift in the light energy distribution according to the fourth blaze diffraction mode. The energy distribution curve  58  is the energy distribution for the switching and attenuating application according to the second blaze diffraction mode as described in relation to FIG.  5 B. An energy distribution curve  70  is the energy distribution curve  58  shifted to the left as a result of tilting the grating plane counter-clockwise by the tilting angle θ. The maxima for the energy distribution curve  70  is now located at the shifted minus first order diffraction angle −β. Similarly, the attenuated portions of the energy distribution curve  58  that were located at the diffraction angles  0  and βf are also shifted to the left. The attenuated portion diffracted as zero order light is located at the diffraction angle −α, and the attenuated portion diffracted as plus first order light is located at the diffraction angle −β′. 
   It is understood that a similar impact is made when the diffractive light modulator  10  is used within a switching application. An energy distribution curve associated with a switched signal, e.g. the energy distribution curve  52  in  FIG. 5B , is shifted to the left. In other words, the minus first order diffraction angle for the switched signal is rotated counter-clockwise. The trace amounts of the signal that are diffracted into the zero order and the plus first order are also shifted to the left. 
   A positive tilt is when the tilted grating plane slopes in the same direction as the steps of the elongated elements within the blaze elements. The third and fourth blaze diffraction modes both have positive tilt. For example, in the third blaze diffraction mode, the elongated elements  12  within each blaze element  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from left to right, and the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from left to right. 
   A negative tilt is when the tilted grating plane slopes in the opposite direction as the steps of the elongated elements within the blaze elements.  FIG. 8A  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator  10  in a fifth blaze diffraction mode. In the fifth blaze diffraction mode, the elongated elements  12  are configured with a negative tilt. The elongated elements  12  within each of the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from left to right, and the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from right to left. Due to the elongated elements  12  stepping down from right to left, an energy distribution curve similar to the energy distribution curve  48  in  FIGS. 5A and 7A  is formed. However, since the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from right to left, the energy distribution curve in the case of this fifth blaze diffraction mode is shifted to the left, as opposed to the right as in the energy distribution curve  60  in FIG.  7 A. 
     FIG. 8B  illustrates a cross-section of the diffractive light modulator  10  in a sixth blaze diffraction mode. In the sixth blaze diffraction mode, the elongated elements  12  are configured with a negative tilt. The elongated elements  12  within each of the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from right to left, and the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from left to right. Due to the elongated elements  12  stepping down from left to right, an energy distribution curve similar to the energy distribution curve  58  in  FIGS. 5B and 7B  is formed. However, since the blaze elements  26 ,  27 , and  28  step down from left to right, the energy distribution curve in the case of the sixth blaze diffraction mode is shifted to the right, as opposed to the left as in the energy distribution curve  70  in FIG.  7 B. 
   While in the fifth blaze diffraction mode, a plus first order light corresponding to a first maxima can be collected as an output port, say output port  3 . While in the sixth blaze diffraction mode, a minus first order light corresponding to a first maxima can be collected as an output port, say output port  4 . It is understood that a diffraction angle corresponding to a plus first order light in the third blaze diffraction mode is not the same as a diffraction angle corresponding to a plus first order light in the fifth blaze diffraction mode. Each maxima of a shifted energy distribution curve is located at its corresponding first order diffraction angle. It is also understood that a diffraction angle corresponding to a minus first order light in the fourth blaze diffraction mode is not the same as a diffraction angle corresponding to a minus first order light in the sixth blaze diffraction mode. Preferably, the size of the tilt angle θ is sufficiently large such that the tail ends of any one of the energy distribution curves do not significantly overlap the maxima of any of the other energy distribution curves. Any significant overlap can increase the crosstalk to such a point that use of the blaze diffraction modes in a switching application becomes impractical. 
     FIG. 9  is an exemplary attenuation and crosstalk graph for a positive tilt stepped blaze grating. A crosstalk curve  70  shows that good crosstalk is maintained for all configurations of the elongated elements between and including the flat mirror configuration and the maximum diffraction configuration. An attenuation curve  75  illustrates the attenuation of the first order light. The crosstalk curve  70  and the attenuation curve  75  can be applied equally to the plus or minus first orders of light. 
     FIG. 10  is an exemplary attenuation and crosstalk graph for a negative tilt stepped blaze grating. A crosstalk curve  80  shows that good crosstalk is maintained for all configurations of the elongated elements between and including the flat mirror configuration and the maximum diffraction configuration. An attenuation curve  85  illustrates the attenuation of the first order light. The crosstalk curve  80  and the attenuation curve  85  can be applied equally to the plus or minus first orders of light. In this exemplary case, normal operation is preferably for 40% or more modulation, e.g. the right half of the curve in FIG.  10 . 
   It is understood that additional output ports can be created by varying the height difference δ within any or all of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth blaze diffraction modes. The height difference δ is limited by a sacrificial depth, which is the distance between the elongated elements  12  in an un-deflected state and the substrate  20 . The number of useable output ports is determined by the number of collectable maximas of diffracted light with sufficiently low crosstalk. 
   In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the elongated elements within a blaze element are replaced by a single elongated element such that a blaze element comprises a single elongated element. In this alternative embodiment, each elongated element is tilted, to form a blaze grating, and successive elongated elements are pulled down similarly to each of the blaze elements in either  FIG. 6A  or  6 B.  FIGS. 11A-11C  illustrate various modes of this alternative embodiment. In this alternative embodiment, each channel preferably impinges  3  elongated elements.  FIG. 11A  illustrates a diffractive light modulator  100  comprising elongated elements  12  in a reflective mode.  FIG. 11B  illustrates the diffractive light modulator  100  in a seventh blaze diffraction mode in which the elongated elements  120  step down from left to right.  FIG. 11C  illustrates the diffractive light modulator  100  in an eighth blaze diffraction mode in which the elongated elements  120  step down from right to left. 
   It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that other various modifications may be made to the preferred embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In particular, even though the present invention has been described above in relation to an incident light normal to the light modulator substrate, the present invention also includes embodiments in which the incident light is at an angle to the normal of the light modulator substrate.