Abstract:
The invention provides a composition and a method for preventing or ameliorating the causes of chronic allograft rejection of a donor organ by a transplant recipient. The method includes concomitant administration to the allograft recipient of therapeutically effective amounts of cyclosporin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. The composition comprises a combination of these two immunosuppressive drugs in therapeutically effective amounts suitable for the practice of the method.

Description:
This invention relates to the field of organ transplantation in humans and animals. Specifically, the invention relates to a composition and a method for preventing or ameliorating chronic rejection of the donor organ by the transplant recipient. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A significant problem in organ transplantation today is the failure of current immunosuppressive strategies to significantly reduce the risk of rejection in kidney, heart, lung and pancreas transplantation more than one to two years post transplant. As a result, the tremendous gains made in the rates of one to two year survival of the transplanted organ over the last decade are largely lost at five to ten years post transplant when the majority of transplant patients, especially those receiving cadaver donor organs, have lost function in the transplanted organ. 
     Pathology of Allograft Rejection 
     There are three general stages of allograft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. In general, hyperacute rejection occurs within the first hours after transplantation. Acute rejection generally occurs in the first six to twelve months after transplantation and chronic rejection generally occurs later, usually more than one to two years post transplant. 
     Each stage of allograft rejection has a characteristic histopathology. Hyperacute rejection is known to be due to antibodies in the organ recipient&#39;s blood stream that react with the new organ. Hyperacute rejection results in organ failure almost immediately after transplantation. 
     Acute rejection is characterized by inflammation initiated by a strong T-cell based immune response to alloantigens. This T-cell based immune response can occur either directly, by cross reaction with allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, or indirectly, by the more usual route of reaction with allogeneic peptide fragments bound to host MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells or allogeneic target cells. T-cells not only initiate the immune response, but also mediate antigen-specific effector responses. In addition, T-cells secrete soluble factors to regulate the activity of other leukocytes. For example, activated T-helper cells produce interleukins, gamma interferon and leukotrienes. This cascade of immunoregulators stimulates the attack of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes on the allograft. In irreversible rejection fatal to the allograft, these cytotoxic lymphoid cells eventually give way to larger numbers of mononuclear phagocytes and thrombocytes. The end result of the binding of thrombocytes to the allograft vascular endothelial cells is reduced blood flow, microvascular thrombosis and necrosis. Hayry, P. et al.  Clin Investig  70:780-90 (1992). 
     In contrast to the endovascular pathology of acute rejection, chronic rejection has persistent perivascular inflammation as its most prominent feature. Often, this perivascular inflammation is accompanied by relatively low levels of lymphoid activity and arteriosclerosis of the allograft. However, compared to ordinary arteriosclerosis, which is usually defined by focal and eccentric intimal thickening, the common form of allograft arteriosclerosis is concentric and generalized intimal thickening where smooth muscle cells in the vascular intima are intermingled with some inflammatory T cells and macrophages. Hayry, P. et al.  Clin Investig  70:780-90 (1992). The allograft arteriosclerosis of chronic rejection affects all intramural arteries to the level of arterioles. Other common features of chronic rejection are thinning of the vascular media and focal breaks in the internal elastic lamina. 
     Evidence from studies of cytokine production also supports the hypothesis that chronic rejection that is characterized by perivascular inflammation is the result of a low level immune response, that in turn induces persistent minimal damage to the allograft vascular endothelium. In response to this damage to the allograft vessels, the endothelial cells secrete growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta. These growth factors stimulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the migration of myocytes from the media into the intima thereby forming the arteriosclerotic lesion. Häyry, P. et al.  Clin Investig  70:780-90 (1992). 
     Pharmaceutical Treatment of Allograft Rejection 
     A number of immunosuppressant drugs are known and have used for the treatment of allograft rejection. These include, for example, cyclosporin, azathioprine, FK-506, methylprednisolone, deoxypergualin, rapamycin, and mycophenylate. Today, cyclosporin (CSA) forms the basis of most immunosuppressive protocols. However, CSA&#39;s effectiveness is limited by is well known toxic side effects such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. 
     In order to reduce such toxic side effects, CSA is usually combined with other immunosuppressive drugs in order to reduce the dosage of CSA to non-toxic levels. For this purpose, CSA was first combined with steroids such as methylprednisolone and later in a combination with steroids and azathioprine, which became known as triple drug therapy. However, even more potent newer immunosuppressants, such as FK-506, have been associated with toxic side effects similar to those of CSA. Schmid, T. et al.  Eur Surg Res  30:61-68 (1998) 
     A relatively new drug, the purine nucleoside analogue, 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA), has already been used as a cytotoxic drug for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, and autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and multiple sclerosis. Because of its cytotoxicity to lymphocytes and monocytes, 2-CDA also possesses immunosuppressive properties. Although 2-CDA alone has no effect on allograft rejection, it is known to act synergistically with CSA to enhance the immunosuppressive effect of CSA when used in combination for the treatment of acute rejection. Schmid, T. et al.  Eur Surg Res  30:61-68 (1998). 
     A number of studies have shown that the use of 2-CDA in combination with CSA may improve short-term allograft survival. One study showed that 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, in combination with CSA reduced rejection after allogeneic small bowel transplantation in rats. Here, organ recipient rats that received a transplant of small bowel were sacrificed ten days after transplantation and the graft was examined histologically. Rats treated with a combination of 2-CDA and CSA either exhibited no evidence of graft rejection or evidence of only moderate rejection characterized by mucosal and submucosal infiltration of eosinophils and occasionally lymphocytes. However, organ recipient rats treated with either CSA or 2-CDA alone showed moderate to severe rejection including lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear granulocyte infiltration of the muscular layer and subserous fat of the graft. Schmid, T. et al.  Transplantation Proceedings,  26: 1614 (1994). 
     Similar results were obtained in a second study involving rats that had received heart transplants. Heart allografts examined at 10 days post transplant revealed either no evidence of rejection or evidence of only mild rejection. The mild rejection was characterized by at least two foci of extensive perivascular or interstitial lymphocytic infiltration without myocyte necrosis, or one large focus of infiltration, including distortion of myocytes. Organ recipient rats treated with CSA alone exhibited either the same level of mild rejection or moderate rejection, which was characterized by multiple large lymphocytic infiltrates associated with distortion of myocyte architecture and/or myocyte necrosis. Host rats treated with 2-CDA alone exhibited severe rejection, which was characterized by extensive infiltrates as in moderate rejection that includes significant numbers of granulocytes and interstitial edema. Schmid, T., et al.  Eur Surg Res  30:61-68 (1998). 
     Another study reported that graft survival in rats could be prolonged by the administration of CSA in conjunction with 2-CDA. Nawrocki, G., et al.  Transplantation Proceedings,  28:3538-39 (1996). However, all animals died by 33 days post-transplant and there was no investigation into the pathology associated with the graft rejection. 
     Another study reported that organ recipient rats treated with 2-CDA and CSA displayed less of the pathology associated with graft rejection than rats treated with CSA alone at ninety days post transplant. Cramer, D. V. et al.  Transplantation Proceedings,  29:616 (1997). Here, histopathological findings, including vascular intimal proliferation, perivascular fibrosis, myocardium inflammation, and myocardium fibrosis, were scored. Allograft recipients treated with CSA in combination with 2-CDA showed a reduction in the incidence and severity of vascular intimal proliferation compared to animals receiving no treatment or animals treated with CSA alone. 
     Although all of these studies suggest the administration of 2-CDA with CSA may limit acute allograft rejection and thus be beneficial in the improvement of short term graft survival rates, none of the studies have disclosed or suggested efficacious treatment of chronic allograft rejection. 
     Accordingly, what is needed is an improved method of preventing or ameliorating chronic allograft rejection, including a method of reducing the associated arteriosclerosis in human and animal allograft transplant recipients. Improved pharmaceutical compositions suitable for preventing or reducing chronic allograft rejection allograft recipients are also needed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides methods and compositions for ameliorating or preventing chronic allograft rejection in a human or animal allograft recipient. In an embodiment, the method comprises administering to an allograft recipient a therapeutically effective amount of cyclosporin in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. In an embodiment, advantageously for ease in administration, the cyclosporin and the 2-chloro-deoxyadenosine are combined with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in a single composition. In specific embodiments, the composition is administered subcutaneously, orally, or intravenously. 
     The present invention also provides a composition for suitable for treating chronic allograft rejection. In one embodiment, the composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of cyclosporin in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the composition contains an amount of cyclosporin that is about 7 to about 224 times the amount by weight of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. 
     Further the present invention provides for a method of ameliorating chronic allograft rejection by administering an amount of CSA and 2-CDA effective sufficient to suppress the B-cell mediated response to an allograft. In one embodiment, the allograft organ is a heart and the B-cell mediated response is one or a combination of mononuclear cell infiltration in the myocardium, myocardial fibrosis, and intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a 40× photomicrograph of a cross section of the myocardium of a heart transplanted from a ACI strain rat donor to a LEW (“Lewis”) strain rat host 90 days post transplant; the recipient received 5 mg CSA per kilogram of body mass per day for two weeks and 5 mg CSA per kg three times per week until sacrifice at 90 days post transplant. 
         FIG. 2  shows 100× photomicrographs of cross sections of different fields of the myocardium shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  shows 100× photomicrographs of cross sections of the myocardium of a ACI to LEW rat cardiac transplant 90 days post transplant; the recipient received 5 mg CSA per kilogram of body mass per day for two weeks and 5 mg CSA per kg three times per week thereafter, and 2-CDA at 1 mg/kg per week, until sacrifice at 90 days post transplant. 
         FIG. 4  shows 40× photomicrographs of cross sections of different fields of the myocardium shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 5  shows 100× photomicrographs of cross sections of the myocardium of a ACI to LEW rat cardiac transplant 90 days post transplant; the recipient received 5 mg CSA per kilogram of body mass per day for two weeks and 5 mg CSA per kg three times per week thereafter, and 2-CDA at 1 mg/kg per week, until sacrifice at 90 post transplant. 
         FIG. 6  shows 100× photomicrographs of cross sections of different fields of the myocardium shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  shows 100× photomicrographs of cross sections of the myocardium of a ACI to LEW rat cardiac transplant 90 days post transplant; the recipient received 5 mg CSA per kilogram of body mass per day for two weeks and 5 mg CSA per kg three times per week thereafter, and 2-CDA at 1 mg/kg per week, until sacrifice at 90 days post transplant. 
         FIG. 8  shows 40× photomicrographs of cross sections of different fields of the myocardium shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     One embodiment provides a method comprising administering to an allograft recipient a therapeutically effective amount of cyclosporin in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. In an embodiment, advantageously for ease in administration, the cyclosporin and the 2-chloro-deoxyadenosine are combined with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in a single pharmaceutical composition. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions employed in the methods of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally (i.e., intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously), intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray. In specific embodiments, the composition is administered subcutaneously, orally, or intravenously Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the methods of this invention for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. 
     These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservative, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin. 
     If desired and for more effective distribution, the compounds can be incorporated into slow release or targeted delivery systems such as polymer matrices, liposomes, and microspheres. 
     The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use. 
     Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato ortapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. 
     Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in sort and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. 
     The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. 
     The active compounds can also be in microencapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients. 
     Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. 
     Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. 
     Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite agar-agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof. 
     Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active compound(s) that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions, and mode of administration. The selected dosage level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity of the condition being treated, and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. 
     In one embodiment, dosage levels are about 0.1 to about 200 mg of active compound per kilogram of body weight per day are administered orally to a mammalian patient. In another embodiment, dosage levels of about 0.5 to about 150 mg of active compound per kilogram of body weight per day are administered orally to a mammalian patient. In further embodiment, dosage levels of about 1 to about 125 mg of active compound per kilogram of body weight per day are administered orally to a mammalian patient. If desired, the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration, e.g., two to four separate doses per day. 
     In general, the amount of cyclosporin administered is about 2 to about 224 times the amount by weight of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine administered. Suitably the amount of cyclosporin administered is about 7 to about 112 mg per kilogram of allograft body mass per week. The dosage of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine is suitably about 0.5 to about 3.0 mg per kilogram of allograft recipient body mass per week. In another embodiment, the dosage of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine is about 1.0 mg to about 16 mg per kilogram of allograft recipient body mass per day. In illustrative embodiments, cyclosporin is administered at a dose of about 7 to about 112 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass per week. 
     In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine is between about 0.5 mg and about 3 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass per week. Suitably, the dose of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine is about 1 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass per week, divided into one or more doses per week. In another embodiment, about 1.5 mg of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine per kilogram of allograft recipient body mass is administered about every three weeks in one or more doses. In another embodiment, about 3 mg of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine per kilogram of allograft recipient body mass is administered about every three weeks in one or more doses. 
     In one embodiment, cyclosporin is administered in a regime of about 5 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass per day for about two weeks followed by about 5 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass about three times per week. In such a dosage regime, the daily dose can be suitably divided into at least two equal daily doses. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Effect of Treatment on White Blood Cell Populations 
     We have briefly summarized the histological findings of the appearance of transplanted hearts in the Lewis to F344 rat model (Cramer, D. V., et al.,  Transplantation Proceedings,  29:616 (1997) incorporated herein in its entirety. Further studies, described below, have examined the effects of concomitant treatment of CSA and 2-CDA on circulating numbers of T cells. 
     Tables 1-5 present data regarding the numbers of T-cells, and the CD4+ and CD8+T-cell subsets, in untreated Lewis rats (control), and treated F344 rats that had received a transplanted Lewis rat heart after 14 days and 90 days of treatment with various combinations of CSA and 2-CDA. Treatment Group 1 rats were treated with the combination of 2.5 mg/kg/day CSA and 0.1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA. Treatment Group 2 rats were treated with the combination of 5 mg/kg/day CSA and 0.1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA. Treatment Group 3 rats were treated with a combination of 5 mg/kg/day CSA and 1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 KEY TO TREATMENT GROUPS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Control (untreated Lewis Rats) = 1 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Experimental Treatments 
                 14 Day 
                 90 Day 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Group 1: 2.5 mg/kg/day CSA + 0.1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 Group 2: 5 mg/kg/day CSA + 0.1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                 Group 3: 5 mg/kg/day CSA + 1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The significance of the effect of the treatment regimes on the measured parameters was evaluated using a t-test; the results of the analysis are presented in Table 6, below. The treatment regime administered to Group 3 (see Key, above) produced a significant reduction at both 14 days and 90 days in number of lymph cells, number of CD4+ cells and number of T-cells, as compared to the untreated control animals. A significant reduction in CD4+ cells is also seen at 14 days with Group 2. The reduction in CD4+ cells in Group 2 at 90 days and in Group 1 at 90 days does not reach the P=0.05 level (0.065 and 0.067, respectfully), perhaps due to the smaller sample sizes. 
     Previous studies using this animal transplantation model have been predictive of the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapies in humans (e.g. CSA, mycophenolate mofetil, rapamycin, CTLA-4). Thus, CSA-based immunosuppression with chronic 2CDA administration is expected to prolong graft survival in humans. This therapy will increase the efficacy of immunosuppression in ongoing, low grade rejection by safely enhancing the overall level of immunosuppression, specifically targeting macrophage and antibody/B-Cell mediated mechanisms of injury more effectively than current therapies. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The effect of CSA + 2-CDA on T cells and CD4, CD8 T cell subsets 
               
               
                 Control (Untreated Lewis Rats) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Days 
                 Total W.B 
                 % 
                 # lymph 
                 % 
                 # CD4 
                 % 
                 # CD8 
                 % T 
                 # T 
                   
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 Post-Tx 
                 cells/mm3 
                 lymph 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD8 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 cells 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4/CD8 
                 % HCT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 L1 
                 0 
                 12600 
                 54 
                 6804 
                 57.7 
                 3925 
                 20.9 
                 1422 
                 76.8 
                 5225 
                 2.7 
                 — 
               
               
                 L2 
                 0 
                  6000 
                 62 
                 3720 
                 61.2 
                 2276 
                 16.5 
                  613 
                 84.8 
                 3150 
                 3.7 
                 — 
               
               
                 L3 
                 0 
                 13850 
                 60 
                 8100 
                 66.0 
                 5346 
                 27.0 
                 2236 
                 85.0 
                 6880 
                 2.4 
                 — 
               
               
                 L4 
                 0 
                 14450 
                 57 
                 8236 
                 62.8 
                 5173 
                 24.6 
                 2026 
                 85.0 
                 7001 
                 2.55 
                 — 
               
               
                 L5 
                 0 
                  6000 
                 42 
                 2520 
                 66.5 
                 1675 
                 24.9 
                  627 
                 78.6 
                 1981 
                 2.67 
                 — 
               
               
                 L6 
                 0 
                  5800 
                 30 
                 1740 
                 53.7 
                  934 
                 23.4 
                  407 
                 82.1 
                 1428 
                 2.3 
                 44 
               
               
                 L7 
                 0 
                  8800 
                 44 
                 3872 
                 54.0 
                 2091 
                 28.4 
                 1100 
                 77.1 
                 2985 
                 1.9 
                 40 
               
               
                 L8 
                 0 
                 13900 
                 42 
                 5838 
                 56.9 
                 3322 
                 19.3 
                 1127 
                 77.3 
                 4513 
                 2.95 
                 46 
               
               
                 L9 
                 0 
                 11900 
                 35 
                 4165 
                 61.3 
                 2553 
                 15.3 
                  637 
                 85.1 
                 3544 
                 4.01 
                 41 
               
               
                 L10 
                 0 
                 18500 
                 — 
                 — 
                 61.6 
                 — 
                 23.5 
                 — 
                 89.1 
                 — 
                 2.62 
                 — 
               
               
                 L11 
                 0 
                 13200 
                 — 
                 — 
                 42.2 
                 — 
                 10.2 
                 — 
                 69.3 
                 — 
                 4.14 
                 — 
               
               
                 L12 
                 0 
                  5100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 52.9 
                 — 
                 22.7 
                 — 
                 71.6 
                 — 
                 2.33 
                 42 
               
               
                 L13 
                 0 
                  8700 
                 54 
                 4698 
                 57.6 
                 2706 
                 12.7 
                  597 
                 79.8 
                 3749 
                 4.54 
                 53 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The effect of CSA + 2-CDA on T cells and CD4, CD8 T cell subsets 
               
               
                 GROUP 1: 2.5 mg/kg/day CSA + 0.1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Days 
                 Total W.B 
                 % 
                 # lymph 
                 % 
                 # CD4 
                 % 
                 # CD8 
                 % T 
                 # T 
                   
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 Post-Tx 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 lymph 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD8 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 cells 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4/CD8 
                 % HCT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 F1* 
                 14 
                 7350 
                 65 
                 4777 
                 56.5 
                 2698 
                 34.4 
                 1643 
                 81.2 
                 3877 
                 1.64 
                 — 
               
               
                 F2 
                 14 
                 6700 
                 60 
                 4020 
                 55.6 
                 2235 
                 32.6 
                 1310 
                 77.6 
                 3119 
                 1.71 
                 — 
               
               
                 F3 
                 14 
                 11000  
                 42 
                 4620 
                 49.0 
                 2264 
                 36.7 
                 1695 
                 72.3 
                 3340 
                 1.33 
                 — 
               
               
                 F4 
                 14 
                 10000  
                 40 
                 4000 
                 48.6 
                 1944 
                 39.0 
                 1501 
                 68.5 
                 2700 
                 1.24 
                 — 
               
               
                 F5 
                 14 
                 5350 
                 62 
                 3317 
                 50.3 
                 1668 
                 37.9 
                 1257 
                 70.5 
                 2339 
                 1.33 
                 — 
               
               
                 F1REJ 
                 22 
                 9550 
                 36 
                 3582 
                 55.7 
                 1995 
                 29.8 
                 1067 
                 83.3 
                 2984 
                 1.87 
                 38 
               
               
                 F2REJ 
                 28 
                 9900 
                 46 
                 4554 
                 64.4 
                 2932 
                 22.6 
                 1029 
                 89.9 
                 4094 
                 2.8 
                 43 
               
               
                 F2 
                 90 
                 7100 
                 42 
                 2982 
                 42.8 
                 1276 
                 23.7 
                  707 
                 73.2 
                 2183 
                 1.8 
                 43 
               
               
                 F3 
                 90 
                 5800 
                 50 
                 2900 
                 43.6 
                 1264 
                 24.5 
                  710 
                 69.0 
                 2001 
                 1.78 
                 43 
               
               
                 F4 
                 90 
                 8600 
                 32 
                 2752 
                 42.3 
                 1164 
                 25.5 
                  702 
                 66.7 
                 1836 
                 1.66 
                 45 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The effect of CSA + 2-CDA on T cells and CD4, CD8 T cell subsets 
               
               
                 GROUP 2: 5 mg/kg/day CSA + 0.1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Days 
                 Total W.B 
                 % 
                 # lymph 
                 % 
                 # CD4 
                 # 
                 % CD8 
                 % T 
                 # T 
                   
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 Post-Tx 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 lymph 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD8 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 cells 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4/CD8 
                 % HCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F6+ 
                 14 
                 12500 
                 50 
                 6250 
                 32.2 
                 2012 
                 20.7 
                 1293 
                 58.1 
                 3631 
                 1.55 
                 40 
               
               
                 F9+ 
                 14 
                 13000 
                 37 
                 4810 
                 44.9 
                 2159 
                 24.6 
                 1183 
                 68.6 
                 3299 
                 1.82 
                 34 
               
               
                 F10+ 
                 14 
                 11100 
                 41 
                 4551 
                 39.4 
                 1793 
                 22.5 
                 1123 
                 59.0 
                 2685 
                 1.75 
                 35 
               
               
                 F11+ 
                 14 
                 11800 
                 35 
                 4130 
                 32.7 
                 1350 
                 25.1 
                 1036 
                 60.3 
                 2490 
                 1.3  
                 41 
               
               
                 F12+ 
                 14 
                  9200 
                 33 
                 3036 
                 39.5 
                 1199 
                 18.9 
                  574 
                 73.1 
                 2189 
                 2.09 
                 39 
               
               
                 F13 
                 14 
                 10300 
                 35 
                 3605 
                 44.2 
                 1593 
                 27.3 
                  984 
                 73.1 
                 2635 
                 1.62 
                 37 
               
               
                 *F6 
                 90 
                 15400 
                 35 
                 5390 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 — 
               
               
                 *F10 
                 90 
                 11400 
                 45 
                 5130 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 — 
               
               
                 F11 
                 90 
                  6300 
                 49 
                 3087 
                 41.8 
                 1290 
                  8.9 
                  275 
                 72.6 
                 2242 
                 4.69 
                 — 
               
               
                 F12 
                 90 
                  7700 
                 45 
                 3465 
                 38.2 
                 1324 
                 11.2 
                  388 
                 72.2 
                 2502 
                 3.41 
                 — 
               
               
                 F13 
                 90 
                  5000 
                 50 
                 2500 
                 45.6 
                 1140 
                 13.1 
                  328 
                 76.9 
                 1923 
                 3.48 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NA = Not Available 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The effect of CSA + 2-CDA on T cells and CD4, CD8 T cell subsets 
               
               
                 GROUP 3: 5 mg/kg/day CSA + 1 mg/kg/day 2-CDA 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Days 
                 Total W.B 
                 % 
                 # lymph 
                 % 
                 # CD4 
                 % 
                 # CD8 
                 % T 
                 # T 
                   
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 Post-Tx 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 lymph 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD8 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 cells 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD4/CD8 
                 % HCT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 F18 
                 14 
                 5300 
                 26 
                 1378 
                 54 
                 744 
                 28.9 
                 398 
                 66.2 
                  912 
                 1.87 
                 43 
               
               
                 F19 
                 14 
                 6500 
                 36 
                 2340 
                 53.1 
                 1243  
                 28 
                 655 
                 64.2 
                 1502 
                 1.89 
                 43 
               
               
                 F20+ 
                 14 
                 6700 
                 27 
                 1809 
                 47.2 
                 854 
                 23.4 
                 423 
                 58.2 
                 1053 
                 2.02 
                 43 
               
               
                 F21+ 
                 14 
                 6000 
                 22 
                 1320 
                 54.5 
                 719 
                 29.6 
                 391 
                 61.3 
                  809 
                 1.84 
                 40 
               
               
                 F19 
                 90 
                 8700 
                 56 
                 2296 
                 35.2 
                 808 
                 16.6 
                 381 
                 54.1 
                 1242 
                 2.12 
                 45 
               
               
                 F20 
                 90 
                 4100 
                 49 
                 1470 
                 34.6 
                 509 
                 15.6 
                 229 
                 48.3 
                  710 
                 2.21 
                 43 
               
               
                 *F21 
                 90 
                 2500 
                 57 
                 1425 
                 34.8 
                 496 
                 17 
                 242 
                 50.8 
                  724 
                 2.05 
                 25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Blood clotted 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The effect of CSA + 2-CDA on T cells and CD4, CD8 T cell subsets 
               
               
                 Summary [Mean ± S.E.M. (N)] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Total W.B 
                 % 
                 # Lymph 
                   
                 # CD4 
                   
                 # CD8 
                   
                 # T 
                 CD4/ 
               
               
                 Key 
                   
                 cells/mm 3   
                 Lymph 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 % CD4 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 % CD8 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 # T cells 
                 cells/mm 3   
                 CD8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Naive 
                 10,677 ± 
                 48 ± 
                 4969 ± 
                 58 ± 
                 3000 ± 
                 20.7 ± 
                 1079.2 ± 
                 80.1 ± 
                 4045.6 ± 
                 3.0 ± 
               
               
                   
                 Lewis 
                 4,218 
                 11 
                 2234 
                 6.5 
                 1447 
                 5.6 
                 637.4 
                 5.7 
                 1878.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (13) 
                 (10) 
                 (10) 
                 (13) 
                 (10) 
                 (13) 
                 (10) 
                 (13) 
                 (10) 
                 (10) 
               
               
                 2 
                 Group #1 
                 8,080 ± 
                 53.8 ± 
                 4146.8 ± 
                 52 ± 
                 2162 ± 
                 36.1 ± 
                 1481 ± 
                 74.0 ± 
                 3075 ± 
                 1.45 ± 
               
               
                   
                 14 da 
                 2,351 
                 11.8 
                 580.4 
                 3.8 
                 386 
                 2.6 
                 195 
                 5.3 
                 591 
                 0.21 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
               
               
                 3 
                 Group #1 
                 7,167 ± 
                 41.3 ± 
                 2878 ± 
                 42.9 ± 
                 2135 ± 
                 24.6 ± 
                 706 ± 
                 69.6 ± 
                 2007 ± 
                 1.75 ± 
               
               
                   
                 90 da 
                 1,401 
                 9.0 
                 116.6 
                 0.7 
                 62 
                 0.9 
                 4 
                 3.3 
                 174 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
               
               
                 4 
                 Group #2 
                 11,3177 ± 
                 38.5 ± 
                 4397 ± 
                 38.8 ± 
                 1684 ± 
                 23.2 ± 
                 1032 ± 
                 65.2 ± 
                 2822 ± 
                 1.69 ± 
               
               
                   
                 14 da 
                 1,416 
                 6.3 
                 1112 
                 5.4 
                 374 
                 3.1 
                 250 
                 6.8 
                 538 
                 0.27 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
                 (6) 
               
               
                 5 
                 Group #2 
                 9160 ± 
                 44.8 ± 
                 3914 ± 
                 41.9 ± 
                 1251 ± 
                 11.1 ± 
                 330 ± 
                 73.9 ± 
                 2222 ± 
                 3.86 ± 
               
               
                   
                 90 da 
                 4230 
                 5.9 
                 1279 
                 3.7 
                 97.9 
                 2.1 
                 56.5 
                 2.6 
                 290 
                 0.72 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (5) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
               
               
                 6 
                 Group #3 
                 6125 ± 
                 27.8 ± 
                 1712 ± 
                 52.2 ± 
                 890 ± 
                 27.5 ± 
                 467 ± 
                 62.5 ± 
                 1069 ± 
                 1.91 ± 
               
               
                   
                 14 da 
                 624 
                 5.9 
                 472 
                 3.4 
                 243 
                 2.8 
                 126 
                 3.5 
                 306 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
                 (4) 
               
               
                 7 
                 Group #3 
                 5100 ± 
                 54 ± 
                 1730 ± 
                 34.9 ± 
                 604 ± 
                 16.4 ± 
                 284 ± 
                 51.1 ± 
                 892 ± 
                 2.1 ± 
               
               
                   
                 90 da 
                 3219 
                 4.4 
                 490 
                 0.3 
                 177 
                 0.7 
                 84 
                 2.9 
                 303 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
                 (3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of t-Test Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Control vs. 
                 Control vs. 
                 Control vs. 
                 Control vs. 
                 Control vs. 
                 Control vs. 
               
               
                 Group 1 14 day 
                 Group 1 90 day 
                 Group 2 14 day 
                 Group 2 90 day 
                 Group 3 14 day 
                 Group 3 90 day 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 WB Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T value 
                 1.286 
                 T value 
                 1.391 
                 T value 
                 −0.357 
                 T value 
                 0.683 
                 T value 
                 2.104 
                 T value 
                 2.129 
               
               
                 P value 
                 0.217 
                 P value 
                 0.186 
                 P value 
                 0.725 
                 P value 
                 0.504 
                 P value 
                 0.052 
                 P value 
                 0.051 
               
               
                 D.F. 
                 16 
                 D.F. 
                 14 
                 D.F. 
                 17 
                 D.F. 
                 16 
                 D.F. 
                 15 
                 D.F. 
                 14 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean Lymph No. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T value 
                 0.800 
                 T value 
                 1.580 
                 T value 
                 0.582 
                 T value 
                 0.972 
                 T value 
                 2.838 
                 T value 
                 2.433 
               
               
                 P value 
                 0.438 
                 P value 
                 0.143 
                 P value 
                 0.570 
                 P value 
                 0.349 
                 P value 
                 0.015 
                 P value 
                 0.033 
               
               
                 D.F. 
                 13 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
                 D.F. 
                 14 
                 D.F. 
                 13 
                 D.F. 
                 12 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean CD4 No. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T value 
                 1.251 
                 T value 
                 2.049 
                 T value 
                 2.156 
                 T value 
                 2.029 
                 T value 
                 2.833 
                 T value 
                 2.775 
               
               
                 P value 
                 0.238 
                 P value 
                 0.065 
                 P value 
                 0.049 
                 P value 
                 0.067 
                 P value 
                 0.015 
                 P value 
                 0.018 
               
               
                 D.F. 
                 13 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
                 D.F. 
                 14 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
                 D.F. 
                 12 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean CD8 No. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T value 
                 −1.356 
                 T value 
                 0.982 
                 T value 
                 0.171 
                 T value 
                 1.971 
                 T value 
                 1.863 
                 T value 
                 2.091 
               
               
                 P value 
                 0.198 
                 P value 
                 0.347 
                 P value 
                 0.867 
                 P value 
                 0.074 
                 P value 
                 0.087 
                 P value 
                 0.060 
               
               
                 D.F. 
                 13 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
                 D.F. 
                 14 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
                 D.F. 
                 12 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean T-cell No. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T value 
                 1.110 
                 T value 
                 1.821 
                 T value 
                 1.539 
                 T value 
                 1.626 
                 T value 
                 3.079 
                 T value 
                 2.811 
               
               
                 P value 
                 0.287 
                 P value 
                 0.095 
                 P value 
                 0.146 
                 P value 
                 0.132 
                 P value 
                 0.01 
                 P value 
                 0.016 
               
               
                 D.F. 
                 13 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
                 D.F. 
                 14 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
                 D.F. 
                 12 
                 D.F. 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D.F: Degrees of Freedom 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     An ACI-LEW rat cardiac transplant model was used to test the ability of 2-CDA to suppress allograft chronic rejection. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Group 
                 Treatment Regimen 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 A 
                 CSA dosage finding group 
               
               
                 B 
                 5/mg/kg/day CSA; 1-14 days, then 3 times per week for 90 days 
               
               
                 C 
                 1 mg/kg/week 2-CDA Di for 90 days plus 5/mg/kg/day CSA 
               
               
                 D 
                 1 mg/kg 2-CDA on days 3, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 43, 44, 45, 63, 64, 
               
               
                   
                 65, 83, 84 and 85 days post transplant, plus 5/mg/kg/day CSA 
               
               
                 E 
                 0.5 mg/kg 2-CDA on days 3, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 43, 44, 45, 63, 64, 
               
               
                   
                 65, 83, 84 and 85 days post transplant, plus 5/mg/kg/day CSA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Animals were sacrificed at 90 days post transplant. Heart grafts were subjected to evaluation which included the quantification of the extent to which the following pathologies typically associated with chronic allograft rejection were present in the allograft models: myocardial Infiltration (MI), myocardial fibrosis (MF), and intimal proliferation (IP). 
     Each of these pathologies is associated with the vascular disease of transplant arteriosclerosis. Tables 7 and 8, below, summarize the findings. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Histological Findings 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Histological Score* 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Group 
                 N 
                 MI 
                 MF 
                 IP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A 
                 4 
                 ++++ 
                 + 
                 +++ 
               
               
                 B 
                 4 
                 +++ 
                 + 
                 +++ 
               
               
                 C 
                 4 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 D 
                 4 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 +++ 
               
               
                 E 
                 4 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 +++ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Histological scores represent average grade scores within a group. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Results of Quantitative Analysis of Myocardial Inflammatory Infiltrates 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Infiltrates/mm 2   
                   
               
               
                 Group 
                 N 
                 Mean ± SD 
                 P Value* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B 
                 4 
                 4197.7; 3465.1; 3613.9; 3359.5 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (3595.4 ± 404.6) 
               
               
                 C 
                 4 
                 1291.0; 3069.12; 1132.89; 1545.0 
                 0.0077 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (1759.5 ± 889.5) 
               
               
                 D 
                 4 
                 2942.0; 3444.89; 2894.3; 2842.3 
                 0.0359 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (3030.9 ± 278.9) 
               
               
                 E 
                 4 
                 2978.1; 3207.9; 2345.2; 2796.1 
                 0.0195 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (2831.8 ± 365.6) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *T-test for independent samples. All the groups are compared with Control Group. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show photomicrographs of the myocardium of one of the animals in Group B showing that animals treated with CSA alone displayed a histological picture consistent with severe chronic rejection, including intensive mononuclear cell infiltration in the myocardium and prominent vascular lesions of transplant arteriosclerosis. 
     In comparison,  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7  and  8  show photomicrographs of the myocardium of three animals from group C that had been treated with 5 mg/kg/day CSA for two weeks and 5 mg/kg three times per week thereafter, and 1 mg/kg/wk 2-CDA, demonstrate only mild lymphocyte infiltration in the myocardium and very limited development of transplant arteriosclerosis. One animal in Group C showed moderate to severe chronic rejection in the heart graft. The condition of the grafted heart deteriorated at 60 days post transplant. 
     The results obtained in Groups D and E indicate that relative effectiveness of administration of 2-CDA by interval dosing schedules compared to a single weekly dose. 
     These studies provide evidence of efficacy the present invention for concomitant use of CSA based immunosuppression with chronic 2CDA administration to prevent chronic vascular rejection after vascularized organ transplantation. The test animals tolerated the therapy with no deaths or obvious complications. 
     These results show that an effective amount of CSA was about 5 mg per kilogram of allograft recipient body mass per day for two weeks and then about 5 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass three times per week thereafter. 
     In general, actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active compounds that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions, and mode of administration. The selected dosage level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity of the condition being treated, and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. In general, an initial starting point for comparable human dosage of CSA can be obtained from a 1994 survey of U.S. transplant centers: 9±3 mg/kg/day (mean ±S.D.) for renal transplant patients, 8±4 mg/kg/day for liver transplant patients and 7±3 mg/kg/day for heart transplant patients. Physicians Desk Reference, 52nd Edition, pp. 1882-1890, at 1887 (1998). Accordingly, for humans, a starting approximate CSA dosage range is about 1 mg to about 16 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass per day. On a weekly basis, the dosage is in the range of about 7 to about 112 mg/kg per week. If desired, the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration, e.g., two to four separate doses per day. 
     The present study found that the most effective dose of 2-CDA was 1 mg per kilogram of recipient body mass per week. Other effective doses included of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg at days 3-5, 23-25, 43-45, 63-65 and 83-85 post transplant (“PTX”). These doses are in the range of about 1.5-3 mg/kg of recipient body mass every three weeks, or about 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg/wk. Accordingly, it can be shown that effective dosages of CSA may range from about 2 to about 224 times the amount of 2-CDA. As noted above, one skilled in the art will be able to readily adjust the 2-CDA dosage in relation to a human patient&#39;s CSA dosage to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A human trial of the use of CSA in combination with 2-CDA in human kidney transplanted patients involves a randomized, prospective, non-blinded study of 150 patients. Over a two year period, 100 patients receive 2-CDA in combination with CSA while 50 patients receive other immunosuppression controls. 2-CDA is administered weekly at a dosage based upon clinical trials involving 2-CDA for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Dosage can be administered subcutaneously or orally. Concomitant immunosuppression with cyclosporin is administered. Control patients are placed on or maintained on cyclosporin and prednisone therapy at doses determined as optimal for each patient based upon known protocols. 
     Change in renal function is measured over two years including graft loss and endpoint. Serial serum creatine levels every 3 months and slope of creatine as mg/dl/month are measured. Serial 24 hour unine collections for creatine clearance and protein excretion are measured every six months. Initial and final biopsies are examined and graded by the Banff 1997 Pathology Scheme for interstitial fibrosis, arteriolar changes and glomerular sclerosis. Additional measurements include blood counts and T-cell profiles (CD4/CD8). 
     While the foregoing is intended to be illustrative of the present invention, the scope is defined by the appended claims. Numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.