Abstract:
The present invention uses a variable reference voltage to compensate for propagation delay in a tunable oscillator caused by delays in the electronic components. The reference voltage is decreased as the control current increases and is varied in frequency to match the phase of the oscillator.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to tunable oscillators and, more particularly, to the self-calibration of tunable oscillators to produce constant gain over a wide tuning range.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Many electrical and computer applications and components have critical timing requirements that compel generation of periodic clock waveforms that are precisely synchronized with a reference clock waveform. A phase-locked loop (“PLL”) is one type of circuit that is widely used to provide an output signal having a precisely controlled frequency that is synchronous with the frequency of a reference or input signal. Wireless communication devices, frequency synthesizers, multipliers and dividers, single and multiple clock generators, and clock recovery circuits are but a few examples of the manifold implementations of PLLs.  
         [0003]     Frequency synthesis is a particularly common technique used to generate a high frequency clock from a lower frequency reference clock. In microprocessors, for example, an on-chip PLL can multiply the frequency of a low frequency input (off-chip) clock, typically in the range of 1 to 4 MHz, to generate a high frequency output clock, typically in the range of 10 to over 200 MHz, that is precisely synchronized with the lower frequency external clock. Another common use of PLLs is recovery of digital data from serial data streams by locking a local clock signal onto the phase and frequency of the data transitions. The local clock signal is then used to clock a flip-flop or latch receiving input from the serial data stream.  
         [0004]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a typical PLL  10 . The PLL  10  comprises a phase/frequency detector  12 , a charge pump  14 , a loop filter  16 , a voltage-controlled oscillator (“VCO”)  18  and frequency divider  20 . The VCO can be a current-controlled oscillator (“CCO”) having input provided by a voltage-to-current converter as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. The PLL  10  receives a reference clock signal CLK REF  and generates an output clock signal CLK OUT  aligned to the reference clock signal in phase. The output clock frequency is typically an integer (N) multiple of the reference clock frequency; with the parameter N set by the frequency divider  20 . Hence, for each reference signal period, there are N output signal periods.  
         [0005]     The phase/frequency signal detector  12  receives on its input terminals two clock signals CLK REF  and CLK* OUT  (CLK OUT , with its frequency divided down by the frequency divider  20 ). In a conventional arrangement, detector  12  is a rising edge detector that compares the rising edges of the two clock signals. Based on this comparison, the detector  12  generates one of three states. If the phases of the two signals are aligned, the loop is “locked”. Neither the UP nor the DOWN signal is asserted and VCO  18  continues to oscillate at the same frequency. If CLK REF  leads CLK* OUT , than the VCO  18  is oscillating too slowly and the detector  12  outputs an UP signal proportional to the phase difference between CLK REF  and CLK* OUT . Conversely, if CLK REF  lags CLK* OUT , than the VCO  18  is oscillating too quickly and the detector  12  outputs a DOWN signal proportional to the phase difference between CLK REF  and CLK* OUT . The UP and DOWN signals typically take the form of pulses having a width or duration corresponding to the timing difference between the rising edges of the reference and output clock signals.  
         [0006]     The charge pump  14  generates a current I CP  that controls the oscillation frequency of the VCO  18 . I CP  is dependent on the signal output by the phase/frequency detector  12 . If the charge pump  14  receives an UP signal from detector  12 , indicating that CLK REF  leads CLK* OUT , I Cp  is increased. If the charge pump  14  receives a DOWN signal from the detector  12 , indicating that CLK REF  lags CLK* OUT , I CP  is decreased. If neither an UP nor a DOWN signal is received, indicating that the clock signals are aligned, the charge pump  14  does not adjust I CP .  
         [0007]     The loop filter  16  is positioned between the charge pump  14  and the VCO  18 . Application of the charge pump output current I CP  to the loop filter  16  develops a voltage V LF  across the filter  16 . V LF  is applied to the VCO  18  (or to a voltage-to-current converter which then supplies a current to a CCO) to control the frequency of the output clock signal. The filter  16  also removes out-of-band, interfering signals before application Of V LF  to the VCO  18 . A common configuration for a loop filter in a PLL is a simple single-pole, low-pass filter that can be realized with a single resistor and capacitor.  
         [0008]     The output clock signal is also looped back through (in some applications) the frequency divider  20 . The resultant CLK* OUT  is provided to the phase/frequency detector  12  to facilitate the phase-locked loop operation. The frequency divider  20  facilitates comparison of the generally higher frequency output clock signal with the lower frequency reference clock signal by dividing the frequency of CLK* OUT  by the multiplication factor N. The divider  20  may be implemented using trigger flip-flops, or through other methods familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the PLL  10  compares the reference clock phase to the output clock phase and eliminates any detected phase difference between the two by adjusting the frequency of the output clock.  
         [0009]     In the prior art there have been many different designs for tunable oscillators for use in such PLL circuits as well as other applications. It is often desirable for the tunable oscillator to have linear gain over a large frequency bandwidth extending to high frequencies, but prior-art designs have not been fully successful in this regard.  
         [0010]      FIG. 2  shows a prior-art relaxation type current-controlled oscillator (CCO)  201  with a single timing capacitor  203  suitable for use in tunable oscillator applications, for example in the VCO  18  of  FIG. 1 . The frequency of the CCO  201  is adjusted using the current control source IC  202 . A p-channel CMOS transistor  205  and an n-channel CMOS transistor  207  have their drains coupled to the capacitor  203 . These transistors  205 ,  207  serve as switches for allowing current to enter and leave the capacitor  203 . A p-channel CMOS transistor  206  has its source coupled to the drain of the transistor  205  and an n-channel CMOS transistor  208  has its source coupled to the drain of the transistor  207 . These transistors  206 ,  208  act as current sources for supplying current to and withdrawing current from the capacitor  203 . Control circuitry  209  is coupled to both the gates and drains of the transistors  205 ,  207  as well as to the capacitor  203 . The control circuitry  209  alternatively switches the transistors  205  and  207  on and off, allowing the transistors  206  and  208  to charge and discharge the capacitor  203 . The voltage on the capacitor  203  oscillates between an upper threshold voltage VTH  211  and a lower threshold voltage VTL  213  provided by the control circuitry  209 . If VTH  211  and VTL  213  are closer together then the frequency of the CCO  201  is higher and vice-versa.  
         [0011]      FIG. 3  shows a prior-art relaxation type CCO  300  with double timing capacitors  301  and  303 . The frequency of the CCO  300  is adjusted using the current control source IC  302 .  
         [0012]     A p-channel CMOS transistor  305  and an n-channel CMOS transistor  307  have their sources coupled to the capacitor  301 . These transistors  305 ,  307  serve as switches for allowing current to enter and leave the capacitor  301 . A p-channel CMOS transistor  309  has its source coupled to the drain of the transistor  305 . This transistor acts as a current source for supplying current to the capacitor  301 .  
         [0013]     A p-channel CMOS transistor  311  and an n-channel CMOS transistor  313  have their sources coupled to the capacitor  303 . These transistors  311 ,  313  serve as switches for allowing current to enter and leave the capacitor  303 . A p-channel CMOS transistor  315  has its source coupled to the drain of the transistor  311 . This transistor acts as a current source for supplying current to the capacitor  303 .  
         [0014]     Control circuitry  321  is implemented using two comparators  317  and a digital flip-flop  319 . The control circuitry  321  is coupled to both the gates and sources of the transistors  305 ,  307  as well as to the capacitor  301 . The control circuitry  321  alternatively switches the transistors  305 ,  307  on and off, allowing the transistor  309  to charge the capacitor  301  and allowing the capacitor  301  to discharge to ground.  
         [0015]     The control circuitry  321  is also coupled to the gates and sources of the transistors  311 ,  313  as well as to the capacitor  303 . The control circuitry  321  alternatively switches the transistors  311 ,  313  on and off, allowing the transistor  315  to charge the capacitor  303  and allowing the capacitor  303  to discharge to ground.  
         [0016]     The voltage of the capacitors  301 ,  303  reaches a level determined by a reference or threshold voltage Vref  323  input into the control circuitry  321 .  
         [0017]     To begin with, if the transistor  305  is on and the transistor  307  is off, then the capacitor  301  is charged by a current provided by the transistor  309 .  
         [0018]     Eventually the voltage on the capacitor  301  reaches the reference or threshold voltage Vref  323  causing the output of the comparator  317  to switch and causing the flip-flop  319  to switch the output to the gates. Thus, the transistor  305  is turned off and the transistor  307  is turned on: With the transistor  305  turned off, the transistor  309  no longer supplies current to the capacitor  301 . With the transistor  307  turned on, the capacitor  301  is discharged to ground through the transistor  307 . The capacitor  301  begins to recharge once the voltage on the other capacitor  303  reaches the reference or threshold voltage Vref  323 , causing the flip-flop to switch the on/off states of the transistors  305 ,  307 .  
         [0019]     As for the capacitor  303 , if the transistor  311  is on and the transistor  313  is off, then the capacitor  303  is charged by a current provided by the transistor  315 . Eventually the voltage on the capacitor  303  reaches the reference or threshold voltage Vref  323  causing the output of the comparator  317  to switch and causing the flip-flop  319  to switch the output to the gates. Thus, the transistor  311  is turned off and the transistor  313  is turned on. With the transistor  311  turned off, the transistor  315  no longer supplies current to the capacitor  303 . With the transistor  313  turned on, the capacitor  303  is discharged to ground through the transistor  313 . The capacitor  303  begins to recharge once the voltage on the other capacitor  301  reaches the reference voltage Vref  323 , causing the flip-flop to switch the on/off states of the transistors  311 ,  313 .  
         [0020]     Because the capacitor  301  is begins to charge again when the voltage on the capacitor  303  reaches the reference voltage Vref  323 , and the capacitor  303  begins to charge again when the voltage on the capacitor  301  reaches the reference voltage Vref  323 , the capacitors  301  and  303  charge and discharge 180 degrees out of phase with each other. The frequency of the CCO  300  is determined by the charging and discharging of the capacitors.  
         [0021]     Compared to the single-capacitor CCO  201  of  FIG. 2 , the double-capacitor CCO  300  has improved performance for use in applications such as in the tunable oscillator  18  of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0022]     1. The double-capacitor CCO  300  requires only one threshold voltage while the single-capacitor CCO  201  requires an upper and lower threshold voltage.  
         [0023]     2. The double-capacitor CCO  300  can provide a capacitor voltage having a greater amplitude than can the single-capacitor CCO  201  because the CCO  300  capacitor can have a voltage range from approximately 0V to the threshold voltage while the CCO  201  capacitor can only have a voltage range from the low threshold voltage to the high threshold voltage. The low threshold voltage has to be greater than zero in order for the circuit components to function, resulting in the smaller amplitude of the capacitor voltage.  
         [0024]     3. It is much easier to obtain a 50% duty cycle with the CCO  300  than with the CCO  201 .  
         [0025]     It can be seen from  FIG. 3  that there will be some delay T d  between the time the capacitor voltages reach the reference voltage Vref  323  and the time the transistors are switched between on and off. This delay T d , also called propagation delay, is caused by delays in the electronic components such as the time it takes for the comparators  317  to compare the input signals, the time for the flip-flop  319  to change states and the time it takes the transistors  305 ,  307 ,  311 ,  313  to switch between on and off.  
         [0026]     In the double-capacitor CCO  300 , if delay T d  caused by the comparators  317 , flip-flop  319  and transistors is ignored, the output frequency is directly proportional to the control current as:  
               f   ideal     =         I   C       2   ⁢     CV   ref         .             (   1   )             
 
 It can be seen that the frequency is linearly dependent on the control current as expected. Also, as the reference voltage decreases the frequency increases. This is because the capacitor performs a charging/discharging cycle more quickly if it is not charged to as high a voltage. Also, as the capacitance decreases the frequency increases. This is because a capacitor having lower capacitance also performs a charging/discharging cycle more quickly. 
 
         [0027]     Actually, the delay T d  caused by the comparators  317 , flip-flop  319  and transistors cannot be ignored, and this delay introduces nonlinearity into the control characteristic of the CCO  300 . The actual frequency can be related to the ideal frequency by:  
               f   actual     =         f   ideal       1   +       T   d     ⁢     f   ideal           .             (   2   )             
 
         [0028]     As shown in  FIG. 4 , while the oscillator gain characteristic  401  for the ideal case is linear, the oscillator gain characteristic  403  for the actual case is no longer linear and in fact falls off substantially at higher frequencies.  
         [0029]     The nonlinear gain characteristic is partly a result of the delay T d  causing a voltage overshoot of the capacitor voltage. This voltage overshoot is illustrated by  FIG. 5 , which is a graph  501  of capacitor voltage, for example the capacitor  301  , as a function of time. A voltage signal  503  can represent the rising and falling voltage on the capacitor  301 . In the ideal situation the voltage  503  increases to the reference or threshold voltage level  323  (illustrated as the voltage level  505 ). Upon reaching the voltage level  505 , the transistors  305 ,  307  receive voltages from the control circuitry  321  changing their state from on to off and off to on. In the ideal case this will cause the capacitor to discharge upon reaching the voltage level  505  and will result in the ideal CCO  300  oscillation frequency. However, due to the propagation delay, the voltage signal  503  continues to increase for a propagation delay time  509  and reaches a voltage level  507  greater than the voltage level  505  before the capacitor  301  discharges. The overshoot voltage  508  is the difference between the voltage levels  505  and  507 .  
         [0030]     The voltage-overshoot problem becomes more severe as the current from the current control source IC  302  increases, leading to the nonlinear oscillator gain characteristic  403  of  FIG. 4 . The voltage signal  511  represents the rising voltage on the capacitor for a higher current from the current control source IC  302 . The propagation delay time is the same as for the voltage signal  503 , but because of the greater current from the current control source IC  302 , the voltage rises all the way to a voltage level  513  during the propagation delay time. This results in an overshoot voltage  515  given by the difference between the voltage levels  513  and  505 . Thus, as the current from the current control source IC  302  increases, the oscillator gain decreases, approaching a limiting oscillation frequency.  
         [0031]     The same analysis holds true for the capacitor  303  and the transistors  311 ,  313 .  
         [0032]     This nonlinear characteristic makes it difficult to control the output frequency by varying l, and also makes it difficult to control the gain or sensitivity.  
         [0033]     In view of the above, there is a need for a tunable oscillator having an improved voltage-to-frequency characteristic and a more precisely controllable output frequency.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0034]     The present invention uses a variable reference voltage to compensate for propagation delay in a current controlled oscillator caused by delays in the electronic components. The result is an improved voltage-to-frequency characteristic (gain) over a broad range of control currents and output frequencies, and a more precisely controllable output frequency. The reference voltage is decreased as the control current increases and is varied in frequency to match the phase of the oscillator.  
         [0035]     In more general terms, the present invention comprises a tunable oscillator having linear gain over a broad frequency range. A control supply, for example a control current source, outputs a control output, for example a control current, for tuning the tunable oscillator. An oscillator circuit outputs a frequency which increases with increasing control output. A control circuit controls the frequency of the oscillator circuit in response to a comparison, using a comparator, for example, of an oscillator circuit signal with a reference signal. A propagation delay compensation circuit varies the amplitude of the reference signal at substantially the same frequency as the oscillator to compensate for propagation delay of signals from the control circuit to the oscillator circuit.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0036]     Further preferred features of the invention will now be described for the sake of example only with reference to the following figures, in which:  
         [0037]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating the architecture of a typical phase-locked loop.  
         [0038]      FIG. 2  is a diagram of a single-capacitor relaxation-type current-controlled oscillator (CCO) of the prior art.  
         [0039]      FIG. 3  is a diagram of a double capacitor relaxation-type CCO of the prior art.  
         [0040]      FIG. 4  is a graph showing the effects of propagation delay (e.g. caused by comparators and switches) on the oscillator gain characteristic.  
         [0041]      FIG. 5  is a graph of capacitor voltage as a function of time to illustrate the voltage overshoot caused by the propagation delay.  
         [0042]      FIG. 6  is a graph of capacitor voltage as a function of time for two different control current levels illustrating the variable threshold voltage for compensating the propagation delay.  
         [0043]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing the improved linearity of the oscillator gain characteristic resulting from the propagation delay compensation of the present invention compared to a graph showing the oscillator gain of the prior art.  
         [0044]      FIG. 8  includes two graphs illustrating the variable threshold voltage and the capacitor voltage for two different control current levels.  
         [0045]      FIG. 9  is a circuit diagram illustrating the placement of the propagation delay compensation circuit in a double capacitor relaxation-type CCO similar to the CCO of  FIG. 2 .  
         [0046]      FIG. 10  is a more detailed view of the propagation delay compensation circuit of  FIG. 9 .  
         [0047]      FIG. 11  is a more detailed view of the oscillator circuit of  FIG. 9 .  
         [0048]      FIG. 12  is a more detailed view of the comparator circuit of  FIG. 9 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0049]     The present invention solves the propagation delay time problem in tunable oscillators such as the relaxation type CCO  300  with double timing capacitors  301  and  303  of  FIG. 3  by providing a variable reference voltage to replace the constant reference or threshold voltage  505  of  FIG. 5  used in the circuit. The reference voltage is varied to decrease more for larger CCO control currents than for smaller CCO control currents.  FIG. 6  is a graph of capacitor voltage as a function of time for two different control current levels illustrating the present invention&#39;s variable threshold voltage for compensating the propagation delay. A capacitor voltage signal  601  produced by a lower level first control current is shown next to a more quickly rising capacitor voltage signal  603  produced by a higher level second control current. A reference voltage  607  is lowered relative to a reference voltage  605 . By using a lower reference voltage  607  with the larger control current, and a higher reference voltage  607  with the smaller control current, the capacitor voltage signals  601  and  603  are made to peak at the same level. Thus, the oscillation frequency produced by the higher current is raised. Additionally, the reference voltage values  605 ,  607  are made to vary in phase with the capacitor voltages  601 ,  603 , respectively.  
         [0050]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing the improved linearity of the oscillator gain characteristic resulting from the propagation delay compensation of the present invention compared to a graph of the prior-art gain. The oscillator gain characteristic  701  shows the nonlinear gain of a tunable oscillator without the variable reference voltage. The oscillator gain characteristic  703  shows the improved linear gain of a tunable oscillator using the variable reference voltage. As can be seen, the linear gain of the curve  703  extends into the higher frequency ranges.  
         [0051]      FIG. 8  includes two graphs illustrating the variable threshold voltage and the capacitor voltage for two different control current levels. The curve  803  shows the capacitor voltage for a relatively higher oscillator control current while the curve  807  shows the capacitor voltage for a relatively lower control current. The capacitor is charged more quickly in the case of the curve  803  than in the case of the curve  807 .  
         [0052]     The curve  801  shows the variable threshold voltage for the higher control current case while the curve  805  shows the variable threshold voltage for the lower control current case. The threshold voltages  801 ,  805  are shown as performing two oscillation cycles for each single oscillation cycle of the capacitor voltages  803 ,  807 . This is because for clarity the capacitor voltages are only shown for one of the capacitors. Actually there. is an additional oscillation peak belonging to the second capacitor, between each of the capacitor oscillation peaks. Thus there is a voltage threshold oscillation peak for each of the two capacitors oscillation peaks.  
         [0053]     As can be seen from the figure, the variable voltage thresholds make the capacitor voltages  803 ,  807  peak at the same voltage level even though the control currents are varied. Thus the method compensates for the propagation delay in the tunable oscillator to provide linear gain.  
         [0054]      FIG. 9  is a circuit diagram of a tunable oscillator  901  for implementing the variable voltage threshold propagation delay compensation of the present invention by placing a propagation delay compensation circuit  903  in a double capacitor relaxation-type CCO essentially the same as the CCO  300  of  FIG. 3 . For simplicity of illustration, the details of the propagation delay compensation circuit  903  are separately shown in  FIG. 10 , the details of the oscillator circuit  911  are separately shown in  FIG. 11  and the details of the comparators  925  are separately shown in  FIG. 12 . Although there are two comparators  925 , they are illustrated using the same reference numbers, rather than different reference numbers, since in most applications the same type of comparator will be used for both.  
         [0055]     The oscillator circuit  911  of  FIGS. 9 and 11  can be the same as that used in the prior art of  FIG. 3 . Control circuitry  905  (same as the control circuitry  321  in  FIG. 3 ) provides outputs through leads  1101 ,  1102  to the oscillator circuit  911 . A control current  913  is supplied to the oscillator circuit  911  for charging the capacitors  301  ,  303  of  FIG. 11  as in  FIG. 3 . The oscillator circuit  911  has leads  1103 ,  1104  for providing voltage signals to the leads  1202  of comparators  925  of the control circuitry  905 . The comparators  925  provide outputs to a flip-flop  929  through leads  1204 .  
         [0056]      FIG. 12  shows one of the comparators  925  in more detail. The comparator includes nine transistors. The current source  907  of  FIG. 9  supplies current to the comparators  925  through leads  1201 . The comparator  925  compares (1) the input to the lead  1202  from the oscillator circuit  911  with (2) a variable reference voltage input to the lead  1203  from a lead  923  of the propagation delay compensation circuit  903 . The output of the comparator  1204  is switched depending on the result of the comparison.  
         [0057]     The propagation delay compensation circuit  903  of  FIG. 10  serves to output a variable reference voltage through the lead  923  to control circuitry  905 . The circuit  903  includes capacitors  1003  and  1005  which alternately charge and discharge through resistors  1001  and  1007  in response to switches triggered by inputs  919 ,  921  to produce voltage reference signals  801 ,  805  such as in  FIG. 8 . Two capacitors are used so that the circuit can vary the reference voltage in phase with voltage levels on the double capacitors  301  ,  303  of the oscillator circuit  911 . The inputs  919 ,  921  are provided by the control circuit  905 . These inputs are the same signals that trigger the gates of the transistors  305 ,  307 ,  311 ,  313  of the oscillator circuit  911  of  FIG. 11  through the leads  1101 ,  1102  (same as the signals output by the flip-flop  319  of the control circuitry  321  of  FIG. 3 ). The circuit  903  receives as input a lower reference voltage from the voltage source  909  through the lead  915 . The circuit also receives as input an upper reference voltage through a lead  917  from the voltage source  910 .  
         [0058]     The control circuitry inputs  919  and  921  cause the propagation delay compensation circuit  903  to switch between the lower and upper reference voltage inputs  915 ,  917  in phase with the oscillations of the double capacitors  301  ,  303  of the oscillator circuit  911 . The circuit  903  thus provides a signal, such as the variable reference voltages  801 ,  805  of  FIG. 8 , from the output  923 .  
         [0059]     The values of the voltage sources  909 ,  910 , capacitors  1003 ,  1005  and resistors  1001 ,  1007  are chosen so that the amplitude and phase of the variable reference voltage output  923  will cause the voltage on the oscillator circuit  911  capacitors  301 ,  303  to peak at approximately the same value over a broad. range of input control currents  907  (or  302  in  FIG. 3 ). This results in a linear oscillator gain over a broad frequency range.  
         [0060]     In the illustrated embodiments, other combinations and modifications are possible. The invention is by no means limited to double-capacitor type tunable oscillators. For example, using a few modifications, the same invention can be applied to single-capacitor relaxation-type current-controlled oscillators (CCO). The present invention can be helpful for increasing the linearity of the gain when used with many different types of tunable oscillators having propagation delay problems. Also, different particular arrangements of the electronic components can be used while still producing a variable voltage reference for providing more linear oscillator gain. Thus, although the invention has been described above using particular embodiments, many variations are possible within the scope of the claims, as will be clear to a skilled reader.