Abstract:
The present invention belongs to the field of food spreads, more specifically it relates to an emulsified spread based on olive oil that is not subjected to hydrogenation or hydroxylation, as well as to a method for preparing it. Optionally, the olive oil of the composition can be partially or totally substituted with any other vegetable oil. The spread of the present invention does not require cold storage.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention belongs to the field of food spreads, more specifically it relates to an emulsified spread based on olive oil that is not subjected to hydrogenation or hydroxylation, as well as to a method for preparing it. Optionally, the olive oil of the composition can be partially or totally substituted with any other vegetable oil. The spread of the present invention does not require cold storage. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The consumption of olive oil involves an important source of monounsaturated fats. As a result, it can contribute to the prevention and treatment of the predominant risk factor of atherosclerosis as well as to the prevention of coronary heart disease and cancer. 
         [0003]    Therefore olive oil is appreciated not only for its gastronomic value, but also for its curative and nutritional properties, identified since ancient times and scientifically proven after a number of epidemiological, clinical and experimental research works. 
         [0004]    The balanced composition of olive oil, formed mainly by monounsaturated oleic acid, but with a suitable amount of essential polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids, and the presence of a large variety of antioxidants, justifies the preference of nutrition specialists for olive oil, also shared by gastronomists due to its peculiar organoleptic characteristics, which are pleasant to the taste. 
         [0005]    One of the main components that makes olive oil a product so beneficial for health is oleic acid, which is the main monounsaturated fatty acid of olive oil, as well as natural antioxidants. The substitution of saturated fatty acids, which increase bad cholesterol, with the monounsaturated fatty acids of olive oil allows reducing the total cholesterol and LDL (bad cholesterol) concentrations without reducing HDL (good cholesterol) levels. 
         [0006]    Therefore it is desirable to promote and favor the consumption of olive oil to the detriment of other animal fats. A possible strategy for favoring the consumption of olive oil is to present it in a different format, in the form of a spread. Olive oil can thus be presented as an alternative to other fats but without trying to change consumption habits, but rather adapting the presentation form so that it can be consumed as a real alternative to other less healthy fats. 
         [0007]    Manufacturing a spread with vegetable oils has, however, an important drawback, and it is that all vegetable oils are liquid at room temperature, including olive oil, and as of today there is not a natural source which offers vegetable fat with the consistency and plasticity suitable for being converted into a margarine spread. 
         [0008]    Different alternatives for producing spreads from vegetable oils have been described up until now. 
         [0009]    Patent ES 2087074 describes a spread based on soybean oil subjected to refining to obtain a very specific fatty acid composition. For the thickness of the composition, a cooling which causes phase inversion is carried out. 
         [0010]    Patent ES 21128057 describes a spread based on vegetable oils subjected to hydrogenation and it presents a very specific fatty acid composition. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,113,971 describes a method for preparing a butter based on olive oil comprising chemically transforming the olive oil by means of hydrogenation, a process by means of which part of the unsaturated fatty acids are converted in saturated fatty acids, thus achieving the plasticity sought. The product obtained by means of this method has the drawback that it does not preserve the same amount of monounsaturated fatty acids as natural olive oil does, therefore losing part of its healthy properties. 
         [0012]    Application ES 2168997 describes a method for obtaining an olive oil paste from stearin which is the solid fraction of olive oil. It is mixed with emulsifying agents and after a heat treatment and stirring it is left to cool to obtain a solid homogeneous paste. 
         [0013]    Application ES 2162601 relates to the use of olive oil for the elaboration of margarines, butters, wheys, emulsions, creams, chocolates and the like. It specifically proposes substituting part of the vegetable oils typical of these products with olive oil. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The authors of the present invention have developed an alternative spread with a high proportion of olive oil preserving all the beneficial characteristics thereof. The product of the present invention has consistency and plasticity characteristics at room temperature that make it suitable as a spread for food use as a substitute for butters or margarines. 
         [0015]    The versatility of the elaboration process allows partially or totally substituting the olive oil used in the elaboration of the spread with other vegetable oils. As is known, edible vegetable oils have a vital function in our organism and form one of the most important energy sources, which is essential for maintaining the balance of lipids, cholesterol and lipoproteins circulating in the blood; they provide vitamins A, D, E and K and essential oils that our organism is not capable of producing; and furthermore, they have the capacity of enhancing many of the sensory characteristics of foods, such as the taste, aroma and texture. Therefore it can also be of interest for the consumer to find spreads containing other vegetable fats such as sunflower, soybean, corn, rapeseed or canola, safflower, peanut, avocado or cottonseed fats. All these oils also have a lipid profile with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 6 series) and antioxidant substances such as tocopherols. The use of these oils in the elaboration of spreads broadens the color and taste range for this type of product. 
         [0016]    The invention provides an olive oil spread characterized in that it comprises between 70-85% olive oil, between 1-6% emulsifiers, between 0-2% thickeners and between 12.5-29% water, and wherein the oil has not been subjected to any hydrogenation or hydroxylation treatment. 
         [0017]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention the spread comprises between 75-80% olive oil, 2-5% emulsifiers, 0.2-1% thickeners and between 15-20% water. 
         [0018]    The main element of the emulsion is the olive oil, which furthermore acts as the dispersed phase of the emulsion. The olive oil used can be selected from virgin olive oil, extra virgin olive oil, refined olive oil, olive oil, olive-pomace oil or mixtures thereof. 
         [0019]    In a particular embodiment of the invention, the spread is elaborated by substituting part of the olive oil with a vegetable oil. The substitution can be partial or total. This means that from the total oil content of the spread of the invention, the percentage of vegetable oils can vary between 0-100% with respect to the percentage of olive oil. In the context of the present invention, the vegetable oils that can be included in the elaboration of the olive oil spread are selected from sunflower, soybean, corn, rapeseed or canola, safflower, peanut, avocado or cottonseed oils. 
         [0020]    The emulsifiers or emulsifying agents have the function of favoring and facilitating the emulsion between the water (continuous phase) and the oil (dispersed phase) due to the fact that they have a hydrophilic end and another hydrophobic end. In the present invention, the emulsifiers are selected from mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, esters of the mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, sucrose esters, sucroglycerides, polyglyceride esters of fatty acids or mixtures thereof. The preferred embodiment of the invention contemplates the use of sucrose esters. 
         [0021]    The thickeners present in the product of the invention have the purpose of providing the desired texture and consistency. The percentage of thickeners according to the invention provides rheological characteristics to the product that make it suitable for its use as a margarine spread. The thickeners suitable for preparing the spread of the present invention are selected from locust bean gum, guar gum, tara gum, agar-agar, carrageenans, alginates, xanthan, gellan, high methoxyl (HM) pectins, low methoxyl (LM) pectins, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), MCC-Na, methylcellulose, modified starches or mixtures thereof. 
         [0022]    As an optional element, the spread of the invention can contain a preservative or antioxidant to prevent the oxidation and rancidity thereof. Both hydrophilic antioxidants, such as citric acid, potassium sorbate or ascorbic acid, and hydrophobic antioxidants, such as tocopherols, are contemplated among the preferred preservative and antioxidant components. When seed oils are used, the tocopherols contained therein will act as antioxidants in the product. 
         [0023]    The present invention also contemplates the option of adding spices or other food ingredients, such as for example, garlic, onion, rosemary, etc. 
         [0024]    The invention relates to the method for preparing the emulsified spread comprising:
       a. Dissolving the emulsifiers and thickeners in water by means of stirring to form the continuous phase of the emulsion   b. Incorporating the olive oil (dispersed phase) on the continuous phase at a speed between 1500 to 6000 rpm in an emulsifier apparatus.       
 
         [0027]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the emulsifiers and thickeners are dissolved in water at a temperature between 30 and 60° C. 
         [0028]    The speed of the emulsifier apparatus is an important factor in obtaining a correct emulsion. Obtaining an emulsified product with the characteristics suitable for its use as a spread according to the present invention can be done within a range of 1500 to 6000 rpm, although it is preferred to use a rate of 5000 to 5700 rpm and more preferably a rate around 5400 rpm. 
         [0029]    In those embodiments in which a vegetable oil other than olive oil is included, the oil can be incorporated in the emulsifier apparatus at the same time or can be previously premixed such that the mixture of the oils is incorporated on the continuous phase. 
         [0030]    Another aspect of the invention relates to the application of the spread. A preferred use of the spread of the invention is in food as a substituent of butters and margarines. These are less healthy fat sources, therefore the main use of the product of the invention is for spreading on pan, cookies, cakes and any type of food commonly used for spreading butters and margarines. In addition to this application as a spread, the spread of the invention can be used to cook and generally as a gastronomic element. When subjected to a heat source, the spread of the invention melts and acquires a liquid texture which makes it suitable for several culinary applications. 
         [0031]    Another remarkable application of the product of the invention is the cosmetic use thereof. The spread of the invention can be used as an ingredient in the elaboration of creams, unguents, lotions, gels, shampoos and other products of the cosmetic industry. 
     
    
     EXAMPLES 
       [0032]    The following examples serve to illustrate the invention. 
       Example 1 
     Preparation of the Formulation F1, F2 and F3 
       [0033]    Two formulations were prepared according to the invention with the following percentages of each element:
       F1   80% extra virgin olive oil   16.4% water   3% sucrose ester   0.4% xanthan gum   0.2% guar gum   F2:   75% extra virgin olive oil   22.3% water   2.5% sucrose ester   0.2% xanthan gum   F3:     85 % extra virgin olive oil   12.5% water   2.5% sucrose ester       
 
         [0049]    In the elaboration of spreads F1, F2 and F3 first a mix was made with all the powder components. 
         [0050]    In the case of F1, sucrose ester, xanthan gum and guar gum were mixed; for F2, sucrose ester and xanthan gum were mixed; and for F3, only sucrose ester was used. 
         [0051]    Then each of the “mixes” was dissolved in distilled water at 50° C. with stirring. A paste making up the continuous phase of the future emulsion was thus formed. 
         [0052]    Finally, Blanqueta extra virgin olive oil (dispersed phase) was incorporated in the emulsifier apparatus at a controlled rate and at a stirring rate of 5400 rpm. In any of these formulations the olive oil can be partially or totally substituted with other vegetable oils such as the aforementioned ones. 
         [0053]    In formulations F1, F2 and F3 the olive oil can be substituted with sunflower oil, the product obtained has a whiter color than when using olive oil. 
         [0054]    The obtained emulsions F1, F2 and F3 were subjected to a series of tests to determine their rheological characteristics. 
       Example 2 
     Rheological Characterization 
       [0055]    The flow curves at 30° C. were obtained for the rheological characterization. The developed formulations had a pseudoplastic behavior. The curves were adjusted to the Ostwald-de Waele model, the following values of n (flow index) and K (consistency index) being obtained: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Flow curves 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (0-100 s −1  in 300 s) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sample 
                   
                 n 
                 K (Pa · s n ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 F1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Minimum 
                 0.16 
                 62.9 
               
               
                   
                 Guar 30° C. 
                 Maximum 
                 0.21 
                 76.8 
               
             
          
           
               
                 F2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulat. 
                 Minimum 
                 0.2748 
                 22.014 
               
               
                   
                 75% oil 
                 Maximum 
                 0.2221 
                 27.782 
               
               
                   
                 30° C. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 F3 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulat. 
                 Minimum 
                 0.3189 
                 20.128 
               
               
                   
                 85% oil 
                 Maximum 
                 0.3191 
                 22.112 
               
               
                   
                 30° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    The obtained values correspond to a product of consistency and plasticity suitable for its use as food spread. Furthermore, the product remains stable at room temperature, i.e., it does not need refrigeration.