Abstract:
A price to advertise in an e-book is calculated for a product placement. The price is based on a frequency of a word forming part of the content of the e-book. The word is associated with the product placement in the context of the e-book. Payment and a destination network address are received from a purchaser. The payment is calculated based on the price and representative of consideration for purchase of the word in the e-book. The destination network address is accessible to the plurality of mobile electronic devices via a computer network. Links are provided within the content of the e-book in association with the word, the links configured to direct a mobile electronic device of the plurality of mobile electronic devices to the destination network address. The e-book, including the word and the associated links, is transmitted to the plurality of mobile electronic devices via the computer network.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/860,912 filed on Aug. 22, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/036,234 filed on Feb. 23, 2008. Both of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to publishing literature, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for publishing literature on a computer network. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In the world of literature, the publishing industry is driven by what the market is willing to pay to read. Publishers receive manuscripts from authors or agents and do their best to determine what will sell. What publishers believe will sell is published; what won&#39;t is rejected. 
         [0004]    As anyone who has submitted a manuscript to a publisher knows, determining what will sell is largely subjective. In many cases, an editor familiar with the market reads a synopsis or skims part of the manuscript, and then makes the decision. Despite the editor&#39;s experience, this kind of subjectivity can lead to errors. Hemingway is famous for rejections, and the editors who rejected him must have been pretty embarrassed after he became successful. The Hemingway circumstance teaches us that the so-called slush pile (publishing jargon for the literal pile of unsolicited manuscripts to be reviewed) contains many manuscripts that the public wants to read but will never see the light of day. Why? Because editors are human and therefore imperfect. 
         [0005]    Publishers sometimes miss gems, but they make up for this with their remarkable ability to market books, even ones that should have never crawled off the slush pile in the first place. Publishers know how to get books reviewed and arrange book signings and author appearances. Drumming up publicity for a book launch has become the publisher&#39;s forte, perhaps at the cost of objectively assessing the strengths and weaknesses of manuscripts. 
         [0006]    Self-publishing is an alternative to the traditional publishers described above. When the author and publisher are one and the same, acceptance of a manuscript is virtually guaranteed. However the major problem here is that self-publishers do not, as a rule, do a good job of marketing. Their motto: if I write it, they will buy. The sad truth is you can count the number of successful self-published books on your fingers. 
         [0007]    The electronic book (e-book), often found for sale via a Web site on the Internet, is another form of self-publishing. Being virtual, e-books do not incur production costs and require little if any initial investment; however, it is exactly these advantages that cause readers to doubt the quality of e-books. Since anybody can create an e-book, readers will not normally be willing to risk purchasing an e-book unless they are already familiar with the author. Additionally, e-books that are readable only after purchase tend to be shared illegally online between users without payment to the author. In a further blow to e-books, allowing users to read for free and asking for payment only if the user is satisfied with the quality has typically failed to produce significant revenue—even for otherwise highly successful authors. For example, Stephen King attempted to bypass his publisher and sell the serial novel “The Plant” directly to readers on his Web site. He promised to keep writing chapters until the story finished as long as readers kept paying for it. However, a mere 46% of the people who downloaded the novel paid for it, and King has since abandoned the novel after only the sixth chapter due to lack of sufficient payment from readers. 
         [0008]    The gap between traditional publishing and self-publishing needs to be filled by a new type of publishing that minimizes the disadvantages of both while amplifying their advantages. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The inventors of the present invention have conceived and reduced to practice a novel method and apparatus for publishing a work of literature on the Internet, as defined by the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a sample main screen generated by the display module of  FIG. 1  and showing a first chapter of a work of literature being a fictional novel according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a list of keywords available for purchase in the novel of  FIG. 2  being ordered alphabetically. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  shows examples of the appearances of the keyword “accident” in the novel of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  illustrates a form for making a purchase request of a keyword in the novel of  FIG. 2  by a purchaser. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is a confirmation of the purchase request of  FIG. 5  and shows instructions for how to make payment after receiving the purchase request. 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  is a request word page displayed when trying to purchase a word in the novel of  FIG. 2  that has already been reserved by someone else. 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  illustrates administrator approval of an order of the keyword “above” from the novel of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  is a state diagram of orders resulting due to purchase requests of keywords in the novel of  FIG. 2 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    Before getting into the details, we&#39;d just like to outline the basic gist of the invention. In our invention, when a work of literature is published on the World Wide Web (WWW), the work is available to read for free from other computers and each word of the work becomes available for purchase. When a word is bought, the work is updated to add an indication that the word has been purchased such as a hyperlink to the purchaser&#39;s Web site and/or mouse-over-text on the word, for example. Purchasers include people with Web sites they want to promote, other advertisers of all forms, or just people with statements to make. The fact that the market determines the profit of the work is one way the invention improves the whole publishing process. The more popular a work becomes, the more advertisers will want to purchase words, and therefore, the more money the work will earn. Good works are rewarded, bad ones are not. The market directly rewards authors. 
         [0020]    In this disclosure, a work of literature is defined as any work of fiction or non-fiction, such as a novel, a short story, a poem, a biography, a memoir, a travel book, a how-to book, a self-help book, or a piece of corporate literature, for example. Many of these different forms of literature have been published online for years. Of particular interest to the invention are the fiction forms, as these are less widely published online and much more prone to subjective opinion. For example, non-fiction hot-to books have coarse degrees of usefulness, such as useful, moderately useful, worth a skim, virtually useless, and waste of trees. Fiction, on the other hand, is useful in the way that art is useful. The works of Tom Clancy may be considered trash by person A, while he may be seen as quite sophisticated to person B. Person A may prefer fiction of a more artistic bent, such as lesser known authors that explore the depths of human suffering, write in quirky dialects, or invent religions (e.g., the late Kurt Vonnegut). In short, literature more susceptible to subjective opinion is better suited for publication via this invention. That&#39;s not to say that a boring list of functional instructions cannot be published using this invention. Not at all. The point is that the inventors anticipate that fiction and creative non-fiction will earn more money because these forms are generally more interesting to read and less commonly used as a medium for advertising. 
         [0021]    When we talk about a “work” in this disclosure, we mean a work of fiction or non-fiction made up of words. The work can be either complete or incomplete. This disclosure is an example of a work, as is claim  1 . A work can be published in installments, such as a series of chapters. It can also be published all at once. The work can be a new work published for the first time, or something that has been published before. 
         [0022]    The words of the work make up what we call keywords. They can do this individually, such that each word is a keyword; or as phrases, such that a combination of words makes up a keyword. A mix of these approaches is also acceptable. Every word in the work or every combination of words in the work can be treated as a keyword, though some words may be omitted if desired. Keywords can also be defined a number of adjacent words in the work, or of adjacent words having or not having particular punctuation between them. For example, keywords could be defined as words having hyphens between them, or not having periods between them. The more keywords the better, since, as in retail, the more products you have on the shelf, the more you can sell. In one embodiment, the keywords of the work are all unique and therefore different from each other. In this way, there may be many occurrences or appearances of a particular keyword in the work. For example, the word “marketing” could be a single keyword that appears seven times in the work. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  shows an overall schematic of an embodiment of the invention. 
         [0024]    A first computer  10  is connected to a bunch of second computers  12  via the Internet  14  or other computer network. 
         [0025]    The first computer  10 , which may be called a server, includes a literature module  16 , a display module  18 , a purchase module  20 , and an update module  22 . The modules  16 - 22  are all interconnected, with the arrowheads illustrated indicating the general flow of information but without restricting information backflow in any way. The modules  16 - 22  can be defined in other ways and can be combined or further segregated. We chose to organize them as the way we did to make this disclosure easy to understand. As one can imagine, computer programmers have at their disposal a myriad of ways of modularizing their code. Additionally, the modules  16 - 22  could be implemented in hardware and integrated onto a circuit board or chip of the computer  10 . 
         [0026]    The literature module  16  stores a work of literature  24 . The work is made of a plurality of keywords, with purchased keywords having an indication that they have been purchased such as hyperlinks being associated with them. This can be achieved by a hypertext markup language (html) document. The entire literature module  16  may be an html document or group of html documents. An html document of the literature module may be a static file, meaning that it is not generated by a script (such as a PHP or Perl script) each time it&#39;s viewed. Static html files tend to have the suffix .htm or .html, whereas dynamic ones need something like .php or what have you. If a static file is used, it certainly can be generated by a script, just not each time it&#39;s viewed. That would be a dynamic file. 
         [0027]    The display module  18  is configured to arrange the work of literature  24  for display via the Internet  14 . This can be a script that accesses the literature module  16  and makes the work  24  presentable. The result is a Web page that looks nice and maybe has a navigation bar and all that along with a nice-looking version of the work or portion of the work. Let&#39;s assume the literature module  24  is a series of static html files, one for each chapter of a novel in progress. The display module  18  accesses one of the chapter files and shows that as part of a Web page, among run-of-the-mill stuff like a navigation bar and links to other pages or chapters. The display module  18  itself can be an html document. However, it&#39;s more likely that the display module  18  will have a script that builds a nice Web page from basic elements, one of such being the work  24 . In this case, the script can act to include (in a programming sense, via an include or require expression) an html document of the literature module  16  in a generated html display document  28  that someone sitting at a second computer  12  can read with a Web browser  26 . 
         [0028]    The purchase module  20  is configured to receive a purchase request for a keyword via the Internet  14 . The purchase request may be from someone viewing the work on one of the second computers  12 . Like the other modules, the purchase module  20  can have an html document. Such an html document can list keywords available for purchase. Another html document can have a form for receiving the purchase request. The purchase request form can demand entry of a name, e-mail address, universal resource location (URL) for the hyperlink on the keyword, mouse-over-text to appear on the keyword, etc. Another thing the purchase module  20  can be configured to do is to calculate a price of a keyword. The price can be calculated in all kinds of ways. One good way is based on a keyword&#39;s frequency in the work. For example, the total price of a particular keyword could be equal to the price per occurrence multiplied by the number of appearances of the keyword in the work. Another way is by the keyword&#39;s frequency on the Internet, as determined by, say, the quantity of search engine results. For example, a particular keyword that returns 1,000,000 hits on Google™ could be double the price of another keyword that only returns 500,000 hits on Google. In this way, the price of a keyword is effectively based on the number of times each keyword appears on the Internet. The keywords can also be bundled together for sale. All appearances of a keyword can be a package deal. Similar keywords (e.g., car, automobile, SUV, and Land Rover™) can be bundled, too. Whether to and how to bundle keywords is as much a marketing decision as a technical one. 
         [0029]    The update module  22  is configured to update the work of literature  24 . There are two kinds of updates, and both of them can be done with the update module  22 . The first kind of update is adding the indication that a keyword has been purchased. For example, adding a hyperlink to a purchased keyword. In this case, the update module executes a script that associates a hyperlink with a purchased keyword. This can be realized by the script referencing a database table storing the work  24 , adding the hyperlink to that table (or a related table), and generating a static file containing the new hyperlink as well as hyperlinks for previously sold words. If keywords are being sold in bundles, the script can associate a hyperlink with all appearances of the same keyword, for example. 
         [0030]    The first kind of update occurs when a work is published in installments. In this case, when a new installment is published, it must be updated to contain hyperlinks on all the keywords previously sold. 
         [0031]    The update module  22  can further be configured to receive an administrator&#39;s payment verification input before or after the work of literature is updated. The payment verification indicates that the keyword has been paid for. 
         [0032]    A database can be provided as part of one or more of the modules  16 - 22 . The database can include a table that stores keywords and further stores non-keyword elements including punctuation and spaces. Such a table can look like this: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 before punctuation 
                 keyword 
                 after punctuation 
                 purchaser ID 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 NULL 
                 In 
                 [space] 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 NULL 
                 the 
                 [space] 
                 0 
               
               
                 3 
                 NULL 
                 beginning 
                 ,[space] 
                 123 
               
               
                 4 
                 NULL 
                 God 
                 [space] 
                 0 
               
               
                 5 
                 NULL 
                 said 
                 ,[space] 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 “ 
                 Let 
                 [space] 
                 0 
               
               
                 7 
                 NULL 
                 there 
                 [space] 
                 0 
               
               
                 8 
                 NULL 
                 be 
                 [space] 
                 0 
               
               
                 9 
                 NULL 
                 light 
                 !” 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0033]    When this table is used by the update module  22  to generate work of literature  24 , the update module  22  strings together the before punctuation, the keyword, and the after punctuation going through the rows in order of ID. What gets generated would look like this: 
         [0034]    In the beginning, God said, “Let there be light!” 
         [0035]    However, we&#39;ve neglected to mention that the word “beginning” has been purchased by customer number  123 . Therefore, the update module should reference another table to obtain the link and other data associated with the purchased keyword. Such table can look like this: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 purchaser 
                   
                   
                 mouse- 
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 name 
                 hyperlink 
                 over text 
                 image 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 123 
                 John 
                 http://www.example.com 
                 Visit my 
                 NULL 
               
               
                   
                 Doe 
                   
                 site, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 please 
               
               
                 645 
                 Moses 
                 http://www.example2.com 
                 My name 
                 moses.jpg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 really is 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Moses 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    Thus, when the work of literature  24  is generated, the update module  22  inserts hyperlinks, mouse-over text, and/or images on purchase keywords. In this example, what gets generated looks like this: 
         [0037]    In the beginning, God said, “Let there be light!” 
         [0038]    The word beginning is a hyperlink to the Web site www.example.com. When you move your mouse over the word beginning, the text “Visit my site, please” appears. Had an image been provided and had such functionality been desired, the mouse-over function could cause the image to appear. Another way to show images is to show those images somewhere else on the screen, such as in the margin, independently of mouse over. 
         [0039]    To illustrate the flexibility of the modules  16 - 22 , consider a single Web page having a 2000-word short story and a form to request purchase of a word in the story. Whether static or dynamic and whether generated by a script or not, this single Web page is in fact the literature module, the display module, the purchase module, and the update module all rolled into one. Or take another example of a huge Web site composed of thousands of statically and dynamically generated Web pages, some generated by scripts and others coded by hand. Such a site may host hundreds of works by various authors. Each of the modules may comprise various script files and data files. Some files may contain parts of different modules. Some modules may overlap and share procedures. As you can see, when we talk about modules we&#39;re talking about functions that can be implemented in various ways. Once one understands the functions, nailing down a specific implementation is pretty easy and largely a matter of programming style. 
         [0040]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , an example of the invention in action will now be described. 
         [0041]    First, a display request is received at the first computer  10  from a second computer  12  via the Internet  14 . This can happen by a user sitting at the second computer  12  typing in the URL of a Web page stored on the first computer  10 . Or maybe the user at the second computer  12  clicked a link on another Web page that took him to the Web page stored on the first computer  10 . The display request itself is well known. 
         [0042]    Then, in response to the display request, the first computer  10  transmits the work  24  from to the second computer  12  for display on the second computer  12 . That is, the Web page containing the work loads on the second computer  12  user&#39;s screen. Now the user can browse the Web page and read some or all of the work of literature  24 . 
         [0043]    Let&#39;s say that the user likes the work  24  and thinks that other people will like the work as well. He now wants to buy a keyword that is generally associated with his own Web site. The user navigates to a page that lists the price of the keyword. In this embodiment, the purchase module  20  calculates the price of “shoes” based on its frequency in the work. Such calculation can be real-time or can reference a list of pre-calculated prices stored in a database table or file. Let&#39;s say that “shoes” appears five times in the work and costs $10 per appearance. Thus, the user would have to agree to a price of $50 for the word “shoes”. The user then fills a form and requests the word “shoes” with the aid of the purchase module  20 . The form allows for entry of the user&#39;s desired hyperlink, mouse-over text, and image. The purchase request is received and stored by the first computer  10 . 
         [0044]    Then, once an administrator receives verification of payment for the keyword “shoes”, the work  24  is updated by the update module  22  on the first computer  12  to contain hyperlinks on the word “shoes” to the user&#39;s Web site and to associate mouse-over text and/or image with the keyword. Updating the work  24  can include generating a static file (e.g., html file) containing the work, and thus can be executed at a convenient time (e.g., 3:00 AM site maintenance). This can be done automatically upon execution of an administration process by the administrator after receiving verification of payment for the keyword. 
         [0045]    In another embodiment, updating can be done without any administrator input at all. If payments do not need to be verified by a human administrator, the entire updating process can be fully automated. However, an administrator would then likely want to do a follow-up verification at least for the suitability of hyperlinks to ensure that they do not lead to malicious Web sites or Web sites with illegal material. Keywords can be queued for approval by the administrator. Purchased keywords could either be approved by the administrator after the purchase is confirmed and the work of literature  24  has been updated or before the work of literature  24  is updated. 
         [0046]    In another embodiment, the price of the word “shoes” can be determined by its frequency on the Internet. This can be achieved by the purchase module  20  referencing a search engine, such as Google, to obtain a quantity of results (e.g., when Google tells you how many pages are returned for a search). 
         [0047]    If, in the above example, the work  24  is a serial novel published in installments, then when the first computer  12  receives a new installment, the update module  22  can update the new installment to contain hyperlinks/mouse-over-text/images on keywords previously sold. That is, if the purchase of “shoes” entitled the user to all future appearances of “shoes” in latter installment of the novel, then the update module  12  would automatically put the user&#39;s hyperlink on all appearances of the word “shoes” in the new installment. 
       Another Example 
       [0048]      FIG. 2  illustrates a sample main screen generated by the display module  18  showing a first chapter of a work of literature, being a novel length story according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the keywords “chapter” and “chain” have been purchased and therefore have hyperlinks associated with all occurrences of these words in the story. If a reader of the story clicks either of these words, their browser will be directed to the URL provided by the purchaser of the keyword as specified in the purchase request for that keyword. Additionally, if the mouse pointer is hovered over one of the purchased keywords, for example, hovered over the word “chain” as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the mouse-over-text supplied by the purchaser in the purchase request is displayed to the reader. 
         [0049]    At this point, it&#39;s worth noting that in  FIGS. 2-8  the operating system and Web browser illustrated are Ubuntu Linux™ and Firefox™, respectively. This is exemplary only. Naturally, the invention can be used in conjunction with any operating system and Web browser able to display and allow interaction with Web sites. Internet Explorer™ run under Windows™ is another, equal example. Many mobile devices are also capable of displaying and interacting with Web sites. 
         [0050]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , a new chapter of the work of literature is added every Wednesday in this exemplary embodiment. Any keywords that have been purchased prior to adding the new chapter will automatically include their respective hyperlink and mouse-over-text on all occurrences of that keyword in the new chapters. 
         [0051]      FIG. 3  illustrates the list of keywords available for purchase in the novel ordered alphabetically. In this example, the keywords available for purchase are the unique words of the story that have not been purchased already. The price of each keyword is determined according to how many times the word appears in the story at the time of purchase. Each occurrence of the word costs $100 in this example. As shown in  FIG. 3 , a user is able to see the price of an available keyword by hovering their mouse pointer over the keyword. Note that the price only includes the words in chapters that have been published at the time of purchase. If a purchased keyword is used in a later chapter of the novel, the hyperlink and mouse-over-text will be added at no additional cost. In this way, there is an incentive for advertisers and other buyers of keywords to purchase words as soon as possible because, as additional chapters of the novel are added, the prices of words that are used in the additional chapters will increase. Keywords that have already been sold are shown in red and clicking them will redirect to the more information about who purchased that keyword including the URL and mouse-over-text for the purchased keyword. 
         [0052]    In an another embodiment, the list of keywords available for purchase could be ordered either ascending or descending according to the price of the keyword. In still another embodiment, the font size (or some other visual cue) is varied based on the price, frequency, or some other attribute of the word. For example, cheaper words could be shown larger or in a bright, attention grabbing color. Or, common (and arguably uninteresting) words (e.g., a, the, it) could be made faint and small. 
         [0053]      FIG. 4  illustrates examples of the appearances of a particular keyword “accident” in the work of literature. In this example, the word “accident” appears 3 times in the story and the specific locations and some surrounding text is shown to the prospective purchaser to help with the purchasing decision. For example, in one embodiment, the purchaser will be an advertiser of a website and will want to purchase words in the work of literature that are related to the product sold on the Web site of the purchaser. Perhaps “accident” would be purchased by a law firm specializing in accident claims. Sometimes words can have different meanings based on context and therefore it is useful to show the purchaser examples of where in the story each occurrence of their chosen keyword appears. Showing contextual occurrences to potential purchasers also assures them that the calculation of the number of occurrences of the word is correct. 
         [0054]      FIG. 5  illustrates a form for making a purchase request by the purchaser. In this example, the purchaser is making a reservation on the keyword “above”. The word “above” appears one time in the novel so far and therefore costs $100 in this example. Note that the price could be different in other embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the following information is required for the purchase request: name, e-mail address, confirmation of e-mail address to avoid typos, web site address URL for hyperlinks, and mouse-over-text. In other embodiments, different information could be requested in the purchase request for such as allowing the user to upload or attach an image for display on the purchased keyword. 
         [0055]      FIG. 6  illustrates the confirmation of the purchase request and instructions for how to make payment after receiving the purchase request. For example, after clicking the “reserve above” button in  FIG. 5 , the user will have secured a reservation on the word “above” and will be given 12 hours to make payment for the word “above” in this example. If they do not make payment within 12 hours, their reservation will expire and other users will be able to make a reservation on this word. Note that the reservation expiry time period can be other durations in other embodiments. 
         [0056]      FIG. 7  illustrates a request word page that is generated when someone tries to purchase a word that has already been reserved. In this case, the user is not able to make a reservation but can instead request the word and wait in a queue to see if the word becomes available again due to a lack of payment. A user who wishes to be put on a waiting list for a word that is already reserved can enter the same information that is required in the purchase request form of  FIG. 5 . If payment is not received during the 12 hours (in this example), the request of the word will be converted to a reservation and an e-mail with payment instructions will be sent to the user. 
         [0057]      FIG. 8  illustrates administrator approval of an order of the keyword “above”. In this example, the administrator can see the state of the order in addition to all the information entered by the purchaser in the purchase request. Reasons that the administrator may want to approve an order include ensuring that the mouse-over-text does not contain inappropriate material and ensuring that the URL points to a valid website that would be acceptable to readers of the work of literature. In an another embodiment, the administrator may wish to ensure that the mouse-over-text and the URL relate in some way to the keyword. The administrator approval of the purchase request can occur anytime during the process including before and after payment is received. In one embodiment, all new keyword purchase requests can be queued for approval by an administrator. In another embodiment, administrator approval is bypassed, and if desired, manually performed after the purchased word is linked. 
         [0058]      FIG. 9  illustrates a state diagram  800  for orders that result due to purchase requests of keywords in the work of literature. Note that not all states are required and other additional states can be included. As shown in  FIG. 9 , the following states are included in this embodiment: 
         [0059]    State  801 : Pending—This state is the starting state for an order of a keyword that has already been reserved. For example, if the user filled out the request form shown in  FIG. 7 , their order would be assigned the state of pending. Pending orders have not been approved by the administrator and are pending because somebody else has already reserved the requested word so the administrator is waiting for payment from that somebody else before dealing with this word again. 
         [0060]    State  802 : Blocked—This state is for an order of a word that was requested by a user after being reserved by someone else, and then the payment was received by the other user. In this case, the order becomes blocked because the word has already been sold. An e-mail to the user to choose a new word can be sent upon entering this state. 
         [0061]    State  804 : Rejected—This state is for an order of a word that has been rejected by the administrator for some reason, including: bad links, incomplete information, garbage input by robots, inappropriate mouse-over-text or URL links, or other reasons. An e-mail can be sent to the user to make a new order or fix the problem. 
         [0062]    State  805 : Reserved—This state is the starting state for an order of a word that is awaiting payment. For example, if the user filled out the reservation request form shown in  FIG. 5 , their order would be assigned the state of reserved. In one embodiment, the purchasers will be given a predetermined time limit to complete the payment process—for example 12 hours. 
         [0063]    State  806 : Expired—This state is for an order that was reserved but did not receive payment before the reservation time limit elapsed. Therefore, the order was expired at the end of the reservation period and an optional e-mail can be sent to the user to tell them that the order was expired and they should make a new one. 
         [0064]    State  808 : Purchased—This state is for orders that have received payment and the keyword is now purchased. This user now has their hyperlink, mouse-over-text, and/or image associated with each occurrence of the purchased word in the work of literature. 
         [0065]    Note that other embodiments of the present invention also include different indications that a particular keyword has been purchased in the work of literature. These indications can be utilized individually or together, and include but are not limited to: font face, font size, font color, subscripts, superscripts, footnotes, margin notes, sounds, video, animations, or other graphical or text based icons or images. In one embodiment, the indication that a particular keyword has been purchased appears on each occurrence of the keyword in the work of literature. In another embodiment, the indication that a particular keyword has been purchased only appears on the first occurrence of the keyword in the work of literature, or only on the first occurrence of the keyword on a particular page of the work of literature. 
         [0066]    Additionally, there is no reason that the present invention be limited to a single work of literature. The inventors anticipate that a single computer could be located on a network hosting a plurality of different works of literature, each work allowing keywords within the work to be sold in exchange for an indication that the keyword has been sold such as a hyperlink or mouse-over-text as specified by a purchaser. In this situation, the keywords of the different works will be independent, and works that are popular will have a continuous stream of readers and advertisers will benefit greatly from advertising within these popular works of literature. 
         [0067]    It should also be mentioned that in the above description, once sold, a keyword is forever sold and unavailable to other purchasers. However, this may not be ideal in all cases. For example, a keyword may have been sold a long time ago and therefore be hyperlinked to a Web site that no longer exists. To solve this problem, in another embodiment, keywords in the work of literature can be made purchasable for a predetermined period of time, for a predetermined number of clicks, or for a predetermined number of impressions. Once the predetermined limit has been reached, the keyword then becomes available for purchase again. Alternatively, an automated or manual process can be periodically performed to check for the validity of the hyperlinks (for example). If a hyperlink is found to be invalid, for example due to linking to a non-existent website or missing page, the respective keyword in the work of literature can be made available for purchase again. 
         [0068]    According to the present invention, works of literature can be published online taking advantage of the low costs of transmission of data across computer networks while still generating profits for their authors. Readers can freely read the work of literature, and there will therefore be no reason to pirate the work of literature by end users. Additionally, the more readers, the more incentive for advertisers to purchase words or word phrases utilized within the work of literature for advertising purposes. By updating the work of literature to include an indication that a particular word has been purchased, such as a hyperlink or mouse-over-text on a purchased keyword, advertisers will receive product placement within the work of literature. Because of the wide variety of words and phrases in a typical work of literature, there will be plenty of opportunity for advertisers to purchase keywords that are related in context to their product(s). Readers will also be curious to see who purchased words in the work of literature, which further benefits the advertisers.