Abstract:
An automated technique for the design of microwave and similar circuits using a knowledge based computer system containing a library of fixed-topology circuits and an associated store of knowledge concerning the performance and limitations of these circuits over a variety of operating conditions. The method of the invention permits a relatively unskilled user to specify a circuit by performance parameters only, and to obtain as an end product a coded output that will drive a conventional mask fabrication system used to produce the circuit. Important features of the invention include its use of a unified data structure in which both physical and electrical characteristics of every circuit element are stored together in the rationally consistent manner to facilitate circuit layout, and its use of a circuit compaction procedure that makes use of the unified data structure and minimizes the circuit area without adversely affecting electrical circuit performance.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to automated monolithic circuit design techniques and, more particularly, to the design of microwave or similar circuits in which physical dimensions and circuit topology have a significant effect on the electrical characteristics and performance parameters of the circuits. 
     For some types of circuitry, such as relatively low-frequency digital circuitry, the physical topology of a circuit has little, if any, effect on circuit performance and characteristics. At higher frequencies, and especially in microwave circuits, the shape of circuit components, such as transmission lines, and their proximity to each other have a very significant effect on performance. Parasitic impedances between adjacent components, radiation losses from sharply curved transmission lines, and unexpected effects of scaling components in size, all contribute to the difficulty of microwave circuit design. 
     The process of designing low-frequency digital circuit design has been automated to some degree for a number of years. There, the circuit layout problem is generally a matter of fitting a desired set of circuit components into as small an area as possible and arranging that interconnecting conductive traces are laid out in a manner that minimizes the lengths of the conductive paths. There is usually little concern about conductor spacing, except that there is usually a minimum spacing geometry dictated by the resolution limits of the fabrication process employed. Another aspect of low-frequency design is that a skilled designer can typically predict circuit performance with considerable accuracy from a knowledge of the circuit layout. 
     By way of contrast, the performance of monolithic microwave circuitry is much more difficult to predict from the circuit layout. Currently, the design of even a simple microwave monolithic circuit requires repeated iterations by an expert circuit designer. Even with the availability of computer software to aid the designer in some areas, the process still depends heavily on the expert designer&#39;s ability to make appropriate iterative changes in the design, to translate the output from one design aid program for input to another, and to perform other manual steps in reaching an optimum design, frequently on an intuitive basis. 
     Typically, the first step in the circuit design process is synthesis, to determine the initial topology and element values of matching components that will be used to perform a desired circuit function. Circuit synthesis computer programs are commercially available, to synthesize various microwave circuits, such as filters and amplifiers. The next step is optimization, in which the values provided in the initial synthesis process are optimized for better performance. Computer programs are also available to perform circuit optimization for various microwave circuits. The final step before fabrication is layout of the circuit. This step relies heavily on the expert designer to come up with a circuit topology that conforms with the synthesized and optimized circuitry, but does not contribute adversely to circuit performance. Multiple iterations of the layout step are almost always required and, although computer simulations of performance are helpful, the final design may not be achieved without several iterations of fabrication and testing of the resulting circuitry. A particularly important aspect of the layout step is circuit compaction. As in all monolithic circuit design, an important goal is to minimize the overall circuit area. In low-frequency design, compaction of the circuit into as small an area as possible is a tedious but relatively simple problem. In microwave circuit design, the problem is far from trivial. For example, a transmission line in a microwave circuit must be of a specified length. The space occupied by the transmission line can be reduced by introducing multiple bends into the line, but this results in at least two related difficulties: radiative losses from bends that are too sharp, and interference, physically or electrically, betweem adjacent components. 
     Because of the complexity and repetitive nature of the microwave circuit design task, even simple circuits may take a highly skilled designer weeks to complete. Therefore, it will be appreciated that there is a need for an alternative approach that minimizes the involvement of expert designers, and produces completed circuit designs efficiently and rapidly. The present invention satisfies this need. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention resides in an automated method for designing microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuitry and the like. Available design tools are automatically integrated and coordinated to achieve a design goal, which is specified solely in terms of performance requirements. 
     Briefly, and in general terms, the invention comprises the steps of partitioning the circuit into target microcell modules, searching a library of microcell circuit designs for an exact match for each target microcell, and then for each microcell for which no exact match is found in the library, searching a sub-library of universal structured integrated circuit microcells, each of which has a fixed topology and an associated store of knowledge based data concerning the circuit&#39;s range of operation and limitations. Upon finding an appropriate match in the sub-library, the method includes the steps of synthesizing the target microcell using knowledge based data associated with the matching universal structured integrated circuit microcell, optimizing the target microcell, producing a layout of the target microcell, compacting the target microcell to as small an area as possible without adversely affecting the electrical characteristics of the microcell, simulating the target microcell to determine the effect of parasitic impedances, based on the knowledge based data associated with the universal structured integrated circuit microcell, and finally generating a coded output data stream in a suitable format to drive a conventional mask pattern generation machine. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the invention, data items relating to the various primitive circuit elements, circuit microcells and circuit macrocells are stored in a unified data structure or format. In particular, the data structure defines each circuit element, at any level of complexity, in terms of both its electrical and its physical characteristics. In terms of a novel method, this aspect of the invention includes the steps of partitioning a circuit into macrocells, partitioning the macrocells into microcells, partitioning the microcells into smaller microcells and primitive circuit elements, and storing for each macrocell, microcell and primitive circuit element, data in a unified format defining electrical characteristics and interconnections, and physical characteristics and locations of the circuit modules, to form a complete hierarchical definition of the entire circuit. By use of this unified data structure, circuit layout is greatly facilitated because the electrical and physical characteristics are stored together in the unified structure. 
     Another important aspect of the invention is that a designed circuit may be automatically compacted to occupy as small an area as possible without adversely affecting the electrical characteristics of the circuit. The compaction method in general comprises the steps of considering each transmission line in turn, initially setting a count of U-shaped bends in the transmission line to one, determining whether the line as bent in accordance with the count still has sufficient length to meet its electrical requirements, and whether the line as bent will produce undesirable coupling between lines, and, depending on the results of the determining step, increasing the number of bends in the transmission line and repeating the determining step until such time as the determining step indicates that further compaction of the line is not possible. The final steps after determining that further compaction is not possible are checking boundary conditions to ensure that the transmission line as bent is not unduly interfering with adjacent components, and then terminating the compaction process. 
     Additional steps in the compaction process, performed initially, are checking the aspect ratio, of length to width, of the transmission line, and if the aspect ratio is below a preselected threshold value, terminating the compaction process. 
     More specifically, the determining step includes calculating the minimum line length with the current number of bends, using a predetermined bend radius, comparing the calculated minimum length with the electrically required line length, and comparing the distance between bends of the line and the distances between the line and other components, with predetermined minimum clearances to avoid undesirable coupling. 
     It will be appreciated from the foregoing that the present invention represents a significant advance in the field of design and fabrication of integrated circuits for operation at high frequencies, such as microwave circuits and millimeter-wave circuits. In particular, the invention provides a novel automated approach to the design of such circuits, using a knowledge based system to design circuits quickly based on user-supplied specifications. Other important aspects of the invention are its use of a unified data structure containing both the electrical and the physical characteristics of circuit elements in a single structure, to facilitate layout and other operations of the system, and its use of a circuit compaction technique to reduce the area occupied by the circuit without detracting from its electrical performance. Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram showing the design approach of the invention; 
     FIGS. 2.1-2.4 are schematic diagrams showing four examples of low-noise microwave amplifier topologies, referred to as MUSIC members; 
     FIGS. 3.1-3.16 are schematic diagrams of simple microwave network microcells and primitive circuit elements used in forming microcell circuits in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart showing the steps followed in designing a circuit microcell in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a simplified plan view of a three-stage amplifier after compaction in accordance with the invention; and 
     FIG. 6 is a simplified flowchart showing the steps followed in performing circuit compaction in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     As shown in the drawings for purposes of illustration, the present invention is concerned with an automated system for designing integrated circuitry that operates at very high frequencies, such as microwave frequencies. The principal difficulty in designing microwave integrated circuitry is that the electrical characteristics of a microwave circuit are closely related to its physical characteristics. For example, if a microwave transmission line is made curved instead of straight, to fit into a desired area, the electrical characteristics of the line may be affected by factors including the radius of curvature and the proximity of the line to other components. The design of microwave circuitry has, prior to this invention, evolved into an iterative and intuitive process requiring many days or weeks of effort by highly skilled personnel to complete even relatively simple designs. 
     In accordance with an important aspect of the invention, the process of designing a microwave or similar integrated circuit is automatically controlled by computer software such that only the performance characteristics of a desired circuit need be specified by a design engineer. Available computer-based design tools are utilized, and are integrated into a complete design system. 
     Definitions 
     As in many computer-based technologies, acronyms have been developed to describe in shorthand form various components and features. Many of these are used throughout the specification, for brevity of description. 
     &#34;MIMIC&#34; means MIcrowave Monolithic Integrated Circuit. 
     &#34;MUSIC&#34; means Microwave Universal Structured Integrated Circuit. 
     &#34;CAD&#34; means Computer Aided Design. 
     &#34;MMW&#34; means MilliMeter Wave. 
     A &#34;MUSIC member&#34; is a circuit with a fixed topology, of which the range and limitation of operation have been extensively studied and programmed by an expert designer for future use. 
     &#34;MUSIC methodology&#34; is the process by which MIMIC designs are reduced to a finite number of manageable topologies (MUSIC members) and then to computer software form, which can be utilized by designers to facilitate the generation of MIMIC circuits to meet complex requirements. 
     &#34;Macrocell,&#34;&#34;microcell&#34; and &#34;primitive&#34; are terms used to define circuit modules in a hierarchical structure. Primitives are circuit elements that make up microcells and macrocells. They include resistors, capacitors, inductors and transistors. Microcells are interconnected sets of primitives designed to perform specific functions. They include amplifiers, mixers, switches, and so forth. The term macrocell generally refers to an entire circuit or a chip-level architecture, containing multiple microcells and primitives. The number of hierarchical levels of cell structure will depend on the nature and complexity of the circuitry. 
     &#34;Data structure&#34; is a term referring to the structure of a hierarchical database in which both the physical and electrical characteristics of primitives, microcells, macrocells and music members are stored. 
     Overview of Design Approach 
     FIG. 1 shows in simplified diagrammatic form how the design approach of the invention provides a user three integrated approaches to designing a circuit macrocell. The ultimate goal of each approach is to produce a coded tape, as indicated at reference numeral 10, which may be used to generate fabrication masks in a commercially available integrated circuit fabrication system. 
     The system of the invention as presently developed automates circuit design at the microcell level, as this term is defined in the foregoing section. Once multiple microcells have been designed, it is a relatively straightforward procedure to combine them into a single macrocell in one integrated circuit. In fact the techniques set forth in this specification for microcell design are equally applicable to macrocell design. 
     The first and simplest approach is for the user to search, at a workstation (not shown), through a library of standard macrocells for one matching the user&#39;s requirements exactly, as indicated generally in block 12. If a match is found, the user can proceed with steps of layout simulation and layout optimization for each microcell of the structure, as indicated in block 14, prior to tape generation (block 10). The user can utilize an available program to partition the desired macrocell into microcells, for which library searches can be made to locate a match between the user&#39;s needs and items in the library of proven microcells. 
     If an individual microcell cannot be matched in the cell library, the user then follows the MUSIC design approach, indicated by blocks 16, 18 and 20. In the step described generally as MUSIC design (block 16), the system searches for a MUSIC member that meets the designer&#39;s needs. This is a fixed-topology circuit cell for which the performance and limitations have been extensively studied by an expert designer. The music member is, in effect, a design template that completely defines the topology and interconnections of elements making up the member, but for which physical and electrical parameters are to be defined as the process proceeds. 
     The next step, also contained in block 16, is that of circuit synthesis. This automatically selects initial values for the circuit parameters of the MUSIC member, based on performance characteristics supplied by the user, and an optimization program is used to further refine these parameters. Next, in block 18, a layout is generated for the optimized circuit. Using the fixed topology of the MUSIC member microcell, and fixed layout rules, a symbolic representation of the layout is generated, and then the layout is compacted by reducing the areas occupied by transmission lines within the microcircuit, while maintaining the electrical characteristics of the microcell. 
     In block 20, the system performs a simulation of the resulting microcell, using fixed values of parasitic impedances. Although it is not apparent from FIG. 1, the MUSIC design approach is an iterative one at several levels. Some of the steps, such as optimization and compaction, are internally iterative and may need multiple passes for completion. Also the overall system is iterative in the sense that multiple passes may be made until design and cost goals are satisfactorily met. 
     In the final step of tape generation (10), the symbolic representation of the layout is translated into an actual layout by driving a commercial layout editor program. Layout algorithms used in this step utilize tables of design rules that are specific to the ultimate manufacturing process to be used. At this final stage, the layout may be edited and modified by the user by adding standard test structures and any required logos or markings. 
     The third alternative approach to circuit design shown in FIG. is custom design, which need only be used if the proposed design has a microcell that cannot be found in the sub-library of MUSIC members. The custom design feature, indicated in block 22, allows the user to design a microcell using cost, yield and performance data provided by the system. Then a MIMIC compiler 24 performs component synthesis for the microcell. The layout and simulation steps 14 are the same as for a standard cell. 
     Music Topology Examples 
     In an initial implementation of the invention, for the design of microwave integrated circuits, a total of twenty-five MUSIC members were stored in a cell library. These included nineteen amplifiers, three mixers, one switch, one phase shifter and one variable attenuator. Current studies indicate that all microwave circuits can be implemented with a total of fifty-four MUSIC topologies, and that twenty-six of these can take care of about eighty percent of all microwave applications. 
     FIGS. 2.1-2.4 are examples of MUSIC member topologies. All are low-noise amplifiers, and the FIG. 2.4 topology is for a three-stage amplifier. Each of the blocks in these figures identifies a lower-level circuit network by mnemonic or abbreviation. These mnemonics are defined in FIGS. 3.1-3.16, and are listed below for convenience: 
     
         ______________________________________FIG. 3.1 Network (series) impedance                        SIMPFIG. 3.2 Shunt impedance     SHIMPFIG. 3.3 Right-ell           RTLFIG. 3.4 Left-ell            LTLFIG. 3.5 Tee network         TFIG. 3.6 Pi network          PIFIG. 3.7 Ladder network (left)                        LADLFIG. 3.8 Ladder network (right)                        LADRFIG. 3.9 Bridged tee network BRTFIG. 3.10    Bridged Pi network  BRPIFIG. 3.11    Twin tee network    TWTFIG. 3.12    Lattice network     LATFIG. 3.13    Transmission linesFIG. 3.13    (i) Transmission line                        TLFIG. 3.13    (ii) Short circuited line                        TLFIG. 3.13    (iii) Open circuited line                        TLOCFIG. 3.14    Field-effect transistor                        FETFIG. 3.14    (i) FET, grounded source                        FET/SFIG. 3.14    (ii) FET, grounded gate                        FET/GFIG. 3.15    DiodeFIG. 3.15    (i) Series diode    SDFIG. 3.15    (ii) Shunt diode    SHDFIG. 3.16    Dual-gate FET       DGFETFIG. 3.16    (i) DGFET, grounded source                        DGFET/S______________________________________ 
    
     It will be noted that, for example, each stage of the three-stage amplifier in FIG. 2.4 consists of a right-ell (RTL) 40 at its input, which is connected to the gate terminal of a field-effect transistor FET 42. A series impedance (SIMP) 44 is connected to the source terminal of the FET 42, and a simple transmission line T (46) is connected to the drain terminal of the FET. The other microwave topologies are implemented in the same manner, as combinations of the elemental networks of FIGS. 3.1-3.16. 
     Music Design Process 
     Once a MUSIC member has been selected to form a microcell, the circuit parameters have to be selected and optimized to fit the user&#39;s needs. The MUSIC member provides a fixed topology and the accumulated expert knowledge of how to apply that topology to meet design specifications. As shown in FIG. 4, it has been determined that the microcell being designed fits within a performance window defined by a MUSIC member defining a three-stage amplifier. As indicated at the start 50, the ensuing steps are for a MUSIC amplifier. In the first block 52 the program prompts the user for the design parameters of the amplifier. Then, in blocks 54 and 56, the transistors are selected for the designated frequency range of the amplifier. Next, in block 58, the input stage of the amplifier is synthesized. In decision block 60, the overall gain is compared with the specified gain needed. If the overall gain is less than that needed, a path is taken to block 62, which creates the middle or interstage of the amplifier to provide additional gain. If the gain meets requirements, control passes to block 64, which synthesizes the output stage of the amplifier. In block 66, a circuit network list is generated and in blocks 68 and 70 circuit analysis and optimization are performed. Finally, in decision block 72, the question is asked whether the system meets the design goals. If the answer is in the negative, control is transferred back to block 52 to perform another iteration of the process and to further refine the design based on modified performance characteristics provided by the user. If the system meets design goals, the next step is to produce a layout of the designed circuit. 
     In block 74, a preliminary layout of the amplifier is generated, and in block 76 the layout is compacted by reducing the areas of the transmission lines in the circuit. In block 78, a circuit simulation is performed using fixed values of parasitic impedances. Then, in decision block 80, it is determined whether the amplifier meets design goals. If not, return is made to block 74 to perform the layout steps over again. If the design goals are met, the final step, shown at 82, is the generation of a coded tape to be used in mask generation for fabrication of the circuit. 
     Circuit Compaction 
     An important aspect of the invention is the manner in which a circuit microcell can be compacted in size to occupy as small an area as possible in an integrated circuit. The compaction process also has to minimize the parasitic impedances of the circuit. Although this process is outwardly similar in some respects to compaction of digital circuitry, there is one fundamental difference. In the compaction of low-speed digital circuitry, the circuits can be made smaller and smaller until some basic processing rule is violated, such as the occurrence of metal-to-metal contact. In the compaction of microwave circuitry, the electrical behavior of the components must also be taken into account. 
     The basic technique in microwave circuit compaction is to reduce the area occupied by transmission lines, by introducing one or more bends in the line. FIG. 5 shows a three-stage amplifier after compaction, with its transmission lines &#34;snaked&#34; to include one or more bends. Each bend includes two 90-degree curves and one 180-degree curve. The design goal is to reduce the area occupied by the transmission line, by introducing as many bends as possible without producing unwanted coupling between elements of the same line, or between the reduced-area line and adjacent components. 
     The compaction procedure first sets up a set of simultaneous equations which describe the constraints of the layout problem. For example, in compacting a pi network having three interconnected transmission lines the degree of compaction of one transmission line must be weighed against the coupling created within the transmission line and the area required for the other two transmission lines. 
     The compaction procedure is shown in simplified form in the flowchart of FIG. 6. After the procedure is started, to compact a particular transmission line, the aspect ratio of the line is first calculated, as indicated in block 90. This is the length-to-width ratio, which, if too low, results in compaction being abandoned before its start. In block 92, the number of bends is first set to one. Then a compaction loop is entered, beginning at block 94, which asks whether the physical length of the line is sufficient to make the number of bends indicated. If there is insufficient line length to make the designated number of bends, an exit path is taken, as indicated at 96. If there is sufficient physical length available, the next question asked, in block 98, is whether the designated number of bends will produce undesirable coupling between adjacent lines in the circuit. If so, the number of bends is increased by one, in block 100, and return is made to block 94 to determine whether the path length is still adequate for the newly proposed number of bends. 
     When exit is made from the compaction loop at 96, various boundary condition are checked, in block 102, to confirm that the line has not encroached on a neighboring area tentatively set aside for another component. Then the compaction procedure is stopped (at 104) and the newly compacted transmission line is laid out (block 106). 
     MUSIC Data Structure 
     An important aspect of the invention is that the data for each hierarchical circuit element are arranged and stored in a consistent manner to include all of electrical and physical characteristics of the element. Probably the best way to explain this concept is by way of example. The following table shows the contents of a data structure entry defining a transmission line: 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Field     Example    Comments______________________________________TYPE      TRL        Transmission lineIPARM1    10         Width in micronsIPARM2    450        Length in micronsNODES     2          Number of nodes or terminalsNODE1     1          Number of first nodeNODE2     2          Number of second nodeEND[0]X   2028.625   x ordinate of one end of lineEND[0]Y   2020.500   y ordinate of one end of lineEND[2]X   2026.825   x ordinate of other end of lineEND[2]Y   1700.500   y ordinate of other end of lineOBJNUM    10         Object numberNEXT01P   9          Object connected to node 1NEXT02P   11         Object connected to node 2NEXT03P   0          Object connected to node 3NEXT04P   0          Object connected to node 4NAME1     WO1        Pointer to widthNAME2     LO1        Pointer to lengthNAME      TRL10      Object name______________________________________ 
    
     The node numbers, &#34;next&#34; conection information, and object numbers, provide information concerning the electrical interconnections of the transmission line, or other circuit element. The width and length, and the x and y coordinates provide important information about the physical location and size of the transmission line. Because these are all stored in one unified data structure, circuit compaction and the solution of layout problems are facilitated. 
     Application to Millimeter Wave and HEMT Technology 
     The circuit components are defined in the unified data structure in a manner that is not dependent on the technology involved. Therefore, the data structure, and indeed the MUSIC approach to design, are equally applicable to other technologies. As a practical matter, however, it makes sense to apply the invention only to technologies and devices that operate at high enough frequencies to justify storing the component descriptions in a unified way, i.e. to devices in which the physical and electrical characteristics are closely interrelated. 
     The MUSIC design approach has been applied successfully to a three-stage HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) amplifier operating at 44 GHz (gigahertz). 
     Conclusion 
     The present invention represents a significant advance in the field of automated circuit design. The design time for microwave circuits can be reduced from periods of days or weeks to as little as a few hours. Moreover, the level of user skill is also reduced, since the system can be used by an engineer or technician with no detailed knowledge of the design of microwave integrated circuits. Aspects of the invention that provide this improvement include the unified data structure for storing circuit element data to include both physical and electrical characteristics, and the circuit compaction technique for minimizing the occupied area of the designed circuit. It will also be appreciated that, although an embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims. 
     Reference to Program Code 
     The program code (354 pages) has been submitted as appended material but has been printed as part of the specification. Note that these pages will be retained in the patent file. The program code, which is written in C language, includes the unified data structure, the circuit compaction procedures, and all of the code necessary to perform the design features described above. The program code makes use of the following commercially available packages, for which program listings have not been included: 
     1. LIBRA, for circuit simulation and optimization, available from EEsof, Inc., 5795 Lindero Canyon Road, Westlake Village, Calif. 91362. 
     2. CAECO Schematic, for circuit layout, available from CAECO, 2945 Oakmead Village Court, Santa Clara, Calif. 95051.