Abstract:
An electrical machine comprises a rotor assembly comprising a first set and a second set of rotor extensions, and a stator assembly comprising a first set and a second set of stator extensions. Rotating the rotor assembly about an axis alternates the rotor assembly between a first position and a second position. In the first position, each of the first set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the first set of stator extensions, and each of the second set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the second set of stator extensions. In the second position, each of the first set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the second set of stator extensions, and each of the second set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the first set of stator extensions. The electrical machine is at least one of a transverse flux machine or a commutated flux machine.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/149,931 filed on May 9, 2008 and entitled “ELECTRICAL DEVICES USING ELECTROMAGNETIC ROTORS”. U.S. Ser. No. 12/149,931 is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional No. 60/924,328 filed on May. 9, 2007 and entitled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME”. U.S. Ser. No. 12/149,931 is also a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional No. 61/064,161 filed on Feb. 20, 2008 and entitled “LAMINATE ROTOR OR STATOR ELEMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SUCH ELEMENTS AND DEVICES”. U.S. Ser. No. 12/149,931 is also a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional No. 61/064,162 filed on Feb. 20, 2008 and entitled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME”. The entire contents of all of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Aspects of the present invention relate to the field of alternator or other electrical output generating devices and to electric motors and other electrically driven devices, and in particular to electrical output generating devices and electrically driven devices, and methods of making and use thereof, that, among other things, improve efficiency of operation, provide higher torque density, and reduce costs and complexity of manufacture, while allowing greater flexibility in operation over related art devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Related art multipole windings for alternators and electric motors typically require complex winding machines and often complex geometry windings in order to meet size and power needs. This problem is generally higher with greater numbers of poles used. Greater numbers of poles have certain advantages, such as allowing higher voltage per turn, providing higher torque density, and producing voltage at a higher frequency. 
     There is an unmet need in the art for electrical output generating devices and electrically driven devices, and methods of manufacturing and use thereof, that improve efficiency of operation and reduce costs and complexity of manufacture, while allowing greater flexibility in operation over prior art devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an exemplary embodiment, an electrical machine comprises a rotor assembly comprising a first set and a second set of rotor extensions, and a stator assembly comprising a first set and a second set of stator extensions. Rotating the rotor assembly about an axis alternates the rotor assembly between a first position and a second position. In the first position, each of the first set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the first set of stator extensions, and each of the second set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the second set of stator extensions. In the second position, each of the first set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the second set of stator extensions, and each of the second set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the first set of stator extensions. The electrical machine is at least one of a transverse flux machine or a commutated flux machine. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a method of generating a current in an electrical machine comprises rotating a rotor assembly about an axis to alternate the rotor assembly between a first position and a second position with respect to a stator assembly. The rotor assembly comprises a first set and a second set of rotor extensions, and the stator assembly comprises a first set and a second set of stator extensions. In the first position, each of the first set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the first set of stator extensions, and each of the second set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the second set of stator extensions. In the second position, each of the first set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the second set of stator extensions, and each of the second set of rotor extensions transfers flux to one of the first set of stator extensions. The electrical machine is at least one of a transverse flux machine or a commutated flux machine. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       With reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1  shows the internal components for a first exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device in a partially disassembled view, in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is partial cross-sectional assembled view of the exemplary device of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a representative view of an exemplary laminated construction flux conducting material component, usable in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view of an assembled exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device having the internal components shown in  FIGS. 1-2  and additional external and other components, in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 4A ,  4 B and  4 C present representative views of a tape-like wound toroidal flux conducting component, in accordance with and for use in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  shows the internal components of a second exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device in an assembled view, in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a partial cutaway view of the exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a partial cutaway view of the exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 5 , rotated relative to the view of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an assembled exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device having the internal components shown in  FIGS. 5-7  and external and other components, in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate views of an exemplary flux concentrating multiple pole rotor electrical output device or electrically driven device, in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9C  presents a representative view of an exemplary alternating magnet and flux concentrator portion of an electrical output device or electrically driven device, in the process of assembly in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9D  shows a representative view of the electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIGS. 9A-9B  from a view perpendicular to the direction E-E′ shown in  FIG. 9B ; 
         FIG. 9E  is a partial cutaway view of the electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 9B ; 
         FIG. 9F  shows a representative view of the electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 9D  at a slightly rotated rotor position relative to the position of  FIG. 9D ; 
         FIG. 9G  is a partial cutaway view of the electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 9B , after rotation of the rotor as shown in  FIG. 9F ; 
         FIG. 10  presents another variation of a flux concentrating rotor similar to the variation shown in  FIGS. 9A-9G ; and 
         FIG. 11  shows a representative view of the electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 10  from a view perpendicular to the direction Y-Y′ shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present invention and implementations thereof are not limited to the specific components or assembly procedures disclosed herein. Many additional components and assembly procedures known in the art consistent with the intended electrical output generating devices, electrically driven devices, and/or assembly procedures for electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices will become apparent for use with particular variations and implementations discussed herein. Accordingly, for example, although particular electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices are disclosed, such electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices and implementing components may comprise any shape, size, style, type, model, version, measurement, concentration, material, quantity, and/or the like usable for such electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices and implementing components, consistent with the intended operation of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices. 
     Description of exemplary variations and implementations of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices in accordance with aspects of the present invention will now be made with reference to the appended drawings. 
     Devices Using Flux Conducting Material Stator 
       FIGS. 1-3B  present a first exemplary variation of components of an electrical output device or electrically driven device and a method of operation thereof, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1  shows the internal components  100  for a first exemplary single phase alternator (or, for example, a generator or other electrical output device; herein referred to throughout, interchangeably and collectively, as a “device,” “alternator,” or “electric motor”) in a partially disassembled view, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Such a device is usable in many driven rotation applications to produce electrical output, such as for use with an automobile engine. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , in this first exemplary variation, a first, rotating portion  101  of the internal components  100  is similar in design and operation to a conventional Lundell rotor or Claw Pole rotor, used, for example, in many typical related art automobile alternators. 
     The rotating portion  101  includes first magnetic polar portions (e.g., north magnetic poles)  120  and a second magnetic polar portions (e.g., south magnetic poles)  130 . The first and second magnetic polar portions  120 ,  130  encompass an internal coil portion  140 , such as a coiled wire. The internal coil portion  140  receives an energizing current (e.g., a fixed current, such as a direct current or DC). As a result of the energizing current in the coil portion  140 , a flux is produced through the center of the coil portion  140  and about the outside of the coil portion  140  (in a path B, as best shown in the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 2 ), or a flux is otherwise produced, such as through the use or motion of permanent magnets (not shown in this exemplary variation). Each of the first and second magnetic polar portions  120 ,  130  includes a plurality of poles  120   a ,  130   a , respectively, such that a multiple pole rotor (e.g., 18 alternating polarity poles  120   a ,  130   a ) is created by the combination of the first and second magnetic polar portions  120 ,  130 . 
     By using such magnetic poles  120   a ,  130   a , this approach produces an alternating flux when moving past a flux conducting material completing a flux path, analogous to how poles on moving magnets are able to produce an alternating flux in coils when the magnets are moved proximate to such coils in a suitable orientation and direction (e.g., when the magnets move rotationally next to one or more coils having axes perpendicular and circumferential to the axis of the rotating magnets, as is common with some conventional generators or alternators). However, among other advantages, the approach shown in  FIG. 1  may simplify manufacturing over a multiple wound approach, since many small diameter coils are not required. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 1  and in the partial cross-sectional assembled view of  FIG. 2 , in this first exemplary variation, a second, stationary portion  102  of the internal components of the device  100  includes a first laminated steel or other flux conducting material portion  150  and an output coil  170 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , upon assembly, such that the rotating portion  101  nestably rotates within the stationary portion  102 , in a first rotated position (as shown in  FIG. 2 ) of the rotating portion  101  relative to the stationary portion  102 , each first flux conducting portion  150  aligns with a second magnetic polar portion  130 . The first flux conducting portion  150  partially wraps around a first portion of the output coil  170  to form a portion of flux path A, having flux, for example, in the direction of the arrowheads, that continues from the aligned second magnetic polar portion  130 . Flux path A is such that the magnetic flux is directed through junction J between the first flux conduction portion  150  and a second flux conducting portion  160 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . The second flux conducting portion  160  continues the flux path A through the center of the output coil  170  and about the nested rotating portion  101 . In the position of the rotating portion  101  shown in  FIG. 2 , the flux path A then continues from the second flux conducting portion  160 , which is aligned with the first magnetic polar portion  120 , into the first magnetic polar portion  120 , about the internal coil portion  140  and into the second magnetic polar portion  130 , such that a completed flux path A is formed. 
     The side by side (“SBS”)-shaped configuration (as opposed to the typical “nested” configuration of a typical related art automotive alternator, for example) shown in  FIG. 1  (and also  FIG. 2 ) presents one approach to enhancing three dimensional flux paths by locating laminated flux conducting material portions proximate to the magnetic polar portions  120 ,  130  in an “end-to-end” configuration. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the flux conducting portions  150 ,  160 , may comprise laminated steel, such that abutted flat steel laminate portions make up each flux conducting portion  150 ,  160 , with the direction of the flat steel laminate portions laminated lengthwise in the direction of the flow path A.  FIG. 3A  shows an exemplary representative view of the flux conducting material portion  150 , comprising laminated steel portions, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. The approach of using laminations allows an essentially two dimensional flux conducting material (each laminate portion) to produce a three dimensional flow of flux (e.g., in path A shown in  FIG. 2 ). Among other things, this approach may minimize eddy current and/or other flux related loss with respect to flux travel in direction A. Another exemplary approach, as discussed further below, also or alternatively includes use of tape-like wound coil features, such as those shown in  FIGS. 4A-4C , within certain portions of the device. Alternatively to the use of such laminated or tape-like wound coil features, powdered metal, amorphous metal or metallic glasses or shaped laminations may be used for such portions. One potential drawback of use of such powdered metal or shaped laminations is typically increased cost. 
     In operation, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , as the rotating portion  101  rotates, each second flux conducting portion  160  eventually aligns with a second magnetic polar portion  130 , and, due to the opposite polarity of the second magnetic polar portion  130  to the first magnetic polar portion  120 , the direction of the flux path reverses. 
     The rotation of the rotating portion  101  and the travel of the flux about the flux paths formed by the aligning portions of the rotating portion  101  and the stationary portion  102  produces a varying flux through the output coil portion  170 , such that a varying output is produced from the coil portion  170  (when operated, for example, as an electrical output generating device). This output may be, for example, generally sinusoidal in character. The output may be produced, for example, though wire leads connected to the coil portion  170  to provide an alternating current (AC) output for use in a selected application, such as to assist in operating an automobile engine and/or charge a battery (e.g., by rectifying the AC output into DC current). Similarly, the device  100  may be operated as an electrically driven device by alternatingly energizing the coil portion  170 , producing a resulting rotation in the rotor portion  101 . 
     Further, adjustment of the power output of the device  100  when operated as an alternator, for example, or the power input/output for operation of the device  100  as a motor may be obtained by altering the relative positions of the rotor portion  101  and the stator portion  102 . For example, the size of the air gap G ( FIG. 2 ) between the rotor portion  101  and the stator portion  102  may be increased or decreased by moving the rotor portion  101  relative to the stator portion  102  in the direction C-C′. Note that the surfaces of the magnetic polar portions  130 ,  120 , and the surfaces of the flux conducting portions  150 ,  160 , about the air gap G can make an oblique angle with respect to the axis of rotation C-C′, as shown in  FIG. 2 . Using such an oblique angle for the surfaces of these components in the design of the device  102  improves the surface area of proximity for flux communication between the conducting portions  150 ,  160  and the magnetic polar portions  130 ,  120  and may increase operating efficiency. 
     An advantage of the approach of this variation of the present invention over some devices of the related art is that to, for example, double the pole count of the device, the poles can simply be reduced in size and doubled in number, without more complex and smaller turn diameter winding changes having to be made (e.g., not having to thread such windings about each pole), with the issue of copper or other conductor diameter of the windings thereby potentially becoming a limiting factor, due to physical constraints of some related art designs. Among other things, the lack of having to address changing conductor diameter also reduces the corresponding change in resistance that must be dealt with when changing conductor diameters are involved in a design change. 
     Further, the normal field losses of the variation of the present invention shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  does not vary significantly from field losses for conventional alternators and electric motors. Thus, since resistance losses tend to dominate with respect to efficiency in conventional alternators and electric motors, particular implementations of this variation of the present invention may allow much greater range in size and characteristics of device output, without the increased losses that result with conventional alternators and electric motors. 
     The flux conducting material portions  150 ,  160  of this variation of the present invention can be made of a number of materials. For example, in some variations, these portions  150 ,  160  comprise powdered or amorphous metal materials. In other variations, these portions  150 ,  160  comprise laminations that are joined to form each portion. Among other things, the use of such joined lamination portions overcomes difficulties in meeting the geometrical needs and limitations of materials (e.g., direction of flux relative to steel geometry, so as to minimize generation of eddy currents and other losses that can occur in connection with use of powdered metal materials) and overcoming limitations with typical availability of lamination materials of needed sizes and shapes. The lamination materials can comprise, for example, steel. 
       FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view of an assembled exemplary device  400  having the internal components shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  and external and other components. As shown in the view of  FIG. 3B , the fully assembled device  400  includes one or more housing portions  410 ,  415 ; an input rotational power pulley  420  for producing rotation of the rotating portion  101 , in turn attached to a shaft  430  (the rotational power to rotate the input pulley  420  can be provided, for example, by a combustion engine having an output pulley operatively coupled, such as via a belt, to the input pulley  420 ); one or more friction reducing portions  440 ,  445 , such as bearings and/or bushings, for rotationally slidably allowing the shaft  430  to rotate within the housing portions  410 ,  415 ; and fan components and/or other features, such as a brush assembly  450 . Note that, in the variation of the present invention shown in  FIG. 3B , the friction reducing portion  440  (e.g., bearing) is contained within a convex portion of the pulley  420 , thereby reducing the overall size of the device  400  compared to a device using a pulley not so encompassing the friction reducing portion. 
     Alternative to the arrangement shown in  FIG. 3B , the rotor and stator portions  101 ,  102  may be reversed, and the pulley  420  and/or other features attached to the shaft  430 , as shown to the right in  FIG. 3B , may be included on the shaft  430  to the left of the rotor and stator portions  101 ,  102 , as shown in  FIG. 3B . In this arrangement, the shaft  430  thereby does not need to extend fully through the device  430 , thereby reducing overall device size and enabling additional room for use for components internal to the device  400 . 
     In some variations of the device  400  of  FIGS. 1-3B , the first and second magnetic polar portions  120 ,  130  of the first, rotating portion  101  comprise cast iron or steel, and are unlaminated. (Laminated material may also be used, for example, if a fixed frequency output is required, but for such application, the device may be poly phase and inverted.) Because there is no change in flux in this portion of the device  400 , little or no eddy current or other similar current drains are typically generated, and therefore the use of lamination or other features to reduce these drains may not improve operation when used in these areas. 
     Among other advantages, the exemplary device  400  shown in  FIGS. 1-3B  allows the poles of the device  400  to be placed as far towards the outer edges of the device  400  as possible (among other things, thereby maximizing the size of the pole portions and maximizing the number that may be used for a given device size), while allowing the electrical coils  140 ,  170  to be placed as close as possible to the centerline (e.g., shaft  430 ) of the device  400 , thereby minimizing the size, wire length, and weight of the windings used for a given device size; minimized winding size also minimizes the overall diameter of the device  400 , to the extent this feature is important to a particular application. Further, among other things, increased numbers of poles allows higher frequency in device operation, with the maximum separation between poles, thereby minimizing flux leakage (see further discussion of flux leakage below). 
     In addition, with the device  400  of  FIGS. 1-3B , the coils  140 ,  170  used are relatively short in length of winding compared to coils of related art motors and alternators, and have low resistance. As coils in the related art are often a primary source of heat, the heat generated by the device of  FIGS. 1-3B  is generally much less than the heat generated by typical related art motors and alternators. 
     Tape-Like Wound Toroidal and Other Device Portions 
     In some variations of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices in accordance with aspects of the present invention, flux conducting materials are also used inside the coil portions  140 ,  170 , such as within the coil portions and between the flux conducting material portions  150 ,  160 , as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . One problem with the geometry of using the flux conducting materials within the coil portions  140 ,  170  shown in the arrangement of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and in other locations having similar physical size limitations, is that the thickness of, for example, steel laminate layers may be constrained to be generally pie-shaped and to narrow significantly near the center of the coil portions  140 ,  170 . 
     In some variations of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices in accordance with aspects of the present invention, the problem with physical size limitations, such as occurs within coil portions, may be addressed by using toroidal shaped flux conducting portions comprised of tape-like wound laminations. With these variations, the flux conducting material portions  150 ,  160  abut the toroidal shaped portion within the coil portions  140 ,  170 . 
     In some variations, the shape of this portion of the flux conducting material has a generally square or rectangular cross-sectional shape. The toroid is constructed of flux conducting material in a tape-like form.  FIGS. 4A-4C  present representative views of the flux conducting toroidal shape, in accordance with this variation.  FIGS. 4A and 4B  show a representative perspective drawing and a partial cutaway drawing, respectively, of an exemplary square or rectangular cross-sectionally shaped (see, e.g., area M of  FIG. 4B ) toroidal flux conductor.  FIG. 4C  is a representative drawing of the winding used to create the toroidal flux conductor of  FIG. 1  from a side view, showing the “tape-like” wind features. 
     A similar result for this portion of the device (e.g., minimizing eddy current related and/or other losses affecting flux flow) can be achieved using powdered iron; however, powdered iron generally does not conduct magnetic flux as efficiently as, for example, steel laminate and does not include the physical layer features perpendicular to the direction of flow, further minimizing eddy current related and other losses. In addition, the use of powdered iron has the further drawback of increased hysteresis losses. 
     Similar to the use of the tape-like wound toroid for the flux conducting material portions, a tape-like wound toroid may be used to form the coil portions of the device (e.g., coil portions  140 ,  170  shown in  FIGS. 1-3B ). Among other things, the use of a tape-like toroid for the coil reduces resistance and allows higher packing density over circularly cross-sectionally shaped wire, due, for example, to the coil&#39;s square or rectangular cross-sectional shape. 
     Alternator With Reduced Flux Leakage 
     One often important factor in device performance for electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices in accordance with aspects of the present invention is the amount of flux leakage that occurs. The practical effect of flux leakage is that current becomes limited; the device therefore has the appearance of operating “reactively,” to limit power density. In the device  400  of the exemplary variation shown in  FIGS. 1-3B , the closeness in proximity and lengthwise overlap of the adjacent rotor poles (e.g.,  120   a ,  130   a ), in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation C-C′, as well as the closeness in proximity and lengthwise overlap of adjacent flux conducting material stator portions  150 ,  160  relative to one another and relative to the rotor poles (e.g.,  120   a ,  130   a ), also in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation C-C′, can result in some “leakage” of flux between the poles and into the proximate flux conducting material portions at whatever point in rotation the rotating portion  101  is located at a particular moment in operation. For example, in the position shown in  FIG. 2 , since the direction of flux flow along path A in the first flux conducting material portion  150  is opposite the direction of the flux flow along path A in the second flux conducting material portion  160  and in the general flow direction from the second pole  130   a  toward the first pole  120   a , flux may “leak” from the first flux conducting material portion  150  directly to the first pole  120   a , rather than following flow path A, due, among other things, to the close proximity of these portions along their lengths in the direction C-C′. 
     Among other things, in order to reduce this reactive, flux leakage effect, the device of a second exemplary variation of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS. 5-8  includes features in the rotating and fixed portions of the flux conducting material so as to reduce flux leakage by further physically isolating from one another portions of the flux conductive path that cause magnetic flux to flow in opposite, or different, directions. 
       FIG. 5  shows the internal components  500  for a second exemplary device in an assembled view, in accordance with one variation of the present invention. Such a device is likewise usable in many driven rotation applications to produce electrical output, such as for use with an automobile engine. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , in this second exemplary variation, a first, rotating portion  501  and a second, stationary portion  502  of the internal components  500  of the device are in some ways similar in design and operation to those of the variation of  FIGS. 1-3B  and are usable, for example, in many typical automobile alternator and/or electric motor applications, among others. However, unlike the first exemplary variation of  FIGS. 1-3B , in the variation of  FIGS. 5-8 , the rotating portion  501  does not nestably rotate within the stationary portion  502 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the rotating portion  501  includes first magnetic polar portions (e.g., north magnetic poles)  520  and second magnetic pole portions (e.g., south magnetic poles)  530 . The first and second magnetic polar portions  520 ,  530  encompass an internal coil portion  540 , such as a coiled wire. The internal coil portion  540  receives an energizing current (e.g., a fixed current, such as a DC current). As a result of the energizing current in the coil portion  540 , a flux is produced through the center of the coil portion  540  and about the outside of the coil portion, or a flux is otherwise produced, such as through the use or motion of permanent magnets (not shown in this variation). Each of the first and second magnetic polar portions  520 ,  530  includes a plurality of poles  520   a ,  530   a , respectively, such that a multiple pole rotor (e.g., 18 alternating polarity poles  520   a ,  530   a ) is created by the combination of the first and second magnetic polar portions  520 ,  530 . By using such magnetic poles  520   a ,  530   a , this approach produces an alternating flux when moving past a point (e.g., when operated as an electrical output device). However, like the variation of  FIGS. 1-3B , among other advantages, the approach shown in  FIGS. 5-8  simplifies manufacturing over a multiple wound coil approach, since, among other things, many small diameter coils in close proximity to one another are not required. 
     As further shown in  FIGS. 5-8 , in this second exemplary variation, the second, stationary portion  502  of the internal components  500  of the device  800  includes a first laminated steel or other flux conducting material portion  550  and an output coil  570 . As shown, for example, in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , in a first rotated position of the rotating portion  501  relative to the stationary portion  502 , the first flux conducting portion  550  aligns with a corresponding pole  520   a  of the first magnetic polar portion  520 . As shown in the partial cutaway view of  FIG. 6 , the first flux conducting portion  550  partially wraps around a first portion of the output coil  570  to form a portion of flux path A′, having flux, for example, in the direction of the arrowheads, that continues from the aligned first magnetic polar portion  520 . A second flux conducting portion  560  continues the flux path A′ through the center of the output coil  570 . In the position of the rotating portion  501  shown in  FIG. 6 , the flux path A′ then continues from the second flux conducting portion  560 , which is aligned with the second magnetic polar portion  530 , into the first magnetic polar portion  520 , the first and second magnetic polar portions  520 ,  530  partially encircling the internal coil portion  540 , and the first magnetic polar portion  520  continuing the flux path A′ back into the first flux conducting portion  550 , such that a completed flux path A′ is formed. 
     In further operation, as shown in  FIG. 7 , as the rotating portion  501  rotates, the first flux conducing portion  550  eventually aligns with the second magnetic polar portion  530 , and, due to the opposite polarity of the second magnetic polar portion  530  to the first magnetic polar portion  520 , the direction of the flux path A″ reverses, as shown by the arrowheads, relative to the direction of the flux path A′ shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     The rotation of the rotating portion  501  and the travel of the flux about the flux paths A′, A″ formed by the aligning portions of the rotating portion  501  and the stationary portion  502  produces a varying flux through the output coil portion  570 , such that a varying output is produced from the coil portion  570 . This output, when the device is operated, for example, as an electrical output device, may be generally sinusoidal or otherwise alternating in character. The output may be produced, for example, though wire leads connected to the coil portion  570  to provide an AC output for use in a selected application, such as to assist in operating an automobile engine and/or charge a battery (e.g., by rectifying the AC output into DC current). 
     In addition to the advantages that may result from implementing the principles of the variation of  FIGS. 1-3B , implementing the principles of the variation of the present invention shown in  FIGS. 5-8  may include the advantage of minimizing flux leakage between the adjacent magnetic polar portions  520 ,  530  and flux conducting material portions  550 ,  560 . This result is due at least in part to the reduced length of closely proximate overlapping adjacent magnetic polar portions  520 ,  530  and flux conducting material portions  550 ,  560  generally in a direction parallel to the direction D-D′ of the axis of the shaft  580  of the device  500 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 6 , in contrast to the variation of  FIGS. 1-3B , flux through the first flux conducting material portion  550  does not travel along an adjacent path to flux through the second flux conducting material portion  560 . In addition, neither the first flux conducting material portion  550  nor the second flux conducting material portion  560  is aligned with and overlapping along its length with either the first magnetic polar portion  520  or the second magnetic polar portion  530 . 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an assembled exemplary device  800  having the internal components shown in  FIGS. 5-7  and external and other components. As shown in the view of  FIG. 8 , the fully assembled device  800  includes one or more housing portions  810 ,  815 ; an input rotational power pulley  820  for producing rotation of the rotating portion  501 , in turn attached to a shaft  580  (the rotational power to rotate the input pulley  820  can be provided, for example, by a combustion engine having an output pulley operatively coupled, such as via a belt, to the input pulley  820 ); one or more friction reducing portions  840 ,  845 , such as bearings and/or bushings, for rotationally slidably allowing the shaft  580  to rotate within the housing portions  810 ,  815 ; and fan components and/or other features, such as brush related portions and features  850 . 
     Similar materials and methods of construction to the materials and methods shown and described in conjunction with the device  400  of  FIGS. 1-3B  may be used in the construction of the device  800  of  FIGS. 5-8 . Also similar to the variation of  FIGS. 4A-4C , in this variation of the present invention, square cross-section toroidal shaped flux conducting portions comprised of tape-like wound laminations may be used within the interior of the coil portions of the device to minimize eddy current related and other losses, and yet allow three dimensional flux flow.  FIGS. 4A-4C  illustrate representative views of a toroidal shaped flux conducting portion usable with some variations of the electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices, such as those shown and described with reference to  FIGS. 5-8 . A similar result for this portion of the device (e.g., minimizing eddy current related and other losses) can be achieved using powdered iron; however, the use of powdered iron, generally does not conduct magnetic flux as efficiently as, for example, tape-like wound steel or laminate. In addition, the use of powdered iron has the further drawback of increased hysteresis losses, decreased flux density, and lower permeability. Alternatively, amorphous metals or metallic glasses may be used. 
     Flux Concentrating Rotor Based Device 
     In particular implementations of the rotor design for the device of the variations of  FIGS. 1-3B  and  FIGS. 5-8 , some flux leakage may still occur in the rotor (e.g., rotating portion  101  of  FIGS. 1-3B  and rotating portion  501  of  FIGS. 5-8 ) between the poles, due to the proximity of the polar portions. 
     To reduce flux leakage in the rotor and to ease construction, among other things, especially in high pole count rotors, some variations of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices in accordance with aspects of the present invention may also be implemented using a rotor having poles at an outside edge, in conjunction with a stator sandwichably encompassing the rotor.  FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate views of an exemplary flux concentrating 72 pole rotor device, in accordance with one exemplary variation of the present invention. 
     Alternatively to the general orientation of the stator and rotor portions so as to have the generally larger cross sectional diameter along the axial direction Y shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , the device of these figures may be designed such that the stator and rotor portions are oriented with a generally larger cross sectional diameter along the axial direction Y′. Among other things, the orientation in the Y′ direction may allow the gap between the stator and rotor to be more easily adjusted, so as to alter power input/output of the device. In addition, the device of  FIGS. 9A and 9B  may be oriented such that the rotor portion  905  is located in the position of the core portion  940  (and vice versa), and the stator portions  920 ,  930  may include features such that the flux conductor portions  920   a  extend in proximity to the rotor portion  905  (e.g., in the direction E′ as shown in  FIG. 9B ). 
     In  FIGS. 9A and 9B , the permanent magnet portions of the poles for the rotor are located so as to minimize flux leakage. For example, as shown in  FIG. 9A , the device  900  is a generally disk shaped and has layers that include an alternating magnet and flux concentrator portion at the middle outside edge of a cross-section of a rotor portion  905 , an output windings portion  910  at the center of the cross-section of the device  900 , stator portions  920 ,  930 , and a toroidal tape-like wrapped core portion  940 . 
     The rotor portion  905  is rotatable relative to the stator flux portions  920 ,  930 , which generally are fixedly located (e.g., by attachment to a housing). 
     As further shown in close-up in  FIG. 9B , the rotor portion  905  includes alternating magnet portions  905   a , such as one pole of a magnet (successive magnet portions having opposite orientations as further shown in  FIGS. 9D and 9F ), and flux concentrator portions  905   b  formed of a flux inducing material, such as iron. 
     In a first exemplary variation, rotor portion  905  may be constructed, for example, by assembling discrete magnet portions with discrete sections of iron or other flux inducing materials, such as by adhering or otherwise attaching the discrete portions and pieces to a ring portion.  FIG. 9C  presents a representative view of an exemplary rotor portion  905  in the process of construction, in accordance with an exemplary method of constructing an electrical output generating device and/or electrically driven device of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 9C , each magnet portion  905   a  is adhered to a ring portion  906  and to a flux concentrator portion  905   b , such as by gluing, welding, bolting, or otherwise coupling, adhering, or attaching. 
     In a second exemplary variation, rotor portion  905  is constructed via a method similar to that shown in  FIG. 9C , but without use of the ring  906  (e.g., by simply adhering or otherwise attaching each magnet portion  905   a  to adjacent flux concentrator portions  905   b  so as to form a ring). In a third exemplary variation, the rotor portion  905  is constructed by inducing magnetic poles onto a magnetizable ring, so as to produce a desired number of alternating poles separated by unmagnetized flux concentrator portions  905   b.    
     In a fourth exemplary variation, the rotor portion  905  is constructed by placing the flux concentrator portions  905   b  in a mold and then injection molding or otherwise adding the magnet portions  905   a  between the flux concentrator portions  905   b . The magnet portions are magnetized appropriately. 
     As also further shown in  FIG. 9B , the stator portions  920 ,  930  comprise a material or materials to encourage flux (e.g., steel laminate, powdered metal or amorphous metal) and include flux extensions (e.g.,  920   a ) alternately alignable with the flux concentrator portions  905   b  during rotation of the rotor portion  905  relative to the stator flux portions  920 ,  320 . In some variations, the stator portions  920 ,  930  may also be formed as a single contiguous piece. Generally, flux occurs through each flux extension  920   a  of a first stator portion  920  when each flux extension  920   a  is aligned with one of the flux concentrator portions  905   b  of the rotor  905 . 
     Among other things, the design of the stator portions  920 ,  930  is such that, in operation, flux on one side (e.g., stator portion  920 ) is approximately the same throughout that side and opposite in polarity to the flux in the side opposite the rotor  905  (e.g., stator portion  930 ). 
     The toroidal tape-like wrapped core portion  940  may be constructed, for example, similarly to that shown in  FIGS. 4A-4C . 
     In operation, in the device of  FIGS. 9A-9B , the rotor  905  rotates relative to the stator portions  920 ,  930 .  FIGS. 9D-9G  show representative views of elements of the rotor  905  and stator portions  920 ,  930  in operation.  FIG. 9D  shows a representative view of the device  900  of  FIGS. 9A-9B  from a view perpendicular to the direction E-E′ shown in  FIG. 9B . In the representative view of  FIG. 9D , a first flux concentrator portion  905   b  is aligned with and located proximate to a first stator portion extension  920   a . As can be seen in  FIG. 9B , each of the magnet portions  905   a  has a first polarity end (N) and a second polarity end (S). Sequential magnet portions  905   a  are oriented such that each flux concentrator portion  905   b ,  905   b ′ abuts two magnet portions  905   a , which, in turn, are oriented 180.degree. relative to one another, so that each flux concentrator portion  905   b ,  905   b ′ abuts the same polarity end of the two abutting magnet portions  905   a.    
     With the magnet portions  905   a  arranged as shown in  FIG. 9D , each flux concentrator portion  905   b ,  905   b ′ is positionable proximate to a maximum area of either N or S pole field, with the field varying minimally within the flux concentrator portion. Among other things, the arrangement of  FIG. 9D  thereby allows lower grade flux conducting materials (e.g., lower grade steel) to be used, rather than, for example, high flux conducting materials, such as iron. As a result, for example, cost may be reduced. 
     In the variation of  FIGS. 9A-9B , rotor portions  920 ,  930  may be rotatably adjusted relative to each other so as to selectively decrease power and increase speed without increasing voltage, subject to losses and mechanical constraints, for operation as a motor, and to regulate power toward zero, for operation as a generator, or to allow high revolution per minute (RPM) operation as a motor. 
     For example, in the first position of the rotor  905  relative to the stator extension  920   a ,  930   a , the first flux concentrator portion  905   b  sandwichably abuts S poles of the two magnet portions  905   a . A second flux concentrator portion  905   b ′ sandwichably abutting N poles of two magnet portions  905   b  is aligned with and located proximate to a second stator extension  930   a . As shown in  FIG. 9D  and the partial cutaway view of  FIG. 9E , flux generally travels in the direction F in this position of the rotor  905 . 
       FIG. 9F  shows a representative view of the device  900  of  FIGS. 9A-9B  from a view perpendicular to the direction E-E′ shown in  FIG. 9B , in a second, rotated rotor position. In the representative view of  FIG. 9F , the second flux concentrator portion  905   b ′ is aligned with and located proximate to the first stator portion extension  920   b . A third flux concentrator portion  905   b ″ is aligned with and located proximate to a second stator extension  920   a . As shown in  FIG. 9F  and the partial cutaway view of  FIG. 9G , flux generally travels in the direction F′ in this position of the rotor  905 . 
     Yet another feature of the variation of  FIGS. 9A-9G , and as applicable to some other variations of the present invention, is variability in rotational aspects of the output windings portion  910  of the device  900 . For example, because the output produced by the output portion  910  of the device  900  is independent of any rotational motion of the output windings portion  910  along the direction of its windings (e.g., in the direction Z shown in  FIG. 9A ), the output windings portion  910  may selectively be designed to rotate with the rotor portion  905 , for example, or to remain stationary with the stator or toroidal portions  920 ,  930 ,  940 , as convenient, without affecting performance. Thus, for example, output of the output windings portion  910  may selectively be fixably held, so as to produce output (e.g., when the device  900  is operating as an electrical output device) in the same rotational motional frame (e.g., none) of the stator portions  920 ,  930 , or may produce output while rotating in the same rotational frame as the rotor portion  905 , without requiring the use of any features (e.g., slip rings) in order to translate the output to the selected rotational motion. 
     Flux Concentrating Rotor Based Device With Variable Timing 
       FIGS. 10 and 11  present another particular implementation of a flux concentrating rotor similar to the variation shown in  FIGS. 9A-9G . However, in the variation shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the stator portions  1010 ,  1020  of the device  1000  are divided along a frictional plane or other surface  1005 , such that the first stator portion  1010  is rotatable relative to the second stator portion  1020 . For example, the second stator portion  1020  may be fixably held to a housing, and the first stator portion  1010  may be movable via rotation about a central point G via, for example, a slot in the first stator portion  1010  in which a moveable pin is received (e.g., a servo motor, or a biasing mechanism, such a spring, to which the pin is attached allows the first stator portion  1010  to be selectively rotated relative to the second stator portion  1020 ). 
     Operation of the variation of  FIGS. 10-11  is similar to that for the variation shown in  FIGS. 9A-9G ; however, the “timing” of flux transmitted between the first stator portion  1010  and the second stator portion  1020  may be varied relative to one another and relative to the rotor  1030 .  FIG. 11  shows an end view of the relative positions of the rotor  1030 , first stator portion  1010 , and second stator portion  1020 .  FIG. 11  is similar to  FIG. 9D ; however, compared to the position of the rotor  905  and two stator portions  920 ,  930  shown in  FIG. 9D , the first stator portion  1010  of  FIG. 11  has rotated slightly, by a rotational distance H, relative to the second stator portion  1020 . (Note that, in one variation, as the first stator portion  1010  and second stator portion  1020  approach alignment relative to one another, flux across the windings portion  1040  approaches zero.) 
     One result of such change in timing of the two stator portions relative to one another and relative to the rotating rotor is that the amount of flux through the device varies, typically so as to reduce flux. One value of the capability of the device of this variation to so reduce flux is that voltage generated may correspondingly be decreased. In addition, the device may be configured to operate differently at different speeds, for example (e.g., to output the same voltage across a range of speeds when operating as an alternator). 
     This capability may be useful, for example, in certain applications of an alternator or motor. For example, in an automotive application, it may be desired to regulate the output of the alternator for purposes of operating the automobile electrical components and/or charging the battery. The timing feature of this variation may be used to provide such alternator output regulation. 
     Similarly, the device of  FIGS. 10 and 11  may be configured to operate as a motor, with output of the motor RPM varying as a function of the timing features for a given power and voltage input. Further, the device may be variably operable to function as an alternator or a motor, depending on the voltage input, output, and timing. 
     Example variations and implementations of aspects of the present invention have now been described in accordance with the above advantages. It will be appreciated that these examples are merely illustrative of the invention. Many variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     In places where the description above refers to particular implementations of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices, it should be readily apparent that a number of modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof and that these aspects, implementations, and variations may be applied to other electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices. The presently disclosed aspects, implementations, and variations are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. When language similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, the phrase is intended to mean any of the following: (1) at least one of A; (2) at least one of B; (3) at least one of C; (4) at least one of A and at least one of B; (5) at least one of B and at least one of C; (6) at least one of A and at least one of C; or (7) at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C.