Abstract:
The remediation treatment creates environmentally neutral species from hydrocarbon contaminants. A catalyst is injected into the site and is permitted to diffuse through the site. An oxidizing agent is then introduced into the site to release a free radical in a Fenton-type reaction. The compounds react to release a free radical, which acts upon the contaminants to form environmentally neutral species. Diffusion of both compounds is aided by turbulence induced in the groundwater. A pH-adjusting compound is added to optimize reaction conditions. Reaction vapors are collected above ground, filtered, and vented to the atmosphere, reducing the chance for gas pressure buildup and possibly dangerous, potentially explosive conditions.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/970,846, filed Nov. 14, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,230 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to methods and systems for remediating contaminated water and soil, and, more particularly, to such methods and systems for decontaminating sites from organics and heavy metals. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Following a long period of environmental neglect, the United States and other countries have placed a high priority on remediating contaminated sites. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 400,000 contaminated sites are scheduled for cleanup in the United States in the coming decades, at an estimated cost as high as $500 billion to $1 trillion (National Research Council, “Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994; M. Russell et al.,  Hazardous Waste Remediation: The Task Ahead,  Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1991). U.S. spending on waste site remediation totaled approximately $9 billion in 1996 alone. 
     Despite this considerable investment, conventional technologies for remediating contaminated sites, especially those with contaminated ground water, are inadequate. For example, the National Research Council has conducted a study of conventional ground water cleanup systems at 77 contaminated sites and determined that ground water cleanup goals had been achieved at only 8 of the sites and that full achievement was highly unlikely with the in-place technologies at 34 of the 77 sites (NRC, ibid., 1994; MacDonald and Kavanaugh,  Envir. Sci. Tech.  28(8), 362A-68A, 1994). Based on these findings, it is believed that improved technologies are needed to restore contaminated sites. 
     The most common types of contaminants found at waste sites include chlorinated solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals (NRC, 1994). Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethane (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE), are used for such purposes as dry cleaning and degreasing industrial manufacturing equipment and cleaning military aircraft. Petroleum hydrocarbons commonly found in ground water include the components of gasoline, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Other common contaminants of ground water include naphthalene and chlorinated solvents. Because of the widespread use of both chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons, contaminated ground water has been found in many sites around the world. Additional ground-water and soil contaminants comprise polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), created from combustion, coal coking, and process, petroleum refining, and wood-treating operations; and polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs), once widely used in electrical transformers and capacitors and for a variety of other industrial purposes. 
     Some conventional technologies for cleaning contaminated ground water are based on the principle that if enough water is pumped from the site, the contaminants will eventually be flushed out. In such “pump and treat” systems, the pumped-out water is treated ex situ to remove contamination, which has limited effectiveness, especially for cleaning up undissolved sources of contamination beneath the water table. Key contaminant and subsurface properties that interfere with flushing include: solubility of contaminants into water; diffusion of contaminant into micropores and zones with limited water mobility; absorption of contaminants to subsurface materials; and heterogeneity of the subsurface. Because of the difficulty of flushing contaminants from the subsurface, the NRC concluded in its 1994 study that pump and treat systems would likely be unable to restore fully many types of contaminated sites. 
     During the 1990s, as the limitations of conventional subsurface remedial technologies have become increasingly clear, new technologies have emerged to clean up contaminated soil and leaking underground storage tanks containing petroleum products. Some of these newer technologies used on contaminated ground water at U.S. Superfund sites include air sparging, bioremediation, passive treatment wall, dual-phase extraction, in situ well aeration, in situ oxidation, and pump and treat. Those used to clean up contaminated ground water at underground storage tanks include biosparging, dual-phase extraction, air sparging, in situ bioremediation, pump and treat, and intrinsic remediation. Air sparging, dual-phase extraction, pump and treat, passive treatment wall, and in situ well aeration technologies include high equipment and labor costs with mechanical treatment of ground water. Bio- and intrinsic remediation have exhibited a long-term approach but are largely unproven, primarily owing to problems associated with providing an environment optimal for multiplication of the microbes while consuming the contaminant(s). 
     Systems have been known in the art for oxidizing hydrocarbons to harmless chemical constituents. A strong oxidizing agent known for such a use is hydrogen peroxide. In a reaction known as the Fenton reaction, hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with a metallic salt such as ferrous sulfate to produce a free radical, which breaks bonds in the hydrocarbon molecule in an exothermic reaction to produce a low-free-energy state, generally comprising a production of carbon dioxide and water. 
     Particular in situ systems utilizing Fenton-type reactions have been disclosed by Brown (U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,443) and Wilson (U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,642), both of which include mixing the Fenton reactants prior to introduction into the soil and ground water. Vigneri (U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,141 and 5,520,483) has described a remediation method and system that includes a preacidification of the ground water prior to a sequential introduction of the Fenton reactants, wherein hydrogen peroxide is added after an injection of ferrous sulfate at a high concentration. 
     It has also been found that some sites with certain geological characteristics consume remediation reactants; for example, high-carbonate soils, containing high concentrations of limestone or shells, can act as a buffer by raising the pH of the treating components and reduce their efficacy. 
     Further, some systems attempted to be used for remediation have been known to result in explosion owing to a lack of vapor extraction from an underground reaction site. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method for remediating a site containing hydrocarbon contaminants. 
     It is also an object to provide such a system and method that are in situ. 
     It is another object to provide such a method and system for delivering a remediating reaction to a contaminated site. 
     It is a further object to provide such a method and system for controlling a remediating reaction within a contaminated site. 
     It is yet another object to provide such a method and system for providing an optimal pH at the contaminated site. 
     It is yet a further object to provide such a method and system for extracting potentially harmful vapors from the contaminated site. 
     These and other objects are achieved by the method and system of the present invention, an in situ ground water and soil remediation treatment utilizing a Fenton-type reaction. 
     In a first embodiment, the method comprises the steps of introducing a first compound into a site that contains ground water and soil contaminated with a hydrocarbon. Typically testing will have been undertaken to determine the location and extent of the “contaminant plume,” that is, the spread of the contaminant throughout the site. The site is preferably essentially chemically untreated prior to the first compound&#39;s introduction. The first compound is permitted to diffuse through the site, allowing sufficient time for the first compound to achieve equilibrium within the contaminant plume. 
     Next a second compound is introduced into the site. This second compound comprises an oxidizing agent that has the ability to react with the first compound to release a free radical in a Fenton-type reaction. The first and second compounds are permitted to react to release a free radical, which is permitted to act upon a site contaminant to form an environmentally neutral species. Exemplary first and second compounds comprise, but are not intended to be limited to, a metallic salt and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. As described above, the environmentally neutral species may comprise such compounds as carbon dioxide and water, although these species are not intended as limitations. 
     In a second embodiment of the invention, the first compound is introduced into a contaminated site and is permitted to diffuse therethrough, such diffusion aided by turbulence induced in the groundwater. The second compound is introduced, also with turbulence induced in the ground water to facilitate dispersion. Again, the Fenton-type reaction is permitted to occur, decontaminating the site. 
     In a third embodiment of the invention, a system is provided for remediating a contaminated site. In a particular embodiment, an injection portal is introduced into the site beneath the water table, through which the first and second compounds can be introduced. Means are further provided for introducing turbulence into the ground water to enhance the diffusion of the compounds and their mixing. In a particular embodiment means are also provided for venting accumulated gases from the reaction site. 
     In all embodiments it has been found advantageous in certain geological systems also to provide a pH adjustment adapted to optimize the Fenton reaction. For example, as discussed above, high-carbonate sites can consume reactants by acting as a pH buffer and raising the pH of the groundwater upon an introduction of the reactants. 
     Advantageously, it has also been found that a particular turbulence-introducing means serves the dual purpose of providing a pH adjustment; namely, the introduction of carbon dioxide gas, which lowers the pH of the groundwater at the reaction site. It has also been found that the pH-adjustment means, e.g., CO 2 , can be added either before or during the reaction process; so the invention is not intended to be limited to the use of CO 2  as the turbulence-creating means. 
     Further, an aspect of particular embodiments of the invention have been found to confer additional safety advantages. In particular, the vapors created and collected underground in some known systems must diffuse somewhere, typically along some “path of least resistance” underground. Such diffusion has created serious hazards even remote from the cleanup site, leading to explosions. Thus an element of the present invention also prevents the occurrence of these hazardous conditions by extracting reaction vapors from the site before they can seep elsewhere. 
    
    
     The features that characterize the invention, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following description used in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. It is to be expressly understood that the drawing is for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. These and other objects attained, and advantages offered, by the present invention will become more fully apparent as the description that now follows is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional schematic view of the remediation system. 
     FIG. 2 is a plan view of the remediation system. 
     FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of an injection point. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be presented with reference to FIGS. 1-3. 
     The Chemical Process 
     The system and method comprise a chemical oxidation process for remediating a site having ground water and soil containing contaminants such as, but not limited to, constituents of gasoline, diesel fuel, dry cleaning and industrial solvents, creosote, polychlorinated biphenyls, other organic-based contaminants, heavy metals, and metal biproducts. An exemplary oxidation reaction, that of benzene, with a free radical proceeds as: 
     
       
         2C 6 H 6   +OH.→ 6CO 2 +18H 2 O 
       
     
     Since the hydroxyl radical has such a short lifetime (˜ms), it is preferable that it be generated in situ. The Fenton pathway for accomplishing this using ferrous ion as an exemplary reactant is: 
     
       
         H 2 O 2 +Fe 2+ →OH − +OH. 
       
     
     Using this reaction, organic molecules can be oxidized in a substrate through the addition of an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide and a reactant such as ferrous ion solution. 
     The amount of reactant required is site-specific and can be seen by one of skill in the art to be related to the physico-chemical characteristics of the site, including the volume of contaminant present, hydraulic conductivity, soil porosity, pH, and buffering capacity of the ground water and soil. 
     Hydrogen peroxide, being a weak acid (K a =2×10 −12 ), causes a reduction in the pH of the ground water into which it is introduced. However, upon spontaneous decomposition into water and oxygen gas, the pH returns to normal. The temporary pH depression is advantageous to the reaction, since the creation of hydroxyl radical is favored at lowered pH. The oxygen gas added to the site is also advantageous in creating an environment favorable to microbiological recolonization of the treated area, enhancing biodegradation of any remaining contaminants. 
     The Fenton reaction is exothermic, which is also favorable for the process of the present invention, since desorption of contaminants is favored at higher temperatures. 
     Elements, Placement, and Operation of the System 
     Prior to the introduction of the remediation system  10  into the site  20 , a contamination assessment is preferably performed to determine the location of the contaminant plume  22 , which is shown schematically in FIG. 1 to be located within the capillary zone  24  and the aquifer  25 , beneath the vadose zone  26 . As schematically indicated in plan view (FIG.  2 ), the contaminant plume  22  will typically comprise an irregular shape. 
     Preferably a zone or radius of influence  125  should be determined prior to installation of the system. The zone of influence  125 , which is defined for the purposes of the present invention as a radial distance from an injection point to a location at which the hydrogen peroxide concentration is diluted to less than a predetermined minimum amount, here chosen to be 0.3% by weight. Such a determination can be made by an analytical estimate or by performing a pilot test whereby the zone of influence  125  is physically established. A typical zone of influence  125  comprises approximately 10 feet, although it will be obvious to one of skill in the art that this can vary over a wide range. 
     The apparatus of a preferred embodiment of the remediation system  10  is depicted schematically in FIG. 1 in cross section and in FIG. 2 in plan view. A plurality of injection portals  12  are constructed and installed in spaced relation from each other such that their zones of influence  125  overlap each other. The depth  124  of their outlets  122  is preferably beneath the contaminant plume  22 . 
     Fenton reactants are introduced into inlets  121  in the injection portals  12  from above-ground vessels, an iron sulfate vessel  127  and a hydrogen peroxide vessel  128 . Each vessel  127 , 128  is in fluid communication via piping  129  to a pump  126  (only one shown in FIG. 1) for facilitating the reactants&#39; introduction into the injection portal  12 . Valves  130 , 131  are provided between each vessel  127 , 128 , respectively, and the pump  126  to permit the selective introduction of each reactant. 
     In use, the first compound, in a preferred embodiment comprising ferrous sulfate solution at a concentration of 0.3-300 ppm, is introduced first and is allowed sufficient time to diffuse through the site  20 . An exemplary time for achieving diffusion is 24 hours, although this is not intended as a limitation. 
     The second compound, the oxidizing agent, in a preferred embodiment comprising hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 5-50 wt %, is injected and permitted to react with the ferrous ion, releasing a free radical that acts upon the site contaminants to form environmentally neutral species, including carbon dioxide and water. 
     In a preferred embodiment means are also provided for causing turbulence in the ground water during the introduction of each of the reactants for facilitating their dispersion throughout the site  20 . A plurality of pressurized gas portals  14  are installed, one adjacent each injection portal  12  and having an outlet  142  at a depth  144  beneath that  124  of the injection portal  12 . (Under some conditions the depth  144  may be chosen to be above that  124  of the injection portal  12 ; therefore, this arrangement is not intended as a limitation.) An air (or other gas) compressor  146  is operated in a plurality of on/off cycles to inject gas into the gas portals&#39; inlets  141 , which provides turbulent mixing of the reactants and substantially overcomes any naturally occurring preferential pathway in the aquifer  25 . Instead of a compressor  146 , other means known in the art may be used to introduce gas under pressure, such as a pressurized tank, although these systems are not intended as limitations. 
     A pH-adjusting means may also be added to the site in order to optimize the conditions for the Fenton reaction. For example, if the geological characteristics of the site have been determined to comprise high-carbonate materials, as discussed above, the turbulence-creating gas may comprise carbon dioxide, which, when dissolved, lowers the pH of the solution by reacting with water to form carbonic acid. 
     An exemplary injection point (FIG. 3) comprises a unitary bore  40  into which the injection  12  and pressurized gas  14  portals are placed. The portals  12 , 14  each comprise pipe, such as PVC pipe, at their upper ends, and fluid-permeable material, such as well screen, at their bottom ends. Thus the outlets  122 , 142  represent a fluid-permeable region  129 , 149 , respectively, in each of the portals  12 , 14 . The portals  12 , 14  also include locking caps  123 , 143  affixed via a threaded top portion  123 , 143  of each portal  12 , 14 . An exemplary bore  40  has a diameter of 8 in. and a depth sufficient to reach beneath the contaminant plume  22  and above a confining layer  29 . After insertion of the portals  12 , 14 , the bore  40  is filled from the bottom  402  to a first depth  406  with a packing material  405 , such as 6/20 silica sand. The remainder of the bore  40  is filled to a sink depth  407  with grout  408 . The portals&#39; inlets  121 , 141  are left exposed beneath the surface  28 , and the top  401  of the bore  40  is covered with a removable cover, such as a manhole  42 . 
     Another feature of a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises means for extracting a vapor component of the reaction product(s) from below ground. This extraction is believed important owing to the explosive nature of the volatilized contaminants, which can accumulate. This feature is believed preferable over simply monitoring the site, as migration of the vapors may occur into unknown areas, which may include remote locations such as basements, sewer pipes, or other underground utilities. Such a potentially dangerous explosive environment is avoided with the use of the present invention, which provides a vapor collection system to establish a partial vacuum in the vadose zone  26 . 
     The vapor collection system in a preferred embodiment comprises an extraction blower  166  connected via piping to the top openings  161  of a plurality of pressurized gas portals  16 . Each gas portal  16  extends to a depth  164  in the vadose zone  26 , where vapors are collected into a bottom opening  162 . An activated carbon filter system  168  is also provided in a preferred embodiment, through which the vapors collected into the blower  166  pass prior to venting into the atmosphere. 
     Exemplary Field Study 
     A field study was undertaken at a highly contaminated petroleum tank site comprising the following site-specific geology: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 0-2.5 ft 
                 black, organic silty, fine-grained quartz sand 
               
               
                   
                 2.5-4.0 ft 
                 dark brown, silty, well-consolidated hardpan 
               
               
                   
                 4.0-12.5 ft 
                 brown, silty, fine-grained quartz sand 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The site-specific hydrogeology studies indicated that ground water monitor wells at 1.0 gpm dried the wells. Recharge to the monitor wells was low. A surficial water table aquifer thickness of 15 ft was based on deep monitor well boring lithology. An assumed porosity of 15% was also based on boring lithology. 
     Free hydrocarbon contaminant was observed in the vadose zone soil around the petroleum dispenser island, under the concrete apron in front of the building, and adjacent the former tank pad area. Free contaminant was also observed in the capillary fringe of the former tank pad area. Excessively contaminated soils extended from approximately 0.5 ft below ground to the capillary fringe. 
     The remediation system in this example included 35 bores, a catalyst injection of 1.4 wt % at 3 gpm followed by an oxidant injection of 25 wt % at 1.3 gpm. The results for six injection points (IP) are presented in Table 1 at t 0  and t 1 , 1 week later. Measured quantities are given in units of micrograms per liter (μg/L) or parts per billion (ppb). BDL=below detection limit; % red=percent reduction; BTEX=benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene; MTBE=methyl tert-butyl ether; naph=total naphthalenes. The data in this table indicate that the process and system of the present invention are effective in significantly reducing contaminants to environmentally acceptable values. Such values may be determined by local regulations mandating such values as drinking water standards and soil cleanup goals. The flexibility of the present invention makes it efficacious for reaching virtually any level desired. 
     Measurements were also made throughout the remediation time from t 0  to 48 hours of temperature, pH, and conductivity, and these are displayed in Table 2. The data indicate that the site returns to approximately its pretreatment pH and temperature within 48 hours, and the conductivity is reduced to 0.1% of the value measured upon introduction of catalyst solution. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Process Exemplary Field Study Results 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IP1, t 0   
                 IP1, t 1   
                 % red 
                 IP2, t 0   
                 IP2, t 1   
                 % red 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 benzene 
                 1900 
                 260 
                 86.3 
                 11000 
                 1800 
                 83.6 
               
               
                 toluene 
                 1100 
                 180 
                 83.6 
                 1300 
                 110 
                 91.5 
               
               
                 xylenes 
                 3600 
                 820 
                 77.2 
                 8500 
                 1500 
                 82.4 
               
               
                 BTEX 
                 7220 
                 1380 
                 80.9 
                 23300 
                 3890 
                 83.3 
               
               
                 MTBE 
                 BDL 
                 BDL 
                 n/a 
                 BDL 
                 BDL 
                 n/a 
               
               
                 naph 
                 380 
                 172 
                 54.7 
                 1040 
                 314 
                 69.8 
               
               
                 EB 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 n/a 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 n/a 
               
               
                 lead 
                 22 
                 19 
                 13.6 
                 66 
                 3 
                 95.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 IP3, t 0   
                 IP3, t 1   
                 % red 
                 IP4, t 0   
                 IP4, t 1   
                 % red 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 benzene 
                 17000 
                 60 
                 99.6 
                 15000 
                 4 
                 100 
               
               
                 toluene 
                 32000 
                 620 
                 98.1 
                 26000 
                 8 
                 100 
               
               
                 xylenes 
                 14000 
                 2400 
                 82.9 
                 12000 
                 5 
                 100 
               
               
                 BTEX 
                 65200 
                 3300 
                 94.9 
                 54900 
                 17 
                 100 
               
               
                 MTBE 
                 BDL 
                 BDL 
                 n/a 
                 BDL 
                 BDL 
                 n/a 
               
               
                 naph 
                 2050 
                 1760 
                 14.1 
                 920 
                 10 
                 98.9 
               
               
                 EB 
                 0.78 
                 0.18 
                 76.9 
                 80 
                 4.2 
                 94.8 
               
               
                 lead 
                 122 
                 16 
                 86.9 
                 62 
                 3 
                 95.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 IP5, t 0   
                 IP5, t 1   
                 % red 
                 IP6, t 0   
                 IP6, t 1   
                 % red 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 benzene 
                 17000 
                 140 
                 99.2 
                 20000 
                 300 
                 98.5 
               
               
                 toluene 
                 23000 
                 190 
                 99.2 
                 22000 
                 68 
                 99.7 
               
               
                 xylenes 
                 10000 
                 72 
                 99.3 
                 10000 
                 100 
                 99.0 
               
               
                 BTEX 
                 51500 
                 414 
                 99.2 
                 53800 
                 504 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 MTBE 
                 BDL 
                 BDL 
                 n/a 
                 BDL 
                 BDL 
                 n/a 
               
               
                 naph 
                 716 
                 10 
                 98.6 
                 850 
                 10 
                 98.8 
               
               
                 EB 
                 29 
                 2.6 
                 91.0 
                 2.1 
                 0.26 
                 87.6 
               
               
                 lead 
                 22 
                 3 
                 86.4 
                 130 
                 3 
                 97.7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Site Physical Conditions during Remediation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Time (h) 
                 Temp. (° C.) 
                 pH 
                 Cond. (mS/cm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 25.9 
                 5.9 
                 600 
               
               
                   
                 2.5 
                 41.8 
                 4.4 
                 580 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 55.6 
                 3.5 
                 520 
               
               
                   
                 7.5 
                 34.1 
                 4.2 
                 480 
               
               
                   
                 48 
                 29.7 
                 5.9 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It may be appreciated by one skilled in the art that additional embodiments may be contemplated, including alternative reactants and portal arrangements. 
     In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity, and understanding, but no unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirements of the prior art, because such words are used for description purposes herein and are intended to be broadly construed. Moreover, the embodiments of the apparatus illustrated and described herein are by way of example, and the scope of the invention is not limited to the exact details of construction. 
     Having now described the invention, the construction, the operation and use of preferred embodiment thereof, and the advantageous new and useful results obtained thereby, the new and useful constructions, and reasonable mechanical equivalents thereof obvious to those skilled in the art, are set forth in the appended claims.