Abstract:
The current inventions relates to a strain of  Lactobacillus amylovorus  designated FST 2.11 as deposited under the accession no DSM 19280 on 13 Apr. 2007 in the DSMZ depository, and strains substantially similar thereto also encoding anti-fungal and bread antistaling properties and applications thereof.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a novel strain of  Lactobacillus amylovorus , which has antifungal properties and the ability to prolong the shelf-life of food products such as yeast or chemically leavened cereal products. Examples of baked products include but are not limited to breads and cakes, and intermediate products such as doughs, batters or sourdoughs. The invention also relates to the antifungal fermentation broth or extract of this strain as well as newly identified antifungal compounds produced by the strain. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Bread is the most important staple food in the Western world and it is generally viewed as a perishable commodity, which is best consumed when ‘fresh’. The loss of perceived freshness is due to a number of factors, which may generally be categorised into one of two groups: those that are due to a series of complex processes collectively known as staling; and those that are attributed to microbial spoilage. Despite being studied for more than a century and a half, bread staling has not been eliminated and remains responsible for huge economic losses to both the baking industry and the consumer (Gray and Bemiller, 2003). The application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the form of sourdough has been reported to have positive effects on wheat bread quality and staling (Corsetti et al., 2000; Clarke et al., 2002; Crowley et al., 2002). 
         [0003]    The most frequent cause of microbial spoilage in bread is mould growth. Common spoilage fungi from bakery products belong to the genera  Penicillium, Aspergillus, Monilia, Mucor, Endomyces, Cladosporium, Fusarium  and  Rhizopus  (Legan, 1993; Poute and Tsen, 1987). In particular,  Penicillium roqueforti  is highly resistant to antifungal compounds, and it is responsible for about 70% of bread spoilage. In addition to the economic losses associated with spoilage of this nature, a further concern is the possibility that mycotoxins produced by the moulds may cause public health problems (Legan, 1993). A number of methods are applied to prevent or minimise microbial spoilage of bread, e.g. addition of propionic acid and its salts, modified atmosphere packaging, irradiation, pasteurisation of packaged bread (Legan, 1993; Pateras, 1998), or biopreservation (i.e. control of one organism by another). The recent years have experienced an increasing interest in the application of biopreservation in the food industry. In this regard, LAB are of special interest, since they have a long history of use in food and, in particular, lactobacilli are ‘generally regarded as safe’. Beside the weak organic acids, i.e. lactic and acetic acids (Röcken and Voysey, 1995; Röcken, 1996; Stiles, 1996), LAB produce a wide range of low molecular weight compounds (Niku-Paavola et al., 1999), peptides (Okkers et al., 1999) and proteins (Magnusson and Schniirer, 2001) with antifungal activity. Recently, the production of the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo ( L -Phe- L -Pro) and cyclo ( L -Phe-trans-4-OH- L -Pro) has been shown for  Lactobacillus plantarum  MiLAB 393 (Ström et al., 2002). This strain was found to inhibit the growth of  Aspergillus nidulans  and to alter the fungal protein expression during co-cultivation studies (Ström et al., 2005). Cyclic dipeptides have been previously shown to be both antibacterial and antifungal (Graz et al., 1999) and it is likely that these substances, previously only reported from  L. plantarum  strains (Lindgren and Dobrogosz, 1990), are also produced by other LAB, e.g.  Pediococcus pentosaceus  and  Lactobacillus sakei  (Magnusson et al., 2003). Unfortunately, most of these investigations rely mainly on studies using laboratory media, which, even if suitable for testing activity, may however not reflect the situation encountered in a food system. Furthermore, during these studies some of the antifungal strains were found to lose their activity over time (Magnusson et al., 2003) Finally, the applicability of these antifungal strains as starters for fermentations has not always been considered nor has the quality of the final product been described. 
         [0004]      Lactobacillus amylovorus  has been noted as one of the dominant strains in type II sourdoughs and inhibitory substances produced by lactobacilli isolated from sourdoughs have been identified. The potential of selected lactic acid bacteria to produce food-compatible antifungal metabolites has been recorded. U.S. Pat. No. 6,827,952 describes  Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis  strains with mould-proofing activity and a method for producing bread. De Muynck et al. (2004) reported the isolation of 13 antifungal strains of LAB, one of which is recorded as  Lactobacillus amylovorus . Corsetti et al. (2000) describe the addition of a  L. amylovorus  strain to sourdough and the positive effects of its amylolytic activity on bread firmness and staling. The delay of onset of fungal growth by 7 days in bread started with  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  and the sourdough isolate  L. plantarum  21B has been reported. A notable property of antifungal activity demonstrable by bacterial strains is that it is often strain specific, affecting individual strains of target organisms and not others of the same species, thus providing a requirement for a number of producer strains in order to demonstrate a wide inhibitory spectrum. Other antifungal moieties (plant derived, essential oils, fatty acids, modified whey) are known but would not be suitable for use as starter cultures. 
       OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The object of this invention is to isolate and characterise lactic acid bacteria with antifungal properties. A further object is to provide antifungal strains as starters for sourdough fermentation, and apply them in food preparation, more specifically in the production of bread and baked cereal products. Sourdough fermented by the antifungal  L. amylovorus  will be compared to sourdough fermented by traditional sourdough isolates, e.g.  Lactobacillus plantarum  and/or  Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis , as well as to a chemically acidified dough and a non-acidified dough. Another object is to provide use of the strains to reduce staling of bread and baked cereal products. A still further object is to provide antifungal compounds responsible for the activity of the strains. Another object is to provide antifungal strains and extracts thereof for use in food preservation (e.g. for cereal, dairy, or meat products, as well as fruit and vegetables), as preservatives for animal feed production (e.g. silage), treatment of surfaces (e.g. wood) and pharmaceutical compositions for human and animal use (e.g. disinfectants, creams). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    According to the present invention there is provided a strain of  Lactobacillus amylovorus  designated FST 2.11 as deposited under the accession no DSM 19280 on 13 th  Apr. 2007 at the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen), and strains substantially similar thereto also showing antifungal activity. The antifungal activity may be effective in bread, including low salt bread, and cereal products, and be capable of reducing staling of bread, including low salt bread, and cereal products. The strain of  Lactobacillus amylovorus  designated FST 2.11, and strains substantially similar thereto also encoding antifungal and bread antistaling properties, may find use as starter culture for food fermentation, e.g. bread, including low salt bread, cereal, dairy or meat products, preservation of fruit and vegetables, as a starter for the production of animal feed (e.g. silage), in the treatment of surfaces (e.g. wood), and in the production of pharmaceuticals for human and animal use (e.g. disinfectants, creams). 
         [0007]    In another aspect, the invention provides the fermentation broth of the  Lactobacillus amylovorus  strain designated FST 2.11 and strains substantially similar thereto also encoding antifungal and bread antistaling properties, the supernatant of cultures thereof, or an extract of the strain, fermentation broth or supernatant. The fermentation broth, supernatant, or extracts may find use as food preservatives in the production of cereal, dairy or meat products, animal feed (e.g. silage), preservation of fruit and vegetables, treatment of surfaces (e.g. wood), and in the production of pharmaceuticals for human and animal use (e.g. disinfectants, creams). In a still further aspect the invention provides a method for the production of sourdough with antifungal activity comprising addition of the strain of  Lactobacillus amylovorus  designated FST 2.11 and strains substantially similar thereto also encoding antifungal and bread antistaling properties, the fermentation liquid of such strains or the supernatant thereof, or an extract of the strains or liquid to the sourdough starting materials. 
         [0008]    Also provided are antifungal compounds active against bread spoilage organisms, including  Penicillium roqueforti , produced by the strain  Lactobacillus amylovorus  FST 2.11 and strains substantially similar thereto also encoding antifungal and bread antistaling properties. The antifungal compounds find use in food production (cereal, dairy or meat as well as animal feed), as foodstuff ingredients/preservatives, as anti-microbial ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions, disinfectants, creams, wipes, lotions and ointments, edible packaging films or to decontaminate fruit, vegetables or surfaces generally. 
         [0009]    In another aspect the invention provides use of one or more compounds selected from the group Cytidine, Deoxycytidine, Methylcinnamic acid, Cyclo(His-Pro), Cyclo(Pro-Pro), Cyclo(Met-Pro), or Cyclo(Tyr-Pro) as anti-fungal agents. 
         [0010]    By substantially similar we mean strains, which are mutants or derivatives of the deposited strain, which also produce the antistaling and antifungal properties herein described. In another aspect the invention provides an antifungal agent active against spoilage moulds, comprising the strain of  Lactobacillus amylovorus  designated FST 2.11 or a strain substantially similar thereto also encoding antifungal and bread antistaling properties, the fermentation broth of such strains or the supernatant thereof, or an extract of the strains or broth. 
         [0011]    A further method provided by the invention is the production of fermented cereal products or breads including low salt bread, comprising addition of the strain of  Lactobacillus amylovorus  designated FST 2.11 or a strain substantially similar thereto also encoding antifungal and bread antistaling properties, the fermentation broth of such strains or the supernatant thereof, or an extract of the strains or broth to the cereals or bread starting materials. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1 . Partial 16S rDNA sequence of the strain of LAB designated FST 2.11. To determine the closest relatives of 16S rDNA sequences, a search of the GenBank DNA database was conducted by using the BLASTn algorithm. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2 . HPLC profile of water soluble (A), 10% acetonitrile soluble (B) and 50% acetonitrile soluble(C) compounds produced by  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11. Compounds indicated with an arrow showed antifungal activity. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3 . Microtiter well spore germination bioassay system used to identify antifungal compounds produced by  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11. The figure shows the compounds present in the 50% acetonitrile soluble fraction. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4 . LAB cell counts (A), pH (B) and TTA (C) values of wheat sourdoughs fermented by  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 (black dashed line),  L. plantarum  FST 1.7 (black line) or  L. sanfranciscensis  LTH 2581 (grey line) for 48 h at 30° C. LAB total cell counts were determined on mMRS4 agar. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5 . Specific volume (A), moisture content (B), total volume of CO 2  (C), CO 2  released (D), and CO 2  retained (E), in wheat bread (CON), chemically acidified bread (CA) and sourdough bread fermented by  L. plantarum  (LP),  L. sanfranciscensis  (LS), or  L. amylovorus  (LA). 
           [0017]      FIG. 6 . Hardness (A), rate of staling (B), and gumminess (C) of wheat bread (CON), bread containing a chemically acidified dough (CA) and sourdough wheat bread fermented by  L. sanfranciscensis  (LS),  L. plantarum  (LP) or  L. amylovorus  (LA) over 5 days of storage at room temperature. 
           [0018]      FIG. 7 . Shelf life of wheat bread and wheat bread containing 20% sourdough fermented for 24 or 48 h. Bread slices were sprayed with about 10 4  spores of  A. niger, F. culmorum, P. expansum  or  P. roqueforti , stored at room temperature and mould growth was monitored over 10 days. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8 . Shelf life of lean bread containing 40% (20% flour replacement) sourdough inoculated with  Lactobacillus amylovorous . Sourdough was prepared by using 50% wheat flour inoculated with  Lactobacillus amylovorus  FST 2.1 (10 5 CFU/g dough) and fermented at 30° C. for 48 h. Lean Bread: 5% Fresh yeast, 2% salt. 
           [0020]      FIG. 9 . Shelf life of Japanese Rolls containing 40% (20% flour replacement) sourdough inoculated with  Lactobacillus amylovorous . Soft&#39;r Roll: 3% Fresh yeast, 1.5% salt and 6% sugar. Sourdough was prepared by using 50% wheat flour inoculated with  Lactobacillus amylovorus  FST 2.1 (10 5 CFU/g dough) and fermented at 30° C. for 48 h. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Isolation and Identification of Sourdough LAB 
       [0021]    Gluten-free sourdough was prepared according to a recipe recently developed at the UCC (Table I). Fermentation was performed either at 30° C. or 37° C. LAB from 24 h-fermented gluten-free sourdoughs were cultivated on mMRS5 (Meroth et al., 2003) agar supplemented with 0.05 g/l Bromcresol green and incubated at 30° C. for 48 h under anaerobic conditions. From the plates containing 30 to 300 colonies, 3 colonies per colony form were subcultured and identified by sequence analysis of the first 1000 base pairs (bp) of the 16S rDNA. To determine the closest relatives of the partial 16S rDNA sequences, a GenBank DNA database search was conducted. A similarity of &gt;98% to 16S rDNA sequences of type strains was used as the criterion for identification. 
       Fungal Cultures and Preparation of the Spore Solution 
       [0022]    The moulds  Aspergillus fumigatus  J9,  Aspergillus niger  FST 4.21,  Fusarium culmorum  FST 4.05,  Fusarium graminearum  FST 4.02,  Penicillium expansum  FST 4.22 as well as  Penicillium roqueforti  FST 4.11 were used as target organisms for assay of antifungal activity in vitro (Table II). Moulds were cultivated on malt extract agar (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) and the fungal spore solutions were obtained as described previously (Magnusson and Schniirer, 2001). Briefly,  A. niger, F. culmorum, P. expansum  and  P. roqueforti  were grown on malt extract agar until sporulation occurred. Spores were harvested in physiological solution and stored at −80° C. in a glycerol/water (50:50 v/v) solution. Spores were transferred from this stock solution into a synthetic nutrient-poor medium (Nirenberg, 1976). Vigorous stirring (200 rpm) for 8 days at room temperature provided a fungal cell and conidial suspensions with a concentration of 5×10 7  spores ml −1 . 
       In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 
       [0023]    The inhibitory activity of  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 against selected spoilage moulds and bacteria (see Table II for full list) was investigated using the overlay method (Magnusson and Schnürer, 2001) with some modifications. To avoid any pH effect, the screening was carried out on buffered mMRS5 agar plates. The medium was buffered to pH 6.5 using a 75 mmol KH 2 PO 4  solution.  Lactobacillus plantarum  FST 1.7 was included as a positive control, as the antifungal activity of this strain has been recently characterised (Dal Bello et al., 2007). Additionally,  Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis  LTH 2581 was used as a negative control. LAB strains were placed as cell spots on the plates and incubated at 30° C. for 48 h in anaerobic jars. To test antimicrobial activity against spoilage bacteria, plates were overlaid with 12 ml of standard I agar (Merck, Germany) containing 100 μl of an overnight spoilage bacterial culture. Plates were then incubated at 30 or 37° C. for 60 h. To investigate antifungal activity, a fungal spore solution (ca. 10 4  spores/ml) was sprayed by nebulisation on the surface of plates. Plates were then incubated at room temperature for 3 days. Inhibitory activity was scored as follows: −, no inhibition; +, very weak inhibition around the colonies; ++, low inhibition with little clear zones around the colonies; +++, strong inhibition with detectable zones around the colonies; ++++, very strong inhibition with large clear zones and nearly no growth around the colonies. 
       Isolation and Characterisation of Antifungal Compounds Produced by  L. Amylovorus  FST 2.11 
       [0024]    Antifungal compounds of  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 were isolated according to the method of Ström et al. (2002) with a number of modifications. Briefly, a microtiter well spore germination bioassay was utilised to determine the activity of compounds from culture filtrate against the indicator fungus  A. fumigatus  J9. Cell-free supernatant was fractioned on a C 18  solid phase extraction (SPE) column, allowing the separation of the hydrophilic phase from the hydrophobic phase. Prior to solid phase extraction a 10 ml sample of broth was taken and distilled with the distillate being examined for the presence of organic acids (up to 10 C— atoms). These acids were identified using comparative gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectroscopy (MS) with respect to elution time and molecular weight. All other compounds in the broth were separated using HPLC. To increase the ease of collection of compounds an initial separation was carried out with respect to elution time on the HPLC unit with the 99.8% MeCN phase being separated into 3 individual phases and evaluated separately. During separation all HPLC peaks corresponding to individual compounds were collected separately (no mass fractionating and bioassaying were performed) and once collected each compounds was either freeze dried or dried under a flow of clean dry nitrogen gas. Each compound was then evaluated for antimicrobial activity at a 50 mg/ml level using the spore germination bioassay described previously, with the level of outgrowth being examined both visually and also using a microtiter plate reader at a wave length of 490 nm. The chemical structure, molecular weight and fragmentation behaviour of compounds active in the bioassay were identified using  1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), LC-MS, and GC-MS. A Q TOF LC-MS was used to determine the molecular weights and fragmentation pattern of each compound (Table III), with these being compared to previously reported results. The collected  1 H NMR results were compared with previously reported NMR chemical shifts from a number of NMR databases. These results acted as a final confirmation of the molecule isolated. 
       Sourdough Fermentation and Analysis 
       [0025]    The suitability of  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 as starter for wheat sourdough fermentation was investigated and compared to that of traditional sourdough starters  L. sanfranciscensis  LTH 2851 and  L. plantarum  FST 1.7. Briefly, 80 ml of mMRS5 broth were inoculated (1% level) with an overnight culture and incubated for 24 h at 30° C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 min, washed twice and resuspended in 40 ml sterile tap water (containing ca. 5×10 9  CFU/ml). Six-hundred grams of wheat flour and 600 ml of sterile tap water (dough yield of 200) were mixed to homogeneity for 1 min with a Kenwood mixer mixed. The selected starter was inoculated at a final concentration of ca. 10 5  CFU/g dough. Sourdough fermentation was performed at 30° C. for 48 h. LAB cell growth during sourdough fermentation was investigated. Briefly, 1 g sourdough was serially diluted in sterile physiological solution and the LAB cell counts were determined on mMRS5 agar plates. At each time point, pH and TTA values were also measured using a suspension of sourdough (10 g), acetone (5 ml) and distilled water (95 ml) according to a standard method (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Getreideforschung e.V., 1994). To confirm the presence of the inoculated starter LAB, at the end of fermentation 3 colonies per colony form were picked from mMRS5 agar plates containing 30 to 300 colonies, purified and subjected to partial 16S rDNA sequencing according to a previously described method (Meroth et al., 2003). 
       Sourdough Bread Production 
       [0026]    The sourdoughs fermented by the selected LAB were used for the production of wheat bread. Doughs were prepared by replacing 20% of the flour with an equivalent quantity of flour in the form of sourdough fermented by the selected strain. Dough formulations based on a flour quantity of 3000 g were mixed in a Stephan mixer (Stephan Sohne, Hameln, Germany) at level 2 (1400 rpm) for 20 s prior to scraping down and mixed for further 40 s. The doughs were rested in bulk for 30 min in the proofer (Koma BV Roermond, Holland) at 30° C. and 85% rh, scaled into 400 g portions, moulded in a small scale moulder (Machinefabriek Holtkamp BV, Almelo, Holland), placed in tins (180 mm×120 mm×60 mm, Sasa UK, Middx, UK) and proofed for 50 min at 30° C. and 85% rh. Baking was carried out at 230° C. for 30 min in a deck oven (MIWE, Arnstein, Germany). The oven was presteamed (300 ml of water) before loading and, on loading, was steamed by injecting 700 ml of water. The loaves were depanned and kept for 120 min on cooling racks at room temperature. Loaves were heat sealed in moisture impermeable bags (Polystyrol-Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol-Polyethylene) under modified atmosphere (60% N 2  and 40% CO 2 ) and stored at 21° C. Analyses were performed over a five-day storage period at three intervals: 2 h (after cooling and before packing), 50 h and 122 h, respectively. Additionally, a non-acidified dough as well as a chemically acidified dough were prepared. The chemically acidified dough contained a mixture of lactic and acetic acids (4:1 v/v) in order to yield a dough pH comparable to that of the doughs containing sourdough (biologically acidified). 
       Bread Analysis 
       [0027]    A series of bread analysis were performed (in triplicate) prior to packaging. Loaf weight and volume (rapeseed displacement method) were determined. Bake loss and loaf specific volume (mug) were calculated. Crust and crumb colour were determined with a chroma-meter (Minolta CR-300, Osaka, Japan). For crumb texture analysis, loaves were sliced transversely using a slice regulator and bread knife to obtain uniform slices of 25 mm thickness. Two bread slices taken from the centre of each loaf were used. Images of the bread were captured using a flatbed scanner (HP ScanJet4c, Hewlett Packard) and supporting software (Desk Scan II, Hewlett Packard). The brightness levels were adjusted to 150 units and contrast to 170 units using software controls (Crowley et al., 2000). Texture profile analysis (TPA) was performed using a universal testing machine TA-XT21 (Stable Micro Systems, Surrey, UK) equipped with a 25-kg load cell and a 35 mm aluminium cylindrical probe. The settings used were a test speed of 2.0 mm/sec with a trigger force of 20 g to compress the middle of the breadcrumb to 60% of its original height. Water activity was determined with material taken from the centre of the crumb using the Aqua lab CX-2 (Decagon Devices Inc., Washington, USA). All measurements obtained with the three loaves from one batch were averaged into one value, i.e. one replicate. TPA was repeated with three loaves at day 2 (50 hr after baking) and day 5 (122 hr after baking). 
       Bread Challenge Tests 
       [0028]    Sourdoughs were fermented for 24 or 48 h at 30° C. with the antifungal  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 or  L. plantarum  FST 1.7, as well as with the control strain  L. sanfranciscensis  LTH 2581. Additionally, bread containing spontaneously fermented sourdough as well as a non-fermented bread and a chemically acidified bread were included. The antifungal activity of the LAB in the context of bread was determined using bread slices challenged against  A. niger, F. culmorum, P. expansum  as well as  P. roqueforti  spores according to previously described methods (Dal Bello et al., 2007). Briefly, the conidial solution (dilution 1:10) was applied by nebulisation on both sides of each slice at a rate of approximately 1 ml (ca. 10 4  spores) per bread slice. Each slice was then packed in a plastic bag and heat sealed, during which procedure a small slot was left open and a tip of a transfer pipette was inserted to ensure comparable aerobic conditions in each bag. Bags were incubated at room temperature and examined for mould growth during a ten-day storage period. A series of ten slices was inoculated. Mould growth was quantified as being the number of slice surfaces, i.e. both front and rear of slice, manifesting air mycelia. 
       Lean Bread and Japanese Rolls Shelf Life Tests 
       [0029]      L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 was investigated in form of sourdough for the potential to increase the shelf life of lean bread and Japanese rolls. For both experiments,  L. amylovorus  sourdough fermented for 48 h at 30° C. was added at 40% level (20% flour replacement), and the resulting bread/Japanese roll was challenged against contaminants present in an industrial bakery, including  Penicillum aethiopicum  and  A. niger . Briefly, bread/rolls were exposed to the bakery air for about 10 min, packaged, stored at room temperature and mould growth was observed daily. The shelf life of bread containing 20% sourdough fermented by  L. amylovorus  was compared to that of standard bread (not containing sourdough) as well as bread containing 0.3% calcium propionate (maximum level allowed of chemical preservatives; calcium propionate is used as a preservative in a variety of products). 
       Results 
     Isolation of Sourdough LAB 
       [0030]    Bacteriological culturing of spontaneously fermented sourdoughs revealed LAB cell counts of ca. 3×10 9  CFU/g sourdough. From the predominant LAB, isolates were subcultured. Analysis of the partial 16S rDNA identified the following species among the predominant LAB of gluten-free sourdoughs:  L. amylovorus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, L. plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, L. sanfranciscensis , and  Weissella cibaria.    
       In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 
       [0031]    The sourdough LAB were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity against  A. fumigatus  (data not shown). Among the different strains tested, one strain, i.e.  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 (DSM 19280; see  FIG. 1  for 16S rDNA homology results), was found to be highly inhibitory against  A. fumigatus  and was therefore selected for further investigations. The inhibitory spectrum of  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 against several bacteria as well as fungi was investigated using an agar diffusion assay (Dal Bello et al., 2007). Results are summarised in Table II. The antifungal strain  L. plantarum  FST 1.7 (Dal Bello et al., 2007) was included in the screening together with the negative control  L. sanfranciscensis  LTH 2581. Most of the bacteria tested were inhibited by all selected LAB, however, only the strains  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 and  L. plantarum  FST 1.7 inhibited the growth of common moulds in vitro. None of the tested LAB was able to inhibit the growth of  P. roqueforti  in vitro. 
         [0000]    Antifungal Compounds Produced by  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 
         [0032]    Isolation of antifungal compounds produced by  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 was performed using a spore germination bioassay. Both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic phases were found to contain compounds showing strong inhibitory activity against spores of  A. fumigatus  (Table III). Compounds present in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases were separated using HPLC (see  FIG. 2  as example). Overall, 27 antifungal compounds were isolated using the bioassay (see  FIG. 3  as example), and 17 compounds were identified using NRMS, MS and GC (Table III). 
       Microbiological Analysis of Wheat Sourdoughs 
       [0033]    LAB growths during wheat sourdough fermentation are shown in  FIG. 4 . All the tested strains showed microbiological values (CFU, pH, TTA) typical of wheat sourdough fermentations (Meroth et al., 2003). For all the investigated sourdoughs, LAB cell counts of about 2-3×10 9  CFU/g sourdough were recovered. Identification of the isolates belonging to the predominant microbiota after 48 hrs of fermentation revealed that each of the strain persisted throughout the fermentation, thus indicating that the selected strains are suitable for wheat sourdough production. 
       Dough and Bread Analysis 
       [0034]    The suitability of  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 as starter for sourdough fermentation, and thus sourdough bread production, was evaluated using a series of tests, i.e. specific volume, moisture content, CO 2  produced/released, as well as hardness and rate of staling ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ). As controls, a chemically acidified dough as well as a non fermented dough were used. Taking into consideration all investigated parameters, the bread containing sourdough fermented by  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 did not significantly differ from bread containing sourdough fermented by either  L. plantarum  FST 1.7 or the traditional sourdough-starter  L. sanfranciscensis , thus clearly showing the suitability of strain DSM 19280 as starter for wheat sourdough production. All wheat sourdough breads showed improvement quality when compared to wheat bread or wheat bread produced using a chemically acidified dough. Addition of sourdough resulted in an increase in the specific volume of the bread ( FIG. 5A ), and thus of the bread volume and density, both being important parameters for consumer acceptability. Finding higher moisture content ( FIG. 5B ) in the control breads compared to the sourdough breads can also be explained by the biological acidification. During fermentation the drop in pH leads to increased enzyme activity as well as protein denaturation, and thus to a softening of the protein network. This in turn results in a higher release of water which can evaporate off during the baking process. Furthermore, proteolytic activity of the bacteria also leads to degradation of the protein network and thus to a higher loss of water during the baking process. The results concerning total, released and retained CO 2  are presented in  FIGS. 5C ,  5 D and  5 E, respectively. Overall, the addition of sourdough resulted in higher CO 2  production. This can be due to fermentation by heterofermentative LAB and/or by endogenous yeasts. Furthermore, the sugar and amino acids released by the bacteria can be easily used by the added yeasts, thus increasing the gas production. However, due to the biological acidification, most of the proteins have been degraded and the structure is weakened, as can be seen by the higher gas release of the sourdough samples when compared to the controls ( FIG. 5D ). This weakening of the structure is however masked by the increased amount of gas produced, as can be seen in  FIG. 5E . 
         [0035]    Analysis of the hardness and rate of staling revealed that addition of sourdough, independent from the inoculated strain, resulted in softer bread with a delayed rate of staling, when compared to the control breads ( FIGS. 6A and 6B ). The initial softening of the bread is a result of the sourdough enzymatic activity, which is responsible for the starch and protein breakdown. However, as we progress to day 2 and day 5 the hardness of the bread is dominated by the starch portion of the bread.  FIG. 6C  depicts the gumminess of the breads, which is a key parameter (mouth-feeling) for the consumer. Gumminess is perceived as a negative trait in bread. As shown, the addition of sourdough leads to a reduction in gumminess and so will improve consumer acceptability over the 5 days of storage. Again,  L. amylovorus  sourdough bread was not significantly different from  L. sanfranciscensis  sourdough bread, thus indicating that the addition of sourdough fermented by strain FST 2.11 leads to the positive effects that are traditionally associated with the use of sourdough. 
       Bread Challenge 
       [0036]    In addition to the evaluation of its antimicrobial activity in vitro,  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 was investigated in form of sourdough for the potential to increase the shelf life of wheat bread ( FIG. 7 ).  L. amylovorus  sourdough fermented for 24 or 48 h was added at 20% level, and the resulting bread was challenged with spores of  A. niger, F. culmorum, P. expansum  or  P. roqueforti . Results were compared to those obtained using sourdough fermented by the antifungal  L. plantarum  FST 1.7, the non antifungal  L. sanfranciscensis  LTH 2581 or by the endogenous wheat flour biota (spontaneous fermentation). Twenty-four or 48 h fermented sourdough delayed the mould growth in a strain- and fungus-dependent manner ( FIG. 7 ). Overall, a retarded mould growth was observed when bread contained sourdough, but the addition of sourdough fermented by the antifungal strains resulted in a higher delay in mould growth.  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 revealed to be by far the strongest antifungal strain, especially when 48 h fermented sourdough was used. Compared to the other investigated breads, addition of  L. amylovorus  fermented sourdough retarded up to 2 days the growth of  A. niger , up to 7 days the growth of  F. culmorum , and up to one day the spoilage of  P. expansum  or  P. roqueforti . The same pH and TTA was measured in the two antifungal sourdoughs, i.e. sourdough fermented by  L. amylovorus  and sourdough fermented by  L. plantarum . However, the increase in shelf life of wheat sourdough bread was significantly higher when fermentation was performed by  L. amylovorus , thus indicating that strain FST 2.11 produces unique compounds which are responsible for this dramatic inhibition of mould growth. 
         [0037]      L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 was also investigated in form of sourdough for the potential to increase the shelf life of lean bread and Japanese rolls ( FIGS. 8 and 9 ). Results obtained from the Japanese rolls containing 20% sourdough fermented by  L. amylovorus  were compared with those of Japanese rolls containing 20% traditional sourdough, 1% vinegar, 0.5% Na-acetate, or no additives (standard rolls). The traditional sourdough was prepared with  L. brevis  ( FIG. 9 ). For both bread and Japanese rolls, a significant increase in the shelf life of products was obtained only when  L. amylovorus  sourdough was used. In particular, the presence of 20% sourdough fermented by  L. amylovorus  resulted in products with a longer shelf life than those containing maximum levels of chemical additives. Thus,  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 revealed to be by far the strongest antifungal strain. 
         [0038]    The words “comprises/comprising” and the words “having/including” when used herein with reference to the present invention are used to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. 
         [0039]    It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. 
       LITERATURE CITED 
       [0000]    
       
         1. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Getreideforschung e.V. (AGF), 1994. Standard-Methoden für Getreide, Mehl und Brot. 7. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. 7th ed. Verlag Moritz Schafer: Detmold, Germany. 
         2. Clarke, C. I., Schober, T. J., Arendt, E. K., 2002. Cereal Chemistry 79, 640-647. 
         3. Corsetti, A., Gobbetti, M., De Marco, B., Balestrieri, F., Paoletti, F., Russi, L., Rossi, J., 2000. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 48, 3044-3051. 
         4. Crowley, P., Schober, T. J., Clarke, C. I., Arendt, E. K., 2002. European Food Research and Technology 214, 489-496. 
         5. Dal Bello F., C. I. Clarke, L. A. M. Ryan, H. Ulmer, K. Ström, J. Sjögren, D. van Sinderen, J. Scharer, and E. K. Arendt. 2007. Journal of Cereal Science, 45: 309-318. 
         6. Gray, J. A., Bemiller, J. N., 2003. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2, 1-21. 
         7. Graz, M., A. Hunt, H. Jamie, G. Grant, Milne, P., 1999. Pharmazie 54, 772-775. 
         8. Legan, J. D., 1993. International biodeterioration and biodegradation 32, 33-53. 
         9. Lindgren, S. E., Dobrogosz, W. J., 1990. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 87, 149-163. 
         10. Magnusson, J., Schürer, J., 2001. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 1-5. 
         11. Magnusson, J., Ström, K, Roos, S., Sjögren, J., Scharer, J., 2003. FEMS Microbiology Letters 219, 129-135. 
         12. Meroth, C., Walter, J., Hertel, C., Brandt, M. J., Hammes, W. P., 2003. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 475-482. 
         13. Niku-Paavola, M. L., Laitila, A., Mattila-Sandholm, T., Haikara, A., 1999. Applied Microbiology 86, 29-35. 
         14. Okkers, D. J., Dicks, L. M. T., Silvester, M., Joubert, J. J., Odendaal, H. J., 1999. Journal of Applied Microbiology 87, 726-734. 
         15. Pateras, I. M. C., 1998. Bread spoilage and staling. In: Technology of breadmaking S. P. Cauvain, and L. S. Young Eds. Blackie Academic and Professional: London, pp. 240-261. 
         16. Poute, J. G., Tsen, C. C., 1987. Bakery products. In: L. R. Beuchat (Ed.) Food and beverage mycology. 2 nd  ed., AVI Van Nostrand Reinhold, NewYork, pp. 233-267. 
         17. Röcken, W., Voysey, P. A., 1995. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 79, 38S-48S. 
         18. Röcken, W., 1996. Advances in Food Science 18, 212-216. 
         19. Stiles, M. E., 1996. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 70, 331-345. 
         20. Ström, K., Sjörgren, J., Broberg, A., Schnürer, J., 2002. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 4322-4327. 
         21. Strom, K, Schnürer, J., Melin, P., 2005. FEMS Microbiology Letters 246, 119-24. 
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gluten-free sourdough composition. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sourdough 
                 Weight (grams) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Brown rice flour 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Buckwheat (jade) 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Soya flour 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Potato starch 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 370 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 In vitro inhibitory activity of  L. amylovorus  DSM 
               
               
                 19280 against common moulds and spoilage bacteria. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 
                   L. 
                 
                 
                   L. sanfran- 
                 
                 
                   L. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   plantarum 
                 
                 
                   ciscensis 
                 
                 
                   amylovorus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 FST 1.7 
                 LTH 2581 
                 FST 2.11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bacteria 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   Bacillus subtilis  FST 2.2 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   Citrobacter freundi  FST 2.7 
                 ++++ 
                 +++ 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Enterococcus faecalis  FST 2.8 
                 + 
                 + 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Escherichia coli  FST 2.3 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
                 +++ 
               
               
                   Listeria innocua  FST 2.5 
                 ++++ 
                 ++++ 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Micrococcus luteus  FST 2.10 
                 ++++ 
                 +++ 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Proteus vulgaris  FST 2.12 
                 +++ 
                 ++ 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Staphylococcus aureus  FST 2.4 
                 +++ 
                 ++ 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   S. aureus  TMW 2.127 
                 ++++ 
                 +++ 
                 ++ 
               
               
                 Moulds 
               
               
                   Aspergillus niger  FST 4.21 
                 ++ 
                 − 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Fusarium graminearum  FST 
                 ++ 
                 − 
                 ++ 
               
               
                 4.0122 
               
               
                   F. graminearum  TMW 4.0208 
                 +++ 
                 + 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   F. culmorum  TMW 4.0754 
                 +++ 
                 − 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Fusarium oxysporum  FST 4.03 
                 ++ 
                 − 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   Penicillium roqueforti  TMW 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 4.1599 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Antifungal compounds produced in vitro by  L. amylovorus  FST 2.11 
               
               
                 showing strong inhibitory activity against  A. fumigatus . 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Increase in Shelf life 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chemical 
                   
                 Fragments 
                 vs. control 
               
               
                 Code 
                 Compound 
                 formula 
                 MW 
                 (MW) 
                 (days)** 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Glucuronic acid* 
                 C 6 H 10 O 7   
                 194.14 
                 105.1, 91.1  
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 2 
                 Cytidine* 
                 C 9 H 13 N 3 O 5   
                 243.22 
                 109.1, 91.1  
                 1 
               
               
                 3 
                 Deoxycytidine*,*** 
                 C 9 H 13 N 3 O 4   
                 227.22 
                 183.0, 93.1  
                 1 
               
               
                 4 
                 Sodium decanoate* 
                 C 10 H 19 O 2 Na 
                 194.25 
                 153.3, 103.0 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 5 
                 Hydrocinnamic acid* 
                 C 9 H 10 O2 
                 150.17 
                 105.1 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 6 
                 Phenyllactic acid 
                 C 9 H 10 O 3   
                 166.17 
                 149.0, 119.8 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 7 
                 OH— Phenyllactic acid* 
                 C 9 H 10 O 4   
                 182.17 
                 163.1, 135.2 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 8 
                 Coumaric acid* 
                 C 9 H 8 O 3   
                 164.16 
                 119.2 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 9 
                 Methylcinnamic acid* 
                 C 10 H 10 O2 
                 162.19 
                 147.1, 117.1 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 10 
                 Salicylic acid* 
                 C 7 H 6 O 3   
                 136.12 
                  93.2 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 11 
                 Cyclo(His - Pro) 
                 C 11 H 14 N 4 O 2   
                 234.26 
                 207.1, 166.0, 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 110.1 
               
               
                 12 
                 Cyclo(Pro - Pro) 
                 C 10 H 14 N 2 O 2   
                 194.23 
                 151.2, 70   
                 4 
               
               
                 13 
                 Cyclo(Met - Pro)*** 
                 C 10 H 16 N 2 O 2 S 
                 228.3 
                  181.2, 
                 3 
               
               
                 14 
                 Cyclo(Tyr - Pro) 
                 C 14 H 16 N 2 O 3   
                 260.3 
                 233.0, 136.1 
                 3 
               
               
                 15 
                 Cyclo(Leu - Pro) 
                 C 11 H 18 N 2 O 2   
                 210.13 
                 183.2, 155.0, 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 86 
               
               
                 16 
                 Lactic acid 
                 C 3 H 6 O 3   
                 90.08 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 17 
                 Acetic acid 
                 C 2 H 4 O 2   
                 60.05 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Electron spray ionization in the negative mode was used for MS/MS fragmentation of molecules on Q TOF and LCQ LC- MS 
               
               
                 **50 mg/g of each compound and was evaluated over 12 days for the ability to stop the outgrowth of 10 4 /ml of  A. fumigatus  spores. Controls were spoiled after 2 days of growth 
               
               
                 ***Previously unreported antimicrobial compound