Abstract:
The present invention relates to organic electronic devices. The devices can include a first electrode, a second electrode, and a substantially organic layer. The substantially organic layer may include a lithium-containing compound, and may be arranged between the first and the second electrode. Also provided herein are organic light emitting diodes, organic solar cells, and organic field effect transistors that include the lithium-containing compound.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to an organic electronic device, to a specific compound for use in such an organic electronic device and to a semiconducting material comprising the inventive compound. 
         [0002]    Organic semiconductors can be used to fabricate simple electronic components, e.g. resistors, diodes, field effect transistors, and also optoelectronic components like organic light emitting devices, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED). The industrial and economic significance of the organic semiconductors and devices using them is reflected in the increasing industry focus on the subject. 
         [0003]    OLEDs are based on the principle of electroluminescence in which electron-hole pairs, so-called excitons, recombine under the emission of light. To this end the OLED is constructed in the form of a sandwich structure wherein at least one organic film is arranged as active material between two electrodes, positive and negative charge carriers are injected into the organic material by an external voltage applied on the electrodes, and the subsequent charge transport brings holes and electrons to a recombination zone in the organic layer (light emitting layer, LEL), where a recombination of the oppositely charged charge carriers to singlet and/or triplet excitons occurs. 
         [0004]    The subsequent radiative recombination of excitons causes the emission of the visible useful light. In order that this light can leave the component, at least one of the electrodes must be transparent. Typically, a transparent electrode consists of conductive oxides designated as TCOs (transparent conductive oxides). Alternatively, a very thin metal electrode can be used. The starting point in the manufacture of an OLED is a substrate on which the individual layers of the OLED are applied. If the electrode nearest to the substrate is transparent, the component is designated as a “bottom-emitting OLED”. If the other electrode is designed to be transparent, the component is designated as a “top-emitting OLED”. The layers of the OLEDs can comprise small molecules, polymers, or be hybrid. 
         [0005]    Operational parameters of OLEDs are being constantly improved to enhance the overall power efficiency. One important parameter is the operation voltage which can be tuned by improving the transport of charge carriers and/or reducing energy barriers such as the injection barriers from the electrodes. Another important figure is the quantum efficiency, and also very relevant is the lifetime of the device. Other organic devices, such as organic solar cells also require improving in efficiency, which nowadays, are at best at about 10%. 
         [0006]    Like an OLED, an organic solar cell has a stack of organic layers between two electrodes. In a solar cell, there must be at least one organic layer responsible for the absorption of light and a interface which separates the excitons created by the absorption (photo-active). The interface can be a bi-layer heterojunction, a bulk-heterojunction, or can comprise more layers, e.g., in a step wise interface. Also sensitizing layers and others can be provided. For increased efficiency, a good charge carrier transport is required, in some device structures the transport regions must not absorb light, therefore transport layers and photo-active layers may comprise different materials. Also charge carrier and/or exciton blocking layers may be employed. Highest efficiency solar-cells are, nowadays, multi-layer solar cells, some device structures are stacked (multi-junction solar cells) and connected by a connecting unit (also called recombination layer); nevertheless, single junction solar cells could have a high performance if the right materials were found. Examples of solar devices are given in US2009217980, or in US2009235971. 
         [0007]    Differently than OLEDs and organic solar cells, transistors do not require doping of the entire semiconducting (channel) layer, because the concentration of available charge carriers is determined by an electric field supplied by a third electrode (gate electrode). However, convention organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) require very high voltages to operate. There is a need to lower this operating voltage; such an optimization can be done, e.g. with appropriate injection layers. 
         [0008]    Organic transistors are also called organic field-effect transistors. It is anticipated that a large number of OTFTs can be used for example in inexpensive integrated circuits for non-contact identification tags (RFID) but also for screen control. In order to achieve inexpensive applications, generally thin-layer processes are required to manufacture the transistors. In recent years, performance features have been improved to such an extent that the commercialization of organic transistors is foreseeable. For example, high field-effect mobilities of up to 5.5 cm 2 /Vs for holes have been reported in OTFTs utilizing pentacene (Lee et al., Appl. Lett. 88, 162109 (2006)). A typical organic field-effect transistor comprises an active layer of organic semiconducting material (semiconducting layer) which during the operation forms an electrical conduction channel, a drain electrode and a source electrode which exchange electrical charges with the semiconducting layer, and a gate electrode which is electrically isolated from the semiconducting layer by an dielectric layer. 
         [0009]    There is a clear need to improve charge carrier injection and/or conductivity in organic electronic devices. Reducing or eliminating the barrier for charge injection between the electrode and the electron transport material (ETM) contributes strongly to enhancement of the device efficiency. Nowadays, there are two main approaches to reduce voltage and enhance efficiencies of organic electronic devices: improvement of the charge carrier injection and improvement of the conductivity of the transport layers. Both approaches can be used in combination. 
         [0010]    For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 7,074,500 discloses a component structure for an OLED which leads to a greatly improved charge carrier injection from the electrodes into the organic layers. This effect is based on considerable band bending of the energy levels in the organic layer at the interface to the electrodes, as a result of which injection of charge carriers on the basis of a tunnel mechanism is possible. The high conductivity of the doped layers also decreases the voltage drop which occurs there during operation of the OLED. The injection barriers which may occur in OLEDs between the electrodes and the charge carrier transport layers are one of the main causes for an increase in the operating voltage compared to the thermodynamically justified minimum operating voltages. For this reason, many attempts have been made to reduce the injection barriers, for example by using cathode materials with a low work function, for example metals such as calcium or barium. However, these materials are highly reactive, difficult to process and are only suitable to a limited extent as electrode materials. Moreover, any reduction in operating voltage brought about by using such cathodes is only partial. 
         [0011]    Metals having low work function, in particular alkali metals such as Li and Cs, are often used either as the cathode material or the injection layer to promote electron injection. They have also widely been used as electrical dopants in order to increase the conductivity of the ETM, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,384, U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,673. Metals like Li or Cs provide a high conductivity in matrixes which are difficult to dope otherwise (e.g. BPhen, Alq3). 
         [0012]    However, the use of low work function metals has several disadvantages. It is well known that the metals can easily diffuse through the semiconductor, eventually arriving at the optically active layer and quenching the excitons, thereby lowering the efficiency of the device and the lifetime. Another disadvantage is their high susceptibility to oxidation upon exposure to air. Therefore, devices using such metals as dopants, injection or cathode material require rigorous exclusion of air during production and rigorous encapsulation afterwards. Another well-known disadvantage is that higher doping concentration of the dopant exceeding 10 mol. % may increase the undesired absorption of light in the doped charge transport layers. Yet another problem is high volatility of many simple redox dopants like Cs, leading to cross-contamination in the device assembling process making their use in device fabrication tools difficult. 
         [0013]    Another approach to replace metals as n-dopants and/or injection materials for ETM is the use of compounds with strong donor properties, such as tetrakis(1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidinato)ditungsten (II) (W 2 (hpp) 4 ) or Co(Cp*) 2  (US2009/0212280, WO2003/088271) which have similar or slightly less doping/injecting ability in comparison with alkaline earth metals. These compounds have more favourably lower volatilities than alkali metals and their diffusion through the doped layers is strongly impeded by their high molar mass, however, due to their still high electron donating capability, they are still undergoing rapid decay upon exposure to air, what makes their handling in device production difficult too. 
         [0014]    Another alternative approach consists in mixing metal organic complexes such as lithium quinolate (LiQ) into an electron transport layer. The exact mechanism of the voltage improvement is not yet sufficiently clarified. Devices using LiQ as electrical dopant for improving voltage still show significantly higher operating voltages in comparison with devices doped with strongly reductive metals or with strongly reductive organic redox dopants. 
         [0015]    Therefore, it is very desirable to provide materials which possess high doping/charge injection capability, allowing for highly efficient organic electronic devices, substantially preserving the long-term stability of the device and which are infinitely stable in air. 
         [0016]    It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide an organic electronic device, which overcomes state of the art limitations mentioned above and have improved performance compared to electronic devices of the prior art in terms of reduced operating voltage and higher power efficiency. Another object of the invention is a compound enabling the organic electronic devices with improved performance. A third object of the invention is a semiconducting material comprising the inventive compound. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The first object is achieved by an organic electronic device, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a substantially organic layer comprising a compound according to formula (I) between the first and the second electrode: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein A 1  is a C 6 -C 30  arylene or C 2 -C 30  heteroarylene comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and each of A 2  and A 3  is independently selected from a C 6 -C 30  aryl and C 2 -C 30  heteroaryl comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and wherein either
       i) A 1  is C 2 -C 30  heteroarylene comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring   and/or   ii) at least one of A 2  and A 3  is C 2 -C 30  heteroaryl comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring.       
 
         [0021]    The aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or heteroarylene may be unsubstituted or substituted with groups comprising C and H or with a further LiO group. It is supposed that the given C count in an aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or arylene group includes also all substituents present on the said group. 
         [0022]    It is to be understood that the term substituted or unsubstituted arylene or heteroarylene stands for a divalent radical derived from substituted or unsubstituted arene or heteroarene, wherein the both structural moieties adjacent in formula (I) to A 1  (the OLi group and the POA 2 A 3  group) are attached directly to an aromatic ring of the arylene or heteroarylene group. Examples of simple arylenes are o-, m- and p-phenylene; polycyclic arylenes may have their adjacent groups attached either on the same aromatic ring or on two different aromatic rings. 
         [0023]    In case of (hetero)arylenes derived from the polycyclic (hetero)arenes, the definition of o-, m- and p-substitution is generalized as follows. (Hetero)arylenes, wherein OLi and POA 2 A 3  are attached to two neighbour carbon atoms that are directly attached to each other in the same aromatic ring, are understood as o-(hetero)arylenes. All (hetero)arylenes having the substituents OLi and POA 2 A 3  attached to the opposite sides of a rigid arene structure so that the bonds to these substituents are parallel, are defined as p-(hetero)arylenes, whereas in m-(hetero)arylenes, there is at least one atom between the C atoms to which OLi and POA 2 A 3  are attached and the angle between the bonds attaching the OLi and the POA 2 A 3  moieties is different from 180° (in the rigid aromatic structures) or variable, e.g. in (hetero)arylenes consisting of two or more rigid (hetero)arylene substructures bound together by single bonds. 
         [0024]    Examples of generalized p-(hetero)arylenes are naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl, quinoline-2,6-diyl, quinoline-3,7-diyl, quinoline-4,8-diyl, quinoline-5,8-diyl. Examples of generalized m-(hetero)arylenes are naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-3,4′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,4′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,4′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,3′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-3,3′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl, pyridine-2,6-diyl, pyridine-2,4-diyl, pyridine-3,5-diyl, quinoline-2,8-diyl, thiophene-2,4-diyl, thiophene-2,5-diyl, furan-2,4-diyl, furan-2,5-diyl. 
         [0025]    Preferably, A 1  is C 6 -C 12  arylene or C 2 -C 12  heteroarylene. Even preferably, each of A 2 -A 3  is independently selected from a C 6 -C 10  aryl or C 2 -C 12  heteroaryl. More preferably, both A 2  and A 3  are independently selected from phenyl and pyridyl. Most preferably, A 1  is phenylene or pyridine-diyl. 
         [0026]    In one preferred embodiment, the substantially organic layer comprises an electron transport matrix compound. 
         [0027]    In a further preferred embodiment, the electron transport matrix comprises an imidazole or a P═O functional group. 
         [0028]    Moreover, the compound according to formula (I) and the electron transport matrix compound are preferably present in the substantially organic layer in the form of a homogeneous mixture. 
         [0029]    Furthermore, the organic electronic device may be selected from an organic light emitting diode, organic solar cell and organic field effect transistor. 
         [0030]    Preferred is an organic electronic device wherein the device is an organic light emitting diode with the first electrode being an anode, the second electrode being a cathode, and the device further comprising a light emitting layer between the anode and the cathode and wherein the substantially organic layer is comprised between the cathode and the LEL. Alternatively or in addition, the LEL of the organic electronic device comprises a light emitting polymer. 
         [0031]    The second object of the present invention is achieved by compound according to formula (I) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein A 1  is a C 6 -C 30  arylene or C 2 -C 30  heteroarylene comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and each of A 2  and A 3  is independently selected from a C 6 -C 30  aryl and C 2 -C 30  heteroaryl comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and wherein either
       i) A 1  is C 2 -C 30  heteroarylene comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring   and/or   ii) at least one of A 2  and A 3  is C 2 -C 30  heteroaryl comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring.       
 
         [0035]    The aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or heteroarylene may be unsubstituted or substituted with groups comprising C and H or with a further LiO group. It is supposed that the given C count in an aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or arylene group includes also all substituents present on the said group. 
         [0036]    Preferably, A 1  is C 6 -C 12  arylene or C 2 -C 12  heteroarylene. Even preferably, each of A 2 -A 3  is independently selected from a C 6 -C 10  aryl or C 2 -C 12  heteroaryl. More preferably, both A 2  and A 3  are independently selected from phenyl and pyridyl. Most preferably, A 1  is phenylene or pyridine-diyl. 
         [0037]    Preferred use of the compound according to formula (I) in an organic electronic device is as an electrical dopant in and/or adjacent an electron transport layer of the device. 
         [0038]    The third object of the present invention is achieved by an electrically doped semiconducting material comprising at least one electron transport matrix compound and at least one compound according to formula (I). 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    Preferably, the compound according to formula (I) is used in transport and/or injection layers, more preferably in an electron transport layer and/or electron injection layer, most preferably in the form of the electrically doped semiconducting material according to the invention. 
         [0040]    The chemical compounds according to formula (I) are air-stable and capable to be evaporated without decomposition. They are also soluble in a variety of solvents. This makes the compounds according to formula (I) particularly easy to use in manufacturing processes. 
         [0041]    The inventive organic electronic device preferably comprises a layered structure including a substrate, an anode and a cathode, the at least one substantially organic layer being disposed within the layered structure between the anode and the cathode. 
         [0042]    The substantially organic layer may further comprise an electron transport matrix compound. Preferably, the electron transport matrix compound and compound according to formula (I) form a homogeneous mixture. Compound (I) constitutes preferably 10 weight % or more of the substantially organic layer. More preferred is 40 wt. % or more. For an electron transport layer, it is however preferred that the electron transport matrix is the main component of the layer. 
         [0043]    As matrix materials for electron transport layers, use may be made for example of fullerenes, such as for example C 60 , oxadiazole derivatives, such as for example 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, quinoline-based compounds such as for example bis(phenylquinoxalines), or oligothiophenes, perylene derivatives, such as e.g. perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, naphthalene derivatives such as e.g. naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, or other similar compounds known as matrices in electron transport materials. 
         [0044]    It is preferred that the electron transport material comprises a phosphine oxide or imidazole functional groups. 
         [0045]    Compounds well suitable as electron transport materials are compounds from:
       US2007/0138950, preferentially, compounds (1) and (2) on page 22, compounds (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7) on page 23, compounds (8), (9), and (10) on page 25, and compounds (11), (12), (13), and (14) on page 26, which compounds are incorporated herein by reference;   US2009/0278115 A1, preferentially, compounds (1) and (2) on page 18, which compounds are incorporated herein by reference;   compounds from US2007/0018154, preferentially the compounds of claim  10 , formula 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6 on page 19, 1-7 to 1-146 on pages 20 to 26. Compounds from US2008/0284325 A1, preferentially compounds on page 4: 2-(4-(9,10-diphenylanthracen-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 2-(4-(9,10-di([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)anthracen-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 2-(4-(9,10-di(naphthalen-1-yl)anthracen-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 2-(4-(9,10-di(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 2-(4-(9,10-di([1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-5′-yl)anthracen-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, and the compound on page 5, which compounds are incorporated herein by reference;   naphthacene derivatives from US2007/0222373, preferentially, compounds (A-1) and (A-2) from page 17, compounds (A-3) from page 18 and (A-4) from page 19, which compounds are incorporated herein by reference;   compounds from US2008/0111473, preferentially, compound 1 on page 61, compound 2 on page 62, compounds 3 and 4 on page 63, compound 5 on page 64, and compound 6 on page 65, which compounds are incorporated herein by reference;   compound H-4 from page 20, and compounds (1) and (2) of page 12 of US2010/0157131, which compounds are incorporated herein by reference;   compounds from US2010/0123390, according to general formula (1), preferentially, compounds H4, H5 p. 21, H7 p. 22, H11, H12, H13 p. 23, H16, and 1118 p. 24, which compounds are incorporated herein by reference;   US2007/0267970, preferentially 2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1-(4-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-2,7a-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (compound 1), 2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1-(4-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-2,7a-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (compound 2). Compound (C-1) from US2007/0196688, p. 18, which is incorporated herein by reference;       
 
         [0054]    Other suitable compounds are 7-(4′-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)dibenzo[c,h]acridine, (3-(dibenzo[c,h]acridin-7-yl)phenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (assigned A1 in examples of the present application), (4-(dibenzo[c,h]acridin-7-yl)phenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (assigned A2 in examples of the present application), 7-(4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dibenzo[c,h]acridine. 
         [0055]    Suitable hole transport materials (HTM) can be, for instance, HTM from the diamine class, where a conjugated system is provided at least between the two diamine nitrogens. Examples are N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (HTM1), N4,N4,N4″,N4″-tetra([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-[1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-4,4″-diamine (HTM2), N4,N4″-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N4,N4″-diphenyl-[1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-4,4″-diamine (HTM3), The synthesis of diamines is well described in literature; many diamine HTMs are readily commercially available. 
         [0056]    It will be understood that the aforementioned matrix materials may also be used in a mixture with one another or with other materials in the context of the invention. It will be understood that use may also be made of suitable other organic matrix materials which have semiconductive properties. 
         [0057]    In another preferred embodiment, the substantially organic layer is present in a pn junction, the pn junction having at least two layers, namely a p- and n-layer, and optionally an interlayer i in between, wherein the interlayer i and/or the n-layer is (are) the substantially organic semiconducting layer. 
         [0058]    The organic electronic device may additionally comprise a polymer semiconducting layer. 
         [0059]    Most preferably, the organic electronic device is a solar cell or a light emitting diode. 
         [0060]    The organic electronic device may be also a field effect transistor comprising a semiconducting channel, a source electrode, and a drain electrode, the substantially organic layer being provided in between the semiconducting channel and at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode. 
         [0061]    In a further most preferred embodiment, the substantially organic layer comprising the chemical compound according to formula (I) is an electron injection layer and/or an electron transport layer. 
         [0062]    Any layers of the inventive organic electronic device, especially the substantially organic layer can be deposited by known techniques, such as vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE), organic vapour phase deposition, laser induced thermal transfer, spin coating, blade or slit coating, inkjet printing, etc. A preferred method for preparing the organic electronic device according to the invention is vacuum thermal evaporation. 
         [0063]    Surprisingly, it was found that the inventive organic electronic device overcomes disadvantages of prior art devices and has in particular an improved performance compared to electronic devices of the prior art, for example with regard to efficiency. 
       Injection Layer 
       [0064]    In a preferred embodiment, the substantially organic layer, having the compound according to formula (I) as its main component, is adjacent to a cathode, preferably between a cathode and one of an ETL (electron transporting layer) or HBL (hole blocking layer). The present invention has the advantages that, especially for non-inverted structures, the simplest form is also the one with a significantly improved performance compared to the structure not using an injection layer. The compound according to formula (I) can be used as a pure layer and is then preferably the only layer between an electron transporting layer (ETL or HBL) and the cathode. In this regard for an OLED the EML (emitter layer) and ETL matrix can be the same if the emission zone is far from the cathode. In another embodiment, the ETL and the EML are layers of different composition, preferably of a different matrix. 
         [0065]    Such a pure layer as injection layer in organic electronic devices has a preferable thickness between 0.5 nm and 5 nm. 
         [0066]    The thickness of the layer comprising the compound according to formula (I) is the nominal thickness, such thickness is usually calculated from the mass deposited on a certain area by the knowledge of the material&#39;s density. For example, with vacuum thermal evaporation VTE, the nominal thickness is the value indicated by the thickness monitor equipment. In reality, since the layer is not homogeneous and not flat at least at one interface, its final thickness is difficult to measure, in this case, the average value can be used. The cathode in this regard is a conductive layer having optionally any surface modifications to modify its electrical properties, e.g. to improve its work-function or conductivity. Preferably, the cathode is a double layer, more preferably it is a single layer to avoid complexity. 
       Semiconducting Layer 
       [0067]    It is even preferred that the organic layer is an electron transport layer adjacent to the cathode and comprising the compound according to formula (I). If the ETL is directly adjacent to the cathode, this simplification has the advantage that no additional injection layer is required. Alternatively, an additional injection layer can be provided between the ETL and the cathode. This additional layer can be a layer having the chemical compound according to formula (I) as its main component, as already illustrated above. In one even preferred embodiment, the ETL is beneath the cathode (no other layer in between) wherein the cathode is the top electrode, which is formed after forming the ETL (non-inverted structure). 
         [0068]    For an OLED the LEL (light emitting layer) and ETL matrix can be the same if the emission zone is far from the cathode. In another embodiment, the ETL and the LEL are layers of different composition, preferably of a different matrix. 
       Polymer Hybrid OLED or Solar Cell 
       [0069]    In a further preferred embodiment the substantially organic layer comprising the chemical compound according to formula (I) is used in combination with a polymer semiconductor, preferably between a cathode and a polymer layer, wherein the polymer layer preferably comprises the optoelectronic active region of the device (emitting region of an OLED or the absorbing region of a solar cell). All alternatives of layers comprising the chemical compound according to formula (I) or being composed thereof can be used in combination with that polymer layer. Exemplary alternative layers can be an injection layer being composed of the chemical compound according to formula (I), an injection layer comprising the chemical compound and a metal, an electron transport layer having the chemical compound with or without a metal. The electronic interface to the cathode is then strongly improved given the high electron injection capability of the chemical compound (I). 
       Electrical Doping 
       [0070]    The invention can be used as an alternative to conventional redox doping of organic semiconducting layers. By using the term redox doping it is meant specific case of electrical doping using strong oxidizing or reducing agents as explained above. This doping can also be called charge transfer doping. It is known that the redox doping increases the density of charge carriers of a semiconducting matrix towards the charge carrier density of the undoped matrix. An electrically doped semiconductor layer may also have an increased effective mobility in comparison with the undoped semiconductor matrix. 
         [0071]    US2008227979 discloses in detail the doping of organic transport materials, also called matrix, with inorganic and with organic dopants. Basically, an effective electronic transfer occurs from the dopant to the matrix increasing the Fermi level of the matrix. For an efficient transfer in a p-doping case, the LUMO energy level of the dopant is preferably more negative than the HOMO energy level of the matrix or at least slightly more positive, not more than 0.5 eV, to the HOMO energy level of the matrix. For the n-doping case, the HOMO energy level of the dopant is preferably more positive than the LUMO energy level of the matrix or at least slightly more negative, not lower than 0.5 eV, to the LUMO energy level of the matrix. It is further more desired that the energy level difference for energy transfer from dopant to matrix is smaller than +0.3 eV. 
         [0072]    Typical examples of doped hole transport materials are: copperphthalocyanine (CuPc), which HOMO level is approximately −5.2 eV, doped with tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinonedimethane (F4TCNQ), which LUMO level is about −5.2 eV; zincphthalocyanine (ZnPc) (HOMO=−5.2 eV) doped with F4TCNQ; a-NPD (N,N′-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine) doped with F4TCNQ; a-NPD doped with 2,2′-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene)dimalononitrile (PD1); a-NPD doped with 2,2′,2″-(cyclopropane-1,2,3-triylidene)tris(2-(p-cyanotetrafluorophenyl)acetonitrile) (PD2). PD2 was used in the examples of the present application as p-dopant. 
         [0073]    One of the preferred modes of the invention is an OLED with the hole transporting side of OLED comprising a p-dopant and the electron transporting side comprising the material according to Formula (I). For example: an OLED with a p-doped HTL and an ETL with a ETM and the material according to Formula (I). 
     
    
     
       SHORT SUMMARY OF THE FIGURES 
         [0074]      FIG. 1  illustrates a first embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device; 
           [0075]      FIG. 2  illustrates a second embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device; 
           [0076]      FIG. 3  shows a third embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device. 
           [0077]      FIGS. 4 and 5  show current-voltage and current-efficiency curves of an inventive device comprising compound D1 in comparison with devices comprising previous art compounds C2 and C3, all in the matrix A1. 
           [0078]      FIGS. 6 and 7  show current-voltage and current-efficiency curves of an inventive device comprising compound D1 in comparison with a device comprising previous art compound C2, both in the matrix A2. 
           [0079]      FIGS. 8 and 9  show current-voltage and current-efficiency curves of an inventive device comprising compound D1 in comparison with a device comprising previous art compound C3, both in the matrix A3. 
       
    
    
     ORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES 
       [0080]      FIG. 1  illustrates a first embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device in the form of a stack of layers forming an OLED or a solar cell. In  FIG. 1, 10  is a substrate,  11  is an anode,  12  is an EML or an absorbing layer,  13  is a EIL (electron injection layer),  14  is a cathode. 
         [0081]    The layer  13  can be a pure layer of a compound according to formula (I). At least one of the anode and cathode is at least semi-transparent. Inverted structures are also foreseen (not illustrated), wherein the cathode is on the substrate (cathode closer to the substrate than the anode and the order of the layers  11 - 14  is reversed). The stack may comprise additional layers, such as ETL, HTL, etc. 
         [0082]      FIG. 2  represents a second embodiment of the inventive organic electronic device in the form of a stack of layers forming an OLED or a solar cell. Here,  20  is a substrate,  21  is an anode,  22  is an EML or an absorbing layer,  23  is an ETL,  24  is a cathode. The layer  23  comprises an electron transport matrix material and a compound according to formula (I). 
         [0083]      FIG. 3  illustrates a third embodiment of the inventive device in the form of an OTFT, with semi-conductor layer  32 , a source electrode  34  and a drain electrode  35 . An unpatterned (unpatterned between the source and drain electrodes) injection layer  33  provides charge carrier injection and extraction between the source-drain electrodes and semi-conducting layer. OTFT also comprises a gate insulator  31  (which could be on the same side as the source drain electrodes) and a gate electrode  30 , which gate electrode  30  is on the side of the layer  31  which is not in contact with the layer  32 . Obviously, the whole stack could be inverted. A substrate may also be provided. Alternatively, insulator layer  31  may be the substrate. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0084]    Following compounds were used as electron transporting matrices for testing the effects of inventive compounds: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0085]    A1 is described in the application PCT/EP2012/004961 (WO2013/079217, page 51-52), A2 is described in the application WO2011/154131 (Examples 4 and 6), A3 (CAS number 561064-11-7) is commercially available. 
       Synthetic Procedure for Preparing the Compounds of Formula (I) 
       [0086]    All reactions were performed under inert atmosphere. Commercial reactants and reagents were used without further purification. Reaction solvents tetrahydrofurane (THF), acetonitrile (AcN) and dichloromethane (DCM) were dried by a solvent purification system (SPS). 
       Example 1 
     Synthesis of lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-3-olate (1) 
     Step 1: diphenyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphine oxide 
       [0087]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 2-fluoropyridine 
                 2.50 g, 1.0 eq, 25.8 mmol 
               
               
                   
                 potassium diphenylphosphide 
                 51.5 mL, 1.0 eq, 25.8 mmol 
               
               
                   
                 THF 
                 50 mL 
               
               
                   
                 DCM 
                 80 mL 
               
               
                   
                 hydrogen peroxide 
                 25 mL 
               
               
                   
                 hexane 
                 20 mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0088]    Fluoropyridine was dissolved in dry THF. The potassium diphenylphosphide solution was added drop wise during one hour at room temperature. The resulting orange solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in dichloromethane. Hydrogen peroxide was added slowly at 0° C. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue treated with hexane. The resulting solid was filtered off, washed with hexane and dried in vacuum. 
         [0089]    Yield: 2.2 g (31%), HPLC-MS purity 98.0%. 
       Step 2: (3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)diphenylphosphine oxide 
       [0090]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 diphenyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphine oxide 
                 2.0 g, 1.0 eq., 7.2 mmol 
               
               
                 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2- 
                 4.35 mL, 3.0 eq., 21.5 mmol 
               
               
                 dioxaborolane 
               
               
                 Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) 
                 9.56 mL, 2.0 eq., 14.3 mmol 
               
               
                 THF 
                 50 mL 
               
               
                 Chloroform 
                 50 mL 
               
               
                 Hydrogen peroxide 
                 10 mL 
               
               
                 DCM 
                 15 mL 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0091]    The starting material was dissolved in dry THF and cooled to −78° C. The borolane was added and the mixture stirred for 20 min. The LDA solution was added drop wise and the temperature was allowed to rise slowly to room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 3 days at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in chloroform. Hydrogen peroxide was added slowly at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was extracted with chloroform and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM and precipitated with hexane. The solid was filtered off, washed with hexane and dried in vacuum. 
         [0092]    Yield: 1.4 g (67%), GCMS purity 100%, structure confirmed by  1 H-NMR, δ (ppm)=11.48 (s, 1H, OH), 8.25 (d X from ABX system, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J=12 Hz and 7.5 Hz, 4H), 7.58 (br t, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (td, J=7.5 Hz and 3 Hz, 4H), 7.30 (ddd, B from ABX system, 1H), 7.24 (br dd, A from ABX system, 1H). 
       Step 3: lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-3-olate (1) 
       [0093]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 (3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)- 
                 1.0 g, 1.0 eq., 3.4 mmol 
               
               
                   
                 diphenylphosphine oxide 
               
               
                   
                 Lithium tert-butoxide 
                 0.27 g, 1.0 eq., 3.4 mmol 
               
               
                   
                 Acetonitrile 
                 40 mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0094]    The starting material was suspended in dry acetonitrile. The lithium tert-butoxide was added at room temperature and the mixture was heated at reflux for 13 hours. The solid was filtered off, washed with acetonitrile and dried in vacuum. 
         [0095]    Yield: 0.865 g (87%), TGA-DSC: m.p. 442° C. 
         [0096]    Analytical data (after sublimation): 
         [0097]    TGA-DSC: m.p. 445° C. 
         [0098]    Elemental analysis: 67.6% C-content (theory 67.79%), 4.48% H-content (theory 4.35%), 4.64% N-content (theory 4.65%) 
       Example 2 
     lithium 7-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-8-olate (2) 
       [0099]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step 1: synthesis of quinolin-8-yl diphenylphosphinate 
       [0100]    10 g 8-hydroxyquinoline were dissolved in 170 mL dry THF. 17.9 g (1.1 eq.) diphenylphosphoryl chloride and 7.7 g (1.1 eq.) diisopropylamine were added at room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was filtered, then evaporated to dryness and treated with 40 mL hexane. 23.5 g white solid were obtained (98% yield), GCMS gives 100% purity. 
       Step 2: synthesis of lithium 7-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-8-olate (2) 
       [0101]    7 g quinolin-8-yl diphenylphosphinate from the previous step were dissolved in 120 mL dry THF under argon. The clear solution was cooled to −80° C. 14.9 mL (1.1 eq.) of 1.5 M lithium diisopropylamide solution in cyclohexane were added dropwise as to the starting compound. The reaction mixture was allowed to return to room temperature overnight and further stirred for one entire week. Then, an addition of 100 mL n-hexane afforded a precipitate that was isolated by filtration and further purified by a hot slurry wash in 120 mL acetonitrile. 2.43 g (34% yield) of a beige solid were obtained and further purified through gradient sublimation. 
       Example 3 
     lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-3-olate (3) 
       [0102]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step 1: synthesis of diphenyl(quinolin-2-yl)phosphine oxide 
       [0103]    4 g 2-chloroquinoline (1 eq.) were dissolved in 50 mL dry THF under argon. To this solution, 48.9 mL (1 eq.) of commercial 0.5 M solution of potassium diphenylphosphite in THF were added at room temperature over 90 minutes. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue suspended in 80 mL dichloromethane and treated with 20 mL of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution. After 3 h stirring at room temperature, the organic phase was washed twice with 30 mL brine and twice with 30 mL distilled water, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was precipitated from dichloromethane/hexane to obtain 4.62 g (57% yield) of a pale yellow solid. HPLC showed 99.2% purity. 
       Step 2: synthesis of (3-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)diphenylphosphine oxide 
       [0104]    4.5 g (1 eq.) diphenyl(quinolin-2-yl)phosphine oxide were dissolved in 50 mL dry TI-IF under argon. The solution was cooled at −80° C., and 8.4 mL (3 eq.) 2-isopropoxy-4,4′,5,5′-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (neat) were added with a syringe. After 20 minute stirring at −80° C., 18.3 mL (2 eq.) of 1.5 M lithium diisopropylamide solution in cyclohexane were added dropwise. The reaction mixture was let return to room temperature over the weekend, then evaporated to dryness and redissolved in 60 mL dichloromethane. The suspension was treated with 10 mL 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide over 24 h. After washing with 30 mL brine and 50 mL distilled water, the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 30 mL dichloromethane and washed twice with 30 mL of saturated ammonium chloride solution, then with 2 mL 1M hydrochloric acid for acidifying the aqueous phase before drying and evaporating. The evaporation residue was slurry washed in 30 mL acetonitrile to afford 2.8 g (60% yield) of a bright yellow solid. GCMS showed 96% purity. 
       Step 3: synthesis of lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-3-olate (3) 
       [0105]    2.7 g (1 eq.) (3-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)diphenylphosphine oxide were suspended in 40 mL dry acetonitrile. 0.63 g (1 eq.) lithium tert-butoxide were added in one portion as a solid. The suspension turned yellow. After 4 h under reflux, the suspension was cooled to room temperature and the solid isolated, washed with a minimal amount acetonitrile and dried. Obtained 2.44 g (89% yield) of a beige solid, which was further purified by gradient sublimation. 
       Example 4 
     lithium 3-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-2-olate (4) 
       [0106]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step 1: synthesis of diphenyl(pyridin-3-yl)phosphine oxide 
       [0107]    110 mL of a 0.5 M potassium diphenylphosphite solution in THF were diluted with 110 mL dry THF under argon. 8 g 3-fluoropyridine were added dropwise at 0° C. to this solution during 30 minutes. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, then evaporated to dryness and redissolved in 150 mL dichloromethane. The mixture was treated with 17 mL 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide overnight. The organic phase was then washed twice with 30 mL brine and three times with 40 mL distilled water, then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The resulting oil was precipitated by addition 30 mL hexane and an ultrasound treatment. Isolated 12.1 g of a white solid (79% yield), GCMS showed 100% purity. 
       Step 2: synthesis of (2-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)diphenylphosphine oxide 
       [0108]    5 g diphenyl(pyridin-3-yl)phosphine oxide were dissolved in 100 mL dry THF under argon and the solution was cooled to −80° C. 10.9 mL (3 eq.) 2-isopropoxy-4,4′,5,5′-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (neat) were added with a syringe. After 25 minute stirring at −80° C., 23.8 mL (2 eq.) of 1.5 M lithium diisopropylamide solution in cyclohexane were added dropwise. The reaction mixture was let return to room temperature over five days, then evaporated to dryness and redissolved in 200 mL dichloromethane. The suspension was treated by 10 mL 30 wt. % aqueous hydrogen peroxide over 24 h. After washing twice with 30 mL brine and three times with 30 mL distilled water, the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was slurry washed with 50 mL hexane. Obtained 3.8 g (72% yield) of a pale yellow solid. Used without further purification. 
       Step 3: synthesis of lithium 3-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-2-olate (4) 
       [0109]    3.6 g (2-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)diphenylphosphine oxide were suspended in 150 mL acetonitrile. After addition 0.98 g (1 eq.) lithium tert-butoxide, the mixture was heated overnight under reflux. After return to room temperature, the formed precipitate was isolated and washed with a minimal amount acetonitrile. Obtained 3.3 g (90%) of a white solid that was further purified by gradient sublimation. 
       DEVICE EXAMPLES 
       [0110]    Lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenolate (C2), described in an earlier application PCT/EP/2012/074127, and the well-known lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinolate (LiQ, C3) were used as comparative electrical n-dopants; lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-3-olate (1), referred to as D1, lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-3-olate (3), referred to as D5, and lithium 3-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-2-olate (4), referred to as D6, were used as inventive n-dopants. 
       Example 1 
       [0111]    A blue emitting device was made on a commercially available glass substrate with deposited indium tin oxide (ITO) 90 nm thick layer as an anode. A 10 nm layer of HTM3 doped with 2,2′,2″-(cyclopropane-1,2,3-triylidene)tris(2-(p-cyanotetrafluorophenyl)acetonitrile) (PD2) (matrix to dopant weight ratio of 92:8) was subsequently deposited as hole injection and transport layer, followed by a 120 nm undoped layer of HTM3. Subsequently, a blue fluorescent emitting layer of ABH113 (Sun Fine Chemicals) doped with NUBD370 (Sun Fine Chemicals) as an emitter (matrix dopant ratio of 97:3 wt. %) was deposited with a thickness of 20 nm. A 36 nm thick ETL having a composition given in the Table 1 was deposited on the emitting layer. A 1 nm thick layer of lithium quinolate (LiQ) followed the ETL, followed by 100 nm thick aluminium layer as a cathode. 
         [0112]    The results are shown in the Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Current 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Voltage at 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 10 mA/cm 2   
                 at 10 mA/cm 2   
                 CIE 
                 CIE 
               
               
                 ETL 
                 [V] 
                 [cd/A] 
                 1931 x 
                 1931 y 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 A1:D1 (60:40 wt. %) 
                 4.4 
                 6.4 
                 0.14 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 A1:C2 (60:40 wt. %) 
                 4.3 
                 5.3 
                 0.14 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 A1:C3 (60:40 wt. %) 
                 4.6 
                 4.9 
                 0.14 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 A2:D1 (50:50 wt. %) 
                 4.9 
                 5.6 
                 0.14 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 A2:C2 (50:50 wt. %) 
                 4.7 
                 5.5 
                 0.14 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 A3:D1 (50:50 wt. %) 
                 4.6 
                 5.5 
                 0.14 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 A3:C3 (50:50 wt. %) 
                 4.5 
                 4.9 
                 0.14 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 A1:D5 (60:40 wt. %) 
                 4.4 
                 6.6 
                 0.14 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 A1:D6 (60:40 wt. %) 
                 4.5 
                 5.6 
                 0.14 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Advantages of the Invention 
       [0113]    Surprisingly, an increase of the OLED efficiency and a decrease of the operating voltage were observed in experimental devices comprising the inventive semiconducting materials. 
         [0114]    Inventive devices comprising compounds of formula (I) as ETL additives perform better than devices using known LiQ (C3) and at least equally well as devices comprising compound C2 with a similar structure without a heteroatom. Inventive compounds of formula (I) thus significantly broaden the offer of additives for improving electron transport and/or electron injection in organic electronic devices and allow further improving and optimizing performance of organic electronic devices beyond limits known in the art. 
         [0115]    The features disclosed in the foregoing description, the claims and in the drawings may both separately and in any combination thereof, be material for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof. 
       ABBREVIATIONS USED THROUGHOUT THE APPLICATION 
       [0116]    OLED organic light emitting device
 
OTFT organic thin film transistor
 
EL electroluminescence, electroluminescent
 
ETL electron transport layer
 
ETM electron transport material
 
HTL hole transport layer
 
EBL electron blocking layer
 
HBL hole blocking layer
 
LEL light emitting layer
 
EIL electron injecting layer
 
HIL hole injecting layer
 
VTE vacuum thermal evaporation
 
HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
 
LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
 
 1 H-NMR proton magnetic resonance
 
EI-MS electron impact mass spectroscopy
 
GCMS gas chromatography (combined with) mass spectroscopy
 
HPLC-MS high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy
 
BPhen bathophenanthroline
 
Alq3 aluminium tris(8-hydroxyquinolinolate)
 
LiQ lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinolate
 
THF tetrahydrofuran
 
DCM dichloromethane
 
eq. Equivalent
 
wt. % weight percent
 
mol. molar (e.g. percent)
 
TGA-DSC thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry
 
TCO transparent conductive oxide
 
RFID radio-frequency identification