Abstract:
A method for synthesizing lactic acid and lactate is invented from carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides and/or polysaccharides in the presence of the catalyst that is the combinations of nitrogen-heterocycle aromatic ring cation salts and metal compounds. In the reaction, at least one alcohol and at least one solvent are used. Specifically, in the presence of [SnCl 4 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl)], SnCl 4 -1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([DMIM]CH 3 SO 4 )], [SnCl 2 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl)], or SnCl 2 -1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([DMIM]CH 3 SO 4 )] in methanol.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/412,042, filed Nov. 10, 2010 and 61/495,431, filed Jun. 10, 2011. 
     
    
     FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH STATEMENT 
       [0002]    Not applicable. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    This invention relates generally to a method for synthesizing lactic acid and alkyl lactate from the direct conversion of carbohydrate-containing raw materials, such as monosaccharides and/or polysaccharides, over catalysts in solvent. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Glucose, sugarcane, starch, and celluloses are the most abundant renewable carbon sources found naturally on earth. The high content of oxygenated functional groups in these carbohydrates has advantages in making use of them to produce fundamental chemicals. In particular, these carbohydrates are the most attractive feedstocks for intermediate chemical production in a sustainable way without emitting CO 2 . 
         [0005]    Theoretically, two moles of lactic acid could be obtained from one mole of hexose either from fermentation or from catalytic reaction. Lactic acid itself is a monomer for the biodegradable polylactate synthesis. Lactic acid and its derivatives (alkyl lactates and polylactate) could act as platform compounds for the synthesis of other carbon-3 building blocks, such as propylene glycol, acrylic acid, and allyl alcohol for the productions of polymers. 
         [0006]    Lactic acid is produced from the fermentation of glucose in present chemical industry. In the fermentation process, only very diluted lactic acid broth (&lt;10% water solution) is obtained through reacting with Ca(OH) 2  to obtain calcium lactate solid, and then reacting with a H 2 SO 4  solution to isolate lactic acid. The fermentation process generates huge amounts of waste water and CaSO 4  solid waste. The fermentation process for lactic acid production only uses glucose as the feed stock. During production, if starch is used as the feed stock, the starch must be prehydrolyzed to glucose either by acid catalyzed chemical reaction, or by fermentation. Existing fermentation processes could produce lactic acid from glucose in large scale (120,000 tons/year). However, the biological processes generally suffer from low reaction rates and low product concentration (in water), resulting in long reaction times, larger reactors, and high energy consumption in the product purification process (Fermentation of Glucose to Lactic Acid Coupled with Reactive Extraction: Kailas L. Wasewar, Archis A. Yawalkar, Jacob A. Moulijn and Vishwas G. Pangarkar, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 5969-5982). It is known that, in the presence of aqueous alkali hydroxides, monosaccharides can be converted to lactate (R. Montgomery, Ind. Eng. Chem, 1953, 45, 1144; B. Y. Yang and R. Montgomery, Carbohydr. Res. 1996, 280, 47). However, the stoichiometric amount of base (Ca(OH) 2 ) and acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in the lactic acid recovery process would be consumed and, therefore, the stoichiometric amount of salt waste would be produced. Although the commercial fermentation approach can produce large scale lactic acid, it only uses starch as a feedstock and the starch must be prehydrolyzed (or through fermentation) to glucose in advance. The fermentation process produces large amounts of waste water and solid waste (CaSO 4 ). The fermentation process for producing lactic acid includes many steps which consume substantial amounts of energy. The infrastructure of the fermentation process is very complicated and uneconomical.  FIG. 1  is the scheme of the commercial fermentation process for the production of lactic acid and its derivatives. 
         [0007]    It is desired to have a process to convert both monosaccharides and/or polysaccharides to lactic acid and its derivatives directly in a more efficient and economical way. The current invention provides a method for converting monosaccharides and/or polysaccharides to lactic acid and lactate over a homogeneous catalyst system. The catalysts are combinations of nitrogen-heterocycle aromatic ring cation salts and metal compounds dissolved in a solvent. Presently, very few compounds of commercial interest are directly obtainable from carbohydrates by using non-fermentation approaches. There is also no other approach available for the production of lactic acid and its derivatives directly from naturally occurring carbohydrates, such as sugarcane, starch, and cellulose. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention provides a method for synthesizing lactic acid and alkyl lactate, comprising: (a) preparing a mixture of at least one carbohydrate-containing raw material, at least one alcohol, at least one catalyst comprised of nitrogen-heterocycle aromatic cation salts and metal compounds, and at least one solvent; and (b) heating the mixture to obtain lactic acid and alkyl lactate. 
         [0009]    In addition, polylactic acid can be obtained in the resultant mixture in step (b). 
         [0010]    The alkyl lactate in the current invention is selected from the group consisting of methyl lactate and ethyl lactate. 
         [0011]    The carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides and monosaccharides. More specifically, the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of cotton, cellulose, starch, dextran, sucrose, fructose and glucose. All substances, which could be converted into carbohydrates by fermentation, hydrolysis, or alcoholysis, can be employed as the reactants of the current invention. 
         [0012]    The alcohol is selected from the group consisting of monohydroxyl alcohols, dihydroxyl alcohols, and multihydroxyl alcohols. Further, the monohydroxyl alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butanol. The dihydroxyl alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,2-propandiol, and 1,3-propandiol. The multihydroxyl alcohol is glycerol. 
         [0013]    The nitrogen-heterocycle aromatic cation salts in the catalyst of the current invention are comprised of cations and anions. The anion of the nitrogen-heterocycle aromatic cation salts is selected from the group consisting of F − , Cl − , Br − , I − , CH 3 SO 4   − , CH 3 SO 3   − , C 6 H 5 SO 3   −  (benzenesulfenate anion), SO 4   2− , HSO 4   − , H 2 PO 4   − , HPO 4   2− , PO 4   3− , PF 6   − , BO 2   − , BF 4   − , SiF 6   2− , and CH 3 CO 2   − —. 
         [0014]    The cation of the nitrogen-heterocycle aromatic cation salts is an organic cation that contains at least one hex-member aromatic ring and/or at least one pent-member aromatic ring that contains at least one nitrogen atom on the ring and carries a positive charge. 
         [0015]    More specifically, the cation is an organic cation that contains a hex-member aromatic ring and/or a pent-member aromatic ring that contains at least one nitrogen atom on the ring and carries a positive charge. Yet more specifically, the organic cation is selected from the group consisting of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    (wherein the two Nitrogen atoms could be on 1, 2, 3, and 4 positions for each ring per N), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    (wherein the three Nitrogen atoms could be on 1, 2, 3 and 4 positions for each ring per N atom), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    (wherein the two Nitrogen atoms on the two hex-member rings (each ring per N atom) could take any position among 1, 2, 3 and 4), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    (wherein the two Nitrogen atoms on the two hex-member rings (each ring per N atom) could take any position among 1, 2, 3, and 4; n and m are positive integers), and derivatives thereof; the substituting group R n  on carbon atoms is selected from the group consisting of H—, C n H 2n+1 — (n≧1), C n H 2n−1 —, C n H 2n−3 —, C n H m —(m≧3), C n H 2n−7 — (n≧6), Cl—, Br—, I—, and —OSO 3   − . The substituting group R n  on nitrogen atoms is selected from the group consisting of C n H 2n+1 — (n≧1), C n H 2n−1 —, C n H 2n−3 —, C n H m — (m≧3), and C n H 2n−7 — (n≧6). 
         [0016]    In a specific embodiment, the organic cation is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM] + ), and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium ([DMIM] + ) 
         [0017]    The metal compound in the catalyst of the current invention is selected from the group consisting of Sn, Ti, Zr, and Ge. A useful metal compound for the conversion of carbohydrate-containing raw material is preferably a tin-containing compound, wherein the tin-containing compound comprises Sn 4+ , Sn 2+ , or mixtures thereof. 
         [0018]    The anion of the tin-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of F − , Cl − , Br − , I − , SO 4   2− , HSO 4   − , CH 3 SO 3   − , C 6 H 5 SO 3   − , H 2 PO 4   − , HPO 4   2− , PO 4   3− , PF 6   − , BO 2   − , BF 4   − , SiF 6   2− , and CH 3 CO 2   − . 
         [0019]    In a specific embodiment, the catalyst of the current invention is a combination of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O. 
         [0020]    In another specific embodiment, the catalyst is a combination of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O. 
         [0021]    In another specific embodiment, the catalyst is a combination of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate and SnCl 2 . 
         [0022]    In another specific embodiment, the catalyst is a combination of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and Sn(CH 3 SO 3   − ) 2 . 
         [0023]    In another specific embodiment, the catalyst is a combination of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3   − ) 2 . 
         [0024]    According to the method of the current invention, the solvent comprises a polar solvent, such as water, or alcohols, or mixtures thereof, which could dissolve the catalyst to form a homogeneous catalyst solution. 
         [0025]    More specifically, the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propandiol, 1,3-propandiol, and glycerol. 
         [0026]    In another specific embodiment, the mixture of lactic acid and alkyl lactate is prepared by heating a mixture of carbohydrates, alcohols, solvents, and nitrogen-heterocycle aromatic ring cation salts and metal compounds as catalysts in a one-pot reactor. 
         [0027]    The amount of alcohol is about at least one mass times or more with respect to amount of carbohydrate in the carbohydrate-containing raw material. In a specific embodiment, the ratio of alcohol to carbohydrate in the carbohydrate-containing raw material by mass is about at least 3:2. 
         [0028]    In the current invention, the heat processing of carbohydrate-containing raw material is carried out between 25 and 200° C. In a specific embodiment, the reactants solution is allowed to carry out reaction at a temperature between 25 and 180° C. Yet more specifically, the carbohydrate-containing raw material is cellulose and the reaction temperature is between 80 and 180° C.; more preferably, the reaction temperature is between 100 and 180° C. 
         [0029]    In a specific embodiment, the carbohydrate-containing raw material is starch and the reaction temperature is between 80 and 180° C.; more preferably, the reaction temperature is between 80 and 160° C. 
         [0030]    In a specific embodiment, the carbohydrate-containing raw material is sucrose and the reaction temperature is between 25 and 180° C.; more preferably, the reaction temperature is between 25 and 140° C. 
         [0031]    In a specific embodiment, the carbohydrate-containing raw material is glucose and the reaction temperature is between 25 and 180° C.; more preferably, the reaction temperature is between 25 and 140° C. 
         [0032]    According to the current invention, a carbohydrate-containing raw material is heat-processed in a solvent in the presence of catalyst, to obtain lactic acid and/or lactate. The carbohydrate-containing raw material is processed by an environment-friendly method. Lactic acid and/or lactate is manufactured efficiently and simply by processing the carbohydrate-containing raw material under mild conditions. In addition, polylactic acid could be produced in the process as a by-product. With the method of current invention, effective usage of carbohydrate-containing raw material is enabled. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]      FIG. 1  shows the scheme for lactic acid and alkyl lactate preparation at modern industrial plants. 
           [0034]      FIG. 2  shows one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0035]    The detailed descriptions of the present invention set forth below in connection with the examples are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments and forms described hereinafter. 
       Example 1 
     Reaction Results of Fructose 
       [0036]    The results listed in Table 1 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate (see the amount in Table 1), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 1), 0.200 g of fructose, and 5.0 mL of methanol into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to 140° C. under stirring to carry out the reaction. The reaction time is listed in Table 1. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl solution (0.50M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 1). In Table 1, “DMIMMS” stands for the 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate; “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of fructose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 DMIMMS 
                   
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 Carbohydrate 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.2 
                 0.200 
                 fructose 
                 2.0 
                 140 
                 94 
               
               
                 0.2 
                 0.200 
                 fructose 
                 4.0 
                 140 
                 91 
               
               
                 0.2 
                 0 
                 fructose 
                 2.0 
                 140 
                 28 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
     Reaction Results of Glucose 
       [0037]    The results listed in Table 2 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate (see the amount in Table 2), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 2), 0.200 g of glucose, and 5.0 mL of methanol into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to 140° C. under stirring to carry out the reaction. The reaction time is listed in Table 2. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl solution (0.50M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 2). In Table 2, “DMIMMS” stands for the 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate; “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of glucose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 DMIMMS 
                   
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 Carbohydrate 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.2 
                 0 
                 glucose 
                 2 
                 140 
                 26 
               
               
                 0.2 
                 0.200 
                 glucose 
                 2 
                 140 
                 64 
               
               
                 0.2 
                 0.200 
                 glucose 
                 4 
                 140 
                 66 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3 
     Reaction Results of Sucrose 
       [0038]    The results listed in Table 3 were obtained using different 1,3-dialkyl imidazolium salts and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding 1,3-dialkyl imidazolium salt (see the amount in Table 3), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 3), 0.200 g of sucrose, and 5.0 mL of methanol into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 3) under stirring to carry out the reaction. The reaction time is listed in Table 3. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulted solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid. The solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 3). In Table 3, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. DMDIMDC has the following structure: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of sucrose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 1,3-dialkyl imidazolium 
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 salt (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 4 
                 140 
                 54 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 10 
                 140 
                 55 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 15 
                 140 
                 61 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 20 
                 140 
                 59 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.500) 
                 4 
                 140 
                 60 
               
               
                 0.500 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 4 
                 140 
                 66 
               
               
                 0.500 
                 DMIMMS (0.500) 
                 4 
                 140 
                 72 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 15 
                 150 
                 55 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 15 
                 160 
                 50 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMIMMS (0.200) 
                 15 
                 170 
                 43 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 methyl pyridine 
                 15 
                 140 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 sulfate (0.200) 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 N-methyl-N-ethyl- 
                 15 
                 140 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                 imidazolium chloride 
               
               
                   
                 (0.200) 
               
               
                 0.200 
                 DMDIMDC (0.200) 
                 15 
                 140 
                 29 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
     Reaction Results of Starch 
       [0039]    The results listed in Table 4 were obtained using different amounts of DMIMMS and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding DMIMMS (see the amount in Table 4), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 4), water (1.0 g), 0.200 g of starch, and 5.0 mL of methanol into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 4) under stirring to carry out the reaction. The reaction time is listed in Table 4. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 4). In Table 4, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of starch 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 DMIMMS 
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                   
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.500 
                 8 
                 170 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.500 
                 0.200 
                 8 
                 170 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.500 
                 0.500 
                 8 
                 170 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.500 
                 8 
                 150 
                 37 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.500 
                 0.200 
                 8 
                 150 
                 45 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.500 
                 0.500 
                 8 
                 150 
                 55 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.200 
                 15 
                 160 
                 33 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.200 
                 15 
                 180 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.200 
                 15 
                 150 
                 41 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.200 
                 15 
                 160 
                 33 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.200 
                 15 
                 170 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0 
                 10 
                 140 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.200 
                 10 
                 140 
                 39 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.200 
                 15 
                 140 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.200 
                 0.500 
                 15 
                 140 
                 37 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.500 
                 0.200 
                 15 
                 140 
                 45 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.500 
                 0.500 
                 15 
                 140 
                 54 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5 
     Reaction Results of Cellulose 
       [0040]    The results listed in Table 5 were obtained using DMIMMS and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding DMIMMS (see the amount in Table 5), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 5), water (1.0 g), 0.200 g of cellulose, and 5.0 mL of methanol into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 5) under stirring to carry out the reaction. The reaction time is listed in Table 5. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 5). In Table 5, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of cellulose 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 DMIMMS 
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                   
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 15 
                 160 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 15 
                 170 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 15 
                 180 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 6 
     Reaction Results of Corn Starch 
       [0041]    The results listed in Table 6 were obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMC) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (see the amount in Table 6), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 6), water (1.0 g), 0.500 g of starch, and 4.0 mL of methanol into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 6) under stirring to carry out the reaction. The reaction time is listed in Table 6. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 6). In Table 6, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of corn starch 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 EMIMC 
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                   
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.5005 
                 1.0112 
                 2 
                 160 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.5004 
                 1.0092 
                 6 
                 160 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.4999 
                 1.0465 
                 4 
                 170 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.5005 
                 1.0384 
                 6 
                 170 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.5005 
                 1.0321 
                 7 
                 170 
                 37 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.4998 
                 1.0104 
                 8 
                 170 
                 39 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.5004 
                 1.0035 
                 10 
                 170 
                 39 
               
               
                   
                 1.0 
                 0.5002 
                 1.0083 
                 15 
                 170 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 7 
     Reaction Results of Sucrose 
       [0042]    The results listed in Table 7 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium sulfate ((DMIM) 2 SO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding (DMIM) 2 SO 4  (see the amount in Table 7), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 7), water (1.0 g), 0.500 g of sucrose, and methanol (5.0 mL) were added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 7) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 2 hours. The reaction time is listed in Table 7. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 7). In Table 7, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of sucrose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 (DMIM) 2 SO 4   
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 160 
                 10 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 140 
                 12 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 120 
                 10 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 100 
                 40 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 8 
     Reaction Results of Sucrose 
       [0043]    The results listed in Table 8 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium sulfate ((DMIM) 2 SO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding (DMIM) 2 SO 4  (see the amount in Table 8), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 8), water (1.0 g), 0.200 g of sucrose, and methanol (5.0 mL) were added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 8) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 2 hours. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 8). In Table 8, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of sucrose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 (DMIM) 2 SO 4   
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 160 
                 11 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 140 
                 26 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 120 
                 28 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 100 
                 78 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2 
                 80 
                 75 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 9 
     Reaction Results of Glucose 
       [0044]    The results listed in Table 9 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium sulfate ((DMIM) 2 SO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding (DMIM) 2 SO 4  (see the amount in Table 9), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 9), water (1.0 g), 0.500 g of glucose, and methanol (5.0 mL) were added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 9) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 5 hours. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 9). In Table 9, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of glucose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 (DMIM) 2 SO 4   
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 5 
                 160 
                 14 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 5 
                 140 
                 16 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 5 
                 120 
                 25 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 5 
                 100 
                 34 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 10 
     Reaction Results of Glucose 
       [0045]    The results listed in Table 10 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium sulfate ((DMIM) 2 SO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding (DMIM) 2 SO 4  (see the amount in Table 10), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 10), water (1.0 g), 0.200 g of glucose, and methanol (5.0 mL) were added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 10) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 2 hours. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 10). In Table 10, “t” stands for reaction time in hours; “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius; and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of glucose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 (DMIM) 2 SO 4   
                 t 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (h) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 5 
                 140 
                 24 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 5 
                 120 
                 31 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 5 
                 100 
                 75 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 11 
     Reaction Results of Starch 
       [0046]    The results listed in Table 11 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium sulfate ((DMIM) 2 SO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding (DMIM) 2 SO 4  (see the amount in Table 11), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 11), water (1.0 g), starch, and methanol (5.0 mL) were added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 11) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 5 hours. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 11). In Table 11, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of starch 
               
             
          
           
               
                 H 2 O 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 (DMIM) 2 SO 4   
                 starch 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 140 
                 22 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 120 
                 10 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.200 
                 160 
                 30 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.200 
                 100 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 12 
     Reaction Results of Sucrose 
       [0047]    The results listed in Table 12 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (DMIMHSO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding DMIMHSO 4  (see the amount in Table 12), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 12), sucrose, and methanol (5.0 mL) were added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 12) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 5 hours. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 12). In Table 12, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of sucrose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 DMIMHSO 4   
                 sucrose 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 160 
                 10 
               
               
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 140 
                 18 
               
               
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 120 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 13 
     Reaction Results of Sucrose 
       [0048]    The results listed in Table 13 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (DMIMHSO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding DMIMHSO 4  (see the amount in Table 13), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 13), glucose, and methanol (5.0 mL) were added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 13) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 5 hours. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 13). In Table 13, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y” stands for the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of glucose 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 DMIMHSO 4   
                 glucose 
                 T 
                 Y 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 160 
                 23 
               
               
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 140 
                 8 
               
               
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 120 
                 9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 14 
     Reaction Results of Starch 
       [0049]    The results listed in Table 14 were obtained using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (DMIMHSO 4 ) and SnCl 4 .5H 2 O as catalyst. After adding DMIMHSO 4  (see the amount in Table 14), SnCl 4 .5H 2 O (see the amount in Table 14), starch, and 5.0 mL of methanol added into a 10 mL batch reactor, the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 14) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 5 hours. After reaction, NaOH solution (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added to carry out a hydrolysis reaction at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solution. HCl (0.50 M, 10.0 mL) was added into the resulting solution to convert sodium lactate to lactic acid, and then the solution was analyzed on a HPLC to obtain the total percent yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 14). In Table 14, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y” stands for the total yield of lactic acid and methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction results of starch 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CH 3 OH 
                 SnCl 4 •5H 2 O 
                 DMIMHSO 4   
                 starch 
                   
                   
               
               
                 H 2 O (g) 
                 (mL) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 T (° C.) 
                 Y (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 5.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 160 
                 20 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 4.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.500 
                 160 
                 22 
               
               
                 0 
                 5.0 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.200 
                 80 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 15 
       [0050]    The results listed in Table 15 were obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMC) and Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding EMIMC (see the amount in Table 15), Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 , sucrose, and methanol were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 15) under stifling to carry out the reaction for 2 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 15). In Table 15, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of sucrose at different temperature 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T 
                 Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2   
                 sucrose 
                 CH 3 OH 
                 EMIMC 
                 Y ml   
               
               
                 (° C.) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (mL) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 80 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 1 
               
               
                 90 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 20 
               
               
                 100 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 41 
               
               
                 110 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 43 
               
               
                 120 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 42 
               
               
                 130 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 50 
               
               
                 140 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 41 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 16 
       [0051]    The results listed in Table 16 were obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMC) and Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding EMIMC (see the amount in Table 16), Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 , sucrose, and methanol were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was sealed and heated to 130° C. under stirring to carry out the reaction from 0.5 to 4 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 16). In Table 16, “t” stands for the reaction time in hours and “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of sucrose at 
               
               
                 130° C. for different reaction time 
               
             
          
           
               
                 t 
                 Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2   
                 sucrose 
                 CH 3 OH 
                 EMIMC 
                 Y ml   
               
               
                 (h) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (mL) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.5 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 10 
               
               
                 1 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 30 
               
               
                 1.5 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 35 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 50 
               
               
                 2.5 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 35 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 35 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 18 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 17 
       [0052]    The results listed in Table 17 were obtained using different ionic liquid and Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding ionic liquid (0.50 g, see Table 17), Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2  (0.20 g), sucrose (0.20 g), and methanol (8.0 mL) were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was sealed and heated to 130° C. under stirring to carry out the reaction for 2 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 17). In Table 17, “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. 
       Note: 
       [0053]    DMDIMDC stands for the following compound: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    DMBIMC stands for the following compound: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of by using different ionic liquids 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Y ml   
               
               
                   
                 ionic liquid 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 DMDTMDC 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                 DMBIMC 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 18 
       [0054]    The results listed in Table 18 were obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMC) and Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding EMIMC (see the amount in Table 18), Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 , starch, and methanol were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was sealed and heated to 160° C. under stirring to carry out the reaction from 2 to 15 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 18). In Table 18, “t” stands for the reaction time in hours and “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of starch at 160° C. for different reaction time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 t 
                 Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2   
                 starch 
                 CH 3 OH 
                 EMIMC 
                 Y ml   
               
               
                   
                 (h) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (mL) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 2 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 19 
       [0055]    The results listed in Table 19 were obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMC) and Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding EMIMC (see the amount in Table 19), Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 , starch, and methanol were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 19) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 8 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 19). In Table 19, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of starch at different temperature 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T 
                 Sn(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2   
                 starch 
                 CH 3 OH 
                 EMIMC 
                 Y ml   
               
               
                 (° C.) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (mL) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 150 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 1 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 20 
               
               
                 170 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 41 
               
               
                 180 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 43 
               
               
                 190 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 42 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 20 
       [0056]    The results listed in Table 20 were obtained using DMDIMDBS (see structure below) and Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding DMDIMDBS (see the amount in Table 20), Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2 , sweet potato, and methanol were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 20) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 8 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 20). In Table 20, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. DMDIMDBS stands for the following compound: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of sweet potato 
               
               
                 (dry powder) at different temperature 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Sweet 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 T 
                 Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2   
                 potato 
                 CH 3 OH/H 2 O 
                 DMDIMDBS 
                 Y ml   
               
               
                 (° C.) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 34 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 37 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 3.2/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 28 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 1.6/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 21 
               
               
                 140 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 17 
               
               
                 150 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 23 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 34 
               
               
                 170 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 38 
               
               
                 180 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0.30 
                 0.50 
                 36 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 21 
       [0057]    The results listed in Table 21 were obtained using DMDIMDBS (see structure below) and Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding DMDIMDBS (see the amount in Table 21), Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2 , sucrose, and methanol were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was scaled and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 21) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 2 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 21). In Table 21, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    DMDIMDBS stands for the following compound: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of sucrose at different temperature 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T 
                 Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2   
                 sucrose 
                 CH 3 OH/H 2 O 
                 DMDIMDBS 
                 Y ml   
               
               
                 (° C.) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0   
                 0.50 
                 33 
               
               
                 130 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 6.4/0   
                 0.50 
                 25 
               
               
                 130 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0   
                 0.50 
                 28 
               
               
                 130 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0.20 
                 0.50 
                 34 
               
               
                 120 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0.20 
                 0.50 
                 27 
               
               
                 130 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0.20 
                 0.50 
                 34 
               
               
                 140 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0.20 
                 0.50 
                 34 
               
               
                 150 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0.20 
                 0.50 
                 39 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 4.8/0.20 
                 0.50 
                 42 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 22 
       [0058]    The results listed in Table 22 were obtained using DMDIMDBS (see structure below) and Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2  as catalyst. After adding DMDIMDBS (see the amount in Table 22), Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2 , starch, and methanol were added into a batch reactor (volume 15 mL), the reactor was sealed and heated to reaction temperature (listed in Table 22) under stirring to carry out the reaction for 8 hours. After reaction, the solution was analyzed on a GC to obtain the total percent yield of methyl lactate (as that listed in Table 22). In Table 22, “T” stands for the reaction temperature in degrees Celsius and “Y ml ” stands for the total yield of methyl lactate. 
         [0000]    DMDIMDBS stands for the following compound: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The reaction results of starch at different temperature 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T 
                 Sn(C 6 H 5 SO 3 ) 2   
                 Starch 
                 CH 3 OH 
                 DMDIMDBS 
                 Y ml   
               
               
                 (° C.) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (mL) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 36 
               
               
                 150 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 32 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 48 
               
               
                 170 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 42 
               
               
                 180 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 35 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 37 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 33 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 42 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 44 
               
               
                 160 
                 0.282 
                 0.20 
                 8.0 
                 0.50 
                 48