Abstract:
An arrangement is disclosed for illumination with a plurality of wavelengths in a microscope. The arrangement comprises correction optics which are provided in a parallel beam path within illumination/imaging optics for generating an exact overlapping of the wavelengths in the specimen volume in an adjustable manner. The correction optics generate an adjustable directional change for at least one wavelength to compensate transverse chromatic aberrations for the wavelength.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority of German Application No. 199 51 482.8, filed Oct. 26, 1999, the complete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     a) Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to the illumination of a specimen with laser light of different wavelengths, preferably in cross correlation variants of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). However, it is also advantageously applicable in other microscope systems such as the laser scanning microscope and in the detection of time-resolved fluorescence in order to guide the illumination of a plurality of wavelengths simultaneously or sequentially to exactly the same location on the specimen. 
     b) Description of the Related Art 
     In cross correlation FCS, simultaneous spectrally separated detection of two differently marked reacting agents and their two-color reaction product is carried out. The mathematical comparison of the detector signals supplies information about the concentration and dynamics of the associated co-reactants without disruptive contributions from the individual components. 
     It is necessary to illuminate a small specimen volume which has a diameter in the range of the Airy disk with two lasers of different wavelength. The two volumes must overlap very well with one another. 
     Due to unavoidable manufacturing and alignment tolerances, a transverse chromatic aberration and therefore an insufficient overlapping of the volumes cannot be ruled out with illumination by different wavelengths. 
     OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is the primary object of the invention to ensure the most exact possible overlapping of the volumes in the illumination with different wavelengths. 
     According to the invention, this object is met in an arrangement for illumination with a plurality of wavelengths in a microscope wherein correction optics are provided in a parallel beam path within the illumination/imaging optics for generating an exact overlapping of the wavelengths in the specimen volume in an adjustable manner. 
    
    
     The invention and its effects and advantages will be explained more fully in the following with reference to the schematic drawings. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 shows, by way of example, an arrangement for cross correlation FCS or other microscope detection methods with correction optics according to the invention; 
     FIG. 2 shows a schematic beam shape at the correction optics used in the parallel beam path according to embodiment 1; and 
     FIG. 3 shows a schematic beam shape at the correction optics used in the parallel beam path according to embodiment 5. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG.  1 : 
     Light with a plurality of wavelengths is coupled into the illumination beam path. This is carried out via input coupling optics EO which generate beam bundles corrected to infinity. The correction optics KO according to the invention which are movable in the beam path for purposes of adjustment are arranged following the input coupling optics. The illumination of the specimen volume P is carried out via a main color splitter, transfer or relay optics ÜO which generate an intermediate image and which can also be the scanning objective of a laser scanning microscope—according to DE 19702793, for example—following a scanner, a tube lens TL and an objective Obj. The detection of the measurement signal is carried out in a detection unit DE which is located behind the main color splitter, and focusing detection optics. The detection unit contains wavelength-dispersive elements, e.g., dichroic beam splitters and corresponding filters and detectors. 
     The beam path is parallel between the input coupling optics EO and the relay optics ÜO and between the tube lens TL and the objective Obj. According to the invention, a correction of occurring transverse chromatic aberrations is carried out via correction optics KO in one of the two parallel beam paths. 
     The correction optics comprise an afocally active combination of glasses with the same index of refraction, but with different dispersion. Due to the dispersion shift at an inner boundary or interface GF of the correction optics, a beam bundle passing through is deflected with respect to the optical axis in different ways depending on its wavelength. 
     In order to achieve the desired correction effect, different technical realizations are possible. 
     A first advantageous solution is based on the use of the refractive index shift at a curved interface between a planoconvex lens and a planoconcave lens with extra-axial passage of the parallel illumination light through a correction element of the type mentioned above. Different wavelengths are affected differently with respect to their direction (transverse chromatic aberration) and their convergence/divergence (longitudinal chromatic aberration). 
     One possible realization is shown according to embodiment 1 in Table 1 and is illustrated in FIG.  2 . Other realizations are characterized by glass combinations corresponding to embodiments 2, 3 and 4 in Table 1. 
     Embodiments 1 and 2 are oppositely constructed, i.e., in one case, the crown glass lens collects and the flint glass lens scatters, and vice versa. The solutions are equivalent and differ only in the required movement direction of the displacement for compensating the transverse chromatic aberration. The effects on the longitudinal chromatic aberration are opposite. 
     In embodiments 3 and 4, the influence of the longitudinal chromatic aberration is compensated for the tilted wavelengths by an opposing afocal achromat. For this purpose, embodiments 1 and 2 or 2 and 1 are combined with one another. First, the two correction elements according to embodiments 1 and 2 are inserted in the center of the beam path and one of the two is displaced extra-axially. Embodiments 3 and 4 are free of secondary effects with respect to the longitudinal chromatic aberration. When the longitudinal chromatic aberration is taken into account in the design of the overall beam path, embodiments 1 and 2 are advantageously used. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Embodiment 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Radii 
                 Plane 
                 38.129 
                 Plane 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 | 
                 ( 
                 | 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 NSK16 
                 NF2 
               
               
                   
                 Manufacturer 
                 SCHOTT 
                 SCHOTT 
               
               
                   
                 n e   
                 1.62286 
                 1.62408 
               
               
                   
                 v e   
                 60.08 
                 36.11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 red scattering, blue collecting  
               
             
          
           
               
                 Embodiment 2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Radii 
                 Plane 
                 38.129 
                 Plane 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 | 
                 ) 
                 | 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 NSK16 
                 NF2 
               
               
                   
                 Manufacturer 
                 SCHOTT 
                 SCHOTT 
               
               
                   
                 n e   
                 1.62286 
                 1.62408 
               
               
                   
                 v e   
                 60.08 
                 36.11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 blue scattering, red collecting  
               
             
          
           
               
                 Embodiment 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Radii 
                 Plane 
                 38.129 
                 Plane 
                 Plane 
                 38.129 
                 Plane 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 | 
                 ( 
                 | 
                 | 
                 ) 
                 | 
               
               
                 Thickness 
                 2 
                 3 
                   
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 Material 
                 NSK16 
                 NF2 
                   
                 NSK16 
                 NF2 
               
               
                 Manu- 
                 SCHOTT 
                 SCHOTT 
                   
                 SCHOTT 
                 SCHOTT 
               
               
                 facturer 
               
               
                 n e   
                 1.62286 
                 1.62408 
                   
                 1.62286 
                 1.62408 
               
               
                 v e   
                 60.08 
                 36.11 
                   
                 60.08 
                 36.11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Embodiment 4 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Radii 
                 Plane 
                 38.129 
                 Plane 
                 Plane 
                 38.129 
                 Plane 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 | 
                 ) 
                 | 
                 | 
                 ( 
                 | 
               
               
                 Thickness 
                 3 
                 2 
                   
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 Material 
                 NSK16 
                 NF2 
                   
                 NSK16 
                 NF2 
               
               
                 Manu- 
                 SCHOTT 
                 SCHOTT 
                   
                 SCHOTT 
                 SCHOTT 
               
               
                 facturer 
               
               
                 n e   
                 1.62286 
                 1.62408 
                   
                 1.62286 
                 1.62408 
               
               
                 v e   
                 60.08 
                 36.11 
                   
                 60.08 
                 36.11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Another advantageous solution is based on a refractive index shift at a plane interface with changeable angle of inclination of this interface and the wavelength-dependent influencing of the beam direction. A solution with an adjustable changeable wedge angle is illustrated in FIG.  3  and the associated embodiment 5 is illustrated in Table 2. 
     A glass ball GK which is rotatable in semispherical holders HK is constructed from different materials (crown glass, flint glass). A different refraction which is wavelength-dependent is carried out at the interface GF depending on the angle of incidence. 
     The material of the holders HK corresponds to the material of the adjacent half of the ball, so that the beam is not affected by the holders HK. Embodiment 5 has no secondary effect on the longitudinal chromatic aberration and is therefore optically equivalent to embodiments 3 and 4. However, the required installation space is greater. 
     Arrangements comprising a plurality of glass wedges with changeable wedge angles for generating a divergence for determined wavelengths which can be arranged so as to be exchangeable or rotatable in the beam path are also possible. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Radii 
                 Plane 
                 6.1 
                 6.0 
                 Plane 
                 6.0 
                 6.1 
                 Plane 
               
               
                   
                 | 
                 ( 
                 ( 
                 | 
                 ) 
                 ) 
                 | 
               
               
                 Thickness 
                 3 
                 0.1 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 0.1 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Material 
                 NSK16 
                   
                 NSK16 
                 NF2 
                   
                 NF2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 Manufacturer 
                 SCHOTT 
                   
                 SCHOTT 
                 SCHOTT 
                   
                 SCHOTT 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 n e   
                 1.62286 
                   
                 1.62286 
                 1.62408 
                   
                 1.62408 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 v e   
                 60.08 
                   
                 60.08 
                 36.11 
                   
                 36.11 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     By means of displacement of the correction optics vertical to the optical axis in embodiments 1 to 4 and FIG. 2 or by rotating the cemented ball in embodiment 5 and FIG. 3, the extent of deflection is adjusted and accordingly existing transverse chromatic aberrations are eliminated in the specimen. While the (middle) wavelength g in every position of the correction optics in the selected example passes through in a straight line, the wavelengths r and b are deflected differently. 
     The adjustment of the correction optics can advisably be carried out by direct observation of the illumination volumes or also indirectly by evaluating the analysis signals, e.g., cross correlation signal. 
     While the foregoing description and drawings represent the present invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention.