Abstract:
The disclosed control system controls the diaphragm aperture of a camera in accordance with a preselected shutter time. A diaphragm scanner produces one pulse for each change of one stop in the size of aperture opening. When the required value of the diaphragm aperture, as determined in Apex form, is a number having an integer and a decimal fraction, the diaphragm aperture is adjusted in accordance with the integer, and the shutter time is adjusted to a value obtained by factoring the decimal fraction into the preset value of shutter time. Corresponding adjustment of the shutter time assures a one-eighth-stop accuracy in exposure control despite the diaphragm aperture being varied in one-stop increments.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 967,099, filed Dec. 7, 1978, abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to automatic exposure control systems for photographic cameras, and more particularly to digital exposure control systems for controlling the diaphragm aperture of a camera in accordance with a preselected shutter time. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     In a known automatic exposure control system the setting of a desired shutter time is followed by derivation of a proper exposure value to which the diaphragm aperture of a camera is adjusted by a control mechanism. Though the exposure value is obtained to a three-figure accuracy, the use of the control mechanism causes the actual diaphragm value to deviate from the exposure value by about a half stop. For example, let it be assumed that the object brightness level Bv, the preselected shutter time Tv, the sensitivity of used film Sv and the full open aperture Avo are: 
     Bv=4.25, Tv=7, Sv=5, and Avo=1. 
     Then, based on the following formula in the Apex system, the number of stops Avs the diaphragm is to be closed down from the full open aperture is: 
     
         ______________________________________Avs          = Bv - Tv + Sv - Avo        = 4.25 - 7 + 5 - 1        = 1.25______________________________________ 
    
     Therefore, the diaphragm of the camera must be closed down 1.25 stops from the fully open position. If the diaphragm control mechanism operates with an accuracy of 0.5 stops, the actual size of diaphragm aperture is taken at either one stop or one and a half stops down from the fully open position. Hence the risk of exposure error is 0.25 stops. 
     In another conventional exposure control system, when the computed exposure value exceeds the limits of the dynamic range of diaphragm control, the excess fraction of the exposure value is fed back to alter the preset value of shutter time to produce a correct exposure. However, such adjustment of the shutter time occurs only when the exposure value falls outside the dynamic range of diaphragm control. Accordingly, the above-described risk of exposure error is not reduced to any significant extent. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an automatic exposure control system for a camera equipped with a shutter preselection automatic diaphragm control range which overcomes the afore-mentioned drawbacks. According to the invention, this is done by feeding that fraction of the exposure value which exceeds the accuracy of diaphragm control back to alter the preset value of shutter time. This makes it possible to effect a far more accurate exposure than has heretofore been possible. 
     In connection with the aforesaid numerical example, it should be explained that the exposure value Avs in the form Avs=Bv+Sv-Tv-Avo=1.25 has a decimal fraction, say 0.25, which exceeds the 0.5 stop accuracy of the diaphragm control. Therefore, this decimal fraction is factored into the preselected shutter time. In the Apex system, this means 7+0.25=7.25. Thus, the shutter time is adjusted to 7.25, to effect an equivalent high accuracy exposure. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a digital exposure control system. According to the invention this is done by deriving an exposure value in analog form in accordance with the object brightness, film sensitivity, and the preselected shutter time, and converting the exposure value to a number whose first part within the accuracy of diaphragm control is stored in a first binary counter and whose second part beyond the accuracy of diaphragm control is stored in a second binary counter. The diaphragm aperture and shutter time of the camera are adjusted in accordance with the first and second counters respectively to improve the accuracy of exposure control. 
     These and other features of the invention are pointed out in the claims. Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram, partly in block form, of a digital exposure control system embodying the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an example of a diaphragm scanning mechanism with a pulse former constituting part of the system of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 3 is a table of shutter time values related to frequencies of pulse trains for adjustment of shutter time. 
     FIG. 4 is an electrical circuit diagram showing details of the analog-to-digital converter of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an automatic exposure control circuit for controlling the diaphragm of a single lens reflex camera embodying the present invention and adapted to operate in a full open aperture light metering mode. In this circuit, a sensor which comprises a photo-sensitive element 1 such as silicon photo-cell SPC is connected between the two inputs of an operational amplifier 2, and a diode 3 is connected in the feedback network of the amplifier 2. The sensor 1 senses the brightness of an object to be photographed at full open aperture. The sensor circuit 1,2,3 responds to the brightness of the object to be photographed, and produces an output voltage based on the formula: Bv-Avo. A temperature compensating circuit TCC compensates for temperature variations in the output of the sensor circuit 1,2,3. The circuit TCC comprises a constant current source 4, a diode 5 connected between the output of the source 4 and the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier 2, an operational amplifier 6 with its inversion input and its output connected across the diode 5, and a thermistor 7 connected between the output of the sensor and an inversion input of an operational amplifier 8. The latter forms a gain control circuit GAIN with a variable resistor 9. 
     The voltage at the output of the gain control circuit GAIN is combined with voltages representative of the sensitivity of the film used and the preselected shutter time value. These latter two voltages are established by a variable resistor 10 and a digitally operated shutter time setting circuit 17 with a digital-to-analogue converter 18. The voltages are combined by an adder circuit, which includes an operational amplifier 11, to produce an output voltage representative of an exposure value in terms of Avs, because Bv+Sv=Tv+Av=Avo+Avs+Tv. For example, when the given object has a brightness as sensed by SPC to be 4.25 in the Apex system, the ASA sensitivity of the used film is 100, or Sv=5, the preset value of shutter time is 1/125 second, or Tv=7, and the F-number of the camera objective lens is 1.4, or Avo=1, then the number of stops closed down from the full open aperture position is 1.25. 
     An analogue-to-digital converter 12 that is connected to the output of the adder circuit 11 has eight output stages weighted 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8, so that the analogue output of the adder circuit 11 is converted to a digital output with an accuracy of one-eighth stop. As shown in FIG. 4, the analogue-to-digital converter 12 is of the follow-comparison type and includes a pulse generator PG and an 8-bit binary counter COUN with an input connected to the output of the pulse generator PG through an AND gate AND. A ladder circuit DA has eight inputs connected to the respective output stages of the counter COUN. A comparator COM compares the output of the ladder circuit DA with the output of the adder circuit 11. Upon coincidence it gates off the gate AND. A one-shot circuit ON responds to the output of the comparator COM for producing a pulse which is applied from an output terminal ADCE to both LOAD inputs of first and second memory means, FIG. 1, i.e. a 5-bit down-counter 13 and a 4-bit up-counter 14 respectively. The down-counter 13 has five inputs A to E connected to the output stages 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 of the A/D converter 12 and stores the integer of the exposure value, as a pulse former 15 produces one pulse for each stop the diaphragm aperture departs from the full open aperture position. The decimal fraction of the exposure value is stored in the up-counter 14 to alter the preset shutter time value. 
     FIG. 2 shows a control mechanism for the pulse former 15 associated with a lens aperture mechanism, which includes a diaphragm presetting ring 50. The ring 50 has a longitudinally rearwardly extending arm 50&#39; abuttingly engaging a pin 52&#39; of a sector gear 52 biased up by a spring 51. When a pawl lever 53 is turned counter-clockwise it disengages from the sector gear 52. The spring 51 is strong enough to overcome the effect of a return control spring 56. Hence the spring 51 now causes the scanning member 15 radially extending from the sector gear 52 to start sliding clockwise along an arcuate track 34 of a comb-like conductive pattern of contacts 34-1, 34-2, 34-3, etc., while the diaphragm presetting ring 50 is turned in a clockwise direction about the optical axis of the objective lens. Since the number of aperture stops closed down from the full open position is translated to the corresponding number of pulses produced from the pulse former 15, and applied to a CLK input of the down-counter 13, the content of the down-counter 13 is decreased by one for each pulse applied. When the content of counter 13 reaches zero an electromagnet 33 is de-energized and a lever 60, engaging one of the teeth of a star gear 59, arrests the diaphragm scanning mechanism. 
     The values of shutter time available on a shutter dial associated with the circuit 17 ranges from 30 seconds, or Tv=-5, to 1/1000 second, or Tv=10. Hence Tv varies from -5 to 10. 
     To achieve a 1/8 stop accuracy in corresponding adjustment of shutter time, the value Tv must be found by the following formula: 
     
         Tv=i+f/8; -5≦i≦10; 0≦f≦7       (1) 
    
     where i and f are integers. 
     The actual interval of shutter time, i.e. shutter time, may be expressed as: 
     
         T=2.sup.-Tv                                                (2) 
    
     By substituting formula (1) for Tv in formula (2), we have 
     
         T=2.sup.-(i+f/8) =2.sup.-(i+1) ·2.sup.(1-f/8)     (3) 
    
     Letting 2 a  be approximated by A(1+a) where 0≦a≦1, formula (3) becomes 
     
         T=2.sup.-(i+1) ·(2-f/8)·A=2.sup.-(1+4) ·A·(16-f)                               (4) 
    
     Therefore, it is necessary to make use of a pulse train whose period (Tcnt) is 2 - (i+4) A when the preset value of shutter time is 2 -i  seconds. The sum of (16-f) pulses becomes equal to the actual shutter time interval. 
     Because the value Tv varies from -5 to 10, a range of 15, the system of FIG. 1 contemplates the use of a single clock pulse generator CLK for a period T1 of 2 -15  A in combination with a frequency divider or counter 19 having sixteen output stages Q1 to Q16 which are weighted 2.sup.(11-Tv) as shown in FIG. 3. In response to the digital output of the shutter time setting circuit 17, a circuit 20 selects the one of the outputs Q1 to Q16 of the counter 19 which depends upon the preset value of shutter time for connection to a CLK input of the up-counter 14 through an AND gate 21. This circuit 20 is a DATA SELECTOR available, for example, from Texas Instruments Inc. under the designation SN54150. 
     When a shutter release button (not shown) is depressed to a first position, a switch 36 is closed to supply electrical power Vcc from a battery Bcc to the various portions of the circuit of FIG. 1. Further depression to a second position closes a switch 22 and causes a one-shot circuit 23 to produce an actuating pulse which is applied through an inverter 35 to instantaneously energize the winding of an electromagnet 24 which controls actuation of the shutter of the camera. The one-shot circuit 23 also sets flip-flops 16 and 31 so their outputs Q change to a binary &#34;1&#34; level. These &#34;1&#34; levels are inverted to binary &#34;0&#34; levels by inverters 25 and 32 and applied to the winding of an electromagnet 26 and the winding of an electromagnet 33 respectively. Because an end of each of the windings of electromagnets 26 and 33 is connected to a positive potential, the &#34;0&#34; binary levels energize the electromagnets, so the rear curtain of the shutter is held in the cocked position and the lever 60 (FIG. 2) is held out of contact with the star wheel 59. Energization of the electromagnet 24 by the one shot circuit 23 causes disengagement of the pawl lever 53 from the sector gear 52. The spring 51, which overcomes the return control spring 56, now starts movement of the presetting ring 50 and hence the scanning member 15. 
     Assuming, as mentioned, that the digital exposure value in terms of Avs is 1.25, then a binary &#34;1&#34; signal appears at the output stages 1 and 1/4 of the analogue-to-digital converter 12. Hence the content of the down-counter 13 is 00001, and the content of the up-counter 14 is 0010. When the diaphragm presetting ring 50 has rotated from the fully open aperture position for a diaphragm value of 1.4 through an angular distance corresponding to a one-stop decrease in the size of diaphragm aperture, the scanning member or slider 15 arrives at the first combtooth like contact 34-1 and produces a pulse. The resulting pulse is applied to the CLK input of the down-counter 13, and causes the content 00001 to be changed to 00000, so that a &#34;1&#34; signal appears at an output stage ODET of the counter 13. This signal appears at the &#34;RESET&#34; input of the flip-flop 31 which responds by producing a &#34;0&#34; output at Q. The inverter 32 then applies a &#34;1&#34;  signal to the winding of electromagnet 33. The magnetic winding 33 is thus de-energized and the lever 60 arrests the diaphragm scanning mechanism. Thus, the deflected position of the diaphragm presetting ring 50 is translated to the proper diaphragm aperture based on the integer of the exposure value when diaphragm blades (not shown) are closed down by an automatically operated member. 
     After the automatic positioning of the diaphragm has been completed, a front curtain (not shown) of the shutter starts to run down and, at the same time, a switch 27 is opened to start charging of a timing capacitor 29 through a semi-adjustable resistor 28. In the cocked position, the front and rear shutter curtains overlap each other at their respective trailing and leading borders. Thus, when the trailing border of the front curtain is moved away from the leading border of the rear curtain to start opening of an exposure aperture, the output of the timing circuit 28 and 29 reaches a threshold level for a comparator 30. The comparator 30 then produces a &#34;1&#34; binary output which is applied to the counter 19 and the gating control input of the AND gate 21. As a result the counter 19 is released from its reset state, and the gate 21 is gated on to pass a pulse train from the data selector 20 to the CLK input of the up-counter 14. 
     Because the preset value of shutter time is 1/125 second, the period of pulse train selected by the data selector 20 is 2 4  T1 as shown in FIG. 3. When fourteen pulses are counted by the up-counter 14, a &#34;1&#34; signal appears at a &#34;CARRY&#34; output stage CA of the up-counter 14 and is applied to the &#34;RESET&#34; input of the flip-flop 16. The latter now flips over, and produces a &#34;0&#34; at Q and a &#34;1&#34; at the output of inverter 25. This causes the winding of electromagnet 26 to be de-energized which in turn causes the rear curtain to run down to terminate the exposure. The sum of fourteen pulses is shorter than 1/125 second by 2×2 4  T1 because the decimal fraction of the exposure value is factored into the shutter time. In other words, the 0.25 stop error of diaphragm control is compensated for by adjusting the shutter time so it deviates from the preset value of shutter time by an amount corresponding to the error. 
     The difference of two pulses between the maximum of 16 pulses and the 14 pulses delivered, represents the value f in equations (1) and (4) and the value 1/4 in the A-D converter 12. Because f varies between 0 and 7, and the up-counter 14 can count from 9 pulses to 16 pulses. Hence the shutter speed can be decreased from its set stop, 0 to 7/8 of one stop. In the aforementioned example, it is decreased 2/8 or 1/4 stop. 
     The Texas Instruments Inc. SN54150 data selector is described in the Texas Instruments Inc. handbook entitled &#34;TTL Data Book for Design Engineers&#34; published in 1976 on pages 7-157 to pages 7-160. The outputs Q1 to Q16 of counter 19 are connected to the input terminals E0-E15 of the data selector. The outputs of setting circuit 17 are connected to terminals A, B, C, and D of the data selector. The AND gate 21 receives an input from data selector output terminal W. 
     The present invention provides a method of improving the accuracy of exposure control while permitting the diaphragm aperture to be controlled at one-stop increments in accordance with the exposure value and the preselected shutter time. 
     Although the invention has been shown in connection with a specific embodiment, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and arrangement of parts may be made; or the invention otherwise embodied without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.