Abstract:
A system of modules that hold components for operating an external energy source including solar cells and other energy sources is provided, where upon assembly of the modules an electrical cabinet with a module internal air channel for air duct cooling for the components is created. The resulting modular cabinet is only as large as required and is easily expandable. Modules are no larger than the components housed therein and the modules are easy to handle. Interior modules can be in any order reducing the chance of error during assembly and allowing modules in certain positions which may ease installation or operation. Components are thermally connected at the factory to a portion of the air duct in each module and none of the present challenges associated with thermal connection exist at the time of installation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/339,530 filed May 20, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention in general relates to an electrical system, and in particular, to a system that is packaged in a compact volume. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Solar electrical systems and solar electrical systems with batteries, the latter of which are also referred to synonymously herein as solar-battery systems, have a number of components, illustratively including a solar array, a direct current-to-alternating current inverter (“inverter”), and a battery. Most batteries are added as retro-fits to existing solar systems composed of a solar array and an inverter. In many instances, additional components illustratively include a battery charger or a second inverter for power to and from the battery, respectively, are also included. To connect these different components electrically and safely, conduits and junction boxes are used. Most of these components are in different enclosures connected by conduits and are typically wall-mounted. 
         [0004]    However, recently more integrated systems have appeared on the market where some or all of the components are housed in a closed electrical cabinet to avoid the need for conduits and to reduce the footprint of the system. The closed cabinets are either electrical cabinets of the traditional rack type, as shown in prior art  FIG. 1A , or are adapted or custom cabinets that use some type of shelf or magazine-style structure, as shown in prior art  FIG. 1B . 
         [0005]    The closed electrical cabinets are then filled with the required components to create a solar-battery system based on the given application and include an inverter of a certain power rating, at least one battery, and other required components. In the rack-type system of  FIG. 1A , components are mounted onto the vertical rails of the rack with screws or pins. The rack-type system is the most common type of electrical cabinet where rails are typically spaced 19 inches (48 cm) apart. The mounted components can be full-width  21 , or half-width  22 , or of any other fractional size. The situation is similar with shelf or magazine-style cabinets, as shown in  FIG. 1B  where components fill a full shelf  24 , or half-a shelf  26 , or any other fraction of the cabinet width. 
         [0006]    The electrical components of such prior art racks or cabinets are then connected to one another through a wire harness that provides power, and in some instances communications links between the components. The prior art rack or cabinet is then connected to the solar array, the grid, the electrical load, combination thereof, or possibly other components to form a complete solar-battery systems. 
         [0007]    Most electrical components generate so much heat that they must be cooled through convection of air through the cabinet, by heat sinking the components to the outside of the cabinet, or to an air duct passing through the cabinet, but where the air duct is exterior to the cabinet itself. The components of the cabinet can also be cooled by a system that contains a cooling liquid. Cabinets with an air duct that is external to the interior of the cabinet keep the cabinet interior clean of dust and free of moisture and are thus particularly useful. The disadvantage of air duct-style systems is that all components when inserted into the cabinet need to be thermally connected to the air duct. Achieving a reliable and consistent thermal contact when installing components at an end-use site can be difficult. 
         [0008]    Most of the aforementioned cabinets are shipped empty in order to save weight, but may include all or part of the cable harness and other components such as the fan, which do not contribute much weight. However, a cabinet holding batteries can exceed safe lifting limits. The specific weight of a lithium-ion battery (with enclosure, battery management system, and other protective and analytic electronics) is in the range of 10-15 kilos per kilowatt-hour. Solar-battery systems designed for residential or small commercial use are typically of the order of 10 kWh, and the system battery weight alone is in the range of 100-150 kg. A solution to the problem of battery weight is thus to “load” the components, especially the batteries, into the cabinet at the site of use. 
         [0009]    However, the installation of the components at the site of use makes the use of air duct cooling more difficult, because all components need to make good thermal contact to the air duct. To achieve good thermal contacts, components need to make firm physical contact with the air duct and/or a thermally conductive paste may be applied between the component and the air duct wall. Firm contact is achieved through screws, clamps, and the like. 
         [0010]    A fundamental shortcoming of the rack of shelf/magazine-style cabinets is the fact that when shipped to the site the cabinet is a voluminous element with relatively little value per volume. This results in high shipping costs. Large cabinets are also unwieldy to transport and often shippers apply extra cost to voluminous items, which further increases the cost per shipped value. In general, voluminous freight is difficult to handle and is often damaged during transport, which results in returns or delays, and, as a result, customer dissatisfaction. 
         [0011]    Yet another shortcoming of a traditional cabinet is that the cabinet must be either sized to hold exactly the number of components needed for the application, or will otherwise contain some empty space. The empty space could be used for expansion of the system, for example for the addition of more batteries, but the finite size of the system also means that the amount of expansion is limited by the size of the cabinet. As a result, offerings from vendors for solar-battery systems include a collection of cabinets to accommodate various system sizes. In addition, at the site of use cabinets that are not fully filled, take up unnecessary space. 
         [0012]    The two primary reasons vendors choose a cabinet over components in separate enclosures are that the inside of cabinet conduits can be replaced with a wire harness which is cheaper and simpler to assemble or change, and the second reason is that inside a cabinet a central cooling system can be used—otherwise each component must have its own fan or other passive cooling system. 
         [0013]    Thus, there exists and need for an electrical system for a solar installation that overcomes at least one of the aforementioned short-comings of the prior art. There further exists a need for an electrical system that provides improved air cooling of the components in such an electrical system without resort to customization. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    A multi-module electrical system for operating an external energy source includes a set of components and a set of individual stackable modules. The set of components include at least one battery, a direct current (DC) bus, a DC-DC converter in electrical communication between the at least one battery and the DC bus, and an inverter adapted to generate alternating current (AC) from the DC-DC converter. Each of the modules having identical top and bottom connectors and an air duct that forms a continuous air channel in the stack. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are prior art examples of two electrical cabinets, one based on components mounted to vertical rails, and one based on shelves or magazines, respectively; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  is a schematic of an inventive solar-battery system made up of a stack of modules that contain electrical components illustratively including an inverter or a battery; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is based on the schematic of  FIG. 2 , where some of the modules of the solar-battery system have been separated in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  shows the electrical architecture and the primary components of a solar-battery system based on a direct current (“DC”) bus in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is based on the solar-battery system of  FIG. 4 , where the components have been re-arranged and additional components are shown, along with modules of the cabinet which house these components in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is based on the solar-battery system of  FIG. 4  where components external to the cabinet are no longer shown and connectors to these external components and between modules have been added in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  shows the solar-battery system of  FIG. 6  where the modules of the solar-battery system are separated in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  shows the solar-battery system of  FIG. 7  where two additional modules on the top (head) and bottom (base) of the stack of modules have been added and where all modules now have formed the cabinet in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  shows the solar-battery system of  FIG. 8  with details of the components in the head and base of the stack of modules, where all other modules are now represented by one generalized module in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 10  shows the primary exterior parts of a module including side walls, top plate, and bottom plate in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  shows the four types of top and bottom covers of a module according to the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  show two types of designs for the air cooling of a module in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0027]      FIG. 12C  shows the design of an air duct for a stack of modules that forms a cabinet in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  shows a three-dimensional view of the solar-battery system with the apertures of the vertical air duct and one air intake and one air exhaust aperture visible in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0029]      FIGS. 14A and 14B  show two cross sections of an inventive head module showing an example of an air duct design in the head in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 15  shows a cross section of the head module showing the example of an air duct design in the head of  FIGS. 14A and 14B  in accordance with embodiments of the invention; 
           [0031]      FIGS. 16A and 16B  show a three-dimensional view of an inventive solar-battery system to illustrate how the order of certain modules in the stack can be changed in accordance with embodiments of the invention; and 
           [0032]      FIGS. 17A and 17B  show the solar-battery system with a certain module with an external connection(s) in two different positions in the stack which illustrates how the position of the external connection can be chosen to accommodate spatial needs of where the system is be installed in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0033]    The present invention has utility as modular electrical system that is assembled from a compact component set. Neither the figures nor the following description of various embodiments of the invention are intended to limit the invention to these specific embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention through exemplary aspects thereof. 
         [0034]    It is to be understood that in instances where a range of values are provided that the range is intended to encompass not only the end point values of the range but also intermediate values of the range as explicitly being included within the range and varying by the last significant figure of the range. By way of example, a recited range from 1 to 4 is intended to include 1-2, 1-3, 2-4, 3-4, and 1-4. 
         [0035]    The present invention has utility as a modular set of components that form a functional electrical system as it is assembled. As shown generally at  1   c  of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the system components  4   a,    4   b,    4   c,    4   d,    4   e   1 ,  4   e   2 , and  4   f  are housed in enclosures that stack together to form a complete system as described in greater detail hereafter. 
         [0036]    An electrical architecture of a solar-battery system is depicted in  FIG. 4 . The electrical architecture is based on a high potential that typically ranges from 24 to 760 Volts (V), with 380 V being exemplary of a direct current (“DC”) bus. The electric energy from a solar energy source  31  is added to the bus through a DC-DC converter  36 . The solar energy source  31  could be one or multiple photovoltaic (“PV”) panels. The solar energy source  31  is appreciated to be any source of energy such as wind turbine, generator, or fuel cell, and the term “solar energy source” is intended to encompass these sources of energy as well. The use for DC-DC converters  36  on each PV solar panel or set of PV panels (or other energy sources) allows for a parallel architecture, meaning that additional sources of energy, specifically PV panels, can be added simply by adding them to the bus in parallel. The ability to add PV panels in parallel is shown in  FIG. 5 . In general, the power architecture based on the DC bus is parallel. 
         [0037]    Continuing with  FIG. 4 , a battery  32  is connected to the DC bus  30  using a DC-DC converter  36 . While battery  32  is depicted as a single battery for visual clarity, this depiction is intended to also include multiple batteries. The DC-DC converter  36  typically allows the flow of energy to and from the bus to allow the battery to charge and discharge. Such a DC-DC converter could be a bi-directional DC converter or any other useful topology that achieves the same result. In  FIG. 5  two batteries  32  are shown connected to the bus  30  through separate DC-DC converters  36 , in a similar manner as discussed earlier for PV panel(s), to demonstrate the parallel nature of the electric architecture. 
         [0038]    In addition,  FIG. 4  shows further components of a solar-battery system, in particular, the inverter  37 , which converters DC to alternating current (“AC”) used by the load  33 , which for example, includes the electrical appliances of a residence or business, or any other electrical load.  FIG. 4  also shows a rectifier  38 , which rectifies power from the electrical grid  34 , or any other AC power source to DC at the potential of the DC bus, which allows grid power to be added to the DC bus  30 . 
         [0039]      FIG. 5  shows the same power architecture of a solar-battery system  2   a  as in  FIG. 4  where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. For illustrative purposes two solar energy sources  31  and two batteries  32  are shown to be connected to the DC bus in parallel. The solar-battery system could also include multiple AC-DC converters  38  connected to the same of multiple AC power sources or multiple DC-AC converters  37  connected to the same or multiple loads  33 . 
         [0040]      FIG. 5  further depicts certain modules:  4   b  through  4   e   2 , of the solar-battery system  1   c  of  FIGS. 2 and 3 . This stack of modules  2   a,  which is a subset of the solar-battery system  1   c , house the inverter(s), rectifier(s), and battery module(s).  FIG. 5  also shows a particular inventive embodiment in which the DC-DC converter(s)  36  of the solar energy source are located outside the modules, typically on or near the PV panels  31 . The solar energy sources  31  may be added in parallel outside the cabinet and power is connected to the bus  30  with one or more cable(s)  39 . 
         [0041]      FIG. 6  again illustrates the stack of modules  2   a,  where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings; however, with the load  33 , solar energy source(s)  31 , and the grid  34 , not shown for visual clarity. Modules  2   a  of  FIG. 6  are now also shown with connectors (including two parts),  33   a  of the load(s),  39   a  of the solar energy source(s), and  34   a  of the rectifier(s). Also shown are connectors  30   a  (including two parts) of the high potential DC bus,  30 . The modules of  2   a  in  FIG. 6  all have identical top and bottom connectors  30   a  and can be arranged in a variety of relative positions and with duplicates of any or all components as needed for any given installation. 
         [0042]      FIG. 7  shows another inventive embodiment, generally at  2   a  with the modules  4   b,    4   c,    4   d ,  4   e   1 , and  4   e   2 , separated, where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. 
         [0043]      FIG. 8  shows the entire solar-battery system with modules  4   a  and  4   f  added to the top and bottom (or more generally to one and the other end) of the stack of modules  2   a,  where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. Modules  4   a  and  4   f,  unlike the modules of  2   a,  may not have matching connectors  30   a  on both sides of the module (that is the top and bottom) and if so could only be used on the top or bottom of the stack  2   a  as terminations. Together one module  4   a,  at least one module  4   b  through  4   e   2 , and module  4   f  form a cabinet. 
         [0044]    Module  4   a  serves as the head of the system  1   c , and as shown in  FIG. 9  head module  4   a  may contain multiple elements that illustratively include a fan  44 ; an auxiliary battery  45 , a controller  46 , a memory  47 , a wireless modem  48 , or a combination thereof, where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. Power to the components in the head module  4   a  may come from the DC bus  30  supplied from an external power source  41 , the battery  45 , or a combination thereof. It is appreciated that a split connection allows multiple power inputs to simultaneously be in electrical contact to the head  4   a.  These three sources provide power to some or all of the elements inside the module. Points  42  in the head  4   a  represent the power supply to the elements. All elements are directly or indirectly connected to this power supply. 
         [0045]    The primary power supply to the head  4   a  in some inventive embodiments comes from the DC bus  30 . One or more power conversion devices deliver power to the elements  44 ,  45 ,  46 ,  47 , and  48 . Alternatively, some or all of the power may come from an external power source  41 , but in the solar system considered here the primary source of power is the DC bus  30 . The battery  45  provides power to all or some of the components in the module when no power is available from the DC bus  30  (and also when no power is available from the external power supply  41 ). For example, during a power failure from DC bus  30  (or the external power supply  41 ), the battery assures that the embedded controller, memory and wireless modem continue to work. The battery in some inventive embodiments is sized so that it can power fan  44 , so that the components  4   b  through  4   e   2  can be cooled even if there is no power on the DC bus  30 , which here is assumed to be the only power supply other than the battery  45 . This situation would occur when the system powers down, but the modules must be cooled for a certain time after they are powered down. In some inventive embodiments, a thermal sensor controls a fan switch to assure cooling to a preselected temperature upon shutdown. 
         [0046]    A communications network  43  is also shown in  FIG. 9 . The communications network  43  connects to some or all elements in the solar-battery system. The communications network  43  in some embodiments, as shown here as separate wires and connectors may be combined with the cables and connectors of the DC bus; run on the DC bus using power line communication technology; be wireless, or by any other means of communication. Also, shown in  FIG. 9 , a power component  49  is shown in module type  4   b  through  4   e   2 . The power component  49  may represent any of the power components of the aforementioned modules. Connector  40  represents one or many connectors for power input and output, including solar  31 , the grid  34 , the load  33  (or another external power source). 
         [0047]    Module  4   f  is the base of the solar-battery system and together with the modules  4   b  through  4   e   2  completes the system  1   c . The base may contain a fan  44 , a battery  45 , and any other element  46 . Module  4   f  may have an external power supply  41 . Power is supplied by the power supply system  42 . 
         [0048]    Each module,  4   a  through  4   f,  include the walls  50  and the top cover  51  and bottom cover  52  as shown in  FIG. 10 , where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. 
         [0049]    There are two types of top covers  51  and bottom covers  52 . In  FIG. 11   5   a  is a top cover and  5   b  the bottom cover of an “interior element”,  4   b  through  4   e   2 , where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. Both  5   a  and  5   b  have an opening that is part of an air duct  60 . The top cover  5   a  and bottom cover  5   b  also have communication connectors  53   c   1  and  52   c   2  and DC bus connectors  53   b   1  and  53   b   2 . These are mating connectors and top plates only have connectors  53   c   1  and  53   b   1  and bottom plates have connectors  53   c   2  and  53   b   2 . Also, shown in  FIG. 11  are the top cover of the head  5   c,  and the bottom cover of the base  5   d.    
         [0050]    In  FIGS. 12A and 12B  are two different embodiments of an interior module  5   e  and  5   f  are shown, where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. In  5   e  the aperture  67  of the opening  60  leads into an air duct  61 . Air entering the air duct  61  flows over a heat exchanger  65  that cools the component  66 , which is thermally connected to the heat exchanger  65 . In the embodiment  5   e  air never enters the interior of the interior module. This is the design concept of an air duct. In the embodiment  5   f,  air enters and exits through the apertures  67 , but here air flows into the interior of the module. The embodiment  5   e  may be chosen, because it creates a module that is hermetically sealed from the outside (although the module may have some opening to allow air pressure inside the module to equilibrate with the pressure of the ambient air). 
         [0051]      FIG. 12C  shows the solar-battery system  1   c , where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. The openings  60  and the air duct  61  create a path for air to flow through the entire system  1   c . For example, air  62  enters into the aperture  63  of the base module  4   f  and is forced upward by fan  64  into the stack of modules and exits from aperture  63  of the head module  4   a.  The fan  64  may alternatively be located in the head or there may be fans in both the base and head to move air  62  through the air duct  61 . 
         [0052]      FIG. 13  shows a three-dimensional drawing of the solar-battery system  1   c , but only two interior modules are shown for clarity, where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. The drawing of  1   c  in  FIG. 13  illustrates how the apertures  67  of the air duct  61  align. Also, shown here are feet  4   j  of the base  4   e.    
         [0053]      FIGS. 14A and 14B  show two cross sectional views of the head  4   a  to show a possible design of the entire air duct of the head  4   a,  where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. The air duct in the base may be similar. In this embodiment air  62  exits both sides of the head  4   a  through two circular apertures  63  that run in two ducts to the middle of the module where they connect with a duct perpendicular to the aforementioned ducts. This perpendicular duct holds the fan  64  which pushes/sucks the air through a slot like air duct that runs vertically through the stack. Many other embodiments are possible. The dot  68  serves to mark the orientation of the head  4   a  in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . 
         [0054]      FIG. 15  shows an embodiment of the air duct in the head shown in  FIGS. 14 a  and 14 b   , which feature one aperture  63  on each side of the head or base, where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings. Air  62  flowing upwards through the vertical path of the air duct is moved by the fan  64  into the part of the air duct leading to the apertures  63 . 
         [0055]      FIGS. 16A and 16B  show the solar-battery system  1   c  but only two interior modules  4   h  and  4   i  are shown;  4   h  and  4   i  could be any of the modules  4   b  through  4   e   2 , where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings.  FIGS. 16A and 16B  illustrate that the design of the interior modules (and that of the head and base module) allows the module  4   h  and  4   i  to be arrange in any order. This means that during the assembly of the system the interior modules can be installed in any order. With no required order of modules, assembly errors can be avoided. However, it is advised that during an installation that the heavy battery modules be put at the bottom of the module stack to lower the center of gravity. However, in principle any danger of tipping of the system  1   c  is much reduced, because unlike in the cabinet designs  1   a  and  1   b  the cabinet scales in height with the number of modules, and only 2 or 3 modules will be lighter weight (holding inverters or rectifiers) as compared to the battery modules which can number 1-10 (or more) modules. 
         [0056]      FIGS. 17A and 17B  show another advantage of the modular cabinet design of embodiments of the invention, where like numerals have the meaning ascribed thereto with respect to the previous drawings.  FIGS. 17A and 17B  show the system  1   c  with an interior module with an external connection  68  in two different positions (p 2 , p 4 ) of positions p 1  through p 4 , of the stack of the system  1   c . The ability to choose the position of an external connection  68  to match up with the physical constraints at the site of use is another convenient feature of embodiments of the invention. For example, a hole in a wall at an installation site may make it particularly useful if the connection  68  was located in position p 2  rather than in position p 4 . 
         [0057]    While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the described embodiments in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope as set forth in the appended claims and the legal equivalents thereof.