Abstract:
A microelectricalmechanical system (MEMS) digital isolator may be created in which an actuator such as an electrostatic motor drives a beam against a predefined force set, for example, by another electrostatic motor. When the threshold of the opposing force is overcome, motion of the beam may be sensed by a sensor also attached to the beam. The beam itself is electrically isolated between the locations of the actuator and the sensor. The structure may be incorporated into integrated circuits to provide on-chip isolation.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based on application Ser. No. 09/406,364 filed Sep. 28, 1999 and entitled “METHOD FOR SENSING ELECTRICAL CURRENT” and claims the benefit thereof. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to electrical isolators and in particular to a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device providing electrical isolation in the transmission of digital signals. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electrical isolators are used to provide electrical isolation between circuit elements for the purposes of voltage level shifting, electrical noise reduction, and high voltage and current protection. 
     Circuit elements may be considered electrically isolated if there is no path in which a direct current (DC) can flow between them. Isolation of this kind can be obtained by capacitive or inductive coupling. In capacitive coupling, an electrical input signal is applied to one plate of a capacitor to transmit an electrostatic signal across an insulating dielectric to a second plate at which an output signal is developed. In inductive coupling, an electrical input signal is applied to a first coil to transmit an electromagnetic field across an insulating gap to a second coil which generates the isolated output signal. Both such isolators essentially block steady state or DC electrical signals. 
     Such isolators, although simple, block the communication of signals that have significant low frequency components. Further, these isolators can introduce significant frequency dependent attenuation and phase distortion in the transmitted signal. These features make such isolators unsuitable for many types of signals including many types of high-speed digital communications. 
     In addition, it is sometimes desirable to provide high voltage (&gt;2 kV) isolation between two different portions of a system, while maintaining a communication path between these two portions. This is often true in industrial control applications where it is desirable to isolate the sensor/actuator portions from the control portions of the overall system. It is also applicable to medical instrumentation systems, where it is desirable to isolate the patient from the voltages and currents within the instrumentation. 
     The isolation of digital signals is frequently provided by optical isolators. In an optical isolator, an input signal drives a light source, typically a light emitting diode (LED) positioned to transmit its light to a photodiode or phototransistor through an insulating but transparent separator. Such a system will readily transmit a binary signal of arbitrary frequency without the distortion and attenuation introduced by capacitors and inductors. The optical isolator further provides an inherent signal limiting in the output through saturation of the light receiver, and signal thresholding in the input, by virtue of the intrinsic LED forward bias voltage. 
     Nevertheless, optical isolators have some disadvantages. They require a relatively expensive gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate that is incompatible with other types of integrated circuitry and thus optical isolators often require separate packaging and assembly from the circuits they are protecting. The characteristics of the LED and photodetector can be difficult to control during fabrication, increasing the costs if unit-to-unit variation cannot be tolerated. The power requirements of the LED may require signal conditioning of the input signal before an optical isolator can be used, imposing yet an additional cost. While the forward bias voltage of the LED provides an inherent noise thresholding, the threshold generally cannot be adjusted but is fixed by chemical properties of the LED materials. Accordingly, if different thresholds are required, additional signal conditioning may be needed. 
     Particularly in the area of industrial controls where many isolated control points are required, the use of optical isolators may be very costly or impractical. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a mechanical isolator manufactured using MEMS techniques and suitable for transmitting digital signals. A special fabrication process forms a microscopic beam whose ends are insulated from each other. One end of the beam is connected to a microscopic actuator which receives an input signal to move the beam against a biasing force provided by a biased device. The other isolated end of the beam is attached to a sensor detecting movement of the beam only when the actuator force exceeds the countervailing force of the biased device. The small scale of the total device provides inexpensive, fast and reliable response. 
     Specifically, the present invention provides a microelectromechanical system digital isolator having a substrate and an element supported by the substrate for movement between the first and second position with respect to the substrate. At least a portion of the element between a first and second location on the element is an electrical insulator to electrically isolate the first and second locations from each other. An actuator is attached to the first portion of the element to receive an input electrical signal and exert a force dependent on the input electrical signal urging the element toward the second position. A bias structure is attached to the element to exert a predetermined opposite force on the element urging the element toward the first position. Finally, a sensor is attached to the second portion of the element to provide an output electrical signal indicating movement of the element between the first position and the second position whereby an input signal above a predetermined magnitude overcomes the opposite force to cause the element to move rapidly from the first to the second position to produce the output electrical signal electrically isolated from the input electrical signal. 
     It is one object of the invention to produce a simple mechanical isolation system using MEMS techniques suitable for a wide variety of binary signals and yet which overcomes many of the disadvantages of current optical isolators in costs, interdevice consistency, and incompatibility with other integrated circuit components. In addition, the present invention requires no preconditioning of the input signal. The voltage or current is applied directly to the device with no pre-processing. 
     The actuator may be an electrostatic motor or a Lorenz force motor or a piezoelectric motor or thermal-expansion motor or a mechanical displacement motor. 
     It is therefore another object of the invention to provide an isolator that may receive a variety of different electrical signals that may not be compatible with an optical isolator LED, for example, those having a voltage of less than 0.7 volts. 
     Similarly, the bias structure may be an electrostatic motor, a Lorenz force motor, a piezoelectric motor, a thermal-expansion motor, a mechanical displacement motor, or a mechanical spring. 
     Thus the invention may provide both for an extremely simple force biasing that requires no electrical connection (e.g. a mechanical spring) or an adjustable bias structure that allow the threshold of activation of the device to be freely tailored to different circumstances. In this way, unlike with optical isolators, an input threshold voltage may be tailored to the particular application. 
     The sensor may be a capacitive sensor or a piezoelectric sensor or a photoelectric sensor or a resistive sensor or an optical switching sensor. 
     It is therefore another object of the invention to provide flexible variety of sensing techniques suitable for different purposes. 
     The travel of the element may be limited by stops to between the first and second position. 
     In this way, the invention may provide signal limiting comparable to that provided by an optical isolator for signals beyond the threshold needed to trigger the device. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the element may be a beam attached to the substrate for sliding motion between the first and second positions. The beam may be supported by flexing transverse arm pairs attached at longitudinally opposed ends of the beam to extend outward therefrom. 
     Thus it is another object of the invention to provide a simple mechanism that may be implemented on a microscopic scale using MEMS technologies for supporting an element for motion. 
     The flexing transverse arms may include a cantilevered first portion having first ends attached to the beam and second ends attached to an elbow portion removed from the beam and a cantilevered second portion substantially parallel to the first portion and having a first end attached to the substrate proximate to the beam and a second end attached to the elbow portion. Further the beam and the transverse arms may be symmetric across a longitudinal beam access. 
     Thus it is another object of the invention to provide a microscopic structure that is resistant to thermal expansion due to processing temperatures or changes in the operating temperature. The symmetry ensures that the beam remains centered with thermal expansion while the doubling back of the flexible transverse arms provides for a degree of cancellation of thermal expansion of these arms. 
     The flexing transverse arms may attach to the substrate through a spring section allowing angulation of the ends of the transverse arms with respect to the substrate. 
     It is thus another object of the invention to allow an effective pivoting of the flexible transverse arms so as to decrease the stiffness of the beam structure. 
     One embodiment of the invention may include a magnetic field, which may be produced by a magnet, crossing the beam and at least one flexing transverse arm may be conductive to an electrical signal and exert a force dependent on the electrical signal urging the beam toward a position. 
     It is thus another object of the invention to provide that the same structure used to support the beam may provide for its actuation or bias. 
     The beam may include transverse extending primary capacitor plates attached to the beam and extending out from the beam proximate to secondary capacitor plates. The effective area of the primary capacitor plates may be equal across the longitudinal axis of the beam and the capacitor plates may be attached to the beam between attachment points of at least two of the flexing transverse arm pairs. In one embodiment, the capacitors may include interdigitated fingers. Parallel plate capacitors will also work although they have less linearity. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a method for the integration of an electrostatic motor to the isolator in a way that balanced and well-supported forces may be obtained. 
     The primary capacitor plates may be positioned with respect to the secondary capacitor plates so as to draw the primary capacitor plates toward the secondary capacitor plates on one side of the beam while to separate the primary capacitor plates from the secondary capacitor plates on the other side of the beam. Conversely, the capacitor plates may be positioned so that all draw together with a given motion. 
     Thus it is another object of the invention to allow the capacitor plates to be used as a sensor in which a comparison of capacitance values reveals a position of the beam or as an electrostatic motor. 
     The beam may include a first and second micro-machined layer, the first of which is insulating to provide the portion of the electrical insulator in a region where the second layer is removed. 
     Thus it is another object of the invention to provide a simple method for forming insulating and conductive elements required by the present invention. 
     The electrical insulator of the beam may be between the actuator and the bias structure or between the bias structure and the sensor or both. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide that the biasing circuit may be placed on either side of the isolation or to provide redundant isolation for greater total isolation. 
     The digital isolator may include a second sensor at a first portion of the element to provide a second output electrical signal indicating movement of the element to the second position, the output electrical signal being electrically isolated from the output electrical signal. 
     Thus it is another object of the invention to provide for an isolator that produces a signal indicating movement of the beam and thus operation of the isolator from the isolated side. 
     The isolator may further include a second actuator as a second portion of the element to receive a second input signal and exert a force dependent on the second input electrical signal urging the element toward the second position. 
     Thus it is another object of the invention to provide for a bi-directional electrical isolator suitable for use with bi-directional data lines. 
     The foregoing objects and advantages may not apply to all embodiments of the inventions and are not intended to define the scope of the invention for which purpose claims are provided. In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration, a preferred embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment also does not define the scope of the invention and reference must be made therefore to the claims for this purpose. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of the present digital isolator showing its elements of an actuator, a bias structure and a sensor communicating along a single mechanical element that may move to transmit data between the actuator and sensor and showing insulating portions of the moving element; 
     FIG. 2 is a top plan view of one embodiment of the isolator of FIG. 1 using two counterpoised electrostatic motors and a capacitive sensor showing support of a moving beam connecting these components by means of flexible transverse arms and showing implementation of the insulating sections of the beam; 
     FIG. 3 is a simplified perspective view of an insulating section of the beam of FIG. 2 showing the use of laminated conductive and nonconductive layers and the removal of the conductive layer to create the insulating section; 
     FIG. 4 is a fragmentary view of one transverse arm of FIG. 2 showing a doubling back of the arm at an elbow so as to reduce the effects of expansion caused by thermal changes; 
     FIGS. 5 a  and  5   b  are fragmentary detailed views of the elbow of FIG. 4 showing the incorporation of a spring allowing angulation of the portion of the transverse arm attached to the beam for improved force characteristics; 
     FIG. 6 is a view of one pair of transverse arms of FIG. 2 showing electrical separation of the arms of the pair to allow a current to be imposed on the arm to create a Lorenz force motor such as may be substituted for the electrostatic motors of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 7 is a figure similar to that of FIG. 1 showing the addition of a second sensor and second actuator on opposite ends of the beam to allow for a bi-directional isolator or with the additional sensor alone, a high reliability isolator. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a MEMS digital isolator  10  per the present invention includes an actuator  12 , bias structure  14 , and a sensor  18  mechanically interconnected by a movable beam  20 . 
     The actuator  12  includes terminals  22   a  and  22   b  and ( 22   c,    22   d ) through which an electrical input signal  21  may be received and converted into a mechanical force tending to move the beam  20  in an actuation direction  24  indicated by an arrow. In the microscopic scale of the MEMS digital isolator  10 , the actuator  12  may be a piezoelectric actuator, a thermal-expansion motor, a mechanical-displacement motor, an electrostatic motor or a Lorenz force motor generally known in the art, the latter two to be described in more detail below. For a Lorenz force motor or thermal-expansion motor, the electrical input signal  21  will be a current, for the piezoelectric or electrostatic motor, the input electrical signal will be a voltage. 
     The actuator  12  communicates with a first end of the beam  20 . An opposite-end of the beam  20  is received by the sensor  18  which detects movement of the beam  20  and, through its terminals  26   a,    26   b  and ( 22   c,    22   d ), produces an electrical signal that may be measured directly or further processed by processing electronics  28  to produce the output signal  30  indicating movement of the beam  20 . The sensor  18  may be a piezoelectric-type sensor, a photoelectric sensor, a resistive sensor, an optical switching sensor, or a capacitive sensor according to techniques known in the art of MEMS design. In the preferred embodiment, the sensor  18  uses counterpoised movable plate capacitors as will be described in more detail below. 
     Attached to the beam  20  between the actuator  12  and the sensor  18  is the bias structure  14  which provides a force on the beam  20  opposite the actuation direction  24  as indicated by arrows  35  and tending to resist the operation of the actuator  12 . 
     Absent an electrical input signal  21 , the bias structure  14  holds the beam in a position toward the sensor  18 . Ideally, the bias structure  14  provides a force that is fixed or that decreases slightly with motion of the beam  20  in the actuation direction  24 . In this way, a precisely defined threshold is created for the actuation force. Electrical input signal  21  inducing a force on the beam slightly below the force produced by the bias structure  14  will cause no motion of the beam  20 . In one embodiment, electrical input signal  21  inducing a force even slightly above that produced by the bias structure  14  will cause a rapid and complete movement of the beam  20  to its further extent in the actuation direction  24 . Alternative embodiments may provide for linear or non-linear behavior including but not limited to hysteresis in the movement of the beam  20  using mechanical or electrical techniques. In this way, a binary signal imposed on the electrical input signal  21  is unambiguously converted into movement of the beam  20  to one extreme in the actuation direction  24  or the other. The MEMS digital isolator  10  provides extremely low friction and inertia so this movement is both extremely well defined and rapid. 
     As will be described, the force provided by the bias structure  14  may be adjustable by varying a current or voltage to the structure. In the case where the force on the bias structure  14  is adjustable, it is desirably set so that the bias force is the midpoint between defined high and low values of the force produced by the electrical input signal  21 . If the structures used to implement the actuator  12  and bias structure  14  are essentially the same and the input and bias are current, the current applied to the bias structure may be approximately set to equal half the desired range of the input current electrical input signal  21 . If the structures used to implement the actuator  12  and bias structure  14  are essentially the same and the input and bias are voltage, the voltage applied to the bias structure may be approximately set so that its square is equal to the midpoint of the squares of the high and low values of the desired range of the input voltage electrical input signal  21 . Note, generally, the electrostatic force is proportional to V 2 . Thus, for example, if: V(low)=0, V(high)=10, the squares are 0 and 100, so V(bias) should be the square root of 50=7.1, if the actuator  12  and the bias structure  14  are constructed the same. 
     The invention also will work with a less than ideal bias structure  14  such as a regular spring where a constant force opposite the actuation direction  24  is not realized but where the force provided by the bias structure  14  increases slightly with movement of the beam  20  in the actuation direction. 
     In yet an alternative embodiment, the biasing force could be provided by a prestressing of flexing arm pairs  46  to operate like an over-center spring whose force of resistance drops off sharply with motion against that force (like a child&#39;s clicker). The flexing arm pair  46 , thus configured, could add latching to the structure. The bias structure  14  now could be used to reset the latching. Building the flexing arm pairs  46  in a curve could thus add bias without the need for the bias capacitive motor. 
     Alternatively, a “snap action” could be obtained by using non-symmetrical bias capacitor fingers  66  and  68  or parallel plates. As mentioned above, parallel plates have a square-law force/displacement characteristic. The same effect can be obtained with the capacitor fingers by graduating the longitudinal length of the fingers as one moves transversely. 
     The beam  20  includes conductive portions  32   a  and  32   b  located at the actuator  12  and sensor  18 , respectively, and such as may form part of the actuator  12  or sensor  18 . Insulating portions  34   a  and  34   b  separate conductive portions  32   a  and  32   b  from a centermost conductive portion  32   c  that may be part of the bias structure  14 ; the insulating portions  34   a  and  34   b  thus defining three regions of isolation  36   a-c . The first region  36   a  includes the actuator  12  and conductive portion  32   a , the second region  36   b  includes the center conductive section  32   c  and the bias structure  14 , and the third region  36   c  includes the conductive section  32   b  and sensor  18 . 
     The insulated beam  20  provides a mechanism by which the electrical input signal  21  acting through the actuator  12  may produce a corresponding output signal  30  from the sensor  18  electrically isolated from the electrical input signal  21 . The bias structure  14  may be electrically isolated from either the input signal and/or the output signal  30 . 
     The bias structure  14  is preferably an electrostatic motor or a Lorenz force motor of a type that will be described below. For these latter two electronic bias structures, terminals ( 38   a,    38   b ) and ( 38   c,    38   d ) are provided to provide a voltage or current dictating the countervailing force provided by the bias structure  14 . Thus the precise threshold at which the digital isolator changes state from unactuated to actuated may be tailored for the particular circumstance, an option not available in optical isolators. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, the beam  20  may extend above a substrate  42  along a longitudinal axis  40  passing along a midline between transversely opposed pylons  44  attached to a substrate  42 . The pylons form the terminals  22   a ,  22   b ,  22   c ,  22   d ,  26   a ,  26   b ,  26   c ,  26   d ,  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  and  38   d  described above. 
     Ideally, the substrate  42  is an insulating substrate and thus pylons  44  are all mutually isolated and particular conductive layers are placed to make the necessary connections. 
     The beam  20  is supported away from the substrate  42  and held for movement along the longitudinal axis  40  by means of flexing arm pairs  46  extending transversely on opposite sides of both ends of the beam  20  and its middle. The flexing arms  46  extend away from the beam  20  to elbows  48  transversely removed from the beam  20  on each side of the beam  20 . The elbows  48  in turn connect to expansion compensators  50  which return to be attached to the substrate  42  at a point near the beam  20 . These expansion compensators  50  are not absolutely required. They serve as stress relief if that is needed. The flexing transverse arms  46  are generally parallel to the expansion compensators  50  to which they are connected. The flexing transverse arms  46 , elbows  48  and expansion compensators are conductive to provide electrical connections between the conductive portions  32   a ,  32   b , and  32   c  and stationary electrical terminals (not shown). 
     Referring momentarily to FIG. 4, stops  61  may be added between the flexing transverse arm  46  and the expansion compensators  50  or other stationary structure so as to prevent overtravel of the beam  20  effectively limiting or clamping the output of the digital isolator in a manner analogous to that provided by other isolation techniques. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, the length L 1  of each expansion compensator  50  between its point of attachment  52  to the substrate  42  and its connection to a corresponding flexing transverse arm  46  at elbow  48  and the length L 2  of the flexing transverse arm  46  defined as the distance between its connection to beam  20  and the elbow  48  are set to be nearly equal so that expansion caused by thermal effects in the flexing transverse arm  46  is nearly or completely canceled by expansion in the expansion compensator  50 . In this way, little tension or compression develops in the flexing transverse arm  46 . Both the flexing transverse arm  46  and the expansion compensator  50  in this embodiment are fabricated of the same material, however it will be understood that different materials may also be used and lengths L 1  and L 2  may be adjusted to reflect the differences in thermal expansion coefficients. 
     Referring to FIG. 5 a , the elbow  48  may include a serpentine portion  54  extending longitudinally from the expansion compensator  50  to its flexing transverse arm  46 . As shown in FIG. 5 b , the serpentine portion  54  allows angulation α between the flexing transverse arm  46  and expansion compensator  50  such as provides essentially a radius adjusting pivot, both decreasing the force exerted by the flexing transverse arm pairs  46  on the beam  20  with movement of the beam  20  and decreasing the stiffness of the structure. 
     Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3, in between the flexing transverse arm pairs  46 , the beam  20  expands to create T-bars  56  flanking insulating portions  34   a  and  34   b.  Insulating material  58  attached to these T-bars  56  create the insulating portions  34 . Generally the beam  20  may be fabricated using well-known integrated circuit processing techniques to produce a structure suspended above the substrate  42  and composed of a laminated upper conductive layer  60  (for example, polysilicon or crystalline silicon optionally with an upper aluminum layer) and a lower insulating layer  62  such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. The insulating portions  34  may be obtained simply by etching away the upper layer in the region  34   a  or  34   b  according to techniques well-known in the art using selective etching techniques. An improved method of fabricating these structures is described in application Method for Sensing Current, Ser. No. 09/406,364 filed Sep. 28, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,322 and hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Each of the upper conductive layers  60  and lower insulating layers  62  are perforated by vertically extending channels  64  such as assists in conducting etchant beneath the layers  60  and  62  to remove a sacrificial layer that normally attaches layers  60  and  62  to the substrate  42  below according to techniques well known in the art. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2 again, section  32   a  of the beam  20  such as provides a portion of the actuator  12 , may have transversely outwardly extending, moving capacitor plates  66  overlapping with corresponding transversely inwardly extending stationary capacitor plates  68  attached to the pylons  44  representing terminals  22   a ,  22   b,    22   c  and  22   d  and. Each of the moving capacitor plates  66  and their corresponding stationary capacitor plates  68  may have mutually engaging fingers so as to provide for a more uniform electrostatic force over a greater range of longitudinal travel of the beam  20 . The capacitor plates could also be simple parallel plate arms, which would have less linearity than the mutually engaging fingers. The thus formed electrostatic motor operates using the attraction between the capacitor plates  66  and  68  with the terminals ( 22   a,    22   b ) and ( 22   c,    22   d ) connected to a more positive voltage than that of beam  20  to urge the beam  20  in the actuation direction  24 . For this reason, stationary capacitor plates  68  are after the moving capacitor plates  66  on both sides of the beam  20  as one travels along the actuation direction. Capacitor plates  66  and  68  are cantilevered over the substrate  42  by the same under etching used to free the beam  20  from the substrate  42 . 
     The pylons  44  flanking section  32   c  of the beam such as form pads  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  and  38   d  likewise include moving and stationary capacitor plates  66  and  68 . As noted, this section provides the bias structure  14  and as such, the electrostatic motor created operates in the opposite direction to the actuator  12  with the moving capacitor plates  66  following the stationary capacitor plates  68  as one moves in the actuation direction  24 . 
     The mutual area of the capacitor plates  66  and  68  and their separation for an unactuated position of the beam  20 , for the actuator  12  and bias structure  14 , may be substantially equal so that the voltage on the bias structure pads ( 38   a,    38   b ) and ( 38   c ,  38   d ) approximately define the threshold over which the input voltage on terminals ( 22   a,    22   b ) and ( 22   c,    22   d ) must pass in order to actuate the MEMS digital isolator  10 . 
     Referring still to FIG. 2, section  32   b  of the beam also supports moving capacitor plates  66  and stationary capacitor plates  68 . However in this case, the capacitor plates do not serve the purpose of making an electrostatic motor but instead serve as a sensing means in which variation in the capacitance between the moving capacitor plates  66  and stationary capacitor plates  68  serves to indicate the position of the beam  20 . In this regard, the order of the stationary and moving capacitor plates  66  and  68  is reversed on opposite sides of the beam  20 . Thus, the moving capacitor plates  66  are right of the stationary capacitor plates  68  on a first side of the beam (the upper side as depicted in FIG. 2) “downstream” with respect to the actuation direction  24  whereas the reverse order occurs on the lower side of the beam  20  with the moving capacitor plates  66  are left of the stationary capacitor plates  68 . Accordingly as the beam  20  moves in the actuation direction  24 , the capacitance formed by the upper moving capacitor plates  66  and stationary capacitor plates  68  increases while the capacitance formed by the lower plates decreases. The point where the value of the upper capacitance crosses the value of the lower capacitance precisely defines a null point and is preferably set midway in the travel of the beam  20 . 
     As mentioned above, it is not absolutely necessary that both capacitors are variable. Using a variable capacitor plus a fixed capacitor would provide an alternative embodiment where the same qualitative affect on the voltage at the center tap is realized. Having both capacitors move in the same direction does not work for the three terminal structure shown in FIG.  2 . An alternative method of measuring the capacitances and a different terminal structure, as will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art, must be adopted. 
     Techniques for comparing capacitance well known in the art may be used to evaluate the position of the beam  20 . One circuit for providing extremely accurate measurements of these capacitances is described in application Ser. No. 09/677,037 filed Sep. 29, 2000 and hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Generally, the operating structure of the MEMS digital isolator  10  is constructed to be generally symmetric about an axis through the middle of the beam  20  along the longitudinal axis  40  such as to better compensate the thermal expansions. In addition, the operating area of the plates of the capacitors plates  66  and  68  on both sides of the beam  20  for the actuator  12  and the bias structure  14  are made equal so as to be balanced. For similar reasons, the capacitors of the electrostatic motors and the bias structure  14  are placed between flexing transverse arm pairs  46  so as to better control slight amounts of torsion caused by uneven forces between the capacitor plates  66  and  68 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 6, it will be understood that one or both of the electrostatic motors forming the actuator  12  and the bias structure  14 , described above, may be replaced with Lorenz-force motors  75  in which forces are generated not by electrostatic attraction between capacitor plates but by the interaction of a current with a magnetic field. In the Lorenz force motor  75 , a magnetic field (e.g., using a permanent magnet not shown) may be generated adjacent to the MEMS digital isolator  10  to produce a substrate-normal magnetic flux  70 . The expansion compensators  50  supporting the flexing transverse arm  46  on opposite sides of the beam  20  are electrically isolated from each other so that a voltage may be developed across expansion compensators  50  to cause a current  72  to flow through the flexing transverse arm  46 . This current flow in the magnetic field generated by the magnet will produce a longitudinal force on the beam  20  that may act in lieu of the electrostatic motors. The amount of deflection is generally determined by the flux density of the magnetic field  70 , the amount of current and the flexibility of the flexing transverse arm pairs  46  in accordance with the right hand rule. 
     Referring now to FIG. 7, the actuator  12  positioned on beam section  32   a , may be teamed with a second sensor  74  for sensing motion of the beam  20  and that sensor  74  may be used to provide isolated feedback to a device producing the electrical input signal  21  as to motion of the beam  20  such as may be used to ensure greater reliability in the transmission of signals. 
     Alternatively or in addition, the sensor  18  may be teamed with an actuator  76  having the same orientation of actuator  12  but positioned in isolation section  32   b . When actuator  76  is teamed with sensor  74 , they together provide a bi-directional digital isolator in which isolated signals may be sent from either end of the beam  32  to the other end. It will be understood that another variation of this embodiment may eliminate the bias structure  14  and instead the actuators  76  and  12  may be used during transmission by the other actuator as the bias structure. Such a device might be useful for so-called tri-state or bi-directional input lines. 
     It will be understood with greater circuit complexity that certain of the elements of the actuator  12 , bias structure  14  and sensor  18  may be combined into individual structures and hence, these terms should be considered to cover the functional equivalents of the functions of actuator bias structure  14  and sensor  18  whether or not they are realized as individual structures or not. Further the relative location of the bias structure  14 , the actuator  12  and the sensor  18  may be swapped and still provide isolated signal transmission. 
     Referring again to FIG. 2, MEMS fabrication allows that a portion of the substrate  42  may also include integrated circuits  73  having a number of solid-state devices such as may implement, for example, the capacitor sense circuitry described above. A number of the MEMS digital isolators  10  may be placed on a single integrated circuit with appropriate interconnects made for providing them with the currents required. Generally, using the MEMS digital isolator  10  of the present invention, a single integrated circuit of arbitrary complexity, such as an industrial controller, may include isolators on the same substrate  42  manufactured concurrently with each other. These MEMS digital isolators  10  may provide for either inputs or outputs to the remaining integrated circuitry. 
     It should be noted that the sensor  18 , actuator  12  and bias structure  14  may be located at any relative position on the beam  20  as determined by the demands of the particular application. As an example the input signal could be received by an actuator  12  located in the middle of the beam  20 . Generally, symmetry is not necessary. 
     It is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein, but that modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments also be included as come within the scope of the following claims.