Abstract:
The invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat or prevent diseases or disorders associated with the activity of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) families.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This patent application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/763,539, filed Jan. 30, 2006. The disclosure of the priority application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat or prevent diseases or disorders associated with the activity of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) families. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor super family, which are ligand-activated transcription factors regulating gene expression. Certain PPARs are associated with a number of disease states including dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, heart failure, myocardial infarction, vascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, inflammation, arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, skin disorders, respiratory diseases, ophthalmic disorders, IBDs (irritable bowel disease), ulcerative colitis and Crohn&#39;s disease. Accordingly, molecules that modulate the activity of PPARs are useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of such diseases. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds of Formula I: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0005]    in which 
         [0006]    n is selected from 0, 1 and 2; 
         [0007]    R 1  is selected from —XCO 2 R 13  and —OCR 11 R 12 XCO 2 R 13 ; wherein X is selected from a bond and C 1-4 alkylene; R 11  and R 12  are independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy; or R 11  and R 12  together with the carbon atom to which R 11  and R 12  are attached form C 3-12 cycloalkyl; and R 13  is selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl; 
         [0008]    R 2  and R 3  are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo-substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy and halo-substituted-C 1-6 alkoxy; 
         [0009]    Z is selected from a bond and —S(O) 0-2 —; 
         [0010]    Y is selected from O and S; 
         [0011]    R 4  is selected from hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo-substituted-C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy and halo-substituted-C 1-6 alkoxy; and the N-oxide derivatives, prodrug derivatives, protected derivatives, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates (e.g. hydrates) of such compounds. 
         [0012]    In a second aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition that contains a compound of Formula I or a N-oxide derivative, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in admixture with one or more suitable excipients. 
         [0013]    In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in an animal in which modulation of PPAR activity can prevent, inhibit or ameliorate the pathology and/or symptomology of the diseases, which method comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a N-oxide derivative, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
         [0014]    In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in an animal in which PPAR activity contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease. 
         [0015]    In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing compounds of Formula I and the N-oxide derivatives, prodrug derivatives, protected derivatives, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
       [0016]    “Alkyl” as a group and as a structural element of other groups, for example halo-substituted-alkyl and alkoxy, can be either straight-chained or branched. C 1-6 alkoxy includes, methoxy, ethoxy, and the like. Halo-substituted alkyl includes trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and the like. 
         [0017]    “Aryl” means a monocyclic or fused bicyclic aromatic ring assembly containing six to ten ring carbon atoms. For example, aryl can be phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl. “Arylene” means a divalent radical derived from an aryl group. “Heteroaryl” is as defined for aryl where one or more of the ring members are a heteroatom. For example heteroaryl includes pyridyl, indolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzo[1,3]dioxole, imidazolyl, benzo-imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, etc. “C 6-10 arylC 0-4 alkyl” means an aryl as described above connected via a alkylene grouping. For example, C 6-10 arylC 0-4 alkyl includes phenethyl, benzyl, etc. 
         [0018]    “Cycloalkyl” means a saturated or partially unsaturated, monocyclic, fused bicyclic or bridged polycyclic ring assembly containing the number of ring atoms indicated. For example, C 3-10 cycloalkyl-includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. “Heterocycloalkyl” means cycloalkyl, as defined in this application, provided that one or more of the ring carbons indicated, are replaced by a moiety selected from —O—, —N═, —NR═, —C(O)—, —S—, —S(O)— or —S(O) 2 —, wherein R is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl or a nitrogen protecting group. For example, C 3-8 heterocycloalkyl as used in this application to describe compounds of the invention includes morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidinylone, 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl, etc. 
         [0019]    “Halogen” (or halo) preferably represents chloro or fluoro, but can also be bromo or iodo. 
         [0020]    “Treat”, “treating” and “treatment” refer to a method of alleviating or abating a disease and/or its attendant symptoms. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0021]    The present invention provides compounds, compositions and methods for the treatment of diseases in which modulation of one or more PPARs can prevent, inhibit or ameliorate the pathology and/or symptomology of the diseases, which method comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I. 
         [0022]    In one embodiment, with reference to compounds of Formula I: n is selected from 0 and 1; R 1  is selected from —XCO 2 R 13  and OCR 11 R 12 XCO 2 R 13 ; wherein X is selected from a bond and C 1-4 alkylene; R 11  and R 12  are independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy; or R 11  and R 12  together with the carbon atom to which R 11  and R 12  are attached form C 3-12 cycloalkyl; and R 13  is selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl; R 2  and R 3  are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo-substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy and halo-substituted-C 1-6 alkoxy; Z is selected from a bond and —S(O) 0-2 —; Y is selected from O and S; and R 4  is halo-substituted-C 1-6 alkyl. 
         [0023]    In another embodiment, R 1  is selected from CH 2 CO 2 H, —(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H, —OC(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H and —CH 2 CO 2 H. 
         [0024]    In another embodiment, R 2  and R 3  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl and methoxy; and R 4  is trifluoromethyl. 
         [0025]    Preferred compounds of the invention are selected from: {3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-acetic acid; 3-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phanyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-propionic acid; 3-{4-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-propionic acid; 2-Methyl-2-{2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]-phenoxy}-propionic acid; {4-Methyl-3-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenyl}-acetic acid; {4-Methoxy-3-[Z-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenyl}-acetic acid; {4-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenyl}-acetic acid; {2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenoxy}-acetic acid; 2-Methyl-2-{2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenoxy}-propionic acid; and 2-{2,5-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenoxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid. 
         [0026]    Further preferred compounds and intermediates of the invention are detailed in the Examples, infra. 
       Pharmacology and Utility 
       [0027]    Compounds of the invention modulate the activity of PPARs and, as such, are useful for treating diseases or disorders in which PPARs contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease. This invention further provides compounds of this invention for use in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of diseases or disorders in which PPARs contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease. 
         [0028]    Such compounds may therefore be employed for the treatment of prophylaxis, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, heart failure, hyper cholesteremia, myocardial infarction, vascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, cachexia, HIV wasting syndrome, inflammation, arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, anorexia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, skin disorders, respiratory diseases, ophthalmic disorders, IBDs (irritable bowel disease), ulcerative colitis and Crohn&#39;s disease. Preferably for the treatment of prophylaxis, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, inflammation, cancer, skin disorders, IBDs (irritable bowel disease), ulcerative colitis and Crohn&#39;s disease. 
         [0029]    Compounds of the invention can also be employed to treat long term critical illness, increase muscle mass and/or muscle strength, increase lean body mass, maintain muscle strength and function in the elderly, enhance muscle endurance and muscle function, and reverse or prevent frailty in the elderly. 
         [0030]    Further, the compounds of the present invention may be employed in mammals as hypoglycemic agents for the treatment and prevention of conditions in which impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are implicated, such as type-1 and type-2 diabetes, Impaired Glucose Metabolism (IGM), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG), and Syndrome X. Preferably type-1 and type-2 diabetes, Impaired Glucose Metabolism (IGM), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG). 
         [0031]    In accordance with the foregoing, the present invention further provides a method for preventing or treating any of the diseases or disorders described above in a subject in need of such treatment, which method comprises administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount (See, “Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions”, infra) of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. For any of the above uses, the required dosage will vary depending on the mode of administration, the particular condition to be treated and the effect desired. The present invention also concerns: i) a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament; and ii) the use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating any of the diseases or disorders described above- 
       Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions 
       [0032]    In general, compounds of the invention will be administered in therapeutically effective amounts via any of the usual and acceptable modes known in the art, either singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents. A therapeutically effective amount can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used and other factors. In general, satisfactory results are indicated to be obtained systemically at daily dosages of from about 0.03 to 2.5 mg/kg per body weight. An indicated daily dosage in the larger mammal, e.g. humans, is in the range from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg, conveniently administered, e.g. in divided doses up to four times a day or in retard form. Suitable unit dosage forms for oral administration comprise from ca. 1 to 50 mg active ingredient. 
         [0033]    Compounds of the invention can be administered as pharmaceutical compositions by any conventional route, in particular enterally, e.g., orally, e.g., in the form of tablets or capsules, or parenterally, e.g., in the form of injectable solutions or suspensions, topically, e.g., in the form of lotions, gels, ointments or creams, or in a nasal or suppository form. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention in free form or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form in association with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent can be manufactured in a conventional manner by mixing, granulating or coating methods. For example, oral compositions can be tablets or gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with a) diluents, e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or glycine; b) lubricants, e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or polyethyleneglycol; for tablets also c) binders, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and or polyvinylpyrollidone; if desired d) disintegrants, e.g., starches, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures; and/or e) absorbents, colorants, flavors and sweeteners. Injectable compositions can be aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories can be prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions. The compositions can be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers. In addition, they can also contain other therapeutically valuable substances. Suitable formulations for transdermal applications include an effective amount of a compound of the present invention with a carrier. A carrier can include absorbable pharmacologically acceptable solvents to assist passage through the skin of the host. For example, transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barer to deliver the compound to the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin. Matrix transdermal formulations can also be used. Suitable formulations for topical application, e.g., to the skin and eyes, are preferably aqueous solutions, ointments, creams or gels well-known in the art. Such can contain solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and preservatives. 
         [0034]    This invention also concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as described herein in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 
         [0035]    Compounds of the invention can be administered in therapeutically effective amounts in combination with one or more therapeutic agents (pharmaceutical combinations). 
         [0036]    Thus, the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical combinations, such as a combined preparation or pharmaceutical composition (fixed combination), comprising: 1) a compound of the invention as defined above or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof; and 2) at least one active ingredient selected from: 
         [0037]    a) anti-diabetic agents such as insulin, insulin derivatives and mimetics; insulin secretagogues such as the sulfonylureas, e.g., Glipizide, glyburide and Amaryl; insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands such as meglitinides, e.g., nateglinide and repaglinide; insulin sensitizer such as protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors such as PTP-112; GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors such as SB-517955, SB-4195052, SB-216763, N,N-57-05441 and N,N-57-05445; RXR ligands such as GW-0791 and AGN-194204; sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter inhibitors such as T-1095; glycogen phosphorylase A inhibitors such as BAY R3401; biguanides such as metformin; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose; GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1), GLP-1 analogs such as Exendin-4 and GLP-1 mimetics; DPPIV (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) inhibitors such as DPP728, LAF237 (viidagliptin—Example 1 of WO 00/34241), MK-0431, saxagliptin, GSK23A; an AGE breaker; a thiazolidone derivative (glitazone) such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or (R)-1-{4-[5-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-oxazol-4-ylmethoxy]-benzenesulfonyl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid described in the patent application WO 03/043995, as compound 19 of Example 4, a non-glitazone type PPARγ agonist e.g. GI-262570; 
         [0038]    b) hypolipidemic agents such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, e.g., lovastatin, pitavastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, mevastatin, velostatin, fluvastatin, dalvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and rivastatin; squalene synthase inhibitors; FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and LXR (liver X receptor) ligands; cholestyramine; fibrates; nicotinic acid and aspirin; 
         [0039]    c) an anti-obesity agent or appetite regulating agent such as phentermine, leptin, bromocriptine, dexamphetamine, amphetamine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, sibutramine, orlistat, dexfenfluramine, mazindol, phentermine, phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, fluoxetine, bupropion, topiramate, diethylpropion, benzphetamine, phenylpropanolamine or ecopipam, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine or cannabinoid receptor antagonists; 
         [0040]    d) anti-hypertensive agents, erg., loop diuretics such as ethacrynic acid, furosemide and torsemide; diuretics such as thiazide derivatives, chlorithiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride; angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perinodopril, quinapril, ramipril and trandolapril; inhibitors of the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump such as digoxin; neutralendopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors e.g. thiorphan, terteo-thiorphan, SQ29072; ECE inhibitors e.g. SLV306; ACE/NEP inhibitors such as omapatrilat, sampatrilat and fasidotril; angiotensin II antagonists such as candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, telmisartan and valsartan, in particular valsartan; renin inhibitors such as aliskiren, terlakiren, ditekiren, RO 66-1132, RO-66-1168; β-adrenergic receptor blockers such as acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol, sotalol and timolol; inotropic agents such as digoxin, dobutamine and milrinone; calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine, bepridil, diltiazem, felodipine, nicardipine, niniodipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine and verapamil; aldosterone receptor antagonists; and aldosterone synthase inhibitors; 
         [0041]    e) a HDL increasing compound; 
         [0042]    f) Cholesterol absorption modulator such as Zetia® and KT6-971; 
         [0043]    g) Apo-A1 analogues and mimetics; 
         [0044]    h) thrombin inhibitors such as Ximelagatran; 
         [0045]    i) aldosterone inhibitors such as anastrazole, fadrazole, eplerenone; 
         [0046]    j) Inhibitors of platelet aggregation such as aspirin, clopidogrel bisulfate; 
         [0047]    k) estrogen, testosterone; a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a selective androgen receptor modulator; 
         [0048]    l) a chemotherapeutic agent such as aromatase inhibitors e.g. femara, anti-estrogens, topoisomerase I inhibitors, topoisomerase II inhibitors, microtubule active agents, alkylating agents, antineoplastic antimetabolites, platin compounds, compounds decreasing the protein kinase activity such as a PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor preferably Imatinib ({N-{5-[4-(4-methyl-piperazino-methyl)-benzoylamido]-2-methylphenyl}-4-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrimidine-amine}) described in the European patent application EP-A-0 564 409 as example 21 or 4-Methyl-N-[3-(4-methyl-imidazol-1-yl)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzamide described in the patent application WO 04/005281 as example 92; and 
         [0049]    m) an agent interacting with a 5-HT 3  receptor and/or an agent interacting with 5-HT 4  receptor such as tegaserod described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,353 as example 13, tegaserod hydrogen maleate, cisapride, cilansetron; 
         [0050]    or, in each case a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
         [0051]    Most preferred combination partners are tegaserod, imatinib, vildagliptin, metformin, a thiazolidone derivative (glitazone) such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or (R)-1-{4-[5-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-oxazol-4-ylmethoxy]-benzenesulfonyl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid, a sulfohylurea receptor ligand, aliskiren, valsartan, orlistat or a statin such as pitavastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin or pravastatin. 
         [0052]    Preferably the pharmaceutical combinations contains a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as defined above, in a combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another therapeutic agent as described above, e.g., each at an effective therapeutic dose as reported in the art. Combination partners (1) and (2) can be administered together, one after the other or separately in one combined unit dosage form or in two separate unit dosage forms. The unit dosage form may also be a fixed combination. 
         [0053]    The structure of the active agents identified by generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium “The Merck Index” or the Physician&#39;s Desk Reference or from databases, e.g. Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications) or Current Drugs. The corresponding content thereof is hereby incorporated by reference. Any person skilled in the art is fully enabled to identify the active agents and, based on these references, likewise enabled to manufacture and test the pharmaceutical indications and properties in standard test models, both in vitro and in vivo. 
         [0054]    In another preferred aspect the invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition (fixed combination) comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as described herein, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one active ingredient selected from the above described group a) to m), or, in each case a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
         [0055]    A pharmaceutical composition or combination as described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of for the treatment of dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, heart failure, myocardial infarction, vascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, inflammation, arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, skin disorders, respiratory diseases, ophthalmic disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, IBDs (irritable bowel disease), ulcerative colitis, Crohn&#39;s disease, conditions in which impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are implicated, such as type-1 and type-2 diabetes, Impaired Glucose Metabolism (IGM), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG), and Syndrome-X. 
         [0056]    Such therapeutic agents include estrogen, testosterone, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a selective androgen receptor modulator, insulin, insulin derivatives and mimetics; insulin secretagogues such as the sulfonylureas, e.g., Glipizide and Amaryl; insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands, such as meglitinides, e.g., nateglinide and repaglinide; insulin sensitizers, such as protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors, GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors or RXR ligands; biguanides, such as metformin; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose; GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1), GLP-1 analogs, such as Exendin-4, and GLP-1 mimetics; DPPIV (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) inhibitors, e.g. isoleucin-thiazolidide; DPP728 and LAF237, hypolipidemic agents, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, e.g., lovastatin, pitavastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, mevastatin, velostatin, fluvastatin, dalvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluindostatin and rivastatin, squalene synthase inhibitors or FXR (liver X receptor) and LXR (farnesoid X receptor) ligands, cholestyramine, fibrates, nicotinic acid and aspirin. A compound of the present invention may be administered either simultaneously, before or after the other active ingredient, either separately by the same or different route of administration or together in the same pharmaceutical formulation. 
         [0057]    The invention also provides for pharmaceutical combinations, e.g. a kit, comprising: a) a first agent which is a compound of the invention as disclosed herein, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, and b) at least one co-agent. The kit can comprise instructions for its administration. 
         [0058]    The terms “co-administration” or “combined administration” or the like as utilized herein are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are not necessarily administered by the same route of administration or at the same time. The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula I and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula I and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific time limits, wherein such administration provides therapeutically effective levels of the 2 compounds in the body of the patient. The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g. the administration of 3 or more active ingredients. 
       Processes for Making; Compounds of the Invention 
       [0059]    The present invention also includes processes for the preparation of compounds of the invention. In the reactions described, it can be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups can be used in accordance with standard practice, for example, see T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, 1991. 
         [0060]    Compounds of Formula 4 can be prepared by proceeding as in reaction scheme 1: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0061]    in which n, Y and R 4  are as defined for Formula I. Compounds of Formula 4 are prepared by reacting a compound of formula 2 (preferably a hydrobromide or hydrochloride salt, thereof) with a compound of formula 3 in the presence of a suitable solvent (for example, DMF, and the like). The reaction is carried out in the temperature range of about 50 to about 125° C. and takes up to about 24 hours to complete. 
         [0062]    Compounds of Formula I, in which Z is a bond, can be prepared by proceeding as in reaction scheme 2: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0063]    in which n, Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are as defined for Formula I and Q is chloro, bromo or iodo. Compounds of Formula I are prepared by reacting a compound of formula 4 with a compound of formula 5 in the presence of a suitable solvent (for example, dioxane, and the like), a suitable catalyst (for example, Pd 2 (dba) 3 , and the like), a suitable ligand (for example, phosphine ligands such as (tBU) 3 PHBF 3 , and the like), a suitable inorganic base (for example, Cesium carbonate, and the like) under a suitable protective atmosphere (for example, argon, and the like). The reaction is carried out in the temperature range of about 80 to about 150° C. and takes up to about 24 hours to complete. 
         [0064]    Compounds of Formula I, in which Z is —S(O) 0-2 —, can be prepared by proceeding as in reaction scheme 3: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0065]    in which n, Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are as defined for Formula I and Q is chloro, bromo or iodo. Compounds of Formula I are prepared by reacting a compound of formula 4 with a compound of formula 6 in the presence of a suitable solvent (for example, DCM, and the like), a suitable organic base (for example, triethylamine, and the like). The reaction is carried out in the temperature range of about 0 to about 50° C. and takes up to about 24 hours to complete. 
         [0066]    Compounds of Formula I, where R 1  is selected from —XCO 2 R 13  and —OCR 11 R 12 XCO 2 R 13  (and R 13  is C 1-6 alkyl), are converted to their corresponding acids (where R 13  is hydrogen) via a saponification reaction. The reacting proceeds in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., lithium hydroxide, or the like) and a suitable solvent mixture (e.g., THF/water, or the like) and is carried out in the temperature range of about 0° C. to about 50° C., taking up to about 30 hours to complete. 
         [0067]    Detailed reaction conditions are described in the examples, infra. 
       Additional Processes for Making Compounds of the Invention 
       [0068]    A compound of the invention can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid. Alternatively, a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt of a compound of the invention can be prepared by reacting the free acid form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Alternatively, the salt forms of the compounds of the invention can be prepared using salts of the starting materials or intermediates. 
         [0069]    The free acid or free base forms of the compounds of the invention can be prepared from the corresponding base addition salt or acid addition salt from, respectively. For example a compound of the invention in an acid addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free base by treating with a suitable base (e.g., ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide, and the like). A compound of the invention in a base addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free acid by treating with a suitable acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, etc.). 
         [0070]    Compounds of the invention in unoxidized form can be prepared from N-oxides of compounds of the invention by treating with a reducing agent (e.g., sulfur, sulfur dioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, phosphorus trichloride, tribromide, or the like) in a suitable inert organic solvent (e.g. acetonitrile, ethanol, aqueous dioxane, or the like) at 0 to 80° C. 
         [0071]    Prodrug derivatives of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., for further details see Saulnier et al., (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985). For example, appropriate prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a non-derivatized compound of the invention with a suitable carbamylatingagent (e.g., 1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbanochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like). 
         [0072]    Protected derivatives of the compounds of the invention can be made by means known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal can be found in T. W. Greene, “Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, 3 rd  edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999. 
         [0073]    Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared, or formed during the process of the invention, as solvates (e.g., hydrates). Hydrates of compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents such as dioxin, tetrahydrofuran or methanol. 
         [0074]    Compounds of the invention can be prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. While resolution of enantiomers can be carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds of the invention, dissociable complexes are preferred (e.g., crystalline diastereomeric salts). Diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and can be readily separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. The diastereomers can be separated by chromatography, or preferably, by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. The optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means that would not result in racemization. A more detailed description of the techniques applicable to the resolution of stereoisomers of compounds from their racemic mixture can be found in Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981. 
         [0075]    In summary, the compounds of Formula I can be made by a process, which involves: 
         [0076]    (a) that of reaction scheme above; and 
         [0077]    (b) optionally converting a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; 
         [0078]    (c) optionally converting a salt form of a compound of the invention to a non-salt form; 
         [0079]    (d) optionally converting an unoxidized form of a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide; 
         [0080]    (e) optionally converting an N-oxide form of a compound of the invention to its unoxidized form; 
         [0081]    (f) optionally resolving an individual isomer of a compound of the invention from a mixture of isomers; 
         [0082]    (g) optionally converting a non-derivatized compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug derivative; and 
         [0083]    (h) optionally converting a prodrug derivative of a compound of the invention to its non-derivatized form. 
         [0084]    Insofar as the production of the starting materials is not particularly described, the compounds are known or can be prepared analogously to methods known in the art or as disclosed in the Examples hereinafter. 
         [0085]    One of skill in the art will appreciate that the above transformations are only representative of methods for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, and that other well known methods can similarly be used. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0086]    The present invention is further exemplified, but not limited, by the following intermediates and examples that illustrate the preparation of compounds of Formula I according to the invention. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 2 
     2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine 
       [0087]    Step A: 3-Bromo-piperidin-4-one hydrobromide 1 (1.5 g, 5.79 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethyl-thiobenzamide (0.79 g, 3.96 mmol) are dissolved in DMF (2 mL) and heated to 100° C. for 8 h. After cooling to room temperature the mixture is diluted with EtOAc and extracted with water. The aqueous layer containing the protonated product is basified with aqueous saturated bicarbonate and extracted with DCM twice. The organic layers are combined and concentrated to afford 2 (0.45 g, 40%) as a reddish solid.  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=8.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (t, Y=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (m, 2H). MS calcd. for C 13 H 12 F 3 N 2 S (M+H + ) 285.1, found 285.1. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 2 
     (3-Bromo-phenyl)-acetic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0088]    Step A: 3-Bromophenyl acetic acid (1.17 g, 5.44 mmol) is dissolved in MeOH (15 mL) containing catalytic amounts of thionyl chloride (0.2 mL). The solution is stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent is evaporated, the remainder is dissolved in DCM and washed with water and saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 . The organic layer is dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the methyl ester 16 (1.20 g, 5.28 mmol, 96%) as an oil:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=7.44 (s, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J=2.0, 2.4, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 2H). MS calcd. for C 9 H 10 BrO 2  (M+H + ) 229.1, found 229.0. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 3 
     3-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-propionic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0089]    Following the procedure for Intermediate 2, except substituting 3-(3-bromo-phenyl)-propionic acid for 3-bromophenyl acetic acid, the title compound is prepared as a clear liquid: MS calcd. for C 10 H 11 BrO 2  (M+H + ) 243.0, found 243.1. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 4 
     3-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-propionic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0090]    Following the procedure for Intermediate 2, except substituting 3-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-propionic acid for 3-bromophenyl acetic acid, the title compound is prepared as a clear liquid: MS calcd. for C 10 H 11 BrO 2  (M+H + ) 243.0, found 243.1. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 5 
     (3-Bromo-phenoxy)-acetic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0091]    3-Bromo-phenol (1.72 g, 10 mmol) together with methyl-bromoacetate (1.01 mL, 11 mmol) are dissolved in MeCN (600 mL). K 2 CO 3  (2.07 g, 15 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred at 50° C. overnight. After insoluble salts are filtered and washed with MeCN, the solvent is removed and the remainder is taken up in EtOAc and washed subsequently with water and brine. The organic layer is dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford 5 (2.31 g, 95%) as a colourless semi-solid: MS calcd. for C 9 H 10 BrO 3  (M+H + ) 245.0, found 244.9. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 6 
     2-(3-Bromo-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0092]    Following the procedure of Intermediate 5, except substituting α,α-dimethyl-methyl-bromoacetate for methyl-bromoacetate and heating to reflux, the title compound is prepared as a clear liquid: MS, calcd. for C 11 H 14 BrO 3  (M+H + ) 273.0, found 273.0. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 8 
     (4-Bromo-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0093]    Step A: o-Cresol (10.8 g, 0.10 mol) is dissolved in DCM (100 mL). CaCO 3  (15 g, 0.15 mol) is added and the mixture is cooled to 0° C. Then bromine (5.14 mL, 0.10 mol) dissolved in DCM (100 mL) is added dropwise over a period of 30 min. Sodium sulfite is added to quench the bromine, the mixture is warned to room temperature and diluted with more DCM (200 mL). After the addition of MgSO 4  the mixture is filtered, the filtrate is concentrated to give 4-bromo-2-methyl-phenol 7 (17.5 g, 94%) as a white solid:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=7.24 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=2.3 Hz, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (s, OH), 2.22 (s, 3H). MS calcd. for C 11 H 14 BrO 3  (M+H + ) 187.0, found 186.9. 
         [0094]    Step B: 4-Bromo-2-methyl-phenol 7 (3.74 g, 20 mmol) together with methyl-bromoacetate (2.03 mL, 22 mmol) are dissolved in MeCN (200 mL). K 2 CO 3  (4.15 g, 30 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred at 50° C. overnight. After insoluble salts are filtered and washed with MeCN, the solvent is removed and the remainder is taken up in EtOAc and washed subsequently with water and brine. The organic layer is dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford 8 (4.66 g, 90%) as a colourless oil:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=86 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 2.26 (s, 3H). MS calcd. for C 10 H 12 BrO 3  (M+H + ) 259.0, found 258.9. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 9 
     2-(4-Bromo-2-methyl-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0095]    Following the procedure of Intermediate 8, except substituting α,α-dimethyl-methyl-bromoacetate for methyl-bromoacetate and heating to reflux in step B, the title compound is prepared as a clear liquid:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=7.27 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J=2.5 Hz, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.58 (s, 6H). MS calcd. for C 12 H 16 BrO 3  (M+H + ) 287.0, found 287.0. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 10 
     (3-Chlorosulfonyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-acetic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0096]    The title compound is prepared following the procedure described in the art. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 11 
     (3-Chlorosulfonyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-acetic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0097]    The title compound is prepared following the procedure described in the art. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 12 
     (3-Chlorosulfonyl-4-methyl-phenyl)-acetic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0098]    p-Tolyl-acetic acid methyl ester (1.0 g, 6.09 mmol) is dissolved in dichloromethane (4 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Chlorosulfonic acid (10 mL) is added under stirring over a period of 1 h. The mixture is warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h at this temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated Na 2 CO 3  and brine. The organic layer is dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to give crude product, which is purified by silic gel chromatography with EtOAc/hexane to give the title product (677 mg, 42%) as an oil:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.89 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H); MS calcd. for C 10 H 11 O 4 S (M-Cl + ) 227.04, found 227.00. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 23 
     (4-Chlorosulfonyl-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0099]    Step A: o-Cresol (10.0 g, 0.092 mmol) is dissolved in dry DMF (100 mL). Bromoacetic acid methyl ester (15.0 g, 0.098 mmol) and cesium carbonate (40.0 g, 0.123 mmol) are added. The reaction is kept stirring at room temperature for 3 h. Water is added and the reaction is extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with brine and dried with MgSO 4 . The solvent is evaporated to give crude product-22. MS calcd. for C 10 H 13 O 3  (M+H + ) 181.08, found 181.10. 
         [0100]    Step B: A round bottom flask is charged with o-tolyloxy-acetic acid methyl ester 22 (5.0 g, 27.8 mmol). Chlorosulfonic acid (13.05 g, 112.0 mmol) is added at room temperature over 5 min. The reaction mixture is poured onto ice, stirred for another 5 min. Then it is filtered, the residue dissolved in DCM and washed with water three times. The organic phase is washed with saturated NaHCO 3  and brine and dried by MgSO 4 . The solvent is evaporated. The crude product is purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 0-30%) to give 23 (4.8 g, 15.6 mmol, yield 78%) as a white solid:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=7.78 (m, 2H), 6.72 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H). MS calcd. for C 10 H 11 O 5 S (M-Cl + ) 243.0, found 243.0. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 24 
     2-(4-Chlorosulfonyl-2-methyl-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0101]    Following the procedure for Intermediate 23, except substituting 2-bromo-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester for bromoacetic acid methyl ester, the title compound is prepared as a white solid:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=7.82 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3-77 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.70 (s, 6H). MS calcd. for C 12 H 16 ClO 5 S (M+H + ) 307.03, found 307.00. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Intermediate 25 
     2-(4-Chlorosulfonyl-2,5-dimethyl-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic Acid Methyl Ester 
       [0102]    Following the procedure for Intermediate 23, except using 2-bromo-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester and 2,5-dimethylphenol, the title compound is prepared as a white solid:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=7.51 (s, 1H), 6.31 (s, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 6H). MS calcd. for C 13 H 18 CO 5 S (M+H + ) 320.0, found 320.0. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example A1 
     {3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}acetic Acid 
       [0103]    Step A: A flame-dried, sealed tube is charged with 2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine 1 (20 mg, 0.07 mmol), (3-bromo-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester 16 (24 mg, 0.11 mmol), (tBu) 3 PHBF 3  (2 mg, 0.01 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3  (46 mg, 0.14 mmol). 1,4-Dioxane (0.5 mL) is added and the tube is purged with argon. Then Pd 2 (dba) 3  (3 mg, 0.003 mmol) is added and the mixture is heated at 120° C. overnight. The mixture containing crude {3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-acetic acid methyl ester is used without further purification in Step B. 
         [0104]    Step B: To the reaction mixture of Step A is added THF (1.5 mL), a solution of 1 M LiOH in H 2 O (0.7 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred for 12 h at room temperature. The mixture is acidified with 1 M HCl (1 mL) and extracted with DCM twice. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, concentrated and purified on reverse phase HPLC (H 2 O/MeCN gradient) to afford the title compound (13 mg, 44% over 2 steps) as a colourless glass:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=8.00 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.97 (m, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H). MS calculated for C 21 H 18 F 3 N 2 O 2 S (M+H + ) 419.1, found 419.0. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example B1 
     {4-Methyl-3-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenyl}-acetic Acid 
       [0105]    Step A: The 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine 1 (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) is dissolved in DCM (0.5 mL). Triethylamine (14 uL, 0.10 mmol) and (3-chlorosulfonyl-4-methyl-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester 12 (16 mg, 0.06 mmol) are added successively and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 8 h. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford crude {4-methyl-3-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenyl}-acetic acid methyl ester which is used without further purification in Step B. 
         [0106]    Step B: The crude {4-methyl-3-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-sulfonyl]-phenyl}-acetic acid methyl ester is dissolved in THF (1 mL), a solution of 1 M LiOH in H 2 O (0.6 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred for 12 h at room temperature. The mixture is acidified with 1 M HCl (0.8 mL) and extracted with DCM twice. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, concentrated and purified on reverse phase HPLC (H 2 O/MeCN gradient) to afford the title compound (17 mg, 68% over 2 steps) as a colourless solid:  1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ=7.97 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 3.65 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H). MS calculated for C 22 H 20 F 3 N 2 O 5 S 2  (M+H + ) 497.1, found 497.1. 
         [0107]    By repeating the procedures described in the above examples, using appropriate starting materials, the following compounds of Formula I, as identified in Table 1, are obtained. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Compound 
                 Compound 
                 Physical Data 
               
               
                 Number 
                 Structure 
                   1 H-NMR and/or MS (m/z) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 A2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ =8.00 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.69 (d, J =8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.26 (t, J = 7.6 Hz,1 H), 6.97 (m, 2 H), 6.87 (d, J = 7.6Hz, 1 H), 4.59 (s, 2 H), 3.76 (t, J =5.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.09 (t, J = 5.7 Hz,2 H), 2.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.68(t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H). MS calculatedfor C 22 H 20 F 3 O 2 S (M + H + ) 433.1,found 433.1. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ =8.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.68 (d, J =8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.5 Hz,2 H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 4.51(s, 2 H), 3.70 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2 H),3.05 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.90 (t, J =7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.65 (t, J = 7.6 Hz,2 H). MS calculated forC 22 H 20 F 3 N 2 O 2 S (M + H + ) 433.1,found 433.1. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 MS calculated for C 24 H 24 F 3 N 2 O 3 S(M + H + ) 477.1, found 477.1. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ =7.97 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.90 (d, J =2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.2 Hz,2 H), 7.45 (dd, J = 2.2 Hz, J = 8.5Hz, 1 H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H),4.72 (s, 2 H), 3.78 (s, 3 H), 3.72 (t,J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.66 (s, 2 H), 2.84(t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2 H). MS calculatedfor C 22 H 20 F 3 N 2 O 5 S 2  (M + H + )513.0, found 513.0. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ =7.89 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.73 (m,2 H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.40(m, 2 H), 4.39 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1 H),3.64 (s, 2 H), 3.48 (t, J = 5.8 Hz,2 H), 2.93 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2 H). MScalculated for C 21 H 18 F 3 N 2 O 4 S 2 (M + H + ) 483.1, found 483.0. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ =7.90 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.62-7.57(m, 4 H), 6.73 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H),4.68 (s, 2 H), 4.38 (s, 2 H), 3.47 (t,J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.91 (m, 2 H),2.25 (s, 3 H). MS calculated forC 22 H 20 F 3 N 2 O 5 S 2  (M + H + ) 513.1,found 513.0. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B5 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ =7.94 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.67 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.63 (d, J = 2.1 Hz,1 H), 7.57 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz, J = 8.6Hz, 1 H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 H),4.46 (s, 2 H), 3.54 (t, J = 5.8 Hz,2 H), 2.94 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.26(s, 3 H), 1.68 (s, 6 H). MScalculated for C 24 H 24 F 3 N 2 O 5 S 2 (M + H + ) 541.1, found 541.1. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B6 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ =7.96 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.80 (s,1 H), 7.68 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 6.58(s, 1 H), 4.54 (s, 2 H), 3.62 (t, J =5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.94 (t, J = 5.8 Hz,2 H), 2.48 (s, 3 H), 2.24 (s, 3 H),1.68 (s, 6 H). MS calculated forC 25 H 26 F 3 N 2 O 5 S 2  (M + H + ) 555.1,found 555.2. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Transcriptional Assay 
       [0108]    Transfection assays are used to assess the ability of compounds of the invention to modulate the transcriptional activity of the PPARs. Briefly, expression vectors for chimeric proteins containing the DNA binding domain of yeast GAL4 fused to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of either PPARδ, PPARα or PPARγ are introduced via transient transfection into mammalian cells, together with a reporter plasmid where the luciferase gene is under the control of a GAL4 binding site. Upon exposure to a PPAR modulator, PPAR transcriptional activity varies, and this can be monitored by changes in luciferase levels. If transfected cells are exposed to a PPAR agonist, PPAR-dependent transcriptional activity increases and luciferase levels rise. 
         [0109]    293T human embryonic kidney cells (8×10 6 ) are seeded in a 175 cm 2  flask a day prior to the start of the experiment in 10% FBS, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin/Fungizome, DMEM Media. The cells are harvested by washing with PBS (30 ml) and then dissociating using trypsin (0.05%; 3 ml). The trypsin is inactivated by the addition of assay media (DMEM, CA-dextran fetal bovine serum (5%). The cells are spun down and resuspended to 170,000 cells/ml. A Transfection mixture of GAL4-PPAR LBD expression plasmid (1 μg), UAS-luciferase reporter plasmid (1 μg), Fugene (3:1 ratio; 6 μL) and serum-free media. (200 μL) was prepared and incubated for 15-40 minutes at room temperature. Transfection mixtures are added to the cells to give 0.16M cells/mL, and cells (50 μl/well) are then plated into 384 white, solid-bottom, TC-treated plates. The cells are further incubated at 37° C., 5.0% CO 2  for 5-7 hours. A 12-point series of dilutions (3 fold serial dilutions) are prepared for each test compound in DMSO with a starting compound concentration of 10 μM. Test compound (500 nl) is added to each well of cells in the assay plate and the cells are incubated at 37° C., 5.0% CO 2  for 18-24 hours. The cell lysis/luciferase assay buffer, Bright-Glo™ (25%; 25 μl; Promega), is added to each well. After a further incubation for 5 minutes at room temperature, the luciferase activity is measured. 
         [0110]    Raw luminescence values are normalized by dividing them by the value of the DMSO control present on each plate. Normalized data is analyzed and dose-response curves are fitted using Prizm graph fitting program. EC50 is defined as the concentration at which the compound elicits a response that is half way between the maximum and minimum values Relative efficacy (or percent efficacy) is calculated by comparison of the response elicited by the compound with the maximum value obtained for a reference PPAR modulator. 
         [0111]    Compounds of Formula I, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, exhibit valuable pharmacological properties, for example, as indicated by the in vitro tests described in this application. Compounds of the invention preferably have an EC50 for PPARδ and/or PPARα and/or PPARγ, of less than 5 μM, more preferably less than 1 μM, more preferably less than 500 nm, more preferably less than 100 nM. Compounds of the invention preferably have an EC50 for PPARδ that is less than or equal to PPARα which in turn has an EC50 that is at least 10-fold less than PPARγ. 
         [0112]    It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.