Abstract:
A compressed antenna in a volume suitable for use in the front ends of small communications devices. The compressed antenna operates for exchanging energy in one or more bands of radiation frequencies. The antenna includes one or more radiation elements formed of segments electrically connected so as to exchange energy in one or more of the bands of the radiation frequencies. The radiation element has segments three-dimensionally arrayed and compressed in a volume.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of communication devices that communicate using radiation of electromagnetic energy and particularly relates to antennas and radio frequency (RF) front ends for such communication devices, particularly antennas for small communication devices carried by persons or communication devices otherwise benefitting from small-sized antennas and small-sized front ends.  
           [0002]    Small communication devices include front-end components connected to base-band components (base components). The front-end components operate at RF frequencies and the base components operate at intermediate frequencies (IF) or other frequencies lower than RF frequencies. The RF front-end components for small devices have proved to be difficult to design, difficult to miniaturize and have added significant costs to small communication devices. The size of the antenna and its connection to the other RF components is critical in the quest for reducing the size of communication devices.  
           [0003]    Communication devices that both transmit and receive with different transmit and receive bands typically use filters (duplexers, diplexers) to isolate the transmit and receive bands. Such communication devices typically employ broadband antennas that operate over frequency bands that are wider than the operating bands of interest and therefore the filters used to separate the receive (Rx) band and the transmit (Tx) band of a communication device operate to constrain the bandwidth within the desired operating receive (Rx) and the transmit (Tx) frequency bands. A communication device using transmit and receive bands for two-way communication is often referred to as a “single-band” communication device since the transmit and receive bands are usually close to each other within the frequency spectrum and are paired or otherwise related to each other for a common transmit/receive protocol. Dual-band communication devices use two pairs of transmit and receive bands, each pair for two-way communication. In multi-band communication devices, multiple pairs of transmit and receive bands are employed, each pair for two-way communication. In dual-band and other multi-band communication devices, additional filters are needed to separate the multiple bands and in addition, filters are also required to separate transmit and receive signals within each of the multiple bands. In standard designs, a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is included between the antenna and a mixer. The mixer converts between RF frequencies of the front-end components and lower frequencies of the base components.  
           [0004]    The common frequency bands presently employed are US Cell, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM1900(PCS) where the frequency ranges are as follows:  
                                                       Frequency Ranges                           US Cell    824-894 MHz           GSM 900    890-960 MHz           GSM 1800   1710-1880 MHz           GSM 1900 (PCS)   1850-1990 MHz                      
 
           [0005]    Communication Antennas Generally. In communication devices and other electronic devices, antennas are elements having the primary function of transferring energy to (in the receive mode) or from (in the transmit mode) the electronic device through radiation. Energy is transferred from the electronic device (in the transmit mode) into space or is transferred (in the receive mode) from space into the electronic device. A transmitting antenna is a structure that forms a transition between guided waves contained within the electronic device and space waves traveling in space external to the electronic device. The receiving antenna forms a transition between space waves traveling external to the electronic device and guided waves contained within the electronic device. Often the same antenna operates both to receive and transmit radiation energy.  
           [0006]    Frequencies at which antennas radiate are resonant frequencies for the antenna. A resonant frequency, f, of an antenna can have many different values as a function, for example, of dielectric constant of material surrounding an antenna, the type of antenna, the geometry of the antenna and the speed of light.  
           [0007]    In general, wave-length, λ, is given by λ=c/f=cT where c=velocity of light (=3×10 8  meters/sec), f=frequency (cycles/sec), T=1/f=period (sec). Typically, the antenna dimensions such as antenna length, A l , relate to the radiation wavelength A of the antenna. The electrical impedance properties of an antenna are allocated between a radiation resistance, R r , and an ohmic resistance, R o . The higher the ratio of the radiation resistance, R r , to the ohmic resistance, R o  the greater the radiation efficiency of the antenna.  
           [0008]    Antennas are frequently analyzed with respect to the near field and the far field where the far field is at locations of space points P where the amplitude relationships of the fields approach a fixed relationship and the relative angular distribution of the field becomes independent of the distance from the antenna.  
           [0009]    Antenna Types. A number of different antenna types are well known and include, for example, loop antennas, small loop antennas, dipole antennas, stub antennas, conical antennas, helical antennas and spiral antennas. Such antenna types have often been based on simple geometric shapes. For example, antenna designs have been based on lines, planes, circles, triangles, squares, ellipses, rectangles, hemispheres and paraboloids. The two most basic types of electromagnetic field radiators are the magnetic dipole and the electric dipole. Small antennas, including loop antennas, often have the property that radiation resistance, R r , of the antenna decreases sharply when the antenna length is shortened.  
           [0010]    An antenna radiates when the impedance of the antenna approaches being purely resistive (the reactive component approaches 0). Impedance is a complex number consisting of real resistance and imaginary reactance components. A matching network can be used to force resonance by eliminating reactive components of impedance for particular frequencies.  
           [0011]    The RF front end of a communication device that operates to both transmit and receive signals includes antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer components that have a receiver path and a transmitter path. The receiver path operates to receive the radiation through the antenna. The antenna is matched at its output port to a standard impedance such as 50 ohms. The antenna captures the radiation signal from the air and transfers it as an electronic signal to a transmission line at the antennas output port. The electronic signal from the antenna enters the filter which has an input port that has also been matched to the standard impedance. The function of the filter is to remove unwanted interference and separate the receive signal from the transmit signal. The filter typically has an output port matched to the standard impedance. After the filter, the receive signal travels to a low noise amplifier (LNA) which similarly has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance, 50 ohms in the assumed example. The LNA boosts the signal to a level large enough so that other energy leaking into the transmission line will not significantly distort the receive signal. After the LNA, the receive signal is filtered with a high performance filter which has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. After the high performance filter, the receive signal is converted to a lower frequency (intermediate frequency, IF) by a mixer which typically has an input port matched to the standard impedance.  
           [0012]    The transmit path is much the same as the receive path. The lower frequency transmission signal from the base components is converted to an RF signal in the mixer and leaves the mixer which has a standard impedance output (for example, 50 ohms in the present example). The transmission signal from the mixer is “cleaned up” by a high performance filter which similarly has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. The transmission signal is then buffered in a buffer amplifier and amplified in a power amplifier where the amplifiers are connected together with standard impedance lines, 50 ohms in the present example. The transmission signal is then connected to a filter, with input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. The filter functions to remove the remnant noise introduced by the receive signal. The filter output is matched to the standard impedance and connects to the antenna which has an input impedance matched to the standard impedance.  
           [0013]    As described above, the antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer components that form the RF front end of a small communication device each have ports that are connected together from component port to component port to form a transmission path and a receive path. Each port of a component is sometimes called a junction. For a standard design, the junction properties of each component in the transmission path and in the receive path are matched to standard parameters at each junction, and specifically are matched to a standard junction impedance such as 50 ohms. In addition to impedance values, each junction is also definable by additional parameters including scattering matrix values and transmittance matrix values. The junction impedance values, scattering matrix values and transmittance matrix values are mathematically related so that measurement or other determination of one value allows the calculation of the others.  
           [0014]    Typical front-end designs place constraints upon the physical junctions of each component and treat each component as a discrete entity which is designed in many respects independently of the designs of other components provided that the standard matching junction parameter values are maintained. While the discrete nature of components with standard junction parameters tends to simplify the design process, the design of each junction to satisfy standard parameter values (for example, 50 ohms junction impedance) places unwanted limitations upon the overall front-end design.  
           [0015]    While many parameters may be tuned and optimized in RF front ends, the antenna is a critical part of the design. In order to miniaturize the RF front end, miniaturization of the antenna is important to achieve small size. In the prior applications entitled ARRAYED-SEGMENT LOOP ANTENNA (SC/Ser. No. 09/738,906) and LOOP ANTENNA WITH RADIATION AND REFERENCE LOOPS (SC/Ser. No. 09/815,928) assigned to the same assignee as the present application, compressed antennas were shown to render good performance with small sizes. Those antennas were compressed primarily on a two-dimensional basis by having multiple segments connected in snowflake, irregular and other compressed two-dimensional patterns. Some of those compressed antennas have relatively large “footprints,” that is, the size of the antennas on substrates, circuit boards or other planes is larger than is desired for high compression.  
           [0016]    In consideration of the above background, there is a need for improved antennas having smaller “footprints” for miniaturizing the RF front ends of communication devices.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0017]    The present invention is a compressed antenna in a volume. The compressed antenna is suitable for use in the front ends of small communications devices. The compressed antenna operates for exchanging energy in one or more bands of radiation frequencies. The antenna includes one or more radiation elements formed of conducting segments electrically connected so as to exchange energy in one or more of the bands of the radiation frequencies. One or more of the radiation elements has segments three-dimensionally arrayed and compressed in a volume.  
           [0018]    In one embodiment, the compressed antenna has the radiation elements deployed on a flexible substrate and the elements and the substrate are folded to fit within a volume.  
           [0019]    In one embodiment, the antenna has radiation elements three-dimensionally arrayed in a volume and arrayed to form a three-dimensional loop.  
           [0020]    In one embodiment, the antenna has radiation elements three-dimensionally arrayed in a volume and arrayed to form a stub.  
           [0021]    In one embodiment, the radiation element includes one or more connection pads for electrical connection to RF components of the communication device where the connection pads are suitable for surface mounting to a circuit board.  
           [0022]    The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1 depicts a schematic top view of one embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna lying in a base plane deployed on a flexible substrate.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2 depicts a schematic top view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 1 folded on lines into a volume.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 3 depicts a schematic front view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 1 folded into a volume as shown in FIG. 2.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 depicts a volume for containing the compressed antenna of FIG. 3.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 5 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of the unfolded compressed antenna deployed on a flexible substrate.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 6 depicts a schematic top view of an embodiment of an antenna having two radiating elements deployed on a flexible substrate for the US Cell Rx band.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 7 depicts an end view of the antennas of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 folded and mounted on the end of a circuit board.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 8 depicts an isometric view of the antennas of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 folded and mounted on the end of a circuit board.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 9 depicts a front view of the antenna of FIG. 5 folded and mounted on the end of a circuit board.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 10 depicts a sectional view of the antenna of FIG. 9 taken along the section line  10 - 10 ′.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 11 depicts a schematic top view of an embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna lying in a base plane and deployed on a flexible substrate for the PCS Rx band.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 12 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna of FIG. 11 rolled for compression into a volume.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 13 depicts a schematic top view of an embodiment of an antenna lying in a base plane and deployed on a flexible substrate for the PCS Tx band.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 14 depicts a top view of a flip-top phone communication device using antennas in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 15 depicts an end view of the communication device of FIG. 14 cut away to reveal the antennas.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 16 depicts a top view of the communication device of FIG. 14 cut away to reveal the antennas.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 17 depicts a top view of another communication device cut away to reveal the antennas inside.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 18 depicts an end sectional view of the communication device of FIG. 17 that reveals an antenna.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 19 depicts the frequency response of the antenna of FIG. 6 for the US Cell transmit T x  band.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 20 depicts the frequency response of the antenna of FIG. 5 for the US Cell receive R x  band.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 21 depicts the isolation versus frequency of the antennas of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 22 depicts the VSWR of the antenna of FIG. 13 for the PCS receive R x  band.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 23 depicts the VSWR of the antenna of FIG.,  1  for the PCS receive R x  band.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 24 depicts the isolation versus frequency of the antennas of FIG. 11 and FIG. 13.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 25 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including a antenna/filter and other RF functions and lower frequency base components.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 26 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including separate transmit and receive antennas and other RF function components and including lower frequency base components.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 27 depicts a schematic view of a dual-band small communication device with RF front-end functions, including integrated antenna/filter functions in separate filtennas for the transmit and receive paths in both bands, and including lower frequency base components.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 28 depicts a top view of unstacked layers, lying in a base plane, of another embodiment of an antenna.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 29 depicts a top view, a front view and a bottom view of the layers of FIG. 28 stacked together to form a compressed cube antenna in a volume.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 30 depicts a representation of a front view of a cellular phone representative of a small communication device employing the compressed antenna of FIG. 29.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 31 depicts a representation of an end view of the cellular phone of FIG. 30 taken along a section line  30 ′- 30 ″ in FIG. 30. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0054]    [0054]FIG. 1 depicts a schematic top view of one embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10  formed of a radiation element  12  lying in a base plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on a flexible substrate  18 . The antenna  10  is formed of regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  where region  10   1  connects to region  10   2 , region  10   2  connects to region  10   3  and region  10   3  connects to region  10   4 . The radiation element  12  is formed of sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4 , each formed of conducting segments, deployed in regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4 , respectively. The section  12 , connects to section  12   2 , section  12   2  connects to section  12   3  and section  12   3  connects to section  12   4 . The section  12   4  terminates in termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2  that are fabricated on substrate  18 . The radiation element  12  and sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  form a loop between termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2 . The sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  are deployed on the substrate  18  in the regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4 , respectively. The overall outside dimensions, D W1  and D L1 , of the antenna  10  are approximately 10 mm and 26 mm, respectively. The radiation element  12  and substrate  18  are intended to be folded into a volume along the folding lines  13   1 ,  13   2  and  13   3 .  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 2 depicts a schematic top view of the antenna  10 , including The radiation element  12  on substrate  18  as shown in FIG. 1, folded into a volume. The view in FIG. 2 is cutaway to show the sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  superimposed and terminating in the connection pads  11 - 1  and  11 - 2  at the bottom of the volume. In FIG. 2, the outside dimensions, D W2  and D L2 , of the antenna  10  are approximately 10 mm and 10 mm, respectively. Accordingly, the projection of the antenna onto a reference base plane (the plane of the drawing) at the bottom of the volume has been reduced from 10 mm×26 mm in FIG. 1 to 10 mm×10 mm in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, the segments of section  12   3  are superimposed over the segments of section  12   1 . The segments of section  12   2  are superimposed over the segments of section  12   3  and section  12   4 . The segments of section  12   1  are superimposed over the segments of section  12   2 , section  12   3  and section  12   4 . By way of example and as shown in FIG. 1, section  12   1  includes conducting segments  12   1-1 ,  12   1-2 ,  12   1-3 , . . . ,  12   1-10 . Similarly, section  12   3  includes conducting segments  12   3-1  and  12   3-2  among others. Also, section  12   4  includes segments  12   4-1 ,  12   4-2 ,  12   4-3  and  12   4-4 . When antenna  10  is folded as in FIG. 2, the segments  12   1-1 ,  12   1-2 ,  12   1-3 , . . . ,  12   1-10  are superimposed over the segment  12   3-1  and  12   3-2  and over the segments  12   4-1 ,  12   4-2 ,  12   4-3  and  12   4-4  among others. Also, the projections onto the base plane of the segments  12   1-1 ,  12   1-2 ,  12   1-3 , . . . ,  12   1-10  and of the segments  12   3-1 , and  12   3-2  overlap. In FIG. 2, the base plane is the region  10   4  supporting the section  12   4  and including segments  12   4-1 ,  12   4-2 ,  12   4-3  and  12   4-4 .  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 3 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna  10  of FIG. 1 compressed as shown in FIG. 2. The view of FIG. 3 shows the regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  folded along the folding lines  13   1 ,  13   2  and  13   3  of FIG. 1. The height of the antenna  10  above the base plane is D H3  so that the volume of antenna  10  is D W2 ×D L3 ×D H3  where D W2  equals D W1  and D L3  equals D L2 .  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 4 depicts a volume  21  for containing the compressed antenna  10  of FIG. 3. The volume  21  measures D H3 ×D L2 ×D WZ . In one embodiment, D W2  equals D L2  equals about 1 cm and D H3  is less than  {fraction (1/2)} cm. The volume 21 has a base plane 22 on the bottom which measures D   L2 ×D WZ .  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 5 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10   5  formed of radiation elements  12   5  and  12 ′ 5  lying in a base plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on a flexible substrate  18   5 . The antenna  10   5  is formed of regions  10   5-1 ,  10   5-2 ,  10   5-3    10   5-4 ,  10   5-5  and  10   5-6  partitioned by the H1, H2 and H3 horizontal reference lines and the V1 and V2 vertical reference lines. Regions  10   5-1 ,  10   5-2 ,  10   5-3  and  10   5-5  connect to region  10   5-6  and region  10   5-4  connects to region  10   5-5 . The radiation element  12   5  is formed of several sections including sections  12   5-1 ,  12   5-2 ,  12   5-3 ,  12   5-4 ,  12   5-5  and  12   5-6 , for example, each formed of conducting segments, deployed in regions  10   5-1 ,  10   5-2 ,  10   5-3 ,  10   5-4 ,  10   5-5  and  10   5-6 . The section  125 - 6  connects to termination end  11   1  which is floating and has no external electrical connection. The section  12   5-2  connects to termination end  11   2  and connection pad  12   5-1 . The connection pad  12   5-1  is provided for easy connection to a circuit board of a communication device.  
         [0059]    In FIG. 5, the unfolded antenna  10   5  also includes a radiation element  12 ′ 5  lying in the base plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on the flexible substrate  18   5 . The antenna radiation element  12 ′ 5  is formed of several sections including sections  12 ′ 5-1  and  12 ′ 5-2  each formed of conducting segments deployed in regions  10   5-3  and  10   5-5 , respectively. The section  12 ′ 5-1  connects to termination end  11   2  and connection pad  12   5-1  and hence the radiation element  12 ′ 5  is connected in common to the radiation element  12   5  at connection pad  12   5-1 . The connection pad  12   5-1  provides for easy connection of both radiation element  12   5  and radiation element  12 ′ 5  to a circuit board of a communication device. The end of section  12 ′ 5-2  is floating and has no external electrical connection.  
         [0060]    The radiation elements  12   5  and  12 ′ 5  and the substrate  18   5  are intended to be folded along the H1, H2 and H3 horizontal reference lines and the V1 vertical reference line. When folded, the antenna  10   5  is compressed and contained within a volume. The antenna  10   5  when compressed by folding was found to work well in the US Cell receive band.  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 6 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10   6  formed of radiation elements  12   6  and  12 ′ 6  lying in a base plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on a flexible substrate  18   6 . The antenna  10   6  is formed of regions  10   6-1 ,  10   6-2 ,  10   6-3 ,  10   6-4 ,  10   6-5  and  10   6-6  partitioned by the H1, H2 and H3 horizontal reference lines and the V1 and V2 vertical reference lines. Regions  10   6-1 ,  10   6-2 ,  10   6-3  and  10   6-5  connect to region  10   6-6  and region  10   6-4  connects to region  10   6-5 . The radiation element  12   6  is a radiation element formed of several sections including sections  12   6-1 ,  12   6-2 ,  12   6-3 ,  12   6-4 ,  12   6-5  and  12   6-6 , for example, each formed of conducting segments, deployed in regions  10   6-1 ,  10   5-2 ,  10   6-3 ,  10   5-4 ,  10   6-5  and  10   6-6 . The section  12   6-6  connects to termination end  11   1  which is floating and has no external electrical connection. The section  12   6-2  connects to termination end  11   2  and connection pad  12   6-1 . The connection pad  12   6-1  is provided for easy connection to a circuit board of a communication device.  
         [0062]    In FIG. 6, the unfolded antenna  10   6  also includes a radiation element  12 ′ 6  lying in the base (the plane of the drawing) deployed on the flexible substrate  18   6 . The antenna radiation element  12 ′ 6  is formed of several sections including sections  12 ′ 6-1 ,  12 ′ 6-2  and  12 ′ 6-3  each formed of conducting segments deployed in regions  10   6-3 ,  10   6-4  and  10   6-5 . The section  12 ′ 6-1  connects to termination end  11   2  and connection pad  12   6-1  and hence the radiation element  12 ′ 5  is connected in common to the radiation element  12   6  at connection pad  12   6-1 . The connection pad  12   6-1  provides for easy connection of both radiation element  12   6  and radiation element  12 ′ 6  to a circuit board of a communication device. The end of section  12 ′ 6-3  is floating and has no external electrical connection.  
         [0063]    The radiation elements  12   6  and  12 ′ 6  and the substrate  186  are intended to be folded along the H1, H2 and H3 horizontal reference lines and the V1 vertical reference line. When folded, the antenna  10   6  is compressed and contained within a volume. The antenna  10   6  when compressed by folding was found to work well in the US Cell transmit band.  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 7 depicts an end view of the antennas  10   5  and  10   6  of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 folded and mounted on the end of a circuit board  19 .  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 8 depicts an isometric view of the antennas  10   5  and  10   6  of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 folded and mounted on the end of a circuit board  19 . The regions  10   5-3  is not folded and lies in the same plane as region  10   5-6 . The region  10   5-5  is folded normal to the plane of regions  10   5-3  and  10   5-6 .  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 9 depicts a front view of the antenna  10   5  of FIG. 5 folded and mounted on the end of a circuit board  19  with region  10   5-1  exposed.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 10 depicts a sectional view of the antenna  10   5  of FIG. 9 taken along the section line  10 - 10 ′ with a solder connection at connection pad  10   5-1 .  
         [0068]    [0068]FIG. 11 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10   12  having an irregular radiation element  30 , formed of conducting segments, lying in a base plane and deployed on a flexible substrate  31 . The substrate  31  is in two parts, one part  31   1  under the transmission line  32  and the other part  31   2  under the radiation element  30 . The substrate  31  supports a transmission line  32 , including parallel strips  32   1  and  32   2 , connecting in series with the radiation element  30  with transmission line  32  so that radiation element  30  forms a loop antenna connected to a transmission line. The antenna  10   12  has overall outside dimensions, D W12  and D L12 , where the transmission line length is D L-TC  and the uncompressed antenna radiation element  30  length is D L-C . The radiation element  30  and substrate  31   2  are intended to be rolled into a volume. The substrate  31  includes an extension  31   T  for insertion into a slot  31   S  when rolled up. The antenna  10   12  is designed for the US PCS receive band. Typically, the transmission  32  line is deployed directly on a printed circuit board of a communication device.  
         [0069]    [0069]FIG. 12 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna  10   12  of FIG. 11 rolled-up (“folded”) into the compressed state. The antenna  10   12  in FIG. 12 has outside dimensions, D H13  and D L13 , where the compressed antenna radiation element  30  length is D L13-C . The substrate  31  includes the extension  31   T  inserted into the slot  31   S . The length of the radiation element  30 , D L13-C , in FIG. 12 is about one-third the uncompressed length D L-C  in FIG. 11 and hence compressing the antenna  10   12  by rolling into a volume reduces the projection the projection of the antenna  10   12  onto the base plane of the communication device.  
         [0070]    [0070]FIG. 13 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of a compressed antenna  10   14  having an irregular radiation element  30   14 , formed of conducting segments, lying in a plane and deployed on a substrate  36 . The substrate  36  supports a transmission line  37 , including parallel strips  37   1  and  37   2 , connecting in series with the radiation element  30   14  so that radiation element  30   14  and transmission line  37  form a loop antenna connected to a transmission line. The antenna  10   14  is designed for the US PCS transmit band. In one embodiment, radiation element  30   14  is rolled up in the same manner described in connection with FIG. 12.  
         [0071]    In FIG. 11 and FIG. 13, the radiating elements  30  and  30   14  are formed of segments arrayed in multiple divergent directions not parallel to an orthogonal coordinate system so as to provide a long antenna electrical length while permitting the overall outside dimensions of the antenna to fit within a small antenna volume. The segments of antenna  30  include segments  30 - 1 ,  30 - 2 , . . . ,  30 - 70 . The segments of antenna  3014  include segments  30   14 - 1 ,  30   14 - 2 , . . . , and so on. In FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, the radiation element  30  has an irregular shape and the segments  30 - 1 ,  30 - 2 , . . . ,  30 - 70  are arrayed in FIG. 12 in an irregular three-dimensional compressed pattern.  
         [0072]    In FIG. 11, FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, the transmission lines  32  and  37  are part of the radiation elements and hence the lengths of the transmission lines  32  and  37  affect the frequency properties of the antennas. This attribute allows the antennas to be tuned by adjusting the length of the transmission lines  32  and  37 . Typically, the transmission lines are adjusted to one third or more the length shown for tuning.  
         [0073]    In FIG. 14, a top view is shown of communication device  51 . The communication device  51  is a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people with antennas of the present invention. The communication device  51  includes a flip portion  512  shown in the open position and includes a base portion  511 . The communication device  51  includes antenna regions allocated for antennas like those shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 13 (when rolled up to reduce the size as shown in FIG. 12), for example. Antennas are provided which receive and transmit. In one embodiment, the receive antenna is located in the base portion  511  and the transmit antenna is located in the flip portion  512 . In FIG. 14, the antenna volumes are small so as to fit within the base and flip portions of the communication device  51 .  
         [0074]    In FIG. 15, the communication device  51  of FIG. 14 is shown in a partially-sectioned end view to reveal the compressed form of the internal antennas  10   12  and  10   14 . The communication device  51  includes a flip portion  51   2  shown solid in the open position and shown as  51 ′ 2  in broken-line representing a near-closed position. The antennas  10   12  and  10   14  are electrically connected by cables or other conductors  60  and  61 , respectively, to the transceiver unit (TU)  62  which processes the transmit and receive signals for antennas  10   12  and  10   14 .  
         [0075]    In FIG. 16, the communication device  51  of FIG. 14 is shown in a partially-removed top view to reveal the antennas  10   12  and  10   14 .  
         [0076]    In FIG. 17, communication device  1  is a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people with antennas of the present invention. The communication device  1  includes antenna areas allocated for antennas  73   R  and  73   T  which receive and transmit, respectively, radio wave radiation for the communication device  1 . In FIG. 17, the antenna areas have widths D W18  and heights D H18 . The connection pads  11 ′ 1  and  11 ′ 2  are large enough to assist in registration using “pick and place” component mounting technology. A section line  6 ′- 6 ″ extends from top to bottom of the communication device. The communication device  1  is typically a mobile telephone of small volume, for example, of approximately 4 inches by 2 inches by 1 inch, or smaller, and the antennas, such as described in the present invention, readily fit within such small volume.  
         [0077]    In FIG. 17, the antenna  73   R  is typically a compressed antenna that lies in an XYZ-volume. Such antennas operate in allocated frequency spectrums around the world including those of North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The cellular frequencies are used when the communication device  1  is a mobile phone, PDA, portable computer, telemetering equipment or other wireless device. The antennas operate to transmit and/or receive in allocated frequency bands, for example, bands within the range from 800 MHz to 2500 MHz. In FIG. 17, antenna  73   R  includes connections  63  and  64  connecting from connection pads  11 ′ 1  and  11 ′ 2  to the transceiver unit  62  when loop antennas are employed. When only a single connection is employed for stub antenna operation, one of the connections  63  or  64  is eliminated.  
         [0078]    In FIG. 18, the communication device  1  of FIG. 17 is shown in a schematic, cross-sectional, end view taken along the section line  18 ′- 18 ″ of FIG. 17. In FIG. 18, a circuit board  76  includes, by way of example, an outer conducting layer  76 - 1   1 , internal conducting layers  76 - 1   2  and  76 - 1   3 , internal insulating layers  76 - 2   1 ,  76 - 2   2  and  76 - 2   3 , and another outer conducting layer  76 - 1   4 . In one example, the layer  76 - 1   1  is a ground plane and the layer  76 - 1   2  is a power supply plane. The printed circuit board  76  supports the electronic components associated with the communication device  1  including a display  77  and miscellaneous components  78 - 1 ,  78 - 2 ,  78 - 3  and  78 - 4  which are shown as typical. Communication device  1  also includes a battery  79 . The antennas  73   5R  and  73   5T  are mounted or otherwise coupled to the printed circuit board  76  by solder or other convenient connection means.  
         [0079]    [0079]FIG. 21 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the average field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 3 for the US PCS Rx band. The average is taken for the frequencies 1850 MHz, 1910 MHz and 1990 MHz, none of which have a large variance from the average.  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 22 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the average field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 13 for the US PCS Tx band. The average is taken for the frequencies 1850 MHz, 1910 MHz and 1990 MHz, none of which have a large variance from the average.  
         [0081]    [0081]FIG. 25 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device  1   1  with RF front-end components  3   1  and base components  2   1 . The RF components  3   1  perform the RF front-end functions that include an antenna function  3 - 1 , a filter function  3 - 2 , an amplifier function  3 - 3 , a filter function  3 - 4  and a mixer function  3 - 5 . The antenna function  3 - 1  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2  is for limiting signals within operating frequency bands, the amplifier function  3 - 3  is for boosting signal power, the filter function  3 - 4  is for limiting signals within operating frequency bands, and the mixer function  3 - 5  is for shifting frequencies between RF and lower frequencies. The base components  2 , perform lower frequency functions including intermediate-band and base-band processing necessary or useful for the communication device operation.  
         [0082]    In FIG. 25, the RF front-end functions are connected by junctions where the junction P 1  is between antenna function  3 - 1  and filter function  3 - 2 , where the junction P 2  is between filter function  3 - 2  and the amplifier function  3 - 3 , where the junction P 3  is between amplifier function  3 - 3  and filter junction  3 - 4  and where the junction P 4  is between filter function  3 - 4  and mixer function  3 - 5 . In the embodiment of FIG. 25, junctions P 2 , P 3  and P 4  correspond to physical ports of physical filter, amplifier, filter and mixer components. The antenna function  3 - 1  and the filter function  3 - 2  are integrated so that the P 1  junction parameters are integrated and hence not separately considered. The junction parameter P 2  is tuned for the combined antenna function  3 - 1  and the filter function  3 - 2  in an integrated filter and antenna component  3 - 1 / 2 . The integrated filter and antenna functions in integrated component (filtenna)  3 - 1 / 2  are characterized by the junction properties at junction P 2  while ignoring and not tuning the parameters at P 1 . In particular, the junction impedance or other parameters at P 1  are not tuned to standard values, such as a 50 ohm matching impedance. The parameters at P 1  are “ignored” and assume values dependent on the tuned values for parameters at P 2 . In this manner, the antenna and filter (filtenna) functions of integrated component  3 - 1 / 2  avoid the losses and other detriments attendant to matching the P 1  junction to standard values. For example, the filter function includes one or more additional filter poles in the filtenna integrated component, due to the contribution of the antenna, that cannot exist when the internal junction (P 1  in FIG. 25) is matched to a standard value. In this manner, the antenna function provides a resonator function that combines with a resonator functions of the filter.  
         [0083]    [0083]FIG. 26 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions that benefit from antennas described in the present specification. The small communication device includes separate transmit and receive antennas, filters and other RF function components and lower frequency base components incorporating the antennas described in various embodiments. In FIG. 26, the small communication device  1   4  includes RF front-end components  3   4  and base components  2   4 . The RF components perform the RF front-end functions and have both a receive path  3   2R  and a transmit path  3   2T  The receive path  3   2R  includes an antenna function  3 - 1   R , which typically employs the antenna of FIG. 14, a filter function  3 - 2   R , an amplifier function  3 - 3   R , a filter function  3 - 4   R  and a mixer function  3 - 5   R . The antenna function  3 - 1   R  is for converting between received radiation and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   R  is for limiting signals within an operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   R  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   R  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   R  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0084]    The transmit path  3   2R  includes a mixer function  3 - 5   T , a filter function  3 - 4   T , an amplifier function  3 - 3   T , a filter function  3 - 2   T , and an antenna function  3 - 1   T  which typically employs the antenna of FIG. 15. The mixer function  3 - 5   T  is for shifting frequencies between lower frequencies and RF transmit signals, the filter function  3 - 4   T  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, the amplifier function  3 - 3   T  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3 - 2   T  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, and the antenna function  3 - 1   T  is for converting between electronic signals and the transmitted radiation.  
         [0085]    In FIG. 26, the RF front-end functions are connected by junctions. The junction P 1   R  is between antenna function  3 - 1   TR  and filter functions  3 - 2   R , the junction P 2   R  is between filter function  3 - 2   R  and the amplifier function  3 - 3   R , the junction P 3   R  is between amplifier function  3 - 3   R  and filter function  3 - 4   R  and the junction P 4   R  is between filter function  3 - 4   R  and mixer function  3 - 5   R . The junction P 1   T  is between antenna function  3 - 1   T  and filter functions  3 - 2   T , the junction P 2   T  is between filter function  3 - 2   T  and the amplifier function  3 - 3   T , the junction P 3   T  is between amplifier function  3 - 3   T  and filter function  3 - 4   T  and the junction P 4   T  is between filter function  3 - 4   T  and mixer function  3 - 5   T .  
         [0086]    In the embodiment of FIG. 26, the junctions P 1   R , P 2   R , P 3   R  and P 4   R  correspond to ports of the filter  3 - 2   R  amplifier  3 - 3   R , filter  3 - 4   R  and mixer  3 - 5   R  components and the junctions P 4   T , P 3   T , P 2   T  and P 2   T  correspond to ports of mixer  3 - 5   T , filter  3 - 4   T , amplifier  3 - 3   T  and filter  3 - 4   T  components.  
         [0087]    [0087]FIG. 27 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device  1   7 , as another embodiment of the communication device  1   1  of FIG. 1, with base components  2   7  and RF front-end components  3   7 . The front-end components  3   7  include front-end components  3   7 - 1 / 2   1 , front-end components  3   7 - 1 / 2   2 , front-end components  3   7 - 3   1  and front-end components  3   7 - 3   2 . The RF components  3   7  perform the RF front-end functions as described in connection with FIG. 1 for two different bands, Band- 1  and Band- 2 . Each band has separate filtenna components. Band- 1  includes filtenna components  3   7 - 1 / 2   1  and front-end components  3   7 - 3   1 . Band- 2  includes filtenna component  3   7 - 1 / 2   2  and front-end components  3   7 - 3   2 . Both Band- 1  and Band- 2  have a receive path and a transmit path.  
         [0088]    For Band- 1 , the receive path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   R1 , a filter function  3 - 2   R1 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   R1 , a filter function  3 - 4   R1  and a mixer function  3 - 5   R1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R1  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   R1  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   R1  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   R1  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   R1  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies. For Band- 1 , the transmit path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   T1 , a filter function  3 - 2   T1 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   T1 , a filter function  3 - 4   T1  and a mixer function  3 - 5   T1  The antenna function  3 - 1   R1  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   T1  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   T1  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   T1  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   T1  is for shifting frequencies between RF transmit signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0089]    For Band- 2 , a receive path and a transmit path are present. The receive path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   R2 , a filter function  3 - 2   R2 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   R2 , a filter function  3 - 4   R2  and a mixer function  3 - 5   R2 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R2  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   R2  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   R2  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   R2  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   R2  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies. For Band- 2 , the transmit path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   T2 , a filter function  3 - 2   T2 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   T2  a filter function  3 - 4   T2  and a mixer function  3 - 5   T2 . The antenna function  3 - 1   T2  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   T2  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   T2  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   T2  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   T2  is for shifting frequencies between RF transmit signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0090]    In FIG. 27, for Band- 1  and Band- 2 , the front-end RF functions are connected by physical or logical junctions. For Band- 1  for the receive path, the junctions P 2   R1 , P 3   R1  and P 4   R1  are located at physical ports of physical amplifier  3 - 3   R1 , filter  3 - 4   R1  and mixer  3 - 5   R1  and the junctions P 4   T1 , P 3   T1  and P 2   T1 , are located at physical ports of physical mixer  3 - 5   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1  and amplifier  3 - 3   T1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R1  and the filter functions  3 - 2   R1  are integrated into a common integrated component, filtenna  3 - 1 / 2   R1  so that the P 1   R1  logical junction parameters are integrated and not separately tuned. The parameters for junction P 2   R1  are tuned for the combined antenna function  3 - 1   R1  and the filter function  3 - 2   R1 . The integrated filter and antenna of the filtenna component  3 - 1 / 2   R1  are characterized by the junction properties at the port having parameters for junction P 2   R1 . In particular, the junction impedance or other parameters which may exist at the P 1   R1  logical junction are not tuned to provide standard values, such as a 50 ohm matching impedance, but are permitted to assume values dependent on the desired values for junction parameters at the P 2   R2  physical junction.  
         [0091]    For Band- 1  for the transmit path, the junctions P 2   T1 , P 3   T1  and P 4   T1  are located at physical ports of physical amplifier  3 - 3   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1  and mixer  3 - 5   T1  and the junctions P 4   T1, P   3   T1  and P 2   T1  are located at physical ports of physical mixer  3 - 5   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1  and amplifier  3 - 3   T1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   T1  and the filter functions  3 - 2 T, are integrated into a common integrated component, filtenna  3 - 1 / 2   T1  so that the P 1   T1  logical junction parameters are integrated and not separately tuned. The parameters for junction P 2   T1  are tuned for the combined antenna function  3 - 1   T1  and the filter function  3 - 2   T1 . The integrated filter and antenna of the filtenna component  3 - 1 / 2   T1  are characterized by the junction properties at the port having parameters for junction P 2   T1 . In particular, the junction impedance or other parameters which may exist at the P 1   T1  logical junction are not tuned to provide standard values, such as a 50 ohm matching impedance, but are permitted to assume values dependent on the desired values for junction parameters at the P 2   T2  physical junction.  
         [0092]    For Band- 2  for the receive path, the junctions P 2 R 2 , P 3 R 2  and P 4   R2  are located at physical ports of physical amplifier  3 - 3   R2 , filter  3 - 4   R2  and mixer  3 - 5   R2  and the junctions P 4   T1 , P 3   T1  and P 2   T1  are located at physical ports of physical mixer  3 - 5   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1  and amplifier  3 - 3   T1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R2  and the filter functions  3 - 2   R2  are integrated into a common integrated component, filtenna  3 - 1 / 2   R2  so that the P 1   R2  logical junction parameters are integrated and not separately tuned. The parameters for junction P 2 R 2  are tuned for the combined antenna function  3 - 1 R 2  and the filter function  3 - 2 R 2 , The integrated filter and antenna of the filtenna component  3 - 1 / 2 R 2  are characterized by the junction properties at the port having parameters for junction P 2 R 2  In particular, the junction impedance or other parameters which may exist at the P 1   R2  logical junction are not tuned to provide standard values, such as a 50 ohm matching impedance, but are permitted to assume values dependent on the desired values for junction parameters at the P 2 R 2  physical junction.  
         [0093]    For Band- 2  for the transmit path, the junctions P 2   T2 , P 3   T2  and P 4   T2  are located at physical ports of physical amplifier  3 - 3   T2 , filter  3 - 4   T2  and mixer  3 - 5   T2  and the junctions P 4   T2 , P 3   T2  and P 2   T2  are located at physical ports of physical mixer  3 - 5   T2 , filter  3 - 4   T2  and amplifier  3 - 3   T2 . The antenna function  3 - 1   T2  and the filter functions  3 - 2   T2  are integrated into a common integrated component, filtenna  3 - 1 / 2   T2  so that the P 1   T2  logical junction parameters are integrated and not separately tuned. The parameters for junction P 2   T2  are tuned for the combined antenna function  3 - 1   T2  and the filter function  3 - 2   T2 . The integrated filter and antenna of the filtenna component  3 - 1 / 2   T2  are characterized by the junction properties at the port having parameters for junction P 2   T2 . In particular, the junction impedance or other parameters which may exist at the P 1   T2  logical junction are not tuned to provide standard values, such as a 50 ohm matching impedance, but are permitted to assume values dependent on the desired values for junction parameters at the P 2   T2  physical junction.  
         [0094]    [0094]FIG. 28 depicts a top view and bottom view of unstacked layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7 , lying in a base plane (the plane of the drawing), for an antenna  10   27 . In FIG. 28, each of the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  has a TOP portion (top view) and a BOTTOM portion (bottom view).  
         [0095]    All of the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  have openings  21  on the TOP side including openings  21   1 ,  21   2 , . . . ,  21   7  connecting through to openings  21 ′ on the BOTTOM side including openings  21 ′ 1 ,  21 ′ 2 , . . . ,  21 ′ 7 . All of the openings  21   1 ,  21   2 , . . . ,  21   7  and openings  21 ′ 1 ,  21 ′ 2 , . . . ,  21 ′ 7  are positioned so that they can be aligned in the finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 29) to provide a co-linear, through-layer connection from the layer L 1  through each of the intermediate layers L 2 , . . . , L 6  to layer L 7 . The finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 29) has layer L 7  over layer L 6  over layer L 5  over layer L 4  over layer L 3  over layer L 2  over layer L 1  with all layers adhered together with all of the openings  21   1 ,  21   2 , . . . ,  21   7  and openings  21 ′ 1 ,  21   2 , . . . ,  21   7  axially aligned. Typically, the openings  21  and  21 ′ are 0.64 mm in diameter.  
         [0096]    The layer L 1  of antenna  10   27  is a mask layer with openings  11   27 - 1 ,  11   27 - 2  and  21   1  on the TOP and corresponding openings  11 ′ 27 - 1 ,  11 ′ 27 - 2  and  21 ′ 1  on the BOTTOM. The openings  11   27 - 2  and  11 ′ 27 - 2  are aligned in the finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 29) and enable external contact to one end of the radiation element. The openings  11   27 - 1  and  11 ′ 27 - 1  are aligned when assembled (see FIG. 29) to provide access to patch  17 - 3  to facilitate physically attaching the antenna  10   27  at a second point to a circuit board (see FIG. 31).  
         [0097]    The layer L 2  includes, on the TOP, the opening  21   2  and includes, on the BOTTOM, the opening  21 ′ 2  and a section of the radiation element  17  including connection pad  17 - 1 , a trace  17 - 2  and a patch  17 - 3 . The trace  17 - 2  is formed of conducting segments that turn back and forth in many directions to establish an electrical length while compressing the area and volume of the antenna. The trace  17 - 2  can be regular or irregular in shape and is typically formed on a substrate using conventional printed circuit technology. The connection pad  17 - 1 , trace  17 - 2  and patch  17 - 3  are electrically connected to each other and are electrically connected by a through-layer connection through opening  21 ′ 2 .  
         [0098]    The layers L 3 , L 4  and L 5  include, on the TOP, the openings  21   3 ,  21   4  and  21   5  and include, on the BOTTOM, the openings  21 ′ 3 ,  21 ′ 4  and  21 ′ 5 . These openings provide for a through-layer connection  14  in the finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 29) from the patch  17 - 3  of layer L 2  to connection pad  17 - 4  on layer L 6 . The layers L 3  and L 5  are pregnated separators. When the uncompressed antenna  10   27  of FIG. 28 is compressed into the final antenna  10   28  of FIG. 29, all the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  are adhered together by the layers L 3  and L 5 .  
         [0099]    The layer L 6  includes, on the TOP, the opening  21   6  and a section of the radiation element  17  including connection pad  17 - 4 , trace  17 - 5  and patch  17 - 6  and includes on the BOTTOM, the opening  21 ′ 6 . The connection pad  17 - 4 , trace  17 - 5  and patch  17 - 6  are electrically connected to each other and are electrically connected by the through-layer connection  14  (see FIG. 29) through opening  21   6  and opening  21 ′ 6  through layers L 5 , L 4  and L 3  to the section of the radiation element on Layer L 2  including patch  17 - 3 , trace  17 - 2  and connection pad  17 - 1 .  
         [0100]    The layer L 7  is a silk screen layer holding identifying data such as a logo “Protura” and other information that may be desired.  
         [0101]    The radiation element  17  includes the series connection of connection pad  17 - 1 , the trace  17 - 2 , the patch  17 - 3 , through-layer connection  14 , connection pad  17 - 4 , trace  17 - 5  and patch  17 - 6 . The length, width, thickness, position and other attributes of all of the components of radiation element  17  combine to establish the electrical and radiation properties of element  17 .  
         [0102]    In FIG. 28, the patch  17 - 3  on layer L 2  is adjusted in size to tune the high band (GSM1800, GSM1900) and the patch  17 - 6  on layer L 6  is adjusted in size to tune the low band (GSM900). For example, if patch  17 - 3  is widened as shown at  18 - 1 , more of the trace  17 - 2  is covered or if patch  17 - 3  is shortened as shown at  18 - 2 , less of the trace  17 - 2  is covered. Such small adjustments in size are effective to make small adjustments in the antenna parameters, particularly the frequency band.  
         [0103]    In FIG. 29, all of the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  of FIG. 28 are shown finally assembled with all layers adhered together to form compressed antenna  10   28  in a volume. The compressed antenna  10   28  has approximate dimensions that are a width of 8 mm, a length of 10 mm and a height of 6 mm. The layers are superimposed with L 7  over layer L 6  over layer L 5  over layer L 4  over layer L 3  over layer L 2  over layer L 1  with the openings  21  on the TOP side and the openings  21 ′ on the BOTTOM side coaxially aligned to provide the through-layer connection  14  from the layer L 1  through each of the intermediate layers L 2 , . . . , L 6  to layer L 7 . Through-layer connection  14  is established using standard circuit board processing steps. The processing steps include, in one example, assembling the compressed together with openings  21  and  21 ′ coaxially aligned. Sputtering is then performed to seed the openings with a conductive path. Finally, the through-layer connection  14  is completed by electroplating or other conventional circuit board technology.  
         [0104]    In FIG. 29, the layer L 1  is shown in the bottom view of antenna  10   28 , with the openings  11 ′ 27 - 1 ,  11 ′ 27 - 2  and  21 ′ 1 . These openings expose in FIG. 29 the connection pad  17 - 1  and a portion of the patch  17 - 3 , both being on the BOTTOM of layer L 2 . Solder or other connections are made between the connection pad  17 - 1  and patch  17 - 3  to a circuit board in a communication device (see FIG. 31). These connections function to connect the antenna  1028  to a circuit board both electrically and mechanically.  
         [0105]    In FIG. 30, a communication device  1   29  is shown partially cut-away and representing a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people. The communication device  1   29  includes an antenna area allocated for antenna  10   28  of FIG. 29 which is offset from the ground plane  76 - 1   1 . The antenna  10   28  receives and transmits radio wave radiation for the communication device  1   29 . In FIG. 30, the antenna area is slightly larger than the width D W29  and length D L29  of antenna  10   28 . In one embodiment, the antenna  10   28  has a clearance distance from the ground plane of approximately 1 mm on the right and 3 mm on the bottom with no ground plane on the top and left. A section line  30 ′- 30 ″ extends from top to bottom of the communication device  12   9 .  
         [0106]    In FIG. 30, the compressed antenna  10   28  operates in allocated frequency spectrums around the world including those of North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The cellular frequencies are used when the communication device  1   29  is a mobile phone, PDA, portable computer, telemetering equipment or any other wireless device. The antenna  10   28  operates to transmit and/or receive as a tri-band device in frequency bands GSM900, GSM1800 and GSM1900. In other embodiments, compressed antennas operate to transmit and/or receive in allocated frequency bands, for example, anywhere from 800 MHz to 2500 MHz.  
         [0107]    In FIG. 31, the communication device  1   29  of FIG. 30 is shown in a schematic, cross-sectional, end view taken along the section line  30 ′- 30 ″ of FIG. 30. In FIG. 31, a circuit board  76  includes, by way of example, an outer conducting layer  76 - 1   1 , internal conducting layers  76 - 1   2  and  76 - 1   3 , internal insulating layers  76 - 2   1 ,  76 - 2   2  and  76 - 2   3 , and another outer conducting layer  76 - 1   4 . In one example, the layer  76 - 1   1  is a ground plane. The printed circuit board  76  supports the electronic components associated with the communication device  12   9  including a display  77  and miscellaneous components  78 - 1 ,  78 - 2 ,  78 - 3  and  78 - 4  which are shown as representative of many components. Communication device  1   29  also includes a battery  79 . The antenna  10   28  is mounted or otherwise coupled to the multi-layered printed circuit board  76  by solder or other convenient connection means and has, for example, a connection  63  from the antenna  10   28  to components (such as  78 - 1 ,  78 - 2 ,  78 - 3  and  78 - 4 ) that form the transceiver unit  62  of FIG. 30.  
         [0108]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention.