Abstract:
A spatial light modulator includes a plurality of spaced pixel elements. This gives rise to the possibility of reflections of light through inter-pixel gaps. These reflections may be reduced, improving the contrast, in some embodiments of the present invention, by providing a substrate beneath the pixel elements with a moth-eye like array of protrusions formed thereon. These protrusions tend to ameliorate the effects of inter-pixel light by causing multiple reflections which tend to dissipate such light.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This invention relates generally to spatial light modulators including those which use liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS), grating light valves and digital micro mirror devices (DMMD), as examples. 
     In spatial light modulators, light modulation is achieved by controlling the electro-optic modulation of individual pixel elements. An inter-pixel gap between the pixel elements is generally assumed to be non-reflective. Therefore the gap is assumed not to interfere with modulation mechanism of the individual pixel elements. 
     However, the optical properties of the inter-pixel gap determine the optical coupling to the substrate and the contrast of the spatial light modulator. For example, the pixel elements may in some cases be formed of a plurality of pixel plates which are spaced from one another. It is generally believed that the layer under these pixel plates is not significantly reflective. This layer under the pixel plates, which in some designs may be the metal layer, may include an anti-reflective coating of titanium nitride (TiN) and a metallic absorbing layer. See, E. G. Colgan and M. Uda, On-Chip Metallization Layer for Reflective Light Valves, IBM Journal of Research and Development, 339-335, Vol. 42, May/July 1998. This report states that both the metal and the anti-reflective layers are made sufficiently thick that they are essentially optically opaque. Light incident between the pixel plates requires multiple reflections between the top of the anti-reflective layer and the bottom of the material layer to reach the silicon substrate. However, the report states that the titanium nitrate anti-reflective layer actually has a reflectivity of about twenty percent for blue light and sixty-five percent for red light. 
     Reflectance from light which passes through the inter-pixel gap affects contrast. Contrast is reduced because a dark pixel is not completely dark. The extraneous light is reflected from all four sides of the pixel gap. The white-dark transition and dark-dark transitions in the image have reduced visibility. 
     Thus, there is a continuing need for better ways to reduce the reflectance from light which passes between pixel elements. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with one aspect, a spatial light modulator includes a plurality of spaced pixel elements. A substrate spanning the pixel elements has an array of moth-eye like elements formed thereon. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a top plan view of one embodiment of the spatial light modulator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken generally along the line  2 — 2  in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of the layer below the pixel elements shown in FIG. 2; and 
     FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a pair of adjacent moth-eye like elements used in the embodiment shown in FIG.  3 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A spatial light modulator  10 , which may be a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator, a grating plate valve or a digital micro mirror device as examples, includes a plurality of pixel elements  12  with intervening inter-pixel gaps  14 . The pixel elements may be, for example, pixel plates in an LCOS embodiment. Light reflected from the surface underneath the pixel elements  12 , passing through the inter-pixel gaps  14 , will reduce the contrast of the image formed by the spatial light modulator  10 . 
     Referring to FIG. 2, a layer  16  below the pixel elements  12  may be formed of a composite of three layers. The lowest layer  18  may be formed of a light blocking metal layer as is conventional. The layer  18  is covered by an anti-reflective layer such as titanium nitride as is conventional. Atop the layers  18  and  20  is an antireflective layer  22  formed of a plurality of moth-eye like elements which absorb light and reduce light reflection. Thus, light in the inter-pixel gap is absorbed by the combination of the three elements  22 ,  20  and  18 . This may improve the contrast of the display. 
     In some embodiments, the pixel elements, which may be pixel plates, may be formed directly over the layer  16  or an intervening interlayer dielectric may be provided as indicated at  23 . As shown in FIG. 3, the moth-eye like elements  22  may be formed on planarized surfaces, for example from a polymeric material, using techniques such as holographic lithography. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,142,385 assigned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology and N. P. Economou et al., “A Simple Technique for Modifying the Profile of Resist Exposed by Holographic Lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Tech. 19, 1234 (1981). 
     Interference lithography, used for example by Holographic Lithography Systems, Inc. of Bedford, Mass., is a maskless holographic technique which allows the patterning, by interference, of feature sizes as small as 90 nanometers over large areas. Holographic lithography involves a periodic or quasi periodic pattern exposed in a photosensitive film by overlapping two beams from a laser or other coherent source. 
     In one particular implementation of holographic lithography, termed “achromatic holographic lithography,” gratings are used to split and recombine the beams (see E. Anderson, K. Komatsu and H. I. Smith, “Achromatic Holographic Lithography in the Deep UV,” J. Vac. Sci, Tech. B6, 216 (1988)). As a result, the source need not have a high degree of temporal coherence (i.e., narrow bandwidth) or spatial coherence commonly seen in laser sources. The minimum period, p, (i.e., center-to-center distance between adjacent lines) obtainable in holographic lithography is given by 
     
       
           p=λ/ 2 sin θ 
       
     
     where λ is the wavelength of the exposed radiation and θ is half the angle between the intersecting beams. This angle may be as large as 62 degrees, in which case p=0.57λ. 
     If two beams from a single coherent source, such as a laser overlap, and if environmental vibrations are sufficiently low that the beams do not move relative to one another by more than about p/2, a recognizable diffraction grating may be recorded in a photographic resist film. In the region of overlap of the two beams there is an optical standing wave whose spatial period is given by the above equation. The standing wave includes sinusoidally alternating dark and light fringes (i.e., regions of high and low irradiance). The interference pattern is recorded in the photosensitive film or resist. The recorded pattern may then be used to form a pattern in an underlying material using well known photolithography techniques. 
     Using this technique, microscopic, moth-eye like surface relief structures may be formed, as shown in FIG. 3, with feature sizes on the order of 100 nanometers. These structures have low reflectance over large wavelength bands and angular acceptance ranges. Patterning the top layer  22  of light absorbing material traps the light and minimizes the reflection from the gaps between pixels, thereby improving contrast. 
     The shape of the elements  24 , shown in FIG. 3, may reduce light reflection in two ways in some embodiments of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 4, with light transmissive elements  24 , incident light A may be repeatedly, internally reflected within the element  24  as indicated at B. 
     In addition, incident light C between two adjacent elements  24  may be subject to multiple, labyrinthine reflections as indicated by the arrows D, also reducing the light available to adversely affect contrast. A pattern of elements  24  may be created which sufficiently absorbs incident light by causing multiple reflections between closely adjacent elements  24 . 
     The elements  24  shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, are of a conical shape; however, other shapes may be used as well. Pillar shaped elements, for example with blunt outer ends, may also be used. 
     In some embodiments, the elements  24  may be formed of a metallic material. This may be advantageous in facilitating the formation of the pixel elements  12  which may also be formed of metal and may require temperature stability in the underlying layers. In such cases, the internal reflections of the elements  24  may not be a factor. 
     For example, the elements  24  may be formed by recording the interference hologram in a master made of nickel. A surface relief pattern is formed by the electrolytic deposition of nickel on a photographic surface relief master. The master may then be used to emboss the holographic pattern into metal foil such as aluminum foil. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,773,718. 
     In still another embodiment, the moth-eye like elements may be formed in a layer generally in the plane of the pixel elements. In other words, the elements may be formed in a layer formed in what would otherwise have been the pixel gaps. This may be done by building back the channels in the gaps between elements with a planarization process that also results in forming the moth-eye like elements between pixel elements. 
     While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.