Abstract:
The present invention introduces a novel design for active matrix displays, utilizing both organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and thin-film electroluminescent technologies. In a first aspect there is provided a top-emitting OLED, including an optical interference contrast-enhancing stack that is placed on the top of the driving thin-film transistor, and which extendes to the entire pixel area to cover the reflecting parts of the pixel. In a second aspect, there is provided a bottom-emitting OIED wherein an optical interference contrast-enhancing stack is placed right under the driving thin-film transistor and, separately between the organic stack and the top electrode, typically a cathode. The optical interference contrast-enhancing stack suppresses light reflection from the thin-film transistor and the upper electrode. In the top emitting design, the optical interference contrast-enhancing stack is placed on the top of the thin-film transistor source and drain electrodes as well as on the top of the opaque bottom electrode. A method of achieving substantial uniformity across a display having multiple areas of optical interference members is also provided.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
   The present application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/387,414 filed Jun. 11, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to display technologies and more particularly to relates to reduction of ambient light reflections off of displays. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Many display technologies are well known and such technologies are continuing to advance rapidly. For example, modem active matrix display technology can be incorporated into display devices that are relatively lightweight, thin, and which provide high resolution and richly coloured pictures for televisions, computer monitors, and more generally, for a wide variety of display devices that can be incorporated into appliances like personal digital assistants and cellular telephones. While current active matrix displays can be expensive, it is expected that further research will result in advances that will can reduce the costs of such displays and lead to overall greater usage of active matrix display devices. 
   Active matrix displays are proving to be superior in many ways to older display technologies such as cathode-ray tubes (“CRT”). However, the problem of “glare” off of active matrix displays is also a concern, just as with older CRTs. “Glare” can be defined as ambient light that is reflected off of the device and back towards the viewer, thereby reducing the contrast and overall performance of the display device. 
   Thus, it is also known to incorporate technology to reduce reflectance into displays and thereby improve their performance. In the case of active matrix displays (or indeed, any other type of pixellated display) it is known to use a black matrix of filtering material. The black matrix is mounted in a complementary fashion to the matrix of pixels in the display, such that the black matrix is a generally continuous filter that surrounds each pixel. Black matrices are described in a number of patents and patent applications, such as “Anti-reflector black matrix for use in display devices and method for preparation of same”, EP 716 334 to Steigerwald (“Steigerwald #1”); “Transmissive Display Device Having Two Reflection Metallic Layers of Differing Reflectances”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,131 to Sato (“Sato”); “Anti-reflector black matrix display devices comprising three layers of zinc oxide, molybdenum and zinc oxide”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,570,212 to Steigerwald (“Steigerwald #2”); “Anti-reflector Black Matrix Having Successively A Chromium Oxide Layer, a Molybdenum Layer And a Second Chromium Oxide Layer”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,011 to Steigerwald (“Steigerwald #3”); and, “Low Reflectance Shadow Mask”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,714 to Rowlands et al. (“Rowlands”). One particular disadvantage to Steigerwald #1, Steigerwald #2 Steigerwald #3 and Rowlands is that they are confined to black matrix structures having specific sets of materials. A more general discussion of applying a black matrix as applied to a display having colour filters is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,818 to Lee (“Lee”). 
   However, such prior art black matrix structures are not always useful or practical to incorporate into display devices. For example, prior art black matrix structures are frequently formed as a separate unit from the display, thereby eventually requiring the assembly of the black matrix structure to the display structure, such as by mounting the black matrix structure to the front of the display. 
   It is also known to use optical interference to reduce reflectance in various thin film display technologies, such as electroluminescent devices (“ELD”s). For example, reducing reflectance of ambient light can be achieved by using additional thin film layers sandwiched between one or more layers of the ELD, which are configured to achieve destructive optical interference of the ambient light incident on the display, thereby substantially reducing reflected ambient light. Optical interference technology is discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,780 to Dobrowolski et al., (“Dobrowolski”) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,411,019 to Hofstra et al. (“Hofstra”). In addition, certain inventors of the present invention have also contemplated the use of the optical interference technology taught in Hofstra and Dobrowolski in conjunction with the bus lines that form the matrix surrounding each pixel in an active matrix display. See Canadian Patent Application 2,364,201 filed Dec. 12, 2001. 
   More recently, U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,451 to Hung (“Hung”) has proposed another type of ambient light reducing layer also for incorporation into a pixel of the ELD. 
   However, notwithstanding the improvements provided by the prior art, it is now been discovered that the prior art does not provide ambient light reduction across all areas of the display, as is now offered by polarizers that are also used with prior art displays. Because polarizers can offer substantially uniform ambient light reduction across the entire viewable surface of the display, polarizers can be preferred over other prior art solutions that embed or otherwise incorporate the ambient light reduction means within the actual display structure. In order to obviate the need for polarizers and achieve the attendant advantages eliminating the post production costs associated with polarizers, it is desired to provide a means to substantially uniformly reduce ambient light reflection across the entire viewable surface of the display by means of embedding the contrast enhancement apparatus within the display. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a display that obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art. 
   An aspect of the invention provides a display device comprising a plurality of emitting pixels and at least one switching electronic corresponding to each pixel for selectively activating or deactivating the pixel. The device also comprises at least one additional component for interconnecting the pixels and the switching electronics, and at least two ambient light reducing members each integrally embedded into at least one of: a) the pixels, b) the switching electronics and c) the at least one additional component. The ambient light reducing members are disposed in a plane that is visible to a viewer and are selected from materials and thicknesses such that the reduced ambient light reflections in the plane are substantially uniform. 
   The emitting pixels can be bottom emitting or top emitting. The at least one additional component can be a set of bus lines for delivering electrical current to the pixels and the switching electronics. 
   The emitting pixels can be comprised of an OLED stack and wherein at least one of the ambient light reducing members is integrated with the OLED stack. 
   The at least one of the ambient light reducing members can be integrated with the switching electronics. The at least one ambient light reducing members can thus form part of the electronic circuitry of the switching electronics. The switching electronics can include at least one transistor and the ambient light reducing member can be a storage capacitor for the at least one transistor. 
   The ambient light reducing member can be an optical interference member. Where an optical interference member is used it can include a semi-absorbing layer for reflecting a portion of incident ambient light, a substantially transparent layer for phase shifting another portion of ambient light and a reflective layer for reflecting the phase shifted ambient light such that the two reflected portions of light are out-of-phase and thereby destructively interfere. 
   Another aspect of the invention provides a display device comprising a plurality of emitting pixels. The device also comprises at least one switching electronic corresponding to each pixel for selectively activating or deactivating the pixel. The device also comprises at least one additional component for interconnecting the pixels and the switching electronics. An ambient light reducing member is integrally embedded into the switching electronic to form part of an electronic circuitry of the switching electronics. The ambient light reducing member is disposed in a plane that is visible to a viewer and selected from materials and thicknesses to reduce ambient light reflections. The electronic switching components include at least one transistor and the ambient light reducing member is a storage capacitor for the at least one transistor. 
   Another aspect of the invention provides a computer implemented method of matching the reflectance between different ambient light reducing members in a display comprising the steps of:
         receiving a first set of data representing an initial specification for a first set of components in an active display device;   determining, based on the first set of data and a predefined database of ambient light reducing member configurations, a first ambient light reducing member for incorporation into the first set of components;   receiving at least one additional set of data representing an initial specification for at least one additional set of components in the active display device;   determining, based on the at least one additional set of data and the predefined database, at least one additional ambient light reducing member for incorporation into the at least one set of components;   generating a model of the active display device based on an assembly of the first set of data, the first ambient light reducing member, the at least one additional set of data, and the at least one additional ambient light reducing member;   measuring ambient light reflectance across the model;   determining whether the measured reflectance is substantially uniform and, if the reflectance is non-uniform, reconfiguring at least one of the specifications and the ambient light members until a desired level of uniformity is achieved; and,   outputting a final specification for the display.       

   The first set of components in the method can be light emitting pixels and the at least one additional set of components can be switching electronics corresponding to the light emitting pixels. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to certain embodiments shown in the attached Figures in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of at least a portion of a matrix display; 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of a cross-section of a single bottom-emitting pixel such as may be found in the display of  FIG. 1  and that is in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart depicting a method of providing contrast enhancement to the pixel of  FIG. 2  and the display associated therewith; 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic representation of a cross-section of a single bottom-emitting pixel in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic representation of a cross-section of a single bottom-emitting pixel in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic representation of a cross-section of a single bottom-emitting pixel in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram representative of the electrical circuit of the pixel in  FIG. 6 ; 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic representation of a cross-section of two top-emitting pixels in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; and, 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic representation of a cross-section of a top-emitting pixel in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1  at least a portion of an exemplary matrix display is indicated generally at  20 . Display  20  comprises a plurality of pixels  24  (only one of which is labelled). Each pixel  24  is surrounded by a grid of bus lines  28  and is adjacent to a set of electronic components  32  respective to that pixel.  FIG. 2  shows a particular implementation of display  20  in  FIG. 1 , by showing a particular pixel through lines Z-Z in  FIG. 1 . In particular,  FIG. 2  shows a bottom emitting display configuration with a pixel  24   a  and its adjacent electronic components  32   a . A viewer V in  FIG. 2  shows the side from which pixel  24   a  is viewed, and thus from which ambient light is incident on pixel  24   a . Pixel  24   a  is preferably based on organic light emitting display (“OLED”) technology that includes one or more optical interference layers  26   a  for ambient light reduction, such as that taught in Hofstra. Electronic components  32   a  include a switching electronics layer  36   a  that is comprised of a transistor or other switching means for selectively actuating pixel  24   a  via an interconnect  28   a . Electronic components  32   a  also includes an insulator  38   a  disposed below switching electronics layer  36   a , and an optical interference member  40   a  disposed below insulator  38   a . Optical interference member  40   a  and pixel  24   a  are themselves disposed above a glass substrate  44   a . Insulator  38   a  is any material and thickness that will electrically isolate optical interference member  40   a  from switching electronics layer  36   a . An additional optical interference member  48   a  is disposed behind both pixel  24   a  and switching electronics layer  36   a . (Optical interference member  48   a  can be associated with any other aspects of the display, such as, for example the bus lines that interconnect the switching electronics layer  36   a .) 
   It should be noted that terms such as “above” and “below” are used herein for convenience and are to be read in conjunction with the drawings, and as such are not to be construed in a limiting manner. 
   As previously mentioned, optical interference members  26   a ,  40   a  and  48   a  can be based on known formulations of optical interference members, as taught in, for example Hofstra and/or according to other desired means of formulating an optical interference member. However, due to the virtually infinite number of formulations of optical interference members the potential can arise for variations between those different formulations such that while all formulations may appear “dark” and have acceptable performance on their own, when different formulations are placed side by side, contrasts between those formulations may be detectable in an undesired way, such that the overall “darkness” of the display is non-uniform. 
   Accordingly, referring now to  FIG. 3 , in an another embodiment of the invention a method of matching the reflectance between different optical interference members in a matrix display is indicated generally at  100 . Method  100  is specifically configured to be used to develop a display in accordance with the pixel  24   a  and switching electronics  36   a  of  FIG. 2 , but it is contemplated that method  100  can be modified for use with other types of matrix display configurations. Before beginning method  100 , it is thus assumed that the matrix display being designed is in accordance with the configuration of  FIG. 2 , and that design specifications relating to the display technology for pixel  24   a , the pitch of each pixel  24   a , the fill factor, and the like have been previously established. Thus, beginning at step  110 , the specifications for each emitting pixel are each determined. Factors to be determined include the emitting technology, the power requirements for switching the pixel, the colour of the pixel, the materials and thicknesses for the pixel. Next, at step  120 , an initial optical interference member corresponding to the specifications determined at step  110  is generated using known techniques, such as the techniques taught in Hofstra. In particular, various materials and thicknesses are selected for optical interference member  26   a  in order to provide at least some reduction of incident ambient light on pixel  24   a . Further, optical interference member  26   a  is designed to cooperate with the desired electrical characteristics to operate pixel  24   a . In general, it is expected that the initial optical interference member will be coarsely calculated to match the other desired specifications of the emitting pixel, while providing a reduction of incident ambient light on pixel  24   a . At step  130 , the specifications for switching electronics  36   a  are determined. It is generally expected that the specifications for switching electronics  36   a  will thus be chosen to correspond with the electrical properties needed to activate and deactivate pixel  24   a , while also matching with the other previously chosen specifications for the display. Next, at step  140 , an initial optical interference member  40   a  corresponding to the specifications determined at step  130  is generated using known techniques. In particular, various materials and thicknesses are selected for optical interference member  40   a  in order to coat switching electronics  36   a  such that reflections off of switching electronics  36   a  are reduced. In this embodiment, optical interference member  40   a  is electrically conducting and it is therefore desired to also include insulator  38   a  to isolate electronics  36   a  from member  40   a . In general, optical interference member  40   a  is chosen to cooperate with the desired electrical characteristics of switching electronics  36   a , while providing a reduction of incident ambient light on switching electronics  36   a . Similarly, at step  150 , an initial optical interference member  48   a  is generated using appropriately selected materials and thicknesses in order to provide an additional insulating optical interference member that coats all or part of the area behind electronics  36   a  and pixel  24   a  and which provides ambient light reduction for incident ambient light that is not otherwise reduced by optical interference members  26   a  and  40   a.    
   Next, at step  160 , a complete model for a display is assembled using the results of steps  110 - 150 . Such a model can be assembled by physically building a sample display and/or through computer modeling. At step  170 , the uniformity of ambient light reflection reduction from optical interference members  26   a ,  40   a  and  48   a  is measured. Where a physical model has been built, then such measurements are effected using measurement equipment using various ambient light conditions, and in the case of a computer model then simulated measurements are taken based on simulated ambient light conditions. Sample ambient light conditions can include direct sunlight, room lighting, and so forth, depending on the expected operating environment for the display. 
   At step  180 , a determination is made as to whether the measured uniformity is acceptable. If yes, the method advances to step  190  and full production of the display can be commenced. However, typically the uniformity will not be acceptable on the initial design and the method advances to step  200 , where the greatest level of disparity in uniformity is determined. The method advances to steps  210 ,  220  or  230  depending on whether the greatest disparity is caused by the optical interference member  26   a ,  40   a  or  48   a , respectively. At those steps  210 ,  220  or  230 , modifications to the corresponding optical interference member  26   a ,  40   a  or  48   a  are effected (and/or effected to the associated component), at which point the method returns to step  160  where a new matrix display model is generated. The method then moves again through steps  170  and  180  and through the remaining steps as needed until an acceptable uniformity level is achieved. 
   Method  100  is preferably implemented in computer software that includes known material sets and thicknesses ranges for developing optical interference members, and associated design specification for associated pixels and switching electronics. In this manner, a substantially uniformly dark matrix display can be modeled and developed in a time efficient manner. 
   It is presently preferred that the difference between the reflectivities of each optical interference member (or other ambient light reducing member) be less than about ten percent. More preferably, the difference between the reflectivities is less than about three percent. More preferably, the difference between the reflectivities is less than about one percent. It is presently preferred that the difference between the reflectivities is less than about 0.5 percent. 
   An optical interference member (such as optical interference members  26   a ,  40   a  or  48   a ) can be based on a three layer structure of: i) a semi-absorbing layer that is partially reflective, partially absorbing and partially transmissive of ambient light, ii) a substantially transparent layer that phase shifts the incoming ambient light, and iii) followed by a reflective rear layer (which may be electrically part of the pixel or other component with which the optical interference member is associated, or not, as desired). Where the optical interference member is based on this structure, then the software will be optimized to choose materials and thicknesses based on the appropriate functionalities of those layers. Thus, the software package will look for materials and thicknesses of the semi-absorbing layer such that a portion of ambient light incident on the member is partially reflected off of the member, while a remaining portion passes into the partially transmissive layer therebehind. The software will then choose thicknesses and materials for the partially transmissive layer such that a phase shift of about one-hundred-and eighty-degrees occurs in the ambient light passing through partially transmissive layer. The final reflective rear layer is chosen to provide sufficient reflection, and/or have appropriate electrical properties. The overall optical interference member may be work function matched for an OLED pixel, and/or may be otherwise electrically matched with its surrounding materials. The software will thus include a database of possible materials for a semi-absorbing layer that includes Cr, Al, Mg:Ag, inconel or Ni, Cu, Au, Mo, Ni, Pt, Rh, Ag, W, Co, Fe, Ge, Hf, Nb, Pd, Re, V, Si, Se, Ta, Y, Zr. The software will thus include a database of possible materials for a partially reflecting material that includes Aluminum Silicon Monoxide, Chromium Silicon Monoxide, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , Sc 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , La 2 O 3 , MgO, Ta 2  O 5 , ThO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , AlF 3 , CeF 3 , Na 3  AlF 6 , LaF 3 , MgF 2 , ThF 4 , ZnS, Sb 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , PbF 2 , NdF3, Nd 2 LiF, GdO   3 . 
   The software can also include databases of other types of optical interference members based on other types of structures (i.e. the type of structure in PCT/CA02/00844, or PCT/CA03/00498, incorporated herein by reference), so that a plurality of different types of optical interference members can be selected in order to achieve the desired uniformity. 
   The embodiments in  FIG. 3  can be modified and/or varied and/or otherwise applied to various display configurations. For example,  FIG. 4  shows a bottom emitting display configuration with a pixel  24   b  and its adjacent electronic components  32   b . A viewer V in  FIG. 4  shows the side from which pixel  24   b  is viewed, and thus from which ambient light is incident on pixel  24   b . The display configuration in  FIG. 4  is thus substantially the same as the display configuration in  FIG. 2 , except that insulator  38   a  is omitted. In this case the materials selected for optical interference member  40   b  are preferably non-conducting so as to not interfere with switching electronics  36   a.    
   As another example,  FIG. 5  shows another bottom emitting display configuration with a pixel  24   c  and its adjacent electronic components  32   c . A viewer V in  FIG. 5  shows the side from which pixel  24   c  is viewed, and thus from which ambient light is incident on pixel  24   c . The display configuration in  FIG. 5  is thus substantially the same as the display configuration in  FIG. 4 , except that two optical interference members  40   c   1  and  40   c   2  are provided proximal to switching electronics  36   c . Optical interference members  40   c   1  and  40   c   2  can be the same structure or different, and thus the method in  FIG. 3  would be modified to accommodate determining whether substantial uniformity is achieved for all optical interference members  26   c ,  40   c   1 ,  40   c   2  and  48   c . Optical interference member  40   c   1  performs substantially the same function as optical interference member  40   b , reducing ambient light that is incident on glass substrate  44   c . Optical interference member  40   c   2 , however, is reversed, so that it reduces reflections of light that emanate off of the back of the display (i.e. the side opposite from glass substrate  44   c ). Typically, optical interference member  40   c   2  is designed to reduce pixel blooming, to reduce backward reflections of emitted light from pixels adjacent to pixel  24   c . It should now be apparent that the configurations in the examples of  FIGS. 2 ,  4 , and  5  can be combined as well to produce additional examples. 
   In general, it should be understood that the structures in  FIGS. 2 ,  4  and  5  are simplified for purposes of explanation. A somewhat more complex example, shown in  FIG. 6 , is another bottom emitting display configuration with an optical interference member  40   d  that is integral with its surrounding switching electronics, such that optical interference member  40   d  forms a dual function as a storage capacitor as a gate  201   d  as part of the switching electronics for activating an OLED based pixel  24   d . A circuit diagram representing the components in  FIG. 6  is shown in  FIG. 7  and is indicated at  300 . 
   Of particular note, optical interference member  40   d  acts as a storage capacitor to hold the charge that is used to activate the transistor that ultimately provides current to pixel  24   d  in order to cause pixel  24   d  to emit light. Concurrently, optical interference member  40   d  acts to mask the switching electronics used to activate pixel  24   d.    
   Switching electronics also includes a drive TFT  212   d , that itself includes a semi-conductor  204   d , which can be made from CdSe, or a-Si or poly-Si. Drive TFT  212   d  also includes a source  202   d , a drain  206   d , a channel  208   d , and a substrate  200   d.    
     FIG. 7  also shows a data transistor  216   d , (not shown in  FIG. 6 ), that connects as shown in  FIG. 7  to optical interference member  40   d . Data is introduced to data transistor  216   d  along arrow A, and a select signal is provided to data transistor  216   d  along arrow B. 
   It is to be noted that optical interference members  40   d  and  48   d  are of the above-described three-layer format, but other optical interference member configurations are contemplated. The composition of the optical interference member may depend on the particular application. The initial, semi-absorbing layer  48   d   1  can be Cr, Al, Ag, Mg, Cs, Pt, Au, Li, and their alloys. They can be deposited using thermal evaporation, e-beam, or sputtering techniques. The subsequent substantially transparent phase shifting layer  48   d   2  (which is also conducting in this embodiment) can be made of AlSiO, CrSiO, chrome oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium oxide, and other transparent conducting oxides. 
   (In other embodiments, an insulating phase shifting layer can be made of SiO, SiO2, Si3N4, SiON, ZnO, and other dielectric materials.) 
   The semiconductor component of thin-film transistors may utilize amorphous silicon, poly-silicon, continuous-grain silicon, cadmium selenide, and/or other suitable semiconducting materials. An exemplary technological method to fabricate the display in  FIG. 6  is as follows: The bottom transparent electrode is fabricated first on a glass (or flexible plastic) substrate  44   d  using standard patterning methods. Next, the optical-interference member  40   d  stack is fabricated proximal to the thin film transistor  212   d  part of the pixel  24   d  using thermal evaporation, electron-beam evaporation, or sputter deposition techniques and masking and patterning techniques known in the art. Next, the active-matrix drive circuitry is deposited then, using standard-fabrication methods. Next, a small-molecule or polymer organic light-emitting stack (ie pixel  24   d ) is then deposited following well-known deposition techniques. Then, the optical interference member  48   d  is then deposited again to increase contrast of the emitting part of the pixel  24   d . The device is then encapsulated using techniques known in the art. 
   As another example,  FIG. 8  shows a top emitting display configuration with two pixels  24   e  and corresponding electronic components  32   e  disposed therebelow, all of which are disposed above a glass substrate  44   e . The top emitting OLED pixel  28   e  includes an optical interference member  26   e . Electronic components  32   e  include switching electronics  36   e  and a contiguous insulating optical interference member  48   e . An interconnect  28   e  joins switching electronics  36   e  with the anode of pixel  28   e . Optical interference member  48   e  serves to reduce ambient light incident on the display in the areas that are not reduced via the optical interference member  26   e  of each pixel  24   e . The method of  FIG. 3  can thus be modified to choose appropriate optical interference members  26   e  and  48   e  and thereby attain a substantially uniform reduction of ambient light across the entire display. 
   It should now be apparent that other configurations of top emitting display configurations, other than those in  FIG. 8 , can also be formed. For example, the double sided optical interference members  40   c   1 ,  40   c   2  of  FIG. 5  can be incorporated into the display configuration of  FIG. 8 , so that the rearward reflections of each pixel can be reduced and thereby reduce the effects of pixel blooming. 
     FIG. 9  shows a further example of a top-emitting pixel configuration, wherein a three layered optical interference member  26   f  lies between switching electronics  36   f  and OLED pixel  24   f , and accordingly, optical interference member  26   f  masks the complete set of underlying switching electronics  32   f . Optical interference member  26   f  forms part of, or is adjacent to, the anode of the OLED pixel  24   f , and therefore conducts current from switching electronics  32   f  to OLED pixel  24   f . In this embodiment, the bus lines interconnecting the switching electronics  32   f  are not shown, and are also coated with an optical interference member. Accordingly, the method of  FIG. 3  can be modified so that the optical interference member coating the bus lines can be matched for reflectance uniformity with optical interference member  26   f.    
   While only specific combinations of the various features and components of the present invention have been discussed herein, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that desired subsets of the disclosed features and components and/or alternative combinations of these features and components can be utilized, as desired. For example, other display technologies can be used instead of OLED light-emitting pixels—such as inorganic or TFEL light emitting pixels. As another example, each pixel could be a shutter means that passes light emitted from a back light when the pixel is activated. 
   Furthermore, for each OLED pixel  24 , the optical interference member  26  embedded therein can be made of materials that directly work function matches with the emitting organic material of the optical interference member  26 , or, a work function matching layer of LiO, LiF or the like can be inserted between the optical interference member  26  and the emitting layer of the pixel  24  in order to provide work function matching. 
   It is to be further understood that the examples of  FIGS. 2 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  8  and  9 , and/or their combinations can be fabricated in a plurality of manners. In particular, once the overall display is designed, it is contemplated that in the configuration of  FIG. 4  (for example), optical interference layer  40   b  can be deposited onto substrate  44   b , for later mating with a configuration that includes the remaining components shown in  FIG. 4 . In this manner, a large batch of substrates  44   b  that include optical interference layer  40   b  can be manufactured at one facility to be later mated with the remaining components at another manufacturing facility. Such variations are within the scope of the invention. 
   Furthermore, while the embodiments herein discuss ambient light reducing layers based on optical interference, it is contemplated that other types of ambient light reducing layers that can be integrally incorporated into the various layers of a display can also be used in the method of  FIG. 3 , in lieu of, or in addition to optical interference layers. As is known to those of skill in the art, such other layers can be simply based on carbon “dark layers” that absorb incident ambient light. Other types of “dark layers” will now occur to those of skill in the art. Thus, the method of  FIG. 3  can be thus be implemented on a computing device that includes a database of all known such dark layers, (with new layer designs and design techniques added to the database as they are developed) and the appropriate dark layer can be chosen for a particular electronic component in a given display in order to achieve substantial uniformity across the viewing plane of the display.