Abstract:
The present invention relates to a device for measuring the X-ray emission produced by an object, or specimen, exposed to an electron beam. The device includes at least one subassembly or electron column, which is used to produce and control the electron beam, and a support for positioning the object measured. It also includes spectral analysis means for analyzing the X-rays emitted by the specimen to be analyzed and optical means for controlling the position of the specimen relative to the beam. The energy of the beam created and the intensity of the electron current obtained are used to meet the sensitivity, resolution and precision requirements demanded by semiconductor manufacturers. The invention applies especially to checking the fabrication of an integrated-circuit wafer.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present application is based on, International Application No. PCT/FR03/00987, filed on Mar. 28, 2003, entitled “DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE EMISSION OF X-RAYS PRODUCED BY AN OBJECT EXPOSED TO AN ELECTRON BEAM”, which in turn corresponds to French Application No. FR 02 04074 filed on Mar. 29, 2002, and priority is hereby claimed under 35 USC 119 based on these applications. Each of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. cl FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to a device for measuring the emission of X-rays produced by an object exposed to an electron beam. It relates especially to the production of a device for controlling the quality of fabrication of integrated circuits produced on silicon wafers. The device is intended to carry out composition and thickness measurements on the conducting and dielectric structures that make up these integrated circuits. The device is also intended to optimize the time for analyzing a wafer leaving the fabrication line. This device is especially intended to equip integrated-circuit fabrication lines. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The need to be able to quantitatively characterize very fine structures, buried in the first nanometers of solid materials of the semiconductor type for example, has never stopped growing over the years. This is especially the case in the field of microelectronics. The increase in the speed of electronic circuits is determined by market needs. This increase in speed is accomplished, by reducing the size of these circuits and therefore of the structural elements that make up the transistors. 
   Thus, the minimum size of these transistors has decreased from 2 μm in 1980 to 180 nm today. The intended objective is to bring transistors having sizes of 130 nm and 100 nm into service in the coming years, and of 50 nm thereafter. 
   The production of such submicron transistors implies control over the steps of forming very fine structures, the thickness of which does not exceed, for example, 50 nm. In particular, two fabrication steps are very important:
         ion implantation of charge carriers, which may be carried out over a thickness already not exceeding a few nanometers before activation;   the covering of the transistor with a gate dielectric material, in the form of a layer of material whose thickness is henceforth sometimes less than one nanometer. Thicknesses of this order represent quantities of atoms typically between 10 13  and 10 16  atoms per cm 2 .       

   Faced with the production difficulties, semiconductor manufacturers are seeking industrial analytical devices that are capable of reliably characterizing the submicron structures produced. These devices must be sufficiently sensitive and accurate to be able to quantify and monitor, typically with a precision of within 1%, the composition and thickness characteristics of the structures fabricated. These devices must also have a resolution sufficient to allow an analytical check to be made in very small regions that are dedicated for these tests and located on the border of the electronic chips. The size of the test regions is typically of the order of 100 μm×100 μm. These devices must also establish diagnostics over times compatible with the constraints associated with the production environment. These times are, for example, of the order of a few minutes for inspecting a wafer. 
   Since the structures produced are becoming finer and finer, to be able to check them requires increasingly precise measurements to be carried out. As regards orders of magnitude of the measurements to be performed, the devices currently available on the market are inappropriate and of insufficient performance. This lack of performance impinges on several aspects, from the lack of precision in the quantitative results to purely and simply the lack of sensitivity. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The object of the invention is in particular to meet the requirements mentioned above. For this purpose, the subject of the invention is a device for measuring the X-ray emission produced by an object exposed to an electron beam. The invention lies within the field of the technique known internationally by the acronym EPMA (Electron Probe MicroAnalysis) that combines the bombardment of objects by an electron beam with detection of the wavelength of the X-rays produced by the electron-specimen interaction. An example of an instrument that implements the EPMA technique is the SX100 developed by the Applicant and described for example in Chapters 1 and 5 of the work entitled “Microanalyse et Microscopie électronique àbalayage” [ Microanalysis and Scanning electron microscopy ] published by Les Editions de Physique in 1979. 
   Within the context of the known techniques for implementing the bombardment of objects by an electron beam, mention may also be made of the Auger technique that uses a method based on analysis of the energy of the electrons emitted by the specimen analyzed. Mention may especially be made in this regard of U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,180 A filed by Siemens and granted on Sep. 18, 1973. That patent discloses an instrumentation, combining electron optics means to bombard the specimen, and an Auger-type electron energy analyzer. 
   This device mainly comprises:
         a subassembly comprising electron emission means and an acceleration stage in which the electrons are subjected to a potential difference ΔV 1 ;   a space with no electric field in which the electron beam is shaped and controlled;   a deceleration phase in which the electrons are subjected to a potential difference ΔV 2  of opposite sign to ΔV 1 ;   a support for positioning the object beneath the electron beam; and   spectral analysis means for analyzing the X-rays emitted by the object being analyzed.       

   This device has the advantage of emitting a narrow electron beam, compatible with the abovementioned resolution constraints. 
   The electron beam exhibits little dispersion, thereby ensuring good illumination precision. 
   The depth of penetration of the electron beam into the material to be analyzed can be adjusted and advantageously makes it possible to obtain a sensitivity compatible with the constraints associated with the fineness of the layers analyzed. 
   The intensity of the electron current produced also allows the sensitivity of the device to be increased. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description that follows, given with regard to the appended figures which show: 
       FIG. 1 , a schematic representation of the device; 
       FIG. 2 , a schematic representation of the path of the electron beam; 
       FIG. 3 , an illustration of the action of the retarding field on an electron beam; and 
       FIG. 4 , one possible architecture of a system for automating the device. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The device according to the invention is shown in  FIG. 1 . It mainly comprises a subassembly, called an electron column, intended for the emission, shaping and control of the electron beam, a subassembly that carries out the spectral analysis of the X-ray emissions characteristic of the object scanned, and a specimen support  12  on which the specimen  11  to be analyzed is placed. It also includes an optical subassembly for displaying the specimen  11 . Other subassemblies may be integrated into the device, in order to carry out ancillary or complementary functions such as, in particular, automatic control means or else means for modifying the position of the specimen relative to the beam. The entire device is placed in a chamber, not shown in the figure, in which a relatively high vacuum is created, depending on the requirements. 
   The electron column comprises several parts, each part itself comprising several elements. 
   The subassembly  13  for the emission and acceleration of the electron beam is that element of the column located furthermost upstream. It comprises in particular an electron source raised to a potential HV 1  and an electron acceleration stage. The electron source may be of various types, especially a cold field-emission source, a point-cathode Schottky source or a thermionic cathode source. The potential HV 1  is applied to the source by means of a generator  14 . In the acceleration stage, the electrons are subjected to a potential difference ΔV 1 , equal for example to the voltage delivered by the generator  14 . This potential difference is such that it creates an electric field that accelerates the electrons emitted by the source. 
   The electrons thus accelerated leave the emission subassembly  13  and enter a space subjected to a substantial zero electric field, in which their energy is kept practically constant. The electron beam is shaped in and propagates through this field-free space. This field-free space itself comprises several zones. 
   A first, beam-shaping zone  15  lies immediately downstream of the emission device. This zone is surrounded by an internally metallized enclosure  16  which may for example take the form of a tube. This enclosure is raised to the reference potential  1111  of the generator  14 . The reference potential may for example be the ground of the entire device according to the invention. 
   Placed around the enclosure  16 , just downstream of the source, are deflector elements  17 , for example magnetic deflectors, the role of which is to adjust the position or direction of the electron beam. 
   Also placed around the enclosure  16  is a magnetic lens  18  which allows the electron beam to be given a tubular, unfocussed shape in which the electrons follow parallel paths. 
   Placed at the exit of the chamber  16  is a diaphragm  19 , the function of which is to limit the diameter of the electron beam. The purpose of thus limiting the beam diameter is to ensure that the diameter of the beam that strikes the plane of the specimen does not exceed the desired maximum value. This maximum diameter is, for example, that required by the spectral resolution of the spectrometers or the spatial resolution needed for the measurement. This diaphragm may be a single element with an aperture of fixed diameter. It may also consist of a set of switchable diaphragms, having different aperture diameters. Switching diaphragms of different diameters is an advantageous means that allows the intensity of the beam to be varied without modifying the characteristics of the electron source. 
   The space with no electric field comprises a second zone  110  for measuring the electron current. This zone is, for example, located downstream of the diaphragm. It is surrounded by a conducting enclosure  111  raised like the enclosure  16  to the reference potential of the generator  14 . 
   Inside the enclosure  111 , deflection means  112  are placed around the beam. These deflection means are intended to deflect the beam from its normal path onto the specimen to be analyzed. The beam thus deflected is directed onto a device  113  that measures the electron flux density. This electron capture device, for example of the Faraday well type, is also placed in the enclosure  111  and electrically isolated. The deflection means  112 , which may for example be magnetic coils or electrostatic plates, are brought into use periodically. This makes it possible advantageously to carry out a periodic measurement of the electron current. The choice of deflection means used depends on the measurement rate and speed that are desired. To actuate these deflection means, the invention also includes a control device having very short turn-on and turn-off times. This device (not shown in the figure) allows the beam to be periodically deflected for a short time so as to take current measurements while the beam is being used. Thus, with switching times for example of less than 1 microsecond, it is possible to take a measurement lasting one millisecond every tenth of a second. Measurement of the beam intensity is therefore obtained by sampling. Experience shows that if an intensity measurement is performed over 1% of the time, the measurement is sufficiently accurate and leaves the beam available for analysis over 99% of the time. 
   The enclosure  111  contains the electron current measurement means. It is therefore advantageous to place the enclosure downstream of any element intended to limit the beam size, such as a diaphragm. Thus, the measured beam current is the same as the beam current that reaches the specimen. 
   The space with no electric field comprises a third zone  114  for focusing the beam. This zone is, for example, located downstream of the zone  110  described above. This zone is surrounded by a conducting enclosure  115  that surrounds the beam and is raised, like the enclosures  16  and  111 , to the reference potential of the generator  14 . 
   Placed around the enclosure  115  is a magnetic lens  116  whose role is to focus the electron beam onto a point on the surface of the specimen to be analyzed. This lens may be regarded, by optical analogy, as the objective of the system. 
   It is possible to place deflectors between the lens  116  and the enclosure  115  surrounding the beam. These deflector devices  117  may serve to position the beam on the specimen or to move it over the specimen in order to carry out a scan. 
   As soon as the beam exits the enclosure  115 , it leaves the space with no electric field and approaches the specimen to be analyzed, with an energy substantially identical to its initial energy. 
   Downstream of the enclosure  115 , the device according to the invention comprises a perforated plate  118  that may be cooled, for example by means of a flow of liquid nitrogen. By cooling this plate, it is possible in particular to improve, by condensation, the quality of the vacuum near the specimen. 
   After it has passed through the plate  118 , the electron beam leaves the electron column and terminates its travel by bombarding the specimen  11  to be analyzed. 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , the specimen to be analyzed is placed on a support  12 , which is a conducting element. The specimen is raised to a potential HV 2  of the same sign as the potential HV 1  by means of a generator  119 . The reference potential of the generator  119  is connected to that of the generator  14 . In this way, the voltage ΔV 2  applied between the specimen  11  and the enclosure  115  is of the same sign as the voltage ΔV 1  applied to the electron emission device. 
   As soon as it leaves the space with no electric field and just before the zone of impact with the specimen, the electron beam is therefore subjected to a retarding electric field whose action is to decelerate the electrons and therefore reduce their energy. The potential difference HV 1 -HV 2  between the electron source  13  and the specimen  11  is adjusted, for example, by varying the value of the voltage ΔV 2 . It is thus possible to choose to vary the decelerating value to which the electrons are subjected by simply varying the value of ΔV 2 . It is therefore advantageously possible by varying the value of the potential difference HV 1 –HV 2 , to adjust the value of the impact energy of the electron beam on the specimen and therefore its depth of penetration. 
   Another advantage associated with the creation of the retarding field after the final focusing lens is the considerable increase in the electron current density that results therefrom. The increase in the electron current density has the advantage of increasing the sensitivity of the device. This increase in the electron current density derives from limiting the size of the beam aberration zone. The aberration zone is created by the beam passing through the lens  116 . 
   The plate  118  may also be conducting and comprise an electrode for bringing it to a potential that may, for example, vary between ground potential and the potential HV 2  of the specimen  11 . If for example the plate  118  is raised to the potential HV 2 , the zone located between this plate and the specimen also becomes a zone with no electric field. This makes it possible advantageously to prevent the creation of a flux of ions liable to erode the surface of the specimen during the analysis. Such erosion would consequently falsify the results. 
   The specimen  11  to be analyzed is placed on the support  12  inside an enclosure  1112 , or object chamber, that is permeable to X-rays. The support can for example be moved so as to allow optimum positioning of the object to be analyzed beneath the electron beam. 
   The object chamber  1112 , in which the specimen is housed, is itself placed in a high, dry vacuum, of the order of 10 −7  to 10 −8  torr. This vacuum is, for example, created by using a turbomolecular pump assisted by a titanium sublimator. A microleak is placed above the specimen. Its role is to allow injection, in certain cases, of any particular gas and to locally degrade the vacuum. This promotes the removal of electrostatic charges and any residual contaminating elements that may be trapped on the surface of the specimen. 
   To characterize the emission of X-rays characteristic of the specimen analyzed, the device according to the invention includes spectral analysis means  113 . These means are, for example, WDS-type X-ray detector spectrometers, known elsewhere. By way of example,  FIG. 1  has detectors placed in the zone  114  of the field-free space so as to be inclined around the enclosure  115 . The base of these detectors is incorporated into the magnetic lens  116 . 
   The device according to the invention also includes optical means for observing the specimen. Thanks to this observation, it is for example possible to determine the appropriate position, heightwise, of the specimen so as always to have the highest efficiency of the spectrometers  1113 . These optical means comprise especially a catadioptric objective  1114 , a deflection mirror  1115 , pierced so as to allow the electron beam to pass through it, and an external optic  1116 . 
     FIG. 2  of the document shows schematically, by optical analogy, the appearance of the electron beam created by the device according to the invention. In this diagram, the electromagnetic lenses  18  and  116  of  FIG. 1  are represented by their optical equivalents  22  and  23 . These two lenses form an afocal system within which the beam is almost parallel. The beam thus created does not have a crossover zone and has the advantage of exhibiting less aberration due to interactions between electrons. This beam aberration phenomenon, that results from interactions between electrons, is also known as the Boersch effect. 
   The relative distances of the various elements are chosen according to the size of the beam that it is desired to obtain in the plane of the specimen to be analyzed. If for example the distance between the source  21  and the lens  22  is four times greater than the distance between the lens  22  and the lens  23 , the optical system generates, on the specimen, an image  24  of the source reduced by a factor of 4. Thus, if the actual source represented by the ideal source  21  has a typical diameter of 60 μm, the image of this source formed in the plane of the specimen will be about 15 μm. 
     FIG. 3  of the document explains in an imaged manner the action of the retarding field on an electron beam. The figure shows the path through a lens of an electron beam emitted by a point source and its image or spot  31  on a plane  35 . In the illustration on the left, the beam  33  is not subjected to any retarding field, while in the illustration on the right such a field is applied to the beam  34 . 
   It is known that, in an electron optics system, as long as it is assumed that the lens aberrations are negligible compared with the diameter of the spot  31  in question, the current density of the spot is given by:
 
 J (in  A /cm 2 )=βπα 2   (1)
 
where α is the half-angle of the beam and β is the brightness of the beam. To a first approximation, β depends only on the electron source, characterized by β 0 , and on the energy carried by these electrons, which is defined by the acceleration potential V. The following expression may thus be written:
 
β=β 0 V  (2).
 
   To have a maximum current density, it is necessary to work with the largest possible half-angle α, using the lens  32  over its entire section. This has the consequence in particular that, with respect to the lens, the diameter of the beam  33  is therefore no longer equal to the Gaussian diameter D 0 , for which the beam passes through the lens without any aberration. It is equal to an actual diameter D a  that is determined by the aberrations of the optical system. The current density of a spot is therefore given by:
 
 J (in  A /cm 2 )=βπα 2 ( D   0   /D   a ) 2   (3).
 
   To a first approximation, the spherical aberration and the chromatic aberration depend on a fraction of the section of the objective lens  116  through which the beam passes. As regards β, this depends only on the impact energy characterized by V. In the two cases illustrated, the impact energy of an electron E 0  is the same. It is given by:
 
E 0 =eV  (4),
 
where e represents the modulus of the electron charge and V the potential difference to which the electron is subjected.
 
   In the situation on the left, there is no retarding field between the lens  32  and the plane  35 —the energy of the electrons is equal to E 0  over the entire path. In the situation on the right however, there is a retarding field, the presence of which increases the energy of the electrons before the lens. This increase in energy results in a reduction in the size of the beam, however the half-angle α of the beam  34  after the lens remains the same. From the brightness law, the electron currents will be identical, whereas the section of the lens  32  through which the beam  34  passes is, in the second case, greatly reduced. The diameter of the aberration zone is therefore also reduced, thereby advantageously resulting in a much higher current density. Considering for example electrons with an energy of 500 eV raised, by means of the retarding field, to 5000 eV before the lens, the current density obtained is four times higher than that in the case in which the electrons are conveyed, without a retarding field, with an energy of 500 eV over the entire path. 
   Apart from the operational elements described above, the device according to the invention may include a subassembly, for example an electronic one, whose role is to automate all the commands serving for controlling the various elements that make up the device. 
     FIG. 4  shows one possible architecture for such a subassembly. The subassembly shown is composed of two elements—an interface  41  and a computer  42 . 
   The interface comprises, for example, electronic cards, each having the function of controlling one of the major functions of the device. 
   Thus there are:
         an electronic card  43  responsible for controlling the movements of the specimen to be analyzed;   an electronic card  44  for controlling the various elements of the electron column;   an electronic card  45  responsible for operating the spectrometers; and   an electronic card  46  for controlling the vacuum in the device.       

   The interface communicates with the computer  42  via an electronic server card  47  which interprets the orders sent by the computer. 
   The computer is a user workstation, for example a PC operating in a Windows environment. It is equipped with a graphics man-machine interface that allows the operator to access, in particular, a means  48  for interactively controlling the device and a means  49  for managing the automatic analysis sequences. 
   The device according to the invention is associated with an analytical protocol for obtaining quantitative results as regards the elemental composition of the specimen. This protocol consists in making intensity measurements of the X-rays characteristic of the elements present in the specimen. The results are obtained by varying the incident energy of the primary electrons and then by quantitatively interpreting these measurements using an appropriate simulation model. The energy of the primary electrons is controlled by applying suitable potentials to the specimen and the source. The measurements of the beam current and of the emitted X-ray photon flux constitute an acquisition by the automatic system described above. The measurement results are output by the computer in a table consisting of N rows. Each row of the table groups together all the data relating to one measurement. At each measurement instant, there is therefore a row grouping together the data associated therewith. This data comprises, for example, the measurement instant, the electron impact energy calculated from the difference HV 2 −HV 1 , together with the measurement of the beam current, measured by sampling by the electron capture device, and the accumulation of X-ray photons measured on each of the spectrometers. 
   Thus, it is possible, for example during an analysis, to vary, manually or automatically, the value of the impact energy of the beam and to exploit the results obtained using suitable digital processing. The essential attributes of a particular structure of the specimen analyzed can therefore by determined. These attributes are, for example, its thickness, the integrated dose, that is to say the number of atoms implanted per unit area, or the depthwise distribution of the element measured. 
   The elemental measurements carried out here may of course be reproduced over all the test points of a wafer-type structure. Automation therefore advantageously allows complete analysis of a wafer to be effected in a precise manner and without manual intervention.