Abstract:
Apparatus and method for generating and controlling flows of positive and negative air ions includes interposing isolated sets of electrodes in a flowing air stream to separately produce positive and negative ions. The rates of separated production of positive and negative ions are sensed to control ionizing voltages applied to electrodes that produce the ions. Variations from a balance condition of substantially equal amounts of positive and negative ions flowing in the air stream are also sensed to alter bias voltage applied to a grid electrode through which the air stream and ions flow.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims of benefit of priority from provisional application Ser. No. 60/337,418 entitled “Mini-Ionizing Fan”, filed on Nov. 30, 2001 by P. Gefter et al. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to compact apparatus for rapidly neutralizing electrostatic charges on objects, and more particularly to apparatus and methods for producing and delivering an air stream of electrically balanced positive and negative ions. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Contemporary fabrication processes for semiconductor devices and other electronic components commonly rely upon robotics and automatic transfer mechanisms for transporting wafers or other substrates between fabrication processing stations. Such transfer mechanisms are accompanied by electrostatic charging of the wafers or substrates associated, for example, with contacting and separating from other components (triboelectric effect). Accumulated electrostatic charges attract contaminants from ambient air and can also cause damaging electrostatic discharges within microchip circuits or other fabricated electronic components. One effective protective measure is to neutralize electrostatic charges using an air stream of positive and negative ions directed to the charged object. Ideally, balanced quantities of positive and negative ions are supplied to the object to avoid charging the object on the unbalanced excessions of one polarity. 
   Self-balancing production of positive and negative ions requires excellent insulation from ground of the high-voltage supplies and minimum leakage of ionization currents. These requirements conventionally result in bulky apparatus having large separations between ionizing electrodes of opposite polarities, and requiring high-voltage supplies of large dimensions capable of delivering 15-20 kilovolts of air-ionizing potential. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, miniaturized apparatus including a small fan and closed-loop feedback systems control the supplies of bipolar ionizing voltages to produce balanced streams of positive and negative air ions. Audible and visual alarms are activated upon occurrence of diminished performance below established parameters. Alternatively drive signals for alarms are used to control production and flow of ions in an air stream. The miniaturized configuration of the present invention facilitates mounting on a robotic arm or manipulator to rapidly discharge a charged object from close range, commonly as part of robotic movement to transport the wafer or substrate. This promotes higher speed production aided by well-directed supplies of balanced ions for more complete, rapid discharge of a charged object. In addition, current monitoring systems respond to ion output and provide output alarm indications of ion balance and ionization efficiency, and the like. Also, closed loop control of the ionizing supplies provide stable, balanced ion production over a wide range of operating conditions. High voltages applied to ionizing electrodes and bias voltage applied to a grid electrode create and control the supplies of air ions that are delivered in close proximity to a charged object via an air stream from the miniature fan. Electrode erosion and contamination and ambient air conditions that may adversely affect ion production can be compensated by sensor circuitry that alters the voltage levels of the ionizing voltage supplies to compensate for the changed operating conditions and thereby maintain a reliable, stable rate of ion production from the positive and negative ionizing electrodes. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a pictorial illustration of one embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is an illustration of one embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of current monitoring circuitry according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of ion current monitoring circuitry according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 5  is a block schematic diagram of ion-balance monitoring circuitry according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 6  is a block schematic diagram of closed-loop automatic ion current balancing circuitry according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 7  is a detailed schematic diagram of the circuitry of FIG.  6  and of closed-loop circuitry for automatically controlling bipolar ionizing voltages; 
       FIG. 8  is a graph illustrating the dependence of discharging efficiency and the offset voltages associated with operations of one embodiment of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 9  is a graph illustrating offset voltages over long term on an object within close range of the ionizing apparatus of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring now to the pictorial illustration of  FIG. 1 , there is shown one embodiment of the present invention including a miniature fan  1  disposed near the inlet of duct  6  to move air through the substantially cylindrical duct  6  past the electrodes  7 - 10  and grid  12 . The fan  1  is powered by low-voltage power supply  2 , and the ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8  are connected to the high-voltage supply  4 . The grid electrode  12  is connected to low voltage bias supply  5 . The fan  1  creates a flow of air of about 3CFM through the duct  6  of cylindrical shape that is formed of, or is coated with, electrically insulating material over the length thereof from the fan  1 , through the region  3  of ion generation, to the outlet adjacent the grid  12 . An external conductive layer  14  is connected to ground to electrostatically shield the assembly. 
   The region  3  of ion generation includes pointed electrodes  7 ,  8  connected to positive and negative high voltages from supply  4 . The electrodes  7 ,  8  intrude from opposite walls in alignment across the duct  6 . These electrodes  7 ,  8  are well insulated from ground at a resistance of 10 12  ohms, or higher to minimize leakage currents. A pair of thin, planar, conductive electrodes  9 ,  10  are separated by a thin layer of insulation  11  with knife edges at least facing the air flow from fan  1 . These electrodes  9 ,  10  are disposed as a septum substantially across a diameter of the duct  6  normal to the aligned axes of the electrodes  7 ,  8  and aligned with the flow of air through the duct  6 . In addition, grid electrode  12  is disposed across the outlet of duct  6  perpendicular to, and insulated from, the planar septum electrodes  9 ,  10 . The grid electrode  12  is connected to receive low bias voltage from bias supply  5  for operation as later described herein. This configuration of electrodes  7 - 10  and grid  12  provides physical and electrical separation of the components generating positive and negative ions in the respective regions of the duct  6 , all within the air stream from fan  1 . 
   Positive and negative coronas produced by respective electrodes  7 ,  8  to the adjacent planar septum electrodes  9 ,  10  generate stable amounts of positive and negative ions in response to high voltages applied to the electrodes  7 ,  8 . These high voltages are applied at different levels by the power supply  4  in order to generate substantially equal quantities of positive and negative ions per unit time. As is commonly known, negative ions have greater mobility and are more readily created in air than positive ions under comparable ion-generating conditions. For this reason, to generate substantially equal amounts of positive and negative ions, the voltages applied to the ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8  are different for similar surrounding geometries of components in the region  3  of ion generation. Typically, the voltages levels applied to the ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8  may be in the ratio of about 1.1-1.8, and typically about 1.3, more positive in order to generate substantially equal amounts of positive and negative ions downstream of fan  1 . The high voltage supply  4  is well insulated from ground at resistance in excess of 10 12  ohms to provide ‘floating’ positive and negative outputs connected to the ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8 . Accordingly, if excessive amounts of negative ions are produced beyond balance condition, then the floating power supply will accumulate additional positive charges that bias the outputs toward producing fewer negative ions. Similar self balancing operation occurs if excessive amounts of positive ions are produced beyond balance condition. 
   Self balancing generation of ions, as described above, is not adequately effective to attain accurate balance of positive and negative ions below about ±50 volts of charge (or latent discharge) of a target object. The grid  12  disposed at the output of duct  6  and connected to the bias power supply  5  provides the finer balance adjustments required to attain balance within a few volts. The grid  12  is formed as a mesh of wires about 0.02″ in diameter, spaced about 0.25″ apart along orthogonal axes to allow dominant portions of generated ions to pass through in the flowing air stream from fan  1 . The grid  12  thus configured and positioned controls ion balance using low bias voltages, and also screens a target object from the high electrostatic fields within the region  3 . The grid  12  is positioned in close proximity to the downstream edges of the septum electrode structure  9 - 11 , at a distance B from the ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8  which are spaced a distance A from the septum electrodes  9 - 11 . The ratio A/B of the distances should be in the range of about 1.01-1.5, and preferably about 1.3 to provide ion balance adjustment with minimum voltage applied to the grid  12 . The ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8  are also spaced a distance C from conductive elements of the fan  1  and the ratio of distances A/C should be in the range of about 1.5-2.0, and preferably about 1.8 to avoid significantly decreasing the outward flow of ions from ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8 . 
   The electrodes  7 ,  8  are formed of thin tungsten wire of about 0.010-0.012″ diameter with chemically-etched tip radius of about 0.001″ to promote stable corona discharge at low ionizing voltage, with minimum electroerosion and resultant particulate contamination. The fan  1  and power supplies  2 ,  4 , and  5  and the length of duct  6  are enclosed and electrically shielded by a conductive, grounded layer or coating  14  that confines electrostatic and dynamic electromagnetic fields associated with the enclosed components. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown one physical embodiment of the present invention within a casing  15  of insulating material that includes a conductive, grounded outer layer or coating for effective shielding. The assembly is sufficiently small to be mounted on robotic transports for semiconductor wafers in order to neutralize static charges thereon via closely-proximate ‘spot’ treatments for highly effective, targeted charge neutralization. 
   Referring now to the block schematic diagram of  FIG. 3 , there is shown a monitoring system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention for continuously measuring positive and negative ion currents and ion balance from the region  3  of ion generation. Specifically, the septum electrodes in the assembly  9 ,  10 ,  11  are separately connected to ground through sampling resistors  21 ,  23  that are each shunted by filtering capacitors  25 ,  27 . High voltages applied to the ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8  (of the order of about 5-8 kilovolts) produce ions that flow toward the respective septum electrode  9 ,  10 . However, a significant portion of the generated ions are carried away laterally on the air stream from fan  1  through the grid  12  to a nearby target object (not shown). Current flowing through sampling resistor  21  constitutes the positive component of the ion flow (+I c ) reaching the electrode  9 , and similarly, current flowing in the sampling resistor  23  constitutes the negative component of the ion flow (−I c ) reaching electrode  10 . The voltage drops on the resistors  21 ,  23  are monitored by the current monitoring circuit  16  against a reference level  28  to produce a suitable alarm (e.g. drive signal to LED)  29  indicative of a condition of excess ion current flowing through one of the electrodes  9 ,  10 . 
   Another sampling resistor  31  connects the bias voltage supply  5  to ground to produce a voltage thereacross indicative of an excess of positive or negative ions flowing through, and captured by, the grid  12 . This voltage drop, filtered by shunt capacitor  33  is measured against a reference voltage level  35  by the low-current monitoring circuit  17  to produce a suitable alarm (e.g. drive signal to LED  37 ). In this manner, excess production of positive or negative ions and balance of positive and negative ions delivered at the output of the duct  6  are readily monitored. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , there is shown a pictorial diagram of the ion current monitoring circuitry in the embodiment of FIG.  3 . Specifically, two TMOSFET&#39;s  39 ,  41  (i.e. N-channel  39  in enhancement mode, and P-channel  41  in enhancement mode) are connected to the sampling resistors  21 ,  23  as shown. In operation, for positive and negative corona currents close to normal values (typically about 1-3 microamps), the voltage drops on the sampling resistors keep both TMOSFET&#39;s  39 ,  41  biased to open condition, and resultant differential zero voltage drops to ground provide no drive signal to LED  29 . However, if for some reason one of the corona currents (+I c ; −I c ) drops below selected values, then the corresponding one of the two TMOSFET&#39;s  39 ,  41  becomes biased to the closed condition. As a result, differential voltage drops to ground across the TMOSFET&#39;s  39 ,  41  produces drive signal suitable for activating LED  29  to provide a visual (or other) alarm indication of the need for change or cleaning of the electrodes  7 ,  8 , or for readjustment of the high voltage power supplies  4 . Different threshold levels can be established for activating such alarm conditions, for example, by providing adjustable sampling resistors  21 ,  23 . 
   Referring now to the block schematic diagram of  FIG. 5 , there is shown an ion balance monitoring circuitry in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Two differential high-gain amplifiers  51 ,  53  are connected to respond to the voltage drop across the current-sampling resistor  31  (in  FIG. 3 ) relative to the reference voltage V SB . As the voltage across the sampling resistor  31  varies more positive or more negative than the reference voltage V SB , one or other of the amplifiers  51 ,  53  produces an output that activates the LED  37 , or other alarm indicator. Such output or alarm indication is representative of the unbalanced status of the ion flow through grid  12 , as shown in FIG.  3 . The alarm level may be established by adjustment of the reference voltage level, or selection of the sampling resistance  31 , or the like. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 6 , there is shown a block schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present invention including automatic, active-control schemes based upon continuous monitoring of ion currents. Specifically, the current monitoring circuit (CMC)  16  continuously compares the voltage drops across the sampling resistors  21 ,  23  with ± set point values from reference supply  55  to determine whether the ± ion currents are within selected ranges of values. In the event that the +I c  ion current, for example, deviates out of tolerable range, the CMC  16  generates a drive signal  57  that controls the output voltage from high voltage power supply  4  in a direction to return the +I c  current to within tolerable range limits. Similarly, in the event that the −I c  current deviates out of tolerable range, the CMC  16  generates a drive signal  57  that controls the output voltage from the high voltage power supply  4  in a direction to return the −I c  current to within tolerable range limits. 
   In similar manner, the low-current monitoring circuit (LCMC)  17  monitors the voltage drop across the sampling resistor  31  as an indication of the balance status of positive and negative ions flowing through the screen  12  for comparison with the reference voltage V pb    59 . In the event that the voltage across resistor  31  becomes substantially greater than the voltage (+/−) V pb    59 , the LCMC  17  produces a drive signal  58  that alters the level of bias voltage supplied to the screen  12  by the bias supply  5  in a direction to impede the flow of the excessive positive or negative ions and accelerate the flow of the deficient positive or negative ions that upset the balance of ions in the air stream. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is shown a more detailed schematic diagram of the circuitry of the high voltage and bias supplies  4 ,  5  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The high voltage power supply includes a Colpitts oscillator formed of the high-frequency transformer  61  and transistor  63  and capacitors  65 ,  67 ,  69 . This oscillator runs on applied low voltage  71  to produce output pulses that are applied by the secondary winding of transformer  61  to the voltage doubler circuits  73 ,  75  which produce up to about ±8 kilovolts for application through current limiting resistors  72 ,  74  to the respective ionizing electrodes  7 ,  8 . The secondary winding of transformer  61  is electrically isolated from ground by resistance of the order of 10 12  ohms to assure self-balancing ion generation at the electrodes  7 ,  8  in the manner as previously described herein. The operating frequency of the oscillator is approximately 1 MHz, as determined substantially by the primary winding of transformer  61  and the capacitors  65 ,  69 . The output voltage of the high voltage power supply  4  can be altered by modulating the duty cycle of oscillations at a low frequency of about 400-500 Hz. The modulating frequency is variable in response to the optically-controlled field-effect transistor  77  (or other electronically controlled resistor) that is connected in the base circuit of the oscillator transistor  63 . In the event of change in the positive or negative ion current flowing to the septum electrodes  9 ,  10  and through the respective sampling resistors  21 ,  23  (or in the event of a change in a selected ratio of the positive and negative ion currents), the driver circuit  57 ,  58  alters the output  79  applied to the optically-controlled FET  77  to alter the duty cycle of the oscillations in a direction to restore the selected levels of ion current flowing to the septum electrodes  9 ,  10 . 
   In similar manner, the bias supply  5  for supplying bias voltage to the screen  12  includes an oscillator  81  that operates on applied low voltage at a nominal frequency of about 1 MHZ, as determined by the inductor  83  connected in the base circuit, and by the internal collector-to-emitter capacitance of the transistor  85 . The output pulses from the oscillator  81  are supplied to a half-wave rectifier  87  to produce positive voltage, and to a voltage doubler  89  to produce negative voltage. A selected proportion of the positive and negative output voltages is selected by resistor  91  for application to the screen  12 . In the event the voltage drop across sampling resistor  31  becomes significantly different than the balance reference voltage  59 , the driver  57 ,  58  alters the voltage  93  applied to the oscillator  81  in a direction to change the bias voltage applied to the screen  12  to restore the voltage drop across sampling resistor  31  to within tolerable limits of ion balance. 
   Referring now to the graph of  FIG. 8 , there is shown experimental data taken approximately every 10 hours over 230 hours of non-stop operation. Discharge Time Positive and Discharge Time Negative respectively correspond to actual time (sec.) taken to discharge an electrically-isolated 6″×6″ metal plate from +1000V to +100V and from −1000V to −100V, at 4″ distance. Offset voltage indicates actual readings (Volts) measured on the metal plate by the monitoring instrument, taken approximately every 10 hours of operation. These test data indicate that Discharge Time and Offset Voltage vary within a small range, affected substantially only by ambient environment changes, as very stable results produced by the present invention over long terms. 
   Referring now to the graph of  FIG. 9 , there is shown test data that illustrates positive effect on the magnitude of the voltage offset of a grounding conductive layer disposed about the device. The device generates ions which cause electric charge on surface of the plastic housing in the absence of a grounding layer, and such charge on plastic housing affects the electrical field of the grid  12 . This causes arbitrary changes in the electrical balance on the grid. In contrast, the grounding shield decreases static charge on the housing, and electrical balance can be more readily established (as shown by the data prior to last six days). The grid  12  thus provides a significant level of balance control. 
   Therefore, the air ionizing apparatus of the present invention generates positive and negative air ions under close controls of production levels and balance to facilitate closely-directed charge neutralization of an electrostatically charged object. Small packaging of the apparatus promotes convenient mounting on a robotic transporter of semiconductor wafers to direct a balanced stream of positive and negative air ions toward a charged wafer.