Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for recovering organic fibers from a composite material comprising a polymer matrix and organic fibers, wherein the method comprises the following steps: providing a solution comprising a mixture of water and alcohol; placing the composite material inside a reactor; contacting the mixture and the composite material in order to perform a solvolysis reaction of the composite material; and recovering the organic fibers; wherein the pressure and the temperature in the reactor are adjusted such as to fall within the homogeneous sub-critical range of the phase diagram, within the super-critical range or near the critical point; and wherein the temperature is lower than the melting temperature of the organic fibers.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of the recycling, recovery and reuse of waste and/or end-of-life composite materials, and in particular to the recovery of organic fibers from organic-fiber/polymer-matrix composite materials. In particular, it relates the field of methods for recovering organic fibers from organic-fiber/polymer-matrix composite materials. 
       PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    A composite material is an assembly of at least two immiscible (but highly adhesive) materials. Thus, the composite material has properties that each of the two materials does not. 
         [0003]    A composite material typically comprises a structural material, also called reinforcing material or reinforcement, and a matrix. 
         [0004]    The reinforcement generally provides the material with mechanical strength. The reinforcement can be made of metal, glass, carbon, ceramic, mineral (such as clay, talc) or a polymer or organic material, and can have several forms, such as fibers (short: 0.1 to 1 mm; semi-long: 1 to 100 mm; continuous: greater than 100 mm), or loads of various forms (whiskers, beads, platelets, etc.). Continuous fibers can be disposed, in one or more layers, parallel to each other (unidirectional reinforcement); at a predefined angle, for example at 45° to each other (multidirectional reinforcement); or randomly. In the case of a plurality of layers, two layers can have orientations different from those presented above. The reinforcement can be alone within the matrix or combined with another reinforcement of different nature. 
         [0005]    The matrix ensures the cohesion of the structure and the transfer of stresses to the reinforcement. There are composite materials having a metal matrix, a ceramic matrix or a polymer matrix. The latter can be divided into thermoset matrices and thermoplastic matrices. The following relates to composite materials having a polymer matrix, also called organic-matrix composites. 
         [0006]    These composite materials are used in various applications. However, the waste from these composite materials is difficult to recycle. Indeed, due to the highly adhesive nature of the reinforcement and the matrix, these composite materials are difficult to separate without destroying one or the other. 
         [0007]    At end-of-life these composite materials are generally buried in landfills. The cost of storage is high and constantly increasing. Furthermore, storage allows no particular reuse of these materials and its sustainability is not guaranteed. 
         [0008]    There is another solution for these composite materials: incineration. Indeed, polymer-matrix composite materials have an energy value that depends on the nature of the polymer matrix and the fiber level in the composite material. Incinerating these makes it possible to extract their value as energy, but without the opportunity to extract their value as material, given that the fiber part has high added value. In the case of a polymer-matrix composite material with an organic reinforcement, the totality of the composite material can be converted to energy by incineration. However, in recent years, the emphasis has been on environmental considerations. For example, Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles stipulates that from Jan. 1, 2006 and until Jan. 1, 2015, the rate of reuse and recovery of the component materials of said end-of-life vehicles will have to increase from 85% to 95%, with the rate of reuse and recycling increasing from 80% to 85%. In another example, Directive 2004/01/EC stipulates that environmental aspects are to be taken into account in the individual and consolidated accounts of businesses. 
         [0009]    Neither burying in landfills nor incineration can be a satisfactory solution. 
         [0010]    This is why other solutions have been developed for recovering these composite materials. For example, pyrolysis in a molten salt bath is an intermediate solution between energy recovery and material recovery. This method consists in depolymerizing the polymer parts of the composite material at a temperature of 500° C. in order to obtain petrochemical products. However, for polymer-matrix composite materials reinforced with organic reinforcement, the cost of this method is very high (10 times the cost of incineration). Consequently, this method is less advantageous than incineration. 
         [0011]    Another solution is thermolysis, more particularly pyrolysis. This method consists in thermal degradation (at a temperature between about 450° C. and about 700° C.), in the virtual absence of oxygen, of the organic part of a polymer-matrix composite material comprising carbon fibers or glass fibers. Thermolysis makes it possible to recover both the polymer matrix and the inorganic fibers of composite materials. However, during thermolysis, the composite materials are subjected to a temperature that is too high to allow the recovery of organic reinforcing fibers. Furthermore, this method produces secondary residues, such as solid particles and gases, which must then be treated. 
         [0012]    Much research is directed toward the solvolysis of composite materials, in particular composite materials comprising a polymer matrix and a reinforcement consisting of carbon fibers or glass fibers. Indeed, the maximum acceptable temperature of these fibers permits the use of relatively high temperatures for decomposition of the matrix (up to 500° C.). The solvent used is generally pure and can be water, organic solvents such as alcohols (for example ethanol and methanol), or acetone, in the presence or absence of catalyst. 
         [0013]    Liu Yuyan et al. (“The Experimental Research on Recycling of Aramid Fibers by Solvent Method,” in J. Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 28, No. 18/2009) propose a method for recycling composite materials comprising an epoxy matrix and aramid fibers as reinforcement by dissolution of the matrix in solvent. In this method, a composite material is cut into pieces and then plunged into a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene bath, and heated at various temperatures for various lengths of time. The authors tested temperatures of 280, 290, 300, 310 and 320° C. with a polymer matrix/solvent ratio of 1 g/10 ml for 1 hour. This study concluded with the feasibility of recycling the aramid fibers contained in composite materials having an organic matrix of epoxy resin. 
         [0014]    However, this method uses 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene as the solvent, a solvent having a very negative impact on the environment, and involves cutting the composite into small pieces so that the solvent can reach the entire surface of the resin, which prevents recovery of the fiber for subsequent reuse. 
         [0015]    Presentation 
         [0016]    An objective is thus to overcome at least one disadvantage of the prior art presented above. 
         [0017]    To this end, a method for recovering organic fibers from a composite material comprising a polymer matrix and organic fibers is proposed. This method comprises the following steps:
       providing a solution comprising a mixture of water and alcohol;   disposing the composite material inside a reactor;   placing the mixture in contact with the composite material in order to carry out a solvolysis reaction of the polymer matrix of the composite material;   recovering the organic fibers;       
 
         [0022]    wherein the pressure and temperature in the reactor are adjusted so as to fall within the homogeneous subcritical region of the phase diagram, within the supercritical region, or near the critical point; and 
         [0023]    wherein the temperature is below the degradation temperature of the organic fibers. 
         [0024]    Thanks to this method, the organic fibers of composite materials comprising a polymer matrix and organic reinforcing fibers can be recovered without the use of a solvent having a very negative impact on the environment. 
         [0025]    The other required features are: 
         [0026]    the temperature and/or the pressure is supercritical; 
         [0027]    the organic fibers are aramid fibers and the temperature is set to at most 300° C.; 
         [0028]    the aramid fibers are selected from: meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, para-aramid and meta-aramid copolymer fibers, or a mixture thereof; 
         [0029]    the organic fibers are plant fibers; 
         [0030]    the plant fibers are selected from the group consisting of: flax fibers, banana fibers, hemp fibers, nettle fibers, coconut fibers, cotton fibers, henequen fibers, sisal fibers, jute fibers, ramie fibers, fibers from wheat straw or any other grain, wood fibers, or a mixture thereof; 
         [0031]    the polymer matrix is thermoset polymer or thermoplastic polymer; 
         [0032]    the mixture of water and alcohol has a water/alcohol volume ratio between 30:70 and 70:30; 
         [0033]    the mixture and the composite material are placed in contact for 15 to 105 minutes; 
         [0034]    the mixture and the composite material are placed in contact by circulating a stream of the mixture through the reactor inside which the composite material is disposed; 
         [0035]    the method further comprises the step consisting in reducing the composite material to granules before being placed in contact with the mixture; 
         [0036]    the method further comprises the recovery of effluent produced by the solvolysis and discharged outside the reactor; and 
         [0037]    optionally the combustion of the effluent to heat the reactor. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0038]    Other objectives, features and advantages will become apparent upon reading the following description, in reference to the drawings, provided as illustration on a non-limiting basis. 
           [0039]      FIG. 1  is a diagram showing the various steps of the organic fiber recovery method. 
           [0040]      FIG. 2  is a black and white photograph showing a specimen of composite material consisting of a polymer matrix of PLA and woven flax fibers before treatment according to the method described herein. 
           [0041]      FIG. 3  is a black and white photograph showing a specimen corresponding to the specimen in  FIG. 2  but having undergone the treatment according to the method described herein. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0042]    A method for recovering organic fibers from a composite material comprising a polymer matrix and organic fibers is disclosed below in reference to  FIG. 1 . 
         [0043]    The term “composite material” means herein an assembly of at least two immiscible (but highly adhesive) materials. The new material thus constructed has properties that the individual elements do not. A composite material comprises a matrix and a reinforcement. 
         [0044]    The term “fiber” means herein a plant, animal, mineral or artificial elemental form having a length of up to several hundred times its diameter, and generally in the form of bundles. The organic fiber can be present in the composite material in the form of individual fibers or a woven fiber fabric. 
         [0045]    A plant elemental form is a flexible filament, called plant fiber, a constituent of plant tissue, in particular the wood, stems or roots of certain plants. Examples of plant fibers include banana (genus  Musa ), and in particular abaca ( Musa textilis,  also called Manila hemp), hemp ( Cannabis sativa,  for example in the form of shives), nettle (genus  Urtica ), coconut ( Cocos nucifera ), cotton (genus  Gossypium ), henequen ( Agave fourcroydes ), sisal ( Agave sisalana ), jute (genus  Corchorus ), flax ( Linum usitatissimum,  for example in the form of shives), ramie ( Bohemeria nivea ), fibers from wheat straw or any other grain, wood fibers, or a mixture thereof. 
         [0046]    An artificial elemental form generally involves aramid fibers. Aramid (portmanteau of “aromatic polyamide”) is a long-chain polymer wherein at least 85% of the aramid linkages (—NH—CO‘) are attached directly to two benzene rings. 
         [0047]    Generally, aramid is obtained by polycondensation of an aromatic diamine (NH 2 —Ar 1 —NH 2 ) and an aromatic acid dichloride (ClCO—Ar 2 —COCl) in an organic solvent: 
         [0000]      n NH 2 —Ar 1 —NH 2 +n ClCO—Ar 2 —COCl→—(NH—Ar 1 —NH—CO—Ar 2 —CO) n —+2n HCl
 
         [0048]    Ar 1  and Ar 2  each representing an aromatic ring and —(NH—Ar 1 —NH—CO—Ar 2 —CO) n — is the aramid resulting from polycondensation. 
         [0049]    Several commercial types of aramid fibers exist, differentiated by the position of the functional groups on the aromatic rings:
       para-aramids, for example poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide);   meta-aramids, for example poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide); and   para-aramid copolymers.       
 
         [0053]    Para-aramid fibers are highly oriented during the spinning process. Consequently, they are characterized by high tensile strength (about 3 GPa) and low density (about 1.45 g·cm −3 ). They are used, for example, to manufacture body armor; reinforcements in elastomers (tires, pipes), ropes and cables; reinforcements for fiber optic bundles; and reinforcements for composite materials. More particularly, in their short form, para-aramid fibers are used for the manufacture of gloves, protective clothing and, more recently, as reinforcements in injectable thermoplastic matrices to give the latter better abrasion resistance. In pulp form, these fibers replaced asbestos fiber in applications where good resistance to heat and abrasion is required, for example, in clutch disks, brake pads and joints. 
         [0054]    In 1998, about 9000 t of para-aramid fiber was consumed in Europe. 
         [0055]    Para-aramids are chiefly marketed under the names Kevlar™ by DuPont de Nemours, Twaron™ by Akzo and Technora™ by Teijin. 
         [0056]    Meta-aramid fibers have lower tensile strength than para-aramid fibers. On the other hand, they are more stable thermically and chemically and are highly valued in applications related to protection, for example the manufacture of clothing and industrial fibers, for their resistance to fire and chemical agents. In paper form they are widely used for electrical insulation and the manufacture of honeycombs for “sandwich” composites. 
         [0057]    Meta-aramids are chiefly marketed under the names Nomex™ by DuPont de Nemours and Conex™ by Teijin. 
         [0058]    The polymer constituting the polymer matrix is a thermoset polymer or a thermoplastic polymer. Preferably, thermoset polymer is selected from the group consisting of epoxy or phenol resins. 
         [0059]    The method uses as solvent a solution comprising a mixture of water and alcohol. The water/alcohol volume ratio of the mixture is preferably 50:50. Preferably, the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, glycerol or a mixture thereof. 
         [0060]    The mixture of water and alcohol has a water/alcohol volume ratio advantageously between 30:70 and 70:30, preferably between 40:60 and 60:40, more preferably between 45:55 and 55:45, still more preferably of about 50:50. 
         [0061]    The method also comprises the disposition of the composite material inside a reactor. Before disposing the composite material inside the reactor, it can be cut into sections of desired volume, or reduced by granulation according to the size of the reactor. 
         [0062]    The method also comprises the placing of the solvent in contact with the composite material in order to carry out a solvolysis reaction of the polymer matrix of the composite material. 
         [0063]    The pressure and temperature conditions are adjusted so as to fall within the homogeneous subcritical region of the phase diagram, i.e., above the liquid-vapor transition curve, or within the supercritical region, i.e., above the critical temperature and the critical pressure, or preferably near the critical point, i.e., within 50° C. of the critical temperature and within 50 bar of the critical pressure, still preferably within 25° C. of the critical temperature and within 25 bar of the critical pressure. 
         [0064]    The reactor can be heated inside an oven. As a variant or in addition, the reactor can also be heated by combusting the effluent produced during solvolysis of the matrix, i.e., said effluent is recovered in order to be burned. 
         [0065]    The solvolysis reaction is preferably carried out under conditions of supercritical temperature and pressure, i.e., above the Tc and Pc of the solvent. 
         [0066]    The temperature must be lower than the temperature at which the properties of the organic fibers degrade, in order not to degrade them, for example Young&#39;s modulus, yield point, surface appearance of the organic fibers, etc. For example, the temperature is preferentially set to at most 300° C. in the case of aramid fibers, and at most 175° C. for flax fibers. 
         [0067]    The placing in contact lasts between about 15 minutes and about 105 minutes, preferably between about 30 minutes and about 90 minutes, more preferably between about 45 minutes and about 75 minutes, still more preferably about 60 minutes. 
         [0068]    The placing of the solvent in contact with the composite material is advantageously carried out by circulating a stream of solvent through the reactor in which the composite material is disposed. 
         [0069]    For example, upstream of the reactor is envisaged a solvent inlet. The solvent inlet can be coupled to a pump in order to convey the solvent inside the reactor at the selected pressure. The pump is thus capable of generating pressures up to 30 MPa. 
         [0070]    The method can also comprise, before the contacting of the mixture, a step of preheating the solvent. To this end, the solvent inlet can also be coupled to a preheater in order to preheat the solvent to the temperature desired at the reactor inlet; preferably the solvent is preheated such that at the reactor inlet it is equal to the solvolysis temperature. 
         [0071]    Downstream of the reactor is envisaged an outlet for withdrawing the solvent from which the molecules resulting from the decomposition of the polymer matrix (called effluent) have been extracted by solvolysis. When the decomposition of the polymer matrix is complete, these are the monomers that are recovered from the mixture and that can be reintroduced into the production chain of new polymers. 
         [0072]    At the end of the solvolysis, the organic fibers are recovered. The surface quality of these organic fibers is undamaged in comparison with new organic fibers. 
         [0073]    This method has applications in the recycling of composite materials comprising a polymer matrix and an organic reinforcing fiber. For example, this method will advantageously be used for recycling tires, conveyer belts, high pressure pipes, drive belts, aircraft components, boats, shielding, cables such as ropes, telecommunications cables, protective clothing such firemen&#39;s uniforms, military helmets and safety helmets, bullet-proof vests, cut-resistant clothing and brake pads. 
       EXAMPLE 1 (E1) 
       [0074]    Several water/ethanol mixtures were prepared and used as solvent. The weight percentages of the resin constituting the extracted polymer matrix are presented in Table 1 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 E1-1 
                 E1-2 
                 E1-3 
                 E1-4 
                 E1-5 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 % water (volume) 
                 90 
                 75 
                 50 
                 25 
                 10 
               
               
                 % extracted resin (weight) 
                 93 
                 98.8 
                 99.1 
                 81.6 
                 73.2 
               
               
                 Tc (° C.) 
                 368 
                 325 
                 315 
                 277 
                 257 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0075]    A composite material consisting of about 30% by weight polymer matrix (epoxy resin) and aramid fibers are cut into pieces weighing between 1 g and 10 g. 
         [0076]    The pieces of composite material are then disposed inside a 110 ml cylindrical reactor. 
         [0077]    The solvent is then contacted with the composite material for 60 minutes by means of a solvent inlet disposed upstream of the reactor and coupled to a high-pressure pump. Furthermore, the solvent inlet is coupled to a preheater to raise the inlet&#39;s temperature to the solvolysis temperature (300° C.). The reactor is also heated to the solvolysis temperature. The pressure inside the reactor is 250 bar. 
         [0078]    GC/MS analysis of the liquid effluent made it possible to identify the products resulting from decomposition of the polymer matrix. The products are: phenol, benzenamine, quinoline, bisphenol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, and 1,1-diethoxyethane and derivatives thereof. 
         [0079]    These products correspond to the monomers or polymer fragments initially present in the polymer matrix, and/or in the hardeners, and/or adhesives optionally present in the starting composite material. The presence of these products confirms that the polymer matrix was depolymerized. Furthermore, no trace of molecules possibly resulting from the decomposition of aramid fibers was detected, which confirms the selective character of the solvolyses used. 
         [0080]    A solvent consisting of a mixture having a water/ethanol volume ratio of 50:50 constitutes a compromise between solvolysis efficiency and aramid fiber surface quality. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Flax Fibers 
       [0081]    A composite material consisting of about 40% by volume flax fibers and 60% by volume polymer matrix in polylactic acid was cut into generally rectangular specimens as shown in  FIG. 2 . In this  FIG. 2 , the flax fibers can be seen to be embedded in the polymer matrix. 
         [0082]    This material is then placed in a reactor and contacted with a solvent consisting of a mixture of water and ethanol in a 50:50 volume ratio and preheated to 175° C. The solvolysis is carried out at 175° C. and 250 bar for 30 minutes. These conditions correspond to the homogeneous subcritical region of the solvent. 
         [0083]      FIG. 3  shows what remains of the composite material at the end of the solvolysis. The polymer matrix was completely decomposed and the flax fibers remained intact. 
       COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 (CE1) 
     Pure Solvents 
       [0084]    Comparative examples were prepared using pure solvents: water, ethanol and isopropanol. The method used is the same as for Example 1 above. Table 2 below shows the percentage by mass of extracted polymer matrix according to the solvent used and the solvolysis temperature. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Solvolysis 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
                 water 
                 ethanol 
                 isopropanol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 150° C. 
                  2.4% 
                 3.1% 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                 250° C. 
                 27.8% 
                 7.9% 
                 6.8% 
               
               
                   
                 300° C. 
                 97.9% 
                 68.2%  
                 36.8%  
               
               
                   
                 400° C. 
                  100% 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0085]    The table shows that the solvolysis is ineffective whatever the pure solvent used at a temperature of 150° C. There is an improvement when the temperature is increased, and at 300° C. the percentage of extracted resin reached 97.9% for water, but only 68.2% for ethanol and 36.8% for isopropanol. However, with water as the solvent and a solvolysis temperature of 300° C., the fibers are altered. With this solvent at 400° C., degradation of the organic fiber is total. 
         [0086]    The table does not show a value for solvolysis at 400° C. with ethanol or isopropanol because at this temperature isopropanol and ethanol molecules risk being degraded.