Abstract:
Disclosed herein are compounds represented by the formula: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where HT and n are defined herein. Compositions of said compounds along with organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices related thereto are also disclosed.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure generally relates to the field of organic chemistry and organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). More particularly, the present disclosure pertains to the synthesis of host materials for use in organic light-emitting diode devices. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    OLED is a flat light emitting technology which utilizes organic thin films placed between two conductors in order to create light. When an electrical current is applied between the two conductors a bright light is emitted. OLED technology has many implementations, including displays, such as in televisions and portable devices, and has been utilized in solid state lighting (SSL) applications. A primary benefit of OLED technology as compared to previous technologies is that OLED technology is more efficient, requiring less electrical consumption, and also allows for space saving because OLED devices can be made very thin. 
         [0003]    It is generally considered that a white OLED device, in order to qualify as SSL, needs to achieve greater than 100 lm with color rendering index (CRI) greater than 70 and operating time greater than 10,000 hours at 1000 cd/cm 2 . To accomplish this, there needs to be a host material capable of supplying such results. Most host materials in existence have problems with low stability, high charge injection barrier, and imbalanced charge injection and mobilities. All of these problems can lead to a high turn-on voltage and short device lifetime. In order to achieve high efficiency, low turn-on voltage, and long device lifetime, it may be useful to create stable, high mobility, bipolar host materials. Achieving these criteria may allow for the realization of the full commercial potential of organic light-emitting devices. 
         [0004]    The compounds described herein can improve the intermolecular stacking to have high electron and hole mobility, and reduce the symmetry of the molecule to have better film forming properties and high glass transition temperatures. By adjusting the conjugation length of the aromatic system, the host materials can have a wide range of T1 energy to host many types of phosphor emitters including blue, green, yellow and red. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Some embodiments include a host compound for use in emissive elements of organic light emitting devices, the compound being represented by the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0006]    where HT is optionally substituted carbazolyl or optionally substituted triphenylene, and n is 1 or 2. 
         [0007]    Another embodiment includes organic light-emitting devices which include a light-emitting layer, said light-emitting layer including a compound described herein. 
         [0008]    These and other embodiments are described in greater detail below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of some embodiment the devices described herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0010]    As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, when a chemical structural feature is referred to as being “optionally substituted” it is meant that the feature may have no substituents (i.e. be unsubstituted) or may have one or more substituents. The term “substituent” has the ordinary meaning known to one of ordinary skill in the art. A substituted group is derived from the unsubstituted parent structure wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the parent structure have been independently replaced by one or more substituent groups. A substituted group may have one or more substituent groups on the parent group structure. The substituent groups are independently selected from optionally substituted alkyl, —O-alkyl (e.g. —OCH 3 , —OC 2 H5, —OC 3 H 7 , —OC 4 H 9 , etc.), —S-alkyl (e.g. —SCH 3 , —SC 2 H 5 , —SC 3 H 7 , —SC 4 H 9 , etc.), —NR′R″, —OH, —SH, —CN, —NO 2 , or a halogen, wherein R′ and R″ are independently H or optionally substituted alkyl. Wherever a substituent is described as “optionally substituted,” that substituent can be substituted with the above substituents. 
         [0011]    As used herein, the term “benzimidazol-2-yl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0012]    where R 7  is selected from the group H, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, including, but not limited to phenyl and naphthyl. 
         [0013]    As used herein, the term “Ph” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0014]    As used herein, the term “benzoxazol-2-yl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0015]    As used herein, the term “benzothiazol-2-yl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0016]    As used herein, the term “3,3′-bipyridin-5-yl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0017]    As used herein, the term “quinolin-8-yl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0018]    As used herein, the term “quinolin-5-yl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0019]    As used herein, the term “quinoxalin-5-yl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0020]    As used herein, the term “carbazolyl” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0021]    which includes, but is not limited to 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0022]    As used herein, the term “diphenylamine” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0023]    As used herein, the term “phenylnaphthylamine” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0024]    As used herein, the term “1,3 interphenylene” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0025]    As used herein, the term “1,4 interphenylene” refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0026]    As used herein, the term m-terphenyl refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0027]    As used herein, the term triphenylene refers to the ring system: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0028]    The term “work function” has the ordinary meaning known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the “work function” of a metal refers to a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of the metal. 
         [0029]    The term “high work function metal” has the ordinary meaning known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, a “high work function metal” includes a metal or alloy that easily injects holes and typically has a work function greater than or equal to 4.5. 
         [0030]    The term “low work function metal” has the ordinary meaning known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, a “low work function metal” includes a metal or alloy that easily loses electrons and typically has a work function less than 4.3. 
         [0031]    The expression “white light-emitting” has the ordinary meaning known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, a material is white light-emitting if it emits white light. In some embodiments, white light is light having the approximate CIE color coordinates (X=1/3, Y=1/3). The CIE color coordinates state may be defined as the achromatic point. The X and Y color coordinates may be weights applied to the CIE primaries to match a color. A more detailed description of these terms may be found in CIE 1971, International Commission on Illumination, Colorimetry: Official Recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination, Publication CIE No. (E-1.3.1) 1971, Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris, 1971 and in F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., M. Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology, 2 nd  edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, 1981 both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The color rendering index (CRI) refers to the ability to render various colors and has values ranging from 0 to 100, with 100 being the best. 
         [0032]    The term “deep blue emitting” has the ordinary meaning to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, a material is “deep blue emitting” if it emits deep blue light. In some embodiments, deep blue light having the approximate CIE color coordinates (X=[0.14], Y=[0.08], CIE 1931). 
         [0033]    Some embodiments represent a compound represented by the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0034]    wherein HT can be an optionally substituted carbazolyl or optionally substituted triphenylene, ET can be an optionally substituted benzimidazol-2-yl, benzoxazol-2-yl or optionally substituted benzothiazol-2-yl, and wherein, n=1-2. For example, HT can be one of the following: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0035]    In some embodiments, ET can be selected from optionally substituted benzimidazol-2-yl, optionally substituted benzoxazol-2-yl, and/or optionally substituted benzothiazol-2-yl. In some embodiments, ET is an unsubstituted benzimidazol-2-yl. In some embodiments, ET is selected from 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0036]    In some embodiments, ET is an optionally substituted benzimidazol-2-yl. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    In some embodiments, ET is 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0037]    Some embodiments represent a compound represented by the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0038]    where HT is selected from optionally substituted carbazolyl or optionally substituted triphenylene, and n=1-2. For example, HT can be one of the following: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0039]    Some embodiments relate to compounds which can be: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0040]    In some embodiments, a compound of any formula included herein, or an optionally substituted Host-1, Host-2, Host-3, or Host-4, may have a highest occupied molecular orbital having an energy of about 5 eV to about 7 eV, about −5.5 eV to about 6 eV, about −5.7 eV to about −5.9 eV, about −5.7 eV to about −5.8 eV, or about 5.8 eV to about 5.9 eV. 
         [0041]    In some embodiments, a compound of any formula included herein, or an optionally substituted Host-1, Host-2, Host-3, or Host-4, may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital having an energy of about −2 eV to about −3 eV, about −2.1 eV to about −2.6 eV, about −2.1 eV to about −2.5 eV, or about −2.2 eV to about −2.3 eV. 
         [0042]    In some embodiments, a compound of any formula included herein, or an optionally substituted Host-1, Host-2, Host-3, or Host-4, may have a triplet energy of about 2 eV to about 3 eV, about 2.5 eV to about 2.7 eV, about 2.5 eV to about 2.6 eV, or about 2.6 eV to about 2.7 eV. 
         [0043]    In some embodiments, a compound of any formula included herein, or an optionally substituted Host-1, Host-2, Host-3, or Host-4, may have a glass transition temperature of about 100° C. to about 200° C., about 140° C. to about 180° C., or about 120° C. to about 160° C. 
         [0044]    In some embodiments, the compounds described may be used as an emissive compound, as an ambipolar host in an organic light-emitting diode emissive layer, or both. In some embodiments, the compound is a host compound. In some embodiments, the compounds may be used in emissive elements of organic light emitting devices. In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may provide well balanced hole-transport and electron-transport mobility, which may lead to a simpler device structure with high quantum efficiency and low turn-on voltage. For example in some embodiments, the organic light-emitting diode or device incorporating the presently described compounds may not have a hole-transporting layer or an emissive layer. In some embodiments, these compounds may have high electrochemical stability, high thermal stability, a high glass transition temperature (Tg), and high photo-stability. Thus, these compounds may provide an OLED device with a longer lifetime than existing OLED devices. 
         [0045]    The compounds and compositions described herein can be incorporated into light-emitting devices in various ways. For example, an embodiment provides a light-emitting device comprising: an anode layer made up of a high work function metal, a cathode layer made up of a low work function metal, and a light-emitting layer positioned between the anode layer and cathode layer. The light-emitting device may be configured so that the anode can transfer holes to the light-emitting layer and the cathode can transfer electrons to the light-emitting layer. The light-emitting layer contains the compounds and/or compositions disclosed herein. 
         [0046]    An anode layer may comprise conventional material such as a metal, mixed metal, alloy, metal oxide or mixed metal oxide, or a conductive polymer. Examples of suitable metals include the metals in Groups 10, 11, and 12 transition metals If the anode layer is to be light-transmitting, mixed-metal oxides of Groups 12, 13 and 14 metals or alloys thereof, such as zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium zinc oxide or indium-tin-oxide may be used. The anode layer ay include an organic material such as polyaniline, e.g., as described in “Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymer,” Nature, vol. 357, pp. 477-479 (11 Jun. 1992). Examples of suitable high work function metals include but are not limited to Au, Pt, indium-tin-oxide (ITO), or alloys thereof. In some, the anode layer can have thickness in the range of about 1 nm to about 1000 nm. 
         [0047]    A cathode layer may include a material having a lower work function than the anode layer. Examples of suitable materials for the cathode layer include those selected from alkali metals of Group 1, 2, 11, 12, and 13 metals including rare earth elements, lanthanides and actinides, materials such as aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium, and magnesium, and combinations thereof. Li-containing organo-metallic compounds, LiF, and Li 2 O may also be deposited between the organic layer and the cathode layer to lower the operating voltage. Suitable low function metals include but are not limited to Al, Ag, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mg/Ag, LiF/AI, CsF, CsF/AI or alloys thereof. In some embodiments, the cathode layer can have thickness in the range of about 1 nm to about 1000 nm. 
         [0048]    The amount of the compounds disclosed herein in the light-emitting composition can vary. In the described embodiment the compound disclosed herein is approximately 90% by weight of the light-emitting layer. However, the amount of the compound disclosed herein in the light-emitting layer may be in the range of from about 1% to 100% by weight of the light-emitting layer. In some embodiments, the mass of the electroluminescent compound may be about 0.1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, or about 3% of the mass of the emissive layer. 
         [0049]    The thickness of the light-emitting layer may vary. In one embodiment, the light-emitting layer thickness is about 30 nm. However, this is not intended to be limiting, the light-emitting layer can have a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to 200 nm. 
         [0050]    The compounds and compositions described herein may be useful in an emissive layer without requiring any additional hole-transport or electron-transport materials. Thus, in some embodiments, the light-emitting layer consists essentially of an electroluminescent compound and a compound disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the light-emitting layer may comprise at least one hole-transport material or electron-transport material in addition to a compound disclosed herein. 
         [0051]    In some embodiments, a hole-transport material may comprise at least one of an aromatic-substituted amine, a carbazole, a polyvinylcarbazole (PVK), e.g. poly(9-vinyl-carbazole); N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD); polyfluorene; a polyfluorene copolymer; poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole); poly(paraphenylene); poly[2-(5-cyano-5-methylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene]; 1,1-Bis(4-bis(4-methylyphenyl)aminophenyl)cyclohexane; 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; 3,5-Bis(4-tert,butyl-phenyl)-4-phenyl[1,2,4]triazole; 3,4,5-Triphenyl-1,2,3-triazole; 4,4′,4″-Tris(N-naphthylen-2-yl)-N-phenylamino)triphenylamine (MTDATA); 4,4′-bis[N-(naphthyl-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl (NPB); 4,4′-bis[N,N′-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD); 4,4′-N′-dicarbazolebiphenyl (CBP); 1,3-N,N-dicarbazole-benzene (mCP); poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK); a benzidine; a phenylenediamine; a phthalocyanine metal complex; a polyacetylene; a polythiophene; a triphenylamine an oxadiazole; copper phthalocyanine; N,N′,N″-1,3,5-tricarbazoloylbenzene (tCP); N,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine; and the like. 
         [0052]    In some embodiments, an electron-transport material may comprise at least one of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4,oxadiazole (PBD); 1,3-bis(N,N-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (OXD-7); 1,3-bis[2-(2,2′-bipyridine-6-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazo-5-yl]benzene; 3-phenyl-4-(1′-naphthyl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ); 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-phenanthroline (bathocuproine or BCP); aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinolate) (Alq3); and 1,3,5-tris(2-N-phenylbenzimidiazolyl)benzene; 1,3-bis[2-(2,2′-bipyridine-6-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazo-5-yl]benzene (BPY-OXD); 3-phenyl-4-(1′ naphthyl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ); and 1,3,5-tris[2-N-phenylbenzimidazol-z-yl]benzene (TPBI). In one embodiment the electron transport layer may be aluminum quinolate (Alq 3 ), PBD, phenanthroline, quinoxaline, TPBI, or a derivative or a combination thereof. 
         [0053]    In some embodiments, the device comprises no electron-transport or hole-transport layer. In some embodiments, the device consists essentially of the anode layer, the cathode layer, and the light-emitting layer. In other embodiments, the light-emitting device may further comprise a hole-transport layer disposed between the anode and the light-emitting layer. The hole-transport layer may comprise at least one hole-transport material. Suitable hole-transport materials may include those listed above in addition to any others known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0054]    In some embodiments, the light-emitting device may further comprise an electron-transport layer disposed between the cathode and the light-emitting layer. The electron-transport layer may comprise at least one electron-transport material. Suitable electron-transport materials include those listed above as well as any others known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0055]    If desired, additional layers may be included in the light-emitting device. These additional layers may be an electron injection layer (EIL), a hole blocking layer (HBL), an exciton blocking layer (EBL), and/or a hole injection layer (HIL). In addition to separate layers, some of these materials may be combined into a single layer. 
         [0056]    In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can include an electron injection layer between the cathode layer and the light-emitting layer. A number of suitable electron injection materials are known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable material(s) that can be included in the electron injection layer include but are not limited to, an optionally substituted compound selected from the following: Alq 3 ; PBD; phenanthroline; quinoxaline; TPBI a triazine; a metal chelate of 9-hydroxyquinoline such as tris(8-hydroxyqunioliate) aluminum; and a metal thioxinoid compound such as bis(8-quinolinethiolato) zinc. In one embodiment, the electron injection layer may be a derivative or combination of the above listed materials. 
         [0057]    In some embodiments, the device can include a hole-blocking layer, e.g., between the cathode and the light-emitting layer. Various suitable hole-blocking materials than can be included in the hole-blocking layer are known to those skilled in the art. Suitable hole-blocking material(s) include but are not limited to, an optionally substituted compound selected from the following: BCP; 3,4,5,triphenyl-1,2,4-triazole; 3,5-bis(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-4-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazole; 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenly-1,10-phenanthroline; and 1,1-bis(4-bis(methylphenyl)aminophenyl)-cyclohexane. 
         [0058]    In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can include an exciton blocking layer, e.g., between the light-emitting layer and the anode. In an embodiment, the band gap of the material(s) that comprise an exciton blocking layer may be large enough to substantially prevent the diffusion of excitons. A number of suitable exciton blocking materials that can be included in an exciton blocking layer are known to those skilled in the art. Examples of material(s) that can compose an exciton blocking layer include an optionally substituted compound selected from the following: Alq 3 ; PB; CBP; BCP; and any other materials that have a large enough band gap to substantially prevent the diffusion of excitons. 
         [0059]    In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can include a hole-injection layer, e.g., between the light-emitting layer and the anode. Various suitable hole-injection materials than can be included in the hole injection layer are known to those skilled in the art. Exemplary hole-injection material(s) may include an optionally substituted compound selected from the following: a polythiophene derivative such as poly(3,4-ethyenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/polystyrene (PSS); a benzidine derivative such as N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenylbenzidine; poly(N,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine); a triphenylamine or phenylenediamine derivative such as N,N′-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine, 4,4′,4″tris(naphthylen-2-yl)-N-phenylamino)triphenylamine; an oxadiazole derivative such as 1,3-bis(5-(4-diphenylamino)phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzene; a polyacetylene derivative such as poly(1,2-bis-benzylthio-acetylene); and a phthalocyanine metal complex derivative such as phthalocyanine copper. Hole-injection materials, while still being able to transport holes, may have a hole mobility substantially less than the hole mobility of conventional hole-transport materials. 
         [0060]    The emissive compositions may be prepared by adapting methods known in the art for other emissive compositions. For example, the emissive compositions may be prepared by dissolving or dispersing the electroluminescent compound (including any compound described herein) and any host (including any compound described herein), if present, in a solvent and depositing the composition on the appropriate layer of the device. The liquid may be a single phase, or may comprise one or more additional solid or liquid phases dispersed in it. The solvent may then be allowed to evaporate, or the solvent may be removed via heat or vacuum, to provide an emissive composition. Alternatively, an electroluminescent compound may be melted, or added to a molten or liquid host material (if present). The molten composition may then be applied as a layer into the device, and allowed to solidify to provide a viscous liquid or solid emissive composition layer. 
         [0061]    Light-emitting devices comprising the compounds disclosed herein can be fabricated using techniques known in the art, as informed by guidance provided herein. For example, a glass substrate can be coated with a high work functioning metal such as ITO which can act as an anode. After patterning the anode layer, a light-emitting layer that includes at least a compound disclosed herein, and optional electroluminescent compound, can be deposited on the anode. The cathode layer, comprising a low work functioning metal, can then be deposited, e.g., vapor evaporated, onto the light-emitting layer. If desired, the device can also include an electron transport/injection layer, a hole blocking layer, a hole injection layer, an exciton blocking layer and/or a second light-emitting layer that can be added to the device using techniques known in the art, as informed by the guidance provided herein. 
         [0062]    An example of a configuration of a device comprising a compound as described herein is shown in  FIG. 1 . The device comprises the following layers in the order given: An LiF electron injection layer and an Al cathode  10 ; A TPBI electron-transport layer  11 ; A light-emitting layer comprising an electroluminescent compound and one of the host compounds described herein  12 ; A 4,4′,4″-tri(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) hole-transport layer  13 ; A PEDOT:PSS hole-injection layer  14 ; A ITO anode  15 ; and a glass cap  16 . 
         [0063]      FIG. 1  displays one embodiment and is in no way limiting. If desired, the device can also include an electron transport/injection layer, a hole blocking layer, a hole injection layer, an exciton blocking layer and/or a second light-emitting layer that can be added to the device using techniques known in the art, as informed by the guidance provided herein. 
         [0064]    In addition, although the direction of light in  FIG. 1  is bottom-emitting, the direction of light may depend upon the particular device structure. In some embodiments, a nanostructure material may be in the path of light emitted from the device. In some embodiments, a nanostructure material may not be in the path of the light emitted from the device. In some embodiments, light can be emitted from the direction of the light-emitting layer  12 . In some embodiments, the path of light emitted by the device may go in the direction away from the nanostructure material. 
         [0065]    In some embodiments, the OLED may be configured by a wet process such as a process that comprises at least one of spraying, spin coating, drop casting, inkjet printing, screen printing, etc. Some embodiments provide a composition which may be a liquid suitable deposition onto a substrate. The liquid may be a single phase, or may comprise one or more additional solid or liquid phases dispersed in it. The liquid typically comprises a light-emitting compound, a host material disclosed herein, and a solvent. 
         [0066]    The following are examples of some methods that may be used to prepare compounds and devices as described herein. Each compound of note is labeled in bold on each of the figures presented. For example, compound 1 is labeled 1 on the figure, compound 2 is labeled 2, etc 
       Example 1 
     Organic Synthesis 
     Example 1.1 
       [0067]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 1.1.1 
       [0068]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       4-Bromo-N-(2-(phenylamino)phenyl)benzamide (Compound 1) 
       [0069]    To a solution of 4-bromo-benzoyl chloride (11 g, 50 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (DCM) (100 ml), was added N-phenylbenzene-1,2-diamine (10.2 g, 55 mmol), then triethylamine (TEA) (17 ml, 122 mmol) slowly. The whole was stirred at room temperature (RT) overnight. Filtration gave a white solid 1 (6.5 g). The filtrate was worked up with water (300 ml), then extracted with DCM (300 ml) three times. The organic phase was collected and dried over MgSO 4 , concentrated and recrystallized in DCM/hexanes to give another portion of white solid 1 (10.6 g). Total amount of product 1 is 17.1 g, in 93% yield. 
       Example 1.1.2 
       [0070]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (Compound 2) 
       [0071]    To a suspension of amide Compound 1 (9.6 g, 26 mmol) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) was added phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ) (9.2 mL, 100 mmol) slowly. The whole was then heated at about 100° C. overnight. After cooling to RT, the mixture was poured into ice (200 g) with stirring. Filtration, followed by recrystallization in DCM/hexanes gave a pale grey solid 2 (8.2 g, in 90% yield). 
       Example 1.1.3 
       [0072]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0073]    1-phenyl-2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (Compound 3): A mixture of Compound 2 (0.70 g, 2 mmol), bis(pinacolate)diborane (0.533 g, 2.1 mmol), bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium (Pd(dppf)Cl 2 ) (0.060 g, 0.08 mmol) and anhydrous potassium acetate (KOAc) (0.393 g, 4 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 ml) was heated at about 80° C. under argon overnight. After cooling to RT, the whole was diluted with ethyl acetate (80 ml) then filtered. The solution was absorbed on silica gel, then purified by column chromatography (hexanes/ethyl acetate 5:1 to 3:1) to give a white solid 3 (0.64 g, in 81% yield). 
       Example 1.2 
       [0074]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 1.2.1 
       [0075]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       5-Bromo-N1,N3-bis(2-(phenylamino)phenyl)isophthalamide (Compound 4) 
       [0076]    A mixture of 5-bromoisophthalic acid (15 g, 61.2 mmol) in thionyl chloride (60 mL) with 0.2 mL DMF was heated to reflux for overnight under argon. After removal of the excess thionyl chloride under reduced pressure, the remaining liquid was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (200 mL). To the solution, N-phenyl-o-phenyldiamine (22.5 g, 122 mmol) was added, then triethylamine (22.2 mL, 160 mL) was added slowly with ice-bath cooling. The mixture was stirred overnight with slowly warming up the ice-bath to room temperature. The resulting suspension was diluted with dichloromethane (200 mL), filtered and washed with dichloromethane to give an off-white solid (30.3 g, yield: 86%). Confirmed by LCMS (APCI): calcd for C 32 H 26 BrN 4 O 2  (M+H): 577. Found: 577. 
       Example 1.2.2 
       [0077]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0078]    2,2′-(5-bromo-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole) (Compound 5): To a suspension of the isophthalamide Compound 4 (30 g, 52 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (300 mL), POCl 3  (30.6 g, 0.2 mmol) was added slowly with water bath cooling. The mixture was heated at 100° C. overnight with drying tube on top of the condenser. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was poured into ice (300 g), then neutralized with Na 2 CO 3 , following by extraction with dichloromethane (600 mL) twice. The organic phase was collected and washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , concentrated to 100 mL. To the mixture, acetonitrile (300 mL) was added and stirred, then filtered. The solid was collected and recrystallized in dichloromethane/hexane to afford a white solid (18.88 g). The filtrate was purified by flash column (hexane to hexanes/ethyl acetate 9:1 to 4:1). The main fraction was collected and concentrated to give additional product, white solid (5.17 g). Total amount is 24.05 g, in 86% yield. Confirmed by LCMS (APCI): calcd for C 32 H 22 BrN 4  (M+H): 541. Found: 541. 
       Example 1.2.3 
       [0079]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0080]    2,2′-(5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole) (Compound 6): A mixture of Compound 5 (10.0 g, 18.5 mmol), bis(pinacolate)diborane (5.0 g, 20 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2  (0.5 g, 0.68 mmol) and potassium acetate (10.0 g, 0.10 mol) in anhydrous dioxane (300 mL) was degassed and heated at 80° C. for 30 hours. The mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (300 mL), the organic phase was collected, washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4  and purified by flash column (hexanes/dichloromethane 7:3). The main fraction was collected and concentrated to afford a light yellow solid (6.58 g, in 60% yield). Confirmed by LCMS (APCI): calcd for C 38 H 34 BN 4 O 2  (M+H): 589. Found: 589. 
       Example 1.3 
     Synthesis of Host-1 
       [0081]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 1.3.1 
       [0082]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       3-(3-Bromophenyl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (Compound 7) 
       [0083]    A mixture of (9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)boronic acid (10 g, 35.3 mmol), 3-bromoiodobenzene (16 g, 56.5 mmol), potassium carbonate (9.27 g, 67 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (1.0 g, 0.86 mmol) in dioxane/water (80 mL/10 mL) was degassed and heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (250 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel, and purified by flash column using eluents of hexanes to hexanes/dichloromethane (8:1 to 4:1). After removal of solvents, white solid was obtained, 11.55 g, in 82% yield. 
       Example 1.3.2 
       [0084]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0085]    9-phenyl-3-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (Compound 8): A mixture of Compound 7 (4.61 g, 11.6 mmol), bis(pinacolate)diborane (3.30 g, 13 mmol), potassium acetate (5.0 g, 50 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2  (0.366 g, 0.5 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL) was degassed and heated at 80° C. overnight. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (150 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4  and loaded on silica gel. Purified by flash column using eluents of hexanes to hexanes/ethyl acetate (40:1 to 20:1) gave a white solid, 4.38 g in 85% yield. 
       Example 1.3.3 
       [0086]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0087]    2-(3′-bromoq[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (Compound 9): A mixture of Compound 3 (3.98 g, 10 mmol), 3-bromoiodobenzene (5.66 g, 20 mmol), potassium carbonate (4.14 g, 30 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (0.5 g, 0.43 mmol) in dioxane/water (60 mL/10 mL) was degassed and heated at 100° C. for 24 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (150 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel. Purified by flash column using eluents of hexanes to hexanes/ethyl acetate 9:1 gave a white solid, 3.2 g, in 75% yield. 
         [0088]    1.3.Host-1 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0089]    Host-1: 
         [0090]    A mixture of Compound 8 (1.67 g, 3.8 mmol), Compound 9 (1.6 g, 3.8 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.57 g, 11 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (0.22 g, 0.2 mmol) in dioxane/water (75 mL/15 mL) was degassed and heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (150 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel. Purification with flash column using eluents of hexanes to hexanes/ethyl acetate (20:1 to 4:1) gave a white solid, 1.94 g in 77% yield. Confirmed by LCMS (APCI+): calcd for C 49 H 34 N 3  (M+H)=664. Found: 664. 
       Example 1.4 
     Synthesis of Host-2 
       [0091]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 1.4.10 
       [0092]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0093]    2,2′-(3′-bromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,5-diyl)bis(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole) (Compound 10): A mixture of Compound 6 (0.48 g, 0.82 mmol), 3-bromoiodobenzene (0.693 g, 2.45 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.34 g, 2.5 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (0.1 g, 0.86 mmol) in dioxane/water (30 mL/6 mL) was degassed and heated at 100° C. for 15 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel. Purification with flash column using eluents of hexanes/dichloromethane (1:1) to dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (9:1 to 4:1) gave a white solid, 0.47 g in 93% yield. 
       Example 1.4.Host-2 
       [0094]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0095]    Host-2: 
         [0096]    A mixture of Compound 10 (0.47 g, 0.76 mmol), Compound 8 (0.339 g, 0.76 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.276 g, 2 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (0.1 g, 0.86 mmol) in dioxane/water (40 mL/8 mL) was degassed and heated at 90° C. for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel. Purification with flash column using eluents of dichloromethane to dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (9:1 to 4:1) gave a solid, which was further purified by recrystallization in dichloromethane/hexanes to afford a white solid, 0.44 g in 68% yield. Confirmed by LCMS (APCI+): calcd for C 62 H 42 N 5  (M+H)=856. Found: 856. 
       Example 1.5 
     Synthesis of Host-3 
       [0097]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 1.5.11 
       [0098]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       2-(3-bromophenyl)triphenylene (Compound 11) 
       [0099]    A mixture of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(triphenylen-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3.20 g, 9.0 mmol), 3-bromoiodobenzene (5.66 g, 20 mmol), potassium carbonate (2.76 g, 20 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (0.52 g, 0.45 mmol) in dioxane/water (80 mL/10 mL) was degassed and heated at 90° C. for 25 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel, and purified by flash column using eluents of hexanes to hexanes/dichloromethane 18:1. The desired fraction was collected and concentrated to give a white solid, 2.74 g in 79.4% yield. 
       Example 1.5.12 
       [0100]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0101]    4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (Compound 12): A mixture of Compound 11 (2.7 g, 7.04 mmol), bis(pinacolate)diborane (2.03 g, 8 mmol), potassium acetate (1.47 g, 15 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2  (0.36 g, 0.5 mmol) in dioxane (60 mL) was degassed and heated at 90° C. for 15 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (150 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel, purified by flash column using eluents of hexanes/dichloromethane (9:1 to 0:1). The desired fraction was collected, concentrated and recrystallized in dichloromethane/methanol gave a solid, 2.5 g in 82% yield. 
       Example 1.5.Host-3 
       [0102]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0103]    Host-3: 
         [0104]    A mixture of Compound 12 (1.0 g, 2.32 mmol), Compound 9 (0.988 g, 2.32 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.69 g, 5 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (0.133 g, 0.115 mmol) in dioxane/water (50 mL/10 mL) was degassed and heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The whole was poured into ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel, purified by flash column using eluents of hexanes/dichloromethane (3:2) to dichloromethane to dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (90:5). The desired fraction was collected, concentrated, recrystallized in dichloromethane/methanol to give a white solid, 1.15 g in 76.4% yield. Confirmed by LCMS (APCI+): Calcd for C 49 H 33 N 2  (M+H)=649. Found: 649. 
       Example 1.6 
     Synthesis of Host-4 
       [0105]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0106]    Host-4: 
         [0107]    A mixture of Compound 10 (1.24 g, 2.0 mmol), Compound 12 (0.87 g, 2.02 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.69 g, 5 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (0.115 g, 0.1 mmol) in dioxane/water (60 mL/10 mL) was degassed and heated at 100° C. for 48 hours. The whole was poured into ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , loaded on silica gel, purified by flash column using eluents of hexanes/dichloromethane (1:1) to dichloromethane to dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (9:1 to 4:1). The desired fraction was collected, concentrated, reprecipitated from dichloromethane/methanol to give a white solid, 1.0 g in 59.4% yield. Confirmed by LCMS (APCI+): calcd for C 62 H 41 N 4  (M+H)=841. Found: 841. 
       Example 2 
     Experimental Sections 
     Example 2.1.1 
       [0108]    Photoluminescence (PL) spectra was recorded on FluoroMax-3 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon, Edison, N.J., USA). 2-ethyltetrahydrofuran (2-eTHF) (Aldrich, spectroscopic grade) was used as received. 2 M (2 mg of smaple/1 mL of 2-eTHF) was prepared and then transferred to quartz tube prior to measurement. Then, the sample was frozen by liquid nitrogen at 77K. Phosphorescent emission spectrum was recorded and the highest-energy vibronic band was determined to calculate (T1) energy level. 
       Example 2.1.2 
       [0109]    Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out in nitrogen-purged anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (Aldrich) at room temperature with Echo-Chemie potentiostat/galvanostat (Echo Chemie/Metrohm Autolabe B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands) Tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF 6 ) and DMF were purchased from Aldrich and used as received. Supporting electrolyte solution (0.1M) with TBAPF 6  and analyte, e.g., Host-1, (0.1 mM) in DMF was used for CV study. Formal potentials were calculated as the average of cyclic voltammetric anodic and cathodic peaks and ferrocenium-ferrocene (Fc+/Fc) as the internal standard was introduced to calibrate HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest occupied molecular orbital) energy at each experiment. Scan rate of 100 mV/s was used unless otherwise. 
       Example 2.1.3 
     Triplet (T 1 ) Energy Calculation 
       [0110]    Triplet energy was recorded on a Fluoromax-3 spectrometer (Jobin Yvon Horiba, Edison, N.J.) with phosphorescence spectra at 77K. It was determined by the highest-energy vibronic sub-band of the phosphorescence spectra of the desired compound and its wavelength was then converted to triplet energy (eV), as seen in Table-1. 
       Example 2.1.4 
     HOMO/LUMO Energy Calculation 
       [0111]    HOMO energy was directly determined by oxidation potential of respective compound with respect to redox of ferrocene/ferrocenium in anodic scan in DMF. Potential difference between the respective compound and ferrocene/ferrocium was determined. Therefore, using vacuum level of ferrocene as the so determined difference, the HOMO of desired compound was determined. The respective LUMO energy was then determined by reduction potential of respective compound with respect to redox of ferrocen/ferrocenium in cathodic scan in DMF. Optical band gap energy of Eg (eV) was estimated by on-set value of UV-vis spectroscopy, 3.04 eV and 2.99 eV, respectively, were measured for Host-1-Host-4 and then LUMO was calculated as set forth in Table-1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 HOMO 
                 LUMO 
                 T1 
                 λem 
                 Tg 
                 μ h   
                 μe 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Host- 1 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5.75 
                 2.29 
                 2.52 
                 392 
                 127 
                 4.5E−06 
                 9.3E−07 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Host- 2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5.72 
                 2.26 
                 2.7 
                 360 
                 151 
                 1.0E−6 
                 2.0E−6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Host- 3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5.9 
                 2.29 
                 2.59 
                 390 
                   
                 1.65E−8 
                 1.1E−5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Host- 4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5.9 
                 2.26 
                 2.62 
                 366 
                   
                 1.36E−7 
                 1.5E−5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3 
     OLED Device Configuration and Performance 
       [0112]    A device was fabricated in the following manner. The ITO substrates 15 having sheet resistance of about 14 ohm/sq were cleaned ultrasonically and sequentially in detergent, water, acetone and then IPA; and then dried in an oven at about 80° C. for about 30 min under ambient environment. Substrates were baked at about 200° C. for about 1 hour in an ambient environment, then under UV-ozone treatment for about 30 minutes. PEDOT:PSS (hole-injection material)  14  was then spun-coated on the annealed substrate at about 5000 rpm for about 30 sec. The coated layer was then be baked at about 100° C. for 30 min in an ambient environment, followed by baking at about 200° C. for 30 min inside a glove box (N 2  environment). The substrate was then transferred into a vacuum chamber, where 4,4′,4″-tri(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA [hole transporting material])  13  was vacuum deposited at a rate of about 0.1 nm/s rate under a base pressure of about 2×10 −7  torr. “Ir(ppy) 3 ” (10 wt %) was be co-deposited as an emissive layer  12  with Host-1 or Host-2, material at about 0.01 nm/s (Ir(ppy) 3 ) and about 0.10 nm/s (Host-1 or Host-2), respectively, to make the appropriate thickness ratio. 1,3,5-Tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-)2-yl)benzene (TPBI)  11  was then deposited at about 0.1 nm[[.]]/s rate on the emissive layer. A layer of lithium fluoride (LiF) (electron injection material) was deposited at about 0.005 nm/s rate followed by deposition of the cathode  10  as aluminum (Al) at about 0.3 nm/s rate. The representative device structure was: ITO (about 110 nm thick)/PEDOT:PSS (about 30 nm thick)/TCTA (about 30 nm thick)/Compound HOST-1: Ir(ppy) 3  (about 30 nm thick)/TPBI (about 30 nm thick)/LiF (about 1 nm thick)/Al (about 100 nm thick). The device was then encapsulated with a glass cap  16  to cover the emissive area of the OLED device in order to protect from moisture, oxidation or mechanical damage. 
         [0113]    Table-2 illustrates the data for some devices prepared as described above. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Voltage 
                 PE 
                 LE 
                 EQE 
                 LT 50   
               
               
                   
                 Host 
                 @1k 
                 [lm/W] 
                 [cd/A] 
                 [%] 
                 @10K 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Host-1 
                 3.70 
                 54 
                 64 
                 18.2 
                 70 h 
               
               
                   
                 Host-2 
                 3.66 
                 53.5 
                 63 
                 17.8 
                 39 h