Abstract:
The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement for animals in the form of a composition comprising calcium, phosphorus and sulphur, and a method for producing the same as a granulate. According to the invention, a calcium compound is granulated by means of a granulation liquid comprising sulphuric acid.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a nutritional additive or supplement for animals and a method for production thereof. More specifically, the present invention concerns a calcium phosphate with a high Ca/P ratio, a high solubility of phosphorus and a low buffer capacity.  
       BACKGROUND ART  
       [0002]     With a view to meeting the phosphorus requirements of domestic animals, inorganic feedstuff phosphates, usually calcium phosphates, are added to most fodder mixtures. The digestibility of phosphorus (P) varies in the different calcium phosphates. As an example, the Dutch feedstuff tables (the Veevoedertabel 2000, Centraal Veevoederbureau) can be quoted, indicating the following digestibility coefficients for pigs:  
                                                                                       TABLE 1                                                   Relative           Product           solubility           contents   Dig. Coeff.       of water-                % tot.   % tot.   for pigs   Ca/P   soluble P           Ca   P   Average   ratio   %                        Monocalcium   16   22.6   0.83   0.7   75-85       phosphate       Dicalcium   25   20   0.64   1.38   0-1       phosphate,       anhydrate       Dicalcium   24   18.2   0.70   1.38   0-1       phosphate,       dihydrate                  
 
         [0003]     It is time-consuming and expensive work to determine the digestibility of phosphorus by animal experiments. Therefore the solubility of phosphorus is used as an indication of nutritional value. Since phosphorus is absorbed from the animal intestinal tract only in the form of phosphate ions, the phosphate must be dissolved. The better solubility of a calcium phosphate, the better can the phosphorus be employed by the animal. Solubility in water, citric acid and ammonium citrate is used as a quality measure in the phosphate industry.  
         [0004]     A calcium phosphate with a Ca/P ratio &gt;1, as in dicalcium phosphate, is in many fodder mixtures preferred to one with a high P content in relation to the Ca content. However, the use of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) is restricted by its low phosphorus digestibility/solubility, see Table 1 above.  
         [0005]     Phosphorus is an expensive ingredient in the feedstuff. By improving digestibility, a greater part can be employed and overdosage can be prevented since the indigestible part of phosphorus is excreted with the faeces. By unsatisfactory handling of manure, phosphorus can get into watercourses and there cause environmental problems by overfertilisation. For this reason, great importance is attached to amounts and quality of phosphorus in the keeping of animals.  
         [0006]     An object of the invention thus is to provide a granular composition of calcium and phosphorus, which has a high Ca/P ratio and high calcium and phosphorus availability and a method for production thereof.  
         [0007]     Another object of the invention is to provide a granular composition of calcium and phosphorus with a low buffer capacity.  
         [0008]     Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be evident from the description.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     According to the present invention, the above objects are achieved by a composition comprising calcium, phosphorus and sulphur, and a method for producing the same as a granulate.  
         [0010]     The composition according to the present invention is produced by granulation of a calcium compound, the granulation being made by means of a granulation liquid comprising sulphuric acid.  
         [0011]     When, for instance, DCP is granulated with a granulation liquid comprising sulphuric acid according to the formula below 
 
2CaHPO 4 +H 2 SO 4 →Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 +CaSO 4  
 
 the added sulphur from the sulphuric acid binds part of the calcium content as gypsum (CaSO 4 ), which increases the free phosphate content and thus has a positive effect on the Ca/P ratio. Since gypsum is neural, also a lower buffer capacity of the granulate is obtained. A low buffer capacity is an advantage for animal feedstuffs which should have low pH values. In the reaction, also monocalcium phosphate (MCP) (Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ) is formed, which makes the phosphorus transform into a more water-soluble form. 
 
         [0012]     There are thus several advantages of the inventive method: a high Ca/P ratio, a high solubility of calcium and phosphorus, a low buffer capacity and an addition of sulphur to the granulate/feedstuff are obtained.  
         [0013]     WO 0024268 discloses granulation of MgO with phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid to increase the solubility of Mg. A high concentration of phosphoric acid minimises the formation of magnesium hydroxide in favour of magnesium phosphate which is considerably more easily soluble. Also the easily soluble magnesium sulphate is formed in the granulation.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     The granular composition according to the invention comprises calcium, phosphorus and sulphur.  
         [0015]     The composition is produced by granulation with a granulation liquid comprising sulphuric acid.  
         [0016]     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, sulphuric acid is added in such an amount that the final product comprises 1-9% by weight sulphur, preferably 3-9% by weight.  
         [0017]     In another preferred embodiment, the granulation liquid comprises 25-95% by weight sulphuric acid, preferably 50-80% by weight.  
         [0018]     In one embodiment, the granulation liquid may also comprise phosphoric acid in order to add phosphate ions to the product. High concentrations of phosphoric acid, however, have a negative effect on the Ca/P ratio.  
         [0019]     A preferred calcium compound in the production of a composition according to the present invention is calcium phosphate, most preferably dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO 4 ).  
         [0020]     When the calcium source is limestone, the sulphur content of the final product is preferably in the range of 3-8% by weight. The granulation liquid preferably comprises 50-65% by weight phosphoric acid and 10-30% by weight sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid together preferably constituting 70-90% by weight of the granulation liquid.  
         [0021]     In an embodiment of the invention, sulphuric acid is added to the granulation liquid in such an amount that the final product has a buffer capacity of less than 700 mekv H + /kg.  
         [0022]     In granulation, the granulation liquid can be added in different ways.  
         [0023]     An alternative is that the granulation liquid is first mixed with the current components. The current components comprise sulphuric acid and optionally water and/or optionally phosphoric acid, after which the mixed granulation liquid is added to the calcium compound in a granulating device.  
         [0024]     Another alternative is that the various components of the granulation liquid, i.e. sulphuric acid and optionally water and/or optionally sulphuric acid, are added each separately, simultaneously or successively, to the calcium compound in a granulating device.  
         [0025]     Preferred embodiments will now be described by means of some examples and series of experiments. These should not be considered limiting to the scope of the present invention.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0026]     In the Examples below, the measurements of phosphorus solubility and calcium solubility have been made as follows:  
         [0027]     At room temperature, 3 g sample and 300 ml distilled water have been agitated for 30 min. Subsequently the solution has been diluted to 500 ml and stirred. Then the solution has been filtered to remove the remaining solids. The Ca 2+  content of the solution was determined flame photometrically by means of ICP, and the amount of dissolved phosphorus was determined by the Quimociac method. These two methods are well known in the technical field.  
         [0028]     The used sulphuric acid had a concentration of 96%, and the used phosphoric acid had a concentration of 56%, calculated as P 2 O 5 .  
         [0029]     To determine the buffer capacity, 10 g ground sample was mixed with 490 ml water and titrated with 1-N HCl and 1-N NaOH, respectively, to pH 3.0. The value should be constant for at least 2 min. The consumed amount (ml) of HCl and the amount (ml) of NaOH multiplied by 100=mekv H + /kg sample.  
       Example 1  
       [0030]     Powdered dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was granulated with various combinations of sulphuric acid (SA)/water/phosphoric acid (PA). After granulation, the final product was dried at 90° C. Samples according to Table 2 were prepared.  
                                     TABLE 2                           DCP + SVS/Water/POS                DCP   SA   Water   PA       Sample   (g)   % by weight   % by weight   % by weight               1   235   89   11   —       2   235   79   21   —       3   235   69   31   —       4   235   59   41   —       5   235   53   47   —       6   235   38   62   —       7   235   37   39   24       8   235   31   46   23       9   235   21   79   —       Comp. sample   235   —   62   38                  
 
         [0031]     After drying, the various products were evaluated with regard to product content of P, Ca and S, water solubility and buffer capacity. See Table 3 below.  
                                                                                                         TABLE 3                           Product Contents, Water Solubility,       Ca/P ratio and Buffer Capacity.                Product contents %   Water solubility       Buffer                P   Ca   S   P %   Ca %   Ca/P   capacity       Sample   tot   tot   tot   rel   rel   ratio   mekv H + /kg                    1   14.1   19.8   8.7   99   94   1.40   130       2   15.0   21.0   8.1   89   51   1.40   240       3   15.7   21.7   7.4   80   55   1.38   335       4   16.0   22.3   6.7   70   55   1.39   355       5   16.4   23.0   6.0   59   40   1.40   350       6   17.6   24.5   4.1   34   35   1.39   820       7   18.4   22.9   4.0   53   39   1.24   400       8   18.1   21.7   4.5   70   60   1.20   350       9   18.0   24.5   2.0   14   10   1.36   N I       Comp.   22.2   26.32   &lt;0.1   15   9   1.19   2050       sample       DCP*   18   24.7   —   0-1   N I   1.36   5920       MCP*   22.7   17.4   —   75-85   N I   0.77   700                 *Frequent values of these compounds (Kemira GrowHow, Sweden).            N I no information             
 
         [0032]     As is evident from the Table above and compared with the table values of DCP and MCP, good phosphorus solubility and calcium solubility were obtained. Excellent results were obtained when the sulphur content of the final product was kept between 1 and 9% by weight. Particularly high solubilities were obtained when the sulphur content of the final product was 3-9% by weight and the granulation liquid contained more than 25% by weight sulphuric acid. However, the comparative sample, to which only phosphoric acid had been added, exhibited low phosphorus solubility and calcium solubility. When adding phosphoric acid to the sulphuric acid in samples 7 and 8, the Ca/P ratio was reduced. The buffer capacity decreased with an increased addition of sulphuric acid.  
       Example 2  
       [0033]     Limestone powder (CaCO 3 ) was granulated with different combinations of phosphoric acid (PA)/sulphuric acid (SA)/water. After granulation, the final product was dried at 90° C. Samples were prepared according to Table 4.  
                                                           TABLE 4                           Limestone/POS/SVS/Water                CaCO 3     PA   SA   Water       Sample   G   % by weight   % by weight   % by weight                    A   146.9   65   31   4       B   146.9   75   14   11       C   146.9   76   7   17       D   146.9   82   14   4       E   146.9   74   21   4       F   146.9   78   18   4       G   146.9   83   13   4       Comp. sample   146.9   81   0   19                  
 
         [0034]     After drying, the various products were evaluated with regard to product content of P, Ca and S and water solubility. See Table 5 below.  
                                                                                                               TABLE 5                           Product Contents, Water Solubility and Ca/P ratio                Water solubility                    Product contents %   P % by   Ca % by                    P   Ca   S   weight   weight   Ca/P       Sample   tot   tot   tot   rel   rel   ratio                    A   13.6   18.4   7.9   98   90   1.35       B   15.6   21.2   3.5   81   50   1.36       C   16.9   23.2   1.9   51   26   1.37       D   16.2   19.8   3.0   93   60   1.22       E   14.5   20.0   4.8   95   68   1.38       F   16.8   18.1   4.5   92   85   1.08       G   16.9   19.5   3.2   97   79   1.16       Comp.   18.4   25.2   &lt;0.1   27   9   1.37       sample                  
 
         [0035]     As is evident from Table 5 above, good phosphorus solubility and calcium solubility were obtained when the sulphur content of the final product was kept between 1 and 9% by weight. However, the comparative sample, to which no sulphuric acid had been added, exhibited low phosphorus solubility and calcium solubility.  
         [0036]     The monocalcium phosphate has in itself fairly high calcium and phosphorus solubilities, 57 P % rel and 75 Ca % rel, but here too the calcium and phosphorus solubility increase when sulphuric acid is added to the granulation liquid.  
         [0037]     Experiments have also been made with tricalcium phosphate, which was subjected to granulation by means of a granulation liquid containing sulphur. Tricalcium phosphate was used as chemically pure hydroxyl apatite, Ca 5 (OH)PO 4 ) 3 . The addition of sulphuric acid in granulation gave a concentration of about 5% by weight sulphur in the final product. As reference sample, chemically pure hydroxyl apatite was used. The following values (Table 6) were obtained when the sample and the reference were examined:  
                                                   TABLE 6                           Product Contents and Water Solubility                Hydroxyl apatite   Hydroxyl apatite after           (ref)   addition of S                            % Ca   39.6   32.8               % P   19.3   15.5           % S   —   5.5           % P water sol.   &lt;0.1   0.7   (4.5% rel.)           % Ca water sol.   &lt;0.1   6.5   (19.8% rel.)                      
 
         [0038]     The increase of phosphorus and calcium solubility is not quite as drastic in granulation of tricalcium phosphate as in granulation of dicalcium phosphate. However, also in this case an increase of calcium and phosphorus solubility was obtained.  
         [0039]     The present invention also gives the advantage that the addition of sulphuric acid increases the sulphur content of the nutritional supplement. In fact, sulphur constitutes an essential nutritive substance of which there may be a marginal deficiency in some maintenance rations of feedstuff. The presence of sulphur is useful above all to ruminants, whose rumen microbes are dependent on the supply of sulphur.