Abstract:
Copolymers of ethylene with one or more vinyl esters of tertiary carboxylic acids having the formula: ##STR1## wherein each of R 1 , R 2  and R 3  is an alkyl group, the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 , R 2  and R 3  being from 6 to 20, and an additional unsaturated monomer.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation of Ser. No. 350,255, filed Apr. 11, 1973, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 123,003 filed Mar. 10, 1971 (now abandoned) which in turn is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 861,165, filed Sept. 25, 1969 (now abandoned). 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to novel copolymers prepared from vinyl esters of carboxylic acids capable of polymerizing with ethylene and a third monomer, using a high presure, free radical process. In particular, the present invention is directed toward polymerizing ethylene and vinyl esters having the formula C 12  H 22  O 2  or C 11  H 20  O 2  in the presence of a third comonomer. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Homopolymers of ethylene and copolymers containing ethylene are known in the art of producing high molecular weight polymers by high pressure, free radical polymerization. In general, as compared to the homopolymers, the copolymers are more flexible, less resistant to elevated temperatures, less solvent resistant, have greater elongation, better resistance to low temperature embrittlement, greater film impact strength, improved tear resistance when formed into films, and more resistant to agents which cause ethylene homopolymers to crack under prolonged stress. In addition, the copolymers are often higher in density than the ethylene homopolymers. 
     These properties are determined by standard physical property tests. Exemplary tests are torsional stiffness (ASTM D 1043-61T); vicat softening point (ASTM D 1525-58T); extractable content in boiling n-hexane (Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR 121.2501); elongation (ASTM D 638 with Die C of D 412-62T for specimen); low temperature brittleness (ASTM D 746-64T); dart drop strength (ASTM D 1709-62T);Elmendorf tear strength (ASTM D 1922-61T); stress crack (ASTM D 1642); and density (ASTM D 1505). 
     One of the most important ethylene copolymers presently marketed contains vinyl acetate. While ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers may have desirable properties, for certain applications requiring flexible &#34;rubbery&#34; materials, they are deficient in heat and solvent resistance. It has now been discovered that the flexibility of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers can be retained while improving the heat and solvent resistance by replacing part of the vinyl acetate in the copolymer with a vinyl ester of a tertiary carboxylic acid. Further, the vinyl esters utilized in the present invention result in a product of lower density. This is of particular importance since it allows the plastics processor to produce more units of a given size per pound of copolymers utilized. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to the preparation of copolymers of ethylene with one or more vinyl esters of tertiary carboxylic acids having the general formula: ##STR2## wherein each of R 1 , R 2  and R 3  is an alkyl radical and the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 , R 2  and R 3  is from 6 to 20 and another vinyl monomer. The incorporation of these ester compounds into copolymers of ethylene with another monomer, preferably a vinyl monomer, and especially vinyl acetate, yields copolymers of superior physical characteristics. In particular, the polymers of this invention have similar melt indices and densities, as compared with ethylene homopolymers, but exhibit improved tensile and elongation strengths and lower yield strengths, as well as other characteristics such as superior low temperature brittleness properties. Also, the polymers of the present invention overcome the difficulties noted above with regard to ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers. Copolymers of this invention have the same applications in general as do comparable ethylene homopolymers. They are particularly useful in the production of items made by injection molding or blow molding techniques. Further, excellent carpet coating resins can be produced by mixing the instant polymers with wax and polyethylene. 
     The improvement of such physical characteristics is the basic object of the present invention. 
     A further object is to produce polymers having lower density than previous polymers. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The polymers of the present invention contain from 30% to 98%, preferably 45 to 98 weight percent of ethylene, and from 0.1 to 70, preferably from 1 to 55 weight percent of a vinyl ester of a tertiary carboxylic acid. The vinyl esters utilized in the present invention have the following general formula: ##STR3## wherein each of R 1 , R 2  and R 3  is alkyl, preferably lower alkyl, and the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 , R 2  and R 3  is from 6 to 20, preferably 7 to 10. Exemplary compounds are the following: vinyl 1,1-dimethylheptanoate; vinyl 1-methyl-1-propylpentanoate; vinyl 1-methyl-1-ethylhexanoate; vinyl 1,1-diethylhexanoate; vinyl 1,1-dimethyloctanoate; vinyl 1-methyl-1-propylhexanoate; vinyl 1-methyl-1-ethyl-heptanoate; vinyl 1-methyl-1-butylpentanoate and vinyl 1-iso-propyl-1-methylhexanoate. 
     In addition, from 1 to 50 weight percent, and preferably from 1-40 weight percent of an additional monomer is incorporated in the polymers. Such third monomers include propylene, isobutylene, acrylonitrile, and vinyl acetate, and in general, any monomers which are generally recognized as copolymerizable with ethylene. Preferred third monomers are alpha-olefins and vinyl esters of 2 to 6 carbon atom aliphatic carboxylic acids. Vinyl acetate is particularly preferred. 
     Additionally, the polymers may contain up to 5% of telogens, modifiers or chain transfer agents. Such additional components act, for example, to regulate molecular weight and crystallinity of the polymer. Exemplary of such added components are hydrogen and saturated hydrocarbons, such as propane, butane, and cyclohexanone. 
     The tertiary carboxylic acids utilized herein may, for example, be produced by the reaction between an olefin or a mixture of olefins of a suitable number of carbon atoms with carbon monoxide. The reaction may be carried out in an aqueous medium in the presence of an acid catalyst. 
     The vinyl esters of the above tertiary carboxylic acids are produced, for example, by the reaction of an acid produced by the above process with ethylene at about 0° to 150° C. and a pressure of about 1 to 100 atmospheres. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a precious metal salt as a catalyst. Exemplary processes are disclosed in British Pat. Nos. 969,017 and 969,018, herein incorporated by reference. 
     The polymerization reaction, whereby the polymers of the present invention are obtained, is usually a high pressure free-radical polymerization process. For example, the polymerization may be effected at above 10,000 psi and at a temperature of above 250° F. Although wider ranges are operable, the pressure usually varies from about 10,000 to 45,000 psi, and the temperature from 250° to 500° F. The catalyst used is a free radical initiator, and can be a peroxy compound or an azo compound. The reaction is conducted under solvent-free conditions except for the possible inclusion of minute amounts of catalyst carrier solvent which may be utilized. 
     The following examples are included as illustrative of the present invention, however, they are not to be considered as limiting, but solely as illustrating the preferred embodiments of the polymers of the present invention. 
     Ethylene was copolymerized with vinyl acetate and a mixture of several different vinyl esters. The vinyl ester mixture used, Shell Chemical Company&#39;s VV 9 (Registered Trademark), was a mixture of vinyl esters of tertiary carboxylic acids, which esters had the formula C 11  H 20  O 2 . The composition by weight of the mixture was as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________vinyl 1,1-dimethylheptanoate                      36%vinyl 1-methyl-1-propylpentanoate                      27%vinyl 1-methyl-1-ethylhexanoate                      32%not identified              5%______________________________________ 
    
     The synthesis conditions and product properties of the ethylene/vinyl t-carboxylate/vinyl acetate copolymers, and an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer were as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________        VV9/Vinyl Acetate        Copolymer   Copolymer______________________________________Monomer(s)     VV 9          Vinyl AcetateMonomer Rate, pph          5.43          10.6Monomer #2     Vinyl Acetate --Monomer #2 Rate, pph          5.08          --Ethylene Rate, pph          120           110Polymer Make Rate, pph          6.5           7.9Reaction Pressure psi          20,000        20,000Avg. Reaction Temp. ° F          426           420Melt Index     9.31          7.92Density        0.9240        0.9330Tensile Strength psi          1510          1460Yield Strength psi          760           no pointElongation, %  740           740Modulus, psi   6,800         6,600Torsional Stiffness psi          7,200         5,800Low Temp. Brittleness          3/10 at-76    0/10 at-76F/50, ° C.Stress Crack, F/50, hr.          0/10 at 48    0/10 at 48Vicat Softening Point, ° C.          66.5          62.0Monomer Incorporation, %          5             15.62Extractibles, %          2.05          49.71______________________________________ 
    
     Typical physical properties of the mixture of tertiary carboxylic acid ester monomers utilized are: 
     
         ______________________________________General Appearance  Colorless, mobile liquid               of pleasant odorMolecular Formula   C.sub.11 H.sub.20 O.sub.2Molecular Weight    184.3Hydroquinone Inhibitor               5 ppmBoiling Point       60° C. at approx. 2mmFlash Point, Tag Open Cup               152° V.Color, Hazen        5Density             0.885 gram/ml at 25° C.Refractive Index, n.sub.D               1.4370Acidity             1 mg KOH/gramBromine Number      86 grams Br/100 gramsWater Content       0.68% wSolubility in Water 0.05% wSolubility of Water in Ester               0.06% w______________________________________ 
    
     Similar results are obtained when the vinyl ester mixture used in the preparation of the copolymer is Shell Chemical Company&#39;s VV 10 (Registered Trademark), which contained the following vinyl esters (formula C 12  H 22  O 2 ) in the following proportions by weight: 
     
         ______________________________________vinyl 1,1-dimethyloctanoate                     50%vinyl 1-methyl-1-ethylheptanoate                     35%vinyl 1-methyl-1-propylhexanoateandvinyl 1-isopropyl-1-methylhexanoate                     15%______________________________________ 
    
     In comparing the copolymers containing the vinyl esters of the tertiary carboxylic acids of the present invention with those containing ethylene and vinyl acetate, it should be noted that certain desirable properties of the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers are retained, while deficiencies can be alleviated by replacing part of the vinyl acetate with the vinyl esters of the present invention. In particular, the melt index and torsional stiffness of the different polymers remain approximately the same, while the softening temperature is increased and extractibles are decreased.