Abstract:
Downlink and uplink communication resources to ensure network coverage and satisfy assigned traffic requirements in a communication network are allocated by setting a given balance of downlink and uplink communication resources while leaving a part of downlink and uplink communication resources remaining to be allocated. Downlink cell radius and uplink cell radius values are then determined which ensure network coverage with the resources as previously allocated. An effective cell radius is then selected as the smaller of the downlink and uplink cell radius and then a first check is made as to whether the effective cell radius selected satisfies the assigned traffic requirements. If not, the effective cell radius is updated. If so, a further check may be made as whether the resources remaining to be allocated for downlink and uplink have a difference in excess of a given amount. If yes, the procedure is repeated by setting an updated balance of downlink and uplink communication resources reducing that difference. If not, the communication resources are allocated on the basis of the current balance.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This disclosure relates to techniques for dimensioning communications networks. 
         [0002]    This disclosure was devised with specific attention paid to its possible use in dimensioning radio access networks in cellular networks. WiMAX, LTE or, more generally, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access) networks are exemplary of such cellular communication networks. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
       [0003]    A main purpose pursued in dimensioning a communication network is to evaluate costs and benefits associated with the technology used. Usually, such a preliminary evaluation does not involve a detailed network project, but rather focuses on the calculation of the number of sites (that contribute to the costs) and performance in terms of capacity (that is the main benefit to be evaluated). 
         [0004]    Several methods have been proposed in the literature to estimate the cell radius in cellular communications. Some of these methods consider just coverage constraints and some others take into account also traffic requirements. 
         [0005]    Document US2005/0265299 A1 describes a method for dimensioning a network based on code division multiple access techniques (CDMA) for input parameters representing coverage requirements and/or capacity requirements and/or quality requirements. 
         [0006]    As regards OFDMA systems, various articles address the issue of evaluating the effective capacity of the radio access network. 
         [0007]    For instance, the article “Dimensioning cellular multihop WiMAX networks” by Hoymann, C.; Dittrich, M.; Goebbels, S., Mobile WiMAX Symposium, 2007. IEEE, Volume, Issue, 25-29 Mar. 2007 Page(s):150-157 considers a multihop WiMAX system. 
         [0008]    Other documents such as the article “Radio Network Dimensioning and Planning for WiMAX Networks”, Bharathi Upase, Mythri Hunukumbure, Sunil Vadgama, FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., 43,4, p. 435-450 (October 2007) describe possible system dimensioning in a fairly organic and complete way. 
         [0009]      FIGS. 1 and 2  are examples of TDD and FDD radio frames in certain OFDMA systems such as WiMAX where radio resources dedicated to signaling (for DL and UL) and data transmission are shared in that both in TDD (Time Division Duplexing— FIG. 1 ) and FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing — FIG. 2 ) the DL subframe contains, in addition to DL data transmission, signaling relative to both DL and UL. 
       OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The inventors have observed that the techniques discussed in the foregoing exhibit a number of drawbacks in that, i.a.:
       they consider DownLink (DL) and Uplink (UL) transmission in separate phases,   they do not analyze the relationship between downlink and uplink capacity;   they do not account for the effect of overhead on the capacity of both links (and on their relationship);   while aiming at calculating system capacity (for the radio access part) in order to estimate a possible number of base stations needed to serve the traffic demand (taking into account coverage and capacity requirements) they do not address specific features of an OFDMA system.       
 
         [0015]    Additionally, the inventors have noted that, in connection with TDD and FDD arrangements where the DL subframe contains signaling to both DL and UL (see  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) DL capacity depends on UL capacity. Also, in certain traffic patterns based on bidirectional connections (e.g. VoIP, Videocall, UL capacity depends on DL capacity, so that DL and UL are strictly linked. The need is therefore felt for techniques enabling joint UL/DL dimensioning. 
         [0016]    An object of the invention is to overcome these drawbacks and provide a response to existing needs. 
         [0017]    According to the present invention, such an object is achieved by means of a method having the features set forth in the claims that follow. 
         [0018]    The invention also relates to a corresponding system (e.g. a computerized workstation programmed for implementing the method of the invention), as well as a corresponding computer program product, loadable in the memory of at least one computer and including software code portions for performing the steps of the method of the invention when the product is run on a computer. As used herein, reference to such a computer program product is intended to be equivalent to reference to a computer-readable medium containing instructions for controlling a computer system to coordinate the performance of the method of the invention. Reference to “at least one computer” is intended to highlight the possibility for the present invention to be implemented in a distributed/modular fashion. 
         [0019]    An embodiment of the arrangement described herein satisfies the needs of a telecommunication operator, with emphasis placed on the radio access, by providing directions for estimating the number of sites in the first phase of evaluation of a technology as well as an estimate of cell performance, in terms of average throughput and/or number of available voice/data connections in the cell. 
         [0020]    An embodiment of the arrangement described herein provides an accurate dimensioning, in conjunction with an easy usage pattern associated with an iterative procedure. 
         [0021]    In an embodiment, a dimensioning procedure based on iterative setting of traffic requirements and consequent calculation of radio resources occupation, leads (by successive approximations) to a correct value for a WiMAX cell radius, under given propagation and traffic conditions. The cell radius value thus obtained can be maximized by means of at least one further iteration where the balance of resources assigned to DL and UL sub-frames (usually designated the DL/UL switching point) is changed and at the same time is optimized. 
         [0022]    In an embodiment, an iterative method to perform dimensioning of a wireless access network for an OFDMA system (like WiMAX or LTE) is provided. 
         [0023]    An embodiment of the arrangement described herein makes it possible to determine the cell radius as a function of:
       radio parameters of the BS (Base Station)   radio parameters of the Mobile Stations associated to the BS   the typology of scenario considered   traffic models   amount of traffic offered to the cell.       
 
         [0029]    Embodiments of the arrangement described herein can apply to WiMAX systems, as well as to any OFDMA systems, such as LTE. Consequently, reference herein to e.g. a WiMAX system is purely by way of exemplary description of an embodiment is not to be construed in a limiting sense. 
         [0030]    In an embodiment, by considering the WiMAX and in particular the TDD profile, the operator is enabled to configure the DL/UL switching point. 
         [0031]    In an embodiment, while also calculating in an alternative way the cell radius, the DL/UL switching point is optimized as a function of traffic requirements considered. 
         [0032]    In an embodiment, a dimensioning method for OFDMA systems, like WiMAX or LTE, solves the problem related to dimensioning of the radio access part; this can be considered as a pre-planning phase, where a telecommunication operator wishes to assess in advance what the wireless access performance of a certain technology, while understanding the potential of that technology. 
         [0033]    In an embodiment, evaluating a radio technology is made possible by also enabling an optimal parameterization of the system. 
         [0034]    In an embodiment, by defining an optimized cell radius the number of base stations (BSs) to cover a certain area can be assessed: in fact, calculating the cell radius (and then the cell area) makes it possible to identify a suitable number of BSs to serve a certain traffic demand in a specific environment. 
         [0035]    In an embodiment, average cell capacity can be evaluated, which may be useful to compare a given technology against other technologies. 
         [0036]    While certain embodiments apply to WiMAX systems, the arrangement described herein is applicable to various OFDMA technologies and does not depend on the specific OFDMA technology involved. 
         [0037]    The arrangement described herein lends itself both to TDD and FDD frame configurations (for WiMAX or LTE or other OFDMA technologies) e.g. in embodiments where DL and UL resources are allocated following the indications contained in a control channel transmitted by the BS (then in the DL subframe), so that DL capacity is affected by the overhead due to the UL part. In the case of a TDD radio frame, a degree of freedom may result from the possibility of balancing the DL subframe and the UL subframe by selecting the time duration of each part, while the frame duration is considered constant. In the case of a FDD radio frame, a similar degree of freedom may result from the possibility of balancing the DL subframe and the UL subframe by selecting the bandwidth allotted to each part, while the total bandwidth used is considered constant. In both instances use of the overall resources can be optimized, via the choice of an optimal DL/UL ratio. Since LTE can be configured with both FDD and TDD duplexing profiles, embodiments of the arrangement described herein can be applied without loss of generality to WiMAX and LTE systems. 
         [0038]    In an embodiment, the arrangement described herein can be incorporated as a module in a more complex tool for dimensioning communication networks; such a tool can thus provide strategic analysis in the pre-planning phase, e.g. in dimensioning WiMAX or LTE radio access. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ANNEXED VIEWS 
         [0039]    The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the enclosed views, wherein: 
           [0040]      FIGS. 1 and 2  are examples of TDD and FDD radio frames, as discussed in the foregoing; 
           [0041]      FIG. 3  is representative of a central site in a cellular communication network; 
           [0042]      FIG. 4  is representative of a scenario with a central site and two tiers of interferer sites in a cellular communication network 
           [0043]      FIG. 5  is a functional flow chart showing macro steps in a dimensioning procedure as described herein; 
           [0044]      FIG. 6  is a functional flow chart exemplary of calculation of effective cell radius and DL/UL optimization as described herein; 
           [0045]      FIG. 7  is a functional flow chart further detailing calculation of effective cell radius and DL/UL optimization as described herein; 
           [0046]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary PDF function of Channel-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (CINR) in a cell; and 
           [0047]      FIG. 9  is an exemplary diagram usage interval for a certain Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0048]    In the following description, numerous specific details are given to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments. The embodiments can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the embodiments. 
         [0049]    Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments. 
         [0050]    While an exemplary embodiment will be described with reference to a Mobile WiMAX system, this disclosure applies also to other systems, such as any OFDMA systems, e.g. 3GPP LTE. 
         [0051]    By way of introduction, the exemplary scenario considered will be described, followed by a list of the main definitions contained in the description. 
         [0052]    In this description, an exemplary multi-cell scenario is considered, that is a configuration in which there is a useful cell and a number of interferer cells. In the embodiment illustrated tri-sectorial sites, including three sectors a, b, and c (see  FIG. 3 ) and a 2-tier scenario (see  FIG. 4 ) will be considered, but the disclosure applies to other types of scenarios (like a different number of cells per site, or a different number of interferer sites). 
         [0053]    Similarly; the position of the interferer sites considered in this example and also the shape of each cell is regular, but the disclosure applies to different positions of the sites and other cell shapes. 
         [0054]    For the sake of simplicity, all the calculations detailed in the following will be assumed to be performed in the central cell ( 1 A) that is considered to be the “useful” cell, while all the other cells will be considered as interferers. 
         [0055]    The following table lists a number of definitions used throughout this description. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Definitions 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameter 
                 Description 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 x i   
                 Amount of DL resources 
                 Resources can be defined in 
               
               
                   
                 in the radio frame used 
                 terms of slots available, or 
               
               
                   
                 at the i-th iteration 
                 OFDMA symbols available, or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 other types of elementary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 units. 
               
               
                 y i   
                 Amount of UL resources 
                 Resources can be defined in 
               
               
                   
                 in the radio frame used 
                 terms of slots available, or 
               
               
                   
                 at the i-th iteration 
                 OFDMA symbols available, or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 other types of elementary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 units. 
               
               
                 X 
                 Total amount of DL 
                 Resources can be defined in 
               
               
                   
                 resources in the radio 
                 terms of slots available, or 
               
               
                   
                 frame 
                 OFDMA symbols available, or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 other types of elementary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 units. 
               
               
                 Y 
                 Total amount of UL 
                 Resources can be defined in 
               
               
                   
                 resources in the radio 
                 terms of slots available, or 
               
               
                   
                 frame 
                 OFDMA symbols available, or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 other types of elementary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 units. 
               
               
                 r 0   
                 DL/UL ratio chosen as 
                 This ratio can be chosen near 
               
               
                   
                 initial condition 
                 to 1 for considering balanced 
               
               
                   
                   
                 services (similar DL and UL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 occupations) 
               
               
                 r i   
                 DL/UL ratio at the i-th 
                 At the last iteration, this 
               
               
                   
                 iteration 
                 value is the final DL/UL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ratio produced by the method. 
               
               
                 R DL   
                 Suggested DL cell radius 
               
               
                 R UL   
                 Suggested UL cell radius 
               
               
                 R 0   
                 Cell radius chosen as 
               
               
                   
                 initial condition 
               
               
                 R i   
                 Cell radius at the i-th 
                 At the last iteration, this 
               
               
                   
                 iteration 
                 value is the final cell 
               
               
                   
                   
                 radius produced by the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 method. 
               
               
                 t i   
                 Amount of traffic at the 
                 Expressed with the same unit 
               
               
                   
                 i-th iteration 
                 of the DL and UL resources. 
               
               
                 m DL   
                 Amount of DL capacity 
                 Expressed with the same unit 
               
               
                   
                 considered as margin in 
                 of the DL and UL resources. 
               
               
                   
                 the invention 
               
               
                 m UL   
                 Amount of UL capacity 
                 Expressed with the same unit 
               
               
                   
                 considered as margin in 
                 of the DL and UL resources. 
               
               
                   
                 the invention 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    As shown in  FIG. 5 , an embodiment of the procedure described herein involves, after a start step  100 , the choice of an input set of data A, including e.g.:
       system input parameters (e.g. bandwidth (5, 10 MHz, . . . )),   antenna parameters,   type of scenario (rural, urban, . . . ),   characteristics of the Base Station and of the subscriber stations (SS) (or mobile stations, MS).       
 
         [0061]    For instance a frequency of 3.5 GHz, a bandwidth of 10 MHz, a sub-urban scenario can be considered. 
         [0062]    Table 2 below reproduces an exemplary full list of input parameters. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 input parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameter 
                 Description 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Frequency 
                 Carrier frequency 
                 Used for propagation 
               
               
                 [MHz] 
                   
                 channel parameters 
               
               
                   
                   
                 calculation 
               
               
                 Bandwidth 
                 Channel bandwidth of 
                 Used together with the FFT 
               
               
                 [MHz] 
                 the OFDM signal 
                 size to compute the noise 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bandwidth 
               
               
                 DL OFDMA 
                 Number of OFDM 
                 These parameters are used 
               
               
                 Symbols 
                 symbols used in the 
                 to compute the DL/UL ratio 
               
               
                   
                 DL subframe 
               
               
                 UL OFDMA 
                 Number of OFDM 
               
               
                 Symbols 
                 symbols used in the 
               
               
                   
                 UL subframe 
               
               
                 N_FFT 
                 FFT size 
                 Used to properly divide the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 total transmitted power to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 each subcarrier 
               
               
                 Base Station 
                 Maximum base station 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 MAX TX Power 
                 transmitted power in 
                 downlink link budget 
               
               
                 [dBm] 
                 a single channel 
               
               
                   
                 bandwidth 
               
               
                 Base Station 
                 Maximum antenna gain 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 Antenna Gain 
                 of the base station 
                 downlink and uplink link 
               
               
                 [dBi] 
                   
                 budget 
               
               
                 Base Station 
                 Losses due to the 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 Feeder Loss 
                 cables, connectors, 
                 downlink and uplink link 
               
               
                 [dB] 
                 etc. between the 
                 budget 
               
               
                   
                 antenna connector and 
               
               
                   
                 base station 
               
               
                   
                 transceiver 
               
               
                 Base Station 
                 Minimum received 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 Sensitivity 
                 power at the base 
                 uplink link budget 
               
               
                 [dBm] 
                 station in uplink, 
               
               
                   
                 used to compute the 
               
               
                   
                 maximum cell range 
               
               
                 Mobile Station 
                 Maximum mobile 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 TX Power [dBm] 
                 station transmitted 
                 uplink link budget 
               
               
                   
                 power in a single 
               
               
                   
                 channel bandwidth 
               
               
                 Mobile Station 
                 Maximum antenna gain 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 Antenna Gain 
                 of the mobile station 
                 downlink and uplink link 
               
               
                 [dBi] 
                   
                 budget 
               
               
                 Mobile Station 
                 Losses due to the 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 Feeder Loss 
                 cables, connectors, 
                 downlink and uplink link 
               
               
                 [dB] 
                 etc. between the 
                 budget 
               
               
                   
                 antenna connector and 
               
               
                   
                 mobile station 
               
               
                   
                 transceiver 
               
               
                 Mobile Station 
                 Minimum received 
                 Parameter used in the 
               
               
                 Sensitivity 
                 power at the mobile 
                 downlink link budget, 
               
               
                 [dBm] 
                 station in downlink, 
                 usually this value depends 
               
               
                   
                 used to compute the 
                 on the minimum throughput 
               
               
                   
                 maximum cell range 
                 to be delivered to the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mobile station 
               
               
                 Indoor Loss 
                 Loss due to the 
                 These margins are used in 
               
               
                 [dB] 
                 building penetration 
                 the link budget to compute 
               
               
                 Body Loss 
                 Loss due to the 
                 the maximum cell range in 
               
               
                 [dB] 
                 interaction of the 
                 uplink and downlink 
               
               
                   
                 transmitted signal 
               
               
                   
                 with the human body 
               
               
                 Interference 
                 Margin used in the 
               
               
                 Margin [dB] 
                 link budget to take 
               
               
                   
                 into account the 
               
               
                   
                 interference coming 
               
               
                   
                 from the other cells 
               
               
                 Shadowing 
                 This margin takes 
               
               
                 Margin [dB] 
                 into account the 
               
               
                   
                 variability of the 
               
               
                   
                 signal due to the 
               
               
                   
                 slow fluctuations and 
               
               
                   
                 corresponds a margin 
               
               
                   
                 necessary to 
               
               
                   
                 guarantee the service 
               
               
                   
                 in a given percentage 
               
               
                   
                 of area (e.g. 90%). 
               
               
                 Frequency 
                 This factor takes 
                 The modification of the 
               
               
                 reuse factor 
                 into account how the 
                 channel used by each cell 
               
               
                   
                 available frequency 
                 in the scenario impacts the 
               
               
                   
                 channels are 
                 CINR (carrier to 
               
               
                   
                 distributed among the 
                 interference plus noise 
               
               
                   
                 cells in the scenario 
                 ratio) distribution 
               
               
                 Propagation 
                 Propagation 
                 The choice of the 
               
               
                 environment 
                 environment 
                 propagation environment 
               
               
                   
                 considered in the 
                 influences the model used 
               
               
                   
                 dimensioning. Typical 
                 to compute the attenuation 
               
               
                   
                 environment are Dense 
                 that 
               
               
                   
                 Urban, Urban, 
               
               
                   
                 SubUrban and Rural 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0063]    In a step designated  101 , the set of parameters A is input to a processing system. This can be any computer currently used for network design purposes (e.g a personal computer) 
         [0064]    In a step  102 , a choice is the made of the initial DL/UL balancing (e.g. DL/UL ratio equal to 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1 . . . ). 
         [0065]    As indicated, resources can be defined e.g. in terms of slots available, or OFDMA symbols available, or other types of elementary units. 
         [0066]    By way of explanation, a DL/UL ratio equal to 2:1 means that DL resources are double respect to UL resources). A DL/UL ratio equal to 27/20 is assumed here by way of example. 
         [0067]    As regards the WiMAX system, a set of DL/UL ratios may be compliant with the system profiles (described by the WiMAX Forum for the certification of the devices): as an example, for those devices working with a bandwidth of 10 MHz, possible DL/UL ratios belong to the following set {(35,12), ( 34 , 13 }, (33,14), (32,15), . . . , (27,20), (26,21)). The first number in each pair is the number of OFDMA symbols in DL, while the second number is the amount of UL symbols (being the total of symbols equal to 47). In the case of e.g. an FDD system which does not permit to modify the balancing between DL and UL bands, the step  102  directed at optimizing the switching point can be skipped. 
         [0068]    Irrespective of whether the step  102  is performed or not, the procedure then evolves towards the calculation of a suggested R DL  cell radius for DL and a suggested cell radius R UL , for UL (step  103 ). 
         [0069]    These suggested radiuses are the radius values for the cell (in DL and UL transmission, respectively) adapted to ensure coverage of the territory served by the network (both for DL and for UL). 
         [0070]    A preliminary part of step  103  takes care calculating coverage constraints e.g. in the form of DL and UL link budget calculations. This may be any known type of link budget calculations using as an input a set of parameters describing the characteristics and performance of transmitting Tx and receiving Rx equipment, and providing as an output the Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL), i.e. the maximum value of path loss between receiver and transmitter in order to guarantee the performance in input. 
         [0071]    A further part of step  103  is the calculation of the distance between Tx and Rx (cell radius) related to the aforementioned value of MAPL. This step can be performed by any reliable propagation model, validated e.g. by means of extensive measurement campaigns. 
         [0072]    As an example, the well-known Hata model can be used for this purpose. Two link budget calculations (for UL and DL, respectively) are performed to calculate the MAPL. 
         [0073]    The following tables provide two examples of UL and DL link budget data which allow to calculate the MAPL UL , and MAPL DL . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 DL link budget example 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Item 
                 Value 
                 Input Number 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mobile Station 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rx Sensitivity [dBm] 
                 −90 
                 Input #1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Margins and MS Gain/ 
               
               
                 Loss 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rx Antenna Gain [dBi] 
                 6 
                 Input #2 
               
               
                 Rx Feeder loss [dB] 
                 0 
                 Input #3 
               
               
                 Interference Margin [dB] 
                 3 
                 Input #4 
               
               
                 Body Loss [dB] 
                 0 
                 Input #5 
               
               
                 Indoor Loss [dB] 
                 15 
                 Input #6 
               
               
                 Shadowing Margin [dB] 
                 7 
                 Input #7 
               
               
                 Sensitivity including 
                 −71 
                 =(1) − (2) + (3) + (4) + (5) + (6) + (7) 
               
               
                 margins [dBm] 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Base Station 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Tx Power [dBm] 
                 30 
                 Input #8 
               
               
                 Tx Antenna Gain [dBi] 
                 16 
                 Input #9 
               
               
                 Tx Feeder loss [dB] 
                 3 
                 Input #10 
               
               
                 EIRP [dBm] 
                 43 
                 =(8) + (9) − (10) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Output 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Propagation Loss DL 
                 114 
                 EIRP- Sensitivity including 
               
               
                 [dB] 
                   
                 margins 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 UL link budget example 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Item 
                 Value 
                 Input Number 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Base Station 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rx Sensitivity [dBm] 
                 −100 
                 Input #1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Margins and BS Gain/ 
               
               
                 Loss 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rx Antenna Gain [dBi] 
                 16 
                 Input #2 
               
               
                 Rx Feeder loss [dB] 
                 3 
                 Input #3 
               
               
                 Interference Margin [dB] 
                 3 
                 Input #4 
               
               
                 Body Loss [dB] 
                 0 
                 Input #5 
               
               
                 Indoor Loss [dB] 
                 15 
                 Input #6 
               
               
                 Shadowing Margin [dB] 
                 7 
                 Input #7 
               
               
                 Sensitivity including 
                 −88 
                 =(1) − (2) + (3) + (4) + (5) + (6) + (7) 
               
               
                 margins [dBm] 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mobile Station 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Tx Power [dBm] 
                 25 
                 Input #8 
               
               
                 Tx Antenna Gain [dBi] 
                 6 
                 Input #9 
               
               
                 Tx Feeder loss [dB] 
                 0 
                 Input #10 
               
               
                 EIRP [dBm] 
                 31 
                 =(8) + (9) − (10) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Output 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Propagation Loss UL 
                 119 
                 EIRP- Sensitivity including 
               
               
                 [dB] 
                   
                 margins 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    The Hata formula is as follows: 
         [0000]      PropLoss=69.55+26.16·log 10    f −13.82·log 10    h   f   −a ( h   m )+(44.9−6.55·log 10    h   f )·log 10    d  
 
         [0075]    where: 
         [0076]    PropLoss=the Propagation Loss [dB] 
         [0077]    f=Frequency [MHz] (e.g. 2000 MHz) 
         [0078]    h f =Base Station height a.g.l. [ml] (e.g. 30 m) 
         [0079]    d=distance [km] 
         [0080]    and 
         [0000]        a ( h   m )=(1.1·log 10    f− 0.7)· h   m −(1.56 log 10    f− 0.8)
 
         [0081]    Where 
         [0082]    h m =mobile height a.g.l. [m] 
         [0083]    if h m =1.5 m and f=2000 MHz, a(h m ) is about 0 dB 
         [0084]    From the Hata formula it is possible to calculate d as follows 
         [0000]        d= 10̂((PropLoss−(69.55+26.16.1·log 10    f−− 13.82·log 10    h   f   −a ( h   m )))/(44.9−6.55·log 10    h   f ))
 
         [0085]    when PropLoss=MAPL, d=R. Using the values calculated in the tables before we obtain: 
         [0000]        MAPL   DL =114 dB→R DL =245m
 
         [0000]        MAPL   UL =119 dB→R UL =340m
 
         [0086]    Calculation of the effective cell radius R (also by optimizing DL and UL resources usage) takes the place in a (macro) step  104 , while step  105  marks the end of the dimensioning process. 
         [0087]    It will be appreciated that the values for R DL  and R UL ., will generally differ. In the exemplary case made here, R DL /R UL &lt;1 even if the DL/UL resource rate is 27/20 i.e. &gt;1. 
         [0088]    The step  104  uses further input sets B and C including:
       the distribution of traffic demand, and the mix of services considered in the scenario (set B); and   the corresponding traffic models (set C).       
 
         [0091]    To sum up, the main input “blocks” considered to implement the procedure as described herein include:
       system parameters: bandwidth, antenna parameters, type of scenario considered, environment (dense urban, urban, sub-urban and rural)—i.e. input set A;   the distribution of traffic demand and the mix of services—i.e. the input set B.       
 
         [0094]    For example, the traffic demand can include different types of services (like VoIP, or data services). 
         [0095]    As regards the distribution of traffic demand in the cell (generally traffic demand will not be uniform over space) a map of user distribution over the territory or space can be considered, while an example of traffic mix can be found in the following table: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of a mix of services 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percentage 
               
               
                   
                 Service 
                 of usage 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 VoIP 
                 40% 
               
               
                   
                 Videocall 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 FTP 
                 10% 
               
               
                   
                 HTTP 
                 40% 
               
               
                   
                 Video 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Streaming 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0096]    As regards traffic models (set C) the calculation of the occupation of radio resources takes into account also the traffic models considered. 
         [0097]    For example, the WiMAX Forum has developed Traffic Models (see e.g. WiMAX Forum, AATG group: “WiMAX System Evaluation Methodology”, Version 1.7, September 2007) that describe resource usage at IP layer for typical traffic profiles and services (FTP, TCP/IP connections, E-Mail, Gaming, Web Browsing . . . ). 
         [0098]    The radio resource occupation can be calculated in terms of average slots used in DL and in UL for each connection by using these statistical models. 
         [0099]    By way of example, if x i,MCS     DL     (s)  denotes the DL occupation of the single connection relative to the service s, a value will exist for each Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) considered, e.g.: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DL MCS 
                 X i,MCS     DL     (s)  [slots] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 6 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 4 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 2 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ¾ 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 16 QAM ½ 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 16 QAM ¾ 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ½ 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ⅔ 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ¾ 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ⅚ 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0100]    The flow chart of  FIG. 6  further details the step  104 . This can be considered as a macro step implemented by means of an iterative procedure. In fact the optimization of the cell radius as exemplified hereoin involves an iteration that consider the correct balancing between DL and UL resources usage. 
         [0101]    As detailed in  FIG. 6 , the step  104  includes various sub-steps  1041  to  1046 . 
         [0102]    In  1041  a first choice is made of the initial cell radius R i =R 0 , that is the maximum possible radius considering just coverage constraints. 
         [0103]    It will otherwise be appreciated that this “maximum” radius is in fact selected as the smaller of R DL  and R DL  since coverage being ensured for the smaller of the two (irrespective of whether for DL or UL) will automatically guarantee that coverage is ensured also for the larger. 
         [0104]    In  1042  (further detailed in  FIG. 7 ) the effective cell radius R is calculated. This calculation can be implemented iteratively (then at each internal step R i  is updated) and takes into account the capacity constraints B and C (the distribution of traffic demand, the mix of services considered in the scenario and the corresponding traffic models); as a result a cell radius R i  is determined as the radius that permits to have absence of losses in terms of capacity, whereby there is a certain amount of resources that are still free in the radio frame. 
         [0105]    In  1043  a comparison between the remaining resources available in DL and in UL is performed: the values of (X-x i ) and (Y-y i ) are calculated. If the difference between these two values is greater than a threshold, the frame at this iteration is considered unbalanced (between DL and UL). 
         [0106]    In  1044  a check is made as to whether the remaining resources available in DL and in UL are balanced. In the affirmative, i.e. if the resources are balanced, the iteration ends (i.e. the step  104  is exited). In the negative, the number of the current iteration is increased in  1045 . 
         [0107]    In  1046  a new DL/UL ratio is chosen and the sub-steps  1041 ,  1042 ,  1043 , and  1044  are repeated (always starting with the radius R 0 ) in order to optimize resource usage. 
         [0108]    The sub-step  1042  of calculating the effective cell radius R is further detailed in  FIG. 7  and includes, at  10421 , the calculation of interference. 
         [0109]    The area (hexagon, here) corresponding to the Cell  1 A (see  FIGS. 3 and 4 ) is divided into N elementary area elements, called “pixels”. For each pixel n the received power due to each cell i (i= 1   a , . . . ,  19   c ) is calculated by means of the following formula: 
         [0000]        Pn ( i )= EIRP ( i )−PropLoss( i ) [dBm]
 
         [0000]        P′n ( i )=10̂( Pn ( i )/10)  [mW]
 
         [0110]    where EIRP is calculated as in the link budget table and PropLoss is calculated by means of the Hata model. 
         [0111]    Then the CINR (Carrier over Interference plus Noise Ratio) in each pixel of the cell  1 A hexagon can be computed as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             CINRn 
             = 
             
               
                 Pn 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     1 
                      
                     A 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               - 
               
                 10 
                  
                 
                   log 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           i 
                           
                             
                               19 
                                
                               C 
                             
                             , 
                             
                               i 
                               ≠ 
                               
                                 1 
                                  
                                 A 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             P 
                             ′ 
                           
                            
                           
                             n 
                              
                             
                               ( 
                               i 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           P 
                           ′ 
                         
                          
                         noise 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0112]    where Pnoise [mW] is the thermal noise power (e.g. from measurements) 
         [0113]    The above equation is correct in case of reuse  1  (i.e individual reuse). In case of reuse  3  (i.e. reuse over base three) the sum has to be calculated using the a-cells contributions only (i= 2   a ,  3   a ,  4   a , . . . ,  19   a ). 
         [0114]    Since the value of CINR is known in each pixel of the  1   a  cell, it is possible to calculate the Probability Density Function (PDF) of CINR for the cell  1   a . This function can be considered as representative of the typical cell of the considered environment. 
         [0115]      FIG. 8  is an example of such a PDF function. There, the γ-axis shows the P(CINR dB ), i.e. the probability to have a certain value of CINR in dB. In this step, the probability of usage of each MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) is also calculated as resulting from the combination of the CINR PDF function and the usage intervals of the MCS, as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               P 
               MCS 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   
                     CINR 
                     db 
                   
                   ∈ 
                   
                     I 
                     MCS 
                   
                 
               
                
               
                 P 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     CINR 
                     db 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0116]    where I MCS  is the usage interval for the MCS (set of values of CINR expressed in dB). 
         [0117]    For example, these usage intervals can be calculated as the CINR intervals in which a MCS has the best link performances in terms of throughput.  FIG. 9  is an example of usage interval for a certain MCS. 
         [0118]    An example of DL MCS distribution is reported in the following table, where each value in the right-hand column is corresponds to the P MCS  calculated in the above equation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Probability of usage of an MCS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 P MCS     DL     
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Probability of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 usage of a 
               
               
                   
                 DL MCS 
                 certain DL MCS) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 6 
                 1% 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 4 
                 4% 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 2 
                 14% 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ 
                 20% 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ¾ 
                 21% 
               
               
                   
                 16 QAM ½ 
                 17% 
               
               
                   
                 16 QAM ¾ 
                 10% 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ½ 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ⅔ 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ¾ 
                 2% 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ⅚ 
                 1% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0119]    As a consequence, in  10421  the MCS distribution is calculated by exploiting the knowledge of the CINR distribution. 
         [0120]    In  10422  a first calculation is performed of the initial traffic per cell (this depends on the traffic distribution, the amount of traffic offered to the cell and the cell radius); as an example, if a certain service is considered, the traffic demand per cell can be calculated as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
      
       t 
       i 
       (s) 
       =T 
       (s) 
       /N 
       i  
      
     
         [0121]    where 
         [0122]    i=current step of the iteration 
         [0123]    s=service considered 
         [0124]    T (s) =the total traffic demand in the scenario (expressed in terms of number of connections requested in the radio frame by the service s) 
         [0125]    N i =the number of cells of the scenario (that can be easily given by the ratio between the area of the scenario and the area of the cell) 
         [0126]    The value for t i   (s)  calculated from T (s) , which depends on the user density in the area and on the distribution of traffic demand (input block B). An example of T (s)  can be seen in the following table: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of traffic demand in the scenario onsidered 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 T (s)   
               
               
                   
                 Service s 
                 [connections] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 VoIP 
                 1200 
               
               
                   
                 Videocall 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 FTP 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 HTTP 
                 1200 
               
               
                   
                 Video Streaming 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0127]    where T (s)  (in the case of uniform users distribution) is calculated for each service as the total number of users present in the scenario weighted by the percentage of service considered for that mix of services. 
         [0128]    On the other side N i  depends on the cell radius. For example, if the scenario area is 300 km 2  and the cell radius corresponds to a cell area of 10 km 2 , N i  can be calculated as 300/10=30. If the cell area is smaller (e.g. 5 km 2 ), the same scenario contains an higher number of cells ( 300/5=60). The following table shows an example referring in which N i =30. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of traffic per cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 t i   (s)   
               
               
                   
                 Service s 
                 [connections] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 VoIP 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Videocall 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 FTP 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 HTTP 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Video Streaming 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0129]    In  10423  a calculation is performed of the DL and UL subframe average occupation (in terms of radio resources needed); this operation takes as input the traffic models C considered for the procedure (then the occupation of each single service in the radio frame. 
         [0130]    The resource occupation x i,MCS     DL     (s)  of a single connection (in DL and in UL) is first used: this value depends on the modulation used and can be retrieved from statistical consideration regarding the traffic model used (e.g. WiMAX Forum traffic models). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of DL occupation of a connection for a service s 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 X i,MCS     DL     (s)   
               
               
                   
                 DL MCS 
                 [slots] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 6 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 4 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ rep 2 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ½ 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK ¾ 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 16 QAM ½ 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 16 QAM ¾ 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ½ 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ⅔ 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ¾ 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 64 QAM ⅚ 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0131]    The average occupation of a connection depends on the particular MCS used, and the average occupation is given by weighing the occupations for the respective probability of occurrence P MCS     DL    of the MCS in the DL subframe. 
         [0132]    The following equation is exemplary of calculating the average occupation of a VoIP connection x i   (VoIP)  in the DL subframe: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               x 
               i 
               
                 ( 
                 VoIP 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   
                     MCS 
                     DL 
                   
                   ∈ 
                   
                     I 
                     
                       MCS 
                       , 
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
               
                
               
                 
                   x 
                   
                     i 
                     , 
                     
                       MCS 
                       DL 
                     
                   
                   
                     ( 
                     VoIP 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   P 
                   
                     MCS 
                     DL 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0133]    where 
         [0134]    i=current step of the iteration 
         [0135]    MCS DL =MCS considered in DL 
         [0136]    I MCS,DL =set of DL MCS considered 
         [0137]    x MCS     DL     (VoIP) =DL occupation of a VoIP connection with the modulation m DL    
         [0138]    (in a similar way one can define y i,MCS     DL     (VoIP)  as the average occupation of a VoIP connection in the UL subframe) 
         [0139]    Using the exemplary values contained in Tables 6 and 9 yields x i,MCS     DL     (VoIP) =11,53 slots. 
         [0140]    In general, for a generic service s belonging to the set of services considered (s εI services ), the following applies (for the DL and UL subframe, respectively): 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               x 
               i 
               
                 ( 
                 s 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   
                     MCS 
                     DL 
                   
                   ∈ 
                   
                     I 
                     
                       MCS 
                       , 
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
               
                
               
                 
                   x 
                   
                     i 
                     , 
                     
                       MCS 
                       DL 
                     
                   
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   P 
                   
                     MCS 
                     DL 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               y 
               i 
               
                 ( 
                 s 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   
                     MCS 
                     UL 
                   
                   ∈ 
                   
                     I 
                     
                       MCS 
                       , 
                       UL 
                     
                   
                 
               
                
               
                 
                   y 
                   
                     i 
                     , 
                     
                       MCS 
                       UL 
                     
                   
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   P 
                   
                     MCS 
                     UL 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0141]    The total average occupation of all services considered is then given by summing all the contributions (all the connections of all the services): 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               x 
               i 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   s 
                   ∈ 
                   
                     I 
                     services 
                   
                 
               
                
               
                 
                   t 
                   i 
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                  
                 
                   x 
                   i 
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               y 
               i 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   s 
                   ∈ 
                   
                     I 
                     services 
                   
                 
               
                
               
                 
                   t 
                   i 
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                  
                 
                   y 
                   i 
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0142]    A resource margin is defined for both DL and UL subframes (respectively m DL  and m UL ). 
         [0143]    A check is the made at  10424  as to whether for each subframe the needed occupations x i  and y i  (plus a certain possible margin, m DL  and m UL ) do not exceed the amount of resources available—defined respectively as X and Y. 
         [0144]    Stated otherwise, at  10424  a check is made as to whether the current value of the effective radius satisfies the traffic requirements for the cell. 
         [0145]    If that is the case, then the iteration ends (by exiting step  10424 ). 
         [0146]    Alternatively, the number of the current iteration is increased at  10425  and a smaller cell radius is chosen at  10426  to return to  10421 . 
         [0147]    The radius at a given iteration can be computed as a given percentage of the radius at the previous iteration (e.g. 90%). A more accurated value is a compromise between convergence speed of the procedure and its accuracy. 
         [0148]    Without prejudice to the underlying principles of the invention, the details and the embodiments may vary, even appreciably, with respect to what has been described by way of example only, without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the annexed claims.