Abstract:
A stationary blade for a steam turbine includes an airfoil portion having an inner diameter end and an outer diameter end; an inner ring portion integrally formed at the inner diameter end of the airfoil portion; and an outer ring portion integrally formed at the outer diameter end of the airfoil portion, the airfoil, inner ring and outer ring portions being envelope forged from a single bar stock, and each blade being welded together with an adjacent, substantially identical blade with welds provided at the inner and outer ring portions, the inner ring portion welds comprising a first, upstream weld and a second, downstream weld which is lower than the upstream weld.

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/624,367, filed Dec. 6, 1990, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to steam turbine blades and, more particularly, to a stationary blade having improved performance characteristics. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Steam turbine rotor and stationary blades are arranged in a plurality of rows or stages. The rotor blades of a given row are identical to each other and mounted in a mounting groove provided in the turbine rotor. Stationary blades, on the other hand, are mounted on a cylinder which surrounds the rotor. 
     Turbine rotor blades typically share the same basic components. Each has a root receivable in the mounting groove of the rotor, a platform which overlies the outer surface of the rotor at the upper terminus of the root, and an airfoil which extends upwardly from the platform. 
     Stationary blades also have airfoils, except that the airfoils of the stationary blades extend downwardly towards the rotor. The airfoils include a leading edge, a trailing edge, a concave surface, and a convex surface. The airfoil shape common to a particular row of blades differs from the airfoil shape for every other row within a particular turbine. In general, no two turbines of different designs share airfoils of the same shape. The structural differences in airfoil shape result in significant variations in aerodynamic characteristics, stress patterns, operating temperature, and natural frequency of the blade. These variations, in turn, determine the operating life of the turbine blade within the boundary conditions (turbine inlet temperature, pressure ratio, and rotational speed), which are generally determined prior to airfoil shape development. 
     Development of a turbine for a new commercial power generation steam turbine may require several years to complete. When designing rotor blades for a new steam turbine, a profile developer is given a certain flow field with which to work. The flow field determines the inlet angles (for steam passing between adjacent blades of a row), gauging, and the force applied on each blade, among other things. &#34;Gauging&#34; is the ratio of throat to pitch; &#34;throat&#34; is the straight line distance between the trailing edge of one blade and the suction surface of an adjacent blade, and &#34;pitch&#34; is the distance in the tangential direction between the trailing edges of the adjacent blades. 
     These flow field parameters are dependent on a number of factors, including the length of the blades of a particular row. The length of the blades is established early in the design stages of the steam turbine and is essentially a function of the overall power output of the steam turbine and the power output for that particular stage. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide an improved blade design with improved performance and manufacturability, suitable for retrofit into an existing turbine. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a stronger connection between adjacent blades of a group within a row of stationary blades. 
     Another object of the present invention is to optimize steam velocity distribution along pressure and suction surfaces of the blade. 
     These and other objects of the present invention are met by providing a stationary blade for a steam turbine which includes an airfoil portion having an inner diameter end and an outer diameter end, an inner ring portion integrally formed at the inner diameter end of the airfoil portion, and an outer ring portion integrally formed at the outer diameter end of the airfoil portion. The airfoil, inner ring and outer ring portions are envelope forged from a single bar stock and each blade is welded together with an adjacent, substantially identical blade with welds provided at the inner and outer ring portions. The inner ring portion welds include a first, upstream weld and a second, downstream weld which is lower than the upstream weld. 
     These and other features and advantages of the stationary blade of the present invention will become more apparent with reference to the following detailed description and drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a stationary blade according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 1(a) is a partial top view showing juxtaposed outer ring portions of the blade according to the present invention welded together; 
     FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the blade of FIG. 1, with the corresponding rotor portions shown in cross-section; 
     FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the stationary blade of FIG. 1, showing five basic sections A--A through E--E; 
     FIGS. 4(a) through 4(e) are sectional views of the five basic sections of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the five basic sections of FIG. 3; 
     FIGS. 6-9 are graphs showing geometric and performance characteristics of the blade according to FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 10 shows a typical section of the blade according to FIG. 1, showing two adjacent blades of the same row relative to the X--X axis; and 
     FIG. 11 is a side elevational view, partly in section of a portion of a steam turbine which incorporates a row of stationary blades according to FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The blade design of the present invention is specific to the fifth stationary row of a low pressure fossil fuel steam turbine having a running speed of 3600 rpms. The present invention is retrofitted into an existing turbine, so that reliability and efficiency were improved according to the present invention, while fitting into an existing inner cylinder. The blade is 8.448 inches long and is constructed according to the diaphragm-type assembly method, as opposed to a segmental assembly. In a segmental assembly, inner and outer ring segments are welded to inner and outer diameter portions of the airfoil. A diaphragm-type method of manufacturing is one where the complete blade, with inner and outer ring segments formed together with the foil is manufactured from a bar stock and then machined to its final geometric shape by numeric control machining. 
     While this type of manufacturing process is generally known, it is associated with blades of much shorter length than the blade of the present invention. To facilitate the use of a diaphragm-type assembly, the blade of the present invention is designed with a unique airfoil which minimizes forging energy. The details of the airfoil will be described below. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, a stationary blade 20 of the present invention has an airfoil portion 22, an outer ring portion 24 and an inner ring portion 26. The broken lines 25 and 27 indicate areas of the outer and inner ring portions which were machined away after diaphragm assembly. The finished version of the blade 20 is illustrated in FIG. 2 as having a seal 28 mounted in the end of the inner ring portion 26 between welds 30 and 32. The welds 32 are staggered, with weld 30, which is the downstream weld, being lower than the upstream weld 32. This arrangement strengthens the weld joint for the seal 28. An additional weld 34 is provided in the outer ring portion 24 for assembly into the cylinder. 
     The &#34;inner diameter&#34; end of the airfoil 22 is indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2 to be at a radius of 29.94 inches (760.476 mm). This refers to the fact that the inner diameter end of the airfoil is 29.94 inches (760.476 mm) from the rotational axis of the rotor. The outer diameter end of the airfoil 22 is at a radius of 38.388 inches (975.0552 mm). The difference between the outer diameter end and the inner diameter end gives the length of the airfoil as approximately 8.45 inches (214.63 mm). FIG. 2 illustrates a corresponding portion of the L-2R rotating blade 36 which has platform outer surface 36a of the same diameter as the inner diameter end of the airfoil 22. A groove of the rotor 36 into which the stationary blade 20 extends has a height of 3.462 inches (87.935 mm), which corresponds to the height of the inner ring portion 26 and seal 28 combined. 
     After diaphragm machining, the inner ring portion 26 is left with a unique shape which effectively tunes the fundamental mode of the entire structure between the multiples of turbine running speed (approximately 200 Hz) without having to undergo other tuning techniques. Also, the welds 30 and 32 are made deeper than previous welds in order to increase the strength of the structure. 
     FIG. 3 shows a series of stacked sections A--A through E--E of the airfoil portion 22 of the blade 20. 
     FIGS. 4A through 4E are cross sections of sections A--A through E--E. These stacked plots are helpful in illustrating the taper/twist profile of the airfoil portion of the blade. One feature of the present invention which is illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4E is that the centers of the leading and trailing edges form a straight line equation in space. This feature, which is further illustrated in FIG. 5 which is a perspective plot of the foil, further leads to simplified manufacturing. 
     Weld 34 is made by forming a groove 35 and filling it with weld material 37 so that when adjacent ring portions 24a, 24b, 24c, etc. are juxtaposed side-by-side an arcuate channel is formed collectively by the plurality of grooves 34, this channel being filled by weld material 37 by deposit welding to form an arcuate weld line which binds together the outer ring portions. Similarly, welds 30 and 32 are made by forming grooves 29 and 31 in the inner ring portion 26 and filling these grooves with weld material 33 and 39 when the inner ring portions are juxtaposed side-by-side. 
     The following table summarizes the geometric features of the blade according to the present invention: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________SECTION           E-E   D-D   C-C   B-B   A-A__________________________________________________________________________RADIUS(IN)              29.9400                   31.9400                         34.1630                               36.4400                                     38.3875(mm)              760.476                   811.276                         867.740                               925.576                                     975.042PITCH             2.2395                   2.3981                         2.5554                               2.7257                                     2.8714WIDTH(IN)              1.71426                   1.78185                         1.85713                               1.93401                                     2.00003(mm)              43.542                   45.258                         47.171                               49.123                                     50.800CHORD (IN)        3.0042                   3.42199                         3.89786                               4.39290                                     4.82024PITCH/WIDTH       1.30640                   1.34080                         1.37599                               1.40935                                     1.43566PITCH/CHORD       .74540                   .69816                         .65559                               .62048                                     .59569STAGGER ANGLE (DEG)             54.56409                   58.02105                         61.00489                               63.37520                                     64.99626MAXIMUM THICKNESS .44793                   .46287                         .50189                               .55821                                     .61890MAXIMUM THICKNESS/CHORD             .14909                   .13526                         .12876                               .12707                                     .12840EXIT OPENING(IN)              .67198                   .63777                         .60295                               .57674                                     .55710(mm)              17.068                   16.199                         15.314                               14.649                                     14.150EXIT OPENING ANGLE             26.60294                   23.28277                         20.34495                               18.66529                                     17.34476INLET INCL. ANGLE 62.75663                   59.63185                         55.92893                               50.14567                                     47.17303EXIT INCL. ANGLE  6.05101                   6.68777                         6.34746                               6.30626                                     8.10422AREA (IN**2)      .75121                   .91433                         1.14569                               1.43819                                     1.73475ALPHA (DEG)       55.84176                   59.51541                         62.44364                               64.49169                                     66.04618I MIN (IN**4)     .01511                   .01861                         .02481                               .03421                                     .04615I MAX (IN**4)     .34856                   .56503                         .92310                               1.45221                                     2.11677GAUGING           .672  .638  .603  .577  .557INLET ANGLE       86.12 92.13 103.2 115.3 122.3EXIT ANGLE        17.5  15.47 13.71 12.45 11.43__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Certain relationships between the values stated in the above table are illustrated graphically in FIGS. 6-9. In FIGS. 6-9, the axis denotes the radius in inches from the longitudinal center line of the rotor. Thus, the ordinate of the first point on the graph of FIG. 6 represents the radial distance of the E--E section, which according to the foregoing table is 29.94 inches. The Y axis of FIG. 6 represents the alpha angle, measured in degrees. The alpha angle is the principal axis angle with respect to the X--X axis. It is noteworthy that the curve generated by the five points plotted on the graph illustrated in FIG. 6 is a smooth curve, which approximates the curve generated in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 illustrates the stagger angle versus radius for each of the five sections. The stagger angle is the angle of each section chord to the X--X axis. 
     A typical section, the C--C section, is illustrated in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 further illustrates the gauging of the C--C section, as well as the X--X radial plane which extends outwardly from the longitudinal axis of the rotor. The Y--Y plane is transverse the longitudinal axis of the rotor. 
     FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate the relationship between I MIN and I MAX with respect to radius. It can be seen from FIGS. 8 and 9 that I MIN and I MAX both increase parabolically, with increasing radius. Both I MIN and I MAX are measurements of resistance to bending. 
     The blade design detailed herein has achieved optimum stage efficiency by using numerous design considerations such as minimizing the steam flow incidence angle. The ideal inlet angle radial distribution was obtained using flow field analysis, which also leads to the unique gauging distribution along the radial length of the blade. 
     The unique radial distribution of inlet angle allows a smooth steam flow from the parallel-sided upstream blading. The performance of the blade according to the present invention is further improved by optimizing blade pressure and suction surfaces steam velocity distribution. 
     It should also be noted that the blade of the present design is specific to a fossil fuel steam turbine known as the &#34;BB72&#34; ruggedized, and in particular for the L-2C stationary row. This is the third stationary row from the low pressure turbine exit, and there are 84 blades per row, with the blades being grouped into groups of 8 or 9, thus making ten groups per row. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates the position of the 2C row of stationary blades with respect to the steam inlet 40.