Abstract:
A method of contraception is disclosed comprising the step of administering to a menstruating female a cycle of contraceptive therapy, said cycle of therapy including the continuous administration for the length of the cycle of a potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen in a contraceptively effective and breast protecting dose, in the absence of the administration of an estrogen.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to progestogen-only contraceptive regimens for menstruating females. More particularly, the present invention relates to progestogen-only contraceptive regimens containing a potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen, such as, norgestimate (NGM) or norelgestromin (NGMN).  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    A substantial percentage of human breast carcinomas are hormone-dependent. Animal studies and clinical trials have confirmed that estrogens, particularly estradiol, are the most important hormones involved in supporting growth of hormone-dependent breast tumours. (see refs #1 at 493, #2 at 967, #7 at 1589, #8 at 525, #9 at 135, #10 at 225, #11 at 625 and #12 at 1497)  
           [0003]    Plasma levels of estrone and estradiol in post-menopausal women are very low. (see refs #1 at 493 and #11 at 626) Yet, breast tumor tissue concentration of estrone and estradiol is an order of magnitude higher than plasma concentrations. (see refs #1 at 493, #2 at 967 and #13 at 641) FIG. 1 shows the enzymatic process by which estrogens are locally formed in human breast cancer cells and thereby made available to support growth. (see ref #10 at 229). Referring to FIG. 1, studies have shown that the sulfatase enzyme appears to be at least 10× more important in the formation of estrogens than the aromatase enzyme. (see refs #1 at 493, #2 at 967, #4 at 17, #5 at 931, #7 at 1589, #8 at 525, #9 at 135, #10 at 228, #11 at 626 and 628 and #13 at 641) Thus, it is the sulfatase pathway that is the primary pathway promoting local formation of estrogens in human breast cancer cells.  
           [0004]    Since estradiol is one of the main factors involved in supporting growth of hormone-dependent breast tumours and the sulfatase pathway is the main pathway for the formation of estradiol in the breast, then a decrease of estradiol formation by suppression of the sulfatase pathway would have potential therapeutic activity in the management of breast cancer. (see refs #1 at 493, #3 at 55, #4 at 17, #5 at 931, #6 at 123 and #11 at 631) Suppression of the sulfatase pathway will have a breast protective effect.  
           [0005]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen to continuously suppress sulfatase activity in human breast cancer cells.  
           [0006]    It is also an object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen with exceptional suppression of sulfatase activity in human breast cancer cells.  
           [0007]    It is also an object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen to continuously suppress estrogen formation in human breast cancer cells.  
           [0008]    It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen with exceptional suppression of estrogen formation in human breast cancer cells.  
           [0009]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen which minimizes exposure of the breast to locally formed estrogen.  
           [0010]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen which reduces exposure of the breast to estrogens as compared to other contraceptive regimens.  
           [0011]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen with the lowest levels of breast estrogen exposure as compared to other contraceptive regimens.  
           [0012]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen which closely limits exposure of the breast to those levels of estrogens which are produced in vivo outside the breast.  
           [0013]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen which provides exceptional and continuous breast protective effect.  
           [0014]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a progestogen-only contraceptive regimen which minimizes risk factors associated with breast cancer.  
         REFERENCES  
         [0015]    1. Inhibition of Estrone Sulfatase Enzyme in Human Placenta and Human Breast Carcinoma; T. R. JEFFRY EVANS et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. Vol. 39, No. 4A 1991, pp. 493-499.  
           [0016]    2. In Vitro Effect of Synthetic Progestogens on Estrone Sulfatase Activity in Human Breast Carcinoma; ODILE PROST-AVALLET et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol., Vol. 39, No. 6, 1991, pp.967-973.  
           [0017]    3. Effect of the progestagen R5020 (promegestone) and of progesterone on the uptake and on the transformation of estrone sulfate in MCF-7 and T-47d human mammary cancer cells: correlation with progesterone receptor levels; JORGE R. PASQUALINI et al., Cancer Letters, 66 (1992) 55-60, Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.  
           [0018]    4. Action of Danazol On The Conversion Of Estrone Sulfate To Estradiol And On The Sulfatase Activity In The MCF-7, T-47D and MDA-MB-231 Human Mammary Cancer Cells; B-L NGUYEN et al., J. Steroid Biochem, Molec. Biol. Vol. 46, No. 1, 1993, pp. 17-23.  
           [0019]    5. Effect of Promegestone, Tamoxifen, 4-Hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 164,384 on the Oestrone Sulphatase Activity of Human Breast Cancer Cells; GERARD CHETRITE et al., Anticancer Research 13: 931-934 (1993).  
           [0020]    6. Inhibition Of Steroid Sulfatase Activity By Danazol; KJELL CARLSTROM et al., Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 107-111.  
           [0021]    7. Effect of the Progestagen Promegestone (R-5020) on mRNA of the Oestrone Sulphatase in the MCF-7 Human Mammary Cancer Cells; JORGE R. PASQUALINI et al., Anticancer Research 14: 1589-1594 (1994).  
           [0022]    8. Effect of Nomegestrol Acetate on Estrone-sulfatase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activities in Human Breast Cancer Cells; G. CHETRITE et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. Vol. 58, No.5/6, pp. 525-531, 1996.  
           [0023]    9. Effect of Tibolone (Org OD14) and its Metabolites on Estrone Sulphatase Activity in MCF-7 and T-47D Mammary Cancer Cells; G. CHETRITE et al., Anticancer Research 17: 135-140 (1997).  
           [0024]    10. Progestins and Breast Cancer; J. R. PASQUALINI et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. Vol. 65, No. 1-6, pp.225-235, 1998.  
           [0025]    11. Control of Estradiol In Human Breast Cancer. Effect of Medrogestone on Sulfatase, 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase And Sulfotransferase Activities in Human Breast Cancer Cells; JORGE RAUL PASQUALINI et al., Euro. Congr. On Menopause (1998), pp. 625-633.  
           [0026]    12. Constitutive Expression of the Steroid Sulfatase Gene Supports the Growth of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vitro; MATTIE R. JAMES et al., Endocrinology, Vol. 142, No.4, pp 1497-1505.  
           [0027]    13. Concentrations of Estrone, Estradiol and Their Sulfates, And Evaluation of Sulfatase and Aromatase Activities in Patients with Breast Fibroadenoma; J. R. PASQUALINI et al., Int. J. Cancer, 70, pp. 639-643 (1997).  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0028]    According to the present invention there is provided, a method of contraception comprising the step of administering to a menstruating female a cycle of contraceptive therapy, said cycle of therapy including the continuous administration for the length of the cycle of a potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen in a contraceptively effective and breast protecting dose, in the absence of the administration of an estrogen.  
           [0029]    There is also provided by the present invention, a contraceptive therapy unit for administration to a menstruationg female comprising a cycle of separate dosage units adapted for successive daily oral administration for the length of the cycle, wherein said dosage units contain, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen in a contraceptively effective and breast protecting dose, in the absence of an estrogen.  
           [0030]    There is also provided by the present invention, a contraceptive therapy unit for administration to a menstruationg female comprising a cycle of transdermal patches adapted for successive administration for the length of the cycle, wherein said transdermal patches contain, in a suitable matrix, a potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen in a contraceptively effective and breast protecting dose, in the absence of an estrogen.  
           [0031]    There is also provided by the present invention, a contraceptive therapy unit for administration to a menstruationg female comprising a cycle of vaginal rings adapted for successive administration for the length of the cycle, wherein the vaginal rings contain, in a suitable matrix, a potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen in a contraceptively effective and breast protecting dose, in the absence of an estrogen.  
           [0032]    Applicants have surprisingly discovered that such a regimen is expected to have reduced levels of estrogen in the breast as compared to other contraceptive regimens. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0033]    [0033]FIG. 1-Shows the enzymatic process involved in the formation and transformation of estrogens in human breast cancers. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0034]    The contraceptive regimen according to the present invention is a progestin-only contraceptive regimen in which a progestogen is continuously administered in a sufficient dose to have a contraceptive effect and the regimen is administered cycle after cycle to a menstruating female to achieve a long term contraceptive effect. In such regimens, no estrogen is administered and there is no period of time without hormone administration to allow for menstruation. Menstruating female is intended to refer to fertile women of child-bearing age. The method of administration might be transdermal, vaginal or oral. Where administration is transdermal, a suitable patch is continuously worn with replacement as required. Where administration is vaginal, a suitable vaginal device, such as a ring, is continuously inserted with replacement as required. Where administration is oral, daily oral dosage units are administered.  
         [0035]    The cycle of administration usually lasts 28 days or more, but it may be longer up to 60 and even 90 days or shorter down to 21 days. The cycle may include a regimen in which there is a day to day or week to week variation in the dose of progestogen administered according to a set pattern. In such a case the regimen, including variation of dose, is repeated in cycle following cycle. The cycle may also be a regimen in which there is no variation in the dose of the active administered. In such a case, the cycle is nothing more than a convention representing a convenient unit of administration or sale. In either case, a contraceptive product utilizing the contraceptive regimen in question is prescribed, sold and administered in units of cycles. The contraceptive product based on a cycle might be 1 to 10 of vaginal rings that are inserted and then replaced every 7, 14 or 21 days according to their design. The contraceptive product based on a cycle might be 2 to 10 transdermal patches that are attached and then replaced every 7, 10 or 14 days according to their design. The contraceptive product based on a cycle might be 21, 28, 56 or more tablets that are orally administered daily.  
         [0036]    Common contraceptive regimens administer an estrogen in combination with a progestogen. In the progestogen-only regimens of the present invention, there is no estrogen administered.  
         [0037]    “Progestogen” herein is intended to refer to a progestin receptor modulator having a progestogenic effect. A potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen is preferably herein defined as a progestogen which has (or a progestogen with a substantial metabolite thereof which has) an IC 50  in the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  in either the MCF-7 or T-47D breast cancer cell lines of about the corresponding IC 50  of norelgestromin or lower. A potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen may also be a progestogen which has (or a progestogen with a substantial metabolite thereof which has) an IC 50  in the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  in either the MCF-7 or T-47D breast cancer cell lines of substantially less than the corresponding IC 50  of medroxyprogesterone acetate, for example, on the order of ⅓, ½ or ⅕ of the IC 50  of medroxyprogesterone acetate. A potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen can also be defined as a progestogen having (or a progestogen with a substantial metabolite thereof which has) an IC 50  in the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  in either the MCF-7 or T-47D breast cancer cell lines of at most about {fraction (1/10)}, or about preferably {fraction (1/100)}, the corresponding IC 50  of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). A potent sulfatase inhibiting progestogen can also be defined as a progestogen which inhibits (or a progestogen with a substantial metabolite thereof which inhibits) at least about 70% and preferably at least about 90% of the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  in either the MCF-7 or T-47D breast cancer cell lines where employed in the test at a concentration of 50×10 −6  mol/l.  
         [0038]    Norgestimate (NGM) or norelgestromin (NGMN) are the preferred progestogens utilized herein and are each known to the art of contraceptive therapy. In fact, norgestimate is now used in a number of commercially available contraceptive products. The most preferred progestogen is norelgestromin (17-d-norgestimate). Norelgestromin is the major metabolite of norgestimate in humans with 80% and higher of norgestimate being converted to norelgestromin in vivo. For this reason, inhibition of sulfatase enzyme activity which is demonstrated for norelgestromin is inferred to norgestimate. Of course, to obtain equivalent inhibition of sulfatase enzyme activity (but not progestogenic effect), it may be necessary to administer a somewhat greater dose of norgestimate as compared to any dose of norelgestromin.  
         [0039]    The progestogen is administered in an amount sufficient to produce a contraceptive effect. According to the present invention, it is now an additional requirement that the progestogen be administered in an amount which is an effective breast protective amount. More specifically, in a first characterization of a breast protective and otherwise suitable amount of progestogen, there is administered sufficient sulfatase inhibiting progestogen such that it is at least equivalent in both contraceptive and breast protecting effect to about 0.030 mg to about 0.750 mg of orally administered norgestimate. Preferably, there is administered sufficient sulfatase inhibiting progestogen such that it is at least equivalent in both contraceptive and breast protecting effect to about 0.050 mg to about 0.300 mg of orally administered norgestimate. In another characterization of a breast protective amount of progestogen and assuming a contraceptively effective amount, there is administered sufficient active compound to provide for, during a substantial portion of each day, a substantial suppression of sulfatase activity, for example, of 50% or greater and preferably of 67% or greater and most preferably of 75% or greater. A substantial portion of a day is intended to mean a period of at least 4 hours, but within the invention might mean a period of at least 8 hours or 12 hours or even 24 hours.  
         [0040]    In the case of a daily oral tablet, there is administered a preferred dose of norgestimate or norelgestromin (or an equivalent amount of a suitable progestogen to achieve the desired contraceptive and enzyme suppressive effect) between about 30 mcg to about 500 mcg and more preferably between about 150 mcg to about 300 mcg. Specific daily oral tablets might contain 100, 125, 180, 215 or 250 mcg of norgestimate or norelgestromin. In the case of a vaginal ring, a preferred ring delivers to systemic circulation a daily dose of norgestimate or norelgestromin (or an equivalent amount of a suitable progestogen to achieve the desired contraceptive and enzyme suppressive effect) between about 20 mcg to about 300 mcg and more preferably between about 90 mcg to about 200 mcg. A specific vaginal ring might be inserted for one week and deliver to systemic circulation in that period of time an average daily dose of 60, 75, 100, 125 or 150 mcg of norgestimate or norelgestromin. In the case of a transdermal patch, a preferred patch delivers to systemic circulation a daily dose of norgestimate or norelgestromin (or an equivalent amount of a suitable progestogen to achieve the desired contraceptive and enzyme suppressive effect) between about 20 mcg to about 300 mcg and more preferably between about 90 mcg to about 200 mcg. A specific patch might be worn for one week and deliver to systemic circulation in that period of time an average daily dose of 60, 75, 100, 125 or 150 mcg of norgestimate or norelgestromin.  
         [0041]    In Table 1, there are disclosed preferred oral daily progestogen-only contraceptive regimens according to the present invention containing norgestimate (NGM) or norelgestromin (NGMN).  
                       TABLE 1                       Regimen #   Tablet administration   Tablet progestogen content                   1   Continuous, daily   100 mcg NGM or NGMN       2   Continuous, daily   125 mcg NGM or NGMN       3   Continuous, daily   180 mcg NGM or NGMN       4   Continuous, daily   215 mcg NGM or NGMN       5   Continuous, daily   250 mcg NGM or NGMN       6   Continuous, alternating   A: 125 mcg NGM or NGMN           3 days Tablet A   B: 250 mcg NGM or NGMN           3 days Tablet B                  
 
         [0042]    In Table 2, there are disclosed preferred contraceptive transdermal regimens or vaginal ring regimens according to the present invention using weekly patches or rings containing norgestimate (NGM) or norelgestromin (NGMN). The weekly patches or rings deliver to systemic circulation the reported average daily dose of NGM or NGMN.  
                                     TABLE 2                               Device progestogen delivery rate       Regimen #   Device administration   to systemic circulation                                9   Continuous, weekly    60 mcg/day NGM or NGMN       10   Continuous, weekly    75 mcg/day NGM or NGMN       11   Continuous, weekly   100 mcg/day NGM or NGMN       12   Continuous, weekly   125 mcg/day NGM or NGMN       13   Continuous, weekly   150 mcg/day NGM or NGMN       14   Continuous, alternating   A: 75 mcg/day NGM or NGMN           1 week device A   B: 150 mcg/day NGM or NGMN           1 week device B                  
 
         [0043]    The progestogen is orally administered in tablets also containing a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic carrier. Suitable carriers include magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, peptin, dextrin, starch, methylcellulose, sodium carboxylmethylcellulose, and the like. The tablet may also contain one or more substances, which act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents as well as encapsulating materials. In general, the active agents are processed, together with the usual additives, vehicles and/or flavor-ameliorating agents normally employed in Galenic pharmacy, in accordance with generally accepted pharmaceutical practices. The hormone containing tablets might also contain nutritional supplements such as, for example, iron supplements, folic acid, calcium, vitamin B 6 , vitamin B 12 , etc. In the manufacture of a typical tablet, the active agents are granulated with spray dried lactose, a lubricating agent and a colorant and compressed.  
         [0044]    Oral tablets are preferably packaged in the form of a pharmaceutical kit or package in which the daily dosages are arranged for proper sequential administration. This invention also relates, therefore, to a pharmaceutical unit which contains the tablets of the regimen in a synchronized, fixed sequence, wherein the sequence or arrangement of the dosage units corresponds to the regimen of daily administration.  
         [0045]    The progestogen may be transdermally administered by use of a patch. Broadly, patches are devices that contain at a minimum a drug reservoir matrix for holding the drug and metering the drug deposition or delivery to the skin, a backing, and an adhesive layer for adhering the device to the patient. The device may contain other layers such as a drug release rate controlling layer for modulating delivery rate, and the like. The device may contain permeation enhancers to increase the rate of penetration of drugs across the skin. Patches are well known and understood by persons skilled in the art. Patches are now employed in marketed products for the administration of certain progestogen. Specific patches and even their application to steroids of the type described herein are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,474,783; 5,656,286; 5,958,446; 6,024,976; 5,252,334; 5,006,342; and 4,906,463.  
         [0046]    The progestogen may be intravaginally administered, preferably together, by use of a ring. Broadly, rings are devices having an elastomeric portion or body into which the active steroid is dispersed and which acts as a reservoir and meter for the diffusion of active to the lining of the vagina. The ring may be composed entirely of elastomer with steroid homogenously dispersed throughout as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,545,397. The ring may have an inert inner core surrounded by an active containing elastomeric layer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,496. The ring may have an elastomeric active containing inner core surrounded by a thin elastomeric layer initially containing no active. The ring may have an inert core, surrounded by an active containing elastomeric layer and further surrounded by an elastomeric outer layer of variable thickness initially containing no active as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,965. The elastomer, the layered design of the ring, its surface area, the concentration of active, the nature of the active, etc. all combine to determine the release rate of active. Rings are well known and understood by persons skilled in the art. Rings are now employed in marketed products for the administration of certain steroids. Further specific rings and their application to steroids of the type described herein are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,871,543 and 5,188,835.  
       Biological Test Methods  
       [0047]    Chemicals  
         [0048]    [6,7- 3 H(N)]-estrone sulfate ( 3 H-E 1 S), ammonium salt (sp. act. 53 Ci/mmol) and [4- 14 C]-estradiol ( 14 C-E 2 ) (sp. act. 57 mCi/mmol) were purchased from New England Nuclear Division (DuPont de Nemours, Les Ulls, France). The purity of the radioisotopes was assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in the appropriate system before use. E 1 S, ammonium salt, unlabeled E 1 and E 2 , (analytical grade) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chimle, (St Quentin Fallavier, France). 17-deacetylnorgestimate (NGMN; 13-ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one oxime) was a gift from R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Medicinal Chemistry Department, (Raritan, N.J., USA); medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 17α-acetoxy-6α-methylprogesterone) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chimie. All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available.  
         [0049]    Cell Culture  
         [0050]    The hormone-dependent MCF-7 and T-47D human mammary cancer cell lines were grown in Eagle&#39;s Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) buffered with 10 mmol/l HEPES (pH 7.6), supplemented with 2 mmol/l L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin-streptomycin and 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) (A.T.G.C., Marne-la-Vallée, France) for T-47D, or 10% FCS for MCF-7 cells, and incubated at 37° C. n a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 . Media were changed twice a week. The cells were passed every 10-12 days and replated in 75 cm 2  flasks (A.T.G.C.) at 3×10 6  cells/flask. Four days before the experiments, the cells were transferred to MEM containing 5% steroid-depleted treated FCS. The FCS had been treated overnight at 4° C. with dextran-coated charcoal (DCC)(0.1-1% w/v, DCC-FCS). The MCF-7 and T-47D cell lines used herein were deposited in accordance with the Budapest Treaty under the references MCF7_JJPRD and T47D_JJPRD on May 17, 2002 at The Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms (BCCM), Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium and are publicly available under accession numbers LMBP 5862CB and LMBP 5863CB, respectively.  
         [0051]    Isolation and Quantification of [ 3 H]-Estradiol from Human Mammary Cancer Cells Incubated with [ 3 H]-E 1 S  
         [0052]    Preconfluent cells were incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. in MEM-DCC-FCS with the addition of 5×10 −9  mol/l of [ 3 H]-E 1 S, alone (control cells) or in combination with the different compounds: NGMN or MPA, dissolved in ethanol (final concentration &lt;0.2%), at a range of concentrations of 5×10 −5 -5×10 −9  mol/l. Control cells received ethanol vehicle only. After 24 hours, the medium was removed, the cells washed twice with ice-cold Hank&#39;s Buffered Saline Solution (HBSS, calcium-magnesium-free)(A.T.G.C.) and harvested by scraping. After centrifugation, the pallet was treated with 80% ethanol and the radioactivity extracted for at least 24 h at −20° C. The cellular radioactivity uptake was determined in the ethanolic supernatant and the DNA content in the remaining pellet was evaluated according to Burton  Biochem Journal  62:315-323, 1956. [ 14 C]-E 2  (5,000 dpm) was added to monitor analytical losses and unlabeled E 1 and E 2  (50 μg) were used as carriers and reference indicators. In the total ethanolic extracts, E 2  was isolated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel 60F 254  (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), developed with chloroformi-ethylacetate (4:1, v/v) system. After visualization of the estrogens under U.V. at 254 nm, the appropriate areas were cut off into small pieces, placed in liquid scintillation vials with ethanol (0.5 ml) and allowed to extract for 30 nm. Three ml of Opti-fluor (Packard, Rungis, France) were added and the vials were analyzed for  3 H and  14 C contents with quench correction by external standarization. The quantitative evaluation of E 2  was calculated as a percentage of the total radioactivity associated with the cells and then expressed as fmol of E 2  formed/mg DNA from E 1 S.  
         [0053]    Statistical Analysis  
         [0054]    Data are expressed as the mean±standard error of the mean (SEM) values. Student&#39;s t-test was used to assess the significance of the differences between means; p values ≦0.05_were considered significant.  
       Results  
       [0055]    Table 3 shows the effects of NGMN and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) concentrations on the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  in the hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell line T-47D The data are the mean±SEM of duplicate determinations of 3 independent experiments. * p≦0.05 vs contol values (non-treated cells); ** p≦0.005 vs contol values (non-treated cells)  
                                                     TABLE 3                           T-47D            NGMN or MPA   NGMN   MPA       conc 1 × 10 −6     E 2  formed fmol/mg DNA   E 2  formed fmol/mg DNA       mol/l   (% inhibition)   (% inhibition)                    0 (control)   1805 ± 152 (0%)            0.005   1029 ± ? (43 ± 7%)*   1245 ± ? (31 ± 5%)*       0.5    469 ± ? (74 ± 4%)*    957 ± ? (47 ± 3%)*       50    54 ± ? (97 ± 2%)**    704 ± ? (61 ± 3%)*                  
 
         [0056]    Table 4 shows the effects of NGMN and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) concentrations on the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  in the hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The data are the mean±SEM of duplicate determinations of 3 independent experiments. * p≦0.05 vs contol values (non-treated cells); ** p≦0.005 vs contol values (non-treated cells)  
                                                     TABLE 4                           MCF-7            NGMN or MPA   NGMN   MPA       conc 1 × 10 −6     E 2  formed fmol/mg DNA   E 2  formed fmol/mg DNA       mol/l   (% inhibition)   (% inhibition)                    0/control   2185 ± 101 (0%)            0.005   1639 ± ? (25 ± 4%)*   2054 ± ? (6 ± 3%)       0.5    940 ± ? (57 ± 5%)*   1748 ± ? (20 ± 3%)       50    87 ± ? (96 ± 2%)**    808 ± ? (63 ± 4%)*                  
 
         [0057]    Table 5 shows the IC 50  values for NGMN and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  in the hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. IC 50  values correspond to the 50% inhibition of the conversion of E 1 S to E 2  and were determined using non-linear regression analysis.  
                                                       TABLE 5                                       IC 50 , 1 × 10 −6  mol/l                    T-47D   MCF-7                        NGMN   0.0127   0.178       MPA   2.15   26.1                  
 
         [0058]    Having described the invention in specific detail and exemplified the manner in which it may be carried into practice, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that imnumerable variations, applications, modifications, and extensions of the basic principles involved may be made without departing from its spirit or scope. It is to be understood that the foregoing is merely exemplary and the present invention is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangements of parts herein described and shown.