Abstract:
A method of forming a bond between a resilient rubber member with a chlorinated surface and a bracket, especially in a vehicle mount assembly, includes forming a cured epoxy coating on the bracket member and heating the bracket member and the chlorinated surface of the rubber body to a bonding temperature while pressing them together to form a bond between them.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention pertains to vehicular mounting or cushioning assemblies involving a resilient rubber or elastomeric body that is adhesively bonded to a bracket or containment member. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There are several applications in automobile technology in which a cushioning or mounting member is employed to support an engine or a transmission to body members or to provide a cushioned connection (e.g., a bushing) between suspension members. A typical engine mount or transmission mount, for example, employs a resilient body of polyisoprene rubber, or such rubber mixed with other suitable elastomer material, sandwiched, sometimes under pressure, between cooperating bracket members. One of the bracket members is connected to the engine or to the transmission, and another bracket member is attached to a vehicle body member. In addition to being sandwiched and sometimes compressed between the bracket members, the rubber or other elastomer is adhesively bonded to the brackets. 
     The bonding requirement in such an application can vary from structural to nonstructural. In structural bonding, where the bond is expected to sustain a substantial load, the bond is considered successful if the entire bracket or substrate is covered with torn rubber after failure of the test specimen. In nonstructural bonding, the rubber-bracket interface is not subjected to large tensile or shear loads. It is only necessary to keep the rubber in intimate contact with the bracket. The bracket is usually, but not necessarily always, steel or aluminum. 
     The techniques employed for such rubber bonding are divided naturally depending on whether the bond is made while the rubber cures, in situ bonding, or after cure, post-vulcanization bonding. In situ bonding is the accepted method for the manufacture of many natural or synthetic polyisoprene rubber bonded articles such as mounting devices where a rigid insert, commonly a steel tube, is substantially surrounded by a body of rubber. An adhesive is first coated on the rigid insert from a solvent or water carrier and then dried. The insert is then placed like a core member in the rubber mold prior to injection of the uncured rubber. Adhesive cure takes place during the rubber curing process. Examples of suitable adhesives for in situ or pre-vulcanization are the reactive elastomeric products sold under the trade names of Chemlok™ and Thixon™, respectively, by Lord Corporation and Morton International in the United States. Such in situ bonds are usually stronger than post-vulcanization bonds. 
     A number of techniques are used for post-vulcanization bonding. A most common practice utilizes the same type of reactive elastomeric adhesive used for in situ bonding. In this case, the cured rubber mass is held in contact with the adhesive coated surface and heated. Substantial pressure is required, often requiring the rubber to be compressed by about 20% of its original height. This method is particularly attractive for products such as bonded bushings where a cylindrical mass of rubber is compressed within an annular outer shell. The pressure requirement is easily met by the rubber being captured within the outer shell. 
     The use of epoxy resin in the manufacture of vehicular powertrain mounts was taught as an alternative to reactive elastomeric adhesives for post-vulcanization bonding in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,987,679 and 5,031,873, assigned to the assignee of this invention. This process utilizes a two-component epoxy adhesive to bond cured rubber to rigid inserts. The primary advantage of the epoxy adhesive over conventional post-vulcanization bonding using reactive elastomeric adhesives is that pressure is not required to achieve good bonds. Also, a fair amount of mismatch between the rubber and the rigid insert can be tolerated since the mixed but uncured epoxy is mobile and fills gaps and still bonds well. This technology has made it attractive to convert designs that would otherwise be bonded in situ. It is not necessarily attractive for applications such as bushings where the rubber mass must be pushed into a constrictive shell. The uncured epoxy on the bond surface of the shell tends to be wiped out during rubber insertion, resulting in weak bonds. 
     Several production powertrain mounts are currently manufactured utilizing such two-part epoxy adhesives. In these applications, an electrophoretically-deposited cathodic resin is used on the surfaces of the metal bracket for the dual purpose of providing a primer for the epoxy adhesive as well as providing required corrosion protection in areas not bonded. The cathodic primer is usually applied over a zinc phosphate coating (actually a mixed zinc-iron phosphate) integral with the surface of the steel bracket. 
     The cathodic, electrophoretically-deposited coat is actually a single epoxy resin component paint which is electrolytically deposited from an aqueous bath. After the coating application or electroplating of the cathodic electrophoretic epoxy paint, the coated metal parts are cured at temperatures of 350° F. to 450° F. to convert the epoxy coating into a tough chemical and environmentally-resistant coating. In other words, the coating is cured or crosslinked. Such coatings are now used widely in the production of automotive bodies where the entire body is dipped into a tank and primed as a unit. Exemplary electrophoretically-applied epoxy paints are manufactured and sold by companies such as PPG under trade names such as Powercron 500™ and Powercron 640™. Electrophoretically-deposited epoxy paints are baked after application at temperatures of the order of 400° F. until they are cured. In their baked condition, they are scratch resistant and resistant to solvents such as gasoline or automobile oils. In the case of body parts, uncured paints are sprayed onto the primed surface and later baked to dry the paints. In the case of the above-mentioned engine or transmission mount applications (i.e., the &#39;679 and &#39;873 patent disclosures), a two-part epoxy adhesive is applied on top of the epoxy prime coat for the purpose of bonding the rubber-cushion body to the primed metal surface. 
     It is, of course, always of interest to simplify and render less complicated and expensive the practice of bonding a cured rubber body to a support bracket in a vehicle mount application and in other applications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is based on the discovery that it is possible to eliminate the epoxy adhesive as described in the above &#39;679 and &#39;873 patents and bond vulcanized polyisoprene rubber directly to a baked electrophoretically-applied epoxy prime coat material. In a more general statement of the invention, it has been found that it is possible by application of suitable pressure and heat to bond cured rubber containing 40% by weight or more natural or synthetic polyisoprene to a baked or cured epoxy resin-coated mounting device surface. This results in an excellent bond between the bulk elastomer and a bracket member which is capable of sustaining the loads that are common in vehicle mount applications and the like. 
     A preferred application of the invention is the bonding of natural rubber to an electrophoretically-applied epoxy resin prime-coated bracket. After the prime-coated bracket has been baked, for example, at a temperature of 350° F. to 450° F., to convert the coating into a tough, chemical- and environmentally-resistant coating, the bracket is ready to serve as a bonding surface for the resilient natural rubber body. The surface of the rubber body is chlorinated by immersing the bulk rubber in, for example, an aqueous solution of acidified sodium hypochlorite. The chlorinated surface rubber body is then pressed against the baked epoxy prime coat and the assembly heated to a temperature of the order of 250° F. to 350° F. for 15 minutes or so to form a strong bond between the chlorinated natural rubber surface and the epoxy prime coat. 
     As will be discussed below, this practice may be utilized with other suitable bulk resilient polyisoprene-containing elastomeric bodies and other suitable pre-cured epoxy paint coatings. Examples of such other paints include the electrostatically applied powder epoxy paints and other one-component (as opposed to two component adhesives) epoxy paint, or paint-like, resins. However, the common, surprising and inventive feature is that such elastomeric bodies can be urged under pressure against such cured epoxy resin surfaces and heated to a suitable elevated temperature for the purpose of effecting a strong bond between the epoxy-coated bracket and the bulk resilient elastomeric body. 
     A remarkable aspect of this invention is that a strong bond is obtained between a suitable bulk resilient rubber-containing body and a cured epoxy resin paint. For example, baked electrophoretically-applied prime coats (E-coat) typically exceed a 2H minimum hardness level in the ASTM D3363-92A Pencil Hardness test and a minimum of 60 inch/lbs in the ASTM D2794 Direct Impact test. Moreover, some users of Powercron 500 subject that baked E-coat paint to a solvent rub test. A suitably baked and cured Powercron 500 coating is required to withstand 50 back and forth rubs of a rag wetted with methyl ethyl ketone with no softening, marring or transfer of the paint to the rag. Baked E-coat paint films displaying such properties or characteristics would seem to be fully cured or crosslinked, and yet they participate in strong adhesive bond formation with a natural rubber body as described above. 
     Obviously, if a strong adhesive bond can be formed between a rubber body and a thus-cured epoxy paint layer, strong bonds can also be formed with one-component epoxy paint or other epoxy resin layers in a lower cure condition. Since the degree of cure of a generally solid, immobile one-component paint film is not easy to quantify, this invention is not limited by a state of cure reflected by the above hardness level, impact resistance and solvent resistance. In general terms, this invention does include the formation of an adhesive bond in a vehicle mount between a resilient elastomeric body and an epoxy resin layer that is substantially immobile at normal room temperature and thus apparently cured. 
     This practice finds useful application in the manufacture of transmission mounts, engine mounts or bushings, suspension mounts and bushings and other like vehicle mounting structures in which a bulk elastomeric body is sandwiched between two brackets, typically (but not necessarily) steel or aluminum brackets, and bonded to a cured one component epoxy resin paint coating on the bracket. The method is suitably applicable, for example, to natural and synthetic polyisoprene rubber, neoprene rubber and mixtures of 40 weight percent or more of such rubbers with other synthetic elastomers such as styrene acrylonitrile rubber, styrene isoprene rubber and the like. 
     Other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from a detailed description thereof which follows. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Reference will be had to the drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a product known as a pre-loaded engine mount (bushing) structure; and 
     FIGS. 2A,  2 B and  2 C illustrate a generalized mounting structure consisting of two brackets between which is sandwiched a bulk elastomeric body. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A practice of the invention will be illustrated in terms of the assembly of a pre-loaded engine mount part depicted in FIG. 1 in partly exploded view. 
     The part is termed a pre-loaded engine bushing or mount for reasons that will become apparent shortly. Engine mount  10  contains a steel center insert  12  portion that defines a cylindrical through hole  14  for the passage of a bolt or the like to facilitate attachment of the mount  10  to a chassis or other structural support member. Center insert  12  also contains lateral portions  16 ,  18  to limit rotation within molded natural rubber cushion member  20 . As seen, the molded rubber cushion member  20  is generally cylindrical in cross section but has voided portions  22  along its length for adjustment of the spring rate and flexibility of the cushion member. 
     The cushion member  20  is a molded, carbon-filled natural rubber part. It is formed by first placing a center insert member (e.g.,  14 ) into a rubber mold. The surface of the metal insert is coated with a reactive rubber-based adhesive such as Chemlok 252 of the Lord Corporation or Thixon OSN2 of Morton International. A suitable natural rubber molding compound is then introduced into a mold that has been preheated to a suitable molding and vulcanization temperature for the natural rubber composition. During the vulcanization of the rubber composition, a strong adhesive bond is formed with the reactive rubber-based adhesive, bonding the molded rubber cushion  20  to the center insert member  14 . While this in situ bonding step is an integral part of the making of the pre-loaded engine mount  10 , it is not a part of the present invention. 
     In the assembled engine mount structure, the molded rubber cushion is to be confined under pressure within complementary shaped base plate  24  and housing plate  26 . These pieces are formed of carbon steel. 
     As shown in FIG. 1, it is seen that the housing member  26  is provided with integral rivet members  28  in the stamping of the part. The base plate  24  has holes  30  pierced in the stamping to receive the corresponding rivet members  28  from the housing  26 . Both the base plate  24  and the housing  26  have coinciding holes  32  for bolts or other suitable attachment members to fasten the engine or transmission to an assembled mount structure. 
     Each piece is provided with an integral zinc-iron phosphate coating for corrosion resistance and to provide a base for adherence of an electrophoretically deposited, cathodic prime coat. The zinc phosphate-coated pieces are then immersed in an electrophoretic bath containing a aqueous dispersion of a cathodically-depositable epoxy resin. Such one-component epoxy resin (together with suitable pigments and the like) is formulated to contain sufficient cations to be depositable upon the zinc phosphated base plate and housing member when they are arranged as cathodes in the deposition bath. A suitable paint is Powercron 590/534 supplied by PPG. A thin adherent coating of the epoxy prime coat paint is thus formed to cover the entire surfaces of the steel pieces  24 ,  26 . Although the epoxy paint covers the entire surfaces of both base plate  24  and housing plate  26 , it is indicated at locations  34  where bonds are to be formed. The pieces are removed from the bath and baked in a paint cure oven. The baking is undertaken at a temperature of the order of 400° F. for 40 minutes or at a temperature and for a time as specified by the paint supplier to provide a suitably cured epoxy prime coat paint that satisfies suitable scratch-resistant and solvent-resistant specifications for use, for example, in the automotive environment. 
     In accordance with prior art practices, the internal surfaces of the primed base plate and housing member would now be coated with a suitable adhesive such as a two-part epoxy resin. However, in accordance with the practice of this invention, such adhesive is not required. 
     The natural rubber cushion pieces containing the molded-in insert sections are suitably chlorinated so as to provide a surface that will bond to the baked epoxy prime coat on base member  24  and housing member  26 . The chlorination is carried out by immersing the molded rubber piece for five minutes in an aqueous chlorine solution prepared by dissolving three ounces per gallon of water of a 12% by weight sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) aqueous solution. The solution is acidified to a pH2 with hydrochloric acid. The chlorinated rubber pieces were then rinsed with water. The natural rubber moieties at the surface of the molded part are thus provided with chlorine groups that are suitable for bonding in accordance with the practice of this invention. 
     The steel outer brackets  24 ,  26  are then clamped around the molded rubber cushion member  20 , and the assembly is compressed so that rivet portions  28  in the housing member  26  extend through the holes  30  in the base member  24  and the rivets  28  are upset to form a secure structure within which the molded rubber piece is in compression. Although the molded rubber piece contains void portions  22 , it also contains sufficient remaining surface area in contact with both base plate  24  and housing plate  26  to form a suitable bond to each bracket. 
     A bond is then obtained between the compressed, chlorinated surface, rubber member and the baked electrophoretically-prime coated containing members by heating the assembly  10  (or at least the bond interface region) to a temperature of the order of 300° F. Successful bonds have been formed by heating the assembly in a convection oven for 15 minutes at 330° F., removing the assembly from the oven and allowing it to cool. In other practices, the assembly has been heated very rapidly in an induction heating coil to raise the rubber cushion 20-bracket  24 ,  26  interfaces to temperatures of 275° F. to 300° F. and allowed to cool. Both the induction heating and convection heating practices produce good bonds. Preferably, the heating is carried out at a temperature, e.g., in the range of 275° F. to 350° F. for a period sufficient to bring the region to be bonded to such a temperature to form a bond between the compressed chlorinated natural rubber body and the baked epoxy-coated brackets. Heating in a convection oven, depending upon the mass of the assembly, may require up to 15 minutes or so. As stated, suitable focused induction heating can be much faster. 
     After bonding, several engine mount structures were subjected to a number of environmental test that are commonly used to predict performance on actual vehicles. The failure strength of rubber to epoxy primed bracket bonds was determined. The testing was done on mounts that had been compressed during bonding but not riveted so that the rubber-to-bracket bond strength could be determined separately for the plate piece  24  and housing piece  26 . Pressure was applied, of course, to form the rubber-to-paint bond. The fact that all bonds survived the respective environmental tests with relatively little degradation of the bond supports the proposition that this form of direct bonding between rubber and basked epoxy paint is a useful bonding tool for automobile mount structures. All failure loads are reported in Newtons. 
     The table below reports bond strength data for four groups of six engine mount structures each that were subjected respectively to no conditioning (i.e., as formed) salt spray testing, 100% humidity testing and overaging. In each set of six mounts, three were heated in a convection oven for adhesive bonding and three were induction heated. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CONVECTION 
                   
                 INDUCTION 
                   
               
               
                   
                 OVEN HEATED 
                   
                 HEATED 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HOUSING 
                 PLATE 
                 HOUSING 
                 PLATE 
               
               
                 CONDITIONING 
                 LOAD 
                 LOAD 
                 LOAD 
                 LOAD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 None 
                 2685 
                 6170 
                 1880 
                 3050 
               
               
                   
                 2040 
                 6230 
                 2080 
                 2115 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 2700 
                 2185 
                 2625 
               
               
                 14 Day Salt 
                 2430 
                 2044 
                 1670 
                 3360 
               
               
                 Spray 
                 2065 
                 2295 
                 3160 
                 4935 
               
               
                   
                 2485 
                 2750 
                 1325 
                 5555 
               
               
                 7 Days 100% RH, 
                  735 
                 4235 
                 1975 
                 3265 
               
               
                 175° F. 
                 1400 
                 3240 
                 1775 
                 3085 
               
               
                   
                 3000 
                 6655 
                 1880 
                 2930 
               
               
                 7 Days Oven Age, 
                 2260 
                 4360 
                 2250 
                 3075 
               
               
                 212° F. 
                 3575 
                 6220 
                 2470 
                 3595 
               
               
                   
                 2960 
                 6100 
                 2405 
                 3550 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Although there is considerable variation in the housing and plate bracket failure loads, the specified requirement for the pre-loaded engine mount is only 222 Newtons. As a basis for comparison, ten mounts were made with a current production process where the Lord Company&#39;s Chemlok 828™ is used as the post-vulcanization adhesive between the chlorinated rubber and epoxy paint. Molded assemblies used were of the same design as those used above and the induction heating was done at the same time under similar conditions. These production parts were tested as bonded, no environmental conditioning. They performed at follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 INDUCTION HEATING 
                   
               
               
                   
                 USED FOR ALL PARTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HOUSING 
                 PLATE 
                 HOUSING 
                 PLATE 
               
               
                 CONDITIONING 
                 LOAD 
                 LOAD 
                 LOAD 
                 LOAD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 None 
                 1040 
                 2375 
                 2225 
                 2330 
               
               
                   
                 2325 
                 2460 
                 2340 
                 1690 
               
               
                   
                 2245 
                 1825 
                 1385 
                 1985 
               
               
                   
                 1465 
                 2450 
                  955 
                 1995 
               
               
                   
                 1020 
                 1840 
                 1820 
                 2125 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The surprising result is thus clearly seen. The chlorinated rubber bodies can be strongly bonded directly to the baked epoxy prime coat. The resultant bond is at least as strong as the bond between the same surfaces using a commercial adhesive formulated specifically for such applications. 
     A series of tests were then conducted to determine the effects of cure temperature of the epoxy electrocoat primer on bonding to 65 Shore A natural rubber compound with surface chlorination. Rubber bonds made by compressing 15 mm×22 mm×8 mm thick samples against an electrocoat painted (Powercron 590/534™) panel and compressing the rubber samples approximately 20%. Such assemblies were heated for 20 minutes at 310° F. These panels had been painted at least six months before bonding was attempted. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ELECTROCOAT 
                 LOAD, 
                   
               
               
                 CURE 
                 PSI 
                 COMMENTS 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 30 min at 375° F. 
                 487 
                 Electrocoat reflowed under heat and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pressure. 
               
               
                   
                 210 1   
                 210 psi sample failed between paint and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 metal. 
               
               
                 30 min at 400° F. 
                 411 
                 Electrocoat did not reflow. Microscopic 
               
               
                   
                 378 
                 examination of paint surface after testing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 showed tops of asperities of rubber surface 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bonded. “Valleys” between peaks did not 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bond. 
               
               
                 30 min at 425° F. 
                 488 
                 Electrocoat did not reflow. Microscopic 
               
               
                   
                 403 
                 examination of paint surface after testing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 showed tops of asperities of rubber surface 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bonded. “Valleys” between peaks did not 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bond. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is seen that a strong bond can be formed between a natural rubber body with a chlorinated surface and a baked, electrophoretically-deposited epoxy resin despite substantial variation in bake conditions. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a general application of the practice of this invention. In FIG. 2A is illustrated a generalized mounting structure  40  containing a first bracket plate  42  and a second bracket plate  44 , each of which has attachment means  46  for attachment to a structure to be mounted and a supporting structure. Sandwiched in between the brackets is a suitable rubber or elastomeric cushion material  48 . The bracket plates may be formed of any suitable material such as steel, aluminum or a reinforced polymeric composite. In each instance, the bracket plate  42 ,  44  is provided on its inside surfaces with a coating (indicated at  50 ) of a baked epoxy, one-component paint composition. Of course, the epoxy may cover the entire surfaces of bracket members  42 ,  44 , but its presence is required on the bonding interfaces indicated. The rubber composition  48  is then suitably treated with an acidified chlorine (NaOCl) solution as in the case of natural rubber and sandwiched between the epoxy resin-coated bracket plates. Any suitable chlorination medium for the rubber such as, for example, Lord Corporation 7701 may be used. 
     The rubber body  48  is then compressed up to 10% to 20% of its original thickness (see FIG.  2 B), and the structure is heated to a temperature suitably in the range of 275° F. to 325° F. for a period of up to 15 minutes or so to enable the elastomeric member to bond to the cured epoxy composition. The configuration shown in FIG. 2B illustrates that when the rubber body  48  is compressed and bulges, its contact surfaces (upper  52 , lower  54 ) with the brackets  42  and  44  actually increase in area. The reduction in height of body  48  causes an increase in cross-section as readily perceived at the bulge in its waist section  56 . After the heating operation and bonding is completed, the pressure is released on the rubber body  48  and its waist  56  contracts as shown in FIG.  2 C. However, the increased bonding area with brackets  42  and  44  remains. 
     Following are examples of chlorinated surface, natural rubber pieces bonded to a variety of baked, powdered epoxy paint coatings. 
     Use of Powdered Epoxy Paints as Adhesive 
     In the following rubber-epoxy paint adhesion tests, powdered epoxy paints were applied by electrostatic deposition to steel sheet substrates. Attempts were then made to bond chlorinated natural rubber pieces to the cured epoxy paint under heat (300° F. for 20 minutes) in a convection oven and pressure. 
     In first column, 8 mm thick rubber pads similar to previous test on E-coat was used without success. When 2 mm thick rubber pads were tested at the same compression (which results in much higher pressure due to reduced “bulge area” of the rubber pads), bonds were obtained. Powdered epoxy paints were provided by respective manufacturers and pre-cured for optimum properties. 
     In the 2 mm thick rubber samples where bonds were formed, tensile stress was applied to tear apart the rubber and painted sheet metal substrate. The tensile stress in psi to separate the rubber from painted substrate is reported in the right hand column of the following table. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 8 mm thick rubber 
                 2 mm thick rubber 
               
               
                 PAINT FILM 
                 psi 
                 psi 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Morton “10-7086” 
                 0 
                 558 
               
               
                 Sherwin-Williams 
                 0 
                 115 
               
               
                 “88-1046” 
               
               
                 Sherwin-Williams 
                 0 
                 358 
               
               
                 “88-1065” 
               
               
                 Herbert-O&#39;Brien 
                 0 
                 248 
               
               
                 “Black Snow” 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While the above embodiments employed natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) as the resilient elastomeric body, other rubbers such as synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene and neoprene are suitable in the practice of this invention. Furthermore, mixtures containing about 40 weight percent or more of such polyisoprene and/or neoprene rubbers with other synthetic rubber such as styrene-acrylonitrile rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymers, nitrile rubber and hydrogenated nitrile rubber may also be bonded to cured epoxy coatings by the practice of this invention. When using such rubber mixtures, it is usually necessary to first chlorinate the surface of the rubber before bonding the rubber surface to the cured epoxy resin. In the case of neoprene which already contains chlorine, the chlorination step is unnecessary. 
     While the invention has been described in terms of certain specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that other forms could readily be adapted by one skilled in the art. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be considered limited only by the following claims.