Abstract:
A radiofrequency (“RF”) radiation protection device (“RFPD”) and method of determining electromagnetic radiation associated with a mobile communications device is provided. The device includes a mobile communications device having an RF signal receiver, an RF signal emitter, and a processor. The processor is in communication with a non-transitory memory storing instructions. The instructions when executed cause the processor to control the RF signal emitter to enter an activated state for a duration of time, in which activated state the RF signal emitter is controlled by the processor to selectively emit outgoing RF signals, which outgoing RF signals create electromagnetic radiation exposure. The instructions when executed further cause the processor to determine a duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value representative of a total of the electromagnetic radiation exposure created by the outgoing RF signals emitted during the activated state duration.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/323,538 filed Jul. 3, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/842,781 filed Jul. 3, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/938,522 filed Feb. 11, 2014, wherein the subject matter of the aforesaid applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    Aspects of the present invention relate to devices, systems, and methods for protecting humans from Radio Frequency (RF) radiation (e.g., RF signals transmitted by cellphone towers, etc.) and damage associated therewith. 
         [0004]    2. Background Information 
         [0005]    Mobile communication devices are proliferating, and the demand for high-speed wireless network connectivity is expanding. In the United States RF cellular antenna transmitters, both governmental and commercial, now exceed 600,000 and that number is expected to double by 2016. The total number of cellular antenna transmitters worldwide is estimated at six million and is growing rapidly. The vast majority of cellular antenna transmitters used in the U.S. are located on commercial or municipal building rooftops (e.g., in church steeples, on water towers, etc.). 
         [0006]    Cellular antennas transmit RF signals in the frequency range of 800 MHz to 2100 MHz. These RF signals are suspected to cause physical, cognitive and mental damage to humans who venture within close proximity to the source of the signals. For example, current understanding is that over-exposure to RF radiation can cause thermal injuries and specific medical conditions, including cognitive disorders, memory lapses, headaches, attention disorders and other long-term effects. Regulatory agencies, including FCC, OSHA and ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) and others, have promulgated RF radiation safety and health rules, guidelines, and standards that are specific to RF radiation from cell antennas. These rules, guidelines, and standards are not always enforced. These same regulatory agencies have set what they claim are “safe levels” of radiation exposure, but there are a growing number of doctors, physicists, municipal authorities, and health officials who strongly disagree with what are actually “safe levels”, and foresee a public health crisis. 
         [0007]    The safety of RF cellular antenna transmitters is the subject of extensive scientific debate. There is a growing body of scientific evidence that indicates that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower antennas (e.g., in the form of RF signals), even at low levels, can be dangerous to human health. Studies have shown that even at low levels of this electromagnetic radiation (also referred to below as “RF radiation”), damage to cell tissue and DNA may occur, and that damage may be linked to brain tumors, cancer, suppressed immune function, depression, miscarriage, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and numerous other serious illnesses. 
         [0008]    Humans directly impacted by the effect of RF cellular antenna transmitters exposure include third-party workers such as painters, roofers, carpenters, HVAC technicians, electricians and others who are obligated to perform their standard duties within the “restricted” and/or “controlled” areas (as defined by FCC, and/or ICNIRP, OSHA and others) of these RF antennas. Employees of FCC licensees who maintain the antennas are usually protected by protocols in which their employer (FCC licensee) may power-down the antennas for protection of their workers. However, third party workers who are also compelled to work within a restricted and/or controlled area of an RF antenna are usually not afforded such protection. In fact, it appears that often these third-party workers or contractors are not aware that exposure to cell antenna RF radiation may cause physical, cognitive and mental damage. It is also possible that individuals who are unrelated to work or maintenance functions may enter such restricted and/or controlled areas. 
         [0009]    RF safety monitoring devices are typically calibrated to measure RF exposure as a percentage of the two most common international RF safety guidelines: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The ICNIRP guidelines are also endorsed by the World Health Organization. RF safety monitoring devices are often used by personnel working in environments where high levels of RF radiation may be present; e.g., an RF signal transmission source such as a telecommunication tower, or on a building rooftop with a transmitting antenna, etc. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a radiofrequency (“RF”) radiation protection device (“RFPD”) is provided. The device includes a mobile communications device having an RF signal receiver, an RF signal emitter, and a processor. The processor is in communication with a non-transitory memory storing instructions. The instructions when executed cause the processor to control the RF signal emitter to enter an activated state for a duration of time, in which activated state the RF signal emitter is controlled by the processor to selectively emit outgoing RF signals, which outgoing RF signals create electromagnetic radiation exposure. The instructions when executed further cause the processor to determine a duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value representative of a total of the electromagnetic radiation exposure created by the outgoing RF signals emitted during the activated state duration. 
         [0011]    In an embodiment of the forgoing aspect, the instructions when executed cause the processor to record each determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value. 
         [0012]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to determine a total electromagnetic radiation exposure value using each determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value. 
         [0013]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to determine a periodic total electromagnetic radiation exposure value associated with a given period of time, using each determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value that occurs within the given period of time. 
         [0014]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the mobile communications device further includes a display screen, and the instructions when executed further cause the processor to control the display screen to display the determined periodic total electromagnetic radiation exposure value. 
         [0015]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to assign a date value to each determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value, and the date value is used to determine whether the determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value is associated with an exposure that occurred during the given period of time. 
         [0016]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the given period of time is at least one of a predetermined period of hours or a predetermined period of days. 
         [0017]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value is determined using a predetermined RF signal value magnitude. 
         [0018]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value is determined using a determined RF signal value magnitude. 
         [0019]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the mobile communications device further includes a display screen, and the instructions when executed further cause the processor to control the display screen to display the determined duration total electromagnetic radiation exposure value. 
         [0020]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to select a mode of operation of the mobile communications device, and the determination of the duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value uses the selected mode of operation. 
         [0021]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to control the RF signal receiver during the duration of time to receive incoming RF signals, which incoming RF signals create a second electromagnetic radiation exposure. In addition, the instructions when executed further cause the processor to determine a second duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value representative of a total of the second electromagnetic radiation exposure created by the incoming RF signals received during the duration of time. 
         [0022]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to record each determined second duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value. 
         [0023]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to determine a periodic total electromagnetic radiation exposure value associated with a given period of time, using each determined duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value and each determined second duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value that occurs within the given period of time. 
         [0024]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the determined second duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value is determined using a predetermined RF signal value magnitude. 
         [0025]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the determined second duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value is determined using a determined RF signal value magnitude. 
         [0026]    In an embodiment of the aspect above and any embodiment thereof, the instructions when executed cause the processor to select a mode of operation of the mobile communications device, and at least one of the determination of the duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value and the determination of the second duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value uses the selected mode of operation. 
         [0027]    According to another aspect, a method of determining electromagnetic radiation associated with a mobile communications device is provided. The method includes: a) providing a mobile communications device having an radiofrequency (RF) signal receiver, an RF signal emitter, and a processor, which processor is in communication with a non-transitory memory storing instructions; and b) using the processor to execute instructions that cause the processor to: 1) control the RF signal emitter to enter an activated state for a duration of time, in which activated state the RF signal emitter is controlled by the processor to selectively emit outgoing RF signals, which outgoing RF signals create electromagnetic radiation exposure; and 2) determine a duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value representative of a total of the electromagnetic radiation exposure created by the outgoing RF signals emitted during the activated state duration. 
         [0028]    In an embodiment of the aspect above, the method further includes using the processor to execute instructions that cause the processor to: a) control the RF signal receiver during the duration of time to receive incoming RF signals, which incoming RF signals create a second electromagnetic radiation exposure; and b) determine a second duration electromagnetic radiation exposure value representative of a total of the second electromagnetic radiation exposure created by the incoming RF signals received during the duration of time. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic depiction of an RFPD embodiment. 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic depiction of another RFPD embodiment. 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic depiction of an RFPD and an RF safety monitoring device relative to a RF transmitting site. 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic depiction of an RFPD embodiment, in the form of a cellphone. 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic depiction of an RF transmitting site protection system embodiment. 
           [0034]      FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic depiction of another RF transmitting site protection system embodiment. 
           [0035]      FIG. 7  illustrates a virtual reality viewer embodiment. 
           [0036]      FIG. 8  illustrates a virtual reality viewer embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0037]    According to an aspect of the present invention, a user RF radiation protection device (“RFPD”)  10  is provided that is portable and therefore can be conveniently carried by a user. As is diagrammatically shown in  FIG. 1 , the RFPD  10  includes a communication module  12  that is operable to receive and transmit information as will be described below, and a control system  14 . 
         [0038]    The RFPD control system  14  can be used to control the operations described in association with any of the computer-implemented methods described herein. The control system  14  typically includes a processor and a memory, and in some embodiments may further include a storage device. In some embodiments, the control system  14  may further include an input/output device (e.g., one or more of a keypad, a graphic user interface—a “GUI”, and a display). The processor is capable of processing instructions for execution within the system. The memory stores information within the system. In general, the storage device can include any non-transitory tangible media configured to store computer readable instructions. The input/output device provides input/output operations for the system. Examples of input/output devices that may be included in the RFPD  10  include a keypad, a touch screen, a display, etc. The control system  14  can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, or in combinations of them. 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , in some embodiments the RFPD communication module  12  is adapted to receive RF radiation information (e.g., by wired connection, or in wireless form such as via Bluetooth, or other electronic signal transmission technologies) from an RF safety monitoring device  16 . The term “RF safety monitoring device” as used herein refers to a device operable to detect RF radiation in proximity to the device. For purposes of illustration, a dotted ring  17  is shown around the RF transmitting site  19  in  FIGS. 2, 4, and 5  to diagrammatically show proximity. The RFPD communication module  12  may also be adapted to communicate with other devices. For example and as will be described in more detail below, the RFPD communication module  12  may be adapted to communicate with a base unit  18  or other type unit, which unit is independent of the RFPD  10  and is typically located remote from the RFPD  10 . The RFPD  10  and unit  18  may form part of a RF transmitter site protection system  20  (also referred to as an “SPS”) as will be described below. The communications between the RFPD  10  and the unit  18  may be accomplished by a mobile communications device (e.g., via a cellular network) or other wireless communications. In those instances where the RFPD  10  communicates with an independent unit (e.g., a remotely located base unit  18 ), the RFPD communication module  12  may include a unique identifier (e.g., a unique digital signature) associated with the particular RFPD  10  to enable the communications to be attributed to that particular RFPD  10 . 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, the RFPD  10  may be independent of the RF safety monitoring device  16 . In these instances, the RF safety monitoring device  16  may be a portable device (e.g., in a size that can be conveniently carried by a user), or the RF safety monitoring device  16  may be in a form that is intended to be permanently mounted at an RF transmitting location. In both instances, the RFPD  10  is adapted to communicate with the RF safety monitoring device  16 . The communications between RFPD  10  and the RF safety monitoring device  16  may include information such as the presence or absence of RF radiation, the strength of the radiation, etc. 
         [0041]    Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in some embodiments the RFPD  10  may have an RF safety monitoring device  16  incorporated directly into the RFPD  10 ; e.g., the RF safety monitoring device  16  is a module within the RFPD  10 . For example, a mobile communications device capable of transmitting communication signals may include an RF safety monitoring device  16 . The term “mobile communications device” as used herein refers to devices such as a “cellphone”, a “smart device”, a “tablet”, a “computer” and the like. It should be noted that the terms “cellphone”, “smart device”, “tablet”, “computer” etc., have evolving definitions as the functional capabilities of such devices grow and change with technology developments. In addition, new devices (e.g., “Google™ Glasses”) periodically come to market that include similar or new functionality packaged in a new format. Hence, the aforesaid examples of a “mobile communications device” are non-limiting examples included to illustrate the type of device. The phrase “transmitting communication signals” refers to the transmission of signals that carry or can be interpreted to provide information. A non-limiting example of such communications signals are those used in cellular communications. The RFPD  10  described herein that includes an RF safety monitoring device  16  may assume any of these product formats or formats not yet available. To facilitate description of this aspect of the present invention (i.e., wherein an RFPD  10  includes a RF safety monitoring device  16 ), the tem). “mobile communications device” as used hereinafter is intended to refer to any of these type devices, unless otherwise indicated. In these embodiments, the RF safety monitoring device  16  is in communication (e.g., by hardwire connection, printed circuit board, etc.) with the other elements within the RFPD  10 . Also in these embodiments, the wireless communications capability of the mobile communications device (e.g., cellular communications, internet connectivity, email connectivity, messaging capability, etc.) can act as the RFPD communication module  12 . The RF safety monitoring device  16  can be configured (e.g., “tuned”) to detect RF radiation at particular wavelengths and/or above certain power levels. 
         [0042]    In those instances where a mobile communications device may be configured to function as an RFPD  10 , the mobile communications device may be adapted to include a software application (e.g., an “APP”) operable to operate the control system (e.g., processor, etc.) of the mobile communications device. The term “APP” is typically used to refer to a type of software that allows you to perform one or more specific tasks. Software applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes called “desktop APPS”, and those for mobile communications devices are called mobile apps. More typically, the term “APP” is used today to refer to a mobile application. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the term “APP” as used herein refers to an application that may be used on a mobile communications device. The APP adapts the mobile communications device to provide some or all of the functionality described herein; e.g., determine (e.g., using GPS input) the positioning of the mobile communications device relative to an RF transmitting site  19 , and/or to access a database containing known RF transmitting sites  19  and their locations, etc. The APP can determine the distance between the mobile communications device and the RF transmitting site (e.g., using GPS and the database) and inform the mobile communications device user of that distance. 
         [0043]    The APP may further adapt the mobile communications device to send the sensed data (e.g., RF radiation level, time of exposure to RF radiation, etc.) to a base unit  18  (or on-site unit  22 ). The APP may further adapt the mobile communications device to receive communications (e.g., call or text) from a unit  18 ,  22 , including information such as a message that the RFPD user has entered an RF radiation area, or collective information from the unit  18 ,  22  such as total exposure time within a given monitoring period, or an indication that the RFPD user has exceeded a permissible total time during the monitoring period, etc. The APP may provide redundant warnings and information concerning dangerous locations, precautions and emergency contact information. Indications (e.g., warnings, etc.) may increase with intensity (e.g., louder audible, etc.) as RF radiation levels increase. 
         [0044]    In some embodiments, the RFPD  10  may be connectable to an independent RF safety monitoring device  16 ; e.g., by hardwire via a USB port, or the like. 
         [0045]    The RFPD control system  14  may be configured to enter an “active state” automatically upon receipt of a signal from the RF safety monitoring device  16  (or integral module) indicating that RF radiation above a certain level has been sensed. Once in the active state, the RFPD control system  14  may display pertinent information (e.g., RF radiation level, cumulative exposure time, etc.) and/or activate an alarm as described below. In addition, in those embodiments that include a communications capability with an independent unit  18 ,  22 , the RFPD  10  may upon entering the active state provide the aforementioned information to an independent unit  18 ,  22 ; e.g., signal the independent unit  18 ,  22  that the RFPD  10  (identified by its unique identifier) has detected a particular RF radiation level, etc. 
         [0046]    The RFPD control system  14  may be adapted to process the information received from the RF safety monitoring device  16 . For example, the processor within the RFPD control system  14  may receive the detected radiation information and process that information using one or more programmed algorithms. The algorithms can, for example, make a determination regarding the strength of the detected RF radiation relative to a predetermined acceptable exposure level. The control system  14  can then display information (either automatically or on request) indicative of whether the present RF radiation exposure is below or above predetermined safety thresholds. As another example, the RFPD control system  14  may be adapted (e.g., via programming) to store periodically acquired RF radiation exposure levels and determine temporal RF exposure values, such as the duration of RF exposure on a given day, how many days the user was exposed in a given month, the total number of exposure hours in a given month, etc. The control system  14  can provide the user (automatically or on request) information regarding the user&#39;s cumulative RF radiation exposure for the period of time. The ability to track a user&#39;s accumulated RF radiation exposure is important due to the cumulative effects of RF radiation exposure. The RFPD control system  14  may be configured so that the cumulative RF radiation exposure data can be selectively reset; e.g., after the cumulative data is transferred to an independent unit  18 ,  22 , or at the start of a new monitoring period, etc. In all instances, the control system may provide a warning (e.g., audible, vibration, visual, etc.) to the RFPD  10  user regarding the present RF radiation level or regarding the user&#39;s cumulative RF radiation exposure within the period of time; e.g., if the RF radiation level or the cumulative RF exposure exceeds the predetermined safety thresholds. 
         [0047]    The RFPD  10  may include, or be configured to connect with, a GPS locator  15  operable to determine where the RFPD  10  is located. As will be explained below, the GPS locator  15  can be used to determine the distance between a RFPD  10  and a known RF transmitting site  19 . In those embodiments where the RFPD  10  is a mobile communications device, the GPS capability within the mobile communications device can be used as a GPS locating module portion of the RFPD  10 . 
         [0048]    In some embodiments, the RFPD control system  14  may be adapted to enable a determination of the position of a user relative to an RF transmitter site  19  using a database that contains a listing of RF transmitter site  19  locations. The RFPD control system  14  may be adapted with the database or the database may be a third party database accessible by the RFPD control system  14 . The RFPD control system  14  may be adapted to permit a user to input a user&#39;s location, or to determine the RFPD&#39;s location (and therefore the RFPD user&#39;s location), for example by GPS, and subsequently access the database to determine the presence or absence of an RF transmitter site  19  relative to the user&#39;s location. The comparison of the RFPD  10  location and the RF transmitter site  19  locations within the database will permit a pairing of an RFPD  10  with a specifically identified RF transmitter site  19 . The RFPD control system  14  can then record information such as identification of the particular RF transmitter site  19 , the time and date when the RF exposure occurred, the duration of RF exposure, and the level of RF radiation to which the RFPD  10  (and therefore the associated user) was exposed, etc. 
         [0049]    The RFPD  10  may also include communication capability (e.g., a built-in headset), which allows the user to communicate with other users using an RFPD  10  at a given site  19 , or in a given area or region. 
         [0050]    In some embodiments, the RFPD  10  may be adapted for use with RF radiation protective equipment (e.g., head protective gear, or protective garments, etc.). In these instances, the RFPD  10  may be adapted to sense if the protective gear is present on the user (e.g., the protective gear may include an RFID tag, or an ultrasonic tag that can be sensed by the RFPD  10 ) and record whether the RFPD user is using the RF radiation protective equipment. 
         [0051]    According to another aspect of the present invention, one or more RFPDs are used in combination with one or more independent units  18 ,  22  as part of an RF transmitting site protection system  20  (“SPS”). As indicated above, RF radiation produced at an RF transmitter site  19  may cause harmful health effects to people in close proximity. It is important that an entity operating an RF transmitter site  19  monitor the site to minimize or avoid activity that may result in such harmful health effects. Moreover, it is useful for an entity operating an RF transmitter site  19  to monitor the site to establish appropriate safety measures are in place. 
         [0052]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , in a first embodiment the SPS  20  includes one or more independent units  18  (referred to hereinafter as “base units” that are operable to communicate with RFPDs  10 . The base unit  18  may include a control system and a communication module compatible with and similar to the RFPD control system  14  and communication module  12  described above. In this embodiment, the base unit control system is adapted to receive communications directly from the one or more RFPDs  10 . The information received from an RFPD  10  may be unprocessed, partially processed or completely processed by the RFPD control system  14 . For example, the information communicated by the RFPD  10  to a base unit  18  may be in a form similar to that collected by a RF safety monitoring device  16 , in which case the RFPD  10  acts as a relay sending the information to the base unit  18  where the information may be further processed. As another example, the information communicated by the RFPD  10  to a base unit  18  may be partially processed by the RFPD control system  14 ; e.g., the RFPD control system  14  may compare the RF radiation levels detected an RF safety threshold, but cumulative RF exposure data is not processed within the RFPD control system  14 . In this example, the RF exposure data may be processed to determine the cumulative RF exposure data within the base unit  18 . As yet another example, the information communicated by the RFPD  10  to a base unit  18  may be completely processed; e.g., the RFPD control system  14  may process detected RF radiation levels relative to RF safety thresholds, and also determine cumulative RF exposure data. The processed data can then be communicated to a base unit  18  where it is stored. The present invention is not limited to these examples, and considers permutations thereof. The communications from each RFPD  10  may include the unique identifier of the RFPD  10  and information indicating the identity of the RF transmitting site  19  that is sensed by the RFPD  10 ; e.g., by GPS information, or by the RF transmitter site database, etc. 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , in an alternative embodiment the SPS  20  includes one or more independent units (referred to hereinafter as “on-site units  22 ”) that are operable to communicate with RFPDs  10 , and one or more base units  18  that are in communication with the on-site units  22 . In this embodiment, each on-site unit  22  is located at a particular RF transmitting site  19 . An RFPD  10  in use at an RF transmitting site  19  may communicate with the on-site unit  22 , and the on-site unit  22  may in turn communicate with the base unit  18 . The specific nature of the information communicated may take various forms as is explained above and below. If there is more than one base unit  18  within the SPS  20 , a particular on-site unit  22  may communicate with all of the base units  18 , or may be programmed to communicate with a particular base unit  18 . In some instances, the on-site unit  22  may receive the communications from an RFPD  10 , package the information in a form that can be received by a base unit  18 , and add to the communications a unique identifier associated with the RF transmitting site  19  (e.g., a unique identifier that identifies the on-site unit  22 , which in turn can be used to identify the RF transmitting site  19 ) prior to sending the communications to the base unit  18 . The proximity of the on-site unit  22  to an RFPD  10  located at the RF transmitting site  19  can facilitate communications with the RFPD  10 , and provide the RF transmitter site  19  unique identifier without the need to access GPS or database information. In this embodiment, the on-site unit  22  may have a communication module and control system compatible with and similar to that of the base unit  18 , or may be simplified relying upon the base unit control system to process RF exposure data based on the information originating from the RFPD  10 . 
         [0054]    The information received directly (or indirectly via an on-site unit  22 ) at the base unit  18 , will include the RF radiation exposure information received from the RFPD  10 ; e.g., the time and date when the RF exposure occurred, the duration of RF exposure, and the level of RF radiation to which the RFPD  10  was exposed occurred. Alternatively, the RF radiation exposure transmitted from the RFPD  10  can be processed at the on-site unit  22 , and the processed data passed to the base unit  18 . The base station control system is adapted to record the received information. The base station control system may also include a database indicating the particular user who is assigned to the particular RFPD  10 . The base station control system (or on-site unit control system) may also be adapted to process the RFPD  10  information to determine the cumulative amounts of RF radiation exposure for a particular RFPD  10  (and therefore the cumulative RF radiation exposure of the assigned user) during a given period of time. 
         [0055]    The base station control system may be further adapted to communicate the collected information (or information based on the collected information; e.g., processed information) back to the RFPD  10  to inform the RFPD user. As indicated above, the communications between the base unit  18  and the RFPD  10  may be direct, or may be indirect via an on-site unit  22 . In addition, or alternatively, the base station control system may communicate the aforesaid information to an oversight entity, such as the owner or operator of the RF transmitting site  19 , or the user&#39;s employer, or a regulatory entity, etc. The communication may be an active communication (e.g., where the information is sent) or a passive communication (e.g., an alert) that alerts the oversight entity to access the aforesaid information which is stored within the base station control system. 
         [0056]    This information may inform the user or the oversight entity of the user&#39;s accumulated RF radiation exposure; e.g., as the user works around numerous RF radiation sites (e.g., cell antenna transmitters) in a single day, or week, or month. The ability to track a user&#39;s accumulated RF radiation exposure is important due to the cumulative effects of RF radiation exposure. The tracked accumulated RF radiation exposure data also allows an employer, or other regulatory agency to regulate, modify or change time and frequency of the user&#39;s visits to RF radiation sites in a given region. The RFPD  10  may be configured so that the accumulated RF radiation exposure data can be selectively reset; e.g., after the cumulative data is transferred to a base station, or to start a new monitoring period, etc. 
         [0057]    The SPS  20 , including the RFPDs  10  used in the SPS  20 , may be configured so that when a user carrying an RFPD  10  enters an area where RF radiation exists (e.g., when it senses RF radiation), the RFPD  10  automatically activates and links up (directly or indirectly) with a remote base unit  18 . This communication can enable an oversight entity the ability to monitor whenever a user is inside a restricted and/or controlled RF radiation area where the user may be exposed to RF radiation. The base unit  18  may be configured to send a warning (e.g., audible, vibration, visual, etc.) to the RFPD  10 , thereby notifying the user of a potential RF radiation risk. This alarm feature provides a redundant fail-safe mechanism in the event the RFPD  10  exposure alarm malfunctions. 
         [0058]    Alternatively the SPS  20 , including the RFPDs  10  used in the SPS  20 , may be configured so that when a user carrying an RFPD  10  enters an RF transmitting site  19 , the RFPD  10  automatically activates and links up (directly or indirectly) with a remote base unit  18  regardless of whether the RF transmitting site  19  is actively producing RF radiation at that time. For example, if the RFPD  10  includes a GPS module, the RFPD control system  14  may be adapted to compare the GPS location data to information in a database indicating the location of RF transmitting sites  19 . This functionality may alternatively be performed in the base unit control system. If the GPS location data indicates that the RFPD  10  is within a predetermined proximity to an RF transmitting site  19 , then the RFPD  10  will communicate the same to the base unit  18 , or vice versa. The base unit control system may use that information, for example, to inform the RF transmitting site operator who then may use that information in the decision making process of activating the RF transmitting site  19 . Alternatively or in addition, the SPS  20  may be configured so that a base unit  18  periodically communicates a location query to associated RFPDs  10  seeking their location information, or on-site units  22  sense for the presence of an RFPD  10  at the particular site. The on-site units  22  may then send information regarding the presence of absence of RFPDs  10  at RF transmitting sites  19  back to the base unit  18 . If the base unit  18  (directly or indirectly) determines that an RFPD  10  is present at an RF transmitting site  19 , then that information can be used in the decision making process of activating the respective RF transmitting site  19 , including sending a warning message to the RFPD  10  informing the user that the RF transmitting site  19  will become active. 
         [0059]    In some embodiments, the RFPD  10  may be a “dumb” device that may be sensed by a base unit (directly or indirectly). For example in those embodiments that include on-site units  22 , the RFPD  10  may be configured in a manner that can be detected by the on-site unit  22  indicating that the RFPD  10  is present at the RF transmitting site  19 . Once an RFPD  10  is identified as being present at the RF transmitting site  19 , the control system of the on-site unit  22  can initiate collection of RF radiation information (e.g., the time and date when the RF exposure occurred, the duration of RF exposure, and the level of RF radiation to which the RFPD  10  was exposed occurred), which information can then be transferred to a base unit  18 . An example of a “dumb” RFPD  10  that can be sensed is a mobile communications device (e.g., a cellphone). In this instance, the presence of a mobile communications device at an RF transmitting site  19  can be sensed based on the features of the mobile communications device (e.g., the mobile communications device receiving or seeking cellular connection). The very high percentage of people today who carry a cellphone (or other mobile communications device) and the ability to associate a particular cellphone with a person (e.g., via the cellphone&#39;s electronic serial number, or SIM card), makes this type of “dumb” RFPD  10  a very effective tool within an SPS  20 . This is particularly true for detecting intruders at an RF transmitting site  19 . In addition, the ability to identify the presence of specific person at an RF transmitting site  19  via their mobile communications device, also may allow for an oversight entity (e.g., a police or fire authority) to contact the mobile communications device holder to alert him that there may be an RF radiation danger that he may not be otherwise aware of. 
         [0060]    The SPS  20  may include one or more image recording devices (e.g., video, photograph, etc.) to permit image monitoring of the site  19 ; e.g., to capture images of a user (or trespasser) present at the site  19 . The image collection aspect of the SPS  20  can be configured to collect and record the imagery for subsequent review, and/or collect and send the imagery for real time observation of the imagery; e.g., at the base unit  18 . The image recording device may be triggered by an RFPD  10  entering the RF transmitting site  19 ; e.g., the presence of a mobile communications device or other transmitting device at the RF transmitting site  19 . 
         [0061]    The information or imagery relating to the presence of an RFPD  10  at an RF transmitting site  19 , or the presence of a trespasser at the site, may also facilitate oversight of individuals present at an RF transmitting site  19 ; e.g., allow an employer to track the presence of an employee when the employee conducts his work activity at a particular site  19 . 
         [0062]    The SPS  20  (e.g., via a base unit control system) may be configured to provide a warning (e.g., visual, audible, etc.) at an RF transmitting site  19 ; e.g., if a high RF radiation level at the RF transmitting site  19  is detected, or if an RFPD  10  indicates a user is at or above a collective RF radiation exposure level, or if an unauthorized person is present at the site  19 . The SPS  20  may also provide such a visual and/or audible indication if the user is not wearing appropriate RF radiation protective equipment/clothing. 
         [0063]    The SPS  20  may include sensors (e.g., motion detectors, thermal imaging devices, optical devices, audible sensing devices, etc.) to detect human presence at an RF transmitting site  19 . The SPS  20  could be adapted to determine whether a person is authorized to be at an RF transmitting site  19 . For example, if the SPS  20  senses an RFPD  10 , the SPS  20  could make a determination regarding whether the person to which the RFPD  10  is assigned has the authority to be at the RF transmitting site  19 ; e.g., authority tracks with the person assigned to the RFPD  10 . If the SPS  20  includes sensors for detecting human presence at the RF transmitting site  19 , the SPS  20  could then be adapted to determine the presence of an RFPD  10 . If no RFPD  10  is present at that time, an alarm signal may be sent to a remote location (e.g., a base station, or third party policing authority). 
         [0064]    The SPS  20  (via a base unit control system) may be adapted to contact emergency authorities (e.g., police, fire, etc.) or other predetermined response actions. For example, the SPS  20  may be adapted to shut down an RF transmitter site if certain events occur (e.g., trespasser present, continued presence of RFPD holder beyond safety limits, etc.) The SPS  20  may also be adapted to communicate with RF transmitter control authority regarding event status. 
         [0065]    According to another aspect of the present invention, a user wearable protective device is provided that may be worn on the head of a user. The wearable protective device may include materials that absorb RF radiation, or may include geometric features that absorb or reflect RF radiation (e.g., sharp angle features like those used in radar stealth aircraft or naval vessel design). The device may include a face visor portion configured to absorb and/or reflect RF transmissions (e.g., via materials and/or geometry) but is transparent to permit vision. In some embodiments, the device is configured so that the visor can be raised above the head when the user leaves an area where RF transmissions may exist. 
         [0066]    As indicated above, a mobile communications device (e.g., a cellphone) or other device capable of wireless communication can be modified (i.e., modified to include an RF safety monitoring device  16 ) to function as an RFPD  10 . In an alternative embodiment, a mobile communications device can be modified to provide electromagnetic radiation exposure information without an RF safety monitoring device, or in combination with one. 
         [0067]    All mobile communications devices emit some level of electromagnetic radiation associated with the RF signals emitted by the device. Under U.S. law the level of that emitted radiation exposure must not exceed certain established limits. Hence, mobile communications devices are designed to emit RF signals at one or more predetermined magnitudes. In this alternative embodiment, a mobile communications device may be configured to record the duration and signal magnitude of RF signals emitted (or received) by that particular device, and in some instances also determine the amount of electromagnetic radiation associated therewith. The aforesaid “configuration” can be accomplished in a variety of different ways, and the present disclosure is not limited to any particular configuration. For example, a processor utilized by and within a mobile communications device may be programmed (or otherwise controlled to follow instructions stored and accessible by the processor) to record the date and duration of an outgoing message made on (or an incoming message received by) that particular device (e.g., the date and duration of an outgoing call made on, or an incoming call received by, a cellphone). The processor may also be programmed with one or more predetermined data values associated with the magnitude of the RF signals being emitted (or received) by the mobile communications device. The predetermined data values may be selected in a variety of different ways (e.g., based on empirical data, or determined as average values, etc.), and are therefore not limited to determination by any particular manner Given the duration of the RF signals emitted (or received) and the magnitude of the signals emitted (or received), the amount of associated electromagnetic radiation can be determined and recorded by the processor. The instructions executed by the processor may include data values (or other means such as an algorithm) that relate the RF signal duration and magnitude to the electromagnetic radiation. Alternatively, if the emitted (or received) RF signal magnitude varies depending on factors associated with the usage, the processor may be programmed to determine the magnitude of the RF signals emitted (or received) as a function of time. The modified mobile communications device can, using the date of usage (e.g., via an assigned date value), the duration of usage, and the magnitude of the RF signal, produce information that can be used subsequently to determine the mobile communications device user&#39;s cumulative electromagnetic radiation exposure for a given period of time; e.g., daily, weekly, or monthly cumulative exposure, etc. Examples of the manner in which the aforesaid information can be used (e.g., summary data reports, threshold warnings, etc.) are described above; e.g., an “APP” that a cellphone user can access that provides the aforesaid collective information. An advantage to those embodiments utilizing this aspect of the present disclosure is that there is no requirement that the RF signal produced (or received) by the mobile communications device be sensed; e.g., no need for the hardware (e.g., an antenna) required to sense the presence of a signal, or the need to operate the hardware to sense and identify the source of the signal, and the power requirements and/or cost associated therewith. Another advantage of this aspect of the present disclosure is that it provides an eloquent means for each individual mobile communications device user to track electromagnetic radiation associated with his or her specific device. Since most mobile communications device users almost always use their specific device, the information has a high rate of accuracy regarding their personal use. 
         [0068]    The above-described aspect of tracking electromagnetic radiation exposure associated with a mobile communications device user&#39;s personal device can also be used in combination with an RF safety monitoring device  16 ; e.g., the cellphone configured in the manner described above may also include an RF safety monitoring device  16 . In this alternative, the RF safety monitoring device  16  can be used to monitor sources of electromagnetic radiation other than the RF signals produced by the mobile communications device with which it is associated, and to produce information relating to the external sources of electromagnetic radiation. The information relating to the sources of electromagnetic radiation independent of the mobile communications device can be reported to the user independently of, or in combination with, the electromagnetic radiation information specific to the mobile communications device. 
         [0069]    In many instances, mobile communications devices are operated in a manner (e.g., a “mode of operation”) wherein the device is not disposed in close proximity to the user&#39;s ear; e.g., when a cellphone is used in speaker mode, or when an earphone(s) is plugged into the cellphone, or when the cellphone is operating in a Bluetooth mode (e.g., operating in combination with a vehicular cellphone control system), or when the cellphone is used in combination with a virtual reality (VR) headset, or when the mobile communications device is a tablet. In these instances, the mobile communications device user is likely exposed to a decreased level of electromagnetic radiation relative to the level of exposure that would occur if a cellphone was in contact with the user&#39;s skin (e.g., ear). In these instances, the device processor may be programmed (e.g., operated according to stored instructions) with an. RF signal intensity value (or related information) associated with the particular peripheral device/or operation mode; e.g., the user may input data indicating the type of peripheral device being used, or the device processor may be programmed to identify the type of peripheral device being used or the operational mode (e.g., on speaker or Bluetooth, etc.), and the appropriate RF signal intensity value can be selected from a table or other data structure. For those types of mobile communications devices that are not typically held in close proximity to a user&#39;s ear, those devices can be programmed with RF signal intensity values (or related information) associated with the anticipated use mode. 
         [0070]    In regards to a cellphone being adapted to determine if a peripheral device is being used with the cellphone, this can be accomplished in a variety of different ways. For example, the cellphone processor can be programmed to recognize when the cellphone is operating in a Bluetooth mode, or when the cellphone is operating on speaker phone, or when a peripheral device is plugged into the cellphone. Alternatively, the cellphone may include one or more sensors (e.g., a temperature sensor) that is operable to detect the proximity of the user&#39;s ear to the phone. For example, a temperature sensor disposed in proximity to the speaker of the cellphone. When the sensor senses a temperature in a range associated with a typical skin temperature, the cellphone processor may be programmed to determine that the phone is being used in close proximity to the user&#39;s ear, and then an RF signal intensity value (or related information) associated with an “on-ear” use can be selected. Conversely, if the temperature sensed by the sensor is a value outside of the temperature range associated with a typical skin temperature, then the cellphone processor may determine that the cellphone is not being used in an “on-ear” manner based on the temperature sensor value. Alternatively or in combination, the cellphone may include a sensor positioned proximate the microphone of the cellphone to sense a user&#39;s breath. If the sensor disposed proximate the cellphone microphone senses a temperature in a range associated with a typical breath temperature, the cellphone processor may be programmed to determine that the phone is being used in an “on-ear” mode, or conversely if the temperature sensed by the microphone sensor is a value outside of the temperature range associated with a typical breath temperature, then the cellphone processor may determine that the cellphone is not being used in an “on-ear” mode. 
         [0071]    Another application of the present disclosure is one wherein a mobile communications device is used with a virtual reality (VR) headset  24 . For example as can be seen in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , virtual reality headsets  24  (sometimes referred to as “virtual reality viewers”) are available that are configured to hold a mobile communication device  25  such as a cellphone in close proximity to a user&#39;s head. In the non-limiting examples shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , for example, the virtual reality viewer  24  includes a housing  26  having a front end  28  separated a short distance from a user end  30 , and a pair of lenses  32  disposed within the housing  26 . The housing  26  includes structure  34  for holding a mobile communications device  25  (e.g., a cellphone) relative to the front end  28  of the viewer housing  26 , or within the viewer housing  26 . In operation, the viewer  24  is disposed so that the user end  30  is positioned directly in front of the user&#39;s eyes. In this position, the lenses  32  contained in the housing  26  are aligned with each of the user&#39;s eyes and the display of the mobile communications device  25  is viewable through the lenses  32 . The lenses  32  are typically mounted so that light emitted from the display of the mobile communications device  25  passes through lenses to the user&#39;s eyes. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016/0018853 which discloses an example of a virtual reality viewer is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0072]    As can be seen from these virtual reality viewer examples, the mobile communication device is held in close proximity to the user&#39;s head. Although this type of usage differs from a conventional use (e.g., a cellphone held in close proximity to a user&#39;s ear), the user nevertheless may still be subjected to some level of electromagnetic radiation associated with the RF signals emitted (or received) by the device. According to the present disclosure, the mobile communication device can be configured as described above to record the duration and signal intensity of RF signals emitted (or received) by that particular device during such use. In addition, mobile communications devices according to the present disclosure may include a sensor operable to capture the user&#39;s specific iris recognition pattern and begin to measure RF radiation exposure to the eye area of the user. In this embodiment, the user&#39;s specific iris recognition pattern identification would permit the collection and reporting of RF exposure data specific to a particular user of the mobile communication device.