Abstract:
The present invention provides for an apparatus and method for use in a system with an x-ray source to produce a pencil beam of x-rays to scan an object and a first detector providing a value representative of the intensity of the x-rays scattered from the object to produce a scattered image having a second detector disposed opposite the first detector to provide a value representative of the intensity of the x-rays passing directly from the x-ray source to the second detector; a processor coupled to the system to receive information specifying a position of the pencil beam of x-rays, the processor also coupled to second detector to produce a shadow image formed of pixels indicating the intensity value measured by the second detector for a plurality of positions of the pencil beam of x-rays; and combining the scattered and shadow image to produce a composite image.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the general field of radiant energy imaging systems, and specifically to systems and techniques for detecting concealed items on or in objects. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Security systems are limited in their ability to detect contraband, weapons, explosives, and other dangerous objects concealed under a person&#39;s clothing or in an object, such as a box or bag. Metal detectors and chemical sniffers are commonly used for the detection of large metal objects and some kinds of explosives, however, a wide range of dangerous objects exist that cannot be detected with these devices. Plastic and ceramic weapons developed by modem technology increase the types of non-metallic objects that security personnel are required to detect. The alternative of manual searching of subjects is slow, inconvenient, and would not be well tolerated by the general public, especially as a standard procedure in, for example, airports. 
     Radiation exposure is an important consideration in x-ray concealed object detection systems. The United States National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP), in NCRP Report No. 91, “Recommendations on Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation”, 1987, addresses this issue. In this report, the NCRP states that a radiation exposure of less than 1000 microRem per year in excess of environmental levels is negligible, and efforts are not warranted at reducing the level further. Persons employed in high security or secured facilities, or those who frequently travel by airlines, may be subjected to many hundred security examinations per year. A yearly radiation exposure limit of 1000 microRem safely permits a single scan exposure within the range of 1 to 10 microRem for the general public. In accordance with the NCRP recommendations, radiation levels significantly higher than this may present some health risk. 
     Known prior art x-ray systems have limitations in their design and method which prohibit them from achieving the low dose and high image quality that are prerequisites to commercial acceptance. For example, radiant energy imaging systems that detect concealed objects carried on or in an object often scan pencil beam of x-rays through the object where the beam is transmitted or absorbed depending upon the concealed object, if any. A detector may be scanned vertically behind the object in step with the pencil beam to collect the transmitted x-rays. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,234 (the &#39;234 patent), herein incorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein, discloses an imaging system which does not require x-rays to be scanned through the object. The &#39;234 patent discloses an imaging apparatus where a narrow pencil beam of x-ray radiation is scanned over the object whereby x-rays that strike low atomic number materials, such as soft tissue, are scattered (i.e. reflected) back toward the apparatus. In comparison, x-rays that strike metal are mostly absorbed and generate very little scatter. Moreover, x-rays that do not strike the object are not captured or scattered back toward the apparatus since the x-rays continue until absorbed or scattered by items further behind the object. Detectors within the apparatus capture the scattered x-rays and generate a corresponding image. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the vast majority of the body  12  appears light, as a result of the soft tissue generating significant back scatter of x-rays. Metals such as coins in the pocket  102  and belt buckle  103  appear dark due to their absorption of the x-rays. The background  104  around the body is also dark since there is nothing to scatter the x-rays back to the detector. 
     As shown in FIG. 2, a potential disadvantage of this approach is the difficulty in detecting metal objects that appear in front of or against the background  104  and not in front of the body  12 . FIG. 2 shows a metal handgun  106  concealed under the subject&#39;s  12  arm. The handgun  106  is virtually impossible to detect in this view since both the handgun  106  and the background  104  appear dark. People may also hang or wear metal objects on their sleeves or pant legs, which would be difficult to detect since they would appear dark and be displayed against the dark background. 
     Another potential disadvantage of the prior art is that it provides no mechanism to control the x-rays not scattered or absorbed by the object. Currently, the x-rays not scattered or absorbed by the object continue until absorbed or scattered by other items beyond the object. Thus, no objects or persons should be within six to fifteen feet of the apparatus otherwise the person or object will be unnecessarily exposed to the x-rays and may even appear in the image. 
     Thus, there is a need for an apparatus that would overcome the disadvantages of prior art x-ray systems and allow for the detection of concealed objects appearing against the background. There is also a need for a way to control x-rays that are not scattered or absorbed by the object to protect other persons from unnecessary exposure to the x-rays and to prevent image degradation. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides for an apparatus and method for use in a system with an x-ray source to produce a pencil beam of x-rays to scan an object and a first detector providing a value representative of the intensity of the x-rays scattered from the object to produce a scattered image; having a second detector disposed opposite the first detector to provide a value representative of the intensity of the x-rays passing directly from the x-ray source to the second detector; a processor coupled to the system to receive information specifying a position of the pencil beam of x-rays, the processor also coupled to second detector to produce a shadow image formed of pixels indicating the intensity value measured by the second detector for a plurality of positions of the pencil beam of x-rays; and combining the scattered and shadow image to produce a composite image. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain the principles and implementations of the invention. 
     In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a scan image created by an x-ray imaging system in accordance with the prior art. 
     FIG. 2 is a scan image illustrating potential disadvantages of imaging systems in accordance with the prior art. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of an imaging system in accordance with the prior art. 
     FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of an x-ray scanning system in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 are scan images created in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a method in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention are described herein in the context of a x-ray imaging system with active detector. Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following detailed description of the present invention is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other embodiments of the present invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure. Reference will now be made in detail to implementations of the present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The same reference indicators will be used throughout the drawings and the following detailed description to refer to the same or like parts. 
     In the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of the implementations described herein are shown and described. It will, of course, be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made in order to achieve the developer&#39;s specific goals, such as compliance with application-and business-related constraints, and that these specific goals will vary from one implementation to another and from one developer to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the components, process steps, and/or data structures may be implemented using various types of operating systems, computing platforms, computer programs, and/or general purpose machines. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that devices of a less general purpose nature, such as hardwired devices, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or the like, may also be used without departing from the scope and spirit of the inventive concepts disclosed herein. 
     One embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the x-ray detector of the &#39;234 patent. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will now realize that the present invention may be used with other x-ray detectors known in the art. FIG. 3 shows the imaging system  10  scanning a pencil beam  11  of x-rays over the surface of the body  12  of the person being examined. X-rays  16  scattered or reflected from the body  12  are detected by x-ray sensitive detectors  17  positioned on the same side of the subject as the x-ray pencil beam source  30 . The detectors  17  are positioned for substantially uniform x-ray detection on all sides of the incident x-ray beam. The electronic signals  20  produced from the detectors  17  and synchronization signals  21  from the x-ray source  30  are routed into the digital computer  24 . The computer  24  generates a scatter image  25  on a monitor (screen)  36  wherein the intensity at each point in the display corresponds to the relative intensity of the detected scattered x-rays. The digitized scatter image preferably consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with 8 bits per pixel. 
     As described in detail in the &#39;234 patent, x-rays interact with matter in two ways: Compton scattering and the photoelectric effect. An x-ray interacting by Compton scattering is deflected out of the original x-ray beam creating back scattered radiation. The photoelectric effect, in comparison, absorbs x-rays and thus reduces the level of back scatter. At low atomic numbers and high energies, Compton scattering is more likely to occur than the photoelectric effect. This gives rise to a large amount of scatter and the relatively high reflectance. At higher atomic numbers and lower x-ray energies, the photoelectric effect absorbs more of the x-rays resulting in less scatter and the low reflectance. 
     As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, x-rays not scattered by the body  12  or object continue past the body  12  and are not scattered back to the detector  17  thereby creating a dark background  104 . To overcome the disadvantages of having the dark background  104 , an x-ray detector panel  400  is positioned behind the object  12  as shown in FIG.  4 . The panel  400  has an active area that is approximately 48 inches wide, by 80 inches high. Those of ordinary skill in the art will now realize that other dimensions may be used depending upon the application. The detector panel  400  may be between two to six feet from the detector  17 , but is preferably three feet from the detector  17 . For non-human scanning applications, other distances may be used as appropriate. 
     It will now be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the panel  400  may be placed in different alternative positions. As shown in FIG. 4, a floor panel  600  may be placed underneath the person  12  or object being scanned to detect, for example, objects in the shoes  404 , on the legs  406 , or feet of the person being scanned. In another alternative embodiment, the panel may also extend outwardly from the sides and the top. Those of ordinary skill in the art will now realize that the panel may be formed of any shape such as a square, semi-circle, or any other shape around the person or object scanned. 
     In one embodiment, the detector panel  400  may be comprised of one or more gas filled ionization chambers capable of transforming incident radiation into an electronic signal. The gas filled ionization chambers produce hole-electron pairs in response to x-rays impinging on the rear detector panel  400 . The hole-electron pairs then produce an electrical signal that is sent to the computer  24  to produce a shadow image  408 . The electrical signal is then converted into a digital image in the same manner as described in the &#39;234 patent. Although the scatter image  36  is preferably comprised of 480 rows by 160 columns with 8 bits per pixel, the shadow image  408  of the present invention consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with only one bit per pixel. The pixels of the shadow image  408  thereby represent one of two intensity values. One of the intensity values represents that the x-ray beam  11  directed at the corresponding position of the detector panel  400  impinged the detector panel  400 . In this case, the pixel value represents the “background” of the shadow image  408  since the x-ray did not scatter from the object  12 . The other intensity value represents that the x-ray beam  11  did not impinge the rear detector panel  400 . That is, the pixel value represents the “body” of the shadow image  408  since the x-rays were either scattered from the object  12  or absorbed by high atomic number materials. 
     In another embodiment, the panel  400  may comprise any type of scintillation material capable of transforming incident radiation into electronic signals that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as a fluorescent screen or a plastic scintillator. The scintillation material gives off light when struck by x-rays, which is then read out by a light detector. The light detector may be any type of detector known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as a photodiode or a photomultiplier tube. The light detectors are mounted within the panel  400  to produce the electronic signals in response to the light emission of the scintillation material, as it is being scanned by the x-ray beam  11 . The electronic signals are converted into a digital shadow image  408  in the same manner as described in the &#39;234 patent. Although the scatter image  36  preferably consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with 8 bits per pixel, the shadow image  408  of the present invention consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with only one bit per pixel. One of the intensity values represents that the x-ray beam  11  directed at the corresponding position of the panel  400  impinged the panel  400 . That is, the pixel value represents the “background” of the shadow image since the x-ray did not scatter from the object  12 . The other intensity value represents that the x-ray beam  11  did not impinge the detector  400 . That is, the pixel value represents the “body” of the shadow image  408  since the x-rays were either scattered from the object  12  or absorbed by high atomic number materials. 
     The present invention utilizes low energy x-rays that are only capable of penetrating a short distance into a body. In particular, none of the x-rays are able to penetrate completely through the subject&#39;s body. This means that the x-ray image reaching the rear detector is a “shadow” of the subject. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the shadow image  408  seen by the rear detector is composed of only two regions—the shadow  500  of the subject that appears dark, and the background  502  around the subject that appears light as a result of the detection of the unattenuated x-ray beam. 
     The present invention is based upon the way that high atomic number materials such as metal appear in both the scatter image  36  and the shadow image  408 . In the scatter image  36 , metal appears the same as the background  104 , but different from the body  12 . However, in the shadow image  408 , high atomic number materials, such as metal, appears the same as the body  500  but different from the background  502 . Thus, a combination of the two images will allow high atomic number materials such as metal to be easily detected, as shown in the composite image  506 . The composite image  506  comprises the intensity values from the shadow image  408  representing that the x-ray beam impinged the rear detector panel. That is, the composite image comprises the “background”  502  of the shadow image  408 . The composite image  506  also comprises the intensity values from the scattered image  36  if the x-rays were scattered back to the detector  17 . That is, the composite image also comprises the values representative of the intensity of the x-rays scattered from the object. In the composite image  506 , the background  508  of the image is no longer dark, but is displayed as an intermediate shade of gray or some non-gray color. Moreover, the metal gun  106  is visibly noticeable since it appears as a dark color. This allows any high Z materials, such as metal, to be visible whether it is against the background  508  or the body  12 . 
     As shown in FIG. 4, the present invention may also have a radiation shield  410  coupled to the panel  400  to capture any x-rays  11  that may pass through the panel  400 . This will ensure that any person behind the panel  400  will not be inadvertently exposed to x-rays. Moreover, the radiation shield  410  will ensure that objects behind the panel  400  will not be reproduced in the images  36  and  408 . The radiation shield  410  may be made of any x-ray absorbing material such as steel or lead and be a few percent of the thickness of the panel  400 . 
     The present invention also provides a method for detecting concealed items on or in an object. An object or body is positioned in the x-ray scanning area  700  and a pencil beam of x-rays is scanned over the surface of the body or object  702  being examined. X-rays scattered or reflected from the body are detected  704  by x-ray sensitive detectors. The detectors are positioned for substantially uniform x-ray detection on all sides of the incident x-ray beam. The electronic signals produced from the detectors and synchronization signals from the x-ray source are inputted into the digital computer  708 . The computer generates a scattered image display  710  on a monitor (screen) wherein the intensity at each point in the display corresponds to the relative intensity of the detected scattered x-rays. 
     X-rays not scattered or reflected from the body are detected  706  by an x-ray detector panel positioned behind the object. The panel has an active area that is approximately forty-eight inches wide by eighty inches high. Those of ordinary skill in the art will now realize that other dimensions may be used depending upon the application. The detector panel may be between two to six feet from the detector, but is preferably three feet from the detector. For non-human scanning applications, other distances may be used as appropriate. 
     It will now be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the panel may be placed in different alternative positions. A floor panel may be placed underneath the person or object being scanned to detect, for example, objects in the shoes or on the legs or feet of the person being scanned. In another alternative embodiment, the panel may also extend outwardly from the sides and the top. Those of ordinary skill in the art will now realize that the panel may be formed of any shape such as a square, semi-circle, or any other shape around the person or object scanned. 
     In one embodiment, the detector panel may be comprised of one or more gas filled ionization chambers capable of transforming incident radiation into an electronic signal. The gas filled ionization chambers produce hole-electron pairs in response to x-rays impinging on the rear detector panel. The hole-electron pairs then produce an electrical signal that is sent to the computer  708  to produce a shadow image  712 . The electrical signal is then converted into a digital image in the same manner as described in the &#39;234 patent. Although the scatter image preferably consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with 8 bits per pixel, the shadow image of the present invention consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with only one bit per pixel. The pixels of the shadow image thereby represent one of two intensity values. One of the intensity values represents that the x-ray beam directed at the corresponding position of the detector panel impinged the panel. In this case, the pixel value represents the “background” of the shadow image since the x-ray did not scatter from the object. The other intensity value represents that the x-ray beam did not impinge the panel. That is, the pixel value represents the “body” of the shadow image since the x-rays were either scattered from the object or absorbed by high atomic number materials. 
     In another embodiment, the panel may comprise any type of scintillation material capable of transforming incident radiation into electronic signals that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as a fluorescent screen or a plastic scintillator. The scintillation material gives off light when struck by x-rays, which is then read out by a light detector. The light detector may be any type of detector known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as a photodiode or a photomultiplier tube. The light detectors are mounted within the panel to produce the electronic signals in response to the light emission of the scintillation material, as it is being scanned by the x-ray beam. The electronic signals are converted into a digital shadow image in the same manner as described in the &#39;234 patent. Although the scatter image preferably consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with 8 bits per pixel, the shadow image of the present invention consists of 480 rows by 160 columns with only one bit per pixel. One of the intensity values represents that the x-ray beam directed at the corresponding position of the panel impinged the panel. In this case, the pixel value represents the “background” of the shadow image since the x-ray did not scatter from the object. The other intensity value represents that the x-ray beam did not impinge the panel. That is, the pixel value represents the “body” of the shadow image since the x-rays were either scattered from the object or absorbed by high atomic number materials. 
     The present invention utilizes low energy x-rays that are only capable of penetrating a short distance into a body. In particular, none of the x-rays are able to penetrate completely through the subject&#39;s body. This means that the x-ray image reaching the rear detector is a “shadow” of the subject. The shadow image seen by the rear detector is composed of only two regions—the shadow of the subject that appears dark, and the background around the subject that appears light as a result of the detection of the unattenuated x-ray beam. 
     The present invention is based upon the way that high atomic number materials such as metal appear in both the scatter image and the shadow image. In the scatter image, metal appears the same as the background, but different from the body. However, in the shadow image, high atomic number materials, such as metal, appears the same as the body but different from the background. Thus, a combination of the two images  714  will allow high atomic number materials such as metal to be easily detected. The composite image of both the scattered and shadow images comprise the intensity values from the shadow image representing that the x-ray beam impinged the panel. In this case, the composite image comprises the “background” of the shadow image. The composite image also comprises the intensity values from the scattered image if the x-rays were scattered back to the detector. That is, the composite image also comprises the values representative of the intensity of the x-rays scattered from the object. The background of the image is no longer dark, but is displayed as an intermediate shade of gray or some non-gray color. Moreover, the metal gun is visibly noticeable since it appears as a dark color. This allows any high Z materials, such as metal, to be visible whether it is against the background or the body. 
     The present invention may also have a radiation shield coupled to the panel to capture any x-rays that may pass through the panel. This will ensure that any person behind the panel will not be inadvertently exposed to x-rays. Moreover, the radiation shield will ensure that objects behind the panel will not be reproduced in the images. The radiation shield may be made of any x-ray absorbing material such as steel or lead and be a few percent of the thickness of the panel. 
     While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that many more modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.