Abstract:
A method and system that incorporates spaying logic onto the sensor(s) adapted to detect and apply various liquids onto the feet of an animal. The sensor(s) actuate(s) specific valve(s) for application of the medicinal fluid. The operational components for initiating the spray treatment are located away from the treatment zone to protect the components from failures due to environmental conditions in that location. The application of the medicinal fluids can be enhanced by administering them to specific animals by tagging the animals that require more frequent or stronger treatments.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/290,565, filed Feb. 3, 2016, which is a Continuation-in-Part and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/157,741, filed Jan. 17, 2014 the specifications of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention (Technical Field). 
         [0003]    The presently claimed invention relates to treatment of animals, and more particularly to a method and system for auto providing treatment fluids to hoofed animals. Specifically, this application relates to relocating the operation components away from the application zone of the treatment fluids. 
         [0004]    Background Art: Control and management of insects and other pests on domesticated animals has proven challenging, costly, often elusive, and frequently ineffective, Pests among dairy herds dramatically affect the economics of animal production and milk production, a commercial industry constituting a significant contribution to the gross national product of the United States. It is estimated that the dairy cattle industry, for example, produces $38 billion annually. Failure to deal with pests can cause a number of problems, including irritations to cows so severe that milk production suffers, disease pathogens transmit from cow to cow, and a variety of regulatory rules and regulations are violated for failure to treat such pests. The presently claimed invention has provided exemplary solutions for solving problems arising from pests among dairy herds as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,660 issued May 15, 2001; U.S Pat. No. 6,651,589 issued Nov. 25, 2003; 2001; U.S. Pat. No. 6,779,489 issued Aug. 24, 2004; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,194,980 B2, issued Mar. 27, 2007 (collectively, “Prior Applications and Patents”). 
         [0005]    The problems solved by the Prior Applications and Patents include a wide range of diseases, infections, and injuries to the feet and other anatomical regions of animals and mammals, including cattle that are part of dairy herds. In addition to treating diseases, infections, and injuries on the feet of dairy cows, it is useful to apply various ingredients for preventative treatment to achieve resistance to diseases and lacerations, to harden hooves to resist physical injury, and to achieve similar and related objectives. Livestock in a dairy herd are susceptible to forming a variety of waits, abscesses, sole ulcers, foot rot, heel cracks, and variations of lesions or infections on their feet and/or hooves. These problems individually or collectively cause livestock to suffer lameness, clubbed hooves, loss of body weight, decreased milk production, and a decreased rate of conception. In the presently claimed invention, the term “animal treatment problems” includes these problems, but is not limited in any way. 
         [0006]    U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/458,935 for an ANIMAL FOOT TREATMENT SYSTEM filed Jul. 20, 2006, and U.S. Publication No, and U.S./2008/0121189 A1, published on May 29, 2008, present exemplary solutions to such problems. 
         [0007]    U.S. Patent No. 8,276,545 B2, for ANIMAL FOOT TREATMENT, issued Oct. 2, 2012, presents another solution: however, this system is complex and requires several external components to provide control for the efficient application of the medicinal fluid to the location of each hoof. The present application presents significant improvements to this prior art patent, minimizing the complex electronics, and simplifying the sensor mat. 
         [0008]    The parent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/157,741, entitled METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS WITH HOOVES, specifically indicates that the mechanical and electrical components were located near or in the fluid treatment zone. The location of these components in this zone causes failure of solenoids and valves due to the acid nature of the treatment fluids and leakage into these components, thus requiring relocation of these components. 
         [0009]    Alternative apparatuses and methods suggested as solutions for application of ingredients to animals are potentially hazardous both to humans and to animals. For example, a common way to apply topical solutions to hooves of animals is a form of bath, footbath, tub, or container (in this document, “bath”) through which an animal walks, Concentrations of ingredients in baths used for chemical treatment of animal foot problems render ineffective results because debris deposited in the ingredients in the form of animal waste passes through the bath. Accordingly, to insure continued efficacy of a bath, baths need to be regularly cleaned and refilled with fresh in Unfortunately, the cleaning and refilling of baths is generally a manual chore often ignored. After a short period, this results in an inefficacious bath. Therefore, until development of the system shown in the presently claimed invention, applying and maintaining precise concentrations of ingredients has proven problematic. 
         [0010]    Bath application methods are comparatively expensive and inefficient; therefore, in an effort to achieve appropriate coverage and treatment, excessive quantities of expensive chemicals and chemical combinations are incorporated. Debris deposited in the bath acts to reduce the efficacy of the footpath solution. As more animals pass through the bath, the debris deposited continually degrades, rendering the bath contents inefficacious. Therefore, to compensate for this effect, the chemical concentration in the bath must be at sufficient strength to insure that the contents of the bath will still be efficacious when the last animal traverses the bath. Thus, the concentration of the solution in the bath must be much stronger than required for the first animal passing through the bath to he effective enough for the last animal passing through the bath because of the degrading effect of continuous debris deposition. 
         [0011]    Baths in which animals place their feet may also cause pollution and injury to animals and/or humans. For example, copper sulfate commonly used in treating cows and the discharge of copper sulfate from bath treatment systems into adjacent lands may cause significant damage to croplands and is not sustainable because the legal limit for discharge cannot exceed a determined parts per million. Another chemical used extensively in the dairy industry is formaldehyde, which causes burns to humans and animals, and can result in the loss of eyesight and even death among workers. For these reasons, the European Union has sailed for a ban of the use of formaldehyde, a decision made more compelling because the United States recognizes it as a known carcinogen. Formaldehyde in comparatively large concentrations in a bath application system may damage the feet of cattle. Use of the animal treatment system disclosed in the presently claimed invention eliminates those problems and others associated with contamination, pollution, and injury caused by excessive concentrations of one or more chemicals in a footpath system. At the same time, it decreases the costs of effective applications of ingredients. 
         [0012]    For example, studies show that the animal treatment system disclosed in the presently claimed invention may reduce the quantities of expensive chemicals. The result is a significant reduction in the use of costly chemicals, potential pollution, and accompanying costs. 
         [0013]    As indicated, the animal treatment system disclosed in the presently claimed invention is capable of selective discharge and application. A consequence of selective targeting of expensive chemicals reduces the overall costs of contending with animal treatment problems. The animal treatment system of the presently claimed invention, therefore, provides flexibility by allowing use of precise ingredients to treat a precise problem. 
         [0014]    Another problem with the prior art methods of treatment is that all of the animals are treated equally during any treatment cycle. However, certain animals may require more frequent treatments due to certain or more severe conditions. Thus, there is a necessity for a system to apply treatment to predetermined animals more frequently than other animals. 
         [0015]    One example among many is the treatment of digital dermatitis also known in the dairy industry as hairy heel warts. Over 90% of the time digital dermatitis generally occurs on the back of a cow&#39;s rear feet, hut is also known to occur between the cow&#39;s toes and/or claws and on front feet as well. In the present application, due to the animal treatment system&#39;s ability to selectively target specific anatomical regions of a cow for treatment, studies have shown that chemical usage, as a result of this animal treatment system, can be reduced by 70%-90%. For treating digital dermatitis, the animal treatment system of the presently claimed invention appears to be at least four times more efficient to use than any other known footbath or bath treatment system. 
         [0016]    Yet another advantage of the animal treatment system of the presently claimed invention is treatment of varying conditions of an anatomical region during varying cycles of an animal treatment regime. In a dairy herd environment, the hooves of cows change solidity in direct relationship to the lactation cycle of the cow. The term lactation cycle refers to the period during which the mammary glands of a cow produce milk. A cow entering commencement of a lactation cycle may not have had foot treatment for the 2-4 month “dry period” before calving and not being milked, and therefore was not passing through the footbath. During that period, a cow&#39;s foot may become softer than it was during the lactation cycle when routinely passing through a bath. Softness may later result in development of significant abscesses, ulcers, or erosions that will ultimately have to be treated. Additionally, because cows typically are not exposed to baths during the “dry period”, certain foot lesions or diseases become more pronounced. Use of the animal treatment system of the presently claimed invention allows changes in chemical compositions of applications of ingredients to reflect such varying problems, which are unique to the dairy industry. 
         [0017]    The systems, apparatuses, and methods disclosed, illustrated, and claimed in the previously filed patent applications by the Applicant have proven useful for the intended purposes and applications described in that document. However, the present disclosure provides significant improvements to the actuating and delivery methods and systems. The prior art systems work well in providing the treatment but the mat structure tended to wear out and become fatigued after repeated use. Therefore, a system was needed to prevent these conditions. The drawing figures, additional contributions to the art disclosed, illustrated, and claimed in the presently claimed invention provide other optimizations and embodiments in which the principles of operation, with different configurations, result in additional features and uses. Consequently, additional advantages, of the animal treatment system disclosed, illustrated, and claimed in the presently claimed invention will become evident. None of the currently available suggestions for addressing animal treatment problems is as effective as the suggestions disclosed in the presently claimed invention. 
         [0018]    It is apparent that a need exists in the industry for a new and useful system to treat animal feet and/or hooves that is capable of applying precise amounts of ingredients, at precise times, and during precise lengths of time. The applied treatment is for selected anatomical regions of animals to achieve a cost-effective and treatment-effective application of these ingredients to overcome animal treatment problems. Further, there is a need for the system to avoid unnecessary complexities in the system. Additionally, to improve blood flow in the hooves of animals that prevents or reduces swelling in their feet, the presently claimed invention discloses an improved chemical compound. 
         [0019]    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION (DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION) 
         [0020]    The presently claimed invention solves the aforementioned problems. The presently claimed invention provides several improvements to the prior art systems. First, a chemical is presented that improves blood flow in the hooves of animals to prevent or reduce the swelling in their feet. Secondly, a simplified hoof treatment system is implemented to make it practical and less expensive to manufacture. This system does not require expensive electronic devices on the footpad and can rely on the properties of the footpad construction for activation if need be of the spray regime. Additionally, the mat structure has been improved by stop bars on either side of each pressure sensor to limit the distance of compression on the pressure sensors. The pressure sensors have also been redesigned with a firm flexible rubber tube, like a PVC pipe, encased in a compressible material, such as rubber. When pressure is exerted on the pressure sensor, the firm flexible rubber tube presses against the top contact, that ultimately makes contact with the bottom contact. This operates essentially as a switch, activating the specific, spray nozzles that are related to the pressure sensor. Another major improvement is the relocation of the valves that are actuated by the sensors. The valves are placed in a remote location that is out of the wet zone of the spray nozzles and mat. This prevents the valves from faults that occur with electronics in humid or wet conditions, and improves on the serviceability and replacement of the valves in the event of failure. 
         [0021]    Finally, a method and system are presented to treat only selected animals so that the entire herd does not need to be treated or to provide specific treatment to specific animals with specific conditions. 
         [0022]    Other objects, advantages, novel features, and further scope of applicability of the presently claimed invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow. The description is to be used in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the ad upon examination of the following, or may be teamed by practice of the presently claimed invention. The objects and advantages of the presently claimed invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The accompanying drawings, incorporated herein, form a part of the specification, illustrate, several embodiments of the presently claimed invention, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention. 
           [0024]    In the drawings: 
           [0025]      FIG. 1A  shows the preferred animal treatment system. 
           [0026]      FIG. 1B  shows a blow up of the spray nozzle. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2A  shows a portion of the mat without hoof compression. 
           [0028]      FIG. 28  shows a portion of the mat with hoof compression. 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  shows the preferred spray pattern and location on a hoot. 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  shows a top view of the preferred mat. 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  shows an exploded view of the mat and cover. 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  shows the preferred location of the active components for controlling and performing the treatment applications to the spray nozzles. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Best Modes for Carrying out the Invention 
       [0033]    Logical Sensor Mat for Appling Liquids 
         [0034]    As used in this disclosure, the term “foot” means not only the terminal part of a vertebrate animal&#39;s leg, but also the hoof, the pad, the pastern, the dewclaw, the hock and the portion below the knee or hock on an animal such as a domestic bovine. Although the examples discussed in this disclosure are limited to dairy cows, the presently claimed invention includes treatment of any type of animal. 
         [0035]    The presently claimed invention relates to the use of incorporating spraying logic into the sensor mat to detect and apply various liquids onto the feet of an animal or human. The system described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,276,545 (hereinafter &#39;545 patent) is complex and has sensitive electronics that are not conducive to harsh dairy environments. Another shortcoming is the cost and complexity making it only suitable to be deployed in 500 cows, larger dairies or other large-scale applications. Another disadvantage is that the electronics are very complex and would require a trained technician to service and maintain them. The presently claimed logic-sensing mat solves these problems by eliminating expensive load transferring relays and associated wiring, and vastly simplifies and reduces programmable logic requirements to a very small compact disposable unit that can be replaced by service personal without intensive training. 
         [0036]    In the &#39;546 patent disclosed above, the system used a mat with 11 sensors. When pressure was applied to those sensors, a signal was sent to a processor that would in turn determine which valves where to be opened to spray a desired pattern. In addition, there was settling time to allow the foot to fully land, and for foot rotation time, meaning a continued spray after the foot lifted. All of these events were controlled by a computer. The present design does not require this complex system because the timing can be controlled by the properties of the pressure sensors as well as timers. 
         [0037]      FIG. 1  shows a typical system installation.  FIGS. 2-5  show the new mat design. In mat  10 , the compression of the foot or hoof  12  is studied for depression and load bearing whereby pressure sensors  14  and spray nozzles  16  are placed at the correct spacing and angle to provide the spray coverage necessary. Mat  10  as shown in the figures is configured for dairy cows. Mat  10  in this embodiment has nine (9) pressure sensors  14   a  through  14   i . Each pressure sensor  14  runs along the length of mat  10 , as shown. Spacing  18  between each mat is optimized preferably so that each hoof  12  compresses at least two pressure sensors as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . Pressure sensors  14  essentially are switches, that when depressed by a weight bearing hoof  12 , establishes contact between top contact plate  20  and bottom contact plate  22  that in turn activates corresponding spray nozzles  16 . Each pressure sensor  10  is configured to activate at least two spray nozzles, a first nozzle  16 ′ aimed towards a front of hoof  24  and a second nozzle  16  aimed at a rear of the hoof  26 . 
         [0038]    Pressure sensors  14  are preferably configured semicircular members  32 , although any other configuration can be utilized. Running along length  26  of each sensor  14  is a firm flexible rubber tube  30 , in the preferred configuration a PVC pipe, such as a flexible Santoprene® tube or the like. Firm flexible rubber tube  30  is embedded within semicircular member  32 , as shown. Each semicircular member  32  is constructed from a compressible or highly elastic material, such as rubber. The elasticity or compressibility of the material should be optimized for the weight bearing or force exerted upon it. For example, a full-grown male bovine can weigh up to 3000 pounds and have a vertical jump of 3 feet or more landing with a force of over 20,000 psi. Thus, a thickness and type of compressible material for semicircular member  32  needs to be selected based on these criteria. The depth of firm flexible rubber tube  30  embedded in semicircular member  32  should also be optimized to avoid breaking or damaging firm flexible rubber tube  30  when in use. Also embedded in semicircular member  32  is top contact plate  20 . Top contact plate  20  is preferably disposed directly below firm flexible rubber tube  30  so that when pressure is applied to a top of firm flexible rubber tube  30 , it forces or pushes top contact plate  20  towards bottom contact plate  22 . Once sufficient pressure is applied, contact is made between top contact plate  20  and bottom contact plate  22 , essentially dosing a switch. Attached to top contact plate  20  and bottom contact plate  22  can be valve assemblies for allowing the flow of the treatment liquid to hoof  12 . Once the downward force is removed when the animal steps off pressure sensor  14 , the contact is opened and the spray is stopped. A timer can also be utilized to turn off the spray, if desired. A delay in activating and deactivating the spray nozzles can be included due to the compression properties of the elastomers or via timers as discussed above. In the alternative, instead of the sensors described above, load cells can be utilized to detect pressure of the animal&#39;s foot and to activate the spray regime as discussed above. 
         [0039]    Another feature in the presently claimed invention are load bearing or stop bars  34  that are disposed next to each side of each pressure sensor  14 , running along length of sensor  28 . Stop bars  34  are designed to prevent contraction of pressure sensors beyond a predetermined distance  36 . Stop bars  34  prevent damage to pressure sensors  14  and lessen the amount of compressible material required to protect rigid member  30  and top  20  and bottom contact plates  22 . Height of stop bars  38  should correspond to distance required for achieving contact between the top contact plate  20  and bottom contact plate  22 , hereinafter predetermined distance  36 . Stop bars  34  can be constructed from any type of rigid or semirigid material, again depending on the force exerted by the animals being treated. 
         [0040]    Preferably, a top cover  40  is disposed on top of all of pressure sensors  14 , as show for additional protection of pressure sensors  14  and to keep debris and moisture from pressure sensors  14 . Top cover can be constructed from a compressible or highly elastic material, such as rubber. By using a compressible material for top cover  40 , the thickness of semicircular members  32  can be lessened. 
         [0041]    The preferred mat as described above determines a settling time before the valves activate. In addition, the hardness firm flexible rubber tube  30  in mat  10  provides for a specific delay in operating the valves, as discussed above. Thus, no external timing control is required, only different types of material, This material timing system also operates to provide a timing delay in turning off the valves by providing differing “rebound” times when the force of the hoof is removed causing pressure sensor  14  to return to its original condition. 
         [0042]      FIG. 6  shows the preferred location of the operational components for triggering and controlling the application of the treatment fluids. In this embodiment, the electric components, such as valves and sensor wiring were moved up out of the wet zone, which improved serviceability and performance, The wet zone is defined as a location where liquids are sprayed, or transferred to using the treatment system. It was discovered that over time, a certain number of solenoid coils failed or leaked currently due to the moist conditions. In addition, the induction of magnetic fields can cause electrolysis of the 316 stainless steel used in the control valves, which under normal conditions is impervious to the environments inside dairy barns. 
         [0043]    Moisture and electrical fields directly or indirectly cause corrosion and contact the control valves, causing the failures. It was impossible or very difficult to seal the valves in this environment due to the conditions, and sealing the valves impeded access to the valves for repair or replacement when they failed. The relocation of valves to the top or side of the treatment zone and/or the use of small air lines connected to the valves to the sprayers obviates this problem. Thus, there are no electric or magnetic fields to cause electrolysis. 
         [0044]      FIG. 6  shows an improved footbath system  100  comprising mat  110  with pressure sensors  112  disposed underneath. In addition, nozzle manifolds  114  with aimed nozzles  118  are positioned on footbath system  100  for actuation upon an animal&#39;s foot depressing a specific pressure sensor  112 . Remote controller  118  houses valves  120 , which are actuated by depressed sensors  112 . Valves  120  are connected to tubes  122  for transporting treating fluids to specific nozzles  116 . Each valve  120  can accommodate one or more nozzles  116 . Tubes  122  are run from the nozzle manifold  144 , through a raceway  124  and up column  126  to remote controller  118 . Similarly, cabling  12  from sensors  112  to valves  120  are run through raceway  124  and column  126 . For convenience, column  126  is shown as a cutaway to show the configuration of tubes  122  and cables  128 . As shown, tubes  122  and cabling  128  are run in a first direction  130  towards remote controller  118  and in a second direction  132  for the other end of the footbath system  100 . Connection from tubes  122  is preferably accomplished with quick couplers  134 . Although, the embodiments shown and described use an overhead remote controller, this disclosure is intended to include locating the remote controller to any remote location away from the wet zone. 
         [0045]    It is also known that cows are very sensitive to stray voltage and thus AC currents that could be used to stop the electrolysis process should not be used especially in grounding and high moisture conditions. 
         [0046]    Modern advances in material science have allowed proper long term seals that are cost effective and will withstand years of service and ease of operation, one of these such devices is an all polymer ¼ quick coupler which allows easy removal of the tubes when sediment builds up. 
         [0047]    These advancements negate the need for costly and complex electronics, thereby reducing the cost and simplifying the device to he used by smaller facilities, and applications that are mom diverse. Without the overhead valve design, it would not be practical to field large numbers of units as the service required to maintain the units would be cost prohibitive and thus advances the art. 
       Topical Anti-Inflammatory/Vaso Dilator 
       [0048]    During acidosis, brought on by “slug” feeding bovines, acidic levels changes and trigger histamine reactions within its body, one of the points that are sensitive to this change are in its hooves. During those changes, capillaries reacting to histamines constrict to stop blood flow and release microphages and other white blood cells to counter what the animal&#39;s body is reading as a forging invasive organism. This leads to swelling in a space where a stiff horn wall surface does not allow expansion. As swelling starts, the swelling leads to compression and hemorrhaging of the cells on the micro level, leading to laminitis, lameness, white line disease, abscess, and ulcers on the macro level. 
         [0049]    It was discovered in the field that the frequent use of topical anti-inflammatory/vase dilation could successfully prevent this condition to a large degree. Therefore, a solution of 1.5%-7.5% of magnesium sulfate in water was used in the field test. Although this disclosure discusses magnesium sulfate, a well-known anti-inflammatory solution can be used. The number of treatments applied by a hoof trimmer to correct laminitis issues to a herd of 3200 cows was as follows: 
         [0050]    In 2011, untreated animals required 462 surgical operations that were performed to remove large amounts of the cow&#39;s foot so that the blood and inflammation could drain and then a block was adhered to the treated foot to remove the pressure from the surgical site over a 5-month period. 
         [0051]    In 2013, with treatment using the disclosed topical anti-inflammatory in the same herd, only 237 cows required surgical operations described above for a similar 5-month period. 
         [0052]    Thus, a difference of 48.7% between untreated cows to treated cows. 
       Identification for Treatment of Specific Animals 
       [0053]    In dairy herds, there are different hoof problems that exist that only affect a small number of animals in a herd at a given time; typically, the number would be 30-100 incidents per 1000 cows. A footbath is common for the prevention of these diseases, meaning only after the cow has a lesion of 4 mm or larger will these prevention methods be ineffective. After that, a stronger and more concentrated formula must be used to cure these diseases. Typically, these cows are introduced into the herd when they start their first lactation or during non-lactating periods and then re-introduced into the herd. During these times, preventative hoof treatments stop and re-infection can and does occur. This system gives the producer the ability to tag or choose an animal that the system will recognize and alter its normal preventative function to an effective treatment function. This can be seen in  FIG. 1A . A tag  42  can be placed on an animal for this special treatment. Tag  42  can be a transmitting sensor recognized by receiver  46  causing a computer or controller to initialize the treatment system for actuation upon hoof pressure on the mat as disclosed above. Tag  42  can be a microchip using radio frequency identification (RFD) or any other well-known system. The tag can also be visual or audio, whereby a user can manually initiate the treatment system. Another benefit of this treatment on dairy animals is stress that can induce worse problems such as laminitis, abscesses, ulcers, and white line, but can be prevented by allowing the treatment to be done without disrupting the animal&#39;s normal eating, routine. 
         [0054]    Without this system, an animal that has an infection needs to be sorted out of their pen, and placed in a pen where a hoof trimmer comes and cuts away the lesion, then applies a concentrated topical powder, and then wraps the hoof. During this time, the animal is under stress, in a strange area with strange cows, which are seeking to establish a new social order, causing the cows to reduce feeding until the order is established. By the time this happens, the treatment has been done and the animal is moved back to their original pen, and the process repeats itself anew, to a smaller degree, setting up a situation for “slug” feeding that can lead to acidosis and the accompanying laminitis. Thus, the presently claimed invention provides for tagging only the animals that require treatment and applying the medicinal fluid only to these animals. 
         [0055]    Although the presently claimed invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the presently claimed invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of a references, applications, patents, and publications cited above, are hereby incorporated by reference.