Abstract:
A method of improving searcher speed of a multipath signal searcher ( 204 ) used in CDMA wireless communication systems for retrieving a multipath signal comprising a mobile communication signal and multipath replicas is provided. Search paths ( 214 ) of the multipath signal searcher are grouped together and assigned by an offset assignment/timing block ( 210 ) to search a time offset within a search window. The search paths may be operated in serial or parallel operation mode. In either mode, the search paths are individually assigned to search over one of a group of time offsets that are distributed across the search window evenly. In serial mode, for example, the search paths may be assigned to search only even time offsets or odd time offsets in one search time slot, such that the multipath signal searcher need not search every time offset within the search window to detect the multipath signals. In the following time slots, the odd or even time offsets may be searched. In parallel mode, the search paths are not only grouped to search only a given set of time offsets within the search window, but different groups of search paths are offset to commence searching at different times than other groups of search paths to more quickly update a finger manager and more quickly retrieve the mobile communication signal. In parallel configuration, one group of search paths completes searching for multipath signals while another group of search paths continues searching for multipath signals. In the search time slots, the search paths may be grouped to search odd or even time offsets.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a multipath signal searcher operating in a wireless communication system for obtaining a mobile communication signal and, more particularly, to a method of performing a mobile communication signal search over a search window of time offsets.  
           [0003]    2. Descriptions of the Related Art  
           [0004]    In wireless communication systems, a mobile communication signal transmitted between a mobile station (MS), such as a mobile telephone or a cellular telephone, to a base transceiver station (BTS) may be reflected off numerous scattering means, such as buildings, before reaching the BTS. As a result of these reflections, the mobile communication signal from the MS may propagate over multiple paths before reaching the BTS, for example. These reflected signals, typically referred to as multipath replicas, represent replicas of the original mobile communication signal and arrive at the BTS with variations in signal power levels, and at varying times, due to varying signal propagation lengths. Upon receipt by the BTS, the originally transmitted communication signal and the multipath replicas are filtered, despread, recombined and decoded to yield the desired voice or data signal originally sent by the MS. The same communication process described above between the MS and the BTS (reverse link) also occurs between the BTS and the MS (forward link).  
           [0005]    One type of a wireless communication system is a direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) cellular communication system such as set forth in the Telecommunication Industry Association Interim Standards 95 and 2000, hereinafter referred to as IS-95 and IS-2000, respectively. The mobile coded communication signals transmitted to and from the mobile station within the IS-95 or IS-2000 standards comprise spread spectrum signals which are transmitted in a common 1.25 MHz bandwidth channel, where each 1.25 MHz bandwidth channel is commonly referred to as a narrowband DS-CDMA channel. An exemplary narrowband code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system that may be used with the IS-95 standard is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,324 to Brown et al. entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING A SIGNAL SEARCH IN A COHERENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, there are numerous international standards proposed which suggest a coherent wideband CDMA transmission signal configuration that can be used to transmit other data in addition to the voice and low rate data of narrowband CDMA systems. An exemplary wideband CDMA communication system that may be used with the IS-2000 standard is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,125,137 to Wang et al. entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING A SIGNAL SEARCH IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, which is incorporated herein by reference.  
           [0006]    To search for the mobile communication signal, a multipath signal searcher is employed within the BTS or the MS, along with a RAKE receiver in communication with the multipath signal searcher. The mobile communication signal is searched over a search window having a plurality of time offsets. The multipath signal searcher includes numerous search paths, each separately searching for the mobile communication signal at a particular time offset within the search window. The time offsets correspond to pn-offsets in CDMA systems, and the resolution of these time offsets is typically one half of the PN chip duration (Tc). In typical systems, the search paths within a multipath signal searcher function in either serial or parallel modes.  
           [0007]    In serial operation, the multipath signal searcher searches through the first half of the search window for the mobile communication signal by having all the search paths within the multipath signal searcher search only those time offsets over the first half of the search window. The first half is searched in one search time slot and the remaining portion of the search window, or second half of the search window, is searched in the next search time slot. For example, a search window may span 40 :s corresponding to 50 time offsets for a PN chip rate of 1.2288×10 6  chips/sec where there are two time offsets per PN chip. The multipath signal searcher in serial operation would search the first 25 time offsets, i.e., offsets  0 - 24 , in one time slot and the second 25 time offsets in the next time slot, i.e., offsets  25 - 49 . As a result, the finger manager which oversees the filtering, despreading, recombining and decoding of the multipath signal uses the search results from the multipath signal searcher to update the finger status at a rate of once every two time slots.  
           [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a plot of an integration period used in a conventional mobile communication signal serial search. The time it takes for the multipath signal searcher to search is shown. The first half of the 50 time offsets are searched in the first search time slot, i.e., integration period  10  of four power control groups (PCGs) in length, in the example provided. In the IS-95 reverse link standard, the integration period  10  can represent the entire non-coherent accumulation of a search metric over the integration period  10 . In the IS-2000 standard, the integration period  10  can represent, for example, that a search metric may be coherently accumulated within four different PCGs  12 ,  14  , 16  , 18  and non-coherently accumulated over the entire integration period  10 . It takes a second integration period  20  to search the remaining time offsets, where the search path performs identically as over the first integration period  10 , i.e., in the IS-2000 standard, the search metric may be coherently accumulated over four different PCGs  22 ,  24 ,  26 ,  28  and then non-coherently accumulated over the integration period  20 . Therefore, in conventional serial operation, when searching the signal received from one antenna it takes the multipath signal searcher a total of eight PCGs, or two integration periods ( 10  and  20 ) to search the entire search window and thereafter be ready to update the fingers.  
           [0009]    With parallel operation, the searcher is able to search the entire window in one search time slot; the fingers can then be updated every time slot. As shown in FIG. 2, the complete 50 time offset search window is searched in one integration period  30  and the finger manager, and therefore the finger demodulators in communication therewith, may be updated every four PCGs  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  38 . Since a multipath replica signal undetected by the finger demodulator may not only be ineffectual in improving demodulation quality, but potentially acts as interference to the receiver, a fast searcher will help improve receiver performance in a dynamic communication environment. It is therefore desirable to improve the searcher speed and thus the finger update rate to improve wireless communication receiver performance.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 is a plot of a prior art search for a mobile communication system using a multipath signal searcher with search paths in a serial operation mode.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 is a plot of a prior art search for a mobile communication system using a multipath signal searcher with search paths in a parallel operation mode.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a cellular communications system in which the preferred embodiment of the present invention can be implemented.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of the BTS of FIG. 3 including a multipath signal searcher in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5 is a plot of the timing for a mobile communication search using a multipath signal searcher with search paths in a serial operation mode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6 is a plot of signal strength versus time offset for three exemplary multipath signals to be searched for during a multipath signal search.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 7 is a plot of the timing for a mobile communication search using a multipath signal searcher with search paths in a parallel operation mode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0017]    Multipath signal searchers are used in RAKE receivers of CDMA wireless communication systems to search for a communication signal from a mobile station (MS) or a base (BTS) station. RAKE receivers may be employed in the MS for receiving signals from the BTS and in the BTS for receiving signals from the MS. The mobile communication signal may arrive at the BTS or the MS from multiple paths, because of reflections of the signal off various scattering surfaces. Provided is a method for improving the search speed of multipath signal searchers by assigning, for example, even and odd time offsets to search paths within a multipath signal searcher so as to increase the speed with which a mobile communication signal is found by the multipath signal searcher. The present invention is described below in the preferred embodiment of a CDMA wireless communication system, but persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the teachings provided herein and claimed may be used in various other applications all within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, with respect to CDMA wireless communication systems, the teachings provided herein maybe used in IS-95, IS-2000, or other similar CDMA standards, and with direct spread or multicarrier systems.  
         [0018]    By way of example not limitation, an exemplary environment of use for the present invention is a communication system  100  as shown in FIG. 3. Communication system  100  includes a base transceiver station (BTS)  102  with an associated coverage area  104  that is suitably coupled to a base station controller (BSC)  106 . As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art the BSC  106  may be coupled to other BTS&#39;s and other BSC&#39;s (not shown). The BSC  106  is shown coupled to a mobile switching center (MSC)  108 . In the preferred embodiment the BTS  102 , MSC  108 , and BSC  106  are components available from Motorola, Inc. of Schaumburg, Ill. A MS  110 , such as a cellular telephone or a mobile car telephone, operating in the coverage area  104  transmits a mobile communication signal to the BTS  102 .  
         [0019]    A RAKE receiver  119  (FIG. 4) within the BTS  102  provides tracking capability of an incoming multipath replica  116  and a mobile communication signal  112  from the MS  110 . Similarly, MS  110  includes a transceiver (not shown) that transmits coded communication signals to and receives coded communication signals from the BTS  106 .  
         [0020]    The communication system  100  can be one employing a non-coherent or a coherent CDMA systems. In the latter system, for example, the coded communication signals transmitted from the MS  110 , i.e., signals  112  and  114 , comprise a pilot signal and a data signal. The pilot signal, enabling the use of coherent demodulation techniques, is comprised of a bit stream represented by +1&#39;s, while the data signal representative of voice, video, or data, is comprised of a bit stream represented by +1&#39;s and −1&#39;s. In the former non-coherent system, there would be no pilot signal, only the data signal.  
         [0021]    As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art, within CDMA technology, signals from the MS  110  include a pseudo-random short code associated therewith, assigned by the BTS  106 , and a mobile unique pseudo-random long code mask. The inclusion of these codes results in a mobile unique pseudo-random noise sequence (PN sequence) for the MS  110 , which is identifiable by the RAKE receiver  119  in the BTS  106 .  
         [0022]    Signals  114  and  116  are multipath replicas of the mobile communication signal  112 , due, for example, to reflections of the communication signal from the MS  110  off of scattering surfaces, such as a building  118 . The exemplary multipath replica  116  arrives at the BTS  106  at different times, offset from a reference time, commonly referred to as a pn-offset. The different time offsets are the result of varying propagation distances of the signal from the MS  110  to the BTS  106 . That is, the mobile communication signal  112  arrives at antenna  120  offset in time from the reflected multipath replica signal  116 .  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4 shows an exemplary block diagram of the RAKE receiver  119  within the BTS  106  that searches the signal received by the antenna  120 , where the signal received comprises the mobile communication signal  112  as well as any time offset multipath replicas  116 . The signal received from the antenna  120  is transmitted to a front-end processing block  200 , and a signal output  202  is sent to a multipath signal searcher block  204  and to a finger demodulator/combiner block  206 . While the RAKE receiver  119  employing the method of the preferred embodiment is described within the BTS  106 , persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the RAKE receiver  119  may be within the MS  110  for detecting a mobile communication signal from the BTS  106 .  
         [0024]    The multipath signal searcher block  204  can be implemented by known means and searches the signal  202  for the mobile communication signal  112 . The multipath signal searcher block  204  primarily functions to search for signals at various time offsets by measuring a search metric, such as energy, of the received signal. From this measurement, the multipath signal searcher block  204  creates or updates a listing of those time offsets which have a search metric above a certain threshold level, thereby identifying those time offsets which potentially include the mobile communication signal  112 .  
         [0025]    The multipath signal searcher block  204  has a search engine block  208  in communication with an offset assignment/timing block  210  and a candidate selector block  212 . The search engine block  208  comprises a number of search paths  214  operating in either serial or parallel operation. Only these such search paths are shown, though many search paths would exist in the search engine block  208 . Each search path  214  is associated with a particular time offset and searches the signal  202  at the specified time offset for a search metric. Offset assignment/timing block  210  assigns the various time offsets to the various search paths  214  within the search engine block  208  in accordance with the preferred embodiment.  
         [0026]    In operation, all of the search metrics computed by the search paths identified per time offset are collectively sent to the candidate selector block  212  as search metrics  216 . The candidate selector block  212  compares the search metrics  216  and determines which ones have the signals above a threshold value, thereby producing a best set of time offsets  218  having search metrics above this threshold value. The best set of time offsets  218  are provided to a finger manager block  220  which controls a plurality of finger demodulators in the finger demodulator/combiner block  206 , where each finger demodulates the signal  202  at a particular time offset assigned by the finger manager  220 . The demodulated signals are combined within the finger demodulator/combiner block  206  and the combined signal is typically sent to a deinterleaver (not shown) before being sent to a decoder  222  and subsequent data sink  224 , as is conventionally known.  
         [0027]    The offset assignment/timing block  210  assigns time offsets to the search paths  214  in the search engine block  208  to more quickly find the mobile communication signal  112 , and the search paths  214  within the search engine block  208  may be operated in serial or parallel operation.  
         [0028]    In serial operation, conventional searchers search the entire search window of time offsets taking two time slots to complete such a search. The conventional multipath signal searcher searches the first half time offsets in the first search time slot and the second half time offsets in the second time slot, as is shown in FIG. 1 explained above. In one embodiment herein disclosed, the offset assignment/timing block  210 , in the serial operation mode, assigns all even time offsets within the search window, i.e.,  0 ,  2 ,  4  . . .  48 , to the search paths  214  in the first search time slot and all the odd time offsets, i.e.,  1 ,  3 ,  5 , . . . ,  49 , to the search paths  214  in the second time slot. 25 search paths  214  are required to have a search path for each time offset to be assigned by the offset assignment/timing block  210 , assuming a 50 time offset search window. In this way, the entire search window may be searched across within each time slot, not just a portion of the entire search window. By having all even time offsets searched in the first time slot, time offsets at the front edge of the search window, time offsets at the back edge of the search window, and periodic time offsets therebetween can all be searched in a single time slot. In this way, the search paths  214  search across the entire search window in one time slot, and search evenly across the entire search window as the time slots are distributed across the search window such that there is equal likelihood of detecting a signal at any time offset within the search window.  
         [0029]    As show in FIG. 5, the search paths  214  search 25 even time offsets during a first integration period  300  and search 25 odd time offsets during a second integration period  302 . By way of example, not limitation, each integration period is shown to be four PCGs in length. The plot of FIG. 5 may depict non-coherent accumulation of the search metric or coherent/non-coherent accumulation of the search metric. In a non-coherent CDMA system, the search metric would be non-coherently accumulated by the search paths  214  over the integration period  300  in the first time slot, and non-coherently accumulated by the search paths  214  over the integration period  302  in the second time slot. In a coherent CDMA system, on the other hand, the search metric may be coherently accumulated over four individual PCGs  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310  and then non-coherently accumulated over the entire integration period  300  in the first time slot. The search metric may also be coherently accumulated over four individual PCGs  312 ,  314 ,  316 ,  318  and then non-coherently accumulated over the integration period  302  in the second time slot.  
         [0030]    In the preferred embodiment, the two integration periods  300  and  302  are identical. The example of FIG. 5 shows serial operation in which the search paths  214  search over even offsets in the first integration period and over odd offsets in the second integration period. It will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art that the order of these searches may be reversed.  
         [0031]    In this way, whereas with a conventional serial searcher, to search across the entire search window takes two time slots, with the offset assignment/timing block  210  assigning offsets as described herein the entire search window is searched across within one time slot, i.e., every odd or even time offset is searched within a time slot. This allows an update to be sent to the candidate selector block  212  every time slot, instead of every two slots, thereby allowing the finger manager  220  to tune the finger demodulators to retrieve the mobile communication signal  112  from the signal received by the antenna  120  every time slot. Thus the BTS  106  operating within this serial method responds quicker to receive, demodulate, and decode a signal.  
         [0032]    Though, the search paths  214  receiving time offset designations from the offset assignment/timing block  210  do not search every time offset of the search window within one time slot or integration period, the multipath signal searcher  204  is still likely to detect the incoming mobile communication signal  112  and the multipath replicas  116  because the signal is likely to be either at or near the searched time offset. For example, if a multipath signal  402  coincides with search time offset “0” then the search path  214  assigned time offset “0” will find the signal  402  during its initial, even time offset search. As shown in FIG. 6, if the multipath signal is signal  400  which is centered between the “0” time offset and the “1” time offset, the search path  214  searching the “0” time exists is still likely to detect the signal  400 , as it has a measurable amplitude at time offset “0”. In the extreme case, if the multipath signal happens to be at an odd time offset (signal  404 ) such as time offset “1”, the searcher is still likely to detect some of the energy from the signal at offsets “0” and/or “2” if the signal is strong enough, because a portion of that signal has a detectable energy at time offset “0”. The spacing between the even and odd time offsets in FIG. 6 is Tc/2. For example, a search window may span 40 :s corresponding to 50 time offsets for a PN chip rate of 1.2288×10 6  chips/sec where there are two time offsets per PN chip and 0.4 :s (0.8 :s/2) between time offsets. The spacing between time offsets, which is equal in the preferred embodiment, may be adjusted in length to give the system better resolution and increase the likelihood of measuring the multipath signals  400  and  404 . In either of the two scenarios in which the multipath signal is not centered on a time offset being searched, i.e., signal  400  or  404 , a known delay locked loop within the RAKE  119  (not shown) will further fine tune the finger demodulators to the peak position of the multipath signal. Therefore, for strong multipath signals, such as  400 ,  402 ,  404 , the detection time is reduced by half as compared to the conventional search method.  
         [0033]    In conventional parallel operation systems, multipath signal searchers search all time offsets within the search window (e.g., 50 search paths for a 50 time offset search window) in a single time slot. The search results are forwarded to a finger manager at the end of the time slot, i.e., the integration period  30 . The finger demodulators are, thus, updated every time slot.  
         [0034]    In an embodiment of the multipath signal searcher  204  operating in parallel operation mode, time offsets are grouped into even and odd time offsets, such that half of the search paths  214  are used to search even time offsets and the other half of the search path  214  are simultaneously used to search odd time offsets. Time offset assignment is achieved through the offset assignment/timing block  210 . Unlike the conventional parallel searcher, the timing of the even time offset searching and the odd time offset searching is offset by one half of the search time slot. A plot is shown in FIG. 7.  
         [0035]    All search paths  214  assigned to search even time offsets start searching at the beginning of a first integration period  500 . By way of example and not limitation and using known means such as the search paths described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,125,137 incorporated herein by reference, the search paths  214  in a wideband CDMA system may coherently accumulate the search metric over four separate PCGs  502 ,  504 ,  506 ,  508  and non-coherently accumulate the search metric over the entire integration period  500 . The search paths  214  assigned to search odd time offsets would coherently accumulate over four PCGs  512 ,  514 ,  516 ,  518  and non-coherently over an integration period  510  as identified. The offset assignment/timing block  210  of FIG. 4 separates the timing of the search paths  214  such that those search paths  214  assigned to search even time offsets start searching, in a preferred embodiment, one half integration period after the start of the odd time offset integration period  510 , i.e., even time offset searching starts at time  520  and odd time offset searching states at time  526 .  
         [0036]    In this way, the parallel operation mode allows the search paths  214  to update the candidate selector  212  every one half integration period instead of every integration period  30  as in conventional parallel operation, thereby making the preferred embodiment twice as fast as the conventional system. While the even time offset search paths  214  search, specifically at time  522 , the odd time offset search paths  214  have completed searching for the multipath signals within signal  202  and send an update to the candidate selector  212 . Thus, the finger demodulator  206  is updated every half integration period at time  522  or  524  when either the odd time offset search paths  214  or the even time offset search paths  214 , respectively, complete searching for the mobile communication signal  112 .  
         [0037]    In either the serial or parallel operation modes, the search paths  214  of the multipath signal searcher  204  can be implemented using numerous known designs. As stated above, in the preferred embodiment the present teachings are implemented in a wideband CDMA system which can be employed using the search paths such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,125,137, incorporated herein by reference. The search paths shown therein include a PN despreader, a pilot walsh despreader and an energy accumulator capable of coherent and non-coherent signal accumulation, as would be known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. The search paths  214 , nevertheless, could have other forms such as those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,324 (incorporated by reference), which provides a search path with an offset quadrature phase shift keying OQPSK despreader, a Fast Hadamard Transform (FHT) block, a magnitude squarer, a winning Walsh symbol block, and an accumulator, as would be known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. In any event, the search paths  214  may be of numerous types of designs so long as they are assigned to search time offsets in accordance with the teachings detailed above.  
         [0038]    Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the RAKE receiver  119  may be implemented in a BTS as described above for detecting a multipath signal from a MS or in a MS for detecting a multipath signal from a BTS. The disclosure and the claims are not meant to, nor should they be construed as, limited to one environment or the other. The multipath signal searcher  204  may be implemented using an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or other suitable means.  
         [0039]    Many additional changes and modifications could be made to the invention without departing from the fair scope and spirit thereof. The scope of some changes is discussed above. The scope of others will be come apparent from the appended claims.