Abstract:
The invention relates to a low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance, comprising, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, one or more element selected from the group consisting of 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron, and a balance of zinc.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/CN2014/074938, filed on Apr. 9, 2014, which claims the priority benefit a Chinese Patent which is application No. 2014100039995, filed on Jan. 3, 2014. The entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The invention relates to a low-lead brass alloy, and particularly to a brass alloy which is both free cutting and resistant to dezincification. 
         [0004]    2. Background of Invention 
         [0005]    Generally, the brass for processing is added with metallic zinc by a percentage of 38-42%. In order to make it easy to process brass, brass usually contains 2-3% lead to enhance strength and processability. Lead-containing brass has excellent moldability (making it easy to fabricate products of various shapes), cutting performance, and abrasion resistance, so that it is widely applied to mechanical part with various shapes, accounts for a large proportion in the copper industry, and is well known as one of the most important basic material in the world. However, during the production or use of lead-containing brass, lead tends to dissolve in the solid or gas state. Medical studies have shown that lead can bring about substantial damage to the human hematopoietic and nervous systems, especially children&#39;s kidneys and other organs. Many countries in the world take the pollution and hazard caused by lead very seriously. The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) sets a tolerance of lead element of 0.25% or less. Organizations like the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) of European Union successively stipulate, restrict and prohibit the usage of brass with a high lead content. 
         [0006]    Furthermore, when the zinc content in brass exceeds 20 wt %, the corrosion phenomenon of dezincification is prone to occur. Especially when brass is exposed to the chloride rich environment, e.g. marine environment, the occurrence of corrosion phenomenon of dezincification may be accelerated. Dezincification may severely destroy the structure of brass alloy, so that the surface strength of brass products is reduced and the brass tube even perforates. This greatly reduces the lifetime of brass products and causes problems in application. 
         [0007]    Therefore, there is a need to provide an alloy formula for solving the above problems, which can replace the brass with a high lead content, is dezincification corrosion resistant, and further has excellent casting performance, forgeability, cutting performance, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    As known in the prior art, silicon may appear in the alloy metallographic structure as γ phase (sometimes as κ phase). In this case, silicon may replace the function of lead in the alloy to an extent, and improve cutting performance of the alloy. Cutting performance of the alloy increases with the content of silicon. However, silicon has a high melting point and a low specific gravity and is prone to be oxidized. As a result, after silicon monomer is added into the furnace in the alloy melting process, silicon floats on the surface of alloy. When the alloy is melt, silicon will be oxidized into silicon oxides or other oxides, making it difficult to produce silicon-containing copper alloy. In case silicon is added in the form of Cu—Si alloy, the economic cost is increased. 
         [0009]    Bismuth can be added to replace lead for forming cutting breakpoints in the alloy structure to improve cutting performance. However, thermal cracking is prone to occur during forging in case of a high bismuth content, which is not conducive for producing. 
         [0010]    Thus, it is an object of the invention to provide a brass alloy which exhibits excellent performance like tensile strength, elongation rate, dezincification resistance and cutting performance, which is suitable for cutting processed products that require high strength and wear resistance, and which is suitable for constituent materials for forged products and cast products. The brass alloy of the invention can securely replace the alloy copper with a high lead content, and can completely meet the demands about restrictions on lead-containing products in the development of human society. 
         [0011]    To achieve the above object, the inventors have proposed the following low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloys. 
         [0012]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 1) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0013]    In the inventive product 1, the content of lead is reduced to 0.1-0.25 wt %, the content of copper is controlled at 60-65 wt %, and a small quantity of aluminum and tin is added to improve cutting performance of the alloy. The metallographic structure of the alloy mainly comprises a phase, β phase, γ phase, and soft and brittle intermetallic compounds which are distributed in grain boundaries or grains. Copper and zinc make main constituents of the brass alloy. 
         [0014]    Adding tin into the alloy can form γ phase, thus increasing cutting performance of the alloy. In addition, the addition of tin obviously increases strength, plasticity, and corrosion resistance of the alloy. However, since adding tin may increase cost, aluminum is added along with tin. As a result, not only cutting performance of the alloy can be improved, but also strength, wear resistance, cast flowability, and high temperature oxidation resistance of the alloy can be increased. In order to make a better use of the above effects, the content of tin and aluminum is 0.05-0.5 wt % and 0.1-0.7 wt %, respectively. 
         [0015]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 2) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, and further comprises 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and/or 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0016]    As compared with the inventive product 1, the inventive product 2 is further added with 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus and/or 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese. Although phosphorus can&#39;t form γ phase, phosphorus has a function of facilitating a good distribution of γ phase, thus increasing cutting performance of the alloy. Meanwhile, in case phosphorus is added, γ phase will disperse crystal grains of the primary α phase, thus increasing casting performance and corrosion resistance of the alloy. When the content of phosphorus is lower than 0.05 wt %, phosphorus can not play its role effectively. While when the content of phosphorus is higher than 0.3 wt %, casting performance and corrosion resistance will be affected adversely. Adding manganese helps to improve dezincification resistance and cast flowability. When the content of manganese is lower than 0.05 wt %, manganese can not play its role effectively. While when the content of manganese is 0.5 wt %, manganese can play its role to the saturation value. 
         [0017]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 3) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, and further comprises one or more element selected from the group consisting of 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron by the total weight of the brass alloy, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0018]    As compared with the inventive product 2, the inventive product 3 is further added with trace boron, so as to better suppress alloy dezincification, increase the mechanical strength, and alter defect structure of cuprous oxide film on the surface of copper alloy, thus forming a cuprous oxide film which is more uniform, dense, and stain resistant. When the content of boron is lower than 0.001 wt %, boron can&#39;t play its role as mentioned above. While when the content of boron is higher than 0.01 wt %, the above performance can&#39;t be further increased. Thus, the optimum content of boron is 0.001-0.01 wt %. The content of phosphorus and manganese has the same interval as that of the inventive product 2, and this is based on the same reason as that of the inventive product 2. 
         [0019]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 4) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, and further comprises 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0020]    The effects of lead, aluminum, tin, phosphorus, manganese and boron elements in the brass alloy have been discussed above. By adding these elements into the brass alloy simultaneously, it is possible to further increase mechanical performance of alloy so as to meet needs for products with strict requirements. 
         [0021]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 5) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron, and a balance of zinc, and further comprises unavoidable impurities which comprise, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 0.25 wt % or less nickel, 0.15 wt % or less chrome and/or 0.25 wt % or less iron. 
         [0022]    As compared with the inventive product 4, the inventive product 5 further comprises some unavoidable impurities, i.e., mechanical impurities of nickel, chrome and/or iron. 
         [0023]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 6) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron, and a balance of zinc, wherein a total content of aluminum, tin, phosphorus, manganese and boron is not larger than 2 wt % of the total weight of the brass alloy. 
         [0024]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 7) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron, and a balance of zinc, wherein a total content of aluminum, tin, phosphorus, manganese and boron is 0.2-2 wt % of the total weight of the brass alloy. 
         [0025]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 8) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, and two or more elements selected from the group consisting of, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0026]    Whether aluminum, tin, phosphorus, manganese and/or boron should be added depends on the requirement for cutting performance of various products. The content to be added has the same interval as that of the inventive product 3, and this is based on the same reason as that of the inventive product 3. 
         [0027]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 9) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, and two or more elements selected from the group consisting of, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin, 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron, and a balance of zinc, and further comprises unavoidable impurities which comprise, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 0.25 wt % or less nickel, 0.15 wt % or less chrome and/or 0.25 wt % or less iron. 
         [0028]    As compared with the inventive product 8, the inventive product 9 further comprises some unavoidable impurities, i.e., mechanical impurities of nickel, chrome and/or iron. 
         [0029]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 10) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin and 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0030]    The content of phosphorus in the inventive product 10 has the same interval and effect as that in the inventive product 2. Although phosphorus can&#39;t form γ phase, phosphorus has a function of facilitating a good distribution of γ phase. Meanwhile, in case phosphorus is added, γ phase will disperse crystal grains of the primary α phase, thus increasing casting performance and corrosion resistance of the alloy. Thus, even if there is no aluminum, the needs for cutting performance can still be met in the usual production situation. 
         [0031]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 11) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin and 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, and further comprises two or more elements selected from the group consisting of 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron by the total weight of the brass alloy, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0032]    Whether aluminum, manganese and/or boron should be added depends on the requirement for cutting performance of various produc. The content to be added has the same interval as that of the inventive product 3, and this is based on the same reason as that of the inventive product 3. 
         [0033]    A low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy with excellent cutting performance (hereinafter referred to as the inventive product 12) comprises, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 60-65 wt % copper, 0.1-0.25 wt % lead, 0.05-0.5 wt % tin and 0.05-0.3 wt % phosphorus, two or more elements selected from the group consisting of 0.1-0.7 wt % aluminum, 0.05-0.5 wt % manganese and 0.001-0.01 wt % boron by the total weight of the brass alloy, and further comprises unavoidable impurities which comprise, by the total weight of the brass alloy, 0.25 wt % or less nickel, 0.15 wt % or less chrome and/or 0.25 wt % or less iron, and a balance of zinc. 
         [0034]    As compared with the inventive product 11, the inventive product 12 further comprises some unavoidable impurities, i.e., mechanical impurities of nickel, chrome and/or iron. 
         [0035]    The invention further provides a method for fabricating brass alloy. By taking the inventive product 3 as an example, the method comprises the steps of: 
         [0036]    1) providing copper and manganese and heating to 1000-1050° C. to form a copper-manganese alloy melt; 
         [0037]    2) decreasing the temperature of the copper-manganese alloy melt to 950-1000° C.; 
         [0038]    3) covering the surface of copper-manganese alloy melt with a glass slagging agent; 
         [0039]    4) adding zinc to the copper-manganese alloy melt to form a copper-manganese-zinc melt; 
         [0040]    5) deslagging the copper-manganese-zinc melt, and adding lead, aluminum, tin to the brass alloy melt to form a metal melt; 
         [0041]    6) elevating the temperature of the metal melt to 1000-1050° C., and adding boron copper alloy, phosphorus copper alloy to form a low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy melt; and 
         [0042]    7) discharging the brass alloy melt for casting to form the brass alloy. 
         [0043]    Preferably, in the above fabricating method, a copper-manganese alloy is provided as the precursor of copper and manganese elements. 
         [0044]    Preferably, in the above fabricating method, the melting furnace is a high-frequency melting furnace, and the high-frequency melting furnace is provided with a furnace lining of graphite crucible. 
         [0045]    The high-frequency melting furnace has the features of a large melting rate, a large temperature elevating rate, cleanness without pollution, and the ability of self-stirring (i.e., under the action of magnetic field lines) during melting. 
         [0046]    In the invention, the low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy is formed by adding various constituents in respective ratio, and then subjecting them to a process in a high-frequency melting furnace. The resulting brass alloy has a mechanical processability which is comparable with that of the existing lead-containing brass, has an excellent tensile strength, elongation rate, and dezincification resistance, and has a low content of lead. As a result, the brass alloy is suitable for replacing the existing lead-containing brass alloy and for producing parts like faucet and sanitary ware. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0047]      FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating a method for fabricating the inventive product 3. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0048]    The technical solutions of the invention will be described expressly by referring to embodiments thereof. 
         [0049]    It is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the described exemplary embodiments. The modifications and alterations to features of the invention as described herein, as well as other applications of the concept of the invention (which will occur to the skilled in the art, upon reading the present disclosure) still fall within the scope of the invention. 
         [0050]    In the invention, the wording “or more”, “or less” in the expression for describing values indicates that the expression comprises the relevant values. 
         [0051]    The dezincification corrosion resistant performance measurement, as used herein, is performed according to AS-2345-2006 specification in the cast state, in which 12.8 g copper chloride is added into 1000 C.C deionized water, and the object to be measured is placed in the resulting solution for 24 hr to measure a dezincification depth. ⊚ indicates a dezincification depth of less than 100 μm; ∘ indicates a dezincification depth between 100 μm and 200 μm; and           indicates a dezincification depth larger than 200 μm. 
         [0052]    The cutting performance measurement, as used herein, is performed in the cast state, in which the same cutting tool is adopted with the same cutting speed and feed amount. The cutting speed is 25 m/min (meter per minute), the feed amount is 0.2 mm/r (millimeter per number of cutting edge), the cutting depth is 0.5 mm, the measurement rod has a diameter of 20 mm, and C36000 alloy is taken as a reference. The relative cutting rate is derived by measuring the cutting resistance. 
         [0053]    The relative cutting rate=cutting resistance of C36000 alloy/cutting resistance of the sample. 
         [0054]    ⊚ indicates a relative cutting rate larger than 85%; and ∘ indicates a relative cutting rate larger than 70%. 
         [0055]    Both the tensile strength measurement and the elongation rate measurement, as used herein, are performed in the cast state at room temperature as an elongation measurement. The elongation rate refers to a ratio between the total deformation of gauge section after elongation ΔL and the initial gauge length L of the sample in percentage: δ=ΔL/L×100%. The reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0056]    According to measurement, the proportions for constituents of C36000 alloy are listed as follow, in the unit of weight percentage (wt %): 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                 zinc 
                 bismuth 
                 antimony 
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 lead 
                 iron 
               
               
                 Material No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 (Zn) 
                 (Bi) 
                 (Sb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (Pb) 
                 (Fe) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 C36000 alloy 
                 60.53 
                 36.26 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.12 
                 2.97 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]      FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating a method for fabricating the inventive product 3, which comprises the steps of: 
         [0058]    Step S 100 : providing copper and manganese. In this step, a copper-manganese alloy can be provided as the precursor of copper and manganese elements. 
         [0059]    Step S 102 : heating the copper-manganese precursor alloy to 1000-1050° C. to form a copper-manganese alloy melt. In this step, the copper-manganese alloy can be added into the high-frequency melting furnace, and heated to melt in the melting furnace. The temperature can be elevated to 1000-1050° C., and even up to 1100° C., for 5-10 minutes, so that the copper-manganese alloy is melt into a copper-manganese alloy melt. With these actions, it is possible to prevent the melt copper manganese from absorbing a lot of external gases (due to a too high temperature), which may otherwise result in cracking in the molded alloy. 
         [0060]    Step S 104 : decreasing the temperature of the copper-manganese alloy melt to 950-1000° C. In this step, when the temperature in the melting furnace is elevated to 1000-1050° C. for a durationi of 5-10 minutes, the power supply of the high-frequency melting furnace is turned off, so that the temperature in the melting furnace is reduced to 950-1000° C., while the copper-manganese alloy melt is maintained in the melt state. 
         [0061]    Step S 106 : covering the surface of copper-manganese alloy melt with a glass slagging agent. In this step, the surface of copper-manganese alloy melt is covered with the glass slagging agent at 950-1000° C. This step can effectively prevent the melt from contacting the air, and prevent zinc to be added in the next step from boiling and evaporating due to melting at a high temperature of 950-1000° C. 
         [0062]    Step S 108 : adding zinc to the copper-manganese alloy melt to form a copper-manganese-zinc melt. In this step, zinc is added to the melting furnace, and is immersed into the copper-manganese alloy melt, so that zinc is sufficiently melt in the copper-manganese alloy melt to form a copper-manganese-zinc melt. 
         [0063]    Step S 110 : deslagging the copper-manganese-zinc melt. In this step, the copper-manganese-zinc melt can be stirred and mixed under the action high-frequency induction, and then the slagging agent can be removed. Then, the copper-manganese-zinc melt is deslagged with a deslagging agent. 
         [0064]    Step S 112 : adding lead, aluminum, and tin to the copper-manganese-zinc melt to form a metal melt. In this step, copper lead precursor alloy, copper aluminum precursor alloy, and copper tin precursor alloy can be added to the copper-manganese-zinc melt. 
         [0065]    Step S 114 : elevating the temperature of the metal melt to 1000-1050° C., and adding copper boron alloy and phosphorus copper alloy to form a low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy melt. 
         [0066]    Step S 116 : discharging the brass alloy melt for casting to form the brass alloy. In this step, the brass alloy melt is stirred evenly, the discharging temperature is controlled at 1000-1050° C., and finally the brass alloy melt is discharged to casting a low-lead bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy which exhibits good processability, dezincification resistance, and mechanical performance. 
       Embodiment 1 
       [0067]    Table 1-1 lists inventive products 1 with 5 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 1001-1005, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 copper (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 aluminum (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1001 
                 63.633 
                 35.559 
                 0.235 
                 0.231 
                 0.340 
               
               
                 1002 
                 64.365 
                 34.183 
                 0.250 
                 0.700 
                 0.500 
               
               
                 1003 
                 62.345 
                 36.943 
                 0.110 
                 0.300 
                 0.300 
               
               
                 1004 
                 65.000 
                 34.424 
                 0.100 
                 0.424 
                 0.050 
               
               
                 1005 
                 60.000 
                 39.445 
                 0.108 
                 0.100 
                 0.345 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0069]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1001 
                 366 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 1002 
                 387 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 1003 
                 325 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 1004 
                 387 
                 25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 1005 
                 295 
                 35 
                 ◯ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 2 
       [0070]    Table 2-1 lists inventive products 2 with 5 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 2001-2005, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 aluminum 
                   
                 manganese 
                 phosphorus 
               
               
                 No. 
                 copper (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (P) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 2001 
                 60.000 
                 39.137 
                 0.144 
                 0.312 
                 0.055 
                 0.050 
                 0.300 
               
               
                 2002 
                 64.307 
                 34.305 
                 0.214 
                 0.700 
                 0.320 
                 — 
                 0.152 
               
               
                 2003 
                 62.221 
                 37.467 
                 0.250 
                 0.521 
                 0.089 
                 0.500 
                 0.050 
               
               
                 2004 
                 65.000 
                 32.662 
                 0.213 
                 0.685 
                 0.500 
                 0.432 
                 — 
               
               
                 2005 
                 61.331 
                 37.922 
                 0.100 
                 0.100 
                 0.050 
                 0.443 
                 0.252 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0071]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0072]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2001 
                 338 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 2002 
                 307 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 2003 
                 375 
                 31 
                 ◯ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 2004 
                 381 
                 29 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 2005 
                 308 
                 17 
                 ◯ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 3 
       [0073]    Table 3-1 lists inventive products 3 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 3001-3008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 aluminum 
                   
                 manganese 
                 phosphorus 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 copper (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (P) 
                 boron (B) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 3001 
                 62.400 
                 36.395 
                 0.220 
                 0.542 
                 0.152 
                 — 
                 0.288 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 3002 
                 60.000 
                 39.245 
                 0.100 
                 0.163 
                 0.406 
                 0.075 
                 — 
                 0.009 
               
               
                 3003 
                 64.221 
                 34.422 
                 0.122 
                 0.344 
                 0.500 
                 0.332 
                 0.050 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 3004 
                 63.443 
                 35.250 
                 0.203 
                 0.700 
                 0.351 
                 0.050 
                 — 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 3005 
                 63.766 
                 34.967 
                 0.200 
                 0.698 
                 0.081 
                 — 
                 0.286 
                 — 
               
               
                 3006 
                 64.250 
                 35.061 
                 0.152 
                 0.100 
                 0.130 
                 — 
                 0.300 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 3007 
                 60.355 
                 38.534 
                 0.250 
                 0.311 
                 0.050 
                 0.488 
                 — 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 3008 
                 65.000 
                 34.110 
                 0.100 
                 0.211 
                 0.077 
                 0.500 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0075]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3001 
                 348 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 3002 
                 359 
                 17 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 3003 
                 385 
                 15 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 3004 
                 379 
                 26 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 3005 
                 389 
                 18 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 3006 
                 392 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 3007 
                 311 
                 39 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 3008 
                 303 
                 30 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 4 
       [0076]    Table 4-1 lists inventive products 4 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 4001-4008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 aluminum 
                   
                 manganese 
                 phosphorus 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 copper (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (P) 
                 boron (B) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 4001 
                 61.306 
                 37.387 
                 0.205 
                 0.650 
                 0.050 
                 0.093 
                 0.300 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 4002 
                 61.560 
                 37.539 
                 0.100 
                 0.165 
                 0.413 
                 0.170 
                 0.050 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 4003 
                 63.750 
                 35.015 
                 0.193 
                 0.371 
                 0.500 
                 0.057 
                 0.107 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 4004 
                 62.105 
                 36.704 
                 0.211 
                 0.502 
                 0.333 
                 0.050 
                 0.083 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 4005 
                 65.000 
                 33.232 
                 0.202 
                 0.700 
                 0.085 
                 0.487 
                 0.286 
                 0.006 
               
               
                 4006 
                 62.950 
                 35.663 
                 0.188 
                 0.304 
                 0.132 
                 0.498 
                 0.260 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 4007 
                 60.000 
                 38.802 
                 0.250 
                 0.387 
                 0.111 
                 0.138 
                 0.300 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 4008 
                 61.432 
                 37.539 
                 0.135 
                 0.100 
                 0.050 
                 0.500 
                 0.234 
                 0.008 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0077]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0078]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 4001 
                 302 
                 29 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 4002 
                 319 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 4003 
                 383 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 4004 
                 344 
                 26 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 4005 
                 389 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 4006 
                 332 
                 37 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 4007 
                 311 
                 39 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 4008 
                 303 
                 20 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 5 
       [0079]    Table 5-1 lists inventive products 5 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 5001-5008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                   
                 lead 
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 phosphorus 
                 boron 
                 nickel 
                 chrome 
                 iron 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 (Pb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
                 (B) 
                 (Ni) 
                 (Cr) 
                 (Fe) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 5001 
                 61.783 
                 37.673 
                 0.100 
                 0.067 
                 0.155 
                 0.050 
                 0.105 
                 0.002 
                 — 
                 0.065 
                 — 
               
               
                 5002 
                 62.344 
                 36.864 
                 0.187 
                 0.056 
                 0.267 
                 0.063 
                 0.050 
                 0.001 
                 0.010 
                 0.150 
                 0.008 
               
               
                 5003 
                 65.000 
                 33.638 
                 0.250 
                 0.500 
                 0.100 
                 0.172 
                 0.211 
                 0.010 
                 0.007 
                 0.097 
                 0.015 
               
               
                 5004 
                 62.271 
                 36.191 
                 0.147 
                 0.324 
                 0.156 
                 0.500 
                 0.300 
                 0.007 
                 0.104 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 5005 
                 64.033 
                 34.003 
                 0.195 
                 0.211 
                 0.545 
                 0.433 
                 0.240 
                 0.005 
                 — 
                 0.085 
                 0.250 
               
               
                 5006 
                 63.078 
                 34.939 
                 0.179 
                 0.085 
                 0.700 
                 0.408 
                 0.177 
                 0.001 
                 0.250 
                 0.073 
                 0.110 
               
               
                 5007 
                 63.730 
                 34.926 
                 0.188 
                 0.050 
                 0.398 
                 0.383 
                 0.285 
                 0.006 
                 — 
                 0.034 
                 — 
               
               
                 5008 
                 60.000 
                 38.865 
                 0.158 
                 0.075 
                 0.400 
                 0.217 
                 0.102 
                 0.008 
                 0.062 
                 0.008 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0080]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0081]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5001 
                 312 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 5002 
                 319 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 5003 
                 390 
                 30 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 5004 
                 334 
                 17 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 5005 
                 389 
                 18 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 5006 
                 337 
                 25 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 5007 
                 321 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 5008 
                 301 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 6 
       [0082]    Table 6-1 lists inventive products 6 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 6001-6008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                   
                   
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 phosphorus 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
                 boron (B) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 6001 
                 62.311 
                 37.687 
                 0.103 
                 0.105 
                 0.100 
                 0.050 
                 0.211 
                 0.009 
               
               
                 6002 
                 60.000 
                 39.824 
                 0.117 
                 0.057 
                 0.322 
                 0.121 
                 0.300 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 6003 
                 62.052 
                 37.195 
                 0.201 
                 0.050 
                 0.203 
                 0.234 
                 0.055 
                 0.008 
               
               
                 6004 
                 62.261 
                 36.613 
                 0.250 
                 0.213 
                 0.104 
                 0.500 
                 0.050 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 6005 
                 64.075 
                 34.316 
                 0.207 
                 0.304 
                 0.556 
                 0.432 
                 0.103 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 6006 
                 63.011 
                 35.151 
                 0.184 
                 0.500 
                 0.607 
                 0.331 
                 0.213 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 6007 
                 65.000 
                 33.371 
                 0.197 
                 0.443 
                 0.700 
                 0.087 
                 0.198 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 6008 
                 60.079 
                 39.028 
                 0.100 
                 0.116 
                 0.433 
                 0.102 
                 0.137 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0083]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0084]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6001 
                 344 
                 30 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 6002 
                 313 
                 31 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 6003 
                 340 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 6004 
                 399 
                 17 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 6005 
                 351 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 6006 
                 339 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 6007 
                 355 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 6008 
                 307 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 7 
       [0085]    Table 7-1 lists inventive products 7 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 7001-7008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                   
                   
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 phosphorus 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
                 boron (B) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 7001 
                 60.231 
                 38.981 
                 0.100 
                 0.341 
                 0.112 
                 0.103 
                 0.122 
                 0.008 
               
               
                 7002 
                 61.054 
                 38.264 
                 0.196 
                 0.117 
                 0.231 
                 0.076 
                 0.050 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 7003 
                 62.013 
                 36.904 
                 0.133 
                 0.500 
                 0.100 
                 0.050 
                 0.292 
                 0.006 
               
               
                 7004 
                 62.613 
                 35.805 
                 0.100 
                 0.493 
                 0.540 
                 0.143 
                 0.300 
                 0.004 
               
               
                 7005 
                 65.000 
                 33.525 
                 0.211 
                 0.050 
                 0.631 
                 0.500 
                 0.076 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 7006 
                 63.011 
                 35.287 
                 0.250 
                 0.210 
                 0.700 
                 0.410 
                 0.123 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 7007 
                 60.000 
                 38.747 
                 0.201 
                 0.077 
                 0.487 
                 0.377 
                 0.100 
                 0.009 
               
               
                 7008 
                 61.123 
                 37.779 
                 0.197 
                 0.192 
                 0.391 
                 0.218 
                 0.097 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0086]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0087]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 7001 
                 327 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 7002 
                 332 
                 17 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 7003 
                 341 
                 18 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 7004 
                 354 
                 31 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 7005 
                 397 
                 37 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 7006 
                 393 
                 39 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 7007 
                 300 
                 28 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 7008 
                 301 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 8 
       [0088]    Table 8-1 lists inventive products 8 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 8001-8008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                   
                   
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 phosphorus 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
                 boron (B) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 8001 
                 60.000 
                 39.615 
                 0.105 
                 0.052 
                 0.123 
                 — 
                 0.102 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 8002 
                 62.031 
                 37.395 
                 0.197 
                 0.121 
                 0.100 
                 0.102 
                 0.050 
                 — 
               
               
                 8003 
                 62.178 
                 36.995 
                 0.250 
                 0.455 
                 — 
                 0.112 
                 — 
                 0.008 
               
               
                 8004 
                 65.000 
                 33.839 
                 0.100 
                 0.500 
                 0.341 
                 0.050 
                 0.158 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 8005 
                 64.175 
                 35.328 
                 0.211 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.277 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 8006 
                 64.097 
                 34.142 
                 0.233 
                 0.314 
                 0.407 
                 0.500 
                 0.300 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 8007 
                 63.050 
                 35.487 
                 0.102 
                 0.218 
                 0.518 
                 0.411 
                 0.212 
                 — 
               
               
                 8008 
                 61.071 
                 38.101 
                 0.112 
                 0050 
                 0.700 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.009 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0089]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0090]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8001 
                 302 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 8002 
                 311 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 8003 
                 345 
                 32 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 8004 
                 342 
                 24 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 8005 
                 367 
                 37 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 8006 
                 366 
                 29 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 8007 
                 339 
                 31 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 8008 
                 307 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 9 
       [0091]    Table 9-1 lists inventive products 9 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 9001-9008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                   
                 lead 
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 phosphorus 
                 boron 
                 nickel 
                 chrome 
                 iron 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 (Pb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
                 (B) 
                 (Ni) 
                 (Cr) 
                 (Fe) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 9001 
                 61.058 
                 38.409 
                 0.112 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.098 
                 0.073 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.250 
               
               
                 9002 
                 62.025 
                 36.933 
                 0.109 
                 0.102 
                 0.500 
                 0.050 
                 0.050 
                 0.010 
                 0.009 
                 0.113 
                 0.099 
               
               
                 9003 
                 60.000 
                 39.554 
                 0.100 
                 0.050 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.007 
                 0.215 
                 — 
                 0.074 
               
               
                 9004 
                 61.256 
                 36.743 
                 0.207 
                 0.321 
                 0.700 
                 0.134 
                 0.231 
                 0.008 
                 0.250 
                 0.150 
                 — 
               
               
                 9005 
                 65.000 
                 34.019 
                 0.198 
                 0.076 
                 0.100 
                 — 
                 0.300 
                 — 
                 0.125 
                 0.078 
                 0.104 
               
               
                 9006 
                 63.056 
                 34.935 
                 0.222 
                 0.500 
                 0.214 
                 0.500 
                 0.289 
                 0.001 
                 0.123 
                 0.043 
                 0.117 
               
               
                 9007 
                 63.340 
                 35.447 
                 0.250 
                 — 
                 0.566 
                 — 
                 0.250 
                 0.004 
                 0.143 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 9008 
                 60.870 
                 37.906 
                 0.234 
                 — 
                 0.452 
                 0.430 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.108 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0092]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0093]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 9001 
                 317 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 9002 
                 324 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 9003 
                 303 
                 17 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 9004 
                 378 
                 36 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 9005 
                 389 
                 17 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 9006 
                 332 
                 37 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 9007 
                 391 
                 39 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 9008 
                 303 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 10 
       [0094]    Table 10-1 lists inventive products 1 with 5 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process0, which are respectively numbered as 10001-10005, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 phosphorus 
               
               
                 No. 
                 copper (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 10001 
                 60.000 
                 39.740 
                 0.113 
                 0.089 
                 0.056 
               
               
                 10002 
                 62.345 
                 37.272 
                 0.100 
                 0.050 
                 0.231 
               
               
                 10003 
                 65.000 
                 33.964 
                 0.234 
                 0.500 
                 0.300 
               
               
                 10004 
                 61.983 
                 37.366 
                 0.247 
                 0.324 
                 0.078 
               
               
                 10005 
                 64.037 
                 35.552 
                 0.250 
                 0.109 
                 0.050 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0095]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0096]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 10001 
                 300 
                 29 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 10002 
                 337 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 10003 
                 389 
                 33 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 10004 
                 364 
                 26 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 10005 
                 379 
                 27 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 11 
       [0097]    Table 11-1 lists inventive products 11 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 11001-11008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                   
                   
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 phosphorus 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 lead (Pb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
                 boron (B) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 11001 
                 63.521 
                 36.133 
                 0.119 
                 0.098 
                 — 
                 0.067 
                 0.050 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 11002 
                 62.143 
                 37.196 
                 0.234 
                 0.050 
                 0.198 
                 0.054 
                 0.123 
                 — 
               
               
                 11003 
                 60.000 
                 39.228 
                 0.235 
                 0.178 
                 0.100 
                 0.103 
                 0.150 
                 0.006 
               
               
                 11004 
                 63.015 
                 35.844 
                 0.200 
                 — 
                 0.655 
                 0.050 
                 0.231 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 11005 
                 65.000 
                 33.061 
                 0.250 
                 0.500 
                 0.543 
                 0.343 
                 0.300 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 11006 
                 61.197 
                 37.214 
                 0.179 
                 0.377 
                 0.433 
                 0.500 
                 0.098 
                 — 
               
               
                 11007 
                 61.132 
                 37.588 
                 0.150 
                 0.236 
                 0.231 
                 0.476 
                 0.178 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 11008 
                 62.273 
                 36.599 
                 0.100 
                 — 
                 0.700 
                 0.214 
                 0.104 
                 0.008 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0098]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0099]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 11001 
                 361 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 11002 
                 354 
                 33 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 11003 
                 317 
                 39 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 11004 
                 336 
                 36 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 11005 
                 401 
                 41 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 11006 
                 321 
                 26 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 11007 
                 300 
                 23 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 11008 
                 341 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Embodiment 12 
       [0100]    Table 12-1 lists inventive products 12 with 8 different constituents which are fabricated with the above process, which are respectively numbered as 12001-12008, each constituent being in the unit of weight percentage (wt %). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copper 
                   
                 lead 
                 manganese 
                 aluminum 
                   
                 phosphorus 
                 boron 
                 nickel 
                 chrome 
                 iron 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (Cu) 
                 zinc (Zn) 
                 (Pb) 
                 (Mn) 
                 (Al) 
                 tin (Sn) 
                 (P) 
                 (B) 
                 (Ni) 
                 (Cr) 
                 (Fe) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 12001 
                 61.148 
                 38.358 
                 0.250 
                 0.098 
                 — 
                 0.088 
                 0.050 
                 0.005 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 12002 
                 62.434 
                 36.989 
                 0.123 
                 0.050 
                 0.102 
                 0.103 
                 0.076 
                 0.001 
                 0.122 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 12003 
                 60.000 
                 39.131 
                 0.108 
                 — 
                 0.234 
                 0.231 
                 0.136 
                 0.010 
                 — 
                 0.150 
                 — 
               
               
                 12004 
                 60.166 
                 38.272 
                 0.197 
                 0.232 
                 — 
                 0.455 
                 0.220 
                 0.007 
                 0.250 
                 0.098 
                 0.103 
               
               
                 12005 
                 60.000 
                 37.850 
                 0.100 
                 0.341 
                 0.452 
                 0.500 
                 0.300 
                 — 
                 0.207 
                 — 
                 0.250 
               
               
                 12006 
                 62.126 
                 36.129 
                 0.102 
                 0.500 
                 0.100 
                 0.341 
                 0.276 
                 0.006 
                 0.198 
                 0.109 
                 0.113 
               
               
                 12007 
                 65.000 
                 33.876 
                 0.113 
                 — 
                 0.673 
                 0.122 
                 0.087 
                 0.009 
                 0.113 
                 0.007 
                 — 
               
               
                 12008 
                 61.430 
                 37.130 
                 0.150 
                 0.476 
                 0.700 
                 0.050 
                 0.059 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.004 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0101]    Measurements about cutting performance, dezincification corrosion resistant performance, tensile strength, and elongation rate are performed on alloys with the above constituents in the cast state at room temperature, and the reference sample is a lead-containing brass with the same state and specification, i.e., C36000 alloy. 
         [0102]    Results of the measurements about tensile strength, elongation rate, cutting performance, and dezincification corrosion resistant performance are listed as follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RELA- 
               
               
                   
                 TENSILE 
                 ELONGA- 
                   
                 TIVE 
               
               
                   
                 STRENGTH 
                 TION 
                 DEZINCIFICATION 
                 CUTTING 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
                 RATE (%) 
                 LAYER 
                 RATE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 12001 
                 312 
                 29 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 12002 
                 317 
                 19 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 12003 
                 303 
                 13 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 12004 
                 314 
                 16 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 12005 
                 309 
                 17 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 12006 
                 332 
                 28 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 12007 
                 391 
                 29 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 12008 
                 311 
                 21 
                 ⊚ 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 C36000 
                 394 
                 9 
                 X 
                 ⊚ 
               
               
                 alloy 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0103]    As can be seen, the lead-free bismuth-free silicon-free brass alloy of the invention can be formed by adding various constituents in respective ratio, and then subjecting them to a process in a high-frequency melting furnace. The resulting brass alloy has a mechanical processability which is comparable with that of the existing lead-containing brass, has an excellent tensile strength, elongation rate, and dezincification resistance, and has a low content of lead. As a result, the brass alloy is suitable for replacing the existing lead-containing brass alloy and for producing parts like faucet and sanitary ware. 
         [0104]    Although the invention has been described with respect to embodiments thereof, these embodiments do not intend to limit the invention. The ordinary skilled in the art can made modifications and changes to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the protection of the invention is defined by the appended claims.