Abstract:
An interpretation of a chemical name is used to identify information pertaining to a substance identified by the chemical name, even if the chemical name is unfamiliar. Initially, a chemical name is acquired that identifies a chemical substance. Chemical structural information is derived from the chemical name. Based on the chemical structural information, a database entry or other resource is identified pertaining to the chemical substance.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60,147,067 entitled “APPLYING INTERPRETATIONS OF CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE”, filed on Aug. 4, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This application relates to applying interpretations of chemical names. 
     A single chemical substance may have many chemical names (“synonyms”). For example, “methylene chloride” is synonymous with “dichloromethane” and “dichloro-methane”. 
     Identifying synonyms for a chemical substance allows resources associated with one of the synonyms to be designated as belonging together with resources associated with another of the synonyms. For example, if it is known that the chemical substance known as methylene chloride has a particular reactive property, and “dichloromethane” is known to be a synonym of “methylene chloride”, the reactive property is understood to be associated with the name “dichloromethane” as well as the name “methylene chloride”. 
     When a database of chemical information is searched by chemical name for a chemical substance, information in the database about the chemical substance may be missed by the search if the information is associated only with a synonym of the chemical name. The incidence of such misses may be reduced by associating, in the database, chemical substances with respective sets of known synonyms. In such cases, a search under a chemical name has a better chance of turning up the same information that would result from a search under a synonym. However, since many chemical substances have a large number of chemically accurate synonyms, including typographical variations and variations arising from differences in nomenclature conventions, it is often very difficult and impractical to include all such synonyms in the database. Accordingly, significant pertinent information in the database may still be missed by a search under a chemical name. 
     Searching by formula instead can lead to erroneous results, since different substances may have the same formula. For example, “C 13 H 10 O” is the formula for both benzophenone and 9-hydroxyfluorene. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An interpretation of a chemical name is used to identify a resource (e.g., information) pertaining to a substance identified by the chemical name, even if the chemical name is unfamiliar. Initially, a chemical name is acquired that identifies a chemical substance. Chemical structural information is derived from the chemical name. Based on the chemical structural information, a database entry or other resource is identified pertaining to the chemical substance. Thus, resources that are associated with a chemical substance can be identified highly reliably and with high accuracy, even in cases where the substance has many synonyms. In particular, information about the chemical substance can be found in a database even in cases where the database is searched under a chemical name that is not explicitly stored in the database. A database that is not filled with extensive lists of synonyms can yield search results comparable to results from a database that is replete with synonyms. 
    
    
     Other features and advantages will become apparent from the following description, including the drawings, and from the claims. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1-3 are block diagrams of computer-based systems. 
     FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a computer-based procedure. 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram of chemical structural information. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a system  10  in which a chemical name  12  is interpreted by a chemical name interpreter  14  to produce a chemical descriptor  16 . Descriptor  16  is used by a resource manager  18  to determine, from a set of resources  20 , a set of substance resources  22  that pertain to the chemical substance identified by the chemical name. The chemical name may include phonetic text such as “methylene chloride” and may include formulaic text such as “CH 2 Cl 2 ”. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a specific case in which the set of resources includes a database of chemical information  30 , the resource manager includes database search software  32 , and the set of substance resources includes a set of database search results  34 . In a search of the database, the database search software applies the chemical descriptor to the database to produce the results  34  that include information from the database that pertains to the substance identified by the chemical name. Results  34  are produced even if the database does not include a reference to the particular chemical name that was interpreted. The database may include information concerning the chemical structure and physical properties of chemical substances. 
     As shown in FIG.  3  and as described below, the chemical name interpreter may include a structure deriver  40  that derives information representing a chemical structure diagram  42  from the chemical name, and the chemical descriptor may include the structure diagram information. The database search software may use the structure diagram information in a structure-based search of the database. Thus, information in the database regarding a chemical substance can be found without searching directly under the chemical name. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a procedure  100  for searching a database of chemical information. A chemical name is acquired (step  1000 ). For example, the chemical name may be supplied by a human user (such as by typing in the name at a keyboard) or by a computer program. In at least some cases, it is advantageous if it is determined whether the chemical name matches a chemical name stored in the database (step  1010 ). If a match is found, information associated with the chemical name in the database is retrieved (step  1020 ), and the procedure terminates. 
     If a match is not found, or if a name match is not attempted, a procedure for deriving structure diagram information from the chemical name (“name to structure procedure”) is executed (step  1030 ). An example of the name to structure procedure is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/502,810, entitled “DERIVING CHEMICAL STRUCTURAL INFORMATION”, filed Feb. 11, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. If the name to structure procedure fails, a search failure is reported (step  1040 ), and the procedure terminates. 
     If the name to structure procedure is successful (step  1045 ), the database is searched based on the structure diagram information (step  1050 ). Searching a database of chemical information by structure is well known in the art and is described, for example, in Barnard, J. M., “Substructure Searching Methods: Old and New”, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1993, 33, 532-538. 
     If the database is found to contain one or more entries that match the structure diagram information (step  1055 ), information associated with the entries in the database is retrieved (step  1060 ), and the procedure terminates. If no such entry is found, a search failure is reported (step  1070 ), and the procedure terminates. In at least some cases, it is advantageous if, in a case in which the database includes one or more entries that match the structure diagram information, the acquired chemical name is added to the database before the procedure terminates. 
     For example, a chemist desiring to find information about “diphenylketone” would initiate a search of the database for database entries identified with the name “diphenylketone”. If no match is found, structural information (depicted in FIG. 5) is derived from the name “diphenylketone”. The structural information is used as the basis of a structural search of the database. Such a structural search might find a database record having information about a substance named “benzophenone”. If so, the information about benzophenone is retrieved from the database and presented to the chemist. This result is appropriate, because “benzophenone” is a synonym for “diphenylketone” and the information about benzophenone is information sought by the chemist in the search. 
     In a further example, a database may consist of the following entries: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 Formula 
                 Melting Pt 
                 Structure 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 benzophenone 
                 C 13 H 10 O 
                 48.5 
                 [structure for benzophenone] 
               
               
                 9-hydroxy- 
                 C 13 H 10 O 
                 154 
                 [structure for 9-hydroxyfluorene] 
               
               
                 fluorene 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In such a case, if a chemical name search is relied upon to find the melting point of diphenyl ketone, the melting point information will not be found, because the name “diphenyl ketone” is not present in the database. However, if information representing the structure of diphenyl ketone is derived, the structural information can be matched to the database&#39;s structural information for benzophenone. Thus, a search of the database using the structure of diphenyl ketone reveals that the melting point of diphenyl ketone is 48.5. 
     Procedure  100  can be applied to derive structural information from names in databases representing catalogs produced by commercial chemical vendors, which allows the contents of the catalogs to be evaluated for accuracy. In a specific example, the name to structure procedure is applied to all chemical names and synonyms in several catalogs, and each instance of produced structural information is examined for accuracy. As a result, discrepancies may be revealed. The discrepancies may be due to previously unnoticed errors in the database. In particular, entries of poor quality are exposed. For example, due to problems such as human error, maleic anhydride may be represented in the database by many lexicographically distinct variants, including “maleic anhydride” and “Msleic Snhydride”. 
     All or a portion of the procedures described above may be implemented in hardware or software, or a combination of both. In at least some cases, it is advantageous if the technique is implemented in computer programs executing on one or more programmable computers, such as a personal computer running or able to run an operating system such as UNIX, Linux, Microsoft Windows 95, 98, 2000, or NT, or MacOS, that each include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device such as a keyboard, and at least one output device. Program code is applied to data entered using the input device to perform the technique described above and to generate output information. The output information is applied to one or more output devices such as a display screen of the computer. 
     In at least some cases, it is advantageous if each program is implemented in a high level procedural or object-oriented programming language such as Perl, C, C++, or Java to communicate with a computer system. However, the programs can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language. 
     In at least some cases, it is advantageous if each such computer program is stored on a storage medium or device, such as ROM or optical or magnetic disc, that is readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage medium or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described in this document. The system may also be considered to be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer to operate in a specific and predefined manner. 
     Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, interpretations of chemical names may be used in connection with any of many different types of computer-based resources. Such interpretations may be submitted to spreadsheet software for manipulation and use with the contents of spreadsheet cells, and to word processing software for editing and use with the text and graphics of documents. World-Wide Web pages may be derived from the interpretations. A World-Wide Web search engine may make use of the interpretations to facilitate searching for chemical information on the World-Wide Web.