Abstract:
A transmitter in a process control system includes a resistance-based sensor sensing a process variable and providing a sensor output. Self heating circuitry coupled to the sensor provides a self heating signal related to the sensor. Analog-to-digital conversion circuitry coupled to the sensor output provides a digitized sensor output, and transmitter output diagnostic correction circuitry provides an auto corrected output as a function of the self heating signal output or in another embodiment, the transmitter outputs a residual life estimate of the sensor as a function of the self heating index. A novel method of calculating the self heating index is also disclosed, which is applicable to various methods for providing a diagnostic transmitter output.

Description:
This is a Continuation-In-Part application of application Ser. No. 09/016,216, filed Jan. 30, 1998 abandoned which is a Continuation-In-Part of application U.S Ser. No. 08/744,980, filed on Nov. 7, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,567. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to transmitters of the type used in the process control industry. More specifically, the invention relates to diagnostics for process control transmitters which include a resistance based temperature sensor. 
     Process control transmitters are used to monitor process variables in industrial processes. For example, a transmitter might monitor temperature and transmit such information back to a control room. Furthermore, some transmitters are capable of performing the control function directly. In order to monitor a process variable, the transmitter must include a sensor, for example, an RTD which is a resistance based temperature sensor. 
     As the RTD sensor ages or is subjected to harsh environmental conditions, the accuracy of the sensor tends to degrade. It is possible to compensate for this degradation by periodically recalibrating the transmitter. Typically, this requires an operator to enter the field and perform a calibration process on-site on the transmitter. This is both inconvenient and time consuming for the operator. Further, it is difficult to determine the condition of a sensor, prior to its ultimate failure. 
     It is also necessary for the sensors to be periodically replaced as they age. However, it is difficult to determine precisely when a replacement is necessary. Therefore, sensors are typically replaced well before their failure or, in some cases, they may fail unexpectedly. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A transmitter in a process control system includes a resistance-based sensor sensing a process variable and providing a sensor output. Self heating circuitry coupled to the sensor provides a self heating signal related to the sensor. Analog-to-digital conversion circuitry coupled to the sensor output provides a digitized sensor output, and transmitter output diagnostic correction circuitry provides an auto corrected output as a function of the self heating signal output or in another embodiment, the transmitter outputs a residual life estimate of the sensor as a function of the self heating index. A novel method of calculating the self heating index is also disclosed, for use in the present invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a process control system including a transmitter in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a transmitter of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a transmitter in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of process control system  2  including field mounted temperature transmitter  40  and a valve controller  12  coupled electrically to control room  4  over a two wire process control loops  6  and  14 , respectively. Transmitter  40 , mounted on a manifold and connected to the pipe via a manifold, monitors the temperature of process fluid in process piping  18 . However, the present invention applies to any resistance based process variable measurement such as a resistance based pressure measurement or a resistance based pH measurement. Transmitter  40  transmits temperature information to control room  4  over loop  6  by controlling the current flowing through loop  6 . For example, the current flowing through loop  6  may be controlled between 4 and 20 mA and properly calibrated to indicate temperature. Additionally or in the alternative, transmitter  40  may transmit digital information related to temperature over loop  6  to control room  4  such as in a HART® or an all digital protocol such as Fieldbus. Transmitter  40  includes circuitry described herein in more detail which provides advanced diagnostics related to temperature sensor operation. 
     One aspect of the present invention includes a recognition of a close correlation, in some cases linear relationship, of the SH index to the “alpha” and/or R 0  of the sensor. As is known, alpha and/or R 0  of a sensor is related to sensor calibration and therefore to sensor lifetime. Accordingly, if the SH index is measured, the lifetime of the sensor can be estimated. Furthermore, the sensor output can be corrected in real-time as a function of the amount of degradation (e.g., the difference between a preselected value of the SH index and the true current value of the SH index) . This provides an autocorrection to the transmitter output. 
     One aspect of the invention includes a new technique for determining the self heating (SH) index of an RTD sensor. Typically, prior art self heating index measurement was performed by monitoring temperature change in the RTD due to an applied current. However, in a transmitter it is impractical to perform such a measurement due to power limitations and the necessity of a separate temperature measurement. The present invention includes defining the self heating index as the change in sensor resistance for a given change in the power input to the RTD sensor. This technique is preferable for a temperature transmitter because it does not require the RTD to be calibrated. Furthermore, the technique does not require the RTD to be removed from the process such that real-time data can be collected without the trouble and cost of interrupting the process. The self heating index can be calculated in a transmitter by applying two different input currents, for example, 5 mA and 15 mA. The resulting voltages across the RTD are measured and the resistance of the sensor is calculated at the two different currents using the equation R =V/I. The power applied to the RTD is determined at the two different currents as P =I·V. The self heating index is calculated in accordance with equation 1:              SHI   =         R   1     -     R   2           P   1     -     P   2                 Eq   .              1                                
     The invention can be practiced in any of a number of places in a process system control system. In particular, the present invention as realized in software and a microprocessor, can reside in a central controller or even a final control element  12  such as a valve, motor or switch as shown in FIG.  1 . Furthermore, modern digital protocols such as Fieldbus, Profibus and others allow for the software which practices the present invention to be communicated between elements in a process control system, and also provide for process variables to be sensed in one transmitter and then sent to the software. 
     FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a temperature transmitter  40  connected to RTD temperature sensor  10  in accordance with the present invention. Transmitter  40  includes terminal block  44 , current source  45 , multiplexer  46 , differential amplifier  48 , high accuracy A/D converter  50 , microprocessor  52 , clock circuit  54 , memory  56  and input-output circuit  58 . 
     Terminal block  44  includes terminals  1  through  5  for coupling to, for example, RTD temperature sensor  10 . Sensor  10  can be either internal or external to transmitter  40 . Sensor  10  includes RTD sensor element  61  having a resistance R 1  which varies with changes in the ambient temperature. Leads  16  include four element leads  62 ,  64 ,  66  and  68 . Lead  62  is connected between sensor element  61  and terminal  4 , lead  64  is connected between sensor element  61  and terminal  3 , lead  66  is connected between sensor element  61  and terminal  2 , and lead  68  is connected between sensor element  61  and terminal  1 . 
     Current source  45  is connected to terminal block  44  and supplies a measurement current I s  through terminal  4 , sensor element  61 , terminal  1 , reference resistance R REF , pull-down resistance R 2  and ground terminal  72 . Sensor element  61  develops a voltage drop across terminals  2  and  3  which is a function of the resistance R 1  and thus the temperature of sensor element  61 . Reference resistor R REF  is connected between terminal  1  and pull-down resistor R 2 . 
     Multiplexer  46  is divided into two sections, an active multiplexer having an output connected to the non-inverting input of differential amplifier  48  and a reference multiplexer having an output connected to the inverting input of differential amplifier  48 . Microprocessor  52  controls multiplexer  46  to multiplex appropriate sets of analog signals, including signals from terminals  1  through  3 , to the non-inverting and inverting inputs of differential amplifier  48 . Differential amplifier  48  has an output connected to A/D converter  50 . In one embodiment, A/D converter  50  has an accuracy of  17  bits and a conversion rate of  14  samples/second. A/D converter  50  converts the voltage at the output of differential amplifier  48  into a digital value and provides that value to microprocessor  52  for analysis or for communication over process control loop  6  through input-output circuit  58 . 
     Input-output circuit  58 , in a preferred embodiment, includes a HART® communication section, a FIELDBUS communication section and a 4-20 mA analog loop section for analog or bi-directional digital communicating over loop  6  according to a selected protocol in a known manner. Other protocols can also be used, for example, a four-wire configuration may be employed in which power is received from a separate source. Loop  6  also provides power to the various components of transmitter  40  through input-output circuit  58 . Preferably, transmitter  40  is wholly (completely) powered by the two-wire loop  6 . 
     Memory  56  stores instructions and information for microprocessor  52 , which operates at a speed determined by clock circuit  60 . Clock circuit  60  includes a real time clock and a precision high speed clock, which are also used to sequence the operation of A/D converter  50 . Microprocessor  52  performs several functions, including control of multiplexer  46  and A/D converter  50 , control of communications over loop  6 , temperature compensation, storage of transmitter configuration parameters and performing sensor diagnostics. 
     Microprocessor  52  employs the following equation to compute the temperature of RTD sensor element  61 :                R   1     =         V   R1       V   RREF            (     R   REFNOM     )               Equation                 2                                
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 R 1   
                 = resistance of RTD sensor element 61; 
               
               
                   
                 V R1   
                 = voltage drop across the RTD sensor element 61; 
               
               
                   
                 V RREF   
                 = voltage drop across resistance R REF ; and 
               
               
                   
                 R REFNOM   
                 = nominal resistance of the reference resistance 
               
               
                   
                   
                   R REF  in Ohms, and/or stored in memory 56. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Microprocessor  52  measures the voltage drop V R1  across RTD sensor element  61  between terminals  2  and  3 , and the voltage drop (V RREF ) across reference resistance R REF  with multiplexer  46 . In a four-wire resistance measurement such as the one shown in FIG. 2, the voltage drop across the connections to terminals  2  and  3  is largely eliminated, since substantially all of the current I s  flows between terminals  1  and  4 , and has little impact on the accuracy of the measurement. Microprocessor  52  converts the measured resistance R 1  into temperature units with a look-up table or suitable equations stored in memory  30 . For example, one such equation is the Callender-Van Dusen equation which is:                R        (   t   )       =       R   0          {     1   +     α        (     t   -       δ        (     t   100     )            (       t   100     -   1     )       -       β        (       t   100     -   1     )              (     t   100     )     3         )         }               Eq   .              3                                
     Where: 
     R(t)=Resistance at temperature t, in Ohms. 
     R 0 =Resistance at temperature 0, in Ohms. 
     t=Temperature, deg C. 
     α, δ, β=Calibration constants. 
     β=0 for t&gt;0 deg C. 
     However, both stored lookup tables or the equation  2  must be properly calibrated for a particular RTD temperature sensor. Further, such calibration tends to change over time as the alpha (α) for the sensor drifts. Calibrating an RTD requires an accurate thermometer reference to obtain a number of correct temperature values in order to accurately determine the constants α and δ. Equation 3 and transmitter calibration are discussed in PRT Handbook Bulletin 1042, dated February 1985, published by Rosemount and incorporated by reference into this application. 
     The SH index is calculated when microprocessor  52  actuates switch  138  to couple current source  140  to sensor  61 . Pand R 1  of equation  1  are calculated with current I SH  from source  140  flowing through sensor  61 . Microprocessor  52  determines P 2  and R 2  due to current I s  from source  45 . The SH index is calculated using equation 1. If transmitter  40  is completely powered from loop  6 , the currents I SH  and I s  are limited to the current I in loop  6 , less any current required to operate circuitry in transmitter  40 . 
     Microprocessor  52  performs diagnostics related to operation of transmitter  40  using the SH index. The following describes a number of embodiments for realizing the diagnostic circuitry in transmitter  40 . Such diagnostics include determining sensor health, performing a residual lifetime estimate may be representative of an impending sensor failure, or performing an autocorrection to the temperature measurement. 
     Another aspect of the present invention includes the use of the self heating index to correct the temperature measurement to reduce errors due to drift in alpha (α) and/or R 0 . As the RTD sensor ages, the constant(s) alpha (α) and/or R 0  (given in equation 3) for the sensor, changes thereby causing inaccuracies in the temperature measurements. It has been discovered that there is a substantially linear relationship between the SH index and error in the temperature measurement caused by drift in alpha (α) and/or R 0 . The temperature can be corrected using the equation: 
     
       
         T corrected =T measured K(ΔSHI)  Eq. 4 
       
     
     where: 
     T measured  is the measured temperature; 
     K is a constant of proportionality which is a function of the change in the self heating index; and 
     T corrected  is the autocorrected temperature. 
     The relationship between K and the change in SHI may be determined experimentally. Determination of K may be through an equation or, in one preferred embodiment, with a lookup table stored in memory  56  as a function of change in SHI. Similarly, SHI, or change in SHI, can be correlated to alpha (α) and R 0 , or changes in these constants. Further, it is within the scope of the present invention to correlate SHI or ΔSHI to other constraints in Equation 3. 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram  150  illustrating the present invention as it relates to autocorrection of the temperature output as a function of the SH index. Diagram  150  shows operations which would typically be performed by microprocessor  52  in FIG.  2 . At block  152 , the previous value of the self heating index (SHI 1 ) is obtained, for example, from memory  56 . This value may have been stored in memory during manufacture, previously generated by microprocessor  52  or determined and stored when the transmitter was commissioned or even at a preselected time during operation of transmitter  40 . At block  154  the current value of the SH index (SHI 2 ) is determined by microprocessor  52 . If the rate of change, m is greater than or equal to a maximum allowable rate of change (m MAX ), decision block  158  provides an alarm output. In general, a value representative of the difference between SHI 2  and SHI 1  is assessed at block  156 . A preferred method for this differencing function is to calculate the slope over time of the two SHI values. However, other methods of assessing the amount of difference, some as simple as comparing SH 2  to a threshold value, can be implemented without block  156 . The output may be transmitted, for example, over loop  6  to indicate that the sensor has degradated to such an extent that failure is imminent and replacement is necessary. Other types of diagnostics may also be performed such as those set forth in the parent application U.S. Ser. No. 08/744,980, filed Nov. 7, 1996. The value of m MAX  is stored in memory  56  and may be user configurable based upon the accuracy desired for a particular process. The alarming function at block  158  is optional, but preferred to the present invention. 
     If the alarm condition does not exist, control passes to decision block  160  in which the measured self heating index (SHI 2 ) is compared with the stored self heating index (SHI 1 ). If they are approximately the same, control is passed to block  162  and the temperature is determined. If, on the other hand, there is a difference between the two values, a new value for the ΔSHI in equation 4 is calculated by microprocessor  52  at block  164 . Further, other more complex curve fitting techniques can be used to correlate SHI with sensor calibration. Control is passed to block  162  and the new value for ΔSHI in equation 4 is used in determining temperature. The new value for ΔSHI is stored in memory to replace the previous value. 
     The various functions set forth in FIG. 3 may be performed remotely, in a process control device, in the control room, in a computer located off-site or in a combination of these locations. Generally, the invention can be practiced in any of a number of places in a process system control system. In particular, the present invention as realized in software and a microprocessor, can reside in a central controller or even a final control element such as a valve, motor or switch as shown in FIG.  1 . Furthermore, modern digital protocols such as Fieldbus, Profibus and others allow for the software which practices the present invention to be communicated between elements in a process control system, and also provide for process variables to be sensed in one transmitter and then sent to the software. 
     One embodiment of diagnostic circuitry in the present invention uses empirical models or polynomial curve-fitting which are functions of SH index. For example, a polynomial which is a function of the SH index is used for computing the residual lifetime estimate. The constants and/or the equations may be sent over the two wire loop to transmitter  40 . Another diagnostic circuit is implemented with a multi-layer neural network. Although a number of training algorithms can be used to develop a neural network model for different goals, one embodiment includes the known Backpropagation Network (BPN) to develop neural network modules which will capture the nonlinear relationship among a set of input and outputs(s). 
     Another embodiment of diagnostic circuitry  52  uses a set of if—then rules to reach a conclusion on the status of the temperature sensor RTD  61 . The SH index is monitored and its present value is compared to upper and lower boundaries. The upper and lower boundaries are empirically set by testing of many RTD sensors. A decision is made based upon the comparison. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the rate of change (ROC) of the SH index is correlated with life expectancy of sensor  61 . The ROC of the SH index is provided to the diagnostic circuitry implemented in microprocessor  52  which provides an output indicative of expected life, including a warning when the expected remaining sensor life has dropped below a minimum value. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.