Abstract:
A method and system to enhance yield in multi-process manufacturing. The method comprising the translation of a performance parameter of a product into input variables to operate tools carrying our cooperating processes which built a structural element which determines the performance parameter, wherein the individual tools are process controlled. The method further comprising the integration of process control of individual separate processes or of stages in a process, into a combined and comprehensive (modular) process control in which the process parameters of a process are enslaved to accomplish the target output of the final process. Hence target output values of intermediate processes are dynamically reassigned during the manufacturing with respect to their initially designed values, in accordance with the output of their cooperating processes.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The invention relates to quality control in general, more particularly, to a system and method for automated process control of stages in articles manufacturing and most specifically to the integration of process control of separate manufacturing stages into a modular structure to yield a comprehensive automated process control of the complete production line. This invention is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/633,824 by Goldman, et al. entitled “Strategic Methods for Process Control” filed Aug. 7, 2000, to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/689,884 by Goldman, et al entitled “System and Methods for Monitoring Process Quality Control” filed Oct. 13, 2000; and to U.S. patent application by Goldman, et al, entitled “A method and Tool for Data Mining in Automatic Decision Making Systems” filed Dec. 8, 2000, all of which are incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.  
           [0002]    Process control plays a fundamental role in attaining high yield of quality products. Among various process control methods, statistical process control (SPC) is well known. SPC relies on the observation of the deviation of a measurable process output parameter in the process from their statistically predicted distribution (e.g. by more than three standard deviations). SPC reveals trends towards a deterioration of a process as well as temporarily irregularities of parameters of a process.  
           [0003]    Prior attempts have been made to automate SPC.  
           [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,483,468 to Chen et al describes a system and method for concurrently recording and displaying system performance data by a computing system. In this invention a method is described in which a user interacts with the data being displayed to create various analysis of that data with the intentions of improving system performance.  
           [0005]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,340 to Fox et al. describes a multivariate analysis of components of an ongoing semiconductor process for real time in-situ control. In this invention the algorithm calculates the T 2  value from lotteling T 2  statistical analysis which in turn creates a feedback signal if the T 2  value is out of range and stops the process.  
           [0006]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,478 to Fisher et al. describes a method and system for controlling a manufacturing process using statistical indicators of performance from the production process and specification data. The data is entered into a computer and displayed in tables and bar graphs to enable the production control manager to see unfavorable trends and processes out of control to allow adjustment of the manufacturing process before the process run is completed.  
           [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,054 to Li describes a system for real time statistical process control having the capability to monitor multiple process machines at the same time with a mix of different types of machines. The specific implementation of that invention is in connection with semiconductor wafer fabrication process machinery such as for ion replantation. It is also applicable to other processes and process equipment where it is necessary for automatic collection of process parameter data for SPC and the subsequent usage of the data to show trends and the goodness of the operating machinery.  
           [0008]    All the aforementioned techniques suffer from inherent limitations resulting from the fact that their focus is the controlled variable, without linking the parameters, which influence the controlled variable. Thus, these techniques lack the ability to identify the combination of factors in a multi factorial process which is responsible for an observed deviation of an output of a process. Consequently, the process controlled by these methods can&#39;t be rectified on the fly, but rather can only be halted until the process engineer finds out the related problem.  
           [0009]    To overcome this drawback, Goldman, et al in their patent application Ser. No. 09/689,894 entitled: “System and Method for Monitoring Process Quality Control” (hereinafter the POEM Application), described a method for an advanced process control (APC) which is essentially an on line monitoring and control of process parameters aimed to yield a robust process output having optimum statistical attributes (such as C p  and C k ).  
           [0010]    A modern production line comprises a great number of process stages performed in series by a diversity of manufacturing tools, thus a work piece which consist of an output of a first manufacturing tool is delivered as an input entity to a second manufacturing tool and so on until the product is finally shaped.  
           [0011]    Furthermore, the term “manufacturing tool” represents a plurality of units performing the same process on various article in parallel, e.g. a line of polishing machines in a microelectronic facility, each polishing one wafer at its time in accordance with the peculiar conditions of the machine, or a tool which can handle a plurality of items at once e.g. a diffision oven which handle tenth of wafers in a single run.  
           [0012]    Until now, no quality control method did try to cope with the challenge that due to the “fact of life” that a production tool is not always tuned and therefore the designed nominal values of a process output carried out by this tool may vary within its tolerances in such a way that the final target will not be achieved. The present invention suggests a corrective action to be taken to “save” final target quality. This is achieved by a trade off mechanism which is based on a judicious combination of the deviating output with one or more other outputs which are deliberately diverted from their initially set target value.  
           [0013]    Until now process control methods have been devised to control and optimize an output of a single stage in a multistage manufacturing process, and no attention was paid as to how the controlled parameters of a controlled first process affect an output of a subsequent second controlled process that follows (and functionally relies on the output of) the first stage. In addition, no attention was paid to the impact of subsequent stages output on previous stages outputs, with regard to the optimal values to be set as output targets.  
           [0014]    As a result it is nowadays impossible to have a global process control, which integrally combines all the various steps in a processes.  
           [0015]    The present invention fulfills this gap and provides other related advantages as is detailed below.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0016]    The present invention describes a method and system of a global process control, which integrally controls all the steps and stages in a process that lead a production item (e.g. a wafer in the semiconductor industry) through its voyage from raw material (a wafer) to the final product (a device).  
           [0017]    The present invention leads to a totally different paradigm to run a production facility, where the intermediate targets for the individual machines are set dynamically during the process, in accordance with the final target for the finished product.  
           [0018]    In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for controlling a product quality during product manufacturing, the manufacturing includes a plurality of processes, each process among said plurality of processes has an assigned value of the process target output the method comprising the step of:  
           [0019]    reassigning the value of the target output of a first process among said plurality of processes in accordance to an output of at least one second process.  
           [0020]    In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for controlling a product quality comprising the steps of: (a) assigning the product a predetermined criteria with respect to a performance of the product; (b) linking the performance to a feature of at least one structural element of the product and, (c) associating the feature of at least one structural element with at least one stage in a process which terms that at least one structural element, wherein at least two process stages are modular process controlled.  
           [0021]    In accordance with the present invention there is provided a system for controlling a product quality in production, that includes a plurality of processes, each process among the plurality of processes has an assigned value of target output, wherein the assigned value of target output of a first process among the plurality of processes is reassigned during the occurrence of the production in accordance to an output value of a second process among the plurality of processes, the system comprising: (a) a mechanism for monitoring of the output value of the second process; (b) a mechanism for the evaluating the output value of the second process; (c) a mechanism for reassignment a value to target output of the first process according to the evaluation of the output value of the second process and; (d) a modeller to predict a feed forward input which results with the reassigned target value having best statistical goodness. 
       
    
    
       [0022]    Other objects and benefits of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.  
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1 shows a layout of manufacturing levels according to the present invention;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2 shows the structure and the symbolization of a non-volatile memory capacitor;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 3 shows an interconnection cell representing a tool of a process;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 shows two linked interconnection cells representing two tools in two linked process;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 5 shows elements in a modular tool process control;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIGS. 6A and 6B show the hierarchy structure of processes and tools in these accesses respectively;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 7 shows three levels of process control according to the present invention;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 8 shows the upper fabrication facility level of process control, and  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 9 shows a system for an integral process control according to present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0032]    The embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive and to limit in any way the scope of the invention, rather they are used as examples for the clarification of the invention and for enabling of other skilled in the art to utilize its teaching.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 1 depicts a scheme  3  useful to demonstrate an overview of the factors, which determine quality according to the conception of the present invention.  
         [0034]    Quality, which resides at the top of a tree like structure, is assessed according to the performance of the product wherein “performance” may apply to any assessable attribute of the product (e.g. a speed of a transistor or the crispiness of a loaf of bread).  
         [0035]    Performance depends on structural elements A, B, C of the product which are usually formed in a chronological order in which e.g. element C is formed when elements A and B already exist.  
         [0036]    Each structural element e.g. element C is formed by one or more sequential processes, each process e.g. process III, is carried out by at least one manufacturing tool, and each manufacturing took e.g. tool β, has a plurality of inputs  4 , which can be controlled.  
         [0037]    Each object in FIG. 1 (an entity residing in a box) has a quantitative output (an arrow leaving the box), which is a function of the values of a respective plurality of inputs (arrow entering the box) to this object.  
         [0038]    One of the ideas underlying the present invention is that a target output (a quantitative measure) of any object (an entity in a box) of the tree shown in FIG. 1 is automatically updated during manufacturing in order to achieve, taking into account the momentarily state of the product and the circumstances of the manufacturing process, an optimized favorable influence (an input) on another object which resides or a higher tree level.  
         [0039]    The present invention is best explained by the way of a non-limiting example taken from the semiconductor industry.  
         [0040]    The device level in modular APC.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 2 depicts a symbolization  11 ′ of a manufactured electronic component e.g. a nonvolatile memory capacitor  11  made of a dielectric layer  12  of polyoxide (of silicon) sandwiched between two layers  13 ,  13 ′ of polysilicon (n +  poly-Si).  
         [0042]    The capacitor is the final product in a microelectronic fabrication facility whose manufacturing line is process controlled according to method of the present invention.  
         [0043]    Assume that yield of the final product is assessed with respect to two electrical parameters of capacitor  11 , which are shown as output  16 ′ of interconnection cell  11 ′ the data retention time and the access time of component  11 .  
         [0044]    As far as data retention time is concerned, it is known in the art that in order to obtain a longer data retention time for nonvolatile memories, polyoxide layers with low leakage current, high dielectric strength and high charge breakdown are required.  
         [0045]    Besides polyoxide layer properties, data rention time is also affected by the surface morphology of bottom polysilicon layer  13  on which polyoxide  12  is deposited. This is so because a rough surface at polyoxide/polysilicon interface  14  result in high local electric field which cause the polyoxide layer to exhibit a higher leakage current and a lower dielectric break down field.  
         [0046]    Hence, polysilicon layer  13  has to be polished and smoothened after its deposition before a deposition of polyoxide layer  12  can take place.  
         [0047]    A factor which has an influence on the access time of capacitor  11  is e.g. the properties on metalization layer  15 , which provides contact to polysilicon layer  13 ′.  
         [0048]    To represent graphically the (theoretical and experimentally validated) influences of the aforementioned structural elements of the capacitor on the production yield of component  11 , a graphical symbolization of capacitor  11  known as “Knowledge Tree (KT) map” is used.  
         [0049]    KT which is the subject of U.S. patent application entitled “A Method and Tool for Data Mining in Automatic Decision Making Systems”, by Goldman, et al. filed Dec. 8, 2000 (hereinafter the KT Patent Application) is a model of relations among objects in terms of “cause and effect”.  
         [0050]    A KT map includes elements referred to as interconnection cells representing objects. The interconnection cells have inputs which represent respective influential factors on relevant outputs of the object.  
         [0051]    Thus, interconnection cell  11 ′ of capacitor  11  has an output representing the performance parameter  16 ′, and has a group  12 ′ of three inputs which consist of the following structural elements of the capacitor: “polyoxide layer”, “polyoxide/polysilicon interface” and “metalization layer” all of when have influences on output performance parameters  16 ′.  
         [0052]    As should be understood the inputs to interconnection cell  11 ′ are selected by an expert physicist or an electrical engineer) who is familiar with the dependence of the performance of component  11  on its construction.  
         [0053]    The procedure described above in which yield is translated through performance parameters into structural details, resides to what is referred to as “device level” of the APC and is an essential aspect of the present invention.  
         [0054]    This is so because the structural elements are in turn, as shown below, outputs of the various process stages of the whole manufacturing process whose product quality is an aim of the present invention.  
         [0055]    Suppose now that for some reason the polyoxide/polysilicon interface structural element fails to meet its designed specifications (a defect). This can occur whenever e.g. a CMP polishing tool (see below) needed to form this structural element does not operate properly.  
         [0056]    In a conventionally process controlled production line the work piece with the defect will be thrown at this stage into wafers scrap. The device level APC according to this invention tries to “condition” the wafer for subsequent production stages in spite of the defect.  
         [0057]    This revolutionary approach is based on the theoretical knowledge that a change of a features in another structural element e.g. polyoxide layer can compensate (with regard to performance) the effect of the unacceptable (per-se) polyoxide/polysilicon interface, (e.g. make the polyoxide layer thicken or denser).  
         [0058]    However, such theoretical knowledge is not sufficient in order to overcome the problem. There is a need for a quantitative experimental model, which relates an output in terms of performance of the capacitor to possible combinations of input structural elements having a variety of properties (within reasonable limits).  
         [0059]    Such a quantitative mode is provided by what is referred to as a Process Output Empirical Modeller (POEM) (see below). Then according to the quantitative predictions of the model, when a wafer with a defect in structural element B (shown in FIG. 1) arrives to a workstation which forms structural element C, inputs to an apparently completely “remote” tool (with respect to structural element B), e.g. that of tool β (the CVD machine which deposit the polyoxide) are adjusted to modify structural element B by the exact amount which is needed (a thicker polyoxide film) to leave the resulting performance intact in spite the defect in structural element B.  
         [0060]    The tool level of APC.  
         [0061]    Each member of input group  12 ′ is formed by at least one manufacturing tools in one or more process stages, e.g. “polyoxide/polysilicon interface”  14  is an output of three consecutive stages; a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of polysilicon layer  13  carried out by a first CVD machine, a following chemical mechanical polish (CMP) of deposited polysilicon layer  13  carried out by CMP machine, and CVD of a polyoxide  12  by a second CVD machine.  
         [0062]    A method for advanced process control (APC) of a process performed by a single manufacturing tool, e.g. the CMP machine was detailed in the POEM Patent Application and its principles will be reviewed here in brief in conjunction with FIG. 3.  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 3 shows an interconnection cell representing a (manufacturing) tool  21 , e.g. a CMP machine to which a wafer in a certain wafer state  22 , (e.g. having a certain thickness after being covered with a CVD layer of polysilicon) is introduced.  
         [0064]    Tool  21  has its tool state  23  (e.g. pad life—the duration which the polishing pad of the machine is already in use) which influences the output of the CMP process although it cannot be controlled during an actual polishing of a wafer.  
         [0065]    Such an influential input, which can be monitored but cannot be adjusted during a process is referred to as a measurable input.  
         [0066]    On the other hand interconnection cell of tool  21  has a group  24  of what is referred to as controllable inputs. These are operational parameters of the machine of the polishing process such as platen rotation speed, polishing time and retaining pressure of the wafer residing in the rotating platen, all of which can be changed automatically and independently within appropriate limits.  
         [0067]    Outputs  25  of interconnection cell of tool  21  are e.g. thickness removed by the polish thickness removal uniformity or wafer surface roughness, all of which have to be between the upper and the lower limits of the process output with optimal statistical attributes (sufficiently small standard deviation of the mean and of sigma).  
         [0068]    All inputs, whether measurable or controllable, have quantitative attributes and are preserved as vectors, each vector having a discrete value within reasonable boundaries.  
         [0069]    For each incoming wafer having an arbitrary (discrete) value of its wafer state vector and which is polished on a CMP machine having a given (discrete) value of its tool state vector, a combination of favorable (discrete) values of the controllable input vectors is a brief assigned for the CMP machine operation in order to give an output with best statistical goodness.  
         [0070]    Thus a prior assignment of a combination with favorable values of controllable inputs is referred to as feed-forward, and originates from the results of a preceding modelling based on learning (e.g. by trial and error) or existing knowledge with regard to the tool behaviour.  
         [0071]    In case that in spite the feed-forward assignment of controlled inputs, outputs deviates from specified boundaries, a feedback loop  26  is established automatically and the controllable inputs are adjusted in an optimised manner, to shift output towards target.  
         [0072]    In the POEM Application the preceding modelling is accomplished by using what is referred to as a process output empirical controller. But other statistically correlating techniques between an output and a plurality of inputs such as: Incar regression, nearest neighbor, clustering, classification and regression tree (CART), chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID), decision trees and neural network empirical modeling, can be used as well.  
         [0073]    The module level of APC.  
         [0074]    The aforesaid advanced process control at a single tool level is known in the prior art. One main aspect of the invention is combined process control of two or more stages in a process which are functionally coupled and carried out by two or more different manufacturing tools.  
         [0075]    such a combined process control shown in FIG. 4 to which reference is now made, is referred in the present invention as module level advanced process control (module level APC).  
         [0076]    [0076]FIG. 4 includes besides CMP machine  21  of FIG. 3, a CVD machine  31  whose output  35  according to our example is a polysilicon layer which is deposited on a silicon wafer (not shown) and which consist a wafer state input  22  to CMP tool  21 .  
         [0077]    Similarly to CMP machine  21  whose controls were detailed in conjunction with FIG. 3. CVD machine  31  has its peculiar controllable inputs  32 , relevant to the present invention is the fact that outputs  35  of CVD machine  31  (e.g. polysilicon layer thickness and density) consist of inputs  22  to CMP machine  21 .  
         [0078]    Accordingly, a new situation arises in which inputs to CMP machine  21  lose one degree of freedom because wafer state  22  incorporates the CVD deposited polysilicon whose thickness is controlled by the CVD process. Thus output  25  of CMP tool  21  can be adjusted by controllable inputs  32  of CVD tool  31  in addition to controllable inputs  24  of CMP tool  21 .  
         [0079]    Accordingly CVD tool  31  has its autonomous feedback loop  27 , however feedback loop  26  of output  25  of CMP tool  21  extends to affect also controllable inputs  32  of CVD tool  31 .  
         [0080]    It is now clear that disregarding monetarily the chronological order of the processes and the interrelations between tool, the final output of the process shown in FIG. 4 (i.e. a polysilicon layer having a thickness, a thickness uniformity and a surface roughness, all within specifications) is an outcome which depends on the first hand on the separate performance of each tool per-se.  
         [0081]    However in the APC of the combined action of the CVD and the CMP tools, referred as to module level APC, the aforementioned final output is what matters.  
         [0082]    Accordingly, CMP tool  31  can perform a “corrective action” to compensate for an unfavorable operation of CVD tool  21 , while CVD tool  21  can take a “counter measure” to compensate for an anticipated deficiency performance of CMP tool  31 .  
         [0083]    Practically this is done by modelling quantitatively the effect, which each of the outputs of each of the tools has on the final output which results from the combined action of the tools.  
         [0084]    This modelling, which is performed by a mechanism which is referred to as a modular POEM is best explained in conjunction to FIG. 5 to which reference is now made.  
         [0085]    [0085]FIG. 5 shows a plurality of tools, tool 1 -tool k  drawn according to their hierarchy (a term to be defined below) wherein their output 1 -output k  are input variables to a “virtual” modular  50  whose output is a final output  53  of the combined process in which tool 1 -tool k  participate.  
         [0086]    The algorithm and mechanisms of the modular POEM are identical to that of the POEM in the tool level which was detailed in the POEM Application (e.g. monitoring correlations between processes inputs and outputs, which provide raw data regarding output in response to various combinations of input values, statistical analysis of the acquired raw data and the providing of lookup tables) except for the fact that the input variable in the modular POEM consist of individual tools output rather than of tools controls as in the tool POEM.  
         [0087]    Thus, for a target value of final output  53  the modular POEM looks for the most favorable combination of tools outputs, output 1 -output k  which results with that target value of final output  53  having the best statistical merits.  
         [0088]    Once individual output 1 -output k  were assigned by the modular POEM as target outputs of the individual tools, the tool POEM of each tool “takes care” as described in the POEM Application, to choose the optimal operational controls of that tool depending on its tool state.  
         [0089]    It will now be explained how the modular POEM optimises the multi-tool process.  
         [0090]    Suppose that each of tool l -tool k  has its respective designed target values and firstly, a wafer is coming out of tool 1  having a wafer state, which is represented by output 1  and which is determined by the actual performance of that individual tool. Then according to the aforementioned POEM terminology, the controllable input of the modular POEM (output 1  of tool 1 ) has changed into a measurable input. Modular POEM gets into its lookup table and chooses a new optimised combination of output 2 -output k  together with said given ouput 1  to comply optimally with target value of final output  53 .  
         [0091]    The important point to observe is that during the aforementioned new optimised combination, new target values are assigned to the outputs of each one of the tools tool 2 -tool k  (although some of them may keep their former target values).  
         [0092]    Now as the process advances and tool 2  affects the process, also output 2  will turn from a controlled input to the modular POEM into a measurable input and the number of controllable variables of the modular POEM will reduce to k-2. A new reassignment of target values to output of tools tool 3 -tool k  will take place and so on, where the degree of freedom to choose controllable inputs to the modular POEM drops by a unit each time a tool finished its roll in the multi-tool process.  
         [0093]    A specific important case occurs e.g. in our example, when it is that output target of CVD took  31  is adjusted according to output  25  of the subsequent CMP machine  21 . That will happen when one is “preparing” the tools for the next wafer e.g. after learning according to observation of the previous wafer, that the CMP tool has a deficiency, which one would like the CVD tool to compensate in advance.  
         [0094]    This is to say that in a combined process control according to the present invention it is possible that a target output of a first process is reassigned according to an output of a second process regardless the chronological order (or hierarchy) of the processes.  
         [0095]    In a manufacturing line, a multiplicity of machines of the same type performs the same process on a plurality of wafers. It should be noted that it is the wafer which is the complex between two tools i.e. CVD machine I is coupled to CMP machine J whenever a specific wafer goes from CVD machine I to CMP machine J. A moment later a new output wafer of CVD machine I may arrive to CMP machine K, coupling CVD machine I to CMP machine K and so on.  
         [0096]    Thus, members of a tool couple in module level APC are dynamically interchanged during the production.  
         [0097]    Another situation, which deserves addressing in the application of the module level APC arises when the throughput of the two coupled tools differ greatly.  
         [0098]    Suppose that a CVD machine that consist of the first tool can accommodate a plurality of wafers (positioned on a rotating tray) in a single run, while a CMP machine which consist of the second tool can only handle a single wafer at a time.  
         [0099]    Or conversely, a plurality of CMP machines in line, have to polish plurality of wafers preparing them to a film deposition which is carried out in a single run of a second CVD machine. In these cases production considerations dictate that several CMP machines in line have to polish in parallel the wafers output (or input) of a single run of a single CVD tool.  
         [0100]    These situations usually consist of no problem according to the present invention (except for the fact that there may be a larger number of inputs to modeller  50 ), because the target values that are assigned to a tool does not depend on tool identity (among the group of tools which do the same function) or on the tool state, and each individual tool has its autonomous tool POEM which takes care that the tool&#39;s controllable operational inputs comply with the target output value which was assigned to the tool by the modular POEM.  
         [0101]    The hierarchical order of the tools in the process module level APC.  
         [0102]    So far, APC of one or more processes, which are related to only one input (the polysilicon/polyoxide interface) of interconnection cell  11 ′ in the device level of the example were considered. It should be evident that other inputs to interconnection cell  11 ′ (such as e.g. the metalization layer) shown in FIG. 2 are associated with additional semiconductor manufacturing activities such as photolithography, ion implantation and wet or dry etching.  
         [0103]    Such typical manufacturing stages in a semiconductor plant are physically and logically interrelated to each other. In a nested symbolization structure as displayed in the KT map of a larger manufacturing process shown in FIG. 6A to which reference is now made.  
         [0104]    [0104]FIG. 6A shows a block  41  of the KT map whose description was detailed in conjunction with FIG. 13 of the Knowledge Tree Patent Application, and which includes the processes needed in order to apply a patterned metalization layer  15  (metallic contacts), having a geometric feature called desired critical density (CD), to polysilicon layer  13 ′ of capacitor  11 .  
         [0105]    Each interconnection cell in KT map block  41  is associated with a manufacturing tool needed to accomplish the process represented by the respective interconnection cell.  
         [0106]    This is shown in FIG. 6B to which reference is now made, e.g. interconnection cell  43  “expose” is associated with a stepper took  43 ′ which performs the exposure stage, while interconnection cell “photo resist coat”  42  is associated with a spin coater  42 ′ which coats the wafer with photo resist.  
         [0107]    The KT map block  41  has a corresponding image; a tool modular structure  41 ′ in which each processing stage of KT map block  41  is replaced by its respective manufacturing tool.  
         [0108]    [0108]FIG. 6B shows a modular structure, which includes a plurality of tools operated at a regionally order in accordance with the KT map of the manufacturing. The APC of the contact critical density, which is an output of this multi-tool modular structure is substantially a multiplication of the modular APC of a combined couple of tools, which was previously described.  
         [0109]    The yield  45  of tools module  41 ′ shown in FIG. 6B is assessed with respect to the critical density of the contact pattern, and all the controlled inputs of all the tools included in tool module  41 ′ are enslaved either by feed-forward inputs e.g. as controlled input group  44 ′ to stepper  43 ′, or by a mulipicity of feedback loops  45 ′, to achieve the target value of yield  45 .  
         [0110]    Accordingly, processes and tools have a hierarchical structure. The hierarchical core of processes is determined according to their chronological order. The later the process performed in the manufacturing, the highest is its ranking score. The tools are ranked according to the ranking of the processes, which they carry out, and a highly ranked tool is feeding back the controlled inputs of all the tools which are ranked lower.  
         [0111]    On the other hand the higher the hierarchical ranking of a tool is, the higher is its “accumulated tolerance” i.e. the wafer which enters thus this tool has “utilized” the manufacturing tolerance of all the lower ranked tools with respect to the structural element which is formed by the module. Thus tolerance at this stage becomes marginally small, which “locks” the values of the apparently controlled input of that high ranked tool, converting those input into measurable inputs.  
         [0112]    [0112]FIG. 7 shows another example; the production of a field effect transistor (FET), whose controlled yield is assessed with respect to its rise time speed  72 .  
         [0113]    Device speed  72  depends on a group  73  of various structural elements among them are metallic contacts applied to a gate oxide, having a multiple characteristic critical density. (Poly CD&#39;s.  73 ′).  
         [0114]    At least one process, usually more than one forms each structural element of group  73 , and using at least on type of tools carries out each process.  
         [0115]    F.g. contact CD is the final output of a sequence of several dedicated processes to produce metallic contacts, the final one of which is a reactive ion etching process performed by a reactive ion etching (RIE) machine  74  which is highest ranked among the tools included in a tool module of the machines needed for carrying out these sequence of processes.  
         [0116]    [0116]FIG. 8 shows a scheme of a total APC of the whole microelectronic manufacturing fabrication facility (Fab), wherein all data relevant to the manufacturing and evaluating of a product are stored in a Data Warehouse.  
         [0117]    The Data base of the Data Warehouse includes include the lookup table of each tool, the updated tool state of each tool, the book-keeping of the wafer state of each wafer at each moment and the performance of each device produced on a wafer.  
         [0118]    The APC algorithm of the present invention utilized data supplied by hardware and software components, which are included in what is referred to as-yield enhancing system.  
         [0119]    The yield enhancing system generally includes all the elements, which are included in the system for monitoring a process having a plurality of input parameters, which was described in the POEM Application yet the yield enhancing system has its peculiar features which some of them are described in conjunction with FIG. 9 to which reference is now made.  
         [0120]    Shown in FIG. 9; Process I has a target output  92 , which is an influential factor on input  93 ′ of process II. Process II has an output  94  whose value is monitored by output monitor  95  and is evaluated by output evacuator  96 . Then, based on the evaluation score of the monitored output of process II, a new value is assigned to target output  92  of process I by an intelligent decision maker  97 .  
         [0121]    In order to meet the newly assigned target output  92 , the respective value of input vector  91  are adjusted by experimental modeller  98 .  
         [0122]    While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.