Abstract:
Compositionally modified, sintered RE-Fe—B-based rare earth permanent magnets demonstrate the optimum combination of mechanical and magnetic properties, thereby maximizing fracture toughness with corresponding improved machinability, while maintaining the maximum energy product (BH) max .

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to commonly owned, copending application entitled “METHOD OF IMPROVING TOUGHNESS OF SINTERED RE-Fe—B-TYPE, RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS,” Ser. No. 10/293,680, filed Nov. 13, 2002, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Since their commercial introduction in the mid-1980s, applications for rare earth-iron-boron magnets have continued to grow and this material has become a major factor in the global rare earth permanent magnet market. Among commercially available permanent magnets, Nd 2 Fe 14 B type magnets offer the highest maximum energy product (BH) max  ranging from 26 to 48. Experimental versions have reported a (BH) max  in excess of 55 MGO e . 
     Nd 2 Fe 14 B rare earth magnets exhibit the highest room temperature magnetic properties, which is the basis for the wide use. As noted above, high performance Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based permanent magnets provide high maximum energy products (BH) max . In addition, they offer large saturation magnetization (4πM S ) and high intrinsic coercivity ( M H C ). That the Nd—Fe—B-type permanent magnets continue to offer the most promise for high magnetic performance rare earth permanent magnets is evident from FIG.  1 . 
     Unfortunately, the Nd 2 Fe 14 B rare earth permanent magnets are notoriously brittle and susceptible to oxidation. Chipping, cracking and fracture often occur during grinding, assembly and even during operation of conventional Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets. The fact that since these magnets cannot be machined and/or drilled imposes serious limitations on the shapes and uses available. The reject rate in production attributed to brittleness/lack of toughness runs generally from 10 to 20% and, on occasion, reaches 30%. The poor fracture toughness of current rare earth permanent magnets is illustrated in FIG.  2 . 
     All sintered rare earth permanent magnets, SmCo 5 , Sm 2 Co 17 , and Nd 2 Fe 14 B, are brittle due to the intrinsically brittle intermetallic compounds used for these magnets. Machinable permanent magnets include:
         (a) Fe—Cr—Co-type, which unfortunately exhibit low magnetic-performance,   (b) Pt—Co-type which are too expensive, and   (c) Bonded permanent magnets that exhibit dramatically reduced performance, i.e. loss of up to 50% magnetic performance comparing to their sintered counterparts.       

     Improvement in the fracture toughness of the class of rare earth permanent magnets of the REFeB-type, while maintaining their high: 4πM S ,  M H C , and (BH) max , would not only improve their manufacturing efficiency and machinability, but it would also expand the market for this class of permanent magnets, by offering opportunities for new applications, new shapes, new uses, lower costs, etc. 
     Relevant prior art in this area includes: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,402,770; 4,597,938; 4,710,239; 4,770,723; 4,773,950; 4,859,410; 4,975,130 and 5,110,377. Additional references include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,558,372 and 4,533,408. Relevant literature references include:
     M. Sagawa, S. Fujimura, N. Togawa, H. Yamamoto, and Y. Matsuura, “New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe”, Journal of Applied Physics, volume 55, pp. 2083-2087, 1984;   Y. Kaneko and N. Ishigaki, “Recent developments of high-performance NEOMAX magnets”, JMEPEG, VOLUME 3, PP. 228-233, 1994;   M. Sagawa and H. Nagata, “Novel processing technology for permanent magnets” IEEE Trans. Magn. Volume 29, pp. 2747-2752, 1993;   S. Hirosawa and Y. Kaneko, “Rare earth magnets with high energy products” in Proceedings of the 15 th  international Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets and Their Applications, volume 1, pp. 43-53, 1998;   M. Takahashi, et al, “High performance Nd—Fe—B sintered magnets made by the wet process”, J. Appl. Phys., volume 83, pp. 6402-6404, 1998;   J. J. Croat, J. F. Hebst, R. W. Lee, and F. E. Pinkerton, “Pr—Fe and Nd—Fe based materials: A new class of high performance permanent magnets”, J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 55, pp. 2078-2082, 1984;   J. F. Herbst, “R2Fe14B materials: Intrinsic properties and technological aspects”, Rev. Mod. Phys. Vol. 63, pp. 819-898, 1991;   Croat et al, “Pr—Fe and Nd—Fe-based Materials: A New Class of High-Performance . . . ”, J. Appl. Phys., 55(6), Mar. 15, 1984;   Sagawa et al, “New Material for Permanent Magnets on a Base of Nd and Fe”, J. Appl. Phys. 55(6), Mar. 15, 1984;   Koon et al, Crystallization of FeB Alloys with . . . “J. Appl. Phys. 55(66), Mar. 15, 1984;   Stadelmaier, “The Neodymium-Iron Permanent Magnet Breakthrough”, MMPA Workshop, January 1984;   Japanese High Technology, “Request for New Magnetic Material . . . ”, vol. 4, No. 5, Aug. 1984;   “Neomax—Neodymium-Iron-Magnet”, Sumitomo Special Metals Co., Ltd. Lee, “Hot-Pressed Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets”, Appl. Phys. Lett. (46(8) Apr. 15, 1985;   R. K. Mishra, “Microstructure of Melt-Spun Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets”, International Conference on Magnetism, 1985;   Sagawa et al., “Permanent Magnet Materials Based on the Rare Earth-Iron-Boron Tetragonal Compounds”, The Research Institute for Iron, Steel and Other Metals, Tohoku University, Japan;   Givord et al., “Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structure of R 2 Fe 14 B”, Solid State Comm., vol. 50. No. 6, February 1984, pp. 497-499;   Herbst et al., “Relationships Between Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties in R 2 Fe 14 B”, Phys. Dept., General Motors Res. Lab., pp. 1-10; and   Croat et al., “High-Energy Product Nd—Fe—B Permanent Magnets”, App. Phys. Lett., 44(1), Jan. 1, 1984, pp. 148-149.   

     Various rare earth permanent magnets can be formed by pressing and sintering the powder or by bonding with plastic binders. Sintered Nd 2 Fe 14 B parts produce the highest magnetic properties. Unfortunately, Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets are sensitive to heat and normally cannot be used in environments that exceed 150° C. 
     Compared to the SmCo 1:5 and 2:17 magnets, Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets have an excellent value in terms of price per unit of (BH) max . Small shapes and sizes with high magnetic fields are one of the attractive features of Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets. Today&#39;s commercial Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based magnets include combinations of partial substitutions for Nd and Fe, leading to a wide range of available properties. 
     Several different techniques are used to produce Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based magnets. One method is similar to that used for ceramic ferrite and sintered Sm—Co magnets. The alloys with appropriate composition are induction melted to ingots, which are then crushed and milled to powders of a few microns. The powder is formed into a desired shape by pressing under alignment field. The pressed green compacts are then sintered to full density and heat treated to obtain suitable magnetic properties. 
     A second process involves rapid quenching of a molten Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based alloy, using a “melt spinning” technique to produce ribbons, which are then milled to powder. While the crushed ribbon yields relatively large platelet-shaped powder particles, rapid quenching provides them with an extremely fine microstructure having grain boundaries that deviate from the primary Nd 2 Fe 14 B composition. Rapidly quenched powder is inherently isotropic. However, it can be consolidated into a fully dense anisotropic magnet by the plastic deformation that occurs in hot pressing. The fine microstructure makes this powder very stable against oxidation, making it easy to blend and form into a wide range of isotropic bonded magnets. 
     Nd 2 Fe 14 B powder tends to readily absorb hydrogen, which degrades the material into a very brittle powder. This response to hydrogen renders the powder more amenable to milling and is the basis for the hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination process generally referred to as HDDR. The HDDR process provides Nd 2 Fe 14 B powder with an ultrafine structure with grains about the size of a single domain. Such HDDR powder can be hot pressed into a fully dense anisotropic magnet, or it can be blended and molded into an anisotropic bonded magnet. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed are compositionally modified, sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets that demonstrate the optimum combination of mechanical and magnetic properties, thereby maximizing fracture toughness with corresponding improved machinability, while maintaining the maximum energy product (BH) max . 
     One embodiment of the present invention comprises sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets, with improved fracture toughness and machinability, in a high maximum energy product. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention comprises sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets with optimized magnetic properties, with reduced brittleness. 
     A further embodiment of the present invention comprises sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets with compositional modifications that maximize fracture toughness and improve machinability while maintaining a high maximum energy product. 
     More specifically, the improved RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention comprise modified compositions in which an increase of the Nd level and/or the addition of a small amount of Cu, Ti, Nb, and mixtures thereof, provide the properties defined herein. Especially preferred compositional modifications are represented as follows:
         (a) Nd w Fe 94−w B 6 , wherein:
           w has a value between about 17 and about 22;   
           (b) Nd 16 Fe 78−x Ti x B 6 , wherein:
           x has a value between about 0.78 and about 2.34;   
           (c) Nd 16 Fe 78−y Nb y B 6 , wherein:
           y has a value between about 1.56 and about 2.34; and   
           (d) Nd 16 Fe 78−z Cu z B 6 , wherein:
           z has a value between about 0.78 and about 1.56   
               

     It has been found that the compositionally modified sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention achieve substantial improvement in fracture toughness, i.e. by up to about a 76% increase, while substantially maintaining maximum energy product. 
     Preferred embodiments comprise a class of sintered rare earth permanent magnets having improved fracture toughness, suitable for conventional machining and drilling, having a general formula selected from the group consisting of:
         (a) Nd w Fe 94−w B 6 ,
           wherein: w has a value between about 16 and about 22;   
           (b) Nd 16 Fe 78−x Ti x B 6 , wherein:
           x has a value between about 0.78 and about 2.34;   
           (c) Nd 16 Fe 78−y Nb y B 6 , wherein:
           y has a value between about 1.56 and about 2.34; and   
           (d) Nd 16 Fe 78−z Cu z B 6 , wherein:
           z has a value between about 0.78 and about 1.56;
 
wherein said rare earth permanent magnet maintains high maximum energy product of at least about 30 MGOe, while showing an improved fracture toughness over conventional sintered Nd—Fe—B rare earth permanent magnets from between about 6% and about 74%.
   
               

     Another preferred embodiment of this invention comprises improved sintered rare earth permanent magnets having the formula, RE-Fe—B, where the improvement comprises modifying said formula to one of the formulas selected from the group consisting of:
         (a) Nd w Fe 94−w B 6 , wherein:
           w has a value between about 14 and about 25;   
           (b) Nd 16 Fe 78−x Ti x B 6 , wherein:
           x has a value between about 0.02 and about 2.34;   
           (c) Nd 16 Fe 78−y Nb y B 6 , wherein:
           y has a value between about 0.02 and about 2.34; and   
           (d) Nd 16 Fe 78−z Cu z B 6 , wherein:
           z has a value between about 0.02 and about 1.56;
 
wherein said rare earth permanent magnet maintains high energy product, while showing an improved fracture toughness over conventional sintered Nd—Fe—B rare earth permanent magnets from between about 6% and about 74%.
   
               

     Specific preferred formulas for the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of:
         Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6 ,   Nd 17 Fe 77 B 6 ,   Nd 18 Fe 76 B 6 ,   Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6 ,   Nd 20 Fe 74 B 6 ,   Nd 21 Fe 73 B 6 ,   Nd 22 Fe 72 B 6 , and   Nd 23 Fe 71 B 6 .       

     Additional specific preferred formulas for the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of:
         Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Ti 0.78 B 6 ,   Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6 ,   Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Ti 2.34 B 6 , and   Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Ti 3.12 B 6 .       

     Additional specific preferred formulas for the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of:
         Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Nb 0.78 B 6 ,   Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Nb 1.56 B 6 ,   Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Nb 2.34 B 6 , and   Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Nb 3.12 B 6 .       

     Further specific preferred formulas for the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of:
         Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Cu 0.78 B 6 ,   Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Cu 1.56 B 6 ,   Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Cu 2.34 B 6 , and   Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Cu 3.12 B 6 .       

     Another preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a class of rare earth permanent magnets having the following general formula:
 
R 100−m TM m A n 
 
wherein R is one or a mixture of rare earths or yttrium, TM is one or a mixture of transition metals, A is one or a mixture of the following elements: Be, B, C, Mg, Al, Si, P, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Pb, and Bi, and m=80-92, n=0-20; and
 
wherein the magnets comprise a main phase and one or more minor phases, wherein the composition of the main phase is expressed as:
 
R 100−f TM f A v ,
 
in which R is one or a mixture of rare earths or yttrium, TM is one or a mixture of transition metals, A is one or a mixture of the following elements: Be, B, C, Mg, Al, Si, P, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Pb, and Bi, and f=75-90, v=0-20;
 
and wherein the minor phase or phases are rich in transition metal(s) and their composition is expressed as:
 
R 100−q TM q A p ,
 
where R is one or a mixture of rare earths or yttrium, TM is one or a mixture of transition metals, A is one or a mixture of the following elements: Be, B, C, Mg, Al, Si, P, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Pb, and Bi, and q=85-100, p=0-20; and wherein the total atomic percentage of transition metals, TM, in the soft minor phases R 100−q TM q A p  is more than 85%, and preferably more than 90%. Advantageously the minor phase, or the combination of minor phases, have a relatively lower hardness in comparison to the main phase. Therefore, more energy is needed to break the magnet that contains one or more relatively soft phases as compared to conventional rare earth permanent magnets.
 
     Advantageously, the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention possess fracture toughness equal or above 15 ft-lbs/in 2 , and preferably equal or above 20 ft-lbs/in 2  when measured at 20° C. As a comparison, conventional rare earth permanent magnets have fracture toughness lower than 15 ft-lbs/in 2  when measured at 20° C. 
     Advantageously, the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention have an average grain size smaller than 25 microns, preferably smaller than 15 microns. 
     The present invention will be further described based on the accompanying drawings, which are presented for illustrative purposes only. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates the magnetic performance of seven types of commercial rare earth permanent magnets; shown as a plot of intrinsic coercivity versus maximum energy product for permanent magnets. 
         FIG. 2  schematically summarizes the poor fracture toughness of three types of commercial rare earth permanent magnets; shown as a plot of fracture toughness versus maximum energy product for permanent magnets. 
         FIGS. 3   a  through  3   c  are illustrative stress-strain curves for different types of materials. Y and T denote yield and tensile strength, respectively.  FIG. 3A  shows Type I materials;  FIG. 3B  shows Type II materials; and  FIG. 3C  shows Type III materials. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a Charpy impact testing specimen with specific dimensions. 
         FIGS. 5 through 8  indicate the effect various levels of Nd, Ti, Nb and Cu, respectively, have on the fracture toughness of various RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets. 
         FIG. 9  compares the fracture toughness of two compositionally modified rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention against two commercial rare earth permanent magnets. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates how the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention compare to commercial magnets with respect to fracture toughness; shown as a plot of fracture toughness versus maximum energy product for permanent magnets. 
         FIGS. 11 through 14  illustrate magnetic properties of various rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention. Although the magnetic properties have not been optimized yet, the trend of property variation versus composition modification can be clearly seen. 
         FIG. 15  is a SEM micrograph of Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6  magnets of the invention showing the Nd 2 Fe 14 B main phase and the Ti-rich phase 
         FIG. 16  shows the sintered NdFeB magnets of the invention were machined by conventional cutting and drilling, which is impossible for commercial sintered NdFeB magnets. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A material&#39;s strength and toughness are different physical parameters. For example, high strength usually does not usually lead to good toughness. More specifically, the toughness of a material is defined as the energy, E, needed to break a material. In a plot of stress vs. strain, this energy is equal to the area under the stress-strain curve 
       E   =       ∫   0     ɛ   ⁢           ⁢   f       ⁢     σ   ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   ɛ             
 
where ε f  is the strain at fracture.
 
     FIGS.  3 ( a ) and  3 ( b ) of the drawings schematically show stress-strain curves of two types of materials. The Type I materials have high strength but poor toughness, while the Type II materials have low strength but good toughness. Glass and ceramics are typical Type I materials while soft metals, such as Al and Cu, are typical Type II materials. Type I materials tend to be very hard and brittle, with little or even no plastic deformation occurring before fracturing. On the other hand, Type II materials generally indicate good plasticity with low strength. Their toughness is shown in the area under the stress vs. strain curves in  FIGS. 3   b  and  3   c.    
     Clearly, an increase in strength does not equate to improvement in toughness. More often than not, such an increase in strength would accompany decrease in plasticity, which would lead to decreased toughness. Maximum toughness, therefore, is preferably achieved by optimizing the combination of strength and ductility. In order to obtain a magnet with improved toughness as shown in FIG.  3 ( c ) it has been found preferable to not increase strength, but rather to increase ductility (plasticity). The modified RE-Fe—B-type magnets of the present invention generally achieve this increase in ductility via compositional modification as detailed in Tables 2 through 5 and Examples 2 through 22 below. 
     It is generally agreed that there are three phases in sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets: (1) a RE 2 Fe 14 B phase, (2) a RE-rich grain boundary phase, and (3) a B-rich REFe 4 B 4  phase. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the toughness of the sintered REFeB magnets of the present invention can surprisingly be enhanced dramatically by modifying these three phases through certain unobvious compositional modifications. 
     RE-Fe—B-type magnets were compositionally modified by varying Nd content and/or adding Ti, Nb or Cu from the alloys described below by mixing appropriate quantities of different alloys as detailed below: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Alloys Prepared by Using a 
                 Alloys prepared by Using a 
               
               
                 Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace 
                 Vacuum Arc Melting Furnace 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6   
                 Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6   
               
               
                 Nd 60 Fe 34 B 6   
                 Nd 60 Fe 34 B 6   
               
               
                 Nd 15 Dy 1 Fe 78 B 6   
                 Nd 16 Fe 39 Ti 39 B 6   
               
               
                 Nd 2.4 Pr 5.6 Dy 1 Fe 85 B 6   
                 Nd 16 Fe 39 Nb 39 B 6   
               
               
                   
                 Nd 16 Fe 39 Cu 39 B 6   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The Group #1 and #2 alloys described below were prepared using conventional powder metallurgy, without adjusting parameters to optimize magnetic properties. Each was prepared following the steps set out below:
         Step 1—A jaw crusher and a double roller crusher were used to crush the ingot,   Step 2—Ball milling was used to reduce the crushed particles to ˜5 μm powder,   Step 3—This ˜5 μm powder was compacted using an isostatic press at 3 ton/cm 3 ,   Step 4—The compacted powder was sintered at 1080° C. for 20 minutes in a high vacuum followed by exposure to Ar for 40 minutes, and   Step 5—The sintered magnet underwent post sintering heat treatment at 650° C. for 20 minutes.
 
Group #1 alloys include:
   Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6      Nd 17 Fe 77 B 6      Nd 18 Fe 76 B 6      Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6      Nd 20 Fe 74 B 6      Nd 21 Fe 73 B 6      Nd 22 Fe 72 B 6      Nd 23 Fe 71 B 6      Nd 16 Dy 1 Fe 78 B 6  
 
Group #2 alloys include:
       

     Nd 16 (Fe 1−x Ti x ) 78 B 6  with x=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04
         Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Ti 0.78 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Ti 2.34 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Ti 3.12 B 6          

     Nd 16 (Fe 1−x Nb x ) 78 B 6  with x=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04
         Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Nb 0.78 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Nb 1.56 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Nb 2.34 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Nb 3.12 B 6          

     Nd 16 (Fe 1−x Cu x ) 78 B 6  with x=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04
         Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Cui 0.78 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Cu 1.56 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Cu 2.34 B 6      Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Cu 3.12 B 6          

     Examples of four such modifications and the unexpected and surprising fracture toughness results associated with these modifications are detailed below:
     (1) The effect of Nd content on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the invention is set out in Table 2 and FIG.  5 .   (2) The effect of Ti addition on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the invention is set out in Table 3 and FIG.  6 .   (3) The effect of Nb addition on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the invention is set out in Table 4 and FIG.  7 .   (4) The effect of Cu addition on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the inventions set out in Table 5 and FIG.  8 .   

     The toughness of the various modified RE-Fe—B-type magnets of the invention was determined at room temperature (20°) using a standard Charpy impact testing method with a Bell Laboratories Type Impact Testing Machine. The energy required to break the impact specimen can be readily determined in the test. For the purposes of the present invention, this energy divided by the area at the notch, is defined as the fracture toughness. Fracture toughness describes the toughness of the material tested, as that term is used throughout this specification. The dimensions of the specimens used are detailed in FIG.  4 . The effect of the Nd modification to the composition on the fracture toughness of the sintered REFeB magnets is detailed in Table 2 and FIG.  5 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Nd Compositional Modification on the Fracture 
               
               
                 Toughness of Sintered RE-Fe—B-Type Rare Earth 
               
               
                 Permanent Magnets of the Present Invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Percent 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Increase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Energy 
                 Fracture 
                 in Fracture 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Specific 
                 Absorbed 
                 Toughness 
                 Toughness 
                 Observa- 
               
               
                 # 
                 Composition 
                 (ft-lbs) 
                 (ft-lbs/in 2 ) 
                 (in %) 
                 tion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1* 
                 Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6   
                 1.0148 
                 12.606 
                 N/A 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Nd 17 Fe 77 B 6   
                 1.0711 
                 13.306 
                 6 
               
               
                 3 
                 Nd 18 Fe 76 B 6   
                 1.5150 
                 18.820 
                 49 
               
               
                 4 
                 Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6   
                 1.7647 
                 21.922 
                 74 
               
               
                 7 
                 Nd 20 Fe 74 B 6   
                 1.7678 
                 21.960 
                 74 
               
               
                 8 
                 Nd 21 Fe 73 B 6   
                 1.7678 
                 21.960 
                 74 
               
               
                 9 
                 Nd 22 Fe 72 B 6   
                 1.7689 
                 21.974 
                 74 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Example 1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet used to establish baseline.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It can be seen from Table 2 that the toughness of the various sintered Nd—Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets is responsive to the Nd content in magnet alloy. The fracture toughness of Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6  is 12.606 ft-lbs/in 2 . This value represents the toughness of typical commercial sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnets. It is apparent from  FIG. 5  that the fracture toughness toughness) sharply increases by increasing the Nd content up to 19%. Surprisingly, the 19% level further increases of the Nd content do not materially affect the fracture toughness of the various modified Nd—Fe—B-type magnets. 
     The fracture toughness of Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6  (Example #4), 21.922 ft-lbs/in 2 ,is unexpectedly 74% higher than a typical commercial sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnet represented by Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6 . Surprisingly such a low Nd level (19%) is required to achieve improved toughness of sintered modified Nd—Fe—B magnets. 
     Table 3 lists data on the effect of Ti addition on toughness (fracture toughness) for various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets based on the Charpy impact test. The results are also shown in FIG.  6 . It can be seen from  FIG. 6  that the toughness of sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets sharply increases by increasing Ti content. The toughness reaches a peak of 22.124 ft-lbs/in 2  at 1.56% Ti and then unexpectedly decreases. It should be mentioned that Example #13 (Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Ti 2.34 B 6 ) was cut with two notches accidentally. Therefore, the fracture toughness value for Example #13 is not accurate and may actually be much higher than reported. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Ti Composition Modification on the fracture toughness of 
               
               
                 Sintered RE-Fe—B-type Rare Earth Permanent Magnets of the Invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Increase in 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Fracture 
                 Fracture 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Specific 
                 Energy Absorbed 
                 toughness 
                 Toughness 
               
               
                 # 
                 Composition 
                 (ft-lbs) 
                 (ft-lbs/in 2 ) 
                 (in %) 
                 Observation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1* 
                 Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6   
                 1.0148 
                 12.606 
                 N/A 
                 Baseline 
               
               
                 11 
                 Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Ti 0.78 B 6   
                 1.2213 
                 15.171 
                 20 
               
               
                 12 
                 Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6   
                 1.7810 
                 22.124 
                 76 
               
               
                 13 
                 Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Ti 2.34 B 6   
                 1.1276 
                 14.007 
                 11 
                 Double 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 notches 
               
               
                 14 
                 Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Ti 3.12 B 6   
                 0.8687 
                 10.791 
                 −14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Example #1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Similar to Ti, Nb has been observed to be another element useful for grain refinement. The effect of Nb addition on toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets is set out in Table 4 and FIG.  7 . It can be concluded from  FIG. 7  that the Nb addition also improves toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnets. A peak fracture toughness of 15.171 ft-lbs/in 2  is reached at 1.56%. Apparently, the effect of Nb on the toughness of various Nd—Fe—B magnets is not as great as Ti. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Nb Composition Modification on the Fracture Toughness of 
               
               
                 Sintered RE-Fe—B-type Rare Earth Permanent Magnets of the Invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Percent Increase 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Energy 
                 Fracture 
                 in Fracture 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Specific 
                 Absorbed 
                 Toughness 
                 Toughness 
               
               
                 # 
                 Composition 
                 (ft-lbs) 
                 (ft-lbs/in 2 ) 
                 (in %) 
                 Observation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1* 
                 Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6   
                 1.0148 
                 12.606 
                 N/A 
                 Baseline 
               
               
                 15 
                 Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Nb 0.78 B 6   
                 0.9572 
                 11.891 
                 −6 
               
               
                 16 
                 Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Nb 1.56 B 6   
                 1.2213 
                 15.171 
                 20 
               
               
                 17 
                 Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Nb 2.34 B 6   
                 1.2112 
                 15.046 
                 19 
               
               
                 18 
                 Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Nb 3.12 B 6   
                 1.0098 
                 12.544 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Example #1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The effect of Cu on room temperature fracture toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets is-shown in Table 5 and FIG.  8 . It is seen from  FIG. 8  that adding Cu to various Nd—Fe—B magnet compositions slightly improves room-temperature toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets. Fracture toughness peaks at 14.359 ft-lbs/in 2  with 0.78% Cu. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Cu Composition Modification on the Fracture Toughness of 
               
               
                 Sintered RE-Fe—B-type Rare Earth Permanent Magnets of the Invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Percent Increase 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Energy 
                 Fracture 
                 in Fracture 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 Absorbed 
                 Toughness 
                 Toughness 
               
               
                 # 
                 Composition 
                 (ft-lbs) 
                 (ft-lbs/in 2 ) 
                 (in %) 
                 Observation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1* 
                 Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6   
                 1.0148 
                 12.606 
                 N/A 
                 Baseline 
               
               
                 19 
                 Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Cu 0.78 B 6   
                 1.1559 
                 14.359 
                 14 
               
               
                 20 
                 Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Cu 1.56 B 6   
                 1.0751 
                 13.355 
                 6 
               
               
                 21 
                 Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Cu 2.34 B 6   
                 0.8838 
                 10.979 
                 −13 
               
               
                 22 
                 Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Cu 3.12 B 6   
                 0.7426 
                 9.225 
                 −27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Example #1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The foregoing establishes that modifying the RE-Fe—B-type magnet compositions with Nb, Cu, and especially Ti, or Nd effectively improves the room temperature fracture toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type magnets. Exceptional and unexpected high fracture toughness of 22.124 ft-lbs/in 2  and 21.922 ft-lbs/in 2  were obtained for Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6  and Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6 , respectively. These represent a 74 to 76% improvement of the toughness vis-à-vis commercial sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnets. 
     It was found that grain refinement plays an important role in increasing toughness. When grain size is smaller than 25 microns, especially smaller than 12 microns, the fracture toughness increases significantly. We concluded that the smaller the grain size, the better the fracture toughness providing for magnets with the same composition. 
     Additional minor phases were found in the magnets of the present invention, which has been found to be a very important feature of the invention. 
     The Nd-rich phases are predominantly along grain boundaries. Some larger Nd-riches phases are also located inside the grains or at the triple grain boundary junctions. These mechanically soft Nd-rich phases help decrease the brittleness, and therefore increase the fracture toughness of the sintered NdFeB magnets of the invention. 
     Ti-rich minor phases with a composition close to Nd 4.3 Fe 29.2 Ti 66.5  were identified in the Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6  sintered magnets of the invention. These Ti-rich minor phases have excellent toughness due to the amount of transition metals, Fe and Ti, which account for more than 90 atomic percent. The existence of the soft Ti-rich minor phases are the key for the toughness improvement of the Ti added NdFeB magnets of the invention. An example of the microstructure showing the main phase and the Ti-rich minor phases is given in FIG.  15 . 
     By using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray analysis, similar minor phases were also identified in the Nb and Cu added NdFeB magnets of the invention. These minor phases generally have low Nd content (&lt;10 atomic %) and high Fe and other transition metal content (&gt;90 atomic %). All these minor TM-rich phases have excellent plasticity and low hardness as compared to the main Nd 2 Fe 14 B phase. The amount and morphology of these minor phases have a great impact to the toughness enhancement of the sintered NdFeB-type magnets of the invention. 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , sintered NdFeB-type magnets of the invention can be machined by conventional cutting and drilling, which is impossible for the commercial sintered NdFeB-type magnets. 
     The present invention has been described in detail, including the preferred embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon consideration of the present disclosure, may make modifications and/or improvements on this invention and still be within the scope and spirit of this invention as set forth in the following claims.