Abstract:
A laser Doppler probe for measuring blood flow, comprising a transmit fiber, and one or more receive fibers, which are configured to direct and receive energy orthogonal to the fiber axis.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to an optical sensor or probe for measuring fluid flow, and more particularly to a laser Doppler blood perfusion monitoring probe for measuring blood flow in tissue. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Blood flow is an important parameter which is measured as a part of certain surgical and diagnostic procedures. Laser Doppler flow meters utilize fiber optics to distribute coherent light to an anatomic site. The relative motion of the blood cells modulates the coherent light, and the frequency shift associated with the motion of the corpuscles can be extracted from a photodiode signal connected to a receiving fiber. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The probe of the present invention utilizes a single transmitting fiber connected to a source of laser light, and one or more receiving fibers which are connected to a photodiode detector. The distal ends of the fibers are cut to form facets. Each facet is then rendered reflective by metalization or the like, so that the light emerging from the transmit fiber leaves at an angle with respect to the fiber axis. One or more receive fibers are provided and each receive fiber is also cut at an angle to form a facet. This faceted geometry permits light scattered from tissue to be returned along an axis perpendicular to the long axis of the receive fiber. This creates a lateral or &#34;side looking&#34; sensor arrangement, which is useful in a variety of settings. The orientation of the fibers are important for the operation of the sensor, and it is generally desired to have the transmit fiber extend distally of the receive fibers and several configurations are contemplated. Although the unique sensor can be used in isolation, a sheath or cover may be applied to house the sensor for some applications. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Throughout the several figures, like reference numerals refer to equivalent structure, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the sensor; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an alternate configuration of the sensor; 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an alternate configuration of the sensor; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an alternate configuration of the sensor; and, 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an alternate configuration of the sensor. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 shows the blood perfusion probe 10 in a schematic fashion. The optical sensor assembly 14 is formed of a single transmit fiber 18, and one or more receive fibers. In the illustrative embodiment shown through out the figures a pair of receive fibers are shown as receive fiber 20 and receive fiber 22 respectively. It should be apparent that a single receive fiber is operable as well as embodiments which include three receive fibers. However for clarity in description only two receive fibers are shown in the various figures. 
     The two receive fibers are coupled to a photodetector 50, while the transmit fiber 18 is coupled to a source of optical radiation such as a laser 52. In this figure, three orthogonal directions are defined by coordinate 15 (X); the coordinate 13 (Y); and the coordinate 11 (Z). In the particular configuration depicted in FIG. 1 the two receive fibers lie in the YZ plane while the single transmit fiber 18 is displaced along the X axis from the plane of the receive fibers. 
     The distal tip of the transmit fiber 18 is cut to form a facet 16. The receive fibers typified by receive fiber 20 also are cut to form facets shown as facet 17 on fiber 20 and as facet 19 on fiber 22. The facets serve to direct light out of each fiber. For example the light is emitted from fiber 18 along the direction indicated by direction path 21. The light received by the receive fiber 20 enters along the centerline indicated by path 23. Similarly the light enters fiber 23 along the path shown as path 25. In each instance the centerline of the path is approximately orthogonal to the centerline or major axis of the fiber. 
     In general the single relatively small diameter (typically 50-100 μm, preferably 62.5 μm) transmit fiber 18, is positioned distal and &#34;behind&#34; the illustrative pair of relatively large diameter (typically 50-200 μm, preferably 100 μm) receive fibers shown as receive fiber 20 and receive fiber 22. The collective fiber orientation defines an aperture shown by the loop 27. 
     As seen in connection with FIG. 1, the fibers may be embedded in a transparent optical block 26, which stabilizes and retains the distal tips of the fibers in a fixed relationship with respect to each other. The optical block 26 may extend the entire length of the sheath 12 or the fibers may transition into a flexible fiber optic cable assembly as known in this industry. Although the optical sensor assembly 14 is shown in a schematic form for clarity, the fibers are typically embedded in the block 26 in optical epoxy to permanently position them. The optical sensor assembly 14 is then permanently covered by an extension of the sheath 12 to complete the fabrication of the probe 10. 
     FIG. 2 is a composite diagram showing a central sensor axis 29. This figure shows an elevation view and a plan view of an alternate fiber configuration. In this schematic diagram the transmit fiber 18 is &#34;in front&#34; of the plane defined by the two receive fibers shown as fiber 20 and fiber 22. In general, each fiber has a facet angle &#34;theta&#34; formed with respect to the central axis 29 which serves to direct light away from the central axis 29 as indicated by path arrow 31 for the transmit fiber 18 and path arrow 33 for the receive fiber 22. 
     A reflective coating 42 is provided at each oblique facet surface of each fiber. The preferred reflective coating is gold. Gold is preferred because of its high reflectivity at the wave lengths available for commercial laser sources. However silver is an alternative choice, and multilayer dielectric mirrors can also be formed on the distal facets to form a reflective mirror structure. 
     In general, the facet angle will be near forty five degrees but need not be equal to forty five degrees (forty five plus or minus 15 degrees for example). In the configuration of FIG. 1 the transmit facet angle &#34;theta&#34; will preferably be greater than forty five degrees, while in the configuration of FIG. 2 the transmit fiber facet angle will preferably be less than forty five degrees. In each of these examples the angle is selected to minimize internal reflection which returns light to the laser 52 which is undesirable. In general the configuration of FIG. 1 maximizes the amount of light emitted from the transmit fiber which improves overall system efficiency. 
     The relative displacement of the emitted light from fiber 18 and the received light from fiber 22, as determined by projecting the fibers on to a plane perpendicular to the path arrows 31 and 33 and measuring the distance between fibers 18 and 22 in this plane, is shown in FIG. 2 as the distance &#34;D&#34;. This distance &#34;D&#34; may be selected to suit particular applications. It will preferably be approximately 0.5 mm, but may range from about 0.25 mm to 3.0 mm. In general, the depth of tissue which can be observed with the probe is a function of &#34;D&#34;, with the identified range representing a compromise between laser power and tissue monitoring volume. 
     FIG. 3 shows an alternate and generally planar configuration where the transmit fiber 18 lies along the central axis 29 and is in the same plane as the receive fiber 20 and receive fiber 22. In this configuration the distance between the emitted light path and the received light path is shown as &#34;L&#34;. In this configuration the preferred angle for the distal tip facet may be greater than or less than 45°. In this alternative configuration, all the fibers have the same length and are in the same plane. 
     In each of the foregoing embodiments it is generally preferred to have all the facets aligned to the same direction so that the beam centers of each facet are parallel to each other indicated in FIG. 4. However it should be understood that other alignments are possible as well. Although the configuration seen in FIG. 5 has the two receive fibers at an acute angle with respect to the transmit path 33, any angle from zero degrees to 360 degrees may be selected. This geometry may be especially useful where it is important to have as small a diameter probe as possible. In these instances the fibers will be clustered and abut each other in a minimum space filling configuration as seen in FIG. 5. 
     Although two specific applications of the sensor are shown it should be understood that the sensor can be used alone of integrated into a variety of devices without departing from the scope of the invention.