Abstract:
The invention proposes to simplify fabrication of the twin MONOS memory array. The twin MONOS memory array can be embedded into a standard CMOS circuit by the process of the present invention by adding only three additional mask levels. Conventional floating gate devices need ten or more extra masks. In the present invention, the unique twin MONOS process steps can be inserted into the standard CMOS process flow without any parameter modifications. The present invention also achieves increased endurance by means of reducing the widths of the sidewall control gate and underlying nitride storage region.

Description:
This is a division of patent application Ser. No. 10/386,853, filing date Mar. 12, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,271 Simplified Twin MONOS Fabrication Method With Three Extra Masks To Standard CMOS, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and which claims the benefit of priority to Provisional Patent Application number 60/363,448, filing date Mar. 12, 2002, Simplified Twin MONOS Fabrication Method With Three Extra Masks To Standard CMOS, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to twin MONOS memory and more particularly to twin MONOS memory either embedded in CMOS circuits or in a stand-alone application, and its fabrication method. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   A MONOS memory is one of typical semiconductor memories wherein carrier charge is stored in a gate insulator to have information nonvolatilely stored. The MONOS memory is of a laminated structure comprising a conductive gate (M), a top oxide film (O), a silicon nitride film (N), a tunnel oxide film (O) and a semiconductor wherein the carrier (electron or hole) is captured at a trapping level in the silicon nitride film to store the carrier charge. 
   A MONOS memory is disclosed as the nonvolatile memory capable of reducing the programming voltage by E. Suzuki, H. Hiraishi, K. Ishii and Y. Hayashi, “A Low-Voltage Alterable EEPROM with Metal-Oxide-nitride-Oxide and semiconductor (MONOS) Structures”, in IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-30, February 1983, p. 122). This MONOS memory is of a laminated structure comprising a conductive gate (M), a top oxide film (O), a silicon nitride film (N), a tunnel oxide film (O) and semiconductor. This structure has enabled the MONOS memory to stop hopping via the carrier trapping level in the silicon nitride film due to a potential barrier formed between the nitride film and the top oxide film, which resulted in making the nitride film as thin as possible. Further, carrier traps newly generated at the interface between the top oxide film and nitride film has enlarged a memory window to the extent it is possible to identify the stored information even if the entire insulator thickness is made thinner. 
   Twin MONOS individual cell structure was introduced in U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,166 to Seiki Ogura (Halo-99-001) issued on Jul. 3, 2001. Its fabrication method was presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/994,084 (Halo-01-001) to Ogura et al filed on Nov. 21, 2001. This invention also refers to an array structure of 4 bit-1 contact described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,935 (Halo-00-004) to Hayashi et al issued Oct. 22, 2002, where four memory storage cells share one contact. These patents are herein incorporated by reference. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention proposes to simplify fabrication of the twin MONOS memory array. The twin MONOS memory array can be embedded into a standard CMOS circuit by the process of the present invention by adding only three additional mask levels. Conventional floating gate devices need ten or more extra masks. In the present invention, the unique twin MONOS process steps can be inserted into the standard CMOS process flow without any parameter modifications. The present invention also achieves increased endurance by means of reducing the widths of the sidewall control gate and underlying nitride storage region. 
   The twin MONOS fabrication method described prior to the present invention, such as in Halo-01-001 requires a capping nitride layer with a thickness of between about 100 and 200 nm over the memory word gate, as shown in FIG.  2 . It works as an etch stopper during chemical mechanical polishing (CWP) and enables the self-aligned word line wiring and/or self-aligned contact. Recently, salicidation over the CMOS gate polysilicon has become standard practice to reduce resistance. The capping nitride layer blocks salicidation so that the nitride over the CMOS gate polysilicon must be removed before the salicidation process. In this case, a mask is necessary to prevent removal of the capping nitride layer in the memory area. In the memory area, the capping nitride layer causes other problems. The structure of the 4 bit-1 contact memory array, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,935 (Halo-01-004), does not need to expose the word line after CMP, so this structure does not have the capping nitride layer as a CMP etch stopper. The present invention proposes the elimination of the capping nitride layer over the gate polysilicon so that the nitride stripping mask is no longer necessary. 
   Any applied voltage during the twin MONOS device operation does not exceed 5V on the control gate during program operation. Therefore, the thick gate oxide as used in floating gate memory is not necessary. The gate oxides in the memory area can be the same as the CMOS oxides. Thus, no extra mask for the gate oxide in the memory area is needed. 
   The channel implantation under the control gate and memory LDD are maskless. Since the CMOS gate is patterned after the memory gate, the CMOS region is covered with the gate polysilicon and is not exposed to the memory implantations. The memory source/drain implantation is shared with the CMOS NMOS devices. No extra mask process is necessary for memory implantations. 
   The ultra short channel under the memory control gate is controlled by reducing the thickness of the control gate polysilicon to about 45 nm instead of using the disposable sidewall process as taught in Halo-01-001. This not only simplifies the process, but also significantly improves the erase efficiency with hot hole injection. The spacer to define the offset to source/drain is shared with the CMOS process. 
   The present invention optimizes the extra mask steps added to the CMOS process to only 3:
     1) Deep N-well mask to enable negative voltage application on NMOS,   2) Memory gate mask to define memory word gates, and   3) Memory control gate mask to form control gate contacts.
 
The present invention provides a simplified fabrication method to lower manufacturing costs.
   

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows a completed device of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  shows a layout of the prior art. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  show a top view of the layout of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 5 through 19  show the process flow of the present invention in cross-section. 
       FIG. 20  shows a top view of the layout of the present invention. 
       FIG. 21  shows the process flow of the present invention in cross-section. 
       FIGS. 22 through 24  show a top view of the layout of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 25 through 27  show the process flow of the present invention in cross-section. 
       FIG. 28  shows a top view of the layout of the completed device of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The process of the present invention forms a twin MONOS memory embedded in a CMOS device, as illustrated in  FIG. 1. A  memory area is shown on the left side of the figure and a CMOS area is shown on the right side. The memory and CMOS areas are separated by an isolation region in a substrate, such as STI  110 . A deep N-well is formed in the NMOS area and in the memory area to supply negative voltage. The deep N-well is not shown. Polysilicon memory word gates  121  are shown in the memory area having silicon control gates  122  on sidewalls of the memory gates and having an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) layer  114  therebetween wherein the ONO layer also underlies the control gates and overlies a gate oxide layer  111  wherein the nitride portion of the ONO layer underlying the control gates provides storage in the memory area. A channel length of the control gates is less than 50 nm and the control gates have a height of at least 50 nm less than a height of the memory gates. Polysilicon CMOS gates  124  are shown in the CMOS area. A polysilicon control gate contact  123  lies between the memory area and the CMOS area overlying the substrate and on a sidewall of a CMOS gate in the CMOS area and on a sidewall of a memory gate in the memory area. LDD regions  106  and  108  and source and drain regions I  107  and  109  are shown in the substrate adjacent to the gates in the CMOS area and in the memory area, respectively. Metal contacts  150  are formed through a dielectric layer  140 / 141  overlying the gates to the source and drain regions forming word line contacts  160  and control gate contacts  161  to complete the Twin MONOS memory device. 
   An example of the process flow to be proposed in this invention is shown in Table 1. In column CMOS/Memory, ‘C’ indicates a CMOS process and ‘M’ indicates a process unique to memory formation. Extra mask steps are marked with an ‘X’ in the Extra Mask column. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
               CMOS 
               EXTRA 
             
             
               PROCESS STEP 
               PROCESS DESCRIPTION 
               MEMORY 
               MASK 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               STI 
               CMOS shallow trench 
               C 
                 
             
             
                 
               isolation 
             
             
               Deep N-Well 
               Triple well - Deeper N-well 
               M 
               X 
             
             
               N-well 
               CMOS N-well, PMOS 
               C 
             
             
               P-well 
               CMOS P-well, NMOS 
               C 
             
             
               Oxide 1 
               Dual Gate Oxide, first 
               C 
             
             
                 
               oxidation 
             
             
               P-channel 
               P-channel implant to define 
               C 
             
             
               implant 
               P-Vt 
             
             
               N-channel 
               N-channel implant to define 
               C 
             
             
               implant 
               P-Vt 
             
             
               Oxide 2 
               Thin gate, thick gate 
               C 
             
             
                 
               increment 
             
             
               Poly deposition 
               Gate polysilicon 
               C 
             
             
               Memory mask 
               Memory gate mask 
               M 
               X 
             
             
               Control gate 
               Boron implant (self-aligned 
               M 
             
             
               channel implant 
               no mask) 
             
             
               ONO deposition 
               Memory storage 
               M 
             
             
               Sidewall gate 
               Control gate, control gate 
               M 
               X 
             
             
                 
               contact 
             
             
               Memory LDD 
               N-type dopant (self-aligned 
               M 
             
             
               implant 
               no mask) 
             
             
               CMOS poly mask 
               CMOS gate mask 
               C 
             
             
               N-channel LDD 
               CMOS N-channel LDD 
               C 
             
             
               P-channel LDD 
               CMOS P-channel LDD 
               C 
             
             
               Spacer process 
               CMOS LDD to Source/Drain 
               C 
             
             
                 
               offset 
             
             
               N Source/drain 
               CMOS N-channel source/ 
               C 
             
             
               implant 
               drain implant 
             
             
               P Source/drain 
               CMOS P-channel source/drain 
               C 
             
             
               implant 
               implant 
             
             
               Salicide 
               Salicidation 
               C 
             
             
               Contact oxide 
               FET devices metal isolation 
               C 
             
             
               Contact 
               Contact hole and stud 
               C 
             
             
               Metal 1 
               Metal wiring 1 
               C 
             
             
               Via 1 
               Interlayer dielectrics and via 
               C 
             
             
                 
               hole 
             
             
               Metal 2 
               Second metal 
               C 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Shallow trench isolation (STI) is formed as shown in  FIG. 3  with a conventional CMOS process as if laying blocks.  FIG. 3  shows a top view of active areas  100  and STI areas  110 .  FIG. 4  helps understand how the memory word line  121  and control gate  123  run relative to the STI/active area layout. An ONO stack film runs under the control gate and has a memory element over the active area. Four adjacent cells will share a contact  150 . 
   A triple well structure is required in addition to the conventional N-well  102  and P-well  103  structures isolated by STI  110  as shown in  FIG. 5  to supply negative voltage to N-MOS devices in the well. After patterning the resist with deep N-well  101  mask, phosphorus is implanted with the, energy of between about 1.5 MeV and 3 MeV to between the depth of 1 μm and 4 μm, twice the depth of the overlying P-well  103 . The P-well in the triple well is formed as is conventional. The memory device is built over the P-well as shown in  FIG. 6  or the triple well to supply negative voltage to the well. NMOS and PMOS are built over the P-well and N-well, respectively. When negative voltage is required for P-well, a triple well is necessary. 
   The first oxidation, N-channel implant to adjust the PMOS threshold voltage, P-channel threshold voltage (Vt) adjustment, and second oxidation process are standard CMOS parameters. These steps are followed by gate polysilicon deposition to a thickness of between about 100 and 250 nm. The cap nitride is not deposited over the polysilicon. While the gate polysilicon  120 , shown in  FIG. 6 , is shared between the twin MONOS memory and the CMOS circuit, it is patterned separately. The extra mask to print the memory gate pattern is necessary. 
   The memory gate  121  is defined with a conventional lithography as shown in FIG.  7 . The logic gate is masked and the polysilicon  120  remains. Boron is implanted with a dose of between about 1E12 and 1E13 ions/cm 2  into control gate channel  104  to adjust the Vt under the control gate without any mask since the remaining gate polysilicon over the CMOS regions blocks the area. 
   An ONO stack film as a memory storage element  114  in  FIG. 8  is composed of the base oxide, the storage nitride, and the top oxide. The base oxide is thermally grown to the thickness of between about 3 and 6 nm, followed by putting the wafer in an NH 3  ambient at greater than 850° C. to allow nitridation on the surface. The nitridation process helps to reduce incubation time and deposit nitride uniformly. The nitride thickness deposited by a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) tool depends on the top oxide formation, either deposition or oxidation of nitride. The final thickness, sandwiched between the bottom and top oxides, is controlled to be between about 3 and 6 nm. The top oxide is deposited to a thickness of between about 4 and 7 nm by a conventional CVD process, such as high temperature oxide (HTO). The deposition is followed by a wet oxidation process to stabilize the boundary surface of the top oxide with the overlying nitride. Alternatively, the nitride could be oxidized to form the top oxide layer. In this case, the nitride is deposited to a thickness of between about 6 and 9 nm to compensate for the loss of the nitride during oxidation. After oxidation, the nitride thickness becomes between about 3 and 5 nm and the top oxide will have a thickness of between about 4.5 and 7.5 nm. An in-situ steam generation (ISSG) tool is preferred for the oxidation to minimize effects on areas other than the ONO layer. 
   Now, a doped polysilicon layer  122  is deposited over the ONO layer  114  for the control gate. The layer  122  has a thickness of between about 40 and 60 nm. Alternatively, amorphous silicon can be used to reduce resistance.  FIG. 12  is an enlarged view of the memory gate showing the completed control gates  122 . The control gates  122  are formed by a conventional vertical reactive ion etch wherein the contact area is covered with a photoresist mask. The mask is unnecessary other than in the area of the gate contact. Since remaining polysilicon over the memory word gate will cause a short to the word gate in later processes, the photoresist should not remain there during etching. It is so difficult for the conventional lithography process to make a photoresist image covering the contact area only without any resist on top of the word gate, that this invention provides two embodiments to achieve self-aligned control gate contact pad formation. These are a resist recess process, as shown in  FIGS. 9-11 , and a poly plug process, as shown in  FIGS. 12-15 . 
   In the recessed resist process, a thin photoresist layer  190  is applied to plug the troughs between the word gates and to make a thickness difference between the top and bottom, as shown in FIG.  9 . Unnecessary resist is developed out using conventional lithography to leave the resist  191  over the contact area as shown in FIG.  10 . Etching down the resist with high selectivity to polysilicon, such as O 2  reactive ion etching, until the remaining resist over the word gate is etched away, we have the mask covering only the control gate contact area as shown in  FIG. 11. A  vertical reactive ion etch of the polysilicon or amorphous silicon  122  provides the structure shown in FIG.  13 . 
   In the second embodiment of self-aligned control gate contact process, polysilicon is plugged in the control-gate contact instead of photo resist in the first embodiment. The control gate polysilicon  122  deposition as shown in  FIG. 8  is followed by depositing etch stop oxide  180  to a thickness of between about 10 to 30 nm and plug polysilicon  181  to a thickness of between about 100 to 250 nm to fill between the control gates subsequently as shown in FIG.  14 . The unnecessary plug polysilicon is etched away where it is not covered by photoresist mask  192  over the control gate pad area using conventional lithography as shown in FIG.  15 . The photoresist mask is stripped and remaining polysilicon over the control gate is recessed with a vertical ion etch until the polysilicon on top is etched away as shown in FIG.  16 . The oxide  181  not covered by the control gate contact is etched away with a conventional oxide wet etching as shown in FIG.  17 . The oxide  181  overlying the control gate contact is masked with the plug polysilicon  180  so that it remains with the polysilicon after wet etching. The control gate polysilicon  122  is vertically etched with reactive ion etching followed by etching ONO subsequently. The plug polysilicon  181  overlying the control gate contact is etched away during the etching and stops at oxide  180  and oxide  180  is etched away during the ONO etching as shown in FIG.  18 . 
   It is also applicable to get the control gate pad directly using the photoresist mask without the self-aligned process as shown in  FIG. 19 , although it should pay an area penalty. The edge of the control gate pad on top of the word gate may get a short to the word gate at the salicidation process. Thus, this alternative is followed by placing a salicide block  182  to avoid word-control gate short and bridging over the non salicided word gate with MI  183  to recover the word gate resistance, as shown in FIG.  20 . 
   In all embodiments, the control gate polysilicon is lowered more than 50 nm from the height of the word gate  121 , forming a step with a height of between about 50 and 100 nm, as shown by  122  in FIG.  21 . After cleaning and 3 to 6 nm sidewall oxidation to recover etching damage, N-type species are implanted to form memory LDD regions  105 . For example, As may be implanted with an energy of about 15 KeV and dosage of between about 1E13 and 1E14 ions/cm 2 . 
   A channel length of the control gate is defined by the polysilicon remaining thickness after control gate poly etching. The program operation of the device assumes source side injection of channel hot electrons. The electrons are stored in the nitride along the whole channel area. While the erase operation is considered to be hot hole injection, hot holes can move only about 2 or 3 times of their mean free pass along the channel. If the channel length is too large, hot holes cannot reach the word gate side edge and they cannot cancel out the electrons stored at the edge of the gate. This would degrade the endurance performance of the device. The thickness therefore must be controlled to be 50 nm or less, and preferably 35 nm to 50 nm. 
   The process returns to the basic CMOS flow. All of the parameters are provided by the basic CMOS steps hereafter. After the memory LDD formation, CMOS gates are formed with a conventional lithography and reactive ion etching as shown in FIG.  21 . The memory word gate is defined either as a polysilicon bar as shown in  FIG. 22  or a trough in the polysilicon layer as shown in FIG.  23 . The control gate  122  in  FIG. 22  surrounds polysilicon bar  121 . Since the control gate loops around the word line, CGi,1, left side control gate of i-th word gate and CGi,r, right side, are not separated before the logic etching. The control gate is etched at both ends of the word gate to separate CGi,1 and CG.i,r by putting an opening  184  in the logic gate mask. CG gates CGi,r and CGi+1,1 sharing a diffusion are connected with the control gate contact pad. The word gates in  FIG. 23  are not separated before logic etching. Putting opening  185  in the logic gate mask, the word gates are separated. 
   The control gate works together with another control gate sharing a diffusion area in this disclosure. Some applications may require each control gate to work independently. The top view structure in  FIG. 24  enables each control gate to operate independently. The control gate pad  186  is formed at both ends of the word gate bar using a process shown in FIG.  19 . The opening notch  187  is formed alternately with logic gate etching. 
   NMOS and PMOS LDD implants are made individually as shown by  108  in FIG.  25 . The spacer process is shared between the CMOS and memory areas. The spacer thickness  115  is much thicker than the control gate polysilicon  122 . Since the control gate has the form of a shoulder, the entire control gate is covered by the spacer material and is not exposed. P-channel source and drain implants and N-channel source and drain implants are made subsequently. Memory source and drain implants  107  are shared with N-channel source/drain implants  109 . 
   Salicide metal such as titanium or molybdenum is deposited and reacts with the silicon to form salicide during annealing. The memory word gates  121 , memory diffusion  107 , CMOS gates  124 , and CMOS diffusion area  108  are converted to salicide. The control gate is not salicided because the gate is covered with spacer dielectrics. Diffusion salicide  130  and gate salicide  131  are shown in FIG.  26 . 
   Oxide fill  140 , chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), contact opening, metal  1   150 , and following processes are basic CMOS process steps. An example of metal wiring layout is illustrated in top view in FIG.  28 . The fist metal  160  works as the bit line. 
   The memory array is divided into smaller blocks to enable flexible device operations. A metal line with low wired resistance stitches the blocks via corresponding contacts. Each word line contact  153  or control gate contact  152  is placed at the edges of each stitch block as shown in FIG.  28 . Since the word line  121  and the control gate  122  run parallel and crossed to the bit line  160 , the metal layer for their stitch lines should be different from the bit line. At least two metal levels are necessary to arrange the stitches. Another metal level is required to get a density benefit. Putting f as a minimum feature size in the design rule, word line minimum pitch is estimated by 3 f; 1f of line width plus 1f of line to line space plus 2×0.5 f of control gate width. Two metal stitch lines are required within the word line pitch; one for the word line and one for the shared adjacent control gate lines. Since metal pitch cannot be smaller than 2 f, two metal stitich lines for the word line and the control gate designated with the minimum design rule cannot be on the same layer. Thus, two metal mask levels are necessary to stitch both word line and control gate to minimize the memory array size and maximize the memory density. The stitch contacts of control gate  152  and word line  151  cannot be arranged in a row because there is no way to keep a minimum space between a metal stitch line and contacts. Therefore, these contacts are arranged alternately shifting each other. While either word line contacts or control gate contacts can be placed on both sides of the block, the other contacts are placed on each side alternately for the stitch lines to detour.  FIG. 28  is an example where the control gate contacts  152  are placed on both sides of the block and the word line contacts  153  are placed on top and bottom alternately, stitched by second metal  161  and third metal  162 , respectively. The resistance of the control gate is supposed to be much higher than that of the word line. The first metal and thereafter are fabricated by a conventional metal wiring process, not shown. 
   While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.