Abstract:
An apparatus with a compressible construction having a wireless power source structured around a cylindrical-shaped support that suspends a motor within the vascular system while also supporting an impeller pump that can be made to be collapsible. The whole system allows for a minimally invasive pump implantation and augmentation of flow.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/257,173 filed Nov. 2, 2009, entitled “Wirelessly Powered Left Ventricular Assist Device,” and is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/846,820 filed Jul. 29, 2010, entitled “Wireless Compressible Heart Pump,” each naming the present inventor, the contents of each which are incorporated herein by reference in entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention pertains generally to surgery, and more particularly to cardiac augmentation. In one preferred embodiment, a wirelessly powered, catheter delivered stent pump is capable of augmenting the circulation of fluid within the human body. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Class IV heart failure carries a 50% mortality within two years of diagnosis. Displacement pumps were the initial pumps designed and built for implantation and support. The most successful was a pusher plate pump called the HeartMate I™. This device comprised of a pusher plate within a compliance chamber which displaced blood and provided pulsatile flow. These pumps were shown to be superior to optimal medical therapy in the Rematch Trial, but also demonstrated significant short and long term failure points including bleeding, infection, stroke, lung and renal failure surrounding the implantation procedure. 
     In recent years new cardiac assist devices operating as continuous flow devices have entered the clinical arena, the most successful of which has been an axial flow device called the HeartMate II™. This device has been proven successful in demonstrating the clinical feasibility of small axial flow devices in patients requiring a bridge to transplant or destination therapy. The continued drawbacks of these devices are the requirements for a surgical procedure for implantation, an external power source with limited battery life and significant morbidity and mortality associated with the implantation procedure and the aftercare. 
     Conventional axial flow devices such as the HeartMate II™ device often require a large operation because the patients are at the end of therapy and have already undergone most conventional procedures including stents for coronary artery disease, cardiopulmonary arterial bypass grafting, valve repair or replacement. Additionally, these patients may also already have undergone implantation of internal defibrillators to address issues of ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular dyschronicity associated with advanced degrees of heart failure. 
     The axial flow devices are based on the implantation of a rigid pump encased within an electromagnetic housing connected to an external power source which can be supplied by alternating current or direct current from a battery source. This pump, although efficient in design has ongoing issues with gastrointestinal bleeding, stroke, infection and pump thrombosis. 
     In addition to the foregoing commercial devices, there exists a very large body of patents form many artisans, each which have attempted to address the many issues and complications associated with a cardiac assist device. The following United States patents are exemplary of the art, the contents of each which is incorporated herein by reference for the teachings found therein: U.S. Pat. No. 3,505,987 by Heilman; U.S. Pat. No. 4,135,253 by Reich et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,375,941 by Child; U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,466 by Hall et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,712 by Wampler; U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,998 by Olsen et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,221 by Kensey et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,647 by Nash; U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,722 by Carriker et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,017 by Yozu; U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,103 by Dahl; U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,944 by Cook; U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,151 by Cooper et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,227 by Pasque; U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,509 by Golding et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,114 by Jarvik; U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,074 by Nos+E et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,629 by Jarvik; U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,159 by Bozeman, Jr. et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,935 by Jarvik; U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,421 by Miller et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,693 by Wang et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,471 by Wampler; U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,939 by Nedungadi et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,729,066 by Soong et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,313 by Barreras, Sr. et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,855 by Reitan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,425 by Murakami; U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,748 by Borza; U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,877 by Barreras, Sr.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,157 by Mische et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,827 by Coppersmith et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,241 by Jarvik; U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,183 by Zierhofer; U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,848 by Izraelev; U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,762 by Chen et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,947,892 by Benkowski et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,006 by Mann; U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,315 by Chapman; U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,272 by Antaki et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,665 by Maurio et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,347 by Scholl et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,975 by Poirier; U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,093 by Hart; U.S. Pat. No. 6,116,862 by Rau et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,025 by Barbut et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,683 by Lancisi et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,822 by Nix et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,848 by Rau et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,201,329 by Chen; U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,797 by Watterson et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,820 by Jarvik; U.S. Pat. No. 6,240,318 by Phillips; U.S. Pat. No. 6,244,835 by Antaki et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,293,901 by Prem; U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,504 by Dolgin et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,351,048 by Schob et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,474,341 by Hunter et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,228 by Norred; U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,521 by Noda; U.S. Pat. No. 6,533,716 by Schmitz-Rode et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,232 by Van Dine et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,626,644 by Ozaki; U.S. Pat. No. 6,644,125 by Siess et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,688,861 by Wampler; U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,157 by Goldowsky; U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,791 by Nusser et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,118 by Spenser et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,772,011 by Dolgin; U.S. Pat. No. 6,790,171 by Grundeman et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,794,789 by Siess et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,837,757 by Van Dine et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,981,942 by Khaw et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,027 by Allen et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,070,398 by Olsen et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,144,364 by Barbut et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,229,258 by Wood et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,238,066 by Taylor et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,181 by Mcbride et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,327 by Morello; U.S. Pat. No. 7,457,668 by Cancel et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,544,160 by Gross; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,648,454 by Sotiriou. 
     Additional United States published patent applications for which the contents are incorporated herein by reference include: 2003\0127090; 2003\0212384; 2003\0233143; 2005\0049696; 2006\0008349; 2006\0036127; 2006\0195004; 2006\0241745; 2006\0259136; 2006\0271085; 2007\0004986; 2007\0005141; 2007\0142696; 2007\0150009; 2007\0225802; 2007\0299297; 2008\0103591; 2008\0114339; 2008\0132747; 2008\0132748; 2008\0140189; 2008\0140189; 2008\0195180; 2008\0215117; 2009\0005859; 2009\0043183; 2009\0060743; 2009\0069854; 2009\0171448; 2010\0023093; 2010\0063347; 2010\0076247; 2010\0094381; and 20100125252. 
     PCT published applications for which the contents are incorporated herein by reference include: WO2006\051023A1; WO2009\029959A2; WO9405347A1; and WO9944651A1. 
     In addition, Webster&#39;s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition copyright 1983, is incorporated herein by reference in entirety for the definitions of words and terms used herein. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first manifestation, the invention is a cardiac augmentation pump having a compressible construction and a wireless power source structured around a cylindrical-shaped support that suspends a motor within the vascular system while also supporting an impeller pump that can be made to be collapsible, the pump which allows for a minimally invasive pump implantation and augmentation of cardiac flow. The pump has an impeller pump support; struts and vanes; a main stent body; electromagnetic elements placed onto the main stent body; a wireless energy coil; a fluid impeller having impeller blades; a central hub on which the impeller blades are movably coupled; a motor; and a motor control. Other manifestations are contemplated herein as well. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention solve inadequacies of the prior art by providing a ventricular assist pump for use in assisting cardiac function of the heart. The pump is collapsible for delivery and placement within the heart, and, upon delivery, expandable to a functional geometry. Wireless power and control enable either external or internal control of the pump. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention can be understood and appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the expanded impeller with the bearing element and the bearing lip movably coupled with the central rotating element. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the cross-section of the impeller blades with the embedded magnets detailed in the third row of impeller blades. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an oblique view of the expandable impeller pump in the configuration of an expandable motor substantially composed of a row of stator coil elements with associated ferromagnetic elements, closely approximated to the first row of impeller magnets. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an oblique view of the expanded motor and impeller with a plurality of impeller blades with magnet on the edges exemplified by  11   c  closely approximated to several rows of stator coils which contain several ferromagnetic elements. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the Inner Stent main body suspending the Impeller at the cylindrical support elements with one row of stator coils and ferromagnetic elements. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an expanded embodiment of the inner main stent body with the cylindrical support elements, expanded proximal vane struts, and distal vane strut, movably coupled to the expanded but unfolded proximal vane elements and unfolded distal vane elements. 
         FIG. 7  embodies the expanded inner main stent body which substantially has the inward folded proximal vane elements and outward folded distal vane elements movably coupled to the expanded proximal vane struts and distal vane struts. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an embodiment of an expandable motor that substantially incorporates the expandable impeller pump with magnets on blade edges. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of the nested stent and the inner main stent. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a cross-section of the nested outer stent components, inner main stent, expanded motor and expanded impeller. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a magnified cross-section of the impeller blade, stator coils, inner stent and nested inner stent. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates the cross-sectional view of the nested outer stent proximal and distal ends. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates that reinforcement of the inner main stent body radial diameter can also be provided by shroud elements stationed at various positions along the length of the inner stent. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a woven medical textile fabric with insulated wire coils woven in. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a cross-sectional image of the inner stent and the energy transfer coil. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a powering scheme that utilizes wireless energy transfer. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a transvalve stent impeller design that allows for preservation of the aortic valve. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates an oblique view of the transvalve stent impeller. 
         FIG. 19   a  illustrates a monorail delivery system that is constrained. 
         FIG. 19   b  illustrates the expansion of the stent from the restraining outer sheath. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       FIG. 1  Illustrates the expanded impeller with the bearing element  1  and the bearing lip  3  movably coupled with the central rotating element  17 . The central rotating element is substantially configured from deformable materials such as polymers, metal alloys or carbon based elements and may be constructed by coupling modular components which allow for the change in length as the network of wires comprising the pump change in length with expansion from the constrained state to the expanded state. The impeller blades  5  are formatted in several rows which are clocked and interleaved to allow for a mixed pump configuration. The mixed axial and centrifugal configuration is defined by adjusting the shrouding elements on the inner stent as well as the leading edge  7  angle, trailing edge  9  angle, chord angle and chord length of each blade. When in the constrained configuration the impeller blades are movable coupled around the central rotating element  17  and may utilize the magnetic interaction of the magnets in the impeller blade edges in  11   a ,  11   b  and  11   c  to either attract or repel and thus assist in constraining or expanding the blades. The magnetic are positioned by inserting through the magnet insertion opening  13 . The magnet insertion opening may be round as the blade deforms in the preparation stage to allow the insertion of the magnet and once the magnet is inserted it configures to an asymmetric shape to prevent the migration of the magnet with rotation of the blade. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the cross-section of the impeller blades  5   a ,  5   b  and  5   c  with the embedded magnets  11   c  detailed in the third row of impeller blades  5   c . Two other rows of blades are drawn illustrating the plurality of blades that can be used to create an optimal pump configuration. The blades are in the expanded configuration and are drawn as being single entity that includes the central rotating element  17  movably coupled to the bearing system  1 . Supporting the central rotating element  17  is a central rotating element support shaft  19  is hollowed out to form a guidewire slot  20 . The guidewire slot  20  and support shaft  19  are movably coupled to the central rotating element  17  and the impeller blades  5   a ,  5   b  and  5   c . As exemplified, The impeller blade  5   a  when expanded form a suction face  21  and a pressure face  23  with the magnet on the impeller blade edge  11   a  movably coupled to the edge via the magnet insertion point  13 . 
       FIG. 3  is an oblique view of the expandable impeller pump in the configuration of an expandable motor substantially composed of a row of stator coil elements  25   a  with associated ferromagnetic elements  27   a , closely approximated to the first row of impeller magnets  11   a . A plurality of magnets embedded on the blade edges  11   a ,  11   b  and  11   c  are electromagnetically coupled to outer rows of stator elements. The bearing element  1  is movably coupled to the central rotating element supported by the central support shaft  19  being hollowed out to form a guidewire passage  20 . The impeller pump once expanded and rotating, forms a suction face  21  and pressure face  23  with mixed axial and centrifugal flow characteristics generated from the rotational torque derived from the electromagnetic interaction of the expandable motor elements. The electromagnetic field forces created by the passage of an alternating current within the stator coil element  25   a  coupled to the magnets within the blade edges  11   a  also generates a back electromagnetic force current which can be used to sense and modify the rotational speed by varying the alternating current. 
       FIG. 4  is an oblique view of the expanded motor and impeller with a plurality of impeller blades with magnet on the edges exemplified by  11   c  closely approximated to several rows of stator coils  25   a ,  25   b  and  25   c  which contain several ferromagnetic elements  27   a ,  27   b  and  27   c . The impeller blades are clocked and interleaved to allow for a folding pattern around the central rotating element  17  that compresses the impeller to a diameter that allows for minimally invasive delivery either through a peripheral artery such as the femoral artery or subclavian artery or through the left ventricular apex directly into the ascending aorta. The central rotating element support shaft  19  and hollow guidewire passage  20  allow for a central guidewire to be used to guide the device in its compressed form to the ascending aorta and adjust its position across the aortic valve such that once activated the coronaries are still perfused and sufficient pressure is generated to maintain and augment perfusion to the distal organ beds. Additionally, the device can be placed in the venous system to augment right ventricular function or assist in decompressing the venous system. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the Inner Stent main body  37  suspending the Impeller at the cylindrical support elements  29  with one row of stator coils  25   a  and ferromagnetic elements  27   a . The suspension of the components of a compressible pump requires a superstructure with an integrated motor that is self-expanding and will restore to a predictable configuration while allowing for full expansion of the impeller pump suspended within. A cylindrical-shaped impeller pump support structure is described in  FIG. 5  by the presence of proximal  29   a  and distal  29   b  cylindrical support elements. The proximal and distal support elements are two smaller cylindrical-shaped non-compressible elements that are movably coupled to the main body of the inner stent  37  by proximal vane struts  31  and distal vane struts  35  that are varied in dimensions, preferably in diameter and height to accommodate the requirements of the pump. The proximal  29   a  and distal  29   b  cylindrical-shaped support elements of  FIG. 5  are attached and movably coupled to the central stent by struts that are fashioned by laser cutting one single tube of material. 
       FIG. 6  demonstrates an expanded embodiment of the inner main stent body with the cylindrical support elements  29   a  and  29   b , expanded proximal vane struts  31 , and distal vane strut  35 , movably coupled to the expanded but unfolded proximal vane elements  33   a  and unfolded distal vane elements  33   b . The unfolded vane elements  33   a  and  33   b  are movably coupled to the main body of the inner stent  37 . 
       FIG. 7  embodies the expanded inner main stent body which substantially has the inward folded proximal vane elements  33   a  and outward folded distal vane elements  33   b  movably coupled to the expanded proximal vane struts  31  and distal vane struts  35 . The inward folding vane elements  33   a  assist in directing the inflow of fluid as well as assisting the augmentation of impeller flow. The outward folding distal vane elements  33   b  assist in straightening the flow of fluid as well as augmenting the pressure head of the impeller rotation. 
       FIG. 8  is an embodiment of an expandable motor that substantially incorporates the expandable impeller pump with magnets on blade edges illustrated in  11   a ,  11   b  and  11   c . The expandable motor is further defined by the stator coil row  25   a  with the integrated ferromagnetic elements  27   a  supported on the inner stent main body  37 . The application of an alternating electromagnetic current within the stator coil  25   a  creates a magnetic flux interaction with the embedded blade magnets  11   a ,  11   b  and  11   c  with a resultant an electromagnetic torque force. The expanded impeller blade  5  of the third row embodies the plurality of blades that rotate about the central support elements  29  as the electromagnetic torque force translates to rotation about the central axis. The inner main stent  37  is movably coupled to the inward folding vane element  33   a  by the proximal vane strut  31  and distal vane strut  35  which expands to a preset formation on expansion, similarly, the outward folding vane element  33   b  expands to a predetermined angulation that straightens and redirects the fluid exiting the pump so as to maximize the pressure augmentation while minimizing blood trauma and shear. Notably, the inner stent main body  37  has position slots as illustrated by  39   a  and  39   b  that assist in positioning and locking the inner main stent to an outer nested stent. 
       FIG. 9  is an embodiment of the nested stent and the inner main stent. The nested stent is substantially described by a proximal annular flare  45 , a sinus expansion  47 , sino-tubular contact support  49  and a distal aortic flare  51 . The interlocking of the two stent systems is embodied in the interaction of the paired distal position slots  39   b  of the inner main stent with the distal position strut of the nested stent  43   b  and further exemplified by the proximal position struts  41   b  of the nested stent. The paired distal position slots  39   b  are movably coupled to the single position strut  43   b  which allows for the extraction and reimplantation of the inner expandable motor and impeller pump by constraining the inner main stent  37 , vanes  33   a  and  33   b , impeller  5 , the motor coil elements  25   a ,  25   b  and  25   c  and motor ferromagnetic elements  27   a ,  27   b  and  27   c.    
       FIG. 10  is a cross-section of the nested outer stent components  45 ,  47 ,  49 ,  51 , inner main stent  37 , expanded motor  25   a ,  27   a  and expanded impeller  5   a  and  5   c . The impeller blades edged with the embedded magnets  11   a ,  11   b  and  11   c  are movably coupled around the central rotating element  17 . A central rotating element support shaft  19  is hollowed out to facilitate the passage of a guidewire  20  which in turns allows for accurate positioning and deployment within the arterial tree or venous system. The impeller blades  5   a  and  5   c  represent a plurality of blades that are clocked and interleaved, each with a suction face  21  and a pressure face  23  that are configured upon the operational expansion of the constrained system. The cylindrical support elements  29  are movably coupled with the bearing system  1  at each end of the central rotating element  17 . The interlocking and stabilization of the inner stent  37  and the nested outer stent interaction is embodied in the proximal position strut  41   a  of the outer nested stent and the single distal position strut  43   c  of the nested stent. 
       FIG. 11  is a magnified cross-section of the impeller blade  5 , stator coils  25   a , inner stent  37  and nested inner stent  45 ,  47  and  49 . The proximity of the impeller blade edge  55  to the stator coils  25   a  allows for the electromagnetic flux lines to be formed across the air gap  53  between the embedded ferromagnetic elements  27   a , stator coils  25   a  and blade magnets. The cross-section also demonstrates the interlocking of the paired distal position slots of the inner stent  39   b  and the distal position strut of the nested outer stent  43   b  which stabilizes for axial and radial displacement. In one embodiment, the elastic deformation of the distal position strut with axial force could result in the displacement of the inner stent thus allowing for its removal and interchange should the unit become dysfunctional, In another embodiment, the inner main stent could be equipped with a tri-leaflet valve, such that if there is recovery of the heart after a period of support from the ventricular assist device, then normal valvular function can reestablished. The interchange of the pump unit for a valve unit can be performed by current percutaneous aortic valve replacement techniques. 
       FIG. 12  Illustrates the cross-sectional view of the nested outer stent proximal and distal ends. The distal aortic flare  51  is seen with the distal position struts  43   a ,  43   b  and  43   c . The proximal position struts  41   a ,  41   b  and  41   c  are clocked at an offset to the distal position struts, The two strut system provide restraint against the rotational and radial forces of the impeller of the inner main stent. The two strut systems also provide restraint against the radial compressive and expansive forces of the aortic annular and sino-tubular motion during the systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle. 
       FIG. 13  Reinforcement of the inner main stent body radial diameter can also be provided by shroud elements  57  stationed at various positions along the length of the inner stent. Energy transfer coils  61  can also be patterned within medical textiles to collapse with constraint of the system and expand on deployment or on activation and these also serve as additional reinforcement mechanisms. In another embodiment of the inner stent body expands circumferentially  59  at various points along its length to different radial dimensions to allow for better seating of the stent within the aortic wall and more specifically into the coronary sinus of the aortic valve and outflow tract. These areas of circumferential expansion  59  along with the shrouding elements  57  and the energy transfer elements  61  create augmented flow patterns to both the systemic and coronary system if the unit is deployed so as a replacement for the native aortic valve. The most optimal deployment strategy may vary with the native heart function however, the impeller pump blades  5  rotating about the central element  17  when deployed at the aortic root does serve to replace the native aortic valve, while being in line with the flow of blood, thus augmenting systolic flow and limiting diastolic regurgitation. Additional flow straightening and diffusing is supplied by the proximal vane elements  33   a  and distal vane elements  33   b.    
       FIG. 14  Illustrates a woven medical textile fabric  63  with insulated wire coils  65  woven in. The inner stent main body  37 , distal vane elements  33   b  and cylindrical support element  29  are also illustrated. The integration of a motor design onto a stent that is compressible requires flexible elements. Motor design requires the integration of magnetic and electromagnetic elements. The placement of electromagnetic elements onto a stent requires a platform upon which stator coils are configured. In one embodiment the stator coil base material is a woven fabric  63  such as polyester or polyethylene. Finely woven medical textiles are compressible and of low profile and can allow the attachment of insulated wire coils  65  in patterns that produce magnetic lines of flux. The integration of woven medical fabrics onto the stent main body network of wires  37  can be onto the inner or outer aspect or, as an integral component of the stent design such that the fabric and wire network are interwoven. In another embodiment the attachment of the fabric can be with permanent material wound in a spiral pattern or individual attachment windings or knots. In another embodiment the winding of electromagnetic coils can be without a fabric backing and as an interwoven coil that expands along with the expansion of the stent into a prearranged configuration and pattern that allows for magnetic field alignment. In another embodiment the woven fabric can be placed in a pattern to match the pattern of magnets within the impeller pump blades for example, to configure the compressible motor as a brushless DC motor. In another embodiment, the pattern of the stator coils and medical textile configures to a circular iris of an even number of stator coils that are circumferentially arranged and typically overlap when in the compressed state. This embodiment of stator coils woven into a medical textile can be patterned to follow the magnetic flux lines created by the magnetic material within the impeller blades. 
       FIG. 15  Illustrates a cross-sectional image of the inner stent and the energy transfer coil. The relative position of the energy transfer coils  61   a  and  61   b  to inner stent components illustrated. The area of circumferential expansion  59 , the cylindrical support element  29 , central rotating element  17 , central rotating element support shaft  19 , hollow guidewire passage  20 , proximal vane strut and distal vane struts  35  are shown. The energy transfer coils is demonstrated in one embodiment as two layers of wire coils  61   a  and  61   b  in a compressible configuration, insulated with a medical textile  63   a  and  63   b . The medical textile can be interwoven within the wire frame or layered on the outer or inner surface. 
       FIG. 16  Illustrates a powering scheme that utilizes wireless energy transfer. The powering of the electromagnetic coils requires an external power source. Recent advances in wireless telemetry within the human body have made it possible to consider continuously powering of a collapsible pump.  FIG. 16  illustrates power coils  67  that are described on the outside of the aorta  69  that is connected to a battery source  71   a  and  71   b  by a coaxial cable  73 . In one embodiment the power coils  67  are an integrated onto a polygonal shape of flexible or semi-rigid material  75 . This is positioned on the outside of the aorta  69  in the ascending or descending portion or on the surface of the heart  77 , taking care to avoid the epicardial arteries  79 . The placement of this wireless power coil  67  on the outer aspect of the ascending aorta allows for wireless energy transmission to an inner stent coil  61  located at the level of the ascending aorta and aortic root. In one embodiment, the energy coil outside of the aorta  67  is a coil in a polygonal shape preferably rectangular or square with several loops that are insulated wires, typically copper or of another conductive material. These loops are formed on a mandrel and sewn onto a medical fabric which is in turn attached to a delivery system. In one embodiment the coils and fabric are compressed into a tubular fashion and introduced by a port into the pleural cavity and delivered by minimally invasive means to the outer aortic wall. A certain maximum and minimum distance can be achieved based on the anatomical factors which reflect the patients past medical and surgical history. These loops can be delivered prior to the implantation of the stent carrying the pick-up coils for the energy transmission. The size and orientation of the transmission coil patch is matched to the size and orientation of the pick-up coils on the inner stent  61  so that the magnetic fields align to optimize energy transmission efficiency. In another embodiment the coils are layered on an insulating material or medical textile  63   a  and  63   b  and are constructed of overlapping and connected wires. An alternative embodiment describes a direct energy cable  81  to power the expandable motor and pump that traverses the aortic wall or runs the length of the aorta and exits via a peripheral vessel. 
       FIG. 17  Illustrates a transvalve stent impeller design that allows for preservation of the aortic valve. The system is designed around a collapsible stent main body that is described as a network of wires  89  with integrated energy coils  61 . The central shaft  99  supports a cylindrical support element  83  that is movably coupled to a plurality of distal vane elements  87   a ,  87   b  and  87   c . The ability to traverse the aortic valve and maintain the function of the pump is derived by constraining the network of wires  89  for passage through the valve orifice. Once the proximal and distal components are expanded, the constraining element  91  at the level of the valve allow for closure of the native valve and maintenance of its function. A proximal subannular expansion of the wire network forms an annular shroud  93  which is again supported by a plurality of proximal vane elements  101   a ,  101   b  and  101   c . The expandable impeller  95  is supported by the proximal cylindrical support  97 . 
       FIG. 18  illustrates an oblique view of the transvalve stent impeller. The embodiment described has a network of wire elements  89  that are initially constrained for passage across the cardiac valve then expanded. The proximal component forms an annular shroud  93  that surrounds the collapsible impeller  95 . The distal component forms a wire network that is cylindrical and conforms to the ascending aorta. The wire network may embody a plurality of integrated energy coils  61  for energy transfer and support as well as independently functioning as stator coils for an expandable motor. The distal support elements include a plurality of distal vane elements  87   a ,  87   b , and  87   c  that are movably coupled to a central shaft  99 . 
       FIG. 19   a  Illustrates a monorail delivery system that is constrained. The guidewire  111  is alongside the outer catheter sheath  105  and passes through a small slot  107  at the tip of the catheter sheath. The wire extends through the protective tip sheath  109  to exit at the center-point of the delivery system. 
       FIG. 19   b  Illustrates the expansion of the stent from the restraining outer sheath  105 . An inner sheath  103  is used to apply axial force to the distal portion of the restrained stent. The stent on expansion  115  has a constrained area  113  that remains within the sheath until final positioning is confirmed. The impeller  117  shown is unexpanded. The proximal vane  119  is expanded and provides initial support for the expanded proximal portion of the stent. 
     While the foregoing details what is felt to be the preferred embodiment of the invention, no material limitations to the scope of the claimed invention are intended. Further, features and design alternatives that would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art are considered to be incorporated herein. The scope of the invention is set forth and particularly described in the claims hereinbelow.