Abstract:
In organic EL display apparatuses, when the reset operating time required for compensating variations in the OLED drive TFT voltage threshold is too short then fluctuations in the threshold voltage Vth cannot be corrected and an accurate gray scale is impossible. A precharge voltage is supplied from the precharge TFT switch prior to the reset TFT switch and the light TFT switch resetting the Vth of the OLED driver TFT, in order to apply a specified voltage value to the gate voltage of the OLED driver TFT prior to reset. The voltage potential on the gate of the OLED driver TFT prior to reset is therefore no longer an undetermined voltage potential so variations in the gate voltage after reset are suppressed and variations in the gray scale are suppressed.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority from Japanese application JP 2007-004666 filed on Jan. 12, 2007, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to an organic EL (electroluminescent) display apparatus and relates in particular to an organic EL display apparatus emitting no residual images and with few irregularities in the gray scale display among the pixels. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The CRT was once the mainstream in display apparatuses of the related art. However the CRT has since been replaced by flat panel display apparatuses such as liquid crystal display apparatuses and plasma display apparatuses that are now practical and in increasing demand. Moreover, besides these apparatuses, advances are also being made in developing display apparatuses that utilize organic electro-luminescence (hereafter called organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices), and field emission display apparatuses (FED display apparatuses) where electron sources utilizing field emissions are arrayed in a matrix and form an image from the light emitted by a fluorescent element at the anode. 
         [0004]    Prominent characteristics of organic EL display apparatuses include the following: (1) unlike liquid crystal devices, organic EL display apparatuses emit their own light and so do not require a backlight to operate; (2) the voltage needed to emit light is less than 10 volts so power consumption can be kept low; (3) organic EL display apparatuses do not need the vacuum structure required in FED and plasma displays and so are therefore thin and lightweight; (4) organic EL display apparatuses have a short response time in the microsecond range as well as excellent motion image characteristics; and (5) their field of vision angle is a wide 170 degrees or more. 
         [0005]    Organic EL apparatuses using thin film transistor (TFT) switching elements possess excellent image quality including contract but there are irregularities in the display characteristics on the gray scale due to irregularities or variations in individual TFT. One countermeasure in the related art for this problem is the technology shown in the examples in  FIG. 9  through  FIG. 23 . 
         [0006]      FIG. 19  is a schematic of a drive circuit for the pixel section in the first example of the related art. In  FIG. 19 , an OLED drive TFT 3  from the power supply line  51 , a lighting TFT switch  2 , an organic EL light-emitting element (OLED element  1 ) are connected in series, and one end of the OLED element  1  is connected to reference (voltage) potential. Here, the reference potential is the voltage potential used as a reference for the display apparatus, and is broad term that includes ground potential. The drive circuit controls the OLED element  1  brightness to form the image by regulating the electrical current flowing in the OLED element  1 . The lighting TFT switch  2  controls the flow or non-flow of current in the OLED element  1 . 
         [0007]    The OLED drive TFT 3  controls light emission gray scale intensity from OLED element  1  according to the signal from the signal line  54 . In other words, a storage capacitor  4  connected to the gate of the OLED drive TFT 3  accumulates the signal from the signal line  54  and the gray scale is displayed by controlling the current flowing in OLED drive TFT 3  according to the voltage potential in the storage capacitor  4 . However, there are large variations in the threshold voltage Vth due to individual manufacturing irregularities in the OLED drive TFT 3 . In order to compensate for these threshold Vth irregularities, a reset TFT  5  switch is turned on, and current is made to flow for a short period in the OLED drive TFT  3 . Turning the switch on and making current flow sets the gate voltage V 10  on OLED drive TFT  3  to a value also including the threshold voltage Vth of OLED drive TFT 3  so the OLED element emits light to faithfully reproduce the image signal. 
         [0008]      FIG. 20  is a timing chart for driving the drive circuit in  FIG. 19 . As shown in the upper section of  FIG. 2 , this drive circuit is separated into a write period in the first half of a single frame and a light emission time in the latter half. The drive circuit writes the gray scale signal in each pixel during the write period.  FIG. 20  shows the state where data is written at the write operation position in the scanning line sequence. The lower part of  FIG. 20  shows the timing for writing on the pixels. In  FIG. 20 , the drive circuit first turns the reset TFT switch  5  on and then shorts V 10  and V 12  shown in  FIG. 19 . Current next flows in the OLED drive TFT 3  when the lighting TFT switch  2  turns on. The time where the lighting TFT switch  2  and the reset TFT switch  5  simultaneously turn on is tc 4  as shown in  FIG. 20 . If tc 4  is sufficiently long, then the gate voltage V 10  for OLED drive TFT 3  converges on the values for the intersection point of the straight line of V 10 =V 12  with the characteristic curve for drain voltage  12  and gate voltage V 10  of LED drive TFT 3 . This state is shown in  FIG. 21  through  FIG. 23 . The vertical axis in  FIG. 21A  shows the V 10  value in  FIG. 19 , and the horizontal value is the time. The V 12  values for the point in time that lighting TFT switch  2  turned on is undefined here since it depends on the display status of the prior frame. This V 12  value in other words is seen as between a voltage of ground potential or higher to ground potential. The reset TFT switch  5  is turned on at this time so V 12  and V 10  are the same value. If tc 4  is sufficiently long here, then as described above, the gate voltage  10  for OLED drive TFT 3  converges on the values for the intersection point of the straight line of V 10 =V 12  with the characteristic curve for drain voltage  12  and gate voltage V 10  of LED drive TFT 3 , or in other words converges on Vres 10 . This operation is the same in  FIG. 21B  and  FIG. 21C . The voltage threshold Vth for OLED drive TFT 3  may differ among  FIG. 21A ,  FIG. 21B  and  FIG. 21C . 
         [0009]      FIG. 22  shows how the voltage potential for V 10  in  FIG. 19  is set for OLED drive TFT 3  possessing different characteristics. In  FIG. 19 , when the lighting TFT switch  2  is on, then the OLED drive TFT 3  and OLED element  1  may together form an inverter. The curve in  FIG. 22  shows characteristics of the drain voltage V 12  and gate voltage V 10  of OLED drive TFT 3 , and the straight line in  FIG. 22  shows the V 10  equals V 12 . The reset TFT switch  5  here shorts the gate and drain of OLED drive TFT 3 , which causes the gate of OLED drive TFT 3  to be set to a voltage decided by the intersection of the straight line of V 10  V 12  with the characteristic curve for OLED drive TFT 3 . Characteristic curves for the three OLED drive TFT 3  of different threshold voltages Vth are drawn in  FIG. 22 . As shown in  FIG. 22 , the gate voltage for OLED drive TFT 3  is set to a threshold voltage Vth that includes the different threshold voltage Vth of each OLED drive TFT. 
         [0010]    The operation point Vres 10  for the characteristic MAX in  FIG. 22  corresponds to the Vres 10  in  FIG. 21A . The operation point Vres 11  for characteristic TYP in  FIG. 22  corresponds to Vres 11  in  FIG. 21B . The operation point Vres 12  for the characteristic MIN in  FIG. 22  corresponds to Vres 12  in  FIG. 21A . These operation points are reflected in the Vth of OLED drive TFT 13 . Based on these operation points, the image signal from line  54  is written in the storage capacitor  4 .  FIG. 23  shows the relation between the value V 12  roughly equal to the positive voltage for the OLED element and signal voltage V 11  shown in  FIG. 19 . As shown in  FIG. 23 , even if there are variations in the OLED drive TFT there is almost no effect on the signal voltage V 11  and drive voltage for the OLED element or in other words, the light emission characteristics. 
         [0011]    The second example of the related art for compensating for variations in the gray scale display is described in  FIG. 27  through  FIG. 34 .  FIG. 27  is a drive circuit for driving one pixel. In  FIG. 27 , the OLED drive TFT 3 , the lighting TFT switch  2  and the OLED element  1  are connected in series from the power supply line  51 . The lighting TFT switch  2  controls emission (or no emission) in the OLED element  1 . The OLED drive TFT  3  shows the gray scale display at the established voltage based on the charge accumulated in the first storage capacitor  41 . In this case also, the reset TFT switch  5  is utilized to suppress variation in the light emission characteristics of OLED element  1  due to variations in the (threshold voltage) Vth of the OLED drive TFT 3 . 
         [0012]      FIG. 28  is a drawing for describing the operation of the drive circuit in  FIG. 27 . The TFT used in  FIG. 27  is the P-type so the TFT turns on when a negative signal arrives. In the comparative example 2, when a gray scale voltage is written in each pixel in a signal frame period, that gray scale voltage is maintained to make the OLED element  1  emit light. In the initial state in  FIG. 28 , the lighting TFT switch  2  is on. This state turns on the select switch  6 . Data from the signal line  54  is in this way inputted to the pixels. Next, when the reset TFT switch  5  turns on, the drain voltage V 15  for OLED drive TFT 3 , and the gate voltage V 13  for OLED drive TFT 3  are shorted together. The lighting TFT switch  2  next turns off and the V 13  voltage shown in  FIG. 27  converges on a lower voltage value of Vth for OLED drive TFT 3  than the power supply voltage. The reset TFT switch  5  then turns off and when the signal voltage from signal line  54  is written, charges reflecting the signal voltage are accumulated in the second storage capacitor  42  and the first storage capacitor  41  regardless of the Vth of LED drive voltage TFT 3 , and an accurate gray scale can be displayed. 
         [0013]    However, the initial value of the V 13  voltage potential shown in  FIG. 27  is dependent on the display state of the previous frame so the value is undefined. Namely, this value may appear as at voltage between ground potential and the supply voltage or higher. After the reset switch is turned on, the above operation converges V 13  at a value where the Vth of the OLED drive TFT 3  is subtracted from the supply voltage, in the period of time tc 5  until the lighting switch TFT  2  turns off. This state is shown in  FIGS. 29A to 29C . As shown in  FIG. 29A , the value for V 13  in  FIG. 27  converges on Vres 13  when the Vth is small. In  FIG. 29B  the value for V 13  converges on Vres 14 , when the Vth is at reference potential. In  FIG. 29C , the V 13  converges on Vres 15  when the Vth is large. 
         [0014]      FIG. 30  shows the OLED drive TFT 3  input/output characteristics. In  FIG. 30  the vertical axis shows the drain voltage V 15  for OLED drive TFT 3  forming the anode for OLED element  1  and the horizontal axis shows the gate voltage V 13  for OLED drive TFT 3  during pixel lighting. If there are variations among the OLED drive TFT 3  characteristics, then the gate voltage for OLED drive TFT 3  is converged respectively on the Vres 13 , Vres 14 , and Vres 15  according to the OLED drive TFT 3  characteristics. The signal voltage overlaps these converged voltages so light emission on the gray scale for OLED element  1  accurately reflects this signal voltage. This state is shown in  FIG. 31 . In  FIG. 31 , the vertical axis shows the drain voltage V 15  for the OLED drive TFT 3  forming the anode of the lighting OLED element  1 , while the horizontal axis is the signal input voltage V 14 . As shown in  FIG. 31 , the variations in light emission intensity in OLED element  1  are small even if there are variations in the threshold voltage Vth of OLED drive TFT 3 . 
         [0015]    The related art described above are disclosed in “JP-A No. 2003-5709”, “JP-A No. 2003-122301”, and “Digest of Technical Papers, SID98, pp. 11-14”. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    All of the above examples of technology of the related art cancel out variations in the OLED drive TFT 3  threshold voltage Vth by utilizing the reset TFT reset switch  5 . In order to converge the voltage V 10  in  FIG. 19  to a specified voltage or to converge the voltage V 13  in  FIG. 17  to a value where Vth is subtracted from the supply voltage, current must be made to flow for a specified time in OLED drive TFT 3 . Also, the initial values for V 10  in  FIG. 19  or V 13  in  FIG. 27  are undefined since they depend on the previous frame display state. In other words, these values might be any value from the supply voltage or higher to ground potential. Therefore if the time is too short, a phenomenon occurs where the OLED drive TFT  3  gate voltage potential cannot converge to a fixed value. Cases where the time is inadequate, are when the current flow required for converging is too small while operated at low power supply conditions, or when the write time allotted to each pixel has decreased under high accuracy conditions. 
         [0017]    The problem points stated above are described using the related art  1  in  FIG. 24  through  FIG. 26 .  FIG. 24A  shows the case where the initial voltage potential for gate voltage V 10  of OLED drive TFT in  FIG. 19  is the power supply voltage, and the time tc 4  for converging is not sufficient. In this case, V 10  is the value Vmax 4  and does not converge on the Vres value.  FIG. 24B  shows the case where the initial voltage potential for the gate voltage V 10  of the OLED drive TFT is basically closest to Vres 11 , however in this case the time tc 4  needed for converging is inadequate.  FIG. 24C  shows the case where the initial voltage potential for gate voltage V 10  of OLED drive TFT in  FIG. 19  is ground potential, and in this case the time tc 4  needed for converging is insufficient. In this case, V 10  becomes the value Vmin 4  without converging on the value for Vres 12 . 
         [0018]      FIG. 25  shows this operation. Due to the TFT characteristics, there are variations in the operation of the inverter made up of the OLED drive TFT 3  and the lighting TFT switch  2 . If the tc 4  period is long enough, then the operation point is the point where the lines V 10 =V 12  and each inverter characteristics intersect. Namely, the operation point is set at Vres 12 , Vres 11 , and Vres 10 . However if the tc 4  time is not sufficiently long enough, then the operation point is set for Vmin 4 , Vmax 4  due to TFT variations. When set in that way, the TFT variations cannot be fully cancelled out and as shown in  FIG. 26 , due to Vth variations in the OLED drive TFT 3 , the light emission intensity differs even at the same signal voltage and during display of moving images the light emission does not appear uniform. If the light emission gray scale is maintained, then the operation point will then set in Vres 12 , Vres 11  and Vres 10  after a number of frames but will differ from the desired light emission intensity for display and so will appear as a residual image. The V 11  and V 12  shown in  FIG. 26  are the drain voltage potential for OLED drive TFT 3  and the voltage potential for each signal line  54  as shown in  FIG. 19 . 
         [0019]    The above problem points are described for the related art  2  in  FIG. 32  through  FIG. 34 . In the pixel circuit in  FIG. 27 , the gate voltage V 13  for the OLED drive TFT  3  is undefined prior to turning on the reset TFT switch  5  and the voltage potential might seen as either supply voltage potential or ground potential depending on the image signal level.  FIG. 32A  shows the case where the initial voltage potential is the (power) supply voltage. The time for tc 5  shown in  FIG. 28  is not long enough so the voltage potential V 13  does not reach Vres 13 , and has become Vmax 5 . In  FIG. 32B , the initial voltage for V 13  is basically close to Vres 14  but the time tc 5  for convergence is sometimes not long enough. In  FIG. 32C , the initial voltage potential for V 13  of  FIG. 27  is ground potential but the time tc 5  for convergence is not long enough. In this case, V 13  cannot converge to the Vres 15  value and is the value Vmin 5 . 
         [0020]    This operation is shown in  FIG. 33 . In  FIG. 33 , the relation between the gate voltage V 13  and the drain voltage V 15  is irregular due to variations in the OLED drive TFT 3  characteristics, and causes variations in the operation points in the gate voltage of OLED drive TFT 3 . If the reset time tc 5  shown in  FIG. 28  is long enough, then the operation points will be set to Vres 15 , Vres 14 , and Vres 13  according to the Vth variations in OLED drive TFT 3  on the input/output operation points of each OLED drive TFT 3 . However if the convergence time tc 5  is not long enough then each OLED drive TFT 3  gate voltage will vary between Vmin 5  or Vmax 5  due to the operating characteristics of each inverter. The Vth for OLED drive TFT 3  cannot be compensated at Vmin 5  or Vmax 5  so the light emitted from OLED element  1  will not sufficiently match the signal voltage. This state is shown in  FIG. 34 .  FIG. 34  shows characteristics of the source voltage V 15  of OLED drive TFT 3  that drives the OLED element  1  per the signal voltage V 14 . As shown in  FIG. 34 , V 15  varies due to variations in OLED drive TFT 3  even for the same V 14  so that variations or irregularities occur in the OLED element  1  light emission intensity. 
         [0021]    This invention resolves the aforementioned problems, and by applying a pre-charge signal, set the initial voltage potential of the OLED drive TFT gate voltage to a fixed value prior to reset, so that the OLED drive TFT can be reset in a short time with no variations. A specific description of the structure is given as follows.
   (1) An image display apparatus including a display unit formed from multiple pixels containing light-emitting elements, and signal lines for inputting image data signals to the pixel region, and a field effect transistor for driving the light-emitting elements based on image data signals inputted to the pixels via the signal lines; and characterized in that a reference voltage is applied to the source electrode of the field effect transistor; and a capacitor and a first switching unit for connecting the gate and drain of the field effect transistor are connected to the gate electrode; and a second switching unit for applying a specified external voltage is connected to the drain electrode.   (2) An image display apparatus including a display unit formed from multiple pixels containing light-emitting elements, and signal lines for inputting image data signals to the pixel region, and a field effect transistor for driving the light-emitting elements based on image data signals inputted to the pixels via the signal lines; and characterized in that a reference voltage is applied to the source electrode of the field effect transistor; and a first switching unit for connecting the gate and drain of the field effect transistor, and a second switching unit for applying a specified external voltage, and a capacitor are connected to the gate electrode.   (3) An image display apparatus including a display unit formed from multiple pixels containing light-emitting elements, and signal lines for inputting image data signals to the pixel region, and a field effect transistor for driving the light-emitting elements based on image data signals inputted to the pixels via the signal lines; and characterized in that a reference voltage is applied to the source electrode of the field effect transistor; and a capacitor, and a reset switch for connecting the gate and drain of the field effect transistor are connected to the gate electrode; and a third switching unit for regulating the supply of electrical current based on the image data signal for the light-emitting elements is connected to the drain electrode; and the light-emitting elements contain an anode and a cathode; and the third switching unit, and the second switching unit for applying a specified external voltage are connected to the anode.   (4) An image display unit including a display unit formed from multiple pixels containing light-emitting elements, and signal lines for inputting image data signals to the pixel region, and a field effect transistor for driving the light-emitting elements based on image data signals inputted to the pixels via the signal lines; and characterized in that a reference voltage is applied to the source electrode of the field effect transistor; and a capacitor, and a reset switch for connecting the gate and drain of the field effect transistor are connected to the gate electrode; and a third switching unit for regulating the supply of electrical current based on the image data signal for the light-emitting elements is connected to the drain electrode; and the light-emitting elements contain an anode and a cathode; and the third switching unit, and the second switching unit for applying a specified external voltage are connected to the cathode.   (5) An image display apparatus according to (1) characterized in that the second switching unit is connected to the signal line.   (6) An image display apparatus according to (1) characterized in that the light emitting unit is an organic EL element (OLED, Organic Light Emitting Diode).   (7) An image display apparatus according to (1) characterized in that the field effect transistor and the switching unit are formed on a transparent substrate utilizing a polycrystalline Si-TFT (Thin Film Transistor).   (8) An image display apparatus according to (1) including a structure for resetting a capacitor connected to the gate electrode of the field effect transistor by applying a specified external voltage by turning on a second switching unit to the drain electrode of the field effect transistor connected by a diode to turn on a first switching unit.   (9) An image display apparatus according to (2) characterized in that the second switching unit is connected to the signal line.   (10) An image display apparatus according to (2) characterized in that the light emitting unit is an organic EL element (OLED, Organic Light Emitting Diode).   (11) An image display apparatus according to (2) characterized in that the field effect transistor and the switching unit are formed on a transparent substrate utilizing a polycrystalline Si-TFT (Thin Film Transistor).   (12) An image display apparatus according to (2) including a structure for resetting a capacitor connected to the gate electrode of the field effect transistor by applying a specified external voltage by turning on a second switching unit.   (13) An image display apparatus according to (3) characterized in that the second switching unit is connected to the signal line.   (14) An image display apparatus according to (3) characterized in that the light emitting unit is an organic EL element (OLED, Organic Light Emitting Diode).   (15) An image display apparatus according to (3) characterized in that the field effect transistor and the switching unit are formed on a transparent substrate utilizing a polycrystalline Si-TFT (Thin Film Transistor).   (16) An image display apparatus according to (3) including a structure for resetting a capacitor connected to the gate electrode of the field effect transistor by applying a specified external voltage by turning on a second switching unit and a third switching unit to the drain electrode of the field effect transistor connected by a diode by turning on a first switching unit.   (17) An image display apparatus according to (4) characterized in that the second switching unit is connected to the signal line.   (18) An image display apparatus according to (4) characterized in that the light emitting unit is an organic EL element (OLED, Organic Light Emitting Diode).   (19) An image display apparatus according to (4) characterized in that the field effect transistor and the switching unit are formed on a transparent substrate utilizing a polycrystalline Si-TFT (Thin Film Transistor).   (20) An image display apparatus according to (4) including a structure for resetting a capacitor connected to the gate electrode of the field effect transistor by applying a specified external voltage by turning on a second switching unit and a third switching unit to the drain electrode of the field effect transistor connected by a diode by turning on a first switching unit.   
 
         [0042]    This invention is capable of reducing effects on the gray scale due to variations in the Vth in OLED drive TFT even if the time for reset operation is not long enough, and capable of emitting uniform light that does not generate residual images even during display of moving images. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0043]      FIG. 1A  is a first structure of the pixel drive circuit of the first embodiment; 
           [0044]      FIG. 1B  is a second structure of the pixel drive circuit of the first embodiment; 
           [0045]      FIG. 1C  is a third structure of the pixel drive circuit of the first embodiment; 
           [0046]      FIG. 2  is a drive circuit for the display apparatus of the first embodiment; 
           [0047]      FIG. 3A  is a timing chart for  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0048]      FIG. 3B  is a timing chart for  FIG. 1B ; 
           [0049]      FIG. 3C  is a timing chart for  FIG. 1C ; 
           [0050]      FIG. 4A  is a graph showing transitions in the OLED drive TFT gate voltage of the first embodiment; 
           [0051]      FIG. 4B  is a graph showing transitions in the OLED drive TFT gate voltage of the first embodiment; 
           [0052]      FIG. 4C  is a graph showing transitions in the OLED drive TFT gate voltage of the first embodiment; 
           [0053]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage and the gate voltage in the OLED drive TFT of the first embodiment; 
           [0054]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage of the OLED drive TFT and the image signal of the first embodiment; 
           [0055]      FIG. 7A  is a first structure of the pixel drive circuit of the second embodiment; 
           [0056]      FIG. 7B  is a second structure of the pixel drive circuit of the second embodiment; 
           [0057]      FIG. 7C  is a third structure of the pixel drive circuit of the second embodiment; 
           [0058]      FIG. 8  is a circuit diagram of the display apparatus drive circuit of the second embodiment; 
           [0059]      FIG. 9A  is a timing chart of  FIG. 7A ; 
           [0060]      FIG. 9B  is a timing chart of  FIG. 7B ; 
           [0061]      FIG. 9C  is a timing chart of  FIG. 7C ; 
           [0062]      FIG. 10A  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT of the second embodiment; 
           [0063]      FIG. 10B  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT of the second embodiment; 
           [0064]      FIG. 10C  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT of the second embodiment; 
           [0065]      FIG. 11  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage and the gate voltage in the OLED drive TFT of the second embodiment; 
           [0066]      FIG. 12  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage of the OLED drive TFT and the image signal in the second embodiment; 
           [0067]      FIG. 13A  is a first structure of the pixel drive circuit of the third embodiment; 
           [0068]      FIG. 13B  is a second structure of the pixel drive circuit of the third embodiment; 
           [0069]      FIG. 13C  is a third structure of the pixel drive circuit of the third embodiment; 
           [0070]      FIG. 14  is a circuit diagram of the pixel drive circuit of the third embodiment; 
           [0071]      FIG. 15  is a timing chart of the third embodiment; 
           [0072]      FIG. 16A  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT gate of the third embodiment; 
           [0073]      FIG. 16B  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT gate of the third embodiment; 
           [0074]      FIG. 16C  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT gate of the third embodiment; 
           [0075]      FIG. 17  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage and gate voltage of the OLED drive TFT of the third embodiment; 
           [0076]      FIG. 18  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage of the OLED drive TFT and the image signal of the third embodiment; 
           [0077]      FIG. 19  is a circuit diagram of the pixel drive circuit of the first example of the related art; 
           [0078]      FIG. 20  is a timing chart of the first example of the related art; 
           [0079]      FIG. 21A  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0080]      FIG. 21B  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0081]      FIG. 21C  is a graph showing voltage transitions at the gate of the OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0082]      FIG. 22  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage and gate voltage of the OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0083]      FIG. 23  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage of the OLED drive TFT and the image signal in the first example of the related art; 
           [0084]      FIG. 24A  is a graph showing voltage transitions in the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0085]      FIG. 24B  is a graph showing voltage transitions in the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0086]      FIG. 24C  is a graph showing voltage transitions in the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0087]      FIG. 25  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage and the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the first example of the related art; 
           [0088]      FIG. 26  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage of another OLED drive TFT and an image signal of the first example of the related art; 
           [0089]      FIG. 27  is a pixel drive circuit of the second example of the related art; 
           [0090]      FIG. 28  is a timing chart of the second example of the related art; 
           [0091]      FIG. 29A  is a graph showing transitions in the OLED drive TFT gate voltage of the second example of the related art; 
           [0092]      FIG. 29B  is a graph showing transitions in the OLED drive TFT gate voltage of the second example of the related art; 
           [0093]      FIG. 29C  is a graph showing transitions in the OLED drive TFT gate voltage of the second example of the related, art; 
           [0094]      FIG. 30  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage and the gate voltage of an OLED drive TFT of the second example of the related art; 
           [0095]      FIG. 31  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage of the OLED drive TFT and the image signal of the second example of the related art; 
           [0096]      FIG. 32A  is a graph showing transitions in the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the second example of the related art; 
           [0097]      FIG. 32B  is a graph showing transitions in the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the second example of the related art; 
           [0098]      FIG. 32C  is a graph showing transitions in the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the second example of the related art; 
           [0099]      FIG. 33  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage and the gate voltage of another OLED drive TFT of the second example of the related art; 
           [0100]      FIG. 34  is a graph showing the relation between the drain voltage of another OLED drive TFT and the image signal of the second example of the related art; 
           [0101]      FIG. 35  is a graph comparing the first example of the related art and the first embodiment, and showing results of the first embodiment; 
           [0102]      FIG. 36A  is an example of a product utilizing this invention; 
           [0103]      FIG. 36B  is an example of another product utilizing this invention; 
           [0104]      FIG. 36C  is an example of still another product utilizing this invention; and 
           [0105]      FIG. 36D  is an example of yet another product utilizing this invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0106]    This invention is described in detail according to the following embodiments. 
       First Embodiment 
       [0107]      FIGS. 1A ,  1 B, and  1 C are circuit diagrams showing the pixel structure in this invention. The circuit diagrams in A through C of  FIG. 1  are countermeasures to problems in the circuit in the first example of the related art of the related art. In  FIGS. 1A to 1C , the OLED drive TFT  3 , the lighting TFT switch  2 , and the OLED element  1  are connected in series to the power supply line  51 . A reset TFT switch  5  is also installed to improve the brightness scale characteristics affected by variations in the OLED drive TFT 3  threshold voltage Vth. This reset TFT switch  5  is operated in order to compensate for variations in the Vth of OLED drive TFT 3 . This reset operation must simultaneously turn the reset TFT switch  5  and the lighting TFT switch  2  on and make current flow in the OLED drive TFT 3 . However the operation time and amount of current are limited. If there is enough time to turn the reset TFT switch  5  and the lighting TFT switch  2  on simultaneously, then the gate voltage for OLED drive TFT 3  can converge on the voltage determined by the cross point of the characteristic curve of OLED drive TFT 3  and the (straight) line for V 1 =V 3 . However due to the operating conditions a sufficient amount of electrical current or time cannot be obtained. On the other hand, the initial value prior to resetting the OLED TFT 3  gate voltage depends on the prior frame&#39;s display state and is therefore undefined (not fixed). In other words, this value causes the voltage to vary between at least supply voltage and ground potential and so is set above or below the voltage where it should actually converge and variations also occur at that setting point. 
         [0108]    In this embodiment, a pre-charge TFT switch  7  supplies a precharge voltage to the terminal of OLED element  1  when utilizing the circuit in  FIG. 1A . In the circuit shown in  FIG. 1B , the pre-charge switch  7  supplies a precharge voltage to the cross point of the reset TFT switch  5  and the lighting TFT switch  2 . In the circuit shown in  FIG. 1C , the pre-charge switch  7  supplies a precharge voltage to the gate  3  of the OLED drive TFT 3 . Applying this precharge voltage before reset, maintains the voltage potential on the lighting TFT switch  2  of the OLED inverter including OLED drive TFT 3  and lighting TFT switch  2  at a fixed voltage. This precharge voltage also sets the gate voltage V 1  of OLED drive TFT 3  to a fixed value prior to reset. Variations (or irregularities) in the Vth can in this way be compensated regardless of the prior frame display state, even when the reset operation time is not long enough. 
         [0109]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram showing the overall structure of the display apparatus. The actual screen is made up of many pixels but only four pixels are shown in  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 2 , a gate drive circuit  200  is installed at the side of the screen. A reset line  52  and a scanning output line  151  extend from the gate drive circuit  200 . The reset line  52  connects to the gate of the reset TFT switch  5 , and the scanning output line  151  inputs signals to the lighting switch OR gate  150 . A lighting control line  105  connects (inputs) to the lighting switch OR gate  150 , and this lighting switch OR gate  150  outputs a signal to the gate of the lighting TFT switch  2  using either signal from the scanning output line  151  or from the lighting control line  105 . 
         [0110]    A signal drive circuit  100  is installed at the upper side of the screen. External image signals are supplied to this signal drive circuit via the signal input line  1001 . A precharge supply line for supplying a ground potential as the precharge signal, a triangular wave input line  101 , a precharge signal select line  102 , a signal select switch control line  103 , and a signal line select switch control line  104  extend between the signal drive circuit  100  and the screen. These outputs are applied at different times by the switching TFT to the signal line  54  extending from the signal drive circuit  100 . One end of a storage capacitor  4  and the source of the precharge TFT switch  7  are connected to the signal line  54 . 
         [0111]      FIG. 3A  through  FIG. 3C  are timing charts showing the operation in  FIGS. 1A through 1C  and  FIG. 2 . In the circuit operation as shown at the upper side of  FIG. 3A  through  FIG. 3C , in the first part of one frame the signal voltage is written in the pixel, and in the latter half all pixels are lit to make the display. The first half of one frame is therefore essentially a black display, and the image is displayed in the latter half. The circuit writes on each scanning line. 
         [0112]    The lower side of  FIG. 3A  through  FIG. 3C  are timing charts for writing on the pixels. The circuit inputs a data signal during the signal line/triangular wave write period; and inputs a triangular wave during the light-emission period. The OLED drive TFT 3  is the P-type so the triangular wave is a negative convex waveform. Here, a TFT that is the P-type, signifies that the TFT carriers are holes, and a TFT that is the N-type signifies that the TFT carriers are electrons. 
         [0113]    In  FIG. 3A , the lighting switch  2  turns on along with the reset switch  5  turning on. The precharge TFT switch  7  turns on while the lighting switch is on. If the precharge voltage potential is set near ground potential, then the anode side of the OLED is automatically set near ground potential. Moreover, the lighting TFT switch  2  is also turned on so the contact point voltage potential V 3  for reset switch  5  and the lighting TFT switch  2  is also near ground potential. The reset TFT switch  5  is also on so that V 1  which is the gate voltage for OLED drive TFT  3  also has a voltage near ground potential. In other words, the initial voltage V 1  in the initial period of reset operation is near ground potential. The lighting TFT switch  2  then turns off, the data signal is written, and the lighting TFT switch  2  again turns on and reset is performed. In  FIG. 3B , the reset switch  5  turns on while the lighting switch  2  is still off, and the precharge TFT switch  7  turns on. If the precharge voltage potential was set near ground potential, then the contact point voltage potential V 3  for lighting TFT switch  2  and reset switch  5  and precharge TFT switch- 7  are also set near ground potential. Since the reset TFT switch  5  is also on, then V 1  which is the gate voltage for the OLED drive TFT  3  also has a voltage potential near ground potential. In other words, in the initial part of the reset operation, the initial V 1  voltage is near ground potential. The lighting TFT switch  2  then turns off, the data signal is written, the lighting TFT switch  2  turns on and reset performed. In  FIG. 3C , the precharge TFT switch  7  turns on while the lighting switch  2  and the reset switch  5  are still off. When the precharge voltage potential is set near ground potential, then V 1  serving as the gate voltage for the OLED drive TFT 3  is also has a voltage potential near ground potential. In other words, the initial voltage for V 1  at the initial period of reset is near ground potential. The lighting TFT switch  2  then turns off, the data signal is written, the lighting TFT switch  2  turns on and reset performed. 
         [0114]    The related art is unable to compensate the Vth of OLED drive TFT 3  for variations or irregularities in V 1 , because the initial voltage of V 1  is dependent on the display status of the prior frame and is undefined. Changes in the value where the initial voltage converges are a large factor in acquiring a voltage between the supply voltage to ground potential. In this invention however, the initial value for V 1  is set near ground potential so that even if there are variations or irregularities in the Vth of the TFT, or even if the time for tc 1  in  FIG. 3  is not long enough, then the remaining differential in Vth that must be compensated can be rendered a small value. 
         [0115]    In  FIG. 1A  through  FIG. 1C  and  FIG. 3A through 3C , during reset, the data signal is written in storage capacitor  4  from signal line  54 . The gate voltage for the OLED drive TFT 3  then converges towards the cross point of the OLED drive TFT 3  characteristic curve and the straight line V 1 =V 3  when the reset TFT switch  5  and the lighting TFT switch  2  turn off. The signal voltage is then written via the storage capacitor  4  based on the voltage converging on this cross point. 
         [0116]    When the write period ends, the lighting TFT switch  2  turns on and the light emission period begins. A triangular wave as shown in  FIG. 3A through 3C  is added to the signal line  54 . The triangular wave decides the time the OLED drive TFT 3  turns on via the voltage held in the storage capacitor  4 . The longer the period that OLED drive TFT  3  is on, the greater the brightness becomes. The grey scale can now appear. 
         [0117]    The reset operation is next described using  FIG. 4  through  FIG. 6 . The horizontal axis is the time, and the vertical axis in  FIG. 4  is the gate voltage V 1  for OLED drive TFT 3  in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 4A  is the case where the OLED drive TFT 3  is operating at the characteristic MAX. As previously described, the precharge operation sets the initial voltage V 1  near ground potential. Reset is performed when the TFT 2  lighting switch and the reset TFT switch  5  simultaneously turn on, and this time is tc 1  as shown in  FIG. 3 . In  FIG. 4A , the OLED drive TFT  3  is operating at the characteristic MAX but when the time tc 1  is not long enough, then the V 1  voltage cannot converge on Vres 1  as shown in  FIG. 4A  and stops at Vmax 1 . Here, the cross point formed by characteristic curve of OLED drive TFT 3  when operating at the characteristic MAX and the straight line V 1 =V 3  determine the Vres 1 .  FIG. 4C  shows the case where the OLED drive TFT 3  is at the characteristic MIN. In this case also, when the time tc 1  is too short, the gate voltage V 1  for OLED drive TFT 3  cannot converge at Vres 3 , and stops at Vmin 1 . Here, Vres 1  is a voltage determined by the cross point formed by the characteristic curve for OLED drive TFT 3  when operating at characteristic MIN and the straight line V 1 =V 3 . In FIG.  4 B, the gate voltage V 1  for the OLED drive TFT 3  is a value between  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4C . As can be understood from  FIG. 4 , even when the convergence time tc 1  is short and there is not enough time for converging on voltage potential V 1 , the value where the Vth of OLDE drive TFT 3  cannot be compensated is in a range (Vres 1 -Vmax 1 )-(Vres 3 -Vmin 1 ) and this is not a large value. This result is obtained because the initial values for V 1  are all set near ground potential. 
         [0118]      FIG. 5  is drawing showing how the operation point for reset operation is set when the OLED drive TFT 3  and the OLED element  1  are seen as an inverter. In  FIG. 5 , the line V 1 =V 3  shows the state where the reset TFT switch  5  shorts the gate and drain of OLED drive TFT 3 . If the reset time tc 1  is long enough, then the operation point settles at the cross point of the characteristic curve for OLED drive TFT 3  and the straight line V 1 =V 3  in all cases. However since tc 1  is too short, then the voltage for each case is set to Vmin 1  for the characteristic MIN, or set to Vmax 1  for the characteristic MAX. In  FIG. 5 , the voltage potential for V 1  is set in each case on the side where V 1  is smaller than the cross point of each inverter characteristic and V 1 =V 3 . The variations or irregularities in the voltage remaining after reset are therefore small in each case. 
         [0119]    This state (small V 1 ) is shown in  FIG. 6 . The vertical axis in  FIG. 6  is the drain voltage of OLED drive TFT 3  that regulates light emission from OLED element  1  and is the voltage V 3  in  FIG. 1 . The drain voltage V 3  of OLED drive TFT 3  is a voltage approximately equal to the anode of OLED element  1  while lit. The horizontal axis is the signal voltage at V 2  shown in  FIG. 1 . The variations or irregularities in the characteristics of drain voltage V 3  for OLED drive TFT 3  versus the signal voltage V 2  are small as can be seen in  FIG. 6 . 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0120]      FIG. 7A-FIG .  7 C through  FIG. 12  are diagrams showing the second embodiment of this invention.  FIG. 7A  through  FIG. 7C  show the drive circuits for the pixel section of the second embodiment. This embodiment differs from the first embodiment of  FIG. 1A  through  FIG. 1C . In that the OLED element  1  is directly connected to the power supply line  51 , and that the OLED drive TFT 3  is installed on the ground side. Also the preset TFT switch  5  is connected to the negative side of OLED element  1 . An N-type TFT is utilized as the OLED drive TFT 3  in this embodiment. The TFT within the pixel is therefore only capable of N-type processing. The OLED element  1  is installed on the power supply line side and other than the fact that related elements are shifted by installing OLED element TFT 3  on the ground side, the operation is essentially the same as in  FIG. 1A  through  FIG. 1C . 
         [0121]      FIG. 8  is a circuit diagram showing the structure of the overall display apparatus of the second embodiment. The actual screen is made up of many pixels but only four pixels are shown in  FIG. 8 . Other than the structure of the pixel section in  FIG. 8 , the structure is the same as the overall structure of the image display apparatus in the first embodiment of  FIG. 2 . 
         [0122]      FIG. 9A  through  FIG. 9C  are timing charts showing the driving of the circuits in  FIG. 7A  through  FIG. 7C  and  FIG. 8 . The operation in  FIG. 9A  through  FIG. 9C  is basically the same as the operation in  FIG. 3A  through  FIG. 3C  in the first embodiment. The time utilized for reset is set as tc 2 . The time required for reset is related to the OLED drive TFT 3  characteristics. In the first embodiment, the OLED drive TFT 3  was a P-type device but in this second embodiment is an N-type device so the first embodiment and the second embodiment differ from each other.  FIG. 9A  through  FIG. 9C  differ from  FIG. 3A  through  FIG. 3C  in another point which is that the triangular wave peaks upward during the light emission period. The OLED drive TFT 3  is an N-type device and so the OLED drive TFT 3  turns on when the gate voltage is positive. 
         [0123]      FIG. 10  through  FIG. 12  are drawings show the reset operation of the second embodiment. In  FIG. 10 , the horizontal axis is the time, and the vertical axis is the gate voltage V 4  for OLED drive TFT 3  in  FIG. 7A through 7C .  FIG. 10A  shows the case where the OLED drive TFT 3  is operating at the characteristic MAX. The precharge operation sets the initial voltage of V 4  near ground potential. Reset is performed when the lighting TFT switch  2  and the reset switch  5  are simultaneously on, and this time is tc 2  as shown in  FIG. 9 . The case where the OLED drive TFT 3  is operating at the characteristic MAX is shown in  FIG. 10A  however if the time tc 2  is not long enough, then as shown in  FIG. 10A , the V 1  voltage potential cannot converge on Vres 4 , and stops at Vmax 2 . Here, the cross point of the line V 4 =V 6  and the characteristic curve for OLED drive TFT 3  when operating at characteristic MAX determines the Vres 4 .  FIG. 10C  shows the case where the gate voltage V 4  for OLED drive TFT 3  operates at the characteristic MIN. In this case also, if the tc 2  time is not long enough then the gate voltage V 4  for the OLED drive TFT 3  cannot converge at Vres 6 , and stops at Vmin 2 . The cross point of the straight line V 4 =V 6  and the characteristic curve for OLED drive TFT 3  when operating at characteristic MIN determines the voltage Vres 6  here. In  FIG. 10B , the gate voltage V 4  for the OLED drive TFT 3  is a value between  FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10C . As can be understood from  FIG. 10 , even when the convergence time tc 2  is short and there is not enough time for converging on voltage potential V 4 , the value where the Vth of OLED drive TFT 3  cannot be compensated is in a range (Vres 4 -Vmax 2 )-(Vres 4 -Vmin 2 ) but is not a large value. This result is obtained because the initial values for V 4  are all set near ground potential. 
         [0124]      FIG. 11  is drawing showing how the operation point for reset operation is set when the OLED drive TFT 3  and the OLED element  1  are seen as an inverter. In  FIG. 11  the line V 4  V 6  shows the state where the reset TFT switch  5  shorts the gate and drain of OLED drive TFT 3 . If the reset time tc 2  is long enough, then the operation point settles at the cross point of the characteristic curve for the OLED drive TFT 3  and the straight line V 4 =V 6  in all cases. However since tc 2  is too short, then the voltage for each case is set to Vmin 2  for the characteristic MIN, or set to Vmax 2  when the OLED drive TFT 3  is the characteristic MAX. In  FIG. 11 , the voltage potential for V 4  is set in each case on the side where the V 4  is smaller than the cross point of each inverter characteristic and V 4 =V 6 . Variations or irregularities in the voltage remaining after reset are therefore small in each case. 
         [0125]    This state (small V 1 ) is shown in  FIG. 12 . The vertical axis in  FIG. 6  is the drain voltage of OLED drive TFT 3  that regulates light emission from OLED element  1  and is the voltage V 6  in  FIG. 7 . The horizontal axis is the signal voltage at V 5  shown in  FIG. 7 . Variations or irregularities in the characteristics of drain voltage V 3  for OLED drive TFT 3  versus the signal voltage V 2  are small as can be seen in  FIG. 6 . 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0126]      FIG. 13A-FIG .  13 C through  FIG. 18  are diagrams showing the third embodiment of this invention. The third embodiment provides countermeasures to resolve the problems in the comparative example 2. The drive circuit of the third embodiment for the pixels is shown in  FIG. 13 . The problem with the second example of the related art is that even if reset is performed with the reset TFT switch  5 , if that reset time is too short, then the Vth of the OLED drive TFT 3  cannot be sufficiently cancelled out during the reset time and an accurate gray scale cannot be displayed. A major cause of this problem is that as described for the second example of the related art, the gate voltage potential of the OLED drive TFT 3  is undefined (not fixed) prior to cancel at times such as at power supply startup and is either at least the power supply voltage or ground potential so that the voltage potential varies after reset if the reset time is not long enough. 
         [0127]    In order to resolve the problems with the second example of the related art, in the third embodiment as shown in  FIG. 13A through 13C , a precharge switch  7  applies a precharge voltage to the positive terminal of the OLED element  1 , and applies a precharge voltage serving as a fixed voltage to the positive terminal of the OLED prior to reset, to set the initial voltage of gate voltage V 7  to a fixed value prior to reset. 
         [0128]      FIG. 14  is a circuit diagram showing the overall structure of the image display apparatus of the third embodiment. The actual screen is made up of many pixels but only four pixels are shown in  FIG. 14 . In  FIG. 14 , a gate drive circuit  200  is installed at the side of the screen. The gate drive circuit  200  sends outputs on the select switch  55 , the lighting switch line  53 , the reset line  52 , and the precharge control line  56 . The select switch line  55  connects to the gate of select switch  6 , and the lighting switch line  53  connects to the gate of the lighting TFT switch  2 , and the reset line  52  connects to the gate of the reset TFT switch  5 , and the precharge control line  56  connects to the gate of the precharge TFT switch  7 . 
         [0129]    A signal drive circuit  100  is installed on the upper side in the screen. A precharge supply line for supplying a precharge signal as the ground potential, a precharge signal select line  102 , and a signal line select switch control line  104  extend between the signal drive circuit  100  and the screen. These outputs are applied at different times (time differentials) by the switching TFT to the signal line  54  extending from the signal drive circuit  100 . A select switch  6  source and a precharge TFT source are connected to the signal line  54 . 
         [0130]      FIG. 15  is a timing chart showing the circuit operation in  FIG. 13A  through  FIG. 13C  and  FIG. 14 . Unlike the first embodiment and second embodiment, in this circuit the OLED element  1  promptly starts emitting light when the signal is written, and that state is maintained for one frame period. This operation is shown on the upper side of the drawing in  FIG. 15 . This figure on the upper side of  FIG. 15  shows that write is performed at each scan. 
         [0131]    The lower side of  FIG. 15  is timing charts for the operations to write and to reset each pixel. In  FIG. 13A through 13C  and in  FIG. 15 , the lighting switch is on until a specified select line is selected. Turning on the select switch  6  selects a specified select switch line  55 . Besides turning on the precharge TFT switch  7  here, turning on the reset TFT switch  5  causes electrical current to flow in the OLED element  1 , and set the anode of the OLED element  1  near ground potential which is the voltage potential of the reset line  52 . The gate voltage potential V 7  of OLED drive TFT  3  is also set near ground potential at the same time. When the lighting switch is later turned off, electrical current flows to recharge the first storage capacitor  41 , and the gate voltage of OLED drive TFT 3  is set to the voltage potential of the power supply voltage minus the Vth of OLED drive TFT 3 . Signals from the signal line  54  are written while in this state. In other words, the gate of OLED drive TFT 3  is added to a signal voltage somewhat higher than a reference potential of the power supply voltage minus the Vth of OLED drive TFT 3  so that effects due to variation in the Vth can be compensated. 
         [0132]    In the related art shown in  FIG. 15 , when tc 3  or in other words, the time that the lighting switch is on and the time that the reset switch is on are not long enough, then the gate voltage of OLED drive TFT 3  could not converge at a voltage which is the power supply voltage minus the Vth of OLED drive TFT 3  during the reset period. The cause of this failure was the gate voltage V 7  of OLED TFT 3  is undefined (not fixed) prior to reset and so the voltage potential might appear at levels from the supply voltage to ground potential. The present embodiment however also sets the gate voltage V 7  of OLED drive TFT 3  near ground potential by supplying a ground potential to the anode of OLED element  1  via the precharge control line  56  prior to reset. The precharging operation suppresses variations in the gate voltage of OLED drive TFT 3  even if the reset time tc 3  is short. 
         [0133]      FIGS. 16A to 16C  through  FIG. 18  are graphs showing the above reset operation. In  FIGS. 16A to 16C , the horizontal axis is the time, and the vertical axis is the gate voltage V 7  of the OLED drive TFT 3  in  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 16A  shows the case where the threshold voltage Vth of OLED drive TFT is small. As described previously, the initial voltage of V 1  is first of all set near ground potential by the precharging operation. Reset is performed while the lighting TFT switch  2  and reset TFT switch  5  are simultaneously on, and this time is tc 3  as shown in  FIG. 15 . 
         [0134]    In the case in  FIG. 16A , the Vth for OLED drive TFT 3  is small but if the time tc 3  is not long enough, then V 7  voltage potential cannot converge on Vres 7  as shown in  FIG. 16A  and stops in Vmax 3 . Here, Vres 7  is a value where the threshold voltage Vth of OLED drive TFT 3  is subtracted from the power supply voltage.  FIG. 16C  shows the case where the Vth for OLED drive TFT 3  is large. In this case also, the gate voltage V 7  of OLED drive TFT 3  cannot converge on Vres 9  if the time tc 3  is too short, and stops in Vmin 3 . When the threshold voltage Vth of OLED drive TFT  3  is large, then the Vres 9  is a value where the threshold voltage Vth of OLED drive TFT 3  is subtracted from the power supply voltage.  FIG. 16B  is a value where the gate voltage V 7  of OLED drive TFT 3  is at the midpoint between the range in  FIG. 16A  and  FIG. 16C . 
         [0135]    As shown in  FIGS. 16A to 16C , the uncompensated Vth for OLED drive TFT  3  is in a range of (Vres 7 -Vmax 3 )-(Vres 9 -Vmin 3 ) and is not a large value, even when the convergence time tc 3  is short and there is insufficient time for V 7  to converge. This result is obtained because the initial valve for V 1  is set near ground potential in all cases. 
         [0136]      FIG. 17  is a graph showing the relation between the gate voltage V 7  of OLED drive TFT 3  and the drain voltage V 9  of OLED drive TFT 3 . The corresponding characteristic curves for the characteristic MAX is shown in  FIG. 16A , and for the characteristic TYP in  FIG. 16B , and for the characteristic MIN in  FIG. 16C . Here, at the characteristic MAX, V 7  converges on Vres 7  if the reset time tc 3  is sufficient. However the reset time tc 3  is too short so V 7  stops in Vmax 3 . At the characteristic MIN, V 7  converges on Vres 9  if the reset time tc 3  is sufficient. However the reset time tc 3  is too short so V 7  stops in Vmin 3 . 
         [0137]    Therefore even when the OLED drive TFT 3  characteristics vary the most, the gate voltage V 7  variations or irregularities can be contained within a range of (Vres 7 -Vmax 3 )-(Vres 9 -Vmin 3 ) after reset. Effects from variations in each OLED drive TFT 3  on the light emission gray scale can therefore be reduced. 
         [0138]    The above state is shown in  FIG. 18 . In  FIG. 18 , the vertical axis is the drain voltage V 9  of the OLED drive TFT 3  of  FIG. 13 , and the horizontal axis is the V 8  serving as the signal voltage. The voltage V 9  is approximately the same voltage as the voltage on the anode of OLED element  1  during the time the OLED element is lit (emitting light). The characteristic curves correspond to the characteristic MIN, the characteristic TYP, and the characteristic MAX in  FIG. 17 . As shown in  FIG. 18 , variations in V 9  appearing in light emission characteristic versus the signal voltage V 8  are reduced to a small value, even if there are variations in the OLED drive TFT 3  characteristics. 
         [0139]    Utilizing this invention therefore allows suppressing variations in light emission gray scale characteristics in the OLED element  1  versus data signals even in cases where the reset operation time is not long enough, and can provide uniform light emission without residual images even when displaying moving images. 
         [0140]      FIG. 35  shows results from comparing response in the first embodiment with the comparative examples of the related art when switching from a black display to a white display. In the example of the related art, a white display was reached over three frames after switching, but in the first embodiment a white display was reached in one frame. In other words, using the first embodiment allows emitting uniform light without residual images. 
         [0141]    Low-temperature polysilicon was utilized in the first embodiment, or in the second embodiment and the third embodiment but amorphous silicon can be also be used. The screen in the first embodiment, or in the second embodiment and the third embodiment utilized a glass substrate as the substrate however the same effect can be rendered even with plastic or metal. 
         [0142]      FIG. 36A  shows an example that a highly uniform display without residual images and possessing lower power consumption can be achieved by utilizing the image display apparatus  300  of this invention in the image display unit of a mobile electronic device  301 . 
         [0143]      FIG. 36B  shows an example that a highly uniform display without residual images and possessing lower power consumption can be achieved by utilizing the image display apparatus  302  of this invention in the image display unit of a television  303 . 
         [0144]      FIG. 36C  shows an example that a highly uniform display without residual images and possessing lower power consumption can be achieved by utilizing the image display apparatus  304  of this invention in the image display unit of a portable digital assistant terminal PDA 305 . 
         [0145]      FIG. 36D  shows an example that a highly uniform display without residual images and possessing lower power consumption can be achieved by utilizing the image display apparatus  306  of this invention in the image display unit of a video camera CAM viewfinder  307 .