Abstract:
Use of compounds of the formula I                            
     for preparing a medicament for protecting DNA in the initial phase and/or the promoting phase of carcinogenesis and for preventing oxidative stress in patients with diseases related to free radicals are described.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a divisional of co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 08/881,389, filed Jun. 24, 1999, which is a CIP of parent, co-pending application PCT/SE95/01581, filed Dec. 22, 1995, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to new uses of indolo-2,3b]-quinoxalines of the general formula I                           
     wherein R 1  represents hydrogen or one or several, preferably 1 to 4, similar or different substitutions in the positions 1-4 and/or 7-10, selected from halogen, preferably Br, lower alkyl/alkoxy group having not more than 4 carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl group, trichloromethyl group; and in one of the positions 7-10 R 1  can be a hydroxyl group; X is a group —(CH 2 ) n ,—R 2  wherein R 2  represents a nitrogen containing basic residue such as NH 2 , NHR 4 , or NR 5 R 6  wherein R 4 , R 5  and R 6  independently are lower alkyl or cycloalkyl and n is an integer of from 1 to 4 and R 3  represents hydrogen, lower alkyl/-cycloalkyl group having not more than 4 carbon atoms, and the physiologically acceptable addition products of the compounds with acids and halogen adducts, preferably adducts with iodine, iodine monochloride or iodine monobromide, as DNA protecting agent both in the initial phase and in the promoting phase of carcinogenesis and which agent also reduces or eliminates the effect of promoters and which agent has effects which protect for oxidative stress and effects of gamma-irradiation. Thus, the compounds used according to the present invention activate the defense of the body against carcinogenesis, oxidative stress and gamma-irradiation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is known that free radicals (oxidative stress) of different types are associated with a range of diseases such as ischemic or reperfusion injury, thrombosis and embolism, atherosclerosis, allergic/inflammatory conditions such as bronchial asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, diseases caused by ionizing radiation or ultra violet light, conditions related to neurodegenerative diseases, for instance Parkinson&#39;s disease and Alzheimer&#39;s diseases, ageing, apoptosis, necrosis and cirrhosis, cataract, physical stress, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, intoxication, colitis, hematocrosis, neoplasms and toxicity of antineoplastic or immuno suppressive agents, premature aging or consequences of viral or bacterial infections and endogeneous or exogeneous chemicals present in air, food, general environmental contamination or lifestyle related exposure. An explanation for these conditions and diseases can be that the endogenous protecting capacity is not sufficiently active to protect the tissue against radical damage. Lipid peroxidation or DNA-oxidation caused by excess generation of radicals can effect significant damaging pathways in the above conditions and diseases. The compounds used according to the present invention probably enter into the cell where they activate parts of the genome. 
     Oxidative stress can be chemically, physically or biologically induced. Chemically induced oxidative stress is caused by a compound which gives rise to tissue damage. Physically induced stress is caused by e.g. 1) radiation, such as radioactive or ionizing radiation or UV radiation; 2) by physical blockage of blood flow; biologically induced oxidative stress is the defense by the body itself, with over-reaction of oxidases in phagocytes, extra and intra cellular. One example is in HIV patients. Other examples are asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes etc, cf. above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Different conditions such as inflammations, infections, gamma-radiation, UV radiation and deficiency of vitamns/antioxidants give rise to oxidative stress, which leads to the different conditions and diseases stated above. Use of the compounds according to the present invention in preparations to be administered via different carriers will thus protect the body against oxidative stress and prevent the outburst of different diseases caused by such oxidative stress. 
     Indolo-[2,3b]-quinoxalines of the general formula I wherein R 1 , is a hydroxyl group in one of the positions 7-10 are prepared by means of a process described in the following section. Especially compounds wherein R 1  is a hydroxyl group on position 9 show interesting properties for the use according to the present invention. 
     Substituted indolo-quinoxalines of formula I have previously been demonstrated to possess valuable activity against several types of virus, and several of the compounds also have been demonstrated to show a potent anti-cancer effect, cf. our previous patents EP 0 238 459 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,510. Furthermore, they have also been shown to be inactive as enzyme inhibitors, cf. Harmenberg, et al., Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy, November 1988, pp 1720-1724. 
     Indolo-quinoxaline derivatives hydroxylated in the positions 7, 8, 9 or 10, especially 9, are of interest as metabolites or possible metabolites of biologically active quinoxaline derivatives such as 1b. Such hydroxylated derivatives possess interesting antiviral and anticancer properties in addition to their effect as DNA protecting agents and their effects to protect from oxidative stress. 
     The hydroxylated substances according to the present invention cannot be made by means of the methods described in our about mentioned patents. Thus, reaction of phenylene diamines and methoxyisatin, such as shown in Scheme 1, does not give indoloquinoxalines but spirocyclic substances which cannot be converted to the desired substances.                           
     Hydroxylation according to Scheme 2 does not function either                           
     A compound of the general formula II                           
     can be prepared by subjecting a compound of the general formula III                           
     to mononitration with one equivalent of potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate in sulfuric acid whereby a compound according to the general formula IV                           
     is obtained, which latter compound by catalytic hydrogenation followed by diazotization with nitrous acid and then conversion of the diazonium ion obtained to the 9—OH group by treatment with a Cu-based catalyst composed of Cu (NO 3 ) 2  and Cu 2 O is converted to the compound of formula II. 
     The process is illustrated in the following Scheme 3                          
     The preparation of these compounds according to the invention is illustrated in the following examples 1-5. 
     The compounds used according to the present invention unexpectedly have been found to possess a number of specific properties. Thus, they are not mutagenic or carcinogenic and they do not induce preneoplastic lesions and have not a DNA adduct forming activity. The in vivo toxicity in mammals is extremely low. Furthermore, the compounds used in the present invention reduce the spontaneous mutation frequency in the Salmonella assay. 
     The compounds do not induce oxidative stress. They reduce or even inhibit oxidative stress in vivo and down-regulate oxidative stress below control values. 
     The compounds are thus useful for reducing or eliminating oxidative stress induced by chemicals and for down-regulating an over-reaction by the immune system. Furthermore, the compounds are useful for activating the cellular defense system, i.e., the cells&#39; own protection for infectious and inflammations. 
     The compounds can be used in combination with drugs to reduce side effects like mutagenicity (chemotherapy, drugs for AIDS treatment), oxidative stress (amines and nitro compounds) and over-reactions of the immune system. 
     Another important use of the compounds is to prevent negative health effects induced by UV light, i.e. sun radiation. Examples of these are inflammations, DNA lesions and free radicals. A further important use of the compounds is to slow down the Dorian-Gray syndrome (premature aging induced by oxidative stress) in HIV/AIDS patients. 
     A further object of the invention is the use of the compounds to increase the body weight when medical treatment/disease leads to loss of body weight. Examples are chemotherapy, irradiation and HIV/AIDS. 
     Another object according to the invention is the use of the compounds for treatment of human beings and animals after accidental exposure of irradiation to down-regulate oxidative stress and activate cellular defense processes. 
     A further important object according to the invention is the use of the compounds to reduce extracellular leakage of oxygen radicals from phagocytes that induces tissue damage during viral and bacterial infections. 
     Another important use according to the invention of the compounds is to protect lymphocytes that are exposed to neutrophiles (phagocytes) leaking free radicals into the blood stream. Thus, an over-reaction by neutrophiles in the blood stream leads to a leakage of free radicals that can induce apoptosis in lymphocytes and thereby lower the natural protection the lymphocytes are responsible for, i.e. an increased risk for infections. This is of special importance when the use of chemotherapy for tumor treatment is limited by the destruction of lymphocytes or during massive infections of viruses (for instance HIV) or bacteria. Also accidents in exposure to high concentrations of xenobiotics, high levels of radiation or burn wound induced oxidative stress can induce the destruction of lymphocytes due to leakage of free radicals from phagocytes during the critical and acute phase. 
     In addition, the compounds eliminate the mutagenicity of certain mutagens in the Salmonella test while the mutagenic effect of others are reduced, i.e. they are antimutagens. 
     Well known chemical substances which are mutagens and which thus initiate the tumor process (carcinogenesis) are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitrated PAH compounds (nitro PAH) e.g. 2-nitrofluorene (NF); nitrosamines; different alkylating agents, food mutagens etc. 
     Furthermore, both UV radiation and gamma radiation (X-ray) have mutagenic effect and certain metals can catalyze reactions involving formation of DNA-damage. 
     In the first step in chemical carcinogenesis DNA adducts are formed. A characteristic feature of the compounds used according to the present invention is that they do not form DNA adducts. Furthermore, the compounds used according to the present invention reduce the capability of certain potent mutagens to form DNA adducts while other mutagens are less affected. 
     As regards the formation of early stages of tumor formation (preneoplastic foci) (in vivo) it has been found that the compounds used according to the present invention do not form any foci and furthermore reduce the capacity of the potent carcinogens to form foci. 
     The compounds used according to the present invention have been tested as regards the formation of tumors (skin tumors) for mice subjected to strong tumor initiating and strong tumor promotion conditions. In this test model it was found that the compounds tested do not give rise to any tumors and furthermore if a compound according to the present invention was given twice a week the mice did not develop tumors which means that in the presence of a compound according to the present invention neither the very strong tumor initiating nor the very strong tumor promotion will lead to tumors. Furthermore, if the administration of the compound used according to the present invention is terminated, the animals will develop the same number of tumors as in the positive control. This means that the original DNA injury remains and the tumor promoter which is administered continuously can give rise to a considerable development of tumors. Accordingly a compound used according to the present invention can stop the tumor process caused by potent tumor promoting agents in combination with potent tumor initiators. 
     As regard toxic effects of the compounds used according to the present invention, no such effects have been noted in vivo. The oral LD 50  value is above 800 mg/kg body weight in rats, corresponding to a dose of 56 g to a human (70 kg). 
     In the promotion phase of carcinogenesis there are also chemical compounds which are known to be very potent promoters. One of the most potent promoters known today is triphorbolester (TPA). When testing a compound used according to the present invention by administration to an animal given TPA it was found that the effect of this promoter was eliminated. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1 a  and  1   b  show the antimutagenicity of B-220 and 9-OH-B-220. FIG. 1 a  shows the results of an Ames test with B-220. FIG. 1 b  shows the results of the Ames test with 9-OH-B-220. 
     FIGS. 2 a  and 2b illustrate that B-220 reduces the mutagenicity of mutagens in the Ames test. In FIG. 2 a , the mutagen was methylmethanesulfonate. In FIG. 2 b , the mutagen was ethylmethanesulfonate. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the in vivo toxicity of compound B-220. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the carcinogenicity of compound B-220. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates that compound B-220 down regulates and eliminates the formation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide ion generated by oxidase. 
     FIG. 6 shows the results of mice exposed to gamma-radiation and administered compound B-220. 
     FIG. 7 shows body weight gain of mice exposed to gamma radiation with different doses of compound B-220. 
     FIG. 8 shows results of administration of 2,7-dinitrofluorene to rats which were and were not pretreated with compound B-220. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is illustrated by means of the following examples wherein Examples 1-6 describe the preparation of the intermediates and of compounds used according to the invention and examples 7-13 describe tests carried out with the compounds according to the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     2,3-Dimethyl-6(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-9-nitro-6H-indolo[2,3-b]-quinoxaline (2d) 
     To a solution of 15.9 g (50 mmol) of (1d) in 200 ml concentrated H 2 SO 4  5.06 g (50 mmol) KNO 3  were added batchwise so that the temperature did not exceed 10° C. The solution was left with stirring at 5-10° C. in 2 h and then was poured onto ice-water. The mixture was made alkaline with 20% KOH-solution. This resulted in a yellow precipitate which was filtered off. The raw product was recrystallized from EtOH which gave 13.1 g of (2d). 
     Yield: 72%; M.p.: 219° C.; NMR: δ h  (DMSO): 9.1 (1H, s, Ar), 8.6 (1H, d, Ar), 8.1 (1H, s, Ar), 8.1 (1H, d, Ar), 7.9 (1H, s, Ar), 4.6 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.8 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.5 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 2.5 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 2.2 (6H, s, CH 3 ) ppm. IR: v max : 2940, 2760, 1620, 1580, 1510, 1460 br, 1320 br, 1320 br, 1190 br, 1135, 1100, 870, 810, 750, and 680 cm −1 . 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     6-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-9-nitro-6H-indolo[2,3-b]-quinoxaline (2c) 
     (2c) was synthesized in the same manner as (2d). 
     Yield: 86% (not recrystallized); M.p.: 206-08° C. NMR: δ H (DMSO): 9.1 (1H, s, Ar), 8.8 (1H, d, Ar), 8.4 (1H, d, Ar), 8.2 (1H, d, Ar), 8.1 (1H, d, Ar), 7.8-8.0 (2H, dt, Ar), 4.7 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.8 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.2 (6H, s, CH 3 ) ppm. 
     IR: v max : 3060, 2940, 2810, 2770, 1610, 1580, 1510, 1465 br, 1400, 1330 br, 1300, 1245, 1145, 1125, 1105, 1070, 1045, 960, 915, 835, 795, 760, 750, 730, 710 cm −1 . 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     9-Amino-2,3-dimethyl-6-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]-quinoxaline (3d) 
     A suspension of 3.63 g (10 mmol) of (2d) and 0.36 g 10% Pd/C in 160 ml DMA was left under 2.7 atm hydrogen pressure for 24 h. The product was soluble in DMA. Pd/C was filtered away with celite. The filtrate was poured onto ice-water and pH was increased to basic with 20% KOH, which resulted in a brown precipitate. The precipitate was chromatographied in 20% MeoH/CH 2 Cl 2 , which resulted in 2.80 g of the product (3d). 
     Yield: 84%; M.P.: 250-51° C.; NMR: δ H (DMSO): 7.9 (1H, s, Ar), 7.8 (1H, s, Ar), 7.5 (1H, s, Ar), 7.4 (1H, d, Ar), 7.1 (1H, d, Ar), 5.1 (2H, br, NH 2 ), 4.4 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.7 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.5 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 2.5 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 2.2 (6H, s, CH 3 ) ppm. δ c (DMSO): 145.0 (s), 143.3 (s), 138.7 (s), 138.6 (s), 137.1 (s), 136.0 (s), 135.0 (s), 128.0 (d), 126.5 (d), 119.5 (s), 119.0 (d), 110.6 (d), 105.4 (d), 56.7 (t), 45.2 (q), 38.9 (t), 19.9 (q), 19.6 (q) ppm. IR: v max : 3390, 3320, 3200, 2960, 2940, 2920, 2820, 2770, 1580, 1480, 1400, 1330, 1190 br, 870, 810, 720 and 680 cm −1 . 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     2,3-Dimethyl-6-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-9-hydroxy-6H-indolo[2,3-b]-quinoxaline (4d) 
     660 mg (2 mmol) of (3d) were dissolved in 6 ml 30% H 2 SO 4  at 15° C. The solution was cooled to 5° C. A solution of 179 mg (2.6 mmol) of NaNO 2  in 2 ml H 2 O was added without increasing the temperature above 5° C. After 30 minutes urea was added in order to consume unreached NaNO 2 . To the solution at zero degree Centigrade was added a zero degree Cu(NO 3 ) 2 -solution (4 g Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .3H 2 O in 50 ml H 2 O) and then 286 mg Cu 2 O were added. This resulted in a strong formation of N 2 -gas. When N 2  gas formation stopped the mixture was left in 30 minutes and then pH was increased to weakly alkaline. The mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The CH 2 Cl 2  phase was dried and roll-evaporated. The raw product formed was chromatographated in 10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2  which resulted in 133 mg of the desired product (4d). 
     Yield: 20%; M.p.: &gt;260° C.; NMR: δ H (DMSO): 9.5 (1H, s, OH), 8.0 (1H, s, Ar), 7.8 (1H, s, Ar), 7.6 (1H, s, Ar), 7.6 (1H, d, Ar), 7.2 (1H, d, Ar), 4.5 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.7 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.5 (2H, s, CH 3 ), 2.5 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 2.2 (6H, s, CH 3 ). δ c (DMSO): 152.0 (s), 138.9 (s), 138.7 (s), 138.3 (s), 137.3 (s), 137.2 (s), 135.3 (s), 128.0 (d), 126.6 (d), 119.5 (d), 111.1 (d), 106.7 (d), 56.8 (t), 45.3 (q), 39.7 (t), 19.9 (q), 19.6 (q) ppm. IR: v max : 3420 (br), 3130 (br), 2940, 2765, 1585, 1490, 1425, 1350, 1240, 1210, 1155, 1025, 1000, 865 and 725 cm −1 . 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     9-Amino-6-(2-dimethyl-aminoethyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]-quinoxaline 
     Yield: 85%; M.p.: 222-223° C.; NMR: δ H (DMSO): 8.2 (1H, d, Ar), 8.0 (1H, d, Ar), 7.7 (1H, dd, Ar), 7.6 (1H, dd, Ar), 7.5 (1H, s, Ar), 7.5 (1H, d, Ar), 7.1 (1H, d, Ar), 5.3 (2H, br, NH 2 ), 4.5 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.8 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.3 (6H, S, CH 3 ) ppm. δ c (DMSO): 145.1 (s), 143.6 (s), 139.7 (s), 139.7 (s), 138.1 (s), 136.2 (s), 128.9 (d), 128.4 (d), 127.2 (d), 125.3 (d), 119.4 (d), 119.2 (s), 110.8 (d), 105.6 (d), 56.2 (t), 44.8 (q), 38.6 (t) ppm. IR: v max : 3405, 3362, 3329, 3054, 2964, 2943, 2920, 2816, 2767, 1582, 1494, 1411, 1324, 1125, 809, 766, 621 and 592 cm −1 . 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     6-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-9-hydroxy-6H-indolo[2,3-b]-quinoxaline 
     Yield: 18%; M.p.: 269-270° C.; NMR: δ H (DMSO): 9.6 (1H, s, OH 0, 8.2  (1H, d, Ar), 8.0 (1H, d, Ar), 7.8 (1H, dd, Ar), 7.6-7.7 (2H, m, Ar), 7.6 (1H, d, Ar), 7.2 (1H, d, Ar), 4.5 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.7 (2H, t, CH 2 ), 2.2 (6H, s, CH 3 ). δ c (DMSO): 152.1 (s), 145.2 (s), 139.8 (s), 139.4 (s), 138.2 (s), 137.7 (s), 128.9 (d), 128.7 (d), 127.3 (d), 125.5 (d), 119.9 (d), 119.1 (s), 111.2 (d), 106.8 (d), 56.7 (t), 45.2 (q), 39.1 (t) ppm. IR: v max : 3127 br, 2964, 2941, 2771, 1586, 1489, 1425, 1261, 1239, 1210, 1119, 1048, 1021, 805 and 756 cm −1 . 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     This example illustrates the mutagenic potential in the bacterial mutagenicity test, “Ames test”, with test strain TA100, of B-220 (FIG. 1 a ) and 9-OH-B-220 (FIG. 1 b ). S9 indicates the presence (=S9) or absence (−S9) of a cellular enzymatic fraction capable to metabolize the tested substances. The metabolic activation is a liver fraction containing enzymes needed in metabolism. The results are shown in FIGS. 1 a  and  1 B. In the Figures revertants/plate, an intensity measurement of mutagenic activity, is plotted against μg B-220 and μg 9-OH-B-220. 
     The results show that the substances are non-mutagenic but also anti-mutagenic (reduces the spontaneous background). The anti-mutagenic potential is similar for B-220 and 9-OH-B-220. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     The following example illustrates the fact that compound B-220 reduces the mutagenicity of potent mutagens in the bacterial mutagenicity test, the “Ames test”. In the test the bacterial strain TA 100 was used. In the experiments two strong mutagens were used with and without the addition of B-220. These mutagens were MMS=Methylmethanesulphonate and EMS=Ethylmethanesulphonate. The results of the experiments carried out are shown graphically in FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b . In the Figures revertants/plate, is plotted against microgram MMS and EMS, respectively, plus 70 μg B-220. 
     From FIG. 2 a , it can be seen that MMS is a strong mutagen but when B-220 is added the mutagenicity disappears. 
     From FIG. 2 b  it can be seen that EMS is a strong mutagen but needs other routes for DNA repair compared to MMS. The addition of B-220 reduced the mutagenicity but not as much as for MMS. 
     These tests show that strong mutagens are not able, or reduced in their capacity to generate mutations when B-220 is present. The reduction of mutagenicity is not caused by cell death since tested substances behave differently (mechanistic reason). 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     The in vivo toxicity of B-220 was tested in rats. A portion of the liver was removed (partial hepatectomy, PH) by surgery and the regeneration of liver tissue was studied. The regeneration was measured as liver-somatic index (LSI), in other words, the relative liver weight in percent of the body weight. 
     AAF (2-acetylaminofluorene) is a very toxic substance which acts as a mito-inhibitor, i.e. inhibits cell division of normal liver cells. 
     The results are shown in FIG. 3 wherein LSI is plotted against days after partial hepatectomy. 
     As seen from FIG. 3, the regeneration of liver tissue in the AAF group was very slow. The control group received nothing and there was a rapid regeneration of tissue. 
     In the group administered B-220 no difference from the controls could be seen. B-220 did not show any toxic effects to rats in vivo measured during very intensive cell division. 
     From these results, it can be seen that B-220 is not toxic in vivo to cells that undergo cell division. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     This example illustrates a tumor model which is based on in vivo tumor initiation with one does of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) where after, a potent tumor promoter triphorbol ester (TPA) was administered twice a week. After a number of weeks the skin tumors can be detected and followed during the study, After approximately 100 days (A) the positive controls reached the maximum, where after the total number declines due to the behavior of the animals. In the group administered B-220 one hour before TPA there were no tumors at all at the same time point. After six months, the normal time for termination in this model, the B-220 group had developed a very slight increase in tumors. After six months exposure of B-220+TPA in the B-220 group, B-220 was no longer administered (B). Immediately a rapid increase of tumors was seen. These results are illustrated in FIG.  4 . 
     The initial DNA damage was there all. the time, but was “silent” in the mice treated with B-220. Not even the very potent tumor promotion had any effect with B-220 pretreatment. After the termination of B-220 treatment there was rapid development of tumors indicating that both the initial DNA damage was present and the tumor promoter could catalyze the tumor formation. Tumor initiation was a genotoxic event and tumor promotion was an oxidative stress in this model. 
     These results show that B-220 is not a carcinogen in itself and further that B-220 can eliminate the effects of tumor initiations by the potent carcinogen DMBA and block tumor promotion by the potent tumor promoter TPA. When B-220 is removed the initial DNA damage can together with a promoter, generate as many tumors as in the positive control. In other words, B-220 can, in vivo, switch on and off the tumor process. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     In this test the effects of “B220” have been exposed to human cell cultures of phagocytes. Luminol reacts with the markers for oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide or the superoxide ion, and generates light. This light is measured as chemiluminescence as indicated in FIG.  5 . The data in the figure shows that “B220” down regulates and even eliminates (in a dose dependent manner) the formation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide ion, generated by oxidase. “B220” has the same effect both in the form of salt and the free base. The figure shows the intracellular inhibition of oxidase but the effects are also seen extracellular. 
     The consequence is that “B220” could be efficient to reduce or inhibit inflammatory processes, for instance over-reactions in the immune system, allergy, asthma etc. (cf. the general part on page 2 of the specification of this application). 
     HIV-patients have a number of processes on-going leading to AIDS. One of the most important is a release of oxygen related radicals from phagocytes. This is an early event and is combined with low levels of protecting agents (vitamins, antioxidants). This leads to lipidperoxidation, loss of cells, increased risk for tumor diseases and premature aging. The results shown in FIG. 5 indicate that “B220” can down-regulate/inhibit exactly this formation of oxidants in human phagocytes. “B220” have therefore a good potential to be a potential drug for HIV-patients, especially in combination with other characteristics/effects like low toxicity, anti-viral effects (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,510), inhibition of human HIV-integrate (see (WO 96/00067), anti-cancer effects (U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,510) etc. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Gamma-irradiation is a very potent agent which can induce oxidative stress, reduce body weight gain and shorten life span. In FIG. 6, results are shown when mice were exposed to whole body gamma-irradiation at high doses. The LD 50  for this strain of mice is 8 Gray (Gy) and in the experiment up to 14 Gy was used. The human LD 50  of gamma-irradiation os approximately 3 Gy. 
     “B220” was administered intra peritoneal in corn oil 24 and 3 h before the irradiation. At very high doses (14 Gy) “B220” had no protective effect while a protective effect was observed at 8 Gy, in terms of an increased life span. Interestingly, administration of “B220” after irradiation (8 Gy) also gave a protective effect similar to pre-treatment. 
     At lower doses an increased body weight gain was observed when “B220” was administered. FIG. 7 shows the comparisons between 1 and 6 Gy ±“B220”. The body weight gain of each group is shown as percent of the body weight at the time of irradiation. A lower body weight gain is an indicator of a shorter life span in the long term perspective. Gamma-irradiation is a way to induce a premature aging which is also seen as gray fur in these mice. 
     HIV/AIDS patients suffer from Dorian Gray syndrome, i.e. premature aging as well as loss of body weight. In both cases oxidative stress is likely to be an important factor. “B220” shows in this model, where whole body oxidative stress was induced by gamma-irradiation, a protectin effect for both life span (increased) and body weight gain (increased). “B220” could therefore possibly be a protective agent for the treatment of HIV (see also U.S. Pat. No.4,990,510 and WO 96/00067). 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Oxidation of deoxyguanosine (dG), one of the bases in DNA, is an oxidative lesion of DNA related to oxidative stress. The reaction product between free radicals and dG is 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). This biomarker is a reaction product found in DNA, i.e. the oxidative stress is not only found as oxidants in the circulation or in the cytoplasm, but reaches the nucleus and reacts with DNA. In FIG. 8 results are shown when the urban air pollutant (result of incomplete combustion of fuels of vehicles) and carcinogen 2,7-dinitrofluorene (2,7-dNF) was administered orally to rats. In the metabolism, reactive intermediates were formed that oxidized dG to 8-OH-dG. When the rats were pre-treated with “B220” the oxidative stress was not only reduced, but down-regulated to levels lower than the controls, 
     In this experiment it is shown that chemicals found in the human environment (could be substances found in the air, food, life-style factors etc.) can induce oxidative stress in vivo. 2,7-dNF is a model substance for a large variety of chemicals including nitrated substances, amines and nitroso-amines. Many drugs belong to this family of substances. 
     “B220” could therefore possibly protect the individual for oxidative stress induced by chemicals (for instance in the occupational environment). Further, “B220” could possibly protect for some side effects induced by certain drugs. 
     The results thus indicate that “B220” can be more efficient than substances used in terms of protection of tissue damage/oxidative stress. Further “B220” is efficient to protect tissues from oxidative damage initiated by toxic chemicals or situations similar to infarctions.