Abstract:
A marker for marking the location of an internal area in the human body comprising a cap unit, and at least one attachment unit affixed to the cap unit, the at least one attachment unit capable of piercing a surface of a region in response to a vertical force applied to the cap unit.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/447,888 filed 1 Mar. 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This disclosure relates to deployable endoscopic markers and methods for deploying endoscopic markers. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In the course of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, an endoscopist frequently encounters the need to mark a specific location and/or finding either to aid in its subsequent identification or to define its borders. Sometimes this is done in order for the endoscopist to be able to relocate a specific site at a later point during that particular procedure or during a future procedure. Marking is also done such that another endoscopist or a surgeon can identify a particular finding or location at a later date. Finally, there are times during a procedure that it is necessary to identify and subsequently mark the borders of a particular finding or lesion in order to aid in its accurate and complete removal. Current methods of marking, which include tattooing, creating cautery marks, and clipping, is limited by risks of procedural complications, lack of effectiveness, high cost, and types of findings which are not amenable to the aforementioned methods of marking. 
         [0004]    There are three current methods used for marking in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The first method involves the submucosal injection of a dye or ink and is known as tattooing. This method involves the placement of a catheter with an extendible needle-tip through the endoscope. A syringe with ink is attached to the proximal end of this needle-tipped catheter. Within the desired area to be marked, the needle-tip is extended and maneuvered through the mucosal layer and into the submucosal layer. The ink is then injected submucosally to create a tattoo marking which can be seen from both the mucosal and serosal surfaces. Within some areas of the gastrointestinal tract, multiple injections are often required in order to achieve adequate visualization from a serosal viewpoint, particularly within the colorectum. These tattoo marks are permanent and can be helpful to a surgeon in identifying the general region that a particular abnormality (i.e. a colon cancer) is in as well as to the endoscopist trying to re-identify an abnormality (i.e. the site of a prior polyp removal). 
         [0005]    In spite of its widespread use, tattooing has multiple drawbacks. Technical control of the injection needle, even in experienced and expert hands can often be difficult, leading to frequent failed injections or deep injections with tattoo ink entering the peritoneal cavity which can lead to serious consequences. There is also a risk of perforation of the wall of the GI tract and/or bleeding due to technical failures in controlling the injection needle. Furthermore, the tattoo marking is often relatively large and as such tattooing often marks a general region as opposed to a specific site, thereby sometimes making definitive and precise identification of a specific finding difficult even under the best of circumstances. The tattoo marking can also be hard to find due to its faintness or its confusion with other markings (i.e. the hepatic and splenic flexures within the colon). Lastly, reactions within the bowel wall to ink (i.e. India ink) or other tattoo agents employed include edema, necrosis, and neutrophilic infiltration and are not uncommon. 
         [0006]    Another method in the current art for marking employs cauterization to mark the outer borders of a lesion about to undergo endoscopic resection (i.e. via snare electrocautery, endoscopic mucosal resection, or endoscopic submucosal dissection) such that the endoscopist can have clear demarcation of these borders in order to achieve a successful resection of the abnormal tissue without unnecessarily removing normal tissue. This marking is often achieved using a needle-knife device and applying cauterization in a “dotlike” fashion around the perimeter of the lesion to be removed. This method is useful but it too has its shortfalls. Use of cautery within the gastrointestinal tract can always lead to thermal injury of the bowel wall, potentially leading to a full-thickness injury of the bowel wall with subsequent bowel wall perforation. This marking method is not always optimal due to the often low degree of contrast between the cauterized areas (whitish) and the adjacent mucosa (pinkish). In addition, the ability to distinguish between cauterized and background mucosa often diminishes during the course of the procedure due to tissue edema as well as the application of cautery to the lesion itself. 
         [0007]    A third method for marking employs a device called an endoscopic clip. The primary functions of these clips are to close defects in the wall of the GI tract and to control bleeding. They also, however, have an FDA-approved indication for endoscopic marking. These clips are deployed by opening their “teeth” and then “biting” the mucosa. They are then closed and remain attached to the mucosa by pinching it. They are stainless steel and show up on radiographic studies. They also stick out from the wall of the GI tract and can therefore be seen (silver in color) during endoscopy as well. 
         [0008]    Endoscopic clips have several disadvantages. They are stainless steel which is ferromagnetic—precluding MRI studies while in place. In addition, their color makes them difficult to identify, and they are difficult to deploy and have frequent failures. Additionally, endoscopic clips attach to the mucosal layer of the wall of the GI tract and not its deeper layers. As such, these clips often spontaneously slough off of the wall of the GI tract within only a few days of having been placed. When it becomes necessary to remove them, there can be difficulties and occasional complications. Lastly, they are expensive. These disadvantages make the routine deployment of the multiple clips needed for endoscopic marking both impractical and cost prohibitive. Three companies which make endoscopic clips are Wilson-Cook Medical (tri-clip endoscopic clip with three teeth), Olympus America Inc. (bi-clip endoscopic clip with two teeth) and Boston Scientific Corp. (bi-clip endoscopic clip which can be repeatedly opened and closed). 
         [0009]    Therefore, there is a need for a novel marking system for use during GI endoscopy that is effective, safe, cost-effective, and not cumbersome to employ and which improves localization and identification of specific findings while avoiding the risks to the patient which are associated with the current art. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    What is proposed is a tubular element for passage through the therapeutic channel of a GI endoscope. At the proximal end of the tubular element is a control handle that controls actuators which function via the tubular element to effect placement of a deployable marker onto and/or into the wall of the GI tract in order to mark a particular area or finding. In different embodiments of this device the number of deployable markers per device may vary as would the composition of the marker itself (i.e. stainless steel, ceramic, titanium, nitinol, rubber, polymer, plastic, biodegradables, and/or digestibles). The color of the marker will vary by embodiment; however, in one embodiment, the color will always contrast significantly with the color of the surrounding background mucosa. In another embodiment, the markers will also show up on radiographic studies. This may be accomplished by constructing a hybrid marker molded with fine titanium particles suspended within a first material (i.e. polymer). In different embodiments of this device, the means of attachment as well as the depth of penetration of the marker to the GI tract wall may vary. The marker may penetrate through the entire wall of the GI tract layers and anchor. A deeper penetration of the marker into the GI tract wall may be associated with more permanent endoscopic marking. Deployment of the marker to anchor into the serosal surface, in addition to allowing for a more permanent marking, may be useful for serosal side identifications as well as for more permanent marking indications. Other embodiments would deploy a shallower marker anchoring to either the mucosa, submucosa, or muscularis propria. Such embodiments would be useful when marking was needed solely for mucosal side identification(s) as well as for less permanent marking indications. An additional solution for a less-permanent endoscopic marker would involve constructing the marker or portions of the marker out of biodegradable and/or digestible materials. This endoscopic marker system, as described, is an elegant solution to the limitations and drawbacks of the current art in endoscopic marking technology. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIGS. 1A-1F  are side views of various embodiments of an endoscopic marker according to one embodiment. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a top view of a delivery catheter for an endoscopic marker according to one embodiment. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a polyp seen on insertion of a colonoscope, with a cross sectional view of the GI tract, marked with either one or a plurality of markers according to one embodiment so that the polyp can be later relocated. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a top view of a lesion for endoscopic mucosal resection, saline snare resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection, marked with a plurality of endoscopic markers according to one embodiment so that the lesion can then be removed by the endoscopist with confidence that the lesion&#39;s margins have been clearly delineated. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a top view of a submucosal nodule or other finding marked with a plurality of endoscopic markers according to one embodiment so that the finding can be rechecked at a later time and possibly examined in more detail with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). These markers can also help identify this lesion should it need to be removed either surgically or endoscopically. 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a side view of a section of the GI tract with a neoplasm marked with endoscopic markers according to one embodiment for later rechecking and/or removal. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 7A-7E  depict one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0018]      FIG. 8A  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8B  depicts a bottom view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  depicts a side view of one embodiment of a spring included in a marker. 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  depicts a perspective view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  depicts one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0023]      FIG. 12A  depicts a side view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0024]      FIG. 12B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0025]      FIG. 13A  depicts the bottom view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0026]      FIG. 13B  depicts a top view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0027]      FIG. 13C  depicts one embodiment of a delivery device for the marker. 
           [0028]      FIG. 14A  depicts two marking units. 
           [0029]      FIG. 14B  depicts a marker connected to a delivery unit. 
           [0030]      FIG. 15A  depicts one embodiment of a marker unit. 
           [0031]      FIG. 15B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0032]      FIG. 16A  depicts one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0033]      FIG. 16B  depicts one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0034]      FIG. 17A  depicts one embodiment of a maker. 
           [0035]      FIG. 17B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0036]      FIG. 17C  depicts a marker engaging a region. 
           [0037]      FIG. 17D  depicts a marker engaging in to a region. 
           [0038]      FIG. 18A  depicts one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0039]      FIG. 18B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0040]      FIG. 19A  is one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0041]      FIG. 19B  depicts one embodiment of a deliver unit for a marker. 
           [0042]      FIG. 19C  depicts an illustrative example of a marker engaged with a region. 
           [0043]      FIG. 20A  depicts a top view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0044]      FIG. 20B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0045]      FIG. 20C  depicts an illustrative example of a marker engaged with a region. 
           [0046]      FIG. 21A  depicts a side view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0047]      FIG. 21B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0048]      FIG. 21C  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker 
           [0049]      FIG. 21D  depicts a marker embedded in the region. 
           [0050]      FIG. 22A  depicts a side view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0051]      FIG. 22B  depicts one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0052]      FIG. 22C  depicts a side view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0053]      FIG. 22D  depicts the side view of a marker. 
           [0054]      FIG. 22E  depicts a bottom view of a marker. 
           [0055]      FIG. 22F  depicts a side view of a marker. 
           [0056]      FIG. 22G  depicts a side view of a marker. 
           [0057]      FIG. 22H  depicts a side view of a marker. 
           [0058]      FIG. 23A  depicts a top view of one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0059]      FIG. 23B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0060]      FIG. 24A  depicts a cut away side view of a marker. 
           [0061]      FIG. 24B  depicts one embodiment of a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0062]      FIG. 25A  depicts one embodiment of a marker. 
           [0063]      FIG. 25B  depicts one embodiment of a marker with a locking unit. 
           [0064]      FIG. 25C  depicts a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0065]      FIG. 26A  depicts a side view of a marker. 
           [0066]      FIG. 26B  depicts a side view of a marker. 
           [0067]      FIG. 26C  depicts a side view of a connection between an insertion unit and a plurality of wires. 
           [0068]      FIG. 27A  depicts a top view of a material adhered to a region using a plurality of markers. 
           [0069]      FIG. 27B  depicts a top view of a plurality of markers surrounding an opening in the wall of the GI tract. 
           [0070]      FIG. 28A  depicts a top view of one embodiment of a mirror device. 
           [0071]      FIG. 28B  depicts a top view of one embodiment of a mirror device. 
           [0072]      FIG. 29A  depicts a side view of a marker. 
           [0073]      FIGS. 29B-29D  depict a delivery unit for a marker. 
           [0074]      FIG. 30A  depicts a top view of a marker. 
           [0075]      FIG. 30B  depicts a side view of a marker. 
           [0076]      FIGS. 30C-30E  depict a delivery unit for a marker. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0077]    The marker may be of any shape, including round, square and triangular. The shape of the marker may also be that of its legs or other attachment means. Preferably, the marker will be round. 
         [0078]    The marker may be of any convenient diameter. Preferably, the marker will be about 2-4 mm in diameter. The marker may be made of any suitable material. Preferably, the marker may be made of a material which is not irritating to the mucosa or any other layer of the wall of the GI tract. More preferably, the marker may be made of materials including: stainless steel, titanium, nitinol, rubber, polymer, ceramic, plastic, biodegradables, digestibles, or any combination of these materials. 
         [0079]    The marker may be of any suitable color or colors. Preferably, the marker will be of a color which contrasts with the color of the surrounding GI tract wall. In one embodiment, the marker will be black. This may be achieved by either constructing the marker of a black material or by coloring the marker black. If coloring is used, the coloring agent will preferably be non-toxic. 
         [0080]    The marker will be attached to the mucosa and/or deeper wall layers of the GI tract via an attachment means. The attachment means may either be permanent or reversible depending on the specific procedure. Various attachment means are shown in  FIGS. 1A-1F . Preferably, the attachment means will be reversible, i.e. the marker will be detachable. In one embodiment, the markers are permanently attached. In another embodiment, a part of or all of the marker is made from a biodegradable and/or digestible material which dissolves over time in order to render the marker non-permanent and/or to dissolve any sharp features of the marker following deployment. The amount of time the material will remain attached is adjustable and depends on the amount and/or type of dissolvable material in the marker. In another embodiment, the markers can be removed, i.e., detached. As an illustrative example, a marker may be removed endoscopically by using a device similar to an endoscopic staple remover. Consistent with this embodiment, the endoscopic staple remover is inserted endoscopically and the markers are detached and removed. It is understood that the remover could take other forms such as modified biopsy forceps. Additionally, the marker itself can be designed to collapse, to disassemble, or to dissolve. 
         [0081]      FIG. 1A  shows one embodiment of proposed marker  1 . The marker is attached via a plurality of legs  2   a,    2   a  to the wall of the GI tract  3 . Note that in this configuration, the legs  2   a,    2   a  pass entirely through all of the layers of the wall of the GI tract  3 , although it is understood that a marker of this configuration whose legs do not pass entirely through all the walls of the GI tract is also possible . Also note that while  FIG. 1A  shows two legs  2   a,    2   a,  it is understood that one or a plurality of legs could be used. 
         [0082]    As noted above, in one embodiment, the marker is detachable from the wall of the GI tract. In an alternative embodiment, however, the marker is not detachable. As noted above, this embodiment would be useful for serosal side identifications as well as for more permanent marking identifications.  FIG. 1A , where the legs  2   a,    2   a  penetrate through all of the layers of the wall of the GI tract  3  and anchor into the serosal surface, could be useful in this embodiment. Also, in yet another embodiment, the portion of the legs  2   a,    2   a  which protrude through the GI wall could be configured in a design pattern, such as a square, a triangle or a star. This would aid in serosal side identifications. In an alternative, the portion of the legs  2   a,    2   a  which protrude through the GI wall could be of a color to make them stand out. 
         [0083]      FIG. 1B  shows an alternative embodiment of the proposed marker  1 . Here, the marker will have a plurality of legs  2   b,    2   b,    2   b,    2   b  which will project into but preferably not through the GI wall  3 . In this embodiment, the legs  2   b,    2   b,    2   b,    2   b;  will project inward. 
         [0084]    Although this embodiment shows four legs;  2   b,    2   b,    2   b,    2   b;  the marker is not limited to four legs and may include additional or fewer legs. Any number of legs will do, so long as the leg or legs secure the marker  1  to the GI wall. Moreover, this statement will be true for all of the embodiments. 
         [0085]      FIG. 1C  shows another embodiment. Here, like the embodiment of  FIG. 1B , the legs  2   c,    2   c,    2   c,    2   c  projecting inward. Here, however, the ends of the legs  2   c,    2   c,    2   c ,  2   c  would meet or be in close proximity to at least one other leg end. Again, as above, although four legs  2   c,    2   c,    2   c,    2   c  are shown, the marker is not limited to only four legs and may have more than four legs or fewer than four legs. Also, as shown, the legs  2   c ,  2   c,    2   c,    2   c  will preferably project into but not through the GI wall  3 . 
         [0086]      FIG. 1D  is yet another embodiment. In this embodiment, the marker  1  has a plurality of legs  2   d,    2   d,  projecting from about the center of the bottom of the marker  1  in a generally outward direction and into the GI wall  3 . Preferably, the legs  2   d,    2   d  do not project through the GI wall  3 . 
         [0087]      FIG. 1E  shows another embodiment of a marker. This embodiment shows a plurality of legs  2   e,    2   e  which projects outward from the marker  1 . Unlike the embodiment of  FIG. 1D , however, the legs  2   e,    2   e  of  FIG. 1E  do not project outwardly from the center of the marker  1 . Rather, they project from a position towards the edge of the marker  1  or, as shown here, at or near the edge. Also, as shown in  FIG. 1E , the legs  2   e,    2   e  preferably do not extend all the way through the GI wall  3 . 
         [0088]      FIG. 1F  is yet another embodiment. This embodiment does not have a marker of the type shown in the other figures. Rather, it is the legs  2   f,    2   f  projecting outward which performs the marking function, such as via color, design, etc. As shown, the legs  2   f,    2   f  preferably does not pass all the way through the GI wall  3 . 
         [0089]    The above embodiments show that the marker  1  is attached to the GI wall  3  through various combinations of legs. However, any attachment means will suffice. In one embodiment, the marker is temporarily attached. In another embodiment, the marker is permanently attached. 
         [0090]      FIG. 2  shows a delivery system for the markers. The delivery system is catheter based and  FIG. 2  shows a tube or catheter  4  deploying a marker  1  from its distal end. The marker  1  attaches to the GI wall to mark a finding by the endoscopist. The delivery system may preferentially include a control device which may include a gun type control, a knob, or a lever at its proximal end (not shown) to control deployment and placement of the marker  1 , although any control device will work. Also, the delivery system can be loaded with one or a plurality or a packet containing a plurality of markers (not shown) and the packet can contain an optimal number of rounds, i.e., number of markers, e.g., 3, 6 or 10 markers per packet. Individual markers may be constrained (i.e. prevented from falling out prematurely) within the catheter-based delivery system until deployed by the endoscopist. This may be accomplished via looping threads or another threadlike material around each marker or by placing a membrane or membrane-like structure of material underneath each marker with the endoscopist breaking the aforementioned thread(s), threadlike material(s), membrane(s), or membrane-like material(s) via the control handle or by some other mechanism during deployment of the marker. However, any type of constraining device which acts to prevent premature marker release form the delivery system will do. The tube or catheter  4  may be reusable, disposable, or reposable. 
         [0091]      FIG. 3  is a side view of a polyp  5  protruding from the GI wall of the GI tract  3 . The polyp  5  is marked with two markers  1 . Here, the markers  1 , are of the type shown in  FIG. 1E , however, any number of markers may be used. 
         [0092]      FIG. 4  shows a top view of a lesion  6  in the wall of the GI tract  3 . The lesion  6  is surrounded by a plurality of markers  1 . The lesion  6  can then be removed by the endoscopist with confidence that its margins have been clearly delineated. 
         [0093]      FIG. 5  shows a top view of a submucosal nodule or other finding  7  in the wall of the GI tract  3 . The submucosal nodule or other finding  7  is marked with a plurality of markers  1 , so that the initial endoscopist or another endoscopist can relocate the lesion at a later time for further evaluation using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or other means of evaluation or to possibly sample or remove the lesion. Additionally, marking such a lesion makes the lesion easier for a surgeon to identify and remove. 
         [0094]      FIG. 6  is a side view of a portion of the GI tract  64  with a neoplasm  62  on or in its wall. The neoplasm  62  will be marked with a plurality of markers. As shown in  FIG. 6 , three markers  60  will be proximal to the neoplasm  62  and in a roughly triangular configuration around the circumference of the wall of the GI tract and three markers  66  will be distal to the neoplasm  62  and in a roughly triangular configuration around the circumference of the wall of the GI tract. This type of marking is particularly useful, for example, to mark a portion of the GI tract to be resected. It should be noted that the type, number or placement of markers to be used is not limited. 
         [0095]    The markers are intended for use during endoscopic examination. There, an endoscopist will see a finding of interest and endoscopically mark that finding with one or more markers, using a deployment device like that shown in  FIG. 2 . The endoscopist can then continue the examination and then, at a later time, more easily return to the finding because it has been marked. The marking also makes it easier for another endoscopist to locate the finding. 
         [0096]    In another embodiment the markers can be removed, i.e. detached. As an illustrative example, the marker is removed endoscopically by using a device similar to an endoscopic staple remover. Consistent with this embodiment, the remover is inserted endoscopically and the markers are detached and removed. It is understood that the remover could take other forms, such as modified biopsy forceps. Additionally, the marker itself can be designed to collapse, to disassemble, or to dissolve. 
         [0097]    In one embodiment, the markers do not have to be removed immediately or shortly after placement. Here, an endoscopist can then examine the finding at a later time to see if there have been any changes. In an alternative embodiment, the markers are not removable. 
         [0098]    In one embodiment, such as  FIG. 1A , the legs  2   a,    2   a  of the marker  1  would penetrate through all GI wall layers  3  and embed or anchor into the serosal surface. This embodiment would be particularly useful for serosal side identification of a finding. For example, this embodiment could be used to clearly identify a portion of the intestines which needs to be resected. 
         [0099]      FIG. 7A  depicts a side view of a marker  70 . The marker  70  consists of a cap unit  72  that is coupled to at least two springs  74  and  76  which are, in turn, rotatively coupled to two metal hooks  78  and  80 . In one embodiment, the cap unit  72  is color coded. In another embodiment, the cap unit  72  includes an RFID tag which includes different identifying information for each marker. In another embodiment, the cap unit  72  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the cap unit  72 . 
         [0100]      FIG. 7B  depicts a side view of a delivery unit  81 . The delivery unit  81  includes a tube  82  having an opening  83  at one end of the tube  82 . A plurality of markers are stacked in the tube  82  such that the cap units  72  of a lower marker  86  that is close to the opening is in contact with the lower portion of another marker  88  that is above the lower marker. In addition, each of the metal hooks  78  and  80  are retracted into a position where the end of each hook is parallel with its respective spring  74  and  76  and the ends of each hook  78  and  80  are in contact with the inner wall of the tube  82 .  FIG. 7C  depicts the side view of a marker being implanted onto a region  84 . The lower marker  86  is pushed downward through the opening  83  towards the region  84  by a vertical transmission unit (not shown). The springs  74  and  76 , which are located at a position lower than the hooks  78  and  80  and the cap unit  72  in the tube  82 , indent the region  84  in contact with the springs  74  and  76 . As the marker  86  is further pushed out of the tube  82 , the region  84  is further indented until the hooks  78  and  80  become free of the inner walls of the tube  82  and are forced downward onto the region by the springs  74  and  76 . 
         [0101]      FIG. 7D  depicts a side view of the hooks  78  and  80  engaging the region  84 . Each of the springs  74  and  76  exerts a torsional force on the hooks  78  and  80  forcing the hooks  78  and  80  into the region  84 .  FIG. 7E  depicts a side view of a marker  86  engaged with the region  84 . After the delivery tube  82  is pulled away, the region  84  pushes upward against the marker  86  forcing the cap unit  72  upward. The torsional force applied on the hooks  78  and  80  by the springs  74  and  76  force the hooks  78  and  80  into the edges of the region  84  such that the edges of the region  84  are forced downward as the marker  86  is forced away from the region. Consequently, the springs  74  and  76  maintain a torsional force on the hooks  78  and  80  sufficient to prevent the edges of the region  84  from moving upward towards the cap of the marker  86 . 
         [0102]      FIG. 8A  is a perspective view of the marker  90 . The marker  90  includes hooks  92 ,  94  and  96  and a cap  98 . In one embodiment, the cap may include an extension  100  which engages an opening in the lower portion of another marker in the delivery tube such that the downward force applied by the vertical transmission unit is concentrated on the center portion of each marker. 
         [0103]      FIG. 8B  depicts a bottom view of the marker  90 . The marker  90  includes three springs  102 ,  104 ,  106  attached to a center holding unit  108 . In one embodiment, the holding unit  108  is a substantially round plate with a center portion slightly elevated above the edges of the holding unit  108 . In addition, the holding unit  108  has at least three slots  110 ,  112  and  114 . Each slot is configured to accommodate the center portion of one of the springs  102 ,  104  and  106 . The holding unit  108  also includes a hole  116  located in the center of the holding unit  108  which accommodates the extension  100  of another marker when positioned in a delivery unit. 
         [0104]      FIG. 9  depicts a side view of a spring used in a marker. The spring includes a center portion  118 , an extension portion  120  that connects to a hook  122  and a locking portion  121 . In one embodiment, the hook is substantially a “C” shape. However, the hook  122  may be formed into any shape capable of securing the marker to a region. 
         [0105]      FIG. 10  depicts a perspective break away view of a marker. The marker  128  includes a cap unit  130  having an upper portion  132  and a pin  134  in the lower portion of the cap unit  130  that engages a hole  136  in a holding unit  138 . The holding unit  138  includes a portion elevated above the edges of the holding unit  138  which creates a dome in the center of the holding unit  138 . In addition, the holding unit  138  includes the slots  140 ,  142  and  144  which are configured to accommodate the center portions of the springs  146 ,  148  and  150 . The springs  146 ,  148  and  150  each have an associated hook  152 ,  154  and  156  and associated extension portions  158 ,  160  and  162 . The extension portions  158 ,  160  and  162  engage the holding unit such that each spring  146 ,  148  and  150  provides a torsional force to each of the hooks that act to force the hooks  158 ,  160  and  162  downward towards a region. 
         [0106]      FIG. 11  depicts a perspective view of a marker  200 . The marker  200  includes a cap  202  having a first opening  204  and a second opening  206  where the first opening  204  is larger than the second opening  206 . The marker  200  includes at least two hooking units  208  and  210 . The hooking units  208  and  210  each include a spring unit  214  and  216  and a securing unit  220  and  224 . The securing units  220  and  224  include an extension portion and an end portion that are angled outward. The securing units  220  and  224  are positioned through the first opening  204  such that the angled ends of the securing units  220  and  224  protrude through the second opening  206  such that the angled portions of the ends extend over the exterior of the second opening. 
         [0107]      FIG. 12A  depicts a side view of a marker  300 . The marker  300  includes at least two springs  302  and  304  that are wrapped around a bar  306 . Each spring  302  and  304  includes at least one hooking portion  308  and  310  attached to the spring. The at least two springs  302  and  304  are affixed to the bar  306  such that each spring  302  and  304  applies a torsional force downward on the hooking portions  308  and  310 . In another embodiment, the marker  300  has a cap  311 . In another embodiment, the cap  311  is colored to provide an indication of where the marker  300  is positioned. In another embodiment, the cap  311  may include an RFID device which is used to identify each marker. In another embodiment, the cap  311  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the cap. 
         [0108]      FIG. 12B  depicts a delivery unit  312  for the markers  300 . The delivery unit  312  includes a tube  314  that has an opening  316  at one end. Each marker  300  is stacked in the tube  314  and is forced towards the opening  316  by a vertical transmission device (not shown). A plurality of markers are stacked in the delivery tube such that the top portion of a first marker  300  that is closer to the opening  316  is in contact with the lower portion of a second marker located above the first marker. The vertical transmission unit exerts a downward force concentrated on the center of the cap unit  311  of the each marker causing the plurality of markers to move downward in the tube  314 . In addition, the hooking portions  308  and  310  of the marker are rotated around the spring such that the ends of the hooks are in contact with the sidewalls of the tube  314 . As the markers  300  are forced down the tube  314 , the hooking portions  308  and  310  are released at a position just above a region  84 . The torsional force of the springs force the hooking portions  308  and  310  downward towards the region  84  as the marker is forced out of the tube by the vertical transmission unit. 
         [0109]      FIG. 13A  depicts a bottom view of a marker  400  and  FIG. 13B  depicts a top view of a marker  400 . The marker  400  includes a center cap  402  and two hooking units  404  and  408  having a first end and a second end. The hooking units  404  and  408  are formed over the sides of the center cap  402  and are secured to the center cap  402  by a pin  410 . Each end of the hooking units  404  and  408  includes a tab  412 ,  414 ,  416  and  418  which extends outward from the hooking units  404  and  408  at approximately a right angle. The hooking units  404  and  408  are curved such that they extend outward from the cap. 
         [0110]      FIG. 13C  depicts a delivery unit for the marker  400 . As the figure depicts, each marker  400  is stacked in a delivery tube  420  which includes a vertical transmission device (not shown) and an opening  422 . A plurality of markers are stacked in the delivery tube  420  such that the top portion of a first marker  400  that is closer to the opening  422  is in contact with the lower portion of a second marker located above the first marker. The vertical transmission unit exerts a downward force concentrated on the center of the pin  410  of each marker causing the plurality of markers to move downward in the tube  420 . In addition, the tabs  412 ,  414 ,  416  and  418  of the hooking portions  404  and  408  of the marker are forced toward the center of the delivery tube  420  by the sidewalls of the tube  420 . During deployment, the tube  420  forces the region  84  downward as the marker  400  is moved toward the region  84 . As the marker  400  exits the tube  420  through the opening  422 , the tabs  412 ,  414 ,  416  and  418  are forced outward to engage the indented region  84 . The spring force of the hooking units  404  and  408  forces the tab unit into the region  84 . As the delivery unit is pulled away from the region  84 , the region  84  extends upward toward the delivery tube  420 . The tabs are configured such that they remain engaged with the region  84  after the delivery unit is removed. 
         [0111]      FIG. 14A  depicts a side view of a marker  500 . The marker  500  includes at least one hooking unit  504  coupled to a base unit  502 . The hooking unit  504  is a substantially “C” shaped unit that is connected to the base unit  502  at two points, though the hooking unit  504  may be connected to the base unit  502  by one or any number of points.  FIG. 14B  depicts a marker  500  connected to a delivery unit  510 . The delivery unit  510  forces the hooking unit  504  into a region by applying a force perpendicular to the base unit  502  of the marker  500 . 
         [0112]      FIG. 15A  depicts a perspective view of a marker  600 . The marker  600  includes a spherical base  602  with a plurality of tapered cylindrical units  604  adhered to the surface of the base  602 . In one embodiment, the spherical base  602  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  600 . In another embodiment, the circular base  602  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  602 . In another embodiment, the circular base  602  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the circular base. The tapered cylindrical units  604  have sharp pointed ends configured to adhere to the surface of a region. 
         [0113]      FIG. 15B  depicts a perspective view of a delivery unit  606  for the marker  600 . The delivery unit  606  includes at least three holding units  608  arranged around the marker  600  and a sleeve  610  positioned around the marker  600 . The sleeve  610  is slightly larger than the marker  600  such that the sleeve fits around the exposed portions of the marker  600  when the marker  600  is embedded in a region  84 . Each of the holding units  608  are connected to an extension unit  612 . Prior to the implantation of the marker  600  in the region  84 , the sleeve  610  is positioned around the marker  600  and the extension units  612 . The holding units  608  are configured to hold the marker  600  such that the marker  600  is not free to move. During deployment, the extension units  612  force the lower portion of the marker  600  into the region  84  such that the marker  600  is embedded into the region  84 . Next, the extension units  612  are pulled away from the region  84  through the sleeve  610  leaving the marker  600 , including the holding units  608  and the sleeve  610  in the region  84 . 
         [0114]      FIG. 16A  depicts a side view of a marker  700 . The marker  700  includes at least two hooking units  702  and  704  in a protective casing  706  that includes at least one opening. The hooking units  702  and  704  are curved towards the center of the casing  706  and are initially separated by a distance such that the ends of the hooking units are not in contact. In addition, the lower portions of the hooking units  702  and  704  extend beyond the opening in the protective casing  706 . During deployment, the hooking units  702  and  704  are forced towards the region  84  by a vertical transmission unit (not shown). When the ends of the hooking units  702  and  704  enter the region  84 , the hooking units  702  and  704  move laterally towards each other until the ends of the two hooking units are in contact. In one embodiment, the protective casing is color coded to indicate the location of the marker. In another embodiment, the protective case includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker. 
         [0115]      FIG. 16B  depicts a side view of a marker  800 . The marker  800  includes a screw  802  wound around a base unit  804 . The screw  802  is adhered to a base unit  804  and includes a sharpened pointed end  808  capable of puncturing a region  84  (not shown) that extends beyond an open end of the protective case  806 . During deployment, the sharpened end  808  of the screw  802  penetrates into a portion of a region  84 . A rotational force is then applied to the screw  802  such that the screw travels into the region  84  to secure the marker  800  into the region  84 . It is understood that the base unit  804  may be attached to a cap unit (not shown) or the base unit  804  may extend above and out of the screw  802  and that the base unit  804  may itself mark a site within region  84 . In one embodiment, the protective case  806  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  800 . In another embodiment, the protective case  806  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  800 . In another embodiment, the protective case  806  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the surface of the protective case  806 . 
         [0116]      FIG. 17A  depicts a side view of a marker  900 . The marker  900  includes a first hooking unit  902  having one curved end and one substantially straight end, a second hooking unit  904  having one curved end and one substantially straight end and a protective case  906  covering the straight ends of the hooking units  902  and  904 . The straight ends of the hooking units  902  and  904  are coupled by a spring unit  908 . The spring unit  908  applies a force to the straight ends of the hooking units  902  and  904  such that the straight ends of the hooking units are pulled towards each other. Further, the protective case  906  covers the spring unit  908  entirely. In one embodiment, the protective case  906  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  900 . In another embodiment, the protective case  906  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  900 . In yet another embodiment, the protective case  906  has a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the protective case  906 . 
         [0117]      FIG. 17B  depicts a side view of a delivery unit  910  for the marker  900 . The delivery unit  910  is comprised of a tube  911  having an opening  912 . A plurality of markers  900  are stacked in the delivery unit  910  such that the second hooking unit  904  of one marker  900  is coupled to the first hooking unit  902  of another marker  900 . A spacer  914  covers the coupled first and second hooking units. In one embodiment, the spacer  914  consists of an upper portion  916  and a lower portion  918  which are separate from one another and are held together by the walls of the tube  911 . When the spacer  914  exits the tube  911  the upper portion  916  and lower portion  918  separate from one another and fall off of the marker  900 . The marker  900  closest to the opening  912  extends through the opening such that the first hooking unit  902  of the marker  900  is exposed with a pointed end of the hooking unit  902  facing the region  84 . 
         [0118]      FIG. 17C  depicts a side view of a marker  900  engaging a region  84 . The first hooking unit  902  of the marker is embedded into the region  84  by a downward force applied by the delivery unit  910  that forces the sharpened portion of the first hooking unit  902  into the region  84 . After the first hooking unit  902  is secured to the region  84 , the delivery unit  910  moves away from the hooking unit  902  thereby pulling the second hooking unit  904  away from the first hooking unit  902  and extending the spring unit  908 . Second hooking unit  904  moves away from the first hooking unit  902  until the force of the spring unit  908  is sufficient to pull the second hooking unit  904  free from the first hooking unit  902  of the next marker  900  in the tube  911 . Once detached, the spring unit  908  pulls the second hooking unit  904  towards the first hooking unit  902  such that the second hooking unit becomes embedded into the region  84  as shown in  FIG. 17D . 
         [0119]      FIG. 18A  depicts a side view of a marker  1000 . The marker  1000  includes a barb unit  1002  affixed to a protective case  1004 . Two securing units  1006  and  1008  are rotatively affixed to protective case  1004  on both sides of the barb unit  1002 . The securing units  1006  and  1008  are comprised of hooking portions  1012  and  1014  which extend from the protective case  1004  such that the end of the barb unit  1002  extends slightly beyond the ends of the securing units  1006  and  1008 . The upper portions of the securing units  1006  and  1008  are coupled together by a curved wire  1010 . The curved wire  1010  applies a forced to the securing units which cause the hooking portions  1012  and  1014  to move towards the barb unit  1002  when the marker is engaged with a region. 
         [0120]      FIG. 18B  depicts a side view of a delivery unit  1020  for the marker  1000 . The delivery unit  1020  includes a tube  1016  that has an opening  1018  at one end of the tube  1016 . A plurality of markers are stacked in the delivery tube such that the top portion of a first marker  1000  that is closer to the opening  1018  is in contact with the lower portion of a second marker  1000  located above the first marker. A vertical transmission unit (not shown) exerts a downward force concentrated on the top of the protective case  1004  of each marker causing the plurality of markers to move downward in the opening  1018 . In addition, the securing portions  1012  and  1014  of each marker are in contact with the sidewalls of the tube  1016  which cause the wire  1010  connecting the securing portions  1006  and  1008  to compress. 
         [0121]    As the markers  1000  are forced down the tube  1016 , the barb unit  1002  of the marker closest to the opening  1018  penetrates the region  84 . As the marker  1000  continues to move towards the region  84 , the barb unit  1002  further penetrates the region  84  until the securing units  1006  and  1008  are free of the tube  1006 . When the securing units  1006  and  1008  are free of the tube  1016 , the curved wire  1010  connecting the securing units  1006  and  1008  expands and moves towards the region  84  which causes the securing units  1006  and  1008  to rotate such that the hooking portions  1012  and  1014  rotate towards the barb unit  1002 . When the hooking portions  1012  and  1014  move towards the barb unit  1002  they each force portions of the region  84  against the barb unit  1002  securing the barb unit in place. It is understood that other mechanisms than the curved wire  1010  may be used to rotate the securing units  1006  and  1008 . In one embodiment, the protective case  1004  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1000 . In another embodiment, the protective case  1004  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1000 . In yet another embodiment, the protective case  1004  has a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the protective case  1004 . 
         [0122]      FIG. 19A  depicts a top view of a marker  1100 . The marker  1100  comprises a first hooking unit  1102  and a second hooking unit  1104 . The ends of the hooking units  1102  and  1104  include curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109  which curve inward towards the center of each hooking unit  1102  and  1104  to create a hook shape. The curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109  are rotatively connected to the ends of the hooking units  1102  and  1104  by springs which apply a downward force on the curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109 . Further, the curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109  are connected to a pin  1106  located in the center portion of the marker which pulls the curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109  towards the pin and which also connects the hooking units  1102  and  1104  together. 
         [0123]      FIG. 19B  depicts a side view of a delivery unit  1107  for the marker  1100 . The delivery unit  1107  includes a tube  1108  that has an opening  1110  at one end. A plurality of markers are stacked in the tube  1108  such that the pin  1106  of a marker closer to the opening  1110  is in contact with another marker or with a spacer placed in between the individual markers. The hooking units  1102  and  1104  are arranged in the tube  1108  such that the ends of the first hooking unit  1102  oppose each other and the ends of the second hooking unit  1104  oppose each other. A vertical transmission unit (not shown) forces the markers to move down the tube towards a region  84 . 
         [0124]    When the hooking units  1102  and  1104  extend beyond the tube, the hooking units  1102  and  1104  extend parallel with the region  84 . The delivery unit continues to apply a downward force until the lower portion of the pin  1106  creates an indentation in the region  84  and forces the ends of the hooking units  1102  and  1104  to bend away from the region. The delivery unit  1107  pulls the pin  1106  away from the region  84  which forces the hooking units  1102  and  1104  to move towards the region  84 . As the pin  1106  moves away from the region  84  while remaining attached to the marker, hooking units  1102  and  1104  and the curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109  move towards the region  84 . As the pin  1106  is pulled away from the region  84 , the springs connected to the curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109  are released which forces the curved latching units  1101 ,  1103 ,  1105  and  1109  downward into the region  84  as shown in  FIG. 19C . In one embodiment, the pin  1106  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1100 . In another embodiment, the pin  1106  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1100 . In another embodiment, the top surface of the pin  1106  includes a unique letter, number or symbol. 
         [0125]      FIG. 20A  depicts a top view of another embodiment of a marker  1200 . The marker  1200  includes a center disk  1202  and at least four extension arms  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  and  1210 . The extension arms  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  and  1210  are rotatively connected to the center disk  1202  by a hinge or a spring such that the extension arms  1204 ,  1206 ,  1206  and  1210  are forced downward towards a region. 
         [0126]      FIG. 20B  depicts a side view of a delivery unit  1212  for the marker  1200 . The delivery unit  1212  includes a tube  1214  that has an opening  1216  at one end. The extension arms  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  and  1210  (not shown) of the marker are positioned such that the unsecured end of each extension arm is above the center disk  1202 . The spring units that connect the extension arms  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  and  1210  to the center disk apply a downward force on the extension arms such that pins  1218 ,  1220 ,  1222  and  1224  (not shown in Figure) are pressed against the interior walls of the tube  1214 . A plurality of markers  1200  are stacked in the tube  1214  such that the lower portion of the center disk  1202  of an upper marker  1200  is in contact with the ends of the extension arms  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  and  1210  of a lower marker. 
         [0127]    A vertical transmission unit (not shown) pushes the marker  1200  downward such that the marker  1200  moves towards the opening  1216  of the tube  1214 . As the marker  1200  moves downward towards the opening  1216 , a pin  1226  positioned in the center of the lower portion of the center disk  1202  exits the tube and indents the region  84 . The marker  1200  continues to move downward in tube  1214  pushing the pin  1226  into the region  84  until the extension arms  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  and  1210  become free of the tube and are forced downward towards the region  84  by the spring units. The spring units force the pins  1218 ,  1220 ,  1222  and  1224  into the region  84  as shown in  FIG. 20C . In another embodiment, the pins  1218 ,  1220 ,  1222 ,  1224  and  1226  are barbed. In one embodiment, the center disk  1202  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1200 . In another embodiment, the center disk  1202  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1200 . In another embodiment, the top surface of the center disk  1202  includes a unique letter, number or symbol. 
         [0128]      FIG. 21A  depicts a side view of a marker  1300 . The marker  1300  includes a cap unit  1302  and a screw shaped unit  1304  having one end affixed to the center of the lower portion of the cap unit  1302  and another end  1306  sharpened to a point capable of puncturing a region (not shown). In one embodiment, the cap unit  1302  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1300 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1302  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1300 . 
         [0129]      FIG. 21  B depicts a delivery unit  1308  for the marker  1300 . The delivery unit  1308  includes an inner tube  1310  that has an opening  1312  and an outer tube  1314  that shares the opening  1312  at one end. The markers  1300  are stacked in the inner tube  1310  such that the sharpened end  1306  of a marker is in contact with the cap unit  1302  of another marker closer to the opening  1312 . In one embodiment, the inner tube  1310  is allowed to rotate freely in relation to the outer tube  1314  such that a rotational force is applied to the cap unit  1302  that forces the cap unit  1302  down towards the opening  1312 . The rotational force applied by the inner tube  1310  forces the marker downward out of tube. As the marker  1300  moves downward towards the region, the sharpened point  1306  penetrates the region  84 . The marker continues downward until the cap unit  1302  is free of the tube. However, any mechanism which allows for the transmission of a rotational force to the marker  1300  effecting its screw-type deployment into a region  84  will do. 
         [0130]      FIG. 21C  depicts a delivery unit  1308  for a marker  1300 . As  FIG. 21C  depicts, the cap unit  1302  of the marker  1300  includes a plurality of grooves  1316  that engage at least one gear unit  1318 . The inner sidewalls of tube  1320  also include a plurality of grooves  1322  which engage the teeth of the gear unit  1318  such that the top portion of the marker  1300  rotates as the marker  1300  is moved down the tube  1320 . Once the marker  1300  is clear of the tube, the gears  1318  fall away.  FIG. 21D  depicts the marker  1300  embedded in the region  84 . 
         [0131]      FIG. 22A  depicts a side view of a marker  1400 . The marker  1400  includes a cap unit  1402  and a plurality of micro-bristles  1404  affixed to the lower portion of the cap unit  1402 . The micro-bristles  1404  engage the surface of a region  84  such that the micro-bristles secure themselves to the region  84 . The micro-bristles  1404  may be substantially straight, curved, barbed or contain any other arrangement to aid in their securing the marker to the wall of the GI tract. In one embodiment, the cap unit  1402  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1400 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1402  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1400 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1402  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the surface of the cap unit  1402 . 
         [0132]      FIG. 22B  depicts a side view of a marker  1406 . The marker  1406  includes a cap unit  1408  and an attachment unit  1410  affixed to the center of a lower portion of the cap unit  1408 . In one embodiment, the marker  1406  may include a plurality of attachment units  1410  affixed to the lower portion of a cap unit  1408 . The attachment units are formed into any shape which is capable of adhering to the wall of the GI tract. In another embodiment, the attachment unit  1410  is in the shape of a barb. In another embodiment, a plurality of attachment units are arrayed in any direction and/or orientation in relation to one another. In another embodiment, the attachment unit is a taper screw which has a base portion affixed to the cap unit  1408  which tapers to a point on the end opposite the cap unit  1408 . In yet another embodiment, the tapered screw  1408  includes retractable pins which engage the region  84 . In one embodiment, the cap unit  1408  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1406 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1408  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1406 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1408  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the surface of the cap unit  1408 . 
         [0133]      FIG. 22C  depicts a side view of a marker  1412 . The marker  1412  includes a cap unit  1414  and an adhesive layer  1416  applied to the lower portion of the cap unit  1414 . The adhesive layer  1416  is comprised of a non-toxic adhesive capable of creating a secure bond to human tissue. In one embodiment, the cap unit  1414  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1412 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1414  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1412 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1414  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the surface of the cap unit  1414 . 
         [0134]      FIG. 22D  depicts the side view of a marker  1418 . The marker  1418  includes a cap unit  1420 , at least three barbs  1422  aligned on the lower surface of the cap  1420  and at least two pins  1424  aligned on the lower surface of the cap  1420 . In one embodiment, the barbs  1422  are comprised of a straight shaft having one end secured to the cap unit  1420  and a protrusion extending perpendicular to a side of the shaft at the end opposite the cap unit  1420 . The end of the protrusion opposite the surface of the shaft forms into a sharpened point completing the barb  1422 . In one embodiment, the hooking portion  1426  of two of the barbs are oppositely facing. However, the barbs  1422  may be aligned in any configuration that allows the marker unit to secure to a region  84  and may include any number or combination of barbs and pins. 
         [0135]      FIG. 22E  depicts a bottom view of the marker  1418 . In one embodiment, the barbs  1422  are aligned along one axis of the lower portion of the surface. In addition, the pins  1424  are aligned along an axis perpendicular to the axis along which the barbs  1422  are aligned.  FIG. 22F  depicts a side view of an embodiment of the marker  1418 . In this embodiment, the pins  1424  are replaced with two barbs  1428  having hooking portions that are facing away from the center of the cap  1420  and which are angled away from the center of the cap  1420 . 
         [0136]    In one embodiment, the cap unit  1420  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1418 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1420  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1418 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1420  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the cap unit  1420 . 
         [0137]      FIG. 22G  depicts a side view of a marker  1430 . The marker  1430  includes a plurality of barbs  1432  affixed to the lower portion of a cap unit  1434 . The barbs  1432  include sharpened ends  1436  which face away from the center of the cap unit  1434 . In one embodiment, the barbs  1432  are perpendicular to the lower surface of the cap unit  1434 . In another embodiment, the barbs  1432  are angled away from the center of the cap unit  1434 . In yet another embodiment, each of the barbs  1432  is angled in different directions relative to one another. 
         [0138]    In one embodiment, the cap unit  1434  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1430 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1434  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1430 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1434  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the cap unit  1434 . 
         [0139]      FIG. 22H  depicts a side view of a marker  1440 . The marker  1440  consists of a plurality of barbs  1442  affixed to the lower surface of a cap unit  1444 . The barbs  1442  are comprised of a shaft  1446  having one end affixed to the lower portion of the cap unit  1444  and a second end affixed to a top portion of a first pin  1448 . The first pin  1448  includes an upper base portion and a lower pointed end. The shaft  1446  is offset from the center of the upper base portion of the first pin  1448  by a predetermined distance. A lower base portion of a second pin  1450  is affixed to the upper base portion of the first pin  1448  such that the sharpened end of the second pin  1450  faces a direction opposite or nearly opposite to the sharpened end of the first pin  1448 . Further, the second pin  1450  is sized relative to the first pin  1448  such that a gap exists between the second pin and the shaft  1446 . During deployment, the marker  1440  is extended downward into a region  84  (not shown) such that the first pin  1448  pierces the region  84  and extends into the region. The marker  1440  continues into the region  84  until the second pin  1450  is below the surface of the region  84 . Because of this arrangement, the second pin  1450  prevents the marker  1440  from exiting the region  84 . In another embodiment, the first pin  1448  and/or the second pin  1450  may be blunt instead of sharp. In another embodiment, the cap unit  1444  may have one or a plurality of holes or gaps that allow for passage of either a needle or a blunt-tipped stylet or a plurality of either needles and/or blunt-tipped stylets in order to aid in the deployment of a marker  1440  onto and/or into a region  84 . 
         [0140]    In one embodiment, the barbs  1442  are perpendicular to lower surface of the cap unit  1444 . In another embodiment, the barbs  1442  are angled away from the center of the cap unit  1444 . In yet another embodiment, each of the barbs  1442  are angled in different directions relative to one another. In each embodiment, the barbs may face in the same or different directions and multiple barbs may be affixed to the lower portion of the cap unit. 
         [0141]    In one embodiment, the cap unit  1444  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1440 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1444  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1440 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1444  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the cap unit  1444 . 
         [0142]    The markers  1400 ,  1406 ,  1412 ,  1418 ,  1420 ,  1430  and  1440  are inserted into a delivery unit such that the upper portion of the cap units are in contact with the lower portions of another marker. A vertical transmission unit (not shown) applies a force to the center of the cap units such that the cap unit closest to the region  84  is pushed out of the delivery unit and onto the surface of the region  84  thereby allowing the entire marker to be secured to the region  84 . In an alternative embodiment, a spacer is employed as part of the delivery unit. 
         [0143]      FIG. 23A  depicts a top view of a marker  1500 . The marker  1500  includes a center unit  1502  that includes four retractable barbs  1504 ,  1506 ,  1508  and  1510 . Alternatively, the center unit  1502  may include two, three, or more than four barbs. Initially, the barbs  1504 ,  1506 ,  1508  and  1510  are retracted into a center portion of the center unit  1502 . After the marker  1500  is positioned on the region  84 , an engagement unit  1512  is depressed which forces or releases the barbs  1504 ,  1506 ,  1508  and  1510  out of the center portion and into the region. In one embodiment, the engagement unit  1512  is coupled to a shaft that forces the barbs  1504 ,  1506 ,  1508  and  1510  out of the center unit  1512  when the engagement unit  1512  is depressed. Consistent with this embodiment, the center unit  1502  may be tapered such that the thickness of the center unit  1502  increases from the bottom of the marker to the top of the marker. In one embodiment, the center unit  1502  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1500 . In another embodiment, the center unit  1502  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1500 . In another embodiment, the center unit  1502  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the center unit  1502 . 
         [0144]      FIG. 23B  depicts a side view of a delivery unit  1514  for the marker  1500 . The delivery unit  1514  includes a tube  1516  that has an opening  1518  at one end. A plurality of markers  1500  are stacked in the delivery unit  1514  with the barbs retracted into a center portion of the center unit  1502 . The markers are forced towards the opening  1518  by a vertical transmission unit (not shown). As one marker exits the delivery unit  1514  through the opening  1518 , the marker  1500  indents the region  84 . With the marker  1500  indenting the region  84 , the engagement unit  1512  is depressed which extends the barbs into the sides of the indented region  84 . 
         [0145]      FIG. 24A  depicts a cut away side view of a marker  1600 . The marker  1600  includes a cap unit  1602  which includes a cavity  1604  in the center portion of the cap unit  1602  and an opening  1606  in the lower portion of the cap unit  1602 . The sides of the opening  1606  include a plurality of barb units  1608 . The marker  1600  also includes a second opening  1610  in the center of the top portion of the cap unit  1602 . In one embodiment, the cap unit  1602  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1600 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1602  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1600 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1602  includes a unique letter, number or symbol on the top surface of the cap unit  1602 . 
         [0146]      FIG. 24B  depicts a delivery unit  1612  for the marker  1600 . The delivery unit  1612  includes a suction tube  1614  that has an opening  1616 . The marker  1600  is held in the opening  1606  such that the lower portion of the marker  1600  extends through the opening  1616 . The sides of the marker  1600  are pressed against the inner walls of the suction tube  1614  such that the inner walls create an air tight barrier with the sides of the marker  1600  when suction is applied to the upper portion of the marker  1600 . After the marker is placed on the region  84 , a suction is created in the tube  1614  causing a portion of the region  84  to extend up into the cavity  1604 . When the suction is stopped, the barb units  1608  hold the portion of the region  84  in the cavity  1604 . In another embodiment, the suction causes the barb units  1608  to retract against a spring in the cap unit  1602  such that the barbs  1608  pull away from the region  84 . After the suction is removed, the barbs  1608  are forced into the region  84  by the spring. The barbs  1608  are oriented horizontally in this figure; however, it is understood that these barbs may be oriented diagonally upward, diagonally downward, or even vertically downward, or any combination of these orientations. Furthermore, it is understood that the second opening  1610  may be of any size in relation to the total diameter of the cap unit  1602 . In another embodiment, the second opening  1610  is omitted, and the opening  1616  is relatively larger allowing the suction to be transmitted through this opening  1616 . In yet another embodiment, the second opening  1610  is present, and the opening  1616  is also larger, allowing suction to be transmitted through both openings. It is also understood that the cap unit  1602  may be of any shape or figure and is not in any way restricted to having a circular shape. 
         [0147]      FIG. 25A  depicts a side view of a marker  1700 . The marker  1700  consists of a wire  1702  (or any other suitable material or object) bent into a substantially “U” shape having a closed end  1704  and an open end  1706 . The open end  1706  includes a sharpened end  1710  and an unsharpened end which is affixed to the lower portion of a cap unit  1708 . During engagement, the sharpened end  1710  penetrates the region  84  and extends parallel to the surface of the region  84 . 
         [0148]      FIG. 25B  depicts a side view of the marker  1700  with a locking unit  1712 . The locking unit  1712  secures the open end  1706  of the marker  1700  such that the marker  1700  does not move. In addition, the locking unit  1712  covers the sharpened end  1710  of the marking unit  1700 . In another embodiment, two securing wires are affixed to an outer portion of the lower surface of the cap unit  1708  such that the securing wires extend downward towards the region and are parallel to one another on opposing sides of the cap unit  1708  preventing the marker  1700  from moving. In one embodiment, the cap unit  1708  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  1700 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1708  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  1700 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  1708  includes a letter, number or symbol on the surface of the cap unit  1708 . In yet another embodiment, the locking unit is omitted. In yet another embodiment, the securing wires are omitted. In another embodiment, both the locking unit and the securing wires are omitted. 
         [0149]    In another embodiment, the cap unit  1708  of the marker  1700  is omitted and the portion of the “U” shaped wire  1702  opposite the sharpened end  1710  is formed into a longitudinally shaped marker unit. Consistent with this embodiment, the sharpened end  1710  of the marker  1700  penetrates a region  84 . Further, the longitudinally shaped marker unit may be color coded, contain an RFID tag or include a number, letter or symbol on the surface of the wire. Any characters on the marker unit may be indented, notched, etched, printed, written with laser, or by any other means. 
         [0150]      FIG. 25C  depicts a delivery unit  1714  for the marker  1700 . The delivery unit  1714  includes a tube  1716  that has an opening  1718  at one end. A plurality of markers  1700  are stacked in the delivery unit  1714  such that the closed end  1704  of one marker is in contact with the open end  1706  of another marker  1700 . The markers are forced towards the opening  1718  by a vertical transmission unit (not shown) that applies a vertical force to the closed end  1704  of the wire. During deployment, the tube  1716  is positioned substantially parallel to the region  84  where the marker  1700  will be inserted. The vertical transmission unit (not shown) pushes the marker out of the tube  1716 . In addition, the tube  1716  is tilted such that the sharpened end  1710  of the marker pierces the region  84 . The vertical transmission unit (not shown) continues to force the marker  1700  into the region  84  until the marker  1700  is free of the tube  1716 . 
         [0151]      FIG. 26A  depicts a side view of a marker  1800  that is consistent with the present embodiment. The marker  1800  includes a cap unit  1802 , a pin unit or vertical transmission unit  1804  and an insertion unit  1806 . The pin unit  1804  is affixed to the lower surface of the cap unit  1802  and is connected to the insertion unit  1806  through a hole in the center of the cap unit  1802 . A lower portion of the insertion unit  1806  is connected to a plurality of wires  1810  inside the pin unit  1804 . The wires  1810  are arranged such that they retract into the pin unit  1804  when the lower portion of the insertion unit  1806  extends into the pin unit  1804  and the wires  1810  extend out of openings  1808  in the pin unit  1804  when the insertion unit  1806  is pulled away from the pin unit  1804 . 
         [0152]      FIG. 26B  depicts a side view of a marker  1800 . The insertion unit  1806  is pulled away from the pin unit or vertical transmission unit  1804  which cause the wires  1810  to extend out from the opening  1808  in the pin unit  1804 . In one embodiment, the wires  1810  are curved towards the pin unit  1804 . In another embodiment, the wires  1810  are curved away from the pin unit  1804 . In yet another embodiment, the wires  1810  are substantially straight and extend perpendicular from the openings  1808 . In yet another embodiment, the wires  1810  are substantially straight and extend through the openings  1808  towards the cap unit  1802 . However, the wires  1810  can be positioned in any direction or combination of directions as well as in any size, length, and/or shape sufficient to engage a region after the marker  1800  is inserted. 
         [0153]      FIG. 26C  depicts a side view of the connection between the insertion unit  1806  and the wires  1810 . As the Figure depicts, each wire  1810  is curved such that an upward motion of the insertion unit  1806  translates into an upward movement of the wire  1810 . In addition, a downward motion of the insertion unit  1806  translates into a downward motion of the wire  1810  which results in the wires  1810  retracting back into the pin unit or vertical transmission unit  1804 . In another embodiment, the wires  1810  may point in any direction and different wires may point in different other directions. In another embodiment, the wires  1810  may be barbs or any other structures, or any combination of wires, barbs, and/or other structures which allow for anchoring of the marker  1800  into the GI wall. In yet another embodiment, all or some of the wires, barbs, and/or other structures will already be exposed prior to deployment of the marker  1800 . In the event that all of the wires, barbs, and/or other structures are already exposed prior to deployment, the marker  1800  will not possess an insertion unit  1806   
         [0154]    In one embodiment, the marker  1800  is extended into a region  84  using a vertical transmission unit. The pin unit or vertical transmission unit  1804  of the marker penetrates the region  84  such that the openings  1808  are surrounded by the region  84 . Vertical transmission unit  1804  may be a needle which pierces region  84 . An operator of the marker can pull the insertion unit  1806  which causes the wires  1810  to extend through the openings  1808  into the region  84  securing the marker in place. 
         [0155]      FIG. 27A  depicts a top view of a material  1900  adhered to a region  84  using a plurality of markers  1902 . Consistent with this embodiment, the markers used to adhere the material  1900  to the region  84  are any of the markers previously described. The material is any material that is non toxic to the human body. As an illustrative example, the material  1900  may be used to cover a tear or an opening in the region  84 . The material  1900  is first positioned over the opening and is then adhered to the region  84  using a plurality of markers  1902  that are positioned in portions of the region  84  which can accommodate the markers. Alternatively, the material  1900  may include a bonding agent such as a glue or adhesive to adhere the material to the site within the region  84  or may be composed of a substance, or substances, that naturally bond, adhere and/or attach the material  1900  to the site within the region  84 . The markers may be positioned as described above to further ensure that the material will not become displaced. In one embodiment, the material  1900  allows fluid, such as gas or a liquid, to pass through the material  1900  in one direction and restricts fluid from flowing through the material  1900  in the opposite direction. In one embodiment, the material  1900  covers an opening in a colon and the material  1900  allows gas and/or a liquid to flow into a colon and restricts gas and/or a liquid from flowing out of the colon. 
         [0156]      FIG. 27B  depicts a top view of a plurality of markers  1904 . Each of the markers  1904  include a loop  1906  through which a suture  1908  is positioned. The loop  1906  is affixed to the cap unit of any of the previously described markers. The markers are connected to secure portions of the region  84 . The suture  1908  is pulled through each loop  1906  such that both ends of the opening are pulled together to seal the opening. Once both ends are pulled together, the suture is tied together to secure the portions of the region  84  together. In one embodiment, the loop  1906  is recessed into the region  84  where the marker  1904  is inserted. 
         [0157]      FIG. 28A  depicts a top view of one embodiment of a mirror device  2000 . The mirror device  2000  consists of an extension unit  2002  which retracts into a tube  2004 . A vertical transmission unit (not shown) extends the extension unit  2002  out of the tube  2004 . The end of the extension unit  2002  is formed into a mirror holding unit  2006 . In one embodiment, the mirror holding unit  2006  has a substantially circular shape. In another embodiment consistent of the present embodiment, the mirror holding unit  2006  has a substantially elliptical shape. 
         [0158]    A flexible reflective material  2008  is secured to the edges of the mirror holding unit  2006  which forms a flat reflective surface. The flexible reflective material  2008  has a reflective coating applied to one or both sides of the flexible reflective material  2008  such that light is reflected back from the surface of the flexible reflective material  2008 . The edges of the mirror holding unit  2006  are formed of a material having memory capabilities that allow the mirror holding unit and the flexible reflective material  2008  to retract into the tube  2004 . These shapes may be flat, concave or convex. 
         [0159]    In one embodiment, the mirror device  2000  is used to position the mirror behind a growth on a region such that all sides of the growth are viewable. Additionally, the mirror device  2000  may be used to locate a finding or a previously placed marker device on the backside of a fold, or other structure, within the GI tract. It is understood, that the backside of a fold or structure is meant to mean a portion of the fold or structure out of direct view of an endoscopic device. In another embodiment, the mirror holding unit  2006  is rotatively attached to the extension unit  2004  which allows the mirror holding unit  2006  to rotate and bend in relation to the end of the tube  2004  such that different views of the growth are visible from the mirror. In one embodiment, the mirror holding unit  2006  is made from a material having memory capabilities such that the mirror holding unit  2006  contracts to fit into the tube  2004  when the vertical transmission unit (not shown) pulls the mirror holding unit  2006  into the tube  2004 . In another embodiment, the mirror holding unit  2006  is made of a flexible material including, but not limited to, plastic, stainless steel, Teflon®, nitinol, nylon or any other material that is flexible with memory characteristics. In another embodiment, the mirror holding unit  2006  is made from a rigid material that is capable of retracting into the tube  2004  when a force acting to pull the mirror holding unit  2006  into the tube  2004  is applied. 
         [0160]    In another embodiment the mirror holding unit  2006  expands into a basket  2010 , as shown in  FIG. 28B . In one embodiment, the basket  2010  expands to form the flexible reflective material  2008  into a convex lens. In another embodiment, the basket  2010  expands to form the flexible reflective material  2008  into a concave lens. In another embodiment, the flexible reflective material  2008  has a reflective coating on both sides which allows the basket  2010  to be used as a convex or concave mirror depending on the position of the mirror holding unit  2006 . In another embodiment, the mirror holding unit  2006  expands into mirror having multiple reflective surfaces. In another embodiment, the mirror device is used to locate a previously placed marker in a region  84 . In another embodiment, the mirror device is used to locate a region  84  in order to deploy a marker. 
         [0161]      FIG. 29A  depicts a side view of a marker  2100 . The marker  2100  consists of a substantially “U” shaped loop unit  2102  that includes a latching unit  2104  rotatively affixed to a unsharpened end and a sharpened end  2106  opposite the unsharpened end. The sharpened end  2106  extends beyond the latching unit  2104  by a predetermined distance. The marker  2100  is comprised of a material having memory capabilities such that the material will attempt to return to a positioned where the unsharpened ends and sharpened ends are separated by a distance when no force is applied to the loop unit  2102 . 
         [0162]    During deployment, the sharpened end  2106  of the marker penetrates a first location of a region  84 . The sharpened end  2106  moves through a portion of the region  84  such that the sharpened end  2106  extends through the surface of the region  84  at a second location separate from the first location. The sharpened end  2106  extends upward from the second location and is pulled toward the unsharpened end of the looping unit  2102  by an external force until the sharpened end extends through the latching unit  2104 . The latching unit  2104  is then rotated over the sharpened end towards the region. The force on the sharpened end  2106  is removed and the sharpened end  2106  moves away from the unsharpened end such that the sharpened end  2106  is held against the latching unit  2104 . In one embodiment, the latching unit  2104  includes a “J” shaped hook affixed to the end of the latching unit  2104  not secured to the unsharpened end of the loop unit. Consistent with this embodiment, the sharpened end rests in the “J” shaped hook after the external force is removed. In another embodiment, the sharpened end  2106  includes a notch located on the end facing the region  84  that allows the latching unit  2104  to rest in the notch when the latching unit  2104  is engaged with the sharpened end. 
         [0163]      FIG. 29B  depicts a delivery unit  2108  for the marker  2100 . The delivery unit  2108  includes a tube  2110  which holds at least one marker  2100 . As the Figure depicts, the marker  2100  is positioned in the tube such that the sharpened end  2106  of the marker  2100  points towards the region  84 . As  FIG. 29C  depicts, the tube  2110  is lowered towards the region  84  while simultaneously being moved in a direction X As the marker  2100  and the tube  2110  move, the marker  2100  rotates such that the sharpened end  2106  rotates out of the tube  2110  and penetrates into the region  84 . As the tube  2110  continues to move in the direction X, the marker  2100  moves through the region  84  until the sharpened portion of the marker  2100  extends upward out of the region  84 , as depicted in  FIG. 29D . 
         [0164]      FIG. 30A  depicts a top view of a marker  2200 . The marker  2200  includes a cap unit  2202  with at least one opening  2204  and a spring loaded pin  2224 . In one embodiment, the cap unit  2202  includes a plurality of openings  2204  located around the periphery of the top surface of the cap unit  2202 .  FIG. 30B  depicts a side view of the marker  2200 . The marker  2200  includes the spring loaded pin  2224  in the cap unit. The pin  2224  is angled upward away form the top surface of the cap unit  2202  and is configured to retract into and out of the cap unit  2204  by a spring unit (not shown). The marker  2200  also contains a plurality of barbs  2206  affixed to the lower portion of a cap unit  2202 . In one embodiment, the barbs  2206  are arranged around the periphery of each of the openings  2204 . The barbs  2206  include sharpened ends  2208  which face away from the center of the cap unit  2202 . In one embodiment, the barbs  2206  are perpendicular to the lower surface of the cap unit  2202 . In another embodiment, the barbs  2206  are angled away from the center of the cap unit  2202 . In yet another embodiment, each of the barbs  2206  are angled in different directions relative to one another. In one embodiment, a hollow cylinder  2210  is attached to the lower portion of the cap unit  2202  around the opening  2204 . In another embodiment, the barbs  2206  are attached to the hollow cylinder  2210 . The distal end of the hollow cylinder  2210  may be blunt or sharp allowing it to be the mechanism which pierces the region  84  along with or instead of the barbs  2206 . 
         [0165]      FIG. 30C  depicts a delivery unit  2212  for a marker  2200 . The delivery unit  2212  includes a tube  2214  with an opening  2216 . A plurality of markers  2200  are stacked in the tube  2214  such that the barbs  2206  of one marker  2200  are in contact with the cap unit  2202  of another marker  2200  in the tube  2214 . A vertical transmission unit  2218  engages the opening  2204  in the cap unit  2202  and forces the marker  2200  closest to the opening  2216  to move towards a region  84 . In another embodiment, a spacer (not shown) is used in between markers  2200 . 
         [0166]    In one embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  is a blunt ended stylet that is configured to engage at least one opening in the cap unit  2202  such that the cap unit  2202  is supported by the blunt ended stylet during deployment. In another embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  includes a plurality of blunt ended stylets which are configured to engage the plurality of openings  2204  on the top surface of the cap unit  2202 . In yet another embodiment, the vertical transmission unit is a needle or a plurality of needles configured to engage at least one opening in the cap unit  2202 . 
         [0167]    In one embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  engages the hollow cylinder  2210 . In another embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  is the hollow cylinder  2210 . In another embodiment, the barbs  2206  are arranged on the lower surface of the cap unit  2202  such that the barbs  2206  are in contact with the surface of the vertical transmission unit  2218  when the vertical transmission unit engages the opening  2204 . In another embodiment, the barbs  2206  are arranged around the plurality of openings  2204  such that the barbs  2206  are in contact with the portions of the vertical transmission unit  2218  passing through each of the plurality of openings  2204 . 
         [0168]    As the vertical transmission unit  2218  moves through the opening  2216 , the sides of the vertical transmission unit  2218  press against the pin  2224  forcing the pin  2224  into the cap unit  2202 . When a notch  2222  located on the side of the vertical transmission unit  2218  is positioned over the pin  2224 , a spring unit (not shown) in the cap unit forces the pin  2224  into the notch  2222  preventing the vertical transmission unit  2218  from moving downward through the opening  2204  and positioning the end of the vertical transmission unit  2218  a predetermined distance below the barbs  2206 . 
         [0169]    As the vertical transmission unit  2218  continues to move downward, the vertical transmission unit  2218  forces the marker  2200  downward. In one embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  is a needle that pierces the region  84  before the barbs  2206 . In another embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  is a needle which pierces the region  84  after the barbs  2006  have pierced the region  84 . In another embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  is a needle which pierces the region  84  at the same time the barbs pierce the region  84 . In yet another embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  is a blunt stylet that does not pierce the region  84 . In another embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  includes a first transmission portion which moves the vertical transmission unit  2218  downward and a second transmission portion which separately moves the marker  2200  downward. 
         [0170]    Once the barbs  2206  pierce the region  84 , the vertical transmission unit  2218  is retracted back through the opening  2204  in the cap unit  2202 . As the vertical transmission unit  2218  moves backward, the pin  2224  disengages the notch  2222  and the sides of the vertical transmission unit  2218  force the pin  2224  into the cap unit  2202 . In another embodiment, the pin  2224  is located on the vertical transmission unit  2218  and the notch  2222  is located in the cap unit. Consistent with this embodiment, the pin  2224  is coupled to an engagement unit (not shown) that allows a user of the vertical transmission unit  2218  to retract and eject the pin  2224  from the vertical transmission unit  2218 .  FIG. 30E  depicts the marker  2200  engaged with the region  84  after the vertical transmission unit  2218  is removed. In another embodiment, more than one pin  2224  is employed. In another embodiment, a different engagement mechanism is employed (i.e. pincers). In yet another embodiment, no distal engagement mechanism is necessary as the vertical transmission unit  2218  is designed to recoil automatically into the delivery catheter once the marker  2200  has pierced and/or has been deployed into the region  84  or because the vertical transmission unit has been deployed into the region  84  with or alongside the marker  2200 . 
         [0171]    In one embodiment, the vertical transmission unit  2218  engages the opening  2204  and passes through the hollow cylinder  2210  which moves the hollow cylinder  2210  towards the region  84  until the hollow cylinder  2210  pierces the region  84 . In one embodiment, the cap unit  2202  is color coded to indicate the location of the marker  2200 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  2202  includes an RFID tag to indicate the location of the marker  2200 . In another embodiment, the cap unit  2202  includes a letter, number or symbol on the surface of the cap unit  2202 . 
         [0172]    In all of the embodiments described herein, one or a plurality of markers are inserted around, adjacent to, or on a region of interest to mark the location to assist with a current examination or for another examination at a later time. In one embodiment, groups of markers are associated with a specific region using by coloring a portion of the marker with a unique color or with marking the marker with a number. In another embodiment, RFID tags are inserted into the markers and are used to associate a group of markers with a specific region. In yet another embodiment, the markers may be bent to indicate a number. As an illustrative example, ten markers may be arranged around a region. Each marker may be bent upward to indicate a “1” or “On” state and other markers may be bent downwards to indicate a “0” or “Off” state. A user or device may then read the  10  markers to generate a binary number used to identify the region. In another embodiment, the top portions of the markers may be formed in to a geometric shape. 
         [0173]    In addition, each of the markers disclosed is deployed and/or implanted into the human body. As a result, all of the components of the markers are made from materials which are not toxic to the human body including, but not limited to, stainless steel, titanium, plastic, polymers, ceramic, rubber, nitinol, biodegradable or any other non toxic material, or combination of materials, capable of performing the required function for the marker. 
         [0174]    These markers may be used in numerous applications including, but not limited to, marking polyps, marking lesion perimeters, marking of pre-op cancer, pre-operative diverticulosis extent marking, AVM&#39;s to identify suite of future bleeding, marking the extent of ulcerative colitis, marking a submucosal lesion for future EUS, functioning as an anchor, or any other suitable use. 
         [0175]    The disclosed embodiments are illustrative of the various ways in which the present invention may be practiced. Other embodiments may be implemented by those skilled in the art without deporting from the spirit and scope of the present invention.