Abstract:
Air revitalization compositions containing potassium superoxide which  furr comprises from about 2 to about 10 weight percent of lithium monoxide, from about 0 to about 2 weight percent of silicon dioxide, and either from 5 to 10 weight percent of lithium metaborate or from 3 to 8 weight percent of calcium sulfate.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to air revitalization materials and in particular to potassium superoxide. 
     Potassium superoxide is widely used as an air revitalization material in closed-circuit rebreather devices. The compound operates by absorbing CO 2  and by giving off oxygen as is shown by the following equation: 
     
         2KO.sub.2 +CO.sub.2 → K.sub.2 CO.sub.3 +1 1/2 O.sub.2 
    
     although some water is required to force the reaction to the right, too much water causes an excessive oxygen evolution in relation to the carbon dioxide absorbed and severe fusion results. Also a high relative humidity RH or a high temperature produces the same result. Fusion retards and can even stop the reaction by sealing unreacted potassium superoxide with fused potassium superoxide. One solution to this fusion problem of potassium superoxide is through the addition of asbestos. The major disadvantages of asbestos are the potential injury to health, in that, asbestos dust is believed to cause cancer and the required applied pressure in the system due to the density of a pellet made from asbestos and potassium superoxide. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of this invention to improve the performance of potassium superoxide as an air revitalization material. 
     Another object of this invention is to diminish the need for rapid heat dissipation and thus to allow a greater latitude in the design of closed-circuit breathers. 
     A further object of this invention is to reduce the tendancy of potassium superoxide to fuse. 
     A still further object of the invention is to better maintain the O 2  evolution in relation to the CO 2  absorption. 
     These and other objects are achieved by admixing, with potassium superoxide a mixture which comprises, in amounts based on total composition weight, anhydrous calcium sulfate at 3 to 8 weight percent, silicon dioxide at 0 to 2 weight percent, and lithium monoxide at 2 to 10 weight percent; or which comprises lithium monoxide at 2 to 10 weight percent, lithium metaborate at 5 to 10 weight percent, and silicon dioxide at 0 to 2 weight percent. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The testing and effectiveness of the present invention are better understood from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which: 
     The FIGURE is an apparatus for testing air revitalization materials for carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen evolution. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The lithium monoxide is of an absorbant grade and has a particle size of at most 40 mesh. The anhydrous calcium sulfate has a purity of at least CP grade and a particle size from 20 to 30 mesh. With silica (SiO 2 ), the form is amorphous with a purity of at least CP grade and with a particle size of at least 325 mesh. The lithium metaborate has a purity of at least CP grade and a particle size of at most 40 mesh. 
     The ingredients are mixed with KO 2  in any order. Any type of mixing is possible so long as a uniform mix is obtained. Of course, the mixing atmosphere must be moisture free. After the ingredients are mixed together, one of the resulting air revitalization compositions comprises from 2 to 10 weight percent and preferably from 4 to 6 weight percent of lithium monoxide, 3 to 8 weight percent and preferably from 4 to 6 weight percent of anhydrous calcium sulfate, from 0 to 2 weight percent and preferably from 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent of silica, and potassium superoxide. The other air revitalization composition comprises from 2 to 10 weight percent and preferably from 4 to 6 weight of lithium monoxide, from 5 to 10 weight percent and preferably from 6 to 8.5 weight percent of lithium metaborate, from 0 to 2 weight percent and preferably from 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent of silica, and potassium superoxide. 
     The physical characteristics of the composition of this invention are similar to potassium superoxide. Consequently, this composition may be used in the same manner as potassium superoxide except that the previous restrictions required by the tendancy of superoxide to fuse because of heat and moisture have been reduced. As the following examples demonstrate, air with 100% relative humidity (RH) can be successfully used and the maximum temperature of the composition has been significantly raised. 
     The apparatus used for the following examples is schematically shown in FIG. 1. The apparatus operates by admitting carbon dioxide through a control valve 10. Nitrogen may be introduced into the system through control valve 12. Air is then admitted through a mainline-pressure reducer and filter 14 and is controlled by a pressure regulator 16. The gas passes through a precision bore flowmeter 18 and is controlled by a two-way valve 20 which normally passes the mixture to the 250 ml gas washing bottle 24 but may also be used as a by-pass to CO 2  -analyzer 40. The gas-washing bottle 24 is in a water bath 22 which is thermostated at 37° C. Washing bottle 24 saturates the gas mixture with distilled water which fills the bottle three-fourths full. From the washing bottle, the gas mixture passes to spray trap 26 wherein glass beads or glass wool provides a surface for the condensation of excess water and further insures uniformity of temperature, and then passes through sample holder 28 which contains a sample resting on a glass fritted disc, 30, and a quantity of packing 32, e.g., glass wool. The pressure drop across the sample holder 28 is measured by manometer 27 and the temperature of the sample is measured by thermocouple 29. The effluent gas mixture then passes through stream splitter 34 which divides the effluent into two portions. The major portion passes through union 46 while the minor portion passes through a needle valve 36, on to a Liston-Becker CO 2  analyzer 40 and a Pauling Meter 42. Connected to analyzer 40 is a recorder 44. 
     The gas pressure drop through the Liston-Becker analyzer is maintained at 2 cm of water maximum by a water-filled pressure relief 38. After passing through the CO 2  analyzer, the minor portion recombines with the major portion at union 46. The wet test meter 48, therefore, measures the entire gas flow. The CO 2  concentration of the gas stream is periodically checked by diverting the gas momentarily through the sample by-pass to the CO 2  analyzer 40 and Pauling Meter 42. 
     The air-revitalization material samples were pressed into a cake with a pressure of 1700 psi. The relative humidity was 100% and the water bath was 37° C. In Tables I and II, the flow rate for the gas was 6 liters/min and in Tables III and IV, the flow rate was 7 liters/min. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________              O.sub.2 /CO.sub.2                   O.sub.2 /CO.sub.2                                 ManometerSam-               AVE  AVE  Max.                            Cake Changeple                0-20 20-45                        Temp.                            Density                                 inches/H.sub.2 ONo. Additive       Minutes                   Minutes                        ° C                            g/cm.sup.3                                 20 Min                                     Max__________________________________________________________________________1   KO.sub.2 only  2.09 1.73 147 1.35 11/2                                     21/42   KO.sub.2 only  1.97 1.98 150 1.34 1   11/23   5% Li.sub.2 O + 8% CaSO.sub.4 (30-40)              1.88 0.82 209 1.15 21/8                                     153/84   5% Li.sub.2 O + 5%    CaSO.sub.4 (20-30 mesh)    + 1% Airborne Silica              1.72 1.17 201 1.19  7/8                                     11/85   5% Li.sub.2 O + 5%    CaSO.sub.4 (30-40 mesh)    + 1% Airborne Silica              1.86 0.93 214 1.19 11/8                                     11/8__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________                CO.sub.2      O.sub.2    CO.sub.2      CO.sub.2           CO.sub.2                Sorbed                    O.sub.2                         O.sub.2                              Evolved    % Removed      Sorbed           Sorbed                % of                    Evolved                         Evolved                              % ofSam-    from the      cm.sup.3 /9           cm.sup.3 /9                Theo-                    cm.sup.3 /9                         cm.sup.3 /9                              Theo-ple Influent      cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3           cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3                retical                    cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3                         cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3                              reticalNo. 20 Min.      20 Min.           45 Min.                45 Min.                    20 Mon.                         45 Min.                              45 Min.__________________________________________________________________________1   61     58   89   57  122  173  73      78   120      165  2342   64     58   95   60  115  164  69      74   127      154  2203   79     76   107  68  173  206  87      104  147      237  2824   92     95   121  77  176  182  77      115  146      213  2205   89     89   108  69  186  196  83      114  138      238  251__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________         Dura-         tion             O.sub.2 KO.sub.2                         Manometer ChangeSam-          of  AVE  Max.                      Cake                         Inches/H.sub.2 Ople           Run 0-20 Min                  Temp.                      Den-                         10 20 30No. Additive  Mins.             20-ENd                  ° C                      sity                         Min                            Min                               Min                                  Max__________________________________________________________________________6   KO.sub.2 only         45  1.89 160 1.28                         31/8                            77/8                               83/8                                  91/2    5% Li.sub.2 O + 8%7   CaSO.sub.4 (20-30 Mesh)         44  1.70 255 1.15                         11/8                            31/2                               41/8                                  161/4    5% Li.sub.2 O + 5%8   CaSO.sub.4 (20-30 Mesh)    + 1% Airborne         45  1.62 223 1.13                         17/8                            23/8                               23/8                                  27/8    Silica__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________    CO.sub.2      CO.sub.2           Total                CO.sub.2                    O.sub.2                         Total                              O.sub.2    % Removed      Sorbed           CO.sub.2                Sorbed                    Evolved                         O.sub.2                              EvolvedSam-    from the      cm.sup.3 /g           Sorbed                % of                    cm.sup.3 /g                         Evolved                              % ofple Influent      cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3           cm.sup.3 /g                Theo-                    cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3                         cm.sup.3 /g                              Theo-No. 20 Min.      20 Min.           cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3                retical                    20 Min.                         cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3                              retical__________________________________________________________________________6   78     81   115  73  152  177  75      104  147      194  2077   80     102  125  80  174  184  78      117  144      200  2128   81     107  146  93  173  212  90      121  165      195  240__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     As the results demonstrate, the composition of the present invention have a better O 2  CO 2  ratio, maximum operating temperature, oxygen evolution and carbon dioxide absorption than has pure potassium superoxide. Thus the disclosed additional ingredients provide an inportant improvement in performance of potassium superoxide, the most widely used air-revitalization material. 
     Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.