Abstract:
An Aids and associated conditions related to Aids treating compositions is disclosed. The compositions comprise: a medicament selected from an extract of at least one of the following plant families: Apocynaceae ( Pleioscarpa Bicarpellata ); Annonaceae ( Cleistopholis Patens ); Dichapetalaceae ( Dichapetehan Madagasca Riense ); Annoceae ( Uvaristrum Pierreanum ); Cynocynaceae ( Strophantus Gratus ); Asclepiadaceae ( Gongronema Latifolium ); Combretaceae ( Combretum Racemosum ); Apocynaceae ( Alostonia Boonei ); Amaranthaceae ( Alternanthera Pungens ); Aroceae ( Anchomanes Differmis ); Cyperaceae ( Seleria Voivinil ); Anacardiaceae ( Lannea Acida ); Bignodaceae ( Kigelia Africana ); Bombacaceae ( Ceiba Pentanota ); Anarcardiaceae ( Antrocaryon Micraster ); Bombacaceae ( Bombax Bounopozense ): Anarcardiaceae ( Spondias Mombin ); Caricaceae ( Carica Papaya ); a glyceryl ester of any of the foregoing extracts; a saponin of any of the foregoing extracts; an alkaloid of any of the foregoing extracts; a protein of any of the foregoing extracts; a fat of any of the foregoing extracts; a sugar of any of the foregoing extracts; and any mixture of any of the foregoing.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/828,956, filed Jul. 1, 2010, now abandoned, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/902,993, filed Jul. 30, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,749,544, issued Jul. 6, 2010, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/241,973, filed Sep. 12, 2002, now abandoned; all of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a composition for treating AIDS and related conditions, and more particular, to a composition comprising at least one extract of a selected plant. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Patients with illnesses that, in retrospect, were manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were first described in the summer of 1981 [CDC— Pneumocystis pneumonia —Los Angeles. MMWR 1981, 30:250-2; CDC— Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men —New York City and California. MMWR 1981, 30:305-8]. A case definition of AIDS for national reporting was first published in the MMWR in September 1982 [CDC— Hepatitis B virus vaccine safety: report of an inter - agency group  MMWR 1982, 31:465-67; CDC— Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome  ( AIDS )— United States . MMWR 1982, 31:507-14]. Since then the definition has undergone minor revisions in the list of diseases used as indicators of underlying cellular immunodeficiency [Jaffe H W, Bregman D J, Selik R M.  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United States: the first  1,000  cases. J Infect Dis  1983, 148:339-45; Jaffe H W Selik R M.  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: is disseminated aspergillosis predictive of underlying cellular immune deficiency ?, (Reply to letter),  J Infect Dis  1984, 149:829; Selik R M, Haverkos H W, Curran J W.  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome  ( AIDS )  trends in the United States,  1978-1982.  Am J Med  1984, 76:493-500; CDC,  Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome  ( AIDS )— United States . MMWR 1984, 32:688-91] 
     Since the 1982 definition was published, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) has been recognized as the cause of AIDS. The clinical manifestations of (HTLV-III/LAV) infection may be directly attributable to infection with this virus or the result of secondary conditions occurring as a consequence of immune dysfunction caused by the underlying infection with (HTLV-III/LAV). The range of manifestations may include none, nonspecific signs and symptoms of illness, autoimmune and neurologic disorders, a variety of opportunistic infections, and several types of malignancy. AIDS was defined for national reporting before its etiology was known and has encompassed only certain secondary conditions that reliably reflected the presence of a sever immune dysfunction. Current laboratory tests to detect (HTLV-III/LAV) antibody make it possible to include additional serious conditions in the syndrome, as well as to further improve the specificity of the definition used for reporting cases. 
     The current case definition of AIDS has provided useful data on disease trends, because it is precise, consistently interpreted, and highly specific. Other manifestations of HTLV-II/LAV infections than those currently proposed to be reported are less specific and less likely to be consistently reported nationally. Milder disease associated with HTLV-III/LAV infections and asymptomatic infections may be reportable in some states and cities but will not be nationally reportable. Because persons with less specific or milder manifestations of HTLV-III/LAV infection may be important in transmitting the virus, estimates of the number of such persons are of value. These estimates can be obtained through epidemiologic studies or special surveys in specific populations. 
     Issues related to the case definition of AIDS were discussed by the Conference of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) at its annual meeting in Madison, Wis., Jun. 2-5, 1985. The CSTE approved the following resolutions: 
     1. that the case definition of AIDS used for national reporting continue to include only the more severe manifestations of HTLV-III/LAV infection; and 
     2. that the Center For Disease Control (CDC) develop more inclusive definitions and classifications of HTLV-III/LAV infection for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, as well as for epidemiologic studies and special surveys; and 
     3. that the following refinements be adopted in the case definition of AIDS used for national reporting:
         a. In the absence of the opportunistic diseases required by the current case definition, any of the following diseases will be considered indicative of AIDS if the patient has a positive serologic or virologic test for HTLV-III/LAV:       

     1. disseminated histoplasmosis (not confined to lungs or lymph nodes), diagnosed by culture, histology, or antigen detection; 
     2. isosporiasis, causing chronic diarrhea (over 1 month), diagnosed by histology or stool microscopy; 
     3. bronchial or pulmonary candidiasis, diagnosed by microscopy or by presence of characteristic white plaques grossly on the bronchial mucosa (not by culture alone); 
     4. non-Hodgkins&#39; lymphoma of high-grade pathologic type (diffuse, undifferentiated) and of B-cell unknown immunologic phenotype, diagnosed by biopsy; 
     5. histologically confirmed Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma in patients who are 60 years old or older when diagnosed.
         b. In the absence of the opportunistic diseases required by the current case definition, a histologically confirmed diagnosis of chronic lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis in a child (under 13 years of age) will be considered indicative of AIDS unless test(s) for HTLV-III/LAV are negative.   c. Patients who have a lymphoreticular malignancy diagnosed more than 3 months after the diagnosis of an opportunistic disease used as a marker for AIDS will no longer be excluded as AIDS cases.   d. To increase the specificity of the case definition, patients will be excluded as AIDS cases if they have a negative result on testing for serum antibody to HTLV-III/LAV, have no other type of HTLV-III/LAV test with a positive result, and do not have a low number of T-helper lymphocytes or a low ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor lymphocytes. In the absence of test results, patients satisfying all other criteria in the definition will continue to be included. CDC will immediately adopt the above amendments to the case definition of AIDS for national reporting.       

     This revision in the case definition will result in the reclassification of less than 1% of cases previously reported to CDC. The number of additional new cases reportable as a result of the revision is expected to be small. Cases included under the revised definition will be distinguishable from cases included under the old definition so as to provide a consistent basis for interpretation of trends. CDC will also develop draft classifications for disease manifestations of HTLV-III/LAV infections other than AIDS, distribute these widely for comment, and publish the results. Reported by Conference of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; AIDS Br., Div of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Disease, CDC. 
     Han et al. Disclosed a process for preparing an extracted substance from a mixture of a non-fat starch from Ricini Semen and a root of  Coptis  sp for therapeutic applications of AIDS [U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,645]. The authors maintain that the extracted substance was effective in treating AIDS but provided no clinical data as to the effect of this substance in AIDS patients. In continuing work, Han et al., demonstrated significant anti-oxidant capacity of their Ricini Semen extract using a chemiluminescence assay [Hong, E. K., Kim, Y. K. Lee, W. C., Shin, H. K., and Kim, J. B.; Measurement of antioxidation activity based on chemiluminescence reaction. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence (Status Report), Eds. Szalay, A. A., Kricka, L. J., and Stanley, P., John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd. London, England, pp. 244-246, 1993]. Antioxidant activity of Ricini Semen extract was compared with t-butylhydroxy toluene (BHT), a potent antioxidant known to people of ordinary skill in the field of the invention. The authors therefore proposed that Ricini Semen extract has anti-HIV effect although no clinical data was presented. Investigations of the Ricini Semen extract in laboratory animals by sub-cutaneous injection revealed significant tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, and vacuolation in livers of male and female mice, interstitial nephritis being demonstrated as well in female mice. Rats showed similar symptoms in both of the male and female. Mitosis in the liver was typically found, and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen also were frequently observed. Other organs were not changed compared to controls [U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,645]. 
     Chen et al., [U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,512] disclosed a novel topical treatment method for curing black foot disease using plant extracts. The extract medicament comprised a basis part consisting of equal amounts of ground, powdered, and mixed clove, frankincense, myrrha, fhizama arisaematis, pinellia, monkshood (root) or kusnezoff monkshood (root), and tuber of bamboo-leaved orchid, and an adjuvant part consisting of equal amounts of round, powdered, and mixed borneol, powdered soy bean, borax,  coptis  root and/or  phellodendron amureause , and  sepia aculeata . The medicine is used in such a manner that the powdered basis part is mixed and stirred with tea water until it becomes plaster-like, and the adjuvant part is scattered in dry form onto the wound or swollen area caused by the black foot disease before the plaster-like basis part is applied to the wound or swollen area about 0.5 cm in thickness. The wound is then bandaged and the medicine is renewed once or twice a day until fresh flesh appears in the wound. Thereafter, the medicine is continuously applied but in a dry form until the wound is completely healed. The extract medicament composition taught by Chen et al., does not have any impact on AIDS itself as a systemic disease. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is related to a composition for treating AIDS and associated conditions related to AIDS. the composition comprises a medicament which is an extract of at least one plant family. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention relates to a novel extract medicament for use in treating AIDS, an immune deficiency or immunologically compromised disease, as well as a variety of AIDS related ailments, including recurrent and persistent fever, chronic diarrhea, dermatitis, generalized lymphodenpathy, persistent cough, general pain, tuberculosis, and amenorrhea. The extract is prepared from the bark, leaf, root and stems of at least one plant from within the apocynaceae, annonaceae, dichapetalaceae, annoceae, cynocynaceae, asclepiadaceae, combretaceae, amaranthaceae, araceac, cyperaceae, anacardiaceae, bignoniaceae, bombacaceae, and caricacea plant families. 
     A suitable plant is selected. Preferably a mixture of at least two plants is selected. Suitable plants are selected from a family of plants including (1) apocynaceae, (2) annonaceae, (3) dichapetalaceae, (4) annoceae, (5) cynocynaceac, (6) asclepiadaceae, (7) combretaceae, (8) amaranthaceae, (9) araceae, (10) cyperaceae, (11) anacardiaceae, (12) bignoniaceae, (13) bombacaceac, (14) anarcardiaceae and caricaceae plant families. 
     These plants are tropical herbs that grow naturally and can be thus cultivated in tropical, savanna, grassland or lightly wooded forests of West Africa. These desert plants can also be found in other tropical regions of the world, including Asia, Asia Minor, South America, and possibly the South-Western, Western and Plains regions of the United States. The active medicaments from these plants include, but are not limited to glyceryl esters, saponins and several derivatives of alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, fats, and sugars. 
     The plants per se are not employed as the requisite medicament, but rather the extract of such selected plant or plants. The extraction process for the medicaments from the respective plants comprises the following: 
     (a) harvesting the barks, stems, leaves and roots of each plant, and cutting these into chips and chunks; 
     (b) washing and drying the chips and chunks under a controlled temperature condition, typically about 15° to 68° C. for about 3 days; 
     (c) proportionally mixing the washed and dried materials from each plant to formulate a mixture needed for each type of clinical application; 
     (d) grinding the resultant mixture of plant parts to a powder composition having a particle size typically ranging in size from about 100 microns to about 10,000 microns; 
     (e) extracting about one part of the resultant powdery mixture in about two parts of purified water under slow percolation for about 1 to about 5 hours under a temperature in the range of about 76° to about 116° C. and allowing the mixture to cool in appropriate containers under ambient temperature conditions, i.e., about 16° to about 33° C., for approximately 1 to 2 days; 
     (f) re-extracting the resultant mixture in a second percolation process using approximately 2 parts of purified water under slow percolation for about 1 to about 5 hours under a temperature in the range of about 76° to about 116° C. and allowing the mixture to cool in appropriate containers under ambient temperature conditions i.e., about 16° to about 33° C., for approximately 1 to 2 days; 
     (g) repeating the extraction process a third time using a double portion of purified water under slow percolation for about 1 to about 5 hours under a temperature in the range of about 76° to about 116° C. and allowing the mixture to cool in appropriate containers under ambient temperature conditions i.e., about 16° to about 33° C., for approximately 1 to 2 days; 
     (h) adding a conventional preservative system, e.g., cresols, parabens, p-chlormoetaxylenol, benzoates, alcohols, to maintain antimicrobial preservative efficacy of the mixed plant extract; 
     (i) mixing the extracts in a suitable container, and subjecting the resulting elute repeatedly to filtration under appropriate pressure and temperature conditions, to yield a pure, clean, preserved plant extract for human consumption; 
     (j) fill the resultant extract through a stainless steel strainer into appropriate containers for distribution; and 
     (k) labeling the containers and presenting these for storage (The resultant concentrate may also be further concentrated into powder under reduced temperature/pressure conditions, e.g, by tray drying, solvent extraction, solvent exclusion, or spray drying, to result in a yellowish-brown amporphous, powder for use as an injectable or solid product such as a tablet; or by subjecting the resultant product to a filtration through a membrane filter and then a lypohilization to give powders; and then packaging the resulting mixed extracts in appropriate closure systems for clinical use. 
     Typically the resultant concentrated extract contains the following compounds for each plant concentrate obtained: [see L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992) onwards). The Families of Flowering Plants Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 14 Dec. 2000]: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 PLANT 
                 COMPOUNDS 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 (1) Apocynaceae 
                   
               
               
                 Taxonomy: Subclass Dicotyledonae; Tenuinucelli. 
                 cyanogenics, alkaloids iridoids verbascosides, 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Gentianiflorae. Species 
                 proanthocyanidins, cyanidins delphinidins, 
               
               
                 1500. 
                 flavonols, kaempferols, quercetins, ellagic acid, 
               
               
                 Genera 164;  Acokanthera ,  Adenium ;  Aganonerion , 
                 ursolic acid, saponins/sapogenins, aluminum 
               
               
                   Aganosma ; Alafia,  Allamanda ,  Allomarkgrafia , 
                 salts, sucrose, oligosaccharides, and sugar 
               
               
                   Allowoodsonia ,  Alstonia ,  Alyxia ,  Amocalyx , 
                 alcohols 
               
               
                   Ambelania ,  Amsonia ,  Ancylobotrys ,  Anechites , 
               
               
                   Angadenia ,  Anodendron ,  Apocynum ;  Arduina ,  Artia , 
               
               
                   Asketanthera ,  Aspidosperma ,  Baissea ,  Beaumontia , 
               
               
                   Bousigonia ,  Cabucala ,  Callichilia ,  Calocrater , 
               
               
                   Cameraria ,  Carissa ,  Carpodinus ,  Carruthersia , 
               
               
                   Carvalhoa ,  Catharanthus ,  Cerbera ,  Cerberiopsis , 
               
               
                   Chamaeclitandra ,  Chilocarpus ,  Chonemorpha , 
               
               
                   Cleghornia ,  Clitandra ,  Condylocarpon ,  Couma , 
               
               
                   Craspidospermum ,  Crioceras ,  Cycladenia , 
               
               
                   Cyclocotyla ,  Cylindropsis ,  Delphyodon ,  Dewevrella , 
               
               
                   Dictyophleba ,  Dipladenia ,  Diplorhynchus ,  Dyera , 
               
               
                   Ecdysanthera ,  Echites ,  Elytropus ,  Epigynium , 
               
               
                   Eucorymbia ,  Farquharia ,  Fernaldia ,  Forsteronia , 
               
               
                   Funtumia ,  Galactophora ,  Geissospermum ,  Gonioma , 
               
               
                   Grisseea ,  Hancornia ,  Haplophyton ,  Himatanthus , 
               
               
                   Holarrhena ,  Hunteria ,  Hymenolophus ,  Ichnocarpus , 
               
               
                   Isonema ,  Ixodonerium ;  Kamettia ,  Kibatalia ,  Kopsia , 
               
               
                   Lacmellea ,  Landolphia ,  Laubertia ,  Laxoplumeria , 
               
               
                   Lepinia ,  Lepiniopsis ,  Leuconotis ,  Lochnera ,  Lyonsia , 
               
               
                   Macoubea ,  Macropharynx ,  Macrosiphonia , 
               
               
                   Malouetia ,  Mandevilla ,  Mascarenhasia ,  Melodinus , 
               
               
                   Mesechites ,  Micrechtites ,  Microplumeria ,  Molongum , 
               
               
                   Mortoniella ,  Motandra ,  Mucoa ,  Neobracea , 
               
               
                   Neocouma ,  Nerium ,  Nouettea ,  Ochrosia , 
               
               
                   Odontadenia ,  Orthopichonia ,  Oncinotis , 
               
               
                   Pachypodium ,  Pachouria ,  Papuechites , 
               
               
                   Parahancornia ,  Parameria ,  Parepigynum , 
               
               
                   Parsonsia ,  Peltastes ,  Pentalinon ,  Petchia ,  Picralima , 
               
               
                   Plectaneia ,  Pleiocarpa ,  Pleioceras ,  Plumeria , 
               
               
                   Pottsia ,  Prestonia ,  Pycnobotrya ,  Quiotania , 
               
               
                   Rauwolfia ,  Rhabdadenia ,  Rhazya ,  Rhigospira , 
               
               
                   Rhodocalyx ,  Rhyncodia ,  Saba ,  Salpinctes , 
               
               
                   Schizozygia ,  Secondatia ,  Sindechites , 
               
               
                   Spongiosperma ,  Skytanthus ,  Spirolobium , 
               
               
                   Stemmadenia ,  Stephanostegia ,  Stephanostema , 
               
               
                   Stipecoma ,  Strempeliopsis ,  Strophanthus , 
               
               
                   Tabernaemontana ,  Tabernanthe ,  Temnadenia , 
               
               
                   Thenardia ,  Thevetia ,  Tintinnabularia , 
               
               
                   Trachelospermum ,  Urceola ,  Urnularia ,  Vahadenia , 
               
               
                   Vallariopsis ,  Vallaris ,  Vallesia ,  Vinca ,  Voacanga , 
               
               
                   Willughbeia ,  Woytkowskia ,  Wrightia ,  Xylinabaria , 
               
               
                   Xylinabariopsis . 
               
               
                 (2) Annonaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy - Subclass Dicotyledonae; 
                 cyanogenics, alkaloids, iridoids, 
               
               
                 Crassinucelli. Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder 
                 proanthocyanidins, cyaniding, flavonols, 
               
               
                 Magnoliiflorae; Annonales. 
                 quercetins, ellagic acid, sucrose, 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Magnoliidae; Magnoliales. 
                 oligosaccharides 
               
               
                 APG (1998) basal order; Magnoliales. Species 
               
               
                 1200. Genera 126; 
               
               
                   Afroguatteria ,  Alphonsea ;  Ambavia ,  Anaxagorea , 
               
               
                   Ancana ,  Annickia ,  Annona ,  Anomianthus , 
               
               
                   Anonidium ,  Artabotrys ,  Asimina ,  Asteranthe , 
               
               
                   Balonga ;  Bocagea ,  Bocageopsis ,  Boutiquea , 
               
               
                   Cananga ,  Cardiopetalum ,  Chieniodendron , 
               
               
                   Cleistochlamys ,  Cleistopholis ,  Cremastosperma , 
               
               
                   Cyathocalyx ,  Cyathostemma ,  Cymbopetalum , 
               
               
                   Dasoclema ,  Dasymaschalon ,  Deeringothamnus , 
               
               
                   Dendrokingstonia ,  Dennettia ,  Desmopsis ,  Desmos , 
               
               
                   Diclinanona ,  Dielsiothamnus ,  Disepalum , 
               
               
                   Duckeanthus ,  Duguetia ,  Ellipeia ,  Ellipeiopsis , 
               
               
                   Enicosanthum ,  Ephedranthus ,  Exellia ,  Fissistigma , 
               
               
                   Fitzalania ,  Friesodielsia ,  Froesiodendron ,  Fusaea , 
               
               
                   Gilbertiella ,  Goniothalamus ,  Greenwayodendron , 
               
               
                   Guamia ,  Guatteria ,  Guatteriella ,  Guatteriopsis , 
               
               
                   Haplostichanthus ,  Heteropetalum ,  Hexalobus , 
               
               
                   Hornschuchia ,  Isolona ,  Letestudoxa ,  Lettowianthus , 
               
               
                   Malmea ,  Marsypopetalum ,  Meiocarpidium , 
               
               
                   Meiogyne ,  Melodorum ,  Mezzettia ,  Mezzettiopsis , 
               
               
                   Miliusa ,  Mischogyne ,  Mitrella ,  Mitrephora ,  Mkilua , 
               
               
                   Monanthotaxis ,  Monocarpia ,  Monocyclanthus , 
               
               
                   Monodora ,  Neostenanthera ,  Neo-uvaria , 
               
               
                   Oncodostigma ,  Onychopetalum ,  Ophrypetalum , 
               
               
                   Oreomitra ,  Orophea ,  Oxandra ,  Pachypodanthium , 
               
               
                   Papualthia ,  Petalolophus ,  Phaeanthus , 
               
               
                   Phoenicanthus ,  Piptostigma ,  Platymitra ,  Polyalthia , 
               
               
                   Polyaulax ,  Polyceratocarpus ,  Popowia ,  Porcelia , 
               
               
                   Pseudartabotrys ,  Pseudephedranthus ,  Pseudoxandra , 
               
               
                   Pseuduvaria ,  Pyramidanthe ,  Raimondia , 
               
               
                   Reedrollinsia ,  Richella ,  Rollinia ,  Ruizodendron , 
               
               
                   Sageraea ,  Sapranthus ,  Schefferomitra , 
               
               
                   Sphaerocoryne ,  Stelechocarpus ,  Stenanona , 
               
               
                   Tetrameranthus ,  Tetrapetalum ,  Toussaintia , 
               
               
                   Tridimeris ,  Trigynaea ,  Trivalvaria ,  Unonopsis , 
               
               
                   Uvaria ,  Uvariastrum ,  Uvariodendron ,  Uvariopsis , 
               
               
                   Woodiellantha ,  Xylopia.   
               
               
                 (3) dichapetalaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. 
                 alkaloids, saponins, aluminium salts, 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Malviflorae; Euphorbiales, 
                 oligosaccharides, sucrose 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Rosidae; Celastrales. APG 
               
               
                 (1998) Eudicot; core Eudicot; Rosid; Eurosid I; 
               
               
                 Malpighiales. Species 200. Genera 3; 
               
               
                   Dichapetalum ,  Stephanopodium ,  Tapura , 
               
               
                 ( Gonypetalum ,  Falya ) 
               
               
                 (4) Annoceae 
               
               
                 Schefferomitra subaequalis, Goniothalamus 
                 Alkaloids, cyanidins, flavonols, eg. 
               
               
                 sesquipedalis 
                 kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin; 
               
               
                   
                 saponins/sapogenins sugars as sucrose; 
               
               
                   
                 oligosaccharides or sugar alcohols 
               
               
                 (5) Cynosuraceae 
               
               
                   Aegilopaceae ,  Agrostidaceae ,  Alopecuraceae , 
                 alkaloids; arthroquinones, proanthocyanidins, 
               
               
                   Andropogonaceae ;  Anomochloaceae , 
                 cyanidins, flavonols, kaempferol, quercetin, 
               
               
                   Anthoxanthaceae ,  Arundinaceae ,  Arundinellaceae , 
                 myricetin, ellagic acid, aluminium, sucrose 
               
               
                   Asperellaceae ,  Avenaceae Bambusaceae , 
                 and oligosaccharides 
               
               
                   Chaeturaceae ,  Chloridaceae ,  Coleanthaceae   
               
               
                   Cynosuraceae ,  Echinariaceae: Ehrhartiaceae , 
               
               
                   Eragrostidaceae ,  Festucaceae ,  Glyceriaceae , 
               
               
                   Gramineae Hordeaceae ,  Lepturaceae ,  Maydaceae , 
               
               
                   Melicaceae ,  Miliaceae ,  Nardaceae ,  Oryzaceae , 
               
               
                   Panicaceae ,  Pappophoraceae ,  Paspalaceae:   
               
               
                   Parianaceae ,  Phalaridaceae ,  Pharaceae , 
               
               
                   Saccharaceae ,  Spartinaceae ,  Sporobolaceae , 
               
               
                   Stipaceae ,  Streptochaetaceae ,  Tristeginaceae , 
               
               
                   Triticaceae ,  Zeaceae   
               
               
                 (6) Asclepiadacea 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Tenuinucelli. 
                 alkaloids, hydrocitric-acid, L-carnitine, 3B 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Gentianiflorae; Gentianales. 
                 glucuronides of different acetylated 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Asteridae; Gentianales. APG 
                 gymnemagenins, gymnemic acid a complex 
               
               
                 (1998) Eudicot; core Eudicot; Asterid; Euasterid I; 
                 mixture of at least 9 closely related acidic 
               
               
                 Gentianales (as a synonym of Apocynaceae); 
                 glucosides, flavonols including kaempferol, 
               
               
                 Species 2000, Genera 250;  Absolmsia , 
                 kaempferol and quercetin, aluminium, sucrose 
               
               
                   Adelostemma ,  Aidomene ,  Amblyopetalum , 
                 and oligosaccharides, iridoids. 
               
               
                   Amblystigma ,  Anatropanthus ,  Anisopus ,  Anisotoma , 
               
               
                   Anomotassa ,  Araujia ;  Asclepias ,  Aspidoglossum , 
               
               
                   Astephanus ,  Barjonia ,  Belostemma ,  Bidaria ,  Biondia , 
               
               
                   Blepharodon ,  Blyttia ,  Brachystelma ,  Calotropis , 
               
               
                   Campestigma ,  Caralluma ,  Ceropegia ,  Cibirhiza , 
               
               
                   Cionura ,  Clemensiella ,  Conomitra,. Cordylogyne , 
               
               
                   Corollonema ,  Cosmostigma ,  Costantina , 
               
               
                   Cyathostelma ,  Cynanchum ,  Dactylostelma ,  Dalzielia , 
               
               
                   Decabelone ,  Decanema ,  Decanemopsis , 
               
               
                   Dicarpophora ;  Diplolepis ,  Diplostigma , 
               
               
                   Dischidanthus ,  Dischidia ,  Ditassa ,  Dittoceras , 
               
               
                   Dolichopetalum ,  Dolichostegia ,  Dorystephania , 
               
               
                   Dregea ,  Drepanostemma ,  Duvalia ;  Duvaliandra , 
               
               
                   Echidnopsis ,  Edithcolea ,  Emicocarpus , 
               
               
                   Emplectranthus ,  Eustegia ,  Fanninia ,  Fischeria , 
               
               
                   Fockea ,  Folotsia ,  Frerea ,  Funastrum ,  Genianthus , 
               
               
                   Glossonema ,  Glossostelma ,  Gomphocarpus , 
               
               
                   Gongronema ,  Gonioanthelma ,  Goniostemma , 
               
               
                   Gonolobus ,  Graphistemma ,  Gunnessia ,  Gymnema , 
               
               
                   Gymnemopsis ,  Harmandiella ,  Hemipogon , 
               
               
                   Heterostemma ,  Heynella ,  Hickenia ,  Holostemma , 
               
               
                   Hoodia ,  X-Hoodiopsis ,  Hoya ,  Hoyella ,  Huernia , 
               
               
                   Huerniopsis ,  Hypolobus ,  Ischnostemma ,  Jacaima , 
               
               
                   Janakia ,  Jobinia ,  Kanahia ,  Karimbolea ,  Kerbera , 
               
               
                   Labidostelma ,  Lagoa ,  Lavrania ,  Leichardtia , 
               
               
                   Leptadenia ,  Lhotzkyella ,  Lugonia ,  Lygisma , 
               
               
                   Macrodilassa ;  Macropetalum ,  Macroscepis , 
               
               
                   Mahafalia ,  Mahawoa ,  Manothrix ,  Margaretta , 
               
               
                   Marsdenia ,  Matelea ,  Melinia ,  Meresaldia , 
               
               
                   Merrillanthus ,  Metaplexis ,  Metastelma ,  Micholitzea , 
               
               
                   Microdactylon ,  Microloma ,  Microstelma , 
               
               
                   Miraglossum ,  Mitostigma ,  Morrenia ,  Nautonia , 
               
               
                   Nematostemma ,  Neoschumannia ,  Nephradenia , 
               
               
                   Notechidnopsis ,  Odontanthera ,  Odontostelma , 
               
               
                   Oncinema ,  Oncostemma ,  Ophionella ,  Orbea , 
               
               
                   Orbeanthus ,  Orbeopsis ,  Oreosparte ,  Orthanthera , 
               
               
                   Orthosia ,  Oxypetalum ,  Pachycarpus ,  Pachycymbium , 
               
               
                   Papuastelma ,  Parapodium ,  Pectinaria ,  Pentabothra , 
               
               
                   Pentacyphus ,  Pentarrhinum ,  Pentasachme , 
               
               
                   Pentastelma ,  Pentatropis ,  Peplonia ,  Pergularia , 
               
               
                   Periglossum ,  Petalostelma ,  Petopentia ,  Pherotrichis , 
               
               
                   Piaranthus ,  Platykeleba ,  Pleurostelma ,  Podandra , 
               
               
                   Podostelma ,  Prosopostelma ,  Pseudolithos , 
               
               
                   Ptycanthera ,  Pycnoneurum ,  Pycnorhachis ,  Quaqua , 
               
               
                   Quisumbingia ,  Raphistemma ,  Rhyncharrhena , 
               
               
                   Rhynchostigma ,  Rhyssolobium ,  Rhyssostelma , 
               
               
                   Rhytidocaulon ,  Riocreuxia ,  Rojasia ,  Sarcolobus , 
               
               
                   Sarcostemma ,  Schistogyne ,  Schistonema , 
               
               
                   Schizoglossum ,  Schubertia ,  Scyphostelma ,  Secamone , 
               
               
                   Secamonopsis ,  Seshagiria ,  Sisyranthus , 
               
               
                   Solenostemma ,  Sphaerocodon ,  Spirella ,  Stapelia , 
               
               
                   Stapelianthus ,  Stapeliopsis ,  Stathmostelma , 
               
               
                   Steleostemma ,  Stelmagonum ,  Stelmatocodon , 
               
               
                   Stenomeria ,  Stenostelma ,  Stigmatorhynchus , 
               
               
                   Strobopetalum ,  Stuckertia ,  Swynnertonia ,  Tassadia , 
               
               
                   Tavaresia ,  Telminostelma ,  Telosma ,  Tenaris , 
               
               
                   Tetracustelma ,  Tetraphysa ,  Thozetia ,  Toxocarpus , 
               
               
                   Treutlera ,  Trichocaulon ,  Trichosacme ,  Trichosandra , 
               
               
                   Tridentea ,  Tromotriche ,  Tweedia ,  Tylophora , 
               
               
                   Tylophoropsis ,  Vailia ,  Vincetoxicopsis , 
               
               
                   Vincetoxicum ,  Voharanga ,  Vohemaria ,  White-   
               
               
                   Sloanea ,  Widgrenia ,  Woodia ,  Xysmalobium   
               
               
                 (7) Combretaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. 
                 alkaloids, arthroquinones, proanthocyanidins, 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Myrtiflorae; Myrtales. 
                 cyanidins, flavonols, kaempferol; quercetin, 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Rosidae; Myrtales. APG 
                 myricetin, ellagic acid, aluminium, sucrose 
               
               
                 (1998) Eudicot; core Eudicot; Rosid; Eurosid II; 
                 and oligosaccharides 
               
               
                 Myrtales. Species 600. Genera about 20; 
               
               
                   Anogeissus ,  Buchenavia ,  Bucida ,  Calopyxis , 
               
               
                   Calycopteris ,  Combretum ,  Conocarpus ,  Dansiea , 
               
               
                   Guiera ,  Laguncularia ,  Lumnitzera ,  Macropteranthes , 
               
               
                   Melostemon ,  Pteleopsis ,  Quisqualis ,  Strephonema , 
               
               
                   Terminalia ,  Terminaliopsis ,  Thiloa   
               
               
                 (8) Amaranthaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. 
                 Cyanogenics, alkaloids, flavonols, quercetin, 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Caryophylliflorae; 
                 ellagic acid, betalains, saponins, sapogenins, 
               
               
                 Caryophyllales. Cronquist&#39;s Subclass 
                 oxalates 
               
               
                 Caryophyllidae; Caryophyllales. APG (1998) 
               
               
                 Eudicot; core Eudicot; neither Rosid nor Asterid; 
               
               
                 Caryophyllales. Species 850. Genera 74; 
               
               
                   Achyranthes ,  Achyropsis ,  Aerva ,  Allmania , 
               
               
                   Alternanthera ,  Amaranthus ,  Arthraerua ,  Blutaparon , 
               
               
                   Bosea ,  Brayulinea ,  Calicorema ,  Celosia ,  Centema , 
               
               
                   Centemopsis ,  Centrostachys ,  Chamissoa , 
               
               
                   Charpentiera ,  Chionothrix. ,  Cyathula ,  Dasysphaera , 
               
               
                   Dasysphaera ,  Deeringia ,  Digera ,  Eriostylos , 
               
               
                   Froelichia ,  Gomphrena ,  Gossypianthus ,  Guilleminea , 
               
               
                   Hebanthe ,  Hemichroa  (- Chenopodiaceae ),  Henonia , 
               
               
                   Herbstia ,  Hermbstaedtia ,  Indobanalia ,  Irenella , 
               
               
                   Iresine ,  Kyphocarpa ,  Lagrezia ,  Leucosphaera , 
               
               
                   Lithophila ,  Lopriorea ,  Marcelliopsis ,  Machowia , 
               
               
                   Nelsia ,  Neocentema ,  Nothosaerva ,  Nototrichium , 
               
               
                   Nyssanthes ,  Pandiaka ,  Pfaffia ,  Philoxerus , 
               
               
                   Pleuropetalum ,  Pleuropterantha ,  Polyrhabda , 
               
               
                   Pseudogomphrena ,  Pseudoplantago , 
               
               
                   Pseudosericocoma ,  Psilotrichopsis ;  Psilotrichum ; 
               
               
                   Ptilotus ,  Pupalia ,  Quaternella , 
                 Rosifax,  Saltia , 
               
               
                   Sericocoma ,  Sericocomopsis ,  Sericorema , 
               
               
                   Sericostachys ,  Siamosia ,  Stilbanthus ,  Tidestromia , 
               
               
                   Trichuriella ,  Volkensinia ,  Woehleria ,  Xerosipho   
               
               
                 (9) Araceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Monocotyledonae. 
                 Cyanogenics, cynogenic constituents 
               
               
                 Superorder Ariflorae; Arales. APG (1998) 
                 tyrosine-derived, alkaloids, 
               
               
                 Monocot; non-commelinoid; Alismatales. Species 
                 proanthocyanidins, cyanidin, flavonols, 
               
               
                 2000; Genera 106;  Aglaodorum ,  Aglaonema , 
                 Kaempferol, quercetin, and quercetin 
               
               
                   Alloschemone ,  Alocasia ,  Ambrosina , 
               
               
                   Amorphophallus ,  Amydrium ,  Anadendrum , 
               
               
                   Anaphyllopsis ,  Anaphyllum ,  Anchomanes , 
               
               
                   Anthurium ,  Anubias ,  Aridarum ,  Ariopsis ,  Arisaema , 
               
               
                   Arisarum ,  Arophyton ,  Arum ,  Asterostigma ,  Biarum , 
               
               
                   Bognera ,  Bucephalandra ,  Caladium ,  Calla , 
               
               
                   Callopsis ,  Carlephyton ,  Cercestis ,  Chlorospatha , 
               
               
                   Colletogyne ,  Colocasia ,  Cryptocoryne ,  Culcasia , 
               
               
                   Cyrtosperma ,  Dieffenbachia ,  Dracontioides , 
               
               
                   Dracontium ,  Dracunculus ,  Eminium ,  Epipremnum , 
               
               
                   Filarum ,  Furtodoa ,  Gearum ,  Gonatanthus , 
               
               
                   Gonatopus ,  Gorgonidium ,  Gymnostachys ,  Hapaline , 
               
               
                   Helicodiceros ,  Heteroaridarum ,  Heteropsis , 
               
               
                   Holochlamys ,  Homalomena ,  Hottarum ,  Jasarum , 
               
               
                   Lagenandra ,  Lasia ,  Lasimorpha ,  Lysichiton , 
               
               
                   Mangonia ,  Monstera ,  Montrichardia ;  Nephthytis , 
               
               
                   Orontium ,  Pedicellarum ,  Peltandra ,  Philodendron , 
               
               
                   Phymatarum ,  Pinellia ,  Piptospatha ,  Pistia , 
               
               
                   Podolasia ,  Pothoidium ,  Pothos ,  Protarum , 
               
               
                   Pseudodracontium ,  Pseudohydrosme ,  Pycnospatha , 
               
               
                   Remusatia ,  Raphidophora ,  Rhodospatha , 
               
               
                   Sauromatum ,  Scaphispatha ,  Schismatoglottis , 
               
               
                   Scindapsus ,  Spathantheum ,  Spathicarpa , 
               
               
                   Spathiphyllum ,  Stenospermation ,  Steudnera , 
               
               
                   Stylochaeton ,  Symplocarpus ,  Synandrospadix , 
               
               
                   Syngonium ,  Taccarum, ,  Theriophonum ,  Typhonium , 
               
               
                   Typhonodorum ,  Ulearum ,  Urospatha ,  Urospathella , 
               
               
                   Xanthosoma ,  Zamiculcas ,  Zantedeschia ,  Zomicarpa , 
               
               
                 
                   Zomicarpella 
                 
               
               
                 (10) Cyperaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Monocotyledonae. 
                 Alkaloids, proanthocyanidins, cyanidins, 
               
               
                 Superorder Commeliniflorae; Cyperales. APG 
                 delphinidins, flavonols, quercetins, 
               
               
                 (1998) Monocot; Commelinoid group; Poales. 
                 aluminium 
               
               
                 Species about 5000. Genera about 120; 
               
               
                   Abildgaardia ;  Acriulus ,  Actinoschoenus ,  Afrotrilepis , 
               
               
                   Alinula ,  Androtrichum ,  Anosporum ,  Arthrostylis , 
               
               
                   Ascolepis ,  Ascopholis ,  Baeothryon ,  Baumea , 
               
               
                   Becquerelia ,  Bisboeckelera ,  Blysmopsis ,  Blysmus , 
               
               
                   Bolboschoenus ,  Bulbostylis ,  Calyptrocarya , 
               
               
                   Capitularina ,  Carex ,  Carpha ,  Caustis , 
               
               
                   Cephalocarpus ,  Chorizandra ,  Chrysitrix ,  Cladium , 
               
               
                   Coleochloa ,  Costularia Courtoisina ,  Crosslandia , 
               
               
                   Cyathochaeta ,  Cyathocoma ,  Cymophyllus ,  Cyperus , 
               
               
                   Desmoschoenus ,  Didymiandrum ;  Diplacrum , 
               
               
                   Diplasia ,  Dulichium ,  Egleria ,  Eleocharis ,  Eleogiton , 
               
               
                   Epischoenus ,  Eriophoropsis ,  Eriophorum , 
               
               
                   Erioscirpus ,  Evandra ,  Everardia ,  Exocarya , 
               
               
                   Exochogyne ,  Ficinia ,  Fimbristylis ,  Fuirena ,  Gahnia , 
               
               
                   Gymnoschoenus ,  Hellmuthia ,  Hemicarpha , 
               
               
                   Hymenochaeta ,  Hypolytrum ,  Isolepis ,  Kobresia , 
               
               
                   Kyllinga ,  Kyllingiella ,  Lagenocarpus ,  Lepidosperma , 
               
               
                   Lepironia ,  Lipocarpha ,  Lophoschoenus ,  Machaerina , 
               
               
                   Mapania ,  Mapaniopsi ,  Mariscus ,  Mesomelaena , 
               
               
                   Microdracoides ,  Micropapyrus ,  Monandrus , 
               
               
                   Morelotia ,  Neesenbeckia ,  Nemum ,  Nelmesia , 
               
               
                   Oreobolopsis ,  Oreobolus ,  Oxycaryum ,  Paramapania , 
               
               
                   Phylloscirpus ,  Pleurostachys ,  Principina , 
               
               
                   Pseudoschoenus ,  Ptilanthelium ,  Pycreus , 
               
               
                   Queenslandiella ,  Reedia ,  Remirea ,  Rhynchocladium , 
               
               
                   Rhynchospora ,  Rikliella ,  Schoenoplectus , 
               
               
                   Schoenoxiphium ,  Schoenoides ,  Schoenus , 
               
               
                   Scirpodendron ,  Scirpoides ,  Scirpus ,  Scleria , 
               
               
                   Sphaerocyperus ,  Sumatroscirpus ,  Syntrinema , 
               
               
                   Tetraria ,  Tetrariopsis ,  Thoracostachyum , 
               
               
                   Torulinium ,  Trachystylis ,  Trianoptiles , 
               
               
                   Trichoschoenus ,  Tricostularia ,  Trilepis ,  Tylocarya , 
               
               
                   Uncinia ,  Vesicarex ,  Volkiella ,  Websteria.   
               
               
                 (11) Anacardiaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. 
                 Alkaloids, iridoids, proanthocyanidins, 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Rutiflorae;:Sapindales. 
                 delphinidins, cyanidins, flavonols, eg. 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Rosidae; Sapindales. APG 
                 kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin; 
               
               
                 (1998) Eudicot; core Eudicot; Rosid; Eurosid II; 
                 saponins/sapogenins sugars as sucrose, 
               
               
                 Sapindales, Species 600. Genera about 70; 
                 oligosaccharides or sugar alcohols 
               
               
                   Actinocheita ,  Anacardium ,  Androtium ,  Antrocaryon , 
               
               
                   Apterokarpos ,  Astronium ,  Baronia ,  Bonetiella , 
               
               
                   Bouea ,  Buchanania ,  Campnosperma , 
               
               
                   Cardenasiodendron ,  Choerospondias ,  Comocladia , 
               
               
                   Cotinus ,  Cyrtocarpa ,  Dracontomelon ,  Drimycarpus , 
               
               
                   Ebandoua ,  Euleria ,  Euroschinus ,  Faguetia , 
               
               
                   Fegimanra ,  Gluta ,  Haematostaphis ,  Haplorhus , 
               
               
                   Harpephyllum ,  Heeria ,  Holigarna , 
               
               
                   Koordersiodendron ,  Lannea ,  Laurophyllus ,  Lithrea , 
               
               
                   Loxopterigium ,  Loxostylis ,  Mangifera ,  Mauria , 
               
               
                   Melanochyla ,  Metopium ,  Micronychia ,  Montagueia , 
               
               
                   Mosquitoxylum ,  Nothopegia ,  Ochoterenaea , 
               
               
                   Operculicarya ,  Ozoroa ,  Pachycormus ,  Parishia , 
               
               
                   Pegia ,  Pentaspadon ,  Pleiogynium ,  Poupartia , 
               
               
                   Protorhus ,  Pseudoprotorhus ,  Pseudosmodingium , 
               
               
                   Pseudospondias ,  Rhodosphaera ,  Rhus ,  Schinopsis , 
               
               
                   Schinus ,  Sclerocarya ,  Semecarpus ,  Smodingium , 
               
               
                   Solenocarpus ,  Sorindeia ,  Spondias ,  Swintonia , 
               
               
                   Tapirira ,  Thyrsodium ,  Toxicodendron ,  Trichoscypha.   
               
               
                 (12) Bignoniaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Tenuinucelli. 
                 Alkaloids, iridoids arthroquinones, shikimic 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Lamiiflorae; 
                 acid, verbascosides, cornosides, flavonols, 
               
               
                 Scrophulariales. Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Asteridae; 
                 quercetins, ursolic acid, saponins, sapogenins 
               
               
                 Scrophulariales. APG (1998) Eudicot; core 
                 oligosaccharides, sucrose, sugar 
               
               
                 Eudicot; Asterid; Euasterid I; Lamiales. Species 
               
               
                 650. Genera 110;  Adenocalymna ,  Amphilophium , 
               
               
                   Amphitecna ,  Anemopaegma ,  Argylia ,  Arrabidaea , 
               
               
                   Astianthus ,  Barnettia ,  Bignonia ,  Callichlamys , 
               
               
                   Campsidium ,  Campsis ,  Catalpa ,  Catophractes , 
               
               
                   Ceratophytum ,  Chilopsis ,  Clytostoma ,  Colea , 
               
               
                   Crescentia ,  Cuspidaria ,  Cybistax ,  Delostoma , 
               
               
                   Deplanchea ,  Digomphia ,  Dinklageodoxa ,  Distictella , 
               
               
                   Distictis ,  Dolichandra ,  Dolichandrone , 
               
               
                   Eccremocarpus ,  Ekmanianthe ,  Fernandoa , 
               
               
                   Fridericia ,  Gardnerodoxa ,  Glaziova ,  Godmania , 
               
               
                   Haplolophium ,  Haplophragma ,  Heterophragma , 
               
               
                   Hieris ,  Incarvillea ,  Jacaranda ,  Kigelia , 
               
               
                   Lamiodendron ,  Leucocalantha ,  Lundia ,  Macfadyena , 
               
               
                   Macranthisiphon ,  Manaosella ,  Mansoa ,  Markhamia , 
               
               
                   Martinella ,  Melloa ,  Memora ,  Millingtonia ,  Mussatia , 
               
               
                   Neojobertia ,  Neosepicaea ,  Newbouldia ,  Nyctcalos , 
               
               
                   Ophiocolea ,  Oroxylum ,  Pajanelia ,  Pandorea , 
               
               
                   Parabiognonia ,  Paragonia ,  Paratecoma , 
               
               
                   Parmentiera ,  Pauldopia ;  Perianthomega , 
               
               
                   Periarrabidaea ,  Perichlaena ,  Phryganocydia , 
               
               
                   Phyllarthron ,  Phylloctenium ,  Piriadacus , 
               
               
                   Pithecoctenium ,  Pleionotoma ,  Podranea , 
               
               
                   Potamoganos ,  Pseudocatalpa ,  Pyrostegia , 
               
               
                   Radermachera ,  Rhigozum ,  Rhodocolea ,  Roentgenia , 
               
               
                   Romeroa ,  Saritaea ,  Sparattosperma ,  Spathicalyx , 
               
               
                   Spathodea ,  Sphingiphila ,  Spirotecoma , 
               
               
                   Stereospermum ,  Stizophyllum ,  Tabebuia ,  Tanaecium , 
               
               
                   Tecoma ,  Tecomanthe ,  Tecomella ,  Tourrettia , 
               
               
                   Tynanthus ,  Urbanolophium ,  Xylophragma ,  Zeyheria.   
               
               
                 For discussion of classificatory problems posed by 
               
               
                   Scrophulariaceae , impinging on  Bignoniaceae , 
               
               
                   Buddlejaceae ,  Callitrichaceae ,  Plantaginaceae , 
               
               
                   Hippuridaceae ,  Lentibulariaceae , and 
               
               
                   Hydrostachydaceae , and such problem genera as 
               
               
                   Paulownia  and  Schlegelia , see Olmstead and Reeves 
               
               
                 (1995). 
               
               
                 (13) Bombacaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. 
                 Alkaloids, proanthocyanidins, cyanidins, 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Malviflorae; Malvales. 
                 flavonols e.g. kaempferol and quercetin; 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Dilleniidae; Malvales. APG 
                 sucrose 
               
               
                 (1998) Eudicot; core Eudicot; Rosid; Eurosid II; 
               
               
                 Malvales. Species 180. Genera 30;  Adansonia , 
               
               
                   Aguiaria ,  Bernoullia ,  Bombacopsis ,  Bombax , 
               
               
                   Catostemma ,  Cavanillesia ,  Ceiba ,  Chorisia , 
               
               
                   Coelostegia ,  Cullenia ,  Durio ,  Eriotheca ,  Gyranthera , 
               
               
                   Huberodendron ,  Kostermansia ,  Matisia ,  Neesia , 
               
               
                   Neobuchia ,  Ochroma ,  Pachira ,  Patinoa , 
               
               
                   Phragmotheca ,  Pseudobombax ,  Quararibea , 
               
               
                   Rhodognaphalon ,  Rhodagnaphalopsis ,  Scleronema , 
               
               
                   Septotheca ,  Spirotheca ,  Malvaceae ,  Bombacaceae , 
               
               
                   Sterculiaceae  and  Tiliaceae   
               
               
                 (14) Anacardiaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. 
                 Alkaloids, arthroquinones, proanthocyanidins, 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Rutiflorae; Sapindales. 
                 delphinidin; cyanidin, flavonols, kaempferol, 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Rosidae; Sapindales. APG 
                 quercetin, myricetin, ellagic acid, saponins, 
               
               
                 (1998) Eudicot; core Eudicot; Rosid; Eurosid II; 
                 sapogenins, sucrose, oligosaccharides, sugar 
               
               
                 Sapindales. Species 600. Genera about 70; 
                 alcohols 
               
               
                   Actinocheita ,  Anacardium ,  Androtium ,  Antrocaryon , 
               
               
                   Apterokarpos ,  Astronium ,  Baronia ,  Bonetiella , 
               
               
                   Bouea ,  Buchanania ,  Campnosperma , 
               
               
                   Cardenasiodendron ,  Choerospondias ,  Comocladia , 
               
               
                   Cotinus ,  Cyrtocarpa ,  Dracontomelon ,  Drimycarpus , 
               
               
                   Ebandoua ,  Euleria ,  Euroschinus ,  Faguetia , 
               
               
                   Fegimanra ,  Gluta ,  Haematostaphis ,  Haplorhus , 
               
               
                   Harpephyllum ,  Heeria ,  Holigarna , 
               
               
                   Koordersiodendron ,  Lannea ,  Laurophyllus ,  Lithrea , 
               
               
                   Loxopterigium ,  Loxostylis ,  Mangifera ,  Mauria , 
               
               
                   Melanochyla ,  Metopium ,  Micronychia ,  Montagueia , 
               
               
                   Mosquitoxylum ,  Nothopegia ,  Ochoterenaea , 
               
               
                   Operculicarya ,  Ozoroa ,  Pachycormus ,  Parishia , 
               
               
                   Pegia ,  Pentaspadon ,  Pleiogynium ,  Poupartia , 
               
               
                   Protorhus ,  Pseudoprotorhus ,  Pseudosmodingium , 
               
               
                   Pseudospondias ,  Rhodosphaera ,  Rhus ,  Schinopsis , 
               
               
                   Schinus ,  Sclerocarya ,  Semecarpus ,  Sorindeia   
               
               
                   Smodingium ,  Solenocarpus,    Spondias ,  Swintonia , 
               
               
                   Tapirira ,  Thyrsodium ,  Toxicodendron ,  Trichoscypha.   
               
               
                 (15) Caricaceae 
               
               
                 Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. 
                 mustard-oils, alkaloids, saponins/sapogenins 
               
               
                 Dahlgren&#39;s Superorder Violiflorae; Violales. 
               
               
                 Cronquist&#39;s Subclass Dilleniidae; Violales. APG 
               
               
                 (1998) Eudicot; core Eudicot; Rosid; Eurosid II; 
               
               
                 Brassicales. Species 55. Genera 4;  Carica , 
               
               
                   Cylicomorpha ,  Jacaratia ,  Jarilla . 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Prior to the administration to a patient an extract or a mixture of extracts are typically diluted by combination with a pharmecologically compatible solvent, e.g., ethanol or water to produce a therapeutic solution. Typically the amount or concentration of the extract or mixed extracts in the therapeutic solution ranges from 0.0001 to 10.0 weight percent of the total weight of the solution. Of course, the extract or mixture of extracts is present in a therapeutically effective amount, that is, an amount such that the extract or mixture of extracts can be administered in a therapeutically effective amount through conventional oral, nasal, aerosol, topical, intravenous, peritoneal, etc. means. 
     The term “amount” as used herein refers to a quantity or to a concentration, as appropriate to the context. The amount of extract(s) that constitutes a therapeutically effective amount varies according to factors such as the potency of the extract(s) the route of administration of the formulation, and the mechanical system used to administer the formulation. A therapeutically effective amount of a particular extract or mixture of extracts can be selected by those of ordinary skill in the art with due consideration of such factors. Generally a therapeutically effective amount will be from about 0.005 parts weight to about 2 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the therapeutic solution, or if in solid form, e.g., tablet or capsule, 0.001 to 10 parts by weight of the weight of the tablet or capsule. 
     For oral administration, either solid or fluid unit dosage forms can be prepared. For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the extract or extract mixture is mixed into formulations with conventional ingredients, such as talc, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, magnesium aluminum silicate, calcium sulfate, starch, lactose, acacia, methylcelluose, and functionally similar materials as pharmaceutical diluents or carriers. Capsules are prepared by mixing the extract or extract mixture with an inert pharmaceutical diluent and filling the mixture into a hard gelatin capsule of appropriate size. Soft gelatin capsules are prepared by machine encapsulation of a slurry of the extract or extract mixture with an acceptable vegetable oil, light liquid petrolatum or other inert oil. 
     Fluid unit dosage forms for oral administration such as syrups, elixirs and suspensions can be prepared. The water soluble forms can be dissolved in an aqueous vehicle together with sugar, aromatic flavoring agents and preservatives to form a syrup. An elixir is prepared by using a hydroalcoholic (e.g., ethanol) vehicle with suitable sweeteners such as sugar and saccharin, together with an aromatic flavoring agent. Suspensions can be prepared with an aqueous vehicle with the aid of a suspending agent such as acacia, tragacanth, methylcellulose and the like. 
     Appropriate formulations for parenteral use are apparent to the practitioner of ordinary skill. Usually, the therapeutic extract or extract mixture is prepared in aqueous solution in a concentration of from about 1 to about 100 mg/ml. More typically, the concentration is from about 10 to about 20 mg/ml. The formulation, which is sterile, is suitable for various parenteral routes including intra-dermal, intraarticular, intra-muscular, intravascular, and subcutaneous. 
     In addition to the therapeutic extract or extract mixture the compositions may include, depending on the formulation desired, pharmaceutically-acceptable, non-toxic carriers or diluents, which include vehicles commonly used to form pharmaceutical compositions for animal or human administration. The diluent is selected so as not to unduly affect the biological activity of the combination. Examples of such diluents which are especially useful for injectable formulations are water, the various saline solutions, Ringer&#39;s solution, dextrose solution, and Hank&#39;s solution. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation may include additives such as other carriers; adjuvants; or nontoxic, nontherapeutic, nonimmunogenic stabilizers and the like. 
     Furthermore, excipients can be included in the formulation. Examples include cosolvents, surfactants, oils, humectants, emollients, preservatives, stabilizers and antioxidants. Any pharmacologically acceptable buffer may be used, e.g., tris or phosphate buffers. Effective amounts of diluents, additives and excipients are those amounts which are effective to obtain a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation in terms of solubility, biological activity, etc. 
     The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and animals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired pharmaceutical effect in association with the required pharmaceutical diluent, carrier or vehicle. The specifications for the unit dosage forms of this invention are dictated by and dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active material and the particular effect to be achieved and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active material for use in humans and animals. 
     Examples of unit dosage forms are tablets, capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, suppositories, granules, cachets, teaspoonfuls, dropperfuls, ampoules, vials, aerosols with metered discharges, segregated multiples of any of the foregoing, and other forms as herein described. 
     Thus, a formulation of the invention includes a therapeutic extract(s) which may be formulated with conventional, pharmaceutically acceptable, vehicles for topical, oral or parenteral administration. Formulations may also include small amounts of adjuvants such as buffers and preservatives to maintain isotonicity, physiological and pH stability. Means of preparation, formulation and administration are known to those of skill. See generally Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Science 15 th  ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1980). 
     Slow or extended-release delivery systems, including any of a number of biopolymers (biological-based systems), systems employing liposomes, and polymeric delivery systems, can be utilized with the extracts described herein to provide a continuous or longterm source of therapeutic compound. Such slow release systems are applicable to formulations for topical, ophthalmic, oral, and parenteral use. 
     Delivery of the inventive therapeutic extract or extract mixture is usually by oral administration as a solution. However, where necessary, therapy, e.g., intra-dermal, intra-articular, intramusular or intravenous, is also employed 
     As previously indicated, the resultant medicament extract e.g., from a single plant or a mixture of any of the afore-mentioned plants, has been found to be effective in treating AIDS but also in treating associated conditions related to AIDS. Such associated conditions include recurrent and persistent fever, chronic diarrhea, dermatitis, generalized lymphodenpathy, persistent cough, general pain, tuberculosis, and amenorrhea. 
     EXAMPLES 
     1. About 105 patients suffering from AIDS were treated with mixtures of plant extracts, obtained as above described as approximately 10% weight percent therapeutic solutions with the following results as reported in TABLE II, below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Combinations of Plant Extract Medicaments for Treatment of AIDS Related Ailments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Stage of AIDS Disease 
                 Typical Symptoms 
                 Mixture of Plant Extract Used 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Stage 1: Critically ill - non 
                 Significant weight loss 
                 Apocynaceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                 ambulatory patients - 
                 Frequent and recurrent Fever 
                 Annonaceae (10 weight percent) 
               
               
                 3-6 months duration of 
                 Chronic Diarrhea 
                 Dichapetalaceae (14 weight percent) 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 Dermatitis 
                 Annoceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                 (Complete 90 to 98%) 
                 Generalized Lymphodenpathy, 
                 Cynocynaceae (21 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                 Cough 
                 Asclepiadaceae (14 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                 General Pain 
                 Combretaceae (7 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                 Pneumonia 
                 Diluted with 
               
               
                   
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
                 to give a 0.5 to 25 weight 
               
               
                   
                 Herpes zoster 
                 percent extracts solution 
               
               
                   
                 Tuberculosis 
               
               
                   
                 Amenorrhea 
               
               
                 Stage 2: Moderately ill - after going 
                 Lack of appetite 
                 Apoocynaceae (15 weight percent) 
               
               
                 through stage 1 treatment program 
                 Immune dysfunction 
                 Amaranthaceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                 3-6 months duration of treatment 
                   
                 Aroceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                 (Complete 95%) 
                   
                 Cyperaceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Anacardiaceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bignoniaceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Diluted with water to give a 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to 25% weight percent extract 
               
               
                   
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                 Stage 3: Relatively ill 
                 Restoration of immune protection 
                 Anoceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                 but ambulatory with good vitals 
                   
                 Anarcadiaceae (20 weight percent) 
               
               
                 after stage 2 program 
                   
                 Aroceae (20 weight percent) 
               
               
                 3-6 months duration of treatment 
                   
                 Bombacaceae (20 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Caricaceae (17 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Combretaceae (6 weight percent) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Diluted with water to give a 0.5 to 2.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weight percent extract solution 
               
               
                 ORAL 
               
               
                 DOSAGES: Adults 3 tablespoonsfull 
               
               
                 3 times daily 
               
               
                 Pediatric: 2 teaspoonful 3 times 
               
               
                 daily 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     II. Treatment of HIV Patients for AIDS Related Ailments 
     A total of 300 patients presenting moderate to advanced stages of AIDS, particularly with respect to debilitating ailments, including persistent fever, chronic diarrhea, dermatitis, generalized lymphodenapathy, persistent cough, general pain, tuberculosis and amenorrhea, were treated with an extract mixture solution of the invention. The mixture comprised Anoceae (10 to 20 weight percent), Anarcadiaceae (15-20 weight percent), Araceae (15 to 20 weight percent) Bombacaceae (20 weight percent), Caricaceae (15 to 20 weight percent), and Combretaceae (3 to 10 weight percent). The mixture was then diluted with water to give about 10 weight percent extract solution. The solution was administered to each patient at a dose of 3 tablespoons three times per day. 
     All treated patients in this group of studies had none of the debilitating symptoms in the time periods indicated in TABLE III, below: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Symptom 
                 Approximate Recovery Time (Average) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 R/P Fever 
                 1 Week  
               
               
                 Chronic Diarrhea 
                 1 Week  
               
               
                 Dermatitis 
                 3 Weeks 
               
               
                 Generalized Lymphodenpathy 
                 4 Weeks 
               
               
                 Cough 
                 2 Weeks 
               
               
                 General Pain 
                 4 Weeks 
               
               
                 Tuberculosis 
                 12 Weeks  
               
               
                 Amenorrhea 
                 1 Week