Abstract:
To provide a multiplexer that makes it possible to achieve a reduction in size and that minimizes the influence of the expansion of laser light on a multiplexing unit. A multiplexer is provided with a plurality of waveguides, multiplexing units that are provided at an intermediate location within the waveguides, and laser light sources, wherein: the first multiplexing unit is arranged at a position that is closest to the laser light sources; and the laser light sources that have an optical axis at a position that is separated from the transmission axis of the visible light that is introduced into the first multiplexing unit are arranged so that the optical axis is inclined with respect to the transmission axis and the outer periphery of laser light that expands at a predetermined expansion angle passes in front of the first multiplexing unit.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a multiplexer which multiplexes a plurality of visible light rays having different wavelengths as well as an image projection apparatus and an image projection system using the multiplexer. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    Optical coupling devices using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (hereinafter referred to as MZI) have been known (see Patent Literature 1). Displays can be expected to be more compact by using such optical coupling devices. 
         [0003]    Patent Literature 1 discloses a technology for multiplexing or demultiplexing two visible light rays having different wavelengths through the use of a phase difference due to the difference in the optical path length in an MZI optical waveguide into which the two visible light rays enter. However, the technology in Patent Literature 1 can multiplex only two light rays having different wavelengths, and therefore cannot be applied to image forming apparatuses that need to multiplex at least three visible light rays of R, G and B. 
         [0004]    Therefore, as shown in Patent Literature 2, the present applicant has proposed a multiplexer and an image projection apparatus that make it possible to project an image in the image projection apparatus by multiplexing three visible light rays of R, G and B, which are the three primary colors of light. 
         [0005]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  are diagrams illustrating the multiplexer that has been disclosed by the present applicant in Patent Literature 2.  FIG. 10A  is a plan diagram, and  FIG. 10B  is a side diagram showing the multiplexer, where the incident ports of the waveguides are exposed. 
         [0006]    A multiplexer  10 ′ is provided with a substrate  210  formed of silicon (Si), a BOX layer  215  formed of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) on the substrate  210 , a cover layer  220  formed of SiO 2  on the BOX layer  215 , and a first waveguide  101 , a second waveguide  102 ′ and a third waveguide  103 ′ that are formed in the cover layer  220  and placed within a plane parallel to the upper surface of the BOX layer  215 . 
         [0007]    Here, the substrate  210 , the BOX layer  215  and the cover layer  220  form the main body  100  of the multiplexer  10 ′. 
         [0008]    A red light ray (R) having a wavelength λR of 620 to 750 nm, a green light ray (G) having a wavelength λG of 495 to 570 nm, and a blue light ray (B) having a wavelength λB of 450 to 495 nm, which are in a single mode having different wavelengths, enter into the first waveguide  101 , the second waveguide  102 ′ and the third waveguide  103 ′ through the incident ports  101   a ,  102   a ′ and  103   a ′ that are exposed from one end face of the BOX layer  215  and the cover layer  220 . The RGB light rays respectively propagating through the first waveguide  101 , the second waveguide  102 ′ and the third waveguide  103 ′ are multiplexed and emitted from the other end  102   b ′ of the second waveguide  102 ′ that is exposed from the other end face of the clad layer  220 . 
         [0009]    The first waveguide  101 , the second waveguide  102 ′ and the third waveguide  103 ′ are placed at intervals that can prevent stray light from being generated. A first multiplexing unit  110 , a second multiplexing unit  120  and a third multiplexing unit  130  are provided along the path of the second waveguide  102 ′ through which visible light propagates starting from the incident port  102   a ′ side. The first multiplexing unit  110 , the second multiplexing unit  120  and the third multiplexing unit  130  are formed as directional couplers in such a manner that the third waveguide  103  makes contact with the second waveguide  102 ′ in the first multiplexing unit  110  and in the third multiplexing unit  130 , and the first waveguide  101 ′ makes contact with the second waveguide  102 ′ in the second multiplexing unit  120  so that the visible light rays R, G and B can be multiplexed. 
       CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
       [0000]    
       
         Patent Literature 1: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2010-134224 
         Patent Literature 2: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2013-195603 
       
     
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Problems to be Solved by the Invention 
       [0012]    In the above-described optical waveguide multiplexer, the incident ports  101   a ,  102   a ′ and  103   a ′ are irradiated with laser beams through optical fibers or directly from semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  that are attached to one end of the main body  100  as illustrated in the figure. 
         [0013]    As illustrated in  FIG. 11 , however, the laser beams that are emitted from optical fibers or the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  have a spread angle θ 1  with an optical axis X, along which the laser beam normally proceeds from the emitting surface, at the center, and therefore, such a problem arises that the first multiplexing unit  110  is irradiated with part of the laser beams that have leaked from the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 , and thus, visible light rays other than the visible light rays that were originally targeted to be multiplexed mix into the first multiplexing unit  110  (hereinafter referred to as stray light). 
         [0014]    In order to suppress the generation of such a mixture, waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ may be provided at sufficient intervals s (see  FIG. 10 ) so that the optical fibers and the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  can be sufficiently spaced from each other. However, such a problem arises that the greater the intervals s between the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ are, the larger the multiplexer  10 ′ is scaled. 
         [0015]    In addition, the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ are arranged next to each other so as to be parallel to each other as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . When the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ are close to each other with the intervals being a certain distance or less, however, light that has oozes as an evanescent wave moves over to another waveguide that is in proximity, which allows the visible light rays that were originally targeted to propagate to be mixed with another visible light ray so as to cause stray light. The intervals s between the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ that can prevent such stray light from being generated are approximately 30 μm or greater, and therefore, it is theoretically possible to make the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ close to each other with intervals s being approximately 30 μm. 
         [0016]    Incidentally, semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  of which the size is as minimal as approximately 500 μm in width, approximately 100 μm in thickness, and approximately 500 μm in length have become available in the market in recent years. Even in the case where the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  are arranged adjacent to one another when being arranged at one end of the main body  100 , however, the intervals s between the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ need to be 500 μm at minimum, and intervals are required between the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  in order to suppress the effects due to heat emission. Because of these reasons, such a problem arises that there is a limit to which the width of the multiplexer  10 ′ can be reduced. 
         [0017]    Furthermore, it is necessary for the radius of curvature of the curved portions R of the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ (see  FIG. 10 ) to be sufficiently large, or it is necessary for the length of the arc of the curved portions R to be sufficiently long in order to widen the intervals s between the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ from the first multiplexing unit  110  where the waveguides  101 ,  102 ′ and  103 ′ are in such proximity as to almost make contact with each other. Moreover, the laser beams have a certain spread angle, and therefore, the first multiplexing unit  110  is irradiated with part of the spread laser beams, which causes stray light in the case where the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  are arranged side by side as described above. Because of these problems, there is also a limit to which the length of the multiplexer  10 ′ can be reduced. 
         [0018]    The present invention is provided in view of the above-described problems, and an object of the invention is to provide a multiplexer in which the effects on the multiplexing units of the spreading of the laser beams from the laser beam sources such as the optical fibers or semiconductor laser chips can be suppressed, and the width and the length of the multiplexer can be greatly reduced as long as stray light is not generated. Another object of the invention is to provide an image projection apparatus using the multiplexer and an image projection system. 
       Means for Solving the Problems 
       [0019]    A multiplexer that can wavelength multiplex a plurality of visible light rays having different wavelengths, comprising: a plurality of waveguides into which the visible light rays enter; multiplexing units that are provided in the middle of a waveguide and can mode couple the visible light rays that propagate through at least two waveguides; and laser beam sources for irradiating the waveguides with the visible light rays, the multiplexer being characterized in that 
         [0020]    the multiplexing unit placed the closest to the laser beam sources is a first multiplexing unit, and 
         [0021]    a laser beam source of which the optical axis is located at a distance away from the axis along which the visible light ray that is led into the first multiplexing unit propagates is arranged in such a manner that the optical axis is inclined relative to the axis along which the visible light ray that is led into the first multiplexing unit propagates so that the outer periphery of the laser beam that spreads at a predetermined spread angle passes in front of the first multiplexing unit. 
         [0022]    In the multiplexer according to the present invention, three visible light rays such as of three primary colors (red (R), green (G) and blue (B)) can be used. By doing this, it becomes possible to apply the multiplexer according to the present invention to an image projection apparatus. That is to say, the multiplexer can be provided with: a first waveguide into which a first visible light ray enters; a second waveguide into which a second visible light ray of which the wavelength is shorter than that of the first visible light ray enters; a third waveguide into which a third visible light ray of which the wavelength is shorter than that of the second visible light ray enters, where the difference in the wavelength between the second visible light ray and the third visible light ray is smaller than that between the first visible light ray and the second visible light ray; a first multiplexing unit and a third multiplexing unit that mode couple visible light rays between the second waveguide and the third waveguide; and a second multiplexing unit that mode couples visible light rays between the first waveguide and the second waveguide, where the first multiplexing unit, the second multiplexing unit and the third multiplexing unit are arranged in this order starting from the laser beam sources side, and the multiplexer can have such a configuration where the laser beam sources for the first waveguide and the third waveguide are arranged in such a manner that the optical axis of each laser beam source is inclined relative to the axis along which a visible light ray that is led into the first multiplexing unit propagates so that the outer periphery of the laser beam that spreads at a predetermined spread angle passes in front of the first multiplexing unit. 
         [0023]    Thus, the optical axis of a predetermined laser beam source is inclined relative to the axis along which a visible light ray that is led into the first multiplexing unit propagates so that stray light can be suppressed from being generated by irradiating the first multiplexing unit with part of a laser beam. 
         [0024]    The angle of inclination can be found by the distance between the incident port of the waveguide and the incident portion of the first multiplexing unit, the intervals between the waveguides, and the angle at which the laser beam spreads from the laser beam source. When a laser beam source is inclined, the laser beam crosses another waveguide with a risk of the stray light affecting the waveguide. Even in such a case, the effects of stray light on the waveguide can be suppressed to the minimum by adjusting the angle of inclination θ in a range of 0°&lt;θ≦90°. In addition, the size of the multiplexer can be made minimum by adjusting the angle of inclination θ to a right angle. 
         [0025]    A bending unit that can change the direction of the visible light ray that propagates along a waveguide in such a manner that the optical path of the visible light is bent may be provided between the first multiplexing unit and another laser beam source. The bending unit may be able to bend the direction in which a visible light ray propagates through a waveguide at an angle, which is formed when two lines intersect. Examples can be cited such as a diffraction grating formed in a part of a waveguide, a mirror (waveguide type reflector) formed by creating a trench in the direction towards the core of the waveguide, and a mirror provided by vapor depositing aluminum on the outside of the core of a waveguide. 
         [0026]    The use of such a bending unit makes it possible to provide a laser beam source at one end and on the sides of the main body of the multiplexer, and thus makes it possible to greatly reduce the width and the length of the multiplexer. In addition, the use of such a bending unit increases the degree of freedom in the arrangement of the laser beam sources such as semiconductor laser chips, and therefore also increases the degree of freedom in designing an image projection apparatus or the like that utilizes the multiplexer according to the present invention. 
         [0027]    A light converging means may be provided at an incident port for a laser beam from a laser beam source in a waveguide. For example, an end portion of the waveguide may be tapered, or a lens may be provided between the laser beam source and the waveguide. 
         [0028]    Though the angle at which the bending unit bends the optical path is not particularly limited, it is preferable for the angle to be within a range from 80° to 100° in the case where a waveguide type reflector is used, for example. It is more preferable for the angle to be a right angle. 
         [0029]    An image projection apparatus using the multiplexer according to the present invention uses a multiplexer having the above-described structure that is provided with: a horizontal scanning unit and a vertical scanning unit that can two-dimensionally scan an object with the wavelength multiplexed light emitted from the multiplexer so as to form an image; and an image forming unit that projects the resulting image from the scanning with the wavelength multiplexed light onto a surface on which an image is to be projected. In such a case, the multiplexer may be provided with the horizontal scanning unit and the vertical scanning unit. By doing this, the image projection apparatus can be made compact. 
         [0030]    In addition, an image projection system having an image projection apparatus as described above can be formed of: a transmission and receiving apparatus for transmitting and receiving image data; a peripheral apparatus that includes an image taking apparatus such as a camera or a terminal apparatus such as a mobile phone or a PC; and a control apparatus for controlling the transmission and receiving apparatus, the peripheral apparatus and the image projection apparatus. 
         [0031]    The image projection apparatus according to the present invention, where a multiplexer having the above-described structure is used, as well as an image projection system provided with such an image projection apparatus make it possible to make the apparatus and the system compact due to the multiplexer that has been made compact, and in addition can increase the freedom in designing the apparatus and the system due to a high level of freedom in the arrangement of the light sources such as semiconductor laser chips provided in the multiplexer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating the basic concept of the present invention and the arrangement of the laser beam sources for three visible light rays; 
           [0033]      FIG. 2A  is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a laser light source and a waveguide in the case of the arrangement in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0034]      FIG. 2B  is a diagram illustrating another case where a bending unit for bending the optical path to a right angle is provided in the middle of a waveguide; 
           [0035]      FIG. 3  is a schematic plan diagram illustrating the multiplexer having a bending unit for bending the optical path to a right angle according to one embodiment; 
           [0036]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are diagrams illustrating an enlarged portion of the structure of a bending unit in a waveguide; 
           [0037]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  are diagrams illustrating an enlarged portion at an end of a waveguide provided with a light converging means; 
           [0038]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating the configuration of a scanning type display according to one embodiment where the multiplexer  10  according to the present invention is applied to the scanning type display; 
           [0039]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram illustrating the multiplexer  10  where a horizontal scanner  22  and a vertical scanner  25  are arranged on the other end  102   b  side of the second waveguide  102 ; 
           [0040]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of one example of an image system having a scanning type display; 
           [0041]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  are diagrams illustrating examples of the arrangement of semiconductor laser chips in the case of the multiplexer for multiplexing four or more visible light rays according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0042]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  are diagrams illustrating the multiplexer that has been disclosed in Patent Literature 2 by the present applicant, where  FIG. 10A  is a plan diagram, and  FIG. 10B  is a front diagram illustrating the multiplexer as viewed from one end side where the incident ports of the waveguides are exposed; and 
           [0043]      FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating how the first multiplexing unit is irradiated with laser beams emitted from laser beam sources due to the spreading of the laser beams. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0044]    In the following, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail in reference to the drawings. 
         [0045]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating the basic concept of the present invention and illustrates the arrangement of laser beam sources in a case where three visible light rays are used.  FIG. 2A  is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a laser beam source and a waveguide in the case of the arrangement in  FIG. 1 , and  FIG. 2B  is a diagram illustrating another example in a case where a bent portion that bends at right angles is provided in the middle of a waveguide.  FIG. 3  is a schematic plan diagram illustrating the multiplexer having bent portions that bend at right angles according to one embodiment.  FIGS. 4A and 4B  are diagrams illustrating an enlarged portion of the structure of a bent portion.  FIGS. 5A and 5B  are diagrams illustrating an enlarged portion at an end of a waveguide provided with a light converging means. 
         [0046]    [Visible Light Rays that can be Used] 
         [0047]    The below-described three visible light rays that are multiplexed by the multiplexer according to the present invention are monochromatic rays under such conditions that the wavelength of the first visible light ray is the longest, followed by the wavelength of the second visible light ray with the wavelength of the third visible light ray being the shortest, and the difference in the wavelength between the second visible light ray and the third visible light ray is smaller than that between the first visible light ray and the second visible light ray. 
         [0048]    A red light ray (R) having a wavelength λR=620 to 750 nm, a green light ray (G) having a wavelength λG=495 to 570 nm, and a blue light ray (B) having a wavelength λB=450 to 495 nm can be cited as examples of the visible light rays that satisfy the above-described conditions. The relationship of λB&lt;λG&lt;λR is formed between the three wavelengths of R, G and B, and from among the wavelength ranges that satisfy the relationship, a red light ray having a wavelength λR=640 nm, a green light ray having a wavelength λG=520 nm, and a blue light ray having a wavelength λB=455 nm can be selected as an example that satisfies the relationship of λR−λG&gt;λG−λB. 
         [0049]    [Arrangement of Laser Beam Sources] 
         [0050]    In this embodiment, a semiconductor laser chip  16   a  for red light and a semiconductor laser chip  16   c  for blue light from among three semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  are arranged in such a manner that the optical axes Xr and Xb of the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  cross the Y axis along which light propagates at an angle θ as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0051]    In this embodiment, the two semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  are arranged in such a manner that the optical axes of these chips incline at an angle θ relative to the Y axis along which light propagates because of the following reasons. That is to say, the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  have optical axes Xb and Xr at locations that are at a distance away from the Y axis of the first multiplexing unit  110  along which the visible light rays propagate, where the first multiplexing unit  110  is the closest to the semiconductor laser chips from among the multiplexing units. In the case where the two semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  are arranged in such a manner that the optical axes Xb and Xr are parallel to the Y axis along which the visible light rays propagate (see  FIG. 11 ), the multiplexing unit  110  is irradiated with the laser beams that spread at an angle θ 1 , and thus, stray light is generated and affects the multiplexing. 
         [0052]    Meanwhile, the semiconductor laser chip  16   b  for green light that is arranged in the middle has an optical axis Xg at approximately the same location at that of the Y axis along which visible light rays propagate, and therefore, the irradiation of the multiplexing unit  110  with the laser beam that spreads at an angle θ 1  hardly allows stray light to affect the first multiplexing unit  110 . 
         [0053]    As illustrated in this embodiment, in the case where laser beams are led from the three semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  to the three waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  in order to multiplex visible light rays, the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  on the two sides are generally inclined and the semiconductor laser chip  16   b  in the middle does not need to be inclined. 
         [0054]    The angle θ is an angle that prevents the first multiplexing unit  110 , which is the multiplexing unit closest to the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c , from being irradiated with the laser beams from the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  that spread with the optical axes Xr and Xb at the center. 
         [0055]    The angle θ can be found in the following formula when the angle at which the laser beams spread is θ 1 , the distance between the incident ports  101   a  and  102   a  (or between  102   a  and  103   a ) is d 1 , and the distance between the incident port  102   a  and the incident portion of the first multiplexing unit  110  is 11. 
         [0000]      θ&gt;1/2θ1+arctan( d 1/ l 1)  [Formula 1]
 
         [0056]    In the case of the angle at which the laser beams spread being θ 1 =7°, the distance d 1 =500 μm, and the distance l 1 =900 μm, θ=35.5° is found, and therefore, the angle θ can be made greater than 35.5° so that the first multiplexing unit  110  can be prevented from being irradiated with spread laser beams from the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c.    
         [0057]    Though the angle θ may be an acute angle as illustrated in  FIG. 2A , it is preferable for it to be a right angle as illustrated in  FIG. 2B . By doing this, the irradiated length e of the waveguide  102  portion that is irradiated with the laser beam from the semiconductor laser chip  16   a  can be made shortest, which can minimize the effects of stray light on the visible light rays that propagate through the waveguide  102 . 
         [0058]    In the case where the angle θ is made a right angle, bending units  104  and  105  that reflect visible light rays are provided in the middle of the waveguides  101  and  103  in order to maintain the propagation efficiency of the visible light rays that propagate through the waveguides  101  and  103 . The bending units  104  and  105  are bent at right angles, which are formed when two lines intersect orthogonally. In order to allow the visible light rays to propagate efficiently through the portions of the waveguides  101  and  103  that are bent beyond the critical angle, the below-described mirrors  104   a  and  105   a  and diffraction gratings  104   b  and  105   b  are provided in the bent portions. 
         [0059]    [Entire Configuration of Multiplexer] 
         [0060]      FIG. 3  illustrates the multiplexer having bending units that are bent at right angles according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0061]    The basic structure of the multiplexer  10  is the same as that of the multiplexer disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2013-195603 by the present applicant (shown in  FIG. 10 ). The same symbols are attached to the same components as in the multiplexer  10 ′ in  FIG. 10 , and the detailed descriptions thereof are not repeated. 
         [0062]    The multiplexer  10  is different from the multiplexer  10 ′ in  FIG. 10  in the point that end portions of the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103  are bent or curved so that the directions in which visible light rays B and R enter into the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103  cross the direction in which the wavelength multiplexed visible light rays are emitted from the second waveguide  102 . 
         [0063]    Bending units  104  and  105  are provided in end portions of the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103  so that the optical paths of the first visible light ray and the third visible light ray that have entered through the incident ports  101   a  and  103   a  can be changed within the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103 . Thus, the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103  are bent or curved in these portions where the bending units  104  and  105  are provided. 
         [0064]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate an example of the bending unit  104  or  105 . 
         [0065]    In the example in  FIG. 4A , a mirror  104   a  or  105   a  that totally reflects visible light is arranged in the bending unit  104  or  105 , and the first waveguide  101  or the third waveguide  103  is bent at this portion. 
         [0066]    In this embodiment, the mirror  104   a  or  105   a  is of a waveguide type where the cover layer  220  is etched from the upper surface so as to create a trench that reaches a portion deeper than the core of the first waveguide  101  or the third waveguide  103 , and light is totally reflected from the interface between the air layer of the trench and the glass layer that forms the core. 
         [0067]    In such a waveguide type mirror, the ratio of light that enters lowers, and at the same time, the reflectance lowers when the angle α at which the waveguide is bent shifts from the right angle (90°) to an angle that is either greater or smaller. Therefore, the optimal angle α at which the waveguide is bent in such a waveguide type mirror is 90°. However, the allowable angle α at which the waveguide is bent in the case where 50% is the standard ratio of light that enters is within a range from 77° to 100°, and is preferably within a range from 80° to 95°. 
         [0068]    In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4B , a diffraction grating  104   b  or  105   b  is formed in the bending unit  104  or  105 . Thus, the waveguide  101  or  103  is bent at an angle α in the portion where the diffraction grating  104   b  or  105   b  is formed. 
         [0069]    In the example in  FIG. 4C , the first waveguide  101  or the third waveguide  103  is curved with a curvature radius R. The curved portion  104   c  or  105   c  may be provided with a reflection means such as a mirror or a diffraction grating if necessary. 
         [0070]    As other means for changing the optical path in a portion that is bent at a certain angle or curved, those that are publicly-known in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2004-191564 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication H10 (1998)-246827 can be used. 
         [0071]    [Light Inputting Portion] 
         [0072]    In this embodiment, the substrate  210  is formed a little greater than the cover layer  220  and the BOX layer  215  in the length and the width, and semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c , which are light sources of visible light rays that enter into the first waveguide  101 , the second waveguide  102  and the third waveguide  103 , are arranged in a portion (margin) that protrudes from the cover layer  220  and the BOX layer  215 . 
         [0073]    The semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  can be positioned relative to the incident ports  101   a ,  102   a  and  103   a  of the first waveguide  101 , the second waveguide  102  and the third waveguide  103  by adjusting the thickness of the substrate  210 . 
         [0074]    As for the size of the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c , the width is approximately 500 μm, the thickness is approximately 100 μm, and the length is approximately 500 μm, and therefore, the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  can be provided so as to be integrated with the optical multiplexer  10 . 
         [0075]    In addition, it is preferable for the incident ports  101   a ,  102   a  and  103   a  of the first waveguide  101 , the second waveguide  102  and the third waveguide  103  to be provided with a laser beam converging means so that the laser beams from the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  can be led to the waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  with high efficiency. 
         [0076]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate an example of a laser beam converging means. Though  FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate only a case of the first waveguide  101  as an example, the same laser beam converging means can be applied to cases of the second waveguide  102  and the third waveguide  103 . 
         [0077]    In the example in  FIG. 5A , the first waveguide  101  is formed with one end being tapered. The standard shape of the taper ((D−d)/L) may be approximately 1/100. 
         [0078]    In the example in  FIG. 5B , a microscopic lens  17  is arranged between the semiconductor laser chip  16   a  and the incident port  101   a.    
         [0079]    By providing such a laser beam converging means, a visible light ray from a microminiature laser beam source such as the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  can be made to enter into the waveguide  101 ,  102  or  103  with high efficiency. 
         [0080]    [Working Effects] 
         [0081]    In the multiplexer  10  having the above-described structure, end portions of the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103  on either side of the second waveguide  102  that runs straight from among the three waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  are bent at approximately right angles in the bending units  104  and  105 , and thus, it is possible to locate the incident port  101   a  of the first waveguide  101  and the incident port  103   a  of the third waveguide  103  on the sides of the main body  100  of the multiplexer  10  that face each other. In addition, it is possible to arrange the semiconductor laser chip  16   b  that emits a green light ray into the second waveguide  102 , from among the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  that are laser beam sources, at one end of the main body  100  of the multiplexer  10 , and it is also possible to arrange the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  that emit a red light ray and a blue light ray on either side of the main body  100  of the multiplexer  10 . 
         [0082]    Therefore, the total length of the main body  100  can be made shorter by the length of the bent portions of the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103 . In addition, the entire width of the main body  100  can be made narrower by arranging the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  on the sides of the main body  100 , which can narrow the distance s between the first waveguide  101  and the second waveguide  102  as well as between the third waveguide  103  and the second waveguide  102 . Thus, the light source integrated type multiplexer  10  having the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  can be made compact. Furthermore, the locations at which the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  are arranged can be changed by appropriately changing the angle α at which the waveguides are bent so that the freedom in designing the multiplexer  10  can be increased. 
         [0083]    [Configuration of Scanning Type Display] 
         [0084]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating the configuration of a scanning type display in an embodiment where a multiplexer  10  having the above-described structure is applied to the scanning type display. 
         [0085]    As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , a scanning type display  1  has a control unit  1   a  and a display unit  1   b  that are integrally formed. 
         [0086]    The display unit  1   b  can be worn on the head of the user together with the control unit  1   a  by using a glass frame type fitting apparatus as disclosed in U.S. Unexamined Patent Publication 2010/0073262. 
         [0087]    The control unit  1   a  has a controller  12 , an operation unit  13 , an external interface (I/F)  14 , an R laser driver  15   a , a G laser driver  15   b , a B laser driver  15   c  and the multiplexer  10  that is integrally equipped with the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c . The controller  12  is formed of a microcomputer that includes a CPU, a ROM, a RAM and the like. The controller  12  generates an R signal, a G signal, a B signal, a horizontal signal and a vertical signal that become components for synthesizing an image on the basis of the image data that is supplied from the external apparatus such as a PC through the external I/F  14 . The controller  12  transmits the R signal to the R laser driver  15   a , transmits the G signal to the G laser driver  15   b , and transmits the B signal to the B laser driver  15   c , respectively. 
         [0088]    The controller  12  transmits the horizontal signal to the horizontal scanning driver  23  and transmits the vertical signal to the vertical scanning driver  26 , respectively. The horizontal signal and the vertical signal include a sync signal for determining the timing in the operation of a horizontal scanner  22  and a vertical scanner  25 , and a drive setting signal for setting the voltage and the frequency of the drive signal that is transmitted to the horizontal scanner  22  and the vertical scanner  25  from the horizontal scanning drive  23  and the vertical scanning drive  26 . 
         [0089]    The operation unit  13  is formed of various types of buttons that accept the operation by the user and an interface circuit that transmits to the controller  12  an operation signal that is generated when a button is pressed. The various types of buttons that accept the operation by the user are provided on the surface of the housing of the control unit  1   a , for example. The external I/F  14  is an interface for electrically connecting the control unit  1   a  to an external apparatus such as a PC. 
         [0090]    The R laser driver  15   a  drives the semiconductor laser chip  16   a  so that a red laser beam is generated of which the intensity of the light is in response to the R signal from the controller  12 . The G laser driver  15   b  drives the semiconductor laser chip  16   b  so that a green laser beam is generated of which the intensity of the light is in response to the G signal from the controller  12 . The B laser driver  15   c  drives the semiconductor laser chip  16   c  so that a blue laser beam is generated of which the intensity of the light is in response to the B signal from the controller  12 . It is possible to synthesize a laser beam having a desired color by adjusting the ratio of intensities of the laser beams having the respective colors. The laser beams having the respective colors generated by the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  enter into the waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  of the multiplexer  10 , respectively, and are multiplexed into a wavelength multiplexed light beam, which is emitted from the multiplexer  10  in this state. The emitted laser beam is conveyed to the display unit  1   b  through an optical fiber that is included in the signal line. 
         [0091]    The display unit  1   b  has a collimating optical system  21 , the horizontal scanner  22 , the horizontal scanning driver  23 , a relay optical system  24  equipped with lenses  24   a  and  24   b , the vertical scanner  25 , the vertical scanning driver  26 , and an ocular optical system  27  equipped with lenses  27   a  and  27   b.    
         [0092]    The collimating optical system  21  converts the laser beam emitted from the optical fiber to a parallel beam. The laser beam that has been converted to a parallel beam enters into the horizontal scanner  22 . 
         [0093]    The horizontal scanner  22  operates the laser beam from the collimating optical system  21  in the horizontal direction. Typically, the horizontal scanner  22  has a reflection plane that fluctuates. When the reflection plane fluctuates, the laser beam that is incident on the reflection plane is scanned in the horizontal direction. It is possible to form the horizontal scanner  22  of a resonant type MEMS (microelectromechanical system) mirror that fluctuates using a piezoelectric element. The horizontal scanning driver  23  controls the fluctuations of the horizontal scanner  22  in accordance with the horizontal sync signal from the controller  12 . The laser beam scanned horizontally is incident on the relay optical system  24 . 
         [0094]    The vertical scanner  25  scans the laser beam from the relay optical system  24  in the vertical direction. Typically, the vertical scanner  25  has a reflection plane that fluctuates. When the reflection plane fluctuates, the laser beam that is incident on the reflection plane is scanned in the vertical direction. It is possible to form the vertical scanner  25  of an MEMS mirror that fluctuates, for example. The vertical scanning driver  26  controls the fluctuations of the vertical scanner  25  in accordance with the vertical sync signal from the controller  12 . Here, an object has been scanned with the laser beam in the horizontal direction by the horizontal scanner  22 , and therefore, the object is two-dimensionally scanned when the object is scanned vertically by the vertical scanner  25  so as to provide an image. The light from the image resulting from the two-dimensional scanning is incident on the ocular optical system  27 . 
         [0095]    It is possible to provide the horizontal scanner  22  and the vertical scanner  25  so as to be integrated with the multiplexer  10  according to the present invention. 
         [0096]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram illustrating the multiplexer  10  where the horizontal scanner  22  and the vertical scanner  25  are arranged on the other end  102   b  side of the second waveguide  102 . 
         [0097]    Thus, the horizontal scanner  22  and the vertical scanner  25  are provided so as to be integrated with the multiplexer  10  so that the relay optical system  24  and the collimating optical system  21  can be made unnecessary. In addition, the horizontal scanning driver  23  and the vertical scanning driver  26  are incorporated into the control apparatus  12  so that the configuration can be simplified by integrating the control unit  1   a  and the display unit  1   b , and the scanning type display  1  can be made compact. 
         [0098]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of an image system that is provided with a scanning type display having the above-described configuration. 
         [0099]    A controller  19  receives signals of images taken by a camera  17  and image data stored in a memory of a personal computer or the like and allows the scanning type display  1  to display the corresponding image. In addition, a transmission/receiving unit  18  is connected to the controller  19 , which makes possible the connection to an external server or computer, the Internet, a portable phone and the like. Here, it is possible to use the controller  12  of the scanning type display as the controller  19 . Thus, the use of the multiplexer  10  according to the present invention makes it possible to make such an image system as compact as a 1 cm square or less. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0100]    Next, a typical example of the multiplexer  10  according to the present invention is described. 
         [0101]    In this example, a BOX layer  215  having a thickness of 15 μm is formed through deposition on top of a rectangular substrate  210  formed of SiO 2  and having a thickness of 35 μm, a length of 6 mm and a width of 1 mm, and three waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  are formed on the upper surface of the BOX layer  215 . The waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  are made of SiO 2  glass doped with GeO 2  so as to have a difference of 0.5% in the refractive index with the surrounding clad. The waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  have a cross-section of a 2 μm square. In addition, the waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  are covered with a cover layer  220  made of SiO 2  glass having a thickness of 20 μm. 
         [0102]    The BOX layer  215  and the cover layer  220  are slightly smaller than the substrate  210  so as to be provided with margins on one end side and on the left and right sides, where semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  having such a size that the width is 500 μm, the thickness is 100 μm, and the length is 500 μm can be mounted on the substrate  210 . Here, as the substrate  210 , a substrate doped with a high concentration p type dopant having high heat radiating properties (with a resistance value of 1000 Ωcm) is used so that the heat from the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  can be easily released. 
         [0103]    Bending units  104  and  105  for changing the direction of the optical path by a right angle (90°) are provided in places that are 300 μm away from the incident ports  101   a  and  103   a  of the waveguides  101  and  103 . The bending units  104  and  105  have a rectangular trench created from the surface of the cover layer  220  up to a depth of 25 μm so as to have such a size that the width is 10 μm and the length is 5 μm, where the inner wall surfaces of these trenches orthogonally cross the inner wall surface of the core of the waveguides  101  and  103 . 
         [0104]    The critical angle for the total reflection of light from a wall surface of the above-described trenches is found to be 43.6° when the refractive index of SiO 2  based glass is 1.45, and thus, the optical path can be changed by an angle of 87.2°, which is almost a right angle. 
         [0105]    The semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  are attached to the above-described margins of the substrate  210 . As for the size of the substrate  210 , the length is 6 mm and the width is 1 mm, while the size of the multiplexer  10  including the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  is such that the length is 7 mm, the width is 2 mm, and the thickness is 500 μm. 
         [0106]    In the multiplexer  10  having this size, the first multiplexing unit  110  is slightly affected by stray light due to a visible light ray that spreads at an angle θ 1 , even in the case where the optical axis Xg of the semiconductor laser chip  16   b  is almost in the same location as or slightly shifted from the Y axis along which the visible light ray propagates (the amount of shift is approximately +/−30 μm or less), and therefore, the semiconductor laser chip  16   b  does not need to be inclined. 
         [0107]    RGB visible light rays from the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  is incident on the waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  in the multiplexer  10  having the above-described configuration. As a result, it was found that the distribution of the optical power in the lateral direction shifted from the stable propagation mode immediately after the visible light rays had been reflected from the wall surface of the trench in such a manner that the direction of the optical path was changed by a right angle. As a result of a simulation, however, it was found that the distribution of the optical power settled in a stable mode when the visible light rays propagated through the waveguides  101  and  103  at a distance that was ten or more times greater than the wavelength. 
         [0108]    In addition, it was found that the ratio of the visible light rays that move over from the waveguides  101  and  103  to the waveguide  102  could be made so small as to be negligible when the distance a of the linear portion of the optical path after the direction had been changed in  FIG. 4A  was ten or more times greater than the wavelength. As a result, it is not necessary to make length of the multiplexing units  110 ,  120  or  130  longer, which does not make the total length of the multiplexer  10  long when the distance a is ten or more times greater than the wavelength. 
         [0109]    Though the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in the above, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. 
         [0110]    For example, the semiconductor laser chip  16  may be arranged so as to be inclined in such a manner that the optical axis Xg crosses the Y axis along which the visible light rays propagate. 
         [0111]    Though RGB light rays are cited as examples of three visible light rays in the description, the application of the multiplexer according to the present invention is possible for three visible light rays other than R, G and B. In addition, the application to a multiplexer for multiplexing four or more visible light rays is possible. In this case, for example, semiconductor laser chips  16  a through  16   d  may be arranged as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
         [0112]    Furthermore, the arrangement of the waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  as well as the semiconductor laser chips  16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c  are not limited to a two-dimensional arrangement as in the above. A three-dimensional arrangement is possible in such a manner where, for example, the waveguides  101  and  103  as well as the semiconductor laser chips  16   a  and  16   c  are arranged along the circumference with the waveguide  102  at the center. 
         [0113]    Though the waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  are formed integrally by burying the core layer inside the cover layer  220  in the above description, the waveguides  101 ,  102  and  103  that are made of a core layer and a clad layer may be formed separately so as to be arranged on a support such as a substrate. 
         [0114]    Though waveguide type mirrors are cited as examples in the above embodiments, other types of mirrors may be used, and an example of such mirrors is mirror surfaces formed on the outside of the cores of the first waveguide  101  and the third waveguide  103  through vapor deposition of aluminum. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0115]    The multiplexer according to the present invention can be applied widely to apparatuses for projecting images where a plurality of visible light rays that are monochromatic rays are multiplexed, and thus, application is possible to a retina scanning type display where a retina of the user is scanned with multiplexed light rays for image projection and to a laser display that uses laser beam scanning for image projection. 
       REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
               1   a  control unit 
               1   b  display unit 
               10  multiplexer 
               101  first waveguide 
               102  second waveguide 
               103  third waveguide 
               104 ,  105  bending unit 
               104   a ,  105   a  mirror 
               104   b ,  105   b  diffraction grating 
               104   c ,  105   c  curved portion 
               110  first multiplexing unit 
               120  second multiplexing unit 
               130  third multiplexing unit 
               16   a ,  16   b ,  16   c  semiconductor laser chip