Abstract:
In a vineyard or the like, a system for positioning and tensioning the wires which form the trellis disposed between and among an array of metal posts upon which vines are trained, including retainers for selectively positioning wires relative to the metal posts and each other and further including a subsystem for applying the appropriate tension to the various wires making up the trellis.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates generally to systems for constructing trellis systems for vineyards, and, more particularly, to a system of devices for engaging, retaining and tensioning lengths of wire used in forming the wire matrix indigenous to trellis systems especially constructed to train and implement the growing and harvesting of vine fruit.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    Vine fruit such as grapes have been grown and trained on trellis structures for decades. In the heretofore typical case, wooden posts, or stakes, are driven into the ground, and a cross arm is nailed to the post near the top thereof. The posts are arranged in rows, and each row is (now) spaced from its adjacent row by a distance sufficient to permit mechanized equipment, such as a tractor, to operate between rows. The same spacing also provides easy access to the vines for workers who prune, train the vines and pick the fruit.  
           [0004]    More recently, the use of steel posts has become popular. The steel posts do not rot below the soil line, and they do not break off under loading, which increases as the fruit develops and matures. Thus, while the steel posts cost more than wooden posts, maintenance is materially reduced, and utility enhanced.  
           [0005]    It is not realistic, however, to drive a nail or a staple into a steel post in order to secure trellis wires to them or the cross arms attached to them. It is workable, but impractical to attempt to manually tie each wire to a post or cross arm individually and, to some extent, it defeats the purpose of the modern trellis system which is intended to be significantly less labor intensive.  
           [0006]    2. Overview of the Prior Art  
           [0007]    The system of the present invention has particular, although not exclusive, utility in the novel trellis configuration taught in Parrish et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,214, wherein steel posts and cross arms support trellis wires upon which vines are trained for, inter to alia, mechanical harvest.  
           [0008]    A form of wire retainer is shown in Pásztor U.S. Pat. No. 3,197,919 as number 7 and is in the nature of a staple. In Boal U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,872 the post is slotted to receive a wire. However, when a “T” post is used, slotting such as this would weaken the post and defeat the purpose of its use.  
           [0009]    Roberts U.S. Pat. No. 3,791,070 suggests the use of retaining hooks 32, 34 and 36, but in Roberts the hooks are integrally formed with the cross beam 12 and would be unsuitable for use in a trellis system such as that for which the present invention is readily adapted. Gailbraith U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,795 suggests straps with slots provided for the receipt of wire, but there remains the very real problem of how to attach these straps to a steel post, such as a “T“ post.  
           [0010]    In truth, the heretofore accepted method of securing wire to a steel post by individually tying the same at each point of connection, appears to be a docile resignation to popular taste, at least until the advent of the present invention.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    The present invention comprises a system for establishing a matrix, or trellis, of lengths of wire properly tensioned and positioned to form an efficient vineyard infrastructure for the growing and mechanical harvesting of vine fruit.  
           [0012]    As an integral part of the system, there is a set of preformed, relatively resilient, retainers which are capable of holding fast a series of wires to steel posts and including intersecting wires together defining a matrix, so as to establish a trellis system capable of supporting grape vines laden with fruit. The retainers operate in concert with tensioning devices to define the novel system of the present invention.  
           [0013]    In accordance with the foregoing, it is a primary purpose of the present invention to accomplish the efficient formation of a trellis system, including steel posts, and particularly “T” posts, in a fast, efficient and inexpensive manner.  
           [0014]    It is another objective of the present invention to provide a fastener and tensioning system which is capable of being understood and used by the most inexperience worker, to accomplish this and other objectives in a minimum amount of time and hand labor.  
           [0015]    It is a further objective to provide a fastener system which permits a quick and easy adjustment of the relative position of wires and posts, both in initial assembly and from to time during the year as the situation demands.  
           [0016]    Yet another objective is to provide a capability of providing small adjustments in the tension of wires once joined and/or attached in the intended manner and configuration.  
           [0017]    The foregoing, as well as other objectives and advantages of the present invention, will become apparent to one skilled in the art with a reading of the description of a preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the drawings, wherein: 
       
    
    
     IN THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 depicts a retainer for use as part of a system for retaining and tensioning wires of a trellis system, having particular utility in attaching wires to a “T” post in accordance with the teachings of the invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 illustrates a use of the retainer of FIG. 1 in operative engagement with a “T” type metal post in current popular use;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a retainer of the general type shown in FIG. 1, but having the special ability to engage and position intersecting wires of a trellis;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the retainer of FIG. 2, illustrating certain of the features thereof in greater detail;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5 is an anchoring device for anchoring a wire of a trellis as part of the functional tensioning and retaining system of the present invention;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6 illustrates the apertured bolt which is part of the anchor of FIG. 5;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 7 is a tensioner, usable in concert with the anchor of FIG. 5, and is further capable of being secured relative to a fixed object;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 8 is a side elevation of the tensioner of FIG. 7, illustrating, in particular, a portion of the one way ratcheting mechanism which appears on both sides;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 9 is a view of the tensioner, illustrating a portion of the ratcheting mechanism of FIG. 8, partially sectioned to illustrate the mechanism in greater detail;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 10 illustrates a modified form of the retainer of FIG. 1, having the capacity of positioning a wire of a trellis relative to a cross arm on a “T” post; and,  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 11 is illustrative of the retainer of FIG. 10 in actual use. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0029]    With reference now to the drawings, a system for positioning and securing wires, together comprising a trellis for the growing, training and harvesting of vine fruit, is illustrated with respect to its various components, and comprises a series of interactive retainers and tensioning devices, all of which operate in concert to define the system of the present invention.  
         [0030]    Such a trellis for which the present invention has particular, although not exclusive, utility comprises an array of rows of vertical “T” posts, “P”, strategically placed to facilitate cultivation and harvesting; each post having cross arms “C” which receive and support wires which are strung and tensioned longitudinally along the various rows, and cross wires running from row to row, upon which the vines are trained such that the fruit receives optimum sunlight and is particularly easy to harvest. The various wires may be further secured relative to one another and tensioned to sustain the loads created by developing and maturing fruit, all in keeping with the invention.  
         [0031]    With initial focus now on the device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a retainer  20 , constructed in accordance with the invention, is illustrated in some detail.  
         [0032]    The retainer is formed of a relatively resilient length of wire having a central portion  22  separating, by a predetermined distance, a pair of integrally formed legs  24  and  25 . It will be seen that the legs  24  and  25  are substantially coplanar with the middle portion  22 . At the free end, or termini,  29  and  31  of each of the legs  24  and  25 , the wire is formed into an upstanding hook-like configuration by bending the wire back in the plane of the legs to form a loop.  
         [0033]    In accordance with one aspect of the invention, one of the termini, in the illustrated case  29 , the loop defined by terminus  29  is open, i.e., the end thereof,  33  extends rearwardly toward the middle portion  22 , but does not touch the leg  24 . The terminus  31  of leg  25 , on the other hand, has its end  36  initially bent or otherwise disposed such that it is in substantial contact with the leg  25 .  
         [0034]    With reference now to FIG. 2, and in keeping with another aspect of the invention, the retainer  20  is so dimensioned as to partially circumscribe a post P, which is, in the case shown, a steel T-shaped post, in current vogue in the grape industry because of its strength and durability. These characteristics make such posts eminently useful in building and supporting grape trellises in that they are particularly strong in withstanding the loads on them resulting from the initial tensioning of the wire which up the trellis, and the subsequent, not insubstantial, weight of the growing and maturing vines.  
         [0035]    The fitting of the retainer  20  at the desired position on the post is accomplished by predetermining the length of the middle portion  22  as essentially the same as the dimension a of the ”T” leg of the post P. By virtue of the elasticity of the wire, it may be snapped into position on the post, as may be seen in FIG. 2.  
         [0036]    Once in position on the post P, the retainer  20  is capable, in accordance with this aspect of the invention, of receiving a wire W. Still referring to FIG. 2, the wire W is readily captured within the hook, or loop, defined by the terminus  29 , and at a short distance therefrom, the terminus  31  is bent upwardly, preferably manually, although any number of tools may be used within the contemplation of the invention to accomplish the purpose. In this manner, the wire is quickly and positively positioned and secured at two points,  39  and  40 , to the post P where the tension on the wire W works in conjunction thus the retainer  20  to achieve the desired result.  
         [0037]    In a similar fashion, and for an essentially similar purpose, the invention further contemplates the provision of a retainer  200 , best seen in FIG. 3. The retainer  200 , in the manner of the retainer  20 , is constructed of a wire which is strong yet sufficiently resilient to be manipulated manually.  
         [0038]    Thus, the retainer  200 , which serves well as an inter-wire retainer, includes a middle portion  222 . Legs  224  and  225  are formed with and flank the middle portion  222 . Each of the legs  224  and  225  have terminal ends  229  and  230 , respectively, which ends define a hook, or loop, by bending the ends thereof,  233  and  236 , respectively, rearwardly toward the legs  224  and  225 .  
         [0039]    The middle portion is formed into a modified “Z” configuration, again referring to FIG. 3, with a bend at the intersection  237  of sections  238  and  239  of the middle portion  222 .  
         [0040]    Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the leg  225 , together with the section  238  to which it is integrally formed, lie in a substantially single plane, whereas the section  239  and the leg  224  with which it is formed, lie in approximately the same plane, which plane forms an obtuse angle relative to the plane of leg  225 , which angle may be in the range of 110 to 140 degrees.  
         [0041]    With particular reference now to FIG. 4, the retainer  200  circumscribes both the wire W and an intersecting or crossing wire W 1  by simple manual manipulation, so as to position and secure both wires relative to one another.  
         [0042]    In constructing a trellis which is capable of handling the weight of a fruit bearing vine, which weight increases with growth, it is important that the trellis wires be prestressed, by putting them under appropriate initial tension. Since the wires are typically very long and susceptible, over time, to stretching by at least a small amount, it is important, as part of a complete system, to be able to easily and effectively adjust the tension of the wires initially and periodically thereafter. In many instances, the adjustment may be relatively small, but nonetheless important to the function and maintenance of the trellis system.  
         [0043]    To this end, and for this purpose, a tensioning sub system, including an anchor device  50 , is illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, is operable in conjunction with a tensioner  80 .  
         [0044]    With reference first to FIGS. 5 through 9, the anchor portion of the tensioning system is illustrated as having two inter related facets. Referring first to FIG. 6, a fastener  52  is illustrated as having a shank  54 , with a head  56  at one end and a threaded portion  57 . At a point on the shank, below the head  56  and above the threaded portion  57 , an aperture  60  is formed, passing transversely through the shank, with the openings  62  and  63  on either side of the shank  54  being countersunk to permit a wire to be threaded therethrough, as best seen in FIG. 5.  
         [0045]    The fastener, as seen in FIG. 5, is passed through a clevis shaped washer  65 . The clevis has grooves  67  and  68  formed in it, by any suitable well known means. The grooves are aligned and of such width and depth as to receive a single wire W to hold the wires in position against inadvertent movement. The clevis is so shaped as to avoid severe bending of the wire, and, in fact, permits the wire to be secured with little or no damage to the wire itself.  
         [0046]    In operation, a wire W is threaded through the aperture  60  in the fastener  52 , and encircles the clevis such that the wire in the grooves  67  and  68  is thus positioned in the direction of the tension to be applied, and the threaded portion is then secured to any stationary object, in a well known manner, so that it may be tensioned by a tensioning device, also sometimes referred to a strainer, and illustrated in FIGS. 7, 8 and  9  at  80 .  
         [0047]    The tensioner  80 , which is the other component of this synergistic system, comprises a “U” shaped frame  82  having a center span  83  which is flanked by outstretched legs  84  and  85 , which are integrally formed with the center span  83 , and transverse thereto. A reel  87  is mounted in and extends between the legs  84  and  85 , where it is secured in bearing relation with the legs for rotation on its longitudinal axis. The reel is shaped to avoid sharp edges which could crimp, or otherwise damage, the wire. An aperture  89  is formed in or near the midsection of the reel to receive an end of a wire in a circumferentially formed slot  90 .  
         [0048]    protruding from each of the legs  84  and  85  is an axially disposed driver  92 . The driver is preferably configured to receive a conventional socket or other wrench which is fitted over the driver, and then used to rotate the reel to tension the wire W.  
         [0049]    It is vital, of course, to hold the tension once it is achieved, and to this end the reel includes, in concert with the legs  84  and  85 , a one way ratcheting mechanism in the nature of a one way clutch, best seen in FIGS. 8 and 9.  
         [0050]    This mechanism includes a pair of truncated, arcuate slots  93  and  94  formed in each of the legs  84  and  85  although, for illustration purposes, only one leg is shown. The slots are formed by stamping, or punching, the desired configuration, which results in outwardly extending guides  93   a  and  94   a  , respectively.  
         [0051]    Immediately adjacent the inner wall of the legs and on the reel, there is formed at least one, but perhaps several, ramps  95  spaced about the reel and aligned with the slots  93  and  94 . Thus, when the reel is rotated, for example, counterclockwise, wire affixed to the reel will wind on the barrel and tension on the wire is thus increased as the ramps  95  will sequentially slide into and out of the slots.  
         [0052]    When the desired tension on the wire is achieved, further rotation on the reel is halted, and, when that rotational force is released, the tension on the wire created by such rotation will induce a counter rotation, such that when the ramps move into the slots, the forward face  97  will abut the wall  98  of the slot, and further rotation of the reel with be prevented. The proper tension on each wire is, thus, achieved.  
         [0053]    Now, with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11, there is provided, as part of the system, a modified retainer  320 , which retainer is particularly, although not exclusively, adapted to attach a wire of the trellis to a cross arm “C” affixed to a post “P”. The cross arm “C” is formed with several apertures  321  aligned in a row. In order to make maximum advantage of this construction, the retainer has a center portion  322 , having a length which approximates the distance between two apertures  321  and terminates in opposed legs  324  and  325 .  
         [0054]    Leg  324 , in keeping with the purposes of the invention as to the capture and positioning of a wire of the trellis, terminates in a hook  329 . The hook is open and is capable of securing a wire relative to the cross arm “C” when the retainer is snapped into apertures  321  therein as best seen in FIG. 11.  
         [0055]    Having described the present invention in detail, what is claimed is: