Abstract:
Embodiments relate to an image sensor and a method for manufacturing an image sensor that may prevent a photoresist pattern from remaining on gates by forming a floating diffusion area faster than the gates. According to embodiments, since the gates may not be influenced by an ion implantation process, current characteristics and operation reliability may be enhanced. According to embodiments, the method may include forming dummy ion implantation mask patterns for forming a floating diffusion area over an epitaxial layer and forming an ion implantation mask pattern over the epitaxial layer and at least a portion of the dummy ion implantation mask patterns, so as to form the floating diffusion area by performing an ion implantation process.

Description:
[0001]    The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 and 35 U.S.C. 365 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2006-0128326 (filed on Dec. 15, 2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    An image sensor may be a semiconductor device that may convert optical images into electric signals. An image sensor may be classified into horizontal and vertical image sensors. 
         [0003]    A horizontal image sensor may be operated in such a manner that transistors may be formed on a semiconductor substrate corresponding to the number of pixels through a CMOS technology. The transistors may be switched such that an output signal may be detected. 
         [0004]    Further, in the horizontal image sensor, a color filter may be formed on a pixel array, and the color filter may transmit a specific wavelength of light to the transistors. However, since the color filter may require three pixels to detect red, green and blue colors, the required area of a pixel needed to realize one color may become broader. 
         [0005]    In contrast, a vertical image sensor may include photodiodes having various colors, which may be vertically formed on a plurality of epitaxial layers. Accordingly, various colors may be realized using a single pixel. 
         [0006]    Gates may be formed in an upper layer of the vertical image sensor, and a diffusion area may be formed between the gates. A photoresist pattern may be used to perform two functions, including defining the diffusion area and selectively isolating ions implanted into the diffusion area. 
         [0007]    The photoresist pattern should preferably have a small thickness, less than or equal to a reference value, to precisely define the diffusion area. However, the photoresist pattern should preferably have a large thickness to selectively isolate ions implanted into the diffusion area. 
         [0008]    Therefore, a gate may be first formed using a first photoresist pattern, and a second photoresist pattern may be formed on the gate, thereby selectively opening the diffusion area. 
         [0009]    However, since the dual photoresist patterns may contain a large amount of ions, they may be easily cured in the subsequent process. Since it may be difficult to remove the dual photoresist patterns through the cleaning process, the electrical characteristic and operation reliability of a device may be degraded. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    Embodiments relate to an image sensor and a method of manufacturing an image sensor. 
         [0011]    According to embodiments, a method for manufacturing an image sensor may include forming a photodiode structure including a plurality of photodiodes formed into a vertical structure, forming an upper epitaxial layer having trenches on the photodiode structure, forming an oxide layer on the upper epitaxial layer and forming dummy ion implantation mask patterns for forming a floating diffusion area by patterning the oxide layer, forming an ion implantation mask pattern formed on the upper epitaxial layer including the dummy ion implantation mask patterns and exposing the upper epitaxial layer at a portion in which the floating diffusion area may be formed, and forming the floating diffusion area by performing an ion implantation process. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after a photodiode structure is formed on a semiconductor substrate, according to embodiments. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after an upper epitaxial layer is formed, according to embodiments. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after an oxide layer is patterned, according to embodiments. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after the oxide layer is etched, according to embodiments. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after an ion implantation mask pattern is formed, according to embodiments. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after a floating diffusion area is formed, according to embodiments. 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after dummy ion implantation mask patterns and the ion implantation mask pattern are removed, according to embodiments. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  is a side sectional drawing illustrating a configuration after a gate and a third photodiode are formed, according to embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]      FIG. 1  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after a photodiode structure  130  is formed on semiconductor substrate  200 , according to embodiments. 
         [0021]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , photodiode structure  130  may be formed on semiconductor substrate  200 . Photodiode structure  130  may include a plurality of photodiodes vertically arranged. 
         [0022]    The image sensor according to embodiments may include three photodiodes, i.e., first photodiode  110 , second photodiode  120 , and third photodiode  170  (See  FIG. 8 ). 
         [0023]    First, second, and third photodiodes  110 ,  120  and  170  may not be horizontally formed in one epitaxial layer, but may be vertically arranged in different epitaxial layers, i.e., lower epitaxial layer  105 , middle epitaxial layer  115 , and upper epitaxial layer  140  (See  FIG. 8 ). 
         [0024]    In embodiments, the image sensor may have the structure of a vertical image sensor. 
         [0025]    Lower epitaxial layer  105  may be formed on semiconductor substrate  200 , and a photoresist pattern (not shown) may be formed on lower epitaxial layer  105  and may define an area of first photodiode  110 . 
         [0026]    When performing an ion implantation process, ions may be implanted through an opening area of the photoresist pattern, and first photodiode  110  may be formed in a portion of lower epitaxial layer  105 . 
         [0027]    In embodiments, first photodiode  110  may be a red photodiode. 
         [0028]    After forming first photodiode  110 , the photoresist pattern may be removed, and middle epitaxial layer  115  may be formed on lower epitaxial layer  105 . 
         [0029]    A photoresist pattern (not shown) may then be formed on middle epitaxial layer  115 , and may define an area of second photodiode  120 . 
         [0030]    When performing an ion implantation process, ions may be implanted through an opening area of the photoresist pattern, and second photodiode  120  may be formed in a portion of middle epitaxial layer  115 . The photoresist pattern for forming second photodiode  120  may be removed. 
         [0031]    In embodiments, second photodiode  120  may be a green photodiode. 
         [0032]    Subsequently, as vertically projected from a top side, a photoresist pattern (not shown) may be formed such that a portion of middle epitaxial layer  115  corresponding to the area of first photodiode  110  may be exposed, and an ion implantation process may be performed. 
         [0033]    Thus, ions may be implanted through an opening of the photoresist pattern, and lower plug  125 , which may be electrically connected to first photodiode  110  beneath lower plug  125 , may be formed in middle epitaxial layer  115 . After that, the photoresist pattern used to form lower plug  125  may be removed. 
         [0034]    In embodiments, photodiode structure  130  may thus be completed. 
         [0035]      FIG. 2  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after upper epitaxial layer  140  is formed, according to embodiments. 
         [0036]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , upper epitaxial layer  140  may be grown on middle epitaxial layer  115 , and a photoresist pattern (not shown) may be formed to have an opening at a portion in which isolation layers may be formed. 
         [0037]    Trenches  145  may then be formed in upper epitaxial layer  140  at the portion in which the isolation layers may be formed, for example by performing an etching process using the photoresist pattern as an etching mask. 
         [0038]      FIG. 3  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after oxide layer  150  is patterned, according to embodiments. 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , oxide layer  150  may be formed on a surface, for example the entire surface, of upper epitaxial layer  140  while filling trenches  145 . 
         [0040]    Photoresist patterns  155  may then be formed on oxide layer  150 . 
         [0041]    Photoresist patterns  155  may be formed through a development and exposure process of a photoresist. In embodiments, photoresist patterns  155  may be formed at positions corresponding to trenches  145  and floating diffusion area  153  (See  FIG. 8 ). 
         [0042]      FIG. 4  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after oxide layer  150  is etched, according to embodiments. 
         [0043]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , oxide layer  150  may be patterned using photoresist patterns  155  as an etching mask. 
         [0044]    Patterned oxide layer  150  may have a shape protruding upward from trenches  145  and floating diffusion area  153  ( FIG. 8 ). Particularly, pattern portions formed at both sides of floating diffusion area  153  may serve as dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157 . 
         [0045]    Photoresist pattern  155  may be removed. 
         [0046]      FIG. 5  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after ion implantation mask pattern  159  is formed, according to embodiments. 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , ion implantation mask pattern  159  may be formed in an area of upper epitaxial layer  140  except for area  158  between dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157 . 
         [0048]    In embodiments, ion implantation mask pattern  159  may be formed to cover oxide layer  150  on the trench area, a portion of upper epitaxial layer  140 , and a portion of dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157 . 
         [0049]    Area  158  between dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157  may be a portion in which floating diffusion area  153  ( FIG. 8 ) may be formed, and the position of dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157  may be positions at which gates may be formed. For reference, dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157  may be removed in a subsequent process. 
         [0050]    Dummy ion implantation mask pattern  157  may be an area for defining floating diffusion area  153  ( FIG. 8 ), and ion implantation mask pattern  159  may be an area for blocking ions implanted to form floating diffusion area  153  ( FIG. 8 ). 
         [0051]    Thus, dummy ion implantation mask pattern  157  may be formed to have a sufficiently low height for the purpose of satisfying a precise interval of floating diffusion area  153 , e.g., an interval of about 0.25 μm, according to embodiments. 
         [0052]    For example, the dummy ion implantation mask pattern  157  may be formed to have a height of about 0.95 μm or less. 
         [0053]    Ion implantation mask pattern  159  may be formed as sufficiently high as blocking may be performed in the ion implantation of floating diffusion area  153  ( FIG. 8 ). 
         [0054]    For example, ion implantation mask pattern  159  may be formed to have a height of about 1.25 μm or more. 
         [0055]      FIG. 6  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after floating diffusion area  153  is formed, according to embodiments. 
         [0056]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , ions may be implanted into upper epitaxial layer  140  using ion implantation mask pattern  159  and dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157  as an ion implantation mask. As ions are implanted into upper epitaxial layer  140 , floating diffusion area  153  may be formed. 
         [0057]    In embodiments, ion implantation energy for forming floating diffusion area  153  may be about 120 to 140 keV. 
         [0058]      FIG. 7  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157  and ion implantation mask pattern  159  are removed, according to embodiments. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , after forming floating diffusion area  153 , dummy ion implantation mask patterns  157  and ion implantation mask pattern  159  may be removed from upper epitaxial layer  140  through a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. 
         [0060]    Isolation layers  160  may thus be finally formed in upper epitaxial layer  140 . 
         [0061]      FIG. 8  is a side sectional view showing a configuration after gate  177  and third photodiode  170  are formed, according to embodiments. 
         [0062]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , after forming isolation layers  160 , third photodiode  170  may be formed in upper epitaxial layer  140 . In embodiments, third photodiode  170  may be a blue photodiode. 
         [0063]    According to embodiments, third photodiode  170  may be formed through photoresist and ion implantation processes. 
         [0064]    Subsequently, as vertically projected from a top side, a photoresist pattern (not shown) may be formed such that an area of upper epitaxial layer  140  corresponding to lower plug  125  and a portion of upper epitaxial layer  140  corresponding to the area of second photodiode  120  may be exposed, and an ion implantation process may be performed. 
         [0065]    Ions may be implanted using the photoresist pattern as an ion implantation mask, and upper plugs  175  electrically connected to lower plug  125  and second photodiode  120  may be formed in upper epitaxial layer  140 . After that, the photoresist pattern for forming the upper plugs  175  may be removed. 
         [0066]    Transistor structures, including gates  177 , may be formed in upper epitaxial layer  140  at both sides of floating diffusion area  153 , thereby completing an image sensor. 
         [0067]    It may be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to embodiments. Thus, it is intended that embodiments cover modifications and variations thereof within the scope of the appended claims. It is also understood that when a layer is referred to as being “on” or “over” another layer or substrate, it may be directly on the other layer or substrate, or intervening layers may also be present.