Abstract:
A compound camera system comprising component cameras that generate image data of an object and a processor that receives first image data from a first component camera and second image data from a second component camera and generates a virtual image. The processor projects virtual pixel data (u,v) to generate point data (x,y,z) located at depth, z=Z 1 , of a object plane of the object and projects the said point data (x,y,z) to generate first pixel data (u 1 ,v 1 ) located at a image plane of the first image. The processor also projects said point data (x,y,z) located at the depth, z=Z1, of the said object plane to generate second pixel data (u 2 ,v 2 ) located at the second image. The processor generates the virtual image by combining the color of first pixel data (u 1 ,v 1 ) and the color of second pixel data (u 2 ,v 2 )

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present invention is related to those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/407,490, filed concurrently herewith, entitled “Compound Camera And Methods For Implementing Auto-Focus, Depth-Of-Field And High-Resolution Functions”. Application Ser. No. 10/407,490 is commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The disclosures of this related patent application is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 
   TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is generally directed to image processing devices and, in particular, to a compound camera that generates virtual images from a plurality of input images captured by the compound camera. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   A compound camera consists of a set of component cameras, a data processor and image processing software that runs on the data processor. The component cameras may be synchronized through. wired or wireless electronic signals. Individual images from the component cameras are transmitted to the data processor through wired or wireless connections. The image processing software takes images from the component cameras as input and synthesizes an output image following the specifications of a virtual camera. 
   A conventional compound camera may be implemented in a number of ways. In a first conventional embodiment, a compound camera may comprise a number of synchronized regular video cameras and a separate microprocessor connected to the video component cameras. In a second conventional embodiment, a plurality of component image sensors and a microprocessor may be integrated on one substrate, such as a printed circuit board (PCB) or a hybrid substrate. Synchronization and communication are accomplished through the printed circuit connections on the substrate. In a third conventional embodiment, the component image sensors and the microprocessor are very small and are integrated on a single silicon chip. 
   The physical model of a camera consists of a shutter, a lens and an image plane. The shutter has an opening called an aperture that lets light enter into the camera. A bundle of light rays coming out of a point on an object surface enters through the aperture, is refracted by the lens, and is gathered and focused on the image plane, where the color of the object point is recorded. 
   For a certain aperture size, there is a range of depth within which the image is sharp. This is called the “depth-of-field” and it is inversely proportional to the aperture size. The image plane slides back and forth to search for the best overall image within the range of the depth-of-field. Normally, large depth-of-field coverage is desired. This, in turn, requires high sensitivity from the sensor because the aperture size is proportionally small. 
   Traditional cameras rely on complex optical and mechanical components to realize the change of focus and aperture. Physical conditions limit the maximum resolution a camera can achieve. In a compound camera, these features may be implemented digitally by running the image processing software on the microprocessor. 
   However, the prior art conventional compound camera image processing systems mainly focus on two areas. In computer vision, the common practice is to first recover the 3-dimensional geometry of the objects in the scene. This is called structure-from-motion. Next, the input images are transferred to the virtual camera via the recovered geometry. A good reference is Olivier Faugeras, “Three Dimensional Computer Visions—A Geometric Viewpoint,” The MIT Press, 1996. The disclosure of the Faugeras text is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. The problem of this approach is that the reconstructed geometry normally is not very accurate, especially on object surfaces that lack color texture. This result in visible artifacts in the synthesized image. 
   In computer graphics, the light field approach can be thought of as using only one depth plane. A good reference for the light field approach is M. Levoy and P. Hanrahan, “Light Field Rendering,” Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH 96”, pp. 31-42, 1996. The disclosures of the Levoy and Hanrahan text is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. However, in the light field approach, in order to deal with blur, the component cameras must be densely placed. Densely placed cameras normally imply a large number of cameras. A large number of cameras, in turn, produce a large amount of data to be processed. This vastly increases the cost and complexity of the image processing system. 
   Therefore, there is a need in the art for improved apparatuses and methods for processing video images. In particular, there is a need for image processing systems that implement improved auto-focus, high-resolution, and depth-of-field functions. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   To address the above-discussed deficiencies of the prior art, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a compound camera system comprising: 1) a plurality of component cameras capable of generating image data of an object; and 2) a data processor capable of receiving image data from a plurality of component cameras and generating a virtual image. According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the data processor generates the. virtual image by back-projecting a virtual pixel data (u,v) to generate a point data (x,y,z) located at a depth, z=Z 1 , associated with a first object plane of the object. 
   According to one embodiment of the present invention, the data processor then projects the point data (x,y,z) to generate first pixel data (u 1 ,v 1 ) located at the image plane of the first image data. Afterwards, the data processor projects the same point data (x,y,z) to generate second pixel data (u 2 ,v 2 ) located at the image plane of the second image data. 
   According to another embodiment of the present invention, the data processor generates the virtual image by combining the color I 1  of the first pixel data (u 1 ,v 1 ) and the color I 2  of the second pixel data (u 2 ,v 2 ). 
   According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the data processor combines the color I 1  of the first pixel data (u 1 ,v 1 ) and the color I 2  of the second pixel data (u 2 ,v 2 ) by multiplying the first color I 1  by a first weighting factor w 1  to form a first product, multiplying the second color I 2  by a second weighting factor w 2  to form a second product, adding the first and second products, and finally dividing the summation of products by the summation of w 1  and w 2 . 
   According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, each weighting factor is proportional to the value of cos(φ) where φ is the angle between the rays corresponding to (u,v) and (u i ,v i ) where i=1 or 2. 
   According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the data processor projects the virtual pixel data (u,v) to generate the point data (x,y,z) using a inverse Plane Projection Matrix and projects the point data (x,y,z) to generate the first virtual pixel data (u 1 ,v 1 ) using a first Plane Projection Matrix. 
   According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, the data processor projects the same point data (x,y,z) to generate the second pixel data (u 2 ,v 2 ) using a second Plane Projection Matrix. 
   According to a yet further embodiment of the present invention, the data processor is further capable of adjusting a focus of the compound camera system by projecting the virtual pixel data (u,v) to generate the point data (x,y,z) located at a depth, z=Z 2 , associated with a second object plane of the object and projecting the point data (x,y,z) to generate the first virtual pixel data (u 1 ,v 1 ) located at the image plane of the first image data. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, the data processor is further capable of adjusting the focus of the compound camera system by projecting the point data (x,y,z) located at the depth, z=Z 2 , associated with the second object plane of the object, to generate second pixel data (u 2 ,v 2 ) located at the image plane of the second image data. 
   Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term “controller” means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation, such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware or software, or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many, if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior, as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a compound camera system according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a compound camera system according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is an optical arrangement illustrating the operation of a compound camera system according to the principles of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the placement of the object plane (or depth plane) at several locations on the body of an object; and 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate the effect of moving depth plane, Z, to different depths. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIGS. 1 through 5 , discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present invention in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present invention may be implemented in any suitably arranged image processing system. 
   Initially, it should be noted that the items depicted in  FIGS. 1-5  are not drawn to scale. Those skilled in the art will recognize that items in  FIGS. 1-5  are drawn to show their relative positions in order to simplify the explanation of the operation of the present invention. 
     FIG. 1  illustrates compound camera system  100  according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Compound camera system  100  comprises N component video cameras  110 , including exemplary component video cameras  110   a ,  110   b , and  110   c , and processing system  130 . Component video cameras  110   a ,  110   b , and  110   c  are arbitrarily labeled Video Camera  1 , Video Camera  2 , and Video Camera N, respectively. Processing system  130  and the N component video cameras  110  communicate via communication link  120 . Communication link  120  may be a wired link, such as a network connection, or a wireless link. 
   According to an exemplary embodiment. of the present invention, processing system  130  may be a personal computer (PC), a workstation, or a similar system. Component video cameras  110  are synchronized with each other and processing system  130 . Individual image data from component video cameras  110  are transmitted to processing system  130 , where image processing software takes the image data from component video cameras  110  as input and synthesizes an output image following the specifications of a virtual camera, as described below in greater detail. 
   Additionally, it should be understood that it is not required that component video cameras  110  be actual video cameras. Those skilled in the art will understand that each component camera  110  may also be a still camera that captures image data for subsequent transfer to processing system  130 . 
     FIG. 2  illustrates compound camera system  200  according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Component camera system  200  comprises a plurality of component image sensors and video processor  270 . According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, each of the component image sensors is a still camera capable of capturing image data for subsequent transfer to video processor  270 . Additionally, it should be understood that video processor  270  is capable of processing image data other than video data. According to an advantageous embodiment, video processor  270  is capable of processing still image data. 
   In one embodiment of the present invention, the component image sensors and video processor  270  may be integrated on one printed circuit board (PCB)  299 . In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the component image sensors and video processor  270  may be integrated on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip  299 . Synchronization and communication are accomplished through printed circuit connections  260  on PCB  299  (or IC chip  299 ). 
   The component image sensors are arranged in five rows and five columns to form a 5×5 image sensor array. The first row of the array comprises component image sensors  210   a ,  210   b ,  210   c ,  210   d  and  210   e . The second row of the array comprises component image sensors  220   a ,  220   b ,  220   c ,  220   d  and  220   e  (only image sensor  220   e  is labeled). The third row of the array comprises component image sensors  230   a ,  230   b ,  230   c ,  230   d  and  230   e  (only image sensor  230   e  is labeled). The fourth row of the array comprises component image sensors  240   a ,  240   b ,  240   c ,  240   d  and  240   e  (only image sensor  240   e  is labeled). The fifth row of the array comprises component image sensor  250   a ,  250   b ,  250   c ,  250   d  and  250   e.    
   Component image sensors  210   a - e ,  220   a - e ,  230   a - e ,  240   a - e  and  250   a - e  are synchronized with each other and video processor  270 . Individual image data from component image sensors  210   a - e ,  220   a - e ,  230   a - e ,  240   a - e  and  250   a - e  are transmitted to video processor  270 , where image processing software takes the image data from component image sensors  210   a - e ,  220   a - e ,  230   a - e ,  240   a - e  and  250   a - e  as input and synthesizes an output image following the specifications of a virtual camera, as described below in greater detail. 
     FIG. 3  is an optical arrangement illustrating the operation of compound camera systems  100  and  200  according to the principles of the present invention. Processing system  130  (or video processor  270 ) generates a virtual image I V  from input images acquired by the component video cameras in  FIG. 1  (or the component image sensors in  FIG. 2 . For the sake of simplicity in explaining the generation of a virtual image by the present invention, it shall be assumed hereafter that component image sensors  210  and  210   b  are used to capture image data and video processor  270 . However, the following description also applies to alternate embodiments of compound cameras, including the compound camera illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
   In the illustration in  FIG. 3 , object O (double headed arrow) lies in the object plane (indicated by a dotted line) Component image sensor  210   a  produces image I 1  at focal length f 1  from object O. Component image sensor  210   b  produces image I 2  at focal length f 2  from object O. In the illustrated embodiment, f 1 =f 2 . The virtual image, I V , is synthesized from two input images I 1  and I 2 . According to the principles of the present invention, the virtual image I V  is computed as the weighted average of the transformed images: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     v 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       u 
                       , 
                       v 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           w 
                           1 
                         
                         · 
                         
                           
                             I 
                             1 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 u 
                                 1 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 v 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           w 
                           2 
                         
                         · 
                         
                           
                             I 
                             2 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 u 
                                 2 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 v 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         w 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         w 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   
                     Eqn 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   a 
                 
                 ] 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In Equation  1   a , the values w 1  and w 2  are the positive weight values: w 1 =cos(φ 1 ) and w 2 =cos(φ 2 ) where φ 1  is the angle between the ray sent from (u,v) and the ray sent from (u 1 ,v 1 ), φ 2  is the angle between the ray sent from (u,v) and the ray sent from (u 2 ,v 2 ). Based on these weighting factors, a component camera that is farther from the virtual one should contribute less weight than another camera that is closer. Furthermore, (u 1 ,v 1 ) and (u 2 ,v 2 ) are computed from: 
                   [           u   1               v   1             1         ]     =             M   1     ⁡     (     f   ,     f   v     ,   z     )       ·     [         u           v           1         ]       ⁢           ⁢     and   ⁢           [           u   2               v   2             1         ]       =         M   2     ⁡     (     f   ,     f   v     ,   z     )       ·       [         u           v           1         ]     .                 [       Eqn   .           ⁢   1     ⁢   b     ]               
The value  M   1 ( f,f   v   ,z )= T   1 ( f,z )· T   v   −1 ( f   v   ,z ) and the value  M   2 ( f,f   v   ,z )= T   2 ( f,z )· T   v   −1 ( f   v   ,z ) are the combined transformations from the virtual camera image plane to the component camera image plane. Thus, M 1  and M 2  depend on the common focal length, f, of both component cameras, the virtual focal length, f v , and the depth, z, of the object plane.
 
   When there are more than two component cameras, the procedure is substantially the same as above, except that the procedure repeats more times to include all the cameras. The steps are as follows:
     1) Determine the depth z of the object plane;   2) For each virtual pixel data (u,v), do the following
       i) Compute the transformations M i (f,f v ,z), i=1, . . . , n;   ii) Compute the weights w i ;   iii) Warp and then blend the colors such that:   
       

   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   I 
                   v 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       n 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         w 
                         i 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         
                           I 
                           i 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 M 
                                 i 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   f 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     f 
                                     v 
                                   
                                   , 
                                   z 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             · 
                             
                               [ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     u 
                                   
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     v 
                                   
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ] 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       n 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       w 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   Eqn 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   2 
                 
                 ] 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The transformation matrices described above are derived in the following manner. A pixel is represented on a 2-D image plane by coordinate (u,v), a point is represented in 3-D space by (x,y,z), and the camera is represented by a 3-by-4 matrix P(f) where f is the focal length of the camera. The process of projecting the (x,y,z) to (u,v) through P(f) is written as: 
                     [         u           v           1         ]     =         P   ⁡     (   f   )       ·     [         x           y           z           1         ]       =         P   ⁡     (   f   )       ·     [         1       0       0           0       1       0           0       0       z           0       0       1         ]     ·     [         x           y           1         ]       =       T   ⁡     (     f   ,   z     )       ·     [         x           y           1         ]             ,           [     Eqn   .           ⁢   3     ]             where                           T   ⁡     (     f   ,   z     )       =       P   ⁡     (   f   )       ·     [         1       0       0           0       1       0           0       0       z           0       0       1         ]               [     Eqn   .           ⁢   4     ]               
comprises a 3-by-3 matrix and the symbol “·” denotes matrix multiplication. T is the Plane Projection Matrix (PPM). Equation 3 can be simplified as:
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     
                       
                         u 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         v 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         1 
                       
                     
                   
                   ] 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     T 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         f 
                         , 
                         z 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   · 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             x 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             y 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   Eqn 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   5 
                 
                 ] 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Equation 5 maps a point (x,y) on the 2-D plane with depth z to an image pixel (u,v). The difference between P and T is that the former is a mapping from 3-D to 2-D, while the latter is from 2-D to 2-D. The inverse form of Equation 5 is: 
                   [         x           y           1         ]     =         T   ⁡     (     f   ,   z     )         -   1       ·       [         u           v           1         ]     .               [     Eqn   .           ⁢   6     ]               
Equation 6 projects a pixel (u,v) on the image plane back onto the object plane at depth z.
 
   By way of example, it is assumed that there are two cameras whose Plane Projection Matrices are respectively T(f,z) and T v (f v ,z). Video processor  270  first back-projects a virtual pixel (u,v) from I v  to the plane at z, resulting in the point (x,y,z), according to the equation: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     
                       
                         x 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         y 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         1 
                       
                     
                   
                   ] 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         T 
                         v 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             f 
                             v 
                           
                           , 
                           z 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   · 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             u 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             v 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   Eqn 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   7 
                 
                 ] 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Next, video processor  270  forward projects the point (x,y,z) to component image plane I according to the equation: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 u 
                                 ′ 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 v 
                                 ′ 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               1 
                             
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           T 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               f 
                               , 
                               z 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         · 
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 y 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           T 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               f 
                               , 
                               z 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         · 
                         
                           
                             
                               T 
                               v 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   f 
                                   v 
                                 
                                 , 
                                 z 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         · 
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 u 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 v 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           M 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               f 
                               , 
                               
                                 f 
                                 v 
                               
                               , 
                               z 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         · 
                         
                           
                             [ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   u 
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   v 
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ] 
                           
                           . 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 [ 
                 
                   Eqn 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   8 
                 
                 ] 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The matrix M is called a “warping matrix” because it warps a pixel from the image plane of a first camera to the image plane of another camera. It is apparent that M is a function of the depth, z, and the focal lengths, f and f v , respectively, of the component and virtual cameras. In summary, three types of matrices are involved: 1) the matrix P maps 3-D to 2-D; 2) the matrix T maps a regular 2-D plane to the image plane; and 3) the matrix M maps the image plane to another image plane. 
   Advantageously, the algorithm set forth above may be used to implement auto-focus, depth-of-field, and high-resolution functions in a compound camera without requiring complex and expensive electromechanical equipment. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates the placement of the object plane (or depth plane) at several locations on the body of an object. The object is watering bucket  400 , which comprises container  405 , side handle  410 , top handle  415 , and spout  420 . The image of watering bucket  400  is captured by compound camera system  200 . According to the principles of the present invention, video processor  270  may place the object plane (or depth plane), z, at numerous locations on the body of watering bucket  400  that are visible to compound camera  200 . For example, video processor  270  may place the depth plane a point B on the front surface of container  405 . Alternatively, video processor  270  may place the depth plane at point A on the front of top handle  415  or at point C on the end of spout  420 . 
   It is noted that placing the depth plane, z, at point B on the front surface of container  405  may result in the image gene rated by compound cameras system  200  being blurry at point C on sprout  420  and point A on top handle  415 . This phenomenon is explained in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate the effect of moving depth plane, Z, to different depths. Initially, the depth plane (or object plane) is at depth Z 1 . In  FIG. 5A , R v  is a virtual light ray, R 1  and R 2  are two light rays transmitted to two different image sensors  210   a  and  210   b  from circular object  500 . Image sensor  210   a  sees the point A and image sensor  210   b  sees the point B. Point A and point B have different colors. Since 
                 I   v     ⁡     (     R   v     )       =           w   1     ·       I   1     ⁡     (     R   1     )         +       w   2     ·       I   2     ⁡     (     R   2     )               w   1     +     w   2           ,         
the color of R v  is a combination of both colors from point A and point B. This is the source of the blur that may occur in  FIG. 4 .
 
   To remove the blur, a second depth plane is added at Z 2 , as shown in  FIG. 5B . Now, because points A and B are much closer, their colors are more likely to be similar, resulting in less blur overall. This suggests that using multiple depth planes may help reducing the blur. However, since each depth plane introduces a potential virtual image, a decision has to be made as which pixel is the best choice for the virtual ray, R v . According. to the principles of the present invention, video processor  270  selects the depth plane that has the least color variance. 
   A traditional camera implements the auto-focus function by sliding the image plane and analyzing the resulting images. However, according to the principles of the present invention, the action of physically sliding the image plane is instead performed by video processor  270 , which digitally moves a virtual depth plane in software. 
   Likewise, video processor  270  implements the depth-of-field function by using multiple virtual depth planes that cover the depth range of interest (e.g., from Z 1  to Z 2 ). Video processor  270  then integrates all of the potential virtual images into a final image. Video processor  270  generates the final image by selecting from each of the component virtual images groups of pixels that have the least amount of blur. This requires high levels of computation by video processor  270 . However, there are no physical parts involved. 
   In addition to synthesizing images of large depth-of-field, video processor  270  can, at the same time, estimate the depth of scene objects. It is recalled from above that for a virtual pixel (u,v), video processor  270  may select a set of candidate depth positions z 1 , z 2 , . . . , z m , in the space. At each of these. positions z i , video processor  270  may calculate two variables: 1) color, given by the equation: 
                       I   vz     ⁡     (     u   ,   v     )       =           w   1     ·       I   1     ⁡     (       u   1     ,     v   1       )         +       w   2     ·       I   2     ⁡     (       u   2     ,     v   2       )               w   1     +     w   2           ,           [     Eqn   .           ⁢   9     ]               
and 2) color variance, given by the equation:
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   var 
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       u 
                       , 
                       v 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 w 
                                 1 
                               
                               · 
                               
                                  
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       I 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         
                                           u 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         , 
                                         
                                           v 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       I 
                                       vz 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         u 
                                         , 
                                         v 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                  
                               
                             
                             + 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               w 
                               2 
                             
                             · 
                             
                                
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     I 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         u 
                                         2 
                                       
                                       , 
                                       
                                         v 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   
                                     I 
                                     vz 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       u 
                                       , 
                                       v 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                                
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         w 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         w 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 { 
                 
                   Eqn 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   10 
                 
                 ] 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Thus, for the virtual pixel (u,v), video processor  270  calculates a set of colors (I v1 , I v2 , . . . , I vm ) and variances (var 1 , var 2 , . . . , var m ). If the variance at z=z i  (i.e., var i , i is among 1, 2, . . . , m) is the smallest in the current variance set, then the final color of (u,v) is I vi  (i.e., I v (u,v)=I vi ), and the depth of (u,v) is z. 
   This may be further explained as follows. Conceptually, from each pixel on the virtual camera&#39;s image plane, video processor  270  sends out a virtual ray. The virtual ray intersects with a series of planes whose depth range covers the whole scene of interest. At each intersection between the virtual ray and the plane, video processor  270  retrieves the corresponding input rays and calculates the average color and variance. The color and depth of the intersection with the lowest variance is recorded as that of the current virtual ray. After all plane positions have been examined and all virtual pixels have been scanned, a virtual image plus its depth map is formed by video processor  270 . The resolution of the depth map depends on the number of planes selected by video processor  270 . More depth planes give finer depth maps. 
   Video processor  270  also implements a high-resolution function by inserting new pixels warped from different component cameras. A compound camera by definition includes multiple component cameras at different locations and, therefore, different viewing angles. The component cameras see different points on the objects. When the component images are combined after compensating their relative position with respect to the virtual camera, a virtual image of higher resolution than the input ones can be synthesized. Of course, because some object points are seen by more than one component camera, the resolution enhancement is not linearly related to the number of component cameras. That is to say, N component cameras do not necessarily guarantee a virtual image of resolution N times higher. 
   Although the present invention has been described with an exemplary embodiment, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.