Abstract:
A method provides for the traction control of a maglev car on a maglev track. A levitation magnetic field is produced by supplying a levitation magnetic flux on the car side to at least two levitation magnets to produce a defined air gap between the maglev car and a reaction rail on the track side. A stator current is supplied to the stator to produce a propulsion force on the maglev track, the propulsion force acts upon the maglev car being determined by the magnetic coupling between the magnetic stator field and the magnetic levitation field. An oscillating movement of the maglev car in relation to the magnetic stator field is dampened by changing the magnetic coupling between the magnetic stator field and the magnetic levitation field on the car side. The levitation magnets are operated on the car side with at least two different individual levitation magnetic fluxes.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a method for controlling the drive of a magnetic levitation vehicle on a magnetic levitation track having the features according to the preamble of claim  1 . 
     Such a method is used, for example, in the Transrapid system. 
     In the Transrapid system, the rotor voltage which is induced in the track-side stator by the levitation magnetic field of the moving magnetic levitation vehicle is observed at relatively high speeds. For this purpose, currents and voltages are measured at the connections of the track-side stator and therefore at the output of the drive power converter and are fed to a mathematical model of the drive system. This so-called “up method” is well suited for relatively high speeds, but it requires a minimum speed of the magnetic levitation vehicle because the voltages induced in the track-side stator are otherwise too small for evaluation. The respective pole angle between the vehicle and the stator magnetic field which moves in the direction of travel is measured with the measured values of the induced rotor voltage, and in the process it is determined whether the vehicle is moving more quickly or more slowly than the stator magnetic field, and in this way the speed of the stator magnetic field is adjusted in order to avoid an oscillating movement of the vehicle relative to the stator magnetic field. 
     At low speeds, a mixed incremental/absolute locating system is used in the Transrapid system, which uses reference marks and the grooves of the track-side stator to determine the location of the magnetic levitation vehicle. The pole angle information is acquired as a difference between the electrical angle and the mechanical angle from knowledge of the position of the traveling wave winding relative to the route and the phase angle of the stator currents. However, this previously known method relies on a data transmission channel from the vehicle to the locationally fixed or track-side drive controller which is real-time-capable to a high degree so that damping oscillating movements of the vehicle is complicated. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Taking this as a basis, the invention is based on the object of specifying a method for controlling the drive of a magnetic levitation vehicle with which oscillating movements of the vehicle relative to the stator magnetic field can be avoided or at least reduced even at a low vehicle speed or when the vehicle is stationary. 
     This object is achieved according to the invention by means of a method having the features according to claim  1 . Advantageous refinements of the invention are specified in subclaims. 
     Accordingly, the invention provides that an oscillating movement of the magnetic levitation vehicle relative to the stator magnetic field is damped by changing the magnetic coupling between the stator magnetic field and the levitation magnetic field on the vehicle side, by operating the levitation magnets on the vehicle side with at least two individual levitation magnet currents of different sizes. 
     A significant advantage of the method according to the invention is that any oscillating movements, such as can occur, for example, during controlled starting up of the vehicle, can be avoided solely on the vehicle side, and there is therefore no need for any complicated transmission of data between the vehicle and the track-side drive controller. If, in fact, an oscillating movement is detected on the vehicle side, a counteracting change in the coupling between the stator magnetic field and the levitation magnetic field can be used to damp the oscillating movement without a change in the speed of the stator magnetic field being necessary: in other words, in contrast to the previously known method according to the prior art, the speed of the stator magnetic field is therefore not changed in order to reduce or to avoid an oscillating movement but rather the magnetic coupling between the stator magnetic field and the levitation magnetic field is varied in order to reduce or to avoid an oscillating movement. The invention makes use here of the realization that the motor constant, that is to say the ratio between the propulsion force which acts on the vehicle and the stator current, depends on the respective levitation magnet current—the larger the levitation magnet current the greater the degree of coupling between the levitation magnetic field and the driving stator magnetic field, and therefore the motor constant. The invention also makes use of the realization that the coupling between the levitation magnetic field and the driving stator magnetic field can be changed without the levitation effect of the levitation magnets having to be changed in their entirety—if individual levitation magnets are operated with a different levitation magnet current than other levitation magnets, it is possible, given suitable distribution of the current, nevertheless to keep the sum of the forces of all the levitation magnets constant, but the magnetic coupling between the levitation magnetic field and the driving stator magnetic field is nevertheless modified. At this point, the invention comes into effect in that the invention proposes operating the levitation magnets on the vehicle side with at least two individual levitation magnet currents which are of different sizes in order to modify the magnetic coupling between the levitation magnetic field and the driving stator magnetic field if an oscillating movement is to be damped. 
     A further significant advantage of the method according to the invention is that, even in the case of a total failure of the transmission of data between the vehicle and the track-side drive controller, the vehicle can be recovered from the corresponding section of the route at the responsibility of the personnel—carried out from the vehicle—by damping on the vehicle side any oscillating movement which occurs. 
     In order to avoid the anti-oscillation controller having a disadvantageous effect on the driving behavior of the vehicle, it is considered advantageous if the distribution of the current between the levitation magnets is set in such a way that the air gap between the magnetic levitation vehicle and the reaction rail remains constant independently of the respectively set magnetic coupling. 
     In order to avoid an oscillating movement, a change in the pole angle between the stator magnetic field and a magnetic reference axis of the magnetic levitation vehicle is preferably counteracted. 
     The change in the pole angle over time is measured to form a change variable, and the coupling between the stator magnetic field and the levitation magnetic field is changed as a function of the change variable. 
     In order to avoid an oscillating movement, the coupling is preferably reduced if the magnetic levitation vehicle is moving more quickly than the stator magnetic field in the direction of travel, and the coupling is increased if the magnetic levitation vehicle is moving more slowly than the stator magnetic field in the direction of travel. 
     According to one particularly preferred variant there is provision that, in a predefined special operating state (for example when the vehicle is starting up), at least two individual levitation magnet currents of different sizes are fed into the levitation magnets, and a special coupling, which is reduced compared to the maximum possible coupling, between the stator magnetic field and the levitation magnetic field is set, that, if the magnetic levitation vehicle is moving more quickly than the stator magnetic field in the direction of travel, the coupling is reduced by increasing the difference in current in the individual levitation magnet currents, and that, if the magnetic levitation vehicle is moving more slowly than the stator magnetic field in the direction of travel, the coupling is increased by reducing the difference in current in the individual levitation magnet currents. 
     The levitation magnet pairs are preferably respectively actuated in pairs in such a way that the levitation force of a levitation magnet pair respectively remains constant. For example, the levitation magnet pairs are formed in such a way that the levitation magnets of each levitation magnet pair are respectively located directly next to one another. 
     The levitation magnet pairs are preferably formed in such a way that in each case a force transmitting device for transmitting a force between a frame of the magnetic levitation vehicle and the respective levitation magnet pair is located between the levitation magnets of each levitation magnet pair. 
     In order to ensure balanced loading and uniform wear, it is considered advantageous if the current through the levitation magnets is controlled over time in such a way that averaged over time the same current flows through all the levitation magnets. 
     The set difference in current between the individual levitation magnet currents in the predefined special operating state can also be selected as a function of the control effect which is required at the respective time, and the difference in current is set smaller the smaller the respectively required control effect. 
     The invention also relates to a magnetic levitation vehicle which comprises a gap measuring device for measuring the air gap between levitation magnets of the magnetic levitation vehicle and a track-side reaction rail, and a control device which is connected to the gap measuring device and has the purpose of generating a levitation magnet current for the levitation magnets of the magnetic levitation vehicle. 
     According to the invention, the control device is configured in such a way that, in order to damp an oscillating movement of the magnetic levitation vehicle relative to the stator magnetic field, said control device can change the magnetic coupling between the stator magnetic field and the levitation magnetic field by feeding individual levitation magnet currents of different sizes into the levitation magnets. 
     With respect to the advantages of the magnetic levitation vehicle according to the invention and with respect to the advantages of advantageous refinements of the magnetic levitation vehicle, reference is made to the above statements relating to the method according to the invention since the advantages of the method according to the invention correspond substantially to those of the magnetic levitation vehicle according to the invention. 
     The control device is preferably suitable for dimensioning the individual levitation magnet currents in such a way that the total levitation force of all the levitation magnets of the magnetic levitation vehicle and the air gap between the magnetic levitation vehicle and the reaction rail remains constant independently of the respectively set magnetic coupling. 
     For example, a pole angle change measuring device, which measures the change in the pole angle over time to form a change variable, is connected to the control device. The pole angle change measuring device can comprise, for example, a pole angle measuring device and a differentiating element. 
     Alternatively or additionally, the pole angle change measuring device can comprise an acceleration sensor for measuring the acceleration of the magnetic levitation vehicle, a difference forming element which is arranged downstream of the acceleration sensor and forms a difference value between the respective acceleration value of the acceleration sensor and a predefined or measured acceleration value of the stator magnetic field, and an integrating element which is arranged downstream of the difference forming element. 
     The pole angle change measuring device can also comprise two induction coils and an evaluation device arranged downstream. 
     For the sake of homogeneous distribution of the levitation force, it is considered advantageous if the levitation magnets of each levitation magnet pair are respectively located directly next to one another. In each case a force transmitting device for transmitting force between a frame of the magnetic levitation vehicle and each levitation magnet pair is preferably located between the levitation magnets of the respective levitation magnet pair. For example, at least one of the force transmitting devices of the magnetic levitation vehicle is formed by a spring. 
     The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments; in the drawings, illustrated in each case by way of example: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  shows a magnetic levitation vehicle for the purpose of general explanation, 
         FIG. 2  shows a levitation magnet of the magnetic levitation vehicle and a stator according to  FIG. 1  in detail, 
         FIG. 3  shows an exemplary embodiment of a magnetic levitation vehicle according to the invention with a control device for damping an oscillating movement, 
         FIG. 4  shows the dependence of the propulsion force on a modulation factor, 
         FIG. 5  shows a first exemplary embodiment of a pole angle change measuring device with a differentiating element, 
         FIG. 6  shows a second exemplary embodiment of a pole angle change measuring device with an integrating element, and 
         FIG. 7  shows a third exemplary embodiment of a pole angle change measuring device with two induction coils. 
     
    
    
     In  FIGS. 1 to 7 , the same reference symbols are used for identical or comparable components for reasons of clarity. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  shows the front region of a magnetic levitation vehicle  10  which is located on a magnetic levitation track  20 . A track-side stator  30 , which is equipped with stator grooves  40  and stator teeth  50 , can be seen on the magnetic levitation track in  FIG. 1 . 
     In the stator grooves  40  there are solenoids (not illustrated in more detail in  FIG. 1 ) for generating a stator magnetic field. The fundamental wave of the stator magnetic field is denoted in  FIG. 1  by the reference symbol S. The arrangement or the position of the solenoids defines a magnetic reference axis Bs of the stator  30 . 
     Only a section of the stator  30  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 ; the stator  30  extends over the entire track of the magnetic levitation railroad and therefore also generates the stator magnetic field S in front of the magnetic levitation vehicle  10 , as can be seen in  FIG. 1 . 
     Furthermore,  FIG. 1  illustrates a front levitation magnet  60  of the magnetic levitation vehicle  10 ; said front levitation magnet  60  is equipped with solenoids  70  which generate a levitation magnetic field for lifting up the magnetic levitation vehicle  10 . The levitation magnetic field is denoted in  FIG. 1  by the reference symbol T. The arrangement or the position of the levitation magnet  60  defines a magnetic reference axis Bf of the magnetic levitation vehicle  10 . The levitation magnet  60  is mounted on a carrier  110 . 
       FIG. 2  shows the track-side stator  30  and the levitation magnet  60  once more in more detail. The stator windings of the stator  30 , which are denoted by the reference symbols L 1 , L 2  and L 3 , can be seen; the reference symbols L 1 , L 2  and L 3  simultaneously indicate the association of the stator winding with the respective electrical phase of the three-phase current system. 
     The magnetic flux of the levitation magnetic field is in turn denoted by the reference symbol T. Furthermore, the air gap between the levitation magnet  60  and the stator  30  is indicated by the reference symbol SP. 
     By way of example,  FIG. 3  shows the electrical actuation of the vehicle  10  in more detail. A control device  300  for controlling the magnetic levitation vehicle and a pole angle change measuring device  310  arranged upstream can be seen. 
     The levitation magnets  60  are connected to the control device  300 , four of said levitation magnets  60  being shown by way of example in  FIG. 3  and being denoted by the reference symbols  60   a ,  60   b ,  60   c  and  60   d.    
     The levitation magnets are arranged in levitation magnet pairs, one of which is denoted by way of example by the reference symbol  350 . The levitation magnets of each levitation magnet pair are respectively located directly next to one another. It can be seen that in each case a force transmitting device in the form of a pliant spring  360  for transmitting force between the frame (not shown in more detail in  FIG. 3 ) of the magnetic levitation vehicle and each levitation magnet pair is arranged between the levitation magnets of the respective levitation magnet pair. The part  370  which connects the two levitation magnets of a levitation magnet pair permits only a common lifting movement of the levitation magnets. This means that the levitation force which is necessary on the frame to support the frame and therefore to support the car body can be divided between the two levitation magnets  60   b  and  60   c  in freely selectable portions. 
     For the levitation mode of the magnetic levitation vehicle  10 , a levitation magnet current is respectively fed into the levitation magnets  60  using magnet control units  410 ,  420 ,  430  and  440 , in such a way that the air gap SP which is measured on a levitation-magnet-specific basis with the respectively assigned gap sensor  450  always corresponds to a predefined nominal value. The magnet control units  410 ,  420 ,  430  and  440  may be, for example, components of the control device  300 , as is shown by way of example in  FIG. 3 , or may be associated with the control device  300 , or they can alternatively be connected downstream of the control device  300  as separate components. 
     The levitation magnet currents Imag 1  and Imag 2  of the levitation magnet pairs can then be set differently in order to influence the magnetic coupling to the stator magnetic field without a change in the gap SP between the levitation magnets and the reaction rail having to be accepted. This will now be briefly explained in more detail: 
     The following applies to the propulsion force or driving force Fx in the direction of travel x which is brought about by the magnetic coupling between the stator magnetic field and the levitation magnetic field:
 
 Fx=kx×Φh×Ist             (Propulsionforce)  1)
 
where kx is a coupling factor, Φh denotes the magnetic flux of the levitation magnetic field and Ist denotes the stator current.

     The following applies to the levitation force Fy which permits the vehicle  10  to levitate:
 
 Fy=ky ×(Φ h ) 2             Levitation force  2)
 
where ky denotes a coupling factor and Φh denotes the levitation magnetic field.

     The following applies to the levitation magnetic field Φh: 
                     Φ   ⁢           ⁢   h     =         w   mag       R   mag       ×     I   mag               3   )               
where wmag and Rmag denote constants of the levitation magnet system and Imag denotes the respective levitation magnet current.
 
     If equation 3) is inserted into equations 1) and 2), the following is obtained: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Fx 
                   = 
                   
                     kx 
                     × 
                     
                       
                         w 
                         mag 
                       
                       
                         R 
                         mag 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     
                       I 
                       mag 
                     
                     × 
                     Ist 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     and 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Fy 
                   = 
                   
                     ky 
                     × 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             w 
                             mag 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             mag 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       I 
                       mag 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The following is to apply to a levitation magnet pair  350  which has two levitation magnets  60   b  and  60   c:  
 
 I   mag1   =I   mag (δ)*(1+δ)  6)
 
 I   mag2   =I   mag (δ)*(1−δ)  7)
 
where Imag 1  denotes the levitation magnet current in one of the two levitation magnets  60   b  of the levitation magnet pair  350 , and Imag 2  denotes the levitation magnet current in the other of the two levitation magnets  60   c  of the levitation magnet pair  350 . δ denotes a modulation factor which gives half the difference between the two levitation magnet currents.
 
     This results in the following equations for the total forces of the two levitation magnets  60   b  and  60   c  of the levitation magnet pair: 
     In the x direction: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       F 
                       
                         x 
                         ⁢ 
                         _δ 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       2 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           k 
                           x 
                         
                         × 
                         
                           
                             w 
                             mag 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             mag 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             I 
                             mag 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             δ 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         × 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 1 
                                 + 
                                 δ 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 1 
                                 - 
                                 δ 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         × 
                         
                           I 
                           st 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       F 
                       
                         x 
                         ⁢ 
                         _δ 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       k 
                       x 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       
                         w 
                         mag 
                       
                       
                         R 
                         mag 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         I 
                         mag 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         δ 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     
                       I 
                       st 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     10 
                     ) 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In the y direction: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       F 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         _δ 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       2 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           k 
                           y 
                         
                         × 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 w 
                                 mag 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 mag 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                         × 
                         
                           
                             
                               I 
                               mag 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               δ 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           2 
                         
                         × 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   + 
                                   δ 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   δ 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               2 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   11 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       F 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         _δ 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       k 
                       y 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             w 
                             mag 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             mag 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       
                         
                           I 
                           mag 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           δ 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       2 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         1 
                         + 
                         
                           δ 
                           2 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   12 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Because the total levitation force F y  in the y direction has to remain constant in order to keep the gap SP between the levitation magnets and the reaction rail constant, a new median magnet current Imag(δ) compared to the unmodulated levitation current Imag required for a predefined gap is set in order to keep the gap constant: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       mag 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       δ 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       mag 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         
                           1 
                           + 
                           
                             δ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   13 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     This results in the total forces as follows: 
                     ∑     F     y   ⁢   _δ         =       F   y     =       const   .     ⇒   Condition               14   )                 ∑     F     x   ⁢   _δ         =       k   x     ×       w   mag       R   mag       ⁢     I   mag     ×     1       1   +     δ   2           ×     I   st               15   )               
and therefore
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       F 
                       
                         x 
                         ⁢ 
                         _δ 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         
                           1 
                           + 
                           
                             δ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     × 
                     
                       F 
                       x 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   16 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As is apparent from equation 16), the relative propulsion force is dependent on the absolute value of the modulation factor δ. In order to obtain a symmetrical modulation range, it is advantageous to position the working point at a median modulation factor δm (for example δm=0.5), i.e. to select an asymmetrical distribution of current from the outset. 
       FIG. 4  shows the basic profile of the relative magnet currents Imag 1  and Imag 2  and of the resulting propulsion force Fx as a function of the modulation factor δ. 
     Different control signals, which are denoted by the reference symbols S+ and S− in  FIG. 3 , are accordingly applied to the two magnet control units  420  and  430  of each levitation magnet pair  350  by a processing unit  400  of the control device  300 ; in this context the following applies:
 
 S +=Imag′+δ*Imag
 
 S −=Imag′−δ*Imag
 
where Imag′ denotes the magnet current which is necessary on average and which is required for the gap SP which is provided.
 
     Since the modulation factor δ in equation 16) for the propulsion force occurs only quadratically, it is irrelevant what sign the modulation factor δ has; which magnet control unit on the levitation frame the current is increased in and which the current is reduced in is therefore insignificant. The remaining degree of freedom in the distribution of the signs of the modulation factor δ along the vehicle can be used for commercial considerations—in order to keep the additional thermal loading on the levitation magnets as small as possible on average and to distribute it uniformly among all the levitation magnets, the signs of the modulation can be interchanged, for example, at certain time intervals. In order to keep the asymmetry of the magnet currents as small as possible, the set modulation factor δ can also be selected as a function of the damper force which is currently required to damp oscillations, with the result that in the steady state, for example after the starting up process has ended, when no oscillations are expected, the modulation factor δ is set to virtually zero, and additional thermal loading of the levitation magnets is therefore avoided. Moreover, during a phase with a high driving force (acceleration phase or breaking phase), the degree of freedom in the selection of the sign of the modulation factor δ is set, in contrast to the requirements above, in such a way as to reduce the kinematic effects of the application of the driving force to the chassis structure in terms of changing the air gap. 
     The processing device  400  can be embodied, for example, as a microprocessor which calculates, from the input signal v_poleangle of the pole angle change measuring device  310 , the suitable values for the modulation factor δ and the levitation magnet current Imag′ for the magnet control units. In the simplest case, as soon as the modulation function is activated in order to damp an oscillating movement (special operating mode), the modulation factor δ is set to +0.5 and added to the signal v_poleangle with an adapted amplitude, and the resulting modulation factor δ is output on the control line  460 , and the median levitation magnet current Imag′ is output on the control line  470 , in each case as a control signal, for example as follows:
 
δ=0.5 +k*v _poleangle  19)
 
     In this case, when there is a positive pole angle speed (vehicle repeats the driving stator field), there is a reduction in the original driving force Fx, and therefore the desired damping of the movement. The factor k is a predefined positive number with which the control behavior can be adapted to the specific track parameters of the respective magnetic levitation track. 
     Under certain circumstances, a control problem may occur if the fundamental force of the drive Fx changes its sign, i.e. if the vehicle changes from the driving range into the breaking range. In this case, specifically the direction of control of the damping control changes and a stimulating force is generated; the control would then become unstable. Since the method for damping oscillating movements which is described here is, in terms of the basic idea, an emergency operating mode of the traffic system, a constant positive acceleration could be defined in a virtual fashion before the start of the travel and the previously known up method, mentioned at the beginning, could be switched over to after a minimum speed has been reached. In this configuration, the modulation factor δ would therefore assume a value which is unequal to zero only during starting up (special operating mode) in order to be able to suppress any oscillating movements which occur; after the ending of the starting up process, the modulation is then, for example, switched off by setting the modulation factor δ to zero (for example as a normal operating mode). 
     It is also possible to observe the direction of force continuously and to introduce it as a sign determiner for the equation 19). In this case, the following is obtained for the modulation factor δ:
 
δ=0.5 +k*v _poleangle*sign(F x )  21)
 
     The force Fx decreases conveniently during the measurement of the pole angle speed in the form of the pole angle itself because in the case of a synchronous machine the driving force is calculated as follows:
 
 F   x   =c   motor *sin(γ poleangle )  22)
 
     Accordingly, the following is obtained:
 
δ=0.5 +k*v _poleangle*sign(sin(γ poleangle ))  23)
 
     As is apparent from equation 23), the control loop, and therefore the optimum factor k, is dependent on the median pole angle. This can also be taken into account in the processing device  400 . 
     Moreover, the function of the addition elements  480  is not only to permit the coupling of the individual magnet control units to the control lines  460  and  470 . Said addition elements  480  also ensure freedom from reaction, with the result that it continues to be ensured that the basic function of the magnet control units cannot be disrupted. 
     The pole angle change measuring device  310  is used, as already mentioned, to measure the change variable v_poleangle which specifies the speed of the pole angle change. This can be done in different ways, as will now be explained: 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a pole angle change measuring device  310  in which the change variable v_poleangle is formed by deriving over time the pole angle γ of a pole angle measuring device  600 , for example a stray field measuring probe, installed on the vehicle. A differentiating element  610  is provided for the derivation process. The pole angle change measuring device  310  measures the stray field of the stator winding with respect to the vehicle coordinates, and in this way forms the pole angle γ, and through the derivation process the change variable v_poleangle which specifies the rate of change of the pole angle. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a pole angle change measuring device  310  in which the change variable v_poleangle is formed by evaluating the acceleration a vehicle  in the direction of travel, measured on the vehicle with an acceleration sensor  620 . However, this requires information from the drive side as to how quickly the stator field is accelerated in order to be able to differentiate the oscillations of the vehicle from the acceleration a drive  of the stator field. The acceleration a drive  can be measured or read out, as a fixed prescribed value, from a memory  630 . 
     In the following equation 31), the acceleration of the stator field is given. In equation 32), the acceleration of the vehicle is given, specifically split into a component which runs in synchronism with the drive field and a deviation therefrom, the oscillating movement delta_x(t) (all the values refer to respective mechanical lengths): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     α 
                     drive 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ⅆ 
                         ω 
                       
                       
                         ⅆ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     
                       
                         τ 
                         p 
                       
                       π 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   31 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                           vehicle 
                         
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               ⅆ 
                               2 
                             
                             
                               ⅆ 
                               
                                 t 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               x 
                               vehicle 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               ⅆ 
                               2 
                             
                             
                               ⅆ 
                               
                                 t 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ω 
                                   ⋆ 
                                   t 
                                   ⋆ 
                                   
                                     τ 
                                     p 
                                   
                                 
                                 π 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 Δ 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   x 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     x 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   32 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     α 
                     vehicle 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           ω 
                         
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           t 
                         
                       
                       × 
                       
                         
                           τ 
                           p 
                         
                         π 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           2 
                         
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           
                             t 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       Δ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         x 
                         
                           ( 
                           t 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   33 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       α 
                       vehicle 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       α 
                       drive 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ⅆ 
                         2 
                       
                       
                         ⅆ 
                         
                           t 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         Δ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           x 
                           
                             ( 
                             t 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   34 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If equation 34) is integrated in an integrating element  650  arranged downstream of a difference forming element  640 , a variable is obtained which is a measure of the speed of the oscillating movement. 
     In order, finally, to arrive at the desired change variable v_poleangle, the result is also multiplied by the scaling factor between the electrical data and the linearly mechanical data, specifically π/τp (τp: pole pitch interval). The following is obtained: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     v 
                     poleangle 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       - 
                       
                         π 
                         
                           τ 
                           p 
                         
                       
                     
                     × 
                     
                       ∫ 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               α 
                               vehicle 
                             
                             - 
                             
                               α 
                               drive 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           t 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   35 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a pole angle change device  310  in which two sensors  670  and  680  are used on an inductive basis, for example measuring coils, which detect the slip speed dγ/dt of the vehicle with respect to the traveling wave of the stator magnetic field. 
     The two sensors are at a distance of τp/2 from one another and are preferably located outside the influence of the levitation magnet; one of the two sensors is at a distance from the magnetic reference axis of the vehicle which corresponds to an integral multiple of 2*π. 
     For example the following voltages U 1  and U 2  occur at the two sensors: 
               U   ⁢           ⁢   1     =     N   ×     (       -     sin   ⁡     (         Δ   ⁢           ⁢     x     (   t   )         ⋆   π       τ   p       )         ×           ⅆ   Δ     ⁢           ⁢     x     (   t   )         ⋆   π         ⅆ   t     ⋆     τ   p           )     ⁢           ⁢   and                   U   ⁢           ⁢   2     =     N   ×     (       -     cos   ⁡     (         Δ   ⁢           ⁢     x     (   t   )         ⋆   π       τ   p       )         ×           ⅆ   Δ     ⁢           ⁢     x     (   t   )         ⋆   π         ⅆ   t     ⋆     τ   p           )             
if, for example, a cosinusoidal profile of the stator magnetic field is used as a basis.
 
     If the two coil voltages U 1  and U 2  are then considered to be a real part and a virtual part of a complex pointer measurement variable, the pole angle γ and the change variable v_poleangle can therefore be determined in an evaluation device  690  arranged downstream, in accordance with: 
     
       
         
           
             γ 
             = 
             
               a 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               tan 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               2 
               ⁢ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     U 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   
                     U 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             v_poleangle 
             = 
             
               
                 ⅆ 
                 
                   ⅆ 
                   t 
                 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   a 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   tan 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   2 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         U 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         1 
                       
                       
                         U 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The function a tan 2 is to be understood here, as is known, as the inverse function of the angle function tangent in which, in addition to the quotient tan(x)=sin(x)/cos(x) a validity range of −π to +π, that is to say a complete period of the desired angle γ 1 , is obtained by taking into account the sign of the counter is obtained; in contrast to this the function a tan(x) is defined only in the range −π/2 to +π/2. 
     If the amplitude of the oscillation becomes very small, the pole angle γ can often no longer be reliably determined because the induced voltages U 1  and U 2  become too small. This can lead to a situation in which the processing device  400  of the control device  300  according to  FIG. 3  outputs, where possible, incorrect actuation signals on the control lines  460  and  470 , as a result of which, where possible, the oscillations can become larger again. This results in a quasi-static process with continual actuation intervention, which may be disruptive under certain circumstances. Such behavior can be avoided if the absolute value of the induced voltages is formed and monitoring of a lower limiting value is carried out. If said lower limiting value is undershot for a predefined time period (for example a period length of the oscillation), the change variable v_poleangle is rejected and the modulation factor δ is set to zero. 
     LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS 
     
         
           10  Magnetic levitation vehicle 
           20  Magnetic levitation track 
           30  Track-side stator 
           40  Stator grooves 
           50  Stator teeth 
           60  Levitation magnet 
           60   a , 60   b  Levitation magnet 
           60   c , 60   d  Levitation magnet 
           70  Solenoids 
           110  Carrier 
           300  Control device 
           310  Pole angle change measuring device 
           350  Levitation magnet pair 
           360  Force transmitting device 
           370  Connecting part 
           400  Processing device 
           410 , 420  Magnet control unit 
           430 , 440  Magnet control unit 
           450  Gap sensor 
           460 , 470  Control line 
           600  Pole angle measuring device 
           610  Differentiating element 
           620  Acceleration sensor 
           630  Memory 
           640  Difference forming element 
           650  Integrating element 
           670 , 680  Sensor 
           690  Evaluation device 
         Bs Magnetic reference axis of the stator 
         Bf Magnetic reference axis of the magnetic levitation vehicle 
         S Fundamental wave of the stator magnetic field 
         T Levitation magnetic field 
         γ Pole angle 
         Fx Propulsion force or driving force 
         Fy Levitation force 
         SP Gap