Abstract:
An oil, such as a mineral oil, for example, transformer oil, is contacted with calcium carbide and the mixture is stirred until a liquid phase containing less than 1 ppm water and a solid phase containing Ca(OH) 2  and unreacted CaC 2  are obtained. The oil obtained can be used to give samples of known quantities of water by adding corresponding amounts thereto.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     a) Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to, a process for dehydrating a material comprising a mineral oil, aromatic or aliphatic solvents, or the like using calcium carbide. More particularly, the invention relates to the preparation of samples of mineral oil or the like containing a known water concentration. 
     b) Description of Prior Art 
     The electrical properties of insulating oils, such as mineral oils, are largely affected by the presence of traces of water, which has led electrical companies to establish maximum admissible water concentrations for insulating oils. In view of this requirement, a monitoring of the water content of insulating oils is carried out so as to detect the cases which require a water removal treatment of the insulating oil. For example, the specification which is presently set by the Applicant for power transformer oils is &lt;10 ppm (w/v) water. 
     To achieve this, the determination of the water content is carried out by the Karl Fischer&#39;s coulometric titration method. Although this method has a lot of merit, since it is reasonably accurate and can be advantageously employed in several fields, it has some drawbacks for this specific application. For example, when the determination is made with an oil which has been exposed to severe electric and thermal effects, the presence of degradation products with unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds which react with iodine through halogen addition causes errors in Karl Fischer&#39;s method. In view of the problems associated with the Karl Fischei&#39;s method, there is a need for substantially dehydrated oil samples and moisture-in-oil standards to verify the performance of the method. 
     Another problem with present technology is that the currently used apparatuses for detecting the water content of mineral oils are calibrated from concentrated solutions of water in methanol which could affect the analytical performance. The apparatuses should be normally calibrated in the range of the concentrations experienced with the field samples using standards prepared in the same matrix. For the present application, the oil is the matrix, whereas dissolved water, is the analyte to be determined. 
     There is therefore a need to obtain an accurate and precise determination of the water content of mineral oils and the like using an apparatus which has been calibrated to less than 1 ppm water with the appropriate standards. 
     L. Szepes et aL in “A New Analytical Method for the Determination of the Water Content of Transformer Oils” (Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-17 No. 4, August 1982) describe a method based on the mass spectrometric determination of HD formed by reacting water with LiAID 4 . This analytical procedure which implies the removal of water via the above reaction does not refer to the use of calibration standards. Furthermore, it can only dry the oil down to 5 ppm. 
     On the other hand, U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,106 discloses that it is known to add inter alia calcium carbide in the reflux of glycerin to dehydrate same by the process of U.S. Pat. No. 1,459,699. However, no indication is given that a dehydration to less than 1ppm is possiblebythat method. Also there is no teaching relating to reducing the amount of water in transformer oil below the ppm level. This patent finds application mainly in the production of ethyl alcohol, but none to the treatment of oil. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,747,960 discloses the removal of water from a dielectric oil using a water absorbent polymer, a carboxymethyl cellulose or sodium poly-2-propenoate. However, there is no indication that water removal is possible down to sub-ppm quantities. The method deals with an absorption phenomenon and does not involve chemical reaction. 
     Another method of demoisturizing is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,437,082, which uses a desiccant resin. The latter presumably dries a dielectric liquid to 20 ppm or less although no showing is given to support demoistuzing at less than 20 ppm. The only dessicant material disclosed is drying resin HCR-W2. Furthermore, the patent mainly aims at decontaminating a dielectric fluid rather than essentially demoisturizing to very low levels. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,834 teaches the removal of a contaminant from an insulating liquid using an adsorbent material. The invention is mainly aimed at removing PCBs, and has nothing to do with the present invention. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 1,847,968 discloses treating alcohol with quicklime to remove water. There is no teaching relating to reducing the amount of water in transformer oil below the ppm level. 
     It will therefore be seen that with respect to producing mineral oil or the like which is free of water to a range below one part per million, the prior art is of no help. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method which enables to produce a sample of a material comprising a mineral oil, aromatic or aliphatic solvent, or the like which is demoisturized to the extent that it can be used to calibrate an apparatus adapted to determine the content of water in the material. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     According to the invention there is provided a process for dehydrating a material comprising a mineral oil, aliphatic or aromatic solvent or the like, which comprises contacting the material with particulate calcium carbide, under conditions effective to form a liquid phase consisting of dehydrated material substantially free of water and a solid phase comprising calcium hydroxide and unreacted calcium carbide, and separating the liquid phase from said solid phase to give a substantially dehydrated material. 
     Although the invention may be used with a variety of liquids, it is preferably carried out with transformer oils. 
     According to the invention, it is possible to calibrate an apparatus for detecting the presence of water in a material such as mineral oil or an aromatic or aliphatic solvent, with the substantially dehydrated material obtained by the process of the invention. 
     According to a preferred embodiment calcium carbide which has been previously crushed is preferred and the process is normally carried out under anhydrous atmosphere, for example, in a glove box. 
     According to another preferred embodiment, transformer oil and crushed calcium carbide are introduced in centrifugal bottles, for example, bottles made of polyethylene which are closed using polyethylene screw caps. The bottles are preferably shaken mechanically (Glas-col bench-top shaker, Terre Haute, Ind., USA, equipped with centrige-tube holder) for at least about 60 minutes, and placed in an ultra-centrifuge (IEC Centra-MP4, Needham Heights, Mass., USA) to separate said liquid phase from said solid phase. The ultra-centrifuge may operate at a speed of about 13000 rpm for about 5 minutes. 
     According to yet another embodiment, the bottles are thereafter reintroduced in the glove box and the liquid phase comprising dehydrated oil is then decanted in additional polyethylene bottles. These additional bottles containing dehydrated oil are preferably subjected to at least two additional ultra-centrifugations to separate any remaining solid phase therefrom, and the dehydrated oil is transferred in glass bottles or syringes. 
     According to yet another preferred embodiment, known amounts of water are introduced into the dehydrated oil present in the glass bottles or glass syringes to produce an oil containing a known concentration of water. Each polyethylene bottle normally contains an excess of calcium carbide, such as 1 g of CaC 2  per 4 mL of oil. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Samples containing different known amounts of water are required to check the accuracy and precision of apparatuses such as the Karl Fischer device or a device of the type HS/GC (A New Analytical Method for the Determination of Moisture in Transformer Oil Samples, J. Jalbert S. Charbonneau and R. Gilbert, Sixty-Third Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, Mar. 25-29, 1996, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.). To achieve this, it is necessary to have samples of substantially completely dehydrated oil and other samples containing known amounts of water both of which are not available on the market, and which makes it possible to calibrate and verify the analytical performance of measuring instruments. 
     In order to test the exactness of the process according to the invention in producing substantially completely dehydrated oils, 40 samples, each containing about 40 mL of Volt Esso 35 oil which have been dehydrated by the process of the invention, were prepared. An initial amount of 20 ppm of water was determined in this insulating oil before application of the process. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     In the drawings which illustrate the invention: 
     FIG.  1 : is a representative of the kinetics of the reaction of water with CaC 2  in an oil matrix. 
     FIG.  2 : is a HS/GC calibration graph obtained with water-in-oil standards prepared according to the invention (from Jalbert et al.). 
    
    
     The preparation was as follows. 10 g of previously crushed calcium carbide were first introduced into each of a series of 40 mL centrifugal polyethylene bottles, which were thereafter filled to 40 mL with Volt Esso 35 oil, the preparation being carried out in a glove box. The bottles were removed from the glove box and shaked mechanically for at least 60 minutes. It is believed that as soon as there is contact between the oil and calcium carbide, as well as during the entire shaking period, the following known reaction enables to free the oil from traces of water. 
     
       
         CaC 2  (solid)+2H 2 O (oil)→Ca(OH) 2  (solid)+C 2 H 2  (gas) 
       
     
     The kinetics of the demoisturizing reaction with the Volt Esso 35 oil is shown in FIG. 1 (filled circles). The water is almost completely removed from the oil after 50 minutes of phases in contact. Another example involving the use of a commercially pretreated Volt Esso 35 sample supplied by Syprotec Inc., Montreal, CA (certified H 2 O&lt;10 ppm) is also shown in FIG. 1 (open circles). 
     The by-products of the reaction are in suspension in the oil, in the case of Ca(OH) 2 , and are partly dissolved in the oil and partly in the gaseous atmosphere of the void above the oil, in the case of C 2 H 2 . 
     After shaking, the bottles were placed in an ultra-centrifugation device referred to above so as to separate the liquid phase consisting of dried oil and the solid phase consisting of a mixture of calcium hydroxide and unreacted calcium carbide. The ultra-centrifugation device was used at a speed of 13000 rpm for 5 minutes. 
     A first step of recovery of dried oil was carried out by reintroducing the bottles in the glove box and decanting the oil contained therein into other polyethylene bottles. This operation is repeated twice under the same conditions as previously. After the third centrifugation, the bottles were reintroduced into the glove box and the oil was transferred into glass bottles, which were provided with perforated aluminum. caps fitted with a rubber PTFE-fined septum. At this stage, the product was a dried oil in which the water concentration was always lower than 1 ppm as shown in Table I. The amount of water was assessed using the technique published above by Jalbert et al. 
     Samples of oil with known water concentrations were prepared by introducing in the dehydrated oil, a known volume (0.5−30 μL) of an Aquatest water standard of 2.70≅0.05% water in methanol (Photovolt, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) using an automatic syringe. The results are given in Table II. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Degree of dehydration after adding Volt Esso 35 oil to 10 g of 
               
               
                 crushed CaC 2  (total 
               
               
                 volume = 40 mL, contact time = 60 minutes) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Measured 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                 (ppm w/v) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Estimated from 
                 Estimated from 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the peak area of 
                 the peak area of 
               
               
                   
                 Area of peak 
                 a standard of 
                 a standard of 
               
               
                 Test 
                 (counts) 
                 2.86 ppm 
                 9.2 ppm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 10494 
                 0.22 
                 0.25 
               
               
                  2 
                 13562 
                 0.28 
                 0.32 
               
               
                  3 
                 15871 
                 0.33 
                 0.37 
               
               
                  4 
                 16163 
                 0.34 
                 0.38 
               
               
                  5 
                 20800 
                 0.43 
                 0.49 
               
               
                  6 
                 24000 
                 0.50 
                 0.56 
               
               
                  7 
                 21600 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
               
               
                  8 
                 21700 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
               
               
                  9 
                 22400 
                 0.47 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 10 
                  9647 
                 0.20 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 11 
                 17276 
                 0.36 
                 0.41 
               
               
                 12 
                 18677 
                 0.39 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 13 
                 19074 
                 0.40 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 14 
                 21353 
                 0.45 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 15 
                 28749 
                 0.60 
                 0.68 
               
               
                 16 
                 19800 
                 0.41 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 17 
                 20800 
                 0.43 
                 0.49 
               
               
                 18 
                 22500 
                 0.47 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 19 
                 19800 
                 0.41 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 20 
                 18677 
                 0.39 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 21 
                 22500 
                 0.47 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 22 
                  9647 
                 0.20 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 23 
                 20800 
                 0.43 
                 0.49 
               
               
                 24 
                 17276 
                 0.36 
                 0.41 
               
               
                 25 
                 19074 
                 0.40 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 26 
                 21353 
                 0.45 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 27 
                 14109 
                 0.29 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 28 
                 19673 
                 0.41 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 29 
                 21480 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 30 
                 16315 
                 0.34 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 31 
                 18637 
                 0.39 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 32 
                 20127 
                 0.42 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 33 
                 16879 
                 0.35 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 34 
                 20317 
                 0.42 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 35 
                 17010 
                 0.35 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 36 
                 17874 
                 0.37 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 37 
                  8446 
                 0.18 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 38 
                 11906 
                 0.25 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 39 
                 18309 
                 0.38 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 40 
                 25317 
                 0.53 
                 0.59 
               
               
                 Average value 
                 18499 
                 0.39 
                 0.43 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Addition of a specific volume of a certified water 
               
               
                 solution in methanol in a sample of 15 mL dried 
               
               
                 Volt Esso 35 oil 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Expected 
                 Measured 
                 Accuracy of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 concentration 
                 concentration 
                 preparation* 
               
               
                   
                 Test 
                 (ppm w/v) 
                 (ppm w/v) 
                 % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  1 
                 0.9 
                 1.1 
                 −22.2 
               
               
                   
                  2 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 −2.4 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 1.8 
                 2.0 
                 −11.1 
               
               
                   
                  4 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
                 11.1 
               
               
                   
                  5 
                 3.4 
                 3.1 
                 7.7 
               
               
                   
                  6 
                 3.4 
                 3.1 
                 7.7 
               
               
                   
                  7 
                 3.6 
                 3.9 
                 −8.3 
               
               
                   
                  8 
                 3.6 
                 4.3 
                 −19.4 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 6.7 
                 6.6 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 7.2 
                 8.0 
                 −11.1 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 8.4 
                 9.1 
                 −8.3 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 8.4 
                 9.1 
                 −8.3 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 9.0 
                 8.4 
                 6.7 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 10.8 
                 10.8 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 11.8 
                 11.4 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 14.4 
                 12.5 
                 13.2 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 16.8 
                 17.0 
                 −1.2 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 16.8 
                 15.3 
                 8.9 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 16.8 
                 16.4 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 16.8 
                 12.5 
                 25.6 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 25.2 
                 25.0 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 36.0 
                 35.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 54.0 
                 54.3 
                 −0.6 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 72.0 
                 71.8 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Expected concentration - measured concentration × 100 Expected concentration  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Of course one of the main values of the process according to the invention is to enable the calibration of devices used to determine water in transformer oils or the like. For example, the calibration of the HS/GC technique referred to above was established by analyzing a series of Toisture-in-oil standards prepared by the procedure according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, standards of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 10.8, 14.4, 23.4, 36 and 50.4 ppm water were prepared using three different mineral oil types: Volt Esso 35, Coray 22 and Univolt N 61. It will be seen that the signal passes through zero and increases proportionally with the addition of water in the mineral oil tested, which is a proof of the applicability of the invention. 
     As shown in Table III, demoisturizing tests according to the invention were also made with aromatic and aliphatic solvents. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Degree of dehydration after adding heptane or benzene to 10 g of 
               
               
                 crushed CaC 2  (total volume = 40 mL, contact time = 60 minutes)* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Measured concentration 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Before treatment 
                 After treatment 
               
               
                 Test 
                 (ppm w/v) 
                 (ppm w/v) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Heptane** 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 6.7 
                 &lt;detection limit 
               
               
                 2 
                 6.1 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 3 
                 6.7 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 4 
                 6.7 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 5 
                 6.7 
                 0.54 
               
               
                 6 
                 7.7 
                 0.42 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Benzene*** 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 191.9 
                 3.6 
               
               
                 2 
                 168.4 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 3 
                 180.6 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 4 
                 192.8 
                 2.9 
               
               
                 5 
                 176.4 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 6 
                 179.7 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Concentrations assessed by Karl Fischer technique  
               
               
                 **HPLC Grade Fisher Chemical with a % water of 0.004  
               
               
                 ***Certified A.C.S. Fisher Chemical with a % water of 0.03