Abstract:
An electrode configuration for use in association with a heat transfer member provided in a thermal energy transfer system. Separate multiple electrical conductors are each received on a respective first surface alteration. Each of the multiple conductors is connected to a different terminal of a multiphase alternating power source so that an electric traveling wave moves in a longitudinal direction of the heat transfer member so as to induce pumping of at least the liquid phase in the longitudinal direction to thereby enhance the thermal energy transfer characteristics of the thermal energy transfer system. In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned heat transfer members are provided inside of an outer conduit.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates in general to the field of thermal energy transfer and, more particularly, to an electrohydrodynamic induction pumping thermal energy transfer system. Even more specifically, the invention relates to an electrode configuration for electrohydrodynamic induction pumping of a liquid in a thermal energy transfer system.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The promotion of energy conservation and global environmental protection is establishing increased standards for more efficient production and utilization of energy in various industrial and commercial sectors. For example, the introduction of Ozone-safe refrigerants presents new challenges. Not only are the new refrigerants considerably more expensive, but the new refrigerants also generally exhibit poor thermal energy transfer characteristics. Additionally, thermal energy transfer devices, such as heat exchangers, condensers, and evaporators, are generally used to effectively utilize heat energy in a variety of applications. For example, condensers and evaporators may be utilized in electronic cooling systems, refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, solar energy systems, geothermal energy systems and heating and cooling systems in the petrochemical field, the power generation field, the aerospace field, and microgravity environment.  
           [0003]    One type of thermal energy transfer device may include an outer tube or conduit enclosing a tube bundle or group of smaller diameter inner conduits. In operation, thermal energy transfer occurs between a fluid disposed within the outer conduit and surrounding the inner conduits and a fluid contained within the inner conduits. In the case of a condenser, the fluid entering the outer conduit may be in a vapor phase which is to be condensed into a liquid phase. The condensation into the liquid phase is generally achieved by providing the fluid within the inner conduits at a temperature below a condensing temperature of the vapor.  
           [0004]    Present thermal energy transfer devices, however, suffer several disadvantages. For example, in the case of the condenser described above, as the vapor condenses onto the inner conduits, the liquid condensing on the inner conduits disposed near an upper portion of the condenser falls or drips onto inner conduits disposed in a lower portion of the condenser, thereby decreasing the efficiency of thermal energy transfer of the lower inner conduits. Additionally, liquid condensing on the inner conduits prevents additional vapor from being exposed to the inner conduits, thereby also decreasing the efficiency of thermal energy transfer between the outer fluid and the fluid contained within the inner conduits.  
           [0005]    WO 00/71957, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, presents a solution to the aforementioned problem. However, this reference shows that wires are in the pathway of the liquid that is to be pumped and, therefore, impedes the flow of liquid. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a structure which will achieve the benefits described in the aforementioned document, but provide for an unobstructed movement of liquid on the heat transfer member.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    The objects and purposes of the invention are met by providing an electrode configuration for use in association with a heat transfer member provided in a thermal energy transfer system, which heat transfer member has separate first and second surfaces each subjected to separate first and second temperatures, at least one of the first and second surfaces also being configured to be subjected to a fluid so that a liquid phase of the fluid is present on the at least one of the first and second surfaces. The heat transfer member additionally has on the first surface multiple and separate first surface alterations extending coextensively with an axial length of the heat transfer member. Separate multiple electrical conductors are provided, each being received on a respective one of the separate first surface alterations. An electric multiphase alternating power source having multiple terminals and producing a number of phases corresponding to a number of the multiple terminals is provided, each of the multiple conductors being connected to a different one of the multiple terminals so that an electric traveling wave moves in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the electrical conductors so as to induce pumping of at least the liquid phase in the direction to thereby enhance the thermal energy transfer characteristics of the thermal energy transfer system. In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned heat transfer members are provided inside of an outer conduit. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    Other objects and purposes of this invention will be apparent to persons acquainted with apparatus of this general type upon reading the following specification and inspecting the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an electrohydrodynamic induction pumping thermal energy transfer system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 is an enlarged isometric view of a heat transfer member on which is provided an electrode configuration embodying the invention;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is an enlargement of the section marked A in FIG. 2;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 is an enlargement of the section marked B illustrated in FIG. 3;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIGS. 5A through 5J show various alternate embodiments of the electrode configuration embodying the invention;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIGS. 6A through 6B show a still further alternate construction of the electrode configuration embodying the invention;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIGS. 7A through 7D illustrate alternate electrode mounting configurations for the electrodes on the heat transfer members;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIGS. 8A through 8C illustrate a still further electrode mounting configuration for the electrodes on a heat transfer member;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIGS. 9A through 9C illustrate additional electrode configurations on a heat transfer member that has been additionally provided with heat transfer enhancing surface features; and  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 10 is a still further electrode configuration on a heat transfer member that has been provided with heat transfer enhancing surface features different from those illustrated in FIGS. 9A through 9C.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 illustrates an electrohydrodynamic induction pumping thermal energy transfer system  10  comprising a thermal energy transfer device  11  for transferring thermal energy generally between fluids. The thermal energy transfer device  11  may comprise a condenser, evaporator, heat exchanger or other suitable thermal energy transfer device for transferring thermal energy between the fluids.  
         [0019]    In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the thermal energy transfer device  11  comprises an inner conduit assembly  12  disposed within an outer tube or conduit  13 . The inner conduit assembly  12  comprises a tube bundle or a collection and/or array of individual conduits or members  14 . The individual conduits or members  14  may comprise a generally circular configuration; however, other suitable geometric configurations may be used for the conduits  14 . Generally, the thermal energy transfer device  11  provides thermal energy transfer between a fluid  16  disposed within an interior region  17  of the outer conduit  13  surrounding the conduits  14  and a fluid  18  disposed within the individual conduits  14 . For example, fluids  16  and  18  may be traveling in opposite directions within the thermal energy transfer device  11 , and a fluid  18  may be at an elevated or reduced temperature relative to a temperature of the fluid  16  to cause thermal energy transfer through surfaces of the conduits  14 . Instead of providing one of the fluids at an elevated temperature, a heating tape or solid state heating or cooling devices may be employed instead of providing a fluid.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 illustrates an enlarged view of a single conduit  14  of the thermal energy transfer system  10 . In this embodiment, plural and separate electrical conductors  21 ,  22  and  23  with exterior insulation  19  (FIGS. 9A and 9B) are disposed on an exterior surface  24  of the conduit  14  and extend longitudinally along the conduit  14 . The individual conductors  21 ,  22  and  23  are disposed in a spaced apart relationship to each other and are each coupled to a phase alternating power supply  26  known from the above-referenced WO 00/71957. The power supply  26  may be configured to generate a variety of voltage waveforms at various voltages levels and frequencies. For example, the power supply  26  may be configured to generate sine, square, and/or triangle voltage waveforms at voltage levels between 0-15 kV (0 to peak) at various fluid-dependent frequencies. However, the power supply  26  may be otherwise configured to generate various voltage waveforms at other suitable voltages and frequencies. The aforementioned spacing between the consecutive electrical conductors is the wave length (λ) divided by the number of different phases (n). In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS.  2 - 4 , three (n=3) separate electrical conductors have been provided and the power supply  26  is configured to generate three phase power, each 120° apart. Thus, the spacing between the individual conductors  21 ,  22  and  23  is λ/3 as illustrated in FIG. 4. Generally, the spacing between the electrodes is in the range of 0.01 mm and 30 mm.  
         [0021]    Prior to orienting the electrodes  21 ,  22  and  23  on the surface  24  of the individual heat transfer members  14 , the surface  24  is altered to provide a specific mounting location for the electrodes. In this particular embodiment, the surface  24  is altered to provide a groove  27  (FIGS.  5 A- 5 J) in various patterns along the length of the heat transfer member  14 . After the grooves  27  have been formed in the surface  24  of the heat transfer member  14 , the selected electrode  21 ,  22  or  23  can be inserted into the groove  27  so that the body of the selected electrode is either flush with or oriented entirely beneath the surface  24  as illustrated in FIGS. 5A through 5J. As illustrated in FIGS. 5A through 5J, the shape of the groove  27  is variable as is the cross-sectional shape of the electrical conductor. In other words, the electrical conductor  21 ,  22 ,  23  and the groove  27  can have a circular cross section as illustrated in FIGS. 5A through 5H or rectangular cross section as illustrated in FIGS. 5I through 5J. In addition, the groove  27  can be oriented on the exterior surface  24  or on the interior surface  28  as illustrated in FIG. 5H. In FIG. 5G, the electrode is oriented between the external surface  24  and the internal surface  28 . This configuration would likely be achievable by working the material of the heat transfer member (usually copper or other suitable heat transferring material) on a selected surface thereof so as to provide a trench into which the electrode could be placed and the material of the heat transfer member worked so as to provide a smooth external surface  24  or internal surface  28 . The important thing in FIGS.  5 A- 5 J to note is that the selected electrode  21 ,  22  or  23  is oriented beneath the surface of the heat transfer member  14  so as to allow for the unobstructed flow of liquid L in either direction along the surface of the heat transfer member  14  as, for example, indicated by the arrow  29  in FIG. 5A.  
         [0022]    In some instances, it may be desirable to mount the wire to the external surface  24  of the heat transfer member  14 . However, as noted above with respect to the electrodes disclosed in WO 00/71957, the wires will obstruct the flow of liquid along the longitudinal length of the heat transfer member. The surface  24  of the heat transfer member  14  can, as illustrated in FIG. 6A, be altered by providing a thin layer  31  of insulating material directly to the surface  24  and a thin layer  32  of electrically conductive material to formulate a selected one of the electrodes  21 ,  22  or  23 . The thickness of the two layers  31  and  32  have been exaggerated in FIGS. 6A and 6B for illustrative purposes only. In actuality, the combined thickness of the layers  31  and  32  do not significantly impede the flow of liquid in the direction  29 . If desired, the surface  24  of the heat transfer member  14  can be provided with a groove  27 , as illustrated in FIG. 6B, so that the thin layer  31  of insulating material can be provided on the bottom wall of the groove  27  with the thin layer  32  of electrically conductive material being provided on top of the insulating layer  31  so that the combined thickness of the two layers  31  and  32  will be beneath or at least flush with the surface  24 .  
         [0023]    FIGS.  7 A- 7 D illustrate various patterns for the surface alteration  27  or  31  made to the exterior surface  24  of the heat transfer member  14 . It is to be recognized that the surface alterations can also be applied to the interior surface (not illustrated in FIGS.  7 A- 7 D). Furthermore, the surface alterations  27 / 31  can be provided on selected regions of a heat transfer member  14  or on only a selected one of the heat transfer members  14  in a tube bundle, such as is illustrated in FIG. 1. In other words, the surface alterations  27 / 31  can be provided where needed, such as in the bottom part of a condenser or the top part of a falling film evaporator where there generally exists more liquid or in the mid-length region only of a heat transfer member  14  in order to provide flow management characteristics in desired regions and/or to provide a desired redistribution of liquid in order to enhance overall performance of the thermal energy transfer system. FIG. 7A illustrates a surface alteration configuration that will result in the movement of liquid in a single direction  29 .  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 7B illustrates spaced arrangements of surface alterations  27 ,  31  on the surface  24  to cause liquid to traverse longitudinally of the heat transfer member  14  only within the length of the heat transfer member  14  where such surface alterations extend spirally of the heat transfer member, namely, in regions indicated by the character X. In the region where the surface alterations extend parallel to the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member  14 , the liquid will generally drip from the heat transfer member in these regions because the electric wave causing the pumping of the fluid travels in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the electrical conductor. Since the electrical conductor is mounted on the surface alterations  27 ,  31 , and since the electrical conductors in-between the regions marked X extend parallel to the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member, the liquid will be allowed to drip from the heat transfer member at these locations.  
         [0025]    In FIG. 7C, the surface alterations  27 ,  31  over the regions marked X cause liquid flow to occur in the direction  29 . Since the surface alterations  27 ,  31  are oriented in the region marked Y are oppositely to those in the regions marked X, liquid will flow in the direction  34  opposite to the direction  29 .  
         [0026]    As illustrated in FIG. 7C, a structure, such as a ring  33  is provided at the junction between two mutually adjacent regions X and Y for effecting securement of the electrical conductors to the transfer member and so that the liquid will be obstructed by the ring  33  and allowed to drip from the heat transfer member  14  at these locations. If there is no such structure (not shown in the drawings) or if the structure is thin, liquid will still drip thereat due to two liquids being pumped in opposite directions.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 7D shows a region Z where the spacing between the electrodes is smaller than the spacing between the regions marked X so that the liquid flowing in the region marked Y will have a controlled or purposefully managed performance characteristic.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIGS. 8A through 8C illustrate a further arrangement of surface alterations  27 ,  31  that can be provided on a surface of the heat transfer member  14 . In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8A through 8C, the surface alterations  27 ,  31  have been provided on the exterior surface  24  of the heat transfer member  14 . As illustrated in FIG. 8A, and assuming that the power supply  26  delivers three phase voltage to the electrodes, a plurality of surface alterations  27 / 31  are provided along the top surface area of the heat transfer member  14  and in a direction that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member  14 . It is within the scope of this invention to provide surface alterations  27 / 31  that extend only parallel to the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member  14  as shown in FIG. 8A. Since multiphase power will effect, as described above, an electric traveling wave to move in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the electrical conductor  21 ,  22 ,  23  oriented on the surface alterations  27 / 31 , liquid forming on the surface  24  of the heat transfer member  14  will be pumped only circumferentially. However, in an additional embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 8B, and it is desired to manage the liquid flow differently to result in enhanced heat transfer, a plurality of other surface alterations  27 ,  31  are provided around only a portion of the bottom part of the heat transfer member  14 . In this particular embodiment, each surface alteration  27 ,  31  is oriented in a plane that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member  14 . FIG. 8C illustrates additional surface alterations required at  36 ,  37  and  38  to cause an intersection of the respective one of the surface alterations with the longitudinally extending surface alterations illustrated in FIG. 8A. Thereafter, the electrical conductors  21 ,  22  and  23  can be placed onto the selected one of the surface alterations  27 ,  31  and  36 ,  37 ,  38 . As illustrated in FIG. 8C, some electrical conductors will intersect other electrical conductors. However, since the electrical conductors include an insulating layer  19  around the electrically conductive part, an intersecting of the electrical conductors will be permitted. In the event that the configuration of FIGS. 6A, 6B is utilized, an additional insulative layer will be required where the electrical conductors intersect one another so as to prevent shorting from occurring at the locations of intersection.  
         [0029]    During operation, the embodiment of FIG. 8C functioning as a condenser or an evaporator will cause liquid accumulating on the underside of the heat transfer member  14  to be moved in a direction longitudinally of the heat transfer member  14  as schematically illustrated by the arrow  29 , namely, in a direction perpendicular to the plane containing the electrodes. This particular configuration will be particularly suitable in environments where gravity plays a roll in causing the liquid to accumulate on the bottom side of the heat transfer member  14 .  
         [0030]    [0030]FIGS. 9A through 9C illustrate a heat transfer member  14  wherein the exterior surface has been additionally altered to provide a heat transfer enhancing surface feature  39  of any conventional type. The surface feature  39  can be a surface area increasing structure or a coating on the heat transfer member to alter the surface tension effects thereat. FIG. 9A illustrates that a surface alteration in the form of a groove  27  can be provided in the heat transfer enhancing surface feature  39  to a depth corresponding to the depth surface feature  39 . FIG. 9B illustrates that the depth of the groove  27  can exceed the thickness of the surface feature  39 . FIG. 9C illustrates that the depth of the groove  27  is less than the thickness of the surface feature  39 .  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 10 illustrates a heat transfer member  14  having another form of surface enhancement on the exterior surface thereof, namely, upstanding ribs  41  extending in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member  14 . The upstanding ribs  41  can be oriented as desired, but preferably on the upper part of the heat transfer member so that fluid dropping from heat transfer members oriented thereabove will drop into the region between the ribs  41  and be moved lengthwise of the heat transfer member  14  caused by the traveling electric wave created when multiphase voltage is applied to the electrodes  21 ,  22  and  23 . As illustrated in FIG. 10, slots  42  have been provided in the ribs  41  to facilitate mounting of the conductors  21 ,  22  and  23  around the perimeter of the heat transfer member  14 . If desired, the electrodes  21 ,  22  and  23  can be provided in additional surface alterations as shown in FIGS. 5A through 5J to accommodate the electrodes  21 ,  22  and  23  in order to facilitate unobstructed movement of liquid in the longitudinal direction of the heat transfer member  14 . The ribs  41  will allow liquid from the heat transfer members oriented thereabove to drop down into the area between the ribs and prevent that liquid from rapidly moving in a circumferential direction to the underside of the conduit to maintain the efficiency of the heat transfer element along the underside of the heat transfer member as well as in accordance with the orientation of the surface alterations shown in FIGS. 8A through 8C.  
         [0032]    If desired, additional elongate non-heat transfer members, such as insulating material rods  15  (FIG. 1) can be provided in the outer conduit  13  and which extend generally parallel to the heat transfer conduits or members  14 . Electrical conductors are provided on the rods either on the outer surface thereof or on surface alterations on the rods  15  to facilitate liquid management or distribution inside the outer conduit in a purposefully controlled way using the teachings described above.  
         [0033]    Although particular preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in detail for illustrative purposes, it will be recognized that variations or modifications of the disclosed apparatus, including the rearrangement of parts, lie within the scope of the present invention.