Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of reducing cholesterol and/or altering fatty acid profiles in eggs and products derived from eggs. The method includes feeding to the animals a high oleic feed source and obtaining the eggs produced by the animals.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to the field of animal nutrition. Specifically, the present invention relates to the use of high oleic feed sources to lower the cholesterol levels and/or alter the fatty acid content in eggs. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As public awareness of the dangers of cholesterol has increased in recent years, a number of popular food products have drawn criticism for containing high levels of cholesterol. Eggs are among the maligned products that have suffered because of a public perception that eggs are unhealthy. 
     As a result of concern over cholesterol intake, a market has developed for egg products having reduced cholesterol. Many of these reduced cholesterol products are produced using additional processing steps after collection of the eggs, which add substantial cost to the production process. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,095 to Jackeschky, PCT application WO 99/56565 to Lederer, PCT application WO 94/05166 to Hsieh and European patent EP 0607120 to Oakenfull each describe these types of processes. 
     Also, as the consumer&#39;s knowledge of cholesterol has increased, most consumers have become aware of the difference between low density lipoproteins (LDL), often referred to as bad cholesterol, and high density lipoproteins (HDL), often referred to as good cholesterol. Thus, it would be beneficial to produce an egg with increased levels of HDL and decreased levels of LDL. 
     Attempts have also been made to reduce egg cholesterol by modifying the feed given to the egg-producing animals. For example, fibrous feed ingredients, such as barley, and feed additives, such as copper, iodine, wood shavings, human cholesterol reducing agents and other specialty chemicals have been utilized in an effort to reduce egg cholesterol. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,665,375 to Meier, 5,246,717 to Garwin, 4,764,531 to Nissen and European Patent EP 0978236 each describe this type of approach. These types of feed and feed additives have proven disadvantageous for a number of reasons: they are typically expensive, increase feed costs, are not available in continuous supply, occupy valuable space during the feed mixing process, result in environmental contamination and/or have undesirable effects on the animal. 
     In addition to cholesterol, fatty acid composition of the diet is believed to have an impact on human health. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are believed to be nutritionally more favorable for the human diet. In addition, mono unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are more stable against oxidation than some other fatty acids and thereby reduce the tendency of food products with a greater proportion of oleic fatty acids to become rancid or contain off flavors. Attempts have been made to feed poultry supplements high in oleic acid, such as olive oil, as described in Watkins, B. A. and Elkin, R. G., 1992, Dietary Modulation of Oleic and Stearic Acid in Egg Yolks, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 3(3):209-215. However, this method has the disadvantage of producing poor quality feed pellets if the supplement is present above a certain level. Feed supplements such as high oleic sunflower seeds have been tried, but these have the disadvantage of containing such a high fiber content that only a limited amount can be included in the diet. 
     Thus, there remains a need in the art for a method of lowering the cholesterol levels and/or altering the fatty acid composition of animals and eggs without requiring substantial additional process steps, feed additives or non-optimum feed ingredients. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method of reducing cholesterol and/or altering the fatty acid content in eggs. The method includes feeding the animals a high oleic feed source, and may be practiced individually or in combination with known methods of layer feeding and egg processing, including those involving a further reduction in cholesterol or alteration of fatty acids. As used herein, “feed source” refers to sources that provide a substantial portion of the nutritional and caloric requirements of the animal, rather than sources, such as mineral supplements, that provide limited nutritional and caloric value. For example, feed sources useful in the present invention include soybeans or cereal grains such as corn, sorghum, barley, rye, wheat, rice, millet, processed products derived from the above or mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term “total feed source” refers to the total amount of grain and soybeans used as a feed source and includes both high oleic grain and soybeans (the high oleic feed source) and any non-high oleic grain and soybeans used in the feed source. 
     Specifically, the method of reducing cholesterol and/or altering the fatty acid profile of the egg comprises providing a feed source comprising a high oleic feed source with at least 3.5% percent weight oleic acid when measured on a dry weight basis. The high oleic feed source is preferably high oleic corn, or more preferably high oleic high oil corn. After the feed source has been fed, the egg is collected. Any species of poultry may be used in this invention, although layer hens are preferred. Some non-exhaustive examples of poultry include laying hen or layer, turkey, emu, ostrich, duck, and goose. 
     The egg yolks produced by the above method have at least 5.0% less total cholesterol as compared to a normal egg yolk, preferably at least 7.8% less total cholesterol. Similarly, eggs produced by the above process have at least 3.1% less low density lipoprotein as compared to a normal egg, and preferably at least about 5.9% less low density lipoprotein. Further, eggs produced by the above process have at least 3.2% more high density lipoprotein as compared to a normal egg, and preferably at least about 8.7% more high density lipoprotein. A “normal egg” is defined as an egg produced by an animal fed conventional feed sources containing conventional amounts and forms of oil with conventional amounts of oleic acid. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a method of reducing cholesterol in eggs and/or to a method of altering the fatty acid profile of eggs. The present invention is also directed to eggs and egg products containing reduced cholesterol and/or altered fatty acid profiles. 
     Regular corn typically contains about 2.5 to about 5.1 weight percent oil, based upon the total dry weight of regular corn. The oil content of high oil corn is typically at least greater than 5.1 weight percent and more preferably at least about 6.0 weight percent. Some high oil corn varieties have been developed with an oil content of about 12.0 weight percent, or more, based on the total dry matter weight of the high oil corn. 
     The oleic acid concentration in the oil of regular corn typically ranges from about 20 weight percent, to about 30 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the oil in the regular corn. The oleic acid concentration in the oil of high oleic corn is typically at least about 45 weight percent, more preferably at least about 60 weight percent, and even more preferably at least about 64 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the oil in the high oleic corn. Some high oleic varieties have been developed with an oleic content of about 75 weight percent, or more, based on the total weight of the oil in the high oleic corn, and these would be most preferable for use in the present invention. 
     Any variety of high oleic corn with sufficient oleic levels may be used in the present invention. An example of a high oleic corn variety is described in PCT application WO 92/01367 to Alexander. However, most preferable is the use of a variety that has the high oleic trait in combination with a high oil trait, as this variety will have the highest oleic levels when measured on an absolute basis. A variety with the high oleic trait in combination with a high oleic trait is described in PCT application WO95/22598 to Leto. High oleic high oil corn is available from DuPont Specialty Grains in Johnston Iowa. The corn used in the present invention is preferably ground and mixed into feed. The corn may be fed in mash, crumble or pellet form, and used with or without additional feed ingredients. 
     The oil of the high oleic high oil corn typically has the fatty acid composition set forth in Table 1. The oleic acid concentration in the oil of high oleic high oil corn is typically at least about 50 weight percent, more preferably at least about 60 weight percent, and most preferably at least about 64 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the oil in the high oleic high oil corn. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TYPICAL WEIGHT 
                 TYPICAL WEIGHT 
               
               
                   
                 PERCENT* 
                 PERCENT** IN OIL 
               
               
                   
                 IN OIL OF 
                 OF HIGH OLEIC 
               
               
                 COMPONENT 
                 REGULAR CORN 
                 HIGH OIL CORN 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Myristic (C14:0) 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Myristoleic (C14:1) 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Palmitic (C16:0) 
                 13.9 
                 9.6 
               
               
                 Palmitoleic (C16:1) 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Stearic Acid (C18:0) 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Oleic Acid (C18:1) 
                 25.4 
                 60.1 
               
               
                 Linoleic Acid (C18:2) 
                 57.7 
                 27.6 
               
               
                 Linolenic Acid (C18:3) 
                 0.9 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Arachidic (C20:0) 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic (C20:1) 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *based upon the total weight of the oil in the regular corn  
               
               
                 **based upon the total weight of the oil in the high oil high oleic corn  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     A soybean variety with higher oleic acid levels than commodity soybeans has also been developed and is available from DuPont Specialty Grains of Johnston, Iowa. This soybean typically contains about 83% oleic acid and 3% linoleic acid. This high oleic soybean is suitable for use in the present invention, either alone or in combination with high oleic corn. 
     Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the high oleic feed source, when fed to poultry, reduces cholesterol levels eggs produced by the poultry. It has also been discovered that the high oleic feed source, when fed to poultry, causes an increase of oleic acid, including a surprising increase in the cis-isomer form of oleic acid. As the cis double bond isomer is more flexible that the trans double bond isomer, this is an advantage of the present invention, since cis-isomer fatty acids are believed to have health advantages over trans-isomer fatty acids. 
     High oleic oilseed(s) and high oleic high oil grain(s) may be fed to poultry either separately or in any combination with each other. Additionally, high oleic soybeans and high oleic high oil corn may be combined with other components to form a feed composition that is fed to poultry. Some non-exhaustive examples of such feed components include water; beans, such as regular soybeans; grains, such as regular corn; plant-based oils; plant-based meals, such as soybean meal and/or corn meal; animal-based protein meals, such as meat-based meal and bone meal; fatty acids; commercially available formula feeds; vitamin and/or mineral supplements; and any mixture of any of these. 
     After the high oleic high oil grain is fed to the poultry, eggs produced by the bird may be collected and processed for later sales as egg products, such as whole eggs, pasteurized eggs, liquid whole egg, liquid yolk or any other further processed product. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Seven hundred and thirty pullets (approximately 17 weeks of age) of a commercial strain were obtained and fed under commercial conditions and commercial rations so as to acclimate to test facilities. These hens were fed a Pre-conditioner ration for seven days prior to start of the study. Layers were weighted on Trial day “−7”, weights sorted in descending order and distributed into blocks by weight in order to be assured of approximate equal weights at housing. Each treatment group was fed to 90 laying hens randomly assigned to 15 replicates per treatment at the start of the study. Each replicate (cage) contained six hens. Hens were observed daily for signs of production and/or behavioral changes. Daily temperature was recorded, with a temperature goal of 75° F. Feed and water provided ad libitum. Individual free-standing cage (6 hens/cage; 46 in 2 /hen) dimensions were 18″ wide×26″ long×18″ high. Each cage row contained 4 cages×3 tiers high. 
     Test periods were: Preconditioning (Day −7 to 0); Layer 1 (Day 0-28); Layer 2 (Day 29-56) Layer 3 (Day 57-Day 84); Layer 4 (85-112); and Layer 5 (Day 113-140). The two corns utilized in the study were regular yellow dent corn (YDC; bin run) and high oleic high oil corn (HOHOC) with nutrient profiles provided in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutrient composition of yellow dent corn and high oleic high oil corn A   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 As Fed Basis 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 High Oleic 
               
               
                 Nutrient 
                 Yellow Dent Corn 
                 High Oil Corn 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Matter (%) 
                 NA 1   
                 87.3 
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 7.90 
                 8.30 
               
               
                 Estimated TMEn (kcal/lb) 
                 1577 
                 1618 
               
               
                 Estimated MEn (kcal/lb) 
                 1545 
                 1596 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 4.09 
                 5.74 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.32 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.30 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Available Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.10 
                 0.087 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 0.005 
                 0.020 
               
               
                 Essential Amino Acids: 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.43 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.25 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.29 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.08 
                 0.91 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.24 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.44 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 PHE + Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.70 
                 NA 1   
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.40 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.11 
                 0.066 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.43 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 Fatty Acids 
               
               
                 (% of Total Fatty Acids): 
               
               
                 Palmitic (%) 
                 NA 
                 8.5 
               
               
                 Stearic (%) 
                 NA 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Oleic (%) 
                 NA 
                 60.4 
               
               
                 Linoleic (%) 
                 (2.536% of sample) 
                 26.8 
               
               
                 Arachidonic (%) 
                 NA 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Linolenic (%) 
                 NA 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Crop production year = 1995. Analyses based on one sample per corn.  
               
               
                   1 NA = Not available  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     All mash diets were formulated to meet or exceed National Research Council (NRC, 1994) recommendations for nutrient requirements of laying hens. The regular corn diets were formulated to have 2 energy/nutrient density levels, while the high oleic high oil corn diets contained three energy/nutrient density levels. The energy/nutrient density designations were: low (LND), high (HND) and very high (VHD). Nutrients were adjusted in an effort to maintain equal nutrient:metabolizable energy ratios within all diets, regardless of dietary energy level. Low energy diets contained no added fat and utilized wheat midds in order to attain the desired energy/nutrient density level. Dietary nutrient requirements were adjusted for each phase of production. No medications were given during acclimation or test periods. Test diet composition for the various phases is provided in Tables 3-7. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 68.04 
                 63.97 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 — 
                 — 
                 66.29 
                 66.87 
                 63.97 
               
               
                 Soybean meal - 48 (%) 
                 16.19 
                 19.31 
                 15.61 
                 18.07 
                 19.01 
               
               
                 Wheat Midds (%) 
                 3.13 
                 — 
                 5.46 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 — 
                 3.36 
                 — 
                 1.70 
                 3.36 
               
               
                 Meat Blend 58% (%) 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate 
                 1.12 
                 1.26 
                 1.18 
                 1.31 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.82 
                 8.37 
                 7.76 
                 8.33 
                 8.48 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.12 
                 0.14 
                 0.12 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 L-Lysine HCl (%) 
                 0.05 
                 0.01 
                 0.06 
                 0.04 
                 0.12 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025% 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075% 
               
               
                 Other A  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ration Cost/Ton of 
                 $123.76 
                 $137.44 
                 $122.77 
                 $132.03 
                 $140.57 
               
               
                 feed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1386     
               
               
                 Crude Protein 
                 15.00 [1.18] A   
                 16.08 [1.18]  
                 15.00 [1.18]  
                 16.08 [1.18]  
                 16.37 [1.18]  
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 3.01 
                 6.06 
                 4.43 
                 5.95 
                 7.42 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber 
                 2.37 
                 2.14 
                 2.54 
                 2.23 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.45 [0.27]  
                 3.70 [0.27]  
                 3.45 [0.27]  
                 3.70 [0.27]  
                 3.77 [0.27]  
               
               
                 Avail. 
                 0.40 [0.031] 
                 0.43 [0.032] 
                 0.40 [0.031] 
                 0.43 [0.032] 
                 0.44 [0.032] 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Total 
                 0.61 
                 0.65 
                 0.57 
                 0.62 
                 0.62 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.17 [0.013] 
                 0.18 [0.013] 
                 0.17 [0.013] 
                 0.18 [0.013] 
                 0.19 [0.014] 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.98 [0.077] 
                 1.08 [0.079] 
                 0.95 [0.075] 
                 1.04 [0.076] 
                 1.06 [0.076] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.77 [0.061] 
                 0.77 [0.057] 
                 0.77 [0.061] 
                 0.83 [0.061] 
                 0.91 [0.066] 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.72 [0.057] 
                 0.82 [0.060] 
                 0.72 [0.057] 
                 0.77 [0.057] 
                 0.86 [0.062] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.39 [0.031] 
                 0.42 [0.031] 
                 0.39 [0.031] 
                 0.41 [0.030] 
                 0.42 [0.030] 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
                 0.68 [0.054] 
                 0.72 [0.053] 
                 0.68 [0.054] 
                 0.72 [0.053] 
                 0.74 [0.053] 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.61 [0.048] 
                 0.65 [0.048] 
                 0.61 [0.048] 
                 0.65 [0.048) 
                 0.67 [0.048] 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Tryptophan 
                 0.21 [0.017] 
                 0.23 [0.017] 
                 0.17 [0.013] 
                 0.19 [0.014] 
                 0.20 [0.014] 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Choline (g/kg) 
                 1.08 [0.085] 
                 1.16 [0.085] 
                 1.08 [0.085] 
                 1.16 [0.085] 
                 1.18 [0.085] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Numbers in brackets represent nutrient as percentage of dietary ME. [ = (Nutrient/ME)*100].  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 69.70 
                 68.28 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 — 
                 — 
                 67.91 
                 71.25 
                 68.28 
               
               
                 Soybean meal - 48 (%) 
                 13.71 
                 16.29 
                 13.12 
                 15.00 
                 15.49 
               
               
                 Wheat Midds (%) 
                 4.27 
                 — 
                 6.64 
                 — 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 — 
                 0.74 
                 2.46 
               
               
                 Meat Blend 58% (%) 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate 
                 1.14 
                 1.28 
                 1.21 
                 1.33 
                 1.34 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.48 
                 7.96 
                 7.43 
                 7.97 
                 7.97 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.11 
                 0.13 
                 0.11 
                 0.12 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 L-Lysine HCl (%) 
                 0.09 
                 0.06 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
                 0.08 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025% 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075% 
               
               
                 Other A  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ration Cost/Ton of 
                 $120.91 
                 $131.99 
                 $119.88 
                 $126.33 
                 $131.07 
               
               
                 Feed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1384     
               
               
                 Crude Protein 
                 14.00 [1.10] A   
                 15.00 [1.10]  
                 14.00 [1.10]  
                 15.00 [1.10]  
                 15.00 [1.08]  
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 3.09 
                 5.31 
                 4.55 
                 5.23 
                 6.78 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber 
                 2.42 
                 2.16 
                 2.59 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.32 [0.26]  
                 3.54 [0.26]  
                 3.32 [0.26]  
                 3.56 [0.26]  
                 3.56 [0.26]  
               
               
                 Avail. 
                 0.40 [0.031] 
                 0.43 [0.032] 
                 0.40 [0.031] 
                 0.43 [0.032] 
                 0.43 [0.031] 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Total 
                 0.60 
                 0.64 
                 0.57 
                 0.61 
                 0.61 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.16 [0.013] 
                 0.17 [0.012] 
                 0.16 [0.013] 
                 0.17 [0.012] 
                 0.17 [0.012] 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.90 [0.071] 
                 0.99 [0.073] 
                 0.86 [0.068] 
                 0.95 [0.070] 
                 0.95 [0.069] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.73 [0.057] 
                 0.78 [0.057] 
                 0.73 [0.057] 
                 0.78 [0.057] 
                 0.78 [0.056] 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.68 [0.054] 
                 0.73 [0.054] 
                 0.68 [0.054] 
                 0.73 [0.054] 
                 0.73 [0.053] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.37 [0.029] 
                 0.40 [0.029] 
                 0.37 [0.029] 
                 0.39 [0.029] 
                 0.39 [0.028] 
               
               
                 MET + 
                 0.64 [0.050] 
                 0.69 [0.051] 
                 0.64 [0.050] 
                 0.69 [0.051] 
                 0.69 [0.050] 
               
               
                 CYS (%) 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.58 [0.046] 
                 0.62 [0.046] 
                 0.58 [0.046] 
                 0.62 [0.046] 
                 0.62 [0.045] 
               
               
                 MET +CYS 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Tryptophan 
                 0.19 [0.015] 
                 0.21 [0.015] 
                 0.16 [0.013] 
                 0.17 [0.012] 
                 0.17 [0.012] 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Choline (g/kg) 
                 1.06 [0.083] 
                 1.14 [0.083] 
                 1.06 [0.083] 
                 1.14 [0.083] 
                 1.14 [0.082] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Numbers in brackets represent nutrient as percentage of dietary ME. [ = (Nutrient/ME)*100].  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 70.48 
                 70.43 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 — 
                 — 
                 68.67 
                 73.63 
                 70.43 
               
               
                 Soybean meal - 48 (%) 
                 12.52 
                 14.83 
                 11.92 
                 13.47 
                 14.00 
               
               
                 Wheat Midds (%) 
                 4.93 
                 — 
                 7.34 
                 — 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 — 
                 1.99 
                 — 
                 0.17 
                 1.99 
               
               
                 Meat Blend 58% (%) 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate 
                 1.04 
                 1.16 
                 1.11 
                 1.22 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.36 
                 7.89 
                 7.30 
                 7.84 
                 7.84 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.09 
                 0.11 
                 0.09 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 L-Lysine HCl (%) 
                 0.10 
                 0.07 
                 0.11 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025% 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075% 
               
               
                 Other A  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ration Cost/Ton of 
                 $118.31 
                 $127.96 
                 $117.27 
                 $122.00 
                 $127.03 
               
               
                 Feed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1385     
               
               
                 Crude Protein 
                 13.50 [1.06] A   
                 14.47 [1.06]  
                 13.50 [1.06]  
                 14.47 [1.06]  
                 14.47 [1.04]  
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 3.14 
                 4.92 
                 4.61 
                 4.80 
                 6.44 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber 
                 2.45 
                 2.16 
                 2.62 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.25 [0.26]  
                 3.48 [0.26]  
                 3.25 [0.26]  
                 3.48 [0.26]  
                 3.49 [0.25]  
               
               
                 Avail. 
                 0.38 [0.030] 
                 0.41 [0.030] 
                 0.38 [0.030] 
                 0.41 [0.030] 
                 0.41 [0.030] 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Total 
                 0.58 
                 0.62 
                 0.54 
                 0.58 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.15 [0.012] 
                 0.16 [0.012] 
                 0.15 [0.012] 
                 0.16 [0.012] 
                 0.16 [0.012] 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.86 [0.068] 
                 0.94 [0.069] 
                 0.82 [0.065] 
                 0.90 [0.066] 
                 0.91 [0.066] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.70 [0.055] 
                 0.75 [0.055] 
                 0.70 [0.055] 
                 0.75 [0.055] 
                 0.75 [0.054] 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.65 [0.051] 
                 0.70 [0.051] 
                 0.65 [0.051] 
                 0.70 [0.051] 
                 0.70 [0.051] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.34 [0.027] 
                 0.37 [0.027] 
                 0.34 [0.027] 
                 0.36 [0.026] 
                 0.36 [0.026] 
               
               
                 MET + 
                 0.61 [0.048] 
                 0.66 [0.048] 
                 0.61 [0.048] 
                 0.65 [0.048] 
                 0.65 [0.047] 
               
               
                 CYS (%) 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.55 [0.043] 
                 0.59 [0.043] 
                 0.55 [0.043] 
                 0.59 [0.043] 
                 0.59 [0.043] 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Tryptophan 
                 0.18 [0.014] 
                 0.20 [0.015] 
                 0.15 [0.012] 
                 0.16 [0.012] 
                 0.16 [0.012] 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Choline (g/kg) 
                 1.04 [0.082] 
                 1.12 [0.082] 
                 1.04 [0.082] 
                 1.12 [0.082] 
                 1.12 [0.081] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Numbers in brackets represent nutrient as percentage of dietary ME. [ = (Nutrient/ME)*100].  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 4 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 71.26 
                 72.63 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 — 
                 — 
                 69.44 
                 74.90 
                 72.63 
               
               
                 Soybean meal - 48 (%) 
                 11.33 
                 13.37 
                 10.72 
                 12.12 
                 12.51 
               
               
                 Wheat Midds (%) 
                 5.57 
                 — 
                 8.01 
                 0.49 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 — 
                 1.51 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1.51 
               
               
                 Meat Blend 58% (%) 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate 
                 0.89 
                 1.00 
                 0.96 
                 1.06 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.33 
                 7.85 
                 7.26 
                 7.80 
                 7.80 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.08 
                 0.09 
                 0.07 
                 0.08 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 L-Lysine HCl (%) 
                 0.10 
                 0.08 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.10 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025% 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075% 
               
               
                 Other A  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ration Cost/Ton of 
                 $115.55 
                 $123.71 
                 $114.51 
                 $118.57 
                 $122.75 
               
               
                 Feed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 4 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1385     
               
               
                 Crude Protein 
                 13.00 [1.02] A   
                 13.93 [1.02]  
                 13.00 [1.02]  
                 13.93 [1.02]  
                 13.93 [1.01]  
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 3.18 
                 4.52 
                 4.67 
                 4.72 
                 6.08 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber 
                 2.48 
                 2.17 
                 2.66 
                 2.29 
                 2.27 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.25 [0.25]  
                 3.43 [0.25]  
                 3.20 [0.25]  
                 3.43 [0.25]  
                 3.43 [0.25]  
               
               
                 Avail. 
                 0.35 [0.028] 
                 0.38 [0.028] 
                 0.35 [0.028] 
                 0.38 [0.028] 
                 0.38 [0.027] 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Total 
                 0.55 
                 0.58 
                 0.51 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.14 [0.011] 
                 0.15 [0.011] 
                 0.14 [0.011] 
                 0.15 [0.011] 
                 0.15 [0.011] 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.82 [0.065] 
                 0.90 [0.066] 
                 0.78 [0.061] 
                 0.86 [0.063] 
                 0.86 [0.062] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.67 [0.053] 
                 0.72 [0.053] 
                 0.67 [0.053] 
                 0.72 [0.053] 
                 0.72 [0.052] 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.62 [0.049] 
                 0.66 [0.048] 
                 0.62 [0.049] 
                 0.66 [0.048] 
                 0.66 [0.048] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.32 [0.025] 
                 0.34 [0.025] 
                 0.32 [0.025] 
                 0.34 [0.025] 
                 0.34 [0.025] 
               
               
                 MET + 
                 0.58 [0.046] 
                 0.62 [0.046] 
                 0.58 [0.046] 
                 0.62 [0.046] 
                 0.62 [0.045] 
               
               
                 CYS (%) 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.52 [0.041] 
                 0.56 [0.041] 
                 0.52 [0.041] 
                 0.56 [0.041] 
                 0.56 [0.040] 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Tryptophan 
                 0.18 [0.014] 
                 0.19 [0.014] 
                 0.14 [0.011] 
                 0.15 [0.011] 
                 0.15 [0.011] 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Choline (g/kg) 
                 1.02 [0.080] 
                 1.09 [0.080] 
                 1.02 [0.080] 
                 1.09 [0.080] 
                 1.09 [0.079] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Numbers in brackets represent nutrient as percentage of dietary ME. [ = (Nutrient/ME)*100].  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 5 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 72.06 
                 74.85 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 — 
                 — 
                 70.20 
                 75.72 
                 74.85 
               
               
                 Soybean meal - 48 (%) 
                 10.14 
                 11.90 
                 9.53 
                 10.83 
                 11.01 
               
               
                 Wheat Midds (%) 
                 6.21 
                 — 
                 8.68 
                 1.21 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 — 
                 1.02 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 Meat Blend 58% (%) 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate 
                 0.74 
                 0.83 
                 0.80 
                 0.89 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.29 
                 7.81 
                 7.23 
                 7.76 
                 7.76 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 L-Lysine HCl (%) 
                 0.11 
                 0.09 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025% 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075% 
               
               
                 Other A  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ration Cost/Ton of 
                 $112.80 
                 $119.50 
                 $111.74 
                 $115.65 
                 $118.51 
               
               
                 Feed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 5 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Yellow Dent Corn 
                 High Oleic High Oil Corn 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 LND 
                 HND 
                 VHD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1270     
                 1361     
                 1386     
               
               
                 Crude Protein 
                 12.50 [0.98] A   
                 13.40 [0.98]  
                 12.50 [0.98]  
                 13.40 [0.98]  
                 13.40 [0.97]  
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 3.22 
                 4.11 
                 4.73 
                 4.78 
                 5.72 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber 
                 2.52 
                 2.18 
                 2.69 
                 2.32 
                 2.28 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.15 [0.25]  
                 3.38 [0.25]  
                 3.15 [0.25]  
                 3.38 [0.25]  
                 3.38 [0.24]  
               
               
                 Avail. 
                 0.32 [0.025] 
                 0.34 [0.025] 
                 0.32 [0.025] 
                 0.34 [0.025] 
                 0.34 [0.025] 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Total 
                 0.51 
                 0.55 
                 0.47 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 Phosphorus 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.13 [0.010] 
                 0.14 [0.010] 
                 0.13 [0.010] 
                 0.14 [0.010] 
                 0.14 [0.010] 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.78 [0.061] 
                 0.86 [0.063] 
                 0.74 [0.058] 
                 0.81 [0.060] 
                 0.82 [0.059] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.64 [0.050] 
                 0.68 [0.050] 
                 0.64 [0.050] 
                 0.69 [0.051] 
                 0.69 [0.050] 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.59 [0.046] 
                 0.63 [0.046] 
                 0.59 [0.046] 
                 0.63 [0.046] 
                 0.63 [0.045] 
               
               
                 Lysine 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.29 [0.023] 
                 0.31 [0.023] 
                 0.29 [0.023] 
                 0.31 [0.023] 
                 0.31 [0.022] 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
                 0.55 [0.043] 
                 0.59 [0.043] 
                 0.55 [0.043] 
                 0.59 [0.043] 
                 0.59 [0.043] 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Digestible 
                 0.49 [0.039] 
                 0.53 [0.039] 
                 0.49 [0.039] 
                 0.53 [0.039] 
                 0.52 [0.038] 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Tryptophan 
                 0.17 [0.013] 
                 0.18 [0.013] 
                 0.13 [0.010] 
                 0.14 [0.010] 
                 0.14 [0.010] 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Choline (g/kg) 
                 1.00 [0.079] 
                 1.07 [0.079] 
                 1.00 [0.079] 
                 1.07 [0.079] 
                 1.07 [0.077] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Numbers in brackets represent nutrient as percentage of dietary ME. [ = (Nutrient/ME)*100].  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     Measurements of yolk fatty acids were taken at day 140 of the trial. Egg yolk total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured at day 140, while total egg cholesterol were conducted on egg samples at days 0, 28, 56, 84, 112 and 140. 
     As can be seen from Table 8, the oleic fatty acid (C18:1) content of the yolks was significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced by the corn source utilized in this study, such that feeding the high oleic high oil corn diets, regardless of nutrient density, translated to the highest oleic fatty acid levels in egg yolks compared to hens fed regular corn based diets. Linoleic fatty acid (C18:2) levels were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower from egg yolks of hens fed the high oleic high oil corn based diets, despite different nutrient densities. The highest linoleic fatty acid content was observed with yolks produced by hens fed the regular corn/LND diet. The oleic:linoleic fatty acid ratio was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher from the yolks of hens fed the high oleic high oil corn, regardless of nutrient density level of the diet. The greatest percentage (P&lt;0.05) of monounsaturated fatty acids coincided with hens fed the high oleic high oil corn based diets, regardless of nutrient density level. The lowest monounsaturated fatty acid levels was observed for hens fed the regular corn diets. The polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the corn source, such that the lowest levels occurred with yolks from hens fed the high oleic high oil corn based diets. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source and nutrient density levels on yolk fatty acid analyses at Day 140 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Yolk Fatty Acid Profiles 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Corn 
                 Nutrient 
                 Energy 
                 Total 1   
                 C16:0 
                 C16:1 
                 C18:0 
                 C18:1 
                 C18:2 
                 C20:1 
                 C18:1/C18:2 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Type 
                 Density 
                 Level* 
                 % of Total Fatty Acids 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 99.89 
                 28.58a 
                 1.56 
                 12.73 
                 33.69b 
                 14.01a 
                 0.083 
                 2.43b 
               
               
                 YDC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 99.99 
                 28.72a 
                 1.40 
                 12.83 
                 34.00b 
                 13.45b 
                 0.060 
                 2.54b 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 99.97 
                 28.03b 
                 1.34 
                 13.16 
                 35.63a 
                 12.34c 
                 0.097 
                 2.91a 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 99.98 
                 28.52a 
                 1.30 
                 12.80 
                 35.61a 
                 12.15c 
                 0.050 
                 2.98a 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 VHD 
                 1386 
                 99.98 
                 28.11b 
                 1.39 
                 12.72 
                 36.44a 
                 12.11c 
                 0.053 
                 3.04a 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEM 
                 0003 
                 0.18 
                 0.07 
                 0.18 
                 0.61 
                 0.24 
                 0.049 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 R 2   
                 0.6810 
                 0.8686 
                 0.5468 
                 0.7692 
                 0.7010 
                 0.9284 
                 0.6614 
                 0.8477 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 0.1869 
                 0.0264 
                 0.1498 
                 0.4208 
                 0.0079 
                 0.0001 
                 0.9527 
                 0.0001 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Unsaturated 
                 Total 
                 Total 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 Yolk Fatty Acid Profiles 
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Saturated 
                 Unsaturated 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Corn 
                 Nutrient 
                 Energy 
                 C22:0 
                 C24:0 
                 C24:1 
                 Mono 
                 Poly 
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Fatty Acids 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Type 
                 Density 
                 Level* 
                 % of Total Fatty Acids 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 5.95 
                 1.81a 
                 1.50 
                 36.83c 
                 14.01a 
                 49.07 
                 50.84 
               
               
                 YDC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 6.17 
                 1.77ab 
                 1.59 
                 37.05bc 
                 13.45a 
                 49.50 
                 50.50 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 6.15 
                 1.58bc 
                 1.64 
                 38.70a 
                 12.34b 
                 48.92 
                 51.04 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 6.33 
                 1.65ab 
                 1.59 
                 38.55ab 
                 12.15b 
                 49.30 
                 50.70 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 VHD 
                 1386 
                 6.11 
                 1.41c 
                 1.63 
                 39.51a 
                 12.11b 
                 48.35 
                 51.62 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEM 
                 0.19 
                 0.09 
                 0.13 
                 0.57 
                 0.24 
                 0.57 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 R 2   
                 0.0190 
                 0.0979 
                 0.0049 
                 0.7062 
                 0.9284 
                 0.0340 
                 0.0321 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 0.5905 
                 0.0046 
                 0.9501 
                 0.0056 
                 0.0001 
                 0.2818 
                 0.3120 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcd Means with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at P &lt; 0.050.  
               
               
                   1 Total = Total fatty acid recovery during analyses.  
               
               
                 *Energy levels represent the dietary energy levels of phase I only.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     In addition to a change in fatty acid composition, the high oleic feed source also caused a change in the egg cholesterol level. 
     When yolk cholesterol (Table 9) is expressed on a gram/100 gram basis, it was significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced by the diets during all production periods and the average of all production periods. Starting with the measurements taken on day 56 and continuing for the rest of the study, the highest cholesterol levels were observed from yolks produced by hens fed the YDC diet versus the HOHOC diets. The lowest yolk cholesterol level was observed with hens fed the HOHOC diet, and in particular, the HOHOC/LND diet. By averaging cholesterol levels across all production periods, significant differences due to corn source and nutrient density exist. Feeding the YDC/HND diet led to the highest cholesterol levels compared to all other treatments. By lowering the nutrient density content of the diet (YDC/LND), the cholesterol content was decreased significantly. As energy level increased within the high oleic high oil corn treatments, cholesterol levels significantly increased, but these levels were still lower than the regular corn based diets. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source and nutrient density levels on total yolk cholesterol levels 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Production Period 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Corn 
                 Nutrient 
                 Energy 
                 Day 0 
                 Day 28 
                 Day 56 
                 Day 84 
                 Day 112 
                 Day 140 
                 MEAN 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Type 
                 Density 
                 Level* 
                 g/100 g (As Is Basis) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 1.159 
                 1.297ab 
                 1.349b 
                 1.403a 
                 1.507a 
                 1.616a 
                 1.420b 
               
               
                 YDC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 1.167 
                 1.311a 
                 1.403a 
                 1.436a 
                 1.545a 
                 1.607a 
                 1.451a 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 1.167 
                 1.265bc 
                 1.247d 
                 1.273c 
                 1.379c 
                 1.417c 
                 1.305e 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 1.189 
                 1.244c 
                 1.267cd 
                 1.331b 
                 1.441b 
                 1.474b 
                 1.337d 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 VHD 
                 1386 
                 1.171 
                 1.286abc 
                 1.297c 
                 1.315b 
                 1.431b 
                 1.516b 
                 1.357c 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEM 
                 0.012 
                 0.015 
                 0.015 
                 0.014 
                 0.015 
                 0.016 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 R 2   
                 0.0486 
                 0.1473 
                 0.4919 
                 0.5666 
                 0.5347 
                 0.6239 
                 0.8152 
               
               
                 Treatment (Pr &lt; F) 
                 0.4721 
                 0.0233 
                 0.0001 
                 0.0001 
                 0.0001 
                 0.0001 
                 0.0001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcde Means with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at P &lt; 0.050.  
               
               
                 *Energy levels represent the dietary energy levels of phase I only.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     When measured on a per egg basis (Table 10), the egg cholesterol levels from the hens fed the YDC diet were higher than the HOHOC diet with comparable nutrient density. This trend was statistically significant when calculated as the average across all production periods. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of 
               
               
                 corn source and nutrient density levels on total yolk cholesterol expressed on egg basis 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Production Period 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Corn 
                 Nutrient 
                 Energy 
                 Day 28 
                 Day 56 
                 Day 84 
                 Day 112 
                 Day 140 
                 MEAN 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Type 
                 Density 
                 Level* 
                 g/egg (As Is Basis) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 0.181 
                 0.189bc 
                 0.206a 
                 0.252 
                 0.274ab 
                 0.221a 
               
               
                 YDC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 0.190 
                 0.205a 
                 0.205a 
                 0.249 
                 0.280a 
                 0.226a 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 0.178 
                 0.182c 
                 0.186b 
                 0.228 
                 0.248c 
                 0.205c 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 RND 
                 1361 
                 0.175 
                 0.193b 
                 0.198a 
                 0.244 
                 0.259bc 
                 0.214b 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 VHD 
                 1386 
                 0.181 
                 0.197b 
                 0.202a 
                 0.248 
                 0.270ab 
                 0.220ab 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEM 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.006 
                 0.005 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 R 2   
                 0.0904 
                 0.2626 
                 0.2190 
                 0.1125 
                 0.2351 
                 0.4195 
               
               
                 Treatment (Pr &lt; F) 
                 0.1512 
                 0.0002 
                 0.0015 
                 0.0758 
                 0.0008 
                 0.0001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcd Means with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at P &lt; 0.050.  
               
               
                 *Energy levels represent the dietary energy levels of phase I only.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     When examining the Day 140 cholesterol, HDL and LDL contents of the yolk as expressed on a gram/100 gram basis (Table 11), these parameters were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the treatments supplied to the hens. The lowest cholesterol levels corresponded with the feeding of the high oleic high oil corn diets. The highest cholesterol levels were observed with hens fed the regular YDC based diets. The HDL level (g/100 g of yolk) was significantly higher for the high oleic 10 high oil corn based diets, regardless of the nutrient density level while the LDL content (g/100 g yolk) was consistently lower for the high oleic high oil corn based diets. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source and nutrient density levels on day 
               
               
                 140 yolk cholesterol levels 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 g/100 g (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Total 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Corn 
                 Nutrient 
                 Energy 
                 Choles- 
                 High Density 
                 Low Density 
               
               
                 Type 
                 Density 
                 Level* 
                 terol 
                 Lipoproteins 
                 Lipoproteins 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YDC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 1.484ab 
                 0.353b 
                 0.891a 
               
               
                 YDC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 1.504a 
                 0.332b 
                 0.917a 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 1.391c 
                 0.429a 
                 0.821b 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 1.398c 
                 0.413a 
                 0.837b 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 VHD 
                 1386 
                 1.423bc 
                 0.427a 
                 0.826b 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEM 
                 0.026 
                 0.010 
                 0.019 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 R2 
                 0.1810 
                 0.5178 
                 0.2319 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 0.0068 
                 0.0001 
                 0.0009 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcMeans with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at P &lt; 0.050.  
               
               
                 *Energy levels represent the dietary energy levels of phase I only.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     When expressing total cholesterol, HDL and LDL content on a g/egg weight basis (Table 12), HDL level/egg was significantly greater for the treatments fed HOHOC. Total cholesterol and LDL were each lower for the treatment fed the HOHOC. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source and nutrient density levels on day 
               
               
                 140 yolk cholesterol levels, expressed on egg basis 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 g/egg (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Total 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Corn 
                 Nutrient 
                 Energy 
                 Choles- 
                 High Density 
                 Low Density 
               
               
                 Type 
                 Density 
                 Level* 
                 terol 
                 Lipoproteins 
                 Lipoproteins 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YDC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 0.252 
                 0.060b 
                 0.151 
               
               
                 YDC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 0.261 
                 0.058b 
                 0.160 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 LND 
                 1270 
                 0.243 
                 0.075a 
                 0.144 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 HND 
                 1361 
                 0.246 
                 0.073a 
                 0.147 
               
               
                 HOHOC 
                 VHD 
                 1386 
                 0.253 
                 0.076a 
                 0.147 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEM 
                 0.006 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 R 2   
                 0.0782 
                 0.5316 
                 0.1152 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 0.2162 
                 0.0001 
                 0.0695 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcdMeans with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at P &lt; 0.050.  
               
               
                 *Energy levels represent the dietary energy levels of phase I only.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Four hundred pullets (18 weeks of age) of a commercial strain (HyLine W-36) were obtained and placed on a common preconditioning ration that contained yellow dent corn. Birds were fed the preconditioning ration for two weeks, and at 20 weeks of age hens were wing-banded and placed on experimental treatments. Five groups of hens were fed varying amounts of yellow dent corn (YDC) and/or HOHOC corn. Each treatment group consisted of 75 laying hens with 15 replicates per treatment. Each replicate (cage) contained five hens. Birds were replaced prior to Day 0 of the experimental period due to mortality or humane reasons, resulting in a total number of 375 hens used in the study. Hens were observed daily for signs of production and/or behavioral changes; birds found dead or moribund were recorded and removed. Daily temperature was recorded, with a temperature goal of 75° F. Individual continuous cage dimensions were 12″ wide×18″ long×18″ high. Each cage row contained continuous cages×1 tier high. No medication of any kind was administered to hens during the preconditioning period and/or the experimental feeding period. 
     Nutrient compositions of the two corns and soybean meal used in the study are listed in Table 13. All rations were balanced with equal/or similar nutrient contents in order to meet or exceed the NRC (1994) nutrient recommendations and simulate commercial conditions/breeder recommendations. Feed and water were supplied ad-libitum. The feeding phases (28 days/phase) were: Preconditioning; 
     Layer Phasel (Day 0-28), Layer Phase 2 (Day 29-56); Layer Phase 3 (Day 57-10 84); Layer Phase 4 (Day 85-112); Layer Phase 5 (Day 113-140); Layer Phase 6 (Day 141-168) and Layer Phase 7 (Day 169-196). All hens were fed the same Preconditioning diet prior to the start of Layer Phase 1. The five treatments, fed in mash form, were: 1) YDC-100% (control); 2) YDC/HOHOC, 75%/25%; 3) YDC/HOHOC, 50%/50%; 4) YDC/HOHOC 25%/75% and 5) HOHOC-100%. Nutrient requirements were adjusted for increasing feed intake that occurred with each changing layer phase. Nutrient composition of the diet is shown in Tables 14-20. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutrient composition of yellow dent corn* and high 
               
               
                 oleic high oil corn A   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 High 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Oleic 
               
               
                   
                 Yellow 
                 High Oil 
                 Soybean 
                 An/Veg 
               
               
                 Nutrient 
                 Dent Corn 
                 Corn 
                 Meal 
                 Fat 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 As Fed Basis 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dry Matter (%) 
                 85.40 
                 86.90 
                 88.30 
                   
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 7.6 
                 7.4 
                 47.90 
               
               
                 TMEn (kcal/lb) B   
                 1563 
                 1622 
                 1106 
                 4100 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 3.86 
                 6.34 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.05 
                 3.15 
                 3.40 
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 1.4 
                 1.2 
                 5.80 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.215 
                 0.255 
                 0.68 
               
               
                 Phytic Acid Phosphorus 
                 0.205 
                 0.20 
                 0.417 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Available Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.010 
                 0.05 
                 0.263 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 0.060 
                 0.013 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 Essential Amino Acids: 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.374 
                 0.411 
                 3.589 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.225 
                 0.248 
                 0.803 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.237 
                 0.252 
                 1.316 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.248 
                 0.252 
                 2.295 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 0.848 
                 0.844 
                 3.869 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.250 
                 0.271 
                 3.113 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.180 
                 0.181 
                 0.922 
               
               
                 TSAA (%) 
                 0.405 
                 0.429 
                 1.725 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.342 
                 0.341 
                 2.528 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.298 
                 0.294 
                 1.990 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.260 
                 0.273 
                 1.945 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.058 
                 0.062 
                 0.615 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.360 
                 0.376 
                 2.454 
               
               
                 Nonessential Amino Acids: 
               
               
                 Alanine (%) 
                 0.536 
                 0.548 
                 2.188 
               
               
                 Aspartic Acid (%) 
                 0.522 
                 0.509 
                 6.26 
               
               
                 Glutamic Acid (%) 
                 1.287 
                 1.265 
                 9.173 
               
               
                 Glycine (%) 
                 0.288 
                 0.306 
                 2.053 
               
               
                 Serine (%) 
                 0.346 
                 0.352 
                 2.513 
               
               
                 Fatty Acids (%): 
               
               
                 C16:0 
                 10.670 
                 9.212 
                 14.713 
                 22.767 
               
               
                 C16:1 
                 0.182 
                 0.172 
                 0.191 
                 2.459 
               
               
                 C18:0 
                 1.612 
                 2.180 
                 4.013 
                 11.940 
               
               
                 C18:1 
                 24.646 
                 59.051 
                 15.743 
                 43.717 
               
               
                 C18:2 
                 60.248 
                 26.852 
                 54.733 
                 13.358 
               
               
                 C18:3 
                 1.465 
                 1.082 
                 8.525 
                 0.598 
               
               
                 C20:0 
                 0.536 
                 0.544 
                 0.231 
                 0.211 
               
               
                 C20:1 
                 0.408 
                 0.428 
                 0.182 
                 0.944 
               
               
                 C22:0 
                   
                 0.102 
                 0.288 
               
               
                 C24:0 
                 0.296 
                 0.132 
                 0.412 
                 0.285 
               
               
                 C24:1 
                   
                 0.161 
                 0.498 
                 0.147 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Analyses based on one sample per corn. Corn nutrients adjusted to 13.7% moisture (86.3% dry matter) for yellow dent corn and 13.6% moisture (86.4% dry matter) for high oleic high oil corn for feed formulation purposes. These moisture levels were the levels reported for the corns upon  
               
               
                 # arrival at the research facility.  
               
               
                   B TMEn values for both corns were determined by the equation from Araba et al., 1998. The TMEn values for the soybean meal and blended (animal/vegetable) fat supplied by the research facility.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 1 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 58.81 
                 44.64 
                 30.09 
                 15.09 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 HOHOC (%) 
                 0.00 
                 14.80 
                 30.00 
                 45.40 
                 60.85 
               
               
                 Soybean meal - 48 (%) 
                 25.85 
                 25.65 
                 25.46 
                 25.47 
                 25.53 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 4.51 
                 4.08 
                 3.64 
                 3.23 
                 2.83 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate (%) 
                 2.13 
                 2.10 
                 2.07 
                 2.04 
                 2.01 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.80 
                 7.82 
                 7.84 
                 7.86 
                 7.87 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 L-Lysine HCl (%) 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.00 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Other A  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 1 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Moisture (%) 
                 11.11 
                 11.16 
                 11.21 
                 11.25 
                 11.29 
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) {1330} B   
                 1330 
                 1330 
                 1330 
                 1330 
                 1330 
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) {16.80} 
                 17.00 
                 16.91 
                 16.81 
                 16.80 
                 16.80 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 7.07 
                 7.03 
                 6.98 
                 6.97 
                 6.97 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.08 
                 2.25 
                 2.42 
                 2.60 
                 2.77 
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 11.78 
                 11.74 
                 11.70 
                 11.67 
                 11.64 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.55 
                 3.55 
                 3.55 
                 3.55 
                 3.55 
               
               
                 {3.55} 
               
               
                 Avail. Phosphorus (%){0.50} 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
               
               
                 Phytate Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) {0.23} 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) {1.15} 
                 1.15 
                 1.15 
                 1.15 
                 1.16 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.48 
                 0.48 
                 0.48 
                 0.48 
                 0.49 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.73 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.50 
                 1.50 
                 1.49 
                 1.50 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) {0.95} 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) {0.50} 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 MET + CYS (%) {0.82} 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.86 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.69 
                 0.69 
                 0.68 
                 0.68 
                 0.69 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) {0.64} 
                 0.66 
                 0.66 
                 0.66 
                 0.66 
                 0.66 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) {0.17} 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14c 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 1 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 1.303 
                 1.234 
                 1.163 
                 1.099 
                 1.038 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 0.114 
                 0.104 
                 0.094 
                 0.085 
                 0.076 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 0.579 
                 0.540 
                 0.500 
                 0.464 
                 0.429 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 2.552 
                 2.782 
                 3.019 
                 3.274 
                 3.534 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) {1.50} B   
                 2.169 
                 2.028 
                 1.884 
                 1.740 
                 1.595 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 0.090 
                 0.090 
                 0.089 
                 0.089 
                 0.088 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.023 
                 0.024 
                 0.025 
                 0.026 
                 0.027 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.052 
                 0.050 
                 0.047 
                 0.045 
                 0.043 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.008 
                 0.007 
                 0.006 
                 0.006 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.021 
                 0.020 
                 0.018 
                 0.016 
                 0.014 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.008 
                 0.009 
                 0.010 
                 0.011 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 2 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 61.68 
                 46.55 
                 31.23 
                 15.71 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 0.00 
                 15.50 
                 31.20 
                 47.10 
                 62.56 
               
               
                 Soybean meal-48 (%) 
                 24.44 
                 24.49 
                 24.53 
                 24.58 
                 24.73 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 3.24 
                 2.84 
                 2.43 
                 2.02 
                 1.94 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate (%) 
                 1.99 
                 1.96 
                 1.93 
                 1.90 
                 1.87 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.92 
                 7.94 
                 7.96 
                 7.98 
                 8.05 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 L-Threonine (%) 
                 0.003 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Other B  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 2 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Moisture (%) 
                 11.34 
                 11.38 
                 11.42 
                 11.46 
                 11.43 
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1310 
                 1310 
                 1310 
                 1310 
                 1313 
               
               
                 {1310} B   
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 16.50 
                 16.50 
                 16.50 
                 16.50 
                 16.50 
               
               
                 {16.50} 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 5.92 
                 5.92 
                 5.91 
                 5.90 
                 6.18 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.09 
                 2.27 
                 2.45 
                 2.63 
                 2.80 
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 11.74 
                 11.71 
                 11.68 
                 11.64 
                 11.66 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.56 
                 3.56 
                 3.56 
                 3.56 
                 3.58 
               
               
                 {3.56} 
               
               
                 Available Phosphorus 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 (%) {0.47} 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 Phytate Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 {0.19} 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 1.11 
                 1.12 
                 1.13 
                 1.13 
                 1.14 
               
               
                 {1.10} 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.48 
                 0.48 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.72 
                 0.72 
                 0.72 
                 0.72 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.47 
                 1.48 
                 1.48 
                 1.48 
                 1.48 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.94 
               
               
                 {0.84} 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.43 
                 0.43 
                 0.43 
                 0.43 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 {0.43} 
               
               
                 MET + CYS (%) 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 {0.72} 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.67 
                 0.68 
                 0.68 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.64 
                 0.64 
                 0.64 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 {0.64} 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 {0.18} 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.82 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15c 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 2 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 1.030 
                 0.967 
                 0.904 
                 0.839 
                 0.845 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 0.083 
                 0.074 
                 0.065 
                 0.056 
                 0.054 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 0.432 
                 0.397 
                 0.361 
                 0.324 
                 0.326 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 2.035 
                 2.294 
                 2.556 
                 2.822 
                 3.211 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) {1.50} B   
                 2.060 
                 1.914 
                 1.767 
                 1.618 
                 1.500 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 0.083 
                 0.083 
                 0.082 
                 0.082 
                 0.083 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.020 
                 0.022 
                 0.023 
                 0.024 
                 0.026 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.041 
                 0.039 
                 0.037 
                 0.035 
                 0.036 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.008 
                 0.008 
                 0.007 
                 0.006 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.018 
                 0.016 
                 0.015 
                 0.013 
                 0.012 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.006 
                 0.007 
                 0.008 
                 0.009 
                 0.011 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 3 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 62.84 
                 47.64 
                 32.11 
                 16.11 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 0.00 
                 15.88 
                 32.10 
                 48.50 
                 63.36 
               
               
                 Soybean meal-48 (%) 
                 24.03 
                 23.82 
                 23.61 
                 23.66 
                 23.97 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 2.48 
                 2.02 
                 1.55 
                 1.13 
                 1.88 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate (%) 
                 2.00 
                 1.97 
                 1.94 
                 1.91 
                 1.88 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.92 
                 7.94 
                 7.96 
                 7.98 
                 8.05 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 L-Threonine (%) 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.002 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Other B  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 3 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moisture (%) 
                  11.45 [10.88] B   
                 11.50 [11.20] 
                 11.56 [11.08] 
                 11.60 [10.83] 
                 11.45 [10.70] 
               
               
                 Gross Energy (kcal/lb) 
                 [1685]     
                 [1665]     
                 [1673]     
                 [1675]     
                 [1716]     
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1295     
                 1295     
                 1295     
                 1295     
                 1316     
               
               
                 {1295} C   
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 16.40 [17.20] 
                 16.30 [17.36] 
                 16.20 [16.38] 
                 16.20 [18.11] 
                 16.20 [17.05] 
               
               
                 {16.20} 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 5.22 [4.82] 
                 5.17 [4.73] 
                 5.13 [5.10] 
                 5.12 [5.58] 
                 6.16 [6.62] 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.10 [2.4]  
                 2.28 [2.6]  
                 2.46 [2.5]  
                 2.65 [2.6]  
                 2.80 [3.1]  
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 11.74 [11.17] 
                 11.70 [11.17] 
                 11.66 [10.45] 
                 11.62 [12.56] 
                 11.63 [11.12] 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.56 [3.03] 
                 3.56 [3.61] 
                 3.56 [3.06] 
                 3.56 [3.41] 
                 3.58 [3.27] 
               
               
                 {3.56} 
               
               
                 Avail. Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 {0.47} 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.70 [0.69] 
                 0.70 [0.70] 
                 0.70 [0.64] 
                 0.70 [0.66] 
                 0.70 [0.63] 
               
               
                 Phytate Phosphorus 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 {0.19} 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 1.10 [1.03] 
                 1.10 [0.98] 
                 1.10 [0.96] 
                 1.11 [1.10] 
                 1.12 [1.03] 
               
               
                 {1.10} 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.34 [0.26] 
                 0.34 [0.23] 
                 0.34 [0.25] 
                 0.35 [0.26] 
                 0.35 [0.26] 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.47 [0.44] 
                 0.47 [0.41] 
                 0.47 [0.41] 
                 0.47 [0.45] 
                 0.47 [0.43] 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.71 [0.69] 
                 0.71 [0.64] 
                 0.70 [0.63] 
                 0.70 [0.72] 
                 0.71 [0.67] 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.47 [1.40] 
                 1.46 [1.30] 
                 1.46 [1.31] 
                 1.46 [1.46] 
                 1.46 [1.37] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.91 [0.85] 
                 0.90 [0.79] 
                 0.90 [0.78] 
                 0.91 [0.90] 
                 0.92 [0.84] 
               
               
                 {0.84} 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.43 [0.33] 
                 0.43 [0.34] 
                 0.43 [0.32] 
                 0.43 [0.32] 
                 0.43 [0.33] 
               
               
                 {0.43} 
               
               
                 MET + CYS (%) 
                 0.77 [0.59] 
                 0.77 [0.57] 
                 0.77 [0.57] 
                 0.78 [0.58] 
                 0.78 [0.59] 
               
               
                 {0.72} 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.82 [0.81] 
                 0.82 [0.74] 
                 0.82 [0.73] 
                 0.82 [0.83] 
                 0.82 [0.78] 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.67 [0.36] 
                 0.66 [0.33] 
                 0.66 [0.33] 
                 0.66 [0.38] 
                 0.66 [0.35] 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.64 [0.66] 
                 0.64 [0.62] 
                 0.64 [0.61] 
                 0.64 [0.69] 
                 0.64 [0.64] 
               
               
                 {0.64} 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.18 [0.18] 
                 0.18 [0.16] 
                 0.18 [0.17] 
                 0.19 [0.21] 
                 0.19 [0.20] 
               
               
                 {0.18} 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.82 [0.77] 
                 0.82 [0.72] 
                 0.82 [0.71] 
                 0.82 [0.80] 
                 0.82 [0.75] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed total values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16c 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 3 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                 [0.03] B   
                 [0.03]  
                 [0.02]  
                 [0.03]  
                 [0.03]  
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 0.865 [0.89] 
                 0.791 [0.83] 
                 0.715 [0.77] 
                 0.649 [0.81] 
                 0.835 [0.96] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 0.065 [0.06] 
                 0.055 [0.05] 
                 0.044 [0.05] 
                 0.034 [0.05] 
                 0.053 [0.06] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 0.344 [0.41] 
                 0.302 [0.37] 
                 0.259 (0.33] 
                 0.222 (0.34] 
                 0.320 [0.41] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 1.721 [1.58] 
                 1.968 [1.72] 
                 2.220 [2.29] 
                 2.494 [2.73] 
                 3.213 [3.48] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) {1.50} C   
                 1.985 [1.61] 
                 1.834 [1.52] 
                 1.680 [1.41] 
                 1.527 [1.38] 
                 1.500 [1.40] 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 0.079 [0.07] 
                 0.078 [0.07] 
                 0.077 [0.07] 
                 0.077 [0.07] 
                 0.082 [0.07] 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.019 [0.02] 
                 0.020 [0.02] 
                 0.022 [0.03] 
                 0.023 [0.03] 
                 0.026 [0.03] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.034 [0.03] 
                 0.031 [0.03] 
                 0.029 [0.03] 
                 0.027 [0.03] 
                 0.035 [0.04] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                  0.009 [0.004] 
                  0.008 [0.005] 
                  0.007 [0.004] 
                  0.006 [0.006] 
                  0.005 [0.006] 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.016 [0.01] 
                 0.014 [0.01] 
                 0.012 [0.01] 
                 0.010 [0.01] 
                 0.012 [0.01] 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.005 
                 0.006 
                 0.007 
                 0.008 
                 0.011 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual values calculated from analyzed % relative fatty acid values and analyzed crude fat levels.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16d 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated and analyzed fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 3 (95 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % of Total Fatty Acids (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                 [0.70] B   
                 [0.61] 
                 [0.48) 
                 [0.45] 
                 [0.48] 
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 16.83 C  [18.40]  
                 15.49 [17.51] 
                 14.10 [15.16] 
                 12.78 [14.54] 
                 13.71 [14.47] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 1.26 [1.20] 
                 1.08 [1.05] 
                 0.87 [0.90] 
                 0.67 [0.87] 
                 0.87 [0.87] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 6.69 [8.47] 
                 5.91 [7.82] 
                 5.11 [6.54] 
                 4.37 [6.14] 
                 5.25 [6.23] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 33.47 [32.86] 
                 38.54 [36.29] 
                 43.77 [44.98] 
                 49.12 [49.00] 
                 52.74 [52.56] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) 
                 38.60 [33.37] 
                 35.91 [32.04] 
                 33.12 [27.64] 
                 30.08 [24.76] 
                 24.62 [21.17] 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 1.54 [1.55] 
                 1.53 [1.39] 
                 1.52 [1.28] 
                 1.52 [1.25] 
                 1.35 [1.13] 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.37 [0.44] 
                 0.39 [0.48] 
                 0.43 [0.50] 
                 0.45 [0.51] 
                 0.43 [0.50] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.66 [0.69] 
                 0.61 [0.66] 
                 0.57 [0.62] 
                 0.53 [0.60] 
                 0.57 [0.62] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.18 [0.09] 
                 0.16 [0.10] 
                 0.14 [0.09] 
                 0.12[0.10] 
                 0.08 [0.09] 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.31 [0.11] 
                 0.27 [0.14] 
                 0.24 [0.12] 
                 0.20[0.13] 
                 0.20 [0.11] 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.10 
                 0.12 
                 0.14 
                 0.16 
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers calculated from calculated dietary fatty acid values divided by sum of calculated dietary fatty acids.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 4 (100 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 65.08 
                 49.31 
                 33.08 
                 16.63 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 0.00 
                 16.43 
                 33.06 
                 49.91 
                 66.51 
               
               
                 Soybean meal-48 (%) 
                 22.40 
                 22.22 
                 22.27 
                 22.32 
                 22.44 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 2.50 
                 2.03 
                 1.59 
                 1.16 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate (%) 
                 1.47 
                 1.44 
                 1.41 
                 1.37 
                 1.34 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.99 
                 8.01 
                 8.03 
                 8.05 
                 8.12 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.01 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Other B  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 4 (100 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moisture (%) 
                  11.56 [11.93] B   
                 11.61 [11.77] 
                 11.65 [11.49] 
                 11.70 [11.37] 
                 11.69 [11.14] 
               
               
                 Gross Energy (kcal/lb) 
                 [1673]     
                 [1663]     
                 [1674]     
                 [1665]     
                 [1687]     
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1310     
                 1310      
                 1310     
                 1310     
                 1314     
               
               
                 {1310} C   
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 15.74 [15.03] 
                 15.65 [16.19] 
                 15.65 [17.24] 
                 15.65 [16.48] 
                 15.65 [16.62] 
               
               
                 {15.65} 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 5.29 [5.10] 
                 5.25 [4.98] 
                 5.24 [5.56] 
                 5.24 [4.74] 
                 5.48 [5.91] 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.09 [2.4]  
                 2.28 [2.3]  
                 2.47 [2.7]  
                 2.66 [2.4]  
                 2.84 [2.8]  
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 11.30 [10.21] 
                 11.26 [10.86] 
                 11.23 [10.97] 
                 11.19 [11.37] 
                 11.20 [10.31] 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.46 [2.83] 
                 3.46 [3.04] 
                 3.46 [3.19] 
                 3.46 [3.20] 
                 3.48 [3.06] 
               
               
                 {3.46} 
               
               
                 Avail. Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 {0.36} 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.59 [0.57] 
                 0.59 [0.58] 
                 0.59 [0.57] 
                 0.59 [0.58] 
                 0.59 [0.56] 
               
               
                 Phytate Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 {0.17} 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 1.05 [0.87] 
                 1.05 [0.90] 
                 1.06 [0.97] 
                 1.07 [0.96] 
                 1.08 [0.98] 
               
               
                 {1.05} 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.33 [0.25] 
                 0.33 [0.23] 
                 0.34 [0.26] 
                 0.34 [0.25] 
                 0.34 [0.25] 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.45 [0.37] 
                 0.45 [0.40] 
                 0.45 [0.42] 
                 0.46 [0.41] 
                 0.46 [0.42] 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.68 [0.59] 
                 0.67 [0.62] 
                 0.68 [0.65] 
                 0.68 [0.64] 
                 0.68 [0.65] 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.42 [1.23] 
                 1.42 [1.28] 
                 1.42 [1.35] 
                 1.42 [1.33] 
                 1.43 [1.35] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.86 [0.72] 
                 0.86 [0.76] 
                 0.87 [0.81] 
                 0.87 [0.79] 
                 0.88 [0.81] 
               
               
                 {0.71} 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.34 [0.25] 
                 0.34 [0.25] 
                 0.34 [0.27] 
                 0.34 [0.25] 
                 0.34 [0.27] 
               
               
                 {0.34} 
               
               
                 MET + CYS (%) 
                 0.67 [0.50] 
                 0.67 [0.48] 
                 0.68 [0.53] 
                 0.68 [0.50] 
                 0.68 [0.52] 
               
               
                 {0.59} 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.79 [0.69] 
                 0.79 [0.72] 
                 0.79 [0.76] 
                 0.79 [0.74] 
                 0.79 [0.76] 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.64 [0.31] 
                 0.64 [0.32] 
                 0.64 [0.34] 
                 0.64 [0.34] 
                 0.64 [0.35] 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.61 [0.56] 
                 0.61 [0.59] 
                 0.61 [0.62] 
                 0.61 [0.61] 
                 0.61 [0.63] 
               
               
                 {0.60} 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.18 [0.16] 
                 0.18 [0.16] 
                 0.18 [0.18] 
                 0.18 [0.17] 
                 0.18 [0.19] 
               
               
                 {0.15} 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.79 [0.66] 
                 0.79 [0.69] 
                 0.79 [0.73] 
                 0.79 [0.72] 
                 0.79 [0.74] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed total values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17c 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 4 (100 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                 [0.04] B   
                 [0.03]  
                 [0.03]  
                 [0.02]  
                 [0.02]  
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 0.873 [0.99] 
                 0.798 [0.88] 
                 0.731 [0.86] 
                 0.662 [0.61] 
                 0.655 [0.74] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 0.065 [0.07] 
                 0.055 [0.06] 
                 0.045 [0.06] 
                 0.035 [0.03] 
                 0.032 [0.04] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 0.346 [0.48] 
                 0.303 [0.40] 
                 0.265 [0.36] 
                 0.227 [0.23] 
                 0.221 [0.29] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 1.743 [1.78] 
                 2.002 [1.85] 
                 2.279 [2.46] 
                 2.561 [2.38] 
                 2.952 [3.21] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) 
                 2.026 [1.50] 
                 1.871 [1.52] 
                 1.715 [1.55] 
                 1.557 [1.26] 
                 1.427 [1.37] 
               
               
                 {1.42} C   
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 0.078 [0.07] 
                 0.077 [0.07] 
                 0.077 [0.08] 
                 0.077 [0.07] 
                 0.078 [0.08] 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.020 [0.02] 
                 0.021 [0.02] 
                 0.022 [0.03] 
                 0.024 [0.03] 
                 0.025 [0.03] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.034 [0.04] 
                 0.032 [0.03] 
                 0.030 [0.03] 
                 0.028 [0.03] 
                 0.028 [0.03] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                  0.009 [0.004] 
                  0.008 [0.004] 
                  0.006 [0.005] 
                  0.006 [0.005] 
                 0.005 [0.01] 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.016 [0.01] 
                 0.014 [0.005] 
                 0.012 [0.01] 
                 0.011 [0.01] 
                 0.010 [0.01] 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.005 
                 0.006 
                 0.007 
                 0.008 
                 0.010 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual levels calculated from analyzed % relative fatty acid values and analyzed crude fat level for the diet.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17d 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated and analyzed fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 4 (100 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % of Total Fatty Acids (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                 [0.78] B   
                 [0.68] 
                 [0.53] 
                 [0.34] 
                 [0.35] 
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 16.74 C  [19.34]  
                 15.38 [17.68] 
                 14.09 [15.44] 
                 12.74 [12.93] 
                 12.03 [12.60] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 1.25 [1.45] 
                 1.06 [1.17] 
                 0.87 [1.01] 
                 0.67 [0.68] 
                 0.59 [0.71] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 6.63 [9.36] 
                 5.84 [8.06] 
                 5.11 [6.45] 
                 4.37 [4.95] 
                 4.06 [4.91] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 33.42 [34.92] 
                 38.60 [37.09] 
                 43.92 [44.26] 
                 49.29 [50.30] 
                 54.23 [54.27] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) 
                 38.85 [29.36] 
                 36.07 [30.51] 
                 33.05 [27.84] 
                 29.97 [26.61] 
                 26.22 [23.11] 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 1.50 [1.32] 
                 1.48 [1.45] 
                 1.48 [1.46] 
                 1.48 [1.44] 
                 1.43 [1.31] 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.38 [0.43] 
                 0.40 [0.45] 
                 0.42 [0.47] 
                 0.46 [0.53] 
                 0.46 [0.53] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.65 [0.72] 
                 0.62 [0.68] 
                 0.58 [0.61] 
                 0.54 [0.56] 
                 0.51 [0.57] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.17 [0.07] 
                 0.15 [0.08] 
                 0.12 [0.09] 
                 0.12 [0.10] 
                 0.09 [0.10] 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.31 [0.11] 
                 0.27 [0.10] 
                 0.24 [0.10] 
                 0.21 [0.11] 
                 0.18 [0.10] 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.10 
                 0.12 
                 0.13 
                 0.15 
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers calculated from calculated dietary fatty acid levels divided by sum of these fatty acids.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 5 (102 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 68.05 
                 51.34 
                 34.44 
                 17.32 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 0.00 
                 17.12 
                 34.44 
                 51.98 
                 68.95 
               
               
                 Soybean meal-48 (%) 
                 20.18 
                 20.24 
                 20.29 
                 20.34 
                 20.69 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 1.94 
                 1.50 
                 1.05 
                 0.59 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate (%) 
                 1.44 
                 1.41 
                 1.38 
                 1.34 
                 1.31 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.83 
                 7.85 
                 7.88 
                 7.90 
                 7.97 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.001 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 L-Threonine (%) 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.001 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Other B  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 5 (102 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moisture (%) 
                  11.71 [12.08] B   
                 11.75 [11.10] 
                 11.80 [11.15] 
                 11.84 [11.57] 
                 11.82 [11.23] 
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1310     
                 1310     
                 1310     
                 1310     
                 1315     
               
               
                 {1310} C   
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 14.90 [19.84] 
                 14.90 [19.36] 
                 14.90 [19.64] 
                 14.90 [16.96] 
                 14.99 [19.54] 
               
               
                 {14.90} 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 4.83 [5.31] 
                 4.83 [5.30] 
                 4.82 [5.35] 
                 4.81 [5.96] 
                 5.13 [5.49] 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.07 [2.2]  
                 2.27 [2.1]  
                 2.47 [2.3]  
                 2.67 [2.4]  
                 2.86 [2.5]  
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 11.05 [12.36] 
                 11.01 [14.59] 
                 10.97 [12.65] 
                 10.94 [13.94] 
                 10.96 [12.05] 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.39 [3.46] 
                 3.39 [4.25] 
                 3.39 [3.70] 
                 3.39 [4.14] 
                 3.41 [3.45] 
               
               
                 {3.39} 
               
               
                 Avail. Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 {0.35} 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.58 [0.74] 
                 0.57 [0.76] 
                 0.57 [0.72] 
                 0.57 [0.67] 
                 0.57 [0.67] 
               
               
                 Phytate Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.23 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 {0.17} 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.98 [1.20] 
                 0.99 [1.14] 
                 1.00 [   ] 
                 1.01 [1.03] 
                 1.02 [1.20] 
               
               
                 {0.98} 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.32 [0.28] 
                 0.32 [0.27] 
                 0.33 [0.30] 
                 0.33 [0.25] 
                 0.34 [0.27] 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.43 [0.48] 
                 0.43 [0.46] 
                 0.44 [0.47] 
                 0.44 [0.47) 
                 0.44 [0.51] 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.63 [0.82] 
                 0.64 [0.78] 
                 0.64 [0.85] 
                 0.64 [0.71] 
                 0.65 [0.80] 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.36 [1.68] 
                 1.37 [1.59] 
                 1.37 [1.71] 
                 1.37 [1.43] 
                 1.38 [1.56] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.80 [1.01] 
                 0.81 [0.96] 
                 0.81 [0.84] 
                 0.82 [0.93] 
                 0.83 [1.09] 
               
               
                 {0.70} 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.31 [0.28] 
                 0.31 [0.26] 
                 0.31 [0.30] 
                 0.31 [0.24] 
                 0.31 [0.27] 
               
               
                 {0.31} 
               
               
                 MET + CYS (%) 
                 0.63 [0.56] 
                 0.63 [0.53] 
                 0.64 [0.60] 
                 0.64 [0.49] 
                 0.65 [0.54] 
               
               
                 {0.58} 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.75 [0.94] 
                 0.75 [0.89] 
                 0.75 [1.00] 
                 0.75 [0.84] 
                 0.76 [0.95] 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.60 [0.43] 
                 0.60 [0.41] 
                 0.61 [0.47] 
                 0.61 [0.38] 
                 0.61 [0.42] 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.58 [0.77] 
                 0.58 [0.73] 
                 0.58 [0.85] 
                 0.58 [0.64] 
                 0.59 [0.73] 
               
               
                 {0.58} 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.16 [0.23] 
                 0.17 [0.21] 
                 0.17 [0.24] 
                 0.17 [0.19] 
                 0.17 [0.23] 
               
               
                 {0.15} 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.74 [0.90] 
                 0.75 [0.85] 
                 0.75 [0.99] 
                 0.76 [0.83] 
                 0.76 [0.94] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed total values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18c 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 5 (102 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                 [0.03] B   
                 [0.04]  
                 [0.03]  
                 [0.03]  
                 [0.02]  
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 0.757 [1.03] 
                 0.688 [0.98] 
                 0.618 [0.88] 
                 0.557 [0.96] 
                 0.555 [0.71] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 0.052 [0.06] 
                 0.042 [0.07] 
                 0.032 [0.06] 
                 0.022 [0.07] 
                 0.020 [0.04] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 0.281 [0.52] 
                 0.242 [0.46] 
                 0.203 [0.37] 
                 0.163 [0.44] 
                 0.165 [0.27] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 1.529 [1.67] 
                 1.815 [1.92] 
                 2.105 [2.24] 
                 2.397 [2.79] 
                 2.826 [2.96] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) {1.39} C   
                 2.007 [1.78] 
                 1.846 [1.64] 
                 1.683 [1.59] 
                 1.519 [1.46] 
                 1.390 [1.30] 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 0.074 [0.09] 
                 0.074 [0.09] 
                 0.073 [0.09] 
                 0.073 [0.08] 
                 0.074 [0.09] 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.019 [0.02] 
                 0.020 [0.02] 
                 0.022 [0.02] 
                 0.023 [0.03] 
                 0.025 [0.03] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.029 [0.03] 
                 0.027 [0.03] 
                 0.035 [0.03] 
                 0.023 [0.04] 
                 0.024 [0.03] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.009 
                 0.008 
                 0.007 
                 0.006 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.015 
                 0.013 
                 0.011 
                 0.009 
                 0.008 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.006 
                 0.008 
                 0.009 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual levels calculated from analyzed % relative fatty acid values and analyzed crude fat levels.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18d 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated and analyzed fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 5 (102 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % of Total Fatty Acids (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                  [0.62] B   
                 [0.69] 
                 [0.54] 
                 [0.58] 
                 [0.31] 
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 15.85 C  [19.38]  
                 14.39 [18.57] 
                 12.89 [16.37] 
                 11.60 [16.03] 
                 10.89 [12.86] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 1.09 [1.04] 
                 0.88 [1.23] 
                 0.67 [1.04] 
                 0.46 [1.12] 
                 0.39 [0.68] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 5.88 [9.78] 
                 5.06 [8.66] 
                 4.23 [6.87] 
                 3.40 [7.32] 
                 3.23 [4.98] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 32.01 [31.51] 
                 37.97 [36.24] 
                 43.90 [41.88] 
                 49.94 [46.84] 
                 55.40 [53.94] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) 
                 42.02 [33.57] 
                 38.62 [30.91] 
                 35.10 [29.68] 
                 31.64 [24.58] 
                 27.25 [23.65] 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 1.55 [1.75] 
                 1.55 [1.63] 
                 1.52 [1.69] 
                 1.52 [1.33] 
                 1.45 [1.59] 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.40 [0.43] 
                 0.42 [0.37] 
                 0.46 [0.43] 
                 0.48 [0.47] 
                 0.49 [0.57] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.61 [0.63] 
                 0.56 [0.61] 
                 0.73 [0.58] 
                 0.48 [0.64] 
                 0.47 [0.58] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.19 
                 0.17 
                 0.14 
                 0.13 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.31 
                 0.27 
                 0.23 
                 0.19 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.08 
                 0.10 
                 0.13 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers calculated from calculated dietary fatty acid levels divided by the sum of those calculated fatty acid values.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 6 (103 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 68.23 
                 51.48 
                 34.54 
                 17.38 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 0.00 
                 17.16 
                 34.52 
                 52.10 
                 69.28 
               
               
                 Soybean meal-48 (%) 
                 20.15 
                 20.21 
                 20.26 
                 20.32 
                 20.61 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 1.88 
                 1.43 
                 0.98 
                 0.52 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate (%) 
                 1.44 
                 1.41 
                 1.38 
                 1.34 
                 1.31 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.75 
                 7.78 
                 7.80 
                 7.82 
                 7.89 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.001 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 L-Threonine (%) 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.002 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%)  
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Other A  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutrient composition of test diets for Phase 6 (103 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moisture (%) 
                  11.73 [11.44] B   
                 11.77 [11.05] 
                 11.82 [11.31] 
                 11.86 [11.85] 
                 11.85 [11.83] 
               
               
                 Gross Energy (kcal/lb) 
                 [1716]     
                 [1710]     
                 [1673]     
                 [1717]     
                 [1713]     
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1310     
                 1310     
                 1310     
                 1310     
                 1315     
               
               
                 {1310} c   
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 14.90 [14.43] 
                 14.90 [17.72] 
                 14.90 [16.04] 
                 14.90 [15.18] 
                 14.97 [15.82] 
               
               
                 {14.90} 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 4.78 [5.55] 
                 4.77 [5.55] 
                 4.76 [4.91] 
                 4.75 [3.54] 
                 5.03 [4.88] 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.08 [2.1]  
                 2.27 [2.4]  
                 2.47 [2.3]  
                 2.68 [2.2]  
                 2.87 [2.5]  
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 10.97 [10.56] 
                 10.93 [10.5]  
                 10.90 [11.02] 
                 10.86 [9.53]  
                 10.88 [9.04]  
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.36 [3.01] 
                 3.36 [2.83] 
                 3.36 [3.38] 
                 3.36 [2.46] 
                 3.38 [2.50] 
               
               
                 {3.36} 
               
               
                 Avail. Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 {0.35} 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.58 [0.64] 
                 0.58 [0.63] 
                 0.58 [0.58] 
                 0.57 [0.55] 
                 0.57 [0.53] 
               
               
                 Phytate Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 {0.17} 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.98 [0.87] 
                 0.99 [0.99] 
                 1.00 [0.95] 
                 1.01 [0.88] 
                 1.02 [0.82] 
               
               
                 {0.95} 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.32 [0.24] 
                 0.32 [0.26] 
                 0.33 [0.25] 
                 0.33 [0.26] 
                 0.34 [0.27] 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.43 [0.40] 
                 0.43 [0.43] 
                 0.44 [0.42] 
                 0.44 [0.41] 
                 0.44 [0.36] 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.63 [0.61] 
                 0.64 [0.66] 
                 0.64 [0.63] 
                 0.64 [0.60] 
                 0.65 [0.54] 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.36 [1.41] 
                 1.37 [1.43] 
                 1.37 [1.38] 
                 1.37 [1.39] 
                 1.38 [1.15] 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.80 [0.70] 
                 0.81 [0.80] 
                 0.81 [0.78] 
                 0.82 [0.70] 
                 0.83 [0.67] 
               
               
                 {0.69} 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.31 [0.22] 
                 0.31 [0.24] 
                 0.31 [0.23] 
                 0.31 [0.23] 
                 0.31 [0.25] 
               
               
                 {0.31} 
               
               
                 MET + CYS (%) 
                 0.63 [0.46] 
                 0.63 [0.50] 
                 0.64 [0.48] 
                 0.64 [0.49] 
                 0.65 [0.52] 
               
               
                 {0.57} 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.75 [0.73] 
                 0.75 [0.78] 
                 0.75 [0.75] 
                 0.75 [0.73] 
                 0.76 [0.64] 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.60 [0.34] 
                 0.60 [0.36] 
                 0.61 [0.35] 
                 0.61 [0.33] 
                 0.61 [0.29] 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.58 [0.58] 
                 0.58 [0.64] 
                 0.58 [0.61] 
                 0.58 [0.58] 
                 0.59 [0.53] 
               
               
                 {0.58} 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.16 [0.15] 
                 0.17 [0.17] 
                 0.17 [0.17] 
                 0.17 [0.16] 
                 0.17 [0.18] 
               
               
                 {0.15} 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.74 [0.68] 
                 0.75 [0.75] 
                 0.75 [0.71] 
                 0.76 [0.69] 
                 0.76 [0.61] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed total values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19c 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 6 (103 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                 [0.04] B   
                 [0.04]  
                 [0.03]  
                 [0.01]  
                 [0.02]  
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 0.743 [0.97] 
                 0.674 [0.95] 
                 0.604 [0.79] 
                 0.533 [0.50] 
                 0.531 [0.64] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 0.051 [0.07] 
                 0.041 [0.07] 
                 0.030 [0.05] 
                 0.020 [0.03] 
                 0.018 [0.03] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 0.274 [0.40] 
                 0.235 [0.39] 
                 0.195 [0.30] 
                 0.155 [0.16] 
                 0.152 [0.23] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 1.503 [1.80] 
                 1.790 [1.82] 
                 2.080 [1.48] 
                 2.373 [1.08] 
                 2.789 [2.23] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) 
                 2.002 [1.97] 
                 1.841 [1.99] 
                 1.678 [2.00] 
                 1.513 [1.60] 
                 1.380 [1.51] 
               
               
                 {1.38} C   
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 0.074 [0.09] 
                 0.073 [0.09] 
                 0.073 [0.10] 
                 0.072 [0.07] 
                 0.074 [0.08] 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.019 [0.02] 
                 0.020 [0.02] 
                 0.022 [0.02] 
                 0.023 [0.02] 
                 0.025 [0.03] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.029 [0.04] 
                 0.027 [0.04] 
                 0.025 [0.03] 
                 0.022 [0.02] 
                 0.023 [0.03] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                  0.009 [0.004] 
                  0.008 [0.005] 
                  0.007 [0.005] 
                  0.006 [0.004] 
                 0.005 [0.01] 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.015 [0.01] 
                 0.013 [0.01] 
                 0.011 [0.01] 
                 0.009 [0.01] 
                 0.008 [0.01] 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.006 
                 0.007 
                 0.009 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual values calculated from analyzed % relative fatty acid values and analyzed crude fat levels.  
               
               
                   C Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19d 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated and analyzed fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 6 (103 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % of Total Fatty Acids (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                 [0.73] B   
                 [0.72] 
                 [0.56] 
                 [0.38] 
                 [0.34] 
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 15.73 C  [17.51]  
                 14.26 [17.08] 
                 12.77 [16.10] 
                 11.26 [14.22] 
                 10.59 [13.08] 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 1.08 [1.35] 
                 0.86 [1.33] 
                 0.63 [1.09] 
                 0.42 [0.79] 
                 0.36 [0.68] 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 5.80 [7.17] 
                 4.97 [7.10] 
                 4.12 [6.01] 
                 3.27 [4.47] 
                 3.03 [4.70] 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 31.82 [32.48] 
                 37.87 [32.78] 
                 43.97 [30.19] 
                 50.14 [30.47] 
                 55.62 [45.78] 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) 
                 42.39 [35.50] 
                 38.95 [35.86] 
                 35.47 [40.81] 
                 31.97 [45.14] 
                 27.52 [30.91] 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 1.57 [1.61] 
                 1.54 [1.67] 
                 1.54 [2.00] 
                 1.52 [1.91] 
                 1.487 [1.69]  
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.40 [0.39] 
                 0.42 [0.40] 
                 0.47 [0.43] 
                 0.49 [0.46] 
                 0.50 [0.52] 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.61 [0.71] 
                 0.57 [0.70] 
                 0.53 [0.60] 
                 0.46 [0.55] 
                 0.46 [0.55] 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.19 [0.07] 
                 0.17 [0.09] 
                 0.15 [0.10] 
                 0.13 [0.11] 
                 0.10 [0.11] 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.31 [0.10] 
                 0.28 [0.10] 
                 0.23 [0.13] 
                 0.19 [0.15] 
                 0.16 [0.13] 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.08  
                 0.11 
                 0.13 
                 0.15 
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in brackets represent actual analyzed values.  
               
               
                   C Numbers determined from calculated fatty acid values divided by sum of these fatty acids.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 20a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient composition of test diets for Phase 7 (104 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Yellow Dent Corn (%) 
                 69.29 
                 52.29 
                 35.07 
                 17.65 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 High Oleic HOC (%) 
                 0.00 
                 17.42 
                 35.06 
                 52.91 
                 70.58 
               
               
                 Soybean meal - 48 (%) 
                 19.35 
                 19.41 
                 19.46 
                 19.52 
                 19.64 
               
               
                 An/Veg Fat (%) 
                 1.68 
                 1.22 
                 0.77 
                 0.30 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Dicalcium Phosphate (%) 
                 1.40 
                 1.37 
                 1.34 
                 1.30 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 Limestone (%) 
                 7.73 
                 7.75 
                 7.77 
                 7.80 
                 7.87 
               
               
                 DL-Methionine (%) 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 L-Threonine (%) 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.004 
                 0.001 
                 0.00 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vitamin Premix (%) 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Trace Mineral Mix (%) 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Other B  (%) 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Other = Choline chloride and salt added to help meet requirements for choline and sodium.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 20b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated nutrient composition (As Is Basis) of test diets for Phase 7 (104 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nutrients 
                 (Control) 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Moisture (%) 
                 11.78 
                 11.82 
                 11.87 
                 11.92 
                 11.91 
               
               
                 ME (kcal/lb) 
                 1310 
                 1310 
                 1310 
                 1310 
                 1310 
               
               
                 {1310} B   
               
               
                 Crude Protein (%) 
                 14.60 
                 14.60 
                 14.60 
                 14.60 
                 14.60 
               
               
                 {14.60} 
               
               
                 Crude Fat (%) 
                 4.61 
                 4.61 
                 4.60 
                 4.59 
                 4.84 
               
               
                 Crude Fiber (%) 
                 2.07 
                 2.27 
                 2.47 
                 2.68 
                 2.88 
               
               
                 Ash (%) 
                 10.88 
                 10.85 
                 10.81 
                 10.77 
                 10.78 
               
               
                 Calcium (%) 
                 3.34 
                 3.34 
                 3.34 
                 3.34 
                 3.36 
               
               
                 {3.34} 
               
               
                 Available Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 {0.34} 
               
               
                 Total Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.56 
                 0.56 
                 0.56 
                 0.56 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 Phytate Phosphorus (%) 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Sodium (%) 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 {0.17} 
               
               
                 Arginine (%) 
                 0.96 
                 0.97 
                 0.97 
                 0.98 
                 0.99 
               
               
                 {0.93} 
               
               
                 Cystine (%) 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 Histidine (%) 
                 0.42 
                 0.42 
                 0.43 
                 0.43 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 Isoleucine (%) 
                 0.62 
                 0.62 
                 0.62 
                 0.62 
                 0.63 
               
               
                 Leucine (%) 
                 1.34 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 Lysine (%) 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 {0.68} 
               
               
                 Methionine (%) 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 {0.30} 
               
               
                 MET + CYS (%) 
                 0.62 
                 0.62 
                 0.63 
                 0.63 
                 0.64 
               
               
                 {0.56} 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine (%) 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 Tyrosine (%) 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
                 0.59 
               
               
                 Threonine (%) 
                 0.57 
                 0.57 
                 0.57 
                 0.57 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 {0.57} 
               
               
                 Tryptophan (%) 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 {0.14} 
               
               
                 Valine (%) 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.73 
                 0.74 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 20c 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated fatty acid composition of test diets for Phase 7 (104 g/h/d) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 YDC 100% 
                 HOHOC Treatments 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Acids 
                 Control 
                 75%/25%A 
                 50%/50% 
                 25%/75% 
                 0%/100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (As Is Basis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C14:0 (Myristic) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C16:0 (Palmitic) 
                 0.702 
                 0.632 
                 0.560 
                 0.488 
                 0.478 
               
               
                 C16:1 (Palmitoleic) 
                 0.046 
                 0.036 
                 0.025 
                 0.015 
                 0.011 
               
               
                 C18:0 (Stearic) 
                 0.251 
                 0.211 
                 0.171 
                 0.130 
                 0.122 
               
               
                 C18:1 (Oleic) 
                 1.427 
                 1.718 
                 2.012 
                 2.311 
                 2.722 
               
               
                 C18:2 (Linoleic) {1.36}hu B 
                 1.995 
                 1.832 
                 1.666 
                 1.498 
                 1.360 
               
               
                 C18:3 (Linolenic) 
                 0.072 
                 0.072 
                 0.071 
                 0.071 
                 0.072 
               
               
                 C20:0 (Arachidic) 
                 0.019 
                 0.020 
                 0.022 
                 0.023 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 Eicosenoic 
                 0.027 
                 0.025 
                 0.023 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
               
               
                 C22:0 (Behenic) 
                 0.009 
                 0.008 
                 0.007 
                 0.006 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 C24:0 (Lignoceric) 
                 0.014 
                 0.012 
                 0.010 
                 0.008 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 Nervonic 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.006 
                 0.007 
                 0.009 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A First number before the slash represents the percentage of corn coming from YDC while the number after the slash represents percentage of corn as HOHOC.  
               
               
                   B Numbers in { } represent requirement specified for feed formulation purposes.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     Egg yolk cholesterol content was determined on days 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168 and 196. High density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were also determined on days 28, 112 and 196. 
     Total cholesterol (Table 21) measured on Days 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168 and 196 showed significant (P&lt;0.05) differences between treatment groups except on Day 0, which is expected since all hens were fed the same diet for the pre-conditioner (pre-test) phase. For days 56, 84, 112, 140, 168 and 196, egg total cholesterol levels were generally significantly highest for hens fed YDC-100% and 75%/25 diets. By increasing the level of HOHOC in diet to 75% (25%/75%) or 100% (HOHOC-100%) replacement of YDC, the egg cholesterol levels were dramatically reduced, with the lowest levels observed in eggs from hens fed the HOHOC-100% diet. Significant effects of HOHOC level on total cholesterol were observed in all phases and the average of all phases. A significant quadratic effect was observed on Day 168. Based on these findings, the greatest benefit of the invention was realized when the HOHOC comprised at least 75% of the dietary corn source, preferably 100%, and was fed for more than 56 days. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source on egg total cholesterol content 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PERIOD 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Pre-Test 
                 Phase 1 
                 Phase 2 
                 Phase 3 
                 Phase 4 
                 Phase 5 
                 Phase 6 
                 Phase 7 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 HOHOC 
                 Day 0 
                 Day 28 
                 Day 56 
                 Day 84 
                 Day 112 
                 Day 140 
                 Day 168 
                 Day 196 
                 MEAN 
               
             
          
           
               
                 % 
                 % 
                 Cholesterol, g/egg 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100  
                  0 
                 0.252 
                 0.236 
                 0.221a 
                 0.211a 
                 0.229a 
                 0.204a 
                 0.203ab 
                 0.209a 
                 0.216a 
               
               
                 75 
                 25 
                 0.252 
                 0.236 
                 0.220a 
                 0.211a 
                 0.231a 
                 0.202ab 
                 0.206a 
                 0.207a 
                 0.216a 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 0.250 
                 0.234 
                 0.218a 
                 0.203b 
                 0.223b 
                 0.198b 
                 0.201b 
                 0.206a 
                 0.212b 
               
               
                 25 
                 75 
                 0.249 
                 0.234 
                 0.211b 
                 0.200b 
                 0.218c 
                 0.193c 
                 0.192c 
                 0.198b 
                 0.207c 
               
               
                  0 
                 100  
                 0.252 
                 0.232 
                 0.204c 
                 0.196c 
                 0.217c 
                 0.188d 
                 0.187d 
                 0.198b 
                 0.203d 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 r 2   
                  0.1048 
                  0.1997 
                 0.6227 
                 0.6183 
                 0.5200 
                 0.6469 
                 0.6842 
                 0.5099 
                 0.9000 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 SEM 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 0.001 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Linear Effect 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Quadratic Effect 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 0.0463 
                 NS 
                 NS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcd Means with the same letter within a column, are not significantly different at P &lt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NS = Not significant if P &gt; 0.050.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     As shown on Table 22, high density lipoprotein values for the end of Phases 4 and 7 were significantly greater for HOHOC-100%, 25%/75% and 50%/50% when 5 compared to the 100% YDC diet. For HDL measured at the end of Phases 4 and 7, HDL content of the eggs was highest for HOHOC-100% fed hens. As shown on Table 23, the LDL levels at the end,of Phases 4 and 7 were significantly lower in eggs from hens fed HOHOC-100%, 25%/75% and 50%/50% when compared to the 100% YDC diet. For LDL content measured at the end of Phase 7, the lowest levels came from hens fed HOHOC-100%, with the levels increasing as the percentage of HOHOC in the diet was replaced with YDC. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source on egg yolk high density lipoprotein content 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Egg High Density Lipoproteins 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 g/egg 
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 HOHOC 
                   
                 Day 112 
                   
               
               
                 % 
                 % 
                 Day 28 (Phase 1) 
                 (Phase 4) 
                 Day 196 (Phase 7) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100 
                 0 
                 0.081 
                 0.076c 
                 0.076c 
               
               
                 75 
                 25 
                 0.082 
                 0.074d 
                 0.074d 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 0.082 
                 0.082a 
                 0.082a 
               
               
                 25 
                 75 
                 0.082 
                 0.080b 
                 0.080b 
               
               
                 0 
                 100 
                 0.082 
                 0.083a 
                 0.083a 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 r 2   
                 0.2066 
                 0.7491 
                 0.7491 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 SEM 
                 0.0006 
                 0.0006 
                 0.0006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcdMeans with the same letter within a column, are not significantly different at P &lt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NS = Not significant if P &gt; 0.05.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source on egg yolk low density lipoprotein content 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Egg Low Density Lipoproteins 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 g/egg 
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 HOHOC 
                 Day 168 
                   
                 Day 336 
               
               
                 % 
                 % 
                 (Phase 1) 
                 Day 252 (Phase 4) 
                 (Phase 7) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100 
                 0 
                 0.155 
                 0.153a 
                 0.133a 
               
               
                 75 
                 25 
                 0.154 
                 0.157a 
                 0.132a 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 0.152 
                 0.141b 
                 0.124b 
               
               
                 25 
                 75 
                 0.152 
                 0.138bc 
                 0.118c 
               
               
                 0 
                 100 
                 0.150 
                 0.134c 
                 0.115c 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 r 2   
                 0.2594 
                 0.7054 
                 0.7256 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 SEM 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcdMeans with the same letter within a column, are not significantly different at P &lt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NS = Not significant if P &gt; 0.05.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     Yolk fatty acid profiles were also measured, the results of which are shown in Table 24-27. 
     Measurements for total oleic fatty acid are shown in Table 24. The inclusion of HOHOC in the diet generally increased the oleic fatty acid levels, with the HOHOC 100% diet having the greatest impact on oleic fatty acid levels. Yolk oleic fatty acid level were highest from hens fed the HOHOC-100% diet, while the lowest oleic fatty acid levels in the yolk corresponded with hens fed the YDC-100% diet. At the 75%/5% level, and at each level up to 100% HOHOC, the addition of HOHOC resulted in a statistically significant increase over the YDC diet value when measured as an average across all phases. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source on yolk oleic fatty acid profile 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Oleic Fatty Acid (C18:1) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 HOHOC 
                 Phase 1 
                 Phase 2 
                 Phase 3 
                 Phase 4 
                 Phase 5 
                 Phase 6 
                 Phase 7 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                 % 
                 % 
                 % Relative 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100  
                  0 
                 44.7 
                 42.5c 
                 44.5 
                 45.3d 
                 42.2c 
                 41.78b 
                 41.0 
                 43.14c 
               
               
                 75 
                 25 
                 45.0 
                 42.7bc 
                 44.9 
                 45.7cd 
                 43.7b 
                 42.00b 
                 41.1 
                 43.58b 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 44.7 
                 43.2abc 
                 44.8 
                 46.2bc 
                 43.7b 
                 41.82b 
                 40.8 
                 43.59b 
               
               
                 25 
                 75 
                 44.2 
                 43.6ab 
                 45.2 
                 46.8b 
                 44.5ab 
                 42.05ab 
                 41.2 
                 43.92b 
               
               
                  0 
                 100  
                 44.6 
                 44.0a 
                 45.2 
                 48.1a 
                 45.4a 
                 42.64a 
                 41.3 
                 44.48a 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Pooled SEM 
                 0.26 
                 0.37 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.36 
                 0.22 
                 0.26 
                 0.129 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 r 2   
                 0.3218 
                 0.4182 
                 0.6435 
                 0.6202 
                 0.5356 
                 0.3936 
                 0.3138 
                 0.7237 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 NS 
                 0.0275 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0478 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Trt * Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 0.0002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abc Means with the same letter within a column, are not significantly different at P &lt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NS = Not significant if P &gt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NA = Not applicable.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     Surprisingly, as shown in table 25, the cis isomeric form of oleic acid was affected by the high oleic feed source, with the treatments with higher levels of high oleic high oil corn generally resulting in higher levels of the cis isomer of oleic acid. Cis oleic fatty acid levels were highest from hens fed the HOHOC-100% diet, while the lowest cis oleic fatty acid levels in the yolk corresponded with hens fed the YDC-100% diet. At the 75%/25% level, and at each level up to 100% HOHOC, the addition of HOHOC resulted in a statistically significant increase in the cis oleic value over the YDC diet cis oleic value when measured as an average across all phases. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source on yolk Cis oleic fatty acid profile 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Cis Oleic Fatty Acid (cis C18:1) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 HOHOC 
                 Phase 1 
                 Phase 2 
                 Phase 3 
                 Phase 4 
                 Phase 5 
                 Phase 6 
                 Phase 7 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                 % 
                 % 
                 % Relative 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100  
                  0 
                 44.4 
                 42.2c 
                 44.3 
                 45.0d 
                 41.8c 
                 41.4b 
                 40.8 
                 42.8c 
               
               
                 75 
                 25 
                 44.7 
                 42.4bc 
                 44.7 
                 45.4cd 
                 43.3b 
                 41.7b 
                 40.8 
                 43.3b 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 44.4 
                 43.0abc 
                 44.6 
                 45.9bc 
                 43.3b 
                 41.5b 
                 40.5 
                 43.3b 
               
               
                 25 
                 75 
                 43.9 
                 43.3ab 
                 45.0 
                 46.6b 
                 44.1ab 
                 41.7ab 
                 41.0 
                 43.7b 
               
               
                  0 
                 100  
                 44.3 
                 43.8a 
                 45.0 
                 47.8a 
                 45.1a 
                 42.3a 
                 41.0 
                 44.2a 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Pooled SEM 
                 0.26 
                 0.37 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.37 
                 0.22 
                 0.26 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 r 2   
                 0.3024 
                 0.4217 
                 0.6405 
                 0.6221 
                 0.5407 
                 0.3784 
                 0.3166 
                 0.7280 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 NS 
                 0.0214 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0467 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Trt * Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 0.0001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abc Means with the same letter within a column, are not significantly different at P &lt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NS = Not significant if P &gt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NA = Not Applicable  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     As with oleic, significant differences were also observed for the levels of linoleic fatty acid, the results of which are shown in Table 26. Significant (P&lt;0.05) differences were observed for most phases. Yolks from hens fed HOHOC-100% and 25%/75% diets had less linoleic (C18:2) than yolks from hens fed 100% YDC, which was statistically significant when measured as an average across all phases. A quadratic effect of the effect of HOHOC on the linoleic acid level was noted for phases 4, 6 and the average of all phases. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source on yolk linoleic fatty acid profile 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Linoleic Fatty Acid (C18:2) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 HOHOC 
                 Phase 1 
                 Phase 2 
                 Phase 3 
                 Phase 4 
                 Phase 5 
                 Phase 6 
                 Phase 7 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                 % 
                 % 
                 % Relative 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100  
                  0 
                 12.4 
                 12.0a 
                 11.7 
                 11.5a 
                 13.5a 
                 13.3a 
                 13.0 
                 12.36ab 
               
               
                 75 
                 25 
                 12.0 
                 11.9ab 
                 11.6 
                 11.5ab 
                 12.9b 
                 13.4a 
                 13.6 
                 12.41a 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 12.2 
                 11.6bc 
                 11.6 
                 11.3ab 
                 13.0b 
                 13.3a 
                 13.2 
                 12.32ab 
               
               
                 25 
                 75 
                 12.4 
                 11.4c 
                 11.3 
                 11.0b 
                 12.4c 
                 13.4a 
                 12.8 
                 12.10b 
               
               
                  0 
                 100  
                 12.4 
                 10.9d 
                 11.3 
                 10.3c 
                 11.8d 
                 12.8b 
                 13.2 
                 11.72c 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Pooled SEM 
                 0.19 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.19 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 r 2   
                 0.3423 
                 0.4953 
                 0.2503 
                 0.5609 
                 0.6454 
                 0.4019 
                 0.3241 
                 0.6129 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0162 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Trt * Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 0.0003 
               
               
                 Linear Effect 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0133 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Quadratic Effect 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 0.0311 
                 NS 
                 0.0192 
                 NS 
                 0.0433 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcd Means with the same letter within a column, are not significantly different at P &lt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NS = Not significant if P &gt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NA = Not Applicable  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     Table 27 shows the oleic:linoleic fatty acid ratio. The oleic:linoleic ratio generally increased as the proportion of HOHOC in the diet was increased. When averaged across all phases, hens fed the HOHOC-100% diet exhibited a significantly greater yolk oleic:linoleic fatty acid ratio than all other treatments. The hens fed the 25%/75% diet showed the next highest yolk oleic:linoleic fatty acid ratio. Significant quadratic effects were noted for phases 4 and 6. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of corn source on yolk fatty acid ratio of Oleic to Linoleic 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Oleic:Linoleic Ratio (C18:1:C18:2) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 YDC 
                 HOHOC 
                 Phase 1 
                 Phase 2 
                 Phase 3 
                 Phase 4 
                 Phase 5 
                 Phase 6 
                 Phase 7 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                 % 
                 % 
                 % Relative 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100  
                  0 
                 3.63 
                 3.56d 
                 3.82 
                 3.94c 
                 3.14d 
                 3.15b 
                 3.17 
                 3.49d 
               
               
                 75 
                 25 
                 3.77 
                 3.61cd 
                 3.87 
                 4.00c 
                 3.40c 
                 3.14b 
                 3.04 
                 3.54cd 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 3.68 
                 3.74bc 
                 3.88 
                 4.09bc 
                 3.37c 
                 3.14b 
                 3.09 
                 3.57c 
               
               
                 25 
                 75 
                 3.60 
                 3.84b 
                 4.00 
                 4.26b 
                 3.60b 
                 3.14b 
                 3.22 
                 3.67b 
               
               
                  0 
                 100  
                 3.62 
                 4.06a 
                 4.01 
                 4.68a 
                 3.86a 
                 3.35a 
                 3.13 
                 3.82a 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Pooled SEM 
                 0.08 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 0.06 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 Statistical Analyses: 
               
               
                 r 2   
                 0.2889 
                 0.5166 
                 0.3754 
                 0.6108 
                 0.6502 
                 0.4245 
                 0.2915 
                 0.7639 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0070 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Trt * Phase 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Linear Effect 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0180 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0034 
                 NS 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Quadratic Effect 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 NS 
                 0.0280 
                 NS 
                 0.0195 
                 NS 
                 NS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 abcd Means with the same letter within a column, are not significantly different at P &lt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NS = Not significant if P &gt; 0.05.  
               
               
                 NA = Not Applicable.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
       
     As can be seen from the foregoing examples, the present invention can be to reduce the cholesterol content of eggs and alter the fatty acid profile of eggs. Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will appreciate that changes may be made in and detail without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.