Abstract:
A method for reducing electromagnetic radiation between devices in electrical communication, including processing signals within a first device in a manner tending to reduce EMR, and electromagnetically isolating the processed signals prior to communicating the signals to a subsequent device.

Description:
This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 365 of International Application PCT/US02/14046, filed May 2, 2002, which was published in accordance with PCT Article 21(2) on Nov. 14, 2002 in English and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/288,579, filed May 3, 2001. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to the field of printed circuit boards (PCB) and, more specifically, to the suppression of electromagnetic radiation. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is emitted by every operating electric and/or electronic device. The power of EMR emission varies depending on the size and electrical strength of the device and the electrical current it carries or employs. In addition, unwanted currents on input and output cables to and from an electronic device may cause the cables themselves to become sources of undesirable EMR. EMR is problematic since it may interfere with components of electronic devices located in the vicinity of the source of EMR, causing electromagnetic interference (EMI). It is known that electronic components or products and devices in the vicinity of EMR sources may malfunction if subjected to certain levels of EMI. EMI generated and received by electronic devices must be attenuated not only to keep the devices functioning properly but also to bring the devices into compliance with applicable governmental regulations. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) promulgates regulations to limit the amount of radiation emitted from electronic equipment, and to provide for routine testing of manufactured products to ensure compliance. Similar administrative bodies perform the same function in Canada, Europe and other parts of the world. 
   One known solution used to contain or reduce unwanted EMR from products containing electronic devices is through the use of shielded cables. Unfortunately, shielded cables are expensive compared to unshielded cables. Shielded cables also contain a larger form factor, thus occupying much more space within a product enclosure. In addition, the integrity of shielded cables can be more easily compromised as the cables are flexed or moved because they are not as flexible as unshielded cables and the use of unshielded cables facilitates ease in manufacturing. 
   Another solution to contain or reduce unwanted EMR from products containing electronic devices is to place the equipment in encompassing metal enclosures. The encompassing conductive enclosure forms a Faraday shield which reduces radiated power by forcing the electric field component of an electromagnetic wave to be nearly zero at the surface of the conductor, thereby blocking wave propagation. Unfortunately, emissions through necessary openings in the enclosures for outputting signals, lessens the effectiveness of the enclosures. Additionally, the resulting package is bulky and relatively expensive. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention comprises a method and apparatus for reducing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in electric and/or electronic devices. 
   A method according to one embodiment of the invention for reducing EMR between devices in electrical communication, includes processing signals within a first device in a manner tending to reduce EMR, and electromagnetically isolating the processed signals prior to communicating the signals to a subsequent device. The processing of this method can be accomplished by propagating the signals through a twisted pair. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, a printed circuit board (PCB) for reducing EMR in signals from an electric circuit, the PCB having an input section and an output section, includes at least one input connector, mounted to the input section of the PCB, for coupling the signals to the PCB, at least one processing element, mounted to the input section of the PCB, for processing the coupled signals in a manner tending to reduce EMR, a shield wall, mounted to the PCB at the output of the at least one processing element, for electromagnetically isolating the input section of the PCB from the output section of the PCB, the shield wall having minimized apertures for passing the signals to the output section, and at least one output connector, mounted to the output section of the PCB, for outputting the processed signals. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  depicts a high-level block diagram of one embodiment of a digital circuit in a television system  100 ; 
       FIG. 2  depicts a top view of an embodiment of a printed circuit board filter suitable for use in the system of  FIG. 1 ; and 
       FIG. 3  depicts a front view of an embodiment for a shield wall suitable for use in the printed circuit board filter of  FIG. 2 . 
     To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention will be described within the context of circuitry such as television circuitry and associated devices. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the subject invention may be advantageously employed in any circuitry in which it is desired for electromagnetic radiation to be reduced. Thus, it is contemplated by the inventors, that the subject invention has broad applicability beyond the television circuitry described herein. The invention may be used to provide a means for reducing electromagnetic radiation between various electric and/or electronic devices or between circuitry of electrical or electronic systems and the like. 
     FIG. 1  depicts a high-level block diagram of one embodiment of a digital circuit in a system  100 . The digital circuit of the system  100  of  FIG. 1  includes a digital processing circuit  110  for processing signals to be utilized as inputs for a plurality of output devices of the system, a printed circuit board (PCB) filter  120  for reducing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the signals processed by the digital processing circuit  110 , and a plurality of output devices  130   1 – 130   n  (collectively  130 ), such as display devices, audio devices, or other forms of outputs, for receiving the signals processed by the digital processing circuit  110  and filtered by the PCB filter  120 . Although the PCB filter  120  in the system  100  of  FIG. 1  is depicted as a separate PCB located after the digital processing circuit  110 , the PCB filter  120  may be advantageously configured in various formats. For example, the PCB filter circuitry may be incorporated on a circuit board of a digital processing circuit, or on a circuit board of an output device itself. Additionally, although only one digital processing circuit  110  and one PCB filter  120  are depicted in  FIG. 1 , the system  100  may comprise multiple digital processing circuits and multiple PCB filters. 
     FIG. 2  depicts a top view of an embodiment of a PCB filter suitable for use in the system of  FIG. 1 . The PCB filter  120  is divided into an input section and an output section by a shield wall  230  mounted to the PCB filter  120 . The input section of the PCB filter  120  of  FIG. 2  includes illustratively eight input connectors  210   1 – 210   8 , and eight RF suppressing networks (illustratively networks of adjustable filters)  220   1 – 220   8 . Although adjustable filters are depicted in the input section of the PCB filter  120  of system  100  for reducing the levels of EMR in the signals from the digital processing circuit  110 , other sources of RF suppression can be employed to reduce the EMR in the input section of the PCB filter  120  in accordance with the present invention, including the use of twisted pairs and other RF suppression methods known to those skilled in the art. 
   The output section of the PCB filter  120  includes eight output connectors  240   1 – 240   8 . Again, although the PCB filter  120  is being described within the context of the television system  100  of  FIG. 1 , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the subject invention may be advantageously employed in any circuitry in which it is desired for electromagnetic radiation to be reduced. The number of input connectors, filter networks, and output connectors will depend on the circuitry in which the PCB filter is being implemented. 
   The eight input connectors  210   1 – 210   8  in the input section of the PCB filter  120  in  FIG. 2  are coupled to I/O leads and power lines from the digital processing circuit  110  by unshielded cables. The eight input connectors  210   1 – 210   8  are each designed to mechanically couple to a respective connector of the I/O lead or power line from the digital processing circuit  110  to be connected thereby to the corresponding input connector of the PCB filter  120 . Each of the eight input connectors  210   1 – 210   8  has a corresponding output connector in the output section of the PCB filter for coupling of the signals to the output devices. 
   The eight filter networks  220   1 – 220   8  in the input section of the PCB filter  120  in  FIG. 2  correspond to the eight input connectors  210   1 – 210   8  of the PCB filter  120  (that is a specific filter network is implemented for each input). Each filter network is configured such that the filters are specifically chosen to filter the type of signal from the digital processing circuit  110 , input into the PCB filter  120  by each of the eight input connectors  210   1 – 210   8 . For example in the system  100  of  FIG. 1 , input connector  210 , receives a video signal from the digital processing circuit  110 . The video signal&#39;s frequency ranges from 0 MHz (DC) to 5 MHz. Low pass filters with a cut-off just above 5 MHz are then used in the filter network  220   1  to reduce the EMR in the video signal from the digital processing circuit  110  coupled to the input connector  210   1 . Although the eight filter networks  220   1 – 220   8  may vary with respect to the type of filters used, the utility of the filter networks are the same. First differential mode filters are placed between the signal and return of each pair of lines from the incoming cables. These filters can be adjusted to be low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass filters of any number of poles required. This eliminates unwanted differential mode currents by passing them to the ground of the PCB filter  120 . The second stage of filtering is used to reduce common mode currents. Typically a common mode transformer is used to reduce common mode currents, but common mode currents can also be reduced by creating a common mode filter using discrete components as in the present embodiment. The reduction in differential and common mode currents results in a reduction of EMR in the system  100 . In alternate embodiments of the PCB filter  120 , either the differential mode filters or the common mode filters can be eliminated if they are not required to bring the circuits of the system into compliance with applicable governmental regulations. 
   The shield wall  230  is positioned to electromagnetically isolate the input section of the PCB filter  120  from the output section. The shield wall  230  is soldered directly at the output of the filter networks in the input section of the PCB filter  120 . It is important that the shield wall  230  be as close to the outputs of the RF suppression network, in this case the filter network, as possible so that the signals are electromagnetically shielded from the output section of the PCB filter  120  in a manner reducing the susceptibility of the processed signal to EMR. Additionally, it is necessary to couple the signals from the input section of the PCB filter  120  to the output section in a manner limiting the RF signal passed from the input section of the PCB filter to the output section. To accomplish this, the signals from the input section of the PCB filter  120  (e.g. power, filter network outputs, and the like) are coupled to the output section of the PCB filter  120  through small apertures in the shield wall  230 . Because shielding is rendered less effective by holes or slots in the surface of the shield wall  230 , the apertures in the shield wall  230  are minimized. The apertures in the shield wall  230  are made just large enough for the traces from the filter networks to pass to the output section and couple to the output connectors of the PCB filter  120 . Furthermore, the shield wall  230  can be advantageously composed of materials of varying conductivity depending on the quantity of EMR reduction required in the system. For example a copper shield may be implemented which is a more effective means of electromagnetic isolation than a steel or aluminum shield. 
   The eight output connectors  240   1 – 240   8  in the output section of the PCB filter  120  in  FIG. 2  are coupled to a corresponding output of one of the eight filter networks  220   1 – 220   8  of the input section which in turn each correspond to a specific one of the input connectors  210   1 – 210   8 . For example the processed video signal from the digital processing circuit  110  coupled to the input connector  210   1  in the example explained above, is output on output connector  240   1  which is designed to mechanically couple to a video output device. The eight output connectors  240   1 – 240   8  are each individually designed to mechanically couple to the connector of an output device to be connected to the corresponding output connector of the PCB filter  120 . Some output devices include a monitor, a tuner, and other output devices for the signals processed by the digital processing circuit  110 . The use of the PCB filter  120  in accordance with the present invention advantageously allows for the use of unshielded cables to interconnect the various components of an electronic system, thus reducing the cost and overall size of the system. 
     FIG. 3  depicts a front view of an embodiment for a shield wall suitable for use in the printed circuit board filter of  FIG. 2 . As previously noted, the shield wall  230  is soldered to the PCB filter  120  at a point directly at the output of the common mode filters. The shield wall  230  extends upward from the board and is substantially coextensive with the length of the PCB filter  120 . The minimized apertures  340   1 – 340   8  (collectively  340 ) previously described for coupling the signal from the input section of the PCB filter  120  to the output section of the PCB filter  120  are depicted in  FIG. 3 . 
   In an embodiment of the present invention, the PCB filter  120  is attached to a shielded product enclosure  310  of the system  100  of  FIG. 1  by attaching the shield wall  230  to standoffs  320   1 ,  320   2 ,  320   3 , and  320   3  (collectively  320 ) attached to the shielded product enclosure  310  through attachment holes  330   1 ,  330   2 ,  330   3 , and  330   3  (collectively  330 ) provided in the shield wall  230 . Preferably, the shielded product enclosure  310  of the system  100  should be an encompassing conductive enclosure. The encompassing conductive enclosure forms a Faraday shield which reduces radiated power by forcing the electric field component of an electromagnetic wave to be nearly zero at the surface of the conductor, thereby blocking wave propagation. The number of attachment holes  330  and subsequently the number of standoffs  320  needed to secure a PCB filter to a product enclosure depends on the size of the PCB filter being implemented in a system. The size of the PCB filter depends on the number of inputs to the PCB filter and subsequently, the number of input and output connectors required on the PCB filter. There must be adequate support for the PCB filter to prevent flexing of the PCB filter, which would result in damage. When mounting a PCB filter to a product enclosure, there also must be electrical conductivity between the PCB filter, the standoffs, and the product enclosure to minimize electromagnetic wave propagation. The mounted PCB filter  120  provides for a means to input to or output the signals from an electric and/or electronic circuit, while maintaining the integrity of the product enclosure for reducing EMR. By implementing the PCB filter  120 , unshielded cables can be used to transfer data to and from an electronic circuit. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, a PCB filter in accordance with the present invention is used to reduce the EMR of signals transmitted to an electric and/or electronic circuit in the same manner described above. Additionally, another PCB filter in accordance with the present invention is used to reduce the EMR of the signals output from the same electronic circuit. In this manner an electronic device or system can be constructed in which all of the signals to the various electronic components and all of the signals from the various electronic components are reduced in EMR via a PCB filter in accordance with the present invention. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, all of the signals to the various electric and/or electronic components and all of the signals from the various electronic components of an electronic device or system are reduced in EMR by a single PCB filter comprising a plurality of input connectors and a plurality of output connectors to accommodate all of the signals from the various components. 
   While the forgoing is directed to some embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof. As such, the appropriate scope of the invention is to be determined according to the claims, which follow.