Abstract:
The present invention is related to an internal voltage generator for use in a semiconductor memory device preventing latch-up and chip damage. The internal voltage generator includes a first pumping block for comparing an internal upper voltage with a reference voltage to generate a first compensated upper voltage based on a comparison result, an initial level sensor for comparing the internal upper voltage with an operating voltage to thereby generate a first enable signal, a second pumping block for generating a second compensated upper voltage in response to an active command, the first enable signal, and the comparison result of the first pumping block, and an initializing block for providing the internal voltage during an initial operation of the semiconductor memory device.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device; and, more particularly, to an internal voltage generator preventing a latch-up and a chip damage caused by unstable operating current.  
       DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART  
       [0002]     Generally, a semiconductor memory device internally generates a voltage used by itself. An internal voltage generator in the semiconductor memory device is used for receiving an external voltage VDD to thereby generate an internal voltage having controllable voltage level.  
         [0003]     For increasing operation reliability of the semiconductor memory device, it is required to reliably generate the internal voltage having a predetermined constant level regardless of changes of temperature, process and pressure.  
         [0004]     Without any device controlling level of the internal voltage, an unexpected turn-on of P-N junction occurs to p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors included in the semiconductor memory device; and, due to the unexpected turn-on, the semiconductor memory device can get deadly damaged.  
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a conventional internal voltage generator.  
         [0006]     As shown, the internal voltage generator is provided with a level sensor  10 , a first oscillation signal generator  20 , a stand-by charge pump  30 , an enable signal generator  40 , a second oscillation signal generator  50 , and an active charge pump  60 .  
         [0007]     The level sensor  10  is for sensing a level of an upper voltage VPP corresponding to a reference voltage VREF_PP. The first oscillation signal generator  20  generates a first oscillation signal tOSC_S in response to an output signal PPE from the level sensor  10 . The stand-by charge pump  30  generates the upper voltage VPP by pumping a power supply voltage VDD in response to the first oscillation signal tOSC_S outputted from the first oscillation signal generator  20 . The enable signal generator  40  receives the output signal PPE from the level sensor  10  and generates an active operation signal PPE_A. The second oscillation signal generator  50  generates a second oscillation signal tOSC_A in response to the active operation signal PPE_A. The active charge pump  60  receives the second oscillation signal tOSC_A to generate the upper voltage VPP by pumping the power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0008]     Further, the enable signal generator  40  includes a command generator  42  and an output controller  44 . The command generator  42  receives an active signal ACT to thereby generate an internal active signal ACT_EN. The output controller  44  converts the active signal ACT_EN into the active operation signal PPE_A.  
         [0009]     Meanwhile, the charge pumps  30  and  60  do not operate until the power supply voltage VDD is increased to a predetermined level. Therefore, the internal voltage generator further includes an initializing block  70  for generating the upper voltage VPP while the charge pumps  30  and  60  do not operate.  
         [0010]     In an aforementioned embodiment of the conventional art, the oscillation signal generator  20  and  50  is controlled by one level sensor  10 . Also, two level sensors can be provided in the semiconductor memory device in accordance with another embodiment, wherein one is used in active state and the other is used in stand-by state.  
         [0011]     Hereinafter, the operation of the internal voltage generator is explained.  
         [0012]     First of all, in a stand-by state which the active signal ACT is not activate, the level sensor  10  activates the output signal PPE when the upper voltage VPP is lower than the reference voltage VREF_PP. Then, the first oscillation signal generator  20  is activated in response to the output signal PPE from the level sensor  10  and generates the first oscillation signal tOSC_S. The stand-by charge pump  30  provides the upper voltage VPP by pumping the power supply voltage VDD in response to the first oscillation signal tOSC_S and makes the level of the upper voltage VPP to hold a predetermined value.  
         [0013]     Also, in an active state, the enable signal generator  40  is activated in response to the active command ACT for converting the internal active signal ACT_EN into the active operation signal PPE_A in response to the output signal PPE from the level sensor  10 .  
         [0014]     Accordingly, after the level sensor  10  outputs the output signal PPE, the oscillation signal generators  20  and  50  generates the oscillation signals tOSC_S and tOSC_A, respectively. Then, the charge pumps  30  and  60  provide the upper voltage VPP by pumping the power supply voltage VDD in response to the oscillation signals tOSC_S and tOSC_A, respectively.  
         [0015]     As above mentioned, the internal voltage generator keeps the level of the upper voltage VPP holding a predetermined value by sensing the level of the upper voltage VPP and operating the charge pumps  30  and  60 .  
         [0016]     In the stand-by state consuming less current, the internal voltage generator provides the upper voltage VPP only through the stand-by charge pump  30  consuming small operating power. Meanwhile, since the active command ACT is activated when large amount of current is consumed in the semiconductor memory device, the internal voltage generator makes the active charge pump  60  consuming large operating power additionally operate as well as the stand-by charge pump  30  in order to provide the upper voltage VPP.  
         [0017]     Hereinafter, the operation of the semiconductor memory device supplied with the upper voltage VPP generated by the aforementioned internal voltage generator is explained.  
         [0018]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional diagram of an inverter implemented with general CMOS transistor.  FIG. 2B  is a schematic diagram showing a parasitic transistor in the inverter shown in  FIG. 2A .  
         [0019]     As shown in  FIG. 2A , the upper voltage VPP, which is higher than the power supply voltage VDD applied to a source terminal of the PMOS transistor PM 1 , is supplied to a substrate of a PMOS transistor PM 1  in the inverter. Further, a negative voltage VBB, which is lower than the ground voltage VSS applied to a source terminal of a NMOS transistor NM 1 , is supplied to a substrate of the NMOS transistor NM 1 .  
         [0020]     The reason, why the voltage supplied to the substrate of the MOS transistor is different from the voltage supplied to the source terminal of the MOS transistor, is for improving the performance and minimizing a size of the semiconductor memory device.  
         [0021]     When the substrate and the source terminal of the MOS transistor are respectively supplied with different voltage levels, a BJT parasitic transistor is made in a form that collectors of each transistors are connected to corresponding bases of each other transistors as shown in  FIG. 2B .  
         [0022]     Meanwhile, the upper voltage VPP supplied to the substrate of the PMOS transistor PM 1  is generated from the power supply voltage VDD supplied to the source terminal of the PMOS transistor PM 1  by the internal voltage generator shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0023]     However, the conventional internal voltage generator provides the upper voltage VPP through the level sensor  10 , the first and second oscillation signal generators  20  and  50 , and the stand-by and the active charge pump  30  and  60 .  
         [0024]     Accordingly, during an initial operation of the semiconductor memory device, a level of the upper voltage VPP is not increased proportionally when the power supply voltage VDD is raised.  
         [0025]     Hereinafter, it is described that a level change of the upper voltage VPP based on a level change of the power supply voltage VDD referring to  FIGS. 3A and 3B .  
         [0026]      FIG. 3A  is a graph showing the level change of the upper voltage VPP in response to an increase of the power supply voltage VDD level, wherein an X-axis refers to time and a Y-axis refers to a voltage level.  
         [0027]      FIG. 3B  is a graph showing the level change of the upper voltage VPP when the level of the power supply voltage VDD is more rapidly boosted up, as compared with  FIG. 3A .  
         [0028]     Comparing  FIG. 3A  with  FIG. 3B , the level of the upper voltage VPP according to the case of  FIG. 3B , i.e., when the level of the power supply voltage VDD is raised more rapidly, has much lower voltage than the level of the power supply voltage VDD, initially. In other words, the difference of voltage level between the upper voltage VPP and the power supply voltage VDD in case of  FIG. 3B  is much larger than that in case of  FIG. 3A ; and a section where the upper voltage VPP is lower than the power supply voltage VDD in case of  FIG. 3B  is longer than that in case of  FIG. 3A .  
         [0029]     As above mentioned, because of the delay amount for the operation of the internal voltage generator, the upper voltage VPP is not raised in proportion to the increase of the power supply voltage VDD; and, accordingly, is lower than the level of the power supply voltage for a predetermined time.  
         [0030]     Further, as above mentioned, as the power supply voltage VDD is raised more rapidly, the voltage difference between the upper voltage VPP and the power supply voltage VDD becomes larger; and a time that the upper voltage VPP is lower than the power supply voltage VDD becomes longer.  
         [0031]     Meanwhile, a P-N junction is turned on in a forward direction if the level of the upper voltage VPP is lower than the level of the power supply voltage VDD and the difference between the upper voltage and the power supply voltage is larger than a threshold voltage of P-type junction and N-type junction of the BJT parasitic transistor.  
         [0032]     Therefore, an excessive current can flow both from the source terminal of the PMOS transistor to the substrate of the NMOS transistor and from the substrate of the PMOS transistor to the source terminal of the NMOS transistor, and this is a latch-up phenomenon. If the latch-up phenomenon is continued, there exists possibility for the chip to be crashed.  
         [0033]     In order to prevent the latch-up phenomenon, the upper voltage VPP is raised in proportional to a rate of rising of the power supply voltage. Therefore, the internal voltage generator has to improve its charge transmitting ability by expanding a size of the stand-by charge pump  20  or improving a driving strength of the initializing block  70 .  
         [0034]     However, in case of expanding the size of a pump or improving the driving strength of the initializing block, a total size of the chip is increased.  
         [0035]     Further, in case of expanding the size of the stand-by charge pump  20 , an excessive amount of current can flow in the semiconductor memory device through the level of the power supply voltage VDD is stabilized.  
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
       [0036]     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an internal voltage generator for preventing latch-up phenomenon and chip damage because of excessive current flowed in a semiconductor memory device.  
         [0037]     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an internal voltage generator including a level sensing device for comparing a level of an internal voltage with a reference voltage; a first oscillation signal generating device for generating a first oscillation signal in response to an output signal of the level sensing device; a first charge pumping device for generating the internal voltage by receiving the first oscillation signal and pumping an external voltage; an initial level sensing device for comparing the level of the internal voltage with the external voltage; an enable signal generating device for generating an active enable signal in response to an active command, the output signal of the level sensing device, and an output signal of the initial level sensing device; a second oscillation signal generating device for generating a second oscillation signal in response to the active enable signal; a second charge pumping device for generating the internal voltage by receiving the second oscillation signal and pumping the external voltage; and an initializing device for providing the internal voltage during an initial operation of the semiconductor memory device. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0038]     The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0039]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a conventional internal voltage generator;  
         [0040]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional diagram of an inverter implemented with general CMOS transistor;  
         [0041]      FIG. 2B  is a schematic diagram showing a parasitic transistor in the inverter shown in  FIG. 2A ;  
         [0042]      FIG. 3A  is a diagram showing the level change of the upper voltage VPP in accordance with a raise of the power supply voltage VDD level, wherein an X-axis refers time and a Y-axis refers voltage level;  
         [0043]      FIG. 3B  is a diagram showing the level change of the upper voltage VPP when the level of the power supply voltage VDD is more rapidly raised than  FIG. 3A ;  
         [0044]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing an internal voltage generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0045]      FIG. 5A  is a diagram showing a level change of the upper voltage VPP in response to a change of the power supply voltage VDD, wherein an X-axis refers time and a Y-axis refers voltage level;  
         [0046]      FIG. 5B  is a diagram showing the level change of the upper voltage VPP when the level of the power supply voltage VDD is more rapidly raised than  FIG. 5A ;  
         [0047]      FIG. 6A  is a schematic circuit diagram depicting initial level sensor shown in  FIG. 4  in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0048]      FIG. 6B  is a schematic circuit diagram depicting the initial level sensor shown in  FIG. 4  in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0049]      FIG. 6C  is a schematic circuit diagram showing the initial level sensor shown in  FIG. 4  in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION  
       [0050]     Hereinafter, an internal voltage generator in accordance with the present invention will be described in detail referring to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0051]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing the internal voltage generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0052]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the internal voltage generator is provided with a level sensor  100 , a first oscillation signal generator  200 , a stand-by charge pump  300 , an initial level sensor  800 , an enable signal generator  400 , a second oscillation signal generator  500 , an active charge pump  600 , and an initializing block  700 .  
         [0053]     The level sensor  100  senses a level of an upper voltage VPP corresponding to a reference voltage VREF_PP. The first oscillation signal generator  200  generates a first oscillation signal tOSC_S in response to an output signal PPE from the level sensor  100 . The stand-by charge pump  300  receives the first oscillation signal tOSC_S outputted from the first oscillation signal generator  200  and generates the upper voltage VPP by pumping a power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0054]     The initial level sensor  800  is for sensing the level of the upper voltage VPP corresponding to the power supply voltage VDD. The enable signal generator  400  generates an active enable signal EN in response to the output signal PPE outputted from the level sensor  100  when an active command ACT is applied to the enable signal generator  400  or in response to an initial level signal PPE_I from the initial level sensor  800 . The second oscillation generator  500  is for generating a second oscillation signal tOSC_A in response to the active enable signal EN. The active charge pump  600  receives the second oscillation signal tOSC_A outputted from the second oscillation signal generator  500  and generates the upper voltage VPP by pumping the power supply voltage VDD. Lastly, the initializing block  700  is for generating the upper voltage VPP in an initial operation of the semiconductor memory device.  
         [0055]     Further, the enable signal generator  400  is provided with a command generator  420 , a first output controller  440 , and a second output controller  460 . The command generator  420  receives the active command ACT and generates an internal active signal ACT_EN. The first output controller  440  outputs an intermediate active signal PPE_A when the output signal PPE from the level sensor  100  is activated. The second output controller  460  is for activating the active enable signal EN when the intermediate active signal PPE_A outputted from the first output controller  440  or the initial level signal PPE_I outputted from the initial level sensor  800  is activated.  
         [0056]     The internal voltage generator in accordance with the preferred embodiment includes the initial level sensor  800  which is not included in the conventional internal voltage generator. Therefore, the operation of the initial level sensor  800  is explained hereinafter.  
         [0057]     First of all, when the level of the upper voltage  800  is lower than the power supply voltage VDD, the initial level sensor  800  activates the initial level signal PPE_I, then the enable signal generator  400  activates the active enable signal EN in response to the initial level signal PPE_I.  
         [0058]     Subsequently, the second oscillation signal generator  500  is activated by the active enable signal EN and generates the second oscillation signal tOSC_A, then the active charge pump  600  provides the upper voltage VPP by pumping the power supply voltage VDD in response to the second oscillation signal tOSC_A outputted from the second oscillation signal generator  500 .  
         [0059]     Also, the initializing block  700  provides the upper voltage VPP when the upper voltage VPP is lower than the power supply voltage VDD, e.g., during the initial operation of the semiconductor memory device.  
         [0060]     In other words, the internal voltage generator in accordance with the present invention additionally includes the initial level sensor  800  to control the second oscillation signal generator  500 , the active charge pump  600 , and the initializing block  700  together for providing the upper voltage VPP, when the level of the upper voltage VPP is lower than the level of the power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0061]      FIG. 5A  is a diagram showing a level change of the upper voltage VPP in response to a change of the power supply voltage VDD, wherein an X-axis refers time and a Y-axis refers voltage level.  
         [0062]      FIG. 5B  is a diagram showing the level change of the upper voltage VPP when the level of the power supply voltage VDD is more rapidly raised than  FIG. 5A .  
         [0063]     Comparing  FIG. 5A  with  FIG. 3A , the upper voltage VPP level generated by the internal voltage generator in accordance with the present invention is more rapidly raised in response to the rising of the power supply voltage VDD than the upper voltage VPP level of the conventional internal voltage generator.  
         [0064]     Further, comparing  FIG. 5B  with  FIG. 3B , when the power supply voltage VDD is raised rapidly, the level of the upper voltage VPP in accordance with the present invention is raised more rapidly than the upper voltage VPP of conventional art.  
         [0065]     Also, the difference between the upper voltage VPP and the power supply voltage VDD in  FIG. 5B  is much smaller than that in  FIG. 3B .  
         [0066]     As above mentioned, the internal voltage generator of the present invention additionally provides the upper voltage VPP through the active charge pump  600  and accordingly responses to the rising of the power supply voltage VDD level more rapidly, when the level of the upper voltage VPP is lower than the level of the power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0067]      FIG. 6A  is a schematic circuit diagram of the initial level sensor  800  shown in  FIG. 4  in accordance with a first embodiment.  
         [0068]     Referring to  FIG. 6A , the initial level sensor  800  is implemented with a differential sensor amplifier having the upper voltage VPP and the power supply voltage VDD as differential inputs and being for outputting the initial level signal PPE_I in case that the upper voltage VPP is lower than the power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0069]     In case that the upper voltage VPP is lower than the power supply voltage VDD, the initial level sensor  800  activates the initial level signal PPE_I to a logic level ‘H’;  
         [0070]     and in case that the upper voltage VPP is higher than the power supply voltage VDD, the initial level sensor  800  inactivates the initial level signal PPE_I to a logic level ‘L’.  
         [0071]     Further, for a reliable operation of the initial level sensor  800 , the inputs supplied to the differential amplifier are divided voltage rather the direct upper voltage VPP and the direct power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0072]      FIG. 6B  is a schematic circuit diagram of the initial level sensor  800  shown in  FIG. 4  in accordance with a second embodiment.  
         [0073]     Referring to  FIG. 6B , the initial level sensor  800  is provided with a first voltage divider  810  for dividing the upper voltage VPP, a second voltage divider  820  for dividing the power supply voltage VDD, and a differential sensor amplifier  830 . Herein, the differential sensor amplifier  830  having output voltages VA and VB from the respective voltage dividers  810  and  820  is for outputting the initial level signal PPE_I when the level of the upper voltage VPP is lower than the level of the power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0074]     The voltage dividers  810  and  820  are implemented with pairs of serially connected resistances R 1  and R 2 , and R 3  and R 4 , respectively. If a ratio of R 1 /R 2  and a ratio of R 3 /R 4  are the same, the initial level sensor  800  of  FIG. 6B  operates in a same way with the initial level sensor  800  shown in  FIG. 6A .  
         [0075]     Further, by controlling the ratios of the resistances R 1 /R 2  and R 3 /R 4 , it is possible to adjust an operating range of the active charge pump  600  in accordance with the voltage difference between the upper voltage VPP and the power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0076]      FIG. 6C  is a schematic circuit diagram of the initial level sensor  800  shown in  FIG. 4  in accordance with a third embodiment.  
         [0077]     Referring to  FIG. 6C , the initial level sensor  800  is provided with a voltage follower  840  for outputting an output voltage Va being proportional to the level of the upper voltage VPP and a trigger  850  for outputting the initial level signal PPE I in response to the output voltage Va outputted from the voltage follower  840 .  
         [0078]     Further, the voltage follower  840  includes a first resistance R 5  and a second resistance R 6  connected between the upper voltage VPP and a ground voltage VSS, wherein the resistances R 5  and R 6  are serially connected to each other.  
         [0079]     The voltage follower  840  outputs a voltage on the connection node of the first resistance R 5  and the second resistance R 6  as the output voltage Va.  
         [0080]     The trigger  850  is provided with a NMOS transistor NM 2 , a resistance R 7 , and a buffer  852 . The NMOS transistor NM 2  receives the output voltage Va outputted from the voltage follower  840  through a gate and receives the ground voltage VSS through a source terminal. The resistance R 7  exists between a drain terminal of the NMOS transistor NM 2  and the power supply voltage VDD. The buffer  852  buffers a voltage of a drain terminal of the NMOS transistor NM 2  and outputs it as the initial level signal PPE_I.  
         [0081]     Hereinafter, the operation of the initial level sensor  800  in accordance with the third embodiment is explained.  
         [0082]     First of all, the output voltage Va of the voltage follower  840  is R 6 /(R 5 +R 6 )×VPP being proportional to the upper voltage VPP.  
         [0083]     When the level of the output voltage Va of the voltage follower  840  becomes higher than a threshold voltage of the NMOS transistor NM 2 , the NMOS transistor NM 2  is turned-on and, a voltage level of the drain terminal of the NMOS transistor NM 2  is determined based on an amount of a current passing through the resistor R 7  and the NMOS transistor NM 2 .  
         [0084]     In other words, in case that the level of the output voltage Va of the voltage follower  840  is higher than the threshold voltage of the NMOS transistor NM 2 , the level of the initial level signal PPE_I is changed from the logic level ‘H’ to the logic level ‘L’.  
         [0085]     Therefore, it is possible to adjust an operating range of the active charge pump  600  by properly controlling a resistance ratio of R 5 /R 6  in the voltage follower  840  and the resistor R 7  and the threshold voltage of the NMOS transistor NM 2  in trigger  850 .  
         [0086]     As above mentioned, the internal voltage generator, including the initial level sensor in accordance with the first to third embodiment of the present invention, makes the upper voltage VPP rise rapidly in response to the rapid rising of the power supply voltage VDD by operating the active charge pump through the initial level sensor, when the level of the upper voltage VPP is lower than the level of the power supply voltage VDD.  
         [0087]     The present application contains subject matter related to Korean patent application No. 2004-113621, filed in the Korean Patent Office on Dec. 28, 2004, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0088]     While the present invention has been described with respect to the particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.