Abstract:
A thin film transistor array panel is provided, which includes: an insulating substrate; a first signal wire formed on the insulating substrate; a second signal wire formed on the insulating substrate and intersecting the first signal wire in an insulating manner; first and second pixel electrodes formed in a pixel area defined by the intersections of the first and the second signal wires and including a plurality of subareas partitioned by cutouts; a direction control electrode formed in the pixel area and including a portion overlapping at least one of the cutouts; and a first thin film transistor connected to the direction control electrode, the first signal wire, and the second signal wire.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/750,890, filed Jan. 5, 2004, which claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2003-0000266 filed on Jan. 3, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,845, which are all hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (a) Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a thin film transistor array panel, and in particular, to a thin film transistor array panel for a liquid crystal display. 
     (b) Description of the Related Art 
     A typical liquid crystal display (“LCD”) includes an upper panel provided with a common electrode and an array of color filters, a lower panel provided with a plurality of thin film transistors (“TFTs) and a plurality of pixel electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer is interposed therebetween. The pixel electrodes and the common electrode are applied with electric voltages and the voltage difference therebetween causes electric field. The variation of the electric field changes the orientations of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer and thus the transmittance of light passing through the liquid crystal layer. As a result, the LCD displays desired images by adjusting the voltage difference between the pixel electrodes and the common electrode. 
     The LCD has a major disadvantage of its narrow viewing angle, and several techniques for increasing the viewing angle have been developed. Among these techniques, the provision of a plurality of cutouts or a plurality of projections on the pixel electrodes and the common electrode opposite each other along with the vertical alignment of the liquid crystal molecules with respect to the upper and the lower panels is promising. 
     The cutouts provided both at the pixel electrodes and the common electrode give wide viewing angle by generating fringe field to adjust the tilt directions of the liquid crystal molecules. 
     The provision of the projections both on the pixel electrode and the common electrode distorts the electric field to adjust the tilt directions of the liquid crystal molecules. 
     The fringe field for adjusting the tilt directions of the liquid crystal molecules to form a plurality of domains is also obtained by providing the cutouts at the pixel electrodes on the lower panel and the projections on the common electrode on the upper panel. 
     Among these techniques for widening the viewing angle, the provision of the cutouts has problems that an additional mask for patterning the common electrode is required, an overcoat is required for preventing the effect of the pigments of the color filters on the liquid crystal material, and severe disclination is generated near the edges of the patterned electrode. The provision of the projections also has a problem that the manufacturing method is complicated since it is required an additional process step for forming the projections or a modification of a process step. Moreover, the aperture ratio is reduced due to the projections and the cutouts. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A thin film transistor array panel is provided, which includes: an insulating substrate; a first signal wire formed on the insulating substrate; a second signal wire formed on the insulating substrate and intersecting the first signal wire in an insulating manner; first and second pixel electrodes formed in a pixel area defined by the intersections of the first and the second signal wires and including a plurality of subareas partitioned by cutouts; a direction control electrode formed in the pixel area and including a portion overlapping at least one of the cutouts; and a first thin film transistor connected to the direction control electrode, the first signal wire, and the second signal wire. 
     The thin film transistor array panel may further include: a second thin film transistor connected to the first pixel electrode, the first signal wire, and the second signal wire. 
     The thin film transistor array panel may further include: a third thin film transistor connected to the first pixel electrode, the first signal wire, and the second signal wire. 
     Preferably, the first signal wire includes first and second signal lines, the second signal wire includes third and fourth signal lines, the second thin film transistor is connected to the first signal line, the third signal line, and the first pixel electrode, the third thin film transistor is connected to the second signal line, the third signal line, and the first pixel electrode, and the first thin film transistor is connected to the second signal line, the fourth signal line, and the direction control electrode. 
     The thin film transistor array panel may further include a third signal wire intersecting the second signal wire in an insulating manner. 
     Preferably, the first signal wire includes first and second signal lines, the second signal wire includes third and fourth signal lines, the second thin film transistor is connected to the first signal line, the third signal line, and the first pixel electrode, the third thin film transistor is connected to the second signal line, the third signal line, and the first pixel electrode, and the first thin film transistor is connected to the second signal line, the third signal wire, and the direction control electrode. 
     Preferably, the first signal wire includes first and second signal lines, the second signal wire includes third and fourth signal lines, the second thin film transistor is connected to the first signal line, the third signal line, and the first pixel electrode, the third thin film transistor is connected to the second signal line, the third signal wire, and the first pixel electrode, and the first thin film transistor is connected to the second signal line, the fourth signal line, and the direction control electrode. 
     The thin film transistor array panel may further include a coupling electrode connected to the first pixel electrode and overlapping at least one of the cutouts of the second pixel electrode, wherein the direction control electrode includes a portion overlapping one of the cutouts of the first pixel electrode and does not overlap the cutouts of the second pixel electrode. 
     The direction control electrode preferably overlaps the cutouts of the first and the second pixel electrodes. 
     The cutouts of the second pixel electrode may include a transverse cutout bisecting the second pixel electrode into upper and lower halves and a plurality of first oblique cutouts having inversion symmetry with respect to the transverse cutout, and the cutouts of the first pixel electrode may include a plurality of second oblique cutouts having inversion symmetry with respect to the transverse cutout. 
     The first and the second pixel electrodes preferably have inversion symmetry with respect to the transverse cutout. 
     The thin film transistor array panel may further include a third signal wire intersecting the second signal wire in an insulating manner and including an electrode disposed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will become more apparent by describing embodiments thereof in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a layout view of an LCD an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along the line II-II′; 
         FIG. 3  is a sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along the lines III-III′-III″; 
         FIG. 4  is an equivalent circuit diagram of an LCD shown in  FIGS. 1-3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 6  taken along the line VII-VII′; 
         FIG. 8  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ; 
         FIGS. 9 and 10  are equivalent circuit diagrams of LCDs according to embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIG. 13 ; 
         FIGS. 15 and 16  are equivalent circuit diagrams of LCDs according to embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 18  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the inventions invention are shown. The present invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. 
     In the drawings, the thickness of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. Like numerals refer to like elements throughout. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     Then, liquid crystal displays according to embodiments of this invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a layout view of an LCD an embodiment of the present invention,  FIG. 2  is a sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along the line II-II′,  FIG. 3  is a sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1  taken along the lines III-III′-III″, and  FIG. 4  is an equivalent circuit diagram of an LCD shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
     An LCD according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a plurality of gate lines  121  transmitting gate signals, a plurality of data lines  171  transmitting data voltages, and a plurality of pixels connected to the gate lines  121  and the data lines  171 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , each pixel includes a plurality of capacitors Clca, Clcb, Cdcea, Cdceb and Cst and a transistor. The transistor has a gate connected to a gate line  121 , a source connected to a data line  171 , and a drain connected to the capacitors Cdcea, Cdceb and Cst connected in parallel. The capacitors Cdcea and Clca are connected in series and the capacitors Cdceb and Clcb are connected in series. The capacitors Clca, Clcb and Cst are connected to a predetermined voltage such as the common voltage Vcom. 
     In structural view, the LCD includes a TFT array panel, a color filter array panel facing the TFT array panel and separated by a predetermined gap, and a liquid crystal layer filled in the predetermined gap, as shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-3 , the TFT array panel includes a plurality of gate lines  121  transmitting scanning signals, a plurality of data lines  171  transmitting data signals as well as a plurality of pairs of storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b transmitting a predetermined voltage such as the common voltage Vcom. The gate lines  121  and the data lines  171  intersect each other to define a plurality of pixel areas. 
     Each pixel area is provided with a pair of pixel electrodes (PEs)  190 a and  190 b, a direction control electrode (DCE)  178 , and a DCE TFT connected to one of the gate lines  121 , one of the data lines  171 , and the DCE  178 . 
     The color filter array panel includes a plurality of color filters  230  and a common electrode  270  supplied with the common voltage Vcom. 
     The PEs  190 a and  190 b and the common electrode  270  along with the liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween form a pair of liquid crystal (LC) capacitors indicated by Clca and Clcb shown in  FIG. 4 . The PEs  190 a and  190 b and the storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b along with an insulator disposed therebetween form a storage capacitor represented by Cst. The DCE  178  and the PEs  190 a and  190 b are capacitively coupled to form a pair of DCE capacitors represented by Cdcea and Cdceb. 
     The PEs  190 a and  190 b are floating and supplied with a coupling voltage obtained by the coupling with the DCE  178 . 
     The reference numerals for the above-described capacitors are also used for indicating the capacitances of the capacitors in this specification. 
     The PEs  190 a and  190 b have a plurality of cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  193 a,  193 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b overlapping the DCE  178  such that an electric field generated by the DCE  178  goes out through the cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  193 a,  193 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b. The electric field generated by the DCE  178  pre-tilts liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer. (The term “cutout” in this specification includes gaps  191 ,  193 a and  193 b between separated portions of the PE  190 a and between the separated PEs  190 a and  190 b if there is no particular mention.) The pretilted liquid crystal molecules are rapidly tilted without dispersion upon the application of the electric field generated by the PEs  190 a and  190 b. 
     In order to obtain the pretilt of the liquid crystal molecules using the electric field generated by the DCE  178 , a voltage of the DCE  178  relative to a voltage of the common electrode  270  (referred to as a “DCE voltage” hereinafter) is larger than a voltage of the PEs  190 a and  190 b relative to a voltage of the common electrode  270  (referred to as a “pixel voltages” hereinafter) by a predetermined value. 
     The LCD according to an embodiment of the present invention easily satisfies this requirement by applying the coupling voltage to the floating PEs  190 a and  190 b. 
     Since the DCE voltage Vdce is substantially equal to a data voltage Vd, pixel voltages Va and Vb of the PEs  190 a and  190 b are obtained from the voltage distribution law as follows:
 
Va=Vd×Cdcea/(Cdcea+Clca); and
 
Vb=Vd×Cdecb/(Cdecb+Clcb).
 
     Accordingly, the DCE voltage Vdce is always higher larger than the pixel voltages Va and Vb. 
     In the meantime, when a pixel area includes two sub-areas with somewhat different electric fields, a lateral visibility is improved by the mutual compensation in the two subareas. 
     If the pixel voltage Va of the PE  190 a is intended to be higher than the pixel voltage Vb of the PE  190 b, the capacitances Cdcea, Clca, Cdceb and Clcb are determined to satisfy a relation,
 
Cdcea/(Cdcea+Clca)&gt;Cdceb/(Cdceb+Clcb).
 
     The capacitances are adjusted by overlapping areas between the PEs  190 a and  190 b and the DCE  178 . 
     Now, the LCD according to this embodiment is described more in detail with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 3 . 
     The TFT array panel is now described in detail. 
     A plurality of gate lines  121  are formed on an insulating substrate  110  and a plurality of data lines  171  are formed thereon. The gate lines  121  and the data lines  171  are insulated from each other and intersect each other to define a plurality of pixel areas. 
     Each pixel area is provided with a pair of PEs  190 a and  190 b, a DCE  178 , and a DCE TFT. 
     The DCE TFT for switching voltages to be applied to the DCE  178  has three terminals, a gate electrode  123 c connected to a gate line  121 , a source electrode  173 c connected to a data line  171 , and a drain electrode  175 c connected to the DCE  178 . The DCE  178  is applied with a direction-controlling voltage for controlling the pre-tilts of the liquid crystal molecules to generate a direction-controlling electric field between the DCE  178  and the common electrode  270 . The DCE  178  is formed in a step for forming the data lines  171 . The PEs  190 a and  190 b are floating rather than being connected to the gate lines  121  or the data lines  171 , and they overlap the DCE  178  to be capacitively coupled. 
     The layered structure of the TFT array panel will be described in detail. 
     A plurality of gate lines  121  and a plurality of pairs of first and second storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b are formed on an insulating substrate  110 . 
     Each gate line  121  extends substantially in a transverse direction and it includes a plurality of pairs of branches forming gate electrodes  123 c and an expanded end portion  125  for signal reception from an external device. 
     Each storage electrode line  131 a or  131 b extends substantially in the transverse direction although it has some curves. Each pair of storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b include a plurality of sets of branches forming first fourth storage electrodes  133 a,  133 b,  134 a and  134 a. The first and the second storage electrodes  133 a and  133 b are branched from the first and the second storage electrode lines  131 a and  13 b in a longitudinal direction, respectively. The third and the fourth storage electrodes  134 a and  134 b are branched from the first and the second storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b in the longitudinal direction and they are curved to extend in oblique directions. The first storage electrode lines  131 a and the second storage electrode lines  131 b have inversion symmetry. 
     The gate lines  121  and the storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b are preferably made of Al, Cr or their alloys, Mo or Mo alloy. If necessary, the gate lines  121  and the storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b include a first layer preferably made of Cr or Mo alloys having excellent physical and chemical characteristics and a second layer preferably made of Al or Ag alloys having low resistivity. 
     A gate insulating layer  140  is formed on the gate lines  121  and the storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b. 
     A semiconductor layer  151  and  154 c preferably made of amorphous silicon is formed on the gate insulating layer  140 . The semiconductor layer  151  and  154 c includes a plurality of channel semiconductors  154 c forming channels of TFTs and a plurality of data-line semiconductors  151  located under the data lines  171 . 
     An ohmic contact layer  161 ,  163 c and  165 c preferably made of silicide or n+ hydrogenated amorphous silicon heavily doped with n type impurity is formed on the semiconductor layer  151  and  154 c. 
     A plurality of data lines  171  including a plurality of source electrodes  173 c, a plurality of drain electrodes  175 c, and a plurality of DCEs  178  and  178 a- 178 c are formed on the ohmic contact layer  161 ,  163 c and  165 c and the gate insulating layer  140 . 
     The data lines  171  extend in the longitudinal direction and intersect the gate lines  121  to define a plurality of pixels. The source electrodes  173 c and the drain electrodes  175 c are disposed on respective portions  163 c and  165 c opposite each other. Each data line  171  includes an expanded end portion  179  for receiving data voltages from an external device. 
     The DCEs  178  and  178 a- 178 c are located in the pixel areas defined by the intersections of the gate lines  121  and the data lines  171 . Each DCE  178  and  178 a- 178 c includes a stem  178  having a “V” shape with a chamfered bottom, a plurality of branches  178 d and  178 e having a chevron shape  178 a,  178 b and  178 c. 
     The data lines  171 , the drain electrodes  175 c, and the DCEs  178  and  178 a- 178 c are preferably made of Al, Cr or their alloys, Mo or Mo alloy. If necessary, the data lines  171 , the drain electrodes  175 c, and the DCEs  178  and  178 a- 178 c include a first layer preferably made of Cr or Mo alloys having excellent physical and chemical characteristics and a second layer preferably made of Al or Ag alloys having low resistivity. 
     A passivation layer  180  preferably made of silicon nitride or organic insulator is formed on the data lines  171 , the drain electrodes  175 c, and the DCEs  178  and  178 a- 178 c. 
     The passivation layer  180  and the gate insulating layer  140  are provided with a plurality of contact holes  183  exposing the end portions  125  of the gate lines  121  and a plurality of contact holes  184  exposing the end portions  179  of the data lines  171 . 
     A plurality of first and second PEs  190 a and  190 b and a plurality of contact assistants  95  and  97  are formed on the passivation layer  180 . 
     The first PE  190 a has a pair of oblique cutouts  192 a and  192 b, and the second PE  190 a has two pairs of oblique cutouts  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b. The oblique cutouts  192 a,  192 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b have inversion symmetry with respect to an imaginary line bisecting the PEs  190 a and  190 b into upper and lower halves. The cutouts  192 a,  192 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b overlap the DCE  178  and  178 a- 178 c. 
     The first and the second PEs  190 a and  190 b also have inversion symmetry with respect to an imaginary line bisecting the PEs  190 a and  190 b into upper and lower halves. 
     A linear gap between the first PE  190 a and the second PE  190 b includes a pair of oblique portions  193 a and  193 b and a longitudinal portion disposed between the oblique portions  193 a and  193 b. The longitudinal portion is shorter than the oblique portions  193 a and  193 b. 
     The second PE  190 b includes two partitions separated from each other by a cutout  191  parallel to the gate lines  121 . Since the partitions of the second PE  190 b have inversion symmetry, they have substantially the same potential although they are separated from each other. 
     The contact assistants  95  and  97  are connected to the exposed end portions  125  of the gate lines  121  and the exposed end portions  179  of the data lines  171  through the contact holes  183  and  184 , respectively. 
     The PEs  190  and the contact assistants  95  and  97  are preferably formed of IZO or ITO. 
     To summarize, each PE  190  has the plurality of cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  193 a,  193 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b and some cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  194 a and  194 b overlap the DCE  178  and  178 a- 178 c. The DCE  178  and  178 a- 178 c and the cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  194 a and  194 b are aligned such that the DCE  178  and  178 a- 178 c is exposed through the cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  194 a and  194 b to be seen in front view. 
     The cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  193 a,  193 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b partition the pixel area into a plurality of subareas, and liquid crystal regions located on the subareas are called domains. The domains disposed opposite each other with respect to a cutout have different tilt directions and they are classified into four groups based on the tilt directions. 
     According to another embodiment of the present invention, the DCEs  178  and  178 a- 178 c include substantially the same layer as the gate lines  121 . Portions of the passivation layer  180  located on the DCEs  178  and  178 a- 178 c may be removed to form a plurality of openings. 
     The upper panel will no be described in detail. 
     A black matrix  220  for preventing light leakage, a plurality of red, green and blue color filters  230 , and a common electrode  270  preferably made of a transparent conductor such as ITO or IZO are formed on a substrate  210  preferably made of transparent insulating material such glass. 
     A plurality of liquid crystal molecules contained in the liquid crystal layer is aligned such that their director is perpendicular to the lower and the upper substrates  110  and  210  in absence of electric field. The liquid crystal layer has negative dielectric anisotropy. 
     The TFT array panel and the color filter panel are aligned such that the PEs  190 a and  190 b match and overlap the color filters  230 . In this way, a pixel region is divided into a plurality of domains by the cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  193 a,  193 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b. The alignment of the liquid crystal layer in each domain is stabilized by the DCE  178  and  178 a- 178 c. 
     In addition, the lateral visibility is improved by applying different voltages to the two pixel electrodes  190 a and  190 b. 
     This embodiment illustrates the liquid crystal layer having negative dielectric anisotropy and homeotropic alignment with respect to the substrates  110  and  210 . However, the liquid crystal layer may have positive dielectric anisotropy and homogeneous alignment with respect to the substrates  110  and  210 . 
     A TFT array panel according to another embodiment of the present invention may be manufactured using four photo-etching steps. In this case, a semiconductor layer may have substantially the same planar shape as data lines, source electrode, drain electrodes, DCEs, and underlying ohmic contacts, which is resulted from the patterning using a single photoresist. 
     In the above-described LCD, the domain partitioning is made by the cutouts of the PEs, and the domain stability is reinforced by the DCE and the storage electrode. Therefore, the domain partitioning depends upon the cutout arrangement of the PE, the DCE, and the storage electrodes, and the domain stability is also largely influenced by the arrangement. 
     An exemplary TFT array panel for an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention is described in detail with reference to  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 5  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , an LCD according to this embodiment includes a plurality of first and second PEs  190 a and  190 b like the LCD shown in  FIG. 2 . Each of the second PEs  190 b includes two partitions and a connection connecting the two partitions. 
     Other structures of the TFT panel shown in  FIG. 6  are similar to those shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
     An exemplary TFT array panel for an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention is described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 6-8 . 
       FIG. 6  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention,  FIG. 7  is a sectional view of the LCD shown in  FIG. 6  taken along the line VII-VII′, and  FIG. 8  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6-8 , an LCD according to this embodiment also includes a plurality of gate lines  121 , a plurality of data lines  171 , and a plurality of pixels connected to the gate lines  121  and the data lines  171 . Each pixel includes a pair of LC capacitors Clca and Clcb, DCE capacitors Cdcea and Cdc, a storage capacitor Cst, a coupling capacitor Cpp, and three TFTs T 1 , T 2  and T 3 . The transistor T 1  has a gate connected to a gate line, a source connected to a data line  171 , and a drain connected to the capacitors Clca, Cdcea, Cpp and Cst connected in parallel, while the transistor T 3  has a gate connected to a previous gate line, a source connected to the data line, and a drain connected to the capacitors Cdcea and Cdc connected in parallel. The transistor T 2  has a gate connected to the previous gate line, a source connected to a previous data line, and a drain connected to the capacitors Clca, Cdcea, Cpp and Cst. The capacitor Clcb is connected between the capacitor Cpp and a predetermined voltage such as the common voltage Vcom, the capacitors Clca and Cdc are connected in common to a predetermined voltage such as the common voltage Vcom, and the capacitor Cst is connected to a predetermined voltage such as the common voltage Vcom. 
     In structural view, the LCD according to this embodiment also includes a TFT array panel, a color filter array panel facing the TFT array panel and separated with a predetermined gap, and a liquid crystal layer filled in the predetermined gap, as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-3 , the TFT array panel includes a plurality of gate lines  121  transmitting scanning signals, a plurality of data lines  171  transmitting data signals as well as a plurality of pairs of storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b transmitting a predetermined voltage such as the common voltage Vcom. The gate lines  121  and the data lines  171  intersect each other to define a plurality of pixel areas. 
     Each pixel area is provided with first and second PEs  190 a and  190 b, a coupling electrode  176 , a DCE  178 , first and second PE TFTs (indicated by the reference numerals T 1  and T 3  in  FIG. 8 ) for the PEs  190 a and  190 b, and a DCE TFT (indicated by the reference T 2  in  FIG. 8 ) for the DCE  178 . The first PE TFT T 1  includes a gate electrode  121 a connected to a gate line  121 , a source electrode  173 ab connected to a data line  171 , and a drain electrode  175 a connected to the first PE  190 a, while the second PE TFT T 3  includes a gate electrode  123 b connected to a previous gate line  121 , a source electrode  173 ab connected to the data line  171 , and a drain electrode  175 b connected to the first PE  190 a. The DCE TFT T 2  includes a gate electrode  123 c connected to the previous gate line  121 , a source electrode  173 c connected to a previous data line, and a drain electrode  175 c connected to the DCE  178 . 
     The color filter array panel includes a plurality of color filters  230  and a common electrode  270  supplied with the common voltage Vcom. 
     The first and the second PEs  190 a and  190 b and the common electrode  270  along with the liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween form a pair of liquid crystal (LC) capacitors indicated by Clca and Clcb shown in  FIG. 8 . The first and the second PEs  190 a and  190 b and the storage electrode lines  131 a and  131 b along with an insulator disposed therebetween form a storage capacitor represented by Cst. The DCE  178  and the first PE  190 a are capacitively coupled to form a DCE capacitor represented by Cdcea, and the DCE  178  and the common electrode  270  are capacitively coupled to for a DCE capacitor Cdc. The first PE  190 a and the second PE  190 b are capacitively coupled through the coupling capacitor  176  to form a coupling capacitor Cpp. 
     The PEs  190 a and  190 b have a plurality of cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  193 a,  193 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b overlapping the DCE  178  and the coupling electrode  176  such that electric fields generated by the DCE  178  and the coupling electrode  176  go out through the cutouts  191 ,  192 a,  192 b,  193 a,  193 b,  194 a,  194 b,  195 a and  195 b. The electric fields generated by the DCE  178  and the coupling electrode  176  pre-tilt liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer. The pretilted liquid crystal molecules are rapidly tilted without dispersion upon the application of the electric field generated by the first and the second PEs  190 a and  190 b. 
     The lateral visibility is improved by applying somewhat different voltages to the first and the second PEs  190 a and  190 b. 
     It is assumed that the LCD having the above-described structure is subject to a dot inversion. Referring to  FIG. 8 , a gate-on voltage applied to a previous gate line turns on the transistors T 2  and T 3  such that the DCE  178  is charged with a data voltage having a positive polarity with respect to the common voltage Vcom, while the first PE  190 a is charged with a data voltage having a negative polarity. Accordingly, the initial voltage charged in the DCE capacitor Cdcea is equal to the voltage difference between the positive data voltage and the negative data voltage. When the gate-on voltage is applied to a relevant gate line, the transistor T 1  is turned on to apply a positive data voltage to the first PE  190 a and the transistors T 2  and T 3  are turned off to float the DCE  178 . Accordingly, the voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  increases as the voltage Va of the first PE  190 a increases. 
     Accordingly, the DCE voltage Vdce is always higher than the pixel voltage Va of the first PE  190 a by an amount of (Vdce−Va), thereby obtaining pre-tilt angles of the liquid crystal molecules. 
     The voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  is given by:
 
Vdce=Vd1+[−C3×Vd1+(C2+C3)Vd2+C2×Vd3]/(C2+C3),
 
where
 
C1=Clac+Cst+(Cpp×Clcb)/(Cpp+Clcb),
 
C 2 =Cdcea, and
 
C 3 =Cdc.
 
     Here, the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is ignored. 
     The pixel voltage Vb of the second PE  190 b is calculated from the voltage distribution rule:
 
Vb=Va×Cpp/(Cpp+Clcb).
 
     Since Cpp/(Cpp+Clcb) is smaller than 1, the pixel voltage Va is higher than the pixel voltage Vb by a predetermined portion. 
     As described above, two PEs having different voltages in a pixel area compensate to improve the lateral visibility. 
       FIGS. 9 and 10  are equivalent circuit diagrams of LCDs according to embodiments of the present invention. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the source of the DCE transistor T 2  is grounded or connected to the common voltage Vcom through such as a storage electrode line. Referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the connection is obtained by providing a contact hole penetrating the gate insulating layer  140  and the passivation layer  180  to expose the storage electrode line  131 a or  131 b and a contact hole penetrating the passivation layer  180  to expose the source electrode  173 c and by forming a connection (not shown) for connecting the source electrode  173 c to the storage electrode line  131 a or  131 b. 
     Assuming the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is negligible, the voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  shown in  FIG. 9  is given by:
 
Vdce=Vd1+[−C3×Vd1+C2×Vd3]/(C2+C3),
 
where C 1 =Clac+Cst+(Cpp×Clcb)/(Cpp+Clcb), C 2 =Cdcea, and C 3 =Cdc.
 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the source of the second PE transistor T 2  is grounded or connected to the common voltage Vcom through such as a storage electrode line. Referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the connection is obtained by providing a contact hole penetrating the gate insulating layer  140  and the passivation layer  180  to expose the storage electrode line  131 a or  131 b and a contact hole penetrating the passivation layer  180  to expose the source electrode  173 ab of the second PE transistor T 2  and by forming a connection (not shown) for connecting the source electrode  173 ab to the storage electrode line  131 a or  131 b. 
     Assuming the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is negligible, the voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  shown in  FIG. 10  is given by:
 
Vdce=Vd1+[−C3×Vd1+(C2+C3)Vd2]/(C2+C3)
 
where C 1 =Clac+Cst+(Cpp×Clcb)/(Cpp+Clcb), C 2 =Cdcea, and C 3 =Cdc.
 
       FIG. 11  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 12  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the second PE TFT T 3  is omitted. 
     Assuming the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is negligible, the voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12  is given by:
 
Vdce=(C1+C3)[(2−C3/C2)Vd1+Vd2]/(2C2+C1)
 
where C 1 =Clac+Cst+(Cpp×Clcb)/(Cpp+Clcb), C 2 =Cdcea, and C 3 =Cdc.
 
     As described above, the LCDs shown in  FIGS. 6-12  include the coupling electrodes  176  for capacitively coupling the first PE  190 a and the second PE  190 b. 
       FIG. 13  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 14  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIG. 13 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the coupling electrode  176  shown in  FIGS. 6-12  is omitted and thus there is not coupling capacitor Cpp shown in  FIGS. 6-12 . Instead, the DCE  178  is capacitively coupled with both the first and the second pixel electrodes  190 a and  190 b to form a pair of DCE capacitors Cdcea and Cdceb. 
     Accordingly, the capacitors Cdcea, Cdceb and Cdc are connected in parallel to the drain of the DCE TFT T 2 , and the capacitors Clca, Clcb and Cdc are connected in parallel to the common voltage Vcom. The capacitors Clca, Cdcea and Cst are connected in parallel to the first PE TFT T 1  and the storage capacitor Cst is connected to a predetermined voltage such as the common voltage Vcom. The DCE capacitor Cdceb and the LC capacitor Clcb are connected in series. 
     The voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  is given by:
 
Vdce=Vd1+[−C3×Vd1+(C2+C3)Vd2+C2×Vd3]/(C2+C3),
 
where
 
C1=Clac+Cst,
 
C 2 =Cdcea, and
 
C3=Cdc+(Cdecb×Clcb)/(Cdceb+Clcb).
 
     Here, the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is ignored. 
     The pixel voltage Vb of the second PE  190 b is calculated from the voltage distribution rule:
 
Vb=Vdce×Cdceb/(Cdceb+Clcb)
 
     As described above, two PEs having different voltages in a pixel area compensate to improve the lateral visibility. 
       FIGS. 15 and 16  are equivalent circuit diagrams of LCDs according to embodiments of the present invention. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , the source of the DCE transistor T 2  is grounded or connected to the common voltage Vcom through such as a storage electrode line. 
     Assuming the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is negligible, the voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  shown in  FIG. 15  is given by:
 
Vdce=Vd1+[−C3×Vd1+C2×Vd3]/(C2+C3),
 
where C 1 =Clac+Cst, C 2 =Cdcea, and C 3 =Cdc+(Cdecb×Clcb)/(Cdceb+Clcb).
 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , the source of the second PE transistor T 2  is grounded or connected to the common voltage Vcom through such as a storage electrode line. 
     Assuming the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is negligible, the voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  shown in  FIG. 16  is given by:
 
Vdce=Vd1+[−C3×Vd1+(C2+C3)Vd2]/(C2+C3)
 
where C 1 =Clac+Cst, C 2 =Cdcea, and C 3 =Cdc+(Cdecb×Clcb)/(Cdceb+Clcb).
 
       FIG. 17  is a layout view of an LCD according to another embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 18  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the LCD shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 17 and 18 , the second PE TFT T 3  is omitted. 
     Assuming the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors is negligible, the voltage Vdce of the DCE  178  shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12  is given by:
 
Vdce=(C1+C3)[(2−C3/C2)Vd1+Vd2]/(2C2+C1)
 
where C 1 =Clac+Cst, C 2 =Cdcea, and C 3 =Cdc+(Cdecb×Clcb)/(Cdceb+Clcb).
 
     As described above, the DCE stabilizes the domains and the pair of PEs supplied with different voltages improves the lateral visibility. 
     While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and substitutions can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.