Abstract:
A technique and apparatus for integrally connecting a precast or prefabricated deck to a girder. A connection structure and method for connecting a precast or prefabricated deck to a girder, makes it unnecessary to form shear pockets in the deck and to remove existing shear connectors already installed to the girder, and makes it possible to easily adjust an elevation of the deck and to obtain excellent structural integration between the girder and the deck. The connection structure includes at least one rod shaped elevation adjustor inserted through the deck to support the deck spaced apart from an upper surface of the girder at a predetermined interval. A length of the rod shaped elevation adjustor projected toward an upper face of the girder can be changed to allow the deck to be supported. At least one shear connector is inserted through the deck. A lower portion of the shear connector extends toward the upper surface of the girder, and an upper portion of the shear connector is fastened by at least one fastener. When the deck is supported at a predetermined elevation spaced apart from the upper surface of the girder by the elevation adjustor after the deck is placed on the girder, a filler material is filled in a space between the girder and the deck to encase the lower portions of the elevation adjustor and the shear connector. The fastener is fastened to the shear connector so as to press the deck downward.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to deck-to-girder connections for precast or prefabricated bridge decks and construction methods thereof, particularly, which allow for structural integration by causing either a bridge deck made from precast concrete (hereinafter, referred to as a “precast concrete deck”) or a bridge deck made from prefabricated fiber reinforced plastic (hereinafter, referred to as a “FRP deck”) to be firmly connected to the girders of a bridge system.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Prior Art  
         [0004]     When installing a new precast deck after removal of an existing deck, or installing a new precast deck on new girder bridge, the most common method of structurally connecting the girders with the precast deck is to use what is called a “shear pocket.” The method includes forming or placing the shear pocket in the deck. At least one shear connector is provided on the upper portion of a girder. The precast deck is placed on the upper surface of the girders so that the shear connector is located in the shear pocket. Filling materials such as concrete grout are filled in the shear pocket. As a result, the precast deck is integrally connected to the girders. However, this conventional connection structure has problems as follows:  
         [0005]     When connecting the precast deck to the girder system, for example as in building a bridge, there are difficulties as follows. The precast deck is fabricated to have a certain curvature in the transverse and longitudinal directions of the bridge so as to facilitate drainage of the superstructure of the bridge according to the bridge design specifications. By contrast, an upper flange of the girder is fabricated without taking into consideration the curvature of the precast deck as mentioned above. Thus, when the precast deck with a certain curvature is installed on the girder system without any curvature, the installation process must take into consideration whether or not the curvature exists, and then installation is carried out through adjustment of a horizontal position, an elevation, of the precast deck. However, because the precast deck is heavy, it is very difficult to adjust the elevation of the precast deck. Moreover, because this adjustment is completely dependent on a manual work, there is a drawback in that constructability is very poor.  
         [0006]     When installing a new precast deck after an existing deck is removed in order to rehabilitate a bridge, there are different difficulties in addition to the forgoing drawback, as follows.  
         [0007]     First, since the existing deck, which has been already provided on the girder, is provided as a cast-in-place deck, the existing deck must be removed in order to provide a new deck again. However, after the existing deck is removed, there remain various members, such as shear reinforcing bars, shear connectors, etc., which have been used to connect the existing deck to the girder. Therefore, to install the precast deck, which is formed with a shear pocket, on the existing girder as mentioned above, there is inconvenience in that, after shear connectors, etc., which remain at the girder, are removed, new shear connectors, etc., must be positioned and provided in the shear pocket of the deck.  
         [0008]     Second, in the foregoing conventional connection structure using the shear pocket, because the shear pockets have predetermined positions, sizes, numbers, etc., on fabricating the precast deck, there is limitation in that the shear pocket cannot be formed in appropriate correspondence to various situations at a construction site generated during installation.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     Accordingly, the present invention is directed to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages or limitations occurring in the conventional connection structure for integrally connecting a precast deck to the girders, in the case either of connecting a new precast deck to the existing girders again or of initially connecting a new precast deck to the new girders.  
         [0010]     The present invention also provides a connection structure and method for connecting a precast deck to girders, making it unnecessary to form shear pockets in the precast deck and to remove shear connectors which have been already installed to the girders, and of making it possible to easily adjust an elevation of the deck and to obtain excellent structural integration between the girder and the precast deck. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]     The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0012]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are reference views showing a conventional method of connecting a new precast concrete deck to an existing girder, where  FIG. 1A  is a sectional view showing a state before an existing deck is removed, and  FIG. 1B  is a sectional view showing a state after an existing deck is removed;  
         [0013]      FIGS. 2A  to  2 D are schematic views for explaining one embodiment of a connection structure according to the present invention, where  FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 2B  to show a state in which a new precast concrete deck is placed on and coupled to a girder,  FIG. 2B  is a partial top plan view of a precast concrete deck for indicating cross-sectional lines of  FIGS. 2A and 2C ,  FIG. 2C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 2B , and  FIG. 2D  is a perspective view showing a circled part A of  FIG. 2C  in detail;  
         [0014]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view showing the conventional FRP deck having a multi-cellular cross-sectional structure in a transverse direction, wherein each cell has a cross-sectional shape of a polygon, such as a trapezoid, a quadrangle, a pentagon or the like;  
         [0015]      FIGS. 4A  to  4 C show a connection structure for connecting a FRP deck to a girder, where  FIG. 4A  is a perspective view showing a state before an anchor block is installed, and  FIG. 4B  is a right side view seen on the right side of  FIG. 4A , and  FIG. 4C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C of  FIG. 4B ;  
         [0016]      FIG. 5  is a sectional view showing a state of installing an anchor block in a FRP deck and installing shear connectors to pass through the FRP deck; and  
         [0017]      FIG. 6  shows an embodiment using a steel girder, instead of a concrete girder. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]     Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description and drawings, the same reference numerals are used to designate the same or similar components, and so repetition of the description on the same or similar components will be omitted.  
         [0019]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are reference views showing a conventional method of connecting a new precast concrete deck to an existing girder. In particular,  FIG. 1A  is a sectional view showing a state before an existing deck is removed, while  FIG. 1B  is a sectional view showing a state after an existing deck is removed.  
         [0020]     In order to install a new precast concrete deck to an existing girder, first a cast-in-place deck  20 A installed on an upper surface of the existing girder  10  is removed. Subsequently, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the upper surface of the existing girder  10  is roughly treated, and then preferably covered with primer. Removal of the previous deck  20 A results in exposing reinforcing bars  21 A, each of which is used as a shear connector connected with the existing deck  20 A. The exposed reinforcing bars  21 A preferably are subjected to anti-rust treatment by application of an anti-rust agent.  
         [0021]     After such anti-rust treatment, a new precast concrete deck  20  is installed on the girder  10 .  FIG. 2A  is a sectional view showing new precast concrete deck  20  installed on and coupled to an existing concrete girder  10  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2B  is a partial top plan view showing a precast concrete deck  20 , wherein cross-sectional lines for  FIGS. 2A and 2C  are indicated.  FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 2B .  FIG. 2C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 2B .  
         [0022]     The precast concrete deck  20  is provided with a plurality of first sleeves  22 , which pass through the precast concrete deck  20  at positions along which the girder  10  is located. Bar shaped shear connectors  23 , each formed as a stud, are inserted into each of the first sleeves  22 , respectively. One end of the bar shaped shear connector  23  projects outside the first sleeve  22 . The projected end of the bar shaped shear connector  23  is fastened with fastener  24 , preferably provided as a nut, respectively. As shown in  FIG. 2A , recess  25  is formed around the projected end of the bar shaped shear connector  23  in the precast concrete deck  20 . The fastener  24  is disposed in the recess  25 .  
         [0023]     The precast concrete deck  20  is previously fabricated at a factory or at the construction site. At this time, the first sleeves  22 , the shear connectors  23  and the fasteners  24  are all coupled to the precast concrete deck  20 . The previously fabricated precast concrete deck  20  is lifted, and positioned on the girder  10  so that the other end of the shear connector  23  is supported on the upper surface of the girder  10 . The other end of the shear connector  23  does not always need to come into contact with the upper surface of the girder  10 . Thus, it may be slightly spaced apart from the upper surface of the girder  10 .  
         [0024]     Meanwhile, in the case of a structure such as a bridge, a deck has longitudinal and transverse curvatures to a certain level. Thus, when a new deck is provided after removal of an existing deck, an elevation of the new deck must be matched with that of the roadway. According to the present invention, when the precast concrete deck  20  is installed on the girder  10 , the following construction is provided to be capable of adjusting the elevation of the precast concrete deck  20 .  
         [0025]      FIG. 2C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 2B , and shows a construction, proposed by the present invention, for adjusting the elevation of the precast concrete deck  20 . The precast concrete deck  20  is provided with a plurality of second sleeves  12 . Bar shaped elevation adjustors  11  are inserted into the second sleeves  12 , respectively. Each of the bar shaped elevation adjustors  11  is firmly inserted into each second sleeve  12  such that its length projected toward the upper surface of the girder  10  can be adjusted by a worker. For instance, when the elevation adjustor  11  has an outer surface threaded, and when the second sleeve  12  has an inner surface threaded in correspondence to the threaded outer surface, the elevation adjustor  11  is threaded with the second sleeve  12 . The elevation adjustor  11  and the second sleeve  12  are installed to the deck  20  when the precast concrete deck  20  is previously fabricated in a factory or around a construction site, for example.  
         [0026]     A lower end of the elevation adjustor  11  is positioned at an elevation of installing the precast concrete deck  20 , and the precast concrete deck  20  is lifted and seated on the girder  10 . The lower end of the elevation adjustor  11  comes into contact with the upper surface of the girder  10 , thus supporting the precast concrete deck  20 . After the precast concrete deck  20  is seated on the girder  10 , an upper end of the elevation adjustor  11  is cut to prevent it from being projected. As shown in  FIG. 2B , the elevation adjustors  11  are located at predetermined locations in the longitudinal direction of the girder  10 .  
         [0027]     As mentioned above, the precast concrete deck  20 , which is provided with the first and the second sleeves  22  and  12 , the shear connectors  23 , the fasteners  24  and the elevation adjustors  11 , are previously fabricated and seated on the upper surface of the girder  10 . Here, the elevation adjustors  11  support the precast concrete deck  20 , the elevation of which is dependent on the length of the elevation adjustors  11  which is previously adjusted and projected downward. When the precast concrete deck  20  is not maintained at a desired elevation, the elevation of the precast concrete deck  20  can be easily adjusted by turning each elevation adjustor  11  to adjust its projected length.  FIG. 2D  is a perspective view showing a circled part A of  FIG. 2C  in detail.  FIG. 2D  shows one embodiment of a construction for turning each elevation adjustor  11  with ease. As shown in  FIG. 2D , an upper end of the elevation adjustor  11  is formed in a shape of a polygonal bolt, the elevation adjustor  11  is easily turned using a tool such as a polygonal wrench, so that its projected length can be adjusted.  
         [0028]     In this manner, after the precast concrete deck  20  is installed at the upper portion of the girder  10 , a side form  13  is installed around the upper portion of the girder  10  in order to fill a space between the upper surface of the girder  10  and the lower surface of the precast concrete deck  20  (see  FIGS. 2A and 2B ). The side form  13  can be simply installed using an adhesive agent or a set anchor. After the side form  13  is installed, the space between the upper surface of the girder  10  and the lower surface of the precast concrete deck  20  is filled with a filler material, for example non-shrink mortar.  
         [0029]     After the filler material is hardened, the fastener  24  is firmly fastened to the upper end of the shear connector  23  projected through the first sleeve  22 . For instance, in the case of forming a thread on the upper end of the shear connector  23 , and of realizing the fastener  24  as a nut, the nut is turned and tightened, so that the nut is firmly fastened to the shear connector  23  while endowing the precast concrete deck  20  with a downward pressure. In this structure, shear connection is provided between the precast concrete deck  20  and the girder  10 . Further, frictional connection is additionally provided, which is caused by the downward pressure generated while the fastener  24  is fastened to the shear connector  23 . Therefore, the precast concrete deck  20  and the girder  10  are firmly and securely coupled each other. By contrast, in the case that the upper end of each connector  23  or each elevation adjustor  11  is projected beyond the upper surface of the precast concrete deck  20 , the upper end is cut. Any necessary finishing work is completed.  
         [0030]     The foregoing embodiments are directed to removing an existing precast concrete deck and then installing a new precast concrete deck, but they may be similarly applied to the case of installing a new precast concrete deck to a new girder. In the foregoing embodiments, the first sleeves  22  may be removed. To be more specific, the precast concrete deck  20  may be formed with a plurality of through-holes, and then the shear connectors  23  may be inserted into and pass through the through-holes without the first sleeves  22 . Reference numeral  21  indicates reinforcing bars, which have been already provided to the girder  10 .  
         [0031]     Next, description will be made regarding an embodiment of installing a FRP deck instead of the precast concrete deck.  FIG. 3  is a perspective view showing the conventional FRP deck  40  having a multi-cellular cross-sectional shape in a transverse direction, wherein each cell has a cross-sectional shape of a polygon, such as a trapezoid, a quadrangle, a pentagon or the like. This FRP deck  40  itself has been widely known. For this reason, a detailed description of the FRP deck  40  will be not be provided. It should be understood that the term “FRP deck” throughout the specification refers not only to a deck fabricated by combination of resin with fiber, such as glass fiber or the like, but also to all kinds of decks having a multi-cellular cross-sectional shape as shown in  FIG. 3  and made of various materials, such as aluminum, steel and so on.  
         [0032]      FIGS. 4A  to  4 C show a structure for providing FRP deck-to-girder connections according to the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 4A  is a perspective view showing a state before an anchor block  41  is installed.  FIG. 4B  is a sectional view showing a connection state seen on the right side of  FIG. 4A .  FIG. 4C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C of  FIG. 4B .  
         [0033]     When building a bridge by installing a new FRP deck after removal of an existing deck, a procedure of treating and priming an upper surface of the girder  10  after removal of the existing deck is same as in the foregoing case of installing the precast concrete deck.  
         [0034]     In the FRP deck  40  installed on the upper surface of the girder  10 , as shown in  FIG. 4A , an anchor block  41  having a cross-sectional profile similar to that of each cell of the FRP deck  40  is inserted into the FRP deck  40  which is to be connected with the girder  10 . As shown in  FIG. 4B , after the anchor block  41  is disposed in the FRP deck  40 , bar shaped shear connectors  42  are each provided to pass through all the upper and lower surfaces of the FRP deck  40  and the anchor block  41 . When a lower end of the shear connector  42  comes into contact with the upper surface of the girder  10 , an upper end of the shear connector is tightened with a fastener  43  such as a nut. If necessary, a separate cover plate  44  made of fiber reinforced material or high strength material may be provided for reinforcement between the upper surface of the FRP deck  40  and the fastener  43  before the fastener  43  is tightened.  
         [0035]     The anchor block  41  is preferably made of a corrosion resistant material, but may be made of fiber reinforced plastic material, concrete, aluminum and so on. Further, the anchor block  41  may be formed in a shape of, but not limited to, a hollow box, as shown in  FIG. 4A . For instance, the anchor block  41  may be formed in a shape of a solid box. To this end, the anchor block  41  may be fabricated in such a manner that it is made of a corrosion resistant material in a hollow box shape, and then its inner hollow space is filled with a polymeric material such as polyurethane in order to prevent deformation.  
         [0036]     When installing the FRP deck  40  using shear connector  42 , a separate elevation adjustor may be used. As shown in  FIG. 4C  in a sectional view, upper and lower flanges of the FRP deck  40  are provided with a plurality of through-holes. Each of the bar shaped elevation adjustors  45  is inserted through the through-holes, respectively, thus allowing for supporting the FRP deck  40 . At the same time, a length of a lower end of each elevation adjustor  45  is adjusted to adjust an elevation of the FRP deck  40 . As shown in  FIG. 4C , it is preferred that the anchor block  41 , which has a cross-sectional profile corresponding to that of the respective cell of the deck  40 , is inserted and disposed in the deck  40  at a position where the elevation adjustor  45  is installed, and that the elevation adjustor  45  passes through the deck  40  and the anchor block  41 . However, the anchor block  41  may be removed when the elevation adjustor  45  is installed.  
         [0037]     In order to allow the elevation of the deck  40  to be adjusted through adjustment of the length of the lower end of each elevation adjustor  45 , the elevation adjustors  45  must be installed to the FRP deck  40  so that the elevation adjustor  45  can be moved up and down only through manipulation by a worker. To this end, the upper and lower flanges of the FRP deck  40  are provided with a plurality of through-holes, and then an inner surface of each through-hole is threaded, and an outer surface of each elevation adjustor  45  is threaded to correspond to the threaded inner surface of each through-hole. As a result, the elevation adjustors  45  can be screwed to and inserted into the through-holes. Because the FRP deck  40  is lightweight, the elevation adjustor  45  can sufficiently support the FRP deck  40  only by means of screwing relative to the upper and lower flanges of the FRP deck  40 . Further, in the alternative case in which the anchor block  41  is installed and that the elevation adjustor  45  is designed to pass through the FRP deck  40  and the anchor block  41 , an inner surface of through-hole of the anchor block  41  is also threaded, so that the elevation adjustor  45  can be screwed to and inserted into the through-hole.  
         [0038]     An upper end of the elevation adjustor  45  is preferably designed so that a worker easily turns each elevation adjustor  45  to adjust the projected elevation of its lower portion. This has been already described with reference to  FIG. 2D , so that no repetitive description will be made.  
         [0039]     The lower end of the elevation adjustor  45  is adjusted to an installed elevation of the FRP deck  40 , when the FRP deck  40  is placed on the girder  10 , such that the lower end of the elevation adjustor  45  comes into contact with the upper surface of the girder  10  to support the FRP deck  40 . After the FRP deck  40  is installed, an upper end of the elevation adjustor  45  is cut to prevent it from projecting above the deck surface. Elevation adjustors  45  do not need to extend over the whole length of the girder  10 . Thus, it will do if the elevation adjustors  45  are located at predetermined locations in a longitudinal direction of the girder  10 .  
         [0040]     Alternatively, the foregoing elevation adjustor  45  may be removed. In this case, some of the shear connectors  42  are installed so as not to allow for movement in the through-holes without manipulation by a worker, thus being capable of substituting for a function of the elevation adjustor  45 . That is to say, outer surfaces of some shear connectors  42  are each formed with a thread as the elevation adjustor  45 . Through-holes of the upper and lower plates of the FRP deck  40 , through which the shear connectors  42  pass, are each formed with the corresponding thread. The shear connectors  42  are each screwed into the through-holes of the FRP deck  40 , so that each shear connector  42  functions as the elevation adjustor  45 .  
         [0041]     As mentioned above, after the new FRP deck  40  is provided with the anchor blocks  41 , the shear connectors  42 , the fasteners  43  and the elevation adjustors  45 , the new FRP deck  40  is installed in a manner that the new FRP deck  40  is lifted to allow the lower end of each shear connector  42  to come into contact with the upper surface of the girder  10 . At this time, when it is necessary to adjust elevation of the FRP deck  40 , the elevation of the FRP deck  40  is easily adjusted by positioning the elevation adjustors  45  in the through-holes, for example by turning the elevation adjustors  45 .  
         [0042]     After the FRP deck  40  is installed on the upper surface of the girder  10 , a side form  46  is mounted around the upper portion of the girder  10  in order to fill a space between the upper surface of the girder  10  and the lower surface of the FRP deck  40  (see  FIGS. 4B and 4C ). The side form  46  can be simply mounted in a manner that one end of the side form  46  is attached to the sides of the upper portion of the girder  10  using an adhesive agent or a set anchor and the other end is coupled to the lower flange of the FRP deck  40  using a fastener such as a bolt. In this manner, after the side form  46  is mounted, the space between the upper surface of the girder  10  and the lower surface of the FRP deck  40  is filled with a filler material, for example non-shrink mortar.  
         [0043]     After the filler material is hardened, the shear connectors  42  are firmly fastened to the FRP deck  40  by the fasteners  43  provided to the upper end of the shear connectors  42 , while the shear connectors  42  endow the FRP deck  40  with a downward pressure. For instance, the upper end of each shear connector  42  is formed with a thread, and each fastener  43  is realized as a nut. When the nut is turned, the shear connectors  42  are firmly fastened, and at the same time the FRP deck  40  is subjected to downward pressure.  
         [0044]     Thus, as in the foregoing connection structure between the precast concrete deck  20  and the girder  10 , the connection structure of the present invention not only provides shear connection between the FRP deck  40  and the girder  10 , but also further provides frictional connection, which is caused by the downward pressure generated while the fasteners  43  are fastened to the shear connectors  42 . Therefore, comparing with the conventional connection structure, the FRP deck  40  and the girder  10  are firmly and securely coupled each other.  
         [0045]     If the upper end of each shear connector  42  or each elevation adjustor  45  is projected beyond the upper surface of the FRP deck  40 , the upper end is cut. All finishing work is completed. Whether installing a new FRP deck to an existing girder or to a new girder, the same connection structure and method may be applied. Reference numeral  21  indicates reinforcing bars, which have been already provided to the girder  10 .  
         [0046]     Description will be made regarding another exemplary embodiment of a structure of providing FRP deck-to-girder connection according to the present invention with reference to  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 5  is a drawing similar to  FIG. 4B , and is a sectional view showing an anchor block  41  is housed in an FRP deck  40 . Shear connectors  42  are installed to pass through the FRP deck  40 .  
         [0047]     Comparing the present embodiment shown in  FIG. 5  with that shown in  FIG. 4B , the present embodiment is constructed to prevent an upper end of each shear connector  42  from projecting beyond an upper surface of the FRP deck  40 . To be more specific, in the present embodiment, the FRP deck  40  and the anchor block  41  are each formed with a plurality of mounting holes  51 , into which the shear connectors are inserted. An upper surface of the FRP deck  40  is covered with a cover plate  53  formed with a plurality of recesses  52 , each of which is provided with a through-hole through which each shear connector  42  passes. The recesses  52  of the cover plate  53  are seated into the mounting holes  51 .  
         [0048]     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the cover plate  53  is positioned on the upper surface of the FRP deck  40  so that the recesses  52  of the cover plate  53  are inserted into the mounting holes  51  of the FRP deck  40  and the anchor block  41 . Then, the shear connectors  42  are inserted through the through-holes of the recesses  52 . Subsequently, each of the shear connectors  42  is fastened by each fastener  43 , such as a nut, on the upper end of the shear connector and is supported on the FRP deck  40 . The upper ends of the shear connectors  42  fastened by the fasteners  43  are located in the recesses  52 , so that the upper ends of the shear connectors  42  can be prevented from being projected upward the upper surface of the FRP deck  40 . The other constructions related to the present embodiment, such as a construction of installing the FRP deck  40  to the upper surface of the girder  10 , are similar to those of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4B . For this reason, repetitive description on the other constructions will be omitted.  
         [0049]     The embodiments and the related drawings mentioned hitherto illustrate the girder  10  as, but not limited to, a reinforced concrete girder.  FIG. 6 , as a drawing similar to  FIG. 2A , shows an embodiment using a steel girder  10 A, instead of the reinforced concrete girder. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the connection structure and method of the present invention mentioned hitherto may be similarly applied to various types of girders, such as the reinforced concrete girder, the steel girder  10 A and a steel-concrete composite girder, etc.  
         [0050]     In short, details related to the structure and method for connecting the precast concrete deck to the girder described with reference to  FIGS. 2A  to  2 D may be similarly applied to the case of the steel girder as shown in  FIG. 6 . Therefore, the other similar details including the reference numerals shown in  FIG. 6  will not be described for the sake of brevity.  
         [0051]     Even though not described with reference to  FIG. 6 , the structure and method for connecting the FRP deck to the girder described reference to  FIGS. 4A  to  4 C, including the structure and method for connecting the precast concrete deck to the girder, may be similarly applied to the case of the steel girder  10 ′.  
         [0052]     As mentioned above, in the connection structure and method according to the present invention, it is unnecessary to form a “shear pocket” in the deck. However, in the prior art, it is essential to previously form the shear pocket in the deck, so that additional efforts are required, and moreover it is not easy to change location or quantity of the shear pockets to address situations encountered at the construction site. Furthermore, the shear pocket must be refilled with filler materials, so that the resultant additional processes are required.  
         [0053]     Advantageously, the present invention does not require shear pockets. As a result, efforts for forming the shear pocket are not required, installation costs can be reduced and a constructability can be improved. Further, it is easy to change position or quantity of the shear pockets to address situations encountered at the construction site, so that it is possible to actively and effectively cope with various conditions at the construction site in which firmer connection between the girder and the deck is required. In addition, there is no need for an additional process in which the shear pocket must be refilled with filler materials.  
         [0054]     In particular, according to the present invention, all the decks are fabricated at a factory, for example, and then can be connected to the girder at the construction site in a simple manner, so that the decks can provide an improved constructability with high quality control.  
         [0055]     In the conventional connecting method, when connecting a new deck to an existing girder, there is inconvenience in that new shear connectors must be installed after all the existing shear connectors of the existing girder should be removed. However, in the present invention, because shear connectors installed to the existing girder can be utilized for a new deck, costs can be reduced and a constructability can be significantly improved.  
         [0056]     Moreover, in the present invention, the elevation of the deck can be easily adjusted. Thus, when a new deck is installed, an elevation of the new deck can be easily matched with that of the roadway.  
         [0057]     According to the connection structure of the present invention, the girder and the deck are more firmly connected and integrated with each other. In the prior art, the connection between the girder and the deck is dependent only on the shear connection. However, in the present invention, there is the shear connection as well as the frictional connection caused by press fastening between the shear connectors and the fasteners, so that the connection between the girder and the deck can more securely provided.  
         [0058]     Further, in the present invention, after the deck is installed, if the connection between the girder and the deck becomes loose over time, the fasteners can be tightened again, so that it is possible to tighten the released connection between the girder and the deck again. Additionally, it is easy not only to replace deteriorated deck in the future, but also to reuse the existing shear connectors.  
         [0059]     Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.