Abstract:
Compositions and methods are provided for the treatment and diagnosis of diseases or conditions amenable to treatment through modulation of the synthesis or metabolism of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) . In accordance with preferred embodiments, oligonucleotides are provided which are specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). Methods of treating animals suffering from diseases or conditions amenable to therapeutic intervention by modulating multidrug resistance with an oligonucleotide specifically hybridizable with RNA or DNA corresponding to multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) are disclosed. Methods of preventing the development of multidrug resistance and of improving the efficacy of chemotherapy are also disclosed.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to diagnostics, research reagents and therapies for multidrug resistance and for disease states which respond to modulation of the phenomenon of multidrug resistance. In particular, this invention relates to antisense oligonucleotide interactions with certain messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) or DNAs involved in the synthesis of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). Antisense oligonucleotides designed to hybridize to the MRNA encoding MRP are provided. These oligonucleotides have been found to lead to the modulation of the activity of the RNA or DNA, and thus to the modulation of the synthesis and metabolism of MRP. Palliation and therapeutic effect result. These oligonucleotides can also be used in assays and diagnostics, and can be useful in distinguishing MRP-associated multidrug resistance from other multidrug resistance pathways. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major problem in treatment of cancer by conventional cytotoxic drugs. Tumors may initially respond well to chemotherapy but later become resistant to a variety of unrelated drugs, leading to relapse. Multidrug resistance can arise via one of several independent pathways, any or all of which may be amenable to inhibition. One cause of multidrug resistance is believed to be overexpression of a transmembrane transport protein known as P-glycoprotein or MDR protein. Another distinct cause of multidrug resistance is believed to be overexpression of a member of the ATP-binding cassette transmembrane transporter superfamily known as multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). This protein is overexpressed in certain tumor cell lines which are multidrug resistant but do not overexpress P-glycoprotein. Cole et al. Science 1992, 258, 1650-1654; Slovak et al. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 3221-3225. The gene encoding MRP was initially isolated from a multidrug-resistant small-cell lung cancer cell line. Small-cell lung cancer accounts for 20-25% of all lung cancer. Up to 90% of small-cell lung cancers respond initially to chemotherapy, but nearly all become multidrug resistant, leading to relapse. Compositions and methods for modulating and detecting MRP are the subject of this invention. 
     Agents capable of reversing the phenomenon of multidrug resistance and thus &#34;sensitizing&#34; the drug resistant tumors to chemotherapy are desired. Cyclosporin A and other agents are able to reverse doxorubicin resistance in cells which overexpress MDR, but clinical use of these compounds is limited by their cytotoxicity. Further, these reversing agents do not work in cells which overexpress MRP. Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the MDR mRNA encoding P-glycoprotein have been used to partially reverse the multidrug resistance phenotype. Thierry et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1993, 190, 952-960. Others have demonstrated complete inhibition of P-glycoprotein (MDR protein) synthesis by 15-mer antisense methylphosphonate oligonucleotides. They have further shown that oligonucleotides complementary to the initiation codon and a few codons upstream of the mdrl gene are most effective, but lead to only a partial decrease in drug resistance. Larger oligonucleotides, such as 21-mers, showed decreased solubility and permeability. Vasanthakumar, G. and N. K. Ahmed Cancer Commun. 1989, 1, 225-232. 
     While compositions and methods for reversing P-glycoprotein (MDR)-associated multidrug resistance or MDR synthesis have shown limited success, there remains a long-felt need for compositions and methods for modulation and diagnosis of other types of multidrug resistance. Oligonucleotides that are specifically hybridizable with MRP mRNA are desired for their diagnostic and therapeutic utility. Interference with MRP expression is desired as a means of reversing the multidrug resistance phenomenon, and making a distinction between multidrug resistance due to MRP and that due to other causes. Interference with MRP expression is also desired for improving the efficacy of conventional methods of cancer chemotherapy, particularly of lung cancer, most particularly of small-cell lung cancer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, oligonucleotides are provided which specifically hybridize with nucleic acids encoding multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). The oligonucleotides are designed to bind either directly to mRNA or to a selected DNA portion forming a triple stranded structure, thereby modulating the amount of MRNA made from the gene. In either case, expression of MRP protein is ultimately modulated. &#34;Hybridization,&#34; in the context of this invention, means hydrogen bonding, also known as Watson-Crick base pairing, between complementary bases, usually on opposite nucleic acid strands or two regions of a nucleic acid strand. Guanine and cytosine are examples of complementary bases which are known to form three hydrogen bonds between them. Adenine and thymine are examples of complementary bases which are known to form two hydrogen bonds between them. &#34;Specifically hybridizable&#34; indicates a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the oligonucleotide to non-target sequences. It is understood that an oligonucleotide need not be 100% complementary to its target nucleic acid sequence to be specifically hybridizable. 
     The relationship between an oligonucleotide and its complementary target nucleic acid is commonly denoted as &#34;antisense.&#34; In the context of the present invention, the &#34;target&#34; is a nucleic acid encoding multi-drug resistance-associated protein (MRP); in other words, the MRP gene or mRNA expressed from the MRP gene. 
     It is preferred to target specific genes for antisense attack. It has been discovered that the gene coding for MRP is particularly useful for this approach. Inhibition of MRP expression is expected to be useful for the treatment of multidrug resistance. However, &#34;modulation&#34; in the context of this invention means either an increase or decrease (stimulation or inhibition) of MRP expression. 
     Methods of modulating the synthesis of MRP in cells and tissues comprising contacting an animal suspected of having multidrug-resistant cells or tissues with an oligonucleotide specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding the MRP protein are provided. 
     Methods of treating an animal suspected of having a condition characterized by elevated levels of MRP are also provided. Such methods comprise administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of an oligonucleotide specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding the MRP protein. 
     Other aspects of the invention are directed to methods for improving the efficacy of chemotherapy and preventing the development of multidrug resistance during chemotherapeutic drug treatment of a disease. Such methods comprise administering to an animal an appropriate amount of oligonucleotide specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding the MRP protein in conjunction with a chemotherapeutic drug treatment. 
     Methods for diagnosis are also a part of this invention, and include methods for determining MRP-associated multidrug resistance as being distinct from other pathways of multidrug resistance development. Such methods comprise contacting cells or tissues or bodily fluids from the diseased animals with oligonucleotides in accordance with this invention in order to detect MRP overexpression. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Oligonucleotides have recently become accepted as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. For example, workers in the field have now identified antisense, triplex and other oligonucleotide therapeutic compositions which are capable of modulating expression of genes implicated in viral, fungal and metabolic diseases. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,890 is directed to antisense oligonucleotide therapies for certain cancerous conditions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,917 provides antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit human interleukin-1 receptor expression. U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,617 provides methods for treating cancer patients with antisense oligonucleotides. U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,195 provides oligonucleotide inhibitors of HIV. U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,810 provides oligomers capable of hybridizing to herpes simplex virus Vmw65 MRNA and inhibiting replication. U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,428 provides antisense oligonucleotides having antiviral activity against influenza virus. U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,463 provides antisense oligonucleotides and methods using them to inhibit HTLV-III replication. U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,717 provides oligonucleotides having a complementary base sequence with a portion of an oncogene. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,276,019 and 5,264,423 are directed to oligonucleotide analogs used to prevent replication of foreign nucleic acids in cells. U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,320 is directed to antisense oligonucleotides as antiviral agents specific to CMV. U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,890 provides oligonucleotides complementary to at least a portion of the mRNA transcript of the human c-myb gene. U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,421 is directed to peptides expressed by the antisense strand of HTLV-1. U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,906 provides antisense oligonucleotides useful in the treatment of latent EBV infections. Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely administered to humans and several clinical trials are presently underway. It is, thus, established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic instrumentalities and that the same can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells and animals, especially humans. 
     For therapeutics, an animal suspected of having a disease which can be treated by decreasing the expression of MRP is treated by administering oligonucleotides in accordance with this invention. Oligonucleotides may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may include carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents, liposomes or lipid formulations and the like in addition to the oligonucleotide. Pharmaceutical compositions may also include one or more active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, antiinflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like in addition to oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides may be administered in conjunction with conventional cancer chemotherapeutic drugs which are well known to those skilled in the art. 
     The pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be topically (including ophthalmically, vaginally, rectally, intranasally), orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection. 
     Formulations for topical administration may include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms or gloves may also be useful. 
     Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets, or tablets. Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. 
     Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, liposomes, diluents and other suitable additives. 
     Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC 50  &#39;s in in vitro and in vivo animal studies. In general, dosage is from 0.01 μg to 100 g and may be administered once daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even every 2 to 20 years. 
     The present invention employs oligonucleotides for use in antisense inhibition of the function of RNA and DNA encoding multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). In the context of this invention, the term &#34;oligonucleotide&#34; refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid. This term includes oligomers consisting of naturally occurring bases, sugars and intersugar (backbone) linkages as well as oligomers having non-naturally occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake and increased stability in the presence of nucleases. 
     Specific examples of some preferred oligonucleotides envisioned for this invention may contain phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. Most preferred are those with CH 2  --NH--O--CH 2 , CH 2  --N(CH 3 )--O--CH 2 , CH 2  --O--N(CH 3 )--CH 2 , CH 2  --N(CH 3 )--N(CH 3 )--CH 2  and O--N(CH 3 )--CH 2  --CH 2  backbones (where phosphodiester is O--P--O--CH 2 ). Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures. Summerton, J. E. and Weller, D. D., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506. In other preferred embodiments, such as the peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, the phosphodiester backbone of the oligonucleotide may be replaced with a polyamide backbone, the bases being bound directly or indirectly to the aza nitrogen atoms of the polyamide backbone. P. E. Nielsen, M. Egholm, R. H. Berg, O. Buchardt Science 1991, 254, 1497. Other preferred oligonucleotides may contain sugar moieties comprising one of the following at the 2&#39; position: OH, SH, SCH 3 , F, OCN, O(CH 2 ) n  NH 2  or O(CH 2 ) n  CH 3  where n is from 1 to about 10; C 1  to C 10  lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl; Br; CN; CF 3  ; OCF 3  ; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; SOCH 3  ; SO 2  CH 3  ; ONO 2  ; NO 2  ; N 3  ; NH 2  ; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl; aminoalkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl; an RNA cleaving group; a conjugate; a reporter group; an intercalator; a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide; or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide and other substituents having similar properties. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pentofuranosyl group. Base modifications or &#34;universal&#34; bases such as inosine may also be included. 
     The oligonucleotides in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 30 nucleotides. It is more preferred that such oligonucleotides comprise from about 15 to 25 nucleotides. As will be appreciated, a nucleotide is a base-sugar combination suitably bound to an adjacent nucleotide through phosphodiester or other bonds. 
     The oligonucleotides used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including Applied Biosystems. Any other means for such synthesis may also be employed; however, the actual synthesis of the oligonucleotides is well within the talents of the routineer. It is also known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. 
     In accordance with this invention, persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that messenger RNA identified by the open reading frames (ORFs) of the DNA from which they are transcribed includes not only the information from the ORFs of the DNA, but also associated ribonucleotides which form regions known to such persons as the 5&#39;-untranslated region, the 3&#39;-untranslated region, intervening sequence (intron) ribonucleotides and intron/exon junctions. Thus, oligonucleotides may be formulated in accordance with this invention which are targeted wholly or in part to these associated ribonucleotides as well as to the informational ribonucleotides. In preferred embodiments, the oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable with a transcription initiation site, a translation initiation site, coding sequences and sequences in the 5&#39;- and 3&#39;-untranslated regions. 
     In accordance with this invention, the oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable with portions of nucleic acids encoding multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). MRP belongs to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette transport systems. This family includes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, P-glycoprotein, and other transport proteins. The human MRP protein is 1531 amino acids in length and is encoded by an mRNA which is approximately 6.5 kb in length. Cole et al. Science 1992, 258, 1650-1654; Cole et al. Science 1993, 260, 879 (sequence correction); Slovak et al. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 3221-3225. Antisense oligonucleotides (shown in Table 1) were designed to be specifically hybridizable with sequences in the 5&#39;-untranslated region, 3&#39;-untranslated region and coding region of the MRP gene. The sequence of the MRP gene is available in publications  Cole et al. Science 1992, 258, 1650-1654; Cole et al. Science 1993, 260, 879 (sequence correction)! or through Genbank accession number L05628. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Antisense Oligonucleotides Specifically Hybridizable With MRP(All are phosphorothioates; ISIS 7607 is also 2&#39;-O-methyl)ISIS #    TARGET REGION        SEQUENCE             SEQ ID NO:__________________________________________________________________________7607    5&#39; UTR   CGG           GGC              CGC                 AAC                    GCC                       GCC                          UG 17608    5&#39; UTR   CGG           GGC              CGC                 AAC                    GCC                       GCC                          TG 27606    5&#39; UTR   GGT           GAT              CGG                 GCC                    CGG                       TTG                          CT 37595    5&#39; UTR   CCG           GTG              GCG                 CGG                    GCG                       GCG                          GC 47592    AUG      AGC           CCC              GGA                 GCG                    CCA                       TGC                          CG 57593    Coding   TCG           GAG              CCA                 TCG                    GCG                       CTG                          CA 67594    Coding   GGC           ACC              CAC                 ACG                    AGG                       ACC                          GT 77597    Coding   TGC           TGT              TCG                 TGC                    CCC                       CGC                          CG 87598    Coding   CGC           GCT              GCT                 TCT                    GGC                       CCC                          CA 97599    Coding   GCG           GCG              ATG                 GGC                    GTG                       GCC                          AG 107600    Coding   CAG           GAG              GTC                 CGA                    TGG                       GGC                          GC 117601    Coding   GCT           CAC              ACC                 AAG                    CCG                       GCG                          TC 127603    3&#39; UTR   AGG           CCC              TGC                 AGT                    TCT                       GAC                          CA 137605    3&#39; UTR   CTC           CTC              CCT                 GGG                    CGC                       TGG                          CA 147602    3&#39; UTR   ACC           GGA              TGG                 CGG                    TGG                       CTG                          CT 157604    3&#39; UTR   CGC           ATC              TCT                 GTC                    TCT                       CCT                          GG 16__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Preferred oligonucleotides useful in the invention comprise one of these sequences, or part thereof. 
     H69AR cells were treated with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 1-16) in the presence of LIPOFECTIN (GIBCO/BRL) as described in the following examples. Oligonucleotides ISIS 7597 and ISIS 7598 (SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9), both specifically hybridizable to the coding region of MRP, consistently inhibited steady-state MRP protein levels by greater than 30% compared to LIPOFECTIN controls in multiple ELISA experiments. In one experiment, ISIS 7597 inhibited MRP protein levels by over 95%. Oligonucleotides ISIS 7597 and 7598 are therefore preferred. It should be noted that the ELISA assay measures steady-state levels of MRP protein; because of the long half-life of the MRP protein, complete inhibition of MRP protein synthesis would be expected to be reflected as a decrease, but not complete loss, of MRP protein in these assays. This level of inhibition in this assay is considered to be significant. In Northern blot analysis of the effects of ISIS 7597 and 7598 on MRP mRNA levels, both oligonucleotides were demonstrated to virtually eliminate MRP mRNA expression. 
     Based on results obtained with the oligonucleotides of Table 1, additional phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were designed. These oligonucleotides are shown in Table 2. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Phosphorothioate Antisense OligonucleotidesSpecifically Hybridizable With MRPISIS #    TARGET REGION        SEQUENCE             SEQ ID NO:__________________________________________________________________________8356    AUG      CAG           AAG              CCC                 CGG                    AGC                       GCC                          AT 178358    Coding   GCC           CCC              GCC                 GTC                    TTT                       GAC                          AG 188359    Coding   GTG           ATG              CTG                 TTC                    GTG                       CCC                          CC 198357    Coding   CTC           ACG              GTG                 ATG                    CTG                       TTC                          GT 208362    Coding   CCC           CCA              GAC                 AGG                    TTC                       ACG                          CC 218361    Coding   CTG           GCC              CCC                 AGA                    CAG                       GTT                          CA 228360    Coding   GCC           AGG              CTC                 ACG                    CGC                       TGC                          TT 238363    3&#39; UTR   CAC           AGC              CAG                 TTC                    CAG                       GCA                          GG 248364    3&#39; UTR   CCT           GGG              TCT                 TCA                    CAG                       CCA                          GT 25__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Chimeric oligonucleotides having SEQ ID NO: 8 were prepared. These oligonucleotides had uniform phosphorothioate backbones and central &#34;gap&#34; regions of 8 deoxynucleotides flanked by 2 regions of 2&#39;-O-propyl modified nucleotides (ISIS 9659) or 2&#39;-fluoro modified nucleotides (ISIS 9661). 
     Further, chimeric oligonucleotides having SEQ ID NO: 9 were prepared. These oligonucleotides had uniform phosphorothioate backbones and central &#34;gap&#34; regions of 8 deoxynucleotides flanked by 2 regions of 2&#39;-O-propyl modified nucleotides (ISIS 9660) or 2&#39;-fluoro modified nucleotides (ISIS 9662). 
     The present invention is also suitable for detection of MRP overexpression in tissue or other samples from patients who have developed multidrug resistance. A number of assays may be formulated employing the present invention, which assays will commonly comprise contacting a tissue sample with an oligonucleotide of the invention under conditions selected to permit detection, and usually quantitation, of such inhibition. For example, radiolabelled oligonucleotides can be prepared by  32  P labeling at the 5&#39; end with polynucleotide kinase. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Volume 2, pg. 10.59. Radiolabeled oligonucleotides are then contacted with tissue or cell samples suspected of MRP overexpression or with RNA extracted from such samples. The sample is then washed to remove unbound oligonucleotide. Radioactivity remaining in the sample indicates bound oligonucleotide (which in turn indicates expression of the nucleic acids encoding MRP) and can be quantitated using a scintillation counter or other routine means. Comparison to appropriate controls allows overexpression of MRP to be determined. Radiolabeled oligonucleotide can also be used to perform autoradiography of tissues to determine the localization, distribution and quantitation of MRP overexpression for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In such studies, tissue sections are treated with radiolabeled oligonucleotide and washed as described above, then exposed to photographic emulsion according to routine autoradiography procedures. The emulsion, when developed, yields an image of silver grains over the regions expressing MRP. Quantitation of the silver grains permits MRP overexpression to be detected. 
     Analogous assays for fluorescent detection of MRP expression can be developed using oligonucleotides of the invention which are conjugated with fluorescein or other fluorescent tag instead of radiolabeling. Such conjugations are routinely accomplished during solid phase synthesis using fluorescently-labeled amidites or CPG (e.g., fluorescein-labeled amidites or CPG available from Glen Research, Sterling, Va. See 1993 Catalog of Products for DNA Research, Glen Research, Sterling, Va, pg.21). 
     Each of these assay formats is known in the art. One of skill could easily adapt these known assays for detection of MRP expression in accordance with the teachings of the invention providing a novel and useful means to detect MRP expression. 
     In addition, the ability of the oligonucleotides of the present invention to inhibit MRP synthesis in cultured disease cells is extremely useful in distinguishing drug resistance which is MRP-associated from that which arises via another pathway. In case of a disease state such as cancer, oligonucleotide-treated cells from the drug resistant tumor sites can be cultured and screened for reversal of drug resistance, i.e., increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs as quantitated by a decrease in the IC 50  values. Those of skill in the art could then use this information to treat the disease state more efficaciously. The utility and relevance of the information provided by the use of these oligonucleotides in differentiating between types of multidrug resistance will be clear to those of skill in the art. 
     The oligonucleotides of this invention may also be used for research purposes. Thus, the specific hybridization exhibited by the oligonucleotides may be used for assays, purifications, cellular product preparations and in other methodologies which may be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Several preferred embodiments of this invention are exemplified in accordance with the following nonlimiting examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Synthesis and Characterization of Oligonucleotides 
     Unmodified DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. β-cyanoethyldiisopropyl-phosphoramidites were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). For phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by a 0.2M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation cycle wait step was increased to 68 seconds and was followed by the capping step. 
     2&#39;-O-methyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were synthesized using 2&#39;-O-methyl β-cyanoethyldiisopropyl-phosphoramidites (Chemgenes, Needham, Mass.) and the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base was increased to 360 seconds. The 3&#39;-base used to start the synthesis was a 2&#39;-deoxyribonucleotide. 2&#39;-O-propyl oligonucleotides were prepared by a slight modification of this procedure. 
     2&#39;-Fluoro phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were synthesized using 5&#39;-dimethoxytrityl-3&#39;-phosphoramidites and prepared as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 463,358, filed Jan. 11, 1990, abandoned, and 566,977, filed Aug. 13, 1990, abandoned, which are assigned to the same assignee as the instant application and which are incorporated by reference herein. The 2&#39;-fluoro oligonucleotides were prepared using phosphoramidite chemistry and a slight modification of the standard DNA synthesis protocol: deprotection was effected using methanolic ammonia at room temperature. 
     After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides were purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Analytical gel electrophoresis was accomplished in 20% acrylamide, 8M urea, 45 mM Tris-borate buffer, pH 7.0. Oligodeoxynucleotides and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were judged from electrophoresis to be greater than 80% full length material. 
     The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained by this synthesis were periodically checked by  31  P NMR spectroscopy. The spectra were obtained at ambient temperature using deuterium oxide or dimethyl sulfoxide-d 6  as solvent. Phosphorothioate samples typically contained less than one percent of phosphodiester linkages. 
     Example 2 
     Selection and Maintenance of Multidrug Resistant Cell Line H69AR Cells 
     H69AR, a doxorubicin-resistant human small cell lung carcinoma cell line, was selected and maintained as described in Mirski et al. Cancer Res. 1987, 47, 2594-2598. 
     Example 3 
     Lipofection and Oligonucleotide Treatment of H69AR Cells for Analysis by Whole Cell ELISA 
     1.5×10 6  cells were plated into 35 mm tissue culture wells and allowed to attach overnight. The cells were then washed twice with 3 ml of serum-free medium prior to lipofection. Oligonucleotides were added to a concentration of 0.3 μM in 1 ml of serum-free medium in a polystyrene tube. 10 μl of LIPOFECTIN (GIBCO-BRL) was then added and the mixture was vortexed. After ten minutes at room temperature, the DNA/LIPOFECTIN suspension was added to the cells and incubated for four hours at 37° C. After this incubation, 1 ml of 20% Hyclone serum in RPMI was added and left at 37° C. overnight. The next day the suspension was removed and replaced with fresh medium. On the following day, the lipofection was repeated as before and the cells were harvested 48 hours after the second lipofection. 
     Example 4 
     Whole Cell ELISA of H69AR Cells After Oligonucleotide Treatment 
     Cells were harvested, counted and washed twice with PBS. Cells were resuspended at 0.5-1×10 5  cells/ml in PBS and 100 μl was plated in each well of an ELISA plate. Plates were dried overnight at 37° and autocrosslinked twice in a Stratalinker (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Plates were rehydrated in TBST, 200 μl/well for 2×5 minutes. Wells were blocked for 1.5-2 hours at room temperature with 200 μl TBST containing 5% NGS, 1% BSA. Primary antibody  50 μl of monoclonal antibody 3.186; Mirski et al. Cancer Res. 1989, 49, 5719-5724! diluted in blocking solution was added and plates were incubated for 1.5-2 hours in a humidified chamber at room temperature. Plates were washed 3×5 minutes with 200 μl TBST. Plates were incubated with 50 μl secondary antibody diluted in blocking solution for 1-1.5 hours at room temperature in a humidified chamber. Plates were washed for with 200 μl TBST, 3×5 minutes. Color detection was by horseradish peroxidase  incubated with 100 μl OPD/H 2  O 2  /citrate buffer (250 μl 10 mg/ml OPD in methanol/25 μl 3% H 2  O 2  /24.8 ml 0.05M citrate pH 5)! in the dark for 30 minutes at room temperature, stop reaction with 25 μl 8 N H 2  SO 4 , and read absorbance at 490 nm! or by alkaline phosphatase  incubate with 50 μl substrate solution (1 PNPP tablet in 5 ml 50 mM NaHCO 3 , pH 9.6, 1 mM MgCl 2 ) for 30 minutes in humid chamber at room temperature, stop reaction with 50 μl 0.4M NaOH, read absorbance at 405 nm!. 
     Example 5 
     RNA Analysis of H69AR Cells Treated with Antisense Oligonucleotides Specifically Hybridizable with MRP 
     10×10 6  cells were plated per T75 flask and allowed to attach overnight. Cells were washed twice with serum-free medium before incubation with 6 ml of oligonucleotide/LIPOFECTIN suspension (0.3 μM oligonucleotide; 10 μl LIPOFECTIN per ml of serum-free medium) at 37° C. for 4 hours after which 6 ml of 20% Hyclone serum in RPMI was added and left overnight. Fresh medium was added the next day. On the following day polyadenylated RNA was isolated using a MICRO-FASTTRACK mRNA isolation kit (InVitrogen). The RNA was then separated by electrophoresis on a formaldehyde-agarose denaturing gel and then transferred to a nylon membrane (Zetaprobe, Biorad). The membrane was prehybridized in 50% formamide, 5× SSC, 5× Denhardt&#39;s solution, 1% SDS and 100 μg/ml sheared, denatured herring testis DNA for 4 hours at 42° C. The membrane was then hybridized overnight at 42° C. with a 2.0 kb cDNA fragment of MRP labelled with  α- 32  P!dCTP using a random prime kit (GIBCO/BRL). The blot was washed three times in 0.1% SDS and 0.1×SSC for 20 minutes at 52° C. and autoradiographed. Only in overloaded lanes was any RNA detectable as a faint band after oligonucleotide treatment with ISIS 7597 and 7598. 
     Example 6 
     Diagnostic Assay for MRP-associated Tumors Using Xenografts in Nude Mice 
     Tumors arising from MRP overexpression are diagnosed and distinguished from other tumors using this assay. A biopsy sample of the tumor is treated, e.g., with collagenase or trypsin or other standard methods, to dissociate the tumor mass. 5×10 6  tumor cells are implanted in the inner thighs of two or more nude mice. Antisense oligonucleotide suspended in saline is administered to one or more mice by intraperitoneal injection three times weekly beginning on day 4 after tumor cell inoculation. Saline only is given to a control mouse. Oligonucleotide dosage is 25 mg/kg. Tumor size is measured and tumor volume is calculated on the eleventh treatment day. Tumor volume of the oligonucleotide-treated mice is compared to that of the control mouse. The volume of MRP-associated tumors in the treated mice are measurably smaller than tumors in the control mouse. Tumors arising from causes other than MRP overexpression are not expected to respond to the oligonucleotides targeted to the nucleic acids encoding MRP and, therefore, the tumor volumes of oligonucleotide-treated and control mice are equivalent. 
     Example 7 
     Detection of MRP Overexpression 
     Oligonucleotides are radiolabeled after synthesis by  32  P labeling at the 5&#39; end with polynucleotide kinase. Sambrook et al., &#34;Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual,&#34; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Volume 2, pg. 11.31-11.32. Radiolabeled oligonucleotide is contacted with tissue or cell samples suspected of MRP overexpression, such as tumor biopsy samples, under conditions in which specific hybridization can occur, and the sample is washed to remove unbound oligonucleotide. A similar control is maintained wherein the radiolabeled oligonucleotide is contacted with normal cell or tissue sample under conditions that allow specific hybridization, and the sample is washed to remove unbound oligonucleotide. Radioactivity remaining in the sample indicates bound oligonucleotide and is quantitated using a scintillation counter or other routine means. Comparison of the radioactivity remaining in the samples from normal and tumor cells indicates overexpression of MRP. 
     Radiolabeled oligonucleotides of the invention are also useful in autoradiography. Tissue sections are treated with radiolabeled oligonucleotide and washed as described above, then exposed to photographic emulsion according to standard autoradiography procedures. A control with normal cell or tissue sample is also maintained. The emulsion, when developed, yields an image of silver grains over the regions expressing MRP, which is quantitated. The extent of MRP overexpression is determined by comparison of the silver grains observed with normal and tumor cells. 
     Analogous assays for fluorescent detection of MRP overexpression use oligonucleotides of the invention which are labeled with fluorescein or other fluorescent tags. Labeled DNA oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. β-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites are purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Fluorescein-labeled amidites are purchased from Glen Research (Sterling, Va.). Incubation of oligonucleotide and biological sample is carried out as described for radiolabeled oligonucleotides except that instead of a scintillation counter, a fluorescence microscope is used to detect the fluorescence. Comparison of the fluorescence observed in samples from normal and tumor cells indicates MRP overexpression. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 25(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1:CGGGGCCGCAACGCCGCCUG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2:CGGGGCCGCAACGCCGCCTG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3:GGTGATCGGGCCCGGTTGCT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4:CCGGTGGCGCGGGCGGCGGC20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5:AGCCCCGGAGCGCCATGCCG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6:TCGGAGCCATCGGCGCTGCA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 7:GGCACCCACACGAGGACCGT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 8:TGCTGTTCGTGCCCCCGCCG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 9:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 9:CGCGCTGCTTCTGGCCCCCA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 10:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 10:GCGGCGATGGGCGTGGCCAG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 11:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 11:CAGGAGGTCCGATGGGGCGC20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 12:GCTCACACCAAGCCGGCGTC20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 13:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 13:AGGCCCTGCAGTTCTGACCA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 14:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 14:CTCCTCCCTGGGCGCTGGCA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 15:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 15:ACCGGATGGCGGTGGCTGCT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 16:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 16:CGCATCTCTGTCTCTCCTGG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 17:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 17:CAGAAGCCCCGGAGCGCCAT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 18:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 18:GCCCCCGCCGTCTTTGACAG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 19:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 19:GTGATGCTGTTCGTGCCCCC20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 20:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 20:CTCACGGTGATGCTGTTCGT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 21:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 21:CCCCCAGACAGGTTCACGCC20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 22:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 22:CTGGCCCCCAGACAGGTTCA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 23:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 23:GCCAGGCTCACGCGCTGCTT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 24:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 24:CACAGCCAGTTCCAGGCAGG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 25:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear(iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 25:CCTGGGTCTTCACAGCCAGT20__________________________________________________________________________