Abstract:
The invention relates to a device ( 7 ) for applying electromagnetic energy to a reactive medium, with said device being designed to be connected to an electromagnetic radiation generator using a means of transmission ( 4 ) of said radiation, with the device being remarkable in that it includes at least one loss transmission line ( 70 ) that features an interface that transfers electromagnetic energy towards the reactive medium, with said transfer interface being arranged so as to assure, throughout the length of the said line, a pre-determined distribution cross-section for the density of the electromagnetic energy delivered to said medium by said line. The invention also relates to a device for processing, by electromagnetic radiation, of a reactive medium including such an application device. The present invention can be applied to the sector of devices for thermal treatment of a reactive medium, specifically by microwave or high-frequency radiation.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a device for applying electromagnetic energy to a reactive medium, said device being intended to be coupled with an electromagnetic radiation generator via means for transmitting said radiation. 
         [0002]    It also relates to an assembly comprising such an application device and a reactor in which the reactive medium is positioned. The invention also relates to a device for treating by electromagnetic radiation a reactive medium, comprising such an assembly. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    These treatment devices are notably known as a device for heat treatment of a reactive medium, where by &lt;&lt;Meat treatment&gt;&gt; are meant various treatments carried out by heating such as evaporation, drying, roasting, extraction of natural products in suspension in a solvent, reaction or chemical synthesis with heating by dielectric losses (with view of analyzing or producing chemical compounds), dehydration, baking, discoloration, dissociation, polymerization, cross-linking, treatments with supercritical fluids, removal of volatile compounds, etc., as well as various treatments performed simultaneously with heating, such as mixing or milling. 
         [0004]    For such heat treatments, it is notably known how to use electromagnetic radiations of the microwave or high frequency type. Microwave electromagnetic radiation relates to waves, the frequency of which is comprised between about 300 MHz and about 30 GHz, preferentially between 400 MHz and 10 GHz, and preferentially between 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz. High frequency electromagnetic radiation relates to waves, the frequency of which is comprised between about 100 kHz and about 300 MHz, preferentially between 13 MHz and 28 GHz. 
         [0005]    Such treatment devices find applications for many types of reactive media, which involve a single reagent or a mixture of reagents in variable proportions, in the solid, liquid or gas state, with or without catalysts, said medium comprising at least one component sensitive to radiation. The reactive medium may be of the solid type (for example of granular or powdery type), of the gas, plasma, liquid type (with a solvent and/or solutes absorbing electromagnetic radiation). 
         [0006]    In a known way, a device for treating a reactive medium with electromagnetic radiation comprises: 
         [0007]    an electromagnetic radiation generator like a high frequency wave generator or a microwave generator for example in a non-limiting way consisting of a magnetron generator or a semiconductor generator; 
         [0008]    a reactor containing said reactive medium, wherein the reactor may assume the shape of a reservoir with optionally means for circulating said reactive medium; and 
         [0009]    a device for transmitting the electromagnetic radiation generated by the generator to the reactive medium contained in said reactor. 
         [0010]    This transmission device conventionally comprises: 
         [0011]    means for transmitting electromagnetic radiation positioned at the output of the generator and coupled with said reactor in order to transmit the electromagnetic energy to the reactor, these transmission means being of course adapted to electromagnetic radiation and which may for example consist of a transmission cable, such as a coaxial cable, or a wave guide conventionally used in the field of microwaves; 
         [0012]    coupling means arranged for allowing transfer into the reactive medium of the electromagnetic energy from the transmission means. 
         [0013]    When operating, the generator generates electromagnetic radiation at a given frequency, the transmission device transmits the generated electromagnetic radiation to the reactive medium via the transmission means and the coupling means. 
         [0014]    The coupling means generally comprise a device for applying the energy to the reactive medium, currently called an energy applicator, the selection of which depends on the radiation means (high frequencies and microwaves), on dimensional characteristics of the medium to be treated and on its treatment method. 
         [0015]    For high frequency applicators, the following applicators are notably known: 
         [0016]    capacitive applicators formed with two capacitor plates between which the high frequency voltage is applied; 
         [0017]    inductive applicators for treating sufficiently conductive materials, these applicators consist of a solenoid energized with a high frequency current; 
         [0018]    applicators with alternating bars for relatively planar materials consisting of tubular or bar electrodes; 
         [0019]    applicators with alternating rings or loops for thread-like materials forming the electrodes. 
         [0020]    The major drawback of these applicators is that they are not very or not adapted for ensuring energy transfer in a liquid mass and homogeneously. 
         [0021]    For microwave applicators, the following applicators are notably known: 
         [0022]    applicators with a localized field of the single-mode cavity type; 
         [0023]    applicators with a diffuse field of the multi-mode cavity type; 
         [0024]    applicators with a near field of the radiating antenna guide type. 
         [0025]    As regards applicators with a localized field or with a diffuse field, they require a reactor at least partly consisting of a material transparent to the waves, i.e. not absorbing the waves, such as for example polytetrafluoroethylene or quartz, which is positioned inside the cavity of the applicator. The reactor containing the reactive medium is then subject to electromagnetic radiation coming from the outside. 
         [0026]    The applicator with a localized field, of the single-mode type, is formed with a single-mode cavity of predetermined size, resonating at the emission frequency according to radiation in the direction of the waveguide. This single-mode cavity allows a relatively homogeneous distribution of the electromagnetic field inside the cavity. Nevertheless, with this type of single-mode applicator, the amount of material to be treated is limited by the dimensions of the cavity and therefore of the waveguide. For an industrial application, it is necessary to provide a complex and costly apparatus comprising several single-mode applicators placed in parallel in order to have sufficient output, as well as a complex circulation system for the reactive medium. Further, the transferable electromagnetic energy is limited by the volume at the interface between the product to be treated and the radiation. 
         [0027]    The applicator with a diffuse field, of the multi-mode type, on the other hand provides a non-homogeneous distribution of the electromagnetic field inside the cavity, with the presence of hot points. Such a distribution limits the volume of the sample to be treated in the applicators of the multi-mode type, and furthermore requires setting into motion or stirring of the sample in order to ensure homogeneity of the heating by microwaves. 
         [0028]    A common drawback to both of these applicators of the single-mode type or multi-mode type is that they require reactors in a suitable material in order not to absorb the waves. In addition to being particularly complex and costly to produce, these reactors transparent to the waves are limited in size and in shape, thereby limiting the treatment by waves to certain reactions and certain reactive media, and excluding other reactions where the shape and the length of the reactor may have a predominant role. It is also noted that for reactions which have to be conducted under high pressure, independently or not of the heating induced by the electromagnetic radiation, these wave-transparent reactors most often withstand high pressures with difficulty. 
         [0029]    The other drawbacks common to both of these applicators, of the single-mode or multi-mode type, result from the difficulty of obtaining a constant electric field in the reactor, and finally from the fact that the geometry of the cavity depends on the radiation frequency so that an applicator with a localized field can only operate at a given single frequency. 
         [0030]    A last drawback of both of these applicators, of the single-mode or multi-mode type, is that they are not compatible with a device for accurately controlling the heating temperature of the reactive medium by the use of an outer coolant fluid. Indeed, in order to accurately and optimally control a reaction, it is particularly advantageous that a liquid coolant circulates around the reactor in the heating area. If this was the case, the waves would heat the liquid coolant, which clearly cannot be considered. If the liquid coolant circulated in a conduit non-transparent to the waves, the conduit would in this case form a screen between the electromagnetic radiation and the reactor, clearly limiting the exposure of the reactive medium to the radiation and therefore the yield of the heating. These applicators therefore prevent temperature control in the irradiation area, i.e. in the cavity, so that control of temperature is sometimes inefficient or even incompatible with certain chemical reactions. This is notably the case when it is necessary to maintain a low temperature during the treatment of materials of biological origins which may thermally degrade after irradiation with electromagnetic waves. 
         [0031]    As regards the applicators with a near field of the radiating antenna guide type, they are known from the prior art notably from European patent application No. EP 0 329 338 which discloses a device for treating by microwaves ceramic powders in a high pressure environment. This device includes a reactor forming a high pressure resonant cavity, in the interior of which microwave radiation is introduced by a rectilinear antenna which partly extends into the cavity. 
         [0032]    An applicator with a near field is also described in document DE 10 2004 057 851 A1, wherein a rectilinear antenna of the straight antenna or stick antenna type, is directly introduced into the interior of a reactor, containing a gas, liquid or solid medium. A coaxial cable, comprising an internal conductor and an external conductor, is coupled with the reactor in the following way: the external conductor is coupled with the external wall of the reactor and the internal conductor opens out into the reactor at the coaxial cable/reactor junction. The end portion of the internal conductor thus forms an antenna which radiates into the reactive medium which heats up by dielectric loss. The length of the antenna is greater than the wavelength of the radiation. 
         [0033]    International application WO 00/15008 describes an applicator with a near field having a radiating antenna. This device comprises a cable, one first end of which is connected to a receiver for receiving the waves generated by a wave generator, and one second end of which cooperates with a transmitter for transmitting the waves into the reactor. The cable may be of the coaxial type and the transmitter corresponds to an exposed portion of an internal conductor of said coaxial cable. This exposed portion of the internal conductor has a length of about one quarter of the radiation wavelength, and it plays the role of a radiating rectilinear antenna inside the reactor. 
         [0034]    International application WO 2006/067579 describes an applicator with a near field similar to the one described in international application WO 00/15008, with a radiating antenna. This antenna at its free end has one or more exposed portions of an internal conductor which radiates inside a reactor, the effect of the radiation is thus focused on the end of the antenna. In order to avoid the effects of too localized radiation and to densify the distribution of the energy, in this document, the use of two or more antennas which emit waves in phase according to the principle of interference of coherent electromagnetic waves is contemplated. The application of this principle involves the use of expensive techniques, with several antennas coupled with the wave generator and with a device for controlling the in-phase energizing of the antennas from a same wave generator. 
         [0035]    Patent application US 2006/001563 A1 describes a device used in separating a mixture, such as for example a liquid mixture or a colloidal suspension, wherein the device comprises a rotor assembly interiorly divided into one or more chambers. This document discloses the principle of using at least one microwave generator for transmitting microwave energy into the chamber(s). In a first configuration, the microwave generators are positioned inside an internal tubular shaft extending inside the rotor assembly wherein at least one portion of the internal tubular shaft is substantially transparent to microwave energy. This document does not detail the structure of the microwave generator and further does not give any teaching for one skilled in the art on the application of these microwave-generating means within this separation device, except for a vague indication on the use of an antenna without any further specification as to the selection and use of such an antenna. In a second configuration, the microwave generator(s) comprise(s) one or more wave guides formed inside the internal tubular shaft in order to emit microwave radiation into the chamber(s) through transparent portions of said shaft; the use of such wave guides not operating for generating microwaves inside a reactor. 
         [0036]    Radiating antennas solve part of the drawbacks of the applicators of the single-mode or multi-mode type, notably because they allow the radiation to be directly transmitted towards the interior of a reactor, thereby avoiding the use of a reactor transparent to the waves with all the constraints mentioned above. 
         [0037]    Nevertheless, these applicators with radiating rectilinear antennas have a certain number of drawbacks. Firstly, the electromagnetic energy transmitted to the medium and the frequencies which may be used are limited by the actual properties of the antenna, i.e. in that the attenuation of the wave in an antenna depends on the frequency of the radiation and on dielectric characteristics of the reactive medium. 
         [0038]    One of the main drawbacks of rectilinear antennas is the small length of the radiating portion which limits the energy which may be transferred by such a device and entails increased risks of dielectric breakdown at the interface between the antenna and the reactive medium, the consequence being the formation of quite undesirable electric arcs in the case of the treatment of flammable or explosive media. 
         [0039]    Further, a heat treatment device provided with a radiating rectilinear antenna is limited to a given single frequency, depending on the dimensions of the antenna, and is limited to non-conductive dielectric reactive media having neither too great nor too low absorption. Conversely, the length of the antenna is itself limited by the frequency of the radiation and by the reactive medium. With such a radiating antenna, if the frequency of the radiation increases, the length of radiant antenna actually in the medium also decreases and also the electromagnetic energy transmitted to the medium also decreases. 
         [0040]    Such a device cannot ensure a constant electric field in the medium. 
         [0041]    In a known way, an antenna is a device for radiating electromagnetic waves. Such antennas never radiate in a uniform way, i.e. in the same way over the total length of the antenna. In fact, the energy radiated by an antenna is unevenly distributed in space or in a confined medium. 
         [0042]    Thus, between the portion where the antenna is exposed to the reactive medium, said base of the antenna, and its free end, radiation is attenuated, in other words the radiation diagram is weakened along the antenna. This attenuation is illustrated in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  wherein a rectilinear radiating antenna respectively A 1  and A 2 , is immersed in a reactive medium M. The radiating antenna A 1  illustrated in  FIG. 1   a  extends over its whole length in the reactor R, here consisting of a container filled with the reactive medium M, while the radiating antenna A 2  illustrated in  FIG. 1   b  corresponds to an end portion of an internal conductor Cin of a coaxial cable C which has been stripped; the coaxial cable comprises an external conductor Cout, a dielectric layer Cd and the internal conductor Cin, wherein the external conductor Cout and the dielectric layer Cd have been removed in order to expose a length portion of the internal conductor Cin which thus forms the antenna A 2 . 
         [0043]    The antennas A 1  and A 2  radiate electromagnetic energy into the medium M, the radiation diagram bearing reference D in the figures. The propagation velocity and the attenuation of the wave depend on the dielectric characteristics of the medium. The attenuation of the wave may vary from a factor of one to a thousand depending on the reaction media, for example water will attenuate the wave about a thousand times more than a very weakly polar medium such as for example hexane. 
         [0044]    In practice, the dielectric constants may be caused to vary during a chemical reaction, as the reagents gradually transform while adopting dielectric characteristics which change constantly. 
         [0045]    Depending on the medium, the effective radiating length LR of the antenna is more or less long from the point where the antenna is exposed to the medium, so that the radiation is very localized. In a sufficiently homogeneous medium, such as for example molten glass, or in a not very absorbent medium, the effective radiating length may substantially correspond to the total length of the antenna. On the other hand, in other media, attenuation of the radiation occurs relatively rapidly along the antenna, thereby corresponding to a very short effective radiating length LR, in certain cases limited to a few centimeters. 
         [0046]    Thus, such antennas have the drawback that the heating by dielectric loss is more or less homogeneous in the medium. Further, the heating is more or less well distributed along the antenna during a reaction wherein the dielectric constants change over time. 
         [0047]    Further, these antennas generally require shielding against the radiation, in particular when the reactor is of the wave-transparent type, such as for example in glass or in Pyrex conventionally used in chemistry laboratories. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0048]    The invention solves all or part of these drawbacks and for this provides a device for applying electromagnetic energy to a reactive medium, said device being intended to be coupled with an electromagnetic radiation generator via means for transmitting said radiation, characterized in that it comprises at least one lossy transmission line having an interface for transferring electromagnetic energy towards the reacted medium, said transfer interface being arranged so as to ensure along said line a predetermined distribution profile of the density of electromagnetic energy delivered to said medium by said line. 
         [0049]    Thus, with the invention, it is possible to control the distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density, by adapting the lossy transmission line according to the treated medium, the desired reactions, the areas at which it is desired to apply or not a predetermined amount of electromagnetic energy. With the invention it is for example possible to obtain such a substantially constant profile along the line, so that the application of the energy is substantially homogeneous all along this line, with which it is notably possible to contemplate application in reactors of the tubular types, for example of the rectilinear or serpentine type, with a substantially equal application of electromagnetic energy all along the reactor. 
         [0050]    Such a lossy transmission line is much more advantageous than an antenna which radiates without any control on the attenuation, and thus without any control on the areas of the reaction medium which desirably is to be subject to the effects of electromagnetic radiation. 
         [0051]    Further, with such an application device, it is possible to obtain with a single lossy transmission line, a given distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density, like a uniform profile corresponding to homogeneous application of the energy all along the line. 
         [0052]    With the application device, it is also possible to have a given distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density which extends between the beginning of the lossy transmission line and the end of the lossy transmission line. With an antenna wherein only an end portion radiates, the distribution profile of the energy density only begins from this exposed portion. With a completely exposed antenna, the distribution profile of the energy density begins at the beginning of the line so as to be completely attenuated before the end of the line. In both cases, with an antenna, it is not possible to have a distribution profile of the energy density all along the antenna. 
         [0053]    A lossy transmission line is coupled with the reactive medium, in order to apply electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium, and it is by acting on this coupling or on this transfer interface all along the line that it is possible to control the aforementioned distribution profile. 
         [0054]    Further, unlike antenna devices, the application device with a lossy transmission line may be used with low or even very low frequencies. The latter feature and the fact that the radiating surface may be very large, so that the application device with a lossy transmission line may be adapted in the case of radiations, to the transmitted powers practically without any limitation, the only limitation to the power level being the performances of the electromagnetic radiation generators. 
         [0055]    Another advantage of the application device with a lossy transmission line lies in the possibility of transferring energy into the most diverse media, including ionic media, which is not the case of antenna devices. 
         [0056]    The transfer interface of the transmission line is distinct between at least one first and one second cross-section of said line, electromagnetic energy being delivered to the medium at each of these cross-sections. 
         [0057]    By cross-section, is meant a section of the lossy transmission line in a plane substantially normal to the longitudinal axis of said line. Thus, in different cross-sections of the transmission line, the coupling between the line and the medium and therefore the transfer interface with the medium are different; the coupling or the transfer interface being of course non-zero at these cross-sections, i.e. the lossy transmission line delivers electromagnetic energy at these cross-sections. 
         [0058]    Thus, the transfer of energy may occur all along the line in a controlled way, and not in a inhomogeneous and diffuse way as this is the case with a radiating antenna wherein the transfer interface is the same all along the antenna, i.e. regardless of the cross-section of the antenna, the transfer interface remains the same. 
         [0059]    In an embodiment, the transfer interface of the lossy transmission line varies continuously, notably regularly or discontinuously, notably by steps, between the first and the second cross-section. 
         [0060]    According to a feature, the transfer interface of the lossy transmission line increases between the first cross-section which is located at the beginning of the lossy transmission line, and the second cross-section which is located at the end of the lossy transmission line. 
         [0061]    Thus, the coupling between the lossy transmission line and the medium increases between the beginning and the end of the line, so that it is for example possible to have a substantially uniform distribution profile of the energy density delivered to the medium along said line. 
         [0062]    At the beginning of the line, at the first cross-section, the coupling and therefore the transfer interface are provided so that the reactive medium consumes a percentage x of a total amount T of electromagnetic energy entering the beginning of the line. Thus, an energy amount Q 1  is transferred to the reactive medium at this first cross-section, or an amount of energy Q 1  is consumed by the reactive medium at this first cross-section, where: 
         [0000]      Q1=x% T 
         [0063]    At the end of line, at the second cross-section, the coupling and therefore the transfer interface are provided so that the reactive medium consumes a percentage y of the remaining electromagnetic energy R at the end of the line. While neglecting intrinsic attenuation of the wave along the lossy transmission line, and assuming that said lossy transmission line is coupled with the reactive medium only at the first and at the second cross-section, the following relationship is obtained: 
         [0000]        R=T−Q 1=(100 −x )%  T.    
         [0064]    Thus, the amount of energy Q 2  transferred to the reactive medium at this second cross-section or the amount of energy consumed Q 2  by the reactive medium at this second cross-section is the following: 
         [0000]      Q2=y% R. 
         [0065]    In order that the energy transferred between the lossy transmission line and the medium be quasi identical between both sections, corresponding to the relationship Q 1 =Q 2 , the coupling between the line and the medium should be better at the second cross-section relatively to that at the first cross-section, i.e. the transfer interface should be larger at the second cross-section relatively to that at the first cross-section, so that the percentage y is at least greater than the percentage x; the purpose being to compensate the fact that energy is consumed at the beginning of the line leading to an attenuation of the signal along the line. 
         [0066]    According to a particular embodiment, the lossy transmission line has geometry adapted to the desired distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density delivered to said medium, notably a variable transverse geometry over the whole length of the line. 
         [0067]    The geometry may thereby be adapted to: 
         [0068]    all types of reactors, such as continuous reactors, discontinuous or &lt;&lt;batch&gt;&gt; reactors, rectilinear reactors, serpentine reactors, reactors with a small or large reaction volume, depressurized or pressurized reactors for example of the autoclave type; and/or 
         [0069]    all reactive media, whatever the dielectric constants of the reactive medium; and/or 
         [0070]    all frequencies from a few Hz to several GHz. 
         [0071]    It is a matter of fact that, in the whole of the description, a lossy transmission line comprises at least one first and one second electric conductor at least partly insulated from each other by means of an insulator having suitable dielectric characteristics, the first conductor being intended to be coupled with the generator on the one hand and with the reactive medium on the other hand, in order to allow application of the generated electromagnetic energy to said reactive medium according to the predetermined distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density. 
         [0072]    Thus, control of the coupling between the first conductor and the medium ensures control of the distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density. It is thus possible to increase coupling at the end of the line relatively to that at the beginning of the line, in order to compensate the attenuation of the wave (of the electric field) along the line due to energy consumption by the medium between the beginning and the end of the line, and thus to apply as much energy at the beginning then and at the end of the line. 
         [0073]    As regards the second conductor, the intention may be to have it extend inside a reactor in which said reactive medium is positioned, in other words have it immersed in said reactor. 
         [0074]    According to a feature, the reactive medium is positioned around said second conductor, the insulator consisting of suitable dielectric material, for example silica, alumina, ceramics, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc. 
         [0075]    Such a lossy transmission line would be obtained from a standard transmission line, i.e. without losses, notably a non-dispersive line, wherein the propagation velocity of the waves is independent of frequency. This transmission line is modified as described later on by creating lossy areas by coupling with the external medium, in order to obtain a lossy transmission line according to the invention. With such a lossy transmission line, it is possible to transfer electromagnetic energy over any length of the line, thereby allowing an increase in the surface area for transferring electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium and thus in the electromagnetic energy transferred with a single applicator. 
         [0076]    According to an alternative, the reactive medium may be at least partly positioned between the first and the second conductor, the insulator at least partly consisting of the reactive medium. 
         [0077]    According to another alternative, the second conductor forms the wall of a reactor inside which said reactive medium is positioned, and the dielectric insulator at least partly consists of the reactive medium. 
         [0078]    In the previous cases, the second conductor forms a shield between the radiation from the first conductor and the outside of the reactor, advantageously providing protection against any radiation towards the outside of the reactor. 
         [0079]    Unlike an applicator with a radiating antenna of the state of the art, it is therefore unnecessary to provide an additional shield around the antenna or around the reactor; this resulting from the fact that two distinct phenomena are at play: with the antenna, one is faced with heterogeneous radiation along the antenna, while with a lossy transmission line, one is faced with propagation of a wave between two conductors, this propagation being accomplished in an insulator which may partly or totally be the reactive medium, and this line losing energy in the external medium by adequate coupling between the first conductor and said reactive medium. 
         [0080]    In another embodiment, the second conductor has a variable transverse geometry along the line in order to obtain a variable transfer interface between the first conductor and the reactive medium and therefore variable coupling between said first conductor and the reactive medium. 
         [0081]    For example, the second conductor consists of two conductive strips positioned in parallel on either side of the first conductor, the cross-section of said strips, and notably their width, varying along the line. In this example, the lossy transmission line is obtained from a transmission line of known type, a &lt;&lt;strip line&gt;&gt;. 
         [0082]    In another example, the second conductor consists of a tubular profile surrounding the first conductor and in which is made at least one recess, the transverse dimensions of the recessed portion of the second conductor being distinct between at least two cross-sections of the line. In this example, the lossy transmission line is obtained from a transmission line of the coaxial cable type. 
         [0083]    Advantageously, at least two recesses of elongated shape are made in the second conductor, said recesses being with a distinct tilt relatively to the longitudinal axis of the transmission line losses, notably with a first recess at the beginning of the lossy transmission line, substantially parallel to said longitudinal axis and with a second recess at the end of the lossy transmission line, substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis. Thus, the tilt of the recesses varies along the line. 
         [0084]    In the following, the recesses are described as being shaped as slots, although they are not limited to this particular shape. The tilt of the elongated slots relatively to the longitudinal axis of the line may thus decrease along the line, so that the elongated slots located at the beginning of the line are substantially parallel to said longitudinal axis and the elongated slots located at the end of the line are substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis. Thus, the perpendicular slots at the end of the line have coupling with the external medium which is greater than the coupling of the parallel slots, in order to compensate the attenuation of the wave along the line, due to consumption of energy by the medium between the beginning and the end of the line, and to finally obtain a homogeneous distribution of the electromagnetic energy transmitted to the reactive medium. 
         [0085]    A cross-section of the line at the first slot parallel to the longitudinal axis has a transfer interface with the medium with a size equal to the width of the slot; while a cross-section of the line at the second slot perpendicular to the longitudinal axis has a transfer interface with the medium with a size equal to the length of the slot. Thus, the transfer interface and therefore the coupling with the medium are greater at the second slot as compared with the first slot. 
         [0086]    In a particular embodiment, the first conductor has a variable transverse geometry along the line in order to obtain a variable transfer interface between the first conductor and the reactive medium, and therefore variable coupling between the first conductor and the reactive medium. 
         [0087]    Advantageously, the first conductor has a cross-section which increases between the beginning and the end of the lossy transmission line, notably continuously with a first conductor of general frusto-conical shape or discontinuously with a first conductor including steps with increasing sections. By increasing section is meant that the contour of the cross-section increases between the beginning and the end of the line, so that once again the end of the line has coupling with the external medium which is greater than the coupling at the beginning of the line, in order to compensate the energy consumption along the line and to finally obtain a homogeneous distribution of the electromagnetic energy transmitted to the reactive medium. Indeed, the coupling increases with the contour of the section since the dimensions of the transfer line between the first conductor and the external medium increase. 
         [0088]    According to another embodiment, the insulator includes a sleeve in a dielectric material surrounding said first conductor, said sleeve being of a variable transverse geometry in order to obtain a variable transfer interface between the first conductor and the reactive medium. 
         [0089]    In this embodiment, one acts on the geometry of the sleeve in dielectric material for controlling the coupling between the first conductor and the reactive medium. 
         [0090]    For example, the sleeve is with a decreasing cross-section between the beginning and the end of the lossy transmission line; this cross-section of the sleeve may decrease continuously, for example by having a frusto-conical shape, or discontinuously by having for example a shape with steps of increasing section. Thus, the smaller the cross-section of the sleeve in dielectric material, the closer the reactive medium is to the first conductor, and therefore the higher is the coupling. In other words, the transfer interface between the first conductor and the reactive medium increases with the reduction in the thickness of the sleeve. 
         [0091]    In a particular embodiment, the application device comprises at least one channel for circulating the reactive medium, surrounding the first conductor of said lossy transmission line over the whole or part of said line, said circulation channel being at least partly transparent to electromagnetic radiation. 
         [0092]    This circulation channel participates in the coupling between the lossy transmission line and the reactive medium which it conducts. 
         [0093]    Thus, the distance between said channel and said first conductor may vary along said first conductor in order to control the transfer interface between the first conductor and the reactive medium, and therefore the coupling of said first conductor with the reactive medium. Indeed, the channel may be more or less close to the lossy transmission line so that the reactive medium is more or less coupled with said lossy transmission line and accordingly receives more or less electromagnetic energy. 
         [0094]    On the same principle but this time applied to the surface area of the reactive medium exposed to electromagnetic radiation, the cross-section of the circulation channel may vary along said first conductor in order to control the transfer interface between the first conductor and the reactive medium, and therefore the coupling of said first conductor with the reactive medium. 
         [0095]    Still on this principle but this time applied to the positioning of the channel along the lossy transmission line, the surface density of the circulation channel may vary along said first conductor in order to control the transfer interface between the first conductor and the reactive medium, and therefore the coupling of said first conductor with the reactive medium. By this it is meant that depending on the location where one is located along the line, the channel has a more or less high contact surface and this independently of the actual section of the channel. For example, in the case of a spiral tube with a constant section forming said channel, a surface density substantially corresponds to the number of turns of the tube per unit length. Thus, the number of turns on a length portion of the lossy transmission line may be different from the number of turns on another length portion of the lossy transmission line, thereby corresponding to two distinct surface densities. 
         [0096]    In a particular embodiment of the channel, the circulation channel comprises at least one hollow tube with a general spiral shape. 
         [0097]    According to a feature, the pitch of said tube varies along the lossy transmission line, notably in the case of a reduction of the pitch towards the end of line, thus corresponding to a variation of the surface density as described above. 
         [0098]    According to another feature, the diameter of said tube varies along the lossy transmission line, notably in the direction of an increase in said diameter towards the end of line. 
         [0099]    According to another particular embodiment of the channel, the circulation channel is partly delimited by a spiral groove made on the external face of a hollow body surrounding the first conductor. 
         [0100]    According to a feature, the pitch of said groove varies along the line, notably in the direction of a reduction in the pitch towards the end of the line. 
         [0101]    According to another feature, the depth of the groove varies along the lossy transmission line, notably in the direction of an increase of said depth towards the end of the line. 
         [0102]    The invention also relates to an assembly comprising a device for applying electromagnetic energy to a reactive medium and a reactor inside which said reactive medium is positioned, wherein said application device extending at least partly inside said reactor is as described above. 
         [0103]    Generally, the reactor includes a cavity containing said reactive medium, said lossy transmission line extending inside said cavity. 
         [0104]    This cavity may directly collect the reactive medium which is in solid, liquid or gas form, and for example form a discontinuous or &lt;&lt;batch&gt;&gt; reactor. 
         [0105]    The reactor may comprise means for circulating said medium between an inlet and an outlet of said reactor, in order to form a continuous reactor. The circulation means may comprise at least one circulation channel as described above, such as for example the spiral tube or the hollow body with grooves, said channel extending inside said reactor. In the case of the hollow body with grooves, the circulation channel is also delimited by an internal face of the reactor, the hollow body being mounted in said rector with very small play. 
         [0106]    According to a feature, the assembly comprises means for stirring said reactive medium inside said reactor. 
         [0107]    In an embodiment of the stirring means, the latter comprise at least one propeller positioned in said reactor and rotationally mobile. The axis of symmetry of the propeller is advantageously parallel or even coincident with said longitudinal axis of the lossy transmission line; the propeller extending around the first conductor of the lossy transmission line. The propeller is driven into rotation notably by means of a rotary motor positioned at one of the ends of the reactor, on the outside of the latter. 
         [0108]    In another embodiment of the stirring means, the latter comprise a rotationally mobile stirrer immersed in the reactive medium and extending beside or parallel to the lossy transmission line. 
         [0109]    According to another feature, the assembly comprises means for controlling the temperature of said medium. These control means may be formed by a jacket surrounding at least partly said reactor and inside which circulates a cooling or heating fluid; the jacket forming a double envelop. 
         [0110]    Thus, the reactor has a jacket inside which a heat transfer fluid may circulate in order to maintain the reactive medium at a given temperature and more widely in order to control the temperature of said medium. The control means may limit the temperature of the medium, notably in the case of thermal runaway inside the reactor or of reactions including an exothermic phase, by circulating a coolant fluid in the jacket, such as for example refrigerant fluids or cryogenic fluids. 
         [0111]    With the jacket it is also possible to use a cryogenic fluid for treating fragile molecules during the treatment of materials of biological origins. It is notably known that certain proteins may undergo degradations at temperatures below 50° C. while the irradiation of biological matrices by electromagnetic radiation promotes extraction of proteins from materials of biological origins. 
         [0112]    Further, the dimensions of the jacket may be adapted so as to have a more or less large heat exchange surface area relatively to the volume of the treated reactive medium and depending on the sought effect. 
         [0113]    According to another feature, the assembly comprises means for pressurizing said cavity, so that the reactions may be carried out under a given pressure. 
         [0114]    In an embodiment of the reactor, the latter has a general rectilinear shape, for example in the general shape of a straight tube with a cylindrical section, and the lossy transmission line then also has a general rectilinear shape. 
         [0115]    In another embodiment of the reactor, the latter is of a generally serpentine shape, with for example at least two rectilinear sections parallel with each other and connected through a 180° bend, and the lossy transmission line is then also of a general serpentine shape. 
         [0116]    The advantage of a serpentine reactor is having a long circulation path for the reactive medium, without however having a reactor with a too great length, particularly adapted for reactions in a medium not very absorbent to waves. 
         [0117]    In the different embodiments of the reactor, the most important is that the lossy transmission line is adapted to the shape of the reactor and of its cavity, in order to allow a controlled, for example homogeneous, distribution of the electromagnetic energy transmitted to the reactive medium. Such a shape adaptation of course cannot be contemplated with radiating antennas of the state of the art. 
         [0118]    The invention also relates to a device for treating with electromagnetic radiation a reactive medium, comprising an electromagnetic radiation generator, means for transmitting said electromagnetic radiation, and an assembly as described above wherein the application device is coupled with said generator via said transmission means. 
         [0119]    According to an advantageous feature, the device comprises means for matching the impedances between the generator, the transmission means and the application device, in order to optimize transfer of energy generated by the generator to the reactive medium. 
         [0120]    Ideal matching corresponds to the case when the power emitted by the generator is equal to the power transferred to the reactive medium at the interface with the lossy transmission line, which itself is equal to the power consumed by the reactive medium. In order to avoid undesirable wave returns and to have continuous matching of the impedances, the lossy transmission line should preferably have a defined impedance which will be adjusted continuously by means of an automatic system located at the transmission means and described below. Advantageously, the impedance of the lossy transmission line will be about 50 Ohms. 
         [0121]    In a first embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation is of the micro-wave type. 
         [0122]    In this case, the transmission means comprise a wave guide. 
         [0123]    According to a feature, the wave guide communicates with a coupling cavity inside which extends the first conductor of the lossy transmission line in order to provide coupling between said first conductor and said wave guide. Thus coupling is simply carried out by irradiation of the first conductor with the radiation directly guided up to it by the wave guide. 
         [0124]    According to another feature, the device comprises a hollow sleeve delimiting a space inside which the first conductor extends on the one hand and a short-circuit piston is translationally mobile on the other hand, said space being contiguous with said coupling cavity. The short-circuit piston slides around the end of the first conductor opposite to the reactor. The hollow sleeve and the first conductor thereby define a coaxial transmission line section. 
         [0125]    The short-circuit piston allows impedance matching of the lossy transmission line, as described above and thus participates in the desired impedance matching for optimization of the energy transfer. The adjustment is simply accomplished by means of a rod integral with the piston and crossing the sleeve through a slot, it is then sufficient to move the rod in the slot, adjust the position of the piston and provide the matching. This movement of the piston may be motorized, allowing for automatic and continuous matching. 
         [0126]    In this first embodiment the matching means comprise a first matching member such as a short-circuit piston, translationally mobile in the wave guide, and a second matching member such as a variable coupling iris, also translationally mobile in the wave guide. The first and second matching members are positioned in the wave guide on either side of the reactor, and thus on either side of the application device. 
         [0127]    Both of these matching mobile members allow optimization of the energy transfer between the wave guide and lossy transmission line. The displacement of these two mobile adaptation members may also be motorized, in order to allow automatic and continuous matching. 
         [0128]    In a second embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation is of the high frequency type. 
         [0129]    In this case, the transmission means may comprise a transmission cable, notably of the coaxial cable type, connected to the output of the high frequency radiation generator. 
         [0130]    According to a feature, the adaptation means comprise an electric matching means placed in series on said transmission cable. 
         [0131]    This electric matching system may be of a known type, with for example an inductor and a first variable capacitor in series on the transmission cable, and a second variable capacitor positioned in parallel between the transmission cable and a reference potential. 
         [0132]    The device according to the invention may thus form a device for heat treatment of a reactive medium in order to produce given chemical reactions by applying electromagnetic energy according to a distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density delivered along the lossy transmission line, said profile being selected depending on the desired chemical reactions. 
         [0133]    The device according to the invention may be used as a device for extracting substances of biological origins, notably substances of plant or animal origins or from micro-organisms by applying electromagnetic energy to a reactive medium containing materials of biological origins, notably materials of plant or animal origins or from micro-organisms, in suspension in at least one solvent; the solvent may be of the aqueous type like water, and the solvent may be transparent to electromagnetic radiation or not. 
         [0134]    For example, the device may be used for extracting any substance of biological origins, such as for example of plant, animal origins or stemming from resources of biotechnologies. 
         [0135]    For extracting molecules of biological origins, it is particularly important to be able to use means for accurately controlling the temperature, and more particularly for limiting the temperature, during irradiation by electromagnetic waves of the biological materials in an aqueous phase or in suspension in solvents. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the jacket may have a more or less large surface area for heat exchange relatively to the irradiated volume in order to avoid thermal degradation of the sensitive substances, immediately after the extraction from their biological matrices. With the jacket, it is for example possible to use cryogenic fluids in order to produce reactions or extractions at low temperatures by applying high electromagnetic energy densities. 
         [0136]    The device according to the invention is thus particularly suitable for such applications for extracting substances of biological origins, since with the invention it is possible to transfer electromagnetic energy inside a metal enclosure with a jacket providing a large surface area for heat exchange relatively to the treated volumes. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0137]    Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the detailed description hereafter, of a non-limiting exemplary embodiment, made with reference to the appended drawings wherein: 
           [0138]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  are schematic views of near field applicators with a radiating antenna of a known type; 
           [0139]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a transmission line; 
           [0140]      FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  are diagrams illustrating the propagation of a wave in a lossless ideal transmission line and a lossy transmission line respectively; 
           [0141]      FIGS. 4   a  to  4   e  are cross-sectional views of transmission lines of the known type; 
           [0142]      FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  are schematic views of a lossy transmission line according to the invention extending in a continuous reactor and a discontinuous reactor respectively; 
           [0143]      FIGS. 6   a  to  6   d  are cross-sectional views of a transmission line of the &lt;&lt;strip line&gt;&gt; type ( FIG. 6   a ) and of several sections of a lossy transmission line ( FIGS. 6   b  to  6   d ) respectively, obtained by modifying the transmission line illustrated in  FIG. 6   a;    
           [0144]      FIG. 6   e  is a perspective view of a lossy transmission line with a continuous section corresponding to the section illustrated in  FIG. 6   c;    
           [0145]      FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b  are views of a transmission line of the coaxial cable type in a cross-sectional and perspective view respectively; 
           [0146]      FIGS. 8   a ,  8   b  and  8   c  are views of a lossy transmission line in a first and a second cross-sectional view and in a perspective view respectively, obtained by modifying the transmission line illustrated in  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b;    
           [0147]      FIG. 9   a  is a perspective view of an assembly of a discontinuous reactor and of an application device according to the invention, wherein a portion of a wave guide coupled with the application device is also illustrated; 
           [0148]      FIGS. 9   b  and  9   c  are middle sectional views of the assembly illustrated in  FIG. 9   a  and including a first and a second embodiment of an application device according to the invention, respectively; 
           [0149]      FIG. 10  is a schematic view of another discontinuous reactor with an application device according to the invention; 
           [0150]      FIGS. 11   a  and  11   b  are schematic views illustrating a treatment device according to the invention, by applying radiation of the microwave ( FIG. 11   a ) and high frequency type ( FIG. 11   b ) respectively; 
           [0151]      FIG. 12  is a schematic view of a continuous serpentine reactor with a serpentine lossy transmission line; 
           [0152]      FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  are longitudinal and cross-sectional views respectively of a flat continuous reactor with a lossy transmission line separating the interior of said reactor into an upper and lower circulation channel for the reactive medium; 
           [0153]      FIG. 14  is a perspective view of a microwave radiation treatment device according to the invention; 
           [0154]      FIGS. 15   b  to  15   c  are different perspective views of continuous reactors coupled with a wave guide, adapted for a device according to the invention; 
           [0155]      FIG. 16  is a partial longitudinal sectional view of a continuous reactor and a wave guide more particularly illustrating the coupling between the lossy transmission line according to the invention and the wave guide; 
           [0156]      FIGS. 17 to 19  are longitudinal sectional views of reactors with application devices according to the invention; 
           [0157]      FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b  are perspective and longitudinal sectional views respectively of a continuous reactor with an application device according to the invention; 
           [0158]      FIG. 20   c  is a view identical with that of  FIG. 20   a  with an alternative embodiment of the lossy transmission line. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0159]      FIG. 2  illustrates a transmission line LT which transmits a signal from an emitter EM to a receiver RE in the form of electromagnetic radiation which propagates inside said transmission line LT. The transmission line LT comprises two parallel electric conductors separated by a dielectric insulator ID (for example air or an adequate material of a known type): a first conductor C 1 , ensuring transmission of the signal, and a second conductor C 2 , a so-called return conductor, and which is for example connected to the ground. For transferring a maximum of power between the emitter EM and the receiver ER, it is essential to minimize the losses along the line, notably losses by the Joule effect because of the intrinsic resistance of the conductors C 1 , C 2 . 
         [0160]      FIG. 3   a  illustrates the behavior of an ideal transmission line without any losses along the line, wherein the amplitude of the wave corresponding to the energy transported by the wave, remains constant along the line (i.e. along the z direction) and therefore the transmitted electromagnetic energy is optimum. 
         [0161]      FIG. 3   b  illustrates the behavior of a lossy transmission line, wherein it is noted that the amplitude of the wave decreases along the line, i.e. it decreases between the beginning of the line on the emitter side and the end of the line on the receiver side. As described later on, the invention causes such losses and even controls these losses, in order to use a lossy transmission line as a device for applying electromagnetic energy into a reactive medium. With the invention, the losses in the lossy transmission line form the source for transmitting electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium. 
         [0162]      FIGS. 4   a  to  4   e  illustrate different embodiments of a transmission line, which appears as a profile with constant section. 
         [0163]      FIG. 4   a  illustrates a transmission line of the coaxial cable type including a first central conductor C 1  of circular section, encased in a dielectric insulator ID, and then in a second tubular conductor C 2 . 
         [0164]      FIG. 4   b  illustrates a transmission line comprising two parallel conductors C 1  and C 3  encased in a dielectric insulator ID of circular section. 
         [0165]      FIG. 4   c  illustrates a transmission line identical with that of  FIG. 4   a  except that it further comprises a third conductor C 3  parallel to the first conductor C 1  and also encased in the dielectric insulator ID. 
         [0166]      FIG. 4   a  illustrates a transmission line identical with that of  FIG. 4   b  except that the dielectric insulator ID has a section with the general shape of an &lt;&lt;8&gt;&gt;, each conductor C 1  and C 3  being encased in one of the loops of the &lt;&lt;8&gt;&gt;. 
         [0167]      FIG. 4   e  illustrates a transmission line of the &lt;&lt;strip line&gt;&gt; type comprising a first conductor C 1  of rectangular section encased in a dielectric insulator ID also of rectangular section, and a second conductor C 2  composed of two conductive strips C 21  and C 22  parallel and positioned over the length of the dielectric insulator ID. 
         [0168]      FIG. 5   a  schematically illustrates a reactor  2  of the continuous type comprising a tubular outer wall  23 , a so-called reactor body, and having an inlet  20  upstream from the reactor  2  and an outlet  21  downstream from the reactor  2 . Inside the reactor  2  is positioned an electromagnetic energy application device  7  including a lossy transmission line  70  adapted for transferring electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium circulating in the reactor  2 . The illustration of the lossy transmission line  70  in  FIG. 5   a  is purely symbolic and reference will be made to the following figures for understanding the different embodiments of said line  70 . 
         [0169]    Generally, and for the whole description which follows, the lossy transmission line  70  comprises: 
         [0170]    a first conductor  71  coupled with the generator on the one hand and with the reactive medium on the other hand in order to allow application of electromagnetic energy, 
         [0171]    a second conductor  72  positioned around the first conductor  71 ; and 
         [0172]    an insulator  73  having adapted dielectric characteristics and encasing at least partly the first conductor  71  and positioned between both conductors  71  and  72 . 
         [0173]    In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 5   a , the first conductor  71  forms a rectilinear internal conductor, and the second conductor  72  forms an also rectilinear external conductor; the insulator  73  here composed of a sleeve  730  in a dielectric material which is interposed between the first conductor  71  and the second conductor  72 . 
         [0174]    Further, the lossy transmission line  70  is of the rectilinear type with: 
         [0175]    an incoming portion  74  at which said lossy transmission line  70  opens out into said reactor  2 , said incoming portion  74  corresponding to the beginning of the line for the description which follows, and 
         [0176]    a free end  75  placed downstream from the reactor, said free end  75  corresponding to the end of the line for the description which follows. 
         [0177]    The lossy transmission line  70  and more particularly its first conductor  71  are coupled with the reactive medium by means of a lossy transmission line wherein the second conductor has variable geometry and adapted as described hereafter for example with reference of  FIGS. 6 and 8 . The geometry of the lossy transmission line  70  is provided in order to obtain a distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density delivered to the reactive medium which remains substantially constant or uniform all along the line, as illustrated in  FIG. 5   a  by the continuous halo  700  representing the electric field around the lossy transmission line  70 , thereby corresponding to a substantially homogeneous application of electromagnetic energy along the lossy transmission line  70 . In order to obtain such a result, the principle is that the energy transfer interface increases along the line, in order to compensate the consumption of electromagnetic energy along the line; in other words, the invention notably provides that the transfer surface area per unit length is greater at the end of the line than at the beginning of the line, so that at the beginning of the line, the applied energy is substantially equal to the energy applied at the end of the line where the wave conveys lower energy than at the beginning of the line because of consumption of energy by the medium downstream from the end of the line. 
         [0178]    In order to obtain such a variation of the transfer interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium, it is notably possible to act on the following parameters, either alone or as a combination: 
         [0179]    the geometry of the lossy transmission line  70 , like the geometries of the first conductor  71 , of the insulator  73  (and therefore of the sleeve  730 ) and of the second conductor  72 ; 
         [0180]    the contact surface provided by the reactive medium around the lossy transmission line  70 , this surface area being constant in the case of a lossy transmission line  70  directly immersed in a reactive medium, but this surface area may be controlled in the case of a medium circulating in a circulation conduit where it is then possible to act on the geometry of the conduit between the beginning and the end of the line, notably so that the reactive medium provides a larger surface area exposed to the radiation per unit length at the end of the line than at the beginning of the line. 
         [0181]    Of course, the transfer interface between the lossy transmission line and the reactive medium may be adapted in order to obtain distribution profiles of the electromagnetic energy density delivered to the reactive medium, other than a uniform profile, such as for example a profile corresponding to a greater application of electromagnetic energy in the middle of the line relatively to applications at the beginning and at the end of the line; such a control of the distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density delivered to the reactive medium being particularly advantageous for controlling certain chemical reactions with continuous circulation of the reactive medium, where it is required that predetermined amounts of energy be applied in predetermined portions of the circulation of the reactive medium. 
         [0182]      FIG. 5   b  schematically illustrates a reactor  2  of the discontinuous or batch type, the external wall  23  of which delimits a cavity  22  containing the reactive medium and inside which extends the lossy transmission line  70  according to the invention. It is noted that the lossy transmission line  70  is directly coupled with an electromagnetic radiation generator  1 , said lossy transmission line  70  has an external portion  76  extending on the outside of the reactor  2 , and along which the losses have to be minimum in order that the maximum of electromagnetic energy generated by the electromagnetic radiation generator  1  is applied to the reactive medium. In this embodiment, one acts on the geometry of the lossy transmission line  70  in order to obtain a predetermined distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density, in this case a substantially uniform profile. For this, recesses  77  are made in the second conductor  72 , these recesses  77  having geometry adapted to the desired distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density. In  FIG. 5   b , the lossy transmission line  70  has 6 recesses  77  including two at the beginning of the line, two in the middle of the line and two at the end of the line. To these recesses  77 , correspond radiation losses in the reactive medium illustrated by radiation lobes  770 , so that application of energy at the recesses  77  at the beginning of the line is substantially identical with that in the middle and at the end of the line. A discrete distribution profile of electromagnetic energy density is thereby obtained and it is noted that it is possible to obtain a profile which gets closer to a continuous profile by for example increasing the number of recesses  77  along the line. 
         [0183]      FIGS. 6   b  to  6   c  illustrate lossy transmission line  70  sections according to the invention, obtained from a standard transmission line, the section of which is illustrated in  FIG. 6   a.    
         [0184]      FIG. 6   a  illustrates, like  FIG. 4   e , a strip line type transmission line comprising a first conductor  71  with a rectangular section encased in a dielectric insulator  73  composed of a suitable material and also with a rectangular section, and a second conductor  72  composed of two conductive strips  721  and  722  parallel and positioned over the length of the dielectric insulator  73 . In a transmission line with such a section, the losses are quasi-zero since the width of the conductive strips  721  and  722  is larger than the width of the first conductor  71 , so that they play a shielding role so that the wave propagates in the dielectric insulator  73  without radiating outwards. 
         [0185]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   d , in order to control the transfer interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium, provision is made for acting on the geometry of the lossy transmission line  70  and more particularly on the geometry of the second conductor  72  relatively to that of the first conductor  71 , in order to control the losses along the lossy transmission line  70 . Thus, in order to control the profile of the losses over the length of the line  70 , it is possible to vary the width of at least one of the two conductive strips  721  and  722 . Further, it is also possible to reduce the width of the dielectric insulator  73  so that it is equal to ( FIGS. 6   b  and  6   c ) or less than ( FIG. 6   d ) the width of the first conductor  71 . The first cross-section  711  of the lossy transmission line  70  illustrated in  FIG. 6   b  has a smaller coupling interface with the reactive medium than the second cross-section  712  illustrated in  FIG. 6   c ; the width of the conductive strips  721  and  722  being larger at the first cross-section  711  than at the second cross-section  712 . Thus, by controlling the width of the conductive strips  721  and  722  and possibly of the dielectric insulator  73 , the interface for transferring energy with the reactive medium is controlled. 
         [0186]      FIG. 6   e  illustrates a lossy transmission line  70  wherein the width of the conductive strips  721 ,  722  is decreasing between the beginning of the line  70 , at the top of the figure, and the bottom of the line at the bottom of the figure; the widths here increasing regularly. In order to control the coupling interface with the reactive medium, the geometry of the section of the lossy transmission line  70  (or the transverse geometry of the lossy transmission line  70 ) varies along the line. For example, the width of the conductive strips  721  and  722  may decrease regularly or stepwise along the line, between the beginning and the end of the line, in order to compensate the attenuation of the wave along the line, due to consumption of energy by the medium between the beginning and the end of the line, and to thereby obtain a substantially uniform distribution profile of the electromagnetic energy density. 
         [0187]      FIGS. 8   a ,  8   b  and  8   c  illustrate a lossy transmission line  70  according to the invention, obtained from a standard transmission line illustrated in  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b.    
         [0188]      FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b  illustrate a transmission line of the coaxial cable type which includes a first central conductor  71  of circular section, encased in a dielectric insulator  73  formed in a suitable material, and then in a second tubular conductor  72  forming shielding. In a transmission line with such a section, the losses are quasi-zero since the second conductor  72  completely surrounds the first conductor  71 , along the whole of the line, so that the wave propagates in the dielectric insulator  73  without radiating outwards. 
         [0189]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 8   a ,  8   b  and  8   c , in order to control the transfer interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium, provision is made for acting on the geometry of the lossy transmission line  70  and more particularly on the geometry of the second conductor  72 , in order to control the losses along the lossy transmission line  70 . Thus, in order to obtain such losses, provision is made for making recesses  77  in the second conductor  72  so that the lossy transmission line  70  radiates outwards via said recesses  77 ; the recesses  77  being illustrated as rectangular slots, the shape of the recesses of course not being limited to this particular slot shape. In order to control these losses, it is necessary to control the transverse dimensions of the recessed portion of the second conductor  72 , these dimensions for example being distinct from the first cross-section  711  (illustrated in  FIG. 8   a ) and the second cross-section  712  (illustrated in  FIG. 8   b ) of the lossy transmission line  70 . The recessed size of the second conductor  72  per unit length therefore varies along the line. It is thus possible to act on the number of slots and on the dimensions of the slots. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 8   c , two elongated slots of rectangular shape are illustrated, wherein a first slot  77  is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the lossy transmission line  70  (at the top of  FIG. 8   c  and illustrated in  FIG. 8   a , the first cross-section  711  passing through this first slot) and wherein a second slot  77  is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lossy transmission line  70  (at the bottom of  FIG. 8   c  and illustrated in  FIG. 8   b , the second cross-section  712  passing through this second slot). Thus, the first slot  77  provides a coupling surface area per unit length with the reactive medium which is less than the one provided by the second slot  77 . Thus, in order to compensate the attenuation of the wave in the lossy transmission line  70 , it is necessary that the first slot be positioned at the beginning of the line and that the second slot be positioned at the end of the line. It is also possible to provide only one or several slots parallel to the longitudinal axis and the transverse dimension of which (in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lossy transmission line  70 ) continuously increases (triangle-shaped slot for example) or stepwise along the line, between the beginning and the end of the line. It is also possible to provide several elongated slots and the tilt of which relatively to the longitudinal axis of the lossy transmission line  70  increases so that the recess of the beginning of the line for example corresponds to the first slot illustrated in  FIG. 8   a  and the slot of the end of the line corresponds to the second slot illustrated in  FIG. 8   b , the intermediate slots being increasingly tilted between the beginning and the end of the line. 
         [0190]      FIGS. 9   a  to  9   c  illustrate a reactor  2  of the discontinuous type, the external wall (or reactor body)  23  of which delimits a cavity  22  containing the reactive medium and inside which extends a lossy transmission line  70  according to the invention. The external wall  23  is at least partly surrounded by a jacket  24  surrounding the external wall  23  or reactor body, inside which a coolant fluid of the heat transfer fluid type or a coolant fluid or cryogenic fluid may circulate between an inlet  240  and an outlet  241  provided in the casing  24 . The reactor  2  is sealed at its upper end  25  crossed by the lossy transmission line  70 . 
         [0191]    The lossy transmission line  70  is coupled with a wave guide  4  which transmits electromagnetic radiation advantageously of the microwave type. The wave guide  4  includes a coupling section  40  which extends normal to the lossy transmission line  70  and which is transversely coupled with said lossy transmission line  70 . This section  40  of the wave guide  4  interiorly delimits a coupling cavity  401  inside which extends the first conductor  71  of the lossy transmission line  70 ; said first conductor  71  extending in said coupling cavity  401  without being surrounded by the dielectric insulator  73  and by the second conductor  72 . Thus, the first conductor  71  is coupled with the wave guide  4  at this coupling cavity  401  in which said first conductor  71  receives the electromagnetic radiation conveyed by the wave guide  4 . 
         [0192]    The second conductor  72  and the dielectric insulator  73  extend around the first conductor  71  through said coupling cavity  401  and this as far as in the reactor  2 ; the dielectric insulator  73  assuming the shape of the sleeve  730  in dielectric material positioned between both conductors  71  and  72 . Thus, the lossy transmission line  70  has three distinct portions: 
         [0193]    a first portion  701  for coupling with the wave guide  4  and more generally with the electromagnetic radiation generator  1 , wherein the first conductor  71  is exposed and is therefore not surrounded by the second conductor  72  and by the dielectric insulator  73 ; 
         [0194]    a second connecting portion  702  between the wave guide  4  and more particularly the coupling cavity  401 , and the reactor  2  wherein the first conductor  71  is completely surrounded by the second conductor  72  and by the dielectric insulator  73  so that minimum loss occurs along this intermediate portion; and 
         [0195]    a third portion  703  for applying electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium, said lower portion  703  extending inside the reactor  2 . 
         [0196]    The third portion  703  has the lossy transmission line configuration, such as for example illustrated in  FIGS. 6   b  to  6   e  or in  FIGS. 8   a  to  8   c.    
         [0197]    In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 9   b , the lossy transmission line  70  has recesses  77  made in the second conductor  77  along the third portion  703 ; said recesses  77  for example being of increasing dimensions between the beginning and the end of the line. Thus, the first cross-section  711  has a smaller transfer interface and therefore lower coupling with the reactive medium than those of the second cross-section  712  of the lossy transmission line  70 . 
         [0198]    In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 9   c , the transmission line  70  has a dielectric insulator  73  along the third portion  703  which comprises a sleeve  730  in dielectric material surrounding said first conductor  71 , said sleeve  730  being of increasing section at the beginning and at the end of the line. Thus, the sleeve  730  has increasing thickness from the first conductor  71  with a general frusto-conical shape. Thus, the reactive medium is further away from the first conductor  71  at the beginning of the line than at the end of the line, so that the transfer interface increases between the beginning and the end of the line. For example, the first cross-section  711  has a smaller transfer interface and therefore lower coupling with the reactive medium than those of the second cross-section  712  of the lossy transmission line  70 . 
         [0199]    The lossy transmission line  70  crosses the upper end  25  of the reactor via a suitable seal gasket  26 . 
         [0200]    When the wave guide  4  is perfectly matched to the electromagnetic radiation generator  1  and to the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly, a condition which is met when the output impedance of the electromagnetic radiation generator  1  and the input impedance of the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly are equal to the characteristic impedance of the wave guide  4 , the wave guide  4  is only covered by progressive waves and the maximum of electromagnetic energy is transmitted between the generator and the reactive medium. 
         [0201]    In order to adapt the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly, the application device  7  comprises means  6  for matching the impedance of the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly. These matching means  6  comprise a short-circuit piston  60  slidably mounted and adjustable in position in a sleeve  61  positioned on the wave guide  4  in order to open out into the coupling cavity  401  on a edge opposite to the reactor  2 . The sleeve  61  and the short-circuit piston  60  are aligned with the lossy transmission line  70 , and more particularly the short-circuit piston  60  which is translationally guided around the first conductor  71 , said first conductor  71  crossing said coupling cavity  401  in order to also extend inside the space  62  delimited by said sleeve  61 . The first conductor  71  will abut against the end transverse wall  63  of said sleeve  61 , the piston  60  being slidably mounted on this first conductor  71 . By adjusting the position of the piston  60 , the impedance of the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly is matched in order to optimize transfer of electromagnetic energy between the electromagnetic radiation generator  1  and the reactive medium. The sleeve  61  thus has a longitudinal slot  64 , in order to let through means (not shown) for driving said piston  60  into motion such as a rod integral with the piston  60  on the one hand and coupled on the other hand with driving means of the manual or motorized type. 
         [0202]      FIG. 10  illustrates another discontinuous reactor  2  which delimits a closed cavity  22 , coupled with a venting condenser  27  in order to operate with backflow within said closed cavity  22 . 
         [0203]    The cavity  22  may also be connected to pressurization means, not shown, in order to operate under a determined pressure in said cavity  22 . The pressurization means are of a known type, with adequate circuits for example comprising safety valves, a safety rupture disk, etc. 
         [0204]    The reactor  2  may also comprise a jacket  24  of the same type as the one described above. 
         [0205]    The reactor  2  may also comprise means  28  for stirring the reactive medium, in the form of a mechanical stirrer which sealably opens out into the cavity  22  and which is connected to means for driving it into rotation (not shown) such as a rotary motor. 
         [0206]    The dielectric insulator  73  of the lossy transmission line  70  inside the reactor  2  at least partly composed of the reactive medium, which thus circulates between the first conductor  71  and the second conductor  72 ; the stirring of the reactive medium promoting this circulation between both conductors. Thus, the reactive medium with suitable dielectric properties partly forms the dielectric insulator  73  of the lossy transmission line  70  in the cavity  22 . Thus, the reactive medium is coupled with the lossy transmission line  70  by being positioned between both conductors of said lossy transmission line  70 . A sleeve  730  in a dielectric material surrounding the first conductor  71  is also provided with a frusto-conical shape as described hereinbefore with reference to  FIG. 9   b , the shape of said sleeve  730  being adapted to the desired energy density distribution profile. In this embodiment, the sleeve  730  is positioned around the first conductor  71  and spaced apart relatively to the second conductor  72  so that the reactive medium may circulate between the sleeve  730  and said second conductor  72 . In a non-illustrated alternative, the sleeve  730  is positioned inside the second conductor  72 , against its internal face and spaced apart relatively to the first conductor  71  so that the reactive medium may circulate between the sleeve  730  and said first conductor  71 ; the shape of the sleeve  730  being once again adapted to the desired coupling between the first conductor  71  and the reactive medium, since the thicker the sleeve  73  between the first  71  and the second  72  conductor, the lower is the coupling. 
         [0207]    The first conductor  71  of the lossy transmission line  70  crosses the wall of the reactor  2  through a seal gasket  26  made in an insulating material, in order to allow transfer of electromagnetic energy. Outside the reactor  2 , the lossy transmission line  70  may for example extend as described hereinbefore with the first portion and the second portion. 
         [0208]    It is noted that the second conductor  72  has a passage  720  for letting through the reactive medium, for example at the beginning of the line, so that the reactive medium may circulate between the end of the line, open to the reactive medium, and this passage  720 . 
         [0209]      FIG. 11   a  schematically illustrates a device for electromagnetic treatment of a reactive medium by microwave radiation according to the invention, which comprises: 
         [0210]    a microwave radiation generator  1 ; 
         [0211]    a reactor  2  containing said reactive medium; and 
         [0212]    a device  3  for transmitting electromagnetic radiation generated by the generator  1  to the reactive medium contained in said reactor  2 . 
         [0213]    The transmission device  3  comprises: 
         [0214]    a wave guide  4  positioned at the output of the generator  1  and coupled with the lossy transmission line  70  according to the invention, in order to transmit the generated electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium; 
         [0215]    coupling means  5  arranged so as to allow transfer of electromagnetic energy into the reactive medium from the wave guide  4 ; and 
         [0216]    adaptation means  8  designed in order to ensure adaptation of the electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium and to allow optimization of the energy transfer depending on the medium. 
         [0217]    The adaptation means  8  comprise: 
         [0218]    a first mobile adaptation member  81  composed of a short-circuit piston comprising a metal plate, in copper or in aluminium for example, placed perpendicularly to the direction of propagation of the waves, said short-circuit piston  81  being positioned at the free end  49  of the wave guide  4  opposite to the generator  1 , and therefore downstream from the reactor  2 ; 
         [0219]    and, depending on the cases, a second mobile adaptation member  82  composed of a variable coupling iris, positioned in the wave guide  4  between the generator  1  and the short-circuit piston  81 , and more particularly upstream from the reactor  2 . 
         [0220]    The coupling means  5  comprise said lossy transmission line  70  and the means  6  for matching the impedance of the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly; these matching means  6  notably comprising the short-circuit piston  60  as described above. The coupling between the wave guide  4  and the lossy transmission line  70  may be of the same type as the one described above with reference to  FIG. 9   b.    
         [0221]    The device also comprises a compartment  9  which insulates the electromagnetic radiation generator  1  from the reactor  2 , notably for protecting persons and/or instruments external to said compartment  9  against any risk of explosion and/or fire which may occur at the electromagnetic radiating generator  1 . The compartment  9  may further be inertized by filling it with a neutral gas such as for example argon, carbon dioxide or nitrogen, and be then sealably insulated in order to avoid neutral gas leaks. By inertization is meant the technique which includes replacing an atmosphere for example an explosive atmosphere, with a non-combustible and non-oxidizing gas or gas mixture. 
         [0222]    This inertization technique may also be used for placing the wave guide  4 , the coupling means  5  and the reactor under an atmosphere in the case of the treatment of a reactive medium comprising flammable, explosive substances or likely to produce such substances during treatment. For this, windows (not shown) may be positioned in the wave guide  4 ; said windows including an insulating material transparent to waves such as for example quartz. 
         [0223]      FIG. 11   b  schematically illustrates a device for electromagnetic treatment of a reactive medium by high frequency radiation according to the invention, which comprises: 
         [0224]    a high frequency radiation generator  1 ; 
         [0225]    a reactor  2  of the continuous type with an inlet  20  and an outlet  21  for said reactive medium; and 
         [0226]    a device  3  for transmitting the electromagnetic radiation generated by the generator  1  to the reactive medium contained in said reactor  2 . 
         [0227]    The transmission device  3  comprises: 
         [0228]    a coaxial transmission cable  400 , of the 50 Ohm connection type, positioned at the outlet of the generator  1  and coupled with the lossy transmission line  70  according to the invention, in order to transmit the generated electromagnetic energy to the reactive medium; 
         [0229]    adaptation means  800  designed for ensuring adaptation of the electromagnetic energy to the lossy transmission line  70  and allowing optimization of the energy transfer depending on the medium. 
         [0230]    The adaptation means  800  comprise an electric matching system placed in series on the coaxial transmission cable  400 , said system being of a type known to one skilled in the art and for example comprising: 
         [0231]    a self-induction coil  810  (or inductor), a first variable capacitor  820  in series on the coaxial transmission cable  400 , said first variable capacitor  820  correcting the reactive part of the impedance; and 
         [0232]    a second variable capacitor  830  in parallel with the coaxial cable  400 , connected to one of the terminals of the cell  810  on the one hand and to a reference potential such as the ground on the other hand, second variable capacitor  830  correcting the resistive part of the impedance. 
         [0233]    In order to couple the coaxial transmission cable  400  and the lossy transmission line  70 , it is sufficient to electrically connect the first conductor  71  of the lossy transmission line  70  with a corresponding conductor of the transmission cable  400 . The electric matching system  800  ensures impedance matching between the transmission cable  400  and the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly. 
         [0234]      FIG. 12  illustrates a serpentine reactor  2 , i.e. delimiting a cavity  22  with a general serpentine shape. The reactor  2  for example includes three rectilinear sections parallel with each other and successively connected through a 180° bend. The lossy transmission line  70  is also of a general serpentine shape and more particularly of a shape substantially identical with that of the cavity  22  in order to provide a coupling interface with the reactive medium all along the reactor  2 , and thus apply electromagnetic energy. Of course, other reactor shapes  2  may be contemplated, the essential point being to note that a lossy transmission line  70  may be adapted to all reactor shapes  2 , and is not only limited to rectilinear reactors. 
         [0235]    Moreover, the reactor  2  and the lossy transmission line  70  will be all the longer since the reactive medium will not be very absorbent, such as for example oleaginous products. The length of the lossy transmission line  70  may also be adapted to the dwelling time in the reactor  2 . The advantage of a serpentine configuration for the reactor  2  is make a long path available for the reactive medium while avoiding having a too long, therefore too cumbersome, rectilinear reactor. The length of the lossy transmission line  70  and also that of the reactor  2  may for example be comprised between a few centimeters and a few meters. 
         [0236]    In every case, the metal walls of the reactor may include a jacket in which heat transfer, coolant or cryogenic fluids may circulate in order to obtain surface temperatures adapted to the needs of the contemplated treatments. The embodiments of the invention described hereafter illustrate the possibility of organizing more or less significant heat exchange surface areas between the reactive medium and the fluids circulating in the jacket. The fluids of the jacket may of course circulate in the same direction as the reactive medium or against this flow. 
         [0237]      FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  illustrate another embodiment of the lossy transmission line  70  extending inside a reactor  2  here with a parallelepipedal section. The first conductor  71  is exposed to the reactive medium in the reactor  2 , inside the internal cavity  22  of the reactor  2 . Inside the reactor  2 , the second conductor  72  is formed with the external wall  23  of the reactor  2  (or reactor body); said external wall  23  being electrically coupled with the portion of the second conductor  72  external to the reactor  2 . 
         [0238]    The first conductor  71  of rectangular section extends over the whole width of the reactor  2  and its longitudinal edges are respectively encased in dielectric insulator strips  73 ; said dielectric insulator strips  73  thereby defining walls of the reactor  2 . 
         [0239]    In this configuration, the first conductor  71  divides the cavity  22  into two channels, the first  221  and the second  222  channel respectively, only in communication at the end of the line, corresponding here to the free end of the first conductor  71 . The first channel  221  is also delimited by the first internal surface  235  of the wall  23 , while the second channel  222  is also delimited by the second internal surface  236  of the wall  23  opposite to the first internal surface  235 . The reactor  2  further has an inlet  20  and an outlet  21  for circulation of the reactive medium, wherein the inlet  20  opens out directly into the first channel  221  and the outlet  21  directly opens out into the second channel  222 ; the inlet  20  and the outlet  21  being advantageously positioned at the beginning of the line, for example symmetrically, relatively to the first conductor  71 . Thus, the reactive medium enters the reactor  2  via the inlet  20 , circulates in the first channel  221  where it is coupled with the first conductor  71 , and then circulates in the second channel where it is again coupled with the first conductor  71  before exiting via the outlet  21 . 
         [0240]    It is noted that the channels  221  and  222  are of the same constant dimensions because the first conductor  71  is of constant thickness and extends in the middle plane Pm of the cavity  22  on the one hand and that both internal surfaces  235  and  236  are symmetrical relatively to the middle plane Pm and parallel to this middle plane Pm on the other hand. 
         [0241]    Alternatively and in order to adjust the distribution profile of the electromagnetic fields, it is of course possible to act on the respective volumes of the channels  221  and  222 , both channels  221  and  222  may be of distinct and variable dimensions notably by acting on: 
         [0242]    the geometry of the first conductor  71  which may vary along the line  70 , notably its thickness which may vary asymmetrically relatively to the middle plane Pm of the cavity and/or its tilt relatively to the middle plane Pm of the cavity  22 ; 
         [0243]    the geometry of the external wall  23  which may vary along the line and more particularly the shape of both internal surfaces  235  and  236  which may no longer be symmetrical relatively to the middle plane Pm. 
         [0244]      FIG. 14  illustrates a device according to the schematic illustration of  FIG. 11   a , where the radiation is of the microwave type. In this embodiment, the wave guide  4  includes a coupling section  40  with a curved shape, notably with the general shape of &lt;&lt;U&gt;&gt;, forming a return loop of said wave guide  4 . The wave guide  4  further includes first  41  and second  42  rectilinear sections facing each other and respectively connected to first and second ends of said curved coupling section  40 . 
         [0245]    A first mobile adaptation member  81 , such as a short-circuit piston, is translationally mobile in the first rectilinear section  41 , and a second mobile adaptation member  82  (not illustrated) such as a variable coupling iris is translationally mobile in the second rectilinear section. The rectilinear sections  41 ,  42  are parallel and facing each other, so that both mobile adaptation members  81 ,  82  may be moved in synchronization by simple means, with a single motor and without any complex synchronization device. 
         [0246]    It is noted that the reactor  2  is coupled to the curved section  40  of the wave guide  4 , said curved coupling section  40  extending at least partly outside said compartment  9 . Certain elements of the device are not described again, having already been the subject of a description referring to  FIGS. 9   b  (for the adaptation and coupling means) and  11   a.    
         [0247]      FIGS. 15 to 20  all illustrate a reactor  2  of the continuous type with an inlet  20  and an outlet  21  for circulation of the reactive medium. In  FIGS. 15 to 20 , are only illustrated the reactor  2  coupled with a coupling section  40  of the wave guide  4 , the coupling section  40  which may be of the rectilinear type ( FIGS. 15   b  and  15   c ) or curved as a &lt;&lt;U&gt;&gt; ( FIGS. 15   a  and  16 ). 
         [0248]    This reactor  2  comprises an external tubular wall  23  notably with a cylindrical section, which extends transversely to the wave guide  4  and which delimits an internal cavity  22 , also with a cylindrical section, into which open out inlet  20  and outlet  21  orifices made in said external wall  23  for allowing reactive medium to circulate in this cavity  22  between both of these orifices  20 ,  21 . 
         [0249]    The external wall  23  has a first end  231  which is integrally added onto the coupling section  40  of the wave guide  4 , for example by screwing or via an integrally added crown onto this first end  231  of the external wall  23 . The lossy transmission line  70  crosses this first end  231  via a seal and insulation gasket  26 . 
         [0250]    The external wall  23  has a second end  232  closed by a lid  234 . 
         [0251]    Except for the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 15   a , the reactor  2  comprises a jacket  24  of the same type as the one described above with reference to  FIG. 9   b . The tubular jacket  24  notably with a cylindrical section, surrounds a length portion of the external wall  23  of the reactor  2 , located between the inlet  20  and the outlet  21 . 
         [0252]    Coupling between the lossy transmission line  70  and the wave guide  4  with a coupling cavity  401  is of the same type as the one described above with reference to  FIG. 9   b.    
         [0253]    Also, the means  6  for matching the impedance of the lossy transmission line  70 /reactive medium assembly, with notably those of the piston  60  and the sleeve  61 , are also of the same type as the one described above with reference to  FIG. 9   b.    
         [0254]    The external wall  23  of the reactor  2  forms the second conductor  72  of the lossy transmission line  70  in the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 16 to 20 ; the first conductor  71  extending in the cavity  22  of the reactor  2 , and the dielectric insulator  73  being positioned between the first conductor  71  and the second conductor  72 , here the external wall  23  of the reactor  2 ; the dielectric insulator  73  may comprise a suitable material added onto the first conductor  71 , or may comprise all or part of the reactive medium including at least one component sensitive to electromagnetic waves. 
         [0255]      FIGS. 16 to 19  illustrate several embodiments wherein a reactive medium circulates in the reactor  2  within a circulation channel  78  surrounding the first conductor  71  of the lossy transmission line  70  on all or part of said line, said circulation channel being at least partly transparent to electromagnetic radiation. The circulation channel  78  provides the interface between the first conductor  71  and the reactive medium which circulates inside. 
         [0256]    In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 15   c  and  17 , the circulation channel  78  includes a hollow tube  780  with a general spiral shape and which surrounds the first conductor  71  on part of its length. The hollow tube  78  thereby extends between the second conductor  72 , here the external wall  23  of the reactor  2 , and the first conductor  71 . The hollow tube  780  is made in a material transparent to electromagnetic radiation. 
         [0257]    A first end  781  of the hollow tube  780  exits the reactor  2  at the first end  231  of the external wall  23 , and a second end  782  also exits the reactor  2  at the second end  232  of the external wall  23 , notably crossing the lid  234 . 
         [0258]    It is noted that a reactive medium may be introduced into the reactor  2  via the hollow tube  780 , and a neutral dielectric fluid (of the liquid or gas type) may be introduced into the reactor  2  via the inlet  20  and the outlet  21 . In this way, said reactive medium circulates in the hollow tube  780  while the neutral dielectric fluid circulates in the reactor  2 , between the first conductor  71 , the second conductor  72  and said hollow tube  780 , and may thus act as a dielectric insulator between the first conductor  71  and the reactive medium. It is thereby possible to act on the distribution of the profile of the electromagnetic field in order to modify the energy transfer between the first conductor  71  and the reactive medium circulating in the hollow tube  780 . An important function of the neutral dielectric fluid is to promote thermal control of the reactive medium by avoiding the formation of hot points within the hollow tube  780 , since the reactive medium is heat-controlled with more difficulty by the jacket  24  because it circulates in the hollow tube  780  and thus the heat exchange surface area is reduced. 
         [0259]    In order to vary the transfer interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium circulating in the hollow tube  780 , it is possible to act on the following two parameters either alone or as a combination: 
         [0260]    geometry of the first conductor  71 ; 
         [0261]    geometry of the hollow tube  780 , in order to control the reactive medium surface area exposed to the radiation of the first conductor  71 . 
         [0262]    In order that the first conductor  71  provides an increasing radiating surface area per unit length, between the beginning and the end of the line, said first conductor  71  has a frusto-conical shape. Thus, the diameter increasing along the line, the radiating surface area of the first conductor  71  also increases per unit length. 
         [0263]    The hollow tube  780  illustrated in  FIG. 17  is of constant section (corresponding to the size of the tube), of constant diameter (corresponding to the diameter of the turn), and of constant pitch; the only control of the coupling interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium being carried out here by the frusto-conical shape of the first conductor  71 . 
         [0264]    However, in order that the reactive medium provides a surface area exposed to the radiation per unit length which increases between the beginning and the end of the line, it is possible to act on the geometry of the hollow tube  780  notably by providing the following variations, between the beginning and the end of the line: 
         [0265]    increase in the section, corresponding to an increasingly large tube; and/or 
         [0266]    reduction in the diameter, corresponding to a tube increasingly close to the first conductor  71 ; and/or 
         [0267]    reduction in the pitch, corresponding to increasingly closer turns, the turns of the beginning of the line have to be spaced apart. 
         [0268]    In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 16 ,  18  and  19 , the circulation channel  78  is delimited by a spiral groove  783  on the one hand made on the external face of a hollow body  784  surrounding the first conductor  71 , and by the external wall  23  on the other hand. The hollow body  784  is sealably mounted against the external wall  23 , so that the reactive medium only circulates in the groove  783 . The reactive medium is introduced into the groove  783  via the inlet  20 , which directly opens out into the groove  783 , and emerges therefrom via the outlet  21 , which also directly opens out into the groove  783 . The hollow body  784  is made in a material transparent to electromagnetic radiation, and may be considered as part of the insulator  73 , in the same way as the sleeve  730  in dielectric material described hereinbefore notably with reference to  FIGS. 9   b  and  9   c.    
         [0269]    In order to vary the transfer interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium circulating in the groove  783 , it is possible to act on the two following parameters either alone or as a combination: 
         [0270]    geometry of the first conductor  71 ; 
         [0271]    geometry of the hollow body  784 , and more particularly of the groove, in order to control the reactive medium surface area exposed to the radiation of the first conductor  71 , which substantially amounts to the same as acting on the geometry of the sleeve  730  as illustrated in  FIG. 9   c.    
         [0272]    As illustrated in  FIG. 18 , in order that the first conductor  71  provides an increasing radiating surface area per unit length, between the beginning and the end of the line, said first conductor  71  has a frusto-conical shape. In this embodiment, the hollow body  784  has an internal cavity  785  with a cylindrical section and the diameter of which is substantially greater than the diameter of the first conductor  71  at its free end. Of course, it is possible to act on the dielectric insulation between the first conductor  71  and the groove  783  by controlling the dimensions of the internal cavity  785  of the hollow body  784 , so that said hollow body  784  more or less clasps said first conductor  71 . 
         [0273]    According to a particular feature, the hollow body  784  is rotationally mobile in order to be able to be driven into rotation in the reactor  2  around the longitudinal axis of the lossy transmission line  70 ; the hollow body  784  with its groove  783  thereby operating according to the principle of the worm screw in order to be able to convey a reactive medium between the inlet  20  and the outlet  21  of the reactor  2 . Such conveying by rotation of the hollow body  784  is particularly suitable for a reactive medium in solid form, such as of the granular or powdery type for example. 
         [0274]    As illustrated in  FIG. 19 , in order to drive the hollow body  784  into rotation, it is possible to make it interdependent in rotation with the hollow body  784  and the first conductor  71  and to drive into rotation said first conductor  71 , for example by means of a rotary motor  786  mounted on the sleeve  61 , and more particularly on its transverse end wall  63 . In this case, the first conductor  71  crosses said transverse end wall  63 , in which it is rotatably mounted, notably by means of a ball bearing, in order to cooperate with the rotary motor  786 . At the other end of the first conductor  71 , said first conductor  71  may be guided in rotation by means of a centering pin  238  protruding from the lid  234  in order to engage into a cavity made for this purpose in this end of the first conductor  71 . Of course, it may be contemplated that the rotary motor  786  be positioned at this other end of the first conductor  71  which would then cross the lid  234  in the same way that it crosses the transverse end wall  63  in  FIG. 19 . 
         [0275]    In order to make the hollow body  784  and the first conductor  71 , for example of cylindrical section, interdependent in rotation, mounting without any play said hollow body  784  around said first conductor may be contemplated; the internal cavity  785  of the hollow body  784  is then completely filled with the first conductor  71 . 
         [0276]    The groove  783  illustrated in  FIG. 18  is of constant width (corresponding to the dimension along the longitudinal axis of the first conductor  71 ), of constant depth (corresponding to the dimension along the axis perpendicular to the first conductor  71 ), and of constant pitch; the only control of the coupling interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium being carried out here by the frusto-conical shape of the first conductor  71 . 
         [0277]    However, in order that the reactive medium provides a surface area exposed to the radiation per unit length which increases between the beginning and the end of the line, it is possible to act on the geometry of the groove  783  notably by providing the following variations, between the beginning and the end of the line: 
         [0278]    increase in the width of the groove, corresponding to an increasingly wide groove; and/or 
         [0279]    increase in the depth of the groove, corresponding to a groove increasingly close to the first conductor  71 ; and/or 
         [0280]    reduction in the pitch, corresponding to increasingly closer turns, the turns at the beginning of the grooves have to be spaced apart. 
         [0281]      FIGS. 20   a  to  20   c  illustrate reactors  2  which comprise stirring means  28  as propellers  280  or helicoidal parts performing a rotary movement by means of a motorized member  281 . According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the propellers or helicoidal parts  280  have a parallel axis of symmetry, or even coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the lossy transmission line  70 . Thus, the propellers extend around the first conductor  71  of the lossy transmission line  70 , and they are centered around this first conductor  71 . The propellers  280  may also have an external diameter substantially equal to the internal diameter of the tubular reactor body  23  (or external wall  23 ), in order to rotate in said body  23  with small play relatively to the latter. The propellers  280  are driven into rotation notably by means of a rotary motor  281  positioned at the end  232  of the reactor  2 , outside the latter. 
         [0282]    The reactors  2  illustrated in  FIGS. 20   a  to  20   c  do not comprise any circulation channel for a reactive medium as described above; said reactive medium being introduced at the inlet  20  and extracted at the outlet  21 , this reactive medium extending completely between the first conductor  71  and the second conductor  72 , i.e. the external wall  23  or reactor body. 
         [0283]    In order to vary the transfer interface between the lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium circulating in the reactor  2 , it is possible to only act on the transverse geometry of the first conductor  71 : in  FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b , the first conductor  71  has a general frusto-conical shape, with continuous increase in the section of the first conductor  71 , and in  FIG. 20   c , the first conductor  71  has a general staircase shape, with stepwise increase in the section of the first conductor  71 . 
         [0284]    In each of the  FIG. 17 ,  18 ,  19 ,  20   b  or  20   c , first  711  and second  712  cross-sections of the lossy transmission line  70  are illustrated, wherein the transfer interface between said lossy transmission line  70  and the reactive medium, and therefore the coupling between said line  70  and said reactive medium are larger in the case of the second cross-section  712  as compared with the first cross-section  711 . The different means for obtaining this difference in transfer interface or coupling with the reactive medium have been described above and mainly comprise acting on the geometry of the first conductor  71  and/or of the circulation channel  78  and/or of the second conductor  72  and/or of the insulator  73 . 
         [0285]    Of course, the exemplary embodiment mentioned above does not have any limitation and other details and improvements may be provided to the application device according to the invention, without however departing from the scope of the invention wherein other first conductor and/or circulation channel and/or reactor and/or second conductor and/or insulator embodiments may be achieved.