Abstract:
Small cell lung carcinoma cells (SCLC) contain gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) receptors. The response of the cells to GRP is rapid growth. We have found a group of heptapeptides that act as GRP antagonists by blocking the binding of GRP to its receptor thereby inhibiting the growth of cells that are sensitive to the growth promoting acitivity of GRP.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application is a continuation-in-part of copending patent application Ser. No. 111,755 filed Oct. 23, 1987, and now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), a 27-amino acid hormone, stimulates the growth of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells in cell culture. Antibodies directed against GRP block the growth of SCLC in nude mice. 
     DISCLOSURE STATEMENT 
     Broccardo et al., Br. J. Pharmac. 55:221-227 (1975) compare the pharmacological activity of two natural bombesin-like peptides and 25 related synthetic peptides to that of bombesin. 
     Marki et al., Peptides 2, Suppl. 2:169-177 (1981) disclose structure activity relationship of 26 peptide analogs of bombesin and GRP. The minimal essential residues required for full potency of bombesin-like effects is represented by an acetylated C-terminal 8-peptide fragment wherein position 7 can be substituted by alanine, histidine, glutamine or D-glutamine. Modification of the tryptophan [8] and histidine [12] residues by alanine abolished the biological potency of these peptides. A blocked N-terminus is necessary for maximum response. 
     Moody et al., Peptides 4 (5):683-686 (1983) disclose the presence of high concentrations of bombesin-like peptides and receptors in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and suggest that bombesin may function as an important regulatory agent in human SCLC. 
     Jensen et al., Nature 309:61-63 (May 3, 1984) diclose that a substance P analog is also a bombesin receptor antagonist. 
     Weber et al., J. Clin. Invest. 75:306-309 (1985) disclose that the mitogenicity of gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) resides in its carboxy terminal fragment, designated GRP 14-27, which is partly homologous to bombesin. The authors speculate that GRP or a closely related small peptide may be acting as an autocrine growth factor for SCLC. 
     Cuttitta et al., Nature, 316:823-826 (Aug. 29, 1985) disclose that a monoclonal antibody to bombesin blocks the binding of the hormone to cellular receptors and inhibits the clonal growth of SCLC in vitro and the growth of SCLC xenografts in vivo demonstrating that bombesin-like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors for human SCLC. 
     Corps et al., Biochem. J. 231:781-784 (1985) disclose that an analog of substance P inhibits the stimulation of DNA synthesis induced in Swiss 3T3 cells by bombesin. 
     Bepler et al., Cancer Research 47:2371-2375 (May 1, 1987) disclose that the undecapeptide physalaemin inhibits the clonal and mass culture growth of SCLC cell lines at picomolar concentrations. 
     Heinz-Erian et al., Am. J. Physiol. 252:G439-G442 (1987) disclosed that [D-Phe 12  ] analogs of bombesin are the only bombesin receptor antagonists identified to date that interact only with the bombesin receptor. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide peptide derivatives that act as antagonists of GRP. Another object of the present invention is to provide fragments of GRP that act as antagonists of GRP. Yet another object is to provide compounds that block the binding of GRP to the GRP cell receptor. A further object is to provide compounds of interest in studying the role of GRP in SCLC. These and other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A series of peptide derivatives have been found which are GRP antagonists and which suppress GRP-stimulated mitogenesis in Swiss 3T3 cells. 
     The peptide of the present invention are the following: ##STR1## wherein R 1  is benzyl, a straight or branched chain alkyl group of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group either of which is optionally substituted by alkyl of from 1 to 3 carbons, hydroxy, alkoxy of from 1 to 3 carbons NH 2 , halogen, trifluoromethyl or nitro. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The activity of the peptides of the present invention as GRP antagonists was determined in competitive binding assays with a radioactive GRP derivative. Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were used in these tests as the source of GRP receptor. Because these cells respond to GRP binding with a rapid increase in DNA synthesis, peptides that bind to the GRP receptor can also be tested for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis. New DNA synthesis is one of the early steps in cell division and is widely accepted as a measure of mitogenicity or cell growth. Peptides which bind to the receptor and do not stimulate growth are then tested for their ability to block GRP stimulated DNA synthesis. Peptides which block DNA synthesis are mitogenic antagonists. 
     The binding of a peptide to its receptor initiates a series of changes within the cell which ultimately lead to more rapid cell growth. Many growth factors, including GRP, elicit an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+  ]i) which may be part of the mitogenic signalling pathway (Heikkila et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262:16456-16460, 1987). Peptides which block the GRP dependent response in cells are GRP antagonists. 
     The peptides of the present invention can be synthesized from their constituent amino acids by conventional peptide synthesis techniques, preferably by solid-phase technology. The peptides are then purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 
     Standard methods of peptide synthesis are disclosed, for example, in the following works: Schroeder et al., &#34;The Peptides&#34;, Vol. I, Academic Press 1965, or Bodanszky et al., &#34;Peptide Synthesis&#34;, Interscience Publishers, 1966, or McOmie (ed.) &#34;Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry&#34;, Plenum Press, 1973, or Barany et al., &#34;The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology&#34; 2, Chapter 1, Academic Press, 1980. The teachings of these works are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Known peptide antagonists of GRP are based on the structure of bombesin, a GRP analog containing 14 amino acids, or substance P, which contains 11 amino acids. The size of these antagonists are such that pharmacokinetic problems may be encountered. In addition, antagonists based on substance P show cross-reactivity with the substance P receptor. 
     Current chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of SCLC are poorly effective. The treatment of SCLC by inhibiting the binding of GRP to its receptor offers advantages over conventional chemotherapy. First, use of a peptide antagonist avoids the gross toxic side effects of conventional chemotherapy. In addition, receptor antagonists do not need to enter the cell to be effective. 
     The peptides of th present invention are effective in inhibiting the growth of cells that are sensitive to the growth promoting activity of GRP. 
     The following procedures were employed in determining the activity of the peptide derivatives of the present invention. 
     PROCEDURE A 
     Binding Inhibition Studies 
     Swiss 3T3 cells, obtained from Dr. K. Brown (Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge, U.K.). The cells were grown to confluency in Costar 12-well plates containing DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. The cells were washed twice with binding buffer [1:1 DMEM:Waymouths MB752/1 medium, plus 1 mg/ml BSA (Fraction V, Calbiochem)]. The antagonist was dissolved in 10 mM HCl, and diluted to the appropriate concentration in binding buffer. The antagonist was then added to the cells, followed by radiolabelled GRP at a final concentration of 7 nM. After 30 minutes incubation at 37° C., the supernatant liquid was removed and the cell monolayer rinsed four times with washing buffer (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Na 2  HPO 4 , 5 mM KCl, 1.8 mM KH 2  PO 4 , 1 mg/ml BSA). The cells were then lysed with 1 ml/well of lysis buffer (1% Triton X-100, 0.1% BSA), and the solution was aspirated into scintillation vials for counting. Each data point was collected in triplicate. 
     PROCEDURE B 
     Mitogenic Stimulation 
     Swiss 3T3 cells were grown in monolayer culture in 24-well plates (Costar) in serum-free DMEM for 48 hours, at which time the peptide being tested and 23 nM  3  H-thymidine were added. After an additional 48 hours, the cell monolayer was washed twice with PBS, and the cells were then removed with 1 ml 10× trypsin containing 5 mM EDTA. The cells were harvested with a Skatron filter apparatus, and the filters counted in a scintillation counter. 
     PROCEDURE C 
     Mitogenesis Inhibition 
     Swiss 3T3 cells were grown in monolayer culture in 24-well plates (Costar) in serum-free DMEM for 48 hours, at which time the GRP or a GRP homologue, the antagonist and 23 nM  3  H-thymidine were added. After an additional 48 hours, the cell monolayer was washed twice with PBS, and the cells were then removed with 1 ml 10× trypsin containing 5 mM EDTA. The cells were harvested with a Skatron filter apparatus, and the filters counted in a scintillation counter. 
     PROCEDURE D 
     Stimulation of Ca 2+  Release in SCLC 
     Following the procedure of Heikkila et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262 16456 (1987), approximately 1×10 8  H345 SCLC cells, maintained in RPMI-1640 (Ro) medium supplemented with selenium, insulin, and transferrin, were harvested by settling and washing with Ro. They were then resuspended in 2 ml Ro, to which 1.2 nmol Fura-2/AM per 10 6  cells was added. After a 15 minute incubation at 37° C., the cells were diluted to 10 ml with Ro and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. The cells were then centrifuged and resuspended in HEPES-saline (140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 5 mM glucose, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) at a density of 2.5-5×10 6  cells/ml. The cells were kept on ice for up to 2 hours before being used. Ca 2+  measurements were performed at 37° C. in an Aminco SPF-500 fluorimeter. The excitation wavelength was 340 nm, the emission wavelength 510 nm. Two ml of cell suspension was periodically resuspended in a 3  ml plastic cuvette. They were equilibrated at 37° C. for at least 5 minutes before data was collected. After a stable baseline was established, a mixture of the compound of interest an 100 nM GRP was added, and data was collected for approximately 5 minutes. At that time, a challenge dose of GRP was added, and data was collected for an additional 5 minutes. The cells were then lysed with 4 μl 10% Triton X-100 to measure peak flouorescence. Baseline fluorescence was measured after the subsequent addition of 40 μl 2M Tris (pH 9.5) and 64 μl 0.2M EGTA. 
     The following examples illustrate the present invention without, however, limiting the same thereto. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The following results were obtained following procedure C. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________                     EC.sub.50 *                Binding                     Mitogenic                           MitogenicPeptide Antagonist   Inhibition                     Stimulation                           Inhibition__________________________________________________________________________Ac--His--Trp--Ala--Val--Gly--His--                 2 uM                     &gt;100 uM                            3 uMLeuNH2 (Acetyl GRP 20-26 Amide)His--Trp--Ala--Val--Gly--His--LeuNH2                20 uM                     &gt;100 uM                           50 uM(GRP 20-26 amide)__________________________________________________________________________ *EC.sub.50 Definitions: 
    
     Binding Inhibition: [Antagonist] which reduces the specific binding of 7 nM [ 3  H-Phe 15  ] GRP 15-27 to 50% of the level observed in the absence of antagonist. Assay performed in Swiss 3T3 cell monolayers. 
     Mitogenic Stimulation: [Agonist] which stimulates uptake of  3  H-thymidine to 50% of the maximal level caused by [Nle 27  ] GRP 15-27. Assay performed on Swiss 3T3 monolayers. 
     Mitogenic Inhibition: [Antagonist] which reduces the uptake of  3  H-thymidine caused by 7 nM [Nle 27  ] GRP 15-27 to 50% of the level observed in the absence of antagonist. Similar results obtained for the first antagonist using [Nle 27  ] GRP 1-27 as the mitogen. Assay performed on Swiss 3T3 monolayers. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A suspension of the peptide N-acetyl His Trp Ala Val Gly His Leu, which was synthesized by standard peptide synthesis protocols, at 1 mg/ml in dry ethanol at 0° C. was deaerated by bubbling with dry N 2 . Dry HCl gas was then passed through the solution at 0° C. until fuming was observed. The reaction vessel was capped, and then stirred at 0° C. for 45 minutes. After the HCl was removed by bubbling with dry N 2 , the solution was rotovapped to dryness three times. The product, N-acetyl His Trp Ala Val Gly His Leu-OCH 2  CH 3 , was purified by HPLC. 
     The following IC 50  values for this compound were obtained in the indiated biological assay: 
     Binding inhibition: 3.9 nM (average of 6 experiments). 
     Mitogenic Stimulation: none (at concentrations up to 30 μM). 
     Mitogenic Inhibition: 15 nM (average of 2 experiments) [Ca 2+  ]i in SCLC: 400 nM. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     The methyl ester of N-acetyl His Trp Ala Val Gly His Leu was synthesized as described in example 2 except substituting methanol for ethanol. The other esters in the following table were prepared by coupling N-acetyl His Trp Ala Val Gly with the corresponding His Leu-OR using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride. The intermediates, His Leu-OR, were obtained by condensation of (S)-Leu-OR with N.sup.α -N im  -diBoc-(S)-His by the mixed anhydride procedure followed by deprotection with anhydrous HCl in ethyl acetate. The initial leucine esters were prepared by esterification of Boc-(S)-Leu with the appropriate alcohol, 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine in methylene chloride. The Boc protective group was subsequently removed with anhydrous HCl at 0° C. All peptides were purified by reverse-phase HPLC (&gt;98% pure). Amino acid composition data were obtained in triplicate, and were consistent with the predicted sequence. N-Acetyl His Trp Ala Val Gly His Leu-NHEt was synthesized from the corresponding His-ethyl amide utilizing coupling procedures analagous to those described above. 
     The assays of example 2 were repeated with the following peptide derivatives with the results indicated: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________                Binding    Mitogenic                Inhibition                     Mitogenic                           Inhibition                IC.sub.50                     at IC.sub.50                           a IC.sub.50__________________________________________________________________________AcHisTrpAlaValGlyHisLeu--OCH.sub.3                7.7  -     +AcHisTrpAlaValGlyHisLeu--O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.3                3.5  -     +AcHisTrpAlaValGlyHisLeu--O(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH.sub.3                6.8  -     +AcHisTrpAlaValGlyHisLeu--O(CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH.sub.3                12.4 -     +AcHisTrpAlaValGlyHisLeu--OCH.sub.2 (CH.sub.3).sub.2                38   -     +AcHisTrpAlaValGlyHisLeu--OCH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                5.4  -     +AcHisTrpAlaValGlyHisLeu--NCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                53   -     +__________________________________________________________________________