Abstract:
A CABAC decoding engine is devised to cover all aspects of decoding all CABAC-coded syntax elements for AVC. This CABAC decoding engine acts like a Co-processor to another Processor (CPU), which guides the decoding of the bit stream. The CABAC decoding engine or Co-processor has the following highlights: unique context model retrieving and storing method is developed to allow a complete syntax element to be decoded in one hardware (H/W) execution cycle (not necessarily one clock cycle.); H/W assisted approach is provided to accelerate context model initialization; H/W based approach is incorporated to allow fast de-binarization; H/W based approach is provided to allow a block of syntax elements to be decoded instead of one by one; and dedicated H/W accelerators are incorporated to decode special syntax elements.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application makes reference to, claims priority to, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/474,080 filed on May 28, 2003, entitled “Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Code Decoding Engine,” the complete subject matter of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety. 
   This application makes reference to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/273,515, filed on Oct. 18, 2002, entitled “System and Method for Transcoding Entropy-Coded Bitstreams,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

   FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
   [Not Applicable] 
   MICROFICHE/COPYRIGHT REFERENCE 
   [Not Applicable] 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   As an efficient coding and compression tool, Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is used extensively in AVC (or JVT), as described in Draft ITU-T Recommendation and Final Draft International Standard of Joint Video Specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC), March 2003. When enabled, all syntax elements below slice header layer are coded using CABAC in AVC. 
   The following are operations involved in decoding CABAC-coded streams: 
   Initialization—the decoding engine is first initialized using already decoded properties about a slice. Range division variables used in the decoding engine are initialized to known values and the context model variables are also initialized. 
   Binarization—Each syntax element to be decoded is expressed in a variable length code at the encoder side and the process of converting a fixed-length code to a variable length code is called binarization. The purposes of employing binarization are to assign a string of bits to syntax elements with more than two possible values, and to assign shorter codes to the more probable values for the syntax element. At the decoder side, a de-binarization process is applied so that the original fixed-length syntax element can be recovered. 
   Symbol Decoding—The basic element that CABAC is dealing with is a binary bit value of ‘1’ or ‘0’ (referred to as a bin). A binarized syntax element would have a string of such binary bits and each such bit is called a symbol in CABAC. Each symbol of a syntax element is decoded individually with a probability model associated with the symbol. In CABAC, a symbol may have several models (or contexts) associated with it and the model selection is based on adjacent macroblock properties. A table-based approach is employed in CABAC to decode a symbol that, in principle, emulates the range subdivision algorithm as developed in “Arithmetic Coding for Data Compression”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 30, No. 6, June 1987, by Ian H Witten, et. al. and “Arithmetic Coding Revisited”, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 16, No. 3, July 1998, pp. 256-294, each of which are incorporated herein by reference, that uses symbol probability models as variables. 
   Model Update—After a symbol is decoded, the probability model (or context model) will be updated based on the decoded value of the symbol. So next time when the same symbol is decoded again using the same context model, the probability values will be different. Through this, an adaptive model updating is being achieved. 
   Reference management—The context selection for certain binary bits (bins) in a syntax element are based on the values of previously decoded syntax elements in geometrically adjacent left and top macroblocks. When AFF (adaptive frame-field) is enabled for a bit stream, every macroblock pair can be either frame or field coded. There is a set of rules that need to be followed based on the properties of the current macroblock pair and the adjacent ones in order to derive the reference value associated with a geometrically adjacent block/macroblock. These references are in turn used to calculate the context associated with the bin-to-be decoded. 
   There are several difficulties with CABAC. Among them are: 
   Each binarized symbol bit (or bin) is decoded one at a time and involves invoking the range subdivision algorithm. 
   Each bin involves selection of a context and updating the context at the end of the decoding of the bin. 
   Various bins of a syntax element may use different context selection criteria. 
   Different syntax elements use different binarization schemes. 
   Initialization of all the context-models takes a lot of processing because of the large number of context models involved. 
   Certain bins for a syntax element have multiple contexts associated with them. The context to be used for those bins is calculated based on previously decoded syntax elements in geometrically adjacent macroblocks and macroblock pairs. The storage structure of the decoded syntax elements for different macroblocks and macroblock pairs and selection of the appropriate reference and calculation of the context to be used are both inherently complex. 
   Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Aspects of the present invention may be found in, for example, a decoder for decoding arithmetic code. A decoder in accordance with the present invention may comprise, for example, a first circuit for accelerating probability model initialization; a second circuit for decoding at least one bin from an encoded video stream to obtain at least one decoded bin value; a third circuit for recovering at least one syntax element from the at least one decoded bin value; a fourth circuit for selecting a probability model, the probability model used in the decoding of the at least one bin by the second circuit; and memory for storing one or more instructions, wherein the one or more instructions cause the decoder to decode a complete syntax element in hardware. 
   In another embodiment, a decoder in accordance with the present invention may comprise, for example, a first circuit for decoding one bin of a first type of syntax element from the encoded video stream to obtain a decoded bin value; and a second circuit for decoding a plurality of bins of a second type of syntax element from the encoded video stream to obtain decoded bin values, wherein an external circuit selects the first circuit or the second circuit to perform arithmetic code decoding, the selection based on the type of bins in the encoded video stream. 
   In yet another embodiment, a decoder in accordance with the present invention may comprise, for example, a de-binarization circuit, said de-binarization circuit for recovering at least one syntax element from the encoded video stream. 
   In a different embodiment, a decoder in accordance with the present invention may comprise, for example, a probability model selector circuit, the probability model selector circuit used in the decoding of the encoded video stream. 
   In yet a different embodiment, a method in accordance with the present invention may comprise, for example, initializing a plurality of probability models; receiving an encoded video stream; selecting a probability model from the plurality of probability models; decoding at least one bin from the encoded video stream using the selected probability model; and recovering at least one syntax element from the at least one decoded bin. 
   These and other features and advantages of the present invention may be appreciated from a review of the following detailed description of the present invention, along with the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the AVC video stream hierarchy; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary circuit for decoding compressed video data utilizing an MPEG AVC video decoder, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a simplified functional diagram of an Entropy decoder circuit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a functional diagram of a CABAC decoding engine in the decoder circuit of  FIG. 3 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of neighboring macroblocks illustrating the use of Macroblock-Adaptive Field-Frame (MB-AFF) coding; 
       FIG. 6  is a functional diagram of a bin decoding engine, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 7  is a flow diagram of a method for arithmetic decoding, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is illustrated a block diagram of an Advanced Video Coding (AVC) stream hierarchy of a video stream that may be encoded using CABAC encoding. A video sequence  105  includes an encoded representation of a series of pictures  305 . The pictures  305  are divided into slice groups  315 , wherein each slice group  315  includes one or more slices  311 , and each slice  311  contains any number of encoded macroblocks  312 . 
   In AVC, the macroblocks  312 , forming a slice group  315 , are not necessarily spatially contiguous. Slice groups  315  may include macroblocks  312  that are throughout the entire picture  305  with macroblocks  312  from other slices groups  315  interspersed therebetween. The foregoing is known as Flexible Macroblock Ordering. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary circuit for decoding compressed video data utilizing an MPEG AVC video decoder, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Data is received and processed in a transport processor  205 . The data can be received from either a communication channel or from a local memory, such as, for example, a hard disc or a DVD. In addition, the video data may be compressed using different entropy coding methods, for example, CABAC encoding. The transport processor  205  demultiplexes the transport stream into stream constituents. 
   The data output from the transport processor  205  may then be passed to a temporary storage buffer  203  within a Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM)  201 . Audio stream data from the temporary storage buffer  203  passes to an audio decoder  215  and the video stream data passes to a MPEG AVC video decoder  209 . The audio data is then sent to the output blocks, and the video is sent to a display engine  211 . 
   The display engine  211  scales the video picture, renders the graphics, and constructs the complete display. Once the display is ready to be presented, it is passed to a video encoder  213  where it is converted to analog video using an internal digital to analog converter (DAC). The digital audio is converted to analog in an audio digital to analog converter (DAC)  217 . 
   The video decoder  209  decodes pictures from the encoded video elementary stream and stores the pictures in frame buffers  219 . The video decoder  209  may comprise a CABAC decoding engine, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Decoding by the video decoder  209  is performed on a syntax element-by-element basis for all video data layers. Non-video data layers, such as headers (picture, sequence or slice headers), are not decoded by the CABAC decoding engine in the case of video streams that do not use CABAC for headers. 
     FIG. 3  is a simplified functional diagram of an entropy decoder circuit  300 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The illustrated entropy decoder circuit  300  comprises a processor (CPU)  301 , a co-processor bridge  303 , and a CABAC engine co-processor  305 . The CPU  301  issues commands related to the encoded video stream  307 , which is received by the CABAC engine  305 . The commands issued by the CPU  301  are communicated to the CABAC engine  305  via the co-processor bridge  303 . After the video stream is decoded, the output  309  may be communicated from the CABAC engine  305  to another circuit, or it may also be communicated back to the CPU  301  via the co-processor bridge  303 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , there is illustrated a functional diagram of a CABAC decoding engine  405  in the decoder circuit of  FIG. 3 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Commands  479  are provided by the CPU  401 , which communicates with the CABAC engine  405  through the co-processor bridge  403 . The CPU  401  provides the necessary parameters and starts the CABAC engine  405 . The decoded results are either returned to the Processor or stored in memory for further processing. The decoded results can either be used directly by other decoding processes or can be converted into another format, such as a variable length code format. An exemplary method and system for transcoding an entropy coded bitstream into a variable length format is more fully described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/273,515 , filed on Oct. 18, 2002, entitled “System and Method for Transcoding Entropy-Coded Bitstreams,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
   The CABAC engine  405  comprises modules, which perform different functions required by CABAC and AVC. More specifically, the CABAC engine  405  comprises a command handler  407 , a block coefficient decoder  417 , an arithmetic code bin decoding engine (ACBDE)  415 , a binarization search engine  419 , a reference management and context selection (RMCS) module  413 , an initialization module  411 , and a context model RAM  409 . 
   The commands  479  issued by the CPU  401  are received by the command handler  407 . The command handler  407  decodes the CPU commands  479  and sends appropriate control signals  480  to the other CABAC engine modules. After processing the command  479 , the command handler  407  provides a status information  481  back to the CPU  401 . The status  481  may provide, for example, a confirmation that the command  479  has been executed, a decoded value from the received video stream  470 , or both. After the command handler  407  communicates the status  481 , it may proceed with receiving the next command from the CPU  401 . 
   The incoming video stream  470  goes into either the block coefficient decoder  417  or to the ACBDE  415 . The CPU  401  determines the class of the elements in the bit stream  470 . In order to do that, the CPU  401  may read previously decoded syntax elements. Based on the different classes of syntax elements that are presented in the bit stream  470 , the CPU  401  issues an appropriate command  479 , which activates either the block coefficient decoder  417  or the ACBDE  415 . Subsequent initialization on the block coefficient decoder  417  and the ACBDE  415  is performed by the initialization unit  411 . After initialization, bits are taken from the incoming stream  470 , as needed, for decoding. In order to decode the received bits, the block coefficient decoder  417  or to the ACBDE  415  utilize probability context models stored on the context model RAM  409 . 
   There are 399 probability context models in the current version of the AVC draft standard, which are associated with many syntax elements and bins within them for a given encoded video stream. At the start of a slice, the context model is initialized using a fixed algorithm using the QP value of the slice in calculating the initial values for the context models, according to the CABAC specification in AVC. All 399 context models, each composed of a “state” value and Most Probable Symbol (MPS) value (the latter is a single bit), are stored locally in the context model RAM  409 , which may be a static RAM of 399 entries. The “state” variable uses 6 bits. Therefore, the context model RAM  409  needs 399 entries, each being 7 bits wide, with additional bits whose function will be described later. 
   Each context stored on the context model RAM  409  is initialized by the initialization module  411  to a preset value, that is set as the standard, at the start of the decoding process of a unit of encoded video stream data, such as a slice. As bins from the encoded video stream  470  are received by the CABAC engine  405  and decoded by the ACBDE  415  or the block coefficient decoder  417 , the decoded values are used to modify the context model. Probabilities are then modified dynamically according to the actual data being communicated. When another subsequent bin from the same class is being decoded, the modified context model is used and, if necessary, a further update to the context model is performed at that time. This process continues in the CABAC engine  405  until the end of the entire sequence of encoded bins is reached. At that time, all context models stored in the context model RAM  409  are reset to their standard preset value. 
   Initializing all the 399 context models in software is a tedious and time-consuming task since calculations have to be done for each context and the calculated result has to be written to the Context Model RAM  409  holding the context models. If a slice is short and, as a result, the time between slices is short, then the percentage of time spent performing initialization in software would be quite large. Therefore, the initialization function is implemented using a hardwired block, the initialization module  411 , and a context model is initialized (including the calculations) at the rate of one context every clock cycle. 
   The core function of the ACBDE  415  is to perform the arithmetic-decoding algorithm pursuant to the AVC Standard. The ACBDE module decodes a bin using a context model provided as input and updates the context model at the end of the decoding process. All this happens within one operating clock cycle. The CABAC internal variables pursuant to the AVC Standard are maintained inside the ACBDE  415  and are updated when a bin is decoded. This block may be hardwired and is the basic functional module to support decode of a generic AVC CABAC syntax element. 
   If the block coefficient decoder  417  is selected for decoding by the CPU  401 , the decoding process speed is increased as a complete block of coefficients is decoded using a single command from the CPU  401 . This is possible because context selection for all the coefficients within a block depends only on the macro-block type, the block index and the decoded syntax elements within the block. Being able to decode a whole block in one command can dramatically reduce the overall decoding time because of the low degree of involvement by the processor. 
   Once the bins have been decoded by the block coefficient decoder  417  or the ACBDE  415 , the bins are communicated to the binarization search engine  419 , where bins are converted to the corresponding syntax elements, or symbols. The binarization search engine  419  works together with the ACBDE  415  and the block coefficient decoder  417  to appropriately terminate the syntax element decoding process by comparing the decoded bins to a set of binarization codes and determining whether a valid code word has been decoded. Each syntax element may have a different set of binarization codes. The binarization search engine  419  may be a hardwired block in order to support all AVC CABAC syntax element binarization schemes. 
   In some cases, several decoded bins may be converted by the binarization search engine  419  to only one syntax element. In other cases, only one bin may correspond, and be converted to by the binarization search engine  419 , to one syntax element. The binarization search engine  419  determines the exact number of bins that have to be converted for each corresponding class of syntax elements. 
   After decoding a given bin, the binarization search engine  419  updates the RMCS module  413  with an updated context model for that bin. The binarization search engine  419  then continues converting all the remaining bins for a specific class of a syntax element, and after all the bins from the specific class have been converted, it performs any necessary update to the corresponding context model via the RMCS module  413  so that it may be used in subsequent decoding of bins from the same class. The final decoded symbol may be transmitted as an output  471 , or may be sent back to the CPU  401  in the status data flow  481 . 
   There are two modes, in which the CABAC engine  405  performs decoding—a generic syntax element decoding mode and a group syntax element decoding mode. These modes correspond to different types of commands issued by the CPU  401 . 
   In the generic syntax element mode, the CABAC engine  405  decodes and parses one syntax element at a time. This function utilizes the generic or common resource in the engine because all generic syntax elements are encoded in a similar manner. The CPU  401  provides the parameters needed by the CABAC engine  405  to decode the expected syntax element. The CABAC engine  405  then decodes the whole syntax element in one command without further involvement from the CPU  401 . That is, all the bins associated with that syntax element are decoded in one hardware operation. The generic syntax element mode may be performed, for example, by an arithmetic code bin decoding engine, such as the ACBDE  415  of  FIG. 4 . 
   In the group syntax element mode, the CABAC engine  405  decodes and parses one or more syntax elements using dedicated decoding control logic in addition to the common resource utilized for decoding generic syntax elements. The CPU  401  provides the parameters needed by the CABAC engine  405  to enable it to perform this decoding function without the intervention by the CPU  401 . The group syntax element-decoding mode involves decoding of multiple syntax elements by the CABAC engine  405  in response to one command from the CPU  401 . Some of these syntax elements are present only in the previously decoded syntax elements having certain specific values. This condition check is also performed by the CABAC engine  405 . The group syntax element mode may be performed, for example, by a block coefficient decoder, such as the block coefficient decoder  417  of  FIG. 4 . 
   All the syntax elements in an encoded video stream  470 , whether they are decoded using the generic syntax element decoding mode or the group syntax element decoding mode, can be classified into two categories: syntax elements without inter-bin dependencies and syntax elements with inter-bin dependencies. 
   The category of syntax elements without inter-bin dependencies does not have inter-bin dependencies. That is, the context selection of the succeeding bins of this type of syntax element does not depend on the already decoded bins. Typically in this case, there are multiple contexts to select from for the first bin, and there is only one possible context for each of the other bins. 
   In the AVC standard, the syntax elements that fall into this category are: 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               mb_skip 
             
             
                 
               sub_mb_type_P 
             
             
                 
               abs_mvd_h 
             
             
                 
               abs_mvd_v 
             
             
                 
               ref_idx 
             
             
                 
               delta_qp 
             
             
                 
               ipred_chroma 
             
             
                 
               coded_block_flag 
             
             
                 
               coeff_sig 
             
             
                 
               coeff_last 
             
             
                 
               Each bin of cbp_luma 
             
             
                 
               Each bin of cbp_chroma 
             
             
                 
               ipred_mpm, ipred_rm 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   For this type of syntax element, contexts provided in the AVC standard context tables are re-arranged in such a way that all contexts for the syntax elements listed above are directed to auto-index to another context and the resulting contexts are stored in the context model memory. The context for the first bin is calculated by the CABAC engine  405 , and using the auto-index feature it derives the contexts for all other bins for the syntax element. The detailed operations are as follows: 
   Firmware (FW), running on the CPU  401 , issues a CABAC syntax-element decode command  479  to the CABAC Engine  405  to initiate the decoding process of the syntax element. 
   The command handler  407  decodes the command. Based on the syntax element type, it determines if there are multiple contexts associated with the first bin of that syntax element. If so, it uses the reference management/context calculation engine to calculate the context of the first bin using the adjacent block/macro-block information. If the first bin uses a fixed context, then it selects the starting context value and continues with the rest of the decoding process. 
   CABAC Engine decodes the first bin of the syntax element. 
   Each entry in the context model RAM  409  has a field pointing to another entry in the memory. If more bins are to be decoded (after checking the current state of decoding against the binarization scheme of the syntax element), the CABAC Engine  405  uses the pointer to retrieve the context for the subsequent bin. Each context model entry also has a field indicating the range of bins that the context model is applied to. Using this information, the CABAC Engine  405  can properly jump to another context model when finished decoding one bin. This process repeats for all bins and context model selections of the syntax element. 
   The CABAC Engine  405  continues decoding other bins until all bins of the syntax element are decoded based on the comparison performed of the decoded bins and the expected bins by the binarization search engine  419 . 
   At the end of decoding of a syntax element, the decoded reference is stored in the reference management engine for use in decoding of adjacent blocks or macro-blocks. 
   When more than one bin involves context selection based on the properties of an adjacent block or MB, the CPU  401  issues separate commands to the CABAC engine  405  to perform bin-by-bin decoding of these syntax elements. Each bin of these syntax elements, for example cbp_luma and cbp_chroma, is treated as a separate syntax element in order to fit into this classification. 
   The second type of syntax elements is syntax elements with inter-bin dependencies. These syntax elements possess the properties that contexts for their bins after the first bin cannot be determined until previous bins have been decoded. The syntax elements in the AVC standard that fall into this category are: 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               mb_type_I, mb_type_P and mb_type_B 
             
             
                 
               sub_mb_type_B 
             
             
                 
               coeff_abs_level 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   A hardwired block is used for these syntax elements because the dependencies involved in context selection for bins other than the first one are contained within the syntax element. For example, in the syntax element in mb_type, the context models for bins other than the first bin are determined by the earlier bins in the same mb_type syntax element, and they are not affected by information outside that syntax element. This property makes the hardwired block practical, and relatively simple compared to the case when outside information has to be handled and processed. 
   The hardwired functions for these syntax elements are similar to the ones without inter-bin dependencies except that the context selections for later bins are determined by hardware, depending on the decoded values of earlier bins. 
   There are certain syntax elements, for which multiple contexts are provided for certain bins and the CABAC engine  405  determines which context to use. The selection of the appropriate context is based on previously decoded values in adjacent blocks or macro-blocks. In such cases, the spatially adjacent left and top block, or macro-block values, are used to calculate the context to be used for the decoding of a bin pursuant to the AVC Standard. For selecting the adjacent block or macro-block, the adaptive frame-field (AFF) properties of the different blocks need to be considered. 
   The reference management and the context calculation are hardwired because performing these functions in firmware would require a lot of storage and complex manipulation of references, which require a large number of processor cycles and memory access cycles as well as memory space. 
   A macroblock (MB) pair (pursuant to the AVC standard) contains two macroblocks, top and bottom. When syntax elements belonging to a macroblock (which in turn belongs to a macroblock pair) are being decoded, syntax elements from spatially adjacent (top and left) macroblock pairs are used for reference calculation. The macroblock pair from which syntax elements are being decoded is referred to as the current macroblock pair. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5 , there is illustrated a block diagram describing the spatial location of the left macroblock pair  509  and the top macroblock pair  501  relative to the current macroblock pair  505  that is being decoded, which comprises a top macroblock  506  and a bottom macroblock  507 . The CABAC engine maintains references for the spatially left macroblock pair  509  (both macroblocks  510  and  511  within the left MB pair  509 ) and the spatially top macroblock pair  501  (both macroblocks  502  and  503  within the top MB pair  501 ). It also stores the current macroblock pair references  505  as the various syntax elements are being decoded. Depending on the adaptive frame-field (AFF) parameters of the adjacent macroblocks  509  and  501 , and the current macroblock  505 , the spatially adjacent left and top blocks  509  and  501  are selected and the reference values belonging to those blocks are used for further processing. The reference values thus selected are used to calculate the context associated with the bin to be decoded subsequently. 
   After a spatially adjacent reference is selected, a parameter called condTerm is calculated (as explained in the AVC Standard). “condTerm” is a single bit (either 0 or 1) value, which is calculated based on a condition that is specific for each syntax element. 
   The following optimizations are performed in order to minimize the storage requirements for the reference buffers. 
   Wherever possible, the condTerms associated with the reference values are stored, instead of the actual references. The condTerms require only one bit, while the actual decoded value may be up to a few bits. 
   For the left macroblock pair reference buffer, the reference values corresponding to only the spatially right-most blocks are stored. 
   For the top macroblock pair reference buffer, the reference values corresponding to only the spatially bottom blocks are stored. 
   The AVC standard specifies rules for determining the condTerm for each syntax element under situations when a syntax element is not present in a macro block or when special conditions need to be applied based on the properties of a macro block or macro block pair. Referring again to  FIG. 4 , the performance of the CABAC engine  405  may be further improved. In another aspect of the invention, many of these rules may be grouped together and the method of managing the references simplified. Default values of condTerms may be chosen and the reference buffer initialized to said default values before decoding each macroblock. Such use of default values provides equivalent functionality to many of the said rules specified in the AVC standard. Additional logic may be used to implement the remaining rules in the AVC specification. As a result of such optimization, the complexity of the RMCS  413  may be reduced. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 6 , there is illustrated a block diagram of the ACBDE  415  of  FIG. 4 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. There are three distinct operations performed in the ACBDE  415 : range subdivision with bin decoding  603 , probability state update (or estimation)  605 , and range re-normalization with associated input bit shifting  607 . The result of the first action ( 603 ) drives the latter two ( 605  and  607 ). 
   Complexity per bin decoding is as follows: 
   Range Subdivision with Bin Decoding  603 : Three subtractions, one table lookup (64 entries), and two comparisons. 
   Probability State Update  605 : One table lookup (there are three tables to select from depending on the decoded bin and slice type). 
   Range Re-Normalization with associated Input Bit Shifting  607 : One comparison. 
   All above functions are preferably performed in one H/W execution cycle. In addition, range interval variables are maintained in the ACBDE  415  and are initialized at each slice start. In this regard, a hardware execution cycle refers to the time period required for the hardware to complete its processing task and does not mean a clock cycle. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is illustrated a flow diagram of a method  700  for arithmetic decoding, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At  701 , encoded bit stream is received by the CABAC engine. The context models in the context model RAM are initialized to their preset value at  703 . The CPU may then determine the class of syntax elements in an encoded bit stream slice, at  705 . Depending on the class of syntax elements determined by the CPU, a decoder is selected at  707 . The selected decoder may be, for example, an arithmetic code bin decoding engine, or a block coefficient decoder. At  709 , the selected decoder decodes a bin from the encoded bit stream slice. At query  711 , it is determined whether the decoded bin, or bins, so far correspond to a symbol. If it does not, then  709  is repeated. If it does, then the decoded bin, or bins, is converted to a corresponding symbol at  713 . The context model, which was used in the decoding process by the decoder, is updated at  715 . At  717  the decoded symbol may be transmitted to another circuit, or back to the CPU, or both. At query  719 , it is determined whether the end of the encoded slice is reached. If the slice has not been completed, then the decoding continues with the next bin, at  709 . If the end of a slice has been reached, a query  721  determines whether there are additional encoded slices in the received bit stream. If there are additional encoded slices that need to be decoded, the encoded bit stream slice is received at  701 . 
   Although the foregoing embodiments are described in the context of the AVC standard, it should be noted that the present application is not limited to the AVC standard and is applicable in other situations where video is to be displayed. 
   While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.