Abstract:
Provided are methods, devices, and non-transitory computer readable storage mediums to generate a weather timeline such as a succession of weather information on a continuous time scale. For example, a timeline may include first weather information associated with a first time in a first territorial location, second weather information associated with a second time, and third weather information associated with a third time. At least one of the first, second and third weather information may comprise a forecasted weather value indicative of a probability of having a specific type of precipitation at a specific intensity. A weather timeline may follow a specific location (e.g. city, town, any region with a definite boundary), a specific weather event (e.g. a specific precipitation type, a specific temperature level, a specific wind intensity), and/or a specific user. A timeline may include data created by an observer of the related weather information, where the data may be at least one of a picture, a video or a comment inputted by the observer about the related weather information.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/839,675, filed on Jun. 26, 2013, and is related to co-owned and co-invented U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/856,923, filed on Apr. 4, 2013, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/922,800, filed on Jun. 20, 2013, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/947,331, filed on Jul. 22, 2013, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/835,626, filed on Jun. 16, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/836,713, filed on Jun. 19, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    (a) Field 
         [0003]    The subject matter disclosed generally relates to methods for producing weather forecasts. More specifically, the subject matter relates to software applications for producing weather forecasts. 
         [0004]    (b) Related Prior Art 
         [0005]    Conventional weather forecasting systems provide weather predictions twelve hours to a few days from the present time. If one needs a short-term forecast or a forecast with a fine time scale, the best information available is usually an hourly forecast for the day. 
         [0006]    Conventional weather forecasts are average forecasts for the area for which they are generated. Thus, a forecast may be inaccurate for a precise location within this area, and even the present weather displayed for an area may differ from the actual weather for a precise location within this area. 
         [0007]    Moreover, conventional weather forecasts are displayed on a time scale that is too coarse to allow a user to know when a weather event takes place in a precise location and time. Even for hourly conventional weather forecasts, it is impossible for the user to know if the forecasted weather event lasts one hour or one minute and, for the latter, at what time it takes place exactly within the hour. 
         [0008]    Furthermore, weather forecasts may be inaccurate and there is no way to know it since there is no interaction with the users. Collaboration with the users is thus needed. 
         [0009]    Therefore, there is a need in the market for the generation of short-term weather forecasts, and a convenient and collaborative way to display these weather forecasts is also needed. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    Provided herein are computer-implemented methods that may comprise the following: identifying first weather information associated with a first time and a first location; identifying second weather information associated with a second time; identifying third weather information associated with a third time; identifying observation data related to at least one of the first, second and third weather information; and generating a first timeline, for display on a display device, comprising information indicative of the first, second and third weather information. 
         [0011]    In some embodiments, the first, second and third times may be different times. The first time may be a past time, the second time may be a current time, and the third time may be a future time. 
         [0012]    In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second and third weather information may comprise a forecasted weather value indicative of a probability of having a first type of precipitation in the first location with a first intensity. 
         [0013]    In some embodiments, the first, second and third weather information may be related to the first territorial location. 
         [0014]    In some embodiments, the first, second and third weather information may be related to a first weather event. 
         [0015]    In some embodiments, the first, second and third weather information may be related to a first user. 
         [0016]    In some embodiments, the observation data may be at least one of a picture, a video, and a comment input by a user related to at least one of the first, second and third weather information. 
         [0017]    In some embodiments, the method may further comprise generating a second timeline, for display on the display device with the first timeline, the second timeline comprising information indicative of weather information associated with a fourth time and a fifth time. 
         [0018]    In some embodiments, the first timeline may be associated with the first location and the second timeline is associated with a second location different from the first location. 
         [0019]    In some embodiments, the first timeline may be associated with a first weather event and the second timeline may be associated with a second weather event different from the first weather event. 
         [0020]    In some embodiments, the first timeline may be associated with a first user and the second timeline may be associated with a second user different from the first user, and at least a portion of the observation data is received from the first and second users. 
         [0021]    In some embodiments, the observation data is related to a weather event comprising at least one of a tornado, a hurricane, a hail cloud, a heavy rain, a heavy snow, a derecho, and a downburst. 
         [0022]    Further, there may be a computer implemented method for displaying weather information to a user at a given time, the weather information relating to a given period and to a given territory, and including a succession of weather forecasts, past weather observations, present weather observations or a user input. The method may comprise: receiving the past weather observations or the present weather observations; using the past weather observations or the present weather observations for preparing forecasted weather values; using the forecasted weather values for generating the succession of weather forecasts starting after the given time and for subsequent times separated by a time increment; building a timeline displaying the weather information, the timeline covering the given period, the given period both preceding and succeeding to the given time; and receiving the user input that is added to the timeline. 
         [0023]    In some embodiments, the step of receiving the user input may comprise receiving a picture, a video, a comment or a weather value. 
         [0024]    In some embodiments, the step of receiving the user input may comprise receiving a picture, a video, a comment or a weather value relating to a weather event, the weather event comprising at least one of a tornado, a hurricane, a hail cloud, a heavy rain cloud, a derecho, and a downburst. 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, there may be a device comprising one or more processors, a memory storing computer instructions that can be executed by the one or more processors such that the device is caused to perform any one or more of the methods described above, when the instructions are executed. Further, there may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing such instructions. 
         [0026]    Further, there may be a device that comprises one or more processors, a memory storing instructions for the one or more processors, a communication module to connect to a remote server over a communication network, and a display. When the instructions are executed, the device may be caused to: receive, from the remote server, a time line comprising a plurality of weather forecasts and observation data associated with at least one of the plurality of weather forecasts, and cause, on the display, a display of at least a part of the time line received from the remote server. The device may be a mobile device such as, non-exclusively, a handheld device, a cellphone, a vehicle, etc. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0027]    Further features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which: 
           [0028]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a method and system for displaying weather information on a timeline; 
           [0029]      FIG. 2A  is a block diagram showing an example of a suitable nowcaster for implementing the embodiments; 
           [0030]      FIG. 2B  is a more detailed block diagram showing an example of a suitable nowcaster for implementing the embodiments; 
           [0031]      FIG. 2C  is a more detailed block diagram showing another example of a suitable nowcaster for implementing the embodiments; 
           [0032]      FIG. 3A  is a screenshot illustrating an example of a user interface on which weather information is displayed on various timelines, according to an embodiment; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3B  is a screenshot illustrating an example of a user interface on which weather information is displayed on various timelines with which the user may interact independently, according to an embodiment; 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  is an example of a network environment in which the embodiments may be practiced; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  is an exemplary diagram illustrating a suitable computing operating environment in which embodiments of the claimed subject matter may be practiced; 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a timeline displaying examples of weather information in one location, according to an embodiment; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a timeline displaying examples of weather information relating to a weather event, according to an embodiment. 
       
    
    
       [0038]    It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0039]    The embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments by which the embodiments may be practiced. The embodiments are also described so that the disclosure conveys the scope of the claimed subject matter to those skilled in the art. The embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. 
         [0040]    Among other things, the present embodiments may be embodied as methods or devices. Accordingly, the embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects, etc. Furthermore, although the embodiments are described with reference to a portable or handheld device, they may also be implemented on desktops, laptops, tablet devices, or any computing device having sufficient computing resources to implement the embodiments. 
       DEFINITIONS 
       [0041]    In the present specification, the following terms are meant to be defined as indicated below: 
         [0042]    Nowcasting is a contraction of “now” and “forecasting”; it refers to the sets of techniques devised to make short-term forecasts, typically in the 0 to 12 hour range. 
         [0043]    A nowcaster is a weather forecasting device which prepares very short-term (e.g., one minute, five minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, etc.) forecasts for a given territory, which is a very small region on Earth (5 meters, 10 meters, 50 meters, 100 meters, 500 meters, 1,000 meters, etc.). 
         [0044]    A weather value is a weather related quantity or attribute of any sort, such as temperature, pressure, visibility, precipitation type and intensity, accumulation, cloud cover, wind, etc. 
         [0045]    A forecasted weather value is a weather value that is predicted by the nowcaster. 
         [0046]    A weather-related event is, for example, at least one event of hail, a wind gust, lightning, a temperature change, etc. 
         [0047]    Precipitation type (PType) indicates the type of precipitation. Examples of precipitation types include, but are not limited to, rain, snow, hail, freezing rain, ice pellets, ice crystals, etc. 
         [0048]    Precipitation rate (PRate) indicates the precipitation intensity. Examples of precipitation rate values include, but are not limited to, no (i.e., none), light, moderate, heavy, extreme. In an embodiment, the precipitation rate can also be expressed as a range of values such as: none to light, light to moderate, moderate to heavy, or any combination of the above. 
         [0049]    Precipitation probability indicates the probability that precipitation might occur. Examples of precipitation probability values include, but are not limited to, no, unlikely, slight chance of, chance of, likely, very likely, and certain, etc. 
         [0050]    In an embodiment, the precipitation probability can also be expressed as a range of values such as: none to light, light to moderate, moderate to heavy. Precipitation probability may also be expressed in terms of percentages; e.g., 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, etc.; or ranges of percentages; e.g., 0% to 25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, 75% to 100%, etc. In an embodiment, the precipitation probability may be taken from a probability distribution. 
         [0051]    Precipitation type and precipitation rate categories (PTypeRate): a PTypeRate category is combination of precipitation type and precipitation rate to which may be associated a probability of occurrence for a given period to indicate the possibility of receiving a certain type of precipitation at a certain rate. 
         [0052]    A weather forecast is a set of one or more forecasted weather values that are displayable to users. 
         [0053]    A user is a person to whom or a machine to which a weather forecast is forwarded. 
         [0054]    A weather event is any measured or forecasted weather value, weather forecast or weather source. 
         [0055]    Briefly stated, the present embodiments describe a computer-implemented method and system for displaying weather information on a timeline. The weather forecast is generated by a short-term weather forecaster known as system for generating nowcasts or nowcaster. 
         [0056]    Displaying Weather Information on a Timeline 
         [0057]      FIG. 1  illustrates a method and system for displaying weather information using a timeline generator  100 . 
         [0058]    According to an embodiment, the nowcaster  200  may be used to prepare nowcasts that may be displayed on the timeline  600  illustrated in  FIG. 6  using the timeline generator  100 . More precisely, the nowcaster  200  uses weather sources  201  to prepare forecasted weather values  120 . The weather sources  201  may be categorized as past weather observations and present weather observations. The past weather observations may include archived weather observations. 
         [0059]    The timeline generator  100  uses weather events  115 , which comprise at least one of the following: past weather events  110 , present weather events  111 , and future weather events  112 . For past weather events  110  and present weather events  111 , the weather sources  201  may be used directly. Since weather sources  201  may comprise elements like measured weather values (such as temperature, precipitation type and rate, pressure, weather radars and satellite observations, weather pictures and videos, and other weather sources as detailed in  FIG. 2B , it is possible to display such elements to represent past weather events  110  and present weather events  111  on the timeline  600  using the timeline generator  100 . 
         [0060]    Future weather events  112  may be taken into account by the timeline generator  100  by using the forecasted weather values  120 . According to an embodiment, the forecast of weather events or weather values may be depicted by predefined pictures or videos. 
         [0061]    According to an embodiment, the forecasted weather values  120  may be stored in an archive database  125 . This archive database  125  may serve as a basis for including past weather forecasts  113  among the weather events  115  in the timeline generator  100 . 
         [0062]    Once the timeline generator  100  has everything it needs to operate, it sends the timeline  600  to the user  150 . According to an embodiment, this sending occurs through a communication network  254 . 
         [0063]    According to an embodiment, there may be collaboration from the users  150  to improve the timeline  600  by sending information to the timeline generator  100 . The timeline generator  100  may comprise incorporating the user input  130  to the timeline  600 . For example, the user input  130  may comprise user picture or video  132 , a user comment  134 , or a user weather observation  136 . A user weather observation  136  may be a fact about the weather that helps to confirm or correct the weather events  115  displayed in the timeline  600 , such as a light rain at a specific location. In that case, the user weather observations  136  may be sent to the nowcaster  200  as additional input information for nowcasting. A user weather observation  136  may also be an interesting fact such as the presence of a tornado or a lightning, which could be incorporated directly in the present weather events  111  or the future weather events  112  as weather emergencies that can be tracked. If dangerous or interesting weather events are tracked, an alert could be sent to the user  150  via the timeline generator  100 . 
         [0064]    If the collaboration is used in the method, the additions made by the user  150  to the timeline generator  100  are incorporated into the timeline  600  that is displayed to the other users, so it is possible for one user  150  to see the pictures, comments, or other user input  130  of other users. Optionally, the user  150  could choose to have a timeline generator  100  that works specifically for a given city or region, or for the current location, or over an area around this location with a given radius and to follow a given weather event, as described hereinbelow. 
         [0065]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate embodiments of the user interface comprising the display of the timeline  600 . As seen on  FIG. 3A , there may be a plurality of timelines, each one with its own first time and its own time increment.  FIG. 3B  shows that a user  150  may interact with these timelines independently, going forward or backward on a timeline, one timeline at a time. 
         [0066]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of the display of the timeline  600 , including the display of various examples of weather information  610  for the location  666 . The weather information  610  may comprise a succession of weather forecasts prepared by the nowcaster  200  which form the basis of the future weather events  112  or of the past weather forecasts  113 , user input  130  as described hereinabove, or weather sources  201  categorized in either present weather observations or past weather observations. 
         [0067]    According to the embodiment presented in  FIG. 6 , the timeline may include weather information  610  relating to the times before, after or at a given time  625  at which the user  150  views the timeline  600 . The given time  625  may be a current time. The user  150  may also scroll down on the timeline to view older weather information until the oldest weather information is reached, and scroll up to view future weather events  112  until there is no further future weather event. 
         [0068]    The weather information  610  that is displayed may be pinned on the time axis  630 . The pinned weather information  610  may appear with a corresponding display time  620 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of the display of the timeline  600 , including the display of various examples of weather information  610  for the weather event  777 . Since the timeline  600  displays weather information  610  about a weather event  777 , the timeline  600  may relate to more than one location. The followed weather event  777  may be any event related to precipitation, temperature or wind, such as a tornado, a hurricane, a hail or a wind storm, a derecho storm, a downburst, etc. The weather information  610  may comprise a succession of weather forecasts prepared by the nowcaster  200  and which form the basis of the future weather events  112  or of the past weather forecasts  113 , user input  130  as described hereinabove, or weather sources  201  categorized in either present weather observations or past weather observations. 
         [0070]    According to the embodiment presented in  FIG. 7 , the timeline may include weather information relating to the times before, after or at a given time  625  at which the user  150  views the timeline  600 . The given time  625  may be a current time. The user  150  may also scroll down on the timeline to view older weather information until the oldest weather information is reached, which corresponds to the birth of the weather event, and scroll up to view future weather events  112  until there is no further future weather event. 
         [0071]    The weather information  610  that is displayed may be pinned on the time axis  630 . The pinned weather information  610  may appear with a corresponding display time  620 . 
         [0072]    Nowcaster 
         [0073]      FIGS. 2A-2C  are block diagrams of a nowcaster according to one or more embodiments of the subject matter described in the specification. 
         [0074]    As shown in  FIGS. 2A-2C , the nowcaster  200  receives weather observations from different sources  201 , such as weather observation sources, including but not limited to, point observations  201 - 2  (e.g., feedback provided by users and automated stations), weather radars  201 - 3 , satellites  201 - 4  and other types of weather observations  201 - 1 , and weather forecast sources such as numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output  201 - 5  and weather forecasts and advisories  201 - 6 . 
         [0075]    The nowcaster  200  comprises a memory  220  and a processor  210 . The memory  220  comprises the instructions for the method and also stores data from the weather sources  201 , intermediate results and weather forecasts. The processor  210  allows the nowcaster  200  to perform calculations. 
         [0076]    The nowcaster  200  can receive information  230  from a user  150  through a communication network  254 . 
         [0077]    The nowcaster  200  outputs a weather forecast or a succession of weather forecasts. 
         [0078]      FIG. 2B  is one embodiment of the nowcaster  200 . In this embodiment, the nowcaster  200  comprises a PType distribution forecaster  202  and a PRate distribution forecaster  204 . The PType distribution forecaster  202  receives the weather observations from the different weather sources  201  and outputs a probability distribution of precipitation type over an interval of time, for a given latitude and longitude (and/or location). For example: 
         [0079]    a. Snow: 10% 
         [0080]    b. Rain: 30% 
         [0081]    c. Freezing Rain: 60% 
         [0082]    d. Hail: 0% 
         [0083]    e. Ice Pellets: 0% 
         [0084]    Similarly, the PRate forecaster  204  receives the weather observations for a given latitude and longitude from the different sources  201  and outputs a probability distribution forecast of a precipitation rate (PRate) in a representation that expresses the uncertainty. For example, the PRate may be output as a probability distribution of precipitation rates or a range of rates over an interval of time, for a given latitude and longitude. For example: 
         [0085]    f. No Precip.: 30% 
         [0086]    g. Light: 40% 
         [0087]    h. Moderate: 20% 
         [0088]    i. Heavy: 10% 
         [0089]    The PRate and PType values output by the PRate forecaster  204  and the PType forecaster  202  are sent to a forecast combiner  206  to combine these values into a single value PTypeRate which represents the precipitation outcomes. For example, if the value of PType is “Snow”, and the value of “PRate” is heavy, the combined value of PTypeRate may be “heavy snow”. 
         [0090]    For a given latitude and longitude, the system outputs forecasted PTypeRate Distributions for predefined time intervals, either fixed (ex: 1 minute) or variable (e.g., one minute, five minutes, then 10 minutes, etc.). The system can either pre-calculate and store forecasted PTypeRate Distributions in a sequence of time intervals, or calculate then on the fly. A PTypeRate Distribution represents, for each time interval, the certainty or uncertainty that a PTypeRate will occur. 
         [0091]    With reference to  FIG. 2B , the forecast combiner  206  receives the final PRate distribution from the PType forecaster  202  and the final PRate distribution from the PRate forecaster  204  to combine them into a group of PTypeRate distribution values each representing the probability of receiving a certain type of precipitation at a certain rate. An example is provided below. 
         [0092]    Assuming that the PType distribution is as follows: Snow: 50%, Rain 0%, Freezing rain: 30%, Hail: 0%, Ice pellets: 20%, and the PRate distribution is as follows: None: 0%, Light: 10%, Moderate: 20%, Heavy: 30%, Very heavy: 40%, the PTypeRate distributions may be as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 An Example of PTypeRate Distribution Table 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PType 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Snow 
                 Rain 
                 Freez. Rain 
                 Hail 
                 Ice Pellets 
               
               
                 PRate 
                 50% 
                 0% 
                 30% 
                 0% 
                 20% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 None 0% 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 precipi- 
                 precipi- 
                 precipi- 
                 precipi- 
                 precipi- 
               
               
                   
                 tation 
                 tation 
                 tation 
                 tation 
                 tation 
               
               
                 Light 
                 5% light 
                 No 
                 3% light 
                 No 
                 2% light 
               
               
                 10% 
                 snow 
                 precipi- 
                 freezing 
                 precipi- 
                 ice 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tation 
                 rain 
                 tation 
                 pellets 
               
               
                 Moderate 
                 10% 
                 No 
                 6% 
                 No 
                 4% 
               
               
                 20% 
                 moderate 
                 precipi- 
                 moderate 
                 precipi- 
                 moderate 
               
               
                   
                 snow 
                 tation 
                 freezing 
                 tation 
                 ice 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 rain 
                   
                 pellets 
               
               
                 Heavy 
                 15% 
                 No 
                 9% heavy 
                 No 
                 6% heavy 
               
               
                 30% 
                 heavy 
                 precipi- 
                 freezing 
                 precipi- 
                 ice 
               
               
                   
                 snow 
                 tation 
                 rain 
                 tation 
                 pellets 
               
               
                 Very 
                 20% 
                 No 
                 12% very 
                 No 
                 8% very 
               
               
                 Heavy 
                 heavy 
                 precipi- 
                 heavy 
                 precipi- 
                 heavy ice 
               
               
                 40% 
                 snow 
                 tation 
                 freezing 
                 tation 
                 pellets 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 rain 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0093]    Accordingly, the forecast combiner  206  multiplies the probability of each type of precipitation by the probability of each rate of precipitation to obtain a probability of receiving a certain type of precipitation at a certain rate, for example, 20% chance of heavy snow, or 12% chance of very heavy freezing rain. In an embodiment, it is possible to associate probability ranges with textual information for displaying the textual information to a user instead of the probabilities in numbers. For example, probabilities that are between 5% and 15% may be associated with the text: “low chance,” while probabilities that are between 40% and 70% may be associated with the text “high chance,” or “very likely,” etc. whereby, instead of displaying: “60% chance of heavy snow,” it is possible to display: “high chance of heavy snow”. 
         [0094]    In another embodiment, it is possible to combine two or more different PTypeRates along one or more dimensions (the dimensions including: the rate, type, or probability). For example, results of such combination may include: Likely light to moderate rain; Likely light to moderate rain or heavy snow; Likely moderate rain or snow; Likely rain or snow; Chance of light to moderate rain or heavy snow or light hail; Chance of moderate rain, snow or hail; Chance of rain, snow or hail, etc. 
         [0095]    Accordingly, the nowcaster  200  receives the location for which the nowcasts are needed and the time and/or time interval for which the nowcasts are needed and outputs the PTypeRate distribution for the given location and for the specific time. 
         [0096]      FIG. 2C  illustrates another embodiment of the nowcaster  200 . In this embodiment, the nowcaster  200  comprises a PType selector/receiver  202 -C and a PRate distribution forecaster  204 . 
         [0097]    Similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2B , the PRate distribution forecaster  204  receives the weather observations for a given latitude and longitude from the different sources  201  and outputs a probability distribution forecast of a precipitation rate (PRate) in a representation that expresses the uncertainty. For example, the PRate may be output as a probability distribution of precipitation rates or a range of rates over an interval of time, for a given latitude and longitude. For example: 
         [0098]    f. No Precip.: 30% 
         [0099]    g. Light: 40% 
         [0100]    h. Moderate: 20% 
         [0101]    i. Heavy: 10% 
         [0102]    However, the PType selector/receiver  202 -C does not output a probability distribution associated with different types of precipitation. Instead, the PType selector/receiver  202 -C receives weather observations for a given latitude and longitude from the different sources  201  to select one precipitation type from a list of different precipitation types. For example, based on the inputs received from the sources  201 , the PType selector/receiver  202 -C selects a single precipitation type that is most likely to occur in the given latitude and the longitude (and/or location) from the following list of precipitation types: 
         [0103]    a. Snow 
         [0104]    b. Rain 
         [0105]    c. Freezing Rain 
         [0106]    d. Hail 
         [0107]    e. Ice Pellets 
         [0108]    f. Mix (e.g., a+c, a+d, b+c, a+e, c+e, d+e, etc.) 
         [0109]    From the list of precipitation types, such as the one above, only one precipitation type is selected for a given location. For example, a mix of snow and freezing rain can be selected as the most likely precipitation type for a given location at a given time. The precipitation type is not associated with a probability value. In fact, since only one precipitation type is selected for any given location and time corresponding to the location, the selected precipitation type will have the effective probability value of 100%. 
         [0110]    The list of precipitation types that are available for selection of one type may include a mix type that represent a mix of two different precipitation types (e.g., snow and freezing rain, hail and ice pellets, etc). A mix type is considered as a distinct precipitation type available for selection, and as shown above in type (f) of the list in paragraph [0070], there can be many different mix types representing the mix of different pairs of various precipitation types. 
         [0111]    In another embodiment, the precipitation type is not selected by the PType selector/receiver  202 -C but instead is received from a source outside the nowcaster  200 . In other words, the nowcaster  200  may send a request to a remote source (e.g., a third-party weather service) for identification of the precipitation type that is most likely to occur at a given location at a given time and receive a response from the source identifying the most likely precipitation type. In this case, selection of the precipitation type is not performed by the nowcaster  200 . The already-selected precipitation type is merely inputted to the nowcaster  200 , and consequently it may save computational power of the nowcaster  200  that would otherwise have been needed to perform the selection. 
         [0112]    The selected precipitation type and the PRate values respectively output by the PType selector/receiver  202 -C and the PRate distribution forecaster  204  are combined. For example, if the selected precipitation type is snow, and the PRate values are as described above, the combined information would indicate: 
         [0113]    a. No Snow: 30% 
         [0114]    b. Light Snow: 40% 
         [0115]    c. Moderate Snow: 20% 
         [0116]    d. Heavy Snow: 10%. 
         [0117]    As only one precipitation type is concerned, only minimal amount of computational power is needed to perform the combining to output the final weather forecast data. Since the PType selector/receiver  202 -C will output one precipitation type for a given location and time, if the PRate distribution forecaster  204  outputs a number m of probability distribution, the final weather forecast data will comprise only a number m (m*1) of weather forecast distribution. 
         [0118]    In outputting the final weather forecast data, it is possible to associate probability ranges with textual information for displaying the textual information to the user instead of the probabilities in numbers, similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2B . For example, probabilities that are between 5% and 15% may be associated with the text: “low chance,” while probabilities that are between 40% and 70% may be associated with the text “high chance,” or “very likely,” etc. whereby, instead of displaying: “60% chance of heavy snow,” it is possible to display: “high chance of heavy snow”. 
         [0119]    Accordingly, the nowcaster  200  receives the location for which the nowcasts are needed and the time and/or time interval for which the nowcasts are needed and outputs the selected PType and PRate distribution for the given location and for the specific time. 
         [0120]    The nowcaster  200  according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2C  may be advantageous over the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2B  in certain circumstances in which efficiency is desired. The embodiment of  FIG. 2C  can be implemented using much less processing power than the embodiment of  FIG. 2B . However, the embodiment of  FIG. 2B  may be more suitable than the embodiment of  FIG. 2C  in providing more detailed and accurate snapshots of weather forecast data for any given location and time. 
         [0121]      FIG. 4  is an example of a network environment in which the embodiments may be practiced. The nowcaster  200  may be implemented on a server  250  which is accessible by a plurality of client computers  252  over a communication network  254 . The client computers  252  may include, but are not limited to, laptops, desktops, portable computing devices, tablets and the like. Using a client computer  252 , each user  150  may view the displayed forecasted weather values. The server accesses weather sources  201  over a communication network  254  as discussed in connection with  FIGS. 2B and 2C . The server  250  may have map data stored thereon. 
         [0122]    Hardware and Operating Environment 
         [0123]      FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary diagram of a suitable computing operating environment in which embodiments of the claimed subject matter may be practiced. The following description is associated with  FIG. 5  and is intended to provide a brief, general description of suitable computer hardware and a suitable computing environment in conjunction with which the embodiments may be implemented. Not all the components are required to practice the embodiments, and variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the embodiments. 
         [0124]    Although not required, the embodiments are described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer, such as a personal computer, a hand-held or palm-size computer, smartphone, or an embedded system such as a computer in a consumer device or specialized industrial controller. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. 
         [0125]    Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCS, minicomputers, mainframe computers, cellular telephones, smartphones, display pagers, radio frequency (RF) devices, infrared (IR) devices, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, wearable computers, tablet computers, a device of the iPod or iPad family of devices, integrated devices combining one or more of the preceding devices, or any other computing device capable of performing the methods and systems described herein. The embodiments may also be practiced in distributed computing environments wherein tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
         [0126]    The exemplary hardware and operating environment of  FIG. 5  includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer  720 , including a processing unit  721 , a system memory  722 , and a system bus  723  that operatively couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit  721 . There may be only one or there may be more than one processing unit  721 , such that the processor of computer  720  comprises a single central-processing unit (CPU), or a plurality of processing units, commonly referred to as a parallel processing environment. The computer  720  may be a conventional computer, a distributed computer, or any other type of computer; the embodiments are not so limited. 
         [0127]    The system bus  723  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory may also be referred to as simply the memory, and includes read only memory (ROM)  724  and random access memory (RAM)  725 . A basic input/output system (BIOS)  726 , containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  720 , such as during start-up, is stored in ROM  724 . In one embodiment of the claimed subject matter, the computer  720  further includes a hard disk drive  727  for reading from and writing to a hard disk, not shown, a magnetic disk drive  728  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  729 , and an optical disk drive  730  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  731  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. In alternative embodiments of the claimed subject matter, the functionality provided by the hard disk drive  727 , magnetic disk  729  and optical disk drive  730  is emulated using volatile or non-volatile RAM in order to conserve power and reduce the size of the system. In these alternative embodiments, the RAM may be fixed in the computer system, or it may be a removable RAM device, such as a Compact Flash memory card. 
         [0128]    In an embodiment of the claimed subject matter, the hard disk drive  727 , magnetic disk drive  728 , and optical disk drive  730  are connected to the system bus  723  by a hard disk drive interface  732 , a magnetic disk drive interface  733 , and an optical disk drive interface  734 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer  720 . It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any type of computer-readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may be used in the exemplary operating environment. 
         [0129]    A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk  729 , optical disk  731 , ROM  724 , or RAM  725 , including an operating system  735 , one or more application programs  736 , other program modules  737 , and program data  738 . A user may enter commands and information into the personal computer  720  through input devices such as a keyboard  740  and pointing device  742 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, touch sensitive pad, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  721  through a serial port interface  746  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial bus (USB). In addition, input to the system may be provided by a microphone to receive audio input. 
         [0130]    A monitor  747  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  723  via an interface, such as a video adapter  748 . In one embodiment of the claimed subject matter, the monitor comprises a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). In addition to the monitor, computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers. The monitor may include a touch sensitive surface which allows the user to interface with the computer by pressing on or touching the surface. 
         [0131]    The computer  720  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  749 . These logical connections are achieved by a communication device coupled to or a part of the computer  720 ; the embodiment is not limited to a particular type of communications device. The remote computer  749  may be another computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a client, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer  720 , although only a memory storage device  750  has been illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 6  include a local-area network (LAN)  751  and a wide-area network (WAN)  752 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet. 
         [0132]    When used in a LAN-networking environment, the computer  720  is connected to the local network  751  through a network interface or adapter  753 , which is one type of communications device. When used in a WAN-networking environment, the computer  720  typically includes a modem  754 , a type of communications device, or any other type of communications device for establishing communications over the wide area network  752 , such as the Internet. The modem  754 , which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus  723  via the serial port interface  746 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer  720 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It is appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of and communications devices for establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. 
         [0133]    The hardware and operating environment in conjunction with which embodiments of the claimed subject matter may be practiced has been described. The computer in conjunction with which embodiments of the claimed subject matter may be practiced may be a conventional computer a hand-held or palm-size computer, a computer in an embedded system, a distributed computer, or any other type of computer; the claimed subject matter is not so limited. Such a computer typically includes one or more processing units as its processor, and a computer-readable medium such as a memory. The computer may also include a communications device such as a network adapter or a modem, so that it is able to communicatively couple other computers. 
         [0134]    While preferred embodiments have been described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made without departing from this disclosure. Such modifications are considered as possible variants comprised in the scope of the disclosure.