Abstract:
A software application enables communication among a plurality of modules in a modular sensor network node. The modular sensor node senses a parameter from the surrounding environment and generates data representative of the sensed parameter. The software application resides in each of the plurality of modules and includes program codes for transmission and reception of messages among the modules. The software application includes program codes that process the data to generate outgoing messages, transmit the outgoing messages over a communication bus coupled to the plurality of modules, and receive and process incoming messages.

Description:
STATEMENT REGARDING RESEARCH &amp; DEVELOPMENT  
       [0001]     This invention was made with Government support under government contract no. DE-AC04-94AL85000 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy to Sandia Corporation. The Government has certain rights in the invention, including a paid-up license and the right, in limited circumstances, to require the owner of any patent issuing in this invention to license others on reasonable terms. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     The present invention relates generally to modular sensor network nodes, and more specifically to a software application for efficient communication among modules in a modular sensor network node.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Sensor network nodes are used in many applications. For example, sensor network nodes are used to monitor: seismic activities; atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity; indoor and outdoor agriculture to increase yield; environmental variation on a fine grained scale; vibration in factories to predict machine failures; a ship&#39;s hull for cracks in a distributed fashion; and HVAC systems in large office buildings.  
         [0004]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a conventional sensor network  100 . The sensor network  100  can be used in many applications such as, for example, detection of sound, radiation, pollution, etc. The sensor network  100  includes a plurality of nodes  104 ,  108 ,  112 , and  116 . The nodes  104 - 116  communicate with each other wirelessly. The sensor network  100  includes a base station  120  that communicates with the nodes  104 - 116  wirelessly. Alternatively, the nodes  104 - 116  and the base station  120  can be linked by a communication link such as a wire-line link, an optical link, the Internet or any other type of communication link.  
         [0005]     The nodes  104 - 116  monitor their environment for data collection or event or object detection purposes. The nodes  104 - 116  may process and analyze the data to evaluate the event or the object. The nodes  104 - 116  can also transmit collected data to the base station  120  for analysis or storage.  
         [0006]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a modular sensor node  200  that can be used as one of the nodes  104 - 116  of  FIG. 1 . The node  200  includes a system bus  204  that couples one or more modules to the node  200 . The node  200  has a modular architecture because it includes one or more modules that can generally be added or removed from the node  200 . As will be described later, the modules perform designated tasks and also communicate with one another over a communication bus (not shown in  FIG. 2 ) that is a part of the system bus  204 . The communication bus may include a high bandwidth data bus to carry data and a low bandwidth control bus to carry control signals.  
         [0007]     The node  200  includes a processing module coupled to the system bus  204 . The processing module  208  includes a general purpose processor  212  such as a microprocessor. The general purpose processor  212  performs complex processing tasks such as data processing and analysis related to an event, an object or the environment. The general purpose processor  212  functions as a shared resource for all other modules in the node  200 . Other modules in the node  200  may request the processing module  208  to perform tasks that the other modules do not have the resources to perform.  
         [0008]     The node  200  also includes a communication module  216  connected to the system bus  204 . The communication module  216  includes a transceiver  220 , which may be an optical, a wireless, a wire-line, or any other type of transceiver. The transceiver  220  allows the node  200  to communicate with other nodes in the network or the base station  124  (shown in  FIG. 1 ).  
         [0009]     The communication module  216  performs all necessary functions required to allow the node  200  to communicate with other nodes in the network and also with the base station, thus allowing the other modules in the node  200  to completely rely on the communication module  216  for all external, i.e. off-node, communications needs. Additionally, the communication module  216  performs network related tasks such as, for example, routing network traffic not intended for the node  200  without involving the other modules in the node  200 , thus allowing the other modules in the node  200  to be undisturbed by network related events that do not concern the other modules.  
         [0010]     The node  200  also includes a sensor module  224  that is connected to the system bus  204 . The sensor module  224  includes a sensor  228  designed to sense or detect parameters such as, for example, sound, seismic activities, images or other parameters. The sensor  228  may also be designed to detect chemical or biological agents or radiation or any other parameters that can be sensed. If the application requires, the node  200  can have a plurality of sensor modules. The sensor module  224  includes a resource specific processor  230  that controls and manages the sensor  228 . The sensor module  224  may also be capable of storing a small number of data from sensor readings.  
         [0011]     The node  200  also includes a power supply module  232  that is connected to the system bus  204 . The power supply module  232  provides power to the various modules of the node  200  via the system bus  204 . The power supply module  232  includes one or more regulated power supplies  336  that provide one or more regulated voltages.  
         [0012]     As described above, during operation the modules  208 - 232  each perform some designated tasks and also communicate with one another in order to process the sensed information. The modules  208 - 232  require software applications that assist the modules  208 - 232  to perform the designated tasks. The modules  208 - 232  also require software applications that allow the modules  208 - 232  to communicate with one another. More specifically, the modules  208 - 232  require software applications that allow the modules  208 - 232  to transmit and receive messages including data and requests for processing. The modules  208 - 232  require software applications to enable the modules  208 - 232  to interface with the system bus  204 .  
         [0013]     Accordingly, there is a need for a software application that assists the modules  208 - 232  to perform the designated tasks, allows the modules  208 - 232  to communicate with one another, and allows the modules  208 - 232  to interface with the system bus  204 .  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     The present invention is directed to a software application that enables communication among a plurality of modules in a modular sensor network node. The modular sensor node senses a parameter from the surrounding environment and generates data representative of the sensed parameter. The software application resides in each of the plurality of modules and includes program codes for transmission and reception of messages among the modules. The software application includes program codes operable to process the data to generate outgoing messages, to transmit the outgoing messages over a communication bus coupled to the plurality of modules, and to receive and process the incoming messages.  
         [0015]     The software application also includes an integrity check code that receives the outgoing messages and checks the integrity of the outgoing messages prior to the transmission over the communication bus. The software application also includes a fragmentation code that receives the outgoing messages and fragments the messages prior to the transmission over the communication bus. The software application also includes a reassembly code that receives the fragmented messages and reassembles the fragmented messages and processes the reassembled messages. The software application also includes an identification code that determines the identity of the plurality of modules in the sensor node and informs the identities of the plurality of modules to all the modules. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a conventional sensor network.  
         [0017]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of one of the nodes of  FIG. 1  in more detail.  
         [0018]      FIG. 3  illustrates an architecture of a software application in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0019]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of the steps involved in the transmission and reception of data.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0020]     The various features and embodiments of the software application will now be described in the context of a modular sensor network node. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the software application can be used in other types of sensor network nodes.  
         [0021]     Throughout the description of the software application, implementation-specific details will be given on how the software application is used. These details are provided to illustrate the preferred embodiments of the software application and not to limit its scope.  
         [0022]      FIG. 3  illustrates an architecture of a software application  300  in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, the software application  300  resides in all the modules of a sensor node, and allows the modules to communicate with one another over a system bus  302 . The system bus  302  generally includes a communication bus  303  that carries data and other messages.  
         [0023]     As will be described in more detail later, the software application  300  includes several layers, each layer containing program codes for executing transmission and reception of messages including data by the modules. The software application  300  allows the modules in the sensor node to communicate with other nodes in a network, or allows the modules to communicate with a base station.  
         [0024]     Before describing the layers (i.e., program codes) of the software application  300 , the structure of messages between the modules and between the layers will be briefly discussed. In one embodiment of the invention, the messages have the following structure:  
                                                                       struct Message           {                INT8U to;           INT8U from;           INT8U flags;           INT8S prio;           INT8U msgID;           INT8U cmd;           INT16U dataLength;           INT8U* dataPtr;                };                      
 
         [0025]     The to and from fields are the destination and source of the message, respectively. The flags field is used to indicate fragmentation of the message into smaller messages, the prio field denotes the priority of the message if relevant, msgID uniquely identifies a message within a module, cmd indicates the type of the message, and dataLength specifies the amount of data contained in the data pointer, dataptr. The fields described above are referred to as the “header.” The actual data included in the message, if any, is contained in the data pointer.  
         [0026]     In one embodiment, communication between layers in the software application  300  and between the modules occurs via prioritized queues. The priority queue structure allows messages to be processed based on their respective priorities. If a queue is full, a message is inserted in a queue if it is higher in priority than any other on the queue, and the lowest priority message is removed. In the case of a tie between lowest priorities, the oldest message is removed.  
         [0027]     Referring back to  FIG. 3 , the software application  300  includes a physical layer  304  that interfaces directly with the communication bus  303  and controls transmission and reception of individual bytes of data across the communication bus  303 . As described before, the communication bus  306  is part of the system bus  302  that links the modules of the sensor node.  
         [0028]     In one embodiment, the physical layer  304  buffers one message for transmission over the communication bus  303 . Once the physical layer  304  has buffered a message for transmission, the physical layer  304  rejects requests to send additional messages until the buffered message is transmitted.  
         [0029]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of the steps involved in the transmission and reception of data by the physical layer  304 . In step  404 , the physical layer  304  waits for an interrupt signal. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the interrupt signal alerts the physical layer  304  that a message is waiting to be transmitted or to be received.  
         [0030]     In step  408 , the physical layer  304  determines if the message is to be transmitted or to be received. If the message is to be transmitted, in step  412  the physical layer  304  initiates the transmission by determining if the bus is free or busy. If the bus is busy, i.e., another message is being transported by the bus, the physical layer  304  waits until the bus is free to transmit the message. In some cases, two modules may attempt to transmit messages at the same time causing a collision.  
         [0031]     When two messages collide during transmission over the bus, an arbitration logic in the physical layer  304  selects a winner and a loser of the arbitration. The arbitration logic allows the sender of the winning message to transmit uninterrupted while the other sender of the losing message waits until the bus is free before retransmitting. The loser of the arbitration is able to receive the winning message, if necessary.  
         [0032]     If the bus is free, the physical layer  304  sends the content of the message. In step  416 , the physical layer  304  transmits a checksum that allows the recipient of the message to determine if the entire message has been received correctly. In one embodiment, as each byte of data is received, the recipient calculates the checksum. If the calculated checksum matches the received checksum, the recipient accepts the message. If the calculated checksum does not match the received checksum, the message is discarded by the recipient.  
         [0033]     In step  420 , the physical layer  304  determines if there are additional messages to be transmitted. If there are additional messages to be transmitted, the flow returns to step  412 , and if there are no additional messages to be transmitted, the flow returns to step  404 .  
         [0034]     If the physical layer  304  loses the arbitration in step  412 , the message is stored in the module in the physical layer  304  in step  424 . In step  428 , the physical layer  304  decides if the winning message was received. If the winning message was not received, the flow moves to step  432  where the physical layer waits for the bus to be free. If the winning message was received, the physical layer  304  executes steps for reception of messages that will be discussed below.  
         [0035]     If in step  408 , a message is to be received, the flow moves to step  436 . If there is enough memory available in the module to store the message, the message is received and the flow moves to step  440  where it determined if the checksum is correct. If the checksum is correct (i.e., the calculated checksum matches the received checksum), the physical layer forwards the message to a link layer  308 . If the checksum is not correct, the message is discarded in step  448 . If the physical layer  304  cannot secure enough memory to store the incoming message, incoming bytes are NACKED (i.e., the physical layer  304  sends a “not acknowledged” signal) in step  444  and the message is discarded in step  448 .  
         [0036]     The link layer  308  resides above the physical layer  304 , and checks the integrity of the messages transmitted by the physical layer  304 . The integrity check ensures that corrupted or invalid messages are not transmitted by the physical layer  304 . For example, a message to and from the same node or a message that claims to contain 80 bytes of data but has a null pointer will be rejected by the link layer  308 . If the message passes the integrity check, the link layer  308  forwards the message for transmission by the physical layer  304 . The link layer  308  also receives messages from the physical layer  304  and forwards the messages to a network layer  312 .  
         [0037]     The network layer  312  resides above the link layer  308 , and informs the modules of each other&#39;s existence and keeps track of all modules in the node. In one embodiment, the network layer  312  manages the addressing of outgoing messages, i.e., filling in the “to” and “from” fields. If a message is not addressed to a particular module, or specified to be a broadcast, a default routing scheme is used to address the message. In one embodiment, the default routing scheme sends the message to any available general purpose processor module, and if it finds none, to a communication module.  
         [0038]     In one embodiment, the network layer  312  sends heartbeat messages, also referred to as IDBroadcast messages to all modules in the node. The IDBroadcast message identifies a module to other modules in the node. The IDBroadcast message contains the module&#39;s address and type information. The network layer  312  also keeps track of heartbeat messages received from other modules to determine when other modules enter and leave the node.  
         [0039]     In one embodiment, the network layer  312  performs address determination and resolves address conflicts. The network layer  312  generates a random number to serve as the address of the module, and generates a new address if the previous address is already in use. If the network layer  312  receives an IDBroadcast message that identifies another module as having the same address as the module attached to the network layer  312 , the network layer  312  sends an IDContention message to the other module. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the IDContention message is used to resolve a conflict that arises when a module identifies itself with an address that is already in use. The IDContention message informs the module that it needs to generate a new address. In response, the module generates a new address and sends an IDBroadcast message. This process repeats itself until all modules in the node have unique addresses. The network layer  312  forwards messages other than IDBroadcast and IDContention messages received from other modules to a transport layer  316 .  
         [0040]     The transport layer  316  resides above the network layer  312 . The transport layer  316  handles fragmentation of large messages to prevent tying up the communication busses for long periods of time.  
         [0041]     In one embodiment, the transport layer  316  breaks messages whose total size is greater than a predetermined number of bytes into several smaller messages. The message header and part of the data are copied into each small message which is then sent to another module. The small messages are reassembled into the original large message by the transport layer on the destination module.  
         [0042]     In one embodiment, the transport layer receives only one fragment of a message, i.e., a small message, at a time. The flags field is used to reassemble the small messages into a large message. If a complete packet (i.e., all small messages comprising a large message) is not received within a predetermined time limit, the received small messages are discarded. The transport layer  320  forwards the outbound fragmented messages to the network layer  312 , and also forwards the inbound reassembled messages to an application layer  320 .  
         [0043]     The application layer  320  resides above the transport layer  316 . In one embodiment, the application layer  320  consists of three functional units: a local event handler  320   a , a request processor  320   b , and a mode changer  320   c.    
         [0044]     In one embodiment, the local event handler  320   a  sends requests from its attached resource (e.g., a sensor module) to another module, and returns the responses to the requests to the attached resource. For example, the local event handler  320   a  may be attached to a sensor, and may send a request to a processor module to analyze data. The local event handler  320   a  accepts processing requests from the attached resource and enters the requests in a list of outstanding requests. The local event handler  320   a  sends the request to another module in the node and waits for a response. If the request is unanswered by another module more than a predetermined number of times or is bumped from another module&#39;s queue more than a predetermined number of times, the request is dropped by the local event handler  320   a . Once a request is accepted by another module, the local event handler  320   a  waits for the request to be processed and also waits for the result to be returned to the requesting module. When a result is successfully received, the request is removed from the list and the result is returned to the attached (i.e., requesting) resource.  
         [0045]     In one embodiment, while the request is processing or waiting to be processed on another module, the local event handler  320   a  checks up on the request by sending status requests to the other module. Thus, the local event handler  320   a  keeps track of the status of the request and can provide the attached resource with updated information. If a request is bumped out of the other module&#39;s queue, that module sends a request bumped message to the local event handler  320   a.    
         [0046]     The request processor  320   b  handles processing requests from other modules. For example, the request processor  320   b  if attached to a processing module may accept processing requests from other modules. The request processor  320   b  maintains a prioritized list of processing requests from other modules. When the requests are completed, the request processor  320   b  sends the results to the requesting module.  
         [0047]     The mode changer  320   c  allows the module to conserve power. For example, the mode changer  320   c  manages the sampling rate of the sensor in a sensor module to conserve power. Each sample taken by the sensor generally represents a constant amount of energy expended. The mode changer  320   c  adapts the sample rate to an expected number of events in the surrounding environment to help minimize power consumption for a particular application. Some sensor nodes may be equipped with a wireless network connector in which a transceiver actively listens to a channel during certain time periods and may completely power down the rest of the time. The mode changer  320   c  manages when and for what duration the transceiver is actively listening to a channel.  
         [0048]     In one embodiment, the mode changer  320   c  alters the attached module&#39;s actions based on the node&#39;s configuration. Since the network layer  312  maintains information about the other modules in the node, the mode changer  320   c  uses this information to control the resources more intelligently. For example, in a node where there is only a sensor module and a power supply module, the mode changer  320   c  may simply store collected data without trying to send the data for processing to a nonexistent general purpose processor.  
         [0049]     The mode changer  320   c  also schedules sleep times for the attached resource. For example, the mode changer  320   c  monitors the incoming request rate from other modules and determines the usage of an attached resource. If the resource is being used infrequently, the mode changer  320   c  switches the resource to a low power state after the resource completes processing all pending requests.  
         [0050]     From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.