Abstract:
A sensing device may include a cholesteric crystal device including two optically transparent substrates; a liquid crystal having portions adapted for producing a plurality of optical states, said liquid crystal being arranged between the two optically transparent substrates; an optical sensor for changing optical states of respective portions of said liquid crystal to produce a range of respective optical states including all optical states produced by said liquid crystal ranging from one state to any combination of broadband reflection, tunable narrow band reflection, light scattering, and transparency in accordance with an amount of voltage applied across said cholesteric crystal device for changing optical states.

Description:
PRIORITY 
     The present invention claims priority under 35 USC section 119 and based upon a provisional application (application No. 61/517,550) which was filed on Apr. 21, 2011, which is the continuation of and claims any available priority from U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,504 (Incorporated by reference in its entirety), filed Oct. 1, 2001. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to Displays, Eyewear and Sensors Integrated with Single Layer Multi-State Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Light shutters, optical filters are commonly used in series with optical sensors to protect the sensors from be injured or jammed by light. Shutters include mechanically and electro-mechanically operated shutters. Optical filters include passive optical reflectors, passive narrow and broad band optical filters, and electro-active narrow and broad band filters. Sensors include cameras, detector arrays, and even human eyes. When the sensor is human eye, the light shutters or optical filters are commonly termed as protective eyewear. 
     Displays in series of prior-art switchable mirrors, and mechanically moveable mirrors are also reported. Displays include television, computer monitor, to name a few. The technologies for those prior-art switchable mirrors include Electrochromic (EC), Suspended particle devices (SPDs), Thermochromics (TC), and Reversible electrochemical mirror (REM). 
     Electrochromic (EC) material changes its opacity between a colored, translucent state (usually blue) and a transparent state under a burst of electricity, controlling the amount of light and heat passing through. No electricity is needed for maintaining the particular shade. Recent advances in EC materials pertaining to transition-metal hydride electrochromics have led to the development of reflective hydrides, which become reflective rather than absorbing, and thus switch states between transparent and mirror-like. For example, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, announced such kind film. 1  However, its IR clear state transmittance is only limited to 38%. Moreover, it attenuates visible light significantly, up to 55%. Also, it takes long time to transition from one state to another, in several minutes. A typical mirror is developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2  EC based smart glazing are being developed by SAGE.  1  http:/www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/latest_research/2007/20071213/20071213.html 2  “Sb—Cu—Li electrochromic minors”, Gao Liu, Thomas J. Richardson, Solar Energy Materials &amp; Solar Cells 86 (2005) 113-121 
     Suspended particle devices (SPDs) 3  consist of rod-like particles suspended in a fluid. Research Frontiers is the developer. Under zero voltage, the particles are arranged in random orientations and tend to absorb light. When voltage is applied, the particles align and let light pass. SPDs can be dimmed, and allow control of the amount of light and heat passing through. A constant electrical current is required to keep the SPD smart window in transparent stage. It limits only 51% transmittance in clear state.  3  http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news&amp;newsId=20090611006077&amp;newsLang=en 
     Thermochromics (TC) material changes color with temperature. RavenBrick 4  has developed a new TC material. It darkens in response to an increase in the temperature of the window without an electric current or human intervention. Unfortunately, its clear state transmittance is only around 40%.  4  http://www.ravenbrick.com/ 
     Reversible electrochemical mirror (REM), 5  as developed by Rockwell Scientific, is based on reversible electro-plating deposition of silver (Ag+/Ag). Via applying DC voltage, a layer of silver can be deposited onto the inner surface of glass substrate to form a reflective mirror to reject sunlight and heat. Under a reverse DC voltage which dissolves the silver layer, the mirror becomes transparent allowing solar heating through the window.  5 “Efficient Adjustable Reflectivity Smart Window”, Morgan Tench, http://www.govforums.org/e&amp;w/documents/Rockwell.pdf 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,505 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety which discloses a device and method of manufacturing a single layer multi-state ultra-fast cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) includes two optically transparent states with a liquid crystal arranged therebetween, and changing the optical states of the liquid crystal ranging from one state to any combination of broadband reflection, tunable narrow band reflection, light scattering, and transparency in accordance with a voltage applied to the device. A surfactant can be added to reduce the response time and a dichroic dye may be added to include the property of light absorption and reduce the bandwidth. The device can provide any and all of the aforementioned optical states for infrared light, visible light, and ultra-violet light. The desired outputs can be formed according to need, so that predetermined optical states can operate with either no voltage or a particular voltage or voltage range. 
     SUMMARY 
     A sensing device may include a cholesteric crystal device including two optically transparent substrates; a liquid crystal having portions adapted for producing a plurality of optical states, said liquid crystal being arranged between the two optically transparent substrates; an optical sensor for changing optical states of respective portions of said liquid crystal to produce a range of respective optical states including all optical states produced by said liquid crystal ranging from one state to any combination of broadband reflection, tunable narrow band reflection, light scattering, and transparency in accordance with an amount of voltage applied across said cholesteric crystal device for changing optical states 
     An eyewear device may include a pair of cholesteric crystal lenses for an eyewear, each lens including two optically transparent substrates; a liquid crystal having portions adapted for producing a plurality of optical states, said liquid crystal being arranged between the two optically transparent substrates; a device for changing optical states of respective portions of said liquid crystal to produce a range of respective optical states including all optical states produced by said liquid crystal ranging from one state to any combination of broadband reflection, tunable narrow band reflection, light scattering, and transparency in accordance with an amount of voltage applied across said cholesteric crystal lens for changing optical states. 
     A display device may include a cholesteric crystal including two optically transparent substrates; a liquid crystal having portions adapted for producing a plurality of optical states, said liquid crystal being arranged between the two optically transparent substrates; a display for changing optical states of respective portions of said liquid crystal to produce a range of respective optical states including all optical states produced by said liquid crystal ranging from one state to any combination of broadband reflection, tunable narrow band reflection, light scattering, and transparency in accordance with an amount of voltage applied across said cholesteric crystal for changing optical states. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which, like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates triggering of a CLC in planar state to a focal conic state by an electric field. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of the CLC device structure of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3   a  to  3   e  provide schematic illustrations of the four optical states of the CLC device of the present invention and their associated CLC alignment texture in one of the embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4   a  to  4   d  are schematic illustrations of the three optical states of the CLC device of the present invention in the second embodiment; 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates the CLC device with an optical sensor;  FIG. 5B  illustrates the CLC device with an additional optical phase retarder and optical sensor 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates the CLC device mounted in eyeglasses;  FIG. 6B  illustrates the CLC device with an additional electrically switchable optical absorber mounted in eyeglasses;  6 C illustrates the side view of the CLC device with an additional electrically switchable optical absorber mounted in eyeglasses; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the CLC device with a display. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It is then an object of the present invention to provide an integrated display system that incorporates at least one device that is formed from the electrically switchable devices described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,504. 
     It is further an object of the present invention to provide a device of protection for optical sensors with at least one device that is formed from the electrically switchable devices described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,504. 
     It is further an object of the present invention to provide an electrically switchable mirror in front of a display such as a television, wherein the switchable mirror is formed from the electrically switchable devices described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,504. 
     It is further an object of the present invention to provide an electrically switchable eyewear to be positioned in front of human eyes, wherein the switchable eyewear is made from the electrically switchable devices described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,504. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the triggering of a CLC device in planar state to a focal conic state by an electric field, the CLC device can also exhibit a focal conic state that scatters light, as shown in  FIG. 1 . The focal conic state can be generated via different ways. The most conventional method is to electrically trigger a CLC device already in a planar state (associated with a naturally narrow band polarizing state) into the focal conic state. In general, such a focal conic state may be unstable. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the triggering of a CLC device in planar state to a focal conic state by an applied electric field. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of the CLC device (an electrically switchable device) of the present invention.  FIG. 2  may be a schematic drawing of a CLC device  200  of the present invention. The first embodiment of the CLC device  200  according to the present invention may be one in which a single dichroic dye or a plurality of dyes may or may not have been introduced into the CLC. In this device, the liquid crystal  205  may be sandwiched between two optically transparent substrates  210 ,  215  that may have an Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) electrode  220  and a rubbed polyimide coating  225 . The switching of the device may be realized via applying an electric voltage “V” to the two ITO electrodes  230 ,  235 . 
       FIGS. 3   a  to  3   e  provide schematic illustrations of the four optical states of the CLC device of the present invention, and their associated CLC alignment texture in one of the embodiments. 
       FIG. 3  schematically illustrates the optical states of the embodiment of the CLC device of the present invention shown in  FIG. 2  and their associated liquid crystal alignment texture. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3(   a ), the first optical state of the CLC device  300  may be aligned in a planar texture  305  with a pitch gradient under zero voltage (V=0). In this optical state, the device reflects a broad band-pass of an unpolarized incident light into a circularly polarized light whose handedness matches that of the CLC helix. 50% of the light within the bandwidth may be reflected while the rest 50% may be transmitted as an opposite polarization. 
       FIG. 3   b  illustrates the second optical state of the first embodiment when a non-zero voltage (V=V 1  not equal to 0) is applied. In this state, a portion of the CLC device is aligned in a planar texture  310  with a pitch gradient P 1 , while the remaining portion of the CLC device may be switched into the focal conic state  315 . In this optical state, the device exhibits a distorted broadband reflection characteristic, as shown by the adjacent graph. At the same time, a focal conic texture is presented; therefore the device becomes scattering in the visible light range. Depending on from which side the light is incident, the device results in different transmission and reflection characteristics. If the light is incident from the planar alignment texture side  310 , close to 50% of the light within the distorted bandwidth is reflected. The rest of the light is transmitted and scattered. Due to the nature of light scattering, the polarization of the transmitted light is disturbed and scrambled. 
     However, if the light is incident from the focal conic texture side  315  of the device, first of all, the light experiences a light scattering process in both forward and backward directions. Less than 50% of the forward-scattered light within the distorted bandwidth may be reflected by the next CLC in planar texture and a first time period followed by a second time period scattering when re-passing through the focal conic layer. Therefore, the polarization state of the reflected light is disturbed and scrambled. The rest of the forward scattered light is transmitted through the planar CLC with opposite polarization to the CLC helix handedness. Actually, the transmitted light is partially depolarized because some of the light hitting the planar CLC at a large angle is difficult to be completely polarized. 
       FIG. 3   c  illustrates the third optical state of the first embodiment when a higher voltage (V 2 &gt;V 1  not equal to 0) is applied. In this state, a portion of the CLC  320  is still aligned in a planar texture with a quasi-constant pitch. The remaining portion CLC  325  may be vertically aligned by the electric field into the homeotropic texture. In this optical state, the device may exhibit a quasi-narrow band reflection characteristic at the wavelength determined by the quasi-constant CLC pitch. 
       FIG. 3   d  illustrates the device still in the third optical state of the first embodiment but showing a wavelength shift when an even higher voltage (V 3 &gt;V 2 ) is applied. In this state, a portion of the CLC  330  may remain in a planar texture with a quasi-constant pitch. However, this CLC pitch may be tilted by the electric field. The remaining portion of CLC  335  may be still aligned in the homeotropic texture. In this optical state, even though the device still exhibits a quasi-narrow band reflection characteristic, its wavelength has a blue shift. This particular situation implies that the reflection wavelength of the CLC device of the present invention may be electrically tuned while its bandwidth does not experience a noticeable change. 
       FIG. 3   e  illustrates the fourth optical state of the first embodiment under a very high voltage (V 4 &gt;V 3 ). In this state, all the CLC helices  340  may be completely unwound and the entire CLC device may be vertically aligned into the homeotropic texture. Therefore, the device becomes optically transparent. 
       FIGS. 4   a  to  4   d  are schematic illustrations of the three optical states of the CLC device of the present invention in the second embodiment.  FIGS. 4   a - 4   d  schematically illustrate the optical states of the CLC device of the present invention in the second embodiment of the present invention, and their associated liquid crystal alignment texture. 
       FIG. 4   a  illustrates the first optical state of the second embodiment in which a portion of the CLC device may be aligned in a planar texture with a pitch gradient under a zero voltage (V=0). The remaining portion CLC may be in the focal conic texture  410 . In this optical state, the device exhibits a mixed optical state of reflection and scattering, which is similar to the optical texture in  FIG. 3   b.    
       FIG. 4   b  illustrates the second optical state of the second embodiment when a non-zero voltage (V 1  not equal to 0) is applied. In this state, a portion of the CLC  415  is aligned in a planar texture with a quasi-constant pitch while the remaining portion CLC  420  may be aligned into the homeotropic texture. In this optical state, the device may exhibit a quasi-narrow band reflection characteristic at the wavelength determined by the quasi-constant CLC pitch. 
       FIG. 4   c  illustrates the narrow band reflection but at a shifted wavelength when a higher voltage (V 2 &gt;V 1 ) is applied. In this state, a portion of the CLC  425  may remain in the planar texture with a quasi-constant pitch. However, this CLC pitch may be tilted by the electric field. The remaining portion of CLC  430  may be still aligned in the homeotropic texture. The reflection wavelength of the invented CLC device is electrically tuned while its bandwidth does not experience a noticeable change. 
       FIG. 4   d  illustrates the third optical state of the second embodiment under a very high voltage (V.sub.3&gt;V.sub.2). In this state, all the CLC helices  435  are completely unwound and the whole CLC is aligned in the homeotropic texture. The device becomes optically transparent. 
     In the first embodiment of this invention disclosure, using the electrically switchable devices claimed in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,504 for sensor protection is disclosed. 
       FIG. 5A  schematically shows CLC device  200  being positioned in front of an optical sensor  501  and being controlled by the electrical power device  503 . In the normal sensing mode, the CLC device  200  is switched into transparent state by applying the appropriate voltage from the electrical power device  503 . When light attenuation is required for the optical sensor  501 , the CLC device  200  is switched into a state with high opacity by applying the appropriate voltage from the electrical power device  503 . 
     In an alternative embodiment for sensor protection, two CLC devices  200  may be vertically stacked and positioned in front of an optical sensor  501  and may be controlled by the electrical power device  503 . The first CLC device has a CLC material that has a first predetermined helix handedness while the second CLC device may have a second CLC material that may have an opposite helix handedness to that of the first CLC device. Each CLC device  200  may be individually controlled by separate electrical power devices  503 . In the sensing mode when maximum light transmittance is desired, both CLC devices  200  may be switched into transparent state by applying the appropriate voltage from the controlling electrical power device  503 . When the near highest light attenuation is required for the optical sensor  501 , both CLC devices  200  are switched into a state with high opacity by applying the appropriate voltage from the controlling electrical power device  503 . Assume the first CLC device has a left-handedness helix while the second CLC has a right-handedness helix. 50% of an unpolarized incoming light may be reflected by the first CLC device into left-handed circular polarization state while the remaining 50% of the unpolarized incoming light may be transmitted into right-handed circular polarization state. The transmitted right-handed circular polarization light may be further reflected by the second CLC device. As a result, near zero percent of light will be transmitted (at least in theory). When an intermediate light attenuation may be required for the optical sensor  501 , one of the two CLC devices  200  may be switched into transparent state by applying the appropriate voltage from the controlling electrical power device  503  while the second CLC device may be switched into a state with high opacity by applying another appropriate voltage from the controlling electrical power device  503 . 
     Further, established on the above described arrangement for sensor protection, there is an alternative arrangement in which an electrically switchable optical phase retarder  502  may be placed in between of the two stacked CLC devices  200  that may be positioned in front of an optical sensor  501  and may be controlled by the electrical power device  503 , as shown in  FIG. 5B . The two CLC devices may have the same or opposite handedness helix. The electrically switchable optical phase retarder  502  may have an optical retardance that may be electrically controlled. The retarder  502  may be formed from electro-optically active material such as nematic liquid crystal material.  6  Each CLC device  200  and the electrically switchable optical phase retarder  502  may be individually controlled by separate electrical power devices  503 . Assume the two CLC devices may have the opposite handedness. In the normal sensing mode when maximum light transmittance is desired, both CLC devices  200  may be switched into transparent state by applying the appropriate voltage from the controlling electrical power device  503 . When the highest light attenuation may be required for the optical sensor  501 , both CLC devices  200  may be switched into a state with high opacity while the electrically switchable optical phase retarder  502  may be switched to have a zero (0) phase retardance by applying the appropriate voltage from the electrical power device  503 . Therefore, an incoming arbitrarily polarized light may be totally reflected by the two stacked CLC devices  200 . When an intermediate light attenuation is required for the optical sensor  501 , the electrically switchable optical phase retarder  502  may be switched to have a non-zero retardance while the two CLC devices may be still in the high opacity state. For an unpolarized incoming light, the transmitted right-handed circular polarization from the first CLC device with left-handedness helix is converted to elliptical polarization state after passing through the electrically switchable optical phase retarder  502  and the part of the elliptical polarization is reflected by the second CLC device with right-handedness helix, and the rest of the light is transmitted.  6 “The Physics of Liquid Crystals”, second edition, P. G. De Gennes and J. Prost, Oxford, 1993. 
       FIG. 6A  shows CLC device  200  being used as lenses in a pair of eyewear to be used to protect human eyes. The CLC device  200  may be controlled by the electrical power device  602  by applying an electrical voltage to the CLC device  200 . Each CLC device  200  which acts as lenses for the eyewear may be individually controlled by separate electrical power devices  602 . The eyewear may be goggles, spectacles, and visors, or other such eyewear. In low lighting environment, the CLC device  200  of the eyewear may be switched into a state with high transmission. In bright light environment, the CLC device  200  of the eyewear may be switched into a high opacity state. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 6B , the above described arrangement for eyewear, there may be an alternative arrangement in which an electrically switchable optical absorber  601  is added in adjacent to each CLC device  200 . The electrically switchable optical absorber  601  may have an optical attenuation that is electrically controlled. The absorber  601  may be formed from electro-optically active material such as nematic liquid crystal material doped with a dichroic dye or dyes. In this dichroic dye doped nematic liquid crystal based switchable optical absorber, both the liquid crystal and dye molecules may have elongated shape. The longer axis of the dye may absorb more light than its shorter axis. When the longer axis of both liquid crystal and dye is along, i.e., in parallel to, the light propagation direction, the absorber exhibits the minimum light attenuation. When the longer axis of both liquid crystal and dye is perpendicular to the light propagation direction, the absorber may exhibit heavier light attenuation. The longer axis of the dye and liquid crystal may also be controlled neither parallel nor perpendicular to the light propagation direction by supplying an appropriate voltage from an electrical power device. In this situation, intermediate light absorption may be obtained. The orientation of the longer axis of the liquid crystal and the dye may be controlled by changing the voltage amplitude across the absorber which may be further provided by the electrical power devices  602 . Both CLC device  200  and the electrically switchable optical absorber  601  may be individually controlled by separate electrical power devices  602 . 
     In one mode when maximum light transmittance is desired, both CLC device  200  and the electrically switchable optical absorber  601  may be switched into transparent state by applying the appropriate voltage from the controlling electrical power device  602 . When the near highest light attenuation is required, both CLC device  200  and the electrically switchable optical absorber  601  may be switched into a state with high opacity by applying the appropriate voltage from the electrical power device  602 . Therefore, an incoming arbitrarily polarized light may be first partially reflected by the CLC device  200  and further absorbed by the electrically switchable optical absorber  601 . When an intermediate light attenuation may be required, as an example, the electrically switchable optical absorber  601  may be switched to have an intermediate light absorbance while the CLC device may be controlled to be in either in transparent or high opacity state. 
     The CLC device  200  may be used in conjunction with a display  702 .  FIG. 7  schematically shows the CLC device  200  performing an integrated display with the CLC device  200  positioned in front of display  702 . When the display  702  is off, the CLC device  200  is switched in mirror state by an electrical power device  703  such that the entire integrated display looks like a mirror. When the display  702  is turned on, the CLC device  200  may be turned on to transparent state by an electrical power device  703 , allowing audiences to watch the information or show from the display  702 . 
     In an alternative arrangement, two CLC devices  200  may be vertically stacked and positioned in front of display  702  and being controlled by the electrical power device  703 . The first CLC device may have a CLC material that has a predetermined helix handedness while the second CLC device may have another CLC material that has an opposite helix handedness. Each CLC device  200  may be individually controlled by separate electrical power devices  703 . 
     When the display  702  is off, both CLC devices  200  may be switched in mirror state by an controlling electrical power device  703  such that the entire integrated display looks like a mirror. When the display  702  is turned on, both CLC device  200  may be turned on to transparent state by an electrical controlling power device  703 , allowing audiences or users to watch the information or show from the display  702 . 
     While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed.