Abstract:
A method for using a moisture-protective container to protect an integrated circuit is disclosed herein. The integrated circuit is placed into a container having a first surface and a second surface that is opposite the first surface, and then the container is closed with a seal. Next, the seal is broken to remove the integrated circuit for evaluation. After evaluation without subjecting the integrated circuit to burn-in, the integrated circuit is restored to the container and the container is resealed with the seal. Lastly, the seal of the container is broken to connect the integrated circuit to a substrate without elevating the temperature surrounding the integrated circuit above the temperature at which evaluation occurred.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to protecting moisture-sensitive components from moisture. In particular, the invention is directed to a method for protecting integrated circuits from moisture accumulated during back-end testing. 
     2. Background 
     After the traditional bum-in testing of electronic components, various testing steps are performed under ambient conditions. The conventional sequence of steps used in the back-end processing of an integrated circuit is shown in FIG.  1 . Throughout back-end testing, and especially during the intervals between each test, the integrated circuits are exposed to moisture. To provide customers with components having a maximum floor life, it is conventional to bake components prior to shipment. The baking step removes any moisture introduced during back-end testing, thereby producing dry components. It is important to remove all moisture lingering on plastic encapsulated IC packages, as otherwise excess moisture can induce package cracking upon mounting a package onto a board. The aforementioned baking step is typically performed at 125° C. between 16 and 24 hours. To ensure that customers will be given adequate time (typically 168 hours) to use the ICs after removal from their container, a need exists for modifying the conventional back-end processing of moisture sensitive components. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method to protect moisture-sensitive components from undesirably high moisture exposure during back-end testing after bum-in. Bum-in comprises elevating the ambient temperature surrounding a semiconductor package while an electrical load is applied to the die. 
     Moisture-sensitive components that may be protected in accordance with the present invention include plastic encapsulated integrated circuits, and other goods that are at risk of being damaged by undue exposure to moisture. 
     The method of the invention encompasses protecting a moisture sensitive component from exposure to moisture above a predetermined threshold level. A moisture sensitive component is placed into a container with desiccant and then sealed. Once, the moisture sensitive components are to be evaluated, the container is unsealed and the components removed from their container. After evaluation, the components are restored to the container, which is then resealed. The above steps are repeated until the components are placed into their container for either shipment, or transportation outside the local testing environment. The protective container is any type of enclosure that minimizes the exposure of moisture-sensitive components to the ambient environment. Due to the effectiveness in stemming moisture accumulation, a balding step is not necessary immediately prior to shipment. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a flowchart of manufacturing steps performed in a back-end testing process; 
     FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate various different mating regions for closing the container that is used in accordance with the method of the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph of Moisture Percent versus Exposure Time for thin quad flat packages; and 
     FIG. 4 illustrates moisture accumulation at different points during a back-end flow process. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     The time from immediately after bum-in to just before placing a moisture-sensitive component in a shipment container is referred to herein as back-end testing. The term “completed IC” refers to a packaged die. In volume manufacturing, certain completed ICs undergo delayed evaluation at various times during back-end testing due to interruptions or because other lots are being tested. Completed ICs waiting to be tested are in a staging period. During the staging period, more and more moisture is being absorbed by completed ICs. The total moisture absorbed during staging periods requires moisture-sensitive devices to be baked immediately prior to board assembly, or connection onto a substrate, to reduce the detrimental effects of moisture. 
     This invention eliminates the need for a baking step immediately before such assembly or connection by preventing substantial amounts of moisture from being introduced into the IC after burn-in. The invention encompasses storing completed ICs during all staging periods in a sealable container that is substantially impervious to moisture. For convenience, such a container is referred to herein as a “protective container”. The ICs are restored to a protective container whenever their evaluation is complete. In a preferred embodiment, the protective container is a moisture-barrier bag that contains desiccant. After burn-in step  114 , shown in FIG. 1, the moisture-sensitive components are enclosed in a protective container. Once back-end testing is about to begin, the ICs are removed from the moisture-barrier bag and tested. For example, completed ICs temporarily stored in a moisture-barrier bag are removed when ready to be electrically tested, and then restored to their moisture-barrier bag until the next step in back-end testing is about to start. When completed ICs are to be evaluated again e.g., for coplanarity of leads, the ICs are removed again from their container and tested. By enclosing ICs in moisture-barrier bags during all staging periods after bum-in, the conventional baking step  124  is eliminated. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the protective container will have a mating region  22  on each interior surface, near its opening as shown in FIG. 2A The mating regions may constitute Velcro®; adhesive material; mechanical fasteners, including zippers, clips; or anything else known to create an enclosure. The protective container becomes temporarily sealed upon applying pressure, heat, thermo-compression, or a vacuum to the mating regions. 
     In an alternate embodiment of the invention the protective container can be a bag, envelope or pouch that has at least two mating regions  31 A and  31 B as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. FIG. 2B illustrates a container that is similar to the moisture-barrier bag of FIG. 2A, with a second mating region  31 B approximately three or more inches apart from the first mating region  31 A. Alternatively, the first mating region  31 A may comprise the top opening, or first mating region  31 A, can be sealed via heat, vacuum or pressurization or via any other equivalent manner. The second mating region is a temporary seal much like the first mating region previously described. The purpose of the second mating region is to allow customers to evaluate a moisture-sensitive component and then restore the component to the protective container if its use in a system or board will be delayed. It is also possible to have a thermally sealable mating region below  31 B as shown in FIG. 2B in the area indicated by  31 C. 
     For integrated circuits, the moisture exposure limit in a given humidity environment varies depending on the size and thickness of the packaged component. Typically, for the plastic Thin Quad Flat Pack package (TQFP), the moisture threshold limit is 0.12%. Based on experiments conducted in exposing TQFP packages in a 30° C./60% relative humidity environment, the moisture level of 0.12% was exceeded after approximately 20 days of exposure. Thus, after 20 days&#39;exposure to an ambient environment, the risk of a TQFP cracking at board assembly rises to greater than a 90% probability. If moisture exposure from the back-end processing can be limited to approximately 10 days maximum, baking step  124 , shown in FIG. 1, can be avoided, and the TQFP can still meet 7 days floor life after removal from the protective container. 
     The moisture-barrier bag in which the completed ICs are placed should contain a desiccant, such as for example, silica gel. The bag may be a moisture barrier bag from Richmond Technology (Drypac&lt;®) or from Baystat (e.g., StratoGuard™ 9626 or StratoGuard™ 9860), provided that such bags are modified in accordance with the present invention. Nevertheless, any container composed of a layer of conductive material, an organic polymer layer such as polyester or polyethylene, an antistatic material, and a heat-dissipative coating on the interior would be suitable for practicing the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the results of applying the invention to a thin quad flat package. A TQFP control sample was exposed to 30° C./60% relative humidity environment over 84 days without the use of any type of protective container. TQFP test samples that were placed in an opaque moisture-barrier bag, containing desiccant, did not accumulate more than 0.012% moisture over an 84-day period. 
     For the TQFP (thin Quad Flat Pack) evaluated, the critical point at which cracking occurred was at the 0.12% moisture level. From FIG. 3, 0.12% moisture would be absorbed by the control after just 20 days of exposure to a 30°/60% relative humidity environment. From FIG. 3, the maximum moisture percent accumulated by TQFP stored in a moisture barrier bag, such as the Drypac&lt;® bag (the BARR bag), over 84 days, aggregated to the amount of moisture percent accumulated when exposed to the atmosphere over a ten-day period was less than the critical level of 0.12%. This may be expressed mathematically as follows: 
      (0.010)[(% moisture of TQFP in Barrier bag)]+0.105%[(% moisture of control after 10 days)]&lt;0.12 
     The invention thus provides a process that allows “protected exposure” for lengthy periods of time, combined with unprotected exposure, without the resulting moisture levels exceeding the predetermined threshold, or approximately 0.12% in the case of TQFP semiconductors. 
     FIG. 3 also illustrates the % moisture absorption of TQFP samples enclosed within a more highly vapor transmissive bag (using a STAT bag). Use of an electrostatic sealing bag (such as a STAT bag) to implement the method of the invention is not as effective as the moisture barrier bag. Nevertheless, the maximum exposure time for the samples in the STAT bag is just under 35 days—a period longer than the exposure time allowable in the conventional process that requires a baking step. 
     The advantages of the present invention can be readily appreciated by comparing the different results obtained when a protective container is used during staging, and when the protective container is not used during staging periods. 
     Thus, the novel process of this invention provides an enormous amount of latitude to both the manufacturer and the customer in that the moisture percent absorbed during evaluation is maintained within an acceptable level over an extended period. As a result, the process of this invention will obviate the need for baking step  124 , shown in FIG.  1 . 
     A wide variety of different types of evaluation were performed to simulate back-end testing using a protective container to protect semiconductor packages during staging periods. The amount of moisture accumulated by the samples was measured before and after each test operation by weighing the samples using the chemical balance at room temperature. In general, the weight gain will equal the percent moisture accumulated by a device. 
     FIG. 4 represents moisture accumulation throughout back-end testing at various degrees of exposure, including 7 days floor life to simulate a typical floor limit given to an end-user. The time indicated adjacent each evaluation represents the maximum anticipated period for performing the indicated evaluation. Thus, for example, delays caused by malfunctioning or verification are taken into account in the time periods shown. The results prove that with the proper control of moisture exposure, the product moisture level can be confined within an acceptable level to avoid baking step  124 . 
     In testing the present invention, seven (7) production lots were processed at the back end using a protective container during all staging periods. The specific packages evaluated and the moisture level present immediately before shipment are shown in Table 1. The percent moisture level of each package evaluated was low enough to eliminate baking step  124 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MOISTURE DATA RESULTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 PACKAGE TYPE 
                 DIMENSIONS (mm) 
                 % MOISTURE LEVEL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TQFP 64 PINS  
                 14 × 14 × 1.4 
                 0.012 
               
               
                 TQFP 64 PINS  
                 14 × 14 × 1.4 
                 0.027 
               
               
                 TQFP 64 PINS  
                 14 × 14 × 1.4 
                 0.036 
               
               
                 TQFP 64 PINS  
                 14 × 14 × 1.4 
                 0.022 
               
               
                 TQFP 100 PINS 
                 14 × 20 × 1.4 
                 0.038 
               
               
                 TQFP 100 PINS 
                 14 × 20 × 1.4 
                 0.031 
               
               
                 TQFP 100 PINS 
                 14 × 20 × 1.4 
                 0.023 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Based on the examples provided above, the skilled artisan can readily apply the invention to other types of moisture-sensitive components, such as other types of moisture-sensitive integrated circuits. Of course, the parameters for implementing the invention will vary based on the environment; vapor transmission rate of the container; container contents; and specific moisture-sensitive component to be protected. To apply the invention to all ICs, it is necessary to define the critical moisture threshold that would shorten the useful life of the package under analysis, or cause cracking, to occur based on the % relative humidity and temperature of the environment that the packages will be exposed to. Such a critical moisture level can be determined by preparing a moisture absorption curve using the guidelines of JEDEC standard JESD22-A112. 
     Weight gain analysis (absorption) can be very valuable in determining estimated floor life (the time from removal of a device from dry pack until it absorbs sufficient moisture to be at risk during reflow soldering). Weight gain/loss is calculated using an average gain/loss for the entire sample. JEDEC standard JESD22-A112 recommends that ten (10) devices be used in the sample so that the average weight can be calculated by simply moving the decimal. 
     The following formulas and definitions are useful for weight gain analysis: 
     Final weight gain=(wet weight−dry weight)/dry weight. 
     Interim weight gain=(present weight−dry weight)/dry weight. 
     “Wet” is relative and means the package is saturated with moisture under specific temperature and humidity conditions such as 85° C./85% RH or 85° C./60% RH 
     “Dry” is specific and means no additional moisture can be removed from the package at 125° C. 
     In accordance with the JEDEC standard, the dry weight of the sample should be determined first. Bake the sample for 48 hours minimum at 125+5/0° C. to ensure that the devices are dry. Within one (1) hour after removal from the oven, weigh the devices using a chemical balance to determine an average dry weight. For smaller SMDs (less than 1.5 mm total height), devices should be weighed within thirty (30) minutes after removal from oven. 
     Within one (1) hour after weighing, place the devices in a clean, dry, shallow container so that the parts do not touch each other and then place the devices in the desired non-biased temperature/humidity condition for the desired length of time. 
     The devices are removed from the temperature/humidity chamber and allowed to dry for a minimum of fifteen (15) minutes. Within one (1) hour after removal from the oven, weigh the devices. For small SMDs (less than 1.5 mm total height), devices should be weighed within thirty (30) minutes after removal from oven. After the devices are weighed, the devices are reinserted into the temperature/humidity chamber as set forth above. No more than two (2) hours total time should elapse between removal of devices from the temperature/humidity chamber and their return to the chamber. 
     The devices are then re-weighed, returned to desired temperature/humidity chamber for the predetermined time, removed from the chamber and weighed again until saturation is reached. The saturation point is reached when no additional increase in moisture absorption is found. 
     The six (6) moisture sensitivity levels of JEDEC standard 022-A112 (JEDEC standard) are set forth in Table 2. The recommended procedure is to start testing at the lowest moisture sensitivity level the evaluation package is reasonably expected to pass (based on knowledge of other similar evaluation packages). Samples may be run concurrently on one or more moisture sensitivity levels. Testing must be continued until a passing level is found. For each evaluation package consisting of an SMD package type (SOIC-small outline IC, PQFP-plastic quad flat pack, PLCC-plastic leaded chip carrier, etc.), number of pins, mold compound, and die pad area to be evaluated, select a sample of ten (10) units for each moisture sensitivity level to be tested. A minimum of two non-consecutive assembly lots must be included in the sample with each date code having approximately the same representation. 
     In order to minimize testing, the results from a given SMD package type, mold compound, and die pad area may be accepted to cover all other devices in the same SMD package, same mold compound, and same or smaller die pad area. 
     A room temperature electrical dc and functional test is performed to verify that the devices meet the room temperature data sheet specification. Then a visual examination under 40× magnification of the external package is performed to ensure that devices with cracks or damage (visible at 40×) are omitted from this test method. 
     The sample is then baked for 24 hours minimum at 125+5/0° C. to render the package dry and hence, moisture free. This time may be modified if desorption data on the particular device under test shows that more or less time is required to obtain a “dry” package when starting in the wet condition for 85° C./85% RH. 
     Each sample often (10) units must be handled with adequate precautions to ensure that ESD damage does not occur. Devices are placed in a clean, dry container and are positioned so that the parts do not contact each other. Each sample is soaked as shown in Table 2. The devices are then removed from the temperature/humidity chamber and allowed to dry for a minimum of fifteen (15) minutes. 
     Not sooner than fifteen (15) minutes and not longer than four (4) hours after removal from the temperature/humidity chamber, each sample is subjected to either two cycles of VPR at 215-219° C. for 60 seconds, or two cycles of IR at 215-220° C. (top side package body) for 60 seconds. The devices must be allowed to cool down for five (5) minutes minimum between VPR or IR cycles. The devices are then inspected under a microscope (40×) for external cracks. Electrical room temperature dc and functional tests are then performed on all devices. Subsequently, a “polished” cross section analysis or a scanning acoustic microscope is used to evaluate all devices. If a scanning acoustic microscope is used, all of the reject criteria set forth in (a)-(d) below are applicable. 
     For a polished cross section analysis, the devices are sectioned in half with a vertical section through the middle (when viewed from either side or end). The other half of the devices is sectioned with a vertical section through the middle of the package, along opposite comers of the device. 
     A device under the JEDEC standard is considered a failure if it exhibits any of the following: 
     (a) external crack visible under 40× optical microscope. 
     (b) any internal crack that extends more than ⅔ of the distance from crack initiation to bonding fingers or package surface. 
     (c) electrical room temperature dc or functional failure. If failure analysis can show that the electrical failure is not due to moisture-stress sensitivity (for example, electrical overstress), then that failure may be disallowed. If more than one failure is disallowed, that subgroup must be rerun. 
     (d) complete delamination on top of die as verified by a scanning acoustic microscope. This criterion only applies if the scanning acoustic microscope is used. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MOISTURE SENSITIVITY LEVELS 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 JEDEC 
                 FLOOR LIFE 
                 SOAK REQUIREMENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 LEVEL 
                 CONDITIONS 
                 TIME 
                 TIME 
                 CONDITIONS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 ≦30° C./90% RH 
                 Unlimited 
                 168 Hours 
                 85°C./85% RH 
               
               
                 2 
                 ≦30° C./60% RH 
                 1 Year 
                 168 Hours 
                 85°C./60% RH 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 SOAK REQUIREMENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 JEDEC 
                 FLOOR LIFE 
                 TIME (Hours) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 LEVEL 
                 CONDITIONS 
                 TIME 
                 X+ 
                 Y 
                 = Z 
                 CONDITIONS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 ≦30° C./60% RH 
                 168 Hours 
                 24 
                 168 
                 192  
                 30° C./60% RH 
               
               
                 4 
                 ≦30° C./60% RH 
                  72 Hours 
                 12 
                  72 
                 84 
                 30° C./60% RH 
               
               
                 5 
                 ≦30° C./60% RH 
                  24 Hours 
                  6 
                  24 
                 30 
                 30° C./60% RH 
               
               
                 6 
                 ≦30° C./60% RH 
                  6 Hours 
                  0 
                  6 
                  6 
                 30° C./60% RH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 X = Default value of Semiconductor manufacturer&#39;s time between bake and bag. If Semiconductor manufacturer&#39;s actual time between bake and bag is different from the default value, the actual time must be used.  
               
               
                 Y = Floor life of package after it is removed from dry pack bag.  
               
               
                 Z = Total soak time for evaluation.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The moisture absorption curve (first curve) illustrates the time it takes for samples to reach their critical moisture level. A similar curve (second curve) can be prepared for samples placed in a protective container during staging in accordance with the invention. The results of the first curve will allow one to assess what the maximum exposure time is before an IC or group of ICs reach the critical moisture level. The second curve indicates the period of time for which the analyzed sample can be sustained within a protective container without experiencing any package failures. Together, the two absorption curves illustrate the time constraints necessary to implement the current process of the invention into a manufacturing process. Where it is neither possible nor desirable to completely eliminate the baking step  124 , use of the protective container in accordance with the invention will nevertheless significantly reduce the time required for baking. 
     The embodiments described above are illustrative only. Numerous modifications and extensions may be provided without departing from the spirit of the invention. The true scope of the invention should be interpreted in accordance with the breadth of the claims set forth below.