Abstract:
Electrically conductive oxides of the pyrochlore family based on copper and/or silver, lead, bismuth, and ruthenium, characterized by the formula M x  M&#39; y  (Pb,Bi) 2-x-y  Ru 2  O 7-z , wherein M=copper and/or silver, M&#39;=calcium, strontium, and/or barium, 0≦x≦0.6, 0.1≦y≦1.0, and 0.1≦z≦1.0.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention concerns electrically conductive oxides of the pyrochlore family based on copper and/or silver, lead, bismuth, and ruthenium, and electrically resistant materials that contain such oxides. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A number of polynary oxides that contain ruthenium and bismuth, that have a pyrochlore crystalline structure, and that are appropriate because of their electrical properties as constituents of electrically resistant materials are known. 
     German Patent 1 816 105, for example, describes the electrically conductive stable bismuth ruthenate Bi 2  Ru 2  O 7  with a pyrochlore-crystal structure and similar oxides of the pyrochlore or pyrochlore-related structure that contain other metals in addition to bismuth and ruthenium. They are employed in conjunction with glass to manufacture resistors. The specific resistance of resistors manufactured with Bi 2  Ru 2  O 7  can be varied over a wide range maintaining a low temperature coefficient in the range of +25° to +125° C. 
     Electrically resistant materials that contain electrically conductive polynary oxides with a crystalline structure related to pyrochlore and of the general formula M x  M&#39; 2-x  M&#34; 2  O 7-z  wherein M is silver and/or copper, M&#39; is bismuth or a mixture of at least 1/2 bismuth and up to 1/2 cadmium, lead, yttrium, thallium, indium and/or rare earth metal and M&#34; is ruthenium, iridium and/or a mixture of at least 3/4 ruthenium and/or iridium and up to 1/4 platinum and/or titanium and/or rhodium are described in German AS 2 403 667. The oxides are obtained by jointly heating the requisite oxides or readily oxidizing metals or salts to approximately 600° to 1200° C. subject to oxidizing conditions. At a proportion of 5 to 90% they constitute in conjunction with a glass frit or other appropriate inorganic binder the solid constituent of the resistant material, which also has a liquid organic carrier, a solution of ethyl cellulose in terpineol, for example, to render it susceptible to printing. Resistors with especially low specific resistances and a flat temperature response thereof can be obtained by firing the resistant material onto a dielectric substrate, aluminum oxide, for example, at approximately 650° to 950° C. 
     European Patent 110 167 concerns a method of manufacturing pyrochlore compounds of the general formula Bi 2-x  M x  B 2  O 7-z , wherein M=cadmium, copper, lead, indium, gadolinium, and/or silver and B=ruthenium and/or iridium. These compounds have an extensive specific surface and are appropriate for resistors with relatively low temperature coefficients of resistance in the range of +25° to +125° C. (Hot Temperature Coefficient of Resistance: HTCR). They can be manufactured by annealing a mixture of the bismuth-oxide carbonate Bi 2  O 2  CO 3 , the dioxide of the ruthenium and/or iridium, and the carbonates of the other metals in an oxidizing atmosphere and purification the reaction product with a diluted aqueous mineral acid. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to make available an electrically conductive ruthenate with the aforesaid pyrochlore structure that is appropriate for manufacturing thick film resistors, whereby the difference (ΔTCR=HTCR-CTCR) between the coefficient of resistance for temperatures in the range of +25° to +125° C. (HTCR) and the coefficient for temperatures in the range of -55° to +25° C. (Cold Temperature Coefficient of Resistance: CTCR) is as small as possible. 
     This object is attained with oxides of pyrochlore-related structure that are characterized by the formula M x  M&#39; y  (Pb,Bi) 2-x-y  Ru 2  O 7-z , wherein M=copper and/or silver, M&#39;=calcium, strontium, and/or barium, 0≦x≦0.6, 0.1≦y≦1.0, and 0.1≦z≦1.0. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Preferably in the formula M x  M&#39; y  (Pb,Bi) 2-x-y  Ru 2  O 7-z , 0.2≦x≦0.4, 0.5≦y≦1.0, and 0.1≦z≦1.0. 
     Oxides wherein the stoichiometric ratio of lead to bismuth is higher than 1 and lower than 2 have been proven especially practical. 
     Oxides that contain lead and bismuth in the stoichiometric ratio of 1.5:1 and copper or silver are preferred. 
     The oxides can, as is in itself known (cf. e.g., European Patent 110 167), be produced by solid reaction or by reaction in the liquid phase. It has been proven especially practical to employ the corresponding metals, metal oxides, metal carbonates, or mixtures thereof as starting materials in powdered form and to anneal them in air at 700° to 1000° C. 
     The oxides, in conjunction with inorganic dielectric binders, constitute the solid portion of electrically resistant materials. Generally the solid portion is 5 to 90% by weight oxides and 10 to 95% by weight inorganic dielectric binder. Any binder, usually a glass frit, that is known for this purpose is appropriate for use in conjunction with the oxides in accordance with the invention. Resistant materials that contain the oxides along with lead-aluminosilicate or lead-aluminoborosilicate glass frits, preferably those that are 50 to 70% by weight PbO, 25 to 35% by weight SiO 2 , 1 to 10% by weight Al 2  O 3 , and 1 to 10% by weight B 2  O 3 , have been proven especially useful. 
     The electrically resistant materials usually contain, in addition to the solids, a liquid carrier in the form of an organic medium and are accordingly present in the form of a paste that can be screen-printed onto the dielectric substrate. The liquid carrier is usually a solution of an organic polymer, an acrylic resin or ethyl cellulose, for example, in an organic solvent, terpineol or butyl carbitol (butyl-diglycol acetate), for example, as usually employed for electrically resistant pastes. 
     The resistant pastes are manufactured in a known way by mixing the constituents that comprise them. Once the paste has been printed onto the substrate, which consists of aluminum oxide, for example, and dried by evaporating the solvent, the substrate is fired in air at approximately 700° to 900° C. That the oxides do not decompose at these firing temperatures is evidenced by x-ray diffraction photographs of the fired-on layers. 
     The electrically resistant layers made out of materials that contain oxides in accordance with the invention are distinguished by low HTCR&#39;s and CTCR&#39;s and by small differences between them. 
     To facilitate comprehension of the invention the preparation of oxides, of electrically resistant pastes that contain one such oxide along with lead-aluminosilicate or lead-aluminoborosilicate glass frit, and of resistant layers produced from such pastes will now be described with reference to the following examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     The pastes are characterized by determining the thickness d (in μm) of the dried layers and the resistance R f   per unit of area (in kΩ/□), the temperature coefficient of resistance at +25° to +125° C. HTCR (in ppm/K), and the temperature coefficient of resistance at -55° to +25° C. CTCR (in ppm/K) of the layers obtained by firing the pastes onto aluminum oxide substrates. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Ca 0 .85 Cu 0 .25 Pb 0 .5 Bi 0 .4 Ru 2  O 7-z   
     34.03 g of CaCO 3 , 7.96 g of CuO, 44.64 g of PbO, 37.28 g of Bi 2  O 3 , and 80.86 g of Ru are ground together in a ball mill. The resulting mixture is placed in a crucible made of Al 2  O 3  and annealed for 10 hours at 750° C. and then for 10 more hours at 850° C. in a muffle kiln. The resultant reaction product is cooled and ground in a ball mill to a powder with a mean particle size of 6 to 8 μm. X-ray structural analysis of the reaction product discloses that it consists of a single phase with the structure of a pyrochlore. Table I lists interplanar spacing d and relative x-ray intensity I/I o . 
     The specific resistance is determined by the four-point procedure at room temperature and at 77K from samples compressed out of the powdered oxide. It is 4.8·10 -4  Ω cm at room temperature and 3.6·10 -4  Ω cm at 77K. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________  d      I/I.sub.0______________________________________  5,936407         0,9  3,847390         1,9  3,256802         1,3  3,082717         1,5  2,946986         100,0  2,757214         1,2  2,713802         4,5  2,551787         35,2  2,342925         4,0  2,322472         1,3  2,086605         0,5  1,997906         0,5  1,967362         1,5  1,924425         1,1  1,867236         0,5  1,804707         40,7  1,684467         0,5  1,583636         0,5  1,539132         33,4  1,473673         8,4  1,357084         0,5  1,276656         4,1  1,171152         9,6  1,141683         7,1______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLES 2 THROUGH 7 
     Additional oxides are prepared by the method described with reference to Example 1 and characterized along with the oxide from that example by their lattice constant a (in Å). The results are listed in Table II. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________Example    Oxide              a (in Å)______________________________________1          Ca.sub.0,85 Cu.sub.0,25 Pb.sub.0,5 Bi.sub.0,4 Ru.sub.2      O.sub.7-z          10,2122          Ca.sub.0,3 Cu.sub.0,6 Pb.sub.0,6 Bi.sub.0,5 Ru.sub.2 O.sub.7-z                         10,2363          Ca.sub.1,0 Cu.sub.0,2 Pb.sub.0,5 Bi.sub.0,3 Ru.sub.2 O.sub.7-z                         10,2154          Ca.sub.0,5 Cu.sub.0,25 Pb.sub.0,75 Bi.sub.0,5 Ru.sub.2      O.sub.7-z          10,2305          Ca.sub.0,5 Ag.sub.0,25 Pb.sub.0,75 Bi.sub.0,5 Ru.sub.2      O.sub.7-z          10,2436          Sr.sub.0,5 Cu.sub.0,25 Pb.sub.0,75 Bi.sub.0,5 Ru.sub.2      O.sub.7-z          10,2587          Ba.sub.0,5 Cu.sub.0,3 Pb.sub.0,7 Bi.sub.0,5 Ru.sub.2 O.sub.7-z                         10,250______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Electrically resistant pastes 
     a) A ratio of 3:1 of a mixture of 19% by weight of the oxide described with reference to Example 1 and 81% by weight of a glass frit consisting of 55% by weight of PbO, 32.9% by weight of SiO 2 , 4.8% by weight of B 2  O 3 , and 4.1% by weight of Al 2  O 3  with a mean particle size of 3 to 6 μm and a 10% solution of ethyl cellulose in butyl carbitol are worked into a paste on a roll mill. The paste is printed through a stainless steel screen (200 mesh) onto an Al 2  O 3  substrate measuring 50×50×0.63 mm, dried in air at 150° C. for 10 minutes, and fired in a belt furnace for 10 minutes at 850° C. (remaining in the furnace for a total of 1 hour). 
     The thickness of the dried layers, the sheet resistance per unit of area related to a dried layer of 25 μm thickness, the hot and cold temperature coefficients of resistance for the same thickness, and the difference between the latter two are listed in Table III. 
     b) A ratio of 3:1 of a mixture of 20% by weight of the oxide described with reference to Example 1 and 80% by weight of a glass frit consisting of 58.2 by weight of PbO, 33.5% by weight of SiO 2 , 8.4% by weight of B 2  O 3 , and 3.1% by weight of Al 2  O 3  with a mean particle size of 3 to 6 μm and a 10% solution of ethyl cellulose in butyl carbitol are worked into a paste on a roll mill. The paste is printed through a stainless steel screen (200 mesh) onto an Al 2  O 3  substrate measuring 50×50×0.63 mm, dried in air at 150° C. for 10 minutes, and fired in a belt furnace for 10 minutes at 850° C. (remaining in the furnace for a total of 1 hour). 
     The thickness of the dried layers, the sheet resistance per unit of area related to a dried layer of 25 μm thickness, the hot and cold temperature coefficients of resistance for the same thickness, and the difference between the latter two are listed in Table III. c) A ratio of 3:1 of a mixture of 25% by weight of the oxide described with reference to Example 1 and 75% by weight of a glass frit consisting of 64% by weight of PbO, 29% by weight of SiO 2 , and 7% by weight of Al 2  O 3  with a mean particle size of 3 to 6 μm and a 10% solution of ethyl cellulose in butyl carbitol are worked into a paste on a roll mill. The paste is printed through a stainless steel screen (200 mesh) onto an Al 2  O 3  substrate measuring 50×50×0.63 mm, dried in air at 150° C. for 10 minutes, and fired in a belt furnace for 10 minutes at 850° C. (remaining in the furnace for a total of 1 hour). 
     The thickness of the dried layers, the sheet resistance per unit of area related to a dried layer of 25 μm thickness, the hot and cold temperature coefficients of resistance for the same thickness, and the difference between the latter two are listed in Table III. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________Exam-ple   oxide/frit          d      R.sub.f                       HTCR   CTCR   Δ TCRNo.   (pbw)    (.sub./ um)                 (kΩ/□)                       (ppm/K)                              (ppm/K)                                     (ppm/K)______________________________________8 a   19/81    28     1050  +70    +25    458 b   20/80    30     1210   +2    -65    678 c   25/75    25     1295  -75    -115   40______________________________________ 
    
     It will be appreciated that the instant specification and claims are set forth by way of illustration and not limitation, and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.