Abstract:
A flour useful for the production of baked goods containing transglutaminase and wheat flour yields dough with properties for automated processing and baked goods with larger volume. The wheat flour represents 1 to 50 wt.-% of the flour with the remainder being one or more non-wheat flours. A method for the production of baked goods containing both wheat and non-wheat flours utilizing a transglutaminase enzyme.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The invention relates to technological improvements in the production of baked products with low wheat content. In particular the invention describes the utilization of transglutaminase compounds for the production of baked products with a wheat content derived from flour of 1 to 50% by weight.  
           [0003]    2. Discussion of the Background  
           [0004]    Problems with mechanical dough processing and product quality are known to occur during the manufacture of bread with a low wheat content. In dough types made from wheat, vegetable gluten forms a cellular gluten network and develops a protein film throughout the whole dough. No such gluten network is formed in dough with a low wheat content. The lack of a gluten network is the reason why doughs low in wheat content are not as elastic as wheat doughs. Rye doughs in particular, but also doughs made from special flours, are not elastic. These doughs keep the shape they are given and are sticky and plastic. The presence of rye flour or special flour inhibits the formation of vegetable gluten through swelling pentosans which are believed to prevent the formation of gluten strands. The pentosans envelop particles in the dough such as hydrated rye flour by forming a thick glutinous liquid. The larger proportion of soluble compounds in wheat doughs in comparison to doughs with special flours is also thought to contribute to the differences in dough properties. There is no information available about dough formation in doughs containing rye part wheat. However, rye content is the decisive factor in the properties of the dough and the baked product when a dough mixture containing rye is used. For example, in common practice dough is leavened with a rye flour proportion of just 20%. The dough properties of bread dough containing rye part wheat resemble those of unblended rye flour. This leads to the conclusion that in doughs made from rye flour blends, no uninterrupted protein film forms due to the high pentosan content. The lack of such a protein film results in a low consistency of fermentation in bread made from rye flour or rye flour blends. This in turn leads to flat loaves with insufficient loaf volume.  
           [0005]    Special flours are flour types which are not usually suitable for making bakable dough. Such special flours, which can be made from other cereal types but also from leguminous or other plants, contain proteins which are not able to form an uninterrupted network because most of the proteins are soluble. For this reason, most of the problems which occur during the manufacture of rye bread are also encountered with other special flours.  
           [0006]    An amylase and pentosanase preparation powder (VERON® HE made by Röhm GmbH) has been used for improving the properties of rye dough and special flour doughs. This product has been used for the treatment of high ammylogram rye flours. However, use of this enzyme preparation resulted in a softer dough and noticeably flatter loaves. Hexose oxidase and glucose oxidase have also been used during the production of bread from blended rye flour (e.g. Poulsen, C. H.; Borch Soe: Strong Effect of Hexose Oxidase on the Stickiness of Mixed Rye/Wheat Sour Dough, Helsinki Meeting Dec. 8, 1999 to Dec. 10, 1999, Congress: 2nd European Symposium on Enzymes in Grain Processing). These enzymes achieved reduced dough stickiness. The effect on loaf shape and fermentation is however not described. Furthermore, oxidases are known to react with the carbon hydrates in the flour but not the proteins. Therefore, all attempts utilizing the current state of technology for improving the quality of dough low in wheat have been unsatisfactory.  
         DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The present invention relates to the task of providing the means and methods for improving doughs that are low in wheat content. In particular, according to this invention, the extensibility of the dough and its gas retention properties will be improved. Furthermore, the means and methods described in the invention are used to improve the baking properties in automated processing, in particular stickiness. The means and methods described in the invention also improve the quality of the baked product, particularly its volume. The baked products should not show any faulty flavor or properties giving rise to toxicological concern. In addition, the means and methods described in the invention are to be generally recognized as safe from a toxicologic and food regulatory standpoint.  
           [0008]    Surprisingly, it was found that the addition of transglutaminase to doughs low in wheat significantly improved the properties of the dough and the baked products derived therefrom. The stickiness of the doughs is reduced so that they can be easily mechanically processed. Because of the improved gas retention in the dough, bread volume is noticeably increased. In addition, the stability of the fermentation in the shaped dough is increased. The final fermentation time can therefore be increased by up to 20%. The resulting baked product will nevertheless exhibit a very good shape. Thus allowing a great deal of flexibility at the bakery.  
           [0009]    The present invention relates to both the use of transglutaminase for the production of baked products with a wheat content between 1 and 50% in addition to one or more flours other than wheat flour(s), as well as a method for the production of the corresponding baked products which are characterized by the fact that they include transglutaminase as an enzyme component. The invention further covers a baking flour with a wheat content of 1 to 50% by weight of the flour components further containing a transglutaminase. This baking flour may contain flour made from any type of wheat in its wheat component and any type of non-wheat flour in the non-wheat component. The baking flour may be part of a baking mixture.  
           [0010]    The effect of the transglutaminase used in the invention was surprising, as in the past it was assumed that transglutaminases could only be successful with doughs of wheat component greater than 50% (EP 0 492 406). The effect of transglutaminase in wheat dough arises from the generation of new connections between the amino acids glutamine and lysine contained in the flour protein. Because of the high content of pentosans which form a glutinous liquid around the rye flour particles, or of soluble proteins in special flours, it was surprising, and not obvious, that transglutaminase would also have such favourable effects in doughs that are low in wheat.  
           [0011]    Doughs covered by the invention contain a wheat proportion of 1-50%, preferably 5-50%, more preferably 10-50% and even more preferably 30-50%, where the percentages refer to weight, with the flour component of the dough being 100%. Throughout this disclosure all ranges and subvalues between the stated ranges are included. Any type of wheat may be used for this wheat component, such as dinkel, durum wheat or low-allergen wheat. The non-wheat flour can be any type of flour which on its own does not possess any, or only insufficient, baking properties. Examples are oat flour, barley flour, maize flour, buckwheat flour, millet flour, rye flour, amarath flour, quinoa flour and other non-cereal flours of plant origin, such as potato flour, soya bean flour or leguminous plant flour. These special flours can be used individually or in combination. The preferred non-wheat flour is rye flour. Combinations of non-wheat flour types which can be used are, for example, barley/oats/rye or oats/buckwheat or rye/potato starch. The proportion of non-wheat flour is 50-99% by weight, preferably 50-95% by weight, more preferably 50-90% by weight, even more preferably 50-70% by weight, in all cases with respect to the flour component, total flour content is 100%. In addition, the dough for the baked product may contain the usual ingredients and spices. The dough is processed in the normal way for producing the intended baked products. These baked products may also be filled.  
           [0012]    The dosage for the transglutaminase depends on the properties of the individual flour. An enzyme dose between 5 TGU and 5000 TGU is preferred, more preferred is 10-2000 TGU, even more preferred is 30 to 300 TGU per 100 kg of flour depending on the flour blend and the dough processing.  
           [0013]    For example, the dosage for 50% rye flour is 70-100 TGU per 100 kg of flour, for 60% rye flour it is 90-150 TGU per 100 kg of flour, for 70% rye flour is 120-200 TGU per 100 kg of flour, for 80% rye flour is 200-300 TGU per 100 kg of flour. For the special flour types the dosage range is between 100 TGU and 5000 TGU, always for 100 kg flour, but more preferably between 300 TGU and 600 TGU depending on the flour type used. The precise dosage for the flour or flour blend can easily be determined by one skilled in the art by means of simple routine experiments.  
           [0014]    The enzyme preparation with transglutaminase activity can, on its own or together with other ingredients, be added at any stage after the grinding of the flour (each flour alone or mixed together) and before the dough processing. The enzyme preparation can also be added to the leaven. The enzyme preparation is preferably added together with the baking ingredients. It is also possible to add the transglutaminase to the baking additives for the appropriate dough types. The dough may also contain other commonly used baking additives such as non-transglutaminase enzymes, e.g. amylases, xylanases, pentosanases, hemicellulases, cellulases, endoglucanases, β-glucanases, phospholipases, lysophospholipases, phytases, phosphatases, lipases, lipoxygenases, oxidases or peroxidases. Furthermore, other commonly used additives used in baking such as swellable types of flour, salt, sugar, emulsifiers, organic acids, like lactic acid and acetic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid, vitamin C, etc. may be added.  
           [0015]    In preparing the initial mixed flour of the invention there is no special order of addition of ingredients (wheat flour, transglutaminase, non-wheat flour). However, and as mentioned above, the transglutaminase should not be ground for best results. The phrase “mixing a transglutaminase, a wheat flour and a non-wheat flour” includes all orders of addition, meaning that any two can be combined and optionally mixed followed by the addition of the third with mixing, that all these can be combined followed by mixing, that the two may be provided in pre-mixed form and the third added and mixed, etc.  
           [0016]    The transglutaminases used as described in the invention are preferably produced by cultures of micro-organisms, e.g. by mould fungi or bacteria. The enzyme may also be of plant or animal origin. Transglutaminases produced recombinantly can also be used. A transglutaminase produced from  Streptoverticillium mobaraense , IFO 13819 (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,956 and EP 0 379 606 B2; both hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference) is preferred.  
           [0017]    Doughs made from part rye flour can be produced both by direct and by indirect processing. For direct processing organic acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid or citric acid and/or dried leaven are added. For the indirect processing, in the first stage a dough with unprocessed leaven is used. The dough may, in addition, contain yeast. It is also possible to combine the processing methods.  
           [0018]    The results of the baking tests show that the transglutaminase is of no effect on doughs made purely from rye flour (see table 1 in example of control experiment 1). Changes do not become visible in the dough nor in the loaf. When testing blends containing 70% rye flour, a noticeable improvement in the properties of dough and baked product are evident, and the degree of comminution rate is of no relevance (tables 2 and 3). With an enzyme dose of just 200 TGU per 100 kg of flour a very good volume increase of 6 vol. % is reached.  
           [0019]    Experiments with different proportions of rye flour show that the loaf volume is noticeably increased by an addition of transglutaminase (table 4). A volume increase of up to 7 vol. % can be achieved. The loaf shape and dough stability is even improved with a rye flour proportion of 80%. The transglutaminase results in a major reduction in the stickiness of the dough. The best results are achieved with a proportion of rye flour between 60 and 70%.  
           [0020]    In addition, experiments with both types of dough processing were carried out(table 5 and 6). In both cases the transglutaminase had a very noticeable effect on the properties of the dough and the baked product.  
           [0021]    Experiments investigating the effect of the transglutaminase on the fermentation stability are shown in table 7. These results show that the effect of the transglutaminase permits a lengthening in the fermentation time of up to 20%. While loaves without transglutaminase are flat and must be regarded as no longer acceptable, the loaves with transglutaminase showed a very pleasing loaf shape and a high loaf volume.  
           [0022]    The combination of transglutaminase with several other typical baking enzymes is described in tables 8 to 10. The combination of the transglutaminases with other enzymes has the advantage that, in addition to the increased loaf volume, the improved loaf shape and the improved dough stability, the pore structure in the crust is improved as well.  
           [0023]    In addition, baking tests with special flours were carried out(see tables 11 and 12). The results are similar to those with the bread types made from rye flour blends. Here, again, loaves with very pleasing shapes and high volumes were produced. The dough was also improved. The dough is more easily processed because it is less moist and more elastic.  
           [0024]    The transglutaminase activity of an enzyme preparation can be determined by means of the colorimetric hydroxamate test. Here 1 TGU/g is defined as the quantity of an enzyme which under standardized conditions, at 37° C. and pH 6.0 with 0.2 M tris-HCl buffer, releases 1 μmol hydroxyamine acid.  
           [0025]    One cellulase activity unit (CU) is defined as the enzyme activity which lowers the viscosity in the preparation with a standard CMC solution in the defined measuring range and under the stated reaction conditions (30° C., pH=4.5, t=11 min and volume flow of the reactive solutions) by Δ1*η −1 =45.11*10 −6 .  
           [0026]    Δ1*η −1  is the difference between the reciprocal value of the viscosity of the standard CMC solution after being exposed to the enzyme and the reciprocal value of the viscosity of the untreated CMC solution.  
           [0027]    The activity concentration unit: CU mg −1    
           [0028]    The xylan fragments released by the enzymatic dissociation of xylan are determined photometrically at 412 nm with p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PAHBAH). 1 Xy1H unit corresponds to the quantity of enzyme which will release 1 μmol reactive equivalent of xylose by dissociation of xylan within one minute at 30° C. under standard conditions.  
       
    
    
     EXAMPLES  
       [0029]    The invention is now explained by means of the following examples.  
         [0030]    Loaf volume or baked volume is determined in the usual way by the displacement of rape seeds and is quoted in ml. The usual criteria for the assessment of the dough were used. The dough stability is expressed using the following criteria: dry, too firm, firm, somewhat firm, just firm, normal, just soft, somewhat soft, too soft, flowing, moist. The stickiness of the dough was divided into the categories very sticky, sticky, somewhat sticky, just sticky.  
         [0031]    For the criteria for the assessment of the loaf shape were the properties flat, somewhat flat, just flat, normal, just round, somewhat round and round were used.  
         [0032]    All the bread types containing rye flour were baked as loaves not in tins and not in contact with each other. In all the experiments the following conditions were used:  
         [0033]    Autolyse period: 20 min  
         [0034]    Dough per loaf: 850 g  
         [0035]    Final fermentation time: 35 min  
         [0036]    Kneading times: 5 min slow and 1 min rapid  
         [0037]    Conditions in the fermentation chamber: 32° C., 85% air humidity  
         [0038]    Oven temperature: 260° C. falling  
         [0039]    TG=transglutaminase: derived from  Streptoverticillium mobaraense , IFO 13819  
         [0040]    Flour: Flour grades are those known in the art (described in Bueskens, “Die Backschule:  
         [0041]    Fachlehre fuer Baecker”, Band 2, W. Giradet Buchverlag GmbH, Essen Germany (1987), pp 29-30, hereby incorporated by reference).  
       Example of a Control Experiment 1  
     Effect of Transglutaminase on Pure Rye Doughs  
       [0042]    Bread was made using a dough with the following recipe:  
                                             Rye bread:            100 kg   Rye flour, grade 997        79 kg   water        3 kg   yeast        2.5 kg   salt        2.5 kg   organic acids                  
 
         [0043]    The results are shown in table 1 below. The quoted enzyme dosage is with respect to 100 kg of flour; the acidifiers used for the dough were organic acids. The loaf volume (%) refers to the loaf volume (ml) achieved in the control.  
                                                                 TABLE 1                                   Control   TG   TG   TG   TG           0 TGU   500 TGU   1000 TGU   1500 TGU   2000 TGU                                    Baked   100%   99%   100%   101%   100%       volume                           Dough   soft   soft   soft   soft   soft       properties   sticky   sticky   sticky   sticky   sticky           plastic   plastic   plastic   plastic   plastic       Loaf shape   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat           flat   flat   flat   flat   flat                  
 
         [0044]    The results listed above show that transglutaminase has no effect with pure rye dough.  
       Example 1  
     Comparison of the Effect of Transglutaminase on Rye Flour Blends with Different Comminution Grades  
       [0045]    Bread was made from a dough with the following recipe:  
                                             Blended rye flour bread 70:30            70 kg   Rye flour, grade 997 or grade 1150       30 kg   Wheat flour, grade 550       73 kg   water        3 kg   yeast       2.5 kg    salt       2.5 kg    organic acids                  
 
         [0046]    A blended rye flour bread containing 70% rye flour and 30% wheat flour was baked. The enzyme doses are with respect to 100 kg of flour. The dough was acidified by means of organic acids. The loaf volume (%) is given with respect to the loaf volume (ml) determined in the control. The results are shown in tables 2 and 3 below.  
                                                                   TABLE 2                           Rye flour grade 997                Control   TG   TG   TG   TG           0 TGU   50 TGU   100 TGU   200 TGU   300 TGU                        Baked   100%   102%   103%   106%   106%       volume                           Dough   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat to   just soft,       properties   soft,   soft,   soft,   just soft,   just sticky           sticky   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat to                   sticky   sticky   just sticky           Loaf   somewhat   normal   normal   normal to   just round       shape   flat           just round                  
 
         [0047]    [0047]                                                                   TABLE 3                           Rye flour grade 1150                Control   TG   TG   TG   TG           0 TGU   50 TGU   100 TGU   200 TGU   300 TGU                        Baked   100%   101%   103%   105%   106%       volume                           Dough   soft-   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat to   just soft,       properties   somewhat   soft,   soft,   just soft,   just sticky           soft,   somewhat   somewhat   somewhat to               sticky   sticky   sticky   just sticky           Loaf   somewhat   normal   normal   normal to   just round       shape   flat           just round                    
         [0048]    The results shown above indicate that the comminution grade of the rye flour used is of less significant relevance.  
       Example 2  
     Effect of Transglutaminase with Varying Rye Flour Content  
       [0049]    The following dough types with varying rye flour content (grade 1150) were used for baking bread. 300 TGU per 100 kg of flour were added.  
                                                       Blended rye flour bread 70:30   Blended rye flour bread 80:20                        70 kg rye flour grade 1150    80 kg rye flour grade 1150            30 kg wheat flour grade 550    20 kg wheat flour grade 550            73 kg water    76 kg water             3 kg yeast     3 kg yeast           2.5 kg salt   2.5 kg salt           2.5 kg organic acids   2.5 kg organic acids                       Blended rye flour bread 60:40   Blended rye flour bread 50:50                        60 kg rye flour grade 1150    50 kg rye flour grade 1150            40 kg wheat flour grade 550    50 kg wheat flour grade 550            71 kg water    70 kg water             3 kg yeast     3 kg yeast           2.5 kg salt   2.5 kg salt           2.5 kg organic acids   2.5 kg organic acids                      
 
         [0050]    The results of the baking tests are shown in table 4 below. The stated four ratios refer to the ratio of rye flour to wheat flour.  
                                                         TABLE 4                                   Control       Control               without TG   TG   without TG   TG                                    Flour ratio   80/20   80/20   70/30   70/30       Baked volume   100%   104%   100%   105%       Dough   soft,   somewhat   somewhat   just soft,       properties   sticky   soft, some-   soft, sticky   just sticky               what sticky       Loaf shape   somewhat flat-   normal-   somewhat   just round           flat   just round   flat       Flour ratio   60/40   60/40   50/50   50/50       Baked volume   100%   107%   100%   107%       Dough   somewhat soft,   just soft, just   somewhat to   normal       properties   somewhat   sticky   just soft, just           sticky       sticky       Loaf shape   somewhat flat   somewhat   normal   round               round                  
 
         [0051]    The results shown above indicate that loaf shape and dough stability are improved even with a rye flour proportion of 80%.  
       Example 3  
     Effect of Transglutaminase on Blended Rye Flour Dough with Direct and Indirect Processing Bread was made using dough prepared according to the following recipe.  
       [0052]    Blended rye flour bread 70:30 sponge and dough (indirect processing)  
                                                    70 kg rye flour grade 1150            30 kg wheat flour grade 550            71 kg water             3 kg yeast           2.5 kg salt            50 kg of the rye flour were acidified                      
 
         [0053]    [0053]                                             Leavened dough:                100 kg rye flour grade 1150            80 kg water            1 kg Reinzuchtsauer [leaven type]           Dough temperature 32° C.           Maturation time: 18 h at room temperature                        
         [0054]    The results of the baking test are shown in tables 5 and 6 below.  
                                                 TABLE 5                           direct processing, organic acids                Control   TG   TG   TG   TG   TG   TG           0 TGU   300 TGU   500 TGU   1000 TGU   1200 TGU   1600 TGU   2000 TGU               Baked volume   100%   104%   106%   102%   100%   99%   100%       Dough   somewhat soft,   normal,   normal,   just dry,   dry, non-elastic,   dry, non-elastic,   dry, non-elastic,       properties   somewhat sticky   easily processed   easily processed   somewhat   dough tears during   dough tears   dough tears                       tough   processing   during   during                               processing   processing       Loaf shape   somewhat flat   normal to just   somewhat round   too round   much too round   much too round,   much too round,               round               crust is torn   crust is torn                  
 
         [0055]    [0055]                                                 TABLE 6                           Leaven processing, Detmolder Einstufensauer [leaven type]                Control   TG   TG   TG   TG   TG   TG           0 TGU   300 TGU   500 TGU   1000 TGU   1200 TGU   1600 TGU   2000 TGU               Baked volume   100%   101%   100%   103%   104%   105%   105%       Dough   somewhat soft,   somewhat soft,   just soft, just   just soft, just   just soft to normal   normal, easily   normal, easily       properties   somewhat sticky   somewhat sticky,   sticky   sticky       processed   processed               not smeary       Loaf shape   somewhat flat   somewhat flat   just flat   just flat to   just flat to normal   normal   normal to                       normal           somewhat                                   round                    
         [0056]    The above results show that both for direct and for indirect dough processing the properties of both the dough and the baked product can be improved.  
       Example 5  
     Effect of the Transglutaminase on the Stability of the Fermentation  
       [0057]    With a dough as detailed in the recipe in example 3, a baking test was performed after fermentation times of 35 min. (+10% fermentation time) and 45 min. (+20% fermentation time).  
         [0058]    The results are shown in table 7.  
                                                           TABLE 7                           Loaf shape                Control   TG   TG   TG           0 TGU   100 TGU   200 TGU   300 TGU                        Normal   somewhat flat   normal   just round   just round-       fermentation               somewhat round       Plus 10%   flat   just flat   normal   just round-       fermentation               normal       time       Plus 20%   flat   just flat   normal to   normal       fermentation           just flat       time                  
 
         [0059]    The results indicate that the use of transglutaminase permits an extension of the fermentation time by up to 20%. Without transglutaminase, flat, no longer acceptable loafs were baked, while the addition of transglutaminase resulted in a pleasing loaf shape.  
       Example 6  
     Effect of Transglutaminase in Combination with Other Baking Enzymes  
       [0060]    Baking tests using transglutaminase in combination with fungal xylanase (f-xylanase) or bacterial xylanase (b-xylanase) were carried out. The enzyme doses are with respect to 100 kg of flour. The experiments were made with 70% rye flour grade 997 (compare with example 1). The dough was acidified using organic acids. In order to allow a comparison, experiments with the pure fungal or bacterial xylanase were also carried out. The results are shown in tables 8 and 9 below.  
                                           TABLE 8                               200 TGU + 6000   200 TGU + 5000   200 TGU +   6000 XylH P-   5000 XylH P-   4000 XylH P-           Control   XylH f-xylanase   XylH f-xylanase   4000 XylH f-   Xylanase   Xylanase   Xylanase                   Baked volume   100%   119%   116%   115%   120%   116%   116%       Dough   somewhat soft,   just soft, just   normal   normal   soft, somewhat   somewhat soft,   somewhat soft       properties   somewhat sticky   sticky   sticky, moist   just sticky       Loaf shape   somewhat flat   normal   normal-   somewhat   flat   somewhat flat   somewhat flat-                   just round   round           just flat                  
 
         [0061]    [0061]                                                         TABLE 9                                       2000 TGU + 600   200 TGU + 800   200 TGU +           Control   XylH   XylH   1000 XylH b-                                    Baked volume   100%   116%   119%   121%       Dough   somewhat soft,   normal   normal to just   just soft,       properties   somewhat sticky       soft, just sticky   just sticky       Loaf shape   somewhat flat   somewhat round   normal-   normal                   somewhat round               600 XylH   800 Xy1H   1000 XylHb-               b-xylanase   b-xylanase   xylanase       Baked volume       120%   116%   116%       Dough       just soft,   somewhat soft,   soft       properties       somewhat sticky   somewhat sticky       Loaf shape       flat   somewhat flat   somewhat flat-                       just flat                    
         [0062]    It appears that the utilization of transglutaminases results in superior dough properties and an improved loaf shape, compared to the utilisation of a xylanase compound alone.  
         [0063]    The same experiment was repeated, however, with the addition of a fungal cellulase originating from Trichoderma ssp. The enzyme doses are with respect to 100 kg of flour. The results are shown in table 10 below.  
                               TABLE 10                               200 TGU + 19*10 6     200 TGU + 38*10 6     200 TGU + 77*10 6             Control   CU fungal cellulase   CU fungal cellulase   CU fungal                   Baked volume   100%   109%   111%   112%       Dough   somewhat   normal   normal   normal       properties   soft,           somewhat           sticky       Loaf shape   somewhat   normal-somewhat   normal to just round   normal to just round           flat   round                               77*10 6  CU fungal               19*10 6  CU fungal   38*10 6  CU fungal   cellulase               Baked volume       103%   104%   104%       Dough       just soft, just sticky,   just soft, just sticky   just soft, just sticky       properties       Loaf shape       just flat   just flat   just flat                  
 
         [0064]    The addition of transglutaminase results in superior dough properties and an improved loaf shape, compared to that with the utilisation of fungal cellulase alone.  
       Example 7  
     Baking Tests with Special Flour Types and the Addition of Transglutaminase  
       [0065]    Baking tests with special flour types were carried out. Blends of 50 or 60% maize flour or 50/60% oat flour with wheat flour were used. The transglutaminase dose is always with respect to 100 kg of flour. The results are shown in tables 11 and 12 below.  
                               TABLE 11                               Maize flour 50%   Maize flour 60%   Maize flour 50%   Maize flour 60%           wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%   wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%               Enzyme dose   0 TGU   0 TGU   300 TGU   300 TGU       Baked volume   100%   100%   104%   103%       Dough   soft, sticky   too soft,   somewhat-just   somewhat soft,       properties       sticky   soft, somewhat   somewhat sticky                   sticky       Loaf shape   flat   flat   somewhat flat   somewhat flat                   Maize flour 50%   Maize flour 60%   Maize flour 50%   Maize flour 60%           wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%   wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%               Enzyme dose           600 TG   600 TG       Baked volume   100%   100%   105%   105%       Dough   soft,   too soft,   just soft,   somewhat-just       properties   sticky   sticky   somewhat sticky   soft,                       somewhat sticky       Loaf shape   flat   flat   just flat   somewhat flat                  
 
         [0066]    [0066]                               TABLE 12                               Oat flour 50%   Oat flour 60%   Oat flour 50%   Oat flour 60%           wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%   wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%               Enzyme dose           300 TG   300 TG       Baked volume   100%   100%   102%   102%       Dough   soft,   too soft,   somewhat soft,   somewhat soft,       properties   sticky   sticky flowing   somewhat sticky   somewhat sticky       Loaf shape   flat   flat   somewhat flat   somewhat flat                   Oat flour 50%   Oat flour 60%   Oat flour 50%   Oat flour 60%           wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%   wheat flour 50%   wheat flour 40%               Enzyme dose           600 TG   600 TG       Baked volume   100%   100%   105%   105%       Dough   soft,   too soft, sticky,   just soft,   somewhat-just       properties   sticky   flowing   somewhat sticky   soft, somewhat                       sticky       Loaf shape   flat   flat   just flat   somewhat flat                    
         [0067]    It is obvious that the addition of transglutaminase significantly improves the properties of the dough and the loaf shape.  
       Example 8  
       [0068]    Bread made from three flour types were baked. For the recipe for sourdough rye bread, refer to example 3. Wheat flour at 40%, rye flour at 40% and oat flour at 20%, with respect to the total flour quantity, were used. The TG doses are with respect to 100 kg of flour.  
         [0069]    The following recipe was used:  
                                                   40 kg wheat flour grade 550           40 kg rye flourgrade 1150           20 kg oat flour           2.5 kg salt           3 kg yeast                      
 
         [0070]    all of the rye flour was acidified  
         [0071]    The following results were obtained:  
                               TABLE 13                           Enzyme dose   Control   300 TG   600 TG   900 TG               Baked volume   100%   103%   104%   104%       Dough   too soft-flowing,   soft sticky   somewhat-just   just soft, just       properties   sticky       soft, somewhat   sticky                   sticky       Loaf shape   flat   flat   somewhat flat   just flat               Enzyme dose   1200 TG   1500 TG   1800 TG   2100 TG               Baked volume   106%   105%   105%   106%       Dough   just soft, just   just soft, just   just soft, just   just soft, just       properties   sticky   sticky   sticky   sticky       Loaf shape   just flat   just flat   just flat   just flat                  
 
         [0072]    In addition, bread made from 4 flour types was baked. Wheat flour at 50%, oat flour at 30%, maize flour at 10% and potato flour at 10% with respect to the total flour quantity were used. The TG doses are with respect to 100 kg of flour. For the recipe for leavened rye bread refer to example 3.  
         [0073]    The following recipe was used:  
                                                   50 kg wheat flour grade 550           30 kg oat flour           10 kg maize flour           10 kg potato flour           2.5 kg salt           3 kg yeast           2 kg dough acidifier (organic acids)                      
 
         [0074]    The following results were obtained:  
                               TABLE 14                           Enzyme dose   Control   300 TG   600 TG   900 IG               Baked volume   100%   104%   106%   106%       Dough   too soft, sticky   soft sticky   somewhat soft,   just soft, just       properties           somewhat sticky   sticky       Loaf shape   flat   flat   somewhat flat   somewhat flat               Enzyme dose   1200 TG   1500 TG   1800 TG   2100 TG               Baked volume   107%   106%   106%   107%       Dough   just soft, just   just soft, just   just soft, just   just soft, just       properties   sticky   sticky   sticky   sticky       Loaf shape   just flat   just flat   just flat   just flat - normal                  
 
         [0075]    The results shown above indicate that transglutaminase is of beneficial effect to the properties of dough and baked product for flour blends containing more than two flour components. In particular, the reduction in the stickiness of the dough and the increase in the elasticity of the dough must be emphasized. The loaf volumes reached are also pleasing. They are much higher than those produced in the controls. The improved properties of the dough, loaf volume and loaf shape allow a sellable product to be made from special flours as well as wheat flour.  
         [0076]    German application 100 46 605.2 filed Sep. 20, 2000 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.