Abstract:
Structures based upon periodic cellular materials that provide a potential for defeating combinations of both air blast loading and ballistic attack either sequentially or simultaneously, or combination of both. The cellular structures may also be configured to meet the stiffness and strength support requirements of particular vehicle or other applications, systems or structures. The armor is therefore potentially able to support normal service loads and defeat blast and ballistic threats when necessary. The structure provides for using efficient load support capabilities of the material (without a high armor protection level) in low threat conditions, as well as the ability to modify the system to increase its level protection to a desired or required level. This would reduce the weight of the protection system in normal (low threat) conditions which reduces vehicle wear and tear, as well as cost savings in fabrication of applicable structures or systems.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present invention claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/965,203, filed Aug. 16, 2007, entitled “Hybrid Periodic Cellular Material Structures, Systems, and Methods for Blast and Ballistic Protection,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
       [0002]    Work described herein was supported by Federal Grant No. N00014-00-1-0342, awarded by Office of Naval Research. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The need for ballistic and blast protection for vehicles and personnel are becoming more increasingly complex. Modern weapons and their improvised variants utilize high-amplitude, overpressure waves and high-explosive projectiles to cause damage to vehicles and people. High-explosive projectiles can propagate at much higher velocity and therefore carry more kinetic energy than bullets fired from a rifle, which are launched by propellants with a lower detonation velocity. Adversaries are able to quickly change the combination of blast and projectile loading of a structure and so it is necessary to develop armor solutions that can be quickly and inexpensively modified to meet these changing threat environments. Hence, a significant interest in developing armor solutions that offers protection against fragment and air blasts are needed. 
         [0004]    These solutions must also be able to defeat more conventional projectiles such as bullets (including armor piercing and higher caliber, heavy machine gun rounds). If these solutions are to be utilized on mobile platforms it is essential that they mitigate a specific threat level at the lowest possible mass per unit area of protection (i.e., at the lowest specific mass or aerial density of the armor. Periodic Cellular Materials (PCM) materials are an emerging class materials and structures that are being studied for light weight structures and other multifunctional applications such as thermal management. 
         [0005]    Commercially available stochastic foams can be effective at shock mitigation but suffer from severe limitations for the most demanding structural and multifunctional applications because they have low strength (strut bending) modes of failure. As a result, polymer and metal foams exhibit very limited crush resistance during static or dynamic compression. 
         [0006]    Honeycombs can also be problematic for many applications because the stress needed to initiate core crushing during shock mitigation is much higher than the stress required to cause cell collapse. This results in larger force transmission through the structure. They also have a closed cell topology which can make them susceptible to corrosion and delamination. 
         [0007]    In the low core weight configurations of most interest, the webs fail by elastic buckling which makes inefficient use of the core material in a sandwich panel construction intended for load support. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0008]    Examples Periodic Cellular Materials (PCM) materials are shown in  FIG. 1 . They are particularly efficient at load support when structured, as shown, as the cores of sandwich panel structures.  FIG. 1  provides schematic illustrations of examples of periodic cellular material topologies, such as honeycombs and corrugations that may be used for cores of sandwich panels  100 , as well as cellular topologies that include lattice materials made from trusses such as tetrahedral, pyramidal, and 3-D Kagome. 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates structural arrangements that may be employed in the context as an aspect of the invention, such as honeycomb structures and corrugated (prismatic) structures. FIGS.  1 (A)-(C) include exemplary honeycomb structures that respectively comprise hexagonal cell, square cell, and triangular cell structures. 
         [0010]    FIGS.  1 (D)-(F) schematically illustrate exemplary corrugated structures that may include triangular corrugation, diamond or multi-layered corrugation, and flat-top or sometimes referred to as Navtruss® corrugation arrangements, respectively. 
         [0011]    FIGS.  1 (G)-(I) schematically illustrate a tetrahedral structural arrangement; a pyramidal structural arrangement; a three-dimensional Kagomé structural arrangement, respectively. Other honeycomb or corrugated structural arrangements may, of course, be employed. 
         [0012]      FIG. 7  schematically illustrate structural arrangements of a sandwich panel  700  that may be employed in the context as an aspect of the invention, such as cellular or lattice. FIGS.  7 (A)-(F) illustrate square honeycomb, triangular honeycomb, pyramidal lattice, woven wire mesh lattice, triangular corrugation, and diamond corrugation, respectively. 
         [0013]    These arrangements exhibit excellent impact energy absorption characteristics and have been shown to be very effective at withstanding high intensity dynamic loads. Available methods for fabricating planar and curved structures from titanium-, iron-, nickel-, copper-, and aluminum-based alloys are considered part of the present invention. Available methods for the fabrication of similar structures from composites and ceramics of all types are also considered part of the present invention. Other open cell lattice topologies may, of course, be employed within the context of the invention. 
         [0014]    Many variants of the periodic cellular material topologies have been developed by the University of Virginia and are commercially supplied by CMI, Inc. as Trusscore™ materials. For example, on application of the periodic cellular material topologies include the mitigation of underwater blasts. 
         [0015]    An aspect of various embodiments of the present invention include structures based upon periodic cellular materials that provide a potential for defeating combinations of both air blast loading and ballistic attack either sequentially or simultaneously, or combination of both. Depending on the design requirements, these cellular structures of various embodiments of the present invention can also be configured to meet the stiffness and strength support requirements of particular vehicle or other applications, systems or structures. The present invention embodiment of the armor is therefore potentially able to support normal service loads and defeat blast and ballistic threats when necessary. An aspect of various embodiments of the present invention also provides a possibility of using the efficient load support capabilities of the material (without a high armor protection level) in low threat conditions and then modify the system to increase its level protection to a desired or required level. This would reduce the weight of the protection system in normal (low threat) conditions which reduces vehicle wear and tear, as well as cost savings in fabrication of applicable structures or systems. 
         [0016]    The core morphology including the dimensions of the core components (including core relative density), the specific materials used for core and face sheet fabrication, and the core/face sheet nodal strength and area can be varied to meet specific requirements. The core type by it self provides certain unique characteristic features. 
         [0017]    In an approach, the PCM materials of most interest are based upon truss structures and are often referred to as lattice materials. Their higher performance results in part from their design based on micromechanical models that incorporating the underlying structural physics. These considerations contribute to the design of structures that are stretch dominated and less susceptible to failure by elastic buckling and strut bending than foams and even honeycombs at low relative density. The core manifestations that evolved from this design methodology include, but are not limited to the truss based Pyramidal, Tetrahedral and Kagome morphology, and various structures based upon collinear wire/tube lay-ups and structures fabricated from textiles. Each of these structures has been shown to out perform foam equivalents and some are more structurally efficient than honeycombs. All the core morphologies are considered to provide significant structural weight savings due to their high through thickness stiffness and shear resistance features. 
         [0018]    An enabling concept that underpins at least some of the embodiments of the present inventions described here is, but not limited thereto, a unique combination of these topology concepts with hard, strong materials or with those that require very high energy dissipation for penetration to provide structures that (i) efficiently support static and fatigue loads, (ii) mitigate the blast pressure transmitted to a system that they protect and (iii) provide very effective resistance to projectile penetration. 
         [0019]    An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a sandwich structure for supporting loads, mitigating blast pressure, and/or resisting projectile penetration. The structure may comprise a core, whereby the core may include a first open-cell lattice structure layer, a second open-cell lattice structure layer, and an intermediate panel. The intermediate panel may be disposed between the first open-cell lattice structure layer and the second open-cell lattice structure layer. Additionally, the structure may comprise a first layer panel in mechanical communication with the first open-cell lattice structure layer distal from the second open-cell lattice structure layer; a second layer panel in mechanical communication with the second open-cell lattice structure layer distal from the first open-cell lattice structure layer; and a plurality of interstitial housings. The interstitial housings may be disposed across either the first open-cell lattice structure or the second open-cell lattice structure, or both or the first open-cell lattice structure or the second open-cell lattice structure. The interstitial housings may conform to the void created by the open cells of the first and second open-cell lattice structures. Further still, the structure may comprise a filler portion disposed between voids created between the interstitial housing and either the first open-cell lattice structure or the second open-cell lattice structure, or both of the first open-cell lattice structure or the second open-cell lattice structure. The filler portion may conform to the void created by the open cells of the first and second open-cell lattice structures and the interstitial housings. 
         [0020]    An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing the aforementioned sandwich structure that may be utilized for supporting loads, mitigating blast pressure, and/or resisting projectile penetration. The aforementioned structure may comprise the core (which may include the first open-cell lattice structure layer, the second open-cell lattice structure layer, and the intermediate panel); the first layer panel; and the second layer panel. Any or all of such components of the structure may be provided for by coupling them together to form the sandwich structure. The coupling method may be a variety of techniques, methods or structures, such as but not limited thereto, the following: welding, friction stir welding, diffusion bonding, bonding, extrusion process, adhesive process, mechanical fastening process, combined extrusion and machining process, or any combination thereof, and other joining, fastening or coupling methods as desired or required. 
         [0021]    These and other objects, along with advantages and features of the invention disclosed herein, will be made more apparent from the description, drawings and claims that follow. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the instant specification, illustrate several aspects and embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description herein, and serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are provided only for the purpose of illustrating select embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  provides schematic perspective views of examples of periodic cellular material topologies as an aspect of various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  provide a schematic perspective view of a two layer PCM Panel that combines Square Honeycomb core and a Pyramidal Trusscore as an aspect of an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3  provide a schematic perspective view of a two layer hybrid design with ceramic backing for Ballistic Protection as an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  provide a schematic perspective view of a multilayer Pyramidal truss core attached to the square honeycomb core as an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. The honeycomb cells may be filled with SiC ceramic or other desired material. The panel is may be aluminum alloy or other desired material. 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  provide a schematic perspective view of a schematic of a three layered Pyramidal Trusscore structure with cylindrical ceramic rods (or other material) inserted into two layers to provide cross linked grid pattern as an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  provide a schematic perspective view of a two layer Pyramidal Trusscore panel structure with cylindrical ceramic rods (or other material) inserted into the one layer as an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7  provides a variety of schematic perspective views of examples of periodic cellular material topologies as an aspect of various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0030]    FIGS.  8 (A)-(E) provide a variety of schematic perspective views of examples of various embodiments of the present invention sandwich structure. 
           [0031]    FIGS.  9 (A)-(B) provide a variety of schematic cross-sectional views of examples of various embodiments of the present invention sandwich structure. 
           [0032]      FIG. 10(A)  provides a schematic perspective view of an example of an embodiment of the present invention sandwich structure. 
           [0033]      FIG. 10(B)  provides a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of the sandwich structure illustrated in  FIG. 10(A) . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0034]    An aspect of various embodiments of the current invention provides, among other things, core combinations from the PCM family of material structures with hard ceramics and/or ballistic fabrics, a superior armor design can be created which also functions as a structural component (such as a vehicle door or floor). These structural components then provide, among other things, a light weight solution various blast and ballistic threats. An Exemplary approach is based upon multilayering to provide different properties as a function of depth within a sandwich panel. These layers can be added to provide a sandwich panel structure  200  to increase the type and level of protection. One example is shown in  FIG. 2 . The sandwich structure  200  comprises a first layer  210 , a second layer  220  with an intermediate member  250  there between to form a core  240 . On opposite sides of the sandwich structure  200  is a front panel  202  and a back panel  222 . This particular, non-limiting example provides a periodic cellular material (PCM) panel  200  that combines a square honeycomb in the second layer  220  and pyramidal truss core in the first layer  210  using a thin intermediate face sheet as the intermediate layer  230 . 
         [0035]    The illustration in  FIG. 2  is an example of topology multilayering. It should be appreciated that any combination of cores with only open, only closed or combinations of open and closed cells could be configured from either a single material or different materials for each layer and face sheet within the context of the present invention. The closed cell structure has very good air blast resistance because its core is stretch resistant and compression of entrapped gases or combinations of gases and fluids provides a resisting force to core crushing during localized impact. Under dynamic blast conditions, core crushing compresses the air/fluid inside the cubic volume of the individual cells offering reactive resistance to wall compression and delaying the buckling/wrinkling of the individual web members of the square honeycomb cell. Thus the time dependent energy absorption come from densification through compressing air inside the individual honeycomb cell combined with severe plastic deformation of the cell walls. Strain and strain rate hardening under dynamic loading rate can also be exploited by for additional energy dissipation by appropriate selection of the base material (any metal, polymer, ceramic or composite is envisioned here). The core density and material can be adjusted to make it the weaker layer in the system. This structure, especially when it contains vapor/fluid (or particulate solid/liquid/gaseous) mixtures, can then also provide significant mitigation of the shock waves created by projectile impacts. The second layer  220  shown in  FIG. 2  is a pyramidal lattice core sandwich panel but it could be any open cell structure. Its strength and crush resistance can be controlled by the cell relative density, the angle of the trusses, the second moment of inertia of the trusses and the material used to make the core. It can be designed to crush at a higher or lower level of blast pressure than the lower panel providing a means for selecting the depth within the functionally graded panel where blast energy dissipation occurs. 
         [0036]    The strong layer in the various system associated with a plurality of embodiments of the present invention disclosed can also provide a stiff, strong backing for supporting other structures that help defeat a ballistic threat. By attaching ceramic or ballistic fabrics to the front or back face of the two layer panel or by filling the truss space with ceramic, ballistic fabrics or hard polymers, the ballistic performance of the functionally graded sandwich panel can be significantly elevated without reducing the blast resistance or load supporting functionality of the structure. The truss member can also interact and slow some projectiles helping to dissipate their transverse momentum. An example of such hybrid armor with a ceramic face shield is shown in  FIG. 3 . The sandwich structure  300  comprises a first layer  310 , a second layer  320  with an intermediate member  350  there between to form a core  340 . On opposite sides of the sandwich structure  300  is a front panel  302  and a back panel  322 . This particular, non-limiting example provides a periodic cellular material (PCM) panel  300  that combines a square honeycomb in the second layer  220  and pyramidal truss core in the first layer  310  using a thin intermediate face sheet as the intermediate layer  250 . Further a ballistic protection layer  304  is mounted to the front panel  302  for additional ballistic protection. An exemplary material for the ballistic protection layer  304  is ceramic, and other possible materials include, but not limited thereto, the following: Ceramic-fiber reinforced ceramics with fibers S-2, SiC fibers; polymer fiber reinforced composites with fibers such as polyethylene, polypropolyne; metallic plates made from intermetallics such as titanium boride, other advanced metals harder than conventional roll hardened steels. 
         [0037]    The ceramic shield can be attached to the front or back face sheet of the panel depending on the requirement. Contrary to the illustration of  FIG. 3 , if the square honeycomb core of the second layer  320  is placed on the front to absorb the impulse from a blast, fracture of the ceramic is prevented and the ceramic shield on the back side remains suitable for projectile protection. On the other hand, consistent with the illustration of  FIG. 3 , if the ceramic is on the front surface, the sandwich panel provides a rigid backing increasing the efficiency of the ceramic during ballistic defeat. The sandwich panel can then serve as a fragment arrest system. 
         [0038]    A second design embodiment envisioned in this invention utilizes an all open cell core for both the first layer and second layer. This could be a single or multilayer structure with open or solid intermediate face sheets in the latter case. This design can employ multilayer pyramidal, tetrahedral or any other tusscore/lattice structures including any of those shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0039]    Turning to  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 4  provides a photographic depiction of the sandwich structure  400  having open cell core  440  for both the first layer  410  and second layer  420 , both of which are pyramidal truss core layers; and an intermediate member  450  there between to form a core  440 . On opposite sides of the sandwich structure  400  is a front panel  402  and a back panel  422 . Further a ballistic protection layer  404  is mounted to the front panel  402  for additional ballistic protection. An exemplary material for the ballistic protection layer  304  is ceramic, and other possible materials include, but not limited thereto, the following: Ceramic-fiber reinforced ceramics with fibers S-2, SiC fibers; polymer fiber reinforced composites with fibers such as polyethylene, polypropolyne; metallic plates made from intermetallics such as titanium boride, other advanced metals harder than conventional roll hardened steels. In an embodiment the ballistic protection layer  404  may be disposed or located within a honeycomb type cell  406 . While only one cell is illustrated it is envisioned that multiple cells may be implemented to contain the material. It should also be appreciated that a variety of cell structures may be implemented other than honeycomb as desired or required such as hexagonal, square, triangular, cylindrical etc. 
         [0040]    Turning to  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 5  provides a photographic depiction of the sandwich structure  500  having open cell core  540  for both the first layer  510  and second layer  520 , both of which are pyramidal truss core layers; and an intermediate member  550  there between. Further, an additional layer  530  is provided before the first layer  510  (or second layer, for example) to form a core  540 , with an intermediate member  550  there between the first layer and additional layer. On opposite sides of the sandwich structure  500  is a front panel  502  and a back panel  522 . Further a ballistic protection layer  504  is mounted to the front panel  502  for additional ballistic protection. An exemplary material for the ballistic protection layer  504  is ceramic, and other possible materials include, but not limited thereto, the following: Ceramic-fiber reinforced ceramics with fibers S-2, SiC fibers; polymer fiber reinforced composites with fibers such as polyethylene, polypropolyne; metallic plates made from intermetallics such as titanium boride, other advanced metals harder than conventional roll hardened steels. 
         [0041]    Still referring to  FIG. 5 , the exemplary and non-limiting illustration demonstrates a three layered Pyramidal Trusscore structure  500  with ceramic rods  544  inserted into two layers  510 ,  520  to provide cross linked grid pattern. A polymeric layer  530  is shown on the front of the structure to provide impact protection and reduce the probability of face sheet failure during dynamic loading. 
         [0042]    Turning to  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 6  provides a photographic depiction of the sandwich structure  600  having open cell core  640  for both the first layer  610  and second layer  620 , both of which are pyramidal truss core layers; and an intermediate member  650  there between. On opposite sides of the sandwich structure  600  is a front panel  602  and a back panel  622 . Further a ballistic protection layer  604  is mounted to the front panel  602  for additional ballistic protection. An exemplary material for the ballistic protection layer  604  is ceramic, and other possible materials include, but not limited thereto, the following: Ceramic-fiber reinforced ceramics with fibers S-2, SiC fibers; polymer fiber reinforced composites with fibers such as polyethylene, polypropolyne; metallic plates made from intermetallics such as titanium boride, other advanced metals harder than conventional roll hardened steels. 
         [0043]    Still referring to  FIG. 6 , the exemplary and non-limiting illustration demonstrates a two layer Pyramidal Trusscore panel structure  600  with cylindrical ceramic rods  644  inserted into the one layer  610 . 
         [0044]    It is also possible to incorporate the interstitial housing  644  such as ceramic components (other applicable materials include Ceramic-fiber reinforced ceramics with fibers S-2, SiC fibers; polymer fiber reinforced composites with fibers such as polyethylene, polypropolyne; metallic plates made from intermetallics such as titanium boride, other advanced metals harder than conventional roll hardened steels.) inside the core. Examples of these designs are shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . The interstitial housing s  544 , such as ceramic components used for these designs may be for example, prismatic or circular rods that can either closely or loosely fit within lattice pores. Other interstitial housing shapes may be employed within the context of the invention and as discussed herein. The ceramic rods can be encased in a metallic tube casing to provide enhanced ballistic performance and reduce mechanical shock that can be transmitted to the rods. As will be discussed in further detail herein, polymers, metals, ceramic powders and their combinations can also be used to fully or partially fill the remaining void spaces in the structure of the layers  510 ,  610 ,  510 ,  610 , and  530 . As will be discussed in further detail herein, polymers or polymer fabrics can also be added to the system to modify ballistic responses and/or interact in beneficial ways with air blast created shock waves. 
         [0045]      FIG. 8  schematically illustrate various embodiments of aspects of aspects of the present invention sandwich structure  800  comprises a first layer  810  forming a core  840  and on opposite sides of the sandwich structure  800  is a front panel  802  and a back panel  822 . 
         [0046]      FIG. 8(A)  illustrates the sandwich structure  800  that is a generally empty lattice structure wherein the first layer  810  is an open-cell lattice structure comprising a plurality or an array of pyramidal trusses  812 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 8(B)  illustrates the sandwich structure  800  that is a lattice structure wherein the first layer  810  is an open-cell lattice structure comprising a plurality or an array of pyramidal trusses  812 . A filler portion  842 , such as an elastomer (or other desired or required filler material) fills the void or volume of the open core. The elastomer may be polyurethane, polyeuria or other desired polymers or materials or other filler materials. 
         [0048]      FIG. 8(C)  illustrates the sandwich structure  800  that is similar to the embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 8(B) . Additionally, a Kevlar substrate  852  is disposed in communication with the inner sides of front panel  802  and back panel  822 . The Kevlar substrate may be Kevlar fabric, S-2 fabric, Dynema fabric, Aramid fabric, or other desired materials or structures. The elastomer (or other desired or required material) fills the void or volume of the open core of the present embodiment. 
         [0049]      FIG. 8(D)  illustrates the sandwich structure  800  that is similar to the embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 8(B)  further including interstitial housings  844  disposed so as to span across the sandwich structure  800 , or at least portions of the sandwich structure as desired or required. The interstitial housings may be ceramic prisms or other suitable materials or structures. The interstitial housings may comprise: Ceramic-fiber reinforced ceramics with fibers S-2, SiC fibers; polymer fiber reinforced composites with fibers such as polyethylene, polypropolyne; metallic plates made from intermetallics such as titanium boride, other advanced metals harder than conventional roll hardened steels The interstitial housings  844  conform to the geometry or void created by the trusses  812  of the layer  810 . The conformance is designed for optimizing structural integrity and ballistic and blast mitigation as desired or required. The elastomer (or other desired or required material) fills the void or volume of the open core of the trusses and interstitial housings. 
         [0050]      FIG. 8(E)  illustrates the sandwich structure  800  that is similar to the embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 8(C)  having not only the Kevlar substrate  852  disposed in communication with the inner sides of front panel  802  and back panel  822 , but also interstitial housings  844  disposed so as to span across the sandwich structure  800 , or at least portions of the sandwich structure as desired or required. The interstitial housings  844  conform to the geometry or void created by the trusses  812  of the layer  810 . The conformance is designed for optimizing structural integrity and ballistic and blast mitigation as desired or required. The elastomer (or other desired or required material) fills the void or volume of the open core of the trusses, Kevlar substrate, and the interstitial housings. 
         [0051]      FIG. 9  provides photographic depictions of cross-sectional views of a prototype exemplary embodiment of the present invention sandwich structure  900  comprising a first layer  910  forming a core  940  and on opposite sides of the sandwich structure  900  is a front panel  902  and a back panel  922 . 
         [0052]    Referring to the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 9(B) , visible is Kevlar substrate  952  disposed in communication with the inner sides of front panel  902  and back panel  922 , the interstitial housings  944  disposed so as to span across the sandwich structure  900 , or at least portions of the sandwich structure as desired or required. The interstitial housings  944  conform to the geometry or void created by the trusses  912  of the layer  910 . A small portion of the elastomer  942  (or other desired or required material or filler portion or material) is visible that is provided to fill the void or volume of the open core of the trusses  912 , Kevlar substrate, and/or the interstitial housings. 
         [0053]    Referring to the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 9(A) , much less is visible compared to the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 9(B) . For instance, visible in  FIG. 9(A)  is front panel  902  and back panel  922 , elastomer  942  (or other desired or required material or filler portion or material) is visible that fills the void or volume of the open core of the trusses  912 , whereby only segments of the trusses are visible. 
         [0054]      FIG. 10(A)  provides a schematic perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention sandwich structure  1000  comprising a first layer  1010 , a second layer  1020  with an intermediate member  1050  there between to form a core  1040 . On opposite sides of the sandwich structure  1000  is a front panel  1002  and a back panel  1022 . It should be appreciated that the front panel  1002  may be a light metal/composite face sheet (e.g., outer face facesheet) or other material or structure as desired or required. It should be appreciated that the first layer  1010  may be an empty layer designed to mitigate blast over pressure. It should be appreciated that the first and second layers  1010 ,  1020 , may be open-cell lattice structures made up of a plurality of trusses being pyramidal lattice type. Other types of cellular or lattice structures may be implemented as desired or required. It should be appreciated that the back panel  1022  may be a light metal/composite face sheet (e.g., back facesheet) or other material or structure as desired or required. 
         [0055]    Still referring to  FIG. 10(A) , an intermediate layer  1050  is provided as well as a ballistic substrate  1054  mounted or in communication with the back panel  1022  and the bottom side of the intermediate layer  1050  for additional ballistic protection. It should be appreciated that one or more of the ballistic substrate  1054  may be a Kevlar substrate. It should be appreciated that one or more of the ballistic substrate  1054  may be a piezoelectric active damper system or device. It should be appreciated that one or more of the ballistic substrate  1054  may be a piezoelectric power generation system or device. 
         [0056]    Still referring to  FIG. 10(A) , further provided are interstitial housings  1044  disposed so as to span across the sandwich structure  1000 , or at least portions of the sandwich structure as desired or required. The interstitial housings  1044  may be ceramic prisms or other suitable materials or structures. The interstitial housings may a variety of materials including B 4 C or SiC ceramic, but not limited thereto.  FIG. 10(B)  provides an enlarged cross-sectional partial view of the interstitial housings  1044 . The housing  1044  may have an encasement  1046  surrounding it or a portion of it. The encasement  1046  may be, for example but not limited thereto, high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of metal or the like compresses the ceramic after fabrication. 
         [0057]    Still referring to  FIG. 10(A) , further an elastomer (or other desired or required material) is provided to fill the void or volume of the open core of the trusses  1012 , ballistic substrate  1054 , and the interstitial housings  1044 . The elastomer, material or other material may be tailored for optimum results of the structure and function thereof. The elastomer or fill material  1042  may be tailored (e.g., fills all voids or as desired or required). 
         [0058]    These aforementioned embodiments illustrate the flexibility of having a variety of fabrication and structural approaches. For instance, depending on the mass density requirements the metallic panels can be fabricated with steel, aluminum alloy, titanium and magnesium alloy to meet the required performance. The ceramic component shapes can be of any variety of oxides, nitrides, and/or carbides processed by hot pressing or reaction bonding /sintering methods. These can be permanently integrated into the structure or added in the field when required. The hard materials placed within the cores can be maintained in place by a variety of means including potting in foam or polymers, or with small particle size granular materials which also provide additional blast protection capabilities. 
         [0059]    In summary, an aspect of various embodiments of the present invention provide a family of hybrid periodic cellular materials structures that are structurally strong and capable of mitigating high kinetic energy blast waves and high velocity projectiles. An aspect utilizes multilayered cores topologies and materials that exhibit high levels of energy absorption through plastic deformation, and ability to deflect the incident projectile so as to reduce the Momentum forces. These highbred composite armor structures can be manufactures by combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers. 
         [0060]    Lightweight cellular structures, both stochastic and periodic, can be manufactured from numerous metals and metal alloys by a wide variety of vapor-, liquid- and solid-state processes. The properties of these cellular structures depend upon the properties of the base metal alloy, the relative density of the structure, and the distribution of material within the structure (i.e. stochastic, periodic, open or closed cell, cell size, etc.). 
         [0061]    Periodic cellular metals can be manufactured by various methods including: investment casting, lattice block construction, constructed metal lattice and metal textile lay-up techniques. These techniques for manufacturing periodic cellular metals enable the metal topology to be controlled that efficient load supporting structures can be made. They are especially useful when used as cores of sandwich panels. 
         [0062]    Exemplary embodiment of present invention herein provides, among other things, a process, which utilizes non-woven wire fabrication routes for the manufacture of periodic cellular cores. 
         [0063]    This exemplary process associated with the various embodiments and inventive concept allows the strength of the structure to be precisely controlled by the relative density of the structure, which is a function of the wire and cell size and shape as well as the stacking sequence. In addition, these materials lend themselves to multifunctional integration for heat transfer, power storage, energy absorption, etc applications. Also, this manufacturing technique should be economically viable when compared with other periodic cellular metals manufacturing technologies. 
         [0064]    It should be appreciated that the various embodiments of the present invention sandwich structure or any sub-combinations thereof may be fabricated utilizing a number of manufacturing methods. For instance, some exemplary manufacturing methods of the sandwich structure or any components thereof may include the following methods or combination thereof: brazing, welding, soldering, and near neat shape or net shape fabrication using techniques such as extrusion, or casting. For example, a method may produce the truss core structures utilizing extrusion that provide very good nodal strength and resultant performance. 
         [0065]    It should be appreciated that various aspects of embodiments of the present method, system, devices, article of manufacture, and compositions may be implemented with the following methods, systems, devices, article of manufacture, and compositions disclosed in the following U.S. Patent Applications, U.S. Patents, and PCT International Patent Applications and are hereby incorporated by reference herein and co-owned with the assignee:
   International Application No. PCT/US2008/060637 entitled “Heat-Managing Composite Structures,” filed Apr. 17, 2008.   International Application No. PCT/US2007/022733 entitled “Manufacture of Lattice Truss Structures from Monolithic Materials,” filed Oct. 26, 2007.   International Application No. PCT/US2007/012268, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Jet Blast Deflection,” filed May 23, 2007.   International Application No. PCT/US04/04608, entitled “Methods for Manufacture of Multilayered Multifunctional Truss Structures and Related Structures There from,” filed Feb. 17, 2004, and corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 10/545,042, entitled “Methods for Manufacture of Multilayered Multifunctional Truss Structures and Related Structures There from,” filed Aug. 11, 2005.   International Application No. PCT/US03/27606, entitled “Method for Manufacture of Truss Core Sandwich Structures and Related Structures Thereof,” filed Sep. 3, 2003, and corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 10/526,296, entitled “Method for Manufacture of Truss Core Sandwich Structures and Related Structures Thereof,” filed Mar. 1, 2005.   International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US03/27605, entitled “Blast and Ballistic Protection Systems and Methods of Making Same,” filed Sep. 3, 2003   International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US03/23043, entitled “Method for Manufacture of Cellular Materials and Structures for Blast and Impact Mitigation and Resulting Structure,” filed Jul. 23, 2003   International Application No. PCT/US03/16844, entitled “Method for Manufacture of Periodic Cellular Structure and Resulting Periodic Cellular Structure,” filed May 29, 2003, and corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 10/515,572, entitled “Method for Manufacture of Periodic Cellular Structure and Resulting Periodic Cellular Structure,” filed Nov. 23, 2004.   International Application No. PCT/US02/17942, entitled “Multifunctional Periodic Cellular Solids and the Method of Making Thereof,” filed Jun. 6, 2002, and corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 10/479,833, entitled “Multifunctional Periodic Cellular Solids and the Method of Making Thereof,” filed Dec. 5, 2003.   International Application No. PCT/US01/25158 entitled “Multifunctional Battery and Method of Making the Same,” filed Aug. 10, 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 7,211,348 issued May 1, 2007 and corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 11/788,958, entitled “Multifunctional Battery and Method of Making the Same,” filed Apr. 23, 2007.   International Application No. PCT/US01/22266, entitled “Method and Apparatus For Heat Exchange Using Hollow Foams and Interconnected Networks and Method of Making the Same,” filed Jul. 16, 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 7,401,643 issued Jul. 22, 2008 entitled “Heat Exchange Foam,” and corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 11/928,161, “Method and Apparatus For Heat Exchange Using Hollow Foams and Interconnected Networks and Method of Making the Same,” filed Oct. 30, 2007.   International Application No. PCT/US01/17363, entitled “Multifunctional Periodic Cellular Solids and the Method of Making Thereof,” filed May 29, 2001, and corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 10/296,728, entitled “Multifunctional Periodic Cellular Solids and the Method of Making Thereof,” filed Nov. 25, 2002.   
 
         [0078]    It should be appreciated that various aspects of embodiments of the present method, system, devices, article of manufacture, and compositions may be implemented with the following methods, systems, devices, article of manufacture, and compositions disclosed in the following U.S. Patent Applications, U.S. Patents, and PCT International Patent Applications and are hereby incorporated by reference herein and co-owned with the assignee: 
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         [0103]    Unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is no requirement for any particular described or illustrated activity or element, any particular sequence or such activities, any particular size, speed, material, duration, contour, dimension or frequency, or any particularly interrelationship of such elements. Moreover, any activity can be repeated, any activity can be performed by multiple entities, and/or any element can be duplicated. Further, any activity or element can be excluded, the sequence of activities can vary, and/or the interrelationship of elements can vary. It should be appreciated that aspects of the present invention may have a variety of sizes, contours, shapes, compositions and materials as desired or required. 
         [0104]    In summary, while the present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, many modifications, variations, alterations, substitutions, and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiment described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the present invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Accordingly, the invention is to be considered as limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims, including all modifications and equivalents. 
         [0105]    Still other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from reading the above-recited detailed description and drawings of certain exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that numerous variations, modifications, and additional embodiments are possible, and accordingly, all such variations, modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of this application. For example, regardless of the content of any portion (e.g., title, field, background, summary, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) of this application, unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is no requirement for the inclusion in any claim herein or of any application claiming priority hereto of any particular described or illustrated activity or element, any particular sequence of such activities, or any particular interrelationship of such elements. Moreover, any activity can be repeated, any activity can be performed by multiple entities, and/or any element can be duplicated. Further, any activity or element can be excluded, the sequence of activities can vary, and/or the interrelationship of elements can vary. Unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is no requirement for any particular described or illustrated activity or element, any particular sequence or such activities, any particular size, speed, material, dimension or frequency, or any particularly interrelationship of such elements. Accordingly, the descriptions and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. Moreover, when any number or range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that number or range is approximate. When any range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that range includes all values therein and all sub ranges therein. Any information in any material (e.g., a United States/foreign patent, United States/foreign patent application, book, article, etc.) that has been incorporated by reference herein, is only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflict exists between such information and the other statements and drawings set forth herein. In the event of such conflict, including a conflict that would render invalid any claim herein or seeking priority hereto, then any such conflicting information in such incorporated by reference material is specifically not incorporated by reference herein.