Abstract:
A method for transmitting traffic in an optical communication system comprising separating the input traffic into a plurality of data signals, parameter encoding the data signals, transmitting each of the data signals on a separate optical channel, receiving the data signals on the channels, parameter decoding the data signals, and combining the plurality of data signals from the channels into output traffic corresponding to the input traffic.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/395,605, filed Jul. 12, 2002. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed generally to the transmission of signals in optical communications systems. More particularly, the invention relates to systems, devices, and methods for privately transmitting information on optical signals. 
     The development of digital technology provided the ability to store and process vast amounts of information. While this development greatly increased information processing capabilities, it was soon recognized that in order to make effective use of information resources it was necessary to interconnect and allow communication between information resources. Efficient access to information resources requires the continued development of information transmission systems to facilitate the sharing of information between resources. One effort to achieve higher transmission capacities has focused on the development of optical transmission systems. Optical transmission systems can provide high capacity, low cost, low error rate transmission of information over long distances. 
     The transmission of information over optical systems is typically performed by imparting the information in some manner onto an optical signal. In most optical transmission systems the information is imparted by using an electrical data stream either to directly modulate an optical source or to externally modulate an optical carrier so that the information is carried at the frequency of the optical carrier, or to modulate the information onto one or more subcarriers or sidebands, with the later technique sometimes called sub-carrier modulation (“SCM”). 
     Initially, modulated optical signals were spatially separated by placing each optical signal on a different fiber to provide space division multiplexing (“SDM”) of the information in optical systems. As the demand for capacity grew, increasing numbers of information data streams were spaced in time, or time division multiplexed (“TDM”), on the single optical signal in the SDM system as a means to better use the available bandwidth. The continued growth in demand has spawned the use of wavelength division multiplexing (“WDM”) to transport multiple optical signals on a single fiber. In WDM systems, further increases in transmission capacity can be achieved not only by increasing the transmission rate of the information on each wavelength, but also by increasing the number of wavelengths, or channels, in the system. 
     With the increase in data transmission capacities, users, including individuals, businesses, and governments, now utilize applications that require the transmission of private information. Because of the sensitive nature of this information, it is desirable to communicate this private information in a manner to reduce the probability that an eavesdropper will be able to intercept the private information. Also, because optical networks often pass through remote areas, an eavesdropper may gain physical access to an optical fiber or node in the network that allows the eavesdropper to intercept the data carried in the network. For example, amplifier hut sites are typically remote and secluded and are easily penetrated with little risk of discovery. For maintenance and diagnostic purposes, every amplifier has diagnostic optical access ports and connectors that would allow an intruder to extract and/or modify optical signals. Malicious disruption of the traffic is a lower risk since it can be handled by network protection, and would produce serious risk of detection, but eavesdropping and small scale tampering with the data is possible. The private transmission of data may be achieved at various levels, including authentication, data encryption, and transport. 
     Authentication involves the use of techniques to only allow properly authorized individuals to gain access to and control of a network. This may be done using software and/or by controlling physical access to the network. A software authentication solution may be accessed through a public network and compromised. 
     Data encryption uses cryptographic encryption techniques that are difficult to decrypt to protect data transmitted in the network. While data encryption is a very powerful at protecting the privacy of information in an optical network, today there are no commercial bulk encrypters/decrypters that are able to encrypt/decrypt data at the high data rates carried on optical networks, e.g., 10 Gb/s or higher. 
     Transport privacy protection involves preventing an unauthorized eavesdropper from being able to easily collect the data on the network. Transport privacy protection may be used decrease the probability of intercepting the data by an eavesdropper, thereby increasing the privacy of the network. Transport privacy protection may be used alone or with authentication and/or data encryption to increase the privacy of data transmitted in networks. Therefore, there remains a need to provide transport privacy protection to increase the privacy of data transmitted in networks. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The systems, devices, and methods of the present invention address the above-stated need for higher capacity, private optical communications systems, devices, and methods. The present invention deinterleaves an input data stream into several lower data rate data signals. The deinterleaving may take portions of the input stream and reorder them as they a transmitted along separate channels. Buffers may be used to delay individually each of the separated data signals on each channel. The input data stream may be FEC encoded prior to deinterleaving. Also, the channels carrying an input stream may take different optical paths through the network. Each of the above techniques, reordering, delaying, FEC encoding, and using different optical paths, may be varied periodically either randomly or in a known pattern. Any combination of these techniques may be used in an optical network according to the present invention. 
     One embodiment of the present invention is a method for transmitting traffic in an optical communication system comprising separating the input traffic into a plurality of data signals, parameter encoding the data signals, transmitting each of the data signals on a separate optical channel, receiving the data signals on the channels, parameter decoding the data signals, and combining the plurality of data signals from the channels into output traffic corresponding to the input traffic. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for transmitting traffic in an optical communication system comprising deinterleaving input traffic into a plurality of data signals, transmitting each of the data streams on a separate channel, inserting a known time shift between at least two of the data signals, receiving the data signals, compensating for the time shift between the data signals, and interleaving the data signals from the channels into output traffic corresponding to the input traffic. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for transmitting traffic in an optical communication system comprising separating the input traffic into a plurality of portions, separating the input traffic into an additional plurality of portions, assigning the plurality portions in a first order to a plurality of data signals, assigning the plurality of additional portions in a second order to the plurality of data signals, transmitting each of the data signals on a separate channel, receiving the data signals on the channels, combining the plurality of portions into output traffic corresponding to the input traffic, and combining the plurality of additional portions into output traffic corresponding to the input traffic. 
     Those and other embodiments of the present invention will be described in the following detailed description, including other methods, apparatuses, and systems according to the present invention. The present invention addresses the needs described above in the description of the background of the invention by providing improved systems, apparatuses, and methods. These advantages and others will become apparent from the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrate examples optical communications systems; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an optical communication system according the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the operation of a deinterleaver according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment of the deinterleaver; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the operation of an interleaver according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a deinterleaver with buffers according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the use of fiber coils as optical delay lines that buffer the optical signal when the output of the deinterleaver is optical signals; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an interleaver and buffers for use with signals that are delayed; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an interleaver with fiber coils for delaying the optical signals on channels; 
         FIGS. 11-13  illustrate various embodiments of apparatuses for varying the delay of an optical signal; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates another embodiment of the current invention; and 
         FIG. 15  illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an optical communications system  10  which includes optical paths  12  connecting nodes and network elements  14 . Advantages of the present invention can be realized with many system  10  configurations and architectures, such as an all optical network, one or more point to point links, one or more rings, a mesh, other architectures, or combinations of architectures. The system  10  illustrated in  FIG. 1  is a multi-dimensional network, which can be implemented, for example, as an all optical mesh network, as a collection of point to point links, or as a combination of architectures. The system  10  can employ various signal formats, and can also convert between formats. The system  10  can also include more or less features than those illustrated herein, such as by including or deleting a network management system (“NMS”)  16  and changing the number, location, content, configuration, and connection of nodes  14 . 
     The optical paths  12  can include guided and unguided transmission media, such as one or more optical fibers, ribbon fibers, planar devices, and free space devices, and can interconnect the nodes  14  providing optical communication paths through the system  10 . Various types of transmission media can be used, such as dispersion shifted fiber (“DSF”), non-dispersion shifted fiber (“NDSF”), non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (“NZDSF”), dispersion compensating fiber (“DCF”), polarization maintaining fiber (“PMF”), single mode fiber (“SMF”), multimode fiber (“MMF”), other types of transmission media, and combinations of transmission media. Furthermore, the transmission media can be doped, such as with erbium, germanium, neodymium, praseodymium, ytterbium, other rare earth elements, other dopants, and mixtures thereof. The paths  12  can carry one or more uni- or bi-directionally propagating optical signal channels or wavelengths. The optical signal channels can be treated individually or as a single group, or they can be organized into two or more wavebands or spectral groups, each containing one or more optical signal channel. 
     One or more paths  12  can be provided between nodes  14  and can be connected to protection switching devices and/or other redundancy systems. The optical path  12  between adjacent nodes  14  is typically referred to as a link  18 , and the optical path  12  between adjacent components along a link  18  is typically referred to as a span. 
     The nodes and network elements  14  can include one or more signal processing devices including one or more of various optical and/or electrical components. The nodes  14  can perform network functions or processes, such as switching, routing, amplifying, multiplexing, combining, demultiplexing, distributing, or otherwise processing optical signals. For example, nodes  14  can include one or more transmitters  20 , receivers  22 , switches  24 , add/drop multiplexers  26 , amplifiers  30 , interfacial devices  28 , multiplexers/combiners  34 , and demultiplexers/distributors  36 , as well as filters, dispersion compensating and shifting devices, monitors, couplers, splitters, and other devices. One embodiment of one node  14  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 , although the nodes  14  can have many other variations and embodiments. Additional examples of nodes  14  are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/817,478, filed Mar. 26, 2001 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,922 issued Feb. 5, 2002, 1999, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The NMS  16  can manage, configure, and control nodes  14  and can include multiple management layers that can be directly and indirectly connected to the nodes  14 . The NMS  16  can be directly connected to some nodes  14  via a data communication network (shown in broken lines) and indirectly connected to other nodes  14  via a combination of a directly connected node and communications paths in the optical system  10 . The data communication network can, for example, be a dedicated network, a shared network, or a combination thereof. A data communications network utilizing a shared network can include, for example, dial-up connections to the nodes  14  through a public telephone system. The NMS  16  can reside at one or more centralized locations and/or can be distributed among components in the system  10 . Mixed data or supervisory channels can be used to provide connections between the network elements of the NMS  16 , which can be located in nodes  14  or remote from nodes  14 . The supervisory channels can be transmitted within and/or outside the signal wavelength band and on the same medium or a different medium than the wavelength band. Examples of an NMS  16  are described in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/177,625, filed Jan. 24, 2000, and PCT Patent Application PCT/US01/02320, filed Jan. 24, 2001, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The transmitters  20  and receivers  22  are configured respectively to transmit and receive optical signals including one or more information carrying optical signal wavelengths, or channels, via the optical paths  12 . The transmitters  20  and receivers  22  can be used in multiple and single channel systems, and can provide varying reach (e.g., short, intermediate, and long reach). The transmitters  20  and receivers  22  can also be part of a device that includes standardized interface transmitters and receivers, such as to support interoperability with other devices and systems, which is particularly useful in WDM applications. 
     The transmitters  20  include an optical source that provides an optical carrier and can utilize, for example, coherent or incoherent sources, and narrow band or broad band sources, such as distributed feedback (“DFB”) sources, distributed Bragg reflection (“DBR”) sources, sliced spectrum sources, fiber lasers, semiconductor lasers, light emitting diodes, and other optical sources. The transmitters  20  often include a narrow bandwidth laser as the optical source. The transmitter  20  can impart information onto the optical carrier or onto one or more subcarriers or sidebands. Typically, information is imparted by directly modulating the optical source, by externally modulating the optical carrier, or by modulating the information onto one or more subcarriers or sidebands of the optical carrier, with the later sometimes called sub-carrier modulation (“SCM”). The transmitter  20  may utilize one or more types of modulators, such as electro-optic (e.g., lithium niobate), electro-absorptive, etc. 
     The receiver  22  can include various detection techniques, such as coherent detection, optical filtering and direct detection, as well as other techniques and combinations thereof. The receiver  22  can include filters, such as fiber Bragg grating filters, bulk grating filters, or other types of filters, or filtering can be performed outside of the receiver  22 . 
     The transmitters  20  and receivers  22  can utilize one or more formats to transmit and receive optical signals. For example, modulation formats such as amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, polarization modulation, power modulation, other modulation formats and combinations of formats, such as quadrature amplitude modulation, can be used. Also, return to zero (“RZ”) or non-return to zero (“NRZ”) formats can be used with various modulation techniques. Different encoding formats can also be used, such as differential encoding, duobinary encoding, other encoding formats, and combinations thereof. One or more multiplexing formats can be employed, such as space, time, code, frequency, phase, polarization, wavelength, other types, and combinations thereof. The format can also include one or more protocols, such as SONET/SDH, IP, ATM, Digital Wrapper, GMPLS, Fiber Channel, Ethernet, etc. Other signal formats, such as soliton, pulse, chirp, etc, can also be used. Transmitters  20  and receivers  22  can utilize the same format for all channels throughout the system  10 , or different formats can be used for different channels and/or in different parts of the system  10 , with appropriate format conversion being performed by the transmitters  20  and receivers  22  or by other devices. Examples of optical transmitters  20  are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,566, issued Sep. 12, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Tunable transmitters  20  and receivers  22  can be used, such as to provide flexibility in the selection of wavelengths used in the system  10 . The transmitters  20  and receivers  22  can also include or be associated with other components to perform other signal processing, such as reshaping, retiming, error correction, protocol processing, pre-emphasis, and optical and/or electrical pre- and post-dispersion and distortion compensation. For example, receivers  22  can be connected to the transmitters  20  in back to back configuration as a transponder or regenerator. The regenerator can be deployed as a 1R, 2R, or 3R regenerator, depending upon whether it serves as a repeater (R 1 : repeat), a remodulator (R 2 : reshape &amp; repeat), or a full regenerator (R 3 : reshape, retime, repeat), respectively. The transmitters  20  and receivers  22  in a WDM system can be operated in a uniform manner or the transmission and reception characteristics of the signal channels can be tailored individually and/or in groups. 
     The switches  24  can take many forms and can have different levels of “granularity”. “Granularity” refers to the resolution or precision with which the switching is performed. For example, WDM switches  24  can switch individual wavelengths (also called “channels”), groups of wavelengths, or portions of wavelengths. Before being switched, the signals can be demultiplexed into the appropriate level of granularity, and after being switched the signals can be multiplexed into the desired format, using the same or different modulation formats, wavelengths, or other characteristics. 
     Switches  24  can have electrical, optical, or electrical/optical switch “fabrics”. The switch “fabric” refers to the technology used to perform the switching. Switches  24  having an electrical fabric convert incoming optical signals into electrical signals, the electrical signals are switched with electronic equipment, and the switched electrical signals are converted back into optical signals. Such switching is often referred to as “O-E-O” (“optical-electrical-optical”) switching. In contrast, switches  24  having an optical switch fabric perform the switching with the signals in the optical domain. However, switches  24  having an optical switch fabric can still perform O-E-O conversions, such as when demultiplexing or multiplexing optical signals, or in other related interface devices or operations. 
     There are many optical switch fabrics, some of which use micro-electromechanical systems (“MEMS”), such as small, electrically-controlled mirrors, to selectively reflect an incoming optical signal to a desired output. Other optical switch fabrics use a variable index of refraction device to controllably change the index of refraction of an optical signal path, such as by forming a gas pocket in an optically transparent liquid medium, in order to change the direction of the optical signal. Yet another example of an optical switch fabric is the use of an optical path in which the optical gain and/or loss can be controlled so that an optical signal can be either passed or blocked. Some examples of switches  24  having an optical fabric are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/119,562, filed Jul. 21, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Switches  24  can be grouped into two categories: integrated switches and interfacial switches. Integrated switches allow for optical continuity of signals, while interfacial switches introduce an optical discontinuity which interrupts optical signals with one or more O-E-O conversion, either in the switch itself or in a related component such as a multiplexer  34 , demultiplexer  36 , or other interface device. In contrast, integrated switches are optically integrated into the system  10  and allow optical signals to continue through the system  10 , via the integrated switch  24 , without an O-E-O conversion or optical discontinuity. Integrated switches  24  are sometimes called “all-optical switches”, “O-O” switches, or “O-O-O” switches. Interfacial switches  24  are a type of interfacial device  28 , which is discussed in more detail hereinbelow. Interfacial switches are located within or at the periphery of networks  10  and point to point links  18 , such as between two or more point to point links  18 , between two or more networks  10 , or between a network  10  and a point to point link  18 . A switch  24  can have both an integrated switch  24  portion and an interfacial switch  24  portion, such that some signals are switched without an O-E-O conversion, while other signals are subjected to an O-E-O conversion. Switches  24  can have many forms and variations. For example, in addition to being integrated or dedicated, and having an optical and/or electrical switch fabric, a switch  24  can be polarization-sensitive or polarization-insensitive. 
     Add/drop multiplexers  26  and other devices can function in a manner analogous to integrated switches  24  so that, in general, only optical signals which are being “dropped” from the network  10  are converted into electronic form. The remaining signals, which are continuing through the network  10 , remain in the optical domain. As a result, optical signals in an all-optical system  10  (e.g., systems  10  having integrated switches  24  and integrated add/drop multiplexers  26 ) are not converted into electrical form until they reach their destination, or until the signals degrade to the point they need to be regenerated before further transmission. Of course, add/drop multiplexers  26  can also be interfacial devices  28 . 
     Interfacial devices  28  generally act as interfaces to and between optical networks  10  and/or point to point links  18 . Interfacial devices  28  typically perform at least one optical-to-electrical (“O-E”) or electrical-to-optical (“E-O”) conversion. In the case of an interfacial switch  24 , for example, signals are subjected to an O-E-O conversion before proceeding to the next link  18  or network  10 . Interfacial devices  28  can, for example, act as an interface between electrical and optical systems or devices, between different formats, or at other interfaces. Interfacial device  28  can be located within or at the periphery of networks  10 , such as between two or more networks  10 , between two or more point to point links  18 , and between networks  10  and point to point links  18 . Interfacial devices  28  can include, for example, cross-connect switches, IP routers, ATM switches, etc., and can have electrical, optical, or a combination of switch fabrics. Interfacial devices  28  can provide interface flexibility and can be configured to receive, convert, and provide information in one or more various formats, protocols, encoding schemes, and bit rates to the transmitters  20 , receivers  22 , and other devices. The interfacial devices  28  also can be used to provide other functions, such as protection switching. 
     The optical amplifiers  30  can be used to provide signal gain, such as to overcome attenuation, and can be deployed proximate to other optical components, such as in nodes  14 , as well as along the optical communications paths  12 . The optical amplifiers  30  can include concentrated/lumped amplification and/or distributed amplification, and can include one or more stages. The optical amplifier can include, for example, doped (e.g. erbium, neodymium, praseodymium, ytterbium, other rare earth elements, other dopants, and mixtures thereof) and/or non-linear interaction amplifiers (e.g., Raman amplifiers, Brillouin amplifiers, etc.), and can be locally and/or remotely pumped with optical energy. The optical amplifiers  30  can also include other types of amplifiers  30 , such as semiconductor amplifiers. Two or more amplifiers  30  may be co-located and concatenated to provide additional flexibility. 
     Optical combiners  34  can be used to combine the multiple signal channels into WDM optical signals for the transmitters  20 . Likewise, optical distributors  36  can be provided to distribute the optical signal to the receivers  22 . The optical combiners  34  and distributors  36  can include various multi-port devices, such as wavelength selective and non-selective (“passive”) devices, fiber and free space devices, and polarization sensitive devices. Other examples of multi-port devices include circulators, passive, WDM, and polarization couplers/splitters, dichroic devices, prisms, diffraction gratings, arrayed waveguides, etc. The multi-port devices can be used alone or in various combinations with various tunable or fixed wavelength transmissive or reflective, narrow or broad band filters, such as Bragg gratings, Fabry-Perot and dichroic filters, etc. in the optical combiners  34  and distributors  36 . Furthermore, the combiners  34  and distributors  36  can include one or more serial or parallel stages incorporating various multi-port device and filter combinations to multiplex, demultiplex, and/or broadcast signal wavelengths λ i  in the optical systems  10 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates another embodiment of the system  10  including a link  18  of four nodes and network elements  14 . That link  18  can be, for example, all or part of a point to point system, or it may be part of a multi-dimensional, mesh, or other system. One or more of the nodes or network elements  14  can be connected directly to the network management system  16  (not shown). If the link  18  is part of a larger system, then as few as none of the nodes or network elements  14  can be connected to the network management system  16  and all of the nodes and network elements  14  can still be indirectly connected to the NMS  16  via another node or network element  14  in the larger system  10 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an optical communication system  10  according to one embodiment of the present invention. The system  10  has network elements  14  interconnected by an optical pathway  12 . The network elements may have a deinterleaver  40  and interleaver  42 . The system  10  receives input traffic that is transmitted on the optical pathway  12  on various channels  44  carried on wavelengths λ 1 , λ 2 , λ 3 , and λ 4  and then exits as output traffic. While not shown in  FIG. 3 , optical amplifiers  30  may be placed along the optical path  12  as needed to amplify the signals in the optical path  12 . 
     The deinterleaver  40  separates the traffic into several lower rate data signals. Separating the traffic also includes deinterleaving the traffic. The illustrated embodiment includes a one to four deinterleaver  40 , although other variants may be used. Typically, each lower data rate signal will have a data rate of the input data rate divided by the number of lower rate signals. Each of these lower data rate signals will be transmitted on a channel  44  along one or more of the optical paths  12 . Each channel  44  typically is carried on a specific optical wavelength. The interleaver  42  receives each of the lower data rate signals on the channels  44 . The interleaver  42  combines the lower data rate signals back into an input data rate signal and outputs the signal as output traffic. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the operation of one embodiment of a deinterleaver  40 . The deinterleaver  40  receives input traffic and outputs first, second, third, and fourth portions on first, second, third, and fourth channels  44 . The portions may be single data bits, single bytes, or some number of bits or bytes depending upon the structure of the data in the input traffic. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment of the deinterleaver  40 . The deinterleaver  40  in this embodiment processes the first four portions as described above for the deinterleaver  40  shown in  FIG. 4 . The deinterleaver  40  places the second set of four portions in the channels  44  in a different order, with input portions  1 ,  2 ,  3 , and  4  being placed, respectively, on output channels  3 ,  1 ,  4 , and  2 . The order of the second set of portions on the channels  44  may be preselected or may be random. The process continues with the deinterleaver  40  placing the next set of four portions on the channels according to a preselected pattern or randomly. 
     The deinterleaver  40  may receive the input traffic as either an electrical or an optical signal. The deinterleaver  40  may also convert optical input traffic to electrical signals or electrical input traffic to optical signals for further processing. The input traffic portions may be accordingly separated either optically or electrically. The deinterleaver  40  may output the separated portions as either electrical or optical signals along the channels  44 . If the output is electrical, then a transmitter  20  will receive the electrical signal from the deinterleaver  40  and transmit it as an optical signal along the channel  44  in the optical pathway  12 . The transmitter  20  may also receive multiple channels  44  and transmit the electrical signals optically using sideband modulation. The deinterleaver  40  may output optical signals at the same wavelength such as used in short reach interfaces. In this case, a transmitter  20  would receive the optical signals and transmit them on a transmission wavelength as described for the electrical output signals. Also, the deinterleaver  40  may incorporate transmitters  20  and output the optical signals on different wavelengths to be transmitted in the system  10 . The deinterleaver  40  may also handle M input streams that each are separated into N channels thereby resulting in M·N output channels. 
     The deinterleaver  40  may also randomly select which channels  44  receive which data signals. For example, with four channels, the deinterleaver  40  could randomly select which of the four channels  44  or wavelengths is to receive each of the data streams. On a periodic basis, the deinterleaver  40  may change the channels  44  that the data streams are transmitted on. Additionally, each deinterleaver  40  may be assigned a fixed set of channels  44  to use, or the deinterleavers  40  may chose any available channel  44  on the optical path  12 . 
     In another embodiment of the present inventions, the size of the portions may vary as a function of time. For example the size of the portions may be selected randomly. This may be done for each portion, or for each channel, i.e., each channel would all have portions of the same size, but the size would be different between channels. Also, the portion size may be set for a period of time and then changed from time to time. A pattern of portion sizes may also be used to set the size of the portions. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates the operation of an interleaver  42 . The interleaver  42  operates in a complementary manner to the deinterleaver  40 . The interleaver  42  receives portions from the channels  44 . Again, as in the above example, the number of lower data rate signals may be any number greater than two. The interleaver  42  combines the multiple received portions back into the single higher data rate stream that is in the same order as the input traffic received by the deinterleaver  40 . The interleaver  42  may also receive portions that have been reordered as illustrated in the deinterleaver  40  embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In this case, the interleaver  42  would have to reorder the portions from the channels  44  to place the portions in their proper position in the output traffic stream. If the portions are reordered by the deinterleaver  40  in a known pattern, that pattern must be known by the interleaver  42  in order to combine the portions back into their proper order. This pattern may be a repeating pattern, or may be a randomly generated pattern that is known to both the deinterleaver  40  and the interleaver  42 . A repeating pattern of reorderings may be stored in a list. The first item of the list is selected to reorder data, then the next and so on until the end of the list, at which point the reordering starts at the beginning of the list again. If the deinterleaver  40  is using a random ordering, that random ordering must be made known to the interleaver  42  as well. This may be done, for example, by using a random number generator that generates a random set of numbers based upon an input seed. This seed would be known to both the deinterleaver  40  and the interleaver  42  in order for each to create identical random number sequences. An out of band or in band communication channel may also be used to communicate the sequence of the reordered portions. This communication channel may use encryption and authentication to securely communicate the sequence of reordered portions. 
     An eavesdropper who taps the optical signal in the optical pathway  12  will receive the signals carried by the various channels  44 . Each individual channel  44  only contains a portion of the data contained in the original input traffic and therefore the data on a single channel  44  is likely to be of little use to the eavesdropper. In order to reconstruct the original input traffic, the eavesdropper has to know or determine the manner in which the data has been separated into several channels  44 . These channels  44  then would have to be recombined in the proper sequence. When the portions in the input traffic are separated as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the eavesdropper&#39;s ability to properly recreate the input traffic stream is much more difficult. 
     Additionally, the eavesdropper must now either gain knowledge of how the portions are ordered or try to randomly reorder the portions. It is also possible that the channels  44  for a given input traffic stream are transmitted over different optical pathways  12  through the optical system, and over time these pathways maybe changed as well. This would increase the privacy of the input traffic stream because an eavesdropper now has the added complication of surreptitiously tapping the optical signal out of various optical pathways  12  at different locations and then trying to recombine the data. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a deinterleaver  40  with buffers  46 . The deinterleaver  40  operates as described in the embodiments above. The buffers  46  are added at the output of the deinterleaver  40 . The buffers  46  delay the data before sending it on the channels  44 . Each buffer  46  may be set to introduce a different delay in the data upon each of the channels  44  as shown. For example, channel  4  has the smallest delay and channel  2  the most. Alternatively, rather than having a buffer for each channel, a single buffer may be used to delay the data on all of the channels. 
     The delays placed on the different channels  44  result in a misalignment in the data. An eavesdropper intercepting the data on the channels  44  may know the data is split among the different channels, but cannot easily synchronize the data. The number of potential combinations of delay increase exponentially with the number of channels per input traffic stream, resulting in greater privacy. 
       FIG. 8  shows the use of fiber coils  48  as optical delay lines that buffer the optical signal when the output of the deinterleaver  40  is optical signals. The fiber coils  48  could be of different length to introduce various delays in the channels  44  as shown. If the deinterleaver  40  outputs electrical signals, then the buffers may be electrical buffers of sufficient depth to introduce the desired time delays. Also, fiber coils  48  may be used to introduce delays beyond the electrical buffering capability. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an interleaver  42  and buffers  46  for use with signals that are delayed. The interleaver  42  operates as previously described. The buffers  46  receive the data on the channels  44  and introduce delays to counter the delays introduced by the buffer  46  associated with the deinterleaver  40 . The buffer  46  on the fourth channel introduces the largest delay and the buffer on the second channel introduces the smallest delay in order to realign the information carried on the channels  44 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an interleaver  42  with fiber coils  48  for delaying the optical signals on channels  44 . The lengths of the fiber coils  48  are selected to compensate for the delay introduced by the fiber coils  48  associated with the deinterleaver  40  resulting in the data on the channels  44  being aligned at the fiber coil  48  outputs. 
     While introducing different delays into each of the channels makes intercepting and reconstructing the data more difficult, if the delays introduced on each channel vary as a function of time, the eavesdropper will have to continuously be trying to realign the data. If the delay characteristics change more quickly than the eavesdropper can successfully reconstruct the input traffic stream, then the eavesdropper will have difficulty reconstructing the complete stream in real time. Furthermore, the eavesdropper may only be able to reconstruct small segments of the traffic stream during later processing due to the storage capacity requirements for capturing data from a large capacity or commercial communications system. 
     If the buffers  46  are electrical buffers, then there is great flexibility in the ability to vary the delay on each channel within the storage capacity of the buffer. The buffers  46  can be commanded to switch the delays on each channel  44  at any time. The delays may be selected based upon a known sequence of delay values that is known to the deinterleaver and interleaver buffers  46 . The delay values may also be generated randomly in a manner similar to that as described above for the portion reordering. 
     Dispersion of the signals as they propagate along the optical path causes time delays between the different channels  44 . The buffers  46  may be used to introduce an additional delay to compensate for dispersion. 
       FIGS. 11-13  illustrate various embodiments of apparatuses for varying the delay of an optical signal.  FIG. 11  has a 1×M switch  24  that receives a single input signal that can be switched to any of M outputs. Each output of the switch  24  connects to a different length of fiber coil  48 . Each of the fiber coils  48  connects to a multiplexer  34  the outputs the delayed signal. The length of delay in the optical signal is controlled by selecting the switch output. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates another embodiment for varying the delay of an optical signal that includes a 1×2 switch  24 , a fiber coil  48 , a short length of fiber  12 , and a multiplexer  34 . The 1×2 switch  24  receives the optical signal to be delayed. One output of the 1×2 switch  24  connects to the length of fiber coil  48 . The other output of the switch  24  connects to the short length of fiber  12 . The fiber coil  48  and short length of fiber  12  connect to the multiplexer  34  that outputs a delayed signal. Addition delay may be added by adding additional segments as shown in  FIG. 12 . The number of segments and the lengths of the fiber coils determines how many different delays may be achieved. Various values of delay can be achieved by controlling the 1×2 switch in each segment. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates another embodiment for varying the delay of an optical signal including an N×M switch  24 , various lengths of fiber coils  48 , and a M×N switch  24 . The N×M switch  24  receives N input optical signals to be delayed. The value of M will be equal to or greater than N to allow all of the incoming signals to pass through. The switch switches the N input signals to different outputs of the switch  24 . Each of the M outputs of the switch  24  connects to one of the M fiber coils  48 . The fiber coils  48  delay each of the N optical signals. The M inputs of the M×N switch  24  connect to the M fiber coils  48 . The M×N switches the M inputs to the N outputs of the switch  24  so that the delayed optical signals are on the output fiber  12  corresponding to its input fiber  12 . The delay added to each optical signal is determined by controlling the N×M and M×N switches  24 . 
     As an example of the difficulty that an eavesdropper would have in realigning the data, assume a system with an input stream separated into four data signals. Assume that the data signal frame length is 6.25×10 5 . With four data signals there are 24 possible combinations of channels leading to 24×(6.25×10 5 ) 3  or ˜10 18  potential combinations that the eavesdropper would have to consider in order to find the correct realignment. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates another embodiment of a communication system  10 . This embodiment includes nodes  14  including an FEC encoder  50 , a deinterleaver  40 , channels  44 , an interleaver  42 , and an FEC decoder  52 . This embodiment adds an FEC encoder  50  and FEC decoder  52  to the embodiment of  FIG. 3 . The FEC encoder  50  encodes the input traffic. The deinterleaver  40  receives and separates the encoded traffic as described above. The interleaver  42  combines the separated encoded traffic. The FEC decoder  52  receives and decodes the combined encoded traffic. In one embodiment, the FEC encoding is chosen in such a way that any attempt to FEC decode an isolated data signal will exceed the error correcting capacity of the code and will create severe errors rendering the data signal unreadable. 
     An eavesdropper who intercepts the channels  44  containing the separated encoded data, will have a more difficult time reconstructing the original data. Many errors would result if an eavesdropper uses an FEC decoder  52  on any of the single channels. The FEC encoder  50  and decoder  52  may be programmable, in that they may be controlled to use different codes. The FEC encoding could be changed in a pattern or randomly as previously described in relation to the reordering of portions. In addition, the FEC encoded data may be punctured, i.e., removing certain bits, or coset coded in a known or random pattern as long as the decoder knows how to decode the encoded data. Additionally, some FEC encoders process blocks of traffic data. This processed data is then read out. The order of reading out that data can be varied to further make it difficult for an eavesdropper to reconstruct the traffic. If an eavesdropper attempts to add data to the data signals, if the number of bits added is small the FEC will be able to correct for the changed bits. If it is greater than what the FEC can correct, then the FEC detects severe errors, and a protection switch may be initiated, and an intrusion may be indicated. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, an encoder may be used to FEC encode, reorder, deinterleave, and buffer the input data stream. Also, the encoder may perform any combination of some these functions. Likewise, a decoder may be used to FEC decode, reorder, interleave, and buffer the data carried on the channels  44  or any combination of these function. Also, the decoder may perform any combination of some these functions. The encoder and decoder may be implemented, for example, as software operating in a CPU, as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or in a programmable signal processor. 
       FIG. 15  is another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 15  adds buffers  40  to the embodiment of  FIG. 14 . This system may vary both the FEC encoding and channel delays. Also the portions may be reordered as previously described. 
     An eavesdropper may attempt to identify frame alignment bits. Frame alignment bits are used for example in the SONET/SDH protocols. FEC encoding also places frame alignment bits in the encoded data. The frame alignment bits may be coded or randomly selected. Also, false patterns of bits may be transmitted to confuse the eavesdropper. The use of these schemes will have to be known throughout the system in order to transmit the traffic. 
     The present invention includes parameter encoding to reduce the probability that an eavesdropper may intercept the traffic in an optical network. Transmitting traffic using various techniques with parameters that can be varied is parameter encoding. The variability and unknown structure of the traffic as it is transmitted throughout he optical network due to parameter encoding makes it more difficult for an eavesdropper to intercept and use the traffic. 
     A network management system (“NMS”) may be used control the parameter encoding of the system. This would include control of the operating parameters of the system, such as the reordering of portions, channel delay, and FEC variations. The NMS may set the operating parameters of the system to be valid only for a certain time period. This would prevent an eavesdropper from attempting to change the operating parameters. Such an unauthorized attempt to change the operating parameters could be detected. The NMS would coordinate the parameter encoding throughout the system to assure that the traffic properly passes through the system. Also, the NMS may use secure communication techniques, such as encryption and verification, to coordinate the changing operating parameters throughout the system in order to prevent an eavesdropper from intercepting the operating parameters or changing the operating parameters. The control of the system parameters may also be accomplished by individual nodes or hardware in the network. 
     If a verification technique is used in controlling the system parameters, an intruder may be detected and located. Once an intruder is detected, the delays in the verification messages may be monitored. The delays may be used to identify the location of the intruder in the network. 
     Many variations and modifications can be made to described embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, advantages of the present invention can be realized with different numbers and configurations of the deinterleaved channels  44 . Also, sending the deinterleaved channels  44  along different optical paths  12  provides additional privacy protection. Other variations, modifications, and combinations are taught and suggested by the present invention, and it is intended that the foregoing specification and the following claims cover such variations, modifications, and combinations.