Abstract:
Image data, such as from a mobile phone camera, is analyzed to determine a colorfulness metric (e.g., saturation) or a contrast metric (e.g., Weber contrast). This metric is then used in deciding which of, or in which order, plural different image recognition processes should be invoked in order to present responsive information to a user. A great number of other features and arrangements are also detailed.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/821,974, filed Jun. 23, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,660,355), which claims priority to provisional application 61/315,475, filed Mar. 19, 2010 (which is attached as an Appendix, and forms part of this specification). 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present technology relates to image processing, and more particularly relates to selection of an image processing operation(s) that may be appropriate to a particular set of image data. 
       BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
       [0003]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,405,925 and application 20070278306 (both to Symbol Technologies) detail imager-based barcode readers (as opposed to laser-based). These references particularly concern methods for identifying barcodes—and their specific types—in the context of other imagery. In an exemplary arrangement, contrast statistics and directional vectors associated with detected edge lines are used to identify what sub-region(s), if any, of the image data likely corresponds to a barcode. A barcode decoder then processes any thus-identified image sub-region(s) to extract a payload. 
         [0004]    Since these references concern dedicated barcode readers, they are not designed for more general purpose image processing. In more general arrangements, consideration may be given to barcodes that might not be characterized by high contrast edges (e.g., barcodes that are in “soft” focus), and other image scenes that might present high contrast linear edges, yet are not barcodes (e.g., a white picket fence against a blue sky background). 
         [0005]    Google, in its U.S. Pat. No. 7,565,139, teaches a system that processes input imagery by applying multiple recognition processes, e.g., optical character recognition (OCR), object recognition, and facial recognition. Each process produces a confidence score with its results. If the facial recognition confidence score is higher than the other scores, then the image is presumed to be a face, and those results are used for further processing. If the OCR score is the highest, the image is presumed to depict text, and is treated on that basis. Etc. 
         [0006]    It will be recognized that this is a brute force approach—trying all possible recognition processes in order to get a useful result. Indeed, the processing is performed by a remote server, since timely execution of the various involved algorithms is apparently beyond the capabilities of mobile platforms. 
         [0007]    Pixto (since acquired by Nokia) teaches a more sophisticated approach to mobile visual query in its application 20080267504. In the Pixto arrangement, a mobile handset obtains GPS information to determine the geographical context in which imagery is captured. If the handset is found to be in a shopping mall, a barcode recognition process is preferentially applied to captured image data. If the handset is found to be outdoors, an object recognition process may be most appropriate. (The phone may load an object glossary emphasizing local points of interest, e.g., the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.) A set of rules, based on location context, is thus applied to determine what image recognition processing should be performed. (Pixto also teaches looking for stripes in imagery to indicate barcodes, and looking for regions of high spatial frequency content as possibly indicating text.) 
         [0008]    In accordance with certain embodiments of the present technology, drawbacks associated with the foregoing approaches are overcome, and new features are provided. 
         [0009]    In one particular embodiment, color saturation of input image data is used as a metric to discriminate whether a first set of image recognition processes (e.g., object or facial recognition) is more likely to be relevant than a second set of image recognition processes (e.g., OCR or barcode reading). Such classification technique can be used in conjunction with other known arrangements, including those taught in the references noted above, to improve their performance and usefulness. 
         [0010]    The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present technology will be more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    ( FIGS. 1-24  are reproduced from priority application 61/315,475.) 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  shows an embodiment employing certain aspects of the present technology, in an architectural view. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating involvement of a local device with cloud processes. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  maps features of a cognitive process, with different aspects of functionality—in terms of system modules and data structures. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  illustrates different levels of spatial organization and understanding. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 5 ,  5 A and  6  show data structures that can be used in making composition of services decisions. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 7 and 8  show aspects of planning models known from artificial intelligence, and employed in certain embodiments of the present technology. 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  identifies four levels of concurrent processing that may be performed by the operating system. 
           [0019]      FIG. 10  further details these four levels of processing for an illustrative implementation. 
           [0020]      FIG. 11  shows certain aspects involved in discerning user intent. 
           [0021]      FIG. 12  depicts a cyclical processing arrangement that can be used in certain implementations. 
           [0022]      FIG. 13  is another view of the  FIG. 12  arrangement. 
           [0023]      FIG. 14  is a conceptual view depicting certain aspects of system operation. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 15 and 16  illustrate data relating to recognition agents and resource tracking, respectively. 
           [0025]      FIG. 17  shows a graphical target, which can be used to aid machine understanding of a viewing space. 
           [0026]      FIG. 18  shows aspects of an audio-based implementation. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 19 and 19A  show a variety of possible user interface features. 
           [0028]      FIG. 19B  shows the lower pane, map portion, of  FIG. 19  in greater detail. 
           [0029]      FIGS. 20A and 20B  illustrate a method of object segmentation using thresholded blobs. 
           [0030]      FIGS. 21A ,  21 B and  22  show other exemplary user interface features. 
           [0031]      FIGS. 23A and 23B  show a radar feature in a user interface. 
           [0032]      FIG. 24  serves to detail other user interface techniques. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 25-27  detail methods according to the present technology. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    (The Appendix details illustrative embodiments and methods in which the presently-described technology can be utilized, and provides further information about exemplary implementations.) 
         [0035]    In accordance with certain embodiments of the present technology, captured imagery is examined for colorfulness (e.g., color saturation). This may be done by converting red/green/blue signals from the camera into another representation in which color is represented separately from luminance (e.g., CIELAB). In this latter representation, the imagery can be examined to determine whether all—or a significant spatial area (e.g., more than 20%, 50%, 90%, etc.)—of the image frame is notably low in color (e.g., saturation less than 50%, 15%, 5%, etc.). If this condition is met, then the system can infer that it is likely looking at printed material, such as barcode or text, and can activate recognition agents tailored to such materials (e.g., barcode decoders, optical character recognition processes, etc). Similarly, this low-color circumstance can signal that the device need not apply certain other recognition techniques, e.g., facial recognition and watermark decoding. 
         [0036]    Contrast is another image metric that can be applied similarly (e.g., printed text and barcodes are usually high contrast). In this case, a contrast measurement (e.g., RMS contrast, Weber contrast, etc.) in excess of a threshold value can trigger activation of barcode-and text-related agents, and can bias other recognition agents (e.g., facial recognition and watermark decoding) towards not activating. 
         [0037]    Conversely, if captured imagery is high in color or low in contrast, this can bias barcode and OCR agents not to activate, and can instead bias facial recognition and watermark decoding agents towards activating. 
         [0038]    Thus, gross image metrics can be useful discriminants, or filters, in helping decide what different types of processing should be applied to captured imagery. 
         [0039]    In other embodiments, other metrics can of course be used—such as the high frequency content test of Pixto, or the linear edges used by Symbol. The absence of high frequency content and linear edges, for example, can elevate the execution priority of a facial recognition algorithm over alternatives such as OCR and barcode decoding. 
         [0040]    Likewise, some embodiments can employ other context data in deciding what recognition process to employ. Location, as taught by Pixto is one, but there are many others. 
         [0041]    Some devices capture a stream of images, e.g., to show a moving real-time camera image on the display of a mobile phone. The image metric(s) may be computed based on one frame of image data, and the recognition process determined with reference to that metric can be applied to one or more subsequent frames of image data. 
         [0042]    In some implementations, the calculated metric is not absolutely determinative of the recognition process that should be used. Instead, it is used as one factor among many in deciding what process to apply, or in which order plural candidate processes may be successively applied until a positive recognition result is achieved. A rule based approach can be employed, in which several inputs are checked with compliance with different conditions, to determine the appropriate action. For example, if color saturation is below a reference value S1, and high frequency content is above a reference value HF1, then apply an OCR process (or apply it first and a barcode process second). If color saturation is below S1, and high frequency content is below HF1, then apply a barcode process first. If color saturation is above S1, and high frequency content is above HF1, then apply object recognition first. And if color saturation is above S1, and high frequency content is below HF2, then apply facial recognition first. 
         [0043]    The foregoing example is naturally simplified. In typical implementations, more complex rules may be used, involving a variety of different reference values or other conditions. 
         [0044]      FIGS. 25-27  show aspects of various of the foregoing methods. 
         [0045]    As suggested above, the computed metric can also serve as a biasing factor, helping tip a decision that may be based on other factors in one direction or another. 
         [0046]    It will be understood that a mobile phone processor, operating in accordance with software instructions stored in memory, can perform all the acts required by the present technology. Or some/all acts can be performed by dedicated hardware in the mobile phone, or by processors/hardware at remote locations. 
         [0047]    The specification provided in the Appendix details further technology that can be used in conjunction with the above-described arrangements. 
         [0048]    To provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening this specification, applicant incorporates by reference—in their entireties—the documents referenced herein.