Abstract:
High-temperature resistant polymerizable metal oxide particles having a glass transition temperature of the homopolymerizable ≧100° C. and a core A. The core includes an oxide of a metal or semimetal of the third to sixth main group, of the first to eighth subgroup of the periodic table, or of the lanthanides, and has at least one group —(B) w —X bound via the oxygen atom of the oxide or hydroxide, in which B represents a binding link, and X represents a reactive functional group, and w is equal to 0 or 1. The inventive particles are useful, in particular, for producing coating materials, molding materials and adhesives.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to high temperature resistant polymerizable metal oxide particles, to processes for preparing them, to compositions comprising said particles, and to their use. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     Nanoscale inorganic materials (materials having an average article size in the nanometer range) with surface modification by organic radicals are already known; see the prior art discussed in more detail below. The known nanoscale materials, including the preparation processes, have a number of disadvantages which restrict their use almost exclusively to the application of hard layers to substrate surfaces. The reasons for these disadvantages lie predominantly in the preparation of the materials by the sol-gel process. The sol-gel process is described, for example, in C. J. Brinker and G. Scherer “Sol-Gel-Science—The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel-Processing”, Academic Press, New York (1989), and also in DE 1941191 A, DE 3719339 A and DE 4020316 A. In the sol-gel process, inorganic particles, such as aqueous colloidal silicon dioxide solutions (water glass), are reacted with alkoxysilanes via hydrolysis and condensation reactions, giving gels having different or even divergent properties. 
     The properties of the particles obtained by the sol-gel process may be altered by modifying the surface. The reaction of colloidal silicon dioxide by the sol-gel process with acrylated alkoxysilanes in an inert organic solvent, and the use of the resulting products to produce scratch resistant coatings, for instance, have already been described; see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,205, U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,876, and Proceedings RadTech, North America &#39;92, pages 457-461 (1992). A similar procedure has been taken for the introduction of functional groups into radiation curable sol-gel coatings; see New J. Chem. 18, 1117-1123 (1994) and DE 4338361 A. Furthermore, Chem. Mater. 9, 1562-1569 (1967) describes the modification of colloidal silicon dioxide with a trialkoxysilane containing epoxy or 1-propenyl ether groups, in anhydrous, liquid organic phase. 
     The particles prepared by the sol-gel process possess the following disadvantages: 
     They lack reproducible structures and properties. 
     Their preparation is costly and not always environment-friendly. 
     The storage stabilities are unsatisfactory. 
     There are no possibilities, or only limited possibilities, for their copolymerization with other monomers. 
     The amount of particles which may be taken up into substrates, such as coating materials, etc., is limited. 
     The use of the particles obtained by the sol-gel process is therefore limited in practice to the production of hard, scratch resistant coatings. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is now an object of the present invention to provide particles and processes for their preparation which do not have at least one of the abovementioned disadvantages. In particular, the intention is to provide particles which are simpler and more economic to prepare and which are also suitable for high temperature application. 
     It has surprisingly now been found that this object is achieved if the particles are prepared by a process in which the starting material is not a sol but instead the particles are used as solids and the surface is modified and covalently bonded by reaction with appropriate reagents. 
     The present invention accordingly provides high temperature resistant polymerizable metal oxide particles having a glass transition temperature of the homopolymers of ≧100° C. and having a core A comprising at least one oxide of a metal or semimetal from main groups three to six, transition groups one to eight of the periodic system, or the lanthanides and having at least one group —(B) w , —X, which is bonded covalently to the core by way of one or more oxygen atoms of the oxide or hydroxide, w being 0 or 1 and B being a radical of the formulae 
     
       
         —(MeO) x Me(O) y1 —(R) y2 — or —R(O) z — 
       
     
     in which x is from 0 to 100, y1, y2 and z independently of one another are 0 or 1, and Me is a metal or semimetal from main groups three to six or transition groups three to eight of the periodic system, the free valances of Me representing a bond to a further oxygen atom of the core A and/or a bond via an oxygen atom to an Me in another group B or and/or a bond to an oxygen atom of another core A and/or being satisfied by H, an organic radical and/or a trialkylsilyloxy radical; 
     R is divalent alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy or a radical remaining following the removal of two phenolic hydrogen atoms from a phenol compound having at least two phenolic hydroxyl groups, it being possible for R to be substituted, if desired, by 1, 2 or 3 radicals selected independently of one another from hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen and also, in the case of aryl or cycloalkyl radicals, alkyl, and/or interrupted in the chain by one or two oxygen atoms, and 
     X is a reactive functional group or a radical containing a reactive functional group. 
     The invention further relates to a process for preparing the high temperature resistant, polymerizable metal oxide particles, in which the radicals B, B—X or X are covalently bonded to the core A, present in solid form, in the presence of a strong acid. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph showing an increase in storage modulus for particles of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph showing a higher glass transition temperature in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing higher temperature stability of storage modulus in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing high temperature resistance in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the context of the present invention, the following provisions apply: 
     Alkyl (both alone and in alkoxy, alkylaryl, etc.) is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having preferably from 1 to 50 carbon atoms, with particular preference from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in particular from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and with very particular preference from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, n-dodecyl and stearyl. 
     Cycloalkyl is preferably C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, especially C 5 -C 7  cycloalkyl. Examples of cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl being preferred. 
     Aryl (both alone and in arylalkyl or alkylaryl) is preferably phenyl or naphthyl. 
     Preferred arylalkyl groups are benzyl or phenethyl. 
     Preferred alkylaryl groups are o-, m- or p-tolyl or -xylyl. 
     Examples of alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, etc. 
     Acyl is a straight-chain or branched alkyl- or arylcarbonyl group having preferably from 1 to 50 carbon atoms or from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, in particular from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and with particular preference from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of acyl groups are formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, benzoyl, etc. Corresponding provisions apply to acyloxy. Examples of acyloxy are, in particular, acetyloxy, propionyloxy and benzoyloxy. 
     In the case of the divalent radicals R, both bonding sites are located at an arbitrary point in the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or acyl radical. In the case of divalent arylalkyl and alkylaryl, one bonding site is located in the aryl moiety and the other in the alkyl moiety. In the case of divalent acyl and acyloxy, one bonding site is located in the alkyl or aryl moiety and the other on the carbonyl carbon atom or on the oxygen atom, respectively. Divalent acyl and acyloxy is incorporated into the group B preferably in such a way that the alkyl or aryl radical is connected to Me or, respectively, to the oxygen atom of Me(O) y2 . 
     A feature of the particles of the invention is that they have a large number of side chains —(B) w —X. The number of side chains is greater than 2 and is generally in the range from 10 to 100, preferably from 10 to 50, and in particular from 20 to 50. The amount of side chains —(B) w —X, based on the overall weight of the particles, is generally at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 20% by weight, and with particular preference at least 50% by weight. The side chains may account for up to 90% by weight, preferably up to 75% by weight, of the particles. 
     The average particles size (determined by means of scanning electron microscopy) of the particles of the invention may be up to 1 mm. In general, it is in the range from 1 nm to 0.5 mm, advantageously in the range from 1 to 500 nm, preferably from 1 to 300 nm, or from 1 to 100 nm, in particular from 10 to 50 nm. The specific surface area (BET, determined in accordance with DIN 66131) is generally in the range from 50 to 400 m 2 /g, preferably from 70 to 300 m 2 /g. 
     The glass transition temperature of the homopolymers of the particles of the invention is ≧100° C., advantageously ≧150° C., preferably ≧250° C., in particular ≧350° C. and with particular preference ≧400° C. The upper limit is generally at 600° C., preferably at 500° C. 
     The core A of the particles of the invention is formed of an oxide of at least one metal or semimetal from main groups three to six, from transition groups one to eight of the periodic system, or of the lanthanides. The expression oxide also embraces hydroxides and (mixed) oxide-hydroxides. It is possible to employ mixtures of different oxides or mixed oxides. The surface of the core has hydroxyl groups by way of which the side chains —(B) w —X are attached. 
     The core A likewise comprises particles whose sizes and surface areas are within the stated ranges given above for the particles of the invention. 
     Suitable oxides for the core A are preferably the oxides of the following metals or semimetals: 
     Main group three: B, Al, Ga; 
     Main group four: Si, Ge and Sn; 
     Main group five: As, Sb and Bi; 
     Main group six: Te; 
     Transition group one: Cu; 
     Transition group two: Zn, Cd; 
     Transition group three: Sc, Y, La; 
     Transition group four: Ti, Zr, Hf; 
     Transition group five: V, Nb; 
     Transition group six: Cr, Mo, W; 
     Transition group seven: Mn; 
     Transition group eight: Fe, Co, Ni; 
     Lanthanides: Ce, Yb, Lu. 
     Preference is given to the oxides of metals or semimetals from main groups three and four and from transition groups one, four, six and eight of the periodic system, and also mixtures and mixed oxides thereof. 
     Particular preference is given to the oxides of Si, Al, Ti, Zr, and mixtures and mixed oxides thereof. 
     The side chains of the particles of the invention are formed by the functional group X (if w=0) or by radicals of the formulae: 
     
       
         —(MeO) x Me(O) y1 —(R) y2 —X or —R(O) z —X 
       
     
     in which x, y1, y2 and z and also Me possess the definitions given above. The metals or semimetals Me may be identical or different. Preferably, Me is one of the metals or semimetals stated above as being preferred for the core A. x is preferably from 0 to 10, in particular 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and with particular preference 0, 1 or 2. 
     B is preferably selected from the following radicals: 
     a) —Me (O) y1 —R— 
     b) —Me—O—Me(O) y1 —R— 
     c) —Me—O—Me—O—Me(O) y1 —R— 
     d) —R—O— 
     e) —R— 
     in which y1 is 0 or 1 and R possesses the definitions indicated above. 
     Moreover, —Me—O—Me— in the radical b) is preferably selected from: 
     —Si—O—Si— 
     —Si—O—Al— 
     —Si—O—Ti— 
     —Si—O—Zr— 
     —Al—O—Ti— 
     —Al—O—Zr— 
     —Al—O—Al— and —Me—O—Me—O—Me— in the radical c) is preferably —Si—O—Ti—O—Zr—. 
     The sequence of different metal atoms in the radical —(MeO) x Me(O) y1 —(R) y2 — is arbitrary. Attachment to the core may take place by way of one or the other metal atom, e.g., —Si—O—Al— may be incorporated into the side chain in such a way that the attachment to the core is either by way of the Si atom or by way of the Al atom. 
     The metals and/or semimetals Me may be bonded by way of one or more oxygen atoms of the core. This can be illustrated using the following example where Me is Si:                           
     If the free valences of the Si atom in the structures a) and b) are satisfied by alkoxy groups, a bond to one or two further cores A may take place by alkOH elimination. 
     The free valences of Me may also represent a bond by way of an oxygen atom to an Me in another group B of the same particle or a different particle, or a bond to an oxygen atom of a different core. In this way, a network is formed, as in a silicon dioxidete or in an aluminosilicon dioxidete, for example. Alternatively, the free valences may be satisfied by an organic radical. Suitable organic radicals are alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, a group of the formula R 1 COY—, in which R 1  is the radical of an ethylenically unsaturated C 3 -C 8  monocarboxylic acid or C 4 -C 8  dicarboxylic acid that remains following removal of the carboxyl group, and Y is O or NR 2 , where R 2  is H or C 1 -C 4  alkyl, or a group containing phosphorus, especially a group comprising phosphate, pyrophosphate and phosphite groups. 
     Preferably, the free valences of Me are satisfied by alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, a group of the formula R 1 COY—, in which R 1  and Y possess the definitions indicated above, or a group comprising phosphorus, particular preference being given to groups of the formula R 1 COY—. 
     The group of the formula R 1 COY— is preferably derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, sorbic acid, vinylacetic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or citraconic acid, particular preference being given to acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. 
     The radical R (if present) represents a divalent link to the reactive functional group X. Accordingly, R may be a divalent organic radical attachable to an oxygen atom of the core A or of the segment MeO or to a metal or semimetal Me, on the one hand, and to the reactive functional group, on the other hand. In general, R is the radicals already mentioned above, it being not possible for the alkoxy or acyloxy radical to be bonded to the oxygen atom of one of the abovementioned oxygen atoms of the core or of the groups MeO or R(O). The choice of the group R is guided by the desired properties of the particles and by the nature of the reactive functional group X. Preferred radicals R are divalent alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy or a radical remaining after the removal of two phenolic hydrogen atoms from a phenyl compound having at least two phenolic hydroxyl groups. Suitable phenol compounds are bisphenols, as are indicated, for example, in Ullmann&#39;s Encylopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1991, Vol. A 19, page 349. The content of that publication is part of the present specification by reference. Bisphenol A, B or F are preferred. 
     Further suitable phenol compounds are polymeric phenol compounds, such as resols, novolaks, etc. 
     If R is a phenol radical, y1 and z are 0. 
     The reactive functional group is to be capable of entering into chemical reactions with other functional groups either already present in the particles or present externally in coreactants. In particular, it is to be able to enter into a polymerization (including polycondensation and polyaddition) so that crosslinking and/or curing takes place. Reactive groups are, in particular, epoxy groups, isocyanate groups, groups having at least one active hydrogen atom, or groups having at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond. X may be bonded directly to B or to an oxygen atom of the core; for example, a vinyl group may be bonded to an alkyl group, so that —(B) w —X is an alkenyl group. Alternatively, X may be attached to B by way of a link Z. Z is generally 0, NR 2 , where R 2  is H or C 1 -C 4  alkyl, OCO, COO, NHCO or CONH. Preferred groups X having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond are thosee of the formula                           
     in which R 1  is the radical of an ethylenically unsaturated C 3 -C 8  monocarboxylic acid or C 4 -C 8  dicarboxylic acid that remains following removal of the carboxyl group, Y is O or NR 2  and R 2  and R 3 , which may be identical or different, are H or C 1 -C 4  alkyl. R 1  is preferably derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, sorbic acid, vinylacetic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acide and citraconic acid. An example of X is the acrylic or methacrylic group, which is preferably bonded to B by way of O or NH. 
     One preferred embodiment comprises particles wherein the core A is silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide or an Si/Al mixed oxide, —B—X is (MeO) x Me(O) y1  (CH 2 ) n OCOCR 4 ═CH 2  or (MeO) x Me(O) y1 CH 2 CHOHCH 2 OCOCR 4 ═CH 2 , where Me is Si, Al, Ti or Zr, x is 1 or 2, y1 is 0 or 1, n is from 2 to 6 and R 4  is H or CH 3 , the free valences of Si, Al, Ti or Zr being satisfied by alkoxy radicals and/or bonded to oxygen atoms of the same or a different core A. 
     Groups having active hydrogen atoms are hydroxyl groups, primary and secondary amino groups, thiol groups and silane radicals. 
     One embodiment with silane radicals comprises particles wherein the side chains are formed by a polyalkyl hydrosiloxane radical (Me=Si; x=30-100; y1 and y2=0; X=H). Particles of this kind may be illustrated by way of example on the basis of the following formula:                           
     A—O— may be bonded to any desired silane atom. Because of the plurality of silane units, two or more cores may also be bonded to the siloxane chain. Particles of this kind may be used for reaction with silicones and epoxides and as adhesion promoters. 
     The particles of the invention generally possess two or more side chains. In that case it is possible to incorporate groups X having different reactivity. On the basis of the different reactivity it is possibleie to vary the properties of the particles; for example, materials having dual or even multiple curing functions may be prepared. 
     The particles of the invention are generally insoluble in water, but may be dispersed in water or in other media in which they are insoluble by means of customary emulsifiers and/or protective colloids. They may also be processed from their melt, since they possess melting and softening points &lt;300° C., preferably &lt;250° C. In comparison to the corresponding products prepared by sol-gel processes, they possess in the melt a substantially improved “heat history”, since the inorganic core protects, at least temporarily, the organic constituents in the macromolecule. By the term “heat history” in connection with melt compositions, the skilled worker understands all of the critical parameters which in the course of melting and in the melt cause thermal damage to the organic constituents and thus adversely affect the end properties, such as thermal stability, for example. In this context, see R. Jordan “Schmelzklebstoffe” [Hot-melt adhesives] Vol. 4a (1985) and Vol. 4b (1986), Hinterwaldner-Verlag, Munich. Using the particles of the invention, this “heat history” may be essentially improved and the thermal sensitivity considerably reduced, which is of advantage in particular when compounding and when applying the melt compositions prepared therewith. 
     Furthermore, the particles of the invention are soluble in inert solvents, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanols, etc.), ethyl acetate, etc., and also in numerous coreactants which may be brought to reaction with the reactive functional group X. By way of example, the particles are soluble or dispersible in a large number of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as vinylaromatic compounds, for example, styrene, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with C 1 -C 12  alkanols or C 1 -C 12  alkanediols, e.g., methyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl (meth)acrylate, ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide and methacrylamide and also the N—C 1 -C 4 -alkylated products thereof, vinyl C 1 -C 18  alkyl ethers, esters of vinyl alcohol with C 1 -C 12  alkane carboxylic acids, especially vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, N-vinyllactams, especially N-vinylpyrrolidone, C 2 -C 6  olefins, especially ethylene and propylene, butadiene or isoprene, etc., at least to such an extent that they may be copolymerized with the monomers. The copolymerization produces a polymeric network in which the particles are incorporated by covalent bonding. 
     The properties of the particles of the invention are also determined by the nature and proportion of the core particles and of the metals and/or semimetals Me in the side chains. As the amount of these components goes up, the high temperature resistance of the particles increases to temperatures above 350° C. and even above 400° C. Tg values of up to zu 600° C. may be achieved. The temperature resistance of such products is generally from 50 to 100° C. above the respective glass transition point. Particularly high temperature resistant materials are obtained by combining Si, Ti and Zr for the metals and/or semimetals in the side chains. 
     The particles of the invention, through an appropriate choice of the reactive groups, may be reacted with themselves to form homopolymers, but in particular may be reacted with other coreactants to form copolymers, using, for example, the abovementioned ethylenically unsaturated compounds as coreactants. In this way it is possible to vary the properties of the resulting products virtually as desired. 
     The homopolymerization or the copolymerization with the coreactants takes place in a customary manner known to the skilled worker; for example, by free-radical polymerization if X is ethylenically unsaturated groups or has such a group and if ethylenically unsaturated monomers are used as coreactants. Examples of suitable initiators for the polymerization are organic peroxides and hydroperoxides, such as benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, per salts, such as sodium persulfate, sodium peroxodisulfate; hydrogen peroxide; azo compounds, such as azobisisobutyronitril, etc. The free-radical copolymerization may also be initiated by light, for example, UV rays or daylight, in the presence of photoinitiators, or by means of electron beams. Heat curable systems based on epoxides, ethylenically unsaturated compounds and isocyanates are also suitable. 
     Polyaddition systems are present when one of the components in the system contains epoxy or isocyanate groups and the other component contains groups having active hydrogen atoms. For example, the particles of the invention wherein the reactive group is an epoxy or isocyanate group may be reacted with alcohols or primary or secondary amines, especially polyols and polyamines. 
     The particles of the invention are prepared starting from the core A, using the chosen oxide in solid, finely divided form. The average particle size and the specific surface area of the core particles are generally within the ranges stated above for the particles of the invention. Core particles which may be used are available commercially, for example, as highly dispersed silicon dioxide, such as Aerosil® from Degussa AG, Frankfurt, HDK 80, 100 and 600 der Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Munich, und Cab-O-Sil® from Cabot Corp., Boston, Mass., USA or highly dispersed titanium dioxide, such as titanium dioxide P25 from Degussa AG. The mixed oxides are also available commercially, e.g., Si—Al mixed oxides under the designation Aerosil® MOX and COK from Degussa AG. 
     The attachment of the radicals B, —B—X and/or X takes place starting from the core particles in solid form in one process step (in situ) in the presence of strong acids, as was surprisingly found. In general, the material forming the side chain —BX and/or the group —B— is introduced initially and the core particles are incorporated, by stirring, for example. This operation is judiciously conducted at an elevated temperature, generally in the range from 30 to 80° C. Alternatively, the core particles may be impregnated with the material forming the side chains. 
     If necessary, a reagent capable of bringing about the reaction with the OH groups of the core A is then added to the mixture obtained. In general, said reagent comprises a strong acid, including Lewis acids, which as a catalyst brings about the reaction. The amount of strong acid is generally in the range from 1 to 10% by weight, based on the amount of core particles. Suitable strong acids are organic and inorganic acids, such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, maleic acid, methansulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid or their anhydrides. Also suitable are dual functional compounds which have at least one acid group and at least one functional crosslinkable organic group in their molecule. Examples thereof are the esters of phosphoric acid with α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Judiciously, a surfactant (especially an anionic or nonionic surfactant) is added in an amount of in general from 0.1 to 3% by weight, based on the amount of core particles, in order to facilitate the wetting of the core particles. 
     The reaction is conducted at the abovementioned temperature; the reaction time is generally in the range from 10 minutes to 5 hours. After the end of reaction, the strong acid is neutralized with a base, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The salts formed in this case may be removed as desired by means of ion exchangers. 
     The attachment of the side chain —B—X takes place preferably in one stage by reaction with a compound Y—B—X, where Y is a group capable of reacting with the hydroxide groups on the surface of the core particles. Examples of suitable groups Y are hydroxyl groups, epoxy groups, halogens, organometallic groups, such as trialkoxysilane or trialkoxytitanium compounds, where the free valence of Si and Ti is satisfied by the group B—X. Examples of compounds Y—B—X which may be used are acryloyl- or methacryloyloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, acryl- or methacryloyloxypropyl-trimethoxytitanium, glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate, epoxides having one, especially 2 or more epoxy groups, such as glycidol, mono- and diepoxides based on bisphenol, novolak and cresols, 2,3-epoxypropylurethane having at least one blocked isocyanate group, 2,3-epoxypropyl (meth)acrylate, allyl glycidyl carbonates, glycidyl cyanurates, such as alkoxydiglycidyl cyanurates, alkyl glycidyl ethers and glycerylamines, etc. MeO bridges in the side chain may be introduced by adding the corresponding monomeric or polymeric metal alkoxides or the partial hydrolysis products thereof, examples being tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrabutoxytitanium, dimethoxydisilanol, polydimethoxysiloxane, aluminum isopropoxide, etc. The starting compounds required for the introduction of the side chain —B—X are available commercially or may be prepared in a manner known to the skilled worker. The starting compound for the preparation of the particles having a polyalkylhydrosiloxane side chain is also available commercially as Baysilone oil MH 15 from Bayer AG. 
     Alternatively, the side chain may be introduced in two stages by first introducing the radical B and subsequently connecting the group X to the radical B. The introduction of the radical B takes place by reaction of the core particles with a compound Y—B—Y′, in which Y possesses the definitions given above. Y′ is a group capable of reacting with the coreactant used to introduce the group X. In general, Y′ has the same definitions as Y. Examples of suitable compounds Y—B—Y′ are metal alkoxide compounds, such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrabutoxytitanium, poly(diethoxysiloxane), poly(dimethoxysiloxane), diethoxysiloxane s-butylaluminate, diethoxysiloxane ethyltitanate, poly(dibutyl titanate), poly(octylene glycol titanate), and also the silicon, aluminum and titanium compounds described in DE 4020316 A. These compounds too are available commercially (e.g., from Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc., Bayonne, N.J., USA or Gelest, Inc., Tullytown, Pa., USA) or may be prepared in a manner known to the skilled worker. 
     Then, in a further step, the product obtained is reacted with a reagent for introducing the functional group X. Examples of suitable reagents are metal alkoxides, where one valence of the metal is satisfied with the functional group. Examples of such compounds are isopropyl dimethacryloyl isostearoyl titanate, alkoxytri(meth)acryloyl titanate, where alkoxy is CH 3 O—(C 2 H 4 O) 2 , and also the corresponding silicon compounds, etc. These compounds are available from the company Kenrich Petrochemicals, Inc., Bayonne, USA, or may be prepared in a manner known to the skilled worker. 
     By adding metal alkoxides in which at least one valence of the metal is satisfied by a radical other than an alkoxide it is possible to introduce further organic radicals bonded to Me. Compounds which may be used for this purpose are, for example, isopropyl triisostearoyl titanate, isopropyl tri(dodecyl)benzenesulfonyl titanate, isopropyl tri(dioctyl)phosphatotitanate, isopropyl(4-amino)benzenesulfonyl di(4-dodecyl)benzenesulfonyl titanate, isopropyl tri(dioctyl)pyrophosphatotitanate, isopropyl tri(N-ethylenediamino)ethyl titanate, di(dioctyl)pyrophosphate-oxoethylene titanate, di(dioctyl)phosphato-ethylene titanate, di(dioctyl)pyrophosphato-ethylene titanate, di(butyl,methyl)pyrophosphato-ethylene titanate, tetraisopropyl di(dioctyl)phosphatotitanate, tetraoctyl di(ditridecyl)phosphitotitanate, tetra(2,2-diallyloxymethyl)butyl di(ditridecyl)phosphitotitanate, dimethacryloyl-oxoethylene titanate, neoalkoxy-trineodecanoyl titanate, neoalkoxy-tri(dodecyl)benzenesulfonyl titanate, neoalkoxy-tri(dioctyl)phosphatotitanate, neoalkoxy-tri(dioctyl)pyrophosphatotitanate, neoalkoxy-tri(N-ethylenediamino)ethyl titanate, neoalkoxy-tri(m-amino)phenyl titanate, and the corresponding zirconium compounds. These compounds are also available from Kenrich Petrochemicals, Inc. 
     The particles of the invention are outstanding backbone polymers and backbone binders and form a novel and innovative class of substance. They may be formulated, alone or with coreactants, for the preparation of coating, polymer, molding, casting, adhesive and sealing compositions, surface coating materials, antireflection coating compositions, compositions for the dental, cosmetic and medical areas, and/or as binders for woodbase materials and stone compositions and the like. Such formulations may be modified with customary auxiliaries, such as 
     additives, such as elasticizing tougheners, light stabilizers and aging inhibitors, plasticizers, lubricants, antistats, adhesion promoters 
     organic and inorganic fillers and reinforcing agents, such as calcium carbonate, kaolin, light and heavy spars, silicon oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, metal oxides and metal powders, hollow microstructures, carbon blacks, woodflours, fibers of α-cellulose, glass, polyamide, polyester, graphite and carbon 
     pigments and dyes, such as white pigments, titanium dioxide, pigmentary carbon blacks, azo pigments and the like. 
     The particles of the invention may be incorporated advantageously into coating compositions. The coatings and films obtained possess outstanding mechanical and physical properties, depending on the crosslinking density. For instance, the scratch resistance is improved significantly in comparison to materials obtained by the sol-gel process. The values for gas permeation, to oxygen and nitrogen, for example, are also markedly improved with films comprising the particles of the invention. 
     The incorporation of the particles has also resulted, in particular, in changes in viscoelastic parameters in comparison to the unmodified polymer samples. When a (polymeric) sample is subjected to harmonic cyclical stressing, the strain—as in many other physical cause/effect relationships—follows the mechanical cyclic stress with a time delay. The elasticity modulus E, which occurs in Hooke&#39;s law and is a measure of the resistance of materials to mechanical stresses (strength), is therefore to be applied in complex form (E′+iE″), the storage modulus E′ and the loss modulus E″ being dependent on temperature and frequency. Additionally, for the moduli E′ and E″, the dispersion relationships are manifested in analogy, for instance, to the complex variables of permeability and dielectric constant in Kramers-Kronig relationships. 
     The moduli E′ and E″ are to be determined by means of Dynamic Mechanical Thermoanalysis (DMTA). For this purpose, films, coats or else fibers are subjected to a harmonic exciter oscillation in the range from 0.01 to 200 Hz while at the same time being heated in accordance with a temperature program. 
     Derived characteristic material parameters obtained include the attenuation factor tan δ=E″/E′ and the glass transition temperature Tg, above which the materials soften. The Tg is given by the position of the maximum loss modulus. 
     The results of the dynamic mechanical measurements can be found in the use examples. These results can be explained only by extremely efficient heterogeneous copolymerization between the extended surface regions of the reactive particles and the organic substrate (increase in the polymeric network density). This is accompanied by an above-average improvement in macroscopic properties such as, for example, high temperature stability, scratch and abrasion resistance, and also bond strength and gas barrier effect. In order to be able to estimate the effect of these results, it is necessary to refer to the investigations of other polymeric nanocomposites with incorporated polymerization-inactive particles (T. Lan, T. J. Pinnavaia, Chem. Mater. 6 (1994) 2216, W. Helbert, J. Y. Cavafile, A. Dufresne, Polym. Composites 17 (1996) 604), where a significant increase in the storage modulus was found only in the softening range above Tg. Moreover, in these systems, the glass transition temperature remains largely unaffected by the nanoglobular filler. 
     As a result of the incorporation of the particles by covalent bonding, there is a considerable increase in the storage modulus throughout the temperature range measured. 
     The results of this are temperature stabilities and bond strengths of up to 600° C. or more, extreme scratch and abrasion resistances, pronounced barrier effects with respect to gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, and also good adhesive bond strengths, in addition to high chemical, long-term and aging stability. 
     The particles of the invention may be foamed both alone and with coreactants. Such foams may be produced using known chemical blowing agents, such as azo compounds, azodicarboxamides, hydrazine derivatives, semicarbazides, and gases, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and other organic and inorganic per compounds, and also expansion agents, such as calcium carbide, for example, which form gases on contact with water. 
     The foams produced with the particles of the invention possess outstanding resistance properties in the event of fire, since they possess a high glass transition temperature and, owing to the large amount of inorganic constituents, are of only limited flammability or are completely nonflammable. Depending on the type of foam, in addition, a positive effect is produced by the very good insulation value in addition to the high temperature resistance. Moreover, at the interfaces between adherend surfaces and adhesive film, the particles develop very high adhesive forces without detracting from the cohesive strength of the cured adhesive film, even at high temperatures. 
     If the particles have groups comprising phosphorus, improved corrosion and water resistance is achieved. 
     In addition, it has been found that, when the particles of the invention are used in compositions, there is surprisingly no need for rheology-improving additives or, in the case of mineral-filled systems, thixotropic agents and antisedimentation agents. The transparency of the compositions is not adversely affected even at high particle contents. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The examples illustrate the invention without restricting it. 
     The definitions of the abbreviations used in the examples are as follows: 
     Particle Core A 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Particle size 
                 BET surface area 
               
               
                 Raw material 
                 Abbreviation 
                 (average) 
                 (DIN 6613 1) m 2 /g 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Highly disperse 
                 HDK 600 
                 40 
                 nm 
                 200 ± 50 
               
               
                 silicon dioxide 
                 HDK 100 
                 0.5 
                 mm 
                 — 
               
               
                 Mixed oxide 
                 HDK 80 
                 30 
                 nm 
                 80 ± 0 
               
               
                 (98.3% SiO 2  + 
               
               
                 0.3-1.3% Al 2 O 2 ) 
               
               
                 Aluminum oxide 
                 HDA 
                 13 
                 nm 
                 100 ± 15 
               
               
                 Titanium 
                 HDT 
                 21 
                 nm 
                  50 ± 15 
               
               
                 dioxide 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Particle Side Chains B—X 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw material 
                 Abbreviation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Methacryloyloxypropyl- 
                 MEMO 
               
               
                   
                 trimethoxysilane 
               
               
                   
                 3-Aminopropyl- 
                 APMO 
               
               
                   
                 trimethoxysilane 
               
               
                   
                 Vinyltrimethoxysilane 
                 VTMOS 
               
               
                   
                 Vinyltriethoxysilane 
                 VTEOS 
               
               
                   
                 Oligomeric, alumosiloxane- 
                 MEMO AL 
               
               
                   
                 modified methacryloyloxy- 
               
               
                   
                 propyl trimethoxysilane 
               
               
                   
                 Polymethyl-H-siloxane 
                 MH 15 
               
               
                   
                 containing 
               
               
                   
                 about 40 —Si—H groups 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum isopropoxide, 
                 ALUPROP 
               
               
                   
                 97% by weight 
               
               
                   
                 Glycidyl methacrylate 
                 GMA 
               
               
                   
                 Zirconium(IV) ethoxide 
                 ZIRKO 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comonomer/Reactive Solvent for Particles 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw material 
                 Abbreviation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Tetraethoxypentaerythritol tetraacrylate 
                 Mo 10 
               
               
                   
                 Bisethoxy-bisphenol A-diacrylate 
                 Mo 20 
               
               
                   
                 dissolved in tripropylene glycol diacrylate 
               
               
                   
                 Trisethoxy-trimethylol 
                 TETMPTA 
               
               
                   
                 propane triacrylate 
               
               
                   
                 4′-(1′,2′-epoxycyclohexyl)methyl 
                 Mo 30 
               
               
                   
                 1,2-epoxycyclohexane-4-carboxylate 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane triacrylate 
                 TMPTA 
               
               
                   
                 Trisethoxy-2,4,6-triamino- 
                 Viaktin 5970 
               
               
                   
                 s-triazine triacrylate 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Miscellaneous 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Wetting agent 
                 aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, 30% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strength by weight 
               
               
                   
                 Catalyst 
                 aqueous methanesulfonic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acid, 70% strength by weight 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Examples 1-11) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 maleic acid or maleic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 anhydride 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Examples 12-16) 
               
               
                   
                 pbw 
                 parts by weight 
               
               
                   
                 EBC 
                 electron beam curing 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Preparation 
     The formulations of Examples 1 to 15 are summarized in Table 1. 
     Examples 1 to 15 
     The raw materials and compositions of the particles of the invention are evident from Table 1, while the preparation is described below. 
     The respective comonomer is charged to a stirred vessel and heated to the predetermined reaction temperature. When the reaction temperature has been reached, the stated amounts of core material A and the compounds B—X are introduced alternately into the liquid comonomer with intensive stirring and are distributed homogeneously. Subsequently, water and the amounts of wetting agent and catalyst as per Table 1 are added with stirring over 15 minutes. Subsequently, stirring is continued at the respective reaction temperature. Finally, the reaction mixture is neutralized, if appropriate, with 50% strength aqueous sodium hydroxide solution over about 15 minutes and the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature. In Example 11, there is no need for an initial comonomer charge. In this case, MH 15 is introduced as initial charge. 
     Example 16 
     A stirred vessel (2l) equipped with stirrer, dropping funnel and reflux condenser is charged with 100 pbw of HDK 600 and/or HDA in 1 l of acetone. The mixture is heated at boiling with intensive stirring. Then, with stirring continuing, 50 pbw of MEMO followed by 1.5 pbw of maleic anhydride dissolved in 10 pbw of water are added. Heating is continued for 2 hours under reflux. Finally, the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure (1.6 kPa) at 30° C. The resulting nanopowder is subsequently comminuted or micronized. The yield is virtually quantitative. 
     Example 17 
     30.0 pbw of HDK 100 were pasted up in 10.0 pbw of GMA and subsequently mixed with 60.0 pbw of a mixture consisting of 12% by weight TMPTA and 88% by weight TETMPTA. This mixture is ground in a Fritsch planetary ball “Pulverisette 5” using zirconium(IV) oxide beads (4 beads Ø 20 mm; 15 beads Ø 10 mm; milling beaker volume 75 ml) at a milling beaker rotational speed of 360 min −1  for 45 minutes. Subsequently, 0.2 ml of 70% strength aqueous perchloric acid is added dropwise to effect covalent attachment to the core material A by way of the epoxy group of the GMA. After further milling for approximately 20 minutes, the colloidal dispersion obtained may be processed in accordance with known methods. Regarding its properties, see Table 2. 
     Example 18 
     In a stirred vessel with mounted reflux condenser, 46 pbw of HDK 600 and 34 pbw of MEMO are dissolved in 200 pbw of acetone and heated to boiling. Subsequently, 20 pbw of ALUPROP are metered in very quickly with intensive stirring. After about 5 minutes, 13 pbw of water, 2.45 pbw of wetting agent solution and 1.3 pbw of catalyst solution are added over the course of 15 minutes. At 56° C., stirring is continued for one hour. Subsequently, the reaction mixture is neutralized, if appropriate, with 50% strength sodium hydroxide solution and the inert solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure. At room temperature, the pure reaction mass is semisolid to solid and possesses thermoplastic properties. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Compositions (formulations) of Examples 1 to 15 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Reaction 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Comonomer reactive 
                 Core material 
                 Side chains 
                 Water 
                 Wetting agent + 
                 temperature 
                 duration 
               
               
                 Example 
                 solvent pbw 
                 A pbw 
                 B-X pbw 
                 pbw 
                 catalyst solution 
                 ° C. 
                 min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 01 
                 66.25 Mo 20 
                 22.5 HDK 600 
                 11.25 MEMO 
                 2.9 
                 0.54 + 0.50 
                 80 
                 105 
               
               
                 02 
                 62.5 Mo 10 
                 17.5 HDK 600 
                 12.5 MEMO + 7.5 ALUPROP 
                 4.875 
                 0.92 + 1.00 
                 80 
                 105 
               
               
                 03 
                 39.75 Mo 30 + 26.50 TMPTA 
                 22.5 HDK 600 
                 11.25 MEMO 
                 2.9 
                 0.54 + 0.50 
                 60 
                 75 
               
               
                 04 
                 66.25 Mo 20 
                 22.5 HDK 600 
                 11.25 MEMO 
                 2.8 
                 0.54 + 2.0 
                 66 
                 150 
               
               
                 05 
                 62.5 Mo 10 
                 17.5 HDK 600 
                 12.50 MEMO + 7.50 ALUPROP 
                 4.58 
                 0.92 + 2.0 
                 70/78 
                 30 
               
               
                 06 
                 62.5 Mo 10 
                 25.0 HDK 600 
                 12.5 MEMO AL 
                 1.25 
                 0.236 + 0.200 
                 80 
                 90 
               
               
                 07 
                 66.25 Mo 30 
                 22.5 HDK 600 
                 11.25 MEMO AL 
                 1.45 
                 0.270 + 0.250 
                 60 
                 30 
               
               
                 08 
                 62.50 Mo 10 
                 17.5 HDK 600 
                 12.5 MEMO AL + 7.5 ZIRKO 
                 1.9 
                 0.350 + 0.250 
                 80 
                 90 
               
               
                 09 
                 66.25 Mo 30 
                 22.5 HDK 600 
                 11.25 APMO 
                 1.65 
                 0.230 + 0.250 
                 60 
                 20 
               
               
                 10 
                 62.5 Mo 10 
                 17.5 HDK 80 
                 11.25 MEMO AL + 8.75 ZIRKO 
                 1.9 
                 0.360 + 0.250 
                 80 
                 90 
               
               
                 11 
                   
                 20.0 HDK 600 
                 80.0 MH 15 
                 2.9 
                 0.528 + 1.000 
                 80 
                 50 
               
               
                 12 
                 62.5 Mo 10 1   
                 25.0 HDK 600 
                 12.5 VTMOS 
                 5.0 
                 0.250 + 0.375 3   
                 70 
                 180 
               
               
                 13 
                 64.5 Mo 10 2   
                 25.7 HDK 600 
                 9.8 VTEOS 
                 3.1 
                 0.150 + 0.390 3   
                 70 
                 270 
               
               
                 14 
                 55.5 Mo 30 1   
                 22.3 HDA 
                 22.2 VTMOS 
                 8.9 
                 0.440 + 0.330 3   
                 70 
                 180 
               
               
                 15 
                 55.5 Mo 20 1   
                 22.3 HDT 
                 22.2 VTMOS 
                 8.9 
                 0.440 + 0.330 3   
                 70 
                 180 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Addition of 0.04 pbw of 4-hydroxyanisol  
               
               
                   2 Addition of 0.12 pbw of 4-hydroxyanisol  
               
               
                   3 Maleic acid or maleic anhydride as catalyst instead of methane sulfonic acid  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 1 
     “Sol-gel Process”: 
     A three-necked flask with stirrer and gas passage line is charged with 40 ml of TMPTA. Following an hour of vigorous blanketing with pure nitrogen, a solution consisting of 0.5 pbw of sodium in 10 ml of absolute ethanol is added over the course of 5 minutes. After further stirring for 10 minutes, 7.5 ml of anhydrous 2-aminoethanol are metered in over the course of 20 minutes. Subsequently, stirring is continued at 50° C. for 4 hours, with N 2  being introduced and passed through continuously. Thereafter, 10 ml of ethyl orthosilicon dioxidete are added over the course of 15 minutes. A solution of 0.25 g of wetting agent (sodium dodecyl sulfate dissolved in 5 ml of water) is then added dropwise to the reaction mixture over the course of one hour. Stirring is continued at 50° C. for a further hour. Finally, the batch is cooled to room temperature as quickly as possible. This reaction product was tested in comparison with the particles of the invention (Table 3). 
     Comparative Example 2 
     “Sol-gel Surface Coating Material” 
     A stirred vessel is charged with 33 pbw of TMPTA and 0.08 pbw of 4-hydroxyanisol and this initial charge is heated to 65-70° C. To the preheated acrylate mixture there is added a solution of 0.2 pbw of maleic anhydride, 0.7 pbw of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 14.0 pbw of water, followed by a mixture of 45.5 pbw of tetraethoxysilane and 6.5 pbw of MEMO, which is added over the course of 30 minutes. Subsequently, the reaction mixture is stirred further and the water/alcohol mixture is distilled off at a pressure of 1.6 kPa over the course of 6 hours. Finally, the remaining reaction mass is cooled very quickly to room temperature. 
     Use Examples 19-21 
     Example 19 
     Using the colloidal dispersion from Example 1 and a coating bar, a film approximately 0.1 mm thick was produced on a silicone release paper. This film was subsequently cured with electron beams (dose 80 kGy/180 keV unit) under an inert gas atmosphere (N 2 ). This film was subjected to dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis (DMTA) in order to determine the attenuation factor tan δ=E″/E′ and the glass transition temperature (Tg). The measurements were conducted using the Perkin Elmer unit DMA 7e with applied statistical and dynamic exciter forces of 200 mN at a frequency of 1 Hz in the temperature range from −20 to +250° C. In FIG. 1 it can be seen that the storage modulus for the particles of the invention is markedly increased in comparison to the straight acrylate “Mo 20” even in the solidification range lying below Tg (being increased by a factor of approximately 1.4 at 20° C.). In the mechanical dispersion region, there is a shift in the maximum of tan δ, and the glass transition temperature (T g ) is higher by several 10 K (FIG.  2 ). 
     Example 20 
     The procedure of Example 19 was repeated using the colloidal dispersion from Example 2 and a test film was produced. The only difference between these dispersions is their comonomers. The replacement of the comonomer “Mo 20” (Example 1) by the comonomer “Mo 10” on its own demonstrates, in accordance with the invention, a further improvement in the viscoelastic and macroscopic properties, which is achieved by the modification of the highly crosslinking tetraacrylate “Mo 10” and which no longer possesses a glass transition. Even for the unmodified organic substrate, FIG. 3 shows a much higher temperature stability of the storage modulus in comparison to “Mo 20” in Example 1 (FIG.  1 ). 
     As a result of the incorporation by covalent bonding of the particles of the invention (Example 2), there is a considerable increase in the storage modulus throughout the measured temperature range measured. Therefore, temperature stabilities of 600° C. or more, extreme scratch and abrasion resistances, pronounced barrier properties with respect to gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, and also good adhesive bond strengths, as well as high chemical, long-term and aging stabilities, are provided and are realizable (FIG.  4 ). Further properties in comparison to the monomer “Mo 10” in Comparative Example 1 (sol-gel process) are summarized in Table 3. 
     Example 21 
     Using the colloidal dispersion from Example 2, an adhesive having the following composition was formulated: 
     50.0 pbw of reactive dispersion from Example 2 
     44.0 pbw of calcium carbonate filler, coated 
     5.0 pbw of dibenzoyl peroxide paste, 50% strength in dioctyl phthalate 
     1.0 pbw of N,N′-diethylaniline 
     First of all, the N,N-diethylaniline (accelerator) is distributed homogeneously in the reactive dispersion. Subsequently, the filler is incorporated homogeneously at slightly elevated temperature (40° C.). Finally, the reaction initiator—benzoyl peroxide paste—is added and is uniformly distributed in the paste. The finished adhesive has a pot life (DIN 16920) of 25 minutes/20° C. This adhesive was used to bond degreased steel test specimens in incised overlap for the tensile shear test in accordance with DIN 53283. After 24-hour storage of 10 test specimens at room temperature, they were divided; that is, 5 of these test specimens were stored in a drying oven at 200° C. for 48 hours and then stored at room temperature for 24 hours. The subsequent test to DIN 53283 gave the following average values: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tensile shear strength 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Curing 24 h/20° C. 
                 18 N/mm 2   
               
               
                   
                 Curing 24 h/20° C. and 
                 17 N/mm 2   
               
               
                   
                 Aging 48 h/200° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The high glass transition temperature of the cured particle dispersion (FIG. 4) confirms the high temperature resistance of such compositions without any need to accept a loss in bond strengths. The adhesive film showed a 100% cohesive fracture. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hardness, scratch and abrasion resistance of the 
               
               
                 coating according to Example 12 in comparison to 2 commercial 
               
               
                 products 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Erichsen 
                 Vicardt 
                 Taber Abraser 
               
               
                   
                 EBC 
                 Pendulum 
                 indent- 
                 diamond 
                 falling sand 
               
               
                   
                 dose 
                 hardness 
                 ation 1   
                 needle 2   
                 method 
               
               
                 Product 
                 [kGy] 
                 [S] 
                 [N] 
                 [N] 
                 [˜10% - total] 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Esa Lux LR 
                 90 
                 142 
                 14/16 NH 3   
                 2 
                 1400-3300 U 
               
               
                 1283 
               
               
                 (commercial 
               
               
                 product) 
               
               
                 - compara- 
               
               
                 tive - 
               
               
                 Viaktin 5970 
                 140 
                 121 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1500-2500 U 
               
               
                 (commercial 
               
               
                 product) 
               
               
                 - compara- 
               
               
                 tive - 
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 60 
                 144/152 
                 &gt;20 
                 8 
                 4500-9500 U 
               
               
                 inventive 
                   
                 NH 3   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Erichsen = steel panel  
               
               
                   2 Vicardt = diamond  
               
               
                   3 NH = aftercuring after 12 days  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Property comparisons with prior art products, sol- 
               
               
                 gel process products, and products of Example 2 (inventive) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Micro- 
                 Erichsen 
                 Taber 
                 Gloss 
                 Gas permeation 2   
               
               
                   
                   
                 scratch 
                 hardness 
                 Abraser test 
                 incident 
                 ml/h × m 2  × bar 
               
               
                   
                 EBC 
                 hardness 
                 DIN 55350 
                 test DIN 
                 angle 
                 DIN 53380 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 dose 
                 (diamond) 
                 (test rod 
                 EN 438-2 
                 DIN/ISO 900ff 
                   
                   
                 Separation 
               
               
                 Product 
                 [kGy] 
                 [N] 
                 318) [N] 
                 [U] 
                 60° C 1   
                 N 2   
                 O 2   
                 factor 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Monomer 
                 40 
                 3.5 
                 4 
                 2700 
                 75.0/39.8 
                 8.4 
                 22.3 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 Mo 10 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40 
                 5.0 
                 5.5 
                 5200 
                 68.0/54.9 
                 4.3 
                 17.2 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 “sol-gel 
               
               
                 process 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 40 
                 8.0 
                 7.5 
                 8300 
                 81.6/80.4 
                 1.1 
                 7.8 
                 7.1 
               
               
                 inventive 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Initial value and after 60 manual scratch cycles with steel wool  
               
               
                   2 Paper (60 g) Application weight 15 g/m 2