Abstract:
A digital controlled clock provides ultra fine resolution for a sampling clock signal for recovering data from a received signal, the phase jump of the sampling clock signal being determined the number of stages in a multiphase clock generator that generates a number of equally-spaced phase clock outputs based on a reference clock signal. Phase selection is performed through a very low overhead phase commutator in response to phase advance/retard inputs. A clock deglitcher matched to the stages of the ring oscillator eliminates spikes generated when the phase commutator switches.

Description:
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     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains unpublished material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to telecommunications systems and, in particular, to a digital controlled clock that utilizes a multi-phase ring oscillator to provide extremely fine resolution on the clock stepping utilized for recovering data from a received signal. 
     2. Discussion of the Prior Art 
     To reliably recover data from a received signal in some transmission systems, such as in Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) U-interface applications, there must be very stringent jitter control on the clock utilized for sampling the received signal. &#34;Jitter&#34; is a term used to describe short term variations of a digital signal from its ideal position in time. 
     It has been common in the past to use an analog phase locked loop for recovering sampling clocks from a received signal. However, analog phase locked loops are not easily integratable due to their large RC requirements for obtaining the necessary loop time constant. Therefore, extreme care must be taken in the fabrication of these integrated circuits to ensure consistent performance. 
     Digital phase locked loops that utilize a single phase clock do not provide fine enough resolution, resulting in unacceptably high jitter in the recovered sampling clock in some applications. 
     Digital phase locked loops that utilize multiphase clocks are also typically difficult to integrate due to the high speed and complexity of the conventional phase commutator circuitry required to switch among the multiple phases. Furthermore, proportional control is crude in these loops because only a single bit is controlling the phase advance/retard mechanism. 
     U S. Pat. No. 4,584,695, issued Apr. 22, 1986 to Wong et al, discloses a digital phase locked loop decoder that generates a sampling clock having both an effective sampling interval and clock stepping resolution that is shorter than the driver clock period. The Wong et al sampling clock generator relies on a three-stage oscillator that provides three clock signals having an equally-spaced phase relationship. A phase commutator responds to an advance/retard input to select one of the three phase clocks as the driver clock for the received signal sampler. 
     More specifically, each of the three stages of the Wong et al clock generator consists of an invertor and a series-connected amplifier. Thus, the period of each of the three phase outputs of the oscillator is six stage delays. Given this configuration, any phase output of the oscillator is paralleled by a phase step one-third of a period later in a second phase and a phase step one-third of a period earlier in the remaining phase. Each of the three phase output pulse trains is buffered by an amplifier and then reshaped by a set-reset flip-flop. The outputs of the three flip-flops are provided to commutator circuitry which makes corrections to the drive clock by selecting a leading or lagging phase to replace the current phase used as the driver clock signal. The commutator phase selection is implemented by providing each of the three oscillator phase outputs to a corresponding D-type flip-flop. A phase decoder provides an advance/retard signal to multiplexing circuitry indicating whether the driver clock signal is leading or lagging the data clock signal of incoming Manchester encoded data. The multiplexing circuitry drives the D flip-flops, the outputs of which are then processed by NOR gate logic to provide either an advanced or a retarded driver clock signal. 
     Although the sampling clock generator disclosed in the above-identified Wong et al patent represents a significant improvement over the prior art and is useful in a wide variety of applications, because of the limited number of stages utilized in the multiphase clock generator, it does not provide the degree of resolution required for data recovery in ISDN applications. Furthermore, the synchronous commutator technique utilized by Wong et al, if expanded to provide more clock phase stages and, thus, finer resolution, would require an inordinate and costly number of components to implement the required flip-flop/multiplexor scheme. 
     Therefore, it would be desirable to have available a simple, inexpensive sampling clock generator that provides high resolution phase stepping. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a digital controlled clock with ultra fine resolution. This is accomplished by utilizing a synchronous, multi-phase clock generator that provides a number of phase clocks having an equally-spaced phase relationship. The multiple phase clocks are generated by a multi-stage ring oscillator based on a reference crystal clock. Phase selection is performed by a very low overhead commutator circuit based on a phase advance/retard input. Clock deglitcher circuitry which is matched to the stages of the ring oscillator eliminates spikes generated when the phase commutator switches. 
     A better understanding of the features and advantages of a digital controlled clock in accordance with the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and accompanying drawings which set forth an illustrative embodiment in which the principles of the invention are utilized. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a digital controlled clock in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIGS. 2A-2C combine to provide a schematic drawing illustrating a detailed circuit embodiment of a digital controlled clock in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating operation of a breadboard implementation of the FIG. 2 circuit to remove a glitch resulting from a phase retardation switch. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 shows a synchronous digital controlled clock that, in accordance with the concepts of the present invention, generates a sampling clock for recovering data from a received signal. It includes a multi-phase clock generator 10 that relies on an N-stage ring oscillator 12 to generate N clock signals 13 having an equally-spaced phase relationship. The frequency of each of the N phase clock signals 13 is locked to the frequency of a reference crystal clock 14 by an analog phase locked loop 16 which receives one of the phase clock signals 13 as a feedback signal 15 from the ring oscillator 12. 
     The N phase clock signals 13 are provided to a phase commutator 18. More specifically, the N clock signals 13 are provided to a 1-of-N multiplexor 20 which selects one of the N signals 13 in response to a SELECT signal provided by flip-flop 22. The SELECT output of flip-flop 22 causes the multiplexor 20 to advance or retard the phase clock signal currently selected by multiplexor 20 based on an +/- STEP input to flip-flop 22. As described in greater detail below, the +/- STEP input to flip-flop 22 both enables a jump between adjacent phase clock signals 13 and indicates the direction, i.e. advance or retard, of the phase jump. 
     Flip-flop 22 is clocked by a deglitched sample clock signal, as explained in greater detail below. 
     As further shown in FIG. 1, in accordance with the present invention, a clock deglitcher 24 eliminates spikes in the phase clock signal selected by multiplexor 20, i.e. multiplexor output signal 23 in FIG. 1. These spikes may be generated when the phase commutator 18 switches between phase clock signals 13. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, clock deglitcher 24 comprises first and second delay stages 26 and 28, respectively, the outputs of which are provided to NAND gate 30. The output of NAND gate 30 clocks flip-flop 22 to implement phase switching by phase commutator 18. The output of the second stage delay 28 constitutes the deglitched sample clock signal that is utilized to recover data from a received signal. 
     FIGS. 2A-2C combine to show a detailed circuit embodiment of a digital controlled clock in accordance with the present invention. 
     In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 2A-2C multiphase clock generator 10 utilizes a 19-stage ring oscillator 32. Ring oscillator 32 includes 19 series-connected invertor stages 34 which may be type 74AS04. A conventional analog phase locked loop locks the 19 equally-spaced phase outputs F1.(1:19) of the ring oscillator 32 to the 15.36 MHz frequency of a crystal oscillator reference clock 36 utilizing one of the phase clock outputs, F1.6 in the illustrated example. 
     Because of the signal inversions caused by each adjacent invertor stage 34, physically adjacent inverter outputs do not represent adjacent phases of the 19 clock outputs of ring oscillator 32. Rather, the 19 phase clock output signals of ring oscillator 32, identified in FIG. 2A-2B as signals F1.1 through F1.19, are interleaved to achieve the proper phase switching sequence. That is, as shown in FIG. 2A, the input to the first invertor stage 34 at the &#34;left-hand&#34; side of FIG. 2A is the phase output F1.1, the input to the second left-hand invertor stage 34 is the phase output F1.11, the input to the third left-hand invertor stage 34 is the phase output F1.2, which, as shown in FIG. 3, is one phase jump removed from phase output F1.1, etc. Thus, for the 19-stage ring oscillator 32, the phase jump of the 15.36 MHz phase locked sampling clock is 1/19 of a period, or 3.43 nsec. Of course, the phase jump can be reduced still further by simply utilizing more stages in the ring oscillator 32. 
     Referring to FIG. 2A-2B the analog phase locked loop that locks the frequency of the ring oscillator 32 to the reference clock 36 includes a phase detector, comprising XOR gates 38 and 40, which receives both the output of the reference crystal 36 and any one of the phase clock outputs of the ring oscillator 32, e.g. output F1.6 as shown in FIG. 2B, via invertor 42. The output of the phase detector, which is representative of the phase difference between the reference clock 36 and the ring oscillator 32, provides a control voltage signal to transistors 44 and 46 resulting in a buffered control voltage at node 48. Node 48 is then connected to the supply pin of each of the 19 invertors 34 of ring oscillator 32 to provide a voltage controlled oscillator function. 
     Transistors 50 and 52 in the FIG. 2A-2C circuit provide a buffer for isolating an alternate control voltage at node 48&#39; from the control voltage provided to the ring oscillator 32 via node 48. Node 48&#39; provides the supply voltage for the invertor elements of deglitcher circuit 24, which is described in greater detail below. 
     As further shown in FIG. 2C, the 3.43 nsec.-spaced phase clock signals F1.(1:19) generated by ring oscillator 32 are provided to a phase commutator 18. More specifically, each of the phase clock signals F1.(1:19) is provided to a multiplexing arrangement comprising parallel-configured multiplexor devices 54 and NAND gate 56. 
     As described above with respect to FIG. 1, phase commutator 18 also includes an input latch 22, e.g. a type AS174 D flip-flop, which stores the previous input to a state machine 58 and responds to a two-bit phase advance/retard input code to provide an updated input to state machine 58. One bit, i.e. input PJEN, of the input code to latch 22 enables phase commutator 18 to make 3.43 nsec jumps between the phase clock signals F1.(1:19). The second bit, i.e. input FSLOW, of the input code to latch 22 determines the direction of the phase jump, that is, whether the 3.43 nsec. jump will be a phase advance or a phase retard. 
     As stated above, the output of latch 22 provides inputs to the phase commutator state machine 58, e.g. a type 74S472 ROM, which in turn provides control signals to three parallel-configured multiplexors 54, e.g. type S151, via latch 60, e.g. type AS174. The algorithm &#34;PLLCSL.SRC&#34; of state machine 58, which is used for selecting the appropriate phase, is provided as Appendix A at the end of this detailed description of the invention. 
     Thus, the three outputs 4Q-6Q of latch 60, combined with the outputs 4Q-6Q of latch 22, cause the multiplexor devices 54, in conjunction with NAND gate 56, to select one of the 19 phases clock signals F1.(1:19) from ring oscillator 32 and to provide that selected phase clock signal via the clock deglitcher circuitry 24 and the four series-connected inverters comprising 50/50 pulse processor as output SAMPLE CLOCK, the recovered sampling clock utilized in receiver circuitry for recovering data from a received signal. 
     Referring to FIG. 3, switching by the three multiplexor devices 54 between adjacent phases clock outputs of the 19 phases of the ring oscillator 32 clock outputs may create spikes in the selected phase output signal because of the varying delay characteristics of the associated combinatorial logic. That is, as stated above, each of the phase clocks Fl.(1:19), each of which has the period of the crystal oscillator 36 (15.36 MHz as illustrated), is shifted in phase from the adjacent phase clocks by either + or - 3.43 nsec. Switching by phase commutator 18 between two adjacent phases clocks, for example retarding the phase commutator output by switching from phase clock F1.9 to phase clock FIG. 8 as illustrated in FIG. 3, must be timed to ensure that switching does not occur during a transition of the phase clocks. Deglitcher circuitry 24 is provided to ensure that any glitches that do occur in the transition are removed. 
     More specifically, referring to both FIG. 2B and FIG. 3, the selected phase clock signal, i.e. the output of NAND gate 56, passes through the first delay stage 26. Delay stage 26 comprises a pair of series-connected inverters 62. The output of the first delay stage 26 serves both as the input to the second delay stage 28 and to NAND gate 30. Second delay stage 28 comprises two pair of series-connected inverters 64. In an integrated circuit version of the circuit, each of the inverters 62,64 of the first and second delay stages 26,28, respectively, is &#34;matched&#34; (i.e. has an identical integrated circuit layout) to the inverters of ring oscillator 32 according to conventional processing techniques. Because these inverter elements are matched, the delay through each inverter element 62,64 of deglitcher 24 is the same as the delay through each inverter element 34 of ring oscillator 32. As shown in FIG. 3, the output of the first delay stage 26 is delayed by 3.43 nsec. from its input. Passage of the first delay stage output through the second delay stage 28 introduces an additional delay of 6.86 nsec (2×3.43  nsec.) into the output of the second stage delay 28. Therefore, by providing both the output of the first delay stage 26 and the output of the second delay stage 28 to NAND gate 30, glitches occurring at the output of the phase commutator are removed from the SAMPLE CLOCK signal. 
     Additionally, the output of NAND gate 30 is passed through a third series of four inverters 66. The output of this third inverter series and of NAND gate 30 serve as inputs to NAND gate 66, resulting in the provision of a phase locked 15.36 MHz, 50/50 duty cycle SAMPLE CLOCK signal. 
     The modeling of the delay parameters and design equations of the above-described phase commutator/clock deglitcher loop can be discussed with reference to the general block diagram provided in FIG. 1 and the specific circuit embodiment provided in FIG. 2A-2C. 
     The general design parameters of the loop are provided in Table 1 below. The parameter Notations are provided parenthetically in the corresponding elements in FIG. 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________DESIGN PARAMETERSNotation   Parameter______________________________________N          number of phases implemented in ring      oscillator 32;H15 (nSec) duration of half the period of ring      oscillator 32;F (nSec)   flip/flop 22 delay;M (nSec)   multiplexer 54 delay;G (nSec)   multiplexer 54 glitching period, i.e.,      M + G denotes total propagation delay of      the multiplexer. M refers to the      absolute delay from the Select inputs to      the output, while G is the differential      delay of the switching paths;D1 (nSec)  propagation delay of first stage delay      26;D2 (nSec)  propagation delay of second stage delay      28;A (nSec)   propagation delay of the deglitcher NAND      gate 30;X(min)     minimum reading of parameter X; andX(max)     maximum reading of parameter X.______________________________________ 
    
     To place the phase commutator 18 and the clock deglitcher 24 in the operational mode, the three following relationships must be satisfied: 
     
         D2 ≧ G (max)                                        (eq. 1) 
    
     
         D1 + A(min) + F(min) + M(min) ≧ H15*2/P             (eq. 2) 
    
     
         D1+D2+A(max)+F(max)+M(max)+G(max) ≦ H15(1-2/P)      (eq. 3) 
    
     The design information for implementation of the above-described circuit utilizing a conventional 1 micron process is provided in Table 2 below (It is noted that the implementation of the invention is not process dependant and that the FIG. 2 embodiment can be implemented utilizing conventional process techniques.). 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________DESIGN VALUESParameter        Value______________________________________P                19 (19 phases)H15              32.55 nSec (15.36 MHz)F(min-max)       1-3 nSec (estimated            delay with 1 micron            process)M(min-max)       1-3 nSec (estimated            delay with 1 micron            process)G(max)           2 nSec (estimated            delay with 1 micron            process)D1               3.43 nSec (delay            locked to crystal)D2               6.86 nSec (delay            locked to crystal)A(min-max)       0.5-1.5 nSec            (estimated delay with            1 micron process)______________________________________ 
    
     Substituting the values from Table 2 above into equations (1) through (3) above yields the following relationships: ##EQU1## From the above, it is clear that the FIG. 2 embodiment of the invention provides ample timing margin to implement a 19-phase loop. 
     The FIG. 3 timing diagram illustrates the practicality of breadboarding the FIG. 2A-2C circuit utilizing 74AS and 74S integrated circuits. It is noted that the algorithm &#34;PLLCSL.SRC&#34; of state machine 50, which is provided as Appendix A, was modified to obtain the FIG. 3 timing diagram. The modified source listing is provided as Appendix B at the end of this detailed description of the invention. Also, a 270pF capacitor was added between pin 12 of latch 22 and ground for enlarging the size of the glitch. 
     It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiment of the invention described herein may be utilized in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that devices within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. ##SPC1##