Abstract:
A method of operating an internal combustion engine wherein intake ambient air is boosted to a higher pressure by passage through at least one compressor and then introduced into the internal combustion engine. Fuel is also introduced into the internal combustion engine for providing combustion in admixture with the air charge at a combustion temperature approximating a target value. Various engine operating parameters, inclusive of torque demand, e.g., accelerator pedal depression, are sensed and the boosted pressure is changed in a manner proportional to a change in the sensed torque demand so as to maintain the combustion temperature at approximately the target value, i.e., below 2100° K.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention is directed to a reduction of NO x  and PM emissions from combustion engines. The field of application is primarily in internal combustion engines for motor vehicles, but this invention can also be utilized in other energy conversion “engines” which utilize combustion of chemical fuels, including electric power generation plants. 
     2. The Prior Art 
     The growing use of motor vehicles greatly adds to the atmospheric presence of pollutants, such as oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter, and has created a demand for a significant reduction in such emissions. 
     Prior art gasoline engines generally operate with charge-air throttling and intake port fuel injection to provide a mixture of fuel and charge-air for inducting into the combustion chambers. The term “charge-air” as used herein means either air or a mixture of air and recirculated exhaust gas. Charge-air throttling is used to control the load (or torque) output of the engine and results in significant efficiency penalties, especially at lower loads. Port fuel injection is used to provide good control and mixing of the required fuel with charge-air. Pre-mixed fuel and charge-air will auto-ignite during compression, depending on the fuel and charge-air characteristics, at a certain compression ratio which corresponds to the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel and charge-air mixture. Prior art gasoline engines are generally limited to compression ratios of between 9:1 and 10:1 to avoid uncontrolled auto-ignition. The ignition process is initiated by the sparking of a spark-plug so that rapid combustion begins at or near piston top dead center TDC, (generally between TDC and 20 crank angle degrees after TDC), and combustion propagation proceeds from the ignition location as a “flame-front” traveling through the combustible mixture. At higher compression ratios and some operating conditions, the fuel and charge-air mixture auto-ignites in an uncontrolled manner and exhibits unacceptable “knock.” Not being able to safely operate at higher compression ratios significantly reduces the engine&#39;s efficiency potential. 
     some gasoline engines utilize direct fuel injection (fuel is injectec directly into the combustion chanber), with or without charge-air throttling. Generally, these engines operateat low loads throgh stratified combustion. The fuel is injected relatively late in the compression stroke with little or no charge-air throttling. A spark then initiates combustion that can occur as long as the stratified mixture is within the flamability limits of the fuel. Since the late injection allows less time for good fuel and charge-air mixing than pre-mix operation, such combustion is characterized by higher unburned fuel and particulate emissions. Also, localized temperatures are high and NO is formed and becomes part of the exhaust emissions. At higher loads the beginning of the fuel injection occurs earlier to allow more time for fuel and charge-air mixing. The earlier fuel injection limits the compression ratio for gasoline to levels comparable to the pre-mixed engines since in effect they become pre-mixed engines at high loads. Pre-mixed gasoline engines also experience high combustion temperatures and produce significant NO emissions. 
     Prior art diesel engines operate over all loads with late direct fuel injection and with little or no charge-air throttling. Diesel engines also operate at a relatively high compression ratio (generally between 15 and 20 to one) as compared to prior art gasoline engines because they make use of the auto-ignition properties of diesel fuel. Diesel fuel will under all intended operating conditions auto-ignite when injected into the compressed charge-air at or near TDC. As a result of these operating characteristics, diesel engines exhibit high efficiency. The primary problems with diesel engines are the unburned fuel, particulate and NO x  emissions, as previously explained for late direct injection of gasoline. Gasoline could be used in prior art diesel engines by adding an assured source of ignition (e.g., a spark or glow plug), but still with the same emission problems. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide for both efficient engine operation and extremely low levels of NO x  emissions. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of engine operation wherein compression temperature and peak combustion temperature are controlled over an engine&#39;s speed and load range. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of operation of an internal combustion engine including intaking ambient air through at least one compressor to provide a charge-air at a boosted pressure and introducing the boosted charge-air to the internal combustion engine. The method further includes introducing fuel into the internal combustion engine for combustion in admixture with the charge-air at a combustion temperature approximating a target value, producing an exhaust gas. Engine operating conditions, inclusive of torque demand, are sensed and the boosted pressure is changed proportional to a change in the sensed torque demand so as to maintain the combustion temperature at approximately the target value, which value is below 2100° K. 
     In a preferred embodiment the method further involves passing a portion of the charge-air through a heat exchanger with bypass of the heat exchanger by a second portion of the charge-air. The temperature of the charge-air is sensed downstream of the bypass line and heat exchanger and the amount of the second portion bypassing the heat exchanger is controlled by operation of a control valve in the bypass line to bring the sensed intake temperature to a target temperature determined in accordance with the sensed engine operating conditions. 
     A portion of the exhaust gas may be recirculated for admixture with the charge-air and fuel. In this case, oxygen concentration in the admixture is sensed and the amount of EGR is regulated to bring the sensed oxygen concentration to a target oxygen concentration determined for the sensed engine operating conditions. The fuel feed is controlled responsive to the sensed temperature of the charge-air intake and the sensed boost pressure. 
     The fuel may be introduced into the charge-air downstream or upstream of the compressor so that the fuel is contained within the charge-air. 
     Thus, the present invention provides, in an internal combustion engine, high compression ratio (e.g., generally greater than 15 to 1 in the compression stroke) operation with little or no charge-air throttling, as is characteristic of the high-efficiency diesel-cycle engine, but without the emission problems of prior art engines, through a unique, new method of operation. 
     The formation rate of the pollutant NO during the fuel combustion process can be generally expressed in simplified form as follows: 
     
       
         NO formation rate=C 1 [N 2 ] C     2   [O 2 ] C     3    exp C     4     T   (I) 
       
     
     Where: C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  (C x ) are constants, [N 2 ] is the concentration of nitrogen, [O 2 ] is the concentration of oxygen, exp is a constant, and T is the absolute temperature of the mixture. 
     Since temperature is an exponent in the above formula (I), it can be expected that for given concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen, the NO formation rate increases exponentially with temperature. This relationship is widely recognized and is shown graphically in FIG. 1 for typical engine operating conditions. Engine combustion times general fall within one to five milliseconds. It can clearly be seen that the formation of NO will be minimal if the engine combustion temperature can be maintained below about 2000 degrees Kelvin(K). The desirability of maintaining combustion temperatures below this level and yet still have combustion rapid enough to be complete for practical engine speeds, is well known. A recent Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper (#2000-01-1177) by Patrick F. Flynn and others from Cummins Engine Company reflects prior art understanding of the known methods of operation of engines with the goal of controlling combustion temperature to reduce formation of NO. This paper concludes that, for gasoline and other spark-ignition engines, “the minimum possible peak combustion temperature is 2100 K” and “NO x  numbers show a limit of 0.5 g/bhp-hr,” and that, for diesel engines, “the lowest possible peak combustion temperature would be approximately 2300 K” with a “NO x  emissions level of 1.0 g/bhp-hr.” 
     The present invention provides a new method of engine operation that yields stable and efficient combustion at temperatures below 2100 K. Results for NO x  emissions with gasoline, diesel and other fuels are consistently less than 0.2 g/bhp-hr, substantially below that for prior art engines. 
     Referring again to the Equation I for NO formation rate, the oxygen concentration must be sufficient to fully react with the available fuel for a given engine operating condition, e.g., charge-air boost level. The nitrogen concentration is naturally high in the charge-air and, therefore, temperature is the one variable available for control to limit NO formation, once the oxygen concentration is minimized and optimized for the operating condition. It is also critical to control local temperature as NO is rapidly formed wherever the temperature is above 2000 K. 
     In control of the peak temperature of combustion by the method of the present invention two factors are most important. First, the temperature, T 1 , of the charge-air, or the charge-air fuel mixture if fuel is pre-mixed, at the beginning of compression, must be controlled. Generally, the objective is to minimize T 1 , since the compression process is a multiplier of T 1  (in degress absolute). For an ideal gas, the final compression temperature, T 2 , is a function of the compression ratio, CR, assuming adiabatic compression, i.e., T 2 =T 1  f(CR) (where f(CR) is a function of CR). For example, for a compression ratio of 16, the multiplier of T 1  is about 3. Therefore, if the T 1 , were 300° Kelvin (27° Celsius), T 2  would be 900 K. However, if T 1  were 400° Kelvin (127° Celsius), T 2  would be 1200 K. 
     Second, for a given quantity of fuel to be burned, assuming adiabatic combustion, the final combustion temperature, T 3  can be calculated as follows: T 3 =T 2 +H c /C v  (where H c =heat released from combustion of the fuel and C v  is the total heat capacity of the charge-air fuel mixture, i.e., the mass of the mixture times the specific heat capacity). Since for a given quantity of fuel burned, H c  is fixed, the only variable available for control of T 3  is C v . If C v  is large, T 3  will be lower. The quantity of fuel burned, in turn, is a function of (proportional to) torque demand. 
     The present invention controls T 3 , for example to 2000° Kelvin (see FIG.  1 ), to minimize NO formation. Therefore, for a constant T 2 , H c /C v  must be maintained constant. To maintain H c /C v  constant, C v  must increase as the quantity of fuel combusted (engine load) is increased. Since C v  is of the form C v =c v M (where c v  is the specific heat capacity of the charge-air fuel mixture and M is the mass of the charge-air fuel mixture), M must be increased as the quantity of fuel combusted is increased and decreased as the quantity of fuel combusted is decreased. This is accomplished in the present invention by controlling the boost pressure of the charge-air in the intake system, i.e., controlling the charge-air density. The mass M is proportional to the pressure of the charge-air. 
     Another important factor to consider and account for is the fact that a real engine is not adiabatic. If the temperature of the charge-air as it enters the intake system is T o , and is at a temperature lower than portions of the intake system, heat will flow from the intake system into the charge-air and its temperature will rise. Also, as the charge-air is inducted past the intake valve(s) into the engine cylinder, it will be exposed to the hot surfaces of the cylinder head, piston top and cylinder walls, surfaces that were just prior exposed to the combustion process and the hot (e.g., 2000° at the end of combustion) combustion gases during the period of expansion and exhaust strokes (for a four-stroke engine). Therefore, heat will flow into the charge-air during the intake stroke and early portions of the compression stroke. To control (usually minimize) the rise in temperature of the charge-air prior to the compression temperature rise, the method of operation of the present invention primarily utilizes control of the boost pressure. As the boost pressure controls the mass of charge-air (or if fuel is present, the charge-air/fuel mixture, both also referred to herein as “charge mass” or simply “charge”), it directly controls the temperature rise of the charge mass since, for a given heat energy flow into the charge mass from the system surfaces, the temperature rise is directly proportional to the mass of the charge, as shown by the relationship: T 1 =T 0 +H w /C v , where H w  is the heat energy from the system surfaces. C v  is increased to reduce T 1  by increasing charge mass as previously shown. 
     The method of operation of the first and second embodiments of the present invention controls T 2  to assure that auto-ignition and combustion are sufficiently rapid to be efficient and effective over the operating speed and load of practical engines (generally combustion that is 90% complete within 1 to 5 milliseconds), and controls T 3  to assure minimal NO formation. Controlling T 3  to the levels of the present invention also improves engine efficiency since the lower than prior art T 3  levels reduce the heat loss from the combustion gases during expansion. Heat (energy) that flows through the system walls to the engine “coolant” would, if retained in the combustion gases, be used to sustain higher system pressures during expansion and thus extract more useful work for a given quantity of fuel burned. With a lower T 3  the temperature difference, ΔT, between the combustion gases and the system surfaces is lower and less heat energy flows to the coolant. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph of NO emission levels versus engine combustion temperature in degrees Kelvin; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an engine drivetrain operated in accordance with the method of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an engine cooling system which may be utilized in the method of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     First Embodiment 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a first embodiment of the invention in a controlled temperature combustion engine  22  operating with a fuel that is characterized by relatively low octane and relatively high cetane, i.e., a fuel with a relatively low auto-ignition temperature like conventional diesel fuel. In the first embodiment (and in all embodiments) the final combustion temperature (T 3 ) is controlled at or below about 2000° K in order to minimize NO x  formation. T 3  is controlled by (1) control of boost pressure, (2) control of the final compression temperature (T 2 ), each of which is described in more detail below. The first embodiment operates with a compression ratio conventional for diesel engines, i.e., within a range of about 16:1 to 20:1. Auto-ignition occurs upon injection of fuel. Accordingly, location of auto-ignition is controlled by control of timing of fuel injection, preferably from about 20° BTDC to near TDC to produce peak cylinder pressure from immediately after TDC to near 15° after TDC. 
     To enable the utilization of a high compression ratio (e.g., greater than 15) for high efficiency, the engine relies on the primary fuel supply through direct cylinder fuel injectors  23 . Intake air enters at port  11  and its flow may be throttled by optional valve  12 . Exhaust gas is mixed with intake air at port  13  forming the charge-air mixture. Exhaust gas is routed from the exhaust pipe at port  16  through exhaust gas cooler  17 , with optional condensate return to exhaust line  18 , through optional exhaust gas flow control valve  14 , to port  13 . The primary exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) control valve  12 ′ is located just downstream of port  16  in the exhaust pipe. By restricting flow through valve  12 ′, the exhaust gas flow rate to port  13  is controlled. 
     The method of the present invention may utilize maps, established by operation of a particular engine in the manner previously described to achieve a target NO emission level and stored in the controller  26 , to specify the optimum boost level and charge-air temperature (together resulting in a desired charge-air mass flow rate), optimum intake charge-air and/or exhaust oxygen concentration(s), and desired fuel rate for each speed and load (torque) over which the engine is specified to operate, to maintain the combustion temperature at the target level below 2100° K e.g., 2000° K. 
     Control of Boost Pressure 
     Charge-air flows through and is compressed by compressor  19 . Compressor  19  may be a single stage compressor or two or more compressors in parallel or in series and is primarily driven by exhaust gas expander motor  27  to provide a controlled boost pressure level to intake manifold  21 . Boost pressure level is determined by boost charge-air pressure sensor  31 . Controller  26  sends appropriate signals to expander motor  27  to control boost. An optional electric or hydraulic motor  28  may be used and controlled by controller  26  to provide rapid boost level changes to assist the exhaust expander motor  27  in providing rapid torque response, since torque is dependent on boost level and boost level is controlled for controlled temperature combustion as previously described. Controller  26  therefore sends appropriate signals to the optional electrical or hydraulic motor  28  to control boost level during transients and during any operating conditions where the expander motor  27  alone cannot supply sufficient boost pressure. 
     Control of Charge-Air Temperature 
     Compressed charge-air flows through heat exchanger  20  to intake manifold  21 . Heat exchanger  20  contains a by-pass line  60  and a by-pass control valve  61  and controller  26  adjusts the control valve  61  to control charge-air temperature (T 1 ). Charge-air temperature T 1  is determined by temperature sensor  30  for input to controller  26 . Heat exchanger  20  operates as a “cooler” to cool the charge-air (the normal mode in this embodiment) or heat the charge-air as necessary to control charge-air temperature to a desired level. The heat exchange medium used in heat exchanger  20  may be the ambient air, engine coolant, exhaust gas, etc. 
     Further, in accordance with the present invention, T 1  may also be controlled by controlling the temperatures of the surfaces exposed to the charge mass since heat energy flow occurs according to the relationship: H w =(T s −T′ 0 )W, where T s  is the temperature of exposed surfaces (which of course varies with location and time), T 0  is the temperature of the charge mass at the exposed surface, and W is an overall heat transfer coefficient. Control of T s  is accomplished by control of engine coolant temperature, T c , and coolant flow rate F. F directly controls the heat transfer coefficient from the coolant to the “surface” (assuming a small and fixed temperature difference across the system walls). T s  therefore varies according to the relationship: T s =B T c F, where B is a constant. T c  may be controlled by controlling the degree of external cooling in the coolant heat exchanger (commonly referred to as the radiator), by adjusting the cooling surface area exposed to ambient air flow and/or by controlling the ambient air flow through the coolant heat exchanger, usually, by varying the speed of the “radiator” fan while F may be controlled by an electronically controlled valve in the engine coolant supply or discharge line. T c  is controlled to a coolant supply target temperature provided in a look-up map as a function of engine speed and load. F is also controlled to a target level provided in a look-up map as a function of engine speed and load. FIG. 3 illustrates the cooling system for engine  22 . Engine coolant flow rate F to and from engine  22  is controlled by coolant pump  80 . Engine coolant temperature Tc is controlled at the exit of radiator  81  by varying the speed of fan  82 . 
     Control of O 2  Concentration 
     Optional port fuel-injectors  53  may be used in conjunction with direct fuel injectors  23  to minimize particulate formation and to rapidly adjust fuel injection levels. Optional oxygen sensor  25 ′ may be used to directly determine the oxygen concentration in the charge-air as a faster control signal than relying on a calculated (or “expected”) oxygen intake level based on the exhaust oxygen sensor  25 . The oxygen concentration signals are used in control of EGR, i.e., valve  12 ′. Alternatively, charge-air oxygen concentration may be determined from the exhaust oxygen concentration, fuel-injected quantity, and the charge-air boost level and temperature. Optional charge-air mass flow sensor  29  may also be used to provide faster and more accurate engine control, i.e., in control of engine fuel feed rate which determines engine torque output, and may be used as an indirect sensor in determination (i.e., calculation) of intake charge-air oxygen concentration. Charge-air enters the combustion chamber (not shown) through conventional valves (not shown) in a conventional manner and exhaust gases leave the combustion chamber through conventional valves (not shown) and leave engine  22  through exhaust manifold  24 . Exhaust particulate trap oxidizer  54  removes any particulate emissions and catalyst  51  oxidizes residual fuel and carbon monoxide. Engine speed is provided to controller  26  by speed sensor  32 . Torque command level is provided to controller  26  by accelerator pedal sensor  33 . 
     For a low auto-ignition temperature fuel like conventional diesel fuel, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used primarily to disperse the combustion heat-release (i.e., insure fuel molecules uniformly mix with the charge-air to access oxygen molecules and thus spread the combustion heat release uniformly through the charge-air mass). Since the heat capacity of EGR is similar to air, its use with such fuel is primarily to avoid localized temperatures above the NO formation threshold (e.g., 2000° K). Thus, the inlet charge-air oxygen concentration must be controlled (considering boost level and inlet charge-air temperature, i.e., mass charge-air flow rate) to insure that the fuel molecules will disperse throughout the charge-air mass to access oxygen molecules for combustion. Valve  12 ′ operates to regulate EGR responsive to these sensed oxygen concentrations. 
     However, allowing some excess oxygen for a given fuel level will minimize particulate formation due to poor combustion. For a particular operating condition, a particular exhaust oxygen concentration will also result. For example, for an engine targeting less than 0.2 grams/brake horsepower NO x  emissions, concentration values of intake charge-air oxygen less than twelve to fourteen percent, and exhaust oxygen concentrations of less than six percent work well for a fuel similar to conventional diesel fuel. For a given fuel, there is an oxygen concentration level in the charge-air (e.g., about twelve percent for conventional diesel fuel) that corresponds to sufficient charge-air mass to constrain (by absorbing heat energy) the temperature rise associated with the combustion heat release, when utilizing the available oxygen mass to reduce the oxygen concentration to a specified target level (e.g., about six percent for conventional diesel fuel), to a peak combustion temperature below the NO formation threshold. For this example, about 50% of the charge-air oxygen mass was utilized in the combustion reaction. With such constraints, the only way to increase torque output (i.e., combust more fuel) is to increase the charge-air mass as previously described. 
     Therefore, for all fuel molecules to “find” sufficient oxygen molecules within the very short time available (e.g., generally less than 5 milliseconds), the engine combustion system (combustion chamber, charge-air motion and fuel injector) must be optimally configured. Fuel and oxygen molecules must “get together” while the system temperature is still above the rapid auto-ignition temperature of the fuel for good combustion to occur. Fortunately, the rapid autoignition temperature for most fuels of this embodiment are significantly lower (e.g., less than 1000° K) than the temperature threshold for NO formation (i.e., 2000° K). Auto-ignition occurs rapidly at the controlled operating temperature, but the combustion rate is determined by the rate that fuel molecules mix with the charge-air and access oxygen molecules. 
     For open loop operation, controller  26  reads torque command from pedal sensor  33  and actual engine speed from speed sensor  32 . For an increased torque command, controller  26  commands expander motor  27  and, if needed, compressor motor  28  to increase boost pressure level to the new target from stored maps associated with the commanded torque at the measured engine speed. Controller  26  commands heat exchanger  20  by-pass control valve  61  position from stored maps to target the desired intake charge-air temperature for the engine operating condition. Controller  26  commands EGR valve  12 ′ to the position from stored maps appropriate to achieve the desired intake charge-air and exhaust oxygen concentrations. The controller  26  reads actual boost level from sensor  31  and actual intake charge-air temperature from sensor  30  and from stored maps commands the appropriate fuel rate. 
     For more accurate engine control, closed-loop control loops may be utilized. Exhaust oxygen concentration may be read from sensor  25  and, optionally, intake charge-air oxygen concentration may be read from sensor  25 ′, with controller  26  comparing actual oxygen concentration to the desired level for the actual operating point (from stored maps) and commanding the EGR valve to adjust to achieve the target oxygen concentration. Actual boost level from sensor  31  may be compared by controller  26  to the desired level from stored maps and motors  27  and  28  adjusted as appropriate to achieve the target boost level. In like manner, actual intake charge-air temperature from sensor  30  may be compared by controller  26  to the desired temperature from stored maps and cooler  20  by-pass control valve  61  adjusted as appropriate to achieve the target charge-air temperature. Fuel flow rate may also be adjusted based on the actual readings to achieve the target fuel rate. 
     Second Embodiment 
     Again with reference to FIG. 2, a second embodiment of the invention will now be described. In this second embodiment a controlled temperature combustion engine  22  operates at diesel-like efficiency with a fuel that is characterized by relatively high octane and relatively low cetane, i.e., a fuel with a relatively high auto-ignition temperature like conventional gasoline fuel. Although operated with conventional gasoline fuels, this embodiment, unlike conventional gasoline engines, uses a high compression ratio, generally in the range of 12 to 19.5:1, preferably at least 14:1 and more preferably at least 16:1. This embodiment is further characterized by mixing fuel and charge-air before auto-ignition (generally with mixing occurring before the last 30 crank angle degrees before compression TDC), with a goal of homogeneous combustion, i.e., utilization of a pre-mixed charge of fuel and charge-air. 
     This second embodiment, as in the other embodiments, utilizes a unique control scheme by which T 3  is controlled for minimum NO x  by (1) control of boost pressure and (2) control of T 2 . This second embodiment, like the first embodiment described above, operates with autoignition but differs from the first embodiment in that the location of the combustion event, i.e., timing of the auto-ignition, is controlled, not by timing of the fuel injection, but by control of (in addition to boost pressure and T 2 ) intake charge-air oxygen concentration to individually control the location of peak cylinder pressure for each cylinder. This second embodiment also differs from the first embodiment in that it has more precise control of oxygen concentration and of T 2.    
     Control of Charge-Air Oxygen Concentration 
     Because of the pre-mixed nature of the fuel and charge-air before ignition, utilizing EGR to reduce the intake charge-air oxygen concentration is not necessary to disperse the heat release of combustion throughout the mixture as in the first embodiment, since the fuel and charge-air are already well mixed. However, EGR is used with this embodiment as will be discussed in more detail later to control the concentration of charge-air oxygen to assist in initiating auto-ignition and to control the location of the peak combustion cylinder pressure to within an optimum range of from immediately after TDC to near fifteen crank angle degrees after TDC. The control of T 3  (peak combustion temperature) to limit the formation of NO is otherwise the same as was previously described. 
     Since controlling combustion temperature, T 3 , inherently includes controlling the final compression temperature, T 2 , also as previously described, the method of operation of this second embodiment of the present invention also provides for controlled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). This homogeneous charge auto-ignition engine of the present invention provides high efficiency (high compression and expansion ratios and little or no charge-air throttling as described earlier), low NO x  emissions (by controlling combustion temperature as described earlier) and low particulate emissions (due primarily to the ability to provide a homogeneous fuel and charge-air mixture before auto-ignition and combustion). 
     Referring again to FIG. 2, with the method of operation of the present invention, fuels like conventional gasoline can operate over a wide range of speed and load at a high compression ratio (e.g., greater than 14 at relatively low boost levels, generally below two bar pressure, and even greater than 19 at relatively modest boost levels, generally below three bar pressure) to attain “diesel-like” efficiencies even while relying on the primary fuel supply through the port fuel injectors  53 . Operation according to this second embodiment is identical to that presented for the first embodiment except for the distinctions described here. The optional direct fuel injectors  23  may be used for certain high power modes when utilizing higher compression ratios (e.g., greater than 18), but the likely increase in particulate emissions and greater reliance on trap oxidizer  54  makes the utilization of these injectors unattractive. Heat exchanger  20  is more likely to operate in the charge-air heating mode (as previously described) than in the first embodiment, with heat additions from exhaust gas more likely with light loads of low compression ratio engine configurations. 
     Control of T 2    
     The method of operation of the second embodiment is distinguished from the first embodiment further by the need to more precisely control T 2  (final compression temperature) and charge-air oxygen concentration, as just discussed, to insure auto-ignition and control the location of peak combustion cylinder pressure (or the rate of combustion cylinder pressure rise or the level of the peak combustion cylinder pressure). The initiation of auto-ignition and rapid combustion is generally described as follows: 
     
       
         Combustion initiation and combustion rate=C 5 [HC] C     6    [O 2]   C     7    exp C     8     T   
       
     
     Where: C x  are constants, [HC] is the concentration of the fuel, [O 2 ] is the concentration of oxygen, exp is a constant, and T is the absolute temperature of the mixture. 
     Like the formation reaction for NO previously described, fuel combustion initiation and reaction rate are strongly influenced by the final compression temperature, T 2 . In this case, controlling the initiation and rate of combustion is also strongly influenced by the concentration of oxygen, since at a given engine load level, the fuel concentration is fixed. For example, the engine maps established and stored in controller  26  as previously described, for a low compression ratio configuration of the embodiment (e.g.,14) operating at light load, may choose to utilize a lower T 2  with a higher oxygen concentration to minimize system cost. At higher compression ratios (e.g., 18) and high load, controlling the initiation of auto-ignition and the location of the peak cylinder combustion pressure, requires maps which strive to minimize T 2 , since reducing oxygen concentration will require higher boost levels at a higher cost. 
     The description of the closed loop operation as previously described for the first embodiment also applies to this second embodiment, but one important enhancement is replacement of direct fuel injectors  23  (FIG. 2) with sensors  23 ′ which sense the cylinder pressure rise associated with combustion. Sensors  23 ′ are used in conjunction with conventional crank angle position sensor  34  to determine the crank angle position where auto-ignition or preferred peak cylinder combustion pressure occurs. Sensors  23 ′ may be direct cylinder pressure sensors or may determine cylinder pressure through indirect means, e.g., knock sensors or load sensors. Sensors  23 ′ provide input to controller  26  for establishing a closed loop signal to adjust one of the previously described parameters that determine said position to achieve the optimum position as determined by controller  26  from stored maps. 
     Thus, in the second embodiment location of the combustion event, i.e., location of peak cylinder pressure, results from the final compression charge-air temperature T 2  and the oxygen concentration in the charge-air to the intake manifold. Controller  26  determines the optimum crank angle for the location of the combustion event, for a given load and speed of the engine, from a map stored in memory and adjusts T 2  and/or oxygen concentration to levels determined from maps stored in memory. The controller  26  controls oxygen concentration in the charge-air to the intake manifold in the manner previously described in connection with the first embodiment, i.e., by operation of valves  14  and  12 ′ and by control of the boost level. Controller  26  may, in the alternative or additionally, control T 2  through control of T 1  by adjustment of the bypass control valve  61  in the bypass line  60  around heat exchanger  20 . Signals from sensors  23 ′ enable closed loop control of the location of the combustion event by input to the controller  26  of a signal representing the actual, detected crank angle location of the combustion event. Responsive to said signal, the controller  26  adjusts T 2  and/or oxygen concentration in the charge-air in order to bring the actual crank angle location at which peak combustion pressure occurs to coincide with the target value for crank angle location at which the peak combustion cylinder pressure should occur, by means of adjustment of T 1  (and T 2 ) and/or by means of adjustment of oxygen concentration in the charge-air as previously described. 
     As in the first embodiment T 1  may also be controlled by controlling the temperatures of engine surfaces contacting the charge-air in the manner previously described. 
     Of course, T 2  is also dependent upon T 3  and the second embodiment may be combined with control of T 3  as described for the first embodiment. 
     This embodiment could also be operated with controlled auto-ignition at light loads (e.g., less than 30% of maximum load) and control of oxygen concentration to stoichiometric for higher loads to allow for effectiveness of a three-way, NO reducing catalyst  51 . This engine configuration would require greater attention to controlling T 1  to control T 2 , but the reduced boost levels allowed (but higher T 3  and NO formation) with exhaust catalytic reduction of NO, would reduce the cost of the engine. 
     Third Embodiment 
     A third embodiment of the invention also provides diesel-like efficiency, but in an engine which utilizes a pre-mixed charge of very high octane fuel (research octane rating &gt;90 or more, preferably &gt;100) such as methanol or ethanol and certain gasolines, with spark or similar controlled ignition means. The method of operation of the present invention is utilized to control the compression temperature T 2  and oxygen concentration in the charge-air to avoid autoignition, and thus allows the ignition source to ignite the charge-air fuel mixture at an optimum time to achieve high efficiency in a high compression engine. The compression ratio will preferably be 15:1 to 20:1 and more preferably about 19:1 or more. In the case of such engines, all engine features are as previously described with reference to FIG. 2, except that item  23  becomes spark plug  23 ″. As in the previously described embodiments T 2  is controlled by control of T 1  and boost pressure. 
     Spark timing in the third embodiment is preferably about 30° BTDC to near TDC to produce peak cylinder pressure from immediately after TDC to about 15° after TDC. 
     This third embodiment, like the first and second embodiments, controls the location of peak cylinder pressure, individually for each cylinder, to within a range of from immediately after TDC to near fifteen degrees after TDC. 
     Other embodiments which operate with controlled T 2  at a level just prior to auto-ignition and which utilize a controlled ignition source (e.g., spark plug or glow plug) to initiate combustion, and embodiments which utilize combination operating strategies of controlled autoignition and assisted ignition (where the direct fuel injectors  23  of FIG. 2 would be replaced with the ignition source) should be obvious to one skilled in the related art. 
     The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.