Abstract:
A phase-sensitive interferometeric broadband reflectometer includes an illumination source for generating an optical beam. A beam splitter or other optical element splits the optical beam into probe beam and reference beam portions. The probe beam is reflected by a subject under test and then rejoined with the reference beam. The combination of the two beams creates an interference pattern that may be modulated by changing the length of the path traveled by the probe or reference beams. The combined beam is received and analyzed by a spectrometer.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The subject invention relates to optical devices used to non-destructively evaluate semiconductor wafers. In particular, the present invention relates to interferometry methods for measuring critical dimensions and film properties. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   As geometries continue to shrink, manufacturers have increasingly turned to optical techniques to perform non-destructive inspection and analysis of semi-conductor wafers. The basis for these techniques is the notion that a subject may be examined by analyzing the reflected energy that results when a probe beam is directed at the subject. Ellipsometry and reflectometry are two examples of commonly used optical techniques. For the specific case of ellipsometry, changes in the polarization state of the probe beam are analyzed. Reflectometry is similar, except that changes in magnitude are analyzed. Scatterometry refers to determining properties of the subject from reflectometry and ellipsometry measurements, when the subject scatters or diffracts the probe beam. Such a subject, for example, is the developed photoresist mask applied to a wafer in order to etch a pattern into one of the layers on the wafer. The pattern, for example, can be isolated or densely arrayed lines or holes. 
   Techniques of this type may be used to analyze a wide range of attributes. This includes film properties such as thickness, crystallinity, composition and refractive index. Typically, measurements of this type are made using reflectometry or ellipsometry as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,910,842 and 5,798,837 both of which are incorporated in this document by reference. Critical dimensions (CD) including spacing, width, height and profile of lines or holes are another class of attributes that may be analyzed. Measurements of this type may be obtained using monochromatic scatterometry as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,710,642 and 5,164,790 (McNeil). Another approach is to use broadband light to perform multiple wavelength spectroscopic reflectometry measurements. Examples of this approach are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,800 (Ziger); U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,276 (McNeil) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,963,329 (Conrad). Still other tools utilize spectroscopic ellipsometric measurement. Examples of such tools can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,909 (Blayo) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,483,580 (Xu). Each of these patents and publications are incorporated herein by reference 
   An ellipsometer measures the ratio of the amplitudes and the phase difference of reflection from the subject in two orthogonal polarizations. Let r P  and r S  denote the complex reflection coefficients of the subject for the polarizations where the electric field is in the plane of incidence (S) and perpendicular to the plane of incidence (P), respectively. An ellipsometer measures |r P |/|r S | and angle(r P )−angle(r S ). A spectroscopic ellipsometer measures these quantities for each wavelength, over a range of wavelengths. Ellipsometers do not measure |r P |, |r S |, angle(r P ), angle(r S ) separately. Therefore, ellipsometers do not require absolute amplitude or path length calibrations and they are not sensitive to drifts in those quantities. On the other hand, an ellipsometer owes its precision to not attempting to measure difficult to measure quantities, which nevertheless contain information about the subject. The objective of this invention is to measure |r P |, |r S |; and angle(r P ), angle(r S ) separately, up to an arbitrary path length. 
   For interferometry, an optical beam is subdivided into two portions before reaching the subject. The first portion is reflected by the subject. The second portion is recombined with the first portion after the first portion has been reflected. The recombination creates interference between the first and second beam portions. The interference may be modulated by changing the optical path traveled by one of the two beam portions either by changing the distance or the refractive index. 
   As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,923,423 (Sawatari) interferometry has been used to scan un-patterned wafers for particles and defects. 
   White-light interferometry combined with imaging, also called coherence probe microscopy, may also be used to characterize critical dimensions, such as line spacing, line width, wall depth, and wall profiles. Applications of this nature are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,110 (Davidson) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,129 (Davidson). Each of these patents and publications are incorporated herein by reference. In each of these applications, an image of the subject under test is constructed. The image shows the magnitude of the energy reflected by the subject modified by a pattern of interference. Multiple images are captured as the phase of the interference is modulated. The dimension that is perpendicular to the wafer is probed by interferometry to locate the top and bottom boundaries of three-dimensional features. The dimensions in the plane of the wafer are obtained from the image; therefore, such measurements are limited by the resolution of the optical imaging system. 
   Broadband coherence interferometry is used to map nanometer-scale surface topography of wafers (B. Bhushan, J. C. Wyant, and Chris Koliopoulos, “Measurement of surface topography of magnetic tapes by Mirau interferometry,” Applied Optics, Vol. 24, No. 10, 1489–1497, 15 May 1985; J. F. Valley, C. L. Koliopoulos, S. Tang, Proc. SPIE Vol. 4449, p. 160–168, Optical Metrology Roadmap for the Semiconductor, Optical, and DataStorage Industries II, A. Duparre, B. Sing, Eds., SPIE Press, Bellingham, Wash., December 2001) These techniques measure nanometer-scale of topography in the direction that is perpendicular to the wafer but they are limited by the resolution of the microscope, on the order of 0.5 micrometers for visible-light microscopy, in the plane of the wafer. 
   Currently, scatterometry measures dimensions in the plane of the wafer with a precision that is an order of magnitude higher compared to microscopy techniques that use a similar wavelength range. The objective of this invention is to further advance the performance of scatterometry by measuring individual amplitudes and phases of the p and s-polarizations up to an arbitrary path length. Absolute phases of the s and p-polarizations are not measurable because such a measurement would be sensitive to minute (10 nanometer scale) changes in the optical path length. Thermal expansion and vibration preclude absolute phase measurements. The objective of this invention is to measure the phase of the reflections in the p and s-polarizations, for a range of wavelengths, up to an uncertain path length that is constant during the acquisition of at least one data set. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention provides a spectroscopic, interferometric, broadband reflectometer. The interferometer includes an illumination source that generates an optical beam. The optical beam is split into a reference beam and probe beam using a beam splitter or other appropriate optical element. The probe beam is reflected by a subject under test and the reflected probe beam is mixed with the reference beam. The mixed light is detected by a spectrometer with an array detector where each pixel of the array reads the intensity of a particular wavelength. The phase of the reference beam is modulated. The output of the detector is sampled synchronously with the modulation of the reference phase. The measurements are two-dimensional. The two dimensions are wavelength and depth of modulation. This yields the complex reflection coefficient spectrum of the specimen up to one arbitrary scalar. The arbitrary scalar corresponds to the path difference between the specimen and reference beams. The measurements are fitted to calculated complex reflectance of the subject. The calculation is based on a model of the subject. Parameters of the model such as layer thicknesses, line widths, line or hole profiles, optical properties of materials are obtained by regression. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of a phase-sensitive interferometer as provided by an aspect of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of an electro-optic modulator shown as a possible alternative for the piezo actuator included in the interferometer of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram of a photo-elastic modulator shown as a possible alternative for the piezo actuator included in the interferometer of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  shows an alternate architecture for the interferometer of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional representation of a wafer shown as a first representative subject for the interferometer of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional representation of a wafer shown as a second representative subject for the interferometer of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a chart showing simulated data as would be obtained by the phase-sensitive interferometer when analyzing the wafer of  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 8  is a chart showing simulated data as would be obtained by the phase-sensitive interferometer when analyzing the wafer of  FIG. 5 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , the present invention provides a spectroscopic, phase-sensitive interferometer generally designated  100 . Interferometer  100  includes a broadband illumination source  102  that directs a source beam through a collimator  104  and polarizer  106 . A beam splitter  108  divides the source beam into separate probe beam and reference beam portions. The probe beam is received by a spectrometer  110  after being reflected by the subject  112  under test (and passing through objectives  114  and  116 ). 
   The probe beam travels along a path that causes it to be reflected by a subject  112  and then received by a spectrometer  110 . For this particular implementation, the path traveled by the probe beam includes objective  114 , imaging lens  116 , and beam splitter  118 . Other combinations of optical elements, for example, a reflective objective, are also possible. Typically, the probe beam passes through a system of wavelength dispersive optical elements (not shown) in spectrometer  110 . In this way, each wavelength (or range of wavelengths) reaches a dedicated portion of spectrometer  110 . The beam splitter  118  may have a pinhole (not shown) to pass the light to the spectrometer  110 . The purpose of beam splitter  118  is to image the subject by camera  120 . Camera  120  is used for the purposes of navigation, pattern recognition, alignment, and leveling the subject. 
   The reference beam travels along a path that causes it to be reflected by a mirror  122  and then recombined with the probe beam after the probe beam has been reflected by subject  112  (and before the probe beam reaches spectrometer  110 ). For the particular implementation of  FIG. 1 , the probe and reference beams are recombined using the same beam splitter  108  used to cause their separation. In the preferred implementation, an objective  124  is placed in the reference path. Objectives  114  and  124  are similar as possible so that they impart the same chromatic phase retardation. This arrangement is found in Linnik microscopes. 
   The position of mirror  122  is controlled by a piezo actuator  126 . Both the piezo actuator  126  and the spectrometer operate under control of a processor  128 . By changing the position of mirror  122 , the length of the path traveled by the reference beam may be controlled. The recombination of the probe and reference beams creates interference between the two beams. Changing the path length traveled by the reference beam (i.e., moving mirror  122 ) modulates this interference. In general, it is also possible to modulate the interference pattern by varying the path length traveled by the probe beam while holding the path length traveled by the reference beam fixed. This can be done, for example by moving subject  112 . 
   Processor  128  controls this modulation and synchronously samples the output of spectrometer  110 . For typical implementations, spectrometer  110  includes a photodiode or CCD array that measures multiple wavelengths simultaneously. This enables processor  128  to obtain samples from spectrometer  110  that are resolved in both time and wavelength. 
   Processor  128  calculates a complex reflection coefficient r(k) for each subject  112  that is measured. r(k) is related to the output S(k,x) of spectrometer  110  by the following equation: 
               S   ⁡     (     k   ,   x     )       =     ∫                  A   ⁡     (     k   ′     )       ⁢     r   ⁡     (     k   ′     )         +       B   ⁡     (     k   ′     )       ⁢     e     2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢     i   ⁡     (     x   +     Δ   ⁢           ⁢   s       )       ⁢     k   ′                  2     ⁢     psf   ⁡     (     k   ,     k   ′       )       ⁢     ⅆ     k   ′                   (   1   )             
 
   In Equation (1), x represents the displacement of mirror  122  and can be positive or negative. Δs is the unknown difference between the optical path lengths traveled by the reference beam and the probe beam. Δs is unknown because it can change each time the specimen is loaded in the instrument. Δs may drift due to thermal expansion and mechanical deformation in the instrument. This invention is predicated on the premise that Δs remains constant during acquisition of one set of data. 
   A(k) and B(k) are complex valued functions of wave number k=2π/λ where λ is the wavelength. The complex numbers A(k) and B(k) indicate the optical efficiency and phase retardation that the probe and reference beams encounter along their respective paths. psf(k,k′) is the point spread function of spectrometer  110  and is defined as the relative sensitivity of the pixel centered at wavenumber k to light at wavenumber k′. Typically psf(k,k′)≅psf(k′−k) is a function of the difference between the wavenumbers k and k′ to a good approximation. The following normalization is used:
 
∫ psf ( k−k ′) dk′= 1  (2)
 
   Assuming the point spread function varies faster than A(k), r(k), and B(k), yields: 
                 S   ⁡     (     k   ,   x     )       ≅                A   ⁡     (   k   )            2     ⁢            r   ⁡     (   k   )            2       +            B   ⁡     (   k   )            2     +     2   ⁢     ∫       Re   ⁡     [       A   ⁡     (     k   ′     )       ⁢       B   *     ⁡     (     k   ′     )       ⁢     r   ⁡     (     k   ′     )       ⁢     e     2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢     i   ⁡     (     x   +     Δ   ⁢           ⁢   s       )       ⁢     k   ′           ]       ⁢     psf   ⁡     (       k   ′     -   k     )       ⁢     ⅆ     k   ′                 ⁢                   (   3   )               or:                             S   ⁡     (     k   ,   x     )       ≅                A   ⁡     (   k   )            2     ⁢            r   ⁡     (   k   )            2       +            B   ⁡     (   k   )            2     +     2   ⁢          A   ⁡     (   k   )            ⁢          B   ⁡     (   k   )            ⁢          r   ⁡     (   k   )            ⁢   cos   ⁢     {       angle   ⁡     [     A   ⁡     (   k   )       ]       -     angle   ⁡     [     B   ⁡     (   k   )       ]       +     angle   ⁡     [     r   ⁡     (   k   )       ]       -     2   ⁢     π   ⁡     (     x   +     Δ   ⁢           ⁢   s       )       ⁢   k       }     ⁢     PSF   ⁡     (     x   +     Δ   ⁢           ⁢   s       )                   (   4   )             
 
where angle [u+iv]=a tan 2(v,u) and (u+iv)*=(u−iv) for real u and v. PSF is the Fourier transform of the point spread function psf of the spectrometer:
 
 PFS ( x )=∫ e   −2πikx   psf ( k ) dk   (5)
 
   The preceding derivation assumes that psf(k) is an even function. As a result, PSF(x) is real and even. The point spread function psf(k,k′)≅psf(k′−k) may be measured by illuminating the spectrometer with one or more light sources of very narrow spectral line width, such as lasers. 
   Optical efficiency |A(k)| 2  is determined by temporarily placing an absorbing beam dump (not shown) in the path between the beam splitter  108  and mirror  122 , and using a calibration sample such as a bare silicon wafer in place of subject  112 . Optical efficiency |B(k)| 2  is determined by temporarily placing an absorbing beam dump (not shown) in the path between the beam splitter  108  and subject  112 . The phase difference angle [A(k)]−angle [B(k)] is determined by making measurements on one or more well-characterized calibration samples. A bare silicon wafer, thermal oxide film on silicon wafer are suitable calibration samples because optical properties of these materials are well known. 
   When |A(k)| 2 , |B(k)| 2 , angle[A(k)]−angle[B(k)], and psf(k) are known, measurement of S(k,x) yields the complex reflection coefficient r(k) of the subject  112  according to Equation (4). 
   There is one degree of freedom that is not determined by calibration and measurement. This is the path difference Δs, which effectively shifts the modulation x-axis by an unknown amount. Fortunately, the arbitrary parameter Δs is common to all wavelengths and may be obtained during regression and discarded. Alternatively it can be used to map the surface topography of the specimen, which is an existing, proven application of the broadband interferometer. 
   The interferometric determination of the complex r(k) requires the subject to have negligible tilt, much less than one wavelength within the measurement spot of the instrument. This can be achieved by leveling the subject so that the interference fringes seen by camera  120  have the least possible spatial frequency on an un-patterned part of subject  112 . 
   During normal operation, polarizer  106  is configured so that the probe beam has an S-polarization. In cases where the subject  112  includes a line grating, the S-polarization means that the grating lines may be oriented parallel to the probe beam&#39;s electric field. This orientation maximizes the sensitivity of the measurement to the grating parameters. It is also possible to measure the reflection coefficient of the P-polarization instead of the S-polarization. This can be achieved by rotating polarizer  106  or subject  112  by 90 degrees from the orientation used for S-polarization. It is also possible to measure both P and S-polarizations, one at a time, by repeating the measurement at two orientations of polarizer  106  or subject  112  that are 90-degrees apart. The regression uses P and S-polarization data simultaneously. 
   As shown in  FIG. 2 , it is possible to replace piezo actuator  126  with an electro-optic modulator  200 . Electro-optic modulators contain an optical material  202  that changes its refractive index as a function of electric field applied by electrodes  204 . The voltage at electrodes  204  is controlled by processor  128  via driver  206 .  FIG. 2  shows a specific electro-optic modulator, a Pockels cell, with a KDP crystal. Kerr effect, neumatic crystals, ferro-electric materials provide alternative means of electro-optic modulation. 
   Piezo actuator  126  may also be replaced by a photo-elastic modulator  300  of the type shown in  FIG. 3 . Photo-elastic modulator  300  includes a silica element  302  and a piezo-electric crystal  304 . Piezo-electric crystal  304  is connected to a driver  306 . Processor  128  uses driver  306  to apply a varying electric voltage to piezo-electric crystal  304 . This causes piezo-electric crystal  304  to deform, stressing silica element  302 . Photo-elastic modulators typically operate at their mechanical resonance frequencies to produce sufficient stress. The resonance frequencies are typically on the order of 50 kHz. For this reason, photo-elastic modulator  300  can only be used if the array detectors and analog to digital converters included in spectrometer  110  are suitable for high-speed operation. 
   As shown in  FIG. 4 , it is also possible to replace the configuration of interferometer  100  with the Mirau interferometer  400  as shown in  FIG. 4 . For interferometer  400 , a beam splitter  402  and a reference mirror  404  are situated between an objective lens  406  and the subject  408 . A compensator  410  equalizes the optical lengths of the reference and probe paths. The assembly of compensator  410  and mirror  404  are moved along the axis of objective lens  406  by an actuator  412 . The Mirau interferometer has a unique advantage: objective  406  is common to the probe and reference beams. In fact, all optical components other than beam splitter  402  and compensator  410  are in the common path. The disadvantages of the Mirau configuration are that beam splitter  402  reduces the working distance and the intensity of the detected light compared to the Linnik configuration. 
   In  FIG. 5 , a wafer  500  is shown as a first representative subject for interferometer  100 . Wafer  500  includes a 100 nm silicon substrate  502 . Overlaying substrate  502  are: a 1.5 nm SiO2 layer (not shown), a 100 nm Poly-Si layer  504 , a 5 nm SiO2 layer (not shown), a 30 nm SiON layer  506  and a 380 nm photo resist grating  508 . Grating  508  has a line width of 90 nm (top CD of 85 nm, bottom CD of 95 nm) and a line pitch of 270 nm. The lines in grating  508  have a 20 nm footing. 
   In  FIG. 6 , a wafer  600  is shown as a second representative subject for interferometer  100 . Wafer  600  includes a 100 nm silicon substrate  602 . Overlaying substrate  602  are: a 1.8 nm SiO2 layer (not shown), a 100 nm Poly-Si layer  604 , a 8 nm SiO2 layer (not shown), a 22 nm SiON layer  606  and a 200 nm photo resist grating  608 . Grating  608  has a line width of 30 nm (top CD of 28 nm, bottom CD of 32 nm) and a line pitch of 220 nm. Unlike wafer  500 , the lines in grating  608  have no footing. 
     FIGS. 7 and 8  show simulated two-dimensional data S (2π/λ,x) as would be generated by interferometer  100  for wafer  500 . For this example, the instrument functions are set to A=½, B=1 and Δs=0. The point spread function is a Gaussian in the wavelength domain with FWHM=8 nm.