Abstract:
The device described herein is an Electro-magnet based Telescoping Artificial Muscle Actuator. This device uses a centrally located electromagnet which acts on permanent magnets and ferrous components housed within telescoping sections of this device. This device is intended to be linked into chains of other identical devices, with those chains then linked into bundles. This arrangement allows devices of this type simulate the action and control mechanisms of natural muscle. This device is intended for use in prosthetic, robotic, and implantable applications.

Description:
US REFERENCES 
       [0001]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,284 (2004 Aug. 24) Ronald E. Pelrine, Electroactive polymer transducers and actuators
 
U.S. Pat. No. 6,223,648 (2001 May 1) Joel R. Erickson, Artificial muscle actuator assembly
 
20070186712 (2007 Aug. 16) Carlo Ferraresi, Double-acting deformable fluid actuator of the muscle type with three chambers
 
20070193267 (2007 Aug. 23) Xinhua Sam He, Electrical actuator having smart muscle wire
 
U.S. Pat. No. 6,960,847 (2005 Nov. 1) Yuzuru Suzuki, Electromagnetic actuator and composite electromagnetic actuator apparatus
 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,297 (1987 Oct. 27) Nagahiko Nagasaka, Permanent magnet type linear electromagnetic actuator
 
       FOREIGN REFERENCES 
       [0002]    WO/1997/027822 (1997 Aug. 7) John Chilver, Artificial muscle 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The field to which this invention pertains is to that of prosthetic and robotic motor systems and functional soft tissue biomechanical implants. Current prosthetic devices employ rotary servos controlled by computer systems (1). These servos require computers to adapt signals coming from a body into appropriate control of rotary servos. These apparatus&#39; require heavy batteries and do not provide the dexterity or in most cases the strength of a biological motor system (2). These drawbacks stem mostly from attempts to adapt robotic system to biological ones, which are more robust, power efficient and accurately controlled by the body. Current artificial muscle devices, meant to more effectively simulate the action of natural muscles, have been developed utilizing compressed air bladders and contractile polymers. These systems are still largely experimental and present significant drawbacks. Contractile polymer systems do not provide sufficient strength in current applications to replicate natural functioning (3). They also require computer control systems. Air bladder muscles, although strong and effective, still require computer control systems as well as power for air compressors (4). There are currently no technologies capable of being implanted in a living body to effectively replace a damaged or removed natural muscle. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    This invention, an Electro-magnet based Telescoping Artificial Muscle Actuator, is intended to address the drawbacks of the previous art in several ways. Firstly, this device is intended to be used in either prosthetic, robotic or implant technologies. Secondly, this device is intended to be used with a control system that can directly convert biological control signals to comparable actuation control. 
         [0005]    The actuator described herein is intended to be a modular component of a larger muscle system. This device is a simple spring loaded armature with a core electromagnet which powers contraction. This device is intended to be controlled primarily be an all or nothing control signal. Each control signal received by this device powers its activity directly. Each actuator is intended to be joined end to end to other identical actuators, which each addition providing additional power of contraction. These assemblies are intended to then be grouped with other similar chains of actuators. Control of such an apparatus would be affected through the number of chains of actuators being activated as well as the frequency of control signals received. This control system is akin to that of biological muscle and should be able to process signals directly from the body. This could be done using a direct nerve interface, conventional myoelectric detection, or myoelectric control systems in conjunction with nerve/muscle graft surgeries. Each action potential that would be sent to a natural muscle group, would activate the power supply of a specific actuator chain. The addition of signals from complimentary muscle groups would activate additional actuator chains. 
         [0006]    Power to this system would ideally be supplied through the use of high voltage capacitor banks linked to kinetic chargers; however appropriate battery and stationary charger systems are acceptable. These actuators, in their chain and bundle arrangement, are intended to be used externally in prosthetic devices or in robotic applications. These actuators, in their chain and bundle arrangements, are intended to be used as biological implants if contained within an appropriate flexible biocompatible sheath with sections that allow for attachment to existing tendons and/or bones. The implantable application of this device should be used in conjunction with internal capacitor and control systems and external power storage and generation systems. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0007]    Device contracted ( FIG. 1  A). Device Extended ( FIG. 2  A). Cross-sectional View of Extended Device ( FIG. 2  B). Cross-sectional View of Contracted Device ( FIG. 1B ). View of actuator components linked in a chain ( FIG. 3 ). View of actuator chains grouped into a bundle ( FIG. 4 ). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The preferred embodiment of this device is as follows. The central component of this device is a solid ferrous core electromagnet ( 1 ). This solid core should be spindle shaped. This electromagnet should be housed in a nonferrous casing ( 2 ) that allows for attachment of the two parts of telescoping component  1  ( 3 ). Each part of component  1  ( 3 ) should be mirrored around the central electromagnet and be fitted into the electromagnet housing by the use of screw threads or with screws with corresponding countersunk threaded holes. Power leads ( 4 ) for the electromagnet ( 1 ) should pass through the electromagnet housing and other components. All telescoping components of this device occur in pairs mirrored around the central electromagnet. 
         [0009]    Component  1  ( 3 ) is open at one end with a small lip protruding towards the center of the opening. This lip is meant to stop the motion of telescoping component  2  ( 5 ) by making contact with the permanent magnet base ( 6 ) of component  2 . Component  1  ( 3 ) must have a lip facing away from its opening to prevent motion of telescoping component  4  ( 9 ). Component  2  ( 5 ) is housed inside component  1  ( 3 ). 
         [0010]    Component  2  ( 5 ) is comprised of a nonferrous hollow cylinder with a permanent magnet ( 6 ) attached to one side and with the other left open with a small lip protruding towards its center to contain telescoping component  3  ( 7 ). The polarity of the permanent magnet of component  2  ( 5 ) should be oriented opposite to the polarity of the central electro magnet for each mirrored component. The surfaces of the magnets ( 6 ) of component  2  ( 5 ) which face each other should have opposing polarities. Contained within component  2  ( 5 ) is telescoping component  3  ( 7 ). This component is solid, ferrous, and has a threaded end ( 8 ) that extends beyond the open end of component  2  ( 5 ). 
         [0011]    Component  3  ( 7 ) has a lip at one end that contacts the lip of component  2  ( 5 ). Component  3  ( 7 ) is not an identical mirrored pair. One unit would have internal threads at the end protruding beyond component  2  ( 5 ), and one would have external threads extending to the same distance. This orientation, along with the threads ( 11 ), of telescoping component  5  ( 10 ) allows actuators of this type to be joined together, end to end, into long chains ( FIG. 3 ), to allow for increased force of contraction (to be discussed in detail below). Component  5  ( 10 ) is a nonferrous hollow cylinder which has one end that extends to the height of component  3  ( 7 ). Each of the units of component  5  ( 10 ) would have oppositely oriented threads ( 11 ) extending from the height of components  1 ,  2  and  4 , to the height of component  3 . Its opposite end has an internal lip that contacts telescoping component  4  ( 9 ). Component  4  ( 9 ) has a lip facing outward at its end closest to the threaded region of the device. It has a lip facing the center of the device which contacts component  1  ( 3 ). There is a spring providing compression resistance in between components  5  and  4  ( 13 ). Component  4  ( 9 ) is located inside component  5  ( 10 ). It has a lip facing the center of the device which interacts with the outer lip of component  1  ( 3 ). There is a spring located between component  4  and component  1 ( 12 ). 
         [0012]    Connections to a power source should be a simple positive/negative plug that passes in between all outer telescoping layers and does not interfere with their contraction. This plug should be built into the housing of the central electro magnet. 
         [0000]    Threaded regions do not occur in mirrored pairs. One should have a male thread and one a female to allow for actuators to be connected end to end. 
         [0013]    The preferred dimensions of this device are that the central magnet should have a sufficient number of coils to produce at least 0.5 to 1 lb of force. The length of this device should be anywhere from one to one and a half times its diameter when contracted fully. The contracted length to width ratio pictured in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  is 1:1. The device pictured in all figures has a diameter of 2 cm. Dimensions of this device should be varied depending on the specific application for which it is used. This device must be capable of contracting to at least one half of its full extended length. This device must resist contraction and tend to return to its contracted state if no internal or external forces are applied. 
         [0014]    Each actuator of this type is intended to be joined end to end with other similar actuators, forming actuator chains ( FIG. 3 ). Further bundling of these actuator chains ( FIG. 4 ) is necessary to provide effective control of contraction strength and length. Increasing the amplitude of current supplied to this device will increase its contractile strength. Increasing the frequency of signals to this device accounts for an increase in duration and degree of contraction, with each signal control resulting in an all or nothing action of the actuator. Additional units to a chain of actuators and additions of actuator chains are intended to be the principle method of increasing the functional strength of contraction generated by this type of actuator. 
         [0015]    Order of assembly of this device is as follows: Telescoping component  3  is fitted into the cylindrical portion of telescoping component  2 , and then the magnet ( 6 ) is attached to component  2 . Components  2  and  3  are inserted into telescoping component  1 . A spring ( 13 ) is then fitted around component  1 . Component  1  is then fitted into telescoping component  4 . A spring ( 12 ) is then placed around component  4 . Component  4  is then fitted into telescoping component  5 . This should be done for each mirrored section of telescoping components, and then component  1  of each mirrored pair should be attached to the electromagnet housing ( 2 ). 
         [0016]    Actuator components can then be secured into long chains by means of threads. 
         [0017]    Chains of actuators should be bundled together to create an artificial muscle apparatus ( FIG. 4 ). The strength of contraction of these bundles is dependent upon the amplitude of current supplied to each actuator, the number of actuators in a chain, and the number of chains in the bundle which are activated. Duration of contraction (and length of contraction, depending on the load on the system) is dependent upon the number of control signals received per unit time. Bundles of chains of actuators may be linked together by their ends to create a single contractile unit. A unit of this nature should be surrounded by a flexible, biocompatible, sheath ( 14 , shown as a cut-away) to allow for implantation. This sheath should have terminal components ( 15 ) that can be affixed to biological structures (such as tendons or bones), as well as to the ends of the contractile unit. 
         [0018]    Components of this device should be manufactured using standard milling and/or injection molding techniques. 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0019]    Not Applicable 
       REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX 
       [0020]    Not Applicable 
       CITATIONS 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             (1) Carroll, Kevin (2006).  Prosthetics and Patient Management: A Comprehensive Clinical Approach . SLACK Incorporated. ISBN 1556426712, 9781556426711 
             (2) Ibid 
             (3) U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,284 (2004 Aug. 24) Ronald E. Pelrine, Electroactive polymer transducers and actuators 
             (4) U.S. Pat. No. 6,223,648 (2001 May 1) Joel R. Erickson, Artificial muscle actuator assembly 
           
         
       
     
       OTHER REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
         Anthony, Catherine Parker (1975). “Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology” 9 th  edition. C.V. Mosby Company 
         Gray, Henry (1930). “Anatomy of the Human Body” 22 nd  edition. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger 
         Martini, Frederic H. ( 2009 ). “Human Anatomy” 6 th  edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education 
         Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub ( 2007 ). “Human Physiology: An integrated approach” 4 th  edition. San Francisco: Pearson Cummings