Abstract:
A radio performance analyzer is provided comprising a cloud-accessible user communications interface and a radio performance calculator configured to compute a measure of performance for a plurality of networked radios operable in a geographic region, wherein the user communications interface is configured to receive a selection of a number of radios in the plurality of networked radios, wherein a selection is formed, the radio performance calculator computes the measure of performance of the selection for a plurality of locations in the geographic region spanning a selected period of time, and the radio performance calculator computes the measure of performance based on calculations of bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio.

Description:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0001]    1. Field 
         [0002]    The present disclosure relates generally to transmission of radio signals, and more particularly, to the prediction of measurement of performance of radio signals between at least two points. 
         [0003]    2. Background 
         [0004]    Radio signal performance may be impacted by numerous technical and environmental factors. Technical parameters of radios such as power level, antenna gain, process gain, and modulation may impact signal strength. Physical distance between a sending node and a receiving node and weather and other environmental conditions between the nodes may be significant factors in radio signal performance. 
         [0005]    Propagation loss also affects radio signal strength. Whether radio signals travel on a direct line of sight or on an over-the-horizon path may impact signal propagation. Radio waves are affected by other natural phenomena such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. 
         [0006]    Natural terrain, such as mountains, may present obstacles to radio signal transmission. Manmade objects such as buildings may also obstruct or retard signal transmission. 
         [0007]    Aviators, ship operators, law enforcement agencies, and others may be interested in maintaining uninterrupted communications both with colleagues in the field and with base operations. Consistently strong and reliable radio signal strength may support communication and promote safety and economy in operations. Reduction of signal strength or outright failure of radio communications may have serious consequences. Some radio users may be contractually subject to quality of service (QoS) requirements in their operations. Such users may be subject to penalty or liability if quality of service requirements is not met. 
         [0008]    Additionally, airlines, forest services, and border patrol agencies may operate a large number of radios whose locations are regularly changing. The environments in which those radios are being operated may also be continually changing. Knowledge of radio performance in these environments may be desirable. 
         [0009]    When a radio is in motion, for example aboard an aircraft or ship, the environment for radio signal transmission may be continually changing. As an aircraft moves, a radio aboard the aircraft will be transmitting signals through varying distance as well as space that are subject to environmental changes such as weather, including weather systems as well as variations in atmospheric characteristics. Physical terrain encountered by an aircraft in motion, both natural and manmade, also continually changes. Radio signal performance for some operators must be maintained at certain levels despite weather, terrain, and other changes that impact radio performance. 
         [0010]    Radio operators have traditionally installed costly hardware and software to meet the challenge of continually assuring radio signal strength. Such operators may be required to purchase licenses for software applications and data sources that assist in determining and supporting radio signal performance. Further, in many cases, radio positions and other information must be entered manually and frequently by these operators. Data sources regarding terrain, natural and manmade, as well as sources of weather data may not be consistently available and reliably correct and current. 
         [0011]    Radio operators in aviation, maritime, law enforcement, military, and other fields use radios for a variety of communications purposes. Their radios may be continually changing location and therefore be subject to the variety of continually changing environmental and other obstacles discussed herein that may cause changes in signal strength. For safety and performance, such radio operators may need to maintain radio performance and be confident that radio performance meets minimum requirements under the variety of constantly changing conditions. 
         [0012]    Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a method and apparatus that takes into account one or more of the issues discussed above, as well as possibly other issues. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0013]    The illustrative embodiments provide a radio performance analyzer comprising a cloud-accessible user communications interface and a radio performance calculator configured to compute a measure of performance for a plurality of networked radios operable in a geographic region. The user communications interface may be configured to receive a selection of a number of radios in the plurality of networked radios, wherein a selection is formed. The radio performance calculator computes the measure of performance of the selection for a plurality of locations in the geographic region spanning a selected period of time. The radio performance calculator computes the measure of performance based on calculations of bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio. 
         [0014]    The illustrative embodiments also provide a method of providing radio performance results, comprising a user interface receiving at least one of location information and radio parameters associated with at least three radios. The method also comprises calculating radio performance associated with any two of the least three radios based on at least the location information and the radio parameters. A calculated radio performance is generated as a throughput rate based on calculations of bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio. The method also comprises transmitting the calculated radio performance via a wide area network. 
         [0015]    The illustrative embodiments also provide an aircraft comprising a fuselage configured for flight and a computer, comprising a bus, a processor connected to the bus, and a memory connected to the bus, the memory storing program code which, when executed by the processor, performs a computer-implemented method, the program code comprising program code for performing, using the processor, sending a first message requesting a prediction of radio performance between at least two locations, program code for performing, using the processor, entering coordinates for the at least two locations, and program code for performing, using the processor, receiving the requested prediction of radio performance. The measure of radio performance is based on calculations of bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio. 
         [0016]    The features, functions, and benefits may be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments in which further details can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    The novel features believed characteristic of the illustrative embodiments are set forth in the appended claims. The illustrative embodiments, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and features thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system of a radio performance calculator in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method of a radio performance calculator in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0030]      FIG. 13  is a diagram of lookup tables in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0031]      FIG. 14  is a diagram of a second exemplar lookup table in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0032]      FIG. 15  is a depiction of a network in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0033]      FIG. 16  is an illustration of a data processing system, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
           [0034]      FIG. 17  is an illustration of a network in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0035]    The illustrative embodiments recognize and take into account the issues described above. Thus, the illustrative embodiments provide methods and systems that evaluate radio signal strength between at least two points and provide a prediction of measure of performance (MOP) of the signal strength. The illustrative embodiments may also assist in determining whether an unobstructed line of sight exists between points that may be associated with radios, laser systems, directed energy systems, and other devices. 
         [0036]    The illustrative embodiments recognize that signal strength between radios located at various physical points may be affected by natural and manmade natural factors. Natural factors include weather conditions and terrain between transmitting and receiving radios. Manmade factors include attributes of the radios involved in transmission, for example antenna gain, process gain, modulation, and power level. Manmade factors also include manmade impediments that may block or otherwise affect radio signal strength including buildings, power lines, and jamming or interference effects. Any of these natural and manmade factors may affect radio signal performance. 
         [0037]    The illustrative embodiments provide a web service accessible from a web browser on a client device that allows a user to enter information about radios and their locations. The web service is a radio performance calculator that receives the radio and location information. The calculator accesses sources of information about weather, natural terrain, and urban or manmade terrain between transmitting and receiving radios. The sources of information may be publicly available databases or other data stores and may be accessible via the Internet or other wide area network. 
         [0038]    Based on the radio information and the operating environment information gathered from the sources, the calculator may generate and provide a measure of performance of the received signal strength. The measure of performance may be a prediction by the calculator of the signal strength based on the entered radio and location information. The prediction may be expressed as a data throughput rate, for example in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps). 
         [0039]    Radios may be stationary or in motion. Radios may be mounted aboard spacecraft, aircraft, watercraft, or vehicles, and may be carried by persons. While in the illustrative embodiments the web service provided by the radio performance calculator may be accessed by a user entering location and other information into a web browser at a client device, in other embodiments location information may be generated and transmitted automatically without user involvement. For example, a global positioning system (GPS) device may continually generate updated location information for a moving radio. The location information may be automatically submitted on a periodic basis to the radio performance calculator for predictions of measure of performance. Global positioning system information may be transmitted to the radio performance calculator via satellite connection. 
         [0040]    Users of the radio performance calculator may use the measure of performance to make determinations about whether a particular radio will meet quality of service (QoS) requirements under certain operating conditions. Because the illustrative embodiments provide the radio performance calculator as a web service, a user may benefit from technical effects that promote access of the calculator from a web browser without the need to load any special software or hardware. Illustrative embodiments provide further beneficial technical effects promoting more informed selection of radios given a user&#39;s needs and operating environment. 
         [0041]    In addition to accepting input from a user via a web browser, the radio performance calculator may accept data provided in extensible markup language (XML) format, in binary format, and in several distributed simulation formats, for example standard 1278 issued by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The radio performance calculator may enable numerous simultaneous calculations wherein if a user enters locations for a number of radios, the calculator may predict radio signal performance for links between each of the number of radios and may depict the predicted signal performance using a map. 
         [0042]    The illustrative embodiments recognize that the radio performance calculator may determine predicted signal performance by first converting signal to noise ratio to bit error rate. The calculator then may convert bit error rate to throughput and may use various tables to make its prediction. Throughput may be expressed in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps). 
         [0043]    Attention is now turned to the figures.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system of a radio performance calculator in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. System  100  includes computer  102 . Computer  102  may be a general purpose computer. General purpose computers are described with respect to  FIG. 16 . Application  104  may execute on computer  102 . Application  104  includes a radio performance calculator and supporting software components. Application  104  may be provided as a cloud-based web service over the World Wide Web of the Internet or via other network. 
         [0044]    System  100  includes client device  106  accessed by a user to submit requests for predictions of measures of performance of radio signal. Client device  106  may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant, a mobile telephone, or other wireless communications device. Web browser  108  may execute on client device  106  and be used to request predictions from application  104 . Client device  104  may use web browser  108  to exchange messages with computer  102  using a wide area network (WAN), such as the World Wide Web of the Internet. In an embodiment, client device  106  may require no additional hardware and no additional software beyond web browser  108  to request and receive predictions of measures of radio performance from computer  102 . In an embodiment, computer  102  may function as a server and client device  106  may function as a client in a client-server arrangement. In an embodiment, computer  102  and client device  106  may function in another structure or relationship. In an embodiment, computer  102  may be a special server computer. 
         [0045]    System  100  may include radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 , but may include more or fewer radios. A user of client device  106  or other party may seek a prediction of signal strength between radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 . Radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  are devices providing wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation in radio frequency range, usually from about 30 kHz to about 300 GHz. Electromagnetic radiation may travel by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through air and the vacuum of space as well as through manmade structures. Radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  may be used for one way or two way transmissions of voice or other communication. While bits per second may be used to express throughput rate for data transmission, a quality of service measure may be used for voice transmission, such as displaying a number of bars in the case of cell phones. 
         [0046]    System  100  includes information sources  116 . Information sources  116  may be accessed by application  104  to access data to use in making radio performance calculations. Information sources  116  may include natural terrain data source  118 , urban terrain data source  120 , and weather data source  122 , but may include more or fewer sources of information that relate to quality of radio communication. Information sources  116  may be publicly or privately available sources of information accessible by application  104  and others. Information sources  116  may be web sites available on the World Wide Web of the Internet. Information sources  116  may additionally be databases or other data stores available on other private or public wide area networks not associated with the World Wide Web of the Internet. Information sources  116  may be accessed from electronic media locally stored in a local area network or other local network to which computer  102  has access. Information sources  116  may be stored on storage media directly accessible by computer  102 . In an embodiment, information sources  116  may be hard copy, non-electronic media whose data may be entered manually or via another method by an operator of computer  102 . Information sources  116  may be commercial providers of information products describing natural and manmade terrain. Examples of such products are those made available by commercial entities. An example of such a commercial entity is Presagis USA Inc. 
         [0047]    Natural terrain data source  118  is at least one source of data about natural terrain that may obstruct or otherwise affect radio performance. Natural terrain may include mountains, valleys, trees, and bodies of water. Natural terrain data source  118  may observe, for example, the Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) standard of digital datasets which may consist of at least one matrix of terrain elevation values. 
         [0048]    Urban terrain data source  120  is at least one source of data about non-natural or manmade terrain that may obstruct or otherwise affect radio performance. Such terrain may include buildings, bridges, towers, highways, ports, railroad lines, airports, and other manmade structures or other objects. Such terrain may also include air traffic control radars at airports or radio and TV towers, which may interfere or jam radio transmission. 
         [0049]    Weather data source  122  may be at least one source of data about weather that is proximate radio  110 , radio  112 , or radio  114 , or combinations thereof. Weather systems, humidity, and air quality may affect radio performance. Weather includes both tropospheric weather, that may include precipitation and dust storms, as well as ionospheric weather, for example solar storm activity that may cause scintillation and degradation. 
         [0050]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method  200  of a radio performance calculator in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Method  200  shown in  FIG. 2  may be implemented using system  100  of  FIG. 1 . The process shown in  FIG. 2  may be implemented by a processor, such as processor unit  1604  of  FIG. 16 . The process shown in  FIG. 2  may be a variation of the processes shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 3  through  FIG. 15 . Although the operations presented in  FIG. 2  are described as being performed by a “process,” the operations are being performed by at least one tangible processor or using one or more physical devices, as described elsewhere herein. The term “process” also may include computer instructions stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. 
         [0051]    Method  200  may begin as the process may receive, at a user interface, at least one of location information and radio parameters associated with at least three radios (operation  202 ). Next, the process may calculate radio performance associated with any two of the at least three radios based on at least the location information and the radio parameters, wherein a calculated radio performance is generated as a throughput rate based on calculations of bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio (operation  204 ). Next, the process may transmit the calculated radio performance via a wide area network (operation  206 ). Method  200  may terminate thereafter. 
         [0052]    The illustrative embodiments provide for users such as aviators, mariners, law enforcement agents, cell phone service providers, and others that use stationary or mobile radio  110  to enter radio information, location data for radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 , and date and time parameters into web browser  108  and receive a prediction of radio signal strength from application  104 . Users may require certain levels of signal strength to maintain desired communications. Users may be contractually bound by quality of service (QoS) requirements to maintain communications capabilities regardless of their locations or environmental conditions. Such requirements may cause users to seek predictions of levels of radio signal strength under various actual and theoretical conditions. The illustrative embodiments may promote users to receive predictions of measures of performance of signal strength and support users meeting quality of service and other requirements. 
         [0053]    In an embodiment, a user of client device  106  may enter date and time parameters of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 . The user may seek to determine radio signal performance during nighttime hours in contrast to radio signal performance during daytime hours. Radio signal performance during daytime and nighttime hours may differ due in part to the sun&#39;s influence on the ionosphere. A radio signal may travel differently at night by bouncing and reflecting off the ionosphere. 
         [0054]    After accessing application  104  via web browser  108 , the user may enter information about radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  and their locations. Information about radio  110  may include a make and model number of radio  110 . If known, technical information about radio such as antenna gain, process gain, power level, and modulation may be entered. In an embodiment, application  104  may be able to determine some of the technical information about radio  110  from being furnished make and model of radio  110 . User may also provide similar information about at least one counterpart radio  112  and radio  114  with which radio  110  may be attempting to exchange signals. 
         [0055]      FIG. 3  is a depiction of user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 3  depicts user communications interface displays that user at client device  106  may view when submitting information to application  104  and receiving responses therefrom. The upper display, with the heading “Input from user to web page (GUI)”, depicts input fields for user to enter latitude, longitude, and altitude of nodes or radio  110  and radio  112  depicted at  302  and  304 . In an embodiment, node  1  in  FIG. 3  may represent radio  110  that is transmitting radio signals and node  2  in  FIG. 3  may represent radio  112  that is receiving the radio signals. 
         [0056]    It may be noted from  FIG. 3  that options are available to provide locations using map wizard information, street address information, and satellite information. At  306 , the user may select a link to input locations using map wizard. At  308 , the user may select a link to input locations using street address, city, and zip code. At  310 , the user may select a link to input locations using satellite name and data and time. At  312 , the user may select a link to input locations using satellite two line element (TLE) information. At  314 , the user may select a link to input locations using longitude for geosynchronous satellite. At  316 , user may select a link to input radio parameters. 
         [0057]    The lower display of  FIG. 3 , with the heading “Output from web page (GUI) to user”, depicts calculated throughput from node  1  to node  2 . In the example depicted in  FIG. 3 , calculated throughput is  300  kbps or kilobits per second as depicted at  318 , but this rate may be higher or lower. The illustrative embodiments contemplate data throughput rates as low as hundreds of bits per second and as high as many gigabits per second. 
         [0058]    Other inputs may be available. For example, input  320  may provide a location where a user may input locations using longitude for a geosynchronous satellite. Input  322  may provide a location where a user may input radio parameters. Other inputs may also be provided. Thus, the illustrative embodiments shown in  FIG. 3  are not necessarily limiting of the claimed inventions. 
         [0059]    While satellites may use two line element (TLE) information, other formats may promote application  104  to calculate locations and radio signal strength over time for any vehicle or other moving object that may follow a predictable and calculable trajectory. Such vehicles include satellites and other airborne vehicles, but may also include, for example, a truck on an interstate highway, a railroad train on a track, or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) drone. 
         [0060]      FIG. 4  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 4  depicts a user communications interface displays that user at client device  106  may view when submitting information to application  104 . User may enter information about radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 . As with the upper display of  FIG. 3 , user may be provided fields to enter data, but such information may be automatically provided by other sources in other illustrative embodiments. In  FIG. 4 , a user may enter data about at least one of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 . The user may enter data in categories depicted in  FIG. 4  including frequency for radios  402 , radio frequency (RF) bandwidth of radios  404 , gain of antenna for radios  406 , transmit power for radios  408 , and modulation for radios  410 . 
         [0061]    Each category contains several selections, several of which are labeled and enumerated herein for discussion purposes in  FIG. 4 . For example, frequency for radios  402  provides a selection for frequency of jammer  1   412  and bandwidth of radios  404  provides a selection for RF bandwidth of radio  2   414 . In other examples, gain of antenna for radios  406  provides a selection for gain of antenna for radio  1   416 . In another example, transmit power for radios  408  provides a selection for transmit power for radio  1   418 . In another example, modulation for radios  410  provides a selection for modulation for radio  1   420 . Data entered into fields in user communications interface depicted in  FIG. 4  may be used by application  104  to determine prediction of measure of radio performance. 
         [0062]      FIG. 5  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 5  depicts modulation types for radios, per International Telecommunications Union (ITU).  FIG. 5  provides selections from which user may choose upon using a pull-down menu in the user communications interface depicted in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0063]    In an example of a use of the selections provided in  FIG. 5 , when making selections from the choices provided in  FIG. 4 , the user may select modulation for radio  1   420 . When the user selects modulation for radio  1   420  in  FIG. 4 , the user is then presented choices depicted in  FIG. 5 . Three options in  FIG. 5  are labeled and enumerated herein for illustration purposes. One sample option is vestigial sideband, depicted as the letter C, reference numeral  502 . Another sample option is phase modulation, PM, depicted as the letter G, reference numeral  504 . Another sample option is un-modulated carrier, depicted as the letter N, reference numeral  506 . 
         [0064]      FIG. 6  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 6  depicts a listing of selections from which user may choose if user selected G for phase modulation, PM from the user communications interface depicted for modulation types in  FIG. 5 . Three sample options in  FIG. 6  are labeled and enumerated for discussion purposes. One sample option is 1. PM—Phase Modulation, reference numeral  602 . Another sample option is  3 . BPSK—Binary Phase Key Shifting, reference numeral  604 . Another sample option is 5. 8 PSK—8 Point Phase Key Shifting, reference numeral  606 . 
         [0065]    In an embodiment a user communications interface may be provided to a user that may access computer  102  and application  104  from client device  106 . The user communications interface accessed by the user may be provided by web browser  108  executing on client device  106 . The user communications interface may provide a pull down or drop down menu that might provide a selectable listing of well known brand names of radio  110 , radio  112 , radio  114  that may be commercially available. Such a user communications interface may be helpful for a user who may be an ordinary consumer as opposed to a professional in the aviation, maritime, or other field that uses communications devices of various types. The user communications interface may include other pull down or drop down menus that may promote the user to make other selections associated with the chosen radio  110 . In an embodiment, instead of pull down or drop down menus, other methods of selection or entry may be provided such as selectable links, selectable radio buttons, or writeable fields wherein the user may type in a brand name or other information about radio  110 . 
         [0066]      FIG. 7  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. When using a user communications interface to enter data and receive results, user may use a map tool to input locations of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  instead of using text entries as discussed in connection with  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 . User may open a map and click on locations on the map where at least one of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  is located.  FIG. 7  depicts map with various locations of radio  710 , radio  712 , and radio  714 . Components depicted in  FIG. 7  are indexed to components depicted in  FIG. 1 . Radio  710 , radio  712 , and radio  714  depicted in  FIG. 7  correspond to radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  depicted in  FIG. 1 . When user clicks on points on map, application  104  is automatically populated with locations associated with the selected points. The map may be built into application  104  or may be accessible by a web service not associated with application  104 .  FIG. 7  provides a map for discussion purposes with, for example, radio  710  located in Seattle, radio  712  located in Bremerton, and radio  712  located in Tukwila. The user of client device  106  may wish to be provided radio signal strength between radio  710 , radio  712 , and radio  714 . The user may click on the three points, one each for Seattle, Bremerton, and Tukwila. Application  104  receives coordinates or other location information for the three points and makes predictions of radio signal strength between each of the three points. 
         [0067]      FIG. 8  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Components depicted in  FIG. 8  are indexed to components depicted in  FIG. 7 . Radio  810 , radio  812 , and radio  814  depicted in  FIG. 8  correspond to radio  710 , radio  712 , and radio  714  depicted in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 8  depicts the map depicted in  FIG. 7  with lines between radio  810 , radio  812 , and radio  814 . The lines represent various throughput rates between each of radio  810 , radio  812 , and radio  814  calculated by application  104 . In an embodiment, the lines may be depicted in different thicknesses, each thickness of line representing a different range of throughput rates for transmission between each of radio  810 , radio  812 , and radio  814 . In an embodiment, the thick bold line depicted between radio  814  and radio  810  may represent a higher throughput rate than the less thick bold line depicted between radio  814  and radio  812 . 
         [0068]      FIG. 9  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Illustrative embodiments provide for input to application  104  to be provided in a data file or input file in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format.  FIG. 9  provides a depiction of data file or input file in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format and may be an Extensible Markup Language (XML) computer-to-computer file. The data file or input file would be submitted to application  104  which would process the input and provide its output to the user at client device  106 . What is presented in  FIG. 9  is a representation of the data file or input file and may not be exactly what a user may visually see when situated in front of client device  104 . If the user were to cause client device  104  to present a view of the data file or input file, it may not appear exactly as presented in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0069]    The user of client device  106  in submitting a request to application  104  would provide a data file or input file in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format such as is depicted in  FIG. 9 . Application  104  would recognize that the data file or input file is in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format and would process the input file accordingly. 
         [0070]    The group of bracketed entries indicated by reference numeral  902  in  FIG. 9  provides locations of five nodes. The group of bracketed entries indicated by reference numeral  904  in  FIG. 9  provides locations of five radios. Reference numeral  906  describes a frequency of jammer. The group of bracketed entries indicated by reference numeral  908  in  FIG. 9  provides bandwidth of five radios. The entry indicated by reference numeral  910  describes a bandwidth of jammer. The group of bracketed entries indicated by reference numeral  912  in  FIG. 9  provides gain of antenna of five radios. Reference numeral  914  describes a gain of antenna for jammer. The group of bracketed entries indicated by reference numeral  916  in  FIG. 9  provides transmit power for five radios. Reference numeral  918  describes transmit power for jammer. Reference numeral  920  describes modulation for radio and reference numeral  922  describes modulation for jammer. 
         [0071]      FIG. 10  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 10  provides a depiction of contents of another data file or input file in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format. The data file or input file may be an Extensible Markup Language (XML) computer-to-computer file.  FIG. 10  also provides a user communications interface depiction of a data file or output file generated by application  104  in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format. Similar to  FIG. 9 , what is presented in  FIG. 10  is a representation of the data files, input file, or output file and may not be exactly what a user may visually see when situated in front of client device  106 . If the user were to cause client device  106  to present a view of the data files, input file, or output file, they may not appear exactly as presented in  FIG. 10 . Further, what may appear to be headings atop the boxes in which the input and output appear may not appear to the user and may be depicted in  FIG. 10  for discussion purposes. 
         [0072]    The user of client device  106  in submitting a request to application  104  would provide an input file in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format such as is depicted in the upper portion of  FIG. 10 . Bracketed locations of six nodes are depicted in  FIG. 10 , reference numeral  1002 . Application  104  would recognize that the input file is in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format and would process the input file as described herein. Application  104  provides output to client device  106  as depicted in the lower portion of  FIG. 10 , reference numeral  1004 . In the example of  FIG. 10 , output provided is for a measurement of line of sight between node  1  and node  2  which in the example is 100%. 
         [0073]      FIG. 11  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 11  provides a data file that is an example of output of application  104  where predictions of throughout rate between pairs of five instances of radio  110  are calculated and displayed. In an embodiment,  FIG. 11  depicts a data file represented therein as a table providing throughput rates. Similar to  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 , what is presented in  FIG. 11  is a representation of the data file and may not be exactly what a user may visually see when situated in front of client device  104 . If the user were to cause client device  104  to present a view of the data files, input file, or output file, they may not appear exactly as presented in  FIG. 11 . In  FIG. 11 , throughput rate for most combinations of radios is  300  kbps. However, in three of the combinations, throughput is not  300  kbps. From radio  2  to radio  3 , reference numeral  1102 , throughput rate is  330  kbps, higher than the others. The higher throughput rate may be due to unusually good weather conditions from radio  2  to radio  3 . From radio  3  to radio  1 , reference numeral  1104 , throughput rate is  220  kbps, lower than the others. The lower throughput rate may be due to a temporary or permanently lower power level for radio  3 . From radio  5  to radio  4 , reference numeral  1106 , throughput rate is  250  kbps, lower than most. The lower throughput rate may be due to a manmade structure partially obstructing radio signals between radio  5  and radio  4 . 
         [0074]    Attenuation, loss, and distortion of radio signals may be predicted and calculated using various models, including some propagation models that may be physics-based, such as the free space propagation model, the Longley-Rice model, or the Terrain Integrated Rough Earth Model (TIREM). Radio propagation models may be empirical mathematical formulations for characterization of radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions. A radio propagation model may be developed to predict the behavior of propagation for similar links under similar constraints. Such models may predict path loss along a link or the effective coverage area of a transmitter. 
         [0075]    In an embodiment, radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  that may be examples of elements of  FIG. 11  may be various distances away from each other. Those that are closest may have higher data rates, and the ones that are far away may have slower data rates. In an embodiment, radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  could have a mountain or buildings between them. If a radio  110  is at the top of hill, radio  110  may exhibit better data rates than if radio  110  were in bottom of a gulley. Throughput rates in such an instance may not be due to unusually good or bad weather between them, as in the embodiment above. Radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  may, for example, have different antennas (automobile as opposed to tower), or be at different power levels (backpack battery as opposed to tower). In some embodiments, some throughput rates that may be zero, due to, for example, a mountain being situated between subject radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 . 
         [0076]      FIG. 12  is a depiction of a user communications interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Illustrative embodiments provide for input to be submitted by client device  106  to application  104  and received therefrom in binary format.  FIG. 12  provides a user communications interface depiction of input to and output from application  104  in binary format. In an embodiment, the material depicted in  FIG. 12  is a binary data file. Similar to  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 10 , and  FIG. 11 , what is presented in  FIG. 12  is a representation of binary data files and may not be exactly what a user may visually see when situated in front of client device  106 . If the user were to cause client device  106  to present a view of the binary data files, they may not appear exactly as presented in  FIG. 12 . Further, what may appear to be headings atop the boxes in which the input and output appear may not appear to the user and may be depicted in  FIG. 12  for discussion purposes. An example of a user communications interface is a graphical user interface. 
         [0077]    In the upper panel of  FIG. 12  appears a first string a binary data, reference number  1202 . The first string of binary data represents location information for at least one of radio  110  and radio  112 . The user of client device  106  provides the first string of binary data in an input file to application  104 . Application  104  processes the first string of binary data as described herein. Application  104  provides a prediction of measure of performance to client device  106  as a second string of binary data, reference numeral  1204  in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0078]      FIG. 13  is a diagram of lookup tables according to an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 13  depicts two examples of first lookup tables that may provide analysis results of operations described herein. Application  104  may determine prediction of radio signal strength by calculating signal-to-noise ratio using input parameters described herein. Using signal-to-noise ratio modulation, and first lookup tables, application  104  calculates bit error rate. First lookup tables may be available from public information sources. 
         [0079]    Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equals received signal power in decibels minus average noise power in decibels. Received signal power is the power of a signal arriving at a receiving radio  110 , is typically calculated in decibels, and is equal to the signal power of the transmitting radio  112  plus any gains, for example antenna gain, minus any losses, for example free space path loss and terrain blockage. Received signal power may equal equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) minus path loss plus antenna gain. Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) is expressed in terms of dBW or decibel-watt and is analogous to transit power. Antenna gain may be expressed in dBi (decibel isotropic) as opposed to being expressed in DBd (decibel detail). Signal propagation loss and noise power may be calculated using several well known and publicly available formulas. 
         [0080]    Average noise power equals kTB, wherein “k” is Boltzmann&#39;s constant, “T” is noise temperature in Kelvins, and “B” is bandwidth in Hz. For purposes of calculating signal-to-noise ratio, noise may include interference and jammer effects such that signal-to-noise ratio may more correctly be expressed as signal-to-(noise+jammer+interference) ratio. A typical calculation may be as follows: path loss equals 32.4 plus 20log(f) plus 20log(d) wherein path loss is expressed in decibels, “f” is expressed in Megahertz or MHz, and d is expressed in meters. The primary inputs are therefore operating frequency or wavelength, distance between transmitter and receiver, transmitter power which may be equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP), transmitter antenna gain, receiver antenna gain, and noise power. Using the information provided herein, the following equation may be formed: SNR=(EIRP−(32.4+20log(f)+20log(d))+antenna gains)−kTB 
         [0081]    Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) is transmission power of radio  110  expressed in dBW or decibel-watt without antenna gain. Antenna gains are the sum of all antenna gains and are expressed in dBi (decibel isotropic) as opposed to being expressed in DBd (decibel detail). B is radio frequency bandwidth expressed in gigahertz or GHz. F is frequency expressed in gigahertz or GHz. Locations of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  may be expressed in longitude, latitude, and altitude. Parameters that application  104  may retain are “k” for Boltzmann&#39;s constant, “T” for noise temperature in Kelvins, and “d”, which application  104  determines based on inputs provided by user. Once received signal power has been calculated, application  104  then uses lookup tables, an example of which is provided in  FIG. 13 , to convert signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to bit error rate (BER). The first exemplar lookup table of  FIG. 13 , reference numeral  1302 , depicts three different curves or relationships between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER). The curves indicate a use of different types of modulation including phase key shifting, reference numeral  1304 , and a combination of binary phase key shifting and quadrature phase key shifting, reference numeral  1306 . 
         [0082]      FIG. 14  is a diagram of a second exemplar lookup table in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.  FIG. 14  provides an example of a diagram of a second lookup table in accordance with an illustrative embodiment and may depict results of analysis operations as described herein. Application  104  converts bit error rate (BER) to throughput rate via use of second lookup tables, an example of which is depicted in  FIG. 14 . These lookup tables for converting signal-to-noise ration to bit error rate, and from bit error rate to throughput data rate may be accessed from public information sources. The x-axis of the graph in  FIG. 14 , reference numeral  1402 , represents bit error rate, analogously slot occupation rate. The y-axis of the graph in  FIG. 14 , reference numeral  1404 , represents net throughput rate. The curves in the graph represent different combinations of bit error rate and net throughput. 
         [0083]    In an embodiment, a global positioning system (GPS) may capture location information. The location information may be transmitted automatically by client device  106  to application  104  for processing as described herein. Examples of global positioning system (GPS) interface include IS-GS-164 that may be used by the United States military and NMEA 0183 interface. 
         [0084]    Application  104  also takes into account any jammers or other sources of interference, for example airport radar transmitters. System  100  may be used to test hundreds or thousands of locations of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  and provide the user an opportunity to choose the best radio transmission routes available at the time. User may be subject to a policy with which the user must comply in choosing whether a measure of performance is acceptable or unacceptable. 
         [0085]    System  100  may be useful to military commanders in modeling, simulation, and analysis associated with war games. A commander may, for example, seek to determine if an aircraft moved to a specific location during a bombing operation would have radio linkage to a radio relay or if the radio relay needs to be moved to maintain radio connectivity. Ground troops moving into hostile or unknown territory may seek similar information. Coast guard engaging in search and rescue mission, pipeline workers in remote locations, and oil platform workers may also use system  100 . System  100  may be used by commanders or others to determine if an unobstructed line of sight is available between two points. 
         [0086]    System  100  may be used to predict accuracy of forwarding/routing packets of data within a radio network involving many of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114 . A sending computer connected to radio  110  sends a message containing data to a receiving computer at radio  112  but is unable to do so directly because of distance. The message may get routed and relayed by radios between radio  110  and radio  112 . Application  104  may use the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol, which is a link-state routing protocol for finding the least “cost” (shortest path or route) to move the message from the sending computer and radio  110  to the receiving computer and radio  112 . Application  104  could calculate a combined delay (in milliseconds), a net data rate throughput, and a combined corruption (as a percent, expressed as bit-error-rate or message packet corruption rate) for the intermittent radios relaying the message. 
         [0087]      FIG. 15  is a diagram of a network in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The network depicted in  FIG. 15  may be a radio network.  FIG. 15  depicts an example of a network described above wherein a plurality of nodes or instances of radio  110 , radio  112 , and radio  114  may seek to send messages to each other. Nodes are numbered circles and arrows represent available connections. Node  12 , reference numeral  1502 , is an example of a node or instance of radio  110 , radio  112 , or radio  114 . Reference numeral  1504  is an example of a connection in  FIG. 15 . Application  104  may use the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol to find the lowest cost or shortest path or route to move messages across intermittent nodes from sending computer and radio  110  to receiving computer and radio  112 . Other protocols may also be used. 
         [0088]    Turning now to  FIG. 16 , an illustration of a data processing system is depicted in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Data processing system  1600  in  FIG. 16  is an example of a data processing system that may be used to implement the illustrative embodiments, such as system  100  of  FIG. 1 , or any other module or system or process disclosed herein. In this illustrative example, data processing system  1600  includes communications fabric  1602 , which provides communications between processor unit  1604 , memory  1606 , persistent storage  1608 , communications unit  1610 , input/output (I/O) unit  1612 , and display  1614 . 
         [0089]    Processor unit  1604  serves to execute instructions for software that may be loaded into memory  1606 . Processor unit  1604  may be a number of processors, a multi-processor core, or some other type of processor, depending on the particular implementation. A number, as used herein with reference to an item, means one or more items. Further, processor unit  1604  may be implemented using a number of heterogeneous processor systems in which a main processor is present with secondary processors on a single chip. As another illustrative example, processor unit  1604  may be a symmetric multi-processor system containing multiple processors of the same type. 
         [0090]    Memory  1606  and persistent storage  1608  are examples of storage devices  1616 . A storage device is any piece of hardware that is capable of storing information, such as, for example, without limitation, data, program code in functional form, and/or other suitable information either on a temporary basis and/or a permanent basis. Storage devices  1616  may also be referred to as computer readable storage devices in these examples. Memory  1606 , in these examples, may be, for example, a random access memory or any other suitable volatile or non-volatile storage device. Persistent storage  1608  may take various forms, depending on the particular implementation. 
         [0091]    For example, persistent storage  1608  may contain one or more components or devices. For example, persistent storage  1608  may be a hard drive, a flash memory, a rewritable optical disk, a rewritable magnetic tape, or some combination of the above. The media used by persistent storage  1608  also may be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage  1608 . 
         [0092]    Communications unit  1610 , in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices. In these examples, communications unit  1610  is a network interface card. Communications unit  1610  may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links. 
         [0093]    Input/output (I/O) unit  1612  allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to data processing system  1600 . For example, input/output (I/O) unit  1612  may provide a connection for user input through a keyboard, a mouse, and/or some other suitable input device. Further, input/output (I/O) unit  1612  may send output to a printer. Display  1614  provides a mechanism to display information to a user. 
         [0094]    Instructions for the operating system, applications, and/or programs may be located in storage devices  1616 , which are in communication with processor unit  1604  through communications fabric  1602 . In these illustrative examples, the instructions are in a functional form on persistent storage  1608 . These instructions may be loaded into memory  1606  for execution by processor unit  1604 . The processes of the different embodiments may be performed by processor unit  1604  using computer implemented instructions, which may be located in a memory, such as memory  1606 . 
         [0095]    These instructions are referred to as program code, computer usable program code, or computer readable program code that may be read and executed by a processor in processor unit  1604 . The program code in the different embodiments may be embodied on different physical or computer readable storage media, such as memory  1606  or persistent storage  1608 . 
         [0096]    Program code  1618  is located in a functional form on computer readable media  1620  that is selectively removable and may be loaded onto or transferred to data processing system  1600  for execution by processor unit  1604 . Program code  1618  and computer readable media  1620  form computer program product  1622  in these examples. In one example, computer readable media  1620  may be computer readable storage media  1624  or computer readable signal media  1626 . Computer readable storage media  1624  may include, for example, an optical or magnetic disk that is inserted or placed into a drive or other device that is part of persistent storage  1608  for transfer onto a storage device, such as a hard drive, that is part of persistent storage  1608 . Computer readable storage media  1624  also may take the form of a persistent storage, such as a hard drive, a thumb drive, or a flash memory, that is connected to data processing system  1600 . In some instances, computer readable storage media  1624  may not be removable from data processing system  1600 . 
         [0097]    Alternatively, program code  1618  may be transferred to data processing system  1600  using computer readable signal media  1626 . Computer readable signal media  1626  may be, for example, a propagated data signal containing program code  1618 . For example, computer readable signal media  1626  may be an electromagnetic signal, an optical signal, and/or any other suitable type of signal. These signals may be transmitted over communications links, such as wireless communications links, optical fiber cable, coaxial cable, a wire, and/or any other suitable type of communications link. In other words, the communications link and/or the connection may be physical or wireless in the illustrative examples. 
         [0098]    In some illustrative embodiments, program code  1618  may be downloaded over a network to persistent storage  1608  from another device or data processing system through computer readable signal media  1626  for use within data processing system  1600 . For instance, program code stored in a computer readable storage medium in a server data processing system may be downloaded over a network from the server to data processing system  1600 . The data processing system providing program code  1618  may be a server computer, a client computer, or some other device capable of storing and transmitting program code  1618 . 
         [0099]    The different components illustrated for data processing system  1600  are not meant to provide architectural limitations to the manner in which different embodiments may be implemented. The different illustrative embodiments may be implemented in a data processing system including components in addition to or in place of those illustrated for data processing system  1600 . Other components shown in  FIG. 16  can be varied from the illustrative examples shown. The different embodiments may be implemented using any hardware device or system capable of running program code. As one example, the data processing system may include organic components integrated with inorganic components and/or may be comprised entirely of organic components excluding a human being. For example, a storage device may be comprised of an organic semiconductor. 
         [0100]    In another illustrative example, processor unit  1604  may take the form of a hardware unit that has circuits that are manufactured or configured for a particular use. This type of hardware may perform operations without needing program code to be loaded into a memory from a storage device to be configured to perform the operations. 
         [0101]    For example, when processor unit  1604  takes the form of a hardware unit, processor unit  1604  may be a circuit system, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device, or some other suitable type of hardware configured to perform a number of operations. With a programmable logic device, the device is configured to perform the number of operations. The device may be reconfigured at a later time or may be permanently configured to perform the number of operations. Examples of programmable logic devices include, for example, a programmable logic array, programmable array logic, a field programmable logic array, a field programmable gate array, and other suitable hardware devices. With this type of implementation, program code  1618  may be omitted because the processes for the different embodiments are implemented in a hardware unit. 
         [0102]    In still another illustrative example, processor unit  1604  may be implemented using a combination of processors found in computers and hardware units. Processor unit  1604  may have a number of hardware units and a number of processors that are configured to run program code  1618 . With this depicted example, some of the processes may be implemented in the number of hardware units, while other processes may be implemented in the number of processors. 
         [0103]    As another example, a storage device in data processing system  1600  is any hardware apparatus that may store data. Memory  1605 , persistent storage  1608 , and computer readable media  1620  are examples of storage devices in a tangible form. 
         [0104]    In another example, a bus system may be used to implement communications fabric  1602  and may be comprised of one or more buses, such as a system bus or an input/output bus. Of course, the bus system may be implemented using any suitable type of architecture that provides for a transfer of data between different components or devices attached to the bus system. Additionally, a communications unit may include one or more devices used to transmit and receive data, such as a modem or a network adapter. Further, a memory may be, for example, memory  1605 , or a cache, such as found in an interface and memory controller hub that may be present in communications fabric  1602 . 
         [0105]    Data processing system  1600  may also include associative memory  1628 . Associative memory  1628  may be in communication with communications fabric  1602 . Associative memory  1628  may also be in communication with, or in some illustrative embodiments, be considered part of storage devices  1616 . While one associative memory  1628  is shown, additional associative memories may be present. 
         [0106]    The different illustrative embodiments can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. Some embodiments are implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to forms, such as, for example, firmware, resident software, and microcode. 
         [0107]    Furthermore, the different embodiments can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer usable or computer readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any device or system that executes instructions. For the purposes of this disclosure, a computer usable or computer readable medium can generally be any tangible apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
         [0108]    The computer usable or computer readable medium can be, for example, without limitation an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, or a propagation medium. Non-limiting examples of a computer readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk, and an optical disk. Optical disks may include compact disk—read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk—read/write (CD-R/W), and DVD. 
         [0109]    Further, a computer usable or computer readable medium may contain or store a computer readable or usable program code such that when the computer readable or usable program code is executed on a computer, the execution of this computer readable or usable program code causes the computer to transmit another computer readable or usable program code over a communications link. This communications link may use a medium that is, for example without limitation, physical or wireless. 
         [0110]    A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing computer readable or computer usable program code will include one or more processors coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a communications fabric, such as a system bus. The memory elements may include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some computer readable or computer usable program code to reduce the number of times code may be retrieved from bulk storage during execution of the code. 
         [0111]    Input/output or I/O devices can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. These devices may include, for example, without limitation, keyboards, touch screen displays, and pointing devices. Different communications adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Non-limiting examples of modems and network adapters are just a few of the currently available types of communications adapters. 
         [0112]      FIG. 17  is an illustration of a network in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Components depicted in  FIG. 17  are indexed to components in  FIG. 1 . Server  1702  depicted in  FIG. 17  corresponds to computer  102  depicted in  FIG. 1 . Client  1706   a,  client  1706   b,  client  1706   c,  and client  1706   d  depicted in  FIG. 17  correspond to client device  106  depicted in  FIG. 1 . As noted, client device  106  and computer  102  of system  100  may interact in a client-server arrangement. The configuration depicted in  FIG. 17  may provide an example of such a client-server arrangement. Client  1706   a,  client  1706   b,  client  1706   c,  and client  1706   d,  while provided variants of the same reference numeral, may be identical to each other and located together or they may be entirely different from each other from both a hardware and software perspective and may also be geographically distant from each other. For example, client  1706   a  may be a desktop computer located in North America and client  1706   c  may be a mobile device located in Asia. 
         [0113]    While the term “client” has been used herein in various discussions, the systems and methods provided herein are not dependent on a traditional client and server structure or relationship between client device  106  and computer  102 . In an embodiment client device  106  and computer  102  do not function in a client and server structure. In an embodiment, client device  106  and computer  102  may have a handshaking or other relationship that is limited to the methods provided herein such that client device  106  and computer  102  otherwise perform functions unrelated to the present disclosure. In an embodiment, user communications interfaces are not used in the conduct of the methods provided herein and standards and formats such as Extensible Markup Language (XML) format are not used. In an embodiment, client device  106  and computer  102  do not interact with each other over a wide area network or other network. In an embodiment, client device  106  and computer  102  interact with each other in another manner, such as locally wherein a network is not involved or wherein the functionality of client device  106  and computer  102  relevant to the present disclosure execute on the same physical computer or other device. 
         [0114]    The description of the different illustrative embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, different illustrative embodiments may provide different features as compared to other illustrative embodiments. The embodiment or embodiments selected are chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.