Abstract:
A plasma reactor for physical vapor deposition (PVD), also known as sputtering, which is adapted so that the atomic species sputtered from the target can self-sustain the plasma without the need of a working gas such as argon. The method is particularly useful for sputtering copper. According to the invention, a bias ring arranged around the wafer and rising somewhat above it is positively electrically biased to control the plasma potential, and hence to control the energy and directionality of the ions being sputter deposited on the wafer. The bias ring may be a separate biasing element which can be positioned at a selected height above the wafer.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/859,300, filed May 20, 1997 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,752. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to plasma processing of workpieces such as semiconductor integrated circuits. In particular, the invention relates to the physical vapor deposition (PVD) with sustained self-sputtering. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     A critical part of any advanced semiconductor integrated circuit involves the one or more metallization levels used to contact and interconnect the active semiconductor areas, themselves usually residing in a fairly well defined crystalline silicon substrate. Although it is possible to interconnect a few transistors or other semiconductor devices, such as memory capacitors, within the semiconductor level, the increasingly complex topology of multiple connected devices soon necessitates another level of interconnect. Typically, an active silicon layer with transistors and capacitors formed therein is overlaid with a dielectric layer, for example, silicon dioxide. Contact holes are etched through the dielectric layer to particular contacting areas of the silicon devices. A metal is filled into the contact holes and is also deposited on top of the dielectric layer to form horizontal interconnects between the silicon contacts and other electrical points. Such a process is referred to as metallization. 
     A single level of metallization may suffice for simple integrated circuits of small capacity. However, dense memory chips and especially complex logic devices require additional levels of metallization since a single level does not provide the required level of interconnection between active areas. Additional metallization levels are achieved by depositing over the previous metallized horizontal interconnects another level of dielectric and repeating the process of etching holes, now called vias, through the dielectric, filling the vias and overlaying the added dielectric layer with a metal, and defining the metal above the added dielectric as an additional wiring layer. Very advanced logic devices, for example, fifth-generation microprocessors, have five or more levels of metallization. 
     Conventionally, the metallized layers have been composed of aluminum or aluminum-based alloys additionally comprising at most a few percent of alloying elements such as copper and silicon. The metallization deposition has typically been accomplished by physical vapor deposition (PVD), also known as sputtering. A conventional PVD reactor  10  is illustrated schematically in cross section in FIG. 1, and the illustration is based upon the Endura PVD Reactor available from Applied Materials, Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif. The reactor  10  includes a vacuum chamber  12  sealed to a PVD target  14  composed of the material to be sputter deposited on a wafer  16  held on a heater pedestal  18 . A shield  20  held within the chamber protects the chamber wall  12  from the sputtered material and provides the anode grounding plane. A selectable DC power supply  22  biases the target negatively to about −600VDC with respect to the shield  20 . Conventionally, the pedestal  18  and hence the wafer  16  is left electrically floating. 
     A gas source  24  of sputtering working gas, typically chemically inactive argon, supplies the working gas to the chamber through a mass flow controller  26 . A vacuum system  28  maintains the chamber at a low pressure. Although the chamber can be held to a base pressure of about 10 −7  Torr or even lower, the pressure of the working gas is typically kept between about 1 and 1000 mTorr. A computer-based controller  30  controls the reactor including the DC power supply  22  and the mass flow controller  26 . 
     When the argon is admitted into the chamber, the DC voltage ignites the argon into a plasma, and the positively charged argon ions are attracted to the negatively charged target  14 . The ions strike the target  14  at a substantial energy and cause target atoms or atomic clusters to be sputtered from the target  14 . Some of the target particles strike the wafer  16  and are thereby deposited on it, thereby forming a film of the target material. 
     To provide efficient sputtering, a magnetron  32  is positioned in back of the target  14 . It has opposed magnets  34 ,  36  creating a magnetic field within the chamber in the neighborhood of the magnets  34 ,  36 . The magnetic field traps electrons, and, for charge neutrality, the ion density also increases to form a high-density plasma region  38  within the chamber adjacent to the magnetron  32 . 
     With the continuing miniaturization of integrated circuits, the demands upon the metallization have increased. Many now believe that aluminum metallization should be replaced by copper metallization. Murarka et al. provide a comprehensive review article on copper metallization in “Copper metallization for ULSI and beyond,”  Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Science , vol. 10, no. 2, 1995, pp. 87-124. Copper offers a number of advantages. Its bulk resistivity is less than that of aluminum, 1.67 μΩ-cm vs. 2.7 μΩ-cm for pure material, and any reduction in resistivity offers significant advantages as the widths and thicknesses of the metallization interconnects continue to decrease. Furthermore, a continuing problem with aluminum metallization is the tendency of aluminum atoms in an aluminum interconnect carrying a high current density to migrate along the interconnect, especially away from hot spots, in a process called electromigration. Any excessive amount of such migration will break an aluminum interconnect and destroy the integrated circuit. Copper-based alloys exhibit significantly reduced levels of electromigration. 
     Copper metallization is an unproven technology and is acknowledged to entail difficulties not experienced with the conventional aluminum metallization. However, it may afford ways to circumvent problems inherent in aluminum metallization. 
     One problem inherent in conventional sputtering is that it is performed in a fairly high pressure of the inert working gas, such as argon. However, the argon environment presents two problems. First, it is inevitable that some argon ions are deposited on the substrate and incorporated into the sputter deposited aluminum. Although the effect of these usually inactive argon ions is not precisely known, it is estimated that they reduce the conductivity of the sputter deposited aluminum by 50%. 
     Sputtering to fill holes relies at least in part on the sputtered particles being ballistically transported from the target to the wafer, that is, without scattering from the initial course. The ballistic trajectories allow the sputtered particles to arrive at the wafer nearly perpendicularly to the wafer&#39;s surface and thus to deeply penetrate into any aperture. However, the typical sputtering process is performed in an argon ambient of from 1 to 100 mTorr. Such a high pressure means that there is a significant probability that the aluminum sputter particles will collide with the argon atoms and thus be deflected from their ballistic paths. Accordingly, low-pressure sputtering is believed to provide better hole filling for deep vias. However, low pressure is generally equated with low deposition rates so that reducing the pressure is not a favored method for better directionality. Furthermore, a minimum pressure of about 0.2 mTorr is required to support a plasma in the usual configuration of FIG.  1 . 
     High-density plasma (HDP) sputter reactors are being actively developed and are approaching commercialization. One of the advantages of HDP sputtering is that a sizable fraction of the sputtered particles are ionized during their travel toward the substrate. Then, the pedestal supporting the wafer can be selectively biased by an RF source to create a DC self-bias with respect to the positively charged plasma. As a result, the wafer can be biased negatively with respect to the plasma (−20V being a typical value), and the positively charged sputtered ions are accelerated from the generally neutral plasma toward the substrate. The added velocity provides a highly directional flux normal to the plane of the substrate, thus reaching deeply into holes of high aspect ratios. Nulman in European Patent Publication 703,598-A1 discloses inserting a negatively biased grid between the substrate and the HDP source using argon working gas. 
     There has been much recent interest in the PVD deposition of copper films using sustained self-sputtering (SSS), for example, as disclosed by Posadowski et al. in “Sustained self-sputtering using a direct current magnetron source,”  Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology , A, vol. 11, no. 6, 1993, pp. 2980-2984. No working gas is used in sustained self-sputtering, at least after the plasma has been ignited. Instead, a sufficient number of the atoms sputtered from the target are ionized and then attracted back to the target at sufficiently high energy to serve as the sputtering ions in place of the more typical argon ions. 
     The condition for achieving self-sustained sputtering, which is observed only with some target materials under special conditions, may be expressed as 
     
       
         α·β·S m =1,  (1) 
       
     
     where α is the ionization fraction of the atoms sputtered from the target, β is the ratio of sputtered atoms that return to the target, and S m  is the self-sputtering yield, that is, the number of copper atoms in the case of a copper target that are sputtered from the target by one returning copper atom. The ionization fraction and the return ratio depend upon both the material and the current density, as well as other operating conditions, but the two factors are necessarily less than unity. Generally the product αβ increases at high current density. Hence, a large value of the self-sputtering yield is crucial for sustained self-sputtering, and a high current density is also important. The conventional metallization material Al and other metals used with Al hole filling, viz., Ti, Mo, W, and Ta, have sub-unity self-sputtering yields, thus precluding their use in sustained self-sputtering. However, Cu has an acceptable value of self-sputtering, as do Pd, Pt, Ag, and Au. 
     One of the advantages of self-sustained sputtering is the high ionization fraction of the sputtered particles. In sustained self-sputtering for wafers of larger size, the pedestal needs to be grounded to act as the anode, and it thus attracts the ionized sputtered particles to the wafer. Also, the potential inside the plasma, typically a fairly constant value V p  believed to be in the neighborhood of 20V, is always positive so that the ionized particles are accelerated across the plasma sheath to the grounded pedestal and wafer. The added velocity normal to the wafer plane facilitates filling of deep holes. 
     Asamaki et al. have reported the SST deposition of copper in “Copper self-sputtering by planar magnetron,”  Japanese Journal of Applied Physics , vol. 33, pt. 1, no. 5A, 1994, pp. 2500-2503 and in “Filling of sub-μm through holes by self-sputter deposition,”  Japanese Journal of Applied Physics , vol. 33, pt. 1, no. 8, 1994, pp. 4566-4569. They reported in the last reference very good bottom coverage in 0.4 μm holes having aspect ratios of about 3. 
     However, the known SSS work has been of an experimental nature and several difficult problems need to be addressed before sustained self-sputtering can be commercialized for the mass integrated circuit market. 
     Self-sustained sputtering, while offering several advantages, has some inherent drawbacks that have not been adequately addressed. In a more conventional sputtering reactor, the argon working pressure and the plasma density can be varied to control the sputtering. In HDP sputtering, the plasma power can be decoupled from the target power by inductively coupling power into the plasma. Thereby, the ionization fraction of sputtered particles can be controlled by the plasma density while the plasma sheath voltage can be separately controlled, thus controlling the directionality of sputtered ions incident on the wafer. In self-sustained sputtering, the target power needs to be maximized to achieve SSS in the high-density plasma region. While a high fraction of the sputtered particles are ionized, the control of the sheath voltage is not easily controlled and the pressure of the working gas is effectively too low to have much effect. In sustained self-sputtering for larger wafers, the wafer is grounded so that it cannot be further biased to control the velocity of sputtered ions incident upon it, a well known technique for deep hole filling. 
     Accordingly, it is desired to provide more control of the plasma in sustained self-sputtering. Also, it is desired to provide more control of the energy and directionality of the sputtered ion as it approaches the substrate being sputter deposited in sustained self-sputtering. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A self-sustained sputtering plasma reactor, particularly applicable to sputtering copper, in which a bias ring is positioned around and preferably above the substrate being sputtered deposited to control the potential of the plasma, and thus control the sheath voltage and the energy and directionality of the sputtered ions incident upon the substrate. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional PVD reactor. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a PVD reactor according to the invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a clamping ring used also as a bias ring. 
     FIG. 4 is a plan view of a multi-segment bias ring of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG.  2 . For self-sustained sputtering, argon is admitted into the chamber  12  to ignite the plasma, but, once it is ignited, the argon pressure is substantially reduced and the high-density plasma region  38  is sustained by the copper ions sputtered from the target  14 . Also, in this embodiment, the pedestal  18  is AC and DC grounded. Typically, a metal clamp ring  40  holds the wafer  16  against the pedestal  18  and is also used to shield the periphery of the wafer  16  from sputter deposition. The clamp ring  40  extends only a few millimeters above the top surface of the wafer  16  and, in this embodiment, is held at the potential of the pedestal. The clamp ring  40  is typically made of stainless steel, a moderate electrical conductor, although for titanium sputtering it is more often made of titanium. 
     According to this embodiment of the invention, a bias ring  42  is positioned around the wafer  16  and clamp ring  40 . Preferably, it has a tubular, generally cylindrical shape, and it composed of high-purity, high-conductivity copper to minimize contaminants. The bias ring  42  is located within the shield  20  but is electrically isolated from it. A second variable DC power supply  44  variably biases the bias ring  42 , typically to a few tenths of a volt positive with respect to the shield  20  and to the pedestal  18  or to any other electrically biased portion of the chamber facing the plasma. 
     The biasing ring  42  is located radially outside the clamp ring  40  by a small distance, preferably a few millimeters to 1 or 2 cm. The close spacing maximizes the biasing effect of the bias ring  42  upon the potential above the wafer  16 . The top of the bias ring  42  is located a few centimeters above the clamp ring  40  and the wafer  16 . As a result, it interacts with the plasma above the wafer  16 . The added electrical potential provided by the bias ring  42  operates to raise the plasma potential V p  and hence to increase the sheath voltage adjacent to the grounded wafer  16 . Expressed differently, it effectively negatively biases the wafer  16  with respect to the quasi neutral portion of the plasma so as to accelerate the sputtered copper ions as they exit the plasma towards the wafer  16 . The amount of effective negative bias can be adjusted by changing the adjustable DC power supply  44 . However, it is believed that biasing voltages of about 20VDC provide the type of control required for advanced hole filling. Furthermore, the height of the bias ring  42  can be adjusted by well known chamber mechanisms to optimize the deposition. However, if it is raised too high it will disturb the uniformity of the plasma. 
     Although the high-density region  38  of the plasma is crucial for sustained self-sputtering, the overall SSS plasma within the chamber  12  shares some characteristics with a conventional plasma of a working gas while differing in other characteristics. The conventional plasma is relatively cold, the argon ions having an energy of about 0.1eV compared to an equilibrium thermal energy of 0.026eV at room temperature. In contrast, an SSS plasma is relatively hot since the atoms sputtered from the target have kinetic energies in the range of 1 to 10eV, and subsequent ionization does not significantly change the energy. Of course, the electron temperature may still be much higher than that of the ions. The copper ions in the SSS plasma thus have a much higher energy, that is, form a hotter plasma. Nonetheless, as the copper ions ballistically travel to the wafer, they travel through a region that is quasi neutral since electrons are available to also fill the chamber. Thus, the entire region between the target and wafer can be characterized as a plasma, albeit a plasma that is not in thermal equilibrium. A plasma sheath and associated voltage drop necessarily form close to the wafer. The thickness of the plasma sheath is approximately inversely proportional to square root of the plasma density. This situation does not fundamentally differ from the conventional situation in which the plasma density is highest near the magnetron and drops off closer to the wafer. As a result, when the bias ring extends into the region occupied otherwise by the plasma and its sheath, applied bias will affect the plasma conditions, in particular raising the plasma potential. In a plasma, the electrons move much more quickly than the ions and deposit on any surface near the plasma. Thus, adjusting the potential of the adjacent surface will be reflected by the potential within the plasma. 
     For sustained self-sputtering, the pedestal must be grounded relative to the negatively biased target to act as the anode, and therefore also attracts the large fraction of ionized copper ions while for conventional sputtering most of the target atoms are uncharged and ballistically travel to the wafer as well as to other chamber surfaces. For conventional HDP sputtering in which a high fraction of target atoms are ionized, usually by inductively coupled energy, the wafer can be independently biased to control the terminal velocity of the ionized sputtered atoms. According to the invention, the relative biasing of the target and wafer are used to sustain the self-sputtering plasma, and the bias ring controls the plasma potential and hence the terminal velocity of the ionized sputtered atoms. The planar geometry of the plasma excitation bias is more favorable than conventional anode grounding by means of the cylindrical shield. The electrical biasing of the bias ring can be done nearly independently of the plasma excitation. 
     Although the bias ring described above provides the optimum circumferential symmetry, it is not believed that a completely circular ring is required. A number of conductive pins extending longitudinally along the chamber axis above the wafer and arranged along the outline of a ring will similarly affect the plasma potential if the pins are equally biased. Even a minimum of three pins would provide fairly symmetric plasma biasing rings. However, the plasma biasing would be more effective if the separate biasing elements have a larger area, for example, as illustrated in the plan view of FIG. 4, equally biased electrode segments  60  arranged in the shape of a circle with gaps  62  between the segments  60 . 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a separate bias ring is not required. Instead, the variable DC power supply is connected to the clamp ring  40 . Additionally, the clamp ring is modified, as shown by clamp ring  46  in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3, to have a metallic body  48  on its side facing the plasma and an insulating film  50  on its side touching the wafer  16  and pedestal  18 . The DC power supply is connected to the metallic body  48  through an electrical line  52 . Thereby, the clamp ring  46  can be biased independently of the wafer  16 . Alternatively, the clamp ring can be formed principally of an insulating ceramic with a metallic film on its top surface, and the DC power supply is connected to the metallic film. 
     The invention thus provides a method and apparatus of controlling the sputtering characteristics in sustained self-sputter. In particular, electrical biasing can control the energy and directionality of the sputtered particles. This control is achieved with minimal influence upon the principal conditions of sustained self-sputtering.