Abstract:
A rotor ( 10 ) for a generator, especially for a turbogenerator, is assembled from a plurality of separate rotor elements ( 11, 12 ) which are arranged one behind the other in the rotor axis ( 18 ), wherein the rotor elements ( 11, 12 ) abut on connecting faces and are welded to one another, forming circular weld seams ( 17 ) which concentrically encompass in each case an annular central gap ( 37 ) with a predetermined gap width. In order to achieve a maximum magnetically active volume with mechanical stresses which are as low as possible, on the outer circumference of the gap ( 37 ) the gap merges into a widening cavity ( 38 ) which is adjacent to the weld seam ( 17 ).

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Swiss Application No. 00350/07, filed 2 Mar. 2007, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field of Endeavor 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to generators for generating electrical energy, and more specifically to turbogenerator rotors. 
         [0004]    2. Brief Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    For a long time it has been known to produce rotors of large turbomachines, such as steam turbines or gas turbines, from individual rotor elements which are welded together to form a unit (see, for example, EP A1-0 604 754). As a result of this, it is possible, inter alia, to produce the thermally differently stressed sections of the rotor from different materials, and to optimize the sections of the rotor with regard to cost and stability. Also, in the case of materials purchasing, it is simpler to procure comparatively small disk-shaped elements than to procure a specially manufactured and formed monoblock. 
         [0006]    With the rotors of electric generators, especially turbogenerators, the production of the rotor by welding together individual disk-shaped elements up to now has not been enforced. With rotors of turbogenerators, in addition to the mechanical and thermal characteristics, attention is also to be paid to the magnetic and electrical characteristics because the rotors are part of a magnetic circuit and customarily carry a winding. For accommodating the winding, slots, which extend in the axial direction, are provided in the body of the rotor and are radially let into the inside of the rotor with a certain slot depth (see, for example, EP 1 361 642). 
         [0007]    Rotors, which are assembled from individual disks, of turbogenerators have at times been proposed in the past: A rotor for turbogenerators, which is assembled from solid disks which are arranged in series axially next to each, is known from DE Patent No. 573 512. The end disks are produced in one piece with the shaft end pieces. The disks are connected to one another on their circumferences by means of weld seams. For supporting the weld seams, it can be advantageous to additionally connect the disks to one another by means of bolts. For stabilization, the disk faces can also be provided in an alternating manner with projections and recesses which interlock. 
         [0008]    For increasing the strength, weld seams can also be provided along the winding slots which are cut into the circumference of the rotor. In this case, it is disadvantageous that the narrow weld seams which are restricted to the edge, especially if they are still broken by the winding slots, enable only a limited strength of the welded rotor. Additional weld seams in the slots certainly increase the strength to a certain extent, but are to be realized only at high cost. 
         [0009]    A rotor for a turbogenerator is furthermore known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,780,428, in which the rotor body is also constructed by welding along the edges of a number of disks. In this case, additional strength is imparted to the narrow weld seams by the end pieces of the rotor being connected by means of an internal bolt which puts the rotor under compressive strain in the axial direction. Also, these measures for increasing the strength are extremely costly and lead to a very complex construction of the rotor. 
         [0010]    Rotors of turbogenerators with deep weld seams have also already been proposed in the past (see DE-B-1-017 263). 
         [0011]    In light of a resurgent nuclear business, large rotors (4-pole turbogenerators, individual weight of the generator rotor of up to 300 tons) are again called for. Such large forgings can only be manufactured worldwide by a few vendors to order. A reject risk exists, which possibly can only be established in the subsequent machining state. 
         [0012]    Sometimes, with increasing sizes and increasing weight of the forging, inhomogeneities occur with regard to physical characteristics and manufacturing-dependent residual stresses. Smaller forgings, however, can be completely forged very well and hardly any risk is run of the rotor being twisted during the finish process as a result of asymmetries in the material structure. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0013]    One of numerous aspects of the present invention includes a rotor for a generator, especially for a turbogenerator, which is constructed from disk-shaped rotor elements which are welded to one another, and which has a magnetically active volume which is as large as possible with high mechanical strength, and a method for its production. 
         [0014]    Yet another aspect of the present invention includes that, on the outer circumference of the gap between the rotor elements which are welded to one another, this gap merges into a widening cavity which is adjacent to the weld seam. As a result of this, it is especially possible to geometrically form the cavity in such a way that on the one hand its volume is as small as possible, and on the other hand the lowest possible mechanical stresses occur in its region. 
         [0015]    A further aspect includes that the weld seams on the inner edge have an encompassing root seam in each case, that the cavity comprises an undercut on both sides at the radial level of the root seam, and that the cavity between undercut and gap is delimited by a transition contour. 
         [0016]    Yet another aspect includes that the transition contour is linear and leads into the gap at a predetermined angle. Alternatively to this, the transition contour can be formed in the shape of an arc with a predetermined radius. 
         [0017]    Another aspect includes that a multiplicity of winding slots for accommodating a winding, which extend in the axial direction, are provided on the rotor and distributed over the circumference, in that the winding slots are oriented with a slot depth in the radial direction, and that the weld seams which are located in the region of the slots have a weld seam depth which is greater than the slot depth of the winding slots. 
         [0018]    The rotor elements are advantageously formed essentially cylindrical, and the weld seam depth of the weld seams is advantageously constant over the entire circumference of the rotor. 
         [0019]    Furthermore, it is advantageous, for the formation of the gap, if the connecting faces are oriented perpendicularly to the rotor axis and are formed essentially flat. 
         [0020]    Another aspect includes that the rotor has a rotor body with a first outside diameter, and two shaft ends with a second and third outside diameter, the first outside diameter is larger than the second and third outside diameters, and weld seams are provided in the region of the body and in the region of the shaft ends. As a result of this, large jumps in the outside diameter in the forgings for the shaft ends can be avoided. 
         [0021]    Alternatively to this, the rotor can have a rotor body with a first outside diameter, two shaft ends with a second and third outside diameter, the first outside diameter being larger than the second and third outside diameters, and weld seams are provided only in the region of the rotor body. As a result of this, the sometimes high requirements with regard to straightness and concentricity of the shaft ends can be easily fulfilled. 
         [0022]    According to yet another aspect of the invention, as rotor elements the rotor comprises a plurality of disks which are welded to one another close to the two shaft ends, wherein the axial lengths of the disks are different. In this way, for example, thin disks can advantageously be provided at the end of the rotor body. 
         [0023]    According to a further aspect, the shaft ends and/or disks can have one or more central cavities which are especially formed as continuous holes or as blind holes. The cavities can be used for material inspections, feeding of excitation current, feed and discharge of cooling media and suchlike. This is especially favorable on account of the cross-shaped magnetic field configuration for 4-pole turbogenerator rotors. The shaft ends in this case can be solidly constructed or constructed with blind holes, for example for sealing against cooling gas or to achieve high mechanical strengths in places. Also, it is conceivable to use disks with a plurality of individual cavities. The size of the cavity of the disks can be different, in order to improve the mechanical behavior of the rotor if necessary. Also, the height of the weld seams in the region of the rotor body can be different. 
         [0024]    The gap between the welded disks should have a gap width which is as small as possible. In particular, the gap width is approximately equal to the weld seam width of the weld seam. 
         [0025]    Furthermore, for material inspection and/or for feed and discharge of cooling media, radial passages can be provided which lead from the cavities to the outer contour of the rotor or to winding slots which are arranged in the rotor body. 
         [0026]    A development of the production method embodying principles of the invention, includes that the rotor is low-stress annealed before turning. 
         [0027]    Another aspect includes that rotor elements are used which, on the sides which are to be welded between the cavity and the adjacent weld gap, have encompassing collar webs for centring and for adjustment of the width of the gap, and which by a stepped edge contour interlock with a centring action and are fused during subsequent welding. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0028]    The invention is to be subsequently described in more detail based on exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the drawing. In the drawing 
           [0029]      FIG. 1  shows a longitudinal section through a rotor according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, in which the weld seams are located exclusively in the rotor body and blind holes are introduced into the rotor from both ends; 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  shows a longitudinal section through a rotor according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, in which the one shaft end is solidly constructed, and, by a weld seam (S) in the shaft ends, can be constructed without a diameter jump; 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  shows a longitudinal section through a rotor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, in which the winding slots are apparent, and a central blind hole is used for feed of a cooling medium; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  shows in different partial FIGS. ( 4   a  to  4   d ) different exemplary embodiments for the rotor body of a rotor according to the invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  shows in different partial FIGS. ( 5   a  to  5   c ) different exemplary embodiments for the shaft ends of a rotor according to the invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 6  shows an exemplary embodiment for the design of a welded connection between disk and shaft end of a rotor according to the invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 7  shows in an enlarged detailed view a possible development of the cavity, which extends around the gap, in the welded connection, with linear transition contour; 
           [0036]      FIG. 8  shows, in an enlarged detailed view, another possible development of the cavity, which extends around the gap, in the welded connection, with transition contour in the shape of an arc; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 9  shows, in an enlarged detailed view, two rotor elements which are adjacent to one another before welding, and which for centring and for keeping the gap open are equipped in each case with an encompassing collar web. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0038]    In  FIGS. 1 to 3 , different exemplary embodiments of a turbogenerator rotor embodying principles of the invention are represented in longitudinal section. 
         [0039]    The rotor  10  of  FIG. 1  is assembled from two disks  12 ,  13  which are concentrically arranged in the direction of the rotor axis  18  and welded to one another and welded at the ends in each case to a shaft end  11  or  14 . The disks  12 ,  13  and the shaft ends  11 ,  14  together represent the rotor elements, which are formed essentially cylindrical. The connecting faces of the rotor elements  11 , . . . ,  14 , by which the rotor elements are interconnected (welded), are oriented perpendicularly to the rotor axis  18  and formed essentially flat. 
         [0040]    The rotor body of the rotor  10  is formed by the two disks  12 ,  13  and inner sections of the two shaft ends  11 ,  14 . It is characterized by an outside diameter which is enlarged in relation to the shaft ends  11 ,  14 . The winding slots ( 19  in  FIG. 3 ), which accommodate the rotor winding, are situated in the rotor body. The division of the rotor  10  into the rotor elements  11 , . . . ,  14  in this case has been undertaken so that there are weld seams  17  only in the region of the rotor body. As a result of this, the sometimes high requirements with regard to straightness and concentricity of the shaft ends  11 ,  14  are easily fulfilled. 
         [0041]    The axial lengths of the disks  12 ,  13  are selected to be varying in length; for example thin disks can be arranged at the end of the rotor body. Central axial holes  15 ,  16  can be provided in the rotor  10 , which in the example of  FIG. 1  are formed as two blind holes which reach into the rotor  10  from opposite sides by different distances. The left-hand hole  15  in this case reaches through the left-hand shaft end  11  and through the first disk  12  which is adjacent to it, and terminates in the second disk  13 . The right-hand hole  16  terminates in the right-hand shaft end  14  so that no passage exists between the two holes  15 ,  16 . The two holes especially serve for weight optimization (weight reduction). The loss of magnetically active volume which accompanies it is low if the rotor  10  is especially of 4-pole design. 
         [0042]    In the case of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2 , the rotor  10 ′ also includes two shaft ends  11 ,  14  and two disks  12 ,  13  which are arranged between them and welded to one another. Unlike the rotor  10  of  FIG. 1 , however, in this case the left-hand shaft end  11  is solidly constructed, as a result of which, for example, it is suitable for higher torques. The right-hand hole  16  stays the same compared with  FIG. 1 , however the left-hand hole  15 ′ is reduced in axial length on the two disks  12  and  13 . In this case, an additional weld seam S in the shaft end is indicated by the dotted line in the left-hand shaft end  11 . As a result of this, large jumps in the outside diameter in the forgings for the shaft ends are avoided. 
         [0043]    In the case of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the winding slots  19 , which accommodate the rotor winding and have a slot depth T N , are drawn-in in the body of the rotor  10 ″. The weld seams  17 , which are located in the region of the winding slots  19 , advantageously have a weld seam depth (T W  in  FIG. 7 ) which is greater than the slot depth T N  of the winding slots  19 . In particular, the weld seam depth of the weld seams  17  can be constant over the whole circumference of the rotor  10 ,  10 ′,  10 ″. In the example of  FIG. 3 , the central hole  16 ′, which reaches from one side into the rotor  10 ″, is used as a feed for a (gaseous) cooling medium which is fed into the hole  16 ′ through first cooling gas passages  20 ,  21  in the region of the shaft end, and which, through second cooling gas passages  22  which are arranged in a distributed manner over the rotor body, cools the rotor winding or the rotor body (see also the flow arrows in  FIG. 3 ). 
         [0044]    In  FIGS. 4 and 5 , different embodiments for the rotor body ( FIG. 4 ) and for the shaft ends ( FIG. 5 ) are represented. The rotor body  23  of  FIG. 4   a  is solidly constructed. The rotor body  24  of  FIG. 4   b  has a continuous central hole  25 . The rotor body  26  has a blind hole  27  which extends from the one (right-hand) side. The rotor body  28  of  FIG. 4   d  finally has two blind holes  29  and  30  which are opposed in a mirror-image manner. The associated disks on the inside correspondingly have a (central) cavity which can be used for material inspections, feeding excitation current, and also for feed and/or discharge of cooling media. This is especially advantageous for 4-pole turbogenerator rotors with cross-shaped magnetic field pattern. It is also conceivable to use disks with a plurality of individual cavities. The different cavities can be continuous or discontinuous (blind holes from one or both sides) (in addition, see also  FIGS. 1-3 ). 
         [0045]    Disks and shaft ends can have radial holes (for example the cooling gas passages  20 - 22  in  FIG. 3 ) to the outer contour or to the winding slots (for material inspections, feed and/or discharge of cooling media). The shaft ends can be solidly constructed (shaft end  31 ), or constructed with blind holes (shaft end  34 ; blind holes  35 ,  36 ), or constructed with a continuous central hole  33  (shaft end  32 ) (see  FIGS. 5   a - c ), for example for sealing against cooling gas, or in order to achieve high mechanical strengths in places. 
         [0046]    The size of the cavity of the disks can be different in order to improve the mechanical behavior of the rotor if necessary. Similarly, the height of the weld seams in the region of the rotor body can be different. 
         [0047]    In order to achieve a magnetically active volume of the rotor body which is as large as possible, the cavities beneath the weld seams  17  have a gap  37  which is as small as possible in the rotors according to the invention ( FIG. 6 ). This is achieved by including parallel disk faces, upon the outer edge of which a specially configured cavern in the form of an encompassing cavity  38  is arranged. In order to be able to center the rotor elements  11  and  12 , which are to be welded, in relation to one another, and to maintain the gap  37  open during welding, encompassing collar webs  43 ,  44  with the same radius are provided on both rotor elements  11 ,  12  according to  FIG. 9  between the cavity  38  and the adjacent weld gap, and which by a stepped edge contour  45  interlock with a centring action and are fused during subsequent welding so that the final state which is shown in  FIG. 7  or  8  results. 
         [0048]    The gap  37  and the cavity  38  are made as follows: The gap width (B in  FIGS. 7 ,  8 ) between the disks  11 ,  12  (parallel gap) is as small as possible in order to achieve a maximum magnetically active volume. A customary gap dimension in the axial direction is the weld seam width which ensures a complete inspection of the weld seam. 
         [0049]    The cavern  38  on the outer edge of the gap  37  is as small as possible in the radial extent (height H) and axial length, again in order to achieve a maximum magnetically active volume. The cavern  38  is geometrically formed so that mechanical stresses which are as low as possible occur. It generally includes an undercut  40  (on both sides) of height h at the radial level of the root seam  39  of the weld seam  17 , and a transition contour  41  or  42  to the parallel gap  37 . The transition contour can be constructed in the shape of an arc ( 42  in  FIG. 8 ; radius R), linearly ( 41  in  FIG. 7 ; straight line beneath angle α), or by a combination of both. 
         [0050]    The manufacture of the rotor  10 ,  10 ′,  10 ″ is carried out in a way in which the disks  12 ,  13  are initially welded over 360° with constant depth which is greater than the slot depth T N . Low-stress annealing, if necessary, turning of the whole rotor and cutting of the winding slots  19 , are then carried out. 
         [0051]    This manufacturing sequence has the following advantages:
       When cutting the winding slots, no swarf falls into the gaps between the disks.   Good inspection of the welded connection over the supporting height of the rotor teeth (between the winding slots).   Stocking of standardized disks (which are pre-inspected) enables short lead times.   The risk of rejection of a monoblock forging, which is manufactured to order, is eliminated (in the case of rejection of a large monoblock, a delivery delay of more than 1 year can result).   High precision of rotor slots with regard to geometric form in plane and straightness, and parallelity over the whole body length.       
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 LIST OF DESIGNATIONS 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 10, 10′, 10″ 
                 Rotor (welded, for turbogenerator) 
               
               
                   
                 11, 14 
                 Shaft end 
               
               
                   
                 12, 13 
                 Disk 
               
               
                   
                 15, 15′, 16, 16′ 
                 Hole 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 Weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 Rotor axis 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 Winding slot 
               
               
                   
                 20, 21, 22 
                 Cooling gas passage 
               
               
                   
                 23, 24, 26, 28 
                 Rotor body 
               
               
                   
                 25, 33 
                 Central hole 
               
               
                   
                 27, 29, 30 
                 Blind hole 
               
               
                   
                 31, 32, 34 
                 Shaft end 
               
               
                   
                 35, 36 
                 Blind hole 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 Gap 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 Cavity (cavern) 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 Root seam 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 Undercut 
               
               
                   
                 41, 42 
                 Transition contour 
               
               
                   
                 43, 44 
                 Collar web (encompassing) 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 Edge contour (stepped, interlocking) 
               
               
                   
                 α 
                 Angle (transition contour) 
               
               
                   
                 b 
                 Weld seam width 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 Gap width 
               
               
                   
                 h 
                 Height (undercut) 
               
               
                   
                 H 
                 Height (cavity) 
               
               
                   
                 R 
                 Radius (transition contour) 
               
               
                   
                 S 
                 Weld seam (in shaft end) 
               
               
                   
                 T N   
                 Slot depth (winding slot) 
               
               
                   
                 T W   
                 Weld seam depth 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    While the invention has been described in detail with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and equivalents employed, without departing from the scope of the invention. The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents. The entirety of each of the aforementioned documents is incorporated by reference herein.