Abstract:
The present invention is a low-loss polarized antenna for satellite communications and polarimetric weather radar. The antenna may comprise: (a) a microstrip patch antenna, (b) a waveguide, and (c) a coupling interface between the antenna and waveguide. The microstrip patch antennas may individually comprise: (i) a patch radiator having a defined area, and (ii) an associated microstrip. 
     In a further embodiment of the invention, an antenna array is presented. The antenna array may comprise: (a) a plurality of microstrip antennas, and (b) a plurality of waveguides. The antenna array may further comprise: (c) a waveguide combiner. The microstrip patch antennas may individually comprise: (i) a patch radiator having a defined area, and (ii) an associated microstrip. 
     In still a further embodiment of the invention, a method for the manufacturing of an antenna is presented. The method may comprise the step: (a) operably coupling a microstrip patch antenna to a waveguide.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to the transmission and reception of radio frequency signals and, more particularly to a low-profile, low-loss antenna apparatus. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   In many telecommunications applications, microstrip antennas are employed. There are several types of microstrip antennas (also known as printed antennas), the most common of which is the microstrip patch antenna. A microstrip patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching an antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating substrate. Because such antennas may be low profile, mechanically rugged and conformable, they are often employed on aircraft and spacecraft, or are incorporated into mobile radio communications devices. 
   Microstrip antennas are also relatively inexpensive to manufacture and design because of the simple 2-dimensional physical geometry. An advantage inherent to patch antennas is the ability to either transmit or receive (i.e. transceive) electromagnetic signals having polarization diversity. Patch antennas can easily be designed to have Vertical, Horizontal, Right Hand Circular (RHCP) or Left Hand Circular (LHCP) Polarizations with a single antenna feedpoint. This unique property allows patch antennas to be used in many types of communications links that may have varied requirements. 
   Another potential improvement for modern communications devices is the incorporation of waveguide architectures. Waveguides represent an effective mechanism for conveying signals with very little degradation or loss. Waveguides are commonly used in microwave communications, broadcasting, and radar installations. A waveguide consists of a rectangular or cylindrical metal tube or pipe. The electromagnetic field propagates lengthwise. 
   To function properly, a waveguide must have a certain minimum cross-sectional dimensions relative to the wavelength of the desired signal. If the waveguide is too narrow or the frequency is too low (i.e. the wavelength is too long), the electromagnetic fields cannot propagate. At any frequency above the cutoff (the lowest frequency at which the waveguide is large enough), the feed line will work well, although certain operating characteristics vary depending on the number of wavelengths in the cross section. 
   Mobility is a prime concern in the design of modern communications systems. Users are more likely than ever to require information in a variety of locales, thereby necessitating efficient mechanisms for ensuring the integrity of communicated data while minimizing the physical dimensions of individual communication system devices. Airborne TV antenna systems present a unique design challenge. Such antennas must be light weight, inexpensive, and capable of receiving dual circular-polarization (CP) radio frequency (RF) signals. Additionally, in order to be tail-mount compatible with medium size aircraft, the antennas must be able to fit in a package on the order of a 9″ swept volume. 
   Additionally, many current weather radars, including NEXRAD, transmit and receive radio waves with a single, horizontal polarization. However, the next generation of functionality in radar systems, such as polarimetric radar, may require a dual linear-polarization (LP) aperture. 
   As such it would be desirable to provide a low cost, light weight, high efficiency radiating antenna architecture capable of dual CP operation in an aircraft tail-mount compatible footprint or dual LP operation in weather radar. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a low-loss, dual polarized antenna. In general, the invention applies to systems where a microstrip patch antenna is combined with a waveguide for the transmission or reception of electromagnetic signals. 
   In an embodiment of the invention, a low-loss, dual polarized antenna is presented. The antenna may comprise: (a) a microstrip patch antenna, (b) a waveguide, and (c) a coupling interface between the antenna and waveguide. The microstrip patch antennas in the array may individually comprise: (i) a patch radiator having a defined area, and (ii) an associated microstrip. The configuration of the microstrip may dictate the polarity and phase of the signal that is either transmitted or received by the microstrip patch antenna. The polarity may be dual linearly-polarized or dual circularly polarized. 
   In a further embodiment of the invention, an antenna array is presented. The antenna array may comprise: (a) a plurality of microstrip antennas, and (b) a plurality of waveguides. The antenna array may further comprise: (c) a waveguide combiner. 
   In still a further embodiment of the invention, a method for the manufacturing of an antenna is presented. The method may comprise the step: (a) operably coupling a microstrip patch antenna to a waveguide. 
   It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention claimed. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and together with the general description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The numerous objects and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying figures in which: 
       FIG. 1  depicts a cross-sectional representation of an antenna in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  depicts an axonometric representation of a microstrip patch antenna and waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  depicts an antenna array comprising a plurality of microstrip patch antennas in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  depicts a plurality of waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 5  depicts an axonometric view of a waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 6  depicts a waveguide combiner in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the present teachings. Various modifications to the illustrated embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the present teachings. Thus, the present teachings are not intended to be limited to embodiments shown, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. The following detailed description is to be read with reference to the figures, in which like elements in different figures have like reference numerals. The figures, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings. Skilled artisans will recognize the examples provided herein have many useful alternatives and fall within the scope of the present teachings. Reference will now be made, in detail, to presently preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , a cross-sectional representation of a microstrip patch antenna  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is presented. The antenna comprises a microstrip patch antenna  101  and a waveguide  102  disposed substantially adjacent the microstrip patch antenna. The microstrip patch antenna is comprised of a patch element  103 , a stripline  104 , a first dielectric layer  105 , a second dielectric layer  106 , a third dielectric layer  107 , a first ground plane  108 , a second ground plane  109 , and coupling mechanisms for transferring signals between the patch element  103  and stripline  104  and between the stripline  104  and waveguide  102 . 
   The patch element  103  can be a relatively thin sheet of metal or other material having metallic properties capable of emitting or receiving electromagnetic signals. The patch element  103  is disposed on a first side of the first dielectric layer  105 . 
   The first ground plane  108  is disposed on the second side of the first dielectric layer  105 . The second dielectric layer  106  and third dielectric layer  107  are disposed between the first ground plane  108  and the second ground plane  109 . 
   The stripline  104  is disposed between the second dielectric layer  106  and third dielectric layer  107 . The stripline  104  may be configured so that the antenna receives or emits polarized electromagnetic signals, as will be further discussed. 
   The waveguide  102  is used as a low-loss conduit between the microstrip patch antenna and an external device capable of generating and/or processing electromagnetic signals (not pictured). The waveguide  102  may comprise a substantially rectangular raised ridge  110  disposed along the length of the waveguide. 
   Referring to  FIG. 2 , an axonometric representation  200  of a microstrip patch antenna and waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is presented. A patch element  201  is disposed on a first surface of a first dielectric layer  202  and a stripline  203  is disposed between a second dielectric layer  204  and a third dielectric layer  205 . The respective couplings between a waveguide  206  and stripline  203 , and stripline  203  and patch element  201  can be accomplished in any number of standard ways. In the depicted embodiment, a first open-space slot  207  is disposed in a first ground plate  208  presenting a conduit between the patch element  201  and the stripline  203 . A second open-space slot  209  is disposed in a second ground plate  210  presenting a conduit between the stripline  203  and the waveguide  206 . In further embodiments, the respective couplings between the waveguide  206  and stripline  203 , and stripline  203  and patch element  201  may be selected from the group comprising: probe coupling, proximity coupling, or edge feeding. 
   The microstrip patch antenna may also comprise a plurality of circuit board vias  211  disposed within the second dielectric layer  204  and the third dielectric layer  205  and linking the first ground plate  208  and the second ground plate  210 . The board vias may comprise generally cylindrical holes through the second dielectric layer  204  and third dielectric layer  205  which are plated with a conducting material. The circuit board vias serve to extinguish “parallel plate” modes within the stripline structure. The vias tie the ground layers  207  and  208  together and so as to extinguish potential differences to exist across them. The stripline is thus permitted to act as the conductor while the top and bottom layers are at “ground” potential. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , an antenna array comprising a plurality of microstrip patch antennas  300  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is presented. The plurality of microstrip patch antennas  300  may be arranged in a rectangular or other close-packed geometric pattern. The striplines  301  of each of the plurality of microstrip patch antennas  300  may be individually configured for vertical, horizontal, dual linear or circular polarity in a transceived signal. In the presently depicted embodiment, antenna sub-arrays  302  configured for vertical polarity and antenna sub-arrays  303  configured for horizontal polarity are combined to form an array so as to jointly result in dual linear polarity. In a further embodiment, the sub arrays  302  and  303  may comprise 90°-hybrid microstrip patch antennas, such as those commonly found in the art, so as to result in circular polarity. The antenna array may be operably connected to a plurality of waveguides (not pictured) via any number of methods including chemical adhesion, solder, mechanical clamps, rivets or screws. In the depicted embodiment, board-compression screw holes  304  are provided. 
   Referring to  FIG. 4 , a plurality of waveguides  400  in accordance with the present invention is presented. A waveguide  401  may comprise a linear structure having a substantially hollow rectangular cross-section and being disposed substantially adjacent to a microstrip sub-array such as that of  FIG. 3 . The waveguide may be manufactured from any number of electromagnetically conductive materials including brass, copper, silver, aluminum, or any other metal that has low bulk resistivity. 
   The waveguide  401  may also comprise a ridge  402  disposed along the center length of the individual waveguides so as to compress the lateral dimensions of a signal and ensure very low signal degradation or loss. The waveguide design dimensions are a function of the designated frequencies of operation. The significant dimension is the width of the ridge waveguide. In a particular embodiment of the invention, adjacent ridged waveguides  401  feed opposite polarizations (i.e. horizontal and vertical). As such, the effective spacing  402  for each waveguide (and thus microstrip each patch antenna sub-array) is twice the waveguide width. In order to maintain high operating performance and avoid grating lobes, the spacing must be less than a free-space wavelength. Regular non-ridged waveguides may not support array spacing this small. As such, a ridge waveguide may be used. 
   Each waveguide may further comprise a coupling mechanism providing a conduit for signal transfer from the waveguide  401  to a waveguide combiner (not pictured). The coupling mechanism may be may be selected from slot coupling probe coupling, proximity coupling, or edge feeding. In the presently depicted embodiment, a slot couple  403  is utilized. 
   The waveguide may be operably connected to the waveguide combiner via any number of methods including chemical adhesion, solder, mechanical clamps, rivets or screws. In the depicted embodiment, board-compression screw holes  404  are provided. 
   The waveguide may be operably connected to a microstrip patch antenna array (not pictured) via any number of methods including chemical adhesion, solder, mechanical clamps, rivets or screws. In the depicted embodiment, board-compression screw holes  405  are provided. 
   Referring to  FIG. 5 , an axonometric view of a waveguide  500  in accordance with the present invention is presented. The waveguide  500  may comprise a ridge  501  disposed along the center length of the waveguide so as to compress the lateral dimensions of a signal and ensure very low signal degradation or loss. In a particular embodiment, the waveguide  500  and ridge  501  may have dimensions such that the waveguide structure is capable of transceiving direct broadcast satellite (DBS) signals such as DirecTV™. Such DBS signals are on the order of 12.2-12.7 GHz. In a further embodiment, the waveguide  500  and ridge  501  may have dimensions such that it is capable of transceiving polarimetric radar signals. Such polarimetric radar signals are on the order of 9.3-9.4 GHz. In still a further embodiment, the waveguide may have a height  503  of from 2.8 mm to 19.0 mm and a width  504  of from 5.7 mm to 38.1 mm. In still a further embodiment, the waveguide may have a height  503  of 12.5 mm and a width  504  of 25.0 mm. 
   In still a further embodiment, the waveguide ridge  501  may have a height  505  of from 1.75 mm to 11.9 mm and a width  506  of from 2.28 to 15.24 mm. In still a further embodiment, the waveguide ridge may have a height  505  of 7.8 mm and a width  506  of 10.0 mm. 
   The waveguide may be operably connected to a microstrip patch antenna array via any number of methods including chemical adhesion, solder, mechanical clamps, rivets or screws. In the depicted embodiment, board-compression screw holes  507  are provided. 
   Referring to  FIG. 6 , a waveguide combiner  600  in accordance with the present invention is presented. The combiner is capable of receiving multiple instances of a common signal from a series of inputs and combining them to increase the overall signal strength. The combiner  600  may comprise a plurality of inputs  601  which are combined to sum to a single output  602 . The inputs may comprise a coupling mechanism for the transfer of signals from a plurality of waveguides. The coupling mechanism may be may be selected from slot coupling, probe coupling, proximity coupling, or edge feeding. In the presently depicted embodiment, a slot couple  601  is presented. 
   The waveguide combiner  600  may be operably connected to a plurality of waveguides (not pictured) via any number of methods including chemical adhesion, solder, mechanical clamps, rivets or screws. In the depicted embodiment, board-compression screw holes  603  are provided. 
   It is believed that the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will be understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, construction, and arrangement of the components thereof without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention or without sacrificing all of its material advantages. The form herein before described being merely an explanatory embodiment thereof, it is the intention of the following claims to encompass and include such changes.