Abstract:
A relational database having a plurality of search terms stored in a computer memory and a graphic user interface (GUI) stored in the same or a different computer memory which can retrieve search terms from the database and is operative to form and display an XY matrix, having an X axis representing historical time and a Y axis representing a plurality of categories of subject matter. The search terms are displayed on the X axis of the matrix in accordance with their respective temporal position in history and on the Y axis of the matrix in accordance with their respective categories of subject matter. The matrix is expandable by the user in both the X axis and Y axis directions to reveal an area of the matrix together with the search terms disposed thereon.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a method and system, including a computer database, for identifying and obtaining one or more primary search terms which may be used in conducting an Internet search for any desired subject matter. 
         [0002]    When conducting an Internet search, using any search engine such as those accessible over the Internet at www.goggle.com; www.msn.com or www.yahoo.com, it is necessary to enter one or more “keywords”, “key terms” or “search terms”. Selecting such a keyword, key term or search term is often problematic since the search results may be too voluminous—that is, produce too many “hits”—to be of much value to the user. For example, entry of the search term “civil war” into the Google search engine will return over 50,000 results. 
         [0003]    Often too, the results yielded by a search term may have nothing to do with the subject that the searcher is looking for. In the above example, entry of the term “civil war” in an Internet Search engine will return primarily results relating to the Civil War in the United States which took place during the years 1861 to 1865, whereas the searcher may be interested in news items relating to the possibility of a civil war in Iraq in the year 2007. 
         [0004]    Further, the Internet searcher may have only a general idea of what is of interest to him or her and would like to explore what information is available over the Internet on one or more subjects. Such a general exploratory search is extremely difficult using keyword searches since a search engine merely provides a “look up” function, reporting results in an order specified by the search engine algorithm, without suggesting a context or environment. The searcher is thus faced with looking through volumes of information, much as one would have to do if one tried to learn about any given subject by looking through an encyclopedia. The entries in an encyclopedia, usually arranged alphabetically, may be identified and reviewed, but the encyclopedia does not make clear how the individual entries may be related to each other. 
         [0005]    As just one example, to gain an understanding of the scientific research in physics that took place during the time frame 1890-1910, one might consider reading about the work of Albert Einstein and/or Henrich Hertz, but such an investigation of these two scientists may not lead to or identify the work of many other contributors to the physical sciences in that same time frame. 
         [0006]    In general, the difficulties in conducting an Internet search arise through the searcher&#39;s inability to conceive, find or otherwise identify search terms which, when entered, produce a satisfactory result. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    It is a principal object of the present invention, therefore, to provide a system and method by which a user may identify and select appropriate, primary search terms, before he/she begins a search using an Internet search engine. 
         [0008]    A further object of the present invention is to provide a system and method for displaying a static array of primary search terms, arranged by category and date, which enables a user to peruse and select appropriate search terms before launching an Internet search. 
         [0009]    These objects, as well as further objects which will become apparent from the discussion that follows, are achieved, in accordance with the present invention, by providing a relational database stored in a computer memory as well as a graphic user interface (hereinafter “GUI”), stored in either the same or a different computer memory, that forms a display on a computer screen with a “presearch (XY) matrix” having an X axis representing historical time and a Y axis representing a plurality of categories of subject matter. 
         [0010]    The relational database includes a large number of search terms which are accessible by the user through the GUI. When displayed, each search term is located on the X axis of the matrix in accordance with its temporal position in history and on the Y axis of the matrix in accordance with its category of subject matter. 
         [0011]    The GUI allows the user to expand the matrix seen on the display screen in either the X axis or Y axis direction, or both, to reveal a particular area in time and subject matter, together with all the search terms that are disposed in that area. Although the matrix itself is of constant size, selected portions of the matrix can be viewed by opening one or more “windows” which contain these portions, in a manner that will be described in detail below. 
         [0012]    The search terms are preferably words of a given language, such as English, or are graphic images, such as symbols or thumbnail images of photographs. Preferably, the search terms are brief—for example, no more than ten words in length—so that many such terms may be seen at a glance when viewing an area of the XY matrix. 
         [0013]    The search terms may, themselves, identify historical events or they may simply be placed at the appropriate position along the X axis in accordance with the time of their appearance in history. For example, the search term “ENIAC”, acronym for “Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator”, which was the world&#39;s first fully electronic computer, would be located along the X axis at the year 1945, the year it was placed in operation, and along the Y axis in its category of subject matter, which, for example, might be “Inventions &amp; Technology”. 
         [0014]    For ease of viewing, each subject matter category (the Y or vertical axis) is preferably displayed in a different color. It has been found that 2,500 years of history may be conveniently displayed, unexpanded, on a single screen if the screen identifies historical time in 100 year increments. 
         [0015]    An area of the XY matrix may be opened and expanded for viewing in one of three ways:
       (1) A proposed search term may be entered by the user in a box on the display screen. Upon entry of such a search term, and upon pressing the “enter” key on the keyboard or clicking a “go” button on the display screen, the GUI looks for this search term within its database. If the search term is present, the GUI identifies and displays the category or categories in which the search term appears. Thereafter, the user may select a category or categories of interest and cause the GUI to display the portion or portions of the matrix which contain that search term, preferably with the search term highlighted.   (2) The user may select one of three built-in search methods: searching by terms, searching by year and searching by time period. Searching by terms has been discussed above. In searching by year or by time period, the user simply enters the year or time period in a box on the display screen and clicks the “go” button. The GUI will then select the portion of the XY matrix in that year or time period to be displayed.   (3) The user may select a period in history and a subject matter category by simply moving a cursor via a pointing device to the desired point on the matrix (or successively to a point on one axis and then to a point on the other axis) and thereafter selecting that cross point by a mouse click, keystroke or the like. Alternatively, the user may simply scroll through the matrix using “scroll bars” on the X and Y axes.       
 
         [0019]    When a point on the matrix is selected and opened, all of the search terms within that area (i.e., within a particular category) are revealed and the user may review these terms in their historical context. The user may then select one or more search terms for conducting an Internet search by means of the pointing device (“point and click”). Advantageously, the user may also select a second area of the matrix so that other search terms will be displayed and may be selected as primary search terms for the Internet search. For example, the second area may include the same portion of the X axis but reveal the search terms in a different subject matter category (Y axis). In this way, the user may find not only what he/she was looking for, but may also come across some other interesting search terms to aid in finding information that he/she was not looking for originally. 
         [0020]    According to the invention, two or more different presearch (XY) matrices may be provided to cover different categories of subject matter. For example, the subject categories of one matrix may be all sports-related, with each category devoted to a different sport (baseball, football, soccer, etc.). By limiting the categories to a specific topic, the matrix can provide finer granularity in its presentation of possible search terms. 
         [0021]    To implement the invention, the relational database to be used by a searcher must first be created and stored in a computer memory together with a graphic user interface (GUI) for accessing desired portions of the XY matrix. In creating such a database, the first step is to select a large number of primary search terms that would be useful in conducting Internet searches. The terms can be of any nature—names of historical figures, broad terms describing concepts or classes of subject matter, narrow terms describing specific subject matter, terms of art, terminology of a given trade or practice, and the like—because such search terms, when viewed by a user, will be displayed in a context; that is, in relation to their position in historical time and their subject matter. 
         [0022]    After initially selecting the numerous search terms, these terms are located in the XY matrix in accordance with their respective temporal positions in history (on the X axis) and their respective categories of subject matter (on the Y axis). 
         [0023]    Finally, the search terms are stored in a relational database in association with the XY matrix so that they may be retrieved, as desired by a user, as primary search terms for conducting an Internet search. 
         [0024]    For a full understanding of the present invention, reference should now be made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]      FIG. 1  is a representational diagram of graphic user interface (GUI) on a computer display screen showing a presearch (XY) matrix having a time line on the horizontal (X) axis and various categories of subject matter on the vertical (Y) axis, all in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 2  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1  showing a first category of the XY matrix expanded in both the X and Y directions to reveal a number of search terms and icons. 
           [0027]      FIG. 3  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1  showing a second category area of the XY matrix which has been expanded to reveal additional search terms and icons. 
           [0028]      FIG. 4  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1 , similar in presentation to  FIG. 3 , showing how vertical highlighting may be selected by the user. 
           [0029]      FIG. 5  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1 , similar in presentation to  FIG. 4 , showing how vertical highlighting may be changed. 
           [0030]      FIG. 6  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1 , similar in presentation to  FIG. 5 , showing how category areas may be aligned by means of an icon. 
           [0031]      FIG. 7  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1  in which a desired search term has been entered in a box by a user and the XY matrix has been modified to reveal the categories where such a search term is located. 
           [0032]      FIG. 8  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1  in which the portion of the XY matrix that contains the desired search term has been expanded, and the search term has been highlighted. 
           [0033]      FIG. 9  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1 , similar in presentation to  FIG. 6 , showing a drop down menu for which the user may choose the mode by which the user searches the XY matrix. 
           [0034]      FIG. 10  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1 , illustrating how an area of the XY matrix may be selected by time period. 
           [0035]      FIG. 11  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1  illustrating further how a specific search term may be selected and added to the “Collected Search” term box. 
           [0036]      FIG. 12  is a representational diagram illustrating how an Internet search may be conducted following the selection of multiple search terms from the “Collected Search” term box. 
           [0037]      FIG. 13  is a representational diagram showing how an Internet book search may be conducted using Google from a selected search term (“Trajan conquers Dacia”). 
           [0038]      FIG. 14  is a representational diagram showing how the book search of  FIG. 11  may be expanded. 
           [0039]      FIG. 15  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1 , which enables multiple searches to be launched simultaneously, showing the results from simultaneous searches of Wikipedia, The History Channel, Reference.com and Google. 
           [0040]      FIG. 16  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1  displaying the specific results of a History Channel search. 
           [0041]      FIG. 17  is a representational diagram of the GUI of  FIG. 1  showing the full page view option of the results of The History Channel search shown in  FIG. 14 . 
           [0042]      FIG. 18  is a flowchart showing the overall structure of the system according to the present invention, illustrating how a search by various criteria (in the top left) leads to results which can be parsed by category and time frame. 
           [0043]      FIGS. 19A and 19B , taken together, are a flowchart showing the operation of the system according to the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0044]    The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 1-19  of the drawings. Identical elements in the various figures are designated with the same reference numerals. 
         [0045]    As explained above, the system according to the present invention provides a static array of Internet search terms, arranged by category and date. It is designed for Internet users to peruse before they begin a traditional keyword search using a search engine. 
         [0046]    While search engines try to decipher true intention from natural language, the premise behind the present invention is that individuals usually have some idea of what they are looking for. If the user can take that kernel of an idea and peruse an organized index of keyword search terms related to what they already know—they will get much closer to finding what they are looking for on the Internet. This process is analogous to a person going to a library and looking up a book they have read, going to that section of the library stacks, and then perusing all the books around the one they have read in order to find similar books of interest. 
         [0047]    The present invention thus treats its users as their own “algorithm” for finding what they are looking for. It provides them with an organized, highly efficient method of searching through a large number of related (and unrelated) items in order to discover or isolate what they want to find. 
         [0048]    The goal of the present invention is for the user to select one, or preferably a plurality of keywords or search terms with which to launch a traditional Internet search. 
         [0049]    Applications of the present invention are virtually limitless and can include searches for historical events, intellectual and political history, sports, news, books, music, inventions, culture, business, philosophy, religion, science, art and architecture, to name a few. While large scale XY matrices encompassing many millennia would most likely arrange events by year, other matrices could have a smaller scale. For instance, a presearch XY matrix tracking the news cycle could be scaled down to the quarter hour or even to the minute. 
         [0050]    While different XY matrices could have different scales, preferably each matrix has a single scale that is static. Within each matrix, different time frames may be highlighted to track across categories and categories may be opened or closed as the user sees fit. However, preferably no alteration, sorting or manipulation of the data entries is permitted. 
         [0051]    Users may collect a single search term or multiple search terms as they peruse the matrix and may launch a traditional Internet search at any time using the selected term or terms. 
         [0052]      FIGS. 1-15  illustrate various computer screen displays created by the GUI in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 16  is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the GUI as it retrieves information from the database and displays this information in a presearch XY matrix. 
         [0053]      FIG. 1  illustrates the “home page”  10  of the system according to the present invention, in this case in the conventional format of an Apple computer. In the embodiment shown, this home page is made available at a fictitious web site www.presearchmatrix.com. It can also be provided directly by local software running on an Apple computer, Personal computer or the like. 
         [0054]    The tool bar  12  at the top of each web page is formed by the Internet browser or other software used by the system to display the pages and forms no part of the present invention. 
         [0055]    The home page comprises three sections,  13 ,  14  and  15 , which form a control area, an XY matrix area and user instruction area, respectively. The user instruction area  15  may be removed by the user, once he/she becomes familiar with the system. 
         [0056]    The principal portions  13  and  14  of the home page  10  comprise the following elements: 
       (1) A drop down menu  16  from which the user may choose the mode by which he/she searches the matrix. 
     (2) A box  18  in which the user may enter one or more search terms, e.g., by typing on the computer keyboard or by pointing to such terms in the matrix, with an accompanying button  20  marked “Go” for commencing a search. 
     (3) A time line  22  indicating historical time from 500 BC to 2000 AD in one hundred year increments. 
     (4) A horizontal scroll bar  24  with forward and back arrows  27  and indicating, by a slide  26 , a particular time period. 
       [0057]    (5) A section  28  of categories arranged in vertical order (Y axis). This particular home page indicates seventeen different categories of subject matter. A greater or fewer number of categories may, of course, be provided. 
         [0058]    The elements (3), (4) and (5) form the XY matrix according to the invention. 
         [0059]    The categories shown in section  28  are exemplary only. For example, the first category  30  “Inventions &amp; Technology” could be divided into numerous separate categories of subject matter such as Biotechnology, Computer Technology, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, etc. 
         [0060]    The vertical arrangement of categories in the section  28  may also be varied, as desired. In the home page shown, the category “Economics”  32  and the category “Business and Commerce”  34  are shown adjacent to each other for convenience during use of the system. However, the categories may be arranged alphabetically, for example, or in any other manner. 
         [0061]    The selection of subject matter of each category, and the order in which the categories are presented, is made by the designer of the XY matrix. If desired, the GUI may include a function that allows the user to reorder the vertical arrangement of the category. 
         [0062]    Each category is shown as an individual “band” which extends horizontally from the far left to the far right of the page. Preferably, each band is represented in a different color so that a user may easily identify a category no matter where the search terms may appear along the timeline (X axis). 
         [0063]    The user may select any desired time in history by moving the slide  26  along the scroll bar  24 . This slide may be dragged by a cursor, either left or right, or moved by pressing the left and right arrow buttons  27 . 
         [0064]    The categories on the home page are shown in “unexpanded” form. Expansion of a category will now be described with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
         [0065]    In  FIG. 2 , the category “Wars; Military Campaigns”  36  has been selected for the time period 100-275 AD. As may be seen, two time periods (100-199 AD and 200-275 AD) are shown across the entire width of the page. If the user were to scroll to the left or right, using the scroll bar arrows  27  or the slide  26 , they could retrieve and see all the “Wars; Military Campaigns” information for the time horizon for the matrix, as displayed on the screen and, by scrolling forward or backward in time, for the entire timeline. 
         [0066]      FIG. 2  thus illustrates how the XY matrix of  FIG. 1  may be used to reveal entries that may be used as search terms. For example, during the time period 101-106 AD, illustrated by the time bar  38  in  FIG. 2 , the matrix reveals the entry  40  “Trajan conquers Dacia”. As explained above, all of the potential search term entries in the matrix (hereinafter simply called “search terms”) are assigned to a historical time period (X axis) and a category (Y axis) of the XY matrix formed by the GUI. 
         [0067]    To the right of each search term is a triangular icon  43 . This icon allows the user to select the entry for use as a search term in launching a search by pointing and clicking on this user interactive spot. 
         [0068]    Left and right arrows  44  and  45  are shown at the right hand end of the 100 year period for each category. Pointing and clicking on the right arrow aligns the category with the same category in the next century. Pointing and clicking on the left arrow aligns this category with the same category in the previous century. 
         [0069]    The usefulness of arranging the search terms in an XY matrix is illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . In  FIG. 3 , the category “Leaders &amp; Ruling Parties”  42  has been opened in addition to the category “Wars; Military Campaigns”  36  for the same time period as shown in  FIG. 2 . This arrangement enables a user to compare and contextualize leaders and wars during the period shown; namely, from 100 to 275 AD. Viewing category  42  in the far left of the diagram, it may be seen that Trajan was the Roman Emperor during the period from 98 to 117 AD. With the two categories  36  and  42  juxtaposed, the military campaigns of Trajan may be seen at a glance. 
         [0070]    A special icon  46  is provided to the right of each major heading—e.g., “Roman Emperors”—in each subject category. This icon permits the user to link directly to another XY matrix that is dedicated to the subject matter of this heading—“Roman Emperors”. 
         [0071]    Since the category “Leaders &amp; Ruling Parties” for the period 200-275 extends downward below the bottom of the screen when expanded as shown, the display screen is provided with a slide  50  to allow the user to scroll down and view the additional entries not visible on the initial screen. 
         [0072]      FIG. 4  illustrates how the user may cause a time period to be highlighted in the vertical direction so that entries in various categories during this time period can be compared. By pointing and clicking on a time bar—in this case time bar  48  indicating the period 138-161 for the Emperor Antonious Pius—the time bar becomes darker and a vertical region  47  the width of this time bar is highlighted. 
         [0073]    As noted above in connection with  FIG. 3 , expansion of the subcategory “Roman Emperors” is continued on the right side of the display through the year 275 AD, illustrating the reigns of Roman Emperors up to this date. Since the XY matrix, so expanded, extends downward too far for viewing on a single page, the user must scroll down using the slide  50  at the right side of the screen. 
         [0074]      FIGS. 5 and 6  illustrate the function of the right and left arrows  44  and  45 . In this case, a user has pointed and clicked on the right arrow  45  ( FIG. 5 ) to align the categories “Leaders &amp; Ruling Parties” ( FIG. 6 ). Similarly, if the left arrow  44  were visible on the right side of the screen, the user could align the expanded categories by pointing and clicking on this arrow. 
         [0075]      FIG. 6  shows the categories “Leaders &amp; Ruling Parties” after they have been aligned. 
         [0076]    In  FIG. 5 , a different time period  48   a  has been highlighted to provide an associated vertical time bar  47   a.    
         [0077]      FIG. 7  illustrates how search terms may be identified and located in the XY matrix. The user, in this case, has entered the word “Verus” in the search bar  18  and pressed the button “Go” using the pointing device (e.g., mouse) of the computer. The GUI shows the results on a separate screen which lists all the categories of the XY matrix. As indicated in  FIG. 7 , there were seven hits from the search, two under the category “War; Military Campaigns” and five under the category “Leaders &amp; Ruling Parties”. A “0” is indicated in each of the remaining categories. 
         [0078]    It should be noted that some of the search results for the term “Verus” were for the name “Severus”, which incorporate the term “Verus”. Only two of the results: “Parthian Wars of Verus” under “Wars; Military Campaigns” and “Lucius Verus” under “Leaders &amp; Ruling Parties” were for Verus alone. 
         [0079]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , if the user selects “Lucius Verus” from the search results in  FIG. 7 , the GUI displays the “Leaders &amp; Ruling Parties” category expanded with the Lucius Verus entry  49  highlighted. This Roman Emperor is shown as being co-ruler with Marcus Aurelius during the period 161-169 under the subheading “Roman Emperors”. 
         [0080]      FIG. 9  is substantially identical to  FIG. 6  except that the user has opened the drop down menu  16  to allow the searcher to select one of three search modes: 
         [0000]    (1) Mode “By Word”  51  allows the searcher to select a search term by typing it into the box  18  or by using the pointing device of the computer. The user may expand any category during any time period and select a search term by pointing and clicking on that term. 
       (2) Mode “By Year”  52  allows the user to select a particular year, and then open a category, or multiple categories, to reveal the search terms for that year. 
     (3) Mode “By Time Period”  53  allows the user to select all entries within a prescribed time period. 
       [0081]    For example, in  FIG. 10  the user has selected the mode “By Time Period” in box  16  and the ten year period from 110 AD to 120 AD in box  18 . Upon pressing the “Go” button  20 , the GUI displays the results in the manner shown. In this case, all information that appears under each category, or a selected category, is displayed. Furthermore, the time period may be highlighted in a vertical column or columns that is/are the same width as the time period. The user could then expand other categories and the same time period would highlighted across all categories, allowing for easy contextualization and examination of the information during and around the selected years. 
         [0082]      FIGS. 11-17  illustrate how a user may select a search term and proceed with a traditional Internet search using the GUI according to the invention. If the user starts with the expanded matrix shown in  FIG. 11 , which is identical to that of  FIG. 2 , he/she may click the icon  43  on the first entry under the category “Wars; Military Campaigns”  36 —namely, the search term  40  “Trajan conquers Dacia”—and launch a Google web search from the “Collected Search” term box  56  to obtain detailed information about this topic. The results of the search are displayed in a front window as shown in  FIG. 13 . Clicking on any of the web sites listed in the search results brings the user to that selected site. 
         [0083]    Alternatively, or in addition, the user can launch a book search through Google by clicking on the words “Book Search” which appear on the third line of the window in  FIG. 13 . These search results will then be listed in a new front window as shown in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0084]    Multiple searches may be launched as well by clicking on the “multi” button in  FIG. 11 . The results of searches of Wikipedia, The History Channel, Reference.com and Google are displayed (and could include other search engines) in the front window as shown in  FIG. 15 . From this window, the user can select one of the search result entries by pointing and clicking. For example, if the user selected “Encyclopedia: Trajan”, this item from The History Channel would be displayed in the manner shown in  FIG. 16 . 
         [0085]      FIG. 17  demonstrates the full page view option of the detailed information on The History Channel. From this page, the user may explore further options and obtain information on any other desired topic. 
         [0086]    The structure the graphic user interface (GUI) according to the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 18 . This figure is a flowchart showing how a search for primary search terms may be conducted using the XY matrix in accordance with the various criteria or “modes” (in the top left); namely, “By Word”  51 , “By Year”  52  and “By Time Period”  53 . A search by one or more of these criteria leads to results which can be parsed by subject matter, category and time frame to the user&#39;s specifications. Thereafter, more detailed information can be searched and accessed through the user&#39;s own computer or via outside sources on the Internet. 
         [0087]    According to the invention, the user commences selection of primary search terms by choosing one of the three modes  51 ,  52  and  53  and then accessing the database through the GUI and the XY matrix. The search terms in the relational database are then displayed by the GUI in the manner described above. The database itself is organized by category as indicated in the column  62  and by timeline as indicated in the column  64 . The highlighted search terms, which are obtained at the cross points of the XY matrix, shown in the column  66 , are highlighted on the display screen. 
         [0088]      FIGS. 19A and 19B  are a flowchart detailing the various possible steps and choices involved in the operation of the system. The matrix is initially displayed in collapsed form. Thereafter, the matrix can be expanded, browsed and searched to find search terms, and an Internet search is launched based on these search terms. By clicking on a button  58  in the upper right corner of the matrix marked “Multi” ( FIGS. 11 and 12 ) the user can launch multiple search engines simultaneously. 
         [0089]    There has thus been shown and described a novel method and system for obtaining primary search terms for use in conducting an Internet search which fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor. Many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications of the subject invention will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose the preferred embodiments thereof. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention, which is to be limited only by the claims which follow.