Abstract:
3,5-Xylenol is prepared in high yield from isophorone by heating isophorone at a temperature of from about 450° to about 650° in the presence of a halogen having an atomic number of at least 17 or an organic compound containing such a halogen.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates of a process for the preparation of 3,5-xylenol from 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexen-2-one (isophorone). 3,5-Xylenol and related xylenol isomers are useful as disinfectants and starting materials for the preparation of resins. 
     It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 2,369,196 that isophorone can be converted to 3,5-xylenol by heating isophorone at temperatures between 668° and 676° C. The yields of product, however, are relatively low (39%). It is also known to use a variety of solid catalysts to improve the yield. Examples of such catalysts are activated alumina disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,369,197 and a chromium (III) oxide-copper (I) oxide mixture known from British Patent specification No. 1,197,803. A disadvantage of such solid catalysts is that during the conversion reaction a carbon deposit is formed on the catalyst. This leads to a decrease in catalyst activity and necessitates stopping the reaction at intervals in order to regenerate the catalyst. 
     It has now been found that isophorone can be converted to 3,5-xylenol in good yield using certain homogeneous catalysts. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The present invention, therefore, relates to an improved process for the preparation of 3,5-xylenol which comprises heating isophorone at a temperature of from about 450° to about 650° C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a halogen having an atomic number of at least 17 or an organic compound containing said halogen, said organic compound being selected from the class consisting of halogen substituted-saturated aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic compounds. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The halogen catalyst for the process of the invention, in molecular form, may be chlorine, bromine or iodine. The halogen substituted, organic compound catalyst of the invention may contain any of these three halogens, but is preferably an iodine-containing compound. The halogen-containing organic compound may be a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compound or an aromatic compound. The aliphatic compound preferably contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and may be for example, a haloalkane such as methyl iodide, n-butyl bromide or carbon tetrachloride, or an allyl halide such as allyl bromide. The aromatic compound may be a phenyl halide such as phenyl iodide. The amount of catalyst may be from 0.01 to 20%w, and is preferably from 0.1 to 5.0%w based on the weight of isophorone. 
     The process is preferably carried out at a temperature of 550° to 650° C. The pressure is conveniently atmospheric pressure, although the process may also be carried out at sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressures. 
     In one embodiment the process is carried out continuously by passing the isophorone and the catalyst through a heated tube reactor. The isophorone and the catalyst may also be mixed with an inert diluent, for example nitrogen or an alkane, in order to improve the selectivity of the process and/or the heat transfer in the reactor. In some circumstances it may also be advantageous to irradiate the reaction mixture with ultra-violet radiation. 
     The 3,5-xylenol may be recovered from the reaction mixture and purified by any suitable method, for example by distillation. From the economic point of view it may also be desirable to include in the process a separate recovery step for the halogen or halogen-containing organic compound. 
     The invention is illustrated further in the following Examples. 
     EXAMPLES 1 TO 12 
     To evaluate the effectiveness of the homogeneous catalysts of the invention, a series of tests were performed in a heated tubular reaction vessel wherein isophorone was converted to 3,5-xylenol with different halogen-containing catalysts according to the invention at varying catalyst concentrations, reactant space velocities and temperatures. 
     The reactor consisted of a stainless steel tube of length 320 mm and diameter 10 mm fitted with a thermocouple of diameter 5 mm along its whole length. The tube was surrounded by an electrically heated oven. The catalyst was dissolved in isophorone and the mixture was passed at a constant space velocity through the heated tube. The product was dissolved in acetone and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. 
     The results of the various examples as well as further details of the operating procedures are set out in the Table below. 
     The yields of product from a number of experiments were combined (total 548.6 g) and distilled under reduced pressure. 3,5-Xylenol having a purity of more than 99% was obtained in 85.4% yield, b.p. 90°-95° C at 1 mm Hg. 
     
                                           TABLE__________________________________________________________________________          Catalyst       Space          Concentration  Velocity                               Conversion                                     Selectivity          (%w based on                  Temperature                         (ml.ml                               Isophorone                                     to 3,5-XylenolExampleCatalyst  Isophorone)                  (° C)                         Reactor,hr)                               (%)   (%)__________________________________________________________________________1    methyl iodide          0.1     600    0.33  93.9  79.92    &#34;         0.5     600    0.33  97.6  83.23    &#34;         1.0     475    0.33  30    944    &#34;         1.0     570    0.5   100   855    &#34;         1.5     570    0.5   100   936    &#34;         5.0.sup.a                  570    0.5   100   957    &#34;         10.0    550    0.66  100   858    n-butyl bromide          1.0     600    0.33  94.8  80.49    carbon tetrachloride          1.0     600    0.33  96    6510   allyl bromide          1.2     570    0.8   75    8111   phenyl iodide          1.3     570    0.3   99    8612   bromine.sup.b          2.4     570    0.6   76    84Comparative none          --      600    0.023 70    50__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.a Reaction mixture was diluted with nitrogen; molar ratio N.sub.2 : isophorone = 1 : 4. .sup.b Used as solution in benzene (9.3 g Br.sub.2 per 100 ml C.sub. 6 H.sub.6).