Abstract:
A tire that is capable of moving a vehicle in both longitudinal and lateral directions has been developed. The tire is mounted on a circular hub with a center opening and a concave groove around the outer edge. The groove contains an electromagnetic drive mechanism that provides lateral drive to the tire. An axle that provides longitudinal drive to the tire is attached to the center opening. The tire further includes a surface layer that is in contact the groove of the hub, a belt layer comprising a that is connected to the interior of the surface layer and a bladder located in the interior of the belt layer that provides structural support to the tire so that the tire stays within the groove of the hub when the tire is moving laterally. The tire also includes a pair of rigid roller rings made of incrementally spaced roller bearings. Longitudinal movement of the tire is generated by rotating the axle and lateral movement of the tire is generated by the electromagnetic drive mechanism.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
     The invention relates generally to propulsion mechanisms. More specifically, the invention relates to an omni-directional tread and contiguous moving surface usable as a propulsion system for vehicles. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In general, wheeled and tracked vehicles are not designed to traverse the ground laterally. Wheeled vehicles typically cannot spin in place but can only turn in a circle. Tracked vehicles typically only possess the ability to rotate by using oppositely driven tracks to spin in place. This creates tremendous stress on the track and potentially causes damage to the underlying surface as well. Consequently, a need exists for an apparatus that provides wheeled and tracked vehicles with omni-directional and holonomic movement by possessing the ability turn, slide, pivot, and spin in any direction. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
     In some aspects, the invention relates to a tire that is capable of moving a vehicle in both longitudinal and lateral directions, comprising: a circular hub with a center opening and a concave groove around the outer edge of the hub that contains an electromagnetic drive mechanism that provides lateral drive to the tire, where the center opening is attached to an axle that provides longitudinal drive to the tire; a surface layer comprising a contiguous surface that is in contact with the ground and the groove of the hub; a belt layer comprising a plurality of interlocking flexible rings, where the belt layer is connected to the interior of the surface layer; a bladder located in the interior of the belt layer that provides structural support to the tire so that contact is maintained with the groove of the hub when the tire is moving laterally; a pair of rigid roller rings each comprising a plurality of incrementally spaced roller bearings, where the roller rings are attached around each edge of the groove of the hub and are in contact with the surface layer; where longitudinal movement of the tire is generated by rotating the hub, the surface layer, the belt layer and the bladder in conjunction with the rotation of the axle; and where lateral movement of the tire is generated by rotating the surface layer and the belt layer around the bladder and the groove of the hub with the electromagnetic drive mechanism. 
     In other aspects, the invention relates to an apparatus that is capable of omni-directional movement, comprising: a belt layer comprising a plurality of interlocking flexible rings; a surface layer comprising an inelastic flexible material that surrounds the exterior of the belt layer, where the interior the surface layer is connected to the belt layer; a bladder located in the interior of the belt layer, where the bladder provides structural support for the belt layer and surface layer; a hub that is in contact with the surface layer and is connected to an axle; and where longitudinal motion occurs as the bladder, the belt layer, the surface layer, and the hub rotate together, and where lateral motion occurs as the belt layer and the surface layer rotate around the bladder. 
     In other aspects, the invention relates to an apparatus that is capable of omni-directional movement, comprising: a belt layer comprising a plurality of interlocking flexible rings formed to allow a prescribed amount of longitudinal degree of freedom while restricting the rotational degree of freedom completely; a surface layer comprising an inelastic flexible material that surrounds the exterior of the belt layer, where the interior the surface layer is connected to the belt layer; a hub that is in contact with the surface layer and is connected to an axle; and where longitudinal motion occurs as the belt layer, the surface layer, and the hub rotate together, and where lateral motion occurs as the belt layer and the surface layer rotate within the hub. 
     In other aspects, the invention relates to an apparatus that is capable of omni-directional movement, comprising: a belt layer comprising a plurality of interlocking flexible belts formed to allow a prescribed amount of longitudinal degree of freedom while restricting the rotational degree of freedom completely, where the belts are interlocked with a series of barriers and slots that allow the transfer of torque between the belts; a hub that is in contact with the belt layer and is connected to an axle; and where longitudinal motion occurs as the belt layer and the hub rotate together, and where lateral motion occurs as the belt layer rotates within the hub. 
     Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       It should be noted that identical features in different drawings are shown with the same reference numeral. 
         FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of the wheel component of one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2   a  shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a complete set of belts which together form the belt layer in the present invention. 
         FIG. 2   b  shows a more detailed view of an embodiment of two belts in the “belt” layer of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows one embodiment of the bladder as a set of roller rings for the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows one embodiment of the present invention when used as a track for a tracked vehicle. 
         FIG. 5  shows one embodiment of the omni-directional treadmill (ODT) form of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows one embodiment of drive mechanism for the wheel component of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  shows a cross-sectional view of the interlocking belt of one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  shows one embodiment of an electromagnetic curvilinear motor comprising one propulsion method for the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is an omni-directional tire/hub combination. It allows a vehicle to move smoothly in either a longitudinal or lateral direction. Combinations of longitudinal and lateral velocity allow travel in any direction. The present invention is a solid-surface omni-directional wheel and broadens the usefulness of omni-directional vehicles (ODV) immensely. The invention is not restricted to a circular shape and can be fitted to tracked vehicles as well. Complex surface shapes can be accommodated due to the inherent flexibility of the structure. It can also be used as an infinite surface when formed in the shape of a treadmill. In the ODT  60  embodiment, the invention will have a solid uninterrupted surface on which the user can travel. The ODT application will be much lighter than current technology due to the simplicity of form and materials. Since the scope of this invention is large, several categories of transportation embodiments of the invention are disclosed. These generally fall into three broad categories: omni-directional wheels (ODW)  10 ; omni-directional tracks (ODTR)  50 ; and omni-directional treadmill (ODT)  60 . 
       FIG. 1  is a cross section view of one example of the omni-directional wheel (ODW)  10  embodiment of the present invention. The various layers and components of the invention are shown and include: an inner ‘bladder’  12 ; a middle ‘belt layer’  14 ; and the outer ‘surface’ layer  16 . Longitudinal motion occurs via an axle which is connected to a hub  18 . The bladder, belt, and surface layers (BBS) move longitudinally with the hub as it rotates with the axle. Lateral motion occurs as the belt and surface layers rotate laterally around the bladder. The surface layer and belt layer move laterally while the bladder and the hub remain relatively stationary. Lateral motion of the belt and surface may be eased by incorporating roller rings  42 . 
     The function of the bladder  12  is to interact with the hub to contain the belt layer  14  and surface layer  16  on the hub. Without the bladder  12 , a lateral force experienced by the surface layer  16  would result in the surface  16  and belt layers  14  rolling laterally off the hub  18 . In  FIG. 1 , the interior radius of the bladder  12  is shown to be smaller than the maximum radius of the hub  18 . Since the bladder  12  is formed of an inelastic material, the smaller radius bladder  12  will ensure the surface  16  and belt layers  14  tightly wrapped around the bladder  12  will not roll off the hub  18  when a lateral force is encountered. The bladder  12  may be formed of a rigid polymer but other materials that permit elastic deformation are acceptable. It can be either inflated with a gas or filled with a polymer/resin which exhibits the characteristics of an air-filled vessel but also retains the properties of a low friction solid. The bladder  12  may also be a connected sequence of rings having roller bearings of appropriate sizes spaced incrementally around the ring. These roller rings  42  would be connected together in a rigid structure  44  that forms the shape over which the belt layer  14  will rotate with or without roller rings. This embodiment would enable certain applications that are more prone to debris penetration of the ODW. 
       FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  show examples of the ‘belt’ layer. As shown in  FIG. 2   a,  the belt layer  14  is composed of interlocking belts which are longitudinally flexible, but inelastic in both directions. The material similar to that used in a fan belt for a car is one form that would be suitable for the belts. Two slightly different belts alternate to create the structure on which the ‘surface’ layer rests. Belt  1   22  is identical in shape and material composition to Belt  2   24 , but is slightly larger to allow Belt  2   24  to slide under the lip of Belt  1   22 . The interior radius of both belts is identical. In  FIG. 2   b,  one embodiment of the ‘belt’ layer  26  is shown as it would be formed for some applications using a standard wheel shape. The belts  28  can be connected physically with any mechanism which allows a specified axial degree of freedom such as an angled rod in a slot or an interlocking belt surface where the edge of Belt  1  would contain a downward lip and the edge of Belt  2  would have an upward lip (similar to the interlocking lips shown in  FIG. 8 ). 
     The base of both belts may be coated with a very low friction polymer which will slide over the bladder  12  reducing the torque required for lateral motion. If a wheeled ring bladder  40  (shown in  FIG. 4 ) embodiment is used, the base of the belts could either be high friction to maintain rolling over the bladder or cogged with the wheels on the bladder rings having matching cogs to ensure constant and consistent interaction between the layers. In some embodiments, no interlocking or connection of the belts will be required as the ‘surface’ layer  16  will serve the purpose of maintaining the integrity of the structure. In other embodiments, the belts could be made of a metal composite such as spring steel. The belts do not have to be linearly contiguous and can have shapes cut out of the surface to reduce weight and resolve heat dissipation concerns. This would create a ‘belt’ layer  14  that is perforated. When this type of ‘belt’ layer  14  is combined with the option of physically interlocking the belts instead of using the ‘surface’ layer  16 , an alternative embodiment that may be used with large earth-moving vehicles is realized. Additional tread can be rigidly attached to the Belt  1  components to increase traction on a non-solid substrate. This embodiment would be ideally suited with the roller ring bladder  40  similar to the way a tank tread operates. 
     The ‘surface’ layer  16  interacts with the ground or other substrate as required by the specific embodiment. The ‘surface’ layer  16  also provides a contiguous omni-directional moving surface. The potential embodiments of this layer are numerous. First, this layer is optional since the ODW will function in most applications without it. Second, the ‘surface’ must be made of a material which exhibits the property of elastic deformation on the order of 25-200% elongation depending on the form of the structure. The inelastic surface layer  30  embodiment compensates for elasticity with flexibility. The shape of this type of surface layer  30  flexes longitudinally to cover the belt layer  14 . The factor of expansion required is determined by the ratio of the minimum interior radius to the maximum exterior radius. For non-wheel shapes, the number of belts in the ‘belt’ layer can be increased or decreased to optimize the elastic deformation of the ‘surface’ layer. For an ODT, the option exists to have a fully elongated, a fully contracted, or partially elongated ‘surface’ layer. The ‘surface’ layer can be made of fabric as well where the fabric exhibits the elastic deformation property required by the shape. The ‘surface’ could also be a metal mesh for large earth moving vehicles. This surface would look more like a tank tread instead of a tire. 
       FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of the roller ring bladder  40 . Each roller ring  42  is connected to the others via the support structure  44  which ensures the rings fit tightly inside the belt layer  14 . Many embodiments of roller rings  42  are envisioned. Some of these include: rings with aligned constant radius rollers (shown in  FIG. 4 ); rings with a spring coiled around the outside where adjacent loops of the spring are attached such that the loops move laterally together; and rings with “spurs” that increase the friction between the support ring and the surface layer. For tracked vehicles or applications that do not require a surface layer that is contiguous, the roller rings  42  could contain gears which would interact with cogs placed in the belt layer  14 . Additional rigidity to the structure can be introduced in this fashion. 
       FIG. 5  is a depiction of the invention when used as an ODTR  50  for a tracked vehicle. This embodiment provides tracked vehicles with omni-directional and holonomic movement by allowing the vehicle the ability to turn, slide, pivot, and spin in any direction. The bulge  52  in the center of the track allows the longitudinal drive shaft  54  and lateral drive shaft  56  to be emplaced. These drive shafts are connected to separate controllers to independently govern the velocity in the longitudinal and lateral directions. The rollers on the drive shafts  54 ,  56  are what allow perpendicular motion. 
       FIG. 6  shows one embodiment of the invention as an ODT  60 . In the embodiment shown, the hub is longitudinally and laterally expanded into the shape of a treadmill. The longitudinal drive shafts  62  and lateral drive shafts  64  seen in the interior allow the surface and belt layers to move freely perpendicular to the driving direction. Drive shafts placed perpendicular to each other simultaneously drive and allow resultant motion in any direction. As with the ODW, several embodiments of ODT have also been envisioned. One key advantage of the embodiments shown is the use of a solid surface of this invention and the mechanical interactions envisioned. The form and flexibility of this invention also add benefit and increases the scope of application. 
       FIG. 7  shows one embodiment of drive mechanism  70  for the ODW  10  form of the present invention that includes the hub  18  and a lateral drive ring  72 . Additional roller rings  42  are not shown in this depiction. A roller ring  42  is only shown on the rear edge of the hub  18  to indicate that a low friction surface on the hub  18  is a feasible embodiment. The mechanism  70  shown in  FIG. 7  fits in the center of the belt layer  12  depicted in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b.    
     Electromagnetic (EM) propulsion for the drive mechanism is another potential embodiment for a drive mechanism. In this case, instead of drive shafts  62  or lateral drive rings  72 , the driving force would be provided by a plurality of linear motors, or an electromagnetic curvilinear motor (EMCM)  90  controlled by a set of redundant control computers. The belt layer  14  and/or surface layer  16  would be impregnated with a magnetically reactive material to transfer the EM force from the EMCM  90  to the surface of the treadmill. The magnetically reactive material will be arranged within the belt layer  14  or surface layer  16  such that patterns of EM force emitted from the elemental EM motors  92  move the entire surface. With this embodiment of drive mechanism, the bladder would be formed of a material which provides magnetic shielding properties. This allows the EMCM  90  to provide more powerful driving force and not have the portion of the impregnated belt layer  14  and/or surface layer  16  currently away from the hub react to the EM force. If this were not the case, the force on the section of belt away from the hub  18  would subtract from the overall force generated on the belt layer  14  and/or surface layer  16 . The EMCM  90  can be used in all driven embodiments of the invention regardless of shape and provides significant mechanical simplification of the overall invention. 
     As the ODW  10  encounters longitudinal and lateral force, the hub  18  is used to keep the ODW  10  in place relative to the vehicle or object which is being moved. The hub  18  will generally have a radius that fits securely inside the center of the surface layer  16 . This allows room for additional components to be placed inside the hub  18  as required by the specific use including but not limited to a braking system, lateral drive transmission components, and accelerometers for advanced vehicle handling options. 
     The present invention can be simplified by eliminating the surface layer and bladder. In this embodiment, the belts would be circular and contain the ability to interlock without assistance from the surface layer as it is not present.  FIG. 8  is one example for the shape of this belt  80 . The belt  80  needs to interlock while still allowing some longitudinal freedom of motion and restrict rotational motion completely. A barrier  82  and slot  84  will keep two adjacent belts aligned such that torque on one will be transferred to the other. 
     Some potential applications of the present invention apply but are not limited to the following industries: wheelchairs, large earthmoving equipment, lawn and garden tractors/lawnmowers, the trucking industry, trailers, recreational vehicles, the automotive industry at large, robotics, military/tracked vehicles, space exploration rovers, flight line tugs (for aircraft or cargo), weapons loaders, mining/drilling operations, snow removal vehicle, snow grooming machines, forklifts, replacement for caster wheels in all applications, sports medicine, physical therapy, virtual reality simulation platform, military combat simulator for an infantryman, and a valet parking system. 
     It should be clear from the preceding disclosure, that the present invention includes the advantage of providing wheeled and tracked vehicles with an omni-directional directional wheel/tread that allows for movement in both lateral and longitudinal directions. Additionally, the present invention includes an omni-directional wheel/tread that has a contiguous surface. Other examples of the invention include a treadmill surface that is able to move in both lateral and longitudinal directions. 
     While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed here. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.