Abstract:
A software control method includes forming groups of software application functions. A different characteristic is associated with each of the groups, and a different graphical user interface (GUI) object is formed for each function in each of the groups. Each GUI object includes the characteristic associated with its function&#39;s group and a second characteristic that distinguishes its function from other functions within its function&#39;s group. A computer program residing on a computer-readable medium includes instructions for causing a computer to form a different graphical user interface (GUI) object for each of a collection of software functions. Each GUI object may include a first visual characteristic that identifies a first characteristic of the object&#39;s associated function, and a second visual characteristic that identifies a second characteristic of the object&#39;s associated function.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Computer systems can have a graphical user interface (GUI) through which operating system and application software functionality is accessed. A GUI can represent computer application programs, documents, and data files as graphically displayed GUI objects, such as icons and menus. GUI objects can be manipulated by a user to control and activate system and application functions. A user may manipulate GUI objects by means of a pointing device such as a mouse. A mouse is an input device which, when moved over a surface, moves a display screen pointer in a corresponding direction. A mouse typically has a number of buttons which can be pressed (“clicked”) to select a GUI object being pointed at by the pointer, and to activate the GUI object&#39;s associated function. GUI operating systems and applications may also be referred to as “point-and-click” systems. The Microsoft Windows 98® and the Apple Macintosh MacOS® operating systems are examples of common GUI-based computer operating systems that support GUI-based applications. 
     A well-designed GUI interface can facilitate a user&#39;s understanding of a software application. Some GUI objects, such as icons, can include a picture or other characteristic that is intended to suggest the function associated with the GUI object. Such function-suggesting GUI objects can assist a user in operating a software application. For example, to remind a user how to access printing functionality, an application can use an icon bearing a picture of a printer (a “printer icon”). 
     If a group of applications use GUI objects with similar visual characteristics to represent similar functions, then a user&#39;s understanding of one application can help the user understand other applications in the group. For example, once a user has learned that a printer icon activates a print function in a one application, the user may intuitively understand that when the same printer icon appears in another application, it will activate a similar printing function. Similarly, when GUI objects have dissimilar characteristics, it suggests that the functions associated with such objects will have dissimilar characteristics. The use of dissimilar GUI objects may thereby reinforce a user&#39;s understanding of different functions within an application. 
     A software application designer may want to use dissimilar GUI objects for dissimilar functions and similar GUI objects for similar functions. Such an objective can be difficult to meet when a group of functions have characteristics that are similar, suggesting that similar GUI objects should be used, and other characteristics that are dissimilar, suggesting that dissimilar GUI objects should be used. For example, a word processing application may support two different print operation. The first print operation may print document text and the second print operation may print document statistical information, such as the number of words in the document and the last time the document was changed. From one perspective, these operations are similar in that each operation is a print operation. From another perspective, these operations are dissimilar in that the information printed is different. An application designer can use similar icons for these functions to suggest that each icon is associated with a printing function. However, if similar icons are used, a user may be confused as to whether a particular icon causes document text or document statistical information to be printed. Alternatively, the application designer can use dissimilar icons. However, the use of dissimilar icons may reduce the icon&#39;s ability to suggest their associated function. Consequently, an improved way of expressing application functionality through the use of GUI objects is desired. 
     SUMMARY 
     GUI objects that can simultaneously express multiple characteristics can be used in GUI interfaces. Multiple characteristic GUI objects can simultaneously suggest both similar and dissimilar associations to a user, thereby enabling an application designer to indicate functions that are similar, while simultaneously highlighting differences. 
     In general, in one aspect, the invention features a software control method. The method includes forming a plurality of groups each including one or more functions of a software application. A different characteristic is associated with each of the groups, and a different graphical user interface (GUI) object is formed for each function in each of the groups. Each GUI object includes the characteristic associated with its function&#39;s group and a second characteristic that distinguishes its function from other functions within its function&#39;s group. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a computer program residing on a computer-readable medium. The program includes instructions for causing a computer to form a different graphical user interface (GUI) object for each of a collection of software functions. Each GUI object may include a first visual characteristic that identifies a first characteristic of the object&#39;s associated function, and a second visual characteristic that identifies a second characteristic of the object&#39;s associated function. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a computer system having a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI includes different graphical user interface (GUI) objects each user-selectable to access functionality associated with a software application. Each GUI object has a first visual characteristic that identifies a first characteristic of the object&#39;s associated function, and a second visual characteristic that identifies a second characteristic of the object&#39;s associated function. 
     Implementations may include one or more of the following features. GUI objects may have some characteristics in common and other characteristics that distinguishes the GUI objects from each other. GUI object characteristics may include background images, foreground images, and colors. Software application functions may having some characteristics in common and others that differ. Such functions may be associated with GUI objects that have corresponding characteristics in common and corresponding others that differ. A user selection may be received to identify a GUI object and to execute a function associated with the selected GUI object. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Implementations may provide advantages such as facilitating access to localized data without requiring user location input. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system. 
     FIG. 2 is an exemplary graphical user. interface application display. 
     FIG. 3 depicts multiple-characteristic GUI interface objects. 
     FIGS. 4A-4D show exemplary images for use in a CAD/CAM/CAE environment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 depicts physical resources of a computer system  100 . The computer  100  has a central processor  101  connected to a processor host bus  102  over which it provides data, address and control signals. The processors  101  may be any conventional general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as a Pentium® processor, a Pentium® Pro processor, a Pentium II® processor, a MIPS® processor, a Power PC® processor or an ALPHA® processor. In addition, the processor  101  may be any conventional special purpose microprocessor such as. a digital signal processor or a graphics processor. The microprocessor  101  has conventional address, data, and control lines coupling it to a processor host bus  102 . 
     The computer  100  includes a system controller  103  having an integrated RAM memory controller  104 . The system controller  103  is connected to the host bus  102  and provides an interface to random access memory  105  and read only memory  107 . The system controller  103  also provides host bus to peripheral bus bridging functions. The controller  103  thereby permits signals on the processor host bus  102  to be compatibly exchanged with signals on a peripheral bus  110 . The peripheral bus  110  may be, for example, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, or a Micro-Channel bus. 
     Accessory devices including, for example, a hard disk drive control interface  111  coupled to a hard disk drive  114 , a video display controller  112  and keyboard and mouse controller  114  can be coupled to the peripheral bus  110  and controlled by the processor  101 . 
     ROM memory  107  may store system  100  configuration information and basic computer software routines that allow an operating system to be “booted” from the disk  114 . The operating system is, for example, the Microsoft Disk Operating System (DOS)™, Windows 95™, Windows NT™, a UNIX operating system, the Apple MacOS™ operating system, or other operating system. 
     An operating system may be fully loaded in the RAM memory  105  or may include portions in RAM memory  105 , ROM memory  107  and in disk drive storage  114 . For example, the Microsoft Windows 95™ operating system includes some functionality that remains in memory  105  during the use of Windows 95™ and other functionality that can be periodically loaded into RAM memory  105  on an as-needed basis from disk  114 . An operating system, such as Windows 95™ or Windows NT™ provides functionality to execute software applications. A software applications and/or operating system can access the display controller  112  and other resources of the computer system  100  to provide a graphical user interface (GUI). 
     FIG. 2 shows a visual image  200  that can be produced by a GUI-based software application by accessing operating system functionality to send control commands to the display controller  112 . A GUI-based application can include one or more interrelated programs providing numerous user accessible and controllable functions. Each function may be controlled by one or more GUI objects, including GUI objects such as&amp;a menu  201 , icons  202 , text input window  203 , and other GUI interface elements. To create an intuitive user interface, each GUI object should have a characteristic that is well-known or otherwise suggests the function associated with the GUI object. At the same time, each GUI object should have a distinct characteristic so as to prevent confusion regarding the object&#39;s associated function. 
     A GUI interface can be design using GUI objects that having multiple characteristics, and in which each characteristic of an object can suggest a different associated property. Multiple-characteristic GUI objects can be advantageous where, for example, an application has one or more similar functions, thus suggesting the use of similar GUI objects, while at the same time requiring that each GUI object be distinct to prevent user confusion. 
     In an exemplary implementation, multiple-characteristic GUI objects can be used to express both an operational domain (i.e., a functional category) associated with an icon, and a particular functions within the icon&#39;s operational domain. This use of multiple-characteristic GUI objects is further illustrated by reference to a computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) application. A CAD/CAM application can include a number of operational domains, each of which includes interrelated functions that are used together to accomplish a particular CAD/CAM task. For example, a CAD/CAM application can have three different operational domains; a first providing part assembly functions, a second providing part design functions, and a third providing stress analysis functions. The part assembly domain may include functions to assemble pre-designed parts into a finished product, the part design domain may include functions to design the available parts from a library of available tools and materials, and the stress analysis domain may include functions to perform stress analysis calculations on finished products or on designed parts. Each domain may be implemented as a separate application program able to exchange data with other domain programs. Alternatively, each domain may be a separate module or library within an application program. Still other implementation variations may be used. 
     The functions within each CAD/CAM operational domain can be accessed by icons that use multiple characteristics to express both an associated domain and an associated function within the domain. As shown in FIG. 3, multiple characteristic icons  311 - 316  can be formed by combining background images  301 - 303  with foreground images  304 - 306 . Each background image  301 - 303  may be associated with a particular CAD/CAM domain. For example, background image  301  may be associated with the part assembly domain, image  302  may be associated with the part design domain, and image  303  may be associated with the stress analysis domain. Thus, each image  301 - 303  can be used to express a functional domain characteristic. Foreground image  304 - 306  may be used to provide a domain-independent suggestion of a particular tasks or operation to be performed. For example, the top sign image  304  may be associated with a cancel operation, the magnifying glass image  305  may be associated an operation to displaying information, and the hammer image  306  may be associated with an assembly operation. Thus, icon images  304 - 306  can be used to express characteristics related to a particular function regardless of the function&#39;s domain. The combination of background images  301 - 303  with foreground images  304 - 306  results in icons  311 - 316  that suggest the CAD/CAM operations shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary Multiple-Characteristic Icons 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ICON 
                 SUGGESTED OPERATION 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 311 
                 Cancel a part assembly operation. 
               
               
                   
                 312 
                 Display part assembly information. 
               
               
                   
                 313 
                 Perform part assembly operation. 
               
               
                   
                 314 
                 Cancel a part design operation. 
               
               
                   
                 315 
                 Display part design information. 
               
               
                   
                 316 
                 Display stress analysis information. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As described in Table 1 and as shown in FIG. 3, similar characteristics can be used for multiple GUI object while maintaining GUI object distinctiveness. For example, the magnifying glass image  305  is a characteristic that is associated with three icons  312 ,  315 , and  316  indicating that each icon  312 ,  315 , and  316  is used to display information. Even through the icons  312 ,  315  and  316  have a similar characteristic  305 , each icon  312 ,  315 ,  316  remains distinct through the use of a differing second characteristic  301 - 303 , respectively. 
     FIGS. 4A-4D show exemplary images that can be combined to form multi-characteristic icons for use in a computer aided drawing/computer aided manufacturing/computer aided engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) environment. FIG. 4A shows background images  401 - 408 . Each of the images  401 - 408  is associated with a group of interrelate CAD/CAM/CAE functions. For example, image  404  may be associated with analysis and simulation functions while image  402  is associated with mechanical design. FIGS. 4B and 4C show foreground images that can be combined with the background images of FIG.  4 A. Image  411  may be associated with the design of a shape, image  412  with a knowledge or advising function, and image  413  with the design of individual parts. Images  421 - 423  may be qualifiers that can be further added to combinations of the images of FIG. 4A with the images of FIG.  4 B. Qualifier images  421 - 423  may be associated with generative, dynamic, and optimization functions of a CAD/CAM/CAE application, respectively. The icon images of FIGS. 4A-4C can combined to express a descriptive icon language. FIG. 4D shows icons  431 - 445  formed by combination of images include the images of FIGS. 4A-4C. For example, icons  436 - 440  each include a background mechanical design image  402  indicating that each of the icons  436 - 440  is associated with a mechanical design operation. 
     Information gained from an icon&#39;s background image  401 - 408  is further refined by combinations of foreground images, such as the images  411 - 413  and  421 - 423 . For example, icon  436  &#39;s use of the part design image  413  along with the mechanical design background image  402  indicates that icon  436  is associated with the mechanical design of a part. Even further refinement can be obtained by the use of a second foreground image on an icon. For example, icons  439 - 440  each include an analysis and simulation background image  404 , a foreground image, and a generative qualifier image  421 . The presence of the generative qualifier image indicates that each of the icons  439 - 440  is associated with a generative function. 
     Multiple-characteristic GUI objects can also be formed by using characteristics in addition to, or instead of, pictorial images. For example, a red, a green, and a blue colored background may be substituted in place of the background images  101 - 103  to produce distinct multiple-characteristic icons having foreground images  104 - 106  over a red, green, or blue background. In a menu-based implementation, different background colors can be associated with different operational domains, and text labels can be used to identify particular functions within an operational domain. Multi-characteristic GUI object images may be formed manually, such as by combining images using an icon image editor, or may be formed using an automated program to overlay various icon images to form a composite image. 
     Multiple-characteristic icons can be used within applications; among multiple applications in a suite of applications, and for icon images on a operating-system provided “desktop.” For example, multiple-characteristic icons can be used to represent particular groupings of applications accessible by program applications on a Windows 95 “desktop.” 
     The invention may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Apparatus of the invention may be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps of the invention may be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The invention may advantageously be implemented in one or more computer programs that are executable on; a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. Each computer program may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, specially-designed ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). 
     A number of embodiments of the present invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, in some GUI implementations, different shapes may be associated with GUI objects and used to express different characteristics associated with the GUI objects. In other implementations, GUI objects can express more than two characteristics. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.