Abstract:
An etch process for etching copper layers that is useable in integrated circuit fabrication is disclosed which utilizes halides to react with copper, preferrably using photoenergizing and photodirecting assistance of high intensity ultraviolet light, to produce a product which is either volatile or easily removed in solution. The process is anisotropic.

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/719,096 filed Jun. 20, 1991 now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/453,549 filed Dec. 20, 1989 now abandoned. 
    
    
     CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related by subject matter to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/453,543 now abandoned, having common title, inventor, and assignee as the instant application and filed concurrently herewith. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention concerns methods and apparatuses for etching copper layers, especially copper layers overlying a layer of a second material, such as found in printed circuit fabrication and the seed copper layers used in printed circuit fabrication and in integrated circuit metallization layers, by photo-formed and photo-activated halogen radicals. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Patterning of a relatively thick copper layer or a thinner seed copper layer has been a requirement of printed circuit fabrication techniques. More recently, it has been desired to pattern thin copper layers in integrated circuit fabrication technology. Aluminum has been commonly used successfully in integrated circuit technology to form conductive leads between and across active elements of the integrated circuits, partly because aluminum has been found to be easily patterned by several techniques. However, as discussed by Hu, et al., in &#34;Diffusion Barrier Studies for CU&#34;, 1986 IEEE V-MIC Conference, Jun. 9-10, 1986, pages 181-187, copper offers several advantages over aluminum metallization layers in integrated circuits such as higher conductivity, better electromigration resistance, and reduced power consumption. As further discussed, however, in the same article, copper has a greater tendency to diffuse into silicon than aluminum. Satisfactory solution to this problem has, nevertheless, been found by the use of diffusion barriers between the silicon and other layers of integrated circuits and the copper metallization layers. 
     Patterned etching of copper films has been accomplished, primarily in printed circuit fabrication, by wet processes wherein a protective, patterned film, such as a photoresist is applied to a copper layer and then a strong liquid etchant, usually an acid, is applied to etch the exposed copper down to the base material. This process presents several problems when applied to integrated circuit fabrication, such as the following. The wet processes are inherently &#34;dirty&#34; in that contaminants in the etchant can be introduced to the integrated circuit wafer. The wet etchants required are generally hazardous to operators by contact and inhalation of vapors produced thereby. Etching of copper requires etchants, high temperatures, or both which may damage the other layers of an integrated circuit. Etching of copper by wet processes is isotropic, making copper metallization for VLSI circuits extremely difficult. Disposal of the waste products of wet etch processes is becoming more expensive. 
     Therefore, because of the increased desire to utilize copper metallization in integrated circuits and the problems inherent in known wet etch techniques, it has become more important to develop more effective etching processes and equipment for etching copper layers, especially as used in integrated circuit fabrication. 
     Sputtering techniques are utilized presently to remove copper from copper-doped aluminum films and therefore may have application to removing copper films. However, sputtering, the physical dislodging of copper atoms and clusters by high energy ion bombardment, does not exhibit selective removal of various films and will result in extreme build-up of residue in the reaction chamber, since copper is not converted to a volatile species. Also, sputter removal techniques are relatively slow, difficult to control, and exhibit insufficient selectivity to masking layers. 
     Dry etch processes involving a plasma to form reactive agents such as a halogen, an amine, or an organic radical which react and form volatile copper products could be an approach to an effective etch process for copper which solves some of the problems encountered in other processes, particularly the redeposit of residue on reaction chambers. However, due to the known high melting and boiling points of the copper compounds that would be formed, coupled with the normal range of substrate temperatures associated with these plasma processes, it has been thought that volatilization would not occur and that these processes would be unsuccessful. Moreover, a plasma discharge produces a wide range of disassociated, reactive products that can combine homogenously or heterogeneously to form a polymer residue. For example, hydrocarbon and chlorocarbon can produce heavy residues of polymer generating many particles. Also, if the reaction product of these processes does not volatize, it has been thought that the surface reaction would prevent further reaction of the copper bulk material below this surface. Some investigation of the reaction of chlorine with copper has been done as discussed by W. Sesselmann, et al., in &#34;The Interaction of Chlorine with Copper&#34;, Surface Science, vol. 176(1986) pages 32-90. Some early investigation of ion etching of copper films is discussed by Schwartz, et al, in &#34;Reactive Ion Etching of Copper Films&#34;, Journal of the Electochemical Society, Vol. 130, No. 8 (1983), pages 1777-1779. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The Inventor has found that dry or dry/wet processes using halogen ions generated and activated or energized by light and exposed to a copper film are effective processes for etching copper metallization layers, even in the environment of integrated circuit fabrication. 
     The Inventor has discovered that, especially at higher substrate or chamber temperatures, anisotropic volatilization of the copper halide reaction product from unmasked areas is possible. And, further, even when the copper halide product is not volatile, complete reaction of a bulk copper film with the halide ion occurs directionally or anisotropically to produce a copper halide reaction product which is easily removed anisotropically by a solvent or water wash. In either case the reaction product is removed anisotropically. 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an etch process for copper films that is useful in fabrication processes for integrated circuits. 
     It is a further object of the invention to sustained patterned critical dimension definition and control in a copper etch process. 
     It is an object of the invention to provide an etch process for copper films which does not require a strong wet etchant. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a copper etch process that is anisotropic and can be used in integrated circuit fabrication. 
     It is also an object of the invention to provide for photo-induced directional diffusion of a radical through copper. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide an etch process for copper films which avoids the contamination of process chambers caused by sputtering techniques. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide an etch process for copper which is, essentially, a dry process. These and further benefits of the invention will be evident to one of ordinary skill in view of the drawing figures and detailed description of the embodiments to follow. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a reaction chamber as used in the process according to the instant invention. 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b are drawings representative of side views by electron microscopy of a semiconductor wafer during two stages of the etch process according to the instant invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a sealed chamber 6 having a substrate holder 8, which normally has temperature controlled heating elements (not shown) for heating a substrate placed thereon. Shown on the substrate holder 8, is a drawing representation, not to scale, of a typical integrated circuit wafer having a substrate 9, for example a single crystal silicon substrate, a copper metal layer 10, and a patterned mask 11. Mask 11, in integrated circuit fabrication processes, would typically be a photo sensitive mask material of known types which is patterned and etched according to well-known photolithographic techniques. However, mask 11 may also be fabricated by techniques other than photolithography. Substrate holder 8 may contain controlled heating elements (not shown) for the purpose of heating the substrate 9 to a desired process temperature, preferably above 200° C. The process temperature desired may be determined according to several factors. If a high degree of volatilization or complete volatilization of the combinative copper product is desired, a high process temperature is required. The exact temperature required is dependent upon the radical agent used. However, factored against utilization of such high process temperatures is the fact that the integrated circuit wafers processed may be damaged or destroyed by the temperatures required for significant volatilization. Of course, printed circuit substrates may not be so damaged by high process temperatures. 
     Again, referring to FIG. 1, a high intensity light source 4, such as a filtered ultra violet source, e.g., a 1000 watt Hg/Xe lamp, is located above the chamber 6. Focusing elements 2 and 4 are arranged to direct the high intensity light through transparent window 7, which may be a quartz window, onto the surface of the masked copper layer 10 and 11. The window 7 is sealed, as by &#34;O&#34;-ring 14. It is pointed out that, although FIG. 1 shows the high intensity light directed perpendicularly to the wafer, it has been found to be also effective if the chamber is arranged so that the light is directed at other angles to, and even parallel to, the wafer. 
     Inlet port 12, having valve 13, allows reactant R to enter the chamber 6 and contact the wafer 9, 10 and 11. Reactant R is a halogen radical-chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine. The halogen radical may be produced from a halogen compound, e.g., CF 4  by photochemical dissociation, microwave afterglow dissociation or plasma discharge dissociation, for example, as is known in the art. Also the halogen radical may be produced within the chamber by photochemical dissociation by, for example, introducing CL 2  to the high intensity ultraviolet light 5 from source 4. The halogen radical R may be light activated by high intensity light 5 and contacts the copper layer 10 and mask layer 11. 
     The etch process which occurs within the chamber 6, using a halogen radical R which may be light activated will follow two different methodologies, depending primarily upon the temperature at which the process occurs and the reactant used. As the copper layer 10 is contacted by light activated reactant R*, the copper and halogen atoms react at the surface to form a halogen copper compound. These reactions may be represented as: 
     I. Radical Formation 
     P(gas)+hν→R (or R*), where P is a Parent molecule, R is an amine or organic radical, and R* is a light-activated radical. 
     II. Radical Formation with Cu 
     R+Cu.sub.(s) →CuR or, 
     R*+Cu.sub.(s) →CuR or, 
     R ads . . . Cu.sub.(s) +hν→CuR, where (g) is gas, (s) is solid. 
     III. CuR Removal 
     CuR+S→CuR(soln) or, 
     CuR.sub.(ads) →CuR(g) or, 
     CuR.sub.(ads) +hν→CuR.sub.(g), where S is solvent, (soln) is solution, and (ads) is absorbed. 
     If CuR, under the conditions of the reaction, is volatile, then the product CuR is released as a vapor and may be pumped as a vapor from the chamber 6. 
     If however, product CuR is not volatile, the product remains on the copper layer surface. Surprisingly however, the Inventor has found that the reaction continues throughout the copper layer to form CuR. The surface reaction does not block reaction beneath the surface under the process conditions disclosed. After the reaction has then occurred throughout the copper layer 10, the resulting copper halogen product CuR can be washed away using an appropriate solution such as water or acetone. The copper halogen product will easily enter into solution. Moreover, the diffusion of R, in CuR to react further with copper is believed to be photo-induced directional diffusion. 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b show a representation of an integrated circuit wafer using a copper metallization layer during two stages of the process according to the invention as has been observed by electron microscopy. The wafer of FIG. 2a is shown before the etch process showing a silicon substrate 9, a silicon dioxide layer 9a, a titanium tungsten barrier layer 10a, and a copper layer 10. 
     A mask layer 11 is applied and patterned by well-known photolithography methods, for example, or by other known means. In this instance, a cantilevered resist overhang 11a is generated by an image-reversal development process. 
     FIG. 2b depicts the same wafer after etch processing steps have been accomplished, as in the chamber of FIG. 1 under the following conditions. The wafer (9, 10 and 11) may be deglazed as by a dilute nitric acid. A 1000 watt Mercury-Xenon lamp with a water filter was directed upon the wafer 9, 10 and 11. The water filter serves to extract most of the infrared light above 1.3 nm while passing the deep ultraviolet light, down to about 200 nm. The light was directed orthogonally to the wafer. The wafer was heated to a temperature of 200 C. Molecular chlorine, Cl 2 , was introduced to the chamber, at 10 torr, at the rate of 100 sccm. The Cl 2  was photo-dissociated by the photo energy of the light source to generate Cl ion radicals. The wafer was exposed to the chlorine radical for 10 minutes. After this time, FIG. 2b shows that the entire copper layer which was not masked has reacted and expanded to about three times its previous thickness. The resulting product layer film 12 was found to be CuCl 2 . Further, a void 14, due to the initial resist profile, can be noted. The resulting film may be removed by a simple wash step. The reaction products are typically removed with an acetone or water wash. Note that the copper is not etched laterally where the resist contacts the copper film surface. 
     It is pointed out that the invention has been disclosed with respect to embodiments which are not intended to be limiting. It is intended that the parameters suggested in these embodiments may be varied within certain latitudes to achieve desired results. The scope of the invention, therefore, is intended to be limited only by the appended claims and equivalent modifications.