Abstract:
A method for use and an improved oximeter sensor substrate that is conforming to the shape of the patient&#39;s forehead. In one embodiment, the present invention is an oximeter sensor, having a substrate with a shape similar to a shape of at least a portion of a patient&#39;s forehead and including a section adapted to substantially fit over a portion of a forehead of a patient; an emitter disposed on the substrate at a position located on the section; and a detector disposed on the substrate at a distance from the emitter. In one embodiment, the substrate includes a hat that holds the emitter and the detector in a spaced-part manner against the patient&#39;s forehead.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/606,668, filed Jun. 25, 2003, the specification of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to optical oximeter sensors, and in particular to hat-based pulse oximeter sensors. 
     Many types of optical sensors are used to measure physiological characteristics of a patient. Typically, an optical sensor provides emitted light which is then scattered through a portion of a patient&#39;s tissue and detected. Various characteristics of a patient can be determined from analyzing such light, such as oxygen saturation, pulse rate, tissue bilirubin, etc. 
     Pulse oximetry is typically used to measure various blood flow characteristics including, but not limited to, the blood-oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, the volume of individual blood pulsations supplying the tissue, and the rate of blood pulsations corresponding to each heartbeat of a patient. Measurement of these characteristics has been accomplished by use of a non-invasive sensor which scatters light through a portion of the patient&#39;s tissue where blood perfuses the tissue, and photoelectrically senses the absorption of light in such tissue. The amount of light absorbed is then used to calculate the amount of blood constituent being measured. 
     The light scattered through the tissue is selected to be of one or more wavelengths that are absorbed by the blood in an amount representative of the amount of the blood constituent present in the blood. The amount of transmitted light scattered through the tissue will vary in accordance with the changing amount of blood constituent in the tissue and the related light absorption. For measuring blood oxygen level, such sensors have typically been provided with a light source that is adapted to generate light of at least two different wavelengths, and with photodetectors sensitive to both of those wavelengths, in accordance with known techniques for measuring blood oxygen saturation. 
     Known non-invasive sensors include devices that are secured to a portion of the body, such as a finger, an ear or the scalp. In animals and humans, the tissue of these body portions is perfused with blood and the tissue surface is readily accessible to the sensor. 
     Certain types of oximeter sensors are applied to a patient&#39;s forehead. To aid in the sensor&#39;s proper placement and the proper application of pressure by the sensor to the forehead site, some forehead sensors are maintained at the forehead site by either the assistance of an adhesive layer and/or a headband. While these approaches are helpful, there is still a need for an improved and easy way of placing, retaining, and locating the sensor on the forehead of its user. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an oximeter sensor which will attach to a patient&#39;s forehead in an improved manner. In certain embodiments, the securing of the sensor to the forehead of the patient is achieved by attaching the sensor to the inside of hat which is worn by the patient when the sensor is in use. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention is an oximeter sensor, having: a substrate having a shape similar to a shape of at least a portion of a patient&#39;s forehead and including a section adapted to substantially fit over a portion of a forehead of a patient; an emitter disposed on the substrate at a position located on the section; and a detector disposed on the substrate at a distance from the emitter. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate is resilient and has a shape conformable to the forehead of a patient. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate includes an adhesive layer for adhering to the forehead of a patient. 
     In one embodiment, a hat is used for holding the sensor against the patient&#39;s forehead. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate is adhered to the inside of said hat. 
     In one embodiment, the substrate is adhesively attached to the inside of the hat. Alternately, the substrate is sewn into the hat. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for determination of a blood characteristic, including: applying an emitter and a detector to spaced-apart positions on a forehead of a patient in the lower forehead region, above the eyebrow, with both the detector and the emitter placed above and predominantly lateral of the iris; securing the emitter and detector to the patient; emitting electromagnetic radiation with the emitter; detecting electromagnetic radiation scattered by the tissues of the forehead by the detector and producing a detector signal; and determining a blood characteristic in the patient from the detector signal. 
     In one embodiment, the securing of the emitter and the detector to the patient&#39;s forehead is achieved by attaching the emitter and the detector to an inside of a hat, and placing the hat on the head of the patient. 
     For a further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a top view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure with the face layer removed that can be placed within a hat or cap. 
         FIG. 1B  is an internal cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1C  is a top view of an embodiment of the face layer of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1D  is a top view of an embodiment of the back layer of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1E  is a perspective view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure placed within a hat. 
         FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of a stocking hat, with an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure shown mounted in the hat. 
         FIG. 2B  is a top view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2C  is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure mounted in the hat. 
         FIG. 3A  is a top view of an embodiment of the flex circuit of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3B  is a top view of an embodiment of the top layer of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3C  is a top view of an embodiment of the face layer of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3D  is a side view of an embodiment of the flex circuit of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3E  is a top view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure with the top layer removed. 
         FIG. 3F  is an internal view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The embodiments of the present invention are directed towards configuring a reflectance-type oximeter sensor for placement in a hat in order to provide a relatively easy means of placing, retaining, and locating the sensor on the forehead of the user. With regard to the location of the sensor on the patient&#39;s forehead, it is preferred to have the sensor be located on the lower forehead region, above the eyebrow, with the sensor optics (emitter and detector) located above and predominantly lateral to or centered over the iris. The oximeter sensor can be attached to the inside band of a hat. The precise location of the reflectance sensor in the hat allows appropriate placement of the sensor in the optimal forehead location by a user not skilled in sensor placement. It has been found that the placement of a reflectance forehead sensor is a factor in the accurate determination of a blood flow characteristic, due to the vasculature of the forehead. In addition, it has been shown that having a certain amount of pressure on the forehead sensor can reduce the incidence of venous pulsations effects on the oximeter reading. The placement of the sensor in the band of the hat would minimize these issues, as the placement of a hat is fairly repeatable and predictable. A hat-based oximeter sensor as embodied by the present invention can be used on patients in clinical settings, or by athletes, soldiers, firemen, or in any environment where information related to a physiological parameter, such as heart rate or oxygen saturation information is desired. 
       FIG. 1A  is a top view of an embodiment of a sensor  100  in accordance with the present disclosure with a face layer  112  removed that can be placed within a hat or cap.  FIG. 1B  shows the oximeter sensor  100  placed on a substrate  102 , or face layer  112 , that can be placed or adhered to the inside of a hat  104  as shown in  FIG. 1E . As shown in  FIG. 1E , the sensor  100 , including the substrate  102 , is arcuate both in three dimensions and in two dimensions. First, the substrate  102  may be conformable to a patient&#39;s forehead. In other words, the substrate  102  is arcuate in three dimensions to conform, for example, to the shape of the hat  104  placed on the patient&#39;s forehead. Second, as shown in the top views of  FIGS. 1A and 1C , the substrate  102  is arcuate when flat against a planar surface in the absence of any restraining force. In other words, when the substrate  102  is flat in two dimensions, the substrate  102  has a curved shape. Moreover, the substrate  102  is not forced, held, conformed, or bent into an arcuate shape when flat, but is fabricated to remain arcuate without any external forces acting on the substrate  102 . In the hat-based embodiment, the sensor uses an emitter  106 , such as a light emitting diode (LED), containing two discrete wavelengths and a detector  108  placed more than 2 mm away, and ideally 10 mm-15 mm from the emitter. As shown in  FIGS. 1A ,  1 C, and  1 E, both the emitter  106  and the detector  108  are disposed to one side of an imaginary line  109  that bisects the substrate  102  through its arc. The substrate  102  can be black in order to minimize any shunting of light between sensor and patient skin. The sensor in a hat could be used in conjunction with a small, portable oximeter to allow mobility of the user during activities. Similarly, the sensor could be incorporated into a headband. Alternately, it may be desirable to provide a sensor with adhesive backing that would allow the user to place the sensor in a hat of their choice. Also shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  is a cable  110  for providing drive current to the LED and for providing the detector signal to the oximeter. The cable provides the electrical connection to the monitor; it also provides power for the emitter, signal carrying conductors from the detector, and shielding to protect the small signals from the detector against external electrical interference. 
     In  FIG. 1B , the sensor is shown in a multi-layer structure having the face layer  112 . The face layer  112  is the surface that is placed against the patient&#39;s skin. The face material may have an adhesive layer such as an acrylic or synthetic rubber adhesive, or it may be without adhesive, and typically made from a foam PVC or foam polyurethane material. The face layer  112  is preferably black so as to minimize the incidence of reflected light that does not go through the tissue. As shown in  FIGS. 1B and 1C , the face layer  112  includes two windows  114 . The windows  114  are generally a clear component, such as for example, a thin film or a clear molded plastic component that makes contact with the skin. The thin film window may be a polyurethane or an acrylic adhesive on a polyester film. The intent of the window  114  is to provide an efficient optical coupling mechanism between the optical components (emitter and detector) and the skin. As shown in  FIG. 1B , located above the face  114 , is a Faraday shield  116 . The Faraday shield  116  is a conductive material, for example, a copper film or copper mesh, that is electrically connected to the monitor ground to help shield the detector from extraneous electrical interference while passing light to the detector. Next located are the LED  106  and the detector  108 . Above the LED and the detector is a mask layer  118 , which may include more than one mask layer. The mask layer  118  is generally a thin film that is intended to block light from entering the back side of the sensor, or from traveling directly from emitter to detector (shunt light). The purpose of the mask layer  118  is to ensure that all of the light reaching the detector is light from the emitter that has traveled through the capillary bed. Above the mask layer  118  is the back layer  120 , shown separately in  FIG. 1D . The back or the top layer is the non-tissue contacting surface of the sensor. This layer may include a cosmetic finish for the sensor, which can be white with some printed artwork identifying the sensor. Typical materials may be Velcro loop, or soft PVC foam. In a case where the sensor is mounted inside a hat or cap, as shown in  FIG. 1E , the top layer is sometimes referred to as the back layer. In this case, the back layer may include a double stick adhesive so that it can be mounted inside the hat. 
       FIG. 2A  shows a top view of a stocking hat, with an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure shown mounted in the hat. This alternate embodiment of the present disclosure, is directed towards the placement of a small reflectance sensor  202  in a stocking cap or beanie  204  as shown in  FIG. 2C .  FIGS. 2B and 2C  show the sensor carrier layer  202  holding an LED  206  and a detector  208  and a cable  210 , similar to the ones described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 1A-1E . This embodiment may be used for neonates. This embodiment would allow easy placement of a sensor on the forehead of a patient while applying a predictable pressure on the sensor. The sensor in a hat also resolves a concern about the cosmetic appearance of having a sensor on the forehead of the patient. A sensor in a stocking cap is much more acceptable to a parent than having a sensor located on the forehead. Depending on the tension of the stocking cap, provided by its own stretchiness or by an adjustable integral headband strap, the sensor may have a light tack adhesive, or no adhesive at all. The lack of an adhesive layer is a desirable feature, especially on neonates as adhesives may sometimes leave visible damage to the fragile skin of a neonate. 
       FIG. 3E  is a top view of an embodiment of the sensor in accordance with the present disclosure with the top layer removed.  FIG. 3F  shows that the sensor portion generally includes a face layer  302 , a top layer  304  and a flex circuit  306  that is placed between the face and top layers. The top layer  304  is shown separately in  FIG. 3B  and the face layer  302  is shown separately in  FIG. 3C . Also shown in  FIG. 3E  is a multi-layer unassembled view showing the relative positions of the face  302 , flex circuit  306 , a cable  308  and the top layer  304 . The flex circuit layer  306  holds the emitter (LED)  310  and the detector  312  as well as the mask layer  314  and Faraday shield as described above.  FIG. 3D  shows a side view of the flex circuit  306 . As shown in  FIG. 3A , the flex circuit  306  also has several holes  316  to allow for electrical connections between the leads in the cable and the LED and the detector. 
     As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. For example, the sensor may include adhesive layers for adhering to the inside of a hat or the user&#39;s skin, or that that the sensor may be sewn into the hat. These other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention, which is set forth in the following claims.