Abstract:
A system and method for improving the appearance of a raster image that includes glyph shapes is provided. A pair of glyph shapes is defined. Each glyph shape is differentiated two-dimensional machine readable data of relatively uniform appearance. Each of the glyph shapes is assigned to a different bit value. Digital data from an input source is encoded into a bitmap image space by representing a bit value for each item of the digital data as the glyph shape corresponding to that bit value. A raster image of the encoded glyph shapes is generated from the bitmap image space.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 10/373,972, filed Feb. 25, 2003 No. 7,280,254, issued Oct. 9, 2007, the priority filing date of which is claimed, and the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     The following U.S. patents are fully incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,966 (“Adaptive Scaling for Decoding Spatially Periodic Self-Clocking Glyph Shape Codes”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,098 (“Methods and Means for Embedding Machine Readable Digital Data in Half tone Images”); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,636 (“Method and Apparatus for Generating Half tone Images Having Human Readable Patterns Formed Therein”). 
     FIELD 
     The present invention relates in general to improving the appearance of an image and, specifically, to improving the appearance of a raster image that includes glyph shapes. 
     BACKGROUND 
     This invention relates generally to devices and methods for embedding machine-readable digital data as self-clocking glyph shape codes, and, more particularly, to devices and methods for producing glyph shape codes such that the embedded digital data is unobtrusive. 
     The functional utility of plain paper and other types of hardcopy documents can be enhanced significantly if the human readable information that they normally convey is supplemented by adding appropriate machine readable digital data to them. Scanners can be employed for recovering this machine readable data, so the data can be employed for various purposes during the electronic processing of such documents and their human readable contents by electronic document processing systems, such as electronic copiers, text and graphic image processing systems, facsimile systems, electronic mail systems, electronic file systems, and document and character recognition equipment. 
     As is known, machine readable digital data can be recorded by writing two dimensional marks on a recording medium in accordance with a pattern which encodes the data either by the presence or absence of marks at a sequence of spatial locations or by the presence or absence of mark related transitions at such locations. The bar-like codes which others have proposed for recording digital data on paper utilize that type of encoding. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,603 titled “Optical Reader for Printed Bit-Encoded Data and Method of Reading Same,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,783 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,127 on “Method and Apparatus for Transforming Digitally Encoded Data into Printed Data Strips,” and U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,221 on “Printed Data Strip Including Bit-Encoded Information and Scanner Contrast.” Another interesting approach is to encode machine-readable digital data in the shapes of the marks of “glyphs” that are written on the recordings medium. Such shape codes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,966 to Bloomberg et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Glyph shape codes have the advantage that they can be designed to have a relatively uniform appearance. For instance, a simple glyph shape code suitably is composed of small slash-like marks that are tilted to the right or left at, say, ±45 degrees for encoding 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s, respectively. However, in some situations the more or less uniformly gray appearance of such a code may be aesthetically objectionable, and may cause the tone of the image to change upon tilting of the glyph codes. 
     It is possible to form images themselves utilizing the glyph marks of a data block as the cells making up the image. This is done by the known method of half tone rendering of the glyph marks, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,098 (Tow) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,636 (Curry), both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In forming such an image, the gray level, or grayscale, values of the glyph marks is varied, for example by making the glyph symbols (for example “/” and “\”) thicker/darker or thinner/lighter as needed. The overall image formed contains the machine-readable embedded data therein, but again the individual glyph marks are not obtrusive to the unaided human eye. 
     However, a regular glyph block, especially in a glyph tone image, shows an apparent artifact if four neighboring cells form an empty diamond shape. As the size of a diamond is twice as large as the average spatial frequency of the whole block, it becomes visually noticeable in the image. 
     SUMMARY 
     An embodiment provides a system and method for improving the appearance of a raster image that includes glyph shapes. A pair of glyph shapes is defined. Each glyph shape is differentiated two-dimensional machine readable data of relatively uniform appearance. Each of the glyph shapes is assigned to a different bit value. Digital data from an input source is encoded into a bitmap image space by representing a bit value for each item of the digital data as the glyph shape corresponding to that bit value. A raster image of the encoded glyph shapes is generated from the bitmap image space. 
     A further embodiment provides a system and method for improving the appearance of a raster image that includes glyph shapes. Two-dimensional machine readable data is represented into a glyph shape image space as glyph shapes. Each glyph shape has a differentiated relatively uniform appearance. Artifacts within the glyph shape image space are identified. Each artifact is formed by a plurality of glyph shapes, at least two of which have different orientations along a same line. A raster image of the glyph shapes that has at least one pixel placed within the artifacts is generated. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other features of the instant invention will be apparent and easily understood from a further reading of the specification, claims and by reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an electronic document processing system for carrying out and taking advantage of the various aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a coding diagram for illustrating the bit encoding of binary data in a rotationally invariant glyph shape code; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a portion of a DataGlyph® image having artifacts; 
         FIG. 4  is a high-level functional block diagram of one embodiment of a method for reducing the obtrusiveness of glyph codes forming a diamond shape; 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for reducing the obtrusiveness of glyph codes forming a diamond shape according to the embodiment of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the glyph code pattern embodiments according to the flowchart of  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates sample embodiments of tables utilized as indicated in the flowchart of  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the reduction of visibility of artifacts in a DataGlyph image in accordance with one embodiment of the subject invention; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the reduction of visibility of artifacts in a DataGlyph image according to another embodiment of the subject invention; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a typical gray scale image; 
         FIG. 11  shows the gray scale image of  FIG. 10  rendered as a GlyphTone image; 
         FIG. 12  is a high-level functional block diagram of another embodiment of a method for reducing the obtrusiveness of glyph codes forming a diamond shape in GlyphTone images; 
         FIG. 13  is a flowchart of the method for reducing the obtrusiveness of glyph codes forming a diamond shape according to the embodiment of  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates sample embodiments of half tone generators utilized as indicated in the flowchart of  FIG. 13 ; and 
         FIG. 15  shows the gray scale image of  FIG. 10  rendered as a GlyphTone image in which artifact visibility is reduced according to the embodiment of  FIG. 13 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     While the invention is described in some detail herein below with specific reference to certain embodiments, it is to be understood that there is no intent to limit it to those embodiments. On the contrary, the aim is to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 1 , electronic document processing system  100  illustrates a typical environment for embodiments disclosed herein. In keeping with standard practices, the document processing system  100  comprises a digital processor  110  having a main memory  130  and a mass memory  140 , an input device  150  for providing digital representations of selected hardcopy documents into the processor  110 , and a printer  120  for printing hardcopy renderings of selected ones of the files that are listed on the file directory (not shown) of the processor  110 . Furthermore, the system may include a user interface  160  for enabling a user to interact with the processor  110 , the input device  150 , and the printer  120 . 
     As will be understood, the user interface  160  collectively represents the input devices through which the user enters control instructions for the input device  150  and for the printer  120 , as well as the image editing and manipulation instructions for the processor  110 . Additionally, the interface  160  represents the output devices through which the user receives feedback with respect to the actions that are taken in response to the instructions that are entered by the user or otherwise, such as under program control. For example, the user interface  160  generally includes a keyboard or the like for entering use instructions, a monitor for giving the user a view of the process that is being performed by the processor  110 , and a cursor controller for enabling the user to move a cursor for making selections from and/or for entering data into a process that is being displayed by the monitor (none of these conventional components is shown). 
     The illustrated document processing system  100  is centralized, so it has been simplified by assuming that all control instructions and all image editing and manipulation instructions are executed by the processor  110  under program control. In practice, however, the execution of these instructions may be handled by several different processors, some or all of which may have their own main memory and even their own mass memory. Likewise, either or both of the input device  150  and the printer  120  may have its own user interface, as indicated by the dashed lines  155  and  165 , respectively. Indeed, it will be evident that the document processing system  100  could be reconfigured to have a distributed architecture to operate with a remote input scanner and/or a remote printer (not shown). Data could be transferred from and to such remote scanner and printer terminals via dedicated communication links or switched communication networks (also not shown). 
     The printer  120 , on the other hand, generally is a so-called bitmap printer for mapping the digital values of a bitmapped image file into the spatially corresponding pixels of the image it prints on a suitable recording medium, such as plain paper. The processor  110  may be configured to manipulate and store bitmapped image files and to transfer such files on demand to the printer  120 . Alternatively, however, the processor  110  may include a PDL (page description language) driver  112  for transferring to the printer  120  PDL descriptions of the electronic document files that are selected for printing. Thus, the printer  120  is illustrated as having a PDL decomposer  170  for decomposing such PDL descriptions to produce corresponding bitmapped image files. Still other types of printers and processor/printer interfaces will suggest themselves, but it will be assumed for purposes of the following discussion that the printer  120  is a bitmap printer that receives PDL files from the processor  110 . 
     As will be seen, there is a glyph encoder  114  for causing the printer  120  to print machine-readable digital data glyphs on the recording medium, either alone or in juxtaposition with human readable information. For certain applications the glyph encoder  114  may be co-located with the processor  110  for inserting glyph encodings into the electronic document files prior to the translation of such files into PDL descriptions. But, for other applications, it may be necessary or desirable to have the glyph encoder  114  insert the glyph encodings into the raster formatted bitmapped image file that is provided for the printer  120 . PDL descriptions of glyph shape encoded may take several different forms, including encapsulated bitmap representations of the code in which such data is encoded, font descriptions and layout locations for bitmap representations of the individual encoded glyph shapes (assuming that such bitmaps exist on or are down loadable to the font directory of the printer  120 ), and bit-by-bit descriptions of the bitmaps for the encoded glyph shapes. 
     More particularly, the digital data that is applied on the encoder  114  is encoded in the shapes of the glyphs which the encoder  114  causes the printer  120  to print on the recording medium. These glyphs form a self-clocking glyph code because the code that is printed on the recording medium has a separate glyph for each of the encoded data values. In practice, as shown in  FIG. 2 , each of the printed glyphs  210  is defined by the pixel pattern that is printed within a generally rectangular, two dimensional, array  220  of pixel positions (referred to hereinafter as a “glyph cell” or as a “data cell”). These glyph defining data cells  220  typically are tiled onto the recording medium in accordance with a predetermined spatial formatting rule which causes the glyph encodings  210  for successive data values to be spatially distributed in accordance with a predefined template or patter. For instance, the data cell  220  containing the glyph encodings  210  for successive data values suitably are printed on the recording medium in accordance with a regular and repeating logical data block formatting rule, such that the printed data cells are spatially organized in a two dimensional array of logical blocks of predetermined size, such as a 16 cell×16 cell logical block format. 
     Glyph shape encoding clearly permits many different implementations, some of which are suitable for the encoding of single bit digital values and other of which are suitable for the encoding of multi-bit values. For example, single bit values (“1” and “0”) conveniently are encoded by printing elongated, multi-pixel glyphs, each of which is composed of a predetermined number of adjacent “ON” (say, black) pixels which align along an axis that is inclined at an angle of about +45° or −45° from the transverse axis of the recording medium depending on whether the data value encoded therein is a “1” or a “0”. Such glyphs are examples of so-called “rotationally variant” glyphs because they can be mapped onto each other merely by rotational operations. They also are examples of glyphs, which are readily discriminable, even in the presence of significant distortion and image degradation, because they do not tend to degrade into a common shape. 
     An important advantage of selecting the glyphs so that they all have the same number of “ON” pixels is that the printed glyph code will have a generally uniform texture, which will take the form of a gray scale appearance when higher density glyphs are viewed by a casual observer. While the use of glyph blocks is generally visually non-intrusive, an artifact, a visual effect (usually considered a defect) introduced into a digital image that does not correspond to the image scanned, may appear if four neighboring cells form an empty diamond shape, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . In sample glyph block pattern  310 , instead of having a uniform appearance, numerous diamonds  320  formed by four strokes in the rendering result in an uneven image appearance, due to an uneven spatial frequency. In glyph block pattern  340 , the lower right corner of glyph block pattern  310  has been enlarged to show diamonds  330  more clearly. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , glyph shape encoding may be modified to reduce the obtrusiveness of glyph block patterns containing diamonds. To that end, data is glyph shape encoded at  410  and the encoded glyph shapes are checked by the system to identify the occurrence of diamond shapes at  420 . The encoded data glyph shapes then are converted into a raster format at  430 . In the conversion, the raster formatted glyph shapes are modified to include clustered dots within the diamond shapes at  430 . The resulting image may then be printed on a suitable recording medium, such as plain paper, by a bitmap printer. It will be appreciated that, although it is desirable to do the raster conversion and dot placement simultaneously, dot placement may be performed after the raster conversion as a post processing step. Turning now to  FIGS. 5 through 7 , the method for reducing the obtrusiveness of artifacts in glyph images is presented in greater detail. At  510 , information to be preserved in glyphs is encoded in blocks of “0”&#39;s and “1”&#39;s. At  520 , N, which represents the scan line denominator, is initially assigned a value of “1”. The N th  and (N+1) th  scanlines are examined for patterns that form diamonds within the total glyph image at  530 , for example 
               (         0       1           1       0         )     ,     (         0       3           1       0         )     ,     (         2       1           1       0         )     ,     and   ⁢           ⁢     (         2       3           1       0         )       ,         
which are illustrated in  FIG. 6  at  610 ,  620 ,  630 , and  640 , respectively. When such patterns are identified, they are converted as follows:
 
               (         0       1           1       0         )               
is converted into
 
               (         4       5           3       2         )     ,     (         0       3           1       0         )           
is converted into
 
               (         4       7           3       2         )     ,     (         2       1           1       0         )           
is converted into
 
               (         6       5           3       2         )     ,     and   ⁢           ⁢     (         2       3           1       0         )             
is converted into
 
               (         6       7           3       2         )     ,         
which conversion is illustrated in  FIG. 6  at  615 ,  625 ,  635 , and  645 , respectively. The scan line denominator is then incremented to N=N+1 at  540  in  FIG. 5 . The processor determines if the (N+1) th  scan line is the final scan line at  550 . If the (N+1) th  scan line is not the last one, the processor returns to repeat step  530  until the final scan line has been evaluated. Although for the purposes herein, the diamond artifact is identified through a top-down, dual scan-line approach, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that numerous other approaches may be beneficially employed. The processor then renders “0” through “7” in varying patterns according to the patterns entered on either Table 1 or Table 2 shown in FIG.  7 . As may be appreciated from Tables 1 and 2, various embodiments of dots in glyph shapes are possible. Table 1 illustrates glyph patterns for a first embodiment, which result in dispersed dots placed within the diamond configurations, as shown in  FIG. 6  at  615 ,  625 ,  635 , and  645 . Table 2 illustrates glyph patterns for a second embodiment, which result in clustered dots placed within the diamond configurations, as discussed herein below with reference to  FIG. 8 . As will be appreciated, alternate glyph patterns could also be beneficially employed to the same purpose, all of which are contemplated by the spirit and scope of the claims herein. For example, fewer dots could be placed in the cells of the artifact; even a single dot in one of the glyph cells would be sufficient for providing a more uniform spatial frequency in the image. A raster converter then creates an image at  570 , which is transmitted to a printing device at  580 .
 
     Turning now to  FIG. 8 , the reduction in obtrusiveness of diamonds in a glyph image is shown with the embodiment of Table 2 from  FIG. 7 . In glyph block rendering  810 , a cluster of pixels, in the form of a clustered dot, have been placed in each diamond  820  to bring the spatial frequency in the neighborhood to a similar range as the rest of the image. A portion of the glyph block rendering is enlarged at  830  such that clustered dots  840  can be seen more clearly. Although typically there would be at least four dots in the cluster, it will be appreciated that this number could vary. Placement of the pixels in a clustered dot provides a solution that is more stably reproduced by printing engines. Some print engines, depending on their operational speed, may skip single pixel dots. 
     Although this embodiment satisfies print engine requirements, it does not provide for a gap, or “quiet zone” in which all the pixels are off, between two neighboring cells. One of the rationales for the “quiet zone” requirement is based on the observation that gaps between cells will make it easy for the decoder to detect the orientation of the data glyph block and the frequency of the cells. This concern is met by an alternate embodiment of the method taught herein as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . In this embodiment, whose glyph patterns are illustrated in Table 1 of  FIG. 7 , glyph block image  910  includes dispersed dots in each four-stroke diamond  920 . This may be seen more clearly in enlargement  930 , in which the positions of dots  940  are carefully arranged such that they are close to the center of the four stroke diamond but still leave a gap, or “quiet zone” between neighboring cells. Although four dots  940 , one in each of the neighboring cells that form the diamond, are illustrated, it will be appreciated that the number of dots could vary. Each dot  940  may be a single pixel or a cluster of pixels. While this embodiment meets the requirement of a “quiet zone” and is potentially easier to decode, if a dispersed dot consists of a single pixel, it may not be printed by some print engines. 
     As is known in the art, glyphs may also be embedded in half tone images. Half toning is a well known and widely utilized technique for imparting a grayscale appearance to dual tone renderings of variably shaded monochromatic images (e.g., black and white images), and to dual tone color separations of variably shaded polychromatic images. It originated as an optical analog process for imparting a grayscale appearance to dual tone reproductions of continuous tone monochromatic images, but it since has been extended to provide digital half toning processes that can be utilized by digital document processors for imparting a grayscale appearance to dual tone representation of variably shaded, scanned-in digitized images and to dual tone representations of variably shaded, computer generated synthetic images. These digitally defined images may be monochromatic or polychromatic, so it is to be understood that digital half toning can be applied for imparting a grayscale appearance to printed and displayed renderings of monochromatic and polychromatic images. Polychromatic images typically are half tone by half toning each of the color separations that are provided for rendering such images. 
     Glyph states can be generalized to distinguishable half tone cell patterns of equal gray or color value, especially rotations of patterns without circular symmetry as taught in Tow (cited hereinabove). Such an image may also be referred to as a GlyphTone image. The use of glyph blocks to render half tone images is generally visually non-intrusive, but an artifact, a visual effect (usually considered a defect) introduced into a digital image that does not correspond to the image scanned, may appear if four neighboring cells form an empty diamond shape. In such a grayscale image, instead of having a uniform appearance, numerous diamonds formed by four strokes in the rendering result in an uneven image appearance, due to an uneven spatial frequency. 
     To illustrate this effect in a gray scale image,  FIG. 10  shows a standard gray scale pictorial half tone  1000 . A half tone image is one in which combinations of dots are used to create an impression of grays or colors by grouping and density. For example, the eye will see shades of gray in black dots on a white background. Where the dots are large, dense and possibly overlapping, the eye sees dark gray or black; where the dots are small and sparse, the eye sees light gray or white. This image can be contrasted with the same pictorial half tone, rendered in glyph blocks in  FIG. 11 . At an appropriate viewing distance, the visual effect is pictorial, and the individual cells are imperceptible. However, in the closer view shown in  FIG. 11 , the artifacts formed by four-stroke diamonds in image  1100  are noticeable throughout the figure, but are particularly prominent at the model&#39;s right eye. This portion of image  1100  has been enlarged at  1120  to illustrate the formation of glyph block diamonds  1130  in the right eye region. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , glyph shape encoding may be modified to reduce the obtrusiveness of glyph block patterns containing diamonds in half tone images. To that end, data is glyph shape encoded at  1210  and the encoded glyph shapes are checked by the system to identify the occurrence of diamond shapes at  1220 . Gray scale or color image  1230  is provided to the processor with the encoded data glyph shapes and is converted into a raster format and glyph shapes are modified to include clustered dots within the diamond shapes at  1240 . It will be appreciated that, although it is desirable to do the raster conversion and dot placement simultaneously, dot placement may be performed after the raster conversion as a post processing step. The resulting image may then be printed on a suitable recording medium, such as plain paper, by a bitmap printer. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 13 , the method for reducing the obtrusiveness of artifacts in half tone glyph images is presented in greater detail. At  1310 , information to be preserved in glyphs is encoded in blocks of “0”&#39;s and “1”&#39;s. At  1320 , N, which represents the scan line denominator, is initially assigned a value of “1”. The N th  and (N+1) th  scanlines are examined for patterns that form diamonds within the total glyph image at  1330 , for example 
               (         0       1           1       0         )     ,     (         0       3           1       0         )     ,     (         2       1           1       0         )     ,     and   ⁢           ⁢     (         2       3           1       0         )       ,         
which are illustrated in  FIG. 6  at  610 ,  620 ,  630 , and  640 , respectively. When such patterns are identified, they are converted as follows:
 
               (         0       1           1       0         )               
is converted into
 
               (         4       5           3       2         )     ,     (         0       3           1       0         )           
is converted into
 
               (         4       7           3       2         )     ,     (         2       1           1       0         )           
is converted into
 
               (         6       5           3       2         )     ,     and   ⁢           ⁢     (         2       3           1       0         )             
is converted into
 
               (         6       7           3       2         )     ,         
which conversion is illustrated in  FIG. 6  at  615 ,  625 ,  635 , and  645 , respectively. The scan line denominator is then incremented to N=N+1 at  1340  in  FIG. 13 . The processor determines if the (N+1) th  scan line is the final scan line at  1350 . If the (N+1) th  scan line is not the last one, the processor returns to repeat step  1330  until the final scan line has been evaluated. Although for the purposes herein, the diamond artifact is identified through a top-down, dual scan-line approach, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that numerous other approaches may be beneficially employed.
 
     A half tone generator is selected for each glyph cell based on the data value of 0-7 at  1360 . The chosen threshold arrays of N×N are tiled over the input gray scale or color image, with each threshold array covering an N×N area of the input image. A pixel is turned on in the output raster if and only if
 
 P·N   2   ≧T ( i,j ),
 
Where T(i,j) is the value in the threshold array entry of the i-th row and the j-th column, and P is the intensity value of the pixel that corresponds to the threshold array entry, normalized to an interval between 0.0 and 1.0. The processor then renders “0” through “7” in varying patterns according to the sample patterns illustrated in  FIG. 14 . At  1380  the half tone generators at each glyph cell receive gray scale or color image  1370  and converts the gray scale or color image to a half tone image. As will be appreciated, alternate glyph patterns could also be beneficially employed to the same purpose, all of which are contemplated by the spirit and scope of the claims herein. For example, fewer dots could be placed in the cells of the artifact; even a single dot in one of the glyph cells would be sufficient for providing a more uniform spatial frequency in the image. A raster converter then creates an image at  1390 , which is transmitted to a printing device.
 
       FIG. 15  shows an example of the glyph block image according to  FIG. 11  reproduced with glyph tone cells with clustered dots in each diamond. In image  1510  it can be observed that the artifact at the right eye has been reduced and the overall image appearance is more uniform. Image  1530  shows an enlargement of the right eye portion of image  1510 , with clustered dots  1540 . 
     While the present invention has been illustrated and described with reference to specific embodiments, further modification and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, a simple alternative scheme would replace the glyph cell patterns illustrated in  FIG. 2  with the patterns  6  and  7  respectively, shown in Table 2 of  FIG. 7 . Because by using patterns  6  and  7  for  FIG. 7  there is at least one dot at the corners off the diagonal axis of the elongated glyph shape, there will be at least one dot at the center of any artifact. This alternative eliminates the step of searching for the artifact. The disadvantage to this approach is that with two dots at the corners of each glyph cell, the “quiet zone” is violated, which may affect the decoding process. Additionally, “code” as used herein, or “program” as used herein, is any plurality of binary values or any executable, interpreted or compiled code which can be used by a computer or execution device to perform a task. This code or program can be written in any one of several known computer languages. A “computer”, as used herein, can mean any device which stores, processes, routes, manipulates, or performs like operation on data. It is to be understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular forms illustrated and that it is intended in the appended claims to embrace all alternatives, modifications, and variations which do not depart from the spirit and scope of this invention.