Abstract:
There is provided an animal training system to train an animal to detect a training odor. The animal training system comprises a target ( 310 ) comprising the training odor ( 320 ) and a hidden marker ( 330 ); and a detector ( 350 ) for identifying the hidden marker. There is further provided an animal training method using the animal training system, the animal training method for practice by a supervisor, an animal handler, and an animal. The animal training method comprises placing the target ( 310 ) in a location of a search area ( 300 ), the target comprising the training odor ( 320 ) and the hidden marker ( 330 ), the placing being carried out by the supervisor; introducing the animal handler and the animal ( 305 ) to the search area; scanning with the detector ( 350 ) a candidate location for the hidden marker, the candidate location being a location that is indicated by the animal; and rewarding the animal if the detector indicates the presence of the hidden marker at the candidate location.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/GB2013/000402 filed on Sep. 26, 2013, and published in English on Apr. 3, 2014 as International Publication No. WO 2014/049314 A1, which application claims priority to Great Britain Patent Application No. 1217183.1 filed on Sep. 26, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to an animal training system and method, and in particular to an animal training system and method for training an animal to detect an odour. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     Animals are often used to detect devices and/or substances that are not easily detectable by humans/equipment, and are commonly used in situations where the animal has a greater sensory response to a particular odour than a human/equipment. 
     In order for an animal to accurately determine the presence of particular devices and/or substances, the animal must first be trained to seek out odours associated with the particular devices and/or substances. 
     Such training is commonly carried out by rewarding the animal when it indicates the location of a training odour, so that the animal learns to seek out the training odour in the expectation of receiving a reward, for example food/toy/praise. 
     One of the problems with training animals is that the animal can often distinguish between training scenarios and real scenarios due to the inherent differences between them, and this can lead to differences in performance between different scenarios. 
     In particular, in a training scenario the animal handler needs to be aware of where the training odour is located, so that the animal can be rewarded when it indicates that location, however in a real scenario, the animal handler will not be aware of the location of the devices and/or substances that have the training odour. 
     Animal handlers naturally have a desire to see their animals succeed in training tasks, and may consciously or unconsciously give visual cues to their animals that assist the animals in reaching the correct locations, particularly in situations where the animal handler and animal are being assessed for their effectiveness. 
     If the animal is trained when the animal handler is aware of the correct location, then the animal may take cues from the animal handler as to the correct location, and use these cues rather than the training odour to determine the location of the devices and/or substances. Then, when the animal is used in a real scenario where the animal handler is not aware of the correct location, the animal may be much less effective in determining the location of devices and/or substances having the training odour. 
     If the animal is trained whilst the animal handler is not aware of the correct location, then the animal handler cannot determine whether the animal is indicating the correct location and cannot determine whether or not to reward the animal. Rewarding the animal when it should not be rewarded, or not rewarding the animal when it should be rewarded, can result in confusing the animal, such that training becomes less efficient or ineffective. 
     It is therefore an aim of the invention to enhance the training of the animal. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, there is provided an animal training system to train an animal to detect a training odour. The animal training system comprises a target comprising the training odour and a hidden marker; and a detector for identifying the hidden marker. 
     There is further provided an animal training method to train an animal to detect a training odour, the animal training method for practice by a supervisor, an animal handler, and an animal. The animal training method utilises the above animal training system, and comprises:
         placing the target in a location of a search area, the target comprising the training odour and the hidden marker, the placing being carried out by the supervisor;   introducing the animal handler and the animal to the search area;   scanning with the detector a candidate location for the hidden marker, the candidate location being a location that is indicated by the animal; and   rewarding the animal if the detector indicates the presence of the hidden marker at the candidate location.       

     Preferably, the placing of the target by the supervisor is carried out with both the animal handler and the animal not being present in the search area, so that the animal handler and animal do not have any knowledge of whereabouts in the search area the target has been placed. 
     Preferably, the introducing of the animal handler and the animal to the search area is carried out with the supervisor not being present in the search area, so that neither the animal handler nor the animal can take cues from the supervisor as to whereabouts in the search area the target has been placed. In particular, the supervisor may leave the search area after placing the target, and before the animal handler and the animal enter the search area. 
     The hidden marker is a marker that is not understandable by an un-assisted human, and which the detector is configured to detect. 
     Since the target is fitted with a hidden marker which is discernable by the detector, the animal handler does not have to be aware of the location of the target during the time when the animal is searching for the target. Once the animal indicates a location, the detector can be used to determine whether the location indicated by the animal is the location of the target, and the animal can be rewarded or not rewarded accordingly. 
     The location indicated by the animal is determined to be the location of the target if the detector detects the presence of the hidden marker at the location that is indicated by the animal. Since the hidden marker is not discernable by the animal handler until the detector is used, the animal handler will not be able to identify the hidden marker during the time when the animal is searching for the target and give away unconscious cues to the animal that the animal may interpret to help it find the target. Instead, the animal must rely on its ability to detect odours, just as is the case in a real scenario. 
     The hidden marker and detector provide an animal training system that can be used to very closely replicate a real scenario, whilst maintaining the ability of a human to decide whether or not to reward the animal based upon how well the animal indicates the location of the target. 
     Advantageously, the detector may comprise an attachment configured to fit the detector to the animal. Then, when the animal indicates a location the detector can be checked to see if the hidden marker is present, and therefore whether or not the animal should be rewarded. Alternatively, the detector could be held by the animal handler, although fitting the detector to the animal prevents the animal handler from using the detector to determine the position of the target before the animal has settled on a candidate location. 
     The detector may only indicate the presence of the hidden marker when the detector is at the location of the target. Then the animal handler is prevented from determining the location of the hidden marker when entering a search area, but must wait until the animal has indicated a location and until the detector has been moved to that location before the detector will confirm the presence of the hidden marker. Clearly, the above statement of the detector being at the location of the target means that the detector is in close proximity to the target, for example within 1 meter of the target, preferably within 50 cm of the target, and more preferably within 30 cm of the target. 
     The animal training system may further comprise a controller that is configured to indicate when the detector is at the location of the target. Then, the detector may be fixed to the animal and the controller may be operated by the animal handler. The controller can inform the animal handler when the detector is at the location of the target, but may not itself be capable of detecting the hidden marker to prevent the handler from using the controller to determine the position of the target prior to the animal settling at a candidate location. 
     Furthermore, the controller may be configured to only inform the animal handler that the detector is at the location of the target, if the controller is at least 5 m away from the detector, preferably at least 10 m away from the detector. This helps ensure that the animal handler cannot take the animal on a tour of the search area, and continually use the controller to check for the detector indicating that the detector is at the location of the target. Instead, the animal has to move to the location of the target under its own volition, just as in a real scenario. Checking that the controller is at least 5 m away from the detector could for example be implemented by incorporating an RFID tag in the detector which the controller can detect from up to 5 m away. Accordingly, if the RFID tag is not detected, then the controller is known to be more than 5 m away from the detector. Alternatively, a positioning system could be used based upon navigational signals and/or beacons combined with time of flight measurements. 
     The detector preferably does not give any indication that the animal could interpret as indicating the correct location, to avoid the animal from simply moving around different locations until the animal senses from the detector that the correct location has been reached. 
     A detector which indicated the location of the target before the animal had settled on the location of the target, could lead to a handler to give away cues to the animal as to the location of the target before the animal had actually settled on the location of the target. Accordingly, the detector may be configured to indicate the presence or absence of the hidden marker only when a check command is initiated by a person using the animal training system. Then, the detector does not provide any information as to the location of the target until the animal has settled at a candidate location and the check command is initiated by the animal handler and/or the supervisor. The check command may for example be initiated by a person pressing a button on the detector, or by a person pressing a button on the controller which then interrogates the detector. The detector may only allow intermittent initiation of the check command, for example once a first check command has been initiated, the detector may inhibit the initiation of a subsequent check command for a predetermined length of time after the first check command was initiated. 
     The hidden marker may for example be an RFID tag, with the detector comprising an RFID tag reader, or the hidden marker may for example a material that is normally invisible but which fluoresces under Ultra Violet light, with the detector comprising an Ultra Violet light for illuminating the material. 
     Advantageously, the animal training system may further comprise dummy targets which do not have the training odour. Then, the dummy targets can be placed in the search area to help ensure that the animal is trained to search for the training odour, rather than any other superfluous odour given off by the targets themselves. The dummy targets are preferably similar to the target having the training odour. 
     Furthermore, the dummy targets may comprise dummy markers, the dummy markers being similar to the hidden marker, the hidden marker being distinguishable from the dummy markers using the detector. This can help ensure that the animal is trained to search for the training odour, rather than any other superfluous odour given off by the hidden marker itself. The hidden marker may be distinguishable from the dummy markers by the information that the markers carry. For example, the markers may be RFID tags with the hidden marker storing a different identification number to the dummy markers, or the markers may be Ultra Violet sensitive material with the material on the hidden marker forming the wording “correct marker” and the material on the dummy markers forming the wording “incorrect marker”. 
     The animal may be a dog, since dogs are very sensitive to odours, although other types of animal could alternatively be used. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of an animal training system according to a first embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows a flow diagram of an animal training method using the  FIG. 1  animal training system; 
         FIG. 3 a    shows a schematic diagram of an animal training system according to a second embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3 b    shows an enlarged view of a dog collar forming part of the  FIG. 3 a    animal training system; and 
         FIG. 4  shows a schematic diagram of an animal training system according to a third embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     The drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not to scale. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A first embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the schematic diagram of  FIG. 1 , which shows an animal training system  100  comprising a target  110  and a detector  150 . 
     The target  110  is a sheet of adhesive-backed paper, which is impregnated with a training odour  120  and an UV sensitive marker  130 . The UV sensitive marker  130  has UV sensitive material distributed in a first pattern, for example spelling out the word “Correct”. 
     The detector  150  is a UV light emitter, which is activated by push-button  160  to emit a pulse of UV light, for example having a duration of 0.5 seconds. Once the detector has been activated, it cannot be activated again for a short period of time, for example for at least another five seconds. 
     In use, referring to  FIG. 2 , the sheet of adhesive-backed paper  110  may be applied  210  to an object within a search area by a supervisor, whilst both an animal handler and an animal are not present in the search area. 
     Then, the supervisor leaves the search area and the animal handler is provided with the detector  150 . The animal handler and the animal are introduced  220  to the search area, and the animal handler prompts the animal to search for the training odour  120 . Once the animal settles on a candidate location for where the animal believes the training odour exists, the animal handler issues a check command by pressing  230  the button  160  on the detector  150 . 
     The detector  150  emits a pulse of UV light, and if the animal has indicated the correct location of the training odour  120 , then the UV light causes the UV sensitive material of the hidden marker  130  to fluoresce and display the word “Correct”. If the word “Correct” is displayed, then the animal has successfully located the training odour and is rewarded  240  accordingly, for example by food or a toy. 
     Preferably, additional sheets of adhesive-backed paper are also impregnated with UV sensitive markers, but not with the training odour, and distributed in the search area. The UV sensitive markers have UV sensitive material distributed in a second pattern, for example spelling out the word “Incorrect”. Then, the additional sheets of adhesive-backed paper act as dummy targets having dummy markers, to ensure the animal is trained to look for the training odour, rather than an odour of the adhesive-backed paper, or an odour of the UV sensitive material. 
     Since the pulse of UV light only lasts for a short time, for example 0.5 seconds, there is no time for the animal handler to scan the UV light around the peripheral area to search for the target  110 . A predetermined time delay, for example 5-30 seconds, before the detector  150  can be made to issue another pulse of light, prevents the animal handler from being able to quickly scan multiple different locations to determine themselves where the target  110  lies before the animal settles on a candidate location. 
     A second embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 3 a  and 3 b   .  FIG. 3 a    shows an animal training system when put to use within a search area  300  and with a dog  305 . 
     The animal training system comprises six containers  310 - 315 , the containers for example being boxes and/or bags. Each of the containers  310 - 315  has a respective RFID tag  330 - 335 . The RFID tags are discrete objects which are placed within and/or attached to the containers. 
     The container  310  additionally contains a training odour  320 , and so forms a target for the dog  305 . The training odour  320  is provided by a discrete object which is placed within and/or attached to the container  310 . The containers  311 - 315  do not have the training odour, and so form dummy targets with dummy markers  331 - 335 . 
     The animal training system according to the second embodiment also comprises a detector  350 . Referring to  FIG. 3 b    which shows an enlarged view of the detector  350 , the detector  350  comprises a dog collar  351  for attaching the detector to the dog  305 , an RFID tag reader  352 , red and green indication lights  355  and  356  respectively, and a push button  358 . 
     The RFID tag reader  352  is programmed to read RFID tags in response to the push button  358  being pressed. In particular, the RFID tag reader is programmed to light up the green indication light  355  in response to the RFID tag  330  being read, and to light up the red indication light  356  in response to any of the RFID tags  331 - 335  being read. If no RFID tags are read by the reader, then neither of the indication lights  355  and  356  are lit (or both indication lights could be lit together). 
     The RFID tags  330 - 335  are passive RFID tags, and the RFID reader  352  has a range of 50 cm for detecting the RFID tags. 
     In use, the dog  305  is set loose within the training area  300  and allowed to settle upon a location where the dog indicates the training odour is to be found. The animal trainer approaches the dog  305 , and presses the push button  358  on the dog&#39;s collar  351 . 
     If the dog  305  has settled on the location of the target  310  having the training odour  320 , then pressing the button  358  causes the RFID tag  330  to be read by the RFID tag reader  352 . In response to reading the RFID tag  330 , the RFID tag reader  352  lights up the green indication light  355 , and the animal handler may reward the animal for finding the training odour. 
     If the dog  305  has settled on the location of one of the dummy targets  311 - 315 , which do not have the training odour, then pressing the button  358  causes one of the RFID tags  331 - 335  to be read by the RFID tag reader  352 . In response to reading one of the RFID tags  331 - 335 , the RFID tag reader  352  lights up the red indication light  356 , giving the animal handler useful feedback that the dog is searching for an odour of the containers, rather than the training odour. 
     If the dog  305  has settled on a location away from all the containers  310 - 315 , then pressing the button  358  does not result in any RFID tags being read, and the RFID tag reader  352  lights up none or both of the green and red indication lights  355  and  356 . This gives the animal handler useful feedback that the dog is being distracted by something else within the search area or becoming confused. 
     Since the detector is mounted on the dog, the animal handler cannot use the detector themselves to determine the location of the training odour. Instead, the animal handler must wait until the dog has settled upon a location, before taking hold of the collar  351  and pressing the push button  358  to see whether the location is correct. 
     The green and red indication lights are LEDs. Preferably, indication lights are used rather than sounds to avoid distracting the animal (in this case a dog) from the task. 
     A third embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the schematic diagram of  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4  shows an animal training system  400  comprising targets  410 - 412 , a detector  450 , and a controller  470 . 
     The targets  410 - 412  comprise respective plastic cuboids and RFID tags  430 - 432 . The RFID tags  430 - 432  are sticky backed papers that each have an antenna embedded within them, the antennas resonating at different RF frequencies to one another. 
     The target  410  additionally has a training odour  420  impegnated into a sticky-backed paper which is applied to the side of the respective plastic cuboid, and so forms a target for the dog  305 . The targets  411 - 412  do not have the training odour, and so constitute dummy targets with dummy RFID tags  431 - 432 . 
     The detector  450  comprises a dog collar  451  for attaching the detector to an animal such as a dog, an RFID tag reader  452 , an RFID tag  457 , and a transceiver  458 . The RFID tag reader  452  is configured to read RFID tags  410 - 412  in response to receiving a check command from the transceiver  458 , and to report whether and which RFID tag(s) are detected back to the transceiver  458 . 
     The transceiver  458  is configured to transmit and receive signals from a transceiver  472  of the controller  470 . The controller  470  is designed for use by a person such as the animal handler or supervisor, and comprises the transceiver  472 , an RFID tag reader  474 , a push button  476 , and an indicator light  478 . The RFID tag reader  472  is a long range passive RFID tag reader which is capable of reading the RFID tag  457  of the detector  450  up to distances of 5 m. 
     The transceiver  472  is configured to send a check command to the transceiver  458  of the detector  450  once the push button  476  is pressed, but only if the RFID tag reader  472  cannot detect the presence of the RFID tag  457  of the detector  450 . The transceiver  472  is further configured to light the indicator light  478  up in green if the transceiver  458  reports to the transceiver  472  that the RFID tag reader  452  has detected the RFID tag  430 , and to light the indicator light  478  up in red if the transceiver  458  reports to the transceiver  472  that the RFID tag reader  452  has detected the RFID tag  431  or  432 . Subsequent presses of the push button  476  do not have any effect unless the controller  470  is reset, for example by the supervisor. 
     In use, the target  410  is placed in a box in a search area by a supervisor, and the dummy targets  411  and  412  are placed by the supervisor in different locations from the target  410 . The supervisor leaves the search area, and helps the animal handler apply the detector  450  to a dog, and passes the animal handler the controller  470 . 
     The animal handler and dog are introduced to the search area, and the dog is allowed to search for the training odour. Once the dog has settled on a location, the animal handler presses the push button  478  on the controller  470 . 
     The transceiver  472  then checks whether the RFID tag  457  embedded in the detector  450  can be detected using the RFID tag reader  474 , and if it cannot, then the transceiver  472  sends a check command to the transceiver  458  of the detector  450 . If the RFID tag  457  embedded in the detector  450  can be detected using the RFID tag reader  474 , then the push button has no effect and the check command is not issued. Accordingly, the animal handler having the controller  470  must be at least 5 m away from the dog having the detector  450  in order for the check command to be issued, thereby helping ensure that the animal handler does not physically take the dog to the correct location. 
     Once the transceiver  458  of the detector  450  receives the check command, it uses the RFID tag reader  452  to determine which (if any) of the RFID tags  430 - 432  are nearby, for example the RFID tag reader  452  may have a detection range of 0.5 m. The transceiver  458  of the detector  450  reports back to the transceiver  472  of the controller  470  whether any of the tags  430 - 432  were detected, and if so then which tag was detected. 
     The transceiver  472  of the controller  470  receives the report from the transceiver  458  of the detector  450 , and if the report indicates that the RFID tag  430  was detected, then the indicator light  478  is lit up green to indicate that the dog has correctly found the training odour. The indicator light remains lit up in green until the controller  470  is reset by the supervisor. 
     If the report indicates that no RFID tags were detected, or that the RFID tags  431  or  432  were detected, then the indicator light  478  is lit up red to indicate that the dog has failed to find the training odour. The indicator light remains lit up in red until the controller  470  is reset by the supervisor, for example by pressing button(s) of the controller in a predetermined sequence that is not revealed to the animal handler. 
     The controller  470  means that the animal handler must operate at a distance from the dog, and so cannot for example lead the dog around all the locations where they believe the training odour might be found. 
     Further embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims will also be apparent to those skilled in the art.