Abstract:
Techniques using data matching and clustering algorithms are disclosed to aid investigators in detecting potentially fraudulent activity, performing risk analysis or assessing compliance with applicable regulations.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    This disclosure relates to monitoring for and detecting fraud and, more particularly, to detecting potentially fraudulent activity in connection with financial transactions of a company. The disclosure also relates to techniques for performing assessments of risk analysis and assessing compliance with applicable regulations. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Fraud can be described as a deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain. 
         [0003]    Examples of fraudulent activities include mail fraud, financial statement fraud, vendor fraud, misappropriation of company funds/assets, preparation of fraudulent financial statements, bribery and corruption, kickbacks and secret commissions, fraudulent disbursements/false expense reporting and money laundering. 
         [0004]    Detecting instances of fraud perpetrated on a company can be cumbersome and difficult. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Techniques and systems are disclosed to aid investigators in detecting potentially fraudulent activity, performing risk analysis or assessing compliance with applicable regulations. The techniques and systems enable the investigator to quickly narrow the focus of his or her investigation and to uncover potentially fraudulent activities that might otherwise have been too difficult to detect. The method utilizes data matching and clustering algorithms. 
         [0006]    In one aspect, a system includes one or more servers to load accounting and transaction data from an enterprise resource planning system into a common data model and to identify links between entities based on matches in identification data so as to create clusters of linked entities such as individuals or organizations. Reports can be generated with drill-down capabilities to facilitate access to the underlying data and to facilitate identifying actual or possible fraudulent activities. 
         [0007]    Various implementations can include one or more of the following features. 
         [0008]    For example, the servers can be configured to perform a series of sequential data transformations and to load results of each transformation into a corresponding database table. Two or more entities can be clustered based on links among records for those entities. Relationships among the records can be identified, for example, based on entity identification data across multiple fields in the records or across different entity types. 
         [0009]    In a particular implementation, the series of data transformations includes extracting the entity identification data from the common data model database, loading the extracted entity identification data into a first database table, and creating a respective new record for each name listed in the first database table. Next, a first data pre-cleansing process is performed with respect to names in the new records, and the pre-cleansed records are stored in a second database table. An address cleansing process is performed with respect to the records stored in the second database table, and each name entry in the second database table is stored as a personal name or an organization name. A data cleansing process is performed for each record depending on the category to which the corresponding name entry is assigned. Results of the data cleansing process are stored in a third database table. Data in the third database table then is compressed to obtain a single record for each particular entity name, and the compressed data is stored in a fourth database table. A data matching process is performed for the compressed data based on a program selected by a user from among a plurality of stored programs. Results of the data matching process are stored in a fifth database table. 
         [0010]    Other implementations are within the scope of the claims. 
         [0011]    Various implementations can include one or more of the following advantages. 
         [0012]    The web-based fraud detection tool, described in greater detail below, can provide the ability to perform comprehensive analysis, for example, on accounts payable and accounts receivable sub-ledgers. There are many different fraud schemes that can be tested for using the fraud detection tool, which can incorporate various standard analyses that a user can perform. In addition the tool can allow the user to design a customized analysis depending upon the data available. 
         [0013]    The fraud detection tool allows users to drill down to the lowest transaction level detail while performing the analysis from an aggregate level. 
         [0014]    The tool can incorporate external databases and information from third-party vendors to provide the user with more comprehensive analysis in identifying fraudulent transactions. One such external database is a “Project Hotlist,” which includes a project&#39;s specific watch lists that can be used to focus and supplement the electronic fraud detection tool analyses. Once populated, the lists can be compared against multiple valid entries and records found in the target ERP system, either directly or via alias values derived from third-party vendor software. 
         [0015]    Users have the ability to score transactions across the various analyses to weight individual transactions according to their relevance. The result is a more focussed set of transactions that have a higher probability of being fraudulent and helps focus the resources in the right direction. 
         [0016]    The tool allows a user to perform the analysis in real time and export results into various formats (e.g., an Excel spreadsheet). 
         [0017]    The fraud detection tool is based on a common data model, which allows for flexibility in being able to incorporate data from other financial systems as well as for multiple accounting periods. 
         [0018]    The user interface can provide in-depth literature about each of the fraud areas and schemes and can serve as a knowledge sharing and management portal. 
         [0019]    The tool can be used not only to detect fraud, but also can be used to help proactively in risk and fraud assessment. Thus, use of the tool is not limited to investigators, but can also be used by internal audit, fraud risk and compliance specialists. 
         [0020]    A large amount of data from disparate sources can be analyzed quickly to uncover entities and transactions that might be related to potentially fraudulent activities. Such analyses can easily narrow the focus of a fraud investigation that might otherwise be unduly burdensome. Additionally, suspicious relationships between various entities that a company deals with may be easily discovered. In particular, relationships may be uncovered that otherwise would have been unduly cumbersome to discover. 
         [0021]    A further benefit of certain implementations relates to the volume of data that can be analyzed as a result of the systems database platform. For example, in some implementations, all of the accounting/transaction data may be analyzed as opposed to a sample or portion of the data. In addition, the system&#39;s database platform may allow for the comparison of different datasets that would not have been possible in their native applications. 
         [0022]    The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description described below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  is a flowchart of a fraud detection method. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are examples of information included in a common data model. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  is a flowchart of a matching and clustering process. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 4A through 4I  are tables referenced in the description of the matching and clustering process. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 5 through 37  are examples of user-interface screenshots for a fraud detection system. 
       
    
    
       [0028]    Like reference symbols indicate like elements. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates a method for detecting potentially fraudulent activity and identifying suspicious relationships between various parties that interact with an organization. 
         [0030]    The illustrated method includes loading  102  data from an organization&#39;s enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to a common data model that defines the generic structures for storage of data which the fraud detection tool uses. In some implementations, the organization&#39;s ERP system may include one or more software products that are commercially available, for example, from Oracle Corporation, PeopleSoft, SAP and others. Data loaded from the organization&#39;s ERP system can include various financial information, which may be modularized into categories such as payroll, accounts receivable, accounts payable, fixes assets and inventory. 
         [0031]    The common data model is a database that defines types of data relevant to detecting possible instances of fraud or identifying suspicious relationships between various parties related to the organization. An example of the information that may be included in a common data model is shown in the entity-relationship diagrams of  FIGS. 2A and 2B . Other information also may be relevant and included in the common data model. In a particular implementation, the common data model is implemented as an Oracle® database. Other database software may be used to implement the common data model. 
         [0032]    According to the illustrated implementation of  FIG. 1 , loading the data includes importing  104  the data from the organization&#39;s ERP system to a local database. In some implementations, the local database may be adapted simply to store the imported data in a manner that is similar to the manner of storage in the ERP system. 
         [0033]    The illustrated method includes optionally validating  106  the imported data. Data validation can include confirming that the local database includes the amount of data and the type of data that was expected to be imported into the local database. For example, a user might visually inspect the data that has been imported into the local database to confirm that a certain number of records have been imported into the local database. If, during that inspection, the user determines that the local database does not include the expected number of records, then the user might choose to reload the data. 
         [0034]    Next, the imported data is mapped  108  and, if necessary transformed, into the common data model. The data mapping and transforming can be implemented, for example, using Structured Query Language (SQL) mapping and transform scripts. The data mapping involves mapping a field in the ERP system to the corresponding field in the common data model. 
         [0035]    Data transformation may be desirable if, for example, the data stored in the local database is in a form such that it cannot readily be mapped into a particular field in the common data model. As an example, if the local database includes a single data entry with more than one piece of information, the single data entry may need to be transformed into two separate pieces of data each of which then is mapped to a different field in the common data model. Thus, the data transformation step can parse a record from the ERP system to the corresponding fields in the common data model. 
         [0036]    Once the imported data is mapped  108  and, if necessary, transformed, into the common data model, the illustrated method includes a second, optional validation  110 . That second, optional validation entails a user checking that the data stored in the common data model matches the user&#39;s expectations regarding what types of data and how much data should be stored in the common data model. 
         [0037]    The data stored in the common data model includes transaction level information as well as entity identification information. Examples of identification information include the entity&#39;s name, address, tax identification, social security number, birth date, bank account number, VAT number, gender, username, email address, telephone number and DUN numbers. Transaction scoring data elements and alias data constructs also are stored in the common data model. 
         [0038]    After loading  102  the data into the common data model, the illustrated method includes processing  111  the loaded data. Processing  111  the data includes identifying  112  links between entities based on matches or similarities across the loaded data. For example, if an employee&#39;s name is “John Doe” and a customer&#39;s name is “Doe Construction”, a link might be identified between “John Doe” and “Doe Construction” because of a match in the names of those entities (i.e., the word “Doe” appears in both names). Similarly, if “Doe Construction” and “Deer Corporation” share the same telephone number, a link may be identified between “Doe Construction” and “Deer Corporation” because of a match in the phone numbers of those entities. 
         [0039]    A process of transliteration can be used to improve the linking of non-English names (e.g., Japanese, Chinese, Greek, etc.). Transliteration involves the rewriting of letters or words from one alphabet to another. In this process, personal names normally spelled in non-English alphabets are transliterated into English. This transliteration process is important because there may be multiple transliterated versions of the same non-English name. The transliteration process can be implemented, for example, using software available from Language Analysis Systems (“LAS”), now owned by IBM. Links also may be created by comparing entities to external databases such as the Project Hotlist. 
         [0040]    After identifying  112  matches across the loaded data, the data processing includes creating  114  clusters of linked entities. Based on the example outlined above, a cluster of linked entities might include “John Doe,” “Doe Construction” and “Deer Corporation.” As indicated above, “John Doe” is linked to “Doe Corporation” by virtue of the word “Doe” appearing in the names of both entries. Additionally, “Doe Construction” is linked to “Deer Corporation” by virtue of a shared phone number. Moreover, “John Doe” is clustered with “Deer Corporation” since both are linked to “Doe Corporation.” In the foregoing example, it is possible that a relationship exists between “John Doe” and “Deer Corporation” that, without the matching and clustering processes, might go unnoticed. 
         [0041]    The illustrated method also includes generating  116  one or more reports based either on the matching  112  and clustering  114  or simply based on the data that was loaded  102  into the common data model. In a typical implementation, the method includes generating one or more reports based on the loaded data and generating one or more reports based on the matching  112  and clustering  114  processes. 
         [0042]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are entity-relationship diagrams that reflect examples of the types of information for particular data categories that can be loaded (at block  102 ) into the common data model.  FIG. 2A  is an entity-relationship diagram setting forth data relevant for analyzing potentially fraudulent activities or suspicious relationships based on accounts receivables, sales orders and deliveries information.  FIG. 2B  is an entity-relationship diagram setting forth data relevant for analyzing potentially fraudulent activities or identifying suspicious relationships based on accounts payables information. Other categories of data and types of data can be loaded into the common data model as well. 
         [0043]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are a flowchart that illustrates details of a particular implementation of the data processing  111  step of  FIG. 1 . As indicated above, the data processing generally includes identifying links between entities based on data matches across the common data model and creating clusters of linked entities. Other steps are described in detail below. 
         [0044]    According to the illustrated implementation, source data first is loaded into a database (e.g., common data model  302 ) for processing. In other implementations, the data may be loaded directly into an initial matching data module (MDM 0 ). 
         [0045]    After the source data is loaded into the common data model  302 , the non-accounting identification data is extracted, transformed and loaded (ETL)  304  from the common data model  302  to the MDM 0  module. The transaction level information is not extracted from the common data model. In general, the extract function of an ETL process reads data from the common data model and extracts a desired subset of data. The transform function of the ETL process works with the acquired data—using rules or lookup tables, or creating combinations with other data—to convert or pre-cleanse the data to a desired state. Such a transformation may facilitate subsequent identification of matches across the data. Finally, the load function of the ETL process is used to write the resulting data (either all of the subset or just the changes) to the MDM 0  module. Data then is extracted  304  from the common data model  302  to the MDM 0  module  306 . 
         [0046]    Each matching data module, such as the MDM 0  module  306  as well as other matching data modules discussed below, can be implemented, for example, as a table in a database. The structure of a data model for the MDM 0  module  306  is shown in  FIG. 4A .  FIG. 4A  illustrates a data schema or data dictionary that describes the data elements utilized in the fraud detection tool with respect to entities.  FIG. 4A  includes three columns: “Physical Name” provides the data element name, “Data Type” provides a description of how the data is stored (e.g., as a “NUMBER” or as a variable length character “VARCHAR”) and the length of VARCHAR fields, and “Notes” provides more descriptive information about the data element. 
         [0047]    Next, a second ETL process  308  is performed from the MDM 0  module  306  to another matching data module (MDM 1 )  310 . In one implementation, that ETL process  308  creates a new record for each name in the parsed and unparsed names fields in the MDM 0  module  306  and concatenates all parsed names. Additionally, the ETL process  308  performs data pre-cleansing. Examples of such data pre-cleansing include removing periods, inserting spaces before a “(”, inserting spaces after a ”)”, consolidating single characters, e.g., “L L P” into “LLP”, trimming spaces before the first word and after the last word in a field, converting multiple contiguous spaces into one space and converting extended ASCII into ASCII characters. The ETL process also clusters exact matches of names and addresses in order to increase the performance of the matching process. Names and addresses are clustered, or grouped together, so that only one instance of a name or address is entered into the matching process. An example structure of the data model for the MDM 1  module  310  is shown in  FIG. 4B . 
         [0048]    The next step in the illustrated method is creating  312  profiling reports. Profiling reports provide a measure of the completeness and type of data that has been entered into the MDM 1  module  310 . Such reports can help identify corrections or additional pre-cleansing that may be required before processing the data further. In one implementation, the profiling reports include frequency reports (see, e.g., phone frequency report of  FIG. 4C ), pattern reports (see, e.g., phone pattern report of  FIG. 4D ), address summary reports (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4E ) and name in address field reports (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4F ). The frequency reports and the pattern reports summarize the information contained in each of the fields that are to be used for matching. 
         [0049]    The frequency report of  FIG. 4C  includes three columns of information. The first column is entitled “phone_office” and identifies various sequences of numbers. The second column is entitled “count” and identifies the number of records in the MDM 1  module  310  that include the corresponding sequence of numbers. The third column is entitled “length” and indicates the number of characters contained in the corresponding sequence of numbers. 
         [0050]    The pattern report of  FIG. 4D  includes three columns as well. The first column is entitled “pattern” and identifies various patterns that a particular type of data might follow. The second column identifies exemplary data entries that would follow the corresponding pattern. The third column is entitled “count” and identifies the number of data entries in the MDM 1  module  310  that follow each corresponding pattern. Referring to the row identified by the number “54,” the data entry “0121/339004” is provided as an example of a data entry that would match the pattern “nnnn/nnnnn.” The third column of row “54” indicates that 347 data entries from the MDM 1  module  310  follow that same pattern. 
         [0051]    An example of an address summary report is shown in  FIG. 4E . Each row in the address summary report identifies a pattern of address fields that have been populated (indicated by the letter “Y”) and address fields that have not been populated (indicated by a letter “N”). The address summary report also includes a count in the right far column of the report. The count indicates the number of records in the MDM 1  module  310  that have an address field population scheme that matches the population scheme set forth by the series of “Y”s and “N”s in the corresponding row. As an example, row  1  of the illustrated report indicates that 39088 data entries in the MDM 1  module  310  include at least some data entered into the address fields that correspond to “address 1 flag,” “city flag,” “state flag,” and “postal code flag,” but include no data in the address fields that correspond to “address 2 flag,” “address 3 flag,” “address 4 flag,” and “country flag.” The address summary report may be adapted so that a user can readily access and view the actual data entries upon which each row of information in the address summary report is based. 
         [0052]      FIG. 4F  is an example of a name in address field report. The illustrated report includes to columns of data. The first column is entitled “value” and identifies particular words that might be included in address fields. The second column is entitled “count” and identifies the number of times the corresponding word (or value) appears in the address fields. As an example, row  2  of the illustrated report indicates that the value “DBA” appears 1999 times in the address fields of the MDM 1  module  310 . A report may be generated to provide a detailed list of the data entries that include a particular one of the “values.” An example of that report is shown in  FIG. 4G , which provides a list of the MDM 0  module  306  identification numbers, a portion of the address, and the value that is included in the address. In the illustrated example, the value is “C/O.” 
         [0053]    Other profiling reports can be generated. For example, reports can be generated to validate the mapping of cities to states and countries. 
         [0054]    Referring again to  FIG. 3A , the illustrated method includes customized pre-cleansing  314 . Customized pre-cleansing can be an automated or manual process. In a typical implementation, customized pre-cleansing modifies the data in the MDM 1  module based on the information gathered through generating the profiling reports. In one implementation, a user might review those reports and customize the data pre-cleansing process to address particular concerns about the completeness or usability of the data. 
         [0055]    After generating  312  profiling reports and performing customized pre-cleansing  314 , a user can scan  316  the data for errors and determine if further changes to the data should be made before proceeding. If so, changes can be made. If not, a data ETL process  318  is conducted from the MDM 1  module  310  to another matching data module (MDM 2 )  320 . An example of the structure for the data model for the module MDM 2   320  is shown in  FIG. 4H . 
         [0056]    The illustrated method also includes address cleansing  322 . In one implementation, address cleansing involves parsing and standardizing data stored in certain address fields in the MDM 2  module. In particular, city names, state names, country names, postal codes, and the like can be parsed and standardized. In a particular implementation, address cleansing  322  is accomplished using a software package from Firstlogic, Inc., now owned by Business Objects SA. New parsed and cleansed fields are then provided (at  324 ) to the module MDM 2 . 
         [0057]    Another set of address validation reports is generated  326 . Those reports can be used as an additional check on parsed address data. A manual review of those reports can be conducted to determine if additional cleansing  328  or other changes need to be made to the data before continuing. If additional cleansing or changes need to be made, semi-automated or manual routines can be executed to update the module MDM 2 . 
         [0058]    If no additional cleansing or changes to the data need to be made, then names are categorized  330 . In one implementation, names are categorized using a language analysis software, such as Name Inspector™ from Language Analysis Systems (“LAS”), now owned by IBM. In one implementation, each name data entry in the module MDM 2  is categorized as either a personal name, an organization name or an ambiguous name so that the correct cleansing engine will be utilized. The category identified for each name can be saved. 
         [0059]    Next, a name classification report is generated  332 . This step combines the results of the categorization  330  step with a classification process to determine whether a name is a personal name or a company name. In one implementation, the classification report assigns a score to represent how likely it is that the classification is correct. An example of a classification report is shown in  FIG. 4I . The first column of the illustrated report indicates the determination made by the external name recognition system (e.g., LAS software). The second column of the illustrated report indicates the determination made by the internal name recognition system. The third column, entitled “# Org Words” includes information that is relevant only if one and only one of the classification systems classifies the name as an organization&#39;s name. In that case, the system considers whether the classification was based on a single word match, or multiple word matches. The fourth column provides suggestions as to how each name should be classified. 
         [0060]    The fourth row of data in the illustrated classification report indicates that the external system classified a particular name as belonging to a person, whereas the internal system determined that the name belonged to an organization. In order to resolve the apparent discrepancy, the system considers (in column  3 ) how many word matches the organization determination was based on. In the particular example shown, the organization classification was based on more than one word match. Therefore, the system suggests that the name belongs to an organization. 
         [0061]    The fifth row of data shows a similar set of circumstances, except that the organization classification is based only on a single word match (i.e., not multiple words). In that instance, the suggestion provided in the far left column is for a user to review the data and make an appropriate determination. Additionally, a high, medium or low probability can be provided that the name is an organization&#39;s name. A high probability suggests that a less careful review is required, while a low probability might suggest that a more thorough review is in order. After reviewing the classification report, a user can determine  334  the appropriate classification for each name. Next, the illustrated method includes updating  336  the appropriate name type fields for the MDM 2  module. That process can be automated. 
         [0062]    A determination  338  then is made as to whether names are personal names. If a name is a personal name, then the process includes a personal name cleanse  340 . If the name is an organization&#39;s name, then the process includes an organization name cleanse  342 . The personal name cleanse  340  involves parsing and standardizing personal names using, for example, Firstlogic software. Certain words such as titles (e.g., “Dr.,” “Mrs.”, “Mr.”) can be removed. A list of those words is maintained by the system. Similarly, in an organization name cleanse  342 , certain words can be removed, such as “Corp.,” and “Inc.” Those words also can be stored by the system. The MDM 2  module is then updated  344  accordingly and an ETL process  346  is conducted from the MDM 2  module to another matching data module (MDM 3 )  348 . The ETL process  346  compresses the data so that there is a single record (rather than multiple records) for each particular entity name. 
         [0063]    Next, as shown in  FIG. 3B , a user can select  350  one or more matching processes to apply to the data in the MDM 3  module. In the illustrated implementation, the available matching processes are based on software packages from Firstlogic, LAS and a third software package. If the user selects Firstlogic software to perform matching, the user configures  352  matching scenarios. For example, the user might specify that the Firstlogic software package should only identify matches if they have a specified minimum degree of similarity. The degree of similarity can be based on objective criteria. The Firstlogic software then performs data matching  354 . The Firstlogic software is particularly well adapted to perform name and address matching. Subsequently, an ETL process  356  is implemented to load the matched data into a matching data module (MDM 4 )  358 . 
         [0064]    If the user selects  350  the LAS software to perform the matching, the LAS software name processing is initiated  360 . Subsequently, the ETL process  356  is implemented to load the matched data into the MDM 4  module  358 . 
         [0065]    If the user selects another software program to perform data matching, the user configures  362  matching scenarios. Then, data matching  364  is performed by the third software program. In some implementations, the alternative software program has customized software features to enhance the overall matching capabilities of the system. Such features will depend on the particular needs of the system and can be tailored accordingly. In some implementations, the alternative software program is adapted to identify matches based on tax identification numbers, government identification numbers, hire dates, termination dates, birth dates, globally unique identifiers (GUIDS), email addresses, data universal numbering system (DUNS) numbers, account numbers and phone numbers. Subsequently, the ETL process  356  is implemented to load data into the MDM 4  module  358 . 
         [0066]    After the data has been loaded into the MDM 4  module  358 , that data is checked  366  for errors. In one implementation, the matched data is checked by a user to make sure the matches make sense. For example, if one or more of the matching processes indicated that “AB Ltd.”matches “XY Ltd.” by virtue of both names including “Ltd.,” a user might want to discard that match, since inclusion of “Ltd.” in both names probably does not mean those organizations are related to each other. If errors, such as the type identified above, are identified, then the user may prompt the system to return  368  to the MDM 1  module, the MDM 2  module or the MDM 3  module to correct the issue(s) that allowed such an error to occur. 
         [0067]    The next step in the illustrated implementation is executing  370  a clustering program. The clustering process facilitates identifying non-obvious relationships among entities that may otherwise be overlooked by only reviewing individual matched pairs. The clustering process can create links among parties (i.e., records) across property types. In some implementations, the clustering process can be customizable by an end user. For example, an end user can instruct the clustering program to cluster records based only on certain types of properties or characteristics, such as names, addresses and telephone numbers only. Furthermore, the clustering program can be customized to identify non-obvious relationships across two or more types of entities (e.g., vendors linked to customers by telephone number) or within the same entity type (e.g., vendors linked to other vendors by telephone number). An ETL process  372  then is used to load data regarding clustering and other data into a matching data module (MDM 5 )  374 . 
         [0068]    After the data has been loaded into the MDM 5  module  374 , the data is checked  376  by a user for errors. If errors are identified, then the user may prompt the system to return  378  one of the modules MDM 1 , MDM 2 , MDM 3  or MDM 4  to correct the issue(s) that allowed such an error to occur. If no errors are found, the process ends  380  and reports can be prepared based on the data stored in the MDM 5  module and other data such as the transaction and accounting information stored in the common data model  302 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 5  shows a particular implementation of a screenshot that provides a user an overview of the processes disclosed herein. The screenshot breaks the processes down into five steps—“deploy mapping objects,” “deploy reporting objects,” “initialize project,” “generate standard reports” and “generate custom reports.” Columns are provided to indicate start times and end times of each step. In the illustrated implementation, no start times or end times are indicated. A status column also is provided. The status column might indicate, for example, that a status associated with a particular step is “not run,” “being run” or “completed.” Other status information can be provided as well. 
         [0070]    From the illustrated screenshot, a user can select any of the links provided in the “name” column. If a user selects the “deploy mapping (ERP &amp; CDM) objects” link, the system loads the code required to load data from a company&#39;s ERP system(s) to a local database. In certain implementations, once the system loads the code, the system enables a user to access the code and customize it so as to interface with particular types of ERP systems. 
         [0071]    If a user selects the “deploy reporting objects” link, the system executes a process that creates the programs and data structures necessary to run the standard analysis reports in a particular instance of the system. 
         [0072]    If a user selects the “initialize project” link, the system executes a process that populates a staging table with appropriate data. Using a staging table can quicken the generation of reports. 
         [0073]    If a user selects the “generate standard reports” link, in one implementation, the system presents a screenshot that provides the user a choice of standard reports that are available, from which the user might select only those that are actually desired. A portion of such a screenshot is shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0074]      FIG. 6  includes a list of standard reports that can be generated that are related to accounts payable information. “Yes” and “no” buttons are provided adjacent each entry on that list. In the illustrated implementation, the only list entry that includes a “yes” is the “check number gaps” entry. If a user advances the process, only a “check number gaps” report will be generated, which might identify gaps in check numbers for a particular account. 
         [0075]    Referring again to  FIG. 5 , if a user selects the “generate custom report” link, in one implementation, the system presents a screenshot that enables a user to select the type of custom report the user wants to generate. An example of such a screenshot is shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0076]    The screenshot of  FIG. 7  includes lists of custom reports related to categories: accounts payable, payroll and revenue. Each category includes one or more custom reports that are available to be generated. “Yes” and “no” buttons are provided adjacent each custom report entry. In illustrated implementation, the only list entry that includes a “no” is the “unusual customer trends (Based on Sales and Return Amounts)” entry. If a user advances the process with the illustrated selections, reports for every other indicated custom report will be generated. 
         [0077]    Once the system has generated reports, those reports can be accessed through one or more screens. For example, the screenshots of  FIGS. 8A-8E  show a listing of standard analysis reports that are available for viewing according to a particular implementation. The illustrated list is organized categorically to facilitate locating reports that are relevant to a user&#39;s particular concerns. For example, one list entry (see  FIG. 8B ) is “fraudulent disbursements.” Under that heading, the listing “billing schemes” appears. According to the illustrated implementation, billing schemes is considered to be a category of fraudulent disbursements. Referring now to  FIG. 8C , a subheading underneath “billing schemes” is “vendors with no addresses listed.” “Vendors with no addresses listed” is treated, according to the illustrated list, as suspect parties with respect to potentially fraudulent billing schemes. 
         [0078]    Each entry in the illustrated list that has a sideways arrow to its left is a link to a report that includes that title. Some of those reports are dependent on the matching and clustering process discussed earlier (see  FIGS. 3A  and  3 B). For example, the report entitled “entities with same name” (see  FIG. 8A ) is dependent on the matching and clustering process. Other reports provide accounting information that is independent of the matching and clustering process. For example, the report entitled “aggregate payments in alphabetical order” (see  FIG. 8B ) is not dependent on the matching and clustering process. 
         [0079]    A Microsoft® Word® icon appears adjacent certain of the entries. If a user selects one of those icons, a Word® document is presented to the user to explain the significance of the reports that are associated with the associated entry. For example, such an icon is provided adjacent to the “false sales and shipping” icon. If a user selects that icon, the system provides a Word® document that provides an overview of the concerns related to the topic of false sales and shipping. In some implementations, the document provides a detailed descriptions of all available reports associated with a given topic and an explanation of how to use those reports in an efficient manner. In certain implementations, the system can be used as an educational tool by its users or to manage the workflow steps for using the reports. For instance, the system can be linked to or interact with other sources of information such as manual specifications, which give the fraud detection tool a sense of “workflow.” 
         [0080]    Some implementations generate different reports than the reports that are shown in the illustrated screen shots. The accounting data in the reports is obtained from the CDM database. 
         [0081]      FIGS. 9A-9F  show exemplary reports that are generated by the system and that can be accessed through the screenshots of  FIGS. 8A-8E . 
         [0082]      FIG. 9A  shows a report that identifies possible duplicate vendor disbursements that have matching invoice numbers, invoice dates and payment amounts. The report includes a first column of vendor numbers and a second column of corresponding vendor names. The report might be used, for example, to help identify check tampering. A user might access this report by selecting the “duplicate on invoice number, invoice date and payment amount” link on  FIG. 8B . 
         [0083]      FIG. 9B  shows a report that identifies vendors with no addresses listed. The report includes a first column with a vendor number and a second column with corresponding vendor names. A user might access this report by selecting the “vendors with no addresses listed” link on  FIG. 8C . 
         [0084]      FIG. 9C  shows a report that identifies vendors with no terms listed. The report includes a first column with vendor numbers and a second column with corresponding vendor names. A user might access this report by selecting the “vendors with no terms listed” link shown in the screenshot of  FIG. 8C . 
         [0085]      FIG. 9D  shows a report that provides a list of zero dollar and negative vendor payments and their respective information. This analysis might provide insight into atypical transactions that warrant further inquiry and the possible billing schemes that could result from such payments. A user might access this report by selecting the “zero dollar and negative disbursements” link in  FIG. 8C . 
         [0086]      FIG. 9E  shows a report that provides a list of vendors that have only one payment made on the check register file. A user might access this report by selecting the “vendors with only one payment” link in  FIG. 8C . 
         [0087]      FIG. 10  is a screenshot that includes a list of custom analysis reports that have been generated. The custom reports that are listed on the illustrated list typically include functionality that enables a user to manipulate the data being presented. For example, a custom report can include functionality that enables a user to drill down for additional details related to a particular analysis. Additionally, a custom report can include functionality that enables a user to specify search parameters, such as ranges of data values to be considered. Each entry in the illustrated list that has a sideways arrow to its left is a link to a report that includes that title. Some of those reports are dependent on the matching and clustering process. Other reports provide accounting information that is independent of the matching and clustering process. 
         [0088]    In some implementations, the list of custom reports also can include a Microsoft® Word® icon adjacent certain of the entries. If a user selects one of those icons, a Word® document is presented to the user to explain the significance of the analysis associated with corresponding entry. In some implementations, the Word® document provides an overview of the concerns related to the associated topic and detailed descriptions of all available reports associated with a given topic and an explanation of how to use those reports in an efficient manner. 
         [0089]    Some implementations generate custom reports different from the custom reports that are shown in the illustrated screen shots. 
         [0090]      FIG. 11  is an example of a custom report. In particular, the illustrated custom report is a first level of a credit memo analysis that includes a bar graph depicting the total dollar amount of credit memos for each customer. Three search boxes enable a user to customize the bar graph to show particular data only. Those search boxes are entitled “customer,” “amt. of credit memos” and “no. of credit memos.” If, for example, the user specifies that the “amt. of credit memos” should range from $3,000,000 to $15,000,000, then the system generates a new bar graph that includes only three bars, one bar for “N/A,” one bar for “Total Internet” and one bar for “Business World.” All other bars will be deleted from the graph. That is because only the bars that are associated with “N/A,” “Total Internet” and “Business World” represent credit amounts that fall within the specified range of $3,000,000 to $15,000,000. 
         [0091]    The illustrated custom report also includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to a second, more detailed level of credit memo analysis information. That second level shows all credit memos for a particular customer. In one implementation, a user can access that second level by clicking on one of the bars in the bar graph of  FIG. 11 . As an example, if a user clicks on the bar associated with the customer “Computer Service and Rentals,” in one implementation, the system presents a screen with similar information as is shown in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0092]      FIG. 12  includes a bar graph and a table, each of which includes related data. The bar graph&#39;s x-axis is invoice numbers and the bar graph&#39;s y-axis is amounts. Each bar is associated with a particular invoice number. Although each invoice number is identified as “N/A,” typically, each invoice number would be unique. The screenshot of  FIG. 12  also includes three search boxes that enables a customer to selectively manipulate the data being presented in the bar graph and the table so as to readily arrive at the most relevant data presented. 
         [0093]    The screenshot of  FIG. 12  includes a Microsoft® Excel® icon at the right side of the screen about mid-page. If a user selects that icon, the system exports the data from the illustrated table to an excel spreadsheet. 
         [0094]      FIGS. 13-37  are screenshots that include examples of custom reports that, according to one implementation, can be generated by the system. In certain implementations, one or more of the illustrated custom reports features drill down capabilities to access additional details about the information represented by those reports. In some cases, the user can drill down through multiple levels (e.g., three or more) to obtain increasingly detailed information about selected transactions or entities. In certain implementations, one or more of the illustrated custom reports includes functionality that enables a user to export data to external programs, such as Microsoft® Excel®. 
         [0095]      FIG. 13  illustrates a custom report that includes a bar graph providing a credit memo analysis by reason code. That analysis might identify the reason why a company needed to reduce or eliminate the amount the customer had to pay with respect of the original issued invoice. The illustrated custom report includes functionality that enables a user to manipulate the bar graph and table to show only data associated with a particular return reason, to show only data that relates to credit memos in a specified amount range, or to show only data related to customers having a specified number of credit memos. 
         [0096]      FIG. 14  illustrates a custom report that includes a bar graph providing an indication of total sales and credit memos per customer. In the illustrated bar graph, the x-axis identifies customers and the y-axis identifies amounts. Certain customers have two bars associated with them. In those cases, one bar corresponds to that customer&#39;s total sales and the other bar corresponds to that customer&#39;s credit memos. The illustrated custom report includes functionality that enables a user to manipulate the bar graph and table to show only data associated with a particular return reason, to show only data that relates to credit memos in a specified amount range, or to show only data related to customers having a specified number of credit memos. 
         [0097]      FIG. 15  illustrates a custom report that includes a bar graph and a table for analyzing credit memos by creator. In the illustrated bar graph, the x-axis identifies creators and the y-axis identifies amounts. The illustrated table also includes that information as well as indicating the total number of credit memos. Generally, the illustrated report provides an analysis of creators of credit for customers and the total dollar amount each has created. The illustrated custom report includes functionality that enables a user to manipulate the bar graph and table to show only data associated with a particular creator or creators, to show only data that relates to credit memos in a specified amount range, or to show only data related to customers having a specified number of credit memos. If a user, for example, selects the bar associated with Thailand, the system presents a screenshot that is similar to the screenshot of  FIG. 16 . 
         [0098]      FIG. 16  illustrates a custom report that includes a bar graph and a table for analyzing sales invoices and credit memos for a particular creator, in this case, Thailand. In the illustrated bar graph, the x-axis identifies invoice numbers and the y-axis identifies amounts. Two bars are associated with each invoice number. One bar relates to invoice amount and the other bar relates to credit memo amount. The illustrated table identifies the creator&#39;s name, invoice number, invoice date, invoice amount, credit memo number, credit memo date, credit memo amount, net sales, customer name and reason code. Generally, the illustrated report provides an analysis of creators of credit for customers and the total dollar amount each has created. The illustrated custom report includes functionality that enables a user to manipulate the bar graph and table to show only data associated with a particular creator or creators, to show only data that relates to credit memos in a specified amount range, and/or to show only data related to customers having a specified number of credit memos. 
         [0099]      FIG. 17  illustrates a custom report that includes a customer activity analysis and a stratification of credit limits analysis that provide a high level analysis of customer records and receivables. The customer activity analysis indicates the total customers in the master file, the total customers with activity, the percentage of customers with activity and the customers without activity that are not marked inactive. The stratification of credit limits analysis is a table that includes a stratification of credit limits column, a total $ of credit limit column, a number of customers column and a total $ credit exp (available credit) column. In some implementations, drill down functionality is enabled in the illustrated report. 
         [0100]      FIG. 18  is a custom analysis report that enables a user to determine the interest impact for each payment term. In particular, the analysis summarizes and identifies the weighted average of days payable outstanding (“DPO”) contained in the accounts payable (“AP”) sub-ledger for the company by payment terms. The report includes a graph and a table. The graph has an x-axis that indicates payment terms and a y-axis that indicates the amount. The graph also indicates the interest impact associated with each table entry by assigning an appropriate symbol to each entry. The table includes a terms, discount days column, a weighted average DPO column, an amount of invoices paid column, a favourable/(unfavourable) interest impact of payment column, and a group of columns indicating potential interest savings associated with various terms. In some implementations, drill down functionality is enabled in the illustrated report. 
         [0101]      FIG. 19  is a custom analysis report directed to analyzing disbursements within a specified range and approval limit. In one implementation, the range and approval limit are specified by a user before generating the report. The range and approval limits can be modified using the boxes provided. The report includes a bar graph and a table. The x-axis of the bar graph indicates payee names and the y-axis indicates amounts. The table includes columns for check numbers, check dates, check amounts, vendor numbers, employee numbers, payee names and created by names. In some implementations, the illustrated report includes drill down capabilities. 
         [0102]      FIG. 20  is a custom analysis report directed to analyzing check amounts per employee. The report includes functionality that enables a user to specify a check amount range and a check date range to customize the report according to desired parameters. The report includes a bar graph and a table. The x-axis of the bar graph indicates employee names and the y-axis indicates amounts. The table includes columns for check numbers, check dates, check amounts, employee numbers, employee names and created by names. In some implementations, the illustrated report includes drill down capabilities. 
         [0103]      FIGS. 21 ,  22  and  23  are custom analysis reports directed to analyzing total sales invoice amounts vs. total returns amounts. The report of  FIG. 21  includes a bar graph. The bar graph has an x-axis that indicates customer names and a y-axis that indicates amounts. Two bars are associated with each customer. A first bar indicates a total amount of invoices for that customer and a second bar indicates a total amount of returns for that customer. Functionality is provided that enables a user to customize the bar graph to show only particular customers or to show only invoices for a specified year.  FIG. 21  includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to more detailed information about a given customer. In one implementation, if a user selects one of the bars associated with the customer, Computer Service and Rentals, the system presents a screen shot that is similar to the screenshot of  FIG. 22 . 
         [0104]    The screenshot of  FIG. 22  includes a bar graph and a table. The bar graph has an x-axis indicating total sales dollars by month and a y-axis indicating customer name and month. Two bars correspond to each month. One of the bars indicates total invoices for that month and the other bar indicates total returns for that month. The table has columns for customer numbers, customer names, year, month, number of invoices for each month, number of returns for each month, a corresponding percentage, amount of invoices, amount of returns, and a corresponding percentage. The illustrated report provides a percentage value for the dollar amount of returns divided by the total sales per customer. Those percentages can be ranked in descending order in order to list those customers that have the highest percentage of returned dollars first. High percentages of returns could potentially provide insight into improper revenue recognition. 
         [0105]      FIG. 22  includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to more detailed information about a given customer. In one implementation, if a user selects one of the bars associated with a particular month, for example month  2 , the system presents a screen shot that is similar to the screenshot of  FIG. 23 . 
         [0106]      FIG. 23  is a report that includes a bar graph. The bar graph shows the exact transactions that make up the total sales and returns for month two. The x-axis of the bar graph indicates the invoices and returns, and the y-axis of the bar graph indicates associated amounts. The illustrated graph indicates the activities of a single customer within a single month. The illustrated graph also contains two horizontal lines that correspond to the changing of the scale of the data on the x-axis to facilitate the display of a wide range of data on a single graph. 
         [0107]      FIG. 24  is a custom analysis report that identifies all round dollar payments in the disbursement files (by customer). The custom report has a bar graph and a table. The bar graph&#39;s x-axis indicates payee names and the bar graph&#39;s y-axis indicates amounts. The table includes columns that indicate check numbers, check dates, check amounts, vendor numbers, employee numbers, payee names and created by names. The illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to customize the graph and table to show only data related to checks within specified amount and date ranges. In some implementations, the illustrated report also includes drill down capability. 
         [0108]      FIGS. 25 ,  26  and  27  are custom analysis reports that identify employees who can process disbursements and create vendor accounts. The report of  FIG. 25  includes a bar graph. The x-axis of that bar graph identifies users and the y-axis of that bar graph indicates numerical values. Two bars are associated with each user. One of the bars indicates the number of checks created by that vendor. The other bar indicates the number of checks created to vendors created. The illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to customize the bar graph so that it includes only data that falls within a specified ranges for total number of vendors created, total number of checks created or a total amount of checks created. The report of  FIG. 25  also includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to more detail information. If, for example, a user clicks on one of the bars associated with user Ibuguest, then the system presents the screenshot of  FIG. 26 . 
         [0109]      FIG. 26  includes a bar graph and a table showing data related to user Ibuguest. The bar graph includes vendor names as its x-axis and amounts as its y-axis. The table includes columns that show user names, vendors created, number of checks created and amounts of checks paid. The report includes functionality that enables a user to customize the bar graph and table to include of data that is related to specified ranges for total number of vendors created, total number of checks created and/or total amounts of checks created.  FIG. 26  includes functionality that enables a user to drill down for more information about the user&#39;s interactions with a particular one of the named vendors. If, for example, a user clicks on one of the bars associated with a particular vendor (e.g., Corporate Express Office Supply), the system presents the screenshot of  FIG. 27 . 
         [0110]    The screenshot of  FIG. 27  includes a bar graph and a table illustrating data related to both user Ibuguest and vendor Corporate Express Office Supply. The bar graph&#39;s x-axis identifies check numbers and the bar graph&#39;s y-axis identifies amounts. The table includes columns that identify user names, vendor names, payment types, check numbers, check amounts, check dates and bank account names. 
         [0111]      FIGS. 28 and 29  are custom reports that identify employees who can enter sales orders/adjustments and also can create customer accounts. The analysis identifies whether a sales order created was for a customer that the employee added to the master file. The report of  FIG. 28  includes a bar graph and a table. The bar graph&#39;s x-axis indicates user names and the bar graph&#39;s y-axis indicates sales orders. Two bars are associated with each user. One of the bars indicates the number of sales orders created. The other one of the bars indicates the number of sales orders created by customers created. The table includes columns that identify user names, numbers of sales orders created, invoice amounts of sales orders created, numbers of customers created, numbers of sales orders created by customers created and total invoice amounts from customers created. The report includes functionality that enables a user to customize the data being presented to include only that data which falls within specified ranges of total numbers of customers created, total number of sales orders created and/or total invoice amounts. The illustrated report also includes functionality that enables a user to drill down for additional information. If, for example, a user clicks on a bar associated with a particular user (e.g., Bworldbe), the system presents a report similar to that shown in  FIG. 29 . 
         [0112]      FIG. 29  is a custom analysis report that includes a bar graph with data related to user, Bworldbe. The graph&#39;s x-axis lists total invoice amount by customer, and the y-axis indicates amounts. The report includes functionality that enables a user to customize the report so as to reflect only data that relates to a specified range of total number of customers created, total number of sales orders created and/or total invoice amounts. 
         [0113]      FIGS. 30 ,  31  and  32  are custom analysis reports that identify customers that comprise 80% of the total number of cash receipts/payments and 80% of the dollar value of cash receipts/payments. Such information can provide an indication of where a user should focus credit and collection efforts. By highlighting the particular customers, the user might be able to identify opportunities for improving DSO by reducing terms or enforcing compliance with terms. Additionally, invoice consolidation opportunities might be identified for low dollar, high volume customers. 
         [0114]    The report of  FIG. 30  includes data related to cash receipts by number and cash receipts by dollar. The data related to cash receipts by number includes total number of active customers, total number of cash receipts, 80% of number of cash receipts, number of customers, percentage of customers and days sales outstanding. The cash receipts by dollar data includes total dollar amount of receipts, top  80 % of dollar value, number of customers, percentage of customers and days sales outstanding. The illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to access the additional data illustrated in  FIGS. 31 and 32 . 
         [0115]      FIG. 31  is a screenshot of a report that includes a bar graph and a table that show customers who created 80% of the number of receipts. The x-axis of the bar graph indicates customers and the y-axis of the bar graph indicates total number of receipts. The bar graph shows only those customers who created 80% of the number of receipts. The table includes columns showing customer numbers, customer names, total numbers of receipts, total dollar amounts of receipts and analysis. 
         [0116]      FIG. 32  is a screen shot that shows customers who created 80% of the dollar amounts of receipts. The illustrated report includes types of data that are similar to the types of data shown in  FIG. 31 . 
         [0117]      FIG. 33  is a screenshot of a report that identifies a range in price after initial customer acknowledgement, but prior to the ship date, assuming an invoice is automatically generated when shipped. The illustrated report includes a bar graph and a table. The bar graph&#39;s x-axis indicates customer names and the y-axis indicates price differences. The table includes columns directed to customer names, SO numbers, invoice numbers, item names, item descriptions, SO unit prices, invoice unit prices, price differences and percentage price differences. The illustrated report include functionality that enables a user to customize the report by specifying a range of percentages, to which the data presented will be limited. In certain implementations, the report includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to additional levels of data. 
         [0118]      FIG. 34  is a custom analysis report that helps identify unusual customer trends based on sales and returns amounts. The analysis provided in that report provides two data sets and graphs (one for sales and one for returns) of the total average customer dollar amounts along with total dollar amounts by customer. The report depict the customers whose total sales/returns dollar amounts are most deviated from the mean. 
         [0119]    The illustrated report includes an upper graph, a lower graph and a table. The upper graph is related to customer sales and identifies customer names on its x-axis and amounts on its y-axis. The lower graph is related to customer returns and identifies customer names on its x-axis and amounts on its y-axis. The table includes columns that indicate customer numbers, customer names, total dollar amount of sales, average sales by customer, invoice amount difference, total dollar amount return, average returns by customer and returns difference. In some implementations, the report includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to additional levels of detail. 
         [0120]      FIG. 35  is a screenshot of a report that provides a vendor discount analysis. The analysis identifies total vendor discounts available and taken vs. potential interest earnings for holding payment to net terms. The report enables a user to compare payment options for optimal savings. The illustrated report includes a bar graph and a table. The bar graph includes an axis that identifies payment terms and a y-axis that identifies amounts. The table includes columns directed to terms (discount days), total invoice amounts, total payment amounts, discount amounts available, discount amounts taken, potential discount savings, total interest earned and potential interest earnings. 
         [0121]    The illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to customize the report to specify an interest rate. In some implementations, the illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to additional levels of detail. 
         [0122]      FIG. 36  is a screenshot of a custom analysis report that provides a high-level of analysis of vendor records and disbursements. In particular, the report includes data related to the following categories: disbursements with questionable payees (including blank, “cash” and “do not use”), payments to vendors with incomplete address, payments to vendors with incomplete phone numbers, payments to vendors with incomplete terms, payment to vendors without tax identification numbers and potential duplicate payments. 
         [0123]    In some implementations, the illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to additional levels of detail. 
         [0124]      FIG. 37  is a screenshot of a report that indicates interest impact for each DSO stratification. The illustrated report includes a bar graph and a table. The bar graph&#39;s x-axis identifies ranges of days and its y-axis identifies amounts. Various shapes on the bar graph indicate potential interest savings at different times. The table includes columns directed to stratifications of DSO, numbers of invoices, number percentages, amounts of invoices, amount percentages, and columns directed to potential interest savings. The illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to specify an interest rate. In some implementations, the illustrated report includes functionality that enables a user to drill down to additional levels of detail. 
         [0125]    Various features of the system may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. For example, some features of the system may be implemented in computer programs executing on programmable computers. Each program may be implemented in a high level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system or other machine. Furthermore, each such computer program may be stored on a storage medium such as read-only-memory (ROM) readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer or processor, for configuring and operating the computer to perform the functions described above. 
         [0126]    The system architecture may include one or more servers and databases.  FIG. 38  shows the system architecture associated with a particular implementation of a system for carrying out the disclosed methods. The illustrated system architecture includes an application framework  3800  with an engagement data database server  3802 , a web/application server  3804 , an application database server  3806  and a Firstlogic application server  3808 . The application framework  3800  is coupled to a web browser  3810  via a global wide area network (GWAN)  3812 . The web browser  3810  includes an Internet application server (IAS) dashboard  3814 , a dispute analysis and investigations (DA&amp;I) dashboard  3816  and an administration module  3818 . 
         [0127]    A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, a number of modifications are possible. For example, in certain implementations, the data from the ERP system can be loaded directly into the common data model—thereby skipping mapping and transformation steps  104  and  106 . Various types of data validation can be performed at various times during the process. Many different types of reports (standard and custom) can be generated and many ways of report customization can be enabled. The particular information included in a common data model can differ from that disclosed herein. The particular appearance of the various screenshots as well as the drill-down capabilities of the reports can vary. 
         [0128]    Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the claims.