Abstract:
A relaxation time in a common inversion drive of a liquid crystal display device is minimized. The liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines that intersects the plurality of scan lines, a plurality of pixel switching devices dispose corresponding to intersections of the data lines and the scan lines, a plurality pixel electrodes connected with the plurality of pixel switching devices, a common electrode facing the pixel electrodes to form capacitors, a common power supply circuit connected with the common electrode and outputting a square wave alternating between a higher electric potential and a lower electric potential at a regular intervals and a first reference electric potential power supply circuit outputting a first reference electric potential to the scan lines through a low impedance at a common electric potential inversion timing that is a timing of alternation of the square wave, wherein an impedance from the common power supply circuit to the common electrode is approximately equal to an impedance from the first reference electric potential power supply circuit to the scan lines.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE OF THE INVENTION 
     This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-201182, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a liquid crystal display device and an electronic device including the display device, specifically to a liquid crystal display device using an active matrix substrate. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A liquid crystal display device with an active matrix circuit using active devices such as TFTs (Thin Film Transistors) has come into widespread use including a laptop PC and a monitor in recent years. 
     In a liquid crystal display device using a conventional nematic liquid crystal material, a display status of each pixel is controlled by an electric potential difference between a pixel electrode switched by the active device and a common electrode. When a large electric potential difference is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, that is, when black is displayed in a normally white mode or when white is displayed in a normally black mode, a maximum electric potential difference between the common electrode and the pixel electrode is usually three to five volts, although it varies depending on the liquid crystal material used, a mode of the liquid crystal and a gap of the liquid crystal. In order to secure reliability of the liquid crystal device, the liquid crystal display device requires inverting a polarity of voltage applied to the liquid crystal at a certain interval, or an alternating current drive. Assuming that the electric potential of the common electrode is fixed, the electric potential amplitude of a signal written into the pixel electrode, that is, a video signal inputted to a data line of the active matrix circuit, is six to ten volts. 
     When the video signal inputted to the data line is written-in by an external data driver IC, however, an expensive IC manufactured, not only by a conventional CMOS process but by a high withstand voltage process, is required in order to output the electric potential amplitude higher that five volts, leading to an increased cost and increase power consumption. To solve the problem described above, a drive method to reduce by half the amplitude of the input signal to the data line by using a common inversion drive in which the polarity of the common electrode is alternated is proposed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. S62-49399, for example. 
     When the common inversion drive proposed above is applied to a large and high resolution display panel, however, capacitance of the common electrode is increased to increase a relaxation time and the maximum instantaneous current at a common electric potential inversion timing. 
     This invention is directed to solving the problems addressed above, and offers a liquid crystal display device and an electronic having the display device, which are small in dimensions of periphery of the panel and low in power consumption. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides a liquid crystal display device having a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines disposed to intersect the scan lines, a plurality of pixel switching devices disposed corresponding to intersections of the data lines and the scan lines, a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed corresponding to the pixel switching devices, a common electrode facing to the pixel electrodes to form capacitors, a common power supply circuit connected with the common electrode and outputting a square wave signal alternating between a higher electric potential and a lower electric potential at regular intervals and a first reference electric potential power supply circuit that outputs a first reference electric potential of a constant electric potential to the scan lines at a common electric potential inversion timing that is a timing of alternation of the square wave signal, wherein the first reference electric potential power supply circuit is connected to the common power supply circuit through a low impedance and an impedance RA between the common power supply circuit and the common electrode is approximately the same as an impedance RB between the first reference electric potential power supply circuit and the scan lines. 
     With a structure described above, a relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be suppressed and a period from the common electric potential inversion timing to a timing to write a selection electric potential into the scan line and a period to select the scan line can be secured. As a result, it is made possible to apply the common inversion drive to a panel that has been difficult to apply the common inversion drive and to manufacture the panel with a high yield. It is also made possible to realize a low cost, low power consumption liquid crystal display device, using a less expensive low withstand voltage IC as an external driver IC without reducing yields. 
     This invention also provides the liquid crystal display device further including a first wiring that electrically connects the first reference electric potential power supply circuit with the scan lines and a second wiring that electrically connects the common power supply circuit with the common electrode, wherein a width of the first wiring is approximately equal to a width of the second wiring. 
     With a structure described above, the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized by specifying the widths of the first and second wirings. 
     And in the liquid crystal display device of this invention, among widths of the wirings connecting signal sources and the power supplies to the drive circuits, the width of the first wiring and the width of the second wiring are greater than widths of the other wirings. 
     With a structure described above, the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized making resistances of the first and second wirings smaller than resistances of the other wirings. 
     This invention also provides the liquid crystal display device further including a plurality of mounting terminals formed on a single substrate together with the plurality of scan lines, the plurality of data lines and the plurality of pixel switching devices, the plurality of mounting terminals including a first mounting terminal connected with the first reference electric potential power supply circuit and a second mounting terminal connected with the common power supply circuit, wherein the first mounting terminal is approximately equal to the second mounting terminal in the number of constituting unit mounting terminals or in an area of the terminal. 
     With a structure described above, a liquid crystal display device with a large display area, a small panel periphery dimensions and small current consumption can be manufactured, since the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized by specifying the areas of the first and second mounting terminals while optimizing outer dimensions of the panel. And the cost can be reduced by using the low withstand voltage IC. 
     And in the liquid crystal display device of this invention, the first and second mounting terminals are larger in the number of unit mounting terminals or larger in the area of the terminal compared with the other mounting terminals for other signals and a power supply. 
     With a structure described above, the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized by making resistances of the first and second mounting terminals smaller than resistances of the other mounting terminals. 
     This invention also provides the liquid crystal display device further including a second reference electric potential power supply circuit that is connected with the data lines through a low impedance and outputs a second reference electric potential of a constant electric potential at the common electric potential inversion timing, that is the timing of inversion of the output of the common power supply circuit. 
     With a structure described above, a write-in time can be reduced by performing a precharge operation for a period encompassing the common electric potential inversion timing, to realize a larger display area and lower power consumption. 
     This invention also provides the liquid crystal display device further including a third wiring that electrically connects the second reference electric potential power supply circuit with the plurality of data lines, wherein a sum of the width of the first wiring and a width of the third wiring is approximately equal to the width of the second wiring. 
     With a structure described above, the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized in the liquid crystal display device having a precharge function by considering the width of the third wiring that electrically connects the data lines. 
     In the liquid crystal display device of this invention, among the widths of wirings connecting the signal sources and the power supplies to the drive circuits, the widths of the first, second and third wirings are greater than widths of the other wirings. 
     With a structure described above, the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized by making the resistances of the first, second and third wirings smaller than the resistances of the other wirings. 
     This invention also provides the liquid crystal display device further including a third mounting terminal that is a part of the plurality of mounting terminals and connected with the second reference electric potential power supply circuit, wherein a sum of the number of unit mounting terminals of the first mounting terminal and the number of unit mounting terminals of the third mounting terminal is approximately equal to the number of unit mounting terminals of the second mounting terminal or a sum of the area of the first mounting terminal and an area of the third mounting terminal is approximately equal to the area of the second mounting terminal. 
     With a structure described above, the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized in the liquid crystal display device having the precharge function by considering the area of the third mounting terminal that electrically connects the data lines. 
     And in the liquid crystal display device of this invention, the first, second and third mounting terminals are larger in the number of unit mounting terminals or larger in the area compared with the other mounting terminals for other signals and the power supply. 
     With a structure described above, a liquid crystal display device with a large display area, a small panel periphery dimensions and small current consumption can be manufactured, since the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be optimized by reducing the resistance of the other mounting terminals while optimizing the outer dimensions of the panel, even when the precharge operation is performed for the period encompassing the common electric potential inversion timing. 
     This invention also provides a liquid crystal display device including a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines disposed to intersect the scan lines, a plurality of pixel switching devices disposed corresponding to intersections of the data lines and the scan lines, a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed corresponding to the pixel switching devices, a common electrode facing to the pixel electrodes to form capacitors, a common power supply circuit connected with the common electrode and outputting a square wave signal alternating between a higher electric potential and a lower electric potential at regular intervals, a first reference electric potential power supply circuit that provides the scan lines with a non-select electric potential, a common electric potential wiring that electrically connects a common electric potential terminal receiving the square wave signal from the common power supply circuit with the common electrode, and a power supply wiring that connects a power supply terminal receiving the non-select electric potential from the first reference electric potential power supply circuit with a scan line drive circuit that drives the scan lines, wherein impedance of the common electric potential wiring is approximately equal to an impedance of the power supply wiring. 
     With a structure described above, the relaxation time at the common electric potential inversion timing can be suppressed and the period from the common electric potential inversion timing to the timing to write the selection electric potential into the scan line and the period to select the scan line can be secured. As a result, it is made possible to apply the common inversion drive to a panel that has been difficult to apply the common inversion drive and to manufacture the panel with a high yield. It is also made possible to realize a low cost, low power consumption liquid crystal display device, using a less expensive low withstand voltage IC as an external driver IC. 
     This invention offers an electronic device provided with the liquid crystal display device described above. 
     With a structure described above, a low cost electronic device with high picture quality display which operates for many hours with a battery is made available, since the less expensive low withstand voltage IC can be used as the external driver IC and the low power consumption liquid crystal display device with less visible flicker can be used as a display. To be more specific, the electronic device means a monitor, a TV, a note PC, a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a digital still camera, a camcorder, a mobile telephone, a mobile photo viewer, a mobile video player, a mobile DVD player, a mobile audio player and the like. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an oblique perspective (partially cross-sectional) view of a liquid crystal display device according to embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows a structure of an active matrix substrate according to a first embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows a structure of a pixel on the active matrix substrate according to the embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows a structure of a scan line drive circuit according to the embodiments of this invention. 
         FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  5 D and  5 E are circuit diagrams of circuits constituting the scan line drive circuit according to the embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows a structure of a data line drive circuit according to the embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a timing chart according to the first embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing loads at a common electric potential inversion timing according to the first embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a simplified schematic diagram showing the loads according to the first embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 10  shows mounting terminals according to the first embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 11  shows a structure of an active matrix substrate according to a second embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 12  shows a structure of a data line precharge circuit according to the second embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a timing chart according to the second embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram showing loads at the common electric potential inversion timing according to the second embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 15  is a simplified schematic diagram showing the loads according to the second embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 16  shows mounting terminals according to the second embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 17  shows a structure of an electronic device according to a third embodiment of this invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A liquid crystal display device according to embodiments of this invention will be explained hereafter referring to the drawings. 
       FIG. 1  shows a structure of a liquid crystal display device  10  according to a first embodiment of this invention.  FIG. 1  is an oblique perspective (partially cross-sectional) view of the four inch diagonal transmissive liquid crystal display device  10  with VGA resolution. The liquid crystal display device  10  has an active matrix substrate  11 , a counter substrate  12  and a nematic phase liquid crystal material  22  interposed between them. A sealing material  23  bonds the both substrates  11  and  12  together to seal the liquid crystal material  22 . An alignment material made of polyimide or the like is coated and rubbing-processed to form an alignment film on pixel electrodes on the active matrix substrate  11 , although it is not shown in the figure. And color filters corresponding to pixels and a counter electrode  30  made of an ITO (Indium-Tin Oxide) film, to which a common electric potential is provided, are formed on the counter substrate  12 , although not shown in the figure. An alignment material made of polyimide or the like is coated on a surface contacting the liquid crystal material  22  and rubbing-processed in a direction orthogonal to a direction of rubbing-processing applied to the alignment film on the active matrix substrate  11 . And the counter electrode  30  is electrically connected with a vertical conduction portion  56  on the active matrix substrate  11  through a conductive material, although it is not shown in the figure. 
     An upper polarizing plate  24  is disposed on a outer surface of the counter substrate  12  and a lower polarizing plate  25  is disposed on a outer surface of the active matrix substrate  11  so that directions of polarization of the two polarizing plates are orthogonal to each other (cross-Nicol arrangement). A back light unit  26  that makes a surface light source is disposed under the lower polarizing plate  25 . The back light unit  26  may be a cold cathode tube or an LED (Light-Emitting Diode) attached to an optical waveguide plate or a scattering plate, or a unit that is made of electroluminescent device and emits light from its whole surface. The back light unit  26  is connected to a body of an electronic device through a connector  26   a  and is provided with a power supply and a control signal. Although not shown in the figure, a hull may be attached to cover the liquid crystal display device  10 , a protection glass or acryl plate may be attached over the upper polarizing plate  24 , or an optical compensation film may be stuck to it in order to improve a viewing angle, if necessary. 
     The active matrix substrate  11  has an extended portion  27  that sticks out of the counter substrate  12 . The extended portion  27  is provided with a plurality of signal input terminals  53  (not shown). An FPC (Flexible Printed Circuit Board)  28  and an external driver IC  29  are mounted on the extended portion  27  and are electrically connected with the signal input terminals  53 . Although the external driver IC  29  is formed of two ICs in  FIG. 1 , it may be formed of one or more than two ICs. The FPC  28  is connected to the electronic device and provides a reference electric potential, a control signal and video data. 
     Next, a structure of the active matrix substrate  11  is described referring to  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  shows the active matrix substrate  11 . On the active matrix substrate  11 , m (a natural number, 480 in this embodiment) scan lines  31  and n (a natural number, 1920 in this embodiment) data lines  32  are formed to intersect with each other, and m capacitor lines  33  are disposed parallel to the scan lines  31  so that each of the capacitor lines  33  is paired with each of the scan lines  31 . 
     The scan lines  31  are connected to a scan line drive circuit  41 . The scan line drive circuit  41  is connected with a power supply terminal  51  through a power supply wiring  52 , and is also connected with the signal input terminals  53  through a plurality of signal wirings  57 . The scan line drive circuit  41  is provided from the power supply terminal  51  with a DC power supply electric potential VBB (−4V) that renders the scan lines  31  in holding state (non-selected state) and from the signal input terminals  53  with various necessary signals and a signal to give the power supply electric potential. A data line drive circuit  42  is connected to the data lines  32 . The data line drive circuit  42  is connected to the signal input terminals  53  through the signal wirings  57  and is provided with various necessary signals and the signal to give the power supply electric potential. 
     The capacitor lines  33  are connected with each other and connected to a common electric potential input terminal  54  through a common electric potential wiring  55 , and are provided with a common electric potential signal VCOM (an inverting signal alternating between −4.5V and −0.5V). The counter electrode  30  on the counter substrate  12  is connected with the vertical conduction portion  56  that is disposed at each of four corners of the active matrix substrate  11  and is similarly connected to the common electric potential input terminal  54  through the common electric potential wiring  55 . 
     Next, a structure of a pixel circuit is described referring to  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  shows a magnified view of a portion around an intersection of the scan line  31  and the data line  32  indicated with a chain line circle A in  FIG. 2 . A pixel switching device  34  made of an N-channel type polysilicon thin film field effect transistor is formed at a location corresponding to each of intersections of the scan lines  31  and the data lines  32 . Its gate electrode is connected to a respective scan line  31 , its source electrode is connected to a respective data line  32 , and its drain electrode is connected to a respective pixel electrode  35 . The liquid crystal material  22  is interposed between the pixel electrode  35  and the counter electrode (common electrode)  30  on the counter substrate  12  to form a liquid crystal capacitor  36 , while an auxiliary capacitor Cs is formed in parallel to the liquid crystal capacitor  36  with a pixel electric potential side of the pixel electrode  35  and the capacitor line  33 . 
     Next, a structure of the scan line drive circuit  41  is described referring to  FIGS. 4 ,  5 A,  5 B,  5 C,  5 D and  5 E.  FIG. 4  is a block diagram of the scan line drive circuit  41 .  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  5 D and  5 E show detailed structure of circuits constituting the scan line drive circuit  41 . 
     The scan line drive circuit  41  is composed of clock control circuits (CCC)  72 , clock generation circuits (CGC)  73 , latch circuits (LAT)  74 , bidirectional transfer circuits (DIR)  75 , NAND circuits  76 , level shift circuits (L/S)  81  and output circuits  82 . The clock control circuits  72 , the clock generation circuits  73 , the latch circuit  74 , the bidirectional transfer circuits  75  and the NAND circuits  76  are provided with a power supply electric potential VD (5V) and a power supply electric potential VS (0V) from the external driver IC  29  through the signal input terminals  53  and the signal wirings  57 , although not shown in the figure. Similarly, the level shift circuits  81  are provided with the power supply electric potential VS (0V), a power supply electric potential VHH (9V) and a power supply electric potential VBB (−4V), while the output circuits  82  are provided with the power supply electric potential VHH (9V) and the power supply electric potential VBB (−4V). 
     In the clock control circuit  72 , as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5A , a clock signal VCLK is inputted from the signal input terminal  53  to a terminal IN through the clock signal line  77 , a signal OUT 1  from the bidirectional transfer circuit  75  is inputted to a terminal CT 2  and a signal OUT from the latch circuit  74  is inputted to a terminal CT 1 . The clock control circuit  72  outputs a signal OUT that provides or cuts off the clock signal VCLK to the clock generation circuit  73  based on signals CT 1  and CT 2 . That is, the clock control circuit  72  passes the clock signal VCLK when either of the signals CT 1  or CT 2  is at a high level, while it cuts off the clock signal VCLK and outputs a fixed electric potential at a level of VS or VD when both of the signals CT 1  and CT 2  are at a low level. As a result, a capacitive load on the clock signal VCLK can be reduced by supplying the clock signal VCLK only to a required stage and not supplying the clock signal VCLK to the other stages. In the first embodiment, VS is applied to odd-numbered stages while VD is applied to even-numbered stages. With this structure, current consumption can be reduced while malfunctioning is prevented, since the capacitive load of the clock signal line  77  is reduced by supplying the clock signal VCLK only to the stage in which signal transfer is taking place. The clock control circuit  72  can be omitted in the case where the load of the clock signal line  77  does not matter. 
     Next, in the clock generation circuit  73 , the clock signal VCLK, that is a unipolar clock signal outputted from the terminal OUT of the clock control circuit  72 , is inputted to a terminal IN, as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5B . The clock generation circuit  73  generates bipolar clock signals with no phase deviation from each other and outputs them from terminals OUT and OUTX to the latch circuit  74 . With this structure, malfunctioning of the latch circuit  74  due to the phase deviation between the outputted bipolar clock signals can be prevented. The clock generation circuit  73  can be omitted by simply inverting the clock signal VCLK in the case where the phase deviation between the clock signals does not matter. 
     The latch circuit  74  latches or sequentially transfers a start pulse signal VSP inputted to a terminal IN from the signal input terminal  53  through the bidirectional transfer circuit  75  with the clock signals CL and CX generated from the clock signal VCLK in the clock generation circuit  73 . That is, the latch circuit  74  transfers the start pulse signal VSP when the clock signal CL is high and the reverse clock signal CX is low, and latches it when the clock signal CL is low and the reverse clock signal CX is high. And the latch circuit  74  is reset and forced to output a low level when an initialization signal INIT is high. 
     The bidirectional transfer circuits  75  perform a forward transfer that data is transferred from the first scan line  31  toward the m-th scan line  31  when a transfer direction control signal VDIR is high and a reverse transfer direction control signal VDIRX is low, and perform a reverse transfer that the data is transferred from the m-th scan line toward the first scan line when the transfer direction control signal VDIR is low and the reverse transfer direction control signal VDIRX is high, as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5D . The bidirectional transfer circuits  75  can be omitted when the bidirectional transfer is not required. 
     An output signal OUT of the latch circuit  74 , another output signal OUT of a preceding or following stage of the latch circuit and an enable signal VEMB inputted from the signal input terminal  53  are inputted to the NAND circuit  76 . The NAND circuit  76  outputs a result of NAND of the inputted signals. To be more specific, only a selected stage of NAND circuit  76  outputs a low (VS) level at timing when the output signal OUT from the latch circuit  74  is inputted to the NAND circuit  76  and the enable signal VEMB is at a high (VD) level, while the other stages of NAND circuits  76  output the high (VD) level. The signal ranging between VD and VS is converted to a signal ranging between VHH and VBB by the level shift circuit  81  and inputted to gate electrodes of a P-channel type transistor  83  and an N-channel type transistor  84  in the output circuit  82 . 
       FIG. 5E  shows a structure of the level shift circuit  81  which is composed of two so-called flip-flop type level shifters arrayed in series, and converts the signal ranging between VD and VS to the signal ranging between VHH and VBB. When the output from the NAND circuit  76  is low (VS), that is, in a selected state, the electric potential VHH is written into the scan line  31  by the P-channel type transistor  83 . As a result, the electric potential VHH is supplied as a selection electric potential to the gate electrode of a transistor, which makes the pixel switching device  34 , to render the pixel switching device  34  of low impedance. And when the output signal from the NAND circuit  76  is high (VHH), the power supply electric potential VBB is written into the scan line  31  by the N-channel type transistor  84 . As a result, the electric potential VBB (−4V) is supplied as a non-selection electric potential to the gate electrode of the transistor, which makes the pixel switching device  34 , to render the pixel switching device  34  of high impedance. 
     Next, a structure of the data line drive circuit  42  is described referring to  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  shows an example of the structure of the data line drive circuit  42 . Each of video signals VIDEO 1 -VIDEO 320  provided from the signal input terminals  53  is connected to a block of six transfer gate switches  92 . Each of the transfer gate switches  92  is connected to each of the data lines  32 . Selection signals SEL 1 -SEL 6  vary between VHH (9V) and VBB (−4V) and are connected with inverter circuits  93  that generate reverse signals of the selection signal SEL 1 -SEL 6 . Power supplies to the inverter circuit  93  are of VHH and VBB levels. An electric potential amplitude of the video signals VIDEO 1 -VIDEO 320  is 0.5V-4.5V. 
     With the structure as shown in  FIG. 6 , when the selection signal SEL 1  becomes high (VHH) and the other selection signals SEL 2 -SEL 6  become low (VBB), the video signal VIDEO 1  is short-circuited to a first data line  32  in the block and is isolated from the other, that is second through sixth, data lines  32  in the same block. When the selection signal SEL 2  becomes high (VHH) and the other selection signals SEL 1  and SEL 3 -SEL 6  become low (VBB), the video signal VIDEO 1  is short-circuited to the second data line  32  in the block and is isolated from the other, that is the first and the third through sixth, data lines  32  in the block. As described above, the video signal VIDEO 1  can be distributed among the six data lines  32  by turning the selection signals SEL 1 -SEL 6  to the high electric potential (VHH) one after another in one scan line selection period. This is a partial drive method by a so-called 1:6 multiplexer. It is also possible to make all data lines  32  isolated and floating by setting all selection signals SEL 1 -SEL 6  at the low (VBB) electric potential. 
     Next, operation of the common electric potential signal VCOM and the scan lines  31  are described hereafter, referring to  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 7  is a timing chart showing an electric potential of the common electric potential signal VCOM that is inputted to the common electric potential input terminal  54  and an electric potential on the scan line  31  in this embodiment. A waveform  101  shows the common electric potential signal VCOM that is inputted to the common electric potential input terminal  54  while a waveform  102  shows the electric potential of the scan line  31 . The common electric potential signal VCOM is driven to make an inversion once every 34.7 microseconds at a timing denoted by B in  FIG. 7  (hereafter referred to as a common electric potential inversion timing) alternating between 4.5V and 0.5V, while the electric potential of the scan line  31  alternates in a cycle of 16.7 milliseconds between VHH (9V) during a period t 2  (scan line selection period) and VBB (−4V) during the other period. The electric potential of the scan line  31  is VBB (−4V) at every common electric potential inversion timing. This is so-called 1 H common inversion drive. In this embodiment, all the selection signals SEL 1 -SEL 6  are kept at VBB (4V) and all the data lines  32  are isolated from the data line drive circuit  42  and are in floating state at the common electric potential inversion timing. A period t 1  denotes a length of time from the common electric potential inversion timing till a timing when VHH is written into one of the scan lines  31 . A period t 3  denotes a length of time from a timing when VBB is written into all the scan lines  31  till the next common electric potential inversion timing. The following equation holds.
 
 t 1+ t 2+ t 3=34.7 microseconds
 
How to decide t 1 , t 2  and t 3  will be described later.
 
     Next, a capacitance of the common electric potential input terminal  54  at the common electric potential inversion timing is described, referring to  FIGS. 8 and 9 .  FIG. 8  is a schematic circuit diagram showing a lumped constant model of the devices and the wirings on the active matrix substrate  11  for explanation of a capacitance of the common electric potential input terminal  54  at the common electric potential inversion timing in the first embodiment. The lumped constant model is used in the following explanation for simplicity. In reality, loads are distributed two-dimensionally in the display area to make distributed constants which cause an effect due to RC delays in the distributed constant circuit. However the distributed constant circuit is not used here for the sake of easier understanding of this embodiment. In designing an actual device, a final adjustment is to be performed by a simulation with a logic-analog simulation software using a two-dimensional model. 
     A VCOM power supply circuit  111 , a VBB power supply circuit  112 , a plurality of video signal circuits  113  and a VHH power supply circuit  114  are integrated in the external driver IC  29 . The VCOM power supply circuit  111  is an AC power supply outputting an electric potential shown as the waveform  101  in  FIG. 7  and has an IC internal impedance Ric 1 . An output signal of the VCOM power supply circuit  111  is connected to the common electric potential input terminal  54 , further connected to the common electric potential wiring  55  on the active matrix substrate  11  through a mounting resistance Rin 1 , and yet further connected to the capacitor lines  33  and the vertical conduction portion  56 . That is, the common electric potential wiring  55  connects the common electric potential input terminal  54  and the vertical conduction portion  56 . The common electric potential wiring  55  has a wiring resistance Rl 1 . Although each of the capacitor lines  33  connected with the common electric potential wiring  55  has a resistance of Rc (Ω)×m (number of the scan lines), all the capacitor lines  33  is represented by a single wiring in the lumped constant model shown in  FIG. 8  and its resistance is estimated as Rc/2. And in the vertical conduction portion  56 , connection to the counter electrode  30  on the counter substrate  12  is made by the conductive material through a resistance Rq. A sheet resistance of the counter electrode  30  is Rs. 
     The VBB power supply circuit  112  is a DC power supply outputting the power supply electric potential VBB and having an IC internal impedance Ric 2 , and is connected to the power supply terminal  51 . The VBB power supply circuit  112  is connected to the power supply wiring  52  on the active matrix substrate  11  through a mounting resistance Rin 2  and is further connected to the scan line drive circuit  41  through the power supply wiring  52 . That is, the power supply wiring  52  connects the power supply terminal  51  and the scan line drive circuit  41 . The power supply wiring  52  has a wiring resistance Rl 2 . All the scan lines  31  are connected to the power supply electric potential VBB at the common electric potential inversion timing through the N-channel type transistors  84 , each having an output impedance of Rn×m. Estimating that a VBB line impedance for each scan line in the scan line drive circuit is Rg×m, the VBB line impedance in the lumped constant model is represented by a resistance Rg/2. The scan line  31  having a resistance Rg is connected to the gate electrode of each pixel switching device  34 . 
     The video signal circuits  113  output the  320  video signals VIDEO 1 -VIDEO 320 , having an IC internal impedance Ric 3 , and are connected to the signal input terminals  53 . Although he video signals VIDEO 1 -VIDEO 320  from the video signal circuits  113  are inputted to the data line drive circuit  42  through a mounting resistance Rin 3 , all the data lines  32  are in high impedance state at the common electric potential inversion timing. 
     The VHH power supply circuit  114  is a DC power supply outputting the power supply electric potential VHH (9V) as a selection electric potential, having an IC internal impedance Ric 4 , and is connected to the signal input terminal  53 . The VHH power supply circuit  114  is further connected to a power supply wiring on the active matrix substrate  11  through a mounting resistance Rin 4 . Although the electric potential VHH is inputted to the scan line drive circuit  41  through a power supply wiring, all the scan lines  31  are in high impedance state at the common electric potential inversion timing. 
     For all the pixels combined, there are a capacitance Cgd between the scan lines  31  (electric potential of the scan lines) and the pixel electrodes  35  (electric potential at the pixel electrodes), a capacitance Cgs between the scan lines  31  (electric potential of the scan lines) and the data lines  32  (electric potential of the data lines), a capacitance Clc between the pixel electrodes  35  (electric potential at the pixel electrodes) and the counter electrode  30  (electric potential at the counter electrode), a capacitance Cs between the pixel electrodes  35  (electric potential at the pixel electrodes) and the capacitor lines  33  (electric potential of the capacitor lines) and a capacitance Ccs between the capacitor lines  33  (electric potential of the capacitor lines) and the data lines  32  (electric potential of the data lines). 
     Since all the scan lines  31  are connected to the power supply electric potential VBB (−4V), all the pixel switching devices  34  are in the high impedance state. 
     From results of calculations of electric fields, the capacitances in this embodiment are, Cs=600 nF, Clc=100 nF, Cgd=1 nF, Ccs=5 nF and Cgs=2 nF. Further approximation using these capacitances and omission of devices in the high impedance state simplifies the circuit in  FIG. 8  to a circuit shown in  FIG. 9  at the common electric potential inversion timing. 
     A relaxation time τcom at the VCOM inversion timing is represented by the following equation:
 
τcom=( Cgd+ 1/(1/ Ccs+ 1/ Cgs ))×( Ric 1+ Ric 2+ Rin 1+ Rin 2+ Rl 1+ Rl 2+ Rn+Rg/ 2+ Rc/ 2)
 
Values of Cgd, Ccs and Cgs are determined almost by the number of pixels, an aperture ratio of the pixels, design rules, device structures of the TFTs and so on, with little room to be reduced by the design without tradeoff against performances, and increase roughly proportional to the number of pixels and a display area.
 
     If VHH is written into the scan line  31  before the common electric potential completes the inversion, however, load capacitances increase because the pixel switching devices  34  connected to the scan line  31  become of low impedance. Therefore, the period t 1  shown in FIG.  7  is required to be equal to or longer than a length of time which the common electric potential takes to complete 95% of the inversion, or satisfy the equation 3×τcom≦t 1 , so that VHH is not written into the scan line  31  before the common electric potential completes the inversion. Thus the period t 1  increases as the number of pixels and the display area increase. 
     On the other hand, while a relaxation time τcom at writing of VBB into the scan line  31  is represented by an equation τgate=(Rg/2+Rn+Rl 2 )×(capacitance of the scan line  31 ), the period t 3  is required to satisfy the equation 3×τgate≦t 3 . Thus the period t 3  also increases as the number of pixels and the display area increase. 
     As a result, the period t 2  decreases as the number of pixels and the display area increase, eventually leading to a lack of write-in time into the data line  32  and the pixel electrode  35 , reducing a manufacturing yield because of thin margin in the manufacturing process. While the period t 3  does not depend on the driving method, the period t 1  can be reduced to almost zero by using a fixed common drive in which the common electric potential VCOM is fixed to a DC electric potential. That means the common inversion drive gets more restriction than the fixed common drive as the display becomes higher in the resolution and larger in the area. To reduce the restriction, the relaxation time τcom at the common electric potential inversion timing needs to be reduced. 
     Optimization has to be made for that purpose so as to minimize the value of (Ric 1 +Ric 2 +Rin 1 +Rin 2 +Rl 1 +Rl 2 +Rn+Rg/2+Rc/2). Here, Rc&lt;Rg&lt;Rn&lt;&lt;Rl 1 , Rl 2 , Rin 1 , Rin 2 . The IC internal impedances Ric 1  and Ric 2  are fixed values because they are determined by the performance of the IC. To reduce the output impedance Rn of the N-channel type transistors  84  in the output circuit  82 , size of the N-channel type transistors  84  is increased to cause a tradeoff against the outer dimensions of the liquid crystal display device  10 . Therefore, (Rl 1 +Rl 2 +Rin 1 +Rin 2 ) needs to be reduced in designing as much as possible. An impedance RA between the VCOM power supply circuit  111  and the counter electrode (common electrode)  30  is represented by an equation:
 
 RA=R in1 (the mounting resistance of the common electric potential input terminal 54)+ Rl 1 (the wiring resistance of the common electric potential wiring 55),
 
while an impedance RB between the VBB power supply circuit  112  and the scan line  31  is represented by an equation:
 
 RB=Rin 2 (the mounting resistance of the power supply terminal 51 of the power supply electric potential  VBB )+ Rl 2 (the wiring resistance of the power supply wiring 52).
 
     The wiring resistance Rl 1  of the common electric potential wiring  55  is inversely proportional to a width W 1  of the common electric potential wiring  55 , while the wiring resistance Rl 2  of the power supply wiring  52  is inversely proportional to a width W 2  of the power supply wiring  52 . However, a size of the active matrix substrate  11  is determined by the outer dimensions required to the liquid crystal display device  10 . When a sum of the signal wirings  57  is denoted by w 3 , (w 1 +w 2 +w 3 ) has to be a predetermined value. Since the minimum line width is determined by requirements of the circuit design or the manufacturing technology, w 3  may be set to the minimum value within the requirements. If the common electric potential wiring  55  and the power supply wiring  52  are approximately equal in length to each other, it is necessary to minimize (Rl 1 +Rl 2 ) that is proportional to (1/W 1 +1/W 2 ) while satisfying an equation w 1 +w 2 =w 0  (constant). The solution is w 1 =w 2 =½×w 0 . Since the external dimensions require w 0 =600 μm in this embodiment, assuming the width of the signal wiring  57  be the practical minimum of 10 μm, the width of the common electric potential wiring is made 300 μm, the width of the power supply wiring  52  is made 300 μm and the width of each of the other signal wirings is made 10 μm. At that time, Rl 1 =Rl 2 =30Ω. 
     As described above, the common inversion relaxation time τcom can be minimized by minimizing the widths of the other signal wirings  57  and setting the width of the common electric potential wiring  55  and the width of the power supply wiring  52  approximately the same maximum width. The width of the common electric potential wiring  55  and the width of the power supply wiring  52  are made precisely equal to each other in this embodiment. Although the widths may differ from each other slightly when the length of the common electric potential wiring  55  is different from the length of the power supply wiring  52  or when there is a restriction in the layout, it is preferable that the wiring resistance Rl 1  of the common electric potential wiring  55  and the wiring resistance Rl 2  of the power supply wiring  52  are approximately equal to each other. And although the signal wirings  57  may vary in width among themselves in response to a function of each signal, it is preferable that they are smaller in width than any one of the common electric potential wiring  55  and the power supply wiring  52 . Here, the signal wirings  57  mean wirings providing the scan line drive circuit  41  with the clock signal VCLK, the start pulse signal VSP, the enable signal VENB and the electric potential VHH as the selection electric potential and the wirings providing the data line drive circuit  42  with the video signals VIDEO 1 -VIDEO 320 . 
     The mounting resistance Rin 1  of the common electric potential input terminal  54  is approximately inversely proportional to a total area S 1  of the common electric potential input terminal  54 , while the mounting resistance Rin 2  of the power supply terminal  51  of power supply electric potential VBB is approximately inversely proportional to a total area S 2  of the power supply terminal  51 . However, a sum of the total areas of the power supply terminal  51 , the signal input terminals  53  and the common electric potential input terminal  54  needs to be suppressed to a certain value or less due to restrictions by the size of the external IC to be mounted and mounting process. Also a minimum area S 3  of the signal input terminal  53  is limited to a certain value because of the mounting resistance and accuracy of the mounting. That is, (S 1 +S 2 ) also needs to be suppressed to a certain value. The requirement is to minimize (Rin 1 +Rin 2 ) that is proportional to (1/S 1 +1/S 2 ), while satisfying S 1 +S 2 =S 0  (constant). So, the best solution to the requirement is S 1 =S 2 =½×S 0 . Since S 0 =15000 square micrometers in this embodiment due to various restrictions, it is set that S 1 =S 2 =7500 square micrometers. 
     Next, an arrangement of the mounting terminals is described referring to  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  shows the arrangement of the mounting terminals for the power supply terminal  51 , the signal input terminals  53  and the common electric potential input terminal  54  disposed on the extended portion  27  in this embodiment. A plurality of unit mounting terminals, each being 30 μm×50 μm in size that is determined by requirements of the mounting technology, is arrayed in zigzag pattern of 2 rows×190 columns. Each of the mounting terminals is made of one or more than one unit mounting terminals. The common electric potential input terminal  54  is made of five unit mounting terminals, while the power supply terminal  51  is made of five unit mounting terminals also. Each of the plurality of signal input terminals  53  is assigned one each of the unit mounting terminals. It is preferable that minimum mounting area is assigned to each of the signal input terminals  53  and the remaining mounting area is equally divided and assigned to the power supply terminal  51  and the common electric input terminal  54 , as described above. In this embodiment, the mounting resistance Rin 1  of the common electric potential input terminal  54  is 5Ω, and the mounting resistance Rin 2  of the power supply terminal  51  is 5Ω. Thus, RA=RB=35Ω. 
     Although the impedance RA between the VCOM power supply circuit  111  and the counter electrode  30  is made exactly equal to the impedance RB between the VBB power supply circuit  112  and the scan line  31  in the embodiment, a ratio of RA to RB varies in a range between 1:2 and 2:1 due to manufacturing variations in reality. However, it is expected that the effect of the invention is obtained in a range of the ratio of RA to RB between 1:6 and 6:1. 
     Although each of the plurality of signal input terminals  53  is assumed to have the same mounting terminal area, each of them may have a different terminal area depending on its function. Even in that case, however, it is preferable that the area of the common electric potential input terminal  54  and the area of the power supply terminal  51  are larger than any of the other signal input terminals  53 . When the number of the unit mounting terminals assignable to the power supply terminal  51  and the common electric potential input terminal  54  is odd number, either of them may be assigned one more unit mounting terminal than the other. 
     In this embodiment, since Ric 1 =35Ω, Ric 2 =20Ω, Rn=3Ω, Rg=10Ω and Rc=2Ω, the common inversion relaxation time τcom=140Ω×2.4 nF=340 nanoseconds. Setting the period t 1 , that is the period between the common electric potential inversion timing and the timing when VHH is written into the scan lines  31 , to be 1 microsecond, an enough write-in time, that is the scan line selection period t 2 =32.7 microseconds, can be secured. As a result, it is made possible to apply the common inversion drive to a four inch diagonal panel with VGA resolution that has been difficult to apply the common inversion drive and to manufacture the panel with a high yield. Therefore, it is made possible to realize a low cost, low power consumption liquid crystal display device using a less expensive low withstand voltage IC as an external driver IC without reducing yields. 
     Next, a liquid crystal display device according to a second embodiment of this invention is described.  FIG. 11  shows the active matrix substrate  11  that implements the second embodiment of this invention. A structure of the liquid crystal display device  10  using the active matrix substrate  11  according to the second embodiment is omitted because it is not different from the liquid crystal display device  10  according to the first embodiment. 
     On the active matrix substrate  11  according to the second embodiment, m scan lines  31  and n data lines  32  are formed to intersect with each other, and m capacitor lines  33  are disposed parallel to the scan lines  31  so that each of the capacitor lines  33  is paired with each of the scan lines  31 . 
     The scan lines  31  are connected to a scan line drive circuit  41 . A power supply terminal  51  is connected to the scan line drive circuit  41  through a power supply wiring  52  as well as a plurality of signal input terminals  53  being connected through a plurality of signal wirings  57 . The scan line drive circuit  41  is provided from the power supply terminal  51  with a DC power supply electric potential VBB (−4V) that renders the scan lines  31  in holding state (non-selected state) and from the signal input terminals  53  with various necessary signals and a signal to give the power supply electric potential. One end of each of the data lines  32  is connected with the data line drive circuit  42  while the other end of it is connected with a data line precharge circuit  43 . The data line drive circuit  42  is connected to the plurality of signal input terminals  53  through the signal wirings  57  and is provided with various necessary signals and a signal to give the power supply electric potential. The data line precharge circuit  43  is connected with a timing signal terminal  151  through a timing signal wiring  152  as well as connected with a precharge electric potential terminal  153  through a precharge electric potential wiring  154 . 
     The capacitor lines  33  are connected with each other and connected to a common electric potential input terminal  54  through a common electric potential wiring  55 , and are provided with a common electric potential signal VCOM that alternates between −4.5V and −0.5V. The counter electrode on the counter substrate is connected with the vertical conduction portion  56  that is disposed at each of four corners of the active matrix substrate  11  and is similarly connected to the common electric potential input terminal  54  through the common electric potential wiring  55 . 
       FIG. 12  shows a structure of the data line precharge circuit  43 . Each of the data lines  32  is connected to a drain of each of N-channel type thin film transistors that constitute precharge switches  161 . Gate electrodes of the precharge switches  161  are connected to the timing signal terminal  151  through the timing signal wiring  152  and are provided with a timing signal PRC. Source electrodes of the precharge switches  161  are connected to the precharge electric potential terminal  153  through the precharge electric potential wiring  154  and are provided with a precharge electric potential PRV. 
     The timing signal PRC is at a high level (9V) for a period of 5 microseconds encompassing the timing when VCOM inverts and is at a low level (−4V) for the other period, as shown in  FIG. 13 . The data lines  32  are short-circuited to the precharge electric potential PRV for the period during which the timing signal PRC is at the high level. Since the electric potential of the data lines  32  remains constant for the period encompassing the VCOM inversion timing with the structure described above, the write-in time into the data lines  32  can be reduced and a power supply voltage of the data line drive circuit  42  can be lowered to reduce the power consumption compared with a structure without the data line precharge circuit  43 . The power supply voltage of the data line drive circuit  42  can be further lowered by setting the precharge electric potential PRV at an intermediate value between the high voltage and the low voltage of the common electric potential VCOM. The precharge electric potential PRV is set at a DC electric potential of 2.5V in the second embodiment. 
     Descriptions of structures of pixels disposed at intersections of the scan lines  31  and the data lines  32 , the scan line drive circuit  41  and the data line drive circuit  42  are omitted because they are same as those in the first embodiment. The second embodiment is largely different from the first embodiment in that the data lines  32  are short-circuited to the precharge electric potential PRV at the VCOM inversion timing in the second embodiment. 
       FIG. 14  is a schematic circuit diagram showing a lumped constant model of the devices and the wirings on the active matrix substrate  11  for explanation of a capacitance of the common electric potential input terminal  54  at the common electric potential inversion timing in the second embodiment. Compared with the first embodiment shown in  FIG. 8 , an external driver IC  29  further integrates a precharge electric potential power supply circuit  160  in addition to the VCOM power supply circuit  111 , the VBB power supply circuit  112 , the plurality of video signal circuits  113  and the VHH power supply circuit  114 , and the data line  32  is short-circuited with the precharge electric potential power supply circuit  160  through the data line precharge circuit  43 , the precharge electric potential wiring  154  and the precharge electric potential terminal  153 . 
     Capacitances in the second embodiment are the capacitance Cs=600 nF between the pixel electrodes  35  and the capacitor lines  33 , the capacitance Clc=100 nF between the pixel electrodes  35  and the counter electrode  30 , the capacitance Cgd=1 nF between the scan lines  31  and the pixel electrodes  35 , the capacitance Ccs=5 nF between the capacitor lines  33  and the data lines  32  and the capacitance Cgs=2 nF between the scan lines  31  and the data lines  32 . Further approximation based on the above leads to a simplified model shown in  FIG. 15 . In order to minimize the relaxation time τcom at the common electric potential inversion timing in this case, it is preferable to determine a width of the power supply wiring  52  and the number of the unit mounting terminals constituting the power supply terminal  51  so that the following equations are approximately satisfied:
 
 Rl 1 (the wiring resistance of the common electric potential wiring 55)=( Ccs+Cgd )/ Cgd×Rl 2 (the wiring resistance of the power supply wiring 52).
 
 Rl 4 (a wiring resistance of the precharge electric potential wiring 154)=( Ccs+Cgd )/ Ccs×Rl 2 (the wiring resistance of the power supply wiring 52).
 
 R in1 (the mounting resistance of the common electric potential input terminal 54)=( Ccs+Cgd )/ Cgd×R in2 (the mounting resistance of the power supply terminal 51 of the power supply electric potential  VBB ).
 
 Rin 4 (a mounting resistance of the precharge electric potential terminal 153)=( Ccs+Cgd )/ Ccs×Rin 2 (the mounting resistance of the power supply terminal 51 of the power supply electric potential  VBB ).
 
     That is, it is preferable that 1/Rl 1 +1/Rl 4 =1/Rl 2  and 1/Rin 1 +1/Rin 4 =1/Rin 2 , a sum of the width of the power supply wiring  52  and a width of the precharge electric potential wiring  154  is approximately equal to a width of the common electric potential wiring  55  and a sum of an area of the power supply terminal  51  and an area of the precharge electric potential terminal  153  is approximately equal to an area of the common electric potential input terminal  54 . 
     Based on the above, the width of the common electric potential wiring  55  is made 300 μm, the width of the precharge electric potential wiring  154  is made 250 μm and the width of the power supply wiring  52  is made 50 μm. The width of each of the signal wirings  57  and the timing signal wirings  152  is 10 μm that is a minimum width according to the design rules. At that time, Rl 2 =30Ω, Rl 1 =180Ω and Rl 4 =360Ω. The common electric potential input terminal  54  uses five unit mounting terminals, each measuring 30 μm×50 μm, the precharge electric potential terminal  153  similarly uses four unit mounting terminals, each measuring 30 μm×50 μm, while the power supply terminal  51 , each of the signal input terminals  53  and each of the timing signal terminals  151  use one unit mounting terminal measuring 30 μm×50 μm, as shown in  FIG. 16 . At that time, Rin 2 =5Ω, Rin 4 =6.3Ω and Rin 1 =25Ω. 
     With the settings described above, the common inversion relaxation time τcom becomes 1.3 microseconds. Enough relaxation time τcom and charging time are obtained by setting t 1  (the period between the common electric potential inversion timing and the timing when VHH is written into the scan lines  31 )=4 microseconds and t 2  (the scan line selection period)=29.7 microseconds. 
     An electronic device according to a third embodiment of this invention is described hereafter. Note that the third embodiment shows an example this invention, which is not limited to the third embodiment. 
       FIG. 17  shows an electronic device according to the third embodiment of this invention. The electronic device shown here is made of a liquid crystal display device  10 , a display information processing circuit  780  that controls the liquid crystal display device  10 , a central processing circuit  781 , an external I/F circuit  782 , input/output devices  783  and a power supply circuit  784 . 
     The display information processing circuit  780  re-writes video data stored in a RAM (Random Access Memory) at appropriate timings and provides the liquid crystal display device  10  with the video data together with timing signals, based on commands from the central processing circuit  781 . The central processing circuit  781  performs various processing based on inputs from the external I/F circuit  782  and outputs the commands to the display information processing circuit  780  and the external I/F circuit  782  based on results of the processing. The external I/F circuit  782  controls the input/output devices  783  based on the commands from the central processing circuit  781  as well as sending information from the input/output devices  783  to the central processing circuit  781 . The input/output devices  783  refer to a switch, a keyboard, a hard disk drive, a flash memory unit and the like. The power supply circuit  784  provides the above-mentioned components with a predetermined power supply voltage. 
     The electronic device refers to a monitor, a TV, a note PC, a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a digital still camera, a camcorder, a mobile telephone, a photo viewer, a video player, a DVD player, an audio player or the like. 
     This invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and may be applied to a liquid crystal display device not only of a TN (twisted nematic) mode but also of a VA (Vertical Alignment) mode that uses a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric constant anisotropy or of an IPS mode that utilizes lateral electric field. Also, the liquid crystal display device may be not only the transmission type but also a reflection type or a combination of the reflection and transmission types. The active device may be not only the polysilicon TFT but also amorphous silicon TFT or other active devices.