Abstract:
Aliphatic diesters of unsaturated aliphatic C 10-30  dicarboxylic acids are low temperature plasticizers for PVC. PVC is plasticized by contacting it with a plasticizing effective amount of an aliphatic diester of an unsaturated aliphatic C 10-30  dicarboxylic acid wherein the aliphatic portion of the diester is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted aliphatic radical having from one to 10 carbon atoms.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of copending provisional application Ser. No. 60/341,158, filed on Dec. 14, 2001, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Aliphatic dicarboxylic acid diesters have been used as low temperature plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Such diesters include the di-2-ethylhexyl esters of adipic, azelaic, and sebacic acids. However, there is a continuing need for new plasticizers for PVC which impart low temperature flexibility to PVC such as for vinyl cable insulation and vinyl tubing applications. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the use of aliphatic diesters of unsaturated aliphatic C 10-30  dicarboxylic acids as low temperature plasticizers for PVC. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for plasticizing PVC comprising contacting PVC with a plasticizing effective amount of an aliphatic diester of an unsaturated aliphatic C 10-30  dicarboxylic acid wherein the aliphatic portion of the diester is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted aliphatic radical having from one to 10 carbon atoms. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to plasticized PVC comprised of PVC and a plasticizing effective amount of an aliphatic diester of an unsaturated aliphatic C 10-30  dicarboxylic acid wherein the aliphatic portion of the diester is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted aliphatic radical having from one to 10 carbon atoms. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Not applicable. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The aliphatic portion of the diesters of the unsaturated aliphatic C 10-30  dicarboxylic acids according to the invention can be derived from any saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic aliphatic alcohol or diol having from one to 10 carbon atoms such as, for example, methanol, butanol, decanol, a buteneol, cyclohexanol, 1,4-butanediol and the like. The acid portion of the aliphatic diesters of unsaturated aliphatic C 10-30  dicarboxylic acids according to the invention can be any unsaturated dicarboxylic acid having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of such unsaturated dicarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, 4-decenedioic acid, 9-decenedioic acid, 4-dodecenedioic acid, 9-dodecenedioic acid, 4-tetradecenedioic acid, 5-tetradecenedioic acid, 9-tetradecenedioic acid, 9-octadecenedioic acid, 9-eicosenedioic acid and the like. The unsaturated dicarboxylic acids according to the invention can be made by biooxidation of the corresponding mono-carboxylic acid, an ester of the corresponding mono-carboxylic acid or a linear alkene having the same number of carbon atoms as the dicarboxylic acid. For example, 9-octadecenedioic acid can be made by the biooxidation of oleic acid, methyl oleate or 9-octadecene as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,466, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The preferred diester according to the invention is the dimethyl ester of 9-octadecenedioic acid (dimethyl 9-octadecenedioate). 
     The diesters according to the invention can be made by any esterification method well known to those skilled in the art such as, for example, direct esterification of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with an alcohol, the reaction of the diacid chloride of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with an alcohol, and the like. 
     The amount of diester incorporated into PVC is an effective amount which is any amount required to effect plasticization of PVC for a particular application. The effective amount for any given application will be readily discernable by one of ordinary skill in the art. The diesters according to the invention can be incorporated into PVC resin by methods known to those skilled in the art such as in Example 2 below. 
     The following examples are meant to illustrate but not to limit the invention. 
     Example 1 
     The dimethyl ester of octadec-9-enedioic acid was prepared by esterifying the acid with methanol. A starting proportion of about from 83% octadec-9-enedioic acid, 17% methanol to 75% diacid, 25% methanol (depending on the amount of methanol used in excess of the stoichiometric value needed) was added to an esterifier pot equipped with a heating mantel, therm-o-watch temperature controller, thermocouple, subsurface addition funnel, mechanical stirrer, distillation take-off equipment and a receiver. A strong acid catalyst such as para-toluenesulfonic acid can be used at a level of about 0.2 to 0.5% of the charge. Subsurface addition of excess methanol was used during the reaction. The temperature of the reaction mixture was gradually increased to about 80° C. Methanol plus the water of esterification was taken off at a vapor temperature of about 73 to 77° C. The pot temperature was gradually raised as the diester was formed in the pot, to about 150° C. The reaction was monitored by determining the acid value of the pot contents. When the AV was about 3 or lower, the AV was neutralized by the addition of a stoichometric amount of methanolic KOH solution. The pot contents are then distilled by applying high vacuum to the pot (less than 1 Torr pressure), and heating to approximately 160–170° C. A 5 to 10% top-cut was taken before collecting the final distillate to remove any excess methanol still remaining in the pot. The final diester had an AV and OH.V. &lt;1.0 mgKOH/g. 
     Example 2 
     Forty-five to fifty grams of the diester from Example 1 were then weighed into 100 grams of a standard general-purpose PVC resin, such as Geon 30 PVC resin. Two grams of a powdered PVC heat stabilizer, such as Ferro-1820, and one gram of a liquid heat stabilizer, such as Ferro-904 are also added to the mix. The entire mixture was then processed on a steam-heated two-roll rubber mill. The roll temperatures are from about 300° F. to 350° F. A soft vinyl film was formed, and allowed to mill at these temperatures for five minutes after fusion of the PVC resin. After cooling to room temperature, portions of the sheet are cut into smaller pieces and compression molded into 75 and 20-mil thick plaques using an electrically heated compression molder heated to from about 300 to 345° C., and subjected to about 2000 psi. Physical properties are determined on each 75-mil thick sample using an Instron Universal tester. Brittle points are determined on 75-mil thick samples using the ASTM D-746 procedure. Roll spew compatibilities are determined by rolling a 1.5-inch strip of the 75-mil sample around a 0.25-inch mandrel, and conditioning for five hours at room temperature. After five hours, the strip was unrolled, and visually checked for evidence of spew. Wet extractions are performed on two-inch diameter circles of the 20-mil films, using soapy water (1% IVORY® flakes) for one day at 50° C., and mineral oil for one day at room temperature. Carbon volatilities are run by burying each 20-mil circle in a layer of activated carbon and aging for one day at 70° C. All wet extractions and carbon volatilities are expressed as % weight loss. 
     Example 3 
     A flexible PVC film was prepared by milling forty-five parts per hundred resin (PHR) of dimethyloctadec-9-enedioate into a flexible vinyl formulation. The resulting vinyl film exhibited physical properties that indicated that the plasticizer was more efficient at plasticizing the resin than a standard control plasticizer, di-(2-ethylhexyl) azelate (DOZ). The 100% modulus was 981 psi for the dimethyloctadec-9-enedioate plasticizer versus 1270 psi for the control plasticizer. Also, the low temperature properties were significantly improved over the control plasticizer, as measured by the ASTM D-746 method. The brittle point was −57.5° C. for the dimethyloctadec-9-enedioate versus −52.5° C. for the control plasticizer. 
     Table I is a summary of the vinyl evaluation of a few dimethyl esters according to the invention, versus DOZ and some other related compounds. 1,4-BD is the 1,4-butanediol ester of 9-octadecenedioic acid, dimethyl is the dimethyl ester of 9-octadecenedioic acid, and dibutyl is the dibutyl ester of 9-octadecenedioic acid. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Vinyl Evaluation of C18:1 Diester Plasticizers vs. DOZ 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1,4-BD 
                 Dimethyl 
                 Dibutyl 
                   
               
               
                 Plasticizer Type: 
                 C18:1 
                 C18:1 
                 C18:1 
                 DOZ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mill No.: 
                 9814 
                 9815 
                 816 
                 9817 
               
               
                 Formulation, PHR: 
               
               
                 Geon 30 PVC Resin 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Ferro-1820 Stab. 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Ferro 904 Stab. 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 3800-85/93 Plasticizer 
                 50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 3746-32-2 Plasticizer 
                 — 
                 45 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 3800-96 Plasticizer 
                 — 
                 — 
                 45 
                 — 
               
               
                 E-9058 DOZ Plasticizer 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 45 
               
               
                 Fused: 
                 No 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Physical Properties: 
               
               
                 % Elongation 
                 — 
                 375 
                 371 
                 323 
               
               
                 100% Modulus, psi 
                 — 
                 981 
                 1238 
                 1270 
               
               
                 Tensile, psi 
                 — 
                 2851 
                 3017 
                 2624 
               
               
                 Roll Spew Compatibility: 
                 — 
                 None 
                 Moderate 
                 Slight 
               
               
                 Brittle Point, C.: 
                 — 
                 −57.5 
                 −58.5 
                 −52.5 
               
               
                 Extractions, % Wt. Loss: 
               
               
                 Soapy Water, 1 day @ 50 C. 
                 — 
                 11.75 
                 6.1 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 Mineral Oil, 1 day @ 25 C. 
                 — 
                 4.99 
                 7.4 
                 8.27 
               
               
                 Volatility, % Wt. Loss: 
               
               
                 1 day @ 70 C. 
                 — 
                 4.17 
                 2.76 
                 1.7