Abstract:
A system for converting an image into a hologram formed from diffraction gratings includes obtaining image data for each pixel in an image to be converted, putting the image into digital form and using the image data to control portions of a laser beam split into a reference beam and at least one object beam. The diffraction gratings are formed by an interference pattern of a reference beam and at least one object beam. intersecting on a profitable surface on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Modulation of at least one object beam and adjustment of the angle at which that beam interferes with the reference beam on the profitable surface is used to reflect image data for each pixel of the image being converted into a hologram. By using this method and selecting the spacings between pixel pairs on the profitable surface, the angle at which a viewer will see a predetermined image or reflecting light from the hologram is determined, as well as the apparent position of image created by reflecting light from the hologram comprising the spaced diffraction gratings.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application is a divisional application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/168,585, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/648,862 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,822,092), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/140,909 (now abandoned), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/220,080 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,879). 
     
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the manufacture of holographic substrates or holograms, and more particularly to the manufacture of holograms of images by manipulating laser beams to reflect image data.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0003]    Holograms composed of gratings formed by light interference patterns generated using coherent monochromatic light from the laser are used in a variety of applications. One such application is the provision of holograms as identity or security devices on credit cards. In order to provide holograms on large numbers of credit cards, it is necessary that a master copy of the hologram be made so that multiple copies can be duplicated in a process similar to that of “stamping out” records. One example of a procedure for the conversion of a photograph into a hologram is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,027. This patent includes a disclosure describing a procedure in which a two-dimensional photograph is converted into a hologram by means of computer data processing. Multiple views of the photograph are aggregated to provide the ultimate view which image upon which the holographic gratings constituting the hologram are formed.  
           [0004]    Additional background regarding the manufacture of holograms is found in an article entitled “Diffraction Gratings” published at page E—29 of the 1984 edition of the “Optical Industry and Systems Purchasing Directory”. This publication describes the manufacture of holographic gratings by the interference of two beams of coherent monochromatic light altering a photosensitive material which is used as the master for turning out copies of the hologram. The interference fringes of the two light beams are formed where the two coherent light beams come together to cancel or reinforce the peaks and valleys of each of the beams. These interference fringes result in a physical altering of the photosensitive material so that a series of grooves are formed. The ultimate image formed by reflecting light from the holographic gratings is determined by the spacing of those gratings.  
           [0005]    Another method for making a chromatic holographic image is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,729. The method includes the steps of making a monochromatic hologram on a first photographic plate, then making a diffraction grating by exposing a second photographic plate to a series of co-linear point sources of mutually coherent monochromatic light. Then the exposed plate is developed and bleached to produce the diffraction grating. A second hologram is made by exposing a third photographic plate to an image from a narrow elongated strip of the first hologram with the diffraction grating in the optical path. The achromatic ray is made by holographically recording the image produced by eliminating the second hologram with monochromatic light on a fourth photographic plate.  
           [0006]    Because of the complexity of handling multiple overlapping images computer aided holography such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,262 has been required in the conventional art for precise holography. In this patent, an illumination model is provided to specify sources of light rays and dispersion particles of the object. Each light ray being specified by a path and an intensity function is traceable from a source via the object to a set of points and space by the computer. The hologram is synthesized from a plurality of smaller hologram elements. Each individual element sustains a field of view of the object. The light rays from the object line within the field of view and along the lines of sight are sampled by the computer. Optical means are employed to physically reproduce the sample light rays using coherent radiation. The reproduced coherent light rays are then interfered with a coherent reference beam to form the hologram element. In the alternative, the hologram elements are calculated using a computer. Using this technique, the holographic surface is logically partitioned into a grid within the computer, where the contribution of light from the object to each grid element is envisioned as a bundle of light rays emanating from each part of the object and converging onto each grid element. The intensity of each ray of light arriving at a given grid element is determined by the computer by tracing the light ray from its source to the associate part of the object and then onto the grid element in accordance with the given illumination model. Thus, a “tree” of light rays, each in terms of direction and intensity is generated for each grid element. Since the illumination model can be manipulated on the computer, the rendering of the object can easily be modified. This enables complicated lighting of the object not readily practical by physical means. The entire hologram is synthesized by forming, in turn, the hologram element at each grid element on the holographic surface. This is done by either reproducing the associated “tree” of light rays associated with a predetermined grid using coherent radiation and made to interfere with a coherent reference beam, or simulating the same on the computer.  
           [0007]    Multiple exposures of images is a necessary expedient in the conventional art. As indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,123, a holographic system for recording multiple-exposure holograms requires the use of a pulsed laser. Using this technique, each repetitive reference beam is deflected so that it reaches the recording material at a plurality of discrete different angles. Each of the multiple-exposure recordings of the hologram may be produced by a reference beam having the same angle as that at which it was taken. A reference beam may, for example, be deflected by utilizing an electro-optical retarder followed by a birefringent crystal for deflecting the beam in accordance with its direction of polarization. The paths of the reference beams for each discrete angle may be equalized by the provision of a plurality of reflectors disposed along in ellipse having the recording material in a first reflector as its focal points.  
           [0008]    In order to distinguish phase and amplitude differences, the system of U.S. Pat. No. 4,212,536 used a technique of holographic subtraction with phase modulation. In this technique, two substantially identically patterned transparencies, i.e., a master photo mask and a copy thereof are compared with each other by transluminating the master with an object beam, producing a hologram of that master by letting the object beam interfere with a reference beam from a common source of coherent light such as a laser. The copy is placed in the path of the object beam formerly occupied by the master and the developed hologram is positioned at the intersection of the two beams to generate a compound beam of zero intensity if the two transparencies are identical. The luminous energy of the compound beam thus varies inversely with the degree of equivalency of the two transparencies. The compound beam may be imaged onto a receiving surface with certain areas thereof blocked out to eliminate error indications from marginal zones.  
           [0009]    The conventional technology also encompasses the use of holograms for information storage. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,519, a byte of binary data to be stored is recorded as a synthetic Fourier transformed hologram of the data. A time varying control signal representing the synthetic hologram is used to intensity modulate a coherent light beam as the beam scans transversely across a photosensitive recording film. The amplitudes of different spatial frequencies in the data band are differently altered to compensate for signal-to-noise roll-off over the data band. The thus compensated signals are also modified to compensate for non-linear gain characteristics. The thus modified signals are also processed to provide the modulating control signal. During the read-out process, an inverse Fourier transformation is performed optically on the light diffracted by the synthetic hologram in order to produce the original bite of data in the form of an optical intensity pattern. This pattern is transversely distributed on an array of photosensitive detectors which convert the optical intensity pattern to an electrical data signal. During this read-out process, a tapered neutral density filter, i.e., a wedge filter, is employed in front of the photosensitive detectors to provide attenuation or gain across a spatial frequency bandwidth to compensate for the system modulation transfer function.  
           [0010]    Data along the Z axis is also encompassed by the conventional art as indicated by U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,740. In this system, a hologram is written from X, Y and Z data by representing an information beam at a holographic medium with X and Y coordinates represented by X and Y position on the medium and Z coordinates represented by distance between the holographic medium and a point position of the beam close to the medium, while simultaneously presenting a reference beam in interference with the information beam. The size of the reference beam is comparable to the size of the information beam at the holographic medium. In this system, the area of the information beam and the reference beam at any position on the holographic medium is a small fraction of the total area of the hologram.  
           [0011]    Conventional art techniques are able to transfer only limited amounts of image information (or other data) into the control of the process for forming diffraction gratings. Consequently, there are severe limitations as to the clarity and accuracy of the images that can be produced from conventionally made holograms.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    One object of the present invention is to provide an accurate pixel-by-pixel representation of a copied image on a hologram constituted by diffraction gratings.  
           [0013]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for quickly and accurately conveying image information on a pixel-by-pixel basis to a holographic grating.  
           [0014]    Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a system for making holograms in which the image is adjusted based upon the angle of a viewer with respect to the hologram.  
           [0015]    Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a system in which the apparent position of an image for a viewer in a predetermined position is based upon pixel playback angle.  
           [0016]    These objects are accomplished according to the present invention in which positional data (using an X-Y coordinates system) and image data for each pixel of a plurality of pixels representing an image is obtained, stored, and used to control an apparatus for making a hologram composed of diffraction gratings. The apparatus is controlled so that a laser beam is split into a reference beam and at least one object beam used to represent image data for a corresponding pixel. The reference beam and other beam(s) are recombined at a photoresist material to form an interference pattern. The angle of the object beam(s) with respect to the photoresist surface and the duration of the object beam(s) interfering with the reference beam are used to convey data regarding the corresponding pixel. Additional pixel data can be conveyed by multiple exposures of the single object beam (with the reference beam) or by exposures of a plurality of object beams for each pixel. A movable table is used to move the photoresist from one pixel location to another in accordance with the X-Y coordinate system by which the pixel locations of the original image were determined.  
           [0017]    Data in the Z-axis direction including the apparent position of an image reflected from the hologram can be adjusted by adjusting the playback angle of “steroscopic” pixel pairs when forming the diffraction gratings constituting the pixels. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an optical system for carrying out the present invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a second embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a third embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between pixel spacing and apparent position of a resulting image to a viewer in a predetermined position.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between viewing angle and the apparent position of an image.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating various apertures through which a collimated light beam passes.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating two separate techniques for changing the angle between the reference beam and the object beam.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an additional technique for controlling the angle of incidence of both object and reference beams, as well as a system for monitoring the correct angle. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of the present invention having the capability of splitting a coherent light beam from laser  1  into a reference beam  23  and a plurality of object beams  24 ,  25 ,  26 . The subject reference and object beams are directed to interfere with each other at a photoresist surface  10  for each pixel location  11 .  
         [0028]    Laser  1  generates a beam having a coherence length in a range suitable for forming diffraction gratings comprising a hologram as is well known in this art. The emissions of laser  1  are controlled by means of a main shutter  2  which in turn is controlled through a digital interface  3  by central processing unit  4 . The programming which controls the timing of the laser emissions (through shutter  2 ) and the operation of beam splitter  22 , along with shutters  12 ,  13 ,  14  is contained within central processing unit  4 . Specific commands are given to the central processing unit  4  by means of a mouse  8  and keyboard  7 . These commands are displayed by monitor  5  which can also display the image data input from scanner  6 .  
         [0029]    Color image scanner  6  provides data regarding an image to be copied in the form of digitally encoded words, each word representing image data for a particular pixel located within the image on the basis of an X-Y coordinate plot. Image scanners having digital outputs representing pixel data are well known in the scanning and video camera arts. Consequently, further elaboration on such devices is not needed for purposes of this application.  
         [0030]    A color image scanner such as that indicated by  6  in FIG. 1 is not necessary for the operation of the present invention. Any device which provides a digital output representative of pixel image characteristics can be used instead. For example, video images can be generated by means of appropriate programs operating in the central processing unit  4 . Another type of program that can be operated in central processing unit  4  has the capability of analyzing individual frames from a video recording played in a VCR (video cassette recorder, not shown) The present invention admits to modification by any system or device from which digital image pixel data can be derived, including systems having analog outputs that can be digitized by intermediate interface circuitry (not shown)  
         [0031]    The coherent light from laser  1  when timed to enter the system by means of main shutter  2 , is focused by main lens assembly  21 . A variety of adjustments can be made by the main lens assembly  21  for adjusting the size of the pixels to determine if overlapping interference will take place between pixels to create an effect with the diffraction gratings similar to that created by multiple exposures of photographic film. Other adjustments can be made using main lens assembly  21  to configure the shape of the coherent beam as well as any other adjustment deemed appropriate, as is discussed in this application.  
         [0032]    The adjusted coherent light from main lens assembly  21  enters beam splitter assembly  22 . Where a series of beam splitters  27 ,  28 ,  29  divide the adjusted coherent light beam into a reference beam  23  and a series of object beams. The object beams are reflected to photosensitive blank  10  by means of reflecting mirrors  16 ,  17 ,  18 , and are controlled by shutters  12 ,  13 ,  14 . The beam splitter assembly  22  is rotatably mounted on rotating head bearing mount  19 , and the movement of the beam splitter assembly  22  is controlled by stepping motor  20 .  
         [0033]    The photosensitive blank  10  is moved from one pixel location  11  to another with respect to the reference beam  23 , by means of X-Y stage  9 . Preferably the X-Y stage  9  is mounted on an isolation structure in order to prevent stray vibration from mispositioning a pixel  11  when corresponding diffraction gratings are being formed on the photosensitive blank  10  by the interference of reference beam  23  and one of the object beams  24 ,  25 ,  26 .  
         [0034]    In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the angle of incidence of each of the object beams (also known as color beams)  24 ,  25 ,  26  is changed to reflect different image data from pixel to pixel. The angle of incidence of the object beams can reflect different angles at which a viewer of an image resulting from light reflecting from the hologram will have an optimum view of the image, or will be able to distinguish different aspects of that image. The angle of incidence of a given object beam can also be used to convey other image data for each pixel, such as color data, brightness data or gray scale data.  
         [0035]    A variety of different types of image data can be formed as part of the diffraction grating for each pixel by means of multiple exposures of the same or other object beams to create multiple interference patterns at any selected pixel. The rotation of the beam splitter assembly  22  by motor  20  and rotating mount  19  provides the capability of a larger number of different incidence angles (and thus, interference patterns) to convey large amounts of image information for each pixel. Further, because the angles of incidence of the object beams can be changed rapidly by motor  20  as controlled by central processing unit  4 , the process of encoding large amounts of information for each pixel on the photosensitive surface  10  can be carried out quickly and efficiently.  
         [0036]    It is noted that the rotating lens assembly is not needed to convey substantial amounts of image data for each pixel  11 . Instead, a fixed beam splitter assembly  22  can be used and the image data for each pixel (such as color information) can be conveyed by modulating the object beams  24 ,  25 ,  26  using shutters  12 ,  13 ,  14 , as described in the allowed parent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/220,080. Disclosed therein is a system having the capability of conveying color information based upon the amount of time each object beam (representing one of the primary colors) would interfere with the reference beam. Using this scheme, a larger number of color variations (based upon the three primary colors, each associated with an object beam having a predetermined angle of incidence with respect to the irradiated photosensitive surface) could be conveyed by interference patterns and stored on the photoresist surface in the form of diffraction gratings. The paths of the object beams are substantially equal in length but this is not necessary. Rather, the object beams must be in the range of the coherence length of the laser used. For example, if the coherence length of a laser used is 2″, a first beam path can be 4′2″ while another beam path can be 4′1″, and another beam path can be 4′3″, all remaining within the coherence length of the laser.  
         [0037]    While the system of the parent application discloses only three beam splitters, fewer beam splitters (such as one resulting only in a single object beam) or a greater number of beam splitters (resulting in a greater number of object beams) can be employed so that greater numbers of color variations are possible.  
         [0038]    As illustrated in FIG. 1, both types of object beam control can be combined. Further, the rotating beam splitter assembly  22  permits a large number of different angles of incidence for the object beams so as to preclude the necessity of adding additional beam splitters such as  27 ,  28 ,  29  in order to obtain a greater number of object beams. Due to the substantial number of angles of incidence for an object beam, as well as the use of a shutter to modulate the object beam, the system of the present invention can be practiced with only a single object beam rather than the multiple object beams disclosed in FIG. 1.  
         [0039]    X—Y stage  9  is preferably mounted on an isolation table to prevent stray movement from causing pixel misalignment. As is common in this technology an isolation table is mounted on a concrete foundation which in turn is also isolated from the surrounding environment (usually by making cuts in a concrete pad supporting the table) so that vibrations in the ground around the isolation table will not be transmitted into the table. Further, the isolation table is also provided with shock absorbers to damp any vibration that is transmitted through the concrete foundation immediately underneath the table.  
         [0040]    The central processing unit  4  uses the image data to determine the configuration, angle and timing of the object beams irradiating the photoresist material at each pixel. Using the X-Y coordinate information contained with the image data of each pixel, the central processor directs the X-Y stage to move to the subsequent position after the irradiation of each pixel. The central processing unit  4  also determines if the pixel being currently irradiated is the last pixel of the image along either the X or Y axes. If so, the central processing unit  4  sends instructions to the X-Y stage  9  to move either in the X or Y directions so that irradiation of the next line of pixels can be started. The programming in the central processing unit  4  also determines when the last pixel in the subject image has been reached, and ends the irradiating process after the interference pattern for that pixel is made.  
         [0041]    During this movement time, the rotating head (if that particular embodiment is being used) is rotated to the appropriate position for generating the object beam(s) necessary to convey the image data for the next pixel. If multiple exposures are required, the rotating head bearing mount  19  will be adjusted between irradiations to provide the desired object beam angles to convey further image data for that pixel.  
         [0042]    Multiple exposures of individual pixels require time to move the rotating head bearing mount  19  so as to adjust beam splitter assembly  22 . This step slows the overall process. One technique for addressing this problem is illustrated in FIG. 3. This arrangement includes dual lasers, optical systems, main shutters, rotating head bearing mounts, and beam splitter assemblies. Each of these elements is the same as that illustrated in FIG. 1. The difference in the FIG. 3 system resides in the programming of central processing unit  4  which must process information for two images on a parallel basis. Because the image data is based upon an X-Y coordinate system a single image can be easily sub-divided using standard programming techniques. The different portions of the sub-divided image are then treated in the same manner as described with respect to FIG. 1, with the exception that a plurality of image segments are being processed at one time. It is also possible to have more than two laser and optical assemblies. Only the digital interface  3  has to be increased in capacity to handle the additional control operations. Theoretically, the number of laser and optical assemblies used is limited only by the capacity of the central processor  4  to handle multiple parallel processes. However, the system is constrained by the physical dimensions of the rotating head bearing mount  19  and the beam splitter assembly. Because each of these devices takes up a certain amount of physical room, there are limitations as to the number of these devices that can be used to irradiate a single image. Consequently, unless the images and the holograms derived from them are especially large, only a single optical assembly and laser will he used for any single image.  
         [0043]    Duplication of the same hologram is easily accomplished using the arrangement of FIG. 3 and does not require the added processing capability of central processor  3 . Thus, the arrangement of FIG. 3 lends itself to producing duplicates of the same hologram, thereby saving time while not necessitating additional processing capacity on the part of central processor  4 .  
         [0044]    It is noted that the overall capability of the present invention is limited by the capacity of central processor  4 . Thus, by using a sufficiently powerful processor, expansion of the system of the present invention can extend not only to the manufacture of multiple holograms, but the manufacture of plural holograms at a sufficient rate of speed so as to simulate motion picture projection when light is reflected from the holograms as they are being generated. With sufficient processor capacity, images scanned in real time can conceivably be translated into displayed holographic images using pre-programmed light reflected from the holograms as well as appropriate manipulation of the holographic substrates. The only limitations reside in the processing capacity of central processor unit  4  and the cost of using sufficient lasers and optical systems to achieve either real time holographic projection or stored holograms to be manipulated for future image projection.  
         [0045]    Any type of digital information representing image data or that can be modified to represent image data can be used by the present system to create a hologram consisting of diffraction gratings formed on a photosensitive material by light interference. A scanner is not necessary. The image data can be generated by a computer based upon a mathematical formula such as fractal programs or other well known image or pattern generating formulas. Computer generation can also be carried out by manipulating scanned or frozen frame images. Well known computer programs for generating graphics can also be used. Images from a disk or a video tape taken  20  either in real time or from a memory are also usable in the system of the present invention.  
         [0046]    Image data can also be obtained by reading a hologram. This is done by sending a coherent reconstruction beam at a predetermined angle to the diffraction gratings of the hologram so as to move pixel-by-pixel in an X-Y coordinate system. Each pixel, when excited by the coherent beam will release its information in a predetermined direction according to the color balance light density and other information stored in that pixel. At the proper play back positions (with respect to light reflected from the hologram) an array of sensors oriented to receive the released information can communicate the information to a computer. This arrangement permits the storage of digital data not only along the X and Y directions (in the plane of the hologram) but along the Z axis (perpendicular to the plane of the hologram)  
         [0047]    The data along different axes will not interfere with each other since reading the data depends upon the position of the viewer (or the sensors) in relationship to the predetermined path of the reconstruction beam. The optimum reconstruction beam path is directly related to the position of the holographic gratings and their geometric position. If the holographic plate is in a fixed position and a light source was positioned at the optimum reconstruction angle a distance from the holographic plate, a viewer (or a set of sensors) could be moved from side to side, up and down, and back and forth, so as to find in every position a different set of colors, images, gray scale information or other data without interference of the information from other groups corresponding to other positions. This is because the storage of any given group of information is absolutely directional. This direction characteristic is controlled by the angles of incidence of the object beams which in turn are determined by the rotating beam splitter assembly  22 .  
         [0048]    Reconstruction of an image does not require the use of coherent light. Instead, the hologram can be irradiated with point-source light, thus reconstructing the object beams. If done in a sequential manner, this will reveal a series of patterns viewable from the direction of the reference beam. These patterns can be recognized by a computer and given meaningful definitions.  
         [0049]    Manipulation of Z axis characteristics is also used to create and adjust the three-dimensional perspective of the image created from the hologram. FIG. 5 illustrates three different perspectives adjustable by positioning pixel pairs with respect to each other. In example A, the pixel pairs  1 ′,  2 ′ are placed next to each other so that light reflected from these pixels are aimed at adjacent eyes (E 1 , E 2 ) of a viewer. As a result, the pixels will appear to he on the surface of the hologram. In example B, the two pixels  3 ′,  4 ′ are positioned apart so that light reflected from these pixels will be seen by opposite eyes (pixel  3 ′ corresponding to eye E 2 ′ and pixel  4 ′ corresponding to eye E 1 ′) of a viewer. The result will be that the viewer believes that dot  7 ′ (the resulting image) is above the plane of the hologram. In example 3, the two pixels  5 ′,  6 ′ are positioned closer together than in example B, but still further apart than in example A. Consequently, light reflected from pixel  5 ′ will be directed to E 1 ″ while light reflected from pixel  6 ′ will be directed to E 2 ″. As a result, the viewer will perceive the resulting image (dot  8 ′) as being located behind the surface of the hologram.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the basis for the calculations used to determine pixel spacing to achieve the aforementioned manipulation of a parent position of the resulting image. In FIG. 6, D is the distance between a viewer&#39;s eyes. Y is the distance between the pixels (dots) placed on the surface of a photosensitive plate to form the resulting hologram. X is the distance from the observer to the surface of the hologram and Z is the virtual, or perceived displacement of the image along the Z axis (perpendicular to the plane of the hologram) It is noted that this manipulation requires that the reconstruction be white light directed at an ideal angle to the surface of the hologram. Thus, the image can be manipulated due to the fact that each dot can be directed to a single eye. The determination of distance between pixels is made using the formula:  
               tan                 θ     =         D   /   2       (     X   -   Z     )       =       Y   /   2     Z               (   1   )                               
 
         [0051]    By carrying out the manipulations of the above equation, the distance between two pixels is determined by the formula:  
             Y   =       D   ·   Z       (     X   -   Z     )               (   2   )                               
 
         [0052]    It is noted that negative value of Y means that two dots appear to have switched thus causing the image to appear behind the surface of the hologram. In the equation, a negative value of Z represents a virtual displacement of the image behind the surface of the hologram.  
         [0053]    As previously stated, the information in each pixel can be manipulated by multiple exposures of each pixel. The multiple exposures can be carried out as previously described by discretely applying different combinations of beams for different interference patterns at each pixel. Multiple exposures of pixels can also be carried out by increasing the size of the pixels so that they overlap. This is done by manipulating lens assembly  21  to change the focus of the laser beam before the beam is split in beam splitter assembly  22 . This is normally done using a plurality of lenses to first expand and then redirect the laser beam. The laser beam is initially controlled by means of shutter  2  which allows the laser beam to pass into the main lens assembly  21 .  
         [0054]    An example of such an assembly is illustrated in FIG. 2. A laser beam  200  passes through lens  202  which directs the laser light to a point at spatial filter  204 . The laser light is then redirected to collimating lens  206  which redirects the light so that it is nearly collimated (constituted by parallel beams) . The nearly collimated light is adjusted to obtain a desired size of the overall light beam by using a limiting aperture  208 . The adjusted light is then directed to focusing lens  210  which determines the, size of the pixel  212  when the light ultimately reaches a holographic plate  214 . The light from the focusing lens  210  is operated on by a beam splitter  216  and at least one reflecting mirror  218 , and recombined to create the interference pattern for pixel  212  on holographic plate  214 . Although FIG. 2 illustrates the collimating lens and the limiting aperture arranged before the focusing lens  210  and beam splitter  216 , these elements can be placed between the beam splitter and the holographic plate  214 . The collimating lens arid the limiting aperture can be used with either the reference beam or any of the object beams to manipulate the size and shape of the pixel.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 7 illustrates a variety of limiting apertures to shape the beam and thus, the pixel being irradiated. Generally, the pixel shape is circular and can be one of a variety of sizes. Using this arrangement, the sharpest focus of the beam can be used while still manipulating the size of the beam (and thus, the size of the resulting pixel) as it impinges on the holographic plate. A variety of different pixel configurations and clusters can be formed using different shapes of limiting aperture, such as a square, a diamond or a triangle. It is noted that these are not the only shapes that can be used, and that the variety of shapes is not limited by the examples of FIG. 7. A designer can use any shape appropriate for the pixel cluster selected for an individual hologram. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the limiting aperture is variable and can be adjusted according to the programming of the central processing unit  4  using digital interface  3  through a cable connection (now shown) to the main lens assembly  21 . A motor (not shown) would be used to move the limiting aperture from one position to another. Thus, the aperture size and shape could be adjusted based on them programming in central processor unit  4  during those time periods when the rotating head bearing mount  19  is also being adjusted. The limiting aperture  208  can also include a density filter to change the laser beam from a Gaussian profile to linear profile.  
         [0056]    The laser beam can also be modulated in or out of phase or deformed to mimic the effect of having passed through lenses or optical systems, or to mimic having the effect of different optical properties of a variety of different materials. This can be done to collimated or an uncollimated laser beam, either before or after the laser beam is split by beam splitter  216 . The laser beam can be further modified by collimating a beam which is passed through the aforementioned density filter. A variety of spatial filters such as that illustrated at  204  in FIG. 2 can also be used at any point in the beam path to filter out beam aberrations which could degrade the quality and accuracy of the resulting hologram. The laser beam path can be further adjusted by means of a light diffuser placed anywhere along the path where considered appropriate. All of the aforementioned light manipulation techniques are well known in this art and are expected to be used whenever appropriate to obtain the desired pixel characteristics in the diffraction gratings on the hologram surface. An additional lens  30  can be added as shown in FIG. 3 to be used as part of an encoding scheme if considered desirable. Such encoding could be used for protection of data stored using the process of the present invention as well as the aforementioned data read-out technique.  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 4 illustrates an additional embodiment of the  30  present invention. All of the elements are the same as shown in the FIG. 1 embodiment except that an X-Y stage is not used. Rather, the laser irradiates the surface of a photosensitive emulsion on a roller that will be used from embossing a plastic or ocher production material in what is commonly known as a “wet embossing” technique. The process as illustrated in FIG. 4 will require the further step of hardening the photosensitive emulsion so that it will be able to withstand continuous embossing of a receptive material used for mass—produced holograms. The movement of the photosensitive material is substantially the same as that illustrated in FIG. 1.The only difference is that movement in the Y direction is effected by rotating the cylinder upon which the photosensitive emulsion has been placed. The same control scheme is used for both embodiments; only an adjustment from a linear motion to a rotational motion in one direction being required in the embodiment of FIG. 4.  
         [0058]    As previously stated, the exact configuration of the optical system  22  as illustrated in FIGS. 1, 3 and  4  is not necessary to carry out the present invention, nor is it necessary to achieve a wide variety of different angles between the reference beam and the object beams. FIG. 6 illustrates an arrangement employing two different techniques for adjusting the angle  41  between the reference beam A and an object beam B. An optical assembly  38  is composed of an outer casing  38  containing a beam splitter cube  34  and a mirror  35  located at a 450 angle to the line of direction of reference beam A. The optical assembly  38  can be rotated using stepping motor  20  operating a drive mechanism  32  which rotates the outer casing  33  by means of roller bearings  39 . The angle  41  between the reference beam A and the object beam B can be changed by moving mirror  35  towards or away from beam splitter tube  34  by means of a track mechanism  36 .  
         [0059]    Angle  41  can further be altered by arranging mirrors  37 A and  37 B to be split as shown so that portion  37 A is fixed while portion  37 B can be moved back and forth using well known mechanical devices so as to move object beam B to various places on lens  30  which is used to recombine the split beams at the photoresist  10 . Normally only a change of approximately 120 in angle  41  is required to provide the necessary range of angle differences.  
         [0060]    Both techniques can be used together, and their range is limited only by the size and placement of lens  30 .  
         [0061]    Another technique for adjusting the angles of object and reference beams with respect to a photosensitive material on a moveable platen is illustrated by FIG. 9. Also illustrated is an arrangement for detecting deviation in the reflected beams from that desired, and maintaining the desired beam angles with respect to the platen containing the photosensitive material. Since a great deal of video information can be expressed through a substantial number of angle variations and beam intensities, it is necessary that beam angles be regulated within narrow constraints. This is done in the embodiment of FIG. 9 through the use of an auxiliary beam following the path of the main beam, and offset therefrom by a small angle.  
         [0062]    As in the previous embodiments, a computer  4 , controlled by mouse  8  and a keyboard  7  controls the entire system. A laser  1  such as a helium-cadmium (HeCd) laser generates a beam which is controlled by a birefringent shutter  2 . This shutter is controlled by a driver  51  which in turn is controlled by computer  4 . A beam from laser  1  is timed by shutter  2  to pass through beam profiler  57  (used to control pixel size, pixel shape and cross-section). The beam passes through an opening in the mirror  22 . The beam is then split in beam splitter  60  into two beams A and B as illustrated. Beam A is reflected from mirror arrangement  61  which is constituted by two mirrors, one deflecting on an X axis and one on a Y axis. Beam B is also reflected by mirror arrangement  62 , arranged in a manner similar to mirror arrangement  61 . The Y axis mirrors for both  61  and  62  are set at a distance equal to the focal length of collimating lens  59 . Beams A and B reflected back from mirror arrangements  61  and  62 , respectively, are deflected by beam splitter  60  to be directed through lens  59 . Upon emerging from lens  59  the now collimated beams are reflected from mirror  67  and passed through focusing lens  21  to be brought together at a predetermined point on the photosensitive material covering the plate  9 . The platen  9  is moved in a predetermined sequence corresponding to pixels in an image by driver  3  which is controlled by computer  4 .  
         [0063]    Like the rest of the system, the mirror arrangements  61 ,  62  are controlled by computer  4 . This is done through electronic interfaces  70  and  63  which pass instructions to mirror drivers  64  and  65  so that the correct angle deviations of the A and B beams are achieved. Because of momentum and velocity irregularities between the signals sent to mirror array drivers  64  and  65  and the actual beam deviations, a system for detecting and accurately determining these deviations is necessary. This is accomplished through the use of an auxiliary laser beam following a portion of the path taken by the laser beam generated by laser  1 , and being reflected so as to be observable so that deviations in the main laser beam are also detected in the auxiliary laser beam.  
         [0064]    Laser  53 , preferably a helium-neon laser, generates the auxiliary beam which is reflected by mirror  68  and configured by profiler  7 . The auxiliary beam passes through the opening in mirror  52  and is operated on by beam splitter  60 . The auxiliary beam is at a slight angle to the path of the main laser beam. Consequently, light from the auxiliary beam reflected back from beam splitter  60  will impinge upon mirror  52  and be reflected through focusing lens  58  to a position alignment sensor  56 , preferably a CCD device. The output signals from this device are processed by an alignment indexer  55  to place the signals in a form which can be handled by computer  4 . The computer uses these deviation signals to determine if the main beam will be configured within acceptable parameters, and controls birefringent shutter  2  to be in an open position only when acceptable parameters are detected with respect to the output of position sensor  56 .  
         [0065]    Because of the cyclic nature of the deviating beams, a position can be selected within a cycle and repeated time after time to give the effect of a longer exposure for the same intermittent angle. For example, with sensor  56  constituted by a CCD array of 640×480 pixels,  307 ,  200  different angles can be effected in one cycle. This allows for the formation of highly complex diffraction pixels. Normal cycle rates of 30-200 cycles per second are easily obtained with analog mirror drivers ( 64 ,  65 ). Further, shuttering rates in millions of pulses per second are also feasible with this arrangement. The beams can be deflected in a range represented by a cone perpendicular to the platen  9 , and having an arc of 60 degrees. Since the two beams (A,B) can interact with each other at virtually any angle, the object and reference beams become virtually interchangeable in this arrangement.  
         [0066]    Among other benefits of the present invention, is that it is possible to obtain upwards of 6000 grooves per millimeter for the diffracting grating construction, and the gratings themselves can be as large as 400 by 600 millimeters. As a result, the present invention permits fabrication of holograms having substantially unlimited grating size. Since the present invention uses the interference pattern between a pair of coherent beams from a common laser source, the interference fringes are easily controlled. Thus, the present invention permits storage of a wide variety of image data, or other data selected by the user of the system.  
         [0067]    This invention has applications in document security and pattern recognition as well as in the serial multidimensional imaging of moving objects, such as in multidimensional TV, video and movies as well as multidimensional display and multidimensional visualization and other similar applications. Thus, serial images may be formed of moving objects by forming a series of original holograms of the moving objects, compressing the series of original holograms of the moving objects to form a series of compressed holograms, decompressing the series of compressed holograms to form a series of decompressed holograms; and reconstructing the moving objects from the series of decompressed holograms to form a series of multidimensional images of the moving objects.  
         [0068]    As described above, the present invention can be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.  
         [0069]    Although a number of arrangements of this invention have been mentioned by way of example, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto. Accordingly, the invention should be considered to include any and all configurations, modifications, variations, combinations, equivalent arrangements or expansions falling within the scope of the following claims.