Abstract:
An opto-electronic A/D converter includes a tunable laser ( 10 ) for wavelength modulating a narrowband coherent electromagnetic beam by the amplitude of the analog signal. A grating ( 12 ) transforms the wavelength modulated beam into a corresponding angularly modulated beam. A set of kinoforms ( 14 ) diffract the angularly modulated beam into a bundle of diffracted beams. Detectors ( 18, 20 ) determine the digital signal by repeatedly sampling the spatial power distribution of the diffracted beams.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    The present invention generally relates to A/D conversion, and in particular to a high sampling rate A/D conversion method and apparatus.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    The development of, for example, telecommunication systems demands A/D conversion at increasingly higher sampling rates. Modern fast electronic A/D converters typically operate at a sampling rate of the order of 50 Mega samples per second, which is much lower than the desired sampling rate of the order of 1 Giga samples per second or higher. Optical solutions for A/D conversion have been suggested to increase the sampling rate. One example is a method involving banks of Mach-Zender interferometers, see [1]. However, the necessary modulators have been considered to be too bulky. Furthermore, this method creates problems with regard to electrical crosstalk between the modulators. Other disadvantages include that the terminations consist of a bank of capacitors connected in parallel and that a pulsed light source is required.  
           [0003]    Reference [2] describes an arrangement that converts a voltage into an angle and subsequently converts the angle into a binary pattern. The voltage-angle conversion relies on mechanical, acoustic or electro-optical devices. This severely limits the obtainable conversion rate. Furthermore, the conversion from angle to binary signal is performed by a bulky optical system that is unsuitable for integration.  
           [0004]    Another approach has been a complicated arrangement to “time stretch” the analog signal using chirped optical pulsing, see [3].  
         SUMMARY  
         [0005]    An object of the present invention is to provide an opto-electronic A/D converting method and apparatus that avoid these problems and are capable of high speed A/D conversion.  
           [0006]    This object is achieved in accordance with the attached claims.  
           [0007]    Briefly, the present invention involves a tunable laser, the wavelength of which is modulated by the analog signal. The modulated laser beam passes through a grating, which produces a deflected beam. The angle of deflection corresponds to the amplitude of the analog signal. The deflected beam impinges on a specific kinoform in a kinoform array. The impinged kinoform produces a corresponding bundle of beams that is directed to an array of photo detectors. Each kinoform in the array produces a different bundle of beams, and each bundle corresponds to a different digital value. The power distribution on the array of photo detectors is sampled to determine the digital value.  
           [0008]    The described arrangement has several advantages:  
           [0009]    1. It is possible to achieve A/D conversion at very high sampling rates, more than 1 Giga samples per second for a resolution of 6-8 bits.  
           [0010]    2. Several vital elements used for the actual A/D conversion (grating and kinoforms) are stable passive elements that are not sensitive to sampling frequency.  
           [0011]    3. The A/D converter itself has a low power consumption (about 10 mW for the laser and 10 mW per digital bit).  
           [0012]    4. The actual A/D converter is small, typically less than 20×4×1 mm.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]    The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a is a diagram similar to FIG. 1, but with another analog input signal amplitude;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0017]    FIGS.  4 - 11  illustrate the behavior of the embodiment of FIG. 3 for different analog input signal amplitudes;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 12 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an embodiment of a processing unit in an A/D converter in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 13 is a block diagram schematically illustrating another embodiment of a processing unit in an A/D converter in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 14 illustrates the behavior of the embodiment of FIG. 3 when the analog value lies near or on the border between two digital values;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a 2-dimensional photo detector arrangement for an A/D converter in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 16 illustrates another embodiment of a 2-dimensional photo detector arrangement for an A/D converter in accordance with the present invention; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating the A/D conversion method in accordance with the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0024]    In the following description only elements necessary to explain the basic principles of the present invention will be described. Other elements that will typically be used in a practical implementation, such as lenses, have been omitted.  
         [0025]    Furthermore, elements performing the same or similar functions have been provided with the same reference designations.  
         [0026]    In order to distinguish between optical and electrical signals, optical signals are represented by dashed lines and electrical signals are represented by solid lines in the figures.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention. A tunable laser  10  (tunable lasers are described in [4]) is wavelength (or frequency) modulated by the amplitude of an analog signal that is to be digitized. The modulated laser beam is directed to a grating  12  (grating  12  may be replaced by an arrayed waveguide grating or a dispersive element in general). The grating will deflect the modulated laser beam in different directions, depending on the wavelength shift produced by the analog signal. The deflected beam from grating  12  reaches a set  14  of diffractive elements, for example a set of kinoforms (kinoforms are described in [5-6]). Each diffractive element produces, when impinged by a deflected beam, a different bundle of outgoing beams, and each beam bundle corresponds to a different digital value. The diffracted beams are directed towards an array  18  of photo detectors, for example PIN/nsn photo detectors), and the combination of activated photo detectors will correspond to the decoded digital value. The actual decoding of the digital value is performed by a processing unit  20 , which will be described in further detail below.  
         [0028]    In FIG. 1 there are  3  photo detectors  18 , which corresponds to a resolution of 3 bits or 8 levels. Consequently there are 8 diffractive elements  14 . In a general case there are 2 n  diffractive elements  14  for a solution of n bits. In an n-bit embodiment corresponding to FIG. 1 there would be n photo detectors  18 .  
         [0029]    In order to minimize erroneous decoding when a beam partially impinges on 2 neighboring diffractive elements  14 , it is preferred to use Gray code instead of ordinary binary code during the digitizing phase, since neighboring Gray codes only differ by 1 bit. Thus, if an erroneous decision is made, the quantized signal will at most have an error of 1 bit. This feature will be further described below.  
         [0030]    In FIG. 1 the uppermost diffractive element  18  is impinged by a deflected beam. This element corresponds to the largest wavelength and thus to the largest amplitude of the analog signal. This largest amplitude is represented by quantization level  8 , which corresponds to the Gray code 100. Thus, the uppermost diffractive element will produce a beam that impinges on only one of the photo detectors  18 .  
         [0031]    In FIG. 2 an analog signal corresponding to quantization level  6  requires a diffractive element  14  that has to illuminate all three photo detectors, since quantization level  6  corresponds to the Gray code 111.  
         [0032]    As illustrated by FIGS. 1 and 2, the described embodiment requires a different number of diffracted beams to produce different Gray codes. This means that the power from one diffractive element  14  is distributed over several photo detectors  18 , while another diffractive element may distribute the same power on only one photo detector. This arrangement may lead to difficulties in setting proper detection thresholds in processing unit  20  for very high sampling rates (&gt;100 Giga samples per second) and high resolutions (n&gt;10). FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention that avoids this potential problem.  
         [0033]    In the embodiment of FIG. 3 the number of photo detectors in set  18  has been doubled. The upper 3 photo detectors detect the actually desired Gray code, while the lower 3 photo detectors detect its 2-complement (1-bits replaced by 0-bits and vice versa). With this arrangement each diffractive element  14  will always produce 3 beams (n beams in the general case) when impinged by a deflected laser beam. This will guarantee that each Gray code is detected in the same way and reduce the probability of erroneous decoding of the photo detectors.  
         [0034]    FIGS.  4 - 11  illustrate the behavior of the embodiment of FIG. 3 for different analog input signal amplitudes. These figures illustrate the beam bundles that are produced for all the possible 8 quantization levels. It is noted that each diffractive element produces a 3 beam pattern, as stated above. It is also noted that for every quantization level all beams are always directed towards photodetectors.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 12 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an embodiment of a processing unit  20  in an A/D converter in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1. The output signals from the 3 photo detectors are forwarded to corresponding comparators  22 . A common threshold TH from a threshold circuit  24  is subtracted from these input signals. A clock generator  26  generates a common clock signal CL for these 3 comparators  22 , and each clock pulse will trigger parallel sampling of the sign of the difference between the two input signals to each comparator  22 . If the difference is positive, this indicates that the corresponding photo detector  18  is illuminated and results in a bit having the value “1”. A negative difference results in a “0” bit. The resulting Gray code at the output of processing unit  20  may be translated into ordinary binary code by a simple table look-up.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 13 is a block diagram schematically illustrating another embodiment of a processing unit  20  in an A/D converter in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 3. This embodiment of the processing unit  20  differs from the embodiment of FIG. 12 by the threshold arrangement. In this case the threshold to each comparator  22  is formed by the output signal from the corresponding complementary photo detector. Thus, if the output signal from a photo detector in the upper part of the set  18  (above the dashed line) is stronger than the output signal from its corresponding “2-complement” photo detector in the lower part of the set, this will result in an output bit having the value 1. In the opposite case the result will be a bit having the value 0. This embodiment is characterized in that the threshold is individual for each bit and also dynamic.  
         [0037]    As noted above it is preferable to digitize the analog signal into Gray code instead of ordinary binary code due to the graceful behavior of Gray code during transitions from one digitized value to a neighboring value. FIG. 14 illustrates the behavior of the embodiment of FIG. 3 when the analog value lies near or on the border between two digital values. Since the deflected beam has a certain width, it will illuminate two diffractive elements in this case. Thus, in FIG. 14 the diffraction patterns from both FIGS. 10 and 11 will be activated. In this case this means that the uppermost photo detector will be illuminated by both patterns. The same comment applies to the middle photo detector in the complementary part of set  18 . This means that the two upper bits (1 and 0, respectively) are still certain. However, the lowest photo detector in the upper part and its corresponding complementary photo detector in the lower part are now both illuminated, which makes the third bit uncertain. The outcome will depend on which detector has the strongest output signal. However, FIG. 14 illustrates the fact that only one bit will be uncertain in these border line cases. The result is the same for all the other border line cases and may also be generalized to n bit A/D converters.  
         [0038]    In order to describe the principles of the present invention, a 1-dimensional photo detector arrangement has been assumed. However, in practice a 2-dimensional arrangement may be preferable. FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a 2-dimensional photo detector arrangement suitable for an A/D converter operating in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1. The illustrated arrangement is intended for an A/D converter with a resolution of 6 bits. Filled circles represent illuminated photo detectors, while unfilled circles represent non-illuminated photo detectors.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 16 illustrates another embodiment of a 2-imensional photo detector arrangement suitable for an A/D converter operating in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 3. It is noted that the left half of FIG. 16 is identical to the embodiment of FIG. 15, while the right half forms the complementary part.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating the A/D conversion method in accordance with the present invention. The procedure starts in step S 1 . Step S 2  modulates the wavelength of the laser beam by a monotonic function of the analog signal. In step S 3  the wavelength modulation is transformed into an angular modulation by grating  12 . Step S 4  diffracts the deflected beam into a bundle of beams having a pattern that is characteristic of the impinged diffractive element. Step S 5  samples the bundle pattern to determine the corresponding digital value. This ends the digitalization in step S 6 . This procedure is repeated for each new sample.  
         [0041]    Typical values of critical parameters are: The laser wavelength (before modulation) is typically of the order of 1-2 μm. The total wavelength variation is typically of the order of 0.1-0.2 μm. These ranges will allow a digital resolution of the order of 6-8 bits at a sampling rate of the order of 1-100 Giga samples per second (depending on the desired resolution).  
         [0042]    Grating  12  should preferably produce a large deflection of the laser beam for a small wavelength shift. An example of such gratings are arrayed waveguide gratings, see [7]. By using an arrayed waveguide grating, waveguide diffractive elements as well as waveguide detectors and a laser wavelength of e.g. 0.8 μm, it is possible to integrate the entire A/D converter, with the exception of the laser, monolithically on silicone. By using e.g. InP it is possible to integrate the entire converter in one chip. Very compact arrayed waveguide gratings have been demonstrated in InP.  
         [0043]    It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention without departure from the scope thereof, which is defined by the appended claims.  
       REFERENCES  
       [0044]    [1] F. J. Leonberger, C. E. Woodward, C. A. Becker, “4-bit 828-mega-sample/s electro-optic guided-wave analog-to-digital converter”, Applied-Physics-Letters, Vol.40, No.7, 1 April 1982, pp.565-568.  
         [0045]    [2] Y. Tsunoda et. al., “Combined optical A/D conversion and page composition for holographic memory applications”, Applied Optics, 18, No. 10, October 1977, pp. 2607-2609.  
         [0046]    [3] A. S. Bhushan et. al., “150 Gsample/s wavelength division sampler with time-stretched output”, ELECTRONICS LETTERS, Mar. 5, 1988, No. 5, pp. 474-475.  
         [0047]    [4] Rigole P -J., Nilsson S., Berglind E., Blumenthal D. J. and Shell M.: “State-of-the-art: Widely tunable lasers”, Invited paper at the In-Plane Semiconductor Lasers: from Ultraviolet to Mid-Infrared, SPIE&#39;s international symposium, Optoelectronics &#39;97, pp 382-393, San Jose, February 1997  
         [0048]    [5] L. B. Lesem et. al., “The Kinoform: A New Wavefront Reconstruction Device”, IBM J.Res. Develop. 13, pp. 149-155.  
         [0049]    [6] M. Larsson et. al., “Successive development optimization of resist kinoforms manufactured with direct-writing, electron-beam lithography”, Applied Optics, Vol. 33, March 1994, pp. 1176-1179.  
         [0050]    [7] Okamoto K.: “Fundamentals, technology and applications of AWGs”, Proceedings of the European Conference on Optical Communication 1998 (ECOC&#39;98), Vol. 2, pp 7-47, Madrid, Spain, 1998