Abstract:
The 50% boiling point, the gravity and the viscosity of waxy oil are sensed by sensors which provide corresponding signals. A computing circuit connected to the sensors provides a signal corresponding to the wax content of the waxy oil in accordance with the signals from the sensors and equations hereinafter disclosed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The apparatus of the present invention relates to measuring apparatus in general, and more particularly, to measuring apparatus for a refining unit. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Apparatus, which measures the wax contents of waxy oil, includes a boiling point analyzer receiving waxy oil and providing a signal corresponding to a boiling point of the waxy oil. A gravity analyzer receiving the waxy oil and providing a signal corresponding to the gravity of the waxy oil. A viscosity analyzer receiving the waxy oil and providing a signal corresponding to the viscosity of the waxy oil. A computing circuit receives signals from all the analyzers and provides a signal corresponding to the wax content of the waxy oil in accordance with the signals from the analyzers. 
     The objects and the advantages of the invention will appear hereafter from a consideration of the detailed description which follows, taking together with the accompanying drawings, wherein two embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example. It is to be especially understood, however, that the drawings are for illustration purposes only, and are not to be construed as defining the limits of the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of apparatus, constructed in accordance with the present invention for measuring the wax content of waxy oil. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another embodiment of apparatus, constructed in accordance with the present invention, for measuring the waxy content of waxy oil. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The wax content W of waxy lubricating oil may be determined from the following equations. 
     
         W=C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 /H+C.sub.3 H-C.sub.4 (MW)-C.sub.5 (IP)  (1) 
    
     
         ip= (λ) (sg)                                        (2) 
    
     
         λ = [c.sub.6 (50%bp)]/mw                            (3) 
    
     
         sg=c.sub.7 /(a+c.sub.8)                                    (4) 
    
     
         h=c.sub.9 log.sub.10 log.sub.10 (V+C.sub.10)+C.sub.11      (5) 
    
     
         mw=c.sub.12 +c.sub.13 a-c.sub.14 k-c.sub.15 (a) (k)+c.sub.16 a.sup.2 +c.sub.17 k.sup.2                                         (6) 
    
     
         l=∛50 %bp/sg                                      (7) 
    
     an alternative equation for determining the wax content is 
     
         W=C.sub.18 -C.sub.19 (SG)+C.sub.20 H C.sub.21 (MW)         (8) 
    
     in the foregoing equations C 1  through C 21  are constants; having preferred values of 168.60, 41.8319, 0.08643, 0.16286, 2.6377, 0.5555, 141.5, 131.5, 870, 0.6, 154, 7955.152, 107.0542, 1768.43, 12.14112, 0.3711237, 100.1778, 257.50, 239.206, 0.078178 and 0.10354; W is the wax content of the waxy oil by percent weight, H is the Bell and Sharp viscosity blending value for the temperature at which the viscosity is measured, MW is the average molecular weight of the waxy oil, IP is the internal pressure of the waxy oil, λ is the latent heat of vaporization of the waxy oil, SG is the specific gravity of the waxy oil, A is the API gravity, V is the kinematic viscosity and K is the Watson Characterization factor, and 50% BP is the 50 percent boiling point in degrees Rankin. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, waxy oil flows through a line 1. Conventional type boiling point analyzer 3, gravity analyzer 5 and viscosity analyzer 7, samples the waxy oil and provides signals E 1 , E 2  and E 3 , respectively, corresponding to the 50 percent boiling point, to the API gravity and to the kinematic viscosity, respectively, of the waxy oil. A logarithmic amplifier 9 provides a signal corresponding to the logarithm of signal E 1 . A multiplier 10 multiplies the signal from amplifier 9 with a direct current voltage E A , corresponding to a vaalue of 1/3, to provide a signal corresponding to 1/3 log 50% BP. A source of direct current voltages provides voltage E A  along with voltages E B  through E R . The voltage source is not shown for convenience. 
     The signal from multiplier 10 is provided to an anti-log circuit 11 which provide a signal corresponding to the cube root of the 50 percent boiling point. A multiplier 12 multiplies the signal E 1  with voltage E B , corresponding to the constant C 6 , to provide a signal corresponding to the numerator of equation 3. 
     Summing means 15 sums signal E 2  with voltage E C  corresponding to the constant C 8 . A divider 16 divides voltage E D , corresponding to the constant C 7 , with the signal provided by summing means 15 to provide a signal SG corresponding to the specific gravity of the waxy oil in line 1. A divider 18 divides the signal from circuit 11 with signal SG to provide a signal K corresponding to the Watson characterization factor. 
     Signal K is multiplied with voltage E E  by a multiplier 20 to provide a signal corresponding to C 14  K. 
     The K signal is effectively squared by multiplier 21 which provides a corresponding signal to another multiplier 22. Multiplier 22 multiplies the signal from multiplier 21 with voltage E F . Multiplier 22 provides a signal corresponding to the term C 17  K 2  in equation 6. A multiplier 23 multiplies the K signal with signal E 2  to provide a signal corresponding to the term [A] [K]. Another multiplier 25 multiplies the signal provided by multiplier 23 with voltage E G . Multiplier 25 provides a signal corresponding to the term C 15  [A] [K]. Summing means 28 sums the signals from multipliers 20, 25 to provide a signal to subtracting means 30. 
     A multiplier 31 multiplies signal E 2  with voltage E H  to provide a signal corresponding to C 13  A in equation 6. Signal E 2  is effectively squared by multiplier 33 to provide a signal to another multiplier 34. Multiplier 34 multiplies the signal from multiplier 33 with voltage E I  to provide a signal corresponding to the term C 16  A 2 . Summing means 36 sums the signals from multipliers 22, 31 and 34 with voltage E J  to provide a sum signal to subtracting means 30. Subtracting means 30 subtracts the signal provided by summing means 28 from the signal provided by summing means 36 to provide a signal MW corresponding to the average molecular weight of the waxy oil in line 1. 
     A divider 40 divides the signal from multiplier 12 with the MW signal to provide a signal λ corresponding to the latent heat of vaporization. A multiplier 42 multiplies the λ signal with the SG signal to provide a signal IP corresponding to the internal pressure of the waxy oil. 
     The MW signal from summing means 30 is multiplied with voltage E K  by a multiplier 43 to provide a signal corresponding to the term C 4  [MW] in equation 1. A multiplier 44 multiplies the IP signal with voltage E L  to provide a signal corresponding to the term C 5  [IP]. 
     Summing means 48 sums signal E 3  with voltage E M  to provide a signal corresponding to the term [V+C 10  ]. The signal from summing means 48 is applied to a logarithmic amplifier 49 whose output in turn is applied to another logarithmic amplifier 50. Amplifier 50 provides a signal corresponding to the term log 10  log 10  [V+C 10  ]. A multiplier 52 multiplies the signal from amplifier 50 with voltage E N , corresponding to the term C 9  in equation (5). Summing means 52 sums the signal from multiplier 52 with the voltage E O  corresponding to the term C 11  of equation (5) to provide a signal H corresponding to the term H in equation (5). 
     A divider 54 divides voltage E P  corresponding to the constant C 2 , with the H signal to provide a signal corresponding to C 2  /H. Summing means 57 sums the signal form multipliers 43 and 44 with the signal from divider 54 to provide an input to subtracting means 60. 
     A multiplier 63 multiplies the H signal with voltage E Q  to provide a signal corresponding to term C 3  H. Summing means 64 sums the signal from multiplier 63 with voltage E R , corresponding to constant C 1  in equation (1), to provide a signal to subtracting means 60. Subtracting means 60 subtracts the signal provided by summing means 57 from the signal provided by summing means 64 to provide a signal W corresponding to the wax content of the oil in line 1 to recording means 62. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown another embodiment of the present invention which uses equation 8. Those elements having the same elements as numbers shown in FIG. 1 perform the same functions. Thus, boiling point analyzer 3, gravity analyzer 5 and viscosity analyzer 7 provide signals E 1 , E 2  and E 3 , respectively, corresponding to the 50 percent boiling point, the API gravity, the kinematic viscosity, respectively, of the waxy oil flowing through line 1. Elements 9, 10 and 11 cooperate with analyzer 3, as hereinbefore explained, to provide a signal corresponding to the numerator in equation 7. Elements 15, 16 and 18 cooperate with analyzer 5 and circuit 11 to provide the K signal as hereinbefore explained. In addition to elements 9 through 18, multipliers 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 33 and 34, summing means 28 and 36 and subtracting means to cooperate as hereinbefore explained to provide the signal MW corresponding to the average molecular weight of the waxy oil in line 1. 
     Similarly, summing means 48 and 53, logarithmic amplifies 49 and 50, and multiplier 52 cooperate to provide the H signal as hereinbefore explained. 
     A multiplier 70 multiplies the SG signal with voltage E S  to provide a signal corresponding to the term C 19  [SG]. A multiplier 71 multiplies the MW signal with voltage E T  to provide a signal corresponding to the term C 21  [NW]. Summing means 72 sums the signals from multipliers 70, 71. 
     A multiplier 73 multiplies the H signal with voltage E U  to provide a signal corresponding to the term C 20  H. Summing means 74 sums the signal from multiplier 73 with voltage E V  corresponding to the term C 18 . Subtracting means 75 subtract the signal provided by summing means 72 from the signal provided by summing means 74 to provide signal W, corresponding to the wax content of the waxy oil in line 1, to recorder means 62. 
     The apparatus of the present invention hereinbefore described measures and records the wax content of waxy oil. The 50% boiling point, the API gravity and the kinematic viscosity of the waxy oil are sensed. The wax content is determined from the sensed parameters.