Abstract:
Circuits and methods for dynamic adjustment of the current limit of a power management unit to avoid unwanted automatic interruption of the power flow have been disclosed. The invention can be applied to switched and linear DC-to-DC converters. The power management unit is automatically adjusted to the output resistance of a power source (including interconnect resistance). The invention maximizes the time and hence the power transferred from a power management unit to the system (including the battery, in case of battery operated systems). The input current is reduced, thus increasing the input voltage in case of a high voltage drop across the internal resistance including interconnections between power source and power management unit.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to the following US patent application: 
     DS08-009B, titled “Automatic Current Limit Adjustment for linear and switching Regulators”, Ser. No. 12/800,846, filing date May 24, 2010, 
     and the above application is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (1) Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates generally to the field of DC-to-DC converters and relates more specifically to linear and switched DC-to-DC converters having a dynamic automatic input current limit control. 
     (2) Description of the Prior Art 
     DC-to-DC converters receive usually DC power from a source comprising a voltage source and an internal resistance. The resistance of a power source, comprising internal resistance and external resistance including the resistance of cables, is often unknown and may often not be neglected. Strong input currents of DC-to-DC converters can cause a substantial voltage drop across this internal resistance. 
     Every modern integrated power management system has to be able to accommodate for a broad range of voltage sources (USB, 5V wall adapter, Firewire, automotive battery). Each of them comes in a variety of output specs, in particular regarding nominal output voltage and maximum current capability. The power management unit (PMU) has to guarantee that in every circumstance the load seen by the power source is within the specified ranges. This is generally done imposing a current limitation on the PMU according to the kind of power source connected to it. 
     Even respecting this limitation, an excessive length of the connection cable or a low quality power source can lead the PMU input voltage to fall below a lower threshold specified by the specific power source. In this case the power path between the power source and the system is disabled, as shown in  FIG. 1  prior art. Here a general battery operated system has been represented as an I CHG  load (current required to charge the battery) and an I SYS  load (current required for system operation of an electronic device). 
     Many DC-to-DC converters use a voltage comparator  1  to detect an input power source. In case an input voltage is higher than a threshold reference voltage an input power source is identified and subsequently an input current is admitted via a switch. In case a substantial voltage drop, caused by a the resistance of a power source (R out +R cable ) and a strong input current, can be so high that the input voltage V in  is lower than a threshold reference voltage and the input current is switched off. Subsequently without voltage drop the input voltage increases, an input voltage is admitted again and the input of the DC-to-DC converter starts to toggle, which is not acceptable. 
     The behavior of an architecture shown in  FIG. 1  prior art is not robust: even a load current below the current limit can interrupt the power flow and cause start-up or operation failures. This situation would occur for example when charging the battery with full current (i.e. 1 A) connecting the power supply with long cables having a resistance in the order of Ohms. 
     There are patents or patent publications dealing with the operation of DC-to-DC converters: 
     U. S. patent (U.S. Pat. No. 7,262,585 to May) discloses a power supply system having a transistor, a linear regulator, a DC-DC converter, and a control circuit. The transistor has an input, a substrate, a first node, and a second node. The first node is operably coupled to a non-battery power source. A linear regulator is operably coupled to the second node to produce a regulated output voltage based on the non-battery power source, when enabled. A DC-DC converter is operably coupled to produce the regulated output voltage based on a battery power source, when enabled. A control circuit is operably coupled to the input node and the substrate of the transistor wherein when the DC-DC converter is enabled, the control circuit controls a reverse leakage current of the transistor, and when the linear regulator is enabled in a zero load-state, the control circuit controls a forward leakage current of the transistor, and when the linear regulator is enabled in a non-zero load-state, the control circuit provides a current limit for the linear regulator. 
     U.S. patent (U.S. Pat. No. 7,254,044 to Perry et al.) proposes various embodiments of a power supply all including at least one DC/DC converter. The converter includes a primary switch controlled by a pulse width modulated control signal such that the primary switch is on for a D time period of each switching cycle of the converter and is off for a 1-D time period of each switching cycle. Also, the power supply includes a current sensing element connected in series with the primary switch. In addition, the power supply includes a current limit circuit connected to the current sensing element. The current limit circuit includes a functional circuit having a first input responsive to a first signal whose voltage is proportional to the output current of the converter during the D time period of the switching cycle of the converter. A second input of the functional circuit is responsive to a second signal whose voltage is proportional to the output current of the converter during the 1-D time period of the switching cycle of the converter. In that way, the voltage of the output signal of the functional circuit is proportional to the output inductor current of the converter over both the energy storage phase (the D interval) and the energy deliver phase (the 1-D) interval of the converter. 
     U.S. Pat. No. (4,263,644 to Zellmer) discloses a switched DC-to-DC converter in a power supply being powered by input line current from an external power source and driven by voltage pulses from a variable duty cycle pulse width modulator for converting a DC input voltage to a DC supply voltage of a different value that is applied to a load impedance. A comparator monitors the supply voltage for producing an error voltage that biases the modulator for adjusting the width of the voltage pulses, and thus the duty cycle of the converter, for maintaining the supply voltage relatively constant. An RC circuit integrates the voltage pulses for producing an indication of the average value thereof, which is directly related to the value of line current drawn by the converter. When the average value of voltage pulses exceeds a reference voltage, the value of bias voltage is limited for establishing the maximum width of voltage pulses and duty cycle of the converter, and thereby limit the maximum line current drawn by the power supply. 
     U.S. Pat. No. (7,414,377 to Mayhew et al.) describes a motor controller system comprising solid-state switches for connection between an AC line and motor terminals for controlling application of AC power to the motor. A sensor senses AC line voltage. A control circuit controls operation of the solid-state switches. The control circuit ramps switch current during a start mode and selectively holds switch current during the start mode if sensed voltage drops below a threshold amount. 
     Furthermore Texas Instruments has published an application note “Fully Integrated Switch-Mode One-Cell Li-Ion Charger with Full USB compliance and USB-OTG support” describing a charge management device for single cell batteries, wherein charge parameters can be programmed through an I 2 C interface. The bQ24150/1 charge management device integrates a synchronous PWM controller, power MOSFETs, input current sensing, high accuracy current and voltage regulation, and charge termination, into a small WCSP package. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A principal object of the present invention is to achieve a power management unit avoiding undesired automatic interruption of input power flow. 
     A further object of the present invention is to achieve a power management unit adapting automatically to an internal resistance, including resistance of interconnections, of a power source. 
     A further object of the present invention is to achieve a power management unit maximizing the power transferred from the power management unit to a system load (including a battery in case of battery operated systems). 
     In accordance with the objects of this invention a method for dynamic adjustment of a current limit of a power management unit has been achieved. The method invented comprises, first, comprising the following steps: (1) providing a power management unit comprising a control unit, voltage comparing means, current comparing means, and a current source, (2) connecting a power source to the power management unit, and (3) setting a maximal allowable input current limit to a default value. Furthermore the method invented comprises: (4) enabling power transfer between a power source and a load if the input voltage is higher than a threshold voltage and there is sufficient overhead between input voltage and output voltage, (5) checking if an input voltage is lower than a defined threshold voltage V in     —     low  and, if so, go to step (6), else repeat step (5), and (6) checking if there is sufficient overhead between input voltage and output voltage if so, go to step (7), otherwise go to step (8). Finally the method invented comprises the steps of: (7) reducing input current limit and go to step (5), and (8) disabling the power management unit. 
     In accordance with the objects of this invention a power management unit enabled for dynamic adjustment of an input current limit has been achieved. The power management unit comprises, first, a first voltage comparator, comparing an input voltage of the power management unit with a threshold voltage, wherein its output is used by a means of setting dynamically a maximum input current limit, a second voltage comparator, comparing an output voltage of the power management unit increased by an overhead voltage with said input voltage wherein its output is used by said means of setting dynamically a maximum input current limit, and a current comparator, comparing said input current with a reference current wherein its output is an input to said means of setting dynamically a maximum input current limit. Furthermore the power management unit comprises a means to limit said input current controlled by said means of setting dynamically a maximum input current limit, and said means of setting dynamically a maximum input current limit, wherein said maximum current limit depends upon the outputs of said first and second voltage comparators. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the accompanying drawings forming a material part of this description, there is shown: 
         FIG. 1  prior art illustrates a current practice of an over-current protection and under-voltage protection scheme. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a circuit of a dynamic current limit control scheme of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a start-up sequence of a buck converter using the control scheme invented. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a start-up sequence of a buck converter using prior art control. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a flowchart of a method invented to maximize the power transferred by a power management unit to a battery-operated system 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The preferred embodiments disclose methods and systems to achieve a power management unit, i.e. transferring power from a power source to a system/battery) even in presence of power sources having low quality and high output resistance and/or high resistive cables. The present invention is applicable to switched DC-to-DC converters as well as to linear converters such as e.g. low drop-out (LDO) converters. 
     The dynamic current limit control scheme of the present invention is depicted in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  shows a power path of a power management unit. In a preferred embodiment of the invention a current limited buck voltage regulator is used for converting DC/DC power but this is not limiting the scope of the present invention, which would be applicable also to a linear regulator as e.g. an LDO. 
     The output port  200  is connected to a system and/or a battery; the input port  201  is connected to a power source via an interconnection. 
     The buck converter shown limits a current cycle-by-cycle. According to the kind of power source connected to the input, the buck control  20  sets a reference current I ref  limiting a peak current through the main switch  21  to a value I limit =M*I ref , wherein M is the ratio of size of main switch  21  to the size of a matched reference device  22 . 
     Assuming for the moment the gm-amplifier  23  has its output disconnected, then as soon as the current in the main switch  21  exceeds I limit =M*I ref , the comparator  24 , comparing the current through the main switch  21  with the current I p , will toggle forcing the buck control  20  to turn-off the main switch  21 , hence preventing the input current to increase. 
     The current I p  is defined by
 
 I   p   =I   ref   +g   m ×( V   in   −V   inlow ),
 
wherein I ref  is the reference current set by the buck control block  20 , g m  is the transconductance of the g m -amplifier  24 , and (V in −V inlow ) is the differential input voltage of g m -amplifier  24  and signifies a difference between the actual input voltage V in  and a threshold value V inlow  of the input voltage.
 
     If the current in the main switch  21  is below the programmed current limit I limit  but a high voltage drop on the connections cable and/or the power source output resistance causes the input voltage V in  of the power management unit to fall below a detection threshold V in     —     low , the power converter of the present invention will not be disabled as in the architecture of shown in  FIG. 1  prior art. 
     In summary, the present invention is characterized by deploying detect comparator  25 , the attach comparator  26  and the logic circuit formed by AND-gate  27 , inverted AND-gate  28  and SR-latch  29  in order to achieve
         1. the power transfer between the power source and the system/battery to be enabled as soon as the input supply voltage exceeds the minimum input voltage level V in     —     low  specified for the power source and there is sufficient overhead between input voltage V in  and output voltage V out , and   2. the buck converter will be only disabled if input voltage V in  falls below the detection threshold V in     —     low  and there is not sufficient headroom between input voltage V in  and output voltage V out .       

     In case the input voltage V in  falls below the detection threshold V in     —     low  but there is still enough margin, i.e. output voltage V out , to deliver power to the system, the buck converter is not disabled and gm-amplifier  23  pushes current into node V sw     —     ref    202 , thus effectively reducing the input current limit of the buck converter and hence increasing the input voltage V in  due to a lower voltage drop at the interconnection to the power source and at the internal resistance of the power source. It should be noted that the gm-amplifier  23  can only generate current, i.e. it doesn&#39;t affect the circuit operation when input voltage V in  is greater than detection threshold voltage V in     —     low . Transistor switch  205  is used for rectifying the output of the buck converter. 
     The control-loop described stabilizes the input voltage within a range dV=I REF /gm below the detection threshold voltage V in     —     low . In order to restore the input voltage V in  by reducing the current limit, the gm-amplifier  23  has to be faster than the RC time-constant given by the input resistance and the input capacitance C in . 
     The buck converter will still deliver power to the load as long as the input voltage V in &gt;V out +V off . The attach comparator  26  compares the input voltage V in  with the voltage V out +V off . 
     V off  is the minimum voltage required at the drain-source voltage of the pass device  21  to operate correctly. A margin is required for V off  to compensate the offset of the comparator. In any case V off  must never be negative. 
     Only in case of real disconnect of the power source the output of the attach comparator  26  output will go to 0, causing the shutdown of the buck converter. 
     It should be noted that the method of the present invention can be applied not only for buck converter, it can be applied for has to be n 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a start-up sequence of a buck converter using the control scheme invented having a power source with 1 Ohm output resistance (including cable resistance) is plugged in. The power source has a nominal output voltage of V in =5V and a minimum output voltage of V in     —     low =4.4 V has been specified. Furthermore a peak current limit of I limit =1.3 A has been programmed in the buck converter. 
     The power source is plugged in at t=1 us. At T 1 =27 us the voltage V in    30  exceeds V in     —     low    31 , a power source is detected and the buck converter is enabled. After 20 us (time required for all the reference in the buck to settle) the buck driver is turned on and the capacitance C out    204  at V out  node is charged via inductor  206  with a peak current of about 1.3 A. Because of the high current drawn and the relatively high power source output resistance the voltage at V in  falls below V in     —     low    31 , and around t=100 us the output of comparator  25 , V in     —     det    32  is driven to 0. The buck is not disabled but the current limit is lowered by the control scheme described above, accordingly current I L  through the main switch  21  is reduced and V in  is kept within a controlled threshold below V in     —     low    31 . It should be noted that V in     —     att    35 , the output voltage of comparator  203 , remains constant, even during the time interval when V in     —     det    32 , the output voltage of comparator  25 , goes to zero because voltage V in    30  equals the threshold voltage V inlow    31 . 
     In this way, despite of the source high output resistance and the high programmed current limit the buck is not affected by an unwanted disable and the start-up is successfully completed. 
     It should be noted that the operations of gates  27 - 28  and of latch could be integrated in the buck control unit  20 . 
     Furthermore it should be noted that all components, except the coil and capacitors are integrated in an IC. 
     The same start-up sequence as illustrated in  FIG. 3  is shown in  FIG. 4  prior art using the prior-art scheme shown in  FIG. 1  prior art (the same parameters as in  FIG. 3  are applied). In this case, the drop on V in    30  causes the buck converter to be shutdown and again re-enabled 4 times before V out    33  reaches its steady state voltage. 
       FIG. 3  demonstrates the advantage of the present invention versus prior art using the example of a start-up sequence. It has to be understood that the start-up sequence is only an example because also during operation the advantages versus prior art of the power management unit invented are obvious whenever a high system load (but below the programmed current limit) causes unwanted shutdown of the power management unit. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a flowchart of a method invented to maximize the power transferred by a power management unit to a battery-operated system. A first step  50  describes the provision of a power management unit comprising a control unit, voltage comparing means, current comparing means, and a controlled current source such as e.g. a transconductance amplifier. The following step  51  illustrates connecting a power source to the power management unit. The next step  52  depicts setting a maximal allowable input current limit to a default value and then in step  53  power transfer between a power source and a load is enabled if the input voltage is higher than a threshold voltage and there is sufficient overhead between input voltage and output voltage. Step  54  is a check if the input voltage of the power management unit is lower than a defined threshold voltage V in     —     low  and, if so, the process flow goes to step  55 , otherwise the process flow goes back to repeat the check of step  54 . Step  55  is a check if there is sufficient overhead between the input voltage and output voltage and, if so, the process flow goes to step  56 , otherwise the process flow goes to step  57 . In step  56  the input current limit is reduced and the process flow goes back to the check of step  54 . Step  57  describes disabling of the power management unit. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention the reduction of the input current limit of step  56  causes an increase of the input voltage by reducing the voltage drop across the internal resistance of the power source and across the interconnection between power source and the power management unit. The maximal allowable input current limit could optionally be ramped up to a certain extent if required. 
     It should be noted that the same method as outlined above could be applied to linear DC-to-DC converters such as LDOs. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.