Abstract:
A method for detecting a target fluid in a fluid sample comprising a first fluid and the target fluid using photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), comprises a) providing a light source configured to introduce an optical signal having at least one wavelength into the fluid sample; b) modulating the optical signal at a desired modulation frequency such that the optical signal generates an acoustic signal in the fluid sample; c) measuring the acoustic signal in a resonant acoustic detector; and d) using the phase of the acoustic signal to detect the presence of the target fluid.

Description:
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     This invention was made with government support under grant number NAG9-01482 awarded by the NASA Johnson Space Center. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a new spectroscopic method for distinguishing molecular species having overlapping absorption spectra using photoacoustic spectroscopy. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is an analytical method that involves stimulating a sample with modulated light and detecting the resulting sound waves emanating from the sample. A photoacoustic measurement can be made as follows. First, light is used to stimulate molecules within a sample. Such stimulation can include, for example, absorption of the light by the molecule to change an energy state of the molecule. As a result, the stimulated molecule enters an excited state. Optical excitation is followed by the energy transfer processes (relaxation) from the initially excited molecular energy level to other degrees of freedom, in particular translational motion of the fluid molecules. During such relaxation, heat, light, volume changes and other forms of energy can dissipate into the environment surrounding the molecule. Such forms of energy cause expansion or contraction of materials within the environment. As the materials expand or contract, sound waves are generated. 
     In order to produce identifiable sound waves, or photoacoustic signals, the light is pulsed or modulated at a specific resonant acoustic or modulation frequency f (having a modulation period 1/f), sometimes also referred to herein as ω. The sample environment can be enclosed and may be constructed to resonate at the modulation frequency. An acoustic detector mounted in acoustic communication with the sample environment can detect changes occurring as a result of the modulated light stimulation of the sample. Because the amount of absorbed energy is proportional to the concentration of the absorbing molecules, the acoustic signal can be used for concentration measurements. 
     In typical PAS, a resonant acoustic cavity or sample cell with a quality factor Q is used to isolate and amplify sound wave signals, thereby increasing sensitivity of detection. The light intensity or wavelength is modulated at f. The absorbed energy is accumulated in the acoustic mode of the sample cell during Q oscillation periods. Hence, the acoustic signal is proportional to the effective integration or energy accumulation time t, where t=Q/f. Most often the Q factor is in the range 40-200 and f=1,000-4,000 Hz. Thus, for example, Q may equal 70 and f=1250 Hz, with the result that t=0.056 s. 
     Typically, only a narrow range of wavelengths of light is introduced into a sample. Such narrow range of wavelengths can be formed by, for example, a laser. Utilization of only a narrow range of wavelengths can enable pre-selected molecular transitions to be selectively stimulated and studied. In some instances the species of interest may have an absorption spectrum that is sufficiently distinct that a meaningful measurement can be made simple by carrying out PAS at that wavelength. 
     In other instances, however, such as when the sample contains more than one molecular species with overlapping absorption spectra, it is difficult or even impossible to measure or detect the presence of one of the species using PAS. When the two (or more) spectra are overlaid, there is no way to identify the spectrum attributable to each species in the resulting spectrum. Hence, it is desirable to provide a PAS technique that will allow distinction between gaseous species in a multi-component mixture even when their absorption spectra overlap. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention allows distinction between gaseous species in a multi-component mixture even when their absorption spectra overlap. The present system uses a high modulation frequency so that the phase lag attributable to each species becomes apparent. Because different species have different phase lags, the phase lag may be used as a distinguishing factor between interfering photoacoustic signals. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the measured acoustic signal is rotated in phase so as to suppress the signal generated by the interfering species and thereby allow detection of a signal from the target species. In some embodiments, the system is used to detect small amounts of one fluid, the target fluid or “impurity,” in a large quantity of a primary species, the “background” species. Either the primary species or the impurity may comprise more than one chemical species. In other embodiments the phase rotation is used to suppress the signal from the interfering species so that small signals resulting from the target fluid or impurity can be measured with great precision. Alternatively, the system can be used to monitor relative amounts of two fluids in a fluid sample or stream. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more detailed understanding of the invention, reference will be made to the accompanying Figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic drawing of a system constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are plots illustrating the change in signal output when the signal is processed according to the present invention; and 
         FIGS. 3A-3C  are plots illustrating the principles applied in the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Apparatus 
     To carry out the present invention, a photoacoustic spectroscopy cell is configured to apply a modulated light signal to a sample and to detect the resulting acoustic signal using a phase-locked detector. By way of example, reference is made to  FIG. 1 , in which a photoacoustic apparatus  10  comprises a light source  12  configured to emit a beam of radiation into a sample holder  14 . Light source  12  can comprise, for example, a laser. Filters (not shown) may be provided between light source  12  and sample holder  14  if desired. 
     Sample holder  14  includes a sample cell  18  containing a sample  16 . Sample cell  18  can comprise a number of materials known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, and preferably comprises a material substantially transparent to the wavelength(s) of light emanating from light source  12 . Preferred materials for sample cell  18  will accordingly vary depending on the wavelengths of light utilized in the spectroscopic apparatus. 
     Sample  16  may be a fluid or a gas and may substantially fill sample cell  18 . Sample  16  can, for example, comprise a gas stream in which it is desired to detect the presence of a contaminant gas or impurity. 
     Apparatus  10  further comprises an acoustic detector  20  mounted to sample cell  18  and in acoustic communication with sample  16 . Acoustic detector  20  preferably comprises a transducer such as, for example, a piezoelectric element or a microphone and is mounted such that a fluid is provided between a surface of detector  20  and sample cell  18 . In the embodiment shown, acoustic detector  20  comprises quartz tuning fork. In alternative embodiments (not shown), acoustic detector  20  can be another type of detector and may be mounted on the inside or outside wall of sample cell  18 . Detector  20  is typically removably mounted to sample cell  18  by, for example, a clamp. Acoustic detector  20  is in electrical communication with a phase locked detector  22 , which is preferably in electrical communication with a microprocessor  24 . In certain embodiments, microprocessor  24  processes the incoming signal as described in detail below. 
     An optional output device  26  may be included and can be configured to facilitate alignment of the through beam. Output device  22  can comprise, for example, an oscilloscope, or any other suitable device. 
     Operation 
     In operation, a beam of light is generated by light source  12  according to a signal from a function generator and is passed through sample cell  18  to stimulate molecular excitation within sample  16 . The function generator also provides a reference electrical signal such as a sine or rectangular wave synchronized to the laser light modulation. Nonradiative decay or molecular rearrangements cause expansions and/or contractions of a material within sample  16  to generate acoustic waves passing from sample  16  to acoustic detector  20 . Acoustic detector  20  detects the resulting acoustic waves and passes signals corresponding to, for example, gas pressure changes in the acoustic waves to phase-locked detector  22 . Phase-locked detector  22  produces two outputs (DC voltage levels, X and Y) corresponding to in-phase and quadrature components of the acoustic detector signal with respect to the reference signal. Output device  22  can be configured to convert information obtained from phase-locked detector to, for example, a graphical or numerical display. 
     In some embodiments, the system can be programmed to utilize known phase angles (rotations) that have been generated empirically by measuring the phase angle of each known component (or mixture) separately. 
     Signal Processing 
     When the gas sample is a two-component gas, the resulting signal might resemble the spectrum of  FIG. 2A . In  FIG. 2A  the horizontal axis gives the relative laser frequency, the vertical axis gives the signal strength and the two plots are the X and Y components (“in-phase and quadrature components”) of the signal produced by the multi-component system. Referring briefly to  FIG. 3A , the signal is illustrated as a plot of two vectors in the complex plane, R 1  and R 2 , which each represents the phase-delayed photoacoustic response of one of the two gas species. In  FIG. 3A , the phase lag for each component is indicated by θ. Projections of these vectors to the x- and y-axes are the experimentally observed in-phase and quadrature components when the lock-in amplifier phase is referenced to the laser driver modulation input. The X and Y plots in  FIG. 2A  are the x- and y-components of the sum of these signals (vectors) as a function of frequency. 
     The phase lag (angle) θ of each component is shown in  FIG. 3A . If the reference frame of the system is rotated by α degrees, where α=θ 1 , such that the new x-axis is orthogonal to vector R 1  as shown in  FIG. 3B , the corresponding quadrature component (X′) will comprise only R 2 . This is illustrated in  FIG. 3A , where α is shown, and in  FIG. 3B , in which the axes have been rotated until the vector R 1  lies on the y-axis. When the signal is processed in this manner and input from the component of interest (R 2 ) is detectable, the X′ component clearly indicates an optical absorption line at the resonance frequency of the component of interest, as illustrated in  FIG. 2B . Thus, by using phase lag to calculate a rotated reference frame, a quadrature component can be generated that gives selective information about the presence (or absence) of a specific species. 
     As an alternative to using two receivers, a single receiver with an adjustable phase may be employed. If desired, the receiver phase may be pre-set to receive a signal that is in quadrature to the photoacoustic signal from the interfering species, i.e., set to receive x′ as derived above. The phase rotation angles are preferably determined experimentally for each pair of components, as well as optimum pressure and modulation conditions. 
     Rotation of Reference Frame 
     In one implementation, the acoustic signal is measured by an in-phase receiver and a quadrature-phase receiver that are both phase-locked to the modulation of the optical signal. The in-phase signal amplitude and the quadrature phase signal amplitude together represent the x,y coordinates of a vector that forms an angle θ with the x-axis (θ represents the phase lag) and has a magnitude representing the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal. The two species are measured independently to determine the phase lag for each, call them θ 1  and θ 2 . The coordinates of a photoacoustic signal from a mixture of the two species will be a vector sum of the two acoustic signals. This could be written:
 
 X=x   1   +x   2   =A   1  cos θ 1   +A   2  cos θ 2  
 
 Y=y   1   +y   2   =A   1  sin θ 1   +A   2  sin θ 2  
 
A rotation of the vector by one of the angles (say −θ 1 ) will result in a suppression of one of the signals along the y-axis. A phase rotation may be expressed:
 
 X′=x  cos(−θ 1 )− y  sin(−θ 1 )
 
 Y′=x  sin(−θ 1 )+ y  cos(−θ 1 )
 
Algebraic manipulation of the foregoing equations, and use of some trigonometric identities, yields:
 
 X′=A   1   +A   2  cos(θ 2 −θ 1 )
 
 Y′=A   2  sin(θ 2 −θ 1 )
 
Note that Y′ reflects only the amount of species  2 , and is independent of any contribution from species  1 .
 
Instrument Lag
 
     In actual operation, the system used to carry out the invention will have its own inherent phase lag. This lag, the instrument lag, manifests itself as a further lag on the measured signal, as indicated by ψ in  FIG. 3C . The instrument lag ψ can be measured empirically or can be treated as part of the phase lag for the background component. Regardless, the reference frame of the signal is rotated until it is orthogonal to the signal from one component (the background component), so that a quadrature signal for the component of interest can be detected. 
     As described above, the present invention is based on the use of phase lag, θ, for at least one component. An observable phase lag can only be achieved if the modulation period of the optical energy absorption is comparable to or shorter than the V-T relaxation time τ. Therefore it is preferred that the modulation frequency ω be greater than 1/τ(ω≧1/π). Preferred frequencies are at least 5,000 Hz, more preferably at least 10 kHz, and still more preferably at least 30 kHz. Further, it has been found that the present phase-selective approach works very well with a recently introduced quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique, where the modulation frequency is ˜32,760 Hz. (See, A. A. Kosterev, Yu. A. Bakhirkin, R. F. Curl, and F. K. Tittel, “Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy,” Optics Letters 27, 1902-1904 (2002)). 
     By way of experiment, the novel approach of the present invention was used in combination with QEPAS for the detection of CO in propylene. Regardless of the strong structured broadband background of propylene (its signal is about as strong as 3 ppmv of CO would produce), it was found that a photoacoustic signal recorded with the properly chosen phase is free from propylene interference and allows CO detection at the ˜10 ppbv level or better. 
     Thus, it has been demonstrated that the present invention is useful for spectroscopic detection and quantification of concentrations of a chemical species in the presence of another species with an overlapping absorption spectrum. The experiment described above corresponds to an industrial application in which it is desired to measure trace concentrations of CO in propylene that is used in the manufacture of plastics by the petrochemical industry. It is further envisioned that the principles described herein can be applied and used to detect impurities or additives in any single- or multi-chemical stream having a known phase lag, as the impurities or additives will appear as a shift in the phase-locked base signal. 
     Unlike traditional PAS, in which the optical modulation period is much longer than the relaxation rate, the present approach allows separation of different chemical species based on their relaxation rate difference, even if their optical spectra are strongly overlapping. The present invention can be applied to gaseous or liquid fluid streams or samples. 
     The present application incorporates by reference the disclosure of commonly owned PCT Application Number WO03104767. This research was funded in whole or in part by National Aeronautic and Space Administration-Johnson Space Center Grant Number NAG9-01482. 
     While the present invention has been disclosed and described in terms of preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments. For example, the magnitude and phase lag of the signal from each component can vary significantly from the those depicted in the Figures. Likewise, the phase lags for the instrument and target and background fluids can be calibrated empirically, experimentally, or using predetermined values and the selection of a quadrature component for the detection of species may be made on any basis. Either the sample cell  18  or the acoustic transducer  20  or none of them can be resonant at the laser modulation frequency f/2, or at twice that frequency f. In addition, any recitation of steps in the claims that follow is not intended as a requirement that the steps be performed sequentially, or that one step be completed before another step is begun, unless explicitly so stated.