Abstract:
A lighting unit for illuminating a wall and adjacent ceiling area. The lighting unit includes a primary reflection element having a curved portion and a smoothly coupled planar portion. A light source is positioned within the lighting unit and a diffuser element can be used to obtain a desired illumination distribution.

Description:
The present invention is concerned generally with a lighting unit for providing illumination onto a wall and adjacent ceiling. More particularly, the invention is related to a lighting unit for providing controlled levels of illumination onto an upper wall area and an immediately adjoining ceiling area. 
     A wide variety of light illumination systems exist in the prior art. The control of light patterns has numerous applications, such as for highway signs, street or car lights for a road surface, illuminating a living or work space without glare, lighting a wall with a desired pattern of light or lighting a ceiling area in a preselected pattern. These prior art references have been directed to providing illumination patterns primarily for a single planar area, such as a wall, a ceiling, a sign, or a road surface. These prior art references, however, have taught embodiments which are inefficient as a total luminaire. Frequently, prior art lighting fixtures generate a highly concentrated light pattern at one point or generate a plurality of points of light for providing overlapping light patterns in an attempt to generate a uniform illumination pattern. There have been a few attempts to produce controlled light distribution across two intersecting surfaces (such as a wall and ceiling), but these prior art fixtures do not achieve good uniformity nor do they have adequate lighting efficiency. 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved indirect lighting fixture. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel lighting fixture generating a smoothly varying and controlled light intensity over the wall area above the fixture and the immediately adjoining area of the ceiling. 
     It is an additional object of the invention to provide an improved lighting fixture having two primary reflecting surface geometries for generating uniform illumination on two intersecting areas above the fixture. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a novel tungsten-halogen (quartz) lamp of about 63% total luminaire efficiency while using reduced power for operation. 
     It is yet a further object of the invention to provide an improved lighting fixture having an illumination pattern derived from a plurality of direct and reflective illumination patterns enabling a controlled and highly efficient lighting of intersecting two dimensional surfaces. 
     It is still a further object of the invention to provide a lighting unit with reflecting surfaces adapted to generate a substantially uniform, controlled illumination of a wall and adjoining ceiling area. 
     It is still an additional object of the invention to provide an improved light reflection unit having a curved portion and a smoothly and integrally coupled planar portion. 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings described below wherein like elements have like numerals throughout the several views. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A illustrates a side view of a lighting unit of the invention; FIG. 1B shows a general top view of the lighting unit; FIG. 1C illustrates a partial top view of the side reflector panels of the lighting unit; FIG. 1D shows a partial cross sectional view taken along 1D--1D in FIG. 1C; FIG. 1E shows a partial cross sectional view taken along 1E--1E in FIG. 1C; and FIG. 1F is a detailed to scale representation and mathematical characterization of the lighting unit in FIG. 1A. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the lighting unit and the defined planes of light illumination; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates light ray traces for the prominent areas of the primary reflective surfaces of the lighting fixture and the approximate light percentages associated therewith; 
     FIG. 4A illustrates the candela distribution of light for the lighting unit (illustrated in cross section) over 90°-180° and FIG. 4B shows by comparison the candela distribution for a prior art lighting unit (illustrated in cross section); and 
     FIG. 5 illustrates another perspective view of the lighting unit and a schematic view of the lighting pattern including side illumination. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A lighting unit 10 constructed in accordance with the invention is shown generally in FIGS. 1 and 2. As shown best in FIGS. 1A and 1F, an optically polished primary reflection element 12 has a curved portion 14 and substantially flattened planar portion 16. Any one of a plurality of conventional optical materials can be used, such as polished aluminum or a mirrored surface on a support. The curved portion 14 can be semi-parabolic in cross section and has been iteratively modified to provide the high efficiency obtained for illumination of the preferred embodiment. Details of the mathematical equations descriptive of the primary reflection elements 12 are illustrated in FIG. 1F for the preferred embodiments. Details of this efficiency and the angular distribution of the illumination pattern are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 and in Tables I-IV discussed hereinafter. A preferred light source 18 is a conventional tungsten-halogen (quartz) sources of up to 500 watts power. This light source 18 is disposed relative to the primary reflection element 12 as shown in the &#34;to-scale&#34; drawings of FIG. 1 (also see detailed dimensions of the to-scale drawing of FIG. 1F). The lighting unit 10 also includes optically polished side reflector elements 20 shown in FIGS. 1B, and the preferred orientation of the side reflector elements 20 is best shown in FIGS. 1C, 1D and 1E. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of the lighting unit 10 and the defined angles within planes of illumination. In order to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the lighting unit 10, a series of standard illumination tests were performed. First, the candela distribution of light from the lighting unit 10 was determined wherein a candela is a conventional unit of measure in illumination analogous to pressure in fluid flow tests. In Table I are shown candela units over angular position in a horizontal plane 22 and vertical plane 24 (see FIG. 2). Thus, the angles (in degrees) of 0.0, 22.5, 45.0, 67.5, etc. are the angular directional components along the horizontal plane 22 with 0.0° the angular direction directly forward of the lighting unit 10, and 180.0° 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________CANDELA DISTRIBUTIONVER-TI-CALPLA-NARAN-   HORIZONTAL PLANAR ANGLEGLE   0.0    22.5   45.0 67.5 90.0 112.5                                   135.0                                        157.5                                             180.0______________________________________90.0  0      0      0    0    0    0    0    0    092.5  47     55     40   16   0    0    0    0    095.0  127    119    71   24   8    0    8    8    097.5  206    190    119  40   16   16   16   16   16100.0 301    285    182  71   24   16   16   16   16102.5 427    404    237  95   40   16   24   16   16105.0 617    570    324  135  55   24   24   32   16107.5 855    768    427  174  63   32   32   32   32110.0 1203   1021   554  222  95   32   32   32   32112.5 1630   1345   696  285  111  32   32   32   32115.0 2057   1701   847  340  142  32   32   32   32117.5 2500   2041   997  396  174  32   32   32   32120.0 2959   2358   1147 459  214  47   32   32   32122.5 3371   2627   1250 522  253  47   32   32   32125.0 3640   2817   1329 586  285  47   32   32   47127.5 3624   2833   1361 657  324  47   32   40   47130.0 3387   2682   1345 696  372  55   47   47   47132.5 3007   2453   1313 736  404  71   47   47   47135.0 2595   2239   1298 760  435  79   47   47   63137.5 2200   2049   1298 775  451  95   63   63   63140.0 1899   1875   1290 799  483  111  63   63   63142.5 1709   1709   1274 815  506  135  71   63   63145.0 1614   1598   1274 823  530  158  87   79   79147.5 1535   1503   1266 863  554  190  103  79   79150.0 1456   1432   1258 902  586  222  111  95   79152.5 1393   1369   1242 942  617  269  127  103  95155.0 1345   1337   1226 973  641  301  142  111  95157.5 1313   1306   1226 1013 681  348  174  135  127160.0 1282   1274   1219 1029 704  396  214  150  142162.5 1266   1258   1211 1029 736  451  261  182  158165.0 1234   1234   1179 1013 752  506  309  230  206167.5 1219   1203   1147 981  768  562  380  293  269170.0 1187   1163   1092 950  783  617  459  380  332172.5 1124   1092   1037 926  807  665  546  483  443175.0 1029   997    957  894  807  728  641  601  570177.5 918    894    886  855  815  783  736  712  696180.0 813    813    813  813  813  813  813  813  813______________________________________ 
    
     is the angular direction into the wall from the lighting unit 10. The vertical angles 90.0, 92.5, 95.0, 97.5, etc. are the angular directional components along the vertical plane 24 with 0° representing directly downward (the &#34;nadir&#34;) and 180° representing directly upward. The candela distribution can therefore represent the entire sphere of solid angles including 0°-360° in angular components in each of the two defined planes 22 and 24. 
     As can readily be noted, the light output from the lighting unit 10 is not directed solely onto the ceiling and instead defines a preferred form of efficient light distribution on both the wall and ceiling. The light distribution can therefore be arranged to have a high level of output at 0° forward in the horizontal plane 22 and 125° in the vertical plane 24 for directing light forward away from the wall area. The gradual decrease in candela values from 125°-180° in the vertical plane 24 will provide lesser levels of light on the ceiling directly above the lighting unit 10. More light is then projected onto the ceiling away from the wall for a more pleasing, even ceiling illumination, thereby avoiding large light gradients. The relatively smaller amount of light projected onto the wall is intended to emphasize the origin of the specific source of illumination on both the wall and ceiling. Such a feature enables illuminating the wall alone or a painting or other object on the wall, while also providing ceiling illumination. 
     
                       TABLE II-A______________________________________ZONAL LUMEN SUMMARY______________________________________   90-95   9.    95-100           35.   100-105           70.   105-110          129.   110-115          213.   115-120          302.   120-125          374.   125-130          388.   130-135          333.   135-140          274.   140-145          228.   145-150          197.   150-155          171.   155-160          147.   160-165          120.   165-170           90.   170-175           57.   175-180           19.______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE II-B______________________________________ZONAL LUMEN SUMMARYZONE    LUMENS        % LAMP    % FIXT______________________________________0-90      0            0.0       0.090-120   759          15.2      24.090-130  1520          30.4      48.190-150  2553          51.1      80.890-180  3157          63.1      100.0 0-180  3157          63.1      100.0______________________________________ TOTAL LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY = 63.1% CIE TYPE  INDIRECT 
    
     The design of the lighting unit 10 gives rise to a high degree of efficiency as measured by zonal lumen testing. Tables IIA and IIB shows the total number of lumens, the percentage of lamp lumens and the percentage of fixture lumens throughout the vertical planar zones. Over the vertical angular range of 0° through 90°, there is no measurable light output. From 90°-120° there are 759 lumens, which is about 15.2% of the total lumens produced and 24.0% of the total light output of the lighting unit 10. The lumens measured over 0°-180° represents the entire output of the lighting unit 10. Since the total measured lumens from the lighting unit are 3157 and the total possible lamp lumens are 5000, the percentage of lamp lumens projected by the lighting unit are 63.1%. That is, the efficiency of the lighting unit 10 is 63.1%. This can be compared to the best known previous efficiency of 40.4% for conventional prior art lighting fixtures intended for the same purpose as the instant invention (see FIG. 4B and Table IV for a zonal lumen illustration and summary for such a conventional fixture). 
     FIG. 4A further illustrates a plot of the light distribution from the lighting unit 10, wherein 0° is a direction in the vertical plane through the center of the primary reflection element 12, 90° is the distribution of light perpendicular to the 0° plane and along the wall. The 180° represents the light directed at the wall. 
     Further test data indicative of the efficiency of the lighting unit 10 is shown in Table III, Coefficients of Utilization. These data were taken by the conventional Zonal Cavity Method with the effective floor cavity reflectance of 0.20. For comparison, see Table IV for the prior art lighting fixture in FIG. 4B and compare to Table II and FIG. 4A. In view of the substantial efficiency of the lighting unit 10, the number of fixtures needed to illuminate a given room size and reflectance character would be less than conventional units thus reducing energy consumption. 
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________COEFFICIENTS OF UTILIZATION - ZONAL CAVITY METHODEFFECTIVE FLOOR CAVITY REFLECTANCE 0.20RC 80      70      50    30      10    0RW 7050  30    10      70        50          30            10              50                30                  10                    50                      30 10 50                              30                                10                                  0__________________________________________________________________________0  6060  60    60      51        51          51            51              35                35                  35                    20                      20 20  6                               6                                 6                                  01  5552  50    48      47        45          43            41              31                29                  28                    18                      17 17  6                               5                                 5                                  02  5045  42    39      42        39          36            34              27                25                  24                    15                      15 14  5                               5                                 4                                  03  4540  36    32      39        34          31            28              23                21                  20                    14                      12 12  4                               4                                 4                                  04  4135  31    27      35        30          26            24              21                18                  17                    12                      11 10  4                               4                                 3                                  05  3831  26    23      32        27          23            20              18                16                  14                    11                      9  8   3                               3                                 3                                  06  3528  23    20      29        24          20            17              16                14                  12                    10                      8  7   3                               3                                 2                                  07  3225  20    17      27        21          17            15              15                12                  10                     9                      7  6   3                               2                                 2                                  08  2822  18    15      25        19          15            13              13                11                   9                     8                      6  5   2                               2                                 2                                  09  2720  16    13      23        17          14            11              12                10                   8                     7                      6  5   2                               2                                 2                                  010 2518  14    11      22        16          12            10              11                 9                   7                     6                      5  4  2 2 1 0__________________________________________________________________________ ALL CANDELA, LUMENS, LUMINANCE, COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION AND VCP VALUES IN THIS REPORT ARE BASED ON RELATIVE PHOTOMETRY WHICH ASSUMES A BALLAST FACTOR 1.000. ANY CALCULATIONS PREPARED FROM THESE DATA SHOULD INCLUDE AN APPROPRIATE BALLAST FACTOR. NOTE: THE ZONAL CAVITY CALCULATION TECHNIQUE IS ACCURATE WHEN LUMINAIRES WITH SYMMETRIC CANDELA DISTRIBUTIONS ARE EMPLOYED AND WHEN THE LUMINAIRES ARE LOCATED SYMMETRICALLY THROUGHOUT THE ROOM. THIS UNIT HAS SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THEREFORE THESE COEFFICIENTS SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION. 
    
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________ZONAL LUMEN SUMMARYZONE    LUMENS        % LAMP    % FIXT______________________________________0-30      0            0.0       0.00-40      0            0.0       0.00-60     15            0.3       0.70-90     150           3.0       7.490-120  1000          20.0      49.490-130  1279          25.6      63.390-150  1672          33.4      82.790-180  1872          37.4      92.6 0-180  2022          40.4      100.0______________________________________ TOTAL LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY = 40.4% CIE TYPE  INDIRECT 
    
     The lighting unit 10 derives substantial advantages and the high efficiency from the design of the primary reflector element 12 and side reflector elements 20 of the lighting unit 10. In the vertical plane 24 and considering only the primary reflector element 12, as best seen in FIG. 3, light emitted from the light source 18 can travel along a range of angles. Various portions of these range of angles can be examined in the segmented FIG. 3. For example, in terms of the 360° range of initial angle of output from the light source 18, one can determine the various dominant transmissive and reflective events which can occur. As shown in FIG. 1, the illustrated portion of the lighting unit 10 includes the primary reflection element 12, a glass diffuser cover 30 and a hinge element 32. 
     In Zone 1, in FIG. 3, wherein 23.1% of the light is provided, the light rays at an angle below about 105° are mostly reflected off the glass cover 30. The light rays above about 189° are cut off by the hinge element 32 which thus acts to reduce any hot spots, or large light intensity spikes, on the wall. Those light rays which are reflected off the planar portion 16 of the primary reflection element 12 (either a primary or reflected light ray), are transmitted through the glass cover 30 for angles above about 137°. 
     In Zone 2 about 2.3% of the light is produced when light rays are reflected off the glass cover 30 and exit if oriented at angles from about 153°-160°. 
     In Zone 3 about 4.5% of the light is produced by reflection of light rays only from the planar portion 16. Those light rays which are reflected from the planar portion 16 and are transmitted through the glass cover 30 lie within about 138°-154°. For those light rays which reflect three times before transmission, the approximate angular range of exit is between about 193°-208°. 
     In Zone 4 about 10% of the light is provided by light reflected from the semi-parabolic, curved portion 14. This shape can also be well approximated by a series of circular cross sections of changing radius of curvature. For light rays which are reflected once from the curved portion 14 and then transmitted over angles of 122°-174°, acting as a source of light to &#34;wash&#34; or make a smooth illumination transition between the curved portion 14 and the planar portion 16. In the case of light rays undergoing three reflections before transmission, the range of angles of transmission is about 177°-229° which acts to wash the three surface reflections from the curved portion 14 and the planar portion 16. 
     In Zone 5 about 44.8% of the light is provided from reflected light from the curved portion 14. Those light rays reflected once from the curved portion 14 are transmitted through the glass cover 30 at an angle of about 122°. For those light rays which are reflected three times and then transmitted, the range of angles is about 167°-177°. 
     In Zone 6 about 15.1% of the light is provided from light reflected three times with the angle of transmission between 158°-160°. A substantial portion of the light rays are screened by the bottom surface of the hinge element 32. This prevents unwanted illumination of the wall. 
     Additional advantages of the lighting unit 10 arise from the side reflectors 20 shown in FIGS. 1B-1E. The side reflectors 20 provide several advantageous features: (1) they image the lamp filament of the light source 18 by performing a single surface reflection in a region bounded by a vertical plane rotated perpendicular to the lamp axis (the 90° horizontal plane), a plane tilted perpendicular to the lamp axis plus 10° from horizontal (100° on the vertical plane), a plane tilted perpendicular to the lamp axis minus 10° from the horizontal plane (80° vertical), and a plane tilted along the lamp axis plus 10° from the horizontal (100° in the vertical plane), (2) they image the reflection element 12 in the same region recited above for the primary reflection element 12 (can be, for example, second, third and fourth surface reflections) and (3) they serve as a heat flow chimney by allowing free air convention to dissipate heat from the lighting unit 10. In other words, the side reflector element comprises a convective heat chimney for removal of heat from the lighting unit through a chimney opening, such as the aperture shown in FIGS. 2, 5, and 1B at the upper left hand corner of the side reflector element 20 and near the opening of the diffuser element. These openings together acts as a convective heat flow chimney to dissipate heat arising from the light source. Without such convection the size of the lighting unit 10 would have to be much larger (but the same 250 watts) to dissipate the heat to maintain the temperature below the maximum permissible levels for the particular materials used. FIG. 5 illustrates schematically the advantageous illumination pattern derived from the side reflectors 20. The combination of side reflectors 20 and the primary reflection element 12 combine to reflect about 75% of the light leaving the light source 18. 
     While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects as set forth in the claims provided hereinafter.