Abstract:
A photo-luminescence liquid crystal (LCD) display comprises: a display panel and a radiation source for generating excitation radiation for operating the display. The display panel comprises transparent front and back plates; a liquid crystal disposed between the front and back plates; a matrix of electrodes (array of thin film transistors TFTs) defining red, green and blue pixel areas of the display and operable to selectively induce an electric field across the liquid crystal in the pixel areas for controlling transmission of light through the pixels areas. A red phosphor material which emits red (R) light in response to excitation radiation is provided on the back plate corresponding to red pixel areas and a green phosphor material which emits green light in response to excitation radiation is provided on the back plate corresponding to green pixel areas.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/819,420 filed Jul. 6, 2006, the specification and drawings of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates to the field of color displays, such as flat panel displays and color liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which convert electrical signals into color images. In particular, the invention concerns color, transmissive LCDs in which phosphor, photo-luminescent, materials are used to generate color light in response to excitation radiation from a backlight, such displays being termed photo-luminescence color LCDs or photo-luminescent color LCDs.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     The light that lights up our world and allows us to see comes from solar energy in what is known as the visible region of the solar, electromagnetic, spectrum. This region is a very narrow segment of the total spectrum, the visible region being that portion visible to the human eye. It ranges in wavelength from about 440 nm in the extreme blue or near ultraviolet to about 690 nm in the red or near infrared. The middle of the visible region is a green color at about 555 nm. Human vision is such that what appears as white light is really composed of weighted amounts of a continuum of so-called black body radiation. In order to produce light that appears “white” to a human observer, the light needs to have component weights of about 30 percent in the red (R), 59 percent in the green (G) and 11 percent in the blue (B).  
         [0006]     The perception of light as being white can be maintained even when the amount of one of the RGB component colors is changed, as long as the amounts of the other two can be adjusted to compensate. For example, if the red light source is shifted to a longer wavelength, the white light will appear more cyan in color if the other two colors remain unchanged. White balance may be restored, however, by changing the weight of the green and blue to levels other than their original values of 11 and 59 percent, respectively. The human eye does not have the ability to resolve closely spaced colors into the individual red, green, and blue (RGB) primary components of white light, since the human vision system mixes these three components to form intermediates. The reader probably recalls that human vision registers (and/or detects) only the three primary colors, and all other colors are perceived as combinations of these primaries.  
         [0007]     Color liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in use today are based on picture elements, or “pixels,” formed by a matrix/array of liquid crystal (LC) cells. As is known the intensity of the light passing through a LC can be controlled by changing the angle of polarization of the light in response to an electrical field, voltage, applied across the LC. For a color LCD each pixel is actually composed of three “sub-pixels”: one red, one green, and one blue. Taken together, this sub-pixel triplet makes up what is referred to as a single pixel. What the human eye perceives as a single white pixel is actually a triplet of RGB sub-pixels with weighted intensities such that each of the three sub-pixels appears to have the same brightness. Likewise, when the human eye sees a solid white line, what is actually being displayed is a series or line of RGB triplets. The multi-sub-pixel arrangement may be manipulated by tuning the photometric output of the light source to a set of desired color coordinates, thereby offering a superior color rendering index (CRI) and a dynamic color selection for a large color palette.  
         [0008]     In current color, transmissive LCD technology, this color tuning is implemented with the use of color filters. The principle of operation of a conventional color, transmissive LCD is based upon a bright white light backlighting source located behind a liquid crystal (LC) matrix, and a panel of color filters positioned on an opposite side of the liquid crystal matrix. The liquid crystal matrix is digitally switched to adjust the intensity of the white light from the backlighting source reaching each of the color filters of each pixel, thereby controlling the amount of colored light transmitted by the RGB sub-pixels. Light exiting the color filters generates the color image.  
         [0009]     A typical LCD structure is sandwich-like in which the liquid crystal is provided between two glass panels; one glass panel containing the switching elements that control the voltage being applied across electrodes of the LC corresponding to respective sub-pixel, and the other glass panel containing the color filters. The switching elements for controlling the LC matrix which are located on the back of the structure, that is facing the backlighting source; typically comprise an array of thin film transistors (TFTs) in which a respective TFT is provided for each sub-pixel. The color filter glass panel is a glass plate with a set of primary (red, green, and blue) color filters grouped together. Light exits the color filter glass panel to form the image.  
         [0010]     As is known LCs have the property of rotating the plane of polarization of light as a function of the applied electric field, voltage. Through the use of polarizing filters and by controlling the degree of rotation of the polarization of the light as a function of the voltage applied across the LC the amount of white light supplied by the backlighting source to the filters is controlled for each red, green and blue sub-pixel. The light transmitted through the filters generates a range of colors for producing images that viewers see on a TV screen or computer monitor.  
         [0011]     Typically, the white light source used for backlighting comprises a mercury-filled cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). CCFL tubes are typically glass, and filled with inert gases. The gases ionize when a voltage is applied across electrodes positioned within the tube, and the ionized gas produces ultraviolet (UV) light. In turn, the UV light excites one or more phosphors coated on the inside of the glass tube, generating visible light. Reflectors redirect the visible light to the monitor and spread it as uniformly as possible, backlighting the thin, flat LCD. The backlight itself has always defined the color temperature and color space available, which has typically been approximately 75 percent of NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) requirements.  
         [0012]     In the known LCD systems, the color filter is a key component for sharpening the color of the LCD. The color filter of a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT LCD) consists of three primary colors (RGB) which are included on a color filter plate. The structure of the color filter plate comprises a black (opaque) matrix and a resin film, the resin film containing three primary-color dyes or pigments. The elements of the color filter line up in one-to-one correspondence with the unit pixels on the TFT-arrayed glass plate. Since the sub-pixels in a unit pixel are too small to be distinguished independently, the RGB elements appear to the human eye as a mixture of the three colors. As a result, any color, with some qualifications, can be produced by mixing these three primary colors.  
         [0013]     The development over recent years of high brightness light emitting diodes (LEDs) has made possible LED backlighting with an enhanced color spectrum and has been used to provide a wider range of spectral colors for displays. In addition, LED backlighting has allowed for a tuning of the white point, when allied with a feedback sensor, ensuring the display operates consistently to a pre-defined performance.  
         [0014]     In these LED based backlighting systems, the light output from red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs is mixed in equal proportions to create white light. This approach unfortunately requires complex driving circuitry to properly control the intensities of the three different color LEDs since different circuitry is necessary because each of the LEDs demands different drive conditions.  
         [0015]     An alternative approach has been to use a white emitting LED which comprises a single blue LED chip coated with a yellow fluorescent phosphor; the yellow phosphor absorbing a proportion of the blue light emitted by the blue LED, and then re-emitting that light (in a process known as down-conversion) as yellow light. By mixing the yellow light generated by the yellow phosphor with the blue light from the blue LED, white light over the entire visible spectrum could be produced. Alternatively, an ultraviolet LED can be coated with a red-green-blue phosphor to produce white light; in this case, the energy from the ultraviolet LED is substantially non-visible, and since it cannot contribute a component to the resultant white light, it functions only as an excitation source for the phosphors. Unfortunately the white light product of such LEDs does not match well with the color filters used in current LCDs, and a significant amount of the backlight intensity is wasted.  
         [0016]     U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,469 proposes a LCD which uses UV light to excite red, green and blue light emitting phosphor pixels thereby eliminating the need for RGB color filters. Such LCDs are referred to as photo-luminescence color LCDs. A mercury lamp emitting UV light of wavelength 360 to 370 nm is used as a backlight and the red, green and blue emitting phosphors are provided on a front substrate plate. The UV light after being modulated by the liquid crystal matrix is then incident on the phosphor sub-pixels of the front plate which emit red, green and blue light in response.  
         [0017]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,844,903 teaches a color, transmissive LCD which supplies a uniform blue light of wavelength 460 nm to the back of the liquid crystal layer. The blue light, after being modulated by the liquid crystal layer, is then incident on the back surface of phosphor material located above the liquid crystal layer. A first phosphor material, when irradiated with the blue light, generates red light for the red pixel areas of the display, and a second phosphor material, when irradiated with the blue light, generates green light for the green pixel areas of the display. No phosphor material is deposited over the blue pixel areas since blue light is provided from the backlight. A suitable diffuser (e.g. scattering powder) can be located at the blue sub-pixel areas so that the blue pixels match the viewing angle properties of the red and green pixels.  
         [0018]     US 2006/0238103 and US 2006/0244367 teach photo-luminescence color LCDs which respectively use UV light of wavelength 360 to 460 nm and a near blue-UV light of wavelength 390 to 410 nm to excite red, green and blue light emitting phosphor pixels. The use of near blue-UV backlighting reduces deterioration of liquid crystals caused by UV light.  
         [0019]     A further example of a photo-luminescence color LCD is disclosed in JP 2004094039.  
         [0020]     The present invention concerns photo-luminescence color LCDs which utilize a phosphor material to generate the different colors of light of the sub-pixels. What is needed in the art is an LCD display that uses an RGB phosphor-based color rendering scheme to sharpen the color and enhance the brightness of the image.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to low-cost, high energy conversion efficiency color LCDs having enhanced color rendering. A LCD in accordance with the invention enables images with a high brightness and a spectacular, vivid range of colors to be realized. Such enhanced LCDs have applications in a variety of electronics devices including, but not limited to, televisions, monitors and computer monitors, the view screens of satellite navigation systems and hand-held devices such as mobile telephones and personal video/music systems.  
         [0022]     In the most general configuration, a display system of the present embodiments comprises a red-green (RG) or red-green-blue (RGB) phosphor panel for generating the image to be displayed; and a monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic short-wavelength light source for exciting the phosphors of the phosphor panel.  
         [0023]     According to the invention there is provided a photo-luminescence liquid crystal display comprising: a display panel and a radiation source for generating excitation radiation for operating the display; wherein the display panel comprises transparent front and back plates; a liquid crystal disposed between the front and back plates; a matrix of electrodes defining red, green and blue pixel areas of the display and operable to selectively induce an electric field across the liquid crystal in the pixel areas for controlling transmission of light through the pixel areas; a red phosphor material which emits red light in response to excitation radiation, the red phosphor material being provided on the back plate corresponding to red pixel areas and a green phosphor material which emits green light in response to excitation radiation, the green phosphor material being provided on the back plate corresponding to green pixel areas.  
         [0024]     The radiation source may be either a blue-emitting LED with an excitation wavelength ranging from about 400 to about 480 nm, or a UV LED with an excitation wavelength ranging from about 360 to 400 nm. The radiation source may also comprise a UV emission line generated by a mercury (Hg) plasma discharge (the plasma may also come from an inert gas such as Xe or Ne) as the backlighting source, and the UV emission line may be centered about 254 nm. Alternatively, the monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic excitation source may have a wavelength with the range 147 to 190 nm.  
         [0025]     In general, the monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic excitation source may be classified into one of two groups: 1) that having a wavelength ranging from about 200 to about 430 nm, and 2) that having a wavelength ranging from about 430 to 480 nm. In any event, these may be called short-wavelength backlighting sources.  
         [0026]     When the excitation source is operable to emit UV excitation radiation the LCD further comprises a blue phosphor material which emits blue light in response to excitation radiation, the blue phosphor material being provided on the back plate corresponding to blue pixel areas.  
         [0027]     The matrix of electrodes can comprise an array of thin film transistors (TFTs), one thin film transistor corresponding to each pixel. The TFTs can be provided on the front or back plates of the display.  
         [0028]     The phosphor materials can be provided on lower or upper faces of the back plate.  
         [0029]     The LCD can further comprise a first polarizing filter layer on the front plate and a second polarizing filter layer on the back plate and wherein the orientation of the direction of polarization of the first polarizing filter layer is perpendicular to the direction of polarization of the second polarizing filter layer.  
         [0030]     When the radiation source is a LED that emits blue light having a wavelength in a range of 400 to 480 nm, the red phosphor can have a formula (Sr,Ba,Mg,Al) 3 SiO 5 :Eu 2+ ,F and the green phosphor can have a formula (Sr,Ba,Mg) 2 SiO 4 :Eu 2+ ,F.  
         [0031]     Alternatively, when the radiation source is a UV emitting LED that emits light having a wavelength in a range 360 to 400 nm, the red phosphor can have a formula (Sr,Ba,Mg,Al) 3 SiO 5 :Eu 2+ ,F, Ca 2 NaMg 2 V 3 O 12 :Eu 3+  or YVO 4 :Eu; the green phosphor can have a formula (Sr,Ba,Mg) 2 SiO 4 :Eu 2+ ,F or (Ba,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17 ; and the blue phosphor can have a formula BaMgAl 10 O 17 :Eu, (Sr,Ca,Ba,Mg) 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 :Eu, (Ba,Sr,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17 , Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 :Eu, or (Ba,Eu)MgAl 10 O 17 .  
         [0032]     In a further arrangement when the excitation radiation comprises UV light having a wavelength of order 254 nm the red phosphor can have a formula Y 2 O 3 :Eu or YVO 4 :Eu; the green phosphor can have a formula LaPO4:Ce,Tb, (Ce, Tb)(Mg)Al 11 O 19 , or (Ba,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17 ; and the blue phosphor can have a formula (SrCaBaMg) 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl:Eu, (Ba, Eu) Mg 2 Al 16 O 27 , (Ba,Sr,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17 , or Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 :Eu, (Ba,Eu)MgAl 10 O 17 .  
         [0033]     In a yet further embodiment when the radiation source is a plasma emitting light having a wavelength in a range 147 to 190 m the red phosphor can have a formula (Y,Gd)BO 3 :Eu and the green phosphor can have a formula Zn 2 SiO 4 :Mn.  
         [0034]     The current LCD technology that employs color filters has only about a 10 to 20 percent efficiency of light output that is achievable at the front of a liquid crystal display. By contrast, the present embodiments using a phosphor-based color rendering scheme, including using red-green phosphor elements plus blue LED illumination, can have up to 90 percent efficiency of light output. With a broader color range, phosphors and LED backlight together render truer skin tones and vivid reds and greens, offering better contrast ratios, purity and realism, and meeting new consumer expectations. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0035]     In order that the present invention is better understood embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0036]      FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional representation of a photo-luminescence color LCD according to the invention;  
         [0037]      FIG. 2   a  is a schematic diagram of a unit pixel of a phosphor color-elements plate of the display of  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0038]      FIG. 2   b  is a schematic diagram of a unit pixel of a phosphor color-elements plate of the display of  FIG. 3 ;  
         [0039]      FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional representation of an alternative embodiment of the configuration shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0040]      FIG. 4  shows schematic normalized emission spectra for red, green, and blue light generated by UV and blue light excited phosphors;  
         [0041]      FIG. 5  is a schematic cross-sectional representation of a further photo-luminescence color LCD in accordance with the invention which is backlit by blue light; and  
         [0042]      FIG. 6  is a schematic cross-sectional representation of another photo-luminescent color LCD in accordance with the invention which is backlit by a UV plasma discharge.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0043]     Disclosed herein is a novel color rendering scheme designed to improve and enhance the brightness and sharpness of an electronic display, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD). Embodiments of the present invention incorporate two key components: 1) a red-green (RG) or red-green-blue (RGB) phosphor panel, and 2) a monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic short-wavelength light source for exciting the RGB phosphors of the RG phosphor panel. These components replace the color-filter panel and the broadband white light source, respectively, which have been traditionally used in prior art LCDs.  
         [0044]     Referring to  FIG. 1  there is shown a schematic cross-sectional representation of a photo-luminescence color LCD  100  according to a first embodiment of the invention. The LCD  100  comprises a display panel  102  and a backlighting unit  104 .  
         [0045]     The backlighting unit  104  comprises either a single excitation radiation source or a plurality of sources  106  and a light diffusing plane  108 . Each radiation source  106  may be monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic, that is operable to emit excitation radiation of a narrow wavelength range/color. In the arrangement of  FIG. 1  the, or each, excitation source  106  comprises a UV emitting LED (wavelength range 360 to 400 nm), a UV emitting lamp (254 nm), plasma discharge (147 to 190 nm) or light sources such as UV discharges of inert gas filled arc lamps. The light diffusing plane  108  ensures the display panel  104  is substantially evenly irradiated with excitation radiation over its entire surface.  
         [0046]     The display panel  104  comprises a transparent front (light/image emitting) plate  110 , a transparent back plate  112  and a liquid crystal (LC)  114  filling the volume between the front and back plates. The front plate  110  comprises a glass plate  116  having on its underside, that is the face of the plate facing the LC  114 , a first polarizing filter layer  118  and then a thin film transistor (TFT) layer  120 . The back plate  112  comprises a glass plate  122  having a second polarizing filter layer  124  and a transparent common electrode plane  126  (for example transparent indium tin oxide, ITO) on its upper surface facing the LC and a phosphor color-elements plate  128  on its underside facing the backlighting unit  102 . As will be described the phosphor color-elements plate  103  comprises an array of different phosphors  130 ,  132 ,  134  which emit red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light respectively in response to UV excitation radiation from the backlighting unit  102 . The TFT layer  120  comprises an array of TFTs, wherein there is a corresponding transistor to each individual color phosphor sub-pixel  130 ,  132 ,  134  of each pixel unit  200  of the phosphor color-elements plate  128 . As is known, the directions of polarization of the two polarizing filters  118 ,  124  are aligned perpendicular to one another.  
         [0047]     The RGB phosphors  130 ,  132 ,  134  function in such a manner that the result is similar to that which the color filters of prior art LCD devices achieve, each RGB pixel being capable of producing a range of colors. The difference between the prior art color filters and the presently disclosed RGB phosphors is that color filters only allow certain wavelengths of light to pass through them, whereas phosphors generate a selected wavelength (color) of light in response to excitation by UV radiation from the backlighting unit. Stated another way, color filters allow only light within a certain range of wavelengths to be transmitted, whereas the RBG phosphors emit light of different colors, with a certain spectral width centered at a peak wavelength.  
         [0048]     The RGB phosphors can be packaged/configured on the color plate  128  in a manner similar to the way in which the color filters of the prior art displays are configured. This is illustrated in  FIG. 2   a  which shows a unit pixel  200  of the phosphor color-element plate  128  comprising a sub-pixel triplet filled by three phosphors  202 ,  204 ,  206  with emissions centered at the primary red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors for UV excited phosphors. A grid mask (also termed a black matrix)  208  of metal, such as for example chromium, defines the phosphor color blocks  202 ,  204 ,  206  and provides an opaque gap between the phosphor sub-pixels and unit pixels. Additionally the black matrix shields the TFTs from stray light and prevents crosstalk between neighboring sub-pixels/unit pixels. To minimize reflection from the black matrix  202 , a double layer of Cr and CrOx may be used, but of course, the layers may comprise materials other than Cr and CrOx. The black matrix film which can be sputter-deposited underlying or overlying the phosphor material may be patterned using methods that include photolithography.  
         [0049]     There are a variety of ways in which the RGB phosphors can be incorporated into/onto the glass plate  122 . Typically, most phosphor materials are hard substances, and the individual particles may have a variety of irregular shapes. It can be difficult to incorporate them directly into plastic resins, however, phosphors are known to be compatible with acrylic resins, polyesters, epoxies, polymers such as polypropylene and high and low density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE) polymers. Materials may be cast, dipped, coated, extruded or molded. In some embodiments it may be preferable to use master batches for incorporating the phosphor-containing materials into clear plastics, which may then be coated onto the glass plate  122 . In reality, any of the methods that are used for fabricating plasma display panels having RGB phosphor-containing pixel matrices, such methods being screen printing, photolithography, and ink printing techniques, may also be used to fabricate the present phosphor color plate  128 .  
         [0050]     There are a variety of compositions available for the red, green, and blue phosphors of the RGB phosphor color-element plate  128 . The host material is typically an oxide, and may comprise an aluminate, silicate, phosphate or borate, but the host material is not restricted to these classes of compounds. The red, green, and blue phosphors, for example, may comprise an aluminate, a silicate, a sulfate, an oxide, a chloride, a fluoride, and/or a nitride, doped with a rare-earth element called an activator. The activator may include divalent europium, but the activator is not limited to divalent europium. Dopants such as halogens can be substitutionally or interstitially incorporated into the crystal lattice and can for example reside on oxygen lattice sites of the host material and/or interstitially within the host material. Examples of suitable phosphor composition along with the range of wavelengths at which they may be excited is given in Table 1.  
                                                   TABLE 1                           Chemical formulae of example phosphor compositions                Excitation   Phosphor Composition            Source   wavelength   Blue   Green   Red               Blue   400˜480 nm   —   (Sr,Ba,Mg) 2 SiO 4 :Eu,F   (Sr,Ba,Mg,Al) 3 SiO 4 :Eu,F       LED       UV   360˜400 nm   BaMgAl 10 O 17 :Eu   (Sr,Ba,Mg) 2 SiO 4 :Eu,F   (Sr,Ba,Mg,Al) 3 SiO 4 :Eu,F       LED       (Sr,Ca,Ba,Mg) 10 (PO4) 6 Cl 2 :Eu   (Ba,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17     Ca 2 NaMg 2 V 3 O 12 :Eu 3+                 (Ba,Sr,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17         YVO 4 :Eu               Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 :Eu               (Ba,Eu)MgAl 10 O 17         UV     254 nm   (SrCaBaMg) 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl:Eu   LaPO 4 :Ce,Tb   Y 2 O 3 :Eu               (Ba,Eu) Mg 2 Al 16 O 27     (Ce,Tb)MgAl 11 O 19     YVO 4 :Eu               (Ba,Sr,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17     (Ba,Eu)(Mg,Mn)Al 10 O 17                 Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 :Eu               (Ba,Eu)MgAl 10 O 17         PDP   147˜190 nm   BaMgAl 10 O 17 :Eu   Zn 2 SiO 4 :Mn   (Y,Gd)BO 3 :Eu                  
 
         [0051]     An advantage of the LCD of the present invention is the prolonged life of the LC since the phosphor color-element plate is provided on the backlighting unit side of the LC which prevents UV activation light reaching the LC and causing degradation. Placing the excitation light source next to the phosphor coated color panel enhances the quantum efficiency of the display panel if the UV absorption of the liquid crystal material severely attenuates the excitation intensity.  
         [0052]      FIG. 3  illustrates an alternative color LCD  300  in accordance with the invention which uses blue light (400 to 480 nm) activated phosphors. Throughout this specification like reference numerals preceded by the figure number are used to denote like parts. For example the LC  114  of  FIG. 1  is denoted  314  in  FIG. 3 . In contrast to the LCD  100  the backlighting unit  302  incorporates blue light emitting diodes (LEDs)  306  for exciting red and green phosphor sub-pixels  330 ,  332  respectively  FIG. 2   b  is a unit pixel  210  of the phosphor color-element plate  328 . The unit pixel  210  includes two blue light excitable phosphors  202 ,  204  emitting red (R) and green (G) light respectively, and the third sub-pixel  208  is left empty, that is without the inclusion of a phosphor, to allow the transmission of blue light from a blue emitting LED backlighting unit  302 . In this case, monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic backlighting unit  307  serves a dual purpose; firstly it generates blue excitation radiation to excite the red and green phosphors, and second, to provide the blue portion of the backlighting light.  
         [0053]     Exemplary emission spectra from red, green, and blue phosphors are shown schematically in  FIG. 4 . Exemplary monochromatic and/or quasi-monochromatic light sources (backlighting units)  107 ,  307  that would lead to such emission are ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs), and single or multiple sharp line emissions from UV lamps such as, but not limited to, the 256 nm line from a mercury lamp.  
         [0054]     In a further embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the back plate  512  includes both the TFT plate  520  and phosphor color-element plate  528 . In this arrangement the TFT plate  520  is provided on the second polarizing filter  524  on the upper surface of the glass plate  522  facing the LC, and the phosphor color plate  528  is provided on the opposite lower face of the glass plate. In the embodiment illustrated the backlighting unit  502  comprises a blue light excitation source and can comprise one or more blue emitting LEDs  506 . As with the embodiment of  FIG. 3  only red  530  and green  532  phosphor sub-pixels are incorporated in the phosphor color-element plate  528 , the blue excitation light also serving as the third of the three primaries that are essential to color rendering.  
         [0055]      FIG. 6  illustrates an LCD  600  in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 6 , UV excitation irradiation is generated by a plasma discharge  636  of a gas such as Hg, Xe, or Ne, and the plasma  636  used to excite the RGB phosphors  630 ,  632 , and  634  in a similar fashion to the way in which phosphor emission takes place in a plasma display panel (PDP). However, the difference between the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6  and a PDP is that in the present embodiment there is only a single plasma source providing a collective excitation to all phosphor coloring elements. This is in contrast to plasma display technology, in which there are provided the same number of plasma sources as there are phosphor pixels, and where each individual phosphor pixel is excited by its own plasma source.  
         [0056]     In further embodiments, not illustrated, the phosphor color plate can be provided as part of the front plate that is an on opposite side of the liquid crystal to the backlighting unit. In such an arrangement the TFTs plate can be provided on the front or back plates.  
         [0057]     It will be appreciated that the present invention is not restricted to the specific embodiments described and that variations can be made that are within the scope of the invention. For example whilst for ease of fabrication the phosphor color-element plate can be fabricated on a lower side of the back plate, in other arrangements it can be provided on the upper surface of the back plate and the first polarizing filter provided on top of the color-element plate.  
         [0058]     LCDs in accordance with invention are expected to produce a spectacular, vivid range of colors rivaling plasma display panel (PDP) technology. It is known that color filters are a key component in LCDs for sharpening color, although they account for as much as 20 percent of the manufacturing cost. Significant cost reduction is expected with the present embodiments, particularly when an array of blue LEDs is used to provide backlighting, because only two thirds of the pixel area need to be coated with a phosphor.  
         [0059]     In addition, LEDs are the preferred choices as backlighting excitation sources because they are expected to have longer lifetimes than other light sources. LEDs are more durable because there is no filament to burn out, no fragile glass tube to shatter, no moving parts to protect, and a cooler operating temperature. In fact, the lifespan of a LED is estimated to be twice as long as the best fluorescent bulbs. By adjusting the number and density of the LEDs, high brightness values can be achieved without significantly diminishing the life expectancy of the liquid crystal displays. Moreover, LEDs are more efficient with lower power consumption.  
         [0060]     The demand for more efficient backlighting has been steadily increasing. The current LCD technology that employs color filters has only about a 10 to 20 percent efficiency of light output that is achievable at the front of a liquid crystal display. By contrast, the present embodiments using an RGB phosphor-based color rendering scheme, including using red-green phosphor elements plus blue LED illumination, can have up to 90 percent efficiency of light output. Moreover, television sets having liquid crystal displays with phosphor pixels might also provide very wide horizontal and vertical viewing angles.