Abstract:
A system includes a host computer configured to generate a graphical interface that includes a graphical object, obtain at least one spoken utterance, control an interaction of the graphical object within the graphical interface based on the spoken utterance, and generate an activating signal based on the spoken utterance. An interface device is configured to receive the spoken utterance, provide the spoken utterance to the host computer, and control the graphical object within the graphical interface based on the provided spoken utterance. The graphical object includes a graphical representation within the graphical interface. An actuator is disposed within a housing of the interface device, thereby protecting the actuator from contact by the user, and is configured to receive the activating signal from the host computer. The activating signal causes the actuator to impart a force via the housing.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/580,452, filed Oct. 13, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/460,157, filed Jun. 16, 2003 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,755,602 on Jul. 13, 2010, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/186,342, filed Jun. 27, 2002 and now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/838,052, filed Apr. 18, 2001 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,333 on Jul. 23, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/561,782, filed on May 1, 2000 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,213 on Aug. 14, 2001, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/066,608, filed Apr. 24, 1998 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,088,017 on Jul. 11, 2000, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/565,102, filed Nov. 30, 1995, now abandoned, and all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This invention relates to a man-machine interface and in particular to an interface that provides tactile sensation to a user. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Virtual reality (VR) is an immersive environment which is created by a computer and with which users have real-time, multisensorial interactions. Typically, these interactions involve some or all of the human senses through either visual feedback, sound, force and tactile feedback (i.e. reflection), smell and even taste. The key to immersive realism is the capacity of the user to use his/her hand to interactively manipulate virtual objects. Unfortunately, the majority of existing commercial virtual reality systems use hand-sensing devices that provide no haptic feedback. Nevertheless, some efforts have been made to provide means for presenting force and tactile information to the user&#39;s hand. By force information, it is meant the application of a set force to a selected part of the hand, for example, a finger. By tactile information, it is meant the application of a stimuli, e.g., a vibration, to a selected part of the hand, e.g., a fingertip pad. This stimulus, could simulate surface texture or dynamic conditions at the contact, for example. A few examples of existing force reflecting devices are the EXOS SAFiRE™, the Master II Hand Master device at Rutgers university, the PERCRO Force-Reflecting Hand Master and the Sarcos TOPS Force-Reflecting Hand Master. Some tactile feedback devices that have been developed include the PERCRO Position-Sensing and Tactile Feedback Hand Master and the EXOS TouchMaster™. 
     Virtual reality is not the only field where it is desirable to feed back force and tactile information to a human user/operator. Another common area is telerobotics. Some of the devices mentioned above are also often used as telerobotics interfaces. Some examples in the literature of feedback devices designed more specifically for telerobotics include the tactile shape sensing and display system developed by Kontarinis et al., the voice-coil based tactile feedback device used by Patrick et al. and the pin-based tactile display array developed by Kaczmarek and Bach-y-rita. Other applications for a vibrotactile unit of the subject invention include, but are not limited to, gesture recognition, music generation, entertainment and medical applications. 
     In an ideal case, it would be desirable to provide full force and tactile feedback to a user to make the virtual reality or telerobotic experience as realistic as possible. Unfortunately, most force feedback devices are cumbersome, heavy, expensive and difficult to put on and remove. Many of the tactile feedback solutions are also cumbersome, complex and fragile. Additionally, some of the tactile feedback devices described in the literature, such as small voice coils mounted to directly contact the skin, tend to numb the skin after only a few seconds of operation and then become ineffective as feedback devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     An object of the invention is a man-machine interface which may be employed in such areas as interactive computer applications, telerobotics, gesture recognition, music generation, entertainment, medical applications and the like. Another object of the invention is a mass which is moved by a “mass-moving actuator” which generates a vibration that a user can feel. Yet another object of the invention is the generation of an activating signal to produce the vibrations either as a result of the user&#39;s state or as a result of environmental conditions, whether virtual or physical. Still another object of the invention is vibrating the bone structure of a sensing body part, as well as skin mechanoreceptors, to provide feedback. Yet still another object of the invention is the complex actuation of vibratory devices. 
     The tactile sensation that a user feels is generated by a vibrotactile unit mounted on, or in functional relation to, a sensing body part of a user by a fastening means. In one embodiment, the vibrotactile device comprises a mass connected eccentrically to a mass-moving actuator shaft (i.e. the center of mass of the mass is offset from the axis of rotation). Energizing the mass-moving actuator causes the shaft to turn, which rotates the eccentric mass. This rotating mass causes a corresponding rotating force vector. A rapidly rotating force vector feels to the user as a vibration. A slowly rotating force vector feels like a series of individual impulses. For a small number of rapid rotations, the rotating force vector feels like a single impulse. We will use the term “vibration” to denote a change in force vector (i.e., direction or magnitude). Examples of vibrations include, but are not limited to a single impulse, a sinusoidal force magnitude, and other functions of the force vector. We use the term “tactile sensation” to refer to the feeling perceived by a user when their sensing body part experiences vibrations induced by a vibrotactile unit. 
     A signal processor interprets a state signal and produces an activating signal to drive the mass-moving actuator. The variable components of the state signal may be physical (e.g., measured), or virtual (e.g. simulated, or internally generated); they may vary with time (e.g., the state variables may represent processes); and they may be integer-valued (e.g., binary or discrete) or real-valued (e.g., continuous). The signal processor may or may not comprise a computer which interprets and further processes the state signal. The signal processor comprises a signal driver which produces an activating signal supplying power to, or controlling the power drawn by, the vibrotactile unit. The power may be, but is not restricted to, electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, and combustive types. The driver may be, but is not restricted to, an electric motor controller comprising a current amp and sensor for closed loop control, a flow valve controlling the amount of a pressurized fluid or gas, a flow valve controlling the amount of fuel to a combustion engine and the like. The details of such a signal processor and mass-moving actuator are common knowledge to someone skilled in the art. 
     The state signal may be generated in response to a variety of conditions. In one embodiment, one or more sensors measuring physical conditions of the user and/or the user&#39;s environment may generate one or more components of a physical state signal. In another embodiment, a computer simulation may determine the one or more components of a virtual state signal from a simulated (e.g., virtual) state or condition. The virtual state may optionally be influenced by a physical state. The virtual state includes anything that a computer or timing system can generate including, but not restricted to, a fixed time from a previous event; the position, velocity, acceleration (or other dynamic quantity) of one or more virtual objects in a simulation; the collision of two virtual objects in a simulation; the start or finishing of a computer job or process; the setting of a flag by another process or simulation; combinations of situations; and the like. The virtual state signal is a machine-readable measurement of the virtual state variables. 
     The physical state signal is measured from physical state variables. These variables have relevance to the physical state of a body part of the user or the user&#39;s physical environment. The physical state variables includes any measurable parameter in the environment or any measurable parameter relating to a body part of the user. Some examples of measurable physical parameters in an environment include but are not restricted to, the state of a body part, the position of objects in the environment, the amount of energy imparted to an object in the environment, the existence of an object or objects in the environment, the chemical state of an object, the temperature in the environment, and the like. The state of a body part may include the physical position, velocity, or acceleration of the body part relative to another body part or relative to a point in the environment. The state of a body part may also include any bodily function, where the measured state signal may include the output from an electroencephalograph (EEG), electrocardiograph (ECG), electromyograph (EMG), electrooptigraph (EOG) or eye-gaze sensor, and sensors which measure joint angle, heart rate, dermal or subdermal temperature, blood pressure, blood oxygen content (or any measurable blood chemical), digestive action, stress level, voice activation or voice recognition, and the like. The user&#39;s voice may constitute a measured physical state variable, where his spoken words are sensed and/or recognized to generate a corresponding activating signal. The physical state signal is a machine-readable measurement of the physical state variables. 
     The state signal is presented to the signal processor which interprets the state, and then determines how and when to activate the vibrotactile units accordingly. The signal processor produces an activating signal which may be in response to an event it interprets from the state signal. Examples of events include contact, gestures, spoken words, onset of panic or unconsciousness, and the like. The interpretation of the state signal may or may not be a binary event, i.e. the simple changing of state between two values. An example of a binary event is contact vs. non-contact between two virtual or real objects. The process of interpreting may include any general function of state variable components. The interpretation function may produce an output control value which is integer or real-valued. A non-binary-valued interpretation output typically relates to the signal processor producing a non-binary activation signal. 
     By varying the functional form of the activation signal, the type of feedback that the vibrotactile device generates may also be varied. The device may generate a complex tactile sensation, which is defined to be a non-binary signal from a single or multiple vibrotactile units. Examples of complex tactile sensations include (1) varying the amplitude of vibration with a profile which is non-uniform over time; (2) varying the frequency of vibration; (3) varying the duration of impulses; (4) varying the combination of amplitude and frequency; (5) vibrating two or more vibrotactile units with a uniform or non-uniform amplitude profile; (6) sequencing multiple vibrotactile units with different amplitude or frequency profiles; and the like. 
     The frequency and amplitude of the vibration or impulse may be changed by modifying the activating signal to the mass-moving actuator. The frequency and amplitude may also be controlled by increasing the mass or by changing the radius of gyration (e.g. changing its eccentricity). For example, the mass may be changed by pumping fluid into an eccentrically rotating container. The sense of frequency that the user perceives may be changed independently of the amplitude by modulating the power to the vibrotactile unit at a variable frequency. This technique is called amplitude modulation, which is common knowledge to those skilled in the art. This change in frequency and amplitude may be used to convey complex, compound or other forms of information to the user. 
     Sensors may be mounted on the vibrotactile unit or the sensing body part to determine the frequency and amplitude of vibration sensed by the user. A feedback control loop may be added which uses this information to more tightly control the frequency and amplitude, or to reach peak efficiency at the resonant frequency of the collective vibrating device-body system. 
     Examples of a sensing body part on which the vibrotactile unit may be mounted, or in functional relation to the vibrotactile unit, include, but are not limited to: the distal part of a digit, the dorsal (back) side of a phalanx or metacarpus, palm, forearm, humerus, underarm, shoulder, back, chest, nipples, abdomen, head, nose, chin, groin, genitals, thigh, calf, shin, foot, toes, and the like. A plurality of vibrotactile units may be disposed on or near different sensing body parts, and may be activated in unison or independently. 
     Each vibrotactile unit may be affixed to the body by a fastening means. The fastening means is defined to be the means of attaching the vibrotactile unit to a sensing body part, transmitting (and possibly modifying) the vibrations created by the vibrotactile unit. This means may be one that is flexible such as a strap made of cloth or soft polymer, or rigid, such as metal or hard polymer which grabs or pinches the flesh, skin or hair. The fastening means may also include gluing or taping to the skin or hair, or tying with a string or rope around a limb, or attaching to clothes with VELCRO®. or similarly functional means. A vibrotactile unit may also be attached to another structure which is then attached to the body part with the same means just mentioned. The vibrations generated by the actuator may be transmitted to the sensing body part by the structure (rigid or non-rigid), or through a linkage transmission or a fluid transmission. 
     The eccentric mass need not be mounted directly onto a motor shaft. A mechanical transmission may rotate the mass on a different shaft than the motor shaft. The mass-moving actuator rotates this shaft. Fluids such as air and liquids may also transmit the motion from a power source to the rotating eccentric mass. Changing magnetic fields may also be employed to induce vibration of a ferrous mass. 
     As previously mentioned, state signals may relate to a physical or virtual state. When the state represents a physical condition, the subject invention includes a state measurement sensor which produces a state signal. This state measurement sensor may measure some property of the sensing body part. Recall that the body part associated with receiving the vibrotactile stimulation is called the sensing body part, the body part associated with producing the activating signal is called the measured body part. The signal processor may receive signals from this sensor such as a tactile, position, bend, velocity, acceleration or temperature sensor and generate an activating signal. In this way, the user may receive feedback based on his actions or physical state. For example, the vibrotactile device may be used to train the user to do some physical motion task. In this case, the position or motion of the body part which is to do the motion task is measured by the state measurement sensor and is also the sensing body part. Direct stimulation to the body part being trained enhances the training of the task. Complex actuation in the form of a function of different levels of frequency or amplitude may inform the user whether his actions are correct or incorrect; the level of correctness may correspond to the level of frequency or amplitude. 
     In addition, the sensing body part (which is also the measured body part) may have a graphical representation shown to the user. The user may also be presented with visual, auditory, taste, smell, force and/or temperature cues to his actions in combination with the vibrotactile cues provided by the subject invention. The user may be immersed in a virtual environment. The user may see a graphical representation of his/her body part interact with virtual objects and simultaneously feel a corresponding tactile sensation simulating the interaction. For example a user may have his/her fingers be the sensing and measured body parts. The user may then see his/her virtual hand in the virtual environment contact a virtual object. The user would then feel an increasing vibratory stimulation on his/her physical fingertip as he increased the virtual pressure on the virtual object using the virtual fingertip. 
     As previously discussed, using the vibrotactile device of the subject invention, a user may receive tactile sensations based on the state of his body parts. In the previous case the state included the position, and other dynamic quantities, of the body parts. In certain applications, the measured body part is the same as the sensing body part (the list of possible sensing body parts mentioned earlier also applies to measured body parts); in other applications they are different body parts. When the measured body part is different than the sensing body part, the subject invention acts as a coupling device which relates the sensing body part and the measured body part. 
     In another application, the user may receive tactile feedback as a result of the conditions of a computer simulated environment, not necessarily related to the user&#39;s actions or state. The vibrotactile units with varying actuation levels may be used to simulate a variety of contact situations, e.g., contact with fluids and solids, and contacts which are momentary or continuous. For example, a user immersed in a computer simulated virtual environment may feel simulated fluid (like air or water) across his body. In such a simulation, an array of vibrotactile units may vibrate in sequence to correspond to a pressure wave hitting the corresponding parts of the body; the amplitude of the vibration may vary to correspond to different levels of pressure being simulated. A user may also feel a virtual object that comes into contact with a portion of his virtual body. The user may feel a virtual bug crawl up his virtual arm by sequencing an array of vibrotactile units. To accompany the tactile sensations received by the user which are uncorrelated with his actions, the user may be presented with visual, auditory, taste, smell, force, temperature and other forms of feedback in order to enhance the realism of the simulated environment. 
     In yet another application of the vibrotactile device, a group of users may receive tactile sensations. In one example, users may wear individual vibrotactile units, or they may also share vibrotactile units as follows. A tactile sensation may be shared by one or more users making physical contact with the sensing body part of another user. For example, one user may wear vibrotactile units on the backs of his fingers. A second user, not wearing any vibrotactile units, may obtain vibrotactile feedback transmitted via the first user when the first user places the palmar side of his fingers on a sensing body part of the second user. The activating signal for each vibrotactile unit may be computer controlled via either user&#39;s actions or through a computer simulated event. In a second example, a group of users may each receive identical tactile feedback through individually mounted vibrotactile units. The common activating signal may correspond to measured body parts from a single, optionally separate, user. Different users may also be responsible for producing the common activating signal for one or more vibrotactile units. For instance, the movement of one user&#39;s arm may control the vibrotactile unit on each user&#39;s arm; and the voice of a second user may control the vibrotactile unit on each user&#39;s back; the eye-gaze of three other users may control the vibrotactile unit upon which they stare in unison. An example application of a single user controlling many user&#39;s vibrotactile sensations is a new form of entertainment where a performer creates vibrotactile sensations for an audience. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the vibrotactile units are affixed to an instrumented glove, such as the CyberGlove™ manufactured by Virtual Technologies of Palo Alto, Calif, USA. The CyberGlove has sensors in it which measure the angles of the joints of the hand. The fingertips of the CyberGlove are open so that the user may reliably handle physical objects while wearing the glove. The open fingertips allow the user to feel the sensations of real objects in conjunction with the generated vibrotactile sensations. The fingertips need not be open, they may be fully enclosed as in the 22-sensor model of the CyberGlove. The mass-moving actuator of each vibrotactile unit is encased in a cylindrical housing and mounted onto the glove on each of the fingers and thumb, and on the palmar side of the hand. Each mass-moving actuator is composed of a small DC motor with an eccentric mass mounted rigidly onto the shaft of the motor. The casing is made of tubular plastic and serves to protect the motion of the mass from the user and protect the user from the rotating mass. The casing may be made of any rigid or semi-rigid material including but not limited to steel, aluminum, brass, copper, plastic, rubber, wood, composite, fiberglass, glass, cardboard, and the like. The casing may form a solid barrier, a wire-mesh, grid or column-like support capable of transmitting vibrations from the mass-moving actuator to the fastening means. The instrumented glove informs a computer of the position of the user&#39;s hand and fingers. The computer, which is part of the signal processor, then interprets this hand state signal (and any virtual state signal if the application calls for it). The computer then generates a control signal, which when processed by the driver, activates the actuators to create tactile sensations. 
     One feature of the embodiment of the subject invention just described, which employs an eccentric mass, is that the energy imparted into the system can be less than the energy required when using electromagnetic coils (such as the speaker voice coils used by Patrick et al. and the EXOS TouchMaster). Energy is stored as rotational inertia in the eccentric mass, whereas the voice-coil-based systems lose all inertial energy each time the coil change directions. 
     Another feature of the subject invention is that vibrating the bone structure of a body part, as well as skin mechanoreceptors, has an advantage over stimulating just the skin mechanoreceptors (such as Meissner, Merkel, Ruffini and Pacinian corpuscles) in that the nerves do not get easily overstimulated and do not become numb. In addition, the form of information to the user is closer to a physical contact sensation where the muscles and joints are stimulated, as is done by full force feedback systems. As a result, the vibrotactile units need not be attached to a body part which has sensitive skin mechanoreceptors. For example, a vibrotactile unit may be attached to a fingernail or an elbow. 
     In an embodiment in which a user is immersed in a computer simulated environment, actuation of vibrotactile units can approximate the sensation of touching physical objects as full force feedback devices do. The deep impulsive sensation in the muscles and joints generated by the vibrotactile units simulates the change in proprioceptive state as the user touches a virtual object. The subject invention provides numerous advantages over a sustained force feedback device. For example, because of its simplicity, the vibrotactile device of the subject invention can be made smaller, lighter, less encumbering, more robustly and cheaper. 
     The subject invention may be used in combination with a sustained force feedback device as provided by Kramer in U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,319, Kramer in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/373,531 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,861), Zarudiansky in U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,138, Burdea in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,162, and Jacobus in U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,865. These patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. Such a combination can give a higher frequency response than that capable of being generated by the sustained force feedback device and/or to reduce the cost and/or size of the full system. The subject invention may also be used in combination with other tactile feedback devices such as heating or cooling devices, bladder devices or voice coils. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 a    is a perspective view of an electric mass-moving actuator with an eccentric mass attached to its shaft. 
         FIG. 1 b    is a perspective view of a mass-moving linear actuator with a mass attached to its shaft. 
         FIGS. 2 a  and 2 b    are a cross-sectional side view and a perspective view respectively of an example of a vibrotactile unit. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of the vibrotactile unit shown in  FIG. 2 b    where the vibrotactile unit is attached to the palmar side of the fingertip. 
         FIG. 4  is another perspective view of a vibrotactile unit attached to the dorsal side of the fingertip, where it makes contact with the nail. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a vibrotactile unit attached to the dorsal side of the proximal phalanx. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a vibrotactile unit attached to the palm of the hand. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a vibrotactile unit attached to the dorsal side of the metacarpus (the back of the hand). 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a vibrotactile unit attached to the top of the foot. 
         FIG. 9  is a side view of a multitude of vibrotactile units attached to a variety of places on the head. 
         FIGS. 10 a  and 10 b    are front and back views respectively, of a multitude of vibrotactile units attached to a variety of places on the body. 
         FIGS. 11 a  and 11 b    are perspective and front views respectively of a fastening means where the palmar side of the fingertip receives greater stimulation without the vibrotactile unit getting in the way of manipulation. 
         FIGS. 12 a  and 12 b    are perspective and front views respectively of a fastening means where the palmar side of the fingertip receives greater stimulation without the vibrotactile unit getting in the way of manipulation. 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a fastening means where no casing is required for the vibrotactile unit because the moving mass is mounted away from the finger thus reducing the possibility of interference. 
         FIG. 14  is a side view of an another fastening means where no casing is required for the vibrotactile unit because the moving mass is mounted away from the finger thus reducing the possibility of interference. 
         FIG. 15  is a perspective view of a fastening means where the vibrotactile unit is attached to the body via a spring that is used to alter the amplitude and frequency of the sensed oscillations. 
         FIGS. 16 a , 16 b  and 16 c    are front schematic views and  16   d  is a perspective view of a vibrotactile unit where the radius of the gyration of the eccentric mass increases as the angular velocity of the shaft increases.  FIGS. 16 a , 16 b , and 16 c    illustrate the principle, where w 2 &gt;w 1 &gt;0. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic electrical-mechanical signal propagation diagram. 
         FIGS. 18 a  and 18 b    show an instrumented glove, in this case the Virtual Technologies CyberGlove™, with both position sensors and vibrotactile units. 
         FIGS. 19 a  and 19 b    show schematically two applications using a sensing glove with vibrotactile units attached to the fingers and back of the hand.  FIG. 19 a    shows a virtual reality application.  FIG. 19 b    shows a telerobotic application. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates schematically an example of a virtual environment with separate sensing and measured body parts. 
         FIGS. 21 a  and 21 b    are perspective drawings showing two applications of the invention for gesture recognition. In  FIG. 21 a   , the gesture is static and in  FIG. 21 b   , the gesture is dynamic (the index finger is moving in a pre-determined fashion). 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic drawing showing a musical application. 
         FIG. 23  is a schematic drawing showing an entertainment or relaxation application. 
         FIGS. 24 a  and 24 b    is a schematic drawing showing a medical application. 
         FIGS. 25 a , 25 b  and 25 c    are a schematic drawings illustrating an amplitude decoupling method. 
         FIG. 26 a    is a perspective drawing and  FIG. 26 b    is a side view of a vibrotactile unit with a controllable eccentricity.  FIG. 26 c    is an alternative transmission method that can be used to control the eccentricity of the mass. 
         FIG. 27  is an exemplary diagrammatic view of an application comprising the vibrotactile device, a virtual simulation and a physical simulation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1 a    shows one embodiment of a vibrotactile unit obtained by attaching an eccentric mass ( 101 ) to the shaft ( 102 ) of a small d.c. electric motor ( 100 ) which serves as the mass-moving actuator. Here the mass is pie-shaped, however any other shape which offsets the center of gravity from the axis of rotation, and thus provides eccentricity, may be used. This eccentricity causes the force vector to change directions during rotation and thus induces vibrations in the unit. The mass may be made of any material like steel, aluminium, plastic or fluid encased in a container, to name a few. 
       FIG. 1 b    shows another embodiment of a vibrotactile unit obtained by attaching a mass ( 103 ) to the shaft ( 104 ) of a linear mass-moving actuator ( 105 ). Here the mass is disk-shaped, however any other shape may be used. The linear actuator moves the mass back and forth and thus induces vibrations in the unit by suddenly accelerating and decelerating it. The mass may be made of any material like steel, aluminium, plastic or fluid encased in a container, to name a few. 
       FIG. 2 a    and  FIG. 2 b    are cross-sectional and perspective drawings respectively of an example of a casing ( 200 ) in which a mass-moving actuator ( 202 ) and a mass ( 201 ) are contained. Again, the eccentric mass ( 201 ) is attached to the shaft ( 204 ) of the electric motor. The casing has a hole for the motor leads ( 203 ) to escape. The casing protects the moving mass from being disturbed by the user. It also protects the user from being hit by the mass. The casing may be made from any rigid material, or variety of materials, such as aluminum, steel, plastic, glass, glass fiber composite etc. It is typically desirable to have a small light weight mass-moving actuator, mass, casing and fastening means so that the device may be as unencumbering as possible. From here on, this embodiment of the invention will serve as the sample vibrotactile unit used in many of the subsequent figures. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates one fastening means for attaching the vibrotactile unit to a finger. In this example, the vibrotactile unit ( 300 ) is attached directly to the palmar side of the fingertip using a fastening means ( 301 ). The fastening means may be made of either flexible material, such as cloth, fabric, tape, VELCRO®. or a soft polymer, or it may be made of a rigid material such as a metal, hard polymer or wood, to name a few. The fastening means need not encircle the finger entirely, it may grab the finger by clamping or pinching, or by sticking to it such as with glue or tape. Also, if the user is wearing a glove, the vibrotactile unit may also be sewn onto the glove or bonded to it and need not be affixed directly to the hand. This will also be the case in the following figures which illustrate various ways to position the vibrotactile unit on the human body. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates another way of mounting the vibrotactile unit ( 400 ) onto the finger using a fastening means ( 401 ). In this case the unit is positioned directly above the fingernail on the dorsal side of the fingertip (the sensing body part) in order to provide a distinctive tactile sensation, or vibratory stimulus. The unit may vibrate the nail, the flesh underneath and the bone with sufficient amplitude that the sensation is felt throughout the finger, not just locally at the skin. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates another way of mounting the vibrotactile unit ( 500 ) onto the finger using a fastening means ( 501 ). In this case the unit is positioned on the dorsal side of the proximal phalanx. Since the unit gives sensation throughout the entire finger, touching virtual objects with the palmar side of the hand will still give sensations to that side even though it is mounted on the back. When used in conjunction with manipulating physical objects with the palmar side, the vibrational sensation on the palmar side is enhanced. These features are not limited to the proximal phalanx. Mounting to the dorsal side of any phalanx or limb will produce the same effect. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates another way of mounting the vibrotactile unit ( 600 ) onto the user using a fastening means ( 601 ). In this case the unit is positioned in the palm of the user&#39;s hand. If a glove (instrumented or not) is worn, then the unit may also be mounted inside or outside of the glove in a pocket-like cavity, and need not be explicitly affixed to the hand. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates another way of mounting the vibrotactile unit ( 700 ) onto the user using a fastening means ( 701 ). In this case the unit is positioned on the dorsal side of the metacarpus, or the back of the hand Again, if a glove (instrumented or not) is worn, then the unit may also be mounted inside or outside of the glove in a pocket-like cavity, and need not be explicitly affixed to the hand. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates another way of mounting the vibrotactile unit ( 800 ) onto the user using a fastening means ( 801 ). In this case the unit is positioned on the top of the user&#39;s foot. If a sock-like garment (instrumented or not) is worn, then the unit may also be mounted inside or outside of the garment in a pocket-like cavity, and need not be explicitly affixed to the foot. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates another way of mounting vibrotactile units ( 900 ) onto the user. In this example, the units are positioned on the user&#39;s head. If a hat-like garment (instrumented or not) is worn, then the units may also be mounted inside or outside of the suit in pocket-like cavities, and need not be explicitly affixed to the body. Examples of locations include, but are not limited to, the temples ( 900 ), the forehead ( 901 ), the top of the head ( 902 ) and the back of the head ( 903 ). 
       FIG. 10 a    illustrates another way of fastening vibrotactile units ( 1000 - 1012 ) onto the user. In these examples the units are positioned all over the front and the side of the user&#39;s body. If a body suit (instrumented or not) is worn, then the units may also be mounted inside or outside of the suit in pocket-like cavities, and need not be explicitly affixed to the body. By actuating a combination of actuators, the perception of the localization of the tactile sensation may be controlled. For example, if the actuators on the forearm ( 1007 ) and on the humerus ( 1005 ) actuate with equal intensity, the user may have the perception that there is a single source of sensation originating in-between the two. This may apply to any combination of vibrotactile units located anywhere on the body. This effect is also apparent when multiple vibrotactile units are activated in sequence. There is a perception that a single vibration has “moved” between the activating vibrotactile units. The vibrotactile units displayed in the figure show examples of a variety of candidate positions for attaching the units. Some of these positions include, but are not limited to, the forehead ( 1000 ), the shoulders ( 1001 ), the side of the arm ( 1003 ), the humerus ( 1005 ), the chest ( 1002 ), the nipples ( 1004 ), the abdomen ( 1006 ), the forearm ( 1007 ), the groin ( 1008 ), the hips ( 1009 ), the thighs ( 1010 ), the knees ( 1011 ) and the shins ( 1012 ). 
       FIG. 10 b    illustrates another way of fastening vibrotactile units ( 1020 - 1028 ) onto the user. In these examples the vibrotactile units are positioned all over the back of the user&#39;s body. If a body suit (instrumented or not) is worn, then the vibrotactile units may also be mounted inside or outside the body suit in pocket-like cavities, and need not be explicitly affixed to the body. The vibrotactile units displayed in the figure show examples of a variety of candidate positions for attaching the units to the body. Some of these positions include, but are not limited to, the back of the head ( 1020 ), the base of the neck ( 1021 ), between the shoulder blades ( 1022 ), the back of the humerus ( 1023 ), the back of the forearm ( 1025 ), the lower back ( 1024 ), the buttocks ( 1026 ), the back of the thighs ( 1027 ) and the calves ( 1028 ). The vibrotactile units in  FIG. 10 b    may be combined with those in  FIG. 10 a    as well. This plurality of vibrotactile units shows one way that complex tactile sensations may be generated with multiple vibrotactile units. 
       FIGS. 11 a  and 11 b    show a vibrotactile unit mounted in such a way that the fingertip may be stimulated without the unit getting in the way of manipulation with the fingers.  FIG. 11 a    shows a perspective view of the invention and  FIG. 11 b    shows a frontal view. A structure ( 1102 ), which may be opened or closed at the end, surrounds the fingertip. The fastening means is comprised of three parts: part one affixing the finger to the structure; part two affixing the vibrotactile unit to the structure; part three is the structure ( 1102 ). Part one of the fastening means ( 1103 ), which can be a flexible or rigid membrane, holds the finger against the structure on the palmar side of the fingertip. This part can be adjustable, fixed, flexible or stretchable. In part two, the vibrotactile unit ( 1100 ) is mounted atop the structure, away from the palmar side of the fingertip, using a means ( 1101 ) which can be a flexible or rigid membrane. In this manner, the vibrations from the vibrotactile unit may be transmitted through the structure directly to the palmar side of the finger to provide a greater stimulation of the nerves local to the palmar side. In another embodiment, the structure ( 1102 ) and the vibrotactile unit casing ( 1100 ) can be made of one part, thus eliminating the need for a part two of the fastening means ( 1101 ). 
       FIGS. 12 a  and 12 b    show the vibrotactile unit mounted such that the fingertip can be stimulated without the unit getting in the way of manipulation with the fingers.  FIG. 12 a    shows a perspective view of the invention and  FIG. 12 b    shows a side view. A structure ( 1202 ) is attached to the palmar side of the fingertip. The fastening means is comprised of three parts: part one, affixing the finger to the structure; part two, affixing the vibrotactile unit to the structure; part three which is the structure ( 1202 ). Part one ( 1203 ) may be a flexible or rigid membrane. This part may be adjustable, fixed, flexible or stretchable. In part two, the vibrotactile unit ( 1200 ) is mounted atop the structure, away from the palmar side of the fingertip, using a means ( 1201 ) which can be a flexible or rigid membrane. In another embodiment, the structure ( 1202 ) and the vibrotactile unit casing ( 1200 ) can be made of one part, thus eliminating the need for part two of the fastening means ( 1201 ). 
       FIG. 13  shows a vibrotactile unit and fastening means where no casing is required for the mass-moving actuator/mass assembly. A small rigid or semi-rigid structure ( 1302 ) elevates the vibrotactile unit above the fingertip in such a way that the finger cannot interfere with the rotation of the eccentric mass ( 1301 ) about the main axis of the shaft ( 1304 ) of the mass-moving motor ( 1300 ). The structure ( 1302 ) is attached to the fingertip using a strap ( 1303 ) which can be rigid or flexible and which can be either an integral or separate part of the structure. 
       FIG. 14  shows another vibrotactile unit and fastening means where no casing is required for the mass-moving actuator/mass assembly. A small rigid or semi-rigid structure ( 1404 ) elevates the vibrotactile unit above the middle phalanx in such a way that the finger cannot interfere with the rotation of the eccentric mass ( 1402 ) about the main axis of the shaft ( 1403 ) of the mass-moving actuator ( 1401 ). The structure ( 1404 ) is attached to the middle phalanx using a strap ( 1405 ) which can be rigid or flexible and which can be either an integral or separate part of the structure. 
       FIG. 15  shows yet another vibrotactile unit ( 1500 ) and fastening means such that the vibrotactile unit is connected to the fingertip via a form of spring ( 1501 ) in order to alter the amplitude and frequency of the perceived vibrations. A strap ( 1502 ) which can be a flexible or rigid membrane holds the spring against the fingertip. The spring changes the natural frequency of the vibrotactile unit. Alternatively, the vibrotactile unit/spring apparatus could be attached below the finger instead of above it. The spring may also be replaced by some form of actuator to again control the amplitude and frequency and/or to extend the range of amplitude and frequency. In addition a damper may be introduced in combination with the spring or actuation system to further control and/or extend the amplitude and frequency of the perceived vibrations. An electro-rheological fluid may be used in the damper to control the damping term in the mechanical system. 
       FIGS. 16 a , 16 b , 16 c , and 16 d    illustrate a modification to the way the eccentric mass is mounted to a shaft. The radius of the gyration K of the eccentric mass increases as the angular velocity of the shaft increases. The top three drawings ( FIGS. 16 a , 16 b , 16 c   ) illustrate the principle, where w 2 &gt;w 1 &gt;0, and the bottom perspective drawing ( FIG. 16 d   ) provides an implementation. In  FIG. 16 d   , a structure ( 1601 ) is attached the shaft ( 1602 ) of the mass-moving actuator ( 1600 ). The structure comprises a spring ( 1604 ) and mass ( 1603 ) assembly. At one end, the spring is attached to the inside of the structure and at the other end it is attached to the mass. The mass is free to move towards and away from the shaft inside a guide in the structure. The radius of gyration K is the distance between the center of gravity of the mass ( 1603 ) and the main axis of the mass-moving actuator shaft ( 1602 ). As the angular velocity of the shaft increases, the centrifugal forces felt by the mass increase, causing it to stretch the spring further and increase the radius of gyration. This apparatus minimizes the angular inertia of the device at start-up and then gradually increases the eccentricity of the mass so that larger vibrations can be obtained at higher angular velocities. This relieves the stress on the bearings that hold the shaft and reduces the larger initial torque required to initiate rotation (as opposed to the torque required to maintain rotation). Alternatively, the passive spring may be replaced by an active device which controls or sets the radius of gyration of the mass. The active device may comprise a shape memory alloy actuator or any other mechanism capable of controlling the position of the mass. 
       FIG. 17  shows how the electrical and mechanical signals propagate through the tactile feedback control system in a preferred embodiment of the invention. The embodiment shown employs a d.c. servo motor ( 1701 ) as the mass-moving actuator of a vibrotactile unit. A computer ( 1707 ), or other signal processing means, sends a digital value representing the desired actuation level control signal to the digital-to-analog convert, D/A ( 1703 ). The analog output of the D/A is then amplified by a variable gain amplifier ( 1704 ) to produce an analog voltage activation signal. This voltage is placed across the servo motor, driving the motor at a desired angular velocity. The voltage signal may alternately be converted to a current activation signal for driving the motor at a desired torque. Velocity damping of the servo control loop may be performed by tachometer feedback (not shown). The computer ( 1707 ), digital-to-analog converter ( 1703 ), analog-to-digital converter, A/D ( 1702 ), bus ( 1709 ) and variable gain amplifier ( 1704 ) may be elements of a signal processor. Digitized values from A/D ( 1702 ) from analog joint angle sensors ( 1705 ) provide the position information of the fingers (measured body parts) to the computer as a physical state signal. In a virtual environment application, the physical state signal may cause motion in a corresponding virtual hand. If one of the digits of the virtual hand is found to be intersecting a virtual object, the computer calculates the virtual force to be applied to the virtual digit using knowledge of the virtual object&#39;s shape and compliance. The computer then causes an activation signal to be sent to the vibrotactile units mounted on the user&#39;s fingers (sensing body part) to convey tactile information about that virtual force. Strain gage, fiber optic, potentiometric, or other angle sensors may be used as analog joint angle sensors ( 1705 ). Strain gage angle sensors are disclosed in the Kramer et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,047,952 and 5,280,265, which patents are incorporated herein by reference. 
       FIG. 18 a    and  FIG. 18 b    illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention. An instrumented glove ( 1820 ) such as the CyberGlove™ manufactured by Virtual Technologies of Palo Alto Calif., USA, has sensors ( 1807 - 1819 ) on it which measure the angles of the joints of the hand (the measured body parts). In the figures, the fingertips of the glove are open so that the user may handle physical objects while using the glove. This allows the user to feel the tactile sensations of real objects which may then be used in conjunction with tactile sensations generated from the subject invention. The vibrotactile units ( 1801 - 1806 ) are encased in cylindrical housings and fastened to the glove on each of the fingers ( 1801 - 1804 ), the thumb ( 1805 ) and on the palmar ( 1806 ) side of the hand. The vibrotactile units are composed of a d.c. motor (item  202  in  FIG. 2 ) with an eccentric mass (item  201  in  FIG. 2 ) mounted onto its shaft (item  204  in  FIG. 2 ). The casing is made of tubular plastic and serves to protect the motion of the mass from the user and protect the user from the rotating mass. 
       FIG. 19 a    shows a user wearing a sensing glove ( 1900 ) which can measure hand formations as well as the spatial placement of the hand. The sensing glove has vibrotactile units ( 1901 ) fastened to the fingers and to the back of the hand. The user receives visual feedback through a graphical representation of his hand on the computer monitor ( 1908 ). The computer ( 1904 ) receives the state signal (information about the spatial placement of the user&#39;s hand) through the sensors mounted on the glove via a glove sensor interface ( 1902 ). When the virtual graphical hand ( 1906 ) touches ( 1907 ) a virtual object ( 1905 ) on the monitor, the computer sends a control signal to the vibrotactile unit driver ( 1903 ) which then sends the activation signal to the vibrotactile units ( 1901 ). 
     In a similar setup,  FIG. 19 b    shows the same glove ( 1900 ) and computer interface remotely controlling a robotic arm ( 1911 ) instead of a graphic display. The robot has contact sensors on its gripper ( 1912 ) that detect when the robot touches physical objects ( 1913 ). The user controls the robot arm through the sensors on the glove which produce position readings of the fingers (measured body parts) which are sent to the glove interface device ( 1902 ) and then outputted to the computer ( 1904 ) which in turn sends the appropriate commands to the robot. Robot position and contact information ( 1910 ) is then fed back to the computer as the state signal. The computer interprets this signal and decides what kind of vibrational feedback should be sent to the vibrotactile unit ( 1901 ) (other vibrotactile units not shown) on the user via the vibrotactile unit driver ( 1903 ). Force or pressure sensors may be mounted on the gripper instead of contact sensors. The user then receives vibrational feedback of varying levels depending on the force or pressure on the object. This allows a teleoperator to perform tasks more efficiently and safely, especially in handling delicate objects that would break under certain grip forces. The user does not necessarily need to control the robot or the objects of contact in order to use the tactile feedback. The vibrotactile device may act simply to inform the user of contact with the object whether or not as a result of the user&#39;s actions. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates an embodiment in a virtual reality context where the measured body part ( 2003 ) is the foot, however, the vibrotactile unit ( 2001 ) is mounted on the finger which acts as the sensing body part ( 2002 ). The foot has a graphical object ( 2004 ) associated with it in the computer simulation. In this case, the graphical object looks like a foot as well. Motions of the foot are sent to the computer ( 2008 ) via the body sensor interface ( 2006 ) and are reflected on the computer monitor ( 2009 ). When the computer ( 2008 ) determines that the graphical foot ( 2004 ) contacts a virtual object ( 2010 ), the computer interprets this state signal and sends a control signal to the vibrotactile unit driver ( 2007 ) to activate the vibrotactile unit ( 2001 ) on the finger. This may be due to the user moving his foot so that the graphical foot contacts ( 2005 ) the virtual object, or the virtual object moving into the graphical foot independent of the user&#39;s actions. The user then needs to correlate the contact of the virtual object with the sensation at the fingertip. While this does not seem as natural as vibrating the foot as it makes contact, this illustrates the sensing body part separate from the measured body part. This is necessary if the measuring body part cannot coincide with the sensing body part, for example if the measured body part is the eye-ball or if the measured body part is on another user. 
       FIG. 21 a    and  FIG. 21 b    illustrate a glove ( 2101 ) which contains both position sensors and vibrotactile units ( 2100 ). The Virtual Technologies CyberGlove™ is an example of a glove with appropriate position sensors. The sensors measure the spacial placement of the hand and fingers. A computer uses gesture recognition software to determine if a pre-specified hand formation or motion has been gesticulated. In  FIG. 21 a   , the vibrotactile unit signals the user that a particular static pose has been detected. A different vibrotactile sensation can be generated in response to a recognized moving hand or arm gesture that includes dynamic motions ( FIG. 21 b   ). This may also be useful in training the gesture recognition software for the gestures to be recognized. In training the software, a user must repeatedly make the same gesture to obtain some sort of average position since humans cannot repeat gestures exactly. With the vibrotactile feedback, the user may be trained to better repeat his gestures while at the same time training the recognition software to recognize his gestures. Better repetition of the gestures reduces the statistical distribution of the sensor readings for a given hand gesture which in turn may improve the performance of the recognition system. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates vibrotactile units in a musical application. The units are attached to a body suit or mounted directly onto the user&#39;s clothing. Different regions on the body ( 2200 - 2210 ), which contain groupings of vibrotactile units ( 2211 ), may correspond to different musical instruments in an orchestra and serve to enhance the musical experience. For example, music produced by a cello produces proportional vibrations on the user&#39;s thigh ( 2204 ) through the vibrotactile units located in that body region. Similarly, the drums induce vibrations in the units that stimulate the chest area ( 2201 ) and so on. Sections of the body containing multiple vibrotactile units corresponding to one instrument type may have individual vibrotactile units corresponding to individual instruments. For example, the cello section of the body is shown to have the first chair cello on the upper thigh, and the second chair cello on the lower thigh. The user may either be a passive listener “feeling” the instruments as well, or he may be an active participant in creating the music, receiving the vibrotactile sensations as feedback. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates an entertainment application. In this case an array of vibrotactile units simulates water flow or wind. In this illustration a user is lying on a couch ( 2300 ) and is immersed in a virtual beach scene and sees the beach through a head-mounted display ( 2302 ). The user hears ocean sounds through head-mounted earphones ( 2301 ) and feels warmth from the sun through heat lamps ( 2303 ). The user then feels wind simulated by the vibrotactile units as they are pulsed in sequence creating “waves” of sensation. For example, the wind could flow from head to toes by alternatively pulsing the vibrotactile units starting with the ones on the head ( 2304 ) and ending with the ones on the toes ( 2305 ). Similarly, water is felt as pulsed waves (although perhaps of larger amplitude), as the user swims through the virtual water. In this fashion, the user may be relaxed or entertained. 
       FIG. 24 a    and  FIG. 24 b    illustrate a medical application where, for example, a user has injured a knee. A vibrotactile unit ( 2401 ) is used in conjunction with bend sensors ( 2400 ) mounted on the knee during physical therapy sessions as shown in  FIG. 24 a   . The vibrotactile unit notifies the user when the knee is exercised appropriately and alerts the user if the knee is flexed further than a safe limit prescribed by a doctor and thus improve recovery as is illustrated in  FIG. 24 b   . Furthermore, the vibrotactile units, in conjunction with other sensors, may be used in any biofeedback application. 
       FIGS. 25 a , 25 b  and 25 c    illustrate an approach for decoupling the amplitude and frequency components of the vibrations generated by an eccentric mass-based vibrotactile unit. In this embodiment, the vibrotactile unit comprises a rotary electric motor ( 2501 ), a mass mounted eccentrically ( 2500 ), a sensor ( 2503 ) mounted on the shaft ( 2502 ) to determine the angular position of the shaft and a closed-loop control system. Any other control law may be used that achieves a single rotation of the shaft. One example is shown in  FIG. 25 a   . The vertical axis of the graph represents a normalized current, the horizontal axis represents the rotation of the axis in radians. This corresponds to the following non-linear control law:
   I= 1, (δ≧θ&gt;π)
 
 I=− 1, (π≧θ&gt;2π−δ)
 
 I= 0, (−δ&gt;θ&gt;δ)
 
     With the initial conditions set so that the velocity is zero and rotational position of the mass, θ, (in radians) is equal to a small value, δ, ( FIG. 25 b   ) sending current, I, to the motor in this manner would cause the mass to accelerate for half of a full rotation, up to θ+δ ( FIG. 25 c   ), and decelerate for the other half of the rotation coming to a stop between the −δ and +δ position in the ideal case. The actual position of the −δ and the +δ position may have to vary depending on the bandwidth of the control loop and the friction and damping of the system. The magnitude of vibration or impulse is set by the amplitude of the current, the frequency is set by repeating the above control at the desired frequency. A simple feedback control loop (PID for example) could ensure the initial conditions are correct before each pulse. The details of this are common knowledge to those skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 26 a    is a perspective drawing and  FIG. 26 b    is a side view of a vibrotactile unit with controllable eccentricity. A structure, such as a slip-disk ( 2602 ), is mounted on the shaft ( 2601 ) and is free to slide back and forth along the shaft. The slip-disk is attached to a linkage ( 2605 ) which connects it to the eccentric mass ( 2604 ). A positioning device ( 2603 ) controls the position of the slip-disk on the shaft, which in turn affects the position of the mass (via the linkage) and thus its eccentricity.  FIG. 26 c    is an alternative transmission method that can be used to control the eccentricity of the mass. In  FIG. 26 c   , the transmission comprises element ( 2606 ), which may be a flexible membrane or fluid inside a hollow shaft ( 2601 ) that is connected to the eccentric mass ( 2604 ) at one end and the sliding slip-disk ( 2602 ) at the other. Again, controlling the position of the disk along the shaft using the positioning device ( 2603 ) affects the eccentricity of the mass. Element  2606  may also be a fluid and  2604  a hollow container. As the fluid is forced through the tube ( 2601 ) by the slip-disk ( 2602 ), or by some other pressure generating means, the container ( 2604 ) is filled with the fluid, thus, increasing the effective radius of gyration of the center of mass of the fluid. By increasing the radius of gyration, by whichever means, it is possible to independently control the amplitude and frequency of vibration of the vibrotactile unit. 
       FIG. 27  provides an exemplary block diagram of the components and functional relationship between the components comprising the vibrotactile device when used in an application. Although some components are shown interrelated with a unidirectional arrow, the arrows may be bidirectional to provide bidirectional flow of information. Additional arrows may be added between blocks to provide for communication between components. An application may include presenting vibrotactile sensation to a body part of a user, where the vibrotactile sensation is associated with a virtual environment simulation (virtual simulation) and/or the physical state of a body (physical simulation), which may be the user&#39;s body, or another person&#39;s body. One or more virtual simulations may co-exist with one or more physical simulations, and may be combined with further types of simulations to yield a vibrotactile sensation. 
     The exemplary virtual simulation ( 2722 ) of  FIG. 27  comprises a computer ( 2706 ) with computer monitor ( 2709 ). To produce the virtual simulation, the computer typically generates, processes, executes or runs a computer simulation ( 2705 ) which is typically in the form of a computer software program. In the exemplary virtual simulation, the computer produces a graphical display of a virtual measured body part on the monitor, where the body part is shown to be a fingertip ( 2707 ) on a virtual hand ( 2708 ). The virtual simulation may internally generate an internal state with a variety of state variables which comprise a virtual state signal ( 2703 ) to provide to a signal processor ( 2700 ). Exemplary virtual state variables include position, velocity, acceleration, mass, compliance, size, applying force or torque, composition, temperature, moisture, smell, taste and other dynamical, structural, physical, electrical metabolical, moodal, cognitive, biological and chemical properties of various portions internal to, and on the surface of, a virtual measured body part. States variables may also denote functions of state variables, such as contact of various parts of the virtual hand. 
       FIG. 27  also provides an exemplary physical simulation ( 2723 ) comprising a state sensor ( 2718 ) and a physical measured body part ( 2717 ). In this example, the physical measured body part is depicted as a fingertip ( 2717 ) on a physical hand ( 2716 ). The state sensor measures the physical state ( 2719 ) of the physical measured body part and produces a physical state signal ( 2720 ) to provide to the signal processor ( 2700 ). The physical state signal ( 2720 ) is optionally provided to the computer ( 2706 ) and/or computer simulation ( 2705 ) of a virtual simulation ( 2722 ). Exemplary physical state variables include position, velocity, acceleration, mass, compliance, size, applying force or torque, composition, temperature, moisture, smell, taste and other dynamical, structural, physical, electrical, metabolical, moodal, cognitive, biological and chemical properties of various portions internal to, and on the surface of, a physical measured body part. States variables may also denote functions of state variables, such as contact of various parts of the physical hand. 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , for both the virtual simulation and the physical simulation, the signal processor ( 2700 ) receives a state signal and produces an activating signal ( 2704 ). For the virtual simulation, the state signal is the virtual state signal ( 2703 ); for the physical simulation, the state signal is the physical state signal ( 2720 ). When the application comprises both a virtual simulation and a physical simulation, both a virtual state signal and a physical state signal may be presented to the signal processor. 
     The signal processor may employ a digital or analog computer ( 2701 ) to interpret one or more input state signals (e.g., a virtual or physical state signal) and produce a control signal ( 2721 ) which becomes the input signal to a driver ( 2702 ). Using the control signal, the driver produces the activating signal ( 2704 ). When the computer is absent from the signal processor, the driver determines the activating signal from the state signal or signals. Whether or not the computer is present in the signal processor, the activating signal is provided in a form for use by the mass-moving actuator ( 2710 ). For example, the driver may comprise a motion control module, an operational amplifier, a transistor, a fluidic valve, a pump, a governor, carburetor, and the like. In the case where the mass-moving actuator is an electric motor, the activating signal may be a voltage or current with sufficient electrical power or current drive to cause the motor to turn. 
     In  FIG. 27 , the mass-moving actuator ( 2710 ) is shown to be an electric motor which turns a shaft ( 2712 ) and an eccentric mass ( 2711 ). As the mass is rotated, the entire assembly of  2710 ,  2711  and  2712  vibrates, producing vibrations ( 2713 ). Such vibrations are transmitted to a sensing body part of a user who perceives a tactile sensation. In the figure, the sensing body part is exemplified as the fingertip ( 2715 ) of a hand ( 2714 ). 
     An exemplary application which comprises a virtual simulation and a physical simulation is summarized as follows: 
     A fingertip of a physical hand corresponds to both the sensing body part ( 2715 ) and the physical measured body part ( 2717 ). An instrumented glove, optionally comprising a joint angle sensor and spatial position sensor, produces a physical state signal ( 2720 ) corresponding to the position of the physical fingertip. The fingertip position is provided via a wire (e.g., electrical or optical), computer bus or other electrical or optical connecting means to a computer ( 2706 ) running a computer simulation ( 2705 ) in software. The fingertip position is often provided in the form of digital values, typically as joint angles and/or values corresponding to the six possible spatial degrees of freedom. The fingertip position may also be in the form of an analog voltage. 
     The computer simulation uses the physical state signal ( 2720 ) corresponding to the physical fingertip position ( 2719 ) to simulate the position and motion of a virtual hand ( 2708 ) and fingertip ( 2707 ). The computer simulation displays the virtual hand on a computer monitor ( 2709 ), in addition to displaying a second virtual object whose attributes may correspond to a second physical measured object, such as a block, ball, car interior, engineering part, or other object. The computer monitor may be a desk-top monitor, head-mounted monitor, projection monitor, holographic monitor, or any other computer generated display means. The second physical measured object may also be a body part of the user or a second user. 
     When the user moves his hand, producing a movement of the virtual hand, the computer simulation detects a level of virtual contact between the virtual fingertip ( 2707 ) and the second virtual object. The computer simulation then produces a virtual state signal ( 2703 ) where one state variable denotes the level (e.g., amount of force) of the virtual contact of the virtual fingertip. The virtual state signal is transmitted to the signal processor ( 2721 ) via a wire (e.g., electrical or optical), computer bus or other electrical or optical connecting means. The signal processor may exist in the computer ( 2706 ), in which case the virtual state signal is typically transmitted via the computer bus. When the signal processor exists in a separate enclosure from the computer, the virtual state signal is typically transmitted via a wire. 
     The signal processor may convert the state variable level of virtual contact into an activating signal voltage proportional to the level of virtual contact force using a digital-to-analog converter followed by an operational amplifier. The voltage is presented to the mass-moving actuator ( 2710 ) typically by a wire (e.g., electrical or optical) or other electrical or optical connecting means. The mass-moving actuator may be a variable speed electric motor which spins eccentric mass ( 2711 ) on its shaft ( 2712 ). The electric motor with eccentric mass are housed in a plastic housing or casing which is affixed to the dorsal portion of the instrumented glove surrounding the fingertip, which fingertip corresponds to both the physical measured body part and the sensing body part. The affixing is typically done with straps, sewing, gluing and the like. As the eccentric mass rotates, the electric motor, mass, casing and sensing body part all vibrate, typically at a common frequency. Ideally, there is little vibrational attenuation between the mass and the sensing body part such that as the eccentric mass rotates, the electric motor, mass, casing and sensing body part all vibrate with the same amplitude. 
     In the application just described, the user may perceive a cause-and-effect relationship between motion of his fingertip and the level of vibration he feels. Thus, the position, compliance, mass, shape and other attributes of a virtual object may be detected by movement of the user&#39;s fingertip, or by movement of the virtual object, inducing various vibrotactile responses. The vibrotactile device of the subject invention promotes a sensation of immersion in a virtual environment where the user is able to interact with virtual objects as if he were interacting with physical objects in a physical environment. 
     Any publication or patent described in the specification is hereby included by reference as if completely set forth in the specification. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the description is illustrative of the invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. Thus, various modifications and amplifications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.