Abstract:
Apparatus enabling modular implementation of active optical cable (AOC) with multiple integrated functions including: integration of different types of data on the AOC via media conversion; distribution of electrical power over the AOC; electrical multiplexing data channels for optical fibers; integration of voltage regulators enabling AOC operation at different supply voltages; integration of voltage regulators to provide stable, low noise power source; ruggedized, blind-mateable electrical connectors; integration of electronics and optoelectronics inside a connector backshell; implementation of health monitoring and test channel enabling monitoring, test, and control of both ends of the AOC and monitoring and control of upstream systems and components; and enabling a form, fit, function replacement of existing electrical cables to improve SWaP, electromagnetic interference resiliency, length-bandwidth product, electromagnetic pulse resistance, signal integrity, system reliability, testability and maintenance. AOCs are customized for different connectors, pin-outs, electrical data combinations, power distribution and power supplies with minimal redesign/requalification.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/747,295 entitled “Apparatus for Modular Implementation of Multi-Function Active Optical Cables” filed Dec. 29, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/747,349 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Modular Design, Manufacturing and Implementation of Multi-Function Active Optical Cables” filed Dec. 30, 2012. Both of the above-referenced provisional applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to electrical and/or optical cables. More specifically, the present invention relates to active optical cables, particularly for use in aerospace, military, and/or industrial applications in harsh environments. 
     Most interconnects in harsh environments, particularly for aerospace, military, and/or industrial applications, may be implemented using electrical cables. Using electrical cables may have significant advantages, including: the ability to use ruggedized, blind-mateable electrical connectors such as the 38999; flexibility in integrating different types of data; the ability to distribute electrical power; and/or the ability to operate in harsh environments including those with extended temperature ranges and/or high levels of contamination. However, the use of electrical cables for these interconnects also may have disadvantages, including: susceptibility to electromagnetic interference; large cable size and/or weight; and/or limited ability to upgrade to higher bandwidths and/or longer transmission distances. 
     In principle, optical data transmission may address these disadvantages. However, existing optical interconnect solutions have fallen drastically short of providing a viable solution for interconnects in these applications and/or environments. The vast majority of optical interconnects may be implemented to enable high bandwidth data transmission over relatively large distances that may be difficult and/or impossible to achieve with electrical interconnects. Although the protocols used may vary, the electrical format of the data may typically be a differential signal input such as a low-voltage differential signal (LVDS) or current mode logic (CML). An example of this type of optical interconnect is the QSFP active optical cable (see http://rhu004.sma-promail.com/SQLImages/kelmscott/Molex/PDF_Images/987650-5361.pdf). 
     The QSFP active optical cable may be a board edge pluggable product that provides four optical channels with bandwidths up to 10 Gbps, primarily for commercial datacom applications. However, the QSFP active optical cable may have a number of drawbacks and/or limitations. For example, the QSFP active optical cable only works with differential signal inputs. Further, the QSFP active optical cable does not enable electrical power distribution. Also, the electrical connection and/or package used in the QSFP active optical cable may not be ruggedized for harsh environments. 
     A small number of other data types have been implemented using optical interconnects such as digital visual interface (DVI) (see http://www.dvigear.com/fiopca.html) and/or 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet (see http://protokraft.com/products/media-converters/d38999-33vdc.html). However, no solutions exist for the integration of multiple data types with a variety of different electrical formats and/or bandwidths. In addition, none of these products enable the distribution of electrical power with a flexible voltage and/or current. Further, none of these products may operate over a wide range of noisy supply voltages. While products such as the DVI active optical cable integrate the electronics and/or optoelectronics into the DVI connector and/or eliminate optical connectors in the interconnect, these products may not be ruggedized for harsh environments and/or lack significant health monitoring capabilities. Products such as the 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet optical module may be integrated into a ruggedized connector, but fail to provide a ruggedized, blind-mateable electrical connector. Further, the 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet uses an optical connection in the ruggedized connector that severely limits its suitability to harsh environments and/or makes field maintenance very difficult, if not impossible. In addition, the DVI active optical cable and/or the 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet, as well as other similar related products have no health monitoring and/or built-in test capabilities. 
     Although optical interconnects may be incorporated in limited situations in applications such as aerospace, military, and/or industrial markets, these applications tend to be for high-bandwidth interconnects in relatively controlled environments free from significant levels of contamination and not requiring field maintenance. While a much larger section of the interconnect market in these applications could greatly benefit from some of the inherent advantages of optical interconnects, they require solutions that may be drastically different from existing products in both form and/or function. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To this end, an embodiment of an active optical cable apparatus is provided. The apparatus may have a cable having one or more optical fibers and zero or more electrical conductors. The apparatus may have an optoelectronic module at each end of the cable. The optoelectronic module may have an electrical connector; one or more boards; electrical connections from the electrical connector to the boards; optical and/or electrical connections from the cable to the boards; and an enclosure containing the boards and/or the optical and/or electrical connections. The boards may have an optical engine and/or interface electronics for interfacing between electrical data at the electrical connector and/or the electronics for driving the optical emitters and/or receiving signals from the photodetectors; power regulation electronics; and/or control electronics. The optical engine may have zero or more optical emitters; zero or more photodetectors; zero or more monitor photodetectors; electronics for driving the optical emitters; electronics for receiving signals from the photodetectors; optics for coupling light into the optical fibers from the optical emitters; and/or optics for coupling light from the optical fibers to the photodetectors. 
     The apparatus may achieve one or more of the following functions: optical transmission of two or more types of data over independent optical channels; health and/or status monitoring, built-in test, and/or firmware upgrades for both ends of the active optical cable that may be accessed from either end of the active optical cable; transmission of electrical power over the active optical cable and the use of this electrical power for the modules at both ends of the active optical cable where voltage regulation and/or filtering may be implemented; simultaneous transmission of electrical power, optical data, and/or electrical data over the active optical cable; and/or simultaneous optical transmission of both data and/or power over the active optical cable. In an embodiment, the optical fibers in the cable may be multimode optical fibers, single-mode optical fibers, multi-core fibers, or multimode fibers and single-mode fibers. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical conductors in the cable may be twisted pairs, coaxial cables, individual conductors, and/or multi-conductor cable assemblies. In an embodiment, the electrical conductors in the cable may transmit data and/or may distribute power. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical conductors in the cable may be configured with a diameter sufficient to carry the required electrical power over the length of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical conductors in the cable may have shielding. 
     In an embodiment, the cable may have a jacketing material. 
     In an embodiment, the cable may have one or more strength members. 
     In an embodiment, the cable may have a flexible conduit. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connector may be one of the following: a ruggedized connector, a blind-mateable connector, a MIL-DTL-38999 type connector and/or a D-sub type connector. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connector may be designed for immersion in water when mated. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connector may have different size pins to accommodate different current requirements. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connector may have coaxial pins for high-speed data transmission. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connector may have filters on the pins for noise and/or electromagnetic interference reduction. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connector may be hermetically sealed. 
     In an embodiment, the boards may be printed circuit boards, ceramic boards and/or a flex circuit. 
     In an embodiment, the optical emitters may be vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). 
     In an embodiment, the VCSELs may be top-emitting VCSELs and/or bottom-emitting VCSELs. 
     In an embodiment, the optical emitters may be light-emitting diodes (LEDs), Fabry-Perot lasers, Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers and/or high-power lasers used for power distribution to the other end of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the optical emitters may have high linearity for analog data transmission. 
     In an embodiment, the optical emitters may be integrated using flip-chip bonding and/or die placement and wire bonding. 
     In an embodiment, the photodetectors may be p-i-n photodetectors, metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors, avalanche photodetectors, traveling wave photodetectors, and/or resonant cavity photodetectors integrated using flip-chip bonding, die placement and wire bonding, and/or TO-cans. 
     In an embodiment, the optical emitters and/or the monitor photodetectors may be integrated into TO-cans. 
     In an embodiment, the optical emitters and/or the photodetectors may be integrated on a submount and/or an optical bench. 
     In an embodiment, the optical bench may have integrated monitor photodetectors. 
     In an embodiment, the electronics for driving the light emitters may have a laser diode driver (LDD). 
     In an embodiment, the light emitters may be directly modulated and/or modulated using an electro-absorption modulator. 
     In an embodiment, the electronics for receiving signals from the photodetectors may have a transimpedance amplifier and/or a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) followed by a limiting amplifier (LA). 
     In an embodiment, the optics for coupling light into the optical fibers from the optical emitters may have an LC ferrule with a lens. 
     In an embodiment, the optics for coupling light from the optical fibers to the photodetectors may have an LC ferrule with a lens. 
     In an embodiment, the optics for coupling light into the optical fibers from the optical emitters and/or the optics for coupling light from the optical fibers to the photodetectors may have an optical block. 
     In an embodiment, the optical block may have a turning mirror. 
     In an embodiment, the optical block may have lenses for coupling the light into and/or out of optical fibers. 
     In an embodiment, the optical block may be injection molded and designed to interface with a fiber ribbon, individual fibers, and/or terminated with optical fibers. 
     In an embodiment, the optical fibers may be terminated on one end with the optical block and/or on the other end by a MT type ferrule and/or connector. 
     In an embodiment, the interface electronics interfaces with 10/100/1000 BaseT Tx Ethernet, transistor-transistor-logic (TTL), CMOS logic, electrical interlocks, low latency control signals, analog sensors, analog servos, analog actuators, analog commutation devices, RS-422, RS-485, RS-232, MIL-STD-1553, ARINC-429, an I2C two wire interface, CAN Bus, FireWire, USB, serial digital interface (SDI), CameraLink, digital visual interface (DVI), HDMI, FibreChannel, Serial RapidIO and/or electrical motor controls. 
     In an embodiment, the interface electronics may have a SERDES (serializer/deserializer). 
     In an embodiment, the SERDES may reduce the number of optical channels. 
     In an embodiment, the SERDES may be implemented using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or commercial off-the-shelf SERDES. 
     In an embodiment, the SERDES is used to multiplex and/or demultiplex electrical signals. 
     In an embodiment, the interface electronics may be modular and/or interchangeable to implement interfaces with different electrical data types without changing other parts of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may support operation over a range of voltages significantly exceeding typical variations (±10%) for a voltage supply. 
     In an embodiment, the operation over a range of voltages may enable an active optical cable to operate with different voltage supplies. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may implement power isolation. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may have passive filtering. 
     In an embodiment, the passive filtering may reduce noise and/or reduce voltage ripple. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may have a voltage regulator. 
     In an embodiment, the voltage regulator may reduce noise and/or voltage ripple. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may have passive filtering and/or a voltage regulator. 
     In an embodiment, the passive filtering and/or the voltage regulator may reduce noise and/or voltage ripple. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may provide power to the optoelectronic modules and/or may provide power to the optoelectronic modules at more than one voltage level. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may provide power to interface electronics at more than one voltage level. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may have one or more electrical paths to one or more electrical conductors on the cable. 
     In an embodiment, the power regulation electronics may enable power distribution across the cable, provide power for components outside the active optical cable, filter power for components outside the active optical cable, regulate power for components outside the active optical cable and/or provide power for components outside the active optical cable at more than one voltage level. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may implement temperature compensation. 
     In an embodiment, the temperature compensation may adjust the optical emitter bias current, the optical emitter modulation current and/or the optical emitter current peaking. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may monitor the optical power emitted by the optical emitters using the photocurrent from the monitor photodetectors and/or the optical power received by the photodetectors using the photocurrent from the monitor photodetectors. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may adjust the voltage supplied to the interface electronics, the voltage supplied to the electronics for driving the optical emitters, the voltage supplied to the electronics for receiving signals from the photodetectors and/or the voltage supplied to the control electronics. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may establish a data link between the optoelectronic modules on each end of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the data link may be established electrically and/or optically. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may enable firmware upgrades to the optoelectronic modules on either end of the active optical cable from the electrical connector on either end of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may implement built-in test functionality. 
     In an embodiment, the built-in test functionality may detect degradation in components in the optoelectronic modules and/or degradation in the optical emitters. 
     In an embodiment, the degradation in the optical emitters may be detected using the monitor photodetectors. 
     In an embodiment, the degradation in the optical receiver of an optical link may be detected using the monitor photodetectors for the optical emitter and/or the photodetector for that optical link. 
     In an embodiment, the built-in test functionality may implement optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). 
     In an embodiment, the built-in test functionality may have the ability to transmit data generated in the active optical cable to verify correct operation of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may implement health and/or status monitoring. 
     In an embodiment, the health monitoring and/or status monitoring may report temperatures in the optoelectronic modules, incoming supply voltage levels, flags for voltage ranges outside tolerances, optical emitter degradation, health information and/or status information from the interface electronics and/or information about cable health. 
     In an embodiment, the cable health may be breaks in the optical fibers. 
     In an embodiment, the location of the break may be reported. 
     In an embodiment, the health and/or status monitoring may report optical channels that may be non-functional and/or functional but degraded to a level requiring replacement of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the health and/or status monitoring may report health information for components and/or systems not part of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the component that is not part of the active optical cable may be a servo. 
     In an embodiment, the current drawn by the servo may be monitored and/or reported. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may route data to an alternative optical channel when the primary channel may be degraded and/or non-functional to improve reliability of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, data may be routed over more than one optical channel simultaneously to improve reliability of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may communicate outside the active optical cable via communication through pins in the electrical connector. 
     In an embodiment, the control electronics may communicate using a two-wire interface, I 2 C, and/or communication protocols requiring more than two wires. 
     In an embodiment, the communication may be performed with electrical systems on either end of the active optical cable, test equipment connected to either end of the active optical cable, equipment used to update firmware in the active optical cable and/or test equipment used in development and/or manufacturing. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connections from the electrical connector to the boards may be made using flex circuits, a board edge connector, cable-to-board connector, soldered connections, and/or an electrical board connector. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connections from the electrical connector to the boards may be made using more than one set of the electrical connections going to more than one board. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connections from the electrical connector to the boards may accommodate different pin-outs without requiring a change in the boards. 
     In an embodiment, the optical and/or electrical connections from the cable to the boards may be made using optical connectors and/or electrical connectors. 
     In an embodiment, the optical connectors may be LC type connectors and/or MT type connectors. 
     In an embodiment, the electrical connectors may be micro D-sub type connectors. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may protect the boards and/or the optical and/or electrical connections from environmental contamination. The environmental contamination may be dust, humidity, salt, fuel, diesel fuel, gasoline, jet fuel, ice, water, solvents, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, hydraulic fluid, and/or deicing fluid. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may protect the boards and/or the optical and/or electrical connections from electromagnetic interference. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may be conductive and/or grounded. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may have a backshell. The backshell may be metal, plastic and/or injection molded plastic. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may have an overmolding. The overmolding may be plastic, rubber and/or PVC. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may have a combination of a backshell and/or an overmolding, a backshell and/or a strain relief boot and/or a strain relief boot for the cable. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure includes a connection for a strength member in the cable. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may connect for a frame for mounting the boards. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may ruggedize the optoelectronic modules at each end of the active optical cable. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosure may be hermetically sealed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein illustrating electronics and/or optoelectronics for modular implementation of electrical-to-optical and/or optical-to-electrical conversion for several representative data types. The block diagram also illustrates electrical power distribution, electrical signal distribution, voltage regulation, and a health monitoring and/or test channel. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of one end of an active optical cable in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein illustrating a hybrid cable assembly with optical fibers and/or electrical conductors for power and/or signal distribution, connections of the cable assembly to a printed circuit board (PCB), and/or a ruggedized electrical connector to PCB connections. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     An apparatus for a modular implementation of multi-function active optical cables, particularly for harsh environment applications is provided. The apparatus may be implemented in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein in a modular building block embodiment as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In particular,  FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a module at one end of an active optical cable apparatus  10  in which multiple electrical data streams  20  may be converted into optical data streams  30  and vice versa. Modular functionality blocks are illustrated in  FIG. 1  for simplicity. For example, an electrical interface engine  40  and optical interface engine  60  are shown. The electrical interface engine  40  may have electrical media convertors  50 , SERDES  55 , microcontrollers (MCU)  100 , and voltage regulators and isolation  140 . The optical interface engine  60  may have laser diode drivers (LDD) and transimpedance amplifiers  70 , optical benches, VCSELs, and PIN photodetectors  80 , and microcontrollers (MCU)  90 . Health monitoring and built-in test channels may be implemented via communication  110  from the optical engine MCU  90  and communication  120  from the electrical interface engine MCU  100  with communication  130  outside the module at one end of the active optical cable  10  using pins in the ruggedized electrical connector  170 . The module at one end of the active optical cable apparatus  10  may have power distribution  150  through the cable and electrical signal distribution  160  through the cable. Optical signal data streams  30 , electrical signals  160 , and electrical power  150  are connected to the hybrid cable  180 . 
     As shown on the left side of  FIG. 1 , electrical data streams  20  may be inputs and/or outputs. The electrical data streams  20  may be converted from their native state into serial data streams. For example, 10/100/1000 BaseT Tx Ethernet may be converted to and/or from a serial differential signal data stream using the media convertors  50  that may interface with a standard laser diode driver (LDD) and/or transimpedance amplifier (TIA) circuits  70 . Other data types such as serial digital interface (SDI) and/or CameraLink video data may also be converted to and/or from a serial differential signal data stream to interface with the LDD and/or TIA circuits  70 . Although for operation in many harsh environments it may be desirable to keep the data rates as low as possible, moderately high-speed data types (˜10 Mbps to 5 Gbps) may be multiplexed and/or demultiplexed using the SERDES  55  into one or more higher speed serial data streams to reduce the number of optical channels. Including the SERDES  55  (multiplexing and/or demultiplexing) functionality block may be a design decision based on the unique requirements of the active optical cable. Such moderately high data rate inputs may all be converted to a common interface thereby allowing different interface blocks to be interchanged with minimal change to the overall board design. 
     As shown on the left side of  FIG. 1 , low data rate signals, such as transistor-transistor logic (TTL) and/or RS-422 may also be converted using the media convertors  50  to serial data streams with a common, interchangeable format, in this case TTL. To reduce the number of optical channels, the low speed signals may preferably be multiplexed and/or demultiplexed. The inputs and/or outputs of this building block may be differential signals that may interface with the LDD and/or the TIA circuits  70 . 
     The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1  may be used to convert a wide variety of data types, each having their own modular media interface electronics. Examples of data types that may be supported may be low-speed analog sensor and/or servo signals where the interface electronics may include analog-to-digital (A/D) and/or digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion. Other examples may be serial differential signal data types such as 10G Ethernet, Serial RapidIO, and/or FibreChannel, as well as data types with different electrical formats, such as FireWire and/or USB, for example. In addition, many low-speed data types such as MIL-STD-1553, ARINC-429, RS-232, RS-485, pulse-width modulation (PWM), and/or interlocks may be supported using this approach. 
     On the right side of  FIG. 1 , the optical interface engine  60  is shown. The optical interface engine  60  may have an optical bench (OB) with VCSELs and pin photodetectors  80 . In an embodiment, the optical bench  80  may be a GaAs optical bench with lasers, preferably VCSELs  80 , for transmitting the optical signals, as well as pin photodetectors  80  for receiving the optical signals. The VCSELs may be driven by the LDD circuits  70  and/or the pin photodetectors interface with the TIA circuits  70 . Depending on the data rates present in a given active optical cable, different data rate LDD and/or TIA circuits  70  may be used, as well as different data rate VCSELs and/or pin photodetectors  80 . Again, the design may be modular so that these different components may be interchanged in the optical interface engine  60  with minimal changes to the design. 
     In an embodiment, the optical outputs from the VCSELs and/or the incoming optical signals received by the pin photodetectors may be directly monitored with monitor photodetectors to enable control of the optical interface engine  50  over temperature and/or for use in health monitoring. In an embodiment, an optical block with optics couples the light into and/or out of an array of fibers. This short array of fibers may be terminated in an optical connector mounted on the board. The design of the monitoring photodetectors and/or optical block may also be modular to allow any combination of VCSELs and/or photodetectors to be used. 
     In an embodiment, a microcontroller (MCU)  90  in the optical interface engine  50  may be used to monitor temperature and/or transmitted optical powers, enabling the VCSEL bias and/or modulation currents to be optimized over a wide temperature range and/or to compensate for aging and/or other degradation. Since the received optical powers may also be monitored, this information may be transmitted over the health monitoring communication channel  110  shown in  FIG. 1 , enabling the transmitted power to be adjusted to compensate for changes in the optical coupling and/or fiber cable assembly. In addition, the media convertor electronics  50  and the SERDES  55  may also report the status of components and/or systems that the active optical cable may be interconnecting and/or controlling via the communication channel  120  from the electrical interface engine MCU  100 . One example of this may be monitoring the current being drawn by a servo to determine when replacement may be necessary. This comprehensive health information may be compiled by one or more MCUs, both for the active optical cable itself as well as upstream components. The health information may be transmitted optically or electrically to both ends of the active optical cable and/or may be accessible outside the cable via pins on the electrical connector and the communication channel  130  which may be implemented using an I2C interface. This external interface with the health monitoring channel may be used for health monitoring as well as built-in test functionality, maintenance functions such as determining parts that need replaced before they fail, and/or upgrading the firmware of the cable. 
     A voltage regulator  140  illustrated in  FIG. 1  may enable the active optical cable to operate on a wide variety of supply voltages, such as 5V, 12V, 24V, and/or 28V. Since the voltage regulator  140  may be used in addition to standard noise filtering, the active optical cable may tolerate larger voltage variations, larger voltage ripple, and/or higher noise than other optical modules. Such capabilities may be important for operation in harsh environment applications where high levels of EMI and/or other noise sources may often be present. As shown in  FIG. 1 , some of the incoming power may be tapped off for use in the module on one end of the active optical cable and/or the rest of the power may be passed through the module and/or transmitted over the cable assembly to the other end. This power may be used to power the other end of the module as well as upstream components and/or systems. Depending of the requirements, the voltage regulator  140  may also be used to regulate the voltage supply for upstream requirements and may include electronics for power isolation. Using the voltage regulator  140  that may accept a wide variety of incoming voltage levels may allow the design of the active optical cable to be modular. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic of an embodiment of one end of an active optical cable apparatus  10  in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein illustrating a hybrid cable assembly  180  with optical fibers and/or electrical conductors for power and/or electrical signals. The end of the active optical apparatus  10  may have optical and/or electrical connections  210  for connecting the hybrid cable assembly  180  to a printed circuit board (PCB)  200 . The end of the active optical cable apparatus  10  may have a ruggedized electrical connector  170  with a board connector  190  for connecting to the PCB  200 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , optical and/or electrical connections from the cable assembly  180  may be made with the optical and/or electrical connections  210  to the PCB  200 , allowing the PCBs  200  for each end of the active optical cable apparatus  10  to be tested before final assembly. Such an embodiment may be conducive to maintaining the modular approach of the design up to the PCBs  200 . 
       FIG. 2  shows that the electrical connector, preferably a ruggedized, blind-mateable electrical connector  170  such as a MIL-DTL-38999, may be connected to the board  200  by using another connector, preferably with a board connector  190 . This modular approach may make changing the pin-out and/or connector relatively simple, requiring minimal, if any, changes to the PCB  200 . This embodiment and/or approach may also enable more than one PCB  200  to be used with the ruggedized electrical connector  170  if additional area may be needed for the interface electronics and/or optical engines. 
     The module at the end of the active optical cable apparatus  10  may be sealed against contamination and/or shielded from electromagnetic interference by a conductive backshell and/or overmolding. The hybrid cable assembly  180 , containing optical fibers and/or electrical conductors for power and/or electrical signals may also be jacketed with appropriate material to ruggedize the hybrid cable assembly  180  to the target environment. 
     Depending on the requirements of the active optical cable, electrical conductors may be included to support more than one supply voltage and/or may also be included to support the transmission of electrical data, such as analog data or interlocks, that cannot be transmitted optically due to system requirements. 
     It should be understood that various changes and/or modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and/or modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and/or scope of the present invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. It is, therefore, intended that such changes and/or modifications be covered by the appended claims.