Abstract:
A resonant antenna suitable for transmission and for reception over a broad range of frequencies combines electric and magnetic multipoles generated by linear and loop elements respectively. The minimum requirement is one electric and one magnetic dipole and one electric and magnetic quadrupole. The electric elements are driven in time quadrature with the magnetic elements. The elements of the minimum requirement lie in the same plane and along the same axis. The minimum number of elements for a free standing antenna is three loops and three dipoles. Maximum transmission and reception occur only in the same direction along the axis. The size of the antenna is reduced by introducing a ground conductor or plane along the antenna axis and eliminating the half elements on one side thereof and is further reduced by introducing a second ground plane normal to the first at the midpoint of its length and eliminating the quarter elements on one side.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Antennae for transmission of radio signals are currently designed to match the impedance of the transmitter as well as possible for efficient use of transmitter power. 
     Antennae for radio reception also benefit from good impedance match to the receiver input, but efficiency is less of a concern here as receiver gain is relatively inexpensive to obtain. Nonetheless, in high frequency reception electric dipoles resonating at the frequency desired or the center of a band of frequencies to be received are widely used. For broadcast band reception and direction finding loop antennae are often used, tuned to the frequency of the desired signal. Loop antennae are rarely used with transmitters. 
     Presently, efficient antennae require that the ratio of radiator size to half wavelength not be much smaller than one. In the main, the size-to-wavelength ratio determines the phase difference between the antenna driving voltage and current. Resonant radiation occurs when the two are in phase; phase difference approaches 90° in existing antennae as the size-to-wavelength ratio decreases. 
     In existing antennae, the radiation pattern and input impedance are, respectively, weak and strong functions of the size-to-wavelength ratio. The spatial and time variation of currents on linear antennae are described by mathematical sums over an infinite number of linear electric multipoles. Relative multipolar moment magnitudes are strongly dependent upon size-to-wavelength ratio. Relative magnitudes, in turn, determine the input impedance and pattern. 
     Although several current antenna designs operate over a large frequency range, their fixed dimensions impose bandwidth restrictions. An example is an equiangular spiral structure where the conductors are shaped in a spiral pattern, describable as: 
     
         r=Ce.sup.a(φ-p)                                        ( 1) 
    
     where r and φ are the range and angle coordinates in a spiral system and C, a and p are constants. The spacing of the input terminals determines the high frequency limit, and the outer radius of the spiral arm determines the low frequency limit. The antenna responds to input signals at all frequencies between the two extremes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Our invention comprises an antenna suitable for transmission and, in the manner to be described hereinafter, for reception over a broad range of frequencies. It is a combination of electric and magnetic multipoles generated by linear and loop elements. Resonance occurs when the needed magnitudes and phases of the different moments are achieved and does not depend on how they are achieved. Element size and driving currents may be traded off, one against the other. Resonance requires a minimum of four elements, electric and magnetic dipole and quadrupole sources. Those sources may comprise three free-standing loops and three free-standing linear dipoles or, when combined with one or two ground planes, fractions thereof. The electric elements must be driven in time quadrature with the magnetic elements as will be shown hereinafter. 
     Higher order matched pairs of moments may be included. The pattern depends upon the number and complexity of the elements and is independent of frequency. Within the capability of the source to supply current, the resonant radiative reactive energy automatically adjusts driving fields to extract needed currents from the source as the frequency is shifted. In this sense the antenna is adaptive. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a plan of a free-standing embodiment of our invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a plan of an embodiment like that of FIG. 1 but with half of each element replaced by a continuous ground plane; 
     FIG. 3 is a plan of an embodiment like that of FIG. 2 but with half of the center element replaced by a second ground plane normal to the ground plane of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic detail of the junction between a ground plane and a coaxial feed cable passing therethrough; 
     FIG. 5 is a block schematic of apparatus arranged to feed the embodiment of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph of gain against angle of emission from the embodiment of FIG. 2; and 
     FIG. 7 is a plan of elements to be added to those of FIG. 1 to form a second free standing embodiment of our invention. 
     FIG. 8 is an isometric sketch of a second free-standing embodiment of our invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     1. The Antenna Structure 
     The antenna is constructed with either wires or microelectronic conductors depending on the size and purpose of the installation. The antenna may act alone, it may lie on a conducting or ground plane or it may fit into a right-angled conducting corner. The directivity is increased with the addition of higher order multipolar sources although it increases antenna complexity. 
     FIG. 1 shows the simplest structure comprising linear electric dipoles and conducting loops each of which loops become a magnetic dipole when current flows therein. Although the loops are shown as single turns they may, of course, have multiple turns. Each element is separately connected as will be described hereinafter and each element is insulated from the others except as indicated hereinafter. Loops 22a and 22b are circular of the same size, lie in the same plane and are approximately tangent to each other at the junction of the x and z axes as shown. The y axis is normal to the x and z axes at that point. Loop 21 is centered at the same junction as is linear dipole 11 which lies on the x axis. Linear dipoles 12a and 12b are centered at the centers of loops 22a and 22b respectively and are parallel to dipole 11. The grounded terminal of each element in the figure is marked G. The other terminal of each element is marked with the appropriate reference character shown in FIG. 5. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that our antenna as shown in this figure and the following figures can be connected and operated as a balanced-to-ground system. 
     Currents in loops 21 and 22b are in phase and 180° out of phase with that of loop 22a. Currents in electric dipoles 12b and 11 are respectively in phase and 180° out of phase with that of dipole 12a. Currents in dipoles 12b and 11 are phase delayed 90° from those of loop 22b and loop 21. 
     When the phased currents are adjusted to the approximate magnitudes to be described hereinafter the system resonates. The radiation pattern is maximum along the positive z axis as is shown in FIG. 6. 
     The antenna may be constructed with a simpler embodiment and a lower input impedance. FIG. 2 shows that construction. The top half of the antenna is as in FIG. 1. The bottom half is replaced by a conducting ground plane 24 which, as shown, occupies the y-z plane. Since all elements are driven from below, the drives cannot interfere with the antenna. Half loops 122a and 122b are approximately tangent at plane 24 to electric half dipole 111. Half loop 121 is centered at that point. At the center of half loops 122a and 122 b are parallel electric half dipoles 112a and 112b which, when properly driven, form electric quadrupoles. In FIG. 2 the ground terminal of each element is connected to ground plane 24. The ungrounded terminal of each element is marked with the appropriate reference character shown in FIG. 5. 
     A still simpler embodiment with still lower impedance is shown in FIG. 3, which embodiment requires two ground planes 24 and 25 normal to each other. Half loop 222b is approximately tangent at one end to ground plane 25. Quarter loop 221 is centered at the intersection of ground planes 24 and 25. Linear element 212b is normal to ground plane 24 at the center of half loop 222b and is a half-dipole. Linear element 211 adjacent ground plane 25 is also a half-dipole. As before, the grounded terminal of each element is connected to either ground plane 24 or ground plane 25 and the ungrounded terminal of each element is marked with the appropriate reference character shown in FIG. 5. 
     The dimensional and current symbols used hereinafter are as follows: 
     a 1  =radius of loop 21 
     a 2  =radius of loops 22a, 22b 
     b=radius of smallest sphere which surrounds the antenna 
     λ=wavelength of emitted radiation 
     L 1  =length of linear element 11 
     L 2  =length of linear elements 12a and 12b 
     L 3  =2a 2   
     I 11  =current in element 11 
     I 12  =current in elements 12a and 12b 
     I 21  =current in loop 21 
     I 22  =current in loops 22a, 22b 
     2. Driving Currents 
     Table I relates current phases and magnitudes needed to achieve resonance. Our analysis is based upon spherical radiators and the current ratios set out therein are necessarily approximate. The values of the ratios are obtained from equation (20) set out hereinafter. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Current Dependance on ParametersIllustrative Starting Condition__________________________________________________________________________ Condition  a.sub.2 = b/2             L.sub.3 = b                     ##STR1##  λ = 50b  ##STR2##                     ##STR3## I.sub.11 /I.sub.22  ##STR4##          =             ##STR5##                  =                     ##STR6##                            =  1 I.sub.21 /I.sub.22  ##STR7##          =   1   =  1      =  1 I.sub.12 /I.sub.22  ##STR8##          =             ##STR9##                  =                     ##STR10##                            =  1__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Although the values of Table I may be useful for many embodiments, at times it may be more convenient to construct L 1  =2a 1  and L 2  =2a 2 . Then reactive energy minimization is sufficient to spatially modulate the magnetic currents and cause them to emit the needed electric multipole radiation. For that case, the last two columns of Table II below replace those of Table I. 
     Generally speaking, the values of Table I describe an easily resonated antenna and the values of Table II describe an easily constructed one. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________Current Dependence on ParametersIllustrative Easy-tuning Conditions______________________________________λ = 50bL.sub.1 = 2a.sub.1L.sub.2 = 2a.sub.2 ##STR11## ##STR12## ##STR13##______________________________________ 
    
     3. Radiation Onset 
     FIG. 5 shows the flow diagram for the driving currents in a grounded system. FIG. 2 shows the antenna elements. The ground terminals of each piece of apparatus are connected together and to the ground of the antenna array and are not shown. Each current feed is through a separate line. For coaxial lines, the feeds penetrate the conducting plane in the manner shown in FIG. 4. There the outer conductor 27 of the coaxial line is soldered at 29 to the conducting plane 24 and center conductor 28 of the coaxial line passes through that plane. 
     For transmission, starting with the power oscillator 40, the signal passes through the power meter 41 to 3 dB time quadrature coupler 42, outputs of which are π/2 out of phase. A 3 dB coupler splits the power evenly between both outputs. From quadrature coupler 42, the signal passes down the right leg to 3 dB power splitter 44 and continues down the right leg from that splitter to 3 dB splitter 48. From that splitter the power divides between loops 122a and 122b connected as a magnetic quadrupole. The signal on the left leg of power splitter 44 passes through variable attenuator 46 to loop 121 forming the magnetic dipole. The signal on the left leg of quadrature coupler 42 passes through variable attenuator 43 into power splitter 45. The signal on the left leg of 3 dB power splitter 45 passes through 3 dB splitter 49 and from there the split halves go to both halves of elements 112a and 112b forming the electric quadrupole. The signal on the right leg of 3 dB power splitter 45 passes through variable attenuator 47 to element 111, the electric dipole. 
     The drive positions of all elements are offset enough to be noncontacting. 
     Radiation is started in the manner described below. Values listed in the final columns of Table I are used for illustrative purposes only. 
     1. With attenuators 43, 46 and 47 set at maximum attenuation, adjust the power oscillator 40 to a low power level. The magnetic quadrupole formed by elements 122a and 122b is energized. Estimated initial input impedance is i24 Ω. Record the power meter reading. 
     2. Adjust variable attenuator 43. This energizes the electric quadrupole elements. Estimated initial input impedance is -i6000 Ω. Adjust variable attenuator 43 to maximum on power meter 41. Record the reading. 
     3. Adjust variable attenuator 46. This energizes the magnetic dipole 121. Estimated initial input impedance is i48 Ω. Adjust variable attenuator 46 to maximum on power meter. Record the reading. 
     4. Adjust variable attenuator 47. This energizes the electric dipole element 111. Estimated initial input impedance is -i3000 Ω. Iterate variable attenuators 46 and 47 for maximum power meter reading. 
     5. Iterate attenuators 43, 46 and 47 for maximum reading on the power meter 41. Resonance onset initiates a low radiation impedance. For example, conditions of Table I present a resonant input impedance of (0.0493+i0)Ω, see Table III. 
     After completing the above procedures, adjust the level of the power oscillator as desired. 
     1. The frequency may be swung over a range limited only by the ability of the source to supply the required current ratios of Table I. 
     2. With element sizes of Table II, once the antenna is started, attenuator 43 may be returned to full attenuation since the adaptive nature of the reactive energy spatially modulates currents 121a, 122a and 122b and produces the needed electric moments. 
     3. Often the attainable frequency sweep is limited by the bandwidth of the non-antenna subunits. 
     4. The Bandwidth 
     Working with spherical antennae, the radiative Q (see &#34;QUANTUM THEORY AND CLASSICAL, NONLINEAR ELECTRONICS&#34;, Dale M. Grimes, Physica 20D (1986) 285-302, North-Holland, Amsterdam) satisfies the equation ##EQU1## where the vertical lines denote absolute value, and σ=kb. k is the wave number of the radiation, and b, as before, is the radius of the smallest sphere which just surrounds the antenna. F 1  and F 2  are respectively, the dipolar and quadrupolar field parameters. 
     For a fixed frequency, σ=σ o , radiation is optimized when Q(σ)=0, and that occurs when ##EQU2## Substituting (3) into (2) shows, for σ and σ o  small, that Q(σ, σ o ) is ##EQU3## The bandwidth lies between σ values for which Q=1. Using the values of Table I, it is calculated to be 
     
         BW=0.049%                                                  (5) 
    
     since the instantaneous bandwidth is small, and since the range through which it is swept is large, the antenna is particularly useful for continuous carrier frequency uses. Examples are amplitude or frequency modulated signals. It presents a small scattering cross section to radar frequencies outside of its narrow center band. 
     5. Radiation Resistance 
     Equations (21) show the resistance of each of the elements at resonance, as calculated for a spherical antenna. Table III lists values of radiation resistance for the size parameters of Table I. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________Radiation Resistance at ResonanceQuadrupolar Resistances Based Upon Elements Driven in ParallelEle-ment  Same as Table I       λ = 50b                              ±5% BW______________________________________ R.sub.11  ##STR14##       =     0.158 Ω                               0.158 Ω R.sub.21  ##STR15##       =     0.158 Ω                               0.143 to 0.174 Ω R.sub.12  ##STR16##       =     0.132 Ω                               0.132 Ω R.sub. 22  ##STR17##       =     0.132 Ω                               0.120 to 0.146 Ω______________________________________ 
    
     With the configuration of FIG. 1, the net input resonance resistance at mid-band is 0.0359 Ω. At ±5% either side of midband, the resistance is 0.0344 Ω and 0.0377 Ω, respectively. Since the same currents produce only half the power using the configuration of FIG. 2, and one fourth using the configuration of FIG. 3, the radiation resistances are, respectively, one half and one fourth of the listed values. 
     The values of Table II show a somewhat different result. Using those values of L 1  and L 2 , the final two columns of Table III change to those of Table IV. Only the magnetic multipoles are driven. 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________ Element      ##STR18##            λ = 50b     L.sub.2 = b______________________________________ R.sub.21      ##STR19##      =     0.316 Ω R.sub.22      ##STR20##      =     0.263 Ω______________________________________ 
    
     With the parameters of Table IV, the radiation resistance is about twice that of Table III. 
     6. Moment Evaluation 
     The field parameters F 1  and F 2  needed for resonance are described in &#34;QUANTUM THEORY AND CLASSICAL, NONLINEAR ELECTRONICS&#34;, Dale M. Grimes, Physica 20D (1986) 285-302, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Equation 2. Multipolar moments are discussed in many references, including, for example, the book &#34;Classical Electricity and Magnetism,&#34; 2nd ed., W. Panofsky and M. Phillips, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1962, p. 15. With p and m respectively representing the electric and magnetic terms, the field coefficients satisfy equation (6): ##EQU4## where ε and η are, respectively, the permittivity and impedance of space. Equation (6) shows that 
     
         m.sub.1 /p.sub.1 =m.sub.2 /p.sub.2 =c                      (7) 
    
     where c is the speed of light. The moments and sources are related by multipolar theory. The electric dipole has length L 1  extended along the x-axis and supports current I 11  oscillating at frequency f=ω/2π. The magnetic dipole has peripheral current I 21  around loop area S 1 , with its normal along the y-axis, and oscillates at the same frequency. The dipolar moments are 
     
         p.sub.1 =I.sub.11 /(iω)m.sub.1 =I.sub.21 S.sub.1     (8) 
    
     where i 2  =-1 represents a phase different of 180°. Combining equations (7) and (8) leads to ##EQU5## The electric dipole is x-directed and the magnetic dipole is y-directed. 
     Quadrupolar moments are constructed by combining dipolar ones. For an electric quadrupole, take two identical dipolar units of length L 2 , drive them with currents I 12 , 180° out of phase, and separate them a distance L 3  in the z-direction. For a magnetic quadrupole take two identical magnetic dipolar units of area S 2 , drive them with currents I 22 , 180° out of phase, and separate them a distance L 3  in the z-direction. The resulting quadrupole moments are ##EQU6## Combining equations (7) and (10) shows that: ##EQU7## Taking the ratio of the quadrupole and dipole terms by use of equations (6), (8) and (10) shows that: ##EQU8## while comparison of equation (8) and (10) shows that: ##EQU9## Combination of equations (9), (11), (12) and (13) with the resonant condition F2/F 1 )=(5/9) shows what is needed for resonance. Table V contains the results. 
     
                       TABLE V______________________________________Current Interrelationships  current        ratio______________________________________   ##STR21##         ##STR22##   ##STR23##         ##STR24##   ##STR25##         ##STR26##______________________________________ 
    
     Table V is the theoretical basis for Tables I and II. 
     7. Resonant Operation 
     With all moments present and coherently radiating, and with 9F 2  =5F 1  only far field terms react back upon the source. The fields are those of Table VI, and the antenna is centered at the origin of a spherical coordinate system. θ is the polar angle and φ the azimuth angle measured from the x-axis. 
     
                       TABLE VI______________________________________Fields at Resonance______________________________________ ##STR27## ##STR28## ##STR29## ##STR30## ##STR31## ##STR32##______________________________________ 
    
     The radial Poynting vector is: ##EQU10## The antenna gain versus angle is calculated to be: 
     
         G(θ)=(5 cos.sup.2 θ+4 cos θ-1).sup.2 /8  (15) 
    
     FIG. 6 shows the gain as a function of angle. The fixed gain G is 9.0 dB, and the 3 dB points lie about 34.5° from the z-axis, the direction of maximum power flow. The directivity, D, is the weighted fraction of power that flows in the direction of maximum power flow. For this case, 
     
         D=0.67                                                     (16) 
    
     Equations (17) show the real and reactive powers, respectively P and R. ##EQU11## The conditions for resonance are those of equation 3; inserting this into equation (17) for the real and reactive power flows at resonance we have, very nearly, ##EQU12## Only the real power reacts upon the source currents. The field parameters are related to the currents by the expressions: ##EQU13## Using the above equations, the current ratios are equal to: ##EQU14## These are the initial values of Table I. The radiation impedance of each element is purely resistive, and is calculated from the power radiated per mode. Values are for quadrupole elements driven in parallel. ##EQU15## 
     The directionality properties of this antenna are unique. Referring to FIG. 1, with phases adjusted so the antenna, when transmitting, transmits into the positive z direction, when receiving it receives from the negative, not the positive, z direction. That is, interacting radiation travels through the antenna in the same direction whether it be receiving or transmitting. 
     8. Greater Directivity 
     The directivity of the antenna is increased at the price of increased physical complexity. The embodiment of FIG. 2 contains only dipoles and quadrupoles and has directivity D=0.67, see equation (16). Proper inclusion of octupoles raises the directivity to 0.83, and a gain of 11.1 dB. FIG. 7 shows the needed additional elements: three loops and three lines. Loops 24a and 24b have radius a 3  and loop 23 has radius 2a 3 . Linear elements 14a and 14b have length L 4  and 13 has length 2L 4 . Currents in 24a and 24b are in phase, each out of phase with current in 23. Currents in 14a and 14b are in phase, each out of phase with current in 13. The ungrounded terminals are indicated by arrows as in FIG. 2. All elements are superimposed on those of FIG. 1, as is shown in FIG. 8, with minimum spacing. The various elements are connected to the driving apparatus of FIG. 5 in the same way as those of the antenna structures of FIGS. 1 and 7. Doing so the radiative Q(σ), equation (2) as extended, is ##EQU16## Resonance occurs when Equation (3) is met and when: ##EQU17## Under these conditions, the directivity D is 
     
         D=0.83                                                     (24) 
    
     Antenna starting and operating procedures are parallel with those described previously. The octupolar modes are energized after resonance has been initiated in the dipolar and quadupolar elements. As before, attenuation values are iterated for maximum power output. Alternatively, the more directive embodiment may be created without loop 23 and linear element 13. Instead current drives on loop 21 and linear element 11 are re-iterated for maximum performance. 
     9. Equipment List 
     Hewlett Packard (HP) model numbers are listed for convenience only. Actual instrumentation will depend upon the frequency range over which the antenna is to operate, and whether or not conducting planes are used. 
     1. Power Splitters. At microwave frequencies, a Magic T provides in phase and out of phase power splitting output ports. With microelectronic construction, a Rat Race provides the same service. An off-the-shelf HP product is its unit HP 11667A or B, a device listed as being functional from DC to about 18 GHz. 
     2. Power meter. A power meter attached to a directional coupler is adequate to read directional power flow. An HP 89025 is adequate over the frequency range 150 kHz to 26.5 GHz. 
     3. Variable Attenuator. HP 84948, functional from DC to 18 GHz with variation from 0 to 11 db, and HP 8495B, functional over the same frequency range with an operational range of 0 to 70 dB are adequate. 
     4. Sweep oscillator. Model HP 8350 with plug-in HP 83540A provides 10 mW output power over the frequency range 10 MHz to 40 GHz. A separate power amplifier is necessary for higher power operation. 
     5. Phase delays. Passive circuit elements are convenient at low frequencies. Additional length of line provides needed phase changes at high frequencies.