Abstract:
In general the invention is directed to computer implemented systems and methods for assessing the size of a dental restoration blank. In one embodiment, the invention provides a computer-readable medium comprising dental CAD application code which implements the following procedures: generating in a computer memory a three dimensional digital rendering of a dental restoration; generating in the computer a digital rendering of a blank volume, the blank volume corresponding in dimensions to the usable volume of a blank that is available for milling, and the blank volume having a boundary corresponding to its edges; calculating areas of the dental restoration which are beyond the boundary; and providing the calculated areas to a calling function, user, user interface, or module.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/US2007/072487, filed Jun. 29, 2007, which claims priority to EP Application No. 06014625.5, filed Jul. 13, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its/their entirety herein. 
     The invention generally relates to systems, methods, and interfaces for assessing whether a dental restoration will exceed the usable size of a milling medium. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Existing software systems running on a computer allow a user to design a dental restoration, such as a cap, which fits over a tooth stump, or a pontic, which replaces a missing tooth and attaches to adjacent teeth stumps. A model of the dental restoration is then milled from a blank, which is, for example, a cube or cylinder of a ceramic material. The blanks, and the milling machine, have size limits, and the user may go through a lengthy design process to find her dental restoration exceeds the size limits. 
     One approach to determining of size of the blank in advance of design is to use a plastic apparatus with an area corresponding to an available blank&#39;s size removed. The plastic apparatus may be transparent. A user may then physically place the apparatus over a model of the tooth stump and try to determine the appropriateness of the size of the blank. This is technique is imprecise and does not account for eventual build-up of the dental restoration. 
     Another approach is to check the size of the dental restoration after the design is completed, just before milling. The size of the design, it may be found, is incompatible with the size of the blank, and the user must then redesign the dental restoration. 
     SUMMARY 
     In general, the invention is directed to methods, computer-implemented systems or methods, and computer-readable mediums having computer-readable instructions allowing a user to determine whether a dental restoration will likely exceed the size limits of a blank or milling machine before the user has invested much time designing the dental restoration. The invention may also allow a user to understand the size limits of a dental restoration before designing the restoration, thus allowing the user to design the restoration in a way that does not exceed the size limits, or accommodates the limitations in a workable solution. 
     In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a computer-readable medium having computer-readable instructions which implement the following procedures: generating in a user interface a three dimensional graphical rendering of a dental restoration; generating in the user interface a three dimensional graphical rendering of a three dimensional blank volume, the blank volume corresponding in dimensions to the useable portion of a blank that can be used for milling, wherein the graphical rendering of the three dimensional blank volume is overlaid upon the three dimensional graphical rendering of the dental restoration such that the three dimensional rendering of the dental restoration appears substantially inside of the three dimensional graphical rendering of the blank volume; and, based on the three dimensional blank volume overlaid upon the three dimensional graphical rendering of the dental restoration, determining what portion of the area of the dental restoration extends beyond the boundary of the three dimensional blank volume. 
     In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a computer-readable medium comprising dental CAD application code which implements the following procedures generating in a computer memory a three dimensional digital rendering of a dental restoration; generating in the computer a digital rendering of a blank volume, the blank volume corresponding in dimensions to the usable volume of a blank that is available for milling, and the blank volume having a boundary corresponding to its edges; before the design of a dental restoration is complete, calculating areas of the dental restoration which are beyond the boundary; and providing the calculated areas to a calling function, user, or module. 
     In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprising: generating in a user interface a three dimensional graphical rendering of a dental restoration; generating in the user interface a three dimensional graphical rendering of a three dimensional blank volume, the blank volume corresponding in dimensions to the useable portion of a blank that can be used for milling, wherein the graphical rendering of the three dimensional blank volume is overlaid upon the three dimensional graphical rendering of the dental restoration such that the three dimensional rendering of the dental restoration appears substantially inside of the three dimensional graphical rendering of the blank volume; and, based on the three dimensional blank volume overlaid upon the three dimensional graphical rendering of the dental restoration, determining what portion of the area of the dental restoration extends beyond the boundary of the three dimensional blank volume. 
     In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprising: generating in a computer memory a three dimensional digital rendering of a dental restoration; generating in the computer a digital rendering of a blank volume, the blank volume corresponding in dimensions to the usable volume of a blank that is available for milling, and the blank volume having a boundary corresponding to its edges; before the design of a dental restoration is complete, calculating areas of the dental restoration which are beyond the boundary; and providing the calculated areas to a calling function, user, or module. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram showing an exemplary representation of a dental restoration. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an exemplary implementation of one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing software and database modules that, in one embodiment, comprise a dental CAD/CAM system. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart showing an exemplary manner in which a dental CAD/CAM system may check for areas of a dental restoration that extend beyond the dimensions of a blank&#39;s usable volume. 
         FIG. 5A  through  FIG. 7  are screenshots of an example implementation of a dental CAD/CAM system including various modules allowing a user to see a blank volume in relation to a dental restoration. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram showing an exemplary representation of a dental restoration  4 , that includes a coping  3  affixed with an adhesive layer  2  to stump  1 . Dental restoration  4  is an artificial tooth, or a partial artificial tooth. Coping  3  refers to the artificial tooth layer. Coping  3  may attach existing dental infrastructure by first grinding down an existing tooth, thus creating stump  1 . Coping  3  then fits over and is affixed to stump  1 . Dental restoration  4  may form a partial tooth, a full tooth, or multiple teeth. If dental restoration  4  spans an area where a tooth is missing, the restoration of the tooth is termed a pontic, and is part of a larger dental restoration system (termed a bridge) that spans from a stump, includes a pontic, and attaches in most cases to another stump. A pontic restoration includes at least one restoration for which there is no corresponding stump  1 . A pontic restoration, then, is attached to adjacent stumps, usually with a dental restoration that is attached to a first stump, spans the area wherein there previously was a tooth, then is again affixed to a second, adjacent stump. As the term is used herein, “stump” refers to one tooth, or multiple teeth, to which a dental restoration may be attached, as the case may be. A “stump landscape” refers to a stump, a partial stump, and adjacent space having no stump, or some combination of stumps and/or partial stumps and/or blank space or teeth defining an area for an eventual restoration. A stump landscape may, as the case may be, additionally refer to associated coping layers and pontics, depending wherein the design process a user is. A stump may also be referred to as a preparation. Stump  1  is shown with preparation line  5 . Preparation line  5  is a point beneath which dental restoration  4  does not usually extend. In practice, a porcelain veneer is manually applied to the finished dental restoration, which adds another layer to the coping layer. Since this is not usually done in the CAD/CAM software, and is rather done manually, the porcelain veneer layer is not shown in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram showing an exemplary implementation of one embodiment of the invention. User  10  interacts with computing device  15  to use dental CAD/CAM system  14  to design dental restorations. CAD stands for Computer Aided Design, and CAM stands for Computer Aided Manufacturing, or Milling. Computing device  15  interacts with milling machine  17 , which mills a model of a dental restoration from blank  18  using cutting device  19 . Dental CAD/CAM system  14 , in this exemplary embodiment, includes user interface module  12 , which presents information to, and receives information from, user  10 . CAD/CAM module  9  includes traditional functionality of dental CAD/CAM systems, such as the ability to digitally render a tooth stump, then to design a dental restoration. An exemplary CAD/CAM module  9  is that which is marketed by 3M, of St. Paul, Minn., under the trade designation “LAVA”. CAD/CAM module  9  may not be a classic CAD/CAM module, and in certain embodiments is simply not necessary. For example, in one embodiment a user creates a model of a dental restoration out of wax, and then scans it into computer memory. In either of these examples, the CAD/CAM module doesn&#39;t exist in a traditional form. In such examples and others, the invention may still be used after the point in which the modeled restoration is digitized and imported into a computer system in anticipation of milling. CAD/CAM module  9  may include three dimensional rendering capabilities such as that provided by OpenGL. OpenGL is a library built into most operating systems. Many video hardware boards provide acceleration for it. Information on OpenGL can be found on www.opengl.org, and information about three dimensional rendering and manipulation may be found at http://www.opengl.org/documentation/red_book/. This link includes the full text of the book “OpenGL Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL, Version 2 (5th Edition),” by Dave Shreiner, et. al. Further information about rendering images may be found in the following texts: Rost, Randi J. OpenGL(R) Shading Language. 2nd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2006; Shreiner, Dave et al. OpenGL(R) Reference Manual: The Official Reference Document to OpenGL, Version 1.4. 4th Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2004. A commercial library built on OpenGL is OpenInventor by Mercury Computer Systems Inc., Chelmsford, Mass., a manual for which is available at http://www.tgs.com/support/oiv_doc/UsersGuide/UsersGuide.pdf. Other programs available on the Internet teach known three dimensional scanning and rendering techniques. One such program is MeshLab, which is “an open source portable and extendible system for the processing of unstructured 3D triangular meshes. MeshLab is aimed to help the processing of the typical not-so-small unstructured models arising in 3D scanning, providing a set of tools for cleaning, healing, inspecting, rendering and converting this kind of meshes.” (Text quoted from MeshLab website). The code for MeshLab, as well as the MeshLab program itself, is available on the Internet as of May 31, 2006, at http://meshlab.sourceforge.net. 
     Data  16  is a database containing information to be accessed from the various other modules contained in dental CAD/CAM system  14 . In one embodiment, data  16  contains information defining a tooth stump and information defining a blank. In one embodiment, data  16  contains information defining many blanks of differing sizes and dimensions. Data  16  may also hold information defining other structures useful in designing a dental restoration, such as various pontics. Blank size confirmation module  8  interacts with data  16  and user interface module  12  to, in one embodiment, graphically render an expected dental restoration, and graphically render the blank, then overlay the blank on top of the expected dental restoration, and thus present areas of the expected dental restoration that exceed the boundary of the blank. 
     User  10 , in one embodiment, is any individual interested in designing, or assisting in designing, a dental restoration. User  10  may be, for example a dental technician, or a dentist. 
     Milling machine  17  is any machine capable of producing a real model of a dental restoration. Examples include standard milling machines, or those particularly suited for dental milling. One such dental milling machine is that marketed by 3M of St. Paul, Minn., under the trade designation “LAVA FORM.” Milling machine  17  includes cutting device  19 , which cuts or grinds blank  18  to produce a model of a dental restoration. Milling machine  17 , in the exemplary embodiment shown with respect to  FIG. 2 , is shown holding blank  18 . Blank  18  is, for example, any medium into which, or from which, a model of a dental restoration may be created. In one embodiment, blank  18  is a substantially ceramic material. Blank  18  has dimensions, or boundaries, defined by its size, or defined by the maximum working size of milling machine  17 . For example, milling machine  17  may, in one embodiment, accept a blank that is larger than it can process. In such a scenario, the blank dimensions are said to be the dimensions as defined by the milling machine&#39;s limits. The useable area for a blank is termed the “blank volume”. Blank volume may be less than the size of the blank if, for example, particulars of the milling machine or process places limitations on the area that may be milled, or due to other limits set by user  10  or a 3 rd  party (for example, the manufacturer of a blank may not recommend milling within a certain distance of an edge). The blank volume may be substantially round, cylindrical, cubical, or of any shape and dimension. In another embodiment, blank  18  is a medium wherein a model of a dental restoration is created by, for example, traditional milling, thermal cure techniques, stereo lithography, three dimensional printing, or by removing material with lasers. 
     Computing device  15  typically includes hardware (not shown in  FIG. 2 ) that may include one or more processors, volatile memory (RAM), a device for reading computer-readable media, and input/output devices, such as a display, a keyboard, and a pointing device. Computing device  15  may be, for example, a workstation, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a mainframe or any other general-purpose or application-specific computing device. Although not shown, computing device  15  may also include other software, firmware, or combinations thereof, such as an operating system and other application software. Computing device  15  may read executable software instructions from a computer-readable medium (such as a hard drive, a CD-ROM, or a computer memory), or may receive instructions from another source logically connected to computer, such as another networked computer. 
     Dental CAD/CAM system  14  may be distributed to execute on multiple computers, and may be located remote to user  10  and accessible via a web browser or other distributed interface system. 
     Data  16 , in one embodiment, represents one or more data stores. Data  16  in one embodiment is comprised of databases, may be implemented in a variety of forms including data storage files, computer memory, or one or more database management systems (DBMS) executing on one or more database servers. The database management system may be a relational (RDBMS), hierarchical (HDBMS), multidimensional (MDBMS), object oriented (ODBMS or OODBMS) or object relational (ORDBMS) database management system. Data  16  could, for example, be stored within a single relational database such as SQL Server from Microsoft corporation. In one embodiment, data  16  is a flat file loaded into memory of computing device  15 . 
     User interface module  12  may be any user interface and in one embodiment is a graphical user interface. A graphical user interface is computer program or a module of a computer program designed to allow a user to interact easily with the computer. A graphical user interface typically receives input from a mouse or other pointing device, to make choices from menus or groups of icons. In dental CAD/CAM applications, a graphical user facilitates the presentation of a graphical rendering of a tooth stump, and allows user  10  to manipulate the tooth stump and design a dental restoration. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of various software modules that may comprise dental CAD/CAM system  14 . Included is data  16 , user interface module  12 , and CAD/CAM module  9 , all of which were discussed earlier. In  FIG. 3 , blank size confirmation module  8  is shown with exemplary constituent modules. Blank size confirmation module  8 , depending on particulars of the implementation, may communicate and interact directly with user interface module  12  and data  16 , or may communicate and interact with either or both via CAD/CAM module  9 . In one embodiment, blank size confirmation module  8  makes function calls to functionality in CAD/CAM module  9 . 
     In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , blank size confirmation module  8  is shown with three sub-modules. Stump rendering and build-up module  20  renders a graphical model, or rendering, of a tooth stump, from information housed in data  16  that describes the tooth stump. Information housed in data  16  that describes the tooth stump is typically generated from scanning device, which scans a model of a tooth stump in three dimensions. The scanning device may be any device that can digitally render an object. Such scanning devices may be optical, mechanical, X-ray, or so forth. The scanning device produces digital information that defines the tooth stump. In one embodiment, the graphical rendering is three dimensional. Stump rendering and build up module  20  may, in one example embodiment, cause user interface module  12  to display the graphical rendering directly, or it may provide information describing the graphical rendering to CAD/CAM module  9 , which in turn provides the information to user interface module  12 . 
     Blank rendering module  21  renders a graphical model, or rendering, of blank  18  or the blank volume of blank  18 . In one embodiment the graphical rendering is three dimensional. When the blank is of uncomplicated dimensions, its three dimensional digital rendering is a straightforward and accommodated by basic CAD/CAM functionality such as that available in CAD/CAM module  9 . 
     Blank and stump size confirmation module  22  receives data defining a graphical rendering of a stump, as in one embodiment is provided by stump rendering and build-up module  20 . Blank and stump size confirmation module  22  also, in one embodiment, receives data defining a graphical rendering of a blank, as in one embodiment is provided by blank rendering module  21 . Blank and stump size confirmation module  22  analyzes these two sets of information and attempts to fit the graphical rendering of the stump within the graphical rendering of the blank. Blank and stump size confirmation module  22  may request stump rendering and build-up module  20  to apply a coping comprised of one or more layers to various areas of the graphical rendering of the stump, so as to account for the dimensional thickness of the eventual designs of the dental restoration. 
     Blank and stump size confirmation module  22  may determine areas of the graphical rendering of the stump that extend beyond the dimensions of the graphical rendering of the blank. The fact that areas of the graphical rendering of the stump extend beyond the dimensions of the graphical rendering of the blank are, in one embodiment, communicated to the user. In another embodiment, information defining both the graphical representation of the stump and a graphical representation of the blank are presented to user  10  via user interface module  12 . Areas of the graphical representation of the stump that extend beyond the dimensions of graphical rendering of the blank in one embodiment are assigned a visual indicia, such as a color or shading, that is relatively distinct from the graphical rendering of the stump or the blank, such that the area extending beyond the dimensions of the blank are identifiable by user  10  by interacting with user interface module  12 . 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart showing an exemplary manner in which dental CAD/CAM system  14  may check for areas of the dental restoration that extend beyond the dimensions of the blank volume. First, the stump is scanned ( 41 ). Stump scanning may be accomplished by myriad tooth scanners available on the market, such as that marked by 3M of St. Paul, Minn., under the trade designation “LAVA SCAN”, or a general purpose scanner such as that marketed by “GOM—Gesellschaft für Optische Messtechnik mbH”, of Braunschweig, Germany, under the trade designation “ATOS SO.” The stump scanning device outputs, for example, a digital description of the stump landscape, which is then graphically rendered in three dimensions to produce a graphic of the stump landscape ( 42 ). After the stump is scanned, dental CAD/CAM system  14 , and particularly blank size confirmation module  8  and its associated sub-modules, carry out the bulk of the remaining processes diagrammatically shown with respect to  FIG. 4 . Stump scanning ( 41 ) and graphical rendering ( 42 ) need not be done at the same time, or at the same location. In order to graphically render the stump, in one embodiment the minimum that is necessary is a digital description of the stump landscape, as could be provided, for example, in a computer-readable file, such as that that might be produced by scan stump ( 41 ), particularly if the scanning device was not in direct communication with computing device  15 . The graphical rendering of the stump landscape is facilitated by stump rendering and build-up module  20 , which is shown with respect to  FIG. 3 . Stump rendering and build-up module  20  accesses, in one embodiment, functionality contained within most CAD/CAM modules to do the actual graphical rendering and subsequent manipulation. In such an embodiment, stump rendering and build-up module  20  facilitates initial rendering, and subsequently receives input, as from a user, and where necessary interacts with CAD/CAM module  9  to modify or update the graphical rendering. Typically, commercially available CAD/CAM modules, such as those mentioned earlier, may receive a digital description of a two or three dimensional figure and render it into a graphic representation, which may then be displayed via a user interface, such as that contained in user interface module  12 . The ability to receive a file conforming to a digital description standard, and then rendering that digital description into a graphic is functionality contained in exemplary CAD/CAM module  9  shown with respect to  FIG. 3 . An alternative implementation might include a custom module for receiving and graphically rendering a stump landscape, and thus not take advantage of the native functionality of CAD/CAM module  9  or similar CAD/CAM modules. 
     Next, blank size confirmation module  8  invokes blank rendering module  21  to render a three dimensional graphical rendering of the blank volume ( 43 ). This graphical rendering is overlaid upon the graphical rendering of the scanned stump landscape, described above. Available blanks, with their associated blank volumes, in one embodiment, are stored in data  16 . If there are multiple blanks, with differing blank volumes, available, user  10  may be prompted to select a blank among those available. Alternatively, the blank may be automatically selected by dental CAD/CAM system  14  or blank size confirmation module  8  based on dimensions used by stump rendering and build-up module  20  in graphically rendering the stump landscape. In one embodiment the automatic selection of a blank is done by blank size confirmation module  8 , by measuring the widest dimensions of the stump or stumps the restoration will encompass, then adding a value representative of a traditional build-up. In one embodiment this is ½ of a millimeter. Blank size confirmation module  8  then iterates through data describing available blanks, checking whether the dimensions of the expected restoration will fit within the blank. The smallest blank that the dental restoration will presumptively fit within is automatically chosen. User  10  may override this automatic choice, or may, in one embodiment, alter the build-up value and then instruct blank size confirmation module  8  to automatically select another blank. 
     As mentioned above, the graphical rendering of the blank volume is overlaid upon the graphical rendering of the stump landscape.  FIG. 6  is a screenshot of such an overlay. Stumps  61  and  63 , as well as pontic  62 , comprise the stump landscape. Pontic  62  is typically held within, and selected from, a library of pontics in data  16 . It may, however, be scanned in, in one embodiment. Three dimensional graphical rendering  60  shows the blank volume. To user  10 , the stump landscape appears to be substantially within the blank volume. The combination of these two three dimensional forms (the stump landscape and the blank volume) is done by setting the graphical rendering of the blank volume properties to transparent, then orienting the stump landscape within the blank volume. 
     Next, the stump landscape is oriented within the blank volume ( 44 ). In one embodiment blank size confirmation module  8  facilitates this orientation by soliciting input from user  10  as to movements of the stump landscape along the X, Y, or Z axis defined by the graphical rendering of the blank volume. In one embodiment, a cursor in communication with a pointing device, such as a mouse, seemingly attaches to a point on the stump landscape, and may be rotated by moving the pointing device. User  10  may exercise various control buttons and settings as shown on the right side of  FIG. 6  to alter the perspective shown in the graphical user interface. For example, user  10  may instruct blank size confirmation module  8  to show the graphical rendering of the stump landscape and blank volume from the top, bottom, or another side. Changes in the perspective, as well as changes in the orientation of the stump landscape within the blank volume, are facilitated by blank size confirmation module  8  via API and function calls to native 3D rendering and manipulation functionality as contained within CAD/CAM module  1 . 
     The stump landscape orientation within the blank volume may also be accomplished automatically by blank size confirmation module  8 . One exemplary manner of automatically orienting the stump landscape is as follows. A bounding box, which just encompasses the stump landscape, is computed by blank size confirmation module  8 . The bounding box, and thus the stump landscape, are then oriented within the blank volume by applying approximately uniform dimensions to distances from the bounding box to the boundary of the blank volume. Another approach is to calculate the centroid of the blank volume and the stump landscape objects, then align these centroids in three dimensions. Alternatively, one can calculate the center of both the blank volume and the bounding box in the X, Y, and Z dimension, and center the stump landscape within the blank volume in each dimension. 
     If areas of the stump landscape exceed the dimensions of the blank volume, the area outside of the blank volume is in one embodiment assigned a visual indicia distinct in appearance from the graphical representation of the stump landscape and the blank volume. In one embodiment, the visual indicia is a color. In another embodiment, the protruding area is not explicitly assigned a different color by blank size confirmation module  8  via blank &amp; stump size confirmation module  22 , but is instead native functionality of the blank volume as provided by CAD/CAM module  1 . For example, in one embodiment, the nature of the blank volume rendering is such that it appears partially transparent, with a visual appearance that allows objects oriented within the blank volume to be seen as opaque. The nature of the blank volume&#39;s transparency, and particularly the opaqueness, does not apply to areas that extend beyond the blank volume. In this way, blank size confirmation module  8  may not explicitly request CAD/CAM module  9  to color areas extending beyond the dimensions of blank volume differently—rather, blank size confirmation module  8 , in one embodiment, need only to specify the nature of the semi-transparent graphical rendering of the blank volume, and the opaque filter. Then, areas protruding from the blank volume are simply not opaque; they are instead the defined color of the stump landscape. This approach may avoid complex calculations, and may allow fast operation of dental CAD/CAM system  14  generally, and blank size confirmation module  8  specifically. 
     Further embodiments do not require any graphical rendering displayed to a user, and instead may result in a returned function call telling whether, and the extent to which, a stump landscape extends beyond a blank volume. In such an embodiment, the supporting calculations are the same, absent those supporting display to a user via a user interface. 
     User  10  then, in one embodiment, determines whether any areas of the stump landscape extend beyond the dimensions of the blank volume.  FIG. 6  shows a screenshot wherein the stump landscape is all inside of the blank volume.  FIG. 7  shows a screenshot from dental CAD/CAM system  14  wherein extended area  70  of pontic  62  extends beyond the front face of blank volume  60 . With no opaque filter applied to extended area  70 , extended area  70  appears distinct from other areas of stump landscape that are within the dimensions of blank volume. By looking for areas of the graphical rendering of the stump landscape that appear in color or other visual indicia distinct from other areas of the stump landscape, user  10  may determine whether the stump landscape exceeds the blank volume dimensions ( 45 ). Alternatively, this determination may be done automatically by via a function call to the blank rendering module  20  asking whether, and the location of, areas protrude from the graphical rendering of blank volume. This function call is done, in one embodiment, from blank &amp; stump size confirmation module  22 . If areas of stump landscape are found to protrude from blank volume, user  10  may decide to manually re-orient the stump landscape in relation to the blank volume ( 43 A), in which case user  10  again orients the stump landscape within blank volume ( 44 ). Though not represented with respect to  FIG. 4 , user  10  may proceed with subsequent analysis and design activities even if an area of the stump landscape extends beyond the blank volume. User  10  may do this, for example, if user  10  is confident that the protruding area is not critical, or represents an error that can be manually addressed in the design process. In the example represented by  FIG. 4 , however, user  10  seeks a stump landscape that does not protrude from the blank volume. If user  10  cannot achieve this, either manually or automatically, the blank may be determined by user  10  to be of an incompatible size and opt not to proceed, or start over with a different approach altogether ( 42 A) (no at manual re-orientation ( 43 A)). 
     Assuming user  10  is able to achieve an orientation of stump landscape within the boundaries of blank volume, user  10  may indicate such via user interface module  12 , and then a layer is applied to the stumps in the stump landscape ( 46 ). The layer&#39;s thickness may be specified by user  10 , and in one embodiment must be at least 0.5 millimeters, which is the minimum depth of coping  3 , usually specified by the manufacturer of the coping. The application of the layer is facilitated by stump rendering and build-up module  22 , via function and/or API calls to native functionality within CAD/CAM module  1 . The layer helps approximate the eventual build-up of the stump that will take place in the design process, and thus approximate the eventual size of the dental restoration to be milled from the blank. User  10  often knows, roughly at least, the thickness of various areas of the dental restoration. User  10  may, then, apply additional layers or partial layers to areas of the stump or stumps comprising the stump landscape, to build up whatever thicknesses user  10  deems representative of the eventual dental restoration. 
     Next, user  10  may, if necessary, again orient the stump within the blank ( 47 ). User  10  may, however, determine that additional orientation is not necessary. User  10  then determines whether the stump landscape protrudes from the blank volume ( 48 ), in the same manner as described above with respect to the identically entitled control box  45 . Like in the previous box, though not shown with respect to  FIG. 4 , user  10  may decide to proceed with the design of the dental restoration even though an area extends beyond the dimensions of the blank volume. In such a manner, user  10 &#39;s ability to see the blank volume relative to the stump landscape in and of itself may provide information that is useful. 
     In this example illustrated by  FIG. 4 , however, the stump landscape is intended to fit within blank volume. Thus, if areas of stump landscape protrude from blank volume, user  10  is given the opportunity to modify various parameters ( 41 A). Such parameters may include revisiting the thickness of layers applied earlier, the relative position of components of the dental restoration (for example, it is possible to move pontic  63  backwards relative to the orientation of stumps  61  and  63 ). Additionally, user  10  may specify dental CAD/CAM system  10  to merely eliminate areas protruding from the blank volume. 
     With various parameters modified, user  10  may again orient the stump within the blank volume ( 47 ), and continue to loop in this manner until satisfied. However, if user  10  determines it is no longer helpful to modify parameters ( 41 A), user  10  may determine the blank volume is simply of dimensions incompatible with the expected dimensions of the dental restoration ( 42 A). 
     If user  10  is, however, able to successfully orient stump landscape within blank volume, user  10  may proceed with the restoration design ( 49 ), thus leaving functionality contained within blank size confirmation module  8 . 
     The process described with respect to  FIG. 4  has been described as being invoked before any substantive design of the eventual dental restoration has been completed, but this is for exemplary purposes only. Blank size confirmation module  8  may be similarly invoked at any stage during the design process. If invoked later, substantially the same process as shown in  FIG. 4  could be used, but the initial stump landscape would be the current state of the dental restoration rather than the scanned stump or stumps, and all layers applied to the stump ( 46 ) would be explicitly defined by user  10  (in the embodiment described with respect to  FIG. 4 , a layer equal in thickness to the minimum thickness of a coping layer may be automatically applied). 
       FIG. 5A  is an exemplary screen shot showing one embodiment of dental CAD/CAM system  14  wherein stump  1  has been graphically rendered per stump rendering and build-up module  20 . Blank rendering module  21 , in this exemplary view, has generated a two dimensional graphical representation  51  of blank  8 &#39;s blank volume, which has been combined and overlaid upon the graphical rendering of stump  1  per blank and stump size confirmation module  22 . The graphical interface is presented by user interface module  12 . In one embodiment, this check using a two dimensional rendering of blank  8  is a first check made before the application of a coping layer, and is followed by a check using a three dimensional rendering of blank  8 . User  10  may, in one embodiment, manipulate the orientation of stump  1  in relation to the two-dimensional graphical rendering of the blank, or may request dental CAD/CAM system  14  to automatically orient stump  1 . For reference purposes, preparation line  52  can be viewed on the graphical representation of the tooth stump. Coping layer  1  generally caps stump  1  and terminates at preparation line  52 . For this reason, subsequent three dimensional renderings of stump  1  may terminate the tooth at the preparation line. 
       FIG. 5B  is an exemplary screen shot showing a different angle of stump  1  as shown with respect to  FIG. 5A . The perspective in  FIG. 5B  is from the top, looking down upon the tooth stumps. The two dimensional graphic representation  51  of blank  8 &#39;s blank volume is similarly overlaid in this figure. Pontic area  51  shows that there is a gap that must receive a pontic. 
       FIG. 6  is an exemplary screen shot showing one embodiment of dental CAD/CAM system in designing a pontic. Stumps, in this screen shot, have been overlaid with a coping layer of 0.5 mm and terminated at the preparation line. User  10  may modify the size of the coping layer by interacting with user interface  12 . Additionally, particular areas of the stump may be identified where a thicker coping layer is requested. In one embodiment, the coping layer may be specified up to 1 mm. The “built-up” dental restoration is, then, shown with respect to dental restoration  61  and  63 . The two dental restorations  63  form a pontic with dental restoration  62 . In this exemplary screenshot, the graphical rendering of blank  8  is shown in three dimensional graphical rendering  60 . User  10  may orient the dental restoration within three dimensional graphical rendering  60 . She may also change the thickness the coping layer, the orientation of the pontic relative to the other tooth stumps. 
       FIG. 7  is an exemplary screen shot showing one embodiment of dental CAD/CAM system in designing a dental restoration with a pontic. The screen shot is similar to that in  FIG. 6 , except in this case one area of the dental restoration extends beyond the dimensions of blank  8 . The area extending beyond the area of blank  8  is out-of-bounds area  70 . The graphical representation of out-of-bounds area  70  is shown assigned a visual indicia of a color or shading distinct from the three dimensional graphical rendering of blank  8  and three dimensional graphical rendering of stump  1  with coping layer  3 . User  10  may then see that the two dimensions are incompatible and alter the orientation of parts of the dental restoration, attempt to account for the incompatible dimensions in the subsequent design of the dental restoration. 
     This and other embodiments are within the scope of the invention, as one skilled in the art will recognize. Particularly, and for example, the same concepts taught herein could be applied to a two dimensional graphical rendering, though the examples specifically described herein regard three dimensional graphical rendering.