Abstract:
Disclosed is a therapeutic peptide useful in the treatment or prevention of infection caused by Gram-positive bacteria such as  Bacillus anthracis.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/611,507, filed Sep. 20, 2004, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
       [0002]    Applicants&#39; invention was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant NIH/NIAID AI021628 from the National Institute of Health. Therefore, the government may have certain rights in the invention. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]      Bacillus anthracis  is the etiologic agent responsible for anthrax. The most deadly form of anthrax, as well as the form exploited for use as a biological weapon, is inhalation anthrax, in which spores are inhaled and germinate inside alveolar macrophages in the lung, eventually leading to a systemic infection. Although the mechanism of anthrax intoxication is relatively well understood, virulent  Bacillus anthracis  continues to represent a significant health threat. (See, e.g., “The Anthrax Toxin Complex” by S. H. Leppla, Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, p. 277, J. E. Alouf (ed.), Academic Press, London (1991)). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    A first aspect of the present invention is directed to a composition of matter comprising a peptide having (consisting of) the sequence TRKKLFHIFHATIRSR (subsequently referred to as PAD-1.17). 
         [0005]    A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a composition comprising a peptide having the sequence TRKKLFHIFHATIRSR (PAD-1.17), and a carrier, preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions may be used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria such as  B. anthracis  in humans. 
         [0006]    A third aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of treating a infection caused by Gram-positive bacteria in a human comprising administering to the human an effective amount of a peptide having the sequence TRKKLFHIFHATIRSR (PAD-1.17). 
         [0007]    The peptide of the present invention does not exhibit cationic detergent-like properties at concentrations that have antibacterial activity. As shown in the examples, the peptide of the present invention kills  E. coli, Bacillus subtilis  and  Bacillus anthracis  Sterne, the acapsular form of  Bacillus anthracis . This peptide has also been shown to effect the destruction of vegetative cells upon emergence from germinating spores. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0008]      FIG. 1A  is a line graph depicting the time kill assay of  E. coli  DH5α in the presence (dashed line) or absence (solid line) of PAD-1.17. 
           [0009]      FIG. 1B  is a line graph depicting the time kill assay of  E. coli  DC2 in the presence (dashed line) or absence (solid line) of PAD-1.17. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2A  is a line graph depicting the time kill assay of  B. anthracis  Sterne, performed in chelated media, in the presence (squares) or absence (diamonds) of PAD-1.17. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2B  is a line graph depicting the time kill assay of  B. subtilis  in the presence of 100 μM (X) or 50 μM (triangles) of PAD-1.17, or in the absence (diamonds) of PAD-1.17 or in the presence of 100 μM of protein kinase C substrate inhibitor peptide (PKC 19-31) (squares) having the sequence RFARKGALRQKNV having a similar pI and M W Verspohl, E. J. and Wienecke, A., “The role of protein kinase C in the desensitization of rat pancreatic islets to cholinergic stimulation.”. J. Endocrinol. 159, 287-295, (1998). 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a copy of a photograph depicting growth of  B. anthracis  Sterne in the presence or absence of PAD-1.17. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4A  is a line graph depicting germination of  B. anthracis  Sterne spores in the presence (squares) or absence (diamonds) of PAD-1.17. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4B  is a line graph depicting germination of  B. subtilis  spores in the presence (squares) or absence (diamonds) of PAD-1.17. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0015]    The peptide of the invention may be provided in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Suitable salts include base salts such as alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium or potassium salts), ammonium salts, and acid addition salts such as hydrochloride and acetate salts. 
         [0016]    The peptide of the present invention may be produced using a solid-phase peptide synthesis technique, or in vitro coupled or uncoupled transcription and translation. Synthetic schemes are preferred. The peptide of the invention can be synthesized according to standard methods such as those described in Escobedo, J. A., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1125-1132 (1991). In particular, the peptide can be prepared by liquid or solid-phase methodologies including those suitable for large scale production and which are known to those skilled in the art. (Schroeder, et al., “The Peptides”, Vol. I, Academic Press 1965, or Bodanszky, et al., “Peptide Synthesis”, Interscience Publishers, 1966, or McOmie (ed.) “Protective Group in Organic Chemistry”, Plenum Press, 1973, or Barany et al., “The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology” 2, Chapter 1, Academic Press, (1980) or Andersson L, Blomberg L, Flegel M, Lepsa L, Nilsson B, Verlander M. (2000); Large-scale synthesis of peptides. Biopolymers. 55(3):227-50)). In the case of solid-phase synthesis, any manual or automatic peptide synthesizer can be used and the peptide can be assembled in a stepwise-manner on a resin support using either Boc or Fmoc strategies. 
         [0017]    The peptide may be purified in accordance with standard techniques such as HPLC or reverse-phase HPLC. 
         [0018]    The peptide of the present invention may be useful in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the peptide is used to treat infections caused by a species of  Bacillus , such as  B. cereus  or  B. anthracis  (which causes anthrax). In preferred embodiments, the peptide of the present invention may be used to treat humans presenting with anthrax (e.g., cutaneous or pulmonary). The peptide may also be used to treat humans at risk of contracting anthrax (e.g., a human that has been exposed or suspected to have been exposed, or come into contact with the bacterium). Infections caused by species of  Escherichia  e.g.,  E. coli  and  E. faecalis , may also be amenable to treatment with the peptide of the present invention. Such humans may be treated by formulating the peptide with an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle so as to be administered to the human in the desired fashion. 
         [0019]    The peptide of the present invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical preparations for administration via different routes including parenteral e.g., intravenous, and topical (e.g., via creams, salves or iontophoresis). 
         [0020]    The peptide may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The peptide may be formulated in an appropriate buffer such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or other physiologically compatible solutions, which are well suited for I.V. administration. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. 
         [0021]    Formulations for topical application, which would be useful in the treatment of cutaneous anthrax, may include creams and ointments. Administration may also be conduced iontophoretically, whereby the peptide is delivered subcutaneously without an actual injection. See, Boinpally R R, Zhou S L, Devraj G, Anne P K, Poondru S, Jasti B R. (2004) Iontophoresis of lecithin vesicles of cyclosporin A. Int j Pharm. 15;274(1-2):185-90). 
         [0022]    The route of administration can be varied during a course of treatment. 
         [0023]    Variables such as dosage amounts, and the mode, timing or frequency and duration of administration will vary depending on several factors including the age, weight and overall health of the patient as well as the state of the disease. These variables such as dosage amount may be determined in accordance with standard procedures in the art. In vitro experiments have shown that concentrations of the peptide of about 50 to about 100 micromolar were bacteriocidal to 10 5  CFU per ml. Dosing may be daily (in one or more doses) for a total of 10 days or until no viable bacteria can be isolated from the patient&#39;s serum. 
         [0024]    The invention will be further described by reference to the detailed examples. These examples are provided for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. 
       EXAMPLES 
     SRBC Lytic Assay: 
       [0025]    Various dilutions of the peptide were incubated with fixed amounts of sheep red blood cells in serum or in fibrin-free serum in a suitable assay plate. The plate was incubated for a period between 2 and 12 hours and the lytic activity was observed and recorded. Lysed red blood cells appeared as clear fluid in wells whereas unlysed cells maintained red color as RBCs remained intact. 
       Timekill Assays: 
       [0026]    For  E. coli  time kill assays, cultures were inoculated 1:10 for 90 minutes, then the starter culture was diluted 1:50 and incubated for 90 minutes. The peptide and control were added at this juncture (t=0).  Bacillus anthracis  Sterne and  Bacillus subtilis  were grown in BS media (BSM) (1 L LB+5 g Nutrient Broth+1 mL 1M NaOH). In  Bacillus  time kill assays, approximately 10 5  CFU of the test organism at mid-log phase was used to inoculate 2 mLs BSM and PAD 1.17 and controls added. Total viable bacterial counts (colony forming units, CFU) were determined by serial 10-fold dilution of culture aliquots in sterile medium, followed by spread plating of 100 mL samples of each dilution on LB agar plates in the absence of added antibiotics and overnight incubation at 37° C. 
       Germination Assay: 
       [0027]    Spores were prepared by diluting confluent cultures of  Bacillus subtilis  or  Bacillus anthracis  Sterne 1:25 into Schaeffer&#39;s Sporulation Media. After 3 days of incubation at 37° C., cultures were determined to be &gt;95% spores by phase-contrast microscopy. Spores were harvested via centrifugation, washed several times, and stored in sterile water. Prior to use in the germination assay, spores were activated by heating at 65° C. for 30 minutes. In germination assays, approximately 10 5  spores were used to inoculate 2 mLs of BSM, with or without PAD-1.17. At time 0 and varying timepoints, aliquots were removed, serially diluted, and plated to determine CFU. 
       Results and Discussion 
       [0028]    PAD-1.17 exhibited bacteriocidal effects against  E. coli  as a function of uptake. In the DH5α strain of  E. coli , PAD-1.17 had a bacteriostatic effect over an 8 hour time period. ( FIG. 1A .) However, in the DC2 strain of  E. coli , which readily takes up foreign compounds, PAD-1.17 was bacteriocidal ( FIG. 1B ). In the two bacillus species examined, 100 μM PAD-1.17 killed an inoculum of 10 5    Bacillus anthracis  Sterne, and 50 μM PAD-1.17 killed an inoculum of 10 5    Bacillus subtilis  ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ). Protein kinase C, which has a size and pI similar to PAD-1.17, had no effect, indicating that the antibacterial activity of PAD-1.17 is specific. The bacteriocidal effect was apparent by six hours; tubes containing PAD-1.17 contained no visible growth ( FIG. 3 ). In the germination assay, 50 μM PAD-1.17 prevented viable cells from emerging from an inoculum of 10 5  spores from both species, as determined by calculating CFU from samples taken over a six-hour period ( FIGS. 4A and 4B ). 
         [0029]    In addition to killing vegetative cells, PAD-1.17 also prevented the emergence of viable bacteria from bacillus spores. PAD-1.17 did not appear to act as a detergent, and a control peptide did not exhibit any antibacterial effects. 
         [0030]    All publications cited in the specification including websites, are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All these publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
         [0031]    Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.