Abstract:
The present invention provides a parallel pulse code modulation system enabling the independent control of a plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices. The system comprises a memory unit for receiving control data, from an external source, wherein this memory unit is configured to enable writing of the control data thereto and reading of the control data therefrom. The system further comprises a multiplexer connected to the memory unit for receiving the control data from the memory unit and organizing the control data into a serial data stream comprising groups of data. A shift register connected to the multiplexer receives the serial data stream from the multiplexer and translates each group of data into a parallel data stream output. Each parallel data stream output represents control parameters for a particular group of one or more electronic devices. A latch connected to the shift register and to the plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices, receives each parallel data stream output and sends a particular parallel data stream output to a corresponding group of one or more electronic devices, thereby providing independent control of the plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices. A logic sequencer integrated into the system provides sequencing and timing signals to the memory unit, the multiplexer, the shift register and the latch, thereby controlling actions and timing thereof.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention pertains to electronic control systems, and in particular relates to a method and apparatus for controlling a multiplicity of light-emitting elements individually or in predetermined groups.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Recent advances in the development of semiconductor and organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs and OLEDs) have made these solid-state devices suitable for use in general illumination applications, including architectural, entertainment, and roadway lighting, for example. As such, these devices are becoming increasingly competitive with light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, and high-intensity discharge lamps.  
         [0003]     An advantage of LEDs is that their turn-on and turn-off times are typically less than 100 nanoseconds. The average luminous intensity of an LED can therefore be controlled using a fixed constant-current power supply together with pulse width modulation (PWM) of the LED drive current, wherein the time-averaged luminous intensity is linearly proportional to the PWM duty cycle, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , wherein three duty cycles of 25%, 50% and 100% are illustrated. This technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,189 and documented in Gage, S., M. Modapp, D. Evans, and H. Sorenson. 1977,  Optoelectronics Applications Manual , New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company, wherein a single LED colour was considered.  
         [0004]     According to W. Howell in a web document “A Brief History of LED Lighting”, Middelsex, UK: Artistic License Inc.,  2002 , J. Laidman developed a commercial product for a company called Sound Chamber that employed a PWM-based controller for a multiplicity of single-colour LEDs in 1979. A similar PWM-based control method and apparatus also employing a multiplicity of single-colour LEDs was later disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,481. According to these inventions, an essentially infinite range of colours can be produced by optically blending single colours of different luminous intensities.  
         [0005]     Today, PWM is typically the preferred method for LED luminous intensity control in that it offers linear control over a range of three decades (11000:1) or more without suffering power losses through current-limiting resistors, uneven luminous intensities in LED arrays, and noticeable colour shifts (Zukauskas, A., M. S. Schur, and R. Caska, 2002 , Introduction to Solid - State Lighting . New York, N.Y.: Wiley-Interscience, p. 136). The PWM signals used to control the LEDs are preferably generated by microcontrollers and associated peripheral hardware.  
         [0006]     There are however, several practical difficulties with implementing PWM control signals in hardware. For example, most microcontrollers offer one to four dedicated PWM channels on-chip, wherein this is usually adequate for individual light fixtures or luminaires that utilize a multiplicity of LEDs with three or four colours, for example red, green, blue, and occasionally amber, whose luminous intensities must be controlled on a per-colour basis. However, some applications may require more PWM channels to control individual LEDs or groups of LEDs.  
         [0007]     One example application that can require this form of control is a luminaire where the individual LEDs may be viewed directly. Current LED manufacturing processes result in individual LEDS that exhibit a wide range of luminous intensities for a given constant drive current. LED manufacturers ameliorate this problem by “binning” or sorting LEDs with similar performance characteristics, including luminous intensity. However, the range of intensities within each bin can typically be 30 percent (e.g., Lumileds Lighting, 2002 , Application Brief AB 22 —Luxeon Product Binning and Labeling , San Jose, Calif.: Lumileds Lighting, LLC). Visually critical applications may require a luminaire manufacturer to select LEDs with matching intensity characteristics from within a single bin. Alternatively, the luminaire manufacturer can control the intensity of each LED independently using PWM techniques, however, in this alternative each LED or LED group then requires an independent PWM channel.  
         [0008]     Another example application is architectural cove lighting, where a linear array of closely spaced LEDs is used to illuminate a wall adjacent to a ceiling. The length of such an array may range from a few meters to tens of meters. It would be economically advantageous to control the luminous intensities of these LEDs individually or in groups, but with a minimal number of microcontrollers and associated inter-processor communications hardware.  
         [0009]     Yet another example application requiring control of individual LEDs or groups thereof occurs when a multiplicity of single-colour LEDs are arranged in a linear array or other geometric pattern wherein it is desired to dynamically change the luminous intensities of individual LEDs or LED groups in order to effect varying patterns of colour and/or luminous intensity. These types of applications can include, for example entertainment lighting systems commonly known as “marquee” or “chase” lighting.  
         [0010]     Separate PWM controller integrated circuits (ICs) with up to 48 independent channels that communicate with microcontrollers are commercially available for the above identified purposes. Examples of these ICs include the LD71D1048 PWM controller (Logic Device Technology, 2003,  LD 71D1048—48  Output LED Driver/ 10  Bit PWM Controller  (Product data sheet)) the MIC5400 LED video display driver (Micrel, Inc. 2002, MIC5400—Dual, 8-Output, 14-Bit LED Video Display Driver (Product data sheet)), and the SL70D0948 PWM controller (System Logic Semiconductor  SL 70 D 0948—48  Output LED Driver/ 9  Bit PWM Controller , (Product data sheet)). Alternatively, it may also be possible to implement a custom PWM controller using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for high-volume production, for example.  
         [0011]     These devices have two common problems, however. First, they are physically large devices with up to 128 pins, wherein this feature makes it difficult to route the PWM channel signals to the LED drivers without resorting to, for example expensive multilayer printed circuit boards. And secondly, the devices typically have limited heat dissipation capabilities, which may require additional line drivers for the PWM channel signals if the LEDs are remotely located from the PWM controller.  
         [0012]     As an example, PWM control signals can be implemented in firmware using general-purpose microcontrollers. However, the PWM signal frequency should typically be at least 100 Hertz or preferably higher in order to avoid visually perceptible flicker associated with the illumination produced by the LEDs. As such, this requirement typically makes it impractical to implement more than one or two channels on a microcontroller (typically with a CPU clock frequency of 20 MHz) in the absence of a dedicated hardware timer for each channel.  
         [0013]     There is therefore a clearly identifiable need for a simple hardware circuit design that can generate a multiplicity of control signals, and which does not require expensive multilayer circuit boards to route the control signals to the LED drivers.  
         [0014]     In the fields of voice and data communications, a well-known alternative to PWM is pulse-code modulation (PCM). This technique was originally developed for voice telephony applications and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,272,070. In its original form, an analog input signal is regularly sampled and represented by digital code. Unlike PWM however, there is no linear relationship between the average on-time of the digital code and the analog input signal. Consequently, it would appear that there are no apparent advantages to the use of conventional PCM techniques in controlling LED drive currents.  
         [0015]     There is however, a variant of PCM that can be considered competitive with PWM for the control of LEDs. In a Web document, “Application Note 011: An Overview of the Electronic Drive Techniques for Intensity Control and Colour Mixing of Low Voltage Light Sources Such As LEDs and LEPs”, 2002, W. Howell proposed what he called “bit angle modulation,” or BAM. He described this technique as, essentially driving an LED “by a pulse train that is the binary word defining the value of the required intensity. Each bit of the pulse train is stretched by a ratio defined by the binary significance of the bit.” Comparative examples of output signals using PWM and BAM are illustrated in  FIG. 2 , wherein each identifies sixteen discrete signal levels.  
         [0016]     Howell noted that BAM is most efficient in terms of microcontroller resources with the following example: “A microprocessor generating an eight-bit resolution PWM signal at 100 Hz will need to process the output every 39 μsec, a total of 256 times per output cycle. By comparison, a microprocessor generating an eight-bit resolution BAM signal at 100 Hz will need to process the output only 8 times at 5000 μsec, 2500 μsec, 1250 μsec, 625 μsec, 312 μsec, 156 μsec, 78 μsec and 39 μsec intervals from the cycle start.” He asserted that this represents an 800 percent reduction in required processing power compared to PWM.  
         [0017]     As described, BAM can be useful for implementation using microcontrollers that do not have hardware PWM channels, and also communicate with a host controller or perform other tasks in addition to controlling the LED drivers, for example. It does not however address the problems of independently controlling a multiplicity of LEDs with a single microcontroller. While it is true that a firmware BAM implementation requires much less processing power than would an equivalent PWM implementation, the microcontroller must still respond to a hardware timer whose shortest duration pulse was 39 μsec in Howell&#39;s example. Assuming a typical microcontroller instruction cycle time of 200 nsec (using a 20 MHz clock), it would be difficult to control more than 20 or so independent BAM channels.  
         [0018]     In addition, having regard to Howell&#39;s example it appears somewhat optimistic, as most LED drivers for lighting applications require ten-bit resolution at 200 Hz in order to avoid visually perceptible flicker when dimming LED intensities. This typical requirement therefore reduces the minimum BAM pulse width to 5 μsec, and the number of BAM channels to perhaps four for the same 20 MHz clock. (This assumes that the microcontroller needs to devote most of its processing time budget to servicing the hardware timer interrupts and controlling the BAM output signals.)  
         [0019]     If for example, a single microcontroller could independently control 128 LED driver channels, it would be desirable to limit the number of physical control lines from the microcontroller to perhaps eight or sixteen, representing one or two eight-bit digital output ports. Therefore, there is a clear need for an apparatus and method that can control a large number of LEDs or group of LEDs wherein physical connections between the source microcontroller and the LED drivers is reduced.  
         [0020]     This background information is provided for the purpose of making known information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present invention. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present invention.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]     An object of the present invention is to provide a parallel pulse code modulation system and method. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a parallel pulse code modulation system enabling independent control of a plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices, said system comprising: a memory unit for receiving control data, from an external source, said memory unit configured to enable writing of the control data thereto and reading of the control data therefrom; a multiplexer connected to the memory unit for receiving the control data from the memory unit and organizing the control data into a serial data stream comprising groups of data; a shift register connected to the multiplexer, said shift register receiving the serial data stream from the multiplexer and translating each group of data into a parallel data stream output, each parallel data stream output representing control parameters for a particular group of one or more electronic devices; a latch connected to the shift register and to the plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices, the latch receiving each parallel data stream output and sending a particular parallel data stream output to a corresponding group of one or more electronic devices, thereby providing independent control of the plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices; and a logic sequencer for providing sequencing and timing signals to the memory unit, the multiplexer, the shift register and the latch, thereby controlling actions and timing thereof.  
         [0022]     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for enabling independent control of a plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices, said method comprising the steps of: receiving control data from an external source by a memory unit and writing said control data to said memory unit; reading said control data from the memory unit and transmitting said control data to a multiplexer; organizing said control data into a serial data stream comprising groups of data, by the multiplexer; transforming each group of data into a plurality of parallel data stream outputs, each parallel data stream output representing control parameters for a particular group of one or more electronic devices; transmitting each parallel data stream output to a corresponding group of one or more electronic devices; thereby providing independent control of the plurality of groups of one or more electronic devices. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example of pulse width modulation signals for 25%, 50% and 100% duty factor.  
         [0024]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example of pulse width modulation and bit angle modulation signals enabling the creation of 16 distinct output signals for each method.  
         [0025]      FIG. 3  illustrates a high level schematic of one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0027]      FIG. 5  illustrates the process flow for one embodiment of the present invention  
         [0028]      FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0000]     Definitions  
         [0029]     The term “light-emitting element” is used to define any device that emits radiation in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when a potential difference is applied across it or a current is passed through it, for example, a semiconductor or organic light-emitting diode (LED) or other similar devices as would be readily understood, and may include any electronic circuit drivers that may be needed to control its activation. It would be readily understood by a worker skilled in the art, that a light-emitting element could be replaced by an element, which instead of emitting radiation in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, emits radiation in any region of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as in the infrared or ultraviolet regions.  
         [0030]     The term “word” is used to define a plurality of bits of binary data representing a digital signal.  
         [0031]     The terms “random access memory” or “RAM” are interchangeably used to define any electronic circuit(s) that forms a memory unit that is a collection of cells together with associated circuits needed to transfer information in and out of the cells. These memory cells can be accessed for information transfer to or from any desired random location of the cells within the memory unit. It would be understood by a worker skilled in the art that any type of memory unit could replace a RAM block.  
         [0032]     The terms “first-in-first-out memory” or “FIFO” are interchangeably used to define any electronic circuit(s) that forms a memory unit that can handle oldest program work requests first, therefore the first data written to the memory is the first data read, the second data written is read subsequently, and so on. A FIFO may comprise a plurality of RAM blocks, and read and write address generators which identify the words within the RAM that are being read from or written to the RAM, respectively. It would be understood by a worker skilled in the art that other implementations of a FIFO are possible. For example, a microcontroller with internal or external RAM, or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) can be programmed to emulate a hardware FIFO.  
         [0033]     The terms “multiplexer” or “MUX” are used interchangeably to define any electronic circuit(s) that organizes the data it receives into a serial bit stream of a particular order. The MUX comprises a switch that is used to select and output particular bits of the incoming data in a particular order, and a sequence address generator that identifies which bit of a portion of the data is selected by the switch at a given time.  
         [0034]     The term “shift register” is used to define any electronic circuit(s) that is capable of accepting a serial data input, shifting the data within itself and outputting this in one or more parallel data streams.  
         [0035]     The term “latch” is used to define any electronic circuit(s) that is capable of retaining data it receives and providing it as an output until commanded to receive and retain other data.  
         [0036]     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.  
         [0037]     A high level schematic of the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The parallel pulse code modulation system  100  according to the present invention enables independent control of a multiplicity of light-emitting elements such as semiconductor or organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or groups thereof, using control signals from a source while reducing the number of interconnections between the source and the drivers of light-emitting elements. In this manner, control of a plurality of light-emitting elements or groups thereof can be achieved without a need for a multilayer printed circuit board.  
         [0038]     In one embodiment of the present invention, the parallel pulse code modulation system  100  receives N words of binary data from an external source  10 , such as a microcontroller, a host computer, or a digital communications system, where N is the number of light-emitting elements or groups of elements  200  to be controlled. The data is then converted into parallel bit streams, wherein one bit stream is sent to each light-emitting element, thereby enabling each of the N light-emitting elements to be controlled. Each of the N words comprises M bits of binary data, wherein each M bits of data together represent a desired intensity level for a particular light-emitting element of group of light-emitting elements.  
         [0039]      FIG. 4  illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, wherein the N words from the external source control N LED driver channels. The N words are received by a first-in-first-out memory (FIFO)  12 , where each M-bit word received by the FIFO is a binary representation of the luminous intensity of a particular LED or LED group driven by a particular LED driver channel.  
         [0040]     In this embodiment, the FIFO memory  12  comprises at least two blocks of dual-ported random-access memory (RAM)  14 , each able to store N words of M bits each. Sequential write address generator  16  and sequential read address generator  18 , identify the words to be written to or output from the RAM  14 , respectively. As each word of data is received by FIFO  12  from the external data source  10  through data line  34 , write line  36  is pulsed by the external data source  10 . This action results in the writing of the word data to the currently addressed RAM location and increments the write address generator  16  modulo  2 N to address the next RAM location for the subsequent word data to be written.  
         [0041]     The contents of RAM  14  can be read asynchronously while the RAM is being written to. Upon toggling of read line  38  by the logic sequencer  20 , the read address generator  18  is incremented modulo N to address the next RAM location and the word data stored at this location is output on data line  40 .  
         [0042]     In operation, N words of data are repeatedly received by FIFO  12  at a rate of P times a second, where P can be between 100 and 300 thereby providing a means for smooth adjustment of the illumination intensity of the light-emitting elements without visual perception of flickering, for example. Each repetition of this receipt of N words is hereinafter referred to as a “cycle.” 
         [0043]     As indicated, 2N words of M-bit data may be received by FIFO  12  and stored in dual-ported RAM  14  at any time. Therefore, the reading of the data stored in RAM  14  is delayed by one cycle with respect to the data being written to the RAM by the external data source  10 . In this manner, the data related to the current cycle may be read asynchronously with respect to the data being written for the next cycle. That is, the contents of RAM locations  1  through N may be read while the contents of RAM locations N+1 through 2N are being written to on each even cycle, and vice versa on each odd cycle, for example. In addition, logic sequencer  20  toggles control line  42  to determine whether the first or second block of RAM  14  is accessed. FIFO  12  therefore fulfils an additional task of buffering the data received from external data source  10 . In addition, repeated activation of read line  38  by the logic sequencer  20  allows the contents of dual-ported RAM  14  to be read multiple times in the order in which the data was received.  
         [0044]     The output of FIFO  12  is connected to the input of an M:1 digital multiplexer (MUX)  22 , which organizes the word data read from the FIFO  12  into a serial bit stream. MUX  22  comprises a sequential address generator  24  and an M-way switch  26 . The logic sequencer  20  is connected to address generator  24  through control line  44 . Toggling of control line  44  by logic sequencer  20  decrements address generator  24  modulo M. Depending on the address presented by address generator  24  to M-way switch  26 , the output of MUX  22  is bit  1  through bit M of the current input word.  
         [0045]     The output of MUX  22  is connected by data line  46  to the input of an N-bit serial-to-parallel shift register  28 , which shifts the bits through itself and thus essentially holds the M th  bit of each word as they come in from MUX  22  and outputs them in parallel format. A multiplicity of shift registers may also be used with a combined capacity of N bits as described in a following embodiment. Logic sequencer  20  is connected to shift register  28  through read line  38  to provide a clock signal that is pulsed to sequentially shift the bits of each word through the register.  
         [0046]     The N digital outputs of shift register  28  are connected by data lines  48  to the N inputs of N-bit latch  30 , which holds the data it receives from the shift register until the next set of data is received. Logic sequencer  20  is connected to latch  30  through control line  44 , which pulses to enable latch  30  to receive each bit through data lines  48 . The N outputs of latch  30  are connected to N LED drivers  32  through data lines  50  thereby activating or deactivating each LED driver to which an LED or group of LEDs is connected.  
         [0000]     Logic Sequence and Timing  
         [0047]     The logic sequencer  20  essentially determines the sequence and time at which events as defined according to the present invention take place. It comprises a programmable timer that can be synchronized by the external data source  10  through control line  52 . This line is pulsed at the start of each cycle. External data source  10  then sequentially outputs N words to FIFO  12  at the rate of P times per second, subject to the constraint that all N words are output prior to the start of the next cycle. This constraint thereby results in a limit being applied to the number of words that are in each cycle, while this value is also dependent on the speed of the clock associated with the system.  
         [0048]     At the beginning of each cycle (after the first cycle during which the first N words have been written to FIFO  12 ), logic sequencer  20  repeatedly pulses read line  38  to sequentially transfer N words from FIFO  12  to MUX  22 . In one embodiment of the present invention where bit angle modulation (BAM) is realized, address generator  24  is set to select the most significant bit of each word. The M th  bit of each word is output to shift register  28 . Control line  42  is set to access the appropriate block of RAM  14 , which for the second cycle would be set to access block one, for example. As read line  38  is pulsed, it also pulses the clock of shift register  28  to sequentially shift the bits through the register. Once shift register  28  contains the first bit of each of the N words to be output, logic sequencer  20  pulses control line  44  to enable latch  30  to receive each bit through data lines  48 . These bits are then output to LED drivers  32  through data lines  50 . Toggling of control line  44  also increments MUX address generator  24  at the same time to select the next most significant bit. Therefore, if bit M is the most significant bit, bits M of every word are followed by bits M- 1 , M- 2 , and so on, for example, wherein bit M- 1  is the most significant bit subsequent to bit M.  
         [0049]     In the embodiment of the present invention in which BAM is realized, and having regard to the most significant bit, the time of logic sequencer  20  is programmed to delay pulsing of control line  44  for a period of 1/(2P). Thus, the most significant bit is essentially stretched by this period. During this delay time logic sequencer  20  again repeatedly pulses read line  38  to sequentially transfer N words from FIFO  12  to MUX  22 . Upon timer expiry of this delay time, logic sequencer  20  again pulses control line  44  to latch the bits and output them to LED drivers  32 .  
         [0050]     This process is performed M times, with the timer delay period being halved each time so that each bit is stretched by a ratio defining the value of the required intensity. Thus, with BAM, the time of logic sequencer  20  is programmed to delay for a period of (1/(2 i *P), wherein “i” is equivalent to the significance of the bit, for example “i” equal to 1 is the most significant bit in a word and “i” equal to 2 is the second most significant bit in a word. As such for the second most significant bit the delay is equivalent to 1/(4P). Thus, the N words received from external data source  10  are converted into BAM bit streams for transmission to each LED driver.  
         [0051]     Upon the completion of the selection and transmission of the last bit in each word through shift register  28  to the latch  30  and on to LED drivers  32 , a first cycle has been completed. Control line  42  is then toggled to select an alternate block of RAM  14  comprising the N words for the subsequent cycle in preparatory to repeating the entire aforementioned process during this next cycle.  
         [0052]      FIG. 5  schematically illustrates the process flow for the above embodiment of the present invention. The value of “x” determines the period of delay of each control bit and is equal to 2 i  in the case of BAM, however if PCM is being used “x” can be a constant.  
         [0053]     In addition, as an example, the above process can be defined using pseudocode and would be described as follows:  
                                                                                                               DO FOREVER                Read N words data into FIFO 12           Set MUX 22 bit select address to M           FOR i = 1 to M                FOR j = 1 to N                Output data[j] from FIFO 12 to MUX 22           Pulse shift register 28 clock                ENDFOR           Pulse latch 30           Decrement MUX 22 bit select address           Delay 1/(x * P) seconds                ENDFOR           Toggle RAM 14 block select                ENDDO                      
 
         [0054]     As described above, in one embodiment of the present invention the timing and sequence is controlled such that the LED channels are driven using BAM, however the invention may be used to translate any stream of binary words into a parallel output stream in order to control individual light-emitting elements or groups of light-emitting elements, with a possibility of stretching each bit of data if desired.  
         [0055]     In one embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 6 , a multiplicity of each of shift registers  54  and latches  56  can be associated with LED drivers  58  such that these components have a combined capacity of N bits. In this configuration each shift register, latch and associated LED drivers can be located as independent modules  60  with a daisy-chained serial data connection  62 , a common shift register clock signal  64 , and a common latch enable signal  66  connecting each of the multiplicity of modules  60 .  
         [0056]     An advantage of the present invention is that the shift registers and associated latches may be physically separated from FIFO  12 , MUX  22 , and logic sequencer  20 . Whereas a PWM controller requires N separate connections for each LED driver channel, the invention requires only three connections between each shift register and associated latch, wherein these connections are the data input line  46  to the shift register, the read line  38  from the logic sequencer and latch enable signal  44  from the logic sequencer. The present invention thereby can avoid the need for expensive multilayer circuit boards as would typically be required for PWM based controllers.  
         [0057]     Another advantage of the present invention is that each of the logical subunits, including the FIFO, MUX, shift registers, latches and the logic sequencer, can be implemented using discrete integrated circuits or less expensive FPGAs or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with low gate counts as opposed to, for example, more expensive microcontrollers.  
         [0058]     A further advantage of the present invention is that the lower circuit complexity enables the logical subunits to be operated at switching speeds and cycle times that may exceed those achievable by commercial microcontrollers. It may therefore be possible to independently control hundreds of LED driver channels with a single instance of the present invention.  
         [0059]     While the above description is described as it may be applied to the activation of light-emitting elements, a worker skilled in the art would readily understand that the present invention provides a means for activating/deactivating a plurality of electronic devices using pulses, while reducing the number of connections between the source and the electronic device themselves.  
         [0060]     The embodiments of the invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.