Abstract:
A backload-responsive fluidic switch having high pressure recovery of more than 50% comprises a body member with a power nozzle having a width W and a centerline CL which is adapted to be coupled to a source of fluid under pressure for issuing a jet of fluid along the centerline. A pair of diverging fluid flow passages have a common connection with said power nozzle and respective bounding walls, each respective bounding wall diverging from the centerline no more than about 50°, and a splitter defining respective inner walls of said pair of diverging walls, the splitter being spaced a distance of about 3W from the power nozzle. Inflatable bladder(s) connected to the diverging fluid flow passage(s), and a vent connected to the other of said fluid flow passages.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application is the subject of provisional application Serial No. 60/241,791 filed Oct. 20, 2000 and entitled BACKLOADED FLUIDIC SWITCH WITH IMPROVED PRESSURE RECOVERY. This application is also related to application Ser. No. 09/567,890 filed May 20, 2000 for FLUIDIC PULSE GENERATOR AND MASSAGER AND METHOD and is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/773,631 filed Feb. 2, 2001 and entitled BACKLOAD RESPONSIVE FLUIDIC PULSE SWITCH AND MEDICAL MATTRESS. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to fluidic pulse generator devices, particularly a backload-responsive fluidic switch having high pressure recovery, and still more particularly to a backload-responsive fluidic switch having high pressure recovery for driving flexible bladders and massaging apparatus.  
           [0003]    In PCT international application No. PCT/US00/06702 published May 11, 2000, a crossover-type fluidic switching element of the type shown in FIG. 1 is utilized. In such a construction, the power jet in the interaction region deflects but a fraction of that of the normal oscillating mode (without backloading). So small was this deflection that it was thought that the alternate inflation/deflation of two bladders (one on each of the two receivers) could be accomplished with an ordinary Y- or T-connector. It proved not to be the case. A large model of the crossover-type switching element was tested using water with tracer dye introduced in the power nozzle and again showed unusually small deflections in the interaction region as the receiver flow switches in correspondence to backloading. However, when a normal crossover-type element with two receivers was modified by eliminating or machining away the portion that contained the power nozzle and control channels and most of the interaction area. The remaining fragment of the original silhouette was tested with two bladders with the same result as the original unit with blocked control ports. Thus, it is believed that the major control centers about the bistable nature of the system is in the receiver geometry.  
           [0004]    Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a backload-responsive fluidic switch having high pressure recovery. According to the invention, a fluidic switch having a relatively high pressure recovery (greater than 50%) is constituted by a power nozzle, projecting a jet of fluid towards a splitter, the splitter defining a pair of receiver channels or diverging flow paths. The diverging flow paths from the splitter have a common connection with the power nozzle and have respective bounding walls. Each respective bounding wall diverging from the centerline through the power nozzle no more than about 50°. The splitter defines respective inner walls of the diverging channels or flow paths, with the splitter being spaced a distance of about 3W (W being the width of the power nozzle) from the power nozzle. At least one vent is connected to one of the fluid flow passages.  
           [0005]    In one embodiment, an inflatable bladder is connected to one of the diverging fluid flow passages and a vent is connected to the other fluid flow passages. Thus, when a jet of fluid is issued through the power nozzle, the jet of fluid forms a first coanda attachment bubble on the bounding wall leading to the inflatable bladder, thereby increasing the pressure in the bladder and strengthening the coanda attachment bubble. After the first fluid pressure in the bladder reaches a set load or level, the first coanda attachment bubble forces the jet to the switch to the opposite output passage. In the case of a single bladder, the jet is switched to an output leg with its own attachment bubble and a vent. Entrainment in the output leg starts to lower the pressure in the bag enough for the jet to switch back to the output channel having the bladder attached to it and the cycle repeats. In this embodiment, structurally the jet is biased to the output with the bladder attached.  
           [0006]    In a second embodiment, a two-bag or bladder version is disclosed. In the two-bag embodiment, the fluidic switch has relatively high pressure recovery (more than 50%) and is constituted by a power nozzle projecting a jet of fluid towards a splitter with the splitter defining a pair of receiver channels. A pair of attachment walls are provided adjacent the power nozzle and a pair of vents is provided adjacent the attachment walls, one vent for each of the respective output channels of the fluidic switch. Thus, switching of the jet of fluid back and forth between the receiver channels is caused when the backload in each receiver channel overcomes the wall attachment at its associated attachment wall. In other words, the operation is similar to the one-bag version except in the one-bag version the biased start-up conditions is provided.  
           [0007]    The invention features a backload-responsive fluidic switch having high pressure recovery of more than 50% comprising a body member having a power nozzle having a width W and a centerline CL, said power nozzle being adapted to be coupled to a source of fluid under pressure for issuing a jet of fluid along said centerline, a pair of diverging fluid flow passages having a common connection with the power nozzle and respective bounding walls, each respective bounding wall diverging from the power nozzle centerline no more than about 50°, and a splitter defining respective inner walls of said pair of diverging walls, said splitter being spaced a distance of about 3W from said throat. An inflatable bladder is connected to one of the diverging fluid flow passages, and a vent connected to the other of the fluid flow passages.  
           [0008]    The backload-responsive fluidic switch defined above further features a pair of inflatable bladders, one connected to each of the diverging flow passages, respectively, and, wherein there is a vent connected to each of the fluid flow passages downstream of said power nozzle, the bounding wall portions between said power nozzle and each vent constituting coanda attachment walls, respectively.  
           [0009]    Further, on one embodiment of the backload-responsive fluidic switch defined above, the power nozzle centerline is offset or structurally biased relative to the one of said diverging fluid flow passages to which said inflatable bladder is connected.  
           [0010]    Still further, the backload-responsive fluidic switch defined above, the vent(s) is connected to the flow passage(s) a selected distance (beyond the coanda bubble, but as close to the bubble as possible, to achieve high pressure recovery) from the power nozzle and the portion of the bounding wall from the power nozzle to said vent constitutes a coanda attachment wall.  
           [0011]    Finally, in the backload-responsive fluidic switch defined above, when a jet is issued through the power nozzle, the jet of fluid forms a first coanda attachment bubble on one of the bounding walls leading to an inflatable bladder thereby increasing the pressure in the bladder and strengthening the first coanda attachment bubble, and after the fluid pressure in the bladder reaches a selected level, said attachment bubble begins to get pressurized and the jet is forced to the other of said diverging fluid flow passages. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]    The above and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent when considered with the following specification and accompanying drawings wherein:  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of the upper receiver portion of a normal fluidic crossover switching element,  
         [0014]    [0014]FIGS. 2A, 2B and  2 C are diagrammatic illustrations of a one-bladder system which can be configured for inflation performance on one side and the venting on the other side,  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 is a graph of time versus pressure showing the inflation and deflation cycle,  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 4A is a plan view of the silhouette of a preferred embodiment of the single bladder-type device,  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4B is a table showing the dimensions of the unit shown in FIG. 4A,  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4C is a graph showing inflation and deflation cycle,  
         [0019]    [0019]FIGS. 4D, 4E,  4 F and  4 G are diagrammatic illustrations of the operation of a single-sided backload fluidic switch incorporating the invention,  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5A is an isometric view of a double bladder device incorporating the invention, FIG. 5B is a plan view thereof, FIGS.  5 C- 5 F are diagrammatic illustrations of the operation thereof, and  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 6 is a graph of time versus pressure showing the inflation and deflation cycles of the two bladder devices. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0022]    Referring to FIGS. 2A, 2B and  2 C of the drawings illustrating a one-bladder embodiment, the one-bladder version preferably has a bias of the power nozzle relative to the leg to which the one bladder is connected. Typically, the devices are molded in plastic “chips” (as in FIG. 5A). They can also be made of metal, sintered materials, etc.  
         [0023]    In this case, the power nozzle  10  is biased to the leg  11  containing bladder  12  and leg  13  is vented to atmosphere. In this embodiment, the jet emanating from the power nozzle  10  instantaneously divides between the bladder and the vented receivers at startup and is biased as noted earlier to the leg  11  to the bladder  12 . The coanda bubble CB on the bladder side has no opportunity to satisfy its entrainment needs (so it can stably form) since there is no connection to the ambient. However, the coanda bubble CBV on the vented side has ample chance to entrain from the ambient via the vent. The result is the jet attaches to the receiver wall on the bladder side and detaches from the receiver on the vented side. The bladder fills (and the jet entrains some from the vented side) as shown in FIG. 2B until the bladder pressure rises to a point that the attachment is no longer supported and a jet switches to the vented side. The venting continues with the entrainment from the bladder side to aid in deflating the bladder until the differential pressure favors again attachment to the bladder side. The pressure in the bladder verses time such that the inflation/deflation cycle shown in FIG. 3 comprises a fast inflation and a slow deflation. This is more desirable for massaging purposes. In the case of medical cuffs, it is a requirement to have the inflation fast and deflation last for a longer time. This gives the tissue sufficient time to “bounce back.” 
         [0024]    Referring now to FIGS.  4 A- 4 G, a preferred embodiment of the single-sided backload fluidic switch is illustrated. In FIG. 4A, note the following:  
         [0025]    φPv is the vent diameter.  
         [0026]    Lw u  is the width of the vent channel.  
         [0027]    Pw is the width of the power nozzle.  
         [0028]    Sw is the distance from the power nozzle to the splitter.  
         [0029]    α is the angle the coanda attachment wall, vent side, makes the centerline of the power nozzle.  
         [0030]    β is the angle the bounding wall of the vent channel mates with the centerline of the power nozzle.  
         [0031]    γ is the angle between the walls of the vent channel.  
         [0032]    Vw is the width of opening of the vent channel.  
         [0033]    Sv L  is the length of the side vent channel.  
         [0034]    φSv is the diameter of the side vent SV.  
         [0035]    Lw b  is the distance between the splitter and the attachment wall.  
         [0036]    Pv L  is the length of the vent channel.  
         [0037]    As shown in FIG. 4D, the power nozzle is structurally biased relative to the output O 2  to which the inflatable bladder is coupled or attached as shown at startup. Note that the coanda bubble is beginning to form and that there is some entrainment E from the vent side. In FIG. 4E, the inflatable bladder or bag is connected to the output leg  02  and is beginning to fill up and the pressure is increasing in the bag or bladder. It also shows that the attachment bubble is intensifying.  
         [0038]    As shown in FIG. 4F, the pressure in the bag or inflatable bladder is now at a point sufficient enough to cause some spill from the auxiliary vent SV. When the pressure in the bag is at a selected level, the attachment bubble begins to get pressurized and the jet is switched to output main vent leg  01  with its own attachment bubble, and entrainment and output leg  02  starts to lower the pressure in the bag enough for the jet to switch back to the leg  02  and the cycle repeats. Thus, the vents provide for optimum operation. The addition and location of the vents basically doubles the pressure recovery. It is possible to achieve up to 80% pressure recovery and even greater. The disclosed units are achieving 65% pressure recovery. Since the fluidic device is always pulling air to create the massaging effect, pressure recovery is very important to minimize energy usage by the system. Previous designs were only able to recover about 25% of the supply pressure. In FIG. 4B, some of the dimensions and preferred values to achieve the specified inflation/deflation times are given. In particular, what has been found is that:  
         [0039]    φPv, γ, β, Pv L  and LWu control the deflation time,  
         [0040]    Vw, φSv control the inflation time, vent location, size control the pressure recovery.  
         [0041]    In the dual bladder or bag embodiment, each leg is vented. Referring to the fluidic switch shown in FIGS.  5 A- 5 F, it will be noted that it is comprised of a power nozzle PN issuing a jet of fluid (preferably air). A splitter  40  having a spacing of preferably about 3W (W being the width of the power nozzle, 0.020″ in the disclosed embodiment) and a wall angle Θ (roughly 40° in this embodiment). The supply channel leading to the power nozzle PNB is shaped to minimize pressure losses upstream of the power nozzle. Vents V 1  and V 2  are located such that it maximizes pressure recovery. In the embodiment shown, the pressure recovery was measured to be about 65%. Prior art devices typically recovered 20% of the supply pressure. To achieve high pressure recovery the vents Sv (FIG. 4A) and V 1  and V 2  (FIG. 5B) are connected to their respective flow passages at a point beyond the coanda bubble, but as close to the bubble as possible. High pressure recoveries cited above allow the device to fully inflate the bladders or cells, a difficulty encountered by prior art devices, while at the same time allow economic operation at lower supply pressures.  
         [0042]    The diverging output channels  16  and  18  result in the downstream end of the vent opening being offset from the upstream end, a geometrical feature that helps in the switching and the deflation of the bags. The size of the vents assists in controlling the deflation cycle and also the peak pressure attained in the inflation cycle. Thus, it is apparent that the illustrated shape, size and location of the vents are important features. Prior art flip-flop type switches required feedback passages to communicate the backload signal to the power jet to cause the switching. The feedback passages also required restrictions to improve the pressure gain of the device, said restrictions resulting in potential manufacturing and operational problems. The fluidic switch of the present invention overcomes this difficulty by eliminating the need for a control passage to effect switching. The splitter  40  defines the receiver passages  16 ,  18  to the different bladder manifolds  13 ,  17  and each receiver passage  16 ,  18  is vented  44 ,  45  to atmosphere by venting passages V 1 , V 2 .  
         [0043]    Referring now to FIGS. 5C, 5D and  5 E, the flow patterns during bladder filling and switching are illustrated. In FIG. 5C, the jet of air is issued through the power nozzle PN and, in the state illustrated, the jet of air is directed into receiver passage  18  and due to the coanda bubble and wall attachment effect attaches to attachment wall A 1  with the coanda bubble B 1  shown as drawing air from the power jet flowing through receiver passage  18 . Entrainment from receiver  16  is indicated by arrow  50 . The receiver passage  18  is connected to the manifold  17  which is connected to fill bladders  12 . A weaker coanda or attachment bubble is shown on the non-filled side to receiver  16  and attachment wall A 2 . In the embodiment shown the wall angle Θ is about 40° and the splitter distance S 1  is about 0.067″, the length of the attachment walls is about 3W or 0.0601″, and the power nozzle W is about 0.020″.  
         [0044]    When the bladders or cells connected to receiver passage  18  are filled and can receive no more air, the backload overcomes the wall attachment on wall A 1  (the coanda attachment) and the flow in the output channel or receiver  18  is partially diverted to the vent V 1  (FIG. 5D) and the rest into left channel  16  which then fills bladders  11  via manifold  13 . The coanda bubble is formed at the attachment wall A 2  in the left channel or receiver channel  16 , and the air in bladder  12  exhausts through the vent V 1 . In FIG. 5D, the bladders  11  are shown as being filled by the jet of air and shows the entrainment of air from the receiver channel  18 . When the bladders B 1  are fully inflated and can receive no more air and can inflate no further, the backloading pressure in receiver channel  16  overcomes the attachment at wall A 2  and causes the reverse procedure to take place.  
         [0045]    Thus, in contrast to the steps taken to avoid the effects of backloading on the switch in the Jones patent, the present application takes full advantage of the backload to overcome the wall attachment and cause switching in a simpler fashion.  
         [0046]    The fluidic switch as disclosed herein is more robust and allows for a simpler more reliable switching system in that it eliminates the feedback passages as required by the system shown in Jones U.S. Pat. No. 3,390,674.  
         [0047]    While the invention has been described in relation to preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be appreciated that other embodiments, adaptations and modifications of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.