Abstract:
A method of operating a network on a plurality of frequency hopping channels is disclosed. The method includes transmitting a beacon on a beacon channel different from the frequency hopping channels and receiving a request from a node to join the network in response to the beacon. The method further includes adding the node to the network in response to the step of receiving and communicating with the node on the plurality of frequency hopping channels after the step of adding.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present embodiments relate to wireless mesh communication system and, more particularly, to a network with wideband beacon channels for frequency hopping systems. 
         [0002]    A wireless mesh network is a type of wireless communication system where at least one wireless transceiver must not only receive and process its own data, but it must also serve as a relay for other wireless transceivers in the network. This may be accomplished by a wireless routing protocol where a data frame is propagated within the network by hopping from transceiver to transceiver to transmit the data frame from a source node to a destination node. A wireless node may be a wireless access point such as a wireless router, a mobile phone, or a computer capable of accessing the internet. In other applications, the wireless node may be an external security monitor, a room monitor, a fire or smoke detector, a weather station, or any number of other network applications for home or business environments. 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary wireless network of the prior art as disclosed in version 0v79 of the 2013 Wi-SUN Alliance Field Area Network Working Group, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The network includes an internet access circuit  150 . The network also includes Personal Area Network (PAN) circuits A through C. Each of PAN communicates with circuit  150  through respective Master nodes MA  100 , MB  120 , and MC  130 . 
         [0004]    PAN A is an exemplary network that may be similar to PANs B and C. PAN A communicates with circuit  150  through Master node MA  100 . MA  100  communicates directly with relay node (RN)  102  and with leaf node (LN)  114 . Thus, MA  100  is a parent node of RN  102  and LN  114 . RN  102  is a parent of RN  104  and communicates indirectly with LN  106  via RN  104 . RN  102  also communicates directly with RN  108  and indirectly with RN  110  via RN  108 . RN  108  also communicates directly with LN  112 . RN  108  is a parent of both RN  110  and LN  112 . Frequency Hopping Protocol (FHP) is often used within the network to reduce interference and provide frequency diversity. 
         [0005]    Frequency hopping is used for many narrowband communication systems in the United States because the FCC regulations (15.247) allow higher transmit power for narrowband frequency hopping systems in the bands 902-928 MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz, and 5725-5850 MHz. For the 902-928 MHz band if at least 50 hopping channels are used with 20 dB bandwidth less than 250 kHz, then 1 watt of transmit power can be used. For a 20 dB bandwidth between 250 kHz and 500 kHz then at least 25 hopping channels are needed. If frequency hopping is not used for these narrowband systems then they would fall under regulation 15.249, where the transmit power would be limited to −1.25 dBm or 0.75 mW. This is over 1000 times lower transmit power than the frequency hopping system. For wider bandwidth systems using digital modulation techniques, 1 watt of transmit power can be used if the 6 dB bandwidth is at least 500 kHz. 
         [0006]    IEEE 802.15.4g defines frequency hopping systems for smart utility networks (SUN) using one of three physical layers: frequency shift keying (FSK), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). DSSS may also be referred to as offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK). For the 902-928 MHz band there are 129 channels with a 200 kHz channel spacing or 64 channels with a 400 kHz channel spacing ( FIG. 2 ). Both of these definitions meet the number of hopping channels required by 15.247, so 1 watt of transmit power can be used. One challenge with SUN frequency hopping systems is that the join procedure for a new node may take a long time. 
         [0007]    When the network uses a star configuration where there is a central hub, then the central hub can transmit a beacon that other nodes can use to learn the hopping sequence so that they can join the network. However, often a mesh network is used where there is no central hub. In a mesh network each node can transmit to a neighboring node until the message reaches a data concentrator or network master which would be connected to a backbone to transmit data to the utility. For the reverse direction messages can hop from node to node to reach a leaf node. For a new node to join a mesh network it would need to either camp on one channel and wait until a neighboring node transmits a beacon message or it would need to be able to scan many channels sequentially to find a beacon. 
         [0008]    This problem is illustrated with reference to  FIG. 3 . When powered up the slave nodes must perform an acquisition to find out where in the sequence of frequencies the master resides. A new acquisition may also have to be performed if synchronization is lost, for example, due to noise or being temporarily moved out of radio range. In the latter case the slave has an idea of which frequency the master is transmitting on, and this information is exploited to achieve faster acquisition. When performing acquisition, the slave must always listen for one full period at each frequency that is being examined to be sure of picking up the beacon. It starts at the frequency that it believes to be most likely and then moves on to the most nearby frequencies in the pseudo-random sequence. This is typically a random selection when the slave is powered up. At time 0 (first row), if the first master frequency guess is 0 (second row), the closest frequencies are 0, 1, −1, 2, −2, 3, −3, and so forth. However, since the master is also stepping through the frequencies, this sequence must be shifted by the sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. The actual frequencies examined, therefore, are 0, 2, 1, 5, 2, 8, 3 (third row). If all frequencies are examined without result, the acquisition sequence must start over again. Assuming the failure is due to the slave being out of radio range, the application may choose to have a delay between each acquisition to reduce power consumption. 
         [0009]    For networks of the prior art, when the slave is powered up and does not know where the master is hopping, it chooses a random frequency and listens. It can take a long time until it finds a beacon from the master. For example, if there are 50 hopping frequencies, then the slave may need to listen through 50 beacon cycles to find a beacon if there is no fading or interference. If beacons are missed due to fading or interference, it can take much longer to find a beacon. A typical beacon packet format of the prior art is illustrated at  FIG. 4  together with a data packet and acknowledge/negative acknowledge (ACK/NACK) packets. Each packet includes a preamble, packet length, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) field. The beacon and ACK/NACK packets also include a source identification (ID) field. The beacon packet also includes control information which specifies the network frequency hopping protocol (FHP) and other network information to the slave. 
         [0010]    Although network proposals of the prior art provide steady improvements in wireless network communications, the present inventors have recognized that still further improvements in mesh network protocol are possible. Accordingly, preferred embodiments described below are directed toward this and other improvements over the prior art. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    In a first embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a method of operating a network on a plurality of frequency hopping channels. The method includes transmitting a beacon on a beacon channel different from the frequency hopping channels and receiving a request from a node to join the network in response to the beacon. The method further includes adding the node to the network in response to the step of receiving and communicating with the node on the plurality of frequency hopping channels after the step of adding. 
         [0012]    In a second embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a method of operating a network on a plurality of frequency hopping channels. The method includes receiving a beacon on a beacon channel different from the frequency hopping channels and transmitting a request to a parent node to join the network in response to the beacon. The method further includes receiving a grant to join in response to the step of transmitting and communicating with the parent node on the plurality of frequency hopping channels after the step of receiving the grant to join. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a diagram showing an exemplary wireless network of the prior art; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a diagram showing exemplary channel hopping channels for the wireless network of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a diagram showing a problem that may arise during network acquisition in a wireless network operating under frequency hopping protocol (FHP); 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is an exemplary diagram showing packet formats for beacon, data, and acknowledge/negative acknowledge (ACK/NACK) packets; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a diagram showing network frequency hopping channels and dedicated beacon channels according to the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram showing network master operation when receiving a request to join during network acquisition; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a flow diagram showing slave operation when requesting to join a network. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0020]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , there is a diagram showing network frequency hopping channels and dedicated beacon channels according to the present invention. The diagram is the same as  FIG. 2  except that channels  5 - 6 ,  30 - 31 , and  55 - 56  are replaced by three dedicated beacon channels. The diagram of  FIG. 5 , therefore, has fifty-eight (58) 400 kHz frequency hopping channels and three (3) 800 kHz dedicated beacon channels. The three wideband channels are used for dedicated beacon channels during network acquisition, while the fifty-eight narrowband channels are used for frequency hopping during normal network communication. If the 6 dB bandwidth of a channel is greater than 500 kHz, then frequency hopping is not needed. The three beacon channels, therefore, are advantageously used to provide frequency diversity in case one or more of the beacon frequencies are in a fade. Since there are only three dedicated beacon channels in the 902-928 MHz frequency band, a node wishing to join the network need not listen to all 64 channels with the added complexity of frequency hopping. 
         [0021]    In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the 902-928 MHz band may be divided into one hundred twenty-nine (129) 200 kHz channels. Nine narrowband channels may be removed from the frequency hopping sequence and used for three (3) 600 kHz dedicated beacon channels. If a beacon channel occupies 600 kHz, this would remove 9 narrowband channels from the frequency hopping channel list leaving 120 channels with a bandwidth 200 kHz. 
         [0022]    Referring next to  FIG. 6 , there is a flow diagram showing network master operation when receiving a node request to join during network acquisition. The network master selects a dedicated beacon channel at step  600  and transmits a beacon packet  602  periodically. The beacon packet may be similar to the beacon packet of  FIG. 2  and includes control information to enable a node attempting to join the network to adapt to network frequency hopping protocol (FHP). The control information may also include other network operating information such as power modes, synchronization, time slot information, and other relevant control information to enable the node to join the network. The network master sends the beacon periodically followed by a listening period at step  604 . If no request to join is received during the listening period  604 , operation proceeds to test  612 . If the network master does receive a request to join  606  during the listening period  604 , it adds the requesting node as a child or slave  608  and becomes its network parent. At step  610  the network master sends the node a grant to join and proceeds to test  612 . If the network master determines there is a packet to send  612 , it sends the packet to the appropriate network recipient  614  and receives an ACK (or NACK)  618  as determined by the packet cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The network master further determines if one or more of the network nodes has transmitted a request to send at test  620 . If so, the network master receives the packet  622  and sends an ACK (or NACK)  624  as determined by the CRC. The network master then returns to step  602  and transmits another beacon on the dedicated beacon channel. The network master steps through a pseudo-random sequence of frequencies known to network slaves at each step  602 . Each beacon includes unique network information (ID), so network slaves do not respond to the wrong network master. An important aspect of the present invention is that a dedicated beacon channel is used for network acquisition in steps  600  through  610 . Transmissions on the dedicated beacon channel have a greater bandwidth than normal frequency hopping channels, and corresponding beacons are transmitted with about the same transmit power as the normal frequency hopping channels. This advantageously improves reception and reduces acquisition time during network acquisition. An alternative embodiment is to have two distinct systems where one uses wideband channels such as in wireless LAN systems, and the joining of the network is done through that system. The frequency hopping system is a distinct system such as Bluetooth, and the frequency hopping information is passed from the wideband system to make it easier to join the frequency hopping system. 
         [0023]    Turning now to  FIG. 7 , there is a flow diagram showing node operation when requesting to join a network. A node attempting to join a network selects a beacon channel  700  to monitor. If the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the selected beacon is unsuitable, the node may select a different beacon channel to monitor. If no beacon is received, the node continues to monitor the selected beacon channel. If a beacon is received on the dedicated beacon channel  702 , the node transmits a request to join  704 . The request to join is granted at step  708 . The node then enters the network and operates according to network frequency hopping protocol (FHP) as specified by the beacon control information ( FIG. 4 ). When the node enters the network it becomes a slave to the network master and determines if there is a packet to receive  710 . If so, the slave receives the packet and sends an ACK (or NACK)  712  as determined by the CRC. The slave then proceeds to step  714  and determines if it has a packet to send. If so, the slave initiates a request to send and sends the packet  716  at the proper time. At step  718 , the slave receives an ACK (or NACK) as determined by the CRC and returns to step  710 . The present invention advantageously provides several dedicated beacon channels that are not subject to frequency hopping to facilitate network acquisition. A node attempting to join the network may select a beacon channel with the best SNR. The beacon is transmitted at a higher transmit power to further improve the SNR without interfering with the normal frequency hopping channels. 
         [0024]    Still further, while numerous examples have thus been provided, one skilled in the art should recognize that various modifications, substitutions, or alterations may be made to the described embodiments while still falling with the inventive scope as defined by the following claims. Other combinations will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art having access to the instant specification.