Abstract:
We describe a plant cell which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a regulator of auxin signalling and which is adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    In order to feed and fuel a growing world population against a backdrop of threats to harvests from climate change requires a dramatic leap in crop production of 40-50% by 2030 (IAASTD report (2009) Agriculture at a crossroads). Limitations of nutrient, light and water availability can have drastic detrimental effects on crop yield. In North America alone it is estimated that 40% of annual crop losses are due to low water availability (IAASTD report (2009) Agriculture at a crossroads; Lynch (2011).  Plant Physiol  156:1041-9; Lynch (2013).  Annals of Botany  doi:10.1093/aob/mcs293). 
         [0002]    Similarly, sub-optimal levels of the essential nutrients phosphate and nitrogen require the application of fertilisers that are expensive to produce, have a significant carbon footprint, and can adversely affect natural habitats through run-off from farmland. The urgent need to improve crop performance while seeking to reduce fertiliser and irrigation inputs has brought renewed interest in the manipulation of structural traits to maximise nutrient-use efficiency, water-use efficiency and optimise the capture of solar energy. While the number and length of lateral branches produced by the plant have an important bearing on the extent of possible occupation of above and below ground space, it is the angle of growth of those branches that is the major determinant of the efficiency and effectiveness of resource capture both above and below ground (Lynch (2011)  Plant Physiol  156:1041-9; Lynch (2013).  Annals of Botany  doi:10.1093/aob/mcs293; Liao et al. (2001)  Plant and Soil  232:69-79; Liao et al. (2004)  Functional Plant Biology  31:959-70; Ouyang et al. (2011).  J. Integrative Agriculture  1701-9). For example, shallow rooting genotypes in maize and bean display up to a 50% increase in yield low phosphate soils (Liao et al. (2001)  Plant and Soil  232:69-79; Liao et al. (2004)  Functional Plant Biology  31:959-70). 
         [0003]    The approach of breeders and biotechnology companies to the optimisation of crop architecture via the manipulation of GSA in crops has been severely limited by the complete lack of knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of branch angle. Hence approaches have been restricted to conventional breeding practices that are time-consuming and lack the precision required to optimise growth angle without compromising other performance traits. 
         [0004]    The most desirable growth angle habit for root and shoot varies according to the agricultural environment. For example, in dry soils it can be advantageous to have steeper, more vertical lateral roots while, as noted above, in low phosphorous soils, a shallower, less vertical lateral root system can increase phosphate uptake thereby reducing or eliminating the need for additional inputs. Importantly, there are also crop-specific ideals for branch angle. For example, in oilseed rape a more vertical branch angle in the shoot canopy is desired because it improves light penetration during the crucial pod-filling phase prior to harvest. 
         [0005]    The overall architecture of higher plants is determined by the number and arrangement of lateral branches around the main root-shoot axis. The principal function of these shoot and root branches is to hold leaves and other organs to the sun, and below ground, to facilitate the uptake of nutrients and water, and provide secure anchorage for the plant. Most commonly, these lateral root and shoot branches are set and maintained at specific angles with respect to gravity, a quantity known as the gravitropic setpoint angle (GSA). While the GSA of the primary root and shoot is typically approximately vertical, the GSA values of lateral shoots and roots are most often non-vertical, allowing the plant to optimise the capture of resources both above- and below-ground. Despite the importance of branch angle as a fundamental parameter of plant form, until recently the mechanism underlying the setting and maintenance of non-vertical GSAs was not known. A defining characteristic of the GSA concept is that upon being displaced from its GSA, an organ will rapidly undergo a gravitropic response to return to its original angle of growth with respect to gravity (Digby R D and Firn J. (1995).  Plant Cell Environ.  12:1434-40; Cline M G (1996).  Ann Bot  ( Lond ) 78: 255-266). For the primary axis, in which vertically growing roots and shoots have a GSA of 0° and 180° respectively, this is readily accounted for by the well-supported model for gravitropism proposed by Cholodny and Went (Mullen J P and Hangarter R, (2003).  Advances in Space Research.  31:2229-2236; Morita M T (2010).  Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.  61:705-20; Blancaflor E. B., Masson P. H. (2003).  Plant Physiol.  133: 1677-1690): the orientation of shoots and roots is monitored in specialised gravity-sensing cells called statocytes within which starch-rich bodies called statoliths sediment according to the gravity vector. As such statoliths provide a biophysical sensor of statocyte orientation within the gravity field and displacement from the vertical leads to the PIN auxin efflux carrier-mediated movement of auxin to the lower side in both root and shoot tissue. This auxin redistribution generates an asymmetry in auxin-regulated gene expression between upper and lower tissues that drives organ-level bending growth (Morita M T (2010).  Annu. Rev. Plant Biol . 61:705-20; Blancaflor E. B., Masson P. H. (2003).  Plant Physiol . 133: 1677-1690). In the shoot, auxin promotes cell elongation, causing upward bending, while in the root auxin inhibits cell elongation, causing downward anisotropic growth (Morita M T (2010).  Annu. Rev. Plant Biol . 61:705-20; Blancaflor E. B., Masson P. H. (2003). Plant Physiol. 133: 1677-1690). The magnitude of this gravitropic response can in many cases be described by sine law, formulated by von Sachs in 1882, which states that the strength of the gravitropic response is dependent on the sine of the initial displacement angle (Sachs J (1882). Arb Bot Inst Wu{umlaut over ( )}rzburg 2:226-284. While there are species-specific differences in the range of displacement angles over which the sine law applies (Sachs J (1882). Arb Bot Inst Wu{umlaut over ( )}rzburg 2:226-284; Galland P. (2002) Planta 215: 779-784), as a general principle it is the case that the greater an organ is tilted away from its GSA, the greater the magnitude of the gravitropic response (Sachs J (1882). Arb Bot Inst Wu{umlaut over ( )}rzburg 2:226-284; Galland P. (2002) Planta 215: 779-784). 
         [0006]    In contrast to the primary axis, the robust maintenance of growth at non-vertical GSAs in lateral organs cannot be explained by standard model Cholodny-Went-based gravitropism as described above. We recently established the existence of a mechanism, the anti-gravitropic offset (AGO), that counteracts gravitropic response specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of lateral branches but not in those of the primary root-shoot axis. Our key findings can be summarised as follows: 
         [0000]    i. Gravity-dependent non-vertical growth of lateral root and shoot branches is sustained by an anti-gravitropic offset (AGO) mechanism that operates in tension with gravitropic response to generate net non-vertical growth.
 
ii. The activity of the AGO requires auxin transport.
 
iii. The angle of growth of lateral root and shoot branches is dependent on the magnitude of this anti-gravitropic offset component; a stronger AGO induces less vertical growth and vice versa.
 
iv. Auxin regulates the magnitude of the AGO and hence the GSA of lateral branches, separately from driving the anti-gravitropic growth itself.
 
v. Auxin&#39;s regulation of the AGO is effected, via TIR1/AFB-mediated transcriptional control, specifically in the gravity sensing cells of the root and shoot.
 
         [0007]    We have elucidated the means by which the growth angle of lateral root and shoots can be made either more or less vertical. The invention is therefore based on the finding that expressing regulators of auxin signalling in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot and the root in higher plants is sufficient to alter the angles of lateral root and shoot branches in these species. For example, this may lead to plants having more vertical or less vertical lateral root and shoot branches. The targeted manipulation of branch angle traits may play a significant role in enhancing water and nutrient acquisition and photosynthetic efficiency in plants (including crops) grown in a range of agricultural conditions. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIGS. 1   a  to  e  are the truncated nucleic acid sequences of ARF 5 ( 1   a ), 6 ( 1   b ), 7 ( 1   c ), 8 ( 1   d ) and 19 ( 1   e ) (SEQ ID NO: 1-5 respectively); truncations are as shown in Table 1; 
           [0009]      FIGS. 1   f  to  j  are the nucleic acid sequences of full length ARF 5 ( 1   f ), 6 ( 1   g ), 7 ( 1   h ), 8 ( 1   i ) and 19 ( 1   j ) (SEQ ID NO: 6-10 respectively); 
           [0010]      FIG. 2   i  to xxix list the nucleic acid sequences of IAA 1 to 20 and 26 to 34 respectively (SEQ ID NO: 11-39 respectively); (a) is the nucleic acid sequence of IAA12/BDL (SEQ ID NO: 40) which contains a stabilising mutation at position 74 within the conserved domain II; (b) the nucleic acid sequence of IAA17/AXR3 (SEQ ID NO: 41) which contains a stabilising mutation at position 88 within the conserved domain II; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3   a  is the nucleic acid sequence of TIR1 (SEQ ID NO: 42); 
           [0012]      FIGS. 3   b  to  f  are the nucleic acid sequences of AFB1 ( 3   b ), AFB2 ( 3   c ), AFB3 ( 3   d ), AFB4 ( 3   e ) and AFB5 ( 3   f ) (SEQ ID NO: 43-47 respectively); 
           [0013]      FIG. 4   a  is the nucleic acid sequence of ARF 10 (SEQ ID NO: 48); 
           [0014]      FIG. 4   b  is the nucleic acid sequence of ARF 16 (SEQ ID NO: 49); 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is the nucleic acid sequence of the promoter of the SCARECROW gene (SEQ ID NO: 50); 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is the nucleic acid sequence of the promoter of the ARL2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 51); 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is a table showing the alignment of the ARF sequences in  Arabidopsis ; percentage identity matrix for the activating ARF (ARF A ) protein family in  Arabidopsis thaliana . Values range from 39.44% to 63.32% (amino acid identity); 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  is a table showing the alignment of the ARF sequences in  Arabidopsis ; percentage identity matrix for the TIR1/AFB protein family in  Arabidopsis thaliana . Values range from 47.54% to 86.43%; 
           [0019]      FIG. 9A  to I Gravitropic Setpoint Angle (GSA) and the anti-gravitropic offset; (A) Typical GSA profiles of  A. thaliana  (Col. 0) shoot and root branches with diagram of GSA designations. 
           [0020]    (B and C) Changes in the GSA of  Arabidopsis  and pea subapical branches after removal of the shoot apex and application of 1 mM IAA or mock treatment to the apical stump (white arrowheads, decapitated apices; red arrowheads, subapical lateral branches) (B). Quantitative analysis of branch GSA is shown (p&lt;0.05; error bars indicate the SEM) (C). 
           [0021]    (D, E, G, and H) Effect of horizontal clinorotation on lateral shoot (D and E) and lateral root (G and H) GSA. Note: for clinorotated plants, a nominal GSA was derived by measurement of the growth angle of the final 5 mm of cauline branches and 2 mm of lateral roots with respect to the vertical in upright plants. Green and red lines represent the action of gravitropic and antigravitropic growth components, respectively. Lateral shoot GSA (E) and lateral root GSA (H) in wild-type and ein2-1 mutant plants are shown. 
           [0022]    (F and I) Effect of local application of the auxin transport inhibitor NPA and subsequent clinorotation on lateral shoot (F) and lateral root GSA (I). 
           [0023]    Clinorotation at 4 rph (D-F) and 1 rpm (G-I). Scale bars represent 1 cm (D) and 0.5 cm (G). Error bars indicate the SEM. 
           [0024]      FIG. 10A  to K Lateral branch GSA phenotypes of auxin signalling mutants; Changes in ( FIG. 10A ) lateral shoot GSA and ( FIG. 10B ) lateral root GSA induced by loss-of-function mutations affecting the AFB4 and AFB5 auxin receptors: afb4-2 and afb4-2 afb5-5 double mutant. The afb4-2 afb5-5 double mutant [26] has a significantly less vertical cauline branch and lateral root GSA, while afb4-2 single mutants are not significantly different from wild-type. Although we cannot rule out possible redundancy between AFB4 and AFB5 in this analysis, these data suggest that at the very least, AFB5 does contribute to GSA control (FIG.  10 C,D) GSA phenotypes of mutants with altered auxin levels (wild-type Col-0, yucca1-1d and yuc1D auxin overproducing mutants and wei8 tar2 auxin deficient biosynthesis mutants). Lateral shoot GSA ( FIG. 10C ) and lateral root GSA ( FIG. 10D ). GSA recorded for successive 0.8 mm segments in the root and 0.5 cm segments in the shoot (mean of 12-15 lateral roots or shoots, one way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05 for  FIG. 10C  and data points 5-10 in  FIG. 10D ). ( FIG. 10E ) Comparison of changes in lateral shoot GSA between wild-type plants and the arf10-3 arf16-2 and the arf10-3 arf16-2 axr3-10 double and triple mutants (mean of 12-15 roots, one-way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05). ( FIG. 10F ) Effects on lateral root GSA of growth on media containing 10 nM IAA or 10 nM 2,4-D (mean of 12-15 lateral roots, one-way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05, data points 6-10). ( FIG. 10G ) Comparison of changes in lateral shoot GSA in the tir1-1 and nph4-1 arf19-1 mutants (mean of 12-15 lateral roots, one-way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05). ( FIG. 10H ) The effect of auxin treatment on lateral root GSA in bean and crown root GSA in rice (p&lt;0.05, Student&#39;s t-test, n=15-20). ( FIG. 10I ) Changes in the GSA of nph4-1 arf19-1 sub-apical branches after removal of the shoot apex and application of 1 mM IAA or mock treatment to the apical stump (12-15 lateral shoots, Student&#39;s t-test, p&lt;0.05). (FIG.  10 J,K) Comparison of changes in lateral root GSA between wild-type plants and the axr3-10, arf7-201 ( FIG. 10J ) and nph4-1 arf19-1 ( FIG. 10K ) mutants (mean of 12-15 lateral roots, one way ANOVA ( FIG. 10J ), Student&#39;s t-test ( FIG. 10K ), p&lt;0.05, data points 2-10). Error bars: s.e.m. Scale bar=1 cm. 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  A to D Auxin specifies shoot and root branch GSA by regulating the magnitude of the anti-gravitropic offset component. Auxin specifies shoot and root branch GSA by regulating the magnitude of the anti-gravitropic offset component. (FIG.  11 A,B) Lateral branch GSA before and after re-orientation by 45° in wild-type and auxin response mutants. (A) Lateral shoot GSA measured using the final 0.5 mm segment of 5-6 cm long lateral shoots or (B) the final 0.2 mm segment of 2-4 mm long lateral roots. (C,D) Comparison of the changes in lateral shoot GSA (C) and lateral root GSA (D) following clinorotation (4 rph shoots/1 rpm roots, 8 hours) in the auxin response mutants: (C) nph4-1 arf19-1 and arf10-3 arf16-2 (wild-type Col. 0 in main  FIG. 3A ); (D) wild-type Ler and axr3-10 plants. Error bars: s.e.m. Scale bars=1 cm (C) and 0.5 cm (D). 
           [0026]      FIGS. 12A  and B: Auxin specifies GSA within the gravity-sensing cells of the root and shoot; Induction of a mutated, stabilised form of IAA12/BDL in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot (SCR::bdl:GR) causes branches to grow at an extreme non-vertical GSA. This phenotype is lost 72 hours after the cessation of dexamethasone treatment. (B) Reversion of the lateral shoot GSA phenotype three days after the last DEX treatment. Scale bar=1 cm. 
           [0027]      FIG. 13  (A) Representative mock and DEX treated SCR::TIR1:GR plants (B) Quantification of GSA from an average of 10 lateral branches showing a more vertical GSA phenotype in DEX treated plants. Bars represent standard error. 
       
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    The disclosure relates to the manipulation of auxin signalling within the gravity-sensing cells of the root and shoot. 
         [0029]    According to the invention there is provided a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes a regulator of auxin signalling. 
         [0030]    Preferably the plant cell is a transgenic plant cell. 
         [0031]    As used herein a “gravity sensing cell” may be used interchangeably with statocyte to mean a cell which is responsive to gravitational forces. Statocytes contain starch-rich bodies called statoliths sediment according to the gravity vector. 
         [0032]    As used herein a “regulator of auxin signalling” includes the protein families: F-box proteins called TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE-1 (TIR1), or one of a small family of related F-box proteins called Auxin signalling F-box Proteins (AFBs), auxin response factors (ARFs) and modified auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) transcriptional regulators (repressors). 
         [0033]    ARF proteins have DNA binding domains and can bind promoter regions of genes and activate or repress gene expression. AUX/IAA proteins can bind ARF proteins sitting on gene promoters and prevent them from doing their job. TIR1/AFB proteins are F-box proteins that have distinct domains giving them the ability to bind to three different ligands: a SKP1 protein (via the F-box domain) that tethers the F-box proteins to the other subunits of the SCF TIR1/AFB  ubiquitin ligase complex, auxin (so TIR1/AFB proteins are auxin receptors), and AUX/IAA proteins (auxin and AUX/IAA proteins bind to a common pocket in TIR1 formed from adjacent leucine-rich repeats). Upon binding of auxin, a TIR1/AFB protein&#39;s auxin/AUX/IAA binding pocket has increased affinity for AUX/IAA repressor proteins, which when bound to TIR1/AFB and its SCF complex undergo ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a proteasome. The degradation of AUX/IAA proteins frees ARF proteins to activate or repress genes at whose promoters they are bound. 
         [0034]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the regulator of auxin signalling is an ARF which can be either transcriptional Activators (ARF A ) or repressors (ARF R ). 
         [0035]    Whether an ARF is an ARF A  or ARF R  depends on the make-up of a variable region between the defined amino- and carboxy-terminal domains known as the middle region (MR). The middle region (MR) of ARF proteins is flanked at its amino-terminal end by the conserved ARF DNA binding domain (DBD) and at its carboxy-terminal end by the conserved protein interaction domains III and IV (that also occur in Aux/IAA proteins). For reference, a highly conserved RVSP/LWEI/VE motif occurs close to the end of the DBD and similarly, a TXXKVQ/Y/H motif (where X can be any amino acid) occurs close to the start of domain III. Thus the MR occurs between these motifs. A small number of ARFs lack the carboxy-terminal domains III and IV and in these cases the MR can be considered to run from the end of the DBD to the carboxy-terminus of the protein. 
         [0036]    ARF A s have a MR that is glutamine/Q-rich and promote transcription (Ulmasov, T et al (1997b).  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  96: 5844-5849; Tiwari et al. (2003).  Plant Cell  15(2): 533-543). As used herein “glutamate rich” is intended to include those MRs having about 13 to 18% glutamate residues. This is in contrast to ARF R s that have an MR which is not glutamate rich (generally has between 5 and 8% glutamate residues). MRs rich in proline/serine/threonine (P/S/T) residues act as repressors of transcription (Ulmasov et al. (1997).  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  96: 5844-5849; Tiwari et al. (2003).  Plant Cell  15(2): 533-543. Of the 23 ARFs in arabidopsis, only 5 (ARFs 5,6,7,8,19) fall into the activating class while the remainder are repressors (Ulmasov, T et al (1997b).  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  96: 5844-5849; Tiwari et al. (2003).  Plant Cell  15(2): 533-543) The MR of ARF R  proteins also contain other features that distinguish them from the ARF A  subclade. These include a so-called B3 repression domain (BRD) corresponding to the well conserved R/KLFGF/V/IXL/I/V sequence (Ikeda and Ohme-Takadi, (2009)  Plant Cell Physiol.  50(5):970-975) or the less well characterised but related F/I/LXLFGQ/K/V/AXI sequence. Many ARF R  MRs also contain additional LxLxL EAR-type repression domains (Hiratsu et al. (2004)  Biochem Biophys Res Commun  321:172-178). There is a broad agreement that both BRD and EAR domains represent the interaction domains with the TPL/TPR family of co-repressor proteins (Causier et al. (2012)  Plant Physiol.  158:423-438). In summary, the MRs of ARF R  are distinguished from those of ARF A  by their lower relative glutamine content and by the presence of at least one BRD or related repression domain, and often the additional presence of typical EAR domain. 
         [0037]    The regulator of auxin signalling may be an ARF A  which may be selected from ARF5, ARF6, ARF7, ARF8 and ARF19. 
         [0038]    The regulator of auxin signalling may be an ARF R  which may be selected from ARF1, ARF2, ARF3, ARF4, ARF9, ARF10, ARF11, ARF12, ARF13, ARF14, ARF15, ARF16, ARF17, ARF18, ARF20, ARF21, ARF22, ARF23. 
         [0039]    The regulator of auxin signalling may be a modified version of an Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor. The term “Aux/IAA” encompasses any Aux/IAA that is capable of interaction with an ARF, especially an ARF A , and has repressor activity, the latter which is mediated sequences in domain I of the protein (Tiwari et al.,  Plant Cell,  16: 533-543 (2004)). Aux/IAAs interact with ARF A  via carboxyl terminal domains II and IV within the Aux-IAA (Kim et al.,  PNAS,  94:11786-11791 (1997); Tiwari et al., Plant cell, 15:533-543 (2003. In  Arabidopsis thaliana , the AUX/IAA may be selected from IAA1 to IAA29 (note that in the nomenclature of the  Arabidopsis thaliana  AUX/IAA family the names IAA21, IAA22, IAA23, IAA24, IAA25 are not used). 
         [0040]    Examples of modified versions of Aux/IAA falling within the present invention include auxin resistant3-1 (axr3-1), axr3-3, and bodenlos (bdl) (Rouse et al., (1998)  Science  279:1371-1373; Hamann et al. (2002)  Genes Devel.  16:1610-1615). 
         [0041]    The regulator of auxin signalling may be TIR1 (transport inhibitor response 1) protein or AFB, for example AFB1, AFB2, AFB3, AFB4 or AFB5. 
         [0042]    According to an aspect of the invention there is provided a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule is selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide, or part thereof, with ARF activity;   ii) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified polypeptide, or part thereof, with Aux/IAA activity which modification is by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species; and   iii) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide, or part thereof, with TIR1 or AFB activity.       
 
         [0046]    As used herein “part thereof” is intended to encompass truncated versions of proteins which retain transcription activator activity or auxin receptor activity. 
         [0047]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention the nucleic acid molecule in (i) encodes an activating ARF, for example selected from ARF5, ARF6, ARF7, ARF8 and ARF19. Preferably, the ARF is ARF7. 
         [0048]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention the nucleic acid molecule in (ii) is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species. 
         [0049]    According to an aspect of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule is selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5);   ii) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5); and encodes a polypeptide with ARF activity;   iii) nucleic acid sequence represented in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11-41) wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides a transcription regulator which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species;   iv) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11-41) and encodes a polypeptide with Aux/IAA activity;   v) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47); and   vi) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 3   a  (SEQ ID NO: 42),  3   b  (SEQ ID NO: 43),  3   c  (SEQ ID NO: 44),  3   d  (SEQ ID NO: 45),  3   e  (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  3   f  (SEQ ID NO: 47) and encodes a polypeptide with auxin receptor activity.       
 
         [0056]    As used herein “repressor activity” refers to the effect of the Aux/IAA proteins in preventing the transcriptional activity of ARFs. By modifying the Aux/IAA polypeptides to introduce a stabilising mutation, the Aux/IAAs have no or reduced binding to ARFs thereby allowing the ARFs to resume transcriptional activity. 
         [0057]    In a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5); and   ii) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5) and encodes a polypeptide with (ARF) transcription factor activity.       
 
         [0060]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5). 
         [0061]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5). 
         [0062]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said nucleic acid molecule comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
         [0063]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   f  (SEQ ID NO: 6),  1   g  (SEQ ID NO: 7),  1   h  (SEQ ID NO: 8),  1   i  (SEQ ID NO: 9) or  1   j  (SEQ ID NO: 10). 
         [0064]    In a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide with ARF R  activity; and   ii) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in (ii) and encodes a polypeptide with ARF R  activity.       
 
         [0067]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 4   a  (SEQ ID NO: 48) or  4   b  (SEQ ID NO: 49). 
         [0068]    In a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47); and   ii) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47) and encodes a polypeptide with auxin receptor activity.       
 
         [0071]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 3   a  (SEQ ID NO: 42). 
         [0072]    Hybridization of a nucleic acid molecule occurs when two complementary nucleic acid molecules undergo an amount of hydrogen bonding to each other. The stringency of hybridization can vary according to the environmental conditions surrounding the nucleic acids, the nature of the hybridization method, and the composition and length of the nucleic acid molecules used. Calculations regarding hybridization conditions required for attaining particular degrees of stringency are discussed in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2001); and Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridiozation with Nucleic Acid Probes Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, New York, 1993). The T m  is the temperature at which 50% of a given strand of a nucleic acid molecule is hybridized to its complementary strand. The following is an exemplary set of hybridization conditions and is not limiting: 
         [0000]    Very High Stringency (allows sequences that share at least 90% identity to hybridize)
       Hybridization: 5×SSC at 65° C. for 16 hours   Wash twice: 2×SSC at room temperature (RT) for 15 minutes each   Wash twice: 0.5×SSC at 65° C. for 20 minutes each
 
High Stringency (allows sequences that share at least 80% identity to hybridize)
   Hybridization: 5×-6×SSC at 65° C.-70° C. for 16-20 hours   Wash twice: 2×SSC at RT for 5-20 minutes each   Wash twice: 1×SSC at 55° C.-70° C. for 30 minutes each
 
Low Stringency (allows sequences that share at least 50% identity to hybridize)
   Hybridization: 6×SSC at RT to 55° C. for 16-20 hours   Wash at least twice: 2×-3×SSC at RT to 55° C. for 20-30 minutes each.       
 
         [0081]    The present invention also includes nucleic acid molecules that share at least 30% homology with a nucleic acid molecule of the invention. In particular, the nucleic acid molecule may have 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96% 97%, 98% or 99% homology to a nucleic acid molecule of the invention. 
         [0082]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said transcription factor, preferably ARF, or auxin receptor, activity is increased when compared to a non-transgenic reference plant of the same species. Preferably said activity is increased by at least about 2-fold above a basal level of activity. More preferably said activity is increased by at least about 5 fold; 10 fold; 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold. Preferably said activity is increased by between at least 50 fold and 100 fold. Preferably said increase is greater than 100-fold. 
         [0083]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said Aux/IAA activity is increased when compared to a non-transgenic reference plant of the same species. Preferably said activity is increased by at least about 2-fold above a basal level of activity. More preferably said activity is increased by at least about 5 fold; 10 fold; 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold. Preferably said activity is increased by between at least 50 fold and 100 fold. Preferably said increase is greater than 100-fold. 
         [0084]    It will be apparent that means to increase the activity of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule are known to the skilled artisan. For example, and not by limitation, increasing the gene dosage by providing a cell with multiple copies of said gene. Alternatively or in addition, a gene(s) may be placed under the control of a powerful promoter sequence or an inducible promoter sequence to elevate expression of mRNA encoded by said gene. The modulation of mRNA stability is also a mechanism used to alter the steady state levels of an mRNA molecule, typically via alteration to the 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions of the mRNA. 
         [0085]    In a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 2   a  (SEQ ID NO: 40) or  FIG. 2   b  (SEQ ID NO: 41), or a nucleic acid sequence with homology to the sequence represented in  FIG. 2   a  (SEQ ID NO: 40) or  FIG. 2   b  (SEQ ID NO: 41) and which encodes a protein with Aux/IAA activity, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species. 
         [0086]    Preferably the modification (or mutation) is within domain II of nucleic acid sequence encoding an Aux/IAA. Domain II is highly conserved in all plant species studied to date. The domain consists of 13 amino acids with an almost invariant VGWPP motif (for positions 3-7 in this sequence). In  Arabidopsis thaliana  the consensus Aux/IAA domain II sequence is QVVGWPPVRSYRK. For reference, the 13 amino acid domain II of IAA17/AXR3 lies between amino acids 82-94 of the protein (nucleic acid residues 248-287 in the coding sequence ( FIG. 2   b  (SEQ ID NO: 41))). For IAA12/BDL the 13 amino acid domain II lies between amino acids 69-81 of the protein (nucleic acid residues 208-247 in the coding sequence  FIG. 2   a  (SEQ ID NO: 40)). The mutation may involve substitution within the VGWPP motif of a proline residue with a non-proline residue (such as serine or leucine). 
         [0087]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said nucleic acid molecule is a vector adapted for transformation of said plant cell. Preferably said vector is adapted for the over expression of said nucleic acid molecule. 
         [0088]    Suitable vectors can be constructed, containing appropriate regulatory sequences, including promoter sequences, terminator fragments, polyadenylation sequences, enhancer sequences, marker genes and other sequences as appropriate. For further details see, for example, Molecular Cloning: Laboratory Manual: 2 nd  edition, Sambrook et al. 1989, Cold Spring Habor Laboratory Press or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Second Edition, Ausubel et al. Eds., John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1992. 
         [0089]    Specifically included are shuttle vectors by which is meant a DNA vehicle capable, naturally or by design, of replication in two different host organisms, which may be selected from actinomycetes and related species, bacteria and eukaryotic (e.g. higher plant, mammalian, yeast or fungal cells). 
         [0090]    Preferably the nucleic acid in the vector is under the control of, and operably linked to, an appropriate promoter or other regulatory elements for transcription in a host cell such as a microbial, (e.g. bacterial), or plant cell. The vector may be a bi-functional expression vector which functions in multiple hosts. In the case of GTase genomic DNA this may contain its own promoter or other regulatory elements and in the case of cDNA this may be under the control of an appropriate promoter or other regulatory elements for expression in the host cell. 
         [0091]    By “promoter” is meant a nucleotide sequence upstream from the transcriptional initiation site and which contains all the regulatory regions required for transcription. Suitable promoters include constitutive, tissue-specific, inducible, developmental or other promoters for expression in plant cells comprised in plants depending on design. Such promoters include viral, fungal, bacterial, animal and plant-derived promoters capable of functioning in plant cells. 
         [0092]    Chemical-regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene in a plant through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter may be a chemical-inducible promoter, where application of the chemical induced gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. Chemical-inducible promoters are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the maize In2-2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-la promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemical-regulated promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10421-10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14(2): 247-257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227: 229-237, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156, herein incorporated by reference. 
         [0093]    Where enhanced expression in particular tissues is desired, tissue-specific promoters can be utilised. Tissue-specific promoters include those described by Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2): 255-265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38(7): 792-803; Hansen et al. (1997) Mol. Gen. Genet. 254(3): 337-343; Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2): 157-168; Rinehart et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(3): 1331-1341; Van Camp et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2): 525-535; Canevascni et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2): 513-524; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5): 773-778; Lam (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20: 181-196; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23(6): 1129-1138; Mutsuoka et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (20): 9586-9590; and Guevara-Garcia et al (1993) Plant J. 4(3): 495-50. 
         [0094]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention the promoter is that of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot (e.g. SCARECROW [SCR, AT3G54220; GENBANK: NM — 115282 and  FIG. 5  (SEQ ID NO: 50)] or related genes, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, consisting of 2500 bp upstream of the start of the SCR gene in  Arabidopsis.    
         [0095]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention the promoter is that of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the root (e.g. the ARL2 gene [AT1G59980; GENBANK: NM — 104690 and  FIG. 6  (SEQ ID NO: 51)] or related genes, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, consisting of 2441 bp upstream of the start of the ARL2 gene in  Arabidopsis ). 
         [0096]    The invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein involved in auxin signalling and a promoter that confers expression of said nucleic acid sequence in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid sequence is selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ARF;   ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding an Aux/IAA wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species; and   iii) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a TIR1 or AFB.       
 
         [0100]    In one embodiment, the invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein involved in auxin signalling and a promoter that confers expression of said nucleic acid sequence in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid sequence is selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5);   ii) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5) and encodes a polypeptide with (ARF) transcription factor activity;   iii) a nucleic acid sequence represented in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41) wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species;   iv) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41) and encodes a polypeptide with Aux/IAA activity;   v) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47); and   vi) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47) and encodes a polypeptide with auxin receptor activity.       
 
         [0107]    In a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a transcription cassette wherein said cassette includes a nucleotide sequence designed with reference to any one of  FIG. 1  ( FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5)),  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41) or  FIG. 3  ( FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47)) and is adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell by provision of at least one promoter operably linked to said nucleotide sequence such that said nucleotide sequence is expressed in a gravity sensing cell. Preferably the promoter is suited to drive expression of a nucleotide sequence in the gravity sensing cells. The promoter may comprise all or part of the nucleic acid sequence represented in  FIG. 5  (SEQ ID NO: 50) or  FIG. 6  (SEQ ID NO: 51). 
         [0108]    “Operably linked” means joined as part of the same nucleic acid molecule, suitably positioned and oriented for transcription to be initiated from the promoter. DNA operably linked to a promoter is “under transcriptional initiation regulation” of the promoter. In a preferred aspect, the promoter is an inducible promoter. 
         [0109]    Particular of interest in the present context are nucleic acid constructs which operate as plant vectors. Specific procedures and vectors previously used with wide success upon plants are described by Guerineau and Mullineaux (1993) (Plant transformation and expression vectors. In: Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (Croy RRD ed) Oxford, BIOS Scientific Publishers, pp 121-148. Suitable vectors may include plant viral-derived vectors (see e.g. EP-A-194809). 
         [0110]    If desired, selectable genetic markers may be included in the construct, such as those that confer selectable phenotypes such as resistance to antibodies or herbicides (e.g. kanamycin, hygromycin, phosphinotricin, chlorsulfuron, methotrexate, gentamycin, spectinomycin, imidazolinones and glyphosate). 
         [0111]    Plants transformed with a DNA construct of the invention may be produced by standard techniques known in the art for the genetic manipulation of plants. DNA can be introduced into plant cells using any suitable technology, such as a disarmed Ti-plasmid vector carried by  Agrobacterium  exploiting its natural gene transferability (EP-A-270355, EP-A-0116718, NAR 12(22):8711-87215 (1984), Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055); particle or microprojectile bombardment (U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,792, EP-A-444882, EP-A-434616; Sanford et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment”, in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); and McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6: 923-926); microinjection (WO 92/09696, WO 94/00583, EP 331083, EP 175966, Green et al. 91987) Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Academic Press, Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334); electroporation (EP 290395, WO 8706614, Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606; D&#39;Halluin et al. 91992). Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 other forms of direct DNA uptake (DE 4005152, WO 9012096, U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,611, Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722); liposome-mediated DNA uptake (e.g. Freeman et al (1984) Plant Cell Physiol, 29:1353); or the vortexing method (e.g. Kindle (1990) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1228). Physical methods for the transformation of plant cells are reviewed in Oard (1991) Biotech. Adv. 9:1-11. See generally, Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Sciences and Technology 5:27-37; Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674; McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926; Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175-182; Singh et al. (1988) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324; Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740; Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 4305-4309; Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563; Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol 91: 440-444; Fromm et al (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839; Hooykaas-Von Slogteren et al. 91984). Nature (London) 311:763-764; Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349; De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, N.Y.), pp. 197-209; Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566; Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12: 250-255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75: 407-413; Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
         [0112]      Agrobacterium  transformation is widely used by those skilled in the art to transform dicotyledonous species. Recently, there has been substantial progress towards the routine production of stable, fertile transgenic plants in almost all economically relevant monocot plants (Toriyama et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6: 1072-1074; Zhang et al. (1988) Plant Cell rep. 7379-384; Zhang et al. (1988) Theor. Appl. Genet. 76:835-840; Shimamoto et al. (1989) Nature 338:274-276; Datta et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8: 736-740; Christou et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:957-962; Peng et al (1991) International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines, pp. 563-574; Cao et al. (1992) Plant Cell Rep. 11: 585-591; Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Rep. 12: 250-255; Rathore et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 21:871-884; Fromm et al (1990) Bio/Technology 8:833-839; Gordon Kamm et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:603-618; D&#39;Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505; Walters et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:189-200; Koziel et al. (1993). Biotechnology 11194-200; Vasil, I. K. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25:925-937; Weeks et al (1993) Plant Physiol. 102:1077-1084; Somers et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10:1589-1594; WO 92/14828). In particular,  Agrobacterium  mediated transformation is now emerging also as a highly efficient transformation method in monocots. (Hiei, et al. (1994) The Plant Journal 6:271-282). See also, Shimamoto, K. (1994) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 5:158-162; Vasil, et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10:667-674; Vain, et al. (1995) Biotechnology Advances 13(4):653-671; Vasil, et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14: 702). 
         [0113]    Microprojectile bombardment, electroporation and direct DNA uptake are preferred where  Agrobacterium  is inefficient or ineffective. Alternatively, a combination of different techniques may be employed to enhance the efficiency of the transformation process, e.g. bombardment with  Agrobacterium -coated microparticles (EP-A-486234) or microprojectile bombardment to induce wounding followed by co-cultivation with  Agrobacterium  (EP-A-486233). 
         [0114]    According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a plant comprising a plant cell according to the invention. Preferably the plant is a transgenic plant comprising a transgenic plant cell according to the invention. 
         [0115]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention said plant is selected from the group consisting of: corn ( Zea mays ), canola ( Brassica napus, Brassica rapa  ssp.), flax ( Linum usitatissimum ), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), rye ( Secale cerale ),  sorghum  ( Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare ), squash ( Curcurbita  spp.), tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), sunflower ( Helianthus annus ), wheat ( Tritium aestivum ), soybean ( Glycine max ), tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea ), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ), sweet potato ( Iopmoea batatus ), cassava ( Manihot esculenta ), coffee ( Cofea  spp.), switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ), elephant grass ( Miscanthus giganteus ), coconut ( Cocos nucifera ), pineapple ( Anana comosus ), citris tree (Citrus spp.) cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ), tea ( Camellia senensis ), banana ( Musa  spp.), avocado ( Persea americana ), fig ( Ficus casica ), guava ( Psidium guajava ), mango ( Mangifer indica ), olive ( Olea europaea ),  papaya  ( Carica papaya ), cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ), macadamia ( Macadamia intergrifolia ), almond ( Prunus amygdalus ), sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris ), oats ( Avena sativa ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), vegetables. 
         [0116]    Grain plants that provide seeds of interest include oil-seed plants and leguminous plants. Seeds of interest include grain seeds, such as corn, wheat, barley, rice,  sorghum , rye, etc. Oil-seed plants include cotton, soybean, safflower, sunflower,  Brassica , maize, alfalfa, palm, coconut, etc. Leguminous plants include beans and peas. Beans include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava been, lentils, chickpea, etc. 
         [0117]    Important crops are oil-seed rape (canola), wheat, rice, maize, soybean and cotton. Preferably said crop is oil seed rape (canola). 
         [0118]    According to a yet further aspect of the invention there is provided a seed obtained from a plant according to the invention. 
         [0119]    According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method to manipulate the angle of growth of a plant root and/or shoot comprising: 
         [0000]    i) providing a plant cell a the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ARF;   ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a modified Aux/IAA wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species; and   iii) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a TIR1 or AFB;
 
ii) cultivating said cell to produce a plant; and optionally
 
iii) harvesting said plant or part thereof
       
 
         [0123]    In an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method to manipulate the angle of growth of a plant root and/or shoot comprising: 
         [0000]    i) providing a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from:
       i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5);   ii) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5) and encodes a polypeptide with ARF activity;   iii) a nucleic acid sequence represented in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41) wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species;   iv) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41) and encodes a polypeptide with Aux/IAA activity;   v) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47); and   vi) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence in  FIG. 3   a  (TIR1) (SEQ ID NO: 42),  FIG. 3   b  (AFB1) (SEQ ID NO: 43),  FIG. 3   c  (AFB2) (SEQ ID NO: 44),  FIG. 3   d  (AFB3) (SEQ ID NO: 45),  FIG. 3   e  (AFB4) (SEQ ID NO: 46) or  FIG. 3   f  (AFB5) (SEQ ID NO: 47) and encodes a polypeptide with auxin receptor activity;
 
ii) cultivating said cell to produce a plant; and optionally
 
iii) harvesting said plant or part thereof
       
 
         [0130]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for increasing the vertical growth of a plant shoot when compared to the shoot of a non-modified reference plant of the same species comprising providing a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3), or a nucleic acid sequence with homology to the sequence represented in  FIG. 1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3) and which encodes a protein with ARF activity. 
         [0131]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for reducing the vertical growth of a plant shoot when compared to the shoot of a non-modified reference plant of the same species comprising providing a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41), or a nucleic acid sequence with homology to the sequence represented in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41), for example  FIG. 2   a  (SEQ ID NO: 40), and which encodes a protein with Aux/IAA activity, and wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species. 
         [0132]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for increasing the vertical growth of a plant root when compared to the root of a non-modified reference plant of the same species comprising providing a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41), or a nucleic acid sequence with homology to the sequence represented in  FIG. 2  (SEQ ID NO: 11 to 41), for example  FIG. 2   b  (SEQ ID NO: 41), which encodes a protein with Aux/IAA activity, and wherein said nucleic acid molecule is modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide characterized in that said modification provides an Aux/IAA which has increased activity when compared to a non-transgenic reference cell of the same plant species. 
         [0133]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for reducing the vertical growth of a plant root when compared to the root of a non-modified reference plant of the same species comprising providing a plant cell the genome of which is modified by the inclusion of a nucleic acid molecule adapted for expression in a gravity sensing cell wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a nucleic acid sequence with homology to the sequence represented in  FIG. 1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3) and which encodes a protein with ARF activity. 
         [0134]    Mutagenesis as a means in induce phenotypic changes in organisms is well known in the art and includes but is not limited to the use of mutagenic agents such as chemical mutagens [e.g. base analogues, deaminating agents, DNA intercalating agents, alkylating agents, transposons, bromine, sodium azide] and physical mutagens [e.g. ionizing radiation, psoralen exposure combined with UV irradiation]. 
         [0135]    According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method to produce a plant variety that has increased expression of an ARF comprising the steps of:
       i) mutagenesis of wild-type seed from a plant that does express said ARF;   ii) cultivation of the seed in i) to produce first and subsequent generations of plants;   iii) obtaining seed from the first generation plant subsequent generations of plants;   iv) determining if the seed from said first and subsequent generations of plants has increased expression of said ARF;   v) obtaining a sample and analysing the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of:
           a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence as represented in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5);   b) a nucleic acid molecule that hybridises to the nucleic acid molecule in a) under stringent hybridisation conditions and that encodes a polypeptide with transcription factor activity; and optionally   
           vi) comparing the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule in said sample to a nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of a plant that has increased expression of said ARF.       
 
         [0144]    In a preferred method of the invention said nucleic acid molecule is analysed by a method comprising the steps of:
       i) extracting nucleic acid from said mutated plants;   ii) amplification of a part of said nucleic acid molecule by a polymerase chain reaction;   iii) forming a preparation comprising the amplified nucleic acid and nucleic acid extracted from wild-type seed to form heteroduplex nucleic acid;   iv) incubating said preparation with a single stranded nuclease that cuts at a region of heteroduplex nucleic acid to identify the mismatch in said heteroduplex; and   v) determining the site of the mismatch in said nucleic acid heteroduplex.       
 
         [0150]    In a preferred method of the invention said plant variety has increased expression of ARF 7 and/or ARF19. 
         [0151]    According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a plant obtained by the method according to the invention wherein said plant is modified wherein said modification is transformation with a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ARF wherein said nucleic acid molecule is operably linked to a promoter that controls expression of said nucleic acid molecule in a gravity sensing cell. 
         [0152]    According to an aspect of the invention there is provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes an ARF wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
       i) a nucleotide sequence as represented by the sequence in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5);   ii) a nucleotide sequence wherein said sequence is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the nucleotide sequence defined in (i); and   iii) a nucleic acid molecule the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the sequence in  FIG. 1   a  (SEQ ID NO: 1),  1   b  (SEQ ID NO: 2),  1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3),  1   d  (SEQ ID NO: 4) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5) wherein said nucleic acid molecule encodes an ARF.       
 
         [0156]    Preferably the nucleotide sequence is represented by the sequence in  FIG. 1   c  (SEQ ID NO: 3) or  1   e  (SEQ ID NO: 5). 
         [0157]    Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words “comprise” and “contain” and variations of the words, for example “comprising” and “comprises”, means “including but not limited to”, and is not intended to (and does not) exclude other moieties, additives, components, integers or steps. 
         [0158]    Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the singular encompasses the plural unless the context otherwise requires. In particular, where the indefinite article is used, the specification is to be understood as contemplating plurality as well as singularity, unless the context requires otherwise. 
         [0159]    Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. 
         [0160]    An embodiment of the invention will now be described by example only and with reference to the following figures: 
         [0161]      FIGS. 1   a  to  e  are the truncated nucleic acid sequences of ARF 5 ( 1   a ), 6 ( 1   b ), 7 ( 1   c ), 8 ( 1   d ) and 19 ( 1   e ); truncations are as shown in Table 1; 
         [0162]      FIGS. 1   f  to  j  are the nucleic acid sequences of full length ARF 5 ( 1   f ), 6 ( 1   g ), 7 ( 1   h ), 8 ( 1   i ) and 19 ( 1   j ); 
         [0163]      FIG. 2   i  to xxix list the nucleic acid sequences of IAA 1 to 20 and 26 to 34 respectively; (a) is the nucleic acid sequence of IAA12/BDL which contains a stabilising mutation at position 74 within the conserved domain II; (b) the nucleic acid sequence of IAA17/AXR3 which contains a stabilising mutation at position 88 within the conserved domain II; 
         [0164]      FIG. 3   a  is the nucleic acid sequence of TIR1; 
         [0165]      FIGS. 3   b  to  f  are the nucleic acid sequences of AFB1 ( 3   b ), AFB2 ( 3   c ), AFB3 ( 3   d ), AFB4 ( 3   e ) and AFB5 ( 3   f ); 
         [0166]      FIG. 4   a  is the nucleic acid sequence of ARF 10; 
         [0167]      FIG. 4   b  is the nucleic acid sequence of ARF 16; 
         [0168]      FIG. 5  is the nucleic acid sequence of the promoter of the SCARECROW gene; 
         [0169]      FIG. 6  is the nucleic acid sequence of the promoter of the ARL2 gene; 
         [0170]      FIG. 7  is a table showing the alignment of the ARF sequences in  Arabidopsis ; percentage identity matrix for the activating ARF (ARF A ) protein family in  Arabidopsis thaliana . Values range from 39.44% to 63.32% (amino acid identity); 
         [0171]      FIG. 8  is a table showing the alignment of the ARF sequences in  Arabidopsis ; percentage identity matrix for the TIR1/AFB protein family in  Arabidopsis thaliana . Values range from 47.54% to 86.43%; 
         [0172]      FIG. 9A  to I Gravitropic Setpoint Angle (GSA) and the anti-gravitropic offset; (A) Typical GSA profiles of  A. thaliana  (Col. 0) shoot and root branches with diagram of GSA designations. 
         [0173]    (B and C) Changes in the GSA of  Arabidopsis  and pea subapical branches after removal of the shoot apex and application of 1 mM IAA or mock treatment to the apical stump (white arrowheads, decapitated apices; red arrowheads, subapical lateral branches) (B). Quantitative analysis of branch GSA is shown (p&lt;0.05; error bars indicate the SEM) (C). 
         [0174]    (D, E, G, and H) Effect of horizontal clinorotation on lateral shoot (D and E) and lateral root (G and H) GSA. Note: for clinorotated plants, a nominal GSA was derived by measurement of the growth angle of the final 5 mm of cauline branches and 2 mm of lateral roots with respect to the vertical in upright plants. Green and red lines represent the action of gravitropic and antigravitropic growth components, respectively. Lateral shoot GSA (E) and lateral root GSA (H) in wild-type and ein2-1 mutant plants are shown. 
         [0175]    (F and I) Effect of local application of the auxin transport inhibitor NPA and subsequent clinorotation on lateral shoot (F) and lateral root GSA (I). 
         [0176]    Clinorotation at 4 rph (D-F) and 1 rpm (G-I). Scale bars represent 1 cm (D) and 0.5 cm (G). Error bars indicate the SEM. 
         [0177]      FIG. 10A  to K Lateral branch GSA phenotypes of auxin signalling mutants; Changes in ( FIG. 10A ) lateral shoot GSA and ( FIG. 10B ) lateral root GSA induced by loss-of-function mutations affecting the AFB4 and AFB5 auxin receptors: afb4-2 and afb4-2 afb5-5 double mutant. The afb4-2 afb5-5 double mutant [26] has a significantly less vertical cauline branch and lateral root GSA, while afb4-2 single mutants are not significantly different from wild-type. Although we cannot rule out possible redundancy between AFB4 and AFB5 in this analysis, these data suggest that at the very least, AFB5 does contribute to GSA control (FIG.  10 C,D) GSA phenotypes of mutants with altered auxin levels (wild-type Col-0, yucca1-1d and yuc1D auxin overproducing mutants and wei8 tart auxin deficient biosynthesis mutants). Lateral shoot GSA ( FIG. 10C ) and lateral root GSA ( FIG. 10D ). GSA recorded for successive 0.8 mm segments in the root and 0.5 cm segments in the shoot (mean of 12-15 lateral roots or shoots, one way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05 for  FIG. 10C  and data points 5-10 in  FIG. 10D ). ( FIG. 10E ) Comparison of changes in lateral shoot GSA between wild-type plants and the arf10-3 arf16-2 and the arf10-3 arf16-2 axr3-10 double and triple mutants (mean of 12-15 roots, one-way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05). ( FIG. 10F ) Effects on lateral root GSA of growth on media containing 10 nM IAA or 10 nM 2,4-D (mean of 12-15 lateral roots, one-way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05, data points 6-10). ( FIG. 10G ) Comparison of changes in lateral shoot GSA in the tir1-1 and nph4-1 arf19-1 mutants (mean of 12-15 lateral roots, one-way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05). ( FIG. 10H ) The effect of auxin treatment on lateral root GSA in bean and crown root GSA in rice (p&lt;0.05, Student&#39;s t-test, n=15-20). ( FIG. 10I ) Changes in the GSA of nph4-1 arf19-1 sub-apical branches after removal of the shoot apex and application of 1 mM IAA or mock treatment to the apical stump (12-15 lateral shoots, Student&#39;s t-test, p&lt;0.05). (FIG.  10 J,K) Comparison of changes in lateral root GSA between wild-type plants and the axr3-10, arf7-201 ( FIG. 10J ) and nph4-1 arf19-1 ( FIG. 10K ) mutants (mean of 12-15 lateral roots, one way ANOVA ( FIG. 10J ), Student&#39;s t-test ( FIG. 10K ), p&lt;0.05, data points 2-10). Error bars: s.e.m. Scale bar=1 cm. 
         [0178]      FIG. 11  A to D Auxin specifies shoot and root branch GSA by regulating the magnitude of the anti-gravitropic offset component. Auxin specifies shoot and root branch GSA by regulating the magnitude of the anti-gravitropic offset component. (FIG.  11 A,B) Lateral branch GSA before and after re-orientation by 45° in wild-type and auxin response mutants. (A) Lateral shoot GSA measured using the final 0.5 mm segment of 5-6 cm long lateral shoots or (B) the final 0.2 mm segment of 2-4 mm long lateral roots. (C,D) Comparison of the changes in lateral shoot GSA (C) and lateral root GSA (D) following clinorotation (4 rph shoots/1 rpm roots, 8 hours) in the auxin response mutants: (C) nph4-1 arf19-1 and arf10-3 arf16-2 (wild-type Col. 0 in main  FIG. 3A ); (D) wild-type Ler and axr3-10 plants. Error bars: s.e.m. Scale bars=1 cm (C) and 0.5 cm (D). 
         [0179]      FIGS. 12A  and B: Auxin specifies GSA within the gravity-sensing cells of the root and shoot; Induction of a mutated, stabilised form of IAA12/BDL in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot (SCR::bdl:GR) causes branches to grow at an extreme non-vertical GSA. This phenotype is lost 72 hours after the cessation of dexamethasone treatment. (B) Reversion of the lateral shoot GSA phenotype three days after the last DEX treatment. Scale bar=1 cm. 
         [0180]      FIG. 13  (A) Representative mock and DEX treated SCR::TIR1:GR plants (B) Quantification of GSA from an average of 10 lateral branches showing a more vertical GSA phenotype in DEX treated plants. Bars represent standard error. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Analysis of Gravitropic Setpoint Angle (GSA) and the Anti-Gravitropic Offset 
     Materials and Methods 
     Plant Material and Tissue Culture Growth Conditions 
       [0181]      Arabidopsis thaliana  ecotypes Col-0 and Ler were used in this study. The mutant lines yucca1-1d, yuc1D, wei8 tar2, tir1-1, afb4-2, afb4-2 afb5-5, arf7-201, nph4-1 arf19-1, arf10-3 arf16-2, axr3-10, ein2-1 and SCR::bdl have been described previously. Because of the critical importance of the ethylene insensitivity to the interpretation of clinostat studies, ein2-1 was verified as ethylene resistant by assaying growth on 1 μM ACC (data not shown). The arf10-3 arf16-2 axr3-10 triple mutant was generated by crossing, while the SCR::bdl:GR and SCR::ARF7:GR transgenic lines were constructed for this study (see below). The enhancer trap lines J1092 and M0013 were obtained from the Nottingham  Arabidopsis  Stock Centre. The seeds were surface sterilised using chlorine gas (produced by a mixture of 100 ml bleach and 3 ml conc. HCl) for three hours in a desiccator. Seeds were placed on round 9 cm petri dishes containing sterile ATS medium (5 mM KNO 3 , 2.5 mM KH 2 PO 4  (pH 5.5), 2 mM MgSO 4 , 2 mM Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , 50 μM Fe-EDTA, 70 μM H 3 BO 3 , 14 μM MnCl 2 , 0.5 μM CuSO 4 , 1 μM ZnSO 4 , 0.2 μM NaMoO 4 , 10 μM NaCl, 0.01 μM CoCl 2 , 1% sucrose, 0.8% agar) and stratified for three days. The plates were then incubated vertically in a plant growth room (20-22° C., 16 h day). Five days post-germination, seedlings were transferred to 120 mm square petri plates containing 50 ml of ATS medium. These plates were incubated vertically in a plant growth room with growth conditions as described above for a further seven days. 
       Hormone and Auxin Transport Inhibitor Treatments 
       [0182]    For hormone treatments, five day old seedlings growing on ATS medium in 9 cm petri dishes were transferred to 120 mm square petri dishes containing 50 ml sterile ATS medium with 50 nM IAA, 50 nM 2,4-D or no auxin. 100 μM hormone stock solutions were made up in 70% ethanol. The plates were incubated vertically and seedlings were allowed to grow for a further 12 days prior to analysis. For root NPA treatments, ten day old Wt Col-0 seedlings growing on ATS medium on 9 cm petri dishes were transferred to fresh ATS medium containing either 0.2 or 1 μM NPA. The seedlings were left to grow on the NPA plates for 4 hours and scanned just before being clinorotated at 1 rpm for 8 hours. The plates were then scanned again and changes in GSA were measured using imageJ. For shoot NPA treatments, NPA was mixed with lanolin to a final concentration of 10 μM and applied along the length of the lateral branch of intact plants using a fine needle. The plants were left in the glasshouse for 2 hours and photographed before being clinorotated for 8 hours at 4 rph. For rice and bean auxin treatments, seeds were germinated on moist filter paper in petri dishes and transferred to ‘Cyg’ seed germination pouches (Minnesota, USA) containing 50 ml of liquid medium [51] with/without 50 nM IAA. Plants were allowed to grow for seven days before being photographed. 
       Image Analysis and Lateral Root GSA Measurements 
       [0183]    For root and angle measurements, 12 day old seedlings growing on 120 mm square petri plates were scanned using an HP Scanjet G4050 photo scanner and the images obtained were analysed using ImageJ. Each lateral root analysed was divided into 0.8 mm segments and the GSA of each segment was measured with reference to the gravity vector. For clinorotation and reorientation experiments the angle of growth with respect to the vertical of the final 2 mm section of lateral root was recorded. The data were statistically evaluated using the Wilkes-Shapiro and Kolmogorov-Shapiro tests for normality followed by a paired t-test or one-way ANOVA. A p value of &lt;0.05 was used in all statistical tests. 
       Analysis of Shoot GSA 
       [0184]    To analyse lateral shoot GSA, seeds of WT Col-0, yucca1-1D, wei8 tar2, tir1-1, nph4-1 arf19-1, arf10-3 arf16-2 axr3-10, SCR::bdl and SCR::bdl:GR lines were sown in small 5 cm pots containing compost which were stratified for 48 hours to promote uniform germination. After germination, seedlings were transplanted to individual square pots and allowed to grow for 28 days in the greenhouse at a photoperiod of 16 h day and 8 h darkness at 20±2° C. Photographs of individual branches were taken using a digital camera and the GSA of individual lateral branches was measured using ImageJ. Each shoot was divided into 0.5 cm segments and the GSA of each segment was measured with reference to the gravity vector. For clinorotation and reorientation experiments the angle of growth with respect to the vertical of the final 0.5 cm section of cauline branch was recorded. The data were evaluated using the statistical tests described above. 
       Decapitation Experiments 
       [0185]    For measuring changes in GSA in response to decapitation, the apical branch was decapitated in 28-day-old plants. For auxin treatments, IAA was mixed with lanolin to a final concentration of 1 mM and was applied carefully to the tip of decapitated shoots using a fine needle. The decapitated plants were left to grow for a further five days prior to being photographed and analysed as described above. For pea experiments, seeds were sown in individual pots and stratified for 24 hours. 21-day-old plants were then decapitated and treated with auxin as described above. 
       Clinostat Experiments 
       [0186]    For clinorotation studies in lateral roots and shoots, either 10 day old seedlings growing on 9 cm round petri dishes or 28-day-old intact or decapitated plants growing individually in square pots were placed on a 1-D clinostat in an orientation parallel to the axis of rotation. For clinorotation at 4 rph a Mikrops Electric Clinostat (Flatters &amp; Garnett, Manchester, UK) was used. For clinorotation at speeds between 0.5 and 5 rpm clinostats were constructed using geared, variable speed electric motors. In order to minimise effects of plant movement during clinorotation (i.e. flopping), thin stakes were inserted to support the primary shoot along the axis of rotation. The plates or plants were subjected to horizontal or vertical clinorotation gravistimulation for 8 hours at a speed of 1 rpm or 4 rph. For lateral roots, the plates were scanned while lateral shoots were photographed prior to analysis using ImageJ. The final GSA of each lateral organ was measured with reference to the gravity vector. 
       Generation of SCR::ARF7:GR and SCR::bdl:GR Transgenic Plants 
       [0187]    The SCR::ARF7:GR and SCR::bdl:GR constructs were generated using 2-fragments MultiSite Gateway Pro technology (Invitrogen). A 2.5Kb SCR promoter fragment was amplified from  arabidopsis  genomic DNA using Gateway primers with B1 and B5r extensions (BlpSCR: 5′-GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTAAT TTTGAATCCATTCTCAAAG CTTTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 53) and pSCRBSr: 5′-GGGGACAACTTTTGTA TACAAAGTTG TGGAGATTGAAGGGTTGTTGGTCGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 54)). The NPH4/ARF7 and bdl mutant genes were amplified respectively from  arabidopsis  WT and bdl mutant cDNA using primers with B5 and B2 extensions. (B5KARF7: 5′-GGGGACAACTTTG TATACAAAAGTTGAACAATGAAAGCT CCTTCATCAAATGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 55), and ARF7B2: 5′-GGGG ACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCCCGGTTAAACGAAGTGGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 56), BSKbdl: 5′-GGGGACAACTTTGTATACAAAAGTTGAACAATGCGTGGTGTGTC AGAATTG GAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 57) and bdlB2: 5′-GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGG TCAACAGGGTTGTTTCTTTGTCT ATCCTTCTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO 58)). Following BP reactions the SCR promoter was cloned into pDONR 221 P1-P5r, while ARF7 and bdl were cloned into pDONR 221 P5-P2. The final binary vectors were assembled using 2-fragments LR reactions into a modified pFP100 vector containing the GR fragment and the NOS terminator. Constructs were transformed into  Agrobacterium  strain GV3101. WT Col-0 plants were transformed using the  Agrobacterium  floral dipping method. 
       Results: 
       [0188]      Arabidopsis  lateral branches are actively maintained at specific angles with respect to gravity (their GSA). To study the regulation of lateral branch GSA we used  arabidopsis  cauline branches and first-order lateral roots as model lateral shoot and root organs. In the ecotypes we examined (Col. 0 and Ler), newly emerged cauline branches begin growth at a very shallow GSA)(120°-130° that becomes increasingly, although never entirely, vertical ( FIG. 9A ). Similarly, newly emerged lateral roots (&lt;0.5 mm) have a very shallow GSA)(60°-70° that becomes progressively more vertical as the lateral root grows out ( FIG. 9A ). Following reorientation, lateral roots and lateral shoots of a range of lengths undergo anisotropic growth to return to, or close to, their original GSA. In the root this bending growth is confined to the short elongation zone just behind the root apex while in the shoot branches, anisotropic growth along the youngest 2.5-3.5 cm of the branch can contribute to the reorientation of the organ. In these experiments the angle of the final 0.5 cm section of cauline branches and the final 2 mm section of lateral roots was recorded. In these experiments, lateral organs were displaced both above and below their GSA by 45° meaning that some lateral roots must grow up, and some cauline branches move down to reacquire their GSA ( FIG. 9  A,C insets). Because in most cases this reorientation would not cause major displacements of statoliths to the opposite face of the statocyte, this indicates the existence of a mechanism to drive growth in the opposite direction to gravitropic response (white and black arrows: gravity vector; red arrow: direction of GSA reorientation). It also confirms that the observed non-vertical GSAs of lateral branches cannot be attributed to partial or reduced gravitropic capacity compared to the primary axis. These data form an important baseline for the work presented here and confirm that at all points in the development of the lateral branches upon which the study is based, the angle of growth with respect to gravity is being monitored and maintained. The mean lateral shoot GSA ( FIG. 9B ) and lateral root GSA ( FIG. 9D ) for branches of increasing ages (defined as branch length size classes) before and after 45° plant re-orientation. (FIG.  9 E,F) Quantitative changes in lateral shoot GSA and lateral root GSA following clinorotation of branches either on or off the axis of rotation. ( FIG. 9G ) Placing primary shoots and roots at an angle to the axis of rotation does not alter their direction of growth under horizontal clinorotation at the speeds used for the experiments here (4 rph-1 rpm for shoots, 0.5-1 rpm for roots); at higher rpm (5-60 rpm) random changes in the direction of growth of the primary root can sometimes be observed and hence were avoided for our experiments (data not shown). N.B. Vertical clinorotation at speeds from 4 rph to 5 rpm does not affect GSA in  arabidopsis  cauline branches and lateral roots (data not shown) (FIG.  9 H,I). The ethylene insensitive mutant ein2-1 shows similar responses to wild-type plants upon horizontal clinorotation: lateral shoot GSA (4 rph, 8 hours) ( FIG. 9H ), lateral root GSA (1 rpm, 8 hours) ( FIG. 9I ) Error bars: s.e.m. (FIG.  9 B,D). Scale bars=1 cm (FIG.  9 A,E, G left panel, H) and 0.5 cm (FIG.  9 B,F, G right panel, I). 
         [0189]    See also Figure legends to  FIGS. 10 to 12 . 
       Manipulation of Lateral Branch Growth Angles 
     The Methodology 
       [0190]    The invention is implemented in the chosen target plant species using a common, generic methodology: wild-type or modified versions of auxin signalling components from the ARF, Aux/IAA, and TIR1/AFB protein families are incorporated into plant expression vectors such that they are placed downstream of a gene promoter that drives expression in the gravity-sensing cells of the root or shoot. These constructs are then used, with a suitable plant transformation protocol, to generate stable, homozygous transgenic plants. Specific changes to either more vertical or less vertical growth angles are determined by the nature of the auxin signalling effector whose expression is targeted to the gravity-sensing cells. For example:
       the expression of the  Arabidopsis thaliana  gene ARF7 ( Arabidopsis  Genome Initiative number: AT5g20730; GENBANK: NM — 122080) or related genes in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot induces more vertical growth.   the expression of a mutated, stabilised version of the  Arabidopsis thaliana  gene BDL/IAA12 (bdl; AT1G04550;) or mutated versions of related genes in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot induces less vertical growth.   the expression of a mutated, stabilised version of the  Arabidopsis thaliana  gene AXR3/IAA17 (axr3-1 or axr3-3; AT1G04250; GENBANK: NM — 100306) or mutated versions of related genes in the gravity-sensing cells of the root induces more vertical growth.   the expression of the  Arabidopsis thaliana  gene ARF7 (AT5g20730; GENBANK: NM — 122080) or related genes in the gravity-sensing cells of the root induces less vertical growth.       
 
         [0195]    Further details are set out below with specific examples of the implementation: 
       Modulation of Lateral Root and Shoot Branching Angles Using Activating ARF A  Polypeptide and Related Sequences: 
     Modulation of Shoot Angle: 
       [0196]    A method of inducing a more vertical root GSA phenotype in shoot lateral branches comprises the incorporation of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that alters the expression levels of an activating ARF or related gene in the gravity-sensing cells by means of transformation and regenerating the plant from one or more transformed cells. 
         [0197]    The full (or truncated/ARF-DCA* [see  FIG. 1  and Table 1 below for gene sequences of truncated/ARF-DCA genes]) gene sequence coding for activating ARFs (sequences shown in  FIG. 1 ) and related polypeptides may be amplified from genomic or cDNA of a plant species using appropriate primer sequences. The promoter sequence of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot (e.g. SCARECROW [SCR, AT3G54220; GENBANK: NM — 115282] ( FIG. 5 ) or related genes, consisting of 2500 bp upstream of the start of the SCR gene in  Arabidopsis ) is similarly amplified from the genomic or cDNA of the target plant species. Using conventional or GATEWAY cloning techniques the SCR or related promoter is placed upstream of the activating ARF sequence in a suitable binary plant transformation vector. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the SCR and activating ARF gene sequences are introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in activating ARF gene sequences and may for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants are regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. The angle of shoot branches is compared to control plants in which the expression of the activating ARF related polypeptide is not increased in the shoot gravity-sensing cells. 
         [0198]    Note on the use of truncated ARE A /ARF-DCA (DCA=dominant constitutive activation) genes. Because Aux/IAA repressor proteins interact with ARF A  proteins via the carboxyl-terminal domains III and IV common to both protein families, the truncation of domains III and IV from the ARF A  increases its capacity for transcriptional activation (see 35S::ARF7-DCA supporting data). Thus, ARF-DCA is deployed in place of the cognate full-length ARF gene in the approaches described here in order to enhance the effects on root and shoot branch growth angle. 
         [0199]    Induced expression or activity of an activating ARF related polypeptide at a specific stage of plant development is achieved by the addition of an additional regulatory or inducible element such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sequence upstream or downstream of the activating ARF related polypeptide sequence within the plant binary vector used for transformation. 
       Modulation of Root Angle: 
       [0200]    The full (or truncated) gene sequence coding for activating ARFs and related polypeptides is amplified from genomic or cDNA of a plant species using appropriate primer sequences. The promoter sequence of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the root (e.g. the ARL2 gene [AT1G59980; GENBANK: NM — 104690] ( FIG. 6 ) or related genes, consisting of 2441 bp upstream of the start of the ARL2 gene in  Arabidopsis ) is similarly amplified from the genomic or cDNA of the appropriate plant species. Using conventional or GATEWAY cloning techniques the ARL2 or related promoter is placed upstream of the activating ARF sequence in a suitable binary plant transformation vector. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment, the binary vector containing the ARL2 or related promoter and activating ARF gene sequences is introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in activating ARF gene sequences and are for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants are regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. The angle of root branches are compared to control plants in which the expression of the activating ARF related polypeptide is not increased in the root gravity-sensing cells. 
         [0201]    An alternative method of expressing a gene sequence coding for activating ARFs and related polypeptides in the root gravity-sensing cells consista of amplifying its full (or truncated) gene coding sequence from genomic or cDNA and cloning this sequence downstream of a 3XUAS cassette (Field and Song (1989).  Nature  340:245-246) in a suitably plant binary vector. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the UAS cassette and activating ARF gene sequences may be introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in activating ARF related gene sequences and may for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants may be regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. Such regenerated plants may then be crossed with plants from an enhancer trap line, which is able to drive the expression of any gene downstream of a UAS cassette in a specific cell type, in this case the columella gravity-sensing cells of the root. The expression of the activating ARF related polypeptide may then be determined in the progeny plants and progeny plants in which the expression of the activating ARF related polypeptide is increased relative to control plants may be identified. The angle of root branches may be compared to control plants in which the expression of the activating ARF related polypeptide is not increased in the root gravity-sensing cells. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Structure of truncated ARFA genes: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Size of C- 
                   
                   
                 Start 
                 End 
               
               
                   
                 terminal 
                 Start 
                 End 
                 amino 
                 amino 
               
               
                 Gene 
                 deletion 
                 nucluotide 
                 nucleotide 
                 acid 
                 acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ARF7 
                 390 by 
                 1 
                 3108 
                 M1 
                 R1036 
               
               
                 ARF19 
                 393 by 
                 1 
                 2868 
                 M1 
                 R956 
               
               
                 ARF8 
                 327 by 
                 1 
                 2109 
                 M1 
                 Q703 
               
               
                 ARF6 
                 426 by 
                 1 
                 2382 
                 M1 
                 Q793 
               
               
                 ARF5 
                 336 by 
                 1 
                 2373 
                 M1 
                 R791 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Modulation of Lateral Root and Shoot Branching Angles Using Stabilised Aux/IAA Transcriptional Repressor Polypeptide Related Sequences: 
     Modulation of Shoot Angle: 
       [0202]    A method of inducing a more vertical root GSA phenotype in shoot lateral branches comprises incorporating a heterologous nucleic acid sequence which alters the expression levels of an Aux/IAA and related genes containing a stabilizing mutation in the conserved domain II region of the proteins in the gravity-sensing cells by means of transformation and regenerating the plant from one or more transformed cells. 
         [0203]    The full Aux/IAA gene coding sequence (with the stabilising mutation in the conserved domain II region) is amplified from genomic or cDNA of a plant species using appropriate primer sequences. The promoter sequence of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot (e.g. SCARECROW [SCR, AT3G54220; GENBANK: NM — 115282] or related genes, consisting of 2500 bp upstream of the start of the SCR gene in  Arabidopsis ) is similarly amplified from the genomic or cDNA of the target plant species. Using conventional or GATEWAY cloning techniques the SCR or related promoter may be placed upstream of the Aux/IAA related sequence in a suitable binary plant transformation vector. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the SCR and activating ARF gene sequences may be introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in Aux/IAA related gene sequences and may for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants may be regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. The angle of shoot branches may be compared to control plants in which the expression of the Aux/IAA related polypeptide is not increased in the shoot gravity-sensing cells. 
       Modulation of Root Angle: 
       [0204]    The full Aux/IAA gene coding sequence (with the stabilising mutation in the conserved domain II region) is amplified from genomic or cDNA of a plant species using appropriate primer sequences. The promoter sequence of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the root (e.g. the ARL2 gene [AT1G59980; GENBANK: NM — 104690] or related genes, consisting of 2441 bp upstream of the start of the ARL2 gene in  Arabidopsis ) is similarly amplified from the genomic or cDNA of the appropriate plant species. Using conventional or GATEWAY cloning techniques the ARL2 or related promoter is placed upstream of the Aux/IAA related sequence in a suitable binary plant transformation vector. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the ARL2 or related promoter and activating ARF gene sequences is introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in activating ARF gene sequences and may for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants are regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. The angles of root branches are compared to control plants in which the expression of the Aux/IAA related polypeptide is not increased in the root gravity-sensing cells. 
         [0205]    An alternative method of expressing an activating Aux/IAA related polypeptide in the root gravity-sensing cells consists of amplifying its full gene coding sequence from genomic or cDNA and cloning this sequence downstream of a 3XUAS cassette (Fischer et al. (1988)  Nature  322:853-856) in a suitable plant binary vector using GATEWAY or conventional cloning techniques. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the UAS cassette and Aux/IAA related polypeptide sequences are introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in Aux/IAA related gene sequences and are for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants are regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. Such regenerated plants are then crossed with plants from an enhancer trap line, which is able to drive the expression of any gene downstream of a UAS cassette in a specific cell type, in this case the columella gravity-sensing cells of the root. The expression of the Aux/IAA related polypeptide is then determined in the progeny plants and progeny plants in which the expression of the Aux/IAA related polypeptide is increased relative to control plants may be identified. The angle of lateral roots is compared to control plants in which the expression of the Aux/IAA related polypeptide is not increased in the root gravity-sensing cells. 
       Modulation of Lateral Root and Shoot Branching Angles Using TIR1/AFB Auxin Receptor Related Polypeptide Sequences: 
     Modulation of Shoot Angle: 
       [0206]    A method of inducing a more vertical root GSA phenotype in shoot lateral branches comprises incorporating a heterologous nucleic acid sequence which alters the expression levels of a TIR1/AFB auxin receptor or related gene in gravity-sensing cells by means of transformation and regenerating the plant from one or more transformed cells. 
         [0207]    The full length TIR1/AFB auxin receptor or related coding sequence is amplified from genomic or cDNA of a plant species using appropriate primer sequences. The promoter sequence of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot (e.g. SCARECROW [SCR, AT3G54220; GENBANK: NM — 115282] or related genes, consisting of 2500 bp upstream of the start of the SCR gene in  Arabidopsis ) is similarly amplified from the genomic or cDNA of the appropriate plant species. Using conventional or GATEWAY cloning techniques the SCR or related promoter is placed upstream of the TIR1/AFB polypeptide related sequence in a suitable binary plant transformation vector. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the SCR and TIR1/AFB auxin receptor or related gene sequences is introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related gene sequences and are for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants are regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. The angle of shoot branches is compared to control plants in which the expression of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related polypeptide is not increased in the shoot gravity-sensing cells. 
       Modulation of Root Angle: 
       [0208]    The full length TIR1/AFB auxin receptor or related coding sequence is amplified from genomic or cDNA of a plant species using appropriate primer sequences. The promoter sequence of a gene that is expressed specifically in the gravity-sensing cells of the root (e.g. the ARL2 gene [AT1G59980; GENBANK: NM — 104690] or related genes, consisting of 2441 bp upstream of the start of the ARL2 gene in  Arabidopsis ) is similarly amplified from the genomic or cDNA of the appropriate plant species. Using conventional or GATEWAY cloning techniques the ARL2 or related promoter is placed upstream of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor-related gene sequence in a suitable binary plant transformation vector. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the ARL2 or related promoter and TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related gene sequences is introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in activating TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related sequences and are for example, wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants are regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. The angle of lateral roots is compared to control plants in which the expression of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related polypeptide is not increased in the root gravity-sensing cells. 
         [0209]    An alternative method of expressing a TIR1/AFB auxin receptor or related polypeptide in the root gravity-sensing cells consists of amplifying its full gene coding sequence from genomic or cDNA and cloning this sequence downstream of a 3XUAS cassette (Field and Song (1989).  Nature  340:245-246) in a suitable plant binary vector using GATEWAY or conventional cloning techniques. Using a plant transformation technique appropriate for the desired species such as floral dipping,  Agrobacterium  mediated co-cultivation, microprojectile or particle bombardment the binary vector containing the UAS cassette and TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related polypeptide sequences are introduced into the plant cell(s). Plants or cells used for transformation preferably lack mutations in Aux/IAA gene sequences and are for example, be wild type. Following transformation the transgenic plants are regenerated e.g. from seed, single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs as is standard for the said species. Such regenerated plants are then crossed with plants from an enhancer trap line, which is able to drive the expression of any gene downstream of a UAS cassette in a specific cell type, in this case the columella gravity-sensing cells of the root. The expression of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related polypeptide is then determined in the progeny plants and progeny plants may be identified in which the expression of the Aux/IAA related polypeptide is increased relative to control plants. The angles of lateral roots are compared to control plants in which the expression of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor related polypeptide is not increased in the root gravity-sensing cells. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
       [0210]    In this example, transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants having more vertical shoot branching angles were generated by inducing the expression of the activating ARF7 in the gravity-sensing cells of the shoot. 
         [0211]    Unless stated otherwise, standard techniques were used as follows: 
         Arabidopsis  Growth Conditions: 
       [0212]      Arabidopsis thaliana  (Col-0) plants were grown individually in pots containing compost in the greenhouse with 20 h light and 8 h darkness at a temperature range of 20±2° C. 
       Generation of Transgenic SCR:ARF7: GR Plants: 
       [0213]    The genomic construct SCR::ARF7:GR contains the SCARECROW promoter upstream of the coding sequence of ARF7 (AT5g20730; GENBANK: NM — 122080) fused in to the GR protein coding sequence (the GR motif allows the nuclear localisation of the ARF7:GR protein to be induced upon treatment with dexamethasone). This construct was generated using the GATEWAY system (Invitrogen). 2.5 Kb of the SCR promoter and the full length ARF7 coding sequence were amplified with PCR primers containing recombination sequences and cloned into pDONR P1P5r and pDONR P5P2 Gateway entry vectors. A multisite LR reaction was then performed with the two pDONR entry plasmids and a modified pFP100 destination vector containing a GR fragment and a Nos terminator. The SCR::ARF7:GR construct was transformed into Col-0  Arabidopsis  plants by floral dipping and transformants were selected on the basis of seed coat fluorescence. Eight independent transgenic lines were selected using seed coat fluorescence as a marker and grown in soil for two weeks. These plants (along with untransformed sister controls) were sprayed with a solution of 30 uM Dexamethasone (in distilled water) for a period of ten days. All transgenic lines displayed varying strengths of the more vertical lateral shoot branch phenotype as compared to control plants. 
       Primer Sequences: 
       [0214]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 SCR promoter: 
               
               
                   
                 B1pSCR: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 53) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTAATTTTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCATTCTCAAAGCTTTGC-3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pSCRB5r: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 54) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GGGGACAACTTTTGTATACAAAGTTGTGGAGATTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGGTTGTT GGTCGTG-3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ARF7: 
               
               
                   
                 B5KARF7:_ 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 55) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GGGGACAACTTTGTATACAAAAGTTGAACAATGAAAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCTTCATC AAATGG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ARF7B2: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 56) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GGGG ACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCCCGGTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AACGAA GTGGCTG-3′, 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
       [0215]    In this example, transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants having more vertical lateral root angles through the expression of a stabilized form of IAA17/AXR3 (axr3-1) in the root columella gravity-sensing cells were generated. 
         Arabidopsis  Growth Conditions: 
       [0216]      Arabidopsis thaliana  (Col-0) plants were grown individually in pots containing compost in the greenhouse with 20 h light and 8 h darkness at a temperature range of 20±2° C. For lateral root angle analysis, transgenic plants along with suitable controls were grown on ATS medium on 120 cm square petri dishes with 20 h light and 8 h darkness at a temperature range of 20±2° C. 
         [0000]    Construction of UAS::axr3-1: 
         [0217]    The genomic construct UAS::axr3-1 contains the GAL4 recognition sequence UAS upstream of the coding sequence of AXR3/IAA17 (AT1G04250; GENBANK: NM — 100306) containing a stabilising proline to leucine mutation at position 88 within the conserved domain II of this protein (axr3-1). The UAS and axr3-1 sequences were subcloned into a BIN19 based plant transformation binary vector and transformed into wild-type Col-0  Arabidopsis  plants using floral dipping. Transformants were selected using kanamycin resistance as a marker. 
       Generation of Transgenic UAS::Axr3-1×J1092 Transgenic Plants: 
       [0218]    UAS:axr3-1 plants were crossed into the J1092 enhancer trap GAL4-GFP driver line which drives expression of axr3-1 in the columella and lateral root cap cells of the root. Seven independent transgenic lines were obtained displayed varying strengths of the more vertical lateral root branch phenotype as compared to control plants.