Abstract:
One-time programmable (OTP) memory comprises a layer of a first conductivity type formed in an active area in a region of a second conductivity type and gate polysilicon of a second conductivity type. Gate polysilicon and said layer of the first conductivity type act as the word line and the bit line. Each bit cell is picked up by a metal bit line. Contact between the metal bit line and said layer of the first conductivity type can be ohmic or rectifying. Said layer of the first conductivity type, said region of the second conductivity type and the contact, ohmic or rectifying, are formed by using process steps available from a standard manufacturing process.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not Applicable 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to semiconductor memory, and more specifically, to anti-fuse based embedded one-time programmable memory. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     An anti-fuse is an electronic device that is electrically non-conductive in its initial unprogrammed state and becomes electrically conductive when programmed. Programming of an anti-fuse is an irreversible process, i.e., once programmed, it remains in the conductive state and cannot be made to return to the non-conductive state. Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), gate dielectric used in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET&#39;s), is one example of an anti-fuse material used in complementary MOS (CMOS) process, a mainstream manufacturing technology in semiconductor industry. When subjected to a high voltage, dielectric breakdown occurs in SiO 2  and a permanent current conduction path is formed through it. Those with ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other dielectric material, for example, nitrided silicon oxide (SiON) and high-k dielectric such as hafnium dioxide (HfO 2 ), can be used as anti-fuse. 
     Anti-fuse retains its electronic state, conductive or non-conductive, even after the power is turned off so it can be used as non-volatile memory. In contrast to other non-volatile memories such as erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory that can be programmed and erased multiple times, an anti-fuse memory can be programmed only once, i.e., it is an one-time-programmable (OTP) memory. OTP memory is used in applications such as storing program code, security code and trimming of analog data. OTP memory may be a stand-alone product or embedded into other semiconductor chips, such as system-on-a-chip (SoC) where OTP memory functions as a data storage block. 
     System-on-a-chips are widely used in consumer, industrial and automotive electronics, and internet-of-things (IoT). For these applications, embedded OTP memory of high-performance and high-density with low cost is desired. OTP memory with crosspoint architecture, where each bit cell is defined at the intersection of a word line and a bit line, offers a small bit cell size and is capable of delivering high density memory at a low cost. To be cost-effective, it is desirable that OTP memory is fully compatible with the manufacturing process of the main chip that it is embedded into. An exemplary crosspoint anti-fuse OTP memory is shown in  FIG. 1 , a prior art found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,330,189 ( FIG. 8  therein). It should be noted in  FIG. 1  that the high bit-line series resistance caused by the buried bit-line structure may compromise program and read performance. Furthermore, the OTP memory in  FIG. 1  requires extra wafer processing steps. It is therefore desired to provide an embedded anti-fuse OTP memory that offers high performance, high density and reliability that is fully compatible with standard wafer manufacturing processes. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Anti-fuse OTP memory has a crosspoint architecture wherein each bit cell is accessed with a metal bit line through a contact to the bit line diffusion. Contact to the bit line diffusion can be ohmic or rectifying. If the contact is ohmic, cell is programmed in the accumulation mode. A programmed cell is read out by forward-biasing the diode. If the contact to the bit line diffusion is rectifying, cell is programmed in the inversion mode and a programmed cell is read out by operating the bipolar junction transistors in the forward active mode. The bit line diffusion is formed by an ion implantation step or a combination of ion implantation steps available in the standard wafer manufacturing processes. As a result, a cost-effective anti-fuse OTP memory with high performance, high density is realized. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary anti-fuse OTP memory found in the prior art. 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart of an exemplary standard CMOS fabrication process. 
         FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B  are the cross-sectional views, cut along the word line direction and the bit line direction, respectively, of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention having an ohmic contact to the bit line diffusion. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of one variation of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of one variation of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 3B . 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of an anti-fuse OTP memory array according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7A  is a cross-sectional view of one programmed cell and one unprogrammed cell having an ohmic contact to the bit line diffusion according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B . 
         FIG. 7B  is a schematic representation of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view according to another embodiment of the present invention having an ohmic contact to the bit line diffusion. 
         FIG. 9A  is a cross-sectional view of one programmed cell and one unprogrammed cell having a rectifying contact to the bit line diffusion according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9B  is a schematic representation of  FIG. 9A . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart describing salient steps of an exemplary standard CMOS fabrication process that may be used to produce the anti-fuse OTP memory disclosed in the present invention. The process flow  200  represents a process flow of major CMOS technologies such as logic, analog, mixed signal and high-voltage CMOS technologies. In  FIG. 2 , only those process steps deemed necessary for the description of the present invention are included. Other processing steps required to complete a CMOS process known to those with ordinary skill in the art are not shown and described so as to avoid unnecessary obfuscation. Further, whereas the salient steps of the fabrication process  200  are shown, depending on the circumstances some of the salient steps need not necessarily be performed, or, unless explicitly stated that one step precedes or follows another, may be performed in a different order than shown and described. The process steps in  FIG. 2  will be referred to as necessary when the details of various embodiments of the present invention are described below. 
       FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view cut along the word line direction of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. An important feature of  FIG. 3A  is a method of forming the N-well  304  and the P-type layer  306  by using process steps available in a standard CMOS process. In a CMOS process, a P-type silicon wafer  300  is commonly used as a starting material, which is also referred to as the substrate. Field isolation  302  is formed during the field isolation step  202  in  FIG. 2 . Field isolation  302  shown in  FIG. 3A  may be a shallow trench isolation (STI) or other types of isolation such as local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS). The area in which field isolation is not formed is herein referred to as the active area. Taking  FIG. 3A  as an example, the area where P-type layer  306  is formed is the active area.  FIG. 3A  also illustrates portions of N-well  304  are in the active area and the rest is in the field isolation area. On the other hand, the entire area in  FIG. 3B  is the active area because there is no field isolation in  FIG. 3B . In a CMOS process, there may exist more than one N-well implant, each of which results in a different junction depth and doping profile. For example, a CMOS process can have a deep N-well for high-voltage devices and N-well for input/output (I/O) devices as well as N-well for core logic devices. N-well  304  in  FIG. 3A  is formed at the process step  204  in  FIG. 2  using a single N-well implant or a combination of N-well implants available in the standard CMOS process. The junction depth of N-well  304  is typically one micrometer or more and is greater than the depth of field isolation  302 , which is typically 0.3 micrometer to 0.4 micrometer in case of STI. The N-well  304  isolates P-type layer  306  from the substrate  300 . The P-type layer  306  is the bit line diffusion and is formed at the process step  206  in  FIG. 2 . In CMOS technologies such as logic, analog, mixed signal and high-voltage CMOS, there may exist a number of P-type implants at step  206  in  FIG. 2 . The P-type implants available at step  206  in  FIG. 2  include ion implants for P-well for core devices, P-well for I/O devices, threshold adjustment implants for low-voltage N-channel MOSFET&#39;s, high-voltage N-channel MOSFET&#39;s and for N-channel MOSFET&#39;s of static random access memory (SRAM). These available P-type implants, one or combination thereof, are used to create the P-type bit line diffusion  306 . The P-type bit line diffusion  306  is shallower than the field isolation so that the neighboring bit line diffusions are isolated by field isolation  302 . To prevent punch-through between adjacent bit lines during program, the junction depth of P-type bit line diffusion needs to be sufficiently smaller than the depth of field isolation, typically in the range of 0.1 micrometer to 0.2 micrometer. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 3A , gate dielectric  308  is grown on the wafer followed by the deposition and patterning of polysilicon to define the gate poly  310  at process steps  208  in  FIG. 2 . A thin silicide film  312  is formed on top of the gate poly at the process step  216  in  FIG. 2 , followed by the deposition of inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  314  and the formation of first-level metal interconnect  316 . Gate poly  310  and first-level metal  316  form the word line and bit line of the memory array, respectively. 
       FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view cut along the bit line direction of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. An important feature in  FIG. 3B  is a method of forming an ohmic contact to the P-type bit line diffusion  306  and doping the gate poly into heavily-doped N-type (N+) by using non-critical implant masks. Shown in  FIG. 3B  are the P-type substrate  300 , N-well  304  and P-type layer  306 , details of which were explained above with reference to  FIG. 3A . The active area between the two middle word lines in  FIG. 3B  is exposed to ion implantation during P+ source/drain implant (step  214  in  FIG. 2 ) while the rest of the area in  FIG. 3B  is blocked from it. During N+ source/drain implant, the active area between the two middle word lines in  FIG. 3B  is blocked from the implant while the rest of the area is exposed to it. As a result, a heavily doped P+ region  324  is formed in the P-type layer  306  between the two middle word lines. Two word line gate poly on the left and the active area between them are doped into N+. Likewise, two word line gate poly on the right and the active area between them are doped into N+. It should be noted N+ source/drain implant is performed after the gate sidewall spacer  320  is formed. Therefore N+ region  322  between the two word lines does not overlap with the word line poly because of an absence of N-channel lightly-doped drain (LDD) implant in the bit cell. This prevents the word line poly from getting shorted to N+ region  322  during programming. In the active area between the two middle word lines is shown a P-channel LDD region  318  as well as P+ region  324 . Inclusion of a P-channel LDD region  318  in a bit cell, however, is optional. A contact  326  is formed in the P+ region  324 , followed by the formation of the first-level metal interconnect  316 , completing an OTP memory having an ohmic contact to each bit cell. 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of one variation of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 3A . In  FIG. 4 , P-type layer  402  is deeper than field isolation, and the electrical isolation between adjacent bit line diffusions is provided by junction isolation. P-type layer  402  can be used as a bit line diffusion for a low-density memory array. 
       FIG. 5  shows one variation of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 3B . In  FIG. 5 , field isolation is formed between the two narrowly-spaced word lines, thus eliminating N+ region  322  in  FIG. 3B .  FIG. 5  is advantageous because the possibility of leakage current between two adjacent word lines via floating N+ region  322  is eliminated. 
     Illustrated in  FIG. 6  is a top view of an anti-fuse OTP memory array  600 , according to one embodiment of the present invention. Cross-sectional views of  FIG. 6  cut along the lines A-A′ and B-B′ are shown above in  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B , respectively. To avoid unnecessary obfuscation, only one of the identical features in  FIG. 6  is shown with numbers from  604  through  614 . The large rectangular area defined by  602  represents a mask pattern for N-type well implants and also P-type implants. The entire memory array sits inside the N-well defined by  602 . The vertical stripe  604  defines an active area and is doped into a P-type layer by P-type implants, forming a bit line, as explained above in relation to  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B . The horizontal stripe  606  is the gate poly that acts as a word line. Each bit cell is formed at the intersection of a bit line  604  and a word line  606 , resulting in a crosspoint array architecture. The rectangular feature  608  defines an area inside of which receives N+ source/drain implant, but not N-channel LDD implant. Consequently, the two gate poly lines and the active area between them become heavily doped N-type (N+) as shown in  FIG. 3B . Since N-channel LDD implant is blocked from the memory array, N+ region  322  in  FIG. 3B  does not overlap with gate poly thus reducing the possibility of N+ region  322  getting shorted to gate poly as explained above. The rectangular area defined by  610  represents the mask pattern for P-channel LDD implant and P+ source/drain implant. The active area inside  610  becomes heavily doped P-type region (P+), shown as  324  in  FIG. 3B . A contact hole  612  is formed inside the P+ region and is connected to the metal bit line  614 . It should be noted that N+ source/drain implant mask pattern  608  and the mask pattern  610  for P-channel LDD implant and P+ source/drain implant have feature and spacing dimensions greater than the minimum design rule. As a result, non-critical masks can be used at these implant steps which is advantageous in terms of manufacturing cost. 
     It is to be noted the orientation of word lines with respect to bit lines employed herein is for illustration purpose only. Those with ordinary skill in the art will recognize the word line and bit line may be laid out 90 degrees rotated, i.e., word line in the vertical direction and bit line in the horizontal direction. It should also be noted that the dimensions, horizontal and vertical, of the various parts of the anti-fuse OTP memory in the drawings of this disclosure, including the thickness of its various layers, depth and lateral reach of its doped regions are not necessarily drawn to scale. In some cases, layer thickness, junction depths, lengths and widths and other dimensions are exaggerated so as to best illustrate the structural features and/or functional aspects of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7A  shows a cross-sectional drawing of two bit cells sharing a bit line contact, one defined by the word line WL n  and the bit line BL n  and the other defined by WL n+1  and BL n . Otherwise,  FIG. 7A  is identical to  FIG. 3B , which has four bit cells in the drawing. The cell defined by WL n  and BL n  in  FIG. 7A  represents a programmed cell, wherein a protrusion  702  of N+ gate poly into P-type layer  306  through a ruptured gate dielectric is shown. The N-type protrusion  702  forms a diode with P-type layer  306  underneath, which is represented as a diode  706  in a schematic drawing  FIG. 7B . The cell defined by WL n+1  and BL n ,  704  in  FIG. 7A  represents an unprogrammed cell and is schematically represented as a MOS capacitor  708  in  FIG. 7B . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7A , programming a bit cell is accomplished by applying appropriate voltage pulses to selected word line and bit line to drive the selected MOS capacitor into the accumulation mode. One exemplary method of programming an unprogrammed cell is to apply a voltage pulse with an amplitude of −(½)*VPP to WL n+1  and to apply simultaneously a voltage pulse with an amplitude of (½)*VPP to BL n , where VPP is the positive total voltage required to program a cell. Unselected word lines and bit lines are biased to (½)*VPP and −(½)*VPP, respectively. During programming, a positive voltage equal to or greater than (½)*VPP is applied to N-well  304  to prevent P-type layer  306  from becoming forward-biased with respect to N-well. To read a programmed cell, the cell defined by WL n  and BL n  in  FIG. 7A  for example, a positive voltage VRD is applied to the selected bit line BL n  while the selected word line WL n  is grounded. The diode  706  in  FIG. 7B  becomes forward biased and the current flowing into the selected bit line is sensed by the sensing circuit. During a read operation, unselected bit lines are kept at 0V and unselected word lines are biased to a voltage equal to or greater than VRD. This ensures the diodes in the unselected programmed cells to be reverse biased. As an example, VRD is 1V and the bias voltage to the unselected world lines may be 1.8V. Those with ordinary skill in the art will recognize there are other possible ways of applying voltages to word lines, bit lines and N-well for program and read. 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional drawing of an OTP memory according to another embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 8 , in addition to P+ and an optional P-channel LDD regions shown in  FIG. 7A , there exists an N+ region  322  in the active area where a bit line contact is formed. Otherwise,  FIG. 8  is identical to  FIG. 7A . It is well known that in a PN junction where both sides of the junction are heavily doped, current flows easily in either direction due to the tunneling mechanism. Hence, a tunneling junction exhibits an ohmic characteristic. The active area between the two word lines in  FIG. 8  is heavily doped with P+ and N+ implants, resulting in a tunneling junction. Consequently, an ohmic contact is established to the P-type bit line diffusion  306  and  FIG. 8  becomes schematically identical to  FIG. 7B .  FIG. 8  is advantageous because it allows the use of a large block pattern  602 , instead of the narrow stripe  608 , on the N+ source/drain implant mask, alleviating potential constraints associated with the narrow stripe pattern  608 . 
       FIG. 9A  is a cross-sectional drawing of an OTP memory according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 9A , N+ source/drain implant is performed over the entire memory array using a large block mask pattern  602 . Furthermore, P-channel LDD and P+ implants are blocked from the memory array as well as N-channel LDD implant. Therefore, only the N+ region  322  is present in the active area between the word line gate poly. As a result, a rectifying PN junction, instead of an ohmic contact, is formed with the P-type bit line diffusion  306 .  FIG. 9B  is a schematic representation of  FIG. 9A  for one programmed cell and one unprogrammed cell sharing a bit line contact. The memory cell associated with WL n  and BL n  in  FIG. 9A  represents a programmed cell and is schematically represented by two NPN bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)  902  and  904  in  FIG. 9B . The NPN BJT  902  in  FIG. 9B  represents the lateral BJT in  FIG. 9A  formed by N-type protrusion  702  (emitter), P-type layer  306  (base) and N+ region  322  (collector). The NPN BJT  904  in  FIG. 9B  represents the vertical BJT in  FIG. 9A  formed by N-type protrusion  702  (emitter), P-type layer  306  (base) and N-well  304  (collector). It is to be noted that in  FIG. 9A  and  FIG. 9B , P-type layer  306  acts as the base of both lateral and vertical BJT&#39;s. It is also to be noted that P-type layer  306  is labeled as PL n  to distinguish it from the external metal bit line BL n  which acts as the collector of the lateral BJT  902 . Referring back to  FIG. 9A , the contacts to pick up P-type layer, not shown in the drawing, are provided as often as necessary to maintain high performance and high density of the memory array. 
     An exemplary method of programming an unprogrammed cell in  FIG. 9A  involves applying a positive voltage VPP to the selected word line WL n+1  and applying 0V to the selected bit line BL n  and also to the selected P-type layer PL n . Under this bias condition, an inversion layer is formed under the gate dielectric of the selected MOS capacitor and the programming current is supplied from the metal bit line BL n  through N+ region  322 . During programming, unselected word lines are biased to a voltage lower than VPP, for example (½)*VPP. Unselected bit lines and P-type layers are also biased to (½)*VPP and N-well is biased to VPP. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9B , to read a programmed cell, the selected word line WL n  is grounded and a positive voltage VPL that is sufficiently high to forward bias the base-emitter diode but is lower than the power supply voltage VDD is applied to the selected P-type layer PL n . A positive voltage VBL that is higher than VPL, for example VDD, is applied to the selected bit line BL n  and also to N-well. Under this bias condition, both BJT&#39;s  902  and  904  operate in the forward active mode. The cell can be read out by sensing the current flowing out of WL n  or into BL n . During read, unselected word lines are biased to a voltage higher than VPL, for example VDD, and unselected metal bit lines and P-type layers are grounded to ensure reverse bias of the diodes in the unselected cells. 
     In scaled-down CMOS technologies wherein the lateral dimension from the gate protrusion  702  in  FIG. 9A  to N+ region  322  is small, a punch-through can occur from the collector  322  to the emitter  702  of the lateral BJT. In such a case, a read operation can be performed by grounding the selected word line WL n , grounding or floating the P type-layer  306  and by applying a positive voltage to the selected metal bit line BL n . The resulting punch-through current can be read either from the selected word line WL n  or the selected bit line BL n . Unselected word lines are left floating and unselected bit lines and P-type layers are grounded during read. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention have been described, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but instead by reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.