Abstract:
The disclosure relates to a composition comprising two or more immunogenic staphylococcal polypeptides and a multivalent vaccine composition comprising the immunogenic staphylococcal polypeptides.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICFATIONS 
     This application is the US national phase entry of International Patent Application No. PCT/GB2012/050791, filed Apr. 11, 2012, which claims priority to GB Patent Application No. 1106162.9, filed Apr. 12, 2011. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The disclosure relates to a composition comprising two or more immunogenic staphylococcal polypeptides and a multivalent vaccine composition comprising the immunogenic staphylococcal polypeptides in the prevention or treatment of staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Vaccines protect against a wide variety of infectious diseases. Many modern vaccines are therefore made from protective antigens of the pathogen, which are isolated by molecular cloning and purified. These vaccines are known as ‘subunit vaccines’. The development of subunit vaccines has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. The emergence of new pathogens and the growth of antibiotic resistance have created a need to develop new vaccines and to identify further candidate molecules useful in the development of subunit vaccines. Likewise the discovery of novel vaccine antigens from genomic and proteomic studies is enabling the development of new subunit vaccine candidates, particularly against bacterial pathogens. However, although subunit vaccines tend to avoid the side effects of killed or attenuated pathogen vaccines, their ‘pure’ status means that subunit vaccines do not always have adequate immunogenicity to confer protection. 
     An approach to improve the efficacy of vaccine compositions is to provide multivalent vaccines comprising dominant antigens that provoke both a B cell and T cell response thereby mounting a more rigorous immune response in the subject receiving the vaccine. A typical multivalent vaccine might be a whole cell vaccine comprising multiple antigenic molecules. For example the  Bacillus  Calmette Guerin [“BCG”] vaccine includes an attenuated  Mycobacterium bovis  strain that provokes protective immunity in humans. For many pathogens chemical or heat inactivation while it may give rise to vaccine immunogens that confer protective immunity also gives rise to side effects such as fever and injection site reactions. In the case of bacteria, inactivated organisms tend to be so toxic that side effects have limited the application of such crude vaccine immunogens and therefore vaccine development has lagged behind drug-development. Moreover, effective vaccine development using whole cell inactivated organisms suffers from problems of epitope masking, immunodominance, low antigen concentration and antigen redundancy. 
     Currently there is no effective vaccination procedure to prevent or treat  Staphylococcus aureus  infection.  S. aureus  is a bacterium whose normal habitat is the epithelial lining of the nose in about 20-40% of normal healthy people and is also commonly found on people&#39;s skin usually without causing harm. However, in certain circumstances, particularly when skin is damaged, this pathogen can cause infection. This is a particular problem in hospitals where patients may have surgical procedures and/or be taking immunosuppressive drugs. These patients are much more vulnerable to infection with  S. aureus  because of the treatment they have received. Antibiotic resistant strains of  S. aureus  have arisen since their wide spread use in controlling microbial infection. Methicillin resistant strains are prevalent and many of these resistant strains are also resistant to several other antibiotics. 
       S. aureus  is therefore a major human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of diseases some of which are life threatening diseases including septicaemia, endocarditis, arthritis and toxic shock. This ability is determined by the versatility of the organism and its arsenal of components involved in virulence. At the onset of infection, and as it progresses, the needs and environment of the organism changes and this is mirrored by a corresponding alteration in the virulence determinants which  S. aureus  produces. At the beginning of infection it is important for the pathogen to adhere to host tissues and so a large repertoire of cell surface associated attachment proteins are made. The pathogen also has the ability to evade host defenses by the production of factors that reduce phagocytosis or interfere with the ability of the cells to be recognised by circulating antibodies. 
     There is therefore a continuing need to identify staphylococcal antigens that are protective and can be used in multivalent vaccines. The combinations may be used in combination with non-protein immunogenic molecules such as polysaccharide antigens and anti-bacterial agents to provide a treatment regimen for control of staphylococcal infection. It is also within the scope of this disclosure to modify the treatment regimen to immunize subjects with a series of temporally separated administrations as an alternative to the administration of a single vaccine comprising multiple antigens. 
     SUMMARY 
     This disclosure therefore relates to combination or multivalent immunogenic compositions and vaccines and their use in the prophylaxis and treatment of staphylococcal infections. We disclose polypeptides that individually are protective and are typically membrane spanning proteins that include an extracellular domain and are essential for staphylococcal cell growth. For example DivIB is an integral membrane protein comprising an intracellular domain, an intermembrane domain and an extracellular domain. DivIB and fragments thereof, provide protection from at least an  S. aureus  challenge in an animal model. The related gene DivIC is also an integral membrane protein the extracellular domain of which provokes protective immunity to staphylococcal infection. This disclosure also relates to antigens encoded by the genes PheP, YdiE and FtsL each of which have an extramembranous domain. 
     According to an aspect of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising two or more different polypeptides wherein said polypeptides are encoded by different staphylococcal genes selected from the group consisting of:
         i) a polypeptide, or immunogenic fragment thereof, comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 20;   ii) a polypeptide, or immunogenic fragment thereof, comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 21;   iii) a polypeptide, or immunogenic fragment thereof, comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 22;   iv) a polypeptide, or immunogenic fragment thereof, comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 23;   v) a polypeptide, or immunogenic fragment thereof, comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 24; or   vi) a modified staphylococcal polypeptide wherein said polypeptide is a staphylococcal polypeptide variant of the amino acid sequences presented in SEQ ID NO: 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24, wherein said sequences are modified by addition, deletion or substitution of one or more amino acid residues which modified polypeptides have retained or enhanced immunogenicity when compared to the polypeptide as represented in SEQ ID NO: 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24.       

     A modified staphylococcal polypeptide or variant staphylococcal polypeptide may differ in amino acid sequence by one or more substitutions, additions, deletions, truncations that may be present in any combination. Among preferred variants are those that vary from a reference polypeptide by conservative amino acid substitutions. Such substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid by another amino acid of like characteristics. The following non-limiting list of amino acids are considered conservative replacements (similar): a) alanine, serine, and threonine; b) glutamic acid and aspartic acid; c) asparagine and glutamine d) arginine and lysine; e) isoleucine, leucine, methionine and valine and f) phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Most highly preferred are variants that retain or enhance the immunogenicity and/or activity as the reference polypeptide from which it varies. 
     In one embodiment, the variant polypeptides have at least 80-89% sequence identity, more preferably at least 90% identity, even more preferably at least 95% identity, still more preferably at least 97% identity, and most preferably at least 99% identity with the full length amino acid sequences illustrated herein. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said immunogenic composition comprises or consists essentially of 2, 3, 4 or 5 staphylococcal polypeptides. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID N0.23, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 23 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and 22, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22 and 23, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and 23, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, 23 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, 23 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 23, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, 22, 23 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 23, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising 23 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, and 23, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, 23 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 23 and 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 23, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an immunogenic composition comprising:
         i) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 23, or an antigenic fragment thereof; and   ii) a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 24, or an antigenic fragment thereof.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said composition is a vaccine composition and includes at least one carrier and/or adjuvant. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Adjuvants (immune potentiators or immunomodulators) have been used for decades to improve the immune response to vaccine antigens. The incorporation of adjuvants into vaccine formulations is aimed at enhancing, accelerating and prolonging the specific immune response to vaccine antigens. Advantages of adjuvants include the enhancement of the immunogenicity of weaker antigens, the reduction of the antigen amount needed for a successful immunisation, the reduction of the frequency of booster immunisations needed and an improved immune response in elderly and immunocompromised vaccines. Selectively, adjuvants can also be employed to optimise a desired immune response, e.g. with respect to immunoglobulin classes and induction of cytotoxic or helper T lymphocyte responses. In addition, certain adjuvants can be used to promote antibody responses at mucosal surfaces. Aluminium hydroxide and aluminium or calcium phosphate has been used routinely in human vaccines. 
     Adjuvants can be classified according to their source, mechanism of action and physical or chemical properties. The most commonly described adjuvant classes are gel-type, microbial, oil-emulsion and emulsifier-based, particulate, synthetic and cytokines. More than one adjuvant may be present in the final vaccine product according to the invention. They may be combined together with a single antigen or all antigens present in the vaccine, or each adjuvant may be combined with one particular antigen. The origin and nature of the adjuvants currently being used or developed is highly diverse. For example, aluminium based adjuvants consist of simple inorganic compounds and PLG is a polymeric carbohydrate. MDP is derived from bacterial cell walls; saponins are of plant origin, squalene is derived from shark liver and recombinant endogenous immunomodulators are derived from recombinant bacterial, yeast or mammalian cells. There are several adjuvants licensed for veterinary vaccines, such as mineral oil emulsions that are too reactive for human use. Similarly, complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant, although being one of the most powerful adjuvants known, is not suitable for human use. 
     A carrier is an immunogenic molecule which, when bound to a second molecule augments immune responses to the latter. The term carrier is construed in the following manner. A carrier is an immunogenic molecule which, when bound to a second molecule augments immune responses to the latter. Some antigens are not intrinsically immunogenic yet may be capable of generating antibody responses when associated with a foreign protein molecule such as keyhole-limpet haemocyanin or tetanus toxoid. Such antigens contain B-cell epitopes but no T cell epitopes. The protein moiety of such a conjugate (the “carrier” protein) provides T-cell epitopes which stimulate helper T-cells that in turn stimulate antigen-specific B-cells to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibody against the antigen. 
     The vaccine compositions of the invention can be administered by any conventional route, including injection, intranasal spray by inhalation of for example an aerosol or nasal drops. The administration may be, for example, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracavity, subcutaneous, or intradermally. The vaccine compositions of the invention are administered in effective amounts. An “effective amount” is that amount of a vaccine composition that alone or together with further doses, produces the desired response. In the case of treating a particular bacterial disease the desired response is providing protection when challenged by an infective agent. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said vaccine composition is adapted for administration as a nasal spray. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said vaccine composition is provided in an inhaler and delivered as an aerosol. 
     The amounts of vaccine will depend, of course, on the individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size and weight, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific route of administration and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health practitioner. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose of the individual components or combinations thereof be used sufficient to provoke immunity; that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a patient may insist upon a lower dose or tolerable dose for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reasons. 
     The doses of vaccine administered to a subject can be chosen in accordance with different parameters, in particular in accordance with the mode of administration used and the state of the subject. In the event that a response in a subject is insufficient at the initial doses applied, higher doses (or effectively higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits. 
     In general, doses of vaccine are formulated and administered in effective immunizing doses according to any standard procedure in the art. Other protocols for the administration of the vaccine compositions will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, in which the dose amount, schedule of injections, sites of injections, mode of administration and the like vary from the foregoing. Administration of the vaccine compositions to mammals other than humans, (e.g. for testing purposes or veterinary therapeutic purposes), is carried out under substantially the same conditions as described above. A subject, as used herein, is a mammal, preferably a human, and including a non-human primate, cow, horse, pig, sheep or goat. 
     The ratio of antigens may be varied in pair wise fashion. The ratio of each antigen may be 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1 or 10:1 to optimize the response of the subject to particular combinations of antigen. For example the ratio of DivIB and YdiE may be varied as described above. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a vaccine composition according to the invention that includes at least one additional anti-bacterial agent. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said agent is a second different vaccine and/or immunogenic agent (for example a bacterial polypeptide and/or polysaccharide antigen). 
     According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule[s] comprising or consisting of nucleotide sequences of two or more different staphylococcal genes and encoding immunogenic polypeptides selected from the group consisting of:
         i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 6;   ii) a nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 7;   iii) a nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 8;   iv) a nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 4 or 9;   v) a nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence as represented in SEQ ID NO: 5 or 10;   vi) a nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein said sequence is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the nucleotide sequence defined in i-v above; or   vii) a nucleic acid molecule the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the sequence in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 and wherein said nucleic acid molecule encodes a staphylococcal antigenic polypeptide.       

     Hybridization of a nucleic acid molecule occurs when two complementary nucleic acid molecules undergo an amount of hydrogen bonding to each other. The stringency of hybridization can vary according to the environmental conditions surrounding the nucleic acids, the nature of the hybridization method, and the composition and length of the nucleic acid molecules used. Calculations regarding hybridization conditions required for attaining particular degrees of stringency are discussed in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2001); and Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, New York, 1993). The T m  is the temperature at which 50% of a given strand of a nucleic acid molecule is hybridized to its complementary strand. The following is an exemplary set of hybridization conditions and is not limiting: 
     Very High Stringency (Allows Sequences that Share at Least 90% Identity to Hybridize) 
     
         
         
           
             Hybridization: 5×SSC at 65° C. for 16 hours 
             Wash twice: 2×SSC at room temperature (RT) for 15 minutes each 
             Wash twice: 0.5×SSC at 65° C. for 20 minutes each
 
High Stringency (Allows Sequences that Share at Least 80% Identity to Hybridize)
 
             Hybridization: 5×−6×SSC at 65° C.-70° C. for 16-20 hours 
             Wash twice: 2×SSC at RT for 5-20 minutes each 
             Wash twice: 1×SSC at 55° C.-70° C. for 30 minutes each
 
Low Stringency (Allows Sequences that Share at Least 50% Identity to Hybridize)
 
             Hybridization: 6×SSC at RT to 55° C. for 16-20 hours 
             Wash at least twice: 2×−3×SSC at RT to 55° C. for 20-30 minutes each. 
           
         
       
    
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said composition is a vaccine composition and includes and includes at least one carrier and/or adjuvant. 
     The nucleic acid or DNA combination vaccines comprise nucleic acid molecules that encode antigenic polypeptides as herein disclosed. The specific combinations of polypeptide antigens as represented by amino acid SEQ ID can be substituted for the corresponding nucleotide SEQ ID as herein disclosed in the manufacture of DNA vaccines. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a combination vaccine according to the invention for use in the protection or treatment of a subject animal to a staphylococcal infection or condition that results from a staphylococcal infection. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said staphylococcal infection is caused by a staphylococcal species selected from the group consisting of:  S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. capitis, S. saccharolyticus, S. auricularis, S. simulans, S. saprophytics, S. cohnii, S. xylosus, S. hyicus, S. caprae, S. gallinarum, S. intermedius,    
     In a further preferred embodiment of the invention said staphylococcal species is  S. aureus  or  S. epidermidis.    
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said subject is a human. 
     In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention said subject is a non-human animal, preferably a livestock animal, for example cattle. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said live stock animal is vaccinated against bacterial mastitis caused by staphylococcal bacterial cells. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said life stock animal is a caprine animal (e.g. sheep, goat). 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention said life stock animal is a bovine animal (e.g. a cow). 
     Staphylococcal mastitis is a serious condition that affects live stock and can result in considerable expense with respect to controlling the disease through administration of antibiotics and in terms of lost milk yield. The vaccine according to the invention provides cost effective control of bacterial, in particular staphylococcal mastitis. 
     Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words “comprise” and “contain” and variations of the words, for example “comprising” and “comprises”, means “including but not limited to”, and is not intended to (and does not) exclude other moieties, additives, components, integers or steps. 
     Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the singular encompasses the plural unless the context otherwise requires. In particular, where the indefinite article is used, the specification is to be understood as contemplating plurality as well as singularity, unless the context requires otherwise. 
     Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. 
     An embodiment of the invention will now be described by example only and with reference to the following FIGURES 
     Tables 3 and 4 illustrate the vaccination of a mouse model with a combination antigens of the extracellular domains of YdiE and DivIB compared to individual antigen vaccinations. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Construction of Plasmids for the Overexpression in  E. coli  of the Extramembranous Fragments of the  S. aureus  Proteins 
     The PheP selected peptide was synthesized and conjugated through a cysteine at its C terminal to the carrier protein KLH to undertake as a chimeric protein used in vaccinations. The extramembranous fragments of YdiE, DivIB, DivIC and FtsL were PCR amplified from the chromosome of strain  S. aureus  SH1000 (Horsburgh M J, Aish J L, White I J, Shaw L, Lithgow J K, Foster S J: sigmaB modulates virulence determinant expression and stress resistance: characterization of a functional rsbU strain derived from  Staphylococcus aureus  8325-4 . J Bacteriol  2002, 184:5457-5467) using oligonucleotide pairs indicated on Table 1 according to the following PCR reaction conditions: 1 initial denaturation cycle of 94° C. for 4 min; 30 amplification cycles of denaturation 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealing 45° C. for 30 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for up to 2.5 minutes; finally, ongoing amplification rounds were allow to complete at 72° C. for 4 min. 
     The restrictions sites engineered within the oligonucleotides are also indicated in Table 1 (underlined; NcoI or XhoI). The amplified fragments were digested with the corresponding restriction enzymes (NcoI for the 5′ end, and XhoI for the 3′ end) and cloned into the equivalent sites of the pET-21d(+) expression vector from Novagen (Cat. No. 69743-3) and resulting in the overexpression plasmids indicated in Table 1 generating a T7-tagged (partial, at the N-terminal) and 6×His-tagged (at the C-terminal end) form of the extramembranous fragments. In the SEQ IDs the T7- and His-tags are indicated in bold, and the extramembranous portion of the proteins of interest are underlined. The over expression plasmids were transferred into  E. coli  BL21 for over expression of the recombinant protein fragment. 
     The cloning of the PCR amplified fragment indicated above into the recipient pET21d(+) recipient plasmid vector at the NcoI and XhoI sites entailed the addition of hinge amino acids between the T7-tag and the extramembranous fragment, and between the latter and the His-tag. These amino acids are neither bold nor underlined in the SEQ IDs. 
     Over Expression of SEQ ID NO: 25-28 
     SEQ ID NOs 25 through 28 were over expressed from plasmids pGL597, pGL601, pALB26, and pALB27 in  E. coli  BL21 strain using Brain Heart Infusion Broth (CM0225, Oxoid, United Kingdom) in the presence of 100 μg/ml ampicillin and the Plac promoter gratuitous inducer IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, 1 mM) for 4 to 6 hours at 37° C. and vigorous shaking. Following harvesting of the cells by centrifugation (5,000×g for 15 minutes at 4° C.) and subsequent lysis with 1 mg/ml lysozyme in phosphate buffer (Buffer A; 0.1M pH7.2) containing 0.5M NaCl) for one hour and subsequent sonication (3 cycles of 10 second pulses in sonicating water bath) the soluble and insoluble forms of the proteins of interest were separated by centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 minutes. The precipitate was then resuspended in Buffer A containing 8M urea by freeze/thawing (3 cycles of freezing at −80° C. for 10 minutes and subsequent thawing to room temperature) and sonication (3 cycles of 10 second pulses in sonicating water bath), and subsequent centrifugation for 25 minutes at 18,000×g). The over expressed proteins of interest in the supernatant and the solubilised pellet were purified by initial specific binding (through their His-tag) to a nickel (NiSO4)-bound Sepharose chromatography column (Ni-Sepharose) and elution with an imidazole solution run through the column in the following stepwise manner: 5% for 5 minutes, 30% for 60 minutes, 35% for 60 minutes, 50% for 100 minutes and 55% for 100 minutes. Fractions from this stepwise elution were analysed in acrylamide denaturing gels with a 4% acrylamide/bis-acrilamide stacking layer and a 12% acrylamide/bis-acrylamide separating layer. The fractions containing the over expressed proteins of interest were pooled and dyalized against sterile phosphate buffer (8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.44 g Na 2 HPO 4 , 0.24 g KH 2 PO 4 , per liter of distilled H 2 O, pH 7.4). 
     All the proteins of interest were successfully over expressed from the indicated strains and under the indicated conditions. They were also subsequently extracted from the total cellular protein content of the over expressing  E. coli  strains with more than 95% purity. Examples of the purification obtained for each of the proteins are indicated below. 
     Evaluation of Vaccination-Mediated Protection of Balb/C Mice Against Infection by  S. aureus    
     One week after the second boost each animal was infected with an i.v. (tail vein) injection of 100 microliters of endotoxin-free PBS containing 1.1×10 7  (±0.5×10 7 ) cells of  S. aureus  strain Newman. The latter were prepared from cultures growing to early stationary phase in Brain Heart Infusion medium (BHI), which were then washed three times with the same volume of PBS. 
     After 10 to 14 days the animals were sacrificed according to Schedule 1 cervical dislocation. The pair of kidneys from each animal was extracted in aseptic conditions, and homogenized in sterile PBS. Serial dilutions of the kidney homogenates were carried out in PBS and plated on BHI agar plates. Plates containing between 10 to 150 staphylococcal colonies were counted and dilution corrected. The number of viable cells in the kidneys was inferred from the number of colony forming units (CFU) on the plates. Evaluation of the possible protection against infection conferred by vaccination with DivIB-2 was determined from difference in the number of  S. aureus  cells in the kidneys of animals vaccinated with KLH and those vaccinated with DivIB-2. The statistic significance of the difference was calculated using the Mann-Whitney test. A significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) number of  S. aureus  in KLH vaccinated animals compared to the DivIB-2 vaccinated animals was concluded as protection. 
     Vaccination: Generic Protocol for Polyvalent Vaccines 
     Combination (or polyvalent) vaccines including variations of the antigens (conjugated selected PheP peptide, YdiE, DivIB, DivIC and FtsL) will follow an identical protocol with the following modifications. The vaccine priming and boost mixtures will contain rather than a single component 2 or more of the components. The total volume of mixed vaccine used for priming and boosting injections will fluctuate in a range of 50-100 microliters per animal. Similarly the total amount in each of those injections may vary between 50-100 micrograms. The amount of each antigen to contribute to the total amount of vaccine in the priming or boosting mix will vary between 20% to 80% of the total. 
     The various combinations of antigens to be evaluated as a vaccine mix will be undertaken according to the matrix in Table 2. The combinations are grouped in 3 tiers. Depending on results from the 1 st  Tier of experiments the 2 nd  Tier of experiments would be undertaken accordingly, and depending on the results from the latter the 3 rd  Tier will be undertaken. In each Tier a vaccination experiment will contain an antigen in the Y axis, together with those ticked along the X axis, and labelled with the same colour. Each vaccination experiment is labelled with a different colour. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The experimental sample consisted in a combination antigen of the extracellular domains of YdiE and DivIB. The amount of antigen administered to each mouse (Female Balb/C, approx. 5-6 weeks old) was 5 ug of YdiE plus 50 ug of DivIB. Those amounts were contained within 100 ul of eluent consisting on a 50:50 v:v of PBS (Phosphate Buffer Saline) and Complete Freund&#39;s Adjuvant (used for the vaccination priming) or Incomplete Freund&#39;s Adjuvant (used for the vaccination boost). Priming was undertaken day 0, Boost 1 at 14 days, and Boost 2 at 21 days. Subsequently, 7 days later, i.e., at day 28 the animals were infected with  Staphylococcus aureus  strain Newman. Each test group (control and experimental) had 10 animals. The bacterial dose administered to the animals (both, control and experimental) contained 4×10 6  bacteria in 100 ul of PBS. The infection period was run for 3 days, and the weight of the animals was monitored daily (we also extracted organs to evaluate bacterial loads in organs, Table 4). At that point the animals were sacrificed. The output of the experiment was calculated as the percentage body weight loss between day 3 and day 0 for every animal. The results of these experiments are shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis of data in Table 3: TEST: Non-parametric statistical hypothesis test—Mann-Whitney U
         SELECTED OPTIONS: Two-tailed, unpaired, 95% confidence interval.   RESULTS: (two group comparison)   II and I: p=0.622   III and I: p=0.039*   IV and I: p=0.001*   II and III: p=0.061   II and IV: p=0.008*   III and IV: p=0.158 *comparisons with statistically significant difference between the groups       

     Statistical analysis Table 4:
         TEST: Non-parametric statistical hypothesis test—Mann-Whitney U   SELECTED OPTIONS: Two-tailed, unpaired, 95% confidence interval.   RESULTS: (two group comparison)   II and I: p=0.2   III and I: p=0.105   IV and I: p=0.009*   II and III: p=0.378   II and IV: p=0.131   III and IV: p=0.504 *comparisons with statistically significant difference between the groups       

     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Oligonucleotide sequences 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Code -  
                   
                   
                   
                 Name of 
               
               
                   
                 Code - 
                 fragment 
                   
                   
                   
                 the 
               
               
                   
                 complete 
                 sequence 
                   
                   
                   
                 resulting 
               
               
                 Progenitor 
                 gene 
                 amplified 
                   
                 Oligonucleotide  
                   
                 over- 
               
               
                 gene 
                 progenitor 
                 from 
                 Oligonucleotide  
                 sequence 
                   
                 expression 
               
               
                 name 
                 sequence 
                 progenitor 
                 name 
                 code 
                 Oligonucleotide sequence 
                 plasmids 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ydiE/gcp 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 5′GLUSh318B 
                 Sequence 29 
                 ATAATA CCATGG CTGTTCATCATATTGCAGGAC 
                 pGL597 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 21 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3′GLUSh318B 
                 Sequence 30 
                 ATAATA CTCGAG TTCTGCAGAATACTCTTCTAAATC 
                   
               
               
                 divlB 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 5′GLUSh341C 
                 Sequence 31 
                 ATAATA CCATGG CTCCACTTAGTAAAATTGCGCATG 
                 pGL601 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 22 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3′GLUSh341C 
                 Sequence 32 
                 ATAATA CTCGAG ATTATTCTTACTTGATTGTTTG 
                   
               
               
                 divlC 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 ALB21 
                 Sequence 33 
                 ATAATA CCATGG CTAAACATCGCAATGATATTGAT 
                 pALB26 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ALB22 
                 Sequence 34 
                 ATAATT CTCGAG TTTTTTCGAAGATTTTGAGCT 
                   
               
               
                 ftsL 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 ALB19 
                 Sequence 35 
                 ATAATA   CCATGG   CTAAAATGGATGCGTATGATACG 
                 pALB27 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ALB20 
                 Sequence 36 
                 ATAATA CTCGAG ATTTTTTGCTTCGCCATTACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCATGG: Ncol 
               
               
                 CTCGAG: Xhol 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Multivalent vaccine experiments: Vaccine combinations 
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % Body Weight Loss 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Experimental Samples 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Control Sample 
                   
                   
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 I 
                 II 
                 III 
                 Combination 
               
               
                   
                 Animal 
                 Adjuvant alone 
                 Antigen: 
                 Antigen: 
                 Antigen: 
               
               
                   
                 Number 
                 (Freunds) 
                 rYdiE 
                 rDivIB 
                 rYdiE rDivIB 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 11.1 
                 11.3 
                 13.1 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 12.7 
                 4.3 
                 0.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 9.7 
                 9.0 
                 3.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 7.6 
                 12.6 
                 0.5 
                 −4.3 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 9.4 
                 1.0 
                 7.1 
                 −0.5 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 9.9 
                 6.2 
                 3.3 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 2.0 
                 3.8 
                 2.1 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 4.2 
                 5.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 1.0 
                 3.4 
                 1.0 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 3.1 
                 7.0 
                 6.8 
                 3.9 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 7.7 
                 4.7 
                 −2.5 
                 −0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Log10 CFUs in Kidneys per animal 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control Sample 
                 Experimental Samples 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 I 
                 II 
                 III  
                 IV 
               
               
                 Animal 
                 Adjuvant alone 
                 Antigen:  
                 Antigen: 
                 Combination Antigen: 
               
               
                 Number 
                 (Freunds) 
                 rYdiE 
                 rDivIB 
                 rYdiE rDivIB 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 7.82 
                 6.98 
                 5.6 
                 6.04 
               
               
                 2 
                 7.73 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.12 
               
               
                 3 
                 7.7 
                 5.61 
                 4.64 
                 5.97 
               
               
                 4 
                 6.98 
                 7.61 
                 5.99 
                 5.61 
               
               
                 5 
                 6.74 
                 5.09 
                 6.54 
                 5.38 
               
               
                 6 
                 7.32 
                 6.38 
                 6.03 
                 5.88 
               
               
                 7 
                 6.5 
                 6.6 
                 6.41 
                 6.74 
               
               
                 8 
                 6.2 
                 6.75 
                 6.66 
                 5.96 
               
               
                 9 
                 5.61 
                 6.72 
                 7.88 
                 6.98 
               
               
                 10 
                 6.06 
                 6.63 
                 6.63 
                 6.68 
               
               
                 11 
                 7.04 
                 6.45 
                   
                 4.74