Abstract:
A method for detecting breast cancer can include the step of positioning a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna about a breast so that the transmitting antenna is positioned to transmit microwave energy into the breast and the receiving antenna is positioned to receive the transmitted energy after the energy has passed into the breast. Microwave energy can be transmitted from the transmitting antenna. The microwave energy can be received by the receiving antenna and used to determine a presence of tumors within the breast. A relative position of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna can be adjusted about the breast. After each position adjustment, the transmitting and the receiving steps can be repeated.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    1. Statement of the Technical Field  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to the field of medical diagnostic imagery and, more particularly, to breast cancer detection systems.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    Breast cancer is the most common major cancer among women in the United States and breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women, second only to lung cancer. An estimated 200,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year and more 43,300 lives are claimed in consequence. Significantly, in their lifetime, women of all ages have a one in eight chance of developing breast cancer. In consequence, early detection of breast cancer remains paramount to the survivability of victims of breast cancer. Though advances in the treatment of breast cancer have been made, the effectiveness of conventional breast cancer screening methods remains questionable.  
           [0005]    Specifically, a decade-long study conducted amongst 260,000 Chinese women in Shanghai concluded that, in general, women examining their breasts remain unable to detect tumors early enough to reduce their risk of dying from breast cancer. To that end, Dr. Susan Love, a breast cancer surgeon, author of the text, “Dr. Susan Love&#39;s Breast Book”, and president of the Susan Love Breast Cancer Foundation observed, “[B]y the time you can feel the cancer, it most likely has been present for about six to eight years. If it was going to spread, it has had ample opportunity.” 
           [0006]    The use of x-ray mammography for early breast cancer detection has not proven to be the silver bullet of breast cancer detection. In particular, the effectiveness of x-ray mammography has been questioned at all levels. Notably, recent studies show that while x-ray mammography screening in older women can reduce the probability of dying of breast cancer by thirty percent, the reduction is much less for younger women. In this regard, much of problem with x-ray mammography relates to the inability for x-ray mammography to image dense tissue.  
           [0007]    Consequently, the results of an x-ray mammography may show suspicious areas where no malignancy exists (up to twenty percent of biopsied growths identified as cancerous by a mammogram are identified as malignancies). Furthermore, radiologists interpreting x-ray mammography imagery can overlook between fifteen and twenty-five percent of cancers. Finally, the current process for conducting x-ray mammography can be severely uncomfortable. Specifically, the use of imaging plates can cause bruising in the breasts and can, therefore, be a significant disincentive for women to undergo mammography screening.  
           [0008]    Notably, in the past five years, microwave imagery has formed the basis of a new, alternative detection technique useful in the early detection of breast cancer. Conventional X-ray mammography utilizes high-energy ionizing radiation that is passed through the breast to a photographic plate in order to shadow potential tumors. In contrast, microwave detection utilizes an array of antennae affixed to the breast surface that can “bounce” non-ionizing microwave radiation off malignant growths whose radiation can be detected by the array. Based upon the characteristics of the “bounce” growths can be detected much in the same way that radar can be used to detect objects at a distance.  
           [0009]    Not surprisingly, microwave imaging for use in breast cancer detection has been referred to as “breast tumor radar”. In a typical implementation, a computer can be coupled to an array of small antennae beaming 6 GHz pulsed microwaves. As normal breast tissue remains largely transparent to microwave radiation, breast tumors contain more water causing the scattering of the beamed microwaves back toward their source. The antennae can detect the scattered microwaves which can be analyzed to construct a three-dimensional image showing both the location and size of the tumor.  
           [0010]    Microwave imaging based upon the water content of the tumor has been used in the applications of both ultrawideband radar technology and confocal optical microscopy. Such applications can exploit the dielectric contrast between normal breast tissue and malignant tumors at microwave frequencies. Specifically, each element in an antenna array can sequentially illuminate an uncompressed breast with a low-power ultrawideband microwave pulse. Following the acquisition of backscattered waveforms, the array can be synthetically focused by time shifting and adding the recorded returns. A subsequent synthetic scan of the focal point permits the detection of strong scattering sites in the breast, which can be identified as malignant tumors.  
           [0011]    Nevertheless, confocal microwave imaging techniques for breast cancer detection remain unable to precisely differentiate malignancies from benign tumors, largely due to the imprecise modeling of the breast. More particularly, conventional confocal microwave imaging systems for breast cancer detection rely upon either a planar or cylindrical modeling of the breast. For the planar configuration, the patient can be oriented in a supine position with the breast being modeled as a flat plane having infinite dimensions. By comparison, for the cylindrical configuration, the patient can be oriented in a prone position with breast being modeled as an infinitely long cylinder. Yet, in reality, the shape and size of any given breast can vary from person to person. Moreover, irregularities can persist about the boundary between the breast skin and surrounding tissue and also about the boundary between the breast tissue and the chest wall.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    The present invention relates to the field of microwave imaging system for breast cancer detection. Using one embodiment of the present invention, the deficiencies of conventional confocal microwave imaging can be overcome in that neither a cylindrical nor a planar modeling configuration for breasts is necessary. Rather, in accordance with the inventive arrangements, the microwave imaging system can produce accurate detection of small to large tumors in the breast with specific reference to the shape, size, and boundary irregularities of the breast under study. Importantly, so as to avoid the inaccuracies of the planar and cylindrical configurations, variably positioned probing antennae can be affixed to the breast surface. The actual position of the probing antennae can be determined through the use of a fixed position array of passive antennae. In this way, the breast can be modeled in accordance with the actual size and shape of the breast under study, and unnecessary generic models can be avoided, thereby increasing the accuracy of tumor detection over conventional methodologies.  
           [0013]    It is presumed that irregularities exist at the boundary between breast surface and breast tissue, and again at the boundary between breast tissue and chest cavity. Accordingly to one embodiment of the invention, the effect of microwave scattering caused by each boundary can be sensed, computed, and removed from the composite signal response produced by a microwave scan of the breast. As a result, cancerous tumors, even at early stages where the cancerous tumors are small in size, can be detected notwithstanding the relative weakness of a signal reflection produced by the early stage cancerous tumor.  
           [0014]    Additionally, in accordance with the subject matter disclosed herein, sidelobe levels can be reduced so that weak objects can be seen clearly without becoming masked by the sidelobes of strong objects. Specifically, a sidelobe control process can be selected from the group consisting of optimal shading and spectral estimation. In optimal shading, a convex optimization process can be applied to properly shade detected objects. By comparison, in a spectral estimation process, mixed spectrum estimation techniques can be applied to the detected microwave signal to perform target feature extraction. In both cases, tumors of significantly small size (and hence early stage) can be detected.  
           [0015]    One particular aspect of the present invention includes a method for detecting breast cancer. The method can include the step of positioning a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna about a breast so that the transmitting antenna is positioned to transmit microwave energy into the breast and the receiving antenna is positioned to receive the transmitted energy after the energy has passed into the breast. Microwave energy can be transmitted from the transmitting antenna. For example, an ultrawideband microwave transmission can be conveyed by the transmitting antenna utilizing a stepped frequency transmission technique. The microwave energy can be received by the receiving antenna and used to determine a presence of tumors within the breast. A relative position of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna can be adjusted about the breast. After each position adjustment, the transmitting and the receiving steps can be repeated. The transmitting and receiving steps can be performed multiple times to generate a composite scan of the breast.  
           [0016]    In one embodiment, clutter attributable to a boundary between breast tissue and adjacent tissue can be reduced using a time delay estimation technique, such as a relaxation based algorithm. In another embodiment, an image of the breast can be displayed using microwave imaging based upon the composite scan. Further, optimal shading can be applied to the image to reduce undesirable sidelobe effects. A spectral estimation technique can also be applied to the image.  
           [0017]    In a particular embodiment, a position of the transmitting antenna and/or the receiving antenna can be determined using a passive array of antenna. The passive array of antenna can determine the position of the two antennas based upon energy either transmitted by or perturbed by one or more of the antennas.  
           [0018]    Another aspect of the present invention can include a system for detecting breast cancer. The system can include a microwave transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna, and a signal processor. The transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna can be positioned about a breast and can be adjusted relative to one another. The signal processor can determine a presence of a tumor within the breast based upon computations involving microwave energy transmitted by the transmitting antenna, microwave energy received by the receiving antenna, and the relative positions of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. In one embodiment, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna can be independently positionable about the breast. In another embodiment, the system can include an antenna array that can determine a position of the transmitting antenna and/or the receiving antenna. In such an embodiment, the antenna array is not physically linked to the transmitting antenna. The system can also include a microwave imaging system configured to display an interior image of the breast based upon microwave energy detected by the receiving antenna. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]    There are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown, wherein:  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a microwave imaging system configured for breast cancer detection using both probing antennae and a passive antennae array; and,  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the microwave imaging system of FIG. 1 configured to detect and eliminate signal portions attributable to the breast skin/breast tissue boundary, and to the breast tissue/chest wall boundary. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0022]    The present invention provides a microwave imaging process and system for use in breast cancer detection. The process can include the steps of transmitting microwave energy from a first probing antenna at the surface of the breast inwardly through the breast tissue, receiving at a second probing antenna at the surface of the breast reflected ones of the transmitted microwave energy which had been reflected by a tumor disposed in the breast tissue, and further receiving in an array of fixed position antennae emissions from said transmitted microwave energy. The position of the probing antennae can be computed based upon position location techniques applied to the time of receipt of the emissions. Based upon computed position, an image of the tumor in the breast tissue can be formed.  
         [0023]    Importantly, clutter reduction can be applied to the formation of the image of the tumor so as to reduce the effect of microwave energy reflected not by the tumor, but by the boundaries between breast skin and breast tissue, and breast tissue and chest wall. In that regard, a weighted Fourier transform and relaxation based algorithm, such as a Lagrangian relaxation algorithm, can be applied to reflected signal to reduce the clutter. Additionally, the formation of the image can be enhanced by applying a modified periodogram technique for parameter estimation to the reflected signal so as to reduce sidelobe levels of the reflected signal. In this way, the microwave imaging process of the present invention can detect very small tumors which ordinarily could not be detected by conventional confocal microwave imagery.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a microwave imaging system configured for breast cancer detection using both probing antennae and a passive antennae array. As shown in FIG. 1, at least one transmitting antenna  130  can be coupled to the breast  100  under study. Additionally, at least one receiving antenna  140  also can be coupled to the breast  100 . The transmitting antenna  130  can transmit ultrawideband microwave radiation  160  towards the breast tissue  110  in which a tumor  120  can be disposed. The transmission of the radiation  160  can be either of the stepped frequency transmission type, or the impulse radar type, though it will be recognized by the skilled artisan that stepped frequency radar is easier to control in terms of transmitted signals and easier to manipulate in terms of received signals.  
         [0025]    If a tumor  120  is present within the breast tissue  110 , the tumor  120  will reflect the ultrawideband microwave radiation  160  to produce scattered (phase shifted) radiation  170 . The receiving antenna  140  can detect the scattered radiation  170  and a delay between the transmission and receipt of the radiation  160 ,  170  can be computed. Significantly, the computation of the delay can suffice merely to determine the range from the antennae  130 ,  140  and the tumor  120 . Locating the incident surface of the tumor  120  within the breast tissue  110 , however, requires knowledge of the position of the antennae  130 ,  140 . To that end, the passive array of antennae  150  can detect the transmitted radiation  160 . Differential times of arrival for the transmitted radiation  160  at each element of the array of antennae  150  can be recorded, based upon which the position of the antennae  130 ,  140  can be computed.  
         [0026]    In this way, the antennae  130 ,  140  can be moved about the surface of the breast  100  and the forgoing process can be repeated so as to form a composite scan of the breast. It will be recognized by one skilled in the art that by permitting the free movement and positioning of the antennae  130 ,  140  about the breast  100 , breasts of all shapes and sizes can be accommodated while not limiting the data reduction of the imaging analysis to a single, generic breast of either planar or cylindrical configuration. Accordingly, the configuration illustrated within FIG. 1 demonstrates a marked advantage over the conventional confocal microwave imaging techniques of the prior art.  
         [0027]    It will be recognized by the skilled artisan, that signal enhancement and exploitation are critical for early breast cancer detection using microwave imaging. Although the contrast in dielectric properties between normal and cancerous breast tissue can be quite significant in the microwave frequency range, early cancer detection still can be challenging. Accordingly, to further enhance the ability of the microwave imaging system of the present invention to identify otherwise small tumors in breast tissue, clutter and sidelobe reduction techniques can be applied to the breast cancer detection system shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0028]    In further illustration, FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the microwave imaging system of FIG. 1 configured to detect and eliminate signal portions attributable to the breast skin/breast tissue boundary, and to the breast tissue/chest wall boundary. Since cancerous tumors in the breast tissue  240  can be small in size at the earliest stages of breast cancer, any microwave signal transmitted by the transmitting antenna  200  and reflected by early stage tumors can be weak and difficult to detect in the receiving antenna  210 . To complicate matters, reflections from the boundary  230  between breast skin  220  and breast tissue  240 , and the boundary  250  between breast tissue  240  and the chest wall  260  can create “clutter” which must be discounted so as not to obscure reflected energy from cancerous tumors.  
         [0029]    To reduce unwanted clutter from the imaging analysis, the signal response attributable to the boundary  230  between breast skin  220  and breast tissue  240  can be removed in the same manner that ground bounce can be removed from the detection of landmines using ultrawideband radar. Specifically, the responsiveness of the boundary  230  and  250  can be determined according to the well known problem of super resolution time delay estimation. Once such time delay estimation technique can include known weighted Fourier transformation and relaxation based (WRELAX) algorithms.  
         [0030]    When applying confocal microwave imaging to the problem of breast cancer detection, individual received datum can be aligned for all positions of the probing antennae  200 ,  210  based upon detected delays between transmission of the energy and arrival of the reflected energy. Once aligned to a focal point, the data can be summed to produce an image. Yet, the delay and sum approach can produce significant undesirable effects, such as unusually large sidelobes. Notably, the problem can be compounded where the antenna sensors have not been properly aligned.  
         [0031]    To counteract the sidelobe effect, optimal shading can be determined based upon convex optimization techniques known in the art. When applying optimal shading to aligned data, an image of a tumor can be discerned from the sidelobes of strongly reflecting objects. By comparison, in the absence of optimal shading, the image of a tumor can be obscured by the sidelobes of strongly reflecting objects. In any case, as a second option, spectral estimation can be applied to the reconstruction of an image. To that end, in a preferred aspect of the present invention, an iterative beam removing algorithm such as the CLEAN algorithm can be applied to the signal to reduce the effect of large sidelobes of strongly reflecting objects.  
         [0032]    Finally, it will be recognized by the skilled artisan inaccuracies produced by errors in detecting the precise position of the probing antennae  200 ,  210  can have a blurring effect on a resulting confocal image. Consequently, in a preferred aspect of the present invention, auto-focusing techniques can be applied to the signal to reduce blurring. Specifically, an AUTOCLEAN algorithm can be applied to the produced imagery so as to remediate blurring effects caused by errors in the position location of the probing antennae  200 ,  210 .  
         [0033]    The AUTOCLEAN algorithm is a parametric algorithm based upon a flexible data model which takes into account arbitrary range migration and arbitrary phase errors across the synthetic aperture that may be induced by unwanted radial motion of the target as well as propagation or system instability. Known in the art, AUTOCLEAN can be classified as a multiple scatterer algorithm (MSA), but it differs considerably from other existing MSAs in several aspects. It will be further recognized that AUTOCLEAN is computationally efficient and involves only a sequence of fast Fourier transforms.  
         [0034]    Notably, the methodology of the present invention can be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. An implementation of the heuristic routing method of the present invention can be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind of computer system, or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein, is suited to perform the functions described herein.  
         [0035]    A typical combination of hardware and software could be a general purpose computer system with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein. The present invention can also be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which, when loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods.  
         [0036]    Computer program or application in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form. Significantly, this invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and accordingly, reference should be had to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.