Abstract:
A pattern formation method includes the steps of forming a resist film on a substrate, performing pattern exposure by selectively irradiating the resist film with exposing light with a liquid provided on the resist film, and forming a resist pattern by developing the resist film after the pattern exposure. An electric field or a magnetic is applied to the liquid in the step of performing pattern exposure.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This is a Division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/237,650 filed Sep. 29, 2005, which is a Continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2004/009911 filed Mar. 29, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/462,142 filed Apr. 9, 2003. The entire disclosure of each of the prior applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     This invention relates to an immersion lithography system, such as described in W099/49504, having a fluid material supplied into the space between a workpiece such as a wafer and the last-stage optical member such as a lens of the optical system for projecting the image of a reticle onto the workpiece. The supplied fluid material may be pure water and its presence improves the performance of the optical system and the quality of the exposure.  
         [0003]     The fluid material thus supplied into the space between the workpiece and the last-stage optical member tends to rise in temperature due to the radiation energy from the optical system, thereby causing its coefficient of refraction to change. If the fluid material remains in contact with the optical member and the workpiece over an extended period of time, furthermore, the fluid material tends to become polluted, and this also affects its coefficient of refraction. Also the fluid material tends to leak out of the space between the workpiece and the last-stage optical member because the workpiece is moved relative to the last-stage optical member. For these reasons, an immersion lithography system must be provided with an efficient fluid control system for constantly replenishing the lithography fluid.  
         [0004]     A problem associated with such a fluid control system for an immersion lithography apparatus is how to control, or contain, the fluid material with which the space between the last-stage optical member and the workpiece is filled.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0005]     A fluid control system according to this invention is for use in an immersion lithography apparatus comprising an optical member, a workpiece with a surface disposed opposite this optical member with a gap between the workpiece and the optical member, a fluid-supplying device for providing a fluid to a specified exposure area in the gap, and what may be broadly referred to as a fluid control device adapted to activate a force on the fluid supplied into the gap such that the fluid will be retained within and in the vicinity of the exposure area, and will be prevented from moving away from the intended limited area, that is, from entering a specified surrounding area external to the exposure area.  
         [0006]     The force that is to be applied to the fluid has been described as a force of a kind that can be activated. This means that the force itself is of a controllable kind and excludes reaction forces from a stationary object such as a confining wall. A number of examples of activating a force on an immersion fluid are considered. One example is to activate a gas flow from a pressured gas source such that its hydrodynamic force is arranged to contain the fluid within and in the vicinity of the exposure area, that is, to prevent the fluid from entering the surrounding area where the fluid is not desired.  
         [0007]     Another example is to activate a magnetostatic force in which the immersion fluid is of a magnetically responsive material. Powder of a ferromagnetic substance may be added to enhance the magnetic characteristic of the fluid.  
         [0008]     Still another example is to make use of a rheological fluid as the immersion fluid. In the case of an electrorheological fluid, an electrostatic field of a suitable intensity may be activated by means of a suitably positioned pair of capacitor electrodes to increase its viscosity to practically solidify the fluid. In the case of a magnetorheological fluid, a magnetic field of a suitable intensity may be activated by means of suitably disposed coils so as to keep the immersion fluid contained. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]     The invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of exemplary embodiments in which like reference numerals designate like elements, and in which:  
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of an immersion lithography apparatus to which methods and systems of this invention may be applied;  
         [0011]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process by which semiconductor devices are fabricated using the apparatus shown in  FIG. 1  according to the invention;  
         [0012]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart of the wafer processing step shown in  FIG. 2  in the case of fabricating semiconductor devices according to the invention;  
         [0013]      FIG. 4  is a schematic vertical view of a portion of an immersion lithography apparatus generally of a structure shown in  FIG. 1  including a fluid control system embodying this invention;  
         [0014]      FIG. 5  is a schematic side view of a portion of the immersion lithography apparatus including the fluid control system shown in  FIG. 4 ;  
         [0015]      FIG. 6  is a schematic side view of a portion of a preferred embodiment of the immersion lithography apparatus including an exhaust manifold;  
         [0016]      FIG. 7  is a schematic vertical view of a portion of an immersion lithography apparatus generally of a structure shown in  FIG. 1  including another fluid control system according to a second embodiment of the invention;  
         [0017]      FIG. 8  is a schematic side view of a portion of the immersion lithography apparatus including a fluid control system according to a third embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0018]      FIG. 9  is a schematic side view of a portion of the immersion lithography apparatus including another fluid control system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS  
       [0019]      FIG. 1  shows an immersion lithography apparatus  100  that may incorporate a fluid control system of this invention.  
         [0020]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the immersion lithography apparatus  100  comprises an illuminator optical unit  1  including a light source such as a KrF excimer laser unit, an optical integrator (or homogenizer) and a lens and serving to emit pulsed ultraviolet light IL with wavelength 248 nm to be made incident to a pattern on a reticle R. The pattern on the reticle R is projected onto a wafer W coated with a photoresist at a specified magnification (such as ¼ or ⅕) through a telecentric light projection unit PL. The pulsed light IL may alternatively be ArF excimer laser light with wavelength 193 nm, F 2  laser light with wavelength 157 nm or the i-line of a mercury lamp with wavelength 365 nm. In what follows, the coordinate system with X-, Y- and Z-axes as shown in  FIG. 1  is referenced to explain the directions in describing the structure and functions of the lithography apparatus  100 . For the convenience of disclosure and description, the light projection unit PL is illustrated in  FIG. 1  only by way of its last-stage optical element (such as a lens)  4  disposed opposite to the wafer W and a cylindrical housing  3  containing the rest of its components.  
         [0021]     The reticle R is supported on a reticle stage RST incorporating a mechanism for moving the reticle R in the X-direction, the Y-direction and the rotary direction around the Z-axis. The two-dimensional position and orientation of the reticle R on the reticle stage RST are detected by a laser interferometer (not shown) in real time, and the positioning of the reticle R is affected by a main control unit  14  on the basis of the detection thus made.  
         [0022]     The wafer W is held by a wafer holder (not shown) on a Z-stage  9  for controlling the focusing position (along the Z-axis) and the tilting angle of the wafer W. The Z-stage  9  is affixed to an XY-stage  10  adapted to move in the XY-plane substantially parallel to the image-forming surface of the light projection unit PL. The XY-stage  10  is set on a base  11 . Thus, the Z-stage  9  serves to match the wafer surface with the image surface of the light projection unit PL by adjusting the focusing position (along the Z-axis) and the tilting angle of the wafer W by an auto-focusing and auto-leveling method, and the XY-stage  10  serves to adjust the position of the wafer W in the X-direction and the Y-direction.  
         [0023]     The two-dimensional position and orientation of the Z-stage  9  (and hence also of the wafer W) are monitored in real time by another laser interferometer  13  with reference to a mobile mirror  12  affixed to the Z-stage  9 . Control data based on the results of this monitoring are transmitted from the main control unit  14  to a stage-driving unit  15  adapted to control the motions of the Z-stage  9  and the XY-stage  10  according to the received control data. At the time of an exposure, the projection light is made to sequentially move from one to another of different exposure positions on the wafer W (hereinafter referred to as the workpiece W) according to the pattern on the reticle R in a step-and-repeat routine or in a step-and-scan routine.  
         [0024]     The lithography apparatus  100  described with reference to  FIG. 1  is an immersion lithography apparatus and is hence adapted to have a fluid (or the “immersion liquid”)  7  of a specified kind such as water filling the space (the “gap”) between the surface of the workpiece W and the lower surface of the last-stage optical element  4  of the light projection unit PL at least while the pattern image of the reticle R is being projected onto the workpiece W.  
         [0025]     The last-stage optical element  4  of the light projection unit PL may be detachably affixed to the cylindrical housing  3  and is designed such that the liquid  7  will contact only the last-stage optical element  4  and not the cylindrical housing  3  because the housing  3  typically comprises a metallic material and is likely to become corroded.  
         [0026]     The liquid  7  is supplied from a liquid supply unit  5  that may comprise a tank, a pressure pump and a temperature regulator (not individually shown) to the space above the workpiece W under a temperature-regulated condition and is collected by a liquid recovery unit  6 . The temperature of the liquid  7  is regulated to be approximately the same as the temperature inside the chamber in which the lithography apparatus  100  itself is disposed. Numeral  21  indicates supply nozzles through which the liquid  7  is supplied from the supply unit  5 . Numeral  23  indicates recovery nozzles through which the liquid  7  is collected into the recovery unit  6 . However, the structure described above with reference to  FIG. 1  is not intended to limit the scope of the immersion lithography apparatus to which a fluid control system of the invention is applicable. In other words, a fluid control system of the invention is applicable to immersion lithography apparatus of many different kinds. In particular, the numbers and arrangements of the supply and recovery nozzles  21  and  23  around the light projection unit PL may be designed in a variety of ways for establishing a smooth flow and quick recovery of the immersion liquid  7 .  
         [0027]      FIGS. 4 and 5  show a fluid control system according to one embodiment of the invention as incorporated in an immersion lithography apparatus structured as shown generally in  FIG. 1 , characterized as using a high-pressure gas for controlling the liquid  7 . In  FIGS. 4 and 5 , numeral  40  indicates the area (hereinafter referred to as the exposure area) including an illumination field where the light IL from the illuminator optical unit  1  is incident and hence this is the area where the liquid  7  should be kept present during the exposure process. For this purpose, gas outlets  25  connected to a pressured gas source (not shown) are provided on opposite sides of the area including the exposure area  40  where the liquid  7  is intended to be confined. In  FIG. 5 , numeral  45  indicates what may be referred to as the “surrounding area” where the liquid  7  is controlled not to enter. In other words, the liquid  7  may be forced to move with respect to the last-stage optical element  4  as the workpiece is scanned but pressured gas from the gas outlets  25  serves to keep the liquid  7  sufficiently confined such that it will not move away from the exposure area  40  so much as to reach the specified surrounding area  45 . From the point of view of this invention, therefore, the area specified herein as the surrounding area  45  may be regarded as defining the maximum distance the liquid  7  is permitted to move away from the exposure area  40 .  
         [0028]     There is no stringent requirement on the physical arrangement of the gas outlets  25 . The pressured gas may be blown out of individual nozzles, or grooves may be formed on opposite sides of the exposure area  40  outside the supply and recovery nozzles  21  and  23  as shown in  FIG. 4  such that the pressured gas can be emitted uniformly through one-dimensionally elongated inlet grooves to form a more uniform pressure wavefront to apply a uniform hydrodynamic force on the liquid  7 . In one embodiment, the gas outlets  25  may be provided in the scanning directions as illustrated. In other embodiments, the gas outlets also may be provided in the stepping axis direction (not shown).  
         [0029]     In another embodiment, the gas outlets may be provided in the scanning and stepping directions such that the exposure area  40  is surrounded with the gas outlets. In this case, gas pressure may be different between the gas outlets provided in the scanning directions and the gas outlets provided in the stepping directions. For example, the gas pressure of the outlets provided in the scanning directions may be stronger while the workpiece W (XY-stage  10 ) is moved in the scanning direction, and the gas pressure of the outlets provided in the stepping directions may be stronger while the workpiece W (XY-stage  10 ) is moved in the stepping direction. Also, in other embodiments, the gas outlets may be provided such that the exposure area  40  is encircled with the gas outlets. In this case, gas pressures may be different on the basis of position of the gas outlets, and/or may be changed in accordance with the motion (such as the moving velocity and the moving direction) of the workpiece W (XY-stage  10 ).  
         [0030]     In order to minimize the turbulence that may be caused by the gas flow out of the outlets  25 , it is desirable to arrange these nozzles or the outlet grooves  25  diagonally, or obliquely, with respect to the surface of the workpiece W, as schematically shown in  FIG. 5 , although the gas-supplying tubes or pipes (or “supply manifold”) need not be attached to the rest of the liquid-supplying nozzle system. Generally, the liquid supply and recovery are designed such that a good balance should exist. If too much liquid is supplied, there will be a leak in the system. If too much recovery is used, it is possible that the gap could be pulled dry or bubbles could be drawn into the gap.  
         [0031]     The gas pressure to be supplied depends upon the system configuration. In order to confine the immersion liquid, however, it should have a velocity of approximately 15 to 25 m/sec at the gas/liquid interface. In one specified embodiment, 20 m/sec was defined. An acceptable range, in view of factors such as the nozzle configuration, may be as wide as 2-200 m/sec).  
         [0032]     The required flow velocity (gas pressure) also depends on the stage scanning speed, as well as the contact angle between the liquid  7  and the surface of the workpiece W. The stage scanning speed can vary from 10 mm/sec to 1000 mm/sec, or possibly even greater. The contact angle between the liquid  7  and the resist material on the workpiece W depends upon the resist material and also on how it has been treated. A standard ArF resist without any top coating will typically have a contact angle of 75°. Adding a topcoat can increase the contact angle to 110° or greater. With KrF, the contact angle is approximately 60°. For future technology, the contact angle will vary. Generally, the higher the contact angle, the less pressure is needed, and vice versa. Other factors such as the nozzle design and the scanning speed also will affect the needed pressure.  
         [0033]      FIG. 6  shows an embodiment of the invention characterized as having an exhaust manifold  26  for removing the supplied gas in addition to the supply manifold  25  in order to further control the gas flow which is indicated schematically by way of a dotted arrow. It also has the feature of reducing the humidity in the scanner chamber by removing the gas that has been directly exposed to the liquid  7 .  
         [0034]     The gas need not be air. Any similar gas such as nitrogen can be used. Moreover, a gas that absorbs water better than air will be advantageous from the standpoint of water containment.  
         [0035]     In general, immersion fluid containment is more difficult in the scanning direction as the travel of the wafer stage is greater in this direction. An air supply and exhaust manifold can be added to the stepping direction as well, or alternatively just a supply or an exhaust. The invention also can be applied to Twin-Stage-Type Lithography System as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,262,796 and 6,341,007.  
         [0036]      FIG. 7  shows a second embodiment of the invention characterized as using a magnetostatic force to control the liquid  7  by containing it inside and in the immediate vicinity of the exposure area  40  and preventing it from reaching the surrounding area  45  as explained above. Water is typically used as the immersion fluid in immersion lithography, and water is known to be a magnetically responsive liquid, being diamagnetic. Thus, a magnetic force can be applied on such a fluid material by providing a suitable magnetic field over the area where the liquid  7  is confined.  FIG. 7  shows an example in which a plurality of electromagnetic coils  47 , serving together as a magnetic field generator, are arranged around the exposure area  40  and a magnetic field is generated so as to control the flow of the liquid  7 . For the convenience of disclosure, the circuit for passing currents through these coils  47  is omitted.  
         [0037]     In order to enhance the magnetically responsive characteristic of the immersion fluid such as water, powder of a ferromagnetic substance such as Ni, Fe and Co may be added to the liquid  7  to the extent that it will not adversely affect the transparency and other optical characteristics of the liquid  7 .  
         [0038]     The invention according to a third embodiment is characterized as using a rheological fluid, such as an electrorheological fluid (ERF) or a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) between the last-stage optical element  4  and the workpiece W, as the immersion fluid. An ERF is characterized as having the property of very low viscosity (i.e., less than 10 Pa-s) under normal conditions but very high viscosity when subjected to an electric field. An MRF is characterized as having the property of similarly very low viscosity under normal conditions but very high viscosity when subjected to a magnetic field. In the above, the expression “very high viscosity” means that these fluids become a so-called Bingham solid with viscosity no longer measurable.  
         [0039]      FIG. 8  shows a fluid control system according to the third embodiment of the invention for immersion lithography characterized as using an ERF  70  and having capacitor electrodes  50  as an example of what is herein sometimes broadly referred to as a field generator that, in this instance, is a generator of an electrostatic field. The capacitor electrodes  50  are disposed as shown in  FIG. 8  and connected to a voltage source  52  so as to generate an electrostatic field of 3-4 kV/mm which is considered sufficiently strong for solidifying the kind of ERF commonly available currently in a region surrounding the exposure area  40  such that the ERF  70  will remain in the liquid phase in the exposure area  40  but will solidify as indicated by numeral  71  in the surrounding area such that the ERF  70  in the liquid phase is contained within a region centering around the exposure area  40  and is prevented from entering the surround area.  
         [0040]      FIG. 9  shows another fluid control system according to the third embodiment of the invention for immersion lithography characterized as using an MRF  75  and having a magnetic field generator such as a coil  60  for generating a magnetostatic field of about 0.1-0.8 Tesla over the surface of the workpiece W and another field generator (herein referred to as the opposite field generator)  62  disposed as shown in  FIG. 9  so as to generate a magnetic field equal to but oriented opposite to the magnetic field generated by the coil  60  within and about the exposure area  40  such that when both these coils  60  and  62  are switched on, the magnetic fields generated thereby effectively cancel each other within and in the vicinity of the exposure area  40 . As a result, the portion of the MRF  75  within and in the vicinity of the exposure area  40  remains in the liquid phase but the MFR  75  is solidified, as indicated by numeral  76  in the surrounding area due to the magnetic field generated by the coil  60  such that the MRF  75  in the liquid phase is contained within a region centering around the exposure area  40  and is prevented from entering the surrounding area.  
         [0041]     As the workpiece W is scanned under the light projection unit PL, the location of the opposite canceling field, which is fixed to the light projection unit PL, moves along the surface of the workpiece W. The opposite field provided by the opposite field generator  62  serves to desolidify and resolidify the fluid on the surface of the workpiece W such that the fluid  75  remains in the liquid phase within and in the vicinity of the exposure area  40 .  
         [0042]     Although the invention has been described above with reference to a limited number of embodiments, these embodiments and illustrated examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Many modifications and variations are possible. For example, the electromagnets  47  in  FIG. 7  need not be arranged as illustrated. Depending on the kind of immersion fluid and its flow speed, an accordingly more suitable arrangement may be selected by a person skilled in the art.  
         [0043]      FIG. 2  is referenced next to describe a process for fabricating a semiconductor device by using an immersion lithography apparatus incorporating a fluid control system embodying this invention. In step  301  the device&#39;s function and performance characteristics are designed. Next, in step  302 , a mask (reticle) having a pattern is designed according to the previous designing step, and in a parallel step  303 , a wafer is made from a silicon material. The mask pattern designed in step  302  is exposed onto the wafer from step  303  in step  304  by a photolithography system such as the systems described above. In step  305  the semiconductor device is assembled (including the dicing process, bonding process and packaging process), then finally the device is inspected in step  306 .  
         [0044]      FIG. 3  illustrates a detailed flowchart example of the above-mentioned step  304  in the case of fabricating semiconductor devices. In step  311  (oxidation step), the wafer surface is oxidized. In step  312  (CVD step), an insulation film is formed on the wafer surface. In step  313  (electrode formation step), electrodes are formed on the wafer by vapor deposition. In step  314  (ion implantation step), ions are implanted in the wafer. The aforementioned steps  311 - 314  form the preprocessing steps for wafers during wafer processing, and selection is made at each step according to processing requirements.  
         [0045]     At each stage of wafer processing, when the above-mentioned preprocessing steps have been completed, the following post-processing steps are implemented. During post-processing, initially, in step  315  (photoresist formation step), photoresist is applied to a wafer. Next, in step  316  (exposure step), the above-mentioned exposure device is used to transfer the circuit pattern of a mask (reticle) onto a wafer. Then, in step  317  (developing step), the exposed wafer is developed, and in step  318  (etching step), parts other than residual photoresist (exposed material surface) are removed by etching. In step  319  (photoresist removal step), unnecessary photoresist remaining after etching is removed. Multiple circuit patterns are formed by repetition of these preprocessing and post-processing steps.  
         [0046]     While a lithography system of this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents are possible. There are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatus of the invention.