Abstract:
A method and apparatus for microencapsulating or electrodeposited coating of ferromagnetic and soft-magnetic sub-micron or nano sized powderized material comprising use of a rotary flow-through device assisted by an electromagnet within the electrode ring to alternately position the powder at the face of the cathode ring and electroplate the powder and reorient it prior to another repositioning. The invention is also of a process and apparatus for forming a strip, mesh, or film from magnetic powderized material in an organized bipolar arrangement, which is particularly useful for electroforming foils with the magnetic particles positioned in a monolayer within a multilayer metallic foil.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of international application No. PCT/EP01/01129 filed on Feb. 2, 2001, which claims priority of German patent application No. 100 05 195 filed on Feb. 5, 2000. 
     This application claims the benefit of the filing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/315,502, entitled “Electrodeposition Apparatus and Method Using Magnetic Assistance and Rotary Cathode for Ferrous and Magnetic Particles”, filed on Aug. 27, 2001, and the specification thereof is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention (Technical Field) 
     The present invention relates to apparatuses and methods for electroplating and electrochemically modifying the surface finish of ferrous and magnetic powders, particularly by continuous magnetically assisted centrifugal means for encapsulation, and electrodeposition on powders without limitation on particle size, but specifically including submicron- or nano-sized particles. 
     2. Background Art 
     The technologies for electrochemical enhancement of the surfaces of the particles in bulk powders has previously been limited to two main types: chemical copper and electrolytic nickel auto-catalytic processes; and rotary electroplating devices which require frequent stopping and starting of the electrolytic cell&#39;s rotation to tumble the powder to achieve uniform dispersion of the coating upon the particles. A limitation of the previous art using chemical or auto-catalytic processes is the cost of the chemical consumption due to the enormous surface areas of powders. Another limitation of known devices using the rotary techniques is the need to stop the cell to tumble the powder in order to disperse the coating and prevent agglomeration of the particles. Known devices of the latter type known in the art are typified by the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,520, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Further background in the field of rotary flow-through electroforming/electrodeposition devices and methods is supplied by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,487,824 and 5,565,079, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Previous rotary flow-through devices are capable of centrifugal clarification of the particles in solution and fixing them against the cathode ring for electrical contact. A disadvantage occurs, however, when rotation of the cell must be stopped to tumble the powder particles to foster even electrodeposition upon the individual particles. During this “stop phase,” the particles are re-suspended in the electrolyte solution. If the particles are of sufficient density, continuing the rotation of the cell re-clarifies the solution and again fixes the particles against the electrical contact ring, but the need periodically to stop and re-start cell rotation prolongs total processing times. But very significantly, in the case of submicron-sized, low mass powders, the method of repeatedly stopping and resuming cell rotation is unacceptable from a practical standpoint, because the material particles remain in suspension (rather than in contact with the cathode) for impermissibly, nearly indefinite, lengths of time. 
     Each time the cell rotation is resumed (after stopping to tumble the substrate powder), time is required to clarify the solution and re-fix the particles to the face of the cathode ring; heavier particles are thrown into renewed contact with the cathode first, while finer particles require comparatively more time to move outward under centrifugal force. This results in heavier particles having preferential electrical contact with the cathode, resulting in a wide variance in the uniformity of the thickness distribution. In many cases, ultrafine particles will receive no electrodeposition at all. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION (DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION) 
     The invention is a continuous rotary flow-through electrodeposition system including a vertical rotating cell. The system has a plurality of nozzles and electrodes alignable concentrically to the rotating cell. The cell includes a generally annular electrode ring on the wall of the cell vessel. The rotating cell preferably features a generally toroidal magnet, or annular magnet array (permanent magnets or preferably electromagnetic coil) disposed within the annular electrode (cathode) in the vessel. This innovation promotes catalytic efficiency. 
     The cell is provided with a catch basin and a canopy that catch flow-through electrolyte for return to the solution reservoir. 
     The present invention can also be used with or without a sintered membrane or laser cut slots to allow solution to flow-through, since the cell is configured to permit overflow of process solution from the top port thereof without discharging therewith the powder material being treated. Further, the present invention is operated, in phase with stop and start rotation cycle of the cell. This provides an efficient method of positioning the particles on the electrode surface during process. The electromagnet is energized in sequence to the cell start of the rotation cycle and then de-energized during the stop phase to allow the metal powder to re-suspend and achieve dispersion of the deposit. The stop and start rotation cycle is repeated at high frequency with each cycle assisted by the electromagnet attracting the fine particles to efficiently clarify the suspended powder and prevent the discharge of metal powder from the cell. After a chemical is applied and the electrodeposit is achieved the next step is to recover the electrolyte solution and retain the electroplated powder for further process steps such as rinsing. This is done by continuously energizing the electromagnet during the purge and fill cycles as a sequence of chemicals and rinse water is applied during the multi-step electroplating process.  FIG. 9  illustrates the sequence of on/off events for the process cycle during both the electrodeposition process and the chemical change sequence. 
     The following process sequence is typical for a single or multilayer electrodeposition of metal from standard electroplating solutions:
         1. Load powder into cell.   2. Rinse with electromagnet ring energized.   3. Use high speed rotation to purge rinse water with electromagnetic ring energized.   4. Insert anode into cell and inject electrolyte solution with electromagnetic ring energized.   5. Operate cell with start/stop cycle described above and sequenced switching of the electromagnetic ring until the required amp minutes are accumulated.   6. Use high speed purge rotation with electromagnetic ring energized to remove the electrolyte and retain the electroplated powder.   7. Spray or flow deionized water into cell with electromagnetic ring energized to rinse the remaining electrolyte solution while retaining the powder in the cell. Repeat as necessary.   8. Use high speed purge rotation with electromagnetic ring energized to remove the electrolyte and retain the electroplated powder.   9. Repeat the electroplating steps to add another deposit or other process steps such as etch or passivation.   10. Circulate with electromagnetic ring energized and inject hot air or Nitrogen to dry the powder in the cell.       

     A primary object of the processes of the invention is to provide effective electrolytic microencapsulation of submicron-sized or “nano scale” ferromagnetic or soft magnetic particles. 
     A primary object of the apparatus of the present invention is to permit the multi-step electroplating process without physical transfer of the plating fixture or cumbersome manual filtered exchange of solutions. 
     A primary advantage of the invention is that it can process submicron-sized materials with high efficiency, with or without a sintered membrane or slotted dome. 
     Other objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope of applicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate several embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic side sectional view of an overall system according to the invention, showing the anode in the “down position” within the cell; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic side sectional view of an overall system according to the invention, showing the anode and feed nozzle assemblies in the raised position, withdrawn from the electrolytic cell bowl assembly; 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged side sectional view of certain components of the apparatus of the present invention as seen in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is an enlarged side sectional view of the annular electrode component of the invention with a torroidal electromagnet coil disposed therein; 
         FIG. 6  is an isolated, perspective, blown-apart view of the main elements of the annular electrode and imbedded electromagnetic field coil according to the present invention 
         FIG. 7  is an enlarged side sectional view of the cathode and electromagnetic field coil elements of the invention shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of the bowl vessel, annular cathode, and embedded electromagnetic filed coil elements of the invention, showing on the left side of the figure how the substrate material is drawn to the cathode by the force of the electromagnetic coil when the coil is on, and showing on the right side of the figure how the substrate material is in suspension when the coil is turned off; and 
         FIG. 9  is a time-way diagram illustrating a sequence of on/off events for the process cycle during both the electrodeposition process and the chemical change sequence according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Best Modes for Carrying Out the Invention 
     The present invention offers major improvements to apparatuses and methods in electrolytic cell technologies for microencapsulating or coating powdered materials. The apparatus of the invention incorporates some of the desirable aspects of devices and processes known in the art, such as multiple return drains and multiple selectable feed nozzles, while yet overcoming various disadvantages manifested in previous efforts. 
     The present invention capitalizes upon the fundamental concept of harnessing centrifugal force to compact bulk materials, particularly submicron- or nano-sized powders, in solution or suspension (preferably aqueous) against an electrolytic cathode contact. Throughout this disclosure, “substrate material” or “substrate powder” refers to the bulk materials to be treated, and specifically includes but is not limited to super-fine ferrous and magnetic powders having mean particle diameters in the nanometer or submicron range. 
     The central component of the apparatus is the cell, which features an upper dome mounted upon a bowl. The substrate material is loaded through a top opening in the cell, and the plating cell is rotated at sufficiently high rpm to centrifugally throw the substrate material against the cathode contact at the outer perimeter of the cell and is assisted by the electromagnetic ring to improve efficiency for handling sub-micron ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel cobalt and other alloys with soft magnetic properties. Electroplating solution is then introduced at the top opening, and flows through the cell, eventually exiting through a filter disposed between the dome and the top edge of the bowl, or alternatively by overflowing at the top opening of the cell. A key advantage of the present invention is that the cell containing the electroplating solution and the substrate material incorporates an annular magnet, preferably an electromagnet, the magnetic force of which draws the particles toward the cathode, thus increasing the efficiency of the device by, among other things, reducing significantly the duration of the “stop” stage of the stop-start method. The invention therefore improves dramatically on the known stop-start and sequential switching methodologies to circulate the particle position for even coverage and prevention of agglomeration/bridging of the substrate material. Thus, in marked contrast with prior devices, the magnetically assisted cathode of the present invention results in the efficient movement and controlled agitation of the substrate material in the cell. 
     The overall and general configuration of a preferred embodiment of the constant rotary flow-through plating apparatus according to the invention is illustrated in  FIGS. 1-8 . Principal components of the invention include a rotational drive shaft  20 , upon which the cell is disposed, the shaft  20  and cell both being disposed concentrically with and above a rotatable drain basin  24 . A motor and drive shaft are used to rotate the cell generally according to convention. Bearings may provide for smooth rotatable disposition of the cell. The cell rotates about its vertical axis A, which is coaxial with the shaft  20 . The cell includes a constant flow-through bowl assembly  36  rotatable about the axis A. As mentioned bowl bearings smooth and ease the rotation of the cell bowl assembly  36 . An annular electrode  44  as a, in typical usage serving as a cathode, is mounted in the bowl assembly. An anode assembly  50  is mounted upon a movable boom according to known construction, so that the anode assembly is controllably movable between a use position immersed in solution within the bowl assembly  36  and a retracted position exterior thereof. The upper circumferential rim or edge of the basin  24  is in sealed, but removable, contact with the lower circumferential rim of a closed overarching, e.g., generally hemispherical, canopy  38 , so that the combination of the shaft  20 , basin  24  and canopy  38  substantially surround and enclose the platen  30  and bowl assembly  36 . 
     In this disclosure, reference is made to an “anode” assembly and to “cathode” contact strips. It is immediately understood by one of skill in the art that the electrochemical roles of the electrodes in an electrolytic cell may be reversed according to the type of electrolysis to be performed. Thus, in every cell there is a primary electrode and an opposing electrode, and which of the pair functions as the anode and which serves as the cathode may be selectively determined by the operator to perform the desired electrolytic process within the cell. Thus, while the electrode  50  movable upon an overhead boom in this disclosure is denoted as an “anode,” it may actually serve as a cathode in various alternative embodiments or processes without departing from the scope of the invention. Likewise, the annular “cathode”  44  may in alternative applications function as an anode. Further, the anode  50  may be either soluble or insoluble according to know principles in the art, depending upon the specific electrolytic process to be performed. 
     The placement of the anode  50  upon an adjustable boom permits the anode or anode assembly to be controllably disposed into the cell for immersion into the electrolyte, and then controllably withdrawn to a position exterior of the cell. Thus, the anode  50  is positionable outside the bowl assembly  36  so as not to be within the cell during, for example, post- or non-electrolytic processing steps, such as rinsing. Further, a multi-anode assembly may be provided, wherein one type of anode may be withdrawn, and another controllably disposed in its stead, to perform a series of process steps in the cell using different anode types. 
     A specialized dome  40  is mounted upon and above the bowl assembly  36 , with an annular filter  42  disposed between and in sealed contact with the lower circumferential rim of the dome  40  and the rim of the bowl assembly  36 . The bowl assembly  36  and dome  40 , together with the anode assembly  50 , collectively are the principal elements of the electrolytic cell of the invention. The drain port  26  of the basin  24  is locatable above the inlet of a solution reservoir  80 , which may be any one of a plurality of solution reservoirs disposed radially about the exterior of the drain basin  24 . Solution from within the reservoir  80  may be pumped into the bowl assembly  36 , via one or more feed nozzles  83 , by means of a suitable pump  81  and re-circulation conduit  84 . 
     The flow of working solution through the apparatus of the invention during any given treatment cycle is described with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . At the outset of operation, with the substrate material previously disposed inside the bowl assembly  36 , the re-circulation conduit  84  is connected with the discharge port  85  of a selected solution reservoir  80  containing the first solution or liquid of interest (e.g., a pre-rinse, perhaps de-ionized water). Solution is then pumped by the pump  81 , via the discharge port  85 , from the reservoir  80  through a filter and then the re-circulation conduit  84  to the feed nozzles  83  and into the bowl assembly  36 , until the desired solution level in the bowl assembly is attained. An advantage, therefore, is the re-circulation of filtered treatment solution, improving process efficiency without demanding fluid restocking with new, unused solution. The driving mechanisms of the apparatus are actuated to rotate the bowl assembly  36 , and the centrifugal force from the bowl assembly&#39;s rotation casts the substrate material against an arcuate segment of the inside wall of the bowl assembly in a manner to be further described. The working solution likewise is urged toward the inside wall of the bowl assembly  36  (where the intended electrolytic processes occur), and tends to flow under centripetal force up to the point of maximum cell diameter, i.e. the annular juncture of the bowl assembly  36  with the dome  40 . An annular osmosis filter  42  is situated at the juncture between the rim of the dome  40  and the rim of the bowl assembly  36 . The solution then is forced through the osmosis filter  42 , and is free to flow by gravity down the exterior bowl skirt  73  and/or the inside surface of the canopy  38  to be collected in the bottom of the drainage basin  24 . Recovered solution may then be released through the drain port  26  for return to the solution reservoir  80  for re-use or reclamation, as desired. 
       FIGS. 1-2  show the complete scheme of the invention. The apparatus includes the ability to carry out multiple chemical processes and that is facilitated by having anode tools and wrench tools that can drop in and out of the cell, so the apparatus is essentially an open overflowing cell. This permits the chemistries to be purged through the cell to prepare the cell to receive the next chemistry. The drain basin can be addressed to return to a multitude of reservoir tanks so that the user can either carry out preplate, like an acid dip for removing an oxide layer on a the substrate powders, or other pretreatment to clean or to reduce the surface tension of the substrate powders to make them more wettable. Any of the enhancements that preplate processes are known for could be applied in this system followed by the post-electrodeposition schemes which would include rinsing, and neutralization or some type of an anti-tarnish agent. 
     Another aspect of the embodiment of FIG.  2  and in  FIG. 3  is that the computer control system carries out the sequencing and the phasing of the switching of the electromagnetic power source, if it is used with electromagnets, or the cathode power source which is supplied to the cathode ring  44  (which could also be configured as the opposing electrode for anodic processing). The invention will handle either the cathodic orientation or a anodic orientation on the cathode ring  44 . So the ability to computer control all of the sequences of this process step boosts the efficiency of this cell to viable commercial application. The computer control can be a time-way that is controlled by programmable logic control. 
     Combined reference is made to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Shown therein are the control elements of the invention, including an electromagnetic power source  101  and a cathode power source  102 , both of which may be controllably operated by a control panel  103 . The control panel  103  may be either manually operated, computer operated, or both, or various combinations of the two. It is within the skill of an ordinary software engineer to device a computer program that permits most of the operations of the invention, in various different electrodeposition applications, to be largely automated through computer control. Notable, of course, in most applications, the electromagnet  100  is turned off during the activation of the cathode to perform the selected electrochemical process, and visa-versa, e.g., in most (but not necessarily all) methods of the invention, when the electromagnet  100  is active, the cathode  44  is deactivated. (When the apparatus is entirely at rest and not in use, of course, all electrical systems are turned off.) 
     The bowl assembly  36  is situated to be rotated by the action of the drive shaft  20 . Reference is made to  FIGS. 4 and 8 , which provide further detail of the bowl assembly  36 . The bowl assembly  36  includes a rigid, durable bowl  70  in the shape of a truncated cone, having a generally disk-shaped planar floor  71  integrally molded with a frustum-shaped wall  72 . Depending downward and radially outward from the wall  72 , and preferably integrally molded therewith, is a bowl skirt  73 . The entire bowl  70 , including the floor  71  and skirt  73 , preferably is molded from a suitable inert material, preferably a plastic such as a thermoplastic, or alternatively may be of copolymers, fiberglass or fiber composite. 
     Continued reference is made to  FIGS. 4 and 8 , and added reference is made to  FIGS. 5-7  illustrating that the bowl  70  has in the interior surface of the wall  72  thereof an annular cathode  44 . Referring particularly to  FIG. 6 , it is seen that the cathode  44  preferably is assembled from to parts, a top cathode  44 ′ and a bottom cathode  44 ″, which are adapted to be brought into concentric registration to define the complete cathode  44 . As indicated by  FIG. 6 , the upper cathode  44 ′ and the lower cathode  44 ″ when combined into registry (see  FIGS. 5 and 7 ) define an annular interior space there between in which is disposed a magnet  100 , electromagnet, or magnetic array. Thus, the magnet  100  is generally annular in the preferred embodiment, although in alternative embodiments the magnet  100  is fashioned from specific radially arrayed groups of magnets. In the preferred embodiment depicted in the drawing figures, the magnet  100  is a generally toroidal coil, which when conducting electricity functions as an electromagnet. When activated, the electromagnet generates a significant magnetic flux, the field of which extends a considerable distance, such that substrate particles in the bowl  70  are affected thereby. In alternative embodiments, the magnet  100  may be a plurality of electromagnetic coils, or a plurality of permanent magnets, disposed in selected radial arrays around the axis A of the bowl  70 . In any embodiment, the magnetic flux from the magnet  100  is sufficient to cause substrate material particles in suspension in the electrolytic fluid to be drawn by magnetic force—even from areas near axis A—toward the cathode  44 . By this innovation, even nano-sized particles, which ordinarily would remain in suspension for unduly extended periods of time if acted upon only by centrifugal force, can be quickly drawn to the cathode  44 . 
       FIG. 8  is a side sectional view of the assembled electrolytic cell of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The bowl  70  includes the annular cathode  44  within the bowl wall  72 . The dome  40  is removably mounted concentrically upon the bowl  70  by temporarily securing the rim flange  99  of the dome to the upper rim  77  of the bowl wall  72 , as by bolts or the like, but with the filter  42  sandwiched there-between. The cell is rotatably coupled to the shaft  20  according to convention, so as to rotate concentrically about axis A. 
       FIG. 8  depicts the apparatus with the electromagnet  100  turned off, and on the right side of the figure the substrate material particles are floating out in the electrolytic liquid. On the left side of the figure, the energization of the magnet  100  results in the substrate work being compacted up against the cathode.  FIG. 8  also depicts the electrolytic liquid level. 
     A key advantage of the present invention thus is presented. The electrolytic cell (mainly including the bowl assembly  36 ) containing the electroplating solution and the substrate material undergoes rotation, wherein the cell rotates about its own axis A. As the cell orbits around the central axis A of the apparatus, the substrate material is cast by centrifugal force against the “outermost” portion of the interior of the bowl  70 . As suggested by  FIG. 8 , during the “start” or rotational stage of the the centrifugal force due to rotation of the cell impels the substrate material within the bowl  70  to collect along the wall  72 . During cell rotation, species from the solution is electrolytically deposited upon the substrate material; however, especially in the case of fine powders, a substantial portion of the substrate material remains in suspension, due to its low mass/particle ratio. The forgoing is largely in accordance with known technologies. However, in the invention, during the “stop” stage, when rotation of the cell is ceased (as a step associated with the tumbling of the substrate material to promote even and efficient electrodeposition), the magnet  100  is controllably actuated to accelerate migration of the substrate material particles toward the cathode  44 . An advantage of the invention therefore is that the substrate material to be treated tends to collect at a comparatively rapid rate, and in a manner to promote efficient electro processing thereof. 
     Thus, while cell rotation is repeatedly interrupted and re-started to tumble the substrate material, the “stop” periods are exploited to maximum effect by actuation of the magnet  100 . 
     The mode of applying the working electrical potential to the substrate is explained with combined reference to  FIGS. 1-8 , especially FIG.  4 . Electricity at the user-selected and appropriate voltage and amperage is supplied from the dual stage slip ring  87  to the electrical cable  90 . Current flows through the cable  90  to the electromagnet  100 . Electrical potential is applied at controlled intermittent times to the cathode  44  via the shaft  20 . 
     As previously mentioned, when rotation of the bowl assembly  36  is stopped, the substrate material beneficially tumbles or rolls along the inside of wall  72  due to inertial forces. Once the tumbling ceases (or at some other pre-determined time), the cell rotation is re-started to again throw the substrate material to the electrode  44 . So long as some portion of the collected substrate is in electrical contact with the annular cathode  44 , the substrate undergoes electrolytic processing by the electrical current in the cathode. 
     The present invention utilizes a rotary cathode cell which has an annular cathode  44  which is fed by currents that come up through the shaft. During the process, the rotation of the cell is stopped and started to assist with tumbling the powders. The operating principle is distinguishable from known devices, however, in that there is additionally provided a magnet  100 , preferably an electromagnet, that is either in toroidal coil form or a spool-type electromagnet, that is embedded into the cathode ring  44  itself, so that during the non-plating phase of the process, the electromagnetic field from the magnet is harnessed to draw the powered substrate material to the annular cathode  44  to further assist in more rapid clarification of the suspended particles to the cathode where the electrolytic process is carried out. The apparatus permits treatment of small particles which would include the submicron and nano scale ferrous powders, or nickel powder, or cobalt powders, or any other powder that exhibits a para-magnetic or magnetic capability for being drawn to the cathode. 
     Advantages offered are time, efficiency and that efficiency would be in terms of the electrical connectivity, but mostly in the ability to retain smaller particles. Applicants determined that in handling submicron structures, the density of that material will hold the particles in suspension beyond the efficiency range of any of the previous attempts in the art. A time-way diagram of the operation of the invention would show the phase of the cell rotating, which allows the particles to tumble, then the phase where the electromagnet is energized to draw the substrate powder to the cathode; the magnet  100  is then de-energized and then at that point, the substrate powders are affixed on the cathode  44  under centrifugal force and that allows the magnet to be switched off, and then sequentially the current is supplied to the cathode to carry out the electrolytic process. 
     By means of the control panel sequential switching of the energizing/de-energizing of the coil is accomplished. De-energization of the magnet  100  is normally done during the electrodeposition phase, because the linking of the particles under a magnetic field would be tight, which would promote undesirable bridging of the particles together or of undesirable agglomeration of particles. Thus, the inventive process using the rotary devices can be performed without agglomeration of the particles. 
     Nevertheless, the invention includes the ability to create electroformed films using the electromagnetic force, where the user preferentially energizes the electromagnet  100 , affixes the powder to the cathode  44 , continue the electromagnets&#39; actuation through the plating phase, and end up with a north-south oriented field of substrate particles that would be standing off of the cathode face, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Such application allows the electroformation of a foil, with the substrate particles standing in a preferred or an influenced orientation; that could generate an enhanced foil product, or the foil itself could be further processed by oxidizing or removing the substrate particles through etching, and ending up with a porous or spongy form that has a high-order arrangement of the particles now in an annular form. A benefit of using the magnetic field to orient or organize the magnetic particles in a bipole arrangement enhances the product foil for applications such as fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies and battery electrodes as well as flat panel display electrodes. 
     The primary contemplated use of the invention would be for the electro processing of metallic powders that exhibit a magnetic attraction. When powders become finely divided, powders that exhibit paramagnetic or ferramagnetic qualities, which would have very low magnetic attractability in their smaller divided state, the smaller division would be enough to make it mobile, and attractive to the magnetic force. Thus, there are materials other than ferrous powders and nickels and cobalts (those that typically in bulk form exhibit a strong magnetic attraction) that can be electroprocessed by the invention. 
     Other embodiments include use of permanent magnets. In such case, the electronic control systems and the switching of an electromagnet power source are not necessary. In a more passive scheme, there is preferably an array of permanent magnets that are encapsulated, such as a neodymium magnet, that have a magnetic field. This array of magnets is around of the periphery of the rotating cell. The magnets themselves are fixed in positions that are preferably equidistant from each other. If there were four, they would have a north-south, east-west orientation of the magnets. As the substrate powder is being rotated and as it moves into a stronger field of the power, it is attracted to the cathode, and as the cathode continues to rotate, it creates more gap distance and magnetic flux would drop, so then the powder is released and at that point experiences a tumbling action that contributes to electrodeposition without agglomeration. 
     During electrodeposition of magnetic powders such as nickel, their position against the rotating cathode can be altered by placing stationary magnets exterior to the cell. As the powders pass the magnetic flux, their position against the cathode will change slightly as they are temporarily aligned with the passing flux. The magnets can be placed at various planes relative to the plane of the cell floor, thereby providing additional powder alignments. When the cell is cycled, the magnetic fields can be removed in order for the powders to change position against the cathode. 
     In yet another alternative embodiment, the cell is provided with a magnetic floor. Such a system preferably has an entire floor that is magnetic. This embodiment has a high exposure of the mechanical cathode area. The cathode efficiency on the work itself would be very low because the process deposits preferentially to the equipment. In this configuration, a shallow rotating tray with a cathodic cell floor is employed. Magnetic fields can also be placed below the cell floor in order to temporarily alter the position of magnetic powders, thereby increasing exposure to the anode placed on the solution surface. The solution flow is laminar, with the inlet preferably placed at the center of the rotating floor. The solution and the powders are circulated as they both spill over the outside edge of the rotating cell. The powders will have many opportunities to achieve contact with the cell floor cathode. While the powders are in the sump, they can be de-agglomerated by being subjected to turbulent solution flow prior to being pumped back to the electrodeposition cell. 
     In order to have the highest efficiency, the electromagnet  100  preferably includes a soft iron core. The soft iron core is the softest magnet material that is practically available and that will allow that when the current is switched on and off for the electromagnet, there will be minimal residual magnetivity in the core. The cathode  44  preferably is made from of stainless steel. There will be some magnetization of the cathode, but the inertia of the solution overcomes the magnetic attraction between the substrate particles which will become magnetized, and any residual magnetivity that could be retained in the stainless steel cathode. Using the range of kinetics that are available, and in speed parameters, and the starting and stopping acceleration curves, the apparatus overcomes any residual magnetic effects. Particle-to-particle linking will be the case. However, according to some base experimentation, just observations of how particles are behaving in liquid forms, and the particles seem to be breaking up. 
     Another aspect of the inventive cell is that it permits the processing of materials that are diamagnetic, in other words, those that exhibit no attraction (their lattice form does not allow them to polarize to either cathode). (Paramagnetics will attract preferentially to the north or the south.) There are elements that have diamagnetic properties such as bismuth that have a diamagnetic attraction that is actually repelled by both poles, and one can according to the invention perform some preferential treatments on larger scale particles, where the current is pulsed on and the diamagnetic repulsion of the particles aids in a process arrangement of that nature. In that embodiment, the cell rotation would be operated on a continuous basis, and the switching of the electromagnet would be the mechanism for tumbling the powders and breaking them up to prevent agglomeration and to get dispersion of the deposit layer over the whole particle. 
     Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all patents and publications cited above, are hereby incorporated by reference.