Abstract:
The present invention describes a new class of trinuclear hafnium complexes comprising two hexadentate azainositol carboxylic acid ligands, methods for their preparation and their use as X-ray contrast agents and X-ray diagnostic agents. The claimed compounds can be described by the following Markush formula describing rinuclear hafnium complexes of general formula (I). The following is a compound according to the above Markush formula (example 8). 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     formula (example 8)

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to new bis azainositol hafnium complexes comprising new azainositol ligands, to methods of preparing said compounds and to the use of said compounds as X-ray contrast agents. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The synthesis and co-ordination chemistry of 1,3,5-triamino-1,3,5-trideoxy-cis-inositol (taci) and a multitude of derivatives of this cyclohexane-based polyamino-polyalcohol have widely been examined in the past by Hegetschweiler et al. ( Chem. Soc. Rev.  1999, 28, 239). Among other things, the ability of taci and of the hexa-N,N′,N″-methylated ligand tdci to form trinuclear complexes of the composition [M 3 (H −3 taci) 2 ] 3+  and [M 3 (H −3 tdci) 2 ] 3+ , respectively, with a unique, sandwich-type cage structure in the presence of heavy metals M III  like Bi III  or a series of lanthanides was described ( Chem. Soc. Rev.  1999, 28, 239 ; Inorg. Chem.  1993, 32, 2699 ; Inorg. Chem.  1998, 37, 6698). But, due to their moderate solubility in water and their deficient thermodynamic stability, these complexes proved not to be suitable for in vivo applications. 
         [0003]    Complex formation of taci with more than 30 metal ions has been investigated and the metal cations can be divided into five categories according to the adopted coordination mode that was verified by crystal structure analyses ( Chem. Soc. Rev.  1999, 28, 239). Although this classification helpfully reviews the coordination properties of taci, it has to be pointed out that multiple metals do not fit into the presented scheme. As a consequence, a prediction of the preferred coordination mode for metals that have not been described so far is often ambiguous. In addition to that, it was demonstrated that modifications at the ligand backbone can have a strong impact on the coordination behavior ( Inorg. Chem.  1997, 36, 4121). This is not only reflected in the structural characteristics of the metal complexes but can often lead to unpredictable changes in their thermodynamic and/or kinetic complex stability, water solubility and other physicochemical parameters. The ability to form trinuclear hafnium complexes with a sandwich-type cage structure has never been reported before for any taci derivative. 
         [0004]    Moreover, the synthesis of mononuclear carboxylic acid derived taci metal complexes has been reported by Laboratorien Hausmann AG, St. Gallen, CH in DE 40 28 139 A1 and WO 92/04056 A1 for iron III  and gadolinium III . A possible application of its mononuclear, radioactive metal complexes as radiopharmaceuticals was also claimed. 
         [0005]    All-cis-1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-cyclohexane triol derivatives, their use and methods for their preparation were also described by Laboratorien Hausmann AG in EP, A, 190 676. 
         [0006]    Byk Gulden Lomberg Chemische Fabrik GmbH described taci based transition metal complexes for magnetic resonance diagnostics in WO 91/10454. 
         [0007]    Nycomed AS in WO 90/08138 described heterocyclic chelating agents for the preparation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents for magnetic resonance imaging, scintigraphy, ultrasound imaging, radiotherapy and heavy metal detoxification. 
         [0008]    The formation of trinuclear iron III  complexes was suggested by G. Welti (Dissertation, Zürich 1998) for an acetate and by A. Egli (Dissertation, Zürich 1994) for a 2-hydroxybenzyl derivative of taci. G. Welti also described the synthesis of rheniumv and rheniumv VII  complexes of acetate derived ligands based on taci with a M 1 L 1 stoichiometry. 
         [0009]    D. P. Taylor &amp; G. R. Choppin ( Inorg. Chim. Acta  2007, 360, 3712) described the formation of mononuclear lanthanide complexes with similar derived ligands and determined a pM value of 6.0 for complexes with europium III  which means that the stability under physiological conditions is even lower than that of europium III  complexes of unmodified taci. 
         [0010]    The W02013/00970 A1 described a new class of highly stable Tungsten complexes, so W 3 O 2 Clusters and their use as X-ray contrast agents. 
         [0011]    General Electric Company described nanoparticle compositions in WO 2012/080290 comprising metal oxides including hafnium oxide and their potential use as contrast agents in medical imaging techniques such as X-ray. This relates to an earlier report on dextrin-stabilized aquasols of zirconium and hafnium dioxides (Zirconotrast, Hafnotrast) in the context of their biokinetics ( Environmental Research  1979, 18, 127). 
         [0012]    Since the iodine content of iodinated CT contrast agents that are administrated today is 45% or even higher, polynuclear metal complexes are needed to significantly improve the attenuation properties. Mononuclear metal complexes like (NMG) 2 GdDTPA (Janon E. A.  Am. J. Roentgen  1989, 152, 1348) or YbDTPA (Unger E., Gutierrez F.  Invest. Radiol.  1986, 21, 802) proved to be well-tolerated alternatives for patients that are contraindicated for iodinated agents but a reduction in the radiation doses and/or the contrast agent dosages can only be achieved when the metal content is comparable to the content of iodine in the current X-ray contrast agents. All compounds described above in or out of the context with diagnostic applications hold either only one metal center bound to the complex and the metal content of ≦30% is significantly lower than 40% or the present metal is, not suited for a X-ray CT application due to its low absorption coefficient, e.g. iron. 
         [0013]    Hafnium is characterized by a higher absorption coefficient for X-rays than iodine, especially in the range of tube voltages normally used in modern CT. A modern CT X-ray-tube, however, requires a minimum voltage of about 70 kV and reaches maximum voltage of 160 kV. As future technical developments in CT will not substantially change these parameters, iodine generally does not provide ideal attenuation features for this technology. In comparison to iodine the attenuation optimum (k-edge) of hafnium corresponds better to the ranges of voltages used in CT. Therefore the new hafnium complexes require a similar or lower contrast media dosage than conventional triiodinated contrast agents. 
         [0014]    The use of hafnium based contrast agents will allow more flexibility for CT scanning protocols and lead to scan protocols that provide equivalent diagnostic value at lower radiation doses. Especially this feature is of high importance for CT. As technical development goals in terms of spatial and temporal resolution have approached the limit of clinical significance, reduction of the radiation burden of CT scanning has today become a central aspect of the development of new CT scanners and X-ray machines. Following the widely accepted ALARA-rule (radiation exposure has to be reduced to levels: As Low As Reasonably Achievable), the new hafnium based contrast agents will contribute to high-quality diagnostic imaging at reduced radiation exposure. 
         [0015]    In summary, the state of the art described above consists of either physiologically stable heavy metal complexes with a low metal content per molecule or complexes with a high metal content, which are not thermodynamically stable enough for a physiological application or hold a metal that is not suitable for a diagnostic X-ray CT application. 
         [0016]    The aim of the present invention was to provide sufficiently stable, water soluble and well tolerated hafnium complexes with a high metal content for use as X-ray contrast agents in diagnostic imaging, especially in modern computed tomography. 
         [0017]    This aim was achieved by the provision of the compounds of the present invention. It has been found, that tri-N,N′,N″-substituted derivatives of taci (L) effectively form new complexes with hafnium of a M 3 L 2  stoichiometry which grants a high metal content of &gt;35% for the compounds of the present invention. Surprisingly, it was observed that these complexes show a very high stability in aqueous solution for this type of stoichiometry under heat sterilization conditions and have an excellent tolerability in experimental animals as well as a high in vivo stability. 
         [0018]    After intravenous injection the compounds of the present invention are excreted fast and quantitatively via the kidneys, comparable to the well established triiodinated X-ray contrast agents. 
         [0019]    The invention of suitable new bis-azainositol hafnium complexes enables for the first time the practical use of this compound class as X-ray contrast agents in diagnostic imaging. 
         [0020]    By enabling and developing novel hafnium-based contrast agents a clear advantage over the existing iodine-based contrast agents is offered as the radiative dose for the higher absorption coefficient of hafnium-based contrast agents is significantly reduced in comparison to the iodine-based contrast agents. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    The present invention describes a new class of trinuclear hafnium complexes comprising two hexadentate azainositol carboxylic acid ligands, methods for their preparation and their use as X-ray contrast agents. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    In a first aspect, the invention is directed to compounds of the general formula (I), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein
       the substituents at the cyclohexyl ring exhibit an all-cis configuration;   R 1 , R 2  and R 3  are independently from each other H or CH 3 ;   R 4  is H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) m COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), CH(CH 2 OH)(CH 2 COO − ), CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − ), or CH(CH 2 OH)(COO − );   R 5  is H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) (3-n) COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), CH(CH 2 OH)(CH 2 COO − ), CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − ), or CH(CH 2 OH)(COO − );   n is 1 or 2;   m is 1 or 2;   y is 0, 1 or 2;   and   X −  is OH −  or Cl − ;
 
or a protonated species, a deprotonated species, a regioisomer, a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a hydrate, a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
       
 
         [0032]    The present invention includes all possible stereoisomers of the compounds of the present invention, as single stereoisomers, or as any mixture of said stereoisomers, e.g. R- or S-isomers, in any ratio. Isolation of a single stereoisomer, e.g. a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, of a compound of the present invention may be achieved by any suitable state of the art method, such as chromatography, especially chiral chromatography, for example. Compounds containing chiral centers may be used as racemic mixture or as an enantiomerically enriched mixture or as a diastereomeric mixture or as a diastereomerically enriched mixture, and an individual stereoisomer may be used alone. 
         [0033]    The present invention also relates to useful forms of the compounds as disclosed herein, such as metabolites, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, salts, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and co-precipitates. 
         [0034]    Trinuclear hafnium complexes of the general formula (I), which are charged at physiological pH, can be neutralized by addition of suitable, physiologically biocompatible counter ions. 
         [0035]    Suitable anions are the anions of inorganic acids, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, as well as the anions of organic acids, such as, for example, acetic acid, citric acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, among others can be used. 
         [0036]    The compounds of the present invention can exist in the form of a salt. Said salt may be any salt, either an organic or inorganic salt, particularly any pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salt, customarily used in pharmacy. 
         [0037]    The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention. For example, see S. M. Berge, et al. “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. 
         [0038]    Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention include salts of mineral acids, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, for example salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and benzoic acid. 
         [0039]    The present invention includes all possible salts of the compounds of the present invention as single salts, or as any mixture of said salts, in any ratio. 
         [0040]    For the manufacture of diagnostic agents, for example the administration to human or animal subjects, the compounds of general formula (I) will conveniently be formulated together with pharmaceutical carriers or excipient. The contrast media of the invention may conveniently contain pharmaceutical formulation aids, for example stabilizers, antioxidants, pH adjusting agents, flavors, and the like. They may be formulated for parenteral or enteral administration or for direct administration into body cavities. For example, parenteral formulations contain a sterile solution or suspension in a concentration range from 150 to 600 mg Hafnium/mL, especially 200 to 450 mg Hafnium/mL of the new azainositol heavy metal clusters according to this invention. Thus the media of the invention may be in conventional pharmaceutical formulations such as solutions, suspensions, dispersions, syrups, etc. in physiologically acceptable carrier media, preferably in water for injections. When the contrast medium is formulated for parenteral administration, it will be preferably isotonic or hypertonic and close to pH 7.4. 
         [0041]    The invention also includes all suitable isotopic variations of a compound of the invention. An isotopic variation of a compound of the invention is defined as one in which at least one atom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number but an atomic mass different from the atomic mass usually or predominantly found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into a compound of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, such as  2 H (deuterium),  3 H (tritium),  11 C,  13 C,  14 C,  15 N,  17 O and  18 O, respectively. Certain isotopic variations of a compound of the invention, for example, those in which one or more radioactive isotopes such as  3 H or  14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. Tritiated and carbon-14, i.e.,  14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopic variations of a compound of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional procedures known by a person skilled in the art such as by the illustrative methods or by the preparations described in the examples hereafter using appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents. 
         [0042]    Where the plural form of the word compounds, salts, polymorphs, hydrates, solvates and the like, is used herein, this is taken to mean also a single compound, salt, polymorph, isomer, hydrate, solvate or the like. 
         [0043]    In accordance with a second embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I), supra, in wherein:
       the substituents at the cyclohexyl ring exhibit an all-cis configuration;   R 1 , R 2  and R 3  are independently from each other H or CH 3 ;   R 4  is H, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) m COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), CH(CH 2 OH)(CH 2 COO − ), CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − ), or CH(CH 2 OH)(COO − );   R 5  is H, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) (3-n) COO − ,       
 
         [0048]    CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), CH(CH 2 OH)(CH 2 COO − ), CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − ), or CH(CH 2 OH)(COO − );
       n is 1 or 2;   m is 1 or 2;   y is 0, 1 or 2;   and   X −  is OH −  or Cl − ;
 
or a protonated species, a deprotonated species, a regioisomer, a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a hydrate, a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
       
 
         [0054]    In accordance with a third embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I), supra, wherein:
       the substituents at the cyclohexyl ring exhibit an all-cis configuration;   R 1 , R 2  and R 3  are independently from each other H or CH 3 ;   R 4  is CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) m COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), or CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − );   R 5  is H, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) (3-n) COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), CH(CH 2 OH)(CH 2 COO − ), CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − ), or CH(CH 2 OH)(COO − );   n is 1 or 2;   m is 1 or 2;   y is 0, 1 or 2;   and   X −  is OH −  or Cl − ;
 
or a protonated species, a deprotonated species, a regioisomer, a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a hydrate, a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
       
 
         [0064]    In accordance with a fourth embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I), supra, wherin: the substituents at the cyclohexyl ring exhibit an all-cis configuration;
       R 1 , R 2  and R 3  are independently from each other H or CH 3 ;   R 4  is CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) m COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), or CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − );   R 5  is H, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) (3-n) COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), or CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − );   n is 1 or 2;   m is 1 or 2;   y is 0, 1 or 2;   and   X −  is OH −  or Cl − ;
 
or a protonated species, a deprotonated species, a regioisomer, a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a hydrate, a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
       
 
         [0073]    Another embodiment of the first aspect are compounds of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of: 
         [0074]    [Hf 3 (H −3 macidp)(H −3 macidp)OH]=Hydroxido-3κO-[μ 3 -3,3′,3″-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3,5-triyl}tris{methylimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 ,3κN 5 })tripropanoato-1κO,2κO′,3κO″][μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[methylamino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}bis-{methylimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 })dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0075]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidadhp) 2 ]=Bis[ρ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0076]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidadhp) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(2-hydroxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(V), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0077]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidpdhp) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0078]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidpery) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2S,3R-dihydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-butyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )dipropanoato-1 κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0079]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaery) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2S,3R)(3,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-butyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0080]    [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(carboxylato-3κO-methyl)-amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0081]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahe) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(2-hydroxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}-diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0082]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahp) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3diyl}-diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0083]    [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2-carboxylato-3κO-ethyl)-amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0084]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidadha) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(1-hydroxy-3-hydroxylato-3κO-propan-2-yl)amino-3κN 5 ]-cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0085]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaethru) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(3,4-dihydroxy-1-hydroxylato-3κO-butan-2-yl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    and 
         [0086]    [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaethru) 2 ]=Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(1-carboxylato-3κO-3-hydroxypropan-1-yl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0087]    In a second aspect, the invention is directed to the process for the preparation of the compounds of the general formula (I). 
         [0088]    In a third aspect, the invention is directed to the process for the preparation of the compounds of the general formula (I) from carboxylic acids of the general formula (II), 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein
       the substituents at the cyclohexyl ring exhibit an all-cis configuration;   R 1 , R 2  and R 3  are independently from each other H or CH 3 ;   R 4  is H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OH, CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , (CH 2 ) m COO − , CH(CH 2 OH)(CH(OH)CH 2 OH), CH(CH 2 OH)(CH 2 COO − ), CH(CH 2 CH 2 OH)(COO − ), or CH(CH 2 OH)(COO − );   n is 1 or 2; and   m is 1 or 2;
 
and a metal (IV) halogenide,
 
wherein
   metal is Hafnium;   and   halogenide is either chloride or bromide,   and hydrates thereof,
 
in aqueous solution under elevated temperatures, using conventional methods or microwave irradiation, ranging from 80 C to 180 C, in a pH range of 1 to 7, preferably at 110° to 160° C. in a pH range of 2 to 7.
       
 
         [0098]    In an fourth aspect, the invention is directed to compounds of general formula (I) for the manufacture of diagnostic agents, especially of X-ray diagnostic agents for administration to humans or animals. 
         [0099]    Another aspect of the invention is the use of the compounds of general formula (I) or mixtures thereof for the manufacture of diagnostic agents. 
         [0100]    Another aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of general formula (I) for diagnostic imaging. 
       General Synthesis of Compounds of the Invention 
       [0101]    The present invention provides carboxylic acid derived ligands based on 1,3,5-triamino-1,3,5-trideoxy-cis-inositol (taci) that can readily form trinuclear, highly stable hafnium(IV) complexes with high water solubility. The tri-O-benzylated taci derivative all-cis-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriamine (tbca) was used as starting material throughout. It can be prepared as reported by Bartholoma et al. ( Chem. Eur. J.  2010, 16 3326). The ligand tbca can be alkylated in the presence of bases like cesium carbonate or N,N-diisopropylethylamine with tert-butyl-halogenoacetate in organic solvents like THF or dichloromethane. The statistically formed monoalkylation (tbcama) and dialkylation (tbcada) products are be purified by preparative HPLC or by chromatography on amino phase silica gel. Depending on the equivalents of alkylating agent used, the twofold derived ligand tbcada or the one fold derived ligand tbcama (Scheme 1) can be obtained as main product. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Scheme 1: Synthetic Pathway to tbcama or tbcada 
         [0102]    Introduction of the third amino substituent at the primary amine can be accomplished by reductive amination procedure or Michael addition of acrylic acid derivatives like acrylonitrile or acrylic esters. Aldehydes or ketones can be used in combination with a suitable reducing agent like 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane complex ( Tetrahedron Lett.  2008, 49, 5152), sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride ( Comprehensive Organic Synthesis , Pergamon: Oxford 1991, 8, 25). In case of glycolaldehyde and D,L-glyceraldehyde the available dimers can be used to deliver the subsequent tbcadamx derivatives (Scheme 2). A third possibility to introduce a third substituent at the primary amine is the alkylation with halogenoalkanes in the presence of bases. The pure ligands are conveniently obtained in the hydrochloride form by cation exchange chromatography after removal of the protecting groups under strong acidic conditions. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Scheme 2: Synthetic Pathway of Di-N,N′-Acetic Acid Derivatives of Taci, Wherein a Represents R 4  or R 5 , which have the Meaning as Given for General Formula (I), Supra. 
         [0103]    Starting from tbcama the ligand tacidpma with one acetic acid and two propionic acid as amino substituents can be prepared analogously by treatment with acrylonitrile or acrylic ester and subsequent acidic deprotection of the tbcadpma intermediate (Scheme 3). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Scheme 3: Synthesis of Di-N,N′-Propanoic Acid Derivative of taci. X Represents CN or COOC(CH 3 ) 3 . 
         [0104]    For the synthesis of further di-N,N′-propanoic acid derivatives of taci, the building block tbcadpn can be prepared from tbca using stoichiometric amounts of acrylonitrile. Introduction of the third amino substituent different from already present substituents to the intermediate tbcadpmx can analogously to tbcadamx be introduced at the primary amino group by reductive amination of appropriate aldehydes or ketones or by halogen-alkanes in the presence of base. (Scheme 4). The pure tacidpmx ligands can be obtained by simultaneous removal of the protecting groups and nitrile or ester hydrolysis under strong acidic conditions. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Scheme 4: Synthetic Pathway of Di-N,N′-Propanoic Acid Derivatives of taci, Wherein a Represents R 4  or R 5 , which have the Meaning as Given for General Formula (I), Supra. X Represents CN or COOC(CH 3 ) 3 . 
         [0105]    Trinuclear hafnium(IV) complexes of the accordingly prepared ligands can be synthesized by adding stoichiometric amounts or minor excess of hafnium salts like hafnium(IV)chloride to aqueous solutions of the ligand (Scheme 5). The reaction mixtures can be heated by conventional methods or microwave irradiation at a pH range from 2 to 7 for at least 15 minutes at a temperature range from 110° C. to 160° C. under pressure. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Scheme 5: General Procedure for the Synthesis of Trinuclear Hafnium Complexes, Wherein a Represents R 4  and R 5 , which have the Meaning as Given for General Formula (I), Supra. 
         [0106]    Isolation and purification of the desired complexes can be achieved by preparative HPLC, ultrafiltration or crystallization methods. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0107]      FIG. 1 : 
           [0108]    CT-image: Coronal view (maximum intensity projection) of the arterial vessels of a rabbit few seconds after the intravenous injection (via the ear vein) of an aqueous solution containing 300 mg Hf/mL of Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2  (example 7) at a dose of 500 mg Hf/kg. The image demonstrated the X-ray absorption of Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2  in the arterial tree. The high signal intensity allows the clear delineation of very fine vessels in the liver, kidney or lung. 
           [0109]      FIG. 2 : 
           [0110]    CT-image: Cross-sectional view of the liver of a rabbit in supine position, 60 seconds after the intravenous injection (via the ear vein) of an aqueous solution containing 300 mg Hf/mL of Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2  (example 7) at a dose of 500 mg Hf/kg. The tumor in the upper right sector of the liver is clearly visible as an area with low signal intensity and clearly defined margins within the enhanced liver. 
       
    
    
     EXPERIMENTAL PART 
     Abbreviations 
       [0111]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 br 
                 broad signal (in NMR data) 
               
               
                 CI 
                 chemical ionisation 
               
               
                 d 
                 doublet 
               
               
                 DAD 
                 diode array detector 
               
               
                 dd 
                 doublet of doublet 
               
               
                 ddd 
                 doublet of doublet of doublet 
               
               
                 dt 
                 doublet of triplet 
               
               
                 DMF 
                 N,N-dimethylformamide 
               
               
                 DMSO 
                 dimethylsulfoxide 
               
               
                 EI 
                 electron ionisation 
               
               
                 ELSD 
                 evaporative light scattering detector 
               
               
                 ESI 
                 electrospray ionisation 
               
               
                 EtOAc 
                 ethyl acetate 
               
               
                 Fmoc 
                 fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl 
               
               
                 HPLC 
                 high performance liquid chromatography 
               
               
                 ICP-OES 
                 Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry 
               
               
                 ICP-MS 
                 Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry 
               
               
                 MeCN 
                 acetonitrile 
               
               
                 MS 
                 mass spectrometry 
               
               
                 m 
                 multiplet 
               
               
                 NH 4 Cl 
                 ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 NMR 
                 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: chemical shifts (δ) 
               
               
                   
                 are given in ppm. 
               
               
                 q 
                 quadruplett (quartet) 
               
               
                 rt 
                 room temperature 
               
               
                 Rt 
                 retention time 
               
               
                 s 
                 singlet 
               
               
                 t 
                 triplet 
               
               
                 THF 
                 tetrahydrofuran 
               
               
                 UPLC 
                 ultra performance liquid chromatography 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Materials and Instrumentation 
       [0112]    The chemicals used for the synthetic work were of reagent grade quality and were used as obtained. Dowex 50 W-X2 (100-200 mesh, H +  form) was from Sigma-Aldrich, the mixed bed ion exchange resins Amberlite MB-6113 from Merck. The starting materials 1,3,5-triamino-1,3,5-trideoxy-cis-inositol (=taci) (Ghisletta M., Jalett H.-P., Gerfin T., Gramlich V., Hegetschweiler K.  Helv. Chim. Acta  1992, 75, 2233) and all-cis-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriamine (=tbca) (Bartholomä, M.; Gisbrecht, S.; Stucky, S.; Neis, C.; Morgenstern, B.; Hegetschweiler, K.  Chem. Eur. J.  2010, 16, 3326) were prepared as described in the literature. 
         [0113]      1 H and  13 C{ 1 H}NMR spectra were measured in D 2 O or DMSO-d 6 , respectively (294 K, Bruker DRX Avance 400 MHz NMR spectrometer (B 0 =9.40 T), resonance frequencies: 400.20 MHz for  1 H and 100.63 MHz for  13 C or 300 MHz spectrometer for  1 H. Chemical shifts are given in ppm relative to sodium (trimethylsilyl)propionate-d 4  (D 2 O) or tetramethylsilane (DMSO-d 6 ) as internal standards (6=0 ppm). The pH* of the D 2 O samples was adjusted using appropriate solutions of DCI in D 2 O. The term pH* refers to the direct pH-meter reading (Metrohm 713 pH meter) of the D 2 O samples, using a Metrohm glass electrode with an aqueous (H 2 O) Ag/AgCl-reference that was calibrated with aqueous (H 2 O) buffer solutions. 
         [0114]    Elemental analyses (C,H,N) were recorded on a LECO 900V or VARIO EL analyzer. 
         [0115]    Examples were analyzed and characterized by the following HPLC based analytical methods to determine characteristic retention time and mass spectrum: 
       Method 1: UPLC (ACN-HCOOH): 
       [0116]    Instrument: Waters Acquity UPLC-MS SQD 3001; column: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 50×2.1 mm; eluent A: water+0.1% formic acid, eluent B: acetonitril; gradient: 0-1.6 minutes 1-99% B, 1.6-2.0 minutes 99% B; flow 0.8 mL/minute; temperature: 60° C.; injection: 2 μL; DAD scan: 210-400 nm; ELSD 
         [0000]    Method 2: UPLC (ACN-HCOOH polar): 
         [0117]    Instrument: Waters Acquity UPLC-MS SQD 3001; column: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 50×2.1 mm; eluent A: water+0.1% formic acid, eluent B: acetonitril; gradient: 0-1.7 minutes 1-45% B, 1.7-2.0 minutes 45-99% B; flow 0.8 mL/minute; temperature: 60° C.; injection: 2 μL; DAD scan: 210-400 nm; ELSD 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 [Hf 3 (H −3 macitp)(H 3 macidp)OH] 
     Hydroxido-3κO-[μ 3 -3,3′,3″-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 , 2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3,5-triyl}tris{methylimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 ,3κN 5 }) tri-propanoato-1κO,2κO′,3κO″][μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[methylamino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}bis{methyl-imino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 })dipropanonato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) 
       [0118]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 1a 
     1,3,5-Triamino-1,3,5-trideoxy-cis-inositol-tri-N,N′N″-propionitrile (tacitpn) 
       [0119]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    taci (2.0 g, 11.3 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (100 mL) and acrylonitrile (7.4 mL, 0.11 mol) was added. The solution was stirred for 24 hours at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed, the residue washed successively with diethyl ether and hexane and the white solid was dried in vacuo. 
         [0120]    Yield: 3.9 g (97%) tacitpn.0.2H 2 O.0.5CH 3 OH. Single crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained by evaporation of a concentrated solution of tacitpn in methanol. 
         [0121]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 0) δ=2.72 (m, 9H), 3.03 (t, 6H), 4.23 (t, 3H) ppm. 
         [0122]      13 C-NMR (101 MHz, D 2 O) δ=20.5, 43.4, 60.1, 72.0, 123.2 ppm. 
         [0123]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 15 H 24 N 6 O 3 .0.2H 2 O.0.5MeOH (356.01): C, 52.29; H, 7.47; N, 23.61. Found: C, 52.23; H, 7.23; N, 23.40. 
         [0124]    IR (cm −1 ): 602, 754, 843, 902, 1072, 1113, 1252, 1352, 1425, 1987, 2067, 2248, 2924, 3103, 3268. 
         [0125]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 337.5 (100) {tacitpn+H} + . 
         [0126]    MS (ES − ): m/z (%) 335.6 (100) {tacitpn−H} − . 
       Example 1b 
     1,3,5-Triamino-1,3,5-trideoxy-cis-inositol-tri-N,N′N″-propionic acid trihydrochloride (H 6 tacitpCl 3 ) 
       [0127]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0128]    Tacitpn (3.8 g, 10.7 mmol) was dissolved in sodium hydroxide (10.3 g of a 25% solution, 64.4 mmol) and heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was taken up in 1 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (1 L), 0.25 M hydrochloric acid (1 L), 1 M hydrochloric acid (1 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1 L). The solvent was removed and the solid dried in vacuo. 
         [0129]    Yield: 5.1 g (86%) H 3 tacitp.3HCl.3H 2 O. 
         [0130]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O) δ=2.43 (t, 6H), 2.61 (m, 3H), 2.89 (t, 6H), 4.26 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0131]      13 C-NMR (100 MHz, D 2 O) δ=40.3, 44.7, 60.5, 71.8, 184.2 ppm. 
         [0132]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 15 H 27 N 3 O 9 0.3HCl.3H 2 O (556.82): C, 32.36; H, 6.52; N, 7.55. Found: C, 32.56; H, 6.31; N, 7.64. 
         [0133]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 441.4 (100) {H 2 tacitp+2Na} + , 394.2 (75) {H 3 tacitp+H} + . 
         [0134]    MS (ES − ): m/z (%) 392.3 (100) {H 3 tacitp−H} − . 
       Example 1c 
     1,3,5-Trideoxy-1,3,5-tris(methylamino)-cis-inositol-tri-N,N′N″-propionic acid trihydrochlorid(H 6 macitpCl 3 ) 
       [0135]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0136]    H 3 tacitp.3HCl.3H 2 O (400 mg, 0.7 mmol) was dissolved in a formaldehyde solution (37%, 25 mL, 334 mmol) and palladium on charcoal (40 mg, 10%) was added. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated in an autoclave at 50 atm H 2  for 4 days at rt. The reaction mixture was filtered off and the filtrate concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved twice in a 1:1 mixture of water and formic acid (30 mL) and evaporated to dryness again. The remaining solid was taken up in 3 M hydrochloric acid (10 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed successively with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (1 L), 1 M hydrochloric acid (1 L) and 3 M hydrochloric acid (1 L). The 3 M fraction containing the product was evaporated to dryness and the solid was dried in vacuo. 
         [0137]    Yield: 320 mg (71%) H 3 macitp.3HCl.4.5H 2 O. 
         [0138]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O) δ=3.04 (t, 6H), 3.15 (s, 9H), 3.67 (m, 3H), 3.78 (t, 6H), 5.04 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0139]      13 C-NMR (101 MHz, D 2 O) δ=23.6, 34.3, 45.5, 57.9, 58.6, 169.9 ppm. 
         [0140]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 18 H 33 N 3 O 9 .3HCl.4.5H 2 O (625.92): C, 34.54; H, 7.25; N, 6.71. Found: C, 34.20; H, 6.86; N, 6.71. 
       Example 1d 
     Hydroxido-3κO-[μ 3 -3,3′,3″-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 , 2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3,5-triyl}tris{methylimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 ,3κN 5 }) tri-propanoato-1κO,2κO′,3κO″][μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[methylamino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}bis{methyl-imino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 })dipropanonato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) [Hf 3 (H −3 macitp)(H −3 macidp)OH] 
       [0141]    A solution of 1,3,5-trideoxy-1,3,5-tris(methylamino)-cis-inositol-tri-N,N′,N″-propionic acid trihydrochloride (900 mg, 1.49 mmol) and hafnium(IV)chloride (714 mg, 2.23 mmol) in water (16 mL) was separated into 3 pressure vessels. The pH of each vessel was adjusted to 4.5 by addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 M) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The vessels were sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 20 minutes at 140° C. The combined solutions were treated with mixed bed ion exchange resins Amberlite MB-6113 until the resin kept its blue color. The filtrate was lyophilized, solved in water (300 mL) and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane (Millipore YM3) while dilution of the retentate was repeated three times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 200 mL was lyophilized to yield 388 mg of raw product as a white solid which was purified by preparative HPLC to yield 122 mg of the title compound [Hf 3 (H −3 macitp)(H −3 macidp)OH]. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Column: 
                 C18 YMC-ODS AQ 10 μm 51 × 200 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Solvent: 
                 A = H 2 O + 0.1% formic acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B = acetonitrile 
               
               
                   
                 Gradient: 
                 0-1 minute 1% B, 1-10 minutes 1-25% B 
               
               
                   
                 Flow: 
                 240 mL/minute 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature: 
                 rt 
               
               
                   
                 Detection: 
                 195 nm 
               
               
                   
                 Rt in min: 
                 4.5-6.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0142]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O): δ=2.37-2.58 (m, 10H), 2.59-2.93 (m, 27H), 3.05 (br., 1H), 3.63 (br., 5H), 4.14-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.80 (br, 1H), 4.93 (br., 1H), 5.20 (br., 1H), 5.38 (br., H) ppm. 
         [0143]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 1323 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 macitp)(H −3 macidp)]} + . 
       Example 2 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidadhp) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV)  
       [0144]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 2a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-amino-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (tbcada) 
       [0145]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0146]    All-cis-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriamine (2.0 g, 4.47 mmol,  Chem. Eur. J.,  2010, 16, 3326-3340) was dissolved in THF (72 mL) and cesium carbonate (1.60 g, 4.92 mmol) was added. Tert-butyl bromoacetate (1.66 g, 8.49 mmol) was added at room temperature and the mixture stirred for 20 hours. The mixture was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by chromatography on amino phase silica gel (ethyl acetate in hexane, 40 to 100% then ethanol in ethyl acetate, 0 to 20%) to yield 0.76 g of the title compound. 
         [0147]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.38 (s, 18H), 2.71 (br. s., 2H), 3.26-3.35 (m, 6H), 3.39-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.59 (m, 2H), 4.49-4.69 (m, 6H), 7.20-7.45 (m, 15H) ppm. 
         [0148]      13 C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=27.6, 51.4, 51.7, 57.1, 70.2, 70.3, 74.4, 75.7, 80.3, 127.3, 127.3, 127.5, 128.2, 137.9, 138.1, 171.8 ppm. 
         [0149]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 676 (27) {tbcada+H} + , 620 (100) {tbcada− t Bu+H} + , 564 (48) {tbcada−2× t Bu+H}+, 474 (8) {tbcada−2× t Bu−Bn+H} + . 
         [0150]    As a second product 0.95 g of tert-butyl 2-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-amino-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}imino)acetate (tbcama) was isolated. 
         [0151]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=1.47 (s, 9H), 3.08 (t, 1H), 3.16 (t, 2H), 3.55-3.63 (m, 3H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 4.58-4.74 (m, 6H), 7.29-7.44 (m, 15H) ppm. 
         [0152]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 562.2 (27) {tbcama+H} + , 506.2 (100) {tbcama− t Bu+H} + . 
       Example 2b 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2,3-dihydroxy-propyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate 
       [0153]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0154]    Tbcada (1.6 g, 2.4 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (150 mL). Acetic acid (500 μL), D,L-glyceraldehyde dimer (426 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (529 μL, 3.6 mmol) were successively added. The suspension which turned into a clear solution within few hours was stirred for 3 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 30% B to 70% B in 16 minutes; UV detection at 258 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized to yield 1.4 g of the title compound. 
         [0155]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.28-1.38 (m, 18H), 2.85-3.20 (m, 3H), 3.32-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.68 (m, 8H), 3.92-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.56-4.83 (m, 6H), 7.22-7.50 (m, 15H) ppm. 
       Example 2c 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6a)]-2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino]-cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidadpCl 3 )  
       [0156]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0157]    Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (1.4 g) was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 150 mL) and heated to reflux for 5 h. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (1 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 852 mg of the title compound H 2 tacidadp.3HCl.3H 2 O. 
         [0158]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): 6=3.30 (dd, 1H), 3.50 (dd, 1H), 3.67 (dd, 1H), 3.73 (dd, 1H), 3.80 (t, 1H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 4.23 (br, 4H), 4.78 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0159]      13 C-NMR (D 2 O, pH*=0): 6=47.7, 50.3, 59.5, 59.6, 66.1, 66.2, 66.3, 69.9 171.1 ppm. 
         [0160]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 13 H 25 N 3 O 9 .3HCl.3H 2 O (530.78): C, 29.42; H, 6.46; N, 7.92. Found: C, 29.26; H, 6.12; N, 7.80. 
       Example 2d 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidadhp) 2 ] 
       [0161]    A solution of H 2 tacidadp.3HCl.3H 2 O (1.4 g, 2.6 mmol) and hafnium(IV)chloride (1.44 g, 4.5 mmol) in water (100 mL) was separated into 10 pressure vessels. The pH of each vessel was adjusted to 7.0 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The vessels were sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 45 minutes at 140° C. After cooling the pH of the vessels was readjusted to 7.0 and irradiation in a microwave reactor at 140° C. was continued for 3 hours. The reaction mixtures were combined and ultra-filtrated through a 500 da membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water. The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 1200 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated two times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 200 mL was lyophilized and yielded 1.36 g of the title compound [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadhp) 2 ]. 
         [0162]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 1281.2 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadhp) 2 ]+Na} + . 
         [0163]    MS (ES − ): m/z (%) 1257.2 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadhp) 2 ]−H} − . 
       Example 3 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidadhp) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(2-hydroxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )di-propanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) 
       [0164]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 3a 
     3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-Amino-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}-diimino)dipropanenitrile (tbcadpn) 
       [0165]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0166]    All-cis-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriamine (1.0 g, 1.9 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (100 mL) and acrylonitrile (249 μL, 3.8 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred for 3 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 15% B to 65% B in 15 minutes; UV detection at 257 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized to yield 420 mg tbcadpn.HCOOH. 
         [0167]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=2.54-2.59 (m, 3H), 2.61-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.84 (m, 2H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.55 (m, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 4.56 (d, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 4.68 (d, 2H), 7.24-7.43 (m, 15H), 8.32 (s, 1H) ppm. 
       Example 3b 
     3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)dipropanoic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidpheCl 3 ) 
       [0168]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0169]    tbcadpn.HCOOH (200 mg, ˜0.3 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (25 mL). Acetic acid (75 μL), glycolaldehyde dimer (50 mg, 0.4 mmol) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (80 μL, 0.5 mmol) were successively added. The clear solution was stirred for 3 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 15% B to 55% B in 15 minutes; UV detection at 232 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized. The residue (50 mg) was suspended in 6 M hydrochloric acid (100 mL), heated to reflux for 3 hours and stirred for 12 hours at rt afterwards. The solution was evaporated to dryness. The remaining solid was dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (1 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1.5 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 40 mg H 2 tacidphe.3HCl×H 2 O. 
         [0170]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=2.99 (t, 4H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 3.57 (t, 4H), 3.78 (m, 3H), 3.97 (m, 2H), 4.76 (m, 3H) ppm. 
       Example 3c 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(2-hydroxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )di-propanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadhp) 2 ] 
       [0171]    H 2 tacidphe.3HCl.xH 2 O (35 mg, ˜60 μmol) was dissolved in water (6 mL) and hafnium(IV)tetrachloride (30 mg, 94 μmol) dissolved in a small amount of water (2 mL) was added. The pH was adjusted to ˜4.5 (1 M solution of sodium hydroxide) and the solution was irradiated 45 minutes at 140° C. in the microwave. A slight clouding was filtered off and the solution was desalted via ultrafiltration (cellulose acetate membrane, lowest NMWL 500 g/mol, Millipore). The retentate was again passed through an ultrafiltration cell (cellulose acetate membrane, lowest NMWL 3000 g/mol, Millipore). The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the white solid dried in vacuo to yield: 29 mg of the title compound [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadhp) 2 ]. 
         [0172]    MS (ES − ): m/z (%) 1300.3 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadhp) 2 ]+HCOO} − . 
       Example 4 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidpdhp) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 ) dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) 
       [0173]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 4a 
     3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)amino]-2,4,6-trihydroxy-cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)dipropanoic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidpdpCl 3 )  
       [0174]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0175]    tbcadpn.HCOOH (200 mg,˜0.3 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (25 mL). Acetic acid (75 μL), D,L-glyceraldehyde dimer (65 mg, 0.4 mmol) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (80 μL, 0.5 mmol) were successively added. The suspension, which turned into a clear solution within few hours, was stirred for 3 days at rt. The solvent was removed and the residue purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 15% B to 55% B in 15 minutes; UV detection at 235 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized. The residue (70 mg) was suspended in 6 M hydrochloric acid (100 mL), heated to reflux for 4 hours and stirred for 12 hours at ambient temperature afterwards. The solution was evaporated to dryness. The remaining solid was dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (0.75 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1.5 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 91 mg of H 2 tacidpdp.3HCl.xH 2 O. 
         [0176]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, pH*=0): δ=2.99 (t, 4H), 3.31 (dd, 1H), 3.50 (dd, 1H), 3.57 (t, 4H), 3.67 (dd, 1H), 3.72 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (m, 3H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 4.78 (m, 3H) ppm. 
       Example 4b 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 ) dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpdp) 2 ] 
       [0177]    H 2 tacidpdp.3HCl.xH 2 O (85 mg, ˜0.1 mmol) was dissolved in water (6 mL) and hafnium(IV)tetrachloride (57 mg, 0.2 mmol) dissolved in a small amount of water (2 mL) was added. The pH was adjusted to ˜4.5 (1 M solution of sodium hydroxide) and the solution was irradiated 45 minutes at 140° C. in the microwave. The solution was desalted via ultrafiltration (cellulose acetate membrane, lowest NMWL 500 g/mol, Millipore). The retentate was again passed through an ultrafiltration cell (cellulose acetate membrane, lowest NMWL 3000 g/mol, Millipore). The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the white solid dried in vacuo to yield 57 mg of the title compound [Hf 3 (H 3 tacidpdp) 2 ]. 
         [0178]    MS(ES + ): m/z (%) 657 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpdp) 2 ]+2H} 2+ , 1316 (12) {[Hf 3  (H −3 tacidpdp) 2 ]+H} + . 
         [0179]    MS (ES − ): m/z (%) 1359.4 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpdp) 2 ]+HCOO} − . 
       Example 5 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidpery) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2S,3R)(3,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-butyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) 
       [0180]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 5a 
     3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R)(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)-amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)dipropanoic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidperyCl 3 ) 
       [0181]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0182]    tbcadpn.HCOOH (200 mg, ˜0.3 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (25 mL). Acetic acid (75 μL), D-erythrose (125 mg, 0.7 mmol) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (80 μL, 0.5 mmol) were successively added. The clear solution was stirred for 1 day at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 15% B to 55% B in 15 minutes; UV detection at 236 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized. The residue (90 mg) was suspended in 6 M hydrochloric acid (100 mL) and heated to reflux for 4 h. The solution was evaporated to dryness. The remaining solid was dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (0.75 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1.5 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 70 mg of H 2 tacidpery.3HCl.xH 2 O. 
         [0183]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=2.99 (t, 4H), 3.35 (dd, 1H), 3.57 (t, 4H), 3.63 (m, 1H), 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.82 (m, 5H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 4.78 (m, 3H) ppm. 
       Example 5b 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2S,3R)(3,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-butyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )dipropanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpery) 2 ] 
       [0184]    H 2 tacidpery.3HCl.xH 2 O (60 mg, ˜75 μmol) was dissolved in water (6 mL) and hafnium(IV)tetrachloride (38 mg, 0.1 mmol) dissolved in a small amount of water (2 mL) was added. The pH was adjusted to ˜4.5 (1 M solution of sodium hydroxide) and the solution was heated 45 minutes at 140° C. in the microwave. The solution was desalted via ultrafiltration (cellulose acetate membrane, lowest NMWL 500 g/mol, Millipore). The retentate was again passed through an ultrafiltration cell (cellulose acetate membrane, lowest NMWL 3000 g/mol, Millipore). The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the white solid dried in vacuo to yield 40 mg of the title compound [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpery) 2 ]. 
         [0185]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 688 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpery) 2 ]+2H} 2+ , 1375 (31) {[Hf 3  (H −3 tacidpery) 2 ]+H} + . 
         [0186]    MS (ES − ): m/z (%) 1419.2 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpery) 2 ]+HCOO} − , 1373.2 (4) {[Hf 3  (H −3 tacidpery) 2 ]−H} − . 
       Example 6 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaery) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2S,3R)(3,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-butyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV)  
       [0187]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 6a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-5-[(2S,3R)(2,3,4-tri-hydroxybutylyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate 
       [0188]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0189]    tbcada (2.0 g, 2.96 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (180 mL). Acetic acid (920 μL), D-erythrose (950 mg, 5.92 mmol) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane complex (660 μL, 4.4 mmol) were successively added. The solution was stirred for 3 days while 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane complex (220 μL, 1.5 mmol) and D-erythrose (240 mg, 2.0 mmol) were added additionally after 4 hours. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography on amino phase silica gel (ethyl acetate in hexane, 50 to 100%) to yield 1.55 g of the title compound. 
         [0190]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=1.44 (s, 18H), 2.98 (m, 2H), 3.05-3.19 (m, 3H), 3.25-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.54-3.80 (m, 6H), 4.51-4.70 (m, 6H), 7.28-7.44 (m, 15H) ppm. 
       Example 6b 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R)(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)-amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidaeryCl 3 ) 
       [0191]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0192]    Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2S,3R)(2,3,4-tri-hydroxybutylyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (272 mg, 0.35 mmol) was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 60 mL) and heated to reflux for 4 h. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (1 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1.5 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuum to yield 172 mg of the title compound H 2 tacidaery.3HCl.3.5H 2 0. 
         [0193]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=3.35 (dd, 1H), 3.62 (dd, 1H), 3.68 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.80 (m, 3H), 3.86 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 4.24 (br., 4H), 4.79 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0194]      13 C-NMR (101 Mhz, D 2 O, pH*=0) δ=47.7, 50.2, 59.3, 59.4, 64.9, 65.8, 65.87, 65.94, 69.7, 76.0, 171.0 ppm. 
         [0195]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 14 H 27 N 3 O 10 .3HCl.3.5H 2 O (569.82): C, 29.51; H, 6.55; N, 7.37. Found: C, 29.46; H, 6.47; N, 7.36. 
       Example 6c 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2S,3R)(3,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxylato-3κO-butyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaery) 2 ] 
       [0196]    A solution of H 2 tacidaery.3HCl.3.5H 2 O (980 mg, 1.72 mmol) and hafnium(IV)chloride (895 mg, 2.79 mmol) in water (100 mL) was separated into 4 pressure vessels. The pH of each vessel was adjusted to 2.2 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The vessels were sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 45 minutes at 140° C. After addition of hafnium(IV)chloride (4×6.5 mg) to each reaction vessel the pH was adjusted to 7.0 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and irradiation in a microwave reactor at 140° C. was continued for three hours. The reaction mixtures were combined and the turbid reaction mixture was filtrated and an ultrafiltration of the still turbid filtrate through a 500 da membrane was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water (3×250 mL). The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 300 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated three times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 100 mL was lyophilized to yield 528 mg of the title compound. 
         [0197]    MS (ES + ): m/z=1319.0 {[Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaery) 2 ]+H} + . 
         [0198]    MS (ES − ): m/z=1316.4 {[Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaery) 2 ]−H} − . 
       Example 7 [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(carboxylato-3κO-methyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )di-propanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) 
       [0199]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 7a 
     3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(Carboxymethyl)amino]-2,4,6-trihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)dipropanoic acid trihydrochloride (H 6 tacidpmaCl 3 )  
       [0200]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0201]    tbcama (300 mg, 0.5 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (30 mL). Acrylonitrile (350 μL, 5.3 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred for 2 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and tert-butyl N-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-3,5-bis[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-cyclohexane-1-yl}imino)acetate was obtained as crude product. The residue (350 mg) was suspended in 6 M hydrochloric acid (50 mL) and heated to reflux for 3 h. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (1 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1.2 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 246 mg of H 3 tacidpma.3HCl.2.5H 2 0. 
         [0202]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=2.99 (t, 4H), 3.57 (t, 4H), 3.77 (t, 2H), 3.84 (t, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 4.77 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0203]      13 C-NMR (101 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=32.9, 43.7, 47.7, 59.6, 59.7, 66.1, 66.2, 171.0, 176.9 ppm. 
         [0204]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 14 H 25 N 3 O 9 .3HCl.2.5H 2 O (533.78): C, 31.50; H, 6.23; N, 7.87. Found: C, 31.72; H, 6.06; N, 7.90. 
       Example 7b 
     Bis[μ 3 -3,3′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(carboxylato-3κO-methyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )di-propanoato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2 ] 
       [0205]    A solution of 3H 3 tacidpma.3HCl.2.5H 2 O (2.66 g, 4.98 mmol) and hafnium(IV)chloride (2.96 g, 9.25 mmol) in water (140 mL) was separated into 14 pressure vessels. The pH of each vessel was adjusted to 1.6 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The vessels were sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 120 minutes at 140° C. The reaction mixtures were combined and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.5 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%). The turbid reaction mixture was filtrated and an ultrafiltration of the still turbid filtrate through a 500 da membrane was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water. The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 1200 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated two times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum to a final volume of 200 mL and lyophilized to yield 2.62 g of the title compound [Hf 3 (H 3 tacidpma) 2 ]. 
         [0206]      1 H-NMR (600 MHz, D 2 0): δ=2.47-2.67 (m, 8H), 3.08-3.21 (m, 4H), 3.22-3.34 (m, 4H), 3.46-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.59-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.80-3.96 (m, 2H), 4.01-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.78-4.98 (m, 6H), 5.00-5.13 (m, 2H), 5.13-5.22 (m, 1H), 5.24-5.44 (m, 1H), 5.65 (br., 1H) ppm. 
         [0207]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%)=642 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2 ]+2H} 2+ , 1283 (24) {[Hf 3  (H −3 tacidpma) 2 ]+H} + . 
         [0208]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 28 H 38 Hf 3 N 6 O 18 .9H 2 0 (1444.24): C, 23.29; H, 3.91; N, 5.82; Hf, 37.08. 
         [0209]    Found: C, 23.30; H, 3.92; N, 5.79; Hf, 36.77. 
         [0210]    Single crystals of two stereoisomers of [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2 ] with different crystal water content were obtained by preparation of a concentrated solution of [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2 ] in water in the heat and slow cooling of that solution. 
         [0211]    Crystal data and structure refinement for C 28 H 38 Hf 3 N 6 O 18 .15H 2 O: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Empirical formula 
                 C 28 H 68 Hf 3 N 6 O 33   
               
               
                 Formula weight 
                 1552.35 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 123(2) K 
               
               
                 Wavelength 
                 0.71073 Å 
               
               
                 Crystal system 
                 Orthorhombic 
               
               
                 Space group 
                 P2 1 2 1 2 1   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Unit cell dimensions 
                 a = 12.598(3) Å 
                 α = 90° 
               
               
                   
                 b = 18.186(4) Å 
                 β = 90° 
               
               
                   
                 c = 20.913(4) Å 
                 γ = 90° 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Volume 
                 4791.2(17) Å 3   
               
               
                 Z 
                 4 
               
               
                 Density (calculated) 
                 2.152 Mg/m 3   
               
               
                 Absorption coefficient 
                 6.592 mm −1   
               
               
                 F(000) 
                 3032 
               
               
                 Crystal size 
                 0.45 × 0.35 × 0.25 mm 
               
               
                 θ-range for data collection 
                 1.48 to 31.50° 
               
               
                 Index ranges 
                 −18 ≦ h ≦ 18, −26 ≦ k ≦ 26, −30 ≦ 
               
               
                   
                 l &lt; 30 
               
               
                 Reflections collected 
                 145730 
               
               
                 Independent reflections 
                 15962 [R int  = 0.0393] 
               
               
                 Completeness to θ = 31.50° 
                 99.9% 
               
               
                 Absorption correction 
                 SADABS 
               
               
                 Max. and min. transmission 
                 0.2896 and 0.1554 
               
               
                 Refinement method 
                 Full-matrix least-squares on F 2   
               
               
                 abs. structure (Flack) 
                 0.009(3) 
               
               
                 Data/restraints/parameters 
                 15962/37/740 
               
               
                 Goodness-of-fit on F 2   
                 1.160 
               
               
                 Final R indices [I &gt; 2σ(I)] 
                 R 1  = 0.0153, wR 2  = 0.0364 
               
               
                 R indices (all data) 
                 R 1  = 0.0155, wR 2  = 0.0365 
               
               
                 Largest diff. peak and hole 
                 1.664 and −0.887 e•Å −3   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0212]    Atomic coordinates (without hydrogen atoms) and equivalent isotropic displacement parameters [a]  (U eq ) for C 28 H 38 Hf 3 N6018.15H 2 O, isomer 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 y 
                 z 
                 U eq   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Hf1 
                 0.202631(7)  
                 0.421382(5)  
                 0.381772(4)  
                 0.00535(2)  
               
               
                 Hf2 
                 0.119853(7)  
                 0.592064(5)  
                 0.325585(4)  
                 0.00557(2)  
               
               
                 Hf3 
                 0.134854(8)  
                 0.559528(5)  
                 0.490269(4)  
                 0.00597(2)  
               
               
                 C101 
                 0.37134(19) 
                 0.51868(12) 
                 0.44925(11) 
                 0.0070(4) 
               
               
                 O101 
                 0.26554(14) 
                 0.49135(9)  
                 0.45480(8)  
                 0.0068(3) 
               
               
                 C102 
                 0.41404(18) 
                 0.50208(12) 
                 0.38235(12) 
                 0.0076(4) 
               
               
                 N102 
                 0.38750(16) 
                 0.42289(11) 
                 0.37217(9)  
                 0.0083(3) 
               
               
                 C103 
                 0.35727(19) 
                 0.54611(12) 
                 0.33182(11) 
                 0.0076(4) 
               
               
                 O103 
                 0.25117(13) 
                 0.51909(9)  
                 0.32744(8)  
                 0.0062(3) 
               
               
                 C104 
                 0.35322(19) 
                 0.62848(12) 
                 0.34608(11) 
                 0.0077(4) 
               
               
                 N104 
                 0.27540(17) 
                 0.65710(11) 
                 0.29851(10) 
                 0.0080(4) 
               
               
                 C105 
                 0.31078(19) 
                 0.64444(12) 
                 0.41278(11) 
                 0.0068(4) 
               
               
                 O105 
                 0.19963(14) 
                 0.62762(9)  
                 0.41429(8)  
                 0.0068(3) 
               
               
                 C106 
                 0.36763(19) 
                 0.60035(12) 
                 0.46511(10) 
                 0.0078(4) 
               
               
                 N106 
                 0.30081(18) 
                 0.60766(11) 
                 0.52341(9)  
                 0.0086(3) 
               
               
                 C107 
                 0.4253(2) 
                 0.38896(14) 
                 0.31242(12) 
                 0.0107(4) 
               
               
                 C108 
                 0.3390(2) 
                 0.33990(14) 
                 0.28473(12) 
                 0.0110(4) 
               
               
                 O109 
                 0.24358(15) 
                 0.35126(10) 
                 0.30445(9)  
                 0.0106(3) 
               
               
                 O110 
                 0.36205(17) 
                 0.29349(11) 
                 0.24413(10) 
                 0.0199(4) 
               
               
                 O111 
                 0.2704(2) 
                 0.73859(13) 
                 0.29469(12) 
                 0.0106(4) 
               
               
                 C112 
                 0.1858(2) 
                 0.76162(14) 
                 0.24685(13) 
                 0.0124(5) 
               
               
                 C113 
                 0.0747(2) 
                 0.74696(14) 
                 0.26974(12) 
                 0.0124(5) 
               
               
                 O114 
                 0.06249(15) 
                 0.70030(9)  
                 0.31573(8)  
                 0.0096(3) 
               
               
                 O115 
                 −0.00123(18)  
                 0.77921(13) 
                 0.24544(12) 
                 0.0243(5) 
               
               
                 C116 
                 0.3511(2) 
                 0.57424(14) 
                 0.58108(11) 
                 0.0133(5) 
               
               
                 C117 
                 0.2808(2) 
                 0.58095(15) 
                 0.63950(11) 
                 0.0147(5) 
               
               
                 C118 
                 0.1821(2) 
                 0.53387(14) 
                 0.63672(12) 
                 0.0133(5) 
               
               
                 O119 
                 0.14844(16) 
                 0.51374(10) 
                 0.58094(8)  
                 0.0123(3) 
               
               
                 O120 
                 0.1363(2) 
                 0.51641(13) 
                 0.68618(9)  
                 0.0230(4) 
               
               
                 O201 
                 0.02645(13) 
                 0.58489(10) 
                 0.40972(8)  
                 0.0078(3) 
               
               
                 C201 
                 −0.07794(19)  
                 0.55303(13) 
                 0.40639(11) 
                 0.0083(4) 
               
               
                 N202 
                 −0.05763(16)  
                 0.57568(11) 
                 0.29529(10) 
                 0.0084(3) 
               
               
                 C202 
                 −0.09571(19)  
                 0.51885(13) 
                 0.34100(11) 
                 0.0088(4) 
               
               
                 C203 
                 −0.02673(18)  
                 0.45067(12) 
                 0.33092(12) 
                 0.0080(4) 
               
               
                 O203 
                 0.08103(13) 
                 0.47440(9)  
                 0.32612(9)  
                 0.0074(3) 
               
               
                 C204 
                 −0.03536(19)  
                 0.39506(12) 
                 0.38551(12) 
                 0.0093(4) 
               
               
                 N204 
                 0.05466(17) 
                 0.34383(11) 
                 0.37517(10) 
                 0.0090(4) 
               
               
                 C205 
                 −0.01863(18)  
                 0.43106(13) 
                 0.45068(12) 
                 0.0086(4) 
               
               
                 O205 
                 0.09048(13) 
                 0.45255(9)  
                 0.45582(8)  
                 0.0073(3) 
               
               
                 C206 
                 −0.0878(2)  
                 0.49820(13) 
                 0.46085(12) 
                 0.0098(4) 
               
               
                 N206 
                 −0.04353(17)  
                 0.53392(11) 
                 0.51890(10) 
                 0.0093(4) 
               
               
                 C207 
                 −0.0697(2)  
                 0.55971(15) 
                 0.22624(12) 
                 0.0135(5) 
               
               
                 C208 
                 0.03147(19) 
                 0.58064(14) 
                 0.19012(11) 
                 0.0102(4) 
               
               
                 O209 
                 0.11468(14) 
                 0.59132(10) 
                 0.22438(8)  
                 0.0106(3) 
               
               
                 O210 
                 0.03085(16) 
                 0.58497(12) 
                 0.13110(9)  
                 0.0179(4) 
               
               
                 C211 
                 0.0489(2) 
                 0.27771(13) 
                 0.41687(13) 
                 0.0129(5) 
               
               
                 C212 
                 0.1463(2) 
                 0.22940(13) 
                 0.40840(14) 
                 0.0143(5) 
               
               
                 C213 
                 0.2462(2) 
                 0.26276(13) 
                 0.43557(12) 
                 0.0119(5) 
               
               
                 O214 
                 0.24838(15) 
                 0.33372(9)  
                 0.44204(9)  
                 0.0097(3) 
               
               
                 O215 
                 0.32167(18) 
                 0.22412(11) 
                 0.45214(12) 
                 0.0224(5) 
               
               
                 C216 
                 −0.1138(2)  
                 0.59223(14) 
                 0.54460(13) 
                 0.0142(5) 
               
               
                 C217 
                 −0.0602(2)  
                 0.63254(14) 
                 0.59961(13) 
                 0.0142(5) 
               
               
                 C218 
                 0.0239(2) 
                 0.68432(14) 
                 0.57604(13) 
                 0.0131(5) 
               
               
                 O219 
                 0.09216(15) 
                 0.65879(10) 
                 0.53548(9)  
                 0.0118(3) 
               
               
                 O220 
                 0.02567(19) 
                 0.74834(12) 
                 0.59479(11) 
                 0.0214(4) 
               
               
                 O1W 
                 0.5914(2) 
                 0.71674(12) 
                 0.56847(11) 
                 0.0243(5) 
               
               
                 O2W 
                 0.6467(2) 
                 0.59961(13) 
                 0.65123(12) 
                 0.0291(5) 
               
               
                 O3W 
                 0.2891(3) 
                 0.34224(17) 
                 0.58013(12) 
                 0.0369(6) 
               
               
                 O4W 
                 0.6358(2) 
                 0.25478(13) 
                 0.38364(13) 
                 0.0286(5) 
               
               
                 O5W 
                 0.6997(2) 
                 0.39982(13) 
                 0.35904(12) 
                 0.0263(5) 
               
               
                 O6W 
                 0.6899(3) 
                 0.4426(2) 
                 0.23294(14) 
                 0.0462(7) 
               
               
                 O7W 
                 0.82836(18) 
                 0.41743(12) 
                 0.58739(11) 
                 0.0206(4) 
               
               
                 O8W 
                 0.5563(2) 
                 0.55086(13) 
                 0.19361(13) 
                 0.0273(5) 
               
               
                 O9W 
                 0.5203(2) 
                 0.19233(13) 
                 0.28349(13) 
                 0.0265(5) 
               
               
                 O10W 
                 0.49282(18) 
                 0.32873(13) 
                 0.46338(11) 
                 0.0216(4) 
               
               
                 O11W 
                 0.6785(2) 
                 0.66818(12) 
                 0.45433(12) 
                 0.0241(5) 
               
               
                 O12W 
                 0.64799(19) 
                 0.51405(13) 
                 0.44341(12) 
                 0.0244(5) 
               
               
                 O13W 
                 0.3666(2) 
                 0.75536(12) 
                 0.57310(11) 
                 0.0207(4) 
               
               
                 O14W 
                 0.17988(19) 
                 0.21958(12) 
                 0.20038(11) 
                 0.0216(4) 
               
               
                 O15W 
                 0.6361(2) 
                 0.48091(11) 
                 0.57112(11) 
                 0.0213(4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   [a]  U eq  is defined as one third of the trace of the orthogonalized U ij  tensor. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0213]    Crystal data and structure refinement for C 28 H 38 Hf 3 N6018.9H 2 O: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Empirical formula 
                 C 28 H 56 Hf 3 N 6 O 27   
               
               
                 Formula weight 
                 1444.26 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 123(2) K 
               
               
                 Wavelength 
                 0.71073 Å 
               
               
                 Crystal system 
                 Monoclinic 
               
               
                 Space group 
                 C2/c 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Unit cell dimensions 
                 a = 13.7952(4) Å 
                 α = 90° 
               
               
                   
                 b = 16.7958(4) Å 
                 β = 102.058(2)° 
               
               
                   
                 c= 18.4409(6) Å 
                 γ = 90° 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Volume 
                 4178.5(2) Å 3   
               
               
                 Z 
                 4 
               
               
                 Density (calculated) 
                 2.296 Mg/m 3   
               
               
                 Absorption coefficient 
                 7.539 mm −1   
               
               
                 F(000) 
                 2792 
               
               
                 Crystal size 
                 0.19 × 0.10 × 0.03 mm 
               
               
                 θ-range for data collection 
                 2.08 to 26.37° 
               
               
                 Index ranges 
                 −17 ≦ h ≦ 17, −20 ≦ k ≦ 20, −22 ≦ 
               
               
                   
                 l ≦ 23 
               
               
                 Reflections collected 
                 36366 
               
               
                 Independent reflections 
                 4271 [R int  = 0.0369] 
               
               
                 Completeness to θ = 31.50° 
                 99.9% 
               
               
                 Absorption correction 
                 SADABS 
               
               
                 Max. and min. transmission 
                 0.8054 and 0.3284 
               
               
                 Refinement method 
                 Full-matrix least-squares on F 2   
               
               
                 Data/restraints/parameters 
                 4271/109/307 
               
               
                 Goodness-of-fit on F 2   
                 1.077 
               
               
                 Final R indices [I &gt; 2σ(I)] 
                 R 1  = 0.0285, wR 2  = 0.0661 
               
               
                 R indices (all data) 
                 R 1  = 0.0321, wR 2  = 0.0680 
               
               
                 Largest diff. peak and hole 
                 1.827 and −1.538 e•Å −3   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0214]    Atomic coordinates (without hydrogen atoms) and isotropic (U iso ) or equivalent isotropic [a]  (U eq ) displacement parameters for C 28 H 38 Hf 3 N 6 O 18 .9H 2 O, isomer 2 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 y 
                 z 
                 U iso /U eq   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Hf1 
                 0.5000 
                 0.820040(18)  
                 0.2500 
                 0.02664(9)  
               
               
                 Hf2 
                 0.622422(15)  
                 0.641094(12)  
                 0.301202(11)  
                 0.01777(7)  
               
               
                 O1 
                 0.5692(3) 
                 0.7459(2) 
                 0.34534(19) 
                 0.0229(8)  
               
               
                 O3 
                 0.3767(3) 
                 0.7502(2) 
                 0.26523(19) 
                 0.0234(8)  
               
               
                 O5 
                 0.4688(3) 
                 0.6086(2) 
                 0.30374(18) 
                 0.0184(7)  
               
               
                 O9 
                 0.6549(5) 
                 1.0082(3) 
                 0.3754(3) 
                 0.0687(17) 
               
               
                 O10 
                 0.5996(4) 
                 0.9134(2) 
                 0.2940(2) 
                 0.0438(11) 
               
               
                 O13A [b]   
                  0.724(2) 
                  0.405(2) 
                  0.349(2) 
                 0.068(4) 
               
               
                 O13B [c]   
                  0.7648(10) 
                  0.4214(10) 
                  0.3533(10) 
                 0.068(4) 
               
               
                 O14 
                 0.6653(3) 
                 0.5220(2) 
                 0.3154(2) 
                 0.0281(8)  
               
               
                 O18 
                 0.0901(4) 
                 0.6364(4) 
                 0.0683(3) 
                 0.0527(14) 
               
               
                 O19 
                 0.2360(3) 
                 0.6699(2) 
                 0.1347(2) 
                 0.0273(8)  
               
               
                 N2 
                 0.4515(5) 
                 0.8652(3) 
                 0.3554(3) 
                 0.0391(12) 
               
               
                 N4 
                 0.2744(3) 
                 0.6254(3) 
                 0.2867(3) 
                 0.0272(10) 
               
               
                 N6 
                 0.6067(3) 
                 0.6164(3) 
                 0.4253(2) 
                 0.0212(9)  
               
               
                 C1 
                 0.5265(4) 
                 0.7433(3) 
                 0.4095(3) 
                 0.0249(11) 
               
               
                 C2 
                 0.4317(5) 
                 0.7907(4) 
                 0.3929(3) 
                 0.0316(12) 
               
               
                 C3 
                 0.3506(4) 
                 0.7487(4) 
                 0.3363(3) 
                 0.0275(11) 
               
               
                 C4 
                 0.3349(4) 
                 0.6628(4) 
                 0.3543(3) 
                 0.0276(12) 
               
               
                 C5 
                 0.4314(4) 
                 0.6160(3) 
                 0.3707(3) 
                 0.0216(10) 
               
               
                 C6 
                 0.5114(4) 
                 0.6561(3) 
                 0.4284(3) 
                 0.0225(10) 
               
               
                 C7 
                 0.5240(7) 
                 0.9220(4) 
                 0.3987(4) 
                 0.0554(19) 
               
               
                 C8 
                 0.5986(6) 
                 0.9517(4) 
                 0.3538(4) 
                 0.0502(18) 
               
               
                 C9 
                 0.7094(4) 
                 0.4754(4) 
                 0.3667(4) 
                 0.0325(13) 
               
               
                 C11 
                 0.6119(4) 
                 0.5338(3) 
                 0.4540(3) 
                 0.0291(12) 
               
               
                 C12 
                 0.7072(4) 
                 0.4946(4) 
                 0.4460(3) 
                 0.0327(13) 
               
               
                 C15 
                 0.1731(4) 
                 0.6581(4) 
                 0.2673(3) 
                 0.0362(14) 
               
               
                 C16 
                 0.1150(4) 
                 0.6174(5) 
                 0.1986(3) 
                 0.0390(15) 
               
               
                 C17 
                 0.1468(4) 
                 0.6429(4) 
                 0.1287(3) 
                 0.0323(13) 
               
               
                 O1W 
                 0.27809(9)  
                 0.3267(3) 
                 0.4357(3) 
                 0.089(3) 
               
               
                 O2W 
                 0.1144(5) 
                 0.6386(4) 
                 0.4501(3) 
                 0.0634(16) 
               
               
                 O3W [d,b]   
                 0.5000 
                  0.393(2) 
                 0.2500 
                  0.094(11) 
               
               
                 O4W [d,b]   
                  0.3659(15) 
                  0.4121(11) 
                  0.3347(10) 
                 0.056(5) 
               
               
                 O5W [d,b]   
                  0.6251(12) 
                 0.3024(9) 
                 0.4333(8) 
                 0.039(4) 
               
               
                 O6W [d,e]   
                  0.4808(16) 
                  0.3040(13) 
                  0.3265(12) 
                 0.082(7) 
               
               
                 O7W [d,c]   
                  0.6713(14) 
                  0.2890(11) 
                  0.4538(10) 
                 0.130(6) 
               
               
                 O8W [d,c]   
                  0.3111(11) 
                 0.4274(6) 
                 0.3219(5) 
                 0.093(4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   [a]  U eq  is defined as one third of the trace of the orthogonalized U ij  tensor. 
               
               
                   [b] occupancy of 0.337(16) 
               
               
                   [c] occupancy of 0.663(16) 
               
               
                   [d] isotropic refinement 
               
               
                   [e] occupancy of 0.332(8) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 8 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahe) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(2-hydroxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )di-acetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) 
       [0215]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 8a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate  
       [0216]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0217]    tbcada (2.0 g, 2.96 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (200 mL). Acetic acid (0.6 mL), glycolaldehyde dimer (355 mg, 2.96 mmol) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (660 μL, 4.44 mmol) were successively added. The solution was stirred for 3 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography on amino phase silica gel (ethyl acetate in hexane, 50 to 100%) to yield 1.15 g of the title compound. 
         [0218]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.37 (s, 18H), 2.82 (t, 2H), 3.29 (m, 2H), 3.36-3.42 (m, 4H), 3.44-4.48 (m, 6H), 4.60 (s, 6H), 7.20-7.42 (m, 15H) ppm. 
         [0219]      13 C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=27.7, 52.7, 53.1, 57.8, 58.8, 60.7, 69.6, 69.7, 77.5, 77.7, 79.6, 127.0, 127.0, 127.2, 128.1, 128.2, 138.9, 171.6 ppm. 
       Example 8b 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidaheCl 3 ) 
       [0220]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0221]    Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (1.49 g, 2.07 mmol) was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 150 mL) and heated to reflux for 2 h. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (50 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (1 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (1.5 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 930 mg of the title compound H 2 tacidahe.3HCl.3.5H 2 O. 
         [0222]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O, pH=0): δ=3.44 (m, 2H), 3.78 (t, 1H), 3.85 (t, 2H), 3.98 (m, 2H), 4.23 (br, 4H), 4.77 (t, 3H) ppm. 
         [0223]      13 C-NMR (101 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=47.7, 49.7, 59.2, 59.4, 59.6, 66.2, 66.3, 171.0. 
         [0224]    Anal. Calcd (%) for C 12 H 23 N 3 O 8 .3HCl.3.5H 2 O (509.76): C, 28.27; H, 6.53; N, 8.24. Found: C, 28.19; H, 6.03; N, 8.26. 
       Example 8 c 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(2-hydroxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )-diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahe) 2 ] 
       [0225]    A solution of H 2 tacidahe.3HCl.3.5H 2 O (0.79 g, 1.68 mmol) and hafnium(IV)chloride (0.82 g, 2.56 mmol) in water (50 mL) was separated into 4 pressure vessels. The pH of each vessel was adjusted to 5.5 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The vessels were sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 45 minutes at 140° C. After addition of hafnium(IV)chloride (4×6 mg) to each reaction vessel the pH was adjusted from 2.5 to 7.5 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and irradiation in a microwave reactor at 140° C. was continued for three hours. The reaction mixtures were combined and the turbid reaction mixture was filtrated and an ultrafiltration of the filtrate through a 500 da membrane was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water. The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 1000 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated two times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 200 mL was lyophilized and yielded 0.81 g of the title compound [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahe) 2 ]. 
         [0226]    MS (ES + ): m/z 600 {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidahe) 2 ]+2H} 2+ , 1199 {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidahe) 2 ]+H} + . 
         [0227]    MS (ES − ): m/z 1197 {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidahe) 2 ]−H} − . 
       Example 9 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahp) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxilato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )di-acetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) 
       [0228]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 9a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(3-hydroxy-propyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate 
       [0229]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    tbcada (308 mg, 0.46 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (11 mL). Acetic acid (89 μL), 3-hydroxypropanal, which was freshly prepared from 3,3-diethoxy-1-propanol (1.0 g, 6.7 mmol) by HCl (10 mL, 0.5 M) treatment at 60° C. and isolated via its ether extract, and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (92 mg, 0.68 mmol) were successively added. The solution was stirred for 18 hours at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue the residue was purified by chromatography on amino phase silica gel (ethyl acetate in hexane, 50 to 100%) to yield 256 mg of the title compound. 
         [0230]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.28-1.42 (m, 18H), 1.53 (quin, 2H), 2.85 (t, 2H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.51 (m, 8H), 4.10 (q, 2H), 4.59 (s, 6H), 7.28-7.40 (m, 15H) ppm. 
       Example 9b 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(3-hydroxypropyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidahpCl 3 ) 
       [0231]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0232]    Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(3-hydroxypropyl)-amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (256 mg, 0.35 mmol) was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 25.6 mL) and heated to reflux for 2 h. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50W-X2. The column was washed with water (200 mL) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (250 mL) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (250 mL). The eluant was removed and the solid solved in methanol (8 mL), Palladium on charcoal (20 mg 10%) was added and the suspension was shaken under a hydrogen atmosphere for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and dried in vacuo to yield 130 mg of the title compound H 2 tacidahp.3HCl. 
         [0233]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O): δ=2.02 (quin, 2H), 3.34 (t, 2H), 3.65 (t, 1H), 3.71-3.79 (m, 4H), 4.05 (s, 4H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 4.70 (s, 1H) ppm. 
       Example 9 c 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(3-hydroxylato-3κO-propyl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )-diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahp) 2 ] 
       [0234]    A solution of 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-[(3-hydroxypropyl)amino]-cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (130 mg, 0.28 mmol) and hafnium(IV)chloride (154 mg, 0.48 mmol) in water (15 mL) was filled into a pressure vessel. The pH was adjusted to 5.5 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 20 mL. The vessel was sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 45 minutes at 140° C. After addition of hafnium(IV)chloride (5 mg) to the reaction vessel the pH was adjusted from 2.5 to 7.5 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and irradiation in a microwave reactor at 140° C. was continued for three hours. The reaction mixture was filtrated and an ultrafiltration of the filtrate through a 500 da membrane was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water (3×250 mL). The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 250 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated two times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 100 mL was lyophilized and yielded 63 mg of the title compound [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahp) 2 ]. 
         [0235]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 1227 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidahp) 2 ]+H} + . 
         [0236]    MS (ES − ): m/z (%) 1225 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidahp) 2 ]−H} − . 
       Example 10 [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2-carboxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )di-acetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) 
       [0237]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 10a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate  
       [0238]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0239]    tbcada (500 mg, 0.74 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (50 mL) and acrylonitrile (0.24 mL, 3.7 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred for 24 hours at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed, resolved in methanol, which was removed again. The residue was purified by chromatography on amino phase silica gel (ethyl acetate in hexane, 20 to 100%) to yield 447 mg of the title compound. 
         [0240]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.32 (s, 18H), 2.92 (t, 2H), 3.28 (m, 6H), 3.42 (s, 6H), 4.48-4.61 (m, 6H), 7.21-7.39 (m, 15H) ppm. 
       Example 10b 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2-Carboxyethyl)amino]-2,4,6-trihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidampCl 3 ) 
       [0241]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0242]    Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (341 mg, 0.47 mmol) was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 15 mL) and heated to reflux for 3 h. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in water and sorbed on DOWEX 50W-X2. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (0.5 L) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (0.5 L). The eluant was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 170 mg of the title compound H 3 tacidamp.3HCl. 
         [0243]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O): δ=2.88 (t, 2H), 3.46 (t, 2H), 3.62 (t, 1H), 3.67 (t, 2H), 3.94 (s, 4H), 4.64 (t, 3H) ppm. 
       Example 10c 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(2-carboxylato-3κO-ethyl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )di-acetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ] 
       [0244]    A solution 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6a)]-5-[(2-carboxyethyl)amino]-2,4,6-trihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (170 mg, 0.36 mmol) and hafnium(IV)chloride (195 mg, 0.61 mmol) in water (10 mL) was adjusted to a pH of 2.0 by addition of aqueous ammonia (16%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The vessel was sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 120 minutes at 140° C. The solution was adjusted to pH 6.5 by addition of aqueous ammonia (16%). The turbid reaction mixture was filtrated and an ultrafiltration of the still turbid filtrate through a 500 da membrane was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water. The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 1200 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated two times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 200 mL was lyophilized and yielded 172 mg of the title compound [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ]. 
         [0245]      1 H-NMR (600 MHz, D 2 O): δ=2.49-2.70 (m, 4H), 3.10-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.79 (m, 4H), 3.83-3.96 (m, 4H), 4.03-4.23 (m, 4H), 4.78-5.10 (m, 6H), 5.20 (br., 1H), 5.32-5.47 (m, 1H), 5.61-5.73 (br., 1H) ppm. 
         [0246]    MS (ES + ): m/z (%) 628 (100) {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ]+2H} 2+ , 1255 (46) {[Hf 3  (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ]+H} + . 
         [0247]    Single crystals of one stereoisomer of [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ] were obtained by preparation of a concentrated solution of [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidamp) 2 ] in water in the heat and slow cooling of that solution. 
       Crystal Data and Structure Refinement C 26 H 34 Hf 3 N 6 O 18 .5,5H 2 O: 
       [0248]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Empirical formula 
                 C52 H90 Hf6 N12 O47 
               
               
                 Formula weight 
                 2706.29 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 95(2) K 
               
               
                 Wavelength 
                 1.54178 Å 
               
               
                 Crystal system 
                 Monoclinic 
               
               
                 Space group 
                 P 21 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Unit cell dimensions 
                 a = 18.6298(17) Å 
                 α = 90°. 
               
               
                   
                 b = 12.1545(11) Å 
                 β = 111.561(2)°. 
               
               
                   
                 c = 19.0533(17) Å 
                 γ = 90°. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Volume 
                 4012.5(6) Å 3   
               
               
                 Z 
                 2 
               
               
                 Density (calculated) 
                 2.240 Mg/m 3   
               
               
                 Absorption coefficient 
                 14.809 mm −1   
               
               
                 F(000) 
                 2588 
               
               
                 Crystal size 
                 0.050 × 0.050 × 0.010 mm 3   
               
               
                 θ range for data collection 
                 4.173 to 58.922°. 
               
               
                 Reflections collected 
                 33545 
               
               
                 Independent reflections 
                 10528 [R(int) = 0.0551] 
               
               
                 Completeness to θ = 
                 76.9% 
               
               
                 67.679° 
               
               
                 Refinement method 
                 Full-matrix least-squares on F 2   
               
               
                 Data/restraints/parameters 
                 10528/1216/1072 
               
               
                 Goodness-of-fit on F 2   
                 1.077 
               
               
                 Final R indices [I &gt; 2σ(I)] 
                 R1 = 0.0694, wR2 = 0.1893 
               
               
                 R indices (all data) 
                 R1 = 0.0729, wR2 = 0.1919 
               
               
                 Absolute structure parameter 
                 0.500(7) 
               
               
                 Largest diff. peak and hole 
                 2.872 and −1.715 e.Å −3   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0249]    Atomic coordinates (without hydrogen atoms) and isotropic (U iso ) or equivalent isotropic [a] (U eq ) displacement parameters for C 26 H 34 Hf 3 N 6 O 18 .5,5 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 y 
                 z 
                 U(eq) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Hf15 
                 3433(1)  
                 5410(2)  
                 5241(1)  
                 21(1) 
               
               
                   
                 Hf35 
                 2148(1)  
                 3233(2)  
                 4803(1)  
                 24(1) 
               
               
                   
                 Hf65 
                 2483(1)  
                 4719(2)  
                 6446(1)  
                 24(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C11 
                 3790(20) 
                 3090(40) 
                 7040(20) 
                 25(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C21 
                 3240(20) 
                 2410(40) 
                 6340(20) 
                 25(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C31 
                 3650(20) 
                 2060(40) 
                 5860(20) 
                 25(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C41 
                 3970(20) 
                 2910(40) 
                 5500(20) 
                 24(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C51 
                 4560(20) 
                 3660(40) 
                 6190(20) 
                 24(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C61 
                 4190(20) 
                 3990(40) 
                 6720(20) 
                 25(1) 
               
               
                   
                 N71 
                 3335(18) 
                 3710(30) 
                 7443(17) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C81 
                 2840(20) 
                 2910(30) 
                 7690(20) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C91 
                 2060(20) 
                 3190(30) 
                 7570(20) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O101 
                 1791(14) 
                 3990(20) 
                 6979(14) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O111 
                 1545(14) 
                 2570(19) 
                 7517(13) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O121 
                 2611(15) 
                 3040(20) 
                 5991(15) 
                 25(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N131 
                 2960(20) 
                 1580(30) 
                 5167(18) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C141 
                 3111(18) 
                 1080(40) 
                 4586(19) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C151 
                 2351(16) 
                  740(20) 
                 3957(18) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C161 
                 1813(19) 
                 1630(30) 
                 3531(19) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O171 
                 1339(14) 
                 1130(20) 
                 3050(14) 
                 29(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O181 
                 2008(15) 
                 2610(20) 
                 3741(14) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O191 
                 3367(16) 
                 3590(20) 
                 5082(16) 
                 24(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N201 
                 4675(18) 
                 4560(30) 
                 5754(17) 
                 24(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C211 
                 5250(20) 
                 5350(40) 
                 6330(20) 
                 24(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C221 
                 4940(20) 
                 6620(40) 
                 6110(20) 
                 24(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O231 
                 5415(16) 
                 7310(20) 
                 6194(14) 
                 24(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O241 
                 4235(15) 
                 6690(30) 
                 5758(14) 
                 24(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O251 
                 3595(16) 
                 4870(20) 
                 6398(15) 
                 25(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C12 
                  990(30) 
                 5110(40) 
                 4200(20) 
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C22 
                 1720(20) 
                 5630(40) 
                 4090(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C32 
                 1960(20) 
                 6680(40) 
                 4510(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C42 
                 1980(20) 
                 6710(40) 
                 5250(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C52 
                 1280(30) 
                 6190(40) 
                 5380(20) 
                 28(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C62 
                 1110(20) 
                 5130(40) 
                 5040(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N72 
                 1011(18) 
                 3840(30) 
                 3971(18) 
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C82 
                  350(20) 
                 3350(30) 
                 3870(20) 
                 30(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C92 
                  520(20) 
                 2240(30) 
                 4240(20) 
                 31(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O102 
                 1292(17) 
                 2040(30) 
                 4733(17) 
                 31(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O112 
                  94(14) 
                 1470(20) 
                 4050(14) 
                 33(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O122 
                 2331(16) 
                 4770(30) 
                 4460(16) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N132 
                 2740(20) 
                 6870(30) 
                 4511(19) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C142 
                 2802(18) 
                 7240(40) 
                 3830(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C152 
                 3643(18) 
                 7320(40) 
                 3890(30) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C162 
                 4100(20) 
                 6250(40) 
                 4060(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O172 
                 4596(15) 
                 6040(20) 
                 3770(15) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O182 
                 3840(15) 
                 5400(30) 
                 4369(15) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O192 
                 2648(17) 
                 6040(30) 
                 5721(16) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N202 
                 1490(18) 
                 6050(30) 
                 6159(18) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C212 
                 1641(17) 
                 6970(40) 
                 6630(20) 
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C222 
                 2447(16) 
                 6970(30) 
                 7200(20) 
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O232 
                 2959(13) 
                 7740(20) 
                 7616(14) 
                 31(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O242 
                 2772(14) 
                 5930(30) 
                 7318(15) 
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O252 
                 1634(16) 
                 4400(20) 
                 5410(15) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 Hf25 
                 2488(1)  
                 2191(2)  
                 1454(1)  
                 26(1) 
               
               
                   
                 Hf45 
                 3437(1)  
                 1516(2)  
                 240(1) 
                 22(1) 
               
               
                   
                 Hf55 
                 2151(1)  
                 3700(2)  
                 −204(1)  
                 27(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C13 
                 3820(30) 
                 3860(40) 
                 2040(20) 
                 27(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C23 
                 3260(20) 
                 4510(40) 
                 1440(20) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C33 
                 3540(20) 
                 4950(40) 
                  820(20) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C43 
                 3970(20) 
                 3980(40) 
                  600(20) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C53 
                 4500(20) 
                 3350(40) 
                 1170(20) 
                 26(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C63 
                 4170(20) 
                 2890(40) 
                 1750(20) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N73 
                 3362(18) 
                 3330(30) 
                 2396(18) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C83 
                 2990(20) 
                 3910(30) 
                 2840(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C93 
                 2100(20) 
                 3900(30) 
                 2420(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O103 
                 1924(15) 
                 3100(20) 
                 1974(14) 
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O113 
                 1682(14) 
                 4680(20) 
                 2555(14) 
                 31(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O123 
                 2556(16) 
                 3780(30) 
                 1007(16) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N133 
                 2890(20) 
                 5220(30) 
                  163(18) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C143 
                 3220(20) 
                 5780(40) 
                 −420(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C153 
                 2530(17) 
                 6400(20) 
                 −997(18) 
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C163 
                 1940(20) 
                 5560(30) 
                 −1420(20)  
                 30(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O173 
                 1245(15) 
                 5530(20) 
                 −2004(14)  
                 31(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O183 
                 2112(15) 
                 4480(20) 
                 −1210(15)  
                 30(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O193 
                 3374(17) 
                 3220(30) 
                  116(17) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N203 
                 4680(19) 
                 2260(30) 
                  867(18) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C213 
                 5280(20) 
                 1530(40) 
                 1210(20) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C223 
                 5000(20) 
                  360(40) 
                 1020(20) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O233 
                 5448(16) 
                 −450(30) 
                 1322(14) 
                 27(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O243 
                 4262(16) 
                  240(30) 
                  674(15) 
                 27(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O253 
                 3608(16) 
                 2180(20) 
                 1368(15) 
                 26(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C14 
                 1250(30) 
                  680(40) 
                  360(20) 
                 28(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C24 
                 2000(20) 
                  240(40) 
                  330(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C34 
                 1930(20) 
                  190(40) 
                 −570(20) 
                 28(1) 
               
               
                   
                 C44 
                 1680(20) 
                 1360(40) 
                 −900(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C54 
                  990(30) 
                 1770(40) 
                 −840(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C64 
                  990(20) 
                 1820(40) 
                  −40(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N74 
                 1435(18) 
                  980(30) 
                 1219(18) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C84 
                 1745(16) 
                  −50(40) 
                 1760(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C94 
                 2581(16) 
                  110(30) 
                 2240(20) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O104 
                 2913(14) 
                  990(30) 
                 2295(15) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O114 
                 2731(13) 
                 −740(20) 
                 2541(14) 
                 28(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O124 
                 2627(17) 
                  880(30) 
                  723(16) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N134 
                 2760(20) 
                  −90(30) 
                 −435(19) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C144 
                 2810(18) 
                 −230(40) 
                 −1230(20)  
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C154 
                 3655(18) 
                 −450(30) 
                 −1110(30)  
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C164 
                 4060(20) 
                  640(30) 
                 −1010(20)  
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O174 
                 4681(15) 
                  680(20) 
                 −1105(14)  
                 30(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O184 
                 3863(15) 
                 1380(30) 
                 −636(15) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O194 
                 2373(16) 
                 2070(30) 
                 −598(15) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 N204 
                  940(18) 
                 2880(30) 
                 −1076(18)  
                 29(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C214 
                  310(20) 
                 3790(30) 
                 −1020(20)  
                 30(2) 
               
               
                   
                 C224 
                  630(20) 
                 4870(30) 
                 −660(20) 
                 31(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O234 
                  170(14) 
                 5610(20) 
                 −717(14) 
                 32(3) 
               
               
                   
                 O244 
                 1324(17) 
                 4830(30) 
                 −247(17) 
                 31(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O254 
                 1595(16) 
                 2680(20) 
                  375(15) 
                 28(2) 
               
               
                   
                 O(1W) 
                 4675(15) 
                 7740(20) 
                  449(14) 
                 20(6) 
               
               
                   
                 O(2W) 
                 5320(20) 
                 4220(40) 
                 4520(20) 
                  71(14) 
               
               
                   
                 O(3W) 
                 6722(19) 
                 3660(30) 
                 4425(19) 
                  51(10) 
               
               
                   
                 O(4W) 
                 3170(20) 
                 7950(30) 
                  500(20) 
                  56(10) 
               
               
                   
                 O(5W) 
                 5510(30) 
                 5240(60) 
                 2640(20) 
                 106(19) 
               
               
                   
                 O(6W) 
                 5934(14) 
                 3020(20) 
                 2889(15) 
                 46(7) 
               
               
                   
                 O(7W) 
                 4230(20) 
                 6670(30) 
                 2225(16) 
                  60(11) 
               
               
                   
                 O(8W) 
                  81(19) 
                 9560(30) 
                 2820(20) 
                  69(10) 
               
               
                   
                 O(9W) 
                 8740(50) 
                 4930(60) 
                 4520(60) 
                 70(8) 
               
               
                   
                 O(10W) 
                 7840(30) 
                 4890(40) 
                 4300(40) 
                 70(8) 
               
               
                   
                 O(11W) 
                  720(20) 
                 9290(30) 
                 4730(30) 
                 36(9) 
               
               
                   
                 O(12W) 
                  400(40) 
                 8690(50) 
                 4470(40) 
                 36(9) 
               
               
                   
                 O(13W) 
                 7270(20) 
                 4640(30) 
                 3270(20) 
                 71(8) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 11 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidadha) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(1-hydroxy-3-hydroxylato-3κO-propan-2-yl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium (IV) 
       [0250]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 11a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(1,3-dihydroxy-propan-2-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate 
       [0251]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0252]    tbcada (1 g, 1.48 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (40 mL). Acetic acid (339 μL), dihydroxyacetone (267 mg, 2.96 mmol) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (330 μL, 2.22 mmol) were successively added. The reaction was stirred for 3 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 40% B to 80% B in 9 minutes; UV detection at 258 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized and yielded 560 mg (50%) of the title compound. 
         [0253]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.18-1.40 (m, 18H) 3.06-3.24 (m, 1H) 3.31-3.67 (m, 13H) 4.12 (br. s., 1H) 4.48-4.74 (m, 8H) 7.15-7.46 (m, 15H) ppm. 
         [0254]    MS (ESI + ): m/z=791 {M+H} +   
       Example 11b 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)amino]-cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 2 tacidadha) 
       [0255]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0256]    637 mg Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6a)]-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-5-[(1,3-di-hydroxypropan-2-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 70 mL) and heated to reflux for 4 hours and then stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to dryness, to yield 450 mg (71%) of the title compound H 2 tacidadha.3HCl. 
         [0257]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=3.72-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.87 (t, 2H), 3.92 (dd, 1H), 3.89-4.02 (m, 3H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.76-4.81 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0258]      13 C-NMR (101 Mhz, D 2 O, pH*=0) 6=47.8, 57.7, 59.7, 60.8, 61.3, 66.3, 66.5, 171.0 ppm. 
         [0259]    MS (ESI+): m/z=368 {H 2 tacidadha+H}+ 
       Example 11c 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -5-[(1-hydroxy-3-hydroxylato-3κO-propan-2-yl)amino-3κN 5 ]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino-1κN1,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadha) 2 ] 
       [0260]    To a solution of 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-[(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (250 mg) in water (10 mL) was added hafnium(IV)chloride (251 mg). The pH was adjusted to 7.3 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The reaction vessel were sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 45 minutes at 140° C. and then again for 3 h at the same temperature. The turbid reaction mixture was filtrated and an ultrafiltration of the still turbid filtrate through a 500 da membrane was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water. The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 450 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated two times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 200 mL was lyophilized and yielded 225 mg (27%) the title compound [Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadha) 2 ]. 
         [0261]    MS (ESI + ): m/z=1260 {[Hf 3 (H −3 tacidadp) 2 ]+H} + . 
       Example 12 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidaethru) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(3,4-dihydroxy-1-hydroxylato-3κO-butan-2-yl)amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-tri hydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}-diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) 
       [0262]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 12 a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-5-[(1,3,4-trihydroxy-butan-2-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate 
       [0263]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0264]    L-(+)Erythrulose (267 mg, 2.2 mmol) was dissolved in methanol/toluene (1:3, 40 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was re-dissolved in methanol/toluene (1:3, 40 mL) and conccentated in vacuo. To the dried L-(+)erythrulose was added tbcada (500 mg, 0.74 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL). Acetic acid (111 μL) and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (165 μL, 1.11 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred for 4 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 30% B to 70% B in 9 minutes; UV detection at 258 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized, to yield 177 mg (31%) of the title compound. 
         [0265]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.29-1.33 (m, 18H) 2.82-2.91 (m, 1H) 3.32-3.60 (m, 18H) 4.56-4.66 (m, 6H) 7.23-7.36 (m, 15H) ppm. 
         [0266]    MS (ESI + ): m/z=780 {M+ H }+. 
       Example 12b 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-Tri hydroxy-5-[(1,3,4-tri hydroxypropan-2-yl)-amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidaethruCl 3 ) 
       [0267]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0268]    Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-5-[(1,3,4-trihydroxy-butan-2-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (72 mg) was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 50 mL) and heated to reflux for 4 hours, and then at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The solution was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in water and passed through DOWEX 50X2 resin. The column was washed with water (250 mL) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (250 mL) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (250 mL). The eluent was removed and the solid dried in vacuo, to yield 72 mg of the title compound H 2 tacidaethru.3HCl. 
         [0269]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=3,74 (m, 1H), 3.87 (t, 2H), 3.92 (dd, 2H), 3.98-4.02 (m, 3H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.78 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0270]    MS (ESI + ): m/z=398 {[H 2 tacidaethru]+H} +   
       Example 13 [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahgb) 2 ] 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(1-carboxylato-3κO-3-hydroxypropan-1-yl)-amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}-diimino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) 
       [0271]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 13 a 
     Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2-oxotetrahydro-furan-3-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate 
       [0272]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0273]    tbcada (1.0 g, 1.48 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) and to this solution was added diisopropylethylamine (389 μl, 2.22 mmol) and α-bromo-γ-butyrolactone (274 μL, 2.96 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 2 days at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified via preparative HPLC (C18 column, solvent: water+0.1 wt % formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B); gradient: from 30% B for 4 mins and then a gradient to 70% B in 9 minutes; UV detection at 258 nm). The combined product fractions were lyophilized, to yield 733 mg (65%) of the title compound. 
         [0274]      1 H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=1.36-1.37 (m, 18H) 1.91-1.98 (m, 1H) 3.29-3.40 (m, 4H) 3.60-3.61 (m, 2H) 3.85-3.89 (m, 1H) 4.01-4.09 (m, 1H) 4.25-4.29 (dt, 1H) 4.54-4.72 (m, 6H) 7.28-7.43 (m, 15H) ppm. 
         [0275]    MS (ESI + ): m/z=760 {M+H} +   
       Example 13 b 
     2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (H 5 tacidablCl 3 ) 
       [0276]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0277]    Di-tert-butyl 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-2,4,6-tris[benzyloxy]-5-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetate (700 mg, 0.92 mmol) was suspended in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 70 mL) and heated to reflux for 4 h. After cooling, the solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h and then was evaporated to dryness, the remaining solid dissolved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sorbed on DOWEX 50. The column was washed with water (0.5 L) and 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (500 mL) and the product was eluted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (500 mL). The eluent was removed and the solid dried in vacuo to yield 429 mg (96%) of the title compound H 2 tacidabl 3HCl. 
         [0278]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 O, pH*=0): δ=2.56-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.91-3.00 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.96 (m, 3H), 4.23 (br, 4H), 4.45-4.54 (m, 1H), 3.68 (t, 1H) 4.76-4.84 (m, 4H), ppm. 
         [0279]    MS (ESI + ) m/z=378 {m+H} +   
       Example 13 c 
     Bis[μ 3 -2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]-5-[(1-carboxylato-3κO-3-hydroxypropan-1-yl)-amino-3κN 5 ]-2,4,6-trihydroxylato-1κ 2 O 2 O 6 ,2κ 2 O 2 O 4 ,3κ 2 O 4 O 6 -cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}di-imino-1κN 1 ,2κN 3 )diacetato-1κO,2κO′]trihafnium(IV) [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahgb) 2 ] 
       [0280]    To a solution of 2,2′-({[1R-(1α,2α,3α,4α,5α,6α)]2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)amino]cyclohexane-1,3-diyl}diimino)diacetic acid trihydrochloride (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in water (10 mL) was added hafnium(IV)chloride (224 mg, 0.70 mmol). The pH was adjusted to 7.3 by addition of aqueous ammonia (33%) and water was added to reach a total volume of 30 mL. The reaction vessel was sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor for 45 minutes at 140° C. and then again for 3 h at the same temperature. The turbid reaction mixture was filtrated and an ultrafiltration of the still turbid filtrate through a 500 da membrane was repeated 3 times by addition of desalted water. The retentate was collected, diluted to a total volume of 450 mL and passed through a 3000 da ultrafiltration membrane while dilution of the retentate was repeated two times. The combined 3000 da filtrates were concentrated in vacuum while a final volume of 200 mL was lyophilized and yielded 30 mg the title compound [Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahgb) 2 ]. 
         [0281]    MS (ESI + ): m/z=1336 {[Hf 3 (H −4 tacidahgb) 2 ]+Na} +   
       Example 14 
     Stability of Bis Azainositol Hafnium Complexes 
       [0282]    The stability of bis azainositol hafnium complexes was determined in aqueous, buffered solution at pH 7.4. The solution containing 5 mmol/L of the compound in a tightly sealed vessel was heated to 121° C. for 45 minutes in a steam autoclave. The hafnium concentration of the solution was determined by ICP-OES before and after heat treatment. The integrity of the compound was determined by HPLC analysis before and after heat treatment. Absolute stability was calculated as the ratio of the peak area of the compound after and before the heat treatment multiplied with the ratio of the metal concentration of the solution after and before heat treatment. 
         [0000]    HPLC system:
 
Column 1: Reversed phase C18.
 
       Column 2: ZIC®-HILIC. 
       [0283]    Solvent A1: 0.5 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate pH 6
 
Solvent A2: 0.1% formic acid in water
 
Solvent B1: methanol
 
Solvent B2: acetonitrile
 
         [0284]    The use of columns, solvents, flow rate and gradients is detailed in the table below. Detector: element specific detection by ICP-MS, running at m/z 180, the most abundant isotope of hafnium 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 Chromatographic conditions 
               
             
          
           
               
                 No 
                 Stability 
                 Column 
                 Solvent A 
                 Solvent B 
                 Gradient 
                 Flow 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 100% 
                 1 
                 A1 
                 B1 
                 0-100% B1 in 10 min 
                   1 mL/min 
               
               
                 2 
                 100% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                  50-0% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                 3 
                 100% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                 60-15% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                 4 
                 99% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                 60-15% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                 5 
                 101% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                 60-15% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                 6 
                 101% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                 60-15% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                 7 
                 100% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                 60-15% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                 8 
                 100% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                 60-15% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                 10 
                 101% 
                 2 
                 A2 
                 B2 
                 60-15% B2 in 10 min 
                 0.8 mL/min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 15 
     CT-Imaging Using Bis Azainositol Hafnium Complexes as X-Ray Diagnostic Agent 
       [0285]    An animal study was performed in rabbits (n=4, White New Zealand, 3 kg) which were implanted a VX2-tumor in the liver 3 weeks before imaging started. The animals were anaesthetized using Rompun/Ketavet i.m. injection. They were placed in supine position in the central bore of a human phantom mimicking the X-ray absorption of a normal human abdomen. The CT-scan range was adjusted to the abdomen (liver to kidney). The CT imaging parameters were based on a standard clinical multiphase abdomen protocol (120 kV, 154 mAs, 11.1 mGy). 
         [0286]    The CT imaging protocol started together with the injection of an aqueous solution containing 300 mg Hf/mL of Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2  (example 7). Five mL of the contrast agent solution followed by 10 ml saline were injected at 1.5 mL/s in the ear vein using a CT-power injector. This resulted in a contrast agent dose of 500 mg Hf/kg. The CT-imaging start was triggered by the bolus tracking technique (threshold=50 HU, delay time=2 s) using a ROI at the top of the descending aorta. The animal was then moved into the CT during the scan with a table feed of 3.8 cm/s (pitch=1) in cranial-caudal direction following the bolus down in the body (see  FIG. 1 ). 60 s post injection the contrast agent had distributed in the extracellular space of the major organs and cross sectional images of the liver and the embedded tumor were acquired (see  FIG. 2 ). 
         [0287]    The X-ray absorption of Hf 3 (H −3 tacidpma) 2  in the arterial tree is demonstrated (see  FIG. 1 ). The signal intensity of the vessels allows the clear delineation of very fine vessels in the liver, kidney or lung. The tumor is clearly visible as an area with low signal intensity and clearly defined margins within the enhanced liver (see  FIG. 2 ).