Abstract:
An image display apparatus includes a light valve for controlling at least the intensity of light projected along an optical path from a light source through the light valve. The light valve has a plurality of light transmitting elements at least the translucency of each of which may be adjusted periodically such that the translucency of each element is substantially constant except during intervals within which the translucency is being adjusted. A shutter is provided to obstruct the light path through at least one of the light transmitting elements during intervals within which the translucency of the element is being adjusted.

Description:
This application is the US national phase of international application PCT/GB00/02729 filed 14 Jul. 2000, which designated the US. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to an image display apparatus comprising a light valve. 
   2. Related Art 
   In general terms, a light valve is a device which has light transmission or reflection characteristics that can be made to vary with an applied electrical quantity. Liquid crystal display (LCD) panels are one example of a well known device used as a light valve in image display systems within a wide range of equipment. LCD panels are passive (do not generate light) and must be illuminated by an external light source. For instance, conventional LCD panels may either be back lit with a dedicated light source or may be reflective relying on ambient light for illumination. LCD panels have also been developed for use as light valves in image projection systems. 
   A typical LCD panel comprises a matrix array of liquid crystal cells each of which constitutes a single pixel of the displayed image. The image displayed is determined by the state of each cell which is controlled by appropriate electrical drivers applied to individual columns and lines of cells in the matrix. Typically video data is supplied to column drivers and each line of the panel (and thus the image) is updated in sequence by line drivers. The time duration required to update a single line is referred to as the line period and the time duration between successive updates of any given line is referred to as a frame period. The individual liquid crystal cell settings of each line remain fixed during a frame period so that each line acts as a light valve and the image displayed is flicker free. 
   A well known problem affecting conventional LCDs is the “smearing” of images, or portions of an image, which move rapidly across the display. For instance, the most widely used form of liquid crystal cell is the twist nematic cell which has a typical response period which falls in the range of 10 to 40 milliseconds. In contrast, video display screens conventionally operate at around 50 Hz thus having a frame period of the order of 20 milliseconds. As the frame period approaches or exceeds the LCD cell response time, visible artefacts, such as loss of contrast of the leading edge and smear of the trailing edge of a moving image element, are introduced into the display with a resultant loss of dynamic resolution. 
   One known method of combating this problem is to operate the LCD panel at an elevated temperature to reduce the viscosity of the liquid crystal and thereby reduce response time. An improvement of about 30% of the cell response time can be obtained in this way but care has to be taken to ensure temperatures do not exceed the liquid crystal stability limit above which the panel may cease to work. 
   An alternative approach to combating resolution problems is to apply an over voltage to the liquid crystal of the LCD panel. This approach however improves only the response time between grey levels and has no effect on the smearing from black to white and vice versa. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY 
   It is an object of the present exemplary embodiments to provide an image display apparatus which obviates or mitigates the above disadvantages. 
   According to the present embodiments there is provided an image display apparatus comprising a light valve for controlling at least the intensity of light projected along an optical path from a light source through the light valve, the light valve defining a plurality of light transmitting elements at least the translucency of each of which may be adjusted periodically such that the translucency of each element is substantially constant except during intervals within which the translucency is being adjusted, wherein a shutter is provided to obstruct the light path through at least one of the light transmitting elements during intervals within which the translucency of the element is being adjusted. 
   The apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiments uses one or more shutters to decrease the effective display response time and hence improve the quality of display, enabling display of an image with moving high contrast elements without smear. Further details of the manner in which this is achieved, and further advantageous features will be apparent from the following description. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of an image projection system in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a conventional LCD panel such as maybe incorporated in the projector of the projection system of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a graphical illustration of the updating scheme for the lines of the LCD panel of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 4  is a graphical illustration of the effects of the response delay of a liquid crystal cell of the LCD panel of  FIG. 2 ; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates operation of the shutter of  FIG. 1  on the output of a single liquid crystal cell of the LCD panel; 
       FIG. 6  graphically illustrates the effect of the shutter operation on successive lines of an LCD display panel; 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of a shutter assembly of a second embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 8  is a graphical illustration of the operation of the shutter assembly of  FIG. 7 ; and 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic illustration of a projection system in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention; and 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , the illustrated projection system is a back projection system comprising an LCD projector and lens system  1 , a back projection screen  2 , and a fast acting shutter  3  mounted in the image projection path between the projector  1  and screen  2 . The projector  1  may be a conventional projector comprising a conventional LCD panel and lens system. The shutter  3 , which may for example be a Ferro-electric crystal cell or a Pi-cell, is included in accordance with the present invention to address the LCD resolution limitations mentioned above. Operation of the shutter  3  is described in more detail further below. 
   A conventional LCD panel which may be incorporated in the projector  1  is schematically illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The panel  4  comprises a rectangular matrix array of liquid crystal cells arranged in lines and columns (not illustrated). Video data is supplied to each cell by the application of a voltage to each respective column of cells by a column driver  5 . Similarly, line data is provided to each cell of successive lines of the matrix array by a line driver  6 . Since the LCD panel and its operation may be entirely conventional further details of that operation not be given here. 
   As mentioned above, each line of liquid crystal cells is updated in sequence once every frame period, the time it takes to update each line being a line period. This image updating scheme is graphically illustrated in  FIG. 3  which shows how the frame period of each successive line in the display is offset from the previous line by one line period. 
   A typical transmission response of an individual LCD cell is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Referring to  FIG. 4 , line  7  is the desired cell response over time illustrating that the cell is required to switch sharply from low to high transmission states (and vice versa) at the beginning and end of a time interval of one or more frame periods. The actual response of a typical cell to the control input corresponding to line  7  is illustrated by line  8 . This shows that when the cell is set to transmit a high light level, the cell transmission initially increases with time and thus approaches the desired level asymptotically. Similarly, at the end of the time interval when the cell is “turned off”, the cell transmission level does not drop instantly to zero but falls to zero asymptotically. These delays in the cell response produce visible artefacts in the pixel displayed by the cell, resulting in a “soft” leading edge and a “tail” at the trailing edge degrading the displayed picture and reducing the dynamic resolution compared with static resolution. 
   The deleterious effects of the response delay of the pixel of  FIG. 4  may be eliminated, and the effective response time decreased, in accordance with the present invention, by appropriate operation of the shutter  3 . That is, by opening the shutter during the pixel steady state, and closing the shutter during the asymptotic response periods, the asymptotic response regions are not displayed. Such an effect of the shutter operation on the single liquid crystal cell of  FIG. 4  is illustrated by  FIG. 5 . Lines  7  and  8  once again represent the desired and actual cell responses respectively over a time interval (which for simplicity may be regarded as a single frame period). Line  9  illustrates operation of the shutter which is opened for only a part of the frame period corresponding to the steady state of the actual cell response. Since light will only be transmitted by the cell when the shutter is open, line  10  illustrates the actual output of the cell, i.e. the projected pixel, as a result of the shutter operation. This shows how the asymptotic regions of the cell response are eliminated from the projected pixel and the response time is effectively decreased. 
   It will be apparent that there will be an overall reduction in the light output by the cell due to closure of the shutter. The light output verses image resolution can be adjusted by appropriate control of the shutter open and closed periods. 
   Optimisation of the shutter operation for an LCD panel is complicated by the fact that the frame period of each successive line is offset by one line period from the previous line. The operation of the shutter on a simple eight line LCD panel is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
   In  FIG. 6  the time period indicated as t 1  is the shutter open period and the time period indicated as t 2  is the shutter closed period, the combination t 1  plus t 2  being equal to the frame period. The time period indicated as d 1  is the delay between initiation of the first line period and the opening of the shutter. It will be seen from  FIG. 6  that with the illustrated shutter timing scheme the LCD line numbers  3 ,  4  and  5  will be sharpened for dynamic images whereas lines  1 ,  2 ,  6 ,  7  and  8  will not. As mentioned above, the overall brightness of the displayed image will be reduced, the reduction in pixel brightness being t 1 /(t 1 +t 2 ) for each pixel compared with the output that would be achieved without the shutter. 
   Increasing t 1  without changing the delay d 1  will increase the brightness of the image but will mean that line  3  (at least) will not be sharpened. Conversely, reducing t 1  will add other lines (firstly line  2  and then line  1 , depending on the amount of reduction) to the sharpened image at the expense of further reducing the overall image brightness. Thus, it is possible to trade off the image brightness against the number of lines sharpened. Furthermore, by varying the delay d 1  it is possible to adjust which group of lines will actually be sharpened. Non-sharpened lines are decreased in brightness but otherwise are not affected. 
   Although, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , with a single shutter it would not be possible to sharpen all lines of a practical LCD display without reducing the brightness to an unacceptable level, simply improving the sharpness of some lines will be sufficient to effectively remove the visible smear of moving elements of the displayed image. It will be appreciated that with operation of the shutter the image will no longer be flicker free. However, the critical flicker frequency of a displayed image is a well understood phenomenon, and the frame period and display brightness can be selected so as to be within acceptable levels for the display operational requirements. 
   It is possible to increase the number of sharpened lines without reducing overall image brightness by replacing the single shutter of the above described embodiment of the invention, with multiple shutters (or a single shutter comprising multiple elements), each operating on only a portion of the displayed image.  FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of a shutter assembly comprising three horizontal shutter elements. If the shutter is mounted so that each element is horizontal and aligned with the display lines then each element of the shutter will affect only a limited number of lines.  FIG. 8  is an illustration of how a three element shutter such as that illustrated in  FIG. 7  could be used to sharpen all of the lines of an eight line display. In the illustrated arrangement the top element  11  of to the shutter affects lines  1  and  2 , the middle  12  element affects lines  3 ,  4  and  5 , and the bottom element  13  affects lines  7  and  8 . In each case the shutter open period (t 1 ) is the same but the open period for successive horizontal shutter elements is delayed by a time corresponding to the frame period divided by the number of horizontal elements (i.e. three). 
   Clearly the number of shutter elements can be increased and the relative timing of the shutter open periods adjusted accordingly. 
   With a multi element shutter arrangement it would be undesirable to have a display line falling on the junction between two adjacent elements of the shutter which would result in that display line having a longer or shorter display time than the majority of lines in the display. This can be avoided by positioning to the shutter at the image plane. A practical arrangement of such a projector system is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . With the system of  FIG. 9 , an LCD projector  14  and associated relay lens  15  produce an intermediate image on a shutter  16  positioned in an intermediate image plane. A field lens  17  adjacent the image plane, and a projection  18  lens relay the image passing through the shutter onto a back projection screen  19 . In practice, if the shutter is positioned at the image plane then the structure of the shutter will be imposed on the projected image so that it is desirable to displace the shutter slightly from the image plane (as is normally done with the field lens for the same reason). 
   It will be appreciated that in describing the invention reference has been made to a simple eight line LCD panel but that in practice the LCD panel will have many more lines. Similarly, a multi element shutter such as that illustrated in  FIG. 8  may have only two elements, or more than the three elements illustrated. 
   It will also be appreciated that the invention is not limited in application to any particular type of light valve or LCD panel, or any particular type of image display system. For instance, the display system need not be a back projection system or indeed a projection display system at all. Rather, the invention can be utilised in other display systems incorporating a light valve such as, for instance, a liquid crystal display. 
   Other possible modifications of the above described embodiments of the invention will be readily apparent to the appropriately skilled person.