Abstract:
A memory array includes a plurality of bit lines and a plurality of word lines, a gate region, and a charge trapping layer. The charge trapping layer is wider than a word line; the charge trapping layer is extended beyond the edge of the gate region to facilitate capturing and removing charges.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    Embodiments in accordance with the present invention generally relate to semiconductor devices such as flash memories. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    One type of non-volatile integrated circuit memory (e.g., flash memory) employs floating gate memory cells. Another type of flash memory cell uses charge trapping memory cells. In a charge trapping memory cell, a charge trapping region can be charged (programmed) and discharged (erased) to store a respective bit value. 
         [0003]    An array of memory cells includes a number of word lines formed on a substrate. The word lines are separated from each other by a spacer made of a dielectric material. A problem with conventional charge trapping memory cells is that, when they are erased, charges will become trapped in the spacer material instead of moving to the substrate. As a result, source/drain regions in the substrate may become partially depleted, increasing resistance and consequently increasing the voltage drops across those regions and across the memory array. 
         [0004]    A solution that addresses the issues discussed above would thus be beneficial. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, a memory array includes a plurality of bit lines and a plurality of word lines. Each of the word lines includes a charge trapping layer. The charge trapping layer is wider than a word line; the charge trapping layer is extended beyond the edge of the gate region to facilitate capturing and removing charges. As a result, depletion in source/drain regions is reduced, resistance is reduced, and hence the voltage drop along word lines and across the memory array is reduced. 
         [0006]    These and other objects and advantages of the various embodiments of the present invention and their advantages will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the embodiments that are illustrated in the various drawing figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention: 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  illustrates a portion of a memory array according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  represents a cross-sectional view of a portion of a memory array with extended charge trapping regions according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  also is a cross-sectional view but shows the movement of charges within a memory array with extended charge trapping regions according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart showing selected steps for fabricating a memory array with extended charge trapping regions according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 5 and 6  are cross-sectional views showing portions of a memory array at various stages of the fabrication process according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0013]    The drawings referred to in this description should be understood as not being drawn to scale except if specifically noted. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]    Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with these embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention. 
         [0015]    Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented in terms of procedures, logic blocks, processes, and other symbolic representations of operations for fabricating semiconductor devices. These descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the art of semiconductor device fabrication to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. In the present application, a procedure, logic block, process, or the like, is conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present application, discussions utilizing terms such as “coating,” “depositing,” “etching,” “fabricating,” “implanting,” “cleaning,” “growing,” or the like, refer to actions and processes of semiconductor device fabrication. 
         [0016]    It is understood that the figures are not drawn to scale, and only portions of the structures depicted, as well as the various layers that form those structures, are shown. 
         [0017]      FIG. 1  illustrates a portion of a memory array  100 , showing a number of bit lines  10 ,  11 ,  12 , and  13 , and a number of word lines  20 ,  21 ,  22 , and  23 . The word lines cross but are not in contact with the bit lines. The bit lines are essentially parallel to each other, and the word lines are essentially parallel to each other and perpendicular to the bit lines. Memory cells lie at the crossing points of the bit lines and word lines. The memory array  100  may be used in a charge trapping memory device (e.g., a flash memory device). A charge trapping device may also be referred to as a charge trapping NAND device or NAND flash. 
         [0018]    Shallow trench isolation (STI) regions isolate the bit lines from one another. A source/drain (SD) region is situated along (beneath) each bit line and between each pair of adjacent word lines. 
         [0019]      FIG. 2  represents a cross-sectional view of a portion of the memory array  100 , taken along axis A-A in  FIG. 1 . A cross-sectional view of two word lines (e.g., word lines  20  and  21 ) is shown. Not all layers and structures are necessarily shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0020]    In the example of  FIG. 2 , a source/drain (SD) region  201  is formed in the substrate  203 . The substrate  203  may be a silicon substrate, and the SD region  201  may be doped with n-type dopant. 
         [0021]    Using word line  20  as an example, each word line includes a gate region  205  formed adjacent to a charge trapping region  207 . In one embodiment, the gate region  205  is formed using polysilicon. A spacer  209  is on one side of the gate region  205 , and a spacer  211  is on the other side of the gate region. The spacers  209  and  211  can be formed using a dielectric material. 
         [0022]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , the charge trapping region  207  includes a first oxide layer  221 , a second oxide layer  222 , and a nitride layer  223  that is sandwiched between the first and second oxide layers. The nitride layer  223  may also be referred to as a charge trapping layer. The charge trapping region  207  may also be referred to as an ONO (oxide-nitride-oxide) layer. 
         [0023]    Significantly, the nitride layer  223  extends beyond the outer edges of the gate region  205 . Generally speaking, the charge trapping region  207 , including the oxide layers  221  and  222  and the nitride layer  223 , extends beyond the outer edges of the gate region  205 . In one embodiment, the charge trapping region  207  extends to the outer edges of the spacers  209  and  211 . From another perspective, the word lines  20  and  21  are separated by a distance D, but the charge trapping region  207  and the charge trapping region  217  (for word line  21 ) are separated by a distance less than D. 
         [0024]    Additional dielectric material  225  is deposited between the spacers  209  and  211 , essentially filling the gap between the word lines  20  and  21 . 
         [0025]      FIG. 3  also is a cross-sectional view of the word lines  20  and  21  but shows the movement of charges (electrons) within the illustrated portion of a memory array. Electrons are collected by the charge trapping region  207  and removed by FN (Fowler-Nordheim) tunneling during erase. 
         [0026]    Importantly, because the charge trapping region  207  extends beyond the edges of the gate region  205 , electrons that travel through the edges of the gate region  205  can be captured in the charge trapping region instead of in a spacer. In a conventional device, the regions labeled  310  and  311  would be part of the spacers  209  and  211 ; that is, in a conventional device, spacer material would occupy the regions  310  and  311 . However, according to embodiments of the invention, the regions  310  and  311  are occupied by the extended charge trapping (ONO) region  207 . 
         [0027]    Thus, compared to conventional devices, more charges are trapped within the charge trapping region  207 . As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , electrons that conventionally would be trapped in spacer material are instead captured by the extended length of the charge trapping region  207 . As a consequence, more trapped charges are advantageously conducted to the channel and erased instead of remaining trapped in the spacer material. Thus, depletion in the SD region  201  is reduced, contact resistance is reduced, and therefore the drive-current drop across the SD region is reduced. The contact resistance can accumulate from one cell to the next along a bit line and can cause sensing errors with insufficient drive current during read operations. Therefore, by reducing the charge trap-up in the charge trapping region across each memory cell, the total contact resistance along bit lines is also reduced. Reducing the contact resistance ensures normal sensing current during memory read-out operations. 
         [0028]    Extending the charge trapping region  207  as just described provides additional benefits as the size of memory devices is reduced. For example, by extending the charge trapping region, the n+ junctions (e.g., SD region  201 ) remain separated in smaller devices. 
         [0029]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart  400  showing selected steps for fabricating a memory array with extended charge trapping regions according to an embodiment of the present invention. Other fabrication processes and steps may be performed along with the processes and steps discussed herein; that is, there may be a number of processes and steps before, in between, and/or after the steps shown and described herein. Importantly, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in conjunction with these other processes and steps without significantly perturbing them. Generally speaking, the various embodiments of the present invention can replace portions of a conventional process without significantly affecting peripheral processes and steps. 
         [0030]    In block  401 , with reference also to  FIG. 5 , a first oxide layer  501 , a nitride layer  502 , and a second oxide layer  503  are deposited on a substrate  203 . Polysilicon is then deposited, and then portions of the polysilicon are selectively etched away (e.g., using appropriately placed masks) to form the gate regions (e.g., the gate region  205 ). A dry etch that stops at the second oxide layer  503  may be used. 
         [0031]    In block  402 , in one embodiment, oxide layers  505  are grown on the sides of the gate regions. 
         [0032]    In block  403 , spacer material is deposited. With reference also to  FIG. 6 , the spacer material, the second oxide layer, the nitride layer, and the first oxide layer are selectively etch away (e.g., using a dry etch) to form spacers (e.g., the spacers  209  and  211 ) and the extended charge trapping regions (e.g., the charge trapping region  207 ). 
         [0033]    In block  404 , in one embodiment, oxide layers  601  are grown on the ends of the charge trapping regions. Specifically, oxide layers are grown on the ends of the charge trapping (nitride) layers  223 . 
         [0034]    In block  405 , an ion implant (e.g., an n+ dopant) is deposited into the gaps between adjacent spacers to form junctions (e.g., the SD region  201 ). 
         [0035]    In block  406 , a dielectric film is deposited to fill the gap between the spacers of adjacent word lines. (In the example of  FIG. 6 , the ion implant is performed before the dielectric film is deposited.) The deposited film can be etched back to form the structure shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0036]    As mentioned, other processes can be performed before, in addition to, and after the various steps just described. 
         [0037]    In summary, embodiments according to the present invention advantageously introduce an extended charge trapping region that facilitates programming and erasing in memory devices such as flash memory devices. 
         [0038]    The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.