Abstract:
The circuit includes a motion detector including a first device for producing pixel motion signals, which have a first state for each pixel which is found to have moved and a second state for each pixel which is found to have been stationary, and a second device for correcting the pixel motion signals in order to produce motion values in such a manner that a state of a pixel which differs from matching states of adjacent pixels is ignored.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a circuit for frame rate (field repetition frequency) conversion in a video signal reproduction device using a motion-adaptive method, having a motion detector for producing motion values of pixels by means of which a device for switching the field sequence with the frame rate being doubled can be actuated. 
     Circuits of this type are generally used for doubling the field repetition frequency of 50 or 60 Hz in television sets in order in this way to reduce the large-area flickering and to produce a picture which is smoother overall. 
     For frame rate conversion, a distinction is drawn between static methods on the one hand and motion-adaptive and/or motion-compensating methods on the other hand. 
     In a static method, the two fields A and B are duplicated and, as shown in  FIG. 7 , are reproduced either successively (AABB,  FIG. 7   a ) or interleaved (ABAB,  FIG. 7   b ). AABB reproduction has the disadvantage that, although very good motion representation is feasible, edge flickering cannot be reduced in this way, however. In comparison to this, it is possible using the ABAB raster sequence, which in practice means duplication of the frame, to reduce edge flickering in stationary pictures. However, this type of reproduction will not cope with moving pictures. 
     Furthermore, static methods as shown in  FIG. 8  are known which operate with an AA*B*B raster sequence, with the A* and B* fields being calculated using linear or nonlinear methods. For example, the use of median filters is known for this purpose, using which the fields (A*) n  and (B*) n  are produced by interpolation of the fields A n  and B n , and B n  and A n+1 , respectively. 
     Motion-adaptive and motion-compensating methods differ from static methods by using a motion detector and/or a motion estimator block. The appropriate field interleaving is illustrated in principle in FIG.  9 . The motion detector block produces only information about the presence of motion in the picture, while the motion estimator block also determines information about the magnitude and direction of the motion. This information can be used in various ways to improve the frame rate conversion. For example, it is possible to switch between the two static methods mentioned above on a pixel or frame basis, depending on this information. 
     However, a disadvantage of all these methods is the fact that they are highly complex, particularly if motion-dependent switching between the various raster or field sequences and interpolation are intended to be carried out. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a circuit of the type mentioned initially using which considerably better picture quality, particularly for moving pictures, can be achieved in a relatively simple manner. 
     This object achieved by a circuit of the type mentioned initially in which the motion detector comprises a first device for producing pixel motion signals, which have a first state for each pixel which is found to have moved and a second state for each pixel which is found to have been stationary, and has a second device by means of which the pixel motion signals are corrected in order to produce motion values in such a manner that a state which differs from matching states of adjacent pixels is ignored. 
     Particular advantages of this solution are that there is no need for any feedback of the motion values calculated for a previous frame. Furthermore, there is no need for the multiplier which is generally required for the combination of methods with different field sequences, since a simple changeover switch can be actuated by the motion values produced according to the invention. Furthermore, the correction of the pixel motion signals according to the invention results in the production of motion values using which even rapid motion of small objects can be detected and taken into account. 
     The contents of the dependent claims cover advantageous developments of the invention. 
     According to these dependent claims, in order to determine the first or second state, the first device preferably has units for producing controlled characteristics for assessment of field differences as a function of line differences, with the motion sensitivity being increased if the line differences are small, and the motion sensitivity being reduced if the line differences are large. 
     Furthermore, the first device preferably has circuit units for forming line and field differences, with the field differences being assessed by the units for producing controlled characteristics to each of which the line differences are applied and being mapped onto 1-bit signals, and these 1-bit signals being logically combined by means of an OR gate in order to produce the pixel motion signals. 
     The production of a 1-bit control signal makes it possible to switch in a simple manner between two different field sequences for each pixel. 
     Furthermore, the second device preferably comprises a first circuit unit for processing the motion signals of each pixel in such a manner that the first state is changed to the second state if the motion signals of all the adjacent pixels are in the second state, with a previously corrected state being used for the processing of a subsequent pixel. 
     This results in two-dimensional correction of the pixel motion signals using plausibility criteria, and homogenization of picture areas by erasing and filling motion values, and this leads to a further improvement in the picture quality. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Further details, features and advantages of the invention result from the following description or a preferred embodiment with reference to the drawing, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a circuit according to the invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of a first device in the circuit according to the invention; 
         FIG. 3  shows a block diagram of components of the first device; 
         FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of further components of the first device; 
         FIG. 5  shows a block diagram of a second device in the circuit according to the invention; 
         FIGS. 6   a  to  6   h  show pixel corrections to illustrate the production of motion values according to the invention; 
         FIGS. 7   a, b  show various known raster sequences, using which fields are displayed by means of a static method in order to double the frame rate; 
         FIG. 8  shows production and display of interpolated fields using a static method; and 
         FIG. 9  shows production and display of fields using a motion-adaptive and/or motion-compensating method. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is based on the knowledge that particularly good picture quality can be achieved if a motion detector provides pixel information about the motion state of a pixel, and this information is used for switching between two different methods, which are each optimized for the motion state. This is particularly appropriate if the stationary picture parts are displayed using a raster sequence (field sequence) ABAB, and the moving picture parts are displayed using the raster sequence AA*B*, as in the explanation in the introduction. Corresponding pixel-dependent switching allows the advantages of both reproduction types to be combined. 
       FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a circuit according to the invention. The circuit comprises a first field memory  1 , a second field memory  2  connected in series with it and a motion detector  3 . The motion detector comprises a first device  31  for producing pixel motion signals, and a second device  32  for producing motion values from them. 
     The field signals which are applied to the input of the circuit are buffer-stored in the first and the second field memories  31 ,  32  and are supplied as a first, a second and a third field A, B, C, which follow one another, to the first device  31  in the motion detector  3 . 
     The first device  31  is used to carry out filtering and to form various difference values which are calculated and combined with one another pixel-by-pixel. This results in pixel motion signals which, for each pixel indicate by a first state whether the corresponding pixel should be regarded as moving, and denote by a second state a pixel which should be classified as stationary. 
     The second device  32  is used to carry out subsequent processing of the states of the pixel motion signals. The aim of this subsequent processing is to homogenize the moving and stationary picture areas. For this purpose, individual small areas in which the pixel motion signals are in the first state and which lie within a relatively large area in which the pixel motion signals are in the second state are eliminated, or are likewise changed to the second state. 
     Conversely, individual pixels which have been assigned to the second state and which are located within an area with pixels in the first state are assigned to the first state. This results in homogeneous areas which are identified as being moving and correspond to moving picture parts. 
     This subsequent processing has the particular advantage that a downstream 100 Hz converter (changeover switch) operates in a stable manner in the sense that it does not switch continuously between the two raster methods explained initially with reference to  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b , which would lead to very disturbing artifacts. 
       FIG. 2  shows a corresponding block diagram of the first device  31 . The first device  31  comprises a first circuit unit  311  to which the first field A is applied, and a second circuit unit  312  to which the second field B is supplied. The two circuit units  311 ,  312  are each used to form line differences. The unit  320  forms the maximum from the two time differences. Furthermore, a third, a fourth and a fifth circuit unit  313 ,  314  and  315  are provided, and these are each used to produce frame differences. The first and the second field A, B are applied to the third circuit unit  313 . The fourth circuit unit  314  is supplied with the first and the third fields A, C, while the second and the third fields B, C are applied to the fifth circuit unit  315 . 
     The outputs of the third, fourth and fifth circuit units are connected respectively to a first, a second and a third unit  316 ,  317 ,  318  in order to produce controlled characteristics. The outputs of these “characteristic controllers” are logically combined using an OR gate  319 . The output from the unit  320  is applied to all the characteristic controllers. 
     The characteristic controllers map the frame differences A-B, A-C and B-C which are produced onto 1-bit signals in order to produce the pixel motion signals. This is done by assessing the frame differences as a function of the line differences from the fields A and B. In this case, the sensitivity is increased if the line differences are small, and the sensitivity is reduced if the line differences are large. The characteristics may expediently be in the form of look-up tables. The maximum of the time differences between the fields A and B controls all the frame differences. 
     Evaluation of the three different frame differences has therefore been found to be highly advantageous since this allows even small objects which are moving very fast to be detected. 
     The first and second circuit units  311  and  312 , respectively, for forming line differences are shown in detail in FIG.  3 . Each of these two circuit units comprises in each case one first mine memory  3110  which is connected to the input and to whose output a second line memory  3111  is connected. Furthermore, a first subtractor  3112  is provided, which is connected to the input of the circuit unit and to the output of the first line memory  3110 . A second subtractor  3113  is connected to the output of the first line memory  3110  and to the output of the second line memory  3111 . The output of the first subtractor  3112  is connected to a first unit  3114  for magnitude formation, while the output of the second subtractor  3113  is connected to a second unit  3115  for magnitude formation. The outputs of the first and second units for magnitude formation are jointly connected to a unit  3116  for maximum-value determination, whose output signal is supplied via a first attenuator  3117  and a first low-pass filter  3118  following it, to the characteristic controller  316 , to which threshold values are applied. 
       FIG. 4  shows, in detail, the construction of the circuit units  313 ,  314 ,  315  for producing frame differences. These have a first and a second vertical filter  3130 ,  3131 , whose outputs are connected to a third subtractor  3132 . The output of the third subtractor  3132  is connected to the input of a second low-pass filter  3133 . Its output signal is supplied to a limiter  3136 , via a third unit  3134  for magnitude formation and via a second attenuator  3135  following it. 
     Fields in a different raster position are in each case processed in the first and third circuit units  313 ,  315 . This takes account of the fact that the vertical filters  3130 ,  3131  shift the raster position so that, after this, the two fields are in the same raster position. In contrast, fields in the same raster position are processed in the second circuit unit  314 . In this case, only low-pass filtering is carried out in the vertical direction. The raster position in this case remains unchanged. 
     The second device  32 , using which the pixel motion signals for producing motion values are corrected or subsequently processed, is shown in detail in FIG.  5  and will be explained with reference to  FIGS. 6   a  to  6   h . This subsequent processing is carried out in a number of steps. 
     A first correction unit  321  carries out first deletion (horizontal processing) of individual pixel motion signals which are in the first state (moving) in a surrounding area or pixel motion signals which are in the second state (stationary). Specifically, in this case, there is a high probability that this represents incorrect classification by the first device  31 , since moving objects generally have a larger extent. In order to correct this state, a mask is placed over the entire picture and a decision is made for each pixel motion signal as to whether it will or will not be deleted. The mask is shown schematically in  FIG. 6   a:    
     The present pixel motion signal A with the first state is deleted or changed to the second state if all the surrounding signals a, b and c indicate the second state. The corrected signal A becomes the point b on correction of the subsequent signal, that is after shifting the mask one pixel to the right. The corrected value at the point A is likewise used as a for correction of the signal which is located exactly under the signal A. This means that, once the values have been calculated, they are used recursively once again as input values for the subsequent corrections. This means that the deletion algorithm operates very effectively. 
     A second correction unit  322  is used for deleting lines (vertical processing). In this case, a subsequent block in each case deletes individual horizontally running lines. The correction is once again carried out for each pixel. The mask which is used is shown in  FIG. 6   b:    
     The pixel motion signal A of the present pixel is changed to the second state if the signals in one and two lines above and one line below are in the second state. Non-recursive processing is used in this case. 
     A third correction unit  323  then carries out initial insertion of pixel motion signals (horizontal processing), with the corresponding mask being shown in  FIG. 6   c:    
     After the first two steps, there are still individual set pixel motions signals with an extent of two pixels in the horizontal direction. These will be deleted later by a fourth correction unit  324 . However, within moving objects, there are also groups of two which, of course, must not be deleted. Since the corresponding pixels are located within relatively large moving objects, there are always a number of pixel motion signals in the first state in their immediate vicinity. The deletion process can therefore be prevented by filling the gaps between them with pixel motion signals in the first state. This is done by the third correction unit  323  by considering the horizontally adjacent pixel motion signals a, b, c and d. If one of the signals a or A is set, and one of the signals b, c, d is set at the same time as well, then the present pixel motion signal is changed to the first state. This algorithm operates recursively, that is to say the result of the correction is used as point a for the next correction. 
     The fourth correction unit  324  carries out a second deletion of pixel motion signals (horizontal processing). This process is illustrated in  FIG. 6   d . The present pixel motion signal A is assigned to the second state if none of the surrounding pixel signals a, b, c, d is in the first state. This algorithm also operates recursively. 
     A fifth correction unit  325  expands the pixel motion signals (horizontal processing). This is illustrated in  FIG. 6   e . This step results in an area of pixel motion signals which are in the first state in each case being enlarged by one pixel at the right and left-hand edges in the horizontal direction. A simple OR logic operation on the three motion signals a, A and b can be used for this purpose. Processing in this case is not recursive. 
     Then, according to  FIG. 6   f , a sixth correction unit  326  carries out line expansion (vertical processing) with the areas which are in the first state being enlarged by one line in the vertical direction. 
     A seventh and an eighth correction unit  327  and  328  now homogenize the moving areas by inserting pixel motion signals in the first state. The previous steps have resulted in undesired motion signals having been eliminated so that inhomogeneous moving picture areas can now be filled in in a broadbrush manner. 
     The seventh correction unit  327  carries out a second insertion process for pixel motion signals, and this is shown in  FIG. 6   g . This step operates in the horizontal direction. If the already processed value a or the present value A is set and one of the values b, c, d, e, f, g or h is set at the same time, the present value is assigned to the first state. Processing is carried out recursively. 
     Finally, the eighth correction unit  328  inserts lines (vertical processing). This is illustrated in  FIG. 6   h . The present pixel motion signal A is assigned to the first state if two values are set in one of the first two lines and two values are at the same time set in one of the following tour lines. Processing is carried out recursively in this case as well. The values a, b, c and d are thus already corrected values. 
     Overall, the pixel motion signals are consequently corrected such that motion values are produced which define homogeneous picture areas which are clearly delineated from one another and are defined either cohesively as being moving or as being stationary.