Abstract:
Insert assemblies of high specific strengths to reduce stress concentration at locations where Multidirectional stresses act on sandwich structures have been designed based on mapping stress distribution and failure initiation. The insert assembly comprises of insert ( 10, 20, 30 ), potting material ( 14, 24, 34 ), core ( 17, 27, 37 ), lower face plate ( 16, 26, 36 ), Upper face-plate ( 15, 25, 35 ) and attachment ( 13, 23, 33 ). The insert materials are selected from 2D woven composites, 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven composites, 3D woven composites, 3D woven composites with multiple inserts and 3D functionally gradient woven composites. Specific strengths of inserts ( 10, 20, 30 ) of present invention are higher than the inserts of prior art.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to insert assemblies of high specific strength to reduce stress concentrations at locations where multidirectional stresses act on sandwich structures designed based on mapping stress distribution and failure initiation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Light weight sandwich structures are used in structural applications such as vehicles, aerospace industry, framework etc. because of their superior strength and stiffness properties along through-the-thickness direction under bending loads. The use of inserts is essential to strengthen the sandwich structures to withstand localized loads. Further, when the external members or sub-structures are attached to sandwich structures, inserts become a necessity. 
     The specific strength of an insert assembly is a ratio of load at failure initiation to weight of the insert assembly which should be as high as possible to achieve effective utilization of sandwich structures with inserts. In practice, these inserts are made of aluminum alloys, other metals/alloys etc. High density of metals/alloys increases the weight of insert assembly resulting in undesirable reduction in the specific strength. Further, the difference in material properties at the interface between the insert and the potting material such as resin leads to high stress concentration at the interfaces between insert and potting material and between potting material and core. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,543 discloses a basic procedure to seat a fastener insert in a honeycomb panel. A fastener insert made of alloy attached to a mounting fixture is inserted into a hole drilled in a honeycomb panel. The mounting fixture has a rod with a disc at an end descending from a base and a chimney ascending from the base. Two bores are located in the base and are enclosed by the chimney. The mounting fixture base overlaps the head of the fastener insert which has two bores in the head. The bores in the fastener insert head are aligned with bores in the base of the mounting fixture. Epoxy is inserted into one of the bores in the base of the mounting fixture continuously until it returns out of the second bore. The epoxy is allowed to cure and thereafter the mounting fixture is removed by a turning motion. Though this patent describes the method of installation of inserts into honeycomb sandwich structures, it does not address the issue of minimization of the insert assembly weight and a means to increase specific strength. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,405 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,785 disclose the geometry of the inserts and the method to attach the insert to the attachment. In this insert assembly, epoxy resin is used as potting compound. The insert is a metallic member, made of stainless steel, aluminum alloy, and carbon steel. However, a metal insert increases the weight of the insert assembly resulting in reduction of specific strength. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,285 discloses the method and apparatus for making corrugated aluminum inserts. These inserts are made from aluminum foil strips by passing the strips through the corrugating device. Though the weight of such inserts is less, stresses at the interfaces of different materials increase because the elastic properties of corrugated aluminum inserts are less resulting in higher stress concentrations. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,055,790 discloses construction of an insert wherein the conduction and radiation are improved through the inserts. To improve the heat transfer rate, one of the face-plates is made of metal sheet. The insert material is aluminum alloy. In this arrangement, a higher thermally conducting path is provided from one side of the insert assembly to the other side. However, these inserts suffer from the deficiency such that the surrounding potting material made of resin which is not a good conductor of heat that leads to thermal gradient along the radial direction. This causes higher thermal stresses in the sandwich structure. The use of metal for face-plate increases weight of insert assembly thereby decreasing the specific strength. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,271,498 discloses an improved method of installation of inserts. However it does not address the issue of weight of an insert assembly. 
     A method of fabricating a honeycomb core structure with embedded fastener is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,716,067. The bonding material is epoxy resin. The method comprises laying down a first nonmetallic synthetic layer, which may be cured or uncured. Bonded to the first nonmetallic synthetic layer is a honeycomb core layer into which one or more flush head fasteners are inserted into holes in the honeycomb core that have an indentation at one end configured to mate with the underside of the head of a flush head fastener. Bonding is accomplished by priming the walls of the honeycomb core layer adjacent the surfaces of the layer, and the fastener, with a suitable primer, preferably before the fastener is installed, and, coating one of the surfaces of the first nonmetallic synthetic layer with a suitable adhesive before joining the first nonmetallic synthetic layer to the surface of the honeycomb core layer containing the head of the flush head fastener. Thereafter, the cells of the honeycomb core that surround the fastener are filled with a potting material. Then, a second nonmetallic synthetic layer is bonded to the surface of the honeycomb core remote from the surface to which the first nonmetallic synthetic layer is bonded. There are several drawbacks of this method and insert assembly. The fasteners are made of an alloy. The density of the alloys used is more compared to the composites. Significantly high interfacial stresses develop between the alloy insert and the potting resin material. Further, this patent describes the method of installation of inserts into honeycomb sandwich structures. It does not address the issue of enhancing the specific strength of insert assemblies. 
     The shortcomings in prior art vis-a vis use of inserts in sandwich structure are
         Use of metal for inserts which leads to decrease in specific strength of the insert assembly.   Though geometry of the inserts and different methods of installation of these inserts into sandwich structures is addressed, the issue of minimization of the insert assembly weight and a means to increase specific strength of insert assembly has not been addressed.   There are no methods of reliably mapping stress distribution and prediction of failure initiation in sandwich structures with diverse geometrical configurations.       

     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The main object of the invention is to provide insert assemblies of high specific strength to reduce stress concentrations at locations where multidirectional stresses act on sandwich structures based on mapping stress distribution and failure initiation in sandwich structures. 
     It is another objective to provide inserts of composite materials. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to reliably map stress distribution in sandwich structures with insert assemblies. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to reliably to select diverse geometrical configurations and materials by mapping stress distribution and obtaining failure initiation. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to provide insert assemblies with through-the-thickness, fully potted and partially potted geometrical configurations. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to explore the use of
         2D composites   3D thermo elastic isotropic woven composites   3D woven composites   3D woven composites with multiple inserts,   3D functionally gradient woven composites as inserts
 
and their combination for insert assemblies
       

     Thus in accordance, the invention of the insert assembly comprises of:
         insert   potting material   core   lower face-plate   upper face-plate   attachment
 
using insert assemblies wherein insert materials are selected from
   2D composites   3D thermo elastic isotropic woven composites   3D woven composites   3D woven composites with multiple inserts   3D functionally gradient woven composites as inserts
 
and their combination for the insert assemblies wherein the diverse geometrical configurations and materials are selected by mapping stress distribution and obtaining failure initiation.
       

    
    
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       Features and advantages of this invention will become apparent in the following detailed description and preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  Through-the-thickness inserts 
         FIG. 2  Fully potted inserts 
         FIG. 3  Partially potted inserts 
         FIG. 4  Flow diagram for the analytical formulation procedure 
         FIG. 5  Flow diagram for the solution procedure 
         FIG. 6  Graph depicting transverse displacement as a function of compressive load, through-the-thickness aluminum inserts 
         FIG. 7  Graph depicting transverse displacement as a function of compressive load, through-the-thickness 2D woven composite inserts 
         FIG. 8  Graph depicting transverse displacement as a function of compressive load, through-the-thickness 3D woven composite inserts 
         FIG. 9  Graph depicting failure function as a function of compressive load: aluminum, 2D woven composite and 3D woven composite inserts 
         FIG. 10  Graph depicting failure function as a function of compressive load for corrugated aluminum insert (US 5053285), 3D woven composite insert with radius of 10 mm and 3D woven composite insert with radius of 30 mm 
         FIG. 11  Graph depicting failure function as a function of compressive load for different insert materials 
     
    
    
     GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATIONS 
     The geometrical configurations are
         a) Through-the-thickness insert configuration   b) Fully potted insert configuration   c) Partially potted insert configuration
 
a) Through-the-Thickness Insert Configuration
       

       FIG. 1  shows a schematic of the through-the-thickness insert assembly configuration. Insert  10  is cylindrical in shape with flanges  11 ,  12  that are integral to provide shear resistance. The inserts are strongly attached with attachment  13  with bonding/threading. The localized external loads are applied to sandwich structures through the attachment  13 . The insert-attachment assembly is held in sandwich structure by using potting materials  14  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The potting materials are different types of resins. Reinforcement is added to the resins to increase the stiffness and strength. Upper face-plate  15 , lower face-plate  16  and core  17  are the other components of the insert assembly. 
     In one of the embodiments of through-the-thickness insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 2D composite. 
     In another embodiment of through-the-thickness insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven composite. 
     In yet another embodiment of through-the-thickness insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D woven composite. 
     In another embodiment of through-the-thickness insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D woven composite with multiple inserts. 
     In yet another embodiment of through-the-thickness insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D functionally gradient woven composite. 
     In another embodiment of through-the-thickness insert assembly configuration, material of insert is a combination of the above mentioned. 
     b) Fully Potted Insert Configuration 
       FIG. 2  shows schematic of the fully potted insert assembly configuration. Insert  20  is cylindrical in shape with flanges  21 ,  22  that are integral to provide shear resistance. The inserts are strongly attached with attachment  23  with bonding/threading. The localized external loads are applied to sandwich structures through the attachment  23 . The insert-attachment assembly is held in sandwich structure by using potting materials  24  as shown in  FIG. 2 . The potting materials are different types of resins. Reinforcement is added to the resins to increase the stiffness and strength. Upper face-plate  25 , lower face-plate  26  and core  27  are the other components of the insert assembly. 
     In one of the embodiments of fully potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 2D composite. 
     In another embodiment of fully potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven composite. 
     In yet another embodiment of fully potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D woven composite. 
     In another embodiment of fully potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D woven composite with multiple inserts. 
     In yet another embodiment of fully potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D functionally gradient woven composite. 
     In another embodiment of fully potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is a combination of the above mentioned. 
     c) Partially Potted Insert Configuration 
       FIG. 3  shows schematic of the partially potted insert assembly configuration. Insert  30  is cylindrical in shape with flanges  31 ,  32  that are integral to provide shear resistance. The inserts are strongly attached with attachment  33  with bonding/threading. The localized external loads are applied to sandwich structures through the attachment  33 . The insert-attachment assembly is held in sandwich structure by using potting materials  34  as shown in  FIG. 3 . The potting materials are different types of resins. Reinforcement is added to the resins to increase the stiffness and strength. Upper face-plate  35 , lower face-plate  36  and core  37  are the other components of the insert assembly. 
     In one of the embodiments of partially potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 2D composite. 
     In another embodiment of partially potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven composite. 
     In yet another embodiment of partially potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D woven composite. 
     In another embodiment of partially potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D woven composite with multiple inserts. 
     In yet another embodiment of partially potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is 3D functionally gradient woven composite. 
     In another embodiment of partially potted insert assembly configuration, material of insert is a combination of the above mentioned. 
     Insert Materials 
     The insert materials are selected from
         I) 2D woven composites   II) 3D woven composites   III) 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven composites   IV) 3D functionally gradient woven composites   V) 3D woven composite with multiple inserts
 
I) 2D Composites
       

     2D composites are those in which only in-plane reinforcements are provided. In laminated composites made of unidirectional layers, different layers are oriented accordingly to achieve required elastic and strength properties. In woven fabric composites, reinforcements are provided along mutually perpendicular directions in the same layer by the process of weaving. Weaving is the process in which the woven fabric is formed by interlacing warp and fills (weft) yarns in regular sequence of under and over. Based on the sequence of placing the yarns under and over, the woven fabrics are classified into plain, twill and satin. Specifically, one under and one over sequence is the plain weave. 
     II) 3D Woven Composites 
     3D woven performs are fully integrated continuous fiber assembly having multiaxial in-plane and out of plane fiber orientations. In such preforms, reinforcement is also provided in through-the-thickness direction in addition to planar directions. These preforms are made using the process of 3D weaving. Based on the weave pattern, the preforms can be orthogonal interlock woven or angle interlock woven. Further, it can be classified into through-the-thickness woven and layer to layer woven. Using the 3D preforms and resin transfer molding, 3D composites are made. 3D composites are 3D orthotropic and macrospecically homogeneous materials. Such materials are characterized by 9 elastic properties and 9 strength properties. 
     III) 3D Thermoelastic Isotropic Woven Composites 
     These are a class of 3D composites with special characteristics. For such materials, elastic and thermal properties are the same along all the directions. In other words, such composites are thermoelastically isotropic. 
     IV) 3D Functionally Gradient Woven Composites 
     3D functionally gradient woven composites are the ideal materials for making inserts. In a typical insert assembly with single insert material, there is a significant difference in material elastic properties between insert and potting material and potting material and core. Through-the-thickness elastic properties of insert, potting material and core are of the order of 40 GPa, 2.5 GPa and 0.31 GPa respectively. This leads to higher stress concentrations at the interfaces between attachment and insert, insert and potting material, potting material and core. An ideal way of reducing the stress concentrations and increasing the specific strength is to use a material system for inserts with gradually varying elastic and strength properties along the radial direction. Such a material is called functionally gradient. A composite insert made of functionally gradient material has through-the-thickness elastic properties nearly matching with that of the attachment along the inner circumference and through-the-thickness elastic properties matching with that of potting material along the outer circumference. Consequently, elastic properties of the insert with such a configuration would be higher along the inner circumference and lower along the outer circumference and varying radially in a functionally gradient way. For such insert materials, the stress concentrations at the interfaces would be minimum leading to higher specific strength. 
     V) 3D Woven Composites with Multiple Inserts 
     Inserts made of 3D woven composite with multiple inserts is a class of inserts made of 3D functionally gradient woven composite. In this insert, the elastic and strength properties are not varied gradually along the radius from the inner circumference to the outer circumference. Instead, the elastic and strength properties are varied in a stepped manner. This amounts to using multiple inserts instead of a single insert. If the material properties are varied in three steps, there would be three different 3D woven composites. These three different 3D woven composites are referred as material  1 , material  2  and material  3 . 
     A Novel Method to Reliably Map Stress Distribution and Predict Failure Initiation in Sandwich Structures with Inserts Under Localized Through-the-Thickness Tensile/Compressive Loading 
     A novel method is described to map stress distribution in sandwich structures with inserts under localized through-the-thickness tensile/compressive loading. The core is relatively thick and compressible whereas the face-plates are relatively thin. The core is analyzed using higher-order sandwich plate theory whereas the face-plates are analyzed using classical plate theory. The behavior of the sandwich structure is represented using a set of 24 governing differential equations. For the geometry of the insert assembly and the loading conditions considered the boundary conditions are specified. In this case, there are 24 boundary conditions. Using the differential equations and the set of 24 boundary conditions, the deformation behavior and stress state within the insert assembly are calculated. Specifically, the following quantities are determined: transverse displacement of top and bottom face-plates (w 1  and w 2 ), transverse shear stress (τ rz ), mid-plane radial displacement of top face-plate (u 01   1 ), mid-plane circumferential displacement of top face-plate (v 01   1 ). The novel method to reliably map stress distribution is described in the form of flow diagrams in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
     The input parameters are: geometry of the insert assembly, elastic properties of different materials used for making the insert assembly and the loading condition. 
     This novel method enables to map the following parameters reliably:
         transverse and radial displacements of the insert assembly   normal and shear stress components throughout the insert assembly       

     The final governing equations are: 
     The transverse displacement of the core material, 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                           C 
                           33 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     All the C ij  are stiffness constants and are calculated using elastic properties of the material. 
     The normal and shear stress distribution within the entire insert assembly can be obtained using this novel method. The induced stress state can lead to initiation of failure within insert assembly. Initiation of failure is characterized using the following through-the-thickness quadratic interaction failure criterion. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             σ 
                             z 
                           
                           
                             Z 
                             t 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             τ 
                             rz 
                           
                           
                             S 
                             rz 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             τ 
                             
                               θ 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               z 
                             
                           
                           
                             S 
                             
                               θ 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               z 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   I 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here,
         σ z —Through-the-thickness normal stress   τ rz , τ θz —Transverse shear stresses   Zt—Through-the-thickness normal strength   S rz , S θz —Transverse shear strengths   I—Failure function
 
Failure function, I=1 indicates initiation of failure.
       

     In the above method the stress distribution is mapped and failure initiation is obtained in steps comprising
         Establishing frame of reference for sandwich structures with inserts   Applying equilibrium equations, continuity conditions and constitutive relations of the core and the face-plates to obtain 24 th  order partial differential equation consisting of fundamental variables such as
           Mid-plane radial displacement of upper and lower face-plates in radial direction,   Mid-plane circumferential displacement of upper and lower face-plates in circumferential direction,   Transverse displacement of upper and lower face-plates,   Derivative of transverse displacement with respect to radius of insert assembly of upper and lower face-plates,   Derivative of transverse displacement with respect to circumferential direction of upper and lower face-plates and divided by radius of insert assembly,   Bending moment resultant of upper and lower face-plates in radial direction,   Twisting moment resultant in the plane of radial and circumferential coordinates of upper and lower face-plates,   In-plane normal stress resultant in radial direction of upper and lower face-plates,   In-plane normal stress resultant in the plane of radial and circumferential coordinates of upper and lower face-plates,   In-plane shear stress resultant in the plane of radial and circumferential coordinates of upper and lower face-plates,   Transverse shear stress component of core in the plane of radial and circumferential coordinates,   Shear stress in circumferential direction on a plane perpendicular to through-the-thickness direction in the core,   Derivative of shear stress in circumferential direction on a plane perpendicular to through-the-thickness direction in the core with respect to radius of the insert assembly,   Derivative of transverse shear stress component of core in the plane of radial and circumferential coordinates with respect to radius of the insert assembly,
 
and further to obtain 24 first order coupled exact differential equations
   
           Applying boundary conditions to the 24 first order coupled exact differential equations and solving two point boundary value problem to obtain stresses (equation 2), displacements (equations 1, 3, 4) and failure initiation (equation 5)
 
wherein, frame of reference is established based on
       i. The attachment is infinitely rigid   ii. Insert and potting material are an integral part of the core for mathematical formulation   iii. In-plane shear stress and in-plane normal stresses are neglected in the core material   iv. Core material is flexible in nature   v. Effective shear modulus of the honeycomb core is considered in modeling   vi. Insert assembly is circular in shape   vii. Interaction between two adjacent inserts is negligible   viii. Interaction between the insert and the honeycomb core along the circumference of the insert assembly is negligible   ix. Face-plates are homogeneous and isotropic/quasi-isotropic   x. Classical plate theory is applicable for the analysis of the face-plates and
 
wherein, the steps to obtain 24 first order coupled exact differential equations involve
       a. Representing the behavior of the sandwich structure with an insert assembly using a set of plurality of equations based on equilibrium equations, constitutive relations and continuity conditions   b. Combining the core and face-plate equations to obtain 24 th  order governing partial differential equation with 24 unknown fundamental variables   c. Rearranging the governing partial differential equation to 24 first order coupled partial differential equations in terms of 24 fundamental variables, their derivatives with respect to circumferential angle and radius using plurality of equations   d. Eliminating the dependency of derivatives of circumferential angle in the 24 first order coupled partial differential equations using Fourier expansions to convert them into 24 first order coupled exact differential equations
 
and
 
wherein, stresses, displacements and failure initiation are obtained by
   
       i. Specifying 24 boundary conditions with respect to 24 first order coupled exact differential equations with 12 boundary conditions at the interface of attachment and insert and remaining at simply supported outer edge of the insert assembly.   ii. Constituting a two point boundary value problem comprising 24 first order coupled exact differential equations and boundary conditions   iii. Converting two point boundary value problem into a series of initial value problems by dividing the sandwich structure into a number of segments along radial direction   iv. Solving the series of initial value problems numerically using multi-segment method of direct integration for 24 fundamental variables at each segment using continuity conditions between two adjacent segments to determine the stresses and displacements throughout the insert assembly for given loading conditions   v. Obtaining the failure initiation within the insert assembly using quadratic failure criterion and the corresponding failure initiation load   vi. Obtaining transverse, radial and circumferential displacements (equations 1, 3, 4), through-the-thickness normal (equation 2) and shear stress components in the core, induced normal stress resultants, induced shear stress resultants and induced bending moment resultants in the face-plates and specific strength of the insert assembly based on geometrical, mechanical and physical properties of the insert assembly and loading conditions.   

     The method described above was used to obtain geometrical configuration of the inserts and the displacement and failure initiation were predicted and experimentally verified. The present work establishes the superiority of the inserts of the present invention over inserts of prior art. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Experimental Studies 
     Fabrication of Through-the-Thickness Insert Assembly 
     The insert assembly comprises of six constituents. They are: insert, potting material, foam core, lower face-plate, upper face-plate and the attachment. Lower face-plate and the upper face-plate are made of woven fabric E glass and epoxy resin using matched-die molding technique. The core is made of polyurethane foam. The attachment is made of mild steel. The material used for composite inserts is glass. The potting material is epoxy resin. Three insert assemblies were constructed using the above with aluminum, 2D woven composite and 3D woven composite as insert materials.
         Measurement of load, displacements and failure initiation
           The insert assembly was placed on a support ring and then located on Hounsfield Test Equipment—450 KS, 50 KN UTM.   Compressive load was applied through the attachment on to the insert assembly.   The displacement of the attachment, lower face-plate, upper face-plate and the corresponding load were measured at loading rate of 0.25 mm/min.   Failure initiation of the insert assembly is obtained from sudden change in the load-displacement plot.   
           Experimental Results       

     Transverse displacement as a function of compressive load for through-the-thickness inserts is presented in  FIGS. 6-8 . For the same geometrical configurations and material properties (Tables 1 and 2), analytically obtained transverse displacement plots, compressive load at failure initiation and specific strength of inserts are presented in  FIGS. 6-8  and Tables 3 and 4. The compressive loading was applied until the failure initiation took place. 
     Failure functions (equation 5) are plotted as a function of compressive load in  FIG. 9 . It is observed from Tables 3 and 4 that the compressive load at failure is higher for the case of 3D woven composite compared to the aluminum as insert material. The specific strength of insert is significantly higher for the case of 3D woven composite compared to the aluminum insert case. For the case of 2D woven composite insert, it is in between aluminum and 3D woven composite. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Geometrical configuration 
               
               
                 of the insert assembly for the experimental studies. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Diameter, mm 
                 Thickness, mm 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Con- 
                 Attach- 
                   
                 Potting 
                   
                 Upper 
                 Lower 
                   
               
               
                 figu- 
                 ment, 
                 Insert, 
                 material, 
                 Sup- 
                 plate, 
                 plate, 
                 Core, 
               
               
                 ration 
                 D a   
                 D i , 
                 D p   
                 port, D h   
                 t 1   
                 t 2   
                 c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 5 
                 10 
                 40 
                 120 
                 2 
                 2 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Material properties of foam core sandwich structure with inserts: used 
               
               
                 for experimental studies. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Young&#39;s 
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 modulus, Ez (GPa) 
                 Shear modulus, Grz (GPa) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 aluminum 
                 70   
                 27 
               
               
                 2D woven composite 
                 6   
                 2.5 
               
               
                 3D woven composite 
                 10   
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Epoxy resin 
                 2.5 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 Foam core 
                  0.025 
                 0.009 
               
               
                 Face-plate 1 
                 10*   
                 4.2* 
               
               
                 Face-plate 2 
                 10*   
                 4.2* 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Specific strength of through-the-thickness inserts with different materials: experimental 
               
               
                 studies. 
               
               
                 Volume of insert, V = 1.22 × 10 −6  m 3   
               
               
                 Density of aluminum = 2800 Kg/m 3   
               
               
                 Density of 2D woven composite = 1700 Kg/m 3   
               
               
                 Density of 3D woven composite = 1700 Kg/m 3   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Specific 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 strength of 
               
               
                   
                 At failure initiation 
                   
                 insert = (Max. 
                 % increase 
                 % 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Compressive 
                   
                 Mass of 
                 Compressive 
                 in specific 
                 decrease 
               
               
                 Sr. 
                   
                 load, 
                 Displacement, 
                 insert, 
                 load/weight 
                 strength of 
                 in mass of 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Insert 
                 Qc (N) 
                 w (mm) 
                 m (Kg) 
                 of insert) 
                 insert 
                 insert 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Aluminum 
                 5610 
                 5.9 
                 3.416 × 10 −3   
                 0.1642 × 10 6   
                 Reference 
                 Reference 
               
               
                 2 
                 2D woven 
                 5420 
                 5.2 
                 2.074 × 10 −3   
                 0.2613 × 10 6   
                 59.10 
                 39.29 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                 3 
                 3D woven 
                 5695 
                 7.7 
                 2.074 × 10 −3   
                 0.2746 × 10 6   
                 67.23 
                 39.29 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Specific strength of through-the-thickness inserts with different materials: analytical 
               
               
                 predictions for experimental configurations. 
               
               
                 Volume of insert, V = 1.22 × 10 −6  m 3   
               
               
                 3D woven composite insert: Zt = 45 MPa, Srz = 36 MPa 
               
               
                 2D woven composite insert: Zt = 27 MPa, Srz = 36 MPa 
               
               
                 Aluminum insert: Zt = 150 MPa, Srz = 30 Mpa 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Specific strength 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 of insert = (Max. 
               
               
                   
                 At failure initiation 
                 compressive 
                 % increase in 
                 % decrease 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sr. 
                   
                 Compressive 
                 Displacement, 
                 load/weight of 
                 specific strength 
                 in mass of 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Insert 
                 load, Qc (N) 
                 w (mm) 
                 insert) 
                 of insert 
                 insert 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Aluminum 
                 6355 
                 6.1 
                 0.186 × 10 6   
                 Reference 
                 Reference 
               
               
                 2 
                 2D woven 
                 5950 
                 5.4 
                 0.287 × 10 6   
                 54.30 
                 39.29 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                 3 
                 3D woven 
                 7040 
                 7.3 
                 0.339 × 10 6   
                 82.25 
                 39.29 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Comparison of Through-the-Thickness Inserts of Present Invention with Inserts of Prior Art 
     Using the method of the present invention, compressive load at failure initiation, failure function and specific strength of inserts are mapped for the prior art disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,285 (corrugated aluminum insert) and for the insert (3D woven composite insert) of the present invention with the same geometry as used for the prior art (R=30 mm). The results are given in  FIG. 10  and Table 5. Further, the geometry of the insert of the present invention was modified (R=10 mm) to reduce the insert assembly weight. With such a modified configuration, compressive load at failure initiation, failure function and specific strength of inserts are mapped. From  FIG. 10  and Table 5, it is established that the inserts of the present invention are having higher specific strength compared to the insert of prior art. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Specific strength of through-the-thickness inserts with corrugated aluminum and 3D 
               
               
                 woven composite: analytical studies. 
               
               
                 Density of Corrugated aluminum = 459 Kg/m 3   
               
               
                 Density of 3D woven composites = 1700 Kg/m 3   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Specific strength 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compressive load 
                 Mass of 
                 of insert = (Max. 
                 % increase in 
               
               
                   
                 at failure initiation, 
                 insert, m 
                 compressive 
                 specific strength 
                 % decrease in 
               
               
                 Insert 
                 Qc (KN) 
                 (Kg) 
                 load/weight of insert) 
                 of insert 
                 mass of insert 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Corrugated 
                 8.27 
                 0.038 
                 21.62 × 10 3   
                 Reference 
                 Reference 
               
               
                 aluminum 
               
               
                 3D woven 
                 15.85 
                 0.065 
                 24.23 × 10 3   
                 12.1 
                 −71.0 
               
               
                 composite with 
               
               
                 radius of 30 mm 
               
               
                 3D woven 
                 14.08 
                 0.0068 
                 206.77 × 10 3   
                 856.6 
                 82.2 
               
               
                 composite with 
               
               
                 radius of 10 mm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Analytical Studies with Different Insert Materials 
     Using the experimentally validated method for mapping of stresses, displacements and failure initiation, the results for aluminum, 2D woven composite, 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven composite, 3D woven composite, 3D woven composite with multiple inserts and 3D functionally gradient woven composite are obtained for the geometrical configuration of the insert assembly as given in Table 6. Material properties of the insert assembly are presented in Tables 7 and 8. 
     Maximum displacement, maximum normal stress and maximum shear stress corresponding to maximum compressive load at failure initiation are presented in Table 9. Specific strength of insert for different materials is also presented in Table 9. Failure function as a function of compressive load for different insert materials is presented in  FIG. 11 . 
     Percentage increase in specific strength of insert and percentage decrease in mass of insert for the composite inserts compared to the aluminum insert is presented in Table 9. It is observed that there is significant increase in specific strength and decrease in mass of insert for the composite inserts. The maximum gain is for the case of 3D functionally gradient woven composite inserts. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Geometrical configuration of the insert assembly for the analytical studies. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Diameter, mm 
                 Thickness, mm 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Con- 
                 Attach- 
                   
                 Potting 
                   
                 Upper 
                 Lower 
                   
               
               
                 figu- 
                 ment, 
                 Insert, 
                 material, 
                 Sup- 
                 plate, 
                 plate, 
                 Core, 
               
               
                 ration 
                 D a   
                 D i   
                 D p   
                 port, D h   
                 t 1   
                 t 2   
                 c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 120 
                 2 
                 2 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Material properties of the insert assembly. 
               
               
                 Volume of insert, V = 4.006 × 10 −6  m 3   
               
               
                 3D woven composite insert: Zt = 60 MPa, Srz = 36 MPa, 
               
               
                 2D woven composite insert: Zt = 27 MPa, Srz = 36 MPa 
               
               
                 Aluminum insert: Zt = 150 MPa, Srz = 30 MPa, 
               
               
                 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven composite insert: Zt = 55 MPa, 
               
               
                 Srz = 36 MPa 
               
               
                 Epoxy: Zt = 38 MPa, Zc = 85 MPa, S = 42 MPa 
               
               
                 3D woven composite with multiple inserts: Zt = 60 → 38 MPa, 
               
               
                 Srz = 36 MPa 
               
               
                 3D functionally gradient woven composite insert: Zt = 55 → 38 MPa, 
               
               
                 Srz = 36 MPa 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Young&#39;s modulus, 
                 Shear modulus, 
               
               
                 Material 
                 E z  (GPa) 
                 G rz  (GPa) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Aluminum 
                 70   
                 27 
               
               
                 2D woven composite 
                 9   
                 4 
               
               
                 3D thermoelastic isotropic woven 
                 37.7  
                 3.71 
               
               
                 composite 
               
               
                 3D woven composite 
                 43   
                 3.55 
               
               
                 Insert material 1 
                 37.7  
                 3.71 
               
               
                 Insert material 2 
                 22.0  
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Insert material 3 
                 8   
                 1.5 
               
               
                 3D functionally gradient woven 
                 37.1-2.5 
                 3.71-0.93 
               
               
                 composite 
               
               
                 Honeycomb 
                  0.310 
                 0.138 
               
               
                 Epoxy resin 
                 2.5 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 Face-plate 1 
                 15*   
                 4.5* 
               
               
                 Face-plate 2 
                 15*   
                 4.5* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *in-plane properties 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Tables 2, 7 and 8 are based on the following references. 
     3D functionally gradient woven composite inserts are analyzed for the range of properties given in Table 7. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         1. Naik, N. K. and E. Sridevi. 2002. An analytical method for thermoelastic analysis of 3D orthogonal interlock woven composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 21, pp. 1149-1191. 
         2. Naik N. K. et al. 2001. Stress and failure analysis of 3D orthogonal interlock woven composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 20, pp. 1485-1523. 
         3. Naik, N. K. and V. K. Ganesh. 1996. Failure behavior of plain weave fabric laminates under on-axis uniaxial tensile loading: II—analytical predictions, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 30, pp. 1779-1822. 
         4. Shembekar, P. S. and N. K. Naik. 1992. Elastic behavior of woven fabric composites: II—laminate analysis, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 26, pp. 2226-2246. 
         5. Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 1, Composites, 1989, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio. 
       
    
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Elastic properties of orthotropic composite inserts (at θ = 0). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Young&#39;s 
                 Shear 
                   
               
               
                   
                 modulus 
                 modulus 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 E r   
                 E θ   
                 E z   
                 G rθ   
                 G rz   
                 G θz   
                 Poisson&#39;s ratio 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Material 
                 (GPa) 
                 (GPa) 
                 (GPa) 
                 GPa) 
                 (GPa) 
                 (GPa) 
                 υ rθ   
                 υ rz   
                 υ θz   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3D 
                 37.1 
                 37.5 
                 37.7 
                 3.71 
                 3.71 
                 3.71 
                 0.111 
                 0.106 
                 0.106 
               
               
                 thermo- 
               
               
                 elastic 
               
               
                 iso- 
               
               
                 tropic 
               
               
                 woven 
               
               
                 com- 
               
               
                 posite 
               
               
                 3D 
                 46.7 
                 16.4 
                 43.1 
                 3.57 
                 3.55 
                 3.55 
                 0.088 
                 0.222 
                 0.225 
               
               
                 woven 
               
               
                 com- 
               
               
                 posite 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Specific strength of through-the-thickness inserts with different materials: analytical 
               
               
                 studies. 
               
               
                 Volume of insert, V = 4.006 × 10 −6  m 3   
               
               
                 Density of Aluminum = 2800 Kg/m 3   
               
               
                 Density of 2D and 3D woven composites = 1700 Kg/m 3   
               
               
                 Density of 3D functionally gradient woven composite = 1700 → 1100 Kg/m 3   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 At failure initiation 
                 Mass of 
                 Specific strength 
                 % increase 
                 % 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Compressive 
                   
                 insert, 
                 of insert = (Max. 
                 in specific 
                 decrease 
               
               
                 Sr. 
                   
                 load, 
                 Displacement, w 
                 m (Kg) 
                 compressive load/ 
                 strength of 
                 in mass of 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Insert 
                 Qc (KN) 
                 (mm) 
                 10 −3   
                 weight of insert) 
                 insert 
                 insert 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Aluminum 
                 13.15 
                 1.40 
                 11.217 
                 0.117 × 10 6   
                 Reference 
                 Reference 
               
               
                 2 
                 2D woven 
                 14.65 
                 1.48 
                 6.810 
                 0.215 × 10 6   
                 83.93 
                 39.29 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                 3 
                 3D thermoelastic 
                 14.45 
                 1.42 
                 6.810 
                 0.212 × 10 6   
                 81.19 
                 39.29 
               
               
                   
                 isotropic woven 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                 4 
                 3D woven 
                 14.90 
                 1.49 
                 6.810 
                 0.219 × 10 6   
                 87.18 
                 39.29 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                 5 
                 3D woven 
                 15.90 
                 1.32 
                 6.009 
                 0.265 × 10 6   
                 126.50 
                 46.43 
               
               
                   
                 composite with 
               
               
                   
                 multiple inserts 
               
               
                 6 
                 3D functionally 
                 16.35 
                 1.62 
                 5.176 
                 0.316 × 10 6   
                 170.09 
                 53.86 
               
               
                   
                 gradient woven 
               
               
                   
                 composite 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is evident from the examples that the novel method reliably maps the stresses, displacements and failure initiation and enables the judicious selection of the novel insert material and geometry to achieve higher specific strength.