Abstract:
A method for stabilizing an enzyme during freezing, wherein the enzyme is in a zwitterionic buffer solution. The zwitterionic buffer is able to maintain the activity of the enzyme during freezing and thawing.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the preparation of stable enzyme formulations. In particular, this invention relates to a method for stabilising an enzyme during freezing. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     The preferred form for the supply of diagnostic reagents is a liquid. Liquid reagents require no preparation by the user, and therefore there is less risk of error. 
     If the reagents are to be prepared in a liquid form, the maintenance of stability is a major concern as it will usually be necessary to store and transport the reagents. 
     Examples of reagents which are bought commercially in a liquid form are those that include the enzymes glucose oxidase and horse-radish peroxidase, required for the measurement of glucose using a calorimetric method known as the Trinder method (Barham and Trinder, Analyst, 1972; 97:142). It is necessary to stabilise both the glucose oxidase and peroxidase enzymes to ensure that the enzymes function over their shelf-life. Typically, these enzymes are formulated with phosphate or Tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffers to maintain the pH of the reagent during storage and during the reaction. One difficulty that has been encountered is that the liquid preparations are often frozen during transport or on storage, and in these circumstances the enzymes are inactivated. 
     It is therefore desirable to provide compositions which effectively stabilise the diagnostic reagents on storage, and which offer further protection if freezing occurs. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,706 discloses a composition comprising αGST enzyme and a zwitterionic buffer, which may be stored at −20° C. The purpose is to retain the immuno-reactivity of αGST, and there is no mention of retaining enzymic activity. Horse-radish peroxidase is mentioned, but this is only in the context of an enzyme-labelled anti-αGST IgG, which is used in the immunoassay. Stabilisation of this enzyme in solution is carried out in phosphate-buffered saline. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,422 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,770 both describe the stabilisation of specific enzymes (α-amylase and urease, respectively) in solution using polysaccharides or long chain oligosaccharides, e.g. sorbitol. A zwitterionic buffer may be provided to aid stabilisation of the enzymes in solution. 
     Although, in general, there are various methods for the stabilisation of various enzymes in solution, there is still a requirement for a useful method for stabilising enzyme activity, particularly for diagnostic reagents, during and after freezing. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, a method for stabilising the activity of an enzyme during freezing comprises providing the enzyme in a zwitterionic buffer solution. 
     The zwitterionic buffer solution has the capacity to effectively stabilise the enzyme in the liquid state and also provide protection if the end solution is frozen, either accidentally or otherwise. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme is glucose oxidase or horse-radish peroxidase. 
     According to a second aspect of the invention, a frozen solution of an enzyme is in a zwitterionic buffer. 
     Without wishing to be bound by theory, the ability of a zwitterionic buffer to stabilise the activity of enzymes may be a consequence of the ability of the buffers to prevent significant shifts in pH during freezing. It is known that phosphate buffers can cause large pH shifts during freezing (Rose et al Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1959; 81:319-329), and it is believed that this may cause the denaturation of the enzymes. Typically, in a buffer composition, water will freeze first and ice crystals will grow. As the temperature approaches the eutectic points of the salts that are present, the salts crystallise out. The less soluble salts in a buffer will crystallise out of solution first, and this can cause a drastic change in the pH before the frozen solid is formed. However, a zwitterionic buffer may prevent this shift in pH, and thereby impart stability to the enzyme. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relies on the use of zwitterionic buffers to prepare the liquid reagent formulations. Zwitterionic buffers are sometimes referred to as “Goods” buffers (Good et al, Biochemistry, 1966; 5:467) and are commercially available. The buffers are generally zwitterionic aliphatic amines, with the majority being either substituted glycines or taurines. The buffers are distinct from the phosphate buffers used in the prior art to stabilise glucose oxidase reagents. 
     Suitable buffers which may be used in the present invention include Mops (3-[N-Morpholino]propanesulphonic acid), Mopso (3-[N-Morpholino]-2-hydroxypropanesulphonic acid) and Hepes (N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-ethanesulphonic acid]). Each of these buffers is available from commercial sources. Alternative zwitterionic buffers will be apparent to the skilled person. 
     The preparation of the buffer with the enzyme will be apparent to the skilled person, and the buffer will typically be prepared at a concentration of 20-250 mmol/l. Preferably, the buffer solution will be prepared with a pH of 7. 
     Although the buffers will prevent inactivation of the enzymes on freezing, it is preferred that the solutions are stored at 4° C. 
     The buffers may be used to stabilise any enzyme against the effects of freezing. In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme is glucose oxidase or horse-radish peroxidase. The enzymes may be the only active molecule present in the buffer solution. For example, the solution will not contain triglycerides or cholesterol which are sometimes present in some diagnostic kits which require peroxidase. The solutions may also be free from polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, i.e. sugars. 
     The following Example illustrates the invention. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 
     Four different formulations, containing either Mops, phosphate buffer or a combination of both were prepared according to the formulations described below. Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) from  Aspergillus niger  and horse-radish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) were used. The other components of each formulation were included to promote the colourimetric glucose reaction or to help stabilise the reagents. 
     Formulation A 
     50 mmol/l Mops buffer 
     20 KU/l glucose oxidase 
     1.6 KU/l Peroxidase 
     11.0 mmol/l Phenol 
     0.05% sodium azide 
     0.03% polyvinylpyrrolidine 
     0.77 mmol/L 4-amino antipyrine 
     The pH is adjusted to 7.0 with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. 
     Formulation B 
     150 mmol/l Mops buffer 
     20 KU/l glucose oxidase 
     1.6 KU/l Peroxidase 
     11.0 mmol/l Phenol 
     0.05% sodium azide 
     0.03% polyvinylpyrrolidine 
     0.77 mmol/L 4-amino antipyrine 
     The pH is adjusted to 7.0 with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. 
     Formulation C 
     50 mmol/l Mops buffer 
     19.5 mmol/l sodium dihydrogen phosphate 
     30.5 mmol/l disodium hydrogen orthophosphate 
     19.20 KU/l glucose oxidase 
     1.6 KU/l Peroxidase 
     11.0 mmol/l Phenol 
     0.04% sodium azide 
     0.03% polyvinylpyrrolidine 
     0.77 mmol/L 4-amino antipyrine 
     The pH is adjusted to 7.0 with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. 
     Formulation D (Control without Mops Buffer) 
     39 mmol/l sodium dihydrogen phosphate 
     61 mmol/l disodium hydrogen orthophosphate 
     20 KU/l glucose oxidase 
     1.6 KU/l Peroxidase 
     11.0 mmol/l Phenol 
     0.04% sodium azide 
     0.03% polyvinylpyrrolidine 
     0.77 mmol/L 4-amino antipyrine 
     The pH was adjusted to 7.0 with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. 
     All of the formulations were frozen at −20° C. for 2 weeks and the activity of each enzyme measured after thawing. Peroxidase activity was measured using the method of Theorell, Acta Chem. Scand., 1950; 4:22. Glucose oxidase activity was measured using the method of Bergmeyer et al, Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 1974; 1: 457 (Academic Press). 
     The results were compared to those obtained with the same reagent stored at 4° C. for 2 weeks. The absorbance of the reagent was measured at 500 nm and a factor determined from the absorbance, obtained after reacting the reagent with a 100 mmol/l glucose standard. 
     The formulations were also subjected to conditions of freezing and elevated temperature to mimic the conditions that could result on shipping of the reagent. 
     The reagents were subjected to two sets of test conditions; storage at either −20° C. or +37° C. Each test cycle consisted of 3 days at either −20° C. or 37° C., followed by 3 days at the normal storage temperature of 4° C. The reagents were subjected to 3 cycles for each test condition. 
     After completion, the stability of each reagent was determined by assessing the linearity and the ability to obtain the correct value for a range of quality control materials. 
     All glucose and enzyme assays were performed using an automated analyser. 
     Results 
     1) Enzyme activity 
     The concentrations of both glucose oxidase and horse-radish peroxidase were measured in all reagents after 2 weeks at −20° C. The results are shown in Table 1. Reagent D which did not contain Mops buffer had no detectable glucose oxidase activity present and a decreased level of peroxidase after freezing and thawing. The other 3 reagents containing either solely Mops buffer at 2 different concentrations or Mops and phosphate buffers combined retained their glucose oxidase and peroxidase activity after freezing and thawing. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % Peroxidase 
               
               
                   
                 % Gluc enzyme recovery 
                 enzyme recovery 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formulation 
                 +4° C. 
                 −20° C. 
                 +4° C. 
                 −20° C. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D 
                 79 
                  0 
                 173 
                  87 
               
               
                 C 
                 75 
                 80 
                  93 
                  91 
               
               
                 B 
                 70 
                 74 
                 137 
                 132 
               
               
                 A 
                 43 
                 46 
                 115 
                 112 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     2) Linearity (Tables 2, 3 4) 
     All formulations when stored at +4° C. showed linearity to 22 mmol/l of glucose. All formulations containing Mops buffer maintained their linearity of 22 mmol/l after 3 cycles at −20° C. Formulation D, without Mops buffer, was inactivated after 3 cycles and the glucose concentration could not be determined. All formulations after 3 cycles at +37° C. maintained their linearity. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (+4° C. Shipping Study Cycle 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 % SERUM 
                 CONTROL 
                 C 
                 % dev 
                 B 
                 % dev 
                 A 
                 % dev 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                  2.35 
                  2.33 
                 −0.9% 
                  2.42 
                 3.0% 
                  2.36 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                 20 
                  4.29 
                  4.27 
                 −0.5% 
                  4.35 
                 1.4% 
                 4.3 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                 30 
                  6.64 
                  6.62 
                 −0.3% 
                  6.73 
                 1.4% 
                  6.63 
                 −0.2%   
               
               
                 40 
                  9.12 
                  9.12 
                   0.0% 
                  9.26 
                 1.5% 
                  9.13 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                 50 
                 11.26 
                 11.37 
                   1.0% 
                 11.51 
                 2.2% 
                 11.38 
                 1.1% 
               
               
                 60 
                 13.72 
                 13.69 
                 −0.2% 
                 14.07 
                 2.6% 
                 13.77 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                 70 
                 16.01 
                 16.06 
                   0.3% 
                 16.29 
                 1.7% 
                 16.03 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                 80 
                 18.55 
                 18.54 
                 −0.1% 
                 18.92 
                 2.0% 
                 18.7  
                 0.8% 
               
               
                 90 
                 20.66 
                 20.6  
                 −0.3% 
                 20.79 
                 0.6% 
                 20.75 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                 100  
                 22.96 
                 22.89 
                 −0.3% 
                 23.43 
                 2.0% 
                 23.09 
                 0.6% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (−30° C. Shipping Study Cycle 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 % SERUM 
                 CONTROL 
                 C 
                 % dev 
                 B 
                 % dev 
                 A 
                 % dev 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  10 
                  2.35 
                  2.31 
                 −1.7% 
                  2.43 
                 3.4% 
                  2.41 
                 2.6% 
               
               
                  20 
                  4.29 
                  4.22 
                 −1.6% 
                  4.34 
                 1.2% 
                  4.33 
                 0.9% 
               
               
                  30 
                  6.64 
                 6.6 
                 −0.6% 
                  6.77 
                 2.0% 
                  6.69 
                 0.8% 
               
               
                  40 
                  9.12 
                  9.06 
                 −0.7% 
                  9.19 
                 0.8% 
                  9.24 
                 1.3% 
               
               
                  50 
                 11.26 
                 11.34 
                   0.7% 
                 11.55 
                 2.6% 
                 11.44 
                 1.6% 
               
               
                  60 
                 13.72 
                 13.59 
                 −0.9% 
                 13.95 
                 1.7% 
                 13.82 
                 0.7% 
               
               
                  70 
                 16.01 
                 16.07 
                   0.4% 
                 16.34 
                 2.1% 
                 16.11 
                 0.6% 
               
               
                  80 
                 18.55 
                 18.51 
                 −0.2% 
                 18.94 
                 2.1% 
                 18.7  
                 0.8% 
               
               
                  90 
                 20.66 
                 20.63 
                 −0.1% 
                 20.83 
                 0.8% 
                 20.85 
                 0.9% 
               
               
                 100 
                 22.96 
                 22.89 
                 −0.3% 
                 23.33 
                 1.6% 
                 23.2  
                 1.0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (+37° C. Shipping Study Cycle 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CONT. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CONT. 
                   
               
               
                 % SERUM 
                 +4° C. 
                 C 
                 % dev 
                 B 
                 % dev 
                 A 
                 % dev 
                 +37° C. 
                 % dev 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                  2.35 
                  2.28 
                 −3.0% 
                  2.34 
                 −0.4%   
                  2.47 
                  5.1% 
                 2.3 
                 −2.1%   
               
               
                 20 
                  4.29 
                  4.29 
                   0.0% 
                  4.29 
                 0.0% 
                  4.67 
                  8.9% 
                  4.26 
                 −0.7%   
               
               
                 30 
                  6.64 
                 6.6 
                 −0.6% 
                  6.64 
                 0.0% 
                  7.15 
                  7.7% 
                  6.62 
                 −0.3%   
               
               
                 40 
                  9.12 
                  9.21 
                   1.0% 
                  9.19 
                 0.8% 
                 10.07 
                 10.4% 
                  9.17 
                 0.5% 
               
               
                 50 
                 11.25 
                 11.51 
                   2.2% 
                 11.43 
                 1.5% 
                 12.46 
                 10.7% 
                 11.45 
                 1.7% 
               
               
                 60 
                 13.72 
                 13.9  
                   1.3% 
                 13.89 
                 1.2% 
                 15.3  
                 11.5% 
                 13.95 
                 1.7% 
               
               
                 70 
                 16.01 
                 16.21 
                   1.2% 
                 16.25 
                 1.5% 
                 17.77 
                 11.0% 
                 16.21 
                 1.2% 
               
               
                 80 
                 18.55 
                 18.81 
                   1.4% 
                 18.88 
                 1.8% 
                 20.6  
                 11.1% 
                 18.82 
                 1.5% 
               
               
                 90 
                 20.66 
                 21.08 
                   2.0% 
                 20.69 
                 0.1% 
                 23.04 
                 11.5% 
                 20.9  
                 1.2% 
               
               
                 100  
                 22.96 
                 23.41 
                   2.0% 
                 23.35 
                 1.7% 
                 25.75 
                 12.2% 
                 23.13 
                 0.7% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     3) Recovery of glucose in quality control serum (Tables 5, 6 and 7) 
     The formulations were tested against control serum samples. In the Tables, Precie-Path and Precie-Norm are available from Roche Diagnostics, and the multisera samples are available from Randox Laboratories. 
     All formulations gave acceptable values when stored at +4° C. After 3 cycles at −20° C., all Mops containing formulations gave values within ranges and deviations of less than 3% from the control reagent stored at 4° C. After 3 cycles at 37° C., all formulations gave acceptable values for each control serum sample. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (+4° C. stability) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SERUM 
                 CONTROL 
                 C 
                 B 
                 A 
                 Target 
                 Ranges 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Precie-Path 
                 14.86 
                 14.68 
                 14.86 
                 14.55 
                 14.5  
                 12.3 . . . 16.7 
               
               
                 Precie-Path 
                  5.87 
                  5.85 
                  5.95 
                  5.86 
                  5.71 
                 4.84 . . . 6.58 
               
               
                 Multisera 094 SL 
                 3.4 
                  3.41 
                  3.46 
                 3.4 
                  3.43 
                 2.92 . . . 3.94 
               
               
                 Multisera 100 UN 
                  6.24 
                  6.23 
                  6.32 
                  6.22 
                  6.02 
                 5.42 . . . 6.62 
               
               
                 Multisera 200 SN 
                  6.18 
                  6.17 
                  6.28 
                  6.13 
                  6.08 
                 4.86 . . . 7.30 
               
               
                 Randox Calibrator 
                  5.77 
                  5.79 
                  5.85 
                  5.75 
                  5.55 
                 n/a 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (−20° C. stability at 2 weeks) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SERUM 
                 CONTROL 
                 C 
                 B 
                 A 
                 Target 
                 Ranges 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Precie-Path 
                 14.86 
                 14.59 
                 14.94 
                 14.71 
                 14.5  
                 12.3 . . . 16.7 
               
               
                 Precie-Path 
                  5.87 
                 5.8 
                  5.91 
                  5.88 
                  5.71 
                 4.84 . . . 6.58 
               
               
                 Multisera 094 SL 
                 3.4 
                  3.38 
                  3.49 
                  3.42 
                  3.43 
                 2.92 . . . 3.94 
               
               
                 Multisera 100 UN 
                  6.24 
                  6.21 
                  6.31 
                  6.26 
                  6.02 
                 5.42 . . . 6.62 
               
               
                 Multisera 200 SN 
                  6.18 
                  6.11 
                  6.25 
                  6.13 
                  6.08 
                 4.86 . . . 7.30 
               
               
                 Randox Calibrator 
                  5.77 
                  5.79 
                  5.86 
                  5.78 
                  5.55 
                 n/a 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (+37° C. stability at 2 weeks) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CONT. 
                   
                   
                   
                 CONT. 
                   
                   
               
               
                 SERUM 
                 +4° C. 
                 C 
                 B 
                 A 
                 +37° C. 
                 Target 
                 Ranges 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Precie-Path 
                 14.86 
                 14.59 
                 14.94 
                 14.71 
                 14.92 
                 14.5  
                 12.3 . . . 16.7 
               
               
                 Precie-Path 
                  5.87 
                 5.8 
                  5.91 
                  5.88 
                  5.86 
                  5.71 
                 4.84 . . . 6.58 
               
               
                 Multisera 094 SL 
                 3.4 
                  3.38 
                  3.49 
                  3.42 
                  3.42 
                  3.43 
                 2.92 . . . 3.94 
               
               
                 Multisera 100 UN 
                  6.24 
                  6.21 
                  6.31 
                  6.26 
                  6.28 
                  6.02 
                 5.42 . . . 6.62 
               
               
                 Multisera 200 SN 
                  6.18 
                  6.11 
                  6.25 
                  6.13 
                  6.21 
                  6.08 
                 4.86 . . . 7.30 
               
               
                 Randox Calibrator 
                  5.77 
                  5.79 
                  5.86 
                  5.78 
                  5.75 
                  5.55 
                 n/a 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In summary, the use of Mops buffer as a sole buffer, or in combination with phosphate buffer, maintains the function of the enzymes after freezing and thawing.