Abstract:
Temperature and precipitation are predicted from temperature and precipitation during the same week in one or two previous years and normal temperature and precipitation during that week. The difference between the previous year&#39;s value and the normal value is calculated and used to determine which forecasting formula is used. The result can be prepared in graphical form by time, geography, or both for use in planning advertising, retailer stock purchases, or the like.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/492,968, filed Aug. 7, 2003, whose disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention is directed to a technique, capable of implementation on a computer, for making weather predictions. The invention includes both the technique for doing so and business methods employing the technique to make predictions useful for retailers.  
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART  
       [0003]     Retailers and similar businesses plan their business from last year&#39;s sales results, and Wall Street encourages this further by tracking their performance relative to the same period a year ago. Most companies are in some way impacted by weather, especially those that sell or produce seasonal merchandise.  
         [0004]     Even companies that do not sell seasonal merchandise can be significantly affected by the weather, as consumers are impacted by the weather. An example would be a pizza parlor. Pizza is indirectly weather impacted because consumers call for a pizza delivery in inclement weather. Thus, more rain results in more business at a pizza parlor. Video rentals are weather impacted in a similar way. Inclement winter weather brings a boost to business, as bad weather limits outdoor activities, so consumers tend to remain indoors and watch television.  
         [0005]     The location of the business also plays a role in the significance of weather. Big-box retailers are stand-alone destination locations that can be more impacted by weather than stores in a conventional enclosed mall. On a cold or rainy day, people can more easily justify a trip to an enclosed mall, where they can eat, shop for multiple categories of items, or watch a movie, than they can with regard to a stand-alone retailer.  
         [0006]     Statistically, weather repeats year-over-year in any given location less than 20% of the time. As an example, December 1993 was cold in New York; December 1994 was near record warm; in 1995 it was one of the coldest Decembers in 100 years; in 1996, near record warm. In 1997, the weather was “normal” (cooler). The government 30-year average is defined as “normal” weather. Unfortunately, it is an average of all the really cold and really warm months thereby making it a measure that rarely occurs. Like last year, “normal” occurs less than 20% of the time for any given location and time.  
         [0007]     The December example above shows that very typically weather scenario plays havoc for most companies. For example, suppose that a merchant has sold many coats, jackets, boots and other winter items in New York in December 1993. After the season is over, the merchant will plan next year&#39;s coat business. Unfortunately, most companies will simply look at last year&#39;s sales and then plan up another 10%. Wall Street is somewhat to blame, as it demands growth. So the merchant heads to China in April the following year and buys a large number of coats, since it sold a large number last year. The coats (all 110% of them) arrive by boat in July are shipped to the distribution centers in August and pushed to the stores for the back-to-school season in September. Now they wait for the cold weather. Unfortunately, it never came in 1994, and now the merchant is stuck with an oversupply of coats. The solution is to mark it down and give it away to clear the merchandise. This eroded most profits for the coat merchant and resulted in a disappointing season. The merchant therefore plans very conservatively for the 1995 season and maybe changes the mix to light weight coats. December 1995 turns out to be coldest December on record. The merchant sells out early and misses what would have been many sure sales. The result is a loss in both profits and good will.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     It is therefore an object of the invention to improve weather forecasting.  
         [0009]     It is another object of the invention to improve weather forecasting over periods of time useful to allow retailers and similar businesses to plan purchases.  
         [0010]     To achieve the above and other objects, the present invention is based on the following discovery. The inventor analyzed between 109 and 118 years (depending on location) of temperature data and found a very clear pattern for 260 major markets across the country. The markets are listed in the Appendix. An illustrative example is shown in  FIG. 1  for Eastern New York.  
         [0011]     The analysis showed the following. First, the weather seldom repeats. If last year was warm (above the normal monthly mean November temperature of 39.5°, which is indicated by the line labeled N), the next year is less likely to be warm or as warm; if last year was cold (below the normal line N), the following year is less likely to be as cold. Second, normal seldom occurs.  
         [0012]     These charts very clearly show just how much risk there is for retailers, manufacturers, consumer packaged goods companies and even the pizza makers who plan their business off last year.  
         [0013]     Based on the premise that the weather repeats less than 20% of the time (80% of the time it does something different from last year) and most companies plan off last year, the inventor has developed a process (formula) by which to produce a forecast for next year (rolling 11-months out by week) that would be a more accurate measure of future weather vs assuming last year&#39;s weather would be the same.  
         [0014]     In  FIG. 1 , the dashed line labeled H (42.20) depicts 1 sigma standard deviation above normal, and the dashed line labeled C (36.80) shows  1  sigma standard deviation below normal. The average monthly swing in temperatures year-over-year is about 5° with the greatest monthly year-over-year swing 10°-15°.  
         [0015]     The next step in the process was to confirm that the above monthly trends would hold true at a weekly level, and they do. So if a week was really hot or cold last year in November, the chances that the same week in the future would be hot/cold was still only about 20% likely to repeat.  
         [0016]     Weekly normal (based on 109-118 years of data) temperatures values for each of the 260 major markets were created for every month. As an example, the 39.5° monthly normal November mean temperature in Eastern New York would be broken down to a standard 4-week retail November calendar (week ending date Saturdays):  
         [0017]     Week ending Nov. 8, 2003, normal weekly mean temperature value is 43°.  
         [0018]     Week ending Nov. 15, 2003, normal weekly mean temperature value is 41°.  
         [0019]     Week ending Nov. 22, 2003, normal weekly mean temperature value is 38°.  
         [0020]     Week ending Nov. 29, 2003, normal weekly mean temperature value is 36°.  
         [0021]     The initial monthly process to forecast for next year used the following rules:  
         [0022]     If last year November was 2-sigma above the 109-year mean, the forecast for next year would be 70 colder.  
         [0023]     If last year was between 1 and 2-sigma above the 109-year mean, the forecast would be 1 sigma colder.  
         [0024]     If last year was less than 1-sigma above the 109-year mean, the forecast would be the normal weekly mean temperature.  
         [0025]     If last year was less than 1-sigma below the 109-year mean, the forecast would be the normal weekly mean temperature.  
         [0026]     If last year was between 1 and 2-sigma below the 109-year mean, the forecast would be 1 sigma warmer.  
         [0027]     If last year was 2-sigma below the 109-year mean, the forecast for next year would be 7° warmer.  
         [0028]     If last year was within 10 of normal, then take the preceding two-year average for that week and then apply the above rules. So if the year prior was warm and this year normal then the forecast would be toward colder.  
         [0029]     The monthly process outlined above was refined in 2002-2003 to allow for the creation of weekly temperature and precipitation forecasts using standard mathematical formulas built off the general findings at the monthly level.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]     A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be set forth in detail with reference to the drawings, in which:  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  shows a plot of temperature data used to demonstrate the present invention;  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  shows a flow chart of a procedure for forecasting temperature;  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  shows a coding scheme used for graphical representations of temperature forecasts;  
         [0034]      FIG. 4  shows a flow chart of a procedure for forecasting precipitation;  
         [0035]      FIG. 5  shows a coding scheme used for graphical representations of precipitation forecasts;  
         [0036]      FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of a system on which the preferred embodiment can be implemented; and  
         [0037]      FIGS. 7 and 8  show sample publications for presentation of the forecasts.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0038]     A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be set forth in detail with reference to the drawings.  
         [0039]     First, the process for weekly temperature prediction will be performed. Then, the process for weekly precipitation will be performed.  
         [0040]     The process for weekly temperature prediction will be explained with reference to the flow chart of  FIG. 2 .  
         [0041]     1. (Step  202 ) Calculate the actual weekly mean temperature values for each of the 260 markets for last year. If forecasting for June 2004 this process would begin once June 2003 is complete. Adding up the 7 max temperatures and 7 minimum temperatures and dividing by 14 calculate actual weekly mean temperatures.  
         [0042]     Note: all aggregations of temperature are applied to a standard retail calendar with a week ending date Saturday.  
         [0043]     2. (Step  204 ) Using the predefined weekly normal mean temperatures (based on a 30-year average for each location, each week) calculate the delta between actual and normal for last year by week by location.  
         [0044]     3. Once the delta from last year actual and normal is determined we can calculate the weekly mean temperature forecast for next year using one of the following equations (3.a.-3.d). First, we determine whether the delta value calculated above is greater than equal to two degrees above normal, less than or equal to two degrees below normal, or within two degrees of normal (Step  206 ). Depending on that determination, one of the following is carried out. 
        a. If last year was equal to or greater than 20 above normal, complete the following calculation (Step  208 ): 
 
 LY T   act −[( LY T   act   −T   norm )×0.75]=FORECAST 
    b. If last year was between 2° and −2° of NORMAL, complete the following calculation (Step  210 ): 
 
( LLY T   act   +LY T   act )/2=2 year average temperature 
     Compare that result with normal. 
            1) If the 2-year average temperature is 2° or more above normal, use equation 3.a (Step  208 ).     2) If the 2-year average temperature is still between 2° and −2° of normal, use normal as the forecast (Step  212 ).     3) If the 2-year average temperature is −2° or more below normal, use equation 3.c (Step  214 ).    
            c. If the 2-year average temperature for the week in question is −2° or more BELOW NORMAL complete the following calculation: 
 
( LLY T   act   +LY T   act )/2 +[ABS (((( LLY T   act   +LY T   act )/2)− T   norm )×0.75)]=FORECAST 
    d. If last year was equal to or less than −2° BELOW NORMAL, complete the following calculation (Step  216 ): 
 
 LY T   act   +[ABS (( LY T   act   −T   norm )×0.75)]=FORECAST 
       
 
         [0053]     4. The forecast value is calculated for the 4 or 5 weeks that make up the month for each of the 260 locations using the above formulas (Step  218 ). Forecast values are depicted in visual deliverables both as a value and as a delta from the year prior, using a coding scheme such as that of  FIG. 3 .  
         [0054]     The weekly precipitation prediction process will now be explained with reference to the flow chart of  FIG. 4 .  
         [0055]     5. Calculate the total weekly precipitation for each of the 260 markets for last year (Step  402 ). Actual total weekly precipitation is calculated by adding up the 7 daily totals for the week.  
         [0056]     Note: all aggregations of temperature are applied to a standard retail calendar with a week ending date Saturday.  
         [0057]     6. Calculate the delta between last year&#39;s actual total weekly precipitation and the normal value (Step  404 ).  
         [0058]     7. Once the delta from last year actual and normal is determined we can calculate the weekly total precipitation forecast for next year using one of the formulas below (7.a.-7.d). First, we determine whether last year&#39;s value is 125% or more above normal, 75% or less below normal, or within 75% and 125% of normal (Step  406 ). Depending on that determination, one of the following is carried out. 
        a. If last year total weekly precipitation was 125% or more above normal, complete the following calculation (Step  408 ): 
 
 LY P   act −[( LY P   act   −P   norm )×0.75]=FORECAST 
    b. If last year total weekly precipitation was between 125% and 75% of NORMAL, complete the following calculation (Step  410 ): 
 
( LLY P   act   +LY P   act )/2=2 year average precipitation 
 
 Compare the result to normal. 
       
 
         [0062]     1) If the 2-year average precipitation is still 125% or more above normal, use equation 7.a (Step  408 ).  
         [0063]     2) If the 2-year average precipitation is still between 125% and 75% of normal, use the normal weekly value as the forecast (Step  412 ).  
         [0064]     3) If the 2-year average precipitation total is 75% or more below normal, go to equation 7.c (Step  414 ). 
        c. If the 2-year average precipitation total for the week in question is 75% or more below normal, complete the following calculation: 
 
( LLY P   act   +LY P   act )/2 +[ABS (((( LLY P   act   +LY P   act )/2)− P   norm )×0.75)]=FORECAST 
    d. If last year was 75% or more below normal, complete the following calculation (Step  416 ): 
 
 LY P   act   +[ABS (( LY P   act   −P norm )×0.75)]=FORECAST 
       
 
         [0067]     8. The precipitation forecast value is calculated for the 4 or 5 weeks that make up the month for each of the 260 locations using the above formulas (Step  418 ). Forecast values are depicted in visual deliverables both as a value and as a delta from the year prior using the coding scheme of  FIG. 5 .  
         [0068]      FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of a system on which the preferred embodiment can be carried out. The system  600  receives the raw weather data  602  on any suitable medium or transmission link. The system includes a computer  604  having a microprocessor  606 , RAM  608  and persistent storage (e.g., a hard drive)  610  for storing both the weather data  602  and calculation results. The computer  604  can be connected by any suitable communication system to a page setter  612  and printer  614  for producing hard-copy weather reports for mailing to clients. Alternatively, the calculation results can be directly input into a client&#39;s system  616  via a virtual private network or the like.  
         [0069]     Examples will be given.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0070]     Last year was 810 in Philadelphia for the week ending July 6 th , 2002. Normal weekly temperature is 75° Use equation 3.a.: 
 
 LY T   act −[( LY T   act   −T   norm )×0.75]=FORECAST 
 
81−[(81−75)×0.75]=
 
81−4.50=
 
=76.5° is the FORECAST for next year this same week (weekending Jul. 5, 2003) 
 
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0071]     This past week ending Jan. 18 th , 2003, was 25° in Philadelphia. Normal weekly temperature is 32°. Use equation 3.d.: 
 
 LY T   act   +[ABS (( LY T   act   −T   norm )×0.75)]=FORECAST 
 
25 +[ABS ((25−32)×0.75)]=
 
25 +[ABS (−7)×0.75)]
 
25+5.25=
 
=30.30 is the FORECAST for next year this same week in Philadelphia 
 
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0072]     This past week ending Jan. 18 th , 2003, there was 0.25″ of precipitation. Normal weekly precipitation is 0.83″. Using equation 7.d.: 
 
 LY P   act   +[ABS (( LY P   act   −P   norm )×0.75)]=FORECAST 
 
0.25+[ABS ((0.25−0.83)×0.75)=
 
0.25+0.435=
 
=0.69″ is the FORECAST for next year this same week in Philadelphia 
 
         [0073]     ACCURACY: Is measured both directionally and if the forecast is closer to actual vs assuming last year.  
         [0074]     On average, the directional accuracy of the WEEKLY forecasts over the last 13 years has been 76%. In 2003 to date the weekly directional accuracy is 80%. So, if the forecast implied this November would be colder than last year and it was that is considered an accurate directional forecast. Repeat the process for all markets, all weeks and divide by the total possible correct forecasts to arrive at a percent accuracy value.  
         [0075]     The second measure of accuracy is if the forecast is closer to the specific weekly mean temperature than last year. If last year was 45° and our forecast was 38° and actual came in anywhere from 410 or colder we would score it a hit. This is the more strict measure of accuracy. On average this is 68% accurate which is a 3-time improvement over assuming last year. Over the past 13 years this process has been within +/−30 during the volatile winter months and within +/−2° during the summer months.  
         [0076]     Precipitation shows less skill due to a lot of factors (it rains everywhere but the airport, spotty thunderstorms, tropical systems, etc.). Precipitation tracks at 61% directionally correct.  
         [0077]     This process is in an experimental stage for monthly snowfall trends and shows some skill at a monthly level.  
         [0078]     VALUE: With nearly a 4-time more accurate view of future temperature weather trends and three time more accurate precipitation trends by week retailers and manufacturers can plan their business with a lot more intelligence when making key decisions on purchasing product, manufacturing goods, allocating merchandise, timing promotions, timing advertising events, timing marketing activities, labor scheduling, logistics planning (air, ship, barge, rail, truck), etc.  
         [0079]     Most weather companies provide a forecast relative to normal, which is tough for a retailer to plan from. In order to plan using a forecast that said it will be warmer than normal next winter they would have to know what “normal” sales are, an impossible measure for most companies. By providing the forecast relative to last year in a weekly aggregate that matches their calendar (i.e. it will be 7° colder than last year for week ending X), they can better plan their seasonal business.  
         [0080]     PRODUCTS: As noted above with respect to  FIG. 6 , calculation results can be output to clients in several ways. Hard-copy reports include a trend report and a sales and marketing planner. Digital data feeds for input into retailers and manufacturers forecasting and planning environments.  
         [0081]     Business Applications using these long-range products include the following:  
         [0082]     An 11-month ahead weather trend report provides visual representations of the forecast through maps and charts on the expected weather trends across the nation by week and month. These visuals allow retailers and manufacturers to make adjustments on how much product to buy, where to allocate it, when to time a promotion or advertising and when to get out of a product with a markdown. A sample is shown in  FIG. 7 .  
         [0083]     The 11-month ahead weather trend sales and marketing planner provides a time-series view of the forecast by location across many months. This product allows advertising agencies to simply pick out the best weeks to time campaigns with favorable weather and stay clear of the unfavorable periods. Advertising in unfavorable weather for the particular product is ineffective and a waste of advertising dollars. Timing price incentives when the weather is not favorable for sales will help to spur consumer demand. A sample is shown in  FIG. 8 .  
         [0084]     Digital forecasts 11-months ahead by week by location can be imported into business planning, forecasting and replenishment systems. These systems factor in many variables like price, advertising, marketing, economy, last year&#39;s sales but seldom factor in a weather component. The weather piece is arguably one of the most important variables for seasonal goods that rely on favorable weather for product sales.  
         [0085]     While a preferred embodiment and variations thereon have been disclosed, those skilled in the art who have reviewed the present disclosure will readily appreciate that other embodiments can be realized within the scope of the invention. For example, numerical values are illustrative rather than limiting, as are disclosures of specific hardware and of specific page layouts for printed reports. Therefore, the present invention should be construed as limited only by the appended claims.  
                                 APPENDIX                           List of Markets            Market Name   State   Call Sign   Airport Name               Aberdeen   SD   KABR   Aberdeen/Aberdeen Regional Airport       Abilene   TX   KABI   Abilene/Abilene Regional Airport       Akron-Canton   OH   KCAK   Akron/Akron-Canton Regional Airport       Alamosa   CO   KLHX   La Junta/La Junta Municipal Airport       Albany   GA   KABY   Albany/Southwest Georgia Regional Airport       Albany   NY   KALB   Albany/Albany County Airport       Albuquerque   NM   KABQ   Albuquerque/Albuquerque International Airport       Alexandria   LA   KESF   Alexandria/Alexandria Esler Regional Airport       Allentown   PA   KABE   Allentown/Lehigh Valley International Airport       Alpena   MI   KAPN   Alpena/Alpena County Regional Airport       Altoona   PA   KAOO   Altoona/Altoona-Blair County Airport       Amarillo   TX   KAMA   Amarillo/Amarillo International Airport       Asheville   NC   KAVL   Asheville/Asheville Regional Airport       Astoria   OR   KAST   Astoria/Astoria Regional Airport       Athens   GA   KAHN   Athens/Athens Airport       Atlanta   GA   KATL   Atlanta/Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport       Atlantic City   NJ   KACY   Atlantic City/Atlantic City International Airport       Augusta   GA   KAGS   Augusta/Bush Field       Austin   TX   KAUS   Austin/Austin-Bergstrom International Airport       Bakersfield   CA   KBFL   Bakersfield/Meadows Field Airport       Baltimore   MD   KBWI   Baltimore/Baltimore-Washington International Airport       Bangor   ME   KBGR   Bangor/Bangor International Airport       Baton Rouge   LA   KBTR   Baton Rouge/Baton Rouge Metropolitan/Ryan Field       Beaufort   SC   KNBC   Beaufort/Marine Corps Air Station       Beaumont   TX   KBPT   Beaumont/Port Arthur/Southeast Texas Regional Airport       Beckley   WV   KBKW   Beckley/Raleigh County Memorial Airport       Bellingham   WA   KBLI   Bellingham/Bellingham International Airport       Billings   MT   KBIL   Billings/Billings Logan International Airport       Binghamton   NY   KBGM   Binghamton/Binghamton Regional Airport       Birmingham   AL   KBHM   Birmingham/Birmingham International Airport       Bismarck   ND   KBIS   Bismarck/Bismarck Municipal Airport       Boise   ID   KBOI   Boise/Boise Air Terminal       Boston   MA   KBOS   Boston/Logan International Airport       Bowling Green   KY   KBWG   Bowling Green/Bowling Green-Warren County Regional Airport       Bozeman   MT   KBZN   Bozeman/Gallatin Field       Bridgeport   CT   KBDR   Bridgeport/Sikorsky Memorial Airport       Bristol   TN   KTRI   Bristol/Johnson/Kingsport/Tri-City Regional Airport       Brownsville   TX   KBRO   Brownsville/Brownsville/South Padre Island International                   Airport       Buffalo   NY   KBUF   Buffalo/Greater Buffalo International Airport       Burlington   IA   KBRL   Burlington/Burlington Regional Airport       Burlington   VT   KBTV   Burlington/Burlington International Airport       Burns   OR   KBNO   Burns/Burns Municipal Airport       Butte   MT   KBTM   Butte/Bert Mooney Airport       Cape Girardeau   KY   KPAH   Paducah/Barkley Regional Airport       Caribou   ME   KCAR   Caribou/Caribou Municipal Airport       Casper   WY   KCPR   Casper/Natrona County International Airport       Cedar City   UT   KCDC   Cedar City/Cedar City Municipal Airport       Cedar Rapids   IA   KCID   Cedar Rapids/Cedar Rapids Municipal Airport       Champaign   IN   KHUF   Terre Haute/Terre Haute International Airport-Hulman Field       Charleston   SC   KCHS   Charleston/Charleston Air Force Base       Charleston   WV   KCRW   Charleston/Yeager Airport       Charlotte   NC   KCLT   Charlotte/Charlotte/Douglas International Airport       Charlottesville   VA   KCHO   Charlottesville/Charlottesville-Albemarle Airport       Chattanooga   TN   KCHA   Chattanooga/Lovell Field       Cheyenne   WY   KCYS   Cheyenne/Cheyenne Airport       Chicago/O&#39;Hare   IL   KORD   Chicago/Chicago-O&#39;Hare International Airport       Cincinnati   OH   KCVG   Covington/Cincinnati/Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky                   International Airport       Clarksburg   WV   KCKB   Clarksburg/Clarksburg Benedum Airport       Cleveland   OH   KCLE   Cleveland/Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport       Colorado Springs   CO   KCOS   Colorado Springs/City Of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport       Columbia   MO   KCOU   Columbia/Columbia Regional Airport       Columbia   SC   KCAE   Columbia/Columbia Metropolitan Airport       Columbus   OH   KCMH   Columbus/Port Columbus International Airport       Columbus   GA   KCSG   Columbus/Columbus Metropolitan Airport       Concord   NH   KCON   Concord/Concord Municipal Airport       Concordia   KS   KCNK   Concordia/Blosser Municipal Airport       Corpus Christi   TX   KCRP   Corpus Christi/Corpus Christi International Airport       Dallas   TX   KDFW   Dallas/Fort Worth/Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport       Dayton   OH   KDAY   Dayton/Cox Dayton International Airport       Daytona Beach   FL   KDAB   Daytona Beach/Daytona Beach Regional Airport       Del Rio   TX   KDRT   Del Rio/Del Rio International Airport       Denver   CO   KDEN   Denver/Denver International Airport       Des Moines   IA   KDSM   Des Moines/Des Moines International Airport       Detroit   MI   KDTW   Detroit/Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport       Dickinson   ND   KDIK   Dickinson/Dickinson Municipal Airport       Dodge City   KS   KDDC   Dodge City/Dodge City Regional Airport       Dothan   AL   KDHN   Dothan/Dothan Regional Airport       Dover   DE   KDOV   Dover Air Force Base       Dubuque   IA   KDBQ   Dubuque/Dubuque Regional Airport       Duluth   MN   KDLH   Duluth/Duluth International Airport       Eau Claire   WI   KEAU   Eau Claire/Chippewa Valley Regional Airport       EI Paso   TX   KELP   EI Paso/EI Paso International Airport       Elkins   WV   KEKN   Elkins/Elkins-Randolph County-Jennings Randolph Field       Elmira   NY   KELM   Elmira/Elmira/Corning Regional Airport       Ely   NV   KELY   Ely/Ely Airport       Erie   PA   KERI   Erie/Erie International Airport       Eugene   OR   KEUG   Eugene/Mahlon Sweet Field       Evansville   IN   KEVV   Evansville/Evansville Regional Airport       Fargo   ND   KFAR   Fargo/Hector International Airport       Farmington   NM   KFMN   Farmington/Four Corners Regional Airport       Flagstaff   AZ   KFLG   Flagstaff/Flagstaff Pulliam Airport       Flint   MI   KFNT   Flint/Bishop International Airport       Florence   SC   KFLO   Florence/Florence Regional Airport       Fort Myers   FL   KFMY   Fort Myers/Page Field       Fort Smith   AR   KFSM   Fort Smith/Fort Smith Regional Airport       Fort Wayne   IN   KFWA   Fort Wayne/Fort Wayne International Airport       Fort Worth   TX   KFTW   Fort Worth/Meacham International Airport       Fresno   CA   KFAT   Fresno/Fresno Air Terminal       Gainesville   FL   KGNV   Gainesville/Gainesville Regional Airport       Glasgow   MT   KGGW   Glasgow/Glasgow International Airport       Goodland   KS   KGLD   Goodland/Renner Field       Grand Forks   ND   KGFK   Grand Forks/Grand Forks International Airport       Grand Island   NE   KGRI   Grand Island/Central Nebraska Regional Airport       Grand Junction   CO   KGJT   Grand Junction/Walker Field       Grand Rapids   MI   KGRR   Grand Rapids/Gerald R. Ford International Airport       Great Falls   MT   KGTF   Great Falls/Great Falls International Airport       Green Bay   WI   KGRB   Green Bay/Austin Straubel International Airport       Greensboro   NC   KGSO   Greensboro/Piedmont Triad International Airport       Greenville   SC   KGSP   Greer/Greenville-Spartanburg Airport       Gulfport   MS   KGPT   Gulfport/Gulfport-Biloxi Regional Airport       Harrisburg/Middletown   PA   KCXY   Harrisburg/Capital City Airport       Hartford   CT   KBDL   Windsor Locks/Bradley International Airport       Hatteras   NC   KHSE   Hatteras/Mitchell Field       Hattiesburg   MS   KHBG   Hattiesburg/Bobby L Chain Municipal Airport       Helena   MT   KHLN   Helena/Helena Regional Airport       Houghton Lake   MI   KHTL   Houghton Lake/Roscommon County Airport       Houston   TX   KIAH   Houston/Houston Intercontinental Airport       Huntington   WV   KHTS   Huntington/Tri-State Airport       Huntsville   AL   KHSV   Huntsville/Huntsville International/Jones Field       Huron   SD   KHON   Huron/Huron Regional Airport       Indianapolis   IN   KIND   Indianapolis/Indianapolis International Airport       International Falls   MN   KINL   International Falls/Falls International Airport       Jackson   KY   KJKL   Jackson/Carroll Airport       Jackson   MS   KJAN   Jackson/Jackson International Airport       Jackson   TN   KMKL   Jackson/McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport       Jacksonville   FL   KJAX   Jacksonville/Jacksonville International Airport       Jamestown   NY   KJHW   Jamestown Automatic Weather Observing/Reporting System       Jamestown   ND   KJMS   Jamestown/Jamestown Municipal Airport       Jonesboro   AR   KJBR   Jonesboro/Jonesboro Municipal Airport       Kalispell   MT   KFCA   Kalispell/Glacier Park International Airport       Kansas City   MO   KMCI   Kansas City/Kansas City International Airport       Key West   FL   KEYW   Key West/Key West International Airport       Knoxville   TN   KTYS   Knoxville/McGhee Tyson Airport       Lafayette   IN   KLAF   Lafayette/Purdue University Airport       Lake Charles   LA   KLCH   Lake Charles/Lake Charles Regional Airport       Lander   WY   KLND   Lander       Lansing   MI   KLAN   Lansing/Capital City Airport       Laredo   TX   KLRD   Laredo International Airport       Las Vegas   NV   KLAS   Las Vegas/McCarran International Airport       Lewiston   ID   KLWS   Lewiston/Lewiston-Nez Perce County Airport       Lexington   KY   KLEX   Lexington/Blue Grass Airport       Lincoln   NE   KLNK   Lincoln/Lincoln Municipal Airport       Little Rock   AR   KLIT   Little Rock/Adams Field       Los Angeles   CA   KLAX   Los Angeles/Los Angeles International Airport       Louisville   KY   KSDF   Louisville/Standiford Field       Lubbock   TX   KLBB   Lubbock/Lubbock International Airport       Lynchburg   VA   KLYH   Lynchburg/Lynchburg Regional Airport       Macon   GA   KMCN   Macon/Middle Georgia Regional Airport       Madison   WI   KMSN   Madison/Dane County Regional-Truax Field       Mansfield   OH   KMFD   Mansfield/Mansfield Lahm Municipal Airport       Marquette   MI   KMQT   Marquette       Medford   OR   KMFR   Medford/Rogue Valley International Airport       Memphis   TN   KMEM   Memphis/Memphis International Airport       Meriden   MS   KMEI   Meridian/Key Field       Miami   FL   KMIA   Miami/Miami International Airport       Midland   TX   KMAF   Midland/Midland International Airport       Miles City   MT   KMLS   Miles City/Frank Wiley Field Airport       Milwaukee   WI   KMKE   Milwaukee/General Mitchell International Airport       Minneapolis   MN   KMSP   Minneapolis/Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport       Minot   ND   KMOT   Minot/Minot International Airport       Missoula   MT   KMSO   Missoula/Missoula International Airport       Mobile   AL   KMOB   Mobile/Mobile Regional Airport       Moline   IL   KMLI   Moline/Quad-City Airport       Monroe   LA   KMLU   Monroe/Monroe Regional Airport       Montgomery   AL   KMGM   Montgomery/Dannelly Field       Montpelier   VT   KMPV   Barre/Montpelier/Knapp State Airport       Muskegon   MI   KMKG   Muskegon/Muskegon County Airport       Nashville   TN   KBNA   Nashville/Nashville International Airport       New Orleans   LA   KMSY   New Orleans/New Orleans International Airport       New York   NY   KLGA   New York/La Guardia Airport       Newark   NJ   KEWR   Newark/Newark International Airport       Norfolk   NE   KOFK   Norfolk/Stefan Memorial Airport       Norfolk   VA   KORF   Norfolk/Norfolk International Airport       North Platte   NE   KLBF   North Platte/North Platte Regional Airport       Oklahoma City   OK   KOKC   Oklahoma City/Will Rogers World Airport       Olympia   WA   KOLM   Olympia/Olympia Airport       Omaha   NE   KOMA   Omaha/Eppley Airfield       Orlando   FL   KMCO   Orlando/Orlando International Airport       Ottumwa   IA   KOTM   Ottumwa/Ottumwa Industrial Airport       Palm Springs   CA   KPSP   Palm Springs/Palm Springs Regional Airport       Panama City   FL   KPFN   Panama City/Panama City-Bay County International Airport       Parkersburg   WV   KPKB   Parkersburg/Wood County Airport/Gill Robb Wilson Field                   Airport       Pendleton   OR   KPDT   Pendleton/Eastern Oregon Regional At Pendleton Airport       Pensacola   FL   KPNS   Pensacola/Pensacola Regional Airport       Peoria   IL   KPIA   Peoria/Greater Peoria Regional Airport       Philadelphia   PA   KPHL   Philadelphia/Philadelphia International Airport       Phoenix   AZ   KPHX   Phoenix/Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport       Pierre   SD   KPIR   Pierre/Pierre Regional Airport       Pittsburgh   PA   KPIT   Pittsburgh/Pittsburgh International Airport       Pocatello   ID   KPIH   Pocatello/Pocatello Regional Airport       Portland   ME   KPWM   Portland/Portland International Jetport       Portland   OR   KPDX   Port Isabel/Portland International Airport       Prescott   AZ   KPRC   Prescott/Love Field       Price   UT   KPUC   Price/Carbon County Airport       Providence   RI   KPVD   Providence/Theodore Francis Green State Airport       Pueblo   CO   KPUB   Pueblo/Pueblo Memorial Airport       Quincy   IL   KUIN   Quincy/Quincy Regional-Baldwin Field Airport       Raleigh   NC   KRDU   Raleigh/Durham/Raleigh-Durham International Airport       Rapid City   SD   KRAP   Rapid City/Rapid City Regional Airport       Redding   CA   KRDD   Redding/Redding Municipal Airport       Reno   NV   KRNO   Reno/Reno Tahoe International Airport       Richmond   VA   KRIC   Richmond/Richmond International Airport       Roanoke   VA   KROA   Roanoke/Roanoke Regional Airport       Rochester   MN   KRST   Rochester/Rochester International Airport       Rochester   NY   KROC   Rochester/Greater Rochester International Airport       Rockford   IL   KRFD   Rockford/Greater Rockford Airport       Roswell   NM   KROW   Roswell/Roswell Industrial Air Center Airport       Sacramento   CA   KSAC   Sacramento/Sacramento Executive Airport       Salem   OR   KSLE   Salem/McNary Field       Salt Lake City   UT   KSLC   Salt Lake City/Salt Lake City International Airport       San Angelo   TX   KSJT   San Angelo/Mathis Field       San Antonio   TX   KSAT   San Antonio/San Antonio International Airport       San Diego   CA   KSAN   San Diego/San Diego International-Lindbergh Field       San Francisco   CA   KSFO   San Francisco/San Francisco International Airport       Santa Barbara   CA   KSBA   Santa Barbara/Santa Barbara Municipal Airport       Santa Fe   NM   KSAF   Santa Fe/Santa Fe County Municipal Airport       Sarasota   FL   KSRQ   Sarasota/Bradenton/Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport       Savannah   GA   KSAV   Savannah/Savannah International Airport       Scottsbluff   NE   KBFF   Scottsbluff/Heilig Field       Scranton   PA   KAVP   Wilkes-Barre-Scranton/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International                   Airport       Seattle-Tacoma   WA   KSEA   Seattle/Seattle-Tacoma International Airport       Sheridan   WY   KSHR   Sheridan/Sheridan County Airport       Shreveport   LA   KSHV   Shreveport/Shreveport Regional Airport       Silver City   NM   KTCS   Truth Or Consequences/Truth Or Consequences Municipal                   Airport       Sioux City   IA   KSUX   Sioux City/Sioux Gateway Airport       Sioux Falls   SD   KFSD   Sioux Falls/Foss Field       South Bend   IN   KSBN   South Bend/South Bend Regional Airport       Spokane   WA   KGEG   Spokane/Spokane International Airport       Springfield   MO   KSGF   Springfield/Springfield Regional Airport       Springfield   IL   KSPI   Springfield/Capital Airport       St. Cloud   MN   KSTC   St. Cloud/St. Cloud Municipal Airport       St. Louis   MO   KSTL   St. Louis/Lambert-St. Louis International Airport       Syracuse   NY   KSYR   Syracuse/Syracuse Hancock International Airport       Tallahassee   FL   KTLH   Tallahassee/Tallahassee Regional Airport       Tampa   FL   KTPA   Tampa/Tampa International Airport       Toledo   OH   KTOL   Toledo/Toledo Express Airport       Topeka   KS   KTOP   Topeka/Philip Billard Municipal Airport       Traverse City   MI   KTVC   Traverse City/Cherry Capital Airport       Tucson   AZ   KTUS   Tucson/Tucson International Airport       Tulsa   OK   KTUL   Tulsa/Tulsa International Airport       Tupelo   MS   KTUP   Tupelo/Tupelo Regional Airport       Valentine   NE   KVTN   Valentine/Miller Field       Victoria   TX   KVCT   Victoria/Victoria Regional Airport       Waco   TX   KACT   Waco/Waco Regional Airport       Washington   DC   KDCA   Washington DC/Reagan National Airport       Washington/Dulles   VA   KIAD   Washington DC/Washington-Dulles International Airport       Waterloo   IA   KALO   Waterloo/Waterloo Municipal Airport       Wausau   WI   KAUW   Wausau/Wausau Downtown Airport       West Palm Beach   FL   KPBI   West Palm Beach/Palm Beach International Airport       Wichita   KS   KICT   Wichita/Wichita Mid-Continent Airport       Wichita Falls   FX   KSPS   Wichita Falls/Sheppard Air Force Base       Williamsport   PA   KIPT   Williamsport/Williamsport-Lycoming County Airport       Williston   ND   KISN   Williston/Sloulin Field International Airport       Wilmington   NC   KILM   Wilmington/New Hanover International Airport       Wilmington   DE   KILG   Wilmington/New Castle County Airport       Winnemucca   NV   KLOL   Lovelock/Derby Field Airport       Worcester   MA   KORH   Worcester/Worcester Regional Airport       Yakima   WA   KYKM   Yakima/Yakima Air Terminal       Youngstown   OH   KYNG   Youngstown/Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport       Yuma   AZ   KNYL   Yuma/Marine Corps Air Station