Abstract:
The present invention relates to the preparation and use of compositions for the treatment of skin disorders such as psoriasis, eczema and lichen planus, as well as for the promotion of good health and the alleviation of stress. The compositions are based on extracts from the plants Melia azadirachta and/or Centratherum anthelminthicum. A variety of other herbal extracts may be included, and the compositions may take the form of a cream or ointment based on ghee, or they may be in a powdered form of suitable for preparing decoctions in hot water.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the manufacture and use of herbal compositions for the treatment of skin conditions and/or the promotion of general good health, and in particular, but not exclusively, for the treatment of psoriasis, eczema and lichen planus in human and non-human animals. 
     The skin of an animal acts as a barrier between the organism and its environment, and thus preserves the chemical and biochemical composition of the body of the animal. However, various chemical and physical agents may have effects, good or bad, on the skin. 
     The chemical composition and physical structure of the skin departs significantly from normal conditions in certain skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema and lichen planus. For example, the epidermis contains a constantly renewing cell population. In humans, the transit time of cells from the inner part to the outermost part of the skin is in the order of 12 to 14 days from mitosis to the viable epidermis and about 15 days across the stratum corneum; i.e. around 28 days in total. In a human suffering from psoriasis, however, the total transit time may be as short as 4 days. Psoriasis is classified as a proliferative skin disease, since one of the manifestations of the condition is a proliferation in keratinocyte activity. Psoriasis is also characterised by an aberration of lipid metabolism, due at least in part to excessive lipoxygenase activity in the epidermis. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for use in the treatment of skin disorders and/or promoting general health, which composition comprises extracts derived from the plant Melia azadirachta. 
     According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for use in the treatment of skin disorders and/or promoting general health, which composition comprises extracts derived from the plant Centratherum anthelminthicum. 
     According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for use in the treatment of skin disorders and/or promoting general health, which composition comprises extracts derived from the plants Melia azadirachta and Centratherum anthelminthicum. 
     According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for use in the treatment of skin disorders and/or promoting general health, which composition comprises extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Melia azadirachta and Centratherum anthelminthicum, and which further comprises extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Phyllanthus emblica, Hemidesmus indicus, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Terminalia chebula, Terminalis belerica, Berberis aristata, Zingiber officinalis, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Rubia cordifolia, Smilex china, Glycerhiza glabra, Picrorhiza curroa, Curcuma aromatica and Asparagus racemosus. 
     The composition may further comprise coffee and/or cardamon seeds. 
     According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating psoriasis through the administration of extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Melia azadirachta and Centratherum anthelminthicum. 
     According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating psoriasis through the administration of extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Melia azadirachta and Centratherum anthelminthicum and further extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Phyllanthus emblica, Hemidesmus indicus, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Terminalia chebula, Terminalis belerica, Berberis aristata, Zingiber officinalis, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Rubia cordifolia, Smilex china, Glycerhiza glabra, Picrorhiza curroa, Curcuma aromatica and Asparagus racemosus. 
     According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating eczema or lichen planus through the administration of extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Melia azadirachta and Centratherum anthelminthicum. 
     According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating eczema or lichen planus through the administration of extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Melia azadirachta and Centratherum anthelminthicum and further extracts derived from at least one member of the group consisting of the plants Phyllanthus emblica, Hemidesmus indicus, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Terminalia chebula, Terminalis belerica, Berberis aristata, Zingiber officinalis, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Rubia cordifolia, Smilex china, Glycerhiza glabra, Picrorhiza curroa, Curcuma aromatica and Asparagus racemosus. 
     The composition of the present invention may be dispersed in a suitable carrier for topical application as a cream, gel, ointment or lotion, or may be in the form of a dry powder or other form suitable for the preparation of a potable decoction, for example by way of a tea bag. Alternatively, the composition may be formulated in tablet form. 
     Preferably, the composition is dispersed in a carrier suitable for topical application comprising ghee or clarified butter. 
     By providing one or more of an anti-histaminic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an adrenocortical stimulant, a cortisol protecting agent, a keratolytic agent, an anti-infective agent, an anti-fungal agent, an agent to control any over-drying action and an agent to control any over-secretory action, the compositions of the present invention help to break the cycle of pruritus--inflammation--pruritus, thereby promoting faster healing of chronic skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and lichen planus. The compositions of the present invention are additionally useful in reducing the effects of stress and reinforcing the immune response. In particular, extracts from Melia azadirachta and Centratherum anthelminthicum are effective in inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation, and extracts from Melia azadirachta and Curcuma longa are effective inhibitors of lipoxygenase enzyme. 
     The transformed human keratinocyte cell line SVK14 was exposed to herbal extracts according to the present invention, and proliferation was measured indirectly using a colorimetric assay for determining the cellular protein content of adherent cultures in 96-well microtitre plates. Melia azadirachta L. (Meliaceae) and Centratherum anthelminthicum (Wild.) Kuntze (Compositae) were found to have a significant inhibitory effect on keratinocyte proliferation, having the IC50 values of 0.45 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml respectively. The IC50 values are based on the original dried plant material used for the extraction. The activity was dose-dependent. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is a cream made up as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Ghee                   3         kgWater (boiled and cooled)                  1         kgDecoction of Centratherum anthelminthicum                  400       ml(400 ml water + 40 g Centratherumanthelminthicum)Decoction of Melia azadirachta                  100       ml(100 ml water + 250 g Melia azadirachta)______________________________________ 
    
     To make up the cream, the ghee is first hydrolysed in a clean stainless steel vessel with one liter of water. Two to three days later, further hydrolysis should be effected with the decoction of Centratherum anthelminthicum. After a further two to three days, hydrolysis should be effected with the decoction of Melia azadirachta. The cream is ready when it becomes unable to assimulate any further liquid. During hydrolysis of the ghee, many triglyceride pockets are formed which can hold the active ingredients in the decoctions in combination as well as individually. This means that the active ingredients may act synergistically as well as individually. In addition, additives including one or more of vitamins A, C, D and E may be added. 
     For psoriatic patients who are on methotrexate, a decoction or powder of Psoralea corylisfolia may be included in the cream. 
     The cream of this embodiment of the invention provides relief of skin dryness, inflammation, irritation, rashes, papules, abrasions and discolouration. The cream should not be taken by mouth and should be kept out of the reach of children. 
     An alternative embodiment of the present invention is a cream made up as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Ghee                   3         kgWater (boiled and cooled)                  1         kgDecoction of Centratherum anthelminthicum                  400       ml(400 ml water + 40 g Centratherumanthelminthicum)Decoction of Trifla    200       ml(200 ml water + 20 g Trifla)Decoction of Berberis aristata                  100       ml(100 ml water + 10 g Berberis aristata)Fresh Juice of Phyllanthus emblica                  200       mlDecoction of Melia azadirachta                  100       ml(100 ml water + 250 g Melia azadirachta)______________________________________ 
    
     Trifla is a powder made up of extracts from Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Phyllanthus emblica. 
     To make up the cream, the ghee is first hydrolysed in a clean stainless steel vessel with one liter of water. Two to three days later, further hydrolysis should be effected with the decoction of Centratherum anthelminthicum. After a further two to three days, hydrolysis should be effected with the decoction of Trifla, followed two to three days later by further hydrolysis with the fresh juice of Phyllanthus emblica, and final hydrolysis two to three days later with the decoction of Melia azadirachta. The cream is ready when it becomes unable to assimilate any further liquid. During hydrolysis of the ghee, many triglyceride pockets are formed which can hold the active ingredients in the decoctions in combination as well as individually. This means that the active ingredients may act synergistically as well as individually. In addition, additives including one or more of vitamins A, C, D and E may be added. 
     For psoriatic patients who are on methotrexate, a decoction or powder of Psoralea corylisfolia may be included in the cream. 
     The cream of this embodiment of the invention provides relief of skin dryness, inflammation, irritation, rashes, papules, abrasions and discolouration. The cream should not be taken by mouth and should be kept out of the reach of children. 
     In a further alternative embodiment of the present invention there is provided a tea-bag containing: 
     
         ______________________________________Centratherum anthelminthicum (fruit)                 20 gTrifla (fruit)        10 g(Comprises equal parts of:Phyllanthus emblicaTerminalia chebulaTerminalia belerica)Trikatu               10 g(Comprises equal parts of:Zingiber officinalis (root)Piper longum (fruit)Piper nigrum (fruit))______________________________________ 
    
     The ingredients are powdered and put into a tea-bag. Every day early in the morning one tea-bag should be placed into a container holding 150 ml of boiling water, covered with a lid, and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. The decoction should then be divided into three so as to provide three doses of 50 ml to be imbibed at six-hour intervals. The dosage of one tea bag per day is appropriate for an adult or adolescent weighing around 70 kg. For children of 6-7 years, the dosage should be halved. This provides a course of treatment for a first week. 
     This composition helps to relieve the irritation and itching cycle and also helps to relieve urticaria (the acute condition). For urticaria the dose may be raised to two tea-bags per day to provide six doses, one to be taken every three hours. 
     For the continued treatment, over a second week, of psoriasis, eczema and lichen planus, the composition of the tea-bag may be changed to: 
     
         ______________________________________Centratherum anthelminthicum (fruit)                 10       gTrifla (fruit)        10       g(Comprises equal parts of:Phyllanthus emblicaTerminalia chebulaTerminalia balerica)Hemidesmus indicus (roots)                 1        gRubia cordifolia (roots)                 2        gTinospora cordifolia (stem)                 0.5      gBerberis aristata (roots)                 0.5      gCurcuma longa (roots) 2.5      gSmilex china (roots)  1        gMelia azadirachta (bark)                 0.5      gGlycerhiza glabra (stem)                 1        gPicrorhiza curroa (stem)                 1        g______________________________________ 
    
     The preparation and dosage is as for the course of treatment for the first week. This composition helps to relieve accumulated stress and inflammation and is additionally helpful for diabetic and/or hypertensive patients. It is also helpful in relieving urticaria and neurodermatitis. There are no apparent contraindications for pregnant patients. If necessary, treatment with this composition may be continued for up to six weeks. 
     Glycerhiza glabra and Curcuma longa are thought to have opposing actions, in that Curcuma longa is a drying agent whereas Glycerhiza glabra counters any over-drying effect. Curcuma longa is thought to be a keratolytic, anti-infective mild bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and mild anti-histaminic agent. When Curcuma longa is joined with Centratherum anthelminthicum, Berberis aristata and Trifla, the anti-histaminic and anti-inflammatory properties are enhanced. This combination is useful for both dry skin as well as weeping skin abrasions, discolouration of the skin, papules etc. The combination of tannins and other alkaloids is helpful in maintaining the normal texture of the skin, i.e. the normal thickness of the dermis and epidermis. 
     An alternative embodiment of the present invention, suitable as a night cream for psoriasis, as made up as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Curcuma longa    15 gCurcuma aromatica            15 gBerberis aristata            15 gTerminalia chebula            10 gPhyllanthus emblica            10 gTerminalia belerica            10 g______________________________________ 
    
     The ingredients are powdered and made into a fine paste by adding boiled, cooled water. The contents of the tea-bags of the previously described embodiments of the invention which were used for decoction are mixed with a small amount of this paste to provide a mixture to be applied to psoriatic patches. 
     This composition produces an anti-inflammatory effect, and is also useful in the treatment of psoriatic arthropathy. 
     A further embodiment of the present invention comprises a herbal coffee. It is now recognised that behaviourial depression is a fairly common consequence of stress. It is also evident that an animal&#39;s ability to cope with stress largely influences the neurochemical consequences of stress. It is also recognised that exposure of living beings to inescapable and severe stress leads to depletion of adrenaline and serotonin, postulated to be the cause of endogenous depression. 
     A cup of ordinary coffee upon waking provides stimulation, but may be harmful when taken without milk and sugar throughout the rest of the day in order to combat tiredness. 
     The herbal coffee of this embodiment contains 25% coffee, 25% cardamon seeds and 50% a mixture of the following plants: 
     Withenia somnifera dunal (roots) (Indian ginseng) 
     Asparagus racemosus (roots) 
     Tinospora cordifolia (stem) 
     Hemidesmus indicus (roots) 
     10 g of the herbal coffee contains 2.5 g coffee, 2.5 g cardamon seeds, 2 g Hemidesmus indicus, 1 g Withenia somnifera, 1 g Asparagus racemosus and 1 g Tinospora cordifolia. A 10 g dose is to provide one cup of coffee once a day only. The course of treatment should not extend for more than three weeks at a time. 
     This herbal coffee is useful in combating stress and in the treatment of stress induced gastric ulcers. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a foundation cream made up as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Ghee                  3         kgWater (boiled and cooled)                 2         lDecoction of Jasminum florum (leaves)                 1         l(200 g leaves)Sandalwood powder     10        gSandalwood oil        30        mlor Rose oil           30        ml______________________________________ 
    
     The ghee is first hydrolysed with the water and then with a decoction of Jasminum florum. When trituration is complete, which may take 6-7 hours, the Sandalwood oil is added. After further trituration the Sandalwood powder is added, and the resulting cream thoroughly mixed. 
     This foundation cream is useful for protecting the skin from deleterious effects of physical and chemical agents. It is particularly useful for the treatment of skin which has been subjected to and damaged by lightening agents. The cream is also useful for the treatment of infantile eczema, skin care for diabetic patients and sunburn. For alleviating nappy rash in children and also for skincare in elderly people it can be mixed with castor oil and zinc ointment. The cream may also be used in the relief of postherpetic dermatitis and any sort of neurodermatitis. The cream should not be taken by mouth and should be kept out of reach of children. 
     The following table illustrates some of the properties found to be associated with the plants used in the present invention: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________                                             POTENTIAL USES            FAMILY IF                        (OTHER THAN FOR    LATIN NAME            KNOWN    CONSTITUENTS                                 PROPERTIES  SKIN DISORDERS)__________________________________________________________________________1        Centratherum            Compositeae          Anti Histaminic                                             Decongestant    Anthelminticum                           Bactericidal                                             Anti Parasitic                                             Diuretic                                             Anti Inflammatory                                             Antipyretic                                             Anti Obesity                                             Colagogue                                             Post Partum Period                                             Anti Histaminic2        Rubia Cordifolia            Rubiaceae                     Anthraquinone                                 Immunomodulator                                             Haemoglobinuria                                 Adrenocortical                                             Erysepalas                                 Stimuation  Blood Born Diseases                                 Cortisol Preservation3        Hemidesmus            Asclepiadaleae                     Triterpinoids           Rat Poisoning    Indicus          Alkaloids of Indol      Bronchial Asthma                     Phenanthroidolidizine   Non Healing Ulcers                     Pyridine groups         Corneal Ulcer                     Cardinoides             Neuritis                     Cyanogenetic            Renal Stones                     Geycosides                     Saponins                     Tanins                     Cyclitols4        Berberes            Berberidaceae                     Berberine Alkaloids                                 Anti-Inflammatory                                             Non healing ulcers    (Aristata)x      Benzylisoquinoline      Jaundice    Asiatica         Bisbenzyliso-           Leucorea                     quinoline               Diabetes Insepidus                     Aporphine               Anti Pyretic                                             Spenic Enlargment                                             Liver Fluke                                             Infestation                                             Abscess, Lymphangites                                             Lymphadenopathy                                             Ulces on varicose                                             veins                                             Menorrhegia                                             Bleeding Piles5        Curcuma Longa            Scitaminacea                     Curcuminoids                                 Anti Histaminic                                             Pain Killer                     Curcumin    Anti Pruritic                                             Decongestant                     Diferuloylmethane       Diabetes Melitus                     Dicaffeol               Diabetes Inspipedus                     Methane                 Neuro Dermatitis                     Caffeoyl                Neuritis                     Feruloyl                Liver Protective                     Methane Biogenesis      Helps in Liver                                             problems                     Phenyl Alanine          Prevention of Smallpox                     Malonate                     Acetate                     Sequiterpenes e.g.                     Zingiberine 25%                     Sesquiterpene                     alcohols                     Ketones and                     Maloterpenes6        Prunus  Rosaceae Kerneal Oil Oxlhydrolysis yields                                             Burning sensation    Cerrasoides      Similar to bitter                                 Glucose     Antiemetic                     almonds     Benzyldehyde and                                             Blood in vomiting                     Amycedalin  Enzyme Prunase 0.07-                                             (melory Weiss                                             Syndrome)                     Prulanrasin 0.16 per cent of                                             Pyrexia of Unknown                     Prunasin    Hydrocynic acid                                             Origin                     D(-)Mandelonitrite-D                     Glucoside                     Bitter Almond up to                     1819 parts per million                     of CN                     Wild cherry bark 5 parts                     per million of CN                     Bark contains resin                     which yields the                     fluorescent compound                     Scopotin onhyderolysis                     Benzoic acid                     Trimethyl Galic acid                     P-Cownaric Acid and                     sometannin7        Tinospora            Menispemaeceae                     Stem contains                                 Anti spasmodic                                             General tonic    Cordifolia       Glycoside   Anti pyretic                                             Diuretic Anhpyretic                     Giolin      Anti inflammatory                                             Aphrodisiac                     Nonglycoside                                 Hypoglycemic                                             Effect In Jaundice                     Gilenin and Anti-allergic                                             Diabetes Melitus                     Gliosterol  Immuno Stimulant                                             Anaemia Consumption                                 Neutropenia produced                                             Emaciation                                 Cyclophosphamide was                                             Infection                                 abolished by single dose                                 of Tinospdra given                                 before the                                 cyclophosphamide given8        Picrorrhiza            Scrophulaceae                     Bitter Colycoside                                 Hepatoprotective                                             Heart Failure    Kurroa           Cathartic Acid                                 Activity Against Carbon                                             Better Lactation                     Picroside II                                 Tetrachloride and                                             Skin Problems                     (Iridoid-Glycosine)                                 Galactosamine Induced                                             Fever Hicough                     Roots contain 60% of                                 Liver Damage                                             Irritabl bowel                                             syndrome                     Picroside-I and         Helpful in Autoimmune                     Kutkoside in the ratio of                                             Diseases                     1:1.59        Psorelea            Pappilionaceae                     Seed Cake Rich in                                 Anti Immune Skin                                             Levcodernia Dental                                             Caries    Corylisfolia     Nitrogen and Mineral                                 Diseases    Elephantiassis                     Psoralish and Isopsoralin                     Fixed oil and Essential                     Oil10       Jasminum         Sponin                  Renal stones    Grandiforum      Tanin                   Geographical tongue                     Coumarins               Wound Healing                     Iriboil                 Syphilitic Ulcer                     Glycosides11       Melia Azardiracta            Meliaceae            Anti Histaminic                                             Urticaria Dandruf f                                 Immunomodulator                                             Gout                                             Cryoglobulenurca                                             Lymphadenopathy                                             Jaundice                                             Haemetemesis                                             Best Immunomodulator12       Crataeva Nurvala            Capparidaceae                     Saponin Like Sengka                                 Rubefacient Anti Pruritic                                 Meant for Psoriatic                                             Piles                                 Arthropathy Renal Stones                                 Gouty Arthropathy                                             Lymphadenopathy                                 Arthropathy due to                                             Abscess                                 cancer      Neuritia-Pain                                             Hepatospenomegaly                                             Obesity13       Glyerrhyla Glabra            Pappilionaceae                     Glycerrhizin                                 Immuno Modulator                                             Heart disease                                 Enhances the production                                             Picrorryza Kurroa                                 of Interferonyl in                                             Goutn                                 peripheral lyniphocyte                                             Anaemia                                 Macrophage cultures                                             Ullerative                                             Colities                                             Haemetamesis                                             Hicough14       Terminalia            Combretaceae                     Shikinokic acid                                 Useful in all diseases                                             1. Bleeding piles    Chebula          Gallic acid Useful in preparation                                             2. Diarrhoea due to                     B-sitosterol daucosterol                                 paste, cream, ointments                                             indigestion                     triacontanoic                                 Very useful for                                             3. Abdominal problems                     Palmitic acid                                 obstipation without                                             4. Diarrhoea due to                     Triethyl ester of                                 complications                                             irritable bowel                                             syndrome                     chebulic acid                                 Useful in all diseases                                             5. Anaemia due to                     ethyl ester of gallic acid                                 Useful in Ophthalmic                                             hypothyroidism                     by chemical and                                 problems    6. Vomiting                     spectroscopic method                                 (Decongestant)                                             7. Gout                                 Helpful in ulcers                                             8. Heavy legs                                 Used in powdered                                             9. Hicough                                 medicines   10. Renal Stones                                             11. Haemetemesis                                             12. Melory Weiss                                             Syndrome                                             13. Overdose of Nutmeg                                             14. Immunomodulator                                             15. Skin ulcers                                             16. Rheumatism  Trifala        Combretaceae         1. Alcoholic extract of  Powder of                           triphla exhibited  Three Fruits                        Hypotensive effect in                                 anaesthetised dog and cat                                 2. Contaction of isolated  1.             Combretaceae         guini pig ileum and  Terminalia                          rabbit duodenum  Chebula                             3. -re ionotropic  2.             Combretaceae         chronotropic effect  Terminalia                          4. Anitflammatory and  Belerica                            muscarisnic16  3. Phylanthus  Euphorbiaceae        cholinoreceptor  Emblica                             stimulating properties17       Aconitum            Ranuncaulaceae                     Root-Alkaloids    Heterophyllum    Atisine                     Heterisine                     Histisine                     Heterophyllisine                     Heterophylline                     Heterphyllidine                     Atidine                     Hetidine                     Benzyl                     Heteratisine                     Dihydroastisine                     Hetisinone18       Acorus Calamus            Araelae              Marlotic    Epilepsy                                 Antidote for Croton                                             Medicine for Memory                                 poisoning   Cough-Lozenges                                 Emetic                                 Antispasmodic                                 Insecticide19       Piper Nigrum            Piperaceae                     Piperine    Decongestant                                             Cough Cold                                 Appetiser   Influenza                                 Bactericidal                                             Hysteria                                 Pain Killer Diarrhoea                                 Anti Histaminic                                             Night Blindness                                             Heart Diseases                                             Urticaria                                             Pyrexia of unknown                                             origin                                             Arsenic poisoning                                             Anuria                                             Migraine                                             Lost Voice20       Piper Longum            Piperaceae                     Piplatrine  Anit Inflammatory                                             Cough                     Fruit and roots both                                 Anti spasmodic                                             Gout                     contain piplatrine                                 Immunomodulator                                             Pyrexia of unknown                                             origin                                 (Rasayana)  Obesity                                             Piles                                             Worms                                             Diarrhoea                                             Erysepelas                                             Colagogue                                             Haemetemgis                                             Splenomegaly                                             Psiatica                                             Hicough21       Zingiber            Scitaminaceae        Anti Histaminic                                             Painful Haematuria    Officinalis                  Anti Inflammatory                                             Piles                                             Diarrhoea                                             Many chronic ailments                                             Intestinal obstruction                                             Appetiser                                             Jaundice                                             Rubefacient                                             Indigestion                                             Gout                                             Chronic dysentery                                             Irritable bowel                                             syndrome                                             Hicough                                             Guline Barre Syndrome                                             Heart disease                                             Headache                                             Decongestant                                             Pyrexia of unknown                                             origin                                             Urticaria                                             Intestial Colic22       Holarrhena            Apolynaceae                     Conasin     Best Antidiarrhoeal                                             Paste used in                                             application    Antidysenterica                          on any skin problems                                             Haemetemesis                                             Bleeding piles                                             Irritable Bowel                                             Disease                                             Diarrhoea of TB                                             patients                                             TB Lymphademisis                                             Renal Stones                                             Diabetes mellitus                                             Diabetes Insipedus                                             Phosphatwisa                                             Relieves Prusitis                                             Colagoyue                                             Immunomodulator for                                             breast fed babies                                             Irritable Bowel                                             Syndrome23       Banhinia            Caesal Piniaceae     Wound healing                                             Brain tonic    Variegata                    Helpful in pain Anuria                                             Piles                                             Haemetemisis                                             TB Lymphadenitis                                             Smallpox                                             Psoriatic                                             Arthropathy                                             Any skin__________________________________________________________________________                                             problems