Abstract:
An image sensor can include a plurality of photodiodes and a plurality of transistors formed in a semiconductor substrate; a first interlayer insulating layer formed over the semiconductor substrate; a plurality of metal lines formed over the first interlayer insulating layer, electrically connected with the photodiodes and the transistors; a plurality of interlayer insulating layers including an upper interlayer insulating layer and a lower interlayer insulating layer formed over the semiconductor substrate including the metal lines, wherein refractive indexes of the upper interlayer insulating layer and the lower interlayer insulating layer are different from each other; a plurality of color filters formed over the plurality of interlayer insulating layers and which correspond to the photodiodes, respectively; a planarization layer formed over the semiconductor substrate including the color filters; and a plurality of microlenses formed over the planarization layer and which corresponds to the color filters, respectively.

Description:
[0001]    The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 and 35 U.S.C. 365 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2006-0130940 (filed on Dec. 20, 2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    An image sensor is a semiconductor device for converting optical images into electrical signals and can be chiefly categorized into complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors and charge coupled devices (CCD). 
         [0003]    CCDs may include individual metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors that are very closely located and charge carriers that may be stored and transferred in the capacitors. CMOS image sensors may detect outputs in a switching manner. In the CMOS image sensor, MOS transistors corresponding to the number of pixels are manufactured using CMOS technology that uses a control circuit and a signal processing circuit as peripheral circuits, and the outputs sequentially detected using the MOS transistors. 
         [0004]    The CCD has a complicated driving method and exhibits high power consumption. Also, the CCD requires numerous masks (e.g., about 30-40) process steps, and thus, the process may be complicated. Even still, a signal processing circuit cannot be realized inside a CCD chip, which makes it difficult to form the CCD in a single chip. 
         [0005]    In order to overcome these limitations, a CMOS image sensor using sub-micron CMOS technology is under active development. In the CMOS image sensor, a photodiode and a MOS transistor are formed within a unit pixel to sequentially detect signals in a switching manner to realize an image. CMOS image sensors require low power consumption and may require about twenty masks during processing, and thus, is very simple in fabrication in comparison to CCD processing. Also, since a variety of processing circuits can be incorporated into a single chip, the CMOS image sensor is in the lame light as a next generation image sensor and is used for a variety of application fields such as digital still cameras (DSC), personal computer (PC) cameras, and mobile cameras. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    Embodiments relate to a method for fabricating an image sensor that can include at least one of the following steps: forming a plurality of photodiodes and transistors with a constant interval in a semiconductor substrate; forming a first interlayer insulating layer over the semiconductor substrate; forming a plurality of metal lines over the first interlayer insulating layer electrically connected to a respective one of the photodiodes and a respective one of the transistors; forming a plurality of interlayer insulating layers including an upper interlayer insulating layer and a lower interlayer insulating layer whose refractive indexes are different from each other over the semiconductor substrate including the metal lines; forming a plurality of color filters over the plurality of interlayer insulating layers such that the color filters correspond to the photodiodes, respectively; forming a planarization layer over the semiconductor substrate including the color filters; and then forming a plurality of microlenses over the planarization layer such that the microlenses correspond to the color filters, respectively. 
         [0007]    Embodiments relate to a method for fabricating an image sensor that can include at least one of the following steps: forming an epitaxial layer over a semiconductor substrate having photodiode regions, transistor regions, and device isolation regions; forming a first interlayer insulating layer composed of a silane-based material over the semiconductor substrate including the epitaxial layer; forming a plurality of metal lines over the first interlayer insulating layer; forming an insulating layer over the semiconductor substrate including the first interlayer insulating layer and the metal lines; forming a second interlayer insulating layer over the semiconductor substrate including the insulating layer; controlling the refractive index of the second interlayer insulating layer such that the refractive index differs from the refractive index of layers formed under the second interlayer insulating layer; forming a color filter layer over the second interlayer insulating layer; forming a planarization layer having a thickness of between approximately 1000-6000 Å over the semiconductor substrate including the color filter layer; and then forming a plurality of microlenses corresponding to the color filter over the planarization layer. 
         [0008]    Embodiments relate to an image sensor that can include: a plurality of photodiodes and a plurality of transistors formed in a semiconductor substrate; a first interlayer insulating layer formed over the semiconductor substrate; a plurality of metal lines formed over the first interlayer insulating layer, electrically connected with the photodiodes and the transistors; a plurality of interlayer insulating layers including an upper interlayer insulating layer and a lower interlayer insulating layer formed over the semiconductor substrate including the metal lines, wherein refractive indexes of the upper interlayer insulating layer and the lower interlayer insulating layer are different from each other; a plurality of color filters formed over the plurality of interlayer insulating layers and which correspond to the photodiodes, respectively; a planarization layer formed over the semiconductor substrate including the color filters; and a plurality of microlenses formed over the planarization layer and which corresponds to the color filters, respectively. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    Example  FIGS. 1A to 1E  illustrate a method for fabricating an image sensor, in accordance with embodiments. 
           [0010]    Example  FIG. 2  illustrates a method for fabricating an image sensor, in accordance with embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0011]    As illustrated in example in  FIG. 1A , epitaxial layer  201  can be formed on and/or over semiconductor substrate  200  using an epitaxial process. Semiconductor substrate  200  can be composed of a high concentration first conduction type (P ++  type) polycrystal silicon. Semiconductor substrate  200  can be divided into photodiode regions, transistor regions, and device isolation regions. 
         [0012]    Epitaxial layer  201  can be composed of a low concentration first conduction type (p −  type). Epitaxial layer  201  can be designed for forming a depletion layer wide and deep in a photodiode to increase the ability of a low voltage photodiode for collecting light charges, and also to improve or otherwise enhance light sensitivity. 
         [0013]    Device isolation layers  202  can be formed in the device isolation regions of semiconductor substrate  200  using a shallow trench isolation (STI) process or a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) process. 
         [0014]    Gate insulating layer  203  and a conductive layer (for example, a high concentration polycrystal silicon layer) can be sequentially deposited on and/or over the entire surface of epitaxial layer  201  including device isolation layer  202 . Gate electrode  204  of a transistor can be formed on and/or over at least one of the conductive layer and gate insulating layer  203 . Gate insulating layer  203  can be formed using a thermal oxidation process or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A silicide layer can be further formed on and/or over the conductive layer to form gate electrode  203 . 
         [0015]    A thermal oxidation process can be performed on and/or over gate electrode  204  and the surface of semiconductor substrate  200  to form a thermal oxidation layer. 
         [0016]    Subsequently, second conduction type (n −  type) impurity ions can be implanted into the photodiode region of semiconductor substrate  200  to form n − -type diffusion region  205 . After an insulating layer is formed on and/or over the entire surface of semiconductor substrate  200 , and etch-back can be performed to form a pair of insulating layer sidewalls  206  on and/or against both sides of gate electrode  204 . 
         [0017]    High concentration second conduction type (n +  type) impurity ions can then be implanted into the transistor region of semiconductor substrate  200  to form high concentration n + -type diffusion region  207 . 
         [0018]    As illustrated in example  FIG. 1B , a heat treatment process (for example, a rapid thermal process) can be performed on and/or over semiconductor substrate  200  to diffuse impurity ions in n − -type diffusion region  205  and high concentration n +  type diffusion region  207 . 
         [0019]    Alternatively, before formation of high concentration n +  type diffusion region  207 , a second n − -type diffusion region can be formed in the transistor region by applying ion implantation energy lower than the energy applied to first n − -type diffusion region  205 . 
         [0020]    First interlayer insulating layer  208  can then be formed on and/or over the entire surface of semiconductor substrate  200  including epitaxial layer  201 , device isolation layer  202 , gate electrode  204 , n − -type diffusion region  205 , sidewalls  206  and high concentration n +  type diffusion region  207 . First interlayer insulating layer  208  can be composed of a silane-based material that can allow a large amount of hydrogen ions contained therein to recover dangling bonds of semiconductor substrate  200 , and thus, effectively reduce dark current. 
         [0021]    Subsequently, a metal layer can be deposited on and/or over first interlayer insulating layer  208 , and selectively etched through a photolithography process to form a plurality of metal lines  209 . 
         [0022]    As illustrated in example  FIG. 1C , insulating layer  210  can be formed on and/or over the entire surface of semiconductor substrate  200  including first interlayer insulating layer  208  and metal lines  209 . Second interlayer insulating layer  211  can then be formed on and/or over insulating layer  210 . Second interlayer insulating layer can have a thickness of between approximately 3000-4000 Å and be composed of one of undoped silicate glass (USG), phosphosilicate glass (PSG), boro-silicate glass (BSG), and borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG). 
         [0023]    Subsequently, ions such as at least one of fluorine (F), NiO 2  and TiO 2  can then be implanted into the entire surface of second interlayer insulating layer  211 . The implanting of the fluorine ions is intended for making the refractive index of second interlayer insulating layer  211  different from those of layers formed under second interlayer insulating layer  211 . 
         [0024]    If fluorine ions are implanted, this can be performed at energy of 50-100 KeV, an ion dose amount of 5E15-1E16 ions/cm 2 , and a temperature of about 200-300° C. using SiF 4 , CF 4 , and BF 3  as a source gas. 
         [0025]    Though only one layer of metal lines  209  and second interlayer insulating layer  211  formed on and/or over metal lines  209  are described in accordance with embodiments, multi-layered metal lines and multi-layered interlayer insulating layers can be provided. 
         [0026]    The refractive index of the insulating layer can be controlled by controlling an amount of ions such as at least one of fluorine (F), NiO 2  and TiO 2  implanted into respective interlayer insulating layers. In the embodiment, an interlayer insulating layer that corresponds to a lowermost layer, has a largest refractive index, and an interlayer insulating layer that corresponds to an uppermost layer, has a smallest refractive index. 
         [0027]    With the above-described refractive index condition, when light is incident from a medium having a small refractive index to a medium having a large refractive index, a refraction angle in the medium having the large refractive index is smaller than an incident angle in the medium having the small refractive index according to the Snell&#39;s law. Light incident to a microlens can be completely provided to a desired photodiode using the Snell&#39;s law, so that the sensitivity of the CMOS image sensor can be improved. 
         [0028]    As illustrated in example  FIG. 1D , a planarization process can be performed on and/or over the entire surface of second interlayer insulating layer  211 . Color filter layer  212  composed of red (R), blue (B), and green (G) color filters can be formed on and/or over second interlayer insulating layer  211  to correspond to respective n − -type diffusion regions  205 . 
         [0029]    The respective color filters  212  passing light in each wavelength band can be formed by coating a dyeable resist and performing exposure and development processes. Also, the respective color filters  212  can be formed in a single layer to have a thickness of between 1-5 nm by coating a relevant photoresist material and patterning the photoresist material through photolithography using a separate mask. 
         [0030]    As illustrated in example  FIG. 1E , planarization layer  213  can be formed on and/or over the entire surface of semiconductor substrate  200  including color filter layer  212 . Planarization layer  213  can be formed by depositing a silicon nitride layer on and/or over the entire surface of semiconductor substrate  200  including color filter layer  212  to achieve reliability and to prevent external moisture or heavy metal from penetrating upon packaging. 
         [0031]    Meanwhile, since optical transmission is very important in an image sensor, planarization layer  213  can be formed to have a thickness of between approximately 1000-6000 Å to exclude interference of thin layers by the thickness of planarization layer  213 . 
         [0032]    Subsequently, a photoresist for microlens can be coated on and/or over the entire surface of semiconductor substrate  200  including planarization layer  213  to efficiently condense light onto n − -type diffusion region  205 . The photoresist can then be selectively patterned using exposure and development processes to form a microlens pattern. 
         [0033]    In the case where the photoresist is a positive resist, a photoactive compound of an initiator, which is an absorbent of the photoresist, can be decomposed to improve transmittance. Therefore, photoactive compounds remaining in microlens patterns can be decomposed using flood exposure. 
         [0034]    Transmittance can be improved by performing flood exposure on and/or over the microlens pattern as described above, and a photoacid can be generated to increase the flowability of the microlenses. 
         [0035]    Semiconductor substrate  200  including the microlens patterns can be placed on a hot plate, and a heat treatment can be performed at a temperature of between 150-300° C. to reflow the microlens patterns and form a plurality of substantially hemispherical-shaped microlenses  114 . 
         [0036]    Subsequently, microlenses  114  reflowed by the heat treatment can be cooled by placing semiconductor substrate  200  on and/or over a cool plate. 
         [0037]    As illustrated in example  FIG. 2 , in accordance with embodiments, the image sensor illustrated in example  FIGS. 1A-1E  may include the same features, but alternatively implants a polymer active agent (instead of ions such as at least one of fluorine (F), NiO 2  and TiO 2 ) into the entire surface of second interlayer insulating layer  211  to form a plurality of pores  216  using thermal decomposition. The polymer active agent may be composed of at least one of silesquioxane and polysiloxane. 
         [0038]    Though only one layer of metal lines  209  and second interlayer insulating layer  211  formed on and/or over metal lines  209  are provided in accordance with embodiments, multi-layered metal lines and multi-layered interlayer insulating layers can alternatively be provided. 
         [0039]    Meanwhile, the refractive index of the insulating layer can be controlled by controlling an amount of a polymer active agent added into respective interlayer insulating layers. In accordance with embodiments, an interlayer insulating layer corresponding to a lowermost layer can have a largest refractive index, and an interlayer insulating layer corresponding to an uppermost layer can have a smallest refractive index. 
         [0040]    With the above-described refractive index condition, when light is incident from a medium having a small refractive index to a medium having a large refractive index, a refraction angle in the medium having the large refractive index is smaller than an incident angle in the medium having the small refractive index according to the Snell&#39;s law. Light incident to a microlens can be completely provided to a desired photodiode using the Snell&#39;s law, so that the sensitivity of the CMOS image sensor can be improved. 
         [0041]    A method for fabricating an image sensor in accordance with embodiments can be advantageous at least in the following manners. First, the refractive index of an insulating layer can be controlled by controlling an amount of implanted fluorine ions. Accordingly, investment of time and labor required for application of a new material is not required, and overall costs for investing in new equipment investment can be reduced. 
         [0042]    Second, the sensitivity of a CMOS image sensor can be improved by controlling the refractive index of an insulating layer without modification of the structure of the CMOS image sensor. 
         [0043]    Third, since a polymer active agent can be added into an insulating layer to form a plurality of pores by thermal decomposition, the sensitivity of a CMOS image sensor can be improved by controlling the refractive index of an insulating layer without modification of the structure of the CMOS image sensor. 
         [0044]    Although embodiments have been described herein, it should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art that will fall within the spirit and scope of the principles of this disclosure. More particularly, various variations and modifications are possible in the component parts and/or arrangements of the subject combination arrangement within the scope of the disclosure, the drawings and the appended claims. In addition to variations and modifications in the component parts and/or arrangements, alternative uses will also be apparent to those skilled in the art.