Abstract:
Photonic signals are tagged with a pre-selected modification, such as a polarization signature to carry data across an obstructed path between sender and receiver. Communication authentication through polarization variation allows for Yuen-Kumar or entangled photon quantum communication protocols to propagate through environmental scattering media such as air, smoke, fog, rain, and water. While ultraviolet light photons are well suited as a carrier for quantum communication signals scattered in air, it is appreciated that visible wavelengths have longer propagation paths in water to convey non-line-of-sight data. A secure signal is scattered by the media and simultaneously communicated to a single recipient or multiple recipients exposed to scattered signal portions. A process of solving the scattering processes through a random scattering media is provided to reconstruct a quantum keyed message at a receiver. The scattering of the signal is utilized herein to provide non-line-of-sight and intentional short-range communication.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional application of and claims priority of U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 11/387,085 entitled “Free-space Quantum Communications Process Operative Abesent Line-of-sight” filed Mar. 20, 2006, and also claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/663,143 filed Mar. 18, 2005, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the United States Government. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates in general to methods and apparatus for non-line-of-sight quantum communication and in particular to a short-range, secure optical communication scheme using the properties of solar blind photon propagation in the scattering media. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Currently, short-range communication of up to one kilometer is largely dependent on infrastructure-intensive cellular networks, direct radio frequency or optical signaling. However, in regions lacking such infrastructure and points of communication are separated by obstructions, these traditional methods of communication are inadequate. Additionally, traditional optical and radio frequency communication are prone to interference associated with conditions such as environmental scatter and other signals. In situations where confidential information is to be communicated, existing methods of information transmission rely on data encryption since the transmitted signals are subject to eavesdropping. These problems have previously been so intractable in the area of secure communication that business, governmental, and military units often resort to couriers for the short-range transport of such messages. The use of a courier is an incomplete solution that is cumbersome and slow, especially when a geographic or manmade obstacle is involved. 
     In an effort to address these limitations, others have looked to optical communication. There have been reports of U.S. Navy research on intentionally short-range optical communications [5]. Many solar-blind UV systems were reported on, including an ultraviolet (UV) laser system that showed 500 m non-line-of-sight (NLOS) digital data transmission in field tests. Unfortunately, the reported transmissions were not of a secure nature. 
     Thus, there exists a need for a short range, secure communication that is not dependent on line-of-sight. An additional need exists for a communication system that is tolerant of environmental scattering as the signal propagates there through. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Photonic signals are tagged with a pre-selected modification, such as a polarization signature to carry data across an obstructed path between sender and receiver. Communication authentication through polarization variation allows for Yuen-Kumar or entangled photon quantum communication protocols to propagate through environmental scattering media such as air, smoke, fog, rain, and water. While ultraviolet light photons are well suited as a carrier for quantum communication signals scattered in air, it is appreciated that visible wavelengths have longer propagation paths in water to convey non-line-of-sight data. A secure signal is scattered by the media and simultaneously communicated to a single recipient or multiple recipients exposed to scattered signal portions. A process of solving the scattering processes through a random scattering media is provided to reconstruct a quantum encoded message at a receiver. The scattering of the signal is utilized herein to provide non-line-of-sight and intentional short-range communication. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a prior art scheme depicting a key encryption technique based on coherent state qumodes; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic of an inventive non-line-of-sight quantum communication scheme operating with a Yuen-Kumar protocol, multiple receivers are depicted to illustrate the multi-cast aspect of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic of an inventive non-line-of-sight quantum communication scheme operating with an entangled photon protocol. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic of the Entanglement Enhanced Stochastic Quantum Key Distribution (EESQKD) System. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention has utility as a secure short range quantum communication scheme that is operative independent of a direct line of sight between a sender and receiver. The scatter caused by the environment to a light beam is the basis of non-line-of-sight communication. The manipulation of photons as a carrier for quantum communication data is provided by a polarization signature as the basis for the inventive non-line of sight secure, short range communication. The present invention has applications for communication within mobile small networks that optionally have a need for simultaneous multicasting to multiple recipients. 
     As used herein “short-range” communication is defined as the ability to send a signal between a sender and receiver separated by up to several kilometers, within an outside range of ten kilometers. 
     It is appreciated that ultraviolet (UV) radiation is well suited for non-line-of-sight quantum communication in air; specific wavelengths will have different scattering characteristics under a given set of environmental conditions illustratively including humidity, particulate and turbulence. In a preferred embodiment, a UV light source, such as UV laser is provided with multiple laser lines is used with the ability to change carrier wave wavelength to achieve a desired range of signal propagation through the scattering medium. The present invention is also operative with water as the scattering media with the recognition that longer wavelengths of visible blue-green light have greater propagation distances in water relative to ultraviolet wavelengths. As such, a water based intentionally short-range non-line-of-sight quantum communication system uses a blue-green carrier wavelength of between 440 and 560 nanometers for maximal range. It is appreciated that the present invention is also operative in transmission through solid substance such as ice, soil, and rock with resort to a propagation wavelength that is scattered by the solid media, yet transmissive through the volume of solid to be traverse by the message. Communication through a solid typically involves infrared and longer wavelengths of more than 800 nanometers. 
     UV radiation is subject to absorption and scattering in media. The media is characterized by absorption and scattering parameters. When considering in the abstract, a light ray scattering can be characterized by Mueller matrices which also handle partial absorption. On the other hand, scattering of discrete photons results in absorption or a form of scattering depending on the state of the photon and atoms. When light is scattered by a scattering media, each photon takes a different path as a result of scattering off the separate atoms or aggregate groups of atoms such as aerosols. The result of the scattered collection of photons is a beam that spreads due to scattering in turbid media, analogous to a diffusion or Markov process. The dispersion in the atmosphere depends on the wavelength. 
     To understand light propagation through a random medium, resort is made to Maxwell&#39;s equation. Environmental media such as air, water, smoke and fog are well approximated as random media. Maxwell&#39;s equations can be put in the following form typically suitable for scattering considerations [1]. 
     
       
         
           
             
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     For scattering purposes the version of the equations that are uses assume no sources and currents. The material properties are provided by the relations
 
 D ( r,t )=ε( r ) E ( r,t )
 
 B ( r,t )=μ( r ) H ( r,t )
 
where ε(r) and μ(r) are in the form of scalars for isotropic media and otherwise are in the form of tensors. Substituting the isotopic media scalar forms of these equations into Maxwell&#39;s Equations yields
 
               ∇     ·     D   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )           =   0                 ∇     ×     E   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )           =       -       μ   ⁡     (   r   )         c   0         ⁢       ∂     H   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )           ∂   t                       ∇     ·     H   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )           =   0                 ∇     ×     H   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )           =         ɛ   ⁡     (   r   )         c   0       ⁢       ∂     E   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )           ∂   t               
These equations can be combined to obtain
 
               ∇     ×     ∇     ×     E   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )               =       -         ɛ   ⁡     (   r   )       ⁢     μ   ⁡     (   r   )           c   0   2         ⁢         ∂   2     ⁢     E   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )           ∂     t   2                 
If time harmonic solutions are assumed as
 
 E ( r,t )=exp(− iwt ) E ( r,t )
 
then the vector Helmholtz equation is obtained
 
               ∇     ×     ∇     ×     E   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )               =       -       ω   2       c   0   2         ⁢     ɛ   ⁡     (   r   )       ⁢     μ   ⁡     (   r   )       ⁢     E   ⁡     (     r   ,   t     )               
Using a vector identity produces a simpler Helmholtz equation,
 
[∇ 2   +k   2 ( r )] E ( r )=0
 
and
 
[∇ 2   +k   2 ( r )] H ( r )=0
 
where
 
                 k   2     ⁡     (   r   )       =         ω   2       c   0   2       ⁢     ɛ   ⁡     (   r   )       ⁢     μ   ⁡     (   r   )               
The equation needs to be solved subject to boundary conditions and a radiation condition [1]. Usually these equations apply scattering to single particles. However a T Matrix method can be used to average over the orientations of ensembles of particles [1]. However, other solutions are possible. The equation subject to random parameters is subjected to the Decomposition Method to model the information reconstruction as a receiver subsequent to scatter.
 
     The Decomposition Method is applied to the random Helmholtz equation
 
[∇ 2   +k   2 ( r )] E ( r )= g ( r )
 
in Cartesian coordinates. Here k 2 (r) is considered to be a random variable with outcomes prescribed by a probability density function. The equation is solved as
 
 L   x   E+L   y   E+L   z   E+k   2 ( x,y,z ) E=g ( x,y,z )
 
where
 
∇ 2   =L   x   +L   y   +L   z  
 
and
 
                 L   x     ⁡     (   ·   )       =         ∂   2       ∂     x   2         ⁢     (   ·   )                       L   y     ⁡     (   ·   )       =         ∂   2       ∂     y   2         ⁢     (   ·   )                       L   z     ⁡     (   ·   )       =         ∂   2       ∂     z   2         ⁢     (   ·   )             
The inverse operators are defined as
 
 L   x   −1 (·)=∫ 0   x ∫ 0   x (·) dxdx  
 
 L   y   −1 (·)=∫ 0   x ∫ 0   x (·) dxdx  
 
 L   z   −1 (·)=∫ 0   x ∫ 0   x (·) dxdx.  
 
Now the system of equations is put into the triplicate form by shifting the operators
 
 L   x   E=−L   y   E−L   z   E−k   2 ( x,y,z ) E+g ( x,y,z )
 
 L   y   E=−L   x   E−L   z   E−k   2 ( x,y,z ) +g ( x,y,z )
 
 L   z   E=−L   x   E−L   y   E−k   2 ( x,y,z ) +g ( x,y,z ).
 
Each equation is capable of a separate solution given suitable boundary conditions. However in this form it is possible to average the solutions at each step and obtain a different approximation or convergence rate.
 
     Operating on the first equation yields
 
 L   x   −1   L   x   E=−L   x   −1   L   y   E−L   x   −1   L   z   E−L   x   −1   k   2 ( x,y,z ) E+L   x   −1   g ( x,y,z )
 
The result is
 
 E ( x,y,z )= E (0, y,z )+ xE   x (0, y,z )− L   x   −1   L   y   E−L   x   −1   L   z   E−L   x   −1   k   2 ( x,y,z ) E+L   x   −1   g ( x,y,z )
 
 E ( x,y,z )= E ( x, 0, z )+ yE   y ( x, 0, z )− L   y   −1   L   y   E−L   y   −1   L   z   E−L   y   −1   k   2 ( x,y,z ) E+L   y   −1   g ( x,y,z )
 
 E ( x,y,z )= E ( x,y, 0)+ zE   z ( x,y, 0)− L   z   −1   L   y   E−L   z   −1   L   z   E−L   z   −1   k   2 ( x,y,z ) E+L   z   −1   g ( x,y,z )
 
The terms E are expanded in a series
 
             E   =       ∑     n   =   0     ∞     ⁢           ⁢     E   n             
The zeroth terms are
 
 E   0 ( x,y,z )= E (0, y,z )+ xE   x (0, y,z )+ L   x   −1   g ( x,y,z )
 
 E   0 ( x,y,z )= E ( x, 0, z )+ yE   y ( x, 0, z )+ L   y   −1   g ( x,y,z )
 
 E   0 ( x,y,z )= E ( x,y, 0)+ zE   z ( x,y, 0)+ L   z   −1   g ( x,y,z )
 
At the next step the partial solutions are averaged or integrated separately to find E 1 (x,y,z).
 
     A recursion yields 
     
       
         
           
             
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     Resulting from the scattered collection of photons is a beam that spreads because of scattering in turbid media, which is analogous to a diffusion or Markov process [6]. The dispersion in the atmosphere depends on the wavelength [7]. While many of the photons of the beam change polarization, some of the photons do not have polarization changes, and some have only small polarization changes. Over small distances the polarization of most photons does not change very much, although some photons will have significant changes in polarization. Experimental results on beam breakdown caused by aerosols at 266 nm have also been presented [8]. These types of data can be compared against longer wavelength energy loss. Atmospheric propagation losses at the longer wavelength of 523 nm are known [9]. 
     In the atmosphere, ozone and oxygen are the major absorbers [10, 11]. Radiation is scattered by molecules, according to the Rayleigh scattering process [12], and by aerosols, according to general Mie scattering principles [13]. In the case of the atmosphere or any fluid, the density and corresponding index of refraction time-space variability create beam spreading called optical turbulence [14, 15]. In the atmosphere there is far more scattering for UV than for visible light. 
     Because atmospheric density decreases quickly with height, in the ideal atmosphere there is less turbulence-induced scattering for UV vertical beams than for horizontal beams. In non-storm conditions the turbulence near the ground tends to have more thermal, moisture, and terrain forcing. The atmosphere has temperature and density inversions as a function of height. These inversions create channeling, ducting, and reflecting of signals due to density patterns. The inversions often signal pollution layers. These concentrations have their own scattering and absorption properties [16-18]. In addition meteorological clouds may be present. These clouds provide extra scattering properties. The density of the atmosphere decreases rapidly with height, and under ideal conditions UV for light detection and ranging (lidar) can propagate many kilometers in the vertical [19]. Results of a UV 351 nm guidestar system working out to 20 km from the ground have been documented [20]. Stand-off remote Raman lidar using 266 nm light for ranges up to 60 m [21] have been documented. A study predicts the character of 200 m pulse propagation for 220-440 nm laser pulses [22]. 
     Non-Poisson quantum fluctuations in an invariance regime can propagate farther than coherent laser speckle. In such situations the non-Poissonian statistics survive over long distances [23]. Lodhal shows that the spatial correlations of quantum light have “infinite” range and remain intact after moving through random media. The non-Poisson aspects of a quantum system in having a long linear extent relative to classical beam coherence is invoked in the present invention to for authentication and increased transmission range beyond the extent of laser speckle or other coherence associated with the light source. 
     A variation of the polarization amplitude or timing allows Yuen-Kumar [3] quantum communication (QC) as an authentication of the signal. QC in the presence of scattering has implications in quantum microdevices, such as quantum dots used for quantum computing and QC as well as in the macro environment. 
     Free-space UV QC is more stealthy than many other forms of visible light optical communication. If the UV is in the solar blind region then there are far fewer competing external noise photons from the sun. The source beam is absorbed by the atmosphere after a propagation distance of a kilometer or so and will thus be shielded by the atmosphere from long-distance surveillance. Also, because of the small natural background of UV solar blind noise photons, a smaller source strength can be used and hence lower power. The quantum encoding presents secure encryption capability. 
     Tagging a photon modeled by scatter from a random media with a polarization or an entanglement with another photon signature provides a method of communicating information by way of a scattered photon. 
     A quantum key encryption technique according to the present invention preferably invokes Yuen-Kumar coherent states of different amplitudes that are linearly independent and span infinite dimensional space denoted as qumodes. In a single-mode realization, M possible coherent states |α t              are represented by
                 α   l     =         α   o     ⁡     (       cos   ⁢           ⁢     θ   l       +     i   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢     θ   l         )       2       ,       θ   l     =       2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢   l     M       ,     l   =   1     ,     …   ⁢           ⁢   M           
where α 0   2  is the observable probability as to the occurrence of the state and the angle between two neighboring states is 2π/M [2]. In a two-mode realization, for example, the prior art Yuen-Kumar free-space scheme is presented in  FIG. 1 , where the states are a product of two different coherent states as defined by
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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     The qumodes are optionally associated with polarization, time, or frequency. As depicted in prior art  FIG. 1  (Left), M points uniformly distributed on a fixed great circle on the Poincaré sphere are used for M/2 possible bases. The opposite points on a diameter correspond to two orthogonal states of a basis, representing the 0 and 1 bit value for that basis. The two neighbors of each point on the circle are taken to represent a different bit value. A secret key is used to select a specific basis for each qumode between users A and B, as well as a polarity bit that is added to the data bit for randomizing the polarity of the basis. A long running key K′ for such selection is obtained as the output from a standard encryption mechanism operating on a basic shorter key K, as depicted in  FIG. 1  (Right). For each data bit, a total of 1+log 2 (M/2) bits from K′ is used to determine the polarity bit and the selection of M/2 possible bases. Yuen [3, 4] has shown that, granting an eavesdropper E a perfect copy of the ciphered bit but without knowing the secret key, the probability of error is P e ˜½, when M&gt;&gt;α 0 , while P e ˜e −α     2       ρ   for B, since the secret key is known to B. Thus even with perfect eavesdropping, that is, getting a perfect copy of the ciphered bit, E&#39;s probability of making correct decisions is the same as pure guessing. 
     In application a secret key is used to synchronize the qumode variable. Preferably, the qumode variable is polarization of a light source even though, through the use of a frequency modulating crystal or a chopper, frequency or pulse time qumode variables, respective are used. It is appreciated in the case of polarization that a large number of polarization keys are available as defined by the Poincaré sphere. A light source as used herein is appreciated to include both coherent sources and non-Poisson statistical sources. A light source is considered a coherent (or Poisson) light source when it satisfies at least criterion of: constant intensity, intensity fluctuation but only a small fraction of the output is used to transmit data, intensity fluctuations are rapid (temporal incoherence), perfect monochromaticity (spatially and temporally coherent), and quantum mechanically coherent state. A light source is considered an incoherent (or non-Poisson) light source when it satisfies at least criterion of: slow intensity fluctuations, is quasi-thermal, or the light produced is from an ensemble of light source elements. 
     A properly functioning laser operating as a Poissonian light source is appreciated to be a convenient, high flux source of photons is preferred for the practice of the present invention. However, as detailed above, non-Poissonian sources do afford advantages over Poissonian sources in terms of longer transmission distances and signal authentication. 
     A communication system according to the present invention is shown in  FIG. 2  and uses an ultraviolet laser as a light source  12  in an air medium as a photonic source. A polarizer  14  receives a light source output  13  and is set to a preselected modification key value relative to a receiver shown generally at  20 . It is appreciated that the effective communication range is decreased by insertion of a filter into the optical intermediate between the light source  12  and a receiver  20 . An optical amplitude or phase modulator  16  receives the polarized quantum communication photonic signal  18  and creates an arbitrarily modulated quantum communication photonic signal  22  that proceeds to scatter through a light scattering medium denoted A. Exemplary polarization phase modulators illustratively include liquid crystals, Kerr cells, and Pockel cells. Preferably, a series of two liquid crystal devices and a quarter wave plate are used to achieve arbitrary polarization. A scattered portion  23  of the arbitrarily modulated quantum communication photonic signal  22  has scattered around an obstacle denoted at B. It is appreciated that the scatter that affords the non-line-of-sight capability of the present invention also limits the distance at which the arbitrarily modulated quantum communication photonic signal  22  is detectable. 
     A receiver  20  includes an optical phase or amplitude modulator  24  of the same type as that in place in the transmitter modulator  14 , with the modulator  24  configured as a demodulator. A polarizer  26  is set to the same Poincaré sphere setting as polarizer  16  and represents the shared key. The resulting signal  28  then contacts a polarization beam splitter  32 . Preferably beam splitter  32  is a 50/50 splitter. The orthogonal signals  34  and  34 ′ are incident on photon detectors  36  and  36 ′ that count incident photon receipt and report a counting event to temporal coincidence electronics  40  as a series of zeroes and ones. Photon detectors operative herein illustratively include single photon counting modules and conventional photon-intensity detectors such as charge coupled devices and gated photon counters. Optionally, lenses  42  are interposed within the receiver  20  to collimate optical signals to subsequent components. It is appreciated that beam on additional splitters or filters along an optical path further facilitates signal attenuation in the event of a signal of excessive intensity. A second receiver  20 ′ is also depicted in  FIG. 2  with like components relative to receiver  20  and modulator  24 ′ and polarizer  26 ′ to illustrate the multi-cast nature of the present invention. 
     It is appreciated that short range, non-line-of-sight quantum communication is also performed with a dual photon entangled pair carrier. As shown in  FIG. 3 , where like numerals correspond to those detailed with respect to  FIG. 2 , a Type-I nonlinear crystal  60  receives an optical output  13  from light source  12 . The crystal  60  generates entangled photon pairs with near collinearity  61 . The entangled photon pairs with near collinearity  61  is scattered by medium A to generate a scattered signal  63  that scatters around an obstacle B and to a receiver, shown collectively at  80 . Preferably, the crystal  60  is tuned for non-degenerative down conversion with regard to dichroic mirrors  62  and  62 ′. Narrow band filters  64  and  64 ′ are used to provide shared quantum keys after optical signals are transmitted through optional lenses  42  to photon detectors  36 ,  36 ′,  37  and  37 ′ before a signal is fed to electronics  40 . Although the stochastic-energy-based entanglement technique is not theoretically resistant to eavesdropping on shared quantum keys, because of the possibility of cloning, in practice it is difficult to eavesdrop on because of timing constraints. This method can be used as a research model system and can be used to generate shared random keys in an environment where eavesdropping is not a threat. Optionally, the insertion of Poincaré sphere aligned polarizers  16  and  26  afford a secure communication system. 
     Presented herein are new quantum communication schemes suitable for free space (wireless) quantum communication implementation. In particular, presented are entangled quantum communication schemes and Non-line-of-Sight-Free-Space Photon Quantum Communications. The presence of atmospheric scattering media UV photons can be used for non-line of sight quantum communications. Non-Poisson quantum fluctuations in an invariance regime can propagate further than coherent laser speckle. In such situations the non-Poissonian statistics survive over long distances and should be taggable with a polarization signature. Quantum noise observables scale markedly differently with scattering parameters compared to classical noise observables. Variation of the polarization should allow Yuen-Kumar quantum communications using non-Poissonian statistics of the beam as an authentication of the signal. 
     The non-line of sight communication in the UV would be expected to be possible to at least a range of 1 km, and falls under the category of deliberately short range quantum communication. Such applications of importance for this method include military stealth and optical communications in the presence of obstacles such as a forest or urban environment. 
     Quantum wireless optical communications is a new field of communications. It is becoming important because it offers schemes of communications with unprecedented encryption security and because of its potential for information compression. Presented herein are new quantum communication schemes suitable for free-space quantum wireless (free-space) optical communication implementation. In particular, presented herein are several entangled quantum communication schemes originally configured for Line-of-Sight communications set forth for Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) Free-Space Photon Quantum Communications. In the presence of atmospheric scattering media, UV photons can be used for UV NLOS quantum communications. 
     Various designs of stochastic quantum communication systems do not have a modulator but depend on time information to unscramble information sent. An initial design and experimental look into stochastic quantum communications systems has been developed. An advantage of this approach is a savings in control electro-optics and possibly as an alternate way to encrypt. Cost reduction advantages are also likely to be realized in the future as advances in materials, design, and manufacturing are made. 
     Entanglement communication has been developed and analyzed by several laboratory systems where no modulation was used on the laser source; demonstrating the feasibility of using entangled stochastic quantum key distribution and entangled quantum imaging concepts. Lasers emit photons stochastically in time. At least one system developed by the inventors used the stochasticity of the photon source without any prescribed modulation of the laser source. Several stochastic quantum systems are discussed in the following where entanglement was used to advantage. Entanglement is an important property of quantum communications and was first described by Einstein as a spooky action at a distance. Key quantum entanglement properties were uncovered theoretically and experimentally. Entanglement can be used for several purposes including Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), 2n dense coding, image transfer, and heralding for signal collection. Novel QKD systems include Heralded Stochastic Quantum Key Distribution (HSQKD), Entanglement Enhanced Quantum Key Distribution (EEQKD), and Entangled Energy Quantum Key Distribution (EEnQKD). In addition, a novel Quantum imaging system has been analyzed and implemented. Also described is the embedding of a shared quantum key into a quantum imaging system. A quantum imaging system has been described which uses only one quantum channel to transmit the image information. The single channel imaging system is called Entanglement Imaging QKD Coincidence Detection. 
     The challenge of Quantum key distribution (QKD) is to use the understanding of quantum physics to generate and distribute cryptographic keys with to provide a higher level of security in communications than can be accomplished using approaches based on classical physics. In order to achieve this goal there are significant accomplishments that must be overcome in practice although important successes have already been achieved in demonstration projects. Challenges common to many QKD and other communication methods are the speed of the sender&#39;s laser modulation, speed of receiver&#39;s detectors, and in the quantum photon methods reasonable assurance of having a single photon. Physical security is often overlooked in consideration of QKD systems. However challenges related to the physical security have which been identified include the speeding up of the modulation of the laser sources, eliminating the use of software driven random number generators, and eliminating the signature of the laser modulating electronic equipment. When, for example, an eavesdropper is near the sender physical security and stealth is important. Consideration must be given to mitigate the ability of the eavesdropper to be able to electronically detect the modulated power drawn by the sender&#39;s lasers, or be able to read the pseudo-random number generator the sender uses to choose frames. Other challenges in QKD system design include power, cost, weight and robustness of operation. 
     In the method of heralded stochastic QKD (HSQKD), the senders side has two lasers, a nonlinear crystal in front of each laser to generate a time entangled pair of photons. The laser can be continuous wave (cw) and the wave vectors oriented for Type-II spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), although other configurations may sometimes be useful. The two photons impinge on a 50/50 beam splitter (equal probabilities of reflection and transmission). Those photons that are reflected pass through a polarizing prism that separates photons perpendicular to the crystal&#39;s optical axis (i.e.,0°), and parallel to the crystal&#39;s optical axis)(90°). A polarizer oriented at +45° filters the +90° side of the polarizing prism. Some of the photons that are not detected on the sender&#39;s side go on to the receiver. The photons at the receiver&#39;s side also transmit through another 50/50 beam splitter, and those pass through another polarizing prism also oriented at 0° and +90° . A polarizer at −45° filters the 0° side of the polarizing prism. Signals are monitored for the four detectors (D 0, D+45, D+90, D−45)just described at the sender (0° and +45°) and at the receiver (+90° and −45°. 
     Certain pairs of detection events are prohibited for Type-II SPDC regardless of the quantum state. If the sender detects a photon with the 0° polarizer, then the receiver can never detect a photon with the +90° photon. Similarly, if the sender detects a photon with the +45° polarizer, then the receiver cannot detect a photon with the −45° polarizer. 
     The laboratory implementation of designs similar to this at the Army Research Laboratory were realized using diode lasers and Single Photon Counting Modules (SPCMs), and Beta Barium Borate (BBO) crystals. Two continuous wave (cw) diode lasers were used as the source of photons, and neutral density filters used to cut-down the intensity for photon counting. The four photodetectors were SPCMs and narrow band filters at the degenerate SPDC wavelength ( 2 ). ±10 run) were used to protect them. The SPDC was collimated at the sender&#39;s side and projected a distance of &gt;10 feet to the receiver&#39;s side. The photon coincidences were counted using a time amplitude converter (ORTEC) and processed in a PC. The PC processed the steps of the protocol that governs the generation of the quantum key. 
     The HSQKD Configuration is diagrammed in Provisional Application No. 60/653143 ( FIG. 1 ). The sender uses two nonlinear crystals at appropriate angles to generate Type-I parametric fluorescence with degenerate wavelengths for signal and idler. The ideal crystal is cut and adjusted for Type-I phase matching conditions for collinear and degenerate parametric fluorescence of the symmetric energy state. Both energy states will have the same polarization. The optical axis of the first nonlinear crystal (in input channel a) is 0° while the other nonlinear crystal (in input channel b) is oriented at +45° to horizontal in the laboratory frame. The crystal in a is followed by a beam splitter (50/50), a polarizer with an optical axis at 0° , and a photon counting detector. The crystal in b is followed by a beam splitter (50/50), a polarizer with an optical axis at +45° , and another photon counting detector. The remaining beams are recombined by use of another polarizer (50/50) into a single beam that is sent to the beam splitter (50/50) of the receiver. At the receiver, one beam (in channel A) passes through a polarizer oriented at −45° to the horizontal to a photon counting detector while the other beam (in channel B) passes through a polarizer oriented at +90° to the horizontal. The heralded QKD protocol is based on synchronized clocks or timing pulses and joint single photon measurements. 
     The Heralded Stochastic Quantum Key Distribution (HSQKD System) scheme shows how entanglement can be used to simplify both the optics and the electronics while achieving security and speed. A protocol was developed which maintains secrecy and takes advantage of the photon stochastically from parametric down conversion crystal. The quantum key for translating a secret message to an encrypted message, and for translating the encrypted message back to the secret message, is represented by an operator Ki that acts on the ith bit value either with an identity or inverse operator. The protocol for determining Ki was given in R. Meyers, K. Deacon, “Entangled Photon Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging” SPIE Proceedings Vol. 5161 (2003). The background of signals that must be rejected depends on the two-photon quantum state. The method of heralded photons is different from the B92 protocol in that it uses stochastic times, uses quantum fluctuations instead of the sender&#39;s choice of frames, and can use continuous wave lasers. The method of heralded photons is as secure against eavesdroppers as the B92 protocol. It is secure against some challenges to the physical security of the sender. However, the algorithms for generating and distributing a quantum key may be more complex than the standard B92 protocol. 
     Quantum imaging uses quantum physics to produce an image and has potential or realized advantages in many areas of imaging and communications. QKD and Quantum imaging are normally discussed as separate processes. However, in the following we briefly discuss using entanglement used in quantum imaging to achieve the embedding of a shared quantum key. An idealized laboratory setup is different from the usual quantum imaging setup. The difference is that polarizing beam splitters are placed in the path of the photons to provide two channels for each of the sender and receiver of the images. In the method the sender (Alice) sends the image of a mask to the receiver (Bob). In the figure PA is the path for photons on side of the sender (Alice) and PB is the path on side of the receiver (Bob). Bob will receive the image entirely from the photon coincidence measurements composited from his two scanning fiber tips in front of the detectors. Fast single photon CCDs can be used in a manner to obtain equivalent information to that of the scanning fiber tips. A stochastic quantum key is also generated between Alice and Bob based on the type of coincidence detected for instance, a PAV+PBH coincidence could be a bit  0  and a PAH+PBV could be a bit  1 . The standard types of privacy amplification and key distillation algorithms can then be applied to this random shared bitstream. The embedding of this type of quantum key into quantum image transmission opens up the concept of Quantum Steganography. 
     A Quantum Channel Only Entanglement Imaging system is a means of transmitting an image using only a quantum channel is presented. The laboratory setup of a quantum imaging setup uses no classical channel between the sender and the receiver. This layout differs from earlier systems in that instead of a classical and a quantum channel being used to send the information of the image, only a quantum channel is used in this system. 
     An Energy Entangled Stochastic Quantum Key Distribution (EnESQKD) is a system which generates nearly collinear energy entangled photons and uses dichroic mirrors and narrowband filters to aid in the generation of shared quantum keys. While the stochastic energy based entanglement technique in not theoretically resistant to eavesdropping on shared quantum keys, because of the possibility of cloning, in practice it is difficult to eavesdrop on because of timing constraints. This method can be used as a research model system and can be used to generate shared random keys in an environment where eavesdropping is not a threat. 
     An Entanglement Enhanced Stochastic Quantum Key Distribution (EESQKD) uses entanglement to increase the ratio of detected and counted photons to that of background detected and counted photons, as seen in  FIG. 4 . Nearly collinear energy entangled photons released in a stochastic unmodulated form are sent by the sender (Alice) to the receiver (Bob) through each of two laser sources with polarizers applied to the energy entangled pair. The polarizers are set up in a manner consistent with the B92 protocols. When the entangled photons are detected by the receiver (Bob), then a beam splitter will split each pair of biphotons and coincidences determine that the photons are from the sender (Alice) rather than being stray photons. Advantages to the method include stochasticity features mentioned above and enhancement of signal detection by means of coincidence measurements. 
     The feasibility of entangled quantum communications which use stochasticity in photon sources rather than laser modulation was explored through the development of several experimental prototype systems. Analyzed were Heralded Stochastic Quantum Key Distribution (HSQKD), Entanglement Enhanced Quantum Key Distribution (EEQKD), Entangled Energy Quantum Key Distribution (EEnQKD), Entanglement Imaging QKD Coincidence Detection, and an Entangled Imaging system that only uses a quantum channel. It was found that stochastic entangled quantum communications with continuous wave laser sources works well. It may find use in special applications needing advantages of small cost, weight, power and robustness since modulation hardware and software is not necessary with this approach. 
     Heralded Stochastic Quantum Key Distribution provides coincidence entanglement generated heralded timing in QKD. The Stochastic Energy Entanglement system may find use in applications coupled to other technologies and as a model quantum entanglement system. 
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     Patent documents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. These documents and publications are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual document or publication was specifically and individually incorporated herein by reference. 
     The foregoing description is illustrative of particular embodiments of the invention, but is not meant to be a limitation upon the practice thereof. The following claims, including all equivalents thereof, are intended to define the scope of the invention.