Abstract:
An electrolytic method for the simultaneous preparation of a diaryliodonium salt and an alkoxide salt comprises adding to the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell, comprised of an anode, a first electrolytic solution comprising an aromatic compound, an iodoaromatic compound, a solvent and a first organic salt; adding to the cathode compartment of the cell, comprised of a cathode, a second electrolytic solution comprising a hydroxyalkyl compound and a second organic salt; and applying to the anode and the cathode an electric potential, to form diaryliodonium salt in the anode compartment and an alkoxide salt in the cathode compartment. 
     Esters of an aromatic acid are prepared by carbonylating an admixture of the diaryliodonium salt and the alkoxide salt by the addition of carbon monoxide thereto.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an electrolytic method for the simultaneous preparation of a diaryliodonium salt and an alkoxide salt comprising adding to the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell an aromatic compound, an iodoaromatic compound, a solvent and a first organic salt, adding to the cathode compartment a hydroxyalkyl compound and a second organic salt, and applying an electric potential to the anode and the cathode to form a diaryliodonium salt in the anode compartment and an alkoxide salt in the cathode compartment. The invention also relates to a method of producing an ester of an aromatic acid wherein a mixture of the diaryliodonium salt and alkoxide salt obtained as described above are carbonylated by the addition of carbon monoxide to form the ester. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Diaryliodonium salts have long been known and can be prepared by various methods known in the art summarized below (Beringer, et al, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75: 2705 (1953); ibid., 81: 342 (1959)). 
     (A) Coupling of two aromatic compounds with iodyl sulfate in sulfuric acid. 
     
         4ArH+(IO).sub.2 SO.sub.4 +3H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 →2Ar.sub.2 I.sup.+ +2H.sub.3 O.sup.+ +4HSO.sub.4.sup.- 
    
     (B) Coupling of two aromatic compounds with an iodate in acetic acid-acetic anhydride sulfuric acid. 
     
         2ArH+IO.sub.3 +2H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 +2Ac.sub.2 O→Ar.sub.2 I.sup.+ +2HSO.sub.4.sup.- +4AcOH+[O] 
    
     (C) Coupling of two aromatic compounds with an iodine (III) acylate in the presence of an acid. ##STR1## (D) Condensation of an iodoso compound, an iodoso diacetate or an iodoxy compound with another aromatic compound in the presence of an acid. ##STR2## 
     In some cases it has been possible to oxidize an iodo compound in situ and then to condense it with another aromatic compound: ##STR3## 
     Diaryliodonium salts have been utilized in the preparation of aromatic carboxylic acids and esters thereof by a variety of carbonylation processes well known in the art. One such carbonylation process reacts a diarylidonium salt with carbon monoxide and an alcohol in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g., Nippon Kagaku Kaishi No. 2:236-241 (1982), which is incorporated herein by reference). Another carbonylation process reacts diphenyliodonium bromide and carbon monoxide at 190 atm in methanol at 100° C. in the absence of a catalyst (Davidson, et al, J. Chem. Soc.(A): 1616-17 (1968), which is incorporated herein by reference). In yet another process, a diaryliodonium salt is reacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of zero-valent palladium in a hydrocarbon acid reaction medium (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,701 to Lentz, et al, which is incorporated herein by reference). In yet another process, a diaryliodonium salt is reacted with carbon monoxide and water and an alcohol or amine in a basic reaction medium having a pK b  greater than about 8 (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,445 to Lentz, et al, which is incorporated herein by reference). 
     The aromatic acids and esters thereof are useful as intermediates in the synthesis of polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) and other useful polymeric materials. 
     The availability of the various aforementioned methods for the preparation of diaryliodonium salts, notwithstanding, there remains a need for an improved method and in particular a method of simultaneously producing a diaryliodonium salt and an alkoxide salt. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to an electrolytic method for the simultaneous preparation of a diaryliodonium salt and an alkoxide salt, comprising adding to the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell comprised of an anode a first electrolytic solution comprising an aryl compound, an iodoaryl compound, a solvent and a first organic salt; adding to the cathode compartment of the cell comprised of a cathode a second electrolytic solution comprising a hydroxyalkyl compound and a second organic salt; and applying to the anode and the cathode an electric potential, said potential and the proportion of said compounds and said salts being effective to form a diaryliodonium salt in the anode compartment and an alkoxide salt in the cathode compartment. 
     This invention also relates to a method of preparing an alkyl ester of an aryl acid, comprising adding to the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell comprised of an anode a first electrolytic solution comprising an aryl compound, an iodoaryl compound, a solvent and a first organic salt; adding to the cathode compartment of the cell comprised of a cathode a second electrolytic solution comprising a hydroxyalkyl compound and a second organic salt; applying to the anode and the cathode an electric potential, said potential and the proportion of said compounds and said salts being effective to form a diaryliodonium salt in the anode compartment and an alkoxide salt in the cathode compartment; and admixing the diaryliodonium salt and the alkoxide salt in the presence of carbon monoxide, the salts and the carbon monoxide being present in a proportion and under conditions effective to obtain an alkyl ester of an aryl acid. 
     Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following discussion. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In accordance with the present invention an iodoaromatic compound is anodically oxidized and coupled with another dissimilar aromatic compound in the anode compartment of an electrochemical cell while an alkoxide salt is simultaneously generated in the cathode compartment of the electrochemical cell. 
     The aromatic compound employed as a starting material in the method of the present invention is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic compound having about 5 to 20 atoms in the ring(s) thereof. Suitable examples of the aryl compound are benzene, toluene, naphthalene, pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and the like. 
     The iodoaromatic compound employed as a starting material in the process of the present invention is an iodo derivative of a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic compound having about 5 to 20 atoms in the ring(s) thereof. Examples of suitable iodoaryl compounds are iodotoluene, iodobenzene, iodonaphthalene, iodopyridine, iodothiophene, iodopyrrole, and the like. 
     The aromatic moieties of both the aromatic compound and the iodoaromatic compound may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, typical substituents include the halides, alkyl groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, vinyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylic ester groups, ether groups, and the like. In general, the aromatic ring moieties may contain any substituent which does not have an adverse effect on the method of the invention or the reactions it encompasses. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the aromatic moieties of the aryl or aromatic compound and the iodoaryl or iodoaromatic compound are the same. 
     The organic salts employed in the electrolytic method of the present invention are preferably alkali and tetraalkylammonium salts of weak organic acids. However, stronger organic acids may also be utilized. Examples of suitable salts are the sodium, potassium, lithium and (C 1  -C 12 )tetraalkyl ammonium salts of acetic acid, trihaloacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, IH, BrH, F 4  BH and benzenesulfonic acid, among others. In one preferred embodiment of the electrolytic method invention, the first and the second organic salts are the same. 
     The method of the invention is conducted using a solvent for the iodoaromatic compound, aromatic compound and organic salt. The solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of polar solvents, and more preferably acyclic polar solvents. Examples of solvents suitable for use with the present invention are alcohols such as methonol, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane and chloroform, acetonitrile, and the like. 
     The hydroxyalkyl compound employed as a starting material in the method of the present invention may be an aliphatic alcohol having about 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an araliphatic alcohol having about 6 to 20 carbon atoms. The aliphatic or araliphatic alcohol which is employed in the present method may be monofunctional or multifunctional. Therefore, glycol and other polyols are also suitable, as are glycol esters, glycol ethers, and other such derivatives. Preferably, the hydroxyalkyl compound is an alkanol of 1 to 12 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, secbutanol, and tertbutanol or an araliphatic hydroxyalkyl compound such as phenyl ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, ethylene glycol monoacetate, mixtures thereof, and the like. 
     The method of the present invention is conducted using a compartmentalized electrochemical cell containing an anode compartment provided with an anode and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode. The electrolytic cell apparatus need not have the two compartments harboring the anode and the cathode separated by physical means. However, if so desired, an apparatus where such separation exists may also be utilized within the context of this invention. Examples of suitable separation means for the two compartments are membranes which may be formed of any of a variety of polymeric materials known in the art. Other separation means, however, are also suitable. 
     In accordance with the method of the invention the aromatic compound, iodoaromatic compound, organic salt and solvent are charged into the anode compartment and the hydroxy aromatic compound and organic salt are charged to the cathode compartment. 
     An electric potential preferably about 1.75 volts to 2.25 volts, more preferably 1.85 volts to 2.15 volts is then applied to the anode and cathode. The electric potential is normally applied to the anode and the cathode for a period of time of about 2 hours to 10 hours, and preferably about 5 hours to 7 hours. The reactions occurring in the anode and the cathode compartments can be conducted at temperatures of about 25° to 80° C., and preferably about 35° to 70° C., and pressures of about 1 atm to 10 atm, and preferably about 1 atm to 5 atm. In a particularaly simple embodiment of the invention, the electric potential is applied to the anode and the cathode as a constant electric potential. 
     The starting materials added to the anode compartment when conducting the electrolytic method of the invention can be present in a proportion of the iodoaromatic compound to the aromatic compound to the first organic salt to the solvent of about 0.8:1:1:1 to 1.2:1:10:10 by weight, and preferably about 1:1:1:1 to 1:1:10:10 by weight. The hydroxyalkyl compound and the second organic salt can be added to the cathode compartment in a proportion of about 1:1 to 1:10, and preferably 1:1 to 1:5. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing an ester of an aromatic acid comprising the steps encompassed by the electrolytic method described above, and a subsequent carbonylation of the thus obtained diaryliodonium salt to produce the ester of an aromatic acid. The carbonylation may be conducted by admixing the diaryliodonium salt and the alkoxide salt in the presence of carbon monoxide. The carbonylation step may also be conducted in accordance with a variety of other methods known in the art, several of which have been referred to above. 
     In one particularly useful embodiment of the method of the invention for preparing an ester of an aromatic acid, the diaryliodonium salt, the alkoxide salt and the carbon monoxide are mixed in the further presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst such as palladium. If necessary or desirable, the solvent may be removed from the solution containing the diaryliodonium salt prior to mixing the latter with the alkoxide salt and carbon monoxide. 
     The diaryliodonium salt and the alkoxide salt can be mixed in the presence of carbon monoxide at temperatures of about 5° to 150° C., preferably about 10° to 120° C., and pressures of about 1 atm to 10 atm, preferably about 1 atm to 5 atm, for a period of time of about 30 minutes to 24 hours, preferably about 1 hour to 15 hours. The diaryliodonium salt and the alkoxide salt can be admixed in the presence of carbon monoxide in a proportion of about 1:1:5 to 1:2:10 by weight, preferably 1:1:5 to 1:1.5:8 by weight. 
     Inert solvents may be employed for the carbonylation reaction if desired. Such solvents include, for example, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, and the like. 
     A by-product of the above-described carbonylation reaction is an iodoaromatic compound or aryl iodide. This compound can be removed from the reaction system, e.g., by distillation, and then employed as a starting material in the preparation of the diaryliodonium salt by the electrolytic method of the invention. 
     The present invention provides an efficient, novel and economical electrolytic method for the simultaneous preparation of a diaryliodonium salt and an alkoxide salt, themselves useful as intermediates for preparing alkyl esters of aromatic acids. These acids, in turn, are useful in the synthesis of polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), and other useful polymeric materials. 
     The invention will now be further illustrated by the following examples although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of Diaryliodonium Salt and Alkoxide Salt 
     To the anode compartment of a divided electrochemical laboratory cell fitted with a platinum anode and a carbon cathode are added 50 mL of acetonitrile, 4.1 g tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, 1.5 g iodotoluene, and 1.98 g toluene (anolyte solution). To the cathode compartment are added 30 mL methanol and 2.05 g tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate. A potential of 2.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode) is applied which results in a current of 35 milliamps at 25° to 30° C. The electrolysis is terminated after passing 257 coulombs. 
     The anode reaction mixture is analyzed by liquid chromatography and is shown to contain 8.7% p,p-ditolyliodonium salt, 0.87 o,p-ditolyliodonium salt, and 77.9% p-iodotoluene. The current efficiency to iodonium salt is 35%. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation of Alkyl Ester of Aryl Acid 
     The solvent in the anolyte solution obtained in Example 1 above is removed under vacuum and the catholyte solution is added to the remaining anodic components. The iodonium salt is then carbonylated by addition of carbon monoxide in a diaryliodonium salt/alkoxide salt/CO ratio of 1:1:5 at a temperature of 60° C. and a pressure of 3 atm for 10 hours. 
     The invention has now been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.