Abstract:
An electric discharge machining apparatus having a gate signal generator for generating a gate signal, a power source for applying a voltage across a work gap formed between a tool electrode and a workpiece, a gap voltage detector for detecting a gap voltage of the work gap, an electric discharge detector for supplying an electric discharge detection signal representing electric discharge to the gate signal generator. The electric discharge detector includes a counter for generating a sample clock having a frequency greater than the frequency of the gate signal, and a comparator for receiving the gap voltage and determining that a fall in the gap voltage is larger than a specified voltage difference in each sample clock. The electric discharge detection signal is generated in response to an output signal of the comparator.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to an electric discharge machining apparatus for machining a workpiece by generating electric discharge in a work gap. In particular, the present invention relates to an electric discharge detection method for electrically detecting electric discharge occurring in a work gap. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    In an electric discharge machining apparatus, voltage pulses are repeatedly applied to a work gap formed between a tool electrode and a workpiece. The work gap is generally filled with dielectric fluid, and has a size of a few μm to a few tens of μm. Electric discharge or sparking is caused in the work gap as a result of the application of voltage pulses, and the electric discharge machining apparatus normally detects the electric discharge electrically. Patent documents 1-5 disclose an electric discharge machining apparatus provided with an electric discharge detector or electric discharge detection circuit. 
         [0003]    A period from application of voltage pulses to the occurrence of electric discharge is called delay time. The delay time has an undefined value, including zero. Together with the occurrence of electric discharge, current starts to flow via the work gap. Once a specified period (“on-time”) elapses from the occurrence of electric discharge, supply of current is stopped. Once a specified period (“off-time”) elapses from completion of the on-time, a voltage pulse is again applied to the work gap. On-time and off-time are important parameters controlled by an NC device of an electric discharge machining apparatus. A term “NC” may refer to numerical control or numerically controlled. 
         [0004]    A conventional electric discharge machining apparatus provided with an electric discharge detector will be described with reference to  FIGS. 4-8 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , a microscopic work gap  12  is formed between a tool electrode  11  and a workpiece  10 . A first series combination comprising a dc power source  4 , current limiting resistor  7  and switching element  8  is connected to the work gap  12 . The voltage of the dc power source  4  is set between 60V and 150V. A second series combination comprising a dc power source  5 , current limiting resistor  6  and switching element  9  is connected to the work gap  12 , in parallel with the first series combination. The voltage of the dc power source  5  is set between 90V and 280V. A potential divider having a pair of resistors  13 ,  14  detects a voltage Vgap across the work gap  12 . The gap voltage Vgap is supplied to an electric discharge detector  3 . 
         [0005]    The ON/OFF switching operation of switching elements  8  and  9  is controlled by a gate signal Gate. A gate signal generator  2  generates the gate signal Gate, and the gate signal Gate is also supplied to the electric discharge detector  3 . Data ON_Data for on time command and data OFF_data for off time command are generated within an NC device  1  and supplied to the gate signal generator  2 . The NC device  1  also supplies data Vref_Data, representing a reference voltage, to the electric discharge detector  3 . The electric discharge detector  3  supplies an electric discharge detection signal spark, representing electric discharge, to the gate signal generator  2 . 
         [0006]    One example of a gate signal generator will be described with reference to  FIG. 5 . A gate signal generator  2  is comprised of a selector  23 , AND gate  25 , counter  20 , comparator  21 , selector  22  and T-flipflop  24 . A clock signal CLK 1  is sent to the selector  23  via the AND gate  25 . The AND gate  25  only passes the clock signal CLK  1  when the signal spark is on. Also, a clock signal CLK 2  is sent to the selector  23 . The selector  23  alternately supplies clock signal CLK 1  as signal ON_CLK or clock signal CLK 2  as signal OFF_CLK to the counter  20 . The counter  20  counts the signal ON_CLK or the signal OFF_CLK. A Q output of the counter  20  is connected to an input A of the comparator  21 . On time command data ON_Data and off time command data OFF_Data are supplied to the selector  22 . An  0  output of the selector  22  is connected to an input B of the comparator  21 . Output A=B of the comparator  21  is connected to the reset input RES of the counter  20  and the input T of the T-flipflop  24 . The T-flipflop  24  generates the signal Gate for the switching elements  8  and  9 . The signal Gate is also supplied to the input S of the selector  22  and to the selector  23 . 
         [0007]    An operation of the gate signal generator  2  will be described with reference to  FIG. 6 . If the on time command data ON_Data is set to “6”, and the off time command data OFF_Data is set to “4”, then: at time t 1 , if a count of the signal OFF_CLK reaches “4” in the counter  20 , then the comparator  21  generates pulse A=B, as shown in  FIG. 6(A) . As a result of the pulse A=B the count of “4” in the counter  20  is reset to “0”, and as shown in  FIG. 6(B)  the T-flipflop  24  changes the level of the signal Gate from “0” to “1”. In response to the signal Gate at level “1”, the voltages of the dc power sources  4  and  5  are applied to the work gap  12 . Further, the selector  23  selects the signal ON_CLK, while the selector  22  selects the on time command data ON_Data. 
         [0008]    At time t 2  when an undefined delay time tw has elapsed from time t 1 , the electric discharge detection signal spark becomes on, as shown in  FIG. 6(C) . As shown in  FIG. 6(D) , the counter  20  starts a count of the signal ON_CLK. At time t 3 , if a count of the signal ON_CLK reaches “6” in the counter  20 , then the comparator  21  generates pulse A=B, as shown in  FIG. 6(A) . As a result of the pulse A=B the count of “6” in the counter  20  is reset to “0”, and as shown in  FIG. 6(B)  the T-flip-flop  24  changes the level of the signal Gate from “1” to “0”. In response to the signal Gate at level “0”, the switching elements  8  and  9  are turned off and application of voltage to the work gap  12  is stopped. Further, the selector  23  selects the signal OFF_CLK, while the selector  22  selects the off time command data OFF_Data. As shown in  FIG. 6(E) , the counter  20  starts a count of the signal OFF_CLK. At time t 4 , if a count of the signal OFF_CLK again reaches “4” in the counter  20 , then the comparator  21  generates pulse A=B, as shown in  FIG. 6(A) . 
         [0009]    One example of an electric discharge detector will be described with reference to  FIG. 7 . An electric discharge detector  3  is comprised of a reference voltage generator  31 , a comparator amplifier circuit  34 , and an AND gate  35 . The NC device  1  supplies data Vref_Data representing a reference voltage to the reference voltage generator  31 . The data Vref_Data is determined according to setting of conditions such as voltage of the dc power sources  4  and  5 . The reference voltage generator  31  generates a reference voltage Vref according to the data Vref_Data. A gap voltage Vgap is supplied via a protection resistor  32  to one terminal of the comparator amplifier circuit  34 . The reference Vref is supplied via a protection resistor  33  to the other terminal of the comparator amplifier circuit  34 . The comparator amplifier circuit  34  compares the gap voltage Vgap and the reference voltage Vref, and generates a binary signal CP. The signal CP is on when the gap voltage Vgap is lower than the reference signal Vref. When the signals Gate and CP are on, the signal spark, which is the output of the AND gate  35 , is on. 
         [0010]    An operation of the electric discharge detector  3  will be described with reference to  FIG. 8 . The voltage waveform on the left side of  FIG. 8  is for when only the 80V dc power source  4  is used. As shown in  FIG. 8(D) , at time t 0 , if the signal Gate becomes on, the gap voltage Vgap begins to rise as shown in  FIG. 8(A) . At time t 1  when the gap voltage Vgap reaches the reference voltage Vref, the signal CP turns off, as shown in  FIG. 8(C) . At time t 2  when electric discharge has started, the gap voltage Vgap starts to fall, as shown in  FIG. 8(A) , and current Igap flows via the work gap  12 , as shown in  FIG. 8(B) . At time t 3  when the gap voltage Vgap becomes lower than the reference voltage Vref, the signal CP becomes on, as shown in  FIG. 8(C) , and the signal spark also becomes on, as shown in  FIG. 8(E) . In this manner the increase in the electric discharge detection signal spark is delayed by the delay time td 1  from time t 2  to time t 3 . At time t 4  when the on time command has elapsed from time t 3 , the signal Gate becomes off, as shown in  FIG. 8(D) , and the signal spark also becomes off, as shown in  FIG. 8(E) . At time t 5  the gap current Igap becomes zero, as shown in  FIG. 8(B) . 
         [0011]    The right side of  FIG. 8  shows a typical waveform that appears in the case where a workpiece  10  having a high specific resistance is machined. In this case both dc power sources  4  and  5  are used, and a high voltage of about 150V is applied to the work gap  12 . At time t 6  when the signal Gate becomes on, as shown in  FIG. 8(D) , the gap voltage Vgap begins to rise, as shown in  FIG. 8(A) . At time t 7  the gap voltage Vgap starts to fall. At time t 8  when the gap voltage Vgap becomes lower than the reference voltage Vref, the signal spark becomes on, as shown in  FIG. 8(E) . However, a delay time td 2  in increasing the signal spark, that is from time t 7  to time t 8 , becomes larger than the delay time td 1 . With these types of delay times td 1  and td 2 , there is lack of highly precise control of the on time, that is particularly required in microfabrication. 
         [0012]    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No. 44-13195 
         [0013]    Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent No. 3582370, FIG. 14-15 
         [0014]    Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent No. 3396515 
         [0015]    Patent Document 4: Japanese Laid-open Patent application No. 2001-038527 
         [0016]    Patent Document 5: Japanese Patent No. 46-24678 
       SUMMARY 
       [0017]    An aspect of the present invention is to provide an electric discharge detection method and electric discharge machining apparatus that minimize delay of an electric discharge detection signal indicating electric discharge. Another aspect of the present invention is to provide an electric discharge detection method and electric discharge machining apparatus that can accurately detect electric discharge regardless of a gap voltage waveform and machining conditions. 
         [0018]    According to one aspect of the present invention, an electric discharge detection method, for detecting electric discharge occurring in a work gap formed between a tool electrode and a workpiece, comprises generating a gate signal, applying a voltage across the work gap to cause electric discharge during a time when the gate signal is on, detecting a gap voltage across the work gap, and receiving a gap voltage and determining that electric discharge has occurred when a fall in the gap voltage is larger than a specified voltage difference in each sampling period during the time when the gate signal is on. 
         [0019]    Also, according to one aspect of the present invention, an electric discharge machining apparatus is provided for machining a workpiece using electric discharge. The apparatus includes a gate signal generator for generating a gate signal, a module configured to apply a voltage to a work gap formed between a tool electrode and the workpiece during a time when the gate signal is on, and a gap voltage detector for detecting a gap voltage of the work gap. The apparatus further includes an electric discharge detector including a first comparator for receiving the gap voltage and determining whether a fall in the gap voltage is larger than a specified voltage difference in each sampling period. The electric discharge detector is configured to supply an electric discharge detection signal indicating electric discharge to the gate signal generator in accordance with an output signal of the first comparator. 
         [0020]    In one configuration, it is advantageous for the electric discharge detector to include a second comparator for receiving the gap voltage and determining a rise in the gap voltage in each sampling period, a first latch circuit, connected to the first and second comparators, for holding a newest gap voltage in each sampling period, and a second latch circuit, connected to the second comparator, for holding a newest gap voltage only when the second comparator determines that there is a rise in the gap voltage. In another configuration, it is more advantageous for the electric discharge detector to include a third comparator, connected to the second comparator and the second latch circuit, for receiving data representing the specified voltage difference. 
         [0021]    According to one aspect of the electric discharge detection method and electric discharge machining apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to accurately detect electric discharge regardless of a gap voltage waveform and machining conditions. Accordingly, in one aspect, it is possible to control the width of a current pulse that occurs in the work gap to be as instructed. As a result, in one aspect, higher precision microfabrication becomes possible. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing an example of an electric discharge detector of the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a timing chart showing an example of an operation of the electric discharge detector of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a timing chart showing another example of an operation of the electric discharge detector of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing a conventional electric discharge machining apparatus. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing a gate signal generator of  FIG. 4 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a timing chart showing an operation of the gate signal generator of  FIG. 5 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing an electric discharge detector of  FIG. 4 . 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is a timing chart showing an operation of the electric discharge detector of  FIG. 7 . 
       
    
    
     REFERENCE NUMERALS 
       [0000]    
       
           1  NC device 
           2  gate signal generator 
           3  electric discharge detector 
           4 ,  5  power source 
           6 ,  7  current limiting resistor 
           8 ,  9  switching element 
           10  workpiece 
           11  tool electrode 
           12  work gap 
           13 ,  14  resistor 
           20  counter 
           21  comparator 
           22 ,  23  selector 
           24  T-flip-flop 
           25  AND gate 
           30  electric discharge detector 
           31  reference voltage generator 
           32 ,  33  protection resistor 
           34  comparator amplifier circuit 
           35  AND gate 
           36  A/D converter 
           37 ,  38  latch circuit 
           39  D-flip-flop 
           41 ,  42 ,  43  comparator 
           45 ,  47  inverter 
           46  binary counter 
           61 ,  63  D-flip-flop 
           62 ,  64  D-flip-flop 
           71 ,  72 ,  73 ,  74  AND gate 
       
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0059]    An example of an electric discharge machining apparatus of the present invention provided with an electric discharge detector  30  will be described with reference to  FIG. 1 . The electric discharge machining apparatus is provided with the NC device  1 , gate signal generator  2  and gap voltage detector  13 ,  14  in  FIG. 4 , but description of these parts is omitted. The gap voltage Vgap and the gate signal Gate are supplied to the electric discharge detector  30 , and the electric discharge detector  30  supplies a signal spark indicating electric discharge to the gate signal generator  2 . The gap voltage Vgap is supplied to an A/D converter  36 . The A/D converter  36  provides digital data Vgap_Data representing the gap voltage Vgap to latch circuits  37 ,  38 , for each input of a system clock SYS_CLK. The latch circuits  37 ,  38  respectively hold the newest data Vgap_Data when a pulse is supplied to their inputs L. An output terminal OUT of the latch circuit  37  is connected to respective input terminals A of comparators  41  and  42 . An output terminal OUT of the latch circuit  38  is connected to input terminal B of comparator  41  and input terminal A of comparator  43 . 
         [0060]    The comparator  41  determines whether the gap voltage Vgap is rising, in each sampling period. When the gap voltage Vgap rises, an output signal A&gt;B of the comparator  41  is in an on state. The comparator  42  determines whether a fall in the gap voltage Vgap is larger than a specified voltage difference, in each sampling period. If the fall in the gap voltage Vgap is larger than the specified voltage difference, an output signal A&lt;B of the comparator  42  is in an on state. Data representing the specified voltage difference is supplied to an input B of the comparator  43 . 
         [0061]    A signal Gate is inverted by an inverter  45 , and supplied to respective reset inputs R of the latch circuits  37 ,  38 , a D-flipflop  39  and a binary counter  46 . The binary counter  46  receives a system clock SYS_CLK, and generates a sample clock sample_CLK for defining a sampling period. A number of sample clocks sample_CLK are generated during the time when the gate signal is on. The frequency of the sample clock sample_CLK can be set to a desired value at an output Qn of the binary counter  46 . If the frequency of the system clock SYS_CLK is made 40 MHz, the frequency of the sample clock sample_CLK is 20 MHz at output Q 0 , 10 MHz at output Q 1 , 5 MHz at output Q 2 , and 2.5 MHz at output Q 3 . In one aspect, the frequency of the sample clock sample_CLK is preferably about 100 times greater than the signal Gate. When the on time is 10 μs, for example, the frequency is set to 10 MHz. 
         [0062]    The sample clock sample_CLK is supplied in a cascade connection to D-flipflops  61  and  63 . The sample clock sample_CLK is also inverted by an inverter  47  and then supplied in a cascade connection to D-flipflops  62  and  64 . The system clock SYS_CLK is supplied to the D-flipflops  61 ,  63 ,  62 ,  64  and  39 . 
         [0063]    An output Q of the D-flipflop  61  is supplied to an input D of the D-flipflop  63  and an AND gate  71 . The output Q of the D-flipflop  63  is inverted and supplied to the AND gate  71 . The AND gate  71  generates a pulse CMP_CP representing rising of the sample clock sample_CLK. The pulse CMP_CP is supplied to an input L of the latch circuit  37  and to the AND gate  81 . The latch circuit  37  therefore holds the newest data Vgap_Data for each rising of the sample clock sample_CLK. The output A&lt;B of the comparator  42  is supplied to the AND gate  81 . The AND gate  81  supplies an pulse VD to the input D of the D-flip-flop  39 . The D-flipflop  39  supplies the signal spark to the gate signal generator  2 . 
         [0064]    An output Q of the D-flipflop  62  is supplied to an input D of the D-flipflop  64  and an AND gate  72 . An output Q of the D-flipflop  64  is inverted and supplied to the AND gate  72 . The AND gate  72  supplies a pulse Latch to an AND gate  82 . The pulse Latch is generated in synchronism with the pulse CMP_CP, and represents falling of the sample clock sample_CLK. The output A&gt;B of the comparator  41  is supplied to the AND gate  82 . The AND gate  82  supplies a pulse VU to an input L of the latch circuit  38 . The latch circuit  38  therefore holds the largest data Vgap_Data. 
         [0065]    An example of an operation of the electric discharge detector  30  will be described with reference to  FIG. 2 . In one aspect, only a 90V dc power source  4  is used, and specified voltage difference data supplied to the comparator  43  is “10”. At time t 0 , as shown in  FIG. 2(A)  the signal Gate is off, and output data of the latch circuits  37  and  38  are both “0”. At time t 1  when the signal gate has become on, the gap voltage Vgap starts to rise, as shown in  FIG. 2(H) , and the binary counter  46  begins counting. At time t 2  when the sample clock sample_CLK has risen for the first time as shown in  FIG. 2(B) , the AND gate  71  supplies a first pulse CMP_CP to the latch circuit  37 , as shown in  FIG. 2(C) . At this point in time, as shown in  FIG. 2(D) , the latch circuit  37  holds the newest data Vgap_Data “8”. The dataVgap_Data “8” is supplied to the respective inputs A of the comparators  41  and  42 . Since input B of the comparator  41  remains at “0”, the output A&gt;B of the comparator  41  becomes on. 
         [0066]    At time t 3  when the sample clock sample_CLK has fallen for the first time, the first pulse Latch passes through the AND gate  82  and is supplied as the pulse VU to the input L of the latch circuit  38 , as shown in  FIG. 2(E) . The latch circuit  38  holds the data Vgap_Data “8”. The gap voltage Vgap continues to rise, and pulses VU are continuously generated. At time t 4 , the latch circuit  38  holds data Vgap_Data “90”. At time t 5  the latch circuit  37  holds data Vgap_Data “89”, and the output A&gt;B of the comparator  41  becomes off. After that, input B of the comparator  41  does not exceed “90”, and so the AND gate  81  no longer generates pulse VU, as shown in  FIG. 2(E) . 
         [0067]    At time t 6  the insulating properties of the work gap break down, and electric discharge begins. At time t 7  when the first pulse CMP_CP after electric discharge has started has been generated, the latch circuit  37  holds the newest data Vgap_Data “78”, as shown in  FIG. 2(D) . Since input B of the comparator  42  is “80”, the output signal A&lt;B of the comparator  42  becomes on. As a result, as shown in  FIG. 2(F) , the AND gate  81  supplies pulse VD to the D-flipflop  39 . As shown in  FIG. 2(G) , the D-flipflop  39  turns the signal spark on in response to the pulse VD. At time t 8  when the signal Gate has turned on, the D-flipflop  39  turns the signal spark off. 
         [0068]    Another example of an operation of the electric discharge detector  30  will be described with reference to  FIG. 3 . In one aspect, only a 90V dc power source  4  is used, and specified voltage difference data supplied to the comparator  43  is “10”. At time t 1  when electric discharge has started, the latch circuit  38  holds data Vgap_Data “60”. At time t 2  when the first pulse CMP_CP after electric discharge has started has been generated, the latch circuit  37  holds the newest data Vgap_Data “45”, as shown in  FIG. 3(D) . As a result, as shown in  FIG. 3(G) , the D-flipflop  39  turns the signal spark on in response to the pulse VD. In this way it is possible to detect electric discharge without delay, even in the case where electric discharge has started without the gap voltage Vgap having reached 90V. 
         [0069]    The embodiments have been selected in order to describe the principals and implementation of the present invention, and various modifications are possible taking into consideration the above teaching.