Abstract:
Disclosed are fuel compositions including alcohol-extended fuels containing friction-reducing, anti-corrosion and detergent amounts of at least one fuel soluble glycine derivative of the formula: 
     
       RNHCH.sub.2 X 
     
     wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group having 6 to 18 carbons and X is ##STR1## wherein R 1  is lower alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R 2  is alkylene having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R 3  is an alkylamino or alkylpolyamino group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to hydrocarbon fuels including alcohol-extended fuels and more particularly to fuels comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range and glycine derivatives which provide carburetor detergency and reduce friction between sliding metal surfaces in internal combustion engines. 
     To conserve crude oil, auto manufacturers have been urged by various governments to provide motor vehicles having increased gasoline mileage. To realize this goal, one approach used has been to design smaller, lighter and aerodynamically more efficient vehicles. 
     Another approach which can be combined with the first one is to develop energy-saving fuel additives and to use the modified fuel in internal combustion and similar engines. 
     Another consideration with fuels is that they have a tendency to form polymeric materials (variously called &#34;gum&#34; or &#34;sludge&#34; or &#34;varnish&#34;) in various parts of fuel systems. These resin-like deposits tend to form in the fuel supply lines, fuel filter, carburetor, fuel control injectors, intake manifold and valve stems. Such deposits are objectionable not only because of their effect on mechanical performance but also because they decrease the breathing efficiency in engines of the spark ignition type. 
     Although each type of fuel is composed essentially of hydrocarbons their stability characteristics differ considerably. Thus typical automotive fuels contain straight and branched chains compounds while aircraft fuels contain a smaller proportion of olefins. Currently, certain types of fuels contain increased amounts of cracked stocks resulting in a higher olefin content and an increased susceptibility to the formation of gum. 
     It would be advantageous to use multipurpose additives which provide detergency, energy-saving, and anticorrosion properties to a fuel. Such additives are provided by the present invention. 
     2. Description of Prior Disclosures 
     Coassigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,944 discloses fuel compositions containing acyl glycine oxazolines. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,035,309; 4,049,564 and 4,153,566 disclose oleaginous compositions containing oxazoline reaction products of dicarboxylic acids, esters or anhydrides with 2,2-disubstituted-2-amino-1-alkanols which are useful sludge dispersants and anti-rust agents. 
     Coassigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,479 describes a motor fuel composition comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range containing a minor amount of a substituted asparagine to provide carburetor detergency and anti-icing properties to the fuel. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides additives which can be represented by the following general formula: 
     
         RNHCH.sub.2 X 
    
     wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group having 6 to 18 carbons such as CoCo(C 11  H 23 ), oleo (C 17  H 33 ) or tallow (C 16  H 31  and C 18  H 35 ) groups and X is: ##STR2## wherein R 1  is lower alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R 2  is alkylene having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R 3  is an alkylamino or having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkyl polyamino group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and up to 2 amino groups per carbon atom. 
     Preferably, the R 1 , R 2  and R 3  radicals are straight chain, however, they also can be branched and may be substituted with one or more non-interfering substituents such as halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, nitro or alkoxy as long as these are inert under the preparative conditions used to synthesize the compounds. 
     The present invention also provides a motor fuel composition suitable for a spark-ignited internal combustion containing a minor, detergent and friction-reducing amount of at least one of the above compounds; preferably, this amount ranges from about 5 to about 200 parts per thousand barrels of fuel. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The preparation of the additives of the invention can be readily and easily conducted using commercially available starting materials. 
     The additives where X is 1 or 2, above, preferably are synthesized by reacting approximately stoichiometric amounts of chloroacetic acid, at least one amine of the formula RNH 2  and pyridine serving as a scavenger to remove hydrochloric acid formed in the reaction in a mixed inert solvent preferably consisting of equal parts by volume of xylene and hexane. The reaction is refluxed, filtered and cooled and, then again refluxed with a primary amine or diamine. The reaction proceeds as follows: ##STR3## 
     The additives where X is 3 or 4, above, are prepared preferably by refluxing approximately stoichiometric amounts of chloroacetic acid and of at least one amine of the formula RNH 2  in a mixed inert solvent preferably consisting of equal parts by volume of xylene and hexane in the presence of sodium carbonate serving to remove hydrochloric acid formed in the reaction. The water of reaction is azeotroped and the intermediate formed thereafter is refluxed with a hydroxyalkylamine or a polyamine. 
     The reaction proceeds as follows: ##STR4## 
     The preferred starting primary amines or &#34;Armeens&#34; are commercially available from the Armak Company and have a primary amino group attached to the terminal carbon of the straight chain saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group. 
     Preferred amines include Armeen &#34;C&#34; (cocoamine) having a typical chain length distribution from C 6  to C 18  with 50% saturated C 12  alkyl; Armeen &#34;O&#34; (oleylamine) having a typical chain length distribution of C 14  to C 18  with 76% being oleyl; and Armeen T, (tallowamine) with a chain length distribution ranging from C 12  to C 18  with 29% of C 16  saturated groups. 
    
    
     The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in which all proportion are by weight unless otherwise specified. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     Synthesis of N-Tallow Glycyl Imidazoline of diethylene-triamine 
     To 275 parts of Armeen T (Tallow amine) 79 parts of pyridine in a mixture of solvents (400 parts xylene and 400 parts hexane), 95 parts of chloroacetic acid were added. The mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. Then it was filtered and cooled. The resulting mixture was divided into 2 halves. To one half (1A) was added 77 parts of diethylene-triamine. (The other half (1B) was used to identify the intermediate). The resulting mixture was refluxed and the water of reaction was azeotroped. The reaction was stopped after no more water azeotroped. The reaction mixture was filtered and stripped under vacuum. Elemental analysis and IR data of the product confirmed the structure: ##STR5## 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Synthesis of N-Tallow Glycyl Oxazoline of 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 
     To a 200 parts hexane and 200 parts xylene solution containing 137.5 parts of Armeen T, 39.5 parts pyridine, 47.5 parts of chloroacetic acid were added slowly in small portions. After the addition of chloroacetic acid was completed, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. To the cooled reaction mixture were added 59.5 parts of 2 amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol. The mixture was then refluxed until no more water was azeotropically removed. The mixture was filtered and stripped under vacuum to give a product whose elemental analysis and I.R. data confirmed the structure: ##STR6## 
     EXAMPLE III 
     N-Tallow glycyl amide of diethanolamine 
     To a mixture of 400 parts hexane and 400 parts xylene containing 276 parts of Armeen-T, 53 parts sodium carbonate, 94 parts of chloroacetic acid were added slowly. The reaction mixture then was heated to reflux and the water of reaction was azeotroped. After no more water came over the mixture was cooled and 104 parts of diethanolamine were added. The mixture was refluxed and azeotroped until no more water came over. It was next filtered and stripped. The product was analyzed by elemental analysis and I.R. which confirmed the structure: ##STR7## 
     EXAMPLE IV 
     Synthesis of N-Tallow-glycyl amide of ethylene diamine 
     To 400 parts of xylene and 400 parts of hexane containing 275 parts of Armeen-T, 53 parts sodium carbonate, add slowly 95 parts chloroacetic acid in small portions. Reflux and azeotrope until no more water comes over. Then cool and add 60 parts of ethylene-diamine. Reflux and azeotrope until 18 parts of water comes over. Filter and strip. The product was analyzed by elemental analysis and I.R., confirming the structure: ##STR8## 
     The following compounds which are effective in the present invention are prepared as in the preceeding examples: ##STR9## 
     Mixtures of the subject compounds also are effective in the present invention. 
     In general, the base fuel with which the additives are used, will consist of a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range, i.e., boiling from about 75° to 450° C. The hydrocarbon components can consist of paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. This gasoline can be obtained naturally or it can be produced by thermal or catalytic cracking and/or reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons. The base fuel will generally have a Research Octane Number about 85 and up to about 102 with the preferred range being from about 90 to 100. 
     The base fuel can also be of the type extended with up to 20% by volume of a lower alkanol (C 1  -C 4 ) such as methanol or ethanol. 
     The additives of the invention were evaluated by various tests. 
     One such test is the Chevrolet Carburetor Detergency Test Phase III. 
     This test is run on a Chevrolet V-8 engine mounted on a test stand using a modified four-barrel carburetor. The two secondary barrels of the carburetor are sealed and the feed to each of the primary barrels arranged so that separate fuels can be run in each barrel simultaneously. The primary carburetor barrels are also modified so that they have removable aluminum inserts in the throttle plate area in order that deposits formed on the inserts in this area can be conveniently weighed. 
     In this procedure designed to determine the effectiveness of an additive fuel to remove preformed deposits in the carburetor, the engine is run for a period of time, usually 24 to 48 hours, using the base fuel as the feed to both barrels with engine blow-by circulated to the air inlet of the carburetor. The weight of the deposits on both sleeves is determined and recorded. The engine is then recycled for 24 additional hours with a reference fuel being fed to one barrel, additive fuel to the other, and no blow-by to the carburetor air inlet. The reference fuel contains 15 PTB of a carburetor detergent. The inserts are then removed from the carburetor and weighed to determine the difference between the performance of the additive and non-additive fuels in removing the preformed deposits. After the aluminum inserts are cleaned, they are replaced in the carburetor and the process repeated with the fuels reversed in the carburetor to minimize differences in fuel distribution and barrel construction. The effectiveness of the additive fuel is expressed as the difference Δ between deposit removed by the additive fuel and the deposit removed by the base fuel. When Δ is positive, the additive fuel has removed more deposit than the reference fuel. 
     The motor fuel used as a standard for comparison purposes in the test is a commercial high octane premium gasoline containing a highly effective carburetor detergent. The fuel composition representative of the invention consisted of Base Fuel A described above containing the indicated amounts of the additive of the invention. The results of this test are reported as the difference in carburetor deposits removed by the additive containing gasoline of the invention in comparison to the commercial premium detergent gasoline. 
     The results of the Chevrolet Carburetor Detergency Tests are set forth in the following Table I. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Run No.Additive in S.C. + 3 g./gal lead                     Additive Fuel                            Reference Fuel (1)                                      Δ__________________________________________________________________________1    0.20(v) % commercial product                     41     +10.sup.(b)                                      +51 vs. Acontaining 15 PTB.sup.(a) of detergent A2    100 PTB N--Armeen-T glycyl oxazoline                     74     84        -10 vs. Bof 2-amino-2 ethyl-1,3-propanediol (Ex. 11)3    100 PTB N--Armeen-T glycyl imidazol-                     88     89         -1 vs. Bine of diethylene triamine (Ex. 1A)4    20 PTB N--Armeen T glycyl imidazoline                     79     65        +14 vs. Dof diethylene triamine (Ex. 1B)5    20 PTB N--Armeen T glycyl oxazoline                     55     66        -11 vs. Dof 2-amino-2 ethyl-1,3-propanediol (Ex. 11)6    0.218 (v) % Commercial product                     45     88        -43 vs. Bcontaining 50 PTB of Lubrizol J80detergent7    0.2 (V) % commercial product containing                     41     40         +1 vs. C15 PTB of detergent A8    0.2 (V) % commercial detergent A                     48     47         +1 vs. E9    20 PTB Example IV material                     80     53        +27 vs. E10   20 PTB N--Armeen T Glycyl amide of                     75     52        +23 vs. Ediethanol amine (Ex 111)__________________________________________________________________________ (1) Reference Fuels: A = Fuel, B = 1035 PTB Chevron Co. F310, C = 0.218 (V) % Commercial detergent A, D = 20 PTB experimental additive B, E = 10 PTB experimental additive B. .sup.(a) Parts per thousand barrels .sup.(b) + denotes deposit buildup. Detergent A is an additive package containing: N--butyl alcohol 15%, aromatic distillates 34%, polyisobutylenes 4%, polyisobutylenamines 9%. Additive B is the reaction product of maleic anhydride and Armeen L15 in solvent neutral oil oxidate and a carrier oil. 
    
     The data of Table I show the present additives to be better than or equivalent to the commercial additives. 
     The data indicate that 0.2(v)% of commercial detergent A removes 41% deposits, Chevron F-310 at 1035 PTB removes 89% deposit, N-Tallow-glycyl imidazole at 100 PTB removes 88% deposits and N-Tallow glycyl oxazole at 100 PTB removes 74% deposits compared with F-310 at 1035 PTB which removes 84% deposits. At 20 PTB the N-Tallow glycyl imidazoline (Δ=+14) and N-Tallow glycyl Oxazoline (Δ=-11) are better or comparable to experimental detergent B. N-Armeen-T glycyl amide of diethanolamine and ethylene diamine at 20 PTBs are better than B. In conclusion, N-alkyl glycyl amides are equivalent to Chevron F-310 equivalent or better than detergent B. 
     The additives of the invention are also effective in alcohol-extended fuels as shown by the Chevrolet Carburetor Detergency Test Phase III data given below in Table II. In this test the reference was a fuel containing 80 PTB of a detergent consisting of an oil diluted 2:1 mixture of N-oleyl 1,3-diaminopropane and N,N&#39;-di(N&#34;-oleyl-aminopropyl)asparagine. The additive used was the N-oleyl glycylamide of ethylenediamine prepared as in Example IV. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________                      Δ vs. fuel +Additive Fuel Composition  prior art additive______________________________________20 PTB   add in 10 vol. % of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4                      Δ = +1.5    alcohols and gasoline20 PTB   add in 5 vol. % methanol                      Δ = +3.5    and gasoline20 PTB   add in gasohol    Δ = +2______________________________________ 
    
     The data of Table II show the additive of the invention to be superior to a fourfold amount of the prior art detergent. 
     The additives of the invention also have anti-corrosion properties as shown by their performance in the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Rusting Test. In this test a determination is made of the ability of the gasoline to inhibit the rusting of ferrous parts when water becomes mixed with gasoline. Briefly stated, the test is carried out by stirring a mixture 300 ml of the test gasoline and 30 ml of water at 37.8° C. with a polished steel specimen completely immersed therein for a test period of 31/2 hours. The percentage of the specimen that has rusted is determined by comparison with photographic standards. Further details of the procedure appear in NACE Standard TM-01-72 and ASTM D6651 1P-135 (Procedure A). 
     Table III below shows the results of this test for N-oleyl glycyl amide of ethylene-diamine at different concentrations in pounds per 1000 barrels (PTB) in and against an unleaded base fuel. 
     The data of Table III show that as little as 5 PTB of the additive substantially eliminates rusting. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________NACE RUST RATINGConcentration         Rust Rating______________________________________20 PTB                Trace to 1%10 PTB                Trace to 1%5 PTB                 Trace to 1%2.5 PTB               Trace to 5%Unleaded base fuel alone                 50 to 100%______________________________________ 
    
     Two separate tests were carried out which demonstrate the ability of the present fuel composition to significantly improve fuel economy. These tests use a 1978 Buick Century equipped with a V-6 engine. The manual driving cycle is shown below: 
     MANUAL DRIVING CYCLE 
     60 minutes at 55 mph 
     60 minutes at 45 mph 
     45 minutes at 30 mph 
     15 minutes at idle 
     45 minutes at 15 mph 
     15 minutes at idle 
     In addition, a level road load was used in back to back mileage testing. The results of the test using the oleylglycylamide of ethylene-diamine are shown in the second table and give the city, highway and EPA combined mileage per gallon. It should be noted that combined mileage is calculated according to the equation: 
     
         ______________________________________ ##STR10## 
    
     
         ______________________________________BASE FUEL  City    Hwy.      Combined                            Avg. CombinedTest   MPG     MPG       MPG     MPG______________________________________1      18.03   22.85     19.92                            19.992      18.17   23.00     20.07______________________________________ADDITIVE FUEL                                   % imp.City    Hwy.    Combined                        Avg. Combined                                   WithTest MPG     MPG     MPG     MPG        Additive______________________________________1    18.54   23.70   20.55                        20.44      2.252    18.32   23.44   20.32______________________________________ 
    
     The gasoline in both the base fuel and additive fuel is lead-free gasoline with the only difference being the inclusion of 100 PTB of the above additive. 
     Significantly, it has been estimated that each one percent reduction in the consumption of gasoline in the U.S. alone would result in a saving of 20,000,000 or more barrels of crude annually. 
     The fuels of the invention may contain any other additive conventionally employed in gasoline. Tetraalkyl lead, antiknock additives, dyes, antioxidants and the like can be beneficially employed without materially affecting the additives of the invention.