Abstract:
A new polyether group antibiotic, TM-481, having the estimated empirical formula C 42-45  H 71-75  O 14-15  Na and possessing an antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Gram-positive bacteria is obtained by culturing a TM-481 producing microorganism of the Streptomyces ribosidificus group in a nutrient medium therefor.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The following polyether group antibiotics are known previously: 
     NIGERICIN -- Antibiot. &amp; Chemoth. l, 594 (1951), 
     X-537A and X-206 -- J. am. Chem. Soc. 73, 5295 (1951), 
     MONENSIN -- Antimicr. Agents &amp; chemoth. 349 (1967), 
     GRISORIXIN -- Ann. Phytopath. 2, 555 (1970), 
     DIANEMYCIN -- Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45, 1279 (1971), 
     SALINOMYCIN -- Japanese Pat. Application No. 19620/72, 
     A-28695A and A-28695B - Japanese Pat. application No. 129162/72 and 
     A-204A -- J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 3399 (1973). 
     Among them, A-28695A and A-28695B which are produced by a strain of Streptomyces albus are found to have four or three methoxy groups in the molecules, respectively. A-204A which is also produced by the same species has five methoxy groups in the molecule. On the other hand, other antibiotics amoung them do not have so many methoxy groups as these. 
     The present antibiotic, TM-841, produced by a microorganism of the Streptomyces ribosidificus group, has been found to have four methoxy groups in its molecule like A-28695A. TM-481, however, distinctly differs with A-28695A in melting point, infrared absorption spectrum, Rf value on thin layer chromatography, species of producing microorganism and so on. TM-481 of this invention is, therefore, elucidated to be a novel compound of polyether group antibiotics. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a new antibiotic and to processes for its production and for purification thereof. 
     More particularly, this invention is concerned with a new antibiotic designated TM-481, derived from a new strain of microorganism belonging to Streptomyces ribosidificus as a novel and useful product, with a process for the preparation of said novel and antibiotic and moreover with a process for the purification thereof. 
     The object of the present invention is to obtain the product possessing antibiotic activity against pathogenic microorganisms. 
     It is still another object of the invention to obtain easily the new antibiotic designated TM-481 as a pure crystalline form. 
     The above-mentioned new antibiotic, TM-481, can be produced by cultivation of a new microorganism strain belonging to Streptomyces ribosidificus, and is obtainable as a pure crystal according to the process of this invention. 
     TM-481 is a kind of polyether group antibiotic and is useful in combatting pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Gram-positive bacteria. 
     Said microorganism strain belonging to Streptomyces ribosidificus and producing TM481, was isolated from a soil sample and was designated as Streptomyces ribosidificus TM-481 (ATCC No. 31051) by the applicants. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 shows the ultra violet absorption spectrum of TM-481 in methanol. 
     FIG. 2 shows the infrared absorption spectrum of TM-481 with tablet of KBr. 
     FIG. 3 shows the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of TM-481 in deutrochloroform. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The new antibiotic, TM-481, of this invention is prepared by the cultivation, under controlled conditions, of a new strain of Streptomyces ribosidificus which was identified by a generally known ISP (International Streptomyces Project) method described by Gottlieb and Shirling. 
     The microbiological properties of the new strain, Streptomyces ribosidicus TM481 (ATCC No. 31051) are as follows: 
     1. General morphological findings 
     A mycelium is formed with the display of slight curved hyphae on glucose-asparagine agar medium although development of aerial mycelium is poor. But aerial mycelia on oatmeal agar, yeast extract-malt extract agar or starch agar medium form abundant spores. 
     Microscopic examination of the cultures grown on yeast extract-malt extract agar reveals branched filaments and spore chains forming spiral. Mature spore chains generally contain about 10 spores per chain. Electron micrograph of the spore shows oval to spherical form (0.7-1.0 × 1.0-1.4) with spiny surface. 
     2. Cultural characteristics 
     The cultural characteristics of Streptomyces ribosidificus TM-481 are listed in Table 1. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Cultural characteristics of Streptomyces ribosidificus TM-481Medium      Growth    Aerial Mycelium                            Soluble Pigment__________________________________________________________________________Sucrose-nitrate     Poor, yellowish                Poor, pale yellow                           Noneagar      cream to yellowish     greenGlucose-asparagine     Poor, colorless to                Powdery, grayish                           None, pale yellowagar      yellowish cream                brown      after 2 weeksGlycerol-aspara-     Good, yellowish                White to light graygine agar cream      or yellowish green                           NoneStarch agar     Good, yellowish                Abundant, pale                           None     cream to light                yellowish green to     gray       dark grayTyrosine agar     Good, yellowish                Abundant, white to                           None     cream      light gray or pale                yellowish greenNutrient agar     Poor, colony shape,                None       None     yellowish creamYeast extract-     Good, grayish yellow                Abundant, pale                           Nonemalt extract     to yellowish green                yellowish green toagar                 dark grayOatmeal agar     Good, yellowish                Abundant, yellowish                           None     cream to light gray                green to dark gray__________________________________________________________________________ All cultures were incubated at 30°C. 
    
     3. physiological properties 
     The physiological properties of this strain are as follows: 
     Growth temperature range: 15°-45°C on oatmeal agar, 
     Optimal growth temperature: 30°-35°C, 
     Liquefaction of geltatin: slightly positive around the growth in 5-7 days at 20°C, 
     Hydrolysis of starch: positive, 
     Coagulation of skimmed milk: negative, 
     Peptonization of skimmed milk: negative at 30°C, positive at 37°C, 
     Melanin production: negative, 
     Liquefaction of Loeffler&#39;s coagulated serum: positive, and 
     Reduction of nitrate: positive. 
     Carbon source utilization test by method of Pridham and Gottlieb shows that this strain is able to utilize moderately or well D-glucose, L-arabinose, D-fructose, sucrose, inositol, rhamnose, raffinose, and D-mannitol, but not at all D-xylose. 
     From the above results, the microbiological characteristics of this strain may be summarized as follows: 
     The strain TM-481 forms aerial mycelium with spiral and spore surface is spiny. Growth on synthetic media is poor and mycelium is yellowish cream to yellowish green. Soluble pigment is not generally observed but the culture on glucoseasparagine agar medium produces pale yellow soluble pigment. Cultures on organic media show good growth with yellowish cream to yellowish green color and abundant spore formation. But soluble pigment is not produced on the media. 
     These characteristics of the strain TM-481 closely relate with those of Waksman&#39;s &#34;flavus&#34; series of Streptomyces. Among the known species of this series, Streptomyces flavus, Streptomyces flaveolus, Streptomyces ribosidificus are similar to the strain TM-481 with respect to the form of spore bearing hyphae and the character of spore surface. 
     The detailed comparative study of the above species showed that TM-481 resembles particularly Streptomyces ribosidificus which produces ribostamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Main similar characteristics of both strains are, for example, to form spore chain on aerial mycelium with open spiral, generally not to produce any soluble pigment on synthetic agar media or organic media, to be able to grow even at 45°C, relatively high temperature and to have the ability of producing ribostamycin. The different characteristics between both strains is only that TM-481 utilizes fructose and liquefies gelatin but Streptomyces ribosidificus does not. 
     From these features, it was reasonably concluded that the strain of this invention belongs to the species of Streptomyces ribosidificus, and so said strain was designated as Streptomyces ribosidificus TM-841. 
     This strain has been deposited to the Institute for Microbiological Industry and Technology, Japan, as FERM-P No. 2267, and at American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. as ATCC No. 31051. 
     The antibiotic substance TM-481 is usually obtainable by inoculating an aqueous nutrient medium with a culture of the strain of Streptomyces ribosidificus TM-481, culturing said strain by the shaking culture method or aerated submerged culture method and separating the thus produced antibiotic TM-481 from the culture medium. 
     As well as the media in which other microorganisms are grown for the production of antibiotics, the nutrient medium for culturing the strain TM-481 usually contains sources of assimilable carbon and nitrogen. As sources of assimilable carbon, various carbohydrates such as ordinary starch, glycerol and sugars, for example, glucose and sucrose are preferebly used. Various lipids and vegetable or animal oil may be used for the same object. Suitable sources of assimilable nitrogen include a wide variety of substances such as peptone, amino acids, casein, fish meal, soya bean meal, meat extract, yeast extract and various other nitrogenous substances of vegetable or animal origin. Chemicals such as urea nitrates and ammonium compounds may also be added to the nutrient media as a nitrogen source. Corn steep liquor, because of the wide variety of both organic and inorganic substances contained therein, is a valuable additive to the fermentation media. In some cases, essential mineral salts such as sodium chloride or antifoam may be added also. 
     The pH value of the medium is brought substantially to neutrality before sterilization, preferably to about pH 7. Fermentation is preferably carried out at a temperature of 30°-35°C. The development of the culture is comparatively rapid, and so it can be observed that the active substance was produced in the culture media after 30 hours under suitable aerated submerged culture condition. The maximum production of TM-481 substance is usually attained after 40-44 hours in jar fermentation. 
     As the most of the produced active substance TM-481 is contained in the broth filtrate, said substance can be separated comparatively easily from the culture medium. Usually, the separation procedure is carried out as follows. After cultivation, mycelia are removed by centrifugation and the objective substance is extracted from the obtained supernate with water-immiscible organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, benzene and chlorform. The extract is then concentrated to dryness. Many impurities can be removed from the obtained oilish residue by extracting the objective substance with a suitable organic solvent. 
     Moreover, TM-481 can be further purified and isolated by the efficient combination of silica gel column chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex LH-20 and crystallization using proper organic solvents such as n-hexane and acetone. TM-481 substance can be obtained as white prismlike crystal. 
     Thus obtained antibiotic TM-481 has the following physico-chemical properties: 
     1. Elemental Analytical Values 
     C: 61.93, h: 8.64, o: 26.75, na: 2.68 (%) 
     2. Molecular Weight 
     about 846 (vapor pressure method) 
     3. Estimated Empirical Formula 
      C 42-45  H 71-75  O 14-15  Na 
     4. Melting Point 
     188°-189°C 
     5. specific Optical Rotation 
     [α] D   25  = +47° (C=1%, methanol) 
     6. Ultra Violet Absorption Spectrum 
     The antibiotic TM-481 dissolved in methanol shows only end absorption (FIG. 1). 
     7. infrared Absorption Spectrum 
     The infrared absorption spectrum determined with tablet of KBr illustrated in FIG. 2 shows characteristic bands at 3400, 3180, 2980, 2940, 2880, 2810, 1590, 1460-1450, 1400, 1385, 1375, 1300, 1240, 1210-1190, 1170, 1140, 1120, 1095, 1075, 1040, 1020, 1000, 985, 965, 940, 915, 890, 870, 865 and 830 cm  -1 . 
     8. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum 
     The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum at 60 MH z  of TM-481 in CDCl 3  shows the characteristic four singlet at δ3.25-3.45 which mean probably four methoxy groups (FIG. 3). 
     9. solubility 
     TM-481 is soluble in ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, acetone, n-hexane, petroleum ether and ethyl ether, and insoluble in water. 
     10. Color Reaction 
     Tm-481 gives positive reaction with iodine and potassium permanganate, but negative reaction with ninhydrin, Molish and ferric chloride. 
     11. Other Property 
     The substance is hardly transferred to aqueous layer from organic solvent layer by extraction in acidic or alkaline range. 
     TM-481 demonstrates antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Gram-positive bacteria, more particularly against varieties of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. Usually, it shows sufficient activity against said staphylococci in the concentration of 3.13-6.25 μg/ml. It shows, however, no activity against Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and yeast. 
     The antibacterial activity of TM-481 substance was tested under the standardized conditions by inoculating various microorganisms on heart infusion agar or Sabouraud agar medium containing the pure antibiotic TM-481 in various concentration, and each minimum concentration (MIC) of the antibiotic at which tested microorganisms failed to grow was obtained. The antibacterial spectra of TM-481 thus obtained are shown in the following Table 2. Since the highest concentration of TM-481 employed in this test is 50 μg/ml, MIC value is not precisely stated in the case that MIC apparently exceeds 50 μg/ml. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Antibacterial Spectra of TM-481Microorganism         MIC (μg/ml)                         Medium__________________________________________________________________________Staphylococcus aureus 209P                 3.13    1Staphylococcus aureus Smith                 3.13    1Staphylococcus aureua TPR-18(SA-, PC-, TC-, KM-, CP- and Mac-R)                 6.25    1Staphylococcus aureus TPR-23(SA-, PC-, TC-, SM-, KM-, CP- and Mac-R)                 6.25    1Staphylococcus aureus TPR-26(SA-, PC-, SM-, CP- and Mac-R)                 6.25    1Staphylococcus aureus TPR-27(SA-, PC-, TC-, SM-, KM-, CP- and Mac-R)                 6.25    1Staphylococcus epidermidis TPR-13(SA-, PC-, CP-, EM- and OM-R)                 6.25    1Staphylococcus epidermidis TPR-14(PC- and CP-R)        6.25    1Staphylococcus epidermidis TPR-16(SA-, PC-, TC- and CP-R)                 3.13    1Staphylococcus epidermidis TPR-25(SA-, PC-, TC-, SM-, KM-, CP- and Mac-R)                 6.25    1Staphylococcus epidermidis TPR-28(SA-, PC-, TC-, SM-, KM-, CP- and Mac-R)                 3.13    1Bacillus subtilis     3.13    1Sarcina lutea         6.25    1Escherichia coli      &gt; 50    1Proteus vulgalis      &gt; 50    1Aspergillus niger     &gt; 50    2Trichophyton asteroides                 &gt; 50    2Candida albicans      &gt; 50    2Saccharomyces cerevisiae                 &gt; 50    2__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: SA - sulfonamides; PC - penicillin; TC - tetracycline; SM - streptomycin; KM - kanamycin; CP - chloramphenicol; EM - erythromycin; OM - oleandomycin, Mac - all of macrolides; R - resistant strain; Medium 1 - heart infusion agar medium; Medium 2 - Sabouraud agar medium 
    
     By the comparison of the properties of the active substance TM-481 with those of various known antibiotics, said TM-481 seems to belong to the group of the polyether type antibiotics. Its properties, however, apparently differ from those of other polyether group antibiotics such as nigericin, X-537A, X-206, monensin, grisorixin, dianemycin, salinomycin, A-28695A, A-28695B and A-204A. Therefore, it is reasonably concluded that the active substance TM-481 of this invention is a novel polyether group antibiotic. Further, similar to other polyether group antibiotics, said TM-481 is also effective against coccidiosis in chickens. 
     The following examples illustrate presently preferred embodiments of the invention, but are not intended as a limitation therefo. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Four liters of an aqueous culture medium containing 1% glucose, 2% oatmeal, 0.3% meat extract, 0.3% sodium chloride and 0.2% calcium carbonate at pH 7.0 is divided into 8 parts and each 500 ml is poured into a 2 liter Sakaguchi flask. The medium is sterilized at 120°C for 15 minutes. After cooling, each medium is inoculated with 10 ml. of culture of Streptomyces ribosidificus TM-481 in a 500 ml. Sakaguchi flask. The culture is shaken for 48 hours at 30°C. 
     Then, 4 liters of the obtained seed culture is transferred into a 250 liter fermenter containing 200 liters of the same aqueous medium. The culture in the fermenter is aerated and agitated for 44 hours at 30°C. 
     The obtained fermentation broth is centrifuged to remove mycelia. Thereafter, 60 liters of ethyl acetate is added into 180 liters of the supernate and the mixture is agitated for 30 minutes for extraction. Most of the active substance is transferred into ethyl acetate layer. The extract separated from the aqueous layer is concentrated in vacuo below 50°C giving brown syrupy residue. The residue is extracted with each 150 ml of benzene three times and insoluble precipitate is removed by filtration. After the combined filtrate is evaporated to dryness, the obtained residue is extracted twice with each 200 ml of methanol and the extract is concentrated in vacuo. Thus obtained residue is dissolved in 200 ml of 80% ethanol and the active substance in ethanol is extracted three times with each 200 ml of n-hexane. Evaporation of the solvent in the combined extract gives 5 g of the objective TM-481 as crude powder. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     One gram of TM-481 obtained in Example 1 is dissolved in 5 ml of chloroform methanol mixture (60:1). Then, the solution is charged on silica gel column packed with ca. 100 g of Kiesel gel 60 (Merck Co., Ltd.), and eluted with the same solvent mixture. The active fractions are combined and evaporated to dryness. Thus obtained residue is further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex LH 20 with methanol. Evaporation of the combined active fraction gives 500 mg of white powder. The powder is recrystallized from n-hexane-benzene mixture (4:1) to obtain 320 mg. of TM-481 white prism.