Abstract:
A system is disclosed for supplying water to a desalination plant from a subsurface feedwater supply using one or more slant wells. A method is disclosed for constructing a slant well feedwater supply system for supplying water from a subsurface feedwater supply. A system of angled wells (slant wells) is constructed. The slant wells obtain a desalination feedwater supply from permeable aquifer systems near and/or beneath a saline water source (i.e., an ocean, sea, or salty inland lake). The slant wells induce recharge of the aquifer system through the floor of the ocean, sea, or inland lake due to the hydraulic head difference between the slant well pumping level and the level of the ocean, sea, or lake. As the supply source is relatively constant, the water supply to such a slant well system generally provides a long-term, sustainable water source for a desalination plant.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     Priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §1.19(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/293,134, filed by Dennis E. Williams on Jan. 7, 2010 and entitled “Slant Well Desalination Feedwater Supply System.” This application is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to the field of supplying water from subsurface intake systems to desalination plants. More specifically, the invention relates to the construction of slant well systems to supply water from near-shore or subsea aquifers to desalination plants. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Water developers in California and other coastal communities throughout the world are increasingly considering seawater desalination as a potential source of water for municipal and industrial supply. Limited ground water supplies in the coastal areas, poor inland ground water quality, and decreasing reliability of imported water have made seawater desalination a viable consideration. Seawater desalination has been made even more viable through more cost-effective and efficient subsurface intake systems and water treatment technologies. 
     Slant well drilling is included in the practice of drilling non-vertical wells. Non-vertical wells are typically used in the petroleum industry and are also known as horizontally directionally drilled wells (HDD wells). Slant wells are also used in other applications, such as drilling beneath roadways or rivers in order to provide conduits for facilities. Slant well desalination subsurface intake systems present significant advantages over traditional open water desalination plant intakes. These advantages include avoidance of entrainment and impingement impacts to marine life, reduction or elimination of costly reverse osmosis pretreatment, and reduction or elimination of permanent visual impacts. Slant well systems are buried systems (i.e. there are little or no visual impacts on the surface), as the wells and connecting pipelines are typically completed below the land surface. 
     In the past, slant well technology has not been successfully applied to subsea construction of desalination feedwater supplies, as the well screen slots have become clogged during pumping. Once the well screen slot openings are clogged, it becomes difficult or impossible to continue to pump water. Accordingly, there is a need for a reliable slant well system that is able to supply water from near-shore or subsea aquifers to a desalination plant without becoming clogged with fine-grained materials (e.g., fine sands and silts) over time. There is also a need for a method of constructing such a system—especially at low angles below horizontal in order to minimize impacts to inland fresh water sources. The present invention satisfies these needs and provides further related advantages, especially with regard to regulation of feedwater salinity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is embodied in a system for supplying water to a desalination plant from a subsurface feedwater supply using one or more slant wells. The present invention is also embodied in a method for constructing a slant well feedwater supply system for supplying water from a subsurface feedwater supply. A system of angled wells (slant wells) is constructed. In one embodiment, the slant wells obtain a desalination feedwater supply from permeable aquifer systems near and/or beneath a saline water source (i.e., an ocean, sea, or salty inland lake). The slant wells induce recharge of the aquifer system through the floor of the ocean, sea, or inland lake due to the hydraulic head difference between the slant well pumping level and the level of the ocean, sea, or lake. As the supply source is relatively constant, the water supply to such a slant well system generally provides a long-term, sustainable water source for a desalination plant. The slant wells may be constructed at angles that vary from zero to ninety degrees below horizontal. 
     In one embodiment, the systems and methods discussed here are different from other non-vertical well applications in that they include an engineered, artificially filter-packed, angled well designed specifically to produce a high-capacity, low-turbidity desalination plant feedwater supply source from near-shore and offshore subsurface aquifer systems. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the slant wells include a unique telescoping set of casings and screens. This design allows for a larger pump house casing near the land surface, with successively smaller casing and screen diameters as the well extends downward. The telescoping casings and screens facilitate extending the well to lineal lengths of 1,000 feet or greater beneath the floor of the saline water body, with angles below horizontal ranging from zero to ninety degrees. 
     In other, more detailed features of the invention, the slant well feedwater supply system may comprise a single slant well, an array of two or more slant wells, or multiple arrays of two or more slant wells, the location, spacing, and geometric layout of which may vary among feedwater intake sites depending upon the geohydrologic extent (horizontal and vertical) and characteristics of the subsurface aquifer materials, as well as upon the subsurface aquifer system salinity variation. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, an engineered artificial filter pack is placed around the well screen portions of the slant wells through a multi-step process that includes:
         a. Placing the artificial filter pack in the annular space between the well screen and a temporary casing by pumping the filter pack material under pressure through one or more movable tremie pipes;   Placing a movable packer assembly within the bore of the well screen section near the portion of the well where the artificial filter pack is being placed;   c. Pumping water through the center of the well-screen packer assembly so that the water exits the well screen below the packer assembly and travels out of the well screen into the filter pack (water injection through the well-screen packer assembly helps to settle the filter pack, as well as ensure that the filter pack completely surrounds the well screen in the annular space between the well screen and the temporary casing);   d. Slowly withdrawing the tremie pipes and well-screen packer assembly up the screened portion of the well so that the artificial filter pack is placed along the length of the screened portion; and   e. Simultaneously withdrawing the temporary casing surrounding the well screen and filter pack by pulling, rocking and/or vibrating the casing.       

     Placement of the engineered artificial titter pack around the screened portions of the slant well helps stabilize the subsea aquifer materials and prevent migration of fine sand and silt materials (from subsea aquifers) into the well. This both inhibits the screen portions from becoming clogged and results in a desalination feedwater water quality, as measured by turbidity and silt density indices (a measure of fouling in reverse osmosis desalination systems), that eliminates or minimizes the need for pre-treatment of the water prior to desalination. 
     In one embodiment, the well screens are centered inside the temporary casings through a system of centralizers or screen centering guides. 
     The present invention is also embodied in a method of minimizing variations in feedwater salinity, the method comprising providing a plurality of slant wells, each having a different angle below horizontal. Shallower-angled wells tend to produce water having greater salinity, whereas steeper-angled wells tend to produce water having lesser salinity. By varying the amounts of water pumped from shallower-angled wells versus steeper-angled wells, variations in feedwater salinity that occur due to natural variations in the hydrologic cycle can be minimized. Natural variations in the hydrologic cycle (such as wet and dry hydrologic periods) can impact the location of the freshwater-saltwater interface due to variations in fresh water flowing from the land to the ocean, sea, or inland lake. 
     On one embodiment, multiple well screens are placed in a single slant well to minimize variations in feedwater salinity in that well that occur due to natural variations in the hydrologic cycle. The slant well can be equipped with a submersible pumping system fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly. Using the dual-packer shroud assembly, the slant well can selectively pump from upper or lower portions of the subsea aquifer, thereby varying feedwater salinity as required to help minimize variations in feedwater salinity due to hydrologic cycles. The dual-packer shroud assembly (DPSA) allows selective production from well screens both above and below the packers (maximum production), well screens above the upper packer only (lower salinity), well screens below the lower packer only salinity), or well screens between the packers (focused salinity). 
     Embodiments of the present invention include a telescoping slant well feedwater supply system for supplying water from an aquifer. The system comprises a primary well screen for admitting water from the aquifer (the primary well screen oriented along an axis angled below horizontal and having a substantially uniform cross-sectional area); a filter pack substantially surrounding the primary well screen; a pump house casing oriented along the axis, upward of the primary well screen, and having a substantially uniform cross-sectional area; and a submersible pump contained within the pump house casing for pumping water admitted through the primary well screen. The cross-sectional area of the pump house casing is greater than the cross-sectional area of the primary well screen. 
     In another embodiment, the axis is straight. The system may further comprise a secondary well screen for admitting water from the aquifer, the secondary well screen oriented along the same axis but having a substantially uniform cross-sectional area greater than the cross-sectional area of the primary well screen. The system may additionally comprise a dual-valve assembly contained within the pump house casing. The dual-valve assembly may comprise a first valve for regulating the flow of water from the primary well screen to the submersible pump, and a second valve for regulating the flow of water from the secondary well screen to the submersible pump. In one embodiment, the first valve is a first pneumatic packer, and the second valve is a second pneumatic packer. The system may further comprise a first air line configured to extend from an air pump to the first pneumatic packer for inflating and deflating the first pneumatic packer, and a second air line configured to extend from an air pump to the second pneumatic packer for inflating and deflating the second pneumatic packer. The system may additionally comprise a tertiary well screen for admitting water from the aquifer, the tertiary well screen oriented along the axis between the first valve and the second valve. The dual-valve assembly may further comprise a shroud substantially surrounding the submersible pump. The shroud may have a plurality of holes through which water from the primary or secondary well screens can flow to the submersible pump. The dual-valve assembly may further comprise centering guides attached to the shroud for centering the submersible pump within the shroud. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also include a method of constructing a slant well feedwater supply system for supplying water from an aquifer. The method comprises the steps of placing a telescoping plurality of casings below a land surface so that the telescoping plurality of casings extends along an axis angled below horizontal to beneath a water body, wherein the telescoping plurality of casings comprises one or more temporary casings; placing a well screen along the axis within the one or more temporary casings so that a space is formed between the well screen and the one or more temporary casings; and placing a filter pack in the space between the well screen and the one or more temporary casings. 
     In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of withdrawing the one or more temporary casings. The step of placing the well screen may comprise the step of centering the well screen within the one or more temporary casings using centering guides. In the step of placing a telescoping plurality of casings, the telescoping plurality of casings may comprise a pump house casing. In one embodiment, the pump house casing has an upward end and a downward end, and the step of placing the well screen comprises placing the well screen so that the well screen extends upwardly through the downward end of the pump house casing along the axis. The method may further comprise the step of fitting the downward end of the pump house casing with a seal, the well screen extending upwardly through the seal. 
     In another embodiment, the step of placing the filter pack comprises the steps of extending one or more tremie pipes to the space between the well screen and the one or more temporary casings, and pumping filter pack material under pressure through the one or more tremie pipes into the space between the well screen and the one or more temporary casings. The step of extending the one or more tremie pipes may comprise the step of positioning the one or more tremie pipes within the one or more temporary casings using tremie pipe guides. In one embodiment, the one or more tremie pipes consist of three tremie pipes, and the step of positioning the tremie pipes comprises spacing the tremie pipes uniformly about the well screen. The step of placing the filter pack may further comprise the steps of placing a packer assembly within the well screen, the packer assembly comprising a packer and a water pipe extending through a hole in the packer, and pumping water through the water pipe to settle the filter pack material. The method may further comprise the step of withdrawing the packer assembly and the one or more tremie pipes. The steps of withdrawing the one or more temporary casings and withdrawing the packer assembly and the one or more tremie pipes lay be gradually performed as the steps of pumping and settling filter pack material are performed, so that the filter pack is placed and settled along the length of the well screen. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also include a method for reducing salinity variation in feedwater supplied from a slant well system comprising an upper well screen and a lower well screen for admitting water from an aquifer, a submersible pump for pumping water admitted through the upper or lower well screens, an upper valve for regulating water flow from the upper well screen to the submersible pump, and a lower valve for regulating water flow from the lower well screen to the submersible pump. The method comprises the steps of controlling the upper valve to inhibit water flow from the upper well screen to the submersible pump if the salinity of the feedwater decreases below a first predetermined threshold, and controlling the lower valve to inhibit water flow from the lower well screen to the submersible pump if the salinity of the feedwater increases above a second predetermined threshold. In one embodiment, the upper valve, in the step of controlling the upper valve, is a first pneumatic packer, and the lower valve, in the step of controlling the lower valve, is a second pneumatic packer. 
     Other features of the invention should become more apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is an isometric diagram illustrating a slant well feedwater supply system for producing water from a subsurface aquifer system below an ocean floor and pumping the feedwater to an inland desalination plant, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well having upper and lower well screens and showing water infiltration from the ocean and the freshwater-saltwater interface, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the aquifers shown in cross-section and the pump house casing cut away to show a submersible pump inside the pump house casing. 
         FIG. 3  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well having a single well screen interval and showing primary and secondary sources of water recharge to the slant well, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the aquifers and artificial filter pack surrounding the well screen shown in cross-section, and the pump house casing cut away to show a submersible pump inside the pump house casing. 
         FIG. 4  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well having multiple screened intervals, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the aquifers and artificial filter pack surrounding the well screens shown in cross-section, and the pump house casing cut away to show a submersible pump inside the pump house casing fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly having both packers deflated for maximum well production. 
         FIGS. 5A-5D  are top plan views of four slant well configurations, each having a common well head area for the slant wells in the configuration, the configurations including a single well configuration, a two-well array, a three-well array, and a four-well array, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are top plan views of two slant well configurations, each having separate well head areas for the slant wells in the configuration, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a side elevation view showing two telescoped slant wells extending from a common well head but at different angles below horizontal to produce water having different salinities (higher salinity production from the shallower-angle slant well and lower salinity production from the steeper-angle slant well), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the aquifers shown in cross-section and the pump house casings cut away to show submersible pumps inside the pump house casing. 
         FIG. 8  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well having successively reduced casing diameters, the well extending to a lineal length of approximately 1,000 feet, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well showing the placement of a single screened section centered within a temporary casing using centering guides and surrounded by an artificial filter pack, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the casings, centering guides, and filter pack cut away to show the well screen. 
         FIG. 10  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well illustrating the removal of the 20-inch diameter temporary casing surrounding the well screen and filter pack, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the casings, centering guides, and filter pack cut away to show the well screen. 
         FIG. 11  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well having a single screened section with the 20-inch and 22-inch temporary casings removed and a seal placed at the bottom of the 24-inch pump house casing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the filter pack cut away to show the well screen. 
         FIG. 12  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well having dual screened intervals with the 20-inch and 22-inch temporary casings removed and a seal placed at the bottom of the 24-inch pump house casing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the centering guides and filter pack cut away to show the well screen. 
         FIG. 13A  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well showing the placement of an artificial filter pack through a system of multiple tremie pipes in the annular space between the lower well screen and the temporary casing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the casings, centering guides, and filter pack cut away to show the tremie pipies and upper and lower well screens.  FIG. 13B  is a cross-section view of the telescoped slant well of  FIG. 13  A, taken along the line  13 - 13  in  FIG. 13A , showing the temporary casing, upper well screen, filter pack, tremie pipes, and tremie pipe guides. 
         FIG. 14A  is a side elevation view of a telescoped slant well showing the placement and settlement of an engineered artificial filter pack through a multi-step process of placing the filter pack by pumping filter pack material through tremie pipes under pressure, simultaneously removing the temporary casing surrounding the tremie pipes, settling the filter pack using an in-screen packer assembly, and gradually withdrawing the in-screen packer assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the casings and well screens cut away to show the in-screen packer assembly.  FIG. 14B  is a detail view of the telescoped slant well of  FIG. 14A , showing the filter pack placement. 
         FIG. 15  is a chart of sieve opening versus percent of filter material passing the well screen slots for designing an engineered filter pack from site-specific samples of aquifer materials. 
         FIG. 16  is a side elevation view of a multiple-screened, telescoped slant well showing how the slant well can pump water with higher or lower salinity because of variations in the freshwater-saltwater interface due to natural variations in the hydrologic cycle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the pump house easing cut away to show a submersible pump inside the pump house casing. 
         FIG. 17  is a side elevation view of a multi-screened, telescoped slant well equipped with a submersible pump fitted with a dual packer shroud assembly and pumping from the lowermost screen only (upper packer inflated, lower packer deflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the aquifers and artificial filter pack surrounding the well screens shown in cross-section, and the pump house casing cut away to show the submersible pump and dual-packer shroud assembly. 
         FIG. 18  is a side elevation view of a multi-screened, telescoped slant well equipped with a submersible pump fitted with a dual packer shroud assembly and pumping from the uppermost screen only (upper packer deflated, lower packer inflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the aquifers and artificial filter pack surrounding the well screens shown in cross-section, and the pump house casing cut away to show the submersible pump and dual-packer shroud assembly. 
         FIG. 19  is a side elevation view of a multi-screened, telescoped slant well equipped with a submersible pump fitted with a dual packer shroud assembly and pumping from the well screen portion between the dual packers (upper and lower packers inflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with the aquifers and artificial filter pack surrounding the well screens shown in cross-section, and the pump house casing cut away to show the submersible pump and dual-packer shroud assembly. 
         FIG. 20  is a detailed side elevation view of a portion of a well having a submersible pump fitted with a dual packer shroud assembly configured for maximum production (both upper and lower packers deflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with portions of the well cut away to show the submersible pump. 
         FIG. 21  is a detailed side elevation view of a portion of a well having a submersible pump fitted with a dual packer shroud assembly configured for production from below the lower packer (upper packer inflated and lower packer deflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with portions of the well cut away to show the submersible pump. 
         FIG. 22  is a detailed side elevation view of a portion of a well having a submersible pump fitted with a dual packer shroud assembly configured for production from above the upper packer (upper packer deflated and lower packer inflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with portions of the well cut away to show the submersible pump. 
         FIG. 23  is a detailed side elevation view of a portion of a well having a submersible pump fitted with a dual packer shroud assembly configured for production from between the dual packers (both upper and lower packers inflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with portions of the well cut away to show the submersible pump. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention is generally embodied in a slant well or system of slant wells that produces water from permeable deposits near or beneath saline water bodies (e.g., oceans, seas, or inland lakes). The invention can provide a long-term, sustainable feedwater supply for a desalination plant with virtually unlimited recharge potential. 
     With reference now to the illustrative drawings, and particularly to  FIG. 1 , there is shown an isometric diagram illustrating a slant well feedwater supply system for producing water from a subsurface aquifer system below an ocean floor and pumping the feedwater to a desalination plant, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Permeable materials comprising the subsea aquifer  1  are recharged from the overlying ocean  2 . The slant well  3  receives recharge from induced infiltration of ocean water  4  and pumps this feedwater to a desalination plant  5  through a pipeline  6 . The desalination plant  5  pumps out freshwater through a freshwater pipeline  7  to meet inland water supply demands. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a telescoped slant well  8  configured for use in a feedwater supply system  17 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the slant well is drilled at a low angle below horizontal using a dual rotary drilling rig or other suitable device to a total lineal length of approximately 1,000 feet or more. In one particular embodiment, the slant well is drilled at an angle of approximately 23 degrees below horizontal. The telescoped slant well has an upper well screen  9  and a lower well screen  10  for admitting water from a saltwater aquifer  14 . A submersible pump  11  pumps water out of the slant well to a desalination plant. The slant well is recharged from induced infiltration of water  13  that flows from the ocean floor  12  and lateral offshore sources through the saltwater aquifer  14 . The saltwater aquifer meets the freshwater aquifer beneath the land surface at a freshwater-saltwater interface  15 . Saline water is pumped from the slant well  8  to the desalination plant via an underground pipeline  16  connected to the buried slant well head. In one embodiment, the buried slant well head is connected to the pipeline  16  via a caisson (not shown) sunk into the land surface. 
     The slant well  8  is part of a feedwater supply system  17  that comprises the slant well and the pipeline  16 . Because the slant well is buried beneath the land surface and ocean floor, the feedwater supply system avoids entrainment and impingement impacts to marine life. Additionally, the filtration process performed by the subsurface aquifer  14  reduces or eliminates costly reverse osmosis pretreatment that would otherwise need to be performed at a desalination plant. Furthermore, because the slant well is completed eland and ocean surface, aesthetic impacts are minimized or eliminated. 
     Various configurations of a slant well for use in a feedwater supply system will now be described in more detail. With reference to  FIG. 3 , there is shown a telescoped slant well  18  having an artificial filter pack  19  and a single well screen interval  20  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The slant well extends through the freshwater-saltwater interface  21 . A primary recharge flow  22  and secondary recharge flow  23  provide recharge to the slant well. Sustained recharge to the slant well is largely provided by induced recharge from the ocean through the primary recharge flow  22  due to the hydraulic head difference between the ocean level  24  and the slant well pumping level  25 . The location of the freshwater-saltwater interface  21  is governed by the height of the freshwater elevation  26 . 
     A slant well in accordance with the present invention can have multiple screened intervals for providing greater flexibility in feedwater production. With reference to  FIG. 4 , there is shown a telescoped slant well  27  having an artificial filter pack  28 , multiple screened intervals  29  (upper and lower), and a submersible pump  30  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the configuration shown in  FIG. 4 , both of the dual packers are deflated so that water is drawn into the well through both the upper and lower screened intervals. This configuration is for maximum feedwater production. In other configurations, one or both of the dual packers can be inflated so that water is drawn into the well through less than the full length of the screened intervals. These other configurations are described in greater detail below with respect to  FIGS. 17-23 . 
     A feedwater supply system in accordance with the present invention can comprise a plurality of slant wells. With reference to  FIGS. 5A-5D , there are shown four slant well configurations, each having a common well head area for the slant wells in the configuration, the configurations including a single well configuration  31 , a two-well array  32 , a three-well array  33 , and a four-well array  34 , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In each configuration, the slant wells all begin in the same vicinity of each other, i.e., they have common well head area  35 . As shown in  FIGS. 5A-5D , the well head area is located above the high tide line to maximize the undersea screened portion  36  of the slant wells. 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 6A and 6B , there are shown a parallel slant well configuration  37  and a nonparallel slant well configuration  38 , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Each of these slant well configurations has a separate well head area for the slant wells in the configuration. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 7 , there are shown a shallower-angle slant well  39  and a steeper-angle slant well  40 , the slant wells extending from a common wellhead area  41  but at different angles α 1  and α 2  below horizontal to produce water having different salinities, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The freshwater-saltwater interface  44  is also shown to illustrate higher salinity production from the shallower-angle slant well  39  and lower salinity production from the steeper-angle slant well  40 . 
     Construction of a stank well for use in a feedwater supply system will now be described in more detail. In one embodiment, the initial construction of the slant well involves placing a telescoping plurality of casings beneath the land surface and ocean floor. With reference to  FIG. 8 , there is shown an initial step in the construction of a telescoped slant well  45  having successively reduced casing diameters, the well extending to a lineal length of approximately 1,000 feet, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The slant well comprises a 26-inch permanent casing  46  for the sanitary seal, a 24-inch permanent pump house casing  47 , a 22-inch temporary casing  48 , and a 20-inch temporary casing  49 . 
     With reference now to  FIG. 9 , there is shown a second step in the construction of a telescoped slant well  50  having a single 12-inch-diameter well screen section  51 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. An artificial filter pack  52  has been placed around the well screen section. The well screen section has been centered within a 20-inch temporary casing  54  using centering guides  53 . 
     Before operating a slant well in accordance with the present invention, the temporary casings surrounding the artificial filter pack and well screen section need to be withdrawn.  FIGS. 10 and 11  illustrate the process of removing a 20-inch and 22-inch temporary casings from a telescoped slant well having a single well screen section.  FIG. 10  shows a telescoped slant well  55  having a single well screen section  56  surrounded by an artificial filter pack  57  and centered using centering guides  58 . Dashed line  59  shows the extent of the 20-inch temporary casing prior to the start of the removal process.  FIG. 11  shows a telescoped slant well  60  having a single well screen section  61  with both the 20-inch and 22-inch temporary casings removed. The top of the well screen  62  is cut off within the 24-inch pump house casing  63 , which is fitted with a seal  64  at the bottom of the pump house casing. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 12 , there is shown a telescoped slant well  65  having dual screened intervals  66  and the temporary casings removed, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Dashed line  67  shows the extent of the 20-inch temporary casing prior to the start of the removal process. The top of the well screen  68  is cut off within the 24-inch pump house casing, which is fitted with a seal  69  at the bottom of the pump house casing. 
     Before completing construction of a slant well in accordance with the present invention, the artificial filter pack needs to be placed and settled around the well screen sections. With reference to  FIGS. 13A and 13B , there is shown a telescoped slant well  70  with an artificial filter pack  71  being placed through a system of multiple tremie pipes  72  in the annular space between the lower well screen  73  and the temporary casing  74 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The tremie pipes  72  are positioned using tremie pipe guides  75 ,  76 ,  77  and  78 . 
       FIGS. 14A and 14B  further illustrate the process of placing and settling the artificial filter pack. These figures show a telescoped slant well  79  with an artificial filter pack  80  being placed and settled through a multi-step process. The filter pack is placed by pumping filter pack material  81  through the multiple tremie pipes  82  under pressure. Simultaneously, the temporary casing  83  surrounding the tremie pipes is removed and the filter pack  80  is settled using an in-screen packer assembly  84 . The in-screen packer assembly is configured to be slid inside a well screen. A water pipe extends from a water pump (not shown) through a hole in the in-screen packer. The water pump may be a standard water pump known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, with sufficient flow and pressure to cause water at the depth below the packer to flow outward through the well screen portion below the packer, thereby settling the filter pack in the vicinity of the packer. The in-screen packer assembly and tremie pipes are gradually withdrawn so that the artificial filter pack is placed and settled along the entire length of the well-screen portion of the slant well. 
     An engineered filter pack is designed to stabilize the subsea aquifer materials and, after proper development, prevent migration of fine sand and silt materials from the subsea aquifer into the well. With reference to  FIG. 15 , there is shown an example chart of sieve opening versus percent of titter material passing the well screen slots for designing an engineered filter pack (line  85 ) from site-specific samples of aquifer materials (line  86 ) using the Terzaghi Migration Factor  87  as well as the filter pack sorting factor  88  and percentage of filter material passing the well screen slots  89 . This figure illustrates the principles behind the design of the artificial filter pack. A key purpose of the filter pack is to stabilize the aquifer. A key purpose of the well screen is to stabilize the filter pack. 
     To design the engineered filter pack, site-specific samples of aquifer materials are taken. It is next determined what sieve opening would pass 85 percent of the aquifer materials in the finest zone. In the example shown in  FIG. 15 , it is determined that a sieve opening of approximately 0.6 millimeters would pass 85 percent of the finest aquifer materials within the screened interval of the well. The grain sizes of the filter pack are then chosen such that the 15-percent-passing filter pack size is no more than four times greater than the 85-percent-passing size of the finest aquifer materials within the screened section of the well. In the example of  FIG. 15 , the 15-percent-passing filter pack size is 2.4 mm. The well screen slot openings are then sized such that 15 to 20 percent of the filter pack material will theoretically pass through the well screen slots. In the example shown in  FIG. 15 , a well screen having approximately 0.094-inch ( 3/32-inch or 2.4-millimeter) slots is chosen. The uniformity coefficient (60 percent passing/10 percent passing) of the filter pack is typically about half the uniformity coefficient of the aquifer. This ratio is known as the Sorting Factor. 
     As indicated above a slant well in accordance with the present invention can have multiple screened intervals and a dual-packer shroud assembly for providing greater flexibility in feedwater production. This flexibility can become important because of variations in the freshwater-saltwater interface due to national variations in the hydrologic cycle and a need to provide water of uniform salinity to a desalination plant. With reference to  FIG. 16 , there is shown a multiple-screened, telescoped slant well  90  having multiple well screens, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 16  illustrates how, without a means to vary the intake locations, a slant well can pump water with higher or lower salinity because of variations in the freshwater-saltwater interface due to natural variations in the hydrologic cycle. During wet hydrologic cycles, the freshwater-saltwater interface (line  91 ) is farther from the shore due to the higher freshwater hydraulic head (line  92 ). During dry hydrologic periods, the freshwater-saltwater interface (line  93 ) is closer to the shore due to a lower freshwater hydraulic head (line  94 ). The movement of the freshwater-saltwater interface is generally governed by the Ghyben-Herzberg principle, i.e., the depth to the interface (below sea level) is forty times the height of the freshwater head above sea level. 
     As will flow be described, multiple screened intervals and a dual-packer shroud assembly can provide greater flexibility in feedwater production and lessen the effects of variations in the hydrologic cycle. With reference to  FIG. 17 , there is shown a multi-screened, telescoped slant well  95  equipped with a submersible pump  96  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly and pumping from the lowermost screen  97  only (upper packer  98  inflated, lower packer  99  deflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. This configuration allows for greater production from the more saline portion  100  of the aquifer. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 8 , there is shown a multi-screened, telescoped slant well  101  equipped with a submersible pump  102  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly and pumping from the uppermost screen  103  only (upper packer  104  deflated, lower packer  105  inflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. This configuration allows for greater production from the less saline portion  106  of the aquifer. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 19 , there is shown a multi-screened, telescoped slant well  107  equipped with a submersible pump  108  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly and pumping from the well screen portion  109  between the dual packers (upper packer  110  and lower packer  111  inflated), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. This configuration allows for focused production from the portion of the aquifer proximate the well screen portion  109 . 
     The various configurations of the dual packer shroud assembly will now be described in greater detail with reference to  FIGS. 20-23 .  FIG. 20  shows a portion of a well having a submersible pump  112  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly  113 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The shroud assembly comprises two pneumatic packers: an upper packer  114  and a lower packer  115 . In  FIG. 20 , the dual-packer shroud assembly is configured for maximum production (both upper packer  114  and lower packer  115  deflated). The upper packer is inflated and deflated using an upper packer air line  116 . The lower packer is inflated and deflated using a lower packer air line  117 . When both packers  114  and  115  are deflated, water enters the upper screen  118  from the aquifer and travels downward toward the pump in the annular space  119  between the upper screen and the pump discharge pipe. This upper water passes by the upper packer  114 , which is deflated, and enters the pump intake  120  through holes  121  in the shroud assembly. Water entering through the lower screen  122  from the aquifer travels upward toward the pump and passes by the lower packer  115 , which is deflated, and enters the pump intake through the holes  121  in the shroud assembly. 
       FIG. 21  shows a portion of a well having a submersible pump  123  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly  124 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The shourd assembly comprises two pneumatic packers: an upper packer  125  and a lower packer  126 . In  FIG. 21 , the dual-packer shroud assembly is configured for production from below the lower packer (upper packer  125  inflated and lower packer  126  deflated). The upper packer is inflated and deflated using an upper packer air line  127 . The lower packer is inflated and deflated using a lower packer air line  128 . Water entering through the upper well screen is prevented from entering the pump intake by means of a permanent packer  129  and the inflated upper packer  125 . Water entering through the lower screen  130  from the aquifer travels upward toward the pump and passes by the lower packer  126 , which is deflated, and enters the pump intake through the holes  131  in the shroud assembly. 
       FIG. 22  shows a portion of a well having a submersible pump  132  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly  133 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The shroud assembly comprises two pneumatic packers: an upper packer  134  and a lower packer  135 . In  FIG. 22 , the dual-packer shroud assembly is configured for production from above the upper packer (upper packer deflated  134  and lower packer inflated  135 ). The upper packer is inflated and deflated using an upper packer air line  136  extending from an air pump (not shown) to the upper packer. The lower packer is inflated and deflated using a lower packer air line  137  extending from an air pump (not shown) to the upper packer. The air pump may be a standard air pump known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, sufficient to displace a volume of gas by physical or mechanical action to inflate and deflate the upper and lower packers. Water entering through the upper screen  138  from the aquifer travels downward toward the pump intake  139  and passes by the upper packer  134 , which is deflated, and enters the pump intake  139  through the holes  140  in the shroud assembly. Water entering through the lower well screen  141  is prevented from entering the pump intake by means of the inflated lower packer  135 . Guides  142  center the pump within the dual-packer shroud assembly. 
       FIG. 23  shows a portion of a well having a submersible pump  143  fitted with a dual-packer shroud assembly  144 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The shroud assembly comprises two pneumatic packers: an upper packer  145  and a lower packer  146 . In  FIG. 23 , the dual-packer shroud assembly is configured for production from between the dual packers (both upper packer  145  and lower packer  146  inflated). The upper packer is inflated and deflated using an upper packer air line. The lower packer is inflated and deflated using a lower packer air line. Water enters the pump intake  147  from the screened section  148  between the packers. Water entering through the upper or lower well screens is prevented from entering the pump intake by means of the inflated upper packer  145  and lower packer  146 . 
     A slant well feedwater supply system in accordance with the present invention can be constructed near and/or beneath any saline water source, but more preferably is constructed where a river delta deposit meets the ocean, where a major drainage (such as a creek, stream or river) discharges into the ocean, or where an aquifer system under a land surface extends offshore. An initial field investigation is preferably conducted to determine the potential of a site to yield water for a desalination plant. This exploratory work may involve drilling boreholes and test wells to an appropriate depth both onshore and offshore to properly characterize the subsurface aquifer system, which may typically be sand and gravels but may also include secondary porosity features in consolidated rock aquifers (e.g. carbonate aquifers). In one embodiment, the boreholes and test wells are drilled 50 to 200 feet deep. The lithologic characterization of the aquifers may also indicate the quality of the water that might be supplied for a well drilled at that site (e.g., in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides and other chemical constituents of concern in a desalination feedwater supply and how those constituents vary with depth). 
     In one embodiment, the slant well feedwater supply system extends at approximately a 23-degree angle below horizontal to a total length of approximately 350 feet and is capable of providing 2,000-gpm feedwater supply having an average silt density index of approximately 0.58 and an NTU between approximately 0.15 and 0.33. Of the total length, the first approximately 130 feet can comprise a blank casing, followed by approximately 220 feet of a well screen. The well screen can comprise a plurality of Roscoe Moss Full-Flo louver well screens having 3/32-inch slots, the plurality welded together end-to-end to form the complete well screen. The well screen and blank casing can have an inner diameter of 12⅛ inches and a wall thickness of 5/16-inches. In one embodiment, the well screen and blank casing comprise 316L stainless steel. The artificial filter pack can comprise Colorado Silica ¼×16 packed approximately 5 inches thick around the well screen. In one particular embodiment, the full scale system comprises a plurality of seven 1,000-foot slant wells, with each well supplying a feedwater supply of approximately 3,000 gpm for a total supply of approximately 30 mgd. 
     The foregoing detailed description of the present invention is provided for purposes of illustration, and it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the particular embodiments disclosed. The embodiments may provide different capabilities and benefits, depending on the configuration used to implement the key features of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is defined only by the following claims.