Abstract:
We disclose a method of manufacture of silver oxide nano metal particles of 2-10 mm size with specific phase and geometry in their exterior and interior making them suitable for use as potent antimicrobial and styptic agents.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates primarily to a novel process for the manufacture of silver oxide nano materials as highly effective and useful antibacterial agents, styptic agents in the treatment of wounds, crop and food protection and other similar applications;. 
       BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    It is known in the art that silver element exhibits germicidal properties and for this reason, it has been widely used as a germicidal agent long before the modern antibiotics were discovered. In the past centuries, users added silver particles into the drinking water, or submerged intact silver pieces in the drinking water for the purpose of consuming the assumed dissolved silver, it seems plausible that the use of silverware for cooking, storage and eating food may have been prompted by the belief in the highly potent healing properties of silver in curing disease without any discernable side effects. 
         [0003]    Since the biological properties of silver are dependent on the contact between silver metal and the biological tissues, several attempts have been made to enhance the activity of silver by using it in a finer state of dispersion. A large volume of prior art exists on the use of silver in a variety of applications, including the use of fine silver particles called nano particles. Since the preparation of nano silver particles requires a fine balance of several physicochemical factors, many of which are unpredictable, a large volume of prior art exists on the methods to prepare silver nano particles. Given below is a review of some important prior art in this field of manufacture of nano silver particles and their use. 
         [0004]    Korean Patent WO200703256 (Shin Hyunkyung et al) discloses a method for the manufacturing of silver which includes the formation of silver nano particles by the specified droplet of its solution. 
         [0005]    European Patent WO 2005/120173 A 3  (Paknikar Kishore, et al.) describe the antimicrobial activity of biological stabilized silver nano particles, with an average, size of 1-100 nm on a carrier in which the concentration of these particles is 1 to 6 ppm. 
         [0006]    Korean Patent KR 20040097976 (Jang Take Soo et al.) describes a method which comprises spraying or coating a liquid containing a photo catalyst or silver nano particles on to a target product having antimicrobial and deodorizing capabilities in the course of production of target product. 
         [0007]    Korean Patent KR. 20040107187(Hwang Seung Jin et al.) describes a process for the production of colloidal silver particles by forming a uniform electric field between the anode and the cathode, thereby performing ionization of silver. 
         [0008]    Korean Patent KR20040104277 (Choi Heui Kyo et al.) describe a nano silver application by describing an absorbent layer for diaper which lessens odor and cleanses genital organs. 
         [0009]    Korean Patent KR20040103200 (Son Hang Ho et al.) describes a method to coat ceramic surfaces with silver nano particles for antimicrobial and antifungal actions. This method comprises the step of preparing a thermosetting resin mixture by injecting 30-50 ppm of antimicrobial nano particles with 5-10 nm into a resin containing 70-85 wt % of a thermosetting resin, 10-15 wt % of an organic binder. 2-3 wt % softener, 0.5-1.0 wt % of a hardener, and 0.01-0.5 wi% of a pigment coating the ceramic with thermosetting resin mixture. 
         [0010]    Korean Patent 20040047154 (Jung Geyong Yeol et al.) discloses a method for the production of spherical silver particles by preparing a nickel-precursors by dissolving a nickel compound selected from nickel nitrate, nickel acetate, nickel chloride, nickel hydrate and nickel sulfate by injecting the nickel precursor into a droplet sprayer and diving and pyrolyzing the generated droplets in the reactor temperature range of 500-1500 ° C. 
         [0011]    Korean Patent KR20050016260 (Lee Sung Hwa et al.) describes the use of silver nano particles for promoting health by dispersing them on the wool for antibacterial, and sterilizing properties. 
         [0012]    Korean Patent KR2005002311.4 (Choi Kyu Man et al.) describes an application of silver nano particles in paint industries and wall paper industries by dispersing these particles in paint and applying a very thin coating on wall papers. 
         [0013]    European Patent GB425779 (Johnson Loyal et al.) teaches a method for the manufacturing of silver nano particles which comprises the production of silver nano particles by vaporizing the salt solution at high temperature and controlling the size by the flow of gas inside the furnace. 
         [0014]    Korean patent KR20010069645 (Kim Yeong Gon et al.) describe the use of silver nano particles in water sterilizing technology by dispersing the silver nano particles on silica, rock, zeolite particles. 
         [0015]    Taiwan patent TW265024Y (Hung Li Ying et al.) describe the use of silver nano particles as a hygiene absorbent. 
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         [0139]    The prior art cited above relates to method for the production of silver nano particles is complex and expensive often requiring high temperature treatment and as such there is a need to invent a much simpler method that can used at a lower cost to allow wide use of nano silver particles in the field of healthcare. 
         [0140]    The present invention describes a very simple method for the production of silver nano particles and their applications ranging from anti bacterial, water sterilization, hemorrhage control, and agriculture applications. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
       [0141]    Silver metal dispensed as a suspension or as gel in water is highly beneficial in treating many conditions in humans and animals. When prolonged contact is established, for example in the application of silver gels or solutions, silver nano particles can inhibit the growth or eradicate bacteria, virus, and other pathogenic organism. The silver gel and silver solution composition can also have anti-inflammatory effects, sufficient to reduce or stop, for example swelling, excessive bleeding, burn complications and certain symptoms of asthma. 
         [0142]    In the present, invention is described a process for the preparation of silver oxide nano particles wherein the majority of particles in the size range of 10-15 nanometers in diameter are prepared by a process of controlled precipitation of a silver salt such as silver nitrate hexahydrate using sodium hydroxide as the precipitating agent in the presence of a surfactant such as Armine-Z to act as a desegregating agent. The precipitating agent such as sodium hydroxide is used at a concentration of 5% w/v, the surfactant at 0.01-1% w/v and the silver salt solution, generally at a concentration of about. 5% w/v. In a typical, preparative step, the distribution of the particle size obtained is given in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical particle size distribution of silver oxide 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Particle Size (nm) 
                 Frequency (Percentage) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1.5 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 2.5 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 3.5 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 4.5 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 6.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 7.5 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 8.5 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 9.5 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0143]    The key factors that produce the desirable conditions for the precipitation of silver oxide particles in the desired size, structure and shape include the concentration of the silver salt solution, the concentration of the precipitating agent, the concentration of desegregating agent, the rate of addition of the precipitating agent, the maintenance of a specific pH of the reaction solution and carrying out the reaction at the room temperature. An ideal combination of these factors is not predictable and prior art does not teach a suitable combination of these factors or even suggests these are critical factors in the manufacture of nano silver oxide particles. 
         [0144]    In a typical manufacturing exercise, the precipitating agent, sodium hydroxide solution 5% s/v, is added slowly to the silver salt solution, which is kept at room temperature. (25-30° C.) and stirred gently and continuously, the precipitating agent is added at a rate of 2-10 mL/min or at such suitable rate so as to maintain the pH of the slurry thus formed at 12 to 14, Since the rate of addition of the precipitating agent is critical, the use of highly accurate pumps such as liquid chromatography pumps is required. The process of precipitation is continued for as long as it is necessary to complete the reaction wherein the content of silver oxide is in excess of 97% with essentially no free ionic silver present in the precipitate. The habit of crystals appearing should be monoclinic and or tetragonal. The precipitated silver is then washed with water several times to complete the process of manufacture of nano silver oxide particles. The addition of a surfactant to the reaction mixture is intended to create conditions for the specific phase and geometry of particles as the particles are kept desegregated during the process of nucleation. 
         [0145]    The method described above is also suitable to manufacture nano particles of other metals such as copper, platinum, lanthanum, palladium, nickel zinc, or titanium. 
         [0146]    The nano silver oxide particles manufacture according to the method above can then be used in a suitable carrier such as a gel, solution, slurry, etc, for a variety of applications. The suggested applications of the reported invention include a composition wherein the nano silver oxide particles are mixed with petroleum jelly in a 1:1 ratio to treat certain human and animal ailments and in particular stopping the hemorrhage in accidental injuries and wounds of all kinds where it can be used in a bandage form or for the purpose of cauterization of arteries and veins in a surgical procedure. At a concentration of 5-50 ppm of silver oxide particles in water, it can be used to kill or disable bacterial cultures and viruses contained in water supplies, and for protecting and preserving fruits and vegetables. In another application, a nano silver oxide-water colloidal mixture can be used to eradicate fungi infestation in the crops in agriculture fields. In general, particle sizes from 1-150 nm can be used for the uses described above. Since the method of manufacture describe above readily provides particles which are uniformly smaller in size, the effectiveness of the product of manufacture as described above will yield much better utility in the applications described above. 
         [0147]    The silver oxide particles of the present invention can be used in combination with other compounds to enhance their efficacy. For examples the activity of iodine or hydrogen peroxide can be increased substantially against pathogenic organisms if nano silver particles are added to the composition. In many instances a concomitant use of nano sliver oxide particles would reduce the dose of concentration required of potent, yet toxic agents like antibiotics and thus adding to the safety of various compositions intended for human or animal use. Examples of possible additive uses of the invention include combination with potassium or sodium fluoride peroxy hydride, which are known disinfecting agent. The combination results in an unexpected synergism wherein much lower quantity of these known disinfectants is required, not exceeding the range of about 1 to 5% by weight. Similarly, addition of nano silver particles to water in the presence of performic acid preferably at 1-3% by weight range provide unexpected potent antimicrobial effect. Another example of an additive that works favorably with silver/water composition (preferably 0.5-10 ppm) of the present invention is the combination with bismuth complex of 2-mercapoethanol, which is a known antibacterial agent. In another application, silver nano particles are dispersed in chelating agents to form a gel type material such as in the reaction of pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate with silver nano particles. This gel type material can be used for cleaning the hands, as this forms a protective layer on the skin; additionally, the invention protects the tissues surroundings the wound and thus obviates desiccation of wounds. The Ag-DTPA gel has a vast application in processing industries such as soap, detergents.