Abstract:
A method of separating a portion of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) from a mixture containing ABS and for separating a portion of ABS and polycarbonate (PC) from a mixture of plastics containing ABS and PC is disclosed. The method includes shredding and/or granulating the mixture of plastics containing ABS and PC to provide a selected particle size; sequentially dispersing the shredded mixture of plastics in a series aqueous solutions having different specific gravities and separating the floating fraction until the desired separation is obtained. Surface tension and pH are also variable to be controlled.

Description:
CONTRACTUAL ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION 
     The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38 between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and The University of Chicago representing Argonne National Laboratory. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a process for the recovery and separation of plastics. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the recovery and separation of plastics which relate inter alia, to the electronics industry. It also relates to plastics recovered from industries other than the electronic industries. Out of date computers, specifically monitor houses, CPU cases and keyboards present an un-ending source of potentially recyclable plastics. 
     At present, the high value precious metals, electronic components and glass electronic components are separated from the plastic housings which are then generally sent to landfill because there is no economical process to separate the plastics to sufficient purity to enable the plastics to be recycled. The housings are generally made of mixed plastics such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC). 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides an improved method for the separation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC), ABS/PC alloy, and other plastics such as polystyrene (PS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene and poly oxy-phenylene. However, the dominant species of plastics used for electronics are ABS and PC and alloys of the two. In addition, much of the ABS material is made of different grades having different specific gravities. The problem then is to develop a process for the separation of plastics used in electronics that provides a very high degree of purity (over 96%) and is relatively inexpensive to utilize. 
     The process for the separation and recovery of valuable electronic related plastics such as ABS, PC and ABS/PC alloy consists of shredding the plastic mixture into about ¼″ pieces, and thereafter passing the shredded material into a series of tanks containing aqueous solutions of differing characteristics such as pH, surface tension and specific gravity, whereby the plastic components are separated into various product and waste streams. The inventors have found that they are able to recover valuable plastics such as ABS-PC product of greater than 96% purity with an expected recovery rate of about 50% by weight of the ABS and PC present in the feed stream. Additional stages can be added to the process to recover additional ABS-PC product with a purity of greater than 98% and yield or recovery rate of about 70% by weight. 
     Moreover, the invention also relates to the separation and recovery of polyethylene and polypropylene. Polyethylene and polypropylene are two non-compatible plastics that have very similar properties, which makes their separation from each other very difficult and expensive. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, no process to separate them from each other is practiced on commercial scale today. Small amounts of one of them in the other renders the mixture virtually useless because of its poor properties, that result from their non-compatibility. In addition, several grades of these two polymers are used commercially, specially in durable products such as automobiles. The value of the mixture is essentially its heat value which is about 5 cents per lb. On the other hand, if the mixture can be separated, the value of the individual species is between 10 and 20 cents per lb. 
     Working with polyethylene and polypropylene mixtures recovered from automobile shredder residue, we discovered that in a solution having a specific gravity of 0.91-0.93, a surface tension of 34±2 dynes/cm, and a pH of 8.5±0.5, quarter inch chips of the two polymers will separate from each other in purities greater than 95% and exceeding 99%. The polypropylene floats while the polyethylene sinks. These results were achieved without bubbling air through the solution, and without precleaning of the plastics. Bubbling air through the solution after removing the floating polypropylene resulted in further purification of the polyethylene. The specific gravity can be adjusted by adding a water soluble light organic solvent, such as acetone or an alcohol or other liquifier than water organic solvent. Surfactants can also be used to adjust the surface tension and the pH an be adjusted with a base such as NaOH. 
     Recycling different types of plastics has increased in recent years. Processes for separating different plastic types have become increasingly important. For example, “Recovering Plastics for Recycling by Mineral Processing Techniques” by R. Buchan and B. Yarar, JOM, February, 1995, pps. 52-55, discloses a process for separating plastics by use of a mineral processing technology. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,433, issued Mar. 21, 1995 to Kohler, discloses a method for separating a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) chip admixture. The PET/PVC chip admixture is contacted with a surface conditioning agent to produce relatively hydrophobic polyvinyl chloride chips which can be floated in an aerated aqueous medium. The polyethylene terephthalate chips are recovered from the bottom of the aqueous medium. The flotation is conducted in pure water without frothing or densifying agents. 
     Separation of solids using differences in their densities is a simple, economical and effective technique. A liquid whose density is between the densities of two solids can be used as the working medium. The solid with the lesser density floats and the solid with the higher density sinks resulting in the separation of the solid mixture. However, materials that have similar densities, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, ABS, and high impact polystyrene, HIPS, can not be separated in high purities by this simple and inexpensive technique. 
     Our previous U.S. Pat. No. 5,653,867 which issued Aug. 5, 1997 related to the separation of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. While the process described in the &#39;867 patent is similar to the process of the present invention, the conditions required to separate ABS from polycarbonate (PC) are very different from that disclosed in the &#39;867 patent and if high purity is to be obtained is much more complicated. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for the separation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) from electronic waste streams. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved method and process for the separation of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) from each other. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a method of separating ABS and PC or PP from PE without the use of organic solvents, at ambient condition to minimize energy consumption and to reduce waste material. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for the separation of ABS and PC from other plastics as well as the separation of PP from PE which is reliable and effective. 
     In accordance with these and other objects of the invention, improved methods of separating ABS and PC from plastics and waste streams as well as separating polypropylene and/or polyethylene from combinations of polypropylene and polypropylene are provided. The plastics, whether or not electronic plastics, contain substantial quantities of ABS and PC or other plastics which contain substantial quantities of polypropylene and polyethylene are shredded and thereafter dispersed in the solution having a predetermined density, surface tension and pH; preferably the process is carried out at ambient temperatures and pressures. 
     In accordance with a feature of the invention, a novel method is provided, in the first case, for separating ABS and PC by selectively modifying the effective density or specific gravity of one or more of these plastics in a solution in which the shredded plastic materials are dispersed so as to cause a certain fraction to float and another fraction to sink. Thereafter, this procedure may be repeated a number of times, in each varying either or all of the parameters of specific gravity, surface tension and pH in order to successively float a portion of the material causing the remaining material to sink. The floated material can be separated from the material which sinks and so on until eventually all desired material or substantially all the desired material has been removed and segregated. In general, basic pHs are maintained and more specifically, it is preferred, although not required to use potassium carbonate as both a means by which pH is regulated and also a means by which the specific gravity or density of the solution is regulated. Other salts and/or bases may be used in addition to or in lieu of potassium carbonate, for instance sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide are useful, but in general, potassium carbonate is preferred for its ease of use and plentiful supply. A surfactant may be added to control the surface tension within the specified ranges hereinafter set forth. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention consists of certain novel features and a combination of parts hereinafter fully described, illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and particularly pointed out in the appended claims, it being understood that various changes in the details may be made without departing from the spirit, or sacrificing any of the advantages of the present invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the invention, there is illustrated in the accompanying drawings a preferred embodiment thereof, from an inspection of which, when considered in connection with the following description, the invention, its construction and operation, and many of its advantages should be readily understood and appreciated. 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a four stage system for separating ABS and PC from mixed feed materials containing both; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a system for recovering materials from the residual of the first stage illustrated in FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a two step method of separating ABS and PC from a mixed feed material containing ABS and PC. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown in schematic and block diagram representative of a material processing stream used for the effective separation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) plastics from a waste stream in accordance with the invention generally designated by the numeral 10. A waste stream  11  is passed through a shredding station  12  and thereafter through a screening station  13 . The screening station separates less than 2 mm fine materials from the shredded waste stream  11 , the shredding granulating stage  12  reduces the material to a selected size, for example 0.25 inch or about 6.5 mm in longest dimension. The material separated by the screening station is then transmitted to a first floatation stage  15 . More specifically, the granulated feed material must first be processed through a screening system. This avoids contamination of the product streams with fines that may contain impurities. 
     This removes fines that are smaller than, for instance, 2 mm in size. Based on a 1000 pound sample of feed material, 80 pounds of the fines were removed by the screening process. The balance of the material was then processed through the four stages containing aqueous potassium carbonate/surfactant solutions. The solution for each stage had a pH of 11.5±0.8, and a surface tension of 34±4 dynes/cm. The density of the solution for each individual stage was different depending on the specific gravities of the plastics in the mixture. A break down of the composition of the recovered fraction from each stage is in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of the Recovered Fractions from Process A 
               
               
                 Weight Percent Composition of Each Fraction 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Weight 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Percent of 
                   
                   
                   
                 POLY 
                 Heavily- 
               
               
                   
                 Feed 
                   
                   
                   
                 (OXY 
                 Filled 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 ABS 
                 PC 
                 PS 
                 Phenylene) 
                 Polymer 
                 Other 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Reject 1 (Floaters at 
                 5.84 
                 9.43 
                 0.98 
                 83.50 
                 0.30 
                 0.00 
                 5.80 
                 100 
               
               
                 specific gravity = 1.045) 
               
               
                 Product 1 (Floaters at 
                 15.80 
                 96.83 
                 2.38 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.79 
                 100 
               
               
                 specific gravity = 1.095) 
               
               
                 Reject 2 (Floaters at 
                 7.65 
                 27.95 
                 4.11 
                 0.00 
                 67.94 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 100 
               
               
                 specific gravity = 1.160) 
               
               
                 Product 2 (Floaters at specific 
                 38.33 
                 30.04 
                 66.47 
                 0.00 
                 0.82 
                 2.67 
                 0.00 
                 100 
               
               
                 gravity = 1.203) 
               
               
                 Reject 3 (Sinkers at specific 
                 32.38 
                 12.71 
                 45.01 
                 0.77 
                 0.87 
                 25.72 
                 14.92 
                 100 
               
               
                 gravity = 1.203) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Stage  1  requires a specific gravity of 1.04±0.01 and more preferably  1.045. The floaters, reject fraction 1, account for  54 pounds of the feed material. This fraction contains 45 pounds of polystyrene. An additional three pounds of impurities is removed from the feed stream during this stage but a loss of six pounds of product (i.e., ABS, PC) also occurred. The sinkers of this stage are input to stage  2 . 
     Stage  2  requires a specific gravity of 1.09±0.01 and more preferably 1.095. The floaters, product fraction  1 , account for 145 pounds of the feed material. This fraction is greater than 98% pure and contains 142 pounds ABS and two pounds polycarbonate (PC). This fraction also contains one pound of material that was not identified through FTIR analysis. This material is referred to and labeled as “other”. The sinkers of this stage are input to stage  3 . 
     Stage  3  requires a specific gravity of 1.160±0.01. The floaters, rejection fraction  2 , account for 70 pounds of the feed material. This fraction is 68-weight percent of a material which has an IR spectra similar to poly (oxyphenylene), which is 48 pounds of the feed material. Additional impurities were removed during this stage but a loss of 22 pounds of product (ABS, PC) will also occur. The sinkers of this stage are input to stage  4 . 
     Stage  4  requires a specific gravity of 1.203±0.002. The floaters, product fraction  2 , account for 353 pounds of the feed material. This fraction is greater than 96% pure and contains 106 pounds of ABS and 235 pounds of polycarbonate. This fraction also contains three pounds of poly (oxyphenylene) and nine pounds of the heavily-filled polymer. As discussed previously, this fraction needs to be tested to investigate if the heavily-filled material is compatible with the product material. If this material is found to be incompatible with the product, removal of this material is possible by optimizing the froth-flotation solution. The sinkers, reject fraction  3 , account for 298 pounds of the feed material. This fraction, which contains 58-weight percent product (172 pounds of ABS and PC), is presently considered a product loss. This fraction also contains 77 pounds of the heavily-filled polymer and 49 pounds of other impurities. Depending on the compatibility of the heavily-filled polymer with the product, and the optimization of the froth-flotation process, the overall product recovery may be increased by recovering the product from this fraction. The weights (basis of 1000 pounds) of the separated fractions from the four-stage process are detailed in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Weights of the Separated Fractions of Process A 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Poly 
                 Heavily- 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (OXY- 
                 Filled 
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 ABS 
                 PC 
                 PS 
                 phenylene 
                 Polymer 
                 Other 
               
               
                   
                 (lbs.) 
                 (lbs.) 
                 (lbs.) 
                 (lbs) 
                 (lbs) 
                 (lbs.) 
                 (lbs) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Screened Reject Stream 
                 80 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
                 80 
               
               
                 (&lt;2 mm Fine Material) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (includes ABS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PC, PS and Poly 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 oxy) 
               
               
                 Reject 1 (Floaters at specific 
                 54 
                 5 
                 1 
                 45 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                 gravity = 1.045) 
               
               
                 Product 1 (Floaters at 
                 145 
                 142 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 specific gravity = 1.095) 
               
               
                 Reject 2 (Floaters at specific 
                 70 
                 19 
                 3 
                 0 
                 48 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 gravity = 1.160) 
               
               
                 Product 2 (Floaters at 
                 353 
                 106 
                 235 
                 0 
                 3 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                 specific gravity = 1.203) 
               
               
                 Reject 3 (Sinkers at specific 
                 298 
                 38 
                 134 
                 2 
                 3 
                 77 
                 44 
               
               
                 gravity = 1.203) 
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL: 
                 1000 
                 310 
                 375 
                 47 
                 54 
                 86 
                 128 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *The &lt;2 mm fine-material particle size was not analyzed by FTIR.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The light fraction (reject  1 ) coming from flotation stage  15  may be treated as illustrated in FIG.  2 . This stream contains about 6.7% polyolefin fines and (coming off of flotation tank  21 ), another 83.3 percent polystyrene coming off of flotation tank  22  (greater than 98% pure) and finally 8.3% ABS, (greater than 98% pure), coming from flotation tank  23 , the remaining 1.2% being rejected (rejects). 
     Referring now to FIG. 3 a two-stage separation system is disclosed that can be used to recover products from feed material with a composition similar to the 1000-pound sample. Process B would consist of the final two stages of process A. These two stages alone would produce an ABS-PC product with purity greater than 96%. The recovery of the product for this process would only be 50% by weight of the ABS and PC present in the feed stream. 
     In summary, through the use of a two-stage system, we are able to produce a product of ABS-PC from the 1000-pound feed material that was greater than 96% pure with a recovery of 50% of the ABS and PC present in the feed stream. There are two types of polymer contaminates in the product. One of the polymers, having similar IR spectrum to that of poly(oxyphenylene), accounts for 1% of the product fraction. The remaining 3% of the product fraction is a heavily-filled polymer. This polymer cannot easily be identified through FTIR analysis due to the large amount of fillers present. 
     By increasing the process to a four-stage system, an additional product fraction is obtained. This fraction has a purity greater than 98%. Recovery of this fraction increases the overall recovery of ABS and PC by 145 pounds for each 1000 pounds of feed material. 
     While there has been disclosed what is considered to be the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is understood that various changes in the details may be made without departing from the spirit, or sacrificing any of the advantages of the present invention.