Abstract:
An electronic converter receiving low frequency input power, converting this power to DC power at a voltage greater than the input voltage peak, and providing output power from a commutator stage. Lossless switching of the power semiconductor devices in the input stage is achieved by turning each device on at an instant when voltage across the device&#39;s current terminals is zero. Current through a main inductor of the input circuit is triangular and substantially unidirectional for at least a few high frequency cycles. To ensure lossless switching, current through the main inductor of the input circuit may be reversed briefly before switching. For use as an electronic arc lamp ballast, the commutator stage also uses lossless switching, and substantially unidirectional triangular current through an output inductor is reversed periodically.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    Not Applicable.  
         STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
         [0002]    Not Applicable  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    The invention relates to electronic converter circuits which receive low frequency input power, convert it to DC power at a voltage greater than the peak of the input voltage, and provide output power from a full wave or half bridge output converter. Many electronic lamp ballasts are an example of this kind of device.  
           [0005]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a prior art converter having separate stages for each function. A boost converter  11  provides power factor correction on the input current, and has a DC output higher than the peak output from a conventional full wave rectifier  12 . An EMI filter  13  blocks high frequency noise from the boost converter from conducting back to the input power line. A down converter  14  matches the boost converter output to the desired level for the input to a full bridge load commutator or inverter  15 . A controller  16  controls the switching frequency or times in the boost converter to maintain the input current as sinusoidal as possible, a controller  17  adjusts switching in the down converter responsive to the current drawn by the load commutator or inverter, and a controller  18  sets the commutator  15  frequency and/or switching times to suit the load needs.  
           [0007]    [0007]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a high power factor converter having a simplified circuit known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,755 by the inventor herein. The output converter of this patent does not operate like a typical inverter, in which the output devices switch on and off alternately. Rather, one output power switching device HF 3  is switched alternately on and off according to a high frequency pulse width modulated arrangement for a specifiable period of time, and then the other output power switching device HF 4  is similarly switched for the specifiable period of time so that the voltage across capacitor C 2  at the output is a low frequency square wave. This converter is therefore suitable for driving a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp which preferably should not be driven at a frequency in the range of tens of kilohertz.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,755 does not expressly describe the current and voltage switching conditions of the input switches HF 1  and HF 2 , and the output switches HF 3  and HF 4 . Rather, the input switches are described as controlled at a high frequency pulse width modulation arrangement to shape the input inductor current to be in phase with the mains voltage signal, while the output switches are controlled at a high frequency pulse width modulated arrangement to shape the current signal flowing through inductor L 2  as a low frequency square wave. The frequency at which the output switches are operated may be a specified frequency. During one output polarity of the square wave, one of the output switches has a high frequency duty cycle chosen to produce a desired average voltage across the other switch, which is deactivated for that half cycle.  
           [0009]    One of ordinary skill will understand that, when the input converter is operated under the continuous conduction mode (CCM), the switches are operated such that during a high frequency switching cycle, the inductor current remains continuous, never reaching zero. The current still ramps up linearly and down linearly, but this high frequency component is usually very small compared to the average value of the inductor current.  
           [0010]    When the ballast is operated in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), the switches are operated such that during a high frequency cycle, the inductor current first ramps up linearly and then down linearly to zero. The current then remains at zero for a period of time before the high frequency switching cycle restarts. This mode of operation is normally used when the switching frequency is fixed to a constant value.  
           [0011]    The critical discontinuous conduction mode (CDCM) is the boundary between CCM and DCM. The switches are operated such that the inductor current first ramps up, then ramps down to zero. When the current reaches zero, the switching cycle immediately repeats. Switching depends on the inductor current boundaries, so the switching frequency will depend on the operating conditions of the converter and will vary with these conditions.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    An object of the invention is to provide an electronic converter which has improved efficiency because of lossless switching of power semiconducting devices.  
           [0013]    Another object of the invention is to provide an electronic converter with a reduced parts count.  
           [0014]    A further object of the invention is to provide an electronic lamp ballast having a controllable low to moderate frequency output, which has improved efficiency.  
           [0015]    According to the invention, converter efficiency is improved through the use of lossless switching of the power devices in the input stage. The input stage receives low frequency input power and converts this into DC power having a voltage higher than the peak voltage of the low frequency power. Preferably, the converter also has lossless switching of an inverter stage which converts the DC power to output power having a high frequency component.  
           [0016]    In this context, lossless switching requires that the voltage across the device&#39;s current terminals must be substantially zero at the time when the device is turned on. Whenever this voltage is not zero, energy is stored in the output capacitance of the switch; if the switch is turned on while that energy is stored, the output capacitance energy is discharged into the switch, and this represents a loss of energy. To produce lossless switching, the main inductor current is used to charge and discharge the switch output capacitances so that the switches can always be turned on at zero voltage. To ensure that switching is lossless, the inductor current may be caused to reverse briefly before switching, thereby removing stored charge in the output capacitance.  
           [0017]    An input stage according to the invention provides DC power to negative and positive DC buses. Two input power-switching devices having a switch node between them are connected in series between upper and lower signal lines. A capacitive divider having an intermediate connection is also connected between these signal lines. A boost inductor is connected between the switch node and the intermediate connection. One of the signal lines is connected directly to one of the DC buses, while the other signal line is connected to the other DC bus through a current-sensing resistor.  
           [0018]    An output converter stage according to the invention has two buffer capacitors having a switch node between them connected in series between the two DC buses, and also has two converter power switching devices having an output node between them connected in series between these buses. A high frequency inductor through which a load current flows is connected between the switch node and the output node.  
           [0019]    Unlike most prior art converters similar to FIG. 1, in each stage the current through the inductor is not sinusoidal, and the circuits are not resonant. Rather, the current through each inductor is triangular and substantially unidirectional for at least a few high frequency cycles. In the input stage the inductor current must go slightly negative; that is, reverse briefly, in order to ensure zero voltage switching while the direction of the triangular pulse is determined by the polarity of the input voltage at that time. This current reversal may be sensed by the current-sensing resistor.  
           [0020]    In the inverter stage it is usually not necessary that the current reverse in order to ensure lossless switching. However, if the load is an arc discharge lamp it may be desirable to reverse the current direction periodically.  
           [0021]    In a preferred embodiment, the converter is an electronic ballast for an arc discharge lamp. When the output square wave frequency is in the low to mid audio frequencies, this lamp may be an HID lamp. Lamp current is controlled not by changing frequency of an inverter, but by controlling the value of output inductor current at which the inverter switch is turned off. Likewise, the DC voltage is determined by the instant at which the input power switching device is turned off. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING  
       [0022]    [0022]FIG. 1 is a simplified circuit diagram of a prior art converter,  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 is a simplified circuit diagram of a high power factor electronic ballast disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,755;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram of a high power factor electronic ballast according to the invention;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing current through the boost inductor and switching of the input stage switching devices;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  are a simplified diagram of the active circuit parts and enlarged view of current and voltage during the time between t 1  and t 2  of FIG. 4;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIGS. 4 c  and  4   d  are a simplified diagram of the active circuit parts and enlarged view of current and voltage during the time between t 3  and t 4  of FIG. 4;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5 is a diagram of the boost inductor current over a full cycle of mains voltage;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6 is a timing diagram showing positive current through the load circuit inductor and switching of the output stage switching devices;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIGS. 6 a  and  6   b  are a simplified diagram of the active circuit parts and enlarged view of current and voltage during the time between t 11  and t 12  of FIG. 6;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIGS. 6 c  and  6   d  are a simplified diagram of the active circuit parts and enlarged view of current and voltage during the time between t 13  and t 14  of FIG. 6;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 7 is a waveform diagram showing in simplified form the load circuit inductor current. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0033]    The circuit topology of FIG. 3 differs from that of U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,755 primarily in the addition of a capacitive divider. This change allows a significantly improved operation in accordance with the invention.  
         [0034]    A conventional EMI filter  33  is shown having capacitors C 31  and C 32  and an inductor L 31  in a π configuration, feeding a combination rectifier/boost converter circuit. Through the EMI filter the neutral side of the mains supply is connected to a node between two bridge diodes D 31  and D 32 , while the hot or line voltage side of the mains supply is connected to the center node of a capacitive divider formed by capacitors C 33  and C 34 , and also to the input end of a boost inductor L 33 , whose other end is connected to an input half bridge formed by switches M 31  and M 32 , which preferably are MOSFETs. The bridge diodes D 31 , D 32 , the capacitive divider and the input half bridge are connected between positive and negative signal lines which are respectively connected to a positive DC bus and, through a current-sensing resistor R 31 , to a negative DC bus. A controller receives inputs from the signal lines and the resistor  31 , and provides control signals to the MOSFETs M 31  and M 32 .  
         [0035]    Two energy storage capacitors C 35  and C 36  are connected in series between the positive and negative buses, as are two load switches M 33  and M 34  forming a commutator half bridge. A lamp load  37 , having a filter capacitor C 37  in parallel with it, has one end connected to the midpoint between the capacitors C 35  and C 36 , and has the other end connected through a high frequency inductor L 34  in series with a small saturable transformer Ls 1  to the node between the switches M 33  and M 34 . A controller  39  receives inputs indicative of the presence of significant inductor current, and of lamp voltage and/or current, and provides control signals to the MOSFETs M 33  and M 34 .  
         [0036]    Circuit Operation  
         [0037]    Boost Converter  
         [0038]    When the mains voltage is positive the average value of iL 33  is positive, and diode D 32  is on, so the mains voltage appears across C 34 . When t 0 &lt;t&lt;t 1  as shown in FIG. 4, M 32  is on, iL 33  is rising so energy is being stored in L 33 , and current in R 31  is zero. When t 2 &lt;t&lt;t 3 , M 31  is on, and t 3  iL 33  is positive but falling, energy is drawn from L 33 , C 35  and C 36  are charged and current through R 31  is usable to determine t=t 3 .  
         [0039]    Detailed operation of the input stage is readily understood from the basic timing diagram shown in FIG. 4, together with the views of the active circuit parts and current and voltages near the critical switching times as shown in FIGS. 4 a - 4   d . At time t 0  input switch M 32  is turned on, and current iL 33  through boost inductor L 33  ramps linearly upwards, rising to a maximum at time t 1  when switch M 32  is turned off. Current iL 33  continues to flow, and charges the parasitic capacitance cM 32  of switch M 32  while discharging the parasitic capacitance cM 31  of switch M 31 , thereby causing the voltage V 31  at the node between the switches to rise from ground to the positive bus potential. When the node voltage reaches the positive bus potential, the capacitance of M 31  has been discharged, and iL 33  flows through the body diode of M 31 , clamping the node between M 31  and M 32  to the positive DC bus voltage. At this time, time t 2 , switch M 31  can be turned on at zero voltage. Current iL 33  will then ramp downwards linearly.  
         [0040]    When iL 33  reaches zero, as detected by the voltage across R 31 , time t 3  has been reached. MOSFET M 31  is turned off. This causes voltage V 31  to decrease to a minimum value of 2Vin−Vbus, which is approximately ground voltage. If V 31  reaches ground voltage, the body diode of M 32  will clamp V 31  to ground and M 32  can be turned on at zero voltage, starting repetition of the switching cycle. If V 31  does not reach ground, M 32  can be turned on at the minimum value of V 31  which will still reduce losses. Alternatively, if V 31  does not reach ground, turn on of M 32  can be delayed, causing current iL 33  to go further negative. If sufficient energy is stored in boost inductor L 33 , cM 31  will be fully charged and cM 32  will be fully discharged. This guarantees that V 31  will reach ground so that M 32  can be turned on with true zero voltage switching.  
         [0041]    When the mains voltage is negative, operation is exactly like that described above, except that the current directions and the operations of the switches reverse, and diode D 31  is conducting while D 32  is non-conducting.  
         [0042]    The above description is independent of the switching and current cycles in the output stage, except that the output voltage and power requirements will determine the amount of boost and the input inductor current.  
         [0043]    Commutator Output Circuit  
         [0044]    The operation of the output or commutator stage is in many ways analogous to that of the boost converter: the inductor current rises and falls linearly in one direction for one polarity of H 5  smoothed output voltage, while for the other polarity the current directions and the operations of the it switches reverse. Because of the smoothing capacitor C 37 , the load voltage and current has no significant component at the switching frequency of the output power switching devices.  
         [0045]    When the output voltage is positive the average value of iL 34  is positive. When t 10 &lt;t&lt;t 11  as shown in FIG. 6, M 33  is on (switch closed), iL 34  is rising so energy is drawn from C 35  St and some of it is being stored in L 34 . Immediately after t 10 , sufficient current is flowing so that transformer Ls 1  is saturated, and its secondary looks like a short circuit. When t 12 &lt;t&lt;t 13 , M 34  is on, iL 34  is positive but falling, energy is drawn from L 34 , and the impedance of Ls 1  is sensed to determine when t=t 13 .  
         [0046]    Detailed operation of the output stage is readily understood from the basic timing diagram shown in FIG. 6, together with the views of the active circuit parts and current and voltages near the critical switching times as shown in FIGS. 6 a - 6   d . State  11  begins at time t 10  when the upper output switch M 33  is turned on. The voltage across L 34  is then 0.5*Vbus−Vout. The current iL 34  through output inductor L 34  ramps linearly upwards for a constant on time until t 11  when switch M 33  is turned off and the circuit enters state  12 . Current iL 34  continues to flow, and splits between the switch parasitic capacitances, charging cM 33  of switch M 33  while discharging the parasitic capacitance cM 34  of switch M 34 , thereby causing the voltage V 33  at the node between the switches to fall from the positive bus potential Vbus toward ground. When the node voltage reaches ground, the capacitance cM 34  has been discharged, and the body diode of M 34  turns on, clamping the node voltage V 33  to ground. Switch M 34  can then be turned on at zero voltage and the circuit enters state  13 .  
         [0047]    During state  13  the voltage across L 34  is −(0.5*Vbus+Vout). Current iL 34  will then ramp downwards linearly. When iL 34  reaches zero, as detected by the impedance of Ls 1 , time t 13  has been reached. MOSFET M 34  is turned off and the circuit enters state  14 .  
         [0048]    In state  14  L 34 , cM 33  and cM 34  form a resonant circuit. The voltage V 33  increases toward a maximum value of Vbus+2*Vout. When V 33  reaches Vbus, the body diode of M 33  will clamp V 33  to Vbus. M 33  can then be turned on with true zero voltage switching, starting repetition of the switching cycle.  
         [0049]    For the negative half of the output cycle, operation is exactly like that described above, except that the current directions and the operations of the switches reverse. Differing power flows into or out of C 35  versus C 36  are not significant, because the values of these capacitors is such that the ripple voltage across them at the output frequency is negligible. The output converter controls the load current or voltage by controlling the current value or instant of time at which the output switching device is turned off. As a result, the switching frequency in the input and boost circuits can be different from the switching frequency in the output commutator. This allows control of the output for lamp starting or dimming, or response to removal of the lamp (or one of the lamps) so that lamp current has the desired value, independently of the boost converter frequency.  
         [0050]    Time T 12  can be determined either as a constant determined from a system clock, or as a clock time or inductor peak current value which is controlled to maintain the average load current at a desired value.  
         [0051]    If the load can be driven by DC, or by a pulse width controlled signal where voltage and current do not reverse thus providing an additional way to vary load power, circuit simplification is possible because one output switch and its control circuitry may be eliminated. For example, C 35  and C 36  may be combined as one higher voltage capacitor, the left end of the load circuit shown in FIG. 3 may be connected to the negative DC bus, and switch M 34  may be replaced by a diode poled in the same direction as the body diode of M 34 .  
         [0052]    Many other variations and embodiments may utilize the principle of the inventive circuits, and the scope of the invention should be limited only by the appended claims.