Abstract:
The invention involves a process as well as apparatus for the separation of arsenic from waste material. The process includes precipitation of arsenic in the form of low solubility calcium magnesium arsenates by adding calcium and magnesium compounds to the waste, separation of calcium magnesium arsenates, putting the waste in contact with an ion exchanger, regenerating the ion exchanger after reaching the charge limit, adsorptively separating the arsenic by putting the waste in contact with active carbon, and separating the charged active carbon by itself or along with precipitation products. The process allows for a separation of arsenic from waste which is hard to be treated or contains heavy metals such as lead or contains sulfates to residual amounts as low as &lt;0.3 mg As/l.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention involves a highly effective procedure as well as apparatus for separating arsenic from waste material, particularly industrial waste. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A large number of industrial processes cause more or less arsenic containing effluents, which cannot effectively be processed with removal of arsenic during waste purification processes with present technology. 
     In the production of lead crystal and glass, arsenic trioxide (As 2  O 3 ) is added, up to an amount of 2 mass-% of the molten glass, as a refining agent. Annually, 400 metric tons of arsenic are used for this purpose in the Federal Republic of Germany. Due to present technical limitations, the arsenic cannot simply be substituted with another, safer purifying agent. While part of the used arsenic escapes from the molten glass, an amount of approximately 0.2 mass-% remains in the combined state in the glass matrix. 
     However, during refining processes in which the surface is worked on, arsenic is again released. This happens in the so-called acidic polishing process, during which the glass is treated with sulfuric acid--hydrofluoric acid mixtures and is partially dissolved again, as well as during the process of cutting glass. Acidic polishing baths contain approximately 40-100 mg As/l while waste from cutting procedures contains typically approximately 1 mg As/l or when recirculated up to approximately 10 mg As/l. 
     Furthermore, arsenic containing lyes occur when producing nonferrous metals. As an example water soluble arsenic is found in soda slag of pyrometallurgical processes with a concentration up to 4000 mg As/l. Solutions with relatively high concentrations, around several mg/l of arsenic, also occur during wet waste gas purification, such as the desulfurization of flue gas, and in eluates of combustion residues. Waste material containing arsenic also results from the production of micro chips when etching the gallium arsenide used therefor. 
     Due to the high toxicity of arsenic there is a great need to diminish the content of arsenic in waste material as much as possible. 
     Experiments regarding the removal of arsenic from effluents produced by the glass industry when cutting glass are described in the Research Report 10207001/06, dated Aug. 1986, produced by the Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research in Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany. This research was conducted within the Plan for Environmental Research by the Federal Minister for Domestic Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany. Industrial effluents such as these contain up to approximately 3 mg As/l and up to approximately 10 mg Pb/l as well as cooling agents, lubricating agents and tensides. The pH-value of such effluents is between 7 and 8. 
     Within the scope of these experiments several different procedure possibilities for separating arsenic from waste have been tested systematically. Aside from experiments of reducing arsenic on the surface of metals, such as iron and zinc, other experiments were also conducted to precipitate arsenic as arsenic sulfide, as calcium arsenate, as ferro arsenate, as magnesium arsenate, as aluminum arsenate, and as lead arsenate. In all of those cases only a separation degree of less than 50% could be obtained. 
     Further experiments examined separation by means of adsorption to silica gel containing titanium oxide, alumina and active carbon. The above Research Report at page 14  states that no relevant decrease of the arsenic content in waste was noticeable when using silica gel and active carbon. Only the use of aluminum oxide resulted in a minimal decrease of the arsenic content. However, this reduction is too small for a practical application. 
     The only somewhat promising separation method of arsenic among all the systematically conducted experiments turned out to be the precipitation with ferric salts with or without previous oxidation of As(III) to As(V). This procedure resulted in a decrease of arsenic from 4 mg/l to less than 0.1 mg/l in suitable effluents. In waste material produced by acidic polishing in the glass industry, which can contain arsenic up to 100 mg/l in strongly acidic solutions, the content of arsenic could only be reduced by one half through precipitation of sulfide of arsenic, through dissolution of iron sulfide in acidic waste (see page 50 of the Research Report). 
     In other words, samples with an initial content of arsenic of approximately 15 mg/l subsequently still contained 6 to 7 mg/l of arsenic. Due to the extensive amount of experiments regarding the separation of arsenic (see page 50 of the Research Report) it is thus established that according to current technology even an elaboration of a proposal of a possible technical procedure for separating arsenic requires further laboratory experiments. The Research Report, on page 51, points out that there is no existing proposal for a procedure that will separate arsenic from effluents produced by acidic polishing. 
     In the publication &#34;Ecologically Harmless Technologies For The Production Of Lead Crystal And Crystal--Removal Of Arsenic From Effluents Produced When Cutting Glass&#34; of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany, the separation of arsenic from waste is described as a formation of ferric arsenate under coprecipitation in a ferric hydroxide precipitation which occurs according to the following gross reaction equation: 
     
         Fe.sup.3+ +3H.sub.2 O→Fe(OH).sub.3 ↓+3H.sup.+ 
    
     
         Fe.sup.3+ +AsO.sub.4.sup.3- →FeAsO.sub.4 ↓. 
    
     To avoid a decrease of the pH-value due to the added iron sulfate, solution a calcium hydroxide suspension is used for neutralization, whereby the sulfate ions are precipitated as gypsum. This procedure allows, however, only for glass making waste with small amounts of arsenic, for a reduction of the arsenic content up to an amount below 0.1 mg/l, but this is not applicable, for example to effluents from acidic polishing procedures. In these cases only 50% of the arsenic content can be separated. 
     The pamphlet ATV-VKS M352 (dated Apr. 1987) on the &#34;Treatment and Removal of Scorodite Mud&#34; suggests to transform water soluble arsenic from pyrometallurgic procedures (scorodite=ferric arsenate FeAsO 4 ) in a concentration of 1000 to 4000 mg/l in a sulfuric acid solution into arsenic(V) with the aid of chlorine, and to precipitate it at temperatures of 60° to 70° C. and pH-values of less than 1 by means of adding ferric salts and subsequent careful raising of the pH-value to 2 to 2.5 with calcium hydroxide. The article does not give any remarks on the efficiency of the precipitation or the remaining concentration of dissolved arsenic. In some processes, 0.3 to 2 mg As/l, 50 to 300 mg Cu/l, 100 to 300 mg Zn/l, 1 to 3 mg Pb/l, 0.1 to 1 mg Fe/l as well as 500 mg Cl/l have been found in the eluates. The amounts of sulfate and calcium correspond approximately to the solubility of plaster. This publication also points out that no alkaline reactions and no reduction procedures should be carried out in order to not increase the solubility of arsenic. 
     The separation of arsenic from waste according to the above described procedure, the precipitation as ferric arsenate, is further also the subject of German patent application publications 3,632,138 and 3,633,066, with or without previous oxidation of the trivalent arsenic. 
     The separation of arsenic from waste by means of precipitation of ferric arsenate is thus only applicable to certain, suitable effluents and is not a generally suitable separation procedure for arsenic. 
     German patent application publication 3,637,643 further describes a procedure for the arsenic decontamination of aqueous solutions, which is based on the oxidation of arsenic(III) to arsenic(V) and the pressure filtration of waste after adding a water soluble polymeric anion exchanger through a membrane. In this process, the arsenic is enriched above the membrane. 
     According to this method the anion exchangers are polymers with molar masses of 30,000 to 100,000 in connection with membranes of a preclusion limit of 10 4 , for example, polyethylenimines. The arsenic concentration of the solution to be decontaminated must not be higher than 2 mg/l if this procedure is applied in one step. Due to the method of membrane filtration used here, this procedure is basically not suitable for an application on a industrial scale. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide a procedure as well as an apparatus for a highly efficient separation of arsenic from waste material, which are applicable to industrial effluents and which make it possible to reduce the arsenic to corresponding final concentration values conforming with waste regulations regardless of the origin of respective effluents. The procedure ideally starts out with cheap, readily available materials that do not result in further environmental problems, and the same should apply for the final products. The procedure should also operate highly economically with respect to the consumption of energy and material and be as well applicable to waste which is difficult to treat. 
     The method for separating arsenic from waste according to the invention is characterized by following steps: 
     (A1) Precipitation of arsenic in the form of low solubility calcium magnesium arsenate by adding at least one calcium compound and at least one magnesium compound to the waste at a pH value of 2 to 12 and preferably 9 to 11 during a precipitation span of approximately 10 to 60 min., preferably 30 min., and 
     (A2) separation of the calcium magnesium arsenates, and/or 
     (B1) putting the waste in contact with an ion exchanger, preferably a strongly basic anion exchanger, at a pH value of 2 to 12 and preferably 7 to 11.5, and, if desired 
     (B2) regenerating the ion exchanger after reaching the charge limit, and/or 
     (C1) adsorptively separating arsenic through putting it in contact with active carbon at a pH-value of 2 to 11 and preferably 2 to 4, and 
     (C2) separating the charged active carbon by itself or with precipitation products. 
     At a suitable pH value in the alkaline range as well as corresponding excess of magnesium compound, magnesium hydroxide is precipitated simultaneously during step A1 which influences the separation result favorably. A particularly favorable condition for the adsorptive separation of arsenic in step C1 is a pH-value of 3 or 11. 
     A particularly suitable apparatus according to the invention for conducting the procedure mentioned above is characterized by the following fundamental components, the sequence of which corresponds to the reaction course: 
     an oxidation and precipitation reactor for the precipitation of calcium magnesium arsenates, which is connectable through connecting tubes to a reservoir containing an oxidation agent, another reservoir for a magnesium compound and yet another reservoir for a calcium compound, and features a pH-regulation device, and 
     a separation reactor for separating the calcium magnesium arsenates from the residual effluents, and/or 
     an adsorption reactor to put the sewage in contact with active carbon, eventually with a regenerating apparatus, and/or 
     an ion exchanger, possibly with a regeneration apparatus. 
     According to current technology the adsorption agents for the adsorptive separation of arsenic are active carbon, aluminum and aluminum oxide as well as silica gel. These agents, however, are said to be not very efficient. Another possibility is the adsorptive binding of arsenic to freshly precipitated magnesium hydroxide. One gram of freshly precipitated magnesium hydroxide is supposed to be able to adsorptively bind 125 mg of arsenic according to bibliographic references. This adsorption capacity has been used when administering magnesium hydroxide as an antidote for poisoning through arsenic. 
     As explained above, prior art further suggests that arsenic can be precipitated from aqueous solutions as arsenic sulfide, calcium arsenate, ferric arsenate, manganese arsenate, lead arsenate and magnesium ammonium arsenate. Nevertheless, for the same reasons explained above, these precipitation reactions are also not suitable for technical processing of waste material containing arsenic. An additional factor is that the ferric arsenates, scorodite, simplisit and ferrisimplisit, are decomposed by bases and are all completely soluble in acids. 
     As apparent from the following Table 1, there are partially very diverse data found in bibliographical references { such as Gmelin, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, Teil B, 8th Edition, Verlag Chemie Weihneim (1956)} regarding the solubility of calcium arsenates. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Solubility of calcium arsenates in waterCompound            Solubility (mg/l)______________________________________Ca.sub.3 (AsO.sub.4).sub.2.10H.sub.2 O               170 (20° C.)Ca.sub.3 (AsO.sub.4).sub.2.2H.sub.2 O               133 (20° C.)4CaO.As.sub.2 O.sub.5.5H.sub.2 O               150 (17° C.)4CaO.As.sub.2 O.sub.5               120 (17° C.)4CaO.As.sub.2 O.sub.5.H.sub.2 O               120Precipitation fromhot solutionsAs.sub.2 O.sub.5     32Ca.sub.3 (AsO.sub.4).sub.2                55______________________________________ 
    
     As may also be seen from the prior art as explained above, Ca 3  (AsO 4 ) 2  ·8H 2  O yields up to 3% water soluble arsenic oxide. Basic tricalcium arsenate Ca 3  (AsO 4 ) 2  ·Ca(OH) 2  has furthermore a very low water solubility. 
     It is therefore safe to assume that calcium arsenates have a solubility in the range of 60 to 200 mg/l, which corresponds to approximately 20 to 70 mg As/l. Calcium salts are hence not suitable for the precipitation of arsenic from waste. Even though their solubility can be lowered by zinc ions, heavy metal ions as well as fluorides or complex fluorides, no significant decrease in solubility of calcium arsenate can be obtained, regardless of the new problems such additives would cause. 
     Bibliographical references further suggest, however, not in respect with the processing of waste, that calcium ammonium arsenate and magnesium ammonium arsenate have low solubility. For the above reasons, calcium magnesium arsenates have not been considered for the separation of arsenic from waste material. 
     It is advantageous when carrying out the procedure according to the invention to oxidize arsenic, As(III) (contained in the waste) to As(V) (AsO 4   3- ) with suitable oxidation agents, such as CaO 2 , MgO 2 , or H 2  O 2 , at a pH value in the acid or alkaline range. The use of H 2  O 2  is particularly preferred because it is converted by the oxidation into water. Further, the oxidation with H 2  O 2  is preferably carried out at a pH value in the acid range is preferred as well as the use of H 2  O 2  because it is converted to water during oxidation. This oxidation can also be carried out simultaneously with the precipitation of the calcium magnesium arsenates or before. 
     If the effluents to be treated contain sulfate ions which have to be separated, this can be accomplished by means of precipitation of calcium sulfate by adding Ca(OH) 2  to the waste material as process step I and separating the precipitated CaSO 4  in process step II. This reaction should preferably be performed at a pH-value of 3±1 if the precipitation of CaSO 4  is done before step A1, and at a pH-value of 3±1 or 8.0 to 11.0, if the CaSO 4  precipitation is performed before step B1 or C1 respectively, hence particularly after step A2. 
     Alternatively or after a preceding sulfate separation by means of precipitation of CaSO 4  as described above, sulfates can also be separated in process step IV from the waste through precipitation of calcium aluminate sulfates (process step III) of low solubility by adding reactive aluminum oxide and/or calcium aluminates, preferably aluminous cement. The pH-value during this process is maintained at a constant level of 11.2 to 11.8 by adding Ca(OH) 2 . 
     If the preliminary precipitation has been performed with lime milk at a pH-value of 3±1, the arsenic contained in the waste remains in solution. This is particularly important since with waste containing large amounts of sulfate as well as concentrated waste, a separation of about 75 to 80% of the entire mud as CaSO 4  is possible at this level. This mud contains only extraordinarily low amounts of heavy metals and arsenic in particular, so that such mud can be disposed of at customary disposal sites such as rubble disposal sites. If necessary the arsenic contained in the water of the press cake can be removed by washing at this level. This also applies to the precipitation product of the calcium aluminate sulfate precipitation. This procedure is known from European patent application publication 25 06 26. 
     In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the method of the invention, which yields an up to now unachieved decrease of the residual concentration of arsenic in the run off water to a value in the range of ≦0.5 mg As/l, the preliminary treated effluents (preferably from steps A2, C2, II or IV, respectively) are put into contact with an ion exchanger, preferably a strongly basic anion exchanger, and preferably at a pH value in the alkaline to neutral range. 
     Strongly basic anion exchangers are generally cross-linked polystyrene resins with a macroporous structure, which comprise quaternary ammonium groups as functional groups. With respect to this one has to distinguish between two types: 
     Type I resins with the active group 
     
         --N(CH.sub.3).sub.3 OH 
    
      and 
     Type II resins with the active group 
     
         --N{(CH.sub.3).sub.2 (C.sub.2 H.sub.4 OH)}OH. 
    
     Type I anion exchange resins have a higher basicity with respect to type II anion exchange resins. However, they have a lower capacity and a less distinct regeneration ability, whereas on the other hand, their oxidation susceptibility is lower. Furthermore, type II anion exchangers cause a greater slip. 
     The most important characteristics of these anion exchangers are: 
     
         ______________________________________Total capacity:  approximately 1.2 val/l            moist resin (both types);Utilizable capacity:            0.4 to 0.6 val/l moist resin            for type I and approximately            0.7 val/l moist resin for            type II.______________________________________ 
    
     The affinity of these anion exchangers to various anions accounts for the OH-form of the following sequence: ##STR1## 
     Macro-porous anion exchanger resins are also suitable for the procedure according to the invention. They even offer additional advantages, insofar that macroporous anion exchangers have a greater mechanical durability and yield better treating results and have a greater resistency against poisoning due to water charged for colloids. The charging capacity with organic material is higher for macroporous exchangers than for conventional resins. Also higher is the elution degree for regeneration. 
     Furthermore, according to the invention, favorable &#34;mixed bed&#34; ion exchangers can be used, in which cation exchanger and anion exchanger particles are present in one and the same device. For regeneration, the two resins are separated by hydraulic swirling measures because the two resins have different densities. After separation the resins are regenerated separately and following regeneration they are again transferred into a mixed bed, for example by means of compressed air. The use of exchanger cartridges is also advantageous. The regeneration of the ion exchanger resins is carried out in a conventional manner, after reaching the charge limit. 
     Compared with the desalination with separate exchanger beds, the desalination in a mixed bed has the advantage of a very constant quality of water, the use of a pH value close to the neutral point, as well as a smaller consumption of wash water. 
     Highly basic anion exchangers require a great excess of NaOH to transfer into the OH-form. This excess usually amounts to 200 to 400% of the theoretical value in the form of a 4-5% solution. 
     According to the invention it is particularly advantageous, when using a mixed bed ion exchanger, to use the anion exchanger in the chloride form and the cation exchanger in the H-form, since regeneration can then be effected with hydrochloric acid being the only regenerating agent. 
     The adsorptive separation of arsenic in the procedure according to the invention occurs by means of putting the waste in contact with active carbon. Different types of active carbon with certain differences in the properties due to the production process are customary. 
     The adsorption of arsenic from waste material can be carried out by adding powdery active carbon into the waste in step C1 as well as by bringing the effluents in contact with an active-carbon fixed bed, which, in effect, is a simultaneous carrying out of steps C1 and C2. 
     Because of chemical engineering reasons as well as reasons of better regeneration ability, the use of an active-carbon fixed bed is preferred in this invention. The regeneration of active carbon takes place in the conventional manner. The thermal regeneration of the charged active carbon conveniently yields the adsorbed arsenic. 
     The precipitation products or solids from steps A2, C2, II or IV, are washed if necessary, after adjusting the pH value, with water. In this case the water used for washing is led back into the used crude waste water. Precipitation products and solids from step A2 in particular can be compressed and disposed of. The same applies to steps II and IV. It is also advantageous to return the regeneration solutions from step B2 to step A1, the precipitation of arsenic, or to step C1, the adsorptive separation of arsenic. 
     Another advantage is to separate the arsenic contained in the regeneration solutions from step B2 in the form of low solubility arsenic compounds, for example, in the form of arsenic sulfide. In this case the obtained solutions are returned to step A1, the precipitation of arsenic, or step C1, the adsorptive separation of arsenic. Conveniently they can also be reused as regeneration solutions. 
     According to the invention at least one calcium compound and at least one magnesium compound and specifically corresponding salts are used. A suitable calcium compound is hydrated calcium oxide and a suitable magnesium compound is magnesium hydroxide. Alternatively magnesium salts, preferably magnesium chloride, can be used as a magnesium compound in step A1. 
     In the apparatus according to the invention the reservoir for the magnesium compound, may be a single reservoir, and the one for the calcium compound, out of which the calcium and the magnesium compounds can be dispensed into the precipitation reactor in a constant, predetermined molar ratio. It can also be an advantage to combine the oxidation and precipitation reactor with the following separation reactor. The eventually provided active-carbon fixed bed reactor conveniently contains a regeneration apparatus, which not only regenerates the active carbon but also yields the arsenic desorbed therefrom. 
     In case the apparatus is used for treating sulfate containing waste, the apparatus of the invention provides a second precipitation reactor which is connectable with the reservoir for lime milk or calcium aluminate and contains a pH control means. This second precipitation reactor, which is followed by another separation reactor, serves for the precipitation of calcium sulfate or calcium aluminate sulfates respectively, as described above. This unit, the precipitation reactor followed by the separation reactor, can be placed before the oxidation and precipitation reactor, between the latter and the adsorption reactor or the following ion exchanger. 
     The separation reactors according to the invention are either sedimentation reactors or centrifuges. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The objects, advantages and features of the invention will be more readily perceived from the following detailed description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of batch-wise operated apparatus according to the invention for separating arsenic through the exchange of ions with a preliminary separation of sulfate by means of precipitation; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of batch-wise operated apparatus of the invention to first precipitate and separate calcium magnesium arsenates after preliminary oxidation of arsenic; 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an apparatus according to the invention for continuous separation of arsenic and processing/treatment of water; and 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a more comprehensive continuous treatment apparatus functioning according to the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The individual procedure steps in FIGS. 1 to 4, particularly FIG. 4, employ the following identified reference numerals: 
     1--Oxidation and precipitation reactor 
     2--Reservoir for oxidation agent 
     3--Reservoir for calcium compound 
     4--Reservoir for magnesium compound 
     5--pH control means (device) 
     6--Separation reactor for separating precipitated calcium magnesium arsenates 
     7--Adsorption reactor 
     8--Ion exchanger 
     9--Precipitation reactor for the precipitation of sulfate as calcium sulfate or calcium aluminate sulfate respectively 
     10--Reservoir for milk of lime 
     11--Reservoir for calcium aluminate 
     12--pH control means (device) 
     13--Thickener 
     14--Press 
     15--Waste inlet. 
     The apparatus of FIG. 1, in addition to providing a preliminary separation of sulfate, also preliminarily separates heavy metals if necessary, by means of precipitation. This apparatus functions batch wise in a discontinuous manner. The concentration of arsenic in the run-off is &lt;0.3 mg/l. The FIG. 2 apparatus first precipitates and separates calcium magnesium arsenates (A1, A2) as well as sulfate and eventually heavy metals, after the preliminary oxidation of As(III) to As(V). This step is followed by another precipitation and separation of sulfate (III, IV) which results in a further reduction of the sulfate content in the remnant waste. After the ion exchanger (B1) there is also a residual concentration of arsenic of &lt;0.3 mg/l. 
     The apparatus of FIG. 3 provides for the continuous separation of arsenic and processing/treatment of waste water. In steps I and II, sulfate is precipitated as CaSO 4 . Following that is the precipitation of arsenic and heavy metals in steps A1 and A2, which in turn is followed by a further separation of sulfate in the form of calcium aluminate sulfates in steps III and IV. The final purification process again is carried out with an ion exchanger in step B1. FIG. 4 shows another apparatus for continuous waste treatment, in the process of which the sulfate (step I, II) and subsequently the major part of arsenic is separated through precipitation as calcium magnesium arsenate (step A1, A2). Following that is another precipitation of sulfate in steps III and IV, which in turn is followed by a final purification in an ion exchanger (step B1). An adsorption reactor 7 can be provided as an alternative to the final purification with an ion exchanger. 
     Oxidation and precipitation reactor 1 is preferably an agitated vessel in the lower part of which a discharge is provided which is connected to a mud collecting line for the precipitation product. The oxidation and precipitation reactor 1 is connected through respective tubes with reservoir 2 for the oxidation agent, reservoir 3 for the calcium compound and reservoir 4 for the magnesium compound (FIG. 4). The reactor also comprises pH control means 5, which makes open- or closed-loop pH control possible through adding a suitable reagent from a corresponding reservoir. 
     Following the oxidation and precipitation reactor 1 is separation reactor 6 where the separation of the precipitated calcium magnesium arsenate from the remnant water occurs. This separation reactor 6 can also be connected with the mud-collecting line. The separation reactor is preferably a sedimentation reactor. The arsenic containing mud is commonly separately, dehydrated and disposed of. 
     Adsorption reactor 7 preferably comprises an active carbon fixed bed as well as a regeneration device by means of which the active carbon is regenerated and the desorbed arsenic may preferably be collected. The adsorption reactor can be a substitution for ion exchanger 8, or it can be an additional device, particularly following step II or step A2. It can also be used instead of oxidation and precipitation reactor 1. 
     Following the adsorption reactor 7 can be provided another precipitation reactor 9, basically of the same kind as oxidation and precipitation reactor 1. This reactor would serve for the precipitation of calcium sulfate and/or calcium aluminate sulfates from waste material with pH control by means of pH control means 12. For this purpose the precipitation reactor 9 is preferably connected through supply tubes with reservoir 10 for lime milk and reservoir 11 for calcium aluminate. Another, unnumbered, separation reactor can follow precipitation reactor 9, in the lower part of which a discharge for the precipitation product is provided which in turn is connected to the mud collecting line. In this additional separation reactor the separation of the precipitation product is completed. Also this separation reactor is then connected to the collecting vessel. 
     The separation of at least the remnant arsenic takes place in the ion exchanger, preferably in anionic form. Ion exchanger 8 is preferably an anion exchanger which can be a fixed-bed ion exchanger. The regenerate of the ion exchanger can be recycled through a regenerate duct back into the process. The regenerate is the used regenerative agent. 
     The embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 are provided for mud processing with a thickener 13 and a press 14, which may in particular be a chamber filter press. Step B2 is the ion exchanger regeneration step, a conventional regeneration process which is not shown in the drawing. 
     Advantageously, the apparatus according to the invention is further controlled by means of a central open- or closed-loop control device which can be provided with a micro computer system. In this case sensors and detectors at corresponding processing stations survey the process. The signals are conveyed to a central unit which in turn operates corresponding actuators according to a predetermined program or process model. This makes it possible to carry out the procedure automatically to a large extent. Particularly important is the control of the recirculation of mud. 
     The following examples for procedures explain the invention in more detail and refer to comparative experiments. The experiments use very different industrial effluents (Wastes I to IX) as well as two synthetic effluents (Synthetic Wastes I and II). The industrial effluents originated from various acidic polishing processes in the glass industry. They all contained the same substances, the concentration of which however, varied, particularly in those substances which can increase due to recirculation. Previous experiments showed that those effluents, containing high amounts of alkali, particularly Na and K, are very hard to treat. Therefore, industrial effluents have been chosen which are of low, medium or high difficulty to be treated. 
     The composition of the crude waste waters used before each treatment is given in Table 2. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________                            Add. ofType of As  Pb  Na     K      F    TensideWaste (mg/l)     (mg/l)         (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)                            ml/l Rating__________________________________________________________________________Waste I 12.03     8.00         63.5   139.4  --   --   Easily                                 treatedWaste II 17.01     5.60         109.6  219    --   --   Easily                                 treatedWaste III 24.30     5.00         1063   325    --   --   Hard to                                 treatWaste IV 28.5     --  318    246    --   --   Medium                                 treatmentWaste V 33.5     --  181    884    --   --   Hard to                                 treatWaste VI 6.9 11.5         70     120    --   --   Easily                                 treatedWaste VII 14.0     6.2 93     180    --   --   Medium                                 treatmentWaste VIII 10.6     --  397    448    --   --   Hard to                                 treatWaste IX 22.4     --  769    589    --   --   Hard to                                 treatSynthetic 163.3     --  &gt;1000  &gt;1000  &gt;1000*                            1    EasilyWaste I                               treatedSynthetic 15.7     --  &gt;1000  &gt;1000  &gt;1000**                            1    EasilyWaste II                              treated__________________________________________________________________________ *used as F.sup.θ, **used as H.sub.2 SiF.sub.6 -- means not determined or no additions respectively 
    
     Within the framework of the experiments it has been attempted to separate As(III) or As(V) respectively from the solutions by means of different precipitation reactions or adsorption, respectively, or by means of ion exchange. The determination of As was generally carried out with atomic adsorption spectrometry (graphite tube technique Ni/As; 1 to 5% analysis error, depending on concentration). By adding F.sup.θ  and H 2  SiF 6 , an eventual disadvantageous effect of complex bound arsenic was examined. However, a disturbation of the precipitation reactions or the As-adsorption, respectively could not be observed. Furthermore it was determined, by adding tensides, whether such agents which lower the interfacial tension disturb the precipitation of calcium magnesium arsenates. Again, no negative effect of such agents could be found. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     Arsenic has been precipitated with hydrated calcium oxide {Ca(OH) 2  } from various effluents, at room temperature and at a pH value of 10.5 to 11. Table 3 is a summary of the results obtained. The residual arsenic content of the wastes is given, in addition to the concentration also as percent ages of the initial arsenic amount (100%) in the used crude waste water. The degree of arsenic separation corresponds to the percentage of separated arsenic with respect to the initial amount of As in the crude waste water. 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________          As sep-Type of As  Final As          aration              Pb  Na     KWaste (mg/l)     (%)  (%) (mg/l)                  (mg/l) (mg/l)__________________________________________________________________________Waste I 2.35     19.5 80.5              &lt;0.1                  10.2   115.2Waste II 3.5 20.6 79.4              &lt;0.1                  27.6   118.3Waste III 15.0     61.7 38.3              --  919    274Waste IV 12.9     45.3 54.7              --  264    246Waste V 23.9     71.3 28.7              --  159    837Waste VI 3.0 43.5 56.5              --  70     120Synthetic 2.0 1.2  98.8              --  &gt;1000  &gt;1000Waste ISynthetic 0.2 1.3  98.7              --  &gt;1000  &gt;1000Waste II__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
     This experiment has been conducted with waste VI as shown in Table 3 (As content 6.9 mg/l, refer to Table 4), and the arsenic has also been precipitated with Ca(OH) 2 , wherein the precipitation was carried out without oxidation (Experiments A), or with alkaline oxidation (Experiments B), or with acidic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) (Experiments C). The pH value during the Ca(OH) 2  precipitation was 9.0; the precipitation was carried out for 45 min. at 25° C. H 2  O 2  was added as oxidation agent in an alkaline medium during Experiments B, while oxidation was conducted in an acidic medium during Experiments C, and subsequently the pH-value was increased to 9 for the precipitation. 
     These experiments were conducted with different added amounts of 35% aqueous H 2  O 2  solution per liter of waste. The obtained results are summarized in Table 4. The percentage of residual arsenic is again related to the initial arsenic content (100%). The percentage of As separation is complementary to the percentage of residual arsenic content and corresponds to the percentage of separated As, with respect to the initial As content. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________       As       As       As     AsReaction    Initial  Final    Final  SeparationConditions  (mg/l)   (mg/l)   %      %______________________________________EXPERIMENTS A(without    6.9      2.8      40.6   59.4oxidation)  6.9      3.3      47.8   52.2EXPERIMENTS B(alkalineoxidation)H.sub.2 O.sub.2, 35%:1 ml/l      6.9      1.4      20.3   79.73 ml/l      6.9      1.5      21.7   78.35 ml/l      6.9      1.5      21.7   78.37 ml/l      6.9      1.7      24.6   75.4EXPERIMENTS C(acidicoxidation)H.sub.2 O.sub.2, 35%1 ml/l      6.9      1.7      24.6   75.43 ml/l      6.9      1.8      26.1   73.95 ml/l      6.9      1.4      20.3   79.77 ml/l      6.9      1.7      24.6   75.4______________________________________ 
    
     The results show that the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) increases the degree of separation considerably in all cases from 50-60 to about 74-80%), without showing any significant difference between an alkaline and acidic oxidation. It is further apparent that the amounts of added H 2  O 2  have no relevant effect. Increasing the duration of the reaction to more than 45 min. did not yield better results. The addition of the oxidation agent H 2  O 2  at a pH-value in the acidic range is preferred, since this secures a long enough reaction time, and the oxidation agent cannot get into the exchanger. 
     EXAMPLE 1 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
     Example 1 refers to the separation of arsenic from waste material or waters through precipitation of calcium magnesium arsenate of low solubility according to the steps A1 and A2 of the procedure according to the invention, while simultaneously using calcium and magnesium compounds as precipitation agents. 
     Comparative Example 3 refers to the precipitation of arsenic with only the calcium compound. Lime milk {Ca(OH) 2  } served as calcium compound. Mg(OH) 2  was used as magnesium compound. The ratio of the amounts of the precipitation agents was Ca:Mg:AsO 4  =3:3:1. 
     The precipitations were carried out for 30 min. at a temperature of 25° C. and a pH value of &gt;10.5 in all cases. Effluents IV and VII used (compare with Table 4) have been considered being of medium difficulty to be treated, and waste VI used as easy to be treated. 
     After the corresponding compounds have been added to the acidic crude waste water, the pH value was raised to &gt;10.5 and precipitation was carried out. Table 5 is a summary of the results obtained. 
     
                                           TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________  WASTE IV          WASTE VII           WASTE VI              As                As                  As  As (mg/l)        As (mg/l)              Separation                    As (mg/l)                          As (mg/l)                                Separation                                        As (mg/l)                                              As (mg/l)                                                    Separation  Initial        Final %     Initial                          Final %       Initial                                              Final %__________________________________________________________________________Comparative  28.5  19.9  30.2  14.0  8.0-9.0                                35.7-42.9                                        6.9   3.0   56.5Example 3Example 1  28.5  16.6  41.8  14.0  5.4-6.0                                57.1-61.4                                        6.9   2.2   68.1              (+11.6)           (+14.2/25.7)        (+11.6)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The results in Table 5 give evidence that the procedure of the invention according to Example 1, which used a combination of calcium and magnesium compounds, led to significantly better precipitation results compared to Comparative Example 3, which was performed under the same conditions, however using a calcium compound only. Those columns in which the degree of separation of arsenic is reflected also show in parentheses the percentage of the additional separation degree that has been obtained in comparison to Comparative Example 3. 
     EXAMPLES 2 AND 3 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 
     These experiments refer to the comparison of pure calcium arsenate precipitation (Comparative Example 4) with the procedure according to the invention. In this case the effluents were subject to precipitation using calcium and magnesium compounds without previous oxidation (Example 2) as well as after oxidation with H 2  O 2  (Example 3). The oxidation was carried out in the acidic pH ranges. Ca(OH) 2  was used as the calcium compound and Mg(OH) 2  as the magnesium compound. 
     Effluents IV and VII were of medium difficulty to be treated; effluents VIII and IX were of high difficulty to be treated. The results obtained are summarized in Table 6. 
     
                                           TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________WASTE VIII          WASTE VII      WASTE IX      WASTE IVAs        As  As    As  As  As     As  As  As    As  As  As(mg/l)    (mg/l)         Separation               (mg/l)                   (mg/l)                       Separation                              (mg/l)                                  (mg/l)                                      Separation                                            (mg/l)                                                (mg/l)                                                    SeparationInitial   Final         %     Initial                   Final                       %      Initial                                  Final                                      %     Initial                                                Final                                                    %__________________________________________________________________________Compar- 10.6     8.9 16.0  14.0                   8.0-9.0                       35.7-42.9                              22.4                                  17.6                                      21.4  28.5                                                20  29.8ativeExample 4Example 2 10.6     7.7 27.4  14.0                   5.4-6.0                       57.1-61.4                              22.4                                  16.8                                      25.0  28.5                                                16.6                                                    41.8         (+11.4)       (+14.2/25.7)   (+3.6)        (+12.0)Example 3 10.6     5.2 50.9  14.0                   1.2-2.2                       84.3-91.4                              22.4                                  13.8                                      38.4  28.5                                                6.2 78.3         (+34.9)       (+22.9/34.3)   (+17.0)       (+48.5)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The results in Table 6 reflect the significant improvement due to the procedure according to the invention of Examples 2 and 3 compared to the calcium arsenate precipitation (Comparative Example 4). This improvement was reflected for waste of medium treatment difficulty as well as for waste of high treatment difficulty. In the case of oxidation of arsenic in the waste to As(V) (Example 3), the separation result was again significantly better compared to Example 2. 
     Again the columns referring to the As separation degree for Examples 2 and 3 reflect in parentheses the additional degree of separation compared to Comparative Example 4. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     This example refers to the adsorptive separation of arsenic from waste material by means of setting the arsenic in contact with active carbon, hence the steps C1 and C2 of the procedure according to the invention. In these experiments industrial effluents with a high content of sulfate ions (effluents V) were used. By adding Ca(OH) 2  at a pH value of 3.0 the sulfate was precipitated as CaSO 4  in 30 min. The precipitated mud was separated. 
     The prepurified waste obtained, which contained 33.5 mg As/l, was then treated with various amounts of active carbon, after the pH value had been adjusted by adding Ca(OH) 2 . The As content was measured after every 30 min. The results obtained are reflected in Table 7. 
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________Amount OfActive Carbon     pH at     Initial As                        Final As                               Degree of As(g/l)     Adsorption               (mg/l)   (mg/l) Separation %______________________________________ 0         3        33.5     33.5   0 5        &gt;10.5     33.5     21.7   35.210        &gt;10.5     33.5     13.5   59.715        &gt;10.5     33.5      0.8   97.6______________________________________ 
    
     These results show that, in contrast to the initially mentioned literature reference, the adsorptive separation of arsenic with active carbon is remarkably efficient because corresponding amounts of active carbon can yield exceptionally high degrees of arsenic separation (for example, 97.6% with 15 g of active carbon per liter). 
     The adsorption experiments conducted within this framework further showed that the efficiency of As adsorption with active carbon practically does not depend on the pH value of the medium which is brought into contact with the active carbon. Furthermore the separation efficiency does not depend on whether or not the active carbon is separated. 
     Due to economical considerations the adsorption or separation of the active carbon is favorable at a pH-value of 3±1. Most advantageous is the use of a regenerative active carbon fixed-bed filler which can be regenerated with which the procedural steps C1 and C2 can be carried out simultaneously. 
     Since 1 kg of active carbon adsorbs 1.2 to 1.6 g of As, the corresponding measuring of the active carbon to be added or dimensioning of a corresponding fixed-bed filter can be done easily. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     This example refers to a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein the residual arsenic content is removed by means of an ion exchanger, eventually after a previous separation of possible sulfate contents (compare to European patent application 86,108,876), and with or without a previous precipitation of arsenic in form of calcium magnesium arsenates. In this case a mixed-bed ion exchanger was used. 
     160 g (200 ml) of ion exchanger resin were packed into a glass column (diameter of 2 cm), which was provided with a cock at one end. The height of packing was 80 cm. The sample was taken after a precisely defined throughput at the column outlet. The arsenic content was determined by atomic adsorption spectrometry as mentioned above. 
     Procedure conditions and analysis results: 
     
         ______________________________________Rate of flow:         1.0    l/hBed exchange:         6      foldInitial pH:           11.5Initial SO.sub.4 :    50     mg/lInitial As:           14     mg/lConductivity (K)-initial:                 2.3    mS/cm______________________________________ 
    
     After a 2 l throughput (=8 1/1 ion exchange resin): 
     
         ______________________________________pH final:           6.5So.sub.4 :          not detectableConductivity:       2.1 μS/cmAs:                 2.5 μg/l______________________________________ 
    
     The above results show that a complete desalination had taken place. The ion exchanger exchanged not only the arsenic but all other caught ions. The low conductivity indicates a good quality of purified water. 
     The possibility of recycling the arsenic is very well provided if HCl is used as a regenerative agent for the two ion exchanger resins of the mixed bed. Hereby the anion exchanger is transformed into the Cl form, and the cation exchanger is transformed into the H form. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     This example refers to the separation of residual arsenic from a prepurified waste similar to Example 5 during which, through pre-precipitation with lime milk and subsequent precipitation with calcium aluminate, sulfates are separated to a large degree at a pH value of 11.4 to 11.7. A highly basic, type I, anion exchanger in the Cl form was used in those experiments. 
     In these experiments various amounts of resin (50, 75 or 200 g) were used, which were packed into a column with a diameter of 2 cm. The rate of flow and the therefore resulting bed exchange were varied. Regeneration was carried out for 40 min. with 200 g HCl 100%/l ion exchanger resin in the form of a 5-8% solution, while the regenerative agent was led through the ion exchanger bed in the flow direction. The results obtained are summed up in Table 8. 
     
                       TABLE 8______________________________________Resin Mass (g)        200      75       50     50Rate of Flow (l/h)        4.5      1        1.1    0.67Bed Exchange 28-fold  16-fold  18-fold                                 11-foldSO.sub.4 Initial (mg/l)        50       50       13     22As Initial (mg/l)        15       15       14.7   15.5K Initial (mg/l)        --       4.46     3.2    2.72As Content (ppb) after        23.3     135      --     70.81 liter throughput2 liters     --       --       10.1   69.23 liters     85.4     235      --     104.94 liters     --       --       8.7    84.45 liters     154.6    250      --     85.36 liters     --       --       10     101.07 liters     193.6    262      10.1   --10 liters    233.7    --       --     --K Final (mS/cm)        --       4.93     3.15   2.81______________________________________ 
    
     These results show that no break-through of arsenic occurred, even at a throughput of 7 l, which equals a load of 112 1/1 ion exchange resin. This corresponds to a capacity of approximately 2.5 g As/l ion exchange resin. The best purification results were obtained at a low flow rate. 
     A corresponding decrease in capacity occurs at sulfate concentrations which are too high, since the sulfate ion comes before the arsenic ion in the affinity sequence (compare to above). This requires the elimination of sulfate contents which are too high in a preliminary step, which can easily be done according to the above mentioned procedures. 
     Further experiments determined the charge capacity of the highly basic anion exchanger used here. 
     
         ______________________________________CONDITIONS______________________________________pH:                11.5SO.sub.4 :         20         mg/lConductivity:      2.0        mS/cmAs-initially:      13.4       mg/lThroughput:        1.2        l/hBed exchange:      8.5-       foldInterspersed volume:              35         lAs-final:          10 to 119  ppbConductivity (K)-final:              2.30       mS/cmAmount of resin:   100        gDimension of column:              Height 760 mm,              Diameter 1.8                         cm______________________________________ 
    
     The above indicated results suggest a charge capacity (effective volume capacity) of 4.1 to 4.5 g As/l ion exchange resin, which equals approximately 0.25 mval AsO 4   3-  /l ion exchange resin. At least 400 l of waste material can be treated with 1 l of ion exchanger resin with an initial content of 10 mg As/l in the effluents. 
     As apparent from the above results the content of arsenic in waste can be reduced to the ppb range with the highly basic anion exchanger resin. The purification efficiency is substantially dependent on the degree of oxidation of the arsenic and the throughput as well as the concentration of arsenic. In practice a charge capacity higher than 4.5 g As/l ion exchange resin is quite possible. 
     The ion exchange resin is preferably used in the chloride form. The chloride set free during the ion exchange can suitably be used as a control parameter for monitoring or controlling the ion exchange process. 
     In case the regenerate is recycled, a valuable raw material can be regained and led back into the production process. Furthermore, a 100% separation of arsenic through sulfide precipitation can be obtained from the regenerate and the arsenic can be regained. In this fashion recycling as well as other use, for example, depositing, is made possible. 
     With this invention a new concept of separating arsenic from waste has been provided. This process allows for the first time for a separation of this, to the environment, considerably harmful substance on a technical, industrial scale and under exceptionally economic conditions and in a chemically simple manner. Also important is that the process provides the possibility of recycling the separated arsenic into the production process. 
     Apart from arsenic other chemically similar anions such as chromate and phosphate are separated from the waste. 
     The conception of the invention has particularly the following advantages: 
     The procedure according to the invention can be applied to effluents difficult to be treated and strongly acidic wastes, for example, wastes from acidic polishing processes in the glass industry, which contain more than 10 mg As/l and for which a separation of arsenic through precipitation with Fe, Ca, etc. would not be efficient. 
     Residual contents of As as low as &lt;1 mg/l are possible by means of precipitation in the form of calcium magnesium arsenates (As&lt;2 mg/l) and subsequent active carbon adsorption. In this case the active carbon may easily be regenerated. 
     The combination of arsenic precipitation in the form of calcium magnesium arsenate and/or adsorptive separation of arsenic with an ion exchanger yields residual amounts of arsenic of &lt;0.3 mg As/l, which in suitable cases are in the low ppb range. 
     The arsenic can be precipitated easily and quantitatively in sulfidic form from the regenerate fluids of the ion exchanger regeneration. 
     The regenerate solutions can be recirculated into a calcium precipitation step or can be &#34;reconcentrated.&#34; 
     The concept of the procedure according to the invention can as well be applied to solutions containing sulfate; the main amount of sulfate can be separated by a preliminary precipitation by means of calcium oxide at approximately pH 3, without coprecipitating arsenic, which eventually, after washing the CaSO 4  mud allows for a simple disposing on, for example, rubble disposal sites and household waste disposal sites. By means of a further precipitation in the form of calcium aluminate sulfates, residual SO 4  amounts can be efficiently removed. As a preliminary step a considerable amount of the arsenic (roughly about 50 to 80%) can be selectively precipitated in form of calcium magnesium arsenates, which can be disposed of on special disposal sites or may be used in another way. 
     Tensides, which are present in waste material in significant amounts, do not interfere with either the preliminary sulfate precipitation or the precipitation of the calcium magnesium arsenates. 
     In view of the above description, it is likely that modifications and improvements to the invention will be possible to those skilled in the art which are within the scope of the appended claims.