Abstract:
Provided is a switching regulator capable of performing stable start-up with a soft-start operation without causing excessive extension of a soft-start time period. In a start-up period, a voltage approximating a feedback voltage (FB) is provided as an initial value of a soft-start reference voltage. The feedback voltage (FB) and the soft-start reference voltage become substantially equal to each other at a moment when the start-up is completed, to thereby realize a smooth transition of an operating state from the start-up to normal control.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-013612 filed on Jan. 25, 2010, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a switching regulator, and more specifically, to a soft-start function of a switching regulator. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    In recent years, battery-driven devices such as portable phones, portable music players, digital cameras, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have become increasingly widespread. Many of the devices use dry cells as power supply in view of cost or the easiness of securing power supply outside the house. Further, considering a reduction in running cost or growing environmental awareness, some of the devices are required to operate with a single dry cell. In general, the dry cell has a cut-off voltage of about 0.9 V, and hence a switching regulator is used to boost a voltage ranging from approximately 0.9 V to 1.5 V to a voltage of 3 V or 5 V, which is then supplied to the device as power therefor. 
         [0006]    However, stable operation of the switching regulator is very difficult to achieve with a voltage as low as 0.9 V to 1.5 V. For that reason, there is employed a technology in which the switching regulator performs a boosting operation with a pulse (several tens of KHz to several hundreds of KHz) supplied from a square-wave oscillator so as to output a relatively high voltage (1.5 V to 2.0 V) and the boosted voltage is then used as power supply to the switching regulator. 
         [0007]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram illustrating a conventional switching regulator. 
         [0008]    The conventional switching regulator includes a switching regulator control circuit  1  and peripheral circuits. A DC voltage source  34  is a power source of the switching regulator control circuit  1  and has a voltage range of from 0.9 V to 1.5 V, assuming a single dry cell as the DC voltage source  34 . A square-wave oscillator  18  is an oscillation circuit for outputting a square-wave pulse clk. A voltage of an output terminal VOUT also serves as a power supply voltage to the switching regulator control circuit  1 . A voltage detection circuit  17  monitors the voltage of the output terminal VOUT. If the voltage of the output terminal VOUT is lower than a threshold voltage VTH, a detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L. When the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L, the square-wave oscillator  18  is in an operating state. A multiplexer circuit  19  outputs the square-wave pulse clk when the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L, and outputs a signal Vpwm of a PWM comparator  16  when the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is H. A buffer circuit  20  drives a power transistor  30 . 
         [0009]    Before the switching regulator control circuit  1  starts a boosting operation, the output terminal VOUT has a voltage determined by subtracting a forward voltage Vf of a diode  32  from a voltage VIN of the DC voltage source  34 . The threshold voltage VTH is set to 1.5 V in this example. In other words, if the voltage VIN is 1.5 V or lower, the output voltage of the output terminal VOUT is 1.5 V or lower, and hence the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L. Accordingly, the multiplexer circuit  19  outputs the square-wave pulse clk of the square-wave oscillator  18 . The power transistor  30  is driven by the square-wave pulse clk, and the switching regulator starts the boosting operation. This period is referred to as a start-up period T 1 . 
         [0010]    In the start-up period T 1 , the detection signal Vpg is L and fixes an output VREF_SS of a soft-start circuit 12 to 0 V, and hence the switching regulator control circuit  1  performs the boosting operation with the square-wave pulse clk without negative feedback control. 
         [0011]    Through the boosting operation with the square-wave pulse clk, when the output voltage of the output terminal VOUT exceeds the threshold voltage VTH, the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  becomes H and the square-wave oscillator  18  suspends its operation. The multiplexer circuit  19  outputs the signal Vpwm of the PWM comparator  16 . 
         [0012]    When the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  becomes H, the soft-start circuit  12  starts its operation, entering a soft-start period T 2 . 
         [0013]      FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram illustrating an example of the conventional soft-start circuit  12 . 
         [0014]    The soft-start circuit  12  operates as follows to output the soft-start reference voltage VREF_SS. A constant current source  113  charges a capacitor  107  to gradually increase a voltage of the capacitor  107 . The voltage of the capacitor  107  controls a gate of an N type MOS transistor  105 . Accordingly, a reference voltage VREF, which is output from a reference voltage source  13 , is output as the gradually-increasing soft-start reference voltage VREF_SS from the N type MOS transistor  105 . 
         [0015]    Referring to the drawings, a problem inherent in the switching regulator having the above-mentioned configuration is described.  FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating an operation of the switching regulator of  FIG. 4 . 
         [0016]    Upon a change from the start-up period T 1  to the soft-start period T 2 , the square-wave oscillator  18  suspends its operation while the soft-start circuit  12  starts its operation. The voltage of the output terminal VOUT has been boosted in the start-up period T 1 , and hence a feedback voltage FB takes a value corresponding thereto. As can be seen from  FIG. 6 , however, the reference voltage VREF_SS increases gradually from 0 V. On this occasion, an operational amplifier  14  outputs a voltage Verrout to the PWM comparator  16  so as to maintain an equal magnitude relationship between the feedback voltage FB and the reference voltage VREF_SS. Because the feedback voltage FB is higher than the reference voltage VREF_SS, the voltage Verrout output from the operational amplifier  14  is higher than a voltage waveform of a ramp pulse Vramp of a ramp-wave oscillator  15 . Therefore, the PWM comparator  16  does not output a switching pulse and hence the switching regulator does not perform the boosting operation. Accordingly, the output voltage of the output terminal VOUT gradually decreases because of the discharge of a load or the like (period TA). The voltage detection circuit  17  has hysteresis in detection voltage and is designed not to clear a detected state even when the voltage of the output terminal VOUT decreases to some extent. However, if a large load is connected, the voltage of the output terminal VOUT decreases beyond the hysteresis, with the result that the voltage detection circuit  17  may clear the detected state. In this case, the operating mode returns to the start-up period T 1  again, in which the boosting operation with the square-wave pulse clk is started. If no change occurs in the load, the start-up period T 1  and the period TA are repeated. 
         [0017]    In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, there is disclosed a switching regulator having a circuit configuration illustrated in  FIG. 7  (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2004-166428). The square-wave oscillator  18  is controlled by a comparator  21 . The comparator  21  has an inverting input terminal to which the feedback voltage FB is input and a non-inverting input terminal to which a soft-start slope voltage V_SS is input. When the feedback voltage FB is lower than the soft-start slope voltage V_SS, the comparator  21  outputs H to allow the square-wave oscillator  18  to operate. A capacitor Css starts to be charged by a constant current source  22  simultaneously with the start-up. Therefore, the slope voltage V_SS increases simultaneously with the start-up. An operational amplifier  14  has two inverting input terminals, and a reference voltage Vref is input to one of those terminals and the slope voltage V_SS is input to another terminal. Those two inverting input terminals are designed such that only one of the terminals to which a lower voltage is input is enabled. Specifically, the slope voltage V_SS is available until the slope voltage V_SS continues increasing to reach to the reference voltage Vref. Then, when the slope voltage V_SS exceeds the reference voltage Vref, the reference voltage Vref becomes available. 
         [0018]    Upon the start-up of the switching regulator, the slope voltage V_SS increases gradually. When the slope voltage V_SS exceeds the feedback voltage FB, the square-wave oscillator  18  starts its operation. Then, the switching regulator performs a boosting operation with the square-wave pulse clk. On the other hand, when the slope voltage V_SS becomes lower than the feedback voltage FB, the square-wave oscillator  18  suspends its operation. In other words, a kind of frequency modulation control is performed so that the voltage of the output terminal VOUT increases following the rise of the slope voltage V_SS. 
         [0019]    Therefore, when the voltage of the output terminal VOUT exceeds the threshold voltage VTH and the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  becomes H, the feedback voltage FB and the slope voltage V_SS are close to each other, with the result that a smooth transition from the start-up to normal control is realized without a time lag corresponding to the period TA as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0020]    In the switching regulator of  FIG. 7 , however, the constant current source  22  charges the capacitor Css to generate the slope voltage V_SS, which makes it very difficult to control the slope voltage V_SS with a low power supply voltage. If the power supply voltage supplied to the constant current source  22  falls below 1 V, it is difficult to maintain constant current characteristics thereof, resulting in a significantly reduced charge current for the capacitor Css. The reduction ratio is possibly 1/10 to 1/100 or more as compared to a situation in which the output voltage of the output terminal VOUT is high and a stable operation of the soft-start circuit  12  is ensured. In this case, the slope of the rise of the slope voltage V_SS becomes gentle in proportion to a current reduction rate, and it takes 10 to 100 times more time to generate the slope voltage V_SS. In other words, the switching regulator requires a significantly long start-up time period, which poses a problem that a device equipped with the switching regulator takes a long time from when a power switch is turned on until the device is enabled for actual use. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and provides a switching regulator capable of smooth transition of an operating state from a start-up state to a normal control state, independent of a power supply voltage. 
         [0022]    In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a switching regulator with a soft-start function including: a first oscillation circuit for outputting a start-up switching signal when an output voltage of the switching regulator is lower than a predetermined voltage; a reference voltage circuit for outputting a gradually-increasing reference voltage at start-up of the switching regulator; an operational amplifier for comparing the gradually-increasing reference voltage with a feedback voltage determined based on the output voltage of the switching regulator; a second oscillation circuit for outputting a switching signal; a PWM comparator for comparing an output signal of the operational amplifier with the switching signal; a switch circuit for selectively outputting the start-up switching signal and an output signal of the PWM comparator based on the output voltage of the switching regulator; and a control circuit for controlling the gradually-increasing reference voltage to take a value equal to or higher than a value of the feedback voltage when the output voltage exceeds the predetermined voltage. 
         [0023]    According to the switching regulator of the present invention, the smooth transition of the operating state from the start-up state to the normal control state may be made independent of the power supply voltage. 
         [0024]    Besides, a soft-start time period is prevented from being excessively long, and hence a device equipped with the switching regulator according to the present invention may have a shortened time period from when a power switch is turned on until the device is enabled. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]    In the accompanying drawings: 
           [0026]      FIG. 1  is a circuit diagram of a switching regulator having a soft-start function according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  is a graph illustrating an operation of the switching regulator of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0028]      FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram illustrating an example of a soft-start block according to the embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0029]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram of a conventional switching regulator; 
           [0030]      FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram illustrating an example of a conventional soft-start circuit; 
           [0031]      FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating an operation of the switching regulator of  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 7  is a circuit diagram of another conventional switching regulator; and 
           [0033]      FIG. 8  is a graph illustrating an operation of the switching regulator of  FIG. 7 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0034]    Now, referring to the accompanying drawings, a switching regulator according to an embodiment of the present invention is described below. 
         [0035]      FIG. 1  illustrates the switching regulator having a soft-start function according to this embodiment. 
         [0036]    The switching regulator according to this embodiment includes a switching regulator control circuit  1  and peripheral circuits. A DC voltage source  34  is a power source of the switching regulator control circuit  1  and has a voltage range of from 0.9 V to 1.5 V, assuming a single dry cell as the DC voltage source  34 . Between the DC voltage source  34  and GND, a coil  33  and a power transistor  30  are connected. A connection point between the coil  33  and the power transistor  30  is connected to an output terminal VOUT via a diode  32 . To the output terminal VOUT, a resistor  35  and a resistor  36 , which form a feedback circuit, and an output capacitor  31  are connected. The switching regulator control circuit  1  has a first power supply terminal VIN connected to the DC voltage source  34 , a second power supply terminal VOUT connected to the output terminal VOUT, an output terminal EXT connected to a base of the power transistor  30 , and a feedback voltage terminal FB connected to an output terminal of the feedback circuit. The feedback circuit may be included in the switching regulator control circuit  1 . 
         [0037]    The switching regulator control circuit  1  includes an amplifier  11 , a soft-start circuit  12 , a reference voltage source  13 , an operational amplifier  14 , a ramp-wave oscillator  15 , a PWM comparator  16 , a voltage detection circuit  17 , a square-wave oscillator  18 , a multiplexer circuit  19 , and a buffer circuit  20 . The amplifier  11  and the soft-start circuit  12  together constitute a soft-start block  10 . 
         [0038]    A voltage of the first power supply terminal VIN is a power supply voltage of the square-wave oscillator  18 . A voltage of the second power supply terminal VOUT is an output voltage of the switching regulator and also serves as a power supply voltage of the circuits other than the square-wave oscillator  18 . The feedback voltage terminal FB is connected to an output of the feedback circuit. 
         [0039]    The voltage detection circuit  17  monitors the voltage of the second power supply terminal VOUT. A detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L when the voltage of the second power supply terminal VOUT is lower than a threshold voltage VTH, and is H when the voltage of the second power supply terminal VOUT is higher than the threshold voltage VTH. 
         [0040]    The square-wave oscillator  18  is a start-up oscillation circuit for outputting a square-wave pulse clk serving as a start-up switching signal. The square-wave oscillator  18  outputs the square-wave pulse clk when the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L. The square-wave oscillator  18  causes no problem in boosting operation even if an oscillation frequency fluctuates in a range of from several tens of KHz to several hundreds of KHz due to manufacturing fluctuations, temperature characteristics, or power supply voltage characteristics. Accordingly, the square-wave oscillator  18  may be formed of a circuit capable of operation with a significantly low power supply voltage of 0.9 V. 
         [0041]    The operational amplifier  14  compares a voltage of the feedback voltage terminal FB input thereto with a reference voltage VREF_SS output from the soft-start circuit  12 , and outputs a voltage Verrout. 
         [0042]    The amplifier  11  is connected between input terminals of the operational amplifier  14 . The amplifier  11  is an amplifier with a gain of 1 and serves as a control circuit which operates so that the voltages of the input terminals of the operational amplifier  14  become equal to each other when the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L. 
         [0043]    The ramp-wave oscillator  15  is an oscillation circuit for outputting a ramp pulse Vramp serving as a switching signal. The ramp pulse Vramp of the ramp-wave oscillator  15  has an oscillation waveform with a constant slope, such as a triangular wave or a sawtooth wave. 
         [0044]    The PWM comparator  16  compares the voltage Verrout from the operational amplifier  14  with the ramp pulse Vramp from the ramp-wave oscillator  15 , and outputs a signal Vpwm. 
         [0045]    The multiplexer circuit  19  is a switch circuit for selecting and outputting any one of the square-wave pulse clk, which is an output signal of the square-wave oscillator  18 , and the signal Vpwm from the PWM comparator  16 . The multiplexer circuit  19  outputs the square-wave pulse clk when the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  is L, and outputs the signal Vpwm when the detection signal Vpg thereof is H. 
         [0046]    The buffer circuit  20  drives the power transistor  30  as a switching element of the switching regulator, based on a signal output from the multiplexer circuit  19 . 
         [0047]    Referring to the drawings, an operation of the switching regulator having the above-mentioned configuration is described.  FIG. 2  is a graph illustrating the operation of the switching regulator of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0048]    Before the switching regulator starts a boosting operation, the power transistor  30  is turned OFF and hence the output terminal VOUT has a voltage determined by subtracting a forward voltage Vf of the diode  32  from the voltage VIN of the DC voltage source  34 . When the diode  32  is a Schottky barrier diode, the forward voltage Vf is 0.2 V to 0.3 V. Such a digital circuit as the multiplexer circuit  19  and the buffer circuit  20  is capable of operating even if the voltage VIN is 0.9 V and the voltage of the output terminal VOUT is lower than 0.9 V by 0.2 V to 0.3 V. 
         [0049]    First, an operation when the switching regulator starts up at a start-up time Ts is described. 
         [0050]    Here, the threshold voltage VTH of the voltage detection circuit  17  is set to 1.5 V. In other words, when the voltage VIN falls within a range of from 0.9 V to 1.5 V, the detection signal Vpg of voltage detection circuit  17  is L. Accordingly, the square-wave oscillator  18  starts its operation to output the square-wave pulse clk. Further, the multiplexer circuit  19  selects the output of the square-wave oscillator  18 . 
         [0051]    Then, the multiplexer circuit  19  outputs the square-wave pulse clk of the square-wave oscillator  18 . In response to the square-wave pulse clk output to the output terminal EXT, the power transistor  30  is driven and the switching regulator starts the boosting operation. 
         [0052]    A period when the switching regulator performs the boosting operation with the square-wave pulse clk is referred to as a start-up period T 1 . In the start-up period T 1 , the switching regulator according to the present invention does not perform negative feedback control, but performs the boosting operation with the square-wave pulse clk until the output voltage of the output terminal VOUT exceeds the threshold voltage VTH. 
         [0053]    At the same time, each of the soft-start circuit  12  and the amplifier  11  constituting the soft-start block  10  starts its operation as well. The amplifier  11  is set to have an operating state so as to output, to the reference voltage VREF_SS, a voltage approximating the feedback voltage FB from the start-up time Ts. However, immediately after the start-up time Ts, the output voltage of the output terminal VOUT is too low to allow the amplifier  11  to operate normally. Accordingly, there is a large potential difference between the reference voltage VREF_SS and the feedback voltage FB. 
         [0054]    The operational amplifier  14  is an operational amplifier for performing, when constituting a feedback circuit, feedback control so that a potential difference between an inverting input and a non-inverting input thereof is 0 V. Specifically, the operational amplifier  14  decreases the voltage Verrout when the reference voltage VREF_SS is higher than the feedback voltage FB, and increases the voltage Verrout when the reference voltage VREF_SS is lower than the feedback voltage FB. In other words, if the potential difference between the inverting input and the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier  14  is substantially zero at a time point when the operational amplifier  14  starts the feedback control after entering a soft-start period T 2 , the feedback control accompanying large fluctuations is not required, to thereby make a stable transition from the start-up period T 1  to the soft-start period T 2 . 
         [0055]      FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram illustrating an example of the soft-start block  10  according to this embodiment. 
         [0056]    The soft-start block  10  includes the amplifier  11  and the soft-start circuit  12 . The amplifier  11  includes a differential amplifier circuit, which is formed of transistors  100  to  104  and a constant current source  112 , and a switch circuit, which is formed of transistors  105  and  110  and an inverter  111 . The soft-start circuit  12  includes constant current sources  113 ,  114 , and  115 , a DC voltage source  108 , a capacitor  107 , and transistors  106  and  109 . In the differential amplifier circuit, the feedback voltage FB and the reference voltage VREF_SS as the output of the soft-start circuit  12  are input to the input transistors  101  and  102 , respectively. The transistor  100 , to which the detection signal Vpg is input, controls the operation and suspension of the differential amplifier circuit. The transistors  110  and  105 , to which the detection signal Vpg is input via the inverter  111 , switch between an output of the differential amplifier circuit and an output of the constant current source  113 , which is then output. When a start-up signal EN is input from a start-up circuit (not shown) to a gate of the transistor  106 , the charge/discharge of the capacitor  107  is controlled. The transistor  109  has a gate terminal controlled by a voltage SS_CAP of the capacitor  107 . 
         [0057]    The soft-start circuit  12  outputs the soft-start reference voltage VREF_SS. The amplifier  11  controls the reference voltage VREF_SS to be substantially equal to the feedback voltage FB when the detection signal Vpg becomes H to switch a boosting state. 
         [0058]    The detection signal Vpg is L at the start-up time Ts, and hence the transistor  100  is in a conducting state and the differential amplifier circuit starts its operation. Further, the transistor  105  is in a conducting state while the transistor  110  is in a non-conducting state, and hence an output node of the differential amplifier circuit is connected to the gate of the transistor  109  via the transistor  105 . On this occasion, the differential amplifier circuit, the transistor  109 , and the constant current sources  114  and  115  together constitute an operational amplifier. In the operational amplifier, a source of the transistor  109  serves as an output, a gate of the transistor  102  serves as an inverting input, and an input of the transistor  101  serves as a non-inverting input. Therefore, the operational amplifier constitutes a voltage follower circuit and outputs a voltage equal to the feedback voltage FB to an output terminal thereof. In other words, the reference voltage VREF_SS becomes equal to the feedback voltage FB. 
         [0059]    Through the boosting operation described above, the output voltage of the output terminal VOUT exceeds the threshold voltage VTH of the voltage detection circuit  17 , entering the soft-start period T 2 . When the detection signal Vpg of the voltage detection circuit  17  becomes H, the transistors  100  and  105  become nonconductive so that the differential amplifier circuit suspends its operation. The transistor  110  becomes a conducting state and the constant current source  113  starts charging the capacitor  107 . Therefore, the voltage of the node SS CAP starts increasing gradually. At this time, the constant current sources  114  and  115  continue supplying currents, and hence the transistor  109  operates as a source follower circuit and outputs, as the reference voltage VREF_SS, a voltage which is reduced from the voltage of the node SS_CAP by a voltage Vgs of the transistor  109 . Through the above-mentioned operation, the reference voltage VREF_SS reaches to a voltage corresponding to the feedback voltage FB in the start-up period T 1 , and immediately after entering the soft-start period T 2 , starts increasing with a form depending on the charge waveform at the node SS_CAP. Because the transistor  109  has a drain connected to the DC voltage source  108 , once the reference voltage VREF_SS increases to a voltage VREF of the DC voltage source  108 , the reference voltage VREF_SS does not increase any more. Therefore, the voltage VREF is obtained as a stable potential, ending the soft-start period T 2 . 
         [0060]    Then, in the start-up period T 1 , when the detection signal Vpg becomes H, the square-wave oscillator  18  suspends its operation so that the multiplexer circuit  19  outputs the signal Vpwm. In other words, the switching regulator performs the boosting operation under normal PWM control. 
         [0061]    As described above, in the switching regulator according to the present invention, the soft-start reference voltage VREF_SS is equal to the feedback voltage FB at the time of switch from the start-up period Ti to the soft-start period T 2 . Therefore, a stable transition from the start-up period T 1  to the soft-start period T 2  is made. 
         [0062]    Note that, the description is given above on the configuration of the switching regulator according to the present invention, in which the soft-start reference voltage VREF_SS is equal to the feedback voltage FB at the time of switch from the start-up period Ti to the soft-start period T 2 . However, another configuration in which the reference voltage VREF_SS becomes higher than the feedback voltage FB at that time may be employed. For example, the amplifier  11  may be set to have a gain of 1 or larger, in other words, the amplifier  11  may be used as a non-inverting amplifier circuit for amplifying the feedback voltage FB at a desired gain. This configuration allows for a margin with respect to performance fluctuations of the amplifier  11 , such as an offset voltage, to thereby make a stable transition from the start-up period T 1  to the soft-start period T 2 . 
         [0063]    Further, the amplifier  11  may be formed of a source follower circuit in which an input is connected to a feedback voltage VFB and an output is connected to the reference voltage VREF_SS. In general, however, the source follower circuit has a gain of 1 or smaller and outputs a voltage substantially determined by subtracting from an input voltage a threshold voltage of a MOS transistor used in the source follower circuit. Therefore, a gain close to 1 may be obtained if the source follower circuit uses a transistor having a low threshold, such as a depletion type transistor.