Abstract:
The invention relates to esylate salts of the compound of formula (I): 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Methods of preparing the salts, and their use as medicaments, in particular for sedative or hypnotic, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, or anticonvulsant purposes is also described.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/GB2007/002583, filed Jul. 10, 2007, which designated the United States and has been published as International Publication No. WO 2008/007081 and which claims the priority of Great Britain Patent Application, Serial No. GB0613693.1, filed Jul. 10, 2006, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(a)-(d) the description of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to salts of a short acting benzodiazepine, and to use of the salts as medicaments, in particular for sedative or hypnotic, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, or anticonvulsant purposes. 
     European Patent No. 1,183,243 describes short-acting benzodiazepines that include a carboxylic acid ester moiety and are inactivated by non-specific tissue esterases. An organ-independent elimination mechanism is predicted to be characteristic of these benzodiazepines, providing a more predictable and reproducible pharmacodynamic profile. The compounds are suitable for therapeutic purposes, including sedative-hypnotic, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant purposes. The compounds are short-acting CNS depressants that are useful to be administered intravenously in the following clinical settings: preoperative sedation, anxiolysis, and amnestic use for perioperative events; conscious sedation during short diagnostic, operative or endoscopic procedures; as a component for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, prior and/or concomitant to the administration of other anaesthetic or analgesic agents; ICU sedation. 
     One of the compounds disclosed in EP 1,183,243 (in Example Ic-8, page 36) is Methyl 3-[(4S)-8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(2-pyridinyl)-4H-imidazol[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]propanoate, as shown in formula (I) below: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Whilst the free base of formula (I) is stable when stored at 5° C., samples stored at 40° C./75% relative humidity (open) are observed to deliquesce, become yellow to orange in colour, and show notable decreases in content relative to initial (see Example 1 below). 
     It has now surprisingly been found that the compound of formula (I) forms highly crystalline mono esylate (ethanesulphonic acid) salts that are easily isolated from a range of pharmaceutically acceptable solvents and show good thermal stability, low hygroscopicity and high aqueous solubility. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention there is provided an esylate salt of a compound of formula (I). Preferably the salt is a crystalline salt. Preparation and characterisation of polymorphic forms of esylate salts is described in the Examples below. 
     There is also provided according to the invention a crystalline polymorph of an esylate salt of a compound of formula (I) (herein designated esylate Form 1) that exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern which comprises a characteristic peak at about 6.2, 9.2, 12.3, 15.0, 17.2, or 20.6 degrees two-theta. 
     Preferably the esylate Form 1 crystalline polymorph exhibits an XRPD pattern which comprises characteristic peaks at about 6.2, 9.2, 12.3, 15.0, 17.2, and 20.6 degrees two-theta. 
     More preferably the esylate Form 1 crystalline polymorph exhibits an XRPD pattern which comprises characteristic peaks at: 6.17 (19.30), 9.21 (20.50), 12.28 (16.40), 14.97 (23.40), 17.18 (52.80), 20.63 (100.00) [angle 2θ° (percentage relative intensity)]. 
     Preferably the esylate Form 1 crystalline polymorph has a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) onset melting temperature in the range 195-205° C., preferably about 201-202° C. 
     There is further provided according to the invention a crystalline polymorph of an esylate salt of a compound of formula (I) (herein designated esylate Form 2) that exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern which comprises a characteristic peak at about 3.6, 6.4, 7.1, 12.3, 14.1, or 17.1 degrees two-theta. 
     Preferably the esylate Form 2 crystalline polymorph exhibits an XRPD pattern which comprises characteristic peaks at about 3.6, 6.4, 7.1, 12.3, 14.1, and 17.1 degrees two-theta. 
     More preferably the crystalline polymorph exhibits an XRPD pattern which comprises characteristic peaks at: 3.57 (15.60), 6.42 (21.10), 7.13 (58.30), 12.29 (51.50), 14.10 (58.90), 17.13 (68.00) [angle 2θ° (percentage relative intensity)]. 
     Preferably the esylate Form 2 crystalline polymorph has a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) onset melting temperature in the range 185-195° C., preferably about 190-191° C. 
     A preferred salt is the esylate Form 1 based on the robustness of formation, yield, purity and chemical and solid form stability. 
     There is also provided according to the invention a method of making an esylate salt of a compound of formula (I), which comprises reacting a free base of a compound of formula (I) with ethane sulphonic acid. 
     Also according to the invention there is provided a method of making a salt of the invention, which comprises contacting a free base of a compound of formula (I) with ethane sulphonic acid in solution to cause formation of a precipitate of the esylate salt, respectively. Preferably the method further comprises isolating the precipitate. 
     Preferably the free base is dissolved in toluene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, MtBE, dichloromethane (DCM), isopropyl acetate, ethyl formate, methanol, or acetone. More preferably the free base is dissolved in toluene or ethyl acetate. Preferably the ethane sulphonic acid is dissolved in ethanol. 
     The esylate Form 1 may be prepared by contacting a solution of a free base of a compound of formula (I) in toluene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, MtBE, DCM, acetone, isopropyl acetate, ethyl formate, or methanol with a solution of ethane sulphonic acid in ethanol to cause formation of a precipitate of the salt. 
     There is also provided according to the invention an esylate salt of a compound of formula (I) which is obtainable by the above method. 
     The esylate Form 2 may be prepared by slurrying the esylate Form 1 in DCM, or aqueous DCM (preferably 2.5% aqueous DCM) at a temperature above room temperature (preferably 60° C.) to form a solution, and evaporating the solution to dryness. 
     There is also provided according to the invention an esylate salt of a compound of formula (I) which is obtainable by the above method. 
     Salts of the invention may also be prepared by crystallising compound of formula (I) esylate from a suitable solvent, or from a suitable solvent/anti-solvent or solvent/co-solvent mixture. The solution or mixture may be cooled and/or evaporated to achieve crystallisation if appropriate. 
     The esylate Form 1 may be crystallised from ethanol, or from toluene/ethanol, ethyl acetate/ethanol, MtBE/ethanol, DCM/ethanol, acetone/ethanol, isopropyl acetate/ethanol, ethyl formate/ethanol, methanol/ethanol, or ethanol/water. 
     The esylate Form 2 may be crystallised from a solution of the esylate Form 1 in DCM or aqueous DCM (preferably the esylate Form 1 is dissolved in hot solvent, suitably about 60° C.). 
     There is also provided according to the invention an esylate salt of a compound of formula (I) obtainable by any of the above methods. 
     Methods of preparing salts of the invention are described in more detail in the Examples below. 
     A salt of the invention may be used as a medicament, in particular for sedative or hypnotic, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, or anticonvulsant purposes. 
     While it is possible for a salt of the invention to be administered as a bulk active chemical, it is preferably provided with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent in the form a pharmaceutical composition. The carrier, excipient, or diluent must, of course, be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and must not be deleterious to the recipient. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a salt of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, buccal (e.g. sub-lingual) and parenteral (e.g. subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal or intravenous) administration. 
     Preferably a salt of the invention is provided in the form of a pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration, for example, by intravenous or intramuscular injection of a solution. Where the pharmaceutical composition is for parenteral administration, the composition may be an aqueous or non-aqueous solution or a mixture of liquids, which may include bacteriostatic agents, antioxidants, buffers or other pharmaceutically acceptable additives. 
     A preferred formulation of a salt of the invention is in an aqueous acidic medium of pH 2-4 or in an aqueous solution of a cyclodextrin (CD). Cyclodextrins that can be used for these formulations are either the anionically charged sulfobutylether (SBE) derivatives of β-CD, specifically SBE7-β-CD, marketed under the tradename Captisol by CyDex, Inc. (Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 14 (1), 1-104 (1997)), or the hydroxypropyl CD&#39;s. 
     A further preferred formulation of a salt of the invention is a lyophilised formulation comprising, in addition to the salt, at least one of the following agents: ascorbic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, phosphoric acid, glycine, glycine hydrochloride, succinic acid or tartaric acid. These agents are believed to be useful as buffering, caking or visualisation agents. In some cases it may be beneficial to include sodium chloride, mannitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or other ingredients in the formulation. 
     The preferred method of formulation (i.e., acid buffer or CD-based) may depend on the physicochemical properties (e.g., aqueous solubility, pKa, etc.) of a particular salt. Alternatively the salt may be presented as a lyophilized solid for reconstitution with water (for injection) or a dextrose or saline solution. Such formulations are normally presented in unit dosage forms such as ampoules or disposable injection devices. They may also be presented in multi-dose forms such as a bottle from which the appropriate dose may be withdrawn. All such formulations should be sterile. 
     According to the invention there is provided a method for producing sedation or hypnosis in a subject, which comprises administering an effective sedative or hypnotic amount of a salt of the invention to the subject. 
     There is also provided according to the invention a method for inducing anxiolysis in a subject, which comprises administering an effective anxiolytic amount of a salt of the invention to the subject. 
     There is further provided according to the invention a method for inducing muscle relaxation in a subject, which comprises administering an effective muscle relaxant amount of a salt of the invention to the subject. 
     There is further provided according to the invention a method for treating convulsions in a subject, which comprises administering an effective anticonvulsant amount of a salt of the invention to the subject. 
     According to the invention there is also provided use of a sedative or hypnotic amount of a salt of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for producing sedation or hypnosis in a subject. 
     According to the invention there is also provided a salt of the invention for producing sedation or hypnosis in a subject. 
     There is also provided according to the invention use of an anxiolytic amount of a salt of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for producing anxiolysis in a subject. 
     There is also provided according to the invention a salt of the invention for producing anxiolysis in a subject. 
     There is further provided according to the invention use of a muscle relaxant amount of a salt of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for producing muscle relaxation in a subject. 
     There is further provided according to the invention a salt of the invention for producing muscle relaxation in a subject. 
     There is further provided according to the invention use of an anticonvulsant amount of a salt of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating convulsions in a subject. 
     There is further provided according to the invention a salt of the invention for treating convulsions in a subject. 
     The subject is suitably a mammal, preferably a human. 
     A suitable pharmaceutical parenteral preparation for administration to humans will preferably contain 0.1 to 20 mg/ml of a salt of the invention in solution or multiples thereof for multi-dose vials. 
     Intravenous administration can take the form of bolus injection or, more appropriately, continuous infusion. The dosage for each subject may vary, however, a suitable intravenous amount or dosage of a salt of the invention to obtain sedation or hypnosis in a mammal would be 0.01 to 5.0 mg/kg of body weight, and more particularly, 0.02 to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, the above being based on the weight of the salt which is the active ingredient. A suitable intravenous amount or dosage of a salt of the invention to obtain anxiolysis in a mammal would be 0.01 to 5.0 mg/kg of body weight, and more particularly, 0.02 to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, the above being based on the weight of the salt which is the active ingredient. A suitable intravenous amount or dosage of a salt of the invention to obtain muscle relaxation in a mammal would be 0.01 to 5.0 mg/kg of body weight, and more particularly, 0.02 to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, the above being based on the weight of the salt which is the active ingredient. A suitable intravenous amount or dosage of a salt of the invention to treat convulsions in a mammal would be 0.01 to 5.0 mg/kg of body weight, and more particularly, 0.02 to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, the above being based on the weight of the salt which is the active ingredient. 
     Salts of the invention are short-acting CNS depressants that are useful to be administered intravenously in the following clinical settings: preoperative sedation, anxiolysis, and amnestic use for perioperative events; conscious sedation during short diagnostic, operative or endoscopic procedures; as a component for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, prior and/or concomitant to the administration of other anaesthetic or analgesic agents; ICU sedation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the following Examples with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a graph of compound of formula (I) content (% relative to initial) vs storage temperature; 
         FIG. 2  shows chromatographs of LJC-039-034-1 (esylate salt) at T 0  and T 4  (and relate to the results in Table 10); 
         FIG. 3  shows XRPD comparing LJC-039-034-1 (esylate salt) pre and post 4 week stability study; 
         FIG. 4  shows an XRPD overlay of a new form of esylate; 
         FIG. 5  shows an XRPD overlay of esylate generated in DCM and esylate slurried in DCM; 
         FIG. 6  shows results for esylate Form 1: A) XRPD for 100 mg batch LJC-039-034-1; B) DSC for 100 mg batch LJC-039-034-1; C) TGA for 100 mg batch LJC-039-034-1; D)  1 H NMR for 100 mg scale batch LJC-039-034-1; E) GVS for 100 mg batch LJC-039-034-1; F) XRPD post GVS for 100 mg batch LJC-039-034-1; G) XRPD post stability study at 40° C./75% RH for LJC-039-034-1; H) VT XRPD for 100 mg batch LJC-039-034-1; I) light polarised microscopy for 100 mg batch LJC-039-034-1; and 
         FIG. 7  shows results for esylate Form 2: A) XRPD for LJC-039-079-1; B) DSC for LJC-039-079-1. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Example 1 
     Solid-State Stability Study of Compound of Formula (I) 
     Method/Technique. 2 mg samples of compound of formula (I), accurately weighed, were placed in 4-mL clear glass screw-cap vials. Samples were tested at initial and after 34 days stored at 5° C./Ambient Relative Humidity (AMRH) Closed, 30° C./60% RH Closed, 40° C./75% RH Open and 60° C./AMRH Closed. 
     Samples were inspected visually for appearance. Compound of formula (I) content values were determined by the HPLC method in Table 1. The % weight/weight (% w/w) values were measured relative to standard samples of compound of formula (I) Batch U12438/79/1. The % area values were obtained by dividing the compound of formula (I) peak area by the total peak area. 
                                                           TABLE 1               HPLC Method Condition                                Column:           Phase =   Phenomenex Luna C18(2)       Length × i.d =   100 × 4.6 mm       Particle size =   3 μm       Mobile phase:   A = 1000:1 Water/Trifluoroacetic Acid           B = 1000:0.5 Acetonitrile/Trifluoroacetic Acid       Flow rate:   1.0 mL/min       Column Temperature:   40° C.                Time (min)   % A   % B       Gradient    0.0   80   20           20.0   20   60           25.0   20   60           25.1   80   20           30.0   80   20            Detection Wavelength:   230 mm       Sample Mass Injected   μg, typically 1 μL injection of 1.0 mg           compound of formula (I)/mL in           60:40 Water/Acetonitrile       Retention Times   Compound of formula (I) elutes at           approximately 7.64 min                    
Results
 
Appearance. Table 2 lists the appearance results.
 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Compound of Formula (I) Appearance Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Timepoint 
                   
               
               
                 Storage Condition 
                 days 
                 Appearance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RT 
                 initial 
                 Cream to light yellow powder 
               
               
                  5 C./AMRH Closed 
                 34 
                 Cream to light yellow powder 
               
               
                 30 C./60% RH Closed 
                 34 
                 Cream to light yellow powder 
               
               
                 40 C./75% RH Open 
                 34 
                 Deliquesced yellow mass on bottom 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of vial 
               
               
                 60 C./AMRH Closed 
                 34 
                 Deliquesced dark yellow to orange 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mass on bottom of vial 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Compound of Formula (I) Content (% w/w). The % w/w content values (see Table 3) show too much variability to detect differences between the initial value and those measured after 34 days at 5° C./AMRH Closed, 30° C./60% RH Closed or 40° C./75% RH Open. The average % w/w measured for the samples stored 34 days at 60° C./AMRH Closed show a 10% w/w decrease from the initial value. 
     Compound of Formula (I) Content (% area). The compound of formula (I) % area content (see Table 3 and  FIG. 1 ) shows no significant change after 34 days stored at 5° C./AMRH Closed, but decreases steadily with increasing storage temperature for samples at 30° C./60°/GRH Closed, 40° C./75% RH Open or 60° C./AMRH Closed. Major degradation peaks are observed at RRT 0.68, 0.87 and RRT 0.90, but the chromatograms, which are relatively complex even at initial (23 peaks), also show many new small degradent peaks (e.g 7 peaks at 30° C./60% RH Closed; 13-20 peaks at 60° C./AMRH Closed). These observations suggest multiple degradation pathways. The degradant at RRT 0.68 is tentatively identified as the ester hydrolysis product (the free acid of compound of formula (I)). It is most prevalent in the 40° C./75% RH Open samples, as would be expected for a hydrolysis product. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Compound of Formula (I) HPLC Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Compound 
                 % Relative 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of formula 
                 to Avg. 
               
               
                   
                 Timepoint 
                 (I) Content 
                 Initial % 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Storage Condition 
                 Days 
                 % w/w 
                 % area 
                 area 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 RT 
                 initial 
                 100.5 
                 95.14 
                 Avg = 94.81 
               
               
                 RT 
                 initial 
                 104.1 
                 94.47 
                   
               
               
                  5 C./AMRH Closed#1 1   
                 34 
                 102.6 
                 95.30 
                 100.52  
               
               
                 30 C./60% RH Closed #1 1   
                 34 
                 94.7 
                 94.20 
                 99.36 
               
               
                 40 C./75% RH Open #1 
                 34 
                 105.4 
                 93.45 
                 98.57 
               
               
                 40 C./75% RH Open #2 
                 34 
                 100.3 
                 93.39 
                 98.50 
               
               
                 60 C./AMRH Closed #1 
                 34 
                 93.4 
                 87.77 
                 92.57 
               
               
                 60 C./AMRH Closed #2 
                 34 
                 91.1 
                 87.77 
                 92.57 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Notes 
               
               
                   1 Only one sample was tested due to an autosampler sequencer error. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     CONCLUSIONS 
     Compound of formula (I) is stable with respect to appearance and content for at least 34 days stored at 5° C./AMRH Closed. No change in appearance was noted at 30° C./60% RH Closed, but an approximately 0.6% drop in compound of formula (I) content relative to the initial % area was observed. Samples stored at 40° C./75% RH Open or 60° C./AMRH Closed deliquesced, became yellow to orange in colour and showed notable decreases (1.5 to 8%) in compound of formula (I) content relative to initial. Major degradation peaks at RRT 0.68, 0.87 and RRT 0.90 are observed along with numerous smaller peaks, suggesting multiple degradation pathways. The degradant at RRT 0.68 is tentatively identified as the ester hydrolysis product. These results indicate that compound of formula (I) should be stored refrigerated for long term storage. 
     Example 2 
     The solubility of the compound of formula (I) was determined in a wide range of organic solvents. The solubility data is shown in Table 4 below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Min solvent 
               
               
                   
                   
                 required/ 
               
               
                   
                 Solvent 
                 mg/ml 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Methanol 
                 446 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 324 
               
               
                   
                 Propan-2-ol 
                 454 
               
               
                   
                 Acetone 
                 214 
               
               
                   
                 Toluene 
                 460 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 218 
               
               
                   
                 Tetrahydrofuran 
                 311 
               
               
                   
                 Acetonitrile 
                 362 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data clearly shows that the compound of formula (I) has high solubility in common organic solvents. The preferred solvents are ethanol and toluene. 
     Two basic centres of the free base of the compound were measured for pKa. However, the basic centre of the pyridine ring had a pKa of 1.99. The pKa of the basic centre of the imidazole ring was measured to be 4.53. 
     Ethane sulphonic acid was used to produce esylate salts of the compound of formula (I). Experiments were conducted on a 20 mg scale using 6 volumes of solvent. All reactions were carried out at ambient temperature with acids charged as stock solutions in ethanol (1M) or as solids depending on solubility. 
     All solids isolated showed significant peak shifts in  1 H NMR to confirm salt formation. X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) showed that all of the salts had crystalline indication. Table 5 summarises the isolated salt forms. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Entry 
                 Salt 
                 Solvent 
                 ID 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 esylate 
                 toluene 
                 LJC-039-009-6 
               
               
                 2 
                 esylate 
                 EtOH 
                 LJC-039-009-8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The salts were subsequently stored at 40° C./75% RH for two weeks then re-analysed by XRPD and HPLC for chemical purity to assess stability of the materials. The salts retained the same powder pattern after exposure to the humidity conditions, and also retained high chemical purity supporting improved stability. 
     It can be seen from the T 1  purity results of the isolated salts (Table 6 below) that in particular the esylate salt from toluene showed high purity values before and after the stability study. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of purity before and after 40° C./75% RH for 1 week 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Entry 
                 Salt 
                 ID 
                 Purity T 0 /% 
                 Purity T 1 /% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 esylate 
                 LJC-039-009-6 
                 96.7 
                 96.4 
               
               
                 2 
                 esylate 
                 LJC-039-009-8 
                 92.8 
                 89.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results above show that the esylate salt forms showed high purity and favourable stability results. 
     Example 3 
     Scale up of the esylate salts to 100 mg was performed based on data in Example 2. Toluene was found to be the preferred solvent for isolating esylate salts. 
     Esylate Salt of Compound of Formula (I) 
     A scale up to 50 mg of input material was carried out in order to confirm whether or not the process would scale up, and to confirm that the material isolated was of the same crystalline form (Form 1) seen from the smaller scale experiments. Once the analysis confirmed the salt to be Form 1 and that the properties were in keeping with what was expected, another scale up was carried out with 100 mg of input material in order to be able to carry out full characterisation and submit the sample for a 4 week stability study at 40° C./75% RH. Both the scaled up reactions were carried out in toluene with ethane sulphonic acid added as a solution in ethanol (1M). At this stage toluene had given the best results in terms of producing highly crystalline material in relatively high yield, and so was the solvent of choice. 
     Esylate Experimental Procedure 
     Compound of formula (I) free base (100 mg, batch 704-17) was charged to a vial and ethyl acetate (600 μl) was added at ambient. To the solution ethane sulphonic acid (250 μl, 1M in ethanol) was added and the reaction mixture and stirred overnight. After stirring overnight a solid had precipitated out of solution which was filtered, washed with ethyl acetate and oven dried at 40° C. under vacuum. Analysis by XRPD showed the solid to be of identical powder pattern as other esylates generated, and the  1 H NMR confirmed salt formation due to significant peak shifts and peaks corresponding to ethane sulphonic acid counter ion. 
     The esylate salt showed the same powder pattern when isolated from 5 different solvents; toluene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, MtBE and DCM. The salt isolated from ethyl acetate was chosen as the salt on which to carry out full characterisation (Table 7). 
                                                     TABLE 7                               Onset   TGA           Chiral                   GVS   melt/   weight   Solubility   Chemical   purity/%       Entry   ID   salt   uptake/%   ° C.   loss/%   mg/ml   purity/%   e.e                   1   LJC-   Esylate   2.0   201.9   6.2   7.8   97.2   96.3           039-                                       034-1                    
Process Optimisation
 
     To improve further yields of esylate salts (Form 1) four solvents were screened (isopropyl acetate, ethyl formate, methanol and acetone). In total eight 100 mg scale reactions were conducted in these solvents with the relevant acid added as stock solution in ethanol for comparison to all previous experiments. 
     Compound of formula (I) (batch 704-38, 100 mg) dissolved in solvent (600 μl) at ambient. Acid (250 μl, 1M stock solution in ethanol) added and all reaction mixtures stood for 48 hours at ambient. The results are summarised in Table 8. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Results of process optimisation experiments 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Purity post 
               
               
                 Table 
                 Lab book 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Purity/ 
                 40° C./75% RH 
               
               
                 entry 
                 reference 
                 Salt 
                 Solvent 
                 XRPD 
                 Yield/% 
                 % area 
                 for 4 weeks 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 LJC-039- 
                 esylate 
                 acetone 
                 Form 1 
                 50 
                 98.8 
                 98.4 
               
               
                   
                 067-1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 LJC-039- 
                 esylate 
                 iPrOAc 
                 Form 1 
                 61 
                 98.5 
                 98.6 
               
               
                   
                 067-3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 LJC-039- 
                 esylate 
                 Ethyl 
                 Form 1 
                 53 
                 99.0 
                 98.9 
               
               
                   
                 067-5 
                   
                 formate 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 LJC-039- 
                 esylate 
                 MeOH 
                 Form 1 
                 100  
                 97.1 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                   
                 067-7 
                   
                   
                   
                 (evaporated 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 to 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dryness) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     All reactions showed Form 1. 
     It was concluded from the study that solvents such as isopropyl acetate increased the purity of the salts, however reduced the recovery. Because the previous choice of solvent (ethyl acetate) gave high yielding salts with high purity values, it was decided to use ethyl acetate for the final scale up experiments. 
     Esylate Aqueous Solvents Studies 
     In Example 2 it was observed that forming the esylate salt from ethanol not only reduced the purity, but also lead to an impurity thought to be the acid as a result of the ester hydrolysis. In order to determine if this was the case, a study was carried out using ethanol as solvent, with varying amounts of water. The general procedure was as follows: 
     Compound of formula (I) (4×20 mg) dissolved in ethanol (4×120 μl, neat, 2, 5 or 10% H 2 O). Ethane sulphonic acid (50 μl, 1M in ethanol) was added to the solutions. The reaction mixtures were stood at ambient for 16 hours after which time all remained as solutions. The solutions were concentrated by evaporation for 16 hours. The vials containing 5 and 10% H 2 O required anti-solvent treatment to encourage precipitation, whereas the neat ethanol reaction mixture had oiled and was therefore triturated with diethyl ether. The reaction mixture containing 2% H 2 O contained solid that appeared to have crystallised from an oil. All four solids were crystalline by XRPD analysis and they all showed the same powder pattern as previous esylate salts isolated. The samples were submitted for chemical purity. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Purity data of aqueous solvent study 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Entry 
                 ID 
                 % H 2 O 
                 Purity/% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 LJC-039-047-1 
                 0 
                 93.9 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 LJC-039-047-2 
                 2 
                 90.9 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 LJC-039-047-3 
                 5 
                 94.7 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 LJC-039-047-4 
                 10 
                 90.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The study showed no significant change in purity of samples derived from neat or aqueous ethanol mixtures. It was also noted that there were negligible amounts of acid impurity present by HPLC, implying the small amount of water in the system was not sufficient to catalyse the hydrolysis. 
     The next stage was to determine the stability of all the salts by subjecting them to conditions of 40° C./75% RH for 4 weeks and monitoring their purity by HPLC (Table 10). 
     Example 4 
     Salt Stability Studies 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary Table of salt purities after 4 week stability study 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample ID 
                 salt 
                 T 0   
                 T 1   
                 T 2   
                 T 3   
                 T 4   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LCJ-039- 
                 Esylate 
                 97.2 
                 97.1 
                 97.0 
                 97.2 
                 97.0 
               
               
                 034-1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Crystalline samples of esylate were stored at 40° C./75% RH for a total of four weeks and samples were taken for HPLC every seven days. The esylate salt showed no change in purity throughout the study. 
     The chromatographs for the esylate salt form are shown in  FIG. 2  for time points week zero and week four. 
     It can be seen from the chromatographs shown in  FIG. 2  that there is very little change in the impurity profile of the esylate salt. A small shoulder has developed on the parent peak. 
     It can be seen from the powder patterns of the salts pre and post humidity studies that there are no changes in form. 
       FIG. 3  shows XRPD comparing LJC-039-034-1 (esylate salt) pre (trace 1) and post 4 week (trace 2) stability study. 
     Example 5 
     Polymorphism Investigation 
     In order to determine the propensity of esylate salts to exhibit polymorphism, a maturation experiment was set up using thirty solvents (fifteen neat plus their 2.5% aqueous counterparts). The solid was slurried in various solvents (see Table 11) for one week on a heat/cool cycle from ambient to 60° C. After one week the slurries were evaporated and the solids analysed by XRPD and HPLC. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Results of polymorphism investigation for esylate 
               
               
                 Starting purity 98.6% 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HPLC purity/ 
               
               
                 entry 
                 solvent 
                 XRPD post 1 week 
                 % area 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 acetone 
                 Form 1 
                 98.7 
               
               
                 2 
                 THF 
                 Form 1 
                 98.5 
               
               
                 3 
                 IPA 
                 Form 1 
                 92.5 
               
               
                 4 
                 MtBE 
                 Form 1 
                 98.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 DCM 
                 Form 2 
                 98.9 
               
               
                 6 
                 EtOH 
                 oiled 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 7 
                 MEK 
                 Form 1 
                 98   
               
               
                 8 
                 1,4-Dioxane 
                 Form 1 
                 98.5 
               
               
                 9 
                 iPrOAc 
                 Form 1 
                 98.4 
               
               
                 10 
                 DMF 
                 solution after 7 days 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 11 
                 MeCN 
                 Form 1 
                 96.1 
               
               
                 12 
                 nBuOH 
                 solution after 7 days 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 13 
                 nPrOH 
                 oiled 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 14 
                 MIBK 
                 Form 1 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 15 
                 MeOH 
                 amorphous 
                 81.2 
               
               
                 16 
                 2.5% aq acetone 
                 Form 1 
                 95.7 
               
               
                 17 
                 2.5% aq THF 
                 amorphous 
                 95.1 
               
               
                 18 
                 2.5% aq IPA 
                 oiled 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 19 
                 2.5% aq MtBE 
                 amorphous 
                 98.6 
               
               
                 20 
                 2.5% aq DCM 
                 Form 2 
                 97.9 
               
               
                 21 
                 2.5% aq EtOH 
                 oiled 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 22 
                 2.5% aq MEK 
                 Form 1 
                 86.5 
               
               
                 23 
                 2.5% aq 1,4-Dioxane 
                 amorphous 
                 90.5 
               
               
                 24 
                 2.5% aq iPrOAc 
                 Form 1 
                 97.9 
               
               
                 25 
                 2.5% aq DMF 
                 solution after 7 days 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 26 
                 2.5% aq MeCN 
                 Form 1 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 27 
                 2.5% aq nBuOH 
                 solution after 7 days 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 28 
                 2.5% aq nPrOH 
                 oiled 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                 29 
                 2.5% aq MIBK 
                 Form 1 
                 96.4 
               
               
                 30 
                 2.5% aq MeOH 
                 oiled 
                 not analysed 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The maturation study of esylate showed a new form (Form 2) from DCM and aqueous DCM. The purity results post maturation show that only those slurried in methanol, aqueous MEK and aqueous dioxane degraded, suggesting the solution stability at high temperature for the esylate is good. 
     Investigation into New Form of Esylate 
     In order to gain further information of the new form identified, a larger sample of LJC-039-058-1 was slurried in DCM and 2.5% aqueous DCM at 60° C. Both samples dissolved and were evaporated to dryness at ambient for analysis. The powder patterns were the same for both samples and agreed with that observed in the maturation study. 
       FIG. 4  shows an XRPD overlay of the new form of esylate. Trace 1 shows the esylate salt (LJC-039-065-1) used as the input material for the maturation study. Traces 2 and 3 show the maturation results from DCM and aq DCM respectively. Traces 4 and 5 show the repeat maturation study from DCM and aq DCM using a different batch of esylate (LJC-039-058-1). 
     It is interesting to note that the esylate had been isolated previously from DCM and had shown the same form as those esylate salts isolated from other solvents, i.e. Form 1. It was only when slurrying form 1 in DCM at higher temperature that form 2 became evident. 
       FIG. 5  shows an XRPD overlay of esylate generated in DCM and esylate slurried in DCM. Trace 1 represents the Form 1 esylate isolated from DCM (LJC-039-034-5) and trace 2 represents the outcome of the Form 1 esylate post slurry in DCM (LJC-039-079-1). 
     The salt screen investigations have shown that compound of formula (I) forms many salts within the appropriate pKa range, and that they are easily isolated from a range of solvents. From full characterisation of the salts, it has been determined that the esylate salts have good stability with respect to humidity. It has been concluded that there are two polymorphic forms of esylate. 
     Full analytical data is shown in  FIGS. 6-7  below. 
     Experimental Methods for Examples 2-5 
     Example 2 
     Compound of formula (I) (5 mg/well) was dissolved in solvent 1  (30 μl) in HPLC vials. To the solutions, ethane sulphonic acid (11.4 μl, 1M in ethanol) was added and the reaction mixtures stood overnight at ambient. Those vials that contained solid were dried at 40° C. under vacuum, and those that remained as solutions were concentrated by evaporation and then treated with heptane. Those that precipitated were dried as mentioned, and those that oiled were stored at 4° C.  1  Ethanol, toluene and acetonitrile 
     Esylate Form 1 Scale Up 
     Compound of formula (I) (100 mg) dissolved in ethyl acetate (600 μl) and ethane sulphonic acid (250 μl, 1M in ethanol) added. Precipitation occurred after approximately five minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred for 80 minutes at ambient. The solid was filtered, washed with ethyl acetate and oven dried at 40° C. under vacuum for 16 hours. 
     Analysis Methods 
     Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 
     DSC data was collected on a TA instrument Q1000 equipped with a 50 position autosampler. The energy and temperature calibration standard was indium. Samples were heated at a rate of 10° C./min between 25 and 350° C. A nitrogen purge at 30 ml/min was maintained over the sample. 
     Between 0.5 and 3 mg of sample was used, unless otherwise stated, and all samples ran in a pin holed aluminium pan. 
     Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 
     TGA data was collected on a TA Instrument Q500 TGA, calibrated with Alumel and running at scan rates of 10° C./minute. A nitrogen purge at 60 ml/min was maintained over the sample. 
     Typically 5-10 mg of sample was loaded onto a pre-tared platinum crucible unless otherwise stated. 
     NMR 
     All spectra were collected on a Bruker 400 MHz equipped with autosampler. Samples were prepared in d 6 -DMSO, unless otherwise stated. 
     XRPD (X-Ray Powder Diffraction) 
     Bruker AXS C2 GADDS Diffractometer 
     X-ray powder diffraction patterns for the samples were acquired on a Bruker AXS C2 GADDS diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (40 kV, 40 mA), automated XYZ stage, laser video microscope for auto-sample positioning and a HiStar 2-dimensional area detector. X-ray optics consists of a single Göbel multilayer mirror coupled with a pinhole collimator of 0.3 mm. 
     Beam divergence, i.e. the effective size of the X-ray beam on the sample, was approximately 4 mm. A θ-θ continuous scan mode was employed with a sample to detector distance of 20 cm which gives an effective 2θ range of 3.2-29.8°. A typical exposure time of a sample would be 120 s. 
     Samples run under ambient conditions were prepared as flat plate specimens using powder as received without grinding. Approximately 1-2 mg of the sample was lightly pressed on a glass slide to obtain a flat surface. Samples run under non-ambient conditions were mounted on a silicon wafer with heat conducting compound. The sample was then heated to the appropriate temperature at ca. 20° C./minute and subsequently held isothermally for ca 1 minute before data collection was initiated. 
     Purity Analysis: 
     Chemical Method 
     Purity analysis was performed on a HP1100 Agilent: 
     Method: Gradient, Reverse Phase 
     Method Duration/min: 34 
     Column: Phenomenex Gemini C18 5 μm (2.0×50 mm) (Guard cartridge Phenomenex Gemini C18 guard cartridge 2×4 mm) 
     Column Temperature/° C.: 40 
     Injection/μl: 5 
     Flow Rate ml/min: 0.8 
     Detection: UV 
     Wavelength/nm: 255 (bandwidth of 90 nm), 240 (bandwidth of 80 nm), 254 (bandwidth of 8 nm) 
     Phase A: 2 mmol NH 4 HCO 3  (adjusted to pH 10 with NH 3  solution) 
     Phase B: Acetonitrile 
     Timetable: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Time/Min 
                 % A 
                 % B 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 90 
                 10 
               
               
                 25 
                 10 
                 90 
               
               
                 28.8 
                 10 
                 90 
               
               
                 29 
                 90 
                 10 
               
               
                 34 
                 90 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Chiral Method 
     Purity analysis was performed on a Gilson HPLC system: 
     Method: Isocratic, Normal Phase 
     Method Duration/min: 50 
     Column: Diacel Chrialcel OJ-H (5 μm) 4.6×250 mm (Guard cartridge Diacel Chrialcel OJ-H analytical guard cartridge 5 μm 4.0×10 mm) 
     Column Temperature/° C.: 40 
     Injection/μl: 10 
     Flow Rate ml/min: 1.0 
     Detection: UV 
     Wavelength 1 nm: 225 (single wavelength detector) 
     Phase A: hexane 
     Phase B: ethanol 
     Timetable: 
                                     Time/Min   % A   % B                   0   93   7                    
Gravimetric Vapour Sorption (GVS) Studies
 
     All samples were run on a Hiden IGASorp moisture sorption analyser running CFRSorp software. Sample sizes were typically 10 mg. A moisture adsorption desorption isotherm was performed as outlined below (2 scans giving 1 complete cycle). All samples were loaded/unloaded at typical room humidity and temperature (40% RH, 25° C.). All samples were analysed by XRPD post GVS analysis. The standard isotherm was performed at 25° C. at 10% RH intervals over a 0-90% RH range unless otherwise stated. 
                                                                 Scan1   Scan2                Adsorption   Desorption   Adsorption                    40   85   10       50   75   20       60   65   30       70   45   40       80   35           90   25               15               5               0                    
Solubility
 
     This was measured by suspending enough compound in 0.25 ml of solvent (water) to give a maximum final concentration of 10 mg/ml of the parent free form of the compound. The suspension was equilibrated at 25° C. for 24 hrs followed by a pH check and filtration through a glass fibre C 96 well plate. The filtrate is then diluted down 101×. Quantitation was by HPLC with reference to a standard dissolved in DMSO at approx 0.1 mg/ml. Different volumes of the standard, diluted and undiluted tests were injected. The solubility was calculated by integration of the peak area found at the same retention time as the peak maximum in the standard injection. If there is sufficient solid in the filter plate the XRPD is normally checked for phase changes, hydrate formation, amorphization, crystallization etc. 
                                           TABLE               Time/min   % Phase A   % Phase B                                0.0   95   5       1.0   80   20       2.3   5   95       3.3   5   95       3.5   95   5       4.4   95   5                    
pKa Determination
 
     pka determination was performed on a Sirius GlpKa instrument with D-PAS attachment. Measurements were made by potentiometric titration in MeOH:H2O mixtures at 25° C. The titration media was ionic strength adjusted with 0.15M KCl. The values found in the MeOH:H 2 O mixtures were extrapolated to 0% co-solvent via a Yasuda-Shedlovsky extrapolation. 
     Potentiometric titration performed on a Sirius GlpKa instrument using three ratios of Octonol:ISA water generated Log P, Log P ion , and Log D values. 
     Hot Stage Microscopy 
     Hot stage microscopy was studied using a Leica LM/DM polarised microscope combined with a Mettler-Toledo MTFP82HT hot-stage in the temperature range 25-350° C. with typical heating rates in the range 10-20° C./min. A small amount of sample was dispersed onto a glass slide with individual particles separated as well as possible. Samples were viewed under normal or cross-polarised light (coupled to a λ false-colour filter) with a ×20 objective lens. 
     Chiral Purity Method 
                                                           System setup            Pump:   Gilson 322 binary pump       Detector:   Gilson 152 UV/Vis       Autosampler:   Gilson 233XL rack + Gilson 402 dual syringe           pump       Column oven:   Phenomenex Thermasphere TS-130       Software:   Gilson Unipoint LC software       Column:   Daicel Chiralcel OJ-H, 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm       Guard column:   Daicel Chiralcel OJ-H analytical guard cartridge,           5 μm, 4.6 × 10 mm            HPLC conditions            Channel A:   Hexane (93%)       Channel B:   Ethanol (7%)       Flow rate:   1.0 ml/min       Detector wavelength   225 nm       Column Temperature:   40° C.       Run time:   50.0 mins                    
Sample Conditions
 
     Approximately 0.2 mg of sample was dissolved in the appropriate volume of Hexane:Ethanol 1:1 v/v to give a 0.2 mg/ml solution. This was capped and placed on a vortex mixer at high speed for a duration of ˜15 seconds. If solid remained at this point, then the sample vial was sonicated for approximately 10 seconds followed by a further 10 to 15 seconds on the vortex mixer. 10 μl was injected onto the HPLC system. Samples were injected in duplicate following an initial duplicate injection of Hexane:Ethanol 1:1 v/v as a blank.