Abstract:
A genetic construct for use in a biosensor comprising: (a) a first nucleic acid molecule including a sequence encoding a reporter molecule having a detectable activity; and (b) a second nucleic acid molecule including a sequence encoding an enzyme which produces a substrate for the reporter molecule, the first sequence being under the control of a first inducible promoter and the second sequence being under the control of a second inducible promoter. A biosensor for measuring an environmental signal comprising a cell including the genetic construct and a means for measuring the activity of the reporter molecule in the cell when the cell has been exposed to the environmental signal.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to the use of biosensors for detecting environmental signals based on the measurement of genetic responses of cells to those signals. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     The standard approach for biosensor measurements “based on genetic responses” is to attach reporter genes to the relevant promoters and to measure the signal (which consists of the activity of the enzyme encoded by the reporter gene) in response to the analyte of interest. The first publication dealing with the use of the bacterial luciferase operon to achieve such measurements appeared in 1984 (Baldwin et al., 1984). Since that time many more publications detailing the use of this reporter to probe the activity of promoters have appeared. Today there are probably several thousand publications on this subject. Most of these publications rely on the use of luxAB fusions or of entire lux cassettes. The more restricted goal of measuring the concentration of pollutants with such constructs was first proposed and demonstrated by Gary Sayler&#39;s group at the University of Tennessee in the USA (King et al., 1990). Burlage &amp; Kuo (1994) recently reviewed the application of such biosensors with respect to environmental monitoring applications. 
     Practically all of the constructs described utilise either the entire lux operon for activity measurement or the luciferase part of it (lux AB, in this case the activity is measured by external addition of the aldehyde substrate). The major disadvantage of using the entire lux operon is that production of the enzyme responsible for generating the substrate of luciferase (the fatty acid reductase encoded by lux CDE) occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of luciferase. It is therefore probable that the amount of substrate produced by the cell will be insufficient for saturation of luciferase. The present inventors have introduced modifications into constructs suitable for biosensors in an attempt to address this disadvantage thereby allowing maximal light output as soon as luciferase is synthesised. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first aspect, the present invention consists in a genetic construct for use in a biosensor comprising: 
     (a) a first nucleic acid molecule including a sequence encoding a reporter molecule having a detectable activity; and 
     (b) a second nucleic acid molecule including a sequence encoding an enzyme which produces a substrate for the reporter molecule, the first sequence being under the control of a first inducible promoter and the second sequence being under the control of a second inducible promoter. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the first nucleic acid molecule encodes bacterial luciferase Lux AB or a functional equivalent thereof and the second nucleic acid molecule encodes Lux CDE enzyme fatty acid reductase or a functional equivalent thereof. These genes may be obtained from any of the lux operons of bioluminescent microorganisms, most of which belong to the genera Vibrio, Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus and Photobacterium (Meighen, 1994). The detectible activity in this system is the generation of light. 
     It will be appreciated that any inducible promoters will be suitable for the present invention. Examples of some promoters that are suitable are listed in Appendix 2. This list, however, is not an exhaustive list but is provided to demonstrate the large number of possible promoters. The choice of the first promoter is often dependent on the environmental signal to which the biosensor is adapted to react. In particular, when the biosensor is used to detect xylene, the Pu promoter is especially suitable as the first promoter. 
     A further preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention is the genetic construct adapted for the detection of xylene set out in FIG.  14 . 
     The distinct advantage of the genetic construct of the present invention is that when in a cell, expression of the enzyme can be induced separately from the expression of the reporter molecule. This allows the cell to be loaded with substrate produced by the enzyme. The substrate is immediately available for use by the reporter molecule when it is produced, thereby giving a quick response to the signal detected. When the reporter molecule is made in response to an environmental signal, it can react maximally to give a detectable activity. Preferably the first promoter is inducible by exposure to an environmental signal to be tested. Induction can be achieved directly by the signal or indirectly by activating one or more separate pathways in the cell containing the construct. 
     The genetic construct can include further nucleic acid molecules encoding auxiliary element or elements required for activation of the reporter molecule via its promoter. Examples is include regulatory genes or nucleic acid molecules expressing “second message” molecules to activate the first promoter. 
     The effector specificities of existing promoters which depend on an indirect activation pathway by regulatory genes can be altered by mutation of the signal binding site of the regulatory protein (Ramos et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 83, 8467-8471, 1986). New promoters can be identified using promoterless promoter-probe vectors based on transposons such as those described by deLorenzo et al. (deLorenzo, V.; Herrero, M.; Jakubzik, U. &amp; Timmis, K. N.  J. Bact ., 172, 6568-6572, 1990) or Sohaskey et al. (Sohaskey, C. D.; Im, H. &amp; Schauer, A. T.,  J. Bact ., 1674, 367-376, 1992). 
     In a second aspect, the present invention consists in a biosensor for measuring an environmental signal comprising a cell including the genetic construct of the first aspect of the present invention and a means for measuring the activity of the reporter molecule in the cell when the cell has been exposed to the environmental signal. 
     The cell can be any cell including bacterial, yeast, fungal and other plant cells and animal. Preferably the cell is a bacterial cell. The environmental signal can be pollutants, toxins, temperature, irradiation, biological, and chemical. 
     When the bacterial luciferase system is used, the basic genetic units of the sensor are the second nucleic acid molecule encoding the production of the fatty acid reductase (unit 2), the first nucleic acid molecule encoding the reporter element containing the luciferase genes and the first promoter (unit 1) as well as in some instances a third unit which would supply auxiliary elements for activation of the sensor element such as regulatory genes (unit 3). In commercial sensors all elements would be ideally inserted in the chromosome of the host organism. Alternatively, all units may be placed on plasmids, or a combination of chromosomally inserted elements and plasmid-borne constructs may be used. For example, where three units are used, unit 2 and unit 3 may be inserted in the chromosome whilst unit 1 is located on a plasmid. 
     A functional biosensor unit using the bacterial luciferase system consists of a device where the sample to be tested is contacted with biosensor cells which include a genetic construct according to the first aspect of the present invention (in a cuvette for example) and an instrument capable of measuring the light output of the cells. Any light measuring device would in principle be applicable, but the most appropriate systems are photomultipliers, charge coupled devices, luminometers, photometers, fiber-optic cables or liquid scintillation counters. These systems can be portable or laboratory based, they can be adapted for single analysis or high throughput devices for multiple analyses. A survey of more than 90 commercially available systems suitable for the present invention has been published by Stanley in J. Bioluminesc. Chemiluminescence, 7, 77-108, 1992 and regular updates have appeared since. 
     Analytes can be measured by the biosensor when adsorbed to surfaces, dissolved in liquid media or when present in the gasphase. Condition for measurement is that sufficient moisture be available to ensure the function of the biosensor cells which include a genetic construct. Ideally, samples are diluted with a buffer of appropriate composition prior to analysis and incubated in this solution. Alternatively, analytes of interest may be separated from the sample prior to analysis using means such as solvents or selectively permeable barriers such as membranes. Analytes may also be concentrated prior to analysis by, for example, passing a gas sample through a liquid or through a suitable solid adsorbent. 
     The biosensors can be used to detect organic or inorganic chemical or environmental signal which elicits a genetic response in an organism. Microbial systems are targeted primarily, but mammalian, plant or fungal promoters can also be used. In addition, the biosensors can be used to detect physiological responses such as starvation, toxicity or sporulation by inserting the luciferase genes behind promoters suitable for physiological measurements. The biosensors can be used to detect pollutants attached to particles, dissolved in aquatic samples or dispersed in the gas phase. The measurements usually need, however, to be performed in the liquid phase. 
     In a third aspect, the present invention consists in a method of detecting an environmental signal comprising exposing a biosensor according to the second aspect of the present invention to the signal such that the signal induces the expression of the reporter molecule of the cells in the biosensor, prior to or during exposure the cells being induced to produce the enzyme such that substrate is formed in the cells, allowing the reporter molecule to react with the pre-formed substrate to form a detectable reaction, and detecting the reaction. 
     In order that the present invention may be more clearly understood, preferred forms will be described with reference to the following drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of the lux operon; 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of clone designated pLuxAB; 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram of clone designated pLuxCDE; 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram of clone designated pTlux; 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram of the two operons controlling the genes encoding the degradation of toluene, the Tol operon; 
     FIG. 6 is a diagram of pXlacR/S; 
     FIG. 7 is a diagram of the features of construct designated pXylR; 
     FIG. 8 is a diagram of the construct designated pTU/M; 
     FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the respective positions of the components in pTLU/M; 
     FIG. 10 is a diagram of a representative of the transformant designated plu-x; 
     FIG. 11 is a diagram of a representative of the transformant designated pLEU; 
     FIG. 12 shows the time course of bioluminescence of the new sensor construct (Leu-lacR) with addition of xylene (full squares) and without addition of xylene (open squares) as well as the corresponding data for the control construct (Lux-lacR) where closed and open circles represent the response in the presence of xylene and in the absence of xylene, respectively; 
     FIG. 13 shows a calibration curve obtained with the new sensor construct (Leu-lacR). The organisms were inoculated from a glycerol stock and grown overnight at 30° C. with minimal agitation; and 
     FIG. 14 shows a map pf plasmid pLEU. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     All components used in this invention are readily available to the public (except for the different constructs generated specifically for this work). 
     MATERIALS &amp; METHODS 
     Culture Conditions 
     Recombinant strains of Escherichia coli were routinely cultured aerobically at 37° C. in Luria broth (LB)—tryptone 10 g/L, NaCl 10 g/L and yeast extract 5 g/L. Media was solidified by the addition of 15 g/L Kobe agar. Filter sterilised antibiotics were added as required. Ampicillin at 100 mg/ml was used to maintain constructs based on the following vectors: pSP72, pUC18, pTrc 99A and pPL-L; and tetracycline at 10 mg/ml for constructs based on pRK404. The different carbon sources used were glucose (1% w/v) and lactose (1% w/v). 
     General Recombinant DNA Procedures 
     Restriction enzymes and other DNA modifying enzymes were used under the conditions specified by the suppliers. Standard procedures as described by Sambrook et al (1989) were used for manipulating and cloning DNA. Isolation of plasmid DNA from  E. coli  was performed according to the method described by Morelle (1989), for rapid screening of plasmid-bearing clones. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of clones constructed during this study 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Constructs 
                 Vector 
                 Comments/description 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pxylac-R 
                 pRK404 
                 XylR ORF fused to lacZ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 promoter 
               
               
                   
                 pXylR 
                 pRK404 
                 XylR gene including P r  cloned 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pRK404 
                 into the PstI/BamHI site of 
               
               
                   
                 pTer 
                 pSP72 
                 Contains both rrnbT1T2 April 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 96 terminators 
               
               
                   
                 pTu 
                 pSP72 
                 Pu cloned into the EcoRI/SmaI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 site of pTer 
               
               
                   
                 pluxAB 
                 pUC18 
                 luxAB genes fused to lacZ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 promoter 
               
               
                   
                 pTLU 
                 pSP72 
                 luxAB genes fused to Pu 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 promoter in pTu 
               
               
                   
                 pluxCDE 
                 pTrc 99A 
                 luxCDE genes fused to trc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 promoter 
               
               
                   
                 pluxCDABE 
                 pTrc 99 
                 luxCDABE genes fused to trc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 promoter 
               
               
                   
                 pTluxCDABE 
                 pSP72 
                 luxCDABE genes cloned into 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pTer 
               
               
                   
                 pLu-x 
                 pSP72 
                 luxCDABE genes fused to Pu 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 promoter in pTu 
               
               
                   
                 pLEU 
                 pTrc 99A 
                 Pu-luxAB detection cassette 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cloned into the BamHI/PstI site 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 of pluxCDE 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of clones constructed during this study 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Constructs 
                 Vectors 
                 Date constructed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 pxylac-R 
                 pRK404 
                 available in Aug 1994 
               
               
                 pXylR 
                 pRK404 
                 constructed 21.4.96 (page 6, Karen 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Jury&#39;s labbook) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 26.4.96 (page 8, Karen 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Jury&#39;s labbook) 
               
               
                 pTer 
                 pSP72 
                 available in Aug 1994 
               
               
                 pTu 
                 pSP72 
                 available in Aug 1994 
               
               
                 pluxAB 
                 pUC18 
                 constructed 3/7/95 (page 28121, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 1) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 6/7/95 (page 28125, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 1) 
               
               
                 pTLU 
                 pSP72 
                 constructed 25/7/95 (page 28141, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 1) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 1/8/95 (page 28146, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 1) 
               
               
                 pluxCDE 
                 pTrc 99A 
                 constructed 25/7/95 (page 28141, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 1) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 9/8/95 (page 28153, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 1) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed aldehyde producer 10/8/95 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (page 28154, Tony Vancov labbook 1) 
               
               
                 pluxCDABE 
                 pTrc 99 
                 constructed 13/11/95 (page 9122, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 2) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 17/11/95 (page 9124, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 2) 
               
               
                 pTluxCDABE 
                 pSP72 
                 constructed 16/5/96 (page 33417, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 3) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 17/5/96 (page 15, Karen 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Jury&#39;s labbook) 
               
               
                 pLu-x 
                 pSP72 
                 constructed 21/4/96 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 21/4/96 luciferase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 assay (page 5, Karen Jury&#39;s labbook) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 21/4/96 (gel digest, page 6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Karen Jury&#39;s labbook) 
               
               
                 pLEU 
                 pTrc 99A 
                 constructed 8/12/95 (page 9142, Tony 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Vancov labbook 2) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 13/12/95 (page 9143, Tony 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Vancov labbook 2) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 confirmed 14/12/95 (plate assay, page 
               
               
                   
                   
                 9144, Tony Vancov labbook 2) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Recombinant  E. coli  strains 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Code 
                   E. coli  strain 
                 Constructs* 
                 Date obtained 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tlu-lacR 
                 NM522 
                 pTLU + pxylac-R 
                 constructed 7/8/95 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (page 29151, Tony Vancov 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 labbook 1) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 confirmed 10/8/95 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (page 28154, Tony Vancov 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 labbook 2) 
               
               
                 Leu-lacR 
                 NM522 
                 pLEU + pxylac-R 
                 constructed 16/4/96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (page 33404, Tony Vancov 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 labbook 3) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 confirmed 20/4/96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (pages 33407 and 33408 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Tony Vancov labbook 3) 
               
               
                 Leu-R 
                 NM522 
                 pLEU + pXylR 
                 constructed 10/5/96 (clone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (i)e in Karen Jury&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 labbook) confirmed 11/5/96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (luminometer readings and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gels, page 13 Karen 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Jury&#39;s labbook) 
               
               
                 Lux-LacR 
                 NM522 
                 pLu-x + pxylac-R 
                 constructed 17/5/96 (page 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 33418, Tony Vancov 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 labbook 3) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 confirmed 18/5//86 (pages 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 14-16, Karen Jury&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 labbook) 
               
               
                 Lux-R 
                 NM522 
                 pLu-x + pXylR 
                 constructed 10/5/96 (clone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (ii)g in Karen Jury&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 labbook) confirmed 11/5/96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (luminometer readings and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gels, page 13 Karen 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Jury&#39;s labbook) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *note that constructs carrying the XylR regulatory gene (pXylR or pxylac-R) are located on the pRK 404 plasmid whilst the actual light generating elements of the sensor are inserted in the plasmids pSP72 (pLu-x) or pTrc 99A (pLEU).  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Bioluminescence Assays—Preparation of Culture 
     Unless otherwise stated,  E. coli  clones were inoculated from a fresh agar plate into a flask containing 40 ml of LB media with the appropriate antibiotics and grown aerobically (with shaking) at 37° C. for approximately 2-3 hr. The culture was harvested at an OD 600  of approximately 0.8-1.2, washed twice and resuspended in a buffer containing: 100 mM Phosphate buffer pH 7.5, {fraction (1/10)}th diluted LB broth and 0.1% glucose (w/v). In some cases, specified in the text, inducers and/or effectors such as IPTG and m-xylene (1 mM) were added. The optical density of the culture was adjusted to 1.6 and assayed as follows: 
     Ten ml of cell suspension were poured into in a 100 ml tightly sealed bottle (Schott bottle) which was placed on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for the duration of the experiment. Sampling was performed at either 20 min or 30 min intervals. An aliquot of 100 ml of culture was removed and the optical density of the culture was measured at 600 nm to measure biomass content. The light production (bioluminescence in Lumi Counts Per Second, LCPS) was measured with a MicroBeta scintillation counter using microtiter plates. Twenty μl of 20% glucose were added to each well of the micro-titre plate (glucose acts as an electron donor). In each sample, luminescence activity was recorded with and without the addition of 0.5% tetradecyl aldehyde. Specific activity is determined by dividing the LCPS by the OD 600 . 
     Aldehyde Indicator Plates 
     Mixtures of pararosaniline and bisulfite are often referred to as Schiffreagent and have been widely used to detect aldehydes (Lillie 1977). These components have been incorporated into a solid medium which can be used to identify clones expressing enzymes that produce aldehydes. Indicator plates were prepared by adding 8 ml of pararosaniline (2.5 mg/ml of 95% ethanol) and 100 mg of sodium bisulfite to precooled Luria agar. The plates were stored at room temperature, away from fumes containing aldehydes and light, both of which promote increased background colour. 
     RESULTS 
     Cloning of Luciferase Components 
     a) Background 
     The luxAB gene products from  X. luminescens  are thermally more stable (up to 45° C.) than those of other bacteria (only up to 30° C.—Szittner and Meighen, 1990). The lux genes of this species were therefore used in the construction of this invention. The order of the lux structural genes in this organism is luxCDABE, with the luciferase genes flanked by the luxCD and luxE genes (see FIG.  1 ). 
     b) Cloning of Lux AB Genes 
     In the absence of a commercially available promoter detecting lux system, work was undertaken to develop such a system. The promoterless luxAB gene cassette is designed to contain unique cloning sites (EcoRV, ClaI and EcoRI) situated immediately upstream from the ribosomal binding site (RBS) of the luxA gene, flanking transcriptional terminators (rrnbT 1 T 2 ), and at minimum two unique enzyme sites (BamHI and XhoI or Sal I or Pst I) which would facilitate its cloning into other vectors. Promoter sequences inserted at the EcoRV, ClaI and EcoRI sites and in the correct orientation, have the potential to express the luxAB genes. 
     The purpose of the rrnbT 1 T 2  terminators upstream of the EcoRV site is to prohibit transcription from other promoters into continuing into the lux genes, while those distal to the lux genes assist in preventing the destabilisation of the host-vector system. 
     To facilitate the cloning of the rrnbT 1 T 2  terminators in the different positions on pSP72, two sets of PCR primers were designed. Initially the rear terminator was amplified from the vector pKK232-8 (Brosius, 1984) and cloned into the BamHI/XbaI site of pSP72, resulting in pT2. BglII and BamHI produce compatible cohesive ends, however the religated ends cannot be recleaved by either enzyme. Hence, the original BamHI and BglII restriction sites in pSP72 and the rrnbT 1 T 2  PCR product respectively do not exist in pT2. The forward transcriptional terminator was similarly amplified and cloned into the BglII/EcoRV site of pT2. A positive clone (designated PTER) was isolated, characterised and retained for further study. 
     The luxAB genes from  X. luminescens  were amplified and cloned into the EcoRI/SmaI site pUC18, resulting in a transcriptional fusion between the vector&#39;s lacZ promoter and the luxAB genes. Bioluminescence of colonies carrying this construct were easily visualised in the dark with the naked eye, on addition of exogenous aldehyde. Characterisation of constructs isolated from ten randomly picked colonies were found to be identical to each other and genuine. One clone, designated pluxAB, was retained (see FIG.  2 ). 
     c) Cloning the Aldehyde Synthase Genes 
     The luxCDE genes were placed under the transcriptional control of the trc promoter which contains the trp (−35) region and the lac UV5(−10) region separated by 17 base pairs (Amann et al., 1988). The PCR fragment generated by the luxCD primers was restricted with Eco RI/Kpn I and ligated to the Kpn I/Bam HI restricted luxE PCR product. Unique restriction enzyme sites were incorporated and positioned at the 5′ termini of each primer. The nucleotide sequence of the primers and the conditions of amplification are listed in the appendix. The resulting ligation mixture was subjected to an additional 25 rounds of amplification with the luxCD forward and luxE reverse primers. The final product comprising luxCDE (approx. 3.7 Kb) was cloned into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of the expression vector pTrc 99A and transformed into NM522. Positive aldehyde producing clones were isolated by patching transformants onto aldehyde indicator plates. Subsequent PCR and RE analysis of randomly picked clones, verified the authenticity of the constructs. A clone designated pLuxCDE (see FIG.  3 ), was retained for additional work. 
     The plasmid pTrc 99A contains the strong trc promoter which is inducible by IPTG. Furthermore, the vector contains the lacZ ribosomal binding site and the lacIq repressor, which controls the promoter. The trc promoter, however, is a very strong promoter and has been shown to initiate transcription at a low level even in an uninduced state (Amann et al., 1988). 
     d) Control Construct—Luciferase Operon 
     Constructs encoding the entire lux operon as a single unit, were to serve as a control. The entire lux operon (CDABE genes) was amplified from  X. luminescens  with the luxCD forward and luxE reverse primers, using Boerhinger&#39;s expand™ Long Template PCR kit. Following EcoRI and BamHI restriction, the PCR fragment was cloned into the EcoRI/BamHI site of pTrc 99A, resulting in a transcriptional fusion between the trc promoter and the lux operon. Visual examination of the resulting recombinant clones failed to yield bioluminescence in the absence or presence of exogenous aldehyde. However, luminescence was detected with the aid of the scintillation counter in the absence of exogenous aldehyde. Characterisation of these transformants via RE and PCR analysis, confirmed that the entire lux operon had been cloned. A representative of the transformants, designated pluxCDABE, was retained for additional work. 
     To rule out the possibility of an internal promoter activating transcription of the lux operon, the PCR fragment was cloned into the EcoRI/SmaI sites of pTER. Examination with the naked eye and the scintillation counter, of the resulting recombinant clones (designated pTlux), failed to yield bioluminescence in the absence or presence of exogenous aldehyde. pTlux contains the luxCDABE genes flanked two transcriptional terminators (outlined in the FIG.  4 ). 
     Construction of BTEX Sensor 
     a) Background 
     The Tol plasmid of Pseudomonas putida encodes for enzymes required in the complete degradation of toluene, m-xylene and p-xylene (Wang &amp; Dunn, 1974; Worsey &amp; Williams, 1975). The genes encoding the degradation of toluene are organised in two operons (see FIG.  5 ). The ‘upper’ pathway is responsible for the oxidation of toluene and xylenes to aromatic carboxylic acids (Franklin et al, 1983). In addition to the genes for catabolic enzymes, the Tol plasmid encodes for the XylR regulatory protein which in concert with upper pathway effectors (such as toluene) triggers expression from the pathway operon promoter (Pu, Abril et al., 1989). 
     b) Cloning the Regulatory Genes 
     The xylR gene was amplified (via PCR) from the archetypal Tol plasmid, and individually cloned into the PstI/BamHI site of the broad host range vector pRK404 (Ditta et al, 1985). The resulting constructs are under the transcriptional control of the inducible lacZ promoter, as shown in FIG.  6 . 
     Since the xylR gene contains an internal PstI site, an NsiI restriction site was introduced at the 5′ end of the xylR gene product via the forward PCR primer. This primer contains a recognition site for NsiI. Cleavage with NsiI produces compatible cohesive ends with PstI, thus facilitating ligation. The resulting construct, designated pxylac-R, contains the open reading frame (ORF) of the xylR gene. 
     The entire xylR gene (including its promoter—P r ) was also cloned. The rationale for creating this construct was to demonstrate that strains containing heterologous genes would respond to BTX compounds more rapidly than strains harbouring archetype genes. The entire xylR gene (2.1 kb) was amplified (via PCR) from the Tol plasmid, and cloned into the PstI/BamHI site of pRK404. To rule out transcriptional interference from the lacZ promoter, the xylR gene was cloned in the opposite orientation. This was assisted by exchanging the restriction sites of the forward and reverse PCR primers. Thus, the forward primer contains a BamHI recognition site at the 5′ end and similarly the reverse primer contains an NsiI site. A diagram illustrating the features of the resulting construct pXylR, is depicted in FIG.  7 . 
     c) Fusing the Catabolic Promoters to the Lux Detection System 
     The next step of this objective was to clone the promoter of the upper pathway of the Tol plasmid into pTER. The promoter was amplified from the Tol plasmid, individually ligated into the EcoRV/EcoRI sites of PTER and transformed into  E. coli  HB101. Following PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis, two clones were isolated and retained for future work. The construct harbouring the Pu promoter is designated pTU (refer to FIG.  8 ). 
     Having established that the luxAB genes from  X. luminescens  were functionally transcribed in  E. coli , the genes were subsequently cloned into pTU. The luxAB PCR fragment was restricted with Eco RI following blunting, and individually ligated into the Eco RV/ Eco RI site of pTU, generating pTLU. Visual examination of the resulting recombinant clones failed to yield bioluminescence in the presence of exogenous aldehyde. 
     Luminescence, however, was detected with the aid of the scintillation counter. A loop full of cells were scraped of the agar plate and resuspended in an eppendorf tube containing 100 ml of Luria broth plus 1% tetradecyl aldehyde. The culture was transferred to polystyrene micro-titre plates and scanned for light production using the scintillation counter. Characterisation of these transformants via RE and PCR analysis, verified that the constructs were authentic. 
     A diagram illustrating the respective position of the construct&#39;s components is shown in FIG.  9 . 
     d) Transcription of Pu Promoter Constructs 
     To confirm the potential usefulness of pTLU, luciferase activity of these clones was examined in response to the known effector m-xylene.  E coli  strains containing the clone and its specific regulator (pxylacR) were also examined (see Table 4). In  E coli  NM522 containing pTLU a relatively low level of luminescence was detected. These results are in agreement with previous findings (Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattatet al., 1990), which have shown that Pu can initiate transcription in the absence of its regulator. 
     Expectedly, XylR-dependent expression of the Pu promoter increased from 40 to 470 fold, depending on the type of sugar and/or IPTG present. A 5 to 10 fold decrease in light output was observed in the absence of the effector molecule (m-xylene), for all organisms except for those grown with glucose. The highest xylene-induced luciferase activity was recorded with cells grown in the presence of glucose (7.5×10 5  LCPS). Some caution must be exercised in interpreting these results, since glucose is known to repress transcription from the lacZ promoter (XylR is transcribed from the lacZ promoter). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Luminescence activities of recombinant  E. coli  (NM522) 
               
               
                 strains containing the TOL xylR regulators and the ′upper′ 
               
               
                 promoter luxAB construct. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Constructs 
                 Supplements 
                 LCPM 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pLuxAB 
                 +IPTG 
                 6.2 × 10 6   
               
               
                   
                 pLuxAB 
                 −IPTG 
                 8.9 × 10 5   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR 
                 +IPTG, +xylene 
                 — a   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR 
                 +IPTG, −xylene 
                 — a   
               
               
                   
                 pTLU 
                 +IPTG, +xylene 
                 1.6 × 10 3   
               
               
                   
                 pTLU 
                 +IPTG, −xylene 
                 2.3 × 10 3   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 +xylene 
                 6.6 × 10 4   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 −xylene 
                 1.8 × 10 4   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 +IPTG, +xylene 
                 4.3 × 10 5   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 +IPTG, −xylene 
                 8.6 × 10 4   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 +glucose, +xylene 
                 7.5 × 10 5   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 +glucose, −xylene 
                 4.2 × 10 5   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 +lactose, +xylene 
                 3.4 × 10 5   
               
               
                   
                 pxylacR-pTLU 
                 +lactose, −xylene 
                 4.8 × 10 4   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Overnight cultures of the recombinant strains were diluted 100-fold into LB broth containing ampicillin and tetracycline at a concentration of 100 and 10 mg/ml, respectively. The carbon source, glucose and lactose was provided at a concentration of 1%. To induce expression of the regulatory gene XylR, IPTG was added at a concentration of 1 mM. Luminescence activities (Luminescence Counts Per Second) were determined after 5 hr in the presence of the effector m-xylene (1 mM) and the addition of 2 ml of 10% tetradecylaldehyde. Cultures were grown at 30° C. 
     - a , Not detected 
     e) BTEX Sensor Control Constructs 
     The lux operon (control construct) was placed under the control of the Pu promoter. As previously mentioned, the entire lux operon (CDABE genes) was amplified from  X. luminescens  using Boerhinger &#39;s expand™ Long Template PCR kit. The PCR fragment, restricted with EcoRI at the 5′ end and blunt at the 3′ end, was ligated into the EcoRI/SmaI sites of pTu. Following transformation into NM522, positive bioluminating clones were identified in the absence of exogenous aldehyde with the scintillation counter. Restriction endonulease and PCR analysis was used to determine their authenticity. A representative of the transformants, designated pLu-x, was retained for additional work (see FIG.  10 ). An attempt was made to determine the background luminescence activity. pLu-x was cultured in Luria broth and assayed according to the protocol described in the method and materials section. No luminescence was detected in the presence or absence of exogenous m-xylene. 
     f) Construction of Complete BTEX Sensor 
     The Pu-luxAB cassette was isolated from pTLU via agarose gel electrophoresis following restriction with BamHI/PstI, and cloned into the similarly restricted sites of pluxCDE. Characterisation of these transformants via RE and PCR analysis, confirmed that the Pu-luxAB cassette was fused to the luxCDE genes. A representative of the transformants, designated pLEU, was retained for additional work. The relative position of the Pu-luxAB cassette in pLEO is outlined in FIG.  11 . In order to determine the background luminescence activity, pLEU was cultured in Luria broth and assayed according to the protocol described in the materials and methods section. Repeated assays failed to show luminescence, even in the presence of m-xylene. These results clearly indicate lack of induction of Pu in the absence of the regulatory protein Xyl R. 
     The test strain Leu-lacR was created by transforming both pLEU and pxylac-R into NM522 and selecting for resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. Similarly, Leu-R, Lux-lacR and Lux-R were produced by transforming the respective constructs (refer to Tables 1 and 2) into NM522. 
     Assay results of these strains are presented in FIG.  12 . and FIG.  13 . 
     The functionality of the novel sensor of the present invention is demonstrated in FIGS. 12 and 13. The response of the new sensor was clearly superior to that obtained with the reference construct based on the native lux gene cassette. The induction of the light signal was faster and much more intensive in the new sensor. FIG. 13 clearly shows that linear calibration curves can be obtained with such sensors down to sub-ppm levels in the case of xylene. Sensor responses are therefore significantly improved by splitting of lux genes as achieved in the novel sensor constructs. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. 
     References 
     Abril, M. A., Michan, C., Timmis, K. N., and Ramos, J. L.(1989)  J. Bacteriol . 171:6782-6790. 
     Amann, E.; Ochs, B. &amp; Abel, K.-J.(1988)  Gene  69:301-315. Brosius, J. (1984)  Gene , 27:151-160. 
     Burlage, R. S. &amp; Kuo, C.-T. (1994)  Annu. Rev. Microbiol . 48, 291-309. 
     Ditta, G., Schmidhauser, T., Yakobson, E., Lu, P., Liang, X. W., Finlay, D. R., Guiney, D. and Helinski, D. R. (1985)  Plasmid  13: 149-153. 
     Franklin, F. D. C., Lehrbach, P. R., Lurz, R., Rureckert, B., Bagdasarian, M. and Timmis, K. N.(1983)  J. Bacteriol . 154: 676-685. 
     Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat, N.,Kohler, T., Rekik,. M., and Harayama, S. (1990)  J. Bacteriol . 172:6651-6660. 
     King, J. M. H., DiGrazia, P. M., Applegate, B., Burlage, R., Sanseverino, J., Dunbar, P., Larimer, F. and Sayler, G. S. (1990)  Science  249:778-781. 
     Lillie, R. D. (1977)  Conn&#39;s biological stains , 9th ed., p. 259-266. The Williams &amp; Wilkins Co. Baltimore. 
     Meighen E. A.  Ann. Rev. Genetics , 28, 117-139, (1994). 
     Morelle, G. (1989) A plasmid extraction procedure on a miniprep scale.  Focus  ( BRL, USA ) 11.1:7-8. 
     Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. (1989)  Molecular Cloning : A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 
     Szittner, R. and Meighen, E. (1990)  J. Biol. Chem . 265:16581-16587 
     Worsey, M. J. and Williams, P. A. (1975)  J. Bacteriol . 124: 7-13. Baldwin, T. O.; Berends, T.; Bunch, T. A.; Holzman, T. F.; Rausch, S. K.; Shamansky, L.; Treat, M. L. and Ziegler, M. M. (1984)  Biochemistry  23, 3663-3667. 
     Wang, C. L. &amp; Dunn, N. W. (1974)  Genetical Research  23, 227-232. 
     Appendix 1 
     PCR of the XylR gene from the TOL plasmid in  Pseudomonas putida.    
     According to computer analysis (PCR primer and Amplify) the following primers were used: 
     XylR geneXylR ORF: 
     Forward primer (R F ): 30 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                           3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCA ATGCAT TGTGGATCATCCCGATAAAAA 
                 (SEQ ID NO:1) 
               
               
                   
                    Nsi I 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 52.0° C.         G.C. - 40% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (R R ): 28 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                         3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CG GGATCC CGCCCGTTTTCACACAACCT 
                 (SEQ ID NO:2) 
               
               
                   
                   Bam HJ 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 60.9° C.        G.C. - 60% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PCR conditions: primers annealed for 30 secs. at 46° C., extention time of 2.5 mins. for 30 cycles. 
     Resulting product size: Approx. 1963 bps 
     XylR entire gene: 
     Forward primer (XylRN.for): 29 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                          3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CG GGATCC CGGATCTGCGTTGAGGTGGAT 
                 (SEQ ID NO:3) 
               
               
                   
                   BamHI 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 62.4° C.         G.C. - 62% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (XylRn.rev): 29 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                          3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCA ATGCAT TGCCCGTTTTCACACAACCT 
                 (SEQ ID NO:4) 
               
               
                   
                    NsiI 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 60.9° C.         G.C. - 48% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PCR conditions: primers annealed for 30 secs. at 45° C., extention time of 2.5 mins. for 30 cycles. 
     Resulting product size: Approx. 2111 bps 
     Terminators 
     PCR the  Escherichia coli  5s ribosomal RNA terminators (rrnbT 1 T 2 ) from the vector pkk232-8. According to computer analysis (PCRprimer and Amplify) the following primers were designed: 
     Forward Terminator 
     Forward primer (Frnb.F): 36 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 5′                                 3′ 
                   
               
               
                 GA AGATCT TCG GGATCC TCAGAAGTGAAACGCCGTA 
                 (SEQ ID NO:5) 
               
               
                    Bgl II  Bam HI 
               
               
                 Tm - 59.1° C.          G.C - 50% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (Frnb.R): 27 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                        3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CG GATATC CTGATGCAAAAACGAGGCT 
                 (SEQ ID NO:6) 
               
               
                   
                   Eco RV 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 62° C.   G.C - 50% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Product size: Approx. 390 bps 
     Rear Terminator 
     Forward primer (Rrnb.F): 26 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                       3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GA AGATCT CAGAAGTGAAACGCCGTA 
                 (SEQ ID NO:7) 
               
               
                   
                   Bgl II 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 59.1° C.        G.C - 50% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (Rrnb.R): 29 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                          3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GC TCTAGA GCCTGATGCAAAAACGAGGTC 
                 (SEQ ID NO:8) 
               
               
                   
                   Xba I 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 62° C.          G.C - 50% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Product size: Approx. 380 bps 
     PCR conditions for both products: primers annealed for 10 secs. at 63° C., extention time of 30 secs. for 20 cycles. 
       Xenorhabdus Luminescens  Lux CDABE Genes 
     PCR the lux operon (CDABE) genes (including the ribosomal binding site) from  X. luminescens . The following gene(s) were amplified as a single unit: 
     lux CD 
     lux AB 
     lux E 
     entire operon lux CDABE 
     According to computer analysis (PCR primer and Amplify) the following primers were used: 
     Lux CD: 
     Forward primer (luxCD.F): 26 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                        3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 G GAATTC CCCCCGATTAAATGGATGGC 
                 (SEQ ID NO:9) 
               
               
                   
                  Eco RI 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 62.2° C.       G.C. - 53% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (luxCD.R): 32mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                             3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GG GGTACC CCGCAAAAAGTTTCCAAATTTCAT 
                 (SEQ ID NO:10) 
               
               
                   
                   KpnI 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 57.4° C.         G.C. - 27% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PCR conditions: primers annealed for 30 secs. at 52° C., extention time of 2.5 mins. for 25 cycles. 
     Resulting product size: Approx. 2483 bps 
     Lux: AB 
     Forward primer (lux.F): 32 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                             3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CG GAATTC CGAAGGACTCTCTATGAAATTTGG 
                 (SEQ ID NO:11) 
               
               
                   
                   Eco RJ 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 54.4° C.    G.C. - 36% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (lux.R): 18 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′               3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCTCCCTGCAACTCGAAAT 
                 (SEQ ID NQ:12) 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 61.5° C.    G.C. - 53% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PCR conditions: primers annealed for 30 secs. at 50° C., extention time of 2.0 mins. for 25 cycles. 
     Resulting product size: Approx. 2114 bps 
     Lux E: 
     Forward primer (luxE.F): 32 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                             3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GG GGTACC CCCTTGAGGAGTAAAACAGGTATG 
                 (SEQ ID NO:13) 
               
               
                   
                   KpnI 
               
               
                   
                 Tm -53.4° C.         G.C. - 41% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (luxE.R): 30 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                           3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCAAG GGATCC ACTTACAATTAGGCAAAGG 
                 (SEQ ID NO:14) 
               
               
                   
                   Bam HI 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 58.3° C.       G.C. - 41% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PCR conditions: primers annealed for 30 secs. at 45° C., extention time of 2.0 mins. for 25 cycles. 
     Resulting product size: Approx. 1205 bps 
     Lux operon 
     Forward primer (luxCD.F): 25 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                      3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTGGAATTCCCCCCGATTAAATGG 
                 (SEQ ID NO:15) 
               
               
                   
                     Eco RI 
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 62.2° C.   G.C. - 53% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (luxE.R): 30 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 5′                           3′ 
                   
               
               
                 GCAAGGGATCCACTTACAATTAGGCAAAGG 
                 (SEQ ID NO:16) 
               
               
                     Bam HI 
               
               
                 Tm - 53.3° C.         G.C. - 41% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PCR conditions: Used the Boerhinger expand™ Long Template PCR kit. Essentually the first 10 cycles were as follows:—denature 94° C. for 10 secs. 
     anneal at 52° C. for 30 secs. 
     elongation at 68° C. for 5 mins. 
     Then 15 cycles as follows:—denature 94° C. for 10 secs. 
     anneal at 52° C. for 30 secs. 
     elongation at 68° C. for 5 mins. with a 20 sec incremental increase in each elongation step. 
     Resulting product size: Approx. 5831 bps 
     Upper Toluate Catabolic Pathway Promoter Region 
     PCR the upper toluate catabolic pathway promoter (including the ribosomal binding site) from the TOL plasmid in  Pseudomonas putida . According to computer analysis (PCRprimer and Amplify) the following primers are to be used: 
     Forward primer (U F ): 19 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO:17) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGAAAGCGCGATGAACCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 62.6° C.    G.C. - 53% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reverse primer (U R ): 28 mer 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 5′                         3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO:18) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GC GAATTC CTGAAGGGTCACCACTATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   Eco RI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tm - 61.5° C.       G.C. - 53% 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     PCR conditions: primers annealed for 10 secs. at 58° C., extention time of 30 secs. for 25 cycles. 
     Resulting product size: Approx. 246 bps 
     Appendix 2 
     Examples of promoters which may be used as sensor elements: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Promoter 
                 Signal 
                 Reference 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 mer 
                 heavy metals 
                 Selinofova, O.; 
               
               
                   
                 (particularly mercury) 
                 Burlage, R. and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Barkay, T., Appl. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Env. Microbiol., 59, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3083-3090, 1993. 
               
               
                 Psal 
                 naphthalene, 
                 Heitzer, A.; Webb, 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate 
                 O. F.; Thonnard, J. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 E. &amp; Sayler, G. S. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Appl. Env. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol., 58, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1839-1846, 1992. 
               
               
                 fliC 
                 aluminium 
                 Guzzo, J.; Guzzo, A. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 &amp; DuBow, M. S. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Toxicol. Lett. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 64/65, 687-693, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1992. 
               
               
                 arsB 
                 arsenic 
                 Corbisier, P.; Ji, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 G.; Nuyts, G.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mergeay, M. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Silver, S. FEMS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol. Lett., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 110, 231-238, 1993. 
               
               
                 cadA 
                 cadmium 
                 Corbisier, P.; Ji, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 G.; Nuyts, G.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mergeay, M. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Silver, S. FEMS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol. Lett., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 110, 231-238, 1993. 
               
               
                 Pm and Ps 
                 aromatic hydrocarbons 
                 Abril, M. A., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Michan, C., Timmis, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 K. N., and Ramos, J. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 L. J. Bacteriol. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 171, 6782-6790, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1989. 
               
               
                 tcb 
                 chlorobenzenes 
                 van der Meer, J. R., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 deVos, W. M., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Harayama, S. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Zehnder, A. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol. Rev., 56, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 677-694, 1992. 
               
               
                 clc 
                 chlorobenzoates 
                 van der Meer, J. R., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 deVos, W. M., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Harayama, S. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Zehnder, A. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol. Rev., 56, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 677-694, 1992. 
               
               
                 bph 
                 polychlorinated 
                 van der Meer, J. R., 
               
               
                   
                 biphenyls 
                 deVos, W. M., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Harayama, S. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Zehnder, A. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol. Rev., 56, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 677-694, 1992. 
               
               
                 cat 
                 catechol 
                 van der Meer, J. R., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 deVos, W. M., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Harayama, S. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Zehnder, A. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol. Rev., 56, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 677-694, 1992. 
               
               
                 dmpR 
                 phenols 
                 Sze, C. C.; Moore, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 T. &amp; Shingler, V. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Appl. Env. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol., 178, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3727-3735, 1996. 
               
               
                 lac 
                 lactose 
                 Engebrecht J.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Simon, M. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Silverman, M. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Science, 227, 1345- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1347, 1985. 
               
               
                 ara 
                 arabinose 
                 Engebrecht J.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Simon, M. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Silverman, M. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Science, 227, 1345- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1347, 1985. 
               
               
                 rha 
                 rhamnose 
                 Ramos, J. L.; Rojo, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F. &amp; Timmis, K. N. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nucleic Acids Res. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18, 2149-2152, 1990. 
               
               
                 mel 
                 melibiose 
                 Ramos, J. L.; Rojo, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F. &amp; Timmis, K. N. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nucleic Acids Res. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18, 2149-2152, 1990. 
               
               
                 xyl 
                 xylose 
                 Ramos, J. L.; Rojo, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F. &amp; Timmis, K. N. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nucleic Acids Res. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18, 2149-2152, 1990. 
               
               
                 sor 
                 sorbose 
                 Ramos, J. L.; Rojo, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F. &amp; Timmis, K. N. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nucleic Acids Res. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18, 2149-2152, 1990. 
               
               
                 hut 
                 histidine 
                 Fisher, S. H.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rohrer, K. &amp; Ferson, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A. E. J. Bact., 178, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3779-3784, 1996 
               
               
                 nifA 
                 nitrogen assimilation 
                 Shingler, V. Mol. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Miocrobiol. 19, 409- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 416, 1996. 
               
               
                 ntrC 
                 nitrogen assimilation 
                 Shingler, V. Mol. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Miocrobiol. 19, 409- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 416, 1996. 
               
               
                 laf 
                 expression of lateral 
                 Engebrecht J.; 
               
               
                   
                 flagella in  E. coli,   
                 Simon, M. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 induced in response to 
                 Silverman, M. 
               
               
                   
                 surfaces 
                 Science, 227, 1345- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1347, 1985 
               
               
                 proU 
                 osmolarity 
                 Zhang, X.; Fletcher, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 S. A. &amp; Csonka, L. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 N. J. Bact. 178, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3377-3379, 1996. 
               
               
                 csiA 
                 starvation 
                 Kjelleberg, S.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Albertson, N. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Flärdh, K.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Holmquist, L.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Jouper-Jaan, Å; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Marouga, R.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Östling, J.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Svenblad, B. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Weichart, D. Antonie 
               
               
                   
                   
                 van Leeuwenhoek, 63, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3/4, 333-342, 1993. 
               
               
                 sigB, ctc, 
                 stress response of 
                 Hecker, M.; 
               
               
                 gsiB, gspA, katE, 
                 
                   Bacillus subtilis 
                 
                 Schumann, W. &amp; 
               
               
                 gspB, gtaB, csbA 
                   
                 Völker, U. Mol. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microbiol., 19, 417- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 428, 1996. 
               
               
                 dnaK 
                 heat shock 
                 Van Dyk, T. K.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Majarian, W. R.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Konstantinov, K. B.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Young, R. M.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dhurjati, P. S. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LaRossa, R. A. Appl. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Env. Microbiol., 60, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1414-1420, 1994. 
               
               
                 grpE 
                 heat shock 
                 Van Dyk, T. K.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Majarian, W. R.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Konstantinov, K. B.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Young, R. M.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dhurjati, P. S. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LaRossa, R. A. Appl. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Env. Microbiol., 60, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1414-1420, 1994. 
               
               
                 algB 
                 alginate biosynthesis 
                 Shingler, V. Mol. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Miocrobiol. 19, 409- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 416, 1996. 
               
               
                 cspA 
                 cold shock 
                 Nakashima, K.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Kanamaru, K.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mizuno, T. &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Horikoshi, K. J. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bact. 178, 2994- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2997, 1996. 
               
               
                 hrpS 
                 virulence determinants 
                 Shingler, V. Mol. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Miocrobiol. 19, 409- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 416, 1996. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             18 
           
           
             
               30 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              1
CCAATGCATT GTGGATCATC CCGATAAAAA                                      30 
           
           
             
               28 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              2
CGGGATCCCG CCCGTTTTCA CACAACCT                                        28 
           
           
             
               29 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              3
CGGGATCCCG GATCTGCGTT GAGGTGGAT                                       29 
           
           
             
               29 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              4
CCAATGCATT GCCCGTTTTC ACACAACCT                                       29 
           
           
             
               36 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              5
GAAGATCTTC GGGATCCTCA GAAGTGAAAC GCCGTA                               36 
           
           
             
               27 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              6
CGGATATCCT GATGCAAAAA CGAGGCT                                         27 
           
           
             
               26 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              7
GAAGATCTCA GAAGTGAAAC GCCGTA                                          26 
           
           
             
               29 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              8
GCTCTAGAGC CTGATGCAAA AACGAGGTC                                       29 
           
           
             
               27 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              9
GGAATTCCCC CCGATTAAAT GGATGGC                                         27 
           
           
             
               32 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              10
GGGGTACCCC GCAAAAAGTT TCCAAATTTC AT                                   32 
           
           
             
               32 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              11
CGGAATTCCG AAGGACTCTC TATGAAATTT GG                                   32 
           
           
             
               19 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              12
CCTCGCTGCA ACTCGAAAT                                                  19 
           
           
             
               32 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              13
GGGGTACCCC CTTGAGGAGT AAAACAGGTA TG                                   32 
           
           
             
               30 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              14
GCAAGGGATC CACTTACAAT TAGGCAAAGG                                      30 
           
           
             
               25 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              15
GTTGGAATTC CCCCCGATTA AATGG                                           25 
           
           
             
               30 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              16
GCAAGGGATC CACTTACAAT TAGGCAAAGG                                      30 
           
           
             
               19 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              17
GGAAAGCGCG ATGAACCTT                                                  19 
           
           
             
               28 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               cDNA 
             
             
               not provided 
             
              18
GCGAATTCCT GAAGGGTCAC CACTATTT                                        28