Abstract:
A Service Provider (SP) authentication method includes receiving a message from a subscriber-premises device, the message being compatible with an authentication protocol and being transported from the subscriber-premises device to a u-PE device operating in compliance with an IEEE 802.1x compatible protocol. Access to the SP network is either allowed or denied access based on a logical identifier contained in the message. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 37 CFR 1.72(b).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates generally to data communications systems; more specifically, to security systems and authentication techniques in service provider (SP) networks.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     A comprehensive computer network security policy is ordinarily designed to achieve specific goals, such as preventing outsiders (e.g., external hackers) from accessing the network; allowing only authorized users into the network; preventing internally sourced network attacks, usually by enforcing accountability for actions or usage; and to provide different layers of access for different categories or kinds of users. To be effective, the security policy should achieve each of the above goals in a way that does not disrupt business or make authorized access prohibitively difficult. A variety of network security systems and methods for achieving these goals are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,826,698; 6,763,469; 6,611,869; and 6,499,107.  
         [0003]     A number of different network protocols have been developed to address the need for identifying and authenticating users who want to access a network. For example, Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a flexible protocol used to carry authentication information, which can include identities, passwords, or predefined security keys. EAP, however, is not a transport protocol; rather, it typically operates on another protocol that behaves as the transport, carrying the authentication information between the client and the authenticating authority. By way of example, EAP may operate on the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol that is commonly used to communicate between a network device and an authentication server or database. Acting as a transport for EAP messages, RADIUS allows a network device to securely pass communication of login and authentication credentials (e.g., username/password).  
         [0004]     Another well-known transport mechanism is the point-to-point protocol (PPP) which is commonly used by Internet users when they dial into a remote access server point-to-point link. Built into PPP is a Link Control Protocol (LCP) that establishes a link layer connection and can optionally negotiate an authentication protocol to authenticate users requesting network access.  
         [0005]     Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is widely-used today for increasing the bandwidth of digital data transmissions over the existing telephone network infrastructure. Other types of Layer  1  transport mechanisms in use include Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) and WIMAX. In a typical DSL system configuration, a plurality of DLS subscribers are connected to a service provider (SP) network through a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM), which concentrates and multiplexes signals at the telephone service provider location to the broader wide area network. Basically, a DSLAM takes connections from many customers or subscribers and aggregates them onto a single, high-capacity connection. The DSLAM may also provide additional functions such as routing or Internet Protocol (IP) address assignment for the subscribers.  
         [0006]     Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol networks have traditionally been utilized for communications between DSLAM devices and web servers such as Broadband Remote Access Servers (BRAS). A BRAS is a device that terminates remote users at the corporate network or Internet users at the Internet service provider (ISP) network, and commonly provides firewall, authentication, and routing services for remote users. The ATM protocol is an international standard in which multiple service types are conveyed in fixed-length “cells” over point-to-point network connections. Data packet cells travel through the network from the user network interface (UNI) through the ATM switch to the network node interface (NNI) through a process called Virtual Path Identifier/Virtual Channel Identifier (VPINCI) translation.  
         [0007]     SP access networks are being migrated away from ATM protocol networks to Ethernet networks. Ethernet is a technology that originated based on the idea of peers on a network sending messages in what was essentially a common wire or channel. Each peer has a globally unique key, known as the Media Access Control (MAC) address to ensure that all systems in an Ethernet have distinct addresses. Most modern Ethernet installations use Ethernet switches (also referred to as “bridges”) to implement an Ethernet “cloud” or “island” that provides connectivity to the attached devices. The switch functions as an intelligent data traffic forwarder in which frames are sent to ports where the destination device is attached. Examples of network switches for use in Ethernet network environments are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,850,542, 6,813,268 and 6,850,521.  
         [0008]     A widely-used prior art protocol for authenticating DSL subscribers connecting through an Ethernet access network is known as the Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). The PPPoE protocol, which is described in RFC 2516 (“A Method for Transmitting PPP over Ethernet”, February 1999), basically specifies how to connect Ethernet users to the Internet through a common broadband medium such as a DSL. But because PPPoE is point-to-point connection-oriented, as opposed to multipoint IP over Ethernet, it suffers certain inherent drawbacks that have made PPPoE increasingly unattractive as a transport protocol as new services such as voice and video are layered onto SP networks.  
         [0009]     Thus, what is a needed is a new authentication mechanism for subscriber broadband aggregation networks that rely on Ethernet technology.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]     The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description that follows and from the accompanying drawings, which, however, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown, but are for explanation and understanding only.  
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a diagram showing a network topology according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  is a call flow diagram that illustrates the process of authenticating a client&#39;s identity in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  is a diagram of a user network interface to a local access domain of a service provider network in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0014]      FIG. 4  is a diagram of a user network interface to a local access domain of a service provider network in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0015]      FIG. 5  is a generalized circuit schematic block diagram of a network node.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]     An end-to-end solution for authentication of SP subscribers coming into an Ethernet access network is described. In the following description specific details are set forth, such as device types, protocols, configurations, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, persons having ordinary skill in the networking arts will appreciate that these specific details may not be needed to practice the present invention.  
         [0017]     A computer network is a geographically distributed collection of interconnected subnetworks for transporting data between nodes, such as intermediate nodes and end nodes. A local area network (LAN) is an example of such a subnetwork; a plurality of LANs may be further interconnected by an intermediate network node, such as a router, bridge, or switch, to extend the effective “size” of the computer network and increase the number of communicating nodes. Examples of the end nodes may include servers and personal computers. The nodes typically communicate by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data according to predefined protocols. In this context, a protocol consists of a set of rules defining how the nodes interact with each other.  
         [0018]     As shown in  FIG. 5 , each node  60  typically comprises a number of basic subsystems including a processor subsystem  61 , a main memory  62  and an input/output (I/O) subsystem  65 . Data is transferred between main memory (“system memory”)  62  and processor subsystem  61  over a memory bus  63 , and between the processor and I/O subsystems over a system bus  66 . Examples of the system bus may include the conventional lightning data transport (or hyper transport) bus and the conventional peripheral component [computer] interconnect (PCI) bus. Node  60  may also comprise other hardware units/modules  64  coupled to system bus  66  for performing additional functions. Processor subsystem  61  may comprise one or more processors and a controller device that incorporates a set of functions including a system memory controller, support for one or more system buses and direct memory access (DMA) engines. In general, the single-chip device is designed for general-purpose use and is not heavily optimized for networking applications.  
         [0019]     In a typical networking application, packets are received from a framer, such as an Ethernet media access control (MAC) controller, of the I/O subsystem attached to the system bus. A DMA engine in the MAC controller is provided a list of addresses (e.g., in the form of a descriptor ring in a system memory) for buffers it may access in the system memory. As each packet is received at the MAC controller, the DMA engine obtains ownership of the system bus to access a next descriptor ring to obtain a next buffer address in the system memory at which it may, e.g., store (“write”) data contained in the packet. The DMA engine may need to issue many write operations over the system bus to transfer all of the packet data.  
         [0020]     The present invention utilizes the IEEE 802.1x specification as a component of a cross-platform authentication mechanism in subscriber broadband aggregation networks. The IEEE 802.1x specification (also referred simply as “802.1x”) is a set of standards that describe a Layer  2  (L 2 ) protocol used for transporting higher-level authentication protocols, which means that it may carry credential information, e.g., username and password information, between an endpoint (client) and an authenticator device. The 802.1x specification is capable of opening and closing on multiple Ethertypes (e.g., IP, PPPoE, AppleTalk, etc.) at once.  
         [0021]     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, 802.1x may be used to connect a subscriber-premises device, such as a customer edge (CE) or residential gateway (RG) device, to an Ethernet aggregation switch located one or more hops back in the SP network such that all traffic can be authorized at a single L 2  UNI. (A hop is known as a measure of distance between two points, e.g., nodes or gateways, in a network.) This enables authentication of non-IP end-user services such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) that may provide multipoint Ethernet services, Ethernet Relay Service, Ethernet Private Line, and other L 2  &amp; L 3  services.  
         [0022]     The L 2  UNI may comprise a variety of different devices, including: a physical Layer  1  (L 1 ) port termination; an ATM switch; a MAC address residing one or more L 2  hops back from a CE/RG, wherein the MAC address is utilized to identify and authorize the corresponding CE/RG; a virtual MAC address (vMAC) corresponding to a physical port on a L 1  aggregation device such as a DSLAM; or a set of MAC addresses corresponding to a single port. The port may be identified, for example, by a MAC mask. As will be seen shortly, the authentication mechanism of the present invention allows authorization of a number of ports to all application layer services, or, alternatively, to a subset of those services on an individual (per application layer service) basis.  
         [0023]     In addition to authentication, according to one embodiment of the present invention, 802.1x may be utilized as part of an end-to-end authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) mechanism that permits L 2  and L 3  policies to be applied to the L 2  endpoint. This could include quality of service (QoS) configurations for authorized ports, and default resources allowed for authenticated/unauthorized ports, such as a dashboard/provisioning web server.  
         [0024]      FIG. 1  is a diagram showing a network topology according to one embodiment of the present invention, wherein an exemplary home network (client side) is depicted to the left of dashed line  10 , and a SP network (server side) is shown to the right. In accordance with the embodiment shown, the authentication protocol is enabled on both sides of dashed line  10 . The client side includes a CE device coupled with a personal computer (PC)  11 , which, in this example, is the unit or box being authenticated. In IEEE jargon, PC  11  is commonly referred to as the “requester” or “supplicant”.  
         [0025]     Also shown on the client side coupled to PC  11  and CE device  13  is a hardware unit  12  known as an asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) modem, which is often referred to as an ATU-R (ADSL Terminal Unit—Remote). In the example of  FIG. 1 , ATU-R unit  12  provides DSL physical layer encoding of bits for transport over copper telephone wires. Together, CE device  13  and ATU-R unit  12  may be considered as the residential gateway (RG) to the SP network. The RG basically has the same relationship upstream (i.e., to the right in  FIG. 1 ) as a PC bridged through an edge router. It is appreciated that other embodiments may utilize other Layer  1  transport mechanisms, such as FTTH or WIMAX.  
         [0026]     On the SP network side of  FIG. 1 , CE device  13  connects to a DSLAM device  15 , which, in one implementation functions as the authenticator device. Alternatively, the authentication function may be incorporated a user-facing provider edge (u-PE) device located one or more hops upstream (e.g., see  FIGS. 3 &amp; 4 ). In  FIG. 1 , a Broadband Remote Access Servers (BRAS)  17  basically functions as a u-PE device. A BRAS is a device that terminates remote users at the corporate network or Internet users at the Internet service provider (ISP) network, and may provide firewall, authentication, and routing services for remote users. In this case, BRAS  17  is coupled with many DSLAMs and is used for aggregating or concentrating subscriber traffic in a single place or node on the SP network.  
         [0027]     Further upstream, BRAS  17  is shown connected with an AAA server  18 , which, in turn is connected with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) AAA server  19 . AAA server  18  functions as a single source facility or database for storing user information that includes user identity and authorization credentials. AAA server  18  is also typically referred to as a RADIUS server, since the RADIUS protocol is the current standard by which devices or applications communicate with the AAA server. It should be understood that the authentication server and the authenticator could be located in different administrative domains (e.g., to accommodate wholesale as well as retail access). In still other embodiments, multiple versions of the IEEE 802.1x compatible protocol may run on different points in the access network. It is also possible to have multiple supplicants associated with a CE or RG device connecting to different points in the network.,  
         [0028]     ISP AAA server  19  is an optional device in the network topology of  FIG. 1 . ISP AAA server  19  is shown connected with AAA server  18  since, in certain cases, it may be desirable to validate a user&#39;s credentials and other user information with other companies (e.g., Internet access providers) to control access to their subscriber databases.  
         [0029]      FIG. 2  is a call flow diagram that illustrates the process of authenticating a client&#39;s identity in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. With reference also to  FIG. 1 , the authentication process begins with the client or supplicant (e.g., PC  11 ) sending an EAP_Start message (block  21 ) to BRAS  17 . The EAP_Start message is a standard EAP type message that runs on top of the 802.1x protocol in accordance with the present invention for the purpose of initiating the process of obtaining access to the network. After receiving EAP_Start message, BRAS  17  responds by sending back an EAP_Request_Identity message (block  22 ), asking for certain user information (e.g., identity and credentials). At block  23 , the client sends back an EAP_Response_Identity packet to BRAS  17  that contains the requested identity information.  
         [0030]     Upon receipt of the EAP_Response_Identity packet, BRAS  17  extracts the user identity information from the EAP response payload and encapsulates that information in a RADIUS authentication access request that is forwarded to AAA server  18 , which functions as an 802.1x authentication server in this example. This event is shown occurring in  FIG. 2  by block  24 . In one implementation, based on the identity of the client, AAA server  18  is configured to authenticate via a specific authentication algorithm. Thus, AAA server  18  may request a one-time password (OTP) from the client. The OTP request is sent to BRAS  17 . BRAS  17 , in turn, processes the OTP request by encapsulating it into an 802.1x message, which is sent to the supplicant (block  25 ).  
         [0031]     When the client (e.g., PC  11 ) receives the OTP request message, it calculates an OTP based on an internally stored key. For example, a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) digital certificate or key may be used to provide encrypted identity authentication (password) information. In  FIG. 2 , the OTP is shown being sent by PC  11  to BRAS  17  at block  26 . BRAS  17  then extracts/encapsulates the OTP and sends it to AAA server  18 . AAA server  18  validates the OTP and either allows or denies network access to the client based on the credential provided (block  27 ). Upon validation, AAA server  18  returns an Access_Accept message to BRAS  17 , which then sends an EAP_Success message to the client over the 802.1x transport protocol. BRAS  17  then notifies the client of the success and transitions the client&#39;s port to an authorized state, wherein traffic may thereafter be forwarded across the network. It is appreciated that the 802.1x protocol may require that the validation process shown by blocks  25 - 27  be periodically repeated to validate that the client is still authorized to connect to the SP network (block  28 ).  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  also shows an optional Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) process that may be used to provide PC  11  with an IP address, if the client does not yet have one. Note that the standard DHCP process shown by blocks  31 - 34 , commence after the client&#39;s access credentials have successfully validated via 802.1x authentication (block  27 ); that is, the BRAS port may begin accepting frames other than those containing EAP information after the client has received authorization to access the network. Until that time, the port on BRAS  17  is closed to all traffic, except EAP messaging.  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  is a diagram of a user network interface to a local access domain of a service provider network in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 3 , a residence  38  is shown connected with a local access domain  39 . Various layers of the connection are shown, beginning with copper loop  37  behind the DSL physical layer, which provides the mechanism for encoding digital information sent over the copper wires. The example of  FIG. 3  also shows a Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC)—which essentially is a fixed virtual circuit between two network devices that functions as the public data network equivalent of a leased line—encapsulated within the Layer  2  protocol. However, it should be understood that PVC is not required for implementing the present invention. Instead of PVC, the connection protocol could, for example, be native Ethernet over DSL.  
         [0034]     In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , Layer  3  voice over IP (VoIP) and data services are shown encapsulated in Ethernet for transmission between RG  41  and u-PE device  53  via path  56  (e.g., VLAN  18 , ISP  1 ). Video services are split in DSLAM  51  for direct connection to u-PE device  53  via path  55  (e.g., VLAN  2 , Video). In accordance with the embodiment shown, video services may be split-off before passing through the authentication mechanism. DSLAM  51  is configured to snoop on a user request to join a multicast video program, with Multicast VLAN Registration (MVR) permitting the use of different sets of authentication rules for video service. In this way, a customer may receive a set of basic channels that is not dependent upon 802.1x authentication credentials. This aspect of the present invention is discussed in more detail below.  
         [0035]     The connection  52  between DSLAM  51  and u-PE device  53  in the example of  FIG. 3  comprises a gigabit Ethernet (GE) physical link. Additionally, IP data service is shown encapsulated within PPPoE between RG  41  and u-PE device  53  via path  57 .  
         [0036]     Residential gateway  41  may comprise a routed gateway that provides L 3  IP services for all networked devices within residence  38 . By way of example, RG  41  may include a hardware unit  43  (e.g., a set-top box), an 802.1x supplicant device  44  (e.g., a PC) and a unit or module  45  that implements the methodologies of the EAP protocol. Practitioners in the networking arts will understand that each of the elements/functional units shown comprising RG  41  may be implemented by a single device, or distributed among multiple devices (e.g., a PC, ATU-R, CE, etc.) having one or more processors.  
         [0037]     As can be seen, unit  43  runs Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) for RG  41  to report its multicast group membership(s) to DSLAM  51  and/or u-PE  53 . Unit  43  also includes an IP forwarding table for storing IP address information for communications across the network. Other devices in residence  38  may pass traffic through unit  43  or be provided with IP address information directly from the network.  
         [0038]     In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , u-PE device  53  includes an 802.1x authenticator unit (or software/firmware module)  58  that provides the same functionality as BRAS  17  in the previous example. That is, unit  58  communicates with RG  41  and an AAA server (not shown) to authenticate a supplicant that requests access to the network. The 802.1x authentication protocol terminates at unit  58 . In this example, since there may be many DSLAMs (including DSLAM  51 ) connected to u-PE device  53 , authentication of individual subscribers is based the supplicant&#39;s MAC address. Alternatively, some other logical identifier may be used.  
         [0039]     In the network topology shown in  FIG. 3 , EAP messages are sent using the 802.1x transport protocol by supplicant  44  over Ethernet (shown by the dashed line) to u-PE  53  where they are processed by authenticator unit  58 . The Ethernet can be of multiple Ethertypes, e.g., IP, PPPoE, AppleTalk, etc. In this example, Ethernet is shown carrying IP (path  56 ) and PPPoE (which itself carries IP; path  57 ). In the example of  FIG. 3 , the PPPoE protocol is shown using the same MAC address for both paths  56  &amp;  57 . In other words, unit  58  authenticates both Ethernet streams using the same MAC address.  
         [0040]     In accordance with the present invention, different MAC addresses may be used, such that different Ethernet traffic streams may be authenticated separate from on another. For instance, voice and video services (paths  56  &amp;  55 ) can be authenticated separately from the data service provided on path  57 . The data service on path  57 , for example, might be provided by an ISP such as America Online®, wherein the voice and video services are provided by a another SP (e.g., Horizon). In such a scenario, the use of different MAC addresses allows authentication of voice and video services separate from data services, essentially permitting authentication to occur on a per business relationship basis. It is appreciated that MAC address authentication for different application layer services may be located multiple hops back in the network, even crossing one or more aggregation boxes.  
         [0041]     Another way to look at this aspect of the present invention is that access to the network via a physical port of an edge device may be opened (or closed) by Ethertype. Thus, authentication of non-IP end-user L 2  &amp; L 3  services can be enabled on a per service basis, something that was not possible in prior art approaches. Additionally, EAP may be transported over PPPoE as well as 802.1x, which allows seamless integration with existing PPPoE AAA databases and user credentials. In fact, a variety of different EAP methods, such as Lightweight EAP (LEAP), Protected EAP (PEAP), Message Digest 5 (MD5), etc., can be seamlessly supported on the network topology of the present invention. Furthermore, returning messages from an authentication server can provide port configuration information or policy information in a way not supported by prior methods.  
         [0042]     Practitioners in the networking arts will further appreciate that by splitting the video services at DSLAM  52  and providing for 802.1x authentication one hop back in u-PE  53 , as shown in the network topology of  FIG. 3 , a customer can request to join a multicast video program (and view it) without having to pass through 802.1x authenticator unit  58 . In other words, because the last point of replication is one hop down from where the 802.1x protocol is terminated in local access domain  39 , the DSL subscriber can view video programs without having to pass a set of credentials. In certain cases, such a configuration is beneficial to DSLAM providers who desire to provide a basic set of broadcast video channels to their customers simply based on their physical connection.  
         [0043]      FIG. 4  is a diagram of a user network interface to a local access domain of a service provider network in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The network topology diagram of  FIG. 4  is basically the same as that shown in  FIG. 3 , except that in  FIG. 4 , the video service is split off from the voice and data services at u-PE  53  rather than at DSLAM  51 . This configuration allows 802.1x authentication to be performed on the entire physical port, with acceptance or denial of all services based on a single MAC address. In the previous example of  FIG. 3 , individual services could have different authentication mechanisms with individual sets of rules. In the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , 802.1x applies to all services, with a supplicant&#39;s request to access the network being accepted or denied for all services, instead of physically opening or closing the network port on an individual service basis.  
         [0044]     It should also be understood that elements of the present invention may also be provided as a computer program product which may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which may be used to program a computer (e.g., a processor or other electronic device) to perform a sequence of operations. Alternatively, the operations may be performed by a combination of hardware and software. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnet or optical cards, propagation media or other type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. For example, elements of the present invention may be downloaded as a computer program product, wherein the program may be transferred to a node or switch by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection).  
         [0045]     Additionally, although the present invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, numerous modifications and alterations are well within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.