Abstract:
A glycol solvent selected from a glycol and a tetramethylammonium carboxylate having improved dehydrating capacity and a reduced aborbency for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to improving the action of glycol solvents and, particularly, ethylene and polyethylene glycols for use more efficiently in a wide variety of applications. 
     OBJECTS 
     One of the objects of the invention is to improve the dehydration ability of a glycol solvent. 
     Another object is to provide a glycol solvent having superior ability for use in dehydrating natural gas, while concurrently having a reduced capacity for absorbing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 
     A further object is to provide a glycol solvent having a selective difference in solubility between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     Glycol solvent such as ethylene and polyethylene glycol solvents are used in a number of important industrial applications, for example, dehydration of natural gas, production of anhydrous ethanol and other water soluble solvents and in separation of aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum fractions. Examples of glycol solvents are tetraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol. Such glycols usually contain between about 0% to 5% by weight of water. 
     The use of glycols for dehydration of gases and, particularly, natural gas is disclosed in some detail in Chapter 11 of Gas Purification, Fourth Edition, Kohl and Riesenfeld, 1985. The principal glycols used in gas dehydration are diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol. As stated in the foregoing publication, the factors leading to the use of glycols are their unusual hygroscopicity, their excellent stability to heat and chemical decomposition, and their low vapor pressure. The dehydration process involves the use of a counter current system wherein the glycol stream containing from about 1% to 5% water is contacted with an upward flow of gas to be dehydrated, generally in the temperature range of about 85° to 105° F. After the dehydration process, the diluted glycol stream is regenerated or reconcentrated by distilling out the water absorbed, at atmospheric pressure at a reboiler temperature that does not exceed 400° F. 
     The glycols as indicated above have also been used in the production of anhydrous ethanol and other water soluble type compositions to remove water. Ethanol when derived from a corn base as an additive to gasoline is initially formed as a solution of up to about 50% water. For use as a gasoline additive the water must be removed, by fractional and extractive distillation with a water solvent, such as one of the aforementioned glycols. 
     Further, the separation of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as the BTEX components (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene), from petroleum fractions by liquid-liquid extraction frequently use as solvents glycols and, in particular, diethylene glycol (DEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG). A brief review of this process and improvements is available in Chapter 18.2. Handbook of Solvent Extraction, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1983. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While the present invention has utility in a variety of applications, its use primarily in the dehydration of natural gas will be described as a matter of illustration. 
     In our U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,458, we have disclosed the use of glycols as defined herein in combination with a potassium carboxylate, such as potassium formate or potassium acetate, to improve the dehydration capabilities of the glycol solvents. Also, as a result of further research, we discovered that the use of a neopentyl alcohol, such as a pentaerythritol, in combination with a potassium carboxylate and a glycol solvent would further enhance the drying capabilities of the solvent combination. 
     Concurrently in the dehydration of natural gas, it was found that those glycol solvents identified in our U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,458 reduced the absorbency of the BTEX components (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) in the glycol solvent. In the dehydration of natural gas, it is desirable that the BTEX components remain with the dehydrated natural gas and not be absorbed in the solvent. Subsequent regeneration of the solvent will result in discharge of the BTEX components into the atmosphere. Any such discharge of these BTEX components into the atmosphere is deemed prohibitive by the EPA. While the percentage of BTEX components in natural gas is relatively small when the millions of cubic feet of gas being used is considered, the amount of BTEX components that could be discharged into the atmosphere will be of the order of hundreds of tons per year. 
     In an effort to continue to improve the capability of the glycol solvents, both as to dehydration and reduction of BTEX absorbency, further research has developed a new compound that achieves further markedly improved results. This new compound is a tetramethylammonium carboxylate, primarily tetramethylammonium formate or the corresponding acetate. The four methyl groups covalently linked to nitrogen are arranged tetrahedrally just as are four groups attached to carbon atom in a compound of tetravalent carbon. In comparison to potassium ion with a radius of 1.33A, tetramethylammonium ion is reported by Husseyin, et al to have a radius of 3.01A. 
     The tetramethylammonium formate has a melting point greater than 240° C. This compares to potassium formate previously suggested for the same use, having a melting point of 167° C. Unlike other strongly ionic crystals, TMAF is unusually soluble in organic solvents, perhaps due to both cation and anion ability to form strong coordinate association. Differential thermal analysis by Albert and Jansen has shown the decomposition temperature to be about 315° C., which is highly stable for the proposed use herein contemplated. 
     The prior glycol solvent&#39;s additives described in our U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,458, namely potassium formate and neopentyl alcohol, were found to perform as anticipated at 40° C. However, at room temperature, the viscosity of the composition can be of the order of 1000 centipoises. Storage under winter conditions would require special handling of the composition, which problem is not present with regard to the TMAF composition of the present invention. 
     In developing data regarding the solubility of saturated hydrocarbons such as methane and BTEX compounds in TMAF composition, hexane was used as a surrogate for methane and benzene was used as the most prominent BTEX compound in natural gas. 
     Following are a series of tables of data relating to solubility, viscosity, etc. of hydrocarbons and TMAF and TMAF as compared to potassium formate and a neopentyl alcohol in customary ethylene type glycols, wherein the following abbreviations are applicable in the various examples: 
     nd; not detected 
     KOF; potassium formate 
     TEG; triethylene glycol 
     DEG; diethylene glycol 
     TP; 1,1,1,-trimethylolpropane (a neopentyl alcohol) 
     TMAF; tetramethylammonium formate 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS 
               
               
                 IN TEG (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water (wt %) 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Hexane 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Benzene 
                 36.7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 MAXIMUM USABLE SALT SOLUBILITY 
               
               
                 (wt % @ 25° C.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 TEG 
                 DEG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 KOF 
                 20 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 TMAF 
                 32 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As will be noted in the above data, more TMAF can be incorporated into the respective glycol compounds than KOF, which is significant in utilizing the more effective TMAF. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 VISCOSITIES (cps) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Dry 
                 2% H 2 O 
               
             
          
           
               
                 WT % 
                 25° C. 
                 40° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 40° C. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KOF 20-TEG 80 
                 260 
                 90 
                 194 
                 66 
               
               
                 KOF 25-DEG 75 
                 275 
                 93 
                 207 
                 71 
               
               
                 TMAF 32-TEG 68 
                  52 
                 22 
                  40 
                 21 
               
               
                 TMAF 38-DEG 62 
                  37 
                 16 
                  27 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data in Table 3 demonstrates the advantage of the lower viscosity of TMAF as compared to KOF in TEG and DEG at room temperatures and at elevated temperatures. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 SOLVENT SOLUBILITIES 
               
               
                 (wt % @ 25° C.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Hexane 
                 Benzene 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Dry 
                 2% H 2 O 
                 Dry 
                 2% H 2 O 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 KOF 20-TEG 80 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 20.0 
                 16.0 
               
               
                 KOF 25-DEG 75 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 16.5 
                 12.9 
               
               
                 TMAF 32-TEG 68 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 14.5 
                 13.1 
               
               
                 TMAF 38-DEG 62 
                 0.007 
                 0.002 
                 12.8 
                 11.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     From the above Table 4, it can be seen that the solubility of benzene in the TMAF compositions is appreciably less than in the comparable KOF compositions, which directly relates to the objective of this invention, namely, reducing the absorbency of BTEX to compounds in a drying solution. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 TMAF-TEG-TP COMPOSITIONS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TEG Compositions, w % 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TEG = 66.2 
                 TEG = 59.6 
                 TEG = 53.0 
                 TEG = 39.8 
               
               
                   
                 TMAF = 
                 TMAF = 
                 TMAF = 
                 TMAF = 
               
               
                   
                 32.6 
                 29.3 
                 26.0 
                 19.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TP = 10.0 
                 TP = 20.0 
                 TP = 40.0 
               
               
                   
                 H 2 O = 1.2 
                 H 2 O = 1.1 
                 H 2 O = 1.0 
                 H 2 O = 0.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity, cps 
               
               
                 at 25° C. 
                 55 
                 87 
                 112 
                 250 
               
               
                 at 40° C. 
                 — 
                 44 
                  58 
                 100 
               
               
                 Solubility, w % 
               
               
                 Hexane 
                   
                   
                  0.0007 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Benzene 
                   
                   
                  0.1 
                  0.15 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 TMAF-DEG-TP COMPOSITIONS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DEG Compositions w % 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DEG = 60.6 
                 DEG = 54.6 
                 DEG = 48.5 
                 DEG = 36.4 
               
               
                   
                 TMAF = 
                 TMAF = 
                 TMAF = 
                 TMAF = 
               
               
                   
                 37.8 
                 34.0 
                 30.2 
                 22.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TP = 10.0 
                 TP = 20.0 
                 TP = 40.0 
               
               
                   
                 H 2 O = 1.5 
                 H 2 O = 1.4 
                 H 2 O = 1.3 
                 H 2 O = 0.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity, cps 
               
               
                 at 25° C. 
                 37 
                 65 
                 83 
                 200 
               
               
                 at 40° C. 
                 — 
                 30 
                 45 
                  85 
               
               
                 Solubility, w % 
               
               
                 Hexane 
                   
                   
                  0.0005 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Benzene 
                   
                   
                  0.2 
                  0.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data in Tables 5 and 6 reflect the influence of adding a neopentyl alcohol, such as 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane, to a solvent composed of TMAF and either TEG or DEG. Basically, the addition of the neopentyl alcohol will operate to increase the viscosity of the solvent. However, it will be noted that the presence of the neopentyl alcohol tends to reduce the solvency of the hydrocarbons in the solvent. Depending upon the particular circumstances of a dehydration process, “tailor-made” compositions can be developed for specific applications. 
     The TMAF composition of this invention has been found to offer distinct advantages over our prior compositions, as disclosed in our U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,458. TMAF has been found to be highly hydroscopic for use in drying gases, with a corresponding low absorbency rate for hydrocarbons and, particularly, the BTEX compounds. Further and equally important, it has an appreciably better viscosity, enabling it to be more readily combined with glycol solvents for drying gases at varying temperatures or for storing at lower temperatures. 
     TMAF can be readily mixed with any of the glycols mentioned herein, but will primarily be used with the current preferred triethylene glycol or diethylene glycol in an amount ranging to preferably between about 10% and 38% by weight, depending upon the specific glycol solvent. 
     As indicated in Tables 5 and 6, a neopentyl alcohol may be added to a TEG or DEG composition containing TMAF in a preferred range of up to about 20% by weight to maintain the best viscosity. Also, as emphasized, the particular composition of a gas, such as natural gas, as to water and BTEX components, will determine the composition of the solvents proposed by this invention to achieve the optimum results. 
     While the examples of the invention have emphasized its use in dehydration of natural gas, other uses for the unique qualities of the invention may be found in, for example, liquid-liquid extraction for separation of aliphatic from aromatic compounds. 
     Having described the invention and certain embodiments thereof, the same is only intended to be limited by the scope of the following claims.