Abstract:
Exemplary systems and methods include a distribution device that maintains a dock rate and distributes a series of tasks to a group of execution devices. Each task has a plurality of samples per frame associated with a time stamp indicating when the task is to be executed. The execution devices execute the series of tasks at the times indicated and adjust the number of samples per frame in relation to the dock rate maintained by the distribution device.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority as a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/801,468, filed on May 9, 2007, for “Systems and Methods for Synchronizing Operations Among a Plurality of Independently Clocked Digital Data Processing Devices Without a Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator,” which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part application which claims the benefit and priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/816,217 filed on Apr. 1, 2004 for “System and Method For Synchronizing Operations Among a Plurality of Independently Clocked Digital Data Processing Devices,” which is incorporated herein by reference, which claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/490,768 filed on Jul. 28, 2003 for “Method For Synchronizing Audio Playback Between Multiple Networked Devices,” which is incorporated herein by reference; and the present application incorporates by reference U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/860,964 filed on Nov. 22, 2006 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/876,455 filed on Dec. 20, 2006, both for “Systems and Methods for Synchronizing Operations Among a Plurality of Independently Clocked Digital Data Processing Devices that Independently Source Digital Data.” 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to digital content, and more particularly, to systems and methods for synchronizing operations among a plurality of independently clocked digital data processing devices without a voltage controlled crystal oscillator. 
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
       [0003]    Conventionally, playing the same digital content over multiple audio and/or audiovisual reproduction devices simultaneously or in synchrony is limited by the inherent differences in the frequencies or clock rates of the crystal oscillators influencing the rates in which the digital content is converted to analog content for playing over the respective audio and/or audiovisual reproduction devices. Previous approaches that solve this problem require expensive hardware and/or circuitry, which also requires additional space within the audio and/or audiovisual reproduction device. There is thus a need for systems and methods for synchronizing operations among a plurality of independently clocked digital data processing devices without a voltage controlled crystal oscillator. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Exemplary systems and methods are provided that include a distribution device that maintains a clock rate and distributes a series of tasks to a group of execution devices (or synchrony group). Each task has a plurality of samples per frame associated with a time stamp indicating when the task is to be executed. An execution device executes the series of tasks at the times indicated and adjusts the number of samples per frame in relation to the clock rate maintained by the distribution device. The synchrony group may also be configured to adjust samples per frame in relation to a clock rate maintained by the distribution device. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary networked system; 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  illustrates a functional block diagram of a synchrony group utilizing a plurality of zone players formed within the exemplary networked system depicted in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  illustrates a functional block diagram of a zone player for use in the networked system depicted in  FIG. 1 ; and 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary digital framing methodology. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0009]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary network audio system  10  is shown in which various embodiments of the invention may be practiced. Although the term “audio” is used in connection with the exemplary network audio system  10 , it will readily be appreciated that the herein described systems and methods may be employed with other forms of digital data, including visual and/or audiovisual digital data. 
         [0010]    The exemplary network audio system  10  includes at least one zone player  11 , interconnected by a local network  12 , all of which may operate under the control of one or more user interface modules identified by reference numeral  13 . The zone player  11  is sometimes referred to as a digital data processing device. One or more of the zone players  11  may also be connected to one or more audio information sources, which will generally be identified herein by reference numeral  14 , and/or connected to one or more audio reproduction devices, which will generally be identified by reference numeral  15 . It will be appreciated that the number of audio information sources may vary as among the various zone players  11 , and some zone players may not have any audio information sources connected thereto. 
         [0011]    A plurality of zone players  11  associated with a network audio system  10  may be distributed throughout an establishment, such as residence, an office complex, a hotel, a conference hall, an amphitheater, auditorium, or other types of establishments as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, a zone player  11  and its associated audio information source(s) and audio reproduction device(s) may be located in a living room, another zone player may be located in a kitchen, another zone player may be located in a dining room, and other zone players may be located in bedrooms, to selectively provide entertainment in those rooms. The audio information sources  14  may be any of a number of types of conventional sources of audio information, including, for example, compact disc (“CD”) players, AM and/or FM radio receivers, analog or digital tape cassette players, analog record turntables and the like. In addition, the audio information sources  14  may comprise digital audio files stored locally on, for example, personal computers (PCs), personal digital assistants (PDAs), or similar devices capable of storing digital information in volatile or non-volatile form. The audio information sources  14  may also comprise an interface to a wide area network such as the Internet, or any other source of audio information, or an interface to radio services delivered over, for example, satellite. Audio information obtained over the wide area network may comprise, for example, streaming digital audio information such as Internet radio, digital audio files stored on servers, and other types of audio information and sources as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
         [0012]    Generally, the audio information sources  14  provide audio information associated with audio programs to the zone players for playback. A zone player that receives audio information from an audio information source  14  that is connected thereto may provide playback and/or forward the audio information, along with playback timing information, over the local network  12  to other zone players for playback. Users, using user interface module  13 , may also enable different groupings or sets of zone players to provide audio playback of different audio programs synchronously. 
         [0013]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , an exemplary group of execution devices (or “synchrony group”)  20  according to one embodiment of the invention is shown. The exemplary synchrony group  20  comprises synchrony group member devices or member devices including a master execution device  21  and zero or more slave devices  22 ( 1 ) through  22 (G) (generally identified by reference numeral  22 ( g )), all of which synchronously play an audio program provided by an audio information channel device  23 . The audio information channel device  23  is sometimes referred to as a task source or a task distribution device. Each master execution device  21 , slave device  22 ( g ), and/or audio information channel device  23  may utilize a zone player  11  as depicted in  FIG. 1 . The zone player  11  may function as an audio information channel device  23 , a master execution device  21 , or a slave device  22 ( g ) for the synchrony group  20 . The audio information channel device  23  may obtain audio information for the audio program from an audio information source  14 , add playback timing information, and transmit the combined audio and playback timing information to the master execution device  21  and slave devices  22 ( g ) over local network  12  ( FIG. 1 ) for playback. The playback timing information that is provided with the audio information, together with clock timing information provided by the audio information channel device  23  to the various devices  21  and  22 ( g ), enables the master execution device  21  and slave devices  22 ( g ) of the synchrony group  20  to play the audio information simultaneously. 
         [0014]    The master execution device  21  and the slave devices  22 ( g ) receive the audio and playback timing information, as well as the clock timing information, that are provided by the audio information channel device  23 , and play back the audio program defined by the audio information. The master execution device  21  also communicates with the user interface module  13 , controls the operations of the slave devices  22 ( g ) in the synchrony group  20 , and controls the operations of the audio information channel device  23  that provides the audio and playback timing information for the synchrony group  20 . Generally, the initial master execution device  21  for the synchrony group will be the first zone player  11  that a user wishes to play an audio program. However, the master execution device  21  may be migrated from a first zone player to a second zone player, which preferably will be a zone player that is currently operating as a slave device  22 ( g ) in the synchrony group. 
         [0015]    In addition, under certain circumstances, the audio information channel device  23  may be migrated from one zone player to another zone player, which also may be a zone player that is currently operating as a member of the synchrony group  20 . It will be appreciated that the zone player that operates as the master execution device  21  may be migrated to another zone player independently of the migration of the audio information channel device  23 . For example, if a first zone player is operating as both the master execution device  21  and the audio information channel device  23  for a synchrony group  20 , the function of the master execution device  21  may be migrated to a second zone player while the first zone player is still operating as the audio information channel device  23 . Similarly, if a first zone player is operating as both the master execution device  21  and the audio information channel device  23  for a synchrony group  20 , the source function of the audio information channel device  23  may be migrated to a second zone player while the first zone player is still operating as the master execution device  21 . In addition, if a first zone player is operating as both the master execution device  21  and the audio information channel device  23  for a synchrony group  20 , the master execution device  21  may be migrated to a second zone player and the audio information channel device may be migrated to a third zone player. 
         [0016]    The master execution device  21  receives control information from the user interface module  13  for controlling the synchrony group  20  and provides status information indicating the operational status of the synchrony group  20  to the user interface module  13 . Generally, the control information from the user interface module  13  causes the master execution device  21  to enable the audio information channel device  23  to provide audio and playback timing information to the synchrony group, allowing the devices  21  and  22 ( g ) that are members of the synchrony group  20  to play the audio program synchronously. In addition, the control information from the user interface module  13  causes the master execution device  21  to enable other zone players to join the synchrony group as slave devices  22 ( g ) and/or to cause slave devices  22 ( g ) to disengage from the synchrony group. Control information from the user interface module  13  may also cause the zone player  11  that is currently operating as the master execution device  21  to disengage from the synchrony group, but prior to doing so, that zone player will cause the function of the master execution device  21  to transfer from that zone player  11  to a second zone player, preferably to a second zone player that is currently a slave device  22 ( g ) in the synchrony group  20 . The control information from the user interface module  13  may also cause the master execution device  21  to adjust its playback volume and/or to enable individual ones of the various slave devices  22 ( g ) to adjust their playback volumes. In addition, the control information from the user interface module  13  may cause the synchrony group  20  to terminate playing of a current track of the audio program and skip to the next track, and to re-order tracks in a play list of tracks defining the audio program that are to be played by the synchrony group  20 . The status information that the master execution device  21  may provide to the user interface module  13  may include such information as a name or other identifier for the track of an audio work that is currently being played, the names or other identifiers for upcoming tracks, the identifier of the zone player  11  that is currently operating as the master execution device  21 , and identifiers of the zone players that are currently operating as slave devices  22 ( g ). In one embodiment, the user interface module  13  may include a display that can display the status information to the user. It will be appreciated that the zone player  11  that is operating as the audio information channel device  23  for one synchrony group may also comprise the master execution device  21  or any of the slave devices  22 ( g ) in another synchrony group. This may occur if, for example, the audio information source that is to provide the audio information that is to be played by the one synchrony group is connected to a zone player also being utilized as the master execution device or a slave device for the other synchrony group. 
         [0017]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , a functional block diagram of an exemplary zone player  11  constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention is shown. The exemplary zone player  11  includes an audio information source interface  30 , an audio information buffer  31 , a playback scheduler  32 , a digital to analog converter  33 , an audio amplifier  35 , an audio reproduction device interface  36 , a network communications manager  40 , a network interface  41 , and a control module  42 . In an alternative system and method, the exemplary zone player  11  may not include the audio amplifier  35 . In a further embodiment, the zone player  11  includes and/or forms part of the audio reproduction device  15 . The zone player  11  also has a device clock  43  that provides timing signals that control the general operations of the zone player  11 . In addition, the zone player  11  includes a user interface module interface  44  that can receive control signals from the user interface module  13  ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ) for controlling operations of the zone player  11 , and provides status information to the user interface module  13 . 
         [0018]    Generally, the audio information buffer  31  buffers audio information, in digital form, along with playback timing information. If the zone player  11  is operating as the audio information channel device  23  ( FIG. 2 ) for a synchrony group  20 , the information that is buffered in the audio information buffer  31  may include the audio and playback timing information that will be provided to the devices  21  and  22 ( g ) in the synchrony group  20 . If the zone player  11  is operating as the master execution device  21  or a slave device  22 ( g ) for a synchrony group ( 20 ), the information that is buffered in the audio information buffer  31  may include the audio and playback timing information that the zone player  11  is to play. The audio information buffer  31  may receive audio and playback timing information from two sources, namely, the audio information source interface  30  and the network communications manager  40 . In particular, if the zone player  11  is operating as the audio information channel device  23  for a synchrony group  20 , and if the audio information source is a source  14  connected to the zone player  11 , the audio information buffer  31  may receive and buffer audio and playback timing information from the audio information source interface  30 . Alternatively, if the zone player  11  is operating as the audio information channel device  23  for a synchrony group  20 , and if the audio information source is a source  14  connected to the network  12 , or a source available over a wide area network, the audio information buffer  31  may receive and buffer audio and playback timing information from the network communications manager  40 . However, if the zone player  11  is operating as the master execution device  21  or a slave device  22 ( g ) in a synchrony group  20 , and if the zone player  11  is not also the audio information channel device  23  providing audio and playback timing information for the synchrony group  20 , the audio information buffer  31  may receive and buffer audio and playback timing information from the network communications manager  40 . It will be appreciated that, if the zone player  11  is not a member of the synchrony group, the zone player  11  may not play this buffered audio and playback timing information. 
         [0019]    According to some embodiments, the audio information source interface  30  connects to the audio information source(s)  14  associated with the zone player  11 . While the zone player  11  is operating as the audio information channel device  23  for a synchrony group  20 , and if the audio information is to be provided by a source  14  connected to the zone player  11 , the audio information source interface  30  will selectively receive audio information from one of the audio information source(s)  14  to which the zone player is connected and store the audio information in the audio information buffer  21 . If the audio information from the selected audio information source  14  is in analog form, the audio information source interface  30  will convert it to digital form. The selection of the audio information source  14  from which the audio information source interface  30  receives audio information is under the control of the control module  42 , which, in turn, receives control information from the user interface module through the user interface module interface  44 . The audio information source interface  30  adds playback timing information to the digital audio information and buffers the combined audio and playback timing information in the audio information buffer  21 . More specifically, the audio information source interface  30  receives audio information from an audio information source  14 , converts it to digital form if necessary, and buffers it along with playback timing information in the audio information buffer  21 . In addition, the audio information source interface  30  may also provide formatting and scheduling information for the digital audio information, whether as received from the selected audio information source  14  or as converted from an analog audio information source. The formatting and scheduling information will control not only playback by the zone player  11  itself, but will also enable other zone players that may be in a synchrony group for which the zone player  11  is the master execution device to play the audio program associated with the audio information in synchrony with the zone player  11 . 
         [0020]    In one particular embodiment, the audio information source interface  30  divides the audio information associated with an audio work into a series of frames, with each frame comprising digital audio information for a predetermined period of time. As used herein, an audio track may comprise any unit of audio information that is to be played without interruption, or a series of one or more audio tracks that are to be played in succession. It will be appreciated that the tracks comprising the audio program may also be played without interruption, or alternatively playback between tracks may be interrupted by a selected time interval. 
         [0021]      FIG. 4  depicts an illustrative framing strategy used in connection with one system and method of the invention for a digital audio stream comprising an audio work. A framed digital audio stream  50  comprises a sequence of frames  51 ( 1 ) through  51 (F) (generally identified by reference numeral  51 ( f )). Here, “(f)” may represent a generic sequence number for any particular frame ( 51 ), with the actual sequence numbers ranging from “(1)” to “(F).” Each frame  51 ( f ), in turn, comprises a series of audio samples  52 ( f )( 1 ) through  52 ( f )(S) (generally identified by reference numeral  52 ( f )(s)) of the audio track. The number of audio samples  52 ( f )(s) may differ in each frame  51 ( f ). Associated with each frame  51 ( f ) is a header  55 ( f ) that includes a number of fields for storing other information that is useful in controlling playback of the audio samples in the respective frame  51 ( f ). In particular, the header  55 ( f ) associated with a frame  51 ( f ) includes a frame sequence number field  56 , an encoding type field  57 , a sampling rate information field  58 , a time stamp field  60 , an end of track flag  61 , and a length flag field  62 . The header  55 ( f ) may also include fields for storing other information that is useful in controlling playback. 
         [0022]    Generally, the frame sequence number field  56  receives a number which will generically be the number “f,” from the range 1 through F as above, that identifies the relative position of the frame  51 ( f ) in the sequence of frames containing the digital audio stream  50 . The encoding type field  57  receives a value that identifies the type of encoding and/or compression that has been used in generating the digital audio stream. Conventional encoding or compression schemes include, for example, M3 and WAV encoding and/or compression schemes, although it will be appreciated that other schemes may be provided for as well. The sampling rate information field  58  includes sampling rate information that may indicate the sampling rate relative to the audio information channel device  23  and/or the sampling rate relative to a current inherent, clock rate of a synchrony group member. The condition of the end of work flag  61  indicates whether the frame  51 ( f ) contains the last digital audio samples for the audio track associated with the framed digital audio work  50 . If the frame  51 ( f ) does not contain the audio samples that are associated with the end of the digital audio stream  50  for a respective audio work, the end of work flag will be clear. On the other hand, if the frame  51 ( f ) does contain the audio samples that are associated with the end of the digital audio stream  50  for a respective audio work, the end of work flag  61  will be set. In addition, the length flag field  62  will contain a value that identifies the number of audio samples in the last frame  51 (F) of the audio work  50 . The time stamp field  60  stores a time stamp that identifies the time at which the zone player  11  is to play the respective frame. 
         [0023]    Within each synchrony group member, for each frame of a framed digital audio stream  50  that is buffered in the audio information buffer  21 , the audio information source interface  30 , using timing information from the digital to analog converter clock  34 , may determine a time at which the zone player  11  is to play the respective frame, and will store a time stamp identifying the playback time in the time stamp field  60 . The time stamp associated with each frame is used by the playback scheduler  32  to determine when the portion of the digital audio stream stored in the frame is to be coupled to the digital to analog converter  33  to initiate play back. It will be appreciated that the time stamps that are associated with each of the frames in sequential frames will be such that they will be played back in order, and without an interruption between the sequential frames comprising the digital audio stream  50 . It will further be appreciated that, after a time stamp has been determined for the first frame and stored in frame  51 ( 1 ) of a digital audio stream  50 , the audio information source interface  30  may determine time stamps for the subsequent frames in relation to the number of samples in the respective frames and the current inherent clock rate of the synchrony group member. The time stamps will also preferably be such that frames will be played back after some slight time delay after they have been buffered in the audio information buffer  21 . 
         [0024]    In some embodiments, the zone players  11  are provided with a digital to analog converter clock  34  whose time may be set by an element such as the network communications manager  40 . When a zone player  11  is operating as a member of a synchrony group  20 , its network communications manager  40  may use the various types of timing information that it receives from the audio information channel device  23  to adjust the time value of the synchrony group member&#39;s digital to analog converter clock  34 . If the clock&#39;s time value is to be adjusted, when the synchrony group member&#39;s network communications manager  40  initially receives the current time information from the audio information channel device  23  for the synchrony group  20 , the network communications manager  40  may set the synchrony group member&#39;s digital to analog converter clock  34  to the current time value as indicated by the audio information channel device&#39;s current time information  23 . The network communications manager  40  may set the digital to analog converter clock  34  to the current time value indicated by the audio information channel device&#39;s current time information once, or periodically as it receives the current time information. 
         [0025]    After the network communications manager  40  receives a frame  51 ( f ) from the network interface  41 , it may also obtain, from the digital to analog converter clock  34 , the zone player  11 &#39;s current time as indicated by its digital to analog converter clock  34 . The network communications manager  40  may determine a time differential value that is the difference between the slave device&#39;s current clock time, as indicated by its digital to analog converter clock  34 , and the audio information channel device&#39;s time as indicated by the audio information channel device&#39;s clock timing information. Accordingly, if the slave device&#39;s current time has a value TS and the audio information channel device&#39;s current time, as indicated by the clock timing information, has a value TC, the time differential value ΔT=TS−TC. If the current time of the slave device in the synchrony group  20 , as indicated by its digital to analog converter clock  34 , is ahead of the audio information channel device&#39;s clock time, the time differential value will have a positive value. On the other hand, if the slave device&#39;s current time is behind the audio information channel device&#39;s clock time, the time differential value ΔT will have a negative value. If the zone player  11  obtains clock timing information from the audio information channel device  23  periodically while it is a member of the synchrony group  20 , the network communications manager  40  may generate an updated value for the time differential value ΔT when it receives the clock timing information from the audio information channel device  23 , and may subsequently use the updated time differential value. 
         [0026]    The network communications manager  40  may use the time differential value ΔT that it generates from the audio information channel device timing information and zone player  11 &#39;s current time to update the time stamps that will be associated with the digital audio information frames that the zone player  11  receives from the audio information channel device. For each digital audio information frame that is received from the audio information channel device, instead of storing the time stamp that is associated with the frame as received in the message in the audio information buffer  21 , the network communications manager  40  will store the updated time stamp with the digital audio information frame. The updated time stamp is generated in a manner so that, when the zone player  11 , as a member of the synchrony group plays back the digital audio information frame, it will do so in synchrony with other devices in the synchrony group. 
         [0027]    The network communications manager  40  may utilize the updated time stamps associated with respective frames  51 ( f ) to accommodate the current inherent clock rate of the digital to analog converter clock  34  of the synchrony group member. For example, when the synchrony group member&#39;s network communications manager  40  receives a first frame  51 ( 1 ) having a time stamp having a time value T, it can generate an updated time value TU, and store the frame  51 ( 1 ) with the updated time value TU in the audio information buffer  31  (e.g.,  51 ( 1 )TU). In addition, since both the number of samples in a frame and the current inherent clock rate of the digital to analog converter clock  34 , which determines the rate at which the samples in a frame are to be played by the synchrony group member, are known to the network communications manager  40 , the network communications manager  40  can use that information, along with the time value TU to generate an expected or predicted time value TE for the time stamp of the next frame  51 ( 2 ). After the synchrony group member&#39;s network communications manager  40  receives frame  51 ( 2 ), it can generate the updated time value TU for frame  51 ( 2 ) and compare that time value to the time value TE that was predicted for frame  51 ( 2 ). If the two time values do not correspond, or if the difference between them is above a selected threshold level, the clock that is used by the audio information channel device  23  to generate the time stamps is advancing at a different rate than the synchrony group member&#39;s digital to analog converter clock  34 , and the network communications manager  40  may adjust the number of samples per frame to accommodate the current inherent clock rate of the digital to analog converter clock  34  of the synchrony group member. If the two time values do correspond (e.g.,  51 ( 2 )TE= 51 ( 2 )TU), or the difference is below a threshold level, the time differential value is constant, and the network communications manager  40  need not accommodate the current inherent clock rate of the digital to analog converter clock  34  of the synchrony group member. 
         [0028]    As an example of one way the network communications manager  40  adjusts the number of samples in one or more frames to accommodate the current inherent clock rate of the digital to analog converter clock  34  of a synchrony group member, consider a situation where the clock used by an audio information channel device  23  indicates a sampling rate of 44105 samples per second for the audio information channel device  23 . A synchrony group member with a digital to analog converter clock  34  operating at a current inherent clock rate of 44100 samples per second will require the network communications manager  40  for the synchrony group member to reduce the number of samples in one or more frames by five samples for each one second interval that a particular track(s) comprising one or more frames are being played by the synchrony group member. 
         [0029]    Continuing this example, a second synchrony group member with a digital to analog converter clock  34  operating at a current inherent clock rate of 44110 samples per second will require the network communications manager  40  for the second synchrony group member to increase the number of samples in one or more frames by five samples for each one second interval that a particular track(s) comprising one or more frames is being played by the second synchrony group member. As a result of the independent adjustments taking place within the first and second synchrony group members in relation to their shared audio information channel device  23 , both synchrony group members will be playing the same or nearly the same frame at the same time, despite the differences in their respective current inherent clock rates. 
         [0030]    An information channel device  23  may be configured to periodically receive the respective current inherent clock rates of one or more synchrony group members comprising a synchrony group. Using this information, the audio information channel device  23  performs the requisite adjustments (instead of the respective one or more synchrony group members) and sends one or more tracks to each synchrony group member, wherein the one or more tracks are adjusted to accommodate the current inherent clock rates of the respective synchrony group members. Accordingly, as a result of the multiple adjustments taking place within the audio information channel device  23  with respect to the current inherent clock rates of the one or more synchrony group members, all synchrony group members may play the same or nearly the same frame at the same time, despite the differences in their respective current inherent clock rates. 
         [0031]    The exemplary zone player  11  serving as a synchrony group member may or may not include an audio amplifier  35  ( FIG. 3 ). Further, as described herein, an audio information channel device  23  may perform the requisite sample adjustments or each synchrony group member may perform the requisite sample adjustments. Provided the synchrony group member and/or the audio reproduction device  15  (that is wired or wirelessly associated with the synchrony group member) includes at least one amplifier, regardless of scenario, the audio reproduction device  15  may adapt and maintain as constant a current inherent clock rate of the synchrony group member. Accordingly, the audio reproduction device  15  may play the same or nearly the same frame at the same time as another synchrony group member. This may be advantageous, because some audio reproduction devices  15  may be incapable of making timely clock rate adjustments. Consequently, by adjusting samples per frame, some exemplary systems and methods as described herein may function with audio reproduction devices  15  that would otherwise be incompatible with those systems and methods that include clock rate adjustments for achieving a synchronous performance. 
         [0032]    While various systems and methods have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary systems and methods.