Abstract:
A method and apparatus determines the output voltage of a power source necessary to produce a desired lamp voltage at an incandescent lamp remote therefrom using voltage and current measurements at the power source for a circuit including a series resistor and a circuit without the resistor. Estimated circuit resistances are determined according to an algorithm that calculates the power source output voltage necessary to produce a desired lamp voltage at the lamp.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method and apparatus for adjusting the voltage of railroad incandescent signal lamps, and, in particular, to the measurement of voltages and currents at the power source for a lamp circuit to determine the voltage setting necessary to produce a desired voltage at an incandescent lamp remote therefrom without having to measure the voltage at the lamp. 
     Historically, a battery has been used to drive railroad signal lamps. Typically the battery voltage is not well defined and can vary for example due to temperature changes, battery charger characteristics, loss of power, or system load variations. Because high line voltages decrease lamp life, the voltage at the lamp is commonly set lower than the rated voltage for that lamp. For example, the voltage for a ten-volt lamp will be set to nine volts to avoid a high line voltage that could burn out the bulb. 
     Railroad lamp voltage adjustment has been a two-person operation with one person measuring the voltage at the signal lamp and calling to a second person at the control system who adjusts a series resistor or adjustable regulator at the voltage feed point until the desired voltage is measured at the lamp. The signal lamp control system is typically fifty to two hundred fifty feet away from the signal lamps. Additionally, the length of the power cable to the signal lamps can vary widely from location to location. 
     Lamp bulb life can be extended if the lamp power source voltage is adjusted to an optimum operating point. At each signal location the wiring differs, in some cases substantially enough that individual lamp adjustment has become a common, and time consuming, ritual to extend signal lamp life. Lamp bulbs are regularly replaced every six months to avoid the problem and expense of a lamp burning out during operation. Additionally, because the electrical characteristics of lamps can vary by as much as twenty percent, each time a bulb is replaced the voltage has to be readjusted. Likewise, any component of the control system is replaced, the power supply voltage has to be readjusted. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, the primary objective of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for determining the output voltage of a power source necessary to produce a desired lamp voltage at an incandescent lamp using voltage and current measurements at the power source. 
     Another important objective of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus that eliminates the need to measure voltages at an incandescent lamp remote from the power source. 
     Yet another important objective of the present invention is to provide such a method and apparatus that saves time and labor cost by eliminating the need for a second person to travel to the site and measure voltages at an incandescent lamp remote from the power source. 
     Still another important objective of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus that extends the life expectancy of incandescent lamps by improved control of the lamp voltage using measurements at the power source to adjust for circuit resistance. 
     Yet another important objective of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus that controls and stabilizes the intensity of incandescent lamps by improved control of the lamp voltage using measurements at the power source to adjust for circuit resistance. 
     These and other objects of the invention are achieved by a microprocessor based system that automatically determines the voltage output required at a power source to produce a desired lamp voltage without having to directly measure the voltage at the lamp. This is accomplished by automatically measuring the voltage across a circuit that includes a 40-ohm resistor in series with a lamp output switch and a signal lamp, and measuring the current therein with the lamp dark. This is referred to as a “cold” test because the resistance of the dark lamp filament is a factor in the voltage and current measurements. The resistor is then removed from the circuit and the voltage and current for the operational circuit is measured while the filament is illuminated. This is referred to as a “hot” test because the resistance of an illuminated lamp filament is a factor in the voltage and current measurements. 
     A first wiring resistance, excluding the lamp filament resistance, and a more accurate second circuit resistance are calculated based on the voltage and current measurements and empirically determined constants relating to railroad signal lamps. From these calculations the power source voltage setting is determined and set without the need to directly measure the circuit resistance or the voltage at the lamp. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a three-lamp wayside railroad signal and a signal controller alongside a railroad track. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph of the percentage of incandescent lamp resistance as a function of the percentage of current. 
     FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of the signal lamp control system illustrating the interfaces of the major components. 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the software that determines the power supply output voltage to produce the desired voltage at the lamp. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring initially to FIGS. 1 and 3, wayside signal lamps  12  along a railroad track  14  are controlled by a microprocessor-based signal lamp controller  10  housed in cabinet  16 . The three lamps  12  are illustrative of the typical red, yellow and green colors, it being understood that controller  10  may operate more or less than the three lamps  12  shown. In normal operation, microprocessor system  26  of controller  10  controls vital lamp driver module  22  which includes isolated regulated DC to DC converter  24  that regulates the voltage supplied to lamps  12 . Microprocessor system  26  sends a command to control register  28  via 8-bit bus  30  which consequently sends control signals on line  29  to control the operational modes of the pulse width modulator  32 . 
     Microprocessor system  26  enables one of the signal lamps  12  by sending a command to lamp output register  34  which in turn enables the corresponding lamp output switch  36  via steering field effect transistor (FET) gate drive  38 . Steering FET gate drive  38  is a series of individually controlled solid state switches used to control lamp output switches  36  and disconnect switch  40 . In normal operation, disconnect switch  40  is closed. Additionally, microprocessor system  26  sends the voltage level for the particular one of signal lamps  12  to be illuminated to digital to analog converter  42  via bus  30  which converts the digital signal to an analog voltage level which is input to error amplifier and integrator  44 . 
     Error amplifier and integrator  44  subtracts the power converter  48  output voltage on line  31  from the input voltage on line  43  from the D/A converter  42  and integrates the result. Error amplifier and integrator  44  output voltage on line  45  is input to pulse width modulator  32 . Because the output voltage of battery  46  varies over time, as well as the effects of lamp  12  load variations, the output of isolated power converter  48  is controlled by pulse width modulator  32  and the feedback through error amplifier and integrator  44  to achieve the desired voltage level output. Pulse width modulator  32  controls the voltage level output by turning isolated power converter  48  on and off such that the average voltage level output of isolated power converter  48  over time is equal to the voltage set by the microprocessor system  26 . 
     The output of isolated power converter  48  is connected to lamp output switches  36  via a normally closed disconnect switch  40 . Depending on which of lamp output switches  36  has been closed by FET gate drive  38 , the corresponding one of signal lamps  12  is illuminated. Thus the voltage set by microprocessor system  26  is delivered to the signal lamp of interest. 
     Microprocessor system  26  monitors the outputs  54  of lamp output switches  36  via analog to digital converter  56  to ensure that the proper lamp switch has been closed as commanded. The output  33  of pulse width modulator  32  is also monitored by the microprocessor system  26  via converter feedback register  58  over bus  30 . If the system is not responding as commanded by microprocessor system  26 , then all lamp output switches  36  are disabled, removing power from all signal lamps  12  which in turn signals a train approaching signal lamps  12  to stop. 
     When a signal lamp is replaced, the voltage to the replaced lamp is adjusted to an optimum operating voltage to extend the lamp bulb life. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, after a lamp is replaced, the automatic incandescent lamp voltage adjustment algorithm  100  which is executed by microprocessor system  26  starts at  102  with the railroad maintenance worker entering the desired lamp voltage (V desired ) at  104  via keyboard  60 . 
     Railroad signal lamps are typically available from eighteen watts to forty watts (two twenty-watt lamps in parallel) in ten-volt lamps, and eighteen watts to twenty-five watts in twelve-volt lamps. If V desired  is less than or equal to ten volts, then the initial voltage (V initial ) is set to ten volts, otherwise, V initial  is set to twelve volts. V initial  is the nominal or rated voltage for the signal lamp. Next the output of isolated power regulator is set to V initial  at  106 . 
     Blocks  108  through  118  of FIG. 4 constitute a “cold” test and blocks  120  through  124  constitute a “hot” test. For the “cold” test, the signal lamp controller  10  lamp output voltage (V 1 ) is measured by volt meter  62  and circuit current (I 1 ) is measured by ammeter  64  when series resistor  66  is inserted between isolated power converter  48  and lamp output switches  36  by opening disconnect switch  40 . Before the voltage and current measurements are made, the lamp is allowed to cool very close to ambient temperature. For the “hot” test, the signal lamp controller  10  lamp output voltage (V 2 ) is measured by volt meter  62  and circuit current (I 2 ) is measured by ammeter  64  while the lamp is near normal operating temperature. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, filament resistance  18  changes very slowly below about ten percent of the current at rated operating voltage, i.e., when the lamp is “cold.” Not only does the filament resistance  18  become nearly constant at low current, but also the value varies only about +/− ten percent for various manufacturers&#39; railroad signal lamps of the same rated lamp power. This consistency allows development of an algorithm for adjusting the lamp voltage from measurements at the power source without knowing the value of the intervening circuit resistance. 
     An improved estimate of the “cold” filament resistance can be obtained by also observing that the “cold” filament resistance, although dominated by a constant term, includes a factor that increases faster than the current. Experimental results have shown this increase to be closely related to the square of the percent of nominal current. 
     A second useful lamp filament characteristic is shown in FIG.  2 . First, the relationship between lamp current and resistance, curve  18 , above about forty percent of the current at rated lamp operating voltage, is nearly linear projecting through the origin. A true linear relationship is projected by line  20 . Line  20  is characteristic for a square root relationship between current and voltage, i.e., the current is proportional to the square root of the voltage. The lamp current is very nearly proportional to the square root of the lamp voltage above forty percent of rated lamp current. Thus, lamp resistance changes from the dominant circuit element at normal operating voltage to a value often less than the remaining circuit resistance at low voltages. 
     Referring again to FIGS. 3 and 4, at block  108  the microprocessor system  26  commands lamp output enable register  34  to open disconnect switch  40  to switch in resistor  66 . A forty-ohm value for resistor  66  is used to yield currents between six percent and twenty percent of the nominal lamp current for the range of lamp power and wiring resistance. The output to the replaced lamp is enabled at  110  by closing the related lamp output switch  36 . After waiting for the lamp temperature to stabilize (block  112 ) for approximately 30 seconds and achieve near ambient temperature, output voltage (V 1 ) and current (I 1 ) are measured ( 114 ). The resulting values are converted from analog to digital by converter  56  and sent to microprocessor system  26  to be stored in a memory. Approximately twenty measurements for V 1  and I 1  are taken and averaged by microprocessor system  26  to reduce measurement noise and improve resolution. The lamp output is disabled ( 116 ) and disconnect switch  40  is closed to switch out the resistor ( 118 ). 
     The lamp output is again enabled at  120 . After the lamp temperature has stabilized approximately 1 second ( 122 ), output voltage (V 2 ) and current (I 2 ) are measured at  124 . The measured values are converted from analog to digital by converter  56  and sent to microprocessor system  26  to be stored in a memory. Approximately twenty measurements for V 2  and I 2  are taken and averaged by microprocessor system  26  to reduce measurement noise and improve resolution. 
     As shown in FIG. 2, and discussed herein above, the lamp resistance constant (k 1 ) representative of the filament “cold” resistance estimated from the “hot” measurements is nearly constant with a secondary term that varies roughly as the square of the percent of nominal current. 
     
       
         k 1 ∝constant+(% nominal current) 2   
       
     
     Thus the cold lamp resistance constant (k 1 ) is estimated at  126  from the hot lamp measurement according to the following equation: 
     
       
         K 1 +K 1 ′+K 1 ″*(I 1 /I 2 ) 2   
       
     
     where k 1 ′=0.092 and 
     k 1 ″=1.000 
     The values for k 1 ′ and k 1 ″ have been empirically determined for both ten-volt and twelve-volt railroad signal lamps of various manufacture and power. 
     Next the first estimate of the circuit resistance R w1  is calculated at  128  according to the following equation: 
     
       
         R w1 =V 1 /I 1 −k 1 *V 2 /I 2   
       
     
     The quantity (k 1 *V 2 /I 2 ) is an estimate of the cold lamp resistance based on the hot lamp resistance and thus, lamp power rating. V 1 /I 1  is the measured total circuit resistance including the circuit wiring resistance and the cold filament resistance. 
     The circuit resistance includes errors in R w1  because the voltage across the signal lamp is assumed to be the isolated power converter  48  output voltage V 2  whereas it is actually lower due to the as yet unknown circuit wiring resistance voltage drop. The estimate of the circuit resistance is improved by calculating a second estimate of circuit wiring resistance (R w2 ) at  130  using the first estimate of circuit wiring resistance to produce a more accurate second estimate according to the following equation: 
     
       
         R w2 =V 1 /I 1 −k 1 *(V 2 −R w1 *I 2 )/I 2   
       
     
     Next, the lamp constant (k 2 ) is determined at  132  based on the square root relationship of the lamp voltage and the lamp current near the nominal lamp voltage. 
     
       
         k 2 =I lamp /V lamp   
       
     
     Since I lamp  and V lamp  are not measured directly, k 2  can be approximated using the isolated converter output voltage V 2 , lamp output current I 2  and estimated circuit wiring resistance R w2  by the following equation: 
     
       
         k 2 ≈I 2 /(V 2 −R w2 *I 2 ) 
       
     
     The required converter output voltage (V c ) to yield the intended lamp operating voltage can now be estimated at  134  according to the following equation: 
     
       
         V c =V desired +R w2 *k 2 *V desired   
       
     
     Microprocessor system  26  now sets the isolated power converter  48  voltage to V c  at  136  and the program exits at  138 . The process is repeated for each signal lamp in the system. Typically the ideal output voltage is different for each lamp. In the preferred embodiment, the voltage for each lamp is determined and added together then averaged. This average voltage is then stored and used for all lamps in the system. A separate voltage setting can also be stored for each lamp in the system. When a particular lamp is illuminated the microprocessor will set the converter output voltage to the associated voltage. 
     A more accurate converter voltage setting can be determined using the converter output current to calculate the voltage drop across the circuit according to the following equation: 
     
       
         V lamp =V c −I c *R w2   
       
     
     This solution requires an iterative calculation because the converter output current is not known until the converter voltage is set. Thus a converter voltage would be set, the converter current measured, the resulting lamp voltage calculated and compared to the desired lamp voltage. Any error between the calculated lamp voltage and the desired lamp voltage, above an acceptable value, would call for an appropriate adjustment to the converter voltage and repeat of the current measurement and lamp voltage calculation until the error was below the accepted value. However, this is not the preferred solution because the measurement iterations and the differences in lamps cause more variation than this solution gains in accuracy. 
     It is to be understood that while a certain now preferred form of this invention has been illustrated and described, it is not limited thereto except insofar as such limitations are included in the following claims and allowable functional equivalents thereof.