Abstract:
In exemplary implementations of this invention, a set of two scanning mirrors scans the one dimensional field of view of a streak camera across a scene. The mirrors are continuously moving while the camera takes streak images. Alternately, the mirrors may only between image captures. An illumination source or other captured event is synchronized with the camera so that for every streak image the scene looks different. The scanning assures that different parts of the scene are captured.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a non-provisional of, and claims the benefit of the filing date of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61544498, filed Oct. 7, 2011, the entire disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    This invention was made with U.S. government support under Grant Number N66001-10-1-4041, awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and under contract W911NF-07-D-0004 with the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies and U.S. Army Research Office. The government has certain rights in this invention. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY 
       [0003]    The present invention relates generally to imaging. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    A streak image captured by a streak camera is essentially a 1D movie that plots a one dimensional image (i.e. a line) versus time. 
         [0005]    In exemplary implementations of this invention, a set of two scanning mirrors scans the one dimensional field of view of a streak camera across a scene. The mirrors are continuously moving while the camera takes streak images. Alternately, the mirrors may move only between image captures. An illumination source or other captured event is synchronized with the camera so that for every streak image the scene looks different. 
         [0006]    In exemplary implementations of this invention, the scanning assures that different parts of the scene are captured. This solves at least three problems: First, an arbitrary resolution can be attained if the synchronization is good enough, by stitching together an arbitrary number of 1D movies. Second, scanning can be slow enough to capture enough light to get a good signal to noise (“SNR”) ratios. For example, in a prototype implementation, the mirrors scanned a scene in about 1 hour. Third, by using scanning mirrors, the imaging system does not require a multi-slit streak tube. 
         [0007]    In a prototype of this invention, scanning mirrors were used with a streak camera to produce movies of repetitive events at about 10 12  frames per second with a time resolution of less than two picoseconds. 
         [0008]    The above description of the present invention is just a summary. It is intended only to give a general introduction to some illustrative implementations of this invention. It does not describe all of the details of this invention. This invention may be implemented in many other ways. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a high level block diagram of an ultra-fast imaging system. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of part of an ultra-fast imaging system. 
       
    
    
       [0011]    The above Figures illustrate some illustrative implementations of this invention, or provide information that relates to those implementations. However, this invention may be implemented in many other ways. The above Figures do not show all of the details of this invention. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]      FIG. 1  is a high level block diagram of an ultra-fast imaging system, in an exemplary implementation of this invention. A pulse laser  101  emits a laser beam that is steered by steering mirrors  109 ,  111 ,  113  to illuminate a scene  107 . Scanning mirrors  105  scan the field of view of a streak camera  103  across the scene  107  while the streak camera  103  captures a series of images. At least one processor  121  is connected by wire connections  123 ,  125 ,  127  to the laser  101 , streak camera  103  and the servo motors for the scanning mirrors  105 , respectively. 
         [0013]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of part of an ultra-fast imaging system, in an exemplary implementation of this invention. Scanning mirrors comprise a rotating mirror  201  and a fixed mirror  203 . A gearbox and servo motor  207  actuate rotation  211  of a shaft  209 , causing the rotating mirror  201  to rotate about the longitudinal axis of the shaft  209 . As rotating mirror  201  rotates, it scans the field of view of a streak camera  205  across a scene. Light from the scene travels to the rotating mirror  201 , then to the fixed mirror  203 , then to the objective of the streak camera  205 . 
         [0014]    In exemplary implementations of this invention, a scene is illuminated by a pulsed laser, and observations are made by a streak camera, which has a one-dimensional (horizontal only) field of view. A mirror system then scans the camera field of view vertically to capture a series of x-t streak images, one for each row of the scene. Scanning thus requires a stable pulse train for these repeated measurements. The field of view and total duration of the movies captured are limited by the total time available for the capture process, which in turn is limited practically by the long-term system stability to environmental noise. The lateral resolution is limited by diffraction limits, given by the lens aperture and operating wavelength. 
         [0015]    In a prototype of this invention, captured x-t images are combined into one matrix, M ijk , where i=1 . . . 672 and j=1 . . . 512 are the dimensions of the individual streak images and k=1 . . . 1000 address the line images. For a given time point j, the sub matrix N ik  contains a two-dimensional image x-y of the scene with a resolution of 672×1000 pixels, exposed over 2 ps. To display information contained in this matrix, the N ik  information is rendered as frames of a movie. The y resolution of 1000 pixels is a result of the speed of the scanning mirror, the length of the image exposures, and the height of the scene. In this prototype, they resolution was selected to be about equal to the resolution in x, which is dictated by the streak camera. 
         [0016]    In a prototype of this invention, a Kerr lens mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser emits 8 nJ, 50 fs long pulses at a center wavelength of 795 nm and a 75 MHz repetition rate. Because all the pulses are statistically identical, the scattered light from many of them can be recorded and the measurements can be integrated to average out noise. To synchronize the streak camera (Hamamatsu® C5680) and the laser, a portion of the beam is split off a glass slide and directed it onto a fast photodetector connected to the camera. The camera has an x-t resolution of 672×512 samples over a window of about 1 ns (i.e. less than 2 ps per sample). The system integrates light for 6 s for each movie scan line to optimize SNR and minimize vibration error from motor or mirror movement. Alternatively, a brighter laser could be used, or camera gain increased. 
         [0017]    In a prototype of this invention, the scanning mirrors are two 9 cm×13 cm metal mirrors placed above one another. The top mirror deflects the light coming from the scene downwards and the bottom one directs it onto the streak camera objective. 
         [0018]    In this prototype, to obtain data for a full movie, the mirror-scanning system (comprising the two 9 cm×13 cm metal mirrors) rotates the camera&#39;s center of projection, and the camera records horizontal slices of a scene sequentially. A computer-controlled, 1 rpm servo motor rotates one of the mirrors and consequently scans the field of view vertically. With high gear ratios (up to 1:1000), the continuous rotation of the mirror is slow enough to allow the camera to record each line for about six seconds, requiring about two hours for 1000 lines. The rotating mirror can spin continuously at speeds of down to 0.006 degrees per hour. 
         [0019]    In some implementations of this invention, a tunable light source may be used. Or a set of different color light sources may be used to provide spectral information. 
         [0020]    A streak camera image provides the temporal evolution of a line in the scene and can be converted into a one dimensional movie. In exemplary implementations of this invention, two dimensional movies can also be obtained: A mirror system scans the field of view of the camera across the scene while the camera captures a series of images. Since the laser and camera are synchronized, the captured images can be combined to obtain a two dimensional movie of the scene. 
         [0021]    In exemplary implementations of this invention, the captured movies are constructed from a large number of images of repetitive events. Thus, larger time ranges, higher resolutions and larger fields of view can be achieved by concatenating individual movies. For example, after capturing and compiling one movie, trigger delay may be adjusted by slightly less than one nanosecond, and a second movie may be captured and compiled. The two movies can then be stitched together and played in sequence. 
         [0022]    The camera&#39;s field of view may be increased by capturing multiple movies and stitching and correcting them, roughly analogous to a panorama picture. Resolution may be increased by using a zoom lens with a smaller field of view but higher resolution and then stitching together multiple movies. 
         [0023]    In some implementations of this invention, movies are captured in a single shot. If the camera and light source are synchronized by an ordinary trigger and the imaged event is bright enough, it is possible to avoid the integration of several pulses in the streak camera. In order to simultaneously capture several lines of a movie, pixels may be remapped from a set of lines to the one dimensional field of view of the streak camera. 
         [0024]    In exemplary implementations of this invention, one or more processors are configured for, among other things: (1) outputting control signals to control the servo motor that rotates the scanning mirrors and to control other components of the imaging system, including the pulse source (e.g., laser), sensor (e.g., streak camera), apparatus for steering the pulses (e.g., galvanometer actuated mirrors), (2) receiving and analyzing input, including sensor data and user input, and (3) performing computations and executing software. Each of the one or more processors may be located in, adjacent to or remote from the other components of the imaging system (e.g., other processors, servo motor, streak camera or laser) and may be connected by wire or wirelessly with such other components. 
         [0025]    This invention has many applications. 
         [0026]    For example, in prototype implementations, this invention has been used (1) to observe the propagation of light pulses through macroscopic scenes revealing complex light paths and sub-surface scattering, and (2) to identify a specular reflector (e.g., mirror) in the scene being imaged. Also, for example, a prototype of this invention has been used in an ultra-fast imaging system for recording and reconstructing space-time world voxels of incoherent light propagation in table top scenes. 
         [0027]    In some implementations, this invention may be used for analysis of multibounce light transport, and to observe nonlinear effects, e.g., multi-photon fluorescence, filamentation, plasma formation, and soliton interaction. Further, in some implementations, this invention may be used to observe ultrafast propagation through scenes, and thus may be used for imaging around corners and characterizing materials. Further, in some implementations, this invention may be integrated with computer graphics, medical imaging, and remote sensing, as well as other wave systems, such as sonar and radio. 
         [0028]    Variations: 
         [0029]    This invention may be implemented in many different ways. Here are some non-limiting examples. 
         [0030]    This invention is not limited to light, but may use any type of wave, including electromagnetic radiation and mechanical waves (e.g., sound waves). For example, the wave may include sound that is infrasonic (i.e., less than 20 Hz) or ultrasonic (i.e., greater than 20 kilohertz). 
         [0031]    This invention is not limited to any particular wave frequency, pulse duration, or duration of interval between onsets of successive pulses. For example, in the case of electromagnetic radiation, this invention is not limited to visible light, but may use electromagnetic radiation of any frequency, including frequencies approximately in the millimeter, terrahertz, visible, or radar range of frequencies. 
         [0032]    This invention may be implemented as apparatus comprising, in combination: (a) a streak camera, which streak camera has a field of view; and (b) one or more scanning mirrors for scanning the field of view of the streak camera across a scene, while the streak camera captures images of the scene. Furthermore: (1) the scanning mirrors may comprise a first mirror and a second mirror, the first mirror being configured to rotate about an axis of rotation and the second mirror being fixed relative to the streak camera; (2) the streak camera may have an objective; the first mirror may be configured to reflect light from the scene toward the second mirror; and the second mirror may be positioned, relative to the objective, to reflect light from the first mirror toward the objective; (3) the apparatus may further comprise an elongated shaft; the longitudinal axis of the shaft may be co-linear with the axis of rotation; the first mirror may be operatively connected to the shaft; and the shaft may be configured to rotate about the axis of rotation; (4) the apparatus may further comprise a motor and gears for actuating rotation of the shaft; (5) the apparatus may further comprise an illumination source for illuminating the scene; (6) the illumination source may comprise a pulse laser; (7) the apparatus may further comprise one or more mirrors for steering, toward the scene, pulses emitted by the laser; and (8) the apparatus may further comprise a beamsplitter for directing a portion of light from the laser to a photodetector, for synchronizing the laser with the streak camera. 
         [0033]    This invention may be implemented as an imaging method, wherein: (a) a streak camera has a field of view, and (b) one or more scanning mirrors scan the field of view of the streak camera across a scene, while the streak camera captures images of the scene. 
         [0034]    Definitions and Clarifications: 
         [0035]    Here are a few definitions and clarifications. As used herein: 
         [0036]    The terms “a” and “an”, when modifying a noun, do not imply that only one of the noun exists. 
         [0037]    The fact that an “example” or multiple examples of something are given does not imply that they are the only instances of that thing. An example (or a group of examples) is merely a non-exhaustive and non-limiting illustration. 
         [0038]    The term “field of view” shall be construed broadly. The term “field of view” includes the extent of a scene that is imaged by a sensor. The term “field of view” is not limited to visible light. A sensor that captures data regarding other types of electromagnetic radiation may have a “field of view”. 
         [0039]    The noun “image” includes (1) a streak image, or (2) a data set regarding both time of arrival of, and intensity in a spatial dimension of, a wave incident on a sensor. The verb “image” (and grammatical variations thereof) shall be construed accordingly. The term “image” is not limited to visible light, but also applies to other types of electromagnetic radiation. 
         [0040]    The terms “include”, “includes” and “including” shall be construed broadly, as if followed by “without limitation”. The term “e.g.” means including. 
         [0041]    The term “light” is not limited to visible light, but includes electromagnetic radiation of any frequency. Similar terms, such as “illumination”, “illuminate” and “shine”, shall be construed broadly in the same manner. For example, an “illumination source” is a source of electromagnetic radiation. 
         [0042]    The term “mirror” shall be construed broadly. For example, the term “mirror” includes (1) any specular reflector, and (2) any surface that reflects a ray or wave in a manner such that the angle of incidence at the surface equals the angle of reflection from the surface (both angles being relative to a line through the point of incidence in a direction normal to the surface). A “mirror” may reflect visible light, or other types of electromagnetic radiation. 
         [0043]    The term “or” is an inclusive disjunctive. For example “A or B” is true if A is true, or B is true, or both A or B are true. 
         [0044]    A parenthesis is simply to make text easier to read, by indicating a grouping of words. A parenthesis does not mean that the parenthetical material is optional or can be ignored. 
         [0045]    The term “pixel” shall be broadly construed. A “pixel” includes (1) a pixel in a display device, (2) a sensel in a sensor, (3) a single sensor element of an array of sensors, such as in a charge-coupled device, and (4) the smallest subdivision of a sensor plane of a sensor, which subdivision can take a sensor measurement. The term “pixel” is not limited to a device that emits or detects visible light. A device that emits or detects any type of electromagnetic radiation may have pixels. 
         [0046]    The phrase “scanning a camera&#39;s field of view across a scene” (and like phrases) includes scanning an optical element (e.g., a lens or mirror) that is configured for adjusting or steering the camera&#39;s field of view. 
         [0047]    Two values are “substantially” equal if they differ by less than 10%. 
         [0048]    Two values differ “substantially” if they differ by 10% or more. 
         [0049]    Two values x and y differ by a certain percent, if [(x-y)/x]×100 equals that certain percent, where x is the larger of the two values and y is the smaller of the two values. 
       CONCLUSION 
       [0050]    It is to be understood that the methods and apparatus which have been described above are merely illustrative applications of the principles of the invention. Numerous modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is not to be limited except by the claims that follow.