Abstract:
A digitally controlled electronic ballast, on command, optically transmits its identification signature or other data by CW modulation of the luminosity of one or more lamps connected to the ballast. The data is transmitted by momentarily interrupting the lamp current to mark the beginning and the end of successive periods, wherein the periods represent either a logic one or a logic zero in accordance with the data to be transmitted. Each ballast has a unique identification, which is included in the transmitted digital data. A receiver monitors the luminosity of a lamp and compares instantaneous luminosity to average luminosity to detect the beginning and end of each period.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to an electronic ballast and, in particular, an electronic ballast that imperceptibly modulates light output by interrupting power to one or more fluorescent lamps. 
     A fluorescent lamp is an evacuated glass tube with a small amount of mercury in the tube. The tube is lined with an adherent layer of a mixture of phosphors. Some of the mercury vaporizes at the low pressure within the tube and a filament or cathode sealed in each end of the tube is heated to emit electrons into the tube, ionizing the gas. A high voltage between the filaments causes the mercury ions to conduct current, producing a glow discharge that emits ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light is absorbed by the phosphors and re-emitted as visible light. After the glow discharge terminates, the phosphors glow for a small but finite time known as persistence. Similarly, the glow discharge continues for an even smaller but finite time after power is removed. 
     A fluorescent lamp is a non-linear load to a power line, i.e. the current through the lamp is not directly proportional to the voltage across the lamp. Current through the lamp is zero until a minimum voltage is reached, then the lamp begins to conduct. Once the lamp conducts, the current will increase rapidly unless there is a ballast connected to the lamp for limiting current. 
     An electronic ballast typically includes a rectifier for changing the alternating current (AC) from a power line into direct current (DC) and an inverter for changing the direct current into alternating current at high frequency, typically 25-60 kHz. Some ballasts include a boost circuit between the rectifier and the inverter. 
     Modern electronic ballasts perform the basic function of ballasting a fluorescent lamp significantly better than ballasts of just a decade ago in terms of power factor, efficiency, and the like. As typical with other electronic devices, electronic ballasts are now expected to perform an increasing number of additional functions. For example, many techniques have been proposed for dimming lamps by communicating over power lines or by communicating over a separate line to each ballast. 
     Other proposals, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,838,116 (Katyl et al.), include transmitting information from a fluorescent lamp by modulating the light from the lamp. The modulation described in the patent includes frequency modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM). AM is obtained by interfering with the regulation of the boost circuit, thereby increasing the voltage of the high voltage rail in the inverter to increase light output momentarily. 
     Suitable photodetectors are a necessary part of the combination but are not described in detail in the Katyl et al. patent. Their existence and a variety of functions are merely attributed to certain blocks in a block diagram. It turns out that reliably detecting the modulation is not particularly easy. Interference from other light sources is a problem, as is signal to noise ratio in general. A strong, nearby signal tends to overload a detector and a weak, distant signal tends to become lost in noise. 
     Typically in the prior art, increased functionality is obtained only by increasing the complexity, and cost, of the ballast circuit. On the other hand, even if a particular function could be “free,” it is inevitable that additional functions will be wanted. It is desired to provide those functions at minimal extra cost. 
     An advantage of digitally controlled dimmable ballasts is that the ballasts can be grouped for setting scenes or for locally brightening or dimming a part of a room. For this purpose, some dimming ballasts sold by Energy Savings, Inc. of Schaumburg, Illinois U.S.A. had an eight-way switch externally accessible on the ballasts. Depending on the setting of the switch, a ballast was assigned to one of eight possible zones. A scene could then have zone one at fifty percent of full brightness, zone two at seventy-five percent, and so on. This arrangement, while considerably better than changing the wiring in the building, still has the disadvantage of requiring physical access to the ballast. 
     It is possible to assign a unique number or identification (ID) to every ballast during manufacture. Each ballast can be addressed by ID and the control of scenes and zones can all be in one central unit. In theory, the ID would be written on a sticker and the sticker would be placed upon a fixture to show the ID. In practice, the chance of the ID being lost is quite high. Without any way to retrieve the information, the system capability would be lost or at least the fixture would have to be replaced. 
     In Europe, a system known as DALI, (digital addressable lighting interface) is being proposed. In this system, each ballast is given an ID at the factory and the ballasts are interrogated at the installation site to determine ID. After interrogation, the operator tells the controller to light up a first set of lamps and then the operator goes around the rooms and writes on a map where the lamps are lit. The process is repeated until all IDs are plotted on a map. 
     In view of the foregoing, it is therefore an object of the invention to provide a technique for modulating light output without additional circuitry in a digitally controlled electronic ballast. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide an electronic ballast that can identify itself readily by modulating the light output from one or more lamps coupled to the ballast. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a detector for reliably converting modulated light from a fluorescent lamp into a series of pulses. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide two-way communication with a ballast with minimal additional circuitry. 
     A further object of the invention is to simplify the on-site identification of uniquely identified electronic ballasts. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The foregoing objects are achieved in this invention in which data is transmitted by CW modulation of the luminosity of one or more lamps connected to a ballast. The ballast includes an inverter section and the data is transmitted by momentarily turning off lamp current to mark the beginning and the end of successive periods, wherein the periods represent either a logic one or a logic zero in accordance with the data to be transmitted. Preferably, each ballast has a unique identification, which is included in the transmitted digital data. A receiver monitors the luminosity of a lamp and compares instantaneous luminosity to average luminosity to detect the beginning and end of each period. A two wire conductor system is connected to all the ballasts to convey digital information from a central control. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A more complete understanding of the invention can be obtained by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a ballast constructed in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a chart of three waveforms illustrating the operation of the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a detector constructed in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a detector constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic of the inverter section of a ballast constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a microprocessor controlled ballast suitable for implementing the invention. FIG. 1 is the same as FIG. 2 in U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,990 (Crouse et al.). In FIG. 1, pin  1  of the integrated circuits is indicated by a small dot and the pins are numbered consecutively counterclockwise. Ballast  10  includes converter section  11  for producing DC from line voltage, boost section  12  for increasing the DC voltage, storage section  13  for storing energy to drive a lamp, and inverter section  14  for driving a lamp. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, boost section  12  includes a boost controller implemented as an L6561 power factor correction circuit as sold by SGS-Thomson Microelectronics. Boost section  12  is essentially the same as the circuit recommended in the data sheets accompanying the L6561 integrated circuit. 
     Microprocessor  21  is coupled to two inputs of driver circuit  22 . Specifically, high frequency pulses are coupled through resistor  23  through pin  2  of driver circuit  22 . Pin  3  of driver circuit  22  is a disable input and is coupled to an output of microprocessor  21  by line  24 . When disable line  24  is brought low, drive circuit  22  is shut off. Otherwise, drive circuit  22  causes transistors  18  and  19  to conduct alternately at the frequency on pin  2 . The junction of transistors  18  and  19  is coupled through series resonant inductor  31  and capacitor  32  to common. Fluorescent lamp  34  is coupled in parallel with capacitor  32  in what is known as a half bridge, series resonant, direct coupled output. 
     As described in the Crouse et al. patent, disable line  24  is brought low in response to a detected fault. In accordance with the invention, microprocessor  21  is programmed to bring disable line  24  low and then high to interrupt lamp current and thereby modulate light output. 
     FIG. 2 is a chart of waveforms illustrating the operation of an electronic ballast in accordance with the invention. Waveform “A” represents the voltage on disable line  24 . The inverter is disabled for a sufficient time for the light to decrease enough to be detected reliably by a photodetector circuit. This time depends upon the persistence of the phosphors and the glow discharge but is generally quite short for most fluorescent lamps. A pulse width, t 1 , of 150 microseconds has been found sufficient for reliable communication from a ballast. 
     Waveform “B” illustrates the high frequency current through a lamp and the missing cycles when the inverter is disabled. Waveform “C” illustrates the brightness of the lamp, somewhat exaggerated for clarity. Luminosity decreases when lamp current is interrupted, as indicated by notch  41 , but does not go to zero. The decrease in luminosity is greater than the decrease between cycles of the high frequency current, represented as ripples in generally horizontal line  43 . Thus, the inverter is shut off long enough to produce a distinct signal. 
     As illustrated by waveform “A”, logic zeroes and ones are represented by the time interval between pulses. Thus, the modulation is “continuous wave” (CW), as used to transmit Morse code. Amplitude or luminosity does not itself carry any information. The information is contained in the time between pulses. Thus, the invention is also completely independent from the operating frequency of the inverter. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a logic zero is represented by an interval, t 2 , of one millisecond and a logic one is represented by an interval, t 3 , of two milliseconds. Thus, assuming an equal number of ones and zeroes, a sixteen bit ID can be transmitted in 26.55 milliseconds. Other intervals could be used instead. A pulse width of one or two milliseconds may be perceptible to some people. A pulse width less than one millisecond is generally imperceptible. 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a photodetector constructed in accordance with another aspect of the invention. Photodetector  50  includes photocell  51  for converting light into voltage, high pass filter  52  for removing extraneous signals, automatic gain control circuit  53  for adjusting gain in accordance with the overall brightness of a room, and level adjusting circuit  54  for providing the appropriate voltages to a microprocessor (not shown). The output from circuit  54  is essentially a reconstruction of waveform “A” (FIG.  2 ). Additional circuitry (not shown) converts the pulses into digital data and displays the data for a user. Such additional circuitry is well known in itself. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic of a photodetector constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. Phototransistor  60  converts incident light to current and is coupled to the inverting input of amplifier  61 , which converts the current to voltage. Amplifier stage  62  is a second order high pass filter and is coupled to the output of amplifier  61  through DC blocking capacitor  63 . Amplifier  64  provides a gain of about ten. Shottky diode  65  clamps the output positive, allowing only positive pulses to pass to the next stage. 
     The output from amplifier  64  is coupled directly to the non-inverting input of comparator  67  and indirectly to the inverting input of the comparator by way of an averaging circuit including low pass filter  71 , rectifier  72 , and capacitor  73 . Comparator  67  compares the pulses to a variable reference voltage provided by the average of the signal from phototransistor  60 . This enables the photodetector to accommodate taking readings at various distances from the lamps. 
     The output from comparator  67  is a series of pulses that are cleaned up in one-shot multivibrator  75 . The pulses are then coupled to additional circuitry (not shown) for converting the periods between pulses to logic ones and zeros and for displaying the resulting data, in either binary form or alphanumeric form. The additional circuitry is well known in itself. In one embodiment of the invention, the additional circuitry was sensitive to the leading edge of a pulse. Thus, “the period between pulses” is not to be interpreted absolutely literally but understood to depend upon the particular hardware used. 
     To use the invention, one broadcasts a command to all ballasts in a system, e.g. on a branch circuit, to transmit their ID numbers. The command is preferably broadcast by a low voltage control wire coupled to all the ballasts. Alternatively, a ballast could automatically transmit its ID for a predetermined period after power is applied to the ballast. An operator then walks around with a small battery powered photodetector to read the ID&#39;s from the light modulations of each fixture and record the identity and position of each fixture. Fixtures with plural ballasts would require some adaptation of the photodetector to limit the field of view to one lamp. The simplest optics is a snap-on tube to restrict the field of view of the phototransistor; in effect, collimating the light from a lamp. Unless a fixture or a ballast is replaced, the photodetector is used only once and could be loaned for use as required or given to a large customer as a promotional item. 
     Once a ballast can “talk,” it is inevitable that customers will want the ballast to say more than just its ID. A microprocessor controlled ballast constructed in accordance with the invention can implement one-way communication without additional hardware. For two-way communication, some additional hardware is needed. 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic of the inverter section of an electronic ballast constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. Driver  81  causes transistors  18  and  19  to conduct alternately but the driver has no shutdown pin as in the embodiment of FIG.  1 . Driver  81 , an IR2101 high and low side driver, is a simpler device than driver  22  (FIG. 1) and is controlled by pulse width modulator  85 , which does have shutdown capability. Line  86  couples one bit of an output port of microprocessor  87  to pin ten of pulse width modulator  85 . Pin ten is one of several pins that effect shutdown and more than one device may be coupled to a pin for effecting shutdown. The several resistors coupled to pin six control the switching frequency of the inverter. 
     The CW modulation of light output is the same as described for the circuit of FIG. 1 except that the disable input of pulse width modulator  85  is active high rather than active low. 
     In addition to transmitting information, a ballast constructed in accordance with FIG. 5 can also receive information. Phototransistor  91  converts incident light into a current. Appropriate processing circuitry, not shown in FIG. 5, couples transistor  91  to an input port of microprocessor  87  for receiving pulses representing digital data. 
     A hand-held infra-red transmitter (not shown) is pointed at the ballast, which includes an optical port for transistor  91 . Data, commands, or address information can be sent to the ballast, e.g. to organize a plurality of such ballasts into a zone, to request transmission of an ID, to request the time since the last re-lamping, and so on. Flash memory or EEPROM is used in the ballast to store received data that must survive a power outage. Two way communication also enables upgrading a microprocessor controlled ballast by downloading the latest software optically; e.g. tables representing data for new lamp types. 
     Another feature of the invention is that the handheld unit is capable of transmitting an infrared signal encoding the address just received from the ballast, together with another number representing the zone. For example, an operator is setting up a lighting zone and the handheld unit is set to the number of the zone. The operator receives the ID of a ballast and then points at a wall mounted controller, triggering the handheld unit to transmit the zone number and the ballast ID to the controller. In this way the operator never has to record manually the ID of the ballast, which might be a very long number. This procedure is repeated for each zone and each ballast. The operator simply assigns the ballasts to the zones and sends the ballast ID to the controller along with the zone number for each ballast. The worst case would be where the controller is not visible from the location of the operator and the handheld unit has to be moved to a position with a line of sight to the controller. It is also possible for all addresses and zone assignments to be stored in the hand-held unit and then transmitted all at once as a large packet. 
     The invention thus provides a technique for modulating light output without additional circuitry in a digitally controlled electronic ballast. The ballast can identify itself readily by modulating the light output from one or more lamps coupled to the ballast. A detector is provided for reliably converting modulated light from a fluorescent lamp into a series of pulses, thereby simplifying the on-site identification of uniquely identified electronic ballasts. In addition, two-way communication with a ballast is accomplished with minimal additional circuitry. 
     Having thus described the invention, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications can be made within the scope of the invention. For example, although lamp  34  is illustrated as an instant start lamp, the invention can be used with any type of gas discharge lamp. The particular semiconductor devices identified are part of a preferred embodiment of the invention. Other devices could be used instead. The lamp current could be interrupted using any kind of switch instead of turning off the inverter. The digital data can include error detection or correction data in addition to the desired message. The data may also include end of life measurements upon the lamps, a history of recent faults detected, and hours run data for the lamps.