Abstract:
Solid state illumination using closed loop spectral control. Light emitting diodes producing different colors are mounted in close proximity to photosensors. Spectral content of the light emitting diodes is measured by the photosensors, and these measurements used to adjust light emitting diode currents to achieve the desired spectral characteristics.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention pertains to the field of solid state illumination, and more particularly to solid state illumination systems employing closed loop control to maintain spectral characteristics. 
     2. Art Background 
     High brightness Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have sparked interest in their use for illumination. LEDs have no moving parts, operate at low temperatures, and exceed the reliability and life expectancy of common incandescent light bulbs by at least an order of magnitude. The main drawback in implementing LED based light sources for general illumination purposes is the lack of a convenient white-light source. Unlike incandescent light sources which are broadband black-body radiators, LEDs produce light of relatively narrow spectra, governed by the bandgap of the semiconductor material used to fabricate the device. One way of making a white light source using LEDs combines red, green, and blue LEDs to produce white, much in the same way white light is produced on the screen of a color television. 
     Combining light from blue, red, and green LEDs of appropriate brightness yields a “white” light. The brightness of each LED is controlled by varying the amount of current passing through it. Slight differences in the relative amounts of each color manifests itself as a color shift in the light, akin to a shift in the color temperature of an incandescent light source by changing the operating temperature. Use of LEDs to replace existing light sources requires that the color temperature of the light be controlled and constant over the lifetime of the unit. 
     Some applications require more careful control of spectral content than others, and differing color temperatures may be desired for different applications. For example, spectral control is of extreme interest in applications such as lighting of cosmetics counters, and food outlets, while spectral control may not be critical in industrial lighting applications where reliability is more important. 
     There are two effects which make careful control of spectral content difficult. First is that the luminous efficiency of a given LED will not exactly match that of another LED manufactured by a nominally identical process. The second is that the luminous efficiency of a given LED, and its spectral content, may shift over the lifetime of the device. 
     The first problem may be addressed by testing, grading, and matching devices during manufacture. This testing is expensive, and does not address changes occurring with device aging. 
     What is needed is a method of automatically measuring the spectral content of a LED light source, and controlling the spectral content based on that measurement. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Spectral content of a solid state illumination source composed of Light Emitting Diode (LED) sources of different colors is measured by photosensors mounted in close proximity to the sources. The results of these measurements are used to control the spectral content by varying the current to the different color LEDs. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is described with respect to particular exemplary embodiments thereof and reference is made to the drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows the layout of a solid state illumination device according to the present invention, 
     FIG. 2 shows the block diagram of an embodiment for the control circuit, 
     FIG. 3 shows the block diagram of an additional embodiment for the control circuit, and 
     FIG. 4 shows a simple switching converter. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 shows the layout of a solid state illumination device according to the present invention. While mounting LEDs and photosensors on the same substrate may increase manufacturing efficiency, such co-mounting is not necessary to practice the instant invention. Common substrate  100  holds light emitting diodes of different colors, and sensors for sensing emitted light. In this embodiment photodiodes are preferred, although any electrical device which produces a predictable varying electrical response to illumination may be used. In FIG. 1, LEDs of three colors, red ( 110   a ,  110   b ,  110   c ) green ( 120   a ,  120   b ,  120   c ,  120   d ) and blue ( 130   a ,  130   b ) are mounted on the substrate, along with photosensors  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c , and  150   d . Photosensors  150  are interspersed between LED chips  110 ,  120 ,  130  to collect “averaged” light. Incident light on photosensors  150  is mainly via scattering, and is relatively well mixed. Any layout which allows for the photosensors to collect incident light from the LEDs is acceptable . 
     A common substrate may also used to provide interconnections between the devices and control circuitry. In mounting the devices on the substrate, the substrate may be used to provide a common terminal (anode or cathode) with the devices mounted thereupon. It may be advantageous to use the substrate as a common terminal so as to reduce the number of connections. In some circumstances it may be advantageous to separate out the connections between LEDs  110 ,  120 ,  130  and photosensors  150 , so that the relatively large currents flowing through LEDs  110 ,  120 ,  130  do not interfere with the ability to measure the relatively small currents from photosensors  150 . 
     The number and arrangement of LED chips and sensor chips is determined to a great extent by the light output of the LEDs, and the light output needed. Given efficient and powerful enough LEDs, only one of each color would be needed. The photosensors are interspersed among the LED chips to collect averaged light. 
     When photodiodes are used as photosensors  150 , as in the preferred embodiment, they may be collected in parallel allowing automatic summation of the signals from each photodiode. 
     In operation, a desired spectral content is selected. This may be done in terms of equivalent color temperature. The spectral content of the operating set of LEDs is measured, and adjusted to match the desired levels. 
     In a first method of measuring spectral content, a calibration cycle is used in which the light flux of each LED color is measured and adjusted. In this method, photosensors  150  have useful and known response over the spectral range required. Each color of LED is illuminated independently for a brief period of time. The light output is measured by photosensors  150 , compared to the desired level, and the current flowing through the selected LED adjusted accordingly. This method may be implemented using a single photosensor positioned so as to collect incident light from the LEDs. In the second, preferred method, uses color filters over photosensors  150 . In this embodiment, a first pair of sensors, for example photosensors  150   a  and  150   c , are covered with color filters which preferentially passes the shorter wavelengths, green through blue. Photosensors  150   b  and  150   d  are covered with color filters preferentially passing the longer wavelengths, green through red. Note that in this scheme, the passbands of each of the filters includes the green component. Alternatively, a separate channel with a green filter could be used. Note that when photosensors incorporating color filters are used, only those photosensors with similar filters are connected in parallel. In the example embodiment given, photosensors  150   a  and  150   c  would be connected in parallel, and photosensors  150   b  and  150   d  would be connected in parallel. In the embodiment using two channels, the proper color temperature is indicated by a set ratio between the outputs of the short and long wavelength sensors. The drive currents to the LEDs are adjusted to achieve the desired ratio. The overall device intensity is controlled by adjusting LED currents so that the sum of the signals from the short and long wavelength sensors equals a desired value. 
     The control circuit for the LED-sensor array may be a separate integrated circuit or circuits, and may be integrated onto the same substrate, or placed in separate packages. 
     In the preferred embodiment, the control circuit consists of integrators connected to each set of photodiodes; in this case, an integrator for the short wavelength sensors, and an integrator for the long wavelength sensors. These integrators convert photodiode current into a voltage representing the amount of light in that part of the spectrum. The voltage output of each integrator is fed to a window comparator. The purpose of the window comparator is to compare the input signal to a reference, and produce outputs when the input signal differs from reference by more than a specified amount of hysteresis. The reference is provided by an additional digital to analog converter (DAC). The gated outputs of the comparators are fed to up/down counters, which drive digital to analog converters. The digital to analog converters in turn control drivers for the LEDs. 
     This is shown in simplified form in FIG.  2 . Common circuitry such as initialization, gating, and clocking is not shown. Examining the red channel, photodiodes  150   b , d of FIG. 1 feeds op amp  210  which uses capacitor  220  to form an integrator. The output of the integrator, a voltage representing the amount of light flux from filtered photodiodes  150   b,d , feeds comparators  230  and  240 . The output of comparator  230  will be high if the output of integrator  210  is below reference voltage VR  250 , the desired red level. Similarly, the output of comparator  240  will be high if the output of integrator  210  is higher than reference voltage VR+ΔR  260 . Reference levels VR  250  and VR+ΔR  260  are provided by an additional digital to analog converter, not shown. The outputs of comparators  230  and  240  feed up/down counter  270 . The output of counter  270  feeds digital to analog converter (DAC)  280 , which feeds driver  290 , controlling the intensity of red LED  110 . While a field effect transistor (FET) is shown for driver  290 , bipolar transistors may also be used. 
     When the desired red light flux is below the desired level set by reference VR  250 , the output of comparator  230  will be high. Counter  270  counts up, increasing the value feeding DAC  280 , increasing the voltage on the gate of driver  290 , and increasing the brightness of LED  110 . 
     Similarly, if the desired red light flux is above the desired level set by reference VR+ΔR  260 , the output of comparator  240  is high, causing counter  270  to count down. This decreases the value sent to DAC  280 , decreasing the voltage on the gate of driver  290 , and decreasing the brightness of LED  110 . 
     The difference between reference voltages VR  250  and VR+ΔR  260  provides hysteresis in the operation of LED  110 . Its output will not be adjusted if it is within the window set by these two reference levels. 
     In the embodiment described, the output of green LEDs  120  is not tracked, but instead is set by DAC  380  which feeds driver  390 , controlling green LEDs  120 . The overall intensity of the device is controlled through setting the green level, since the output of the red and blue LEDs will track in a ratiometric manner. 
     The blue channel operates in a manner similar to the red channel previously described. Red photodiodes  150   a, c  feed integrator  410 . Integrator  410  feeds window comparators  430  and  440 , which compare the output voltage of integrator  410  representing the blue light flux to reference levels VB  450  and VB+ΔB  460 . The outputs of comparators  430  and  440  control up/down counter  470 , which feeds DAC  480  and driver  490  to control blue LEDs  130 . 
     By performing intensity measurements and adjustments over several measure integrate —compare —correct cycles, changes are made in a gradual manner. 
     In this design, state information is held in the values of counters  270 ,  370 ,  470 . For more efficient startup, control circuitry would preserve the values of these counters across power cycles, restoring the counters to their last operating values as a good first approximation of starting levels. 
     The embodiment of FIG. 2 uses linear control to vary the intensity of the LEDs. DACs  280 ,  380 , and  480  generate analog levels feeding drivers  290 ,  390 , and  490 , controlling the intensity of LEDs  110 ,  120 , and  130 . Essentially, drivers  290 ,  390 , and  490  are being used as variable resistors. This type of arrangement is inefficient, as the voltage dropped across drivers  290 ,  390 , and  490  is turned into heat. 
     More efficient control is obtained by using switching converters to drive the LEDs. Switching converters are well known in the art, being manufactured by companies such as Texas Instruments and Maxim Integrated Circuits. As is known to the art, in a switching converter, varying pulse width or duty cycle is used to control a switch, producing an adjustable output voltage with very high efficiency. LEDs exhibit relatively high series resistance, so stable control of current is attainable by adjusting the voltage applied to the LED. 
     The embodiment of FIG. 2 is adapted to use switching converters by using the outputs of the window comparators ( 230  and  240  for the red channel,  430  and  440  for the blue channel) to control the pulse widths for switching converters driving the LEDs. When a desired level is too low, the corresponding pulse width is increased, increasing he on time of the switching converter, increasing its output voltage, and increasing the corresponding LED current and luminous output. The values of counters  270 ,  370 ,  470  may be used to determine pulse width for the switching converters. 
     An additional embodiment illustrating these concepts is shown in FIG.  3 . Sequencer  300  controls the operation of the device. Multiplexer  310  under control of sequencer  300  selects the output of one of the photodiodes  150   b,d  or  150   a,c . The output of the selected photodiode is converted to digital form by ADC  320 . 
     Digital reference levels are provided by latches  410  for the red channel,  510  for the green channel, and  610  for the blue channel. The contents of these latches is loaded and updated by circuitry not shown. For the green channel, the output of latch  510  is used to set the pulse width of pulse width modulator  530 , producing a pulse width modulated output  540 , which is used to drive switching converter  550  to drive the green LEDs  120 . 
     Comparators  420  and  620  compare the output of ADC  320  to reference values  410  and  610 , respectively. The results of these comparisons, under control of sequencer  300 , are fed to pulse width modulators  430  and  630 , for the red and blue channels. 
     In operation, this embodiment performs much the same as its analog counterpart of FIG.  2 . Differences between measured values ( 320 ) and desired values ( 410 ,  610 ) are produced by comparators ( 420 ,  620 ) and increase or decrease the pulse width ( 430 ,  630 ) of the corresponding drive signals ( 440 ,  640 ), driving switching converters ( 450 ,  650 ) and LEDs ( 110 ,  130 ). 
     This embodiment has the advantage over the embodiment of FIG. 2 in that it is completely digital after the initial ADC stage  320 . The digital portion of FIG. 3 may be implemented in fixed logic, or in a single-chip microprocessor. 
     FIG. 4 shows a simple switching converter, here a step-down converter for use when the LED supply voltage (Vled) is higher than the voltage applied to the LEDs. Other topologies known to the art may be used to provide a boosted LED voltage if needed by the particular implementation without deviating from the spirit of the current invention. Pulse width modulated drive signal  440  drives the gate of MOS switch  200 . When switch  200  is turned on, voltage is applied across inductor  220 , causing current to flow through the inductor. When switch  200  is turned off, current continues to flow in inductor  220 , with the circuit completed by catch diode  210 , preferably a Schottky diode. The voltage across LED  110  is smoothed by capacitor  230 . The voltage across LED  110  is proportional to the on-time of switch  200 , and therefore the pulse width of drive signal  440 . 
     The foregoing detailed description of the present invention is provided for the purpose of illustration and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise embodiments disclosed. Accordingly the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.