Abstract:
A screening process and apparatus for flexographic printing press control is implemented in hardware and computer software to provide increased tonal range output at the press thereby providing enhanced direct press control, without adjustment based on press output. The image data from a desktop publisher is processed through a software resident interpreter which translates that data pursuant to a pre-developed enhanced language. This interpreter language has been is generated from imperially predetermined image setter and press factors and a stochastically based tone area algorithm. Calibration factors selected as a function of the image setter and press equipment being controlled are input to modify the interpreter language generated.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a process and apparatus for controlling the operation of a flexographic press, directly, without adjustment based on press output. This process includes FM (frequency modulated) screening. 
     Flexography is relief printing with plates fastened to a rotating cylinder, usually with a single inking roller supplied with an aniline ink from other rollers in an ink fountain. Screening is the process of controlling the ink application to the plate to control the image definition provided at the press output. Controlling the image definition is controlling the image tonal qualities. 
     Modern flexographic printing has been computerized. The image to be printed is often developed and laid out on a desk top computer system which creates the data for printing. This has become known as desktop publishing. Desk top publishing image output data has been standardized in 8 bit words (bytes). Thus, the tone definition for each pixel (unit picture area) is defined in any of 256 values (from 0 to 255) at the output of the desktop publisher. 
     The flexographic printer operation has also become computerized. A press function and operation input computer, known as an image setter, is used to provide control signals which operate the press itself from the desktop image data provided to it. 
     Computerized flexographic screening is the input of gray data, tone quality information, to the press (image setter). However, screening accuracy, based on desktop image data has been a problem because the press operations, specifically, the press electronic signal gain control has been difficult to predict. The translation of direct desktop image data into press operation signals has provided press output errors, generally in the 30 percent range, including blooming and ink over run. This problem has been the focus of much research for sometime. 
     An initial approach to this problem has been to reduce the sensitivity of the press, i.e. to reduce the tonal range by electronically dampening gain. This reduces errors, i.e. increases image accuracy, but reduces tonal quality. As an example, in order to obtain the desired accuracy, the 256 tone values available at the desktop may have to be reduced to 100 tone values at the press. 
     Initially, this press gain and therefore tone adjustment was done manually, by trial and error, for every printing run. This adjustment included, either modifying the input signal to the press image setter or disregarding certain signal values, until the press output accuracy was satisfactory. A printer output scanner feedback system has been developed to automate this manual trial and error adjustment. This system includes a densitometer, which is a print result scanner, to provide a feedback signal to a press input data processor. This press input data processor is an intermediate controller inserted between the desktop output and the press image setter input. The goal of the system is to increase tone quality at the press output, including gray balance, dot grain characteristics and contact characteristics, by real time feedback control adjustment of the press input signals. It includes digital filtering of image data in the intermediate processor to electronically dampen press input signals. Such dampening of necessity must reduce press output tonal range below that provided by the desktop publisher. 
     Others have attempted to increase flexo-press tone quality: by varying dot percentage as a function of dot size; by varying dot shape; by defining dot pattern stochastically (based on random or quasi-random variables); by varying press ink densities and ink chemistry including water based and U.V. inks; by controlling press ink roll volumes; and by studying curvature effects and gravimetric results of ink transfer. 
     It is desirable to provide an improved electronic control of flexo-press input signals which will yield enhanced flexo-press tonal performance while maintaining acceptable image accuracies (in the 3 percent error range), without modifying the flexo-press itself, or its inks, or its image setter, and without the use of feedback control or other real time compensation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An objective of the present invention is to provide a desktop printer image signal processor apparatus for flexographic press screening which yields increased tonal range press output. 
     A second objective is to provide a flexographic screening process which yields increased tonal range press output while maintaining acceptable image accuracy. 
     A further objective is to provide this process and apparatus which will directly translate desktop image data into flexo-press input signals (data) without the need for off-line press output monitoring and adjustment, or the need for real-time press output monitoring and feedback control. 
     The objectives of this invention are realized in a process and an apparatus for implementing that process which compensates for flexo-press gain by increasing the sensitivity of the desktop image data as opposed to decreasing the sensitivity of the flexo-press. In a digital environment, sensitivity equates to the number of bits or number of values. Therefore, the present invention overcomes existing flexo-press gain by increasing the value &#34;set&#34; for the image data provided by the desktop publishing computer from 256 to 1000×&#34;n&#34;. This is implemented in a software driven interpreter process and its apparatus. 
     A process for FM screening is software and hardware implemented to generate a interpreter language specific to the image setter and flexographic press being used and to any ambient factors selectively input. Desktop image data is then translated, pixel by pixel, into interpreted data sent to the flexo-press image setter. 
     The process is implemented with a calibration interface circuit connected to the desktop computer output for receiving flexo-press selection information and to a peripheral input device for receiving ambient factors. The calibration interface output as well as the desktop computer image data output are connected to a processor unit containing interpreter software. A separate high capacity hard drive dedicated to holding compressed language data is connected to the processor unit. The processor unit output connects to the flexo-press image setter input. 
     The interpreter software generates a language of 1000×&#34;n&#34; words specific to the particular immediate application. Each word in the language defines a different &#34;tile&#34;. A tile is a unit area (pixel) pattern. Interpreter translation substitutes tiles for pixel image data values. Input and output buffer registers may be used. The translator steps are carried on iteratively until all of the image data is interpreted. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The features, advantages and operation of the animal toy of the present invention will become readily apparent and further understood from a reading of the following detailed description with the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals refer to like elements, and in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the apparatus used to implement the invention and its connection between a desktop publishing computer and a flexo-press image setter; 
     FIG. 2 is an alternate block diagram implementation of the invention apparatus of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 shows the process steps of the invention; 
     FIG. 4a shows dot shapes generated by the interpreter tiles; 
     FIG. 4b shows a typical tone pattern generated by the invention for gray densities of 15, 30, 45, 49, 51, 65, 70 and 85 percent, respectively, at flexo-press output; 
     FIG. 4c shows examples of dot construction for clusters of 4, 8, 11 and 16 pixels, respectively, as generated by the invention for flexo-press input; 
     FIG. 4d shows examples of openness dot structure of 0, 30 70 and 90 percent, respectively, generated at flexo-press output with the invention; 
     FIG. 5 shows the processing tonal range screening capability of the prior art; and 
     FIG. 6 shows the processing tonal range screening capability of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a process, and the apparatus for the implementation of the process, of interpreting desktop publisher image data, in 8 bit format of values &#34;0&#34; to &#34;255&#34;, of gray scale printing information into an expanded language set of 1000 times &#34;n&#34; values of information. The process and apparatus are applied to flexographic printing screening (input of gray/tone data to press) technology implementation. 
     The invention includes software screen technology capable of producing first and second order frequency modulated (FM) screens. Cluster dot formation is used to ensure high edge quality and a large number of screening patterns. Screening tonal range is increased through the use of dot gain correction. This dot gain correction is implemented in calibrated interpreter functions whereof the translation is specific to the flexo-press used and any ambient factors considered. 
     A desktop publisher 11, FIG. 1, implemented by a PC type processor, such as a Macintosh Quata 800, provides flexo-press image data 13 in 8 bit (256 value format). Flexo-press equipment selection data 15 is also provided by the desktop publisher 11. 
     A calibration interface circuit 17 is connected to receive the selection data 15. This calibration circuit is also connected to receive ambient factor data 19 from a flexographic press 21. The flexographic press 21 can be implemented with any of the commercially available narrow web or wide web presses, such as a Comco International, Inc., of Milford Ohio, &#34;FLEXOPACK&#34; model. The ambient factor data 19 can be obtained from various signal sources, well known in the industry, such as outputs from meters, gauges and sensors. The press 21 operation is controlled by an image setter 23. This image setter is any of those commercially available in the market place, such as a Crossfield Electronics Ltd, of Hempstead, Herfordshire, England, model &#34;MS 2000&#34;. Image setter 23 ambient factor data 19 is also received by the calibration interface circuit 17. 
     Calibration interface circuit 17 contains software shown in &#34;C&#34; language as Appendix &#34;A&#34;. This software defines and controls the interface 17 calibration operation and functions. The process carried out by this software (Appendix A) will be discussed further below. 
     A processor unit 25 contains a CPU and a storage device such a hard disk drive. This processor contains software which defines and controls its operation. A first program shown in Appendix &#34;B&#34; in &#34;C&#34; language carries out the generation of a base word &#34;tile&#34; generation for the interpreter&#39;s language, and data for generating a specific interpreter language set to perform the specific tonal range gray data contemplated (screening contemplated). An optional preview display screen may be connected to the processor unit 25. 
     The output of the calibration interface circuit is connected to the processor unit 25. The image data 13 from the desktop publisher 11 is sent to the processor though a separate connection. 
     The Macintosh desktop publisher 11, FIG. 2, has the interface circuit 17 implemented as an internal storage register within its mainframe. The press data 15 and ambient factors 19 are loaded into this calibration interface storage register by the Macintosh 11 keyboard 29. The software program of Appendix A is operated by the Macintosh 11 CPU. A previously used screening station 31 is modified to operate as the processor unit 25. This screening station can be selected from any of those commercially available, including a Sun Microelectronics, Sunnyvale, Calif., model &#34;SPARC STATION&#34; IPX which contains a UNIX based CPU. This Sun unit 31 contains insufficient memory storage. Thus an external hard drive 33 is connected to an appropriate port of the Sun unit 31. The interpreter base tile (word) and the tile information for building a tile library or language is held in compressed format in the hard drive 33. Appendix &#34;B&#34; shows a memory map for the data held in hard drive 33. This data of Appendix B is in binary, hex form. 
     The software for performing the generation of the base tile data held in hard drive 33 is contained in the main memory of the Sun unit 31. This Sun unit 31 contains the software program shown as Appendix &#34;C&#34;. This program generates a specific language specific to flexo-press selection, ambient factor input and uses this language to translate image data 13, defined from the desktop publisher 11 in a 255 value gray scale, into image setter data in a 1000 value gray scale. 
     The Sun unit 31 may also have connected a dedicated optional monitor 37 and keyboard 39. FIG. 2 maintains the data 13, 15 and 19 connections into the Sun unit 31 discussed in connection to FIG. 1. The Sun unit 31 output is connected to the input of the image setter 23 to carry the data 35. Image setter 23 is connected to operate and/or drive the press 21. 
     The process carried out by the invention, as implemented by the above-discussed apparatus, including the data of Appendix &#34;B&#34; and the software programs of Appendix &#34;A&#34; and &#34;C&#34;, is shown in FIG. 3. There is a stochastic generation of language tiles, step 41. From this generation 41, data for a base tile is generated from the program information of Appendix &#34;B&#34;, as discussed above, and additional data for generating a tile set, or language of a desired size is generated and stored in compressed format in a hard drive, step 43. 
     Information is obtained from the desktop publisher, step 45. This information is image setter/press selection information 15 and image data 13. Any ambient factors about the operating conditions of the flexo-press are obtained, step 47. These factors 19 and selection data 15 are used in a generation step 49 in which calibration for generating an interpreter language is used. 
     The next step 51 is to read the calibration data generated and to find a base tile needed for the calibration factors, step 51. This step 51 includes de-compiling the data held in compressed storage. Following this, all of the tiles (words) needed for the specific language to be applied to the specific situation is built 53. This specific language of 1000 times &#34;n&#34; words is then stored, step 55. The storage 55 is within the internally available memory of the Sun unit 31. 
     Image data 13 from the desktop publisher 11 is held in a buffer, step 57 until needed. This data 13 is then moved to the translator step 59, where it is replace by tile data values from the language section of words built in step 53 and stored in step 55. This replacement is provided in step 59 by an algorithm which defines the specific substitution of tile values. This algorithm, as will be discussed further below, is carried out by the program of Appendix &#34;A&#34;. The enhanced value set (1000 times &#34;n&#34; in size) provides the output 61 which is held in an output buffer 63 until needed. These values are then moved to the image setter, step 65. 
     The process carried on in step 59 is an iterative one where the image date values are replaced by tile values on a pixel by pixel basis. The buffer 57 and buffer 63 temporary storage steps facilitate a multi-processing environment in the Sun unit 31. These buffer steps may not be used in a dedicated processor or where processor speed is sufficient not to need temporary storage. 
     The programs resident in the invention are typically written in &#34;C&#34; language for UNIX and Macintosh platforms. Other language implementation will provide equivalent structure and process steps and is within the scope of the invention. 
     The dot shapes generated by the invention are shown in FIG. 4a. These dot shapes are made up of basic pixel tiles which are the words or building blocks of the translator language. In FIG. 4a the tiles are square. However, the invention is not limited to this shape, and contemplates many other shapes. The software of Appendix &#34;A&#34; allows for various predetermined shape definitions, including square, rectangle, round, and others. 
     FIG. 4b shows a series of gray scale patterns printed by a flexo-press driven by the present invention. The patterns show a density of 15, 30, 45, 49, 51, 65, 70 and 85 percent, respectively. Pattern inverse, white for black, is shown over 50 percent. 
     FIG. 4c shows further examples of dot cluster construction capable with the invention. FIG. 4d shows dot structure openness made possible with the invention. This FIG. 4c illustrates the output quality of the flexo-press when used with the invention. 
     FIGS. 5 and 6 allow a comparison of the performance of the invention compare to the prior art. These figures illustrate the resultant tonal range capabilities of the flexo-press with the prior art, FIG. 5, and the invention. Both FIGS. 5 and 6 provide data at 3 percent error, that determined acceptable. The tonal range provided by the invention is more than three times that of the prior art. 
     Many changes can be made in the above-described invention without departing from the intent and scope thereof. It is thereby intended that the above description be read in the illustrative sense and not in the limiting sense. ##SPC1##