Abstract:
A multi-level decoupled micro-actuator device comprising a first level substrate ( 410 ), a second level frame ( 420 ) stacked on said first level substrate ( 410 ), a third level frame ( 430 ) stacked on said second level frame ( 420 ).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a device and method for stacked multi-level uncoupled electrostatic actuators that may be used to drive optical micro-mirrors. 
   REFERENCES 
   
       
       
         
           [1] Data sheet of ADXL, at http://www.analog.com/ 
           [2] L. J. Hornbeck U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,956,619; 5,061,049; 5,535,047 
           [3] See http://www.siliconlight.com/ 
           [4] D. J. Bishop, C. R. Giles, and G. P. Austin, The Lucent LambdaRouter: MEMS technology of the future here today, IEEE Comm. Mag., Vol. 40(3), pp. 75-79, 2002. 
           [5] H. Toshiyoshi, W. Piyawattanametha, C. Cheng-Ta and M. C. Wu, “Linearization of electrostatically actuated surface micromachined 2-D optical scanner”, JMEMS, 10, 2, pp. 205-214, 2001. 
         
       
     
  
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Electrostatic actuation is the most prevalent means of driving micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices. State-of-the-art MEMS devices utilizing electrostatic actuation include: inertial sensors such as Analog Devices ADXL™ [1]; pressure sensors; RF switches and filters; MEMS displays such as TI-DLP™ [2], Silicon Light Machines&#39; Grating Light Valve™ (GLV™) [3], optical cross-connect, e.g., Lucent LambdaRouter™ [4] and more. 
   The emerging technology of scanning micro-mirrors enables the processing of relatively compact and low cost digital and analog light. Among such applications are the Texas Instruments DLP™ used for modern, state of the art displays and the Lucent double-gimbaled WaveStar™ micro-mirror used in optical communication state-of-the-art all-optics routers. Other applications include barcode scanners, scanning confocal microscope, scanning for direct display on retina and more. A gimbal is a device that permits a body to incline freely around a predetermined axis, or suspends it so that it will remain level when its support is tipped. 
   In many MEMS applications multi-axis drive and control of deformable elements is required. Double-gimbaled micro-mirrors have been developed in order to achieve scanning in two dimensions. In state of the art double-gimbaled micro-mirror technology, the actuation of the two degrees of rotation is coupled due to electrostatic coupling effects. For example, the Lucent LambdaRouter™ uses a double-gimbaled micro-mirror to route optical information from a source fiber into a 2D array of target fibers. The electrostatic coupling between the two axes of rotation causes distortion of the picture that requires special linearization algorithms to reconstruct the correct rectangular domain. Moreover, the calibration has to be carried out for each individual device to account for its specific electromechanical properties. This in turn, increases the cost associated with these devices. 
   The principle of setting an element on a multi-gimbaled frame is well known, e.g., for use in traditional rotation gyroscopes. However, the use of electrostatic actuation to drive the gimbaled devices, results in a nonlinear coupling between the axes. As a result, the scan range becomes distorted [5]. Many control techniques have been proposed to deal with this nonlinear coupling effect. However, all such prior art has further complicated the calibration and operation of the device. 
   Therefore, there is a need in the art to provide a simpler device and method that avoids nonlinear coupling between the axes, when using electrostatic actuation to drive dual axes devices. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a device and method that avoids nonlinear coupling between the axes, when using electrostatic actuation to drive a micro-device with multiple rotation axes. 
   It is a further object of the present invention to provide a simpler device and method for electrostatic actuation to drive a micro-device with multiple rotation axes. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide a device and method for electrostatic actuation to drive micro-devices with multiple rotation axes devices that is applicable for a wide variety of applications. 
   It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a device and method for electrostatic actuation to drive micro-devices with multiple rotation axes that enable larger scanning angles, while keeping the applied voltage relatively low. 
   A multi-axis electromechanical actuator is described, with no electrostatic coupling between the axes. The proposed new technology eliminates the problem of coupling between axes by using multi-level stacked actuators. The decoupling between the different axes of rotation is achieved by stacking each actuator over the deformable element of the previous level. This method is used to achieve dual-axis scanning with a fixed and independent electromechanical response of each axis. Each actuator has a single degree of freedom that is separately actuated. Therefore, there is no cross talk between the multiple axes, and a rectangular scanning domain is achieved with no need for calibration or special algorithms. This technology can be extended to more than two levels of stacking, thus enabling larger scanning angles, while keeping the applied voltage relatively low. 
   In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a multi-level decoupled micro-actuator device for a micro-mirror having multiple axes, using micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-on-MEMS stacking technology. The device includes a first level substrate having at least one first level bottom electrode on its upper side. The device also includes a second level frame stacked on the first level substrate, the second level frame having a first deformable element rotatable about the x-axis. The first deformable element includes at least one counter electrode on its lower side corresponding to, and oppositely charged to, the at least one first level bottom electrode and at least one second level bottom electrode on its upper side. The device further includes a third level frame stacked on the first deformable element, the third level frame comprising a second deformable element rotatable about the y-axis, the second deformable element being driven by at least one second level bottom counter electrode on its lower side corresponding to, and oppositely charged to, the at least one second level bottom electrode on the first deformable element, such that there is no coupling between the rotation of the first and second deformable elements, respectively, about the x-axis and the y-axis. 
   Additional features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following drawings and description. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a better understanding of the invention in regard to the embodiments thereof, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and description, in which like numerals designate corresponding elements or sections throughout, and in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic view of a double-gimbaled two-axis micro-mirror device, constructed to illustrate the principles of the current art; 
       FIG. 2  schematically presents the electromechanical response of the double-gimbaled two-axis micro-mirror device shown in  FIG. 1 , exhibiting the coupling between the two axes, constructed to illustrate the principles of the current art; 
       FIG. 3  shows a schematic illustration of a multi-stacked, uncoupled, two-axis micro-mirror device, constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 4  shows the separated layers of the device of  FIG. 3 , constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The invention will now be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments with reference to the following illustrative figures so that it may be more fully understood. References to like numbers indicate like components in all of the figures. 
   The principal aim of the proposed technology is to eliminate the coupling between the different axes for the electrostatic actuators used to drive multiple axes micro-mirrors. The principle applied involves the decoupling of each axis. This is achieved by assembling the actuators such that the moving element of one level is the reference base of the next level. Thus, each succeeding level is driven relative to the moving element of the previous level. This is in contrast to the existing technology in which all levels are driven relative to the same fixed base. 
   To make clear the source of the nonlinear coupling between the two axes in the double gimbaled actuator, reference is now made to the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 , which shows a schematic view of a double-gimbaled two-axis micro-mirror device  100 , constructed to illustrate the principles of the current art. A micro-mirror  105  is rotated over a first angle θ  110 , about a first axis of support  115 , which is connected to a first frame  117 . First frame  117  is in turn-connected to a second frame  127 . Second frame  127  is rotated over a second angle Φ  120 , about a second axis of support  125 , which is also connected to first frame  117 . 
     FIG. 2  schematically presents an electromechanical response curve  200  of the double-gimbaled two-axis micro-mirror device shown in  FIG. 1 , exhibiting the coupling between the two axes, constructed to illustrate the principles of the current art. The electromechanical response of the inner frame is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , for various applied voltages, V  210 . The angular response θ, over first angle  110  of the inner gimbal is affected by the external gimbal rotation over second angle Φ  120 . Two curves are shown. A first curve  221  corresponds to values of first angle θ  110  for a value of second angle Φ=Φ 1  and a second curve  222  corresponds to values of first angle θ  110  for a value of second angle Φ=Φ 2 . As shown, second angle deflection, φ  120  of the external frame affects the electromechanical response of the inner frame. This is due to the fact that as the external frame is deflected, the inner frame is deflected with it, while the driving bottom electrodes remain fixed. Consequently, the relative position between the inner frame and its driving electrodes is affected by second angle deflection φ  120  of the external frame. 
   One means of eliminating this coupling is to deflect the driving electrodes of the inner frame such that they remain parallel to the inner frame axis. This can be achieved by fixing the driving electrodes of the inner frame to the same external frame that deflects the inner frame axis. In the present invention this is achieved by multi-level stacking of multiple actuators, one upon the other, each having a single degree of freedom.  FIG. 3  gives a schematic illustration of such a stacked micro-mirror. 
     FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of a multi-level stacked, uncoupled, two-axis micro-mirror device  300 , constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. This device is constructed from three levels, as described in greater detail hereinbelow, with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
     FIG. 4  shows the separated layers  400  of the device of  FIG. 3 , constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The first level  410  contains the first level bottom electrodes  412  that drive the first deformable element  431  about the x-axis  440 . The second level  420  contains first deformable element  431 . First deformable element  431  contains the counter electrodes to the first level bottom electrodes  412  on its lower side. However, the counter electrodes are not visible in a top perspective view. Also, first deformable element  431  contains, on its upper side, the second level bottom electrodes  422  that drive the second deformable element  432  about the y-axis  445 . The third level  430  contains the second deformable element  432 , of which the frame is attached to the first deformable element  431  on second level  420 . 
   It is understood that in the stacked micro-mirror device there is virtually no electrostatic coupling between the two axes of rotation. Therefore, the electromechanical response of second deformable element  432  is unaffected by the tilting angle of first deformable element  431 . This is in contrast to the electromechanical coupling between the axes of rotation of double-gimbaled actuator  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   Applications for the present invention include micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices for optical cross connect, and for use in scanning and displays. Another application is multiple-axes inertial sensors. 
   Additional applications include inertial sensors, pressure sensors, radio frequency (RF) switches and filters, MEMS displays, as well as double-gimbaled micro-mirrors used in optical communication state of the art all-optics routers, barcode scanners, scanning confocal microscopes and scanners for direct display on retina. 
   Having described the present invention with regard to certain specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the description is not meant as a limitation, since further modifications will now suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.