Abstract:
A dewaxed oil having a tendency to form a haze at ambient or sub-ambient temperatures is contacted with a solid adsorbent to remove at least a portion of the haze precursors, thereby reducing the haze-forming tendency of the dewaxed oil.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/330,339, filed Jun. 11, 1999, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a filtering process for dehazing a dewaxed lubricating oil base stock. Lube base oils are normally prepared from crude oil distillates and residua or synthetic oils using a series of upgrading steps, which may include hydrocracking or solvent extraction to remove heteroatoms and aromatics and to increase the viscosity index of the base oil; dewaxing to remove wax; and a finishing step for stabilizing the product against oxidation and floc and color formation. 
     Conventional methods for removing wax from a lube stock include solvent dewaxing and catalytic dewaxing. The degree of dewaxing during one of these dewaxing processes is generally determined by the desired product pour point, where the pour point is a measurement, expressed as a temperature, at which the sample will begin to flow under carefully controlled conditions. Pour point may be determined by, for example, ASTM D5950-96. The cloud point of a lube base oil is complementary to the pour point, and is expressed as a temperature at which a lube oil sample begins to develop a haze under carefully specified conditions. Cloud point may be determined by, for example, ASTM D5773-95. Generally, both the pour point and the cloud point are decreased during dewaxing. 
     Some lube oil streams, particularly heavy streams such as bright stock, contain naturally-occurring haze precursors that are more difficult to remove by conventional dewaxing than are the paraffinic waxes which predominate in lower boiling waxy streams. If present in sufficient quantities, the haze precursors form a haze in the base oil at ambient (or lower) temperatures, particularly if the base oil is allowed to stand at the low temperature for some time, e.g. overnight. The base oil may develop a hazy appearance even after being dewaxed to a low pour point, e.g. less than −5° C. Conversely, the haze generally disappears when the base oil is heated slightly, e.g. to a temperature of 80° F. or above. The haze will generally be the color of the base oil in which it forms, and is usually white when present in otherwise colorless oil. Haze precursors which give rise to the hazy appearance have significant paraffinic character, some with cyclic components having a long paraffin-like tail. As such, these haze precursors are expected to have substantially different molecular structures than do the color bodies and heteroatom molecules removed by conventional clay filtering for oil stabilization. The presence or absence of a visual haze may be determined using the clear-and-bright standard of ASTM D-4176-93 (Reapproved 10 1997). The haze may also be quantified by measure of clarity. 
     While the haze generally has little or no effect on the performance of the base oil as a lubricating oil base stock, its presence suggests degraded visual quality and low temperature performance. A method of reducing the haze tendency of a base oil is desired. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a process for removing a substantial portion of the haze precursors from a lube stock, and more specifically from a dewaxed lube stock, with little or no reduction in lube stock yield. Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for producing an improved lube oil with a reduced tendency to form a haze after standing at ambient temperatures, the process comprising contacting a dewaxed lube stock with a solid sorbent for a time and at conditions sufficient to produce a dehazed base oil having a reduced cloud point relative, to that of the dewaxed lube stock. 
     Unlike conventional dewaxing processes, the present filtering process reduces the cloud point of the dewaxed lube stock with little or no effect on the yield of lube base oil. The yield of lube stock based on the weight of dewaxed lube stock feed to the sorbent bed is greater than about 95%, and preferably greater than about 98%. Yields of up to 100% can be expected in some cases during steady state operation. A lube stock which is a preferred feedstock for the present process has a low pour point, typically less than −5° C., though the pour point may be as low as −40° C. and lower, and a cloud/pour point delta of greater than 10° C., and preferably greater than 15° C. The cloud point of the feedstock is above −5° C., generally above 0° C., and may be as high as 30° C. or higher. In the process, the cloud point of the dehazed base oil is reduced relative to the dewaxed oil feedstock to the process. Preferably, the cloud point of the dehazed product from the process is less than 0° C., and more preferably less than −5° C. 
     Preferred adsorption condition for removing the haze includes a temperature in the range of 1 5° C. (60° F.) and 60° C. (140° F.), and a flow rate of hazy oil of between 0.01 hf −1  and 10 hr −1 . 
     Among other factors, the present invention is based in part on the discovery that certain heavy oil streams develop a visual haze on standing, even when they have been dewaxed to a target pour point using conventional methods. The haze occurs in certain oils having a cloud point above −5° C., and more often above 0° C. or +5° C., with a cloud/pour point delta of greater than 10° C. The present invention is further based on the surprising discovery that the haze precursors which give rise to the visual haze in these oils may be effectively removed by passing the oil through a bed of solid acidic adsorbent particles. Wax-like molecules which are expected to substantially contribute to the hazy characteristic of such a dewaxed oil would not necessarily be expected to readily and preferentially adsorb on an acid adsorbent. The adsorption process for removing the haze precursors reduces the cloud point of the treated oil while maintaining yields of low cloud point oil which approach 100%. 
    
    
     IN THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the change in the cloud point of a lube base oil product from the filter step as a function of the time onstream. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the cloud point reduction of a hazy bright stock which is passed through a pseudo-boehmite alumina adsorbent. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the cloud point reduction of a hazy heavy neutral base oil which is passed through a pseudo-boehmite alumina adsorbent. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In principle, any waxy stock may be dehazed in the present process. Because of the relative efficiency of conventional dewaxing processes such as solvent dewaxing and, in particular, catalytic dewaxing, waxy stocks are preferably first dewaxed using one of these conventional methods, with the present process being used to remove the haze precursors remaining after a conventional dewaxing step. The process is most preferably used following a catalytic dewaxing process, since the haze precursors tend to be more abundant in a catalytically dewaxed base oil. The present process is useful for filtering streams characterized by a wide range of boiling points. Refinery streams such as diesel feed, waxy middle distillate, lube oils, gas oils and vacuum gas oils, white oils and the like may be treated using the present process. Dewaxed base oil generally boils above about 500° F. (260° C.) and has a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of at least 2.0 cSt. 
     Exemplary feeds suitable for dewaxing to prepare the feed for use in the process of the invention include waxy distillate stocks such as gas oils, lubricating oil stocks, synthetic oils such as those by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, high pour point polyalphaolefins, foots oils, synthetic waxes such as normal alphaolefin waxes, slack waxes, deoiled waxes and microcrystalline waxes. Foots oil is prepared by separating oil from the wax. The isolated oil is referred to as foots oil. The feedstock employed in the process of the invention may be a waxy feed which contains greater than about 50% wax, even greater than about 90% wax. Highly paraffinic feeds having high pour points, generally above about 0° C., more usually above about 10° C. are also suitable for use in the process of the invention. Such a feeds can contain greater than about 70% paraffinic carbon, even greater than about 90% paraffinic carbon. The dewaxed oil feed may be a vacuum gas oil or deasphalted residua which has been hydrocracked to improve product quality, remove heteroatoms and aromatics and increase viscosity index. The present process is particularly advantageous for removing haze precursors from heavy (i.e. high boiling) stocks such as heavy vacuum gas oils, heavy neutral base oils, bright stock, synthetic oil and the like. Such heavy stocks may be recovered from a mineral oil refining process or from a Fischer Tropsch process. Thus, the boiling point temperature range of the feed to the present process will generally be above about 250° F., preferably above about 500° F., and more preferably above about 850° F. 
     Bright stock is derived from a residual oil, optionally via a upgrading step such as solvent deasphalting, and having a boiling point temperature range above about 900° or 925° F., and includes those materials which can only be distilled, without cracking, under a vacuum. Bright stock may also be recovered as a heavy fraction from a hydrocracking process, including hydrocracking a heavy VGO, a residuum, or a heavy synthetic wax such as from a Fischer Tropsch process. A bright stock generally has a viscosity, measured at 100° C., between 20 and 60 cSt, and a viscosity index of greater than about 80, and generally greater than about 90. Bright stocks having a viscosity index of 120 and higher may also be treated in the process. 
     The feed to the present process is a dewaxed feed having a low pour point, generally a pour point of less than 0° C., usually a pour point of less than −5° C., or less than −10° C., down to a pour point of −40° C. and below. The feed also has a cloud point which is greater than the pour point of the feed, the cloud point being generally greater than −5° C., often greater than 0° C., or greater than 5° C. or 10° C., or even 20° C., up to as high as 30° C. or higher. In addition, the oil feed has a cloud/pour point delta of 10° C. or more, frequently of 15° C. or more, or 20° C. or more, or 30° C. or more, up to 70° C. or more. As used herein, the cloud/pour point delta of a sample oil is the difference in temperature between the cloud point and the pour point of the sample oil. Thus, the preferred oil supplied as feed to the present process is a catalytically dewaxed base oil having a cloud point greater than −5° C. and usually greater than 0° C., the dewaxed base oil being characterized further by a cloud/pour point delta of 10° C. or more. This feed is distinguished from a solvent dewaxed stock, which typically has a cloud/pour point delta equal to or near zero. 
     The lube base oil recovered from the filter step has a substantially reduced cloud point relative to the cloud point of the lube oil feedstock to the filtering process. While the pour point may also be somewhat reduced during filtering according to the invention, the cloud point is more significantly reduced. 
     The lube stock which is treated in the present process will usually have been dewaxed in either a solvent dewaxing process or in a catalytic dewaxing process or in a combination of the two processes. Such processes are well known, and do not require extensive discussion here. 
     Catalytic dewaxing processes have been taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,859,311, 5,246,566, 5,282,958 and 5,376,260. Exemplary catalysts taught for catalytic dewaxing include the zeolites ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-21, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38, ZSM-48, ZSM-50, ZSM-57, SSZ-20, SSZ-32, ferrierite and L and other molecular sieve materials based upon aluminum phosphates such as SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO041, MAPO-11 and MAPO-31. 
     Dewaxing conditions generally include a temperature which falls within a range from about 200° C. to about 400° C. and a pressure from about 15 to about 3000 psig (0.10-20.7 MPa). More preferably the pressure is from about 100 to about 2500 psig (0.69-17.2 MPa). The liquid hourly space velocity during contacting is generally from about 0.1 to about 20, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 5. The contacting is preferably carried out in the presence of hydrogen. The hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio preferably falls within a range from about 1.0 to about 50 moles H 2  per mole hydrocarbon, more preferably from about 10 to about 30 moles H 2  per mole hydrocarbon. 
     The cloud point of the dehazed oil produced by the present method is reduced relative to the cloud point of the dewaxed base oil which is the feed to the process. The preferred cloud point of the dehazed base oil is less than 0° C., more preferably less than −5° C., down to the pour point of the dehazed base oil or even below. 
     The product of the present invention may be further treated as by hydrofinishing. The hydrofinishing can be conventionally carried out in the presence of a metallic hydrogenation catalyst, for example, platinum on alumina. The hydrofinishing can be carried out at a temperature of from about 190° C. to about 340° C. and a pressure of from about 400 psig to about 3000 psig (2.76-20.7 MPa). Hydrofinishing in this manner is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,408, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In the embodiment which includes dewaxing and hydrofinishing steps, the filtering process of this invention preferably follows both the dewaxing and hydrofinishing steps. However, under some conditions, the use of a filtering step according to this invention may eliminate the need for a separate hydrofinishing step. 
     Sorbents useful as filter media for the present process are generally solid particulate matter having high sorptive capacity and with a surface having some acidic character. Sorbents with acid character have a measurable acid site density, determined using well-known infra-red spectroscopic measurements of adsorbed basic molecules such as ammonia, n-butylamine and pyridine. Crystalline molecular sieves (including aluminosilicate zeolites), activated carbon, aluminas, silica-alumina and clays, particularly acid-activated clays, are examples of useful sorbents. A mixture of sorbents or a layered sorbent system may also be used. Manufactured and naturally-occurring aluminas are particularly preferred for the sorption process. Such aluminas include pseudo-boehmite, gamma alumina and alpha alumina. 
     Examples of suitable clay sorbents include bauxite, Fuller&#39;s earth, attapulgite, montmorillonite, halloysite, sepiolite, and other clays having adsorption properties, whether or not activated with acid. The clay adsorbent used for pretreating the oil is generally in the particle size range of 250-2000 microns. Preferred clays for use in the present process include acid activated clays, generally prepared by treating clay, such as a bentonite clay, with mineral acids to yield a modified clay product of high surface area and acidity and having enhanced adsorptive properties. Acid activated clays are generally described in D. R. Taylor and D. B. Jenkins,  Acid-activated Clays,  Society of Mining Engineers of AIME (Transactions), vol 282, p. 1901-1910, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. One acid activated clay is a nonswelling bentonite that has been treated with mineral acid to enhance its capacity for adsorbing pigments from oils. A bentonite is a clay ore whose principal mineral in montmorillonite, an end-member of the smectite clay mineral group characterized by a three-layered structure composed of two silica sheets sandwiches about a central alumina sheet. A typical, non-limiting, formula of montmorillonite is: 
     
       
         Si 8 (Al 3.34 Mg 0.66 )O 20 (OH) 4 ·0.66Na 
       
     
     Crystalline molecular sieve materials also may be used in a adsorption bed for removing the haze precursors from the dewaxed oil. Any zeolite having surface acidity, such as zeolites Y, USY, X, A, beta, L, ZSM-5, SSZ-32 and the like may be used. Other molecular sieves include crystalline aluminophosphates such as AlPO-11, crystalline silicoaluminophosphates such as SAPO-11 and the like. Molecular sieve adsorbents may be granular or as shaped particles of a suitable size, usually smaller than 1 cm effective diameter. 
     During the filtering process, the oil is allowed to pass downward through a sorbent bed, packed with one or more clays or other sorbents useful for reducing the loud point of the dewaxed oil. The filtering process is preferably run at temperatures below 66° C. and more preferably at a temperature in the range between about 10° C. and about 50° C., and at a oil flow rate of up to 10 hr −1  weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), more preferably at a oil flow rate in the range of 0.01 to 10 hr −1 , most preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5 hr −1 , still more preferably in the range of 0.25 to 2.5 hr −1 . The rate at which the haze precursors are adsorbed is improved by lowering the adsorption temperature and/or by lowering the feed rate. Ambient pressures or above are generally preferred. It will be immediately obvious to the skilled practitioner that the temperature for removing the haze in the present process is much less than the temperatures used in commercial operations for reducing color from oil using a solid sorption process. 
     The oil feed to the process may be added to the sorbent bed with or without dilution. In some cases, it may be preferred to cut the high viscosity of the oil feed with a light solvent, which is then removed following filtering. A suitable solvent will dissolve the oil feed, and will remain a liquid (minimal volatilization) during the filtering process. Regardless of whether a solvent is used, the filtering process will continue until the cloud point of the filtered oil product increases above a predetermined maximum, indicating that the adsorbent has become saturated. The sorbent then may be regenerated or replaced. As a rule, the quantity of oil pretreated by the solid adsorbent according to the present process lies between 1,000 gallons of oil per ton of adsorbent to about 80,000 gallons of oil per ton of adsorbent, preferably between 2,000 and 40,000 gallons per ton, before the adsorbent must be regenerated or replaced. 
     At the start of a filtering process, using fresh or freshly regenerated sorbent, the sorbent will absorb an amount of oil until saturated. Indeed, the sorbent bed may swell during the first period of the filtering process as a result of oil sorption. At steady state operation, with the sorbent saturated with oil, yields of lube stock having the haze precursors removed in the filtering process are generally greater than 95%, often greater than about 98%, up to 100% yield based on dewaxed lube stock feed to the filtering process. 
     Sorbent which has become saturated with adsorbed haze precursors may be regenerated by heating to a temperature above the adsorption temperature and sweeping the sorbent with a fluid to remove the haze precursors. Gaseous and/or liquid sweep fluids may be used. A preferred regeneration method includes heating the saturated sorbent at a temperature of about 66° C. or higher, passing the dewaxed base oil feed through the sorbent to remove adsorbed haze precursors, and withdrawing a stream containing a high amount of haze precursors for reaction in other refinery processes. Both polar and non-polar solvents may be used to remove adsorbed haze precursors at temperatures below 66° C., including paraffins such as hexane, aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylene, and polars such as methyl ethyl ketone. 
     The following examples are presented as illustrating preferred embodiments of this invention and are not intended as undue limitations on the generally broad scope of the invention as set out in the appended claims. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A sample of Tonsil CO 630G, (an acid activated calcium bentonite from Sütd-Cherie Indonesia) having the properties shown in Table I, was dried at 120° C. and contacted with hazy bright stock having a pour point of −14° C. and a cloud point of 13° C. After passing the bright stock sample through the Tonsil CO 630G clay filter at 110° F., the resultant oil had a pour point of −26° C. and a cloud point of −5° C. The test was repeated using bauxite as the adsorbent. The resultant oil had a pour point of −22° C. and a cloud point of 5° C. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Bulk density, g/l 
                 500-600 
               
               
                   
                 Free moisture (2h, 110° C.), % 
                 &lt;6% 
               
               
                   
                 max 
               
               
                   
                 Loss on ignition (2h, 
                 &lt;10% 
               
               
                   
                 1000° C.), % max 
               
               
                   
                 pH (10% suspension, 
                 2.4-3.0 
               
               
                   
                 filtered) 
               
               
                   
                 Free Acidity, mg KOH/g 
                 2.7-3.3 
               
               
                   
                 Total Acidity, mg KOH/g 
                 9.0-12.0 
               
               
                   
                 Surface area, m 2 /g 
                 230-250 m 
               
               
                   
                 Micropore volume (0-80 
                 0.30-0.35 
               
               
                   
                 nm), ml/g 
               
               
                   
                 Particle size 
                 &gt;90 wt % through 20 mesh 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (850 μm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 &lt;10% through 60 mesh 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (250 μm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Tonsil CO 630G was tested using a bright stock sample (Table II) with a cloud point of 12° C. and a pour point of −21° C. The bright stock was passed over a 13.8 gram sample of Tonsil CO 630 G at a feed rate of nominally 0.065 hr −1  WHSV, a temperature of 28° C. (82° F.) and at a positive pressure above ambient of between 20.7 KPa (3 psig) and 96 KPa (14 psig). The effectiveness of this acid-activated clay for removing the haze precursors is seen in FIG. 1, which illustrates the change in the cloud point of the lube base oil product from the filter step as a function of the time onstream. The initial cloud point of the product was −10° C., and the clay continued to remove haze precursors until the clay had treated 30 grams oil per gram sorbent. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Bright Stock Properties 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 VI 
                 115 
               
               
                   
                 vis @ 100° C. 
                 27.13 cSt 
               
               
                   
                 vis @ 40° C. 
                 314.6 cSt 
               
               
                   
                 Pour Point 
                 -21° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Cloud Point 
                 +12° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Weight % Aromatics 
                 0.2592 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Tonsil CO 630G and a Pural γ-alumina were tested for dehazing a dewaxed commercial Fischer-Tropsch wax sample obtained from Moore and Munger, NY. Inspections of the dewaxed sample are given in Table III. The sample had a cloud point of +29° C. and a pour point of −51 ° C. After passing through Tonsil CO 630 G at a WHSV of 1 hr −1 , the cloud point of the sample dropped to −8° C.; when passed through the alumina at 3.6 hr −1 , the cloud dropped to −20° C. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dewaxed Fischer-Tropsch Wax Sample 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Vis @ 100° C. 
                 9.238 cSt 
               
               
                   
                 Vis @ 40° C. 
                 57.99 cSt 
               
               
                   
                 VI 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                 Density 
                 .083 g/cm 3   
               
               
                   
                 Pour Point 
                 −51° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Cloud Point 
                 +29° C. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SimDist TBP (Wt %) 
                 ° F. 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.5/5   
                 692/716 
                 367/380 
               
               
                 10/30 
                 738/828 
                 392/442 
               
               
                 50 
                 918 
                 492 
               
               
                 70/90 
                 1015/1158 
                 546/656 
               
               
                   95/99.5 
                 1214/1312 
                 657/711 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Example 3 was repeated with dewaxed heavy neutral base oil using Pural γ-alumina. Results are shown in Table IV. The results show a significant decrease in the cloud point, even at very high oil flow rate. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE IV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dewaxing Heavy Neutral Base Oil 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Feed Properties 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cloud Point, ° C. 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 Pour Point, ° C. 
                 −11 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Test No. 
                 IV-A 
                 IV-B 
               
               
                   
                 Oil Flow Rate (WHSV), hr-1 
                 3.2 
                 3.75 
               
               
                   
                 Product Properties 
               
               
                   
                 Product Cloud Point, ° C. 
                 −5 
                 −1 
               
               
                   
                 SimDist TBP (Wt %) 
                 ° C. 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                   
                 0.5/5   
                 363/423 
                 364/420 
               
               
                   
                 10/30 
                 446/486 
                 443/486 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 509 
                 509 
               
               
                   
                 70/90 
                 533/564 
                 532/563 
               
               
                   
                 95/99 
                 579/624 
                 578/614 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A group of sorbent materials were tested for dehazing a dewaxed bright stock having a cloud point of 14° C. and a pour point of −14° C., and a clarity as measured by a Hach Turbidimeter (Model 2100P) of 10.70 NTU. An equal volume of bright stock was passed in turn over a fresh sample of each of the sorbents listed in Table V at the indicated feed rate. The dehazed product following adsorption was evaluated for cloud point. 
     The results shown in Table V show that the alumina adsorbents, as a class, were the most effective for reducing the cloud point and the clarity of the hazy oil to acceptably low levels. Furthermore, the alumina were more effective for reducing the haze tendency of the oil than were adsorbents normally used for color removal of colored stock. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Flow rate of 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 oil through 
                 Cloud Point, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 sorbent bed 
                 ° C., of 
                 Clarity 
               
               
                 Adsorbent 
                 WHSV, h −1   
                 dehazed oil 
                 NTU 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 No Adsorbent 
                   
                 14 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 Pseudo-Boehmite Aluminas 
               
               
                 Harshaw Pural -HH303 
                 0.51 
                 −11 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 Harshaw Pural -HH303 
                 0.74 
                 −10 
               
               
                 Harshaw Pural -HH303 
                 0.98 
                 −1 
               
               
                 Vista Catapal B-AP0079 
                 0.49 
                 −14 
               
               
                 Condea Catapal B-7558 
                 1.15 
                 −4 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 Condea Catapal B-7558 
                 0.36 
                 −13 
               
               
                 Na-exc Condea Catapal B-7558 
                 0.27 
                 −12 
               
               
                 Gamma Aluminas 
               
               
                 Calcined Vista Catapal B-AP0079 
                 0.88 
                 −2 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 Calcined Harshaw Pural -HH303 
                 0.60 
                 −1 
               
               
                 Other Aluminas 
               
               
                 Alundum 
                 0.04 
                 11 
               
               
                 Alpha Alumina 
                 0.08 
                 −12 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 Alpha Alumina 
                 0.44 
                 0 
               
               
                 Neutral Alumina 
                 1.11 
                 9 
                 10.30 
               
               
                 Reheis F-2000 
                 0.08 
                 6 
               
               
                 Bayerite Alumina 
                 0.13 
                 −3 
               
               
                 Theta Alumina 
                 0.09 
                 6 
               
               
                 Bentonite 
               
               
                 Tonsil 630 
                 0.001 
                 −9 
               
               
                 Tonsil 630 
                 0.06 
                 1 
               
               
                 Tonsil 616 
                 0.06 
                 2 
               
               
                 Zeolites 
               
               
                 H-Y Zeolite 
                 0.07 
                 1 
               
               
                 H-ZSM-5 Zeolite 
                 0.1 
                 3 
               
               
                 R-SSZ-32 Zeolite 
                 0.07 
                 4 
               
               
                 Na-ZSM-5 Zeolite 
                 0.13 
                 5 
               
               
                 (partially Na exchanged) 
               
               
                 5A Zeolite 
                 0.04 
                 10 
               
               
                 13X Zeolite 
                 0.04 
                 8 
                 1.24 
               
               
                 Other 
               
               
                 Bauxite 
                 0.03 
                 2 
               
               
                 Ga 2 O 3   
                 0.29 
                 2 
               
               
                 Nafion Ion Exchange Resin 
                 0.05 
                 3 
               
               
                 Alumina bauxite + gamma 
                 0.07 
                 3 
               
               
                 Activated Carbon 
                 0.03 
                 4 
               
               
                 Silica Gel 
                 0.033 
                 7 
               
               
                 ZrO 2   
                 0.17 
                 5 
               
               
                 TiO 2   
                 0.04 
                 8 
               
               
                 MgO 
                 0.38 
                 11 
               
               
                 Attapulgite 
                 0.18 
                 3 
               
               
                 Solid Phosphoric Acid 
                 0.02 
                 8 
               
               
                 SiO 2 /TiO 2   
                 1.35 
                 14 
               
               
                 WO 3 /ZrO 2   
                 0.43 
                 9 
               
               
                 SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3   
                 0.08 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 6 
     The lifetime of pseudo-boehmite alumina adsorbent was tested using dewaxed bright stock having a pour point of −25° C. and a cloud point of +23° C. (FIG.  2 ). The temperature of the adsorbent bed (27° C.) and feed rate of the dewaxed oil (1.3-1.5 hr −1 WHSV) were held constant during the experiment. The alumina adsorbent reduced the cloud point of the dewaxed oil to about +8° C. while treating more than 175 grams of oil per gram of alumina adsorbent (FIG.  2 ). The alumina was then regenerated by heating the adsorbent bed to 66 ° C. and passing a hexane solvent over the alumina. After regeneration, the alumina bed was cooled to 27° C. and the hazy dewaxed bright stock again passed over the alumina. During the second cycle, the alumina reduced the cloud point of the dewaxed oil to +8° C. while treating an additional 300 grams of oil per gram of alumina adsorbent at a feed rate of 1.4 to 2.0 hr −1  WHSV. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     A heavy neutral base oil having a viscosity of 8 cSt, measured at 100° C., and a cloud point of +5° C. was filtered through a bed of pseudo-boehmite sorbent at 27° C. and at feed rates (WHSV) varying from 0.05 hr −1  to 1.0 hr −1 . The data in FIG. 3 shows .that the filtered oil product had a cloud point of about 5° C. through the entire test, with no observable effect of varying feed rate of sorption rate for this sample. 
     The sorption temperature was then reduced to 4° C., and the heavy neutral base oil filtered through the pseudo-boehmite sorbent at feed rates varying from 0.1 hr −1  to 1.8 hr −1 . The filtered oil product had a cloud point of about −5° C. through the entire test, again with no observable effect of varying feed rate of sorption rate for this sample. 
     The sorption temperature was then reduced to −7° C., and the heavy neutral base oil filtered through the pseudo-boehmite sorbent at a feed rate of 0.2 hr −1 . The filtered oil product had a pour point of about −13° C. The data shows that the performance of the alumina sorbent for reducing cloud point of the 8 cSt oil improved with decreasing temperature. However, varying the feed rate had no measurable effect on cloud point reduction in this test. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     A dewaxed bright stock with a hazy appearance was filtered through a bed of pseudo-boehmite adsorbent at 75° F. and at a feed rate of 1.3-1.7 hr −1  WHSV. The properties of the hezy dewaxed bright stock and the base oil recovered from the sorption process are shown in Table VI. In the sorption process the cloud point was substantially reduced and the clarity substantially improved, while pour point, color, VI and viscosity were scarcely changed at the selected sorption conditions. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE VI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dewaxed base oil after 
               
               
                   
                 Dewaxed base oil 
                 alumina adsorption 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Point Point (° C.) 
                 −24 
                 −26 
               
               
                 Cloud Point (° C.) 
                 +17 
                 +5 
               
               
                 Clarity (NTU) 
                 5.1 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 Color(ASTM 1500) 
                 L1.0 
                 L1.0 
               
               
                 VI 
                 113 
                 113 
               
               
                 Viscosity at 40° F. (cSt) 
                 328.8 
                 239.7 
               
               
                 Viscosity at 100° F. (cSt) 
                 27.6 
                 27.7