Abstract:
A brewing apparatus with a brew basket for holding ingredients in particulate form that contain soluble flavorants delivers a predetermined amount of hot water to a spray head positioned above said brew basket. The spray head has a multiplicity of openings positioned and configured in such a manner that the hot water is sprayed uniformly over the entire surface of the ingredients at a predetermined rate thereby wetting substantially all of the particles of the ingredients and uniformly extracting said solubles.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention pertains to an apparatus for providing more efficient extraction of solubles from ground coffee in a drip filtration brewer. 
     In a drip filtration system for brewing coffee, the ground coffee is placed into a container such as a brew basket holding a filter and hot water is passed through the brew basket, extracting flavoring solubles from the coffee grounds in a single pass into a decanter positioned below. Because a major and consistent goal of a commercially acceptable coffee brewer is to provide a consistently good tasting cup of coffee, manufacturers continuously strive to further develop brewing equipment that addresses the discriminating tastes of the consumers. While there are many factors that contribute to the make up of a good tasting brew, it has long been recognized that the major contributors to the make up of this good taste are the concentration of the flavoring solubles in the brew and the percentage yield of solubles gained during the extraction process. Too high of a concentration of flavoring solubles is perceived as being strong coffee while too small of a concentration tastes weak to the consumer. An inefficient extraction may result in a coffee brew considered to taste strange such as grassy or peanut-like while over-extraction results in a bitter brew. There are various types of solubles that provide flavoring to the resulting beverage and they are extracted at different rates. That is, certain solubles come out of solution readily from the grounds when contacted by the hot water while others require additional contact time. Additionally, certain chemical reactions are promoted when the hot water is passing through the grounds and can continue after the brew has been made under certain circumstances such as when the brew is maintained at or above certain temperatures. The bitter taste that is often objected to by consumers may be due to over-extraction and/or over-cooking of the coffee once made. The graph of FIG. 10 illustrates this alteration of taste at various concentration and extraction percentages. Thus, there is a desired balance of these percentages that provide a coffee brew which is perceived as having an optimum taste as shown by the areas of the graph depicted by the character numeral  100 . On one side of area  100 , the coffee flavor is considered “underdeveloped” while on the other side the coffee flavor is said to be “overdeveloped”. Above the area  100 , signifying a high level of concentration, the coffee is said to be “too strong” and below is considered “too weak”. 
     Applicant, after careful examination of the brewers of the prior art, has determined that such brewers tend to provide an inconsistent extraction of coffee solubles, often leading to the undesired “under developed” taste. Some of the ground coffee positioned in the brew basket is over extracted while the remainder is likely to be under extracted. As will be discussed below, this over and under extraction result can be demonstrated by permitting the grounds to dry following the pass-through of the hot water. The dried grounds show a visible and distinct variation from a lighter to darker color from the center to the periphery regions which indicates that a greater extraction of the solubles occurs at the center than at the outer regions. Applicant has postulated that during brewing the inner portion of the basket is showered with hot water and that some of the grounds in the outer ring float in hot water and are not extracted. Realizing the importance of this finding, applicant set out to construct a brewer in which the extraction was consistent through out the brew basket during the brewing process. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A brewing apparatus incorporating a spray head of the present invention has a brew basket for holding ingredients in particulate form that contain soluble flavorants, a heating tank for heating and holding water, and a hot water delivery system for delivering hot water from said the tank to the brew basket. The spray head is positioned above the brew basket and has a multiplicity of openings in a bottom plate thereof, positioned and configured in such a manner that the hot water is sprayed uniformly over the entire surface of the ingredients at a predetermined rate. This uniform spray wets substantially all of the particles of the ingredients and the water then passes through uniformly providing a consistent extraction rate over the entire mass of ingredients. The openings may comprise two arrays of openings. The first array may have a circular configuration and be positioned in a circle above the central region of the brew basket. The second array may have a D-shaped configuration and be positioned in a larger circle over the peripheral region of the brew basket and canted with respect to the first array, such that that the spray of hot water diverges in a flat pattern uniformly, but at the same volume rate, over the ingredients in the peripheral region. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a side perspective of a gravity flow displacement type of coffee brewer which may incorporate a spray head in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic in side view of the brewer of FIG. 1 depicting the various internal components of the brewer including the spray head; 
     FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective of a spray head in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a top view of the top plate of the spray head of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a side section view of the top plate of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6 is a top view of the bottom plate of the spray head of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 is a side sectional view of the bottom plate of FIG. 6; 
     FIG. 7A is an enlarged sectional view of the perimeter of the bottom plate of FIG. 7, showing the D-shaped opening and the fitting of the bottom plate to the top plate; 
     FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the bottom plate depicting the various openings therein; 
     FIG. 9A is a side schematic of a filter basket with coffee grounds positioned therein depicting the “floating” during a brewing cycle using a spray head typical of the prior art; 
     FIG. 9B is a side schematic of a filter basket with coffee grounds positioned therein depicting the under extracted state of grounds near the outside and over extraction of grounds in the center; 
     FIG. 9C is a side schematic of a filter basket with coffee grounds positioned therein depicting the more complete wetting that occurs during the brewing cycle using a spray head constructed in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 9D is a side schematic of a filter basket with coffee grounds positioned therein depicting the more even extraction that occurs when using a spray head constructed in accordance with the present invention; and 
     FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the concentration and extraction percentages with the desired balance thereof for a acceptable tasting coffee brew. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 depict a brewing system, generally characterized by reference numeral  10 , that is a gravity-flow displacement type in which a supply of cold water is introduced into the system through the top thereof and displaces an equal volume of hot water which is used to make the hot beverage. Such a system is described in more detail in commonly assigned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/368,196 filed Aug. 4, 1999. The system comprises generally the brewer assembly  12  and a decanter  14  positioned on a hot plate member  16 . The underside of the brewer assembly  12  is provided with a set of flanges (not shown) over which the brew basket  20  is inserted for receiving the hot water at the commencement of a brewing cycle. The cold water flows by gravity from the top receptacle  24  through a tube or a “stand pipe”  26  downwardly into the bottom of a heating tank  28  containing heated water. The heated water is upwardly displaced by the cold water through a tube  30  flowing under pressure to spray head  32  where the heated water is sprayed over the ground coffee  34  positioned in the filter basket  20 . The solubles in the ground coffee  34  are then extracted by the hot water which then flows as beverage  35  into the decanter  14  on hot plate  16 . 
     From the exploded perspective of FIG. 3, it can be seen that spray head  32  is defined by a pair of plates, top plate  36  and bottom plate  38 , that press fit together about the peripheries thereof forming a water tight seal and an internal cavity  37  (best seen in FIG.  7 ). Top plate  36  is provided with an annular boss  40  adapted to fit in a water tight relationship about the tube  30  as may be seen in FIGS. 3,  4 , and  5 . The opening  41  formed by boss  40  in the plate  36  permits the cold water to enter the internal cavity  37 . The lower plate  38 , illustrated in FIGS. 3,  6 - 8 , has a flat central region  38   a  positioned substantially horizontally with a first array of substantially circular holes  42  therein arranged in a circular pattern about the central axis of plate  38 . A peripheral region  38   b  of plate  38  is upwardly inclined at an angle of about 45° to region  38   a  and has a second array of D-shaped openings  44  arranged in a circular pattern about the central axis of plate  38 . The first array of holes  42  and second array of openings  44  have an arc offset of about 30°. The inclined angle and shape of openings collectively with the arc offset of the holes and openings functions to provide a uniform delivery of hot water over the entire surface of the ground coffee positioned in the filter basket  22 . The bottom plate  38  is also provided with a circumferential extending lip  38   c  that is adapted to receive the top plate  36  in a snap fit water tight manner as best seen in FIGS. 7 and 7A. 
     Both arrays of openings/holes  42 , 44  have preferred diameters of about 1.58 mm. The second array of openings  44 , of course, has a portion of its periphery that is flattened to form the vertical part of the D shape. The primary function of the D-shape is described below. 
     FIGS. 3 and 6 best depict a plurality of walls  46  having a configuration that define a group of channels  48  having an axis  48   a  extending outwardly along radial lines between the openings  42  toward the openings  44 . Each channel  48  terminates at the boundary of the central region  38   a  with the inclined peripheral region  38   b  adjacent an associated opening  44 . The height of the walls  46  does not reach the bottom of top plate  36 , thus forming small gaps there between. When water flows into the internal cavity  37 , it is initially directed along channels  48  to the openings  44 . Because the amount of water entering the cavity water exceeds the ability of openings  44  to distribute the water, the water quickly flows over the walls  46  and to openings  42 . A primary function of the channels is to ensure the water emerges from the openings  44  as a stream that reaches and wets the grounds ringing the outer periphery of the brew basket. In a typical domestic brewer of this type it is desired that about  48  ounces of water is delivered and extracted through the ground coffee in about 3.5 minutes. Unless the channels are present, it becomes extremely difficult to accomplish this in the time allotted while providing uniform extraction. 
     The inclination of the peripheral region and the shape of the openings  44  permit a dispersion of water over the entire outer region of the brew basket and coffee grounds therein. The pressure of the water (as assisted by the channels  48 ) coupled with the inclination and the D-shape of the openings  44  causes the water to spray out in a dispersed pattern similar to that which occurs when one places a thumb partially across the open end of a hose so that the water is sprayed out in a flat but diverging pattern. The pattern spray is an important function of the shape of the openings and inclination because it permits the hot water to reach essentially the entire surface of the grounds in the periphery regions and minimizes the floating of particles that characterize prior art spray heads for brewers. Additionally, the openings  44  provide for a distribution of water over the outer periphery regions of the brew basket and ground coffee at essentially the same volume rate over the surface of the coffee grounds as the openings  42  provide in the central region. This ensures that the extraction rate is uniform at all regions of the ground coffee in the basket. The use of the D-shaped openings at an inclined angle to the horizontal is preferred for the uniform delivery of hot water for equal extraction rates to the peripheral regions. It should be understood, however, that other spray head delivery systems can also accomplish this function. For example, larger spray heads with a larger number of openings could provide a vertical delivery of hot water directly down upon the ground coffee. The larger spray heads, however, would not function as well under the parameter constraints made necessary for the limited quantity of hot water to be delivered. That is, for practical purposes, it is desired that no more than about 48 ounces of hot water is to be used in a typical brewer for a single brewing cycle and that brewing be completed in about 3.5 minutes. The pressure of the water delivered is reduced considerably with the larger type heads, defeating the a important goal of the brewer, namely the rapid dispensing of the coffee beverage in the decanter. Moreover, space within a brewer is severely limited and larger spray heads would certainly test this space limitation. 
     The changes in extraction are pictorially represented in FIGS. 9A-9D. Referring first to FIG. 9A, it may be seen that a spray head  51  of the prior art positioned above a filter basket  50  having a filter  52  is delivering hot water to the fresh ground coffee  54  positioned therein during a brewing cycle. Generally, fresh coffee is packaged immediately after being ground to preserve the fresh taste. Gas is caught with the coffee and thus degassing cannot take place prior to the opening of the package to place the grounds into the filter basket. When hot water is delivered to the filter basket, the particles of the ground coffee will tend to float due to the trapped gases and will remain there until “wetted”. These particles  55  typically float in the peripheral regions and are the last to be wetted because less hot water is delivered from the spray head. Applicant has determined that this results in inconsistent extraction which can be demonstrated by allowing the grounds to dry after the extraction process. The dried grounds upon examination have color variations between the central region and peripheral region when using the prior art spray heads. This is shown pictorially in FIG. 9B by vertical hatching  57  and cross-hatching  59  in which the central region has a visibly lighter appearance compared to the peripheral region  58  shown by the cross-hatching. The color variation indicates that the central region  56  is likely over extracted while the outer or peripheral region  58  is likely to be under extracted. 
     In contrast, the spray distribution of the spray head in accordance with applicant&#39;s invention delivers hot water over the entire mass of grounds positioned in the brew basket so as to have a more consistent extraction over the entire mass. This is depicted schematically in FIG. 9C where the spray head  32  is distributing hot water over essentially the entire surface of the ground coffee in a uniform manner so that all of the ground coffee  54  positioned in basket  50  and filter  52  is wetted and extracted uniformly. The lack of color variation signifying a more uniform extraction rate is illustrated in FIG.  9 D. This provides an opportunity for the hot water to dissolve the solubles throughout the basket as opposed to mainly in the central region. Applicant conducted a series of measurements of coffee brewed with a standard home brewer using a spray head of the prior art and compared the same to coffee brewed in an identical manner except using the spray head in accordance with the present invention. In each series of coffee preparation, two ounces of finely divided ground fresh coffee was placed in the brew basket and sprayed with 48 ounces of hot water at 195° F. A coffee brew hydrometer, a commonly used instrument in the coffee industry that measures extraction percentages, was employed to measure extraction rates for each series. The coffee brewed using the spray head of the prior art had on the average 0.85% extraction rate which results in a perceived under-developed tasting brew because it falls below the desired optimum balance. In contrast the coffee brewed using the spray head of the present invention measured in an identical manner has an extraction rate of about 1.15% and fell into the desired optimum balance area as shown in FIG.  10 . This extraction rate was on the average a 35% increase over the extraction rate using the spray head of the prior art. Those who tasted the brewed coffees in each instance judged the second group to have produced a much better tasting beverage. 
     While the above description describes the spray head of the present invention as being used in a gravity fed type of brewing system, the spray head may be used with any brewing system and provide similar results. Therefore, the invention in accordance with the present invention should be construed in a manner reasonable consistent and within in the spirit of the appended claims.