Abstract:
A liquid crystal display device is configured to prevent the appearance on its display of a black stain stemming from a drop in volume resistivity of liquid crystal caused by ions therein. The device includes a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate and a counter substrate bonded together along the periphery thereof by a seal material. The TFT substrate and the counter substrate have liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween and include a display area. A second wall is formed outside the display area over the TFT substrate. A second electrode is formed over the second wall. A first wall is formed between the second wall and the display area. A first electrode is formed over the first wall. The first wall has a gap against the counter substrate.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application JP 2015-223742 filed on Nov. 16, 2015, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present disclosure relates to a display device. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a liquid crystal display device that provides against display unevenness attributable to ion aggregates. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Liquid crystal display devices are generally configured to have a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate disposed opposite to a counter substrate with liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween, the TFT substrate typically having pixel electrodes and TFTs formed thereon in a matrix pattern. The display device forms an image by suitably controlling the light transmittance of liquid crystal molecules per pixel. 
         [0006]    Liquid crystal includes impurities that tend to be ionized. Ions move in a particular direction inside a display area of the device and are liable to be localized near the display area periphery. The localized ions reduce the resistance of the liquid crystal. An image displayed on the liquid crystal display area will have a black stain appearing at a location where the liquid crystal resistance is low. 
         [0007]    JP-A-2014-206622 describes a configuration in which dummy electrodes formed outside the display area and impressed with a predetermined voltage to attract ions toward the outside of the display area. JP-A-2009-265484 describes a configuration in which shielding electrodes are formed outside the display area on the TFT substrate side to shield the display area from being affected by a scanning voltage from scanning line leader lines formed in the display area periphery. JP-A-1996-328042 describes a configuration in which, with a scanning line driving circuit incorporated in a liquid crystal display panel, shielding electrodes are formed in a manner covering the scanning line driving circuit so as to shield the liquid crystal against a direct-current voltage from the scanning line driving circuit. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    There is a growing need to maximize the display area of the liquid crystal display panel while minimizing the external form of the panel. To do so involves minimizing the width between the edge of the display area and that of the liquid crystal display panel, i.e., the width of the frame. As a result, the ions supposed to be collected outside the display area tend to move back to the periphery of the display area and are likely to trigger a black stain there. 
         [0009]    Also, when the width of the frame is reduced, the voltage impressed to ion trap electrodes formed in the frame area can affect the display area and lower display image quality. 
         [0010]    The present disclosure has been made in view of the above circumstances and provides arrangements for preventing the ions trapped outside the display area from moving back to the display area while protecting the display area from being affected by the voltage impressed to the ion trap electrodes formed outside the display area. 
         [0011]    The present disclosure proposes overcoming the above circumstances using the typical embodiments outlined below. 
         [0012]    (1) According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a liquid crystal display device including a TFT substrate and a counter substrate bonded together along the periphery thereof by a seal material. The TFT substrate and the counter substrate have liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween and include a display area. A second wall is formed outside the display area over the TFT substrate. A second electrode is formed over the second wall. A first wall is formed between the second wall and the display area. A first electrode is formed over the first wall. The first wall has a gap against the counter substrate. 
         [0013]    (2) Preferably in the liquid crystal display device described in paragraph (1) above, the height of the first wall, represented by h 1 , and the thickness of a liquid crystal layer in the display area, represented by g, may be in a relationship defined as g/3≦h 1 ≦2g/3. 
         [0014]    (3) Preferably in the liquid crystal display device described in paragraph (1) above, the height of the second wall, represented by h 2 , and the thickness of a liquid crystal layer in the display area, represented by g, may be in a relationship defined as g/3≦h 2 ≦2g/3. 
         [0015]    (4) According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a liquid crystal display device including a TFT substrate and a counter substrate bonded together along the periphery thereof by a seal material. The TFT substrate and the counter substrate have liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween and include a display area. A second electrode is formed outside the display area over the TFT substrate. A first wall is formed between the second electrode and the display area. A first electrode is formed over the first wall. The first wall has a gap against the counter substrate. 
         [0016]    (5) Preferably in the liquid crystal display device described in paragraph (4) above, the height of the first wall, represented by h 1 , and the thickness of a liquid crystal layer in the display area, represented by g, may be in a relationship defined as g/3≦h 1 ≦2g/3. 
         [0017]    (6) According to still another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a liquid crystal display device including a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate and a counter substrate bonded together along the periphery thereof by a seal material. The TFT substrate and the counter substrate have liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween and include a display area. An organic passivation film is formed over the TFT substrate. The organic passivation film has a groove formed therein in a manner surrounding the display area. A first electrode is formed over a side wall of the groove on the side of the display area. A second electrode is formed over a side wall of the groove on the opposite side of the display area. 
         [0018]    (7) Preferably in the liquid crystal display device described in paragraph (6) above, the depth of the groove, represented by h, and the thickness of a liquid crystal layer in the display area, represented by g, may be in a relationship defined as g/3≦h≦2g/3. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]    Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon a reading of the following description and appended drawings in which: 
           [0020]      FIG. 1  is a plan view showing a typical liquid crystal display device as an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view taken on line A-A in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is an enlarged plan view showing a part in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view taken on line A-A in  FIG. 1  and shown with typical dimensions; 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a seal portion as a variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as another variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as still another variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as still another variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0028]      FIG. 9  is a plan view showing a typical liquid crystal display device as a variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0029]      FIG. 10  is a plan view showing a typical liquid crystal display device as another variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0030]      FIG. 11  is a plan view showing a typical liquid crystal display device as another variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0031]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as another variation in the present disclosure; 
           [0032]      FIG. 13  is a schematic plan view showing problems with the typical existing liquid crystal display device; 
           [0033]      FIG. 14  is another schematic plan view showing problems with the typical existing liquid crystal display device; and 
           [0034]      FIG. 15  is still another schematic plan view showing problems with the typical existing liquid crystal display device. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0035]    The behavior of ions dissolved in liquid crystal is described first, prior to the description that follows of specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The ions in liquid crystal tend to be charged positively. The liquid crystal is driven by a voltage impressed between pixel electrodes and a common electrode. The ions dissolved in the liquid crystal aggregate in a particular direction under the influence of the shape of the pixel electrodes, for example. 
         [0036]      FIG. 13  is a schematic plan view showing how ions behave in liquid crystal. In  FIG. 13 , the liquid crystal is sandwiched between a TFT substrate  100  and a counter substrate  200 .  FIG. 13  shows the ions to be attracted toward the top left corner of the screen. Under the influence of the pixel electrode shape, for example, the ions tend to aggregate in a specific direction of the screen. In  FIG. 13 , a light shielding film  201  is formed inside a seal material  110 , with ions aggregating under the light shielding film  201 .  FIG. 14  shows a state in which the ions further aggregate over operation time in the periphery of the screen. In  FIG. 14 , the ions are still outside a display area  50 , i.e., under the light shielding film  201 , so that images on the screen are left unaffected. 
         [0037]      FIG. 15  shows a state in which upon elapse of a further operation time period, the ions aggregating in the top left corner of the display area  50  move from under the light shielding film  201  and into the display area  50 .  FIG. 15  depicts a black stain being formed in the top left corner of the display area  50  to which the ions have moved. 
         [0038]    The phenomenon of ions moving to the display area periphery is more likely to occur the narrower the width of the frame. An object of the present disclosure is to prevent the black stain from appearing in the display area periphery in such a manner. The present disclosure will now be described below in detail using embodiments. 
       First Embodiment 
       [0039]      FIG. 1  is a plan view showing a liquid crystal display panel embodying the present disclosure and used on a mobile phone for example. In  FIG. 1 , a TFT substrate  100  and a counter substrate  200  are bonded together in the periphery thereof by the seal material  110 , the two substrates having liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween. The TFT substrate  100  is formed to be larger than the counter substrate  200 . That portion of the TFT substrate  100  which is not covered by the counter substrate  200  constitutes a terminal area  150 . A driver integrated circuit (IC)  40  is disposed in the terminal area  150 . A flexible wiring substrate for externally feeding power and signals to the liquid crystal display panel is connected to the terminal area  150 . 
         [0040]    In  FIG. 1 , a second wall  20  topped by a second electrode is formed under the seal material  110  to trap ions. Also in  FIG. 1 , a first wall  10  topped by a first electrode is formed between the display area  50  and the seal material  110 . This embodiment is designed to let the ions aggregate between the first wall  10  and the seal material  110  and to prevent the aggregated ions from moving into the display area  50 . 
         [0041]    In recent years, the distance between the edge of the display area and that of the liquid crystal display panel, i.e., the so-called frame width, has been narrowing. For example, the frame width wfa on the long side in  FIG. 1  is about 0.5 mm or less. The distance wfc between the edge of the seal material  110  and that of the display area  50  can be about 0.1 mm. Sometimes, the frame width on the long side of the liquid crystal display panel may be different from the frame side on its short side. For example, the short-side frame width wfb in  FIG. 1  is about 0.9 mm or less, which may be wider than the long-side frame width. In some cases, the short-side frame width on the terminal area side is different from the short-side frame width on the opposite side. 
         [0042]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a seal portion, taken on line A-A in  FIG. 1 . A layered structure depicted in  FIG. 2  represents a cross-section of a so-called in-plane-switching (IPS) liquid crystal display device. What matters with the liquid crystal display device are its viewing angle characteristics. The IPS method involves driving liquid crystal molecules by electric fields parallel to the substrates, thereby offering good viewing angle characteristics. The IPS method is characterized by the pixel electrodes and the common electrode being formed on the TFT substrate side. That is, a signal voltage is impressed between the first electrode such as an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transparent electrode formed flat and the second electrode such as an ITO transparent electrode, with a capacitance insulating film interposed therebetween. The impressed signal voltage rotates liquid crystal molecules to control their transmittance per pixel, thereby forming an image. The first electrode may be constituted by the pixel electrodes or by the common electrode. The second electrode may also be formed by the pixel electrodes or by the common electrode. 
         [0043]    In  FIG. 2 , a base film  101  is formed over the TFT substrate  100 . The base film  101  is intended to protect the semiconductors formed in the display area from being contaminated by impurities from a glass substrate. The base film is generally formed by silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or silicon nitride (SiN). In some cases, the base film is constituted by a two-layer structure made of an SiO 2  film and an SiN film. 
         [0044]    A gate insulating film  102  is formed over the base film  101 . An interlayer insulating film  103  is formed over the gate insulating film  102 . The interlayer insulating film  103  is intended to insulate scanning lines from video signal lines in the display area. Formed over the interlayer insulating film  103  are leader lines  104  that connect the scanning lines or video signal lines in the display area with an integrated circuit (IC) driver formed in the terminal area. 
         [0045]    An organic passivation film  105  is formed to cover the leader lines  104  and the interlayer insulating film  103 . The organic passivation film  105  is formed as thick as about 2 to 3 μm to double as a planarizing film. The first wall  10  and the second wall  20  are formed over the organic passivation film  105 . The first wall  10  is topped by the first electrode  11 . The second wall  20  is topped by the second electrode  21 . 
         [0046]    The first wall  10  or the second wall  20  may be formed at the same time as the organic passivation film  105  or may be produced in a process separate from that of the organic passivation film  105 . To form the first wall  10  or the second wall  20  at the same time as the organic passivation film  105  involves making a thick organic passivation film  105  first and subjecting to photolithography using the half exposure method. 
         [0047]    In  FIG. 2 , the first electrode  11  is formed over the first wall  10  and the second electrode  21  over the second wall  20 . In the display area  50 , a capacitance insulating film  106  for insulating the first electrode  11  from the second electrode  21  is formed over the organic passivation film  105 , the first wall  10 , and the second wall  20 , among others. The capacitance insulating film  106  owes its name to the fact that it constitutes a pixel capacitance insulating film between the pixel electrodes and the common electrode in the display area  50 . Whereas the ITO-formed second electrode is formed over the capacitance insulating film  106  in the display area  50 , there is no such electrode in the seal portion of  FIG. 2 . An alignment film  107  is formed to cover the capacitance insulating film  106 . The alignment film  107  is intended to define the direction of the initial alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the display area  50 . 
         [0048]    In  FIG. 2 , the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  are disposed opposite to each other with the seal material  110  interposed therebetween. A black matrix  201  is formed over the counter substrate  200 . Color filters  202  are formed on the side of the display area  50 . The black matrix  201  in the display area  50  is interposed between the color filters  202  to enhance the contrast of the screen. In the seal portion of  FIG. 2 , the black matrix  201  serves as a light shielding film. An overcoat film  203  is formed to cover the black matrix  201  and the color filters  202 . The alignment film  107  is formed over the overcoat film  203 . 
         [0049]    In  FIG. 2 , the second wall  20  is formed on the side of the TFT substrate  100  inside the seal material  110  that bonds the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  together. The second wall  20  is topped by the second electrode  21 . The second electrode  21  may be formed at the same time as the first electrode constituted by ITO in the display area. A negative voltage is impressed to the second electrode  21  to trap positive ions on the side of the seal material  110 . The negative voltage may be the same as the potential impressed to the scanning lines. That is, the scanning lines are impressed with a large positive potential only when turned on; they are impressed with a voltage (negative) smaller than a common voltage while being turned off. Consequently, when the same potential as that of the scanning lines is in use, the second electrode is impressed with the negative voltage during periods other than when the scanning lines are turned on, i.e., the second electrode is fed with the negative voltage almost all the time. Generally, the negative potential ranges from −5 V to −7 V. 
         [0050]    The negative voltage impressed to the second electrode  21  attracts positive ions in the liquid crystal toward the second electrode  21 . This protects the display area  50  from being adversely affected by positive ions. However, when too many positive ions aggregate, the trapping effect of the second electrode  21  is not sufficient to keep the positive ions aggregated. The positive ions then move into the display area  50 , causing a black stain to appear there. 
         [0051]    Another problem with the second electrode  21  is that when the frame area is narrower, the potential of the second electrode  21  can affect the display area  50 . This affects the behavior of the liquid crystal in a manner disturbing the formation of an image in the screen periphery. In recent years, the frame area has been narrowing. For some products, this problem is all the more serious because the distance wfc between the inner edge of the seal material  110  and the edge of the display area  50  is as short as 100 μm. 
         [0052]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , this embodiment bypasses the above problem by forming between the second wall  20  and the display area  50  the first wall  10  topped by the first electrode  11 . The first electrode  11  may be formed at the same time as the first electrode constituted by ITO in the display area  50 . The first electrode  11  is impressed with the common voltage. In  FIG. 2 , arrows going from the first electrode  11  to the second electrode  21  represent electric lines of force. With this embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the ions collected by the second electrode  21  are trapped between the first wall  10  and the seal material  110 . The trapped ions hardly move, if ever, into the display area  50 . Because the first electrode  11  is formed over the first wall  10  and because the electric lines of force from the second electrode  21  rarely affect the display area  50 , the image in the display area  50  is protected from being affected by the second electrode  21 . 
         [0053]      FIG. 3  is an enlarged plan view showing a part of the seal portion in  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 3 , the outside of the display area  50  constitutes the frame area. The seal material  110  is formed outside the frame area. Inside the seal material  110 , the second wall  20  and the second electrode  21  covering the inner half of the second wall  20  are formed. The first wall  10  is formed between the second wall  20  and the display area  50 . The first electrode  11  is formed to cover the first wall  10 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view showing the sealing portion in  FIG. 2  with typical dimensions. In  FIG. 4 , the outside of the display area  50  constitutes the frame area. The width wfa is 0.4 mm. The TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  are bonded together by the seal material  110  whose width wfs is 0.3 mm. The distance between the inner edge of the seal material  110  and the edge of the display area  50  is as short as about 100 μm. The gap between the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  over the display area  50 , i.e., the liquid crystal layer thickness g, is 3 μm, for example. 
         [0055]    In  FIG. 4 , the second wall  20  is formed inside the seal material  110 . The height h 2  of the second wall  20  is suitably 1 to 2 μm. That is, the height h 2  is no more than two-thirds of the layer thickness of the liquid crystal  30  in the display area  50 . This leaves a part of the seal material  110  intact on the second wall  20  to ensure the reliable bonding with the seal portion. The width w 2  of the second wall  20  is defined at its base and ranges from 10 μm to 20 μm. The second electrode  21  is formed to cover the second wall  20 . The second electrode  21  is allowed, but not required, to cover the entire second wall  20 . The second electrode  21  serves its purpose when covering the second wall  20  on the side of the display area  50 . 
         [0056]    The first wall  10  is formed between the second wall  20  and the display area  50 . The height h 1  of the first wall  10  is suitably 1 to 2 μm. That is, the height h 1  is between one-third and two-thirds of the layer thickness of the liquid crystal  30  in the display area  50 . If the height h 1  of the first wall  10  is too high, it takes a long time for injected liquid crystal  30  to reach the seal material  110 ; if the height h 1  is too low, the effect of the first wall  10  is diminished. The width w 1  of the first wall  10  is defined at its base and ranges from 10 μm to 20 μm. 
         [0057]    In order to trap positive ions between the first wall  10  and the seal material  110 , the distance d 1  therebetween is preferably set to about 10 μm through 20 μm. The distance d 1  is defined to range from the base of the first wall  10  to the seal material  110 . 
         [0058]    The first electrode  11  is formed to cover the first wall  10 . Besides acting to trap positive ions, the first electrode  11  serves to shield the voltage impressed to the leader lines  104 . Thus it is preferred that the first electrode  11  be formed not only over the first wall  10  but also over as wide an area as possible. The distance d 2  from the base of the first wall  10  to the edge of the first electrode  11  on the side of the seal material  110  is preferably no less than half the distance d 3  between the first wall  10  and the second wall  20 , i.e., d 2 ≧d 3 /2. Meanwhile, the distance d 4  between the edge of the first electrode  11  on the side of the display area  50  and the edge of the display area  50  is preferably as short as possible within a workable range, e.g., from 3 μm to 4 μm. 
         [0059]    In the above-described embodiment, the second electrode  21  causes positive ions in the liquid crystal to aggregate and prevents the aggregated positive ions from moving back to the display area  50 . Also, the potential of the second electrode  21  is prevented from affecting the display area  50 . Consequently, the appearance of black stains is forestalled, and image degradation in the screen periphery attributable to the second electrode  21  is prevented. 
         [0060]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as a variation in the present disclosure. What makes the structure of  FIG. 5  different from that of  FIG. 3  is that the seal material  110  covers about half the second wall  20 , not the entire second wall  20 . In the structure of  FIG. 5 , the second electrode  21  is located closer to the liquid crystal layer. This enables the second wall  20  to exert its influence more strongly and thereby improve its ion-trapping effect. Meanwhile, the presence of the first wall  10  and of the first electrode  11  prevents the ion-trapping potential from affecting the display area. The other specifics of the structure in  FIG. 5  are the same as described above in reference to  FIG. 3  and thus will not be discussed further. 
         [0061]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as another variation in the present disclosure. In  FIG. 6  and subsequent drawings, the details of the layered structure are omitted. What characterizes the structure of  FIG. 6  is that instead of the first wall  10  being formed, the organic passivation film  105  is configured to have a groove-like concave portion therein to trap positive ions. Outside the display area  50  in  FIG. 6 , the organic passivation film  105  is thinned to form the concave portion that traps ions. The concave portion is formed in a groove-like shape between the display area  50  and the second wall  20  and in a manner surrounding the display area  50 . 
         [0062]    In  FIG. 6 , as in  FIG. 3 , the second wall  20  and the second electrode  21  are formed inside the seal material  110 . In  FIG. 6 , the first electrode  11  is formed in a manner covering a side wall of the concave portion in the organic passivation film  105  as well as two planes contiguous with the side wall. As shown in  FIG. 6 , positive ions are trapped in the concave portion of the organic passivation film  105 . The electric lines of force from the second electrodes  21  are terminated by the side wall of the concave portion and by the first electrode  11  formed in the vicinity. This protects the display area  50  from being affected by the electric lines of force. 
         [0063]    In  FIG. 6 , the depth h 1  of the concave portion is the same as the height h 1  of the first wall in  FIG. 4 . That is, the depth h 1  is preferably between one-third and two-thirds inclusive of the liquid crystal layer thickness g in the display area  50 . The distance d 1  from the seal material  110  to the base of the side wall in the organic passivation film  105  is the same as the distance d 1  in  FIG. 4 . The distance d 2  from the base of the side wall to the edge of the first electrode and the width d 3  of the concave portion, i.e., the width d 3  of the groove bottom, preferably satisfy d 2 ≧d 3 /2 as in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0064]    The structure in  FIG. 6  may be defined alternatively as one in which a groove with the depth h 1  is formed in the organic passivation film  105  in a manner surrounding the display area  50 , the groove having an inner side wall on which the first electrode  11  is formed, the groove further having an outer side wall on which the second electrode  21  is formed. It is in this groove that positive ions are to be trapped. 
         [0065]    As described above, the groove-shaped concave portion formed in the organic passivation film  105  around the display area  50  also serves to prevent positive ions from moving into the display area  50  to trigger a black stain there, while preventing the second electrode  21  from affecting the displayed image. Also, this variation of the embodiment involves using a larger amount of the seal material  110  than in the structure of  FIG. 2  for example. The larger mass of the seal material  110  helps improve the reliability of the seal portion being bonded. 
         [0066]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as still another variation of the embodiment. The details of the layered structure are also omitted in  FIG. 7 . What characterizes the structure of  FIG. 7  is that the first electrode  11  is formed over the first wall  10  as well as over the capacitance insulating film  106  and that the second electrode  21  is formed over the second wall  20  as well as the capacitance insulating film  106 . When the first electrode  11  and the second electrode  21  are formed in this manner over the capacitance insulating film  106 , the ions in the liquid crystal  30  are more strongly affected by the first electrode  11  and the second electrode  21  than ever. 
         [0067]    The second electrode  21  and the first electrode  11  in  FIG. 7  may be formed at the same time as the second electrode constituted by ITO in the display area  50 . In  FIG. 7 , the height h 2  of the second wall, the height h 1  of the first wall, the liquid crystal layer thickness g, the distance d 1  between the first wall  10  and the seal material  110 , and other dimensions d 2  through d 4  defining the range in which the first electrode  11  is formed have the same relations with each other as explained above in reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0068]    In  FIG. 7 , both the second electrode  21  and the first electrode  11  are formed over the capacitance insulating film  106 . Alternatively, the second electrode  21  alone may be formed over the capacitance insulating film  106 , with the first electrode  11  formed under the capacitance insulating film  106 . As another alternative, the first electrode  11  alone may be formed over the capacitance insulating film  106 , with the second electrode  21  formed under the capacitance insulating film  106 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion as still another variation of the embodiment. The details of the layered structure are also omitted in  FIG. 8 . What characterizes the structure of  FIG. 8  is that the second wall  20  is not formed and that the second electrode  21  is formed flat over the capacitance insulating film  106 . The structure in  FIG. 8  involves boosting the effect of the first electrode  11  so as to prevent the second electrode  21  more effectively from affecting the display area  50 . 
         [0070]    In this variation, the amount of the seal material  110  is made larger than that in  FIG. 2  by as much as the mass of the second wall  20  that is absent. The larger mass of the seal material  110  contributes to improving the reliability of the seal portion being bonded. The other specifics of the structure in  FIG. 8  are the same as described above in reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4 , among other drawings, and thus will not be discussed further. 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0071]    A second embodiment defines where the first wall  10  is to be formed over a liquid crystal display panel as viewed in a plan view. In the structure of the first embodiment in  FIG. 1 , the first wall  10  is formed in a manner surrounding the entire display area  50 . Meanwhile, the regions where ions aggregate are not necessarily along the entire periphery; the ions tend to aggregate in partial regions of the frame area. Where the first wall  10  is formed, it has a reduced distance to the counter substrate  200 . That means it takes a longer time to fill the gap between the first wall  10  and the seal material  110  with liquid crystal. The second embodiment is intended to overcome this problem. 
         [0072]      FIG. 9  shows an example in which the first wall  10  is formed with space in between. Whereas the first wall  10  in  FIG. 9  is shown surrounding the display area  50 , there are missing parts of the first wall  10  in  FIG. 9 . The liquid crystal may be injected through these missing parts to the side of the seal material  110 . This arrangement shortens the time required to inject the liquid crystal. 
         [0073]    Even where parts of the first wall  10  are missing, it is preferred that the first electrode  11  be formed there. In the missing parts of the first wall  10 , the first electrode  11  is formed flat over the insulating film. The missing parts of the first wall  10  may be provided where ions do not aggregate. The missing parts leave the effect of preventing the appearance of a black stain substantially unchanged. 
         [0074]    Ions tend to aggregate in the corners. Thus if the first wall  10  is formed only in the corners, the effect of the second embodiment is still maintained, and the time required to inject the liquid crystal is minimally affected. In this case, it is also preferred that the first electrode  11  be also formed where parts of the first wall  10  are missing. 
         [0075]    As shown in  FIGS. 13 to 15 , ions are more likely to aggregate in a specific corner. Very often, the location of such an ion aggregate is determined by the shape of the pixel electrodes. Thus if the first wall  10  is formed only in the corner where ions tend to aggregate, the time required to inject the liquid crystal is minimally affected.  FIG. 10  shows the first wall  10  is formed at four corners.  FIG. 11  shows the first wall  10  is formed at two corners. In this case, too, it is preferred that the first electrode  11  be also formed where parts of the first wall  10  are missing. 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0076]    The first embodiment and second embodiment above were described by assuming that the IPS liquid crystal display device is in use. However, the present disclosure is not limited to IPS devices but is also applicable to liquid crystal display devices operating on the twisted nematic (TN) method or the vertical alignment (VA) method, for example. A major difference between the IPS method and the TN or VA method (hereunder, simply called the VA method or the like) is that with the VA method or the like, the common electrode is formed over the counter substrate. That means only the pixel electrodes are formed on the side of the TFT substrate. 
         [0077]    The pixel electrodes are formed over an insulating film and under an alignment film in contact with the latter. In devices using the VA method or the like, the only transparent electrodes on the side of the TFT substrate are the pixel electrodes. It follows that the second electrode disposed over the second wall and the first electrode disposed over the first wall are formed only at the same time as the pixel electrodes. It is to be noted that no capacitance insulating film is necessary in the devices using VA method or the like. 
         [0078]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of the seal portion in a liquid crystal display device typically operating on the VA method or the like as a further embodiment of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 12 , as in the first embodiment, the second wall  20  is formed in the seal material  110 ; the second electrode  21  is formed over the second wall  20 ; the first wall  10  is formed between the second wall  20  and the display area  50 ; and the first electrode  11  is formed over the first wall  10 . 
         [0079]    What makes the embodiment in  FIG. 12  different from the first embodiment in  FIGS. 2 and 4  is that the capacitance insulating film  106  is missing over the second electrode  21  and the first electrode  11  and that the second electrode  21  and the first electrode  11  are covered directly by an alignment film. The other specifics are the same as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 4 . This means that the third embodiment operating on the VA method or the like provides the same benefits as the embodiments operating on the IPS method. 
         [0080]    Whereas the foregoing description was based on the assumption that the ions in liquid crystal are positive ions, the present disclosure can also be applied to cases where the ions in liquid crystal are negative ions. Where negative ions are present, the voltage impressed to the second electrode is given a positive potential with regard to the common electrode. 
         [0081]    There are two major methods for injecting liquid crystal: the method of vacuum-injecting liquid crystal through an inlet, and the method of instilling liquid crystal into either the TFT substrate or the counter substrate before they are combined. The present disclosure is particularly effective where liquid crystal is injected by the drop fill method.