Abstract:
A compressor adapted to compress a working fluid includes a housing surrounding a compressor wheel and a backplate connected to the housing and enclosing the compressor wheel within an interior space of the housing. A cooling fluid conduit is fluidly connected between a cooled and compressed source of working fluid downstream of the compressor and the interior space of the housing of the compressor at a location between the compressor wheel and the back plate. A pressure differential created when the compressor is operating draws a flow of cooled, compressed charge into the interior space of the housing, which flow passes over and convectively cools said compressor wheel before mixing with a main compressor flow and being provided back through the compressor outlet.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/695,802, filed Aug. 31, 2012, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]    This patent disclosure relates generally to air compressors and, more particularly, to air compressors in turbochargers for internal combustion engines. 
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]    In conventional air compressors such as those used on internal combustion engines, exhaust gas energy is used to compress engine intake air. In certain other applications, so called superchargers are driven directly with mechanical engine power or an electric motor to compress air that is then provided pressurized to engine cylinders. In other applications, so called turbochargers are used, which include a turbine that receives pressurized exhaust gas from the engine. The exhaust gas passes through a scrolled passage of the turbine and impinges onto a turbine wheel causing it to turn. The turbine wheel is connected to a shaft, which is connected to a compressor wheel disposed in a compressor housing. The powered rotation of the turbine wheel and shaft operate to turn the compressor wheel, which draws air into a compressor housing having a scrolled shape and compresses it. 
         [0004]    Various types, sizes and numbers of turbochargers and/or superchargers have been used on engines in the past. One design consideration when selecting an appropriate compressor for an engine application is the air flow rate and desired pressure ratio of engine intake air that is desired. Further, because air compression increases air temperature, engines typically use heat exchangers, such as air-to-air heat exchangers, to cool the compressed air before it is provided to the engine. 
         [0005]    The materials used to construct engine compressor components are selected by consideration of cost and operating parameters. For example, while a forged aluminum compressor wheel is relatively cost beneficial, it may be unsuitable for applications in which the compressed air temperature is or is expected to rise above a threshold value during operation. Other, more expensive, materials that have been used in the past to construct compressor wheels that can withstand higher operating temperatures include Inconel(R), which is a family of alloys for high temperature applications, titanium alloys and the like. Such materials are not only expensive to purchase but are also difficult to form and to machine. However, use of such materials for high temperature applications is common because use of another material, for example, aluminum, in high temperature applications, for example, compressor outlet air temperatures of 220° C. or more, may lead to premature component failures and costly repairs. This is especially true for engine applications operating close to the margins of their operating parameters such as engine applications used at very high altitudes, for example, at 15,000 feet above sea level and/or high ambient temperatures, for example, exceeding about 110° F. (about 43.3° C.). 
       SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE  
       [0006]    In one aspect, the disclosure describes an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine includes an intake collector and an exhaust collector selectively fluidly connected to an engine cylinder. The internal combustion engine further includes a compressor adapted to compress air or a mixture of air and to provide a compressed charge to the intake collector. The compressor includes a housing surrounding a compressor wheel and a backplate connected to the housing and enclosing the compressor wheel within an interior space of the housing. A heat exchanger is adapted to cool the compressed charge provided to the intake collector. The heat exchanger is disposed between the compressor and the intake collector such that the intake collector is disposed downstream of the heat exchanger in the direction of flow of the compressed charge from the compressor to the intake collector. A charge air conduit fluidly interconnects the heat exchanger with the intake collector. 
         [0007]    In one embodiment, a cooling fluid conduit is fluidly connected between the charge air conduit and the interior space of the housing of the compressor at a location between the compressor wheel and the back plate. A pressure differential created when the compressor is operating draws a flow of compressed charge into the interior space of the housing from the charge air conduit. The flow passes over and convectively cools the compressor wheel. The flow mixes with a main compressor flow and is provided back to the heat exchanger. 
         [0008]    In another aspect, the disclosure describes a turbocharger for use with an internal combustion engine. The turbocharger is interconnected between an intake collector and an exhaust collector of the internal combustion engine. The turbocharger includes a turbine and a compressor associated with the turbine. The compressor is adapted to compress air or a mixture of air, and to provide a compressed charge to the intake collector. The compressor includes a housing radially surrounding a compressor wheel and a backplate connected to the housing and enclosing the compressor wheel within an interior space of the housing. A cooling fluid conduit is fluidly connected to the backplate of the compressor at a location between the compressor wheel and the back plate. The cooling fluid conduit is adapted to provide a portion of the compressed charge from the compressor back to the compressor through the backplate due to a pressure differential that is created between the location behind the compressor wheel and an outlet of the compressor. When the compressor is operating, a flow of compressed charge is drawn into the interior space of the housing. The flow passes over and convectively cools the compressor wheel before being mixed with a main compressor flow and provided back through the compressor outlet. 
         [0009]    In yet another aspect, the disclosure describes a method for cooling a compressor wheel within a fluid compressor during compressor operation. The method includes cooling a portion of the compressed working fluid of the compressor, and diverting the portion of compressed working fluid that was cooled to form a cooling flow. The cooling flow is provided back to the compressor and routed through a conduit into a compressor housing through a backplate of the compressor housing at a low pressure region behind the compressor wheel. A fluid cavity within the interior of the compressor adjacent the compressor wheel is filled with cooling fluid from the cooling flow. Such cooling fluid then convectively cools the compressor wheel. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram for an engine in accordance with the disclosure. 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2 and 3  are outline views of a turbocharger from different perspectives in accordance with the disclosure. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a partial breakaway view of a turbocharger in accordance with the disclosure with compressor and turbine housings removed. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a cross section of a compressor back-plate for a turbocharger in accordance with the disclosure. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  is a cross section of an alternative embodiment for a compressor back-plate for a turbocharger in accordance with the disclosure. 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is an outline view of a disk having air openings in accordance with the disclosure. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 8 ,  9  and  10  are thermal distribution diagrams for a compressor wheel under representative operating conditions of an engine. 
           [0017]      FIG. 11  is a temperature map for a compressor cooling arrangement in accordance with the disclosure. 
           [0018]      FIG. 12  is a flowchart for a method of cooling a compressor wheel in accordance with the disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    This disclosure relates to air compressors and, specifically, to structures and methods for compressor impeller or compressor wheel cooling during operation, where the cooling media employed is the working fluid of the compressor. In one disclosed embodiment, the compressor is a mechanically or turbine driven air compressor in an internal combustion engine. The disclosed compressor embodiments have a typical construction that includes a compressor wheel having generally radially extending vanes. The compressor wheel is connected to a shaft, which rotates under power provided by a turbine or other mechanical or electrical means. The compressor wheel rotates within a housing having a scrolled passage extending therethrough such that air entering the compressor housing via a central passage is radially directed into the scrolled housing, which increases the speed, pressure and temperature of the air. In the disclosed embodiments, the compressed air provided by the compressor is cooled in a heat exchanger before a relatively small portion thereof is provided back to the compressor to convectively cool the compressor wheel. In one embodiment, the cooling air is provided through the compressor back-plate so as to impinge onto the back or inboard side of the rotating compressor wheel. Such a compressor arrangement has applicability in any application in that no fluids other than the working fluid of the compressor is used for cooling, which eliminates concerns of fluid mixing of leaking within the compressor. The embodiments disclosed herein relate to compressors that are arranged with a turbine on an internal combustion engine, but should not be considered as limiting to the structure or application of the compressor structures and methods described herein. 
         [0020]    More specifically, a block diagram for an engine  100  that embodies aspects of the present disclosure is shown in  FIG. 1 . The engine  100  includes a cylinder case  102  that forms a plurality of cylinders  104 . Although six cylinders  104  are shown in an inline arrangement, fewer or more cylinders arranged in a different configuration within different cylinder case portions such as in a V-configuration may be used. Although not shown here and discussed in detail for brevity, each cylinder  104  can include a reciprocable piston connected to a common crankshaft. The combustion of a fuel and air mixture in the cylinders in the known fashion produces useable engine power. Air, or a mixture of air with exhaust gas, is provided in the known fashion to the cylinders  104  during operation from an intake manifold or collector  106 , which is selectively fluidly connectable with each cylinder  104  via a respective intake runner  108  that provides compressed air to the cylinder  104  when intake valves  110  are open. The compressed air, along with fuel provided to the cylinder  104 , for example, through a fuel injector  112 , forms a combustible mixture that ignites when compressed or in the presence of a spark. Combustion byproducts are evacuated from each cylinder  104  through exhaust valves  114  and exhaust runners  116 . The exhaust gas from each cylinder  104  is collected in an exhaust manifold or collector  118 . 
         [0021]    In typical engines, the engine intake air mixture in the intake collector  106 , as well as the exhaust gas in the exhaust collector  118 , are under pressure. To provide the power used to compress the intake air mixture, different engine applications may use one or more different devices. For example, some engines use devices commonly referred to as superchargers, which are air compressors operated by mechanical power provided by the engine&#39;s crankshaft, electrical power provided by a motor and the like. In the illustrated embodiment, the compressed air mixture in the intake manifold is provided by two sets of staged turbochargers. More specifically, the engine  100  includes two sets of staged turbochargers  120 . The two staged turbocharger sets  120  are similar, so one will be described in detail. 
         [0022]    Accordingly, each staged turbocharger set  120  includes a high-pressure turbocharger  122  and a low-pressure turbocharger  124  connected in series circuit connection. The high-pressure turbocharger  122  includes a high-pressure turbine  126  and a high-pressure compressor  128 , which are connected to one another by a center housing  130  in the known fashion. The low-pressure turbocharger  124  similarly includes a low-pressure turbine  132  and a low-pressure compressor  134  that are connected via a center housing  136 . In this arrangement, which is one of many possible turbocharger configurations, the high-pressure turbine  126  is fluidly connected to the exhaust collector  118  and arranged to receive pressurized exhaust gas therefrom. Exhaust gas exiting the high-pressure turbine  126  is provided to the low-pressure turbine  132 , which has a larger frame size than the high-pressure turbine  126 , such that additional expansion of the exhaust gas can be accomplished to extract additional work therefrom. Exhaust gas exiting the low-pressure turbine  132  can be provided to exhaust treatment devices and systems in the known fashion. The flow of exhaust gas through these devices is designated by arrows in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0023]    To provide compressed air to the engine, air is provided to the low-pressure compressor  134 , where it is compressed to a first pressure. Air at the first pressure is then provided from the low-pressure compressor  134  to the high-pressure compressor  128 , where its pressure (and temperature) are increased. The flow path of air through the low- and high-pressure compressors  134  and  128  is designated by arrows in  FIG. 1 , while other components and systems such as filters and sensors disposed along the air path are omitted for simplicity. 
         [0024]    As can be appreciated, the staged compression of air in the engine  100  shown in  FIG. 1  is one of many different methods employed in internal combustion engines. For example, a single turbocharger can be used or more than two turbochargers can be used in each staged set  120 . Moreover, one or both turbochargers in each set can be replaced by a mechanically or electrically driven compressor or supercharger. Additionally, hybrid systems such as turbochargers with electrically, hydraulic or pneumatic assist mechanisms may be used. 
         [0025]    In the illustrated embodiment, the compressed air charge from each high-pressure compressor  128  is cooled before being provided to the intake collector  106 . To cool the intake charge, the compressed air from the high-pressure compressors  128  is provided to an air-to-air or to an air-to-water charge air cooler (CAC)  138 , which is embodied as a heat exchanger configured to remove heat from the engine intake air and release the heat to ambient air, which is typically forced through baffles in the CAC  138  by a fan (not shown). Depending on the size of the CAC, the flow rate of engine intake air, ambient and engine intake air temperatures, and the like, the temperature of engine intake air can be reduced to be within an acceptable range with respect to ambient air temperature. 
         [0026]    Air from the intake collector  106  is provided to each combustion cylinder  104  during operation. In the illustrated embodiment, however, to provide sufficient engine intake air at a sufficient pressure, the intake air may be compressed beyond the limitations of certain materials used to construct components of the turbochargers, and especially the impeller or wheel within each of the high-pressure compressors  128 . For example, temperatures of 240° C. or more may be present, especially when the engine  100  operates for prolonged periods at high altitudes and/or under high ambient temperature conditions. Such compressor operating temperatures would typically necessitate use of an exotic material, such as Inconel(R) or a titanium alloy, for constructing the high-pressure compressor wheel, which would increase the cost of the high-pressure compressor. However, in the illustrated embodiment, the high-pressure compressor wheels can be constructed out of a more conventional material such as aluminum, which can withstand the relatively high compressor operating temperatures because it is cooled such that, even though the working fluid exiting the compressor is at about 240° C. or more, the temperature of the compressor wheel at certain high-stress areas can be maintained at about 200° C. or below. 
         [0027]    More particularly, the engine  100  includes an active air-cooling system for cooling the high-pressure compressor wheels. Each of  FIGS. 2 and 3  illustrates an outline view of a high-pressure compressor.  FIG. 4  is an outline view of the high-pressure compressor with the turbine housing  206  and the compressor housing  208  removed to reveal the turbine wheel  202  and the compressor wheel  204 , which are connected on opposite ends of a shaft  210 . The shaft  210  extends through the center housing  130 , as shown in  FIG. 4 , in the known fashion. When the compressor is assembled, a compressor back-plate  212  extends around the shaft  210  and is connected to the center housing  130  such that the compressor wheel  204  and center housing  130  are on opposite sides of the back plate  212 . The compressor housing  208  is connected to the back-plate  212  to radially enclose the compressor wheel  204 . The turbine  126  has a similar arrangement. The center housing  130  includes other structures, such as bearings, which are lubricated and which limit axial motion of the shaft  210  along its centerline due to thrust loadings on the turbine and compressor wheels  202  and  204  during operation. The center housing  130  has an internal gallery (not shown) through which oil is provided via oil supply opening  214 . Oil in the gallery drains back to the cylinder case  102  of the engine. 
         [0028]    In reference to these figures, along with  FIG. 1 , the engine  100  includes a cooling air conduit  140  that is fluidly connected to the intake air system and, particularly, to the intake collector  106  downstream of the CAC  138 . A flow of air in the cooling air conduit  140  from the intake collector  106  is provided to the high-pressure compressor  128  for cooling the compressor wheel  204 . As can be appreciated, the air temperature in the intake collector  106  has a reduced temperature compared to the air temperature within the compressor  128  due to the cooling function provided by the CAC  138 . Use of a CAC is optional and may not be required in certain applications. Moreover, by selecting an appropriate low-pressure region within the compressor housing  208  into which to provide the cooling air, a pressure differential is created that will drive the cooling flow of air through the cooling air conduit  140  and into the compressor housing  208 . In one embodiment, the cooling air conduit  140  does not contain active air flow control devices, which is advantageous in reducing cost and complexity in the engine system. To control the flow of air passing through the cooling air conduit  140 , such that sufficient cooling air passes through the conduit while allowing sufficient air for proper engine operation under all operating conditions, a flow control orifice  142  ( FIG. 1 ) may be used along the cooling air conduit  140 . The flow control orifice  142  may be an equivalent flow orifice integrated into the shape, size and routing of the cooling air conduit  140 , or may alternatively be a controlled flow diameter in a component associated with the cooling air conduit  140  such as an end fitting or tube section diameter. The percentage of the total working fluid flow that can be diverted to cool the compressor wheel in this fashion depends on the requirements of the engine and, specifically, the air reduction the engine can tolerate without loss of engine power. In the illustrated embodiments, it was determined that a maximum of 5% of the compressor air flow can be diverted for use in cooling the compressor wheel. By analysis, it was determined that about 2% of the compressor air flow will be sufficient to provide acceptable compressor wheel cooling. In one embodiment, the cooling air flow was even less at about 1.8% of the total compressor air flow. 
         [0029]    In the illustrated embodiment, the cooling air conduit  140  is connected by a fitting  144  to the compressor back-plate  212 . When the cooling system is added to an existing engine, the fitting  144  may be inserted into a hole that is drilled and tapped into the compressor back plate. A similar fitting can be added to the intake collector of the engine for supplying the air to the compressor or, alternatively, an existing fitting of the intake collector may be used. As previously described, the compressor back-plate  212  is connected to the center housing  130  and is disposed adjacent the compressor wheel  204 . As shown in the cross section of  FIG. 5 , the compressor wheel  204  includes a generally conical hub  216  that supports a plurality of radially extending blades  218 . The hub  216  forms a base or inboard-facing disk-shaped surface  220 , which faces the back-plate  212 . A radially extending channel or cavity  222  is defined between the base surface  220  of the compressor wheel  204  and an inner surface  224  of the back-plate  212 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , the cavity  222  extends peripherally around the shaft  210  and is exposed to a majority of the outer peripheral portions of the base surface  220  of the compressor wheel  204 . An internal passage  146  of the fitting  144  is fluidly open to the cavity  222  such that direct fluid communication is established between the cavity  222  and the intake collector  106  ( FIG. 1 ) through the cooling air conduit  140 . The internal passage  146  is generally straight and, in the illustrated embodiment, is disposed at an angle of about  55  degrees from the centerline of the shaft  210  and in a radial location relative to the shaft centerline that allows the cooling air to enter the cavity  222 . In this way, during engine operation, compressed and cooled air from the intake collector  106  is provided to the cavity  222 . This cooling air flow is driven by a pressure difference between the intake collector  106  and the cavity  222 . For example, in one operating condition on a test conducted on-engine, the cooling airflow was selected to be about 2% of the total airflow of the compressor, had a temperature of about 100° C., and was driven by a pressure difference across the ends of the cooling fluid conduit of about 35 psig. In other implementations, a cooling airflow of about 1.8% was selected. 
         [0030]    An alternative embodiment is shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . In this embodiment, a disk  226  having a plurality of air nozzles or openings  228  formed therein is disposed within the cavity  222  to direct air towards targeted locations on the base surface  220  of the compressor wheel  204 . More specifically, the disk  226  has a generally annular shape and is disposed adjacent the compressor wheel  204  to cover the annular cavity  222 . The openings  228  are formed at regular intervals peripherally around the disk  226  at the same radial distance from a center of the disk  230 , which in the installed condition substantially coincides with the centerline of the shaft  210  ( FIG. 5 ). With the disk  226  installed, the cooling airflow entering the cavity  222  through the internal passage  146  of the fitting  144  is directed through the openings  228  to impinge onto a particular area of the surface  220  that has been determined to be an area of high stress in the compressor wheel  204 . Such determination may be made empirically or numerically. 
         [0031]    Two temperature plots illustrating an experimentally determined temperature distribution along the hub  216  of the compressor wheel  204  ( FIG. 5 ) showing the baseline and cooled temperatures of the compressor wheel  204  during operation are shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . In  FIG. 8 , a baseline temperature measurement at various radial and axial locations on the compressor wheel hub  216  was conducted. As can be seen from the graph shown in  FIG. 8 , for a particular operating condition in which the compressor discharge air temperature was about 284° C. at a pressure of 33 psig, the temperature of the shaft was between 192 and 198° C., and the temperature of the hub close to the shaft was about 200° C. As the radial distance from the hub  216  increases, the temperature of the hub steadily increased until it reached a temperature of about 240° C. on the inboard side of the outer most periphery thereof, and a temperature of about 232° C. on the outboard side thereof. This information was used in a computational model, which indicated that a high stress point, A, existed at a radial distance from the shaft  210  that is about ¾ of the total outermost radius of the hub  216  with respect to the shaft  210 . These temperatures were found to exceed the design parameters for the material used to construct the compressor wheel at that operating condition. As a result, the compressor wheel may be expected to deform permanently originating around the high stress point, which can cause imbalances in the rotor dynamics and failures. 
         [0032]    A test under the same conditions was repeated using a compressor with the disk  226  installed as previously discussed. In this arrangement, the radial location of the openings  228  was selected to coincide with the point of high stress, A. The results of the test are shown in the thermal chart shown in  FIG. 9 . Here, the cooling air flow provided to the cavity  222  ( FIG. 6 ) was about 24 SCFM at a pressure of about 22.2 psig and a temperature of about 48° C. The temperature measurements taken on the hub  216  indicated a drop of about 30° C. in the shaft  210 , a drop of about 40° C. in the hub along an area adjacent the shaft, and a gradual temperature decrease throughout the hub such that the hub inboard tip temperature dropped to about 203° C. from the baseline temperature of 240° C. on the inboard side, and to about 205° C. from the baseline 232° C. baseline temperature on the outboard side. In other words, an overall temperature reduction across the entire hub  216  was noticed, which was sufficient to bring the temperature at the high stress point, A, within design parameters for the material used to construct the compressor wheel. Subsequent tests conducted without the disk  226  indicated that the effect of the disk  226  is relatively small to the cooling of the hub  216 , thus enabling the omission of the disk from the compressor and a realization of cost and complexity savings for the system. A thermal graph for a representative test is shown in  FIG. 10 , in which the tip temperature of the hub  216 , using cooling air at about 101° C., at a pressure of about 33 psig and a flow rate of about 14.8 SCFM, was 211° C. on the inboard side and about 210° C. on the outboard side of the hub  216 . 
         [0033]    A graph showing a series of tests conducted to determine system sensitivity to cooling with respect to cooling air pressure is shown in  FIG. 11 . Here, cooling air pressure (psig) is plotted along the horizontal axis, and the temperature (° C.) of the hub  216  at the high stress region, A ( FIG. 8 ), is plotted against the vertical axis. In the selected test condition of a temperature of 222° C. at the region A, and using a cooling air temperature of about 100° C., the temperature at the high stress region indicated an almost linear decline from 206° C. to about 199° C. for a cooling air pressure increase from 25 psig to about 33 psig. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY  
       [0034]    The present disclosure is applicable not only to compressors used with internal combustion engines, but to any radial vane compressors having wheels prone to thermal stresses. The disclosed systems and methods advantageously use the compressor working fluid as the cooling medium, thus obviating concerns about cooling fluid mixing with the working fluid or leaking into the compressor housing and contaminating the working fluid. For example, in compressors used for natural or petroleum gas, a portion of the working fluid may be diverted from the compressor outlet, cooled, and reintroduced into the compressor housing behind the compressor wheel, as previously described, to provide a desired cooling. Moreover, the relatively simple implementation of the cooling air conduit, especially on internal combustion engines having intake air coolers, enables the effective and efficient retrofit of existing engine systems in the event those systems will be operating in harsh environments, which would otherwise have required an equipment upgrade such as compressor wheels made of more exotic materials and alloys. 
         [0035]    A method for providing active cooling to a compressor wheel in accordance with the disclosure is shown in the flowchart of  FIG. 12 . Here, the compressor is operated at  302 , which causes fluid compression and heating of the compressor wheel. At least a portion of the compressed fluid is cooled at  304 . The portion of cooled compressed fluid, or cooling fluid, is diverted from the working fluid and provided at a metered rate back to the compressor at  306 . The cooling fluid is thus routed at  308  through a conduit, which includes structures for metering and/or controlling the flow rate and/or pressure of the cooling fluid, to and through a back plate of the compressor. When in the compressor, the cooling fluid fills a cavity defined between the inboard or back side of the compressor wheel and the compressor back-plate at  310 . From there, the cooling fluid is in contact with the compressor wheel and convectively cools the same at  312 . After passing over the compressor wheel, a majority portion of the cooling fluid mixes with the working fluid at  314 , and a remaining portion of the cooling fluid exits the compressor through a compressor shaft seal at  316 . 
         [0036]    It will be appreciated that the foregoing description provides examples of the disclosed system and technique. However, it is contemplated that other implementations of the disclosure may differ in detail from the foregoing examples. All references to the disclosure or examples thereof are intended to reference the particular example being discussed at that point and are not intended to imply any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure more generally. All language of distinction and disparagement with respect to certain features is intended to indicate a lack of preference for those features, but not to exclude such from the scope of the disclosure entirely unless otherwise indicated. 
         [0037]    Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.