Abstract:
The present invention pertains to methods and devices for detecting microbial spoilage of a food product. The method involves placing a spoilage indicator device including a barrier sheet in fluid contact with a food product. The method also involves allowing any reactant molecule of a predetermined size produced in the food product by microbial spoilage to traverse the barrier sheet to contact a carrier of the device and to react with an indicator material therein. The method further provides observing the spoilage indicator to determine whether the detectable change has occurred in the indicator material. The detectable change indicates a build-up of the reactant molecule in the food product and therefore is indicative of microbial spoilage.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of this invention concerns the determination of food freshness, and, in particular, methods and devices for the detection of microbial spoilage in food products. 
     The spoilage and souring of perishable foods with time is an on-going problem for the consumer and food product provider alike. Although some deterioration in freshness is due to oxidative processes, spoilage and souring is in large part due to the growth of microbes such as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. To derive energy for their growth, these microbes break down food carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The breakdown process produces a variety of low molecular weight molecules such as carboxylic acids (e.g., lactic and acetic acids), aldehydes, nitrogen containing molecules including ammonia, trimethylamine, urea and small diamines, and sulfur compounds. For example, over time, microbes in milk and dairy products produce an increased amount of lactic acid and lactic acid derivatives resulting in sour and odorous milk, respectively. (See, e.g., Gyosheva, B. H., (1982) “Compounds forming the aroma complex of Bulgarian sour milk”  Milchwissenschaft  37, 267-289). 
     At present, there are no inexpensive, simple and accurate measurement devices for detecting food spoilage at a consumer level. Spoilage has conventionally been monitored by standard bacteriological and chemical laboratory methods, while certain more esoteric assays have been discussed in the literature to approve speed or cost of detection. For example, electrochemical assays involving gamma-irradiation immobilization of lactate oxidase in poly (vinyl alcohol) on platinized graphite electrodes have been proposed for lactate detection in dairy products (See Hajizadeh, K., et al. (1991) “Immobilization of lactate oxidase in a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix on plantinized graphite electrodes by chemical cross-linking with isocyanate”  Talanta  38, 37-47). Other approaches to food spoilage monitoring include, for example, using non-membrane disposable oxygen electrode systems for detection of milk spoilage from aerobic bacteria (See Bell, C. Ackland, et al. (1995) “Disposable oxygen electrode system without membranes applied to the detection of ultrahigh-temperature milk spoilage”  Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal  49, 139-149); and modified Orion ammonia electrodes for the trimethylamine detection in fish (See Chang, G. W., et al. (1976) “Trimethylamine-specific electrode for fish quality control”  Journal of Food Science  41 723-724). However, these techniques are not practical at a consumer level and smell, color or taste has been the major way consumers detect spoilage. 
     Recently, there have been some attempts at finding a way to help consumers determine whether foods are contaminated by specific toxins. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,306,466 by Goldsmith discloses packaging with a bar code design formed of labeled antibodies bound to toxins. The bar code design is placed in contact with the juices of a food product, for example by printing it on a membrane in the packaging itself, and a competitive antibody-antigen reaction is used to detect spoilage. The antibodies on the membrane, which react with the specific class of toxins accumulating in the food product&#39;s juices, are released from the membrane, thereby destroying the design and providing a visual indication of toxin presence. However, this type of indicator is expensive because of the antibody cost, may not be safe, and has limited applicability. 
     Similarly, electrode systems, and electrochemical or competitive assay techniques, do not solve the consumer problem. These techniques often involve relatively lengthy or complex procedures, and may have limited applicability. Accordingly, there exists a need for relatively rapid and efficient, accurate, inexpensive and simple methods and devices for indicating microbial spoilage in a variety of food products. Such methods and devices would simplify spoilage indication techniques while maximizing their accuracy, efficacy and applicability through selection of indicators and barriers. 
     Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a method of indicating food spoilage which is simple, accurate and inexpensive. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a food spoilage indicator device for placing in fluid contact with a food product. 
     These and other objects and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the drawings. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention features methods and devices for providing a detectable, e.g., visual, indication of microbial food spoilage. Briefly, a barrier which allows passage of a reactant molecule of a predetermined size but segregates out larger molecules, separates the food product from a carrier which carries an indicator. The indicator provides a detectable change, such as a color change or fluorescence, upon reaction with the reactant molecule. The present invention is also based on the further recognition that such an indicator, carrier and barrier can be placed in a food product package without contaminating the food. 
     As used herein, the following terms are to be understood in light of the following definitions: 
     The term “fluid” refers to liquid or gaseous states; 
     The term “barrier” means a device or portion of a device which provides a physical separation between one location and another or between the device and the product; 
     The term “reactant molecule” means any molecule produced by microbes in a food product causing spoilage, or a product of a secondary reaction of a molecule produced by the microbes in the food product causing spoilage, which can react with the selected indicator in the device of the invention; 
     The term “indicator” means any material which can react with the reactant molecule to produce a detectable, e.g., visual change, either through a direct or intermediate reaction; 
     The term “microbe” means any bacteria, yeast, viruses, fungi, and any similar organism that can cause food spoilage; 
     The term “spoilage” means any change in a food product making it less palatable or dangerous for consumption by the animal, e.g., human, that would normally eat the food product; and 
     The term “carrier” means any material which entraps or holds an indicator; e.g., paper, other fibrous or cellulosic materials and the like. 
     The invention concerns a method for detecting microbial spoilage in a food product. A spoilage indicator device is placed in fluid contact with a food product. Reactant molecules produced in the food product by microbial spoilage are allowed to traverse a barrier separating the food product from the carrier in the device and react with the indicator material in the carrier. The detectable change caused by the reaction of the reactant molecule with the indicator indicates a build-up of the reactant molecule in the food product and, therefore, microbial spoilage. The barrier sheet should be permeable to molecules under about 200 daltons but substantially impermeable to larger molecules. 
     The reactant molecules are produced directly by the microbes or are intermediate by-products related to microbial growth in a food product undergoing spoilage. These reactant molecules exist in liquid and/or gaseous forms and are normally acids, bases, aldehydes, sulfur compounds, or their derivatives, depending upon the type of microbes causing the microbial spoilage. In certain preferred embodiments, the selected barrier will only allow passage of reactant molecules which are in a non-ionized form. 
     The indicator material is selected based upon the type of food product, the type of suspected microbes, and the type of reactant molecule which is expected to be detected. Preferably, the indicator material produces a visual detectable change, such as a chromatic or fluorescent change, in response to pH or other changes caused by a reaction between the reactant molecules and the indicator materials. Preferred indicator materials are capable of producing detectable changes with pH changes. Preferred pH indicators have a detectable change within the range of about 3.0 to about 8.4. Each individual indicator material produces a detectable change in response to a narrower pH range and the particular indicator used is selected by food type and reactant molecule expected. Preferably, the indicator materials are sensitive enough to produce detectable changes when the reactant molecules are in a concentration of about 0.01% by volume in the fluid surrounding the food product. Additional indicators preferentially react with sulfur containing groups, aldehydes, or nitrogen containing groups such as ammonia, urea or amines. While these materials may cause pH changes as well, sulphydryl or nitrogen compound specific indicators are known in the art. Specific examples of indicator materials involving chromatic changes include, but are not limited to, Bromophenol blue, Bromocresol green, Methyl red, Litmus, Bromocresol purple, Bromothymol blue, Phenol red, Thymol blue, Schiffs base reagent, diphenyl, dinitrophenylhydrazine and sodium nitroferricyanide. Indicator materials involving fluorescent detectable changes include, but are not limited to, Dichlorofluoroscein, Calcein, and Fluorescein. 
     The choice of carrier and barrier sheet generally depend upon the reactant molecules being detected as well as the chosen indicator material. The carrier must be capable of entrapping the indicator but must allow the reactant molecule access to the indicator. Porous, inert materials are preferred for use as carriers. The carrier generally has a thickness of less than about 1 mm. Preferred carrier materials include, but are not limited to, papers (e.g., untreated cellulose), polyamides, cellulose acetate, gels, foams, glass fibers, plastics, and resins such as an ion-exchange resins. Suitable barrier materials must have the proper molecular weight cut-off properties, be chemically inert, and non-contaminating to the food product. Preferred barrier materials include, but are not limited to, polyethylenes, polyvinyl chlorides or other water resistant or hydrophobic materials. Typically, the barrier sheet has a thickness in a range of about 1 μm to about 13 μm. 
     The spoilage indicator device can also include an outer layer which is transparent, translucent and/or has at least a lucent or transparent portion through which an underlying layer, such as the carrier, can be observed. Such an outer layer can be disposed directly on a second surface of the carrier or on a barrier sheet wrapped around the carrier&#39;s first and second surfaces. In some instances, the barrier sheet material can act as the outer layer. Preferred outer layer materials include, but are not limited to, cellulose acetate, vinyl polymers (such as PVC), polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyester thermoplastic, glass or polyamide film. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the food spoilage indicator device includes Phenol red A as the indicator entrapped within a paper carrier for detecting an amine produced by spoilage of the food product. In this embodiment, the carrier&#39;s first surface is separated from fluid contact with the food product by a barrier such as a food wrap layer, e.g., polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene. 
     In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the food spoilage indicator device includes a Litmus or a Bromocresol purple indicator material entrapped within a paper carrier for the detection of an acid such as a lactic acid. In this embodiment, the carrier is separated from fluid contact with the food product by a barrier which is acid stable, e.g., hydrophobic layer which allows passage of the reactant molecule while restricting the flow of the liquids of the food product. In a most preferred embodiment, this spoilage indicator device also includes a “window” or a transparent or translucent layer which allows visualization of the indicator from outside the packaging. This window could be a cellulose acetate, glass, polycarbonate, polystyrene or polypropylene outer layer disposed on a second surface of the carrier. 
     Other features and aspects of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description and the drawing. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an enlarged cut-away side view of the spoilage indicator device, showing a barrier sheet disposed on a first surface of the carrier containing an indicator material; and 
     FIG. 2 is a cut-away side view of another embodiment of the spoilage indicator device, wherein the device has a sealed outer surface. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention pertains to spoilage indicator devices and methods for detecting microbial spoilage of a food product. The spoilage indicator device of the present invention is placed in fluid contact with a food product, and reactant molecules resulting from microbial spoilage traverse a barrier where they react with an indicator. The indicator provides a detectable, preferably visual, indication of the presence of the reactant molecule. 
     The present invention provides a method of detecting microbial spoilage using the described food spoilage indicator device. The spoilage indicator device has a barrier sheet which is permeable to molecules under about 200 daltons and is substantially impermeable to larger molecules. The spoilage indicator device also includes a carrier having an indicator material entrapped or impregnated therein. The indicator device is placed in fluid contact with a food product and the barrier sheet is disposed in contact with the food product. The indicator material is capable of producing a detectable change upon reacting with a reactant molecule produced in the food product when the food product is undergoing microbial spoilage. 
     Microbes involved in spoilage of food products are primarily bacteria, yeasts and fungi. For example, aerobic bacteria microbes, such as Salmonella, are involved in the spoilage of a variety of chicken or egg related products such as mayonnaise. Other aerobic bacteria, such as  S. aureus, L. monocyrogenes  and  E. coli  are involved in the spoilage of other products such as milk and ground meat. Anaerobic bacteria, such as  Cl. botulinum  and  Cl. perfringens , are involved in spoilage of canned goods and other products in anaerobic conditions. 
     The following Figures help illustrate the devices and methods of the invention. FIG. 1 shows a cut-away view of an embodiment of the spoilage indicator device  110 . Device  110  has a carrier  114  with a first surface  115  directed toward food product  126 . Carrier  114  has an indicator material  120  entrapped within it. First surface  115  of carrier  114  is separated from contact with food product  126  and its surrounding juices  128  by a barrier  118 . Spoilage indicator device indicator  110  as shown also includes a transparent or translucent outer layer  116  disposed on a second surface  117  of carrier  114 . Such an outer layer  116  protects the indicator material  120  entrapped within the carrier  114  from contamination associated with the food packaging. 
     The barrier layer  118  is disposed directly on the first surface  115  of carrier  114  and may continue beyond the contours of the carrier  114  to form the wrap or food packaging, thereby eliminating additional layers between the carrier  114  and the food. Similarly, outer layer  116  may continue beyond the contours of carrier  114  in the form of a tape or label. 
     As shown in FIG. 2, the device may have a barrier sheet  218  wrapped around carrier  214 , covering both first and second carrier surfaces  215  and  217 . Preferably, barrier sheet  218  also extends beyond the contours of the carrier  214  to form a totally sealed package. This type of device is particularly useful if liquids are to be use since it will protect against contamination by splashing. 
     FIG. 2 further shows the outer layer  216  is sealed with a food-package grade, water- and cold-insensitive tape  219 . The tape  219  adheres to the outer layer  216  and to the wrap or food packaging layer  212  if used separately. It is advantageous that tape  219  is provided with a transparent or translucent window  221  to observe the detectable changes of the indicator material  220 . Alternatively, tape  219  itself is transparent or sufficiently translucent to allow an observer to view a detectable change in the indicator material  220  through the tape  219 . 
     The spoilage indicator device may be placed in a bottle cap or other part of a liquid containing package without fear of contamination. This device can be placed in direct contact with the food product or volatiles produced by the product can be used to create the detectable change. 
     In practice, the indicator material, the carrier and the barrier sheet are each selected depending upon the type of food product and microbial spoilage expected, as is readily ascertainable to the skilled artisan. For example, if an amine in an otherwise neutral food product is expected, the food spoilage indicator device may include a paper carrier with a Phenol red A indicator. This combination, with a barrier of a food wrap such as polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene which will pass materials in surround liquids of about 200 daltons or less, can detect amines produced during the microbial spoilage of food products (e.g., meat, fish, shellfish or chicken). Preferably, the barrier is disposed directly on the first surface of the carrier, thereby eliminating an additional food wrap layer. 
     In a preferred embodiment, a paper carrier with Litmus or a Bromocresol purple indicator material can be used for the detection of lactic acid in milk products. A hydrophobic barrier sheet which passes lactic acid molecules carried as a volatile from the milk separates and protects the carrier from contact with the milk product. This indicator can be used in the cap or as a window in the milk container. If used as a window, an outer layer of a material such as cellulose acetate, glass, polycarbonate, polystyrene or polypropylene is helpful to protect the carrier while providing easy visibility. 
     In use, the spoilage indicator device of the present invention can be placed such that the indicator is in fluid contact with the food product and/or its surrounding juices. Fluid contact with the food product includes either liquid or gaseous contact, as discussed above, depending upon the application, i.e., the microbial spoilage being detected. With respect to gaseous fluid contact, volatile reactant molecules, once produced, can traverse the barrier sheet to contact the carrier and react with the indicator material. With respect to liquid fluid contact, liquid reactant molecules can traverse the barrier sheet to the carrier. The indicator device can be placed in a variety of ways known to those skilled in the art so long as its placement allows reactant microbial spoilage molecules to contact and to traverse a barrier sheet. The alternatives described above are not intended as limiting the practice of the invention. 
     Referring again to FIG. 1, during food spoilage, microbes  130 , such as bacteria, fungi and yeast grow, derive energy from the break down of food carbohydrates, proteins and fat. The growth of microbes  130  results in the release of reactant molecules  132 , either directly as breakdown products or through one or more secondary reactions. Reactant molecules  132  eventually contact and traverse the barrier sheet  118  and react with indicator material  120  to produce a detectable and preferably visual change. Such a detectable change indicates microbial spoilage occurring in the food product  126 . 
     As noted, each indicator material is selected based upon the particular microbial spoilage process being monitored and the associated predetermined reactant molecules resulting from such spoilage. For example, to detect aldehydes, an indicator material such as Schiffs base reagent may be used. Since pH indicators are well known and generally inexpensive, pH is an easy test to use. Examples of some pH sensitive indicator materials, as well as the pH ranges at which they change from first to second colors, are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ≧pH Range at which 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 indicator material 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 changes from first to 
               
               
                 Indicator Material 
                 First color 
                 Second Color 
                 second colors 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Bromophenol blue 
                 yellow 
                 purple 
                 3.0-4.6 
               
               
                 Bromocresol green 
                 yellow 
                 blue 
                 3.8-5.4 
               
               
                 Methyl red 
                 red 
                 yellow 
                 4.8-6.0 
               
               
                 Litmus 
                 red 
                 blue 
                 5.0-8.0 
               
               
                 Bromocresol purple 
                 yellow 
                 violet 
                 5.2-6.8 
               
               
                 Bromothymol blue 
                 yellow 
                 blue 
                 6.0-7.6 
               
               
                 Phenol red 
                 yellow 
                 red 
                 6.8-8.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Other selected indicator materials exhibit fluorescence when contacted with a fluid having a predetermined pH range. Examples of fluorescent indicator materials, as well as the pH ranges at which they fluoresce, are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fluorescent Indicator Material 
                 &lt;4.0-5.0 pH Range 
                 &gt;4.0-5.0 pH Range 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Dichlorofluorescein 
                 no fluorescence 
                 green fluorescence 
               
               
                 Calcein 
                 no fluorescence 
                 green fluorescence 
               
               
                 Fluorescein 
                 no fluorescence 
                 green fluorescence 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Reactant molecules produced by food products undergoing microbial spoilage include acids, bases, aldehydes, sulfur compounds, and their derivatives. The barrier is selected to pass the desired reactant while retaining the indicator and excluding larger, unwanted molecules. Some barriers only pass selected reactant molecules in their non-ionized form so these barrier can be used with only certain food/microbe combinations. For example, as described infra in example 1, a barrier of polyvinyl chloride preferentially passes the non-ionized form of lactic acid. Particular examples of reactant molecules resulting from microbial spoilage include carboxylic acids, such as acetic or lactic acids; acid derivatives such as acetylaldehydes, basic molecules containing nitrogen such as ammonia, urea, and amines (e.g., trimethylamine and small diamines having a molecular weight of less than about 200 daltons) and sulfur containing molecules such as hydrogen disulfide. 
     Various carriers for entrapping an indictor material are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of such carriers include paper (e.g., untreated cellulose), polyamides, cellulose acetate, gels, foams, glass fibers and resins such as ion-exchange resins. The carrier is selected depending upon the type of microbial spoilage and the food. For example, untreated cellulose includes free aldehyde groups so this carrier would not be suitable for the detection of aldehyde reactant molecules. Instead, a carrier formed of cellulose acetate, glass fiber, gelatin, polyacrylic gels or other type of plastics which do not contain free aldehyde groups would be preferred for aldehyde detection. The carriers of the present invention generally have thickness of less than about 1 mm. 
     A variety of barrier sheets which can be used for separating the carrier from fluid contact with the food product are also known in the art. These include various hydrophobic materials, low- or medium- density polyvinyl chlorides, polyethylenes, and other plastics with extractable hexane and monomer levels meeting Food and Drug Administration standards for food wrappings. The barrier sheets preferably have thicknesses in the range of about 1 μm to about 13 μm. 
     The exemplary indicator materials, carriers, barrier sheets and outer layers discussed above are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention. 
     The following non-limiting Examples further illustrate the efficacy of the invention. In each of Examples 1, 2 and 3, aqueous “donor” compartments containing several concentrations of acidic or basic metabolite were separated by a barrier from aqueous “receptor” compartments containing the indicator material. Changes in indicator color were monitored in triplicate as a function of time and acid concentration. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     This Example was designed to show that acids which can be produced in microbial spoilage can trigger visual effects in a spoilage indicator as described herein. Permeation of lactic and acetic acids at different molar concentrations through separating films consisting of food packaging-grade “cling-wrap” polyvinyl chloride films was tested over a 48 hour period. These films were of the type used and sold by supermarkets and had a thickness of 11.4 microns. The Bromocresol purple concentration was 0.001%. The Bromocresol purple is purple at pH 6.8 and yellow at pH 5.2. 
     The results of these experiments are shown in the Table 3. The color code of Table 3 is as follows: Gr=gray; P=purple; and Y=yellow. Significant change of color is indicated in bold. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Color at 
                 0 
                 2 h 
                 4 h 
                 8 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 pH 48 h   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Lactic acid (M) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.01 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 GrP 
                 6.1 
               
               
                 0.03 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 GrP 
                 Y 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 0.05 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 PGr 
                 PY 
                 Y 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 P 
                 P 
                 GrP 
                 GrY 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 0.2 
                 P 
                 YP 
                 GrPY 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 3.6 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Acetic acid (M) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.01 
                 P 
                 GrP 
                 GrPY 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 4.1 
               
               
                 0.05 
                 P 
                 PY 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 P 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data provided clear evidence of permeation, as indicated by indicator color change, a concentration dependence of permeation rate and more rapid permeation of the smaller molecule, acetic acid, as compared with lactic acid. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     The experiment described in Example 1 was repeated except for using a Bromocresol green (0.001%) as the indicator material. The results of this experiment are shown in the Table 4. The indicator is blue at pH 5.2, and yellow at pH 3.6. The color code of Table 4 is as follows: B=blue; G=green; T=turquoise; and Y=yellow. Significant change of color is indicated in bold. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Color at 
                 0 
                 2 h 
                 4 h 
                 8 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 pH 48 h   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Lactic acid (M) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.01 
                 B 
                 T 
                 T 
                 T 
                 T 
                 T 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 0.03 
                 B 
                 T 
                 T 
                 T 
                 T 
                 Lime 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 0.05 
                 B 
                 T 
                 T 
                 T 
                 BG 
                 BYG 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 B 
                 BT. 
                 BT 
                 BYG 
                 Lime 
                 Y 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 0.2 
                 B 
                 BT. 
                 BT 
                 BYG 
                 GY 
                 Y 
                 4.0 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Acetic acid (M) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.01 
                 B 
                 T 
                 TG 
                 TG 
                 BY 
                 Y 
                 4.1 
               
               
                 0.05 
                 B 
                 TGY 
                 PG 
                 GY 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 3.6 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 B 
                 YG 
                 GY 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 4.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Bromocresol purple appeared to provide a higher sensitivity than Bromocresol green for the test system and pH range utilized. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     In this Example, permeation of acetic and lactic acids (0.1 M) through separating films consisting of food packaging-grade “cling-wrap” polyethylene with thicknesses of 12.7 μm was tested over a 48 hour time period. Three different indicator materials, Bromophenol blue (0.001%), Bromocresol green (0.001%), and Bromocresol purple (0.001%), were selected for testing. The results are shown in the Table 5. The color code of Table 5 is as follows: B=blue; G=green; Gr=gray; P=purple; T=turquoise; Y=yellow. Significant change of color is indicated in bold. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Color at 
                 0 
                 2 h 
                 4 h 
                 8 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 pH 48 h   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lactic acid (0.1 M) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bromophenol blue 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 (0.001%) 
               
               
                 Bromocresol green 
                 TB 
                 TB 
                 TB 
                 TB 
                 TB 
                 Y 
                 3.4 
               
               
                 (0.001%) 
               
               
                 Bromocresol 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 purple 
               
               
                 (0.001%) 
               
               
                 Acetic acid (0.1M) 
               
               
                 Bromophenol blue 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 GrB 
                 GRB 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 (0.001%) 
               
               
                 Bromocresol green 
                 TB 
                 TB 
                 T 
                 GT 
                 YG 
                 YG 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 (0.001%) 
               
               
                 Bromocresol 
                 P 
                 P 
                 PGr 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 4.3 
               
               
                 purple 
               
               
                 (0.001%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Bromocresol purple appeared to be the most effective indicator tested under these conditions. Bromophenol blue did not appear very effective because of its low pH range of sensitivity. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     In this Example, different papers were tested to see which worked better as carriers for different indicators. One of the papers tested, onion skin paper, gave sharp spots, but it was too thick and opaque for use. In contrast, cigarette wrapping paper or white tissue paper were preferable to onion skin paper because they were substantially thinner and the color change occurred on both sides almost simultaneously. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     In this Example, permeation of trimethylamine through polyvinyl chloride film, using Phenol red as indicator, was tested over a 24 hour period. In this and the following Examples, the reactant molecules are volatile, permeating through the gas phase. The polyvinyl chloride film was of a food packaging, cling-wrap type. Two (2) μl of 0.01% Phenol red in ethanol was applied onto cigarette wrapper paper and air-dried, yielding a 5-10 mm 2 , pale-yellow spot. The paper was covered by polyvinyl chloride film, forming a sandwich. The sandwich was stretched across the internal surface of the polyethylene stoppers of a Fisher 0333927F vial with the paper toward the stopper and the stopper inserted into a vial containing 15 ml trimethylamine in water. Phenol red is purplish red at pH 8.4 and yellow at pH 6.8. Color was monitored visually through the bottom of the vial at stated times. The impregnated papers were dry at the end of the experiments. The results are shown below in Table 6. The color code of Table 6 is as follows: R=red; and Y=pale yellow. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Color at 
                 0 
                 min 
                 1 h 
                 8 h 
                 16 h 
                 24 h 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Trimethylamine (%; v/v) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 At room temperature 
               
               
                 0.001 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 YR 
                 R 
                 R 
               
               
                 0.0025 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 YR 
                 R 
                 R 
               
               
                 0.01 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 YR 
                 R 
                 R 
                 R 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 Y 
                 R 
                 R 
                 R 
                 R 
                 R 
               
               
                 At 10° C. 
               
               
                 0.001 
                 Y 
                   
                 Y 
                 YR 
                 R 
               
               
                 0.0025 
                 Y 
                   
                 Y 
                 YR 
                 R 
               
               
                 0.01 
                 Y 
                   
                 Y 
                 R 
                 R 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 Y 
                   
                 R 
                 R 
                 R 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Screening experiments performed with ammonium hydroxide solutions indicated faster reaction times than trimethylamine; an expected result since the molecular weight of ammonia is 0.29 that of trimethylamine. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     In this Example, permeation of trimethylamine through polyvinyl chloride film using Bromothymol blue as indicator was tested over a 24 hour period. The polyvinyl chloride film was of the food packaging cling-wrap type. Two (2) μl of 0.01% Bromothymol blue in ethanol was applied onto cigarette wrapper paper and air-dried. As in Example 5, the paper was covered by PVC film forming a sandwich and the sandwich is stretched across the internal surface of the polyethylene stoppers of a Fisher 0333927F vial with the paper toward the stopper and the stopper inserted into a vial containing 15 ml trimethylamine in water. 
     The results of the experiment are provided in Table 7. Bromothymol blue is blue at pH 7.6 and yellow at pH 6.0. Color was monitored visually through the bottom of the vial at stated times. The impregnated papers were dry at the end of the experiments. 
     The color code of Table 7 is as follows: B=blue, G=green, Y=yellow. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Color at 
                 0 
                 min 
                 1 h 
                 8 h 
                 16 h 
                 24 h 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Trimethylamine (%; v/v) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 At room temperature 
               
               
                 0.01 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 G 
                 GB 
                 GB 
                 B 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 Y 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                 0.4 
                 Y 
                 B 
                 BR 
                 B 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As is clearly indicated by the Examples, the present invention provides methods and devices for detecting microbial spoilage in a variety of food products. Because of the simplicity, efficiency, accuracy and wide applicability of the spoilage indicator methods and devices described herein, the present invention presents numerous advantages over the prior art. 
     The invention is not limited by the specific description herein but its scope is governed by the following claims.