Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for vane segment alignment and support in a combustion turbine. The vane segment alignment device is comprised of a rotatable, eccentric bushing and pin which is inserted into a slot of the vane segment. The eccentric bushing is further comprised of a cover plate which is peened to a splined torque plate thus holding the eccentric bushing in place against the vane segment but allowing for fine adjustments of the alignment of the vane segments. The vane segment support and alignment device provides for efficient and economical adjustment of the vane segments especially in electric generating plants where combustion turbines undergo high peak load operation. Additionally, the vane segment support and alignment device transfers torques and moments generated by aerodynamic flow from the vane segments to an inner cylinder thereby reducing the amount of misalignment due to aerodynamic drag.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates generally to combustion or gas turbines, and more particularly to combustion turbines having vane segment support and alignment devices. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Over two thirds of large, industrial combustion turbines (which are also sometimes referred to &#34;gas turbines&#34;) are in electric-generating use. Since they are well suited for automation and remote control, combustion turbines are primarily used by electric utility companies for peak-load duty. Where additional capacity is needed quickly, and where refined fuel is available at a low cost or where the turbine exhaust energy can be utilized, combustion turbines are also used for base-load electric generation. 
     In an electric generating environment, a typical combustion turbine is comprised of four basic portions: (1) an inlet portion; (2) a compressor portion; (3) a combustor portion; and (4) an exhaust portion. Air entering the combustion turbine at its inlet portion is compressed adiabatically in the compressor portion, and is mixed with a fuel and heated at a constant pressure in the combustor portion. Thereafter, the heated air is discharged through the exhaust portion with a resulting adiabatic expansion of the gases completing the basic combustion turbine cycle. This basic combustion turbine cycle is generally referred to as the Brayton or Joule cycle. 
     As is well known, the net output of a conventional combustion turbine is the difference between the power it produces and the power absorbed by the compressor portion. Typically, about two-thirds of combustion turbine power is used to drive its compressor portion. Thus, the overall performance of a combustion turbine is very sensitive to the efficiency of its compressor portion. In order to insure that a highly efficient high pressure ratio is maintained, most compressor portions are of an axial flow configuration having a rotor with a plurality of rotating blades axially disposed along a shaft and interspersed with a plurality of inner shrouded stationary vanes or vane segments which provide a diaphragm assembly having stepped labyrinth interstage seals. 
     A major factor in reducing compressor efficiency can be found in misalignment of the vane segments in a turbine with respect to a stationary cylinder assembly along the axis of the turbine. It is generally desirable to closely align the vane segments radially between the inner and outer cylinders of the turbine unit so that aerodynamic drag on the vane segments is minimized. These aerodynamic forces which act normally and tangentially upon the surfaces of the vane segments generate torques and moments that are desirably transferred to the casing of the combustion turbine rather than through the vane segments themselves. Otherwise, these torques and moments tend to knock the vane segments out of alignment. There has thus been a long-felt need in the art for apparatus and methods which transfer forces generated by aerodynamic air currents to a combustion turbine casing rather than through the vane segments of a combustion turbine. 
     Prior art approaches have utilized vane segments having inner and outer shrouds in a generally low-load environment. This approach utilized a cantilevered vane segment off the outer shroud while permanently fixing the vane segment and shroud to the inner and outer cylinders. However, the prior art approach fails with modern, high-load combustion turbines since the tolerances on the inner and outer cylinders of the turbine do not allow for precision alignment due to the sheer size of the vane segments themselves. Additionally, due to the large sizes of combustion turbines in use today it is impractical and uneconomical to physically remove the vane segments and shrouds from the cylinders in order to manually align the vane segments when aerodynamic forces reduce turbine efficiency. Furthermore, since misalignment of the vane segments in a turbine occurs relatively frequently especially in high-load environments, frequent fine-tuning alignment of the vane segments is impossible with the prior art cantilevered design. 
     Thus, there is a long-felt need in the art for a combustion turbine having adjustable vane segments between an inner and outer cylinder. Aerodynamic drag created by forces acting normally and tangentially upon the vane segments should be minimized by keeping the vane segments aligned radially between the inner and outer cylinders. Furthermore, the alignment of the vane segments in the combustion turbine should be achieved in an economic and efficient manner in the context of a high-load combustion turbine electric generating environment. It is also desirable to provide methods and apparatus for vane segment alignment which transfers torques and moments created by the aerodynamic flow of heated gases into the inner and outer cylinders and casing of the combustion turbine rather than through the vane segments. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly it is a general object of the present invention to provide an improved combustion turbine. More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved compressor vane segment alignment apparatuses for use in such combustion turbines and improved methods of aligning the vane segments between the inner and outer cylinders of the combustion turbine. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a vane segment alignment apparatus which transfers the loads generated by aerodynamic flow of heated gases from the vane segments to the inner and outer cylinders and the casing of the combustion turbine. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method of vane segment alignment in combustion turbines which substantially minimizes misalignment of the vane segments and transfers torques and moments generated by aerodynamic forces on the vane segments to the combustion turbine casing through the inner cylinder. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus which allows for efficient and economical alignment of large combustion turbine vane segments in a high-load electrical generation environment. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method of vane segment alignment in a combustion turbine generating system in an economical and efficient manner. 
     It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for aligning the vane segments between the inner and outer cylinder of a combustion turbine thereby increasing turbine efficiency and electrical generation efficiency. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a vane segment support and alignment device for use in combustion turbines that is readily and inexpensively manufactured by existing technology and is easily installed or replaced with a known combustion turbine. 
     Briefly these and other objects, advantages and novel features according to the present invention are provided in a combustion turbine having an inlet portion, a compressor portion, a combustor portion, an exhaust portion, a plurality of vane segments in the combustor portion, and an outer cylinder for circumferentially and radially fixing one end of the vane segments to the outer cylinder. An inner cylinder is provided for adjustably securing the other end of the vane segments, each vane segment having a slot located on the end of the vane segment adjustably secured to the inner cylinder. Means for aligning the vane segments between the inner and outer cylinders is provided and mounted to the inner cylinder. 
     In accordance with one important aspect of the present invention, misalignment relative to the inner and outer cylinders caused by aerodynamic forces upon the vane segments is substantially eliminated since the vane segment aligning device can be manually activated to position the plurality of vane segment radially between the inner and outer cylinders. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment of the invention aerodynamically induced torques and moments are transferred through torque plates mounted on the inner cylinder rather than through the vane segments thereby reducing dynamic misalignment of the vane segments during turbine operation. Aerodynamically induced torques and moments are ultimately transferred to the turbine casing where they are harmlessly dissipated. Improved alignment of the vane segments in the combustion turbine dramatically improves turbine efficiency, thus reducing costs of electricity production. Additionally, the apparatus for vane segment alignment described in accordance with this invention allows for the efficient and easy adjustment of the vane segments in a minimal amount of time thereby reducing maintenance costs and down time for the combustion turbine. 
     The above and other objects, advantages and novel features according to the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a layout of a typical electric generating plant which utilizes a combustion turbine. 
     FIG. 2 is an isometric view partially cut away of the combustion turbine shown in FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 3 shows one of a plurality of vane segments on a combustion turbine mounted to an inner and outer cylinder. 
     FIG. 4 depicts a preferred embodiment of the vane segment support and alignment device as it engages a vane segment. 
     FIG. 5 is the vane segment support and align device cut along the 5--5 line on FIG. 4. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Combustion turbines are generally comprised of an inlet portion, a compressor portion, a combustor portion, an exhaust portion, and a plurality of vane segments in said combustor portion which are radially and circumferentially fixed on an outer cylinder. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an inner cylinder is supplied wherein the other end of the vane segments are adjustably secured. In further preferred embodiments of the invention each vane segment is slotted on the end which is attached to the inner cylinder. According to the present invention, means for aligning each vane segment between both the inner and outer cylinders is supplied and is mounted to the inner cylinder. 
     Preferably the means for aligning the vane segments is comprised of a means for securing the alignment means to the inner cylinder by, for example, a torque plate. A &#34;torque plate&#34; is herein defined to be a plate which transfers aerodynamic forces and moments to the inner cylinder. In further preferred embodiments the torque plate has a splined center hole. It is also generally desired to provide a rotatable, eccentric bushing which is disposed through said splined center hole such that the rotatable, eccentric bushing will engage the splined center hole when the vane segments are aligned. The rotatable bushing is &#34;eccentric&#34; in that it has at least two distinct diameters rather than being strictly cylindrical. 
     In preferred embodiments according to this invention a threaded cover plate is provided in cooperative relation to the eccentric bushing. The cover plate is mounted to the torque plate such that the one diameter of the eccentric bushing is engageable with the threads of the cover plate while another diameter of the eccentric bushing is engageable with the splines of the torque plate. Thus in preferred embodiments, the eccentric bushing is fixedly and securedly contained against the vane segments thereby holding the vane segments in alignment between the inner and outer cylinders. 
     In still further preferred embodiments of the present invention, a pin is mounted to the one diameter of the eccentric bushing and cooperates with the slot located on the vane segment end adjustably attached to the inner cylinder. The pin acts to provide alignment of the vane segments between the inner and outer cylinders according to the rotation of the eccentric bushing during the alignment process. Furthermore, the bushing, torque plate and cover plate assembly serves to transfer aerodynamically induced torques and forces which tend to put the vane segments out of alignment through the inner cylinder and eventually to the casing of the combustion turbine rather than the vane segments. Thus, the apparatus in accordance with this invention for vane segment alignment in combustion turbines fulfills the long-felt needs in the art for a device which economically and efficiently allows for alignment of the vane segments and for a device which transfers aerodynamically-induced torques and moments to the turbine casing rather than the vane segments. 
     Referring now to the drawings wherein like characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout each of the several views, there is shown in FIG. 1 the layout of a typical electric generating plant 2 utilizing a well-known combustion turbine 4 (such as the model W-501D single shaft, heavy duty combustion turbine that is manufactured by the Combustion Turbine Systems Division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation). As is conventional, the plant 2 includes a generator 6 driven by the turbine 4, a starter package 8, an electrical package 10 having glycol cooler 12, a mechanical package 14 having an oil cooler 16, and an air cooler 18, each of which support the operating turbine 4. Conventional means 20 for silencing flow noise associated with the operating turbine 4 are provided for at the inlet duct and at the exhaust stack of the plant 2, while conventional terminal means 22 are provided at the generator 6 for conducting the generated electricity therefrom. FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the turbine 4 in greater detail. The turbine 4 is comprised generally of an inlet portion 24, a compressor portion 26, a combustor portion 28, and an exhaust portion 30. Air entering the turbine 4 at its inlet portion 24 is compressed adiabatically in a compressor portion 26, and is mixed with a fuel and heated at a constant pressure in the combustor portion 28. The heated fuel/air gases are thereafter discharged from the combustor portion 28 through the exhaust portion 30 with a resulting adiabatic expansion of the gases completing the base combustion turbine cycle. Such a thermodynamic cycle is alternatively referred to as the Brayton or Joule cycle. 
     In order to insure that a desirable, highly efficient and high-pressure ratio is maintained in the turbine 4, the compressor portion 26, like most compressor portions of conventional combustion turbines, is of an axial flow configuration having a rotor 32. The rotor 32 is generally comprised of a plurality of rotating blades 34 which are axially disposed along a shaft 36. The casing 40 generally encloses the entire turbine. 
     In high-load situations, the electric generating plant 2 is required to produce a large amount of electricity. In the high-load situation turbine 4 is operating at peak or near-peak capacity such that aerodynamic flow produced by the hot air and fuel mixture moving from the inlet section 24 on through to the exhaust portion 30 impinges.-on the vane segments 38 in FIG. 3. This flow in turn produces aerodynamically-induced stresses, torques and moments on the vane segments tending to throw them out of alignment. FIG. 3 shows a basic vane segment design wherein the design is comprised of vane segment 38, an outer cylinder 42, and an inner cylinder 44. Vane segment 38 is generally fixedly mounted to outer cylinder 42 at 46. 
     In accordance with this invention, vane segment 38 is provided with a slot 48 whereby vane segment 38 can be aligned between outer cylinder 42 and inner cylinder 44. Alignment of the vane segments is accomplished with the devices and apparatus described in accordance with this invention. Vane segment 38 is held circumferentially and radially with respect to inner cylinder 44 and outer cylinder 42 by the axial positioning of the vane segment relative to the inner and outer cylinder. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, the vane segment support and alignment device is shown. Vane segment,, 38 is adjustably attached to inner cylinder 44. Slot 48 in vane segment 38 is adapted to receive pin 50 such that pin 50 is frictionally held in slot 48. Eccentric bushing 52 mounted to pin 50 is provided thereby allowing pin 50 to adjust vane segment 38 as eccentric bushing 52 is rotated. A threaded cover plate 54 is provided and mounted to eccentric bushing 52 so that eccentric bushing 52 can be rotated to force pin 50 to align vane segment 38. Additionally, a threaded torque plate 56 is mounted to the inner cylinder 44 through vane segment 38 such that the eccentric bushing 52 is secured to the torque plate 56 by the preening of the threads on the torque plate 56 and cover plate 54. 
     The torque plate 56 is provided with a center hole 58 to receive the large diameter end of eccentric bushing 52. Center hole 58 is splined at 60. Pin 50 is also splined at 62 such that, after the vane segment alignment is made, the eccentric bushing 52 is engaged into the spline of the torque plate 60 so that the pin end 50 of bushing 52 is locked into slot 48 of vane segment 38. The splines 60 and 62 are then engaged allowing for fine adjustment of pin 50 relative to the vane segment 38 and slot 48 by minor adjustments and rotations of bushing 52. The bushing and pin assembly limits the axial travel of the vane segment during turbine operation by providing a small axial clearance 64 between torque plate 56 and vane segment 38. Axial clearance 64 is kept to a minimum by the eccentric bushing and pin assembly thereby producing highly accurate alignment of vane segment 38 between inner cylinder 44 and outer cylinder 42. Furthermore, the eccentric bushing and pin assembly maintains the circumferential and radial alignment of vane segment 38 to a high degree of accuracy when thermal growth area 66 between torque plate 56 and vane segment 38 undergoes large fluctuations. In a preferred embodiment, torque plate 56 is secured to inner cylinder 44 with bolts 72. 
     FIG. 5 is a view of the vane segment alignment device viewed along the 5--5 line of FIG. 4. FIG. 5 illustrates the peening and splining arrangement of the eccentric bushing 52 with the torque plate 56 and cover plate 54. The peening area of the torque plate and cover plate is shown at 68. Engagement of the threads 70 of the torque plate 56 and the cover plate 54 is illustrated. Rotation of the eccentric bushing along the threads 70 allows for adjustment of the pin 50 in the slot 48 of vane segment 38. 
     Center hole 58 of torque plate 56 is splined at 60. Pin 50 is splined at 62 in such a manner that pin 50 engages torque plate 56 and locks to eccentric bushing 52 securedly in place after the alignment is made. The splining arrangement allows for the fine adjustment of vane segment 38 relative to the inner and outer cylinders. The vane segment alignment and support device thus satisfies a long-felt need in the art for a device which maintains accurate alignment of vane segments both circumferentially and radially between an inner and outer cylinder of a combustion turbine. 
     In preferred embodiments, a method of manufacturing a gas turbine having a plurality of slotted vane segments with two ends is provided in accordance with this invention. It is generally desired to provide an outer cylinder of a combustion turbine such that one end of the vane segments are radially and circumferentially fixedly mounted to the outer cylinder. It is then generally desired to provide an inner cylinder such that the other end of the vane segments are adjustably mounted to the inner cylinder. In preferred embodiments a plurality of eccentric bushing devices in corresponding cooperative relation with each of the slotted vane segments are provided which can align the vane segments. Using the eccentric bushings, the vane segments are then aligned. 
     There has thus been described apparatus and methods for aligning vane segments in combustion turbines. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the foregoing detailed description of preferred embodiments. Therefore, it will be understood by those with skill in the art that modifications and variations of the described preferred embodiments are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims and that the invention described by the appended claims may be practiced otherwise than as specifically contained herein.