Abstract:
An antenna methodology where a set of antennas are formed that take the shape of a mobile wireless device and can be integrated into the outer housing of the mobile device. Tuning points are integrated into the design to provide the capability to compensate for hand effects and loading while the mobile device and antenna are touched by the user. The body then becomes a part of the antenna and acts as an anchor for the poles within the matching circuit. These antennas are actively tuned based on detection criteria while dynamically tracking system performance. The structure is based on a loaded loop coupled to an isolated magnetic dipole (IMD) element. The loop is actively tuned according to design rules residing in a processor in the mobile device.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of priority with U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/532,822, filed Sep. 8, 2011; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to antenna systems integrated into wireless mobile devices; and in particular to antennas adapted to couple to a user of the device to compensate and optimize the antenna system during use when hand and body loading are occurring. 
     Related Art 
     There is a current need for improved connectivity at cellular and data transmission bands for mobile devices to accommodate the increasing demand for data rates for mobile wireless systems. Improved antenna performance, such as increased efficiency, will translate into increased data rates. A method for increasing antenna system performance in wireless devices is to increase antenna volume; unfortunately, the trend in mobile devices is to decrease overall product size along with increasing the number of functions required to be integrated into the platform. 
     In further complication of the antenna design process, antenna performance needs to be optimized and characterized for several use cases, such as: device against the user&#39;s head, device in hand, and device against the body. 
     Isolated Magnetic Dipole (IMD) antennas are generally formed by coupling one element to another in a manner that forms a capacitively loaded inductive loop, setting up a magnetic dipole mode. This magnetic dipole mode provides a single resonance and forms an antenna that is efficient and well isolated from the surrounding structure. This is, in effect, a self-resonant structure that is de-coupled from the local environment. 
     The overall structure can be considered as a capacitively loaded inductive loop. The capacitance is formed by the coupling between the two parallel conductors with the inductive loop formed by connecting the second element to ground. The length of the overlap region between the two conductors along with the separation between conductors is used to adjust the resonant frequency of the antenna. A wider bandwidth can be obtained by increasing the separation between the conductors, with an increase in overlap region used to compensate for the frequency shift that results from the increased separation. 
     An advantage of the IMD antenna structure is the method in which the antenna is fed or excited. The impedance matching section is almost independent from the resonant portion of the antenna. This leaves great flexibility for reduced space integration. At resonance, a cylindrical current going back and forth around the loop is formed. This generates a magnetic field along the axis of the loop which is the primary mechanism of radiation. The electrical field remains highly confined between the two elements. This reduces the interaction with surrounding metallic objects and is essential in obtaining high isolation. 
     Though de-coupled from the surrounding environment, the IMD antenna will still exhibit de-tuning in terms of frequency shift and/or impedance variations when subjected to external loading, such as body loading by the user during operation of the mobile communication device. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To compensate for frequency and/or impedance shifts due to environmental changes, active tuning components can be coupled to the antenna element or integrated into the matching circuit at the feed port of the antenna to adjust the resonant frequency and/or impedance properties of the antenna. 
     In various embodiments, one or more antennas are embedded into an external structure of a mobile device to minimize volume requirements. 
     The one or more of the antennas may comprise an Isolated Magnetic Dipole (IMD) element used to set up one or more fixed resonances. 
     An internal radiator, one within the device, may be coupled to external radiator, one embedded into the external structure, to form additional resonance which can be tuned to shift into the frequency band of interest when the device is loaded by an external object (user&#39;s hand, head, body) 
     In certain embodiments, one or more tuning elements are integrated along an antenna element and used to compensate for body loading. 
     In another aspect of the invention, an algorithm residing in a processor senses antenna de-tuning due to body loading and sends control signals to the active tuning components to re-tune the antenna for improving a current loading environment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a mobile device with an antenna positioned external to the device. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a mobile device with an antenna positioned external to the device, where a user&#39;s hand is loading the antenna. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an “M” type Isolated Magnetic Dipole (IMD) antenna. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an improved external antenna for integration with a mobile device. 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates the return loss behavior of the antenna described of  FIG. 4  in free space. 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates the return loss behavior of the antenna described of  FIG. 4  as detuned from body loading. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an improved antenna external to a mobile device. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an antenna assembly similar to the antenna shown in  FIG. 6 , with the exception that the second conductor and third conductor are coupled together by an additional conductor, a fourth conductor. 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates the return loss behavior of a tunable antenna. 
         FIG. 8B  illustrates the return loss behavior of the antenna when detuned from body loading. 
         FIG. 8C  illustrates the return loss behavior of the antenna detuned from body loading and re-tuned in accordance with embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where an active component is integrated into the tuning circuit. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where an active component is integrated into the coupling region of the IMD antenna formed by the first and second conductors. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where multiple active tuning components are integrated into the coupling regions of the IMD antenna formed by the first and second conductors. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where multiple active tuning components are integrated into the coupling regions of the IMD antenna formed by the first and second conductors, a processor controls the active tuning components by communicating control signals therewith. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates the concept of applying filter techniques to the region of intersection for the two conductors used to form an external antenna. 
         FIG. 14  shows a four-antenna configuration, where four external antennas are each connected to one of two, two-port transceivers. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates four IMD antennas integrated external to the device. 
         FIG. 16A  illustrates an antenna with an additional conductor coupled the an external IMD antenna. 
         FIG. 16B  illustrates the improvement in bandwidth achieved when an additional conductor is coupled to an external IMD antenna. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional antenna topology used in wireless mobile devices, with the mobile device having an external periphery  10  with an antenna positioned external to the device. The antenna includes a first conductor coupled to a feed, and having a first portion  11  forming a low frequency band radiator, and a second portion  12  forming a high frequency band radiator, the first and second portions are separated at the antenna feed. The antenna can be integrated into an external feature, such as a housing or bezel. A matching circuit  13  is positioned internal to the mobile device and is coupled to the external antenna formed by the first and second portions of the first conductor. The matching circuit is used to impedance match the external antenna. Low frequency and high frequency resonances are shown in the plot of return loss as a function of frequency. The plot shows the corresponding resonances of the first and second conductor portions as well as the frequency bands of interest for which the antenna is designed to operate. The antenna provides a low frequency resonance and a high frequency resonance making up the fundamental resonance pattern  14  of the antenna in free space. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a conventional mobile device with an antenna positioned external to the device, wherein a user&#39;s hand is shown loading the antenna. As a result of hand-loading of the device, the frequency response of the antenna will shift lower in frequency. The device is similar to that of  FIG. 1 , and includes an antenna having a first conductor with first portion  11  and a second portion  12  each positioned external to the device periphery  10 , generally in a bezel or housing portion of the device. A matching circuit  13  is positioned internal to the mobile device and is coupled to the external antenna. The matching circuit is used to impedance match the external antenna. The result of the hand-loading is a shift in the resonant frequency of the antenna, more commonly known as “antenna detuning”. Note that the resonances are detuned outside of the frequency bands of interest as is illustrated in the associated plot in  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an “M” type Isolated Magnetic Dipole (IMD) antenna  21 . A capacitive coupled section  23  is formed by overlapping sections of conductor and results in a radiating portion of the antenna. The antenna further includes a loop  24  formed by the feed terminal  22  and a ground connection  25 . The ground connection  25  is a variable ground connection configured for tuning the ground connection. The loop  24  is adjusted to alter the impedance of the IMD antenna. The antenna further includes a static ground connection  26 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an improved topology for integrating an antenna external to a mobile device. In the periphery of the mobile device  30 , an IMD antenna is formed with the overlap of the first conductor  31  and the second conductor  32 , the overlapping sections form two coupled regions, the first coupled region  34  is used to form a low frequency resonance and the second coupled region  33  is used to form a high frequency resonance. A loop  35  is integrated internal to the mobile device, with the loop coupled to the IMD antenna  31 - 34 . The loop is used to feed the IMD antenna and can be adjusted to impedance match the IMD antenna to the transceiver. The internal loop is dimensioned such that the loop radiates or receives RF signals. The resonant frequency of the loop is adjusted such that the resonance is offset from the resonance of the external IMD antenna. 
       FIGS. 5 (A-B) illustrate the return loss behavior of the antenna described in  FIG. 4 . With the antenna in free space ( 51 ), the low band and high band resonances from the radiator are well centered in the frequency bands of interest. The resonances as adjusted from the internal coupling loop ( 52 ) are shifted high in frequency relative to the fundamental free-space resonances of the radiator ( 51 ) as shown in  FIG. 5A . A second plot, as depicted in  FIG. 5B , shows the downward shift of the resonances ( 55 ) due to body loading, as would be experienced when a mobile device is held in a user&#39;s hand or placed against the user&#39;s head. The resonances ( 53 ; 54 ) of the coupling loop shift lower or less and are well centered with the frequency bands of interest. Thus, the coupling loop provides a mechanism for countering detuning effects from hand and body loading. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an antenna integrated into an external portion of a mobile device. An isolated magnetic dipole (IMD) antenna is formed which contains two coupled sections  64 ;  65 , the first coupled section  64 , formed by the overlap of first conductor  61  and third conductor  63 , is used to form a low frequency resonance and the second coupled section  65 , formed by the overlap of conductor  61  and second conductor  62 , is provided to form a high frequency resonance. A loop  66  is integrated internal to the mobile device, with the loop coupled to the IMD antenna at first conductor  61 . The loop is used to feed the IMD antenna and can be adjusted to impedance match the IMD antenna to the transceiver. The internal loop is dimensioned such that the loop radiates or receives RF signals. The resonant frequency of the loop is adjusted such that the resonance is offset from the resonance of the external IMD antenna. Two coupling regions are formed in the radiator. The second conductor  62  is spaced apart from the third conductor  63 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an antenna assembly similar to the antenna shown in  FIG. 6 , with the exception that second conductor  72  and third conductor  73  are coupled together by an additional conductor, conductor four  74  forming an overlap with each of the second and third conductors, thus forming additional coupling regions and corresponding resonances. First conductor  71  is further configured to overlap with third conductor  73  to form a first coupling region  75 . First conductor  71  is configured to overlap with second conductor  72  to form a second coupling region  76 . The first through fourth conductors are disposed about the periphery  70  of the mobile device. A feed is coupled to first conductor  71 , and a coupling loop  79  is coupled to the feed. 
       FIGS. 8 (A-C) illustrate the return loss behavior of a tunable antenna, such as shown in  FIG. 9 . The first graph, as illustrated in  FIG. 8A , shows the free space response of multiple tuning states  80 ;  81 ;  82 . The second graph, as illustrated in  FIG. 8B , shows a free space resonance ( 83 ) and how it is degraded by body loading effects ( 84 ). The third graph, as illustrated in  FIG. 8C , shows how tuning the antenna ( 85 ) can be used to compensate for body loading effects ( 86 ). 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where an active component  96  is integrated into the tuning circuit. The active component  96  is used to dynamically alter the impedance properties of the external radiator. The active component  96  can also be used to adjust the frequency response of the external radiator. The external radiator includes the first conductor  91  coupled to the second conductor  92 , each of the first and second conductors disposed about the periphery  90  of the mobile device. Each end of the conductors overlaps with one another to form a first coupling region  94  and a second coupling region  93 . A coupling loop  95  is coupled to the antenna feed and active component  96 , each of which being further coupled to the first conductor  91 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where a second active component  97  is integrated into the coupling region of the IMD antenna formed by the first and second conductors  91 ;  92 , respectively. A first active component  96  is also integrated into the tuning circuit. The active tuning components  96 ;  97  are used to dynamically alter the impedance properties of the external radiator (first and second conductors  91 ;  92 ). The active tuning components can also be used to adjust the frequency response of the external radiator. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where multiple active tuning components  97   a ;  97   b  are integrated into the coupling regions of the IMD antenna formed by the first and second conductors  91 ;  92 , respectively. Two active tuning components  96   a ;  96   b , are also integrated into the tuning circuit. The active tuning components are used to dynamically alter the impedance properties of the external radiator. The active tuning components can also be used to adjust the frequency response of the external radiator. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an external antenna configuration coupled to an internal tuning circuit, where multiple active tuning components  104   a ;  104   b  are integrated into the coupling regions of the IMD antenna formed about the device periphery  100  by the first and second conductors  101 ;  102 , respectively. A list of sensor types is designated, where the sensors  107  provide inputs to a processor  106 . The processor provides control signals  105  to the active tuning components  104   a ;  104   b  coupled to the antenna and the tuning circuit, respectively. One or more active tuning components  104   a  are also integrated into the tuning circuit. The active tuning components are used to dynamically alter the impedance properties of the external radiator. The active tuning components can also be used to adjust the frequency response of the external radiator. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates the concept of applying filter techniques to the region of intersection for the two conductors  101 ;  102  used to form an external antenna, herein termed the “coupling region  108 ”. By altering the gap and configuration of the conductors in the region of overlap, filtered responses can be realized. Example filter topologies  111 ;  112 ;  113  are illustrated, these filters can be implemented at the coupling region. 
       FIG. 14  shows a four antenna Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) configuration, where four external antenna condcuctors  111 ;  112 ;  113 ;  114  disposed about the periphery of the mobile device  110  are connected to two, two-port transceivers (TXCR 1  and TXCR 2 ). Tuning circuits, including coupling loops  116 ( a - d ), are connected to each antenna conductor, and active tuning components  117 ( a - d ) are integrated into each tuning circuit. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates four IMD antennas integrated external to the device in a MIMO configuration similar to  FIG. 14 . Tuning circuits, including coupling loops  116 ( a - d ), are connected to each antenna conductor  111 - 114 , and active tuning components  117 ( a - d ) are integrated into each tuning circuit. Here, additional conductors  118 ;  119  are provided to each extend between two of the antenna conductors  111 - 114 , forming overlapping coupling regions at each terminal end as shown. 
       FIGS. 16 (A-B) illustrate the improvement in bandwidth achieved when an additional conductor is coupled to an external IMD antenna. An additional resonance at the upper frequency band can be generated by coupling an additional conductor to one of the conductors in the IMD antenna.  FIG. 16A  shows a mobile device with a first antenna conductor  121  and a second antenna conductor  122  disposed about the periphery  120  of the device. The first and second conductors overlap at two ends, forming two coupling regions. At one of the coupling regions, a third conductor  123  is disposed and connected to ground, the third conductor  123  provides an additional resonance.  FIG. 16B  shows the additional resonance  126  provided by the third conductor  123 . 
     In an embodiment of the invention, an antenna system comprises: an isolated magnetic dipole (IMD) antenna; and a tuning conductor or coupling loop. The IMD antenna is integrated into the external features of a device. The tuning conductor is integrated internal to the device. A feed port is coupled to the tuning conductor, and the tuning conductor in turn is coupled to the IMD element. The IMD element is configured to form a resonance at a desired frequency when the antenna is in free space conditions with no external loading applied. The tuning conductor is configured to form a resonance at a frequency that is shifted higher in frequency when the antenna is in free space conditions prior to applying external loading to the device. The resonant frequency of the tuning conductor is chosen such that the resonant frequency shifts into the desired frequency band when external loading is applied to the device. The combination of the external IMD antenna and the internal tuning conductor provide optimal radiating properties when the device is operated in free space condition and when an external load such as the user&#39;s hand or head is applied to the device. 
     In certain embodiments, one or multiple active tuning components are coupled to the tuning conductor for use in adjusting the resonant frequency of the tuning conductor. 
     Alternatively, the one or multiple active tuning components may be coupled to the isolated magnetic dipole antenna for use in altering the electrical length, resonant frequency, and/or impedance properties of the antenna. 
     The active tuning components may further comprise a switch, FET, MEMS device, or a component that exhibits active capacitive or inductive characteristics, or any combination of these components. 
     Although in many circumstances an IMD antenna may be a preferred radiating structure due to the superior isolation of the IMD element, the antenna element may alternatively comprise a monopole, dipole, inverted F antenna (IFA), Planar F antenna (Pifa), or loop. The invention is not restricted to the antenna types listed. 
     In certain embodiments, an antenna system comprises: two or more isolated magnetic dipole (IMD) antennas; and one or more tuning conductors or coupling loops. The IMD antennas are integrated into the external features of a device. The one or more tuning conductors are integrated internal to the device. One or multiple transceiver ports are coupled to the tuning conductors, and the tuning conductors are in turn coupled to the IMD antennas. The IMD antennas are configured to form a resonance at a desired frequency when the antenna is in free space conditions with no external loading applied. The one or more tuning conductors are configured to form a resonance at a frequency that is shifted higher in frequency when the antenna that the tuning conductor is coupled to is in free space conditions prior to applying external loading to the device. The resonant frequency of the tuning conductor is chosen such that the resonant frequency shifts into the desired frequency band when external loading is applied to the device. The combination of the external IMD antennas and the internal one or more tuning conductors provide optimal radiating properties when the device is operated in free space condition and when an external load such as the user&#39;s hand or head is applied to the device. 
     One or more active tuning components may be coupled to the one or more tuning conductors for use in adjusting the resonant frequency of each conductor. 
     Alternatively, one or more active tuning components are coupled to one or more isolated magnetic dipole antennas for use in altering the electrical length, resonant frequency, and/or impedance properties of the antenna or antennas. 
     In each of these embodiments, the active tuning components may comprise any of: a switch, FET, MEMS device, or a component that exhibits active capacitive or inductive characteristics, or any combination of these components.