Abstract:
A method and apparatus are described for providing initialization in large storage systems as a background function, upon demand, and upon receipt of write requests. The initialization may be carried out under control of the hard disk drive itself, a storage controller, or both systems. The initialization is performed transparently to the host computer making operation of the storage system immediately after it is coupled to the host feasible.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to storage systems, and in particular a method and apparatus for preparing storage systems for initial use.  
           [0002]    Modern storage systems are capable of storing thousands of gigabytes of data using large numbers of hard disk drives or other storage media. When the system is first used, however, it is necessary that the system be physically initialized by having each of the hard disk drives or other media suitably prepared for use. This operation is often referred to as “formatting” the storage media. Initializing or formatting positions various markers on the hard disk drives to designate where information is to be stored. It usually also is used to write desired “null” data onto the disk to assure that all of the bits are in a defined state. The null data may consist of a pattern of 0&#39;s, or 1&#39;s, or some mixture of the two. Sometimes this initialization process is also done after the system has been in operation for a period of time, for example to reset the system or to remove information from the disks that is no longer wanted, etc. Initializing large storage systems can require many hours, precluding their use by the user or the system within which they are installed, until all of the hard disk drives are initialized. This is undesirable.  
           [0003]    Some initialization techniques do not rewrite all of the data regions on the disk, instead clearing only the directory information—in effect removing data from the disk by removing an entry in the index to allow that location to be later reused. Such procedures have become known as “quick” initialization or formatting. These procedures require that the disk have been initialized at some prior time. In addition, quick initialization has a disadvantage of leaving data on the disk. Thus, a “read operation” to a portion of the disk in which only the directory was initialized, may result in the return of incorrect data.  
           [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,467,023 describes a method for creating logical units in a RAID storage system and making those units immediately available. Although its purpose is similar to that described herein, it does not describe operations for unformatted areas of the disk. It also does not teach initializing as a background operation. A background copy may be implemented using details of the “Flash Copy” capability described in the IBM RedBook “Implementing ESS Copy Services on S/390” at section 4.8.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    Broadly speaking, this invention provides a technique by which the initialization operation for a storage system is performed in a manner which allows the storage system to be installed and used immediately, appearing to the user that the system has previously been initialized. One approach to achieving this is for the initialization to be performed as a interruptible background job, either automatically or upon receipt of special commands. In implementing either approach, the storage system includes a pointer and a bit map. The pointer is used to point to a next area of the disk drive that has not yet been initialized, while the bit map is used to store a map of the initialization status of all regions of the drive, indicating whether each has been initialized. Any data targeted at such non-initialized regions is stored in a cache until the targeted region is ready to receive that data. Once the targeted region is ready to receive that data, then the data is written to the media. In the meantime, the system has been able to proceed with the next requested operation.  
           [0006]    In implementing the techniques described herein, special procedures are used for read and write operations, and for initialization. In a read operation, the requested address is first checked to determine whether it falls within an area of the disk drive (or other media) which has previously been initialized. If the area has been initialized and updated, i.e. data has been written to that block, then data is returned from the disk in a conventional manner. If the requested address has not yet been initialized, then the cache memory is checked. If the bit map indicates that the particular block of data sought has been updated, then the data is returned from that block. On the other hand, if the bit map indicates that the block of data has not yet been updated, then null data is returned.  
           [0007]    The write operations are carried out in a similar manner to the read operations. When a write is to occur, the system first checks the requested address to see if it is available, i.e. has been initialized. If the area for the write has already been initialized, then the data is written onto the disk in a conventional manner. On the other hand, if the data location has not yet been initialized, then the data is written to a cache for storage until that region of the disk is initialized. After initialization, then the data is written from the cache onto the disk.  
           [0008]    Thus, generally speaking, whenever an operation is carried out on the disk, if the block where that operation is to be carried out has already been initialized, then the initialization step is skipped. If it has not already been initialized, then the initialization step is performed prior to writing the data to the disk. These approaches result in the storage system being available for use essentially immediately after being connected. Thus, in one embodiment a method for preparing storage media in a storage system for data to be written to the storage media includes a step of preparing the storage system incompletely before operation of the system begins.  
           [0009]    In another embodiment, a method of reading data from a storage system which has not been completely initialized includes the steps of checking the address from which data is to be read, and if that address is located in an initialized area, providing the data. On the other hand, if that address is located in an area which has not been initialized, then other storage is checked and the data returned from that other storage, typically a cache memory.  
           [0010]    The method of writing data to a storage system which has not been completely initialized includes steps of checking the address to which the data is to be written and, if the address is located in an initialized area, then writing the data. On the other hand, if the address is located in an un-initialized area of the storage system, then the data is maintained in the cache until that region is initialized. The storage system for implementing this approach includes media for storing data in response to commands from host units, the media requiring initialization before it can be used for the storage of data. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 illustrates a basic configuration for implementation of the invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration in more detail;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the initialization process;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a write operation;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a first write operation;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a third write operation;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a read operation;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating another read operation;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a further read operation;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a system configuration;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a bit map;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating another configuration;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating a resume operation;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a first resume operation;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a second resume operation;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a third resume operation; and  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating background initialization. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0028]    [0028]FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a basic configuration of a portion of a storage system in which this invention may be implemented. FIG. 1 illustrates two memories  101 ,  102  and storage media  103  for storing data. Typically storage media  103  is a hard disk drive. The memories are usually semiconductor memories, for example DRAM, SRAM, flash, etc. Memory  101  provides a work area  104  used to handle (or buffer) read and write requests. Work area  104  is often referred to as a cache memory. Memory  102  maintains a bit map  105  and a pointer  106 . The bit map  105  provides a representation of the initialization status of the media, while the pointer  106  points to an initial portion of the media awaiting initialization.  
         [0029]    Generally, in the operation of media such as hard disk drive  103 , it is necessary for the media to be initialized before it can store data. The initialization step often places sector, track or other information on the media to provide an identifying location for storage of information, and usually checks the status of each storage location on the media to assure that it is functional. Initialization of the media in this manner is often termed “formatting.” In the system depicted in FIG. 1, the media has been divided into a series of what are referred to herein as “chunks”  107  which are of arbitrary size. For example, each one of the chunks or storage regions within the storage area  107  can be a sector, a block, a  1  megabyte area, or some arbitrary amount of storage as defined by the storage system. Within memory  102 , the bit map maintains a record of the initialization status of each chunk of the media. In a preferred embodiment, each bit within the bit map indicates whether that corresponding portion of the storage media has been initialized. Thus, an external apparatus, for example a storage controller, can check the bit map and readily determine the initialization status of each chunk  107  of media  103 .  
         [0030]    While in the illustrated embodiment memory  102  is shown as storing only a bit map and a pointer, in some implementations it will store additional information, for example, a particular pattern of initialization data to be written. Often, when media is formatted, a particular data pattern is written to the media to assure its proper functionality. For example, a pattern of alternating 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s might be written to the media. Pointer  106  points to the next portion  108  of the media to be initialized the initialization is carried out an ordinary sequential operation. (As will be explained below any arbitrary order may be employed.) The pointer  106  may also be used to indicate where a resume operation should begin if the initialization process is interrupted. This eliminates the need to reinitialize the entire disk if there is an external power failure or reset operation. In a preferred embodiment media  103  will be a volume which was defined by the storage controller in the storage system.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a first system configuration. The system of FIG. 2 illustrates an overall storage system within which this invention may be situated. Shown in FIG. 2 is a host  201 , a storage controller  202 , and a series of disk drives  203 . The disk drives are usually arranged as a RAID or similar type system. Generally the host will send commands to the storage controller to write data to, or read data from, the disk drives  203 , to retrieve information at the request of some external computer (not shown). For example, the external computer may be a terminal at an airline reservations office and the disk drives may store the passenger and ticket information. Typically the host and storage controller communicate with each other over a channel  204 , and there may be multiple storage controllers and multiple hosts, depending upon the particular system configuration. Channel  204  can be a Fibre channel, ESCON, SCSI, GE or other channel implementation. Host  201  and channel  204  are well known commercially available components.  
         [0032]    Storage controller  202  itself includes a series of components such as memory  206 , memory  211 , channel controller  207 , disk controller  208  and an internal bus system  209 . The channel controller  207  and disk controller  208  regulate communications between the storage controller and the host and between the storage controller and the disk drives  203  over bus  205 . An architecture for a storage controller such as depicted may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,689,729 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,681. Also see U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,528 which describes a method and apparatus for recording and reproducing using a dual head structure and U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,500 which describes a disk drive control unit.  
         [0033]    The memory  206  within the storage controller  202  typically will comprise a non-volatile memory, for example, a flash memory. Alternatively DRAM or SRAM or other memory may be employed with battery backup systems or the like to assure that information is not lost in the case of power failure. The memory  206  includes a cache memory  210  for buffering read and write operations, and a separate memory  211  to provide the initialization status bit map and functionality described in conjunction with FIG. 1. These memories are connected via internal bus  209  to the controllers  207  and  208 . Busses such as bus  209  are well known, and may be implemented as a bus or as a switch. The disk drives  203  can be configured as a redundant array, for example, RAID or in other configurations. The disk drives are connected via disk bus  205 , which can also be a Fibre channel, a SCSI bus, or an ATA bus to provide interconnections. Generally, storage controller  202  will translate between the logical disk addresses which the host  201  employs and the physical disk addresses used in the disk drives  203 .  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a preferred initialization process of this invention employed with the storage system shown in FIG. 2 This process is implemented in situations in which the full array of disk drives  203  is not desired to be completely initialized before use of the system, i.e. situations wherein the disk drives are to be made available for use immediately. For example, the procedure may be employed when a new storage system, such as depicted in FIG. 2, is added to an existing operational larger system already in operation.  
         [0035]    The initialization process in FIG. 3 begins with a step of receiving an initialization command at step  301 . This command may be a manual command, for example, as triggered by the administrator of the system using a management console or a remote console, or it may be an inbound command generated by an external computer system. Examples of such external commands are the SCSI command “Format Unit” or the ATA command “CFA Erase Sectors.” In response, the initialization process will typically write all 0&#39;s data to the storage, but other arbitrary data patterns also may be employed, depending upon the preferences of the administrator and/or the storage system design.  
         [0036]    At step  302  the initialization process begins. The first step is to initialize the control data stored in memory  211 . In this step all the bits in the bit map are set to indicate that none of the disk drives or chunks of disk drives reflected by that bit map have been initialized. At step  303  a report is generated that the initialization request has been received and acted upon. Upon receipt of this report, the storage controller and the host know that this volume or storage subsystem can receive and process requests made to it. For example, reads and writes to the disk may begin. Of course, the initialization operation itself has not been completed, however, from the point of view of the overall system employing this invention, the disk(s) is now in an operational condition. Of course, in systems not employing the invention described herein, the notification of completion of initialization would not occur until after the process actually has been completed.  
         [0037]    Steps  304  to  309  shown in FIG. 3 describe the main procedure for initialization of the disk(s). At step  304  the storage controller  202  checks the bit map for the chunk which is to be initialized. If the appropriate bit in the bit map has been set, it means that this chunk has already does not need to be initialized. If that is the case, as shown by the “yes” line from block  304 , the storage controller skips initialization of the chunk and increments the pointer  308  to point to the next chunk, at which the initialization may continue. On the other hand, if at step  304  the chunk has been determined not to have been initialized, the process flow moves to step  305  where the chunk is locked. Locking the chunk prevents it from being used by other processes. Data would be lost if the chunk is initialized after being partially written or read.  
         [0038]    At step  306  the chunk is initialized, for example having the desired data pattern written to it. Next, at step  307  that chunk is unlocked or released and available for use. After the pointer is incremented at step  308 , a test is made at step  309  as to whether all of the desired area has been initialized. If it has not, the flow returns back to the updated step  304  for the next chunk. On the other hand, if all of the desired area has been initialized, then the control data in memory  211  is appropriately revised and the process concluded. By performing the initialization in the manner depicted in FIG. 3, the initialization process may be done during low load time periods. For example, initialization may be performed only during late night hours, and suspended during the day.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a preferred embodiment of the write process as it is carried out before the&#39;system is completely initialized. After the system is completely initialized, this procedure may continue to be used, or operation of the system can return to normal write operation such as in the prior art. The write operation described in conjunction with FIG. 4 is the operation in which user data is written to the storage volumes, as opposed to the writing of null data during initialization. The write operation begins step  401  by locking the chunk. If the write request is associated with more than one chunk, then, using the process shown in FIG. 4, the same locking operation is performed by the storage controller  202  for all of the chunks.  
         [0040]    As shown by step  402 , the next process is to determine whether the chunk has been initialized. If it has, then the process flow moves to step  408  and data is written into the location, and the chunk is released for normal operation thereafter at step  409 . The circumstance reflects an operation very similar to a normal write request in a conventional product—except as to the determination of whether the chunk has been initialized.  
         [0041]    Should the chunk have been determined at step  402  not to be initialized, the process moves to step  404  where it is determined whether the data for the chunk has been updated. If it does require writing (updating), then a memory is allocated at step  403  for the write request. In this case, the amount of memory needed is approximately the size of the data to be written. If the chunk is neither initialized, nor updated, then the process flow moves to the step  405  in which the bit in the bit map is set for the chunk. At step  406  memory is allocated, and at step  407 , the chunk is initialized. Finally, at step  408  data will be written to the chunk by being written to the cache memory in memory  210 . At a later time the data from the cache will copied onto the hard disk. Once the data is written in the cache, the chunk is released from the write operation at step  409 . This operation is described further below.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a write operation when the write is directed to an address which is in the initialized area  107  of media  103 . Using the process shown in FIG. 4 in steps  401 ,  402 ,  403 ,  408  and  409 , a write is first performed to cache memory  104  as shown by the arrow labeled “1” in FIG. 5. At a later time under a control of the storage controller, an operation “2” is performed to write that data from memory  101  into media  103  as illustrated.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the write process when the address is in an un-initialized area  108  of media  103 . As shown by the illustration, the first step is to prepare a chunk sized portion  104  within memory  101  to receive the user data shown by step  2  in FIG. 6. The data is then written into the chunk of the memory and held there. The portions of the memory  104  not holding user data are written at a suitable time with the desired initialization pattern for the media  103 . In a parallel operation, or later, a chunk sized portion of block  108  requiring initialization is initialized. This is performed using the process described above in FIG. 4, and the bitmap is made current (step  3 ). At a convenient later time data is written from memory  101  into media  103  at the targeted location shown by step  4 . In essence, in FIG. 6, all of the chunk  104  in memory  101  is suitably written and then all of that chunk is copied into the media  103  to thereby store the initialization data pattern and the user data for the entire chunk. For example, the portions of chunk  104  outside the user data (shown by cross-hatching) will be written with all zeros or whatever pattern is desired.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 7 is a diagram which illustrates a detail of the write process when the request is to an un-initialized area, but a chunk which has already been updated from the host  201 . This illustration reflects the process of FIG. 4 by steps  401 ,  402 ,  404 ,  403 ,  408  and  409 . The process shown in FIG. 7 is in essence a normal write operation in which the desired data is written into cache memory  104  in a first step, then written into the media  103  in a second step at a later time.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating the read process. At the first step  801  the area from which data is to be read is locked. If more than one chunk is to be read, then all chunks to be read are locked as well. Next at step  802  a determination is made as to whether the addressed area has been updated. If it has already been updated, then the storage controller stages data from the disk drive  203  as shown by step  804 . This returns the data to the storage controller and is essentially a normal read operation. On the other hand, if the area from which data is to be read has not be updated, then the storage controller returns initialized data at step  803  without staging it from the disk drive  203 . In other words, the initialized data pattern is returned. Finally, as shown by step  805 , the locked area is unlocked and the process proceeds on to the next operation.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating details of the read process when a read request is made to a region which has already been updated. These are steps  801 ,  802 ,  803  and  805  from FIG. 8. In this situation the read operation is a normal read operation with data being staged from the hard disk drive  103  and provided to the cache memory  104  in a first step. In a later step  2  the data is transferred from the memory  104  to the host.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the read process when a request is to an area which has not been initialized. This figure corresponds to processes  801 ,  802 ,  804  and  805  in FIG. 8. In this case the read operation is different from a normal read operation and the storage controller obtains from the memory just the initialization data pattern, i.e., the typically all “0” data pattern. Thus, only a single step is required after the data is loaded into the memory.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIGS. 3 through 10 generally describe background initialization. In other words, in the process described in conjunction with these figures, initialization is performed while the system is operating normally, at least from the perspective of the host. Therefore the read and write operations appear to the host to be performed in the normal manner. In an alternative implementation referred to herein as “initialize on write” the initialization is triggered by receipt of a write request to a given area. Initialization does not occur in the background, instead occurring only when writes are requested to particular chunks. Initialize on write can be implemented with steps  301 ,  302  and  303  in FIG. 3 and with FIGS. 4 through 10. Steps  304  through  309  in FIG. 3 are unnecessary.  
         [0049]    In the implementations described above, the storage controller has provided the apparatus for implementing the initialization methods discussed. Continuing advances in processor power, however, have now resulted in some disk drives including internal processors. In these disk drives it is possible to off-load functions like initialization from the storage controller and move them down into the disk drives. This reduces overload on the storage controllers. Such an implementation is shown in FIG. 11. As evident from that figure, the structure of the system is almost identical to that discussed above, except that memories  1101  and  1102  and bit map  1103  now all reside in the disk drive. As before, these memories may be volatile or non-volatile. Because they reside in the disk drive, however, implementation of the memories may consist of using reserved regions of the hard disk drive media itself to store the bit map and control information. In some such implementations it is also possible for the host to connect directly to the disk drive without an intervening storage controller. The architecture of a disk drive suitable for use in this invention is described in several patents. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,528; U.S. Pat, No. 5,109,500; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,528.  
         [0050]    In implementations using disk drives with internal processors, the operating procedures are essentially the same as in the storage controller configurations already described. The disk drive  203  operates like a storage system  202  for the initialization procedure. Media  1105  provides the control data. Thus, for example, in procedure  308 , the disk drive  203  saves the pointer  106  by updating it onto the media. At procedure  405  the disk drive  203  saves the portion of the bit map  105 , which is also updated by being stored on the media  1105 .  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 12 illustrates a preferred embodiment of one example for a data layout of the disk drive  203  in an implementation where the media stores the pointer and the bitmap. By storing the control data at the end portion of the disk  203  it will not require address changing, and consumes only a small portion of the media. In FIG. 12 the bit map  1204  is illustrated, as well as the region  1203  where the pointer location, chunk size, and other desired information may be stored. As depicted, this region is at the end of the address range for the disk. For the depicted implementation a 25 k byte bit map is needed for a 200 gigabyte drive where one bit is used for each one megabyte sized chunk.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a third approach to the structure of the system. As already described, in the first approach a storage controller maintains the bit map and control data, while in the second approach the disk drives themselves maintain that information. The embodiment depicted in FIG. 13 is a hybrid in which two bitmaps are used to reduce the number of write operations to maintain the control data. (In the previous implementation write operations are required to store the control data on the hard disk drive media itself.)  
         [0053]    In FIG. 13 the storage controller  202  maintains the control data, gerierally being advantageous because storage controller  202  is usually more reliable than disk drive  203 . Thus the control data can be used despite a failure at the disk drive level. The disk drive  203 , however, acts as a disk drive  203  in the second configuration, but just does not save the control data onto the media  1304 .  
         [0054]    In this implementation the storage controller maintains bit map  105  and handles all of the requests to the volume being initialized. This makes it easy to snoop the request for the purpose of updating the bit map  105 , which can thereby be updated every time a write command is made to the volume being initialized. In addition, a pointer  106  allows a resume operation. This eliminates the need for re-initializing the entire disk if there&#39;s a failure in the middle of the initialization procedure. Of course, there may be such a difference between the delayed pointer and the storage controller  202  to require initializing the entire disk again. The information regarding the pointer can be made current using vendor unique commands or messages in the status of a request to the disk drive.  
         [0055]    Another concern with the embodiment in FIG. 13 is that the disk drive  203  in the storage controller  202  need to have the same set-up data, such as chunk size and disk size. This can be achieved by having a default setting, but then using an inbound protocol such as the SCSI or ATA “mode set/select” command.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating a resume operation. If a disk drive  203  fails it may not be usable again. In this case data in the disk drive needs to be reconstructed using redundant data, for example provided by the RAID configuration for use and storage in a new disk drive. This is referred to as a resume operation. In FIG. 14 a first step is to power on the disk drive at step  1401 . This will usually be done by the storage controller  202 . After it occurs the storage controller checks whether the disk drive  203  is available or not, as shown by step  1402 . If the disk drive is available, the control data such as the bit map and pointer are down loaded, and the initialization procedure is resumed at step  1404 . On the other hand, if the disk is not available at step  1402 , then the disk failure is reported and the procedure ends.  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 15 is a diagram which illustrates the resume operation under normal conditions. In this case the bit map in the storage controller  202  is made current and will be the same as the bit map in the disk drive  203 . The pointers, however, will not necessarily agree with the storage controller  202  pointer sometimes being out of date compared to the pointer within the hard disk drive  203 .  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 16 illustrates the situation after the failure occurs. As shown, the control data in the memory of the disk drive have been lost by the failure. The storage controller  202 , however, has maintained the control data in its memory, preferably a non-volatile memory. After the hard disk drive restarts, the storage controller  202  downloads the control data from the storage controller back to the hard disk drive  203 .  
         [0059]    This operation is shown by FIG. 17 which illustrates the situation after the control data has been downloaded into the disk drive  203 . The bit map remains the same as before the failure, however, the pointer will be behind the true state of the operation. In the illustration, the pointer is two chunks behind, and it will be necessary for those two chunks to be re-initialized. Meanwhile, the bit map keeps status information and the pointer will have reduced the initialization time, particularly if the disk was almost finished at the time of the failure.  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 18 illustrates another approach to overcoming the initialization delay discussed herein. If the storage controller has local copy functionality it can copy data in the background. This enables the storage controller to use the “local copy” as a background initialization process. To begin, at least one volume which has been fully initialized is required. A local pair is created using the initialized volume A and non-initialized volume B. After volume B is accessible from the host, a copy operation from volume A to volume B can be done as a background operation. At the conclusion of that operation volume B will have been initialized to match volume A.  
         [0061]    The table below summarizes the various configurations and operations. The columns represent the three configurations discussed above, one in which the storage controller handles the initialization procedure, one in which the disk drive provides that function, and the hybrid approach. The rows of the table designate the locations for the various memories, the media, and the control of the initialization operation.  
                                                                         Configuration 1   Configuration 2   Configuration 3           Storage Controller   Disk Drive   Hybrid                                    Cache Memory   Controller   Disk Drive   Disk Drive       Location       Bitmap/Pointer   Controller   Media of the   Controller and       Memory Location       Disk Drive   Memory at                   the Disk Drive       Media   Disk Drive   Media   Media       Initialize   At Controller   At Disk Drive   At Disk Drive       Operation                  
 
         [0062]    Each of the embodiments of this invention provides unique advantages in comparison to prior art apparatus and systems for initialization of storage systems. Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described above, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims.