Abstract:
The present invention provice a device (FIG.  3 ) for providing communication through power lines (FIG.  2 ) comprised of multiple conductors by transmitting the data signals through a plurality of the conductors. One embodiment of the present invention comprises a transmit circuit communicatively coupled to a first conductor for applying the first voltage representing the data to the first energized conductor; the transmit circuit communicatively coupled to a second conductor for applying the second voltage representing the data to the second energized conductor; wherein the second voltage signal is opposite in polarity of the first voltage.

Description:
[0001]    The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/649,436, filed Feb. 1, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a gastric retention and/or controlled release delivery system that includes a delivery agent compound. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Conventional means for delivering drugs are often severely limited by biological, chemical, and physical barriers. Typically, these barriers are imposed by the environment through which delivery occurs, the environment of the target for delivery, and/or the target itself. Examples of physical barriers include the skin, lipid bi-layers and various organ membranes that are relatively impermeable to certain drugs but must be traversed before reaching a target, such as the circulatory system. Chemical barriers include, but are not limited to, pH variations in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and degrading enzymes. These barriers are of particular significance in the design of oral delivery systems. Oral delivery of many drugs often requires greater amounts of drug to be administered than if the drug were administered by a different route. 
         [0004]    In addition to these physical barriers, there are barriers with regard to site of active agent absorption. Certain agents are only absorbed in the stomach or in the small intestine and the passage of particles through this area is generally complete within three to five hours, regardless of particle size, dosage form (e.g. liquid, microencapsulated) or presence of food. This transit time may provide a window of opportunity that is too short to facilitate the absorption of therapeutic quantities of active agent. Such agents require administration of frequent doses, an inconvenience and expense to patients and clinicians, and which often results in non-compliance by the patient and failure of therapy. 
         [0005]    Controlled release dosage forms typically provide prolonged release of active agents and constant rate of delivery of active agents. However, it is often preferable to have deliver the active agent to a targeted site or sites, such as the stomach, duodenum or small intestine. 
         [0006]    Previous patents and published applications describe several formulations which are retained in the stomach for prolonged periods of time. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,797,283, U.S. Pat. No. 4,851,232, U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,548, U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,627, U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,843, U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,790, U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,837, International Published Application No. WO 99/07342, U.S. Pat. No. 4,290,426 U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,440, U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,177, U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,057, U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,263, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770, 3,995,631, 4,034,756, 4,111,202, 4,320,755, 4,327,725, 4,449,983, 4,765,989, 4,892,778, 4,940,465, 4,915,949, and 5,126,142. Each of these patents and applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0007]    There remains a need for oral pharmaceutical formulations of active agents which provide prolonged and controlled delivery to areas of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly for agents which need to be retained in the stomach and/or which are not normally bioavailable by the oral route. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active agent, a delivery agent compound, and at least one of a swellable polymer, a release controlling polymer, or a mucoadhesive. Active agents which can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include heparin, insulin, human growth hormone (hGH), parathryoid hormone, and biologically active fragments, analogs, and metabolites thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions containing a swellable polymer and/or a microadhesive are retained in the stomach for an extended period of time, thereby delivering more active agents through the stomach than a similar composition without the swellable polymer or microadhesive. Because active agents in the presence of a delivery agent compound are generally better absorbed in the stomach than other areas of the gastrointestinal tract, retention of the pharmaceutical composition in the stomach results in improved absorption and bioavailability of the active agent. 
         [0009]    Preferably, the pharmaceutical formulation is orally administered. For example, the oral pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention may be administered once-a-day, once-a-week, or once-a-month. In other embodiments, the formulations can be administered more frequently, for example twice a day, three times a day, or four times a day. 
         [0010]    One embodiment of the present invention provides an oral pharmaceutical formulation comprising a two-compartment system, one compartment including a swellable polymer. The second compartment contains an active agent and a delivery agent, and may further contain a release controlling polymer which delays the release of the active agent and/or delivery agent compound. 
         [0011]    One embodiment of the present invention provides an oral pharmaceutical formulation that comprises an active agent, a delivery agent compound and at least one of a swellable polymer, a mucoadhesive, and optionally, a release controlling polymer which provides, upon ingestion by a human, one or more of the following: 
         [0012]    (a) active agent absorption beginning in approximately 15 to 30 minutes from administration lasting at least about 1.5 hours, about 3.0 hours, or about 6.0 hours after administration; 
         [0013]    (b) a dosage form that increases in size by at least about 10 or 15%, or approximately doubles in size, while in the stomach within 30 minutes of administration;; 
         [0014]    (c) provides a sustained active agent release profile for the majority of the duration while the dosage remains in the stomach; or 
         [0015]    (d) remains in the stomach for at least 4 hours, 6 hours, or 12 hours or up to 24 hours while preferably remaining substantially intact. 
         [0016]    Another embodiment of the present invention provides an oral pharmaceutical formulation which is a bi-layered formulation, such as a tablet or caplet, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, and at least one delivery agent. One layer contains the active agent, the delivery agent and a release-controlling polymer (e.g., a polyethylene oxide, preferably having a molecular weight of about 200,000). The second layer contains a swellable polymer (e.g. polyethylene oxide preferably having a molecular weight of about 7,000,000). In various embodiments, this formulation provides, upon ingestion by a human, one or more of the following: 
         [0017]    (a) active agent absorption beginning in approximately 15 to 30 minutes from administration lasting at least about 1.5 hours, about 3.0 hours, or about 6.0 hours after administration; 
         [0018]    (b) a dosage form that approximately increases in size by at least about 10 or 15%, approximately doubles in size, while in the stomach within 30 minutes of administration; 
         [0019]    (c) provides a sustained active agent release profile for the majority of the duration while the dosage remains in the stomach; or 
         [0020]    (d) remains in the stomach for at least 4 hours, 6 hours, or 12 hours and/or up to 24 hours, preferably while remaining substantially intact. 
         [0021]    Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method for administering an active agent, to a mammal (e.g., a human) in need thereof by administering to the mammal a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention. 
         [0022]    Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method of preparing a pharmaceutical formulation by mixing at least one delivery agent, at least one pharmaceutically acceptable active agent, or salt thereof, and, optionally, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives or excipients in one layer and a swellable polymer in a second layer. 
         [0023]    Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for the treatment or prevention of a disease or for achieving a desired physiological effect in an animal (e.g. human) by orally administering a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention. 
         [0024]    One embodiment of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising (a) a first layer containing a pharmaceutically acceptable active agent, metabolite or prodrug thereof, at least one delivery agent and a release controlling polymer and (b) a second layer comprising a swellable polymer, said swellable polymer being in an amount sufficient to swell to an acceptable size for retention within the stomach for up to 1.5 hours, or up to 3 hours, or up to 6 hours. Further embodiments of the present invention may contain a hydroattractant. 
         [0025]    In one embodiment, the swellable polymer is poly(ethylene oxide) preferably having a molecular weight of about 4,000,000 to about 9,000,000 dattons, (e.g., 7,000,000 dattons). In one embodiment, the release controlling polymer is poly(ethylene oxide) preferably having a molecular weight of about 100,000-300,000 dattons (e.g., 200,000 dattons). 
         [0026]    One embodiment of the present invention provides a method in which a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention is used to treat infection with  Helicobater pylori  comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention containing, for example one or more of a histamine-2 blocker, a Na—K-ATP-ase proton pump inhibitor, an antacid, an antibiotic, or sucralfate as the active agent. 
         [0027]    One embodiment of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation in which the active agent is one or more of a histamine-2 blocker, a Na—K-ATP-ase proton pump inhibitor, an antacid, an antibiotic, or sucralfate. 
         [0028]    Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical formulation in which the active agent is a radio-opaque dye or a radio tracer. In one application of this embodiment, the active agent is barium sulfate. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0029]    Definitions 
         [0030]    The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1, or more than 1 standard deviations, per practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” with respect to the formulations can mean a range of up to 10%, preferably up to 5%. 
         [0031]    The terms “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkoxy”, “alkylene”, “alkenylene”, “alkyl(arylene)”, and “aryl(alkylene)” include, but are not limited to, linear and branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkylene, alkenylene, alkyl(arylene), and aryl(alkylene) groups, respectively. 
         [0032]    The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to compounds or compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a mammal. 
         [0033]    The term “active agent” as used herein includes racemic as well as its optically pure enantiomers. The term “active agent” also includes solvates, active metabolites, prodrugs, and all pharmaceutically acceptable complexes and hydrates thereof. 
         [0034]    An “effective amount of active agent” means the amount of active agent, salt or salts, their solvates, active metabolites, prodrugs, or racemates or enantiomers thereof that, when administered to a mammal for treating or preventing a state, disorder or condition is sufficient to effect such treatment or prevention. The “effective amount” will vary depending on the active ingredient, the state, disorder, or condition to be treated and its severity, and the age, weight, physical condition and responsiveness of the mammal to be treated. An “effective amount of delivery agent” refers to an amount of the delivery agent that promotes the absorption of a desired amount of the active agent from, for example, the gastrointestinal tract. 
         [0035]    An “effective amount of the pharmaceutical formulation” is an amount of the pharmaceutical formulation described which is effective to treat or prevent a condition in a subject to whom it is administered over some period of time, e.g., provides a therapeutic effect during a desired dosing interval. Generally, an effective amount of the pharmaceutical formulation includes amounts of active agent, which when administered with at least one delivery agent, treats or prevents the desired condition over a desired period of time (i.e., an effective amount of delivery agent and an effective amount of active agent). 
         [0036]    As used herein, the term “treat” includes one or more of the following:
       (a) arresting, delaying the onset (i.e., the period prior to clinical manifestation of a disorder) and/or reducing the risk of developing or worsening a disorder;   (b) relieving or alleviating at least one symptom of a disorder in a mammal; or   (c) relieving or alleviating the intensity and/or duration of a manifestation of a disorder experienced by a mammal including, but not limited to, those which are in response to a given stimulus (e.g., pressure, tissue injury or cold temperature). The term “treat” also includes prophylactically preventing, curing, healing, alleviating, relieving, altering, remedying, ameliorating, improving, or affecting a condition (e.g., a disease), the symptoms of the condition, or the predisposition toward the condition.       
 
         [0040]    The terms “sustained release” “extended release” or “long acting” as used herein refers to the release of an active ingredient over an extended period of time leading to lower peak plasma concentrations and a prolonged T max  as compared to “immediate release” or “regular release” formulations of the same active ingredient. 
         [0041]    The term “bioavailability” refers to the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes systematically available. 
         [0042]    The term “polymorph” refers to crystallographically distinct forms of a substance. 
         [0043]    The term “hydrate” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, (i) a substance containing water combined in the molecular form and (ii) a crystalline substance containing one or more molecules of water of crystallization or a crystalline material containing free water. 
         [0044]    The term “SNAC” as used herein refers to N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]-amino)caprylic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including its monosodium and disodium salt. The term “SNAC free acid” refers to N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]-amino)caprylic acid. Unless otherwise noted, the term “SNAC” refers to all forms of SNAC, including all amorphous and polymorphic forms of SNAC, such as SNAC trihydrate and those described in U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/619,418 and 60/569,476, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The term “SNAC trihydrate” as used herein refers to a crystalline form of SNAC in which three molecules of water are associated with each molecule of SNAC. SNAC can be prepared, for example, by the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,386 and International Publication Nos. WO00/46182 and WO00/59863. 
         [0045]    The term “SNAD” as used herein refers to N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]-amino)decanoic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including its monosodium salt. Unless otherwise noted, the term “SNAD” refers to all forms of SNAD, including all amorphous and polymorphic forms of SNAD. 
         [0046]    The term “4-MOAC” refers to 8-(N-2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)-aminocaprylic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Unless otherwise noted, the term “4-MOAC” refers to all forms of 4-MOAC, including all amorphous and polymorphic forms of 4-MOAC. 
         [0047]    The term “5-CNAC” refers to N-(8-[2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoyl]-amino)octanoic acid (also known as 8-(N-2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid)) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including its monosodium salt. Unless otherwise noted, the term “5-CNAC” refers to all forms of 5-CNAC, including all amorphous and polymorphic forms of 5-CNAC. 
         [0048]    The term “4-CNAB” refers to 4-[(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)amino]butanoate (also known as 4-[(4-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzoyl)amino]butanoic acid) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including its monosodium salt. Unless otherwise noted, the term “4-CNAB” refers to all forms of 4-CNAB, including all amorphous and polymorphic forms of 4-CNAB. The term “sodium 4-CNAB” and “mono-sodium 4-CNAB&#39;refer to monosodium 4-[(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)amino]butanoate, including anhydrous, monohydrate, and isopropanol solvates thereof and amorphous and polymorphic forms thereof (including those described in International Publication No. WO 03/057650 which is hereby incorporated by reference), unless otherwise indicated. 
         [0049]    The term “solvate” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, a molecular or ionic complex of molecules or ions of a solvent with molecules or ions of a delivery agent or active agent. 
         [0050]    The term “delivery agent” refers to any of the delivery agent compounds disclosed or incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0051]    The term “release controlling polymer” includes polymers, preferably of low to medium molecular weight which allow gradual surface erosion of the active agent-delivery agent complex, thus permitting this complex to enter the stomach and/or the small intestines intact, and hence permitting the active agent to enter the systemic circulation. These polymers should be slightly water soluble and allow water to enter the active agent-delivery agent complex. Representative polymers include, but are not limited to (poly(ethylene oxide) and low molecular weight cellulose derivatives, such as Klucel. 
         [0052]    The term “swellable polymer” refers to polymers of high molecular weight and having preferably strong resistance to the shear forces of the digestive processes of the stomach, which expand when orally consumed to provide gastric retention. 
         [0053]    Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System 
         [0054]    A Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) may also be referred to as a gastric retention dosage form or device. It often incorporates a controlled delivery system that can retain in the stomach for a prolonged time period, typically from 4 hours to 24 hours, during which it continuously releases the active agent(s) to the stomach in a controlled manner. The released active agents may be absorbed in the stomach or dispersed from the stomach to the duodenum or small intestine where they can be absorbed. 
         [0055]    GRDDS can increase absorption and improve the therapeutic effect of drugs characterized by a limited and narrow absorption window at the upper part of the GI tract, as well as in drugs intended to treat local diseases in the stomach and the duodenum. Such diseases include gastric ulcers, chemo-induced and radiation-induced mucocytis or infection with a microorganism, such as  Heliocobacter pylori.  These delivery forms might be used to target and retain chemotherapeutic agents in the stomach, upper gastrointestinal tract, and associated organs (e.g. pancreas, liver), thereby increasing the efficacy of cancer treatment in these areas. In addition, the controlled release and retention delivery form could be useful for diagnostic purposes, and used to deliver barium sulfate, other radio-opaque dyes or radioactive tracers, such as I 131 , gallium salts, and the like. 
         [0056]    Conventional oral dosage forms traverse along GI tract and provide a specific drug concentration in systemic circulation without offering any control over drug delivery. The site of drug delivery is uncertain. Compared to the conventional dosage form, GRDDS is generally a more controlled-release drug delivery system. The site of drug delivery is localized in the stomach and drug release is often designed to occur in a controlled manner. These advantages become even more significant for a drug that has relatively a narrow absorption window. Compared to negligible absorption of the drug released from a conventional dosage form in the region preceding the absorption window, dissolved drug is continuously released from the GRDDS in the stomach and continuously absorbed through the absorption window, resulting in a much longer absorption time and thus higher drug bioavailability. Gastrointestinal motility pattern affects the gastric retention of GRDDS. Two distinct patterns exist, corresponding to the fasted and fed states. The fed state is induced immediately after food ingestion and persists as long as food remains, typically three to four hours. Food is mixed and partially digested. As the stomach undergoes contractions, the digested material is discharged into small intestinal and the non-digested food is retropelled for further digestion. At the end of the digestive period, the stomach enters the fasting state. In the fasting state, the stomach begins a cycle called IMMC (Inter-digestive Migrating Motor Complex), which includes four phases. The total cycle time is about one to two hours. All the contents if not too large are swept out of the stomach by the intense contractions (housekeeper waves) that occur during Phase III. 
         [0057]    A gastric retention dosage form can be designed based on a variety of mechanisms such as buoyancy, size, and bio-adhesion, to achieve gastric retention. Floating systems have sufficient buoyancy to float over gastric contents and remain in the stomach for a prolonged period. Bio/mucoadhesive systems adhere to gastric epithelial cell surface, or mucin, and extend the gastric retention by increasing the intimacy and duration of contact between the GRDDS and the biological membrane. 
         [0058]    High density systems, which have a density of ˜3 g/cm 3 , are retained in the body of the stomach, which is anatomically lower than pyloric sphincter, and are capable of withstanding its peristaltic movements. The threshold density for such GRDDS is 2.4-2.8 g/cm 3 . Swelling/Expandable systems are formulated with expandable polymers. For easy administration, they are fabricated into reasonably small dosage forms. Upon contact with gastric fluid, the polymer imbibes water and swells to a large size that prevents the GRDDS from passing through the pylorus. Sustained/controlled release may be achieved by selecting a polymer with proper molecular weight and swelling properties. The swollen system will eventually lose its integrity because of loss in mechanical strength caused by abrasion or erosion. They may dissolve, erode or disintegrate into small fragments in the presence of gastric juice. Upon completion of releasing the drug, they will be completely and safely eliminated from the GI tract by the body. 
         [0059]    Delivery Agent Compounds 
         [0060]    Suitable delivery agents include those having the following structure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: 
         [0000]      2-HO—Ar—C(O)—NR 8 —R 7 —COOH   Formula (1) 
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0061]    Ar is phenyl or naphthyl, optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  alkenyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy or C 1 -C 4  haloalkoxy; 
         [0062]    R 7  is C 4 -C 20  alkyl, C 4 -C 20  alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C 1 -C 10  alkyl) phenyl, (C 1 -C 10  alkenyl)phenyl, (C 1 -C 10  alkyl) naphthyl, (C 1 -C 10  alkenyl) naphthyl, phenyl(C 1 -C 10  alkyl), phenyl(C 1 -C 10  alkenyl), naphthyl(C 1 -C 10  alkyl), or naphthyl(C 1 -C 10  alkenyl); 
         [0063]    R 8  is hydrogen, C 1  to C 4  alkyl, C 2  to C 4  alkenyl, C 1  to C 4  alkoxy, C 1 -C 4  or haloalkoxy; 
         [0064]    R 7  is optionally substituted with C 1  to C 4  alkyl, C 2  to C 4  alkenyl, C 1  to C 4  alkoxy, C 1 -C 4  haloalkoxy, —OH, —SH, and —CO 2 R 9  or any combination thereof; 
         [0065]    R 9  is hydrogen, C 1  to C 4  alkyl or C 2  to C 4  alkenyl; and 
         [0066]    R 7  is optionally interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or any combination thereof; 
         [0000]    with the proviso that the compounds are not substituted with an amino group in the position alpha to the acid group or salts thereof. 
         [0067]    According to one embodiment, Ar is substituted with a halogen. 
         [0068]    Preferably, R 7  is C 4 -C 20  alkyl or phenyl(C 1 -C 10  alkyl). More preferably R 7  is C 5 -C 10  alkyl or phenyl(C 2  alkyl). Most preferably, R 7  is C 7 -C 9  alkyl or phenyl(C 2  alkyl). 
         [0069]    Other suitable delivery agents include those having the following structure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: 
         [0000]      2-OH—Ar—C(O)—NH—R 1 —R 2    Formula (2) 
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0070]    Ar is phenyl or naphthyl; 
         [0071]    Ar is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, C 2 -C 4  alkenyl, C 2 -C 4  alkynyl, aryl, aryloxy, a heterocyclic ring, C 5 -C 7  carbocylic ring, halogen, —OH, —SH, CO 2 R 6 , —NR 7 R 8 , or —N + R 7 R 8 R 9  Y − ; 
         [0072]    (a) R 1  is C 1 -C 16  alkylene, C 2 -C 16  alkenylene, C 2 -C 16  alkynylene, C 6 -C 16  arylene, (C 1 -C 16  alkyl)arylene, or aryl (C 1 -C 16  alkylene); 
         [0073]    R 2  is —NR 3 R 4  or —N + R 3 R 4 R 5 Y − ; 
         [0074]    R 3  and R 4  are independently hydrogen; oxygen; hydroxy; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylcarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfinyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfinyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryloxycarbonyl; 
         [0075]    R 5  is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylcarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfinyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfinyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryloxycarbonyl; 
         [0076]    (b) R 1 , R 2 , and R 5  are as defined above; and 
         [0077]    R 3  and R 4  are combined to form a 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; or 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocyclic ring substituted with a C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, oxo group or carbocyclic ring; or 
         [0078]    (c) R 2  and R 5  are as defined above; and 
         [0079]    R 1  and R 3  are combined to form a 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; or 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocyclic ring substituted with a C 1 -C 6  alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, or oxo group or carbocyclic ring; 
         [0080]    R 4  is hydrogen; oxygen; hydroxy; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylcarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfinyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfinyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonyl; substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryloxycarbonyl; 
         [0081]    R 6  is hydrogen; C 1 -C 4  alkyl; C 1 -C 4  alkyl substituted halogen or —OH; C 2 -C 4  alkenyl; or C 2 -C 4  alkenyl substituted halogen or —OH; 
         [0082]    R 7 , R 8 , and R 9  are independently hydrogen; oxygen; C 1 -C 4  alkyl; C 1 -C 4  alkyl substituted with halogen or —OH; C 2 -C 4  alkenyl; or C 2 -C 4  alkenyl substituted with halogen or —OH; and 
         [0083]    Y is halogen, hydroxide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, alkoxy, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, or caboxylate. A non-limiting example of a suitable carboxylate is acetate. 
         [0084]    The term “substituted” as used herein with respect to the compounds of formula (2) includes, but is not limited to, hydroxyl and halogen. 
         [0085]    In one embodiment, Ar is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, or halogen. More preferably, Ar is a phenyl substituted with methoxy, Cl, F or Br, and even more preferably, Ar is a phenyl substituted with Cl. 
         [0086]    In another embodiment, R 1  is C 1 -C 12  alkyl, C 2 -C 8  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkyl, or C 6  alkyl. 
         [0087]    In another embodiment, R 3  and R 4  are independently H or C 1 -C 2  alkyl; or further R 3  and R 4  are not both H; or further R 3  and R 4  are independently methyl or ethyl; and more preferably R 3  and R 4  are both methyl. 
         [0088]    Other suitable delivery agents include those having the following structure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0089]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, —OH, —NR 6 R 7 , halogen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, or C 1 -C 4  alkoxy; 
         [0090]    R 5  is a substitued or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12  alkyl(arylene), or substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C 1 -C 12  alkylene); and 
         [0091]    R 6  and R 7  are independently hydrogen, oxygen, or C 1 -C 4  alkyl. 
         [0092]    The term “substituted” as used with respect to formula (3) includes, but is not limited to, substitution with any one or any combination of the following substituents: halogens, hydroxide, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, and C 1 -C 4  alkoxy. 
         [0093]    Other suitable delivery agents include those having the following structure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0094]    (a) R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently H, —OH, halogen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  alkenyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, —C(O)R , —NO 2 , —NR 9 R 10 , or —N + R 9 R 10 R 11 (Y − ); 
         [0095]    R 8  is hydrogen, —OH, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  alkyl substituted with halogen or —OH, C 2 -C 4  alkenyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen or —OH, or —NR 14 R 15 ; 
         [0096]    R 9 , R 10 , and R 11  are independently hydrogen, oxygen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl unsubtituted or substituted with halogen or —OH, C 2 -C 4  alkenyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen or —OH; 
         [0097]    Y is halide, hydroxide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, alkoxy, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, carboxylate, mesylate, fumerate, malonate, succinate, tartrate, acetate, gluconate, maleate; 
         [0098]    R 5  is H, —OH, —NO 2 , halogen, CF 3 , —NR 14 R 15 , —N + R 14 R 15 R 16 (Y − ), amide, C 1 -C 12  alkoxy, C 1 -C 12  alkyl, C 2 -C 12  alkenyl, carbamate, carbonate, urea, or C(O)R 22 ; R 5  is optionally substituted with halogen, —OH, —SH, or —COOH; R 5  is optionally interrupted by O, N, S, or —C(O)—; 
         [0099]    R 14 , R 15 , and R 16  are independently H or C 1 -C 10  alkyl; 
         [0100]    R 22  is H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —OH, —NR 14 R 15 ; 
         [0101]    R 6  is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 16  alkylene, C 2 -C 16  alkenylene, C 2 -C 16  alkynylene, C 5 -C 16  arylene, (C 1 -C 16  alkyl) arylene or aryl(C 1 -C 16  alkylene); R 6  is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 7  alkyl or C 1 -C 7  cycloalkyl; 
         [0102]    R 7  is —NR 18 R 19  or —N + R 18 R 19 R 20 Y − ; 
         [0103]    R 18  and R 19  are independently hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarbonyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkyl)carbonyl), substituted or unsubstituted arylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfinyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkane)sulfinyl), substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfinyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkane)sulfonyl), substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkoxy)carbonyl), or substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyccarbonyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 7  heterocyclic ring (i.e., 5, 6, or 7-membered heterocyclic ring), wherein the substitutions may be halogen or —OH; and 
         [0104]    R 20  is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarbonyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkyl)carbonyl), substituted or unsubstituted arylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfinyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkane)sulfinyl), substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfinyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkane)sulfonyl), substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl (e.g. substituted or unsubstituted (C 1-6  alkoxy)carbonyl), or substituted or unsubstituted aryloxycarbonyl; or 
         [0105]    (b) R 1 -R 16  and R 20  are as defined above; and 
         [0106]    R 18  and R 19  combine to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally interrupted with an oxo group and unsubstituted or substituted with C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, or carbocyclic ring. 
         [0107]    According to one embodiment, R 7  is morpholino, morpholinium salt, or diethanolamino. 
         [0108]    According to another embodiment, R 6  is a C 1 -C 16  alkylene and R 7  is morpholino or a morpholinium salt. Preferably, R 6  is C 4 -C 12  alkylene, such as an unsubstituted C 4 -C 12  alkylene. More preferably, R 6  is C 4 -C 10 , C 4 -C 8 , or C 6 -C 8  alkylene, such as an unsubstituted C 4 -C 10 , C 4 -C 8 , or C 6 -C 8  alkylene. According to one embodiment, one of R 1 -R 5  is hydroxy, for example, R 1  can be hydroxy. 
         [0109]    According to yet another embodiment, when R 6  is a C 1 -C 10  alkylene, at most one of R 2  and R 4  is halogen. According to another embodiment, R 6  is a C 8 -C 16 , C 9 -C 16 , C 10 -C 16 , or C 11 -C 16  alkylene. For instance, R 6  may be a C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , or C 12  alkylene (e.g., a normal C 8 -C 12  alkylene). According to yet another embodiment, at most one of R 1  and R 5 is alkyl. 
         [0110]    According to yet another embodiment, R 1  is hydroxy and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  are independently hydrogen or halogen. 
         [0111]    According to yet another embodiment, R 2  is hydroxy and R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  are independently hydrogen or halogen. 
         [0112]    According to yet another embodiment, R 3  is hydroxy and R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 5  are independently hydrogen or halogen. 
         [0113]    In a preferred embodiment, halogen is F, Cl or Br, more preferably F or Cl, and even more preferably Cl. 
         [0114]    According to yet another embodiment, R 6  is C 1 -C 16  alkylene, (C 1 -C 16  alkyl) arylene or aryl(C 1 -C 16  alkylene). More preferably R 6  is C 1 -C 12  alkylene, more preferably C 3 -C 10  alkylene, more preferably C 4 -C 10  or C 4 -C 8  alkylene, and more preferably C 6 -C 8  alkylene. More preferably, R 6  is unsubstituted. 
         [0115]    According to yet another embodiment, R 7  is —NR 18 R 19  and R 18  and R 19  are independently C 1 -C 4  alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl) substituted with —OH. In another embodiment, R 7  is —NR 18 R 19  and R 18  and R 19  combine to form a six membered heterocyclic ring substituted with an oxo group. 
         [0116]    According to one preferred embodiment, R 1  is hydrogen; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, or —OCH 3 ; R 5  is hydrogen, —OH, or —C(O)CH 3 ; R 6  is C 1 -C 12  alkylene, and R 7  is NR 18 R 19  wherein R 18  and R 19  combine to form a 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocyclic ring. 
         [0117]    According to another preferred embodiment, one of R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  is hydroxy and the others are independently halogen or hydrogen; R 1  and R 2  are independently halogen or hydrogen; R 6  is C 1 -C 16  alkylene; and R 7  is NR 18 R 19  wherein R 18  and R 19  combine to form a 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocyclic ring. R 6  is preferably C 6 -C 16 , C 6 -C 10 , C 8 -C 16 , C 10 -C 16 , or C 4 -C 8  alkylene, such as unsubstituted CH 6 -C 16 , C 6 -C 10 , C 8 -C 16 , C 10 -C 16 , or C 4 -C 8  alkylene. Preferably, R 18  and R 19  form a morpholino or imidazole. 
         [0118]    In another preferred embodiment, R 1  is hydrogen; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, or —OCH 3 ; R 5  is hydrogen, —OH, or —C(O)CH 3 ; R 6  is C 1 -C 12  alkylene; and R 7  is N + R 18 R 19 R 20  (Y − ) wherein R 18  and R 19  are hydroxy substituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl and R 20  is hydrogen. 
         [0119]    In another preferred embodiment, R 1  is hydrogen; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, or —OCH 3 ; R 5  is hydrogen, —OH, or —C(O)CH 3 ; R 6  is C 1 -C 12  alkylene; and R 7  is N + R 18 R 19 R 20  (Y − ) wherein R 18  and R 19  are hydroxy substituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl and R 20  is hydrogen. 
         [0120]    In another preferred embodiment, R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5  are independently halogen or hydrogen; R 3  is —OH, or —OCH 3 ; and R 7  is N + R 18 R 19 R 20  (Y − ) wherein R 18  and R 19  are hydroxy substituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl and R 20  is hydrogen. 
         [0121]    According to one preferred embodiment, R 1  is hydrogen; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, or —OCH 3 ; R 5  is hydrogen, —OH, or —C(O)CH 3 ; R 6  is C 1 -C 6  alkylene or aryl substituted C 1 -C 12  alkyl; and R 7  is —NR 18 R 19  wherein R 18  and R 19  combine to form a 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocyclic ring or N + R 18 R 9 R 20  (Y − ) wherein R 18  and R 19  are hydroxy substituted C 1 -C 16  alkyl and R 20  is hydrogen. 
         [0122]    In another preferred embodiment, the citrate salt of the delivery agent is used. 
         [0123]    Other suitable delivery agents include those having the following structure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0124]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently H, —OH, halogen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 2 -C 4  alkenyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, —C(O)R 8 , —NO 2 , —NR 9 R 10 , or —N + R 9 R 10 R 11  (R 12 ) − ; 
         [0125]    R 5  is H, —OH, —NO 2 , halogen, —CF 3 , —NR 14 R 15 , —N + R 14 R 15 R 16  (R 13 ) − , amide, C 1 -C 12  alkoxy, C 1 -C 12  alkyl, C 2 -C 12  alkenyl, carbamate, carbonate, urea, or —C(O)R 18 ; 
         [0126]    R 5  is optionally substituted with halogen, —OH, —SH, or —COOH; 
         [0127]    R 5  is optionally interrupted by O, N, S, or —C(O)—; 
         [0128]    R 6  is a C 1 -C 12  alkylene, C 2 -C 12  alkenylene, or arylene; 
         [0129]    R 6  is optionally substituted with a C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 2 -C 4  alkenyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, —OH, —SH, halogen, —NH 2 , or —CO 2 R 8 ; 
         [0130]    R 6  is optionally interrupted by O or N; 
         [0131]    R 7  is a bond or arylene; 
         [0132]    R 7  is optionally substituted with —OH, halogen, —C(O)CH 3 , —NR 10 R 11 , or —N + R 10 R 11 R 12  (R 13 ) − ; 
         [0133]    R 8  is H, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 2 -C 4  alkenyl, or —NH 2 ; 
         [0134]    R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , and R 12  independently H or C 1 -C 10  alkyl; 
         [0135]    R 13  is a halide, hydroxide, sulfate, tetrafluoroborate, or phosphate; and 
         [0136]    R 14 , R 15  and R 16  are independently H, C 1 -C 10  alkyl, C 1 -C 10  alkyl substituted with —COOH, C 2 -C 12  alkenyl, C 2 -C 12  alkenyl substituted with —COOH, —C(O)R 17 ; 
         [0137]    R 17  is —OH, C 1 -C 10  alkyl, or C 2 -C 12  alkenyl; and 
         [0138]    R 18  is H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —OH, —NR 14 R 15 , or N + R 14 R 15 R 16 (R 13 ). 
         [0139]    According one embodiment, 
         [0140]    (1) when R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  are H, and R 7  is a bond then R 6  is not a C 1 -C 6 , C 9  or C 10  alkyl; 
         [0141]    (2) when R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are H, R 5  is —OH, R 7  is a bond then R 6  is not a C 1 -C 3  alkyl; 
         [0142]    (3) when at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is not H, R 5  is —OH, R 7  is a bond, then R 6  is not a C 1 -C 4  alkyl; 
         [0143]    (4) when R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are H, R 4  is —OCH 3 , R 5  is —C(O)CH 3 , and R 6  is a bond then R 7  is not a C 3  alkyl; and 
         [0144]    (5) when R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 5  are H, R 3  is —OH, and R 7  is a bond then R 6  is not a methyl. 
         [0145]    According one preferred embodiment, R 1  is hydrogen; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, or —OCH 3 ; R 5  is hydrogen, —OH, or —C(O)CH 3 ; R 6  is C 1 -C 12  alkylene, and R 7  is a bond or para-phenylene. R 7  is more preferably a C 7 -C 9  alkyl. 
         [0146]    According to another preferred embodiment, at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is hydrogen, —C(O)CH 3 , —OH, Cl, —OCH 3 , F, or —NO 2 . In one more preferred embodiment, R 2  is —C(O)CH 3 , —OH, —OCH 3 , or —Cl. In another more preferred embodiment, R 3  is Cl, —OCH 3 , F, or —OH. In yet another more preferred embodiment, R 4  is —OCH 3  or —NO 2 . 
         [0147]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 5  is —C(O)CH 3 , —OH, H, —CH═CHCH 3 , —NH 2 , —NO 2 , —NHC(O)CH 3 , —CH═CHCO 2 H, —C(O)CH 2 CH 3 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NHCH 3 , —COOH, —C(O)NHCH 2 CH 3 , —C(O)NHCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —OCH 3 , —C(CH 3 ) 2 OH, —C(OH)(CH 3 ) 2 , or —CH(OH)CH 3 . 
         [0148]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 6  is a linear C 1 -C 12  alkylene. More preferably, R 6  is —(CH 2 ) n —, where n is an integer from 1 to 10. 
         [0149]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 4  and R 5  are not alkyl or halogen. 
         [0150]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 7  is para-phenylene or a bond. 
         [0151]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 6  is —CH 2 — and R 7  is phenylene and, more preferably para-phenylene. More preferably, at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is hydrogen. More preferably, R 5  is —C(O)CH 3 , —OH or —C(CH 3 ) 2 OH. 
         [0152]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 7  is a bond, R 5  is —OH, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are hydrogen. R 6  is preferably C 4 -C 12  alkylene and, more preferably, C 4 -C 9  alkylene. 
         [0153]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 7  is a bond, R 5  is —OH, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is not hydrogen. R 6  is preferably C 1 -C 12  alkylene, more preferably C 5 -C 12  alkylene, and most preferably C 5 -C 9  alkylene. 
         [0154]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 7  is a bond, R 5  is —C(O)CH 3 , and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are hydrogen. R 6  is preferably C 1 -C 12  alkylene, more preferably C 3 -C 12  alkylene, and most preferably C 3 -C 7  alkylene. 
         [0155]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 7  is a bond and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4  and R 5  are hydrogen. Preferably, R 6  is C 7 -C 8  alkylene. 
         [0156]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 7  is a bond, R 5  is hydrogen, and at least one R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are not hydrogen. R 6  is preferably C 1 -C 12  alkylene, more preferably C 4 -C 9  alkylene, and most preferably C 7 -C 8  alkylene. 
         [0157]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 2  is —OH. More preferably, R 7  is a bond and R 5  is hydrogen. Preferably, R 6  is C 1 -C 12  alkylene, more preferably C 3 -C 9  alkylene, and most preferably C 7  alkylene. 
         [0158]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 3  is —OH. More preferably, R 7  is a bond and R 5  is hydrogen. R 6  is preferably C 1 -C 12  alkylene, more preferably C 3 -C 9  alkylene, and most preferably C 7  alkylene. 
         [0159]    Other suitable delivery agents include those having the following structure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0160]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently H, —OH, halogen, —OCH 3 , —NR 10 R 11  or —N + R 10 R 11 R 12  (R 13 )—; 
         [0161]    R 5  is H, —OH, —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —N + R 14 R 15 R 16  (R 13 ) − , amide, C 1 -C 12  alkoxy, C 1 -C 12  alkyl, C 2 -C 12  alkenyl, carbamate, carbonate, urea, or —C(O)R 18 ; 
         [0162]    R 5  is optionally substituted with —OH, —SH, or —COOH; 
         [0163]    R 5  is optionally interrupted by O, N, S, or —C(O)—; 
         [0164]    R 6  is a C 1 -C 12  alkylene, C 1 -C 12  alkenylene, or arylene; 
         [0165]    R 6  is optionally substituted with a C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 2 -C 4  alkenyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, —OH, —SH, halogen, —NH 2 , or —CO 2 R 9 ; 
         [0166]    R 6  is optionally interrupted by O or N; 
         [0167]    R 7  is a bond or arylene; 
         [0168]    R 7  is optionally substituted with —OH, halogen, —C(O)CH 3 ,—NR 10 R 11  or —N + R 10 R 11 R 12  (R 13 ) − ; 
         [0169]    R 8  is H or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; 
         [0170]    R 9  is H, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, or C 2 -C 4  alkenyl; 
         [0171]    R 10 , R 11 , and R 12  are independently H or C 1 -C 10  alkyl; 
         [0172]    R 13  is a halide, hydroxide, sulfate, tetrafluoroborate, or phosphate; 
         [0173]    R 14 , R 15 , and R 16  are independently H, C 1 -C 10  alkyl, C 2 -C 12  alkenyl, O, or —C(O)R 17 ; 
         [0174]    R 17  is —OH, C 1 -C 10  alkyl, or C 2 -C 12  alkenyl; and 
         [0175]    R 18  is —OH, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —NR 14 R 15 , —N + R 14 R 15 R 16  (R 3 ) − . 
         [0176]    According to one embodiment, when R 5  is OCH 3  then R 6  is C 1 -C 8  or C 10 -C 12 alkyl.    
         [0177]    According to a preferred embodiment, R 5  is not —OCH 3 . More preferably, R 5  is not alkoxy. 
         [0178]    According to another preferred embodiment, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are hydrogen, R 5  is —COOH, —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)CH 3 , or —NO 2 , R 6  is —(CH 2 ) 7 —, and R 7  is a bond. 
         [0179]    According to yet another preferred embodiment, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are hydrogen, R 5  is —C(O)NH 2 , R 6  is —CH 2 —, and R 7  is a para-phenylene. 
         [0180]    According to one embodiment, the delivery agents of formula (6) have the formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0181]    R 19  is —NO 2  or —C(O)R 23 ; 
         [0182]    R 20  is a C 1 -C 12  alkylene or C 1 -C 12  alkenylene; 
         [0183]    R 21  is a bond or arylene; 
         [0184]    R 22  is H or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; and 
         [0185]    R 23  is —OH, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or —NH 2 . 
         [0186]    Preferred delivery agents include, but are not limited to, SNAC, SNAD, 8-(N-2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid, 8-(N-2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)-amino-caprylic acid, 4-[(4-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzoyl)amino]butanoic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In one embodiment, the delivery agent is SNAC. In one embodiment, the delivery agent is a sodium salt of SNAC. In one embodiment, the delivery agent is the disodium salt of SNAC. 
         [0187]    Other suitable delivery agents of the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,699,467, 6,663,898, 6,693,208, 6,693,073, 6,693,898, 6,663,887, 6,646,162, 6,642,411, 6,627,228, 6,623,731, 6,610,329, 6,558,706, 6,525,020, 6,461,643, 6,461,545, 6,440,929, 6,428,780, 6,413,550, 6,399,798, 6,395,774, 6,391,303, 6,384,278, 6,375,983, 6,358,504, 6,346,242, 6,344,213, 6,331,318, 6,313,088, 6,245,359, 6,242,495, 6,221,367, 6,180,140, 6,100,298, 6,100,285, 6,099,856, 6,090,958, 6,084,112, 6,071,510, 6,060,513, 6,051,561, 6,051,258, 6,001,347, 5,990,166, 5,989,539, 5,976,569, 5,972,387, 5,965,121, 5,962,710, 5,958,451, 5,955,503, 5,939,381, 5,935,601, 5,879,681, 5,876,710, 5,866,536, 5,863,944, 5,840,340, 5,824,345, 5,820,881, 5,811,127, 5,804,688, 5,792,451, 5,776,888, 5,773,647, 5,766,633, 5,750,147, 5,714,167, 5,709,861, 5,693,338, 5,667,806, 5,650,386, 5,643,957, 5,629,020, 5,601,846, 5,578,323, 5,541,155, 5,540,939, 5,451,410, 5,447,728, 5,443,841, and 5,401,516. Delivery agents of the present invention are also described in U.S. Published Application Nos. 20040110839, 20040106825, 20040068013, 20040062773, 20040022856, 20030235612, 20030232085, 20030225300, 20030198658, 20030133953, 20030078302, 20030072740, 20030045579, 20030012817, 20030008900, 20020155993, 20020127202, 20020120009, 20020119910, 20020102286, 20020065255, 20020052422, 20020040061, 20020028250, 20020013497, 20020001591, 20010039258, and 20010003001. Delivery agents of the present invention are also described in International Publication Nos. WO 2004/4104018, WO 2004080401, WO 2004062587, WO 2003/057650, WO 2003/057170, WO 2003/045331, WO 2003/045306, WO 2003/026582, WO 2002/100338, WO 2002/070438, WO 2002/069937, WO 02/20466, WO 02/19969, WO 02/16309, WO 02/15959, WO 02/02509, WO 01/92206, WO 01/70219, WO 01/51454, WO 01/44199, WO 01/34114, WO 01/32596, WO 01/32130, WO 00/07979, WO 00/06534, WO 00/06184, WO 00/59863, WO 00/59480, WO 00/50386, WO 00/48589, WO 00/47188, WO 00/46182, WO 00/40203, WO 99/16427, WO 98/50341, WO 98/49135, WO 98/34632, WO 98/25589, WO 98/21951, WO 97/47288, WO 97/31938, WO 97/10197, WO 96/40076, WO 96/40070, WO 96/39835, WO 96/33699, WO 96/30036, WO  96 / 21464 , WO 96/12475, and WO 9612474. Each of the above listed U.S. patents and U.S. and International published applications are herein incorporated by reference. 
         [0188]    The delivery agent compounds depicted as carboxylic acids may be in the form of the carboxylic acid or salts thereof. Suitable salts include, but are not limited to, organic and inorganic salts, for example alkali-metal salts, such as sodium (e.g., monosodium and disodium salts), potassium and lithium; alkaline-earth metal salts, such as magnesium, calcium or barium; ammonium salts; basic amino acids, such as lysine or arginine; and organic amines, such as dimethylamine or pyridine. Preferably, the salts are sodium salts. The salts may be mono- or multi-valent salts, such as monosodium salts and di-sodium salts. The salts may also be solvates, including ethanol solvates, and hydrates. 
         [0189]    The delivery agent compounds depicted as amines may be in the form of the free amine or salts thereof. Suitable salts include, but are not limited to, organic and inorganic salts, for example sodium salts, sulfate salts, hydrochloride salts, phosphate salts, fluoride salts, carbonate salts, tartrate salts, oxalates, oxides, formates, acetate or citrate. 
         [0190]    Salts of the delivery agent compounds of the present invention may be prepared by methods known in the art. For example, sodium salts may be prepared by dissolving the delivery agent compound in ethanol and adding aqueous sodium hydroxide. 
         [0191]    Where the delivery agent has an amine moiety and a carboxylic acid moiety, poly amino acids and peptides comprising one or more of these compounds may be used. An amino acid is any carboxylic acid having at least one free amine group and includes naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids. Poly amino acids are either peptides (which are two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond) or are two or more amino acids linked by a bond formed by other groups which can be linked by, e.g., an ester or an anhydride linkage. Peptides can vary in length from dipeptides with two amino acids to polypeptides with several hundred amino acids. One or more of the amino acids or peptide units may be acylated or sulfonated. 
         [0192]    The delivery agent may contain a polymer conjugated to it such as described in International Publication No. WO 03/045306. For example, the delivery agent and polymer may be conjugated by a linkage group selected from the group consisting of —NHC(O)NH—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O), —OOC—, —COO—, —NHC(O)O—, —OC(O)NH—, —CH 2 NH—NHCH 2 —,—CH 2 NHC(O)O—, —OC(O)NHCH 2 —,—CH 2 NHCOCH 2 O—,—OCH 2 C(O)NHCH 2 —,—NHC(O)CH 2 O—,—OCH 2 C(O)NH—, —NH—,—O—, and carbon-carbon bond, with the proviso that the polymeric delivery agent is not a polypeptide or polyamino acid. The polymer may be any polymer including, but not limited to, alternating copolymers, block copolymers and random copolymers, which are safe for use in mammals. 
         [0193]    Preferred polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene; polyacrylates; polymethacrylates; poly (oxyethylene); poly (propylene); polypropylene glycol; polyethylene glycol (PEG); and derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. The molecular weight of the polymer typically ranges from about 100 to about 200,000 daltons. The molecular weight of the polymer preferably ranges from about 200 to about 10,000 daltons. In one embodiment, the molecular weight of the polymer ranges from about 200 to about 600 daltons and more preferably ranges from about 300 to about 550 daltons. 
         [0194]    The compounds described herein may be derived from amino acids and can be readily prepared from amino acids by methods within the skill of those in the art, such as those described in International Publication Nos. WO96/30036, WO97/36480, WO00/06534, WO00/46812, WO00/50386, WO00/59863, WO 01/32596, and WO 00/07979 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,643,957, 5,650,386, and 5,866,536, all of which are incorporated by reference. For example, the compounds may be prepared by reacting the single amino acid with the appropriate acylating or amine-modifying agent, which reacts with a free amino moiety present in the amino acid to form amides. Protecting groups may be used to avoid unwanted side reactions as would be known to those skilled in the art. With regard to protecting groups, reference is made to T. W. Greene,  Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis,  Wiley, New York (1981), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0195]    The delivery agent compound may be purified by recrystallization or by fractionation on one or more solid chromatographic supports, alone or linked in tandem. Suitable recrystallization solvent systems include, but are not limited to, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptane, water, tetrahydrofuran, and combinations thereof. Fractionation may be performed on a suitable chromatographic support such as alumina, using methanol/n-propanol mixtures as the mobile phase; reverse phase chromatography using trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile mixtures as the mobile phase; and ion exchange chromatography using water or an appropriate buffer as the mobile phase. When anion exchange chromatography is performed, preferably a 0-500 mM sodium chloride gradient is employed. 
         [0196]    Active Agents 
         [0197]    Active agents suitable for use in the present invention include biologically active agents and chemically active agents, including, but not limited to, pharmacological agents, and therapeutic agents. Suitable active agents include those that are rendered less effective, ineffective or are destroyed in the gastro-intestinal tract by acid hydrolysis, enzymes and the like. Also included as suitable active agents are those macromolecular agents whose physiochemical characteristics, such as, size, structure or charge, prohibit or impede absorption when dosed orally. 
         [0198]    For example, biologically or chemically active agents suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, proteins; polypeptides; peptides; hormones; polysaccharides, and particularly mixtures of muco-polysaccharides; carbohydrates; lipids; small polar organic molecules (i.e. polar organic molecules having a molecular weight of 500 daltons or less); other organic compounds; and particularly compounds which by themselves do not pass (or which pass only a fraction of the administered dose) through the gastro-intestinal mucosa and/or are susceptible to chemical cleavage by acids and enzymes in the gastro-intestinal tract; or any combination thereof. 
         [0199]    Further examples include, but are not limited to, the following, including synthetic, natural or recombinant sources thereof: growth hormones, including human growth hormones (hGH), recombinant human growth hormones (rhGH), bovine growth hormones, and porcine growth hormones; growth hormone releasing hormones; growth hormone releasing factor, interferons, including α (e.g., interferon alfacon-1 (available as Infergen® from InterMune, Inc. of Brisbane, Calif.)), β and γ; interleukin-1; interleukin-2; glucagon; insulin, including porcine, bovine, human, and human recombinant, optionally having counter ions including zinc, sodium, calcium and ammonium; insulin-like growth factor, including IGF-1; heparin, including unfractionated heparin, heparinoids, dermatans, chondroitins, low molecular weight heparin, very low molecular weight heparin and ultra low molecular weight heparin; calcitonin, including salmon, eel, porcine and human; erythropoietin; atrial naturetic factor; antigens; monoclonal antibodies; somatostatin; protease inhibitors; adrenocorticotropin, gonadotropin releasing hormone; oxytocin; leutinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone; follicle stimulating hormone; glucocerebrosidase; thrombopoietin; filgrastim; prostaglandins; cyclosporin; vasopressin; cromolyn sodium (sodium or disodium chromoglycate); vancomycin; desferrioxamine (DFO); bisphosphonates, including alendronate, tiludronate, etidronate, clodronate, pamidronate, olpadronate, and incadronate; parathyroid hormone (PTH), including its fragments; anti-migraine agents such as BIBN-4096BS and other calcitonin gene-related proteins antagonists; glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1); antimicrobials, including antibiotics, anti-bacterials and anti-fungal agents; vitamins; analogs, fragments, mimetics or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified derivatives of these compounds; or any combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of antibiotics include gram-positive acting, bacteriocidal, lipopeptidal and cyclic peptidal antibiotics, such as daptomycin and analogs thereof. 
         [0200]    Swellable Polymers 
         [0201]    In embodiments of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition comprises an active agent, a delivery agent and at least one swellable polymer. 
         [0202]    A swellable polymer is a polymer that expands upon ingestion such that the pharmaceutical composition is retained in the stomach for 30 minutes, 90 minutes, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours or 24 hours or more after administration. For example, the swellable polymer may cause the pharmaceutical composition to increase in size 10%, 15%, 50%, 100% or 200% or more as compared to its pre-ingested volume. 
         [0203]    Generally higher molecular weights of the polymers are more desirable since they provide a faster swelling rate, larger swollen size and stronger mechanic strength. In one embodiment of the present invention, the swellable polymers has a molecular weight in excess of 50,000 daltons. In another embodiment, the swellable polymer has a molecular weight in excess of 200,000 daltons. In another embodiment, the swellable polymer has a molecular weight in excess of 7,000,000 daltons. 
         [0204]    Swellable polymers include, but are not limited to, a crosslinked poly(acrylic acid), a poly(alkylene oxide), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone); a polyurethane hydrogel, a maleic anhydride polymer, such as a maleic anhydride copolymer, a cellulose polymer, a polysaccharide, starch, and starch based polymers. 
         [0205]    Examples of poly(alkylene oxides) include, but are not limited to, polymers which contain as a unit, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, or propylene oxide. These polymers may consist entirely of any of the above units (as a monomer), combinations of any of the above units, such as a copolymer. In one embodiment, the swellable polymer is a block copolymer in which one of the repeating units consists of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, or propylene oxide. 
         [0206]    Examples of cellulose polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (also known as hypromellose), and carboxymethyl cellulose. 
         [0207]    Examples of polysaccharides include, but are not limited to, dextran, xanthan gum, gellan gum, welan gum, rhamsan gum, sodium alginate, calcium alginate, chitosan, gelatin, and maltodextrin. 
         [0208]    Examples of starch based polymers include, but are not limited to, hydrolyzed starch polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers, starch-acrylate-acrylamide copolymers. 
         [0209]    Commercially available swellable polymers include PolyOX 303™ (Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 7,000,000); PolyOX WSR N-12K (Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 1,000,000), PolyOX WSR N-60K (Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 2,000,000), PolyOX WSR 301 (Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 4,000,000), PolyOX WSR Coagulant, PolyOX WSR 303, PolyOX WSR 308, NFgrade™ (Poly(ethylene oxide) molecular weight 1,000,000); PolyOX WSR N80™ (Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 200,000); Methocel F4M™ (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); Methocel A15C (methylcellulose), Methocel A18M™, Methocel K4M™ (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2208), Methocel K100™ (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2910) Methocel E10M™ (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2910), Methocel E4M™ (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); Methocel K15MP™ (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); each available from Dow Chemical Company, Midland Mich. 
         [0210]    Other examples of commercially available swellable polymers include BLANOSE® cellulose gum, including Blanose cellulose gum, grad 7H4 (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), ECN7 Pharmaceutical Grade™ (Ethyl cellulose); and ECN22 Pharmaceutical Grade™ (Ethylcellulose); Klucel HF™ (hydroxypropyl cellulose, molecular weight 1,150,000); Klucel NF™ (hydroxypropyl cellulose); Klucel MF (hydroxypropyl cellulose, molecular weight 850,000), Klucel GF (hydroxypropyl cellulose, molecular weight 370,000), Klucel JF (hydroxypropyl cellulose, molecular weight 140,000), Klucel LF (hydroxypropyl cellulose, molecular weight 95,000), Klucel EF (hydroxypropyl cellulose, molecular weight 80,000), and Natrosol 250HX (hydroxyethylcellulose) each available from Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Del. (supplied by Aqualon). 
         [0211]    Other examples of commercially available swellable polymers include L-HPC Grade 11™ (Low Substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose), available from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., via Biddle Sawyer Corp., New York, N.Y.; 
         [0212]    Other examples of commercially available swellable polymers include Primellose™ (Croscarmellose Sodium); Monkey 4™ (Sodium Starch Glycolate); each (available from Avebe, via Generichem Corporation, Totowa, N.J.); 
         [0213]    Other examples of commercially available swellable polymers include Carbopol 974P™(polyacrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol); Carbopol 934P (polyacrylic acid); Carbopol 971P (polyacrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol); each available from Noveon, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. 
         [0214]    Other examples of commercially available swellable polymers include polyvinyl alcohols available from DuPont, such as Elvanol® 71-30, Elvanol® 85-30, Elvanol® 50-42, and Elvanol® HV. 
         [0215]    Addition of hydro-attractants can improve the swelling properties of a gastro-retentive dosage form significantly, and hence can constitute a swellable polymer. Examples of hydro-attractants which can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include crosslinked poly(acrylic acid), crosslinked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), microcrystalline cellulose, crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose, starch granules, sodium carboxymethyl starch, alginates, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC, 10-13% substitution by weight, Shin-Etsu Chemical Company, Ltd, distributed by Biddle Sawyer), Croscarmellose Sodium (Primellose) (Avebe, distributed by Generichem), Sodium Starch Glycolate (Avebe, distributed by Generichem) sodium phosphates, such as disodium phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, tannic acid, sugars (eg. manitol, sucrose, lactose, fructose, sorbital) and natural amino acids. 
         [0216]    Release Controlling Polymers 
         [0217]    In one embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition comprises an active agent, a delivery agent and at least one release controlling polymer. The pharmaceutical composition may contain, for example, 1 to 60% by weight of the release controlling polymer. 
         [0218]    In a further embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an active agent, a delivery agent, a swellable polymer and at least one release controlling polymer. In one embodiment of the present invention, the release controlling polymer allows the pharmaceutical composition to be released at its surface. In such embodiments, the dissolution of the tablet or dosage form at the surface reduces the increase in volume caused by the swellable polymer. 
         [0219]    Examples of release controlling polymers include, for example, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, alginate, chitosan, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose polymers and polysaccharides. 
         [0220]    Release controlling polymers are often selected from the same class as swellable polymers, but have lower viscosity and molecular weights. Some polymers both expand the pharmaceutical composition, and control the release of the composition. Accordingly, a polymer may be both a swellable polymer and a release controlling polymer. 
         [0221]    Commercially available release controlling polymers include, for example, PolyOX WSR N750 ((Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 300,000), PolyOX WSR N80 ((Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 200,000), and PolyOX WSR N10 (Poly(ethylene oxide), molecular weight 100,000), Methocel A15-LV, Methocel A4CP, Methocel A15CP, and Cellosize WP, and Cellosize QP available from Dow Chemical Company, Midland Mich. 
         [0222]    Other commercially available release controlling polymers include, for example, Natrosol 250 (hydroxyethylcellulose), Klucel JF, Klucel LF, and Klucel EF available from Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Del. (supplied by Aqualon); Ptotosan UP CL/G, Pronova UP LVG, Pronova UP MVG, Pronova UP MVM, and Pronova UP LVM, available from FMC Biopolymer, Philadelphia, Pa.; Gohsenol N, Gohsenol A, Gohsenol G, Gohsenol K available from Nippon Gohsei, Osaka, Japan; Kollidon F, available from BASF Corp., Florham Park, N.J. 
         [0223]    Mucoadhesives 
         [0224]    In embodiments of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition includes a mucoadhesive. The mucoadhesive facilitates retention in the stomach by binding to the mucosal surface of the stomach, or by association with the mucosal coat. 
         [0225]    Examples of mucoadhesives include, but are not limited to, a polyacrylic acid or polyacrylate optionally cross-linked with allyl sucrose, allyl ethers of sucrose, allylpentaerythritol, pentaerythritol or divinyl glycol; a carboxylvinyl polymer; a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP); polyvinyl alcohol; sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); a dextran polymer; a copolymer of polymethyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride; hydroxymethylcellulose; methylcellulose; a tragacanth; an alginic acid; gelatin; gum arabic; and a polysaccharide optionally interrupted with a β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine unit and/or a N-acetyl-D-glucosamine unit, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0226]    In one embodiment the mucoadhesive is Carbopol® 934 P. In an application of this embodiment 5% by weight of Carbopol® 934 P is added to a SNAC/Heparin composition and tableted. 
         [0227]    In an alternative embodiment, the mucoadhesive is chitosan. In an application of this embodiment, 5% of chitosan is added to a SNAC/Heparin composition and tableted. 
         [0228]    Dosage Form Design 
         [0229]    The swelling rate, swollen size and the mechanical strength of the pharmaceutical formulation are factors to be considered in the dosage form design. With regard to size, the diameter of the pylorus varies between individuals from about 1 to about 4 cm, averaging about 2 cm. The mean resting diameter in humans was reported to be 12.8±7.0 mm. Non-disintegrated tablets that have sizes up to 13 mm in diameter are generally emptied from stomach. The larger the size, the longer the dosage forms retain. Tablets larger than 11 mm tended to emptied only during IMMC. In embodiments of the present invention, the size of the pharmaceutical composition was set to reach 2-2.5 cm before the IMMC in those patents. 
         [0230]    With regard to the swelling rate/time, embodiments that do not include swellable polymers remain in the stomach on average for about 1 to 3 hours, depending on the initial size of the dosage form. There is a high probability that the expanding form could pass the pylorus before reaching the sufficient size to be retained. Thus, it is preferred to have fast initial swelling times, preferably swelling within 30-60 minutes. 
         [0231]    Finally, with regard to the mechanical strength, the swollen dosage form should be rigid enough to be retained in the stomach before the active agent-drug delivery agent complex is completely released. 
         [0232]    Because of the dramatic difference in solubility in gastric fluid between of various active agents and delivery agents of the present invention, it is often not possible to achieve the simultaneous release of the drug and the carrier through a diffusion mechanism upon which the GRDDS in the prior art is based. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention include release controlling polymer which facilitates surface erosion. 
         [0233]    In one embodiment, the swellable polymer was PolyOX WSR 303, the release controlling polymer was PolyOX WSR N80, the active agent was Heparin, and the delivery agent was the sodium salt of SNAC. 
         [0234]    Selection of the Swelling Polymer 
         [0235]    The Swelling polymer plays a key role in the expandable GRDDS. Numerous polymers can swell to a large volume have been reported. However, those that were approved for pharmaceutical use are limited. There are mainly three categories: (1) poly(ethylene oxide) series, (2) polysaccharide series and (3) poly(acrylic acid) series. The most frequently used pharmaceutical polymers for expandable GRDDS were poly(ethylene oxide) series (Alza, DepoMed) manufactured by Dow chemicals, such as PolyOX 303 (M=7,000K), PolyOX N12K™ (M=1,000K) etc., and cellulose series (Teva, DepoMed) such as Methocel K15PM™, Methocel F4M™, Methocel E4M™ manufactured by Dow and Klucel HF (M=1,150K) provided by Hercules. 
         [0236]    End Use Pharmaceutical Applictions 
         [0237]    The present invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of a disease or for achieving a desired physiological effect in an animal by administering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Preferably, an effective amount of the composition for the treatment or prevention of the desired disease or for achieving the desired physiological effect is administered. Specific indications for active agents can be found in the Physicians&#39; Desk Reference (58 th  Ed., 2004, Medical Economics Company, Inc., Montvale, N.J.), and both of which are incorporated by reference. Examples of diseases and physiological effects which can be treated or achieved by administering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention are set forth below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Active Agent 
                 Disease and Physiological Effect 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Growth hormones (including human recombinant 
                 Growth disorders 
               
               
                 growth hormone and growth-hormone releasing 
               
               
                 factors and its analogs) 
               
               
                 Interferons, including α, β and γ. 
                 Viral infection, including chronic cancer and 
               
               
                   
                 multiple sclerosis 
               
               
                 Interleukin-1; interleukin-2. 
                 Viral infection; cancer 
               
               
                 Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1. 
                 Diabetes 
               
               
                 Heparin 
                 Thrombosis; prevention of blood coagulation 
               
               
                 Calcitonin. 
                 Osteoporosis; diseases of the bone 
               
               
                 Erythropoietin 
                 Anemia 
               
               
                 Atrial naturetic factor 
                 Vasodilation 
               
               
                 Antigens 
                 Infection 
               
               
                 CPHPC 
                 Reduction of amyloid deposits and systemic 
               
               
                   
                 amyloidosis often in connection with Alzheimer&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 disease and Type II diabetes 
               
               
                 Monoclonal antibodies 
                 To prevent graft rejection; cancer 
               
               
                 Somatostatin 
                 Bleeding ulcer; erosive gastritis 
               
               
                 Protease inhibitors 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Adrenocorticotropin 
                 High cholesterol (to lower cholesterol) 
               
               
                 Gonadotropin releasing hormone 
                 Ovulatory disfunction (to stimulate ovulation) 
               
               
                 Oxytocin 
                 Labor disfunction (to stimulate contractions) 
               
               
                 Leutinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone; follicle 
                 Regulate reproductive function 
               
               
                 stimulating hormone 
               
               
                 Glucocerebrosidase 
                 Gaucher disease (to metabolize lipoprotein) 
               
               
                 Thrombopoietin 
                 Thrombocytopenia 
               
               
                 Filgrastim 
                 Reduce infection in chemotherapy patients 
               
               
                 Prostaglandins 
                 Hypertension 
               
               
                 Cyclosporin 
                 Transplant rejection 
               
               
                 Vasopressin 
                 Bed-wetting; antidiuretic 
               
               
                 Cromolyn sodium; Vancomycin 
                 Asthma; allergies 
               
               
                 Desferrioxamine (DFO) 
                 Iron overload 
               
               
                 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), including its 
                 Osteoporosis; 
               
               
                 fragments. 
                 Diseases of the bone 
               
               
                 Antimicrobials 
                 Infection including gram-positive bacterial infection 
               
               
                 Vitamins 
                 Vitamin deficiencies 
               
               
                 Bisphosphonates 
                 Osteoporosis; 
               
               
                   
                 Paget&#39;s disease; Inhibits osteoclasts 
               
               
                 BIBN4096BS-(1-Piperidinecarboxamide. N-[2- 
                 Anti-migraine; calcitonin gene-related peptide 
               
               
                 [[5-amino-1-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-1- 
                 antagonist 
               
               
                 piperazinyl)carbonyl]pentyl]amino]-1-[(3,5- 
               
               
                 dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoethyl]- 
               
               
                 4(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H0-quinazolinyl)-.[R- 
               
               
                 (R*,S*)]-) 
               
               
                 Glucagon 
                 hypoglycemia and hypoglycemic reations; diabetes, 
               
               
                   
                 including type II diabetes, diagnostic aid in the 
               
               
                   
                 radiological examination of the stomach, duodenum, 
               
               
                   
                 small bowel and colon. 
               
               
                 GLP-1, Exendin-3, Exendin-4 
                 Diabetes; obesity 
               
               
                 Peptide YY (PYY) and PYY-like Peptides 
                 Obesity, Diabetes, Eating Disorders, Insulin- 
               
               
                   
                 Resistance Syndromes 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0238]    For example, one embodiment of the present invention is a method for treating a patient having or susceptible to diabetes by administering insulin in a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention. Other active agents, including those set forth in the above table, can be used in conjunction with the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention. 
         [0239]    Following administration, the active agent present in the composition or dosage unit form is taken up into the circulation. The bioavailability of the agent can be readily assessed by measuring a known pharmacological activity in blood, e.g. an increase in blood clotting time caused by heparin, or a decrease in circulating calcium levels caused by calcitonin. Alternately, the circulating levels of the active agent itself can be measured directly. 
       EXAMPLES  
       [0240]    The following examples illustrates the invention without limitation. All parts are given by weight unless otherwise indicated. 
       Example 1  
     Bi-Layered Caplets/Tablets 
       [0241]    A bi-layered caplet is prepared having a physical blend of SNAC, heparin, and release controlling polymer in one layer, and a swellable polymer in another layer. This is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0242]    In this embodiment, Heparin/SNAC release is achieved through surface erosion of the release controlling polymer. To keep heparin and SNAC in close proximity at the molecular level, heparin and SNAC are co-dried and powdered before blending with the release controlling polymer. The swellable polymer is set in another layer, and is responsible for the swelling of the dosage forms. These two layers were attached to each other via the physical bonds formed during compression. 
       Example 2 
     Matrix Caplets/Tablets 
       [0243]    A one layered caplet is prepared having co-dried SNAC/heparin, a release controlling polymer, and a swellable polymer. This is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0244]    The components compressed into a tablet or caplet. Heparin/SNAC release is achieved through surface erosion of the release controlling polymer. 
       Example 3  
     Preparation of Components of Pharmaceutical Formulations Co-Dried Heparin/SNAC 
       [0245]    Heparin (1.2508 g) and SNAC (3.2485 g) were dissolved in 25 ml of deionized water. The solution was dried with nitrogen flow at room temperature overnight. The obtained solid cake was further dried under vacuum for 24 hours. The solid was then milled and screened through a 60-mesh sieve. The co-dried heparin/SNAC powder contained 13.1 wt % water. It was kept in desiccant for further use. 
         [0246]    Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) 
         [0247]    Sodium chloride (2.0 g) was dissolved in 800 ml of deionized water. The solution was adjusted to pH 1.2 with hydrochloric acid (37%) and then diluted to 1000 ml with deionized water. 
         [0248]    Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) 
         [0249]    Monobasic potassium phosphate (6.8 g) was dissolved in 250 ml of deionized water. 77 ml of 0.2 N sodium hydroxide and 500 ml of deionized water was added to the solution. The solution was adjusted to pH 6.8 with either 0.2N sodium hydroxide or 0.2N hydrochloric acid and then diluted to 1000 ml with deionized water. 
         [0250]    HPLC Analysis of Heparin and SNAC 
         [0251]    Heparin concentration was measured with a SEC column (PL aquagel-OH 30 8 um, 300×7.5 mm), mobile phases: 0.2M sodium sulfate (pH 5). Detector: UV206 nm. 
         [0252]    SNAC concentration was measured with a Phenomenex column (Luna 5 u C18, 75×4.6 mm, 5 Micro), mobile phases: A, 0.1% TFA in water; B, 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile; Detector: UV280 nm 
       Example 4 
     Swelling Tests 
       [0253]    A series swelling tests were performed on various swellable polymer/hydroattractant combinations containing either PolyOX 308™ or Methocel K15PM™. 
         [0254]    The swellable polymer ingredient and Mg stearate (1 wt %) were manually blended. The blend was compressed into a flat-faced plain tablet on a Carver press at a pressure of 1000 psi. The tablets thus prepared ranged in weight 1000±50 mg with a diameter of 13±0.05 mm and a height/thickness of 6.5±0.25 mm. 
         [0255]    The tablet was added to 40 ml of modified SGF (without pepsin) in a 50 ml beaker, which was maintained at 37±2° C. The tablet was taken out at a given time with a tweezers and gentle blotted dry with a kimwiper. The diameter (D) and the thickness (T) were measured with a calibrated electronic caliper. The volume was calculated based on the D and T. The strength of the swollen tablet was assessed qualitatively with the tweezers. 
         [0256]      FIG. 5  shows the swelling profiles of polyethylene oxide of three different molecular weights in SGF at 37° C. Higher molecular weights provided higher Initial swelling rates, swelling volumes and mechanic strength. PolyOX WSR 303 which has an average molecular weight of 7,000K gave best swelling performance. Its volume doubled in ˜30 minutes and kept increasing up to 4-4.5 times in ˜3.5 hours (maximum test time) without comprising its structural integrity. It is believed that this formulation can be retained in the stomach for much longer that the 4 hours tested. For PolyOX WSR N12K with an average molecular weight of 1,000K, the swelling was significantly slower reaching ˜3 times the baseline size in about 3.5 hours. It started to lose its mechanic strength at 1-1.5 hours. PolyOX WSR N80 which has a much lower molecular weight of 200K exhibited a unique swelling profile. It swelled to ˜1.5 times in ˜30 minutes with weakened mechanic strength, then started to lose the volume due to dissolution. Most of the polymer dissolved at the end of the test (3.5 hours) and the volume of the rest of the swollen tablet was about half of the original. This unique swelling property is useful in controlling the release rate of the drug and the carrier through surface erosion. 
         [0257]    Effects of hydroattractants on the swelling of PolyOXWSR 303 were tested under same conditions. As shown in Table 1, addition of 50% of various hydroattractants including L-HPC, Primejel (Starch Glycolate), Primellose (croscarmellose sodium), Klucel (hydroxypropylcellulose) or their combinations did not improve the swelling of the polymer. Same trend was observed for Methocel® K15PM (Methyl cellulose), as shown in  FIG. 6 . Based on the result of the swelling test, it seems that Klucel did not improve the swelling performance of Methocel®. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Swelling of polyOX WSR 303 tablets containing various hydro-attractants 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
             
          
           
               
                 T (Min) 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  0 
                 1 
                 Strong 
                 1 
                 Strong 
                 1 
                 Strong 
                 1 
                 Strong 
                 1 
                 Strong 
                 1 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 15 
                 1.72 
                 Strong 
                 1.81 
                 Strong 
                 1.60 
                 Strong 
                 1.69 
                 Strong 
                 1.80 
                 Strong 
                 1.73 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 30 
                 2.23 
                 Strong 
                 2.1 
                 Strong 
                 1.89 
                 Strong 
                 1.90 
                 Strong 
                 2.14 
                 Strong 
                 1.96 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 45 
                 2.60 
                 Strong 
                 2.5 
                 Strong 
                 2.06 
                 Strong 
                 2.10 
                 Strong 
                 2.43 
                 Strong 
                 2.31 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 60 
                 2.93 
                 Strong 
                 2.82 
                 Strong 
                 2.18 
                 Strong 
                 2.20 
                 Strong 
                 2.79 
                 Strong 
                 2.51 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 90 
                   
                   
                 3.1 
                 medium 
                 2.23 
                 Strong 
                 2.31 
                 Strong 
                 3.05 
                 Strong 
                 2.71 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 150  
                 3.8 
                 Strong 
                   
                 (Erosion) 
                 2.73 
                 Strong 
                 2.75 
                 Strong 
                 4.42 
                 Strong 
                 3.73 
                 Strong 
               
             
          
           
               
                 19 × 60 
                 8.46 
                 Weak 
                 Disintegrated 
                 6.2 
                 Medium 
                 7.77 
                 Weak 
                 9.9 
                 Medium 
                 4.95 
                 Weak 
               
               
                 24 × 60 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A - WSR 303 (100%), 
               
               
                 B - WSR 303 (50%) + L-HPC(50%), 
               
               
                 C - WSR 303 (50%) + Klucel HF (20%) + Primejel (30%); 
               
               
                 D - WSR 303 (50%) + Klucel HF (50%), 
               
               
                 E - WSR 303 (50%) + Primejel (50%) 
               
               
                 F - WSR 303 (50%) + Primellose (50%) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0258]    For both PolyOX WSR 303T and Methocel® K15PM™ tablets, the effect of the compression pressure was not significant, as shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
         [0259]    Carefully adjusting the ratio of Methocel®/Klucel or superdisintegrant, such as Primejel or Primellose, can be effective to achieve fast initial swelling but generally with a compromise in mechanic strength. To solve this problem, ˜4-5% tannic acid sometimes was added. Swelling test on these combinations was performed and the results were listed in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effects of tannic acid and pressure on swelling of 
               
               
                 Methocel ®-based tablets 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G* 
                 H 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time (min) 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
                 V/V 0   
                 S 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 S 
                 1 
                 S 
                 1 
                 S 
                 1 
                 S 
                 1 
                 S 
                 1 
                 S 
                 1 
                 S 
                 1 
                 S 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15 
                 Swelled very fast, disintegrated 
                 1.6 
                 S 
                 1.85 
                 S 
                 Disintegrated 
                 3.9 
                 W/S 
                 1.67 
                 S 
               
               
                   
                 in 10-15 min. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in 10 min 
               
             
          
           
               
                 30 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.05 
                 S 
                 1.91 
                 S 
                   
                   
                 9.5 
                 W 
                 1.77 
                 S 
               
               
                 45 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.16 
                 S 
                 1.98 
                 S 
                   
                   
                 12.4 
                 W 
                 1.87 
                 S 
               
             
          
           
               
                 60 
                   
                 2.16 
                 S 
                 2.1 
                 S 
                   
                 Disintegrated 
                 1.89 
                 S 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T = Thickness; 
               
               
                 D = Diameter; 
               
               
                 S = Strong; 
               
               
                 M = Medium; 
               
               
                 W = Weak 
               
               
                 The V/V 0  is estimated value, the shape was irregular. 
               
               
                 A: Methocel ® (23.8%) + Primejel (71.4%) + Tannic acid (4.8%), 2 tons 
               
               
                 B: Methocel ® (23.8%) + Primellose (71.4%) + Tannic acid (4.8%), 2 tons 
               
               
                 C: Methocel ® (26.7%) + Klucel (16.0%) + Primejel (53.3%) + Tannic acid (4%), 2 tons 
               
               
                 D: Methocel ® (15.9%) + Klucel (47.6%) + Primejel (31.7%) + Tannic acid (4.8%), 2 tons 
               
               
                 E: Methocel ® (30%) + Klucel (15%) + Primejel (55%), 0.75 tons 
               
               
                 F: Methocel ® (30%) + Klucel (15%) + Primejel (50.2%) + Tannic acid (4.8%), 0.75 tons 
               
               
                 G: Methocel ® (15.9%) + Klucel (47.6%) + Primejel (31.7%) + Tannic acid (4.8%), 0.75 tons 
               
               
                 H: Methocel ® (31.8%) + Klucel (31.7%) + Primejel (31.7%) + Tannic acid (4.8%), 0.75 tons 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0260]    As shown in the table, most combinations (formulations A, B, C, F and G) swelled very fast and lost their integrity dramatically (10-15 min) due to the presence of the superdisintegrants. Addition of tannic acid of 4-5% could not prevent the tablets from disintegration. Carefully adjusting the ratio could help maintain integrity, however, the swelling was compromised (formulations D and H). Compression had a significant effect on the swelling (formulation D and G). The lower the compression pressure, the faster the swelling associated with quicker loss in mechanic strength. 
         [0261]    The effect of inorganic phosphate salt such as monosodium phosphate on the swelling of the polymer tablet was also evaluated. As shown in  FIG. 9 , different combination of PolyOX WSR 303™/primejel or primellose or carbopol all with 5% Na 2 HPO 4  gave different initial swelling patterns. Addition of 20% primellose and 5% Na 2 HPO 4  appeared to improve the initial swelling of Poly WSR 303™ tablet without causing a compromise in integrity. In 15 min, the tablet of this combination swelled to ˜2.2 times in comparison to 1.7 times for the PolyOX WSR 303 only. 
         [0262]    As mentioned above, lower molecular weight PolyOX WSR N80™ could be used as an additive component to adjust the release rate of the drug and the carrier through surface erosion. A test was conducted to evaluate the effect of the presence of the polymer on the swelling of PolyOX WSR 303™ and Methocel® K15PM. As shown in Tables 3 and 4, upon addition of up to 25% PolyOX WSR N80™, both the swelling profile and the mechanic strength of either PolyOX WSR 303™ or Methocel® K15PM matrix tablets were well maintained. When the content of PolyOX WSR N80™ was over 50% both the initial swelling and the mechanic strength were compromised. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Swelling test of polyOX WSR303/polyOX WSR N80 
               
               
                 blends (SGF, 37° C.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 WSR 303 (250 mg) 
                 WSR 303 (500 mg) 
                 WSR 303 (750 mg) 
               
               
                   
                 WSR N80 (750 mg) 
                 WSR N80 (500 mg) 
                 WSR N80 (250 mg) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time (min) 
                 T 
                 D 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 T 
                 D 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 T 
                 D 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  0 
                 6.6 
                 12.95 
                 1 
                 S 
                 6.61 
                 12.95 
                 1 
                 S 
                 6.65 
                 12.95 
                 1 
                 S 
               
               
                 15 
                 8.48 
                 14.70 
                 1.66 
                 S/M 
                 8.97 
                 14.87 
                 1.79 
                 S 
                 9.22 
                 15.07 
                 1.88 
                 S 
               
               
                 30 
                 9.28 
                 14.88 
                 1.86 
                 M 
                 9.74 
                 15.13 
                 2.01 
                 S 
                 10.07 
                 15.50 
                 2.17 
                 S 
               
               
                 45 
                 9.42 
                 15.20 
                 1.97 
                 M 
                 10.5 
                 15.45 
                 2.26 
                 S 
                 11.04 
                 16.30 
                 2.63 
                 S 
               
               
                 60 
                 9.72 
                 15.0 
                 1.98 
                 M 
                 11.13 
                 16.08 
                 2.60 
                 S 
                 11.34 
                 16.53 
                 2.78 
                 S 
               
               
                 90 
                 9.80 
                 14.20 
                 1.78 
                 M 
                 11.33 
                 16.44 
                 2.76 
                 S/M 
                 11.55 
                 16.74 
                 2.90 
                 S 
               
               
                 150  
                 10.1 
                 13.8 
                 1.74 
                 W 
                 12.1 
                 17.4 
                 3.30 
                 M 
                 12.25 
                 17.50 
                 3.36 
                 S 
               
             
          
           
               
                 24 × 60 
                 Disintegrated 
                 Disintegrated 
                 Disintegrated 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T = Thickness; 
               
               
                 D = Diameter; 
               
               
                 S = Strong; 
               
               
                 M = Medium; 
               
               
                 W = Weak 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Swelling test of Methocel ®/polyOX WSR N80 blends (SGF, 
               
               
                 37° C.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Methocel ® (250 mg) 
                 Methocel ® (500 mg) 
                 Methocel ® (750 mg) 
               
               
                   
                 WSR N80 (750 mg) 
                 WSR N80 (500 mg) 
                 WSR N80 (250 mg) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time (min) 
                 T 
                 D 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 T 
                 D 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
                 T 
                 D 
                 V/V 0   
                 Strength 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  0 
                 6.48 
                 12.95 
                 1 
                 S 
                 6.45 
                 12.99 
                 1 
                 S 
                 5.99 
                 12.95 
                 1 
                 S 
               
               
                 15 
                 8.1 
                 13.6 
                 1.38 
                 S 
                 7.90 
                 13.55 
                 1.33 
                 S 
                 8.21 
                 15.07 
                 1.60 
                 S 
               
               
                 30 
                 8.3 
                 13.8 
                 1.45 
                 S/M 
                 8.95 
                 14.26 
                 1.67 
                 S 
                 0.05 
                 15.50 
                 1.87 
                 S 
               
               
                 45 
                 8.4 
                 13.8 
                 1.47 
                 M 
                 9.50 
                 14.56 
                 1.85 
                 S/M 
                 9.78 
                 16.30 
                 2.17 
                 S 
               
               
                 60 
                 8.5 
                 14.2 
                 1.58 
                 M/W 
                 9.85 
                 14.85 
                 2.0 
                 S/M 
                 10.82 
                 16.53 
                 2.45 
                 S 
               
               
                 90 
                 8.2 
                 14.03 
                 1.49 
                 M/M 
                 10.10 
                 15.7 
                 2.29 
                 S/M 
                 11.42 
                 16.74 
                 2.63 
                 S 
               
               
                 150  
                 8.0 
                 13.5 
                 1.34 
                 W 
                 9.89 
                 15.8 
                 2.27 
                 M/W 
                 12.92 
                 17.50 
                 3.18 
                 S 
               
               
                 210  
                 7.0 
                 12.3 
                 0.97 
                 W 
                 10.5 
                 13.8 
                 1.81 
                 W 
                 13.72 
                 16.09 
                 3.52 
                 S 
               
             
          
           
               
                 24 × 60 
                 Disintegrated 
                 Disintegrated 
                 Disintegrated 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T = Thickness; 
               
               
                 D = Diameter; 
               
               
                 S = Strong; 
               
               
                 M = Medium; 
               
               
                 W = Weak 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0263]    In summary, both PolyOX WSR 303 and Methocel® K15PM showed good swelling properties. In terms of initial swelling rate/volume and mechanic strength, PolyOX WSR 303 appeared to provide better results than Methocel® K15PM. Addition of hydroattractants and/or superdisintegrants caused significant changes in the polymer swelling. Lower molecular weight polyethylene oxide, PolyOX WSR N80, exhibited a unique swelling property. The volume reached the maximum in ˜30 min followed by significant drop in the volume due to dissolution. The swelling property can be used to adjust the release rate of the drug/carrier through surface erosion. With the consideration of their structural similarity, PolyOX WSR 303™ and PolyOX WSR N80™ were selected as the swellable polymer and release controlling polymer, respectively, for the drug/carrier loaded dosage forms that were used for the in vitro and in vivo studies. 
         [0264]    Heparin/SNAC Loaded Tablet 
         [0265]    To test the swelling of proposed GRDDS dosage forms, heparin/SNAC loaded matrix tablet and bi-layered tablet were made with such a formulation in which heparin to SNAC ratio was 3:8 (w/w) and (heparin+SNAC) to (WSR 303+WSR N80) ratio was ˜4:5 (w/w). For the tablet containing WSR N80, the ratio of WSR N80 to WSR 303 was 1:3. The tablets weighed 940-960 mg. The matrix tablet was made from a physical blend of all the ingredients (see  FIG. 2 ); the bi-layered tablet contained the swellable polymer in one layer and the remaining ingredients in the other (see  FIG. 1 ). 
         [0266]    The swelling properties of these tablets were tested with same method set forth above. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the initial swelling of the loaded matrix tablet with or without the release controlling polymer (WSR N80) were very comparable to the placebo tablet (tablet containing only WSR 303), reaching 2-2.2 times in ˜30 min. with strong mechanic strength. Because of surface erosion caused mainly by dissolution of WSR N80, the matrix tablet containing WSR N80 started to lose the mechanic strength at ˜30-45 min, which was consistent with that reflected in the swelling profile of WSR N80 (See  FIG. 5 ). The matrix tablet that did not contain WSR N80 did not lose the mechanic strength until 3.5 h where the released heparin/SNAC became significant. Due to the competition of volume increase from polymer swelling and volume decrease from WSR N80 dissolution and release of heparin/SNAC, a maximum swollen volume was observed at 2-2.5 h for the matrix tablet with the release controlling polymer and at 3-4 h for the matrix tablet without the release controlling polymer. As reflected in the swelling profiles, the swollen volume might correlate to the amount of the swellable polymer in the tablets from 0.5 h to 1.5 h since the volume increase dominated the competition. 
         [0267]    Compared to the loaded matrix tablet, the initial swelling of the loaded bi-layered tablet was significant slower ( FIG. 11 ) due to the unique design of tablet from which the release of heparin/SNAC was much faster and the surface volume used for swelling was significant smaller. As discussed below, when the active agent/delivery agent layer did not contain the release controlling polymer, i.e., WSR N80, the release completed in 30-45 min compared to 4-5 h for layers that contained the release controlling polymer. (See  FIG. 12 ). For the bi-layered tablet with the release controlling polymer polymer, the volume reached maximum plateau of 2.2 times at 45-60 min that lasted for 4 h. During this time period, the volume increase from swelling balanced the volume decrease from the erosion of the drug/carrier layer. 
       Example 5  
     In vitro Release/Dissolution 
       [0268]    At least three processes are involved in heparin/SNAC absorption when the gastric retention dosage form is administered—release of heparin/SNAC in the stomach (in precipitate or in solution), dissolution of heparin/SNAC in the stomach and dissolution of heparin/SNAC in the intestine. All three process were tested in simulated fluid at 37° C. 
         [0269]    Tablets were compressed under 1000 psi (1.5 tons), weighing 1000±50 mg with a diameter of 13±0.05 mm and a height/thickness of 6.5±0.25 mm. 
         [0270]    Release Of Heparin/SNAC In The Stomach 
         [0271]    The in vitro release experiments were out carried in SGF (40 ml/tablet) at 37±2° C. with gentle stirring. The tablet was taken out the flask at the given time point. The SGF media containing released SNAC/heparin precipitate/solution was adjusted to pH 9-10 with 5N NaOH, and then diluted to 50 or 100 ml. The concentrations of both heparin and SNAC were measured by HPLC. 
         [0272]    Three dosage forms were tested. The first dosage form was the matrix tablet shown in  FIG. 2 . The second dosage form was the bi-layer tablet shown in  FIG. 1 , containing 13 wt % release controlling polymer (WSR N80). The third dosage form was the bi-layer dosage form of  FIG. 1 , but without the release controlling polymer (WSR N80). 
         [0273]    As shown in  FIG. 12 , simultaneous release of heparin and SNAC were achieved from all the three dosage forms through a surface erosion process. The release rate could be adjusted by adjusting the amount of the release controlling polymer (see  FIGS. 14-15  discussed below). An immediate release for the drug/carrier was observed for the bi-layered tablet without the release controlling polymer, whereas in the presence of 13% WSR N80, a sustained release of the drug/carrier was achieved due to gradual erosion of the drug/carrier layer. 
         [0274]    Tablet swelling and heparin/SNAC release were correlated for the bi-layered tablet with WSR N80. The results are shown in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0275]    The slightly S-shaped release profile for the bi-layered tablet probably reflects the swelling effects on surface erosion. The surface area increases with increase in the volume of the tablet causing increase in surface erosion and thus the release rate. Most of the drug and the carrier were released after 1.5 h, thus decreasing the release rate. 
         [0276]    In the case of the matrix tablet containing 13% of WSR N80, the release controlling polymer polymer was homogeneously distributed throughout whole tablet. The surface erosion process became much slower causing dramatic decrease in the release rate compared to the bi-layered tablet. The release rate became more significant after 1.5 h with the increase in the swelling volume. 
         [0277]    The release rate of the active agent (heparin) and the delivery agent (SNAC) from the bi-layered tablet can be adjusted by varying the amount of the release controlling polymer polymer. As shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the release rate increased with the decrease in the amount of WSR N80 in the drug layer. 
         [0278]    Dissolution Of Heparin /SNAC In The Stomach 
         [0279]    Heparin and SNAC have very different solubility in acidic water at 37° C., &gt;500 mg/ml for heparin and &lt;0.1 mg/ml for SNAC (free acid form). Thus, after released from the tablet, almost all SNAC should exist in the SGF as precipitate whereas heparin should be in SGF solution. 
         [0280]      FIG. 16  shows the release profiles of heparin and SNAC from the same bi-layered tablet containing 13% WSR N80, based on the solution concentrations of the two components in the acidic SGF. As expected, there was very little amount of SNAC (&lt;0.1%) measured in the SGF solution whereas the heparin amount in the solution was very significant. 
         [0281]    In the first 60 min, the heparin amount in the solution was comparable to the total amount of heparin released from the tablet (˜30%). 
         [0282]    Dissolution of Heparin and SNAC in SGF Under 5× Sink Condition 
         [0283]    Sink conditions refer to the excess solubilizing capacity of the dissolution medium. 5× sink condition means five times the volume needed to completely dissolve the material in terms of the solubility. For this purpose, SNAC solubility in SGF at 37° C. was determined with HPLC, to be 0.07 mg/ml. The experiment was carried out in SGF at 37° C. on the Hanson SR 8-Plus system (available from Hanson Research, Chatsworth Calif.) at 75 rpm. A 50-mg bi-layered tablet, containing 12.84 mg of SNAC and 4.82 mg of heparin, with a diameter 7.1 mm and 950 ml of SGF was used. 
         [0284]    The dissolved SNAC and heparin were measured by HPLC. For SNAC, large injection volume, 1 ml, was applied; for heparin, large sampling volume, 8 ml, was taken and then concentrated to 0.25 ml. 
         [0285]    The experiment was performed in SGF at 37° C. using either a rotating basket or a paddle device. The dissolution of both heparin and SNAC from the same bi-layered tablet was measured. The dissolution profiles for SNAC and heparin are shown in  FIGS. 17 and 18 . Under 5×-sink condition in SGF, the dissolution rate of heparin was faster than that of SNAC. Agitation causes significant influence or the dissolution rates, and the paddle device gave higher dissolution rate compared to rotating basket with the same agitation speed (75 rpm). 
         [0286]    Similar bi-layered tablets containing 0% or 5% of WSR N80 were also tested under same conditions using the paddle device to study the effect of presence of the rate controlling polymer in the drug/carrier layer on the dissolution of the drug and the carrier. The results were shown in  FIGS. 19 &amp; 20 . 
         [0287]      FIGS. 21 &amp; 22  summarized the dissolution profiles of both SNAC and heparin. In all cases, heparin dissolution went faster than SNAC. The initial dissolution rate of both heparin and SNAC appeared to decrease with increase in the content of the release controlling polymer. 
         [0288]    SNAC/Heparin Dissolution from the Bi-Layered Tablet in SIF 
         [0289]    The dissolution of both SNAC and heparin from the bi-layered tablet in Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) was measured. The release of both heparin and SNAC from the bi-layered gastric retention dosage form was significantly prolonged (from ˜30 min. to ˜180 min.) due to the presence of the PolyOX WSR N80 in the drug/carrier layer ( FIG. 23 ). 
         [0290]    Based on the profile, SNAC appears to dissolve faster than heparin. This is likely due to slower diffusion of macromolecular heparin through the polymer, as compared to the small molecular SNAC. 
         [0291]    In summary, simultaneous release of heparin and SNAC from the gastric retention dosage form in SGF was achieved through the release controlling polymer-mediated surface erosion process. The release rates can be adjusted by varying the amount of the release controlling polymer (e.g. WSR N80). The active agent/delivery agent release is a hybrid process of swelling and surface erosion. Due to the presence of WSR N80 in the drug/carrier layer, the dissolution rates in SIF for both heparin and SNAC from the bi-layered tablet are significantly slower. 
         [0292]    Heparin/SNAC absorption should be related to all the three process, among which heparin/SNAC release from the tablet in SGF may be the rate-limiting step. 
       Example 6 
     In vivo Study in Rats 
       [0293]    Gastric Retention and Heparin/SNAC Absorption Study in Rats 
         [0294]    Mini-tablets of the following four formulations were compressed for the tablet retention and heparin absorption study in rats (average body weight ˜350 g, n=3). The dose levels were 30 mg/kg of heparin and 80 mg/kg of SNAC. Group 1 and 2 were set up as two negative controls. In group 1, the formulation does not contain a release controlling polymer (WSR N80) in the active agent/delivery agent layer. In group  2 , there was no swellable polymer (WSR 303) in the tablet. The formulations with the corresponding dosage forms were listed below: 
         [0295]    Group 1, WSR 303 (45%)+Heparin/SNAC (54%)+Mg stearate (1%), bi-layered. WSR 303 was in one layer, and Heparin/SNAC was in the second layer. 
         [0296]    Group 2, WSR N80 (19.5%)+Heparin/SNAC (79.5%)+Mg stearate (1%), one layer. 
         [0297]    Group 3, WSR 303 (43.3%)+Heparin/SNAC (42.6%)+WSR N80 (13%)+Mg stearate (1%), bi-layered. WSR 303 was in one layer, and WSR N80 and Heparin/SNAC was in the second layer. 
         [0298]    Group 4, WSR303 (50%)+Heparin/SNAC (44%)+WSR N80 (5%)+Mg stearate (1%), bi-layered. WSR 303 was in one layer, and WSR N80 and Heparin/SNAC was in the second layer. 
         [0299]    Preparation of the Test Articles 
         [0300]    Bi-layered caplet for Group 1: 388 mg of WSR 303 and 4 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed manually to form part A. 460 mg of the heparin/SNAC co-dried powder (KF, 17.12%) and 4 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to form part B. 23.2 mg of part B was weighed and added to the caplet die (size #2) as the first layer. 19.6 mg of the part A was then added to the top of the part B in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under ˜1000 pound pressures on a Carver press to form a mini-caplet of 42.8 mg which contained 5.2 mg of heparin and 13.9 mg of SNAC. Based on two caplets per rat, the dose levels were 29.7 mg/kg of heparin and 79.4 mg/kg of SNAC for a 350 g rat. 
         [0301]    Bi-layered caplet for Group 2: 460 mg of the heparin/SNAC co-dried powder (KF, 17.12%), 116 mg of WSR N80 and 4 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed. 29.0 mg of the mixture was added to the caplet die (size #2) and compressed under ˜1000 pound pressures on a Carver press to form a mini-caplet which contained 5.2 mg of heparin and 13.9 mg of SNAC. Based on two caplets per rat, the dose levels were 29.7 mg/kg of heparin and 79.4 mg/kg of SNAC for a 350 g rat. 
         [0302]    Bi-layered caplet for Group 3: 388 mg of WSR 303 and 4 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed manually to form part A. 460 mg of the heparin/SNAC co-dried powder (KF, 17.12%), 116 mg of WSR N80 and 4 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to form part B. 29.0 mg of part B was weighed and added to the caplet die (size #2) as the first layer. 19.6 mg of the part A was then added to the top of the part B in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under ˜1000 pound pressures on a Carver press to form a mini-caplet of 48.6 mg which contained 5.2 mg of heparin and 13.9 mg of SNAC. Based on two caplets per rat, the dose levels were 29.7 mg/kg of heparin and 79.4 mg/kg of SNAC for a 350 g rat. 
         [0303]    Bi-layered caplet for Group 4: 388 mg of WSR 303 and 4 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed manually to form part A. 460 mg of the heparin/SNAC co-dried powder (KF, 17.12%), 44 mg of WSR N80 and 4 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to form part B. 25.4 mg of part B was weighed and added to the caplet die (size #2) as the first layer. 22 mg of the part A was then added to the top of the part B in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under ˜1000 pound pressures on a Carver press to form a mini-caplet of 47.4 mg which contained 5.2 mg of heparin and 13.9 mg of SNAC. Based on two caplets per rat, the dose levels were 29.7 mg/kg of heparin and 79.4 mg/kg of SNAC for a 350 g rat. 
         [0304]    Oral Gavage Procedures 
         [0305]    Rat studies were carried out in Sprague Dawley rats (body weight was approximately 350 grams) by oral gavage administration. Rats were fasted for about 24 hours and anesthetized by intramuscular administration of ketamine (44 mg/kg) and thorazine (1.5 mg/kg). At pre-determined time intervals, blood samples were drawn from retro-orbital vessels and were appropriately prepared as either plasma or serum for glucose and insulin bioassays. The animal was sacrificed at the end of the experiment and rat GI mucosa was observed for any sign of local toxicity. 
         [0306]    Based on polymer swelling, the GRDF was designed to provide a sustained release system that can deliver both the drug and the carrier at the same time at the same site (stomach). It is expected that the PK/PD profiles of the drug should be different from that of the non-sustained release dosage forms. Typically the Cmax may be lower whereas the action time range should be longer provided the gastric retention dosage form can retain in the stomach long enough for the active agent and delivery agent to complete release. Both rat and primate studies were performed to check if gastric retention and a sustained heparin PD profile can be achieved with the bi-layered tablet 
         [0307]    The mini-tablets, two for each animal, were oral administered to the rats and the blood sampling was taken at each pre-determined time points (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min for group 1; 0, 30, 90, 120 and 180 min for groups 2, 3 and 4) for heparin/SNAC absorption measuring. The gastric retentions of the tablets and the pH of the stomach fluid were checked through necropsy the end of the experiment. The results were listed in table 5. The heparin/SNAC absorption profiles of the four formulations from this rat study are shown in  FIGS. 24-32  and were also summarized in the table  6 .  FIGS. 29-31  set forth SNAC/C3 concentrations, in which C3 is the 3-carbon metabolite of SNAC. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gastric retention of tablets and the corresponding 
               
               
                 stomach pH in rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Group/Rat# 
                 Tablets found in the stomach 
                 Stomach fluid pH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G1-1 
                 2 
                 6-7 
               
               
                 G1-2 
                 1 (one disintegrated) 
               
               
                 G1-3 
                 0 
               
               
                 G2-1 
                 0 
                 4-5 
               
               
                 G2-2 
                 0 
                 4-5 
               
               
                 G2-3 
                 0 
                 1-2 
               
               
                 G3-1 
                 1 (one disintegrated) 
                 4-5 
               
               
                 G3-2 
                 2 
                 5-6 
               
               
                 G3-3 
                 1 (one disintegrated) 
                 4-5 
               
               
                 G4-1 
                 2 
                 4-5 
               
               
                 G4-2 
                 2 
                 4-5 
               
               
                 G4-3 
                 1 (one disintegrated) 
                 4-5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Absorption data of the small tablet rat experiment 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Heparin (Fxa, IU/ml) 
                 SNAC + C3 (uM) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rat# 
                 Cmax 
                 AUC 
                 Tmax 
                 Width 
                 Cmax 
                 AUC 
                 Tmax 
                 Width 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 G2-4 
                 0.96 
                 60.8 
                 30 
                 90 
                 140.4 
                 9444 
                 30 
                 90 
               
               
                 G2-5 
                 0.6 
                 38.3 
                 90 
                 90 
                 44.9 
                 4655 
                 180 
                 60 
               
               
                 G2-6 
                 1.85 
                 159.3 
                 30 
                 120 
                 288.7 
                 19270 
                 30 
                 90 
               
               
                 G3-7 
                 0.73 
                 55.4 
                 30 
                 120 
                 61.9 
                 5756 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                 G3-8 
                 0.26 
                 23 
                 120 
                 90 
                 46.2 
                 5558 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                 G3-9 
                 1.49 
                 80.1 
                 30 
                 90 
                 350.5 
                 21752 
                 30 
                 90 
               
               
                 G4- 
                 — 
                 0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 87.2 
                 6433 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                 10 
               
               
                 G4- 
                 1.79 
                 158 
                 30 
                 120 
                 81.5 
                 6800 
                 30 
                 120 
               
               
                 11 
               
               
                 G4- 
                 8.55 (?) 
                 536 
                 120 
                 30 
                 95.6 
                 7575 
                 30 
                 90 
               
               
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0308]    As shown in table 5, two residual tablets were found in each animal of groups 1, 3 and 4, formulations which included the swellable polymer, polyOX WSR303. In the rats of group 2, which received the tablets containing no polyOX WSR303, no tablet retention was observed in the stomach. The stomach pH was mostly in the range of 4-6, slightly higher than expected due to the release of SNAC (a weak base). 
         [0309]    Table 6 sets forth the heparin and SNAC absorption after oral administration of the bi-layered tablets containing the release controlling polymer, WSR N80, in the drug/carrier layer. (Thus, a sustained absorption profile was expected from them). As shown in the heparin absorption profiles, in terms of the shape, the heparin absorption does look like sustained for both the mean and the individual profiles. Typically, the Cmax is ˜0.6 to 1.8 whereas the action time is about 2 h. No delayed action time was observed. 
       Example 7  
     In vivo Study in Primates 
       [0310]    Study Design 
         [0311]    Two groups of crossover studies were performed in 4 fasted Cynomolgus primates, 2 males and 2 females on the two dosage forms, caplet and tablet, of two related formulations: Study A (formulation 1, caplets); Study B (formulation 1, tablets); Study C (formulation 2, caplets); and Study D (formulation 2, tablets). Experiments Study A/Study B and Study C/Study D were crossover, respectively with 1 week washout period. The dose levels were 30 mg/kg for heparin &amp; 80 mg/kg for SNAC. The primate ID and body weights were
       Study A—1M (5.1 kg), 3M (5.2 kg), 4F (6.7 kg), 5F(6.4 kg)—av. 5.85 kg   Study B—1M (5.5 kg), 3M (5.4 kg), 4F(7.2 kg), 5F (6.2 kg)—av. 6.08 kg   Study C—16M (4.4 kg), 17M (3.7 kg), 14F (3.2 kg), 15F (3.1 kg)—av. 3.6 kg   Study D—16M (4.3 kg), 17M (3.8 kg), 14F (3.1 kg), 15F (3.2 kg)—av. 3.6 kg
 
The blood samples were collected at pre-determined time points (0, 30, 60, 90 min. and 2.5 h, 3 h, 4 h and 6 h)and assayed on both heparin (APTT/FXa) and SNAC absorption. The dosage forms and the corresponding formulations tested in the studies were illustrated with dose volumes as follows:
   Study A—Formulation 1/caplets (3 caplets/monkey)   Study B—Formulation 1/tablets (3 tablets/monkey)   Study C—Formulation 2/caplets (2 caplets/monkey)   Study D—Formulation 2/tablets (2 tablets/monkey)
 
Formulations 1 and 2 are set forth in  FIG. 3 , in which the numbers denote wt %.
       
 
         [0320]    Preparation Procedures of the Bi-Layered Caplets/Caplets 
         [0321]    Bi-layered caplets for study A: 3.92 g of WSR 303 and 35.2 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed manually to form part A. 4.82 g of the heparin/SNAC co-dried powder (KF, 19.06%), 1.172 g of WSR N80 and 52.8 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to give part B. 0.3022 g of part B was weighed and added to the caplet die (size #2) as the first layer. 0.1978 g of the part A was then added to the top of the part B in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under 1.5 ton pressure on a Carver press to form a caplet of 500 mg which contained 53 mg of heparin and 141 mg of SNAC. Based on three caplets per primate, the dose levels were 27 mg/kg of heparin and 72 mg/kg of SNAC for a 5.85 kg primate or 30 mg/kg of heparin and 80 mg/kg of SNAC for a 5.25 kg primate. 
         [0322]    Bi-layered caplets for study C: 4.5 g of WSR 303 and 50 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to form part A. 4.95 g of SNAC/heparin co-dried powder (KF, 19.06%), 0.45 g of WSR N80 and 50 mg of magnesium were well mixed to give part B. 0.2725 g of part B was weighed and added to the caplet die (size #2) as the first layer. 0.2275 g of the part A was then added to the top of the part B in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under 1.5 ton pressures on a Carver press to form a caplet of 500 mg which contained 54.7 mg of heparin and 145.8 mg of SNAC. Based on two caplets per primate, the dose levels were 30.4 mg/kg of heparin and 81 mg/kg of SNAC for a 3.6 kg primate. 
         [0323]    Bi-layered tablets for study B: 4.474 g of WSR 303 and 50 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to form part A. 5.306 g of SNAC/heparin co-dried powder (KF, 17.12%), 1.34 g of WSR N80 and 50 mg of magnesium were well mixed to give part B. 0.2751 g of part B was weighed and added to the tablet die (cylindrical, size #2 diameter) as the first layer. 0.1859 g of the part A was then added to the top of the part B in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under 1.5 ton pressures on a Carver press to form a tablet of 461 mg which contained 49.3 mg of heparin and 131.4 mg of SNAC. Based on three tablets per primate, the dose levels were 25.3 mg/kg of heparin and 67.4 mg/kg of SNAC for a 5.85 kg primate or 28.2 mg/kg of heparin and 75.1 mg/kg of SNAC for a 5.25 kg primate. 
         [0324]    Bi-layered tablets for study D: 4.5 g of WSR 303 and 45 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to form part A. 4.778 g of SNAC/heparin co-dried powder (KF, 17.12%), 0.45 g of WSR N80 and 45 mg of magnesium were well mixed to give part B. 0.2476 g of part B was weighed and added to the tablet die (cylindrical, size #2 diameter) as the first layer. 0.2134 g of the part A was then added to the top of the part B in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under 1.5 ton pressures on a Carver press to form a tablet of 461 mg which contained 50.7 mg of heparin and 135.2 mg of SNAC. Based on two tablets per primate, the dose levels were 28.2 mg/kg of heparin and 75.1 mg/kg of SNAC for a 3.6 kg primate. 
         [0325]    Heparin/SNAC Assay Procedures 
         [0326]    Rat serum concentrations of insulin were determined using Heparin ELISA Test Kit (DSL Inc.). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) has been established at 12.5 μU/mL, with the calibrated linear range of the assay up to 250 μU/mL. Changes in blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. 
         [0327]    X-ray monitoring gastric retention study on the bi-layered caplets in primates 
         [0328]    Study Design 
         [0329]    To investigate the gastric retention of the bi-layered caplet (size #2) in primates with X-ray, barium sulfate bead were embedded into the swellable polymer layers as illustrated in  FIG. 4 : 
         [0330]    The study was carried out in four fasted Rhesus primates: MONKEY 1 (F, 5.0 kg), MONKEY 2 (F, 5.2 kg), MONKEY 3 (M, 4.4 kg), and MONKEY 4 (M, 4.4 kg). Barium sulfate embedded caplets of formulation 2 in above primate absorption studies were orally administered to the primates. At given time points (0, 30, 60, 90 min. and 2.5 h, 3 h, 4h and 6 h), X-ray pictures were taken to locate the caplets in the primates while blood samples were collected to measure heparin absorption (APTT/FXa). The dose levels were 30 mg/kg of heparin and 80 mg/kg of SNAC. Heparin absorption was assayed. 
         [0331]    Absorption Study in Primates on the Bi-Layered GRDF (Formulations 1 &amp; 2) 
         [0332]    Two groups of crossover studies were performed in 4 primates on the two dosage forms, caplet and tablet, of two related formulations: Study A (formulation 1, caplets); Study B (tablets, formulation 1); Study C (formulation 2, caplets); and Study D (formulation 2, tablets). Experiments Study A/Study B and Study C/Study D were crossover, respectively. Both heparin and SNAC absorption were analyzed and the results were shown in  FIGS. 29-40 . The comparison profiles for the crossover experiment on individual monkeys were listed in  FIGS. 41-56 . C3 denotes the three carbon metabolite of SNAC. 
         [0333]    Heparin/SNAC absorption profiles for all the four dosage forms were found different from that of our non-sustained release dosage forms (liquid and solid without polymer excipients). A delayed and a prolonged action time (up to 45 min and 4 h, respectively) were observed. Typically the Cmax (˜0.5-1 IU/ml for AntiFXa) were lower whereas the action times (˜4-6 h) were longer. The delayed action time, from 20 to 45 min, depended on the content of the release controlling polymer polymer WSR N80 in the heparin/SNAC layer. When the amount of WSR N80 increased from 5 wt % to 13 wt %, the delayed action time increased from ˜20 min to ˜45 min. After 4-6 h, the heparin absorption quickly dropped to zero. This may be resulted from the clearance of the dosage forms from the stomach due to loss of their mechanical strength or just because of the complete release of heparin/SNAC during this time period. 
         [0334]    To clarify this, a swelling test was thus performed with the caplet used for the primate study A. The data was shown in Table 7. It was observed that the caplets started to lose their mechanical strength after 3 h. This might explain the sudden drop of heparin absorption to zero at 4 h in the primate study A ( FIG. 6 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Swelling of bi-layered caplets for primate experiment 
               
               
                 Study A (Formulation 1) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Width 
                 Heights 
                   
               
               
                 Time (min) 
                 Length (mm) 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm) 
                 Strength 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 15.5 
                 5.79 
                 6.32 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 15 
                 16.75 
                 7.13 
                 8.58 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 30 
                 17.36 
                 7.92 
                 8.81 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 45 
                 18.25 
                 8.60 
                 8.60 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 60 
                 18.85 
                 9.25 
                 8.50 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 105 
                 20.92 
                 10.02 
                 9.32 
                 Strong 
               
               
                 180 
                 22.0 
                 10.40 
                 9.12 
                 Strong/medium 
               
               
                 360 
                 24.75 
                 12.08 
                 8.44 
                 Medium/weak 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0335]    Preliminary data analysis on the crossover primate study was performed and the results were shown in the following tables. As shown in table 8, for the same monkey, the tablet and the caplet have comparable Tmax, however, the tablet exhibited significantly higher (˜1.5-2 times) AUC than the caplet for all the four primates. This significance in the AUC difference is confirmed by the results of correlation variation analysis (Table 10), suggesting tablet is better than the caplet for formulation 2. But for formulation 1, it&#39;s in-conclusive which one is better (Table 9). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Heparin absorption (FXa) - Formulation 2 (5% 
               
               
                 WSR N80) 
               
               
                 Formulation 2 (5% WSR N80) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Monkey 
                 Prototype 
                 AUC 
                 Cmax 
                 Tmax 
                 Width (min) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 16M 
                 Caplet 
                 62.6 
                 0.5 
                 90 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 94.3 
                 0.28 
                 90 
                 360 
               
               
                   
                 17M 
                 Caplet 
                 3 
                 0.2 
                 45 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 118.5 
                 0.58 
                 45 
                 220 
               
               
                   
                 14F 
                 Caplet 
                 200.1 
                 1.39 
                 90 
                 180 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 381.2 
                 1.98 
                 90 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                 15F 
                 Caplet 
                 43 
                 0.54 
                 60 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 95.6 
                 0.31 
                 45 
                 360 
               
               
                   
                 Group 
                 Caplet 
                 77.1 
                 0.60 
                 90 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                 Mean 
                 Tablet 
                 172.4 
                 0.75 
                 90 
                 330 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Heparin absorption (FXa) - Formulation 1 (13% 
               
               
                 WSR N80) 
               
               
                 Formulation 1 (13% WSR N80) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Width 
               
               
                   
                 Monkey 
                 Prototype 
                 AUC 
                 Cmax 
                 Tmax 
                 (min) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1M 
                 Caplet 
                 0 
                 0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 25.2 
                 0.38 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 3M 
                 Caplet 
                 49.5 
                 0.43 
                 90 
                 180 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 20.2 
                 0.26 
                 90 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 4F 
                 Caplet 
                 44.1 
                 0.37 
                 90 
                 180 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 81.1 
                 0.61 
                 90 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                 5F 
                 Caplet 
                 85.8 
                 0.67 
                 150 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablet 
                 143.5 
                 0.81 
                 150 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 Group 
                 Caplet 
                 44.8 
                 0.36 
                 90 
                 180 
               
               
                   
                 Mean 
                 Tablet 
                 67.5 
                 0.50 
                 90 
                 180 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Tablet vs Caplet: Crossover study data analysis 
               
               
                 Formulation 2 (5% WSR N80) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Heparin 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC + C3 
                   
                 AUC 
                 AUC ratio 
                 AUC 
                 AUC ratio 
               
               
                 Monkey 
                 Prototype 
                 (Heparin) 
                 (Tablet to Caplet) 
                 (SNAC + C3) 
                 (Tablet to Caplet) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 16M 
                 Caplet 
                 62.6 
                 1 
                 6907.8 
                 0.82 
               
               
                   
                 Tablet 
                 94.3 
                   
                 5696.4 
               
               
                 17M 
                 Caplet 
                 3 
                 (39.5) 
                 14306.9 
                 0.76 
               
               
                   
                 Tablet 
                 118.5 
                   
                 10948.0 
               
               
                 14F 
                 Caplet 
                 200.1 
                 1.9 
                 17059.5 
                 0.44 
               
               
                   
                 Tablet 
                 381.2 
                   
                 7572.4 
               
               
                 15F 
                 Caplet 
                 43 
                 2.2 
                 15798.5 
                 0.63 
               
               
                   
                 Tablet 
                 95.6 
                   
                 9875.7 
               
               
                 X ± SD (CV) 
                 Caplet 
                  77.2 ± 85.6 (110%) 
                 1.87 ± 0.35 (18.8%) 
                 13518 ± 4548 (33.6%) 
                 0.66 ± 0.17 (25.4%) 
               
               
                   
                 Tablet 
                 172.4 ± 139.6 (81%) 
                   
                  8523 ± 2352 (27.6%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0336]    Preparation of the Barium Sulfate Embedded Bi-Layered Caplets 
         [0337]    4.1562 g of WSR 303 and 41.6 mg of magnesium stearate were well mixed to form part A. 4.1083 g of SNAC/heparin co-dried powder (KF, 10.97%), 0.4156 g of WSR N80 and 41.6 mg of magnesium were well mixed to give part B. 0.2998 g of part A was weighed and added to the caplet die (size #2) as the first layer. Two pre-made barium sulfate beads of ˜35 mg were then embedded into the part A powder close to the surface in such a way that the two beads were well separated for easy recognition. 0.3261 g of the part B was then added to the top of the part A in the die as the second layer. The mixture was compressed under 1.5 ton pressures on a Carver press to form the caplet which contained 71.5 mg of heparin and 190 mg of SNAC. Based on two caplets per primate, the dose levels were 30 mg/kg of heparin and 80 mg/kg of SNAC for a 4.75 kg primate. 
         [0338]    Gastric Retention Study in Primates on the Bi-Layered Caplet 
         [0339]    A primate experiment was performed on four monkeys with BaSO 4  beads-embedded caplets of the above-discussed formulation to study the gastric retention of the caplets with X-ray monitoring. The size of the caplets was about size #1 capsule and two caplets were orally dosed into each of the four monkeys, corresponding to a dose level of 30 mg/kg of heparin and 80 mg/kg of SNAC. At given time points up to 6 hours, X-ray pictures were taken to locate the caplets in the primates while blood samples were collected to measure heparin absorption (APTT/FXa). 
         [0340]    Both caplets dosed at time zero retained in the stomach for at least 6 hours (the maximum experimental time) on three of the four monkeys (MONKEY 2, MONKEY 1 and MONKEY 3). On the other monkey (MONKEY 4), the two caplets only stayed in the stomach for about 60-90 minutes and then exited to the small intestine. 
         [0341]    The corresponding heparin absorption results for the same primate study (n=4, Rhesus) were shown in  FIGS. 64 &amp; 65 . Except for primate MONKEY 4, in which the caplets exited from the stomach at 60 to 90 min, no significant heparin absorption was observed for the other three primates. The blood anti-FXa level reached ˜0.3 IU/ml for primate MONKEY 4 at 60 min, corresponding to the Tmax of the APTT level of ˜40 seconds. 
         [0342]    SNAC analysis results were also obtained ( FIGS. 66-68 ). Significant SNAC and C3 absorption were observed for all the four primates. Unlike the heparin absorption situation, the SNAC/C3 absorption in primate MONKEY 4 was not the highest and the difference between this primate and other three primates was not that dramatic. A C5-related peak was observed during the SNAC/C3 analysis. Due to lack of the standard, it was not quantified ( FIG. 68 ) 
       Example 8  
     Buoyancy, Primate Heparin Delivery for Heparin/SNAC Formulation 
       [0343]    Two heparin/SNAC formulation was prepared based on the design set forth in  FIG. 69  having the formulation shown below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Qty/tablet (mg) 
                 Qty/tablet (mg) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 230 
                 459.96 
               
               
                   
                 Heparin 
                 85.25 
                 170.49 
               
               
                   
                 Chitosan 
                 4.95 
                 9.90 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® RSPO 
                 6.6 
                 13.20 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel (Internal) 
                 0.88 
                 1.76 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 14.24 
                 28.47 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel (External) 20% 
                 99.1 
                 198.2 
               
               
                   
                 Citric acid (5%) 
                 24.78 
                 49.55 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Bicarbonate (5%) 
                 24.78 
                 49.55 
               
               
                   
                 Mag Stearate (1%) 
                 4.96 
                 9.91 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 495.5 
                 990.99 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0344]    SNAC, Heparin, Chitosan and Eudragit® RSPO were prepared via a wet granulation process to produce the intragranular core, and Methocel, Citric Acid, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium stearate were applied extragranularly. The 495.5 mg tablet was pressed to a hardness of 9 kp, and the 990.99 mg was pressed to a hardness of 8 kp. 
         [0345]    Flotation tests were performed on each tablet, shown below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Float duration 
                   
                 Float duration 
               
               
                   
                 Float duration 
                 in SGF at 
                 Float duration 
                 in Water at 
               
               
                   
                 in SGF (pH 
                 Room 
                 in Water at 
                 Room 
               
               
                   
                 1.2) at 37° C. 
                 Temperature 
                 37° C. (Float lag 
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (Float lag time) 
                 (Float lag time) 
                 time 
                 (Float lag time) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 495 mg tablet 
                 greater than 8 
                 greater than 8 
                 Did not float 
                 Did not float 
               
               
                 (hardness = 9 
                 hours (less than 
                 hours (2-3 
               
               
                 kp 
                 15 second lag 
                 minutes lag 
               
               
                   
                 time) 
                 time) 
               
               
                 990 mg tablet 
                 greater than 8 
                 greater than 8 
                 Did not float 
                 Did not float 
               
               
                 (hardness = 8 
                 hours 
                 hours 
               
               
                 kp) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0346]    Trials were later run to determine that a hardness less than 3 kp was required in order for the above caplets to float in water. 
         [0347]    The buoyancy of the tablets in the acidic medium of simulated gastric fluid, but not water, indicates that floating behavior is dependent upon the reaction of the sodium bicarbonate and the acidic test medium. 
         [0348]    Dissolution profiles, based on % dissolved, were obtained for SNAC and heparin over 2 hours in Phosphate buffer (pH=6.8). The results are set forth in  FIG. 70 . 
         [0349]    The above formulations were orally administered to Rhesus monkeys. Plasma heparin concentrations were not observed over a period of 350 minutes. It is believed that the presence of the sodium bicarbonate inhibited the absorption of heparin. 
       Example 9  
     4-CNAB/Insulin Gastric Retention Delivery System 
       [0350]    The following two formulations were prepared with a wet granulation/extragranual design analogous to  FIG. 69  and pressed into tablets: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Formulation A 
                 Formulation B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Qty/tablet 
                 Qty/tablet 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 (mg) 
                 (mg) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 4-CNAB 
                 80.64 
                 80.64 
               
               
                   
                 Insulin 
                 1.82 (50 units) 
                 1.82 (50 units) 
               
               
                   
                 Chitosan (1.5% w/w) 
                 1.27 
                 1.41 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel (Internal) 
                 0.84 
                 0.94 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Alginate 
                 0 
                 9.42 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 2.52 
                 2.64 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel (External) - 20% 
                 trace 
                 25.52 
               
               
                   
                 Mag Stearate (1%) 
                 trace 
                 1.23 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 87.1 
                 122.62 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0351]    Formulations A and B were administered by oral gavage to the same group of four male Rhesus monkeys and the percent reduction in glucose was obtained over a period of about 6 hours. The averaged results for Formulation A is shown in  FIG. 71  and the results for Formulation B is shown in  FIG. 72 . 
       Example 10  
     Retardation of SNAC Disolution via Addition of Eudragits 
       [0352]    The dissolution of SNAC was investigated in formulations coated or granulated with Eudragit RS30D (poly(ethylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate) chloride)) or dry SNAC granules blended with 33.4% Eudragit RSPO. The Eudragit line of products is available from Rohm Pharma GmbH Westerstadt, Germany. 
         [0353]    The following SNAC formulations were prepared: 
         [0354]    Formulation 1: Dry granulated SNAC granules 
         [0355]    Formulation 2: Dry SNAC granules coated with 20.5% Eduragit RS30D 
         [0356]    Formulation 3: Dry Granules of SNAC 
         [0357]    Formulation 4: SNAC granulated with 12.6% Eudragit RS30D 
         [0358]    Formulation 5: SNAC granulated with 33.4% Eudragit RS30D 
         [0359]    Formulation 6: Dry granules of SNAC blended with 33.4% Eudragit RSPO 
         [0360]    The dissolution rates of the above SNAC formulations, based on % dissolved, were obtained in Phosphate buffer having a PH of 6.8 are set forth in the table below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Dissolution rate (mg/min) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 11.18 ± 11.53 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 46.21 ± 1.95 
                 (n = 2) 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 24.50 ± 1.07 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 18.31 ± 0.47 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 2.93 ± 0.09 
                 (n = 3) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 12.68 ± 1.86 
                 (n-3) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0361]    A plot comparing the dissolution time of Formulation 1 versus Formulation 2 is shown in  FIG. 73 . A plot comparing Formulations 1, 4, 5 and 6 is shown in  FIG. 74 . 
       Example 11  
     Controlled Release Formulation of Heparin/SNAC 
       [0362]    A controlled release formulation was prepared by granulating a portion of the delivery agent SNAC with 33.4% Eudragit RS30D. This is referred to as “Slow Dissolving SNAC” in the chart below. SNAC was also added in the form of dry granulated Granules, and is referred to as “Fast Dissolving SNAC”. An immediate release formulation was also prepared, in which all of the SNAC was “Fast Dissolving SNAC”, i.e., added in the form of dry granulated SNAC granules. The ingredients of each formulation are set forth below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                 Immediate Release 
                 Release 
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (mg/tablet) 
                 (mg/tablet) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Heparin 
                 170.5 
                 170.5 
               
               
                 “Fast dissolving” SNAC 
                 460.0 
                 153.33 
               
               
                 “Slow dissolving” SNAC 
                 0 
                 306.67 
               
               
                 Emcompress, Internal (10%) 
                 80.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 SLS (1%) 
                 8.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Water 
                 25.28 
                 20.97 
               
               
                 Eudragit ® RS30D 
                 0 
                 153.33 
               
               
                 Emcompress (External) 
                 46.7 
                 73.17 
               
               
                 Cab-O-Sil ® (0.2%) 
                 1.60 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Magnesium Stearate (1%) 
                 8.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                 800.08 
                 1000.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0363]    The Heparin, SNAC (with and without Eudragit RS30D) Emcompress, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, and water were formulated via wet granulation to form an inner core. Emcompress, Cab-O-Sil, and Magnesium Stearate to form the extragranular outer portion. The intragranular and extragranular cores were pressed to form a tablet. 
         [0364]    The dissolution profile of the SNAC and heparin in the controlled release formulation is shown in  FIG. 75 . The Antifactor Xa activity of the controlled release formulation when administered to 8 Cynos monkeys, measured over a period of 6 hours, is shown in  FIG. 76 . 
         [0365]    The above mentioned patents, applications, test methods, and publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0366]    Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed description. All such obvious variations are within the fully intended scope of the appended claims.