Abstract:
A smoke detection sensor ion chamber has a capacitance and a change in the permittivity of that capacitance dielectric (ionized air in the chamber) may be used to detect the presence of smoke therein. Smoke from typical fires is mainly composed of unburned carbon that has diffused in the surrounding air and rises with the heat of the fire. The permittivity of the carbon particles is about 10 to 15 times the permittivity of clean air. The addition of the carbon particles into the air in the ion chamber changes in the permittivity thereof that is large enough to measure by measuring a change in capacitance of the ion chamber.

Description:
RELATED PATENT APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/570,485; filed Dec. 14, 2011; entitled “Method and Apparatus for Detecting Smoke,” by Benjamin T. Cooke, Joseph Julicher and Keith Edwin Curtis; and is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/633,686; filed Oct. 2, 2012; entitled “Differential Current Measurements to Determine Ion Current in the Presence of Leakage Current,” by Joseph Julicher, Keith Curtis and Paul N. Katz; both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to smoke detection devices, and more particularly, to a smoke detection device that uses a change in permittivity that affects a capacitance value of an ion chamber when smoke is introduced therein. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    A smoke detector generally uses an ionization chamber containing a radioactive ion source that is coupled to a high input impedance operational amplifier.  FIG. 1  shows a typical ionization chamber used in a smoke detector to produce a very small current (nA) that is reduced in the presence of smoke particles. Operational amplifiers are used to convert this current to a voltage that is then measured to determine the presence of smoke. Elevated temperatures cause increased leakage currents on the inputs of the operational amplifier in the smoke detector. This affects overall performance of the ionization chamber smoke detection function. Thus, such increases in leakage currents can pose a variety of problems such as inaccuracy, etc. which may require further compensation circuits when designing a smoke detector and therefore may increase the cost of the device. 
         [0004]    Furthermore, the impedance of the ion chamber is extremely high, and any leakage currents, e.g., printed circuit board leakage current, masks the ion chamber current. Smoke detection ion chambers therefore require a complex manufacturing process where pins of the sensing integrated circuit operational amplifier are bent and directly welded in mid-air to the ion chamber. As mentioned above, special low leakage circuits are required to detect the small current change through the ion chamber caused by the presence of smoke therein. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Therefore, a need exists for a way to detect smoke in an ion chamber of a smoke detector that does not require sensitive and expensive components nor complex manufacturing processes. 
         [0006]    According to an embodiment, a method for detecting smoke may comprise the steps of: coupling an ionization chamber to a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) circuit; determining a change in a capacitance of the ionization chamber using the CVD circuit; and detecting the presence of smoke by detecting a predetermined change in the capacitance. 
         [0007]    According to a further embodiment of the method, the step of determining the change in the capacitance of the ionization chamber may further comprise the steps of: determining a first change in the capacitance of the ionization chamber when the ionization chamber may be at a first polarity; determining a second change in the capacitance of the ionization chamber when the ionization chamber may be at a second polarity; determining a difference between the first change and the second change; and using the difference in determining the change in the capacitance of the ionization chamber. According to a further embodiment of the method, the predetermined change in the capacitance may be a change in the capacitance within a certain time. 
         [0008]    According to a further embodiment of the method, the step of determining the change in the capacitance of the ionization chamber may comprise the steps of: charging the capacitance of a first capacitor to a first voltage; charging the capacitance of the ionization chamber to a second voltage; coupling the first capacitor to the capacitance of the ionization chamber, wherein a third voltage on the first capacitor and the capacitance of the ionization chamber results; converting the third voltage to a digital representation thereof; comparing the digital representation of the converted third voltage with a previously stored digital representation thereof; detecting the presence of smoke when the digital representation of the converted third voltage has changed from the previously stored digital representation by at least the predetermined change; and storing the digital representation of the third voltage. 
         [0009]    According to a further embodiment of the method, the step of determining the change in the capacitance of the ionization chamber may comprise the steps of: charging the capacitance of a first capacitor to a first voltage; charging the capacitance of a first ionization chamber open to smoke entrance to a second voltage; coupling the first capacitor to the capacitance of the first ionization chamber, wherein a third voltage on the first capacitor and the capacitance of the first ionization chamber results; converting the third voltage to a digital representation thereof; storing the digital representation of the third voltage; charging the capacitance of the first capacitor to a fourth voltage; charging the capacitance of a second ionization chamber closed to smoke entrance to a fifth voltage; coupling the first capacitor to the capacitance of the second ionization chamber, wherein a sixth voltage on the first capacitor and the capacitance of the second ionization chamber results; converting the sixth voltage to a digital representation thereof; storing the digital representation of the sixth voltage; subtracting the digital representation of the third voltage from the digital representation of the sixth voltage and dividing by the digital representation of the sixth voltage to produce a resulting representation; comparing the resulting representation with a previously stored resulting representation; detecting the presence of smoke when the resulting representation has changed from the previously stored resulting representation by at least the predetermined change; and storing the resulting representation; According to a further embodiment of the method, where: in a first measurement, a housing of the ionization chamber may be coupled to the CVD circuit; and in a second measurement, a collector plate of the ionization chamber may be coupled to the CVD circuit. 
         [0010]    According to a further embodiment of the method, further steps may comprise the steps of subtracting a measurement value of the first measurement from a measurement value of the second measurement then dividing by the second measurement value; and comparing the count numbers of subsequent time periods to determine whether the count number of any one or more of the subsequent time periods has changed by a certain number of counts. According to a further embodiment of the method, a further step may comprise the step of compensating for temperature change with temperature information from a temperature sensor. According to a further embodiment of the method, a further step may comprise the step of compensating for relative humidity change with relative humidity information from a relative humidity sensor. 
         [0011]    According to a further embodiment of the method, a further step may comprise the step of compensating for voltage change with voltage information from a voltage sensor. According to a further embodiment of the method, the first voltage may be approximately a power supply voltage and the second voltage may be approximately a power supply common. According to a further embodiment of the method, the first voltage may be approximately a power supply common and the second voltage may be approximately a power supply voltage. According to a further embodiment of the method, the fourth voltage may be approximately a power supply voltage and the fifth voltage may be approximately a power supply common. According to a further embodiment of the method, the fourth voltage may be approximately a power supply common and the fifth voltage may be approximately a power supply voltage. 
         [0012]    According to another embodiment, an apparatus for detecting smoke may comprise: an ionization chamber coupled to a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) circuit for determining a capacitance of the ionization chamber; wherein a predetermined change in the capacitance of the ionization chamber indicates the presence of smoke in the ionization chamber. 
         [0013]    According to a further embodiment, circuits may be provided for alternately coupling to the ionization chamber at a first polarity for determining a first capacitance of the ionization chamber and coupling to the ionization chamber at a second polarity for determining a second capacitance of the ionization chamber, whereby a difference between the first and second capacitances may be used in determining the presence of smoke in the ionization chamber. According to a further embodiment, the CVD circuit may be a peripheral device in a microcontroller. According to a further embodiment, a digital processor and memory may be coupled to the CVD circuit and an alarm circuit. 
         [0014]    According to a further embodiment, a temperature sensor may be coupled to the digital processor and a temperature compensation look-up table stored in the memory coupled to the digital processor and used to compensate temperature induced changes of the capacitance of the ionization chamber. According to a further embodiment, a humidity sensor may be coupled to the digital processor and a humidity compensation look-up table stored in the memory coupled to the digital processor and used to compensate humidity induced changes of the capacitance of the ionization chamber. According to a further embodiment, a voltage sensor may be coupled to the digital processor and a voltage compensation look-up table stored in the memory coupled to the digital processor and used to compensate voltage induced changes of the capacitance of the ionization chamber. According to a further embodiment, an audible alert may be actuated by the presence of smoke in the ionization chamber. According to a further embodiment, a visual alert may be actuated by the presence of smoke in the ionization chamber. 
         [0015]    According to yet another embodiment, an apparatus for detecting smoke may comprise: a first ionization chamber coupled to a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) circuit for determining a capacitance of the first ionization chamber, wherein the first ionization chamber may be open to smoke entrance; a second ionization chamber coupled to the CVD circuit for determining a capacitance of the second ionization chamber, wherein the second ionization chamber may be closed to smoke entrance; wherein a predetermined difference in the capacitances of the first and second ionization chambers indicates the presence of smoke in the first ionization chamber. According to a further embodiment, a smoke detection timer may be used in determining whether the predetermined difference occurs within a certain time period. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    A more complete understanding of the present disclosure may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic diagram of an ion chamber having a radiation source and used as a smoke detection sensor; 
           [0018]      FIG. 1A  illustrates schematic diagrams of an ion chamber having a radiation source and showing current flows therethrough for different polarity voltage source connections thereto; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic elevational view of a typical ion chamber used as a smoke detection sensor; 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic block diagram of a smoke detector, according to a specific example embodiment of this disclosure; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic block diagram of the capacitive voltage divider function shown in  FIG. 3 ; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  illustrates a schematic block diagram of a portion of the capacitive voltage divider function shown in  FIG. 3  showing switching means used in rejecting common mode leakage current, according to another specific example embodiment of this disclosure. 
       
    
    
       [0023]    While the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific example embodiments thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific example embodiments is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular forms disclosed herein, but on the contrary, this disclosure is to cover all modifications and equivalents as defined by the appended claims. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    A radioactive source in an ion chamber causes some of the gas (e.g., air) in the chamber to ionize. The results is a higher than normal permittivity of the gas due to the higher than normal number of electrically polarized (ionized) gas molecules. When smoke enters the ion chamber, the smoke reacts with the ionized gas molecules thereby changing the permittivity, ∈, thereof. The ion chamber may be characterized as a leaky capacitor with the amount of leakage current determined by the ion flow between charged plates  102  and  104  ( FIG. 1 ) of the ion chamber. A capacitance, C, of a capacitor formed by plates  102  and  104  is a function of the area, A, of the conductive plates  102  and  104 ; the distance, d, between the plates  102  and  104 ; and the permittivity, ∈, of the dielectric (air) therebetween according to the formula: C=∈A/d. Thus a change in the permittivity of the gas in the ion chamber also changes the capacitance value thereof. Therefore, by using a capacitance measuring function, e.g., a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) in a microcontroller, the capacitance value change caused by the permittivity change of the gas dielectric of this leaky capacitor can be detected to determine the presence of smoke therein. 
         [0025]    Microcontrollers now include peripherals that enhance the detection and evaluation of such capacitive value changes. One such application utilizes the capacitive voltage divider (CVD) method to determine a capacitance value and/or evaluate whether the capacitive value has changed. The CVD method is more fully described in Application Note AN1208, available at www.microchip.com; and a more detailed explanation of the CVD method is presented in commonly owned United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0181180, entitled “Capacitive Touch Sensing using an Internal Capacitor of an Analog-To-Digital Converter (ADC) and a Voltage Reference,” by Dieter Peter; wherein both are hereby incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. It is also contemplated and within the scope of this disclosure that any type of capacitance measurement circuit having the necessary resolution may be used in determining the capacitance value and/or change in the capacitance value of the ion chamber, and that a person having ordinary skill in the art of electronics and having the benefit of this disclosure could implement such a capacitance measurement circuit. 
         [0026]    Temperature and battery voltage variations can make significant differences in the permittivity of the gas (air) with corresponding variations in the capacitance measurements of a first ion chamber. By providing a second ion chamber that is sealed from smoke entering, a comparison of the measured capacitance values of each of the first and second ion chambers can be used to compensate for these variations and provide a sensitive way of detecting smoke particles. For example, subtracting the first ion chamber capacitance value from the second ion chamber capacitance value and then dividing by the second ion chamber capacitance value, removes the temperature and battery voltage effects, leaving a resultant value with is primarily affected by the presence of smoke in the first ion chamber. 
         [0027]    Temperature, relative humidity (RH) and/or battery voltage sensors may be incorporated into a smoke detection system for determining the compensation necessary for the capacitance measurements of the ion chamber used for smoke detection. Permittivity variations due to temperature, RH and/or voltage changes generally are over a longer time period than a sudden change in the amount of contaminates (carbon particles, etc.) in the air between the plates of the ion chamber capacitor. Another less sensitive way to ignore permittivity variations due to temperature, RH and/or voltage changes, would be to use an envelope detection or averaging process to ignore the slow drift of ion chamber capacitance due to voltage and/or temperature changes but recognize a more abrupt (rapid) change of the permittivity of air due to carbon particles suddenly showing up in the ion chamber. Various techniques for measuring changes in capacitance may be used and are contemplated herein for all purposes. Those having ordinary skill in capacitor measurement circuits and the benefit of this disclosure could readily apply those capacitor measurement circuits in a smoke detection apparatus. A mixed signal (analog and digital functions) microcontroller may used for capacitance measurements, e.g., CVD, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in the microcontroller, doing the calculations necessary to determine whether smoke is present in the ion chamber, and compensate for and/or average out permittivity changes due to temperature, RH and/or battery voltage changes. 
         [0028]    Referring now to the drawing, the details of specific example embodiments are schematically illustrated. Like elements in the drawings will be represented by like numbers, and similar elements will be represented by like numbers with a different lower case letter suffix. 
         [0029]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , depicted is a schematic diagram of an ion chamber having a radiation source and used as a smoke detection sensor. The ion chamber  102  may be characterized as a capacitor with some ionized gas molecules between the capacitor plates  104  and  106 . The gas molecules are ionized by the radiation source and when a voltage is applied between the two capacitor plates  104  and  106  a current will flow through the ionized gas and a resistor  108  connected in series with the capacitor plates  104  and  106 . This current produces a voltage across the resistor  108 . By measuring the voltage across the resistor  108 , the permittivity, ∈, of the gas may be determined. Smoke in the ion chamber will cause an abrupt change in the permittivity, ∈, causing an abrupt change in the current flow and voltage across the resistor  108 . This voltage is measured by a very high impedance operational amplifier (not shown) which requires complex circuitry and manufacturing processes. A better way, according to the teachings of this disclosure, is to measure the capacitance values of the ion chamber before and after smoke entry therein. As the ionized gas permittivity, ∈, changes so does the capacitance value of the ion chamber. By using a capacitive measurement module having high enough capacitance value measurement resolution, the change in capacitance caused by smoke entry into the ion chamber may be detected and used to generate a smoke detection alarm. 
         [0030]    Referring to  FIG. 1A , depicted are schematic diagrams of an ion chamber having a radiation source and showing current flows therethrough for different polarity voltage source connections thereto. The ion chamber  102  may be characterized as three electrodes, e.g., electrodes  104 ,  106  and  210 , having some ionized gas (e.g., air) molecules therebetween. The gas molecules are ionized by a radiation source  108 . When a voltage potential  112  is applied between the two electrodes  104  and  106  at a first polarity (positive to electrode  106  and negative to electrode  104 ), a positively biased ionization electron current  116 , I chamber , will flow through the ionized gas. When the voltage potential  112  is applied between the two electrodes  104  and  106  at a second polarity (positive to electrode  104  and negative to electrode  106 ), substantially no negatively biased ionization electron current  116   a  will flow through the ionized gas since now the electrode  104  will repel the ionized gas electrons. However, leakage current  114 , I leakage , e.g., printed circuit board contaminates, grease, dust, etc., will flow irrespective of the connected polarity of the voltage potential  112 . 
         [0031]    Thus when the voltage potential  112  is connected at the first polarity across chamber  102  electrodes  104  and  106 , the total current flow through the current meter  110  is the ionized electron current  116 , I chamber , plus the leakage current  114 , I leakage . And when the voltage potential  112  is connected at the second polarity across chamber  102  electrodes  104  and  106 , the total current flow through the current meter  110  is substantially no ionized electron current  116   a  plus the leakage current  114 , I leakage , which results in substantially only the leakage current  114 , I leakage . Therefore, by subtracting the leakage current  114 , I leakage , from the total current flow, the actual ionized electron current  116 , I chamber , may be determined. This allows more sensitive measurements of any change in the ionized electron current  116 , I chamber , without these changes being masked by the undesired leakage current  114 , I leakage . It is contemplated and within the scope of this disclosure that any fluid, e.g., gas or liquid, that can be ionized by the ion source  108  will function as described hereinabove. 
         [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , depicted is a schematic elevational view of a typical two chamber smoke detection sensor having a radiation source. The ion chamber  102  is comprised of two chambers  102   a  and  102   b . The top chamber  102   a  is open to ingress of smoke therein, and the bottom chamber  102   b  is closed to smoke ingress. A conductive screen  210  is located between the two chambers  102   a  and  102   b . The radiation source  108  proximate to or in the ion chamber  102  causes some of the gas in the chambers  102   a  and  102   b  to ionize. This ionization of the gas within the chambers  102   a  and  102   b  causes an ionization current  116 , I chamber , through both chambers  102   a  and  102   b  to increase between the electrodes  104  and  106  of the ion chamber  102 . 
         [0033]    When smoke is present in the top chamber  102   a , it combines with the ionized gas, neutralizing some of the ionized gas from the current path of the ionization current  116 , I chamber . As a result the permittivity of the top chamber  102   a  is smaller than it is in the lower chamber  102   b . The ionization current  116 , I chamber , flows in series through chambers  102   a  and  102   b  and therefore will be lower when smoke is in the chamber  102   a . When the voltage across the chambers  102   a  and  102   b  is reversed substantially no reverse ionization current  116   a  will flow and the only current flow between the electrodes  104  and  106  will be the leakage current  114 . The presence of the leakage current  114  reduces the sensitivity in measuring changes in the ionization current  116 . By removing this common mode leakage current  114  from the determination of smoke in the chamber  102   a , a more sensitive smoke detector results. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , depicted is a schematic block diagram of a smoke detector, according to a specific example embodiment of this disclosure. A smoke detector, generally represented by the numeral  300 , may comprise an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  208  having capacitive voltage divider (CVD) and input multiplexing functions, a smoke detection sensor ion chamber  102   a , a digital processor and memory  314 , an alarm driver  316 , and an audible/visual alert  318 . The ADC  208 , digital processor and memory  314 , and alarm driver  316  may be provided in an integrated circuit microcontroller  330 . The smoke detection sensor ion chamber  102   a  is coupled to the ADC  208  wherein representations of capacitance values thereof are measured and then each representative capacitance value is read by and processed in the digital processor and memory  314 . When there is a change in the capacitance value representations within a certain time, the digital processor  314  will enable the alarm driver  316  which turns on the audible/visual alert  318  to indicate the presence of smoke in the location of the smoke detector  300 . 
         [0035]    The smoke detector  300  may further comprise a second ion chamber  102   b  that is closed to outside air that may contain smoke. The first and second ion chambers  102   a  and  102   b  may be used for making a comparison of the measured capacitance values of each of the first and second ion chambers  102   a  and  102   b , and compensate for these variations, thereby providing for a more sensitive way of detecting smoke particles, as more fully described hereinabove. 
         [0036]    The smoke detector  300  may further comprise a temperature sensor  320 , a relative humidity sensor  322 , and/or a voltage sensor  324  coupled to a power supply, e.g., battery (not shown). Wherein the digital processor  314  may compensate for capacitance measurements that may change under different temperature, humidity and/or voltage conditions, e.g., using look-up tables that contain calibration and compensation data for the smoke sensor ion chamber  102 . In addition, the digital processor  314  may perform smoothing, time averaging, noise suppression, over sampling, and/or digital signal processing to enhance the capacitance change detection sensitivity and/or reduce noise pick-up. 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , depicted is a schematic block diagram of the capacitive voltage divider function shown in  FIG. 3 . The capacitive voltage divider (CVD) function uses no external components. It requires only an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that is provided in a microcontroller, according to the teachings of this disclosure. A microcontroller  330  having ADC capabilities is applicable when using the capacitive voltage divider (CVD) method of determining the capacitance values of the ion chamber(s)  102 . In the CVD method two capacitors are charged/discharged to opposite voltage values. Then the two oppositely charged capacitors are coupled together and a resulting voltage is measured on the connected two capacitors. The resulting voltage is converted to a digital representation thereof by the ADC  442  and read by the digital processor  314 . This digital representation may be converted to a capacitance value by the digital processor  314  or used itself since the digital representation is proportional to the capacitance value. A sufficient change in this digital representation of the resulting voltage may be used to indicate smoke in the ion chamber  102 . A further enhancement to more reliable smoke detection is to require that the sufficient change in the digital representation occurs in less than or equal to a certain time period so as to reject slow capacitance changes of the ion chamber  102  due to changes in temperature, relative humidity and/or supply voltage (e.g., battery not shown). 
         [0038]    A multiplexer switch G may be used to selected either one of the ion chambers  102   a  or  102   b , and may be controlled by the digital processor  314 . The switches shown in  FIG. 4  may be, for example but are not limited to, field effect transistor (FET) switches. The node  436  is an analog node coupled to an internal single line (conductor) analog bus  444 . 
         [0039]    The first CVD capacitor is the capacitance of the ion chamber  102 , and the second CVD capacitor may be a sample and hold capacitor  444 . Preferably these two capacitors have fairly close capacitive values e.g., 1:1 to about 3:1. If not, then additional capacitance may be added to either the first CVD capacitor. The reason for this in the CVD method is that part of the charge from one capacitor is transferred to the other capacitor having no charge or an opposite charge. For example, when the two CVD capacitors are equal in value, half of the charge on one will be transferred to the other capacitor. A two to one capacitance ratio will result in ⅓ of the charge being transferred to or taken from the smaller (½C) capacitor depending upon which of one the capacitors was initially charged. 
         [0040]    When the sample and hold capacitor  440  is substantially smaller than the capacitance of the ion chamber  102 , additional capacitance  438   a  may be added externally to node  436 , and/or internal capacitance  438   b  may be added independently of node  436  so that the combined capacitance of the capacitors  440 ,  438   a  and/or  438   b  have sufficient capacitance in relation to the capacitance value of the ion camber  102  to meet the criteria above. This results in the best resolution in determining a capacitance value using the CVD method. Capacitor  440  is also the sample and hold capacitor used to sample and hold the analog voltage resulting after charge is transferred between the two CVD capacitors. Once the charge transfer is complete, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  442  converts the resulting charge voltage to a digital value that is read by the digital processor  314  for further processing and determination of the capacitance value or change thereof of the ion chamber  102 . 
         [0041]    In the example hereinafter presented, the capacitance values for the ion chamber  102  (first CVD capacitor), capacitor  438   a  (an externally connected capacitor) and/or capacitor  438   b  (an internally connected capacitor) may be selected in combination with the sample and hold capacitor  440  to result in a combined charge voltage of ⅓ or ⅔ of the Vdd voltage depending on whether the first CVD capacitor (ion chamber  102 ) is discharged to Vss or charged to Vdd, and the combination of capacitors  438  and  440  are charged to Vdd or discharged to Vss, respectively. In this example, the capacitance of the ion chamber  102  is about twice the capacitance as the capacitance of the parallel connected combination of capacitors  438  and  440 . The resulting quiescent voltage after coupling the two opposite polarity charged CVD capacitors together will be about ⅓*Vdd when the ion chamber capacitance was initially discharged to Vss, and about ⅔*Vdd when the ion chamber capacitance was initially charged to Vdd. 
         [0042]    According to various embodiments, in one measurement the housing  106  of the ion chamber  102   a  ( FIG. 2 ) may be charged/discharged and then coupled in parallel with the capacitor  440  and the resulting voltage converted by the ADC  442 . In another measurement the internal collector plate  104  of the ion chamber  102   a  may be connected in parallel with the capacitor  440 . Also subtracting the ion chamber  102   a  resulting voltage value from the ion chamber  102   b  resulting voltage value and dividing by the ion chamber  102   b  resulting voltage value, removes temperature and battery voltage effects, leaving a resulting voltage value which is primarily affected by the presence of smoke in the ion chamber  102   a.    
         [0043]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , depicted is a schematic block diagram of a portion of the capacitive voltage divider function shown in  FIG. 3  showing switching means used in rejecting common mode leakage current, according to another specific example embodiment of this disclosure. Switches  550  and  552 , and  554  and  556  change the polarity connections of the chambers  102   a  and  102   b , respectively. Two CVD measurement operations for each of the chambers  102   a  and  102   b  are taken, one CVD measurement operation is taken at a first polarity and a second CVD measurement operation at a second polarity opposite the first polarity. The results of these CVD measurement operations are stored in the memory of the digital processor  314  for further computational processing, e.g., subtracting the lower CVD measurement operation capacitance value from the higher CVD measurement operation capacitance value of each chamber  102   a  and  102   b , thereby canceling out what is caused by the leakage current  114 , with a result of only a representation of the chamber ionization current  116 . Since each chamber  102   a  and  102   b  is independently measured, any difference in the ionization currents  116  of the two chambers will indicate influence of smoke on the ionization of the gas in the chamber  102   a . Determining a CVD operation capacitance value representing the ionization current  116  of the closed to the CVD measurement operation capacitance value representing the smoke ionization chamber  102   b  thereby allows a base value that can be used to track or “float” a base capacitance reference value for chamber  102   a  so that a small change thereof can be more easily recognized as indicating detection of smoke therein. 
         [0044]    While embodiments of this disclosure have been depicted, described, and are defined by reference to example embodiments of the disclosure, such references do not imply a limitation on the disclosure, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent art and having the benefit of this disclosure. The depicted and described embodiments of this disclosure are examples only, and are not exhaustive of the scope of the disclosure.