Abstract:
A method and apparatus for handling trust in an IP Multimedia Subsystem network. A node in the IP Multimedia Subsystem network receives a Session Initiation Protocol message from a remote node. The message includes an indicator indicating the level of trust of a communication sent from the remote node to the IP Multimedia Subsystem node. The node can then apply a security policy to the message, the security policy being determined by the indicator.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention relates to the field of handling trust in an IP Multimedia Subsystem Communication Network. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    IP Multimedia services provide a dynamic combination of voice, video, messaging, data, etc. within the same session. By growing the number of basic applications and the media that it is possible to combine, the number of services offered to the end users will grow, and the inter-personal communication experience will be enriched. This will lead to a new generation of personalised, rich multimedia communication services. 
         [0003]    IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is the technology defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide IP Multimedia services over mobile communication networks (3GPP TS 22.228, TS 23.228, TS 24.229, TS 29.228, TS 29.229, TS 29.328 and TS 29.329 Releases 5 to 8). IMS provides key features to enrich the end-user person-to-person communication experience through the use of standardised IMS Service Enablers, which facilitate new rich person-to-person (client-to-client) communication services as well as person-to-content (client-to-server) services over IP-based networks. The IMS makes use of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to set up and control calls or sessions between user terminals (or user terminals and application servers). The Session Description Protocol (SDP), carried by SIP signalling, is used to describe and negotiate the media components of the session. Whilst SIP was created as a user-to-user protocol, IMS allows operators and service providers to control user access to services and to charge users accordingly. The integration of an IP Multimedia Subsystem into a 3G mobile communications system is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0004]    IMS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) is used to establish shared keys between a User Equipment (UE)  101  such as a mobile telephone, and a Proxy-Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF)  102  in an IMS network  103 . This allows signals sent between the UE  101  and the IMS network  103  to be securely encrypted by using an IP-sec tunnel with pre-shared keys. The P-CSCF  101  may be located either in a Home Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , or in a Visited PLMN, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The Home PLMN  201  is a network in which a UE  202  is registered, and the Visited PLMN  203  is a network to which the UE  202  may be attached. A Serving-Session Control Function (S-CSCF)  204  is located in the Home PLMN  201 , and controls authentication and authorization of the UE  202  when the UE joins the network, see, for example, TS 33.203. 
         [0005]    It is envisaged that IMS will not only apply to 3GPP IMS networks but to non-3GPP IMS networks such as Telecoms &amp; Internet converged Services &amp; Protocols for Advanced Networks (ETSI TISPAN) and PacketCable, see, for example ETSI ES 282 007 and PKT-SP-23.228-I02-061013. However, TISPAN and PacketCable deployments of IMS do not only use IMS AKA, as used by 3GPP IMS networks. Authorising a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) or an IP Multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM) in a TISPAN or PacketCable terminal to access a 3GPP IMS network is, in certain scenarios, an obstacle for these access technologies. TISPAN and PacketCable have introduced other security solutions as HTTP Digest for SIP, Network Attachment Subsystem (NASS)-IMS bundled authentication, and Transport Layer Security (TLS). However, these security mechanisms offer a lower level of security that IMS AKA. 
         [0006]    It is desirable for 3GPP IMS networks to be capable of inter-working with TISPAN and PacketCable networks, to improve the options available to users of the networks. In order to allow this, the S-CSCF in an IMS network must be able to handle and support inter-working between different access technologies. This would allow terminals using different access technologies to communicate with each other. 
         [0007]    In addition to IMS networks being accessible using different access technologies, such as 3GPP, TISPAN, and PacketCable, IMS networks may also be accessible using interconnect technologies such as PSTN inter connect (see, for example, 3GPP TS 23.002), IMS interconnect (see, for example, 3GPP TS 23.228), and Internet Interconnect. Note that: Internet Interconnect is not a specified protocol or system, and tends to be based on proprietary implementations. These allow terminals accessing a non-IMS network to access IMS services from an IMS network. 
         [0008]    The different types of network and access technologies expose an IMS network to signalling from terminals or network nodes from different networks, that may have different trust levels to other nodes within the same IMS network. This is a particular problem for IMS interconnect, as it is not possible for an interconnecting network to have any knowledge about different trust levels used in another network with which it is interconnected. The interconnecting network will therefore treat all incoming traffic equally. 
         [0009]    In current IMS networks, there is only one trust domain accorded to signalling, and so a message is either trusted or it is not trusted. If a SIP Request used to establish a session is not trusted, then an asserted user identity, P-Asserted-Id (see RFC3325), contained in the SIP Request is removed from the SIP Request before being forwarded to the non-trusted domain. The IMS network operator must either accept the lower level of security used e.g. early IMS security (see TR33.978) or HTTP Digest (see RFC2617), or not accept it and remove any asserted information from the request. 
         [0010]    IMS provides very strong security, but as interoperability with other access technologies and networks increases then the security applied to IMS communications may be lowered. This leads to an increased risk of unsolicited communications to each IMS user, which is unsatisfactory. It can also reduce the likelihood of IMS being adopted for services requiring a strong security architecture, such as IPTV where media streams may be encrypted to individual users or groups of users. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    The inventors have realised the problems associated with the trust levels in current IMS networks, and have devised a solution to indicate to nodes in an IMS network the level of trust that should be accorded to signalling. The SIP protocol is extended by including additional information in SIP messages, the additional information relating to a level of trust of the message. This allows for flexible handling of trust in IMS sessions between networks. Information elements may be added, verified, and enforced by different entities in the network. 
         [0012]    According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of handling trust in an IP Multimedia Subsystem network. A node in the IP Multimedia Subsystem network receives a Session Initiation Protocol message from a remote node. The message includes an indicator indicating the level of trust of a communication sent from the remote node to the IP Multimedia Subsystem node. On the basis of the indicator, the node applies a security policy to the message. 
         [0013]    This has the advantage that a node can take a decision on how much trust to accord the message. This may be particularly advantageous when the remote node is disposed in another network, which may not be an IMS network. 
         [0014]    SIP messages are normally used to set up communications sessions, and so as an option, the security policy is applied to all signalling, such as media, associated with the Session Initiation Protocol message. 
         [0015]    The indicator, as an option, is a number, in which case the number can be mapped directly to a security policy. Alternatively, the indicator is a description, in which case the description is mapped to a security policy. 
         [0016]    The indicator comprises as an option a plurality of indicator elements, each indicator element relating to a level of trust of a different node in a signalling path between the remote node and the node. This allows a trust level indicator to be built up as a SIP message traverses different nodes along a path to its destination, and trust information relating to the traversed nodes can be included in the trust level indicator. An indicator element may comprise an indication of a network from which the SIP message was received. 
         [0017]    A trust level indicator is optionally derived from any information that could have a bearing on the trust level that should be accorded the message. Such information includes user terminal type, encryption type, network type, node type, end user authentication mechanism, and intra-domain security mechanism. 
         [0018]    As an option, the applied security policy is selected from any of removing a P-Asserted Identity header, applying topology hiding, disallowing the communication, allowing the communication with no modification, filtering the message in accordance with a database of allowable message sources, and applying malware detection on incoming signalling relating to the SIP message. 
         [0019]    The security policy is optionally applied at any node where it is relevant to apply such a policy. Such nodes include a border element, an Application Server, User Equipment, and a Call Session Control Function. 
         [0020]    According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a node for use in an IP Multimedia subsystem network. The node includes a receiver for receiving a Session Initiation Protocol message from a remote node. The message includes an indicator indicating the level of trust of a communication sent from the remote node to the node. The node further comprises a processor for applying a security policy to the message. The security policy is determined from information contained in the indicator. 
         [0021]    Such a node is used to apply a security policy to a message on the basis of the information contained in the indicator. This has the advantage of allowing flexible application of security policies to messages depending on the level of trust that the node accords the message. 
         [0022]    The node is optionally selected from one of User Equipment, a Call Session Control Function, a border element, and an Application Server. 
         [0023]    According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a node for use in a communications network. The node comprises means for collecting trust level information, and a processor for generating a trust level indicator on the basis of the trust level information. The processor is also for modifying a Session Initiation Protocol message such that the Session Initiation Protocol message includes the trust level indicator. The node further comprises a transmitter for sending the Session Initiation Protocol message. 
         [0024]    Such a node has the advantage of allowing a SIP message containing a trust level indicator to be sent. As described above, the trust level indicator can be used to determine a security policy that is applied to the message, and allows flexibility in applying different security policies to messages depending on the degree of trust accorded to the message by the network. 
         [0025]    The processor is preferably arranged to modify an existing trust level indicator in a SIP message by adding a trust level indicator element to the existing trust level indicator, the trust level indicator element relating to a trust level of the node or a network in which the node is disposed. 
         [0026]    The node is preferably selected from one of User Equipment, a Call Session Control Function, border element, and an Application Server. 
         [0027]    According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of handling trust in an IP Multimedia Subsystem network. Trust level information is collected at a network node, and a trust level indicator is created on the basis of the trust level information. The trust level indicator is then added to a Session Initiation Protocol message. 
         [0028]    The advantage of creating or modifying a SIP message to include a trust level indicator is that other nodes can, on the basis of the trust level indicator, determine how much trust should be accorded to a SIP message or associated message, and provides flexibility in the types of security policy that can be applied to the message. 
         [0029]    The trust level indicator is, as an option, either added to a new Session Initiation Protocol message created by the network node, or added to an existing Session Initiation Protocol received by the network node. 
         [0030]    The trust level information is optionally based on any of database information, user terminal type, encryption type, network type, node type, end user authentication mechanism, and intra-domain security mechanism. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  illustrates schematically in a block diagram an integration of an IP Multimedia Subsystem into a 3G mobile communications system; 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  illustrates schematically in a block diagram a security architecture for an IMS network when a P-CSCF is disposed in a Visited Network; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  illustrates schematically in a block diagram a security architecture for an IMS network when a P-CSCF is disposed in a Home Network; 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  illustrates schematically examples of message formats according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  illustrates schematically in a block diagram a node for use in a communications network according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram illustrating the basic steps of the invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  illustrates schematically in a block diagram the routing of a SIP message between an originating IMS network and a terminating IMS network; and 
           [0038]      FIG. 8  illustrates schematically the functional divisions in interconnected networks according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0039]    By introducing an indication of the level of trust into signalling, a node in an IMS network can ascertain what level of trust is accorded to signalling from a remote node such as User Equipment (UE). The level of trust may depend upon various factors, such as the security at the UE, and the security at different nodes in the transmission path from the UE to the node in the IMS network. 
         [0040]    There are several ways that an indication of trust can be made. A first way to indicate trust is numerical; for example, a new trust level could lie within a certain range such as 1 to 10, where an indicated trust level of 10 is allocated to an access technology or security mechanism which is fully trusted, and an indicated trust level of 1 is allocated to an access technology which is not trusted by the IMS node receiving the signalling. 
         [0041]    An IMS network operator can categorize different terminals supporting different access technologies and security mechanisms with the level of trust. Table 1 is an example of trust level accorded to different access technologies and security mechanisms. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Terminal 
                 Trust Level 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 TrustInfo = Authentication: IMS AKA, Confidentiality: 
                 10 
               
               
                 AES-CBC-128, Integrity: HMAC-SHA1, Intra-domain 
               
               
                 Sec: NDS, Terminal sec: Sony-Ericsson K800i, 
               
               
                 Interconnect NW: TrustedOperator 
               
               
                 TrustInfo = Authentication: 3GPP Early IMS, 
                 6 
               
               
                 Confidentiality: radio, Integrity: radio, Intra-domain Sec: 
               
               
                 Physical, Terminal sec: Sony-Ericsson K800i, Interconnect 
               
               
                 NW: TrustedOperator 
               
               
                 TrustInfo = Authentication: HTTP Digest, Confidentiality: 
                 5 
               
               
                 TLS-AES-CBC-128, Integrity: TLS-HMAC-SHA1-160, 
               
               
                 Intra-domain Sec: Physical, Terminal sec: 
               
               
                 Residential GW 
               
               
                 TrustInfo = Authentication: HTTP Digest, Confidentiality: 
                 2 
               
               
                 None, Integrity: None, Intra-domain Sec: Physical, 
               
               
                 Terminal sec: PC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0042]    With the numerical example described above, the trust level indicator is simply a numeral. However, different IMS network operators may have different views on how much trust can be accorded to a given access technology or security mechanism, depending on their own security policies and risk assessments. In this case, the trust indicator is descriptive rather than numerical. The trust indicator comprises a description of factors that may affect the level of trust that should be accorded to a message. The description is standardized, and can be mapped by each network operator to a trust level that that network operator perceives is correct. Accordingly, signalling having exactly a given descriptive trust level indicator may be accorded different levels of trust by different IMS network operators, but the trust level indicator is standardized so that each network operator can take there own view on the level of trust to be accorded. 
         [0043]    The following elements may be included in signalling as part of the descriptive trust level indicator:
       End user network access security mechanism applied (if available)   End user IMS authentication mechanism used   Message Integrity protection used for access security   Message Confidentiality protection used for access security   Intra domain security mechanism applied.       
 
         [0049]    Furthermore, it might also be beneficial for the signalling sent to the IMS network to also include the following information, if it is available:
       Terminal type, i.e. what type of hardware and software is used, and whether this can be certified or not.   Media security level, i.e. an indication of whether any specific media security mechanisms are applied by the network(s)   Indication of whether the signalling includes a network-generated request from a trusted AS or GW. This is useful for “out of the blue” calls, where it is the network that generates the request on behalf of a user.   Interconnect networks. This includes the identity of the network(s) that the signalling originates from, or has traversed before entering the terminating network. This is used particularly when an operator has an agreement with a less reliable network than the operator&#39;s own, e.g., pure Internet telephony, which has no strong user authentication, PSTN networks etc.       
 
         [0054]    As IMS sessions are established using SIP signalling, it is beneficial to include the trust level indicator in the SIP signalling used to establish a session, rather than sending separate signalling to provide trust information. Referring to  FIG. 4A , there is illustrated schematically an example of a SIP message  401 , that has a trust level indicator  402  as part of the message. 
         [0055]    The following is an example of a SIP message including a trust level indicator:
       INVITE sip:peter@company.com SIP/2.0   Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc1.company.com;branch=sdher4ty56df   Max-Forwards: 40   To: Peter &lt;sip:peter@company.com&gt;   From: Monica &lt;sip:monica@company.com&gt;;tag=123456789   Call-ID: 762947fed38   TrustInfo: Authentication=HTTP Digest: Confidentiality=TLS-AES-CBC-128;
           Integrity=TLS-HMAC-SHA1-160;   
           Contact: &lt;sip:monica@pc1.company.com&gt;   Content-Type: application/sdp   Content-Length: 167   &lt;SDP contect . . . &gt;       
 
         [0068]    The trust level indicator need not be a single indicator for the signalling. A trust level indicator may be made up of trust level indicator elements, which determined and added to the trust level indicator by different nodes as the SIP message traverses those nodes to its destination in the IMS network. As shown in  FIG. 4B , a trust level indicator  403  may be added to by a P-CSCF including a trust level indicator element TL 1   404  describing what type of Confidentiality and Integrity protection is used. A S-CSCF may add a trust level indictor element TL 2   405  describing the authentication mechanism that has been successfully applied. Interconnect functions may add a trust level indictor element TL 3   406  identifying the network from which the SIP message was received. In this way, the trust level indicator  403  is built up as the SIP message  401  traverses different nodes before terminating in the IMS network network. 
         [0069]    Referring to  FIG. 5  herein, there is illustrated schematically a node for use in a communications network according to an embodiment of the invention. The node  501  comprises a receiver  502 , for receiving SIP messages a processor  503  for analysing a received SIP message and modifying it to include a trust level indicator. The processor may access a database  504  to obtain information to include in the trust level indicator. This database may be located remotely or may be disposed within the node. The information for the trust level indicator may also be received from other collected sources not shown in  FIG. 5 . The database  504  may also include a mapping database that maps a trust level indicator to a security policy to be applied in the event that the SIP message contains a given trust level indicator. For cases where the message does not terminate at the node, the node  501  further comprises a transmitter  505  for forwarding the modified SIP message. The functions of the node may be at any or all nodes that handle the message, including User Equipment, Application Servers, Call Session Control Functions, and Border or Interconnect elements. 
         [0070]    The trust level indicator in the SIP message may be used by a node in an IMS network to apply a security policy to any signalling associated with the SIP message. For example, a SIP message may be used to set up a media stream between two UEs, and a security policy may be applied to the media stream on the basis of the trust level indicator in the SIP message. 
         [0071]    A flow diagram of the basic steps of an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . In order to create a trust level indicator, trust level information is collected  601  at a node. The node creates  602  a trust level indicatoron the basis of the collected information. The trust level indicator is applied  603  to either a new SIP message or added to an existing SIP message, before the message is sent  604  to an IMS node. The IMS node receives  605  the SIP message from the node, which may be in a different network to the node. The SIP message contains the trust level indicator, and the IMS node maps  606  the indicator (which may be a number or a description, and may be made up of a plurality of trust level indicator elements) to a security policy. The security policy is then applied  607  to the message and associated signalling, the security policy being determined by the trust level indicator. 
         [0072]    In some instances, IMS network operators have roaming and interconnect agreements with other IMS operators. In this is the case, an IMS operator agrees a trust level with another IMS operator, such that any traffic received from or via that operator would have at most the agreed trust level, or in other words a guarantee that a certain defined set of security mechanisms has been applied. In the case of roaming partners, for example where a P-CSCF is allocated to the user by the other operator, the other operator network may not support the same security mechanisms. Under these circumstances, when users are roaming they may be in a network that is accorded a lower trust level than their home network. Similarly, the user may be roaming in a visited network that accords the user&#39;s home network a low level of trust. In this case, either or both of the visited and home network may apply security policies to signalling passing between the visited and home networks. The additional information elements included in the trust level indicator by different network entities are used in the negotiation and enforcement of a correct trust level and a consistent security policy. There are several situations in which the trust level indicator may be used, and security policies enforced on the basis of the trust level indicator. Example of these are:
       At Border or Interconnect elements, which enforce an operator-wide security policy, the trust level indicator is used to perform broad filtering of incoming traffic.   At Application Servers (AS), the trust level indicator is used to perform specific service behaviour (or disallow certain service behaviour). For example, if the Application Server considers that a message has a low trust level, a specific content filtering might be applied to see whether the message includes some viruses, spam etc. In addition, special premium services might be disabled (such as music download of DRM content) to ensure that such content is only sent to a “trusted” source. The AS may act on behalf of a user to do user based policing.   At end-user terminals, where the trust level indicator may be used to either perform specific treatment of incoming traffic, or inform the end user about the trust level of the incoming traffic. For example, an incoming call with a low trust level might be checked against a “spam” list or even be blocked if the user wishes to block such traffic completely.       
 
         [0076]    As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , when a SIP message traverse two domains, an “originating IMS network”  701  and a “terminating IMS network”  702 , the routed to domain takes a static decision for all SIP requests received from a certain domain. If the trust level falls below a certain level, which has previously been negotiated and is defined in roaming and interconnect agreements, appropriate action is required. For a SIP message that doesn&#39;t have a sufficiently trusted trust level indicator, appropriate action may be the removal of the P-Asserted-Identity header, or topology hiding may be applied, or the SIP message may simply be disallowed. This requires that the border entities are provisioned with the agreements between the domains e.g. agreed when signing roaming and/or interconnect agreement between operators. 
         [0077]    When a SIP request is authorized by the originating IMS network  701 , the originating IMS network  701  adds a trust level indicator to the SIP request. When the SIP request is sent to another a terminating IMS network  702 , the terminating IMS network  702  checks the trust level indicator and ensures that it is at the same or higher than the minimum trust level agreed between the two networks. A terminating IMS network border element may also add additional trust information, such as from which network it received the message. The SIP request is then routed towards User Equipment (UE)  703  and other entities (e.g. Application Servers, AS)  704  that use the trust level indictor to decide whether to trust the information included in the SIP request (e.g. the P-Asserted-Identity header). 
         [0078]    If the originating IMS network  701  does not support the security mechanism indicated by the trust level indicator, the SIP request sent to the terminating IMS network  702  will not include any trust information. The terminating IMS network  702  then takes a static decision to which trust level the SIP request should be accorded based on the roaming or interconnect agreements with the originating IMS network. 
         [0079]    A special interconnect network  801 , as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , may be used between two or more operators to route traffic to the correct terminating network (this is often to avoid bi-lateral agreements between every operator in the world). For example the two operators may be the operator of the Home network  802  and a separate operator of another IMS network  803 . In this case, it is beneficial for the different border elements  804 ,  805  to add an indication of the network from which the border element has received the message. By doing so, the border element  804 ,  805  of the terminating IMS network can then ensure that policies are used based on the trust information received, and which previous networks have been traversed by the message. 
         [0080]    Application Servers can also make use of the trust level indicator. A special subscription for a service based on the trust level indicator can be applied, for example if a user only wishes to receive SIP messages that are accorded a certain level of trust. Such a service could be implemented in an AS. The AS can retrieve the subscription information from the HSS  205  (alternatively the trust level indicator is sent via the Ut interface from the UE) and if a SIP request has a lower trust level indicator than the trust level required by the user, the SIP request may be accorded special treatment, such as being ignored, logged, rejected, forwarded to voicemail etc. 
         [0081]    One practical example where this can be used is in a service handling unsolicited communication (SPAM/SPIT filter), which then may apply different policies depending on the trust level indicator of the received SIP message. Examples of such policies are the following:
       If the SIP message is received from an Internet interconnect, always apply strict filtering, only allowing incoming calls from user identities in a white list configured by the user, and also apply anti-malware detection on incoming traffic;   If the SIP message is received from an IMS network, using NBA or Digest authentication, apply anti-malware protection on incoming packets, and only allow a certain number of calls per minute;   If the SIP message is received from an IMS network, with IMS AKA usage and “trusted terminal”, then do not apply any special security rule.       
 
         [0085]    A UE can also make different use of the trust level indicator. Examples of such use include the following:
       presenting the (derived) trust level (for the specific IMS communication) to the user, who then can decide whether to either take the call, or ask a number of questions to the remote user (to ensure the remote user is the “correct” user, which is may be used for incoming and outgoing calls);   if the application allows it, perform additional authentication;   perform a filter on the number of calls to present to the user, or to directly forward the call to e.g. voicemail.       
 
         [0089]    If the UE is a gateway (such as a Home IMS Gateway, or a Residential Gateway, RGW, see, for example, ETSI TS 187 003) handling a number of devices, the trust level indicator can be used to decide which entity in the private network that should get the incoming request. 
         [0090]    Currently there is a perception that the security and trust in IMS networks is homogeneous and completely bi-lateral and where a minimum security level is the least secure security mechanisms allowed in IMS networks. By introducing a trust level indicator into IMS networks, entities handling the IMS communication can be aware of the extent to which they can rely on information received in a SIP messages. This limits the risk of unsolicited communication; giving a higher probability that services requiring security architecture will adopt IMS because of its inbuilt security. This also ensures that the current bi-lateral security level (i.e., that two communicating parties must trust each other to the same level) can be avoided. 
         [0091]    Although various embodiments have been shown and described in detail, the claims are not limited to any particular embodiment or example. None of the above description should be read as implying that any particular element, step, range, or function is essential such that it must be included in the claims&#39; scope. The scope of patented subject matter is defined only by the claims. The extent of legal protection is defined by the words recited in the allowed claims and their equivalents.