Abstract:
The present invention provides for steam generation replacing natural gas with a selected refined product of a feedstock of bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil using locally produced surplus bitumen, asphaltine or heavy oil, separating the asphaltines and other components of the feedstock for use in providing a liquid fuel for steam generation. The lighter products from the separation equipment not used for liquid fuel may be blended into the produced bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil, to increase its API gravity and reduce the diluent required for transportation. This technology may be employed in open pit mining operations for the generation of steam and power. The refined components of the feedstock used to provide liquid fuel are selected to optimize energy output balancing planned energy demand against the value of the components of the feedstock used.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a steam generator and in particular to a steam generation apparatus and method replacing natural gas as fuel with a selected portion of bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil optimised for desired energy or steam production. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Steam is often used in industrial processes. For example, steam can be used for heat exchange, as a power source for driving turbines, etc. 
         [0003]    In the petroleum industry, for example, a particular application is for the generation of steam for the recovery of bitumen or heavy oil. A common process utilized for the in situ recovery of heavy oil or bitumen is to inject steam underground pursuant to which the viscosity of bitumen or heavy oil is decreased such that it flows and is capable of being pumped to the surface. For this, steam generation apparatus commonly called steam injection boilers (“SIB”) are used to generate steam of the required/desired quality or quantities. These boilers are typically fired with natural gas (which is piped to the boiler) in order to heat water to generate the desired steam. 
         [0004]    The current art typically uses natural gas as the fuel to fire most oilfield steam generation boilers. For in situ recovery of bitumen or heavy oil, prominent processes utilized are steam assisted gravity drainage (“SAGD”) and cyclic steam stimulation (“CSS”). The SAGD process is presently the most commonly used process for recent and new projects due to its enhanced efficacy in the recovery of bitumen or heavy oil. Generally, 80% quality steam is required/desired to be generated by the boiler in specified volumes per hour depending on output capabilities of the boiler, as well as steam output requirements for the recovery and extraction process. Exceeding 80% quality renders a project uneconomical, largely due to water treatment costs. Conversely, lower than 80% quality steam introduces inefficiencies to the process utilized for heavy oil or bitumen recovery and, hence, is also undesirable from a cost-effectiveness perspective. Typically the quality of the steam will degrade as heat exchange surfaces foul over the run time of the equipment. 
         [0005]    Typical problems generally encountered under conventional steam generation boilers include (but are not limited to): 
         [0000]    (a) failure to maintain 80% quality steam (or such other quality of steam as required or desired) at the outlet of the boiler—often lower quality steam is generated; and
 
(b) cost of fuel, typically natural gas, to fire the boilers used for steam generation (plus the cost of associated pipeline construction and maintenance to bring the natural gas or other fuel to the boiler).
 
         [0006]    In addition, problems typical for pipeline transport of produced bitumen include that the availability and handling of diluent increases the overall cost of transporting the bitumen to upgrading facilities, pipelines are required to return diluent to the production facility, and electrical power required at the production facility and pipeline facilities often requires expensive transmission lines from the power host or supplier. 
         [0007]    It has been proposed previously to convert to other fuels so that propane or light fuel oils could be utilized to fire the boilers instead of natural gas. However, as with natural gas, a source for the propane or light fuel oils would need to be located nearby in order to be piped to the boiler, thus increasing costs. Moreover, the heat input to the boiler will change due to the difference in the energy density of the new fuels, resulting in a drop in the steam quality and/or the production of less steam and, in turn, less heavy oil or bitumen being produced. Liquid fuels will create a longer flame, in other words, of different shape than that for which the combustion chamber was designed and built to accommodate. As such, existing boilers will have to be derated such that existing fire boxes can be utilized to accommodate the differently shaped flame when liquid fuel is used. 
         [0008]    Moreover, an alternative processes which utilize solvents instead of steam to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil or bitumen is presently being employed for the recovery and extraction of heavy oil and bitumen. However, while possessing the advantage that it does not require natural gas for firing the boiler or for that matter the boiler (and related ancillary equipment) or the water which is heated to create steam, still must overcome a significant cost disadvantage relative to the SAGD and CSS processes for recovering and extracting heavy oil or bitumen. 
         [0009]    Canadian patent application No. 2,149,617, published Aug. 21, 2004, teaches a method for enabling the use of a “heavy oil residuum” by converting it to a useful product. The method involves the use of a heavy oil residuum which is substantially non flowable. The viscosity of the residuum is reduced by the application of heat and use a diluent. This method appears to suggest the use of that a diluent to reduce viscosity of the residuum, and the making of an emulsion with the heavier residuum, and subsequently with water, and then burning the resultant product to produce energy as heat. The burning of the residuum emulsion result in a net energy contribution from the residuum&#39;s combustion. 
         [0010]    United States Publication no. US 2005/0218037 published Oct. 6, 2005, teaches a system for heating multiphase residues containing water, oil and solids to obtain hydrocarbons and other useful products. This system comprises a tubular reactor provided with a fixed pitch screw conveyor where the multiphase residue is heated under reduced pressure and in the presence of an inert gas, the heating being carried out in distinct temperature zones with a first zone of evaporation of free and emulsified water and extraction of light hydrocarbons, a second zone of thermal desorption and a third zone of mild pyrolysis, the various hydrocarbon fractions being collected in condensers at the relevant stages, while the solids are separated for post-treatment and industrial use. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The present invention provides a steam generation apparatus for replacing natural gas as the fuel for firing a boiler with a liquid fuel comprised at least in part by bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil that may be locally produced, while maintaining the net undesirable emissions arising from the combustion of heavy oil or bitumen to a level which are within current environmental guidelines and legislation, and constantly and consistently producing 80% quality steam or such other quality of steam as may be required or desired. The liquid fuel includes a variable and energy/cost optimized component of bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil, which may be locally produced. 
         [0012]    The present invention provides a steam generation apparatus which uses bitumen or heavy oil produced from the field in order to separate heavier ends of the produced hydrocarbons for use as fuel. The lighter products from the included separation equipment are blended into the produced bitumen, thus also increasing the API gravity of the mixed material and reducing the amount of diluent required for pipeline transportation. The technology may be employed by existing open pit mining operations for the generation of steam and power by burning asphaltines or bitumen components rather than natural gas. 
         [0013]    In accordance with a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a steam generation apparatus replacing natural gas as fuel with a liquid fuel from a component of a feedstock, the feedstock being bitumen, asphaltine or heavy oil, comprising a refinery for separating products from the feedstock, some of the products to be used to provide the liquid fuel; a steam generation subsystem fueled at least in part by the liquid fuel; a product tank system for storing the products from the refinery with a delivery system to deliver selected components of the products to parts of the apparatus, particularly those of the products used to provide the liquid fuel. 
         [0014]    In accordance with another broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a steam generation apparatus where the refinery is provided with the ability to separate and produce several different products such as produced gas vapour, condensates, gas oil or vacuum gas oil draws depending upon the makeup of the feedstock, with the bottom product of the tower being an asphaltine, where, in a preferred embodiment, the modulation of the energy output is done by adjustment of the refinery&#39;s output of asphaltene or other product to adjust the amount and nature of the liquid fuel provided by the asphaltene or other product. 
         [0015]    In accordance with another broad aspect of the present invention, a method of generating energy in the form of steam is provided using liquid fuel from a component of a feedstock, the feedstock being bitumen, asphaltine, or heavy oil, comprising the steps of in a refinery, separating products from the feedstock, some of the products to be used to provide the liquid fuel, in a steam generation subsystem, burning the liquid fuel, through a product tank system for storing the products from the refinery using a delivery system to deliver selected components of the products to parts of the apparatus, particularly those of the products used to provide the liquid fuel to fire the steam generation operation, and in a preferred embodiment, where the refinery is provided with the ability to separate and produce several different products such as produced gas vapour, condensates, gas oil or vacuum gas oil draws depending upon the makeup of the feedstock, with the bottom product of the tower being an asphaltine, and in another embodiment, where the modulation of the energy output is done by adjustment of the refinery&#39;s output of asphaltene or other product to adjust the amount and nature of the liquid fuel provided by the asphaltene or other product. 
         [0016]    In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, lighter portions of the products of the refinery are added to produced bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil as diluent for reducing the produced material&#39;s viscosity in order to facilitate a reduction in the amount of extraneously provided diluent required to meet pipeline specifications for transport, and which in another embodiment also provides for the use of generated power (whether heat in steam or electrical power generated from produced steam or otherwise) to provide heat to surface equipment to increase efficiencies in cold ambient temperatures or which also provides for the use of power (whether heat in steam or electrical) to elevate pipeline temperatures to reduce diluent requirements in dilbit by reducing viscosity with temperature increase of pipeline (and included dilbit). 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    A further, detailed, description of the invention, briefly described above, will follow by reference to the following drawings of specific embodiments of the invention. These drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore exemplary and descriptive but are not to be considered limiting of its scope. In the drawings: 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  is a partial schematic showing a feed drum and pumps of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a partial schematic showing heat exchangers and an alternate application of the heater described in the prior art. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a partial schematic showing a vacuum tower and pumps of the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is a partial schematic showing the blending and storage tanks of the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is a partial schematic showing an off-gas compressor system within the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is a partial schematic showing the Bitumen Firing Unit steam generator of the prior art, and flash drums of the system, configured for use in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a partial schematic showing a Bitumen Firing Unit steam generator and flash drums configured for use within the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is a partial schematic showing the Bitumen Firing Unit steam generator and flash drums configured for use within the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  is a partial schematic showing the low pressure steam flash drum of the present invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  is a partial schematic showing the power generation system of the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  is a partial schematic showing the flare system of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0029]    The present invention generally comprises bitumen feed surge vessel, heat exchanger system, a heater, a vacuum tower, an off-gas compressor, product tankage, and flow control system, a steam generation system, a power generation system, and a flare system. 
         [0030]    It is to be understood that the description following is an embodiment of the present invention, is descriptive and exemplary but no limiting, and that there are substitutions and replacements of certain process equipment or process steps which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and which are claimed as part of this invention. 
       Bitumen Feed Surge Drum 
       [0031]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , in this embodiment bitumen is dewatered utilizing standard SAGD equipment prior to entering through a feed surge drum  10  through supply line  1 . The feed surge drum  10  has an internal baffle (not shown) and a boot for water separation. The boot on the drum  10  will be controlled with an interface level control. The drum  10  is purged with nitrogen  11  for pressure control on the drum  10 . The drum  10  ideally does not produce significant amounts of hydrocarbon vapour off the drum  10  because of the low operating temperature. Any small amount of hydrocarbon vapours is safely disposed of in the closed flare system through valve  12 . The drum  10  also provides the ability to automatically bypass produced bitumen from the drum  10  to bitumen blend tanks  61  or  62  through line  6  as shown in  FIG. 4 . A bitumen feed pump  13  provide the pressure to deliver the bitumen to two locations. The primary feed line  4  will be flow controlled through the feed heat exchangers  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24  and through a heater  30  (asphaltine fired) and into a vacuum tower  40 . The flow rate of the bitumen into the exchanger train is set by matching the firing requirements of the heaters with the asphaltine production from the bottom of tower  40 . The level in the Residual Storage tank  64  will automatically reset the flow into the exchanger train to maintain the balance. The secondary line  6  will bypass the vacuum tower  40  for blending with the vacuum gas oils and then sent to the bitumen blend tanks  61  and  62 . 
       Feed Heat Exchange Train 
       [0032]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in this embodiment, the bitumen enters a heat exchanger system  20  essentially dry. The heat exchanger system  20  consists of four series. First exchanger  21  in the series will be used as a pre-condenser for the Vacuum column overheads. 
         [0033]    Second exchanger  22  in the series preheats the bitumen against the gas oil product Third exchanger  23  in the system is a cross between the vacuum gas oil and the bitumen. Fourth exchanger  24  in the series is a cross between the asphaltines and the bitumen. The heat exchanger train takes advantage of the available heat in the system in order to minimize the energy requirements of the BFU heater  30 . 
       BFU Heater 
       [0034]    Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , a BFU heater  30  has been completely described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,990,930. In this embodiment, the BFU heater  30  has been adopted for use within a vacuum column system. The temperature of the bitumen entering a vacuum tower  40  is controlled on the outlet of the BFU heater  30 . The temperature of the bitumen may be controlled by adjusting the flow rate of the asphaltines entering the burners. The atomizing steam flow rate is flow controlled based on a fixed ratio with the asphaltine flow. Hydrocarbon gas produced from the vacuum tower  40  may also be burned in the BFU heater  30 . The BFU heater  30  can have other services in addition to heating the bitumen. A first service is to superheat low pressure atomizing steam, a second service is to superheat high-pressure steam for power generation, and a third service is to share duty with the OTSG (Once Through Steam Generators) for higher steam quality. The merits of providing or using these various services would be determined based on individual project requirements. 
       Vacuum Tower 
       [0035]    Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in this embodiment, a refining step is taken using a vacuum tower  40 , which is primarily used to separate the asphaltines from the balance of the gas oils and fuel gas contained in the bitumen feed. Stripping steam is used to enhance separation efficiency. The steam is controlled at a desired flow rate. The ratio of steam to bitumen is typical for refinery vacuum tower  40  applications. 
         [0036]    There are typically a number of products that are removed from the vacuum tower  40  during and resulting from its processing of the bitumen feedstock. Asphaltines are removed from the bottom of the vacuum tower  40 . Vacuum gas oil (VGO) and gas oil (GO) are removed from middle of the vacuum tower  40 . Condensate is removed as a liquid product from a reflux drum  44 . These three products are cooled though heat exchangers  22 ,  23  and  24  against the incoming bitumen, combined and pumped by pumps  41 ,  42  and  43  to the bitumen blend the tanks  61 ,  62 . Vacuum tower bottoms are pumped into the Resid Storage Tank  64 . The product temperature of the gas oil and vacuum gas oil may be controlled with a bypass. This will maintain a constant or desired velocity on the bitumen side of the heat exchangers  22 ,  23  and  24  for fouling control and prevention considerations. 
         [0037]    The vacuum tower  40  overheads are pre-cooled against the bitumen through exchanger  21  on line  8  and then further condensed in an overhead condenser  45 . The vacuum tower overhead temperature is controlled with a hot gas bypass around the overhead condenser  45 . The internal pressure in the column is controlled with a back pressure control into the suction of the off gas compressor  51  shown in  FIG. 5  though line  7   b.    
         [0038]    The two phase overhead product is separated in the overhead reflux drum  44 . The vacuum tower reflux pump  46  returns the reflux back to the top of the vacuum tower  40  under flow control. The condensate product is removed from the overhead reflux drum  44  under level control, blended with the VGO and GO and pumped to tanks  61  and  62  through line  7   a.    
         [0039]    Water is separated in the boot of the overhead reflux drum  44  and is sent through line  7   c  to the unit battery limit for treatment in offsite facilities. The level in the boot is controlled with an interface level control (not shown). The requirement for a water pump will be determined as required for a specific project needs. 
         [0040]    The vapour product off the reflux drum  44  is compressed in down stream equipment and then used as fuel gas for the heater  30  and flare header sweep gas. 
         [0041]    Asphaltines are removed from the bottom of the vacuum tower  40  and are pumped by pump  43  into a product tank  64  for storage through line  8 . The temperature of asphaltines entering the product tank  64  will be controlled by bypassing a portion of the BFW (Boiler Feed Water) around the heat exchanger  25 . This will allow a relatively constant continuous flow of asphaltine through the exchanger  25  such that minimum velocity can be maintained for control and prevention of fouling considerations. 
       Off Gas Compressor 
       [0042]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , the off gas compressor  51  has two main functions: one is as a vacuum source for the vacuum tower  40 ; and the other is to increase the discharge pressure of the fuel gas to acceptable levels. 
         [0043]    An off gas cooler  52  and off gas knock out drum  53  are included in this embodiment. The Knock out drum  53  will typically be a two phase separator. The compressed fuel gas will used as fuel in the heater  30  though line  31  and flare header sweep gas though line  107 . The condensed hydrocarbons will be blended with the condensate from the reflux drum  44  and used to increase the API of the blended bitumen. 
       Product Tanks 
       [0044]    Four 40,000 bbl product tanks  61 ,  62 ,  63  and  64  typically are specified for a facility. In this embodiment, tanks  61  and  62  will be used as day tanks for the blending of gas oil, vacuum gas oil, condensate, diluent and bitumen. The blending will occur on-line and agitators have been included in the tanks  61 ,  62  to ensure uniformity of the dilbit. Additional storage space within the tank has been provided for quality control prior to transferring the dilbit into the pipeline. The tanks  61  and  62  can be used as emergency storage for produced bitumen. The tank  63  is a floating roof tank for diluent storage. The asphaltine fuel system will be designed with a continuously circulating system to ensure that the lines remain flowing. 
       Steam Generation Equipment 
       [0045]    Referring to  FIG. 6  through  FIG. 9 , desired steam generation  70  is the result of a balance between asphaltine production from the bottom of vacuum tower  40  and over-all system demand for steam production, for example: formation stimulation, power generation or process use, more typically a mixed set of those uses. The flow rate of bitumen into the vacuum tower  40  is set to maintain that balance. Fluctuations in the energy balance can be accommodated by the surge time in the storage tank  64 . 
         [0046]    For example, boiler feed water of appropriate quality for 1600 psig steam will typically be available from offsite facilities. A boiler feed water pump  17  has been included to increase the pressure of the boiler feed water appropriate to the required steam pressure. The boiler feed water flowed though line  1  to the heat exchanger  24  will be preheated against the vacuum tower asphaltines. 
         [0047]    Steam is generated using a combination of once-through steam generator and separately fired coils within the heater  72   a - 72   f . The once-through steam generator and the heater coils will be fired with asphaltines and/or fuel gas. Based on project requirements, the fired equipment may be designed for multiple fuel applications, i.e. asphaltines, bitumen or natural gas. This flexibility may be required for start-up purposes if there is no source of stored heavy fuel or if energy demands fluctuate or costs are such that the energy capable of being provided by asphaltines alone is sub-optimal. The combination of once-through steam generator and the heater  30  will produce steam consistently at 80% quality without up-grading typical water treatment facilities. 
         [0048]    Flash drums  71   a - 71   f  are shown here for each of the steam generators  72   a - 72   f . The condensate that is recovered from the high pressure flash drums  71   a - 71   f  is pumped by pumps  73   a - 73   f  back to the inlet of the once-through steam generator and heater  72   a - 72   f.    
         [0049]    High pressure condensate is also let down to 150 psig as a source for generating low pressure steam. A flash drum  64  has been provided as the knock-out drum for generating the 150 psig steam. Condensate from the flash drum  64  is used as the continuous blow down for the steam system. This condensate is sent to the unit battery limit for disposal offsite. The 150 psig steam is flow controlled into the vacuum tower  40  for stripping steam. The low pressure steam is also superheated in the heater and used for atomizing steam. 
       Power Generation Equipment 
       [0050]    Referring to  FIG. 10 , power generation equipment  80  has been provided to power all the electrical needs for the equipment described. Additional power generation can be accommodated based on desired energy outputs. Adjustments can be made to the design of the vacuum tower  40  such that additional asphaltines can be separated from the bitumen and used in the production of steam. This adjustment to the heat and refining balance can have at least some of the following material benefits: First, a SAGD facility can become an island with no incoming transmission lines; and Second, a SAGD facility could be a net exporter of power depending upon the ability to sell or use the excess power; and last, additional condensate, gas oil and vacuum gas oil is produced and can be used as diluent components to further reduce bitumen viscosity bringing a further net reduction in diluent and diluent support requirements and associated costs and facility complexity. 
         [0051]    For example, dry, high pressure steam is superheated in a separate coil in the heater  30 . The high pressure superheated steam is then used in a condensing steam turbine generator  81  though line  2  to generate the necessary power. It is also possible that an extraction turbine could be specified as an alternative to generating the lower pressure steam. The condensate from the steam turbine generator is further cooled in a surface condenser and vapours removed in a downstream atmospheric flash drum  83 . The lower pressure condensate is pumped back to the boiler feed water feed pump  17  and used as blow down from the steam system. 
       Flare 
       [0052]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , vessels in hydrocarbon service will be protected from overpressure with a closed flare system  90 . The Flare system  90  will be designed based on API RP 521. The flare system in a preferred embodiment will include the flare distribution system, a knock out drum  91 , a knock out drum pumps  92  and a flare stack  93 . Liquids collected in the knock out drum can be returned to the feed surge drum