Abstract:
A method, system and computer program product for detecting anomalies in a metering system. In one embodiment, data representing usage of a defined commodity are collected from meters, and the data collected over a given time period are analyzed to identify any of the meters showing at least one defined type of anomalous usage pattern. For each of the meters showing an anomalous usage patterns, an anomaly score is determined for the usage pattern shown, and the anomaly scores are used to rank the meters. In one embodiment, the collected data are analyzed to identify any of the meters showing one or more of a group of types of anomalous patterns including meter-no-reading, meter-by-pass, and meter-silting patterns. Embodiments of the invention utilize time series techniques and data analysis on meter reading data. Further, embodiments of the invention require no additional installation of equipment or sensors.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention generally relates to detecting anomalies in utility meters, and more specifically, to detecting anomalies in metering systems through data analysis of meter readings. 
         [0002]    Meter malfunctioning problems widely exist in many utility industries such as the water and electricity utilities. Major issues include meter-no-reading, meter-by-pass and meter-silting problems. Most of the time, meter malfunctions are due to aging and deterioration. Sometimes, the recorded water and electricity power consumption may be less than the actual consumption due to theft, which causes revenue loss for the utility companies. Other losses or anomalies in meter reading may occur for other reasons. For example, leaks may develop in water lines, causing an unusual increase in water meter readings. 
         [0003]    Detection of meter anomalies plays an important role in asset management. However, it is expensive and unrealistic to check each meter to identify defective ones. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Embodiments of the invention provide a method, system and computer program product for detecting anomalies in a metering system comprising a multitude of meters used to measure usage of a defined commodity. In one embodiment, the method comprises collecting data from the meters, including data representing usage of the defined commodity, and analyzing the data collected from the meters over a given time period to identify any of the meters showing at least one defined type of anomalous usage pattern. For each of the meters showing one of the anomalous usage patterns, an anomaly score is determined for the usage pattern shown by the meter, and the anomaly scores are used to rank the meters showing the anomalous usage patterns. 
         [0005]    In one embodiment, the collected data are analyzed to identify any of the meters showing one or more of a group of defined types of anomalous usage patterns. In an embodiment, this group of defined types of anomalous usage patterns includes meter-no-reading, meter-by-pass, and meter-silting. 
         [0006]    In one embodiment, a threshold is identified for the anomaly scores, and the meters showing the anomalous usage patterns having anomaly scores above the threshold, are ranked based on the anomaly scores. 
         [0007]    In an embodiment, the data collected from the meters are converted to data representing consumption of the defined commodity over defined equal periods of time, such as a day. 
         [0008]    In one embodiment, data values from each of the meters are analyzed to determine whether the data values from said each of the meters changes in a defined way over a defined period of time. 
         [0009]    For example, in an embodiment, the data values from each meter may be analyzed to identify meters showing a meter-no-reading pattern and meters showing a meter-by-pass pattern. 
         [0010]    In one embodiment, seasonal usage patterns are identified, and the data collected from the meters are adjusted based on these seasonal usage patterns. In an embodiment, the collected data are adjusted based on these seasonal usage patterns before using the collected data to identify any of the meters showing the anomalous usage pattern. 
         [0011]    In an embodiment, the only data used to identify any of the meters showing the anomalous usage pattern are the data representing usage of the defined commodity. 
         [0012]    Embodiments of the invention identify defective meters solely using data analysis techniques based on historical meter readings which the utility companies collect, for example daily or monthly, for billing purposes. 
         [0013]    Embodiments of the invention detect malfunctioning meters using data and analysis of meter readings only. In embodiments of the invention, three major anomalies are considered: meter-no-reading, meter-by-pass, and meter silting. These types of anomalies can be reflected in the meter readings, and thus detection algorithms can be developed through data analysis of meter readings. Detection algorithms may be varied depending on different types of anomalies and the time scales over which reading data are collected. 
         [0014]    Embodiments of the invention utilize time series techniques and data analysis on meter reading data. Expert knowledge may be incorporated into the algorithms to capture anomaly patterns represented in the reading data. Further, embodiments of the invention require no additional installation of equipment or sensors. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  illustrates a utility data collection system. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a meter or data collecting reading system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  shows types of data that may be collected and used in a meter data collection system. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is a graph showing the use of anomaly detection in a meter system. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is depicts a procedure for detecting meter reading anomalies in an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing a meter reading pattern where for some time periods the meter has no readings. 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  gives an example of a meter-by-pass problem where some sudden drops in reading are detected. 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  shows an example of a meter reading pattern of a meter with a silt problem where a gradually decreasing trend over time is detected. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]    As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in any tangible medium of expression having computer usable program code embodied in the medium. 
         [0024]    Any combination of one or more computer usable or computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), an optical storage device, a transmission media such as those supporting the Internet or an intranet, or a magnetic storage device. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium, upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer-usable medium may include a propagated data signal with the computer-usable program code embodied therewith, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. The computer usable program code may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc. 
         [0025]    Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). 
         [0026]    The present invention is described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0027]    The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0028]    Embodiments of the invention provide a method, system and computer program product for detecting anomalies in a metering system.  FIG. 1  and the following discussion provide a general description of a suitable environment in which the invention can be implemented.  FIG. 1  illustrates an automatic meter reading (AMR) and data collection system  100 . The system  100  includes a collection of utility meters or service points ( 102 ,  104 , and  106 ). The utility meters may be of the same or different types (e.g., electric  102 , gas  104 , water  106 , or other (not shown)). The utility meters ( 102 ,  104 , and  106 ) may be distributed in a bounded or unbounded geographical area. Each utility meter ( 102 ,  104 , or  106 ) is connected to or associated with a utility consuming facility (not shown). For example, a utility meter may correspond with a household, a commercial facility, or another utility consuming facility or device. 
         [0029]    While not illustrated in detail, each meter ( 102 ,  104 , or  106 ) includes a storage component (not shown) for storing collected data before transmission to a data collection system. The storage component may store information identifying the meter, such as a meter identification number. In addition, each meter may be configured with a receiver/transmitter telemetry device (e.g., an encoder receiver transmitter (ERT)) capable of sending and receiving signals to and from a data collection system  108 . In general, these components (meter, storage, and telemetry device) may be collectively referred to as an “endpoint.” However, the term “endpoint” may herein refer to any one of a number of possible configurations for locally collecting data, such as utility consumption data, and not only the sample configuration described above. 
         [0030]    To facilitate automatic meter reading or similar techniques, the data collection system  108  may be installed in a vehicle  109  or be otherwise configured to be transported through a route (e.g., handheld). For example, the vehicle or system may include the appropriate antennas, power supply, any necessary mounts, etc. The system described herein can also be employed in a handheld device, or other in-field device. 
         [0031]    The system  100  also includes a host processing system and/or meter reading application(s)  110  for processing collected meter reading data. The host processing system  110  may be a server computer. In some embodiments, the host processing system and/or meter reading application(s)  110  use customer information to create route files used when driving the route to collect meter data. The host processing system and/or meter reading application(s)  110  may operate in association with systems operated by a utility company, such as a utility billing system  112  or, more generally, a customer information system (CIS). In this way, the host processing system and/or meter reading application(s)  110  can also communicate data to the data collection system  108 . This information may include both route file and endpoint location file (ELF) data, which may be stored in a data store  114  prior to export from the billing system/CIS. However, in some embodiments, endpoint location files may also be transmitted directly from the billing system/CIS  112  to the mobile data collection system  108 . Likewise, data collected by the data collection system  108  may be returned to the host processing system and/or the meter reading application(s)  110  for processing. 
         [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , the data collection system  108  of  FIG. 1  is shown in more detail. The data collection system  108  includes a remote reading component  202  (e.g., radio based), a data anomaly detector  203  (described below), and an optional sequencing component  204 . In some embodiments, these and other portions of the data collection system  108  may effectively be combined into a single system. 
         [0033]    The data collection system  108  also includes a wireless component  206 , which, in some embodiments, may include an antenna and a transceiver (not shown). The transceiver of the wireless component  206  sends signals to wake up endpoints that function in “wake-up” mode to receive and manage incoming data. A processor with meter-reading and other applications  208  provide capabilities to control several processes, including managing collected data, and other functions described herein. 
         [0034]    The data collection system  108  may store collected data in a memory or other storage device  210  associated with the data collection system  108 , such as a non-volatile memory. For example, the memory  210  can store not only collected meter data, but also route information, performance, communications statistics, history, and other data noted herein. As described below, the memory  210  can store both internal and external data within the in-field device  108 , to thereby avoid the need for the device to access a database at the host processing system  110 . This information may be used as input to  204  to help identify anomalous data from endpoints. 
         [0035]    A user input/output component  212  provides an appropriate user interface for an operator of the data collection system  108 . For example, the data collection system  108  may provide a color touchscreen display for ease of use, and for clear graphical displays. Other user input/output options are possible, including mouses, microphones, speakers, joysticks, keyboards, LCD screens, audio, etc. One application of the input/output component  212  includes displaying and controlling mapping images generated by an optional mapping component  214 . In this way, the field worker is provided with feedback, so that he or she can determine which meter readings have been completed on a particular route and so he or she can view endpoints on the route in relation to the vehicle and to other endpoints. 
         [0036]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the data collection device  108  receives external data  302  and internal data  304 , with which it applies one or more rules or conditions to generate output to the field worker. External data may represent data external to the system  100 , such as weather data, traffic data, demographic data, road construction/maintenance data, news data, etc. Internal data represents data gathered or generated by the system  100 , such as meter readings, metering services, field services, utility construction/maintenance data, joint use data, leak or outage response data, billing investigation data, credit and collections data, route data, forecast data. 
         [0037]      FIG. 4  generally illustrates an implementation of an embodiment of the invention. This implementation can be incorporated as a component of an Analytics Driven Asset Management (ADAM) system. In this implementation, data describing the meter size  402 , meter age  404 , and the last inspection data  406  are used to select meters for inspection  410 . These data and historical use data are also input into an ADAM-UA unit  412 , which provide a list  414  of possibly defective meters. This list of possibly defective meters is used at  416  to identify the meters  420  that are to be inspected that might be defective. These meters can then be inspected at  422  and the appropriate action or response can be taken. 
         [0038]      FIG. 5  shows a procedure for identifying anomalous meters. Data are obtained from metering system data base. There are two types of data used. One is meter reading  502  which records customer consumption either daily or monthly. The other type of data is meter attributes  504  which includes meter information such as meter size, type, age and customer information such as household size and demographical attributes. 
         [0039]    This algorithm is used to detect three types of anomalies, meter-no-reading, meter-by-pass and meter-silting. Meter-no-reading refers to meters that have not been read for some periods, and  FIG. 6  is a graph showing a meter reading pattern  600  where for some time periods the meter has no readings. Meter-by-pass for example, due to intentional theft, refers to meter readings having sudden drops at some item, and  FIG. 7  gives an example  700  of a meter-by-pass problem where some sudden drops in reading are detected. Meter-silting for example, caused by sand silting, refers to meter readings having a gradually decreasing trend over time, and  FIG. 8  shows an example  800  of a meter reading pattern of a meter with a silt problem where a gradually decreasing trend over time is detected. 
         [0040]    With reference again to  FIG. 5 , data preparation includes two steps. The first step  510  is to convert the original accumulative readings to daily consumption, and this is followed by data cleaning  512 . The two types of anomalies, “no reading” and “by-pass” can be detected in the process of data cleaning, discussed below. Any suitable algorithm or procedure may be used to detect a no-reading pattern, for example of the type shown in  FIG. 6 ; and, similarly, any suitable procedure may be used to identify a pattern, for example of the type shown in  FIG. 7 , demonstrating a meter by-pass. 
         [0041]    With the example shown in  FIG. 5 , data are read in at  520 , and step  522  is to take the difference of encoder readings as daily consumption. Data cleaning is performed at  512 . “No reading” and “by-pass” types of meter defects can be detected, as represented at  530  and  532 , through data cleaning process which removes the outlier meters with pattern of sudden change. 
         [0042]    In an embodiment of the invention, the first step of data cleaning is to remove outliers—that is, consumption values that, according to a defined procedure, are determined to be unusual and thus removed from the data set. Then, the algorithm detects, for each meter or meter account, if there is a given time period or time window, such as three months, over which the consumption is zero, or below some given threshold value. These meters are referred to as meters with no readings, or meter-no-reading. 
         [0043]    The data from the meters having no readings are removed from the data being analyzed, and the next step in the data cleaning process is to identify the meters having a sudden change in consumption values. Any suitable procedure may be used to identify these meters. For instance, a moving time window, three months for example, may be established. The data from a meter are then analyzed to determine if the average consumption for any three month period is significantly different from the average consumption of the previous three months. If there is such a sudden change of the average consumption, determined using any suitable criteria, the meter is identified as a meter-by-pass. 
         [0044]    A confounding trend that can be explained by external factors may be removed before detection analysis, and a seasonality of consumption pattern may be removed before analysis to avoid a misleading conclusion. The confounding trend may be due, for example, to the impact of utility conservation policy. The seasonality refers to the fact that higher consumption in summer and lower consumption in winter. 
         [0045]    Step  534  is to determine the detection time scale, such as daily and monthly values, step  536  is to compute different time scales, and usage data may be de-seasonalized at step  540 . Steps  542  and  544  are used to detect meters with a silting problem. At step  542 , the trend of residual data over time is calculated, and step  544  is to determine whether this trend is significantly negative, as determined in accordance with any appropriate criteria. If there is no significant negative trend, then, as represented at  546 , there are not any meters having a meter-silting anomaly. If there is a significant negative trend, meters that possibly have a meter-silting anomaly are identified, and these meters can be inspected to identify, at step  550 , any actually anomalous meters. 
         [0046]    Embodiments of the invention take into account different time scales, such as monthly and daily collected data. Outputs include the list of anomaly detected meters, associated anomaly scores and their own properties. The anomaly score is used to measure the significance of an anomaly and to rank the meters to provide examination priorities. 
         [0047]    While it is apparent that the invention herein disclosed is well calculated to achieve the features discussed above, it will be appreciated that numerous modifications and embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art, and it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and embodiments as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.