Abstract:
A semiconductor wafer etching apparatus is capable of anisotropically etching a large-diameter semiconductor wafer with high accuracy without causing the semiconductor wafer to be charged. First, the apparatus cools the wafer in an atmosphere of a nitrogen or a halogen gas so that the wafer adsorbs and is covered by atoms of the gas. Then, a fast atom beam source of the apparatus generates an electrically neutral fast atom beam of gas atoms or molecules to etch the semiconductor wafer. The etching speed is promoted by an interaction of the adsorbed atoms and the fast atom beam.

Description:
This application is a continuation of now abandoned application, Ser. No. 08/026,802, filed Mar. 5, 1993, abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a semiconductor wafer etching apparatus and, more particularly, to an apparatus for etching a semiconductor wafer with a fast atom beam. 
     2. Prior Art 
     Semiconductor devices are decreasing in size year by year. Nowadays, highly integrated LSIs, e.g., 16 Mega (M) to 64 M bit memories, are being produced. In the process of producing these semiconductor devices, etching apparatuses are used to etch thin films formed by sputtering, CVD, etc. into desired circuit patterns, Such etching apparatuses are must to be capable of effecting finer etching at a higher reaction rate and with improved selectivity and also must be compatible with wafers having large diameters. 
     Conventional etching apparatuses of the type described above have heretofore been arranged to etch specimens, e.g., semiconductor wafers, chemically and physically by using charged particles such as those in a plasma or ions. Therefore, the conventional etching apparatuses have disadvantages as stated below. 
     I. With the etching process that employs a plasma, anisotropic etching cannot be effected because it is impossible to control the direction of incidence of charged particles or active species impinging the substrate surface. 
     II. When an insulating film such as SiO 2  is etched by using ions, for example, the semiconductor substrate itself may be charged with electricity. There is, therefore, a likelihood that the etching will not proceed, or dielectric breakdown of the insulating film will occur due to the charged substrate. 
     III. When etching is carried out by using an ion beam, the beam is likely to diverge due to the repulsion between ions, so that it is difficult to maintain the required etching accuracy. 
     IV. Charged particles are readily affected by a magnetic field or the condition of the atmosphere because of their electrical properties. Therefore, it is difficult to etch semiconductor wafers having large diameters by using charged particles. 
     In addition, the conventional etching apparatuses of the type described above suffer from the disadvantage that the semiconductor wafer surface may be contaminated by impurities generated from the apparatus or impurities in the atmosphere before, after or during the etching operation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the above-described problems of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor wafer etching apparatus capable of anisotropic etching and also capable of etching a large-diameter semiconductor wafer with high accuracy without causing the semiconductor wafer to be charged. 
     To achieve this object, the present invention provides a semiconductor wafer etching apparatus which uses an electrically neutral fast atom or molecule beam to etch the wafer and means by which a gas e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc., is supplied so as to be adsorbed by a semiconductor wafer at a low temperature, thereby keeping the semiconductor wafer clean, and moreover enhancing the reaction rate and the selectivity due to the interaction between the adsorbed atoms and the fast atom beam. 
     More specifically, according to the present invention, a semiconductor wafer etching apparatus comprises a cooling means for cooling a semiconductor wafer in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or a halogen gas so that said semiconductor wafer adsorbs said gas and is covered with atoms of said gas, a fast atom beam source for generating an electrically neutral fast atom beam of gas atoms or molecules, and reaction means for causing said semiconductor wafer covered with atoms of said gas to be etched by said fast atom beam. The apparatus also comprises process gas supply means for supplying process gas to said fast atom beam source and a beam shutter means for cutting off said atom beam when said atom beam is unstable. 
     The cooling means comprises a preliminary chamber, first gate means for carrying said semiconductor wafer to or from said preliminary chamber, cooling system, vacuum means for evacuating said preliminary chamber and gas supply means for supplying said preliminary chamber with nitrogen gas or a halogen gas. 
     The reaction means comprises a main reaction chamber, second gate means for carrying,said semiconductor wafer to or from said main reaction chamber, vacuum means for evacuating said main reaction chamber, stage means for lifting and rotating said semiconductor wafer while said fast atom beam impinges it, and heating means for heating said semiconductor wafer while said fast atom beam impinges it. 
     The main feature of the present invention resides in that a gas, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc., is introduced in a preliminary chamber so as to-be adsorbed by a semiconductor wafer at a low temperature, and this semiconductor wafer is etched by being irradiated with a fast atom beam of an element, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, bromine, hydrogen, etc., and a compound of these elements in a main reaction chamber, and that after the completion of the etching process, a gas, e.g., fluorine, is again adsorbed by the semiconductor wafer to keep it clean. The present invention differs from the prior art in that in the preliminary chamber, which has been employed merely for isolating the main reaction chamber from the atmosphere in the prior art, the semiconductor wafer adsorbs a gas, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc., at a low temperature in addition to being isolated from the atmosphere. Further, an electrically neutral fast atom beam is employed for the etching process instead of ions or a plasma, whereby the interaction between the fast atom beam and the adsorbed atoms promotes the etching process. Still further, after the completion of the etching process, a gas, e.g., fluorine, is again adsorbed by the semiconductor wafer to keep it clean. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a semiconductor wafer etching apparatus according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 2(A) is a front view of a gas supply/evacuation system of the etching apparatus; 
     FIG. 2(B) is a side view of the same; 
     FIG. 3(A) is a front view of an analyzing system of the etching apparatus; and 
     FIG. 3(B) is a side view of the same. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows a semiconductor wafer etching apparatus according to the present invention. A chamber system includes a main reaction chamber 1, and preliminary chambers 2 and 3. Reference numeral 4 denotes a fast atom beam source. Reference numeral 5 denotes a cassette loader, 6 a cassette unloader, 7 and 8 transfer arms, 9 a loader arm, 10 an unloader arm, and 11 a wafer rotating and lifting stage. These elements constitute a transfer system for transferring a semiconductor wafer. Reference numerals 12, 13, 14 and 15 denote rectilinear mechanisms. These mechanisms drive the cassette loader 5 and the cassette unloader 6 to transfer a semiconductor wafer. 
     FIG. 2(A) is a front view of a gas supply/evacuation system of the etching apparatus, and FIG. 2(B) is a side view thereof. The evacuation system will first be explained. A main process pump 16 and a roughing vacuum pump 17 are used to evacuate the main reaction chamber 1 and the fast atom beam source 4. A roughing vacuum pump 18 is used to evacuate the preliminary chambers 2 and 3. A main process pump 19 and a roughing vacuum pump 20 are provided for the purpose of mass spectrometric analysis. Gate valves 21, 22, 23 and 24 are used to separate the vacuum chambers from each other. Valves 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32 are used to isolate the pump evacuation systems from each other. 
     A valve 33, a mass flow controller 34 and vacuum gauges 35, 36 and 37 are used to introduce a process gas comprising an element, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, bromine, hydrogen, etc. and a compound of these elements, into the vaccum chamber and to control the pressure within the chamber. Valves 38 and 39 and vacuum gauges 40 and 41 are used to introduce nitrogen gas or a gas, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc., into the preliminary chambers 2 and 3 and to measure the pressure. 
     FIG. 3(A) is a front view of an analyzing system of the main reaction chamber of the etching apparatus, and FIG. 3(B) is a side view thereof. A high-voltage supply current lead-in terminal 42 is used to produce an electric discharge in a discharge space provided in the fast atom beam source 4. Infrared lamps 43 and 44 are used to heat a semiconductor wafer as a specimen. A photoelectric sensor 45 and a reflector 46 are provided to stop the rotation of the stage at a predetermined position. A beam shutter 47 is used to cut off the fast atom beam from the fast atom beam source 4. A mass spectrometer 48 is used to make an analysis in the main reaction chamber 1. 
     The operation of the semiconductor wafer etching apparatus according to the present invention will be explained below with reference to FIGS. 1, 3(B). With the gate valves 21, 22, 23 and 24 closed, the main reaction chamber 1 is first roughly evacuated by using the roughing vacuum pump 17 and then evacuated to a high-vacuum region by using the main process pump 16. At the same time, the preliminary chambers 2 and 3 are also evacuated to a pressure in the region of 10 -3  Torr by using the roughing vacuum pump 18. After the completion of the evacuation, nitrogen gas is introduced into the preliminary chamber 2 by opening the valve 38 with the valve 25 remaining closed. When the pressure becomes near the atmospheric pressure, the gate valve 23 is opened. 
     Next, means for subjecting the semiconductor wafer to a specified gas and for cooling the wafer such that the wafer adsorbs and is covered by atoms of the gas will be described. 
     An arm 9 (transfer means) is associated with the rectilinear mechanism 14 and takes out a semiconductor wafer from the cassette loader 5 which moves vertically on the rectilinear mechanism 12. The loader arm 9 moves up to receive the semiconductor wafer and then moves down to carry it into the preliminary chamber 2. Then, the valve 23 and the valve 38 are closed and the valve 25 is opened, and the preliminary chamber 2 is evacuated to a pressure in the region of 10 -3  Torr. After that, the valve 25 is closed and the valve 38 is opened, thus fluorine, chlorine bromine etc., is introduced into the preliminary chamber. The preliminary chamber 2 is provided with a semiconductor wafer cooling system, for example, a liquid nitrogen cooling system provided in a stage on which the semiconductor wafer is placed, thereby cooling the semiconductor wafer to a low temperature. By using this cooling system, atoms of the introduced gas, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc., are adsorbed on the semiconductor wafer at a low temperature. Next, a reaction means for causing the semiconductor wafer to be etched with a fast atom beam, generated by the fast atom beam source 4, will be described. 
     The transfer arm 7 (transfer means) receives the semiconductor wafer, and the valve 25 is opened to a pressure in evacuate the preliminary chamber 2 to the region of 10 -3  Torr. After the completion of the evacuation, the gate valve 21 opens, and the transfer arm 7 carries the semiconductor wafer into the main reaction chamber 1 and transfers it to the wafer rotating and lifting stage 11. After the transfer arm 7 has returned to the preliminary chamber 2, the gate valve 21 is closed to initiate the etching of the wafer with a fast atom beam. 
     First, the valve 33 is opened to introduce a process gas comprising an element, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, bromine, hydrogen, etc., and a compound of these elements into the fast atom beam source 4 with the flow rate being controlled by the mass flow controller 34. It should be noted that the vacuum gauge 35 is used to measure the pressure in the fast atom beam source 4, while the vacuum gauges 36 and 37 are used to measure the pressure in the main reaction chamber 1. Next, a high voltage is applied to electrodes placed in the discharge space of the fast atom beam source 4 through the high-voltage supply current lead-in terminal 42 to generate an electrically neutral fast atom beam of gas atoms or molecules. At this time, the beam shutter 47 is disposed in front of the fast atom beam source 4 to cut off the beam. When the fast atom beam has become stable, the wafer rotating and lifting stage 11 raises the semiconductor wafer as a specimen to a predetermined position. Then, the beam shutter 47 is withdrawn to allow the fast atom beam to impinge the semiconductor wafer. At the same time, the semiconductor wafer is heated by the infrared lamps 43 and 44, and the stage 11 is continuously rotated. In this way, etching is performed. In addition, reaction products formed in the main reaction chamber 1 are measured by using the mass spectrometer 48. It should be noted that the details of the fast atom beam source 4 are disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application No. 3-261231 (1991). 
     Upon completion of the etching, the beam shutter 47 is advanced to cut off the fast atom beam. The stage 11 is stopped from rotating at a predetermined position by using the photoelectric sensor 45 and the reflector 46. At this time, the gate valve 22 opens, and the transfer arm 8 receives the semiconductor wafer which has undergone the etching process. The transfer arm 8 (transfer means) carries the semiconductor wafer to the center of the preliminary chamber 3 and transfers it to the stage of the unloader arm 10. Then, the gate valve 22 and the valve 30 are closed, while valve 39 is opened to introduce a gas, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc., into the preliminary chamber 3, whereby the semiconductor wafer adsorbs atoms of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc. at a low temperature. The stage on which the semiconductor wafer is placed is provided with a cooling system, for example, a liquid nitrogen cooling system, to cool the semiconductor wafer. Then, the valve 39 is closed and the valve 30 is opened, and the preliminary chamber 3 is evacuated to a pressure in the region of 10 -3  Torr. After that, the valve 30 is closed and the valve 39 is opened; thus nitrogen gas is introduced into the preliminary chamber 3. When the pressure becomes near the atmospheric pressure, the gate valve 24 is opened. Then, the unloader arm 10 moves up and transfers the semiconductor wafer to an arm that is associated with the rectilinear mechanism 15. The semiconductor wafer is then loaded into the cassette loader 6, which moves up and down by the operation of the rectilinear mechanism 13. Thus, the whole process of etching is completed. The above-described operations are automatically carried out under control of a computer that is provided on a control panel. 
     As has been described above, the etching apparatus of the present invention has a fast atom beam source and a semiconductor wafer cooling means. Consequently, there is no contact with the atmosphere during a series of steps in the semiconductor wafer etching process, and there is no possibility of the semiconductor wafer being contaminated by impurities. In addition, since the semiconductor wafer surface is covered with atoms of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc., a clean and fine etching process can be realized. Further, the automation allows a rise in the etching rate and an increase in the number of substrates which can be etched. Since the present invention employs an electrically neutral fast atom beam, it is possible to solve serious problems presently existing in the semiconductor manufacturing process, i.e., charge-up, problems of non-vertical etching in the semiconductor wafer in the case of using a beam of charged particles which diverges by the repulsion between ions, and damage to the substrate by ions. Accordingly, it is possible to realize finer etching with high accuracy, which has heretofore been impossible to attain because of the above-described problems. In addition, another problem attendant on the prior art, that is, a relatively low reaction rate and selectivity, can be overcome by selecting an element for the fast atom beam and atoms to be adsorbed in conformity with the substrate and thin film to be etched. With the above-described contrivance, the present invention can also cope with large-diameter wafers appearing with the increase in the integration density, i.e., 16 M to 64 M bit memories.