Abstract:
A method of pitch mark determination for a speech includes the following steps. First, a fundamental frequency and fundamental frequency passband signals are acquired by using an adaptable filter. Then, a number of passing zero positions of the fundamental frequency passband signals are detected. After that, at least a candidate set of pitch marks from a number of passing zero positions are generated. Lastly, the candidate set of pitch marks is estimated to generate the best set of pitch marks.

Description:
This application incorporates by reference of Taiwan application Serial No. 90131162, filed Dec. 14, 2001. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The invention relates in general to a method of pitch mark determination for a speech, and more particularly to a method for detecting a pitch mark of a speech, which is applied to a speech processing system. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   As speech is the most natural way for human communication and there has been great progress in speech processing over the past few decades, speech has become widely used in the human/machine interface, especially for applying to the information acquisition via telephone, such as the PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange) System, the Automated Weather Source System, the Stock Information System, the E-mail Reader System, and so forth. These applications mainly cover fields of speech recognition, speech coding, speaker verification, and speech synthesis. 
   The speech signals include unvoiced speech and voiced speech. The voiced speech is much more periodic while the unvoiced speech is much more random. In most speech systems, the information of the pitch mark (the start or end point of the pitch period) is first processed by a program automatically and then modified under the control of a hand dial. It is necessary to enhance the program performance for achieving the accuracy of detecting the pitch and pitch mark to decrease the workload of the manual modification. It will be very helpful to the speech synthesis system, which requires establishing new voices quickly or processing a large amount of speech. In addition to the pitch information, the information of the pitch mark is used to analyze the speech characteristics in a period so as to provide help to the promotion of the technology in the speech related fields. 
   These application fields usually require fundamental frequency or the pitch information. For example, the tone recognition needs to know the pitch contour, the speech coding requires the pitch information, the speaker verification may use fundamental frequency to assist in identity verification, and the speech synthesis of the waveform concatenation requires the pitch information to modify the pitch. Besides, the information of the pitch mark is important to the speech synthesis, and the accuracy of the information of the pitch mark influences the speech quality and the rhythm. As for the speech synthesis and text-to-speech (TTS), the pitch modification requires an accurate pitch mark or pitch-period mark. 
   It might usually encounter the following two problems while trying to detect the pitch mark: (1) how to acquire the pitch, and (2) how to determine the pitch mark. The acquisition of the pitch can be made by the frequency domain, time domain, or both. Calculating the autocorrelation coefficient is often used. The pitch mark indicates the highest position or the lowest position of the wave in the pitch period. There are several related issued patents as references, which use the following methods: U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,330 searching the local peaks of the dyadic Wavelet conversion as pitch marks, U.S. Pat. No. 5,630,015 performing a cepstrum analysis process to detect a peak of the obtained cepstrum, U.S. Pat. No. 6,226,606 identifying the pitch track according the cross-correlation of two window vectors estimated by the energy of the speech, U.S. Pat. No. 6,199,036 using an auto correlation algorithm to detect the pitch period, U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,958 using spectro-temporal autocorrelation to prevent pitch determination errors, U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,568 filtering out harmonic components to determine which frequencies are fundamental frequencies, U.S. Pat. No. 6,047,254 using order-two Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) and autocorrelation pitch period, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,561,102 and 4,924,508 finding the peak on the LPC residual, U.S. Pat. No. 5,946,650 using an error function to estimate the low-pass filtering of the speech, U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,453 performing the autocorrelation and cosine transform on the log power spectrum, U.S. Pat. No. 5,781,880 using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to transform the LPC residual, U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,372 introducing Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,321,350 and 4,803,730 finding the point with energy over a predetermined value on the waveform, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,553 using two filters. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method of pitch mark determination for a speech by using an adaptable filter, the passband of which varies with the position of fundamental frequency signal. It prevents the condition that the conventional bandpass filter is constrained in the fixed passband, in which the harmonic frequency signals and the fundamental frequency signals are both retained. Besides, it provides a pitch-mark detector using the position on the waveform to indicate the pitch mark. It increases the accuracy of the pitch marks by finding at least one set of pitch marks at the wave peak and the wave trough of a speech signal and then choosing a best set of pitch marks. The invention can be applied to different sampling frequencies, but some variables in the step of detecting the fundamental frequency signals are modified accordingly. The sampling frequencies according to the embodiment of the invention are 44.1 KHz and 22.05 KHz; other sampling frequencies can be modified appropriately. 
   The invention achieves the above-identified objects by providing a method of pitch mark determination for a speech. The procedures includes: acquiring a fundamental frequency point and a fundamental frequency passband signal by using an adaptable filter; detecting a number of passing zero positions of the fundamental frequency passband signal; and generating at least a set of pitch marks from a number of passing zero positions. Moreover, estimating several sets of pitch marks generates the best set of pitch marks. 
   Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred but non-limiting embodiments. The following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the structure of a method of pitch mark determination for a speech according to the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart showing the mathematical calculation of the adaptable filter according to the preferred embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart showing the implementation of finding the position x of the first energy peak in the spectrum; 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart showing the implementation of detecting the passing zero position of the fundamental frequency passband signal; 
       FIG. 5  shows a flowchart of the method for finding a pitch mark of a speech according to the preferred embodiment of the invention; and 
       FIG. 6  shows a flowchart of the method of pitch mark estimation for a speech according to the preferred embodiment of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , the structure of a method of pitch mark determination for a speech according to the invention is illustrated. There are two parts of the structure in  FIG. 1 . The first part is concerning the adaptable filter  110 , which is used for filtering out the signals other than the fundamental frequency of the periodic voiced speech signals, a vowel for example. The procedures are as follows: In step  101 , a number of speech signals of the speech in a widow is captured and transformed into the spectrum by a transform function. In step  102 , a fundamental frequency point is then found on the spectrum. In step  103 , the spectrum points near the fundamental frequency point are retained. In step  104 , fundamental passband frequency signals are found by performing an inverse transform function. The transform function can be the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) while the inverse function can be the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). 
   Besides, the method for detecting the fundamental frequency is developed by using that the fundamental frequency and the harmonic frequency have larger spectrum responses in the spectrum. The second part in  FIG. 1  is concerning a pitch-mark detector  112 , which detects a set of pitch marks of a speech by the following procedures: step  106 : detecting a number of passing zero positions of the fundamental frequency passband signals; step  107 : generating four sets of pitch marks from those passing zero positions; and step  108 : estimating the four sets of pitch marks to generate the required set of pitch marks. The pitch-mark detector  112  analyzes the passing zero points of the fundamental frequency passband signals from the adaptable filter  110  and obtains the period accordingly. In the period of the speech signals, two sets of pitch marks are found on the wave peak and two sets of pitch marks are found on the wave trough. Subsequently, the best set of pitch marks is generated after estimation. 
   Referring to  FIG. 2 , the flowchart shows the mathematical calculation of the adaptable filter according to the preferred embodiment of the invention, which corresponds to the first part of  FIG. 1 . In step  200 , N speech signals are captured for performing the FFT (0 can be the complements to the deficiencies). In step  201 , the position x of the first energy peak is found in a spectrum. In step  202 , the spectrum points between the region [3, x+2] and the region [N−(x+2), N−3] are retained and the remaining spectrum points are cleared to be zero. In step  203 , the IFFT is performed. In step  204 , the real part of the speech signals in the region [N/4, 3N/4] is taken as the fundamental frequency passband signals. In step  205 , the N/2 speech signals are skipped. In step  206 , if there exists speech information, it returns back to step  200 ; if not, the fundamental frequency passband signals are outputted. The variable x varies with the sampling frequency while the ratio of the sampling frequency and the length of the window can be chosen as a constant as required. For example, the length of the window can be chosen as 4096 (N=4096) when the sampling frequency is 44.1 KHz, and the length of the window can be chosen as 2048 (N=2048) when the sampling frequency is 22.05 KHz. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , the implementation of finding the position x of the first energy peak in the spectrum is shown. The flowchart illustrates the detailed procedures of step  201  in  FIG. 2 . In step  300 , since the fundamental frequency of human speech is about 50 Hz˜500 Hz, the position y with maximum energy is found in a corresponding fundamental frequency range (the fifth point to the 46 th  point for example) at different sampling frequencies and the corresponding chosen length of the window in the spectrum. In step  301 , the average spectrum energy m of the zero position to the y position is calculated. In step  302 , y is assumed to be i times the fundamental frequency and i is let to be 2 (i=2). Besides, x is let to be y (x=y, x represents the possible fundamental frequency). In step  303 , the possible fundamental frequency is found and j is let to be y/i (j=y/i). In step  304 , the determination of going beyond the range is made and the x is outputted if j&lt;5. In step  305 , the determination of the harmonic frequency is made and step  308  is entered if the spectrum energy of the j point is no larger than m. In step  306 , the determination of the harmonic frequency point is made and the x is let to be j (x=j) if the spectrum energy of the harmonic frequency point j*k (k=1, 2, 3, . . . ) is larger than m and j*k&lt;y. In step  307 , the possible fundamental frequency point is found and x is let to be j. In step  308 , the i+1 times the fundamental frequency is considered and i is incremented to be i+1. The procedure returns back to step  303 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 4 , the flowchart shows the implementation of detecting the passing zero position of the fundamental frequency passband signals for the further explanation of step  106  in  FIG. 1 . In step  400 , the passing zero position z[ 0 ], which is from positive to negative, of the fundamental frequency passband signals are found. In step  401 , all the passing zero positions z[1], . . . , z[n−1] after the z[ 0 ] are found. In step  402 , if n is an even number, then step  403  is performed; if not, z[ 1 ], . . . , z[n−1] are outputted. 
   Referring to  FIG. 5 , the method for finding a pitch mark of a speech according to the preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The flowchart in  FIG. 5  is for further explanation about step  107  in  FIG. 1 . In step  500 , j and i are both let to be 0 (i=j=0). In order to find two sets of pitch marks on the wave peak, the highest position p 0 [j] of the speech signal is first found between z[i] and z[i+2] in step  501  and the second high position p 1 [j] is found on the wave peak around p 0 [j] in step  502 . In step  503 , if the p 1 [j] is not found or its energy of the speech signal is less than half of that of p 0 [j], then p 1 [j] is let to be equal to p 0 [j](p 1 [j]=p 0 [j]) in step  504  and step  507  is entered; otherwise, step  505  is performed. In step  505 , if p 0 [j]&gt;p 1 [j], step  506  is entered and p 0 [j] and p 1 [j] are exchanged; otherwise, step  507  is performed. In step  507 , i is incremented by 2 (i=i+2) and j is incremented by 1 (j=j+1). In step  508 , if i&lt;n−2, then step  501  and  510  are entered; if not, p 0 [j], p 1 [j], p 2 [j], and p 3 [j] are outputted, wherein 0&lt;=j&lt;(n−1)/2. On the other hand, in order to find two sets of pitch marks on the wave trough, the lowest position p 2 [j] of the speech signal is first found between z[i] and z[i+2] in step  510  and the second low position p 3 [j] is found on the wave trough around p 2 [j] in step  511 . In step  512 , if the p 3 [j] is not found or its energy of the speech signal is less than half of that of p 2 [j], then p 3 [j] is let to be equal to p 2 [j](p 3 [j]=p 2 [j]) in step  513  and step  507  in entered; otherwise, step  514  is performed. In step  514 , if p 2 [j]&gt;p 3 [j], step  515  is entered and p 2 [j] and p 3 [j] are exchanged; otherwise, step  507  performed. 
   Referring to  FIG. 6 , a flowchart of the method of pitch mark estimation for a speech according to the preferred embodiment of the invention is shown, which is for further explanation about step  107  in  FIG. 1 . In step  600 , i is let to be 2 and j is let to be 1 (i=1, j=2), and e[ 0 ], e[ 1 ], e[ 2 ], and e[ 3 ] are all let to be 0 (e[ 0 ]=e[ 1 ]=e[ 2 ]=e[ 3 ]=0), wherein e[ 0 ]˜e[ 3 ] represents the aggregate errors of sets of the pitch marks. In step  601 , the predicted period pp is assumed to be z[i]−z[i−2](pp=z[i]−z[i−2]). In step  602 , r is let to be the amplitude ratio of the lowest wave trough and the highest wave peak of the speech signal and step  603  or step  606  is entered. 
   In step  603 , if p 0 [j]=p 1 [j], then step  604  is performed and r 1  is let to be 0 (r 1 =0); otherwise, step  605  is performed and r 1  is let to be the amplitude ratio of the second high wave peak and the highest wave peak of the speech signal. 
   In step  606 , if p 2 [j]=p 3 [j], then step  607  is performed and r 2  is let to be 0 (r 2 =0); otherwise, step  608  is performed and r 2  is let to be the amplitude ratio of the second low wave trough and the lowest wave trough of the speech signal. 
   After step  605  or  604 , step  609  is performed. In step  609 , e[ 0 ] is let to be e[ 0 ]+r+r 1 +|p 0 [j]−p 0 [j−1]−pp| and e[ 1 ] is let to be e[ 1 ]+r+r 1 +|p 1 [j]−p 1 [j−1]−pp|, wherein |p 0 [j]−p 0 [j−1]−pp| and |p 1 [j]−p 1 [j−1]−pp| represents the error of the wave-peak period (that is the distance between two wave peaks of the pitch marks) and the predicted period (that is the distance between a passing zero point and a passing zero point after the next passing zero point). After step  607  or  608 , step  610  is performed. In step  610 , e[ 2 ] is let to be e[ 2 ]+1/r+r 2 +|p 2 [j]−p 2 [j−1]−pp| and e[e] is let to be e[ 3 ]+1/r+r 2 +|p 3 [j]−p 3 [j−1]−pp|, wherein |p 2 [j]−p 2 [j−1]−pp| and |p 3 [j]−p 3 [j−1]−pp| represents the error of the wave-trough period (that is the distance between two wave troughs of the pitch marks) and the predicted period. After step  609  or  610 , step  611  is performed that i is incremented by 2 (i=i+2) and j is incremented by 1 (j=j+1). In step  612 , if i&lt;n−2, then it returns to step  601 ; if not, step  613  is entered and the set of pitch mark with a smallest aggregate error is found and the equation is hold: 
           index   =     Arg   ⁢         Min     i   =     0   ∼   3         ⁡     (     d   ⁡     [   i   ]       )       .             
In step  614 , the set of pitch mark corresponding to index is outputted.
 
   The method of pitch mark determination for a speech according to the invention uses the property that the fundamental frequency and the harmonic frequency have larger spectrum responses in the spectrum to develop a method for detecting the fundamental frequency, using an adaptable filter, the passband of which varies with the position of fundamental frequency signal. It prevents the condition that the conventional bandpass filter is constrained in the fixed passband area, in which the harmonic frequency signals and the fundamental frequency signals are both retained. Besides, the pitch-mark detector analyzes the passing zero points of the fundamental frequency passband signals from the adaptable filter and obtains the period accordingly. In the period of the speech signals, two sets of pitch marks are found on the wave peak and two sets of pitch marks are found on the wave trough. Subsequently, the best set of pitch marks is generated after estimation and therefore increases the accuracy of choosing the best pitch mark. 
   While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements and procedures, and the scope of the appended claims therefore should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements and procedures.