Abstract:
The present disclosure shows a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate that has excellent properties for superplastic-forming, such as blow forming, and that has excellent surface properties after forming. Shown is a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate and a production method therefor, the superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate being characterized by comprising an aluminum alloy which contains 2.0 to 6.0 mass % Mg, 0.5 to 1.8 mass % Mn and 0.40 mass % or less Cr and in which the balance consists of Al and unavoidable impurities, wherein the unavoidable impurities are restricted to have 0.20 mass % or less Fe and 0.20 mass % or less Si, the 0.2% proof stress is 340 MPa or more, and the density of intermetallic compounds having an equivalent circular diameter of 5 to 15 μm at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section is 50 to 400 pieces/mm 2 .

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate having excellent ductility at a high temperature, excellent surface properties after superplastic-forming and excellent corrosion resistance and to a production method thereof. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    It is known that when an aluminum alloy having fine crystal grains is deformed at a high temperature of 300 to 500° C. and at a low strain rate, superplasticity is observed, and high ductility of 150% or more is obtained. In general, superplastic deformation occurs more easily when the crystal grains are fine, and high ductility is exhibited. One of typical forming methods using superplastic deformation is blow molding. Blow molding is a molding method in which a material to be formed is held in a heated mold and heated and then the material to be formed is formed into the shape of the mold by applying pressure with high-pressure gas. Blow molding enables integral forming of a complicated part, which is difficult to achieve by cold press forming. 
         [0003]    Al—Mg-based (5000 series) aluminum alloys have excellent corrosion resistance and excellent weldability and have moderate strength even without aging heat treatment. Thus, Al—Mg-based aluminum alloys are widely used as general structural materials, and some Al—Mg-based aluminum alloys having excellent superplastic-forming characteristics have been also proposed (for example, PTLs 1 to 3). To obtain these Al—Mg-based aluminum alloys, the distributions of a fine Mn-based intermetallic compound and a precipitate which are effective in obtaining fine crystal grains are regulated, and the crystal grains of the entire materials are made fine to improve the ductility at a high temperature. 
         [0004]    When a conventional Al—Mg-based aluminum alloy plate is superplastically formed, the formed article sometimes becomes uneven along the rolling direction. The unevenness is a problem in a part which requires excellent appearance, and the part cannot be used in some cases. Also, when the unevenness is reduced to a not remarkable degree by post-treatment, an additional step is required, resulting in an increase in the costs. 
         [0005]    PTLs 1 to 3 only prevent a relatively large intermetallic compound and regulate a fine intermetallic compound or a precipitate to obtain fine crystal grains, but PTLs 1 to 3 do not mention the problem of the surface properties after forming. Therefore, the problem of the surface properties after forming could not be solved yet by the conventional techniques. 
       CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
       [0006]    PTL 1: JP-A-H4-218635 
         [0007]    PTL 2: JP-A-2007-186747 
         [0008]    PTL 3: JP-A-2005-307300 
       DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0009]    An object of the invention is to solve the problem of the conventional superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate and to provide a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate having excellent ductility at a high temperature, excellent surface properties after superplastic-forming and excellent corrosion resistance and a production method thereof. 
       Solution to Problem 
       [0010]    To solve the problem, the present inventors have extensively investigated the relation between the texture of a cold-rolled plate before superplastic-forming such as blow molding and the superplastic-forming properties and the surface properties. As a result, the inventors have found that a relatively large intermetallic compound at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the cold-rolled plate cross-section changes the texture after recrystallization and improves the surface properties after superplastic-forming. In addition, the inventors have found that the surface properties after forming can be further improved by reducing the recovery region in which the strain is smaller than in the surrounding region at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the cold-rolled plate cross-section. Based on the findings, the inventors have found that an aluminum cold-rolled plate for superplastic-forming which can have both surface properties after forming and superplastic-forming properties is obtained by regulating the distribution of a relatively large intermetallic compound and the strain distribution at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the cold-rolled plate cross-section before recrystallization, and the inventors have also found a production method to obtain these characteristics. The invention has been thus completed. Here, the RD-TD plane refers to the plane formed by the rolling direction (RD) and the direction orthogonal to the rolling direction along the rolling plane (TD). 
         [0011]    Namely, in claim  1 , the invention is directed to a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate comprising an aluminum alloy containing 2.0 to 6.0 mass % Mg, 0.5 to 1.8 mass % Mn, 0.40 mass % or less Cr and a balance of Al and unavoidable impurities, 
         [0012]    wherein the unavoidable impurities are restricted to have 0.20 mass % or less Fe and 0.20 mass % or less Si, the 0.2% proof stress is 340 MPa or more and the density of intermetallic compounds having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section is 50 to 400 pieces/mm 2 . 
         [0013]    In claim  2  of the invention, the unavoidable impurities are further restricted to have at least one selected from 0.05 mass % or less Cu and 0.05 mass % or less Zn, in claim  1 . 
         [0014]    In claim  3  of the invention, a crystal grain size after superplastic-forming at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section is 10 μm or less, in claim  1  or  2 . 
         [0015]    In claim  4  of the invention, a frequency of Kernel Average Misorientation of 15° or less at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section is 0.34 or less, in any one of claims  1  to  3 . 
         [0016]    In claim  5  of the invention, the aluminum alloy plate is used for blow molding, in any one of claims  1  to  4 . 
         [0017]    In claim  6 , the invention is directed to a method for producing the superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate according to any one of claims  1  to  5 , comprising: 
         [0018]    a casting step for casting a molten metal of the aluminum alloy in which 1000≦t/L≦4000 is satisfied, where t is the thickness of an ingot (mm) and L is an amount of cooling water per unit time and unit ingot length (liter/minute·mm), 
         [0019]    a homogenization step for heat treating the obtained ingot at 400 to 560° C. for 0.5 hours or longer, 
         [0020]    a hot rolling step for hot rolling the homogenized ingot in which the reduction ratio at a temperature of 250 to 350° C. in the last 1 pass is 30% or more, and 
         [0021]    a cold rolling step for cold rolling the hot-rolled plate with a final reduction ratio in cold rolling of 50% or more. 
         [0022]    In claim  7  of the invention, the method for producing the superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate further comprises one or, two or more process annealing steps for annealing the rolled plate at 300 to 400° C. for one to four hours before or during the cold rolling step or before and during the cold rolling step, in claim  6 . 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0023]    According to the invention, a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate having excellent properties for superplastic-forming such as blow molding, excellent surface properties after forming and excellent corrosion resistance can be provided. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0024]    The superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate according to the invention has a predetermined alloy composition and has predetermined proof stress and an intermetallic compound density. The application for superplastic-forming can be for blow molding, hot pressing or the like, but the effects are high when the invention is applied to blow molding, in which the properties of the surface which does not touch the mold are an issue. The invention is explained in detail below. 
       1. Metallic Texture 
       [0025]    First, it is essential to introduce large strain by cold rolling in order to obtain fine crystal grains for superplastic-forming such as blow molding to obtain ductility at a high temperature. By introducing large strain, a strong deformation zone is formed and results in sites for the nucleation of recrystallized grains formed by heating during blow molding. The amount of strain introduced during cold rolling can be estimated by the 0.2% proof stress of the cold-rolled plate. To obtain sufficient superplastic characteristics, it is necessary that the 0.2% proof stress is 340 MPa or more, and the 0.2% proof stress is preferably 380 MPa or more. The upper limit of the 0.2% proof stress is not particularly limited but is preferably 460 MPa in the invention. Here, increasing the reduction ratio in cold rolling is effective in accumulating strain in the material and increasing the 0.2% proof stress. 
         [0026]    Next, it is important to degrade the texture formed by hot rolling to prevent the surface quality from deteriorating after blow molding. In particular, the texture in the center of a cross section of the cold-rolled plate of the aluminum alloy greatly affects the surface quality. Here, a relatively large intermetallic compound which is formed in the material and which has an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm tends to become a site for the nucleation of recrystallization in an orientation different from that of the hot-rolled texture and is effective in degrading the hot-rolled texture. That is, accumulating large strain in the entire material and at the same time forming a large amount of an intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter (diameter of the equivalent circle) of 5 to 15 μm in the center of a cross section of the cold-rolled plate of the aluminum alloy, specifically at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section (the center of the plate thickness), are effective in preventing the deterioration of the surface quality. In this regard, an intermetallic compound of less than 5 μm is excluded because the tendency to become a site for the nucleation of recrystallization in an orientation different from that of the hot-rolled texture is slight. An intermetallic compound of more than 15 μm becomes a site from which a deficiency of cavity is formed during forming and deteriorates the formability, and thus the intermetallic compound is also excluded. The intermetallic compounds are mainly Al—Mn-based intermetallic compounds. 
         [0027]    When the density of an intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm is less than 50 pieces/mm 2  at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section, a high effect of improving the surface quality is not obtained. On the other hand, when the density exceeds 400 pieces/mm 2  or more, the intermetallic compound becomes a site from which cavitation occurs, resulting in the deterioration of the formability. Therefore, in the invention, the density of an intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section is specified to be 50 to 400 pieces/mm 2 . The density is preferably 200 to 400 pieces/mm 2 . In this regard, the density of the intermetallic compound is measured with an image analyzer attached to an optical microscope. 
         [0028]    The ductility at a high temperature can be improved by regulating the crystal grain size after superplastic-forming at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section to 10 μm or less. The crystal grain size is measured by cutting out the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section from a sample and measuring using a crystal orientation analyzer attached to a scanning electron microscope. The measurement step was 1 μm, and when the difference in angle between neighboring orientations was 15° or more, the boundary of the neighboring orientations was considered as a crystal grain boundary. The crystal grain size is preferably 7 μm or less. 
         [0029]    The surface quality can be further improved by reducing the region in which the amount of strain is smaller than in the surrounding region (recovery region) at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section. The distribution of strain introduced to the material can be estimated by the frequency distribution of Kernel Average Misorientation (hereinafter referred to as “KAM”) measured by EBSP (Electron Backscatter Diffraction Pattern). KAM gives the angle of inclination of local grain boundaries. A region in which grain boundaries of KAM of larger than 15° are distributed highly densely indicates that a large amount of strain has been introduced, while a region in which grain boundaries of KAM of 15° or less are distributed highly densely indicates a region in which the recovery is advanced and the amount of strain introduced is small. Thus, to further improve the surface quality after forming, the frequency of KAM of 15° or less is preferably 0.34 or less, further preferably 0.25 or less, at the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section. The lower limit of the frequency is not particularly limited but is most preferably 0. Here, the KAM is measured by cutting out the RD-TD plane which extends along the cross-section from a sample and measuring using a crystal orientation analyzer attached to a scanning electron microscope. In the invention, the frequency of KAM of 15° or less is defined as the sum of the frequencies of the KAM values of 0° to 15° of the frequency distribution of KAM. The measurement step is 1 μm. 
       2. Composition of Aluminum Alloy 
       [0030]    Next, the composition of the superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate of the invention and the reasons for the limitations are shown below. 
       2-1. Mg: 2.0 to 6.0 Mass % 
       [0031]    Mg promotes the accumulation of strain after cold rolling and is effective in making the crystal grains fine because Mg stabilizes the boundaries of the recrystallized grains at a high temperature. When the Mg content is less than 2.0 mass % (hereinafter simply referred to as “%”), it is difficult to make the crystal grains fine, while when the Mg content exceeds 6.0%, the hot ductility and the cold ductility decrease, and the productivity is poor. Accordingly, the Mg content is specified to be 2.0 to 6.0%. A preferable Mg content is 4.0 to 5.0%. 
       2-2. Mn: 0.5 to 1.8% 
       [0032]    When Mn is added, a relatively large Al—Mn-based intermetallic compound and a fine precipitate are formed. An Al—Mn-based intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm becomes a site for the nucleation of a recrystallized grain, and a fine Al—Mn-based precipitate has a function of preventing the growth of the recrystallized grains. Accordingly, addition of Mn is effective in improving the surface quality and making the recrystallized grains fine. When the Mn content is less than 0.5%, the effect of making the crystal grains fine is not sufficient, and the Al—Mn-based intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm cannot be dispersed highly densely. On the other hand, when the Mn content exceeds 1.8%, an extremely coarse, for example of an equivalent circle diameter of more than 20 μm, Al—Mn-based intermetallic compound is formed, and the formability is deteriorated considerably. Accordingly, the Mn amount is specified to be 0.5 to 1.8%. A preferable Mn content is 0.7 to 1.5%. 
       2-3. Cr: 0.40% or Less 
       [0033]    When Cr is added, a relatively large Al—Cr-based intermetallic compound and a fine precipitate are formed. An Al—Cr-based intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm becomes a site for the nucleation of a recrystallized grain, and a fine Al—Cr-based precipitate has a function of preventing the growth of the recrystallized grains. Accordingly, as Mn, addition of Cr is effective in improving the surface quality and making the recrystallized grains fine. When the Cr content exceeds 0.4%, an extremely coarse, for example of an equivalent circle diameter of more than 20 μm, Al—Cr intermetallic compound is formed, and the formability is deteriorated considerably. Therefore, the Cr content is restricted to be 0.4% or less, preferably 0.1% or less. The Cr content may be 0%. 
       2-4. Fe: 0.20% or Less 
       [0034]    A general aluminum alloy may contain Fe, Si, Cu, Zn and Ti as unavoidable impurities. When the Fe content is high, a coarse (for example of an equivalent circle diameter of more than 20 μm) Al—Mn—Fe-based intermetallic compound is apt to be formed and becomes a site from which cavitation occurs, resulting in the deterioration of the formability. Thus, the Fe content is restricted to be 0.20% or less, preferably 0.10% or less. The Fe content may be 0%. 
       2-5. Si: 0.20% or Less 
       [0035]    When the Si content is high, a coarse (for example of an equivalent circle diameter of more than 20 μm) Mg 2 Si-based intermetallic compound is apt to be formed and becomes a site from which cavitation occurs, resulting in the deterioration of the formability. Thus, the Si content is restricted to be 0.20% or less, preferably 0.10% or less. The Si content may be 0%. 
       2-6. Cu: 0.05% or Less 
       [0036]    The strength can be improved when Cu is contained, and Cu may be thus contained. However, the corrosion resistance is impaired when Cu is contained. Thus, the Cu content is restricted to be 0.05% or less. The Cu content may be 0%. 
       2-7. Zn: 0.05% or Less 
       [0037]    The strength can be increased when Zn is contained, and Zn may be thus contained. However, the corrosion resistance is impaired when Zn is contained. Thus, the Zn content is restricted to be 0.05% or less. The Zn content may be 0%. 
       2-8. Ti: 0.10% or Less 
       [0038]    The ingot texture can be made fine when Ti is contained, and Ti may be thus contained. However, when Ti is contained, this leads to the formation of a coarse intermetallic compound, and the formability deteriorates. Thus, the Ti content is preferably restricted to be 0.10% or less. The Ti content may be 0%. 
       2-9. Other Unavoidable Impurities 
       [0039]    Zr, B, Be and the like may be contained as other unavoidable impurities each in an amount of 0.05% or less and in a total amount of 0.15% or less. 
       3. Production Method 
       [0040]    Next, the method for producing a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate of the invention is explained. 
       3-1. Casting Step 
       [0041]    First, a molten alloy metal having the alloy composition is produced and cast. The casting process of the casting step is preferably the semi-continuous casting process (DC casting). Because the cooling rate of the center of a cross section of the slab (ingot) can be regulated by the ingot thickness and the amount of cooling water in DC casting, the density of an intermetallic compound of 5 to 15 μm in the center of a cross section of the final plate can be regulated. In the invention, the indicator of the cooling rate represented by t/L is 1000≦t/L≦4000, preferably 3000≦t/L≦4000, where t is the thickness of the ingot produced (mm) and L is the amount of cooling water per unit time and per unit length of ingot thickness (unit ingot length) (liter/minute·mm). In the case of t/L&lt;1000, the intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm is difficult to form, and the case is not effective in improving the surface properties after forming. On the other hand, in the case of t/L&gt;4000, the intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm becomes a site from which cavitation occurs, and the generated cavitations are connected and deteriorate the formability. In this regard, the larger the t/L value is, the lower the cooling rate is, while the smaller the t/L value is, the higher the cooling rate is. 
       3-2. Homogenization Step 
       [0042]    The ingot obtained by the DC casting process is subjected to a homogenization step after facing the ingot if necessary. The conditions of the homogenization are at 400 to 560° C. for 0.5 hours or longer, preferably at 500 to 560° C. for 0.5 hours or longer. When the treatment temperature is lower than 400° C., the homogenization is insufficient, while when the treatment temperature exceeds 560° C., a eutectic melting occurs, and the formability deteriorates. When the treatment period is shorter than 0.5 hours, the homogenization is insufficient. The upper limit of the treatment period is not particularly limited, but the effect of the homogenization is saturated when the treatment period exceeds 12 hours, and the treatment is uneconomical. Accordingly, the upper limit is preferably 12 hours. The homogenization may serve also as preliminary heating before hot rolling in the following step or may be conducted separately from preliminary heating before hot rolling. 
       3-3. Hot Rolling Step 
       [0043]    The ingot is subjected to a hot rolling step after the homogenization step. The hot rolling step includes a preliminary heating stage before rolling. The last 1 pass of hot rolling affects the surface properties after forming. Thus, in the last 1 pass of hot rolling, the reduction ratio in a temperature range which is not higher than the recrystallization temperature and in which the deformation resistance of the material is small, namely at a temperature of 250° C. to 350° C., is preferably 30% or more. This results in the uniform introduction of strain into the center of the plate thickness. When the hot rolling temperature is lower than 250° C., the deformation resistance becomes large, and hot rolling becomes difficult. On the other hand, when the hot rolling temperature exceeds 350° C., a wide region with small strain is generated. Also, when the reduction ratio is less than 30%, a wide region with small strain is generated as well. The upper limit of the reduction ratio is not particularly limited but is preferably 50% in the invention, more preferably 40%. By setting the hot rolling step in this manner, the recovery region in which the amount of strain is smaller than in the surrounding region can be reduced also in the final plate, and thus the surface properties after forming is improved. 
       3-4. Cold Rolling Step 
       [0044]    The rolled plate is subjected to a cold rolling step to obtain a desired final thickness after the hot rolling step. To introduce large strain to the entire material and make the recrystallized grains fine, the final reduction ratio in cold rolling is 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, in the cold rolling step. The upper limit of the final reduction ratio in cold rolling is not particularly limited but is preferably 90%, more preferably 80%. The final reduction ratio in cold rolling means the reduction ratio in cold rolling calculated from the thickness after hot rolling and the thickness after cold rolling. When the process annealing described below is conducted once, twice or more, the final reduction ratio in cold rolling means the reduction ratio in cold rolling calculated from the thickness after final process annealing and the thickness after cold rolling. 
       3-5. Process Annealing Step 
       [0045]    Furthermore, process annealing may be conducted once, twice or more before cold rolling, during cold rolling or before and during cold rolling. The conditions of process annealing are preferably at 300 to 400° C. for one to four hours. By process annealing, an effect of improving the surface properties after forming is obtained. 
       EXAMPLES 
     First Example 
       [0046]    First, the first Example of the invention is explained. Ingots of alloys having the compositions shown in Table 1 were produced by the DC casting process. As shown in Table 2, the distributions of an intermetallic compound of 5 to 15 μm formed in the centers of cross sections of the plates were adjusted by regulating the t/L values in the casting step. The ingots having the alloy compositions were subjected to facing and then to the homogenization shown in Table 2. Next, after heating the ingots at 500° C. for 180 minutes, the ingots were hot rolled. As shown in Table 2, the reduction ratios at 250° C. to 350° C. were regulated in the last 1 pass of hot rolling, and the strain distributions in the centers of cross sections of the final plates were adjusted. Final plate samples having a thickness of 1 mm were obtained by cold rolling the plates at various reduction ratios in cold rolling after the hot step. When the materials were subjected to process annealing, process annealing was conducted using an atmosphere furnace under holding conditions at 360° C. for two hours. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Alloy 
                 Alloy Composition (mass %) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Number 
                 Mg 
                 Mn 
                 Cr 
                 Fe 
                 Si 
                 Al 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A1 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A2 
                 2.2 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A3 
                 5.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A4 
                 1.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A5 
                 6.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A6 
                 4.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A7 
                 4.5 
                 0.4 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A8 
                 4.5 
                 1.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A9 
                 4.5 
                 1.9 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A10 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.30 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A11 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.50 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A12 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.15 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A13 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.30 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A14 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A15 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.15 
                 0.25 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope of the invention 
               
               
                 A16 
                 4.5 
                 1.7 
                 0.001 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of the invention 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Reduction Ratio in 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Hot Rolling at 
                   
                 Final Reduction 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature of 
                 Period of 
                   
                 250-350° C. in 
                   
                 Ratio in Cold 
               
               
                 Conditions of 
                 Homogenization 
                 Homogenization 
                 t/L 
                 Last 1 Pass 
                   
                 Rolling 
               
               
                 Production 
                 (° C.) 
                 (hr) 
                 (mm 2  · minute/liter) 
                 (%) 
                 Process Annealing 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 P1 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P2 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 50 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P3 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 15 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P4 
                 530 
                 8 
                 400 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P5 
                 530 
                 8 
                 3000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P6 
                 530 
                 8 
                 5000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P7 
                 390 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P8 
                 450 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P9 
                 570 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P10 
                 530 
                 0.3 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P11 
                 530 
                 11 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P12 
                 530 
                 13 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                 P13 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 55 
               
               
                 P14 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 40 
               
               
                 P15 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 80 
               
               
                 P16 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 not conducted 
                 90 
               
               
                 P17 
                 530 
                 8 
                 2000 
                 40 
                 conducted 
                 75 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       4. Evaluation of Samples 
     4-1. 0.2% Proof Stress 
       [0047]    Three tensile test pieces having a length of 3 cm and a width of 20 cm were produced from the final plate sample. The width direction (the longitudinal direction) of the test piece was the rolling direction of the sample. The 0.2% proof stress of each produced test piece in the width direction was measured. The 0.2% proof stress was determined from the arithmetic mean of the values of the test pieces. 
       4-2. Density of Intermetallic Compound 
       [0048]    A final plate sample was polished mechanically, and the RD-TD plane which extends along the center of the plate cross-section was exposed. Next, the exposed surface was mirror polished. Twenty-two random points of a measurement area of 0.2 μm 2  were selected from the polished surface, and the densities of an intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm were measured at the measurement points using an image analyzer “LUZEX FS” manufactured by NIRECO Corporation. The density of the intermetallic compound was determined from the arithmetic mean of the values at the measurement points. The measurement step was 1 μm. 
       4-3. Frequency Distribution of KAM 
       [0049]    Using a crystal orientation analyzer (MSC-2200 manufactured by TSL) attached to a scanning electron microscope (JSM-6510 manufactured by JEOL Ltd.), the frequency distributions of KAM were measured at the points for the measurement of the densities of the intermetallic compound, and the frequencies of KAM of 15° or less were measured. The frequency of KAM of 15° or less was determined from the arithmetic mean of the values at the measurement points. As in the measurement of the densities of the intermetallic compound, the measurement step was 1 μm. 
       4-4. Characteristics at High Temperature 
       [0050]    After heating a final plate sample at 500° C. for 10 minutes, three tensile test pieces having a length of 1.5 cm and a width of 5.0 cm were produced. The width direction (the longitudinal direction) of the test piece was the rolling direction of the sample. The test pieces were subjected to a tensile test at a temperature of 500° C. at a strain rate of 10 −3 /second. The high-temperature tensile test was conducted up to the elongation of 25% and up to the breakage. The elongation at break (the ductility at a high temperature) was measured by the tensile test up to the breakage. The ductility at a high temperature was determined from the arithmetic mean of the values of the test pieces. The samples with ductility at a high temperature of 250% or more were determined to be acceptable, and the samples with ductility at a high temperature of less than 250% were determined to be unacceptable. 
         [0051]    In addition, the surface properties of the test pieces after the tensile test up to the elongation of 25% were observed. A sample was determined to be excellent (A) when roughness of the surface was not observed visually in any of the test pieces, good (B) when slight roughness of the surface was observed in any of the test pieces and poor (D) when the roughness of the surface was clearly observed visually in any of the test pieces. The samples of A and B were determined to be acceptable. 
         [0052]    The results of the evaluation are shown in Table 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Density of Intermetallic 
                   
                 Characteristics at High 
                 Crystal Grain 
               
               
                   
                 0.2% 
                 Compound Having 
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Size After 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Conditions 
                 Proof 
                 Equivalent Circle 
                 Frequency 
                 Ductility at 
                   
                 Super- 
               
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                 of 
                 Stress 
                 Diameter of 5-15 μm 
                 of 
                 High Temperature 
                 Surface 
                 Plastic-Forming 
               
               
                   
                 Number 
                 Production 
                 (MPa) 
                 (pieces/mm 2   
                 KAM ≦ 15° 
                 (%) 
                 Properties 
                 (μm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 1 
                 A1 
                 P1 
                 405 
                 60 
                 0.35 
                 286 
                 B 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 2 
                 A2 
                 P1 
                 342 
                 64 
                 0.45 
                 253 
                 B 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 3 
                 A3 
                 P1 
                 443 
                 69 
                 0.25 
                 291 
                 A 
                 7.7 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 4 
                 A6 
                 P1 
                 385 
                 52 
                 0.35 
                 274 
                 B 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 5 
                 A8 
                 P1 
                 452 
                 312 
                 0.25 
                 312 
                 A 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 6 
                 A10 
                 P1 
                 430 
                 365 
                 0.34 
                 265 
                 A 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 7 
                 A12 
                 P1 
                 421 
                 212 
                 0.36 
                 262 
                 B 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 8 
                 A14 
                 P1 
                 421 
                 315 
                 0.36 
                 259 
                 B 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 9 
                 A1 
                 P2 
                 412 
                 62 
                 0.25 
                 297 
                 A 
                 8.2 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 10 
                 A1 
                 P5 
                 395 
                 210 
                 0.32 
                 262 
                 A 
                 8.2 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 11 
                 A8 
                 P2 
                 460 
                 320 
                 0.22 
                 315 
                 A 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 12 
                 A8 
                 P8 
                 456 
                 365 
                 0.23 
                 275 
                 A 
                 9.0 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 13 
                 A8 
                 P11 
                 460 
                 302 
                 0.25 
                 320 
                 A 
                 7.0 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 14 
                 A8 
                 P12 
                 458 
                 310 
                 0.25 
                 308 
                 A 
                 8.5 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 15 
                 A1 
                 P13 
                 355 
                 65 
                 0.37 
                 261 
                 B 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 16 
                 A16 
                 P1 
                 401 
                 57 
                 0.26 
                 271 
                 A 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 17 
                 A8 
                 P15 
                 455 
                 331 
                 0.23 
                 335 
                 A 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 18 
                 A8 
                 P16 
                 459 
                 350 
                 0.21 
                 350 
                 A 
                 5.7 
               
               
                 Invention&#39;s Example 19 
                 A8 
                 P17 
                 450 
                 311 
                 0.25 
                 310 
                 A 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 1 
                 A4 
                 P1 
                 320 
                 53 
                 0.48 
                 212 
                 B 
                 13.0 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 2 
                 A5 
                 P1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 3 
                 A7 
                 P1 
                 376 
                 40 
                 0.42 
                 261 
                 D 
                 11.0 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 4 
                 A9 
                 P1 
                 461 
                 421 
                 0.26 
                 243 
                 A 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 5 
                 A11 
                 P1 
                 455 
                 453 
                 0.29 
                 198 
                 A 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 6 
                 A13 
                 P1 
                 410 
                 433 
                 0.35 
                 209 
                 B 
                 5.7 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 7 
                 A15 
                 P1 
                 430 
                 418 
                 0.34 
                 230 
                 B 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 8 
                 A1 
                 P4 
                 407 
                 20 
                 0.36 
                 294 
                 D 
                 8.7 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 9 
                 A1 
                 P6 
                 407 
                 413 
                 0.32 
                 230 
                 A 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 10 
                 A8 
                 P7 
                 460 
                 405 
                 0.22 
                 225 
                 A 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 11 
                 A8 
                 P9 
                 449 
                 431 
                 0.25 
                 190 
                 A 
                 9.0 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 12 
                 A8 
                 P10 
                 458 
                 412 
                 0.23 
                 218 
                 A 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 13 
                 A1 
                 P14 
                 320 
                 63 
                 0.38 
                 234 
                 B 
                 12.0 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 14 
                 A14 
                 P3 
                 430 
                 306 
                 0.42 
                 265 
                 D 
                 9.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    Examples 1 to 19 of the invention satisfied the structural requirements specified in claim  1 , and thus the ductility at a high temperature and the characteristics at a high temperature of the surface properties were acceptable. 
         [0054]    On the other hand, the Mg content of the aluminum alloy was too low in Comparative Example 1. As a result, the amount of strain introduced in the cold rolling step was low, and the crystal grains were not made fine enough. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. The 0.2.% proof stress was also unacceptable. 
         [0055]    The Mg content of the aluminum alloy was too high in Comparative Example 2. As a result, the plate was fractured during rolling, and evaluation was not possible. 
         [0056]    The Mn content was too low in Comparative Example 3. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too low, and the surface properties were unacceptable. 
         [0057]    The Mn content was too high in Comparative Example 4. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0058]    The Cr content was too high in Comparative Example 5. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0059]    The Fe content was too high in Comparative Example 6. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0060]    The Si content was too high in Comparative Example 7. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0061]    The indicator of the cooling rate (t/L) was too small in Comparative Example 8. As a result, the formation of the intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was prevented, and the surface properties were unacceptable. 
         [0062]    The indicator of the cooling rate (t/L) was too large in Comparative Example 9. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0063]    The homogenization temperature was too low in Comparative Example 10. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0064]    The homogenization temperature was too high in Comparative Example 11. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high due to the occurrence of eutectic melting, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0065]    The homogenization period was too short in Comparative Example 12. As a result, the amount of the formed intermetallic compound having an equivalent circle diameter of 5 to 15 μm was too high, and the occurrence of cavitation was promoted. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. 
         [0066]    The final reduction ratio in cold rolling was too small in Comparative Example 13. As a result, the amount of strain introduced in the cold rolling step was low, and the crystal grains were not made fine enough. Thus, the ductility at a high temperature was unacceptable. The 0.2% proof stress was also unacceptable. 
         [0067]    The reduction ratio in hot rolling was too small in Comparative Example 14. As a result, the region in which the strain was smaller than in the surrounding region was large, and the surface properties were unacceptable. 
       Second Example 
       [0068]    Next, the second Example of the invention is explained. Samples were produced in a similar manner to that in the first Example except that ingots of alloys having the compositions shown in Table 4 were produced by the DC casting process. Then, the samples produced were evaluated in similar manners to those in the first Example. In the second Example, the corrosion resistance below was also evaluated in addition to the evaluation items of the first Example. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Alloy 
                 Alloy Composition (mass %) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Number 
                 Mg 
                 Mn 
                 Cr 
                 Fe 
                 Si 
                 Cu 
                 Zn 
                 Ti 
                 Al 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A17 
                 4.5 
                 1.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 balance 
                 within the scope of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 the invention 
               
               
                 A18 
                 4.5 
                 1.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 0.07 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of the invention 
               
               
                 A19 
                 4.5 
                 1.7 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 0.01 
                 0.06 
                 0.01 
                 balance 
                 outside the scope 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of the invention 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       4-5. Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance 
       [0069]    The final plate samples were heated at 500° C. for 10 minutes and then subjected to the CASS test for 500 hours based on JIS-H8502. As a result, the corrosion resistance according to CASS was determined to be acceptable (B) when corrosion perforation did not develop in the sample even after 500 hours or unacceptable (C) when corrosion perforation developed. 
         [0070]    The results of the evaluation are shown in Table 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Density of 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Intermetallic 
                   
                 Characteristics at High 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Crystal Grain 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.2% 
                 Having Equivalent 
                   
                 Ductility at 
                   
                 Size After 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Conditions 
                 Proof 
                 Circle Diameter of 
                   
                 High 
                   
                 Superplastic- 
               
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                 of 
                 Stress 
                 5-15 μm 
                 Frequency of 
                 Temperature 
                 Surface 
                 Forming 
                 Corrosion 
               
               
                   
                 Number 
                 Production 
                 (MPa) 
                 (pieces/mm 2 ) 
                 KAM ≦ 15° 
                 (%) 
                 Properties 
                 (μm) 
                 Resistance 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Invention&#39;s 
                 A17 
                 P1 
                 452 
                 312 
                 0.25 
                 312 
                 A 
                 6.6 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 20 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 A18 
                 P1 
                 451 
                 320 
                 0.25 
                 310 
                 A 
                 6.7 
                 C 
               
               
                 Example 15 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 A19 
                 P1 
                 450 
                 322 
                 0.24 
                 301 
                 A 
                 6.4 
                 C 
               
               
                 Example 16 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0071]    Example 20 of the invention satisfied the structural requirements specified in claim  2 , and thus the ductility at a high temperature, the characteristics at a high temperature of the surface properties and the corrosion resistance were acceptable. 
         [0072]    On the other hand, the Cu content of the aluminum alloy was too high in Comparative Example 15. As a result, the corrosion resistance was unacceptable. 
         [0073]    The Zn content of the aluminum alloy was too high in Comparative Example 16. As a result, the corrosion resistance was unacceptable. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0074]    According to the invention, a superplastic-forming aluminum alloy plate having excellent superplastic-forming properties, excellent surface properties after forming and corrosion resistance is provided.