Abstract:
A method is disclosed whereby consumers enrolled in a prescription benefit plan can obtain prescription medication fulfillment at any participating pharmacy of their choice, regardless of whether the fulfillment is by a retail pharmacy or a mail order pharmacy, and whether the quantity of medication prescribed is for administration over a short period (acute care) or a prolonged period (maintenance). The plan of this invention operates by having the plan manager substantially equalize the financial effects of the discounts and services fees allowed to participating pharmacies such that both retail and mail order pharmacies are compensated in a manner which encourages them to accept all consumers and fill all prescriptions. Compensation is preferably adjusted periodically by the manager to retain pharmacy incentives. Consumers obtain choice of pharmacies, plan payers have pleased employees and members and pharmacies obtain income from the entire spectrum of consumers.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates generally to the field of filling prescriptions for consumers. More particularly it relates to prescription payment benefits made available by health plans, employer groups, governmental entities and other organizations to their employees and/or members.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Many employees and members (“consumers”) of health maintenance organizations, employer groups and government entities have their purchases of personal prescription medications subsidized by payments to pharmacies through prescription benefit plans (“plans”) offered by those health maintenance organizations, employer groups and government entities. Under such plans, a consumer receives a prescription for a medication from his or her physician and submits it to a pharmacy to be filled. The pharmacy checks to see that the consumer is a member of a plan with which the pharmacy has a contract and that the medication and dosage prescribed are within the approved scope of the plan contract. Upon verification of these requirements, the pharmacy dispenses the medication to the consumer. The consumer pays the pharmacy a “copay” amount, less than the normal cost of the medication. The pharmacy receives the balance of the payment for the medication and its dispensing services from the prescription benefit plan, which is managed by a “prescription benefit manager” (“PBM”) with whom the health maintenance organization, employer group or government entity (“payer”) has contracted to manage the plan. The PBM invoices the payer (i.e., the PBM&#39;s customer) for the consumer&#39;s transaction, along with a charge for its contracted fee, and from the funds paid by the payer the PBM pays the pharmacy&#39;s balance due.  
         [0003]     Medication usage is commonly differentiated between acute care usage, which is short term (30 days or less) administration to treat immediate illnesses or conditions, and maintenance usage, which is long term (more than 30 days) treatment of chronic illnesses or conditions such as hypertension, high cholesterol levels, arthritis, neurology conditions and the like. Maintenance medication dispensing and usage represents a major health care cost (on the order of 75% of prescription costs for many plans, especially due to the aging of the American population) and therefore control of maintenance prescription costs is a principal function of the prescription benefit plans. Dispensing pharmacies are normally of two types: retail pharmacies (which are local neighborhood businesses where the consumer appears in person, can meet with a pharmacist, orders his/her medication and can usually leaves a few minutes later with the dispensed medication in hand) and mail order pharmacies (which are large facilities, usually not open to individual consumers&#39; personal visits, but from which a consumer&#39;s medication order received by mail or through the Internet is subsequently filled and dispensed to the consumer via mail or courier service). It is normally recognized by the industry that acute care prescriptions are dispensed primarily by retail pharmacies, since the consumer frequently needs the medication immediately and cannot accept the multi-day delay inherent in submitting and dispensing prescription medications from the mail order pharmacies.  
         [0004]     On the other hand, PBMs and benefit consultants commonly strongly urge or even mandate that consumers in the plans that they administer obtain their maintenance medications from mail order pharmacies. It is a widely held belief that mail order pharmacies may have lower operating costs and may offer greater discounts available on medication coverage. To the extent that such is the case, use of mail order pharmacies may be a desirable cost control strategy if other contractual terms remain equalized. However, several factors can complicate the analysis of use of mail order pharmacies versus use of retail pharmacies especially for dispensing of maintenance medications. For instance, some PBMs own mail order pharmacies, and therefore it is to their financial benefit to steer the consumers in their plans to their captive pharmacies whether or not that is in the best interest of the consumers. Further, to the extent that business is diverted unreasonably from retail pharmacies to mail order pharmacies, the former are deprived of income. Since the retail pharmacies are commonly localized businesses (in contrast to mail order pharmacies), their ability to survive to provide the local retail service is impaired. This is true even when a local pharmacy is part of a larger chain pharmacy organization, since decline in income of a local site could lead the chain to close that local site, notwithstanding that other locations of the chain&#39;s pharmacies remain in business. Further, there are many variables in the pricing of medications and the costs involved in inventories, dispensing equipment, transportation of medications to the pharmacy and later to the consumer and staffing, that have been shown to affect whether mail order does or does not have a financial advantage over retail in the dispensing of medications. All that can be said is that, properly managed, both types can be financially and commercially viable.  
         [0005]     Further, and very significantly, there is a question of availability of choice for the consumer, since in many cases a consumer would like to have the option of dealing either with his/her local pharmacy or a mail order pharmacy. Numerous studies have established that for many prescription consumers, direct contact with a pharmacist is very important. Professional pharmacists are held in very high regard by consumers and their advice is eagerly sought. Most consumers are not knowledgeable about medications and a prescribing physician&#39;s schedule may not provide sufficient time for a consumer to be able to get what he or she believes to be sufficient information from the prescribing physician about all aspects of concern about a prescribed medication. Consumers want to be able to speak directly to their pharmacists for more information about their medications and receive detailed answers to their questions and concerns, especially when a maintenance medication which will be taken by the consumer over a prolonged period is involved. It is well known that the prospects for a consumer&#39;s (patient&#39;s) successful implementation of a medication regimen are greatly enhanced when the consumer/patient understands and is comfortable with the medication prescribed. Such direct and personal contact with a pharmacist is frequently difficult for a consumer to obtain from a mail order pharmacy, and even when available will almost certainly not involve a pharmacist who is “local” to the consumer and his/her community.  
         [0006]     Conventionally brand name prescriptions are priced by starting with a nationally published “average wholesale price” (AWP) and discounting this figure. A dispensing fee is then added to this number. A mail order or retail 90 day prescription is priced the same way with the exception that the mail order discounts are greater and there may or may not be a dispensing fee. On the other hand, in the prior art systems generic drug claims usually employ an additional variant for pricing. This is a concept known as “maximum allowable cost” (MAC) pricing. MAC is the concept of paying a set price for a product on a per unit basis. Since multiple manufacturers may produce the same generic drug and dosage, the MAC price is applied regardless of the manufacturer or that particular manufacturer&#39;s AWP. In the prior art plans, it is common that 30-day prescriptions are paid at the lower of a) AWP minus a discount plus a dispensing fee or b) MAC plus a dispensing fee, while 90-day prescriptions are paid solely at AWP minus a discount. In the common situation where mail order pharmacies do not fill 30-day prescriptions and many 90-day prescription consumers are routed by PBMs solely to mail order pharmacies, the system becomes biased, in that the consumer and payer may actually pay more for one 90-day prescription compared to the dispensing of three 30-day prescription for a particular medication dispensed. This leads to consumer and payer dissatisfaction. The payer has an expectation of budgeting for a set discount for 90 day prescriptions since is the traditional 90 day method for reimbursement. When a lower of MAC or AWP model is used a payer can not guarantee an overall generic performance. The pharmacy has an expectation to be reimbursed a set amount for dispensing the 90 day prescription. When a lower of MAC or AWP model is used the pharmacy can not be sure of its reimbursement.  
         [0007]     Prescription care plans function by assigning a “processor control number” (PCN) to each consumer prescription claim. Since at present retail pharmacies typically dispense prescriptions in short-term (30-day or less) quantities and mail-order pharmacies dispense prescriptions in long-term (usually in either 60-day or 90-day) quantities, this means that a PBM is typically required to set up multiple PCN&#39;s for acute versus maintenance drug benefit designs, although each retail or mail order pharmacy is accustomed to identifying a single PCN to a consumer prescription claim for a specific payer&#39;s plan. As noted, consumers and payers want to be able to choose where they get prescriptions filled. However, when a pharmacy undertakes to dispense both short-term and long-term quantities, the pharmacist or pharmacy staff must now in effect choose between two PCNs for the same payer. Since the consumer only presents one identification card, this process can cause confusion at the pharmacy. This is counter productive to traditional workflow. It can cause confusion and delays at the point of sale transaction that impact both the consumer and the pharmacy. It may also reduce the number of 90-day supply prescriptions that are filled at the retail level which impacts the cost structure for the payer.  
         [0008]     It is not the intention of the present invention to determine any conclusion as to the relative merits of mail order pharmacies versus retail pharmacies. Rather it is the intention of the present invention to meet the long-felt and widely expressed desire by consumers, payers and pharmacists to make both equally financially available under a prescription benefit plan such that consumers can have a legitimate choice as to where and how they obtain their prescription medications, the payers will have a legitimate choice about how their contract plans will be structured, and pharmacists in both types of pharmacies can practice their profession successfully.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     For simplicity in the discussion below the invention will be described by division of prescription quantity fulfillments into two categories: a) “short term”, “acute care” or “30-day” quantities, all of these terms being considered synonymous, and b) “long-term”, “maintenance” or “90-day” quantities, all of these terms also being considered synonymous. Further, the terms “quantity”, “quantity of dosage units” and “days supply” are also considered to be synonymous as applied to the number of medication pills, tablets, capsules, etc., or amount of medication liquid dispensed to the consumer upon fulfillment of the prescription request. It will be understood, however, that these terms are so used for brevity and convenience, and that regardless of the choice of terminology the method of the present invention is equally applicable to management of all prescription fulfillment and dispensing of medications in any dosages or quantities. Similarly, the particular total days&#39; supply of a dispensing prescription, whether the exemplary and commonly used 30- and 90-day quantities, or 14-, 60-, 100-day or any other quantities, is to be understood to be within the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will be readily able to calculate and apply the appropriate discount and other payments for any desired dispensed quantity or medication.  
         [0010]     The present invention provides an innovative pharmacy-based program that allows employees/plan members who take long term maintenance medications to have a choice between obtaining such medications from a mail order pharmacy or a local retail pharmacy outlet, by effectively balancing plan reimbursement and discount payments such that both types of pharmacies are compensated essentially equally, while taking into consideration the relative operational strengths and weaknesses of each type. The consumer thus is pleased, by having a choice of pharmacies based on his/her own perceptions of the merits of each and particularly in not being deprived of such choice because of financial biases in the plan&#39;s provisions. The payer also is pleased, since the plan members are content and the plan costs are economically reasonable. The pharmacy industry as a whole also benefits, since undue biases toward mail order are avoided, retail pharmacies can effective participate in the overall dispensing of all medications and each part of the industry is able to compete on the basis of its merits of its customer service and value.  
         [0011]     In its basic embodiments, the plan operates by having the PBM set a target cost for medications and dispensing services which it will pay according to contracts it enters into with the pharmacies, and similarly having contracts with its customers (the payers) as to the target costs and it management fees that it will charge the customers under the plan. A key component of this invention is that reimbursement rates are set that benefit the pharmacy, the payer and the consumer. The pharmacy target costs are based on a combination of industry-accepted medication cost schedules and negotiated discounts, calculated such that the payments to the pharmacies will all be substantially equal for a given consumer&#39;s medication, dosage and quantity prescription, taking into account the different operating characteristics and costs of retail pharmacies versus mail order pharmacies in terms of factors such as consumer contact and education, economies of scale in inventorying, staffing requirements and the like.  
         [0012]     In many of its embodiments the plan of the invention includes a method to ensure that the payer, the pharmacy and the consumer are not disadvantaged. We have called this method the “true-up” feature. A lower of AWP or MAC price model is applied. At the conclusion of a set period of time the reimbursement performance is measured and compared to a guaranteed value. If the value is above or below the targeted discount, the AWP or MAC prices are adjusted (“trued up”) to compensate moving forward for the next set time period. These small adjustments are made every set time period to ensure performance balances to an overall guaranteed value. In this manner the payer benefits from the MAC pricing on individual generic products and benefits from assurances that the overall guaranteed performance is maintained, the pharmacy benefits by the assurance that it will be paid at an overall guaranteed discount performance number and the consumer benefits by paying a co-payment that is reflective of the lower of MAC or AWP and thus is not disadvantaged by electing the one time 90-day fill as opposed to having the same prescription filled three separate times for a 30-day supply.  
         [0013]     An additional aspect of the current invention is its ability to simplify prescription ordering procedures for the pharmacies. When a pharmacy sends a prescription to a PBM for processing, they utilize a computer system and transmit on-line a request of payment to the PBM. This is called an on-line adjudicated claim. A pharmacy communicates to the PBM by sending an on-line adjudication claim to what is known in the industry as a “switch” company. There are two sets of numbers that are important to this transaction. The first is what is known as the “business identification number” (BIN). The BIN identifies the PBM that is processing the claim. The switch company recognizes this BIN and routes the claim to the appropriate PBM for processing. The second number is known as the PCN, described above. Once a claim has been routed to the appropriate PBM, the PCN directs the claim to the appropriate plan or payer within the PBM for processing. The adjudicated claim contains important information such as patient identification, drug and dosage, and days supply for which the medication is intended to be dispensed. The pharmacy enters this information and then transmits the claim electronically. Once routed to the PBM, the PBM reviews the claim and determines if the patient is eligible, if the drug is approved for dispensing, what portion the patient should pay as a co-payment, and at what rate should the pharmacy be reimbursed. In addition the PBM verifies that the days supply is an approved benefit for the member. As noted in the Background, since the consumer only presents one identification card, availability of different quantities and design benefits for the same medication with different PCNs can cause confusion at the pharmacy. The pharmacy staff member must decide whether to submit to the appropriate BIN the PCN for the 30 day benefit or the PCN for the 90 day benefit. If the incorrect PCN is used, the PBM will reject the claim until the PCN error can be corrected, thus delaying filling of the prescription for the consumer.  
         [0014]     The current invention eliminates the need for multiple PCNs for the same medication for a given payer. Under the present plan each medication for a given payer has only a single PCN regardless of the quantity (number of days&#39; supply). The pharmacist need only provide the basic data of medication identification, dosage and quantity along with the single PCN for that medication and the BIN for that payer plan. Through editing procedures internal to the PBM itself, the PBM can review the claim and based on the days supply provided by the pharmacist, correctly apply the benefit structure for the member and the appropriate reimbursement to the pharmacy. This unique editing feature enables a pharmacy to have to select and submit only a single PCN for the consumer&#39;s medication for review. This process saves time and confusion for the consumer and the pharmacy and ensures a greater utilization of the 90 day benefit which saves the payer. This applies not only to retail pharmacies, which may have a only small staff to handle such administrative matters and thus appreciate the simplification of their tasks, but also large mail order pharmacies, since elimination of the need to select among multiple PCNs for many prescriptions may allow staff to be reduced or some staff members to be reassigned to other tasks.  
         [0015]     The foregoing, together with other features and advantages of the present invention, will become more apparent when referring to the following specification, claims and accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]     The present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like parts and in which:  
         [0017]      FIG. 1  is a process flow diagram showing the typical routing of a prescription approval and reimbursement request in many of the current prior art plan systems currently in the marketplace.  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  is a process flow diagram showing the typical routing of a prescription approval and reimbursement request in the method of this invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0019]     When a consumer receives a prescription for medication from a physician, the consumer either goes to a retail pharmacy or utilizes mail order to have the prescription filled. If utilizing a retail pharmacy, the consumer walks into the pharmacy and presents the prescription to a pharmacist or pharmacy staff member. The pharmacy enters the prescription into a computer, which sends the information to a telecommunications switch, or routing, company. Next, the switch company sends the information to the correct PBM with which the pharmacy has contracted for the type of prescription. The PBM determines the benefits the consumer is eligible for, i.e., whether the prescription is eligible for fulfillment based on the terms of the payer plan that the consumer is under. The PBM reports back through the switch company to confirm the amount of medication the consumer is eligible for, copay amount if required, and certain safety messaging if appropriate. In most cases a prescription is approved and filled without question or delay, since the consumer&#39;s prescription meets all of the applicable requirements of the plan that the consumer is under. There are, however, a number of common reasons why a prescription may not be approved for fulfillment, which must be reported back to the pharmacy so that the consumer can, if possible, make the necessary corrections or obtain further physician input to allow resubmission of the prescription.  
         [0020]     The present invention provides a system and method for a consumer to go to either a retail pharmacy or a mail order pharmacy and have a prescription approved and filled, whether the prescription medication quantity is intended for 30 days or 90 days or any other prescribed time period. Additionally, the retail pharmacy only has to adjudicate the claim to a PBM under a single PCN to obtain a determination of eligibility and of the reimbursement rate. The pharmacist no longer has to determine which of multiple PCNs is correct for a particular plan (BIN) in order to get a prescription request adjudicated by the PBM. Further, since the plan of this invention essentially puts all pharmacies on equivalent financial footing, a consumer can exercise his or her choice in selecting which pharmacy to patronize.  
         [0021]      FIG. 1  outlines the course of a prescription request under many of the prior art commercial plans currently in the marketplace. A consumer  2  at  3  brings a prescription from a physician to a pharmacy  4 . The prescription identifies the medication to be dispensed, the dosage of each tablet or other dose unit, and the quantity of dose units to be dispensed. For the purposes of the discussion below, a short term (acute care) dose unit quantity will be considered to be a 30-day quantity and a long-term (maintenance) dose unit quantity will be considered to be a 90-day quantity. The prescription may also indicate whether a brand name medication is required or a generic equivalent may be substituted. The pharmacist or pharmacy staff member selects what he/she believes to be the appropriate PCN for the consumer&#39;s plan based on the plan BIN at  6  and sends the request by computer to the switch (routing) company  8 , which, based on the BIN and PCN provided by the pharmacist, routes the request to the designated PBM  10  or  10 ′. The recipient PBM  10  or  10 ′ reviews the request at  12 , and if all is in order in the request information and the prescription meets the plan&#39;s formulary and eligibility criteria, the PBM at  14  so notifies the pharmacy  4  and the pharmacy  4  fills at  16  fills the consumer  2 &#39;s prescription.  
         [0022]     Such prior art systems may have numerous inherent or deliberate problem areas or biases. One as noted is the requirement that the pharmacy  4  must determine the correct PCN for the consumer&#39;s plan. An incorrect PCN designation will result in disapproval of the request and return to the pharmacy for correction at  18 . Further, under many of the current plans, especially those in which the PBM owns a “captive” mail order pharmacy and a maintenance medication is involved, the consumer  2  may be required or at least strongly urged financially to select as the pharmacy  4  only the PBMs captive mail order pharmacy, such that the consumer&#39;s potential choice of what pharmacy to patronize is curtailed or eliminated right at the entry  3  into the system. (Such financial biasing may be done either by mandating use of a specific pharmacy  4  or by increasing a consumer&#39;s required copay or reducing the discount available to the consumer if other than the captive pharmacy is used by the consumer.) Such prior art systems are also often very difficult for PBMs to monitor for optimum performance because important decisions (such as selection of the PCN) are made at different points in the system by different people who may have greater or lesser understandings of the operation of the system.  
         [0023]     The method of the present invention is outlined in  FIG. 2 , and will immediately be seen to be much simpler, more direct for both the consumer and pharmacy, and free of biases that would restrict a consumer&#39;s choice of pharmacy. It will also be seen that it is much easier to monitor for performance, since at each point the persons involved make decisions only as to those factors which are clearly within their areas of expertise. In the present system, consumer (now designated  32 ) at  33  takes his/her prescription to any pharmacy  34  of his or her choice. Since under the present plan all pharmacies are will be compensated on a substantially equivalent basis for filing this consumer&#39;s particular prescription, there is no element of bias on the part of the pharmacy or the PBM of the consumer&#39;s plan for or against any type of pharmacy. At the pharmacy  34  the pharmacist or pharmacy staff member needs only to select a single PCN—the PCN assigned to the medication itself—at  36  and send that PCN, along with the dosage and quantity data, at  37  to the switch company  38  who in turn routes it to the single PBM  40  who handles all requests for that medication. The PBM internally analyzes the request at  42 . Knowing the medication itself from the single PCN, the PBM can then assess whether the dosage and quantity prescribed are within the limits of the plan&#39;s formulary, and whether filing of the prescription is timely based on the consumer&#39;s past prescription fulfillment history. The PBM may also assess whether dispensing of this prescribed medication is appropriate in view of other medications known by the PBM to have been prescribed previously to the consumer. Whether or not the PBM&#39;s internal analysis procedures involve assignment of further PCNs, subdivisions thereof, or other procedures in strictly for the PBM to decide, and does not affect the operation of this invention. Importantly, it does not affect the consumer or the pharmacy and does not impose any burdens on them, in contrast to the case with the prior art systems. Once the PBM completes its assessment of the prescription request, it communicates approval or disapproval (with reasons) back to the pharmacy  34  either directly or through the switching company.  
         [0024]     The present plan system functions by use by the PBM of contracted discounts and fulfillment service charges between the PBM and the various pharmacies who wish to participate in the plan. The function is best understood by reference to the Table below, in which an exemplary set of discounts, copays and fulfillment fees are presented. It will be understood that the values shown are exemplary only, and that discounts, copays and fees can and do vary widely depending on the contractual terms consented to by the parties to the various agreements. Commonly there may be different terms within a plan for different medication groups or even for different individual medications. Different pharmacies or pharmacy chains may also have different contractual financial terms with the same PBM, notwithstanding that all use the plan concept of the present invention.  
         [0025]     In the Table that follows, the present invention is shown in the column at the far right with the current (prior art) retail pharmacy and mail order pharmacy plans being shown in the third and fourth columns from the left. Copays charges to consumers are in the second column, and the Table differentiates between the reimbursement for brand name drugs and generic drugs, which reflects the standard industry practice. “AWP” means “average wholesale price” of a medication or medication group, whether brand name or generic, usually available from a single or limited number of producers, and is commonly a price determined on a national basis independently of the PBM, pharmacy or plan contracts. “MAC” means “maximum allowable cost” of a generic medication, which usually is calculated from consideration of marketplace prices for the medication from different producers. Such pricing data are commercially and publicly available from various sources. The data in the Table are generally presented as a total cost per dispensed dosage quantity, and are in the format of a “list price” such as AWP or MAC followed by the discount from that price that the PBM and the pharmacy have agreed to (e.g., “−15%”) and by the fulfillment fee per transaction which the PBM will pay to the pharmacy. It is not uncommon for there to be no fulfillment fee (“+$0”) especially in transactions involving generic drugs.  
         [0026]     [Table on next page, followed by continuation of text on succeeding page] 
                                     TABLE 1                           Discount and Payment Comparisons                    Retail Pharmacy -   Mail Order Pharmacy           Medication   Consumer Copay   90 day quantity   90 day quantity   This Invention               Brand Name Drugs   20%, 30%   AWP − 15% + $2   AWP − 20% + $0   AWP − 20% + $0               (3 copays)   (1-2.5 copays)   (+1-2.5 copays)       Generic Drugs   0%, 10%,   Lower of:   AWP − 50% + $0   Target is always               A) AWP − 15% +2   (1-2.5 copays)   AWP − 50% + $0               B) MAC + $2       (with copays)               (3 copays)       which is obtained                       by using                       AWP − 25% + $0                       and MAC + $0                       in combination       Comments:       Cannot usually   Usually does not   Puts retail and mail               compete on   accept short-term   order pharmacies on               long-term prescription   prescriptions   equivalent basis for               pricing and discounts       all drugs from                       consumers&#39; and                       payers&#39; perspective                  
 
         [0027]     It will be seen from the Table that a major effect of the claimed prescription plan as compared to the prior art is in the handling of reimbursements for generic drugs. Generic drug reimbursement represents a significant share of prescriptions dispenses, generally being about 50% of prescription dispensed nationally. It is also the portion of the industry which is most susceptible to control by the medical reimbursement plans, since there are numerous medication manufacturers for many of the generic drugs, which fosters competition between them, while most of the brand name (proprietary) drugs are available only from a single producer. Generic drugs save money for the payer, provide consumers with the lowest copay option and typically provide the pharmacy with the highest profitability.  
         [0028]     The present invention focuses not on the quantity of medication to be dispensed (and thus on the acute care or maintenance purpose of the prescription) but rather on the cost/discount structure of the pharmacy reimbursement. Effectively the retail pharmacies are given the opportunity to compete for fulfillment of both long-term and short-term prescriptions, but equalizing the reimbursements available under the plan. The plan, unlike the prior art plans, does not bias consumers toward the mail order pharmacies, which many PBMs have assumed must have larger economies of scale, staffing and other financial factors as compared to the retail pharmacies. Such assumptions may not always be correct, according to some studies, but the relative merits of the two types of pharmacies is not a factor in the present invention, which instead is focused on giving the consumer the ability to make his or her of evaluation and selection of which type of patronize. It will be seen from the Table that a PBM using the present plan will target a reimbursement rate generally comparable to the rate accorded to mail ordered pharmacies in the past, but does so in a manner which reflects and utilized rate structures equally available to both types of pharmacies. This use of different criteria to achieve a similar rate level represents a completely novel and advantageous element of the present invention. Thus rather than rigidly applying a single measurement based solely on AWP, as the prior art plans did, the present plan uses a blend of AWP and MAC criteria, and adjusts these as appropriate so that the overall reimbursement offered to pharmacies makes this plan competitive with the prior art plans with respect to the mail order pharmacies while, unlike prior art plans, also equally available and attractive to the retail pharmacies.  
         [0029]     Consumers can be adversely affected if a true-up process is not established, since without such a provision a consumer&#39;s copayments for a 90-day supply could exceed three times the traditional 30-day retail copayment.  
         [0030]     Similar adjustments by the PBM can be negotiated and agreed to in contracts with retail pharmacies with respect to the dispensing fees to be paid under the plan. Prior art plans have worked on the basis that dispensing costs are higher for retail pharmacies because of staffing costs and lower volume over which to expense the per-consumer dispensing costs. Increasing a retail pharmacy&#39;s proportion of dispensing of large quantity maintenance drug prescriptions offers an opportunity for the PBM and the retail pharmacy to reduce or eliminate the dispensing fee portion of reimbursement, thus reducing the costs to be passed along to the payer by the PBM.  
         [0031]     An important optional (but preferred) element in the present invention is a function of continually reviewing the performance of the pharmacies in cost control, and particularly in the area of cost reduction by increasing the proportion of lower cost generic drugs in the overall mixed of dispensed drugs. In the past mail order pharmacies and some mandate plans have accomplished this simply by requiring substitution of generics unless a physician has required otherwise. The present invention also optionally allows for a particularly productive approach which involves education of the consumers so that they recognize when generic medications are equally acceptable in their own personal health and treatment as are brand name drugs. Education is in the realm of both the PBM and the pharmacist, and the present invention uses the involvement of both. Contracts with pharmacies can include provisions that encourage pharmacists to communicate with their consumers about the value of generic drugs, which is especially effective in the retail pharmacy setting where the pharmacist and the consumer meet directly. The PBM also can communicate the same message through its regular communications with payers and their employees and members. The pharmacy makes its highest profit margin dispensing the generic drug. The PBM that owns the mail order pharmacy may drive higher cost brands to maximize the formulary rebate income.  
         [0032]     In keeping with this purpose, the present plan optionally but preferably includes not only the PBM&#39;s continual review of performance of all pharmacies participating in the plan, but also periodic adjustment of the discount and cost structures to reward those pharmacies who are operating at greater-than-expected performance and, conversely, to provide incentive to under-performing pharmacies to improve. This method, which we have designated “truing up” or the “true-up” feature, ensures that the payer, the pharmacy and the consumer are not disadvantaged. A lower of AWP or MAC price model is applied. At the conclusion of a set period of time the reimbursement performance is measured and compared to a guaranteed value. If the value is above or below the targeted discount for the period, the AWP or MAC price discounts are adjusted to compensate moving forward for the next set time period. If the drug mix has overperformed, the reimbursement is increased, as for instance by reducing the discount taken by the PBM (e.g., from a 50% discount to a 49% discount), so that discounted amount paid to the pharmacy is increased and it therefore receives a greater income. On the other hand, if the drug mix has underperformed, the discount can be increased (e.g., from a 50% discount to a 51% discount) so that reimbursement—i.e., the discounted amount paid—is reduced, which it is expected will encourage the pharmacy to improve its performance over the next period so that its discount can be lowered and its reimbursement increased. Compiling performance data and making the appropriate analyses to allow such adjustments to be made require significant internal data collection and processing capabilities by the PBMs. However, such capabilities are already possessed by some PBMs and others can be expected to acquire similar capabilities in the near future, since having these small adjustments made every set time period (e.g., quarterly) ensure performance balances to an overall guaranteed value.  
         [0033]     By use of the truing up feature, the payer benefits from the MAC pricing on individual generic products and benefits from assurances that the overall guaranteed performance is maintained, the pharmacy benefits by the assurance that it will be paid at an overall guaranteed discount performance number, and the consumer benefits by paying a co-payment that is reflective of the lower of MAC or AWP and thus is not disadvantaged by electing the one time 90 day fill as opposed to having the same prescription filled three times for 30-day supplies.  
         [0034]     Separately, the plan of this invention also involves contractual agreements between the PBM and the payers who wish to provide the PBM&#39;s plan to their employees, members, or other affiliated people. Such payers are commonly business entities such as health plans, companies, partnerships or corporations, whether large, mid-sized or small, governments or governmental agencies, trade unions and non-governmental organizations or associations. Each payer contracts with the PBM for the specific pharmacy services and medication costs and fees that it is willing to reimburse, based on the PBM&#39;s having obtained discounted costs from the pharmacies, as well as the contracted fee that the payer is willing to pay the PBM for managing the plan for it and its employees or members. As with the pharmacy contracts, the payer contracts will also vary depending on what formulary a payer is willing to reimburse for, how many members or employees the payer has, and so forth.  
         [0035]     It is to be expected that PBM&#39;s which have cost driven plans which focus primarily on mandating or influencing consumers to use mail order pharmacies to fill maintenance prescriptions, especially those who own mail order pharmacies, will initially see little value in adopting the present invention. However, it is anticipated that the present plan&#39;s focus on providing the ability to consumers to be able to patronize the pharmacy of their choice for all of the prescription medication needs, whether acute care or maintenance medications, will be sufficiently attractive to such consumers that they will encourage their employers or organizations as payers to obtain and adopt such plans. The employers and organizations, in turn, will demand of PBMs that they make such plans available to the payer community, in preference to mandated or biased plans. Under such conditions, it is to be expected that the plans of the present invention will rapidly gain marketshare and enhance the ability of people to be able to influence or control their own costs of health care and prescription drugs.  
         [0036]     Although several embodiments of the invention have has been described above by way of example only, it will be understood by those skilled in the field that numerous variations and modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, as it is defined by the appended claims.