Abstract:
A semiconductor power module includes one or more power semiconductor power devices sandwiched between a fluid conducting base and a fluid conducting cover joined to the base. Fluid coolant entering the base diverges into a first flow path through the base and a second parallel flow path through the cover, and then converges and discharges through an outlet. The semiconductor devices have upper and lower active areas that are thermally coupled to inboard faces of the cover and base for low double-sided thermal resistance, and the devices are electrically accessed through a set of terminals formed on the base. Multiple sets of semiconductor power devices are double-side cooled by joining multiple fluid conducting covers to the base such that the coolant successively diverges and then re-converges at the locations where each cover is joined to the base. Preferably, the flow paths in both the base and cover include integral features for enhancing the surface area in contact with the coolant.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a semiconductor power module with integral passages through which liquid coolant is conducted to dissipate heat generated by the module. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Various types of cooling mechanisms can be used to remove waste heat from high power semiconductor devices such as power FETs and IGBTs. In cases where the waste heat and/or the ambient temperature are very high, the power device packages can be thermally coupled to a liquid cooled heat exchanger. For example, the U.S. Pat. No. 6,639,798 to Jeter et al. illustrates an electronics assembly including a liquid cooled heat exchanger having an internal fin structure for increasing the effective surface area for heat exchange. Nevertheless, the thermal resistance between the power device package and the heat exchanger can significantly limit the heat transfer capability of the assembly. Furthermore, only one side of the power device package can be thermally coupled to the heat exchanger in most cases. Accordingly, what is desired is a liquid cooled packaging arrangement for power semiconductor devices that maximizes thermal coupling between the power devices and the liquid coolant and provides double-sided cooling of the power device packages. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention is directed to an improved semiconductor power module including one or more power semiconductor power devices and an integral fluid passage for providing double-sided fluid cooling of the semiconductor devices. One or more semiconductor power devices are sandwiched between a fluid conducting base and a fluid conducting cover joined to the base, where fluid coolant entering an inlet port of the base diverges into a first flow path through the base and a second parallel flow path through the cover, and then converges and discharges through an outlet port of the base. The semiconductor devices have upper and lower active areas that are thermally coupled to inboard faces of the cover and base for low double-sided thermal resistance, and the devices are electrically accessed through a set of terminals formed on the base. Multiple sets of semiconductor power devices are double-side cooled by joining multiple fluid conducting covers to the base such that the coolant successively diverges and then re-converges at the locations where each cover is joined to the base. Preferably, the flow paths in both the base and cover include integral features for enhancing the surface area in contact with the coolant. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]      FIG. 1  is an exploded side view of a semiconductor power module according to a first embodiment of this invention. 
           [0005]      FIG. 2  is an exploded isometric view of the semiconductor power module of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0006]      FIG. 3  is a fully assembled isometric view of the semiconductor power module of  FIGS. 1-2 . 
           [0007]      FIG. 4  is a simplified cross-sectional view of the semiconductor power module of  FIGS. 1-3  illustrating a flow of coolant fluid through the module. 
           [0008]      FIGS. 5A-5E  depict a fabrication process for a base of the semiconductor power module of  FIGS. 1-4 .  FIG. 5A  is an isometric view of a backplate of the base, from an outboard point of reference;  FIG. 5B  is an isometric view of the backplate of  FIG. 5A  from an inboard point of reference, including ceramic substrates;  FIG. 5C  is an isometric view of the backplate of  FIG. 5A , following the installation of an outer sheet metal panel;  FIG. 5D  is an isometric view of the backplate of  FIG. 5C , following the fabrication of circuit paths on the ceramic substrates; and  FIG. 5E  is an isometric view of the completed base. 
           [0009]      FIGS. 6A-6B  depict a fabrication process for a cover of the semiconductor power module of  FIGS. 1-4 .  FIG. 6A  is an isometric view of the cover, from an outboard point of reference; and  FIG. 6B  is an isometric view of the cover, from an inboard point of reference. 
           [0010]      FIG. 7  is an exploded isometric view of a semiconductor chip assembly for the semiconductor power module of  FIGS. 1-4 . 
           [0011]      FIG. 8  is an exploded upper isometric view of a semiconductor power module according to a second embodiment of this invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 9  is an exploded lower isometric view of the semiconductor power module of  FIG. 8 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0013]    The present invention is directed to a power electronics module for double-side liquid cooling of power semiconductor chips such as transistors and diodes that have solderable active areas (referred to herein as electrodes) on their opposing faces. For example, an insulated gate bipolar power transistor, or IGBT, typically has a solderable collector electrode formed on one of its faces and solderable gate and emitter electrodes formed on its opposite face. In a first embodiment of the invention, illustrated in  FIGS. 1-7 , the semiconductor chips are pre-assembled with a flexible circuit leadframe and ceramic substrate to form chip assemblies that are installed into the power electronics module. In a second embodiment of the invention, illustrated in  FIGS. 8-9 , the semiconductor chips are individually mounted in the power electronics module, and the leadframe elements are integrated into the module itself. Both embodiments are disclosed in the context of a power electronics module such as a three-phase inverter that comprises six gated semiconductor switches, each switch including a transistor such as an IGBT or FET and a free-wheeling or anti-parallel diode. However, it will be appreciated that the disclosed apparatus is applicable in general to power electronics modules including more or fewer power semiconductor devices. 
         [0014]    Referring to the drawings, and particularly to  FIGS. 1-4 , the reference numeral  10  generally designates a semiconductor power module according to a first embodiment of this invention. The module  10  includes a base  12 , six covers  14   a ,  14   b ,  14   c ,  14   d ,  14   e ,  14   f , six semiconductor chip assemblies  16  sandwiched between the base  12  and the covers  14   a - 14   f , and a set of power and gate terminals  28  and  30 . As described below in reference to  FIG. 7 , each semiconductor chip assembly  16  includes a transistor chip  70 , a diode chip  72 , a flexible circuit leadframe  74 , a first ceramic substrate  76  for the transistor chip  70 , and a second ceramic substrate  78  for the diode chip  72 . 
         [0015]    The covers  14   a - 14   f  are identical, and each includes an integral fluid conducting passage  18  as shown in  FIG. 1  with respect to the illustrated covers  14   a - 14   c . Base  12  also includes an integral fluid conducting passage  20 , and the cover passages  18  are joined at each end to the base passages  20  to allow fluid circulation through both the base  12  and the covers  14   a - 14   f . Referring to the illustration of  FIG. 4 , coolant fluid (liquid or gaseous) is supplied to the base passage  20  through an inlet fluid coupling  22 , and the flow diverges between base passage  20  and the fluid passage  18  of cover  14   a . The fluid paths converge at the downstream end of cover  14   a , and then diverge again between base passage  20  and the fluid passage  18  of cover  14   b . The fluid successively diverges and converges at each of the covers  14   a - 14   f , and then exhausts through an outlet fluid coupling  24  (not shown in  FIGS. 1-3 ). This routing of coolant through both the base  12  and covers  14   a - 14   f  provides double-sided cooling of the semiconductor chip assemblies  16  since each is thermally coupled to both the base  12  and a respective cover  14   a - 14   f.    
         [0016]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , three separate ceramic substrates  26   a ,  26   b ,  26   c  are mounted on the inboard face of base  12 , and circuit traces are formed on the substrates  26   a - 26   c  for interfacing with the semiconductor chip assemblies  16 , power terminals  28  and gate terminals  30 . In the illustrated embodiment, two semiconductor chip assemblies  16 , three power terminals  28  and two gate terminals  30  are mounted on each ceramic substrate  26   a - 26   c . The covers  14   a - 14   f  are mounted on the base  12  atop the semiconductor chip assemblies  16 , and the terminals  28 ,  30  are mounted on solderable areas  44 ,  46  adjacent the covers  14   a - 14   f  to provide access to the electrical terminals of the respective semiconductor chips  70  and  72 . 
         [0017]      FIGS. 5A-5E  depict a preferred construction of base  12 , including the following elements: a backplate  32 , a sheet metal panel  34 , an inlet fluid coupling  22 , an outlet fluid coupling  24 , and three ceramic circuit boards  26   a - 26   c . Referring to  FIG. 5A , the backplate  32  has a U-shaped recess  36  in its outboard face  32   a  for defining the inboard surface of the fluid passage  20 , and a number of openings  38   a - 38   l  for permitting fluid flow between the fluid passage  20  and the fluid passages  18  of covers  14   a - 14   f . Referring to  FIG. 5C , the metal panel  34  is fastened to the outboard face  32   a  of baseplate  32  and defines the outboard surface of the fluid passage  20 . Inlet and outlet fluid couplings  22  and  24  are fastened to the outboard face  34   a  of panel  34  about a pair of panel openings  40  and  42  to facilitate coolant supply and exhaust for the fluid passage  20 . Referring to  FIGS. 5B and 5D , the ceramic substrates  26   a - 26   c  are attached to the inboard face  32   b  of backplate  32 , and metalized areas are formed on the substrates  26   a - 26   c  for interfacing with the semiconductor chip assemblies  16 , power terminals  28  and gate terminals  30 . A non-wettable solder stop material is selectively applied to the metalized areas to form solderable regions and traces corresponding to the power terminals  28 , the gate terminals  30 , the collector and anode electrodes of semiconductor chips  70  and  72 , and un-insulated regions of the flexible circuit leadframes  74 . As indicated above, the power terminals  28  are soldered to the regions  44 , and the gate terminals  30  are soldered to the regions  46 . Also, a solderable ring  48  is formed around each of the openings  38   a - 38   l  so that each joint between base fluid passage  20  and a cover fluid passage  18  is sealed at its perimeter with solder. The completed base  12  is depicted in  FIG. 5E . 
         [0018]    In a preferred construction of base  12 , the backplate  32  is green-cast molded with Aluminum Silicon Carbide (AlSiC), and backplate  32  and ceramic substrates  26   a - 26   c  are co-fired. The fired assembly is then infused with molten Aluminum, and the metal skin thereby created is selectively etched away to form the circuit paths on ceramic substrates  26   a - 26   c . The metal panel  34  is fastened to backplate  32  by brazing, as are the inlet and outlet couplings  22 ,  24  to the metal panel  34 . 
         [0019]    An important aspect of the base  12  is the formation of an array of posts  50  within the fluid passage  20  for enhancing the effective surface area for heat dissipation. Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5A , this is conveniently achieved by molding the posts  50  into the recess  36  of backplate  32  in the regions between openings  38   a - 38   l . Alternately, a metal fin structure can be brazed into the recess  36 , similar to the arrangement described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,639,798 to Jeter et al., incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0020]      FIGS. 6A-6B  illustrate a preferred construction of the covers  14   a - 14   f  similar to that of the base  12 . The covers  14   a - 14   f  are identical as mentioned above, and  FIGS. 6A-6B  illustrate a representative fully constructed cover  14   a . Referring to  FIG. 6A , the cover  14   a  includes a recessed coverplate  52  and a sheet metal panel  54 . Referring to  FIG. 6A , a recess  56  is formed in the outboard face  52   a  of coverplate  52  for defining the inboard surface of the fluid passage  18 , and the panel  54  defines the outboard surface of the fluid passage  18 . Openings  58   a  and  58   b  are provided in opposite ends of the coverplates  52  permitting fluid flow between the fluid passage  18  and the fluid passage  20  of base  12 . As with the backplate  32  of base  12 , the coverplate  52  is preferably fabricated to include integral posts  60  in the fluid passage  18  for enhancing the effective cooling surface area. As seen in  FIG. 6B , the inboard face  52   b  of coverplate  52  includes a solderable ring  62   a ,  62   b  around each of the openings  58   a ,  58   b  so that each joint between base fluid passage  20  and a cover fluid passage  18  is sealed at its perimeter with solder. Also, the inboard face  52   b  of coverplate  52  is recessed in a central region  64  between the openings  58   a ,  58   b  to accommodate the height or thickness dimension of the semiconductor chip assemblies  16 . In a preferred construction of cover  14   a , the coverplate  52  is green-cast molded with Aluminum Silicon Carbide (AlSiC), fired and infused with molten Aluminum. 
         [0021]    As mentioned above in reference to  FIGS. 1-4 , the semiconductor chip assemblies  16  are placed on the circuit traces formed on the ceramic substrates  26   a - 26   c  of base  12 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , the flexible circuit leadframe  74  of each semiconductor chip assembly  16  comprises a patterned copper layer  80  (shown in phantom) whose upper and lower surfaces are mostly insulated by upper and lower insulation layers  82  and  84 . The insulation layers  82  and  84  are patterned to provide: (1) an un-insulated region  86  that corresponds and registers with the gate electrode  88  of transistor chip  70 , (2) an array of un-insulated regions  90  that correspond and register with the emitter electrodes  92  of transistor chip  70 ; and (3) an array of un-insulated regions  94  that correspond and register with the anode electrode  96  of diode chip  72 . Exposed leadframe copper in the region  86  is soldered to the gate electrode  88 ; exposed leadframe copper fingers  98  in the regions  90  are soldered to the emitter electrodes  92 ; and exposed leadframe copper fingers  100  in the regions  94  are soldered to the anode electrode  96 . Additionally, the lower insulation layer  84  is patterned to expose a first un-insulated copper region  102  that is electrically tied to the emitter and anode electrodes  92 ,  96  via the insulated copper layer  80  and the un-insulated copper fingers  98 ,  100 ; and a second un-insulated copper region  104  that is electrically tied to the gate electrode  88  via an insulated copper leg  106  and the un-insulated copper in region  86 . 
         [0022]    Referring particularly to  FIGS. 2 ,  5 D and  7 , each semiconductor chip assembly  16  is soldered to a respective ceramic circuit of base  12  in four places. When a semiconductor chip assembly  16  is placed on the ceramic circuit, the collector and cathode electrodes (not shown) of semiconductor chips  70  and  72  register with the solderable regions  110  and  112 , which are electrically coupled to a respective region  44  and power terminal  28 . At the same time, the exposed leadframe copper region  102  (i.e., the transistor emitter electrode) registers with the solderable region  114 , which is electrically coupled to a respective region  44  and power terminal  28  (and in some cases to the collector electrode of another semiconductor chip assembly  16 ). And the exposed leadframe copper region  104  (i.e., the transistor gate electrode) registers with the solderable region  116 , which is electrically coupled to a respective region  46  and gate terminal  30 . Thus, the collector and cathode electrodes of the assembly  16  are directly coupled to the ceramic circuit, while the emitter, anode and gate electrodes of the assembly  16  are coupled to the ceramic circuit through the flexible circuit leadframe  74 . 
         [0023]    Heat dissipated by the chips  70 ,  72  of each semiconductor chip assembly  16  is dissipated downward into the base  12  through the lower ceramic substrates  26   a - 26   c , and upward into the covers  14   a - 14   f  through the upper ceramic substrates  76  and  78 . The downward heat dissipation is enhanced by the large solder joints between the collector and cathode electrodes of chips  70 ,  72  and the metalized regions  110 ,  112  formed on ceramic substrates  26   a - 26   c . And the upward heat dissipation is enhanced by soldering the emitter and anode electrodes  92 ,  96  and the copper fingers  98 ,  100  of leadframe metal layer  80  to metalized regions (not shown) formed on the inboard (lower) surfaces of ceramic substrates  76  and  78 . Furthermore, outboard surfaces of the ceramic substrates  76  and  78  have a metal cladding  116 ,  118  (such as copper, aluminum, or any conventional thick film or thin film conductor formulation) that is soldered to the central inboard surface  64  of a respective cover  14   a - 14   f.    
         [0024]      FIGS. 8-9  illustrate an alternate semiconductor power module  10 ′ in which the semiconductor chips  70 ,  72  are individually placed on the solderable regions  110  and  112  of the base ceramic substrates  26   a ,  26   b ,  26   c ; and ceramic substrates  120   a ,  120   b ,  120   c ,  120   d ,  120   e ,  120   f  formed on the central inboard faces of covers  14   a ′,  14   b ′,  14   c ′,  14   d ′,  14   e ′,  14   f ′ perform the function of the ceramic substrates  76 ,  78  and the leadframe metal layer  80  of the first embodiment. Each transistor gate electrode  88  is soldered to a circuit trace  122   a ,  122   b ,  122   c ,  122   d ,  122   e ,  122   f  formed on a respective cover substrate  120   a - 120   f , and that circuit trace is also soldered to a respective circuit trace  116  of base  12 . A different circuit trace  124   a ,  124   b ,  124   c ,  124   d ,  124   e ,  124   f  on the respective cover substrate  120   a - 120   f  is soldered to the transistor emitter and diode cathode electrodes  92 ,  96 , and to a respective circuit trace  114  of base  12 . The covers  14   a ′- 14   f ′ may be manufactured in the same way as the base  12 , as described above in reference to  FIGS. 5A-5E . 
         [0025]    In summary, the present invention provides an improved semiconductor power module with double-side cooling and optimal thermal coupling between the semiconductor devices  70 ,  72  and the coolant. Even the power and gate terminals  28 ,  30  are thermally coupled to the module. 
         [0026]    While the present invention has been described in reference to the illustrated embodiment, it will be understood that numerous modifications and variations in addition to those mentioned above will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, the disclosed apparatus is applicable to modules housing a different number of chips, a different number of covers, etc. Also, the base and covers may be manufactured with any thermally suitable material, such as sintered copper, that allows the integration of ceramic substrates, and in the case of the first embodiment, soldered attachment of the semiconductor assemblies to the cover. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but that it have the full scope permitted by the language of the following claims.