Abstract:
An analog-digital converter having an analog integrator which integrates the difference between the analog input signal and a signal from, for example, a digital-analog converter controlled by a microprocessor, whereby a high resolution and a very high operating speed are rendered possible with a relatively low degree of complexity and minimal noise.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Modern data acquisition systems employ analog digital converters of essentially three types: Converters with very short conversion times, so-called half-flash converters; converters which operate according to the successive approximation (SAR) method, where the input voltage is compared to the output voltage of a digital-analog converter, which is controlled by the SAR register; and integrating converters, which are applied wherever short conversion times are not required. In the case of the so-called half-flash converter, the internal resistance must be small in order to keep error to a minimum. With regard to their input voltage, the SAR converters are very sensitive. As far as internal resistance is concerned, the most insensitive of all three types of converters in any case is the integrating converter. However, with this type of converter, one must be aware of the fact that the input current is essentially a leakage current and that when several integration levels are involved, the errors add up. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide a configuration for analog to digital conversion of the third type, and which, in particular, in spite of low circuit expenditure and greater conversion speed, avoids quantization errors. 
     The above and other objects of the present invention are achieved by an apparatus for converting analog signals into digital signals with a single or multi-stage amplifier, which forms the input circuit of an analog-digital converter, whose digital output data are fed to a microprocessor or microcomputer, at least one amplifier of the input circuit comprising an integrator with capacitance included in a feedback path, wherein the difference between the analog measuring signal and a further signal controlled by the microprocessor or microcomputer by means of digital-analog conversion is applied to the input of the integrator, the integrator being controlled through the signal feedback without being reset, so that the integrator never becomes saturated, and the digital value acquired within one measuring interval being formed from the sum of the value of the digital-analog converter and of the change in the integrator signal detected by the analog-digital converter. 
     Important advantages of the invention are: reduced or no quantization errors, higher resolution, less noise, greater speed and a lesser degree of complexity. 
     With the invention, a rapidly changing analog voltage, upon which noise and interfering signals are superimposed, is capable of being scanned within a fixed time reference and digitized, whereby the instantaneous value of the applied voltage is detected with the greatest possible accuracy. Furthermore, with the invention, the integration can be made from the digital values over long periods of time with minimal errors. The sampling rate between two sampling instants is no longer of importance for the integration, nor is the limited bit number of the analog-digital converter, which, in the current state of technological development, can lead to digitization errors. Both kinds of errors can lead to an integrated signal error which becomes greater with time. The invention avoids these errors with a level of complexity which is amazingly low. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     An exemplified embodiment of the invention is depicted schematically in the single drawing FIGURE. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     With reference now to the drawing, in the converter according to the invention, in the area of the input circuit for a microprocessor or microcomputer, as the FIGURE shows, the analog measuring signal 21 is integrated in the analog preamplifier 22, together with a signal 23 of a digital-analog converter 24 preamplifier 22 may be a single or multi-stage amplifier. At this point, the analog integrating signal 25 is digitized by an analog-digital converter 26, on which no special demands have to be made, especially not concerning the bit number, and fed to the microprocessor or microcomputer 27. It is advantageous when the analog-digital converter 26 is integrated into microprocessor or microcomputer 27. 
     For special requirements in the dynamic operating range (according to the selection of R and C, the product of the resolution of the analog-digital converter and of the resolution of the digital-analog converter), an amplification-level adapter PGA 28 (PGA=programmable gain-amplifier) can also be included in the input circuit of the analog-digital converter and of the data acquisition system with the microprocessor or microcomputer and, in particular, connected to the integrator 29 on the load side. 
     The task of the microprocessor or microcomputer is, first of all, to assure, with the help of the digital-analog converter 24, that in a closed loop of the input circuit, the integrator 29, which in this case can neither be cleared nor reset, does not become saturated. The measured value to be determined in a specific measuring interval corresponds then to the sum of the value of the digital-analog converter and the change in the integrating signal, in view of the scale factors and offset (deviations) given by the circuit elements. 
     The resolution of the response threshold is thereby no longer limited by the analog-digital converter, but rather, at least with the application of a PGA 28, only limited, in the case of a defined measuring interval, by the signal-to-noise ratio of the measuring signal. Optimum noise and interference suppression is guaranteed by using the processor-controlled, integrating converter. The invention is most effective for larger quantities, because the digital-analog converter is much less expensive than other analog-digital converters of the same resolution. 
     As a variation of the exemplified embodiment, the digital-analog converter 24 can be dispensed with, when, in its place, the microprocessor or microcomputer has pulse-width modulated outputs, which are connected to the integrator 29. 
     An advantageous application of the invention is for inertial systems, in particular optical-fiber gyroscopes. As a rule, these systems have three outputs for the three space axes, and they are advantageously operated in parallel with several input circuits, in this case three. If one wants to integrate the digital output signal, in this case, for example, of a rate of rotation, whose time-related integration first supplies a course (positional) angle, then the result is not adversely affected by scanning errors or poor resolution of the analog-digital converter. 
     One of skill in the art, of course, can modify this exemplified embodiment without abandoning the general principle of the solution according to the invention. 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than in a restrictive sense.