Abstract:
A cost effective and less energy demanding method of producing ester oils or lubricant base oils, particularly fatty monoesters and fatty polyol esters, by esterifying palm fatty acid, which is abundant from the fat splitting process, with a monohydric alcohol or polyhydric alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst at elevated temperature wherein an azeotroping agent, particularly toluene, is used to facilitate continuous removal by distillation, of water formed as a by-product during the esterification reaction. The esterification reaction is completed within 5 hours and palm fatty esters as produced with the current method exhibit comparable lubricity and biodegradability.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority from Malaysian Patent Application No. 20034185, filed Oct. 31, 2003, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the production of fatty esters, which are applicable as lubricant base oil. More particularly, it relates to the production of fatty esters, which are applicable as lubricant base oil, using palm fatty acids. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There are basically two types of lubricant—oil and grease. Oil has two components: base oil and additives. Grease has three components: base oil, thickener, and additives. Note that oil and grease both share the components of base oil and additives. The difference between an oil and grease is that grease has a thickener. Additives are blended with the base oil to give the oil certain properties such as corrosion resistance or oxidation inhibition. Generally, mineral oil has been employed as base oil in lubricants. 
     Biodegradable oils are much sought after to replace non-biodegradable mineral oils with increasing awareness of environmental preservations. Two primary classes of biodegradable oils are vegetable oils and synthetics. Vegetable oils offer good biodegradability. Vegetable oils in their natural form lack sufficient oxidative stability. Low oxidative stability means, if untreated, the oil will oxidize rather quickly during use, becoming thick and polymerizing to a plastic-like consistency. Chemical modification of vegetable oils and/or the use of antioxidants can address this problem, but increase the cost. Another negative point to vegetable oils is their high pour point (the temperature at which oil loses fluidity and does not flow). This problem too can be addressed by winterization, addition of chemical additives (pour point suppressants) and/or blending with other fluids possessing lower pour points, but again increase the cost. 
     Despite their poor oxidative stability, vegetable oils have high viscosity indices, excellent lubricity in extreme pressure, low volatility and good compatibility with additives. Palm oil which originates from  Elaeis guineensis  possesses all the aforementioned advantages of a vegetable oil. In addition to that, palm oil has better oxidative stability compared to other vegetable oils. 
     GB patent No. 2,264,305 discloses the use of palm oil liquid fraction derivative, known as palm olein as the base oil to provide a satisfactory lubricant for industrial and automotive requirements. Although palm oil has better oxidative stability compared to other vegetable oils, palm olein is still not the preferred choice to be used as base oil for lubricant as an ester additive is still needed to improve its stability and to prevent crystallization during storage. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,827 disclosed a biodegradable base oil of satisfactory low temperature fluidity, oxidative stability, lubricity and of low cloud point. The process for manufacturing the biodegradable base oil is characterized in that hardened palm fractionated oil, high oleic sunflower oil and medium chain triglyceride are mixed and subjected simultaneously to an ester interchange reaction in the presence of an enzymatic catalyst, wherein the enzymatic catalyst is a lipase having a specificity to glyceride positions 1 and 3. Multiple raw materials with stringent requirements are needed for the production of the said biodegradable base oil. 
     Three most common types of synthetic oils are:
         1. Poly-alpha-olefins (PAO)   2. Poly-alkylene glycols (PAG)   3. Ester oils
 
A major disadvantage of both PAOs and PAGs is their poor solubility with regard to additives. Because the additives themselves must also be biodegradable, this limits the additives that can be used to formulate effective biodegradable lubricants from PAOs and PAGs.
       

     Ester oils have acquired increasing importance as high quality biodegradable lubricating oils because of its high performance properties and custom design versatility. Ester families commonly used in synthetic lubrication are diesters, polyol esters, monoesters and trimellitates. However, ester oils are normally for high-end usage because of its higher price compared to other synthetic base oils. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,391 disclosed a polyol ester suitable for lubricant application. The polyol ester is produced by esterifying an aliphatic or alicyclic polyol containing from 2 to about 10 hydroxyl groups with an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture derived from a high oleic vegetable oil wherein the oleic content is at least 72 percent and the vegetable oil is canola oil, sunflower oil or peanut oil. The esterification reaction is conducted at temperatures in the vicinity of 75° C. to 200° C. for 5 to about 15 or more hours. The condition needed for the esterification reaction is very energy demanding as heating is needed for up to about 15 or more hours. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The current invention provides a cost effective and less energy demanding method of producing ester oils or lubricant base oils (herein after referred to as fatty esters), particularly fatty monoesters and fatty polyol esters by esterifying palm fatty acid, which is abundant from the fat splitting process, with a monohydric alcohol or polyhydric alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst at elevated temperature wherein an azeotroping agent, particularly toluene, is used to facilitate continuous removal by distillation, of water formed as a by-product during the esterification reaction. The esterification reaction is completed within 5 hours and palm fatty esters as produced in the current invention exhibit comparable lubricity and biodegradability minus the problem of oxidative stability as occur by using palm olein directly as lubricant base oil. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to provide an understanding of a number of terms and phrases used in this specification and claims, the following definitions are provided. 
     The term palm fatty acid refers to saturated and non-saturated fatty acids derived from palm oil and/or palm kernel oil having 8-18 carbon atoms, particularly but not exclusively caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids or a mixture thereof. 
     The term monohydric alcohol refers to those having 4-12 carbon atoms, particularly but not exclusively butanol, ethylhexanol and their isomers. 
     The term polyhydric alcohol refers to those having 4-8 carbon atoms, particularly but not exclusively neopentyl glycols, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol and diethyl propanediol. 
     The term Bronstead or Lewis acid catalyst refers to concentrated sulfuric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid and acidic ion exchange resin. 
     The term drying agent refers to a substance which is capable of removing water and applicable for esters, particularly anhydrous sodium sulphate. 
     The term azeotroping agent refers to a compound which is capable of forming an azeotrope mixture with water, particularly toluene. 
     The term reactant refers to palm fatty acid, monohydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol or a mixture thereof. 
     The term palm fatty ester refers to fatty monoester or fatty polyol ester obtained from esterification of palm fatty acid. 
     The term solvent refers to volatile azeotroping agent and excess reactant. 
     The fatty monoesters of the present invention are prepared by esterification of palm fatty acid with monohydric alcohol wherein the monohydric alcohol is present in molar excess of palm fatty acid (not less than 1 mole of monohydric alcohol per 1 mole of palm fatty acid). 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The fatty polyol esters of the present invention are prepared by esterification of palm fatty acid with polyhydric alcohol wherein the palm fatty acid is present in molar excess of polyhydric alcohol (not less than 2 moles of palm fatty acid per 1 mole of polyhydric alcohol). 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Excess reactant is used to aid the completion of esterification reaction. In the present invention, a molar excess of monohydric alcohol is used in the preparation of fatty monoesters whereas a molar excess of palm fatty acid is used in the preparation of fatty polyol esters. The different choice of excess reactant, besides governed by the stoikiometric equation of the reaction, is mainly influenced by the boiling point of the particular reactant since excess reactant needs to be removed totally after the reaction. Thus, normally the more easily remove reactant would be in excess. 
     The esterification reaction can be conducted at a relatively moderate temperature and yet achieve high conversion rates over short reaction time by the use of an azeotroping agent to assist the removal of water formed as a by-product of the reaction, thus drive the reaction to completion. 
     The esterification reaction is effected utilizing a Bronstead or Lewis acid catalyst at temperatures in the vicinity of 80° C. to 210° C., more particularly in the vicinity of 80° C. to 150° C. for production of fatty monoesters and in the vicinity of 120° C. to 210° C. for production of fatty polyol esters. The esterification reaction is complete in not more than 5 hours. 
     The preferred azeotroping agent is toluene. Addition of aforementioned azeotroping agent helps to facilitate the removal of water from the reaction mixture by distillation. The water is removed in the form of a binary mixture (water and toluene) and/or ternary mixture (water, alcohol and toluene). Addition of toluene helps the removal of water since the boiling point of the azeotrope mixture (85° C.) is lower than the boiling point of water (100° C.). When the azeotrope mixture is condensed at the separating funnel, it separates into two layers wherein the bottom layer is water and the top layer is an organic phase. The bottom layer of water collected at the separating funnel is drained from time to time. At a time during the reaction, the organic phase would overflow and recycle back to the reaction mixture. This is an important aspect as to ensure a substantial amount of toluene is present in the reaction mixture in order to form an azeotrope mixture with water. 
     Excess solvent is removed from the palm fatty esters produced by means of rotary evaporation and then homogeneous acid catalyst is removed by repeated washing with water. After that, the palm fatty ester produced is dried with a drying agent and underwent further purification to remove excess palm fatty acid, impurities and trace solvent. The step of acid catalyst removal is simplified if heterogeneous acid catalyst is used as it can be removed by simple filtration. 
     The preferred embodiment of the present invention is as written below: 
     Production of Fatty Monoesters as Lubricant Base Oil 
     A stoikiometric mixture of palm fatty acid and monohydric alcohol is transferred into a reaction flask. A molar excess of monohydric alcohol is then added to the reaction mixture. Then, the reaction flask is equipped with a modified Dean and Stark distillation set-up, magnetic stirrer, condenser, dropping funnel and heating plate. An amount of toluene is added to the reaction mixture. Later, a catalytic amount of acid catalyst is added slowly to the reaction mixture when it has reached the temperature in the vicinity of 80° C. to 150° C. Heating continued for not more than 5 hours. Water formed as by-product of the esterification reaction is removed continuously by means of distillation with the aid of toluene while toluene is recycled continuously back to the reaction mixture. 
     After the reaction is completed, the crude product is cooled to ambient temperature. Then, excess solvent is removed from the crude product by means of rotary evaporation. If homogeneous acid catalyst is utilized in the esterification reaction, it is removed by repeated washing with water until the product produced is neutral. After that, the product is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the hydrated sodium sulphate is later removed from the dried product. The dried product is further purified by using a column packed with silica gel. Trace solvent is further removed by a vacuum pump and finally unreacted palm fatty acid is removed by means of vacuum distillation. Unreacted palm fatty acid would remain as residue while fatty monoester would be collected as distillate. The step of acid catalyst removal is simplified if heterogeneous acid catalyst is used as it can be removed by simple filtration and no washing required. 
     Production of Polyol Esters as Lubricant Base Oil 
     A stoikiometric mixture of palm fatty acid and polyhydric alcohol is transferred into a reaction flask. Two molar excess of fatty acid are then added to the reaction mixture. Then, the reaction flask is equipped with a modified Dean and Stark distillation set-up, magnetic stirrer, condenser, dropping funnel and heating plate. An amount of toluene is added to the reaction mixture. Later, a catalytic amount of acid catalyst is added slowly to the reaction mixture when it has reached the temperature in the vicinity of 120° C. to 210° C. Heating continued for not more than 5 hours. Water formed as by-product of the esterification reaction is removed continuously by means of distillation with the aid of toluene while toluene is recycled continuously back to the reaction mixture. 
     After the reaction is completed, the crude product is cooled to ambient temperature. Then, excess solvent is removed from the crude product by means of rotary evaporation. If homogeneous acid catalyst is utilized in the esterification reaction, it is removed by repeated washing with water until the product produced is neutral. After that, the product is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the hydrated sodium sulphate is later removed from the dried product. The dried product is further purified by using a column packed with silica gel. Trace solvent is further removed by a vacuum pump and finally unreacted palm fatty acid is removed by means of vacuum distillation. Unreacted palm fatty acid would remain as residue while fatty polyol ester would be collected as distillate. The step of acid catalyst removal is simplified if heterogeneous acid catalyst is used as it can be removed by simple filtration and no washing required. 
     The following examples are presented for the purpose of illustration only, and not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. 
     Example 1 
     Production of Butyl Ester as Lubricant Base Oil 
     A reaction mixture of 1 mole of palm fatty acid and 3 moles of butanol is transferred into a reaction flask. The reaction flask is equipped with a modified Dean and Stark distillation set-up, magnetic stirrer, condenser, dropping funnel and heating plate. 1 mole of toluene is added to the reaction mixture. 1 weight percent of sulphuric acid (based on weight of sulphuric acid/weight of palm fatty acid used) is added to the reaction mixture when it has reached the temperature of 120° C. Heating continued for not more than 5 hours. Water formed as by-product of the esterification reaction is removed continuously by means of distillation with the aid of toluene while toluene is recycled continuously back to the reaction mixture. 
     After the reaction is completed, the crude product is cooled to ambient temperature. Then, excess solvent is removed from the crude product by means of rotary evaporation. Sulphuric acid is removed by repeated washing with water until the product produced is neutral. After that, the product is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the hydrated sodium sulphate is later removed from the dried product. The dried product is further purified by using a column packed with silica gel. Trace solvent is further removed by a vacuum pump and finally unreacted palm fatty acid is removed by means of vacuum distillation. Unreacted palm fatty acid would remain as residue while butyl ester would be collected as distillate. 
     Example 2 
     Production of 2-Ethylhexyl Ester as Lubricant Base Oil 
     2-ethylhexyl ester is produced by substituting butanol with 2-ethylhexanol in Example 1 and 2-ethylhexyl ester instead of butyl ester is collected as distillate in the final step. 
     Example 3 
     Production of Pentaerythritol Ester as Lubricant Base Oil 
     A reaction mixture of 5 moles of palm fatty acid and 2 moles of pentaerythritol is transferred into a reaction flask. The reaction flask is equipped with a modified Dean and Stark distillation set-up, magnetic stirrer, condenser, dropping funnel and heating plate. 1 mole of toluene is added to the reaction mixture. 1 weight percent of sulphuric acid (based on weight of sulphuric acid/weight of palm fatty acid used) is added to the reaction mixture when it has reached the temperature of 160° C. Heating continued for not more than 5 hours. Water formed as by-product of the esterification reaction is removed continuously by means of distillation with the aid of toluene while toluene is recycled continuously back to the reaction mixture. 
     After the reaction is completed, the crude product is cooled to ambient temperature. Then, excess solvent is removed from the crude product by means of rotary evaporation. Sulphuric acid is removed by repeated washing with water until the product produced is neutral. After that, the product is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the hydrated sodium sulphate is later-removed from the dried product. The dried product is further purified by using a column packed with silica gel. Trace solvent is further removed by a vacuum pump and finally unreacted palm fatty acid is removed by means of vacuum distillation. Unreacted palm fatty acid would remain as residue while pentaerythritol ester would be collected as distillate. 
     Example 4 
     Production of Neopentyl Glycol Ester as Lubricant Base Oil 
     A reaction mixture of 3 moles of palm fatty acid and 1 mole of neopentyl glycol is transferred into a reaction flask. The reaction flask is equipped with a modified Dean and Stark distillation set-up, magnetic stirrer, condenser, dropping funnel and heating plate. 1 mole of toluene is added to the reaction mixture. 1 weight percent of sulphuric acid (based on weight of sulphuric acid/weight of palm fatty acid used) is added to the reaction mixture when it has reached the temperature of 160° C. Heating continued for not more than 5 hours. Water formed as by-product of the esterification reaction is removed continuously by means of distillation with the aid of toluene while toluene is recycled continuously back to the reaction mixture. 
     After the reaction is completed, the crude product is cooled to ambient temperature. Then, excess solvent is removed from the crude product by means of rotary evaporation. Sulphuric acid is removed by repeated washing with water until the product produced is neutral. After that, the product is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the hydrated sodium sulphate is later removed from the dried product. The dried product is further purified by using a column packed with silica gel. Trace solvent is further removed by a vacuum pump and finally unreacted palm fatty acid is removed by means of vacuum distillation. Unreacted palm fatty acid would remain as residue while neopentyl glycol ester would be collected as distillate. 
     Example 5 
     Production of Trimethylol Propane Ester as Lubricant Base Oil 
     A reaction mixture of 4 moles of palm fatty acid and 1 mole of trimethylol propane is transferred into a reaction flask. The reaction flask is equipped with a modified Dean and Stark distillation set-up, magnetic stirrer, condenser, dropping funnel and heating plate. 1 mole of toluene is added to the reaction mixture. 1 weight percent of sulphuric acid (based on weight of sulphuric acid/weight of palm fatty acid used) is added to the reaction mixture when it has reached the temperature of 160° C. Heating continued for not more than 5 hours. Water formed as by-product of the esterification reaction is removed continuously by means of distillation with the aid of toluene while toluene is recycled continuously back to the reaction mixture. 
     After the reaction is completed, the crude product is cooled to ambient temperature. Then, excess solvent is removed from the crude product by means of rotary evaporation. Sulphuric acid is removed by repeated washing with water until the product produced is neutral. After that, the product is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the hydrated sodium sulphate is later removed from the dried product. The dried product is further purified by using a column packed with silica gel. Trace solvent is further removed by a vacuum pump and finally unreacted palm fatty acid is removed by means of vacuum distillation. Unreacted palm fatty acid would remain as residue while trimethylol propane ester would be collected as distillate. 
     Example 6 
     Production of n-Butyl Palmitate as Lubricant Base Oil 
     A reaction mixture of 1 mole of palmitate acid and 3 moles of n-butanol is transferred into a reaction flask. The reaction flask is equipped with a modified Dean and Stark distillation set-up, magnetic stirrer, condenser, dropping funnel and heating plate. 1 mole of toluene is added to the reaction mixture. 40 weight percent of acidic ion exchange resin (based on weight of acidic ion exchange resin/weight of palm fatty acid used) is added to the reaction mixture when it has reached the temperature 120° C. Concentration of active sites for the acidic ion exchange resins used is not less than 1.7 equivalents per litre or not less than 4.7 equivalents per kilogram. Heating continued for not more than 5 hours. Water formed as by-product of the esterification reaction is removed continuously by means of distillation with the aid of toluene while toluene is recycled continuously back to the reaction mixture. 
     After the reaction is completed, the crude product is cooled to ambient temperature. Then, excess solvent is removed from the crude product by means of rotary evaporation. The product is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the hydrated sodium sulphate is later removed from the dried product along with acidic ion exchange resin. The dried product is further purified by using a column packed with silica gel. Trace solvent is further removed by a vacuum pump and finally unreacted palmitate acid is removed by means of vacuum distillation. Unreacted palmitate acid would remain as residue while n-butyl ester would be collected as distillate. 
     Example 7 
     Viscosity at 40° C. and 100° C. for palm fatty esters as produced by using method of the present invention are shown below. The viscosities are determined according to ASTM D445. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity at 40° C. and 100° C. for Fatty Monoesters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty 
                 Viscosity (cSt) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Monoester 
                 40° C. 
                 100° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Palmitate 
                 5.58 
                 2.04 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Oleate 
                 6.00 
                 2.17 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Stearate 
                 7.17 
                 2.45 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Palmitate 
                 5.73 
                 2.09 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Oleate 
                 6.56 
                 2.22 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Stearate 
                 7.34 
                 2.48 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Palmitate 
                 7.98 
                 2.53 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Stearate 
                 7.71 
                 2.22 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Palmitate &amp; n-Butyl Stearate 
                 6.39 
                 2.23 
               
               
                   
                 n-Octyl Oleate 
                 9.11 
                 2.87 
               
               
                   
                 Oleyl Caprylate 
                 10.34 
                 3.16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity at 40° C. and 100° C. for Fatty Polyol Esters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty 
                 Viscosity (cSt) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Polyol Ester 
                 40° C. 
                 100° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprylate 
                 7.18 
                 2.34 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprate 
                 10.20 
                 2.73 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dilaurate 
                 15.58 
                 4.21 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dioleate 
                 26.90 
                 6.69 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprylate 
                 21.84 
                 4.41 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprate 
                 23.49 
                 4.33 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprylate 
                 20.96 
                 4.96 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprate 
                 22.45 
                 4.14 
               
               
                   
                 TrimethylolpropaneTrioleate 
                 40.95 
                 8.85 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 21.45 
                 5.50 
               
               
                   
                 Diethylpropanedioyl Dioleate 
                 31.47 
                 6.88 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 18.62 
                 4.99 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 8 
     Viscosity index for palm fatty esters as produced by using method of the present invention is shown below. The viscosity indices are determined according to ASTM D2270. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity Index for Fatty Monoesters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty Monoester 
                 Viscosity Index 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Palmitate 
                 196 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Oleate 
                 207 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Stearate 
                 199 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Palmitate 
                 203 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Oleate 
                 186 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Stearate 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Palmitate 
                 161 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Stearate 
                 190 
               
               
                   
                 n-Octyl Oleate 
                 185 
               
               
                   
                 Oleyl Caprylate 
                 189 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity Index for Fatty Polyol Esters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty Polyol Ester 
                 Viscosity Index 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprylate 
                 119 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprate 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dilaurate 
                 147 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dioleate 
                 210 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprylate 
                 123 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprate 
                 156 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprylate 
                 156 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprate 
                 187 
               
               
                   
                 TrimethylolpropaneTrioleate 
                 190 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 214 
               
               
                   
                 Diethylpropanedioyl Dioleate 
                 188 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 216 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 9 
     Flash point for palm fatty esters as produced by using method of the present invention is shown below. The flash points are determined according to ASTM D93. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Flash Point for Fatty Monoesters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty Monoester 
                 Flash Point (° C.) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Palmitate 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Oleate 
                 210 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Stearate 
                 218 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Palmitate 
                 186 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Oleate 
                 176 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Stearate 
                 198 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Palmitate 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Stearate 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Palmitate &amp; n-Butyl Stearate 
                 202 
               
               
                   
                 n-Octyl Oleate 
                 178 
               
               
                   
                 Oleyl Caprylate 
                 190 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Flash Point for Fatty Polyol Esters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty Polyol Ester 
                 Flash Point (° C.) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprylate 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprate 
                 175 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dilaurate 
                 178 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dioleate 
                 230 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprylate 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprate 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprylate 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprate 
                 184 
               
               
                   
                 TrimethylolpropaneTrioleate 
                 124 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 170 
               
               
                   
                 Diethylpropanedioyl Dioleate 
                 240 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 10 
     Water separability at 54° C. for palm fatty esters as produced by using method of the present invention is shown below. The water separabilities are determined according to ASTM D892. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Water Separability for Fatty Monoesters 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fatty Monoester 
                 Water Separability (minutes) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 n-Butyl Palmitate 
                 5 
               
               
                 n-Butyl Oleate 
                 5 
               
               
                 n-Butyl Stearate 
                 5 
               
               
                 2-Butyl Palmitate 
                 30 
               
               
                 2-Butyl Oleate 
                 5 
               
               
                 2-Butyl Stearate 
                 5 
               
               
                 2-Ethylhexyl Palmitate 
                 25 
               
               
                 2-Ethylhexyl Stearate 
                 5 
               
               
                 n-Butyl Palmitate &amp; n-Butyl Stearate 
                 5 
               
               
                 n-Octyl Oleate 
                 3 
               
               
                 Oleyl Caprylate 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Water Separability for Fatty Polyol Esters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty Polyol Ester 
                 Water Separability (minutes) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprylate 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprate 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dilaurate 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dioleate 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprylate 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprate 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprylate 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprate 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 TrimethylolpropaneTrioleate 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Diethylpropanedioyl Dioleate 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 11 
     Moisture content for palm fatty esters as produced by using method of the present invention is shown below. The moisture contents are determined according to ASTM E1064. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Moisture Content for Fatty Monoesters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty Monoester 
                 Moisture Content (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Palmitate 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Oleate 
                 530 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Stearate 
                 442 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Palmitate 
                 54 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Oleate 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 2-Butyl Stearate 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Palmitate 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ethylhexyl Stearate 
                 711 
               
               
                   
                 n-Butyl Palmitate &amp; n-Butyl Stearate 
                 517 
               
               
                   
                 n-Octyl Oleate 
                 129 
               
               
                   
                 Oleyl Caprylate 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Moisture Content for Fatty Polyol Esters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fatty Polyol Ester 
                 Moisture Content (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprylate 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dicaprate 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dilaurate 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 Neopentylglycol Dioleate 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprylate 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 Pentaerythritol Tetracaprate 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprylate 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethylolpropane Tricaprate 
                 154 
               
               
                   
                 TrimethylolpropaneTrioleate 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 55 
               
               
                   
                 Diethylpropanedioyl Dioleate 
                 47 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyleneglycol Dioleate 
                 106