Abstract:
A method is provided for passivating sulfidic iron-containing rock comprising contacting sulfidic iron-containing rock with one or more members of the group consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate and magnesium carbonate, thereby reducing the acid generation potential of rock.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/304,599, filed Jul. 10, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herewith. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is in the field of reducing or eliminating acid rock drainage from sulfidic iron containing rocks and acidic mine waste tailings. Acid rock drainage (formation of sulfuric acid and related acids from natural air/water oxidation processes on various materials) is a common phenomenon from mining and leaching of various metallic and non-metallic minerals such as iron-containing sulfidic materials. These sulfidic materials include tailings, overburden, discarded waste rock and unmined exposed rock. Acid rock drainage causes severe pollution problems throughout the world. 
     There have been various attempts to render these sulfidic materials non-reactive which include partially converting pyrite and pyrrhotite into an oxide structure so that each iron sulfide particle is coated with an iron oxide film, microencapsulation of pyrite by artificial inducement of iron phosphate coatings, the coating of exposed surfaces with various polymeric materials, and the formation of manganese dioxide coatings on pyrite surfaces. These methods of treating materials have been at best partially effective and economically unattractive. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,001 (DeVries, Dec. 24, 1996) describes a method for reducing acid rock drainage from sulfidic iron-containing rock by contacting the rock with an aqueous solution of manganate ion at a pH between 6–13. This treatment reportedly creates a manganese oxide layer on the iron-containing sulfidic rock. The process in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,001 requires pH 6–13 at all times during the treatment, preferably a pH greater than 10. U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,001 also requires that permanganata color be maintained during the treatment. This condition often requires high dosage of manganate ions for treating reactive tailings because a considerable amount of manganate ions are dissolved in solution and react with other ions before reaching the sulfide surface. U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,001 also requires that the sulfides contain a significant concentration of iron bearing minerals so that the reaction between iron bearing sulfides and permanganate ions can be sustained. Several dissolved metals undergo precipitation reactions at pH&gt;12. Precipitated metal hydoxycomplexes coat the sulfides, thus preventing the desired electrochemical reaction. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,847 (Thompson, Jul. 11, 2000) discloses a process for reportedly preventing acid rock drainage of metal-bearing rocks comprising contacting a sulfidic iron-containing rock with an acid passivating agent which comprises at least one alkaline earth metal to produce a combination; contacting the combination with manganate ions and a base and maintaining the pH of the system between 11 and 13.5. 
     The waste rock naturally yields very low acidic pH in the range of 1–4. To raise the pH and maintain it at a higher level than is naturally found (such as the pH required by the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,587,001 and 6,086,847) requires high dosage of neutralization agents (for example, lime/caustic soda). This is not economically and technically viable. Also, at high pH (above about 11.0), gypsum (CaSO 4 ) and MgSO 4  precipitate on the sulfide and complete coating of desired materials cannot be achieved. Improved and cost effective treatments are necessary to treat iron containing sulfidic minerals to prevent or minimize the natural oxidation of these materials to form acids. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method for passivating sulfidic iron-containing rock and mine wastes is provided. This method is useful to reduce the amount of acid rock drainage from mine waste tailings and other areas where formation of acid products is a problem, among other uses. The process disclosed herein is independent of the concentration of iron sulfide in the materials to be treated and the physical state of materials. Also, the low pH treatment ensures that the sulfide surfaces are exposed and are in direct contact with the layers of coating agents. 
     The tailings, waste rock and other exposed surfaces at mining operations can react with atmospheric air and surface water over a period of time forming polluting acid drainage. Formation of magnesium oxysulfate coatings on iron-containing sulfides shield them from atmospheric air or surface water containing oxygen to prevent or minimize acid drainage problems. 
     As used herein, “passivating” means rendering the substance passivated less reactive than it was before passivation. For example, a passivated sulfidic iron-containing ore is an ore that generates no acid or less acid than a non-passivated ore upon being exposed to acid-generating and/or weathering processes. An “effective amount” is an amount that given the desired effect, as taught herein. 
     In one embodiment, the process of this invention for passivating sulfidic iron-containing rock comprises the steps of:
         contacting said rock with a magnesium-containing substance; if necessary, adjusting the pH of the slurry so that magnesium oxysulfate is formed; optionally adding silicates, for example, sodium or calcium silicates; optionally allowing oxidation of the rock to form oxysulfates on a surface of the rock; and optionally adding an iron-containing substance, for example FeCl 3  or Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3  to form ferrous iron-magnesium sulfates.       

     The magnesium-containing substance used can be any suitable composition such as one or more members of the group consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate and magnesium carbonate. In addition, any suitable form can be used. For example, an aqueous saturated solution may be used, or dry solid may be used. The use of magnesium hydroxide prevents reaching of overdose level of alkali. An overdose level of alkali is the concentration that blocks solution passage and permeability. The use of MgO maintains the pH at near 9 and below. Preferably, the magnesium-containing substance is in the form of an aqueous saturated solution of magnesium oxide or dry magnesium oxide (about 2.2–22.0 lbs MgO/ton of rock which is about 0.1–1% magnesium oxide by weight in the solution) or magnesium hydroxide (preferably 2.5% by weight of solution magnesium hydroxide). 
     Preferably, the rock and magnesium are reacted in the form of a slurry. The rock can be directly treated in the natural environment or as crushed rock preferably containing about 20%–50% by weight of solids, but any concentration or range of concentrations which allows the desired reaction to occur at a desired rate is included in this description. When magnesium oxide is used, the weight ratio of magnesium oxide: rock: water is preferably maintained at up to 1:100:400–10:100:400. 
     The pH of the rock slurry is usually between about 1 and 5 as it naturally occurs. It is generally not necessary to adjust the pH of the slurry before treatment. If the pH of the starting system is greater than about 4–5, pH adjustment is needed using any suitable pH adjustment treatment, as described further herein and as is known in the art without undue experimentation. 
     After the magnesium-containing substance is contacted with the rock for a time sufficient to form magnesium sulfate as determined by means known in the art, the pH is raised by any means known in the art (preferably calcium oxide or sodium hydroxide are added) to causes the formation of magnesium oxysulfate (preferably the pH is raised to 9–11 for the formation of magnesium oxysulfate). At this point, the reactive sulfide in the rock is stabilized. Optional oxidation of the slurry, preferably with air, but any oxidizing agent may be used, results in the formation of different phases of oxysulfates on the surfaces of the sulfides. If desired, an effective amount (for example, 1–5 lb/ton rock) of silicate (for example, sodium silicate or calcium silicate) added at any stage of the process increases the strength of the coating due to formation of magnesium sulfate and magnesium silicate compounds. Any amount of silicate that causes formation of magnesium sulfate or magnesium silicate can be used. If desired, an iron-containing substance such as an iron salt may be added in a suitable concentration to form ferrous iron-magnesium sulfates. The iron salt may be any suitable salt known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including FeCl 3 . The concentration of iron-containing substance added is any concentration sufficient to form the desired amount of ferrous iron-magnesium sulfate. If there is a low concentration of dissolved iron, enough iron must be added to form the complex. This is typically 1–2 lb/ton of ore. 
     A presently-preferred embodiment of the process is the method of reducing acid rock drainage from sulfidic iron-containing rock comprising the steps of contacting said rock with dry/hydrated magnesium oxide wherein the concentration of magnesium oxide in the mixture is 0.1–1% by weight and the slurry density is about 20% by weight of solids in the mixture, and the pH of the resultant slurry is between 1–5; allowing a reaction between magnesium oxide and the sulfides in said rock to proceed so as to form in slurry dissolved magnesium sulfate; raising the pH of the slurry to form magnesium oxysulfate (preferably by the addition of CaO or sodium hydroxide, and preferably to about 10–10.5); optionally adding silicates of sodium or calcium; optionally performing air oxidation of slurry so as to cause the formation of magnesium oxysulfates coating on the surface of said sulfides. 
     Another preferred embodiment of the process is a process for reducing acid rock drainage from sulfidic iron-containing rock comprising the steps of:
         contacting said rock with an aqueous colloidal suspension of 2.5% magnesium hydroxide; allowing a reaction between magnesium hydroxide and the sulfides in said rock to proceed; raising the pH of the slurry to form magnesium oxysulfate (preferably by the addition of CaO or sodium hydroxide, preferably to about 10–10.5); optionally adding silicates of sodium or calcium; optionally performing air oxidation of slurry; optionally adding FeCl 3  or other iron salts.       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE 
         FIG. 1  shows solution pH of pyrite sample in the hydrogen peroxide test as a function of time after passivation using MgO and silicate. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The ores that may be treated using the method of the invention include pyrrhotite, bomite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrite. Any ore that contains iron and sulfur in its reduced form (sulfide) may be treated to passivate the sulfur using the disclosed process. The ore may be in any form, for example, slurry, rock pile or exposed rock. 
     The reaction proceeds for a suitable time required to achieve the desired amount of passivation of the sulfur in the ore. This time naturally depends on the nature of the ore treated, the desired amount of passivation of the sulfur in the rock and other parameters, such as concentration of reactants used. This time is readily determined by routine experimentation well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation, using the teachings herein. 
     The processes of this invention can be carried out at temperatures above the freezing point of the solutions up to about 60° C. 
     Applicant does not wish to be bound by any theory presented herein. The theory and examples below are presented to aid in the understanding of the invention and illustrating some of the presently-preferred embodiments of the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Effect of Magnesium Oxide Dosage on Passivation in the Presence of Permanganate 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was mixed with 20 mg of lime to increase the pH to basic pH (about 10.5). In place of lime, caustic soda or sodium carbonate or other suitable materials that increase the pH to the desired range may be added. Different dosage levels of magnesium oxide were used (0, 2.2 lbs magnesium oxide/ton rock, 4.4 lbs./t, 8.8 lbs./t, 13.2 lbs./t and 22.0 lbs./t). 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite, lime and magnesium oxide and the slurry pH were measured to be about 1.5. The slurry pH was then raised to 10–10.3 by the addition of 1 N NaOH. At this point, 1.32 lbs./t of permanganate was added. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. If the pH drops below 7 much before 24 hours, the test is also considered a fail. The results are presented in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with different dosage of MgO. The 
               
               
                 KMnO 4  dosage was maintained constant in each test (1.32 lbs./T) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MgO Dosage 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 (lbs./t) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 2.2 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 4.4 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 8.8 
                 Failed 
                 Slow reaction, fails after 1 day 
               
               
                 13.2 
                 Failed 
                 Slow reaction, fails after 1 day 
               
               
                 22.0 
                 Passed 
                 Slow reaction, pH above 7.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These results show that at lower dosages of MgO, passivation was not effective due to enormous surface area of pyrite involved. However, when the dosage was increased to 22 lbs./t level, the pyrite was successfully passivated. Considering the fact that in mine tailings sample, the pyrite present is fraction of the total sample, the dosage level of MgO required to passivate an actual sample will be at considerably lesser dosage level than 22 lbs./t. 
     These results show that in order to passivate the same pyrite sample, MgO dosage level of 22 lbs./t was required. Note that in these experiments, permanganate dosage level of 1.37 lbs./t was present. Since permanganate is beneficial in passivating the pyrite sample (as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,001), it was not clear as to what extent MgO was responsible for the passivation. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Effect of Potassium Permanganate Dosage on Passivation in the Presence of MgO 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was mixed with 10 mg of MgO and 20 mg of lime. This amounts to 4.4 lbs./t of MgO and 8.8 lbs./t of CaO. 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite, lime and magnesium oxide and the slurry pH were measured to be about 1.5. The slurry pH was then raised to 10–10.3 by the addition of 1 N NaOH. At this point, different dosage of permanganate (0, 1.32 lbs./t, 2.64 lbs./t, 5.28 lbs./t, 10.56 lbs./t, 21.12 lbs./t) was added. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented below in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with different dosage of KMnO 4 . 
               
               
                 The MgO dosage was maintained constant in each test (4.4 lbs./T) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 KMnO 4    
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 Dosage (lbs./t) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 1.32 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 2.64 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 5.28 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 10.56 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails after 1 day 
               
               
                 21.12 
                 Passed 
                 Slow reaction, pH above 9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These results show that in order to passivate the same pyrite sample, permanganate dosage level of 21.12 was required. Please note that in these experiments, MgO dosage level of 4.4 lbs./t was present. Since MgO is beneficial in passivating the pyrite sample, it was not clear as to what extent permanganate was responsible for the passivation. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Effect of Magnesium Oxide Dosage on Passivation in the Absence of Permanganate 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was used. Different dosage levels of magnesium oxide were used (11.0 lbs./t, 15.4 lbs./t, 19.8 lbs./t, and 22.0 lbs./t). 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite and magnesium oxide. The slurry pH was measured to be about 1.3. The slurry pH was then raised to 10–10.3 by the addition of 1 N NaOH. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented in Table 3 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with different dosage 
               
               
                 of MgO in the absence of KMnO 4 . 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MgO Dosage 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 (lbs./t) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11.0 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 15.4 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 19.8 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 22.0 
                 Passed 
                 Slow reaction, pH above 7.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparing the results of Table 1 and Table 3, it is clear that the presence of permanganate does not favorably affect the passivation process. To passivate the pyrite sample, 22.0 lbs./t of MgO was needed regardless of the presence of permanganate in the solution. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Effect of Potassium Permanganate Dosage on Passivation in the Absence of MgO 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was used. 20 ml. of tap water was added to the pyrite and the slurry pH was measured to be about 1.3. The slurry pH was then raised to about 8 by the addition of 1 N NaOH. At this point, different dosage of permanganate (6.6 lbs./t, 11.0 lbs./t, 13.2lbs/t, 15.4lbs./t and 22.0 lbs./t) was added. The final pH was adjusted to be 10–10.3. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented below in Table 4. 
     Comparing the results of Table 2 and Table 4, it is clear that permanganate dosage level about 15.4 lbs./t is needed in the absence of MgO to passivate the pyrite. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with different dosage 
               
               
                 of KMnO 4  in the absence of MgO 
               
             
          
           
               
                 KMnO 4    
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 Dosage (lbs./t) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6.6 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 11.0 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 13.2 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                 15.4 
                 Passed 
                 Slow reaction, pH above 7 
               
               
                 22.0 
                 Passed 
                 Slow reaction, pH above 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results listed in Table 1–4 show that the passivation is favorably affected by increasing the dosage level of permanganate and MgO. On a tonnage basis, even though little higher dosage of MgO is required than permanganate, however, considering the enormous price difference between permanganate and MgO (Permanganate $1.50/lb, MgO 50 cents/lb), it is economical to use MgO in place of permanganate. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Effect of Lime Dosage on Passivation in the Absence of MgO 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was mixed with 100 mg of lime (44.0 lbs./t). 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite and lime and the slurry pH were measured to be about 4.5. The slurry pH was then raised to 10–10.3 by the addition of 1 N NaOH. At this point, 1.32 lbs./t of permanganate was added. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented in Table 5 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with High dosage 
               
               
                 of CaO in the absence of MgO 
               
               
                 The KMnO 4  dosage was maintained (1.32 lbs./T). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 CaO Dosage 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 (lbs./t) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44.0 
                 Failed 
                 Vigorous reaction, fails at 60 minutes 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As expected even at very high dosage of CaO, the passivation did not occur. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Effect of Addition of Magnesium Oxide at Higher pH (5.0) on Passivation in the Absence of Permanganate 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was mixed with 20 mg of CaO. 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite and lime. The slurry pH was then raised to 5 by the addition of 1 N NaOH. At pH 5.0, 22 lbs./t of MgO was added. The pH was then raised to 10–10.3. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1 day duration, the tests which show pH greater than 7 were considered successful in terms of passivation. The results are presented in Table 6 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with MgO added at 
               
               
                 pH 5.0 in the absence of KMnO 4 . 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MgO Dosage 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (lbs./t) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 22.0 
                 Passed 
                 Slow reaction, pH above 7.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparing the results of Table 3 and Table 6 it is clear that the addition of MgO whether added at pH 1.7 or at pH 5.7 does not make any difference. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Effect of the Addition of Hydrated Magnesium Oxide on Passivation 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was mixed with 20 mg of CaO. 20 ml. of tap water was added to the 50 mg of MgO, which resulted in the pH of 10.3. This hydrated MgO slurry was added to the mixture of pyrite and lime. The slurry pH was then raised to 10–10.3 by the addition of 1 N NaOH and 1.32 lbs./t KMnO 4  was added. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1 day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7 were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented in Table 7 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with the MgO addition in Hydrated Form 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MgO Dosage 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (lbs./t) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 22.0 
                 Passed 
                 Slow reaction, pH above 7.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparing the results of Table 3, Table 6 and Table 7 it is clear that the pH and the form of MgO does not affect the passivation process. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     MgO as Limiting Factor in the Passivation Process 
     5 gms −325 mesh pure pyrite sample was mixed with 50 mg (22.0 lbs./t) of MgO and 20 mg of CaO. 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite, lime and magnesium oxide and the slurry pH were measured to be about 1.65. The slurry was subjected to different treatments, such as pH adjustment to 10.0 and 12.0 followed by with and without aeration, KMnO 4  addition at pH 10.0 and 12.0 followed by with and without aeration, KMnO 4  addition at low pH followed by with and without aeration at pH 10.0. For the tests where there was no aeration, the slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was then filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 2 days. The tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The test conditions and results are presented in Table 8 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results with different conditions 
               
               
                 in the presence of 22.0 lbs./t of MgO 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 Conditions 
                 Test Result 
                 pH measured after 2 days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Adjusted to pH 10.0 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 7.62 
               
               
                 Adjusted to pH 12.0 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 8.08 
               
               
                 Adjusted to pH 10, 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 7.65 
               
               
                 2 hours of Aeration 
               
               
                 Adjusted to pH 10 + added 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 7.82 
               
               
                 1.37 lbs./t of permanganate 
               
               
                 Adjusted to pH 10 + added 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 7.65 
               
               
                 1.37 lbs./t of permanganate, 
               
               
                 2 hours of aeration 
               
               
                 Adjusted to pH 12 + 1.37 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 8.05 
               
               
                 lbs./t of permanganate 
               
               
                 Added 1.37 lbs./t of 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 7.59 
               
               
                 permanganate at pH 1.7, 
               
               
                 Increase pH to 10 
               
               
                 Added 1.37 lbs./t of 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 7.58 
               
               
                 permanganate at pH 1.7 
               
               
                 Increase pH to 10, 
               
               
                 2 hours of aeration 
               
               
                 Added 1.37 lbs./t of 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH 7.85 
               
               
                 permanganate at pH 5.7, 
               
               
                 Increase pH to 10, 
               
               
                 2 hours of aeration 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results listed in Table 8 clearly show that the addition of MgO is a limiting factor in the passivation process. As long as the 22-lbs./t-dosage level of MgO was met in the experiment, the passivation is successfully achieved in all the tests. However, the pH monitoring data shows that the aeration is beneficial during the passivation treatment and brings down the dosage level of MgO required to achieve the passivation. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Effect of Magnesium Oxide Dosage on Passivation for Hecla Tailing Sample 
     5 gms of as-received dry Hecla tailings sample was mixed with 20 mg of CaO and different dosage levels of magnesium oxide (0, 2.2 lbs./t, 4.4 lbs./t, 8.8 lbs./t). 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite, lime and magnesium oxide. Hecla is a mine in Idaho. The slurry pH was measured to be about 12.02, 12.28, 12.3 and 12.4 respectively. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented in Table 9 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results for the Hecla 
               
               
                 Tailings Sample with Different Dosage of MgO. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MgO Dosage 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 (lbs./T) 
                 Test Result 
                 Final pH after 1 day 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 4.3 
               
               
                 2.2 
                 Passed 
                 7.28 
               
               
                 4.4 
                 Passed 
                 8.03 
               
               
                 8.8 
                 Passed 
                 8.20 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data in Table 9 shows that much lower dosage of MgO (&lt;2.2 lbs./t) was required as opposed to 22 lbs./t in the case of pyrite. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Effect of Magnesium Oxide Dosage on Passivation for Nevada Mine Tailings Sample 
     5 gms of as-received dry mine tailings sample from a mine in Nevada was mixed with 20 mg of CaO and different dosage levels of magnesium oxide (0, 2.2 lbs./t, 4.4 lbs./t, 8.8 lbs./t, 13.20 lbs./t, 17.60 lbs./t). 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite, lime and magnesium oxide. The slurry pH was adjusted to 10.0 with 1 N NaOH. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented in Table 10 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results for Mine Tailings 
               
               
                 Sample with Different Dosage of MgO. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MgO Dosage 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (lbs./T) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 pH 2.54 after 3 hours 
               
               
                   
                 2.2 
                 Failed 
                 pH 2.57 after 3 hours 
               
               
                   
                 4.4 
                 Failed 
                 pH 2.59 after 3 hours 
               
               
                   
                 8.8 
                 Failed 
                 pH 3.58 after 3 hours 
               
               
                   
                 13.20 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 7.22 
               
               
                   
                 17.60 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 7.42 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data in Table 10 shows that much lower dosage of MgO (&lt;13.2 lbs./t) was required as compared to 22 lbs./t in the case of pyrite. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Effect of Magnesium Oxide Dosage on Passivation for Ruby Gulch Tailings Sample 
     5 gms of as-received dry Ruby Gulch tailings sample was mixed with 20 mg of CaO and different dosage levels of magnesium oxide (0, 2.2 lbs./t, 4.4 lbs./t, 8.8 lbs./t, 13.20 lbs./t). 20 ml. of tap water was added to the mixture of pyrite, lime and magnesium oxide. Ruby Gulch is a mining site in South Dakota. The slurry pH was adjusted to 10.0 with 1 N NaOH. The slurry was left undisturbed for 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the solids were washed. The washed solids were suspended in 91 ml. of water and to this 9 ml. of 50% hydrogen peroxide was added. The pH of the solution was monitored for 1 day. At the end of 1-day duration, the tests which showed pH of above 7, were considered to be successful tests in-terms of passivation. The results are presented in Table 11 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results for the Ruby Gulch 
               
               
                 Tailings Sample with Different Dosage of MgO. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MgO Dosage (lbs./T) 
                 Peroxide Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 pH 3.16 after 3 hours 
               
               
                 2.2 
                 Failed 
                 pH 3.52 after 3 hours 
               
               
                 4.4 
                 Failed 
                 pH 6.34 after 1 day 
               
               
                 8.8 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 7.17 
               
               
                 13.20 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 7.82 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data in Table 11 shows that much lower dosage of MgO (&lt;8.8 lbs./t) was required as opposed to 22 lbs./t in the case of pyrite. 
     A large column test was performed using magnesium oxide. The pH during passivation was maintained at 10 using MgO only. MgO was added as a passivating agent. After passivation, a sample representing 150 grams of solid was transferred to the humidity cell experiment. The humidity cell experiment was operated on seven-day cycles. In the first three days dry air was passed into the sample, followed by three-day moisturized air treatment. On the seventh day the sample was leached and the leachate was analyzed for pH, alkalinity, acidity, sulfate and other elements. Long-term testing with Ruby Gulch tailings affirmed the effectiveness of the process, as shown in Table 12. 
     In the table below, each cycle is for the same sample and is reported as the function number of cycles. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Analysis of leachates obtained from humidity cell experiments 
               
               
                 (Column test, Ruby Gulch - Waste Dump Sample, High Sulfide) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample weight: 4000 g 
               
               
                 Dosage: 7.7 lbs./t Magnesium Oxide 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 CYCLE-1 
                 CYCLE-2 
                 CYCLE-3 
                 CYCLE-4 
                 CYCLE-5 
                 CYCLE-6 
               
               
                 Constituents 
                 (mg/l) 
                 (mg/l) 
                 (mg/l) 
                 (mg/l) 
                 (mg/l) 
                 (mg/l) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PH 
                 7.63 
                 8.05 
                 7.61 
                 8.31 
                 8.32 
                 8.09 
               
               
                 Conductivity 
                 920 
                 890 
                 460 
                 370 
                 225 
                 220 
               
               
                 (μυ/cm) 
               
               
                 Acidity as 
                 0 
                 &lt;15 
                 &lt;15 
                 &lt;15 
                 &lt;15 
                 &lt;15 
               
               
                 CaCO 3   
               
               
                 Alkalinity as 
                 44 
                 30 
                 40 
                 25 
                 45 
                 30 
               
               
                 CaCO 3   
               
               
                 Calcium 
                 19.8 
                 18.9 
                 16.9 
                 13.8 
                 11.1 
                 11.4 
               
               
                 Iron 
                 0.028 
                 0.051 
                 0.030 
                 &lt;0.020 
                 &lt;0.020 
                 0.020 
               
               
                 Magnesium 
                 127 
                 104 
                 42.7 
                 32.6 
                 14.2 
                 13.6 
               
               
                 Manganese 
                 0.036 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
               
               
                 Sulfate 
                 492 
                 139 
                 95.6 
                 28.4 
                 26.3 
                 27.8 
               
               
                 TDS 
                 700 
                 560 
                 235 
                 238 
                 175 
                 &lt;50 
               
               
                 Antimony 
                 &lt;0.003 
                 &lt;0.006 
                 0.006 
                 &lt;0.006 
                 &lt;0.006 
                 &lt;0.006 
               
               
                 Barium 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 0.061 
                 0.064 
                 0.080 
                 0.075 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 Beryllium 
                 &lt;0.002 
                 &lt;0.002 
                 &lt;0.002 
                 &lt;0.002 
                 &lt;0.002 
                 &lt;0.002 
               
               
                 Cadmium 
                 &lt;0.002 
                 &lt;0.003 
                 &lt;0.003 
                 &lt;0.003 
                 &lt;0.003 
                 &lt;0.003 
               
               
                 Chromium 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
               
               
                 Cobalt 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
               
               
                 Copper 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
                 &lt;0.010 
               
               
                 Lead 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
               
               
                 Mercury 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 Molybdenum 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
               
               
                 Nickel 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 &lt;0.025 
               
               
                 Selenium 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
                 &lt;0.007 
               
               
                 Silver 
                 &lt;0.035 
                 &lt;0.035 
                 &lt;0.035 
                 &lt;0.035 
                 &lt;0.035 
                 &lt;0.035 
               
               
                 Thallium 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 Vanadium 
                 &lt;0.100 
                 &lt;0.100 
                 &lt;0.100 
                 &lt;0.100 
                 &lt;0.100 
                 &lt;0.100 
               
               
                 Zinc 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
                 &lt;0.050 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Combined Effect of Sodium Silicate with MgO 
     In another series of experiments the combined effect of MgO with silicate was tested. The pH of the pyrite sample was increased to 10.5 with CaO and a small amount of sodium silicate was added prior to MgO addition. After reaction, the sample was filtered and H 2 O 2  test was conducted as described above. The results are shown in Table 13. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Tests Results for the Pyrite Sample 
               
               
                 with Different Dosage of MgO and Sodium Silicate. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MgO Dosage 
                 Sodium Silicate 
                 Peroxide 
                   
               
               
                 (lbs./T) 
                 Dosage (lbs./T) 
                 Test Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 13.2 
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 pH 3.70 after 3 hours 
               
               
                 17.6 
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 pH 4.30 after 3 hours 
               
               
                 22.0 
                 0 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 7.80 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 0 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 8.30 
               
               
                 17.6 
                 4.4 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 7.81 
               
               
                 22.0 
                 4.4 
                 Passed 
                 Final pH after 1 day 8.30 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen in Table 13, with addition of only 17.6 lbs./t MgO, pyrite was not passivated. However, addition of 4.4 lbs./t sodium silicate in the presence of 17.6 lb/ton MgO increased the stability and the pH remained about 7.81. It is evident that sodium silicate improves the passivation. 
     The effect of silicate addition is also demonstrated in  FIG. 1 . As can be seen, passivated pyrite samples with MgO and silicate in the presence of lime showed improved resistance to peroxide oxidation as compared to samples with no silicate. 
     Combined Effect of Calcium Silicate with MgO 
     In another series of experiments the combined effect of MgO with calcium silicate was tested. The pH of the pyrite sample was increased to 10.5 with CaO and a small amount of calcium silicate was added prior to MgO addition. After reaction, the sample was filtered and an H 2 O 2  test was conducted as above. The results are given in Table 14. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peroxide Test Results for the Pyrite Sample 
               
               
                 with Different Dosage of MgO and Calcium Silicate. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (MgO Dosage, 
                 Calcium Silicate 
                 Peroxide Test 
                   
               
               
                 lb/T) 
                 (lb/T) 
                 Result 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 13.2 
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 pH 3.7 after 3 hrs 
               
               
                 17.6 
                 0 
                 Failed 
                 pH 3.78 after 24 hrs 
               
               
                 17.6 
                 4.4 
                 Passed 
                 pH 7.6 after 24 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hours 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen from Table 14, 4.4 lb/ton addition of calcium silicate increased the passivation of pyrite. This shows that calcium silicate can be used in conjunction with CaO to passivate pyrite at pH 10.5. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         1. Caruccio, F. T., Geidel, G., Pelletier, M., “Occurrence and predication of acid drainage”.  J. of the Energy Division, ASCE,  107, No. 1, pp.167, 1981. 
         2. De Vries, Nadine H. C. Process for Treating Iron-Containing Sulfide Rocks and Ores, U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,001, 1996. 
         3. Doyle, F. M. and Mirza, A. H., “Understanding the mechanisms and kinetics of pyrite wastes”.  Proceedings of  the Western Regional Symposium on  Mining and Mineral Processing , Doyle, F. M. (eds.), Society of Mining Engineering. 1990. 
         4. Evangelou, V. P., “Pyrite Chemistry: The Key for Abatement of Acid Mine Drainage”.  Acidic Mining Lakes: Acid mine Drainage, Limnology and Reclamation  Springer-Verlag, 1998. 
         5. Huang, X. and Evangelou, V. P., Abatement of acid mine drainage by encapsulation of acid producing geological materials, US Bureau of Mines, Contract No. J0309013, 1992. 
         6. Kleinmann, R. L. P., “Acid mine drainage: US Bureau of Mines researches and develops control methods for both coal and metal mines”.  Enviro. Mining J.,  July, pp161–164, 1989. 
         7. Marshall, G. P., J. S. Thompson, and R. E. Jenkins, “New technology for the prevention of acid rock drainage”.  Proceedings of the Randol Gold and Silver Forum , pp. 203, 1998. 
         8. Sobek, A. A., Schuller, W. A., Freeman, J. R., and Smith, R. M., Field and laboratory methods applicable to overburden mine soils. EPA 600/2-78-054, pp203, 1978. 
       
    
     In the disclosed process, as is generally true for other processes, the fewer chemicals used, the more cost effective the process. If desired, other chemicals can be used in the disclosed process, including barium hydroxide and calcium carbonate for pH control, but it is desired that as few chemicals as possible be used to lower the cost of the process. 
     All numerical ranges given herein include all useful intermediate ranges and values thereof. Useful ranges and values may be determined using the teachings herein and those known in the art without undue experimentation. Useful chemical equivalents may be used for those chemicals specifically exemplified in this disclosure, as known by one of ordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation. 
     All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herein. Although the description herein contains many specificities, these are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently-preferred embodiments of the invention. For example, the magnesium may be in the form of magnesium oxide, or other forms, as known in the art. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.