Abstract:
A fat substitute is disclosed which comprises water-dispersible macrocolloid particles composed of starch materials selected from the group consisting of taro, Saponaria vaccaria, Amaranthus retroflexus, Maranta arundinacea, Wheat B and buckwheat, which particles have a substantially spheroidal shape and a particle size distribution effective to impart the substantially smooth organoleptic character of an oil-and-water emulsion.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/678,897 filed Mar. 28, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,020, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/367,322, filed Jun. 20, 1989, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 211,494 filed Jun. 24, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,946, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, carbohydrate particles comprising starch granules selected from the group consisting of taro (from Colocasia esculenta), Saponaria vaccaria, Amaranthus retroflexus (Pigweed), Maranta arundinacea, Wheat B and buckwheat starches display fat-like mouthfeel characteristics when the hydrated particles have a substantially spheroidal shape and a mean particle size distribution ranging from about 0.1 microns to 4 microns, with less than about 2% of the total number of particles exceeding 5 microns in diameter. These starches are characterized by small granule sizes (i.e., taro (1.4-4.0 microns), Saponaria vaccaria (0.5-1.6 microns), Amaranthus retroflexus (0.75-1.25 microns); buckwheat (1.3-12 microns)) and are particularly suitable for crosslinking with phosphorous oxychloride and according to other methods to provide stable cream substitutes. The dispersion of macrocolloidal particles can replace all or a portion of the fat or cream in food products such as ice cream, yogurt, salad dressings, mayonnaise, cream, cream cheese, other cheeses, sour cream, sauces, icings, whipped toppings, frozen confections, milk, coffee white and spreads. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     In this example, small granule starches were stabilized by cross-linking with tannic acid to produce cream substitutes. Specifically an aqueous starch suspension (17 g starch/28 ml water) was heated in a water bath to 45° C., with stirring, and the pH was adjusted with 1 N NaOH (pH 8-11.4). After crosslinking was achieved (1-6 hours), the suspension was neutralized to pH=6.5 to 7.00, and twice centrifuged with 200 ml of water (5000 rpm for 10 min.), and either dried in a vacuum oven or freeze dried for storage. 
     Amaranth starch treated as described above (2% w/w, pH=11.4, 2 hours) gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated as being creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) endotherm (T g ) at 70.94° C. The cross-linked starch had an improved water holding capacity (up to 10.20 g). Cross-linking of a similar suspension at pH=8 for 1 hour gave a stabilized product with T g  69.7° C. and average particle size of 1.66 microns. 
     Wheat B starch treated as described above gave a creamy suspension, whose water holding capacity was up to 4.980 g. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     In this example, cross-linking was performed as described in Example 1 using Tamarind extract instead of tannic acid as cross-linking agent. Crosslinking of Amaranth starch according to the above procedure (2% w/w, pH=8, 1 hour) gave a creamy-tasting product with T g  of 73.97° C. and a water holding capacity of 9.780 g. Wheat B starch according to the above procedure (2% w/w, pH=8, 1 hour) gave a creamy-tasting product with T, of 89.29° C. and water holding capacity of 4.601 g. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     In this example, cross-linking was performed as described in Example 1 using Tamarind seed powder instead of tannic acid as cross-linking agent. Crosslinking of Amaranth starch according to the above procedure (2% w/w, pH=8, 2 hr) gave a creamy-tasting, off-white product with T g  of 65.91° C. and water holding capacity of 10.13 g. When the same procedure was conducted for 6 hours, the resulting product had a T g  of 68.49° C. and water holding capacity of 9.612 g. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     In this example, Amaranth starch granules were stabilized by cross-linking with ortho-phosphoric acid. Specifically, an aqueous Amaranth starch suspension (17 g starch/28 ml water) was heated in a water bath to 45° C. with stirring, and the pH was adjusted with 1 N NaOH (pH 8-11.4). After crosslinking was achieved (1-6 hours), the suspension was neutralized to pH=6.5 to 7.00, and twice centrifuged with 200 ml of water (Sorvall 5000 rpm for 10 minutes), and either dried in a vacuum oven or freeze dried for storage. The treated Amaranth starch above (2% w/w, 2 hours) gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated to be creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by DSC endotherm (T g ) at 78.07° C. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     In this example, Amaranth starch granules were stabilized by cross-linking with phosphorous oxychloride. Specifically, an aqueous starch suspension (10 parts starch in 24 parts water and 1 part sodium chloride) was heated in a water bath to 40° C., with stirring, and the pH was adjusted with 1 N NaOH (pH 11.6). After cross-linking was achieved (1-8 hours), the suspension was neutralized to pH=5.2 with 20% aqueous HCl, and twice centrifuged with 200 ml of water (5000 rpm for 10 minutes), and either dried in a vacuum oven or freeze dried for storage. 
     Amaranth starch treated as described above (2% w/w, 2 hr) gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated to be creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by a DSC endotherm (T g ) at 80.41° C. and average particle size of 0.96 microns. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     In this example, starch was stabilized by heat treatment to produce cream substitutes. An aqueous suspension of starch (17 g starch/28 ml water) was heated in a water bath at different temperatures (50-80° C.) for 3 hours. The product was isolated as described in Example 1 above. Specifically, an aqueous Amaranth suspension heated to 70° C., gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by a DSC endotherm (T g ) at 75.37° C., and had a water holding capacity of 8,619 g. The average particle diameter was 1.74 μm. A sample heated to 80° C. showed a T g  at 81.61° C. 
     An aqueous Wheat B suspension treated according to the above procedure and heated to 70° C., gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by a DSC endotherm (T g ) at 78.5° C., and had a water holding capacity of 5.1 g. The average particle diameter was 1.05 microns. A sample heated to 65° C. showed a T g  of 70.7° C. and had a water holding capacity of 5.7 g. 
     An aqueous Taro starch suspension treated according to the above procedure and heated to 70° C., gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by a DSC endotherm (T g ) at 85° C., and had a water holding capacity of 10.28 g. 
     An aqueous buckwheat starch suspension treated according to the above procedure and heated to 80° C., gave a slightly off-white powder. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by the fact that the DSC thermogram showed no transition up to about 95° C. 
     An aqueous Arrow root (Maranta arundinacea) starch suspension treated according to the above procedure and heated to 70° C., gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by a DSC endotherm (T g ) at 78° C. 
     The foregoing specific examples are provided for purposes of illustration only and it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto. Therefore, the scope of the invention is to be limited solely by the appended claims.