Abstract:
A method for orally administering a parathyroid hormone, PTH, comprising orally co-administering to a patient in need of PTH an effective amount of a PTH and an effective amount of calcitonin. The method according to the invention allows for the oral administration of PTH without the hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria and nephrolithiasis side effects.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to the oral delivery of parathyroid hormone (PTH). More particularly, the invention is directed to the use of calcitonin in combination with PTH for the oral administration of PTH.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     PTH studies done in animals and humans with PTH, PTH-related peptides, and PTH analogs have demonstrated its usefulness in increasing bone formation and bone resorption and have prompted interest in its use for the treatment of osteoporosis and related bone disorders. However, the clinical utility of PTH is limited by the occurrence of hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria and nephrolithiasis. The occurrence of these potentially toxic side effects and alterations in calcium metabolism have remained an obstacle to exploiting the benefits of higher dosages of PTH and have required, for safety concerns, that plasma concentrations of the PTH remain within a narrow band. If the hypercalcemic effects, largely mediated by osteoclasts, could be separated from the bone formative effects, largely mediated by osteoblasts, then the therapeutic window for oral PTH therapy could be increased. In contrast to PTH, calcitonins reduce serum calcium concentrations by interacting directly with osteoclasts resulting in reduction in the bone resorptive surface area by osteoclasts and reduction in net bone resorption. Due to a decrease in plasma calcium concentration there is a corresponding decrease in urinary calcium concentrations, a known risk factor for nephrolithiasis. The present invention describes a method for orally administering PTH which broadens the therapeutic window for PTH administration and allows for the oral administration of greater PTH dosages without the potentially toxic hypercalcemic side effects.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method for orally administering an effective dose of PTH comprising orally co-administering to a patient in need of PTH an effective amount of a PTH and an effective amount of a calcitonin.  
         [0006]     Administration of PTH to primates results in increased plasma concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone and serum calcium. Conversely the administration of salmon calcitonin (sCT) to primates results is an increase in serum sCT concentrations and a reduction in serum calcium. It has now been found that the oral administration of a combination of PTH and calcitonin, while resulting in similar PTH and calcitonin plasma concentration levels as those attained upon administrations of each agent alone; quite surprisingly results in reduction of serum calcium concentrations to the level observed with calcitonin alone. In effect, the calcitonin negates the hypercalcemic effect of the PTH while attaining the same reduction in serum calcium obtained when calcitonin is administered alone, in the absence of PTH. Administering calcitonin with PTH therapy allows the additional therapeutic effects of the presently precluded PTH doses without the hypercalcemic side effects. Additionally, the calcitonin provides an analgesic effect which is useful in off-setting the bone pain usually associated with administration of PTH.  
         [0007]     The invention is also directed to a method of stimulating new bone formation comprising orally administering to a patient in need of new bone formation a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH and a therapeutically effective amount of a calcitonin.  
         [0008]     In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of treatment or prevention of osteoporosis comprising orally administering to a patient in need of said treatment or prevention a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH and a therapeutically effective amount of a calcitonin.  
         [0009]     The invention is also directed to a composition suitable for oral delivery comprising a PTH and a calcitonin, e.g. for simultaneous, concurrent or sequential administration of the PTH and calcitonin.  
         [0010]     The invention is further directed to use of PTH and calcitonin for the preparation of an orally administrable medicament for the stimulation of new bone formation, e.g. for simultaneous, concurrent or sequential oral administration of the PTH and calcitonin.  
         [0011]     The invention is yet further directed to a kit for the stimulation of new bone formation comprising PTH and calcitonin suitable for oral administration together with instructions for the oral administration thereof, e.g. for simultaneous, concurrent or sequential oral administration of the PTH and calcitonin.  
         [0012]     Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]     The parathyroid hormone or PTH can be the full length, 84 amino acid form of parathyroid hormone, e.g. the human form, hPTH (1-84), or any polypeptide, protein, protein fragment, or modified fragment, i.e. PTH-related peptides and PTH analogs, capable of mimicking the activity of hPTH (1-84) in controlling calcium and phosphate metabolism to build bone in the human body. The PTH fragments will generally incorporate at least the first 28 N-terminal residue and include PTH (1-28), PTH (1-31), PTH (1-34), PTH (1-37), PTH (1-38) and PTH (1-41) or analogues thereof, e.g. PTS893. The PTH can be a single PTH or any combination of two or more PTHs. These parathyroid hormones are commercially available or can be obtained recombinantly, by peptide synthesis, or by extraction from human fluid by methods well established in the art.  
         [0014]     The calcitonin for use in the instant invention can be any calcitonin, including natural, synthetic or recombinant sources thereof, as well as calcitonin derivatives such as 1,7-Asn-eel calcitonin. Various calcitonins, including salmon, pig and eel calcitonin are commercially available and commonly employed for the treatment of e.g. Pagefs disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy and osteoporosis. The calcitonin can comprise a single calcitonin or any combination of two or more calcitonins. The preferred calcitonin is synthetic salmon calcitonin.  
         [0015]     The calcitonins are commercially available or may be obtained by known methods.  
         [0016]     The amount of PTH to be administered is generally an amount effective to stimulate new bone formation i.e. a therapeutically effective amount. This amount will necessarily vary with the age, size, sex and condition of the subject to be treated, the nature and severity of the disorder to be treated and the like. However, the amount can be less than that amount when a plurality of the compositions are to be administered, i.e., the total effective amount can be administered in cumulative dosage units. The amount of PTH can also be more than the effective amount when the composition provides sustained release of the pharmacologically active agent. The total amount of PTH to be used can be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art. However, in general, satisfactory results will be obtained systemically at daily dosages of from about 0.001 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg animal body weight, preferably 1 μg/kg to about 6 μg/kg body weight.  
         [0017]     The appropriate dosage of calcitonin to be administered will, of course, vary depending upon, for example, the amount of PTH to be administered and the severity of the condition being treated. However, in general, satisfactory results will be obtained systemically at daily dosages of from about 0.5 μg/kg to about 10 μg/kg animal body weight, preferably 1 μg/kg to about 6 μg/kg body weight.  
         [0018]     The oral administration can be accomplished regularly, e.g. once or more on a daily or weekly basis; intermittently, e.g. irregularly during a day or week; or cyclically, e.g. regularly for a period of days or weeks followed by a period without administration.  
         [0019]     The co-administration of PTH and calcitonin includes simultaneous, concurrent, or sequential administration of the two compounds. Simultaneous administration means administration of the two compounds in a single dosage form; concurrent administration means administration of the two compounds at about the same time but in separate dosage forms; and, sequential administration means administration of one of the compounds, after which the other is administered. Sequential administration may also take the form of simultaneous or concurrent administration of the two compounds, followed by cessation of the simultaneous or concurrent administration and then continued administration of one of the two compounds alone.  
         [0020]     The oral administration of the PTH and calcitonin according to the instant invention can be accomplished in any known manner, e.g. as a liquid or solid dosage forms.  
         [0021]     The liquid dosage forms include solution emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the PTH and/or calcitonin, the liquid formulations may also include inert excipients commonly used in the art such as, solubilizing agents such as ethanol; oils such as cottonseed, castor and sesame oils; wetting agents; emulsifying agents; suspending agents; sweeteners; flavorings; and solvent such as water.  
         [0022]     The solid dosage forms include capsules, soft-gel capsules, tablets, caplets, powders, granules or other solid oral dosage forms, all of which can be prepared by methods well known in the art. In addition to the PTH and/or calcitonin, these solid dosage forms generally include a pharmaceutically acceptable delivery agent for the PTH and/or calcitonin.  
         [0023]     Suitable delivery agents are any one of the 123 modified amino acids disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,536 or any one of the 193 modified amino acids described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,647 or any combination thereof. The contents of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,773,647 and 5,866,536 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In addition, the delivery agent can be the disodium salt of any of the aforementioned modified amino acids as well as ethanol solvates and hydrates thereof. Suitable compounds include compounds of the following formula I  
                         
 
 wherein 
 
         [0024]     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, —OH, —NR 6 R 7 , halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy;  
         [0025]     R 5  is a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16 alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl(arylene), or substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C 1 -C 12 alkylene); and  
         [0026]     R 6  and R 7  are independently hydrogen, oxygen, or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; and hydrates and alcohol solvates thereof. The compounds of formula I as well as their disodium salts and alcohol solvates and hydrates thereof are described in WO 00/059863, along with methods for preparing them.  
         [0027]     The preferred delivery agents are N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)-8-aminocaprylic acid (5-CNAC), N-(10-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino)decanoic acid (SNAD), N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyUamino)caprylic acid (SNAC) and their monosodium and disodium salts, ethanol solvates of their sodium salts and the monohydrates of their sodium salts and any combinations thereof. The most preferred delivery agent is the disodium salt of 5-CNAC and the monohydrate thereof.  
         [0028]     The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention typically contain a delivery effective amount of one or more of the delivery agents, i.e. an amount sufficient to deliver the PTH and/or calcitonin for the desired effect. Generally, the delivery agent is present in an amount of 2.5% to 99.4% by weight, more preferably 25% to 50% by weight of the total composition.  
         [0029]     The compositions may additionally comprise additives in amounts customarily employed including, but not limited to, a pH adjuster, a preservative, a flavorant, a taste-masking agent, a fragrance, a humectant, a tonicifier, a colorant, a surfactant, a plasticizer, a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, a flow aid, a compression aid, a solubilizer, an excipient, a diluent such as microcrystalline cellulose, e.g. Avicel PH 102 supplied by FMC corporation, or any combination thereof. Other additives may include phosphate buffer salts, citric acid, glycols, and other dispersing agents.  
         [0030]     The composition may also include one or more enzyme inhibitors, such as actinonin or epiactinonin and derivatives thereof; aprotinin, Trasylol and Bowman-Birk inhibitor.  
         [0031]     Further, a transport inhibitor, i.e. a p-glycoprotein such as Ketoprofin, may be present in the compositions of the present invention.  
         [0032]     The solid pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention can be prepared by conventional methods e.g. by blending a mixture of the active agent or active agents, the delivery agent, and any other ingredients, kneading, and filling into capsules or, instead of filling into capsules, molding followed by further tableting or compression-molding to give tablets. In addition, a solid dispersion may be formed by known methods followed by further processing to form a tablet or capsule.  
         [0033]     Preferably, the ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention are homogeneously or uniformly mixed throughout the solid dosage form.  
         [0034]     The oral administration of the present invention may be to any animal in need thereof, including, but not limited to, mammals, such as rodents, cows, pigs, dogs, cats, and primates, particularly humans.  
         [0035]     The following examples serve to further illustrate the invention.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0036]     The following capsules are prepared as follows:  
         [0037]     Capsules prepared from 400 mg 5-CNAC disodium salt/800 mcg sCT/800 mcg PTH (Capsule 1A)  
         [0000]     Capsules prepared from 400 mg 5-CNAC disodium salt/800 mcg PTH (Capsule 1B)  
         [0000]     Capsules prepared from 400 mg 5-CNAC disodium salt/800 mcg sCT (Capsule 1C)  
         [0000]     Capsules prepared from 800 mcg PTH (Capsule 1D)  
         [0038]     The PTH is PTH fragment 1-34, commercially available. The sCT is salmon calcitonin. The capsules are all prepared as dry blends by weighing out the individual components blending them together to make a homogeneous mix and then hand filling 400 mg of the mix into each capsule. For the PTH only capsules, the PTH is weighed out and 400 mg placed directly into each capsule.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
     Primate Administration  
       [0039]     The capsules prepared in Example 1 are administered to Rhesus monkeys as follows: four monkeys in a group are each dosed with one capsule prepared as in Example 1 as follows:  
         [0040]     The Rhesus monkeys fast overnight prior to dosing and are restrained in chairs fully conscious, for the duration of the study period. The capsules are administered via a gavage tube followed by 10 mL of water.  
         [0041]     Blood samples are collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after administration. Plasma salmon calcitonin and plasma PTH are determined by radioimmunoassay. The primate plasma salmon calcitonin (sCT) and PTH results from each group of monkeys are averaged and the maximum mean plasma calcitonin are calculated and reported in Tables 1-5 
                                                                                                                             TABLE 1                           SALMON CALCITONIN and PTH       SCT PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS (pg/mL) AFTER       ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO THE RHESUS MONKEY       Dose: 1 capsule 1A            Animal   Time [hours]            no.   0   0.25   0.50   0.75   1   1.5   2   3   4   5   6                    S961   0   27   39   54   49   39   26   12   0   0   0       S983   0   386   747   628   774   802   811   305   174   36   0       S985   0   470   502   603   648   634   521   204   73   40   32       E56   0   251   270   273   246   171   124   49   19   0   11       Mean   0   284   389   389   429   411   370   143   66   19   11       SD   0   194   304   276   339   365   364   137   78   22   15       SEM   0   97   152   138   170   182   182   68   39   11   8                 LLOQ = 11 pg/mL, concentrations below LLOQ were set to zero.             
 
         [0042]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SALMON CALCITONIN and PTH 
               
               
                 PTH PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS (pg/mL) AFTER 
               
               
                 ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO THE RHESUS MONKEY 
               
               
                 Dose: 1 Capsule 1A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Time [hours] 
               
             
          
           
               
                 no. 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 0.50 
                 0.75 
                 1 
                 1.5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 S961 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 S983 
                 0 
                 175 
                 309 
                 181 
                 202 
                 226 
                 213 
                 75 
                 34 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 S985 
                 0 
                 133 
                 206 
                 261 
                 299 
                 252 
                 175 
                 75 
                 29 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 E56 
                 0 
                 89 
                 124 
                 158 
                 144 
                 105 
                 90 
                 61 
                 35 
                 28 
                 0 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 0 
                 99 
                 160 
                 156 
                 168 
                 153 
                 119 
                 53 
                 25 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                 SD 
                 0 
                 75 
                 131 
                 98 
                 113 
                 105 
                 95 
                 36 
                 17 
                 14 
                 0 
               
               
                 SEM 
                 0 
                 37 
                 65 
                 49 
                 57 
                 52 
                 47 
                 18 
                 8 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   LLOQ = 25 pg/mL, concentrations below LLOQ were set to zero.    
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0043]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SALMON CALCITONIN 
               
               
                 CALCIUM PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS (pg/mL) AFTER 
               
               
                 ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO THE RHESUS MONKEY 
               
               
                 Dose: 1 Capsule 1C 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Time [hours] 
               
             
          
           
               
                 no. 
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 R944 
                 0.00 
                 −3.08 
                 −6.54 
                 −8.99 
                 −13.89 
                 −12.88 
                 −13.75 
               
               
                 S966 
                 0.00 
                 −9.74 
                 −17.30 
                 −23.43 
                 −24.86 
                 −31.27 
                 −30.70 
               
               
                 S945 
                 0.00 
                 −2.36 
                 −2.81 
                 −7.24 
                 −9.75 
                 −11.23 
                 −11.96 
               
               
                 S961 
                 0.00 
                 −7.00 
                 −12.92 
                 −13.06 
                 −18.69 
                 −18.27 
                 −23.91 
               
               
                 GP943 
                 0.00 
                 −1.54 
                 −7.97 
                 −10.36 
                 −17.23 
                 −13.50 
                 −12.60 
               
               
                 S9510 
                 0.00 
                 −9.16 
                 −12.05 
                 −15.07 
                 −20.16 
                 −22.49 
                 −26.07 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 0.00 
                 −5.48 
                 −9.93 
                 −13.02 
                 −17.43 
                 −18.27 
                 −19.83 
               
               
                 SD 
                 0.00 
                 3.61 
                 5.17 
                 5.82 
                 5.21 
                 7.59 
                 8.06 
               
               
                 SEM 
                 0.00 
                 1.47 
                 2.11 
                 2.38 
                 2.13 
                 3.10 
                 3.29 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0044]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PTH 
               
               
                 PTH PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS (pg/mL) AFTER 
               
               
                 ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO THE RHESUS MONKEY 
               
               
                 Dose: 1 Capsule 1B 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Time [hours] 
               
             
          
           
               
                 no. 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 0.50 
                 0.75 
                 1 
                 1.5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 R944 
                 0 
                 83 
                 191 
                 300 
                 360 
                 262 
                 154 
                 35 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 S963 
                 0 
                 127 
                 332 
                 663 
                 1258 
                 150 
                 34 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 0 
                 105 
                 262 
                 482 
                 809 
                 206 
                 94 
                 17 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 SD 
                 0 
                 31 
                 100 
                 257 
                 635 
                 79 
                 85 
                 25 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 SEM 
                 0 
                 22 
                 71 
                 182 
                 449 
                 56 
                 60 
                 17 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0045]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PTH 
               
               
                 PTH PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS (pg/mL) AFTER 
               
               
                 ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO THE RHESUS MONKEY 
               
               
                 Dose: 1 Capsule 1D 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Animal 
                 Time [hours] 
               
             
          
           
               
                 no. 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 0.50 
                 0.75 
                 1 
                 1.5 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R927 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 S982 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 SD 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 SEM 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   LLOQ = 25 pg/mL, concentrations below LLOQ were set to zero.    
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]     As can be seen from the data in Tables 1-5, the sCT and PTH plasma levels are essentially the same whether the compounds are administered separately or together. However, the oral administration of a combination of PTH and calcitonin, while resulting in similar PTH and calcitonin plasma concentration levels as those attained upon administrations of each agent alone; quite surprisingly results in reduction of serum calcium concentrations to the level observed with calcitonin alone.  
         [0047]     The foregoing embodiments and examples are given merely to illustrate the instant invention and are not intended to be limiting. Numerous other embodiments and variations are within the scope of the invention and readily accessible to those skilled in the art.