Abstract:
A method of isolating a section of a drilled bore containing a problem zone comprises: providing a section of tubing; locating the tubing in the section of the bore; and expanding the tubing and forming at least an outer portion of the tubing to conform to irregularities in the bore wall, to isolate the problem zone. The tubing may feature a formable outer section, and the expansion of the tubing may be achieved using a compliant rotary expander.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/328,500, filed Dec. 24, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,066,259, which claims priority to GB 0131019.2, filed on Dec. 27, 2001. Each of the aforementioned related patent applications is herein incorporated by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to bore isolation, and in particular to methods and apparatus for use in isolating a section of a drilled bore, or sealing the wall of a section of a drilled bore. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   In the oil and gas exploration and production industry, wells are created by drilling bores from surface to access subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs. A drill bit is mounted on the end of a string of drill pipe which extends from the surface. The string and bit may be rotated from surface, or the bit may be rotated by a downhole motor. Drilling fluid or “mud” is pumped through the drill string from the surface, to exit the string at the bit. The fluid carries the cuttings produced by the drill bit to surface, through the annulus between the drill string and the bore wall. 
   The drilled “open” bore is lined with metallic tubing, known as casing or liner, which is secured and sealed in the bore by injecting a cement slurry into the annulus between the liner and the bore wall. 
   Often, a drilling operation will encounter a “loss zone”, typically a void or an area of porous or fractured strata or a formation in which the in situ pressure regime is lower than in the other exposed zones. When drilling through a loss zone, large volumes of drilling fluid may be lost, at great expense and inconvenience. The loss of drilling fluid may also result in a significant differential fluid pressure between the drill string and the annulus, during drilling and indeed any other downhole operation, which has significant implications for operational safety and operation of conventional downhole tools and devices. 
   Furthermore, some production zones, such as fractured carbonate reservoirs, act as loss zones. Thus, following completion of a bore, and before oil is produced, much of the drilling fluid lost into the reservoir during drilling must be removed, by “back-producing”, which is both time consuming and expensive. 
   A further difficulty when a drilled bore crosses a loss zone is that it is difficult to place and successfully cement a conventional bore liner across the zone; the loss zone prevents the cement from being placed across the liner. 
   As noted above, fractured carbonate reservoirs which are one of the producing formations for oil can act as multiple loss zones. However, to obtain increased production rates, it is desirable that a well accesses a large area of reservoir and thus may intersect many loss zones. Thus, if the first fracture encountered cannot be isolated, by lining and cementing, due to losses, the well cannot be drilled further, and the well can only be produced from this first fracture, limiting production. 
   A different but related problem is encountered when a drilled bore intersects a relatively high pressure, or “over pressured” zone, which may result in undesirable and possibly uncontrolled flow of fluid into a bore. This flow of fluid into the bore disrupts the normal circulation of drilling fluid, and may have well control implications as the density of the fluid column changes. Furthermore, the reliance on increasing the drilling fluid pressure to retain fluid in the over pressured zone by, for example, using relatively dense drilling fluid, limits the ability to drill the bore beyond the over pressured zone, since fluid losses may occur into other exposed zones which are naturally of a normal or sub-normal pressure regime. 
   It is among the objectives of embodiments of the present invention to obviate or mitigate these difficulties. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of isolating a section of a drilled bore, the method comprising the steps of: 
   providing a section of tubing; 
   locating the tubing in a section of a bore; and 
   expanding the tubing by moulding at least an outer portion of the tubing to conform to irregularities in the bore wall, to isolate at least a portion of the bore wall. 
   A second aspect of the invention relates to apparatus for use in implementing the method. 
   The invention has particular application in isolating problem zones, such as loss zones, over pressured zones, water-producing zones, or a section of bore where a mechanical collapse has occurred or is considered likely to occur, and thus the section of tubing will typically be located in a section of bore across such a problem zone. 
   Preferably, the tubing wall comprises a structural layer and an outer relatively formable layer for contact with the bore wall; the outer layer may be deformed on contact with the bore wall to provide a contact area which follows the irregularities of the bore wall, and preferably to provide a hydraulic seal between the tubing and the bore wall. Typically, the structural layer will be metallic, such as a steel or other alloy, but may be of any appropriate material. Typically, the formable layer will be of an elastomer, but may also be a relatively soft metal or other malleable material. In certain embodiments, the outer layer may be formed of a material which swells or expands in situ. Such swelling or expansion may be temperature dependent, and take advantage of the elevated temperatures normally experienced downhole, or may be in response to the presence of a reactant or catalyst, or an energy input. In one embodiment, a swelling elastomer may be utilised, which swells through contact with hydrocarbon fluids. 
   Preferably, the tubing is expanded beyond its yield point, such that the expansion of the tubing is retained by the tubing itself. In other embodiments, the tubing may not reach yield during expansion and may be provided with some other means or mechanism for retaining the desired expanded form. 
   Preferably, the tubing is located in a bore below an existing section of bore-lining tubing. An upper end of the expanded tubing overlaps the existing tubing, and is most preferably sealed thereto. However, in other embodiments the tubing may be located solely within an open portion of the bore, and does not overlap with any existing tubing. 
   Preferably, the method further comprises drilling below an existing section of bore-lining tubing to a larger diameter than the inner diameter of the existing tubing. This may be achieved by, for example, use of an expandable or bicentred bit, or by means of an underreamer. This allows tubing placed below the existing tubing to be expanded to a diameter similar to or larger than that of the existing tubing, such that there is no significant loss in bore diameter. 
   Preferably, the method further comprises drilling a lower portion of the section of bore to a larger diameter than an upper section of the bore, and expanding a lower portion of the tubing to a larger expanded diameter than an upper section of the tubing. This larger diameter portion may then be utilised to accommodate the upper end of a further tubing section, such that a further tubing section may be installed without loss of hole size. 
   Preferably, the tubing is expanded using a variable diameter expansion device, that is a device which is capable of expanding the tubing to a variety of different diameters, and thus accommodate irregularities in the bore wall and maintain the expanded tubing in contact with a large area of the tubing wall. Most preferably, a compliant rotary or rolling expander is utilized, that is an expander which comprises at least one expansion member, and typically a plurality of expansion members, which operate independently and are biased radially outwardly to engage and expand the tubing as the expander is rotated or otherwise translated through the tubing. Such an expander is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,457,532, which corresponds to our earlier application WO00/37766, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, an axially translatable compliant expander may be utilized, such as sold by the applicant under the ACE trade mark, and examples of which are described in U.S. Patent Publication 20030127774, which claims priority to our application GB 0128667.3, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The use of such expanders in open hole applications offers numerous advantages over conventional cone or swage expansion devices, with which it is not possible to obtain full circumferential contact with the surrounding bore wall, and thus not possible to achieve sealing contact with the bore wall. 
   In other embodiments, a fixed diameter expansion device, such as a cone or mandrel, may be utilised to expand the tubing, in such a case the moulding of the outer surface of the tubing to the bore wall may be achieved by provision of a formable outer portion on the tubing, or an outer portion which swells or otherwise expands in situ. 
   In certain embodiments two or more expansion devices may be provided, and the expansion devices may differ, for example a fixed diameter expansion device may be utilised in combination with a compliant expansion device. 
   In other embodiments, cement may be injected into the annulus between the tubing and the bore wall. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  are schematic representations of steps in the process of isolating a problem zone, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Reference is made to  FIGS. 1 and 2  of the drawings, which illustrate, somewhat schematically, a method of isolating a problem formation in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A bore  10  has been drilled through a formation or zone  12 , which may take the form of a loss zone, over pressured zone, water producing zone, or a mechanically unstable zone. The zone is located beyond the lower end of a previously installed and cemented casing  14 . Modern surveying techniques are such that the presence of the zone will likely have been predicted, such that the operator will be equipped and prepared to deal with the problem zone, as described below. 
   In this example the operator has been drilling the bore beyond the casing  14  to a diameter corresponding to the inner diameter of the casing. However, in the vicinity of the problem zone  12 , the bore is drilled to a larger diameter, for example by means of a bi-centre bit, to a diameter closer to the outer diameter of the casing  14 . Furthermore, for a section beyond the problem zone  12 , the bore has been drilled to a still larger diameter. It should also be noted that the lower portion of the annulus between the casing  14  and the bore wall is substantially free of cement, as may be achieved using the apparatus and methods disclosed in applicant&#39;s PCT/GB01/04202 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/956,717 filed on Sep. 20, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,725,917, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
   A section of tubing, in the form of a patch  16 , is then run into the bore  10 , and positioned across the problem zone  12 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , the upper end of the patch  16  overlapping the lower end of the casing  14 . The patch  16  features an inner structural steel layer  18 , and an outer formable elastomer layer  20 . The patch  16  is run into the bore on a running string provided with a compliant rotary expander  22 , which features a number of radially movable piston-mounted rollers  24 . 
   By supplying hydraulic fluid at elevated pressure to the interior of the expander  22 , the rollers  24  are radially extended to contact the inner surface of the patch. The actuated expander  22  is then rotated within the patch  16 , which causes the patch  16  to expand into contact with the inner face of the casing  14  and then expand the casing  14 , such that the inner diameter of the patch  16  may be expanded to a similar diameter to the unexpanded casing  14 . The expander then continues through the patch  16 , expanding the remainder of the patch into intimate contact with the bore wall. The degree of expansion provided by the expander is selected to be sufficient to urge the outer face of the patch  16  into the inner wall of the casing, and then the bore wall, with some degree of force, such that the outer elastomer layer  20  forms a seal with the casing  14  and is deformed and is moulded to conform to the irregular bore wall. Furthermore, as a compliant expander  22  is being utilised, any substantial variations in bore wall profile may be accommodated by expanding the structural layer  20  to different extents. 
   The expander  22  continues its progress through the patch  16 , such that the expanded patch follows the profile of the bore wall, forms a hydraulic seal with the bore wall, and isolates the problem zone. 
   The provision of the “oversize” bore in the vicinity of the problem zone allows expansion of the patch  16  to a diameter corresponding up to and beyond the diameter of the unexpanded casing  14 , such that the presence of the patch  16  does not result in a loss of bore diameter. Furthermore, if a further patch is required (shown in chain-dotted outline), this may be run into the bore to overlap with the existing patch within the lower over-expanded portion of the patch  16 , such that there is no loss of bore diameter experienced at the overlap. 
   It will thus be apparent to those of skill in the art that this embodiment of the present invention provides an effective and convenient means for isolating problem formations in a well, without requiring use of cement or other curable fluids. 
   It will further be apparent to those of skill in the art that the embodiment described above is merely exemplary of the present invention, and that various modifications and improvements may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, in another embodiment, the patch may be located in a section of open hole, spaced from any existing casing. In such a case, it is preferable that the bore is enlarged to accommodate the patch such that patched bore wall has a substantially constant diameter despite the presence of the expanded patch. In the example described, the tubing is solid-walled throughout its depth; in other embodiments, it may be possible to provide a tubing having at least a structural element of slotted or perforated tubing.