Abstract:
An optical module for an atomic oscillator uses a quantum interference effect. The optical module includes a light source adapted to emit light including a fundamental wave having a center wavelength, and sideband waves of the fundamental wave, a wavelength selection section receiving the light from the light source, and adapted to transmit the sideband waves out of the light input, a gas cell encapsulating an alkali metal gas, and irradiated with light transmitted through the wavelength selection section, and a light detection section adapted to detect an intensity of light transmitted through the gas cell. The wavelength selection section includes an etalon and a temperature control section adapted to control temperature of the etalon.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to an optical module for an atomic oscillator and an atomic oscillator. 
     2. Related art 
     In recent years, an atomic oscillator using CPT (Coherent Population Trapping) as one of quantum interference effects is proposed, and miniaturization of an apparatus and reduction in power consumption are expected. The atomic oscillator using the CPT is the oscillator using a phenomenon (EIT phenomenon: Electromagnetically Induced Transparency) in which when two resonant lights having wavelengths (frequencies) different from each other are simultaneously irradiated to an alkali metal atom, the absorption of the two resonant lights is stopped. For example, JP-A-2009-89116 (patent document 1) discloses an atomic oscillator using CPT, which includes an optical module including a light source to emit coherent light, a gas cell in which alkali metal atoms are enclosed, and a light-receiving element to detect the intensity of light passing through the gas cell. 
     In the atomic oscillator using the CPT, for example, a semiconductor laser is used as a light source. In the atomic oscillator using the semiconductor laser as the light source, for example, the drive current of the semiconductor laser is modulated so that a sideband wave is generated in the light emitted from the semiconductor laser and the EIT phenomenon is caused. 
     However, the light emitted from the semiconductor laser in which the drive current is modulated includes not only the sideband wave but also a fundamental wave (carrier wave) which does not contribute to the EIT phenomenon and has a center wavelength. When the fundamental wave is irradiated to the alkali metal atom, there is a case where the wavelength (frequency) of light absorbed by the alkali metal atom is changed (AC Stark effect), and the stability of frequency of the atomic oscillator is reduced. 
     SUMMARY 
     An advantage of some aspects of the invention is to provide an optical module for an atomic oscillator, which can obtain the atomic oscillator having high frequency stability. Another advantage of some aspects of the invention is to provide an atomic oscillator including the optical module. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1 
     This application example of the invention is directed to an optical module for an atomic oscillator is an optical module for an atomic oscillator using a quantum interference effect. The optical module includes a light source adapted to emit light including a fundamental wave having a center wavelength, and sideband waves of the fundamental wave, a wavelength selection section receiving the light from the light source, and adapted to transmit the sideband waves out of the light input, a gas cell encapsulating an alkali metal gas, and irradiated with light transmitted through the wavelength selection section, and a light detection section adapted to detect an intensity of light transmitted through the gas cell. The wavelength selection section includes an etalon and a temperature control section adapted to control temperature of the etalon. 
     According to this application example of the invention, the optical module is used for the atomic oscillator using the quantum interference effect. The optical module includes the light source, the wavelength selection section, the gas cell and the light detection section. The light source emits the first light including the fundamental wave having the center wavelength, and the sideband waves of the fundamental wave. The wavelength selection section selects the sideband waves from the light from the light source. The wavelength selection section includes the etalon and the temperature control section to control the temperature of the etalon. The alkali metal gas is encapsulated by the gas cell and the light transmitted through the wavelength selection section is irradiated to the gas cell. The light detection section detects the intensity of the light transmitted through the gas cell. 
     Since the wavelength selection section selects the sideband waves from the light from the light source, the intensity of the fundamental wave can be reduced or the fundamental wave can be eliminated. This can suppress or prevent the fundamental wave, which does not contribute to the EIT phenomenon, from being irradiated to the alkali metal atom. Accordingly, a frequency change due to the AC Stark effect can be suppressed, and the atomic oscillator having high frequency stability can be provided. 
     Further, since the wavelength selection section includes the temperature control section to control the temperature of the etalon, the wavelength selection section can change the wavelength selection characteristic (wavelength range selected by the etalon) of the etalon by a thermooptical effect. By this, the wavelength selection section can correct a shift in the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon due to a manufacture error, an environmental change or the like, and can accurately select and emit the sideband waves from the light from the light source. As a result, the atomic oscillator having high frequency stability can be provided. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 2 
     It is preferable that in the optical module for an atomic oscillator, the temperature control section includes a resistive element, and controls the temperature of the etalon by controlling a current to be applied to the resistive element. 
     According to the optical module as stated above, the wavelength selection section includes the resistive element. The temperature of the etalon is controlled by controlling the current to be applied to the resistive element. Accordingly, the wavelength can be selected by the simple structure. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 3 
     It is preferable that in the optical module for an atomic oscillator, the light source is a surface emitting laser. 
     According to the optical module as stated above, the light source is the surface emitting laser. Accordingly, as compared with a case where the light source is an end-face emitting laser, a current for obtaining a gain can be reduced. As a result, the power consumption of the optical module can be reduced. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4 
     It is preferable that the optical module for an atomic oscillator further includes an optical element adapted to make the light emitted from the light source enter the etalon. 
     According to the optical module as stated above, the light emitted from the light source can be efficiently guided to the etalon. Accordingly, the light can be efficiently used. 
     APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5 
     This application example of the invention is directed to an atomic oscillator including the optical module for an atomic oscillator according to the application example of the invention and a frequency control circuit. 
     The atomic oscillator as stated above includes the optical module for the atomic oscillator according to the application example of the invention. Accordingly, the atomic oscillator can suppress the frequency variation due to the AC Stark effect and can raise the frequency stability. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be described with reference to accompanying drawings, where in like numbers reference like elements. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a function of an atomic oscillator of an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2A  is a view for explaining a Λ-type three-level model of an alkali metal atom and a relation between a first sideband wave and a second sideband wave, and  FIG. 2B  is a view for explaining a frequency spectrum of a first light generated by a light source. 
         FIG. 3  is a view for explaining a frequency spectrum of a second light emitted from a wavelength selection unit. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing a structure of the atomic oscillator. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic perspective view showing a main part of an optical module. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Incidentally, in the following respective drawings, scales of respective members are made different from actual ones so that sizes of the respective members are large enough to be recognizable. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a function of an atomic oscillator of an embodiment. First, an optical module and the atomic oscillator of the embodiment will be described. An atomic oscillator  1  is an oscillator using an quantum interference effect, and the atomic oscillator  1  includes an optical module  2  and a control unit (a control section)  50 . 
     In the optical module  2 , a light source  10 , a wavelength selection unit (a wavelength selection section)  20 , a gas cell  30  and a light detection unit (a light detection section)  40  are connected in this order. The light source  10  generates a first light L 1  including a fundamental wave F having a center wavelength (center frequency), and a first sideband wave W 1  and a second sideband wave W 2  having wavelengths different from each other. 
     The wavelength selection unit  20  selects the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  from the first light L 1 , and emits them as a second light L 2 . The wavelength selection unit  20  includes an etalon  20   a  to select and emit alight within a specified wavelength range, and a temperature control unit (a temperature control section)  20   b  to control the temperature of the etalon  20   a . The temperature control unit  20   b  can change the wavelength range (wavelength selection characteristic) selected by the etalon  20   a  by controlling the temperature of the etalon  20   a.    
     An alkali metal gas is encapsulated by the gas cell  30 , and the second light L 2  is irradiated to the gas cell  30 . The light detection unit  40  detects the intensity of the second light L 2  passing (transmitted) through the gas cell  30 . 
     The control unit  50  controls, based on the detection result of the light detection unit  40 , so that a difference between frequencies of the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  is equal to a frequency corresponding to an energy difference between two ground levels of the alkali metal atom enclosed in the gas cell  30 . The control unit  50  generates a detection signal having a modulation frequency f m  based on the detection result of the light detection unit  40 . The light source  10  modulates the fundamental wave F having a specified frequency f 0  based on this detection signal, and generates the first sideband wave W 1  having a frequency f 1 =f 0 +f m  and the second sideband wave W 2  having a frequency f 2 =f 0 −f m . 
       FIG. 2A  is a view for explaining a Λ-type three-level model of the alkali metal and a relation between the first sideband wave and the second sideband wave.  FIG. 2B  is a view for explaining a frequency spectrum of the first light generated by the light source. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2B , the first light L 1  generated by the light source  10  includes the fundamental wave F having the center frequency f 0  (=v/λ 0 : v is speed of light, λ 0  is the center wavelength of the laser light), the first sideband wave W 1  having the frequency f 1  in an upper sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0 , and the second sideband wave W 2  having the frequency f 2  in a lower sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0 . The frequency f 1  of the first sideband wave W 1  is f 1 =f 0 +f m , and the frequency f 2  of the second sideband wave W 2  is f 2 =f 0 −f m . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B , the frequency difference between the frequency f 1  of the first sideband wave W 1  and the frequency f 2  of the second sideband wave W 2  coincides with the frequency corresponding to the energy difference ΔE 12  between the ground level  1  and the ground level  2  of the alkali metal atom. Accordingly, the alkali metal atom causes the EIT phenomenon by the first sideband wave W 1  having the frequency f 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  having the frequency f 2 . 
     Here, the EIT phenomenon will be described. It is known that the interaction between the alkali metal atom and light can be explained in the Λ-type three-level system model. As shown in  FIG. 2A , the alkali metal atom has two ground levels, and when the first sideband wave W 1  having the wavelength (frequency f 1 ) corresponding to the energy difference between the ground level  1  and the excited level or the second sideband wave W 2  having the wavelength (frequency f 2 ) corresponding to the energy difference between the ground level  2  and the excited level is individually irradiated to the alkali metal atom, light absorption occurs. However, as shown in  FIG. 2B , when the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  in which the frequency difference f 1 −f 2  accurately coincides with the frequency corresponding to the energy difference ΔE 12  between the ground level  1  and the ground level  2  are simultaneously irradiated to the alkali metal atom, a superimposed state of the two ground levels, that is, a quantum interference state occurs, the excitation to the excited level is stopped, and the transparency phenomenon (EIT phenomenon) occurs in which the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  pass through the alkali metal atom. A highly accurate oscillator can be realized by using the FIT phenomenon and by detecting the abrupt change of the light absorption behavior when the frequency difference f 1 −f 2  between the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  is shifted from the frequency corresponding to the energy difference ΔE 12  between the ground level  1  and the ground level  2 . 
       FIG. 3  is a view for explaining a frequency spectrum of the second light emitted from the wavelength selection unit. As compared with the first light L 1 , the second light L 2  is the light in which the fundamental wave F is eliminated or the intensity of the fundamental wave F is reduced. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the second light L 2  includes only the first sideband wave W 1  having the frequency f 1  in the upper sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0  and the second sideband wave W 2  having the frequency f 2  in the lower sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0 . As stated above, in the optical module  2 , the intensity of the fundamental wave F can be reduced or the fundamental wave F can be eliminated by the wavelength selection unit  20 . 
     Next, a more specific structure of the atomic oscillator  1  will be described.  FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing the structure of the atomic oscillator. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the atomic oscillator  1  includes the optical module  2 , a current drive circuit  150  and a modulation circuit  160 . 
     In the optical module  2 , a semiconductor laser  110 , a wavelength selection device  120 , a gas cell  130  and a light detector  140  are connected in this order. 
     The semiconductor laser  110  generates the first light L 1  including the fundamental wave F having the center wavelength, and the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  having wavelengths different from each other. The center frequency f 0  (center wavelength λ 0 ) of the laser light (first light L 1 ) emitted by the semiconductor laser  110  is controlled by a drive current outputted by the current drive circuit  150 , and the laser light is modulated by an output signal (modulation signal) of the modulation circuit  160 . That is, an AC current having a frequency component of the modulation signal is superimposed on the drive current of the current drive circuit  150 , so that the first light L 1  emitted by the semiconductor laser  110  can be modulated. By this, the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  are generated in the first light L 1 . Since the light generated by the semiconductor laser  110  has coherency, the light is suitable for obtaining the quantum interference effect. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2B , the first light L 1  includes the fundamental wave F having the center frequency f 0  (=v/λ 0 : v is speed of light, λ 0  is the center frequency of the first light L 1 ), the first sideband wave W 1  having the frequency f 1  in the upper sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0 , and the second sideband wave W 2  having the frequency f 2  in the lower sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0 . The frequency f 1  of the first sideband wave W 1  is f 1 =f 0 +f m , and the frequency f 2  of the second sideband wave W 2  is f 2 =f 0 −f m . 
     Return is made to  FIG. 4 . The wavelength selection device  120  selects the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  from the first light L 1 , and emits them as the second light L 2 . The wavelength selection device  120  includes an etalon  120   a  to select and emit light within a specified wavelength range, and a temperature control device  120   b  as a temperature control unit to control the temperature of the etalon  120   a.    
     The etalon  120   a  can select and emit the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  from the first light L 1 . By this, the intensity of the fundamental wave F of the first light L 1  incident on the etalon  120   a  is reduced or the fundamental wave F is eliminated, and the second light L 2  can be emitted. That is, as compared with the first light L 1 , in the second light L 2 , the intensity of the fundamental wave F is reduced or the fundamental wave F is eliminated. In the example of  FIG. 3 , the second light L 2  includes only the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2 . 
     The temperature control device  120   b  can change the wavelength range (wavelength selection characteristic) selected by the etalon  120   a  by a thermooptical effect. Here, the thermooptical effect is a phenomenon in which the refractive index of a material for light is changed by application of heat from the outside. Specifically, the temperature control device  120   b  controls the temperature of the etalon  120   a  to change the refractive index of the etalon  120   a , and controls the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon  120   a . Since the wavelength selection device  120  can correct the shift of the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon  120   a  due to a manufacture error or environmental change (heat, light, etc.) by the temperature control device  120   b , the wavelength selection device can accurately select and emit the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  from the first light L 1 . 
     The temperature control device  120   b  may adjust the temperature of the etalon  120   a  based on the output signal of the light detector  140  and may control the wavelength characteristic of the etalon  120   a . In the optical module  2 , the temperature of the etalon  120   a  is adjusted by, for example, a feedback loop passing through the etalon  120   a , the gas cell  130 , the light detector  140  and the temperature control device  120   b , and the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon  120   a  is controlled. 
     Besides, the temperature control device  120   b  may adjust the temperature of the etalon  120   a  based on the previously obtained data of the shift of the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon  120   a  and may correct the shift of the wavelength characteristic of the etalon  120   a.    
     The gas cell  130  is such that a gaseous alkali metal atom (sodium (Na) atom, rubidium (Rb) atom, cesium (Cs) atom, etc.) is enclosed in a container. The gas cell  130  is irradiated with the second light L 2  emitted from the wavelength selection device  120 . 
     When the gas cell  130  is irradiated with two light waves (the first sideband wave and the second sideband wave) having the frequency (wavelength) difference corresponding to the energy difference between the two ground levels of the alkali metal atom, the alkali metal atom causes the EIT phenomenon. For example, when the alkali metal atom is a cesium atom, since the frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the ground level  1  and the ground level  2  of the D 1  line (one of Fraunhofer lines) is 9.19263 ••• GHz, when two light waves having a frequency difference of 9.19263 ••• GHz are irradiated, the EIT phenomenon occurs. 
     The light detector  140  detects the second light L 2  passing through the gas cell  130 , and outputs a signal having a signal intensity corresponding to the amount of detected light. The output signal of the light detector  140  is inputted to the current drive circuit  150  and the modulation circuit  160 . Besides, the output signal of light detector  140  may be further inputted to the temperature control device  120   b . The light detector  140  is not particularly limited, and for example, a photodiode can be used. 
     The current drive circuit  150  generates the drive current having the magnitude corresponding to the output signal of the light detector  140 , and supplies the drive current to the semiconductor laser  110  to control the center frequency f 0  (center wavelength λ 0 ) of the first light L 1 . The center frequency f 0  (center wavelength λ 0 ) of the first light L 1  is finely adjusted by a feedback loop passing through the semiconductor laser  110 , the wavelength selection device  120 , the gas cell  130 , the light detector  140  and the current drive circuit  150  and is stabilized. 
     The modulation circuit  160  generates the modulation signal having the modulation frequency f m  according to the output signal of the light detector  140 . The modulation signal is supplied to the semiconductor laser  110  while the modulation frequency f m  is finely adjusted so that the output signal of the light detector  140  becomes maximum. The laser light emitted by the semiconductor laser  110  is modulated by the modulation signal, and the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  are generated. 
     Incidentally, the semiconductor laser  110 , the wavelength selection device  120 , the gas cell  130  and the light detector  140  respectively correspond to the light source  10 , the wavelength selection unit  20 , the gas cell  30  and the light detection unit  40  of  FIG. 1 . Besides, the etalon  120   a  corresponds to the etalon  20   a  of  FIG. 1 , and the temperature control device  120   b  corresponds to the temperature control unit  20   b  of  FIG. 1 . Besides, the current drive circuit  150  and the modulation circuit  160  correspond to the control unit  50  of  FIG. 1 . 
     In the atomic oscillator  1  having the structure as stated above, the semiconductor laser  110  generates the first light L 1  having the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2 . Unless the frequency difference between the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  accurately coincides with the frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the two ground levels of the alkali metal atom contained in the gas cell  130 , the alkali metal atom does not cause the EIT phenomenon. Thus, the detection amount of the light detector  140  changes very sensitively according to the frequencies of the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2 . Thus, the control of the feedback loop passing through the semiconductor laser  110 , the wavelength selection device  120 , the gas cell  130 , the light detector  140  and the modulation circuit  160  is performed. By this control, the frequency difference between the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  can be very accurately made to coincide with the frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the two ground levels of the alkali metal atom. As a result, since the modulation frequency becomes a very stable frequency, the modulation signal can be made the output signal (clock signal) of the atomic oscillator  1 . 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic perspective view showing a main part of the optical module. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the optical module  2  includes the semiconductor laser  110  and the wavelength selection device  120 . As the semiconductor laser  10 , for example, a surface emitting laser can be used. As compared with an end-face emitting laser, in the surface emitting laser, since a current for obtaining a gain is small, power consumption can be reduced. Incidentally, as the semiconductor laser  110 , the end-face emitting laser may be used. The first light L 1  emitted from the semiconductor laser  110  is condensed by an optical element  170  and is incident on the etalon  120   a . In the illustrated example, the optical element  170  is a lens that condenses the first light L 1  emitted from the semiconductor laser  110  and causes the light to be incident on the etalon  120   a.    
     The etalon  120   a  selects the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  of the first light and allows them to pass through. That is, the etalon  120   a  has a large transmittance for the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2 , and has a small transmittance for the fundamental wave F. By this, the intensity of the fundamental wave F of the first light L 1  incident on the etalon  120   a  is reduced or the fundamental wave F is eliminated, and the second light L 2  can be emitted. That is, as compared with the first light L 1 , in the second light L 2 , the intensity of the fundamental wave F is reduced or the fundamental wave F is eliminated. By this, the second light L 2  becomes as shown in the example shown in  FIG. 3 . That is, the second light L 2  includes only the first sideband wave W 1  having the frequency f 1  in the upper sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0 , and the second sideband wave W 2  having the frequency f 2  in the lower sideband with respect to the center frequency f 0 . 
     Return is made to  FIG. 5 . The etalon  120   a  is disposed above a heating element  122  of the temperature control device  120   b . Incidentally, the positional relation between the etalon  120   a  and the heating element  122  of the temperature control device  120   b  is not particularly limited. The etalon  120   a  selects the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  from the incident first light L 1  and can allow them to pass through. 
     The temperature control device  120   b  includes the heating element  122  for supplying heat to the etalon  120   a . When the temperature of the etalon  120   a  is changed by the heat supplied from the temperature control device  120   b , the thermooptical effect occurs, the refractive index of the etalon  120   a  is changed, and the wavelength selection characteristic (wavelength range selected by the etalon) of the etalon  120   a  is changed. The heating element  122  is, for example, a resistor (a resistive element) that generates heat by current flow. The temperature control device  120   b  controls the amount of current flowing through the heating element  122  (resistor) to adjust the temperature of the heating element  122 , and can control the temperature of the etalon  120   a . Incidentally, the temperature control device  120  has only to be capable of controlling the temperature of the etalon  120   a , and is not particularly limited, and a heat generating device such as a well-known hot plate may be used. 
     As described above, according to the optical module  2  and the atomic oscillator  1  of the embodiment, the following effects can be obtained. 
     (1) According to the embodiment, the wavelength selection device  120  can reduce the intensity of the fundamental wave F of the first light L 1  or can eliminate the fundamental wave F. This can suppress or prevent the fundamental wave F, which does not contribute to the EIT phenomenon, from being irradiated to the metal atom. Accordingly, the frequency variation due to the AC Stark effect can be suppressed, and the atomic oscillator  1  having high frequency stability can be provided. 
     (2) According to the embodiment, the wavelength selection device  120  includes the temperature control device  120   b  to change the wavelength range selected by the etalon  120   a . Thus, the shift of the wavelength selection characteristic (wavelength range selected by the etalon) of the etalon  120   a  due to a manufacture error or environmental change (heat, light, etc.) can be corrected. Accordingly, the wavelength selection apparatus  120  can accurately select and emit the first sideband wave W 1  and the second sideband wave W 2  from the first light L 1 . 
     (3) According to the embodiment, the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon  120   a  depends on the length of the etalon  120   a . In a manufacture process of the etalon  120   a , the length of the etalon  120   a  is difficult to accurately determine, and a manufacture error can occur in the etalon  120   a . Even in such a case, since the wavelength selection device  120  includes the temperature control device  120   b , the shift of the wavelength selection characteristic due to the manufacture error can be corrected. 
     (4) According to the embodiment, the temperature control device  120   b  can change the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon  120   a  by the thermooptical effect caused by the heat generated by the temperature control device  120   b . By this, the wavelength selection characteristic of the etalon  120   a  can be easily controlled. Further, the temperature control device  120   b  is constructed to include the heating element (resistor). Accordingly, the structure of the wavelength selection device  120  can be made simple. 
     (5) According to the embodiment, in the optical module  2 , the semiconductor laser  110  can be made the surface emitting laser. As compared with the end-face emitting laser, in the surface emitting laser, since a current for obtaining a gain is small, power consumption can be reduced. 
     (6) According to the embodiment, the optical element  170  to cause the first light L 1  emitted from the semiconductor laser  110  to be incident on the etalon  120   a  is provided. By this, the first light L 1  generated by the semiconductor laser  110  can be efficiently guided to the etalon  120   a.    
     (7) According to the embodiment, the atomic oscillator  1  includes the optical module  2  having high frequency stability. Accordingly, the atomic oscillator  1  can raise frequency stability. 
     Although the embodiments of the invention re described in detail as described above, it would be easily understood for a person skilled in the art that many modifications can be made without substantially departing from the novel matter and effects of the invention. Accordingly, all of such modified examples are included in the scope of the invention. 
     The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-064031, filed Mar. 23, 2011 is expressly incorporated by reference herein.