Abstract:
This invention provides an extremely porous xerogel dried at vacuum-to-below supercritical pressures but having the properties of aerogels which are typically dried at supercritical pressures. This is done by reacting the internal pore surface of the wet gel with organic substances in order to change the contact angle of the fluid meniscus in the pores during drying. Shrinkage of the gel (which is normally prevented by use of high autoclave pressures, such that the pore fluid is at temperature and pressure above its critical values) is avoided even at vacuum or ambient pressures.

Description:
This is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 07/861,057, filed on Apr. 1, 1992, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is in the field of extremely porous materials such as aerogels and more particularly to aerogels and processes for making aerogels having ultra-fine microstructure and extraordinary properties such as very high insulation qualities. Xerogels are made by the removal of fluid from a fluid-containing gel when the solvent is removed by evaporation and normally exhibit a lower amount of porosity. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Aerogels and xerogels are extremely porous materials representing the lower end of the density spectrum of man-made materials. Densities as low as 0.003 g/cm 3  have been reported for silica aerogels [L. W. Hrubesh, Chemistry and Industry, 24 (1990) 824]. These fascinating materials have numerous unique properties as a result of their ultra-fine microstructure. Aerogels with the porosities in the range of 0.85 to 0.98 may be transparent and translucent. The porosity is defined as the fraction of the sample volume which is pores. Aerogels exhibit strong Rayleigh scattering in blue region and very weak in red region. In the infrared (IF) region of electromagnetic spectrum, the radiation is strongly attenuated by absorption leading to application in radioactive diode systems, which effectively transmit solar radiation but prevent thermal IR leakage [J. Fricke and R. Caps in Ultrastructure Processing of Advanced Ceramics: ed. J. D. Mackenzie and D. R. Ulrich (Wiley, New York, 1988)]. Unusual acoustic properties (sound velocity as low as 100 m/s) suggests use in impedance matching and other acoustic applications. Aerogels with a refractive index of 1.015 to 1.06 cover the region not occupied by any gas or solid resulting in applications in high energy physics. 
     Silica aerogels with their thermal conductivities as low as 0.02 W/mK (0.01 W/mK when evacuated) find application in superinsulation systems [J. Fricke in Sol-Gel Technology for Thin Films, Fibers, Performs, Electronics and Speciality Shapes: Ed. L. C. Klein (Noyes Publications, Park Ridge N.J., 1988)]. Fricke has described several aerogel applications based on their insulating properties. They include reduction of heat losses through windows, energy-effective greenhouses, translucent insulation for solar collectors, and solar ponds for long-term energy storage. Fricke has also discussed the mechanism for thermal transport through aerogel tiles and the efforts of density and gas pressure on their thermal conductivity. 
     Since aerogels are made by sol-gel processing, their microstructure may be tailored to optimize properties desired for specific applications. Various precursors, including metal alkoxides, colloidal suspensions, and a combination of both under several mechanisms of gelation may be used to synthesize gels [C. J. Brinker and G. W. Scherer, Sol-Gel Science (Academic Press, San Diego, 1990)]. By varying aging conditions such as time, temperature, pH, and pore fluid, the parent wet gel microstructure may be altered [P. J. Davis, C. J. Brinker and D. M. Smith, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids; P. J. Davis, C. J. Brinker, D. M. Smith and R. A. Assink, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids; R. Deshpande, D. W. Hua, C. J. Brinker, and D. M. Smith, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids]. In addition to metal oxide gels such as silica, aerogels may be made from wet precursor gels which contain both inorganic and organic components or from organic gels. For the composite gels, the organic and inorganic phases may be mixed on different length scales such that the organic component resides solely on the internal pore surface, is incorporated into the spanning gel structure, or forms a separate (from the inorganic phase) gel structure. 
     The conversion of the wet gel to a dried aerogel or xerogel requires the removal of large quantities of solvent. As solvent is removed, the gel tends to shrink as a result of capillary pressure. The capillary pressure generated during drying is related to the pore fluid surface tension, y LV , and contact angle, θ, between the fluid meniscus and pore wall as follows, 
     
         P.sub.c =-(2y.sub.LV cosθ)/r                         (1) 
    
     where r is the pore radius. For submicron capillaries, such as in silica gels, very large stresses are developed during drying. Aerogel synthesis involves the reduction of capillary pressure by lowering the surface tension, y LV , to avoid shrinkage of the wet gel during drying. 
     Aerogels are not new materials. They were first reported by Kistler almost 60 years ago [S. S. Kistler, Nature, 127 (1931) 741]. However, recent advances in sol-gel processing technology along with increasing environmental concern have regenerated interest in energy conservation and alternate thermal insulation applications. The most common method of making aerogels involves directly removing the pore fluid above its critical point (for ethanol T c  =243° C., P c  =63 bar). The critical point is a chemical specific point on the pressure-temperature phase diagram and at temperature and pressure above the critical point values, a liquid and gas cannot coexist but rather, a supercritical fluid will. This avoids liquid-vapor menisci and thus, capillary stresses during drying and essentially preserves the wet gel structure. An alternate low temperature method involves replacing the pore fluid with liquid CO 2  and then removing CO 2  above its critical point (T c  =31° C., P c  =73 bar). All of these prior approaches require high pressure supercritical processing to reduce shrinkage. 
     Although aerogels exhibit very unique properties, they suffer from several drawbacks for commercial applications. An important disadvantage is their high processing cost because of the need for high pressures associated with supercritical drying of monoliths which require large autoclaves. For the high temperature process significant chemical and physical changes in gel structure can occur as a result of the greatly accelerated rates of aging and changes in the equilibrium behavior of various reactions whereas the low temperature carbon dioxide exchange process is limited to certain pore fluids, since they must be miscible in liquid CO 2 . 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention involves the production of a material which has the properties of a supercritically dried aerogel but with a non-supercritical process. By treating either inorganic metal oxide gels of the general formula M x  O y  such as silica (SiO 2 ) and alumina (Al 2  O 3 ), composite inorganic-organic gels of the general formula R x  M y  O z , or organic gels, in the wet state before drying with surface modification agents or compounds of the form R x  MX y  where R are organic groups such as CH 3 , C 2  H 5 , etc. and X is a halogen, usually Cl, so that significant changes in the subsequent drying of the gels at non-supercritical pressures are obtained which leads to greatly reduced shrinkage during drying. 
     The presence of the organic groups on the internal surface of the pores and the proper selection of the final solvent from which the gel is dried results in a contact angle of the fluid in the pore of near 90°. This reduces the capillary pressure to near zero (see Equation 1). Thus, in contrast to high pressure supercritical drying which manipulates the surface tension of the pore fluid to lower capillary pressure during drying, the arrangement of this invention changes the contact angle to lower capillary pressure. The process consists of a series of aging, washing, and/or surface modification steps which are undertaken upon a wet gel before drying. In one embodiment of the invention, water in the water/alcohol mixture initially contained in the wet gel is removed by solvent exchange with either a protic (i.e. alcohol) or aprotic (i.e., acetone) solvent to remove water. The wet get is then placed in a mixture of the surface modification compound (R x  MX y ) and a solvent in which it is soluble such as benzene or toluene. After reaction, the gel is again washed with a protic or aprotic solvent and the gel is dried at sub-critical pressure (e.g., vacuum to ambient to sub-critical pressure). Sub-critical is defined as any pressure less than the critical pressure for the fluid, P c . In this manner, high porosity (0.60&lt;porosity) and low density (density&lt;0.3 g/cm 3 ) ambiently dried gels (xerogels) are obtained with properties essentially the same as supercritically-dried aerogels. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Reference is now made to the drawings in which 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of fluid contained in a pore. Depending upon the fluid and the surface modification of the pore wall, the degree of wetting changes which causes a significant change in the fluid meniscus shape and hence, magnitude of capillary pressure. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph depicting variation of pore volume with final pore fluid surface tension for conventional high temperature (ethanol) and low temperature (carbon dioxide) supercritically-dried aerogels, for conventional xerogels dried from pore fluids of different surface tensions, and the ambient pressure, surface modified gels processed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing a comparison of the pore size distributions obtained for dried gels processed using the surface modification, ambient pressure processing in accordance with the invention and xerogels which were not surface modified and dried from different solvents; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing a change in sample weight and sample length during drying for surface modified, ambient pressure gel processed in accordance with the invention, illustrating the initial shrinkage followed by expansion of the gel during the final stages of drying; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph showing water intrusion illustrating the hydrophobic nature of surface modified gels, described in Example 1, in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph showing hexane imbibition into dried gels with the same pore size. The much slower rate of imbibition for the surface modified gel demonstrates the lower capillary pressure and contact angle closer to 90°. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the invention inorganic metal oxide gels such as silica (SiO 2 ) and alumina (Al 2  O 3 ) and of the general formula M x  O y  or inorganic-organic composite gels of the formula R x  M y  O z  or organic gels are treated in the wet state before drying with a suitable surface modification compound. Such compound may take the form R x  MX y  where R are organic groups such as CH 3 , C 2  H 5 , etc. and X is a halogen, usually Cl. In accordance with the invention, the surface modification compound greatly reduces shrinkage during drying. As described earlier, capillary pressure causes the gel to collapse during drying. 
     By decreasing the magnitude of the capillary pressure, less shrinkage is obtained during drying. Because the surface area of wet gels is very high (10-2000 m 2  /g), a significant fraction of the atoms in the gel will be surface species. For a metal oxide gel, the surface will be terminated with either hydroxyl (OH) or alkoxy (OR) groups. In prior art drying processes, these surface groups react to produce MOM bonds via water producing condensation (MOH+MOH&lt;-&gt;MOM+H 2  O) or alcohol producing (MOH+MOR&lt;-&gt;MOM+ROH) reactions. These MOM bonds thus retain the structure of the collapsed wet gel and, disadvantageously, do not allow the gel to expand after the capillary pressure is released, i.e., the gel is dried. In accordance with the invention by capping these surface MOH and MOR surface groups with surface modification compounds of the form R x  MX y , the surface becomes covered with unreactive MR x  groups. Advantageously, the unreactive MR x  groups increase the contact angle of the fluid meniscus in the pores of the wet gel and prevent condensation reaction during drying. While surface modification groups have previously been employed to modify the surface properties of material to make them hydrophobic, such groups are employed in this invention for a much different purpose--they are used to modify the contact angle of the fluid meniscus in the pores during drying to minimize shrinkage of the gel. 
     The process used in accordance with the invention consists of a surface modification step which is undertaken upon a wet gel before drying. The wet gel may be produced via hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides, gelling of particulate or colloidal metal oxides, gelation of organic precursors, or a composite of these approaches. A series of aging steps to increase wet gel strength and washing steps to remove water from the wet gel since water reacts with the surface modification compound, may be used before the surface modification step. 
     If water is contained in the wet gel, it may be removed by solvent exchange with either a protic (i.e. alcohol) or aprotic (i.e., acetone, hexane) solvent. The wet gel is then placed in a mixture of the surface modification compound (R x  MX y ) and a solvent in which the surface modification compound is soluble and which is miscible with the solvent in the gel. A wide range of solvents such as benzene, toluene, and hexane may be used. The surface modification compound reacts with hydroxyl groups on the surface as: (eg. R 3  MCl+MOH→MOMR 3  +HCl). After the reaction is completed, the gel is again washed with a protic or aprotic solvent and the gel is dried at pressures less than the critical point (vacuum to sub-critical pressure) and typically at ambient pressure. As a consequence of the surface modification, the wetting angle θ is much larger and the meniscus shape is flatter as shown in FIG. 1. This results in significantly lower capillary pressure during drying than would exist for a gel not modified in accordance with the invention. As a result of the lower capillary pressure, little linear shrinkage occurs during drying. The small degree of shrinkage (less than 5% of the sample length) results in low density, high porosity dried gels. For a gel not modified in accordance with the invention, the linear shrinkage under the same drying conditions would exceed 30%. In this manner, in accordance with the invention high porosity (0.60&lt;porosity&lt;0.95) low density (0.1&lt;density&lt;0.3 g/cm 3 ) dried gels (xerogels) are obtained with properties essentially the same as supercritically-dried aerogels. Specific processes and the resultant dried gel properties in accordance with embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the following Examples. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________EXAMPLE #1 Surface Modification and Drying of Alkoxide-derived Silicagel:Complete Washing Before ModificationSilica gel via two-step base catalysis of TEOS (B2 gel)Step 1:    TEOS stock solution preparation tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS),    ethanol,    water, and HCL acid in the molar ratio 1:3:1:0.0007 under constant    reflux    for 1.5 hours at 333 K.    i.e. 61 ml TEOS    61 ml Ethanol    4.87 ml Water    0.2 ml 1M HCL acid.Step 2:    10 Ml of TEOS stock solution was gelled by adding 1 ml of 0.05M    NH.sub.4 OH. Gelation occurred at approximately 1.5 hours at 310 K in    glass    bottles.__________________________________________________________________________Aging and Washing1)  After gelation the sample was aged 22 hours at 310 K.2)  Samples were washed 5 times with excess (approx. 10 times the volume    of gel samples) absolute ethanol at 310 K. Each washing cycle was 24    hours each.__________________________________________________________________________Surface Modification and Washing1)  Surface modification using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) where R is    CH.sub.3,    x is 3, M is Si, X is C1, and y is 1. Surface modification of the    ethanol    washed samples was carried out by shaking these samples with an    excess    amount of 10 volume % TMCS in Benzene for 48 hours at room    temperature.2)  Unreacted surface modification compound was removed by washing the    gels with an excess amount of an aprotic solvent. This was achieved    by    shaking the samples with the solvent for 48 hours at room    temperature.    Different solvents used at this step were as follows:__________________________________________________________________________ID      Aprotic (Surface Tension, dyne/cm)__________________________________________________________________________115C    THF (23.1)115D    Acetone (23.7)115E    Benzene (29)115F    Acetonitrile (29.3)115G    1:4 Dioxane (33.6)__________________________________________________________________________Drying1)  Excess aprotic solvent was drained and samples were dried at ambient    pressure for 24 hours at room temperature followed by at 323 K and    373    K for 24 hours each.__________________________________________________________________________Surface Tension   Surface Area Pore Vol.                       Av. Pore Radius(dyne/cm)   (m.sup.2 /g)          (cm.sup.3 /g)                  Porosity                       (nm)__________________________________________________________________________23.1    869.4  2.259   0.82 5.9523.7    843.7  2.23    0.82 5.2829.0    850.3  2.23    0.82 5.2429.3    837.1  2.25    0.82 5.3733.6    826.9  2.62    0.84 6.33End of Example #1__________________________________________________________________________EXAMPE #2 Surface Modification and Drying of Alkoxide-derived Silicagel:Drying from AcetoneWet Silica gel via two-step base catalysis of TEOS (B2 gel)Step 1:    TEOS stock solution preparation tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS),    ethanol,    water, and HCl acid in the molar ratio 1:3:1:0.0007 under constant    reflux    for 1.5 hours at 333 K.    i.e. 61 ml TEOS    61 ml Ethanol    4.87 ml Water    0.2 ml 1M HCl acid.Step 2:    10 ml of TEOS stock solution was gelled by adding 1 ml of    0.05M NH.sub.4 OH. Gelation occurred at approximately 1.5 hours at    310 K    in plastic cylindrical molds.__________________________________________________________________________Aging and Washing1)  After gelation the sample was aged 22 hours at 310 K, followed by 24    hour aging at 323 K.2)  The sample was washed once with excess (approx. 10 times the volume    of gel samples) Acetone at 310 K. Each washing cycle was 24__________________________________________________________________________    hours.Surface Modification and Washing1)  Surface modification using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) where R is    CH.sub.3, x is 3, M is Si, X is Cl, and y is 1. Surface modification    of acetone    washed sample was carried out by shaking these samples with excess    amount of 10 volume % TMCS in Benzene for 48 hours at room    temperature.2)  Unreacted surface modification compound was removed by washing the    gel with an excess amount of an aprotic solvent. This was achieved    by    shaking the samples with the solvent for 48 hours at room    temperature.    One solvent used at this step was:__________________________________________________________________________ID      Aprotic (Surface Tension, dyne/cm)__________________________________________________________________________756-11  THF (23.1)__________________________________________________________________________Drying1)  Excess aprotic solvent was drained and the sample was dried at    ambient    pressure for 24 hours at room temperature followed by at 323 K and    373    K for 24 hours each.__________________________________________________________________________ResultsSurface area = 851.6 m.sup.2 /gPore volume = 4.14 cm.sup.3 /g (Measured via bulk and skeletal density)Porosity = 0.89Average pore radius = 9.72 nmEnd of Example #2__________________________________________________________________________EXAMPLE #3 Surface Modification of Particulate Silica gel/Drying fromAproticsParticulate Silica Gel PreparationSilica gel was prepared by changing the pH of a solution of particulatesilica toapprox. 5.5 by addition of HCl acid. Solutions containing 40 wt % silica(Ludox) in watergelled in approx. 1 hour while 32% wt % silica solutions gelled inapprox. 1.5 hours.__________________________________________________________________________Aging and Washing1)  After gelation the sample was aged 22 hours at 310 K, followed by 24    hour aging at 323 K.2)  Samples were washed once with excess (approx. 10 times the volume of    gel samples) Acetone at 310 K. Each washing cycle was 24__________________________________________________________________________    hours.Surface Modification and Washing 1a)    Surface modification using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) where R is    CH.sub.3, x is 3, M is Si, X is Cl, and y is 1. Modification of    Acetone washed    samples was carried out by shaking these samples with an excess    amount    of 10 volume % TMCS in Benzene for 48 hours at room temperature. 1b)    Surface modification using trichloromethylsilane (TCMS) where R is    CH.sub.3, x is 1, M is Si, X is Cl, and y is 3. Modification of    Acetone washed    samples was carried out by shaking these samples with an excess    amount    of 10 volume % TCMS in Benzene for 48 hours at room temperature.2)  Unreacted surface modification compound was removed by washing the    gels with excess amounts of an aprotic solvent. This was achieved by    shaking the samples with the solvents for 48 hours at room    temperature.    The aprotic solvent used at this stage was n-hexane.__________________________________________________________________________Drying1)  Excess aprotic solvent was drained and the samples were dried at    ambient    pressure for 24 hours at room temperature followed by at 323 K and    373    K for 24 hours each.__________________________________________________________________________ResultsPorosity = 0.8End of Example #3__________________________________________________________________________Example #4 Organic-Inorganic Composite Gel by the Substitution of a GelStructure Modifier for Tetraethyl orthosilicate: Organic Phase on PoreSurfacePreparation of wet gel by two-step base-catalysis of TEOS and MTEOSStep 1:    TEOS stock solution was modified by the partial substitution of    methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS) for tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS).    Two    stock solutions were prepared, regular TEOS stock solution and 50/50    TEOS/MTEOS. Preparation of the MTEOS stock solution consists of    using a ratio of TEOS/MTEOS equal to 0.5 based on the amount of Si.    TEOS, MTEOS, Ethanol, water, and HCl acid in the molar ratios of    1:1:8:2:0.0014 were refluxed for 4 hours at 333 K.    i.e. 30.5 ml TEOS    27.3 ml MTEOS    64.2 ml Ethanol    4.87 ml Water    0.2 ml 1M HClStep 2:    Different percentages of the MTEOS gels were prepared by mixing    different ratios of the TEOS stock solution and MTEOS stock__________________________________________________________________________    solution.% Modified Ester   TEOS stock                     50/50 Stock__________________________________________________________________________10                 8      220                 6      430                 4      640                 2      850                 0      10__________________________________________________________________________Step 3:    10 ml of the modified stock solution was gelled by adding 1 ml of    0.5M    NH.sub.4 OH. Gelation occurred in the range of 30 minutes to 10 hours    in    plastic cylinders at 310 K. Gelation time increased with increasing    modification with MTEOS.__________________________________________________________________________Aging and Washing1)  After the samples were gelled at 310 K they were aged at 323 K    for 24 hours.2)  The samples were washed three times in three hours with excess    absolute ethanol at 323 K, followed by two washings with hexane    in two hours. After the second hexane wash, the samples were    kept at 323 K for 24 hours in hexane.__________________________________________________________________________Surface Modification and Washing1)  Surface modification was carried out by immersing the wet gel in a    5 vol. % Trimethylchlorosilane in hexane for 24 hours at 323 K.2)  Unreacted TMCS was removed after 24 hours by washing the gel    an additional two times with hexane.__________________________________________________________________________Drying1)  Excess hexane was drained and the gel was dried at 310 K, 323 K,    and 413 K for 24 hours each.__________________________________________________________________________Results   % Modified Ester            Bulk Density (g/cc)__________________________________________________________________________   20       0.18   50       0.21End of Example #4__________________________________________________________________________Example #5 Organic-Inorganic Composite Gel by the Substitution of a GelStructure Modifier for Tetraethyl orthosilicate: Organic PhaseIncorporated in GelBridging StructurePreparation of wet gel by two-step base catalysis of TEOS and BTMSEStep 1:    TEOS stock solution was modified by the partial substitution of 1,2-    Bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTMSE) for tetraethylorthosilicate    (TEOS).    Two stock solutions were prepared, 50/50 BTMSE stock solution    consists    of using a ratio of TEOS/BTMSE equal to 0.5 based on the amount of    Si.    TEOS, BTMSE, Ethanol, water, and HCl acid in the molar ratios of    1:0.5:6:2:0.0014 were refluxed for 4 hours at 333 K. The 100% BTMSE    was calculated using the same molar ratio of Si as in normal 15%    TEOS    stock solution. BTMSE, Ethanol, Water, and HCl in the molar ratios    of    1:6:2:0.0014 were refluxed for 4 hours at 333 K.__________________________________________________________________________i.e. 50/50 BTMSE/TEOS100 BTMSE__________________________________________________________________________   30.50 ml        TEOS 34.28 ml    BTMSE   17.13 ml        BTMSE             87.72 ml    Ethanol   74.37 ml        Ethanol             4.87 ml     Water   4.87 ml        Water             0.2 ml      1M HCl   0.2 ml        1M HCl__________________________________________________________________________Step 2:    Different percentages of the BTMSE gels were prepared by mixing    different ratios of the 50/50 TEOS/BTMSE stock solution and BTMSE    stock solution.__________________________________________________________________________% Modified Ester   50/50 Stock                    BTMSE stock__________________________________________________________________________50                 10    060                 8     270                 6     480                 4     690                 2     8100                0     10__________________________________________________________________________Step 3:    10 ml of the modified stock solution were gelled by adding 1 ml of    0.5M    NH.sub.4 OH. Gelation occurred in the range of one hour to 12 hours    in plastic    cylinders. Gelation time increased with increasing modification with    BTMSE.__________________________________________________________________________Aging and Washing1)  After the samples were gelled at 310 K they wer10 K they were aged at    323 K    for 24 hours.2)  The samples were washed three times in three hours with excess    absolute ethanol at 323 K, followed by two washings of hexane in    two hours. After the second hexane wash, the samples were kept    at 323 K for 24 hours in hexane.__________________________________________________________________________Surface Modification -1)  Surface modification was carried out by immersing the gel in a 5    vol. % Trimethylchlorosilane in hexane for 24 hours at 323 K.2)  Unreacted TMCS was removed after 24 hours by washing the gel    an additional two times with hexane.__________________________________________________________________________Drying1)  Excess hexane was drained and the gel was dried at 310 K, 323 K,    and 413 K for 24 hours each.__________________________________________________________________________   % Modified Ester            Bulk Density (g/cc)__________________________________________________________________________   50       0.26   60       0.27   70       0.27   80       0.29   90       0.32   100      0.32End of Example #5__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The dried gels were characterized by conventional porous material analysis techniques including BET analysis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77K (surface area), analysis of the desorption branch of the nitrogen isotherm (pore size distribution), the difference between the bulk and skeletal densities and/or the total volume of nitrogen condensed at high relative pressure (total pore volume), and the drying characteristics (weight loss and sample length change). The pore volume (V p , the total pore volume per mass of the dried gel) is related to the porosity (ε, the fraction of the total material volume which is porous) by ε=V p  /(V p  +1/ρ t ) where ρ t  is the skeletal density of the solid matrix which is usually measured via helium displacement. For silica gels, ρ t  is approximately 2 g/cm 3  and thus, a pore volume of 2 cm 3  /g corresponds to a solid which is 80% air and a pore volume of 4.5 cm 3  /g corresponds to a solid which is 90% air. 
     The pore volume for a number of silica gels made using the B2 silica gel recipe described above are shown in FIG. 2 and were: 1) surface modified and dried from a variety of solvents at ambient pressure (Example #1), 2) dried from solvents without surface modification at ambient pressure (conventional xerogel process), 3) supercritically dried without surface modification at high temperature from ethanol (conventional aerogel process), and 4) supercritically dried without surface modification at low temperature from carbon dioxide (conventional aerogel process). The pore volumes for the surface modified gels are independent of surface tension and essentially equal to the two different aerogel samples. The pore size distribution for several of the surface modified gels in accordance with the invention is presented in FIG. 3 and shows the same lack of dependence on surface tension. For comparison, two unmodified gels are included to show the collapse (i.e., decrease in pore size) that would normally occur during conventional drying. Nomeally, as a gel is dried, it undergoes a monotonic decrease in size. 
     However, by capping the surface sites in accordance with the invention, our process actually results in a expansion during the final stages of drying as shown in FIG. 4. In carrying out processing in accordance with the invention, the degree of this shrinkage and subsequent recovery in sample size is a function of the surface tension of the fluid and fluid-pore wall contact angle. After surface rnodification, the gels are hydrophobic as compared to conventional gels which are hydrophillic. This is illustrated in FIG. 5. A significant external pressure is required to force water into the pores of the surface modified, ambient pressure gels. For a conventional unmodified aerogel or xerogel, water would rapidly wick into the gel at ambient pressure destroying its mechanical and insulating properties. 
     In order to demonstrate that the capillary 2pressure in surface modified gels made via this process have a lower capillary pressure during drying, imbibition experiments were performed on both modified and unmodified samples. In this experiment, a dried gel is brought into contact with the fluid. The fluid wicks into the dried gel due to capillary pressure. From the rate of uptake, the contact angle is determined. FIG. 6 is a plot of imbibition uptake curves for n-hexane. If the contact angle for both samples was the same, the slopes of the curves would match. The final height is different for the samples because different sample lengths were employed. Contact angles for four different fluids and both modified and not modified gels are shown in Table 1. The contact angle is consistently nearer to 90° (lower capillary pressure) for the surface modified gels. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Contact angles for surface modified gels dried at ambientpressure and unmodified gels dried using supercriticalprocessing.      Surface Modified                    Not Surface ModifiedFluid      (ambient pressure)                    (supercritical)______________________________________ethanol    76.7°, 78.4°                    30.3°, 35.1°acetone    79.3°, 77.2°                    29.1°, 37.2°hexane     89.6°, 82.7°                    41.3°, 48.4°1:4 dioxane      81.1°  66.4°______________________________________ 
    
     Accordingly, it is seen that the invention advantageously provides an extremely low density finely pored gel through an inexpensive process not requiring high pressure, having beneficial and useful insulating and other properties.