Abstract:
A hand held dental instrument for curing light-curable compounds including a housing with a handle portion and a barrel portion configured for being manipulated for positioning a tip end of the barrel portion proximate to a curing site. A plurality of solid state, light-emitting elements are mounted in a collective array to collectively form a beam of light. The array of elements is operable for collectively emitting a beam of light having wavelengths within a band of wavelengths and at a power to cure a dental compound. The array of elements is positioned proximate to the tip end of the barrel portion and the emitted light beam from the array illuminating a curing site. A radiation focusing device is positioned proximate the array of elements at the tip end of the barrel portion to focus the beam of light before it illuminates the curing site.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/690,538, filed Mar. 23, 2007, and entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CURING MATERIALS WITH RADIATION”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/690,538 is, in turn, a continuation of issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,210,930, filed on Sep. 5, 2003, issued May 1, 2007, and entitled “Apparatus and Method for Curing Materials with Radiation”; U.S. Pat. No. 7,210,910 is, in turn, a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,251, filed on Aug. 4, 2000, issued Feb. 17, 2004, and entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CURING MATERIALS WITH LIGHT RADIATION”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,251 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,134, filed on Jan. 20, 1998, issued Mar. 13, 2001, and entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CURING MATERIALS WITH RADIATION”. All applications and patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This application is related to the curing of materials with radiation and, more specifically, to curing dental coating and filling compounds with light. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Curable adhesive compounds and bonding or filling compounds are widely used for structurally connecting object surfaces together or for filling gaps or other openings and cavities in an object surface. Such curable compounds are generally manipulated and positioned in a semi-solid state and are then hardened or cured in position to a more solid state. Such curing or hardening is a chemical process, which is promoted and driven by one or more curing conditions or factors. For example, the curing process may be the result of exposure of the semi-solid compound and components thereof to air or from exposure of such a compound and its components to an energy source, such as a heat source. 
     Other curable adhesive and filling compounds are cured by exposure to radiated energy, such as visible light energy. Such compounds, referred to as light-curable compounds, are manipulated in a semi-solid form into or onto the work surface and radiation, preferably in the form of a visible light beam, is directed at a specific wavelength or band of wavelengths onto the compound. The compound includes light-sensitive chemical components therein, which, when exposed to the light at the specific wavelength, promote the hardening of the compound in the desired position on the object surface to bond, fill, or coat the surface. 
     Specifically, light-curable compounds are widely used in dental procedures. Dentists use light-curable dental compounds for coating and sealing tooth surfaces, filling caries and other cavities in the tooth surface, and securing crowns and various other dental structures to a tooth surface. The dental compounds are generally cured by exposure to visible light in the blue range of the spectrum. Once cured, the dental compound reduces further tooth decay, bonds the dental structure, and/or provides additional structure to a tooth. 
     For curing light-curable dental compounds, visible blue light, and particularly a blue light beam from a hand-held curing light device, is directed onto a tooth surface containing the desired compound layer. The blue light penetrates into the compound layer on the tooth surface for complete curing. The duration of the exposure to blue light for proper curing of the compound layer depends upon the type and thickness of the compound layer, as well as the power and characteristics of the blue light from the curing light device. For example, a thin tooth surface coating or veneer will require less radiated light power, while thicker, deeper fillings for caries and other cavities will require a greater amount of radiated power. 
     Light-curable compounds have shown very beneficial results in the dental field. However, existing techniques and dental curing light devices utilized to deliver the blue light to the tooth surface have exhibited various drawbacks. For example, it is known that certain wavelengths of blue light are harmful to human tissue. While attempts are made to direct the light beam only on to the tooth surface, a certain amount of oral tissue exposure to the light is inevitable. Therefore, curing light devices for curing dental compounds must have their output radiation limited to within a suitable wavelength band for patient safety. Furthermore, the light-curable compounds are usually sensitive to light having a specific wavelength, such as a blue light wavelength. Therefore, a dental curing light device must be tuned to emit light at the proper wavelengths for patient safety and proper curing. 
     As a result, current dental curing light devices require special complicated filtering devices or filters, which receive broad spectrum light from a lamp element, such as a halogen lamp bulb, and then filter the light to provide only the light at the desirable blue wavelengths. Because of the wide spectrum of radiation delivered by available lamp elements, including visible light, UV light, and infra-red light, prior art curing techniques and light devices have generally been very inefficient. That is, a large amount of the radiated light power is lost due to filtering. For example, the input power to a conventional halogen bulb may typically be around 80 Watts, whereas the output power of light from the dental light device at the desired blue wavelength, for example 400-500 nanometers, is typically less than one-half of a Watt. 
     Additionally, the efficiency of the prior art dental curing light devices is further degraded by the power loss due to the angle of incidence of the radiated light upon the filtering element. For example, many prior art curing light devices utilize reflective filters, which reflect only the desirable blue light onto the tooth surface and dental compound, but transmit light at the undesirable wavelengths to a light absorbing component where it is dissipated. If the angle of incidence of the light from the halogen bulb varies significantly from the desired angle of incidence for the filtering element surface (e.g., 45°), then a reduced amount of the desirable blue light is reflected to the tooth surface. This further decreases the light power, which is available for curing the dental compound. Conversely, a higher amount of the undesirable, non-blue light may be reflected onto the tooth surface, rather than being transmitted through the filtering element to be dissipated. 
     Another drawback with prior art devices is that they require complicated cooling systems to operate within the proper temperature range. The significant amount of light energy at undesirable wavelengths, which is generated by the halogen bulb must be filtered or otherwise captured. The captured energy is then dissipated in the form of heat. Therefore, power absorbing and dissipating elements are required within conventional curing light devices. Thermal shields are often utilized in conjunction with reflective filters to absorb and dissipate the unreflected, unused light energy in the form of heat. The high power output required for the halogen bulb to produce the desired blue light power for curing, creates a significantly, high thermal load on the shields. The shields must then be cooled. Generally, fan elements are used in the dental light device to provide such cooling. The additional cooling elements increase the size of the light device and complicate its design. As will be appreciated, it is desirable to keep the light device as small and maneuverable as possible, since it is used in a patient&#39;s mouth. 
     Additionally, a thermal load is placed on the reflective filter element, and it must also be cooled, such as by heat sinks and fans. The absorption devices and heat dissipating systems not only complicate the operation of the light device, but also make it more expensive to produce, and more subject to operational failure. 
     Another drawback of prior art dental curing light devices is the limited operational life of the lamp element, such as a halogen bulb. The bulbs frequently burn out and must be replaced. Furthermore, the heat generated inside the light device shortens the effective operational lifespan of the bulb. 
     Attempts have been made in the prior art to address some of these drawbacks. For example, Japanese Patent Applications No. 6-30275, 6-285508, 7-163863, and 8-194786 disclose various devices using solid state, semiconductor elements, such as LEDs, to provide a curing light source in the blue range. However, various of these devices require complicated internal designs for focusing of the curing light. Furthermore, as illustrated in the Figures of those applications, the solid state elements utilized would require a somewhat large housing for generating the intensity of light, which is necessary for practical use. 
     Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a simple, durable curing light device for hardening or curing light-curable compounds. Particularly, it is an objective to provide such a curing light device for curing dental compounds used for dental fillings and coatings. 
     It is another objective to provide a curing light, which has a compact and simple design, which is capable of providing light intensity useful for practical curing applications. 
     It is still another objective of the present invention to cure compounds with curing light devices utilizing less power and with greater efficiency to reduce the amount of heat energy generated by the device and thus reduce the heat energy, which must be dissipated. 
     It is another objective of the present invention to reduce the operational temperature of a curing light device, thus reducing the need for complicated cooling systems utilized in the prior art. 
     It is still another objective of the invention to eliminate the necessity of reflective filters and other filter elements within a light device for curing light-curable compounds. 
     It is still a further objective to provide a blue light device, which operates within a small space and is easily manipulated within the mouth of a dental patient. 
     It is still another objective to increase the effective operational lifespan of the light generating components of a curing light device. 
     These objectives and various other objectives will become more readily apparent from the Description of the Invention below. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention addresses the above objectives and provides a durable and efficient curing light device to cure light-curable compounds. The invention is particularly useful for curing dental adhesive and filling compounds with blue light. The device is more energy efficient, and generates less heat than prior art devices. Furthermore, a preferred embodiment of the device provides efficient delivery of blue curing light in a simple, durable design and creates new design possibilities for dental curing light devices. 
     More specifically, one embodiment of the curing light device of the present invention comprises an array of solid state, light-emitting diode dies, each in the form of a small, non-packaged semi-conductor junction mounted on a ceramic substrate or circuit board. The array of non-packaged LED dies collectively is operable for efficiently emitting narrow-band radiation in a small area. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the LED dies radiate blue light at predominantly a narrow band with a peak wavelength and, most preferably, at a peak blue light wavelength, which is suitable for curing dental filling and coating compounds. One desirable blue light wavelength peak for dental applications is approximately 470 nanometers. 
     The LED dies of the invention are very small, and do not have any external plastic packaging. Therefore, a very dense array of die elements is provided by the invention for providing a light beam of practical intensity in a very small space. The dies are surface mounted on a ceramic substrate or circuit board by soldering. The topside of each die is then coupled to the circuit by very thin wires in a microscopic procedure called wire-bonding. 
     Preferably, the small LED dies, for example 0.3 mm on a side, are arranged on the substrate in a matrix having a circular shape. Preferably, only 0.25 mm 2  of substrate space is used for mounting each LED. Generally 200-500 LEDs are used for creating the necessary light power needed for curing available dental compounds. However, a lower number of LEDs may be suitable, and in one embodiment of the invention, 96 LED dies provided suitable power for curing a dental compound. 
     Since light is radiated generally only at the desired wavelength, the invention eliminates the need for special light filters and reflective elements. Therefore, the invention simplifies the design and operation of the curing light device. Furthermore, the inventive curing light device is more efficient than prior art devices because the power used by the device are predominantly for light at the specific usable blue wavelength rather than for broad spectrum light. 
     The blue light radiation from the LED array may be captured by a light-transmitting device, such as an optical fiber light pipe, and is transmitted and directed through the light pipe and onto the working surface, such as a tooth surface. The light pipe would preferably be a conventional light pipe formed by fusing together a plurality of optical fibers. One embodiment of such a light pipe maintains a uniform diameter along its length. In another embodiment, a focusing light pipe might be utilized, which gathers the light from the LED array at one end, and transmits the radiation at a smaller or tapered end to further define, and concentrate the curing light beam for use on a smaller work surface. The LED dies and light pipe are positioned within a suitably shaped housing, which is manually manipulated so that the blue light beam may be directed onto the tooth surface for curing purposes. Alternatively, the array of small dies may be positioned on the tip of a curing device to directly irradiate the dental compound instead of using a light pipe. 
     A light-focusing device, such as an optical lens, may be utilized between the array of LED dies and the light pipe for further focusing and directing the light into the light pipe for more efficient transmission onto the tooth surface. Preferably, the lens is a converging-type lens, which focuses the light from the LED array into the small light pipe end. As an alternative to a single large lens, the array of dies may be coated or encapsulated in plastic so that individual micro lenses are formed around each of the dies for focusing the light therefrom. 
     A DC power supply provides power of up to 50 Watts for driving the LED die array. The array generates some heat, and therefore, is mounted on a simple heat sink, which may be utilized with or without a forced air device, such as a fan, to further dissipate the heat. While some heat is generated, the array of surface-mounted LEDs of the inventive curing light device generates substantially less heat than conventional dental curing lights. Furthermore, the elimination of reflective filtering elements and thermal shields further reduces the heat and thermal stresses, which are generated by prior art devices. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, surface-mounted LEDs are utilized. The surface-mounted LEDs are larger than the LED dies discussed above, and thus, will take up more space in an array. The surface-mounted LEDs are preferably arranged in a circular pattern, similar to the LED dies, for a circular light pattern. The array of LEDs is soldered to an appropriate mounting base, such as a printed circuit board. The surface-mounted LED array preferably utilizes a separate lens for focusing the irradiated light. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with a general description of the invention given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a side view in partial cross-section of a curing light device utilizing traditional packaged LEDs. 
         FIG. 1A  is a plan view of an alternative LED array as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 2  is a side view in partial cross-section of one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view taken on lines  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  of an array of light-emitting dies mounted on a substrate. 
         FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a side view in partial cross-section of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 5 and 5A  are side views of alternative embodiments of a light pipe for use in the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view of an alternative array of LEDs utilized in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a curing light device for curing light-curable compounds, such as dental compounds. Such a device utilizes blue light LEDs, such as those available from Panasonic, Model No. LNG997CKB. In  FIG. 1 , device  10  includes a generally gun-shaped plastic housing  12 , which includes a handle portion  14  and a barrel portion  16 . The operator, such as a dentist, grips housing  12  at the handle portion  14  and directs the barrel portion  16  in the direction of the tooth surface and compound to be cured (not shown). For curing dental filling and coating compounds, the dentist would generally direct the barrel portion into the mouth of a patient. The handle portion  14  includes an operational trigger switch  18 , which is operably coupled to a power supply  20  within the barrel portion for selectively supplying power to light-emitting elements  32  to generate a curing light beam, as discussed below. 
     Barrel portion  16  supports a light-transmitting device, such as a light pipe  22 , which is appropriately formed and angled to direct the curing light onto a tooth surface or other work surface. It will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the shape of housing  12  may vary. Barrel portion  16  is shown as solid; however, it might also be vented for heat dissipation purposes as discussed further hereinbelow. The light pipe  22  is preferably removable secured in the end of barrel portion  16  by any suitable method as is known in the art. For example, the light pipe  22  might be screwed into and out of the barrel portion  16 . The housing body  12  is formed of a suitable light-weight plastic material, such as polysulphone. 
     The DC power supply  20  of device  10  is coupled to a conventional base AC source  15 , such as through a cord  13 , as is conventional with dental curing light devices. The base AC source  15  is mounted within a base structure (not shown) for the device, which includes conventional controls for the light device  10 , such as a timer for timing the operational radiation cycle for the device when the trigger switch  18  is engaged. 
     The narrow wavelength band of radiation or light is generated by an array  30  of conventional light-emitting diodes  32 . Preferably, a single wavelength of light is generated, but a narrow wavelength band comprising the single wavelength peak desired would also be suitable. The array  30  creates a field or beam of light  34 , a portion of which is captured by a receiving end  35  of the light pipe  22 . The light beam  34  is transmitted through light pipe  22  as a more narrow beam  36  and is emitted at a transmission end  37  of the light pipe  22  onto a work surface or tooth surface (not shown). 
     In one prototype tested during development of the invention, the inventors utilized nine high-intensity, blue light LEDs  32 , which had integral lenses therein, which produced a 15 degree radiation or viewing angle. Again, suitable LEDs are commercially available from Nichia or Panasonic under Model No. LNG997CKB. The LEDs are considered as blue light LEDs because they generate light at a wavelength of approximately 470 nm, which is blue within the visible light spectrum. Other blue light wavelengths might also be utilized, depending upon the particular curing characteristics of the light-curable compound. 
     The LEDs  32  of the embodiment in  FIG. 1  are mounted on a suitable base  40 , such as G10 (circuit board material), and are arranged in a 3×3 matrix. Each of the LEDs  32  is adjusted individually on the base  40  to concentrate the beam into the receiving end of the light pipe  22 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , some of the LEDs on the outer edges of the array are bent at their electrical leads  33  toward the center of the array to focus the light  34 . The LEDs  32  are electrically coupled to DC power supply  20 . A cooling fan indicated by reference numeral  42  is utilized to surface cool the LEDs  32  and is also powered by supply  20 . 
     In testing the prototype shown in  FIG. 1 , the DC current through the LEDs was increased in several gradations and radiated light energy measurements were taken with a laser power monitor instrument (not shown). The curing ability of the LEDs  32  was checked by using one millimeter thick slices of a light-curable dental compound, such as Kerr Dentin XRV Herculite, which were placed proximate the transmission end  36  of light pipe  22 . At DC current levels of approximately 65 mA, a radiated power level of approximately 30 mW from beam  36  was measured. The dental compound slices were radiated for approximately one minute. Through such experimentation, it was determined that the compound was successfully cured, at least partially. Longer curing times and higher radiation power levels may be necessary for a full cure, depending upon the thickness of the compound. 
     Currently, a number of LED manufacturers, including Panasonic, have made available blue light LEDs, which include semiconductor junctions doped with Silicon Carbide to provide a generally narrow band wavelength light output. A plurality or array of such devices was utilized in the test prototype because they have a relatively low individual power rating, as compared to halogen lamp bulbs. 
     A fan element  42  was utilized in the test prototype shown in  FIG. 1 , although the lack of filtering devices reduces the heat dissipation requirements of curing light device  10 . Since the radiation  34  from the LEDs  32  is generally a single wavelength, or a very narrow band of wavelengths, energy from the unwanted wavelengths of visible light does not have to be dissipated in the form of heat. Therefore, fan element  42  could be eliminated in an alternative test prototype. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates another test prototype LED array for use, such as in the device of  FIG. 1 . Array  23  utilizes individual LEDs  24  having a relatively standard 3.0 mm diameter size. Twenty-one (21) LEDs are shown mounted to base  25  by the wire leads  26  similar to the array in  FIG. 1 . Base  25  is a printed circuit board material, such as G10. The LEDs used in the test array  23  are Panasonic No. LNG997CKB, and the light therefrom was focused to a 15% viewing area into a light pipe similar to that shown in  FIG. 5A . The circular array  23  of LEDs ensures good transmission into a light pipe. Preferably, a cooling fan, as shown in  FIG. 1 , is used to cool array  23 . 
     The array  23  was tested and it was determined that a driving current of approximately 50 mA per LED  24  is optimal. At that current, the array produced an output power of approximately 40 mW. Measuring the output, it was found that the transmission percentage, or relative intensity, for the light array at around 470 nm increases as the drive current increases between 30 mA and 60 mA. 
     While the arrays as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 1A  are sufficient for curing, at least partially, dental compound materials, they are still somewhat large and bulky, generate a relatively substantial amount of heat, and require separate focusing apparatuses. Therefore, there is still a need for a suitable, compact dental curing device, which is efficient, durable, relatively cool, and can provide a density of light generating elements in a small package, which will generate a curing beam of suitable intensity. 
     In accordance with the principles of the present invention,  FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in which a plurality of LED dies are utilized to generate the curing radiation. More specifically, a plurality of LED dies  43  are mounted on a ceramic substrate  44 , such as by soldering. The ceramic substrate, such as alumina, is utilized for providing the necessary cooling of the elements  43  as they operate. The substrate  44 , in turn, is mounted on a heat sink device  46 , having cooling fins  46   a , for further cooling purposes. A forced air element (not shown), such as the fan element  42  in  FIG. 1 , might be utilized for directing or forcing air toward fins  46   a  and over the heat sink  46  to provide further cooling. 
     The LED dies of the invention are made of light-generating semiconductor material, which is not packaged or otherwise covered in plastic. That is, the LED dies of the invention are essentially unpackaged semiconductor junctions for generating the desired light. Therefore, the dies are very small and substantially smaller than conventional LEDs used in the test prototype of  FIGS. 1 and 1A . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the dies  43  are mounted in an array as shown on the generally circular ceramic substrate  44 . Suitable power lines  48  coupled to a DC power supply  20  provide the necessary power for illuminating the devices  43 . The individual dies or chips  43  are generally rectangular in shape and measure approximately 0.3 mm (0.012 inches) on a side, or 0.09 mm 2  in area. Therefore, the area needed in the array for a single die is substantially smaller than the area needed in the array for a conventional LED. The LEDs are mounted side-by-side in a matrix for forming a beam of light. The matrix or array arrangement of the devices  43  is in a circular shape to correspond to the circular shape of ceramic element  44  and the cross-section of barrel portion  16 , which is circular. Furthermore, the circular array of  FIG. 3  generates a generally circular beam of light. Other substrate shapes may be used, depending upon the design of device  10 . It has been determined that each LED die  43  should have approximately 0.5 mm per side, or approximately 0.25 mm 2  of ceramic substrate space for proper mounting, operation, and cooling purposes. 
     Metal tracks (not shown) are formed on the ceramic substrate and the dies  43  are appropriately soldered to the tracks on a bottom side. The top sides of the dies  43 , shown in the view of  FIG. 3 , are coupled to conductive pads by very thin wires (not shown) in a microscopic procedure referred to as wire bonding. The conductive pads  47 , in turn, are coupled to leads  48 . 
     In the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 , 96 LEDs are arranged as shown for providing the necessary curing radiation. Each LED  43  requires approximately 4-5 Volts of DC bias, and are preferably biased in series circuits of four LEDs, for a total of approximately 20 volts DC required per series circuit. The 96 LEDs are thus arranged as 24 series circuits of four LEDs each on substrate  44 . It is important to keep the density of the light beam to a maximum. The LED devices therefore need to be laid out to avoid any blank spots in the beam. The array of 96 LEDs in the arrangement of  FIG. 3  requires a circular area of approximately 8 mm 2  or 0.3125 inches in diameter. 
     The dies  43  of the invention provide a very high density array, which provides suitable curing power in a small area. As discussed, a very large number of individual dies  43  may be mounted in a small area. Suitable dies for the invention are available from CREE Research, Inc., of Durham, N.C., as Part No. C430-DH85. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , each 4 LED series circuit is coupled to the DC power supply  20  through wire leads  48  and conductive pads  47 , which are arranged around the periphery of substrate  44 . 
     It should be appreciated that the spacing of the individual LEDs  43  in the array may be varied as necessary depending upon the size of substrate  44 , the cooling requirements, and the cooling system available. Furthermore, the number of LEDs utilized and the electrical wiring scheme may also vary from that shown in the drawings without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     An array of 96 surface-mounted blue LEDs arranged as shown in  FIG. 3  generated 480 nm blue light at a radiated power level of approximately 30 mW. While the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2  utilizing 96 LEDs is suitable for some curing applications, a greater number of LEDs may be necessary for generating the required power for a wide range of curing conditions. For example, deeper fillings or thicker surface coatings may require additional power. Radiated power levels of approximately 200 mW/cm 2  or greater are generally necessary for curing the available dental compounds. Other intensities may be necessary for curing other light-sensitive compounds. 
     To that end, it is anticipated that the number of elements in the array will be determined by the intensity of the individual dies. A number of dies in the range of 200-500 elements might be used. Elements having the shape and dimensions as discussed above would require approximately 1.25 cm 2  for approximately 500 LEDs. Arranged in a circular shape, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , such an array would be approximately 18 mm (0.7 inches) in diameter. Of course, such size dimensions will vary depending upon the number of elements used as well as heat dissipation considerations and electrical connections and biasing of the elements. 
     The invention provides many advantages over the prior art dental compound curing technology. One particular advantage is that the dies  43  are solid state devices, which have virtually an unlimited life. Furthermore, the radiation or light output from the dies is not degraded toward the end of the useful life of the devices, as generally occurs with the halogen lamp bulbs used in the prior art. Therefore, even up to ultimate failure of the dies, they will provide suitable radiation for curing purposes. The dies  43  further eliminate the need for specific filtering of the undesired wavelengths of broad-spectrum light, which is required with prior art halogen lamp bulbs. The dies  43  preferably provide radiation at a desirable blue light wavelength, for example, 470 nm, or at a desirable blue light band of wavelengths. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , the LED dies  43  preferably are arranged so that as much as possible of the radiation is directed into the receiving end  35  of light pipe  22 . The dies  43  are preferably positioned as close to the receiving end  35  of the light pipe  22  as possible to eliminate, or at least minimize, any loss of radiation. 
     Light pipes or light guides  22  may be commercially available and come in a variety of different sizes; for example in diameters of 8 mm, 11 mm and 13 mm. Generally, such light pipes are formed of a plurality of optical fibers (for example, approximately 5,000 fibers), which are fused together into a single light pipe structure. The light transmitted into the receiving end  35  is then transmitted through the light pipe and is directed out the transmission end  37  as a narrow beam of radiation  36 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the light pipe maintains a uniform diameter from the receiving end  35  to the transmission end  37 . At the transmission end  37 , the light pipe is bent or curved for directing beam  36  in a downward direction onto the work surface, such as a tooth surface. The light pipe  22  is also preferably rotatable in the barrel portion  16  of housing  12  so as to direct the beam  36  in other directions, as necessary with respect to housing  12 . 
     In an alternative embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , a tapered light pipe  50  might be utilized, which has a larger diameter receiving end  52  (e.g. 13 mm), which tapers down to a smaller diameter transmission end  54  (e.g. 6-7 mm). In that way, the light captured in the receiving end  52  is directed to form a more focused or narrow beam  55 .  FIG. 5A  shows another suitable version of a tapered light pipe. Light pipe  56  has a wide receiving end  57 , which tapers to a smaller diameter and transmission end  58 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention, which utilizes a focusing device  70 , which might be utilized when the array of dies  60  generates a beam  65  substantially wider than the receiving end  66  of a light pipe  67 . More specifically, the array of dies  60  is mounted on substrate  62 , which is appropriately coupled to a heat sink element  64  having fins  64   a , and may generate a beam of radiation  65 , which is broader or wider than the receiving end  66  of light pipe  67 . For efficient transfer of the radiation to the light pipe  67  and to prevent a portion of the radiation  65  from being lost, a radiation focusing device  70 , such as an optical lens, may be utilized. Lens  70  is preferably a converging optical lens, which focuses the radiation  65  from the dies to a smaller size beam as shown in  FIG. 4  for efficient transmission into the receiving end  66  of light pipe  67 . In that way, a large percentage of the radiation generated by the elements  60  is received by the light pipe and transmitted thereby for curing purposes. The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4  utilizes the heat sink  64  for dissipation of heat generated by the array of elements  60 . A forced air device (not shown) might also be utilized in conjunction with the heat sink  64  for heat dissipation purposes. The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2  does not utilize a focusing device, such as a lens. However, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, a microlens might be formed over each die to focus the light generated therefrom. The microlenses over the individual dies would be an alternative to the large lens  70  illustrated in  FIG. 4 . To that end, referring to  FIG. 3A , the entire array of dies  43  can be encapsulated in a continuous layer of clear plastic  71 . The layer  71  is formed to create individual curved microlenses  73  over each of the individual dies. The microlenses focus the emitted light toward the fiber optic light guide for more efficient transmission of the blue light. Alternatively, individual layers and microlenses might be formed separately over the dies  43  rather than as part of a one large continuous layer. 
     The use of an array of microlenses  73  will eliminate the need for a larger single lens  70  and thus will produce an even more compact design for the inventive light curing device. Referring to  FIG. 6 , the array of dies  43 , which produces a sufficient intensity and is properly focused using microlenses  73 , could be positioned at the tip  75  of the light curing device  76 . Such a design would eliminate the need for a light pipe and would thus eliminate any loss of power associated with a light pipe. The array of dies  43  would directly illuminate a tooth or dental compound. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the die array is coupled to a power supply  78  by lines  80 . If necessary, a small fan unit  82  might be utilized for cooling purposes. Fan unit  82  is also coupled to power supply  78  by lines  83 . 
     Therefore, depending on the intensity of the individual dies, the number of dies in the array is minimized in accordance with the principles of the invention. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6 , a very small power supply  78  may be utilized to drive the minimized number of dies. A small rechargeable battery pack  84  may be used. The inventive light could therefore be made as small as a fountain pen, similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 7  shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention, which utilizes small packaged surface mountable LEDs in an array for generating the blue light of the invention. Array  90  is generally circular in shape and includes a plurality of surface-mounted LEDs  92 , which are mounted on a base  94  of printed circuit board material, such as G10. The surface-mounted LEDs are commercially available from Nichia and have a generally rectangular surface area on the base  94  of approximately 0.050×0.065 inches. Therefore, the surface-mounted LEDs  92  are larger than the dies illustrated in  FIGS. 2-4 , and would require a larger surface area for the same number of elements in an array. The LEDs  92  are electrically connected in series of 3 LEDs, which are coupled to an appropriate power supply through resistors  96  positioned around the periphery of base  94 . Attachment flanges  98  are used to secure base  94  within a curing light device. While the surface-mounted embodiment will be larger, on average, than the embodiments using dies, such an array will still be smaller than one using conventional, bulky LEDs having large packages and long wire leads. While 126 LEDs are shown in  FIG. 7 , larger or smaller array sizes might be utilized. 
     Thus the present invention provides a small, compact and durable curing device for hardening or curing light-curable materials such dental filling and coating compounds. Because light is generated in a narrow wavelength band of the spectrum, and preferably as close to a single blue light wavelength as possible, reflective filters and other filtering elements are not required within the inventive device for filtering and removing unused radiation generated by the traditional lamp bulbs. Therefore, the inventive device significantly reduces the heat generated within the curing device and eliminates the need for complicated cooling systems. Furthermore, the power efficiency of the device is increased because most if not all of the radiation generated is usable for the purposes of curing. The small size of the radiating dies and surface-mounted LEDs, as well as the elimination of filters and complicated heat dissipation mechanisms provides a curing device, which may be assembled in a housing substantially smaller than conventionally available. Accordingly, the device would be lighter and easier to manipulate for the operator, such as a dentist. Still further, the useful life of the device is increased because of the solid state nature of the dies and surface-mounted LEDs. Furthermore, there will be no degradation in the radiation output toward the end of the useful life of the elements as generally occurs with halogen lamps. As such, the invention provides a variety of new design possibilities for curing devices, and particularly for dental curing devices. 
     While the present invention has been illustrated by the description of the embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details representative apparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departure from the spirit or scope of applicant&#39;s general inventive concept.