Abstract:
The invention provides lighting apparatuses which are power efficient, environment friendly and long lasting and can be manufactured with high degree of speed, accuracy and flexibility. The lighting apparatuses are easily serviceable and can be produced, transported economically and have higher economical value even on completion of life term of the lighting apparatuses. The present invention reduce the waste of raw material thereby utilizing maximum percentage raw material for produce solid state lighting fixtures using CAD and CNC process and provides retrofitting lighting apparatuses which can be replaced without making considerable changes in existing infrastructure.

Description:
PRIORITY INFORMATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/229,152, filed Jul. 28, 2009, for a “Long Lasting, Energy and Thermally Efficient, Customizable Solid-State Lighting Fixtures,” by Desphande, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for its teachings. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to environment friendly general illumination apparatuses. The invention particularly relates to Eco-friendly, long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatuses. 
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    Global concerns have been raised regarding the amount of power consumed by currently used incandescent lamps and high pressure sodium vapor lamps, and by extension, the amount of atmospheric CO2 released due to such power consumption. Also incandescent lamps have shorter life span and use hazardous materials, thus attracting high maintenance costs and are non-friendly to ecosystem and unsustainable by nature. Because of this, solid-state based illumination has received attention as an optimum energy-conserving, eco-friendly light source, of future. 
         [0004]    The proven unsustainability of conventional incandescent lighting sources has led to the change in energy policies across the world. To combat climate change the European Union has agreed to phase out conventional light sources that are energy inefficient. According to an EU Directive, from 1 Sep., 2009 manufacturers and importers may no longer sell incandescent lamps with an output of 80 W (950 lm) or more or which are frosted and not in Energy Class A. Clear lamps with more than 950 lm must achieve at least Energy Class C, and ones with less than 950 lm at least Energy Class E. Lamps in Energy Classes F and G will be banned from 1 Sep., 2009. For the lighting industry there are already phase-out scenarios for household lighting and lighting in the tertiary sector (street, office and industry lighting) and these scenarios are currently being discussed. The less efficient light sources will start being phased out as early as this year. 
         [0005]    Cuba exchanged all incandescent light bulbs for CFLs, and banned the sale and import of them in 2005. Brazil and Venezuela phased out incandescent light bulbs in 2005. In Argentina, selling and importing incandescent light bulbs will be forbidden starting 31 Dec. 2010. In Canada the provincial government has announced intention to ban the sale of incandescent light bulbs by 2012. In USA, federal Clean Energy legislation effectively banned (by January 2014) incandescent bulbs that produce 310-2600 lumens of light. Bulbs outside this range (roughly, light bulbs currently less than 40 Watts or more than 150 Watts) are exempt from the ban. Also exempt are several classes of specialty lights, including appliance lamps, “rough service” bulbs, 3-way, colored lamps, and plant lights. 
         [0006]    Philippines, In February 2008, called for a ban of incandescent light bulbs by 2010 in favor of more energy-efficient fluorescent globes to help cut greenhouse gas emissions and household costs during her closing remarks at the Philippine Energy Summit. 
         [0007]    Switzerland banned the sale of all light bulbs of the Energy Efficiency Class F and G, which affects a few types of incandescent light bulbs. Most normal light bulbs are of Energy Efficiency Class E, and the Swiss regulation has exceptions for various kinds of special-purpose and decorative bulbs. 
         [0008]    The Irish government was the first European Union (EU) member state to ban the sale of incandescent light bulbs. It was later announced that the member states of the EU agreed to a phasing out of incandescent light bulbs by 2012. United Kingdom has enlisted the help of retailers with a voluntary, staged phase out. 
         [0009]    In February 2007 the Australian Federal Government announced the introduction of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for lighting products. 
         [0010]    Though the very unsustainable nature of the incandescent lamps is now well understood by the masses but the alternatives that we currently have e.g. CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) are also not the best choice. 
         [0011]    CFLs, like all fluorescent lamps, contain small amounts of mercury as vapor inside the glass tubing, averaging 4.0 mg per bulb. A broken compact fluorescent lamp will release its mercury content. Safe cleanup of broken compact fluorescent lamps differs from cleanup of conventional broken glass or incandescent bulbs. Because household users in most regions have the option of disposing of these products in the same way they dispose of other solid waste most CFLs are going to municipal solid waste instead of being properly recycled. 
         [0012]    Moreover the cost of CFLs is higher than incandescent light bulbs. Typically this extra cost may be repaid in the long-term as CFLs use less energy and have longer operating lives than incandescent bulbs. However, there are some areas where the extra cost of a CFL may never be repaid, typically where bulbs are used relatively infrequently such as in little-used closets and attics. It is also currently not possible to obtain CFL versions of the range of colours and effects. In the past decade, hundreds of Chinese factory workers who manufacture CFLs for export to first world countries were being poisoned and hospitalized because of being exposed to mercury (The Sunday Times, May 3, 2009). 
         [0013]    To overcome the economic, environmental and health issues associated with the conventional incandescent lights and CFLs (Compact fluorescent lamps), the alternative solution for illumination purposes, use of environment friendly general illumination fixtures based on smart use of solid-state lighting devices. 
         [0014]    Solid-state lighting has the potential to revolutionize the lighting industry. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)—commonly used in signs, signals and displays—are rapidly evolving to provide light sources for general illumination. This technology holds promise for lower energy consumption and reduced maintenance. 
       Characteristic Benefits of Solid State Lighting Include: 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             1. Long life—LEDs can provide 50,000 hours or more of life, in comparison, an incandescent light bulb lasts approximately 1,000 hours. 
             2. Energy savings—the best commercial white LED lighting systems provide more than twice the luminous efficacy (lumens per watt) of incandescent lighting. Colored LEDs are especially advantageous for colored lighting applications because filters are not needed. 
             3. Better quality light output—LEDs have minimum ultraviolet and infrared radiation. 
             4. Intrinsically safe—LED systems are low voltage and are generally cool to the touch. 
             5. Smaller flexible light fixtures—The small size of LEDs makes them useful for lighting tight spaces. 
             6. Durable—LEDs have no filament to break and can withstand vibrations. Last longer than any conventional light source 
             7. Reduced maintenance costs and energy costs 
             8. Focused Lighting—Directed light for increased system efficiency, directional resulting in highly controllable optical systems. 
             9. No moving parts, nothing to break, rupture, shatter, leak or contaminate the environment. 
             10. Green Technology—They emits no ultraviolet rays, infrared heat, and contains no mercury or lead. 
             11. Their long life and small size means far less waste. 
             12. Low Voltage current driven solid-state device operating at voltages as low as 3 VDC. 
             13. Cold Start Capable no ignition problems in cold environments—even down to −40° C. 
           
         
       
     
         [0028]    The term “solid state” refers to the fact that light in an LED is emitted from a solid object—a block of semiconductor—rather than from a vacuum or gas tube, as is the case in traditional incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent lamps. Compared to incandescent lighting, however, SSL creates visible light with reduced heat generation or parasitic energy dissipation, similar to that of fluorescent lighting. In addition, its solid-state nature provides for greater resistance to shock, vibration, and wear, thereby increasing its lifespan significantly. 
         [0029]    SSL devices are based on the semiconductor diode, When the diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. One of the major challenges in using SSL is the management of heat that dissipates from the junction diode. The efficiency of the LED depends largely on its heat-dissipation. The ambient temperature of the surrounding environment has an effect on the performance of the LED by leading to its self-heating. Overdriving it in a high ambient temperature may have an adverse effect on its light-emitting capacity. As the semiconductor die in the LED heats up, the light output of the LED decreases thus reducing its efficiency. Thus over-heating of the LED may lead to a device failure. 
         [0030]    The possible approach to compensate for LED self-heating effect is to design the body of fixture panel of the LED lighting device in a way that it dissipates as much heat as possible. The maximum heat dissipation can be achieved by virtue of the design and material of the lighting fixture panel on which the solid-state lighting devices are mounted upon. 
         [0031]    Some of the inventions which illustrate various designs of the LED based illumination devices are: 
         [0032]    US20080089069 filed by Medendorp teaches a solid state lighting subassembly or fixture which includes an anisotropic heat spreading material. In this invention the said anisotropic heat spreader in thermal contact with the solid state light source and the thermally conductive component of the lighting fixture so as to spread heat from the solid state light source in a preferential direction from the solid state light source to said thermally conductive component. 
         [0033]    US20080062689 filed by Villard teaches an LED lighting fixture which includes a support plate having a first surface and a second surface, a plurality of panels connected to the first surface, in which each panel has an array of LEDs mounted to a planar surface thereof, and a power supply provided on the second surface of the support plate for driving the LED arrays. 
         [0034]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,488,093 to Huang, et al. teaches an LED lamp which includes a frame, LED module, a heat sink and a cover. The LED module has a plurality of LEDs. The heat sink is mounted on the frame. The heat sink is attached to a side of the LED module for dissipating heat generated by the LEDs of the LED module. A heat pipe interconnects the heat sink and the cover. The cover is secured so as to shield a top portion of the heat sink and space from the top portion of the heat sink. In addition to the heat sink which can dissipate the heat generated by the LEDs, the heat is also dissipated by the cover via the heat pipe. 
         [0035]    US20080231201 filed by Higley et al teaches a (LED) lighting fixture which comprising: a main housing having a bottom surface supporting an array of LEDs, a top surface and sides, at least one driver provided in a side housing attached to a side of the main housing to drive the LED array, the thickness of the driver housing equal to or greater than the thickness of the main housing, and plurality of heat spreading fins arranged on the top surface of the main housing. 
         [0036]    The inventions mentioned above do not address the needs of customizability, fast production, maintenance, precision dimensional accuracy and affordability of the SSL fixture based lighting solution. 
         [0037]    Thus, in the light of the above mentioned background of the art, it is evident that, there is a need for a solid-state lighting solution which:
       provides efficient heat dissipation;   can be thermally efficient;   provides efficient power utilization;   can be environmental friendly;   can be custom manufactured with high degree of speed and flexibility;   can be easily serviceable; and   can be easily installed.   is affordable and low cost   can combat global warming       
 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0047]    The principle object of the present invention is to provide lighting solutions which are power efficient, environment friendly and long lasting and can be custom manufactured with high degree of speed, accuracy and flexibility. 
         [0048]    Another significant object of the invention is to provide the solid state lighting apparatuses which can achieve a power factor ratio &gt;0.98 by utilizing a power supply unit to reduce the reactive power. 
         [0049]    It is another object of the present invention to provide the solid state lighting apparatuses which can achieve more than 90% of the light in required area by mounting a lens on solid state lighting sources thereby preventing the scattering of the light in unnecessary areas. The amount of light which goes in undesired planes is minimal 0.01-20%. 
         [0050]    It is another object of the present invention is to provide high degree of flexibility to adapt the design of the fixture according to utility by using CAD and CNC process. 
         [0051]    Another object of the invention is to reduce the waste of raw material thereby utilizing maximum percentage raw material for produce solid state lighting fixtures using CAD and CNC process. 
         [0052]    Still another object of the invention is to provide light weight lighting apparatuses which can be produced and transported economically and have a higher economical scrap value even on completion of life term of the lighting apparatuses. 
         [0053]    Yet another object of the invention is to provide the solid state lighting apparatuses which are easily serviceable, wherein the power supply units are an independent component and can be replaced in case of failures. 
         [0054]    Another object of the invention is to design the fixtures in a manner such that the entire bodies of the fixtures are acting as efficient heat sink, wherein the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates in lateral direction of the fixtures due to thickness (z-axis) of the fixtures in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm and the fixture is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal and the sheet metal material is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. 
         [0055]    Yet another object of the invention is to achieve larger surface area for dissipating heat in the solid state lighting apparatuses by exposing maximum surface area on both bottom and top sides of the fixture in x and y axis. 
         [0056]    Yet another object of the invention is to achieve optimum and homogenous luminous photometry by inclining one or more plane of the fixture including the base plane of the fixture into desired angle, the said angle can be in the range from 0-360 degree. 
         [0057]    Further object of the invention is to provide a photo sensor means which is coupled with AC or DC input power, the said photo sensor means configured to selectively control the power input to the solid state lighting apparatus, wherein the photo sensor means can be Day light sensor or High Accuracy Ambient Light Sensor. 
         [0058]    A still another object of the invention is to provide retrofitting lighting apparatuses which can be replaced without making considerable changes in existing infrastructure. Their design aspects do not require special enclosures of physical infrastructure to be made. Taking an example of a street light, by virtue of the custom built retrofit design, the poles need not to be changed rather the retrofit design of proposed lighting apparatuses can replace the existing hoods. 
         [0059]    Still another object of the invention is to provide lighting apparatuses which can be withstand extreme conditions of weather including rains, dust storms, snow fall, wind and heat. 
         [0060]    A further object of the invention is to provide water proofing up to desired levels (ingress protection) to the lighting apparatuses which are achieved by virtue of its design. 
         [0061]    Yet another object of the invention is to provide lighting apparatuses which are having anodized bodies to achieve corrosion and scratch free surfaces for smooth heat flow. 
         [0062]    Another object of the invention is to protect top side heat dissipating areas of the fixture including primary heat sink and secondary heat sink and heat dissipating panels from any sort of bird droppings and/or any other droppings. 
         [0063]    Before the present apparatuses, and methods enablement are described, it is to be understood that this invention in not limited to the particular apparatuses, and methodologies described, as there can be multiple possible embodiments of the present invention and which are not expressly illustrated in the present disclosure or drawings. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. 
         [0064]    The present invention provides lighting solutions which are power efficient, environmental friendly and long lasting and can be custom manufactured with high degree of speed, accuracy and flexibility. The lighting fixtures of the current invention are also easily serviceable. 
         [0065]    According to one embodiment of the invention, long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatus having customizable design, wherein the said apparatus comprises a fixture having at least one mounting surface, optionally one or more slit, hole or fin, selectively punched on the mounting surface of the fixture for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind. One or more plane of the fixture including the base plane of the fixture can adjustably be inclined to achieve desired photometry. 
         [0066]    The above said fixture is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal, wherein the thermally conductive sheet metal is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. The fixture is manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process; the said fixture is characterized in having;
       i. the entire body of the fixture acting as primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to optimized thickness (z-axis) of the fixture maintained in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm;   ii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iii. a power supply unit enclosed in a housing of fixture, wherein the power supply unit provides required DC or AC voltage to one or more solid state light emitting sources, wherein the required DC or AC voltage can be generated from AC or DC input power;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread in the required area;       
 
         [0071]    At least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) mounted on the mounting surface and at least one solid state light emitting source is mounted on the said MCPCB. Optionally one or more lens mounted on one or more solid state light emitting sources for preventing the scattering of the light in unnecessary areas and thereby directing the light into desired areas. Optionally one or more protective transparent or translucent sheet covering one or more solid state light emitting sources for preventing the insects entering the lighting apparatus wherein the material of the protective transparent or translucent sheet can be selected from glass, plastic, and/or clear polycarbonate. Optionally a coated/plated layer of copper sandwiched between the primary heat sink and MCPCB, wherein such layer may further have a means for preventing corrosion. The said solid state light emitting source can be selected from the group of low power or high power LEDs including LED, OLED, PLED. One or more layers of thermal interface material (e.g. silicon rubber) placed between primary heat sink and MCPCB as well as primary heat sink and secondary heat sink and two or more secondary heat sinks. 
         [0072]    The lighting apparatus further comprising one or more heat dissipating panels acting as secondary heat sink mounted on the front or reverse side of fixture, optionally having one or more slit, hole or fin, selectively punched on the secondary heat sink for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind and wherein such secondary heat sink is made of at least one thermally conductive material selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. One or more layers of thermal interface material (e.g. silicon rubber) placed between primary heat sink and MCPCB as well as primary heat sink and secondary heat sink and two or more secondary heat sinks. 
         [0073]    Further the lighting apparatus is installed with a photo sensor means and/or motion sensor means when used for public lighting purposes, a photo sensor means and/or motion sensor means coupled with AC or DC input power or power supply unit, the said photo sensor means and/or motion sensor means are configured to selectively control the power input to the solid state lighting apparatus, wherein the photo sensor means can be Day light sensor or High Accuracy Ambient Light Sensor. Further the lighting apparatus enabled to achieve ingress protection standards wherein the standards can be IP65, IP66, and IP67 or any other Ingress Protection standards issued by the European Committee for Electro Technical Standardization. 
         [0074]    According to another embodiment of the invention, long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatus having customizable design, wherein the said apparatus comprises a fixture having at least one mounting surface, optionally one or more slit, hole or fin, selectively punched on the mounting surface of the fixture for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind. The above said fixture is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal, wherein the thermally conductive sheet metal is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. The fixture is manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process; the said fixture is characterized in having;
       i. the entire body of the fixture acting as first primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to optimized thickness (z-axis) of the fixture maintained in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm;   ii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iii. a power supply unit enclosed in a housing of fixture, wherein the power supply unit provides required DC or AC voltage to one or more solid state light emitting sources;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread in the required area;       
 
         [0079]    At least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) mounted on the mounting surface and at least one solid state light emitting source is mounted on the said MCPCB and the said solid state light emitting source can be selected from the group of low power or high power LEDs including LED, OLED, PLED, second primary heat sink with heat insulating sheet and/or buffer spacing is placed on the rear side of the fixture and at least one solid state light emitting source from MCPCB which is mounted on first primary heat sink is connected thermally to such heat sink by way of metallic thermal interface and isolators through cut-out opening provided in the first primary heat sink. 
         [0080]    The fixtures of the above said apparatuses are made by using CNC Process comprising the steps of:
       a. Selecting a sheet metal, wherein the said sheet metal can be selected from set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof;   b. Inserting the sheet metal in to a CNC machine, wherein programmed instructions cause the processor in the CNC machine to enable punching of the sheet metal in accordance to the fed design of one or more fixture and   c. Optionally bending the punched fixture at one or more places using the CNC machine.       
 
         [0084]    A method for manufacturing of long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatus having customizable design comprising steps of:
       a. Feeding at least one design of the fixture in to a CNC machine along with a sheet metal;   b. Punching the sheet metal as per the design to achieve one or more fixtures;   c. Optionally Bending the punched fixtures at one or more places;   d. Anodizing the fixture to achieve corrosion and scratch free surface;   e. Fixing of nutsurts/inserts/rivet nuts (hardware) pneumatically in to the fixture;   f. Mounting on the fixture at least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) on which at least one solid state light emitting source is already mounted; and   g. Mounting one or more power supply unit in a housing of the fixture.       
 
         [0092]    The method further comprises placing second primary heat sink with heat insulating sheet and/or buffer spacing on the rear side of the fixture and connecting thermally at least one solid state light emitting source from MCPCB which is mounted on first primary heat sink to second primary heat sink by way of metallic thermal interface and isolators through cut-out opening provided in the first primary heat sink; placing coated layer of copper between the primary heat sink and MCPCB, wherein such coated layer may further have a means for preventing corrosion; and mounting one or more heat dissipating panels (secondary heat sinks) on the front or reverse side of fixture. 
         [0093]    Further the method having optionally mounting a photo sensor means and/or a motion sensor in front and/or rear side of the fixture; optionally mounting one or more lens on one or more solid state light emitting sources; optionally covering one or more protective transparent or translucent sheet on one or more solid state light emitting sources; and placing one layer of thermal interface material between primary heat sink and MCPCB as well as primary heat sink and secondary heat sink and between two or more secondary heat sinks. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0094]    The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, are better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings example constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific apparatuses and methods disclosed. In the drawings: 
           [0095]      FIG. 1  illustrates a front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for street light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0096]      FIG. 2  illustrates a back view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for street light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0097]      FIG. 3  illustrates an isometric front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for street light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0098]      FIG. 4  illustrates a top view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Bay Light application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0099]      FIG. 5  illustrates a bottom view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Bay Light application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0100]      FIG. 6  illustrates a top view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Bay Light application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0101]      FIG. 7  illustrates an isometric front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for flood light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0102]      FIG. 8  illustrates an isometric front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for High Mast application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0103]      FIG. 9  illustrates an isometric back view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for High Mast application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0104]      FIG. 10  illustrates an isometric front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Indoor down light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0105]      FIG. 11  illustrates an isometric back view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Indoor down light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0106]      FIG. 12  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with first level of heat management system according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0107]      FIG. 13  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with enhanced second level of heat management system according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0108]      FIG. 14  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with enhanced third level of heat management system according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0109]      FIG. 15  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with enhanced fourth level of heat management system according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0110]      FIG. 16  shows optical and electrical experimental data as per IES LM 79-08 of the solid state lighting fixtures. 
           [0111]      FIG. 17  shows flux distribution diagram of the solid state lighting apparatus based on the IESNA luminaire classification system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0112]    Some embodiments of this invention, illustrating all its features, will now be discussed in detail. 
         [0113]    The words “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” and “including,” and other forms thereof, are intended to be equivalent in meaning and be open ended in that an item or items following any one of these words is not meant to be an exhaustive listing of such item or items, or meant to be limited to only the listed item or items. 
         [0114]    It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Although any apparatuses or methods or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, the preferred apparatuses and methods are now described. 
         [0115]    Heat Sink: A component designed to lower the temperature of the electronic/semiconductor device to which it is connected by dissipating excess heat generated at its junction point. It is often finned, and made from metals which dissipate heat faster such as aluminum, copper etc. In the current case the whole body of the fixture acts as a heat sink and heat sink is used in the form of sheet metal. 
         [0116]    Fixtures: unless otherwise defined in this invention “fixtures” refer to a system which comprises one or more Solid State Lighting devices mounted upon the metallic frame along with the other electrical/electronic and non-electrical/electronic components. 
         [0117]    Solid-state light emitting source (SSL): refers to a type of low power or high power lighting devices that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), or polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED) as sources of illumination. 
         [0118]    The present invention provides lighting solutions which are power efficient, environmental friendly and long lasting and can be custom manufactured with high degree of speed, accuracy and flexibility. The lighting fixtures of the current invention are also easily serviceable. 
         [0119]    A long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatus having customizable design, wherein the said apparatus comprises:
       a) a fixture having at least one mounting surface, wherein the said fixture is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal and is manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process, the said fixture is characterized in having;
           i. the entire body of the fixture acting as primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to optimized thickness (z-axis) of the fixture maintained in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm;   ii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iii. a power supply unit enclosed in a housing of fixture, wherein the power supply unit provides required DC or AC voltage to one or more solid state light emitting sources;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread in the required area;   
           b) at least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) mounted on the mounting surface; and   c) at least one solid state light emitting source mounted on the said MCPCB.       
 
         [0127]      FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  3  illustrates a front, back and isometric front views of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for street light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. A long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatus having customizable design, wherein the said apparatus comprises a fixture  102  having two mounting surfaces  104 , namely a left side mounting surface  104   a  and a right side mounting surface  104   b , optionally one or more slit  108 , hole  110  or fin  112 , selectively punched on the mounting surface  104  of the fixture  102  for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind. The said slit  108 , hole  110  or fin  112  can be any shape based on the requirements. One or more plane of the fixture  102  including the base plane of the fixture can adjustably be inclined into desired angle to achieve desired photometry; the said angle can be in the range from 0-360 degree. 
         [0128]    The above said fixture  102  is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal, wherein the thermally conductive sheet metal is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper, or combinations or alloys thereof. The said fixture  102  is manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process; the said fixture is characterized in having;
       i. the entire body of the fixture  102  acting as primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to thickness (z-axis) of the fixture  102  in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm;   ii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iii. a power supply unit  116  (not shown in the figures) enclosed in a housing  114  of fixture  102  wherein the power supply unit  116  provides required DC or AC voltage to one or more solid state light emitting sources;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread in the required area;       
 
         [0133]    The base plane of the fixture  102  supports each element of the solid state lighting apparatus  100 . A metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB)  118  mounted on the central mounting surface of the fixture  102 , optionally a coated layer of copper  168  (not shown in the figures) sandwiched between the primary heat sink  102  and MCPCB  118  and Two high intensity solid state light emitting sources  120  are mounted on the MCPCB  118  and edges thereof secured thereon the central mounting surface  104  and the said solid state light emitting sources  120  can be selected from the group of low power or high power LEDs including LED, OLED, and PLED, wherein protective transparent sheet  124  or lens  122  (not shown in figures) are mounted on the high intensity solid state light emitting sources  120  for preventing the scattering of the light in unnecessary areas and thereby directing the light in to desired area. 
         [0134]    Two MCPCBs  118  mounted on the left and right side of the mounting surfaces  104   a  and  104   b  and an array of solid state light emitting source  120  mounted on the MCPCBs  118 . Two protective transparent sheets  124  are employed for covering the solid state light emitting sources  120  for preventing the insects entering the lighting apparatus, According to one embodiment of the invention, the material of the protective transparent sheet  124  can be selected from glass and/or clear polycarbonate. 
         [0135]    The above said MCPCB  118  comprises of three layers namely bottom layer, middle (insulation) layer and top layer (not shown in the figures). The bottom layer is made up of at least one thermally conductive material selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. The bottom layer is connected with the mounting surface  104  of the fixture  102  with a thermal interface layer. The middle layer is made of electrically insulating material and used to conduct the heat from the top layer of the MCPCB  118  and not allowing conduction of electricity from the top layer to bottom layer. The top layer is made up of copper or any other metal having better heat and electrical conductivity than copper e.g. Gold plated copper. At least one solid state light emitting source  120  mounted thereon the top layer of the MCPCB  118 . 
         [0136]    Two heat dissipating panels  126  (not shown in the figures) acting as secondary heat sink are mounted (left and right side, each one respectively) thereon the reverse side of fixture  102  wherein the secondary heat sink  126  is made of at least one thermally conductive material selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. Optionally one or more slit  108 , hole  110  or fin  112 , selectively punched on the mounting surface  104  of the fixture  102  for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind. The said slit  108 , hole  110  or fin  112  can be any shape based on the requirements. 
         [0137]    The secondary heat sink  126  on the top-side heat dissipating area is covered by means of a metal covering  128  affixed thereon the fixture  102  protecting the elements underneath and wherein the metal covering  128  prevents coating of upper heat dissipating area from bird droppings and any other droppings, these droppings reduces heat dissipation ability of the top side heat dissipating area of the fixture  102 . 
         [0138]    A housing  114  secured thereon the distal ends of the fixture  102 . A power supply units  116  are mounted inside said housing  114 , the solid state lighting apparatus  100  is easily serviceable, wherein the power supply units are independent components and can be replaced in case of failures. The power supply units  116  electrically connected to each of solid state light emitting sources  120  by means of connecting wires extending from the power supply units  116  to the solid state light emitting source  120 . The said power supply unit  116  achieves a power factor &gt;0.98 thereby reducing the reactive power. The required DC or AC voltage can be generated from AC or DC input power. The AC/DC input power supply can be converted into required DC power supply for operation of the solid state light emitting sources  120  by using AC to DC converter, or DC to DC converter as per requirement. 
         [0139]    Further solid state lighting apparatus  100  is installed with a photo sensor means  134  and/or motion sensor means  172  (not shown in the figures) when used for public lighting purposes, a photo sensor means  134  and/or motion sensor means  172  coupled with AC or DC input power or power supply unit, the said photo sensor means  134  and motion sensor means  172  are configured to selectively control the power input to the solid state lighting apparatus  100 , wherein the photo sensor means  134  can be Day light sensor or High Accuracy Ambient Light Sensor. 
         [0140]    The motion sensor means  172  can be worked in two ways for saving the energy, one way operation based on sensing the motion wherein motion sensor means  172  is configured to control the power input to switch ON the solid state lighting apparatus  100 . If there is no motion is sensed by the motion sensor means  172  thereby configured to control the power input to switch OFF the solid state lighting apparatus  100 . Second way of operation is based on sensing the motion, wherein upon detection of motion the motion sensor means  172  is configured to allow 100% power input to the solid state light emitting sources  120  to improve light intensity by 100%. If there is no motion sensed by the motion sensor means  172  the power input to the solid state light emitting sources  120  is reduced to reduce the light intensity up to 90%. 
         [0141]    According to one embodiment of the invention, solid state lighting apparatus  100  is installed with a timer  174  (not shown in the figures) coupled with AC or DC input power, the said timer means configured to selectively control the power input to the solid state lighting apparatus. The timer  174  can be worked in n number of ways to selectively control the power supply of the solid state lighting apparatus  100  for switching ON and OFF and controlling light intensity by controlling the power supplied to the apparatus  100 . 
         [0142]    An apparatus engagement means  136  with two holes in c-channel  138  providing the ability for angular adjustment to the fixture  102  so as to adjust the photometry of the light along the width of the road. Further, the said apparatus  100  enables to achieve ingress protection standards wherein the standards can be IP65, IP66, and IP67, etc. 
         [0143]      FIG. 4  illustrates a top view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for High Bay Light application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. The solid state lighting apparatus  200  having five separate fixtures  202  connected to form one fixture  200  using connecting means  256   a ,  256   b  with help of the screws  250 . The fixture  202  is made of at least one thermally conductive material and the thermally conductive material is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper, or combinations or alloys thereof. 
         [0144]    Each fixture having one or more slits  208  (not shown in figure) or fins  212 , selectively punched on mounting surface  204  of the each fixture  202  for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind. The slit  208  or fin  212  can be any shape based on the requirements. 
         [0145]    The above said fixtures  202  is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal, wherein the thermally conductive sheet metal is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper, or combinations or alloys thereof. The said fixture manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process; the said fixture is characterized in having;
       i. four separate fixtures  202  connected to form one fixture  202 , thereby achieving independent heat management system for each of the four fixtures as well as the central fixture;   ii. the entire body of the fixture  202  acting as primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to thickness (z-axis) of the fixture  202  in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm;   iii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread in the required area;   v. One or more plane of the fixture  202  including the base plane of the fixture can adjustably be inclined into desired angle to achieve desired photometry; the said angle can be in the range from 0-360 degrees.   vi. light spread/throw optionally will be achieved with combination of different lenses placed on the solid state light emitting sources       
 
         [0152]    A hook  258  is attached at the top of the fixture  202  for fixing the said lighting apparatus  200  with the required object. 
         [0153]      FIG. 5  illustrates a bottom view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Bay Light application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. Five metal core Printed Circuit Boards (MCPCB)  218  (not shown in the figure) mounted on each mounting surfaces of the five fixtures  202 , optionally a coated layer of copper  268  (not shown in the figure) sandwiched between the primary heat sink  202  and MCPCB  218  and an array of solid state light emitting source  220  is mounted on the MCPCBs  218 . Transparent sheets  224  are employed for covering the solid state light emitting sources  220  for preventing the insects entering the lighting apparatus, according to one embodiment of the invention, the material of the protective transparent sheet can be selected from glass and/or clear polycarbonate. 
         [0154]    The above said MCPCB  218  comprises three layers namely bottom layer, middle (insulation) layer and top layer (not shown in the figure). The bottom layer is made up of at least one thermally conductive material selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. The bottom layer is connected with the mounting surface  204  (not shown in figure) of the fixture  202  with a thermal interface layer. The middle layer is made of electrically insulating material and used to conduct the heat from the top layer of the MCPCB  218  and not allowing conduction of electricity from the top layer to bottom layer. The top layer is made up of copper or any other metal having better heat and electrical conductivity than copper e.g. Gold plated copper. At least one solid state light emitting source  220  mounted thereon the top layer of the MCPCB  218 . 
         [0155]    Optionally five heat dissipating panels  226  (not shown in the figures) acting as secondary heat sink are mounted thereon the reverse side of fixtures  202  wherein the heat dissipating panel  226  is made of at least one thermally conductive material selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof. Optionally one or more slit  208 , or fin  212 , selectively punched on the mounting surface  204  of the fixtures  202  for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind. The said slit  208 , or fin  212  can be any shape based on the requirements. Two layers of thermal interface material (not shown in the figures)  270  placed between primary heat sink  202  and MCPCB  218  as well as primary heat sink  202  and secondary heat sink  226  conducting the heat from primary heat sink  202  to secondary heat sink  226 . The layer of thermal interface material can be silicon rubber sheet. A power supply unit  216  (not shown in figure) is mounted inside the solid state lighting apparatus  200  which is easily serviceable, wherein the power supply units are an independent component and can be replaced in case of failures. 
         [0156]    The said power supply unit  216  achieves a power factor &gt;0.98 thereby reducing the reactive power. The required DC or AC voltage can be generated from AC or DC input power. The AC/DC input power can be converted into DC power supply for operation of the solid state light emitting sources by using AC to DC converter, or DC to DC converter as per requirement. Further, the said apparatus  200  enables to achieve ingress protection standards wherein the standards can be IP54, IP65, IP66, and IP67, etc. 
         [0157]      FIG. 6  illustrates a top front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for flood light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. The solid-state lighting apparatus  300  comprises a fixture  302 . One or more plane of the fixture  302  including the base plane of the fixture can adjustably be inclined into desired angle to achieve desired photometry; the said angle can be in the range from 0-360 degree. The fixture  302  comprises two power supply units  360 . 
         [0158]    The above said fixture  302  is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal, wherein the thermally conductive sheet metal is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper, and combinations or alloys thereof. The fixture is manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process; the said fixture is characterized in having;
       i. the entire body of the fixture  302  acting as primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to thickness (z-axis) of the fixture  302  in the range from 2 to 6 mm;   ii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iii. one or more power supply units  360  of fixture  302  wherein the power supply units  360  provides required DC or AC voltage to one or more solid state light emitting sources;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread/throw in the required area;   v. optionally light spread/throw will be achieved with combination of different lenses placed on the solid state light emitting sources  320 .       
 
         [0164]    The base plane of the solid state lighting apparatus  300 , A metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) mounted on base plane of fixture  302  optionally a coated layer of copper  368  (not shown in the figure) sandwiched between the base plane (primary heat sink)  302  and MCPCB  318  and an array of solid state light emitting source  320  is mounted on the MCPCB  318 . Protective transparent sheets  324  are employed for covering the solid state light emitting sources  320 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the material of the transparent sheet can be selected from glass and/or clear polycarbonate. The solid state light emitting sources  320  used in the solid state lighting apparatus  300  can be selected from the group of high power LEDs including LED, OLED, and PLED. 
         [0165]    The above said MCPCB  318  comprises of three layers namely bottom layer, middle (insulation) layer and top layer (not shown in the figure). The bottom layer is made up of at least one thermally conductive material is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combination or alloys thereof. The bottom layer is connected with the mounting surface of the fixture. The middle layer is made of insulating material and used to conduct the heat from the top layer of the MCPCB  318  and not allowing conduction of electricity from the top layer to bottom layer. The top layer is made up of copper or any other metal having better heat and electrical conductivity than copper e.g. Gold plated copper. At least one solid state light emitting source  320  mounted thereon the top layer of the MCPCB  318 . 
         [0166]    A power supply unit  360  is mounted inside said fixture  302 , the solid state lighting apparatus  300  is easily serviceable, wherein the power supply unit  360  is an independent component and can be replaced in case of failures. The fixture  302  is covered by means of a cover plate  328 . The said power supply unit  360  achieves a power factor &gt;0.98 thereby reducing the reactive power. The required DC or AC voltage can be generated from AC or DC input power. The AC/DC input power can be converted into DC power supply for operation of the solid state light emitting sources by using AC to DC converter, or DC to DC converter as per requirement. 
         [0167]    According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, covering plate  328  (shown in the  FIG. 7 ) provided on top side heat dissipating area of the fixture  302  to protect it from any sort of bird droppings and/or any other droppings. 
         [0168]      FIG. 7  illustrates an isometric front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for flood light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         [0169]      FIG. 8  illustrates an isometric front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for High Mast application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention The solid-state lighting apparatus  400  comprises a fixture  402 . Optionally one or more slits  408 , selectively punched on the fixture  402  for achieving additional heat dissipation and minimizing the resistance to wind. The said slit  408  can be any shape based on the requirements. One or more plane including the base plane of the fixture  402  can adjustably be inclined into desired angle to achieve desired photometry; the said angle can be in the range from 0-360 degree. 
         [0170]    The above said fixture  402  is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal, wherein the thermally conductive sheet metal is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper, and combinations or alloys thereof. The fixture  402  is manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process; the said fixture is characterized in having;
       i. the entire body of the fixture  402  acting as primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to thickness (z-axis) of the fixture  402  in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm;   ii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iii. one or more power supply units  416  (not shown in figure) fixed inside the fixture  402  wherein the power supply units  416  provides required DC or AC voltage to one or more solid state light emitting sources;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread/throw in the required area;   v. optionally light spread/throw will be achieved with combination of different lenses placed on the solid state light emitting sources  420 .   vi. combination of short range light throw plane  456   a  and long range light throw plane  456   b  will achieve desired photometry and coverage on the ground.       
 
         [0177]    At least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) mounted on short range light throw plane  456   a  and an array of solid state light emitting source  420  is mounted on the MCPCB  418 . Protective transparent sheet  424  (not shown in the figure) employed for covering the solid state light emitting sources  420 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the material of the transparent sheet can be selected from glass and/or clear polycarbonate. The solid state light emitting sources  420  can be selected from the group of high power LEDs including LED, OLED, and PLED. 
         [0178]    At least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB)  418  mounted on long range light throw plane  456   b  and high power solid state light emitting sources  420  (not shown in the figure) are mounted on the MCPCB  418 , wherein lens  422  are mounted on the high power solid state light emitting sources  420  for preventing the scattering of the light in unnecessary areas and thereby directing the light in to desired area. 
         [0179]    The above said MCPCB  418  comprises three layers namely bottom layer, middle (insulation) layer and top layer (not shown in the figure). The bottom layer is made up of at least one thermally conductive material is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combination or alloys thereof. The bottom layer is connected with the mounting surface of the fixture. The middle layer is made of insulating material and used to conduct the heat from the top layer of the MCPCB  418  and not allowing conduction of electricity from the top layer to the bottom layer. The top layer is made up of copper or any other metal having better heat and electrical conductivity than copper e.g. Gold plated copper. At least one solid state light emitting source  420  mounted thereon the top layer of the MCPCB  418 . 
         [0180]    Power supply units  416  (not shown in the figure) are mounted inside the said fixture  402 , the solid state lighting apparatus  400  is easily serviceable, wherein the power supply unit  416  is an independent component and can be replaced in case of failures. The fixture  402  is covered by means of a cover plate  428  (shown in  FIG. 9 ). The said power supply unit  416  achieves a power factor &gt;0.98 thereby reducing the reactive power. The required DC or AC voltage can be generated from AC or DC input power. The AC/DC input power can be converted into DC power supply for operation of the solid state light emitting sources by using AC to DC converter or DC to DC converter as per the requirements. 
         [0181]    An apparatus engagement means  436  providing the ability for angular adjustment to the fixture  402  so as to adjust the photometry of the light on the ground, wherein the apparatus engagement means  436  is attached with fixture  402  by help of pins  450  (shown in  FIG. 9 ). The apparatus engagement means  436  is attached with high mast pole with help of bolts via holes  454 . Further, the said apparatus  400  enables to achieve ingress protection standards wherein the standards can be IP65, IP66, and IP67, etc. 
         [0182]      FIG. 9  illustrates an isometric back view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for High Mast application according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. Covering plate  428  provided on top side of heat dissipating area of the fixture  402  to protect it from any sort of bird droppings and/or any other droppings which reduces heat dissipation ability of the top side heat dissipating area of the fixture  402 . 
         [0183]      FIG. 10  illustrates an isometric front view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Indoor down light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. A long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatus having customizable design, wherein the said apparatus comprises a fixture  502  having at least one mounting surface  504 . 
         [0184]    The above said fixture  502  is made of at least one thermally conductive sheet metal, wherein the thermally conductive sheet metal is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper, or combinations or alloys thereof. The said fixture  502  is manufactured by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) process; the said fixture is characterized in having;
       i. the entire body of the fixture  502  acting as primary heat sink, wherein the fixture is designed in a manner, such that the heat dissipation is maximum in x, y coordinates laterally of the fixture due to thickness (z-axis) of the fixture  502  in the range from 0.5 to 6 mm;   ii. anodization for preventing corrosion and scratches thereby increasing thermal conductivity;   iii. power supply units  516  (not shown in the figure) attached with reverse side of the fixture  502 , wherein the power supply units  516  provides required DC or AC voltage to one or more solid state light emitting sources;   iv. optimized design enabling maximum light spread in the required area;   v. the mounting surfaces  504  can be bend along specified bending lines to desired inclination thereby achieving desired photometry.       
 
         [0190]    The base plane of the fixture  502  supports each element of the solid state lighting apparatus  500 . At least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB)  518  mounted on the mounting surface  504  of the fixture  502  and at least one solid state light emitting sources  520  are mounted on the MCPCB  518 . The said solid state light emitting sources  520  can be selected from the group of low power or high power LEDs including LED, OLED, and PLED. Independent/common protective transparent or translucent sheet  524  (not shown in figure) may be employed for covering the solid state light emitting sources  520  for preventing the insects entering the lighting apparatus. According to one embodiment of the invention, the material of the protective transparent or translucent sheet  524  can be selected from glass, clear polycarbonate or any other material. 
         [0191]    The above said MCPCB  518  comprises three layers namely bottom layer, middle (insulation) layer and top layer (not shown in the figure). The bottom layer is made up of at least one thermally conductive material is selected from the set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combination or alloys thereof. The bottom layer is connected with the mounting surface of the fixture. The middle layer is made of insulating material and used to conduct the heat from the top layer of the MCPCB  518  and not allowing conduction of electricity from the top layer to the bottom layer. The top layer is made up of copper or any other metal having better heat and electrical conductivity than copper e.g. Gold plated copper. At least one solid state light emitting source  520  mounted thereon the top layer of the MCPCB  518 . 
         [0192]    A power supply unit  516  is mounted in protective box cum heat sink  528  (shown in  FIG. 11 ) on reverse side of the fixture  502 , the solid state lighting apparatus  500  is easily serviceable, wherein the power supply unit(s)  516  are an independent component and can be replaced in case of failures. The said power supply unit  516  achieves a power factor &gt;0.98 thereby reducing the reactive power. The required DC or AC voltage can be generated from AC or DC input power. The AC/DC input power can be converted into DC power supply for operation of the solid state light emitting sources  520  by using AC to DC converter or DC to DC converter as per the requirements. Further the said apparatus  500  enables to achieve ingress protection standards of all levels. 
         [0193]      FIG. 11  illustrates an isometric back view of solid state lighting apparatus which is used for Indoor down light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         [0194]      FIG. 12  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with first level of heat management system according to one embodiment of the invention. A fixture acting as primary heat sink  602  has front side and back side. On the front side, the MCPCB  618  is attached using thermal interface  622  to further enhance the heat dissipation; Secondary heat sink  626  is provided exactly opposite to MCPCB  618  on the back side of the primary heat sink  602 . Optionally the secondary heat sink  626  can also be mounted on front side of the primary heat sink  602  as shown in  FIG. 12 . As well as secondary heat sinks  626  can be put to work on the both the sides of the primary heat sink  602  simultaneously based on the requirement. Further, a well designed clamp  624  is used for clamping MCPCB  618  and secondary heat sinks  626  to the primary heat sink  602  with screws  628  and isolating bushes  630  thereby achieving desired Ingress protection. At least one solid state light emitting source  620  is mounted on the MCPCB  618 . 
         [0195]      FIG. 13  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with enhanced second level of heat management system according to another embodiment of the invention. A fixture acting as primary heat sink  702  has front side and back side and its front side is plated/coated with copper metal  732  or any other metal conductor having better heat conductivity than copper and this copper or any other metal is further plated/coated by suitable anti-corrosive heat conducting metal  734  (e.g. TIN plating on copper). On the front side, the MCPCB  718  is attached, using thermal interface  722 . To further enhance the heat dissipation; Secondary heat sink  726  is provided exactly opposite to MCPCB  718  on the back side of the primary heat sink  702 . Optionally the secondary heat sink  726  can also be mounted on front side of the primary heat sink  702  as shown in  FIG. 13 . Further in an embodiment the secondary heat sinks  726  can be put to work on the both the sides of the primary heat sink  702  simultaneously based on the requirement. Further, a well designed clamp  724  is used for clamping MCPCB  718  and secondary heat sinks  726  to the primary heat sink  702  with screws  728  and isolating bushes  730  thereby achieving desired Ingress protection. At least one solid state light emitting source  720  is mounted on the MCPCB  718 . 
         [0196]      FIG. 14  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with enhanced third level of heat management system according to one embodiment of the invention. According to this embodiment of the invention, concentration of large number of Light emitting sources is achieved in a smallest possible area of the fixture. A fixture acting as first primary heat sink  802  has front side and back side. On the front side the MCPCB  818  is attached using thermal interface  822 , multiple numbers of solid state light emitting sources mounted on the MCPCB  818 , now partially thermally isolated second primary heat sink  830  is attached to the first primary heat sink  802  through thermal interface  822 . The first primary heat sink  802  on which MCPCB  818  is mounted has a cut-out opening of the suitable size in proportion with area of the MCPCB  818 , so that some percentage area of the MCPCB  818  doesn&#39;t come in contact with first primary heat sink  802 . One metallic thermal interface  832  is inserted in the cut-out opening of first primary heat sink  802 ; the said metallic thermal interface  832  connects the area of the MCPCB  818  which is not connected to first primary heat sink  802  to second primary heat sink  830  via thermal interface  822 , the said metallic thermal interface  832  is thermally isolated from the first primary heat sink  802  thereby achieving diversion of certain percentage of heat to second primary heat sink  830  from the MCPCB  818  thereby aim of concentrating solid state light emitting sources  820  in a smallest possible area without concentration of the heat in the said area is achieved. 
         [0197]    Secondary heat sink  826  is provided exactly opposite to MCPCB  818  on the back side of the second primary heat sink  830  using thermal interface  822 . Further, a well designed clamp  824  is used for clamping MCPCB  818  and secondary heat sinks  826  to the first and second primary heat sinks  802  and  830  respectively with screws  828  and isolating bushes  830  thereby achieving desired Ingress protection. 
         [0198]      FIG. 15  shows cross sectional view of solid state lighting apparatuses with enhanced fourth level of heat management system according to another embodiment of the invention. According to this embodiment of the invention, concentration of large number of Light emitting sources is achieved in a smallest possible area of the fixture. A fixture acting as first primary heat sink  902  has front side and back side. On the front side the MCPCB  918  is attached using thermal interface  922 , multiple numbers of solid state light emitting sources mounted on the MCPCB  918 , now fully thermally isolated second primary heat sink  930  is attached to the first primary heat sink  902  through thermal isolators  934  and/or buffer space. The first primary heat sink  902  on which MCPCB  918  is mounted has a cut-out opening of the suitable size in proportion with area of the MCPCB  918 , so that some percentage area of the MCPCB  918  doesn&#39;t come in contact with first primary heat sink  902 . One metallic thermal interface  932  is inserted in the cut-out opening of first primary heat sink  902 ; the said metallic thermal interface  932  connects the area of the MCPCB  918  which is not connected to first primary heat sink  902  to second primary heat sink  930  via thermal interface  922 , the said metallic thermal interface  932  is thermally isolated from the first primary heat sink  902  thereby achieving diversion of certain percentage of heat to second primary heat sink  930  from the MCPCB  918  thereby aim of concentrating solid state light emitting sources  920  in a smallest possible area without concentration of the heat in the said area is achieved. 
         [0199]    Secondary heat sink  926  is provided exactly opposite to MCPCB  918  on the back side of the second primary heat sink  930  using thermal interface  922 . Further, a well designed clamp  924  is used for clamping MCPCB  918  and secondary heat sinks  926  to the first and second primary heat sinks  902  and  930  respectively with screws  928  and isolating bushes  938  thereby achieving desired Ingress protection. 
         [0200]    In one embodiment, the fixtures for mounting solid state light emitting sources of our invention are manufactured by computerized numerically controlled process (CNC). CNC process provides accuracy to the design of the fixtures and consumes less time and power. Moreover the CNC process enables fabricators to greatly increase the productivity and to adapt change in fixture designs very quickly thereby giving rise to customized lighting fixtures. This CNC process gives rise to high level of productivity thereby making the product affordable to larger sections of society in a short time, helping to enable us in combating the Global warming threats in a shorter span of time. 
         [0201]    CNC machine utilizes an AC servo motor to drive the ram (eliminating the hydraulic power supply and chiller). The benefits of the CNC process are the following:
       a) Electrical consumption is less than one-half of comparable hydraulic machines   b) Higher positioning speed improves productivity   c) Space-saving design saves the cost of valuable floor space   d) offers significantly faster punching speeds than mechanical turrets   e) Brush table design provides scratch-free processing, and also minimizes noise during punching   f) Free-standing, PC-based network CNC Control allows for flexible layouts   g) instantly access part programs, multi-media help files and production schedules   h) Power vacuum slug pull system virtually eliminates slug pull concerns       
 
         [0210]    Our invention utilizes CNC process as a core production process for the production of complete body of thermally efficient fixtures wherein the thickness of the fixtures is optimized to achieve maximum thermal conductivity. 
         [0211]    One of the major advantages that can be achieved by using the CNC process is that one eliminates the investment required in making the dies (required for die casting of the components). In order to produce variety of components which are a part of fixtures, creation of various die-casts is required in the existing processes and the quantum of monetary investment in the same becomes unreasonable. 
         [0212]    In one of the preferred embodiment solid state lighting apparatuses of our invention are made by CNC process which gives a degree of flexibility to adapt the design according to the requirements without any unnecessary investment in the creation of casting moulds and dies for extrusion. High degree of customization is possible. 
         [0213]    Another benefit of the CNC process is that it utilizes in some cases almost 100% of the sheet metal (raw material) which is fed in to the CNC machine. So the scrap which comes out is least, and can be recycled, unlike the scrap of a casting process which is difficult to recycle. 
         [0214]    In another embodiment the thickness of the sheet metal which is fed in to the CNC machine to prepare lighting fixtures are optimized to achieve maximum possible thermal conductivity. 
         [0215]    The fixtures of the above said apparatuses are made by using CNC Process comprising the steps of:
       a. Selecting a sheet metal, wherein the said sheet metal can be selected from set of aluminum, iron, steel, copper or combinations or alloys thereof;   b. Inserting the sheet metal in to a CNC machine, wherein programmed instructions cause the processor in the CNC machine to enable punching of the sheet metal in accordance to the fed design of one or more fixture and   c. Optionally bending the punched fixture at one or more places using the CNC machine.       
 
         [0219]    A method for manufacturing of long lasting, energy efficient, solid-state lighting apparatus having customizable design comprising steps of:
       a. Feeding at least one design of the fixture in to a CNC machine along with a sheet metal;   b. Punching the sheet metal as per the design to achieve one or more fixtures;   c. Optionally Bending the punched fixtures at one or more places;   d. Anodizing the fixture to achieve corrosion and scratch free surface;   e. Fixing of nutsurts/inserts/rivet nuts (hardware) pneumatically in to the fixture;   f. Mounting on the fixture at least one metal core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) on which at least one solid state light emitting source is already mounted; and   g. Mounting one or more power supply unit in a housing of the fixture.       
 
         [0227]    The method further comprises placing second primary heat sink with heat insulating sheet and/or buffer spacing on the rear side of the fixture and connecting thermally at least one solid state light emitting source from MCPCB which is mounted on first primary heat sink to second primary heat sink by way of metallic thermal interface and isolators through cut-out opening provided in the first primary heat sink; optionally placing coated layer of copper between the primary heat sink and MCPCB, wherein such coated layer may further have a means for preventing corrosion; and mounting one or more heat dissipating panels (secondary heat sinks) on the front or reverse or both side of fixture. 
         [0228]    Further method having optionally mounting a photo sensor means and/or a motion sensor rear/front side of the fixture; optionally mounting one or more lens on one or more solid state light emitting sources; optionally covering one or more protective transparent or translucent sheet on one or more solid state light emitting sources and optionally placing one or more layers of thermal interface material between primary heat sink and MCPCB as well as primary heat sink and secondary heat sink and two or more secondary heat sinks. 
         [0229]    Test Results and Experimental Data 
         [0230]    Features and advantages of the solid state lighting apparatus which is used for street light application according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention are as mentioned below:
       a. Helps Conserve Electricity.   b. High Input Power Factor (&gt;0.98) eliminates electrical Losses.   c. Low Harmonic Distortion (THD&lt;15%) eliminates the cable heating.   d. High Color Rendering Index (CRI≧0.80) allows a clear visual identification, increases night security and also guarantees better video images from security camera systems.   e. Long Life more than 50,000 Hours.   f. Low Heat Emission and Ultra Low Carbon Foot Print   g. 99% of the material used is recycled   h. No Light Pollution as LED can be precisely directed for specific application.   i. Reduces maintenance cost as LED wavelength repels insects.   j. Instant ON/OFF.   k. Twist lock photo cell/Day light sensor for auto ON/OFF and   l. Extra spread with strong Centre Focus.       
 
       Example 1 
       [0243]    Technical specifications of the solid state lighting apparatuses which are used for street light applications are as mentioned below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SL 001B 
                 SL 001C 
                 SL 001D 
               
               
                   
                   
                 036 
                 040 
                 48 
               
               
                 MODELS 
                 SL 001A 032 AL 
                 AL 
                 AL 
                 AL 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameters 
                   
               
               
                 Input Voltage 
                 85-265 VAC 
               
               
                 Frequency Range 
                 47-63 Hz 
               
               
                 Power Factor 
                 &gt;0.98 
               
               
                 Total Harmonic 
                 &lt;15% 
               
               
                 Distortion (THD) 
               
               
                 Power Efficiency 
                   85% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 LED 
                 32 W 
                 36 W 
                 40 W 
                 48 W 
               
               
                 Consumption 
               
               
                 Total Power 
                 37 W 
                 42 W 
                 46 W 
                 56 W 
               
               
                 Consumption 
               
             
          
           
               
                 LED Luminous 
                 112 lm/w to 130 lm/w 
               
               
                 Efficiency 
               
               
                 Color 
                 Ultra White: 6500 K 
               
               
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 (CCT) 
               
               
                 Color Index 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 (CRI) 
               
               
                 Light Source 
                 1 Watt LED 
               
               
                 The Maximum 
                 120 degree Horizontal Axis; 70 degree Vertical Axis 
               
               
                 Light Intensity 
               
               
                 angle 
               
               
                 Junction 
                 60° C. ± 10% (Ta = 25° C.)/140° F. ± 10% 
               
               
                 Temperature (Tj) 
                 (Ta = 77° F.) 
               
               
                 Working 
                 −40° C. to ± 55° C./−40° F. to ± 131° F. 
               
               
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 Working 
                 10%-90% RH 
               
               
                 Humidity 
               
               
                 Working Life 
                 &gt;50,000 Hrs 
               
               
                 Lamp Housing 
                 Aluminum 
               
               
                 Material 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dimensions 
                 435(L) × 
                 435(L) × 
                 435(L) × 
                 435(L) × 
               
               
                 (mm) 
                 453(W) × 84(H) 
                 453(W) × 
                 453(W) × 
                 453(W) × 
               
               
                   
                   
                 84(H) 
                 84(H) 
                 84(H) 
               
               
                 Net Weight 
                 4.5 Kg 
                 4.5 Kg 
                 5.5 Kg 
                 5.5 Kg 
               
             
          
           
               
                 IP Rating 
                 IP 65/IP 66/IP 67 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0244]    Features and advantages of the solid state lighting apparatuses which are used for Bay Light applications and flood light applications are differ from the street light application by not having twist lock photo cell for auto ON/OFF and they are having all other features and advantages of the solid state lighting apparatuses which are used for street light applications. Below is the table shows the comparison between High Pressure Sodium Lamp (HPS) and the solid state lighting apparatus which are used for street light applications of the our invention: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Item 
                 High Pressure Sodium Lamp 
                 LED Streetlight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Photometric Performance 
                 Poor: Being a round Lamp, 
                 Excellent engineering backed 
               
               
                   
                 ⅔ of lumens Generated falls 
                 by efficient LED drivers 
               
               
                   
                 on the ground through 
                 ensures even spreading of 
               
               
                   
                 Reflector causing lower lux. 
                 light and center focus. 
               
               
                   
                 Also lower color Temp. 
                 Photometric performance is 
               
               
                   
                 Results in poor visibility and 
                 excellent. 
               
               
                   
                 dark spots between two 
               
               
                   
                 poles. 
               
               
                 Radiator Performance 
                 Poor: HPS Lamp creates heat 
                 Excellent, (The LED color 
               
               
                   
                 in excess of 572 F. The color 
                 spectrum does not radiate 
               
               
                   
                 spectrum of HPS creates 
                 ultraviolet light, no infrared 
               
               
                   
                 ultraviolet/infrared rays. 
                 rays, no heat, and no 
               
               
                   
                   
                 radiation produced.) 
               
               
                 Electrical Performance 
                 Poor: High Losses, Low 
                 Excellent: High Power Factor 
               
               
                   
                 Power Factor, High 
                 eliminates losses, Low 
               
               
                   
                 Distortion 
                 Distortion avoids heating in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cables 
               
               
                 Working life 
                 Short (&lt;5,000 hrs) 
                 Very high (&gt;50,000 hrs) 
               
               
                 Working voltage Range 
                 Narrow (±7%) 
                 Wide (±45%) 
               
               
                 Power Consumption 
                 Very High 
                 Very Low (80 to 90% power 
               
               
                   
                   
                 saving) 
               
               
                 Startup Speed 
                 Quite Slow (Over 10 
                 Instant 
               
               
                   
                 minutes) 
               
               
                 Strobe (Power Supply) 
                 Alternating Current Drive 
                 Direct current Drive 
               
               
                 Optical Efficiency 
                 Low (&lt;60%) 
                 High (&gt;90%) 
               
               
                 Color Index/Distinguish 
                 Poor, Ra &lt; 35 (The color of 
                 Good, Ra &gt; 80 (The color of 
               
               
                 Features 
                 object looks faded, Boring 
                 object is Fresh, clearly 
               
               
                   
                 and poor) 
                 identifiable And Cool effect) 
               
               
                 Color Temperature 
                 Quite Low (Yellow or 
                 Ideal Color Temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Amber, dull feeling) 2000 K 
                 between 5500 to 6500 K cool 
               
               
                   
                   
                 white 
               
               
                 Glare 
                 Strong Glare 
                 No Glare (cool and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 comfortable) 
               
               
                 Light Pollution 
                 High Pollution 
                 Non polluting 
               
               
                 Heat Generation 
                 Very High (&gt;572° F.) 
                 Cool light source (&lt;140° F.) 
               
               
                 Lampshade Turns Dark 
                 High Dust Absorption easily 
                 Static Proof does not 
               
               
                   
                 changes color of Lampshade 
                 accumulate dust. Lamp 
               
               
                   
                   
                 remains fresh 
               
               
                 Lampshade Aging Turns 
                 Very fast 
                 No lampshade required 
               
               
                 Yellow 
               
               
                 Shockproof Performance 
                 Lead/Gas pollution 
                 Non polluting 
               
               
                 Maintenance Costs 
                 Very High, frequent 
                 Very Low, LED life &gt;50,000 
               
               
                   
                 replacement of Lamp, 
                 hrs. LED light spectrum 
               
               
                   
                 rectifier circuit and cleaning/ 
                 repels insects, light lamp 
               
               
                   
                 removing of dead insects 
                 looks always neat and clean. 
               
               
                   
                 from Lampshade 
               
               
                 Product Cubage 
                 Very large 
                 Small (Slim Appearance) 
               
               
                 Cost-effective 
                 High maintenance and High 
                 Very Low maintenance and 
               
               
                   
                 Power consumption makes 
                 very Low power 
               
               
                   
                 HPS an expensive proposal 
                 consumption makes LED an 
               
               
                   
                 over 10 years of usage. 
                 excellent cost effective 
               
               
                   
                   
                 lighting solutions 
               
               
                 Conversion to Solar Street 
                 Not Possible 
                 Easily Possible 
               
               
                 Light 
               
               
                 Integrated Performance 
                 Poor 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
       [0245]    Below is the table shows the cost analysis and energy saving comparison between High Pressure Sodium Lamp (HPS) and the solid state lighting apparatus which are used for street light application of the our invention: 
         [0246]    HPS Street Light of 250 Watt Vs. Solid State Street Light of 68 Watt. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Lamp Source/Item 
                 HPSV Streetlight 
                 LED Streetlight 
                 Remark 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Light Source (Watt) 
                 250 
                 68 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Power Consumption 
                 Lamp Power 
                 250 
                 76.16 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Consumption (a) (Watt) 
               
               
                   
                 Electrical Distribution (b) 
                 Rectifier 
                 SMPS based 
               
               
                   
                 (Watt) 
                   
                 switching power 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0 
                 11.424 
               
               
                   
                 Comprehensive Cable 
                 15 
                 4.5696 
                 International 
               
               
                   
                 Loss (6%) (c) (Watt) 
                   
                   
                 standard: 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Transformer loss (3%) (d) 
                 7.5 
                 2.2848 
                 The lowest 
               
               
                   
                 (Watt) 
                   
                   
                 level for 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 KVA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 transformer is 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3% 
               
               
                   
                 Reactive Power 
                 0.7 
                 0.997 
               
               
                   
                 Compensation (e)(P.F.) 
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal Lamp&#39;s Power 
                 389.286 
                 94.72 
               
               
                   
                 Consumption (f) (Watt) 
                 (a + b + c + d)/(e) = f 
                 (a + b + c + d)/(e) = f 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 Daily Consumption 
                 4.67 
                 1.137 
                 (= f/1000 × 
               
               
                   
                 (Kwh) 
                   
                   
                 above) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Calculated by 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 per day use in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hrs. 
               
               
                   
                 10 Years Consumption 
                 17050.71429 
                 4148.848465 
               
               
                   
                 (Subtotal) (Kwh) 
               
               
                   
                 10 Years Saving In Power 
                 — 
                 12901.86582 
               
               
                   
                 Consumption (Kwh) 
               
               
                   
                 Percentage of Energy 
                   
                 75.67 
               
               
                   
                 Saving 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAVINGS IN MAINTENANCE IS NOT CONSIDERED, 
               
               
                 EARNING THROUGH CARBON CREDIT IS NOT CONSIDERED. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3 
     HPS Street Light of 150 Watt Vs. Solid State Street Light of 48 Watt 
       [0247]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Lamp Source/ Item 
                 HPSV Streetlight 
                 LED Streetlight 
                 Remark 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Light Source (Watt) 
                 150 
                 48 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Power Consumption 
                 Lamp Power 
                 150 
                 53.76 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Consumption (a) (Watt) 
               
               
                   
                 Electrical Distribution (b) 
                 Rectifier 
                 SMPS based 
               
               
                   
                 (Watt) 
                   
                 switching power 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0 
                 8.064 
               
               
                   
                 Comprehensive Cable 
                 9 
                 3.2256 
                 International 
               
               
                   
                 Loss (6%) (c) (Watt) 
                   
                   
                 standard: 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Transformer loss (3%) (d) 
                 4.5 
                 1.6128 
                 The lowest 
               
               
                   
                 (Watt) 
                   
                   
                 level for 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 KVA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 transformer is 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3% 
               
               
                   
                 Reactive Power 
                 0.7 
                 0.997 
               
               
                   
                 Compensation (e)(P.F.) 
               
               
                   
                 Subtotal Lamp&#39;s Power 
                 233.571 
                 66.86 
               
               
                   
                 Consumption (f) (Watt) 
                 (a + b + c + d)/(e) = f 
                 (a + b + c + d)/(e) = f 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 Daily Consumption 
                 2.80 
                 0.802 
                 (= f/1000 × 
               
               
                   
                 (Kwh) 
                   
                   
                 above) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Calculated by 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 per day use in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hrs. 
               
               
                   
                 10 Years Consumption 
                 17050.71429 
                 2928.598917 
               
               
                   
                 (Subtotal) (Kwh) 
               
               
                   
                 10 Years Saving In Power 
                 — 
                 7301.829655 
               
               
                   
                 Consumption (Kwh) 
               
               
                   
                 Percentage of Energy 
                   
                 71.37 
               
               
                   
                 Saving 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAVINGS IN MAINTENANCE IS NOT CONSIDERED, 
               
               
                 EARNING THROUGH CARBON CREDIT IS NOT CONSIDERED. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
       [0248]    The results of experiments conducted regarding the Flux distribution in upward and downward directions are as mentioned below 
         [0249]    Materials and Methods: 
         [0250]    Catalog Number: 68 WATT LED STREET LIGHT 
         [0251]    Luminaire: Formed and machined aluminum housing, clear glass enclosures. 
         [0252]    Lamp: 62 White LEDs—60 with clear plastic optics and 2 with clear glass optics below 
         [0253]    LED Power Supply; ONE SSUDR/01/80 W 
         [0254]    Electrical Values: 120.0VAC, 0.7302 A, 87.53 W, PF=0.999 
         [0255]    Luminaire efficacy: 64.3 Lumens/Watt 
         [0256]    Note: This test was performed using the calibrated photodector method of absolute photometry* 
         [0257]    *Data was acquired using the calibrated photodetector method of absolute photometry. A UDT model #211 photodetector and udt model #S370 optometer combination were used as a standard. A spectral mismatch correction factor was employed based on the spectral responsivity of the photodetector and the spectral power distribution of the test subject. 
         [0258]    Flux Distribution 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lumens 
                 Downward 
                 Upward 
                 Totals 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 House Side 
                 2397.72 
                 0.01 
                 2397.73 
               
               
                   
                 Street Side 
                 3218.86 
                 15.85 
                 3234.71 
               
               
                   
                 Totals 
                 5616.58 
                 15.86 
                 5632.44 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5 
     Luminaire Testing Specification and Report 
       [0259]    Catalog Number: 68 W LED Street Light 
         [0260]    Luminaire: Extruded and machined aluminum housing, clear glass enclosures. 
         [0261]    Lamp: 62 White LEDs—60 with clear plastic optics and 2 with clear glass optics. 
         [0262]    LED Power Supply: One SSL/DR/01/80 W 
         [0263]    Luminaire Efficacy: 66.0 Lumens/Watt 
         [0264]    The other details are illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 17   
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LUMINAIRE 
                 LUMINAIRE 
               
               
                   
                 ZONE 
                 LUMENS 
                 LUMENS 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 FORWARD 
                 3219 
                 57.1 
               
               
                   
                 LIGHT 
               
               
                   
                 FL (0°-30°) 
                 773 
                 13.7 
               
               
                   
                 FM (30°-60°) 
                 1647 
                 29.2 
               
               
                   
                 FH (60°-80°) 
                 688 
                 12.2 
               
               
                   
                 FVH (80°-90°) 
                 111 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 BACK 
                 2398 
                 42.6 
               
               
                   
                 LIGHT 
               
               
                   
                 BL (0°-30°) 
                 847 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 BM (30°-60°) 
                 1217 
                 21.6 
               
               
                   
                 BH (60°-80°) 
                 326 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                 BVH (80°-90°) 
                 9 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 UPLIGHT 
                 16 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 UL (90°-100°) 
                 16 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 UH (100°-180°) 
                 0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 TRAPPED LIGHT 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 6A 
       [0265]    Another experiment conducted shows comparison of Luminous efficiency of a 20 W LED lighting device with tube lights of 40 W at different angles. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fitting of tube 
               
               
                 Fitting of street lights of 20 W LED 
                 lights of 40 W 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3 m 
                 6 m 
                 10 m 
                 3 m 
                 6 m 
                 10 m 
               
               
                 Angle 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Straight 
                 14 lux 
                 7 lux 
                 3 lux 
                 6 lux 
                 3 lux 
                 1 lux 
               
               
                 Connection 
               
               
                 45 Deg 
                 11 lux 
                 7 lux 
                 3 lux 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 fitting 
               
               
                 90 Deg 
                 11 lux 
                 7 lux 
                 3 lux 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 fitting 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 6B 
       [0266]    Another experiment conducted shows comparison of Luminous efficiency of a 45 W LED lighting device with sodium lights of 250 W at different angles. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fitting of Sodium 
               
               
                 Fitting of street lights of 45 W LED 
                 lights of 250 W 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3 m 
                 6 m 
                 10 m 
                 3 m 
                 6 m 
                 10 m 
               
               
                 Angle 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
                 distance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Straight 
                 26 lux 
                 17 lux 
                 6 lux 
                 22 lux 
                 13 lux 
                 6 lux 
               
               
                 Connection 
               
               
                 45 Deg 
                 26 lux 
                 14 lux 
                 5 lux 
                 22 lux 
                 13 lux 
                 5 lux 
               
               
                 fitting 
               
               
                 90 Deg 
                 10 lux 
                  8 lux 
                 3 lux 
                  6 lux 
                  5 lux 
                 NA 
               
               
                 fitting 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0267]    Financial Benefits: 
         [0268]    1. 67% to 72% saving in the electricity consumption. 
         [0269]    2. Minimum maintenance charge. 
         [0270]    It is found through estimation that if LED street lights are implemented in all the places through out the world, the benefits will be as below:
   1) Saving in electricity 1.9×1020 Joules   2) Remarkable decrease in consumption of electricity.   3) Financially, saving of 1.83 Trillion dollars   4) Prevention of addition of 10.68 Giga tons of carbon dioxide to the environment.   5) The electricity produced in about 280 electricity production centres, which is being used in illuminating the street lights, can be used for different purposes.   
 
       Example 7 
       [0276]    Another experiment was conducted which shows the comparison result between High Pressure Sodium Lamp (HPS) and our solid state lighting apparatus. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Model 
                 48 W LED Street Light vs 255 H.P. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sodium Vapor Lamp 
               
               
                   
                 Test Procedure referred 
                 T-EQP/035 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test facilities used: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nomenclature 
                 Make/Model 
                 SI. Number 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) Single &amp; Three Phase Analyzer 
                 Infratek/106A- 
                 01054012 
               
               
                   
                 3/0.05 
               
               
                 2) Power Quality Analyzer 
                 Fluke/434 
                 DM910008 
               
               
                 3) Digital Illumination Meter 
                 Yokogawa/510 02 
                 020191 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0277]    Test Results 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Sr. 
                 Test 
                   
                   
               
               
                 No 
                 Parameters 
                 Test method/Requirements 
                 Observation 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 Power 
                 When the LED Lamp is operated with Rate 
                 50.04 w 
               
               
                   
                 Consumption 
                 Voltage 230 volt A.C. and Rated frequency 50 Hz, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the total power consumption shall be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 measured 
               
               
                 2 
                 Input Power 
                 Input power factor shall be measured at rated 
                 0.997 
               
               
                   
                 Factor 
                 voltage 230 volt A.C. and Rated frequency 50 Hz 
               
               
                 3 
                 Input Voltage 
                 When the LED Lamp is operated with input 
                 45 volt-200 
               
               
                   
                 Range 
                 voltage range from minimum to maximum 
                 lux 
               
               
                   
                   
                 operating range, output lux shall be measured at 
                 96 volt-550 lux 
               
               
                   
                   
                 approximately 5 feet height 
                 230 volt-560 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 lux 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 263 volt-560 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 lux 
               
               
                 4 
                 Distortion 
                 The total harmonic distortion of the input 
                 18.2% 
               
               
                   
                 Level (Total 
                 current shall be meausred When the LED Lamp 
               
               
                   
                 Harmonics 
                 is operated at its rated voltage 230 volt A.C. 
               
               
                   
                 Distortion of 
                 and Rated frequency 50 Hz 
               
               
                   
                 input current) 
               
               
                 1 
                 Power 
                 When the HPS Lamp is operated with Rate 
                 255 W 
               
               
                   
                 Consumption 
                 Voltage 230 volt A.C. and Rated frequency 50 Hz, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the total power consumption shall be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 measured 
               
               
                 2 
                 Input Power 
                 Input power factor shall be measured at rated 
                 0.395 
               
               
                   
                 Factor 
                 voltage 230 volt A.C. and Rated frequency 50 Hz 
               
               
                 3 
                 Input Voltage 
                 When the HPS Lamp is operated with input 
                 183 volt-326 
               
               
                   
                 Range 
                 voltage range from minimum to maximum 
                 lux 
               
               
                   
                   
                 operating range, output lux shall be measured at 
                 230 volt-1800 
               
               
                   
                   
                 approximately 5 feet height 
                 lux 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 258 volt-2600 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 lux 
               
               
                 4 
                 Distortion 
                 The total harmonic distortion of the input 
                 13.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Level (Total 
                 current shall be meausred When the HPS Lamp 
               
               
                   
                 Harmonics 
                 is operated at its rated voltage 230 volt A.C. 
               
               
                   
                 Distortion of 
                 and Rated frequency 50 Hz 
               
               
                   
                 input current) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 8 
       [0278]    Yet another on-site Installation experimental data is as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 INSTALLATION DATA 
               
               
                 Voltage: 120 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 EXISTING  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 FIX. 
                 EXISTING 
                 EXISTING 
                 RPL. FIX. 
                 POST RPL 
                 POST 
               
               
                 LOCATION 
                 SL# 
                 TYPE 
                 LOAD 
                 Fe 
                 TYPE 
                 LOAD 
                 RPL Fe 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sidney St. 
                 31442 
                 150 w 
                 2.63a 
                 2.43 
                 48 w LED 
                 .52a 
                 3.33 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HPS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sidney St. 
                 21592 
                 150 w 
                 2.58a 
                 2.14 
                 48 w LED 
                 .52a 
                 2.62 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HPS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sidney St. 
                 25339 
                 150 w 
                 2.10a 
                 2.76 
                 48 w LED 
                 .52a 
                 2.63 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HPS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0279]    The solid state lighting apparatuses of our invention have applications and customized for utilities including but not limited to stand alone lighting purposes. Industrial Indoor lighting purposes, indoor domestic commercial purposes, street light purposes, flood light purposes, high mast purposes, stadiums and other public spaces like air ports, etc. 
         [0280]    The preceding description has been presented with reference to various embodiments of the invention. Persons skilled in the art and technology to which this invention pertains will appreciate that alterations and changes in the described apparatuses and methods of operation can be practiced without meaningfully departing from the principle, spirit and scope of this invention. 
       ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
       [0281]    The solid state lighting apparatuses of the proposed invention having the following advantages
       a) Helps Conserve Electricity.   b) High Input Power Factor (0.98) eliminates electrical Losses.   c) Low Harmonic Distortion (THD&lt;15%): Eliminates the cable heating caused by high level of Harmonic distortion of conventional Lights.   d) High Color Rendering Index (CRI≧0.80): The natural color spectrum of white LED Street light of our invention allows a clear visual identification of forms and colors. This increases night security and also guarantees better video images from security camera systems.   e) Long Life (&gt;50,000 Hours): While most conventional gas discharge lamps can only be used for 5000 hours, the LED Street Light of our invention has an average life span of more than 50000 hours.   f) Low Heat Emission and Ultra Low Carbon Foot Print: To reduce carbon footprint is the need of the hour. The next ten years are very crucial for the survival of this Planet. Introduction and implementation of Energy efficient Projects is an absolute MUST. By introducing LEDs in the Illumination Sector, more than 80% of energy can be saved. The conventional Lights generate a lot of heat, due to which the Air conditioners get more loaded and the compressors run for a longer time. LEDs help in reducing heat and therefore save the run time of Air conditioners. In turn, there is an indirect savings in energy in this case (INDOOR APPLICATION).   g) Environmentally Friendly and Recognized Green Technology: LED street light of our invention are environmentally friendly right from the selection of raw material, the manufacturing process, the function of energy saving on installation, long Life and 99% of the fixture can be recycled after the life span. The LED Lights are recognized as GREEN TECHNOLOGY Products Globally.   h) No Light Pollution: Because LED Street light of our invention can be precisely directed, Light pollution is minimal. This does not only help astronomers observing the night skies, it also protects many animals as well as human health and   i) Insect-Friendliness: Since the street Light of LED of our invention is less appealing to many night-active insects, almost no insects die in the lamps, which also greatly reduces cleaning and maintenance costs.   j) Scrap value at end of life cycle is substantial   k) Welding operation is done to keep minimal metal grain structure undisturbed.