Abstract:
An electronic musical instrument comprises a waveshape memory delivering out digital value samples of one cycle of a certain waveshape, and a loop circuit including a filter and a shift register. The digital waveshape values read out from the waveshape memory is caused to circulate at a predetermined rate of time in the loop circuit. A waveshape taken out from the loop circuit varies as time lapses, and is utilized as a musical tone.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an electronic musical instrument for electronically generating a musical tone waveshape. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     An electronic musical instrument of a waveshape reading out system which employs a waveshape memory storing a musical sound waveshape either in the analog form or in the digital form, and is operative so that the stored contents are repetitively read out at a given rate of time from said waveshape memory to thereby form a musical tone waveshape, is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,515,792 Specification (Inventor: Ralph Deutsch; Title: DIGITAL ORGAN). 
     In an electronic musical instrument, in general, which employs the above-mentioned system, the musical tone waveshape which is read out from the waveshape memory is always constant in amplitude (tone volume) and tone color relative to time. Accordingly, in order to impart the musical tone a variation of amplitude (envelope) with time, the instrument is arranged in general so as to multiply the musical tone waveshape read out from the waveshape memory by an amplitude factor which varies with time. With such a known arrangement, there can be attained a variation of tone volume of the musical tone in accordance with the passage of time. Nevertheless, it is not possible to obtain such a musical sound that its tone color varies with time. In order to attain a variation of tone color with time, it is necessary according to the prior art to further pass the musical sound waveshape read out from the waveshape memory through a complicated variable filter arranged so that its frequency characteristic varies with time. 
     As stated above, in case it is intended to generate a musical tone which is rich in variation and in expression by the use of an electronic musical instrument employing the known waveshape reading out system, it is necessary to equip this instrument with very complicated and expensive peripheral circuits. Thus, it is quite difficult to obtain, from an electronic musical instrument of a simple structure, such a decaying musical sound as the sound of a piano, a guitar, a harp and a xylophone, whose tone volume exhibits a decay with time and yet is accompanied with variation of tone color. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an electronic musical instrument which is capable of easily generating various kinds of musical tones whose tone volume and tone color vary with time. 
     According to the present invention, there is provided an electronic musical instrument wherein there are provided a waveshape generator for generating a waveshape in an amount defining at least one cycle at a certain time rate, and a loop circuit including a filter and a delaying circuitry. The waveshape delivered out from the waveshape generator is caused to circulate at a predetermined rate of time in the loop circuit, and thus an aimed musical waveshape is obtained repeatedly from a point of this loop circuit. 
     This and other objects as well as the features and the advantages of the present invention will become apparent by reading the following detailed description of the invention in connection with the preferred examples when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a basic construction of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of the electronic musical instrument according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is an illustration showing an example of the waveshape information stored in the waveshape memory included in the electronic musical instrument shown in FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an example of a filter included in the electronic musical instrument shown in FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 5 is a chart of the frequency characteristic of the filter shown in FIG. 4. 
     FIG. 6 is an explanatory illustration showing a modification of an electronic musical instrument of the present invention shown in FIG. 2. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A basic construction of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. A waveshape generator 1 produces a waveshape which defines at least one cycle of the wave at a certain time rate. A loop circuit 2 is constituted by connecting a filter 3 and a delay circuit 4 in a loop. A selector 5 is provided in the loop circuit 2 so that the waveshape from the waveshape generator 1 is introduced to the loop circuit at a time and a filtered and delayed waveshape is repeatedly circulated in the loop circuit 2 at another time. In this way, the waveshape generator 1 and the loop circuit 2 constitute a musical tone wave forming section 100. A keyboard section 101 triggers the waveshape generator 1 to produce a waveshape and the selector 5 to initially introduce the waveshape into the loop circuit 2 and subsequently circulate the filtered and delayed waveshape in the loop circuit 2. 
     A more detailed block diagram of an embodiment of the electronic musical instrument of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. This electronic musical instrument is structurally composed roughly of the following two principal sections, i.e. a musical tone wave forming section 100 including a waveshape memory 11 storing the information of a specific waveshape, which waveshape serves as the base factor of production of a musical tone waveshape, in an amount corresponding to at least one cycle, and a keyboard section 101 for addressing the aforesaid waveshape memory 11 of said waveshape forming section 100. 
     The waveshape forming section 100 is comprised of a waveshape memory 11, a filter 13, an N-stage shift register 14 serving as a delaying circuit, a selector circuitry 15A and a control counter 15B. The shift register 14 is connected back to the filter 13 via the selector circuitry 15A to form a loop circuit 12. 
     In the waveshape memory 11 is stored, in a digital representation, the information of a specific waveshape, which serves as the base factor of production of a musical tone waveshape, in an amount defining, for example one cycle of the wave. It will be needless to say that this waveshape memory 11 may be arranged so as to store the waveshape information in an analog form. 
     The keyboard section 101 is comprised of a keyboard 16, a key number decoder 17, a programable counter 18 and a master clock oscillator 19. When a desired specific key of the keyboard 16 is depressed, the control signal corresponding to this depressed key is generated from the key number decoder 17. Under the control by this control signal, the programable counter 18 counts the clock pulse delivered from the master clock oscillator 19 to generate a clock pulse CLK of a frequency corresponding to the depressed key. Such a keyboard section can be easily constructed according to the teachings described in the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,379 assigned to the same assignee. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, to make an explanation in further detail, it should be understood that digital representations (in N words) of an N number of sample values W 1 , W 2 , . . . , W N  of a specific waveshape W are stored at the addresses No. 1, No. 2, . . . , No. N in the waveshape memory 11, respectively. 
     Referring again to FIG. 2, explanation will hereunder be made of the behavior of the electronic musical instrument of FIG. 2. When a certain key of the keyboard 16 is depressed, there will be derived a clear pulse from this keyboard 16. By this clear pulse, the contents of the control counter 15B and of the shift register 14 are cleared. At the same time therewith, the programable counter 18 receives a control signal from the key number decoder 17 to generate a clock pulse CLK of a frequency corresponding to the depressed key. At each clock pulse CLK generated from the programable counter 18, the digital representations (N words) of sample values W 1 , W 2 , . . . , W N  at the respective sampling points of the waveshape W are read out successively. These digital representations which are thus read out are then supplied via the selector circuit 15A, as the initial one cycle information of the musical tone waveshape, to a sound system not shown but including a digital-to-analog converter. Along therewith, these digital representations are successively placed, via the filter 13, into the shift register 14. The control counter 15B counts the clock pulses CLK. As the N-th clock pulse CLK arrives at this control counter 15B, thereby the digital representation which has been stored in the address No. N is read out, and as the reading out of the information of the stored waveshape of one cycle completes, the control counter 15B generates a switch-over signal. This switch-over signal controls the selector circuit 15A so that the output of the shift register 14 is connected to the input of the filter 13 via the selector 15A, whereby the aforesaid loop circuit 12 is completed. 
     At this point of time, the one cycle information (N words) of the waveshape W which is stored in the waveshape memory 11 is placed, via the filter 13, into the N-stage shift register 14. The contents of this shift register 14 are shifted one position to the right side at each arrival of the clock pulse CLK. This output of the shift register 14 is then delivered via the selector circuit 15A to the musical tone sounding system not shown. Along therewith, said output is again placed into this shift register 14 via the filter 13. More specifically, the information of N-words read out from the waveshape memory 11 is circulated in the loop circuit 12 at the rate of time of the clock pulse CLK. The waveshape information which appears at an arbitrary point of this loop circuit 12, which in this example is at the output point of the selector 15A, is sent to the sound system not shown as the 2nd cycle, 3rd cycle, . . . , i-th cycle information of the musical tone waveshape, respectively. 
     More clearly speaking, the 1st cycle information, the 2nd cycle information, the 3rd cycle information, . . . , the i-th cycle information of the musical tone waveshape are formed by the sounding system not shown, based on the following series of information, i.e. the information of N-words read out from the waveshape memory 11, the information of N-words after having once passed through the filter 13, the information of N-words after having twice passed through the filter 13, the information of N-words after having passed three times through the filter 13, . . . , the information of N-words after having passed i-times through the filter 13. Accordingly, there is obtained a musical sound having time-variations in amplitude (tone volume) and tone color -- which time variations are determined by the characteristic of the filter 13. For example, in case this filter 13 has a low-pass characteristic, there is obtained a musical sound of such pattern that its higher harmonics components undergo a decay with time. Also, in case the filter 13 has a band-pass characteristic, there is obtained a musical tone of such pattern that the relative levels of the specific harmonics components will become more prominent than other components as the time lapses. 
     As will be understood from the foregoing explanation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a musical tone whose tone volume and tone color vary with time, by appropriately selecting the characteristic of the filter 13. 
     FIG. 4 shows a concrete example of this filter 13. In FIG. 4, reference numeral 20 represents an adder, 21 a register, and 22 and 23 represent multipliers. 
     If the input signal of this filter 13, i.e. the output signal of the selector 15A, is designated here as X(nT); the output signal of this filter 13 as Z(nT); and the output signal of the adder 20 as Y(nT), then there is established the following Equations: 
     
         Y(nT) = X(nT) + p × Y[(n-1)T]                        Eq. (1) 
    
     
         Z(nT) = q × Y(nT)                                    Eq. (2) 
    
     wherein: 
     p and q represent multiplying coefficients of the multipliers, respectively; 
     T represents the pulse width of the clock pulse CLK, i.e. the sampling interval; and 
     n represents an integer indicating the number of order of the clock pulse CLK. 
     On the basis of the above-mentioned Equations (1) and (2), the transfer characteristics (frequency-gain characteristic G and frequency-phase characteristic θ) of the filter are sought as follows: 
     
         G = q/(1 + p.sup.2 - 2p cosωT)1/2                    Eq. (3) 
    
     
         θ = tan.sup.-1 (-p sinωT)/(1 - p cosωT)  Eq. (4) 
    
     In FIG. 5 are shown examples of the frequency-gain characteristic G of the filter 13 shown in FIG. 3. In this figure, the curve A represents the frequency-gain characteristic where the multiplying coefficient p = 0.01 and q = 1-p = 0.99; and the curve B represents the frequency-gain characteristic where p = 0.5 and q = 1-p = 0.5. It should be understood that the vertical axis indicates the gain G in &#34;dB&#34;, and that the horizontal axis indicates the fundamental frequency of the musical tone waveshape expressed in terms of the relative frequency for the sampling frequency (1/T). 
     In the electronic musical instrument of FIG. 2, let us now assume that the waveshape W is comprised of amplitudes at 128 (=N) sampling points and that they are stored in the waveshape memory 11 in the form of digital words, and further that it is intended to obtain a musical sound whose fundamental frequency is 400 Hz. In such an instance, it is apparent that the sampling period, i.e. the period T of the clock pulse CLK, T = 1/(440 × 128) = 17.756 μsec. Now, if the filter 13 of FIG. 2 is assumed to have such frequency-gain characteristic as shown by the curve A (p = 0.01, q = 0.99) of FIG. 5, the gain G which is obtained by passing the information once through the filter 13, with respect to both the fundamental frequency and the respective higher harmonics, will be expressed as in the following table. 
     
                       Table______________________________________ componentsFrequency     frequency f&#39;Relative                (dB)Gain G                         ##STR1##______________________________________Fundamentalfrequency    f&#39; = 1/128 -0.0001  -0.0442nd higherharmonic 2 × f.sub.1 &#39;               -0.0004  -0.1763rd higherharmonic 3 × f.sub.1 &#39;               -0.0010  -0.4404th higherharmonic 4 × f.sub.1 &#39;               -0.0017  -0.748.        .          .        ..        .          .        .16th higherharmonic 16 × f.sub.1 &#39;               -0.0259  -11.40.        .          .        ..        .          .        ..        .          .        .32nd higherharmonic 32 × f.sub.1 &#39;               -0.0077  -38.59______________________________________In the example of FIG. 2, the waveshape information is circulated in theloop circuit 12 at the rate of (1/T × N) time per second.Therefore, it will be understood that the gain value: G × (1/T× N) which is shown in the rightmost column of the above-mentionedtable indicates the rate of decay, per second, of both the fundamentalfrequency component and the higher harmonic components of the musicaltone. As will be clear from this, in case the filter of FIG. 4 is used asthe filter 13 of FIG. 2, a musical tone which is obtained in case p &gt; 0will have such characteristic that its lower harmonics components hardlyshow a decay but the higher harmonics components will decay rapidly withtime. This pattern of characteristic closely resembles that of themusical sound which is produced by such musical instrument as a piano or 
    
     Also, by setting the coefficient value q at various different values, it is possible to impart the filter 13 a gain which is greater than &#34;1&#34; or a decay characteristic greater than those shown in the above-mentioned table, over a certain specific frequency band. As such, there can be obtained a musical tone having an attack and decay envelope resembling that of a natural musical instrument. Also, by setting p =0 0 and q = 1, it is possible to easily generate a musical tone which is constant both in tone volume and tone color. 
     In FIG. 6 is shown a modification of the waveshape forming section 100 of FIG. 2. In FIG. 6, reference numeral 40 represents a magnetic drum. On the circumference of this drum 40 are provided magnetic tracks 40a and 40b which correspond to the waveshape memory 11 and the shift register 14 of FIG. 2, respectively. This magnetic drum 40 is rotated by a motor 41 at the rate corresponding to the frequency of the clock pulse CLK. Reference numerals 42a and 42b present magnetic heads for reading out the waveshape information stored in the magnetic tracks 40a and 40b, respectively. A selector 43 shown corresponds to the selector circuit 15A of FIG. 2. A filter 44 illustrated corresponds to the filter 13 of FIG. 2. The output of this filter 44 is written into the magnetic track 40b by a magnetic head 42c. The above-mentioned selector 42, filter 44, magnetic head 42c, magnetic track 40b and magnetic head 42b jointly constitute a loop circuit corresponding to the loop circuit 12 shown in FIG. 2.