Abstract:
Disclosed is an organic light-emitting display device preventing an infiltration of oxygen, moisture, etc. The organic light-emitting display device of the present invention comprises: a first substrate comprising a pixel region wherein a pixel is formed and a non-pixel region excepting the pixel region; a second substrate opposed and bonded to the first substrate in one region comprising the pixel region; a frit positioned between the non-pixel region and the second substrate to bond the first substrate and the second substrate; and at least one metal line formed on the first substrate to be overlapped with a portion of the frit, wherein the side of the metal line is bent and formed at a predetermined angle in the intersecting region overlapped with the frit.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of the earlier filing dates of Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2006-0008461, filed on Jan. 26, 2006 and 10-2006-0016187, filed on Feb. 20, 2006, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     The present invention relates to display technologies, and more particularly to an organic light-emitting display device. 
     2. Discussion of Related Technologies 
     In general, an organic light-emitting display device comprises a first substrate, and a second substrate opposing the first substrate and a sealing structure. The sealing structure combines the first and second substrates, which in combination form an enclosed space. The sealing structure often is made of a material such as epoxy. The organic light-emitting display device further includes an array of organic light-emitting diodes within the enclosed space. 
     However, since the organic light-emitting diodes include organic materials, it may be vulnerable to moisture. Further, since one or more electrically conductive lines formed in the array are made of metallic materials, the lines may be easily oxidized by oxygen contained in the air, which can deteriorate their electrical characteristics and light-emitting characteristics of the display device. To prevent this, moisture absorbent can be mounted within the enclosed space as an approach. 
     However, mounting the moisture absorbent in the display device is not without problems. As an alternative or in addition, more hermetic sealing can be introduced using glass frit substituting a conventional sealant. U.S. Pat. No. 6,998,776 discloses glass frit to encapsulate an organic light-emitting device. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One aspect of the invention provides an organic light-emitting display device. The device comprises: a first substrate; a second substrate; a frit seal interconnecting the first and second substrate; and an electrically conductive line formed on the first substrate and comprising a portion overlapping with the frit seal, wherein the portion of the electrically conductive line comprises a first edge with geometrical structures such that the length along the first edge with the geometrical structures is substantially longer than that without the geometrical structures, wherein the electrically conductive line comprises a first side surface depending from the first edge, the first side surface comprising a groove extending along at least part of the first edge. In the device, the first substrate may consist of a single layer. Alternatively, the first substrate may comprise a plurality of layers. 
     The first substrate, the second substrate and the frit seal may define an enclosed space, wherein the electrically conductive line interconnects a first circuit located within the enclosed space and a second circuit located outside the enclosed space. The groove may extend substantially throughout along the first edge of the portion. The frit seal and the grooved first side surface of the portion may form a passage configured to pass moisture therethrough. The passage may interconnect the enclosed space and outside the enclosed space. The groove may be substantially curved. 
     The portion may further comprise a second edge generally parallel to the first edge, wherein the second edge comprises geometrical structures such that the length along the second edge with the geometrical structures is substantially longer than that without the geometrical structures, wherein the electrically conductive line comprises a second side surface depending from the second edge, the second side surface comprising a groove extending along at least part of the second edge. 
     The geometrical structures may comprise at least one of a protrusion and a recess. The geometrical structures may provide a plurality of turns along the edge. The geometrical structures may comprise a protrusion from the first side surface and an extension from the protrusion, and the extension may extend in a direction substantially parallel to the portion of the electrically conductive line. The extension may be longer than the protrusion in the direction. 
     The geometrical structures may comprise a recess into the first side surface and a canal extending from the recess, wherein the canal extends in a direction substantially parallel to the portion of the electrically conductive line, wherein the canal is longer than the recess in the direction. At least one of the geometrical structures may comprise a groove on a side surface thereof. 
     The electrically conductive line may comprise two or more layers. The electrically conductive line may comprise an interposed layer interposed between two conductive layers, wherein the groove is formed into the interposed layer. Each of the two conductive layers may comprise a common material. The electrically conductive line may comprise a layered structure of titanium (Ti)/aluminum (Al)/titanium (Ti) or molybdenum (Mo)/aluminum (Al)/molybdenum (Mo). The electrically conductive line may not comprise through holes therein. 
     The frit seal may contact at least part of the first side surface. The frit seal may comprise a portion partly received in the groove. The frit seal may comprise a portion blocking a portion of the groove. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides a method of making an organic light-emitting display device. The method comprises: providing a first substrate and an electrically conductive line formed on the first substrate; providing a second substrate; and interconnecting the first and second substrates with a frit seal interposed therebetween; wherein the electrically conductive line comprises a portion overlapping with the frit seal, wherein the portion of the electrically conductive line comprises a edge with geometrical structures such that the length along the edge with the geometrical structures is substantially longer than that without the geometrical structures, wherein the electrically conductive line comprises a side surface depending from the edge, the side surface comprising a groove extending along at least part of the edge. The frit seal and the grooved side surface of the portion may form a passage. 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, the organic light-emitting display device comprises: a first substrate comprising a pixel region wherein a pixel is formed and a non-pixel region excepting the pixel region; a second substrate opposed and bonded to the first substrate in one region comprising the pixel region; a frit positioned between the non-pixel region and the second substrate to bond the first substrate and the second substrate; and at least one metal line formed on the first substrate to be overlapped with a portion of the frit, wherein the side of the metal line is bent and formed at a predetermined angle in the intersecting region overlapped with the frit. In other embodiments, in the intersecting region at least one projecting part extended from the side of the metal line is provided. In the intersecting region at least one groove is formed on the side of the metal line. 
     According to another embodiment of the present invention, the organic light-emitting display device comprises: a first substrate comprising a pixel region wherein a pixel is formed and a non-pixel region excepting the pixel region; a second substrate opposed and bonded to the first substrate in one region comprising the pixel region; sealant positioned between the non-pixel region and the second substrate to bond the first substrate and the second substrate; and at least one metal line formed on the first substrate to be overlapped with a portion of the sealant and formed of at least three layers including different kinds of metals, wherein the metal line comprises at least one groove or projecting part formed from both sides in the intersecting region overlapped with the sealant. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and/or other advantages of the invention will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of various embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a first substrate and an array of organic light-emitting pixels formed on the first substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2   a  and  FIG. 2   b  illustrate a second substrate with a frit sealing structure formed thereon. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view showing that the first and second substrates are interconnected. 
         FIG. 4  is a side view showing an electrically conductive line formed on a substrate of an organic light-emitting device. 
         FIG. 5   a  is a side view of an electrically conductive line formed on a substrate of an organic light-emitting device with a meniscus formed by selective etching. 
         FIG. 5   b  is a photograph of a cross-section of an area where the electrically conductive line of  FIG. 5   a  is overlapped with a frit seal. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view showing an intersecting region of the frit and the electrically conductive line according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 7   a ,  7   b ,  8 ,  9   a  and  9   b  illustrate alternative embodiments of electrically conductive lines as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 10A  is a schematic exploded view of a passive matrix type organic light emitting display device in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 10B  is a schematic exploded view of an active matrix type organic light emitting display device in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 10C  is a schematic top plan view of an organic light emitting display in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 10D  is a cross-sectional view of the organic light emitting display of  FIG. 10C , taken along the line d-d. 
         FIG. 10E  is a schematic perspective view illustrating mass production of organic light emitting devices in accordance with one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying  FIG. 1  to  FIG. 10E . In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
     An organic light emitting display (OLED) is a display device comprising an array of organic light emitting diodes. Organic light emitting diodes are solid state devices which include an organic material and are adapted to generate and emit light when appropriate electrical potentials are applied. 
     OLEDs can be generally grouped into two basic types dependent on the arrangement with which the stimulating electrical current is provided.  FIG. 10A  schematically illustrates an exploded view of a simplified structure of a passive matrix type OLED  1000 .  FIG. 10B  schematically illustrates a simplified structure of an active matrix type OLED  1001 . In both configurations, the OLED  1000 ,  1001  includes OLED pixels built over a substrate  1002 , and the OLED pixels include an anode  1004 , a cathode  1006  and an organic layer  1010 . When an appropriate electrical current is applied to the anode  1004 , electric current flows through the pixels and visible light is emitted from the organic layer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10A , the passive matrix OLED (PMOLED) design includes elongate strips of anode  1004  arranged generally perpendicular to elongate strips of cathode  1006  with organic layers interposed therebetween. The intersections of the strips of cathode  1006  and anode  1004  define individual OLED pixels where light is generated and emitted upon appropriate excitation of the corresponding strips of anode  1004  and cathode  1006 . PMOLEDs provide the advantage of relatively simple fabrication. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10B , the active matrix OLED (AMOLED) includes local driving circuits  1012  arranged between the substrate  1002  and an array of OLED pixels. An individual pixel of AMOLEDs is defined between the common cathode  1006  and an anode  1004 , which is electrically isolated from other anodes. Each driving circuit  1012  is coupled with an anode  1004  of the OLED pixels and further coupled with a data line  1016  and a scan line  1018 . In embodiments, the scan lines  1018  supply scan signals that select rows of the driving circuits, and the data lines  1016  supply data signals for particular driving circuits. The data signals and scan signals stimulate the local driving circuits  1012 , which excite the anodes  1004  so as to emit light from their corresponding pixels. 
     In the illustrated AMOLED, the local driving circuits  1012 , the data lines  1016  and scan lines  1018  are buried in a planarization layer  1014 , which is interposed between the pixel array and the substrate  1002 . The planarization layer  1014  provides a planar top surface on which the organic light emitting pixel array is formed. The planarization layer  1014  may be formed of organic or inorganic materials, and formed of two or more layers although shown as a single layer. The local driving circuits  1012  are typically formed with thin film transistors (TFT) and arranged in a grid or array under the OLED pixel array. The local driving circuits  1012  may be at least partly made of organic materials, including organic TFT. AMOLEDs have the advantage of fast response time improving their desirability for use in displaying data signals. Also, AMOLEDs have the advantages of consuming less power than passive matrix OLEDs. 
     Referring to common features of the PMOLED and AMOLED designs, the substrate  1002  provides structural support for the OLED pixels and circuits. In various embodiments, the substrate  1002  can comprise rigid or flexible materials as well as opaque or transparent materials, such as plastic, glass, and/or foil. As noted above, each OLED pixel or diode is formed with the anode  1004 , cathode  1006  and organic layer  1010  interposed therebetween. When an appropriate electrical current is applied to the anode  1004 , the cathode  1006  injects electrons and the anode  1004  injects holes. In certain embodiments, the anode  1004  and cathode  1006  are inverted; i.e., the cathode is formed on the substrate  1002  and the anode is opposingly arranged. 
     Interposed between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004  are one or more organic layers. More specifically, at least one emissive or light emitting layer is interposed between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004 . The light emitting layer may comprise one or more light emitting organic compounds. Typically, the light emitting layer is configured to emit visible light in a single color such as blue, green, red or white. In the illustrated embodiment, one organic layer  1010  is formed between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004  and acts as a light emitting layer. Additional layers, which can be formed between the anode  1004  and cathode  1006 , can include a hole transporting layer, a hole injection layer, an electron transporting layer and an electron injection layer. 
     Hole transporting and/or injection layers can be interposed between the light emitting layer  1010  and the anode  1004 . Electron transporting and/or injecting layers can be interposed between the cathode  1006  and the light emitting layer  1010 . The electron injection layer facilitates injection of electrons from the cathode  1006  toward the light emitting layer  1010  by reducing the work function for injecting electrons from the cathode  1006 . Similarly, the hole injection layer facilitates injection of holes from the anode  1004  toward the light emitting layer  1010 . The hole and electron transporting layers facilitate movement of the carriers injected from the respective electrodes toward the light emitting layer. 
     In some embodiments, a single layer may serve both electron injection and transportation functions or both hole injection and transportation functions. In some embodiments, one or more of these layers are lacking. In some embodiments, one or more organic layers are doped with one or more materials that help injection and/or transportation of the carriers. In embodiments where only one organic layer is formed between the cathode and anode, the organic layer may include not only an organic light emitting compound but also certain functional materials that help injection or transportation of carriers within that layer. 
     There are numerous organic materials that have been developed for use in these layers including the light emitting layer. Also, numerous other organic materials for use in these layers are being developed. In some embodiments, these organic materials may be macromolecules including oligomers and polymers. In some embodiments, the organic materials for these layers may be relatively small molecules. The skilled artisan will be able to select appropriate materials for each of these layers in view of the desired functions of the individual layers and the materials for the neighboring layers in particular designs. 
     In operation, an electrical circuit provides appropriate potential between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004 . This results in an electrical current flowing from the anode  1004  to the cathode  1006  via the interposed organic layer(s). In one embodiment, the cathode  1006  provides electrons to the adjacent organic layer  1010 . The anode  1004  injects holes to the organic layer  1010 . The holes and electrons recombine in the organic layer  1010  and generate energy particles called “excitons.” The excitons transfer their energy to the organic light emitting material in the organic layer  1010 , and the energy is used to emit visible light from the organic light emitting material. The spectral characteristics of light generated and emitted by the OLED  1000 ,  1001  depend on the nature and composition of organic molecules in the organic layer(s). The composition of the one or more organic layers can be selected to suit the needs of a particular application by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     OLED devices can also be categorized based on the direction of the light emission. In one type referred to as “top emission” type, OLED devices emit light and display images through the cathode or top electrode  1006 . In these embodiments, the cathode  1006  is made of a material transparent or at least partially transparent with respect to visible light. In certain embodiments, to avoid losing any light that can pass through the anode or bottom electrode  1004 , the anode may be made of a material substantially reflective of the visible light. A second type of OLED devices emits light through the anode or bottom electrode  1004  and is called “bottom emission” type. In the bottom emission type OLED devices, the anode  1004  is made of a material which is at least partially transparent with respect to visible light. Often, in bottom emission type OLED devices, the cathode  1006  is made of a material substantially reflective of the visible light. A third type of OLED devices emits light in two directions, e.g. through both anode  1004  and cathode  1006 . Depending upon the direction(s) of the light emission, the substrate may be formed of a material which is transparent, opaque or reflective of visible light. 
     In many embodiments, an OLED pixel array  1021  comprising a plurality of organic light emitting pixels is arranged over a substrate  1002  as shown in  FIG. 10C . In embodiments, the pixels in the array  1021  are controlled to be turned on and off by a driving circuit (not shown), and the plurality of the pixels as a whole displays information or image on the array  1021 . In certain embodiments, the OLED pixel array  1021  is arranged with respect to other components, such as drive and control electronics to define a display region and a non-display region. In these embodiments, the display region refers to the area of the substrate  1002  where OLED pixel array  1021  is formed. The non-display region refers to the remaining areas of the substrate  1002 . In embodiments, the non-display region can contain logic and/or power supply circuitry. It will be understood that there will be at least portions of control/drive circuit elements arranged within the display region. For example, in PMOLEDs, conductive components will extend into the display region to provide appropriate potential to the anode and cathodes. In AMOLEDs, local driving circuits and data/scan lines coupled with the driving circuits will extend into the display region to drive and control the individual pixels of the AMOLEDs. 
     One design and fabrication consideration in OLED devices is that certain organic material layers of OLED devices can suffer damage or accelerated deterioration from exposure to water, oxygen or other harmful gases. Accordingly, it is generally understood that OLED devices be sealed or encapsulated to inhibit exposure to moisture and oxygen or other harmful gases found in a manufacturing or operational environment.  FIG. 10D  schematically illustrates a cross-section of an encapsulated OLED device  1011  having a layout of  FIG. 10C  and taken along the line d-d of  FIG. 10C . In this embodiment, a generally planar top plate or substrate  1061  engages with a seal  1071  which further engages with a bottom plate or substrate  1002  to enclose or encapsulate the OLED pixel array  1021 . In other embodiments, one or more layers are formed on the top plate  1061  or bottom plate  1002 , and the seal  1071  is coupled with the bottom or top substrate  1002 ,  1061  via such a layer. In the illustrated embodiment, the seal  1071  extends along the periphery of the OLED pixel array  1021  or the bottom or top plate  1002 ,  1061 . 
     In embodiments, the seal  1071  is made of a frit material as will be further discussed below. In various embodiments, the top and bottom plates  1061 ,  1002  comprise materials such as plastics, glass and/or metal foils which can provide a barrier to passage of oxygen and/or water to thereby protect the OLED pixel array  1021  from exposure to these substances. In embodiments, at least one of the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002  are formed of a substantially transparent material. 
     To lengthen the life time of OLED devices  1011 , it is generally desired that seal  1071  and the top and bottom plates  1061 ,  1002  provide a substantially non-permeable seal to oxygen and water vapor and provide a substantially hermetically enclosed space  1081 . In certain applications, it is indicated that the seal  1071  of a frit material in combination with the top and bottom plates  1061 ,  1002  provide a barrier to oxygen of less than approximately 10 −3  cc/m 2 -day and to water of less than 10 −6  g/m 2 -day. Given that some oxygen and moisture can permeate into the enclosed space  1081 , in some embodiments, a material that can take up oxygen and/or moisture is formed within the enclosed space  1081 . 
     The seal  1071  has a width W, which is its thickness in a direction parallel to a surface of the top or bottom substrate  1061 ,  1002  as shown in  FIG. 10D . The width varies among embodiments and ranges from about 300 μm to about 3000 μm, optionally from about 500 μm to about 1500 μm. Also, the width may vary at different positions of the seal  1071 . In some embodiments, the width of the seal  1071  may be the largest where the seal  1071  contacts one of the bottom and top substrate  1002 ,  1061  or a layer formed thereon. The width may be the smallest where the seal  1071  contacts the other. The width variation in a single cross-section of the seal  1071  relates to the cross-sectional shape of the seal  1071  and other design parameters. 
     The seal  1071  has a height H, which is its thickness in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the top or bottom substrate  1061 ,  1002  as shown in  FIG. 10D . The height varies among embodiments and ranges from about 2 μm to about 30 μm, optionally from about 10 μm to about 15 μm. Generally, the height does not significantly vary at different positions of the seal  1071 . However, in certain embodiments, the height of the seal  1071  may vary at different positions thereof. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the seal  1071  has a generally rectangular cross-section. In other embodiments, however, the seal  1071  can have other various cross-sectional shapes such as a generally square cross-section, a generally trapezoidal cross-section, a cross-section with one or more rounded edges, or other configuration as indicated by the needs of a given application. To improve hermeticity, it is generally desired to increase the interfacial area where the seal  1071  directly contacts the bottom or top substrate  1002 ,  1061  or a layer formed thereon. In some embodiments, the shape of the seal can be designed such that the interfacial area can be increased. 
     The seal  1071  can be arranged immediately adjacent the OLED array  1021 , and in other embodiments, the seal  1071  is spaced some distance from the OLED array  1021 . In certain embodiment, the seal  1071  comprises generally linear segments that are connected together to surround the OLED array  1021 . Such linear segments of the seal  1071  can extend, in certain embodiments, generally parallel to respective boundaries of the OLED array  1021 . In other embodiment, one or more of the linear segments of the seal  1071  are arranged in a non-parallel relationship with respective boundaries of the OLED array  1021 . In yet other embodiments, at least part of the seal  1071  extends between the top plate  1061  and bottom plate  1002  in a curvilinear manner. 
     As noted above, in certain embodiments, the seal  1071  is formed using a frit material or simply “frit” or glass frit,” which includes fine glass particles. The frit particles includes one or more of magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), barium oxide (BaO), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), sodium oxide (Na 2 O), potassium oxide (K 2 O), boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), tellurium oxide (TeO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), lead oxide (PbO), tin oxide (SnO), phosphorous oxide (P 2 O 5 ), ruthenium oxide (Ru 2 O), rubidium oxide (Rb 2 O), rhodium oxide (Rh 2 O), ferrite oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), copper oxide (CuO), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ), lead-borate glass, tin-phosphate glass, vanadate glass, and borosilicate, etc. In embodiments, these particles range in size from about 2 μm to about 30 μm, optionally about 5 μm to about 10 μm, although not limited only thereto. The particles can be as large as about the distance between the top and bottom substrates  1061 ,  1002  or any layers formed on these substrates where the frit seal  1071  contacts. 
     The frit material used to form the seal  1071  can also include one or more filler or additive materials. The filler or additive materials can be provided to adjust an overall thermal expansion characteristic of the seal  1071  and/or to adjust the absorption characteristics of the seal  1071  for selected frequencies of incident radiant energy. The filler or additive material(s) can also include inversion and/or additive fillers to adjust a coefficient of thermal expansion of the frit. For example, the filler or additive materials can include transition metals, such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and/or vanadium. Additional materials for the filler or additives include ZnSiO 4 , PbTiO 3 , ZrO 2 , eucryptite. 
     In embodiments, a frit material as a dry composition contains glass particles from about 20 to 90 about wt %, and the remaining includes fillers and/or additives. In some embodiments, the frit paste contains about 10-30 wt % organic materials and about 70-90% inorganic materials. In some embodiments, the frit paste contains about 20 wt % organic materials and about 80 wt % organic materials. In some embodiments, the organic materials may include about 0-30 wt % binder(s) and about 70-100 wt % solvent(s). In some embodiments, about 10 wt % is binder(s) and about 90 wt % is solvent(s) among the organic materials. In some embodiments, the inorganic materials may include about 0-10 wt % additives, about 20-40 wt % fillers and about 50-80 wt % glass powder. In some embodiments, about 0-5 wt % is additive(s), about 25-30 wt % is filler(s) and about 65-75 wt % is the glass powder among the inorganic materials. 
     In forming a frit seal, a liquid material is added to the dry frit material to form a frit paste. Any organic or inorganic solvent with or without additives can be used as the liquid material. In embodiments, the solvent includes one or more organic compounds. For example, applicable organic compounds are ethyl cellulose, nitro cellulose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, butyl carbitol acetate, terpineol, butyl cellusolve, acrylate compounds. Then, the thus formed frit paste can be applied to form a shape of the seal  1071  on the top and/or bottom plate  1061 ,  1002 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, a shape of the seal  1071  is initially formed from the frit paste and interposed between the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002 . The seal  1071  can in certain embodiments be pre-cured or pre-sintered to one of the top plate and bottom plate  1061 ,  1002 . Following assembly of the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002  with the seal  1071  interposed therebetween, portions of the seal  1071  are selectively heated such that the frit material forming the seal  1071  at least partially melts. The seal  1071  is then allowed to resolidify to form a secure joint between the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002  to thereby inhibit exposure of the enclosed OLED pixel array  1021  to oxygen or water. 
     In embodiments, the selective heating of the frit seal is carried out by irradiation of light, such as a laser or directed infrared lamp. As previously noted, the frit material forming the seal  1071  can be combined with one or more additives or filler such as species selected for improved absorption of the irradiated light to facilitate heating and melting of the frit material to form the seal  1071 . 
     In some embodiments, OLED devices  1011  are mass produced. In an embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 10E , a plurality of separate OLED arrays  1021  is formed on a common bottom substrate  1101 . In the illustrated embodiment, each OLED array  1021  is surrounded by a shaped frit to form the seal  1071 . In embodiments, common top substrate (not shown) is placed over the common bottom substrate  1101  and the structures formed thereon such that the OLED arrays  1021  and the shaped frit paste are interposed between the common bottom substrate  1101  and the common top substrate. The OLED arrays  1021  are encapsulated and sealed, such as via the previously described enclosure process for a single OLED display device. The resulting product includes a plurality of OLED devices kept together by the common bottom and top substrates. Then, the resulting product is cut into a plurality of pieces, each of which constitutes an OLED device  1011  of  FIG. 10D . In certain embodiments, the individual OLED devices  1011  then further undergo additional packaging operations to further improve the sealing formed by the frit seal  1071  and the top and bottom substrates  1061 ,  1002 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a first substrate  200  is comprised of a pixel region  210  and a non-pixel region  220 . The pixel region  210  is provided with a plurality of organic light-emitting pixels, each of which is connected with a scan line  104   b  and a data line  106   c . The non-pixel region  220  is provided with a scan driver  410  connected with the scan lines  104   b  and a data driver  420  connected with the data lines  106   c . The non-pixel region  220  is further provided with a power supplying line (or metal line: not shown) for supplying power to various circuits. 
     Each pixel comprises an organic light-emitting diode (not shown). In some embodiments, each pixel is connected to at least one thin film transistor for driving the organic light-emitting diode. The organic light-emitting diode comprises an anode electrode, a cathode electrode and organic layers located between the anode and cathode electrodes. The organic layers comprises at least one light-emitting layer and may further comprise one or more of a hole transporting layer, and an electron transporting layer, etc. The thin film transistor comprises a gate electrode, a source electrode and a drain electrode. The transistor controls the amount of current supplied to the organic light-emitting diode. In operation, a pixel  100  is selected when a scan signal and a data signal are applied to that pixel. The selected pixel  100  emits light. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b , the second substrate  300  is provided with a frit  320  that is to bond to the first substrate  200 . For example, the frit  320  is formed using a method as described now. In general, the frit in the form of glass powder is produced by rapidly falling temperature in the course of heating glass material at high temperature. The frit power is mixed with organic fillers so as to form a frit paste. The paste is applied onto the second substrate  300  in a desired structure such as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . The second substrate  300  and the paste structure are burned at a predetermined temperature so as to cure the frit and fix it to the second substrate  300 . Here, the temperature for burning the frit  320  is approximately 300° C. to 500° C. In some embodiments, the frit  320  has the height of about 14 to about 15 μm, and the width of about 0.6 to about 0.7 mm. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the frit  320  is interposed between and bonds the first substrate  200  and the second substrate  300 . In embodiments, the frit  320  is irradiated with infrared rays or laser beams so that at least part of the frit  320  is melted and bonded to the first substrate  200 , thereby bonding the first substrate and the second substrate. As above, the first substrate  200  and the second substrate  300  are substantially hermetically bonded with the frit  320 , thereby preventing oxygen and moisture, etc., from inflicting into the pixel region  210 . 
     Meanwhile, when the first substrate  200  is bonded to the second substrate  300 , the frit  320  is overlapped with at least one of electrically conductive lines. For example, the frit  320  is overlapped with electrically conductive lines such as the scan lines  104   b , the data lines  106   c , the power supply lines, etc. Here, at least some of the electrically conductive lines are formed when the thin film transistors and the organic light-emitting diodes are formed. In some embodiments, the electrically conductive lines are made simultaneously with gate electrodes, source or drain electrodes and anodes for the light-emitting pixels. Therefore, the electrically conductive lines may be in the same materials as those circuit elements. For example, the scan lines  104  are made of the gate metal, and the data lines  106   c  and the power supply lines can be made of the source/drain metals. In other embodiments, the electrically conductive lines can be made of the same substance as the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistors. In embodiments, the frit  320  can be formed in various sizes and configurations. For example, the frit  320  can surround or exclude the scan driver  410 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the electrically conductive line  400  is manufactured in the form of three layers including different kinds of metal substances. For example, the electrically conductive line  400  comprises a first metal film  401   a , a second metal film  401   b  and a third metal film  401   c . In some embodiments, the first metal film  401   a  and the third metal film  401   c  are made of the same substances, and the second metal film  401   b  is made of the substances different from the first metal film  401   a  and the third metal film  401   c . For example, the first film  401   a  and the third film metal  401   c  are made of titanium (Ti) or molybdenum (Mo). For example, the second metal film  401   b  is made of aluminum (Al) having good conductivity. As above, the electrically conductive line  400  is manufactured in the form of three layers, capable of improving the electrical characteristics such as conductivity, etc. Also, the multiple layer construction may minimize unwanted chemical reactions with materials adjacent the conductive line. During the manufacturing of the organic light-emitting display device, the electrically conductive line  400  is subject to at least once or more etching processes. In such etching processes the first metal film  401   a  and the second metal film  401   b  made of different metals are etched at different rates. As illustrated in  FIG. 5   a  and  FIG. 5   b , the second metal film  401   b  made of aluminum (Al) is more easily etched than the first and third metal films  401   a  and  401   c , thereby forming a meniscus  402  on the side of the electrically conductive line  400 . The meniscus  402  viewed from another direction (not illustrated) extends along the conductive line and forms a groove. The terms “meniscus” and “groove’ are interchangeably used hereinafter. In particular, as the groove  402  is subject to a washing process after etching, it may become larger. 
       FIG. 5   b  illustrates the electrically conductive line with the meniscus  402  in the second metal film  401   b  along with frit  320  formed over the conductive line. As illustrated, the meniscus  402  and the frit next thereto together form a hole  412 , which extends along the extension of the electrically conductive line. This hole may interconnect inside and outside of the space enclosed by the two substrates and the frit, and can provide a channel through which moisture or air can travel. The moisture and/or air reaching the enclosed space may react with materials of important elements of the organic light-emitting device, and may significantly reduce the longevity of the device. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the electrically conductive line  400  include certain geometrical structures along both edges of a portion thereof which overlaps with the frit  320 . The illustrated geometrical structures comprise protrusions from an otherwise straight edge line of the portion. The adjacent protrusions are separated with an interval such that the geometrical structures are viewed as a plurality of protrusions and a plurality of recesses. Although not illustrated, the electrically conductive line under the geometric structures may still have the meniscus  402  ( FIG. 5A ) along the edge thereof. Therefore, the meniscus  402  and the frit  320  next thereto may form one or more passages or channels that can allow travel of moisture or air therethrough. In certain embodiments, the geometric structures may be formed only one of the edges. With the foregoing geometric structures, the length of the edges is substantially longer than that without such structures. The longer edges of the conductive line  400  makes the penetration of moisture or air less likely or less severely. This is because the longer the edge is, the longer the channel or passage interconnecting the inside and outside of the frit, if at all. Also, in some situations, the channel or passage may be blocked by a portion of the frit  320  or by collapse of portions of the geometric structures at one or more locations thereof. In such situations, moisture or air may not reach the space enclosed by the two substrates and the frit. 
     The geometric structures may be formed in various shapes and configurations as long as their existence increases the length of the edges of the conductive line  400  where it overlaps with the frit  320 . For example, the geometric structures may be shaped and configured as illustrated in  FIG. 7A . The illustrated structures include a protrusion  405   a  from the main body of the conductive line  400  and an extension  405   b  contacting the protrusion  405   a . The extension  405   b  extends in a direction along the main body of the conductive line  400  and is longer than the protrusion  405   a  in that direction. Overall, the length of the edge line of the geometric structures is significantly longer than the length of the otherwise edge  414  of the conductive line without the geometric structures. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7B , the geometric structures further include portions  405   c  connected to the extension  405   b  of  FIG. 7A . This additional portions further increase the length of the edge line of the conductive line  400 . 
     The geometric structures formed along the edge of the electrically conductive line may also be used electronic devices other than the organic light-emitting display device. Also, the geometric structures may be used with other forms of sealing of organic light-emitting devices or other electronic devices. Such other forms of sealing include epoxy. 
       FIGS. 8 ,  9 A and  9 B provide additional embodiments of the geometric structures that can be formed along the edges of electrically conductive lines that can be overlapping with frit or other forms of sealing. More specifically,  FIG. 8  illustrates the same geometric structures as  FIG. 6  with the difference that the recesses of  FIG. 8  are formed into the body of the conductive line  400 .  FIGS. 9A and 9B  provides negative geometric structures  502   a ,  502   b ,  502   c  that are formed into the body of the conductive line  400  while lengthening the edge line thereof. In the illustrated embodiments, the electrically conductive line  400  intersects with the frit  320  or other forms of sealing substantially perpendicular to each other. However, in other embodiments, the intersection between the electrically conductive line  400  and the frit  320  may be at other angles. 
     Although only a few embodiments have been shown and described, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that changes might be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the claims and their equivalents.