Abstract:
A method (and structure) for enforcing a security policy includes retrieving from a memory a program to be verified against a security policy and a security specification defining the security policy. A static program analysis is performed on the program, using a processor on a computer, to determine whether the program is compatible with the security specification. The program is rejected if the program is determined by the static program analysis as being incompatible with the security specification. If the program is determined during the static program analysis as compatible with the security specification under static analysis criteria, then building a call-graph representation of the program for use to evaluate any dynamically-loaded code during an execution of the program. Any paths, if any, of the call-graph representation that reach at least one policy-relevant operation is marked.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to security on computers. More specifically, a security policy is enforced for programs that potentially perform dynamic code loading by first statically verifying whether the code maintains the security policy so that only the dynamic portions of code will be verified on-the-fly during actual execution. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Dynamic code loading allows applications to incorporate code that is not statically declared to be included in them. Such code may originate either from a remote location or from within their local resources. For a benign application, this is an effective way to preserve intellectual property (IP) as well as hide security-sensitive app behaviors. This is because dynamically loaded code cannot be scanned statically, or at least, if the code is available as part of the app&#39;s resources, that becomes significantly more complicated than directly analyzing the declared code of the application. 
         [0003]    Unfortunately, there are also great benefits to malicious applications in leveraging dynamic code loading. The same rationale of evading static checks and disguising the behavior of certain portions of the code is at play when it comes to malicious functionality. This remains a big problem that existing solutions for security detection and/or enforcement are largely unable to cope with. 
         [0004]    One conventional method disambiguates malicious vs benign apps by statically analyzing the context in which a security-critical operation is performed. Another conventional method teaches a method for dynamic code instrumentation. Still another conventional method concerns application-level anomaly detection, and presents the technique of utilizing a wrapping layer around the application to collect indications of potentially anomalous behaviors and to then react to such cases. 
         [0005]    The present invention takes a different approach from all of these conventional methods. While anomaly detection is an effective means to identify objectionable code behaviors, the present invention presents an approach that applies a specification, in contrast to just detecting unexpected behaviors. For this approach, anomaly detection alone is not sufficient. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In an exemplary embodiment and unlike the conventional methods described above, the present invention combines both static and dynamic analyses, thereby having the advantages of both. These analyses are also applied relative to a given security policy as described as a specification that is provided as an input into the system. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  shows a flowchart  100  of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  depicts a cloud computing node  200  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  depicts a cloud computing environment  300  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  depicts abstraction model layers  400 - 440  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0011]    Before describing the steps comprising the methods of the present invention, some concrete examples are given of what a policy S may be. The method described herein is, of course, general, and the purpose of these examples is only to add clarity to the description. 
         [0012]    A first example is of a policy P 1  that forbids the program P from sending private user fields (like the device ID or location) to remote websites with the exception of some predefined whitelist of domains, for example, the backend of the mobile app. A second example, which is more strict, is a policy P 2  that disallows the execution of any security-critical operation from dynamically loaded code. These two examples will be used in the following description of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0013]    As exemplarily shown in  FIG. 1 , an exemplary embodiment assumes a given program P and a given specification S as the inputs in step  102 . 
         [0014]    1. Static Program Verification: 
         [0015]    In step  104 , a static program analysis is applied to P to verify whether, in step  106 , it is compatible with the specification S. For the example of P 1 , the static analysis may be in the form of taint tracking, which starts at APIs that read private fields (like getDeviceId( )) and checks whether they reach internet APIs, where if the domain is not statically known or not compatible with the whitelist, then a violation is flagged. For the example of P 2 , the static analysis simply approves the app, as a violation would only be flagged, in step  108 , if security-critical operations are executed from dynamically loaded code. An application that fails the first step is already deemed objectionable. Otherwise we proceed to the next step. 
         [0016]    2. Code Instrumentation: 
         [0017]    In step  110 , the second step is to build a call-graph representation of the program, and derive from it all inter-procedural control-flow paths (i.e., p 1 , p 2 , . . . , pn) that start at a call-graph root and reach a policy-relevant operation. All methods along such paths are then instrumented to denote that they have been verified (in the previous step) by the policy checker. 
         [0018]    3. Residual Runtime Verification: 
         [0019]    During program execution in step  112 , when a call chain ending in a security-critical operation arises, the instrumentation trace is checked in step  114  to determine whether some, or all, of the methods on the call chain were dynamically loaded. If not, then there is no need for further checking, which is the main benefit of first performing static verification. Otherwise, in step  116 , the policy is checked with respect to the observed call chain. For the illustrative policies above, P 1  checks whether the device ID is embedded into the internet transmission, whereas P 2  blocks the network operation due to its being a security-critical operation (transitively) invoked by dynamically loaded code. 
         [0020]    From the discussion and examples above, it can be seen that the present invention presents a new method to enforce security policies over programs that potentially perform dynamic code loading, and does so using a hybrid technique that combines static and dynamic analysis. 
         [0021]    Given program P and policy S as inputs into the system, this new approach first statically verifies whether S holds over P while disregarding (the possibility of) dynamically loaded code. If so, then the next step is to apply instrumentation to P to mark security-critical chains as verified. Any security-critical chain that arises at runtime and was not previously verified (statically) is verified on the fly with respect to the policy. In this way, dynamically loaded code is identified as such and subjected to the security policy specified by the user. Further, performance is optimized as static analysis has already been applied to all the statically available code, and so the only task for runtime enforcement is residual verification of the compatibility of dynamically loaded code with the policy. 
         [0022]    The method of the present invention could be implemented as a standalone security program, or it could be implemented as a security module that is part of another application program. Moreover, although the method of the present invention could be implemented on any computer-based device, including mobile devices, it could also be implemented as a service available to users via, for example, a network server or even as a cloud service. The service provided on a network server or cloud service would likely also provide different security specifications so that client users could select one of various security levels when their app is checked out. 
         [0023]    Accordingly, rather than attempt to describe the many potential hardware platforms upon which the present invention could be launched, the hardware aspects of the invention will describe the more involved embodiment as having been implemented in a cloud computing environment. 
         [0024]    Exemplary Hardware Aspects, Using a Cloud Computing Environment 
         [0025]    It is understood in advance that, although this section of the disclosure provides a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other types of computing environment now known or later developed. 
         [0026]    Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
         [0027]    Characteristics are as follows: 
         [0028]    On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
         [0029]    Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
         [0030]    Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
         [0031]    Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
         [0032]    Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
         [0033]    Service Models are as follows: 
         [0034]    Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
         [0035]    Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
         [0036]    Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
         [0037]    Deployment Models are as follows: 
         [0038]    Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0039]    Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0040]    Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
         [0041]    Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
         [0042]    A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
         [0043]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a schematic  200  of an example of a cloud computing node is shown. Cloud computing node  200  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node  200  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
         [0044]    In cloud computing node  200  there is a computer system/server  212 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  212  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
         [0045]    Computer system/server  212  may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  212  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
         [0046]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , computer system/server  212  in cloud computing node  200  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  212  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  216 , a system memory  228 , and a bus  218  that couples various system components including system memory  228  to processor  216 . 
         [0047]    Bus  218  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. 
         [0048]    Computer system/server  212  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  212 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
         [0049]    System memory  228  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  230  and/or cache memory  232 . Computer system/server  212  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  234  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  218  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  228  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention. 
         [0050]    Program/utility  240 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  242 , may be stored in memory  228  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  242  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein. 
         [0051]    Computer system/server  212  may also communicate with one or more external devices  214  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  224 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  212 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  212  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces  222 . Still yet, computer system/server  212  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  220 . As depicted, network adapter  220  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  212  via bus  218 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  212 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
         [0052]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , an illustrative cloud computing environment  350  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  1150  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  1000  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  354 A, desktop computer  354 B, laptop computer  354 C, and/or automobile computer system  354 N may communicate. Nodes  200  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  350  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  354 A-N shown in  FIG. 3  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  200  and cloud computing environment  350  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
         [0053]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  350  ( FIG. 3 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 4  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
         [0054]    Hardware and software layer  400  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in one example IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBM xSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networks and networking components. Examples of software components include network application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere® application server software; and database software, in one example IBM DB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter, WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide). The tooling that implements the present invention would be located in layer  400 . 
         [0055]    Virtualization layer  420  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers; virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients. The virtual machines and network appliances that are generated and instantiated by the tooling of the present invention would operate on layer  420 . 
         [0056]    In one example, management layer  430  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment module provides pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
         [0057]    Workloads layer  440  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer might include any number of functions and applications not even related to the present invention, such as mapping and navigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtual classroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transaction processing; and, more particularly relative to the present invention, security enforcement modules implementing the method shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0058]    The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein. 
         [0059]    The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.