Abstract:
A semiconductor manufacturing method analyzes topography variations in three dimensions for each photolithographic level and determines critical dimension (CD) bias compensation as inputs to mask layout creation. Accurate predictions of topography variation for a specific mask design are made at the die level using known pattern density and CMP planarization length characteristics for a specific pattern. Exhaustive characterization of the photoresist response to de-focus and mask bias is determined by artificially expanding loss of CD through focus. Mask compensation to an expanded range of focus over all lines and spaces is maintained within the specification. 3D mask density data is obtained to determine the height component at each pixel location in the die. The resulting 3D OPC model is then utilized for mask creation.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates in general to the field of semiconductor manufacturing. More particularly, this invention relates to a method for selective photolithographic mask correction on a semiconductor wafer surface compensating for 3D topographic non-uniformity. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Photolithography is one of the most frequently employed semiconductor wafer processing techniques used to manufacturer integrated circuits (IC&#39;s). Photolithography comprises a process for forming a pattern (i.e., via photographic transfer) of complex circuit diagrams onto a semiconductor wafer surface for etching. These patterns are defined on the wafer in a succession of exposure and processing steps to form a number of superimposed layers. Manufacturing processes for IC devices depend upon extremely accurate reproduction of these patterns onto the wafer surface. 
     During each photolithographic step, deviations are commonly introduced that distort the photomask image being transferred onto a wafer surface. These deviations depend on the characteristics of a pattern being transferred, topology of the wafer, and a variety of other processing parameters. Processing deviations adversely affect the performance of a semiconductor device. Deviations that affect dimensions and shapes of wafer features caused by light intensity in a particular vicinity of a wafer effecting the light intensity in neighboring vicinities are referred to as optical proximity effects. Various compensation methods for optical proximity effects have been developed in efforts to improve the image transfer process. One method known to those skilled at the art is optical proximity correction (OPC). OPC consists of selectively biasing mask patterns to compensate for a proximity effect that occurs in an optical image transfer process. 
     An example of an OPC process involves identifying gate regions in a design where shapes at these regions are sorted according to their geometric types. These design shapes share at least one side with a second design shape. Grouping of sorted design shapes is performed according to their widths. Grouped design shapes identified as gate regions are then biased based on the applicable OPC. Commercial OPC software is available and used to obtain a corrected pattern through theoretical image correction on plain wafers. However, this software is not effective for wafer topography correction or other process-induced critical dimension (CD) variations. 
     Additional problems that cause optical proximity effects on the surface of a wafer are the topography of the wafer surface formed after the deposition of a polysilicon and an anti-reflectance coating layer. As device sizes shrink, the wavelength of light used in photolithography is decreased and numerical apertures of lenses are increased, leading to a reduced depth of focus. The depth of focus represents the relationship of a wafer surface being exposed to a stepper. Most of the depth of focus available is consumed by topography variations for non-planar substrates. Topography variations exist even after a planarization process, such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), has been performed to flatten a wafer surface. Lack of planarity on the overlying surfaces can degrade the semiconductor device quality making the depth of focus a critical processing parameter. If the surface is not planar, it is impossible to have the whole surface exposed while in proper focus. Therefore, a trade-off between the maximum achievable resolution and the usable depth of focus in a photolithographic process has to be made. The usable depth of focus determines the overall performance of the photolithographic process. In the case where an image needs to be reproduced on a given topography, the usable depth of focus can be a more significant factor than the achievable resolution. Thus, there exists a need in the art for a 3D OPC model method that links a deterministically predicted topography map (pattern density) to a measured CD (i.e., scale) in the photolithographic process to overcome these limitations. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Among the several objects of the present invention may be noted streamlining the semiconductor manufacturing processes, increasing product yield rates, solving the need for greater precision, improving process precision by means compensating for surface topography at mask design and providing a method for optical proximity correction of a mask before it is created via a software simulation that predicts how to bias a particular mask utilizing known 3D surface map data. 
     Processing for the method disclosed creates 3D OPC models that link deterministically predicted topography maps (i.e., pattern density) to measured CD (or scale) responses of the photoresist system. Accurate predictions of topography variation for a specific mask design are made at the die level by utilizing pattern density and CMP planarization length. Characterization of the photoresist response to de-focus and mask bias is determined to enable effectively reducing requirements for the stepper and photoresist depth of focus by artificially expanding loss of CD through focus. Mask compensation to an expanded range of focus over all lines and spaces is maintained within the specification range by utilizing information on the effective focus change caused by topography variation at the die level. 3D mask density data is used to determine the height component at each pixel location in the die. The outputted 3D OPC model is utilized for mask creation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features of the invention believed to be novel are specifically set forth in the appended claims. However, the invention itself, both as to its structure and method of operation, may best be understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1   a  is a diagram depicting the known mask structure based on positional density of patterns. 
         FIG. 1   b  is a planarization diagram indicating the modeled CMP response to mask structure. 
         FIG. 1   c  is a representation of photoresist patterning on substrate topography. 
         FIG. 2  is block diagram representation of key elements in a stepper system. 
         FIG. 3  is a comparison of dense structure CD verses isolated structure CD biasing relative to stepper focus from a reference position. 
         FIG. 4  depicts the topography equivalent focus. 
         FIG. 5  is provides image maps and their corresponding 3D surface plots of the CMP topography model. 
         FIG. 6  is a top-level process flow diagram for the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Semiconductor manufacturing includes a number of crucial processes performed on wafer lots, one of which is photolithography. As semiconductive materials are staged through these processes, it is essential to accurately perform photolithography since it determines device dimensions directly effecting quality, production yield, and manufacturing cost. Photolithography is also a critical process because it is iterated in a succession of exposure/processing steps to form a number of superimposed layers of insulators, conductors, and semiconductor materials. 
     Photolithographic processing occurs on a plurality or “lot” of wafers, which are fabricated as a batch. A representative photolithographic processing includes the following steps:
         Each wafer has material patterned on its surface using a photoresist patterning process (i.e., each wafer is coated with photoresist),   Wafers are exposed to an energy source such as an ultraviolet light with a mask exposed onto the photoresist creating a desired pattern on the photoresist,   Photoresist is developed by applying a developer solution,   Patterns (i.e., images) are stabilized by an appropriate lithography or fixing method, and   Each wafer is etched.       

     During photolithographic processing, deviations may be introduced that distort a photomask image that is being transferred to a wafer surface (e.g., images formed on a wafer surface deviate from the original dimension and shape of a photomask image). Some of these deviations depend on known characteristics of the pattern and substrate topography as indicated in  FIG. 1   a . Examination of a wafer after a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process has been performed often reveals severe variances in the wafer surface. The positional density of patterned structures  101 ,  102  influences the resultant surface  103  height variances. Dense structures  101  at the pattern level in relatively close proximity results in a broader surface mound than the existence of isolated structures  102 . Where structures are not present, the surface is relatively recessed. 
     After the CVD process is performed, the wafer is subjected to a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process to flatten the surface. The CMP process applies a load force to a wafer while it rests on a pad. Both the pad and wafer are then counter rotated while slurry containing both abrasives and reactive chemicals is passed over the surface. Planarization properties that result from CMP for the patterned structure shown in  FIG. 1   a  are portrayed in  FIG. 1   b . Note the topographic variation even after planarization processing (i.e., there is a height variation across the CMP processed surface). The CMP processed surface height in proximity of an isolated feature  102  is shorter than the height in the proximity of the dense feature pattern  101 . The surface mound is also broader over dense pattern structures than isolated structures. Again, areas where no patterned features exist are relatively recessed. Therefore, the CMP planarization process may only optimize uniformity across similar density areas within a die. The resulting difference in height between known dense structure proximity and the proximity where no patterned structures exists yields a predictable topography variation. 
     These topography variations perpetuate onto photoresist patterning  104 ,  105  as shown in  FIG. 1   c . This variation is predictable and dependent on the pattern density as shown. A predictable CMP surface topography variation exists between the proximity where none or limited patterned features are present and the proximity of dense patterned features. When a conducting line is formed on a wafer surface, which has a thin oxide-coating layer at certain sections and thick field oxide layers at other sections, the width the conducting line forms is different at these locations (i.e., on top of the thin oxide region or the thick field oxide regions). 
     Photolithography uses a stepper system  200  to transfer a mask pattern onto a wafer as represented in FIG.  2 . The stepper system  200  refractive optics projects a mask image onto the photoresist layer of a wafer  208 . The stepper system  200  includes an effective light source with an aperture  201 , a condenser lens system  202 , the mask  203 , a projection lens system  204 , and a wafer stage  205  where an individual die  207  on the wafer  206  being processed is exposed. The stepper machine sequentially processes one or more dies  207  at a time on the wafer  206  until all dies are exposed. Light exposure may be limited to specified wavelengths via filtering. The condenser system  202  focuses light energy through the mask  203 , which is reduced via the projection lens system  204 . The reduced mask is then projected onto an exposed wafer die. 
     Accuracy is of the utmost importance when determining a pattern to place on a mask. For example, the slowest transistor will often limit devices such as a microprocessor formed on the semiconductor wafer. The speed of a transistor can vary significantly as a result of line width variations. Therefore, it is desirable to know in advance how various processing steps will affect the line width formed at various locations in the stepper field so that such variations can be accounted for appropriately. 
     One factor affecting accuracy is depth of focus which is related to the distance between stepper system optics and the substrate being exposed. The depth of focus has two primary components of limitation. The first limitation is profile change where the shape of the patterned photoresist is changed at the extreme positive and negative boundaries of focus. However, this shape change is usually not the primary limitation. The second limitation, which has greater impact, is when the scale or CD of a patterned photoresist exceeds specification. Most of the depth of focus available is typically consumed by these topography variations. As shown in  FIG. 1   b , topography variations exist even after planarization processing. Since the usable depth of focus determines overall performance of the photolithographic process, a trade-off between the usable depth of focus and maximum achievable resolution has to be determined. 
       FIG. 3  depicts the relationship between a wafer surface CD or scale relative to the stepper focus position. Stepper focus is the stepper system  200  focal setting relative to a substrate position. Adjusting the stepper focus above or below the reference position (i.e., positive or negative positioning relative to the reference position) yields a different response. The CD or scale bias of the wafer topology relative to the stepper focus position also depends on pattern density. If the stepper focus is over a dense structure (e.g., an area where dense lines exist), the CD or scale bias values increase as the stepper focus moves away from a reference position. However, if the wafer surface is over an isolated structure (e.g., an area where a single line exists), the CD or scale bias values decrease as the stepper focus is moved away from its reference position. 
     CMP planarization length indicates the extent to which a CMP process flattens the topography. The larger the planarization length, the better the planarization capability resulting in a more uniform topology across different densities within a die. The topography results of prior level processing anchored by measurements of planarization length can be predicted by determining field of focus positions at the minimum and maximum topography range. This aids in choosing an optimized processing focus.  FIG. 4  shows the correlation of the topography or height variations around the reference focus positions that result in the equivalent of a focus variation equal to the deviation of the local position from the reference height, z. A different response is obtained as the stepper focus is varied. 
     The dimension of features will change with focus. Even more importantly, the dimension change depends on the pitch of lines (the range between dense and isolated structures). End of line dimensional changes also depend on focus. A pillar or chain are examples of structures sensitive to end of line changes caused by focus variations. Determining the positions on a field that are at minimum and maximum topography range permits the selection of the appropriate processing focus. 
       FIG. 5  provides an aerial image map of a particular density profile. Below the density profile is a corresponding 3D surface plot. From examination of this data, which has been replicated for two other wafers using the same density profile, it is deduced that there is a very good correspondence between the surface map and surface plot despite different sampling rates and measurement windows that were used. The present invention leverages this 3D surface plot data to obtain the z value for each x,y location in the die image. 
     Processing for the method disclosed creates 3D OPC model that links the deterministically predicted topography map (i.e., pattern density) to the measured CD (or Scale) response of the photoresist system to that topography. Process Flow of  FIG. 6  begins by characterizing the physical process using predictions that are deduced relative to the pattern density. This includes assessing the CMP surface (i.e., pattern density) to establish the planarization length for the process, block  600 . Then the optimum photoresist and stepper CD response to focus is determined, block  601 , based on these predictions. The stepper focus is correlated to topology of the die or z height as described in FIG.  4 . For input mask processing, block  602 , the mask density for each x,y location at a pixel size of the CMP planarization length is calculated using the 3D topography (i.e., z height for each pixel). These CD bias values are then used to compensate for topology undulations (i.e., provided as inputs for 3D OPC), block  603 , creating a mask that accurately reflects characteristics of a given pattern. Using this accurate compensation method for actual topography variations effectively increases the process margin. 
     While only certain preferred features of the invention have been shown by way of illustration, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the present claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes, which fall within the true spirit of the invention.