Abstract:
Methods for protecting fruit, vegetables and ornamentals against post harvest microbial decay by applying systemic acquired resistance inducers in combination with sorbic acid, and/or one or more of its alkali metal salts, and/or phosphorous acid, and/or one or more of its alkali metal salts.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application No. 61/034,881 filed on Mar. 7, 2008, which is incorporated herein by this reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to protecting fruit, vegetables and ornamentals against attack by decay-causing organisms such as fungi. In particular, the present invention relates to methods of protecting fruit or vegetables or ornamentals against post harvest microbial spoilage by applying mixtures of systemic resistance inducers in combination with sorbic acid and/or its alkali metal salts. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    It is a well-known practice in fruit, vegetable and ornamental processing to apply anti microbial agents to the surface of freshly harvested fruit, vegetables of and ornamentals for the purpose of controlling decay-causing organisms. 
         [0004]    Systemic resistance inducers are known to elicit microbial resistance in plants but are not used in post harvest applications in fruit, vegetables and ornamentals because they do not provide control of microorganisms at an acceptable level. 
         [0005]    Sorbates are known to impart some degree of protection against microbial decomposition in fruit, vegetables and ornamentals but not at an acceptable commercial level when applied alone. 
         [0006]    With increasing regulatory and environmental pressure being applied on the post harvest fruit and vegetable sectors, many antimicrobial materials are being withdrawn or not reregistered. It is therefore desirable to provide methods of protecting fruit or vegetables or ornamentals against post harvest microbial spoilage using materials that are readily available, of low toxicity and not likely to be banned from registration. 
         [0007]    The present invention provides for a novel method of reducing microbial spoilage of fruit, vegetables and ornamentals utilizing materials that are of very low mammalian toxicity and are environmentally benign. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention includes methods for protecting fruit, vegetables and/or ornamentals against post harvest microbial decay by applying systemic acquired resistance inducers in combination with sorbic acid and/or its alkali metal salts. In some embodiments the materials applied to the fruit and/or vegetables include sorbic acid and/or its alkali metal salts as well as phosphorous acid and/or its alkali metal salts and/or ammoniacal salts. It has been determined that sorbic acid and/or its salts alone help protect fruits and vegetables from post harvest decay. It has also been determined that phosphorous acid and/or its salts alone also help protect fruits and vegetables from post harvest decay. 
         [0009]    The effect of combinations of sorbic acid (and/or its salts) with phosphorous acid (and/or its salts) in the reduction of post harvest spoilage was found to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of sorbic acid (and/or its salts) alone or phosphorous acid (and/or its salts) alone in reducing post harvest spoilage at low or high temperatures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a photograph of an uninoculated control (treatment A) of navel oranges of example 1 at day 4. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a photograph of an inoculated control (treatment B) of navel oranges of example 1 at day 4. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a photograph of an inoculated control (treatment B) of navel oranges of example 1 at day 7. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a photograph of navel oranges of treatment F (2%+2%) of example 1 at day 7. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a photograph of lemons of the inoculated control (treatment B) of example 4 at day 5. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is a photograph comparing flowers of the untreated control (treatment A) and treatment F of example 7, at day 5. 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  is a photograph comparing flowers of the untreated control (treatment A) and treatment F of example 7, at day 7. 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is a set of photographs showing treatment effects on tomatoes of example 5. 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  is a set of photographs showing treatment effects on lemons of example 4. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. 
       Example 1 
       [0020]    In example 1, seven different treatments (A-G below) were made. There were four replications for each of the seven treatments, with each replicate comprising six fruit pieces. Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 fruit pieces. The fruit treated in this example were six fleshly harvested, mature navel oranges. Immersion temperatures were approximately 25° C. 
         [0021]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0022]    A. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated uninoculated control. 
         [0023]    B. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated inoculated control. 
         [0024]    C. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate for 2 minutes. 
         [0025]    D. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite for 2 minutes. 
         [0026]    E. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 1% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 1% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0027]    F. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0028]    G. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 3% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 3% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0029]    After the treatments were applied and left to dry for 10 minutes, treatments B through G were inoculated with a mixed inocula of Green mold ( P. digitatum ) and Blue mold ( P. italicum ). Fruit inoculation was performed by piercing the fruit skin to a depth of 3-5 mm with a needle coated with spores from both fungi. Fruit was incubated at approximately 25° C. and decay development measured over 7 days from inoculation. 
         [0030]    This experiment was repeated twice. 
         [0031]    Results of Example 1: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (Mean of two experiments) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Lesion diameter(mm) 
                 % change from 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 day 7 
                 inoculated control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 33 
                 — 
               
               
                 C 
                 16 
                 −51 
               
               
                 D 
                 12 
                 −63 
               
               
                 E 
                 8 
                 −25 
               
               
                 F 
                 12 
                 −63 
               
               
                 G 
                 4 
                 −87 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
       [0032]    In example 2, seven different treatments (A-G below) were made. There were four replications for each of the seven treatments, with each replicate comprising six fruit pieces. Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 fruit pieces. The fruit treated in this example were six freshly harvested, mature lemons. Immersion temperatures were approximately 25° C. 
         [0033]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0034]    A. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated uninoculated control. 
         [0035]    B. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated inoculated control. 
         [0036]    C. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate for 2 minutes. 
         [0037]    D. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite for 2 minutes. 
         [0038]    E. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 1% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 1% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0039]    F. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0040]    G. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 3% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 3% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0041]    After the treatments were applied and left to dry for 10 minutes, treatments B through G were inoculated with a mixed inocula of Green mold ( P. digitatum ) and Blue mold ( P. italicum ). Fruit inoculation was performed by piercing the fruit skin to a depth of 3-5 mm with a needle coated with spores from both fungi. Fruit was incubated at approximately 25° C. and decay development measured over 7 days from inoculation. 
         [0042]    This experiment was repeated twice. 
         [0043]    Results of Example 2: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (Mean of two experiments) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Lesion diameter(mm) 
                 % change from 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 day 7 
                 inoculated control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 47 
                 — 
               
               
                 C 
                 28 
                 −40 
               
               
                 D 
                 24 
                 −48 
               
               
                 E 
                 9 
                 −81 
               
               
                 F 
                 11 
                 −78 
               
               
                 G 
                 7 
                 −89 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3 
       [0044]    In example 3, seven different treatments (A-G below) were made. There were four replications for each of the seven treatments, with each replicate comprising six fruit pieces, Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 fruit pieces. The fruit treated in this example were six freshly harvested, mature navel oranges. Immersion temperatures were approximately 25° C. 
         [0045]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0046]    A. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated uninoculated control. 
         [0047]    B. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated inoculated control. 
         [0048]    C. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate for 2 minutes. 
         [0049]    D. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite for 2 minutes. 
         [0050]    E. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 1% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 1% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0051]    F. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0052]    G. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 3% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 3% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0053]    After the treatments were applied and left to dry for 10 minutes, treatments B through G were inoculated with a 5 mm diameter mycelia plug of  Geotrichium candidum , the causal agent of sour rot. Fruit inoculation was performed by removing a 5 mm plug of skin, inserting the mycelia plug of  G. candidum  and replacing the fruit plug in the fruit. Fruit was incubated at approximately 25° C. and decay development measured over 7 days from inoculation. 
         [0054]    This experiment was repeated twice. 
         [0055]    Results of Example 3: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (Mean of two experiments) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Lesion diameter(mm) 
                 % change from 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 day 7 
                 inoculated control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 51 
                 — 
               
               
                 C 
                 39 
                 −24 
               
               
                 D 
                 28 
                 −45 
               
               
                 E 
                 15 
                 −70 
               
               
                 F 
                 10 
                 −80 
               
               
                 G 
                 12 
                 −77 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
       [0056]    In example 4, seven different treatments (A-G below) were made There were four replications for each of the seven treatments, with each replicate comprising six fruit pieces. Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 fruit pieces. The fruit treated in this example were six freshly harvested, mature lemons. Immersion temperatures were approximately 25° C. 
         [0057]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0058]    A. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated uninoculated control. 
         [0059]    B. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated inoculated control. 
         [0060]    C. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate for 2 minutes. 
         [0061]    D. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite for 2 minutes. 
         [0062]    E. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 1% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 1% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0063]    F. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0064]    G. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 3% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 3% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0065]    After the treatments were applied and left to dry for 10 minutes, treatments B through G were inoculated with a 5 mm diameter mycelia plug of  Geotrichium candidum , the causal agent of sour rot. Fruit inoculation was performed by removing a 5 mm plug of skin, inserting the mycelia plug of  G. candidum  and replacing the fruit plug in the fruit. Fruit was incubated at approximately 25° C. and decay development measured over 7 days from inoculation. 
         [0066]    This experiment was repeated twice. 
         [0067]    Results of Example 4: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (Mean of two experiments) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Lesion diameter 
                 % change from 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 day 7 
                 inoculated control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 68 
                 — 
               
               
                 C 
                 43 
                 −37 
               
               
                 D 
                 40 
                 −42 
               
               
                 E 
                 12 
                 −83 
               
               
                 F 
                 6 
                 −92 
               
               
                 G 
                 9 
                 −88 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5 
       [0068]    In example 5, seven different treatments (A-G below) were made. There were four replications for each of the seven treatments, with each replicate comprising six fruit pieces. Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 fruit pieces. The fruit treated in this example were six firm but ripe tomatoes. Immersion temperatures were approximately 25° C. 
         [0069]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0070]    A. Fruit immersed in water. Untreated uninoculated control. 
         [0071]    B, Fruit immersed in water. Untreated inoculated control. 
         [0072]    C. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate for 2 minutes. 
         [0073]    D. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite for 2 minutes. 
         [0074]    E. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 1% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 1% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0075]    F. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0076]    G. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 3% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 3% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes. 
         [0077]    After the treatments were applied and left to dry for 10 minutes, treatments B through G were inoculated with a 5 mm diameter mycelia plug of  Geotrichium candidum  the causal agent of sour rot. Fruit inoculation was performed by removing a 5 mm plug of skin, inserting the mycelia plug of  G. candidum  and replacing the fruit plug in the fruit. Fruit was incubated at 25° C. and decay development measured over 7 days from inoculation. This experiment was repeated twice. 
         [0078]    Results of Example 5: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (Mean of two experiments) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Lesion diameter 
                 % change from 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 day 7 
                 inoculated control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 68 
                 — 
               
               
                 C 
                 43 
                 −37 
               
               
                 D 
                 40 
                 −42 
               
               
                 E 
                 12 
                 −83 
               
               
                 F 
                 6 
                 −92 
               
               
                 G 
                 9 
                 −88 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 6 
       [0079]    In example 6, six different treatments (A-E below) were made. There were four replications for each of the seven treatments, with each replicate comprising six fruit pieces. Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 fruit pieces. The fruit treated in this example were six freshly harvested, mature lemons. Immersion temperatures were approximately 25° C. 
         [0080]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0081]    A. Fruit immersed in water at 25° C. Untreated inoculated control. 
         [0082]    B. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate for 2 minutes. 
         [0083]    C. Fruit immersed in a solution containing 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite for 2 minutes. 
         [0084]    D. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes at 25° C. 
         [0085]    E. Fruit immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, for 2 minutes at 50° C. 
         [0086]    After the treatments were applied and left to dry for 10 minutes, treatments B through E were inoculated with a 3 mm diameter mycelia plug of  Geotrichium candidum , the causal agent of sour rot, Fruit inoculation was performed by removing a 3 mm plug of skin, inserting the mycelia plug of  G. candidum  and replacing the fruit plug in the fruit. Fruit was incubated at approximately 25° C. and decay development measured over 7 days from inoculation. 
         [0087]    Results of Example 6: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 (Mean of two experiments) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Lesion diameter 
                 % change from 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 day 7 
                 inoculated control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 68 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 31 
                 −51 
               
               
                 C 
                 24 
                 −68 
               
               
                 D 
                 11 
                 −81 
               
               
                 E 
                 3 
                 −96 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 7 
       [0088]    In example 7, seven different treatments (A-J below) were made. There were four replications for each of the seven treatments, with each replicate comprising six flowers with associated stems. Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 flower stems. The plants treated in this example were six long stemmed roses in hydrating solutions as listed below. Stems were immersed in the various solutions for a maximum of 10 days. The solutions were occasionally topped up with water over the 10 day period to account for evapo-transpirational losses. Treatment temperatures were approximately 25° C. 
         [0089]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0090]    A. Flower stems immersed in water. Untreated control. 
         [0091]    B. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing 0.1% (w/w) potassium sorbate 
         [0092]    C. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing 0.1% (w/w) potassium phosphite 
         [0093]    D. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing 0.2% (w/w) potassium sorbate 
         [0094]    E. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing 0.2% (w/w) potassium phosphite 
         [0095]    F. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 0.1% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 0.1% (w/w) potassium phosphite. 
         [0096]    G. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 0.2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 0.2% (w/w) potassium phosphite. 
         [0097]    H. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 0.3% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 0.3% (w/w) potassium phosphite. 
         [0098]    I. Flower stems immersed in a solution containing a mixture of 0.25% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 0.25% (w/w) potassium phosphite, 
         [0099]    J. Flower stems immersed for one hour in a solution containing a mixture of 0.2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 0.2% (w/w) potassium phosphite, after which they were removed and placed in water for 10 days. 
         [0100]    Results of Example 7: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean Flower Condition Index a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % IMPROVEMENT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COMPARED TO 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 THE CONTROL 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 DAY 0 
                 DAY 5 
                 DAY 10 
                 (A) AT DAY 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0.3 
                 0.8 
                 2.5 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 1.8 
                 28 
               
               
                 C 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 0 
               
               
                 D 
                 0.3 
                 0.7 
                 2 
                 20 
               
               
                 E 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 1.9 
                 24 
               
               
                 F 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 1.2 
                 52 
               
               
                 G 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 1.4 
                 44 
               
               
                 H 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 60 
               
               
                 I 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                 1.3 
                 48 
               
               
                 J 
                 0.3 
                 0.7 
                 1.8 
                 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Flowers were scored 0-3 in terms of their condition. 
               
               
                 0 = healthy 
               
               
                 1 = slight flagging, some petal drop. 
               
               
                 2 = more than 25% petal drop, slight wilting of flower head. 
               
               
                 3 = drooping, flower petal and leaf flaccidity and wilting of the flower head. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 8 
       [0101]    Commercial fruit coating waxes are used to treat fruit in packing houses. Carnauba wax or any other lower-shine waxes such as wood resin and polyethylene waxes are preferred. In this example, carnauba wax was diluted to use strength according to the manufacturers label and applied to navel oranges by momentary immersion in the wax by hand. There were four replications for each of the four treatments below (A-D), with each replicate comprising six fruit pieces. Thus, each treatment was applied to 24 fruit pieces. The fruit was punctured once as described above, after treatment. 
         [0102]    Treatments were as follows: 
         [0103]    A. Not waxed. Untreated uninoculated control 
         [0104]    B. Fruit momentarily immersed in carnauba wax, untreated uninoculated control. 
         [0105]    C. Fruit momentarily immersed in carnauba wax containing a mixture of 2% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 2% (w/w) potassium phosphite. 
         [0106]    D. Fruit momentarily immersed in carnauba wax containing a mixture of 4% (w/w) potassium sorbate and 4% (w/w) potassium phosphite. 
         [0107]    After treatment, fruit was placed in low temperature storage for 30 days, then removed and assessed for decay. 
         [0108]    Results of example 8: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 % decay at 30 days 
                 % change 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 post treatment. 
                 from control(A) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 38 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 24 
                 −37 
               
               
                 C 
                 18 
                 −53 
               
               
                 D 
                 7.1 
                 −92 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0109]    Solid forms of the invention may be obtained, for example, by evaporating any of the solutions identified in the examples. 
         [0110]    It is to be appreciated that, although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Rather, the appended claims should be construed so as to include other variants and embodiments of the invention which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents of the invention.