Abstract:
Process to prepare a precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) comprising the following steps: (i) providing CaO, which is optionally partially or fully slaked (hereafter “calcium source”); ({umlaut over (υ)}) providing a CO 2 -comprising gas; ({umlaut over (υ)}i) contacting said calcium source of step (i) and said CO 2 -comprising gas of step (ii) in an aqueous environment in a reactor, in one or more steps; (iv) obtaining a PCC-comprising suspension; (v) optionally concentrating said PCC-comprising suspension of step (iv); (vi) optionally adding dispersing additives to the suspension of step (iv) and/or (v); (vii) optionally grinding the product of step iv, v or vi.

Description:
This is a U.S. national phase of PCT Application No. PCT/IB2009/006431, filed Aug. 4, 2009, which claims priority to European Application No. 08014443.9, filed Aug. 13, 2008, and U.S. Application No. 61/100,319, filed Sep. 26, 2008. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Synthetic calcium carbonate, referred to hereafter as precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), is a known filler and coating pigment, particularly implemented in paper applications. It is obtained by hydration of calcium oxide (CaO), or “burnt lime”, forming a suspension of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ); this hydration step is also referred to as a step of “slaking lime”. The obtained calcium hydroxide is thereafter precipitated by bubbling CO 2  gas through the suspension, to form PCC. 
     Depending on the precipitation conditions, various polymorphs of PCC may be obtained, including aragonitic and scalenohedral polymorphs. The nature of the polymorph is generally determined based on analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the product, aragonite crystal being generally needle-shaped as opposed to the ovoid form of scalenohedral products. 
     The skilled man refers to the PCC production capacity in terms of the weight of PCC produced relative to both the carbonation time and the weight of the final PCC suspension. Increasing this production capacity, namely by decreasing the carbonation time without overly increasing the final PCC suspension weight through addition of water to limit suspension viscosity, represents a goal of significant economical interest. 
     For the purpose of the present invention, carbonation time is the time from the start of introduction of CO 2 -containing gas to a calcium source in suspension to reaching a minimum suspension conductivity. 
     A number of studies have addressed decreasing carbonation time, including WO 01 07365, in which this is said to be achieved by reducing the carbonation reactor pressure, through which CO 2  gas is bubbled, to below atmospheric pressure. However, this approach implies costly modifications to the PCC production equipment. 
     Additives are also known to be implemented during the PCC production process in order to reduce carbonation time. According to &lt;&lt;Change of formation yield and characterization of PCC particle synthesized with impurity ions by carbonation process&gt;&gt; (Materials Science Forum, 510-511, March 2006, pp. 1026-1029), this is achieved by addition of ions, such as aluminium, iron and magnesium; however, the crystallographic structure, or polymorph, of the resulting PCC differs relative to the PCC that would be obtained via a process excluding these ions. 
     In &lt;&lt;Morphological characteristics and aggregation of calcite crystals obtained by bubbling CO 2  through Ca(OH) 2  suspension in the presence of additives&gt;&gt; (Powder Technology, 130, 2003, pp. 307-315), the addition of citric acid, sucrose or calcium lignosulfonate to a suspension of slaked lime prior to the carbonation process is remarked to significantly extend carbonation time, whereas polyethylene glycol (of molecular weight 300 g/mol) is proposed to decrease this time. However, as shown in the Examples section herebelow, processes implementing polyethylene glycols fail to provide the improvement in PCC production capacity provided by the process of the present invention. 
     Lastly, WO 2005/000742 and WO 2004/106236 disclose a PCC production process in which a polyacrylate and polyphosphate are added prior to completion of the carbonation reaction. These documents fail to refer to any influence these additives might have on carbonation time. Indeed, as shown in the Examples herebelow, PCC production processes implementing such simple polyacrylates do not allow the same, advantageous improvement in PCC production capacity as do the processes of the present invention. Additionally, these documents clearly suggest that the crystallographic PCC structures obtained in the presence of the mentioned additives differ from that obtained in their absence. 
     As such, the skilled man has no leading line suggesting a process to solve the problem of improving the PCC production capacity, namely by reducing carbonation time, subject to the following constraints:
         to identify a chemical additive allowing the carbonation time to be reduced without requiring extensive and often costly modifications to be made to his production equipment;   to identify a chemical additive that does not change the crystallographic structure of the obtained PCC relative to the structure obtained by the same process but in absence of said additive;   to identify a chemical additive that does not lead to overly high PCC suspension viscosities, requiring the addition of significant amounts of dilution water, said dilution water being a limiting factor in the PCC production rate;   to identify a chemical additive that leads to an aqueous suspension featuring a high PCC solids content, the solids being among the factors contributing to the overall production costs of the PCC material.       

     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In response to this multi-faceted technical problem, the Applicant has surprisingly identified a process to prepare a precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) comprising the following steps: 
     (i) providing CaO, which is optionally partially or fully slaked (hereafter “calcium source”); 
     (ii) providing a CO2-comprising gas; 
     (iii) contacting said calcium source of step (i) and said CO2-comprising gas of step (ii) in an aqueous environment in a reactor, in one or more steps; 
     (iv) obtaining a PCC-comprising suspension; 
     (v) optionally concentrating said PCC-comprising suspension of step (iv); 
     (vi) optionally adding dispersing additives to the suspension of step (iv) and/or (v); 
     (vii) optionally grinding the product of step iv, v or vi; characterised in that: 
     
         
         
           
             at least one polymer resulting from the polymerisation of the following monomers, where such monomers are present in said polymer in the following % monomer units relative to the total monomer units forming said polymer, is present during step (iii): 
           
         
         a) from 10% to 99%, preferably from 50% to 98%, more preferably from 80% to 97%, and even more preferably from 85% to 95%, of at least one vinyl group-comprising monomer not comprising Formula (I), 
         b) from 1% to 90%, preferably from 2% to 50%, more preferably from 3% to 20%, and even more preferably from 5% to 15%, of at least one vinyl group-comprising monomer having at least one substituent comprising Formula (I): 
       
    
                                
wherein:
         m, n, p and q are whole numbers having a value of less than 150, and at least one of m, n, p and q has a value of greater than 0, such that 25≦(m+n+p)q≦150, and preferably such that 50≦(m+n+p)q≦150;   R represents a functional linking group selected from ethers, esters or amides,   R 1  and R 2  are the same or different, and represent hydrogen or alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,   R′ represents hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 3, carbon atoms, R′ being even more preferably a methyl radical or hydrogen, the sum of the monomer unit percentages of monomers a) and b) being equal to 100%.       

     The Applicant would like to mention FR 2,911,147, which discloses the use of similar polymers for the dispersing of metal oxides and hydroxides; in this document, no mention is made of the use of such polymers in a process to produce PCC having a reduced carbonation time subject to the above-mentioned requirements of the skilled man. To the contrary, the proposed increase in calcium oxide hydration time in FR 2,911,147 would rather drive the skilled man not to implement such polymers in view of his goal to develop an efficient PCC production process. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B  (enlargement of  FIG. 1A ) show an SEM image of the obtained product of Test 9, featuring the typical needle shape of the aragonitic PCC polymorph. 
         FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  (enlargement of  FIG. 2A ) show an SEM image of the obtained product of Test 10, featuring the typical needle shape of the aragonitic PCC polymorph. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Preferred Embodiments Relative to the Polymer: 
     In a preferred embodiment, monomer(s) (a) are selected from among anionic monomers, such as acrylic, methacrylic or maleic acid, cationic monomers such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, neutral monomers such as acrylic, methacrylic or maleic acid esters, or mixtures thereof. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said monomer(s) (a) are a mixture of anionic and neutral monomer(s). In such a case, it is further preferred that the monomer unit ratio of anionic monomers:neutral monomers be from 50:50 to 2:1, more preferably of 8:1 to 12:1, and most preferably of 10:1. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said monomer(s) (a) are a mixture of anionic and neutral monomer(s) selected from among acrylic and/or methacrylic acids and esters thereof. 
     In the case where cationic monomers are selected, it is preferred that these be selected from among cationic (meth)acrylic esters, and preferably from among chloride and/or sulfate salts of one or more of the following: [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium, [3-acrylamido)propyl]trimethylammonium, dimethyl diallyl ammonium, [3-(methacrylamido)propyl]trimethylammonium. 
     As regards monomer(s) (b), these may additionally feature substituents not comprising Formula (I) selected from one or more of the following functional groups: alkyl, aryl, alkyl ester, hydrogen, alkyl amide, carboxyl and allyl, and preferably features at least one methyl substituent. In a preferred embodiment, monomer(s) (b) feature a methyl group in trans-position relative to the substituent comprising Formula (I) in which said functional group linking is an ester. 
     In another embodiment, monomer(s) (b) have at least one substituent consisting of Formula (I). 
     It may further be of interest that said polymer features an intrinsic viscosity of less than or equal to 100 ml/g, as determined by the method described in “Outlines of macromolecular chemistry” volume III (Vollmert Verlag, Karlsruhe 1985), implementing a solution of double-distilled water and a capillary tube according to DIN 53101/0a (having a constant of 0.005 and a diameter of 0.53 mm). 
     Any dissociated acid groups in said polymer may be partially or fully neutralised by one or more neutralisation agents having a monovalent or polyvalent cation, said neutralisation agents being preferably selected from among ammonia or from among calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium or lithium hydroxides or oxides, or from among primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic and/or cyclic amines, and preferably from among stearyl amine, mono-, di- or triethanoamines, cyclohexylamine, methylcyclohexylamine, aminomethylpropanol, morpholine, said neutralisation agent being preferably sodium hydroxide. 
     Before or after any neutralisation reaction, said polymer may be treated and separated into multiple phases, by static or dynamic processes, by one or more polar solvents, said solvents being preferably selected from among water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, or mixtures thereof. 
     The polymer may be obtained via a process of radical polymerisation in solution, in direct or inverse emulsion, in suspension or by precipitation in solvents, in the presence of catalytic systems or transfer agents, or via a controlled radical polymerisation, preferably controlled by nitroxides (NMP) or by cobaloximes, or by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP), by sulphur-derivative controlled radical polymerisation, selected from among carbamates, dithioesters or trithiocarbonates (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer or RAFT) or xanthates. 
     Preferred Embodiments Relative to the Polymer Addition Amount and Moment of Addition: 
     It is preferred that the polymer is added to the process in amount totaling 0.01 to 0.5, preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by dry weight relative to the dry weight of PCC obtained in step (iv). 
     Said polymer may be fractionated in doses added over time prior to and/or during step (iii). 
     Moreover, said polymer may be added during more than one of steps (i), (ii) and (iii). 
     It is preferred that 20, preferably 50, more preferably 80, and most preferably 100% by weight of the polymer be added prior to reaching an aqueous environment maximum viscosity during step (iii). 
     It may also be preferred that 20, preferably 50, more preferably 80, and most preferably 100% by weight of the polymer is added prior to reaching an aqueous environment conductivity drop associated with a conductivity curve inflection point slope of more than 45° during step (iii). 
     It may also be preferred that 20, preferably 50, more preferably 80, and most preferably 100% by weight of the polymer is added prior to reaching a pH value of less than 7.2 during step (iii). 
     In one embodiment, 20, preferably 50, more preferably 80, and most preferably 100% by weight of the polymer is added prior to step (iii). 
     It is possible that said CaO of step (i) is partially or fully slaked by addition of slaking water to form a slaked lime suspension prior to step (iii). In such a case, 20, preferably 50, more preferably 80, and most preferably 100% by weight of the polymer may be added to said slaking water. 
     In another embodiment, 20, preferably 50, more preferably 80, and most preferably 100% by weight of the polymer is added to the already slaked lime suspension prior to step (iii). 
     Preferred Embodiments Relative to the Step (iii): 
     As regards step (iii), CO 2 -comprising gas may be bubbled through the aqueous environment until this environment has a pH drop to 7.5, and preferably to 7.2. 
     CO 2 -comprising gas may be bubbled through the aqueous environment until this environment has a conductivity drop. As shown in the Examples herebelow, to ensure a maximum of PCC is formed, it may also be of interest to continue bubbling the CO 2 -comprising gas through the slurry for some time following this conductivity drop. 
     It is preferred that this CO 2 -comprising gas be provided to the reactor at an overpressure of at least 0.1, preferably of at least 0.2, more preferably of at least 0.3, even more preferably of at least 0.4 and most preferably of at least 0.6 bar relative to the pressure in said reactor. 
     The pressure in the reactor is generally between 50 mbar and 25 bar, and preferably is 1 bar. 
     The volume fraction of CO 2  in said CO 2 -comprising gas is generally greater than 4%. As shown in the Examples, the skilled man may indeed even wish to vary the CO 2  content of this gas over the carbonation time. 
     The rate of CO 2 -comprising gas introduction may also be adapted by the skilled man. In general, it is greater than or equal to 100 m 3 /h. 
     The CO 2  gas of said CO 2 -comprising gas may be “fresh” CO 2  according to FR 2 885 899. 
     The CO 2  gas might even be obtained from dry ice. 
     Preferred Embodiments Relative to Other Aspects of the Process: 
     The skilled man will know to adapt his process conditions (such as temperature, use of seeds or additional additives prior to and/or during step (iii)) to the quality of his starting materials according to the PCC polymorph he intends to produce. The skilled man will know, among other parameters, to adapt his reactor volume and the solids content of Ca(OH) 2  suspension, the CO 2  partial pressure in feed gas, gas feed rate and CO 2  yield (reactor efficiency) according to the product he desires. 
     He might grind CaO and/or the Ca(OH) 2  suspension, optionally before and/or during the addition of the polymer. 
     He might elect to add dry CaO to already slaked lime prior to carbonation in order to increase the solids of the Ca(OH) 2  suspension. 
     He may run the process of the present invention as a continuous or batch process. 
     He may adapt the aqueous environment agitation rate, though this generally lies between 200 to 300 rpm during step (iii). 
     Following the obtention of the PCC-comprising suspension in step (iv), he may wish to concentrate this suspension by mechanical and/or thermal concentration. During such a concentration, it may be advantageous to add dispersing additives, such as common polyacrylates. 
     It is of note that should additional polymer according to the present invention be implemented as a dispersant during steps (v) and (vi), less must be added than when concentrating a PCC-comprising suspension not obtained by the present invention. 
     Said PCC of step (iv) may also be dried. 
     Product-by-Process 
     The present invention also lies in the aqueous suspension from the inventive process. 
     The present invention also lies in a dry product obtained by drying the aqueous suspension from the inventive process. 
     As regards this dry product, it generally features the same or less residual calcium hydroxide as a product obtained by the same process but in the absence of said polymer, the residual lime content being determined by XRD analysis. Indeed, it is among the advantages of the present invention that the degree of conversion of calcium hydroxide to PCC is not negatively affected. 
     Moreover, this dry product may contain less than 6%, and preferably less than 3%, by weight relative to the weight of the total product weight, of residual calcium hydroxide. 
     Use of the Product-by-Process 
     The PCC-comprising suspension or dry product obtained following the process of the present invention finds applications in paper, paint or plastic, and especially in paper or plastic. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     In the Tests below, PCC was synthesised by bubbling a CO 2 -comprising gas through a suspension of calcium hydroxide. 
     Additives according to the prior art and according to the process of the invention were implemented. The following prior art additives were used:
         PAA is a sodium polyacrylate with a molecular weight of about 10 500 g/mol   PEG is a polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of about 600 g/mol       

     The following additive according to the process of the invention was used:
         Polymer P is a polymer resulting from the polymerisation of the following monomers (expressed in % monomer units of each constituent):   monomer a) 79.8% of methacrylic acid and 9.0% of ethyl acrylate   monomer b) 11.2% of a monomer featuring a vinyl group on which:
           a first substituent consists of Formula (I), wherein:   R=ester function;   R′=methyl group;   m=0;   p=0;   n=45;   q=1;   a second substituent consists of a methyl group;   the first and second substituents above are in trans-position relative to one another.   
               

     The efficiency of the PCC production process was determined according to the weight of PCC produced (in kg) relative to both carbonation time (in hours) and final PCC suspension weight (in kg). 
     The obtained precipitated calcium carbonate polymorph was determined by visual analysis of the SEM images of the product. 
     The particle size characteristics of the obtained PCC (median diameter (d 50 ), where the value d x  represents the diameter relative to which X % by weight of the particles have a diameter less than d x ) was determined based on measurements made using Sedigraph™ 5100 instrumentation from MICROMERITICS™. 
     The specific surface area (in m 2 /g) of the obtained PCC was determined using the BET method, according to ISO 9277:1995. 
     The Brookfield™ viscosity of the final PCC suspension was measured at 25° C. under 100 rpm (μ 12 ). 
     Residual lime content in the obtained PCC was determined by XRD analysis. 
     Test 1 (Reference Process for the Production of Scalenohedral PCC) 
     200 kg of calcium oxide (origin: Austria) were added to 1 700 liters of 40° C.-tap water in a stirred reactor; the reactor contents were mixed under continuous stirring for 30 minutes. The resulting suspension of calcium hydroxide was diluted with water to obtain a suspension featuring a dry weight of calcium hydroxide as listed in Table 1. 
     1 750 liters of this calcium hydroxide suspension was then brought to a temperature of 50° C. and directed into a 1 800 liter cylindrical stainless steel reactor equipped with an agitator and probes monitoring the pH and conductivity of the suspension. 
     A gas of 20-30% by volume of CO 2  in air was then bubbled upwards through the suspension at a rate of 200 m 3 /h under a suspension agitation of between 200 and 300 rpm. Overpressure in gas feed was 150-200 mbar, corresponding to hydrostatic pressure of Ca(OH) 2  suspension in the reactor. 
     During carbonation, the temperature of the suspension was not controlled and allowed to rise due to the heat generated in the exothermic precipitation reaction. 
     After conductivity reached a minimum, gassing was continued for another 4 minutes and then stopped. The final product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight relative to the weight of the final PCC product. 
     Carbonation time, representing the time elapsed between the start of gas introduction and reaching a conductivity minimum, and other product and process conditions, are given in Table 1. 
     Test 2 (Prior Art Process for the Production of Scalenohedral PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 1, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of PAA to the Ca(OH) 2  suspension prior to carbonation in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     Results are given in Table 1. 
     Test 3 (Process According to the Invention for the Production of Scalenohedral PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 1, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of Polymer P to the Ca(OH) 2  suspension prior to carbonation in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     The final PCC product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight. Other results are given in Table 1. 
     Test 4 (Reference Process for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     160 kg of calcium oxide (origin: USA) were added to 1 300 liters of 50° C.-tap water in a stirred reactor; the reactor contents were mixed under continuous stirring for 30 minutes. The resulting suspension of calcium hydroxide was diluted with water to obtain a suspension featuring a dry weight of calcium hydroxide as listed in Table 1. 
     1 250 liters of this calcium hydroxide suspension was then brought to a temperature of 60° C. and directed into a 1 800 liter cylindrical stainless steel reactor equipped with an agitator and probes monitoring the pH and conductivity of the suspension as well as the CO 2  content of the exhaust gas. 
     Before start of carbonation, aragonite structure-promoting seed was added to the calcium hydroxide suspension. 
     A gas of 4-8% by volume of CO 2  in air was then bubbled upwards through the suspension at a rate of 100 m 3 /h under a suspension agitation of 200 to 300 rpm during 15 minutes, calculated from start of introduction of said gas. Thereafter, the CO 2  volume fraction in the gas was augmented to 20-30% under the same conditions until the end of the carbonation. Overpressure in gas feed was 100-150 mbar, corresponding to hydrostatic pressure of Ca(OH) 2  suspension in the reactor. 
     When the CO 2 -content in the exhaust gas exceeded 6% by volume, hot dilution water, in an amount listed in Table 1, was added continuously into the reactor to obtain the viscosity listed in Table 1. 
     During carbonation, the temperature of the suspension was not controlled and allowed to rise due to the heat generated in the exothermic precipitation reaction. 
     After conductivity reached a minimum, gassing was continued for another 4 minutes and then stopped. The final product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight relative to the weight of the final PCC product. 
     Carbonation time, representing the time elapsed between the start of gas introduction and reaching a conductivity minimum, and other product and process conditions are given in Table 1. 
     Test 5 (Process According to the Invention for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 4, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of Polymer P to the water subsequently added to calcium oxide to form the calcium hydroxide suspension, in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     The final PCC product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight. Other results are given in Table 1. 
     Test 6 (Process According to the Invention for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 4, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of Polymer P to the calcium hydroxide suspension prior to commencing carbonation, in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     The final PCC product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight. Other results are given in Table 1. 
     Test 7 (Process According to the Invention for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 4, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of Polymer P to the calcium hydroxide suspension prior to commencing carbonation, in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     The final PCC product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight. Other results are given in Table 1. 
     Test 8 (Process According to the Invention for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 4, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of Polymer P to the calcium hydroxide suspension prior to commencing carbonation, in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     The final PCC product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight. Other results are given in Table 1. 
     Test 9 (Reference Process for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     160 kg of calcium oxide (origin: Austria) were added to 1 300 liters of 50° C.-tap water in a stirred reactor; the reactor contents were mixed under continuous stirring for 30 minutes. The resulting suspension of calcium hydroxide was diluted with water to obtain a suspension featuring a dry weight of calcium hydroxide as listed in Table 1. 
     1 250 liters of this calcium hydroxide suspension was then brought to a temperature of 60° C. and directed into a 1 800 liter cylindrical stainless steel reactor equipped with an agitator and probes monitoring the pH and conductivity of the suspension as well as the CO 2  content of the exhaust gas. 
     Before the start of carbonation, aragonite structure-promoting seed was added to the calcium hydroxide suspension. 
     A gas of 4-8% by volume of CO 2  in air was then bubbled upwards through the suspension at a rate of 100 m 3 /h under a suspension agitation of 200 to 300 rpm during 15 minutes, calculated from start of introduction of said gas. Thereafter, the CO 2  volume fraction in the gas was augmented to 20-30% under the same conditions until the end of the carbonation. Overpressure in gas feed was 100-150 mbar, corresponding to hydrostatic pressure of Ca(OH) 2  suspension in the reactor. 
     When the CO 2 -content in the exhaust gas exceeded 6% by volume, hot dilution water, in an amount listed in Table 1, was added continuously into the reactor to obtain the viscosity listed in Table 1. 
     During carbonation, the temperature of the suspension was not controlled and allowed to rise due to the heat generated in the exothermic precipitation reaction. 
     After conductivity reached a minimum, gassing was continued for another 4 minutes and then stopped. The final product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight relative to the weight of the final PCC product. 
     Carbonation time, representing the time elapsed between the start of gas introduction and reaching a conductivity minimum, and other product and process conditions, are given in Table 1. 
     Test 10 (Process According to the Invention for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 9, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of Polymer P to the calcium hydroxide suspension prior to commencing carbonation, in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     The final PCC product had a residual lime content of less than 6% by weight. Other results are given in Table 1. 
     Test 11 (Prior Art Process for the Production of Aragonitic PCC) 
     This test was run under the same conditions as Test 9, according to the conditions listed in Table 1, with the addition of PEG to the calcium hydroxide suspension prior to commencing carbonation, in an amount listed in Table 1. 
     Results are given in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
                 Additive 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 added in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 % dry 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weight 
                   
                 Volume 
                   
                   
                 Theoretical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 relative 
                 Dry weight 
                 of 
                   
                   
                 weight 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to dry 
                 Ca(OH) 2  on 
                 Ca(OH) 2   
                 Carbonation 
                 kg dry 
                 PCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weight 
                 suspension 
                 suspension 
                 time 
                 weight 
                 produced 
               
               
                 Test 
                 Additive 
                 Ca(OH) 2   
                 weight (%) 
                 (L) 
                 (min) 
                 Ca(OH) 2   
                 (kg) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 none 
                 none 
                 13.2 
                 1750 
                 65 
                 245 
                 331 
               
               
                 2 
                 PAA 
                 0.100 
                 13.0 
                 1750 
                 74 
                 242 
                 327 
               
               
                 3 
                 Polymer P 
                 0.075 
                 13.2 
                 1750 
                 54 
                 245 
                 331 
               
               
                 4 
                 none 
                 none 
                 12.8 
                 1250 
                 65 
                 170 
                 230 
               
               
                 5 
                 Polymer P 
                 0.075 
                 13.3 
                 1250 
                 59 
                 176 
                 238 
               
               
                 6 
                 Polymer P 
                 0.075 
                 12.8 
                 1250 
                 54 
                 170 
                 230 
               
               
                 7 
                 Polymer P 
                 0.150 
                 13.2 
                 1250 
                 62 
                 175 
                 236 
               
               
                 8 
                 Polymer P 
                 0.200 
                 12.9 
                 1250 
                 63 
                 171 
                 231 
               
               
                 9 
                 none 
                 none 
                 13.5 
                 1250 
                 66 
                 179 
                 242 
               
               
                 10  
                 Polymer P 
                 0.100 
                 13.6 
                 1250 
                 65 
                 180 
                 243 
               
               
                 11  
                 PEG 
                 0.100 
                 13.1 
                 1250 
                 64 
                 174 
                 235 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Added 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 water 
                 PCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to 
                 suspension 
                   
                 kg dry PCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 obtain 
                 viscosity 
                   
                 produced/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 desired 
                 (mPas) 
                   
                 (carbonation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PCC 
                 (Brookfield 
                 kg 
                 time 
               
               
                   
                   
                 suspension 
                 DV II, 
                 final 
                 (hours) * kg 
                   
                   
                 SSA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 viscosity 
                 100 rpm, 
                 PCC 
                 PCC 
                 PCC 
                 d 50   
                 BET 
               
               
                   
                 Test 
                 (L) 
                 Spindle 2) 
                 suspension 
                 suspension) 
                 polymorph 
                 (μm) 
                 (m 2 /g) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 none 
                 23 
                 1994 
                 0.15 
                 S-PCC 
                 2.36 
                 4.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 none 
                 18 
                 2070 
                 0.13 
                 S-PCC 
                 2.32 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 none 
                 15 
                 2122 
                 0.17 
                 S-PCC 
                 2.25 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 350 
                 340 
                 1853 
                 0.11 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.48 
                 10.3 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 350 
                 260 
                 1711 
                 0.14 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.80 
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 100 
                 200 
                 1584 
                 0.16 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.80 
                 9.4 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 none 
                 299 
                 1425 
                 0.16 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.91 
                 8.9 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 none 
                 255 
                 1384 
                 0.16 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.98 
                 8.6 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 450 
                 220 
                 1920 
                 0.11 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.51 
                 9.3 
               
               
                   
                 10  
                  50 
                 215 
                 1492 
                 0.15 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.95 
                 8.4 
               
               
                   
                 11  
                 150 
                 228 
                 1656 
                 0.13 
                 A-PCC 
                 1.98 
                 9.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the above Table, the reference “S-PCC” indicates a PCC of essentially scalenohedral polymorph, as determined according to an SEM image of the product. The reference “A-PCC” refers to an essentially aragonitic PCC product according to SEM images. 
     The results of Table 1 clearly demonstrate that only the process according to the present invention leads to a high PCC production rate relative to the carbonation time and final PCC suspension weight, without compromising the nature of the PCC polymorph or other PCC characteristics, relative to the same process run in absence of the polymer according to the invention.