Abstract:
A method for determining the thermal material properties of metal shaped parts from a model is disclosed, which describes the thermal material properties of the metal shaped part. At least one thermodynamic parameter (p) is formed as a linear combination consisting of at least one base function (hi) and of at least one weighting factor (gi), whereby the base function (hi) describes the thermal material properties, and the weighting factor (gi) takes the influence of the alloying elements on at least one thermodynamic parameter (p) into account. The method makes it possible to conduct a sufficiently precise determination of the thermal material properties with a smaller time requirement.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of copending International Application No. PCT/DEO1/03127 filed Aug. 16, 2001, which designates the United States. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention relates to a method for determining the thermal materials properties of shaped metal parts.  
           [0003]    In certain technological processes, such as for example the cooling of hot-roll steel strips, it is necessary or desirable for the thermal materials properties of the shaped metal parts to be determined as accurately as possible. During the cooling of hot-roll steel strips, the microstructural properties of the rolled steel strips are adjusted during passage through the cooling section of the hot-rolling mill train, the microstructural properties being adjusted primarily by means of the quantity of water supplied. To calculate the quantity of water required, a cooling section model based on Fourier&#39;s thermal conductivity equation is used. This model can be used to calculate the temperature distribution in the steel strip during the cooling operation.  
           [0004]    One difficulty which arises in the modelling is the relatively strong dependent relationship between the thermal materials properties and the alloying elements which have been added. By way of example, the thermal conductivity at 500° C. drops by about 50% as a result of the addition of 1% of chromium.  
           [0005]    On account of the relatively strong dependent relationship between the thermal materials properties and the alloying elements which have been added, these elements have to be determined relatively accurately. Hitherto, this has been achieved by means of measurements at the thermodynamic equilibrium. The specific approach for the chemical dependency may, for example, involve describing the thermal conductivity of the material, which is a function of the temperature, by means of an open polygon. The coordinates of the associated supporting points are in this case made dependent on the alloying elements which are contained in the material. These dependent relationships, which are determined directly on the plant in question, are summarized in table form. In the most simple case, the sum of the alloying elements is used. Free parameters are determined by means of a compensating calculation on the basis of measurement.  
           [0006]    Obtaining sufficiently accurate values in the method described is a very time-consuming process.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    It is an object of the invention to provide a method which makes it possible, within a short time, to make it possible to sufficiently accurately determine the thermal materials properties.  
           [0008]    This object can be achieved by a method according to the invention, in which the thermal material properties of shaped metal parts are determined from a model which describes the thermal materials properties of the shaped metal part, in which  
           [0009]    at least one thermodynamic parameter P is formed as a linear combination of at least one basic function hi and at least one weighting factor gi in accordance with the relationship  
               p   =       ±       ∑     i   =   1     n            g   i     ·     h   i           +   c       ,     n   ∈   N     ,     c   =     const   .              or                     p   =     ±       ∑     i   =   1     n            (       g   i     +     c   i       )     ·     h   i             ,     n   ∈   N     ,       c   i     =     const   .              and                                   
 
           [0010]    the basic function hi describes the thermal materials properties, and  
           [0011]    the weighting factor gi takes account of the influence of the alloying elements on at least one thermodynamic parameter P.  
           [0012]    The methods described in the independent claims represent a combination of a physical model and data-assisted methods for preventing a material model, the thermal materials properties being formed, according to the invention, by at least one linear combination of at least one basic function hi and at least one weighting factor gi. Therefore, the methods according to the invention do not require a concrete approach for the dependent relationship of the alloying elements, which is difficult to describe. Furthermore, the alloying elements can be taken into account in high 1 y differentiated form. As a result, given a sufficient number of measurement data, it is possible to obtain a very accurate material model.  
           [0013]    The thermal materials properties, which are defined by the thermodynamic parameter p and can be described by at least one basic function, are, for example, the enthalpy, the heat capacity and the thermal conductivity.  
           [0014]    In the context of the invention, the basic functions used may be, for example, as alternatives or in combination, rectangular blocks, sawteeth, B splines, preferably  4 th order B splines, or Gaussian bells.  
           [0015]    If the linear combination consists exclusively of rectangular blocks, a step function results for the thermodynamic parameter p.  
           [0016]    Given a linear combination exclusively comprising sawteeth (first order B splines), an open polygon is obtained for the thermodynamic parameter p.  
           [0017]    If exclusively 4th order B splines are used to form a linear combination, a cubic spline is obtained for the thermodynamic parameter p.  
           [0018]    In an advantageous configuration of the method according to the invention, the weighting factors gi are determined in a neural network from the mass contents of the alloying elements which have been added and/or variables derived therefrom.  
           [0019]    A predeterminable number of data sets, which each include measurements of surface temperatures and velocity and information about the quantities of water required for cooling for a specific hot-rolled steel strip, is used to train the neural network. The respective steel strips may—but do not have to—in this case have different concentrations of alloying elements.  
           [0020]    The data sets include measurements for at least approximately pure iron. A model is determined from these parts of the data sets and is matched to reality. The thermodynamic parameters for pure iron are known, and consequently matching of the model to reality is carried out only for the heat transfer. Then, the entire data set, which also includes measurements for alloyed steels, is taken into consideration. A possible deviation from the model which has previously been matched to reality is determined from this data set. This deviation can only be explained by alloying contents which are present in the material, and not by the cooling operation (water quantity and water temperature). The calculations are matched to the measurements by changing the network weights wi. The change in the network weights Wi leads to a change in the weighting factors gi. The calculations are matched to the measurements until the calculations correspond sufficiently well to the measurements for all the shaped parts (e.g. steel strips).  
           [0021]    As an alternative to determining weighting factors gi in a neural network, it is possible for weighting factors gi to be determined by a linear combination of the mass content of at least one alloying element and/or variables derived therefrom and a regression factor (claim 8).  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]    Further advantageous configurations of the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to two exemplary embodiments which are illustrated in the drawing, in which, in outline form:  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a first embodiment of the method according to the invention,  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2 shows a determination of the weighting factors which represent an alternative to the method shown in FIG. 1,  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 3 shows a determination of the weighting factors which represents an alternative to the method shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0026]    In the method according to the invention, the thermal materials properties of shaped metal parts are determined from a model which describes the thermal materials properties of the shaped metal part, in which  
         [0027]    at least one thermodynamic parameter P is formed as a linear combination of at least one basic function hi and at least one weighting factor gi in accordance with the relationship  
         p   =       ±       ∑     i   =   1     n            g   i     ·     h   i           +   c       ,     n                 ε                 N     ,     c   =     const   .     
        or                 p   =     ±       ∑     i   =   1     n            (       g   i     +     c   i       )     ·     h   i             ,     n                 ε                 N     ,       c   i     =     const   .     
        and                             
 
         [0028]    the basic function (hi) describes the thermal materials properties, and  
         [0029]    the weighting factor (gi) takes account of the influence of the alloying elements on at least one thermodynamic parameter (p).  
         [0030]    In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the thermal materials properties of hot-rolled steel strips are determined. In the embodiment illustrated, all five basic functions h 1  to h 5  are  4 th order B splines. Therefore, a spline consisting of third degree polynomials is obtained for the thermodynamic parameter p which describes the thermal materials properties of the shaped part.  
         [0031]    In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the materials property described by the thermodynamic parameter p is the degree of conversion of austenite into ferrite as a function of the enthalpy e. However, in the context of the invention it is also possible, by way of example, to describe thermal materials properties by means of the heat capacity and/or the thermal conductivity.  
         [0032]    In the configuration shown in FIG. 1, the weighting factors g 1  to g 5  are determined in a neural network  10  from the mass contents of the alloying elements (C, Mn, Cr, Si, Ni, Ti, . . . ) which have been added to the steel and the network weights Wi. The network weights wi are obtained by training the neural network  10  (also referred to as optimization) and/or fed to the neural network  10  by a data memory (not shown in FIG. 1).  
         [0033]    The alloying elements which have been added to the steel are made available as data sets by a data memory  11 . A predeterminable number of these data sets which, in addition to the alloying contents for a specific hot-rolled steel strip, also include the measurements of surface temperatures and details about the quantities of water required for cooling, is used to train the neural network  10 . The respective steel strips may in this case also have different concentrations of alloying elements.  
         [0034]    Each of the basic functions h 1  to h 5  available as fourth order B splines is multiplied by in each case one weighting factor g 1  to g 5  and by (−1) in a multiplier 1 to 5 and is fed to an adder 6. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated, the value c=1 for the alloy-independent constant c is also fed to the adder 6. Therefore, the value  
           p        (   e   )       =       -       ∑     i   =   1     5            g   i     ·     h   i           +   1       ,                         
 
         [0035]    is available for p(e) at the output of the adder 6.  
         [0036]    With p(e) as the degree of conversion of austenite into ferrite (or pearlite) as a function of the enthalpy e, the following functional relationship, which has been determined in functional block  12 , between the enthalpy e and the temperature T results: 
           f   T ( e )= p ( e )  f   1 ( e )+[1  p ( e )]  f   2 ( e ). 
         [0037]    The following functional relationship, which is likewise determined in the functional block  12 , is then obtained for the thermal conductivity λ and the enthalpy e: 
           f   80 ( e )= p ( e )·λ 1 ( e )+[1 −p ( e )]·λ 2 ( e ). 
         [0038]    If all the weighting factors gi=0, i.e. if no alloying elements have been admixed with the steel, p(e) is then approximately 1, i.e. pure ferrite or pearlite is present.  
         [0039]    Therefore, for the functional relationship between the enthalpy e and the temperature T, the following relationship is obtained: 
           fT ( e )= f 1( e ). 
         [0040]    This then results in the following equation for the functional relationship between the thermal conductivity λ and the enthalpy e: 
           f λ( e )=λ( e ). 
         [0041]    By contrast, if p(e)≅0, i.e. for pure austenite, the following functional relationships are obtained: 
           fT ( e )= f 2( e ). 
           f λ( e )=λ2( e ). 
         [0042]    However, if p(e) is defined as the original austenite content, and not (as in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1) as the degree of conversion of austenite into ferrite,  
         p   =         ∑     i   =   1     n            g   i     ·     h   i         +   c       ,                n                 ε                 N     ,                         
 
         [0043]    where c=0 is to be selected for the equation.  
         [0044]    In this case, if p(e)≅0, pure ferrite or pearlite is present, whereas if p(e)≅1 pure austenite is present.  
         [0045]    In this case, the indices  1  and  2  need to be swapped over in the functional relationships for fT(e) and fλ(e).  
         [0046]    As an alternative to determining a weighting factor gi in a neural network  10 , it is also possible for this weighting factor gi to be determined by a linear combination of the mass contents of the alloying element C, Mn, Cr, Si, Ni, Ti, in each case with a regression factor  w     1       i     to w     6       i   . According to FIG. 2, the six linear combinations are determined in each case one multiplier  21  to  26  and are fed to an adder  27 , which uses them to determine a weighting factor gi.  
         [0047]    This weighting factor gi is processed further in the functional block  12  in the manner which has been shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0048]    As an alternative to determining a weighting factor gi in a neural network  10  (FIG. 1) or a linear combination (FIG. 2), this weighting factor gi can also be formed from the mass contents of the alloying elements C, Mn, Cr, Si, Ni, Ti with at least one free parameter  w     j       i    by means of a nonlinear function. In accordance with FIG. 3, the six alloying elements and the free parameters  w     j       i    are fed to the nonlinear function Fi of a plurality of variables. The result of the nonlinear function Fi is the weighting factor gi.  
         [0049]    Alternatively, it is also possible to add/or remove alloying elements. By way of example, it is also possible to use a combination comprising C, Mn, Cr, Si, V.