Abstract:
A gas sensor assembly comprises a housing ( 65 ) including a bore ( 61 ). A pin ( 50 ) extends through the bore ( 61 ) and an O-ring ( 100 ) is located in the bore. The O-ring ( 100 ) contacts the pin ( 50 ) and parts of the bore ( 61 ) so as to be restrained against movement in both lateral and axial directions. Two- and three-shot molding processes are described for fabricating the assembly.

Description:
This application is a 371 of PCT/GB01/01862 filed Apr. 26, 2001. This application claims priority from UK Application 0010180.8, filed Apr. 26, 2000. 
   The invention relates to a gas sensor assembly and a method for manufacturing a seal assembly for a gas sensor assembly. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   There are a variety of gas sensor constructions in which it is necessary to seal a member such as a pin or the like into a bore so as to prevent the passage of liquid or gas through the bore. O-rings have been used in the past to achieve such sealing both in cases where the components move relative to one another (such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,651) and in which they are relatively static. The present invention is concerned with a static arrangement of components. 
   The method of securing O-rings in a static sealing configuration recommended by manufacturers is to place the ring in a U-shaped recess extending around the bore so that the ring contacts the elongate member and the seal action is based on the ability of the seal to undergo axial or radial deformation of its cross-section. In order for the seal to function properly, manufacturers require that the size of the groove or channel is larger than the O-ring cross-section typically having a cross-sectional area more than 25% that of the O-ring so that the pressure can act on a relatively large part of the ring surface and so that there is sufficient space in the groove should any volume increase of the O-ring occur due to exposure to chemicals. 
   We have found, however, that some leakage of liquid still occurs in these configurations. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a gas sensor assembly comprises a housing containing gas sensing components; a member secured to the housing; and an annular seal supported by the housing in contact with the member and parts of the housing so as to be restrained against movement in both lateral and both axial directions. 
   We have undergone detailed investigations into the use of annular seals such as O-rings in these static situations and we have realized that one problem that can occur in certain applications is that if the fluid pressure reduces, then the seal will relax to an extent dependent upon the elastic properties of the material. Furthermore, in certain applications such as electrochemical gas sensors, there may well be no pressure exerted by the retained liquid (the electrolyte). However, by virtue of the nature of the assembly, the joints between the mating surfaces act as capillary channels allowing the liquid to wick up into the seal area. Thus, the region around the seal quickly becomes bathed in liquid such as acid under conditions where the seal itself is not necessarily under compression. Thus, the possibility of leakage is increased. 
   Our solution is to ensure that the seal is restrained on all four sides and is preferably stressed or always under compression whatever the fluid pressure and thus the seal condition is maintained. 
   The invention can be used in a wide variety of situations in which seals against gases and/or liquids are required. It is particularly useful where the member is an electrical connector located in a bore but is also applicable to seal other components such as a gas filter top. 
   In addition, the invention is applicable to a wide variety of gas sensors such as electrochemical, pellistor, infrared or calorimetric gas sensors. For example, infrared devices have O-rings around their gas chambers, and calorimetric sensors with two part housings which clip together, to restrain a filter membrane via an O-ring. Pellistor housings involving O-ring seals are also known. 
   The invention is of particular benefit when used with an electrochemical gas sensor of the kind comprising sensing and counter electrodes and intervening electrolyte located within a housing. The electrodes are electrically connected to respective connectors extending through bores in the housing to which they are sealed. 
   The connectors provide an electrical connection between (a) the internal electrode and associated current collection means and (b) the external circuit where the sensor output is measured and processed. Additionally, such connectors may be used to allow potentiostatic control of the sensor electrode operating potential via appropriate circuits. Connectors used in this application require relatively high conductivity (to limit any IR losses between the sensor and the indicating/controlling circuitry). Suitable materials include platinum and gold, often in the form of coatings on nickel or steel components, graphite (in rod form), and metal coated and/or plated polymerics. 
   These connector components may be in the form of, for example, pins, pads, wires, ribbons, etc. 
   An important aspect in the construction of these sensors is the prevention of leakage of electrolyte. This is particularly important in the case of oxygen sensors which employ liquid electrolyte, usually in the form of strongly alkaline liquid. Any minor defect in the sensor represents a potential leakage path. In particular, it is well known that the electrical connections through the housing are frequently the sources of electrolyte leakage. 
   In comparatively large sensors where minimisation of internal volume is not a primary design requirement, it is common to incorporate a double-walled construction method, so that the connectors pass through the sensor body in a region which is already isolated from the electrolyte reservoir. Under such circumstances, the constraints placed upon the connector/body seal, whilst significant, are relatively easily managed. 
   However, in sensors where internal volume is at a great premium (for example in metal-air oxygen sensors where the device lifetime is fundamentally dictated by the volume of consumable lead incorporated), it is generally not possible to employ a double-walled method of construction. In these circumstances, the longevity and reliability of the connector/body seal are critical. 
   A typical example of a known construction makes use of a connector pin which passes through a moulded polymer sensor housing in an area containing an aggressive liquid electrolyte (which may be an acid or alkaline material). Current design and production methods usually rely on the interference fit of the connector into the housing in order to provide both mechanical fixation and an hermetic seal, thereby preventing the transport or migration of electrolyte from within the sensor body (i.e. leakage). 
   The main shortcomings of this technique are that due to
         strain acceptance limits,   differing coefficients of thermal expansion,   the effect of mould processing upon the polymer characteristics, and   ageing characteristics of the differing materials involved (leading to creep),
 
the properties of the hermetic seal are not consistent. Therefore, leakage is generally not particularly well controlled and may cause premature cell failure and/or external contamination with electrolyte.
       

   In other examples, a barb can be added to the pin to assist in its retention once the initial insertion has been made. This can be important where, for example, the pin is pushed into and removed from sockets on connector boards which might tend to withdraw the pin from the sensor itself. As one increases the size of the barbs beyond that which can be readily forced through a given bore, it is also a natural step to utilize “hot insertion” processes, where thermal and/or ultrasonic methods (for example) are used to cause local heating of the sensor housing which then cools and re-seals around the pin and barb. However, none of these additional steps are in themselves sufficient to guarantee leakproof seals. 
   Consequently, the invention is particularly suited to overcome these problems with electrochemical gas sensors. 
   In some cases, the annular seal is unstressed but in the preferred arrangement the seal is stressed in at least one and preferably all lateral and axial directions. 
   The annular seal may be made of (natural) rubber but can advantageously employ a wide range of suitably compliant materials. In various circumstances, silicones, (thermoplastic) elastomers, polymers, PTFE, soft metals etc. might all be selected on the grounds of particular properties (e.g. chemical resistance, deformability, temperature behaviour, etc.). 
   The seal is typically an O-ring, either of the conventional type having a circular cross-section when relaxed or a non-circular cross-section as described below. 
   Additional sealing may be achieved by utilizing a cured potting compound compatible with the fluid to be used, the housing and elongate member materials. 
   We have found that using a suitable potting material, particularly if it is thermally or optically, eg UV, curable, significantly increases the integrity of the seal. 
   This aspect of the invention, however, is applicable to any potting compound with properties which render it physically (e.g. through thermal expansion etc. ) and chemically (i.e. resistant to attack, not corrosive) compatible with the liquid, elongate member and housing materials. Sealing on the outside of the housing is preferably employed, but in principle this could also (or alternatively) be done inside the housing. Although shadowing may be a problem in the case of light-cured materials, photoinitiated cationic compounds, where light is used to commence the reaction which then proceeds unaided, are now being considered for such applications. These do not suffer from significant shadowing. 
   In electrochemical gas sensors, the use of gelled electrolyte in place of a liquid has been proposed to further reduce the risk of electrolyte leakage. In such cases, the electrolyte is immobilised within a suitable gelling agent in order to reduce the free liquid volume within the casing. 
   The gelling reaction may take place in situ i.e. by placing the reactants in the housing and then running the entire assembly through an appropriate thermal curing cycle. However, some ungelled liquid tends to remain within the sensor, and the whole sensor assembly is subjected to thermal stresses which are typically at the extremes of the recommended operating range and may even be outside the specified operating conditions. The use of “pre-gelled” electrolyte, which is mixed with the gelling agent prior to introduction into the sensor minimizes the free liquid volume and obviates the need for thermal cycling of the sensor hardware. 
   However, experience shows that the use of gel does not allow any compromise in the efforts taken to provide good seals in regions where the electrolyte comes into contact with members passing through the sensor body. Indeed, given the requirement for equally robust seals irrespective of the presence or absence of gelling agents, sensor manufacturing processes may actually be simplified by using liquid electrolytes. All these options are open to the sensor designer. 
   Another reason why leakage can occur in seal assemblies of this type is due to the number of components involved and therefore we provide in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a seal assembly for a gas sensor assembly, the seal assembly comprising a housing to which a member is secured in use; and an annular seal supported by the housing, the method comprising moulding the housing and seal in separate injection moulding shots, such that the seal contacts the member in use so as to seal the bore against the passage of fluid. 
   In this aspect of the invention, instead of providing the seal as a separate component, it is pre-moulded into the housing. Thus, the component count is being reduced which not only assists in reducing the leakage problem but also simplifies assembly. As with the first aspect of the present invention, preferably the seal is located in an annular, generally U-shaped recess opening into the housing and contacts opposed sides of the recess and the side of the recess opposite the member. The term “U-shaped” is to be read broadly and to include laterally opening recesses being a variety of cross-sections such as square, rectangular, hyperbolic, etc. 
   Most preferably, the seal is stressed in at least one, preferably all, lateral and axial directions. 
   A further advantage of this method is that the seal may be chemically bonded to the housing thus significantly improving the seal and avoiding capillary leakage. Some overall compression of the seal is generally desirable which, where the seal surrounds a bore, could be achieved by providing the seal slightly proud of the bore. However, this compression is likely to be significantly less than that required to form a conventional seal in order to provide the required integrity. 
   Typically, the housing is moulded before the seal. However, in an alternative approach, the seal is moulded around the member in a first shot; and the housing is moulded around the seal and member in a second shot. 
   Furthermore, in accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, we provide a method of manufacturing a seal assembly for a gas sensor assembly, the seal assembly comprising a housing to which a member is secured in use, and an annular seal supported by the housing, the method comprising injection moulding the housing about the seal. 
   For example, a sensor housing could be moulded around a free standing, annular seal. 
   The method can be extended when the member is elongate and sealed in a bore of the housing to a three shot process in which in a third shot an additional seal is moulded into the bore. 
   The same or different, usually plastics, materials may be used in each moulding shot. Typically, the seal is fabricated from a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) while the housing is made from another polymer. 
   The use of two-shot moulding/TPEs allows the generation of a separate seal via radial compression of the TPE. The use of a three-shot moulding technique offers additional benefits by virtue of the fact that some TPEs offer favorable sealing properties to metals (e.g. a pin connector) whereas others are to be preferred for use on polymer surfaces. Thus, a three-shot moulding method potentially allows a complex seal to be fabricated using a sandwich or layered structure where, in the case of an electrochemical gas sensor, the critical electrolyte seal is fabricated using materials optimised for the contacting surfaces. 
   The moulded seal is typically in the form of an O-ring but other forms of seal may be used. Seals with a variety of more complex footprints (e.g. a car head gasket) and cross-sectional forms (e.g. “lobed” O-rings or “wiping” seals) could be used. 
   It will be appreciated that the invention is applicable to two, three, four or more electrode electrochemical gas sensors. Furthermore, typically the housing will provide controlled gas access to the sensing electrode, for example by incorporating a gas phase, Knudsen, or solid state diffusion barrier. 
   Some examples of electrochemical gas sensors and methods for their assembly according to the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:— 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is an exploded view of a sensor assembly; 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-section through part of the housing of the sensor shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIGS. 3A-3D  are partial, perspective views of different stages in the fabrication of part of a gas sensor using a two-shot injection moulding process; 
       FIGS. 4A-4D  are perspective views of part of another example of an electrochemical gas sensor housing during its fabrication using a two-shot injection moulding process; 
       FIGS. 5A-5D  are perspective views illustrating the fabrication of part of a further example of an electrochemical gas sensor using a three-shot injection moulding process; and, 
       FIG. 6  illustrates cross-sections through four alternative annular seals. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1  illustrates the primary components of a sensor assembly including a main housing component  65  which, following assembly, is bonded by welding or the like to a top housing component  2 . The top housing component includes a central capillary hole  4  extending through it (which forms a gas phase diffusion barrier), a filter  5  being located in alignment with the hole  4 . A sensing electrode  6  is located below the capillary hole  4 . Below the sensing electrode  6  is a separator  7  and an O-ring  8 . A counter electrode in the form of a lead anode  9  is positioned beneath the O-ring  8  and sits on a floor seal  10 . It will be appreciated that several components have been omitted from  FIG. 1  for clarity and indeed the construction of the assembly shown in  FIG. 1  is conventional apart from the pin mountings which are to be described below. 
   The sensing electrode  6  and the counter electrode  9  are each connected to respective conductors (not shown) which are in turn connected to respective pins  50  which protrude through holes  61  in the base of the housing component  65 . As will be described in more detail below, the pins  50  are secured in the holes  61  partly by a friction fit and partly by epoxy potting material  20 . They are also sealed to the holes  61  via O-rings  100 . 
   A dummy pin  40  extends from the base of the housing component  65  to assist in locating the sensor on a support member. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates an example of the invention in which a T-shaped connector pin  50  is secured in a widened part  60  of the bore  61  extending through the base of the housing component  65 . This securement is achieved partly by means of an interference fit between a lateral flange  62  integrally formed with the rest of the pin  50  with the surface of the bore  60  and partly by means of a potting material  20  which fills part of the space within the widened part of the bore  60 . After inserting the pin  50  into the bore  61 , the widened part of the bore  60  is filled with the potting material, such as an epoxy, which is then cured under UV radiation. 
   The electrolyte reservoir  66  defined by the housing part  65  is then provided with a consumable lead anode  67  which is saturated in electrolyte. This could be in liquid form, in which case it will be largely wicked into the compressed body of the lead wool ball by capillary action but with the possibility of some seepage of liquid. Alternatively, the electrolyte might be either pre- or post-gelled, in which case it would be more robustly held within the cavities formed by the intertwined strands of lead wool. The pre-gelled electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte with suitable additives that cause the material to “gel” by application of heat, thus reducing the amount of free liquid by a significant degree. The electrolyte is “gelled” in the lead anode  9  prior to assembly of the anode into the sensor to minimise both heat cycle stresses on the sensor, and the free liquid electrolyte inside the sensors. 
   The polymer preferably, although not exclusively, comprises units derived from polyacrylamides as is known in the art. 
   Primary leakage control is achieved by sealing the pins  50  to the housing by means of O-rings. As can be seen in the example of  FIG. 2  the internal end of each pin  50  is surrounded by an O-ring  100 . 
   The O-ring  100  is made of rubber and as can be seen in  FIG. 2  is compressed in both lateral and axial directions. Axial constraint is provided by an axially facing shoulder  70  of the widened part  61  of the bore  60  and by an axially upwardly facing surface  71  of the flange  62 . Lateral constraint is provided by a laterally outwardly facing surface  72  of the pin  50  and a laterally inwardly facing surface  73  of the widened part of the bore  60 . 
   The unconstrained and unstressed form of the O-ring is shown in dotted lines in  FIG. 2 . It can be seen, therefore, that the O-ring is stressed and consequently leakage of electrolyte through the bore  61  is minimized even with variations in temperature and liquid pressure and other physical conditions since the O-ring remains in its stressed condition. The exact position of the O-ring  100  can be varied and for example it could be located downstream of the interference fit as opposed to upstream as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
   In the  FIG. 2  example, the various components forming the seal assembly are separately manufactured and then connected together. 
   We have found that significant advantages can be achieved using a two-shot or three-shot injection moulding process. 
     FIG. 3A  illustrates part of a main housing moulding  120  similar to the housing  65  in  FIG. 1 . The housing moulding  120  is formed in a single injection moulding shot and includes a base  125 , a dummy pin  40  and a bore  130  having a narrow section  131  and a widened section  132 . The bore  130  can be seen more clearly in  FIG. 3B . 
   In a second injection moulding shot, a thermoplastic O-ring  135  is located in the base of the widened part  132  of the bore  130  to which it is both mechanically and chemically bonded ( FIG. 3C ). This produces a semi-constrained form of the seal which becomes fully constrained upon the introduction of a metal pin  140  ( FIG. 3D ) generating a seal between the pin and main polymer housing. The pin  140  is retained in position by a radial barb  145  as in the  FIG. 2  example. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates an advantageous development of the  FIG. 3  example. In this case, the bore  130  includes a radial flange  150  produced during the first moulding shot ( FIG. 4A ), the flange  150  having a central opening  155 . In a second shot, a seal  135  is injected into the space defined between the flange  150  and the base  160  of the widened part  132  of the bore  130 . In this design, the seal  135  is pre-constrained by this space into which it is moulded, again achieving both mechanical and chemical bonding to the base housing polymer. This means that the pin will always be fitted ( FIGS. 4C and 4D ) to a defined position therefore reducing the degree of variability in seal compression. In effect, the space in which the seal  135  is located defines a U-shaped recess surrounding the bore. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates a further development of the moulding process in which a three-shot process is used. Initially, a metal pin  140  is provided ( FIG. 5A ) as in the previous examples. This is loaded into mould tooling (not shown) and then in a first shot, a seal  160  is moulded around a flange  144  defining the barb  145  ( FIG. 5B ). 
   In a second shot ( FIG. 5C ), the main body of the housing  120  is injection moulded about the pin and seal thus defining the bore  130 . 
   Finally, in a third shot ( FIG. 5D ), an external seal is moulded as shown at  170 . 
   A variety of materials may be used for the different components providing they are compatible with each other and Table 1 below provides a list of thermoplastic materials and an indication of where they are compatible for good adhesion. 
   Typically, the housing  120  will be moulded from a polymer plastics material such as ABS while the seals  160 , 170  will be formed from thermoplastic elastomer materials (TPEs) or high flow polymers of which suitable examples are set out in Table 1. 
   It will be appreciated that the  FIG. 4  example could be modified such that in the first shot the seal  135  is moulded around the pin  140  and then the housing  120  is moulded around the seal in a similar way to the steps illustrated in  FIGS. 5A-5C . 
   The two- and three-shot moulding processes are preferably carried out using a single tool although this is not essential. 
   Whilst the designs discussed above relate to the manufacture of an oxygen sensor, the design is not limited to sealing in the region of current collectors. Neither is it limited to oxygen sensors, but can also be used to generate the seals within any other areas of the gas sensor including toxic sensors, and indeed wherever an O-ring is currently employed. 
   In addition, although the examples described above make use of conventional O-rings with circular cross-sections, a variety of other annular seals could be used.  FIG. 6  illustrates cross-sections through four such examples which illustrate the wide variety of cross-sections applicable. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Typical material adhesion combinations 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Thermoplastics 
             
           
        
         
             
               Material 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               PPO 
                 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               Premolding 
               ABS 
               ASA 
               CA 
               EVA 
               PA 6 
               PA 66 
               PC 
               PE-HD 
               PE-LD 
               PMMA 
               POM 
               PP 
               MOD 
               PS-GP 
               PS-HI 
               PBTP 
               TPU 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Ther- 
               ABS 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               + 
               + 
             
             
               moplas- 
               ASA 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
               tics 
               CA 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
                 
                 
                 
               − 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               EVA 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PA 6 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
                 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PA 66 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PC 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
               + 
               ∘ 
               + 
               − 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PE-HD 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               − 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               — 
             
             
                 
               PE-LD 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               − 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               + 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PMMA 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               + 
                 
               ∘ 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               POM 
               − 
               − 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
                 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PP 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               ∘ 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               ∘ 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PPO 
               − 
               − 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               MOD 
             
             
                 
               PPO 
               − 
               − 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               MOD 
             
             
                 
               GTX 
             
             
                 
               PS-HI 
               ∘ 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PBTP 
               + 
               + 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               TPU 
               + 
               + 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
                 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PVC-W 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
                 
                 
                 
               − 
               − 
               + 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               SAN 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
               − 
               + 
             
             
                 
               TPR 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               ∘ 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PETP 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PEI 
             
             
                 
               PSU 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               − 
               − 
                 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
             
             
                 
               BLEND 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PC-PBTP 
             
             
                 
               BLEND 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PC-ABS 
             
             
               TPE 
               PP/EPDM 
             
             
               Elast- 
               EPDM 
             
             
               mer 
               NR 
             
             
                 
               SBR 
             
             
                 
               LSR 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Thermoplastics 
               Rigid/flexible bonds 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               BLEND 
               BLEND 
               TPE 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Material 
                 
               PC- 
               PC- 
                 
               PP/ 
               Elastomers 
             
           
        
         
             
               Premolding 
               PVC-W 
               SAN 
               TPR 
               PETP 
               PEI 
               PSU 
               PBTP 
               ABS 
               SEBS 
               TPU 
               EPDM 
               EPDM 
               NR 
               SBR 
               LSR 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Ther- 
               ABS 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               moplas- 
               ASA 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               tics 
               CA 
               + 
               + 
               − 
             
             
                 
               EVA 
               − 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PA 6 
                 
               + 
               − 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
                 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PA 66 
                 
               + 
               − 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
                 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PC 
                 
               + 
               − 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PE-HD 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PE-LD 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PMMA 
               + 
               + 
                 
               − 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               POM 
               − 
                 
               − 
                 
                 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PP 
               − 
               − 
               + 
                 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
               − 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PPO 
               − 
               ∘ 
               + 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               MOD 
             
             
                 
               PPO 
               − 
               ∘ 
               + 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
             
             
                 
               MOD 
             
             
                 
               GTX 
             
             
                 
               PS-HI 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               ∘ 
             
             
                 
               PBTP 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               TPU 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PVC-W 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               SAN 
               + 
               + 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               TPR 
                 
                 
               + 
               − 
                 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PETP 
                 
                 
               − 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               ∘ 
             
             
                 
               PEI 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
               − 
             
             
                 
               PSU 
                 
                 
               − 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               BLEND 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PC-PBTP 
             
             
                 
               BLEND 
               + 
               + 
               − 
               + 
                 
               + 
               + 
               + 
               + 
             
             
                 
               PC-ABS 
             
             
               TPE 
               PP/EPDM 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
                 
               + 
             
             
               Elast- 
               EPDM 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
             
             
               mer 
               NR 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
             
             
                 
               SBR 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
             
             
                 
               LSR 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               + 
             
             
                 
             
             
               + Good adhesion 
             
             
               ∘ Bad adhesion 
             
             
               − No adhesion