Abstract:
A gas separation apparatus using electrostatic precipitators and mechanical rappers is enhanced by the addition of an opposite polarity refreshing power supply and a switching arrangement. The switching components selectively disconnect the primary power supply and connect the refreshing power supply to the electrostatic precipitator, causing an electrical impulse in the precipitator sufficient to dislodge precipitate from the collector plates. In one embodiment, an RC filter is further provided to control the impulse and reduce the burden that would otherwise be placed upon the refreshing power supply. In a second embodiment, a pair of SCR strings serve as the switches. Cleaning power is delivered from a capacitor through one of the SCR strings using a resonant circuit, the resonance which causes the SCR string to commutate off after the impulse has been delivered. The capacitor is charged to a pre-calculated potential, dependent upon a measured potential just prior to delivery of the cleaning power, to ensure that the cleaning voltage stays below a corona onset voltage. The novel separation apparatus and technique offer particular synergy when applied to the effluent stream from a coal-fired electric power plant or other similar gas streams.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation in part of U.S. utility application Ser. No. 10/442,313, filed Apr. 22, 2003 and naming the same inventors. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     This invention pertains generally to gas separation apparatus using an electric field. More specifically, the present invention uses non-liquid cleaning techniques to maintain electrostatic precipitator electrodes. In a most specific manifestation, a new method and apparatus are provided to dislodge ash from collection plates within an electrostatic precipitator.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     Industries as diverse as mills, pharmaceutical or chemical, food processing, and cement kilns must separate contaminants or particulates from an air or gaseous stream. The gases may be a product of combustion, such as present in an exhaust stack, but may also represent other gas streams and may contain such diverse materials as liquid particulates, smoke or dust from various sources, and the like. Separators that must process relatively large volumes of gas are common in power generating facilities and factories.  
         [0006]     The techniques used for purification of gas streams have been diverse, including such techniques as filtration, washing, flocculation, centrifugation, and electrostatic precipitation. The techniques have heretofore been associated with certain advantages and disadvantages; hence have limited application.  
         [0007]     In filtration, particulates are separated through a mechanical filter which selectively traps particles of a minimum size and larger. Unfortunately, flow through a filter is limited by the surface area and cleanliness of the filter. The filter material must be both durable and simultaneously open and porous. In higher volume systems, and in corrosive or extreme environments, filters tend to clog quickly and unpredictably, and present undesirable resistance to the passage of the gas stream. During the period of filter changing or cleaning, which can be particularly tedious, the machine, equipment, or process must be stopped or diverted. This shut-down requires either a duplicate filtration pathway, which may add substantial cost, or a shut-down of the machine or process. Until recently, these limitations presented design challenges that have primarily limited this technology to low volume purification.  
         [0008]     Washing offers an advantage over dry filtration in presenting the opportunity for selective gas or liquid particulate separation and neutralization, and in reduced gas flow resistance. Unfortunately, the liquid must also be processed; and where there are high levels of particulates, the particulates must be separated from the liquid by yet another process, or the liquid and particulates must be transported to some further industrial or commercial process or disposal location. The added weight and difficulty of handling a liquid (in addition to the particulate) during transport makes liquid separation less desirable in many instances, particularly where there may be a demonstrated application for the particulate content within the gas stream.  
         [0009]     Similar to washing, flocculation necessitates the introduction of additional materials that add bulk to the waste stream and unnecessarily complicate the handling and disposal of the contaminants. Furthermore, the flocculating materials must also be provided as raw materials, which may add substantial expense in the operation of such a device. Consequently, flocculation is normally reserved for systems and operations where other techniques have been unsuccessful, or where a particular material is to be removed from the gas stream which is susceptible to specific flocculent that may provide other benefit.  
         [0010]     Centrifugation presents opportunity for larger particle removal, such as separation of sand or grit from an air stream. However, centrifugation becomes slower and more complex as the size of the entrained particles or liquids become smaller. Consequently, in applications such as the removal of fly ash from a combustion stream, centrifugation tends to be selective only to relatively large particles, thereby leaving an undesirably large quantity of fine fly-ash in the effluent stream.  
         [0011]     Electrostatic precipitators have demonstrated exceptional benefit for contaminants including fly ash, while avoiding the limitations of other processes. For example, unlike centrifugation, electrostatic precipitators tend to be highly effective at removing particulates of very minute size from a gas stream. The process provides little if any flow restriction, and yet substantial quantities of contaminants may be removed from the air stream.  
         [0012]     When contaminants pass through an electrostatic precipitator, they pass between discharge electrodes and collection electrodes, which transfer an electrostatic charge to the contaminants. Once charged, the contaminants will be directed by the charge force towards the oppositely charged collecting electrodes. The collecting electrodes are frequently in the form of plates having large surface area and relatively small gap between collector plates. The dimensions of the plates and the inter-electrode spacing is a function of the composition of the gas stream, electrode potential, particulate size of contaminants, anticipated gas breakdown potential, and similar known factors. The selection of dimension and voltage will be made with the goal of gas stream purification in mind, and in gas streams where very fine particulate matter is to be removed, such as with fly ash, relatively high voltage potentials and larger plates may be provided. The proper transfer of charge to the particulates and the subsequent electrostatic attraction to collector plates is vital for proper operation.  
         [0013]     By design, the collector plates will accumulate contaminants. As electrically non-conductive particles are deposited, the layers of accumulating particles develop an electrical potential gradient through the thickness of the deposited layer, whereby the voltage at the exposed surface decreases in electrical potential, and possibly even reverses charge. When a sufficiently thick layer of electrically non-conductive particles has accumulated to reduce the surface potential, further significant particulate capture becomes difficult or impossible. Consequently, and in spite of the many benefits, electrostatic precipitators have heretofore been limited in efficiency by the effects of the contaminants on the collection plates.  
         [0014]     In order to provide continuous efficient operation of the precipitator, a number of automatically controlled cleaning techniques are used. One almost universal technique used in dry electrostatic precipitators is the use of a mechanical rapper device. The rapper creates vibration in the collector electrodes, in turn causing the precipitate to drop off of the electrodes. Generally the precipitate drops under the influence of gravity or is carried by a special air stream into a separate container for final disposal.  
         [0015]     Several patents are exemplary of the use of rappers, including Brandt in U.S. Pat. No. 3,274,753; Johnston et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,867, Lund in U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,240; and Terai et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,336,961, each of which is incorporated herein by reference for their teachings of rapper systems for use with electrostatic precipitators. Unfortunately, the mechanical rapper systems of the prior art have been known to require substantial cycle times, and the mechanical forces tend to move the contaminant back into the gas stream. Furthermore, rapper systems tend to be maintenance intensive, and, for high resistivity particulate, the rapper tends to be relatively ineffective, owing to the accumulation of electrical charge on the particulate surface.  
         [0016]     Since the release of undesirable contaminants entrained within the gas stream is undesirable, other techniques besides mechanical rappers have been proposed. Gallo et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,978 and Shevalenko et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,698 each illustrate electronic systems to control the accumulation of precipitate upon the electrodes. In particular, the control system of Gallo et al illustrates the challenges of prior art systems, including many components and much complexity. What is desired then is a method or apparatus to overcome these limitations of the present electrostatic precipitators.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]     The present invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art by using readily available electronic components in a novel configuration and through a novel operational method.  
         [0018]     In a first manifestation, the invention is a method of applying electrical energy to an electrostatic precipitator collector. The method enables operationally effective cleaning using electrical energy, and enhances, supplements or eliminates the operation of mechanical rappers. According to the method, electrical energy having a first electrical polarity is applied to the electrostatic precipitator collector, and the precipitate is collected. A need for cleaning is determined, and applied electrical energy is switched, using a novel combination of high-voltage SCR switches and resonant circuit, from first electrical polarity to a second, opposite electrical polarity. Rapping may or may not be done while the second electrical polarity is being applied, to remove collected precipitate from the electrostatic precipitator collector. Finally, the applied electrical energy is reset to the first electrical polarity.  
         [0019]     In a second manifestation, the invention is a polarity reversing power supply that electrically enhances precipitate removal from an electrostatic precipitator collector. A primary power source has a first electrical power terminal of first polarity connected to the electrostatic precipitator collector and a second electrical power terminal connected to a precipitator electrode. The primary power source, electrostatic precipitator collector and electrostatic precipitator electrode are operatively interconnected to complete a primary electrical circuit through which primary electrical current flows. A first electrical switch is electrically connected within the primary electrical circuit and has a first electrically closed state through which primary electrical current flows and a second electrically open state through which primary electrical current is blocked. A refreshing power source has a first electrical power terminal of second polarity connected to the electrostatic precipitator collector and a second electrical power terminal connected to the precipitator electrode. A capacitor is coupled between the refreshing power source first and second electrical power terminals, in parallel to the refreshing power source. An inductor is coupled in series between the refreshing power source and electrostatic precipitator. The refreshing power source, electrostatic precipitator collector and electrostatic precipitator electrode are operatively interconnected to complete a secondary electrical circuit through which secondary electrical current flows. A second electrical switch is electrically connected within the secondary electrical circuit and has a first electrically closed state through which secondary electrical current flows and a second electrically open state through which secondary electrical current is blocked. The capacitor and inductor form a resonant circuit with the electrostatic precipitator, to both rapidly and precisely switch the voltage across the electrostatic precipitator. The first and second electrical switches are operatively coupled to prevent simultaneous closure.  
         [0020]     In a third manifestation, the invention is an electrostatic precipitator having at least one discharge electrode for charging particulates within a gas stream, at least one collector for attracting the newly charged particulates, a high voltage power source operatively and selectively able to apply a high voltage potential of a first polarity between discharge electrode and collector, and a rapper for intermittently agitating the collector. A second high voltage power source is operatively and selectively able to apply a high voltage potential of a second polarity opposite to the first polarity between discharge electrode and collector. A switch is included that in a first state operatively completes an electrical circuit to apply high voltage potential from the first high voltage power source between discharge electrode and collector while maintaining said second high voltage power source isolated therefrom, and in a second state operatively completes an electrical circuit to apply high voltage potential from the second high voltage power source between discharge electrode and collector while maintaining the first high voltage power source isolated therefrom. A resonant circuit coupled with the second high voltage power source in combination with a voltage control circuit within the second high voltage power source ensures rapid and controlled voltage transitions. A means is also provided for placing the switch in the second state simultaneous with activating the rapper.  
         [0021]     The present invention finds particular utility in a coal-burning power plant, wherein a dry electrostatic precipitation system is employed for removing fly ash, the fly ash being collected on electrostatic plates in the system. In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a polarity reversing circuit is provided for periodically dislodging the fly ash from the electrostatic plates.  
         [0022]     In one embodiment, a mechanical rapping system is provided for dislodging material collected on the electrostatic plates, the polarity reversing circuit supplementing the mechanical rapping system. Preferably, the intensity of the mechanical rapping system may be varied from zero to a maximum intensity.  
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION  
       [0023]     A first object of the invention is to improve the operational effectiveness of electrostatic precipitator systems. A second object of the invention is to reduce the time required to clean collector plates. A third object of the invention is to enhance existing cleaning techniques with a complementary and non-exclusive technique. Another object of the invention is to accomplish the foregoing using readily available electronic components, including thyristor switches. An additional object of the invention is to improve the electrical performance within an electrostatic precipitator during a cleaning cycle. Yet another object of the invention is to facilitate better collection of fly ash from coal fueled electric utility plants. These and other objects are achieved in the present invention, which may be best understood by the following detailed description and drawing of the preferred embodiment.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0024]      FIG. 1  illustrates a preferred electrical circuit designed in accord with the teachings of the invention by simplified schematic diagram.  
         [0025]      FIG. 2  illustrates a preferred method designed in accord with the teachings of the invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 3  illustrates a second preferred electrical circuit, which adds additional performance circuitry to the circuit of  FIG. 1 , by simplified schematic diagram.  
         [0027]      FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative method useful in conjunction with the second preferred electrical circuit of  FIG. 3 , by flow chart. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0028]     With reference to  FIG. 1 , a preferred polarity reversing circuit  10  includes a primary power supply  12 . Power supply  12  may be of any type known in the prior art, and will typically have a first negative voltage output  13  and a second positive polarity output  14  connected to a circuit common or ground connection. In the precipitation of fly ash from an exhaust stream, using an exemplary prior art electrostatic precipitator ESP, power supply  12  will typically provide an output voltage potential of between 5 kilovolts and 150 kilovolts at an operating current typically within the range of 100 to 2500 milliamperes. The negative polarity output  13  is connected to electrostatic precipitator ESP through switch S 1 , which, during the standard precipitation function, remains closed.  
         [0029]     Second refreshing power supply  15  is also preferably provided, and may use the same or similar components as found in primary power supply  12 . While this selection of similar components is not necessary for the working of this invention, the use of like or similar components makes testing and maintenance somewhat simpler than working with larger varieties of devices. Refreshing power supply  15 , when applied to this exemplary circuit and for use with electrostatic precipitator ESP, will most preferably be able to provide a peak current of approximately 400 milliamperes, at a voltage potential of from 5 kilovolts to approximately 30 kilovolts. Positive output  16  is most preferably connected to electrostatic precipitator ESP through switch S 2  and an RC filter comprised by series resistor R and parallel capacitor C, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0030]     Preferred polarity reversing circuit  10  will have switch S 1  normally closed during standard gas stream precipitation, while switch S 2  will remain normally open. When electrostatic precipitator ESP requires cleaning, which may be determined through time interval calculation or through electrical sensing and detection techniques known in the art, switch S 1  will be opened and switch S 2  will be closed. Electrostatic power supply ESP typically presents a large capacitive load, while most high voltage power supplies of the type used in precipitators present a large inductive output. The combination of inductance and capacitance might lead to an oscillation or ringing, and occasionally a dangerous over-voltage condition or overload for the power supply. The RC filter is provided to prevent an undesirable loading, ringing or similar oscillation or surging of refreshing power supply  15  that might otherwise occur. Resistor R also acts as a current limiter to control surge or in-rush current. Capacitor C may also be used to provide an energy store which will generate a more rapid voltage transition within precipitator ESP than would be attainable otherwise for a given peak current rating for refreshing power supply  15 .  
         [0031]     Most preferably, refreshing power supply  15  will be connected through switch S 2  to electrostatic precipitator ESP for an interval of approximately 1 to 10 milliseconds, which is adequate in many applications to perform operationally effective cleaning. For the purposes of this disclosure, operationally effective cleaning will be understood to be the removal of sufficient precipitate from the collection elements of electrostatic precipitator ESP to maintain satisfactory performance and permit continued operation. The exact timing, and appropriate voltage and current, will be determined by those skilled in the art for a particular electrostatic precipitator and precipitate composition. At the end of the connection interval, switches S 1  and S 2  will be once again restored to the normal precipitation arrangement, where S 1  will be closed and S 2  will be open.  
         [0032]     Switches S 1  and S 2  will most preferably not be simultaneously closed. Such closure would result in resistor R serving as the entire load for both power supplies  12 ,  15 . This is a waste of substantial electrical energy and will create a potentially very dangerous overload. Control of switches S 1 , S 2  to maintain at least one switch open at all times is known in the switching art, and will depend upon the actual implementation of switches. For exemplary purposes only, and not limited thereto, switches S 1  and S 2  may be electromechanical switches such as relay switches, in which case the switching may be achieved using a mechanical or electromechanical open-before-close arrangement, or the switches may be mechanically coupled to prevent simultaneous closure. Where switches S 1  and S 2  are thyristors, such as but not limited solely to silicon controlled rectifiers, triacs or the like, activation is achieved electrically or electronically, in which case suitable control circuitry will be provided. The means to control switching of switches S 1 , S 2  and activation of the rapper within electrostatic precipitator ESP is illustrated by dashed line  19  in  FIG. 1 , which is the ordinary symbol for mechanical coupling of electrical devices, but, as aforementioned, such coupling may be through electronic control as well.  
         [0033]     The preferred physical arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 1  is to incorporate the RC filter and switches S 1 , S 2  into a separate power supply switch box  18 . The exact nature of this box  18  will depend upon the type of switches chosen for switches S 1 , S 2 , which are known in the art to include mechanical, electromechanical, solid state or vacuum tube switches. Power supplies  12 ,  15  are each separately housed, which simplifies maintenance by permitting easy modular replacement of malfunctioning devices.  
         [0034]     With reference to  FIG. 2 , the preferred method  20  of cleaning ash from an electrostatic precipitator, which will be described herein for exemplary purposes utilizing the preferred embodiment polarity reversing circuit  10  for implementation, includes at step  22  the energizing of precipitator ESP. This is accomplished in polarity reversing circuit  10  by energizing primary power supply  12  and closing switch S 1 . At step  24 , precipitate will be collected, generally by passing the gas stream with entrained particulate through electrostatic precipitator ESP. During this step  24 , switch S 1  will remain closed and switch S 2  will remain open. Precipitate will normally be collected until such a time as there is a determined need for cleaning the collector plates. This determination of need for cleaning  25  may be time-based or by other known technique, the exact method which is not critical to the operation of the present invention. The method of determining will normally be selected to optimize power while holding particulate re-entrainment at a low level.  
         [0035]     When the need for cleaning is determined in step  25 , power supply polarity will be switched at step  26 . This will preferably generate an impulse of opposite polarity. As may be recognized in association with the present description, a rapid impulse offers substantial benefit where high resistivity particulate is being collected. This is due to the reverse polarity phenomenon described herein above, where high resistivity particulate will gradually form an insulation layer and static charge of opposite polarity is retained or collected in the particulate. Consequently, a rapid impulse of reversed polarity will generate very consequential electrostatic force which repels the particulate from the collector plates. The time required for a reverse polarity impulse to clear the collector will be determined by the physical, chemical and electrical characteristics of the particulate as well as the plate geometry, impulse voltage and waveform, and other factors too numerous to describe in detail herein, but may be readily determined and optimized experimentally by those skilled in the art for a given application. For the application to fly ash precipitate, a time of from 1 to 10 milliseconds has been determined to be optimal.  
         [0036]     The electrical cleaning of precipitate is very rapid, and provides a reliable approach to the maintenance of an electrostatic precipitator. The benefit over prior art mechanical rappers, which must be tested manually or visually to determine whether they are operating properly, is very significant. For some dry high resistivity precipitates, the reverse polarity impulse may be all that is required to clean the collector plates. However, the present invention further contemplates the use of the reverse polarity impulse in conjunction with mechanical rappers, as shown by parallel step  28 . Most preferably, the reverse impulse of step  26  will be timed to correspond to the mechanical impulse of step  28 , thereby forming a synergistic benefit which ensures complete removal of precipitate.  
         [0037]     Once the precipitate is removed from the collector plates in step  26  and optional step  28 , primary power supply  12  will be reset to provide power to electrostatic precipitator ESP, and refreshing power supply  15  will be disconnected therefrom. This is identified in  FIG. 2  as step  29 , where the power supply is reset to normal collecting condition. Method  20  of cleaning ash may then return to step  24 , where precipitate is once again collected. As will be apparent,  FIG. 2  does not include various optional steps that may be further included, depending upon the design of the physical apparatus, such as the use of ash collection techniques (hoppers, bags, etc.) as known in the prior art.  
         [0038]      FIG. 3  illustrates a second preferred polarity reversing circuit  30  suitable for effecting method  20  of  FIG. 2 . Polarity reversing circuit  30  is electrically similar to the preferred polarity reversing circuit of  FIG. 1 . As  FIG. 3  illustrates, primary power supply  12  and refreshing power supply  15  are still provided, for alternative and non-simultaneous application of electrical energy to electrostatic precipitator ESP. However, SCR 1 , which is a series Silicon Controlled Rectifier string, is specifically used as the switch which controls application of power from primary power supply  12 . SCR 1 , as proposed herein above, is one specific electronic implementation of switch S 1 , which is preferred for the present application. A similar series SCR string, SCR 2 , is provided as the switch which controls application of power from refreshing power supply  15  to electrostatic precipitator ESP. As with polarity reversing circuit  10  of  FIG. 1 , mechanical rappers may be provided which are designed to activate with the application of power from refreshing power supply  15 .  
         [0039]     Additional components are provided in polarity reversing circuit  30  which are not present in polarity reversing circuit  10 . More particularly, capacitor C has been replaced by capacitor C ps , which is chosen to most preferably have a capacitance that within a range of approximately ±25% of the capacitance of electrostatic precipitator ESP. Series resistor R has been replaced by a combination of power supply resistors R ps1  and R ps2 , and also R ser . In addition, resonant inductor L r  is provided in series between refreshing power supply  15  and electrostatic precipitator ESP. A voltage divider or other suitable means of representing the voltage V esp  across  5  electrostatic precipitator ESP, the representation which may take any suitable form including analog or digital signals as well as a proportional voltage such as produced by the present voltage divider, is electrically coupled to electrostatic precipitator ESP. Finally, controller  31  has been incorporated.  
         [0040]     Operation of polarity reversing circuit  30  is controlled through controller  31 , which may be any suitable type of logic implementation. For exemplary purposes only, and not limited thereto, various microcontrollers, microprocessors, computer systems, or the like are preferred, since such devices permit ready application and adaptation of the operation of polarity reversing circuit  30  to a variety of different electrostatic precipitators, gas streams and flow rates. Such devices may typically include a processor, non-volatile storage such as a PROM, EEPROM, NVRAM, or any of a myriad of other known non-volatile storage, Random Access Memory (RAM), one or more user interfaces such as displays, input devices, sound generators, lights and the like, and interfacing circuitry which permits controller  31  to effectively control the operations of SCR 1 , SCR 2 , primary power supply  12 , and refreshing power supply  15 .  
         [0041]     Most preferably, in view of the very high voltages present within polarity reversing circuit  30 , the interfacing circuitry will include voltage isolation, such as may be provided by opto-isolators, specially designed relays, and other components of like function. Such voltage isolation will most preferably protect low-voltage circuitry found within controller  31 , and any persons working with controller  31 , from damage or harm that might arise from unintentional overloads or component failures.  
         [0042]     Controller  31 , while still implementing the method  20  of cleaning ash, will most preferably implement several additional steps in order to provide the enhanced operation which is possible with the additional components. The additional steps are illustrated in  FIG. 4 , as a part of the method  40  for cleaning an electrostatic precipitator. In view of the similarity with method  20 , like steps have retained the same numbering. Consequently, step  22 , which entails energizing electrostatic precipitator ESP, is implemented in polarity reversing circuit  30  by turning on primary power supply  12  and also providing the necessary gate signal to SCR 1  to permit power to flow there through. Once step  22  is completed, precipitate will be collected in step  24 , for an indeterminate period of time. By this, it will be understood that either at the time of design, or through monitoring various parameters within electrostatic precipitator ESP, the particular period of time or condition necessary to trigger a need for cleaning will be detected. This detection is represented by a determination of a need for cleaning in step  25 .  
         [0043]     Once the need for cleaning is determined, several new steps are provided in method  40 . One of the limitations heretofore in using relatively high voltage SCR switching has been the limited ability to control the ultimate output voltage across electrostatic precipitator ESP, which is designated herein as V esp . A typical ratio of capacitance in capacitor C to the capacitance of electrostatic precipitator ESP might have been on the order of five or ten times as much capacitance in C as in the capacitance of electrostatic precipitator ESP. This higher ratio of capacitance would ensure a rapid transition of V esp . However, if V esp  prior to reversal were to be relatively low, than the discharge of C could cause V esp  to shift into a reversed polarity corona discharge. Should corona discharge begin, current would also begin to flow through electrostatic precipitator ESP, owing to the onset of corona discharge. This current, which will continue at least until C ps  is substantially discharged, or indefinitely if a refreshing power supply remained feeding power to C ps , would lead to an inability to commutate series SCR string SCR 2  off. The net result is a much longer polarity reversal time than desired. In an extreme case, unfortunate timing of the initiation of polarity reversal where the initial V esp  is unusually low could render the polarity reversal less or completely ineffective. The discharge of C ps  could simply reverse the plates upon which the dust deposits are held.  
         [0044]     In an exemplary electrostatic precipitator, the negative voltage V esp  produced by primary power supply  12  might range between −30 kVdc and −95 kVdc. The corona onset voltage might range between approximately 15 and 30 kVdc. Given the wide range of initial values for V esp , which covers a range of approximately 65 kVdc, it is practically impossible to hold the reversal to the most efficient voltages that only have a 15 kVdc range using teachings of the prior art.  
         [0045]     This limitation is overcome in method  40  by the measurement of initial voltage V esp  at step  41 . With knowledge of the present value of V esp , and the values of the other components within polarity reversing circuit  30 , controller  31  is then used to calculate a value for the target voltage V ps  across C ps . As illustrated in the following table, which was calculated using a software circuit simulator sold under the tradename PSPICE, it is practical to predict a particular initial value for V ps , based upon an initial value for V esp , which will produce a desired final value V esp . For the purposes of the present simulation, the capacitance of C ps  and ESP were both set to 100 nF. Ipeak is the peak current through SCR 2 , and Itime is the width of the half-sinewave current through SCR 2 .  
                                                                             TABLE I                       Vesp               Vps       Itime   Vesp       kVdc   Rps   Rser   Lr   kVdc   Ipeak   micro-   kVdc       (Initial)   Ohms   Ohms   mH   (initial)   Amperes   sec   (final)                                −20   1000   75   50   25   42   161   22.8       −30   1000   75   50   21   48   162   19.5       −40   1000   75   50   21   57   167   20.0       −50   1000   75   50   20   66   171   19.9       −60   1000   75   50   19   74   174   20.0       −70   1000   75   50   18   83   174   20.2       −70   1000   75   50   30   93   170   29.6       −70   1000   75   50   40   103   169   37.8       −70   1000   75   25   40   142   116   34.11       −70   1000   75   25   30   129   118   25.7       −70   1000   75   25   20   117   119   17.6                  
 
 Consequently, using appropriate programming, it is practical to calculate a desired V ps  based upon an initial value for V esp  as shown in step  42 . The calculation can be made by modeling the circuit in advance, through trial and error determination, or most preferably through real-time mapping of values for V esp  and V ps  within controller  31 , the latter which permits automatic operation and real-time adaptation to changing gas streams or other operational variances. Once V ps  is calculated, controller  31  will then turn on the refreshing power supply  15  for a sufficient duration to charge capacitor C ps  to the target V ps , as shown in step  43 . This charging is, of course, conducted while at least one of SCR 1  and SCR 2  is turned off. It is noted that, while refreshing power supply  15  is preferred for this function, any suitable arrangement may be made to charge C ps . 
 
         [0046]     Once capacitor C ps  is charged to the target V ps , both primary power supply  12  and refreshing power supply  15  will be turned off in step  44 . When primary power supply  12  is turned off, SCR 1  will commutate off. At some brief moment thereafter, as shown by step  46 , SCR 2  will be gated on by controller  31 . This will cause a ringing second order circuit response, which will in turn rapidly change the output voltage across electrostatic precipitator ESP from an initial V esp  of negative polarity greater than the corona onset voltage to the target V esp  of positive polarity which will preferably remain below the corona onset voltage. However, as capacitor C ps  discharges through L r , a magnetic field is induced within L r . Once capacitor C ps  drops below the combined voltage dropped across L r  and the momentary value of V esp , the magnetic field induced by L r  will begin to collapse, thereby maintaining current flow. This flow will continue to positively charge electrostatic precipitator ESP, but will tend to generate a negative voltage V ps  across capacitor C ps .  
         [0047]     Simply designing a resonant circuit as described thus far is not adequate for many systems. This is because many high voltage power supplies incorporate diodes in the output which will become forward biased and conduct current when V ps  becomes negative. As a result, very large and damaging currents can be generated by the desired resonance. To prevent this resonance from damaging refreshing power supply  15 , one or more resistors R ps  are provided which are sized to limit the resonant current flowing through the output diodes to a safe level. In addition, resistors R ps1  and R ps2  also create sufficient voltage drop to allow C ps  to develop a large negative voltage.  
         [0048]     Ultimately, V ps  will become sufficiently negative and V esp  will become sufficiently positive to stop further current flow within the resonant circuit. At this moment, series SCR string SCR 2  will commutate off, as shown in step  47 , blocking further current flow through the resonant circuit and simultaneously isolating refreshing power supply  15  from V esp . Controller  31  will then turn primary power supply  12  on in step  49 , and series SCR string SCR 1  on in step  50 , to restore the negative potential across electrostatic precipitator ESP. Precipitate will then continue to be collected as shown in step  24 , until the next need for cleaning is determined again in step  25 .  
         [0049]     As may be appreciated in light of the foregoing, using polarity reversing circuit  30 , which  10  implements the sophisticated calculation and control of V ps  based upon initial and target values for V esp  as shown in method steps  41 - 50  of  FIG. 4 , a relatively exact and repeatable target final value for V esp  may be attained. To fully enable this ability to control final V esp , a designer will need to carefully select the initial values of C ps  and R ps  in consideration of the remaining circuitry. In practice, the amount of current through R ps , which in combination with the chosen resistance of R ps  determines peak reverse voltage across C ps , and the selection of magnitude of V ps  just prior to turning on SCR 2  in step  46 , are the characteristics which are primarily used to stabilize the final value of V esp  at the end of resonance, when SCR 2  turns off in step  47 .  
         [0050]     Having thus disclosed several preferred embodiments and alternatives to those preferred embodiments, additional possibilities and applications will become apparent to those skilled in the art without undue effort or experimentation. Therefore, while the foregoing details what is felt to be the preferred embodiment of the invention, no material limitations to the scope of the claimed invention are intended. Further, features and design alternatives that would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art are considered to be incorporated herein. Consequently, rather than being limited strictly to the features recited with regard to the preferred embodiment, the scope of the invention is set forth and particularly described in the claims herein below.