Abstract:
The present invention concerns a gene product largely homologous to the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR). It further refers to mRNA coding for such epithelial growth factor receptor. The present invention provides such an epithelial growth factor receptor which is characterized in that either exons 12 to 14 or exons 12 to 15 are deleted. These novel variants of the epithelial growth factor receptor can be used for a diagnosis, stratification, therapy guidance of a tumor or therapy guidance of tumor surgery.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/952,006, filed Dec. 6, 2007, which is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from prior European Patent Application No. 06025220.2, filed Dec. 6, 2006, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Mar. 29, 2011, is named 05123002.txt and is 23,449 bytes in size. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention concerns a gene product largely homologous to the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR). It further refers to mRNA coding for such epithelial growth factor receptor. Further, the present invention concerns the use of such a gene product as tumor marker, particularly for epithelial tumors like colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer or other solid tumors. 
     Histochemical studies of primary tumors often neglect the fact that in normal and tumor cells, different variants (also called derivatives or mutants) of therapy target genes, e.g. EGFR DNA rearrangement, EGFR transcription and/or protein variants exist. The growth factor receptor EGFR is of special importance in most epithelial tumors like colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or breast cancer, because expression in primary tumors correlates with a shorter survival time/rate. Therefore, an expression of EGFR is a prerequisite for EGFR based therapy (antibodies like Erbitux or receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors like Iressa). But about 30% of patients do not respond to antibody therapies. The reason could be that a part of the N-terminal domain of die EGFR is deleted as has been described for the variant EGFRvIII. These variants e.g. naturally occurring through alternative splicing or in tumor cells through somatic mutation) exist in the whole EGFR sequence. Soluble proteins arise without cytosolic C-terminal ends as well as membrane anchored proteins without the N-terminal ligand-binding domain. Tumor-specific variants of EGFR have been described, for example, in Kuan et al., 2001 Endocr. Relat. Cancer 8, 83-96: “EGF mutant receptor vIII as a molecular target in cancer therapy”. 
     Variant vIII is the most abundant in different tumors such as breast or ovarian cancer but not all tumors express this variant (e.g. small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)). 
     Another set of variants are short deletions (&lt;10 amino acids) or single nucleotide mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR that are expressed in tumor cells in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) or neuroblastoma. 
     Today, two new classes of therapies exist: (1) antibodies that compete with the ligands of EGFR for example EGF or TGF-α and block the N-terminal binding domain of the receptor (Erbitux) and (2) small molecular weight receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Iressa, Tarceva) that bind to the intracellular receptor tyrosine kinase domain and block the ATP binding site reversibly or irreversibly. Both therapies eliminate signal transduction of the wild-type EGFR. 
     But the clinical experience shows that not all patients (about 20%) respond to such therapies even if the primary tumor was tested positive for EGFR expression by IHC and/or amplification with FISH. On the other hand, patients, which were tested negative with immunohistochemical methods, sometimes respond to Erbitux therapy. One reason can be that not all patients express the wild-type EGFR but some of the EGFR variants. 
     Variants without the N-terminal binding domain (e.g. variant III) do not bind Pantimumab. EGFR variants without somatic mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase domain need higher doses of, for example Iressa, to block the whole signal transduction of the EGFR. Thus, Iressa or Tarceva have a pronounced effect in NSCLC patients with single nucleotide mutations. Some new antibodies against different EGFR variants (e.g. EGFRvIII) are in preclinical studies. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention addresses the problem of different EGFR variants existing in tumors and normal cells. It is the object of the present invention to provide improved diagnosis, stratification and/or therapy guidance of a tumor. 
     This object is solved by the gene product according to claim  1 , the gene according to claim  8 , the polynucleotide according to claim  9 , the methods according to claims  15  and  16  and their use. Further improvements and modifications of the gene product, the gene, the polynucleotide and the methods are given in the respective dependent claims. 
     The present invention for the first provides two new EGFR variants which are preferentially expressed in tumor cells. This concerns primarily epithelial tumors, like colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or breast cancer or any other solid tumor. The new EGFR variants allow the detection of tumor cells even if present detection methods fail. They, therefore, provide improved detection of tumors, improved stratification of tumors and provide the possibility to improve therapy guidance of a tumor therapy or a therapy after tumor surgery or use the gene or gene product as target for therapeutical intervention, e.g. by antibodies, antisense RNA etc. 
     The newly provided EGFR variants show deletions of exons 12 to 14 (EGFR c.EX12 — 14del) or exons 12 to 15 (EGFR c.EX12 — 15del). Such variants have not been described up to date and have not been correlated to tumor cells. As will be shown in the following examples, the new EGFR variants are closely related to tumor cells and therefore provide novel tumor markers. The same is true for the mRNA coding for the new EGFR variants. 
     To summarize, the present invention provides new EGFR genomic or splice variants that allow identifying cancer patients since these variants are not expressed in healthy donors. It is further possible to detect cancer patients with a high risk of not responding to certain antibody therapies directed towards the N-terminals of the EGFR protein. 
     These new EGFR variants therefore allow for the detection of the presence of a tumor by analyzing a sample for the presence of the novel EGFR variants. As sample, any kind of sample like tissue sample, body fluid sample, like blood samples and the like, are suitable. Of course, samples derived from the primary tumor or from micrometastases are also well suited to stratify the tumor and influence therapy guidance for this tumor before or after tumor surgery. 
     In the following, examples for isolation of the novel EGFR variants as well as their statistical detection in tumor samples are provided. 
     The new EGFR variants were isolated from mRNA of neuronal cell lines of the brain (U87MG and U251) by RT-PCR with a primer pair with the following sequences: for-ward primer: 5′AAACTGCACCTCCATCAGTG3′ (SEQ ID NO:6) and reverse primer: 5′ATTCGTTGGACAGCCTTCAAG3′ (SEQ ID NO:7) under the following conditions: 
     95° C., 15 min., (94° C., 30 s, 60° C., 30 s, 72° C., 1 min.) for 45 cycles, 72° C., 5 min; 0.5-1 μM of each primer and HotStarTaq Mix (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) in a volume of 50 μl. By using this primer pair, unexpectedly, two fragments of about 414 bp and 256 bp were detected. 
     In the following, the nucleotide sequence (cDNA) and corresponding amino acid sequence of both fragments is provided. Numbers of positions of the nucleotides are from EGFR wild type sequence represented in SEQ ID NO:8. The corresponding protein is shown in SEQ ID NO:9. 
     Sequence of EGFR c.EX12 — 14del Fragment (414 bp) (SEQ ID NO:2) 
                     nt 1266       AAACTGCACCTCCATCAGTGGCGATCTCCACATCCTGCCGGTGGCATTTA               GGGGTGACTCCTTCACACATACTCCTCCTCTGGATCCACAGGAACTGGAT               ATTCTGAAAACCGTAAAGGAAATCACAGGGTTTTTGCTGATT               CAGGCTTGGCCTGAAAACAGGACGGACCTCCATGCCTTTGAGAACCTAGA               AATCATACGCGGCAGGACCAAGCAACAGGACCAGACAACTGTATC               CAGTGTGCCCACTACATTGACGGCCCCCACTGCGTCAAGACCAGCCCGGC               AGGAGTCATGGGAGAAAACAACACCCTGGTCTGGAAGTACGCAGACGCCG               GCCATGTGTGCCACCTGTGCCATCCAAACTGCACCTACGGATGCACTGGG               CCAGGTCTTGAAGGCTGTCCAACGAAT nt 2103            
and the corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:5):
 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 NCTSISGDLHILPVAFRGDSFTHTPPLDPQELDILKTVKEITGFLLIQAW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PENRTDLHAFENLEIIRGRTKQQDQTTVSSVPTTLTAPTASRPARQESWE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KTTPWSGSTQTPAMCATCAIQTAPTDALGQVLKAVQR 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Therein, the underlined amino acid Q is found in exchange for H. The dotted underlined amino acids are modified due to a shift in the reading frame. 
     EGFR c.EX12 — 14del shows a frame shift in the open reading frame and a premature stop codon in exon 18 resulting in an EGFR protein with a truncated C-terminus. The frame shift results in exchange of H against Q (underlined amino acid) and completely new amino acids (dotted underlined). The following shows the amino acid sequence above which has been completed up to the stop codon in exon 18: 
                           (SEQ ID NO: 4)            NCTSISGDLHILPVAFRGDSFTHTPPLDPQELDILKTVKEITGFLLIQAW               PENRTDLHAFENLEIIRGRTKQQDQTTVSSVPTTLTAPTASRPARQESWE               KTTPWSGSTQTPAMCATCAIQTAPTDALGQVL               KAVQRMGLRSRPSPLGWWGPSSCCWWWPWGSASSCEGATSFGSARCGGCC               RRGSLWSLLHPVEKLPTKLS*            
Sequence of EGFR c.EX12 — 15del Fragment (256 bp) (SEQ ID NO:1)
 
                     nt 1266       AAACTGCACCTCCATCAGTGGCGATCTCCACATCCTGCCGGTGGCATTTA               GGGGTGACTCCTTCACACATACTCCTCCTCTGGATCCACAGGAACTGGAT               ATTCTGAAAACCGTAAAGGAAATCACAGGGTTTTTGCTGATTCAGGCTTG               GCCTGAAAACAGGACGGACCTCCATGCCTTTGAGAACCTAGAAATCATAC               GCGGCAGGACCAAGCAACAATGCACTGGGCCAGGTCTTGAAGGCTGTCCA               ACGAAT nt 2103            
and the corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:3):
 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 NCTSISGDLHILPVAFRGDSFTHTPPLDPQELDILKTVKEITGFLLIQAW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PENRTDLHAFENLEIIRGRTKQ Q CTGPGLEGCPTN 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Again an exchange of H against Q is observed (underlined amino acid). 
     These fragments were isolated, cloned and sequenced with standard procedures. The sequence of the 414 bp fragment shows a deletion of exon 12 to 14 of the EGFR and the sequence of the 256 bp fragment shows a deletion of exon 12 to 15. The variants were named EGFR c.EX12 — 14del and EGFR c.EX12 — 15del, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence of variant EGFR c.EX12 — 14del shows a frame shift in the open reading frame and a premature stop codon in exon 18 resulting in an EGFR protein with a truncated C-terminus. In contrast, the predicted amino acid sequence of variant EGFR c.EX12 — 15del shows no frame shift resulting in an EGFR with a deletion of 194 amino acids. 
     Further, cancer cell lines were analyzed for the variants. Both variants could be detected in breast, colon, prostate and lung carcinoma cell lines. To determine that these new variants are tumors associated, the PCR was done with cDNA of blood from 22 healthy donors and 33 colon cancer patients isolated with AdnaTest ColonCancerSelect™ (AdnaGen AG, Langenhagen, Germany) and Sensiscript Reverse Transcriptase™ (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). None of the healthy volunteers show the variants. 2 patients show the variant EGFR c.EX12 — 14del and one of these patients shows the variant EGFR c.EX12 — 15 del additionally. 
     In the case of breast cancer, PCR was done with cDNA of blood from 23 healthy donors and 33 breast cancer patients with metastases (M1) isolated with AdnaTest BreastCancerSelect™ (AdnaGen AG, Langenhagen, Germany) and Sensiscript Reverse Transcriptase (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). None of the healthy volunteers show the variants. 2 patients show the variant EGFR c.EX12 — 14del and 3 patients show the variant EGFR c.EX12 — 15del. 
     To summarize, the present invention provides two new molecular tumor targets. This will allow an improved detection, stratification and therapy guidance of cancer patients and have an effect on future therapy decisions. Further, these two new EGFR variants (genes and mRNA) may be used as new tumor targets for therapeutical invention, e.g. with anti-bodies directed against the new EGFR protein variants or antisense RNA corresponding to the respective polynucleotides. Such antibodies and antisense RNA are also comprised within this invention. With the newly discovered EGFR variants, it is possible to further analyze the patients for therapy guidance and monitoring.