Abstract:
Improved methods for ensuring proper protection of intellectual property are described. In one embodiment, patents are scanned and intentional alterations or mistakes are introduced.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM AND CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/627,263, and a continuation in part of U.S. patent application No. Ser. 11/462,621, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/727,191. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Protecting intellectual property through patent systems is a vital part of most country&#39;s national economies and well as the international economy. However, many known patent systems suffer from a number of disadvantages. Examples of the disadvantages of current patenting systems include: patents being issued by the patent office are of poor quality; patents take too long to be issued, compared to the demand of applicants; inventors being unable to easily search patents to locate relevant prior art; attorneys with little or no incentive to clearly identify, in a patent application they prepare, the invention being patented; and potential patent licensees lacking an easy method to determine the strength of a patent. Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide improved methods and apparatus for examining and granting protection to intellectual property. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0003]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system  100  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0000]     Definitions:  
         [0004]     Abstract of the Invention—includes that part of a patent application that is the abstract as defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0005]     Agent—includes the agent responsible for filing a patent application  
         [0006]     Alternate Language—includes words that can be used as alternates for words in a patent application  
         [0007]     Artificial Intelligence—includes any computer program that uses neural nets and genetic algorithms.  
         [0008]     Assignee Name—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0009]     Assignee City—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0010]     Assignee State—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0011]     Assignee Country—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0012]     Attorney—includes the attorney responsible for drafting and/or filing a patent application.  
         [0013]     Attorney Name—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0014]     Attorney Address—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0015]     Attorney State—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0016]     Attorney Country—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0017]     Background of the Invention—includes that part of a patent application that is background as defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0018]     Claims—includes that part of a patent application that is claims as defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0019]     Date Stamp—Includes an electronic, unalterable stamp on an electronic file indicated the date that the file was created or received by a computer system.  
         [0020]     Date of Invention—includes the date a patent application has with a first time stamp  
         [0021]     Degree of infringement—includes the statistically measured amount that a product or technical white paper infringes an issued patent application  
         [0022]     Description of the Invention—includes that part of a patent application that is description as defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0023]     Draftsperson—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0024]     Dollar Value—includes a dollar amount that is defined as the value of a patent license of a patent  
         [0025]     End User—includes any user of a system including an inventor, researcher, attorney, or agent who interacts with the system, e.g., by creating, enhancing, researching, filing, prosecuting, licensing, or invalidating, a patent application. An end user may be required to be a member of a central system. An end user may further be a group of inventors, consortium, corporation, or other entity capable of interacting with the system.  
         [0026]     Electronic notification—includes an email or other means of digitally sending a message with a date and time stamp to an electronic address.  
         [0027]     Errors and Omissions—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0028]     Examiner—includes a patent examiner  
         [0029]     Issued Patent—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0030]     Filing Date—shall be the time stamp of the date that a patent application was submitted to the patent office.  
         [0031]     Filed Patent—includes a patent application that is filed with the USPTO  
         [0032]     File Wrapper—Includes all files associated with a patent application including but not limited to: the patent application, a certified search, notes of distinguishing language, notes of rejection, notes of additional distinguishing language, record of interview, additional prior art references, and all electronic notifications associated with a patent application.  
         [0033]     First Office Action—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines.  
         [0034]     Genetic Algorithm—includes a computer algorithm that is capable of modifying and improving itself over time.  
         [0035]     Infringement—includes that a product or technical white paper practices the invention protected by the claims of an issued patent.  
         [0036]     Interview—includes an electronically recorded conversation between an end user and a patent examiner.  
         [0037]     Invention Class—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0038]     Invention Subclass—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0039]     Invention Figures—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0040]     Invention Claims—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0041]     Inventor Name—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0042]     Inventor City—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0043]     Inventor State—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0044]     Inventor Country—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0045]     Issued Patent—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0046]     Literature Prior Art—shall be prior art for a patent application other than patents  
         [0047]     Missing Parts—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0048]     Non-Obviousness Score—includes a score given to a patent application by a central system that relates the obviousness of the invention disclosed by the patent application to prior art cited by the central system.  
         [0049]     Notice of allowance—includes the meaning defined by the USPTO guidelines  
         [0050]     Notes—includes any language added to a prior art record by an end user  
         [0051]     Note of distinguishing language—includes notes provided by end users in response to the prior art cited in a certified search. These notes distinguish a patent application submitted by the end user over the prior art references contained in the certified search provided by the central system.  
         [0052]     Note of additional distinguishing language—includes notes provided by end users in response to a second office action conducted by a patent examiner.  
         [0053]     Note of rejection—shall be the notes contained in a second office action provided by a patent examiner  
         [0054]     Novel—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0055]     Novelty Score—includes a score given to a patent application by a central system that related the novelty of the invention disclosed in the patent application to prior art cited by the central system  
         [0056]     Obvious—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0057]     Office Action—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0058]     Online Chat Room—includes any electronic correspondence medium that allows for a real time, electronic conversation between a patent examiner and an end user.  
         [0059]     Patent Application—Includes any document created to describe and invention by an end user  
         [0060]     Patent Application Data—Includes data contained in a patent application  
         [0061]     Patent Application Date—includes the time stamped date that a patent application was entered into a central system  
         [0062]     Patent Examiner—includes a person responsible for reviewing the patent application and deciding if the patent can be issued.  
         [0063]     Patent examination queue—shall be the queue of patent applications that are assigned to a patent examiner that require office actions or reexaminations.  
         [0064]     Patent invalidator—includes an end user who is attempting to invalidate an issued patent  
         [0065]     Patent License—includes a legal right to use an invention disclosed in an issued patent  
         [0066]     Patent Licensee—includes an end user who is licensing an issued patent  
         [0067]     Patent Office—Includes the United State Patent and Trademark Office (what about the rest of the world?)  
         [0068]     Patent Practitioner or Practitioner—includes an attorney, agent, or inventor responsible for preparation, submission, and/or prosecution of a patent application.  
         [0069]     Patent Prior Art—includes prior art that is filed and issued patents  
         [0070]     Patent Value score—includes a score assigned by an artificial intelligence system that demonstrates the strength of the claims of an issued patent in light of prior art.  
         [0071]     PCT Information—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0072]     Potential Licensee—includes an end user who may want to license an issued patent  
         [0073]     Prior Art—includes any document with a time stamp prior to the time stamp of a patent application  
         [0074]     Prior Art Data—Includes data that is prior art  
         [0075]     Priority Date—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0076]     Product—includes a created thing that can be protected by or that can infringe the claims of an issued patent  
         [0077]     Published Prior Art—includes prior art that is available for review by the general public  
         [0078]     Reexamination—includes a second examination of a patent after it has been issued.  
         [0079]     Relevance Score—includes a score assigned by an end user or by a central system to a particular piece of prior art as it relates to a particular patent application.  
         [0080]     Research Report—includes a report assemble by a researcher or a central system that contains prior art related to a patent application.  
         [0081]     Researcher—includes a person who manually researches prior art databases to find prior art related to a patent application.  
         [0082]     Score—includes a numerical value assigned to something as it relates to something else.  
         [0083]     Second Office Action—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0084]     Second examination—includes reexamination  
         [0085]     Status Change—includes a change in status of a patent application as it moves through the patent process. Changes in status can include but are not limited submitting the application for examination, receiving a certified search for the application, placing the patent application in an examiner queue, receiving an office action for the patent application, receiving a notice of allowance for the patent application, receiving a notice of missing parts for the patent application; receiving a patent number for the patent application, and receiving an indication of interest from a potential licensee for the patent application.  
         [0086]     Submitted Patent Application—includes a patent application that an end user submits to the central system for examination.  
         [0087]     Subsequent Patent Application—includes an application that comes after a patent application.  
         [0088]     Technical white paper—includes a text description of a product that describes the parts of the product and how they work together.  
         [0089]     Time Stamp—includes an unalterable recording of the time a document was created by, entered into, or received by a system.  
         [0090]     Title—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0091]     Web-Based Application—includes an application that is accessible on the World Wide Web via a web browser such as Microsoft&#39;s Internet Explorer. The application will be stored on a central server and accessed via other computers.  
         [0092]     Web-Based Form—includes an electronic form used to enter information by and end user into a web-based application  
         [0093]     Unpublished Prior Art—includes prior art that is not available to the general public, but that can be viewed by employees of the central system.  
         [0094]     Useful—includes the meaning described in the USPTO guidelines  
         [0095]     Usefulness Score—includes a score given to a patent application based on its usefulness as defined by the USPTO guidelines.  
         [0096]     The term “product” means any machine, manufacture and/or composition of matter, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0097]     The term “process” means any process, algorithm, method or the like, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0098]     Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise) inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a “step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in the mere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, any reference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficient antecedent basis.  
         [0099]     The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “another embodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the disclosed invention(s)”, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0100]     The term “variation” of an invention means an embodiment of the invention, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0101]     A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does not imply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with another embodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referenced embodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0102]     The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0103]     The term “consisting of” and variations thereof mean “including and limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0104]     The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0105]     The term “plurality” means “two or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0106]     The term “herein” means “in this patent application, including anything which may be incorporated by reference”, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0107]     The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things (such as an enumerated list of things) means any combination of one or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” means either (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car, (v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, a car and a wheel.  
         [0108]     Numerical terms such as “one”, “two”, etc. when used as cardinal numbers to indicate quantity of something (e.g., one widget, two widgets), mean the quantity indicated by that numerical term, but do not mean at least the quantity indicated by that numerical term. For example, the phrase “one widget” does not mean “at least one widget”, and therefore the phrase “one widget” does not cover, e.g., two widgets.  
         [0109]     The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on” and “based at least on”.  
         [0110]     The term “represent” and like terms are not exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the term “represents” do not mean “represents only”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “the data represents a credit card number” describes both “the data represents only a credit card number” and “the data represents a credit card number and the data also represents something else”.  
         [0111]     The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other set of words that express only the intended result, objective or consequence of something that is previously and explicitly recited. Thus, when the term “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause or other words that the term “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations of the claim or otherwise restricts the meaning or scope of the claim.  
         [0112]     The term “e.g.” and like terms means “for example”, and thus does not limit the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (e.g., instructions, a data structure) over the Internet”, the term “e.g.” explains that “instructions” are an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet, and also explains that “a data structure” is an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet. However, both “instructions” and “a data structure” are merely examples of “data”, and other things besides “instructions” and “a data structure” can be “data”.  
         [0113]     The term “determining” and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., to determine a price, determining a value, determine an object which meets a certain criterion) is used in an extremely broad sense. The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and therefore “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.  
         [0114]     The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision, and therefore “determining” can include estimating, predicting, guessing and the like.  
         [0115]     The term “determining” does not imply that mathematical processing must be performed, and does not imply that numerical methods must be used, and does not imply that an algorithm or process is used.  
         [0116]     The term “determining” does not imply that any particular device must be used. For example, a computer need not necessarily perform the determining.  
         [0117]     It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various processes described herein may be implemented by, e.g., appropriately programmed general purpose computers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one or more microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more digital signal processors) will receive instructions (e.g., from a memory or like device), and execute those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes defined by those instructions.  
         [0118]     A “processor” means one or more microprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, or like devices or any combination thereof.  
         [0119]     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of an apparatus for performing the process. The apparatus can include, e.g., a processor and those input devices and output devices that are appropriate to perform the method.  
         [0120]     Further, programs that implement such methods (as well as other types of data) may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g., computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or in combination with, some or all of the software instructions that can implement the processes of various embodiments. Thus, various combinations of hardware and software may be used instead of software only.  
         [0121]     The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions, data structures) which may be read by a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disk and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes the main memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described any other medium from which a computer can read.  
         [0122]     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying data (e.g. sequences of instructions) to a processor. For example, data may be (i) delivered from RAM to a processor; (ii) carried over a wireless transmission medium; (iii) formatted and/or transmitted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Ethernet (or IEEE 802.3), SAP, ATP, Bluetooth™, and TCP/IP, TDMA, CDMA, and 3G; and/or (iv) encrypted to ensure privacy or prevent fraud in any of a variety of ways well known in the art.  
         [0123]     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of a computer-readable medium storing a program for performing the process. The computer-readable medium can store (in any appropriate format) those program elements which are appropriate to perform the method.  
         [0124]     Just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of an apparatus include a computer/computing device operable to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process.  
         [0125]     Likewise, just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of a computer-readable medium storing a program or data structure include a computer-readable medium storing a program that, when executed, can cause a processor to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process.  
         [0126]     Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to those described may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structures besides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations or descriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrative arrangements for stored representations of information. Any number of other arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g., tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustrated entries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content of the entries can be different from those described herein. Further, despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats (including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributed databases) are well known and could be used to store and manipulate the data types described herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a database can be used to implement various processes, such as the described herein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be stored locally or remotely from any device(s) which access data in the database.  
         [0127]     Various embodiments can be configured to work in a network environment including a computer that is in communication (e.g., via a communications network) with one or more devices. The computer may communicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via any wired or wireless medium (e.g. the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, a telephone line, a cable line, a radio channel, an optical communications line, commercial on-line service providers, bulletin board systems, a satellite communications link, a combination of any of the above). Each of the devices may themselves comprise computers or other computing devices, such as those based on the IntelR® Pentium® or Centrinoυ processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any number and type of devices may be in communication with the computer.  
         [0128]     In an embodiment, a server computer or centralized authority may not be necessary or desirable. For example, the present invention may, in an embodiment, be practiced on one or more devices without a central authority. In such an embodiment, any functions described herein as performed by the server computer or data described as stored on the server computer may instead be performed by or stored on one or more such devices.  
         [0129]     According to an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for scanning and altering patent applications to protect a prior art database from illegal copying. According to one aspect of this embodiment, Patent applications are scanned into a database. Strategic errors and additions are placed in the electronic patent documents and the result is copyrighted. The errors and additions are added either manually or by the system based on rules.  
         [0130]     Errors could include: 
        1. Misspellings        
 
         [0132]     Additions could include: 
        1. Check sums of each page for communications error handling     2. indexes     3. hyperlinks to other patents, prior art and or other sections (cross links)     4. commentary        
 
         [0137]     An encryption system could automatically calculate how and where to make the changes to the patent application files.  
         [0138]     The system can be built utilizing three different architectural methods: 1) a simple, table based method 2) a rules based system or 3) an artificial intelligence (Al) system such as Neural Net, or Bayesian Algorithm.  
         [0139]     Accordingly, the presently described system may incorporate one or more programs or modules configured to perform the various functions described herein. These programs may be housed on one or more servers, including system or client servers. As a non-limiting example, the system may include the following programs housed on the following server:  
         [0140]     Central System 
        1. Error/Addition Creation Program        
 
         [0142]     The system may further include one or more databases configured to collect and associate various data. Non-limiting examples of databases that would be suitable in the presently described system include:  
         [0143]     Patent Application Database 
        1. Application ID     2. Application Data     3. Errors  1 -N        
 
         [0147]     Moreover, the system may be configured to perform various method steps such as, but not limited to:  
         [0148]     Create Errors and Additions 
        1. Receive Patent Application Data     2. Generate errors and additions to Patent Application Data     3. Store Patent Application Data with Errors and Omission        
 
         [0152]     The invention is described with reference to several embodiments. However, the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, and those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention is readily applicable to many other diverse embodiments and applications. Accordingly, the subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and nonobvious combinations and subcombinations of the various systems, methods and configurations, and other features, functions, and/or properties disclosed herein.  
         [0153]     Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as well as more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least one widget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where in a second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses a definite article “the” to refer to the limitation (e.g., “the widget”), this does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature, and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of the feature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than one widget).  
         [0154]     Each claim in a set of claims has a different scope. Therefore, for example, where a limitation is explicitly recited in a dependent claim, but not explicitly recited in any claim from which the dependent claim depends (directly or indirectly), that limitation is not to be read into any claim from which the dependent claim depends.  
         [0155]     When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) is used as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unless expressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature, such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature that is described by the same term or by a similar term. For example, a “first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a “second widget”. Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any other relationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate any other characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or after any other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widget occurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does not indicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as in importance or quality. In addition, the mere usage of ordinal numbers does not define a numerical limit to the features identified with the ordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate that there must be no more than two widgets.  
         [0156]     When a single device or article is described herein, more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) may alternatively be used in place of the single device/article that is described. Accordingly, the functionality that is described as being possessed by a device may alternatively be possessed by more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate).  
         [0157]     Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein (whether or not they cooperate), a single device/article may alternatively be used in place of the more than one device or article that is described. For example, a plurality of computer-based devices may be substituted with a single computer-based device. Accordingly, the various functionality that is described as being possessed by more than one device or article may alternatively be possessed by a single device/article.  
         [0158]     The functionality and/or the features of a single device that is described may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are described but are not explicitly described as having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments need not include the described device itself, but rather can include the one or more other devices which would, in those other embodiments, have such functionality/features.  
         [0159]     Numerous embodiments are described in this patent application, and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presently disclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features of the disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise.  
         [0160]     The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all embodiments of the invention nor a listing of features of the invention which must be present in all embodiments.  
         [0161]     Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of this patent application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of this patent application) is to be taken as limiting in any way as the scope of the disclosed invention(s). An Abstract has been included in this application merely because an Abstract of not more than 150 words is required under 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b).  
         [0162]     The title of this patent application and headings of sections provided in this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way.  
         [0163]     Devices that are described as in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary or desirable, and may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine in communication with another machine via the Internet may not transmit data to the other machine for long period of time (e.g. weeks at a time). In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries.  
         [0164]     A description of an embodiment with several components or features does not imply that all or even any of such components/features are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no component/feature is essential or required.  
         [0165]     Although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. On the contrary, the steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the invention, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred.  
         [0166]     Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps, that does not imply that all or any of the steps are essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step is essential or required.  
         [0167]     Although a product may be described as including a plurality of components, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, that does not indicate that all of the plurality are essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other products that omit some or all of the described plurality.  
         [0168]     Unless expressly specified otherwise, an enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive. Therefore it is possible, but not necessarily true, that something can be considered to be, or fit the definition of, two or more of the items in an enumerated list. Also, an item in the enumerated list can be a subset (a specific type of) of another item in the enumerated list. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, a PDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are mutually exclusive—e.g., an item can be both a laptop and a computer, and a “laptop” can be a subset of (a specific type of) a “computer”.  
         [0169]     Likewise, unless expressly specified otherwise, an enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are collectively exhaustive or otherwise comprehensive of any category. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, a PDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are comprehensive of any category.  
         [0170]     Further, an enumerated listing of items does not imply that the items are ordered in any manner according to the order in which they are enumerated.  
         [0171]     In a claim, a limitation of the claim which includes the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that limitation.  
         [0172]     In a claim, a limitation of the claim which does not include the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 does not apply to that limitation, regardless of whether that limitation recites a function without recitation of structure, material or acts for performing that function. For example, in a claim, the mere use of the phrase “step of” or the phrase “steps of” in referring to one or more steps of the claim or of another claim does not mean that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that step(s).  
         [0173]     With respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, the corresponding structure, material or acts described in the specification, and equivalents thereof, may perform additional functions as well as the specified function.  
         [0174]     Computers, processors, computing devices and like products are structures that can perform a wide variety of functions. Such products can be operable to perform a specified function by executing one or more programs, such as a program stored in a memory device of that product or in a memory device which that product accesses. Unless expressly specified otherwise, such a program need not be based on any particular algorithm, such as any particular algorithm that might be disclosed in this patent application. It is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specified function may be implemented via different algorithms, and any of a number of different algorithms would be a mere design choice for carrying out the specified function.  
         [0175]     Therefore, with respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, structure corresponding to a specified function includes any product programmed to perform the specified function. Such structure includes programmed products which perform the function, regardless of whether such product is programmed with (i) a disclosed algorithm for performing the function, (ii) an algorithm that is similar to a disclosed algorithm, or (iii) a different algorithm for performing the function.  
         [0176]     The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, an enabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some of these embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in this patent application, but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuing applications that claim the benefit of priority of this patent application. Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursue patents for subject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but not claimed in this patent application.