Abstract:
A horizontal current bipolar transistor comprises a substrate of first conductivity type, defining a wafer plane parallel to said substrate; a collector drift region above said substrate, having a second, opposite conductivity type, forming a first metallurgical pn-junction with said substrate; a collector contact region having second conductivity type above said substrate and adjacent to said collector drift region; a base region comprising a sidewall at an acute angle to said wafer plane, having first conductivity type, and forming a second metallurgical pn-junction with said collector drift region; and a buried region having first conductivity type between said substrate and said collector drift region forming a third metallurgical pn-junction with the collector drift region. An intercept between an isometric projection of said base region on said wafer plane and an isometric projection of said buried region on said wafer plane is smaller than said isometric projection of said base region.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Integration of bipolar transistor into CMOS technology results in a BiCMOS technology that offers higher flexibility in circuit design. BiCMOS technology offers increased functionality of the chips allowing for system on chip integration. Wireless communications represent large portion of consumer electronics market which is very sensitive to the cost of the product. Therefore, RF systems can gain benefits from integration of bipolar and CMOS technologies. In order to achieve the ability of system on chip integration, BiCMOS technology has to offer bipolar devices with different characteristics. In general, there is always tradeoff between speed and the breakdown voltage of the transistor. According to International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), bipolar devices optimized for high speed, for high breakdown voltage and intermediate type of devices are needed for RF system on chip integration. In vertical bipolar transistors this is usually accomplished by different parameters of selectively implanted collector (SIC) for different types of transistors. This approach requires additional lithography masks and increases the complexity of the process and overall cost. 
         [0002]    Vertical bipolar transistors are mainstream bipolar structures for BiCMOS integration. Process modules inserted in CMOS needed for bipolar transistor processing are as follows: deep trench isolations, buried collector layer, epitaxial collector region, collector plugs, base polysilicon layer, emitter base spacers, emitter polysilicon layer etc. Bipolar transistor can be made less complex by avoiding some of the mentioned process steps but at penalty of degraded electrical characteristics. On the other hand, additional process steps can be added such as Si/SiGe epi-base or raised extrinsic base in order to improve the performance. In general, processes are developed in the way that they are optimized as a cost performance or high performance processes. 
         [0003]    Lateral bipolar transistors (LBTs) are also integrated into CMOS and are mainly realized on SOI wafers. In general, they require less additional steps to CMOS processing since the isolation is realized with buried oxide. Reduced process complexity and small parasitic capacitances make them attractive for low-power SOI BiCMOS applications. The drawback of the technology is use of SOI substrates which are more expensive as well as the processing of the intrinsic transistor which results in unoptimized doping profiles and characteristics that are inferior compared to vertical transistors. 
         [0004]    The Horizontal Current Bipolar Transistor (HCBT) technology is demonstrated in U.S. Pat. No. 7,038,249 [1]. HCBT has a lateral arrangement of the intrinsic transistor, in the same way as in LBTs. However, the intrinsic transistor is processed on the sidewall of the silicon pillar or hill, obtained by etching, making it possible to have the optimized doping profiles in the intrinsic transistor. HCBT electrical characteristics are comparable to the characteristics of vertical bipolar transistors, with a considerable improvement over the LBTs, as has been reported in the literature [ 2 ]. Additionally, due to lateral arrangement of the intrinsic transistor, parasitic capacitances are smaller compared to vertical transistors. Furthermore, processing does not require deep trenches, epitaxial collector region, buried collector layer, collector plugs and base polysilicon layer. If HCBT structure is integrated into the BiCMOS technology, the integration requires a lower number of process steps to be added to CMOS technology. Moreover, the HCBT is normally processed by using bulk silicon substrate, but the HCBT concept can also be applied to SOI substrates. The simplified technology and the use of bulk silicon substrate make the HCBT technology a low-cost and simultaneously a high-performance solution for BiCMOS integration. 
         [0005]    Integration of HCBT with standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology is published in [3]. HCBT structures for BiCMOS integration include high-speed (HS) [4] and high-voltage (HV) devices [5], which increases the flexibility of technology. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0006]      FIG. 1 : Schematic cross-section view of a SE HCBT with local substrate according to one embodiment. 
           [0007]      FIG. 2A : One example of a lithography mask for one embodiment. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2B : Another example of a lithography mask for one embodiment. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2C : Yet another example of a lithography mask for one embodiment. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3 : Gummel characteristics of a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4 : Measured common emitter output characteristics of a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0012]      FIG. 5 : Measured frequency characteristics of a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0013]      FIG. 6A : Cross-section view at one position of a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6B : Cross-section view at another position of a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6C : Cross-section view at yet another position of a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0016]      FIG. 7A : One example of a lithography mask for one embodiment. 
           [0017]      FIG. 7B : Another example of a lithography mask for one embodiment. 
           [0018]      FIG. 8A : Electric field profile along one path through a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8B : Electric field profile along another path through a transistor according to one embodiment. 
           [0020]      FIG. 9 : Gummel characteristics of a transistor according to another embodiment. 
           [0021]      FIG. 10 : Measured common emitter output characteristics of transistors according to another embodiment. 
           [0022]      FIG. 11 : Dependence of cut-off frequency and maximum oscillation frequency on collector current for one embodiment 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0023]    HV HCBT is based on the double-emitter HCBT structure. Increase in the collector-emitter breakdown voltage with open base (BV CEO ) is achieved by merging collectors of two HS HCBT transistors with opposite orientation of the intrinsic transistors. This geometry allows full depletion of the intrinsic collector in forward active region resulting in the increase of BV CEO  to the value close to collector-base breakdown voltage with open emitter (BV CBO ). 
         [0024]    This invention presents the new structure and method for fabrication of HCBT devices with high breakdown voltage by utilizing the substrate-collector junction field to achieve full depletion of the collector region. This principle is similar to the one used in REduced SURface Field (RESURF) devices [6]. Electric field is not necessarily reduced at the surface but at the plane where electric charges are geometrically limited. In general, charge can be limited by isolation material such as in [6, 7] or by opposing pn-junction such as in [5]. If electric charge of one side of the pn-junction is limited geometrically, maximum electric field at the junction is limited by the total amount of charge on that side. Maximum is reached when full depletion of this side of junction occurs. 
         [0025]    One way of increasing the BV CEO  of bipolar transistor is to apply aforementioned effect to limit the electric field at the intrinsic base-collector junction below critical value for avalanche multiplication. Therefore, intrinsic collector has to be fully depleted before field at the junction reaches the critical value. Once intrinsic collector is fully depleted, field at the junction remains roughly constant. When electrons (in case of npn transistor) pass through the base-collector junction, direction of the electric field forces them to flow through the drift region, i.e. the region with reduced electric field. In case of DE HCBT the intrinsic collector is surrounded by the base region, which is the most important for full depletion of collector [5]. In case of the proposed HCBT structures, local substrate with increased doping concentration is placed near the intrinsic transistor. In this way collector charge is limited and the full depletion of collector region accomplished when transistor is operated in forward active region. 
         [0026]    This principle can be applied on both single emitter (SE) and double-emitter (DE) HCBTs. Collector charge is limited in different part of collector for two structures, yielding different values of BV CEO . In case of SE HCBT, substrate-collector junction is used to deplete intrinsic collector in order to limit the electric field at the intrinsic base-collector junction. A drift region which sustains collector voltage is formed toward the extrinsic collector. In case of DE HCBT it is used to deplete portion of extrinsic collector in order to limit the peak electric field in the drift region of DE HCBT, which is responsible for transistor breakdown. The second drift region is formed, which sustains collector voltage increasing the BV CEO . 
         [0027]    HCBT is fabricated in bulk silicon p-type wafers with the acceptor concentration around 10 15  cm −3 . With this doping concentration in the substrate it is difficult to deplete collector which has the concentration on the order of 10 17  cm −3 . In order to have efficient depletion action from the substrate, it should have the concentration on the same order of magnitude as in the collector or higher. CMOS pwell has a suitable concentration and can be used to form the local substrate region, which can be used to introduce collector charge sharing. Moreover, since HCBT is integrated with CMOS this process module is already available resulting in no additional costs. 
       I. The First Embodiment 
       [0028]    In the first embodiment, the substrate-collector junction is used to change the electric field distribution of the SE HCBT. Cross-section of the SE HCBT with local substrate is shown in  FIG. 1 . The structure is similar to the reported single polysilicon region HCBT [3, 4]. The only difference is that the CMOS pwell region  4  is implanted on the certain distance opposite to the intrinsic base  8  below the extended silicon island  5 , representing the portion of the extrinsic collector. 
         [0029]    Lithography masks important for the SE HCBT and high-voltage (HV) SE HCBT fabrication are shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  respectively. Standard HCBT process is described in [3, 4]. Transistors are fabricated in the silicon islands, called n-hills  5 , which are defined by the shallow trench isolation (STI) using a CMOS active mask  101 . The n-hill is implanted by using n-hill mask  102  during CMOS well implantations. The pwell region  4  is obtained by using a CMOS pwell blocking mask  103  meaning that the pwell is implanted in the area not covered by the mask  103  shown in  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B . The CMOS pwell implant is also used for the isolation of HCBT devices as a channel stopper shown in  FIG. 1 , which forms a guard-ring around transistor. Oxide etching mask  105  is used for the formation of an emitter trench and it defines the length of the emitter (l E ) which extends out of plane in the cross-section of  FIG. 1 . Base mask  104  and CMOS n +  collector mask  106  are used for intrinsic/extrinsic bases and n +  collector implantations, respectively. Standard CMOS contacts processing is used and masks are omitted from  FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C . 
         [0030]    In the forward active region, the collector is connected to a higher potential than the base and the substrate is connected to the lowest potential. Both the base-collector and the collector-substrate junctions are reversely polarized and associated depletion regions spread on the intrinsic collector side. Intrinsic collector is placed between intrinsic base  8  and local pwell substrate  4  and below the extrinsic base  7 . Once the intrinsic collector is fully depleted, penetration of the collector electric field toward intrinsic base is blocked by the extrinsic base from the top and the local pwell substrate from the bottom. As a result, a voltage drop across the intrinsic base-collector junction is limited as well as the maximum electric field. It also results in the suppression of the basewidth modulation by the collector voltage. 
         [0031]    In the DE HCBT whose mask is shown in  FIG. 2C  electrons are flowing from the emitter and then they turn toward the extrinsic collector traveling laterally through the fully depleted intrinsic collector. Therefore, l E  from  FIG. 2C  should be kept small to reduce the base-collector depletion region transit time and to maintain good high frequency performance. If a higher collector current drive is needed for circuit operation, transistors of unit size should be connected in parallel. In case of the HV SE HCBT depletion of the intrinsic collector occurs in a cross-section shown in  FIG. 1  and base-collector depletion region transit time is independent of l E  from  FIG. 2B . Hence, the higher current drive can be easily obtained by increasing the l E  giving more flexibility in the layout design. 
       Electrical Characteristics 
       [0032]    Gummel characteristics of the HV SE HCBT are shown in  FIG. 3 . showing near ideal behavior down to very small currents. Electrons injected from the emitter diffuse through the base and enter the base-collector depletion region. Electric field associated with the extrinsic base—collector junction is pushing electrons downwards, whereas field associated with the local pwell substrate—collector junction is pushing electrons upwards and laterally towards the intrinsic base. Therefore electrons traveling through the base-collector depletion region are crowded somewhere in the middle. Since the electric field lines meet along the middle, this border is the plane of zero electric field because no field lines are crossing that border. Direction of the field forces electrons to flow there. Lateral component of the electric field is induced towards extrinsic collector forming the drift region. Therefore, electrons flow toward the extrinsic collector through the region with reduced electric field. After the full depletion of the intrinsic collector, the voltage drop across the intrinsic base-collector junction remains roughly constant and is not increased if the collector voltage is raised. Collector voltage is blocked by the extrinsic base and the local pwell substrate. Due to availability of donor charge in the extrinsic collector, the voltage is dropped in the drift region and the second peak of the electric field appears there and causes the transistor&#39;s breakdown, eventually. As in the case of DE HCBT [5], electric field at the curvature of the extrinsic base-collector junction near the top surface (see  FIG. 1 ) is higher than the field in the drift region. Avalanche hole current that is generated at the extrinsic base-collector junction is injected to the emitter, which causes large back-injection of electrons from the emitter. These electrons flow through the base, then base-collector junction with limited electric field and through the drift region with reduced electric field ending up in the extrinsic collector. They do not flow through the junction which is the source of initial avalanche current. Therefore, positive feedback loop is not closed and BV CEO  does not occur unless critical field appear on the current path in the drift region. Therefore, breakdown occurs either if hard breakdown at the extrinsic base-collector junction is reached or when the critical electric field appears in the drift region. In the later case, BV CEO  occurs involving the classical positive feedback due to transistor current gain and in the former case BV CBO  occurs, meaning that BV CEO  is not observed. In that case measured breakdown voltage in the common-emitter output characteristics is actually BV CBO . 
         [0033]    Measured common emitter output characteristics of the HV SE HCBT are shown in  FIG. 4 . High common-emitter breakdown voltage (BV CEO ), and flat output characteristics are observed. Electrical characteristics of the HV SE HCBT and the high-speed (HS) HCBT are given in Table.1. BV CEO  and V A  are improved in case of HV SE HCBT. BV CEO  of 10.5 V is measured by forced V BE  method as listed in Table 1. Flatness of the output characteristics indicates suppression of the basewidth modulation as a result of the fully depleted collector. A high V A  of 105 V is measured for V CE  between 4 and 5 V. Since the intrinsic base is protected from punchthrough when the collector is fully depleted, the same thin implanted base profile as in other HCBT devices is used. As a result, high β of 133 and high β·V A  of around 14 kV are obtained indicating transistor&#39;s high-performance for analog applications. Additionally, short base transit time is maintained resulting in high f T  and f max  of 15.8 and 32.7 GHz respectively (see  FIG. 5 .). Of course, the high frequency performance is degraded compared to the HS HCBT device due to aforementioned current crowding effects as well as the increased base-collector depletion region transit time. However a high value of f T ·BV CEO  of 166 GHzV is obtained, the result close to the Johnson&#39;s limit. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MEASURED ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF 
               
               
                 HIGH VOLTAGE SINGLE-EMITTER (HV SE) 
               
               
                 HCBT AND HIGH SPEED (HS) HCBT 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HV SE HCBT 
                 HS HCBT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 β max   
                 133 
                 151 
               
               
                   
                 V A , (V) 
                 105 
                 10.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (V CE  = 4~5 V) 
               
               
                   
                 BV CEO  (V) 
                 10.5 
                 3.95 
               
               
                   
                 (forced V BE ) 
               
               
                   
                 f T  (GHz) 
                 15.8 
                 35.7 
               
               
                   
                 f max  (GHz) 
                 32.7 
                 61 
               
               
                   
                 f T BV CEO (GHzV) 
                 166 
                 141 
               
               
                   
                 β · V A , (kV), 
                 13.97 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       II. The Second Embodiment 
       [0034]    In the second embodiment local substrate-collector junction is used to change the electric field distribution of the DE HCBT. 
         [0035]    Intrinsic part of the proposed structure is the same as in standard DE HCBT and is shown in  FIG. 6A . Intrinsic bases  8  and emitters  10  are processed on two opposing sidewalls, whereas extrinsic bases are merged on top forming single extrinsic base  7  which serves as a base contact region. Two intrinsic collectors are merged, and extrinsic collectors are folded to front and back in the plane perpendicular to the intrinsic transistor, which is shown in  FIG. 6B  in case of standard DE HCBT. In this way, low resistive path for setting the collector potential is achieved. The intrinsic collector shown in the cross-section of  FIG. 6A  is surrounded by two intrinsic bases  8  from two sides as well as the extrinsic base  7  and the substrate  1  from the top and bottom, respectively. The basic idea is that the total intrinsic collector charge in the plane shown in  FIG. 6A  is confined in space and therefore can be changed by the geometry of the transistor. Since the vertical doping profile is set by the technology of HS HCBT, only the distance between two intrinsic bases can be changed to modulate total intrinsic collector charge. This can be easily accomplished by the design of lithography masks and without any additional processing. In forward active region of operation collector-base junction is reverse biased. For a certain voltage, depletion regions of two opposite junctions merge in the middle and the intrinsic collector is fully depleted. Further increase in the collector voltage causes the voltage drop toward extrinsic collector in direction perpendicular to the intrinsic transistor shown in cross-section in  FIG. 6B . and drift regions DR 1  are formed. Therefore, when intrinsic collector becomes fully depleted, voltage drop across the intrinsic base-collector junction is limited as well as the electric field. Due to the voltage drop across the drift region, electric field can be increased there causing the second peak of the electric field at the end of the drift region [5], which appears along the current path in the base-collector depletion region. If critical electric field is achieved along the current path, classical BV CEO  breakdown involving positive feedback due to transistor gain occurs. If electric field at extrinsic base-collector junction rises to critical value for hard breakdown prior to critical field in the drift region, then BV CBO  occurs and BV CEO  does not occur. This can be controlled by transistor geometry and collector doping profile. 
         [0036]    In the second embodiment presented here, the local substrate-collector junction is used to deplete top portion of the n-hill in order to limit the electric field which is formed in the drift region DR 1  of DE HCBT. At the same time, the peak electric field at the curvature of the extrinsic base-collector junction near the top surface which is responsible for the BV CBO  is limited as well. This is done in a similar manner as in RESURF devices and we will call this device DE HCBT with RESURF region. 
         [0037]    Cross-sections at the symmetry lines of the DE HCBT with RESURF region are shown in  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6C . Cross-section along the middle of the n-hill  5  is shown in  FIG. 6C . Since the structure is symmetrical with respect to the base contact, only one half is shown. Compared to standard DE HCBT shown in  FIG. 6B  this one has extended extrinsic collector under which CMOS pwell is implanted, which serves as a local substrate  4  with increased doping concentration. Pwell implant is also used as a channel stopper in all HCBT devices, which is shown in the cross-section in  FIG. 6A . Lithography masks important for the standard DE HCBT and DE HCBT with RESURF region are shown in  FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B . The same mask set and the same process is used for all HCBT structures. 
         [0038]    In normal operation substrate is connected to the ground potential. By increasing the collector voltage, junction between local pwell substrate  4  and n-hill  5  is reversely polarized. The basic idea is that the n-hill above the local pwell substrate is fully depleted if collector voltage is increased and that the second drift region DR 2  ( FIG. 6C ) is formed. 
         [0039]    The change of the electric field with the increase of the collector-emitter voltage (V CE ) is shown in  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B . For small V CE , peak electric field at the intrinsic base-collector junction increases with V CE  as shown in  FIG. 8A  and depletion regions spread into the intrinsic collector. After intrinsic collector is fully depleted, there is no available donor charge in this cross-section ( FIG. 6A ) and maximum electric field at junctions remains unchanged. The voltage is dropped in the perpendicular cross-section across the 1 st  drift region (DR  1  in  FIG. 6C ) toward extrinsic collector. Electric field along the current path at the middle of the n-hill is shown in  FIG. 8B . As the V CE  is increased, the 2 nd  peak of the electric field appears in DR  1 , whereas the 1 st  peak at the intrinsic base-collector junction ( FIG. 8A ) remains the same because collector voltage is blocked by the extrinsic base extensions above DR  1  [5]. Further increase in V CE  increases the 2 nd  peak up to the voltage for which extrinsic collector above local pwell substrate becomes fully depleted and the 2 nd  drift region (DR  2 ) is formed. Additional increase in V CE  causes the voltage drop across the DR  2 . Collector voltage is partially blocked by the pwell region reducing its impact on the value of the electric field 2 nd  peak. Since there is enough available charge in the extrinsic collector, the 3 rd  peak of the electric field appears at the end of the DR  2  ( FIG. 8B ). The ability of the pwell region to block the collector voltage determines weather the critical field first appears in the 2 nd  or the 3 rd  peak of the electric field resulting in different values of BV CEO . This can be controlled by the collector concentration in the DR  2  and the length of DR  2 . Another result of the formation of DR 2  and its ability to block the collector voltage is that the peak electric field responsible for BV CBO , which is placed at the extrinsic base-collector junction, is limited as well. 
       Electrical Characteristics 
       [0040]    Gummel characteristics of the transistor with the length of local pwell substrate (i.e. DR  2  from  FIG. 6C ) l pw =0.5 μm is shown in  FIG. 9 . Measured common emitter output characteristics of fabricated transistors with different l pw  are shown in  FIG. 10 . Breakdown occurs around 26 V for the transistor with l pw =0.5 μm and around 36 V for transistor with d pw =3 μm. Summary of electrical characteristics is given in Table II. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MEASURED ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF DOUBLE-EMITTER 
               
               
                 (DE) HCBT WITH RESURF R REGION FOR N-HILL WIDTH OF 
               
               
                 0.36 μm AND DIFFERENT LENGTH d pw . 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Emitter area (μm 2 ) 
                 l pw  = 0.5 μm 
                 l pw  = 3 μm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 β max   
                 123 
                 129 
               
               
                   
                 V A , (V), (I B  = 15 nA) 
                 1928 
                 2233 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (V CE  = 6~7 V) 
                 (V CE  = 6~7 V) 
               
               
                   
                 BV CEO  (V), output 
                 26 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 BV CS  (V) 
                 33 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 f T  (GHz) 
                 5.26 
                 2.68 
               
               
                   
                 f max  (GHz) 
                 10.55 
                 4.55 
               
               
                   
                 f T BV CEO (GHzV) 
                 137 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                 β · V A , (kV), 
                 2.37 
                 2.88 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]    In case of transistor with l pw =0.5 μm classical BV CEO  occurs between collector and emitter and in the case of transistor with l pw =3 μm, the breakdown occurs between local pwell substrate and n-hill and basically transistors&#39; BV CEO  which involves positive feedback due to transistor current gain is not observed. This means that neither the 2 nd  nor the 3 rd  peak from  FIG. 8B . generate holes which can close the positive feedback loop and cause BV CEO . The 2 nd  peak is limited below critical value for avalanche, whereas holes generated at the 3 rd  peak are collected by the substrate since they have to travel through the DR 2  to end up in the extrinsic base, which is less probable for structure with l pw =3 μm than for structure with l pw =0.5 μm, because strong vertical electric field component acts in the DR 2 . This is confirmed by the measurement of collector-substrate breakdown voltage (BV CS ) which equals BV CEO  measured from the output characteristics for the structure with l pw =3 μm, meaning that breakdown voltage observed in the output characteristics is actually BV CS . In case of l pw =0.5 μm transistor BV CS  is slightly smaller compared to transistor with l pw =3 μm due to smaller distance between local pwell substrate and n + -collector contact region. Intrinsic base-collector junction is electrostatically shielded and basewidth modulation is suppressed resulting in very large value of Early voltage, which equals around 1.93 kV and 2.23 kV for transistor with l pw =0.5 μm and l pw =3 μm, respectively. Since the value of current gain β is high, considering that transistor has implanted base, the β·V A  product is remarkable. Dependence of cut-off frequency (f T ) and maximum oscillation frequency (f max ) on collector current are shown in  FIG. 11 . In this structure, speed is traded for higher BV and f T  and f max  are reduced accordingly. Nevertheless, f T ·BV CEO  products show results close to the Johnson&#39;s limit. 
       DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 
       [0000]    
       
           1 : Silicon substrate 
           2 : Shallow trench isolation (device isolating oxide film) 
           3 : CMOS nwell 
           4 : Local pwell substrate 
           5 : n-hill layer 
           6 : CMOS gate polysilicon 
           7 : Extrinsic base layer 
           8 : Intrinsic base layer 
           9 : Emitter polysilicon 
           10 : Emitter diffusion layer 
           11 : Sidewall spacer 
           12 : n+ diffusion layer 
           13 : p+ diffusion layer 
           14 : Silicide 
           15 A: Emitter contact 
           15 B: Base contact 
           15 C: Collector contact 
           15 D: Substrate contact 
           16 : First metallurgical pn junction 
           17 : Second metallurgical pn junction 
           18 : Third metallurgical pn junction 
           101 : CMOS active mask 
           102 : n-hill mask 
           103 : CMOS pwell-block mask 
           104 : Base mask 
           105 : Oxide etching mask 
           106 : CMOS n+ collector mask 
       
     
       REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
         [1] T. Suligoj et al, U.S. Pat. No. 7,038,249, 2006 
         [2] T. Suligoj, P. Biljanovic, J. K. O. Sin, K. L. Wang. “A New HCBT with a Partially Etched Collector”, IEEE Electron Dev. Letters, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 200-202, March 2005 
         [3] T. Suligoj et al, U.S. Pat. No. 8,569,866, 2013 “Hybrid-integrated lateral bipolar transistor and CMOS transistor and method for manufacturing the same” 
         [4] T. Suligoj, M. Kori{hacek over (c)}ić, H. Mochizuki, S. Morita, K. Shinomura, and H. Imai, “Horizontal Current Bipolar Transistor (HCBT) with a Single Polysilicon Region for Improved High-Frequency Performance of BiCMOS ICs,”  IEEE Electron Device Lett ., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 534-536, June 2010. 
         [5] M. Kori{hacek over (c)}ić, T. Suligoj, H. Mochizuki, S. Morita, K. Shinomura, and H. Imai, “Double-Emitter HCBT Structure—A High-Voltage Bipolar Transistor for BiCMOS Integration,”,  IEEE Trans. Electron Devices , vol. 59, no. 12 pp. 3647-3650, Dec. 2012. 
         [6] J. A. Appels, and H. M. J Vaes, “High Voltage Thin Layer Devices (RESURF Devices),” in  IEDM Tech. Dig.,  1979, pp. 238-241. 
         [7] J. Cai, M. Kumar, M. Steigenvalt, H. Ho, K. Schonenberg, K. Stein, H. Chen, K. Jenkins, Q. Ouyang, P. Oldiges, and T. Ning, “Vertical SiGe-Base Bipolar Transistors on CMOS-Compatible SOI Substrate”,  BCTM  2003, pp. 215-218.