Abstract:
A color marking system includes a control system for maintaining an accurate representation for approximating color space transformation comprising a set of piecewise homeomorphisms. The homeomorphisms and parametric models are selectively adjustable in accordance with printer/display calibrating data. Preferably the homeomorphisms comprise corresponding tetrahedra with domain and co-domain color spaces. If error above a selected level is detected, the tetrahedra are adjusted by calculating new locations for their vertices having a consequence of recomputation of model parameters and converging parametric model performance in accordance with a predetermined objective of the system. An inverse of the model is used for feedforward control of the marking system.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention pertains to the art of color management and image/text printing or display systems, and is especially applicable to a method and apparatus wherein a color print output is monitored for adaptive on-line construction of an analytical model useful for feedforward control of printer operation. More particularly, the invention relates to system controls for modeling the printer with a piecewise homeomorphism (PH) by implementing an adaptive algorithm for estimation of model parameters corresponding to selected PH configurations and based upon processing of a relatively small number of control samples, target colors or other input signals, whereby the model is then useful for regular on-line calibrating of the printer. 
     Color correction and/or control should not be confused with color registration systems and sensors for insuring that colors are positioned properly, printed accurately, superposed correctly and/or adjacent to one another. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Color perception is a psychological and physiological phenomenon that involves three elements: light, object and observer. Color changes as light, medium (i.e., paper, monitor) and observer interact. Color may be perceived differently under different types of lighting. Light sources that affect color include incandescent and fluorescent light. The first makes color seem more red and orange while the second emphasizes green and yellow tones. Different types of media also affect color perception. Observers view images on paper using reflection. In other cases the medium can be transmissive or emissive. Transparencies are an example of a transmissive medium while a computer monitor is emissive. The third element in the phenomenon is the observer. Different people may see the same color slightly differently. In order to characterize color image quality, the interaction of these elements must be understood so that when colors are intended to be matched, i.e., monitor to printer, scanner to printer, etc., acceptable appearance results. 
     For automatic control systems spectral data is often used to represent color perception as a pattern of wavelengths that leave the object before being interpreted by a viewer. Spectral data defines color independent of observer influence. Spectrophotometers or calorimeters are sensing devices used to measure spectral data. 
     There are different ways of representing color. One way color is described consists of the following parameters: hue, lightness and saturation. Hue represents the actual color wavelength (red, blue, etc.), lightness corresponds to the white content while saturation captures the richness or amplitude in color. Another way of describing color uses the three dominant primary colors, red, blue and green (RGB). By combining these primary colors, in different intensities, most colors visible to humans can be reproduced. Monitors and scanners use the additive RGB color process. Printers use the subtractive CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) color process based on light reflected from inks coated on a substrate. To the extent that the color representations described above fail to reproduce color predictably, it is because they are observer or device dependent. 
     In today&#39;s business and scientific world, color has become essential as a component of communication. Color facilitates the sharing of knowledge and ideas. Companies involved in the development of digital color print engines are continuously looking for ways to improve the accuracy and total image quality of their products. One of the elements that affects image quality is the ability to consistently produce the same quality image output on a printer from one day to another, from one week to the next, month after month. Colors on a printer tend to drift over time. The variations arise from changes in the properties of the marking process (toner tribo, photoreceptor charge, transfer variations, temperature, humidity, and other marking and environmental factors). Maintaining an accurate printer operation requires regular recalibration, usually a time consuming, and accordingly undesirable task of sampling large numbers of test patches which are additionally interpolated to construct the color rendition dictionary (CRD) describing the printer transforming process. As electronic marketing has placed more importance on the accurate representation of merchandise in illustrative print or display media, consistent and accurate printer operation becomes more important, and regular recalibrating becomes more necessary. 
     Customers will usually specify their color demands in a device independent color space as part of a page description language (PDL). L*, a*, b* are the independent space representations of the CIE (Commission Internationale de L&#39;éclairage) for color standards utilized in the functional modeling of these color demands. L* defines lightness, a* corresponds to the red/green value and b* denotes the amount of yellow/blue. Accurate transformation between L*, a*, b* representations and CMYK representations and vise versa are the principal applications of the subject invention. 
     When customers specify colors in device independent color coordinates, it is incumbent upon the printing/display device to determine which combination of available colorants (typically cyan, magenta, yellow and black) will yield the colors specified by the customer. This determination is frequently embodied in a look-up table (LUT) called the color rendition dictionary (CRD). Calculation of the CRD involves making patches in the printer&#39;s input space and examining the output thus yielding the forward transfer function which is then inverted to give the recipes for making the colors available in the printer&#39;s gamut. 
     These recipes are typically formulated using a large number of sampled data patches that are then interpolated to describe the transformation between the input and output spaces of the printing device. Because of the nature of the printer, these recipes are non-linear, time varying functions and thus are prone to inaccuracies if not updated at least occasionally. The updating process is tedious for customers and service representatives and is thus performed infrequently. If the process could be streamlined, it might be performed more frequently leading to improved color accuracy. With proper color calibration, customers could specify colors at document creation time and have an increased assurance that the printed colors would “match”(i.e. appear similarly to) the desired colors. 
     The input space (domain) describes all the possible ways of mixing the three printer colorants (for example, cyan, magenta, and yellow but many other triplets are possible.) Typically the halftone density of a colorant is specified by an eight bit integer (a whole number between 0 and 255). For the 3-space of inputs, the domain of the transformation consists of a three dimensional cube, two hundred fifty-five units on a side with one corner at the origin. The co-domain space of the transformation is the color gamut of the printer, the three dimensional volume that indicates all the L*, a*, b* values which are accessible by mixing the three colorants. This co-domain volume is of irregular shape and represents a sampled non-linear function of the input space. Since customers specify their desired colors in this space, the problem is to accurately print/display them and therefore derive the reverse transformation by inversion of the functional relationship between the domain and co-domain spaces detailed above. 
     No accurate functional representation of this transformation exists. The situation is complicated by the fact that the relationship between the digital inputs (domain) and the color outputs (co-domain) of the printer is not fixed for all time. If it were, the calibration could be performed once and always yield correct results. The variations in the appropriate calibration are due to variations in the printer&#39;s transfer function. Thus the transformation is at the same time non-linear (it requires a complex representation) and dynamic (varying in time). 
     On-line model prediction is also known as “system identification” in automatic controls literature. It is the terminology used for the process of characterizing a given control system. Characterization of the system can be done in two ways; non-parametric and parametric. In non-parametric system identification, the profile of the device can be measured by printing specific target colors as specified by the ICC standards. This profile is used as it is (without constructing any model of the device) while making rendering decisions/viewing of the customer colors on the monitor. This is one time measurement and does not use the historical information to construct any model. Whereas in the parametric system identification, target colors can be printed as chronological jobs in the banner sheet/header sheet or else the target colors can be extracted from the customer image and measured either by measuring straight from the output image or by rendering a subset of customer colors as target color patches. The intention in the parametric system identification is to adjust the parameters of the model and refine it over time by using past and present color data so that the model is accurate. 
     There is a continuing need for improved on-line modeling and convenient calibrating of color printing devices. Current needs are better served with model processing in a way that accurate parameters of a parametric model can be quickly identified through an interactive computation scheme. By “homeomorphism” in the context of this subject invention is meant the properties of the functions that are chosen to describe the transformations between sub-spaces in corresponding domains and co-domains where a particular parametric model defines the transformation from a domain value to a co-domain value. The homeomorphic transformations concerning a color marking device operation comprise the transformation function for data value conversion between the domain and co-domain. The subject invention deals with altering the defining boundary space of each of a set of subspaces, so that the parametric models associated with each subspace are varied to a set which cumulatively most accurately estimates the non-linear printer transforming process, and further can be updated or recalibrated much more easily than could be done in the past. 
     The subject invention exploits a key enabling factor for these operational advantages by constructing and maintaining a current model of the reproducing device operation (also known as the device profile or characteristic, input-output model of reproducible color). The new and improved method constructs a dynamic model by segregating color spaces into a set of homeomorphisms each having an associated parametric model. When a customer has a need to accurately match the colors displayed or printed on various output devices, such as monitors (CRT, LCD, etc.) and printers (xerographic, ink jet, ionographic, etc.) he/she can recalibrate the existing model with a minimal number of new data patches and avoid having to build an entire new model and corresponding CRD. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method and apparatus for predicting a feedforward parametric model of the processing operation of a color marking device. A piecewise homeomorphism (PH) is configured to facilitate the construction of a parametric model associated with the PH that accurately approximates the transformation process of the marking device for an input signal to an output signal. The PH and parametric model are intended to be updated over time for recalibration of the printing system. An image is produced from the device in response to input signals and the image passes by a sensor which produces a value representative of the color of the printed image. An original aggregate parametric model determined from the original calibration is comprised of a plurality of PHs and associated parametric models. Outputs from the original model are computed in response to the input signal. When an error is determined between the image output signal and the model output that exceeds a predetermined value, an adjustment is made in the PHs. Each PH comprises a tetrahedron in three dimensions defined by a set of four vertices. New vertex locations from the input gamut are sampled with test patches for generation of a measured response to the input signals. The transformation data is used to recompute new associated parametric models for the reconfigured PHs. The updated set of parametric models is then used for input signal adjustment during regular run time operation of the system. The selective adjustment of the PHs and models can continue until the detected error is less than a predetermined value. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the control system adjustment of the PHs and parametric models occurs regularly and continually during normal run time operation of the marking device. 
     In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a color printer comprising an image reproduction system for generating an output image in response to an input signal. A sensor is disposed for detecting a sensor signal representative of the color of the output image. An associated processor comprises a piecewise model of the image reproduction system for transforming the input signal into a model output. The processor includes a real-time parameter adjustment algorithm and a comparator. The comparator compares an output signal of the system with the model output wherein based upon output from the comparator the real-time parameter adjustment algorithm computes an updated set of parameters for the PH model and the PH model is updated in accordance with the updated parameters for transforming a subsequent input signal with the updated model until the comparator output is less than a predetermined error value. The PH model comprises a plurality of gamut partitions cumulatively representing the gamut of the printer. The adjustment algorithms comprise a means for reconfiguring the PH partitioning whereby the updated parameters more accurately model the image production systems. 
     One advantage of the present invention is an adaptive feedforward control system for accurately recalibrating a color marking device operation with minimal updating test samples. 
     Another advantage of the subject invention is that the printer model comprises a plurality of PHs and associated parametric models which are adjustable for automatic convergence of parametric model parameters to a better estimation of marking device operation. 
     Other benefits and advantages for the subject new method and systems will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading and understanding of the specification. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention may take physical form in certain parts and steps and arrangements of parts and steps, the preferred embodiments of which will be described in detail in the specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an adaptive feedforward control system for a color marking device; 
     FIG. 2 is a flowchart detailing the processing steps for construction of a PH model representing the color marking device operation; and 
     FIG. 3 is a flowchart detailing the control procedure for updating the PH model during on-line device operation. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the invention only and not for the purposes of limiting same, the Figures show a method and apparatus for adaptive feedforward control of a color marking device with a PH model. 
     With reference to FIGS. 1 and 3 a control system A is described which addresses the problems of variability in color mixing operations to better stabilize color reproduction for an individual marking device  10 . The customer specified input target signal, L*, a*, b* is converted by a CRD  12  to a device dependent signal, CMYK, which produces a particular corresponding output signal that can be measured in device independent space L*, a*, b*. Of course, the particular spaces mentioned here are merely exemplary and other forms and representation of device signals can be used. The initial calibration  100  of the CRD  12  is obtained through a larger number (more than 1000 typically) of sample input signals which are printed as test patches and read for their corresponding output. All of the sample data can be utilized to construct an analytical or parametric model in the form f (CMYK)=L*, a*, b*. The true printer transfer function “f” is continuous and differentiable within the printer gamut. Outside the gamut the function is undefined. From the sampled data representation of f a PH approximation  14  is generated  102 . The PH approximation {circumflex over (f)} is invertable and is constructed using the algorithm described in FIG. 2 below. For any input signal, the approximation has an associated error “e”. The error is computed by converting  104  an input signal with an inverse of {circumflex over (f)} in the CRD  12  and then that signal is processed by the marking device. The actual output is compared in estimation model  14  for detecting  106  the error e between the device actual output signal and the output estimated by the model  14 . The output signal can either be measured with a sensor manually in the conventional manner, or for improved on-line operation of the subject invention, the sensor  16  can be included in the system A to regularly monitor marking device  10  outputs. When the error e exceeds some predetermined value, the PH representation of the original function f is recomputed  108 , i.e., reconfigured. A new functional representation {circumflex over (f)}′ is next computed using the adjusted PH representations and newly sampled data. A new more accurate CRD  12  can then be reconstructed  112 . 
     Before discussing the details of the operation of the adjustment mechanism  18 , it is necessary to understand the operating characteristics of the PH model. A particular advantage of the PH representation is that it may be readily inverted and sampled to yield the desired LUT and corresponding CRD  12 . 
     Another advantage is that by partitioning the printer gamut into a plurality of PHs, each having an associated parametric model for the data values within corresponding PHs in the input and output gamuts, the cumulative model for the marking device is more accurate. 
     A parameterization  40  (FIG. 2) determines the degree or number of analytical, parametric models that are utilized for the functional approximation of the color processing transformation. Parameterization comprises choosing how many points the user wishes to use in the approximation of the function. Such a choice will determine the degree of accuracy possible. More points will yield improved accuracy. In the preferred embodiment for the three dimensional case the input domain (CMY) to the printer  10  is cubic by definition. The cube is, of course, defined by eight corner points. In parameterizing or segmenting the cube, tetrahedra are preferably employed, as opposed to another cube, because each tetrahedron can be defined with only four points as opposed to eight. The computational requirements for handling tetrahedra morphing during PH recomputing as opposed to other volumes are accordingly lessened by the lesser number of defining points. However, the subject invention is applicable beyond three dimensions to other arbitrary invertable functions represented as individual simplices. Corresponding tetrahedra must also be assigned to the co-domain space. For the cubic input domain of CMY space the eight points assigned to the co-domain cube will also be vertices of the tetrahedra partitions that fill the domain space. The domain space is completely filled or enclosed by the tetrahedral sub-spaces. The remainder of the chosen points will also be vertices that will be assigned to the interior or some end wall of the cube. The parameterization step essentially determines how many vertices are chosen to represent the input domain. It must also be kept in mind though, that the corresponding tetrahedra in the co-domain or output space (L*, a*, b*) which is, as noted above, not normally cubic, will enclose the co-domain. More importantly, the transforming of data values from the input domain to the output domain is nonlinear so that any linear, invertable approximation will not be completely accurate. However, it is a feature of the invention that each set of corresponding tetrahedra will have a parametric linear or non-linear model that will define a transformation process. 
     After the degree of parameterization is chosen, an initial definition of the coordinate positions of the interior vertices is generated  42 . As will be later appreciated, the actual initial conditions will not be optimal and the convergence process is designed to effect the best available representation using the given parameterization. Accordingly, the generation step merely requires some definition of coordinates in the domain and co-domain for the tetrahedral vertices within the corners of the domain cube. 
     Tessellation  44  comprises defining the domain and co-domain volumes into a plurality of tetrahedra with a standard tessellation protocol program. Such a known program is a Delaunay tessellation, but of course other choices are possible. The objective of tessellation is to take the vertices defined by the parameterization step and connect them into tetrahedra so that the sub-spaces are defined. Ideally, the tessellation program not only deals with uniform tessellation of the domain and co-domain spaces but also may acknowledge a nonuniformed distribution of data within the domain and co-domain spaces. The tessellation in the domain is the same as the tessellation in the co-domain in that the domain tessellation is translated to co-domain tessellation. The tessellation must fill or enclose the domain space leaving no region uncounted. 
     Assigning 46 data points to the tetrahedra comprises assigning predetermined transformation data derived from a large number of sampled test patches to corresponding domain and co-domain tetrahedra. The transformation data is acquired by specifying many input values, printing the values as color patches and reading the corresponding output value coordinates of the output color in the co-domain space. Such acquisition of sample data is similar to prior art calibration methods used for building an LUT and a conventional CRD. The data values are then assigned to the tetrahedra by determining which tetrahedron encloses the data point in the domain and co-domain. Known computational geometric techniques are available for determination of which points are in which tetrahedral volumes. 
     The transformation process of a set of data values within a domain tetrahedron to a corresponding output data values in the co-domain space is approximated with a functional parametric model, for example in the linear case, mathematically represented by 
     
       
           y=Ax+b   (1) 
       
     
     where y represents the co-domain data value, x represents the domain value, A is the conversion matrix and b is the compensating offset value. Other forms of models could also be used, e.g., quadratic, cubic or analytic. Such a linear approximation will of course have some inaccurate representations (error “e”) of the transforming process. However, the parametric model is determined in accordance with a conventional mathematical computation evaluation for minimizing the error by performing 48 a least squares analysis on the contents of each tetrahedron. Such least squares computation comprises a calculation of an N dimensional least squares (in the specific embodiment discussed here N=3) for each tetrahedron yielding the least squares parameters for the matrix A and the vector b. The error in the approximation is calculated by comparing the A and the vector b. The error in the approximation is calculated by comparing the Ax+b value to the actual transformation data value. After the parameters have been determined in accordance with the least squares analysis, the various corresponding tetrahedra, each having a respectively assigned parametric model, comprise cumulatively a piecewise homeomorphism (PH) representing the transforming process of input data values to output data values. In addition, the parametric model comprising part of the homeomorphism is a functional, invertable model which can be used to adjust a customer requested color as defined in device independent space (L*, a*, b*) to the appropriate device dependent CMYK input signal so that the printer can output the customer desired color (L*, a*, b*). 
     An objective function must be assigned to the performance of the cumulative set of functional models. For example, if the objective were that the functional models are exactly accurate with the predetermined transformation data, i.e., no error, then an objective function would measure the error between the models and the actual data. The least squares analysis above is such an objective function for error minimization. Other objectives could be chosen such as forcing continuity across the tetrahedra or minimizing the maximum approximation error. Of course other objectives are also possible. In any event, the error or discrepancy between the performance of the parametric model, and the actual test data value can be used as an important criterion for determining if the PHs should be altered for purposes of achieving a new and more accurate PH better satisfying the selected objective for the system. More particularly, for the subject embodiment, new vertex locations can be calculated  50  for the corresponding tetrahedra. Each vertex serves as a corner of some number of tetrahedra. Moving the vertex to a new location may better achieve the objective. One way to effect such moving is by calculating the average A matrix parameters and b vector parameters over the tetrahedra in which the vertex participates. These values are then used to determine a new value of the vertex position that will accordingly change the parametric model for that particular domain and co-domain tetrahedron set. This particular calculation scheme for adjusting vertex locations is particularly useful because using the average A and b values encourages continuity across the piecewise volumes, an important factor in color rendition. The other predetermined objects, noted above, could also be used individually or in combination for selectively moving the vertex points. The new vertex location effects a changing of the tetrahedron, and consequent redefinition of the parametric model based upon the change in data values within the tetrahedral volume. The new models which when compared against the objective function, will determine if yet another iteration  52  of the subject algorithm, and consequent adjusting of the tetrahedral sets, is appropriate until convergence is achieved wherein the cumulative set of parametric models best satisfy the objective in approximating the device transformation process. In other words, the algorithm will iterate  52  until some predetermined set of convergence criteria is met. Such criteria may include a minimum total step distance covered by all the interior grid points, a means squared error for the approximation or a maximum number of iterations. In addition, the motion of the vertices may have resulted in a mesh tangle. In this case, the iteration also requires retessellation to resolve the mesh tangle but, of course, alternatively, a retessellation may occur in each iteration anyway. 
     The result of this algorithm is a piecewise representation of the transformation that minimizes some objective function—the one used to determine vertex motion in step  50 . With this function in hand an assessment of the precision of the approximation may be made by examination of the errors between the approximation and the data values taken during the initial data collection. If the approximation meets the application&#39;s requirements, the sequence terminates. If not, additional parameterization is performed and the sequence begun again but omitting the data collection exercise. 
     Returning to FIGS. 1 and 3, the recomputing PH step  108  comprises adjusting a set of vertices for the tetrahedra that are used together with the least squares calculation on the enclosed data points to generate a continuous representation of the true transfer function f. These vertices have CMY values and corresponding L*, a*, b* values at each time, t, during the operation of the marking device. New vertices are computed in the recomputing step for correspondingly reconfiguring the tetrahedra for enclosing a different set of actual data values, and hopefully, the new set will facilitate a better and more accurate, i.e., less error e, function f′. Accordingly, the computing of the new {circumflex over (f)}′ function step  110  comprises sampling the data values at the vertex locations of the newly configured tetrahedra. Merely using the tetrahedral vertices as sample data values has been found to provide successful computation of a new function {circumflex over (f)}′, with minimal data values, and therefore is a much more efficient process for updating of the analytical model in terms of both time and processing power. The recalibration sampling is, thus, of a much lesser extent than the type of sampling needed to generate the initial calibration so that the system A can effectively use the estimation model  14  and adjusted mechanism  18  for continually upgrading the CRD  12  and thereby recalibrating the system A. The new co-domain vertex points, the original tessellation, and the original least squares approximations all comprise important considered aspects of the reconstruction of the CRD  12  in accordance with the subject PH form of modeling. 
     With a minimally parameterized approximate representation of the printer transfer function in hand, automatic, on-line recalibration of the printing system is possible. Sampling the color gamut at 1000 or more points prohibits the automatic adjustment because of the length of time involved to collect the samples automatically. The printer&#39;s time dependence would render the samples useless. Taking a large number of samples in this way does not define a single printer “state” but rather samples many states of the printer so no coherent picture of the printer can be obtained. However, a small number (say 50) of samples may be taken during a duration when the printer is nearly static in time. 
     The adaptive feedforward approach for on-line color control illustrated in FIG. 1 provides the advantage of, given an approximate inverse of the marking device function f, a straightforward processing system is provided for determining inputs that will give a desired color output. It is within the scope of the invention that the CRD can merely comprise the inverse of the function f, as opposed to a nonparametric LUT, although it is an alternative feature of the invention that the PH model could also be used to construct an LUT functioning as the CRD. 
     A particular advantage of the subject invention is that the adaptive feedfoward control systems succeeds particularly due to the fact that changes in marking device operation occur slowly relative to the data acquisition time for a small number of samples, so that the continual and gradual upgrading of the function f can be satisfactorily accomplished with essentially minor adjustments in PH configuration and parametric recomputation. Nonetheless, the effect of a continual recalibrating of the device presents a dramatic improvement in color consistency for the life of the marking device and ease of operation for the users of the device because of the removal of the requirements for manual calibration to maintain printer color predictability. 
     The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon the reading and understanding of the specification. It is our intention to include all such modifications and alterations in so far as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.