Abstract:
A process and apparatus for the synthesis of metal oxide nanopowder from a metal compound vapour is presented. In particular a process and apparatus for the synthesis of TiO 2  nanopowder from TiCl 4  is disclosed. The metal compound vapour is reacted with an oxidizing gas in an electrically induced RF frequency plasma thus forming a metal oxide vapour. The metal oxide vapour is rapidly cooled using a highly turbulent gas quench zone which quickly halts the particle growth process, yielding a substantial reduction in the size of metal oxide particles formed. The metal compound vapour can also be reacted with a doping agent to create a doped metal oxide nanopowder. Additionally, a process and apparatus for the inline synthesis of a coated metal oxide is disclosed wherein the metal oxide particles are coated with a surface agent after being cooled in a highly turbulent gas quench zone.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the synthesis of a metal-containing powders. In particular but not exclusively, the present invention relates to the synthesis of nanosized particles of Titanium Dioxide by the oxidation of Titanium Tetrachloride in the vapour phase via an electrically induced plasma followed by rapid cooling. The invention also offers a technique for the inline doping of the metal-containing powder for the purpose of modifying its crystalline structure and/or its surface properties.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Pigments that contribute light-scattering properties to coatings are generally known as white, or hiding, pigments. They act by scattering all wavelengths of light, owing to their relatively high refractive index, so that they are perceived as white to the human eye. The most widely used white pigment is Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ), a polymorphous substance that exists in three modifications or crystal structures, rutile, anatase or brookite. Only the anatase and rutile modifications are of any note, technically or commercially.  
           [0003]    The high demand for Titanium Dioxide based pigments is driven by a combination of a high refractive index and a reasonable manufacturing cost. Additionally, Titanium Dioxide based pigment does not suffer from the same environmental considerations as earlier white pigments such as Lead carbonate, which had a high toxicity and were readily released into the environment when placed in contact with water.  
           [0004]    The anatase form of Titanium Dioxide has a lower refractive index and is generally less durable than the rutile form, which makes it less desirable as a coating pigment. However, as will be seen below, both the lower refractive index and lower durability are highly desirable in some applications.  
           [0005]    Although the most important use for Titanium Dioxide is as a pigment, the material is in fact colourless. To reveal its special properties, the Titanium Dioxide must first be processed to a preferred particle size. For example, for pigment applications the particle size would be one half the wavelength of visible light or about 0.3 microns.  
           [0006]    Aside from its excellent properties as a pigment, Titanium Dioxide has dielectric properties, high ultraviolet absorption and high stability which allows it to be used in speciality applications, such as Electro-ceramics, glass and as an insulator.  
           [0007]    Titanium dioxide pigments are used in man-made fibres, such as polyester, viscose and rayon to name a few. As man made fibres have an undesirable glossy and translucent appearance, the pigment is incorporated into the fibre during the spinning process as for brightening the fibre and reducing the fibre&#39;s lustre. For this application the anatase form is greatly preferred as it has a more neutral white tone than the rutile modification and is also less abrasive. This latter property is very important as the process for spinning fibres is very delicate and would be adversely affected by the addition of the rutile form of Titanium Dioxide to the fibres. Anatase, on the other hand, is a photo catalyst that is activated by ultraviolet radiation resulting in the rapid degradation of the man made fiber when exposed to sunlight.  
           [0008]    Titanium Dioxide is also used for adding opacity and brightness to plastics. The opaqueness and high brightness help mask the poor natural colour of many plastics. Additionally, some grades of Titanium Dioxide absorb ultraviolet light which can accelerate the ageing of plastics.  
           [0009]    Additionally, Titanium Dioxide is added as a filler to the pulp in paper manufacturing processes to enhance brightness and opaqueness. This allows, for example, for the production of highly opaque lightweight papers. For this application Titanium Dioxide in its anatase form is preferred.  
           [0010]    In order to manufacture Titanium Dioxide, a source of Titanium is required. Although Titanium ranks ninth in abundance among elements found in the crust of the earth, it is never found in the pure state. Rather, it occurs as an oxide in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ), rutile (TiO 2 ) or sphene (CaO—TiO 2 —SiO 2 ).  
           [0011]    The production of titanium dioxide pigments is a two step process. The first step is to purify the ore, and is basically a refinement step. This may be achieved by either the sulphate process, which uses sulphuric acid as a liberating agent or the chloride process, which uses chlorine as the liberating agent.  
           [0012]    In the sulphate process, the titanium containing ore is dissolved in sulphuric acid, yielding a solution of titanium, iron, and other metal sulphates. Through a series of steps including chemical reduction, purification, precipitation, washing, and calcination, pigment size TiO 2  is produced.  
           [0013]    Alternatively, the chloride process includes high-temperature, anhydrous vapour phase reactions Titanium or is reacted with chlorine gas under reducing conditions to obtain Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ) and metallic chloride impurities, which are subsequently removed. Highly purified TiCl 4  is then oxidized at high temperature to produce intermediate TiO 2 . The oxidation step in the chloride process permits control of particle size distribution and crystal type, making it possible to produce high quality pigment grade TiO 2 .  
           [0014]    The chloride process is inherently cleaner than the sulphate process and requires a smaller investment on behalf of the manufacturer in terms of waste treatment facilities. Additionally, Titanium Dioxide produced using the chlorine process is generally of higher purity, more durable and has a particle size distribution which is narrower, the latter improving brightness, gloss and opacity.  
           [0015]    As stated above, the chloride process includes high-temperature anhydrous vapour phase reactions where liquid Titanium Tetrachloride is vaporised and superheated after which it is reacted with hot oxygen to produce Titanium Dioxide. The superheating and subsequent reaction phase can be carried out either by a refractory process, where the reactants are heated by refractory heat exchangers and combined. Alternatively, carbon monoxide can be purified and then mixed with the Titanium Tetrachloride and oxidizing agent and then the mixture subject to a controlled combustion Finally, the Titanium Tetrachloride can be vaporised in a hot plasma flame along with the oxidizing agent. This final method has proven to be the most efficient.  
           [0016]    A number of technical approaches are available for generating the plasma. The plasma may be generated by passing the working gas between a pair of electrodes whereby an arc discharge ionises the gas as passes between. Alternatively, the working gas may be passed through a high frequency electrostatic field. Finally, the working gas may be passed through a high frequency induction coil whereby the electromagnetic field ionises the gas as it passes within the coil.  
           [0017]    The synthesis of pigment grade Titanium Dioxide through the oxidation of Titanium Tetrachloride in a plasma flame formed by passing a working gas through a high frequency induction is well known in the art and has been used industrially for some time for the commercial production of such powders for the paint industry.  
           [0018]    Traditionally, the product obtained in this case is composed of relatively large opaque particles with a particle size in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 micrometers or more. Such powders are used as a base material for the production of a wide range of paints and surface modification coatings.  
           [0019]    There has always been an interest in obtaining finer powders in the nanometer range for a wide variety of other applications including ultraviolet protection and the sunscreen industry as well as for advanced catalyst development. However, the development of a process to produce large quantities of Titanium Dioxide nanopowders has proved difficult to attain. The main obstacle has been the method to achieve such an important reduction in the size of distribution of the powder and control its chemistry and surface properties.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0020]    The present invention addresses the above limitations by providing a process for the production of metal oxide nanopowders.  
           [0021]    More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a process for the synthesis of a metal oxide nanopowder from a metal compound vapour. This process comprises the steps of bringing the metal compound vapour to a reaction temperature, reacting the metal compound vapour at the reaction temperature with an oxidizing gas to produce a metal oxide vapour, producing a highly turbulent gas quench zone, and producing the metal oxide nanopowder by cooling the metal oxide vapour in the quench zone.  
           [0022]    Accordingly, the process of the invention enables the production of a metal oxide nanopowder with a controlled particle size distribution and surface reactivity.  
           [0023]    Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a process for the synthesis of a metal oxide nanopowder from a metal chloride vapour. This process comprises the steps of bringing the metal chloride vapour to a reaction temperature, reacting the metal chloride vapour at said reaction temperature with an oxidizing gas to produce a metal oxide vapour, producing a highly turbulent gas quench zone, and producing the metal oxide nanopowder by cooling the metal oxide vapour in the quench zone.  
           [0024]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment, there is additionally provided the step of collecting the metal oxide nanopowder from the quench zone.  
           [0025]    According to other preferred embodiments,  
           [0026]    the step of bringing the metal chloride vapour to a reaction temperature comprises producing a plasma and Injecting metal chloride Into the plasma in order to produce the metal chloride vapour at the reaction temperature;  
           [0027]    the step of injecting metal chloride in the plasma comprises axially or radially injecting the metal chloride into the centre of the plasma or the plasma tail flame; and  
           [0028]    the step of reacting the metal chloride vapour with an oxidizing gas comprises injecting the oxidizing gas into the plasma.  
           [0029]    Additionally, in accordance with another a preferred embodiment there is provided the step of mixing a doping agent with the metal chloride prior to injecting said metal chloride in the plasma.  
           [0030]    In accordance with still another preferred embodiment, the step of reacting the metal chloride vapour with an oxidizing gas further comprises injecting a doping agent into the plasma after the metal chloride has reacted with the oxidizing gas.  
           [0031]    In accordance with yet another preferred embodiment, there is provided the additional step of coating the metal oxide nanopowder with a doping agent.  
           [0032]    In accordance with another preferred embodiment the step of producing a highly turbulent gas quench zone comprises injecting a quench gas in the plasma.  
           [0033]    In accordance with still another preferred embodiment, the step of injecting the quench gas into the plasma comprises producing jets of said quench gas in respective directions having both radial and tangential components, thereby producing a turbulent stream of quench gas.  
           [0034]    Therefore the process of the invention advantageously provides for both the production of metal dioxide nanopowders and metal dioxide nanopowders which have been treated with a suitable doping agent.  
           [0035]    Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a process for the synthesis of a TiO 2  nanopowder from a TiCl 4  vapour. Said process comprises the steps of bringing the TiCl 4  vapour to a reaction temperature, reacting the heated TiCl 4  vapour with oxygen to produce a TiO 2  vapour, producing a highly turbulent gas quench zone, and producing the TiO 2  nanopowder by cooling the TiO 2  vapour in the quench zone.  
           [0036]    Accordingly, the process of the invention advantageously provides for the production of a TiO 2  nanopowder.  
           [0037]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment the step of bringing the TiCl 4  vapour to a reaction temperature comprises producing a plasma and injecting the TiCl 4  into the plasma in order to produce the TiCl 4  vapour at the reaction temperature  
           [0038]    According to other preferred embodiments:  
           [0039]    there is provided the additional step of mixing a doping agent with the TiCl 4  prior to injecting sald TiCl 4  in the plasma,  
           [0040]    there is provided the additional step of injecting a doping agent into the plasma after the TiCl 4  vapour has reacted with the oxygen; and  
           [0041]    a there is provided the additional step of coating the TiO 2  nanopowder with a doping agent  
           [0042]    Additionally in accordance a further preferred embodiment the step of producing a highly turbulent gas quench zone comprises injecting a quench gas in the plasma.  
           [0043]    In accordance with still another preferred embodiment the step of injecting the quench gas in the plasma comprises producing jets of said quench gas in respective directions having both radial and tangential components to thereby produce a turbulent stream of quench gas.  
           [0044]    Therefore the process of the invention advantageously provides for both the production of TiO 2  nanopowders and TiO 2  nanopowders which have been treated with a suitable doping or surface treatment agent.  
           [0045]    Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a process for the inline synthesis of a doped metal oxide from a metal chloride vapour and a doping agent This process includes the steps of bringing the metal chloride vapour to reaction temperature, reacting the metal chloride vapour with an oxidizing gas to produce a metal oxide vapour, producing a highly turbulent intense product quench zone, producing metal oxide particles by cooling the metal oxide vapour in the quench zone and producing doped metal oxide by coating the metal oxide particles with the doping agent.  
           [0046]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment the doping agent or surface treating is selected from one of two groups of materials. The first is comprised of, but not limited to, metals or volatile metal compounds such as silicon tetrachloride, zinc chloride or others. The second group is comprised of organic monomers such as Methyl Methylacrylate (MMA), Teflon or others such as Diethyl Zinc and chloro-fluorocarbons.  
           [0047]    Accordingly, the process of the invention advantageously provides for the production of a doped metal oxide powder whereby the doping of the metal oxide powder is carried out inline after the powder has been cooled.  
           [0048]    Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a process for the for the inline synthesis of a doped TiO 2  from TiCl 4  and a doping agent. The process includes the steps of bringing the TiCl 4  to reaction temperature, reacting the heated TiCl 4  with oxygen to produce a TiO 2  vapour, producing a highly turbulent intense product quench zone, cooling the TiO 2  vapour in the quench zone to produce TiO 2  particles, and producing doped TiO 2  by coating the TiO 2  particles with the doping agent.  
           [0049]    Accordingly, the process of the invention advantageously provides for the production of a doped TiO 2  powder whereby the doping of the TiO 2  powder is carried out inline after the powder has been cooled.  
           [0050]    Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for synthesising a metal oxide nanopowder from a metal compound vapour. The apparatus comprises the following elements:  
           [0051]    plasma to bring the metal compound vapour to a reaction temperature;  
           [0052]    a reactor chamber within which the metal compound vapour reacts at the reaction temperature with an oxidizing gas to produce a metal oxide vapour; and  
           [0053]    a means for producing a highly turbulent quench zone below the plasma in order to promote individual particle nucleation and hinder the metal oxide particle growth.  
           [0054]    The quench zone cools the metal oxide vapour thus producing the metal oxide nanopowder. Additionally, the means for producing a highly turbulent quench zone comprises a plurality of substantially coplanar fine quench gas nozzles through which a quench gas is injected at high velocity.  
           [0055]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the reactor chamber of the synthesising apparatus is substantially cylindrical.  
           [0056]    In accordance with another preferred embodiment, the fine quench gas nozzles which provide for the highly turbulent quench zone are equally spaced around the reactor chamber.  
           [0057]    In accordance with still another preferred embodiment, the fine quench gas nozzles which provide for the highly turbulent quench zone are oriented in respective directions having both radial and tangential components  
           [0058]    Accordingly, the apparatus of the invention advantageously provides for synthesising a metal oxide nanopowder from a metal compound vapour.  
           [0059]    Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for synthesising a doped metal oxide nanopowder from a metal compound vapour and a doping agent. The apparatus comprises the following elements:  
           [0060]    a plasma to bring the metal compound vapour and the doping agent to a reaction temperature;  
           [0061]    a reactor chamber in which the metal compound vapour and the doping agent react at the reaction temperature with an oxidizing gas to produce a doped metal oxide; and  
           [0062]    a means for producing a highly turbulent quench zone below the plasma.  
           [0063]    The quench zone cools the doped metal oxide vapour thus producing the doped metal oxide nanopowder. Furthermore, the means for producing a highly turbulent quench zone comprises a plurality of substantially coplanar fine quench gas nozzles through which a quench gas is injected at high velocity.  
           [0064]    Finally, also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for the Inline synthesis of a doped metal oxide from a metal compound vapour and a doping agent, This apparatus comprises the following elements:  
           [0065]    a plasma to bring the metal compound vapour to a reaction temperature;  
           [0066]    a reactor chamber in which the metal compound vapour and the doping agent react at the reaction temperature with an oxidizing gas to produce a metal oxide vapour;  
           [0067]    a means for producing a highly turbulent quench zone below the plasma wherein the quench zone cools the metal oxide vapour producing metal oxide particles; and  
           [0068]    an inline doping unit for coating the metal oxide particles with the doping agent.  
           [0069]    The means for producing a highly turbulent quench zone comprises a plurality of substantially coplanar fine quench gas nozzles through which a quench gas is injected at high velocity Additionally, the doping unit comprises a source of the doping agent and a doping agent injecting inlet through which the doping agent is injected into the metal oxide particles thereby producing the doped metal oxide.  
           [0070]    Accordingly, the apparatus of the invention also advantageously provides for synthesising a doped metal oxide powder from a metal compound vapour whereby the doping of the metal oxide powder is carried out inline after the powder has been cooled.  
           [0071]    The foregoing and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of a preferred embodiment thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0072]    In the appended drawings;  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 1 is a schematic elevation view of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention, for the production of a metal oxide nanopowder;  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view, taken along line  2 - 2  of FIG. 1, of the apparatus in accordance with the present invention, for the production of a metal oxide nanopowder; and  
         [0075]    [0075]FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in water in the presence of doped and non treated TiO 2  nanopowder. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0076]    According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, Titanium Dioxide nanopowder is manufactured by heating Titanium Tetrachloride to a reaction temperature using plasma, reacting the obtained Titanium Tetrachloride vapour with an oxidizing gas to form Titanium Dioxide vapour and rapidly cooling the Titanium Dioxide vapour.  
         [0077]    Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a reactor  2  and a filter unit  4 . The reactor  2  includes a sealed reaction chamber  6  comprising a vertically disposed cylindrical chamber section  8  enclosed at the upper end by an induction plasma jet assembly  10 . The sealed reaction chamber  6  also comprises a conical chamber section  12  at the lower end of the vertically disposed cylindrical section  8 . This conical chamber section  12  defines a region  14  for receiving Titanium Dioxide nanopowder.  
         [0078]    The plasma jet assembly  10  comprises a cylindrical reactant mixing chamber  16  and an inductive coil  18  coaxial with and surrounding the mixing chamber  16 . The plasma  20  used to heat the Titanium Tetrachloride is produced by the plasma jet assembly  10  by passing a gas, referred to in the art as a working gas, through a high frequency, for example RF frequency electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic field should have a power level sufficient high to cause, by induction, the gas to ionise and thereby produce and sustain plasma. The working gas could be any gas which will ionise when subject to the high frequency electromagnetic field and which remains inert when in the presence of Titanium Tetrachloride. Examples of suitable working gases include helium, argon, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and air or a mixture thereof. By supplying a high frequency electric current to the Inductive coil  18  the mixture of gases in the reactant mixing chamber  16  is ionised and a plasma created.  
         [0079]    In the preferred embodiment, the working gas is formed of a mixture of Oxygen and Argon (with Oxygen also acting as the oxidizing agent). Oxygen is introduced into the reactant mixing chamber  16  via a first inlet  22  and Argon via a second inlet  24 . A high frequency electric current is applied to the inductive coil  18 ; the power level of this electric current is sufficiently high to ionise the Oxygen/Argon mixture and create the plasma  20 . The minimum power level applied to the inductive coil  18  necessary for self sustained induction plasma discharge is determined by the gas, pressure and frequency of the magnetic field. The minimum power necessary for sustaining an induction plasma discharge may be lowered by reducing the pressure or by adding ionising mixtures. Power can vary from 20 to 30 kW all the way up to hundreds of kilowatts depending on the scale of operation. Preferably, the frequency of the current supplied to the inductor coil  18  is of the order of 3 Mhz, although successful operation can be demonstrated at typical frequencies as low as 200 kHz or as high as 26.7 MHz. It should also be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art that frequencies outside the range of 200 kHz to 26.7 MHz may be used. In the preferred embodiment a sinusoidal 30 kW electrical current of 3 MHz is applied to the inductive coil  18  whereby the oxygen/argon mixture in the reactant mixing chamber  16  is ionised to create the induction plasma  20 .  
         [0080]    Titanium Tetrachloride is introduced axially into the reactant mixing chamber  16  via a third inlet  26 . In an alternative embodiment the Titanium Tetrachloride is introduced radially into the plasma  20  immediately below the reactant mixing chamber  16  via a fourth Inlet  28 . In a second alternative embodiment a combination of axial introduction of Titanium Tetrachloride via the third inlet  26  and radial introduction of Titanium Tetrachloride via the fourth inlet  28  Is used.  
         [0081]    Additionally, a doping agent can be reacted with the oxidizing gas to modify the bulk and/or surface properties of the nanopowders produced. In a first alternative embodiment the doping agent is mixed with the Titanium Tetrachloride prior to the Titanium Tetrachloride being brought to the reaction temperature by the plasma  20 . Bringing the mixture to reaction temperature causes both the Titanium Tetrachloride and the doping agent to simultaneously under go oxidisation thus modifying the bulk properties of the Titanium Dioxide formed, its surface properties, or both.  
         [0082]    In a second alternative embodiment, the doping agent is injected into the plasma  20  after the Titanium Tetrachloride has reacted with the oxidizing gas and the Titanium Dioxide formed. Similar to the first alternative embodiment described above, provided the doping agent is vaporised at the reaction temperature, the doping agent will react with the oxidizing gas, modifying the bulk properties of the Titanium Dioxide, its surface properties, or both.  
         [0083]    Doping agents introduced into the process at this stage include volatile metal compounds, such as Silicon Tetrachloride and Zinc Chloride  
         [0084]    It should be noted that once the plasma  20  has been established it may be sustained solely by the flow of Titanium Tetrachloride. Indeed, the plasma  20  may be initiated and established by the flow of Titanium Tetrachloride alone. Also, by mixing a readily lonised working gas such as argon with the Titanium Tetrachloride, ignition of the plasma is greatly simplified.  
         [0085]    As the Titanium Tetrachloride comas into contact with the plasma  20  it vaporizes and the oxidation reaction proceeds almost instantaneously giving rise to the formation of Titanium Dioxide and free chlorine. The reaction is estimated as taking place at a temperature between 1500° C. and 3000° C. although it should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that lower or higher temperatures can also be used depending on plasma loading and input power to the inductor coil  18 .  
         [0086]    A critical part of the process is the high intensity turbulent quench technique which has been developed for the ultra rapid cooling of the products of the reaction and the hindrance of the particle growth process normally associated with the formation of aerosol particles through vapour condensation. The rapid quench technique is responsible for the formation of the nanopowder and the predominance (experimental results reveal over 80%) of the anatase phase in this powder. The quench technique aims to bring the temperature of the Titanium Dioxide vapours down from the reaction temperature of between 1500° C. to 3000° C. to a temperature in the range of 100° C. and 500° C. Experimental tests carried out using an apparatus in accordance with the preferred embodiment yielded cooled temperatures of approximately 120° C.  
         [0087]    Referring now to FIG. 2 in addition to FIG. 1, a highly turbulent gas quench zone  30  is produced by injecting an intense turbulent stream of compressed quench gas into the plasma discharge  32 . This is made via coplanar fine quench gas nozzles such as  34  oriented in respective directions having both radial and tangential components to produce respective high speed jets of quench gas in the same radial/tangential direction. As better shown in FIG. 2, the nozzles  34  are equally spaced apart from each other around the periphery of the reactor  2 . This results in rapid cooling of the product vapour and the immediate halting of the particle growth process. The highly turbulent quench zone  30  is largely responsible for the control achieved by this process on the particle size distribution and the nanosized mean particle diameter of the Titanium Dioxide powder obtained.  
         [0088]    The quench technique used in the preferred embodiment is comprised of a circular air channel which is located below the plasma discharge  32  in the reactor  2 . The location of the quench zone  30 , depending on the process requirement, may vary between a few centimeters to more than 15 or 20 centimeters downstream of the plasma discharge  32 . Although air is used as a quench gas in the preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention, it should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that selection of the quench gas is dictated to some degree by the chemistry of the process, and that other gases such as for example pure oxygen and nitrogen may also be used as a quench gas.  
         [0089]    The quench gas is injected into the reactor  2  with a velocity on the order of several hundred meters per second up to sonic velocity. In the preferred embodiment the velocity of the injected quench gas is 260 meters per second. The injected quench gas results in the formation of a high intensity turbulent flow zone  30  in the centre the vertically disposed cylindrical section  8  of the reaction chamber  6  of the reactor  2  at the level of the quench gas nozzles  34 . The formation of this flow zone  30  gives rise to the rapid cooling of the products of the reaction and their condensation in the form of a nanometer sized aerosol particles. The rapid cooling of the products of the reaction also favours the formation of the TiO 2  nanopowder in the anatase phase which is the predominant phase formed at high temperature.  
         [0090]    The direction of the quench gas nozzles  34  can be adjusted in the plane in which these nozzles  34  are lying in order to control the turbulence characteristics in the centre of the quench zone  30  which, in turn, has an influence on the nature of the nanopowders obtained.  
         [0091]    A conduit  36  interposed between the reactor  2  and the filter unit  4  is affixed at the lower, smaller-diameter end of the conical section  12  of the reaction chamber  6  of the reactor  2 , and is used for transporting the cooled nanopowder to the filter unit  4  for filtering. A fifth inlet  38  is located in the wall of the conduit  36 , A suitable doping agent may possibly be introduced through this fifth inlet  38  for coating the cooled nanopowder. By coating the powder, properties of the powder can be modified to adapt them to particular applications. For example, as stated above the process produces TiO 2  with a proportionally higher content of the anatase phase. Adding the anatase phase to man made fibres combined with exposure to ultraviolet radiation can lead to auto-degradation of the fibres (due to the catalytic behaviour of the anatase phase when in the presence of ultraviolet radiation). By first coating the powder with the polymer Methyl Methylacrylate, prior to its addition to man made fibres, the auto degradation can be effectively halted thereby extending the life of the fibres,  
         [0092]    A critical aspect of the coating process is the temperature of the powder to be coated. Traditionally, TiO 2  powders are left to cool for some time before an additional and separate coating process is applied to modify the surface characteristics of the powder. The rapid cooling of the powder provided by the highly turbulent gas quench technique means that the powder can be coated immediately following quenching with a range of materials which would other wise be destroyed or negatively effected by the heat of the powder. Additionally, for a number of coatings an accurate control of the cooled temperature is necessary, especially polymers if polymerisation is to take effect. Experiments have revealed, for example, that the coating of a TiO 2  powder with the polymer Methyl Methylacrylate can be carried out at a temperature of 120° C., a temperature which can be readily achieved and controlled through the use of the highly turbulent gas quench technique.  
         [0093]    This coating of the nanopowder after cooling by the quench zone is herein referred to as inline doping. Although in this regard reference is made to the coating of a cooled nanopowder, it should be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that the inline coating process could also be applied to a powder with a particle size larger than a nanopowder.  
         [0094]    Depending on the intended use of the nanopowder (or powder, in the case a powder with a particle size greater than a nanopowder is being coated), many surface coating agents may be considered. The surface coating agent controls the surface properties of the nanopowder. For example, as stated above, the use of Methyl Methylacrylate as surface coating agent resulted in a significant reduction of the catalytic properties of the predominantly anatase TiO 2  nanopowder produced. Referring to FIG. 3 the photocatalytic degradation of a normalised concentration phenol in water in the presence of a TiO 2  nanopowder doped with Methyl Methylacrylate (“doped powder” ) is displayed versus that of a non-treated powder. The process is not limited, however, to one specific surface coating agent. Other potential surface coating agents are known to those of ordinary skill in the art and may Include, for example, Teflon monomer, Diethyl Zinc, chloro-fluorocarbons and metallic vapours.  
         [0095]    The filter unit  4  is comprised of an upper, vertically disposed cylindrical section  40 . A conical section  43  is mounted on the lower end of the cylindrical section  40  and defines a region  44  for receiving filtered Titanium Dioxide nanopowder. A porous filter medium  42 , such as Goretex™, capable of capturing the nanopowder is mounted axially and centrally within the cylindrical section  40  and has a porosity such that the nanopowders cannot pass there through and are removed from the exhaust gases which are expelled via the exhaust  46 . The nanopowder received in the region  44  are collected through a bottom vertical conduit  48 .  
         [0096]    Although the present invention has been described hereinabove by way of a preferred embodiment thereof, this embodiment can be modified at will, within the scope of the appended claims, without departing from the spirit and nature of the subject invention.