Abstract:
A cascading reactor system configured for recovering kerogen oil from rubblized oil shale by cycling each reactor through at least a preheating phase, a peak heating phase, a cooling phase, and a recharging phase by the differential and sequential direction of fluid through each reactor and, wherein the system is modularly scalable.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims benefit of International patent application Serial No. PCT/US2013/020119 filed Jan. 3, 2013, and entitled “Batch Oil Shale Pyrolysis,” which further claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/645,447 filed on May 10, 2012, and entitled “Batch Oil Shale Pyrolysis,” both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not applicable. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    1. Field of the Disclosure 
         [0004]    This disclosure relates enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, specifically to the pyrolytic recovery of kerogen oil from shale. 
         [0005]    2. Background 
         [0006]    There has been a renewed interest in unconventional oil and gas development as prices for these products have risen to sustained, record levels. In this context, the easily recoverable oil and gas resources historically have been extracted using conventional off-the-shelf technologies that have been commercially viable for such purposes. However, the easily recoverable oil and gas resources are rapidly diminishing, and thus the more difficult and costly resources remain to be developed. Further, these remaining reserves often found in more remote and dangerous territories. 
         [0007]    In some respects, the industry&#39;s ability to extract oil and gas bound up in ultra-tight shale appears to provide another potential resource that has not been optimized. By some estimates, there is well over a trillion barrels of oil that may be recoverable from United States shale formations. It should be understood that shale is the source rock from which all of the oil and most of the natural gas produced by the oil and gas industry is derived. Generally, shale is a fine grain, organic rich sedimentary rock, which when subjected to high temperature and pressure during its burial deep within the earth&#39;s crust, the organic material is transformed into kerogen, a solid hydrocarbon material which is the precursor of oil and natural gas. With further depth of burial and increase in temperature, the kerogen material is thermally cracked by the natural process of catagenesis, with expulsion of crude oil and natural gas occurring over thousands and millions of years. 
         [0008]    These hydrocarbons then migrate vertically and laterally through the earth&#39;s crust to become geologically trapped in subsurface structures and other stratigraphic traps and these are the oil and gas reservoirs that have been historically developed by the industry. In the case of the new oil and gas shale plays that are currently being exploited, the oil and gas is being produced from the shale. Many shale formations outcrop at the surface and often have not been buried deep enough in the Earth&#39;s crust during their geologic history for catagenesis to occur. In the US and many other countries there is an abundance of oil shale outcropping at the surface, or within easy reach just beneath it using conventional excavation and recovery technologies. Outcropping shale formations account for 20% of the surface area in the US. Thus, with extraction of oil from these organic rich shale rocks, it may be estimated that, for example, the US would have a nearly inexhaustible supply of kerogen derived liquid fuel. 
         [0009]    One technological impediment to the development of a surface mineable oil shale industry has been the relatively poor quality of man-made kerogen oils. These oils tend to contain more olefinic hydrocarbon species which can cause gumming when exposed to oxygen, and these oils tend to have a lower hydrogen-carbon ratio and consequently lower American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. Versus West Texas Intermediate having approximately 40 API gravity, some oil shale technologies produce oils with gravities at or below approximately 20 API gravity. Further, kerogen oils tend to be much richer in nitrogen, chlorine, arsenic, and other contaminants, often by orders of magnitude relative to crude oil. Many of these constituents serve as catalyst poisons which prevent the kerogen oils from being directly blended into the crude oil feedstock of current refineries. Since the refining industry has been built around the processing of more conventional crude oils which don&#39;t possess these characteristics, further investment in upgrading via hydro-treating is needed to process kerogen oils into more fungible syncrudes capable of being blended. 
         [0010]    The biggest economic impediment to the development of oil shale in the 1970s/80s was the cost to mine and crush oil shale. Approximately two tons of Green River oil shale with an assay of 21 gallons-per-ton is required to make one barrel of oil. In 1983, when the price of oil was $29/barrel the surface mining cost was approximately $13/ton or $26/barrel. Mining costs alone consumed over 90% of the sales price of a barrel, leaving little room for other costs to process and transport the oil, leaving no room for any profit. With improvements in surface mining efficiency over the past 30 years, the cost to mine a ton of shale has fallen to below $10/ton or $20/barrel, while the price of oil has escalated to approximately $100/barrel, thus expanding the operating margin to $80/barrel before consideration of other costs and improving the outlook for a healthy profit margin. 
         [0011]    The most widely used process technologies to extract kerogen oil from shale involve the heating of oil shale particles via pyrolysis, a higher temperature and therefore more rapid means of breaking down solid kerogen into oil and gas as compared to natural catagenesis. Pyrolysis can achieve in a matter of minutes or seconds an outcome similar to what it takes nature thousands or millions of years to achieve. Currently, the industry has directed most of its R&amp;D investment into a class of technologies which require the partial combustion of the shale particles to provide the heat necessary for pyrolysis. In these processes, the carbon residue that remains behind in the spent shale particles is used as a fuel source for heating. These processes typically use hot combustion gases, the combusted shale particles themselves or other solid materials heated by the combustion of shale particles to heat raw shale to pyrolysis temperatures. These are typically continuous processes whereby a stream of hot gases or solids is flowed countercurrent to the direction of incoming raw shale. There are many environmental issues which arise from combustion processes, in addition to other operational problems. Further combustion type processes typically suffer from reduced yield versus Fischer Assay and typically produce lower API gravity kerogen oil. Today, most kerogen oil production, approximately 20,000 barrels per day in China, Estonia and Brazil, is derived from combustion processes, most of which is deemed sub-economic and/or uncompetitive with conventional oil and gas development. 
         [0012]    Thus there is a need for new methods to economically extract high quality kerogen oil from organic rich shale that can be undertaken in an environmentally respectful manner. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0013]    In one configuration there is disclosed herein a thermally efficient, cascading reactor system configured for recovering kerogen oil from rubblized oil shale by cycling each reactor through at least a preheating phase, a peak heating phase, a cooling phase, and a recharging phase by the differential and sequential direction of fluid through each reactor and, wherein the system is modularly scalable. 
         [0014]    In another configuration the present disclosure may be considered a mechanically simple and thermally efficient batch process for recovering kerogen oil and other gaseous products from organic rich shale rock via aqueous pyrolysis is disclosed herein. The process involves a prescribed sequence of heating and cooling cycles applied to reusable fixed bed reactor reactors charged with shale rubble. The system and method herein is configured for multiple reactor commercial application, whereby separate reactors operating concurrently at different stages of heating and cooling can achieve significant thermal efficiency. As an aqueous fluid is the primary medium for heating and cooling of the reactors, heat transfer is achieved by circulating liquid water, steam, or both between reactors that are operating at different temperatures. With multiple reactors in operation, a near uniform kerogen oil and gas production rate can be maintained. 
         [0015]    Alternatively, there is disclosed a system for recovering a hydrocarbon from oil shale comprising, a plurality of reactors in fluid and thermal communication, a plurality of conduits for conveying a fluid between each reactor, and at least one product conduit for withdrawing the condensed liquid at temperature. In this configuration, the reactors are arranged in a thermal cascade, such that the thermal effluent from the hottest reactor is introduced to the next hottest reactor, from a first reactor to a last reactor, wherein the last reactor is the coolest reactor. Further, the reactors are arranged in a liquid cascade, such that the condensed liquid from the thermal effluent is collected after each respective reactor from a first reactor to a last reactor. Additionally, there is at least one conduit in thermal communication with a reactor configured to reduce the temperature therein and wherein the at least one conduit is thermal communication with at least one other liquid conduit in order to provide thermal energy for heating the last reactor. 
         [0016]    In still further configurations of the presently disclosed system, each reactor comprises a vessel extending from a cap to a base having a thermal insulation located on either the interior or exterior of the vessel between the cap and the base, a perforated distributor plate disposed is at the bottom of the reactor to support particulate reactor contents that have a dimension of at least about 3″ and to permit a gas flow therethrough. Disposed therein below is a chute having a means to convey solid materials from the reactor, and an injector in fluid communication with the chute and the reactor via the perforated plate. Also, in the present configuration there may be a plurality of conduits in fluid communication with the reactor via at least one of the cap and the injector. 
         [0017]    The system configured thusly may be used according to a method for recovering kerogen oil comprising loading a first and second reactor with rubblized oil shale, heating the first reactor to a first peak heating temperature with steam or water while heating the second reactor to a preheating temperature with the hydrocarbon vapor from the first reactor. The method includes collecting condensate from the second reactor, heating the second reactor to a second peak heating temperature with steam or water, cooling the first and second reactor and removing spent rubblized shale therefrom and recovering kerogen oil from the collected condensate. 
         [0018]    In another operation the method for recovering hydrocarbons from oil shale, comprises operating multiple reactors in a batch mode, wherein the reactors are configured for aqueous hydrolysis by charging each reactor with oil shale particles having a maximum dimension of 6 inches. Subsequently, cycling each reactor to undergo in a batch cycle comprising at least once of each of the phases including a preheating phase, a peak heating phase, a cooling phase, and a recharge phase. The method also comprises operating all reactors concurrently, such that no reactor is in the same operating phase simultaneously, recovering heat energy from at least one hot reactor upon completion of the peak heating phase, and transferring the heat energy to at least one cooler reactor operating in the preheating phase. 
         [0019]    The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features of the disclosure in order that the detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and characteristics of exemplary embodiments will be described hereinafter. Thus, embodiments described herein comprise a combination of features and characteristics intended to address various shortcomings associated with certain prior systems and methods. The various characteristics and features described above, as well as others, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]    For a detailed description of the disclosed exemplary embodiments of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0021]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a batch process reactor configuration according to the disclosure; 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  schematically illustrates a batch process system configuration according to the disclosure; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a batch process system and conduit configuration according to the disclosure. 
       
    
    
     NOTATION AND NOMENCLATURE 
       [0024]    In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . ”. 
         [0025]    Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct connection of the two devices, or through an indirect connection as accomplished via other intermediate devices, apparatuses, and connections. 
         [0026]    The term “vessel” is used herein to refer to containers used for heating or cooling shale particles. As found herein, the term “kettle” may be used interchangeably with the term “vessel”. Further, “kettle” is intended to more specifically refer to a vessel configured for batch processing a finite quantity of shale. Still further, “retort” is used herein to refer to a vessel configured for high-temperature pyrolysis. 
         [0027]    “Rubblization” refers to the fragmentation of rock by mechanical means to achieve smaller sized particles. Further, the term “rubblized” refers to material that has been mechanically fragmented to smaller sized particles. 
         [0028]    “Aqueous pyrolysis” or “hydrous pyrolysis” refers to the thermal decomposition of organic compounds brought about at high temperature in the presence of water, which exists either in the form of liquid water or vapor/steam. 
         [0029]    As found herein “hydrocarbon species” refers to the numerous hydrocarbon compounds of differing physical properties which have been generated by pyrolysis reactions. 
         [0030]    The term “saturated steam” refers to steam that is in equilibrium with heated water at the same pressure. 
         [0031]    Further, the term “superheated steam” refers to steam that is elevated in temperature above its saturation temperature. 
         [0032]    As used herein “lean gas” or “lean hydrocarbon species” refers to low molecular weight hydrocarbon species remaining in the gas phase after high molecular weight hydrocarbon species have been condensed. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0033]    Overview: 
         [0034]    The system and method to be described is focused on a design for a mechanically simple technology to enable a rapid ramp up in kerogen oil production volumes such that scale efficiencies may be realized. In a departure from the typical continuous processing retorts that underpin many oil shale technologies, a form of batch processing using aqueous (hydrous) pyrolysis is being advocated. While this is a batch process, multiple batches are undertaken in assembly line or sequential fashion to produce a near continuous production rate of a refinable kerogen oil product. 
         [0035]    Certain properties arise from the use of aqueous pyrolysis. As a heat transfer medium, steam and/or water may be used to both heat and cool batches of shale rapidly through direct or indirect means. Further, the use of an aqueous medium provides a highly efficient means for recovering heat and transferring it between batches of shale. Additionally, pyrolysis undertaken in the presence of water appears to be beneficial in improving kerogen oil yield, approaching or exceeding the yield derived by the Fischer Assay method. Without limitation by theory, this may be due to the incorporation of exogenous hydrogen into various the hydrocarbon species and this hydrogen can only be sourced from the water in contact with the shale during pyrolysis. Further, as disclosed herein by elevating the temperature of kerogen rich shale to the thermal window between about 300° F. and about 1000° F., a virtually complete pyrolysis of the shale will occur to create man-made kerogen oil. 
         [0036]    The embodiments disclosed herein are designed and operated to be as a simple batch design. Multiple reactors are contemplated, each operating in a different heating or cooling phase. The temperature differences that exist between the reactors, creates the opportunity to achieve high thermal efficiency by transferring heat from a hotter reactor(s) to a cooler reactor(s). As disclosed herein, an aqueous fluid is used as the primary heating medium, thus permitting the extraction of kerogen oil from organic rich oil shale rock obtained from either a surface or subsurface mining operation, in a mechanically simple system. 
         [0037]    Method: 
         [0038]    In general, rubblization enhances the surface area of the shale available for heat transfer, while also yielding a particle size distribution which preserves highly permeable flow paths for injected aqueous fluid contacting the shale particles. The process comprises heating of oil shale rubble by an aqueous fluid to temperatures necessary for the conversion of the solid kerogen into gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon species via aqueous pyrolysis; as used herein the molecular cracking in the presence of water, primarily in the thermal window from about 300° F. to about 1000° F.; alternatively from about 350° F. to about 950° F.; and still further from about 400° F. to about 900° F. The peak temperature and temperature range to be applied may be dependent upon the properties of particular shale used, and other design considerations in an economically optimal process installation. Heating is achieved by direct injection of aqueous fluid, water or steam, into a heavily insulated fixed bed reactor, such as a kettle or retort, which has been charged with rubblized oil shale particles. In certain instances the rubblized shale is dimensionally less than about 6 inches in any one dimension; alternatively less than about 5 inches and in certain instances, less than about 3 inches in any one dimension. In still further instances, the rubblized shale may be dimensionally less than about an inch in any dimension. 
         [0039]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary batch kettle system  100  for the peak heating period. Generally the batch kettle system comprises a kettle or reactor  110  surrounded by an insulation  120 . Insulation  120  maybe any known insulator without limitation that is configurable to withstand, buffer, or retain reactor heat and may be placed on either the interior of the kettle or exterior as shown. In certain instances, the insulation  120  may comprise a solid structure and alternative, the insulation  120  may comprise a fluid conduit or jacket, such as a gas or liquid jacket. In some configurations the reactor  110  and the insulation are configured to operate at any temperature below the peak heating temperature of the reactor  110  of less than about 2000° F.; in some configurations less than about 1500° F., and in further configurations less than about 1000° F. Reactor contents  101  are removably retained within the reactor  110 . The reactor  110  includes a perforated distributor plate  130  that forms the bottom or base thereof. Without limitation by theory, the perforated distributor plate  130  comprises a holed or screened support for the reactor contents  101 . Disposed below the perforated distributor plate  130  is a chute  140  for directing and conveying reactor contents  101  out of reactor  110 . Perforated distributor plate  130  may be moveable or repositionable to permit emptying of reactor  110  via chute  140 . In certain instances, chute  140  includes an injector  150  and an effluent conduit  175 . Injector  150  is any injector that is configurable to inject fluid, vapors, steam, or other superheated gases into the chute  140 . Effluent conduit  175  is any conduit for the retrieval and conveyance of fluids from the reactor  110 . Further, chute  140  comprises a valve, hatch, or other sealable passage therethrough such that pressures and temperatures are retained in the reactor  110 . 
         [0040]    The reactor  110  includes a cap  160  configured to fluidly connect fluid conduits  170  to the reactor contents  101 . In configurations, the cap  160  is coupled to a plurality of fluid conduits  170  configured to entrain and convey fluids, including vapors, gases and liquids from the reactor  110 . In further configurations, certain fluid conduits  170  in the cap  160  provide a fluid flow into the reactor  110 , for example in direct contact with the reactor contents  101 . Further, it may be understood that cap  160  is pivotable or removable to permit solids depositing into reactor  110  in order to form and/maintain reactor contents  101 . Still further, cap  160  may comprise a hatch or other sealable passage therethrough for the same purpose. 
         [0041]    Without limitation by theory, the injector  150  injects steam or superheated gases into the reactor  110  via the chute  140  and the perforated distributor plate  130 . In some configurations the injector  150  is configured to inject any fluid into the chute  140  and the reactor  110 . The steam or vapor from fluid travels vertically through the reactor contents  101  to contact cap  160 . Cap  160  directs gases into fluid conduits  170  for direction to other reactors for additionally processing or distillation to form reactor products. Further, cap  160  directs fluids from fluid conduits  170  into the reactor contents. Generally, reactor products may be considered refinable hydrocarbons, in certain instances may comprise hydrocarbon liquids, and more specifically kerogen oils as discussed herein. 
         [0042]    During what is referred to herein as the “peak heating phase” or “peak heating period” heat transfer from the aqueous fluid to the shale rubble occurs in the thermal window from about from about 300° F. to about 1000° F.; alternatively from about 350° F. to about 950° F.; and still further from about 400° F. to about 900° F. as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The fluid is injected at a temperature in excess of about 750° F. into the reactor contents  101 , comprising rubblized shale which has already been pre-heated to about 400° F. In some configurations, the steam enters through a perforated distributor plate  130  located in the bottom of the reactor  110 . As the steam moves vertically through the reactor  110 , the temperature of the steam declines as its heat is transferred to contacted oil shale particles in the rubblized shale. Steam-to-shale heat transfer occurs by convection as the steam flows between the shale particles, whereas for steam flowing within the shale particles the heat transfer is by conduction. 
         [0043]    The reactor is charged with shale rubble so as to have a void space from about 10% to about 50%; further from about 18% to about 45%; and alternatively, from about 25% to about 40%. The void space is at least partially dependent upon particle size distribution of the shale rubble introduced into a reactor and is a design consideration which may vary between particular projects. As may be understood, particle size will affect the rate of heat transfer as well as the permeability of the rubblized shale bed, thus the flow rates that can be achieved through the bed. 
         [0044]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , hydrocarbon species created from pyrolysis reactions with boiling points below approximately 700° F. may be vaporized during the peak heating phase in a heat transfer system  200 . In situations above about 700° F. these species are likely to be vaporized. The produced effluent gas  210  from the peak heating reactor  100  is used to pre-heat the next reactor  220  scheduled to undergo its peak heating phase, as shown in  FIG. 2 . As the temperature of the effluent gas stream  210  cools, the higher boiling point hydrocarbons species will condense to produce two phase flow  230  in the reactor being pre-heated (e.g. 220). 
         [0045]    After reaching a target temperature beyond which negligible hydrocarbon expulsion is achieved, for example between about 700° F. and about 900° F., or as may be determined for particular shale type, the peak heating phase for a reactor  100  is terminated. The reactor of now spent shale then undergoes a cooling phase. As used herein, during the “cooling phase” or the “cooling period,” the spent shale is cooled by the same process used to heat the shale. Initial cooling of the spent shale reactor is achieved by injecting low grade steam into the base of the kettle. The steam initially exiting the spent shale reactor will be approximately the same temperature as the spent shale, declining to a temperature approaching that of the injected low grade steam as more steam is injected. The exiting steam may then be returned to a production facility where the heat energy may be recovered and reused. 
         [0046]    An objective of the cooling phase is to reduce the temperature of the spent shale to enable its safe handling or safe solids transport when the reactor is emptied (e.g. via chute in  FIG. 1 ). Once the cooling phase is completed, the reactor is emptied of its spent shale and recharged with raw shale rubble as part of that reactor&#39;s next heating and cooling cycle. A reactor will be emptied of its spent shale charge as a dry solid through the chute located in the base of the reactor, as wet shale slurry if water is used to recover additional heat from the spent shale, or in some instances a combination thereof. As discussed herein, in certain configurations and operations, each reactor may be recharged with shale by a conveyance system that empties the shale directly into a hatch in the cap of the reactor or through any conveyance into the interior of the rector, without limitation. 
         [0047]    Shown in  FIG. 3 , an exemplary block flow diagram for a single train, 6-reactor system  300  configuration may comprise all fluids circulating in one of three loops: heating loop  310 , cooling loop  320 , and condensed liquid export loop  330 . The three loops form a thermal energy cascade, such that thermal energy from the highest temperature is directed to the lowest temperature loop. In this depiction, the Heating Loop  310  begins at a Production Facility sourcing steam  340  having a temperature which may vary from about 750° F. to about 900° F., to be used for heating. This steam  340  may be routed via manifold pipe work to a reactor undergoing its peak heating phase in Reactor A as illustrated. The effluent from the peak heating Reactor A may then be routed to an adjacent pre-heating phase as in Reactor B. In this configuration, Reactor B will be the next reactor to undergo its peak heating phase once peak heating of Reactor A is terminated or otherwise concluded. As the effluent cools, condensation of higher boiling point hydrocarbon species occurs in Reactor B. The fluids exiting Reactor B are routed to a gas-liquid separator  350 . In this instance, the condensed oil may subsequently be sent to the production facility via a condensed liquid export loop  360 . The remaining steam and hydrocarbon gas phase may be routed to Reactor C to pre-heat the reactor while also further cooling the effluent stream  360  and condensing additional oil. 
         [0048]    In another configuration illustrated in  FIG. 3 , an additional Reactor D may be pre-heated, such that further cooling and condensation of the effluent stream  360  is accomplished. As much of the heat has been recovered from the gas phase as the steam passed through Reactors B and C, the gas temperature will fall below about 200° F. or about the boiling point of water during passage through Reactor D in the cooled gas stream  380 . Alternatively the gas temperature will fall during the passage through the final pre-heating reactor in certain configurations. As may be understood, within the final pre-heating reactor, most of the water vapor will be substantially condensed from the gas phase along with some additional lower boiling point hydrocarbons. Further, this process may include enough reactors in a train to maximize recovery of the excess heat delivered to the peak heating phase, Reactor A as illustrated, while also condensing as much of the liquids as economically possible in condensed stream  360 . The remaining gas delivered to the production facility may be a lean gas stream  380  compared to than the gas exiting Reactor A. Additionally, the remaining gas delivered to the production facility may be dryer than the gas exiting Reactor A, as the water vapor has been condensed from the vapor phase. 
         [0049]    The pre-heating phases in Reactors B, C, and D are also intended to vaporize native free water content in the pore space of the shale, as well as any clay bound water present in rock fabric. When a reactor is preheated above about 200° F. or about the boiling point of water, the free and clay bound water may be separated and vaporized, and the water vapor may be then condensed in pre-heating reactors B, C, D with temperatures below about 200° F. or about the boiling point of water. The pre-heating phase reactors B, C, D therefore creates a fresh water supply in order to partially, if not completely, replenish the loss of water in downstream process facilities. 
         [0050]    The cooling loop  320  in this example is accomplished by injecting saturated steam, water, or both into the base of Reactor F via the saturated stream line  390 . As Reactor F had already undergone its peak heating phase prior to the commencement of the Peak Heating Phase for Reactor A, in order to facilitate emptying the reactor, the temperature of the reactor must be reduced. Thus it is possible to recover at least a portion of the substantial heat energy remaining in the spent shale and permit safe handling of the spent shale when the reactor is later emptied. The steam, water, or both injected into Reactor F may initially exit at an elevated temperature approaching that of the spent shale and then rapidly decline as heat is removed from Reactor F, eventually approaching the temperature of the injected steam, water, or both. It may be understood that use of water to quench a reactor may accelerate cooling due to the large amount of heat absorbed as required to vaporize the introduced water. 
         [0051]    One element of the process is the injection of heating and cooling fluids at the base of base of hot reactors during both the peak heating phase Reactor A and cooling phase Reactor F. Without bottom injection, the shale particles, which are much softer at higher temperatures and may be devoid of their original kerogen content, would compact or compress in response to the weight of the shale thereinabove. Compaction would restrict flows paths for the injected fluids and reduce the rate at which heating and cooling fluids may be injected. The orientation of the fluid injection also may produce a pressure drop from the base to the top of the reactor to offset the weight of the overlying shale material. Thus, in a reactor as configured and described herein, the shale particles may be at least partially fluid-supported such that individual particles do not fully bear the weight of overlying shale particles. When operated in an expanded bed or fluidized bed modes achievable at higher gas phase velocity, the overburden weight of the particles would be reduced significantly, if not eliminated as particles are suspended in fluid. Bottom injection with a pressure drop equivalent to the overburden weight of the overlying shale bed may prevent agglomeration of the shale particles and make the heat transfer herein possible. Once cooled, these particles at least partially regain rigidity/strength to resist compaction. 
         [0052]    While the block flow diagram of  FIG. 3  shows three apparently separate process loops, it may be understood that the separate process loops may merge into a single continuous loop in a commercial implementation or development configuration. For example, the disposition of the high temperature steam returned  370  from the cooling loop  320  may source the steam for the heating loop  340 , after additional heat is added to this stream. The high temperature water that returns to the production facility via the condensed liquid export loop  360  may be separated from the oil and then used to source the water needed for the cooling loop  320  as saturated steam and/or liquid phase water. By reducing the system to a single continuous loop whereby most heat transfer occurs in the reactors, the production facilities of the present configuration may be simplified. 
         [0053]    Without limitation by theory, a simple process design provides a means of lowering capital costs and presents significant opportunity to achieve high thermal efficiency by recovering heat otherwise lost. More specifically, it may be understood that the present system and method are configured such that the reactors, facilities and materials handling equipment and components may be of a largely uniform design, readily fabricated, kept in inventory, and deployable in a modular system. Still further, by limiting temperature and pressure operating envelope of the reactors, the use of lower cost carbon steel is made possible in order to further reduce capital costs. 
         [0054]    As disclosed hereinabove, the uncondensed hydrocarbons, hydrogen and other gases evolved from the pyrolysis reactions may provide significantly more fuel than needed to meet the heating and other energy needs of a larger system, project, or development according to this disclosure. Higher kerogen oil yield, for example that may exceed Fischer Assay, may be possible using aqueous/steam pyrolysis. Specifically, during the peak heating phase (e.g. in Reactor A), the rapid flow of steam through the void space between the shale particles should provide sufficient sweeping action to rapidly vaporize liquid hydrocarbons from the surface of shale particles to improve kerogen oil yield, therefrom. In the absence of this sweeping action, these liquids are subject to further cracking and deposition of increased amounts of unrecovered carbon (i.e. coke) on the shale or within the reactors themselves. 
         [0055]    By limiting peak heating temperature of the shale rubble, the production of a higher yield (as compared with Fischer Assay) and higher API gravity oil content may be possible as compared with higher temperature combustion driven pyrolysis. By limiting peak heating temperature of the shale rubble to below about 900° F., the risk of decomposing carbonate constituents in the oil shale is likewise reduced. Still further, recognizing that heavy metals are often bound up in carbonates, the risk of releasing these contaminates is reduced according to the present method. The likelihood of fines entrained in the oil produced by the embodiments described herein will be reduced by comparison with ash introducing combustion processes. The condensing of produced oil in the gravel bed of a pre-heating reactor may also assist in the removal of particulate matter from the produced oil. 
         [0056]    Additionally, although water is an integral part of the process by virtue of significant use in heating and cooling, the process recycles all the water used in a sealed system of vessels and pipe work. As excess fresh water may be produced from the shale, it may be possible for the process to be a net water producer in certain commercial applications and depending upon the water content of particular oil shales. The reported water content of oil shale deposits varies across the map, from about 1% to in excess of about 20% by weight (wt %). Utilizing an estimated water content ranging from about 2 wt % to about 5 wt % for most or average shale deposits, a significant excess supply of water is potentially generated by the process. 
         [0057]    Still further, the present disclosure is configurable such that peak heat and cooling phases are operable in a matter of a few hours or few minutes. As may be understood, this duration may be at least partially dependent upon the scale of the installation being designed. The speed at which a spent reactor can be emptied and recharged may ultimately govern the production rate achievable by a single train of reactors. Standard engineering practices will operationally and economically optimize the production rate achievable by installations of varying size. 
         [0058]    Depending upon the number of reactors used in a train and the number of trains used, a near constant production rate may be achieved. In a non-limiting example, as the production from a reactor declines when the hydrocarbon content of the shale charge is spent or recovered and its peak heating phase terminates, the production rate will be replenished by a subsequent peak heating phase reactor in a single train development scheme, for instance as demonstrated in  FIG. 3 . Further, in a multi-train development, a plurality peak heating reactors can be fired in a staggered fashion to maintain approximately a near constant rate of production. Further, utilizing the system and method disclosed herein, it may be possible to extend this configuration to other carbonaceous and hydrocarbon-based organic materials which may be favorably transformed by aqueous pyrolysis, such as but not limited to coal, lignite, biomass, plastics, used tires, refuse and other materials without limitation. 
         [0059]    At least one embodiment is disclosed and variations, combinations, and/or modifications of the embodiment(s) and/or features of the embodiment(s) made by a person having ordinary skill in the art are within the scope of the disclosure. Alternative embodiments that result from combining, integrating, and/or omitting features of the embodiment(s) are also within the scope of the disclosure. Where numerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such express ranges or limitations should be understood to include iterative ranges or limitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly stated ranges or limitations (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 includes, 2, 3, 4, etc.; greater than 0.10 includes 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, etc.). For example, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, R l , and an upper limit, R u , is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, the following numbers within the range are specifically disclosed: R=R l +k*(R u −R l ), wherein k is a variable ranging from 1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e., k is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, . . . 50 percent, 51 percent, 52 percent . . . 95 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent, 98 percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent. Moreover, any numerical range defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is also specifically disclosed. Use of broader terms such as “comprises”, “includes”, and “having” should be understood to provide support for narrower terms such as “consisting of”, “consisting essentially of”, and “comprised substantially of”. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above but is defined by the claims that follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. Each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into the specification, and the claims are embodiment(s) of the present invention. The discussion of a reference in the disclosure is not an admission that it is prior art, especially any reference that has a publication date after the priority date of this application. The disclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications cited in the disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference, to the extent that they provide exemplary, procedural or other details supplementary to the disclosure. 
         [0060]    To further illustrate various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the following examples are provided. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0061]    The following Example is meant to be illustrative and not-limiting to the overall disclosure of the system and method disclosed herein. In instances, the following Example 1, comprises illustrative calculations of the method and system: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Volume of Shale in a Reactor &amp; Amount Recoverable 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Reactor dimensions: 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Height of vessel 
                 40 
                 ft 
               
               
                 Radius of vessel 
                 10 
                 ft 
               
               
                 Volume of vessel 
                 12560 
                 ft 3   
               
               
                 Void Volume in vessel 
                 0.4 
                 particle space est. 
               
               
                 Shale Volume in vessel 
                 7536 
                 ft 3   
               
               
                 Density Sh 
                 2.3 
                 gm/cc 
               
               
                 Density Sh 
                 143.5 
                 bl/ft 3   
               
               
                 WT. shale in vessel 
                 1081079.8 
                 lb 
               
               
                 WT. shale in vessel 
                 540.5 
                 ton 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fischer Assay Yield 
                 25 
                 ga/tonLab derived est. (UT, WO) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vol oil produced 
                 13513.5 
                 gal 
                   
               
               
                 Vol oil produced 
                 321.7 
                 bbl 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Heat Requirements for pyrolysis 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Shale Heat Capacity 
                 0.25 
                 BTU/lb-F 
                   
               
               
                 BTU heat 1 lb shale from 50° F. to 
                 175 
                 BTU 
               
               
                 750° F. 
               
               
                 BTU heat 1 ton shale from 50° F. 
                 350000 
                 BTU 
               
               
                 to 750° F. 
               
               
                 BTU to heat shale volume in kettle 
                 189188968.6 
                 BTU 
                 50° F. to 750° F. 
               
               
                 MMBTU to heat shale volume in 
                 189.2 
                 MMBTU 
                 50° F. to 750° F. 
               
               
                 kettle 
               
               
                 Heating requirement of peak 
                 81.1 
                 MMBTU 
                 400° F. to 700° F. 
               
               
                 heating vessel 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Energy Content of Oil Shale 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Energy content of 1 ton oil shale 
                 5.34 
                 MMBTU/ton 
                   
               
               
                 Energy content of shale in abovevessel 
                 2886.5 
                 MMBTU 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Heating Energy Applied/Energy 
                 6.55% 
                 H 2 ; C1-C4, thermal energy. 
               
               
                 Content of Shale 
                   
                 Poss. H 2  gas to upgrade oil 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Darcy Law Flow Rate of Steam (through peak heating vessel) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Height of vessel 
                 40 
                 ft 
                   
               
               
                 Crossectional area for flow (Pi × r{circumflex over ( )}2) 
                 314.2 
                 ft 2   
               
               
                 Pressure drop across vessel (1 psi × height) 
                 40 
                 psi 
               
               
                 Steam viscocity 
                 0.0244 
                 cp 
                 Avg. ~750° F.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ~200 psi 
               
               
                 Gravel Permeability 
                 100 
                 Darcy 
               
               
                 Resulting Flow Rate Q(CFD) 
                 8148596.72 
                 ft 3 /day 
               
               
                 Resulting Flow rate Q (MMCFD) 
                 8.15 
                 MMCFD 
               
               
                 Density of steam 
                 0.329 
                 lb/ft 3   
                 Avg. ~700° F.; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ~200 psi 
               
               
                 Weight of steam circulated at above rate 
                 2680888.3 
                 lb/day 
               
               
                 Weight of steam/weight of shale 
                 2.48 
                 ratio/day 
               
               
                 Enthalpy of steam at inlet 
                 1476.59 
                 BTU/lb 
                 ~900° F.; ~200 psi 
               
               
                 Enthalpy of steam at outlet 
                 1374.58 
                 BTU/lb 
                 ~700° F.; ~170 psi 
               
               
                 Heat loss of steam (perfect heat transfer) 
                 102.01 
                 BTU/lb 
                 ~900° F.-~700° F.) 
               
               
                 Rate of BTU transfer (perfect heat transfer) 
                 273477417.7 
                 BTU/day 
               
               
                 MMBTU 
                 273.48 
                 MMBTU/day 
               
               
                 MMBTU required to heat shale (peak heating 
                 81.1 
                 MMBTU 
               
               
                 kettle) 
               
               
                 Days to heat shale 
                 0.30 
                 Days 
               
               
                 Hours to heat shale in vessel 
                 7 
                 Hrs 
                 ~400° F.-~700° F. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Economics 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Daily oil production rate from single-train facility of above 
                 1085.2 
                 barrels 
                   
               
               
                 dimensions 
               
               
                 Annual Production rate from single train facility of above 
                 396108 
                 barrels 
               
               
                 dimensions 
               
               
                 Revenue @ $80/bbl 
                 $31.69 
                 MM 
               
             
          
           
               
                 10 train facility 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Daily oil production rate from single-train facility of above 
                 10852 
                 barrels 
                   
               
               
                 dimensions 
               
               
                 Annual Production rate from single train facility of above 
                 3961082 
                 barrels 
               
               
                 dimensions 
               
               
                 Revenue @ $80/bbl 
                 $316.9 
                 MM 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Operating Costs 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mining, materials handling &amp; transport 
                 $20 
                 bbl 
                   
               
               
                 O&amp;M 
                 $10 
                 bbl 
               
               
                 Misc 
                 $5 
                 bbl 
               
               
                 Total 
                 $35 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Capital Cost 
               
             
          
           
               
                 All in cost 
                 $200 
                 MM 
                   
               
               
                 Oil Transport Cost 
                 $15.0 
                 bbl 
               
               
                 Oil Price (inc. discount for kerorgen) 
                 $75 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0062]    Further, the Economics of operating a plant according to the disclosure herein may be shown herein in Example 2: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 20 Yr Totals 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Production Rate (BOPD)* 
                 10852     
                 BOPD 
               
               
                   
                 Production Rate (MMBO pa) 
                   79.22 
                 MMBO 
               
               
                   
                 Oil Price 
                  $75 
                 flat 
               
               
                   
                 Revenue $ mm 
                 $5,941.6  
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Capital Cost - $ mm 
                  $200.0 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Operating Cost - $ mm 
                 $2,772.8  
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Oil Transport 
                 $1188.3 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Pre-tax CF 
                 $1980.5 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Discount factor (10%) 
               
               
                   
                 Discounted CF 
                  $843.1 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Undiscounted CF 
               
               
                   
                 IRR 
                  49% 
               
               
                   
                 NPV0 
                   1780.541 
               
               
                   
                 ROI 
                    8.90 
               
               
                   
                 Discounted CF @ 10% 
               
               
                   
                 Discount Rate 
               
               
                   
                 NPV10 
                  643.1 
               
               
                   
                 DROI 
                   3.22