Abstract:
A method and system for determining chemical properties of a fluid. The method and system include providing a weak electrolyte fluid, a container for the fluid, a detection method performed by a device having at least two electrodes, a detection and amplification device coupled to the electrodes and a sensed current compared to an uncontaminated, base fluid or compared to data characteristic of fluid contaminated or chemically changed in order to monitor and characterize the fluid.

Description:
[0001]    The invention is directed generally to a method and system for property measurements of the chemistry changes in weak electrolytic, organic fluids, such as oils and other industrial fluids used in engineering systems. More particularly, the invention is directed to a method, system and apparatus for monitoring changes in the chemistry (degradation and contamination) of weak electrolytic fluids, such as hydrocarbon-based lubricants and oils for use in machines and motors as well as manufacturing and operating systems. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Numerous machines and systems, such as automobile engines and machines used in manufacturing and processing operations rely on use of lubricants and oils for carrying out proper function. Lubricants and oils generally behave like weak electrolytes; and as a result their electrical properties can be measured, and changes in electrical properties can reflect changes in chemistry. Conventional systems do not monitor the actual properties of the fluid being employed while the systems are in operation. Typically, the fluids are either routinely changed at preset intervals or samples of the fluids are extracted, sent for chemical analysis; and depending on the outcome, the fluids are changed. While such an approach is generally acceptable, this prior art methodology results in (1) premature fluid change which is very wasteful and costly and (2) delayed fluid changes which can culminate in disastrous results and at least cause low efficiency operation or unnecessary damage to a motor, machine or system. Some monitoring systems do exist but are of low sensitivity or too expensive to use. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The properties of weak, electrolytic organic fluids can be measured and monitored by the system and method described herein. This system and method has broad applications for any method or system which requires production, processing or use of a weakly-electrolytic fluid of well defined chemical properties or use of a fluid with prescribed chemical properties with lack of contaminants for applications such as industrial operations and manufacturing. Such systems and methods include, without limitation, engines, transmissions, manufacturing operations and systems, and chemical plants and fluid-based processing systems. 
         [0004]    The method and system can readily be applied to a measurement of electrolytic properties of hydrocarbon-based and other dielectric-based fluids. As an example, mineral oil, a hydrocarbon, is generally considered to be a dielectric. However, the method and system of the invention relates to the incorporation of additives, contamination or chemical degradation in the mineral oil to produce a weak electrolyte which is susceptible to characterization. The method and system detects electrical potentials and currents created in electrode pairs that are immersed in an electrolytic fluid, such as a hydrocarbon-based fluid. This method and system enables highly sensitive measurements in very short time periods of any change in additives, chemical degradation or contamination of a base line fluid being used, manufactured or processed in a system. 
         [0005]    These and other objects, advantages, and features of the invention, together with the organization and manner of operation thereof, will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements have like numerals throughout the several drawings described below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a measurement apparatus for a Galvanic potential or an electrolytic current; 
           [0007]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic illustration of a Galvanic potential measurement apparatus, and  FIG. 2B  shows a particular form of the embodiment of  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of an electronic circuit for Galvanic potential detection and signal amplification; 
           [0009]      FIG. 4A  is a schematic illustration of a current measurement apparatus and 
           [0010]      FIG. 4B  shows a particular form of the embodiment of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of a current detection and amplification circuit; 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an electrode arrangement of concentric metallic tube electrode pairs for implementing potential and current measurements; 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an electrode arrangement in the form of a non-conductive printed circuit board having the electrodes as patterned metallic electrodes in parallel; 
           [0014]      FIG. 8  illustrates one form of sensor for implementing measurement of fluid properties in accordance with the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 9A  illustrates basic operation and measurement by the system and method of one embodiment;  FIG. 9B  shows development of space charge layers at the fluid-electrode interface and  FIG. 9C  shows the measured electrical circuit for measurement of the two space charge currents and direct current; 
           [0016]      FIG. 10  illustrates measured sensor data for new and used lubricating motor (Castrol®, a registered trademark of Castrol Oil Co.) oil as well as a mixture of new and used lubricating motor oil and mineral oil; 
           [0017]      FIG. 11  illustrates measured sensor data for new and thermally aged lubricating motor oil as a function of temperature and equivalent miles driven after thermal aging (Mobil1®, a registered trademark of ExxonMobil Oil Co.); 
           [0018]      FIG. 12A  shows commonly reported Galvanic potentials for metal pairs in sea water, and  FIG. 12B  shows tabulated sensor data for Galvanic potentials measured in oil using different metallic electrode pairs; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 13  illustrates measured data from amperometric sensors evaluating different applied voltage bias levels during measurement as a function of oil temperature (ROTELLA T®, a registered trademark of Shell Oil Co.) 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0020]    In one form of the invention shown in  FIG. 1 , a detection apparatus  10  operates to measure electrolytic properties of a fluid  20 , such as a hydrocarbon fluid disposed in a fluid container  25  shown schematically in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . This container  25  represents any container device within which chemical properties of the fluid  20  can be measured. The apparatus  10  is comprised of two or more electrodes  30  and  40  which are coupled to a detection and amplification circuit device  50  such as an ammeter or a potentiometer with high input impedance. The electrodes  30  and  40  develop a Galvanic potential when electrically connected which causes an electrolytic current in the fluid  20 . This electrolytic current is then detected by the device  50 ; and this current can then be analyzed for fluid property characteristics as will be described in more detail hereinafter. 
         [0021]    Using the device  10  and the methods of the invention, a variety of exemplary measurements have been performed including, measurement of Galvanic potential by using very high impedance DC techniques, measurement of corrosion currents by use of low-impedance DC techniques, low frequency applied voltage bias modulation and measurement of electrolytic current and induced current and the use of closed-loop feedback methods to apply and measure the potential required to cancel, or nullify, the Galvanic potential and electrolytic current between the electrodes  30  and  40 . 
         [0022]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the device  10  is shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  in which the two electrodes  30  and  40  are configured as concentric cylinders  60  and  70  (see detail in  FIGS. 2B and 6 ). A Galvanic potential will develop between the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70 ), and that potential is related to the particular material characteristics of the pair of the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70 ) and also the properties of the fluid  20 . This potential can be measured by a detection circuit  80  shown in  FIG. 3 . The circuit  80  preferably includes a high impedance pre-amplifier  90  and a gain and buffer power amplifier  100 . 
         [0023]    In preferred embodiments of the invention a variety of methodologies can be performed, including measurement of corrosion currents by low-impedance DC measurements, low-frequency applied bias modulation and measurements of electrolytic currents as well as induced current and the use of closed loop feedback to apply and measure the electrical potential required to nullify the Galvanic potential and electrolytic current between the electrodes  30  ( 60 ) and  40  ( 70 ). 
         [0024]    The electrical circuit system  110  shown in  FIG. 5  can be used to carry out these measurements. As shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  in the system  110 , an electrolytic current develops between the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70  in  FIGS. 2B and 4B ) that is driven by the Galvanic potential of the particular electrode pair and the properties of the fluid  20 . This current flows through the bulk of the electrolyte as well as through the space charge layers associated with the surfaces of the electrodes. This current can be measured when zero bias is applied to the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70 ), and is related to the electrolytic properties of the fluid  20 . Alternatively or in combination with the above technique, a time-varying bias can be applied to the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70 ), and the current can be measured. The current thus induced has both DC and transient signal components that are related to the electrolytic properties of the fluid and especially of the space charge regions  20 . Alternatively or in combination with the above techniques, the magnitude of the applied bias can be controlled using closed-loop feedback to equilibrate the potential between the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70 ), thereby nullifying the Galvanic potential, and/or the electrolytic current. By measuring changes in the applied bias required to nullify the potential and/or current, changes in the electrolytic properties of the fluid  20  can be detected since the composition of the space charge regions will depend on the chemistry of the additives in the hydrocarbon fluid. This approach has the additional benefit of reducing the rate of corrosion of the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70 ), thus extending the service life of the electrode pair. 
         [0025]    In all cases, the signal or data output that is developed by use of the device  50  (in  FIG. 4B  or the counterparts such as  110  in  FIG. 5  in other embodiments) is related to the specific design and structure of the electronics, to the metallurgy of the electrode pair, and to the electrolytic properties of the fluid  20  being measured. Changes in fluid properties lead to a change in measured signal by virtue of the advantageous high level of sensitivity to any changes. 
         [0026]    In yet another form of the invention the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  60  and  70 ) can be structured to be part of a printed circuit board device  120  shown in  FIG. 7 . The measurements arising from changing fluid composition, additives, chemical state or contaminants can be processed in the same manner as for the device  10  described hereinbefore. More details of the measurement technique are illustrated by reference to  FIG. 9A-9C  which shows the origin of the total current measured (the sum of space charges one and two and the DC component). In  FIG. 9B  there is shown schematically space charge layers  130  at the interface between the fluid  20  and the electrodes  30  and  40  (or  66  and  70 ). In the circuit  135  shown in  FIG. 9C , a space charge current developed across each of the circuit elements  140  and  150  and the direct circuit in circuit element  160 . As shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , when an external DC bias is applied to the circuit  135  in  FIG. 9C , the measured current response is ohmic in nature and limited by the bulk resistivity of the fluid  20 . The transient and DC current that exists when the external DC bias is removed or modulated results in a measured useful current for characterization of the fluid  20 . This measured current is limited by the space charge region, and this above described method effectively removes the ohmic contribution from the measured signal. 
         [0027]    The following non-limiting examples illustrate certain aspects of the invention. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
       [0028]    A sensor  180  was constructed as shown in  FIG. 8  (and used as shown in  FIG. 9A ) with the electrodes fashioned in the manner shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . The sensor  180  was used to evaluate a variety of mineral oils and lubricating motor oils. An analytical description of the measurement technique was set forth hereinbefore regarding  FIGS. 9A-9C . Resulting measurements are set forth in  FIGS. 10-13  and are well correlated and highly sensitive to changes in the fluid properties, as well as to the type of electrode pairs used to effectuate the measurements. 
         [0029]    The foregoing description of embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the present invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the present invention in various embodiments, and with various modifications, as are suited to the particular use contemplated.