Abstract:
The present invention relates to hypoallergenic variants of ns-LTPs allergens, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and to the use of such variants for the preparation of medicaments suitable in the treatment and in the prevention of the allergic forms associated with an ns-LTP allergen, in particular to the allergen corresponding to the variant used.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to the fields of the prevention and the treatment of allergic symptoms associated with allergens belonging to the non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein (ns-LTPs) family.  
       STATE OF THE ART  
       [0002]     Ns-LTPs proteins are small proteic molecules of approximately 10 KDa that demonstrate high stability, and are naturally present in all vegetal organisms studied to date. In several species they have also been identified as allergens, as in the case of the  Rosaceae Prunoideae  (peach, apricot, plum) and  Pomoideae  (apple), and  Graminaceae , as in the  Urticaceae  like  Parietaria Judaica  (18-23).  
         [0003]     These proteins are characterized by their ability to transport lipids through membranes in vitro, an ability justifying their denomination and corresponding to at least some of the activities exerted in vivo (17).  
         [0004]     However, in spite of the different functions and of the heterogeneity of their sequence, ns-LTPs have a highly conserved secondary structure, comprising four alpha-helices (separated by loops) and one folded beta layer arranged in the 5′-3′ direction according to a α-α-α-α-β pattern.  
         [0005]     This structure is provided by the presence of four disulfide bridges formed by eight cysteine residues present in the 4 alpha-helices in the fourth loop, in the folded beta-layer and in the amino-terminal region (cfr. ref. 29).  
         [0006]     In particular: 
        a first disulfide bridge connects the amino-terminal region and the third alpha-helix,     a second disulfide bridge connects the first alpha-helix and the third alpha-helix,     a third disulfide bridge connects the second alpha-helix and the fourth loop, and     a fourth disulfide bridge connects the third alpha-helix and the folded beta-layer.        
 
         [0011]     These cysteine residues are highly conserved in all ns-LTPs, and with reference thereto a consensus sequence can be derived (17).  
         [0012]     Despite their high conservation, given the sequence heterogeneity of ns-LTPs, no notation system for the residues forming disulfide bridges valid for all ns-LTPs exists, though those skilled in the art may easily single out such cysteines using the knowledge of the state of the art.  
         [0013]     With particular reference to the Parj1 protein, and specifically to the mature ParJ1.0102 form, the cysteines apt to form disulfide bridges are the residues 4, 14, 29, 30, 50, 52, 75 and 91, and the related bridges are arranged in the order Cys4-Cys52 (first bridge), Cysl4-Cys29 (second bridge), Cys30-Cys75 (third bridge), Cys50-Cys91 (fourth bridge) (12).  
         [0014]     Par J1, besides being an ns-LTP, represents, together with Par J2, one of the major allergens of the  Parietaria Judaica  (PJ), a plant whose pollen constitutes one of the most widespread environmental antigens, especially in the Mediterranean area (1).  
         [0015]     In fact,  Parietaria Judaica  pollen contains at least nine allergens with molecular masses ranging from 10 to 80 KDa and different capabilities of binding IgE [1-9].  
         [0016]     Thereamong, Parj1, in the two isoform parl1.1.2 and Parj1.0201 isolated from independent genes (10) and Parj2 acquire a remarkable relevance as major allergens. In particular these two ns-LTPs are capable of inhibiting the majority of specific IgE against  Parietaria  allergens, and, upon administration, both have an immunological behaviour in all alike that of the commercial extracts commonly used (11).  
         [0017]     However, ParJ1 and ParJ2 do not constitute the sole ns-LTPs having allergenic properties. Recently, some scientific papers describing the characterisation of new allergenic molecules homologous to the ns-LTPs have been published (18-23).  
         [0018]     Despite sequence heterogeneity, following cross-reactivity experiments between different ns-LTP allergens and related produced antibodies, it was demonstrated that ns-LTP constitute a widespread family of allergens (pan-allergen) as already described for profilin (19).  
         [0019]     However, in comparison with the abundant information on the structure of this ‘pan-allergen’, exhaustive information on the localisation of the epitopes for IgE and IgG therein, as well as in the individual ns-LTP allergens (Parj1 and ParJ2 included) are not available (11, 12).  
         [0020]     As a result of the mechanism in charge of the development of the allergic response, and of the verified role of IgG and IgE therein, the derivation of such a map would be instead of enormous relevance for the drafting of a novel therapeutic approach to these allergic forms (13).  
         [0021]     In particular, the derivation of molecules with reduced or even absent IgE binding capability, yet concomitantly capable of inducing IgG response, and in particular of IgG4, might be a landmark both from a therapeutic and a preventive point of view.  
         [0022]     Such a molecule would allow immunosuppression of the T cell response with reduced or even absent side effects.  
         [0023]     In fact, to date the therapy of an undergoing allergy consists in the mere pharmacological cure of the allergic symptomatology.  
         [0024]     A preventive therapy represented by the specific immunotherapy (SIT) actually consists in the subcutaneous administration of diluted quantities of allergen to the patient so as to suppress the specific reaction towards the allergen.  
         [0025]     The majority of the commercial protein extracts used therefor however, are anyhow crude extracts, mixtures of several components in which a precise standardization of the allergenic component is difficult.  
         [0026]     Thus, the SIT strategy can entail the administration of allergenic components towards which the patient is not sensitive, inducing the secretion of IgEs specific towards other components of the extract. Moreover, the administration of the total allergen entails the possibility of side effects which, though with extremely low occurrence, could even cause anaphylactic shock.  
         [0027]     Concerning in particular the  Parietaria Judaica , epidemiological studies have also highlighted a different distribution of the two major allergens in the human population (12 millions of affected subjects in the Mediterranean area) where, approximately 20% of the PJ allergic patients do not exhibit a concomitant presence of IgE specific against both allergens. Therefore, an administration of total or partially purified crude extracts could entail an administration of major allergens to which the patient is not allergic.  
         [0028]     Hence, the use of recombinant molecules, allowing a patient customized diagnosis and therapy, could represent a valid alternative to the traditional use of crude extracts.  
         [0029]     In particular, the characterization and the development of alternative molecules with reduced side effects, i.e., having a reduced or absent interaction with the IgE while maintaining the capability of binding the IgGs (in particular the IgG4) with respect to the wild type and therefore the capability of immunosuppressing the T response, could allow to implement an alternative approach overcoming the disadvantages inherent to the traditional approach.  
         [0030]     Such an alternative molecule with reduced anaphylactic capacity were in fact sought by producing crude formaldehyde- or glutaraldehyde-polymerised extracts (16).  
         [0031]     Although effective, as demonstrated by clinical trials, these modified molecules have proved however to present the abovedescribed disadvantage of a difficult standardization of the extracts.  
         [0032]     Following the advent of genetic engineering both recombinant allergens immunologically similar to the native allergens (14 and 15), and recombinant allergen having instead a reduced allergenic activity with respect to the allergen wild type (therefore therapeutically suitable as a substitute of the latter), have been derived in a pure form.  
         [0033]     None of such a mutant have not however been derived with particular reference to the ns-LTPs allergens.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0034]     An object of the present invention is a variant of an allergen belonging to the ns-LTP protein family, specifically a hypoallergenic variant of a complete allergen or fragment thereof of the ns-LTD protein family.  
         [0035]     In particular object of the invention is a variant of an allergen belonging to the ns-LTP family which lacks at least one of the four disulfide bridges constituting the structure of said allergen.  
         [0036]     A first advantage of the variant of the present invention is that with respect to the native allergen it has a reduced or even absent capability of binding IgE, having concomitantly an intact capability of binding IgG of the said subjects.  
         [0037]     This differential binding capability is particularly enhanced in the variants wherein such a missing bridge be localized in the amino-terminal region of the allergen at the domain alpha-helix 1-loop 1-alpha-helix 2, as they have a particularly reduced IgE binding activity, especially in the variants lacking at least two disulfide bridges.  
         [0038]     In case such a variant be lacking three, or all four, of the disulfide bridges of the native allergen, the relevant IgE binding activity is reduced up to be substantially absent. Such a variant constitutes accordingly a preferred embodiment of the invention.  
         [0039]     The relevance of such a differential binding capability of the variant of the invention lies in that according to the role of the two immunoglobulins in the molecular mechanism of the allergic response evidenced in the above paragraph, it turns out in molecules, that although immunogenic have a reduced or absent allergenicity.  
         [0040]     Variants of the invention which mainly maintain most of amino acid sequence of the wild type allergen, and has accordingly substiantially the same length of the said allergen, constitute in this connection a preferred embodiment of the invention.  
         [0041]     In particular variants consisting of a mutein in which at least one of the cysteines constituting said disulfide bridges is deleted, or substituted with an amino acid residue not capable of forming disulfide bridges, are preferred.  
         [0042]     In this latter case, the substitution of the cysteine residue with serine or alanine, as amino acids tested compatible with the ns-LTP α-α-α-α-5 structure, proved particularly effective.  
         [0043]     The embodiment related to variants of the major allergens of  Parietaria Judaica  is particularly preferred.  
         [0044]     In particular, the Parj1 variants, specifically the Parj1 muteins in which the deleted or substituted residues are the cysteines 4, 14, 29, 30, 50, 52, 75 and 91, and in particular the variants having a sequence selected in the group comprising the sequences reported in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 10, are especially relevant.  
         [0045]     Object of the present invention is also a polynucleotide coding for the variants of the present invention, in particular for the above indicated muteins, and specifically the polynucleotides comprising a sequence selected in the group comprising the sequences reported in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9, as well as the vectors comprising them.  
         [0046]     In the light of what set forth above, object of the present invention are also any of the above mentioned variants for use as medicament or as a diagnostic agent, and in particular for use in the treatment and/or the prevention and/or the diagnosis of the allergic form associated with an allergen belonging to the family of ns-LTP proteins, (this in light of the pan-allergen characteristic verified for the ns-LTP allergens), in particular to the allergen corresponding to said variant.  
         [0047]     In the specific case, hereto disclosed by way of example, of major allergens of  Parietaria Judaica  showing an uneven ability to stimulate serum IgE production in allergic patients, a specific diagnosis for the individual allergen may be attained using the variants of the invention, e.g., as follows: initially the recombinant version of each native molecule (Parj1 and Parj2) is used for a specific diagnosis of the allergy by skin prick test. Patients sensitive to one of two allergens can then be analyzed for positiveness to the individual allergen variants to which they tested positive in order to highlight negatively testing variants. Then, such variants can be administered in substitution of commercial protein extracts developing an allergen-specific immunotherapy. Further modes of employ for diagnostic as well as therapeutic ends are anyhow derivable by those skilled in the art in light of the knowledge of the state of the art.  
         [0048]     Object of the present invention is also a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective quantity of at least one of the variants, or a polynucleotide or a vector among the above mentioned ones, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as all the matter compositions comprising at least one of the above mentioned molecules and one carrier chemically compatible therewith.  
         [0049]     This pharmaceutically and/or chemically acceptable carrier can be any one carrier known to the art as suitable in pharmaceutical or matter compositions containing the molecules like the above mentioned ones, therefore in particular peptides and conjugates and/or oligonucleotides in any form, in particular in solid and in liquid form; an example of composition in liquid form is provided by compositions whose carrier is water, saline solutions, like, e.g., solutions containing NaCl and/or fosfate, or other solutions containing buffer molecules.  
         [0050]     A still further object of the present invention is a kit for the derivation of a subject-customised allergogram, for an allergic form associated with an ns-LTP allergen comprising 
        a first composition comprising said ns-LTP allergen in native form together with a chemically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier;     at least one composition comprising a single variant of said ns-LTP allergen as abovedescribed and a chemically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier;     said allergogram being derivable contacting said compositions with immunoglobulins of said subject and observing the effects thus obtained.        
 
         [0054]     Particularly preferred are the embodiments in which the kit comprises, besides said first composition, a number of compositions each comprising a single variant of said ns-LTP allergen, equal to the number of variants of said ns-LTPs allergen and that in which said allergen is a  Parietaria Judaica  allergen, specifically Parj1 (in any one form thereof) or ParJ2 (in any one form thereof).  
         [0055]     In particular such compositions can be contacted with immunoglobulins by ‘skin prick test’ in vivo, or on patient&#39;s tissues like, e.g., blood, in vitro. Other modes of employ of the kit of the present invention to diagnostic ends are derivable by those skilled in the art in light of the knowledge of the state of the art. The invention will be better described with the aid of the attached figures. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0056]      FIG. 1  reports the amino acid sequences of the native Par J 1.0102 and Par j 2.0101 aligned therebetween and with respect to the three-dimensional structure thereof. The notation of the amino acids relates to the sequence of the Par j 1.0102.  
         [0057]      FIG. 2  shows the amino acid sequences of the Par j 1.0101 and of some ns-LTP proteins aligned thereamong. The arrows indicate the disulfide bridges present in the three-dimensional structure of the proteins. The amino acids are indicated in one-letter code. The Cs reported in the last row of the table indicate the cysteine residues conserved in all proteins of the ns-LTP family.  
         [0058]      FIG. 3  reports the schematic representation of the mutants of the major allergen of the  Parietaria Judaica  Par j 1.0102, the sequence thereof being reported in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 10. The amino acids are reported in one-letter code. The underlined amino acids indicate the mutations effected in the native sequence. The arrows indicate the disulfide bridges.  
         [0059]      FIG. 4  reports in panel A the Western blot analysis results showing the IgE binding activity of the rParj1 and its disulfide bond variants by using a pool of sera (n=30) from monosensitive Pj allergic patients.  
         [0060]     Panel B shows a Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of the recombinant proteins used.  
         [0061]     In both panels on the first lane the result referred to the native Par j 1.0101 is reported; on the second lane the result referred to the mutant PjA is reported; on the third lane the result referred to the mutant PjB is reported; on the fourth lane the result referred to the mutant PjC is reported; and on the fifth lane the result referred to the mutant PjD is reported.  
         [0062]      FIG. 5  shows in panel A the outcome of a Western Blot analysis on a pool of sera from PJ allergic patients, aimed at demonstrating the IgE binding capability (activity) of some mutants of the present invention extensively disclosed in example 3.  
         [0063]     On the first lane the result referred to the native Par j 1.0101 is reported; on the second lane the result referred to the mutant PjA is reported; on the third lane the result referred to the mutant PjB is reported; on the fourth lane the result referred to the mutant PjC is reported; and on the fifth lane the result referred to the mutant PjD is reported.  
         [0064]     In panel B the outcome of a Western blot analysis on a pool of sera from PJ allergic patients, aimed at demonstrating the IgG4 binding capability of the same abovedescribed mutants, it also extensively described in example 3, is shown.  
         [0065]     On the first lane the result referred to the native Par j 1.0101 is reported; on the second lane the result referred to the mutant PjA is reported; on the third lane the result referred to the mutant PjB is reported; on the fourth lane the result referred to the mutant PjC is reported; and on the fifth lane the result referred to the mutant PjD is reported.  
         [0066]      FIG. 6  reports an histogram showing the results of the ELISA detection experiment carried out using the pool of sera used in example 3, extensively described on the example 4. Black histogram indicate results obtained with allergic sera; dotted square indicated results obtained with non allergic serum. On the y axis the optical density measured and in the x axis the proteins tested (the rParj1 and its disulfide bond variants PjA, PjB, PjC, and PjD)) are reported.  
         [0067]      FIG. 7  shows ten diagram reporting the results of the ELISA detection carried out using monosensitive sera from ten Pj allergic patients extensively described on example 4, each diagram corresponding to a respective patient.  
         [0068]     On each diagram on the y axis the optical density measured and in the x axis the proteins used (the rParjl and its disulfide bond variants PjA, PjB, PjC, and PjD)) are reported.  
         [0069]     On each diagram black squares indicate allergic sera, white squares a non allergic serum.  
         [0070]      FIG. 8  reports an histogram showing the results of the ELISA detection of the Ig binding activity of a rabbit polyclonal immune and pre-immune antisera against rParj1, extensively described on the example 6.  
         [0071]     On the y axis the optical density measured and in the x axis the antigens used (the rParj1 and its disulfide bond variants PjA, PjB, PjC, and PjD)) are reported.  
         [0072]     Black squares indicate results obtained on rabbit immune, checkered squares results obtained on rabbit preimmune. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0073]     The experimental approach that led to the present invention consisted of a mutagenesis strategy aimed at the targeted disruption of all the disulfide bridges present in all the ns-LTPs. This in order to generate molecules with reduced or absent affinity to IgE, yet with intact affinity to the other classes of antibodies apt to compete with the specific IgEs against the native allergen. The ns-LTPs allergen ParJ1, whose sequence and structure is reported in comparison with Par J2 in  FIG. 1 , and in particular the isoform Par j 1.0102 (the primary sequence thereof being reported in the annexed sequence listing as SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2), was taken as a molecular model, to be used for carrying out mutagenesis and the subsequent verification of the properties of the obtained mutant. In particular, recombinant DNA technology was resorted to in a strategy of site-directed mutagenesis against cysteines 4, 29, 30, 50 and 52, i.e., the cysteines constituting the disulfide bridges according to the structural model known to the art.  
         [0074]     The results of these experiments demonstrate the close relationship existing between the three-dimensional structure of the protein and the capability of forming epitopes for the IgEs, and in particular that the gradual disruption of the disulfide bridges causes a reduction of the serum IgEs binding activity thereof, whereas it does not affect the IgG4 binding activity thereof.  
         [0075]     This in light of the Western blot analysis described in example 3, and in  FIG. 5 , in which lanes 2, 3 and 4 (see  FIG. 5  panel A) show the reduction of the serum IgEs binding activity by the mutants of the present invention, which should be construed as three-dimensional mutants.  
         [0076]     In particular, the Cys29-Cys30 mutant (PjA) shows a very weak binding band ( FIG. 5  lane 2) whereas the Cys50-Cys52 mutant (PjB) is somehow still capable of binding the IgEs ( FIG. 5 , lane 3). Instead, more remarkable is the result shown by the PjC and PjD mutants ( FIG. 5 , lanes 4 and 5) for which no binding to human IgEs can be highlighted.  
         [0077]     Such results have been confirmed by ELISA and IgE inhibition assays (see examples 4 and 5) where the PjB was the only variant still able to bind Parj1-specific IgE antibodies in solution while the other variants exhibited a very low inhibition capacity. The loss of additional disulfide bridges (PjC and PjD) leads- to the absence of any IgE recognition (see Example 4 and  FIG. 4 ).  
         [0078]     These results all together show that ns-LTP Parj1 variants lacking of at least one disulfide bridge have a reduced allergenicity, which is even absent in the variants wherein the lacking bridge is localized in the aminoterminal region of the allergen at the domain alpha-helix1-loop1-alphahelix2, in particular when the lacking bridges are at least two.  
         [0079]     The maintenance by these variants of an overall antigenicity that, notwithstanding the reduced or absent allergenicity, is comparable or identical to the one of the wild type allergen, has been shown by experiments wherein binding activity of wild-type allergen and its variants to antibodies different than IgE, have been compared.  
         [0080]     Such experiments are Western Blots carried out using as antibodies rabbit policlonal antibodies and IgG4 of Pj allergic patients, extensively described in examples 6 and 3 respectively.  
         [0081]     In these experiments the hypoallergenic variants generated by genetic engineering presented a similar behavior compared to the wild type, with a low reduction of their binding activity towards the anti-rParj1 rabbit antibodies.  
         [0082]     Accordingly, a variant that lacks of at least one disulfide bridges still contains several protein domains similar to the native molecule and, although at different extent, is apt to induce the production of IgG antibodies (see example 3 and 6). IgE production and/or IgE-mediated presentation of the allergen, would be prevented by such “blocking” antibodies and reducing T cell proliferation and release of cytokines (25).  
         [0083]     The above data have been confirmed also in vivo in particular by Skin Prick Test (SPT) analysis as described in example 7, where the pure recombinant proteins were tested on ten PJ allergic patients (the same analyzed by ELISA in example 4 and  FIG. 7 ).  
         [0084]     With regard to the single mutants, PjA showed a very low IgE binding activity and only 3 out of 10 patients with cutaneous Type I hypersensitivity and a reduced wheal area respect to that one induced by wild-type allergen. On the contrary, loss of the Cys50-cys91 and Cys4-Cys52 bridges seems to have aminor effect since an IgE binding activity and a positive SPT are still present. The loss of additional disulfide bridges (PjC and PjD) leads to the absence of any cutaneous reaction (see example 7).  
         [0085]     These results obtained analyzing individuals demonstrate the reliability of the above described data in vitro, and above all that while the disruption of the disulfide bridges in the amino terminal region (in the specific case Cys4-Cys52 and Cys50-Cys91) affect even if not markedly the human IgE binding capability of this mutant, the disruption of all the four bridges (in the specific case Cys4-Cys52, Cysl4-Cys29, Cys30-Cys75 and Cys50-Cys91) have a devastating effect on the IgE recognition, and therefore on the allergenic response.  
         [0086]     Accordingly, concerning the development of therapeutically useful hypoallergenic molecules, variants lacking of three or four bridges, as in the specific case PjC and PjD mutants, are considered as preferred embodiments. The above was demonstrated using a pool of sera as well as a cohort of individual patients, indicating that the obtained result is representative of the immune response of the allergic population.  
         [0087]     It is pointed out that although obtained using specific variants derived by mutating the wild type allergen, these results are in fact not limited to the said specific variants, neither to the techniques used for the relevant derivation.  
         [0088]     As such results are consequent to the modification of the three-dimensional structure of the allergen, they could anyhow have been obtained by any mutagenesis allowing the disruption of the disulfide bridges.  
         [0089]     Accordingly any variant obtainable by deletion, substitution and/or the insertion of one or more amino acidic residue which results in variants lacking of at least one disulfide bridge is included in the object of the invention.  
         [0090]     The strategy of point mutation has however the remarkable advantage of allowing the insertion of minimal variations at the level of the primary sequence of the native protein and therefore of generating mutants that are more likely not to interfere with the variant recognition operated by the T cells, and above all the possibility to generate proteins having a high reproducibility.  
         [0091]     Variants having substantially the same length of the wild type are accordingly considered preferred.  
         [0092]     With regard to the techniques used for deriving the variants of the invention, it is not limited to the genetic engineering ones, as they are obtainable by techniques like chemical mutagenesis (formaldhehyde and gluteraldhehyde) which allow the disruption of disulfide bridges even in absence of mutations.  
         [0093]     The genetic mutagenesis imply however the remarkable advantage of allowing the generation of proteins having a high reproducibility, while the, chemical mutants do not ensure a denaturation pattern constant at every preparation.  
         [0094]     Furthermore, as the strategy described herein is independent on the epitope sequence on itself since it is based on the modification of the three-dimensional structure of the IgE determinants, the adopted mutagenesis strategy is actually independent from the primary sequence of the allergen (and therefore from the sequence of the specific IgE epitopes).  
         [0095]     For this reason variants of all the proteins with allergenic activity belonging to the ns-LTP family (including Parj2), are included in the object of the invention due to the conserved structure (cfr. e. g.s  FIG. 2  wherein Par j1 sequence is reported in comparison with the sequence of other ns-LTPs together with the placement of the disulfides bridges).  
         [0096]     In particular variant of the invention is not only any other mutein of the Parj1 allergen or of other ns-LTP allergens which, independently from the mutation carried out (substitution and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residues) and of the way in which such a mutation is carried out (e.g., by the above mentioned techniques), retain a structure equivalent to that of the corresponding native allergen lacking at least one disulfide bridge.  
         [0097]     Thus the disruption of the disulfide bridges in ns-LTP allergens underlies per se a limited or absent IgE binding ability of patients allergic to the related variants.  
         [0098]     Moreover, in particular in light to what is known in the art concerning the high conservation of the structure and the cross-reactivity that have led to the singling out of the so-called ns-LTP pan-allergen (see above) these data are indicative not merely of a suitability in the therapy and prevention of the allergic forms caused by the allergens corresponding to the individual variants, but also in the therapy and prevention of allergic forms caused by ns-LTP allergens other than those corresponding to the variants used.  
         [0099]     A person skilled in the art can derive on the basis of his knowledge any information suitable for deriving uses, compositions and kit described in the summary of the invention.  
         [0100]     With the aid of the following examples, a more detailed description of specific embodiments will now be given, in order to give a better understanding of the objects, characteristics, advantages and operating methods of the present invention.  
       EXAMPLES  
     Example 1  
     Cloning and Expression of Par J 1.0102  
       [0101]     For the production of the major allergen of  Parietaria Judaica  Par j 1.0102 the pQE30 prokaryotic vector (Qiagen) was used. The latter characteristically expresses recombinant proteins fused to a short histidine tail and inducible with isopropyl-p-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The histidine residues allow the purification of the recombinant protein by affinity chromatography.  
         [0102]     For this reason, 1 ng of the P5 clone containing the processed version of the Par j 1.0102 (EMBL accession number X77414), the sequence thereof being reported in the annexed sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 12, was subjected to 30 cycles of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification at the following design: 94° C. for 1 min, 52° C. for 1 min, 72° C. for 1 min. The synthetic primer oligonucleotides P5 forward and PS reverse, the sequence thereof being reported in the annexed sequence listing as SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO: 12, respectively, were used.  
         [0103]     The fragment thus generated was fractionated on 1% agarose gel in I×TBE, extracted, purified and digested with Bam H1 and Hind III restriction enzymes and cloned in the Pqe30 VECTOR (Quiagen) previously digested with the same enzyme. The linearized vector and the digested fragments were incubated for 4 hours at 16° C. in presence of the enzyme DNA ligase according to different stoichiometric ratios. The reaction mixture was then transformed in the bacterial strain MIS. The recombinant clones were sequenced with the method of Sanger and the nucleotide sequence thus determined demonstrated that the DNA fragment inserted into the pQE30 vector was identical to that known in the art (10).  
       Example 2  
     Cloning and Expression of Conformational Mutants of ParJ 1.0102  
       [0104]     PjA mutant (Cys29→Ser and Cys30→Ser) was generated using the Transformer Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Clontech) following the manufacturer&#39;s instruction and using the oligonucleotide PS (29,30) reported in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 13 (mapping from nucleotide 88 to nucleotide 105) and the Parj1 sequence as a template. PjB mutant (Cys50→Ser and Cys52→Ser) was generated by PCR using as primers the oligonucleotide P5(50-52) reported in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 14 (mapping from nucleotide 91 to nucleotide 165) and PS reverse oligonucleotide and 1 ng of the Parj1 clone as a template. The PCR fragment was digested with Pst I and Hind III restriction enzymes and ligated with the Pst I-Hind III linearized plasmid vector containing the Parj1 sequence (expressing the first 31 amino acids of the wild type Par j 1.0102 allergen). PjC mutant (Cys4→Ser, Cys29→Ser and Cys30→Ser) was generated by PCR amplification using the PjA variant as a template. The cysteine residue at position 4 was mutated by PCR using the oligonucleotides P5(triple), the sequence thereof being reported as SEQ ID NO: 15, and P5 reverse.  
         [0105]     After purification, PCR fragment was digested with Bam HI and Hind III enzymes and cloned in the pQE30 vector previously digested with the same restriction enzymes. PjD mutant (Cys29→Ser, Cys30→Ser, Cys50→Ser and Cys52→Ser) was generated using the Transformer Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Clontech) following the manufacturer&#39;s instruction and using the synthetic oligonucleotide P5 (29,30) reported in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 13 and the PjB variant as a template. All clones were sequenced with the method of Sanger (24) and the mutations and the open reading frames confirmed (See  FIG. 3  for details).  
         [0106]     With this process 4 independent mutants, hereinafter designated PjA (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4); PjB (SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6), PjC (SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8), and PjD (SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10) were isolated.  
       Example 3  
     Purification of Recombinant Proteins Evaluation of the Relevant Capability of Binding Ige of Allergic patients  
       [0107]     10 ml O/N culture of the recombinant clones (NM15 strain, Quiagen) were then used for an inoculation in 400 ml of 2YT broth (Bacto-tryptone 16 gr/l, Bacto-yeast 10 gr/l, NaCl 5 gr/l, pH 7.0) containing ampicillin and kanamycin at a final concentration of 100 μgr/ml and 10 μgr/ml, respectively.  
         [0108]     A 1:40 dilution was grown for 1 hour at 37° C. and, after that, induced with 1 mM isopropylthio-α-galactoside for 4 hours at 37° C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and the recombinant proteins purified by using the His Trap kit (Pharmacia) following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Recombinant proteins, binding the HiTrap chelating column, were eluted using a buffer containing: 20 mM phosphate buffer pH7.4. 0.5 M NaCl, 8 M UREA and 500 mM imidazole; fractions were analysed by 16% SDS-PAGE and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. Fractions containing the purified protein were then diluted 1:100 in a buffer containing 20 mM phosphate buffer pH7.4. 0.5 M NaCl and 20 mM imidazole to allow refolding of the protein, reloaded on the His Trap column and eluted with a buffer with no denaturing agents (20 mM phosphate buffer pH7.4. 0.5 M NaCl and 500 mM imidazole). Recombinant proteins were then desalted using a centrifugal filter device (Centriprep, Millipore) and analysed for their capability of binding human IgE from Pj allergic patients by Western blot as previously described (12), using a pool of sera (n=30) of Pj allergic patients which did not receive any specific immunotherapy.  
         [0109]     This analysis showed that the PjB mutant was still capable of binding human IgE while the PjA mutant retains only a weak IgE binding activity. The PjC and PjD mutants did not show any IgE binding activity suggesting that the IgE recognition was dependent on the three-dimensional folding of the protein ( FIG. 4  Panel A).  
         [0110]     After that, membranes were stripped and reprobed with a His-tag specific reagent (INDIA™ Hisprobe-HRP, Pierce, USA) to check that the IgE-allergen complex was specific for the recombinant fused proteins. The concentration of the recombinant proteins was determined by densitometric analysis of SDS-PAGE gels stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (see  FIG. 4  panel B).  
         [0111]     As a confirmation of this experiment another Western blot carried out using IgE and IgG4 of allergic patients.  
         [0112]     Then, the proteins purified were fractionated on 16% PAGE-SDS and transferred on nitro-cellulose thanks to a Dry-blot system (Millipore). The membrane was incubated for 12-14 hours with a pool of sera from Pj allergic patients (1:5 dilution) in PBS-tween. The protein-human IgE and IgG4 binding complexes are highlighted using respectively a secondary anti-IgE and anti-IgG4 antibodies conjugated to radish peroxidase. Thus, the complexes are highlighted using a chemioluminescence system (Super-signal, Pierce). The relevant results are reported in  FIG. 4 .  
       Example 4  
     Elisa Detection  
       [0113]     The same pool of allergic sera from non-sensitive PJ allergic patients used in example 3 has been used in an ELISA experiment, showing the IgE binding activity of the rParj1 and its disulfide bond variants. A non allergic subject has been tested as a negative control on the ELISA.  
         [0114]     The results confirm the pattern of reaction of the experiment of the example 3 ( FIG. 4  Panel A) with the PjB variant reacting in a way comparable to the wild-type allergen. A non allergic serum is shown as a negative control ( FIG. 6 ).  
         [0115]     The IgE binding activity of the four Parj1 disulfide bond variants was also tested by ELISA using sera from ten monosensitive Pj allergic patients. Analysis of single sera showed a remarkable homogeneity of the reaction. In particular, the Cys4-Cys52 and Cys50-Cys91 bridges did not influence the allergenicity of the protein since this mutant (PjB) showed an IgE binding activity comparable to the wild-type allergen. On the other hand, the Cys14-Cys29 and Cys30-Cys75 bridges seem to be crucial for the IgE recognition. All the variants lacking those two bonds (PjA, PjC and PjD) presented low or even absent IgE binding activity. ( FIG. 7 )  
         [0116]     ELISA detection has been performed by adding 200 μl of a solution containing 5 μg/ml of antigen in coating buffer (sodium carbonate buffer pH 9.5) to each well of polystyrene plates overnight at room temperature. After several washing steps (1×PBS, 0.1% Tween 20) plates were saturated with a solution containing 5% BSA, 0.5% Tween 20 in coating buffer. After washing, 200 μl of serum (1:5 dilution) from Pj allergic patients or from a non allergic subject were incubated for 4 hours at room temperature. Bound IgE antibodies were detected with a goat antihuman IgE-HRP conjugate (Biosource International) diluted at a concentration of 0.5 ng/ml in 1×PBS, 0.25% BSA, 0.1% Tween 20 for 1 hour at room temperature. After several washes, calorimetric reaction was developed by adding 0.2 ml/well of substrate solution (0.4 mg/ml o-phenylendiamine in 0.1 M citrate buffer).  
         [0117]     Optical density was read at 495 nm in a BIO-RAD microplate reader.  
       Example 5  
     IgE Inhibition Assay  
       [0118]     In order to investigate whether the disulfide bond variants were able to inhibit the binding of the IgE to the rparjl, increasing amount of each recombinant mutant were incubated with a pool of sera (n=10) of Pj monosensitive allergic patients.  
         [0119]     The ability of the Parj1 disulfide variants to interact with IgE antibodies was determined by an ELISA inhibition experiment. A pool of sera (1:5 dilution) from ten monosensitive Pj allergic patients was preincubated overnight with increasing concentration of each disulfide bond variant (0.25-20 μg/ml of protein). The solutions were added to the ELISA wells coated with 5 mg/ml of rParj1 and the ELISA steps were performed as above described. Percentage of inhibition was calculated according to the formula: %=100−OD A /OD B ×100, where OD A  and OD B  represent the optical density read with the inhibited and non-inhibited pool of sera respectively.  
         [0120]     The results are reported in the following Table I  
                             TABLE I                           Inhibition of IgE binding                Protein tested   % inhibition                       rParj1   95%           PjA   16%           PjB   85%           PjC   14%           PjD   15%                      
 
         [0121]     The data reported in Table I suggests that all the variants lacking, at least, Cys14-Cys29 and Cys30-Cys75 disulfide bonds exhibit a comparable low level of inhibition (about 15%). On the contrary, the PjB variant (Cys50→Ser and Cys52ΔSer) showed a high percentage of inhibition retaining a substantial ability of binding human IgE (about 85%).  
       Example 6  
     Rabbit Policlonal Binding Activity  
       [0122]     Rabbits were immunized by PRIMM srl (Milan, Italy) using the rParj1 allergen. As a control, rabbit polyclonal antibodies were analysed on a Western blot using a  Parietaria judaica  crude extract detecting a band of about 14000 Da corresponding to Parj1 native molecular weight. ELISA plates were coated at the same conditions as above described, with the wild-type Parj1 and with equal amount of each recombinant disulfide bond variant, were probed with an anti-rParj1 specific polyclonal serum to analyse their binding activity.  
         [0123]     Rabbit preimmune and immune sera were diluted at a concentration of 6 ng/ml and 200 μl of these solutions were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Wells were washed three times in 1×PBS, 0.1% Tween 20 and bound antibodies were detected using a donkey antirabbit Ig HRP linked (Amersham) at a 1:1000 dilution. Colorimetric reaction and optical density were performed as above described.  
         [0124]     The data obtained suggest that the PjA, PjB and PjC variants show a similar behavior exhibiting a slight reduction of their binding ability (about 10%) compared to the Parj1 binding. The PjD variant showed a reduced binding activity (about 20%) while the preimmune serum did not show any reactivity towards the proteins ( FIG. 8 ).  
       Example 7  
     Skin Prick Test Experiments with Purified Muteins  
       [0125]     Ten patients, with a clear history of  Parietaria judaica  allergy and with skin prick test (SPT) monosensitivity to Pj commercial extract, were analysed in this study. All the patients did not receive immunotherapy against Pj pollen and were not receiving glucocorticosteroid treatment. Allergens were used at 1 μg/ml concentration diluted in 0.9% NaCl. About 20 μl of the test solution was placed on the forearms at a distance of more than 2.5 cm between each prick. All tests were performed in duplicate. Histamine was used as positive control and 0.9% NaCl solution as a negative control. Reactions were measured after 20 min. By comparison with the wheal area generated by histamine (100%), positive SPT were divided in three classes: 4+ were assigned to SPT with an area &gt;100% of area induced by histamine; 3+were assigned to an area ≧80-100% and 2+ to an area ≧50-80%. Two non-allergic patients (P.C. and D.G.) were tested as negative controls. Each subject was informed by the investigators and signed informed consent before the test.  
         [0126]     All patients showed a positive cutaneous reaction to the rParj1 allergen. PjB was capable of inducing Type I immediate hypersensitivity in 9 out of 10 of the tested patients. PjA gave positive reaction in 3 out of 10 of the patients and the wheal areas induced by prick were reduced in size respect to that ones triggered by the wild-type allergen. The PjC and PjD did not give any SPT reaction. None reactions have been observed when non allergic subjects were tested as reported in the following table II.  
                                             TABLE II                           Skin prick test of the rPar J and its disulfide       bond variants                Patient                               No.   RParj1   PjA   PjB   PjC   PjD                        1   ++++   −   −   −   −            2   +++   ++   +++   −   −            3   ++++   −   +++   −   −            4   ++++   ++   +++   −   −            6   ++++   −   +++   −   −            7   ++++   −   ++++   −   −            8   ++++   ++   +++   −   −            9   +++   −   ++   −   −           10   +++   −   ++   −   −           P.C.   −   −   −   −   −           D.G.   −   −   −   −   −                      
 
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