Abstract:
A method and system for facilitating cost effective, reliable, system redundant, self-driving vehicles involves the employment of specialized lane marking components that permit unprecedented sensor feedback, and in particular, a system and method that enables accurate lane marking recognition despite adverse weather conditions, which presently pose problems experienced by self-driving systems that rely upon vision based camera systems.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application seeks priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/078,539, filed on Nov. 12, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/163,163, filed on May 18, 2015. The entire disclosure of the prior applications is considered to be part of the disclosure of the accompanying application and is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A method and system for facilitating cost effective, reliable, system redundant, self-driving vehicles involves the employment of specialized lane marking components that permit unprecedented sensor feedback, and in particular, a system and method that enables accurate lane marking recognition despite adverse weather conditions, which presently pose problems experienced by self-driving systems that rely upon vision based camera systems. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Worldwide, over a million people die on roads every year. More than 40% of fatal crashes in the U.S. involve alcohol, distraction, drug involvement and/or fatigue. Driver error is believed to be the main reason behind over 90 percent of all crashes. 
         [0004]    Over the past years the automobile and technology industries have made significant leaps in bringing computerization into what has for over a century been exclusively a human function: driving. As safety has been a main emphasis in motor vehicles for the past decades, there remains a stubborn and inevitable problem at the heart of the fatalities suffered each year: the driver is human. The automobile, which has followed a path of steady but slow technological evolution for the past 130 years, is on course to change dramatically in the next few years, in ways that could have radical economic, environmental, and social impacts. 
         [0005]    New cars increasingly include features such as adaptive cruise control and parking assist systems that allow cars to steer themselves into parking spaces. Companies are attempting to create almost fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) that can navigate highways and urban environments with almost no direct human input. 
         [0006]    AVs could enable smarter routing in coordination with intelligent infrastructure, quicker reaction times, and closer spacing between vehicles to counteract increased demand. The first autonomous systems, which are able to control steering, braking, and accelerating, are already starting to appear in cars. Thanks to autonomous driving, the road ahead seems likely to have fewer traffic accidents and less congestion and pollution. Automation could theoretically allow nearly four times as many cars to travel on a given stretch of highway, saving almost three billion gallons of fuel each year in the US alone. 
         [0007]    Driverless vehicle technology (or autonomous vehicles—“AV”) promises to reduce crashes, ease congestion, improve fuel economy, reduce parking needs, bring mobility to those unable to drive, and eventually revolutionize travel. Based on current research, annual U.S. economic benefits could be around $25 billion with only 10% market penetration. When including broader benefits and high penetration rates, AVs may save the U.S. economy roughly $430 billion annually. AV operations are inherently different from human-driven vehicles. They may be programmed to not break traffic laws. They do not drink and drive. Their reaction times are quicker and they can be optimized to smooth traffic flows, improve fuel economy, and reduce emissions. 
         [0008]    An AV system that relies on optical sensors can be expected to have reliability problems. The signs or markings can be obscured by dirt, ice, or snow and visibility can be impaired by fog, blowing snow, blowing dust, and the like. Furthermore, for night usage, a considerable amount of energy must be expended, either to illuminate the signs or to send out a beam from the sensor. 
         [0009]    If autonomous driving is to change transportation, however, it needs to be both widespread and flawless, while also being attractive to the consuming public. Google has developed prototype AV&#39;s that have large, unsightly devices on vehicle roofs, featuring huge rotating laser scanners. The driving public desires systems that have style as well as functionality, and thus there is a need for smaller, more limited sensors that can be positioned into the body of a car without compromising weight or styling. 
         [0010]    One barrier to large-scale market adoption is the cost of an AV system. Presently, AV technologies include expensive sensors, communication and guidance technology, and software for each automobile. Another problem is that vehicles, at any given time, will vary in the newness of their individual computer systems that regulate the self driving capabilities. For a multitude of vehicles to cooperate on a roadway, there is a need for a coordinated system and method that avoids outdated information. 
         [0011]    Another problem presenting designers of AV systems is the threat of a terrorist attack, thus disrupting transportation in particular cities, etc. Centralizing all the sensor elements in a vehicle, rather than having some sensing elements separate from the vehicle, would permit attacks to the vehicle systems to render them unworkable. Conversely, having a more dispersed system where sensors can both be less expensive and that rely on a standard extra-vehicular component (e.g. pavement markings as described herein that work in a system to communicate with vehicle installed systems), one would be better able to avoid the prospect of an attack on particular AV systems. One advantage of certain aspects of the present invention is that disrupting a vehicle&#39;s communication or sensors systems would require a more complex and sophisticated attack. Engineering an attack to simultaneously compromise a fleet of vehicles, whether from a point source (for example, compromising all vehicles near an infected AV) or from a system-wide broadcast over infected infrastructure, would pose even greater challenges for a would-be attacker. 
         [0012]    Providing AV travel data including routes, destinations, and departure times to centralized and governmentally controlled systems is likely more controversial, particularly if the data is recorded and stored. Without safeguards, this data could be misused by government employees for stalking individuals, or provided to law enforcement agencies for unchecked monitoring and surveillance. Vehicle travel data has wide-ranging commercial applications that may be disconcerting to individuals, like targeted advertising. Decisions to enhance traveler privacy ideally should be balanced against the benefits of shared data. Thus, a system that has at least some elements that are self-contained in the vehicle to frustrate an all inclusive control of such vehicle and/or information being discerned from such vehicle may be desirable. 
         [0013]    Some have postulated that there are two basic approaches to autonomous navigation of vehicles on roads: 1) employing a vehicle that navigates like a human, with little pre-existing knowledge of the road features beyond simple maps and general rules of the road; and 2) an approach that relies on extensive prior knowledge of the environment provided by GPS measurements, a map of all stop signs, and pedestrian crossings. Prior inventors have noted the challenging aspects of the first approach due to the extreme variability of real-world environments. Thus, many have pursued systems that involve the second approach, such as the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Urban Challenge and the Google self-driving car project. While it has been possible to achieve significant reliability using the second approach, such systems require constant updating of detailed prior maps that must be extremely precise and accurate. GPS also does not provide the precision necessary to stay within a lane of traffic; it severely degrades in environments with multipath or shadowing; and the signals can easily be blocked or intentionally disrupted by others desiring to interfere with operation. Inherently, such systems lack the ability to address unexpected changes to the environment where the vehicle is traveling, thus potentially causing significant problems with employment of autonomous vehicles on a wide and large scale. The present invention is directed to the provision of a system that preferably includes both approaches and thus, provides the structured environment and the real time adjustability of a device that can assure the safe transport of people in such self driving vehicles. 
         [0014]    Prior art autonomous vehicle systems that sense the local environment and register the sensor measurements to a map of prior observations often require map-matching that depends significantly upon the type of sensor and the locale. Passive visual methods that rely upon digital video cameras perform poorly in outdoor environments due to changes in scene illumination, variations in solar illumination angles, cloudiness, etc. Visual sensing, an approach used by the Google car, require that a sensor transmit light, typically at frequencies that are otherwise relatively dark, and measures the intensity of the return. Algorithms are then used to search for similar intensity patterns in a map of previous measurements to determine the location of the vehicle. But such systems are less than preferred in various adverse weather conditions, such as in snow storms, fog, rain and dust, where important features required to match a scene to prior acquired scenes may be obscured and negatively impact performance. Moreover, other moving vehicles, features that move in wind gusts, etc. present significant challenges, demonstrating that there is still much to be desired and are simply not robust enough to address common real-world conditions. Active sensors employing light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors are expensive and due to some precision-engineered electro-optical-mechanical parts, are not believed to be especially practicable solutions. 
         [0015]    In certain prior art systems, cameras used for determining a vehicle&#39;s position in relation to a lane are limited in robustness and reliability. This can be due to technical limitations of the sensor itself, but also due to external problems, such as poor or absent visible lane markings, caused by road wear, water or snow covering the markings, etc. 
         [0016]    Some prior art systems typically utilize at least one of a radar/lidar, DGPS/INS and digital map, or camera/video processing sensor to detect the lane markings (or road edges) that delineate a lane boundary. The detected lane-marking range is typically used to determine the lateral position of the vehicle in the lane (i.e., vehicle in-lane position), and a parameter time-to-lane-crossing is calculated based on the in-lane position and the motion of the vehicle. 
         [0017]    There have been attempts to place laser and radar scanners inside front and rear bumpers that sweep the road before and behind for anything within about 200 meters of the car. Some systems employ cameras embedded at the top of the windshield and rear window that track the road markings and detect road signs. Vision scanners near side mirrors are employed to watch the road left and right. Other systems employ ultrasonic sensors above the wheels to monitor the area close to the car and differential Global Positioning System receivers are also used to combine signals from ground-based stations with those from satellites to determine the vehicle&#39;s location to within a few centimeters of the closest lane marking. Such existing prototype systems have several computers inside the car&#39;s trunk to process data gained from the sensors. Software is employed that may assign a value to each lane of the road based on the car&#39;s speed and the behavior of nearby vehicles, in order to decide whether to switch to another lane, to attempt to pass the car ahead, or to get out of the way of a vehicle approaching from behind. Commands are relayed to a separate computer that controls acceleration, braking, and steering. Still other computer systems monitor the behavior of everything involved with autonomous driving for signs of malfunction. 
         [0018]    While all such systems are useful in arriving at a commercially viable and cost effective vehicle, much emphasis has been placed on the admittedly important aspects of avoiding collisions with other vehicles and obstacles, spot objects on the road ahead and take control of the brakes to prevent an accident. Such systems may lock onto a vehicle in front and follow it along the road at a safe distance and employ a car&#39;s computers to take over not only braking and accelerating, but steering too. 
         [0019]    Despite such recent advances and prototypes, the dream of total automation is proving to be surprisingly elusive, largely because the sensors and computers employed are too expensive to be deployed widely. For example, the spinning laser instrument, or LIDAR, seen on the roof of Google&#39;s cars, while providing a 3-D image of the surrounding world, accurate down to two centimeters, costs $80,000 and is presently too large for practical use as the consumer will demand more stylish, sleek vehicles. 
         [0020]    There is a need for an inertial navigation system that provides precise positioning information by monitoring the vehicle&#39;s own movement and combining the resulting data with differential GPS and highly accurate digital maps. 
         [0021]    A persistent and as yet largely unaddressed problem relates to poor weather conditions, which can significantly degrade the reliability of sensors. Moreover, it may not always be feasible to rely heavily on a digital map, as so many prototype systems do, as even a very accurate map may be inaccurate and wrong and the work of keeping such maps up to date is a daunting and ongoing task that presents too much liability for wide acceptance of systems so dependent on the same. 
         [0022]    While total autonomy of a self driving vehicle may not be imminent—if even desired—there needs to be better systems that are cost effective and that can reduce the number of lives lost, gallons consumed and stress experienced in the evolution of self driving vehicles. As the airline industry appreciates that auto-pilot systems have greatly advanced the safety and reliability of the airline industry, there is still an appreciated aspect of personal human involvement in such vehicles, and hence the need to have experienced and trained airline pilots to work in cooperation with such automated systems. Similarly, in some embodiments, it is envisioned that vehicles may have very useful and beneficial systems that provide various features that can assist in achieving a reduction in the number of lives lost due to the absence of such driving systems. 
         [0023]    Another drawback with proposed systems is that they require that essentially all involved vehicles must be provided with transmitter/receivers of similar kinds and types and may rely upon different information systems that are made by different companies. Standardization of such systems may be difficult if not impossible due to the way the technology is developing, the ownership of proprietary rights involved in any given system, etc. For at least some time, the majority of vehicles on the road will simply most probably not be equipped with an active safety system, and thus, even if one vehicle detects a collision risk, others will not. There is thus a need for a system and method that has at least some aspects that are separate and apart from individual vehicles that can be relied upon as a standard by which other competing systems of vehicle makers can rely, to accomplish the general objective of avoiding collisions and saving lives via a cost effective system and method. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]    One aspect of many embodiments of the present invention is the provision of an improved extra-vehicle component to an overall near-autonomous self-driving vehicle system and method. Several embodiments are directed to pavement markings that permit unprecedented sensor feedback such that adverse weather conditions do not pose the problems presently experienced by self-driving systems presently employed. Having pavement markings that incorporate, for example, magnetic aspects that can be detected by sensors located in a vehicle can offer the desired redundancy required to ensure a safer and more robust system that facilitates self-driving and steering mechanisms and systems for vehicles. Certain aspects of such paving material employ magnetic particles that are oriented during the placement of the material on a roadway. For example, in several embodiments, particles are dispersed in a wet paint form of pavement marking and a magnetic field is then directed to and in close approximation to such wet point so that the particles are directed to face a desired position once on the roadway, with such particles being essentially maintained in such a direction when the paint dries. In other systems, magnetically adjustable elements are associated with the pavement material such that such elements are pre-loaded into or on the surface of pavement markings such that such elements can be oriented in a desired direction via outside magnets passing over such markings. Thus, one aspect of the present invention is directed to a method and system whereby some of the directional and data communication system and method of self-steering and driving vehicle systems is in the pavement marking material, rather than in the on-board systems of the vehicles. In this manner, the tremendous cost and expense of sophisticated systems envisioned for self driving vehicles can be vastly reduced as the pavement marking material itself will have advanced aspects that permit less expensive and refined sensor systems to be employed, adding to the safety and reliability of the overall self driving experience. In certain embodiments, the elements presently employed in so-called “smart-systems” utilized with credit cards, ID systems, etc. can be employed with respect to pavement marking materials so as to add an extra-vehicular control system to an overall AV traffic control system. In one embodiment, a strong electro-magnet is brought into close proximity (e.g. preferably between about 5 millimeters and 10 centimeters) with newly laid-down paint (or alternatively pavement marking materials with imbedded magnetically directable elements therein) of the type mentioned herein, which include particles having desired magnetic and directional characteristics, with such particles coming under the influence of the strong magnetic field such that they are collectively pulled in a direction while in the liquid or semi-liquid phase of the pavement marking material (e.g. wet paint) exists; or alternatively the pavement marking material is constructed so as to provide the ability of magnetically attracted elements t be moved and oriented at any time during the useful life of such pavement marking material. Some pavement marking materials will therefore be flexible in this regard and will permit movement and different orientations of magnetic elements so that a pivotal ability of the pavement marking material persists well after it is provided on the roadway surface. 
         [0025]    While radar sensing is possible, along with sonar or sound sensing, one is limited in correctly reading and interpreting radar or sonar echoes to insure obstacles are avoided and turns are made properly. Video sensing techniques based on current technology, using video cameras, may operate satisfactorily in daylight and in periods of good visibility but at night and in periods of poor visibility video systems are of little or no value. The present invention provides a relatively easy means of acquiring required road information as well as vehicle position relative to the center line of the desired path (lateral deviation). 
         [0026]    In certain embodiments, there is an ability to modify the pavement marking materials via applying a force to physical or magnetic components imbedded or otherwise associated with such pavement materials, such that when roadway managers desire to change the resident signaling of such materials, they can be modified for such purposes. In one embodiment, such a change to the directional aspects imbedded in the pavement material is achieved by having a specialized vehicle run directly over the pavement material so as to modify orientation of particles residing in the pavement material. For example, magnetically directional aspects of the pavement material may be modified by having a strong electromagnetic element run over the surface of the pavement material in a fashion such that there is a realignment of the magnetic particles or elements in the pavement material. 
         [0027]    There is a need for at minimum, a fine tuning of a self-steering vehicle&#39;s movements in real time—as well as a back-up redundant system that would operate if the various map-dependent, infrared sensors and/or GPS systems fail, or are inaccurate, etc. While “vision systems” may be employed to “read’ the paving markings on the existing roads—e.g. seeing yellow and white lines, etc.—adverse weather conditions can often obscure the same and make such camera sensors impractical or ineffective. One aspect of the present invention relates to the ability of pre-determined directional aspects of the pavement marking material to be coded so that roadway management systems appreciate a digital recognition of the type and kind of roadway marking involved. Thus, for example, a certain magnetic element orientation would be indicative of a white stripe, while another orientation would be indicative of a yellow stripe, stop sign, yield zone, merge zone, traffic condition, etc. 
         [0028]    Another aspect to the present invention is directed to the provision of new paving marking material that may communicate with reliable sensors located on vehicles that can “read’ the location of such markings on the pavement itself, thus ensuring that the vehicle is moving as it should. Thus, various paving markings are envisioned, including: special paint that has laser light reflecting elements (e.g. small mirrors—some of which may be associated with metallic elements such that when the paint is wet (or a flexible substrate is employed with the particles imbedded therein) a magnet passed over the freshly laid paint will orient the particles so that there is a directional aspect to the paint—and thus, the sensors (or lasers) can better reflect off such pre-determined directional markings. The system should preferably be accurate and fine tuned so as not to read opposing closely laid paint for on-coming traffic lanes etc. Other sensors can be employed that rely upon magnets, metallic elements, and spaced apart features such that the vehicle systems can “read’ the same (similar to a metallic stripe being detected or “seen” regardless of weather conditions) and verify coordinates to either steer the vehicle and/or to act as a redundant confirmation system of the vehicle&#39;s movements in a GPS guided system. In such a manner, for example, the present invention may provide a vehicle roadway guidance/control system wherein pavement markings may be serially oriented so that a binary code is formed by passage over the passive markers. 
         [0029]    Pavement marking, including but not limited to pavement paint on roads, is necessary and occupies a large amount of state and governmental resources every year. Replacement paint is required over time—and with self-driving vehicles, it is believed that a practical system will need to employ pavement markings, including paint that is so-called “smart”—so as to assist in the conveyance of vehicles along roadways. Thus, various road-marking systems and methods are described herein that are useful in the new generation of self-steering vehicles that are being developed. The coordination of municipalities, cities, states, governments, etc. with existing vehicle production companies—especially with a standardized pavement marking system and method, is preferably a desired and useful advancement in the provision of a life-saving, fuel saving system and method that promises to greatly enhance and advance safety, reliability, redundancy, and practical implementation of such a system. 
         [0030]    In one embodiment, the addition of metallic shot or particles, or other materials having a high dielectric constant, to a thermoplastic paint or marking material, is used to paint or mark lane stripes on pavement and is used in combination with a vehicle containing suitable detection equipment that can detect the additive material in the painted stripes. Thus, in certain embodiments, small magnetic particles are mixed into the pavement marking ingredients as part of a liquid, which can be coated or extruded in a thin strip onto a roadway surface, allowed to cure, solidify and then harden. Preferably, such pavement marking material is designed to seep into the rough surface and pores characteristic of roadways, such as cement and asphalt, and hardens to form a firm grip or bond to the pavement. In certain preferred embodiments, the incorporation of metal particles and/or high dielectric particles is used within the thermoplastic material of ordinary road marker paint. A preferred embodiment of the enhanced radiometric paint includes size 20 or 30 iron shot with the iron shot comprising approximately 30% of the paint mixture by volume. In other embodiments, however, use of various sized and shaped iron based materials can be employed having non-round shapes. The percentage of such material in certain embodiments can be as little as 5% and as much as 75%, preferably at least about 10% and less than 28%, or alternatively, more than 50% but less than about 70%. 
         [0031]    In certain embodiments, the placement of passive markers on pavement to define traffic lane boundaries enables a vehicle having proper detection equipment and traveling in the lane to detect the lane boundary, as a redundant system working in coordination with the other location devices and systems as described herein. These embodiments allow economical placement installation of passive markers on roadway surfaces, reasonable durability and life of the markers, and consequently enable economical detection systems to be used in motor vehicles. In one embodiment, the use of wafer-thin elements embedded in painted or pre-made polymeric material traffic lane stripes is employed. These elements may, in certain embodiments, utilize the same technology as used commercially in many in-store anti-theft systems, pet identification systems, and PASS highway toll systems, and can be economically fabricated in mass-produced quantities. 
         [0032]    In various embodiments, on-board sensing devices are installed in motor vehicles, one on each side near the front of a vehicle, such as in front of each front tire at the bottom of the front bumper. In a particularly preferred embodiment, such sensing devices are included in the tires or wheels, or both, of vehicles, thus providing a ready way to have numerous vehicles retrofitted in a manner that keeps up with advances in the AV system itself. Municipalities or Federal Governments may choose, for example, to offer tax based incentives to have consumers purchase new tires/wheels that permit far more vehicles, in an economic fashion, to obtain necessary sensor devices to make possible a robust AV system for a particular area. 
         [0033]    In many embodiments, the aiming of each sensing device is preferably down and slightly outboard and each sensing device may preferably incorporate both a transmitter and receiver. In certain embodiments, signal reflecting tags or labels, preferably very small so that they reside in the pavement marking material, are employed to respond to a signal emanating from the vehicle with sufficient strength to return a signal. Thus, when such a signal is incident on an embedded tag or label, and the received strength is sufficient to cause the tag or label to reflect a return signal, the return signal is picked up by the sensor receiver. The passive elements may, in certain embodiments, be in the painted lane stripes such that they respond to different frequencies based on the location of the particular stripe so that an on-board processor used for detection will be able to distinguish individual stripes on a roadway, such as distinguishing a centerline stripe that separates oncoming lanes from a shoulder stripe, turn lane, cross-walk, etc. Alternatively, system may be employed where signals emanate from the road to the passing vehicles, and in other embodiments a mix of signals from and to the roadway are used to accomplish the objective of a workable, economically feasible system. 
         [0034]    A related aspect of the present invention is directed to an ability to re-charge the magnetic qualities of imbedded material in a pavement marking system. Thus, periodically a strong magnetic force is re-applied to existing pavement marking material so as to further energize the signal transmission characteristics thereof. Such a system may include vehicles of a traffic management governmental authority that have high powered magnetic elements associated therewith that pass over and re-energize the metallic elements in the pavement marking material on the roadway. Solar powered recharging systems may also be used to retain the magnetic characteristics of the resident road located materials so as to maintain a robust AV system. 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, a vehicle position recognition system includes at least one magnetic marker for forming a magnetic field at a predetermined position on the road surface and at least one magnetic sensor for detecting the intensity of the magnetic field formed by the magnetic marker. An on-vehicle detector is provided for performing operation of the vehicle position on the basis of the magnetic field intensity obtained from the magnetic sensor. Problems experienced with prior art systems are avoided due to the redundancy and combination of different data input from GPS and other location features, in combination with the features (including the magnetic pavement marking system/method as disclosed herein) of the present invention. Thus, in the event there is a problem involving a magnetic field being wrongly detected, or it is not detected, due e.g. to a magnetic body that may disturb the magnetic field when a vehicle is traveling down a traffic lane, such as for example a piece of magnetized metal in the joint of a concrete road or the structural body in a tunnel; or some other feature that forms a magnetic field larger than that of the magnetic field emanating from a magnetic pavement marking, such issues are readily addressed via the receipt and combination of GPS, visual camera and other location sensors employed in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The coordination and comparison of these distinct and various inputs can act to arrive at inconsistencies such that unusual situations can be recognized and addressed by an AV system. In such a manner, the present invention provides a vehicle position recognizing system that reduces problems that could be caused by undesired magnetic disturbances when a vehicle is conveyed down a traffic lane, thus permitting the system to properly detect the intended pavement marker and its magnetic signal, in conjunction with other positioning systems, thus accurately determining the position of a vehicle. One of skill in the art will appreciate the myriad of ways that such signal comparison can be performed to achieve the desired AV system result. 
         [0036]    Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to the employment of automated vehicle roadway beacons. Thus, in certain embodiments, the invention comprises the use of location beacons that are installed in or near roadway surfaces to affect the path that vehicles traverse on roadways. These location beacons may be any single embodiment or combination of conductive, magnetic, visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, or gamma-ray light beacons. They are installed within the roadway surface or near the roadway surface to provide accurate vehicle position information for “autonomous” vehicles. 
         [0037]    One aspect of the present invention is directed to the particular ability to update software over the air for vehicles to add, modify or subtract certain functions, such as to adapt to new advancements in pavement markings that can be read by the car in snowy conditions etc. This is similar in many ways to the automatic updating of smart phones and mobile computers but importantly is done to further the operational aspects of a coordinated AV public system that has the ability to save many lives and prevent tragic accidents. One example of a particular update that would be involved is the updated maps developed and generated by AV vehicles traveling on roads that may have defective lane recognition systems, thus permitting servicing of such area before any detrimental accidents occur and otherwise informing system management personal as to where resources should be employed to facilitate a well run system. 
         [0038]    In one variant of the invention, small sealed gamma radiation sources (i.e., Cs137, Am241, etc.) may be embedded in the roadway surface along the centerline of the traffic lanes (preferably in addition to other magnetic-based AV system components.) The radiation sources are preferably spaced sufficiently far apart so that the radiation areas from each source overlap enough to affect an invisible path for an automated vehicle to follow from one radiation source to the next and to create an invisible barrier between opposing traffic lanes. X-ray sources can also be employed in addition to or in place of gamma ray sources, with x-rays being manipulated to emit varying energies of x-ray radiation to communicate different road conditions. 
         [0039]    Automated vehicles possessing radiation detectors are used to adjust the direction of the vehicle to align with the path of the radiation sources based on the amplitude of the radiation detector(s) on the vehicle. On multi-lane roadways, the vehicle may be programmed to move to the left or the right of the lane presently occupied by the vehicle to re-establish a path in the new traffic lane for the vehicle to follow. In preferred systems, gamma radiation sources are used in combination with at least one other of the pavement marking systems described herein, including the magnetic element pavement marking system described herein. 
         [0040]    Employing the present invention, the path of an automated vehicle is not affected by weather conditions including: rain, snow, ice, dirt, sand, or other material that may obscure the visible roadway surface. Another advantage to this form of lane designation is that detours may be installed on temporary road paths around road construction zones simply by placing radiation sources in an appropriate path around the construction zone. The preferred embodiment of this type of roadway marking system includes the use of radioactive half-life longevities of over 20 years and the amount of radiation exposure to living beings will be less than 2 mR per hour at the surface of the roadway pavement, in accordance with NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) mandates. 
         [0041]    In still another embodiment of the invention, pavement marking materials include thin-film conductive materials such that they are embedded with or associated with a roadway surface in a manner that permits them to conduct either an AC or DC current. Automated vehicles equipped with sensors may then follow the path of the embedded current, and conductors carrying a different current or voltage may be installed between lanes of opposing traffic to prevent the automated vehicles from crossing into an oncoming traffic lane. In still other embodiments, such a system permits current to flow in the traffic lane conductors to charge electric automated vehicles. Pavement marking materials may also include piezoelectric elements able to generate electricity by converting mechanical energy of vehicles driving over the piezoelectric elements- to electric current. Preferably, infusion of power along the roadway is provided by solar charged batteries associated with the thin-film conductive materials. In still other embodiments, anti-pest components, such as pesticides, are provided with the pavement marking to deter insects from eating insulation, etc. that could otherwise short out a system. 
         [0042]    In yet another embodiment of the invention, permanent magnets may be installed in the pavement marking materials, providing an invisible path for an automated vehicle to follow from one magnet to the next. Automated vehicles with magnetic detectors are then able to adjust the direction of the vehicle. A magnetic system offers several advantages: it is not adversely affected by weather conditions, does not require expensive video or other radio frequency equipment, and uses little to no power to achieve its magnetic marker function. Preferably, the coercivity of the magnetic material used in the pavement marking is at least above 1000 oersteds. Advances in metallurgy and magnetic technology in the last decades have resulted in the availability of magnetic materials with unprecedented power—most notably “Rare Earth” magnets, some of which exhibit a pulling strength of more than 100 times their own weight. They do not suffer significantly from problems like degrading over time or sudden loss of magnetic power due to exposure to moderate external magnetic influences or the removal of keepers, as ‘traditional’ permanent magnets tend to suffer. The rare earth elements are fifteen elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium, plus yttrium. Despite their name, rare earth metals aren&#39;t actually that rare but they typically occur in ores at low concentrations and often in tandem with radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. Permanent magnets made from alloys of REEs with transition metals and boron enable commercial production of the strongest permanent magnets known today. In various preferred embodiments, REE paint or pavement materials are employed to establish a practical AV system having both vehicle sensors and pavement rooted elements that work cooperatively to achieve the objectives as set forth herein. 
         [0043]    To limit the penetration depth of the magnetic field of each magnetic device, permanent magnets with short and fixed magnetic length may be used. In order to increase overall volume of active magnetic material, a plurality of such individual short length magnets may be connected in series to provide a single magnetic field orientation, i.e. each device is comprised of a stack of permanent magnet plates (magnetized in the thickness direction of the plate such that opposite faces have opposite polarities) interleaved with soft iron pole piece plates. In various embodiments, the magnet plates are arranged alternately with faces of equal polarity opposing one another across the intervening pole piece, such that a series of alternating North-South-North-etc. magnetic fields along the stacking direction are present between neighboring pole pieces, thus providing a plurality of working (air) gaps along the stacking direction. That is, the active magnetic material may be subdivided into discrete portions and interleaved and in contact with passive magnetic material, thus creating a plurality of shallow magnetic field loops between the pole pieces. 
         [0044]    Preferably, certain aspects of the present invention utilize permanent magnets as a source of a magnet field and can be switched between ‘on’ and ‘off’ states. Still other embodiments employ a configuration/arrangement of discrete magnetic field sources which overall generates an effective attraction force between a device, incorporating the arrangement which simultaneously enables substantial confining of magnetic flux lines generated by the arrangement. 
         [0045]    Other embodiments employ a pavement marking device having a plurality of magnets, each having at least one N-S pole pair defining a magnetization axis, the magnets being located in a medium having a first relative permeability in a predetermined array configuration with a defined gap spacing between the magnets and with the magnetization axes extending in predetermined orientations and preferably in a common plane, the device having a face operatively disposed to be brought into proximity to a magnetic sensor of a moving vehicle. Such magnetic sensor preferably has a second relative permeability that is higher than the first relative permeability, thereby creating a closed or loaded magnetic circuit between the magnets and the magnetic sensor and effecting flux transfer through the magnetic sensor between N and S poles of the magnets. 
         [0046]    Preferably, the system provides a self-regulated flux transfer from a source of magnetic energy to a magnetic sensor, wherein a plurality of magnets, each having at least one N-S pole pair defining a magnetization axis, are disposed in a pavement marking medium having a first relative permeability, the magnets being arranged in an array in which a gap of predetermined distance is maintained between neighboring magnets in the array (and consequently the pavement marking medium) and in which the magnetization axes of the magnets are oriented such that the magnets face one another with opposite polarities and preferably extend in a common plane, such arrangement representing a closed magnetic circuit in which magnetic flux paths through the medium exist between neighboring magnets, and magnetic flux access portals are defined between oppositely polarized pole pieces of such neighboring magnets. 
         [0047]    A limit of effective flux transfer from the magnetic circuit into the pavement marking medium will be reached when the pavement marking medium approaches magnetic saturation and the reluctance of the pavement marking material substantially equals the internal reluctance of the magnetic circuit. In such array, two kinds of flux portals exist—a first one is between the pole pieces of the individual magnets with a first (forward) flux direction and the second one is between the pole pieces of neighboring magnets in with a second (opposite) flux direction. Therefore no uniform flux direction exists in the array and fewer problems with remanence in magnetic sensors will ensue after the sensor moves away from a pavement marking medium having such an array. It will be appreciated that the above features defining self-regulating flux transfer can be incorporated into various embodiments of pavement marking mediums. 
         [0048]    Magnetic guidance systems of the prior art have been embedded within a roadway. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,609,678. The polymer-based magnetic materials disclosed are resilient and flexible, such as nitrile and silicone rubber, and plasticized PVC. Resilient refers to recovering to substantially the original shape after removal of a deformation force. The &#39;678 patent discloses, in one embodiment, a polymeric magnetic tape or sheet that is either inserted edgewise in a narrow channel or slot or laid flat in a more shallow channel cut in the roadway. Magnets may also be embedded within the pavement of the roadway instead of in an open channel. A flux sensor may be mounted on a vehicle that travels over the roadway, and the sensor can generate an electric signal in response to the magnetic medium if the magnetic field is sufficiently strong to be sensed. The intensity of the magnetic field at the surface of the roadway should be at least 2 gauss, preferably at least 10 gauss, and more preferably at least 100 gauss, to provide a strong signal even when road conditions are less than optimal. Although it has its own utility, the system disclosed in the &#39;678 patent may not be desirable because it relates specifically to embedding a magnetic medium in an existing road. That is, this patent discloses cutting a slot, hole, or other aperture in an existing road, inserting a magnet or plurality of magnets in a resilient material within the aperture, and then sealing the aperture to protect the magnets. Certain aspects of the present invention are thus directed to providing either a paint that contains desired magnetic attributes as set forth herein, avoiding the need to physically cut existing pavement surfaces, which entails labor and added expense. Other embodiments employ pavement materials that are otherwise laid down on the surface of pavement and road surfaces to obtain the many benefits of the pavement marking AV system set forth herein. 
         [0049]    In certain embodiments, conformable pavement marking sheet materials are preferred that comprise polymeric materials that have desired viscoelastic properties. Preferably, magnetic particles are embedded in such a conformable magnetic layer, whether it be paint or a pre-determined polymeric composite stripe to be adhered to or otherwise affixed to a road surface. 
         [0050]    Automated vehicles, preferably those able to generate electric current through induction when passing over the magnetic elements, may be employed in an overall AV system. An automated vehicle may be equipped with magnetic field sensors located on each side of the vehicle (preferably located in the tires or wheels of the vehicle) and the vehicle may then travel in a path centered between the magnetic particle infused paint markings applied to the roadway surface. 
         [0051]    To reduce the need to provide extensive disclosure in this application, but to provide adequate written description of the various devices and methods encompassed by the numerous embodiments of the present invention, various patents are incorporated herein in their entireties by this reference. These include: U.S. Pat. No. 7,140,803 to Cummings, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,456; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,614,469 and 6,417,785 to Tyburski; U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,606 to Yujiri, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,742 to Frank et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,947,094 to Dyer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,725,930 to Caruso; U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,456 to Zhang, et al.; 2003033330 to Peteri; U.S. Pat. No. 7,451,027 to Pereri; US20070225913 to Ikeda; 20130231829 to Gerdt, et al.; 20130231820 to Solyom, et al.; 20120265403 to Svensson, et al.; 20120203418 to Branennstroem, et al.; 20110215947 to Ekmark, et al.; 20110320163 to Markkula, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,689; U.S. Pat. No. 7,084,773; US 2007/0021915 to Breed; 20130184926 to Spero, et al.; 20130218397 to Griffini; U.S. Pat. No. 8,520,954 to Suzuki; U.S. Pat. No. 8,494,716 to Lee et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,462,988 to Boon; U.S. Pat. No. 8,456,327 to Bechtel, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,378,799 to Yim, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,791,503 to Breed, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,111,147 to Litkouhi; U.S. Pat. No. 8,717,156 to Tronnier; 20140207377 to Gupta; U.S. Pat. No. 8,781,669 to Teller; 20140121964 to Stanley et al., 20140307247 to Zhu; U.S. Pat. No. 8,532,862 to Neff; WO2013018038 to Sheinker; U.S. Pat. No. 8,451,140 to Piccinini; U.S. Pat. No. 8,290,659 to Asano; U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,846 to Clark; U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,915 to Furukawa; 20030123930 to Jacobs (abandoned); U.S. Pat. No. 7,451,027 to Peteri; U.S. Pat. No. 7,983,802 to Breed; WO 2014082821 to Protzmann et al.; WO 1996016231 to Dahlin; U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,432 to Jordan; 20140267728 to Dahlin; U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,297 to Maier, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,680,569 to Matsumoto; WO 2013160238 to Dietrichson; U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,002 to Camardello; U.S. Pat. No. 8,775,060 to Solyom; U.S. Pat. No. 8,352,112 to Mudalige; 20140236463 to Zhang; U.S. Pat. No. 8,880,273 to Chatham; U.S. Pat. No. 7,138,750 to Mancosu; U.S. Pat. No. 6,807,853 to Adamson; U.S. Pat. No. 7,832,263 to Rensel; U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,901 to Cefo; U.S. Pat. No. 8,841,785 to Theuss; U.S. Pat. No. 8,352,110 to Szybalski; U.S. Pat. No. 8,527,199 to Burnette; 20060033641 to Jaupitre; 20140297094 to Dolgov; 20070152845 to Porte; U.S. Pat. No. 8,954,261 to Das et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,977,420 to Deng et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,096,267 to Mudalige et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,090,264 to Zhao et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,874,301 to Rho et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,090,259 to Dolgov et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,081,385 to Ferguson et al.; 20140225694 to Sitti et al.; U.S. Patent Publication No. 20140195093 to Litkouhi; 20150266477 to Schmudderich; 20090195124 to Abramovich et. al.; 20150210274 to Clarke; 2014130178 to Droz; U.S. Pat. No. 9,129,272 to Penilla; PCT/US2015/018285 to Scofield; 20150198951 to Thor; 20020174084 to Mitsugi; 20120149000 to Baker; U.S. Pat. No. 8,489,648 to Rubin; 20150241880 to Kim; and 20140012431 to Breed. 
         [0052]    The disclosures of all of the foregoing United States patents are hereby fully incorporated into this application for all purposes by reference thereto. While various tire electronics systems, magnetic element systems and power generation systems therefore have been developed, no design has emerged that generally encompasses all of the desired characteristics as hereafter presented in accordance with the subject technology. 
         [0053]    In one embodiment, a pavement marking device (whether it be a tape, a more substantive road adherent device, etc) is manufactured in a manner to conserve the expensive interactive elements necessary to communicate with sensors located on an automated vehicle. Thus, in a particular embodiment, a pavement marking structure (again, it may consist of a tape, a geometrically shaped road attachable device, etc—collectively referred hereto as a pavement marking structure) is provided that has between one and six separate longitudinal lines/channels extending between a first and second edge of the longitudinal extent of the pavement marking structure. Such lines/channels can accommodate the inclusion of metallic materials specially designed to interact with sensors positioned on moving automated vehicles, and may further retain one or more magnetic components as described herein so as to minimize any excess use of such material beyond what is called for in the road based directional system. For example, in one scenario, a pavement marking structure has at least one line/cannel that includes a series of magnetic particles, rather than having such particles more randomly distributed throughout the pavement marking material (e.g. such as would be the case if magnetic particles were added to a pavement paint mixture.) Having several or a plurality of channels available, makes it possible to make the contents of such pavement marking structures variable depending upon distinct issues that may present themselves, such as different weather and temperature conditions, the need to have a more robust magnetic signal in play (where e.g. two or more of the channels is filled with magnetic particles to provide a stronger and redundant signal for sensors located on moving vehicles with a magnetic sensor thereon). It will be appreciated, however, that still other embodiments include more random dispersion of magnetic elements in a pavement marking material for use in an AV system. 
         [0054]    In various embodiments, pavement marking materials include microcrystalline ceramic beads which have a number of unique properties that result in outstanding performance, including high refractive index and high overall quality. Microcrystalline beads are also tougher than regular glass bead, giving them better resistance to chipping and scarring. The result is a more durable optics system that returns more light to drivers than typical glass beads. Appropriate pavement marking materials can be obtained from 3M, including both Durable tape (e.g. 3M™ Stamark™ High Performance Tape Series 3801 ES) which has distinctive color properties, durability for long-term road presence and superior reflectivity retention, as well as Liquid markings (e.g. 3M™ All Weather Paint and 3M™ All Weather Thermoplastic, which are designed with a microcrystalline bead structure and elements that maximize durability of the optics). Certain embodiments include rare earth elements in the pavement materials, with some of such materials thereby having glow in the dark attributes that improve safety for drivers, while at the same time, being suitable for use with various of the AV systems as described herein. 
         [0055]    In one embodiment, the data received and information collected by individual vehicles traversing an area, is communicated to a system such that other vehicles entering such area are able to access such data and adjust their travel routes accordingly. Thus, if a vehicle enters an area where there is a large pothole in the far left lane of traffic, such information is conveyed to a system network. Another vehicle entering into the area where the pothole is located is then forewarned about the pothole prior to hitting it, thus reducing the chances that traffic will be disrupted by such vehicle, if it were not forewarned, hitting the pothole or swearing in to adjacent lanes to avoid the same, thus presenting dangerous road conditions for yet other vehicles in the immediate vicinity. Thus, potholes and debris in the road may be handled by an intelligent automated roadway system in real-time. 
         [0056]    Pavement marking materials may further include encoded information, much like smart-cards employ, that include one or more bits of information. An AV on-board sensing system acquires the information when the vehicle passes by the reference markers and thereby determines vehicle position, preferably used in combination with other systems that include optical sensing, radar, and acoustic or video sensing systems. Various embodiments are designed to sense the vehicle&#39;s position relative to a desired pathway, usually the center line of the highway. In other preferred embodiments, the pavement marking material includes glass beads on the surface to improve the visibility at night, such as those, for example, described in WO 99/04099 and WO 99/04097, both of which are incorporated herein by this reference. 
         [0057]    In certain embodiments, the use of the pavement marking materials as described herein facilitates a method for steering a vehicle by employing magnetic marking elements arranged on pavement markings at predetermined locations. Preferably, an AV is provided with a number of sensors arranged adjacently of each other so that during travel of the vehicle the intensities of magnetic field measured by the sensors provide position information of the AV. In other embodiments, the present invention further provides a system for measuring the position of a magnet relative to a number of sensor elements arranged at predetermined mutual distances, wherein a substantially vertical component of the intensity of magnetic field is sensed by one or more sensor elements during passage there over, and wherein the position of the magnet relative to the sensor elements is estimated on the basis of the signals coming from the sensor elements. One advantage of such embodiments of the present invention is the ability to retro-fit existing vehicles with appropriate sensors so as to read the magnetic pavement markings employed. This provides a way to “grandfather-in” older model vehicles and to make them cooperate with the newest AV vehicles so that a cohesive transportation management system can be employed without having all older vehicles precluded from certain AV lanes. Thus, by employing the use of sensor lane markings or other indicators of the real road, where vehicle sensors preferably detect particular magnetic signals detected from various pavement marking materials, including but not limited to a particular “directionalized” paint or marking, the road geometry values may be estimated based on the actual path the vehicle is travelling Such a system, in addition to (or supplanting the same) camera sensors and the like, provides a superior AV system and method, which complements other systems, such as knowledge of road design practices and/or on typical physical constraints on certain roads. 
         [0058]    Various embodiments of the present invention include the use of a vehicle that may use a plurality of visual sensors to detect positions of surrounding vehicles, as well as a lane-identification system, which can employ infra-red (IR) or other visual scanners. Preferably the system employs a sensor that can receive the signals detected from the pavement marking material as herein described. In certain embodiments, a preferred system employs at least three sensory inputs (GPS, visual sensors and lane-marking magnetic sensors) to provide a combination of location sensors. Based on the information received, a controller may establish a current lane where the vehicle is located and calculate the precise angle the steering system needs to be adjusted in order to steer the vehicle to a predetermined desired path. In certain embodiments, at least one of the sensors employed are located in either a tire or a wheel of a vehicle, with preferred embodiments having lane-marking magnetic sensors located in a vehicle tire or wheel. 
         [0059]    Video camera systems that purport to locate road lane markings and road boundaries (under good weather conditions) rely upon the boundary/stripe and the known size of the markings to locate them, and as such, use of Botts dots type (domed, white, disks about 10 cm in diameter) markings suffer from not being able to provide a sufficiently continuous signal. Many of the present embodiments, in contrast, can employ such Botts dots or reflectors, as the ability to detect magnetic directional signals is not dependent upon the visual characteristics relied upon by prior art systems. Moreover, the present system which includes at least one of the magnetic pavement materials—does not suffer the problems experienced with AV systems that employ solely visual systems, such as the effect of motion blur due to a distorted image of the lane marking when the vehicle is moving. 
         [0060]    Another aspect of the present invention is directed to the provision of special tires, and in some situations, wheels, of an autonomous vehicle, with such tires/wheels particularly adapted for receiving information, and in certain circumstances, sending information, thus conveying information from the pavement marking materials to the vehicle. Thus, in one embodiment, tires are constructed with particular metal-containing sensing components that are able to recognize magnetic signals emanating from pavement marking materials, such as the particular types of tapes, paints and other structures as set forth herein. As one will appreciate, placing sensors in tires or wheels of a vehicle permits easier retrofits of existing automobiles, and thus facilitates the development of a system that can be employed for autonomous driving vehicles without the need for every vehicle on the roadway to be of a newer design. Thus, many present particular embodiments described herein relate particularly to magnetic sensing systems where a magnetic sensor mounted on or as part of a vehicle is able to detect magnetic signals emanating from predetermined pavement marking materials. Including sensors of various different types in tires and/or wheels, either alone or in conjunction with various visual sensors or camera systems, is a distinct advancement in the cause of establishing a robust autonomous vehicle system that can be widely adopted by numerous users without the need to have brand new vehicles employed on the roadways. Thus, by having a car owner able to retrofit their beloved car with special tires/wheels that can both detect certain signals from the roadway when moving (e.g. regardless of whether such signals are emanating from beacons, in the pavement, overhead, via satellite, wirelessly, etc.) it will be appreciated that the far less expensive and already standardized sizes of tires make them apt for containing later developed sensor systems so as to advance the ability for a substantially uniform AV system to be employed. For example, it is necessary in various AV systems to have vehicles owned by individuals communicate with each other while on a highway. While sensors could potentially be retrofitted to individual bumpers of vehicles to attempt to achieve this goal, the variety of vehicle styles and the different shapes, heights, types and kinds of vehicles that would need to work in concert with each other for such sensors to work in the most advantageous way, is made difficult due to the variety of the above factors that must be addressed in formulating and carrying out such a system. Use of replaceable tires, however, where each tire must contact the same roadway, albeit with several tires being of different widths and diameters, provides the desired consistency for an effective AV system to be implemented in a much more economically feasible manner, e.g. as compared to having every vehicle having to be of a new and compatible design or having to have retrofitable aspects that involve more structural modifications that may affect the overall design and visual aspects of the vehicle. By having tires that are able to facilitate the AV controls necessary to operate an AV system for the public over public highways, makes practical sense as then both wealthy and those more economically challenged can at least retrofit their existing automobiles with sensor systems—embedded at least partially in the tires (and in some situations the wheel that retains the tires) so that the desired communication between automobiles of different types (as well as communications between individual vehicles and the roadway) is made economically feasible and the population of cars/trucks on the highway able to take advantage of AV systems, is greatly increased. 
         [0061]    One embodiment is therefore directed to including sensors of various sorts in the tires of vehicles intended to operate on an AV system. Tires, by their nature being replaceable, and that wear down after a time, are perfectly suited to be the one component that individual vehicle owners will not object to purchasing, especially if by doing so they are able to experience the AV system attributes, as discussed herein, by merely retrofitting their existing vehicle. In one embodiment, magnetic sensors are provided in the tires themselves, such tires configured or adapted to read signals emanating from magnetic systems provided in or around a roadway. In particular, certain embodiments are directed to tires with magnetic sensing systems that can detect magnetic signals that are emitted from road positioned elements, preferably magnetic elements that are part of pavement marking materials as described herein. 
         [0062]    In certain preferred embodiments, lane information is accumulated, computed, and shared by equipped autonomous vehicles traveling on the same road, thus providing an evolving ability to map issues of concern for vehicles and an ability to create detailed and accurate lane information. Certain embodiments employ location histories of AV vehicles to build lane information by tracking nearby vehicle location transmissions. In certain embodiments, individual transmissions are accumulated via use of the magnetic elements located in pavement marking materials and the feedback from such sources by magnetic sensors on AV vehicles. For example, as a vehicle traverses the same road day after day, it accumulates a large number of location indicators as it passes by numerous magnetic pavement markings. Vehicles are adapted to exchange such data so that a history may be formed of all equipped and proxied vehicle travel on a particular roadway. This data can then be used by other vehicles as effective lanes that should closely track the actual lanes but that show how vehicles actually use the road, which is effective for anti-collision purposes. One method of lane identification comprises the following steps. (a) collect data from at least three AV vehicles that travel on a particular road having magnetic pavement marking materials installed thereon; (b) determine traffic lanes of travel from such data in a particular region; (c) assign a lane identification to such region; (d) assign a confidence level to the derived lane identification based on the number of distinct vehicles that made up the underlying data. Reasonable thresholds for a “moderate” confidence rating might be a minimum of 15 different vehicles and no more than 5% of a variance of traffic lanes established via such data so that less than 5% indicates a reasonable degree of confidence that additional vehicles traveling on such roadway will not have significant deviation from determined lane designations. 
         [0063]    One aspect of the present invention is directed to electronic systems integrated within a tire structure that employs piezoelectric technology to convert mechanical strains associated with tire flexure to electric charge that is then conditioned and stored in an energy storage device. Sufficient accumulations of such stored energy can then power electronic systems including radio frequency (RF) transmission devices, magnetic sensors, etc. By providing a tire sensing system that is self-powered, no scavenger antennas or multiple receiver locations with additional hardwire connections are necessarily required. Moreover, employing such a tire integrated system for AV purposes presents few limitations in terms of the type and amount of electronic equipment capable of utilization within tire and wheel assembly structures and thus facilitates greater functionality of tire electronics, as more components and/or higher-level equipment may potentially be utilized. In one embodiment, a pneumatic tire assembly with integrated self-powered electronic components comprises a tire structure, an active piezoelectric fiber composite structure, a power conditioning module, and an electronics package. Preferably the tire structure has a crown having an exterior tread portion for making contact with a ground surface, bead portions for seating the tire to a wheel rim, exterior sidewall portions extending between each bead portion and the crown, and an inner liner along interior crown and sidewall surfaces. A power conditioning module may be electrically coupled to the piezoelectric structure to receive electric charge generated within the piezoelectric structure and generate a regulated voltage output. This regulated voltage output then powers the AV sensing systems of the vehicle, and in particular the magnetic sensor that is adapted to read signals from pavement marking materials as set forth and described herein. A piezoelectric fiber composite structure and attached power conditioning module may be adhered to an interior crown surface of the tire, or the piezoelectric structure may alternatively be cured directly into the tire&#39;s architecture. 
         [0064]    Thus, in one embodiment an active piezoelectric fiber composite, a power conditioning module, a plurality of sensors, a microcontroller, and an RF transmitter are employed. The piezoelectric structure is characterized by a plurality of piezoelectric fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix and provided between at least two electrode layers, such embodiment preferably being either adhered to an interior portion of a pneumatic tire structure or mounted and cured within the tire structure itself. The power conditioning module is electrically coupled to selected electrode layers such that it receives electric current generated within the piezoelectric fibers and stores the current in an energy storage device until it is selectively provided as a regulated voltage output. The plurality of sensors are powered by the regulated voltage output and the RF transmitter is electrically connected to and receives information from the microcontroller to modulate on a carrier signal and, in some embodiments, to transmit to a remote receiver location. Still other embodiments generate power from piezoelectric materials integrated within a wheel assembly. In such embodiments, an active piezoelectric fiber composite structure is incorporated within a selected interior location of the wheel assembly. Such piezoelectric structure is preferably characterized by a plurality of piezoelectric fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix and provided between active electrode layers. When the wheel assembly is subjected to mechanical strain occurring as the wheel assembly rotates along a ground surface resulting in flexure of portions of the wheel assembly, thus generating electric current within the provided piezoelectric fiber composite structure, such generated electric current is then conditioned and stored in an energy storage device such that a regulated voltage source is available for powering electronic devices associated with the wheel assembly, including but not limited to magnetic sensors that detect magnetic signals emanating from the pavement marking materials as described herein. 
         [0065]    A sensor system for obtaining data, particularly magnetic data emanating or derived from pavement marking materials as set forth herein, is preferably located within the tire, which has a sensor disposed within or connected to the tire. The sensor system may obtain the data through wireless communications. The sensors are preferably micro-scale or nano-scale and are sufficiently small to be embedded within the tire and are sufficiently small to avoid being an occlusion in the elastomeric material of the tire, and in certain embodiments, may entail a sensor layer that is built into the tire. Other configurations may employ a string-shaped plurality of sensors embedded within or provided as part of a tire component, such as a wheel. Other embodiments include an energy harvesting system that employ a tire or wheel with an electrically conductive coil mounted to the tire/wheel that is adapted to move with the tire/wheel, such that the movement of the coil through a magnetic field induces a voltage in the coil. An energy storage device is preferably then coupled to the coil. 
         [0066]    Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method and system that is adapted to store a map at a computing device associated with a vehicle, wherein the vehicle is configured to operate in an autonomous mode, and wherein the map comprises information about a plurality of roads and a plurality of features, including the inclusion of AV sensing elements necessary for particular AV vehicles to operate, such as roadways having magnetically enhanced features that are adapted to assist in the steering of the vehicles that pass thereon. Preferably the method includes updating the map based on the features of the route and to the quality of driving along the route based on other AV vehicles traveling thereon, such that a cumulative system is developed to assist in having resources directed to a transportation area/region where more sensor technology may be required based on experiences of AV vehicles conveyed across such roadways. For example, in areas where there are insufficient magnets on a pavement marking material or embedded in the roadway itself (due to outages of magnets employed in such pavement markings, damage to the materials, etc), the AV vehicles traveling on such roads would be able to note such deficiencies and send an alert to a system unit such that appropriate repairs can ensue. Thus, there is an adaptive element to the method and system such that additional information is continually provided to assess the safety and efficacy of existing systems and structures, thus ensuring that any breakdown in the AV system along any particular stretch thereof, may be addressed in a timely manner. Indeed, the AV vehicles can wirelessly inform a central system of problems in a particular region so that appropriate repair and avoidance of such issues can be addressed in a prompt manner. Other aspects of such a system may include determining one or more quality control statistics based on the stored information related to the features of the route and to the quality of driving along the route. 
         [0067]    One method of the present invention comprises the steps of installing an emitter unit emitting a signal in the pavement, installing a responder unit in an AV vehicle that is adapted to respond to the signal from the emitter unit, with an additional detector unit detecting whether the responder unit is responding to the signal emitted by the emitter unit. 
         [0068]    In certain embodiments, glow-in-the-dark pavement marking elements are employed in conjunction with the AV locating features as otherwise described herein. In certain embodiments, luminescent materials are incorporated into the pavement marking materials, whether that be bioluminescent, chemoluminescent, rare earth metals, a combination thereof, or some other material that—especially when contacted by a vehicle running over the surface of such pavement marking material, glows or otherwise luminesceses. Thus, in one embodiment, the surface of a pavement marking material has a layer of chemo-luminescent material that reacts to glow when a vehicle runs over such surface, preferably only if such vehicle is of a pre-determined weight, such as at least about 500 lbs. In other embodiments, the pavement glows after having an AV vehicle&#39;s magnetic sensor pass over the pavement marking material, thus creating a light to demonstrate that the pavement marking material and or the magnetic sensor is active and operating. A variety of photo-luminescent pigments can be used in such layers, which can be applied onto standard road marking before or after said standard road marking is hardened. Moreover, various other light diffraction and reflection components can be added to increase the visibility of the pavement marking. Some embodiments of pavement marking material have solar recharging abilities such that the glow-in-the-dark aspects of the pavement marking are recharged by sunlight so as to give off light in the night. Still other pavement marking materials rely upon physical contact by a passing vehicle to trigger luminescence. Preferably, a photo luminescent pigment employed in such pavement marking materials includes chemically doped metal sulfides, alkaline earth metal aluminates or alkaline earth metal silicates that are activated by light and generate a long after glow of light that glows in the darkness for many hours. 
         [0069]    In certain embodiments, the magnets embedded in the pavement material are associated with luminescent materials such that when the magnets are attracted to a passing vehicles magnetic sensor, the pavement material glows. This can be achieved in various ways, including positioning and securing magnets in the pavement materials such that the slight movement of the magnets within the pavement material is sufficient to activate the chemical or bioluminescent materials to generate a glow from the pavement material. 
         [0070]    In certain embodiments, the magnetic elements embedded in the pavement marking are used in combination with other road detection components, such as a passive RF tag embedded in a paint stripe. A sensor in the moving vehicle thus can emit an RF signal at a frequency to which such tags are responsive such that a return signal is received by the sensor for on-board signaling of the presence of the stripe. In certain embodiments, however, no RF tags are employed. 
         [0071]    In still other embodiments, roads can be lined with pavement marking material that includes neodymium magnets or other rare earth element containing magnets (preferably at least about 20 mm in diameter and at least about 10 mm thick; and/or ferrite magnets at least about 30 mm in diameter and at least about 5 mm thick). Such magnets can be held in position in a variety of ways, including being embedded in the pavement marking material, and such magnets being preferably within 5 centimeters from a magnetic sensor associated with a vehicle traveling on the road. Powdered magnets can be used in the pavement marking material, whether it be via inclusion in paint, or provided in grooves formed in the pavement marking material before or after being laid down on the roadway. The magnetic pavement elements can be conformable or non-conformable magnets, including polymeric magnets, ceramic magnets, metal magnets and metal alloy magnets. The magnetic pavement elements can optionally have a plurality of retroreflective beads bonded thereto using an adhesive. Certain embodiments of the present invention relate particularly to road markings which are equipped with materials added to road pavement marking materials that, in addition to possessing a reflection capacity for electromagnetic radiation, may also reflect radiations, such as but not limited to, microwaves and/or infrared radiation, but also magnetic properties that assist in guiding an autonomous vehicle under adverse weather conditions that would otherwise obscure or jeopardize accurate positioning information for such a vehicle. 
         [0072]    In certain embodiments, in addition to various of the above referenced attributes, various embodiments are directed to radiation-reflecting road markings that include metal particles having a diameter of between 10 μm and 1 cm, more preferably a diameter of between 0.5 mm and 2.5 mm, which may be of various metal constructs, including copper-containing elements, iron, and metal particles comprising aluminum, magnesium, zinc or an alloy thereof. Such particles may further have surfaces coated with the metal, glass, poly(methyl methacrylate) or polycarbonate and they may be of various sizes and shapes, including spherical, oval, rounded or of triple mirror format or are in the form of flakes. Preferably, they are provided on a surface of the radiation-reflecting road marking with an adhesion promoter and/or a matrix material of the radiation-reflecting road marking comprises an adhesion promoter, which may be selected from the group consisting of a silane, a hydroxyester, an aminoester, an urethane, an isocyanate and an acid copolymerized with a (meth)acrylate and may be provided in a prefabricated adhesive tape or a water-based paint. 
         [0073]    The radiation-reflecting road marking according to claim  1 , wherein the metal particles are preferably mixed throughout at least the top first tenth of an inch of the material, but may also have particles situated solely on a surface of the radiation-reflecting road marking. 
         [0074]    The present invention also includes a method for producing the radiation-reflecting road marking by, for example, mixing components to form a mixture, applying the mixture to a road surface and adding the metal particles and optionally glass beads during or directly after an application of the plastic to the road surface, preferably when the plastic is still hot or warm or malleable, rather than cold, thus permitting a magnetic force to be employed to cause the purposeful directional orientation of the particles so as to facilitate the autonomous vehicle guidance systems as set forth herein. 
         [0075]    Information concerning the static environment of a vehicle includes a stored map in conjunction with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as GPS or. Galileo. But a disadvantage with such existing systems is that the location accuracy is not sufficient to guarantee reliable operation of driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles, especially in view of daily changes to construction, weather conditions, etc. Thus, using the present invention, it is possible to obtain much more precise locations than can be obtained using a local, radio-based or optical location system as described herein. 
         [0076]    Existing systems are unable to effectively and consistently recognize traffic lanes reliably in every situation and thus, problems occur in construction sites if temporary traffic markings are being employed; when adverse weather conditions such as fog, rain and snow exist; when the sun is low and there is a lack of contrast between traffic markings, etc. The present invention provides a system and method for reliable automotive systems to have necessary peripheral perception to operate effectively. The road marking embodiments set forth herein are in many embodiments, able to be employed using, with only slight modification, established systems and thus, may be applied with existing techniques without costly additional conversion of the corresponding machines. In preferred embodiments, where the metal particles are mixed throughout the material, rather than being just a surface treatment, the problems associated with wear on a traffic way are addressed, as with wear, new particles are then exposed so that the markings will have a long useful life and will continue to operate as magnetic responsive features for years after first being applied to a roadway. In various embodiments, direct coextrusion of the metal particles as part of an adhesive road tape production process is a preferred mode of application. One will appreciate, however, that in still other embodiments, metal particles may be scattered on during or directly after road marking is applied so that at least another layer of particles are positioned predominantly on the surface, especially if the material is still flexible and able to be oriented by the magnetically directional equipment used to orient such particles after their deposition. In a preferred embodiment, a combination glass bead and metal particle is employed such that the particles added to a roadway marking feature has both light reflective properties as well as the ability to be oriented via a magnetic field at some point after the material is applied to the roadway. This eliminates the need to mix metal particles and glass beads together and instead, provides a single particle component to be used to achieve both functional purposes. One of skill in the art will understand the various ways such glass beads with a metal aspect can be manufactured, but one such particle starts with a metal particle that is then coated with glass, thus producing a glass bead that can then be magnetically manipulated by an exterior magnetic field directed over the roadway marker, thus causing the individual particles to orient as desired due to such magnetic field. This further permits the characteristics of the glass bead reflective capacity to be directed, thus facilitating better reflective attributers of the material, as compared with conventional roadway markings. 
         [0077]    To further provide written description and enablement support for the various embodiments of the present invention, the following references are hereby incorporated herein in their entireties by this reference: 20140156134 to Cullinane; 20140172220 to You; 20140297116 to Anderson; 20140324268 to Montemerlo; 20150070160 to Davisson; 20150100189 to Tellis; 20150149023 to Attard; 20150166069 to Engelman; 20150247297 to Protzmann; 20150253772 to Solyam; 20150254986 to Fairfield; 20150293216 to O&#39;Dea; U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,252 to Tolliver; US20110159174; US20070116865 to Lichtblau and US20050286972 to Gongolas. 
         [0078]    Another aspect of the present invention is directed to reducing the hazards of having pedestrians and bicyclists (as well as other vehicles—whether they are autonomous vehicles or not) provided with special features (herein sometimes referred to as “recognition features”) on their apparel, clothing, bicycle or vehicle that permits a particular detection unit on a traveling autonomous vehicle to detect such special feature, and thus, warn the autonomous vehicle&#39;s system of the presence of such a feature. As one will appreciate such features can be placed or incorporated into a variety of materials associated with people that may find themselves in an area where autonomous vehicles may be operating. Thus, recognition features may be included in hats, helmets, backpacks, belts, shoes, jackets, etc. For example, in the case of a biker (whether on a motorcycle or on a bicycle) the provision of a magnetic element in the clothing of such biker, positioned preferably at least at the rear portion of the person&#39;s clothing or helmet (such as a magnetic feature sewn into the rear-facing portion of a biker jersey, a camelback water pack, a leather biker&#39;s jacket, etc.) permits an autonomous vehicle to detect such a feature and thus warns the vehicle of the presence of the biker, thus enabling the autonomous vehicle to do one of the following: reduce speed; stop; change course so as to provide extra room for the biker (e.g. at least another 6 inches, and up to between 1 and 2 feet) when passing, etc. Thus, in various embodiments, the present invention includes wearable features to warn an autonomous vehicle of the presence of a person, bike, static structure, pet, etc. This provides, for example, some assurances for a biker that the autonomous vehicle is at least aware of their presence in a manner that such biker would otherwise assume in the case of a non-autonomous vehicle traveling on the road. It is contemplated in the present invention that such detectable features can be and will be employed in running shoes, apparel, etc. for those who find themselves next to roadways where autonomous vehicles travel, providing both the autonomous vehicle owner and the pedestrians, bikers, cyclists, etc. with increased assurances that undesired collisions will not ensue. As one of skill in the art will appreciate, the dimensions, physical characteristics, etc. of such features can vary to facilitate efficient and economical ways in which to accomplish the objective of having autonomous vehicles detect persons on the path or side of roadways (or traveling in the path of the autonomous vehicle). These may comprise appliqués, magnets, stickers, etc. In certain embodiments, such features are purposefully added to the exterior of other non-autonomous (or autonomous) vehicles so that other autonomous vehicles can more easily and readily detect the non-autonomous vehicles while both are traveling down a roadway. Such features can be include, for example, as an attachment to bumpers of vehicles to render it easy for the autonomous vehicle to send or project a signal at about the bumper level of a vehicle and receive a reflected signal that would then be understood to be a warning of the other vehicle within the distance of the signal. 
         [0079]    As described herein, an important aspect of various embodiments of the present invention relate to assuring that people, structures, animals, etc., that may encounter an autonomous vehicle have a specially applied feature that either passively or actively projects or reflects a signal back to an autonomous vehicle to announce their presence such that the vehicle&#39;s computer system can then adjust its travel in a manner appropriate for such condition, such as by slowing down, speeding up, stopping, turning, swerving, etc. Such maneuvers will obviously be commensurate with what the particular situation presents by the recognition of the applied feature, including for example, the autonomous vehicle pulling safely to the side of a roadway and stopping after a collision with a person, article, etc. that has one or more of the above referenced recognition features associated therewith. Recognition features may also be employed to protect animals, whether they be cats, dogs, cows deer, elk, etc.—and one of skill in the art will appreciate the many ways that appropriate recognition features can be associated with such animals, e.g. dog or cat collars or tags, cow ear tags, tags employed to mark wildlife, etc. Thus, in one scenario, wild deer are tagged with a recognition feature that is specifically directed to either project a signal or to reflect a signal such that an approaching autonomous vehicle can then recognize the animal when within a certain predetermined distance (e.g. 10 ft to 100 ft, more preferably 50 ft-100 t) such that the autonomous vehicle can then be instructed to take appropriate measures to avoid a collision, or to at least lessen the damage that may otherwise be encountered. For example, if an autonomous vehicle is approaching both a person on a bike and a separate wild deer crossing the roadway, the sensors on the autonomous vehicle, in conjunction with computer aided decision making capabilities, can take appropriate measures to attempt to avoid both the person and the wild animal, but if not possible or feasible, will select appropriate maneuvers such that there is a distinction made between the person and the wild animal such that a collision with the person is avoided, even if that entails a collision with the wild animal. Thus, recognition features may be provided with “signatures” as to what the item or person is so that the autonomous vehicle can compute such data and achieve desired maneuvers in view thereof. The ability to associate specifically designed recognition features with various distinct articles, persons, animals, etc. enables the autonomous vehicles, in conjunction with advanced computer systems, to be provided with a type of moral decision making ability, such that the proverbial difficult ethical and moral decisions posed in real life situations where human beings are faced and challenged with decisions as to which of two bad alternatives to select, the autonomous vehicle can at least make a decision based on the input from the roadway situation in conjunction with pre-programmed decision making computer software. Such software can then be updated and adjusted as new situations are encountered that require adjustment of programmed methods of response. Without such a system in place, however, the dangers of having an “unthinking” autonomous vehicle on the roadway may hinder the adoption of this important technology. Thus, intelligent design systems can be incorporated into the autonomous vehicle&#39;s computer systems to address such ongoing concerns and several of the references incorporated herein by this reference are directed to such aspects of the present invention. 
         [0080]    In various embodiments of the present invention, static structures can similarly be provided with recognition features to enable AV&#39;s to “see” them, such that sensors and beacons may be placed on or in existing structures such as light poles, mile markers, road signage, roadway reflectors, roadway paint or marking material, lane dividers, temporary traffic markers, and beneath roadway surfaces. 
         [0081]    Sensor and beacon functionality is based on at least one, but may include multiple technologies, including magnetic, RF, visual, infrared, ultraviolet, subsonic, ultrasonic, mechanical, gamma radiation, and short-range radio frequency communication methods. 
         [0082]    Acoustic emission (AE) ultrasonic sensors may detect the noise signature of animals or fallen rocks, trees, vehicle accidents, and other potential safety concerns on the roadway. The AE sensors may also detect autonomous vehicles on the roadway and activate beacons to signal the approaching autonomous vehicle of any potential threats to travel on the roadway ahead so the autonomous vehicle can take appropriate evasive action. 
         [0083]    The magnetic paint applied to the roadway surface preferably has distinctive characteristics allowing differentiation between the outside edges of the roadway, parallel traffic lane divider markings, and identification of opposing traffic lane markers. The autonomous vehicle may be able to discern the type and proximity of the various magnetic signatures of the different roadway markings to assist in navigating the path of the roadway even when the roadway surface is covered by rain, ice, snow, sand, or other material. 
         [0084]    RF tags may also be attached to roadway signage including mile markers, stop signs, yield signs, guardrails, light poles, and lane dividers. An autonomous vehicle in close proximity to any RF tag may sense the type of signage the RF tag is attached to in order to assist in navigation of the vehicle. RF tags may be attached to temporary roadway barricades and hand-held signage or flags to direct the motion of autonomous vehicles around and through construction zones. 
         [0085]    Piezoelectric elements may be installed in or under the roadway surface in appropriate locations to maximize the probability of vehicle tires to pass directly above the piezoelectric elements. Piezoelectric elements possess the ability to create a voltage when compressed and relaxed, such as when a vehicle tire passes over the element. This voltage may be used to power or initiate the operation of roadway beacons such as lane divider lights installed in the roadway, roadside lighting, acoustic speakers, ultraviolet signals, ultrasonic emitters, and short range radio frequency generators. Piezoelectric elements may also monitor the condition and mechanical integrity of the roadway surface itself. Potholes, severe cracks, and severe deformations in the roadway surface may be detected by the piezoelectric elements and suitable beacons may be activated by the piezoelectric elements to alert oncoming autonomous vehicles of roadway deficiencies and assist them in navigating safely around the roadway anomalies. 
         [0086]    On roadway surfaces that are not suitable for other types of navigational aids, such as magnetic paint to identify traffic lanes on the roadway surface over steel bridges, piezoelectric elements may be installed between lanes, at the edges of the roadway, and between opposing lanes of traffic where the magnetic paint would have been installed on other roadway surfaces. The piezoelectric elements may detect vehicle wheels over or near these lane boundaries and trigger the operation of suitable beacons to communicate with the autonomous vehicle allowing it to stay in appropriate traffic lanes. 
         [0087]    The various beacons may alert an autonomous vehicle of changes in the roadway path during periods of inclement weather such as snow, water, or ice on the roadway surface and assist the autonomous vehicle in navigating the roadway path successfully and safely. Some beacons, such as an ultrasonic beacon, may have the purpose of alerting nearby wildlife of an approaching vehicle allowing them to escape danger. Other beacons may alert traffic control monitoring personnel of local traffic accidents or severe congestion so that appropriate measures may be implemented to improve traffic flow. 
         [0088]    One will appreciate that this summary of the invention is not intended to be all encompassing and that the scope of the invention and its various embodiments, let alone the most important ones, are not necessarily encompassed by the above description. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the entire disclosure, as well as the incorporated references, pictures, etc. will provide a basis for the scope of the present invention as it may be claimed now and in future applications. While specific embodiments and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise configuration and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes, and variations which will be apparent to those skilled in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and systems of the present invention disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including any such equivalent construction insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0089]      FIG. 1  is an exploded, cross-sectional view of one embodiment of pavement marking material having rare earth element magnetic material included, as well as other potential materials, including RFID tags embedded in the pavement marking material. The pavement marking material includes several layers of materials. 
           [0090]      FIG. 2  illustrates various sensor system that can be used in conjunction with the present magnetic pavement marking system, where a magnetic sensor is provided on at least one position near at least the left front side of a vehicle and powered by a piezoelectric system associated with at least one of the wheels of the vehicle. 
           [0091]      FIG. 3  illustrates one embodiment of a magnetic sensor system that includes a piezoelectric power generating component positioned inside a tire, thus facilitating retrofitting of existing vehicles to render them AV vehicle suitable, thus providing a way for an AV system to be adopted to achieve the life saving and gas saving potential in such an AV system. 
           [0092]      FIG. 4  depicts how sensors and beacons may be positioned on or in existing structures such as light poles, mile markers, road signage, roadway reflectors, roadway paint, marking material, lane dividers, temporary traffic markers, and beneath roadway surfaces. 
           [0093]      FIG. 5  illustrates other aspects of certain embodiments of the present invention, namely the provision of “recognition features”  40  to enable AV&#39;s to “see” various structures. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0094]    As described above and as illustrated in the figures, a first layer is a layer of glass beads. The glass beads are adhered to a textured rubber base  36  by a layer of adhesive. Inside the textured rubber base  36  there is a recess for receiving an RFID tag. The RFID tag is then held in place by a fiberglass netting and a layer of adhesive. The fiberglass netting also provides strength to the pavement marking material. Lastly, there is a layer of adhesive for adhering the pavement marking material to a road. Alternatively, the layer of glass beads and layer of adhesive may be substituted with Diamond Grade™ High Intensity Prismatic Sheeting, Series 3930, commercially available from 3M Company based in St. Paul. 
         [0095]    In certain embodiments, a raised pavement marking material is employed that includes a top surface and a bottom surface opposite the top surface, two opposing angled side surfaces adjacent the top surface and bottom surface, with such surfaces being suitable for a magnetic component on one side and an RFID tag on the other side. The angled side surfaces are designed to help optimize the readability of the RFID tag by a RFID reader mounted on a vehicle, but in a manner that does not significantly interfere with the reading of the magnetic components on the pavement marking material. 
         [0096]    Retroreflective sheeting may overlay the RFID tag and/or magnetic components. In a preferred embodiment, a retroreflective sheeting is non-metalized (i.e. prismatic), retroreflective sheeting. One suitable non-metalized reflective sheeting is commercially available from 3M Company based in St. Paul as Diamond Grade™ High Intensity Prismatic Sheeting, Series 3930. Another example of non-metalized, retroreflective sheeting is described in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,258 to Hoopman, incorporated herein by this reference. A cube-corner retroreflective sheeting can be used that utilizes a nonmetalized material, and it may be used for retroreflective sheeting of raised pavement marking material placed in front of an RFID tag without inhibiting the transmission of radio signals. 
         [0097]    In one embodiment, the pavement marking material is able to communicate with the tire containing elements by remaining in the traditional place of line lane barriers. In another embodiment, the lane lines have an extra non-painted element that extends until the tire runs directly over it so as to reduce the need for the power of any signals being communicated to extend in a lateral direction between the vehicle and the lane marking. In either event, the traditional road construction design and well-known lines, colors, etc. are preserved as there will be traditional cars and trucks running on such roads along with the AV vehicles. While separate lanes for AV vehicles may make sense, in terms of a system that can best work with all vehicles being largely the same in terms of certain functional and structural components, it would be most preferable to have a system where both non-AV and AV vehicles co-exist. Having the road and vehicles that exist today readily retrofitable by the ways as described herein is a start, as replacing tires is something all vehicle owners are accustomed to and is the best simple prospect for transforming a driver system to a driverless system with the minimum of disjunction and confusion. Other embodiments of the present invention relate to inclusion of various other position determining elements in a vehicles&#39; tires and/or wheels, hubcaps, etc. such that a vehicle owner can retrofit their existing vehicle with the latest versions of updated hardware and software compatible systems to facilitate system wide AV objectives. Thus, in certain embodiments, the sensors encompassed in such tire/wheel embodiments may include those that detect and communicate between separate vehicles on a roadway, such that at least one tire/wheel-containing sensor communicates with at least another tire contained sensor in a neighboring vehicle so as to at least determine and retain minimum distances from each vehicle under driving conditions. 
         [0098]    Other embodiments are directed to variously configured raised pavement marking material that include a magnetic component  16 , which can also include an RFID tag, glow in the dark material, etc. The pavement marking material may include a top surface and a bottom surface opposite the top surface. The raised pavement marking material also includes in certain embodiments two opposing angled side surfaces adjacent the top surface and bottom surface. Other embodiments include a multi-grooved top surface such that reflective aspects of both light and magnetic field sensors can benefit from the directionality of the grooves. In certain embodiments, in addition to an RFID tag, a rare earth element is mounted on the top surface. Alternatively, the magnetic components as well as an RFID tag may be within the body of the pavement marking material so long as both the magnetic element and the RFID tag is still readable respectively by a magnetic sensor located on a vehicle (preferably in its tires or wheels) and/or by a RFID reader. In certain embodiments, to facilitate a cost effective way to implement an overall AV vehicle system a magnetic sensor is included in less than all the tires or wheels of a vehicle. In some embodiments, only one magnetic sensor is employed and is mounted in a position such that it can read the magnetic field emanating from the pavement marking materials. In one preferred embodiment, the magnetic sensor is incorporated into one single tire or wheel of a vehicle, and preferably the front tire/wheel that is closest to the pavement marking material when the vehicle is moving forward (so the front, left hand drivers side of the vehicle in the US). In other embodiments, especially for redundancy reasons, at least two tires/wheels include magnetic sensors, preferably on the back left hand side in the US for vehicles. In still other embodiments three tires/wheels are fitted with such sensors, in other embodiments all four tires/wheels (of a standard car) are fitted with such sensors. One will appreciate that the addition of RFID tag readers can also accompany the magnetic reader in the same locations as the magnetic readers on the vehicle, or in disparate positions. Preferably, both RFID tag readers and magnetic readers are at least partially powered via the piezoelectric system employed in the tires/wheels of vehicles having such systems. 
         [0099]    The pavement marking material may be made of plastic or other suitable materials. Preferably, if the magnetic materials and/or RFID tags are embedded within the pavement marking material, then the markers are positioned and shielded so as to reduce the interference that may occur with respect to the readability of the RFID tag. The magnetic element including pavement marking material may be attached to a road by an adhesive or double sided tape, as is well known by those skilled in the art. 
         [0100]    In various embodiments, a lane position detection system includes, in addition to at least one magnetic containing element that can be read by a reader positioned on at least one left hand side of a vehicle, preferably near or on a tire/wheel of such vehicle, one or more RFID tags are also positioned at stationary locations along a traffic lane, preferably as part of a pavement marking material as set forth herein, and an RFID reader is positioned and oriented on a moving vehicle, preferably in a different position from the magnetic reader (so as to avoid interference that may exist n the readers functioning properly if brought too close together) such that the vehicle can detect the traffic lane when the RFID reader receives a response from at least one of the RFID tags. 
         [0101]    A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method and system that includes: a magnetic component placed on or in pavement marking material, thus providing a low cost, systemic structure that, even if used in combination with cameras and other vision systems, assures that existing vehicles can be retrofitted with relatively low cost systems, such as magnetic readers that are powered by power producing systems contained in tires or wheels that can be readily added to existing vehicles, thus making such existing vehicles suitable for use in an overall AV vehicle system so as to enjoy the numerous benefits (as set forth herein). Camera systems are considered as necessary but on their own, insufficient to accomplish the above referenced objectives of a safe and efficient AV system. There will necessarily be a time period of transition where the road must be shared by both old fashion cars and AV vehicles. Thus, preferably there needs to be a system devised to permit both to operate on the same road—and the present invention provides such a system. Replacement of pavement markers (either tape or paint or Botts, etc.) is already standard procedure—and thus, replacement with “better-smarter” pavement markers would be a good start at transforming roads to facilitate an AV vehicle system. Traditional vehicles (cars and trucks and busses, etc) would preferably be able to be retrofitted with an AV sensing capacity. The easiest way to modify cars is to integrate such new components into some feature of a vehicle that is traditionally changed out every so often—and that does not significantly impact the look of the vehicle: tires or wheels. Thus, putting special features in tires to transform a regular vehicle into an AV vehicle is a preferred way to proceed with introducing a viable and cost effective AV system for the public good. Preferably, a magnetic system is installed into pavement markers—either paint, Botts, more substantial markers, etc. Thus, “new” lines in the center of lanes (or under the tires themselves) would not necessarily have to be provided (so that roadways will retain the old look and feel we the public are accustomed to). To get a robust magnetic signal from a pavement/roadway marking running down the center (and preferably also the side) of a highway—one preferably must get very close to the magnet—and/or employ a powerful magnet. Better magnets are now available by using Rare earth elements—and if one employs tires—which all necessarily have to contact the ground in close proximity to the pavement markers (preferably about 12-18 inches away)—and the power to run an AV system being attained using piezoelectric components in tires/wheels to provide power for an AV system that senses the magnetic signals from the roadway/pavement markers, thus permitting one to avoid the increased energy demands that the proposed camera systems entail. 
         [0102]    Therefore, with a magnetic lane system as described—readily attainable via routine road maintenance using traditional practices (and just better pavement markers—e.g. ones having magnetic features) and the use of compatible tires that have magnetic sensors to read the pavement markers—the present invention provide the “something extra” required for AV vehicles to be dependable, and able to navigate with less camera and radar features, etc. The retrofitability of such a system—from pavement marking elements to tires for traditional vehicles—in order to have a more cohesive and uniform system—especially where AV vehicles converse and signal between each other and with the same road surface—may achieve and accomplish the objective of a smoother transport system devoid of human error—made possible and attainable via the present invention. 
         [0103]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , one of skill on the art will appreciate the many variety of materials and layers that can be produced to generate a suitable pavement marking material to accomplish the objectives of the present invention as set forth herein. In certain preferred embodiments, however, a rare earth metal magnet  16  is provided in the center region of a pavement marking material. Other suggested layers of the pavement marking material  30  may include: glass beads  32 , adhesive  34 , a plastic or rubber base  36 ; an adhesive layer  38 ; fiberglass or composite netting  40  and a road surface adhesive  42 . In addition, an RFID tag may be positioned in roughly the same position and layer as the magnetic element  16 , and in certain embodiments both an RFID tag and a magnetic element  16  are both employed. 
         [0104]      FIG. 2  illustrates various sensor system that can be used in conjunction with the present magnetic pavement marking system, where a magnetic sensor is provided on at least one position near at least the left front side of a vehicle and powered by a piezoelectric system associated with at least one of the wheels of the vehicle. 
         [0105]      FIG. 3  illustrates one embodiment of a magnetic sensor system that includes a piezoelectric power generating component positioned inside a tire, thus facilitating retrofitting of existing vehicles to render them AV vehicle suitable, thus providing a way for an AV system to be adopted to achieve the life saving and gas saving potential in such an AV system. 
         [0106]      FIG. 4  illustrates how one or more sensors and beacons may be positioned on or in existing structures such as light poles, mile markers, road signage, roadway reflectors, roadway paint, marking material, lane dividers, temporary traffic markers, and beneath roadway surfaces. Sensor and beacon functionality is based on at least one, but may include multiple technologies, including magnetic, RF, visual, infrared, ultraviolet, subsonic, ultrasonic, mechanical, gamma radiation, and short-range radio frequency communication methods. 
         [0107]      FIG. 5  illustrates other aspects of certain embodiments of the present invention, namely the provision of “recognition features”  40  to enable AV&#39;s to “see” various structures, apparel, animals, etc., such that sensors and beacons may be placed on or in existing structures such as light poles, clothing, shoes, tags, bikes, mile markers, road signage, roadway reflectors, roadway paint or marking material, lane dividers, temporary traffic markers, etc. 
         [0108]    In still other embodiments, pavement marking materials may further include encoded information, much like smart-cards employ, that include one or more bits of information. An AV on-board sensing system acquires the information when the vehicle passes by the reference markers and thereby determines vehicle position, preferably used in combination with other systems that include optical sensing, radar, and acoustic or video sensing systems. Various embodiments are designed to sense the vehicle&#39;s position relative to a desired pathway, usually the center line of the highway. 
         [0109]    The present invention has now been described with reference to several embodiments thereof. The foregoing detailed description and examples have been given for clarity of understanding only. No unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. All patents and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes can be made in the embodiments described without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the exact details and structures described herein, but rather by the structures described by the language of the claims, and the equivalents of those structures.