Abstract:
In at least one embodiment, provided is an electric vehicle supply equipment having a line power contactor including a first line power input and a second line power input and a first line power output and a second line power output. It further has a welded contactor detector with a contactor sense circuit, the sense circuit having a first line shunt resistor network connected from the first line power contactor output to ground and a second line shunt resistor network connected from the first line power contactor output to ground. In another embodiment provided is an EVSE including a welded contactor detector with a contactor sense circuit having a bias resistor connected between the hot line relay input and the neutral line relay output.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/651,548, filed May 24, 2012, by Flack et al., entitled EVSE WELDED CONTACTOR DETECTOR, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0002]    The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/655,144, filed Oct. 18, 2012, by Flack et al., entitled CONTACTOR HEALTH MONITOR CIRCUIT AND METHOD, which is a continuation of PCT application PCT/US2011/033134, by Flack, entitled CONTACTOR HEALTH MONITOR CIRCUIT AND METHOD, filed 19 Apr. 2011, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application 61/325,791, by Flack, entitled CONTACTOR HEALTH MONITOR CIRCUIT, filed 18 Apr. 2010, all hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    A fixed EVSE (Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment) or a portable EVSE (sometimes referred to as a cord set) is used to supply AC power from the electric utility to an electric vehicle. One of the safety requirements of an EVSE is to determine when either contact of the contactor is stuck closed and indicate the failure to the user. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    In at least one embodiment, provided is an electric vehicle supply equipment having a line power contactor including a first line power input and a second line power input and a first line power output and a second line power output. It further has a welded contactor detector with a contactor sense circuit, the sense circuit having a first line shunt resistor network connected from the first line power contactor output to ground and a second line shunt resistor network connected from the first line power contactor output to ground. 
         [0005]    In another embodiment provided is an electric vehicle supply equipment including a welded contactor detector with a contactor sense circuit having a bias resistor connected between the hot line relay input and the neutral line relay output. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  shows one embodiment of a simplified power circuit schematic for charging an electric vehicle. 
           [0007]      FIG. 2  shows the output voltage measured at the contactor output before and after the contactor opens when connected to a vehicle with input capacitance. 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  is a simplified schematic illustration depicting a relay circuit. 
           [0009]      FIG. 4  is a simplified schematic illustration depicting a relay circuit. 
           [0010]      FIG. 5  is a simplified schematic illustration depicting a relay circuit. 
           [0011]      FIG. 6  is a simplified schematic illustration depicting a relay circuit. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]    A contactor is determined to be stuck closed (welded or otherwise mechanically stuck) when the voltage measured at either V O1  or V O2  is greater than a maximum safe voltage while the contactor is commanded open by the EVSE controller. For some applications, the maximum safe voltage is set at 24 Vrms. 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  shows one embodiment of a simplified power circuit schematic for charging an electric vehicle.  FIG. 1  shows the power circuit  100  between the electric utility  110 , through an EVSE  120  to an electric vehicle  130 , which may include an EMI filter  132  and an on board charger  135 . The utility  110  is symbolized as voltage sources V L1  and V L2 . The EVSE  120  shown in this diagram consists of the contactor K1 and voltage monitoring resistors R1-R4. Finally, the vehicle&#39;s input EMI filter capacitors C L1G  and C L2G , and C LL , followed by the on board charger  135  are shown. 
         [0014]    In the circuit  100  of  FIG. 1 , R 1 =R 3 =3 Mohms; R 2 =R 4 =10 Kohms; C L1G =C L2G =0.1 uF; and R LL =100 Kohms. 
         [0015]    The EVSE output voltages are measured by the EVSE  120  microcontroller at nodes V 1  and V 2 . Voltage dividers R1, R2 and R3, R4 are used to reduce the output voltage to a level measureable by an analog to digital converter of the microcontroller within the EVSE  120 . 
         [0016]    The welded contactor detector algorithm must determine whether the contactor is welded when the EVSE  120  is connected or disconnected from the vehicle. As seen in  FIG. 1 , the vehicle  130  may have significant capacitance as shown by C LL , C L1G  and C L2G . This capacitance results in output voltage measurable on the output terminals of the EVSE&#39;s contactor K1 long after the contactor K1 has opened. 
         [0017]    There are two time constants affecting the line to ground voltages measured at the output terminals. One time constant is formed by the output measurement resistors R 1  and R 2  (or R 3  and R 4 ) and the line to ground capacitance C L1G  (or C L2G ). For example, the voltage is discharged with a time constant equal to (R 1 +R 2 )*C L1G  which is about 300 milliseconds. This will result in a maximum time of 585 ms to fall from the peak line voltage of 169V to the maximum safe voltage of 24V. 
         [0018]    The other time constant is significantly longer. It is formed from the line to line capacitance C LL , and the line to line resistance R LL . In this example, the voltage will be discharged with a time constant of about is resulting in a maximum time of approximately 2 seconds to fall to a maximum safe voltage of 24V. 
         [0019]      FIG. 2  shows the output voltage measured at the contactor output before and after the contactor opens when connected to a vehicle with input capacitance as described above. The waveform consists of an AC and DC component. Where V max e**(t/τ), where τ=2 s. 
         [0020]    Traditionally, the output voltage is measured using an RMS voltage calculation of the form 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     rms 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           1 
                           N 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               n 
                               = 
                               0 
                             
                             
                               N 
                               - 
                               1 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             v 
                             n 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where v n  is the sampled input voltage and N is the number of samples. 
         [0021]    This Equation 1 may be used to calculate the RMS voltage each cycle or continuously on an on-going basis to calculate the RMS voltage V rms . In one implementation, it is possible to use the cycle calculation where N is a fixed number of samples per 60 Hz period. 
         [0022]    Using Equation 1 above to calculate the output voltage results in false welded contactor detection after the contactor is opened since the output voltage slowly discharges after the contactor is opened. Feeding that DC voltage into Equation 1 will result in a large V rms  measurement until the capacitor voltage bleeds down. 
         [0023]    Since the test is whether or not the contactor is welded, and the utility voltage only contains an AC component, the DC component is removed from the RMS calculation to determine if the contactor is welded. 
         [0024]    Thus, in one implementation a generalized equation of the input voltage that contains both AC and DC voltage components is used. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     v 
                     n 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         V 
                         ac 
                       
                        
                       
                         2 
                       
                        
                       
                         sin 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             2 
                              
                             π 
                              
                             
                               n 
                               N 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         V 
                         dc 
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   2 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where V ac  is the AC voltage component, V dc  is the DC voltage component, n is the sample number and N is the number of samples per period. 
         [0025]    The DC component of the sampled voltage can be determined by calculating the mean of the samples within a cycle (eg 60 Hz cycle). Equation 3 is used to calculate the DC component of the sample. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     dc 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       N 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           n 
                           = 
                           0 
                         
                         
                           N 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           v 
                           n 
                         
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   3 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0026]    The AC component of the sampled voltage can then be calculated by applying Equation 1 to the difference of the sampled voltage and the DC component calculated in Equation 3 as shown in Equation 4 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     ac 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           1 
                           N 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               n 
                               = 
                               0 
                             
                             
                               N 
                               - 
                               1 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   v 
                                   n 
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   dc 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   4 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0027]    The AC component is then used to determine the contactor status. A fault is considered when the V ac  component of either V 1  or V 2  is greater than 24V while the contactor K1 is commanded to be open. This technique results in a very fast determination of the contactor status as Equation 4 is calculated for each utility voltage cycle. 
         [0028]    Referring to  FIGS. 3-5 , the cord set is an EVSE that connects 120 VAC or 240 vac phase grounded power to an electric vehicle (EV) having an on board charger. As with the fixed EVSE, one of the UL requirements is that the output power relays must be monitored to verify that they open when expected and close when expected. This is to protect against a “welded” contact or stuck, failed relay condition. This is easy for the relay contact that passes the “hot” line power because it will have either full line voltage when closed or zero voltage when open. The “neutral” line in a phase grounded system has the disadvantage of being at zero volts with respect to ground whether it is open or closed, so a simple voltage reading does not suffice to verify the contact condition. This is the problem that the following circuit and operation addresses. 
         [0029]    As stated above, the neutral has no active voltage level with respect to ground. As a result, the circuit shown in  FIG. 3  cannot easily determine the closed or open state of the relay contacts. A reading of zero volts on the neutral output line provides no information. 
         [0030]    For  FIG. 3 , when the relay  305  is open, V1 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), V2 SENSE is 0 v, V3 SENSE is 0 v, V4 SENSE is 0 v. When the relay  305  is closed, V1 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), V2 SENSE is 0 v, V3 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), and V4 SENSE is 0 v. 
         [0031]    Turning to  FIG. 4 , adding a bias resistor  415  from the “hot” source line 120/240 VAC INPUT to the neutral output line (referenced as NEUTRAL OUTPUT) has the effect of pulling the NEUTRAL OUTPUT up in voltage when the relay  305  is open. The contacts can be determined as open when a voltage is read on the NEUTRAL OUTPUT because the neutral input (referenced as NEUTRAL INPUT) is at zero volts. This bias resistor  415  must be high enough in resistance so that leakage current does not pose a hazard to the user. 
         [0032]    For  FIG. 4 , when the relay  305  is open, V1 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), V2 SENSE is 0 v, V3 SENSE is 0 v, and V4 SENSE is near 120 v (or 240 v). When the relay  305  is closed, V1 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), V2 SENSE is 0 v, V3 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), and V4 SENSE is 0 v. 
         [0033]    This variation allows the condition of the neutral relay  305   n  to be determined by the voltage reading on the NEUTRAL OUTPUT line. Parallel impedances that may exist in the EV charger front end can affect this voltage reading. For instance, the filter capacitors C F1  and C F2  that are generally present on most EV charger inputs can have a significant effect on the voltage reading of V4 SENSE. An example of this is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0034]    For  FIG. 5 , when the relay is open, V1 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), V2 SENSE is 0 v, V3 SENSE is 0 v, and V4 SENSE is above 0 v. When the relay  305  is closed, V1 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), V2 SENSE is 0 v, V3 SENSE is 120 v (or 240 v), V4 SENSE is 0 v. 
         [0035]    The amount of capacitance and the resistance of bias resistor  415  will determine the actual voltage that is seen at the NEUTRAL OUTPUT line when the relay  305  is open. A simple check for some voltage on that line is all that is needed to verify the relay contact is not closed. Choosing a low voltage, such as 10 volts, will in many cases be sufficient and provide margin for error. 
         [0036]    This capacitance is variable and an unknown factor in making the cord set universal in its ability to mate with any EV on the market. The resistor values can be chosen by empirical means for a range of the EV filter capacitors C F1 , C F2  values. 
         [0037]    The value for bias resistor  415  can be chosen based on the conditions of the EV filter and charger characteristics. In one specific embodiment, a 330 Kohm for the bias resistor  415 , for EV FILTER CAPACITOR values of about 0.01-0.02 uF. 
         [0038]    As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , there are also resistive elements across the power lines from internal cord set monitoring circuits and from EV charger components as well. All the capacitive and resistive devices can be summarized as compound complex impedances Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3  as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0039]    A processor or microcontroller in the EVSE may be used to determine if the input and output voltage readings show open or closed contacts based on the sensed voltages discussed above. This, along with the software being in a state that expects one case or the other, allows detection for open when should it be closed, or closed when should be open conditions. Faults are then expressed on the cord set. 
         [0040]    Various delays in voltage retention by capacitive elements and discharge profiles combine with the software to define the values that a monitored voltage will have over time for best state determination. 
         [0041]    It is worthy to note that any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in an embodiment, if desired. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
         [0042]    The illustrations and examples provided herein are for explanatory purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. This disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the spirit and scope of the invention and/or claims of the embodiment illustrated. 
         [0043]    Those skilled in the art will make modifications to the invention for particular applications of the invention. 
         [0044]    The discussion included in this patent is intended to serve as a basic description. The reader should be aware that the specific discussion may not explicitly describe all embodiments possible and alternatives are implicit. Also, this discussion may not fully explain the generic nature of the invention and may not explicitly show how each feature or element can actually be representative or equivalent elements. Again, these are implicitly included in this disclosure. Where the invention is described in device-oriented terminology, each element of the device implicitly performs a function. It should also be understood that a variety of changes may be made without departing from the essence of the invention. Such changes are also implicitly included in the description. These changes still fall within the scope of this invention. 
         [0045]    Further, each of the various elements of the invention and claims may also be achieved in a variety of manners. This disclosure should be understood to encompass each such variation, be it a variation of any apparatus embodiment, a method embodiment, or even merely a variation of any element of these. Particularly, it should be understood that as the disclosure relates to elements of the invention, the words for each element may be expressed by equivalent apparatus terms even if only the function or result is the same. Such equivalent, broader, or even more generic terms should be considered to be encompassed in the description of each element or action. Such terms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitly broad coverage to which this invention is entitled. It should be understood that all actions may be expressed as a means for taking that action or as an element which causes that action. Similarly, each physical element disclosed should be understood to encompass a disclosure of the action which that physical element facilitates. Such changes and alternative terms are to be understood to be explicitly included in the description. 
         [0046]    Having described this invention in connection with a number of embodiments, modification will now certainly suggest itself to those skilled in the art. The example embodiments herein are not intended to be limiting, various configurations and combinations of features are possible. As such, the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, except as required by the appended claims.