Abstract:
The present invention relates generally to a device, system and method for generating steam downhole. More particularly, the present invention relates to an electrical steam generation system that enables efficient production of downhole steam without the heat and pressure losses realized by surface steam generation equipment.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates generally to a device, system and method for generating steam downhole. More particularly, the present invention relates to an electrical steam generation system that enables efficient production of downhole steam without the heat and pressure losses realized by surface steam generation equipment.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     In heavy oil recovery, the use of steam to assist in oil recovery is well known. For example, it is common to drill parallel horizontal wells into formations at different levels containing heavy oil or bitumen. Such wells have been used in both Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Vapor-Extraction (VAPEX) production methods. In the SAGD system, steam is applied to an upper (or injection) well to contact heavy hydrocarbons inherent within the pores of the formation to decrease the viscosity of the hydrocarbons. In the VAPEX system, heated solvents are applied. The steam or solvent increases temperature and pressure within the formation to reduce hydrocarbon viscosity which results in hydrocarbons collecting in a lower production (or recovery) well.  
         [0003]     The current methods of injecting steam downhole are energy and capital intensive. Steam plants on the surface produce steam in boilers usually utilizing natural gas or other fossil fuels as a combustible fuel. The capital costs associated with designing, building and operating a surface steam plant are significant requiring years of production from the formation to make the infrastructure investment worthwhile. As a result, heavy oil recovery using surface steam production is generally only utilized for large scale projects with the result that smaller scale projects that could benefit from steam injection to aid hydrocarbon recovery are not utilized.  
         [0004]     In addition, delivering high pressure steam to the formation is inefficient as the steam must be transported under pressure through lengthy surface and well pipes to the formation. As the horizontal and vertical distances in a typical wellbore can be many thousands of feet, significant losses in steam pressure and temperature result thereby reducing the efficiency of the process.  
         [0005]     As a result, there has been a need for steam production facilities with lower infrastructure costs that can deliver steam more efficiently to downhole formations.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     In accordance with the invention, there is provided a method of creating in situ steam in a well for hydrocarbon recovery comprising the steps of: positioning a downhole electrical steam generating system in the well adjacent a hydrocarbon bearing formation; continuously forming downhole steam within the well from in situ water; and, maintaining a high intra-well pressure to promote hydrocarbon recovery. In a preferred embodiment, the electrical steam generating system is conveyed to the hydrocarbon bearing formation by coiled tubing.  
         [0007]     In further embodiments, high intra-well pressure is maintained by adding water to the injection well from the surface or is maintained by a sealed wellhead. In other embodiments, steam is generated in an injection well and hydrocarbons are recovered from a recovery well or steam is generated in the well and hydrocarbons are simultaneously recovered from the well. Still further, the system may include at least two generation systems are operatively connected together to enable steam generation at separate locations within the well.  
         [0008]     In accordance with another embodiment, a downhole steam generation system for hydrocarbon recovery is provided comprising: a housing having openings operatively containing an electrical immersion heater, a connector system for connecting the electrical immersion heater to an electrical cable, and, a surface power unit for delivering electrical power to the electrical heater through the electrical cable.  
         [0009]     The electrical immersion heater preferably includes a thermocouple operatively connected to the surface power unit for controlling the surface temperature of the immersion heater.  
         [0010]     Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]     Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:  
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing a typical deployment of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0013]      FIG. 2  is an isometric view of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0014]      FIG. 3  is a side view of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0016]      FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view of a connector system of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0017]      FIG. 3C  is a cross-sectional view of a downhole end of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of the deployment of a steam generation system in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention;  
         [0019]      FIG. 4A  is schematic cross-sectional view of a connector system at a downhole end of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0020]      FIG. 4B  is schematic cross-sectional view of a connector system at an uphole end of a steam generation system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0021]     Generally, the present invention provides a device, system and method for electrically producing steam downhole.  
         [0022]     With reference to the Figures, a downhole steam generation system and methods of deployment are described. The system includes a downhole heating device  10 , conductors  12  and a surface control unit  14 . As shown in  FIGS. 2, 3 ,  3 A,  3 B,  3 C and  3 D, the downhole heating device  10  generally includes a housing  10   a  with openings  10   b  encasing an immersion heating element (IHE)  10   c  and a conductor connection system  10   d.    
         [0000]     Downhole Heating Device  10   
         [0000]     Housing  10   a    
         [0023]     The housing  10  of the downhole heating device is a hollow cylindrical element with openings  10   b  designed to allow the passage of fluids into the housing and to contact the IHE where the production of steam occurs. The openings  10   b  are generally of a fixed dimension having sizes and positions designed a) to allow sufficient fluids to enter the housing, b) to provide structural integrity to the housing and c) to protect the immersion IHE downhole. In a preferred embodiment, the housing is constructed of 100% stainless steel and is preferably the same material as the outer surfaces of the IHE so as reduce the risk of deterioration by dissimilar metal and/or galvanic corrosion. Appropriate grades of stainless steel can be used to comply with industry standards enabling use of the system in both sweet and sour gas wells. The housing is adapted for attachment to coiled tubing by any suitable means known to those skilled in the art including specialized connectors and locking systems. In a preferred embodiment, the housing includes a bullnose end  10   e  that facilitates pushing the downhole heating device to a desired location (discussed below).  
         [0000]     Immersion Heating Element  10   c    
         [0024]     The IHE  10   c  is an electric resistance heating element designed to operate between ambient temperatures and a maximum temperature, the maximum temperature being approximately 1400° F. Generally, it is preferred that the maximum temperature can be achieved within a few seconds of applying power to the IHE through power supplied through the conductor  12  and surface control unit  14 . The IHE is thermatically controlled by an integral thermocouple (not shown) that communicates with the surface control unit  14 . Preferably, under normal operating conditions, in order to maximize the operating life of the IHE and to prevent hydrocarbon cracking, the IHE is operated at temperatures in the range of 400-500° F.  
         [0025]     The IHE is preferably powered by a 480 volt alternating current, single phase power source delivering 12,000 Watts or approximately 300 Watts per square inch of IHE surface area. In a typical embodiment, the IHE will be approximately 20-40 inches in length and have an outside diameter of approximately 0.6 inches.  
         [0026]     In various embodiments of the downhole heating element, additional functionality may be incorporated within the IHE such as fluid detection sensors and/or pressure sensors. Over temperature protection may also be provided.  
         [0027]     The resistance heating element is encased within an IHE housing to protect the resistance heating element. The construction is also sealed to prevent contact of fluids with the resistance heating element.  
         [0028]     The IHE is mounted within the housing by any suitable means. As shown in  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B , the IHE is secured to a mounting wall  10   f  by a bushing  10   g.    
         [0000]     Connectors  10   d    
         [0029]     As shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the system includes connectors that ensure a robust electrical connection between the IHE and conductors for the operating temperatures and downhole conditions. In addition, the connectors must also provide sufficient mechanical strength in tension, compression and torsion for the operating conditions. As shown, the connectors include a pin connector  10   d  over which a corresponding female connector (not shown) may be placed. To ensure longevity in operation, the IHE and connectors may also be welded into place.  
         [0000]     Conductors  12   
         [0030]     Power is delivered to the IHE through conductors  12 . The conductors are designed to deliver power over at least 2500 feet to the IHE while enabling the surface controller to maintain an IHE surface temperature ±1° F. The conductors must provide sufficient mechanical strength to support the weight of the conductors over these distances and have appropriate coverings to provide the appropriate abrasion resistance.  
         [0000]     Surface Control Unit and Power Supply  14   
         [0031]     As described above, the surface control unit  14  controls the delivery of power to the IHE through the conductors. Power may be delivered through mains or on-site generated power. In a generator application, the generator is preferably truck  8  or trailer mounted allowing ready delivery of the surface control unit  14  to the well-site. Known diesel generators may be used and should be capable of delivering single and three phase power to within 1% of the desired voltage. A suitable truck- or trailer-mounted genset for a 45 kVA/36 kW generator delivering roughly 12,000 Watts to the IHE will consume roughly 6 liters of diesel fuel per hour.  
         [0032]     The surface control unit  14  allows the control and delivery of power to the IHE. The SCU will preferably include appropriate displays and switches to enable an operator both to set and monitor power levels.  
         [0000]     Operation  
         [0033]     In operation, the downhole heating device is configured to a coiled tubing  12   a  system with the conductor  12  carried within the coiled tubing in order to protect the conductor and to allow the downhole heating device to be pushed to a desired location within a wellbore  20 . The surface control unit  14  may be mounted on a truck or trailer for delivery to the well site. After delivery to the well site, the appropriate connections between the coiled tubing, conductor, downhole heating device and surface control unit are made.  
         [0034]     Once attached to the coiled tubing, the downhole heating device is conveyed to the desired location. In various formations, the formation may provide sufficient in situ water to generate the desired temperatures and pressures of steam within the formation for hydrocarbon recovery. Alternatively, additional water may be added to the annular space  20   a  between the wellbore  20  and coiled tubing  12   a . Downhole pressure may be maintained either by hydrostatic pressure above the heating device  10  or by appropriate wellhead systems as is known in the art.  
         [0035]     The methodology is similarly effective in solvent flood methods where hydrocarbon solvents are added to the well.  
         [0036]     Heating losses and hence the cost of downhole heating is reduced significantly over past techniques which lead to significant improvements in sweep efficiency.  
         [0037]     In addition to heavy oil recovery, the system may also be used in the stimulation of conventional vertical wells through alternating steam and production steps, often referred to as “huff and puff”. In this methodology, the downhole heating device is conveyed to the stimulation zone and the formation is stimulated. The downhole heating device may be removed from the well and standard production of the well may follow. In a still further embodiment, specialized well heads may be utilized allowing both pumping equipment and the downhole heating device to be positioned in the same well thereby obviating the need to remove the downhole heating device before production.  
         [0000]     Series Operation  
         [0038]     In further embodiments of the invention, it may be desired to provide stimulation in horizontally or vertically separated zones of the same well bore  20 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , separate downhole heating devices  10 ′ and  10 ″ are shown separated by a section of coiled tubing within a well bore  20 . Downhole heating device  10 ′ may be a downhole heating device as described above whereas  10 ″ is a distinct assembly. In particular, embodiment  10 ″ is distinct from embodiment  10 ′ to allow conductors to pass across or through the housing, through coiled tubing section  11  to downhole heating device  10 ″. As shown, the uphole ends of  10 ′ and  10 ″ are similar whereas the downhole end of  10 ′ is provided with a bull nose  10   e . The downhole end of  10 ″ may include a connector system similar to that described above. The housing of  10 ″ is distinct in allowing conductors to pass along or through the housing to the connectors. As shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , coiled tubing  11  may be attached to housing  10   a . In  FIG. 4A , the conductors  12  are attached to a connector  10   d  as described above. Within connector  10   d , the conductors are split and are passed through appropriate openings  10   h  and along channels  101 . Channels  10   i  may be covered by coverings  10   j . At the opposite end of the housing, conductors pass through further openings to a downhole connector  13  which allow a further conductor  12 ′ and tubing section  11 ′ to connect to  10 ″ thus permitting  10 ′ to be connected in series with 10″.  
         [0039]     The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.